bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical biogeography of a Brazilian lineage of Tillandsioideae (subtribe Vrieseinae, Bromeliaceae): the Paranaean Sea hypothesized as the main vicariant event
Authors: Kessous Igor M , Neves Beatriz , Couto Dayvid R , Paixão-Souza Bruno , Pederneiras Leandro C , Moura Ricardo L , Barfuss Michael H J , Salgueiro Fabiano , Costa Andrea F
Published: July 2019

Subtribe Vrieseinae comprise four genera, Alcantarea, Stigmatodon, Vriesea s.s. and Waltillia, encompassing c. 20% of species in Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae), almost all of which are exclusive to Brazil. Here, we explore the biogeographic history of Vrieseinae, sampling 21 of the 22 genera of Tillandsioideae (130 terminals) and three DNA sequence markers (two plastid: rps16-trnK and matK; one nuclear: PHYC). We inferred a dated phylogeny and the ancestral areas of this lineage through RASP (reconstruct ancestral state in phylogeny) analyses. Vrieseinae were recovered as monophyletic, but tribe Vrieseeae (subtribe Vrieseinae + subtribe Cipuropsidinae) were not. A vicariant event between the Andes and Brazilian Shield probably occurred c. 10 Mya, when two clades, Cipuropsidineae + Tillandsieae and Vrieseineae, diverged. The Atlantic Forest plus the Chacoan region is recognized as the ancestral area for Vrieseinae. The results confirmed the recent origin of genera of Vrieseinae, with estimated crown ages in the Pliocene (5.3–2.6 Mya). We propose that the Paranaean Sea influenced the divergence of the main clades; Pleistocene events were probably responsible for the diversification of the most recent clades. This study sheds light on the biogeographic history of a key group of Neotropical plants, providing a new hypothesis for the evolution of bromeliads.
Industrial policy, place and democracy
Authors: Bailey David , Coffey Dan , Gavris Maria , Thornley Carole
Published: July 2019

Industrial policy is a potential vehicle for more participative and democratic forms of policy formation. But in Britain an ademocratic policy culture is transforming into an undemocratic one. This article explores the roots of this in major sea changes in the industrial policy climate of Western Europe, where non-discriminatory and aspatial policy stances are now giving way under pressure to openly discriminatory policies aimed at favoured industries or locations. The British case is contrasted with France, Germany and Italy, and their variety of responses. It is proposed that an extended notion of ‘place’ offers a basis for social dialogue.
Outward FDI and Domestic Input Distortions: Evidence from Chinese Firms
Authors: Chen Cheng , Tian Wei , Yu Miaojie
Published: July 2019

We examine how domestic distortions affect firms’ production strategies abroad by documenting two puzzling findings using Chinese firm-level data of manufacturing firms. First, private multinational corporations (MNCs) are less productive than state-owned MNCs, but they are more productive than state-owned enterprises overall. Second, there are disproportionately fewer state-owned MNCs than private MNCs. We build a model to rationalise these findings by showing that discrimination against private firms domestically incentivises them to produce abroad. The model shows that selection reversal is more pronounced in industries with more severe discrimination against private firms, which receives empirical support.
Antibiotic Use in Childhood and Adolescence and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case–Control Study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Troelsen Frederikke Schønfeldt , Jick Susan
Published: July 2019

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) causes serious morbidity and disability, and the incidence is increasing. The disease etiology is not well understood, though inflammatory reactions after antibiotic exposure may be associated with development of IBD. We investigated the association between IBD and prior antibiotic use.

Methods

We conducted this case–control study among individuals in the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD (CPRD GOLD). Each case of IBD was matched to 4 controls on age, sex, general practice, and registration year in the CPRD GOLD. Antibiotic exposure was classified by ever or never use, number of prescriptions, and class of antibiotic before the index date. Odds ratios were calculated using conditional logistic regression.

Results

We identified 461 cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) and 683 cases of Crohn’s disease (CD). There was no association between ever use of any antibiotic and UC (odds ratio [OR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72–1.44) or CD (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.73–1.39) compared with never use. A slightly increased CD risk was observed among ever users of quinolones (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.00–3.11) and metronidazole (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.87–2.34) compared with never users. CD was associated with antibiotic exposure before age 5 (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 0.75–6.43) in an analysis restricted to individuals followed from birth.

Conclusions

There was no association between UC or CD and overall prior use of antibiotics, though prior use of metronidazole and quinolones was associated with a slightly increased risk of CD. Antibiotic use in early childhood may increase the risk of CD.
Monitoring urinary testosterone and epitestosterone levels, and their ratio, in Korean chemical castration subjects using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sim Juhyun , Cho Byungsuk , Park Meejung , Rhee Jongsook , In Sangwhan , Choe Sanggil
Published: July 2019

In Europe, chemical castration has been adopted as a treatment for paraphilia since the 1930s. Among the various chemical castration agents, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists are now used widely because of their effectiveness and safety. In South Korea, a legislation of chemical castration to control the sexual impulses of sexual offenders was enforced in July 2011. Most of these subjects are treated with leuprorelin acetate, an LHRH agonist, for chemical castration. Despite this, there are few studies that address the long-term influence of LHRH agonists on testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) levels in chemical castration subjects. In order to analyze the urinary levels of T in chemical castration subjects, whose T levels are extremely low, we developed and validated an analytical method for the detection of both T and E in human urine using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) system. The urine samples were hydrolyzed, extracted, and analyzed by LC–MS/MS with electrospray ionization in the positive-ion mode. The limits of detection were 0.02 ng/mL and the limits of quantitation were 0.05 ng/mL, which provided great sensitivity. The established method was applied to urine samples from chemical castration subjects and healthy male volunteers. The chemical castration subjects showed significantly lower urinary T levels than the control subjects. In addition, the urinary E levels were also lower in the chemical castration subjects; however, the T/E ratios were constant and did not show a notable decrease because of the simultaneous decrease in both urinary T and E. The urinary T levels and T/E ratio did not exceed the doping control criteria for exogenous T ingestion for any subject. This study shows the trend of urinary T and E levels in long-term treated chemical castration subjects by establishing a highly sensitive LC–MS/MS method, that provides useful information for monitoring chemical castration.
Introduction to the Oxford Handbook of United Nations Treaties
Authors: Chesterman Simon , Malone David M. , Villalpando Santiago
Published: July 2019

The United Nations is a vital part of the international order. Yet this book argues that the greatest contribution of the UN is not what it has achieved (improvements in health and economic development) or avoided (global war or the use of weapons of mass destruction). It is, instead, the process through which the UN has transformed the structure of international law to expand the range and depth of subjects covered by treaties. The book offers the first sustained analysis of the UN as a forum in which and an institution through which treaties are negotiated and implemented. Chapters are written by authors from different fields, including academics and practitioners, lawyers and specialists from other social sciences (international relations, history, science), professionals with an established reputation in the field and younger researchers and diplomats involved in the negotiation of multilateral treaties, as well as scholars with a broader view on the issues involved. The volume provides unique insights into UN treaty-making. Through the thematic and technical parts, it also offers a lens through which to view challenges lying ahead and the possibilities and limitations confronting this understudied aspect of international law and relations. This Introduction elaborates on some of these themes and provides a roadmap for the rest of the volume.
The UN Charter and Its Evolution
Authors: Johnstone Ian
Published: July 2019

This chapter conceives of the United Nations Charter as a “relational contract,” placing it somewhere between an ordinary treaty and global constitution. It is a legal instrument that structures a long-term relationship among UN member states and as such provides the normative and procedural foundation for much multilateral treaty-making. In other words, it is both a relational contract in itself and the embodiment of the relationship in which other multilateral treaties are negotiated, adopted, and implemented. While there are limits to the analogy, viewing the Charter in this way helps to explain how interpretation of the Charter has evolved. It also sheds light on the UN as a venue for and actor in treaty-making, and the implications of that for the development of treaty law. The chapter concludes that insights from relational contract theory show why the UN Charter has survived as the foundation for the international order, and why it is resilient enough to continue to do so despite the fundamental challenges to that order that are currently being witnessed.
Treaty-Making in International Organizations
Authors: Scott Shirley V.
Published: July 2019

International relations research has in recent years become more relevant for international lawyers, even if it often requires some translation. This chapter engages with three bodies of international relations scholarship of relevance to understanding UN treaty-making. The first, on norm dynamics, has a unit of analysis smaller than a multilateral treaty; a norm typically equates to one or more of the substantive provisions of a treaty. The second and older body of literature, on regimes and more recently regime complexes, has generated insights pertaining to treaty design and effectiveness, often through the application of quantitative research methods. Given that there has been two-and-a half-decades of regime research the contribution of regime theory to knowledge of multilateral treaties nevertheless remains underwhelming. The third body of literature addressed in the chapter is that regarding the decline of the liberal international order. Liberal institutionalist scholars may be lamenting the apparent demise of the US-led order to which the complex web of UN treaties has been so integral but they may not be sufficiently conscious of the fact that such a sentiment is not universally shared. Understanding the politics of multilateral treaties can only be enriched by an even greater maturity and sophistication of international relations scholarship.
The Role of Treaties in Pursuing the Objectives of the UN Charter
Authors: Tams Christian J.
Published: July 2019

Treaties are a central building block of the United Nations legal order. They have particular significance for the objectives set out in the UN Charter: these need to be implemented and effectuated, and treaties concretizing the Charter’s broad objectives can help achieve that aim. The Charter text, perhaps surprisingly, does not reflect this adequately. Unlike constituent documents of other international organizations, the Charter formulates no master plan for the UN’s use of treaties, and only occasionally mentions treaties explicitly. Its guidance is primarily indirect: some Charter objectives are formulated in such vague terms that without follow-up action, including follow-up action that takes the form of treaties, they would be meaningless. The drafter’s surprising caution means that the role of treaties in pursuing UN objectives is primarily shaped by practice rather than the Charter text. In the seven decades since the UN’s establishment, treaties—prepared in highly diverse processes, including by the International Law Commission (ILC) and within specialized agencies—have sprawled. In the absence of a Charter master plan, they have grown to cover large parts of the continent of international law. A sole focus on the gigantic network of treaties, however, risks overlooking the fact that more often than not, member states and UN organs prefer other means of pursuing Charter objectives (resolutions, statements, and other non-binding mechanisms). The landscape of treaties is as uneven as it is diverse.
Women
Authors: Charlesworth Hilary
Published: July 2019

This chapter offers an overview of UN approaches to women’s lives in legal instruments. It begins by describing the engagement of women’s organizations with international institutions from the start of the twentieth century, particularly the League of Nations. It then moves to UN treaties dealing with women. Its focus is the major UN treaty in this area, the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and the work of its monitoring body, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (. The chapter also describes the extensive reservations states parties have entered to the Convention. It discusses the different accounts of nondiscrimination and equality that emerge in UN treaties. The international sphere illustrates the paradox for feminists of, on the one hand, insisting that differences between women and men should be irrelevant in claiming political rights; while, on the other hand, acting in the name of the category of women, thus bolstering the idea of difference. One strand of provisions in UN treaties aims to eradicate differences in the treatment of women, compared to men. Another strand has sought to recognize the particularity of women’s lives, calling for special treatment and often endorsing a rather limited notion of womanhood in the process. These two strands coexist and are regularly included in the same treaty, even though they can be in normative tension.
The Practice of UN Treaty-Making concerning Science
Authors: Johnston Sam
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the growing influence of science in UN treaties, which centers around four main roles; scientific influence in the treaty-making process, promoting access to existing science, supporting research, and managing the threats posed by science. It also highlights the challenges UN treaties face in using science such as; resolving the tensions that exist between pure and applied science; maintaining science’s role as a peaceful activity in the global commons; ensuring that scientific input is not lost among the increasing complex and crowded nature of treaty-making; ensuring that science is more inclusive, holistic, and balanced; and improving its relevance while retaining its credibility. The UN will also need to use science to respond to new and emerging areas such as managing new technologies including nanotechnologies, synthetic biology, or artificial intelligence, or new threats such as cyberwarfare and security. Failures of science in predicting and managing threats from climate change, epidemics, and nuclear disasters have revealed the uncertainties underlying many of its areas of practice and has demonstrated the critical role that social, economic, and institutional expectations play. Recognizing that science is not neutral or objective is an important step in addressing the key shortcomings facing the role of science in UN treaties. Determining what measures need to be taken to balance social and economic influences is another important side of this challenge. Reconciling these enduring challenges will be increasingly important in all areas where UN treaty-making processes and science intersect.
Law of Treaties
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia
Published: July 2019

This chapter deals with the codification efforts of the International Law Commission (ILC). It analyzes three law of treaties Conventions that were drafted by the ILC. First, it analyzes the most successful of all the Conventions, the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It mostly has codified existing norms of customary international law but also introduced, inter alia, a revolutionary regime of reservations to treaties and dealt with a controversial (at the time) notion of the norms of jus cogens. This Convention has acquired an iconic status in international law and has become the most significant tool regulating the relations between states. The 1986 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations has never entered into force. It has not proven as successful as its predecessor due to certain unresolved questions relating generally to the functions of international organizations. The 1978 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties has entered into force; however, due to complexities of state succession in general, it has not played a prominent role, regulating mostly succession in respect of treaties of newly independent, post-colonial states. Finally, the chapter also analyzes Draft Articles adopted by the ILC in 2011 on Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties. The form to be given to the Articles is under consideration and governments are invited to comment on any future action regarding them. The list of categories of treaties in the annex suggests that due to its subject matter they will continue to operate, in whole or in part, in the event of armed conflict.
Law of Treaties
Authors: Yee Lionel
Published: July 2019

Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention, which set out the main rules of treaty interpretation, are commonly perceived as coming into play after the treaty enters into force. This chapter looks at the less well known but equally significant ex ante role of these provisions during the treaty formation process in providing tools for the negotiator to use to safeguard interests or to bridge differences to arrive at an agreement. These can take the form of annexes and footnotes inserted in the treaty text, side agreements, or statements that record a shared understanding on the interpretation of certain provisions. The legal efficacy of annexes, footnotes, and side agreements is fairly clear. It is, however, less certain for statements that record a shared understanding on interpretation because of the diverse forms they may take and the circumstances in which they are made.
Law of the Sea
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi
Published: July 2019

The aim of this chapter is to examine the role of the United Nations (UN) in treaty-making in the field of the law of the sea. In particular, this chapter addresses the First and Third United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea, and the treaty-making process of two implementation agreements, that is, the 1994 Implementation Agreement and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement. In this regard, it is important to note that the tasks of the conferences in the field of the law of the sea have changed over time. At the First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, its primary task was to establish a legal framework for coordinating interests of individual states according to multiple jurisdictional zones. In contrast, the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea that adopted the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) dealt not only with the reconciliation of competing state interests but also with the safeguarding of community interests, such as the establishment of the deep seabed regime on the basis of the principle of common heritage of mankind and marine environmental protection. As demonstrated by this Conference, the task of treaty-making conferences under the auspices of the UN is no longer limited to the reconciliation of state interests but includes the safeguard and promotion of community interests at sea. Thus, the reconciliation between state interests and community interests should be a crucial issue in treaty-making in the law of the sea.
Diplomatic and Consular Relations
Authors: Duquet Sanderijn , Wouters Jan
Published: July 2019

The United Nations (UN) is a strong defender of the cooperative global order. The promotion of diplomatic and consular exchanges between its member states suits this purpose. Throughout the years, lawmaking by treaty has been the preferred way for the UN to advance legal rules that facilitate such diplomatic and consular interactions. Tremendous achievements (the 1961 and 1963 Conventions on permanent diplomatic and consular missions and the 1973 Convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against internationally protected persons) have been followed by a worthwhile lawmaking exercise (the 1969 Convention on special missions), but also by an attempt at harmonization that failed to attain its goals (the 1975 Convention on permanent representations to international organizations). This chapter zooms in on legal discussions that took place in the course of two decades of diplomatic and consular treaty-making under the auspices of the UN, as well as at the treaties’ implementation track and their present-day impact. The chapter takes a close look at the structure and content of the five UN Conventions in the diplomatic and consular field, and identifies particular contributions of the International Law Commission, the UN General Assembly, the UN Security Council, and specially convened diplomatic conferences in Vienna and New York. In a final section, the chapter highlights remaining challenges for the UN in dealing with this subject area.
South Africa
Authors: Glazewski Jan
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the environmental law of South Africa. It first considers how powers are allocated with regards to environmental law, taking into account the constitutional and other bases of South African environmental law, the elevated status of international law in South African domestic law, relevant provisions of the Bill of Rights with respect to environmental rights and sustainable development, and distribution of competences among national, provincial, and local governments regarding environmental governance. The chapter goes on to discuss the structure and substance of South Africa’s environmental law, focusing on the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) and the environmental principles and sectorial laws it contains. It also analyses the implementation framework for environmental law, describing cooperative governance in practice and the role of relevant governmental departments from integration to sectorialization. Finally, it provides an overview of the legal conundrums created by the so-called One Environmental System (OES).
Land Degradation
Authors: Boer Ben , Hannam Ian
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the international legal regime on land degradation. It first provides a brief overview of land degradation as a complex environmental issue around the world before discussing the causes and effects of land degradation. It then analyses a variety of legal responses to land degradation, from global initiatives such as the Convention to Combat Desertification, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the IUCN Covenant on Environment and Development; regional initiatives such as the World Soil Charter 2014 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2015; and national laws and policies. The chapter also explores some of the main elements that need to be taken into consideration when designing legislation to address land degradation, including land tenure, access to land, farming systems and land use, the role of protected areas, and physical planning.
Regulation of Chemicals
Authors: Bergkamp Lucas , Abelkop Adam
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the regulation of chemicals, with emphasis on commonalities and differences in regulatory approaches. It begins with a brief overview of key concepts that underlie chemicals regulation, explaining what chemicals regulation is, the hazards and risks associated with chemicals, policy principles, informational inputs, and how chemicals are identified. The chapter then considers the general components of chemicals regulation, namely: screening and prioritization, risk assessment and decision analysis, and risk management. It also discusses regulatory fragmentation, risk management through the supply chain, and the complementary roles of regulation and liability systems. Finally, it shows how common aspects of chemical risk laws fit into the EU’s Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation and the US Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) as amended by the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (LCSA).
Environmental Principles Across Jurisdictions
Authors: Scotford Eloise
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines environmental principles as a general phenomenon in environmental law, with particular emphasis on how they can connect, catalyse, and inspire legal thinking in relation to environmental problems across jurisdictions. It first considers three ways in which environmental principles are developing as legal connectors across legal orders without constituting formal and universal norms of public international law: connection through soft law instruments, connection through judicial dialogue, and connection through legal scholarship. It then explores how environmental principles act as catalysts for legal innovation, offering a basis for new legal reasoning concerning environmental protection, using examples from four jurisdictions: the European Union, India, Brazil, and New South Wales (Australia). It suggests that legal innovations concerning environmental principles are not identical; therefore, the legal functions performed by environmental principles across jurisdictions cannot be understood in simple terms.
Determining Star Formation Thresholds from Observations
Authors: Khullar Shivan , Krumholz Mark R , Federrath Christoph , Cunningham Andrew J
Published: July 2019

Most gas in giant molecular clouds is relatively low-density and forms star inefficiently, converting only a small fraction of its mass to stars per dynamical time. However, star formation models generally predict the existence of a threshold density above which the process is efficient and most mass collapses to stars on a dynamical timescale. A number of authors have proposed observational techniques to search for a threshold density above which star formation is efficient, but it is unclear which of these techniques, if any, are reliable. In this paper we use detailed simulations of turbulent, magnetised star-forming clouds, including stellar radiation and outflow feedback, to investigate whether it is possible to recover star formation thresholds using current observational techniques. Using mock observations of the simulations at realistic resolutions, we show that plots of projected star formation efficiency per free-fall time εff can detect the presence of a threshold, but that the resolutions typical of current dust emission or absorption surveys are insufficient to determine its value. In contrast, proposed alternative diagnostics based on a change in the slope of the gas surface density versus star formation rate surface density (Kennicutt-Schmidt relation) or on the correlation between young stellar object counts and gas mass as a function of density are ineffective at detecting thresholds even when they are present. The signatures in these diagnostics sometimes taken as indicative of a threshold in observations, which we generally reproduce in our mock observations, do not prove to correspond to real physical features in the 3D gas distribution.
Age-related difference in health care use and costs of patients with chronic kidney disease and matched controls: analysis of Dutch health care claims data
Authors: van Oosten Manon J M , Logtenberg Susan J J , Leegte Martijn J H , Bilo Henk J G , Mohnen Sigrid M , Hakkaart-van Roijen Leona , Hemmelder Marc H , de Wit G Ardine , Jager Kitty J , Stel Vianda S
Published: July 2019

Background

The financial burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing due to the ageing population and increased prevalence of comorbid diseases. Our aim was to evaluate age-related differences in health care use and costs in Stage G4/G5 CKD without renal replacement therapy (RRT), dialysis and kidney transplant patients and compare them to the general population.

Methods

Using Dutch health care claims, we identified CKD patients and divided them into three groups: CKD Stage G4/G5 without RRT, dialysis and kidney transplantation. We matched them with two controls per patient. Total health care costs and hospital costs unrelated to CKD treatment are presented in four age categories (19–44, 45–64, 65–74 and ≥75 years).

Results

Overall, health care costs of CKD patients ≥75 years of age were lower than costs of patients 65–74 years of age. In dialysis patients, costs were highest in patients 45–64 years of age. Since costs of controls increased gradually with age, the cost ratio of patients versus controls was highest in young patients (19–44 years). CKD patients were in greater need of additional specialist care than the general population, which was already evident in young patients.

Conclusion

Already at a young age and in the earlier stages of CKD, patients are in need of additional care with corresponding health care costs far exceeding those of the general population. In contrast to the general population, the oldest patients (≥75 years) of all CKD patient groups have lower costs than patients 65–74 years of age, which is largely explained by lower hospital and medication costs.
Establishment of patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model of 1q+ posterior fossa group A ependymoma
Authors: Pierce Angela M , Witt Davis A , Donson Andrew M , Gilani Ahmed , Sanford Bridget , Sill Martin , Van Court Benjamin , Oweida Ayman , Prince Eric W , Steiner Jenna , Danis Etienne , Dorris Kathleen , Hankinson Todd , Handler Michael H , Jones Kenneth L , Karam Sana D , Serkova Natalie J , Vibhakar Rajeev , Foreman Nicholas K , Griesinger Andrea M
Published: July 2019

Background

Treatment for pediatric posterior fossa group A (PFA) ependymoma with gain of chromosome 1q (1q+) has not improved over the past decade owing partially to lack of clinically relevant models. We described the first 2 1q+ PFA cell lines, which have significantly enhanced our understanding of PFA tumor biology and provided a tool to identify specific 1q+ PFA therapies. However, cell lines do not accurately replicate the tumor microenvironment. Our present goal is to establish patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models.

Methods

Disaggregated tumors from 2 1q+ PFA patients were injected into the flanks of NSG mice. Flank tumors were then transplanted into the fourth ventricle or lateral ventricle of NSG mice. Characterization of intracranial tumors was performed using imaging, histology, and bioinformatics.

Results

MAF-811_XC and MAF-928_XC established intracranially within the fourth ventricle and retained histological, methylomic, and transcriptomic features of primary patient tumors. We tested the feasibility of treating PDX mice with fractionated radiation or chemotherapy. Mice tolerated radiation despite significant tumor burden, and follow-up imaging confirmed radiation can reduce tumor size. Treatment with fluorouracil reduced tumor size but did not appear to prolong survival.

Conclusions

MAF-811_XC and MAF-928_XC are novel, authentic, and reliable models for studying 1q+ PFA in vivo. Given the successful response to radiation, these models will be advantageous for testing clinically relevant combination therapies to develop future clinical trials for this high-risk subgroup of pediatric ependymoma.
Institutional Music Education and Ranking as a Form of Subjectification
Authors: Vaugeois Lise C.
Published: July 2019

This chapter addresses what might appear to be disparate themes: evaluation as ranking; ongoing colonial processes that in order to maintain their force are dependent on an internalization of hierarchies of who counts as human; and structures of formal schooling as processes of subjectification that produce docile, obedient subjects. The intention is to generate “thoughts of the outside” by taking seriously the rejection of evaluation practices and associated priorities of authorized schooling by young people pursuing music learning in “abject spaces.” These young people, often labeled as “at risk” within the school system, not only reject the label but also reject the role of schooling in preparing them to become part of dominant social, political, and economic structures that they experience as hostile and oppressive. By exploring the fault lines made visible by looking from the outside at existing dominant educational frameworks, the chapter seeks to highlight structural relations of power that are not as easily seen from within dominant locations. Specifically, it illustrates how the large amount of mental space taken up with the discipline of ranking can constrain imaginative possibilities, leave learners with a potential lack of resilience when notions of the self are tied to external validation, keep them focused on obedience to existing systems, and keep them engrossed in individual accomplishments and therefore less likely to notice contradictions between claimed conditions of equality and actual material conditions for differently situated populations.
Enter the Feedback Loop
Authors: Bell Adam Patrick
Published: July 2019

The core question that this chapter examines is how music technology in, for, and as music education should be assessed in teaching and learning contexts. Commencing with an explanation of the concept of the personal best in the context of running culture, it suggests that this approach to assessment, which incorporates self-assessment and peer-assessment, ought to be used in music education settings. The chapter then presents a rationale for delimiting the definition of “music technology” as a means of making music, before proceeding to discuss the theories of assessment that provide a framework for suggesting ways of realizing learners’ personal bests. The chapter argues that peer feedback and self-feedback are synergistic strands of the feedback loop that learners must enter to experience an authentic and complex learning environment, and that summative assessment can and should be a natural outgrowth of formative assessment. Ultimately, the aim of this approach is to construct a context in which learners of all levels and abilities can engage in meaningful experiences with music technology while providing a framework to evaluate the quality of the learning that has taken place from multiple perspectives. If teachers and learners commit to this iterative process of assessment as learning, one in which they start but do not stop, then they will have entered the feedback loop.
The Assessment of Classroom Music in the Lower Secondary School: The English Experience
Authors: Fautley Martin
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses how National Curriculum content and assessment in England have been subverted by performativity and accountability requirements. This has had the effect of moving music teaching and learning in secondary school music classes away from a focus on musical content and music making toward meeting the demands and requirements of an accountability system. The twin effects of schools second-guessing what they think the inspection regime (Ofsted) will want to see, allied with a close scrutiny of pseudo-positivist attainment data, means that the musicality of the assessments undertaken by classroom teachers can be called into question. The important issue of knowledge types in music education is also discussed. England operates a music education somewhat different from that in many other jurisdictions, with a focus on what might be termed generalist classroom teaching and learning for all students. This has an impact on the ways in which assessment can be undertaken, and these issues are discussed. Important findings of interest and relevance to an international audience are drawn out, and key points are made that are relevant to both music educators and administrators of public education systems.
The Primacy of Experience
Authors: Schiavio Andrea
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores a possible alternative to traditional “paper-and-pencil” assessment practices in music classes. It argues that an approach based on phenomenological philosophy and inspired by recent developments in cognitive science may shed new light on learning and help educators reconsider grading systems accordingly. After individuating the core issue in an unresolved tension between subjective-objective methodologies relevant to certain learning contexts, the chapter proposes a possible remedy by appealing to three principles central to “embodied” approaches to cognition. Such principles may help educators reframe cognitive phenomena (learning described as a measurable event based on “information processing”) in terms of cognitive ecosystems (learning understood as a negotiating and transformative activity codetermined by diverse embodied and ecological factors connected in recurrent fashion). Accommodating this shift implies transforming assessment practices into more open and flexible systems that take seriously the challenge of cooperative learning and phenomenological reflections.
The McDonald’s Metaphor
Authors: Kratus John
Published: July 2019

In 1983 sociologist George Ritzer coined the word McDonaldization, “the process by which the principles of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world.” Since that time, Ritzer’s concept of McDonaldization has been applied to such disparate fields as education, religion, social work, and journalism. The purpose of this chapter is to show how the dehumanizing principles of McDonaldization—efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control—have influenced music education practices. The chapter concludes by describing a means for opposing the McDonaldization of music education.
Building a Culture of Ethical, Comparable, Authentic Assessment
Authors: Reid Andrew , Ballantyne Julie
Published: July 2019

In an ideal world, assessment should be synonymous with effective learning and reflect the intricacies of the subject area. It should also be aligned with the ideals of education: to provide equitable opportunities for all students to achieve and to allow both appropriate differentiation for varied contexts and students and comparability across various contexts and students. This challenge is made more difficult in circumstances in which the contexts are highly heterogeneous, for example in the state of Queensland, Australia. Assessment in music challenges schooling systems in unique ways because teaching and learning in music are often naturally differentiated and diverse, yet assessment often calls for standardization. While each student and teacher has individual, evolving musical pathways in life, the syllabus and the system require consistency and uniformity. The challenge, then, is to provide diverse, equitable, and quality opportunities for all children to learn and achieve to the best of their abilities. This chapter discusses the designing and implementation of large-scale curriculum as experienced in secondary schools in Queensland, Australia. The experiences detailed explore the possibilities offered through externally moderated school-based assessment. Also discussed is the centrality of system-level clarity of purpose, principles and processes, and the provision of supportive networks and mechanisms to foster autonomy for a diverse range of music educators and contexts. Implications for education systems that desire diversity, equity, and quality are discussed, and the conclusion provokes further conceptualization and action on behalf of students, teachers, and the subject area of music.
Cognitive Sociology and the Cultural Mind
Authors: Brekhus Wayne H. , Ignatow Gabe
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces key debates and directions in cognitive sociology. It discusses cognitive sociology approaches ranging from cultural to social to embodied perspectives and identifies important tensions between competing cognitive sociology traditions. It highlights cultural cognitive sociology approaches that emphasize cultural, social, and organizational variation as well as embodied cognitive social science approaches that challenge cultural sociology and that emphasize the importance of neuropsychological dual-process models of cognition. It discusses the implications of these controversies and addresses attempts to synthesize the neurocognitive and the cultural. It concludes by introducing the chapters that constitute this volume.
The Sacred, Profane, Pure, Impure, and Social Energization of Culture
Authors: Kurakin Dmitry
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, I argue that the Durkheimian theory of the sacred is a crucial yet not fully recognized resource for cognitive sociology. It contains not only a theory of culture (which is acknowledged in contemporary sociology), but also a vision of culture-cognition relations. Thus, Durkheimian cultural sociology allows us to understand the crucial role the sacred/profane opposition plays in structuring culture, perception and thought. Based on a number of theories, I also show how another opposition—between the pure and impure modes of the sacred, allows us to explain dynamic features of the sacred and eventually provides a basic model of social change. While explicating this vision and resultant opportunities for sociological analysis I also criticize “cognition apart from culture” approaches established within cognitive sociology. I argue, thus, that culture not only participates in cognition but is an intrinsic ingredient of the human mind. Culture is not a chaotic and fragmented set of elements, as some sociologists imply to a greater or lesser degree, but a system; and as such it is an inner environment for human thought and social action. This system, however, is governed not by formal logic, as some critics of the autonomy of culture presuppose, but by concrete configurations of emotionally-charged categories, created and re-created in social interactions.
The Experience of Time in Organizations
Authors: Snyder Benjamin H.
Published: July 2019

Formal and complex organizations influence how individuals experience time by providing a scaffolding for temporal cognition. This chapter presents a framework for understanding temporal cognition in organizations in terms of two key concepts: timescapes and time maps. Timescapes structure the rhythm and flow of organizational events, while time maps structure the ordering of those events “in” time. Drawing mainly on research about work and workplaces, the chapter highlights a central concern in the literature about the flexibility and rigidity of organizational temporal structures and their relationship to experiences of freedom and domination, control and chaos.
Cognitive Science and Social Theory
Authors: Eck David , Turner Stephen
Published: July 2019

Approaches to cognitive science can be divided into two large groups: the standard model of the computational mind, usually associated with the idea of modularization, and extended to include a theory of mind, and rival and not-so-well-integrated approaches that replace its explanations with other mechanisms, the 4Es of cognition: the embedded, embodied, extended, and enactive movements, to which can be added the ecological approach based on Gibsonian affordances and Mark Bickhard’s interactivism. These approaches fit with very different social theories: the standard model with the social as understood by Durkheim, Parsons, and the early Bourdieu. The alternative, especially the idea of the extended mind, fits with a conception of society that replaces “the social” with a conception in which substitutable parts—routines and technology, take over its explanatory burdens.
The Party’s Over
Authors: Shearer Martha
Published: July 2019

This chapter engages with the ways in which film and theatre offer different experiences, contrasting the movie version of On the Town (1949), which is usually praised for its location filming but criticized for its treatment of Bernstein’s score, with that of Bells Are Ringing (1960), which is praised for its retention of Judy Holliday from the Broadway production but criticized for not achieving an imaginative cinematic rendering. The chapter looks at adaptation through three different lenses: how representations of the city are adapted from stage to screen, how those films themselves adapt the city, and how the transformation the city was undergoing required the adaptation of those processes of representation. Although location filming provided exciting opportunities for both films, the directors of both movies had to contend with the fact that New York itself was rapidly changing. The chapter reminds us that at a time of New York City’s dramatic transformation, any film or play set there needed to contend with the interrelated questions of how to represent the city and how the experience of the city was changing. Film adaptations of stage musicals used such divergent aesthetic strategies in ways that were thematically productive, as a means of tentatively, fleetingly resolving that problem. The shakiness of their resolutions indicates the genre’s increasingly apparent incompatibility with the new city, a problem more critical for film because of its direct engagement with the city through location shooting, which increased substantially in the 1960s.
‘And I’ll Sing Once More’
Authors: McHugh Dominic
Published: July 2019

This chapter outlines some of the key trends in the history of the screen musical adaptation. Noting how Hollywood initially seemed like an exciting prospect for some of the leading Broadway writers of the 1920s and ’30s, the chapter examines the liberal nature of most of the early stage-to-screen musicals up to On the Town (1949). In those days, Hollywood frequently retained only the title and a song or two from the Broadway shows it bought the film rights to, much to the frustration of the original composers and lyricists. But in the 1950s, a new trend saw an increasing move from the reasonably faithful Annie Get Your Gun (1950) and Kiss Me Kate (the title lost its comma in the film version of 1953) to the reverential adaptations of Oklahoma! (1955), West Side Story (1962), and My Fair Lady (1964). The mixed results of many of the other screen adaptations of the 1960s, including Paint Your Wagon and Hello, Dolly!, led to the near-collapse of the genre, with only a few successful titles such as Cabaret (1972) and Grease (1978) appearing over the next thirty years. But the release of Chicago in 2002 led to an apparent renaissance that has seen one or more screen musicals made each year since, most of which have been movie adaptations of Broadway shows (e.g., Into the Woods, 2014).