bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Igniting the Kindred”
Authors: Beard Lisa
Published: March 2023

This chapter turns to the LGBTQ movement organization Southerners On New Ground (SONG) in order to explore intimate identificatory appeals in long-term political organizing. Since SONG’s founding in the early 1990s, the political meaning of LGBTQ+ forms of identification has been, self-consciously, a central target of SONG’s work, which sees queer and trans liberation as bound to racial, economic, and gender justice. This chapter examines how SONG has, over three decades, reworked themes of kinship and family and used political imagination and world-making practices to construct a shared form of identification and build a social movement organization across lines of race, class, gender, abilities, age, culture, and sexuality. The final section of the chapter explores appeals to boundness issued in one of SONG’s 2014 direct action campaigns for immigrant justice.
“Remember That Feeling Because It’s the Same Cage”
Authors: Beard Lisa
Published: March 2023

The conclusion explores the implications of appeals to identification as interpretive political acts. It turns first to a series of solidarity statements issued within immigrant justice struggles in the 2010s, reading these statements as appeals into expansive forms of political identification that refuse logics of racialized carcerality, anti-Black racism, and assimilation. The chapter then outlines the fantasies that bracket certain patterns in the study of political identification and highlights key insights into approaching these sites of study. Finally, it reflects on what is at stake in appeals to boundness and the freedom dreams called forth in intimate appeals.
Introduction
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

The introduction summarizes the purpose of the book and its thesis, calling attention to a reevaluation in particular of Philip V and his supposed plans to invade Italy. A brief survey of Macedonia and the kingdom’s relations with the Greeks before Philip V is given. A brief survey of secondary literature on the kings is also provided. The introduction makes a brief warning that the book is not a historiographical study of the sources on Philip and Perseus, especially Polybius’ literary study, but a study of the reigns of the kings.
The Social War
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces the Romans into Greece by means of the First Illyrian War against Teuta of Illyria and then moves to the Social War waged by Philip and the Hellenic League against the Aetolian League. The final part of the chapter is given over to the so-called conspiracy of Apelles. It traces Philip’s relations with his guardians and whether there was even a conspiracy or Philip manipulating events to rid himself of his guardians. The involvement of Aratus is mentioned.
Keeping Calm and Carrying On
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This chapter continues the account of the First Macedonian War, including Rome’s treaty with the Aetolians and the war’s ending with the Peace of Phoenice. The chapter contends that this peace was an ephemeral one. As a result, renewed warfare was likely, and the closing part of the chapter discusses the uneasy years between the peace and the inevitable outbreak of the Second Macedonian War.
Fall of the Phalanx
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the latter stages of the Second Macedonian War, and especially the battle of Cynoscephalae, which ended in Philip’s defeat. The text discusses the battle and the strategies of both sides. Because this was a pivotal battle for the Roman legion in triumphing over the Macedonian phalanx, the chapter includes a section on the demise of the phalanx. The text then deals with the Roman terms imposed on Philip and on Greece and ends with Philip’s activities in Macedonia after Cynoscephalae and how he restored manpower and economic growth to his kingdom.
Macedonia Renascent
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This chapter features Philip’s rise to influence again in Greek affairs despite his defeat. It discusses his friendship and support of Rome when called upon, and how the Romans snubbed him when his help was no longer needed. The chapter also discusses his campaigns and expansion in Thrace, which worried Pergamum and Rome, and perhaps indicated that Philip was intent on restoring Macedonia’s standing. But Philip was getting old now. The chapter moves to his final years with a discussion of the controversial episode of the quarrel of Philip’s sons that led to Philip ordering that one of them, Demetrius, be put to death. Finally, the chapter ends with the circumstances of Philip’s death and an evaluation of him as king.
Perseus: Last of the Antigonids
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This chapter moves to the next Antigonid king, Perseus, tracing his youth and upbringing, about which little is known, and then proceeding to his accession and early years as king. In particular the chapter discusses his dealings with the Greeks and with the Romans, including the growing tensions with the latter that led to them accusing Perseus before all the Greeks of planning war on Rome in a document publicized at Delphi. The text addresses the duplicity of Rome and then the eventual outbreak of the Third Macedonian War. The chapter ends with a consideration of the motives for this war and who was to blame for it.
The Third Macedonian War
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the Third Macedonian War in detail down to the decisive battle of Pydna. Lasting from 171 to 168, Polybius considered this war the stepping-stone to Rome’s dominion of the Greek world. The Senate’s aggressive policy has drawn parallels to the modern era and threat elimination, specifically US military activity, following a period of relative passivity in the late twentieth century, in Iraq and Afghanistan after the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. When the Third Macedonian War was over, and despite severe repercussions for Macedonia and the end of the Antigonid dynasty, the Senate still hoped for a new settlement that would enable the people to govern themselves as far as possible.
Dismembering Macedonia
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This chapter deals with the final year of the Third Macedonian War—the Roman offensives and the decisive battle of Pydna, where Perseus was defeated by a Roman army led by Paullus. After that, the chapter discusses Perseus’ flight and eventual surrender. Then the text turns to the Roman settlement of Greece and Illyria before Rome’s punitive measures imposed on Macedonia, including the dismembering of the kingdom into four merides and end of the Antigonid monarchy.
U.S. Government Structure and Background for Public Health Law
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides important foundation for the study of public health law. It provides background on the framework of the U.S. government at the federal, state and local levels and an overview of the structure of businesses, most notably corporations. The U.S. Constitution established the framework for the U.S. government. The main body of the Constitution established the federal executive, legislative and executive branches and the relationship between the federal government and the states. Notably, local governments are not mentioned in the Constitution, as they are a creation of each state. Public health concepts and policies often conflict with business interests so an examination of corporate structure provides important context for conflicts discussed throughout the book. In addition, the chapter provides an overview of controversies decided by courts. The outcome of litigation creates case law which fundamentally shapes public health law in the United States. Relatedly, the government has passed laws to protect specific businesses from litigation.
U.S. Constitutional Limitations on the Authority of Government to Protect Health
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

The federal and state governments pass laws to protect public health. However, the authority of government is not unlimited. In this chapter, we discuss how the Constitution guarantees certain rights to the people and review how these rights impact the practice of public health. The chapter primarily focuses on those rights secured by the Bill of Rights, but notes that the constitution of each state also grants individual rights, which in some cases are broader than those recognized federally.
The First Amendment
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution is considered a bedrock of American freedoms. The first part of this chapter explores The First Amendment’s protection against government restrictions and compulsions of speech and expression. In some ways such protection is substantially broader than found in other countries. Controlling the information environment is crucial. Industries that produce products that cause harm may constitutionally market these products to consumers, often conflicting with public health prerogatives. Government attempts to inform the public about certain information through its own speech, or by requiring information disclosures on labels or through other methods. the First Amendment’s application to such requirements varies in interesting ways. The second part of this chapter discusses the First Amendment’s protection against government interference with the practice and establishment of religion and the sometimes-conflicting interests of religion and public health. Constitutional protection for religious practice has led to many lawsuits in the context of public health policies and practices, such as those that require vaccines, protect same-sex marriage, and the issuance of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders, among others. Religious belief also underlies patients’ refusal to accept medical treatment, including life-saving treatments. Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act in 1993 to provide greater protection for religious practice than the Supreme Court’s interpretation that the First Amendment afforded.
Health Departments
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

Most public health activities are carried out by state health departments. This chapter discusses how these departments typically are organized and reviews the laws that authorize their activities. In some states, local health departments and boards of health also play a role in protecting public health. This chapter discusses how state law can delegate police powers to local governments, and particularly local health departments and boards of health, in addition to state preemption of local control.
Data
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

Health departments hold many different types of data that often contain personal information about people. This chapter discusses the laws that safeguard such information. These include constitutional and statutory rights to privacy, HIPAA and laws making special types of information confidential. This chapter also discusses laws that give the public a right to access government records and data, requiring health officials to sometimes balance their competing duties to make data publicly available while simultaneously protecting the privacy of individual constituents.
Environmental Health
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses legal issues specific to environmental health. Health departments regulate restaurants and other types of businesses to ensure that they operate safely. They issue permits to allow these businesses to operate, and their inspectors conduct inspections to ensure that they are complying with their rules. The chapter also reviews the nuisance authority, which allows health departments to order the abatement of dangerous conditions like lead paint and lead in water.
Disease Control
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses legal issues specific to disease control. Cases of disease are reported to health departments. They have the authority to quarantine or isolate people who are infectious, or potentially infectious, from the population. This chapter discusses the laws that authorize these activities, looking at how they were used in three recent outbreaks. It also discusses the ethical and legal obligations that a health official has when issuing an order that restricts a person’s liberty. Finally, the chapter discusses laws that mandate vaccinations.
Public Processes
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

Health departments are government agencies, at the federal, state and local levels, are regulated in how they conduct business and spend public money. For example, there are laws governing how decisions to hire or select contractors are made. There are also laws that grant the public access to government records and data. Anyone working at a health department will inevitably encounter these special processes. These processes and the reasons for them, are discussed in this chapter.
Cannabis
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

Behind alcohol, cannabis is the most widely used mind altering drug in the United States. Chapter 11 provides background information on cannabis, its status as a controlled substance under federal law, and how an increasing number of states have legalized cannabis for medical and recreational use. Moreover, cannabis is available in a rapidly increasing variety of forms, including conventional joints, edibles, oils, concentrates, and an endless series of cannabinoid (CBD) products. The ambiguous legal status of cannabis creates challenges for a range of cannabis-interested parties including researchers. This chapter also highlights how the history of law enforcement regarding cannabis has influenced social justice elements of legalization policies.
Firearms
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

As a result of U.S. law and culture, U.S. residents own more guns per capita than any other country. The United States has a higher rate of firearm suicide and firearm-related violence than any other developed country. The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the right to keep and bear arms. Even with constitutional protection for firearms, the U.S. did not have to end up this way. Prior to 2008, the Second Amendment right was considered limited; however, in 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court found there is an individual right to gun ownership in America. U.S. law takes a gun-rights perspective contrary to public health goals for gun control in an effort to decrease firearm death and disability. In 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court found that limitations on the right to bear firearms will only be upheld if historical analysis shows that proposed gun laws are consistent with what the framers of the Constitution intended – regardless of the evidence that gun violence is a major public health issue.
Toward Influencing Policy in non-Western World, 1991–2
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: March 2023

Iraq found the political landscape in places like Russia and the Middle East ripe for influence in the early 1990s. In addition to simply building networks and amplifying narratives that aligned with its interests, as it did in the West, a case can be made that Iraq was able influence the policies of several non-Western states. Iraqi influence was not simply a matter of ideas. Iraq’s geopolitical position nestled deep in the non-Western world provided it with a protective cushion that helped mitigate the attacks emanating from the heartlands of the new world order in the West. The United States and its Western allies were never able to completely isolate Iraq from its neighbors. Baghdad preserved important land routes connecting it to the wider world. It also maintained a foothold in the Persian Gulf.
The Solvency Gap
Authors: Trubowitz Peter
Published: March 2023

The West has overreached. A large and widening gap has opened up between Western governments and their voting publics over foreign policy. On issues ranging from international trade to global governance, support for anti-globalism has been gaining ground in Western democracies. In this chapter, we lay out the book’s central argument about the sources of this widening gap, tracing it back to foreign and domestic policy decisions that Western leaders made in the decade after the end of the Cold War. These decisions sought to globalize markets and pool national sovereignty at the supranational level while undercutting social protections at home—a combination of policies that succeeded in expanding the liberal order, but at the cost of the mounting public discontent and political fragmentation we see today. In developing this argument, the chapter advances a new theoretical framework and methodology to track Western democracies’ foreign policies, and domestic support for them, and summarizes our core findings about how and why Western governments’ international ambitions came to exceed what their domestic publics are willing to bear.
Bridging the Gap
Authors: Trubowitz Peter
Published: March 2023

In this concluding chapter, we consider the implications of our analysis of Western overreach for the liberal order. We begin by summarizing our findings on how Western governments’ approach to international order-building has changed over the past seventy-five years and how this resulted in the anti-globalist backlash we see across the West today. We then compare and contrast our analysis to other explanations of Western overreach, anti-globalism, and domestic political fragmentation. We conclude by considering three strategies now on offer to restore Western solvency, and assess their advantages and disadvantages in light of our analysis of the liberal order: one that urges Western democracies to retrench by scaling back internationally; another that seeks to rekindle Western solidarity and support for liberal internationalism through confrontation with China and Russia; and a third strategy that seeks to bring foreign and domestic policy back into balance through a strategy of domestic renewal.
Fearing Together
Authors: Harbin Ami
Published: March 2023

Fearing is a central part of how we relate to each other and the unpredictable world. Fearing badly is a key part of many of our moral failures, and fearing better a central part of our moral repair. We might think that fearing is undesirable and should be avoided whenever possible. In fact, Fearing Together shows that the avoidance of fear causes some of our greatest threats. By understanding fear as a relational practice, we see that our relationships with other fearers shape what we fear, what fear feels like, how we identify and understand our fears, and how we cope with them. Growing as moral agents involves coming to grips with what kinds of fearers we want to be and become, and with what we owe each other when facing what we cannot control. At the heart of this book are the moral quandaries and complexities of relational fearing: the ethics of fearing together.
Introduction
Authors: Harbin Ami
Published: March 2023

We are living in a time of great fear. Fear is by no means unique to our times, but it is certainly a looming presence now. As an experience that is so in the forefront of our minds, fear has been written about extensively. Some theorists have urged the need to fear less. Others have pointed to the need to stop fearing some things or to start fearing different ones. Still others call out external forces, political or otherwise, that manipulate individuals into feeling more fearful. All these responses identify something wrong with such fears and provide correctives. This book aims to change the conversation. The Introduction outlines how the book will move beyond suggestions of how we ought to fear differently, instead urging us to accept that fears exist and understand them as a central part of our moral lives.
Fearing Better
Authors: Harbin Ami
Published: March 2023

Chapter 5 concludes with a consideration of practices to help us fear better. It begins with three approaches to support fearers in gaining awareness of practices of compelling fears and controlling threats: mindfulness, somatic regulation, and politicized somatics. The chapter builds on these practices to chart alternative modes of fearing together. It suggests the importance of staying with fearers: forming relationships within which fear can be received, instead of ones that contribute to the sense that fears must be acted on or avoided. These relationships are not without complications, and the responsibilities that issue from them are not without caveats. Our priority should be not preventing fears themselves but preventing the (sometimes fatally) dangerous actions that can come from an inability to cope with such fears. The chapter concludes by considering the potential role for practices of fearing better in current crises (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic) and future contexts of crisis.
A Theory of Cyber Escalation
Authors: Lonergan Erica D. , Lonergan Shawn W.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 3, the theoretical core of the book, evaluates the implications of the four characteristics of cyber operations for escalation. Most offensive cyber operations of strategic significance are not offense dominant in the way the literature assumes, being costly, complex, unpredictable, difficult to sustain, and limited in their ability to impose costs on a target. Their reliance on secrecy and plausible deniability leaves room to reduce the urgency of crisis situations. The utility of cyberspace for intelligence operations creates trade-offs that decision makers must weigh. Because all actors in cyberspace confront these same operational realities and constraints, strategic interactions between cyber rivals are likely to be characterized by strategic stability and limited (if any) escalatory dynamics. This logic applies to states’ likely perceptions of and responses to cyber operations as well as their efforts to leverage cyber operations as a tool of escalation in response to actions that take place within or outside of cyberspace. The chapter reviews the offense-defense balance literature and its applicability to cyberspace operations before deriving observable predictions about state behavior and patterns of interactions between rivals. It outlines potential scenarios that specify the conditions under which one would expect to observe deliberate cyber escalation, inadvertent cyber escalation, failed cyber escalation, cross-domain escalation, or the absence of any escalation. The chapter concludes by exploring alternative explanations and assessing why they are less persuasive.
Restraint and Accommodation
Authors: Lonergan Erica D. , Lonergan Shawn W.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 4 extends the logic of the theory developed in Chapter 3 regarding the role cyber operations could play in facilitating crisis de-escalation, specifically through acting as “accommodative signals” that convey a willingness to avoid escalation. The chapter draws on three sets of literature in the traditional security studies field: crisis bargaining and management, signaling, and secrecy and covert action. It integrates these and applies their logics to cyberspace. Specifically, the chapter argues that some cyber operations can act as accommodative signals, creating the conditions for crises to peacefully resolve, for the same reasons that they do not cause escalation. These cyber operations allow states to “do something” in a visible manner—defacing websites, disrupting traffic to a network, or even degrading military capabilities—that is not clearly linked to the government. Neither do they cause effects costly enough to prompt the other side to retaliate in a painful way, escalating the situation. Cyber operations are particularly useful as accommodative signals when a state is faced with more hawkish domestic political audiences pushing for a more aggressive stance during a crisis. In this context, a state can leverage the ambiguity around responsibility for cyber operations to take low-cost, but visible, actions in cyberspace to placate domestic veto players while not exacerbating the crisis. The chapter also explores how states can demonstrate restraint or signal reassurance in the use of its own cyber capabilities, as distinct from cyber operations as accommodative signals during non-cyber crises.
Introduction
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W.
Published: March 2023

The Introduction offers some historical background and defines key terms which will support a deeper understanding of the story which ensues. Beginning with some background on the Production Code (also called the Hays Code), The chapter explains that the Code acts as one of several ruses used during Hollywood’s Golden Age to distract the White moviegoing public from seeing the ways Hollywood projected nineteenth-century minstrel logic through a modern lens. Biased apparatuses of power like this are central to understanding this book’s central concept of covert minstrelsy. The nuanced history of blackface minstrelsy that follows, and how it differs from other forms of racial caricature, offers a framework for understanding how one’s vision may not always be reliable when determining whether something is racist. The introduction defines Covert minstrelsy—the phenomenon when sense perception, narrative, technology, and biased apparatuses of power (e.g., the Production Code) work together to reinforce pre-existing notions of race as well as to create new stereotypes through distraction—and elucidates how its various components work together to effectively elude one’s acknowledgement of racist imagery. Finally, the chapter preview gives an overview of each chapter individually, highlighting the ways in which covert minstrelsy operates in each chapter.
Integrating the Screen
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 1 situates Al Jolson’s blackface within a technological revolution. Understanding the impact that the “coming of sound” had on the visual image and its role in offsetting racial caricature from 1927 to 1930—the “pre-Code” era—lays the framework and foundation for future, more discreet iterations of covert minstrelsy that develop in the years following 1930. Jolson’s iconic sound/lip-synchronous performance of “Mammy” in The Jazz Singer (1927) not only transitions the nineteenth-century practice of “blacking up” into the sound era, but it offers blackface, and specifically blackface tied to sound, as the key to national integration. Establishing the sonic guise as motivated by both these early sound-synch experiments and Hollywood’s strong desire to avoid censorship in a rapidly changing industry, I analyze Irving Berlin’s song “Puttin’ on the Ritz” in the 1930 film by the same name as exemplary of the kind of micro-manipulations that would become so popular in future years. This includes the film’s soundtrack as well as small changes Berlin made to the musical compositions and their lyrics. Furthermore, “Puttin’ on the Ritz” has been inaccurately labeled the first “interracial” song and dance to be performed on the silver screen. This chapter examines this misleading label—a kind of affected integration—in combination with Berlin’s unique use of syncopation and lyricism, to show how even in the absence of visible blackface, Hollywood directors engaged in more covert forms of masking, teaching viewers how to see Blackness in a modern, urbanized context.
Public Works and Accolades
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 3 looks beyond Hollywood’s high-budget films intended for White spectatorship by reading independently produced race films alongside the racial caricature produced in mainstream Hollywood. Beginning with an analysis of race film, this chapter demonstrates four directions that depictions of Blackness took on the screen between the years 1929 and 1934: blackface performed by Black artists who capitalize on a successful White performer’s use of the blackface mask; all-Black films made by all-White creative teams that utilize a range of overt and covert disguises to uphold a set of imaginary beliefs about Black life and the Black body; the minstrel show-within-a-show and southern repossession formulas that allowed for flagrant uses of burnt cork; and finally the material realized through Oscar Micheaux and other Black filmmakers who linked themselves to White consciousness only insofar as it impacted the funding of their films. The remainder of this chapter recounts the concealed ways that White audiences utilized covert masks through a handful of exceptional Black artists, the most popular of which was the mask used by Bill Robinson. Robinson pioneered an era on screen, often making sacrifices through casting, song choice, choreography, and even his own relationship to the NAACP. This chapter introduces the Bill Robinson effect through which romanticized portrayals of an individual allow audiences access to a nostalgic and unquestioned slave-owning past while shielding them from the shameful parts of this narrative.
Bon Homage
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W.
Published: March 2023

Covert minstrelsy becomes more pervasive in Hollywood when Will Hays appoints Joseph Breen to lead the censorship review board. Chapter 4 begins during this shift in the Production Code Administration (PCA). The minstrel show-within-a-show continues to justify blatant blackface, minstrel music, and the tried-and-true formula of popular song, olio (variety), and afterpiece (which usually included slapstick and tap dancing). But more covert than the minstrel show-within-a-show is the use of the tribute guise. This chapter focuses on the benefit of labeling a performance a “tribute,” analyzed through two representative examples: Fred Astaire’s performance of “Bojangles of Harlem” in Swing Time and Eleanor Powell’s tribute to Bill Robinson in Honolulu three years later. Beyond its more visible use of excusing blackface during a time when the Code clearly stated that “entertainment which tends to degrade human beings” should be avoided, the “tribute” label allows White performers to re-introduce an Africanist rhythmic sensibility through their “blacked-up” White bodies. In doing so, Hollywood “authenticates” the tap dancing of Astaire and Powell at a time when the industry was employing fewer Black artists, thus creating a distance between a polyrhythmic aesthetic and Black corporeality. Simultaneously, by masquerading as Robinson, Astaire and Powell could present gambling and “sex perversion,” themes that the PCA viewed as moral offenses when delivered by White actors but acceptable material when performed through a Black filter.
Enlisting the Tropes
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn W.
Published: March 2023

For a brief moment in the 1940s, the United States was forced to reconsider Black representation in cinema as part of supporting Black involvement in World War II. Activated by the Double V campaign people of color and liberal Whites worked together to instigate change, both onscreen and out in the world. However, many of Hollywood’s efforts were thwarted by a stronger economic desire to satisfy the industry’s biggest markets, often polarized in their social and moral viewpoints. The book’s Coda, “Enlisting the Tropes: Covert Minstrelsy in Action, 1942–1954,” argues that patriotism was something both markets could agree on and that appealing to a camp aesthetic was the most effective way of reaching these divided values. The willfully hackneyed nature of some of the musicals made during the war are what allowed them to be both adored by both sides and overlooked by the censors.
Leaders and Modes of Leadership
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons
Published: March 2023

Unlike the typical institutions of the modern state—schools, hospitals, and even government departments—the organizations described in this book were significantly bound up with the personality and profiles of their founders and early leaders. Even so, common across YouthSites is that each organization clearly articulated its purpose in the face of wider social opposition as a form of resistance. This organizing “against the grain” gave organizations in the sector distinctive characters, almost personalities, and these came about as a result of the quality of the individuals who devoted themselves to these organizations. It was the energy and drive of key individuals exploiting opportunities in education, the arts, youth work, and social care, all created in the city as a consequence of reforms to neoliberal governance, that gave character and integrity to their daily activities as much as their longer term purpose and function.
Preparing International Travelers
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Chapters in this section include: 1. The Pretravel Consultation 2. Perspectives: Travelers’ Perception of Risk 3. Vaccinations & Immunoprophylaxis—General Principles 4. Interactions Between Travel Vaccines & Drugs 5. Yellow Fever Vaccine & Malaria Prevention Information, by Country 6. Travelers’ Diarrhea 7. Perspectives: Antibiotics in Travelers’ Diarrhea—Balancing Benefit & Risk 8. Food & Water Precautions 9. Water Disinfection 10. Travel Health Kits 11. Last-Minute Travelers 12. Mental Health 13. LGBTQ+ Travelers 14. Complementary & Integrative Health Approaches to Travel Wellness 15. Prioritizing Care for Resource-Limited Travelers 16. Telemedicine 17. Perspectives: Risk Management Issues in Travel Medicine
Travel for Work & Other Reasons
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Chapters in this section include: 1. The International Business Traveler 2. Advice for Aircrew 3. Perspectives: People Who Fly for a Living—Health Myths & Realities 4. Health Care Workers, Including Public Health Researchers & Medical Laboratorians 5. Humanitarian Aid Workers 6. United States Military Deployments 7. Long-Term Travelers & Expatriates 8. Study Abroad & Other International Student Travel 9. Visiting Friends & Relatives: VFR Travel 10. Mass Gatherings 11. Adventure Travel 12. Sex & Travel Traveling internationally for work, study, and other reasons; preparing the following groups for international travel: aircrew, health care workers, humanitarian aid workers, members of the US military, long-term travelers & expatriates, students, people visiting friends and relatives, people traveling to attend mass gatherings, adventure travelers; guidance for people who travel internationally to have sex
Mathematicians
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna
Published: March 2023

Women’s participation in mathematics began rather late compared with their work in science. Their increasing involvement was noteworthy beginning in the 18th century. Rare earlier examples, Elena Cornaro Piscopia of the 17th century and Laura Bassi and Maria Gaetana Agnesi, both of the 18th century, are mentioned. Ada Lovelace (née Byron) was a pioneer of computing, and Sonia Kovalevsky worked in a range of areas of mathematics. Their fame and recognition have grown recently. A number of outstanding women mathematicians had unusually difficult careers, among them Mileva Marić-Einstein, Emmy Noether, Rózsa Péter, Kathleen Ollerenshaw, Mary Winston Jackson, and Maryam Mirzakhani. Of those figuring in this book’s narrative, Karen Uhlenbeck, still alive, received the prestigious Abel Prize in 2019 for her discoveries in mathematical physics.
Physicists
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna
Published: March 2023

It has been a long and arduous journey for female physicists, from being often alone among their male counterparts to becoming a less unusual contributor to modern physics. There was a gender-neutral atmosphere at the Vienna Radium Institute fostering the development of women scientists. Marie Curie in Paris became one of the greats in both physics and chemistry. Lise Meitner was a co-discoverer of nuclear fission, and Leona Woods Marshall participated in taming it in the world’s first nuclear reactor. Maria Goeppert Mayer discovered the shell structure of the atomic nucleus and was the only female Nobel laureate in physics during 113 years between Marie Curie’s in 1903 and Donna Strickland’s in 2018. The physicist Rosalyn Yalow’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was for her contribution to a medicinal discovery. Chien-Shiung Wu and Mildred Dresselhaus are most famous for their discoveries in elementary particle physics and carbon science, respectively.
Physicians, Surgeons, and Nurses
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna
Published: March 2023

Healing is an activity where women have found opportunities, though not always on equal terms. It used to be a stereotype to have a male doctor and a female nurse, and this is not yet as obsolete a notion as it should be. The first female medical doctors appeared by the middle of the 19th century, and it was an uphill battle, and even more so for female professionals of color. A rare recognition was bestowed on Florence Sabin, an MD and distinguished researcher, for whom a statue was erected at the U.S. Capitol. Russian medical students benefited from their separate school when renowned professors walked out of Moscow University to protest the autocracy and joined the Moscow Higher Courses for Women. Women have enriched the world of physicians and surgeons, but the most iconic names in collective memory belong to nurses: Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole.
Inventors and Technologists
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna
Published: March 2023

The renowned inventor Hertha Ayrton lived between the 19th and 20th centuries, yet even today relatively few women become inventors and technologists. When Ayrton’s fellowship at the Royal Society came up, it was declined on account of her husband already having been an FRS, and she was not considered to be an independent entity. Katharina Blodgett was lucky in having a fair-minded Nobel laureate mentor, Irving Langmuir. Pioneer aviators and space travelers had to be physically and emotionally able to handle unexpected situations and needed the necessary knowledge to do so. Of the seven individuals mentioned in this category, both aviators and two of the space travelers lost their lives during their respective missions. The modern innovator Nobel laureate Frances Arnold combined engineering and biochemistry to produce mutations of enzymes for useful purposes.
Insatiable Thirst
Authors: Zeitoun Mark
Published: March 2023

This chapter demonstrates how political and economic forces drive our use and abuse of water. It describes how states have developed infrastructure and systems which drive water use—the so-called hydraulic mission. This mission drives and/or facilitates other state projects such as conquest of territory, along with the displacement of some people and the pacification of others. The more that water is disconnected from the rain, the more it becomes a great way to drive profit. Schemes that dry up lakes and bloom deserts are perfectly rational in this logic. The fixes we develop when these schemes falter (like desalination, covering reservoirs, bottling water) are equally convenient and short-sighted.
Hostile Waters
Authors: Zeitoun Mark
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines what is referred to sensationally as ‘water wars’ (or ‘water peace’). It reveals how the bulk of analysis of water conflicts in parts of the world where tensions run high is based on assumptions developed in very different neighbourhoods. It examines the challenges (and legal entitlement) of upstream states face when they start using water, and the inevitable effects on downstream communities (who have a legal entitlement not to experience significant harm). Nationalist sentiment is found to underlie hoarding along the Nile, Tigris, and Jordan rivers, suggesting that diplomatic attempts to transform water conflicts deal with the perceptions and effects of the tensions rather than avoid upsetting the status quo. Diplomacy seeking to shift towards more equitable arrangements over transboundary waters may employ the principles of International Water Law, as norms about reconciling elements of the natural world with political borders advance.
Blood Entanglements
Authors: Offutt Stephen
Published: March 2023

Evangelicals and gangs are tightly linked in lower-class communities. The two groups share a religious cosmos, are members of the same families, use similar organizational strategies, and engage each other in local marketplaces. Pastors and gang leaders compete for power within communities but also informally share community governance. Gang members can even be found in churches and faith-based organizations, while an evangelical presence exists within prisons and other gang-controlled spaces. To make sense of such findings, I introduce the entanglement thesis. The thesis explains how and why evangelicals have such frequent and often intimate interactions with gangs—groups that many evangelicals believe are evil. The entanglement thesis also helps to explain how evangelicals are engaged with Latin American society and social problems more generally. Data for Blood Entanglements comes from the Religion, Global Poverty, and International Development Project (RPD). The ongoing study contains 143 interviews, sixteen focus groups, and ethnographic data from churches, penal centers, schools, health clinics, marketplaces, and homes. It provides new and unique insights into evangelical and gang identity and interactions. In the concluding chapter, I propose policy recommendations that are commensurate with my research findings. They are intended for evangelicals and those wishing to partner with evangelicals to reduce gang prevalence and violence. Blood Entanglements thus offers theoretical insights that are built on extensive empirical data and which are policy relevant. In short, the book contributes significantly to the literature on Latin American religion and culture.
Introduction
Authors: Offutt Stephen
Published: March 2023

This chapter presents the central puzzle of the book: How do evangelicals and gangs, the two most ubiquitous social organizations in lower class El Salvador, interact? And what does this say about how evangelicals interact with society and social problems more generally? In a world where global political, economic, and social systems connect many of us to events El Salvador, answers to such questions take on increased importance. The chapter provides historical sketches that outline the rise of evangelicals and gangs in El Salvador, including the transnational origins of both. It then explains the inadequacies of existing ways of thinking about evangelical social interaction. The chapter introduces a new theoretical lens, the entanglement thesis, that more usefully frames the contemporary evangelical experience in Latin America, including the relationship between evangelicals and gangs.
Infiltrated Organizations
Authors: Offutt Stephen
Published: March 2023

Evangelicals and gangs both find ways to infiltrate organizations that are under the other group’s control. Gang members sometimes are welcome in evangelical churches and non-profit programs because evangelicals want to minister to them. But more darkly, gang members sometimes gain control over some aspects of evangelical ministries. They also use the cover of being a church goer or even a pastor to carry on with gang business. Likewise, evangelicals find ways to gain a presence in prisons and gang members’ homes. Gang members sometimes resist such evangelical incursions by using threats and violence, but they also often accommodate evangelicals in such spaces. Three case studies, those of an evangelical NGO, a church, and a prison ministry, show how low barriers to entry and shared social networks allow evangelical organizations and gang controlled social spaces to be arenas of entanglement between the two groups.
Maintaining Order in the Face of Disagreement
Authors: Monaghan Jake
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that a principle of liberal neutrality constrains order maintenance policing. Many cities are confronted with purportedly disorderly use of public space. These are among the most difficult problems for police to handle, but cities increasingly rely on them for solutions. This chapter argues that the just maintenance of order requires judicious use of police discretion informed by the principle of neutrality, and often requires declining to invoke police authority, in service of protecting pluralism and diverse ways of living. There are ineliminable disagreements over the acceptable use of public space, and such disagreement is an example of pluralism that diverse societies must tolerate or even embrace. This implies that police must opt for strategies of containment, rather than dispersing contentious uses of space. Finally, the dynamic nature of cities requires a presumption of deference to the established uses of public and private space.
Feeling Unreal
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Feeling Unreal presents a comprehensive and contemporary overview of depersonalization/derealization disorder. The book examines in depth, and through many personal vignettes, the many shapes and forms that the dissociative state of mind known as depersonalization takes, its conceptualization over the past two centuries of psychiatric study, its detection, and its measurement. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the disorder are explicated and brought to life with clinical vignettes. The book covers with similar attention and details both psychological and biological perspectives on understanding the disorder. Treatment chapters discuss medications and transcranial magnetic stimulation; psychoeducation; and cognitive-behavioral, acceptance, mindfulness, and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy. Illuminating literary and philosophical reflections on the condition enrich the reading. Contemporary societal factors such as chronic internet use and virtual reality and their impact on detachment and depersonalization are explored.
The Path to Understanding
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD) is nothing new. While it was given a specific name a little over a century ago, descriptions of its manifestations go back much further. Numerous renowned psychologists and philosophers, beginning in Europe, have observed, documented, and theorized about the nature of this baffling condition. Freud wrote about it in the context of his own personal experience of derealization. This chapter includes a comprehensive look at the history of exploration and commentary about depersonalization/derealization. The language used to describe the condition is examined herein. Other aspects of DDD are explored, including obsessiveness, altered sense of time, self-observation, cultural influences, and early family life.
Refining the Diagnosis
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

The chapter covers several key areas having to do with the clinical presentation of the disorder. Epidemiology discusses the prevalence of DDD, as estimated by national and regional sampling in both the U.S. and other countries. Clinical characteristics of DDD, derived from three large cohorts (U.S., U.K., Germany) are presented and compared. Comorbidity with depressive and anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and personality disorders is discussed. Studies relevant to the heritability of the condition are presented. Common psychological precipitants of the disorder are reviewed, followed by a discussion of DDD precipitated by drug use. Marijuana’s role in triggering DDD, and the implications of recent legalization, are examined.