bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racisme, hiérarchies et résistances chez les travailleurs migrants bénévoles en Italie
Authors: Di Cecco Simone
Published: January 2020

Depuis quelques années, on observe en Italie une prolifération de programmes de « bénévolat » réservés aux personnes demandeuses d’asile. L’émergence de cette nouvelle figure de bénévole permet de saisir la manière dont le travail gratuit est produit, justifié et assigné à une population particulièrement précaire du point de vue social, économique et juridique. Si le bénévolat est décrit par ses organisateurs comme une pratique « antiraciste », l’analyse empirique des situations de travail bénévole, ainsi que les rapports subjectifs à celui-ci, invitent à inscrire ces programmes au sein d’un champ marqué par des rapports de pouvoir, des volontés disciplinaires et des formes de résistance.
Living in crisis. An ethnography of precarious employment in the shipbuilding industry of Piraeus
Authors: Spyridakis Manos
Published: January 2020

Dans cet article, j’examine la façon dont les ouvriers des chantiers navals font face à la précarité de leurs conditions d’existence et d’emploi dans le secteur de Perama, un faubourg du Pirée. L’accent est mis sur la représentation qu’ils se font de leur place dans les processus de travail et les structures de pouvoir, dans le cadre de la sévère récession économique. Les données ethnographiques montrent que les travailleurs recréent des relations sociales et des réseaux de signification dans le contexte d’un marché du travail violent. Les ouvriers des chantiers navals, en s’inscrivant dans un espace socio-économique plus large, élaborent des stratégies de survie particulières qui donnent sens à un ensemble de faits, lesquels à leur tour les aident à affronter la violence de la crise. À partir de là, j’observe les points de vue des travailleurs à différents niveaux, leurs mobiles, leurs stratégies, leurs représentations, leurs valeurs.
Les syndicats autonomes en Algérie, initiateurs des luttes démocratiques ?
Authors: Beddoubia Siham
Published: January 2020

Ce texte interroge l’évolution des syndicats autonomes en Algérie, de revendications à caractère corporatiste vers des questions ayant trait au changement démocratique dans le contexte du printemps arabe. Il montre comment les luttes syndicales peinent à investir l’espace contestataire durant la décennie noire des années 1990, puis se multiplient à partir des années 2000, pour aboutir à une routinisation de l’action contestataire. Deux syndicats font toutefois exception : le Conseil National des Enseignants du Supérieur (CNES) et le Syndicat National Automne des Personnels de l’Administration Publique (SNAPAP). Ceux-ci ont servi de modèle de résistance dans l’espace contestataire jusqu’à la généralisation de la contestation sociale dans le contexte de 2010-2011.
Le mouvement syndical libanais à l’épreuve de l’ Intifãda du 17 octobre 2019
Authors: Dirani Ahmad , Slaiby Ghassan , Hariri Nizar , Scala Michele
Published: January 2020

« Á l’automne 2019, le Liban connaît un mouvement protestataire sans précédent remettant en cause le système politique et ses représentants. Nous avons voulu donner la parole à Ahmad Dirani et Ghassan Slaybi, sociologues et militants syndicaux libanais de longue date, pour leur demander comment ils lisaient ce mouvement, au prisme du travail et de ses confictualités récentes. Ce faisant, il s’agit d’interroger et de mettre en débat le passé, le présent et le futur du mouvement syndical libanais.
Gérer les conflits inter-organisationnels dans les alliances stratégiques internationales : prévenir ou guérir ?
Authors: Bahri Korbi Fadia , Ben Jemaa-Boubaya Kaouther , Cheriet Foued
Published: January 2020

Si la question des déterminants (le pourquoi) des conflits dans les alliances stratégiques internationales a été largement abordée dans la littérature dédiée au management stratégique, peu de recherches ont étudié leurs survenance, évolution et résolution (le comment). L’objectif de cet article est donc d’étudier les outils de gestion des conflits dans les alliances stratégiques internationales en distinguant deux approches : une approche proactive qui prévient l’émergence des conflits et une approche réactive qui permet de les résoudre. L’analyse de cinq cas d’alliances stratégiques internationales révèle la coexistence et la complémentarité des deux approches basées sur des mécanismes distincts avec d’une part des outils préventifs (contrat, communication, dispositifs d’adaptation culturelle) et d’autre part des mécanismes curatifs (renégociation, médiation, arbitrage). Ensemble, ces mécanismes permettent d’éviter des escalades des situations conflictuelles susceptibles de paralyser le fonctionnement de l’alliance ou d’aboutir à son échec.
L’alimentation dans la sphère numérique : une typologie des valeurs informationnelles
Authors: Obaidalahe Zakia , Steils Nadia
Published: January 2020

Face à la démultiplication des sources d’ informations nutritionnelles et culinaires en ligne (forums, sites de marques, communiqués scientifiques, médias sociaux, etc.), les acteurs du secteur agro-alimentaire s’interrogent sur les stratégies d’échange d’informations numériques. En effet, les nombreuses opportunités technologiques compliquent les décisions managériales quant à l’adéquation entre l’outil numérique adapté et l’objectif recherché par le partage d’informations. Afin de mieux comprendre les valeurs apportées par différentes expériences d’échange d’informations numériques, cette étude vise à construire une typologie de la valeur informationnelle du contenu numérique dans le secteur de l’agro-alimentaire. Les résultats montrent que quatre catégories d’objectifs (inspiration, création, sensibilisation et bricolage) peuvent être classées selon deux dimensions de valeurs (individuelle ou collective, passive ou active). La typologie contribue à apporter plus d’éclairage sur les pratiques des internautes et les différentes valeurs induites. Les managers peuvent en tirer profit pour mieux comprendre les actions des internautes et ainsi leur proposer des solutions adéquates permettant d’améliorer l’expérience d’utilisateur.
Are Victims Truly Worse Off in the Presence of Bystanders? Revisiting the Bystander Effect
Authors: Fromell Hanna , Nosenzo Daniele , Owens Trudy , Tufano Fabio
Published: January 2020

Des études antérieures ont montré que la volonté d’aider une personne dans le besoin est plus faible en présence de « témoins » qui peuvent également offrir leur aide. Nous proposons un réexamen expérimental de cet « effet du témoin » à l’aide de jeux du dictateur modifiés. Les taux de transfert observés sont inférieurs en présence de témoins, ce qui confirme l’existence d’un effet du témoin. Cependant, les résultats montrent également que le bien-être du receveur est supérieur lorsque des témoins sont présents, ce qui remet en cause l’interprétation habituelle selon laquelle l’effet du témoin est dû à une érosion des valeurs prosociales et des normes sociales. JEL Codes: C92, D64.
Strategic Ethics: Altruism without the Other-Regarding Confound
Authors: Attanasi Giuseppe , My Kene Boun , Georgantzís Nikolaos , Ginés Miguel
Published: January 2020

Dans un jeu d’investissement et effort en deux étapes, nous modélisons l’investissement « altruiste » dans la capacité d’un autre agent à bénéficier des synergies entre les efforts des deux agents. Notre analyse théorique est développée en supposant que les agents ne retirent pas une utilité directe de leur investissement « altruiste », c’est-à-dire sans tenir compte des préférences des autres au sein de leur propre utilité. Les résultats d’une expérience en laboratoire confirment notre prédiction comportementale que, pour un coût d’investissement suffisamment bas, les sujets se coordonnent sur un investissement positif, ce qui, à son tour, augmente leur effort dans la deuxième étape. Cet effort dépend positivement à la fois du propre investissement et de celui de l’autre agent, tel que prévu par notre modèle. Ce comportement est observé indépendamment des préférences des sujets à l’égard du risque et de l’inégalité. JEL  Codes : C72, C73, C91, D64.
Gender Differences in Legal Disputes: The Case of French Labor Courts
Authors: Georgantzís Nikolaos , Le Gallo Julie , Peterle Emmanuel , Tisserand Jean-Christian
Published: January 2020

Cet article porte sur les différences de genre dans les litiges prud’homaux en France. Nous réalisons une analyse empirique de données concernant la phase de conciliation préalable au procès et les décisions des juges lors de la phase de jugement. Pour cela, nous avons créé une nouvelle base de données à partir de documents juridiques. Les résultats sont doubles. Premièrement, les femmes sont moins susceptibles que les hommes de parvenir à une entente avant le procès lorsqu’elles poursuivent leur employeur, sauf dans les cas d’un licenciement. Deuxièmement, nous constatons que, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, les femmes ont plus de chances d’obtenir gain de cause lors de la phase de jugement. Ces résultats suggèrent que les femmes portent, en moyenne, des affaires de meilleure qualité devant le conseil des prud’hommes. Cet effet pourrait s’expliquer par les revendications initiales qui sont portées contre les employeurs, ainsi que par les différences de comportement de négociation pendant la phase de conciliation préalable au procès. JEL  Codes: K31, K41.
« Dis-moi ce que tu penses de la propriété intellectuelle, je te dirai qui tu es »
Authors: Guichardaz Rémy , Coudert Thomas , Igersheim Herrade , Lefèbvre Mathieu , Pénin Julien
Published: January 2020

L’objet de cet article est d’analyser de manière expérimentale les liens supposés entre les préférences sociales des individus et la manière dont ils conçoivent la propriété intellectuelle, en opposant en particulier les approches utilitaristes et déontologiques. Pour ce faire, nous avons mis en place un protocole expérimental original à l’interface de deux courants de littérature : l’un, bien établi, traitant des préférences sociales ; l’autre, naissant, tentant de capter les différentes justifications de l’existence de la propriété intellectuelle. Notre expérience aboutit à deux enseignements majeurs : 1) les sujets utilitaristes semblent changer de conception de la justice sociale dès lors que la question de la propriété intellectuelle est posée ; 2) les sujets rawlsiens sont en parfaite cohérence avec l’approche déontologique de la propriété intellectuelle, donnant la priorité aux droits des auteurs et des inventeurs, tout en minimisant les inégalités pouvant en résulter en optant, par exemple, en faveur d’une durée courte de propriété intellectuelle.
Insatisfaction à l’égard de l’impôt et séquence temporelle du prélèvement : une étude expérimentale
Authors: Vranceanu Radu , Sutan Angela , Dubart Delphine
Published: January 2020

L’article présente les résultats d’une expérience basée sur une variante du jeu «  power-to-take  » avec des implications concernant les modalités de prélèvement de l’impôt sur le revenu. L’étude compare le système d’impôt à la source avec un système a posteriori , dans lequel l’impôt est prélevé bien après le moment où le contribuable a perçu le revenu brut. Dans cette seconde situation, les contribuables peuvent développer un sentiment de propriété du revenu total, et ressentir un mécontentement plus important, à taux d’imposition identique. Nos résultats indiquent que l’insatisfaction associée à l’impôt, mesurée par la sanction imposée sur l’agent qui prélève, est significativement plus importante dans le système a posteriori comparée au prélèvement à la source. La communication vers le contribuable permet de réduire le taux de sanction, mais les participants n’exploitent pas vraiment cette opportunité.
Comparison of Visual Outcomes of Extended Depth of Focus Lenses in Patients With and Without Previous Laser Refractive Surgery
Authors: Christopher Karen L. , Miller D. Claire , Patnaik Jennifer L. , Lynch Anne M. , Davidson Richard S. , Taravella Michael J.
Published: January 2020

PURPOSE:

To compare visual outcomes of eyes with and without previous laser refractive surgery that received an extended depth of focus intraocular lens during cataract surgery.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective review of all eyes implanted with an extended depth of focus intraocular lens by two surgeons. Preoperative demographic and eye examination information were collected, as well as postoperative refraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity, and Visual Function Index (VF-14) questionnaire responses. Medical records were reviewed postoperatively to collect the number of patients who required a refractive touch-up or lens exchange.

RESULTS:

Most patient eyes (187 of 215, 87%) had no prior refractive surgery, and there was no significant difference in preoperative characteristics between this group and the 28 eyes that did have previous laser refractive surgery. Postoperatively, most patients had a refractive error within ±0.50 diopters (D) (79% without vs 77% with previous laser refractive surgery,
P
= .40). Although more patients in the group without previous laser refractive surgery achieved 20/20 uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) (56.8% versus 28.6%,
P
= .01), the majority in both groups achieved 20/25 or better UDVA (79.5% versus 85.7% for without versus with previous laser refractive surgery,
P
= .42). Postoperative subjective visual function score was also similar between the two groups as measured by the VF-14 questionnaire (86.9 vs 79.4,
P
= .15). Few patients required refractive surgery enhancement in either group (9 of 187 (4.8%) versus 1 of 28 (3.6%) for without versus with previous laser refractive surgery,
P
= .77).

CONCLUSIONS:

The data suggest that extended depth of focus lens implantation can have successful results for patients with prior laser refractive surgery.

[
J Refract Surg.
2020;36(1):28–33.]
The MEDITS trawl survey specifications in an ecosystem approach to fishery management
Authors: Spedicato Maria Teresa , Massutí Enric , Mérigot Bastien , Tserpes George , Jadaud Angélique , Relini Giulio
Published: January 2020

The MEDITS programme started in 1994 in the Mediterranean with the cooperation among research institutes from four countries: France, Greece, Italy and Spain. Over the years, until the advent of the European framework for the collection and management of fisheries data (the Data Collection Framework, DCF), new partners from Slovenia, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Malta and Cyprus joined MEDITS. The FAO regional projects facilitated the cooperation with non-European countries. MEDITS applies a common sampling protocol and methodology for sample collection, data storage and data quality checks (RoME routines). For many years, MEDITS represented the most important data source supporting the evaluation of demersal resources by means of population and community indicators, assessment and simulation models based on fishery-independent data. With the consolidation of the DCF, MEDITS routinely provides abundance indices of target species for tuning stock assessment models of intermediate complexity. Over the years, the survey scope has broadened from the population of demersal species to their fish community and ecosystems, and it has faced new challenges, such as the identification of essential fish habitats, providing new scientific insights linked to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (e.g. biodiversity, trophic webs, allochthonous species and marine macro-litter evaluations) and to the ecosystem approach to fishery and marine spatial planning.
Spatial distribution pattern of European hake, Merluccius merluccius (Pisces: Merlucciidae), in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Sion Letizia , Zupa Walter , Calculli Crescenza , Garofalo Germana , Hidalgo Manuel , Jadaud Angélique , Lefkaditou Evgenia , Ligas Alessandro , Peristeraki Panagiota , Bitetto Isabella , Capezzuto Francesca , Carlucci Roberto , Esteban Antonio , Follesa Cristina , Guijarro Beatriz , Ikica Zdravko , Isajlovic Igor , Lembo Giuseppe , Manfredi Chiara , Pérez José Luis , Porcu Cristina , Thasitis Ioannis , Tserpes George , Carbonara Pierluigi
Published: January 2020

The present study provides updated information on the occurrence, abundance and biomass distribution patterns and length frequencies of Merluccius merluccius in the Mediterranean Sea, by analysing a time series of data from the Mediterranean International Trawl Surveys (MEDITS) from 1994 to 2015. The highest values of abundance and biomass were observed in the Sardinian Seas. The use of a generalized additive model, in which standardized biomass indices (kg km–2) were analysed as a function of environmental variables, explained how ecological factors could affect the spatio-temporal distribution of European hake biomass in the basin. High biomass levels predicted by the model were observed especially at 200 m depth and between 14°C and 18°C, highlighting the preference of the species for colder waters. A strong reduction of biomass was observed since the year 2009, probably due to the strengthening of the seasonal thermocline that had greatly reduced the availability of food. The general decrease in biomass of several stocks of anchovy and sardine, preys of European hake, might be indirectly connected to the decreasing biomass detected in the present study. The length analysis shows median values lower than 200 mm total length of most of the investigated areas.
Modelling spatio-temporal patterns of fish community size structure across the northern Mediterranean Sea: an analysis combining MEDITS survey data with environmental and anthropogenic drivers
Authors: Bitetto Isabella , Romagnoni Giovanni , Adamidou Angeliki , Certain Gregoire , Di Lorenzo Manfredi , Donnaloia Marilena , Lembo Giuseppe , Maiorano Porzia , Milisenda Giacomo , Musumeci Claudia , Ordines Francesc , Pesci Paola , Peristeraki Panagiota , Pesic Ana , Spedicato Maria Teresa
Published: January 2020

The state of marine systems subject to natural or anthropogenic impacts can be generally summarized by suites of ecological indicators carefully selected to avoid redundancy. Length-based indicators capture the status of fish community structure, fulfilling the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requirement for Descriptor 3 (status of commercial fish species). Although the MSFD recommends the development of regional indicators, a comparison among alternative length-based indicators is so far missing for the Mediterranean Sea. Using principal component analysis and dynamic factor analysis, we identified the most effective subset of length-based indicators, whether or not based on maximum length. Indicator trends and time series of fishing effort and environmental variables are also compared in order to highlight the individual and combined capability of indicators to track system changes across geographical sub-areas. Two indicators, typical length and mean maximum length, constitute the smallest set of non-redundant indicators, capturing together 87.45% of variability. Only in combination can these indicators disentangle changes in the fish community composition from modifications of size structure. Our study supports the inclusion of typical length among the regional MSFD Descriptor 3 indicators for the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, we show dissimilarity between the western and eastern-central Mediterranean, suggesting that there are sub-regional differences in stressors and community responses.
Valuing and representing exogeodiversity: From scientific imagery to artistic imagination
Authors: Bétard François , Peulvast Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2020

Geodiversity –i.e., the abiotic equivalent of biodiversity– has gained international recognition and usage for more than two decades in the field of geosciences. It now has the theoretical foundations and practical applications of a new paradigm underlying strategies of geoconservation. However, geodiversity has rarely been considered in the context of extraterrestrial environments despite the great geological and geomorphological diversities of celestial bodies revealed by planetary science missions for at least a mid-century. In this paper, we propose to introduce the term “exogeodiversity” to encompass the variety of geological, geomorphological, regolith and hydrological features on all extraterrestrial rocky bodies. Like its terrestrial counterpart, exogeodiversity is endowed with a range of societal values, including cultural, historic, artistic, aesthetic, functional, scientific and educational ones. Given the threats associated with the many projects of human exploration of planetary surfaces, an objective assessment of these values is more than ever required. In the absence of direct (in situ) observations with the notable exception of the Moon, the only (indirect) way for a valuation of exogeodiversity is provided by an analysis of the scientific and artistic representations whose historical trajectories are intimately cross-cut. Finally, we stress the potential of the images to promote exogeodiversity in the era of digital technologies, for instance by imagining new forms of virtual exogeotourism.
L’image topographique du karst et des grottes : représentations 2D et technologies 3D, entre réalité et imaginaire
Authors: Jaillet Stéphane , Delannoy Jean-Jacques , Génuite Kim , Hobléa Fabien , Monney Julien
Published: January 2020

Si la plupart des reliefs externes peuvent être saisis, d’un « seul » coup d’œil, pour peu que l’on se place au bon endroit, une grotte au contraire ne peut jamais être vue dans sa totalité. Parcourue et mesurée, la grotte – et par extension l’endokarst – ne peut être perçue que par bribes qui, une fois assemblées, construisent une représentation factuelle : une topographie, une carte ou une image. Toute représentation d’une grotte est ainsi une image construite depuis un parcours nécessairement souterrain, donc intérieur. Les premières représentations des milieux souterrains mêlent vues cavalières et écorchés puis, à partir du XIXe siècle, des principes de plus en plus normalisés ont conduit à l’établissement de plans, de coupes et de sections. Au cours du XXe siècle, des essais ont permis de rendre compte de la complexité du karst (maquettes 3D, perspectives). Les topographies (coupe, carte morphogénique, etc.) restent, quant à elles, très codifiées pour analyser l’emboîtement des morphologies et des processus souterrains. À la fin du XXe siècle, l’arrivée des technologies 3D (topographie spéléologique numérique, lasergrammétrie, photogrammétrie) a permis la production de nouvelles images, parfois véritables clones numériques des grottes. Ces images souvent spectaculaires, ne sont pas codifiées. Pour autant, elles fascinent en ce sens qu’elles offrent des représentations de la réalité, empruntant dans leur construction aux technologies de la réalité virtuelle et de l’animation 3D. Très techniques, ces représentations sont paradoxalement le support de nouveaux imaginaires qui vont parfois bien au-delà des limites posées par les concepteurs de ces images. Finalement, les observateurs du karst et des grottes n’ont cessé de produire des images qui mettent en scène un paysage, sont le support de discours et qui, toujours et encore, fascinent.
Géomorphosites, paysages géomorphologiques et représentations iconographiques : quelques exemples au Royaume-Uni et en Irlande
Authors: Cœur Charles Le
Published: January 2020

Nombre de grands géomorphosites des îles britanniques ont été révélés au cours du XVIIIe siècle par des voyageurs naturalistes curieux de grands paysages. L’engouement pour ces points de vue « sublimes » a attiré les touristes de la bonne société recherchant la trace de récits mythologiques et des émotions romantiques. Les récits ou les poèmes, les peintures ont initié ce mouvement, suscitant un premier développement touristique parmi les élites britanniques. Les scientifiques ont accompagné ce mouvement pour répondre aux interrogations naturalistes. Leurs observations de terrain au cours du XIXe siècle ont permis de construire des modèles explicatifs qui ont fait progresser les connaissances générales. Ces travaux s’illustrent par des cartes détaillées et des schémas dépourvus de toute fantaisie qui présentent les roches dans leur agencement structural et les formes associées. La place des modelés quaternaires est bien présente. Le développement de la photographie puis du film a fait de ces sites géomorphologiques un produit d’appel pour le tourisme de masse développé à partir de la fin du XXe siècle. La photographie propose des images assez réalistes tandis que les décors naturels du cinéma exploitent les éléments fantastiques des paysages, nourrissant leur récit d’une vision romantique retrouvée. Le déroulement de ces images animées, qui attire nombre de visiteurs, est bien loin des explications naturalistes mises en place dans le cadre des géoparcs.
Addressing Word Recognition Difficulties of Adolescents With Dyslexia
Authors: Bhattacharya Alpana
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of evidence-based word analysis approaches for promoting accurate and fluent reading of complex words by adolescents with a specific reading disability (i.e., dyslexia). First, research has been reviewed to pinpoint the characteristics and causes of dyslexia as a specific learning disability. Specifically, two theories of dyslexia, the phonological theory of dyslexia and the magnocellular theory of dyslexia, have been discussed to ascertain the causal attributes of phonological awareness deficits and auditory and visual sequencing deficits to word recognition difficulties of adolescents with dyslexia. Next, two theories of word recognition, particularly the dual-route model of word recognition and connectionist model of word recognition, have been discussed to clarify the mechanism underlying the manifestation of dyslexia and resultant difficulties with word recognition. Finally, evidence-based word analysis programs have been described as approaches for improving word reading ability of adolescents with dyslexia.
Culturally Responsive Response to Intervention Instruction and Rehabilitation (RTIIR) Practices in Public Schools Using MTSS
Authors: Williams York
Published: January 2020

The adoption and use of Response to Intervention (RTI) has been recognized as a resource for all schools to use to adequately identify a learning disability. Today, public schools have found success by adopting RTI as a preventative and intervention method of assessment and pre-referral to address the misidentification and over-representation of students considered in need of special education. Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) has also become one of the most widely utilized systems that works in partnership with RTI to address social and emotional needs of students, while at the same time intervening where there are academic deficiencies and areas of weakness overall. Youth with, or at-risk for, emotional and behavioral disorders have severe deficits in their academic functioning. This chapter posits the use of RTI as a larger framework of rehabilitative intervention using MTSS as a culturally responsive tool to address the social, emotional, and clinical needs of students.
Geometry for Computer Graphics in K-12 Education
Authors: Babb Armando Paulino Preciado
Published: January 2020

Computing education and computational thinking have gained increasing attention in education both as means to support the learning of other subjects, such as mathematics, science, and humanities, and as outcomes by themselves. This chapter proposes a focus on teacher knowledge of geometry for computer graphics used for virtual image manipulation and coding in the context of an online graduate course for teachers. Teachers were required to design tasks for their classrooms that incorporated the content of the course and to participate in an online discussion forum. These tasks, along with the discussion entries, are analyzed, and suggestions are provided for how to incorporate relevant geometrical content used in computer graphics. Teacher challenges to learn and incorporate this content in the classroom are addressed, along with recommendations for teacher education. The findings of this study are discussed in terms of teachers' knowledge for teaching geometry for computer graphics.
Assessing K-9 Teachers' Computational Thinking Skills
Authors: Zhang LeChen , Nouri Jalal
Published: January 2020

Many national curricula have incorporated computational thinking (CT) into compulsory education. Teacher ability to deliver the revised curriculum determines whether these new skills can be successfully integrated into teaching. Therefore, it is crucial to examine teacher readiness. This study measured Swedish K-9 teacher CT skills through a CT test validated by an expert review panel and a principal component analysis. Additionally, we engaged statistical analyses to examine the relationship between the teachers' background and their CT test scores, as well as their self-reported ability to teach CT. The result demonstrated the teachers' proficiency in different types of CT skills. Another finding revealed that the type of programming language mastered by teachers was associated with both their CT test score and self-reported ability to teach CT. This CT test can support teachers to identify specific areas for professional development and may facilitate the school management to plan teachers' competence training strategically.
Using Dr. Scratch as a Formative Feedback Tool to Assess Computational Thinking
Authors: Rich Peter , Browning Samuel Frank
Published: January 2020

This study investigated if using Dr. Scratch as a formative feedback tool would accelerate students' Computational Thinking (CT). Forty-one 4th-6th grade students participated in a 1-hour/week Scratch workshop for nine weeks. We measured pre- and posttest results of the computational thinking test (CTt) between control (n = 18) and treatment groups (n = 23) using three methods: propensity score matching (treatment = .575; control = .607; p = .696), information maximum likelihood technique (treatment effect = -.09; p = .006), and multiple linear regression. Both groups demonstrated significantly increased posttest scores over their pretest (treatment = +8.31%; control = +5.43%), showing that learning to code can increase computational thinking over a 2-month period. In this chapter, we discuss the implications of using Dr. Scratch as a formative feedback tool the possibilities of further research on the use of automatic feedback tools in teaching elementary computational thinking.
The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Graduate Course to Prepare Teachers and School Librarians to Lead K-12 Computational Thinking
Authors: Huett Kim C. , D'Alba Adriana , Neubauer Bruce
Published: January 2020

The importance of applying computational thinking—the problem-solving approach used in the domain of computer science—to solve significant problems is increasingly recognized in K-12 schools as a fundamental skill all students need to develop. The current study presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a graduate course 20 teachers and school librarians completed in spring 2019. The purpose of the course was to expand learners' understandings of the value and nature of computational thinking, to explore barriers to access faced by students in underrepresented groups, and to reflect on how to facilitate K-12 students' understandings of computational thinking outside of dedicated computing courses. Using a model for systematic instructional planning and evaluation, this chapter reports qualitative thematic analyses of learners' performances and reflections. The chapter concludes with planned revisions for the course and implications for similar efforts within in-service teacher education programs.
Introduction and Application of Strain Gauges
Authors: P. S. Balaji , Karuppasamy Karthik Selva Kumar
Published: January 2020

Strain gauge method is one of the essential and fundamental methods in experimental stress techniques that uses the resistance of the material to determine the stress at a point. The strain gauges can be used in a different combination called Rosette to obtain stress in various directions. This chapter intends to cover types of strain gauges, materials, and Rosette arrangements to provide the reader with an overview of the techniques. The chapter will discuss the basic physics behind the resistance measurement and take the reader into insights on how the developments were made to the application of strain gauges as experimental techniques.
Optical X-Ray Diffraction Data Analysis Using the Williamson–Hall Plot Method in Estimation of Lattice Strain-Stress
Authors: Padinjare Kunnath Manikandan , Maduraipandian Malaidurai
Published: January 2020

Lattice stress and strain was analysed with estimated crystalline size of the synthesised ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles from x-ray diffraction data using Williamson-Hall (W-H) method. This very peculiar method was used to analyse the other physical parameters such as strain, stress, and energy density. Values calculated from the W-H method include uniform deformation model, uniform deformation stress model, and uniform deformation energy density model. These are very useful methods to label each data point on the Williamson-Hall plot according to the index of its reflection. Particularly, the root mean square value of strain was calculated from the interplanar distance using these three models. The three models have given different strain values by reason of the anisotropic nature of the nanopartcles. The average grain size of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles estimated from FESEM image, Scherrer's formula, and W-H analysis is relatively correlated.
A Gradual Political Change?
Authors: Yuan Yuan
Published: January 2020

In order to understand the contradiction of freedom versus control regarding the internet use in an authoritarian rule, this study is designed to explore a gradual political effect by investigating the agenda-setting effect of internet activism on government political agenda in China from 1994 to 2011. In total, 144 internet activism cases and 526 articles from official newspapers are collected for the analysis and discussion. The results suggest a bottom-up agenda-setting effect from online activism on political agenda, and this agenda-setting effect includes a potential transition from issue level to attribute level. This study also finds that the development of online activism itself obtained a stronger attention from official media, and the continuous growth of activism in forms and scopes generated constant pressure that finally gradually brought about the change of government behavior and strategy.
Participedia as a Ground for Dialogue
Authors: Adria Marco , Messinger Paul Richard , Andrews Edrick A. , Ehresman Chelsey
Published: January 2020

Participedia (participedia.net) is a wiki-based library of some 1,000 cases of democratic innovations in their historical and cultural contexts. Public-involvement (PI) practitioners can learn about changes in their field of practice. The relative strength of the five dialogic qualities available in Participedia is important because of the values of communicative understanding inherent in the domain of democratic innovations. The question addressed in the study is, How does a community of practice (COP) augment Participedia's capacity to provide a ground for dialogue about PI? A quasi-experiment was carried out among 13 PI practitioners. COP members met face-to-face over a period of four weeks to learn about, apply, and deliberate upon Participedia's online resources. A focus group was then carried out in which the PI practitioners reflected on the qualities of dialogue available in the COP-Participedia experience. Themes from the focus group support the argument that COP-Participedia can augment the dialogic qualities of mutuality, propinquity, and empathy.
Salience, Self-Salience, and Discursive Opportunities
Authors: Villanueva-Mansilla Eduardo
Published: January 2020

Peruvian electoral campaigning, centered on the candidate and lacking a significant connection with contention politics occurring in years previous to the poll, is a very diverse exercise, trying to achieve success through a variety of actions while facing a common-sense interpretation of politics as unreliable and not trustworthy. This fixes an agenda from which candidates have to develop their campaigns, focused on convincing others of their commitment to specific groups and willingness to change whatever does not directly affect each specific constituency that is being appealed to for voting. This behavior is replicated even in Facebook, where candidates try to fix their own issues as salient, but usually failing to respond to the media-set agenda. The potential effectiveness of social media, particularly Facebook, would rest in using discursive opportunities emerging during the campaign to construct self-salience, countering the biases of conventional media.
Social Media and Public Sphere in China
Authors: Shan Zhou , Tang Lu
Published: January 2020

This chapter seeks to answer the question of whether a microblog can function as a promising form of public sphere. Utilizing a combined framework of public sphere based on the theories of Mouffe and Dahlgren, it examines the political discussion and interrogation on Sina Weibo, China's leading microblog site, concerning the Wenzhou high-speed train derailment accident in July of 2011 through a critical discourse analysis. Its results suggest that Weibo enables the creation of new social imaginary and genre of discourse as well as the construction of new social identities.
Bias and Discrimination in Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Weyerer Jan C. , Langer Paul F.
Published: January 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of e-business and our lives, promising significant benefits to e-business companies and society. However, at the same time, AI systems in e-business may produce biased outcomes, leading to discrimination of minorities and violating human rights. Against this background, this chapter first describes the foundations of bias and discrimination in AI, highlighting its scientific and practical relevance, as well as describing its meaning, emergence, functioning, and impact in the context of e-business. Based on these foundations, the chapter further provides implications for research and practice on how to deal with AI-related bias and discrimination in the future, opening up future research directions as well as outlining solutions and recommendations for eliminating and preventing AI-related bias and discrimination in e-business.
The Heritage and Education Research Network
Authors: Fontal Olaia , Martínez Marta
Published: January 2020

Heritage education secures such processes of social empowerment as enabling us to competently preserve a commonly shared past and our own cultural heritage as European citizens. The challenge, therefore, consists in setting up communication channels between key stakeholders involved in heritage management and promoting the engagement of society, since it is the society that constitutes the main recipient and legatee of heritage itself. In order to achieve this objective, the authors suggest generate an interdisciplinary, multi-agent network which focuses on researching the treatment of heritage education in different European countries from the conceptual level to that of practice and implementation, taking account of the treatment it has received in the design of policies and implementation tools. This chapter contains the innovation in tackling the challenge; the relation to existing efforts at a European and/or international level; the expected impact; the potential for innovation versus risk level; and the work plan.
Educating Multicultural Citizens From a Confucian Heritage
Authors: Wu Sandra Pinhui , Tan Charlene , Ng Connie S. L.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the education of multicultural citizens in Singapore by drawing upon the teachings from Confucianism, which is a major cultural heritage of Singaporeans. A key challenge for multicultural citizenship is a superficial understanding of and limited interaction between cultural groups in a political unit. Based on two key passages from the Confucian classic Analects as expounded by Ivanhoe, this chapter suggests a Confucian notion of multicultural citizenship. This conception comprises two essential components: first, a multicultural citizen is one who subscribes to and evinces an openness to other cultures. Such a person is guided by shu (empathy) which is displayed through cross-cultural humility, interest and engagement. Second, a multicultural citizen demonstrates and promotes a shared universal family which is rooted in ren (humanity). To illustrate the application of the Confucian model to the education of multicultural citizenship in Southeast Asia, examples that foster inter-religious harmony are provided.
Senior Entrepreneurship in the Neighborhood Stores
Authors: C. Omar Alonso Patiño , Torres Franco Michael Enrique , Patiño G. Laura Marcela
Published: January 2020

Senior entrepreneurship is a topic that has recently given rise to research processes, given the change that occurs in the composition of the world population, with a declining birth rate and a life expectancy upward, and the permanent need of governments to generate more jobs. The first studies of senior entrepreneurship were conducted in the mid-90s, when it began to be identified that people over 50 were developing business initiatives, late, with particularities that differentiated them from the creation of companies in a general framework. In Colombia research processes have not been developed on this topic, and given the importance of it, this chapter presents the results of entrepreneurship in neighborhood stores, establishing the differences that are found between young entrepreneurs and mature entrepreneurs, in the integral management of their business.
Sustainability of Social Enterprises
Authors: Baporikar Neeta
Published: January 2020

Evidence supporting the budding role of social enterprises in fostering sustained socio-economic development of regions and communities across the globe are evolving continuously. Hence, the global upsurge in the social enterprise research and practice is appreciated, considering social enterprise primarily is presumed to have great potential in solving a range of social problems. Even though social entrepreneurship and social enterprise have remained central and thought-provoking in the realm of scholarly investigation for the past few decades, the emerging literature on social enterprise and their role in economic development is riddled with theoretical inconsistencies and definitional controversies. Thus, little or no rational knowledge about their functioning and management is available. Further, factors influencing the sustainability of social enterprises have rarely been explored and deliberated. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to identify and analyze the factors which influence the sustainability of social enterprises with focus on India.
Quality in E-Environment Development and Sustainability of Smart Cities
Authors: Olalla-Caballero Beatriz
Published: January 2020

Quality is a significant issue to consider when thinking about optimizing processes, improving the quality of services and products, increasing customer or client satisfaction, or just reducing costs that are related to waste or non-optimization in processes. E-environments and smart territories are not an exception, so, quality is a key success factor when considering and developing them. Quality has always been considered a part of the management system and processes in a company. Quality stands for the required perspective in the strategy of an enterprise and leads to accomplishing all quality requirements and goals previously defined in the company. There are several reasons why quality should be considered in an e-environment or a smart city.
Sustainable Entrepreneurship in Indigenous Communities in Colombia
Authors: Patiño Omar Alonso , Arias Catalina Lucía Ruiz , Pérez Paula Echeverry
Published: January 2020

Indigenous communities in Colombia have been characterized by an economy of subsistence, influenced by the nomadic population that has allowed them to take advantage of the abundance of the environment in which they live and by the cultural context of these communities. The authors document a project initiative to co-create a sustainable entrepreneurship model for indigenous communities, to identify sustainable income alternatives adjusted to the culture and living conditions of indigenous people. First experiences of this project took place in La Fraguita Community in the Department of Caquetá at the south of Colombia, where a social entrepreneurship incubation process was deployed, identifying different productive activities, selecting grounded organic chili pepper as a pilot for the implementation of a culture-based and local product income alternative, with added value provided by the community.
Image analysis in posttreatment non-small cell lung cancer surveillance: specialists’ interpretations reviewed by the thoracic multidisciplinary tumor board
Authors: Gambazzi Franco , Frey Lukas D. , Bruehlmeier Matthias , Janthur Wolf-Dieter , Heuberger Juerg , Spirig Andres , Williams Richard , Zweifel Roland , Boerner Bettina , Tini Gabrielo M. , Irani Sarosh
Published: January 2020

Background: Data show that the initial specialist’s image interpretation and final multidisciplinary tumor board (MTB) assessment can vary substantially in the pretherapeutic cancer setting. The aim of this post hoc analysis was to investigate the concordance of the specialist’s and MTB’s image interpretations in patients undergoing systematic posttreatment lung cancer image surveillance.
Methods: In the initial prospective study, lung cancer patients who had received curative-intent treatment were randomly assigned to undergo either contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) or integrated 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). Imaging was performed every 6months for 2 years, and all imaging studies were finally assessed by our MTB. This post hoc analysis assessed differences between the initial specialist’s image interpretation and the final MTB’s image interpretation.
Results: In 89 patients, 266 imaging studies (129 PET-CT, 137 CE-CT) were analyzed. In 87.2% (88.4, 86.1%) of the studies, complete concordance was found. Out of the 12.8% (11.6, 13.9%) with discordant results, 7.5% (6.9, 8.0%) had implications for alterations in patient management (major disagreements). Twenty major disagreements were detected in 17 study patients. Retrospectively, in eight out of these 17 (47%) patients, in contrast to the MTB’s view, the specialist’s interpretation was more appropriate, whereas in nine out of 17 patients (53%), the MTB’s interpretation was more accurate.
Conclusions: In an experienced MTB, the agreement between imaging specialists and the rest of the MTB with regard to the interpretation of images is high in a setting of posttreatment lung cancer image surveillance. It seems that in cases of disagreements, the rates of more accurate interpretation are well balanced between imaging specialists and the MTB.
Trial registration: ISRCTN16281786, Date 23. February 2017.