bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistência de óleos essenciais em milho armazenado, submetido à infestação de gorgulho do milho
Authors: Coitinho Rodrigo Leandro Braga de Castro , Oliveira José Vargas de , Gondim Júnior Manoel Guedes Corrêa , Câmara Claúdio Augusto Gomes da
Published: July 2010

Os óleos essenciais e os compostos constituintes têm sido pesquisados quanto a sua atividade inseticida contra pragas de grãos armazenados. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a persistência de óleos essenciais em milho armazenado, submetido à infestação do gorgulho do milho, Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). A persistência dos óleos e do eugenol foi avaliada no período inicial (logo após a impregnação) e aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de armazenamento. As mortalidades de S. zeamais, no período inicial, variaram entre 93,8 (Piper hispidinervum, Melaleuca leucadendron e eugenol) e 100% (Eugenia uniflora, frutos verdes de Schinus terebinthifolius e Piper marginatum). A partir dos 30 dias, as mortalidades, de modo geral, decresceram, com exceção de P. marginatum (92,2%), que alcançou 53,1% de mortalidade aos 120 dias de armazenamento. De acordo com as equações de regressão ajustadas para o número de S. zeamais emergidos em todo o período de armazenamento, apenas não houve significância para os óleos de S. terebinthifolius, P. marginatum e testemunha. Em relação à média geral, o óleo de P. marginatum foi o mais persistente, proporcionando emergência de apenas 0,30 insetos, diferindo dos óleos restantes, do eugenol e da testemunha. Os demais tratamentos só diferiram em relação à testemunha.
O fim da comida: suplementação alimentar e alimentação entre frequentadores assíduos de academias de musculação e fitness do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Sabino César , Luz Madel T. , Carvalho Maria Cláudia
Published: July 2010

Aborda a singularidade alimentar de um grupo de frequentadores assíduos de academias e fitness da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Destaca a relação do alimento com a manutenção da forma física e com a sociabilidade prevalecente. Em 12 academias das Zonas Norte e Sul da cidade fizeram-se observações etnográficas - diretas e participantes - e entrevistas abertas, durante três anos. Alimentar-se, para o grupo, significa articular um sistema de saberes ligados à ciência da nutrição visando administrar a forma física e o desempenho atlético. O alimento torna-se, assim, poderoso artifício químico para o aprimoramento estético do corpo.
Enquadramentos de transgênicos nos jornais paulistas: informação como potencial subsídio à participação política
Authors: Rothberg Danilo , Berbel Danilo Brancalhão
Published: July 2010

Em 2007, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária promoveu uma consulta pública on line para receber contribuições à Proposta de Regulamento Técnico de avaliação de segurança de alimentos transgênicos. Este artigo descreve o contexto e os resultados da pesquisa que identificou os principais enquadramentos e agendas construídos pelos jornais Folha de S.Paulo e O Estado de S.Paulo sobre assuntos ligados ao objeto dessa consulta, a fim de avaliar a pluralidade de informações oferecidas como potencial subsídio à participação política. A cobertura jornalística enfocada se apresentou, em geral, fragmentada; 70% das matérias ofereceram visões incompletas sobre o contexto da consulta.
A trajetória de Henrique da Rocha Lima e as relações teuto-brasileiras (1901-1956)
Authors: Silva André Felipe Cândido da
Published: July 2010

A trajetória de Henrique da Rocha Lima vincula-se estreitamente às relações científicas e culturais entre Brasil e Alemanha. Seus trabalhos científicos foram produzidos em instituições de pesquisa biomédica dos dois países, mas foi na Alemanha que ele conquistou projeção internacional, graças a suas pesquisas nos campos da microbiologia, patologia e medicina tropical. Lastreado pelo prestígio e boa inserção nas comunidades científicas brasileira e alemã, contribuiu para o estreitamento do intercâmbio intelectual entre os dois países, mobilizando diversos personagens e instituições como pontos de apoio. Apresentam-se percalços e desafios impostos pelo estudo desse personagem complexo, cuja trajetória lança luz, a um só tempo, sobre os meandros das relações científicas internacionais e sobre processos sócio-históricos marcantes na institucionalização das ciências no Brasil.
Hidrocistoma: conduta cirúrgica na lesão palpebral cística
Authors: Couto Júnior Abelardo de Souza , Batista Gabrielle Macieira , Calafiori Ícaro Guilherme Donadi Ferreira , Radael Vinícius Cristófori , Mendes Wilker Benedeti
Published: July 2010

Relato de caso de hidrocistoma palpebral e apresentação de técnica cirúrgica na conduta terapêutica dos tumores císticos benignos da pálpebra. Os hidrocistomas são tumores benignos relativamente frequentes nas pálpebras, principalmente, na pálpebra inferior, com maior prevalência no sexo feminino e a partir da quarta década de vida. O diagnóstico é clínico e, em casos de lesão única, a conduta cirúrgica é o tratamento de escolha. Deve-se descrever melhor a técnica cirúrgica utilizada, pois traz bons resultados estéticos e menor risco de recidiva.
Meta-avaliação de uma extensão universitária: Estudo de caso
Authors: Arroyo Daniela Munerato Piccolo , Rocha Maria Silvia Pinto De Moura Librandi Da
Published: July 2010

A partir do interesse em compreender a formação do estudante universitário como futuro profissional que deve ser capaz de atuar de forma diferenciada nas diversas situações de sua trajetória profissional e pessoal e com elevado compromisso social, entendemos que os programas de extensão universitária podem cumprir importante papel neste sentido. Elegemos como campo da pesquisa, um programa de extensão de uma universidade católica, que trabalha pela inclusão social de pessoas com deficiência, numa perspectiva interdisciplinar, tendo em sua equipe professores e estudantes de diferentes áreas dos cursos de graduação. Consideramos a implantação da extensão universitária nas instituições de ensino superior e destacamos a importância dos processos de avaliação dos programas extensionistas. Desenvolvemos um trabalho de meta-avaliação, com objetivo de refletir sobre quais aspectos desta avaliação podem contribuir para a formação dos estudantes que participam de tais programas. O principal procedimento metodológico adotado foi a análise documental (relatórios anuais do Centro, instrumentos de avaliação). Além desta, realizamos entrevista com a Coordenadora do programa a fim de complementar informações e obter esclarecimentos. Entendemos que colocar em funcionamento um processo de avaliação da extensão é um trabalho complexo e que lacunas e contradições precisam ser analisadas com cuidado, porque podem limitar as contribuições que as atividades extensionistas tem em potencial para a formação dos estudantes que delas participam.
Conhecimentos e práticas de professores de educação infantil sobre crianças com alterações auditivas
Authors: Silva Denísia Raquel de Carvalho , Santos Lílian Marinho dos , Lemos Stela Maris Aguiar , Carvalho Sirley Alves da Silva , Perin Renata Martinelli
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Investigar os conhecimentos, as percepções e as práticas de professores de educação infantil sobre crianças com alterações auditivas. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado por meio de entrevista estruturada com 45 professores de educação infantil da rede pública de ensino da cidade de Belo Horizonte. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e posteriormente submetidas à análise. RESULTADOS: A grande maioria dos sujeitos entrevistados apresentou pouco conhecimento, muitas vezes bastante vago e de senso comum, sobre a perda auditiva, embora a consciência da necessidade de aprendizagem para uma melhor atuação profissional tenha sido nítida. Apesar da falta de informação, os professores demonstraram conhecer algumas características das crianças com deficiência auditiva e explicitaram condutas a serem realizadas em sala de aula. A quase totalidade da amostra afirmou não conhecer a triagem auditiva escolar. CONCLUSÃO: Os conhecimentos, as práticas e as percepções demonstradas pelos entrevistados revelaram grande variação de conceitos, atitudes e estratégias. Contudo, grande parte se baseia em senso-comum ou intuição, devido à falta de experiência e de capacitação dos educadores para lidar com a criança com deficiência auditiva.
Ecophysiological adaptation and metal accumulation in water hyacinth from two tropical rivers
Authors: Vitória Angela P. , Lage-Pinto Frederico , Campaneli Leonardo B. , Almeida Marcelo G. , Souza Cristina M. M. , Rezende Carlos E. , Azevedo Ricardo A. , Oliveira Jurandi G.
Published: July 2010

The ecophysiological adaptations of water hyacinth (metal hyperaccumulator) under adverse environmental conditions are not yet clearly elucidated. This work evaluated photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll a fluorescence in water hyacinth plants sampled in different regions (upper, middle and lower) of Paraíba do Sul river (PSR) and Imbé river, Brazil. Additionally Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni were quantified on the shoots and roots. Roots were the preferential site of metal accumulation. Cromium was not detected in the shoots. Iron and Mn were the elements detected in higher concentrations in all samples. Zinc and Cu were detected in higher concentrations in roots of plants from middle and upper PSR, sites of higher anthropogenic activity. The highest concentrations of almost all metals were verified in plants from middle PSR. Regarding photosynthetic adaptations, plants from middle and upper PSR showed the highest concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, as well as the highest values of Fv/Fm and Fv/F0. The photosynthetic performance of plants suggests that they are not under stress conditions, even in regions of higher anthropogenic activity. Positive correlation was observed among nonphotochemical quenching and carotenoids, suggesting dissipation of energy in the form of heat as an strategy to keep the stable photochemical photosynthesis functioning, confirmed by values of the Fv/Fm. It is possible that such adaptative strategy is efficient as a long term response to stress factors, once literature data suggest that this is not a preferential path for photosynthesis in stress circumstances under short time controlled conditions.
Exploring a Link Between Fatigue and Intestinal Injury During Pelvic Radiotherapy
Authors: Jakobsson Sofie , Ahlberg Karin , Taft Charles , Ekman Tor
Published: July 2010

Background.

The association between cancer-related fatigue and pathological processes in the body is largely unknown. This study was designed to investigate a possible linkage between fatigue and intestinal injury during pelvic radiotherapy.

Methods.

Twenty-nine women undergoing pelvic radiotherapy for anal or uterine cancer were prospectively followed. Fatigue and diarrhea were assessed using patient self-reported questionnaires. Plasma citrulline concentration, as a sign of intestinal injury, and C-reactive protein, orosomucoid, albumin, α1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin, as signs of systemic inflammation, were analyzed.

Results.

Fatigue increased significantly (p < .001) and citrulline decreased significantly (p < .001) during treatment. A significant negative correlation (r = −0.40; p < .05) was found between fatigue and epithelial atrophy in the intestine (as assessed by plasma citrulline) after 3 weeks of treatment and a significant positive correlation (r = 0.75; p < .001) was found between fatigue and diarrhea. Signs of systemic inflammation were evident, with significant increases in serum orosomucoid, serum haptoglobin (p < .05) and serum α1-antitrypsin (p < .001) and a significant decrease in serum albumin (p < .001).

Conclusion.

The present study indicates a link between fatigue and intestinal injury during pelvic radiotherapy. This observation should be considered as a preliminary finding because of the small sample size but may serve as a rationale for therapeutic interventions aimed at alleviating both fatigue and gastrointestinal symptoms during pelvic radiotherapy.
The Full Burden of Cancer
Authors: Hassett Michael J.
Published: July 2010

This article comments on the manuscript of Van Houtven and colleagues in this issue of The Oncologist examining the economic burden of informal cancer care.
Sustainable soil stabilisation with blastfurnace slag – a review
Authors: Nidzam R. M. , Kinuthia J. M.
Published: July 2010

This paper reviews a relatively recent approach towards sustainable soil stabilisation, by utilising ground granulated blastfurnace slag, an industrial by-product from steel manufacture. It describes in detail the reactions and reaction mechanisms that occur when soil modification and subsequent stabilisation processes take place. The effects of incorporating slag in the soil stabilisation process on the engineering properties of a soil are also reviewed and discussed. The review demonstrates the great potential of slag in soil stabilisation, in particular of the sulfate-bearing soils whose stabilisation using the traditional stabilisers of lime and/or Portland cement leads to excessive swelling.
Effects of heat and mixing time on self-compacting concrete
Authors: Al-Martini S. , Nehdi M.
Published: July 2010

The coupled effects of ambient temperature and mixing time on the slump loss of self-compacting concrete (SCC) are critical for hot weather concreting. Ordinary Portland cement concrete mixtures were made with a water/cement ratio of 0·38 and incorporating polycarboxylate-, melamine sulfonate-, or naphthalene sulfonate-based superplasticisers. The concrete mixtures were continuously agitated for up to 110 min using a low-shear rate mixer under controlled temperature ranging from 22 to 45°C. The effects of such a prolonged mixing scheme under various temperatures on the slump loss and compressive strength of concrete at ages of 12 h, 1, 3, 7 and 28 days were investigated. The results show that concrete can undergo substantial slump loss when subjected to prolonged mixing at high temperature. Knowledge of the superplasticiser effects at high temperature and prolonged mixing time is critical to achieve adequate rheological properties of concrete in hot weather. The results also indicate that the compressive strength of concrete mixtures is dependent on temperature, mixing time and superplasticiser type. The early-age strength of concrete at high temperature may be about four-fold that at moderate temperature. On the other hand, the long-term compressive strength of concrete subjected to early-age high temperature can decrease by more than 10%.
Moment-resisting bolted timber connections
Authors: Lam F. , Gehloff M. , Closen M.
Published: July 2010

This paper evaluates the performance of moment-resisting bolted timber connections with self-tapping wood screws acting as perpendicular-to-grain reinforcement. Considering an unreinforced joist-to-column connection with slotted-in steel plates as baseline, an increase in capacity by a factor of 1·7 was observed when the connections were reinforced with self-tapping screws under reverse cyclic loading. This was further increased by 22·5% when the bolt diameter in the reinforced connection was increased from 19·0 to 25·4 mm. Reducing the edge distances of the bolts in the reinforced connection provided addition gain in capacity of 35·3% to a total capacity increase by a factor of 2·9 when compared to the unreinforced connections while maintaining very ductile behaviour. The results show that it is feasible to create ductile and high-capacity moment-resisting bolted timber connections with self-tapping wood screws as reinforcements.
Pesticides meet megadiversity in the expansion of biofuel crops
Authors: Schiesari Luis , Grillitsch Britta
Published: July 2010

Global interest in biofuels is driving a continuous expansion of agroindustrial production in tropical countries, bringing a substantial share of the world's biodiversity into contact with hundreds of potentially hazardous pesticides. We reviewed the hazards imposed by all 784 pesticides currently registered for use on biofuel crops in Brazil. We detected compounds that have been suspended by international conventions, as well as over 80 compounds included in lists of priority concern for exhibiting environmental persistence and/or having the potential to elicit neurotoxic, reprotoxic, carcinogenic, or endocrine‐disrupting effects in humans and wildlife. These chemicals will be used at increased rates, or for the first time, across large expanses of agroin‐dustrially converted pastures and native (ie pristine) habitat in the cerrado (tropical savanna) and Amazonian rainforest biomes. If human and environmental health are to be balanced with productivity to achieve a sustainable agriculture, bolder initiatives on pesticide restriction and control must be implemented in tropical countries.
Estimation of Prepotency from Lima Bean Diallel Cross Data1
Authors: Allard R. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Analysis of an F1 diallel cross revealed the major features of the genetic control of seed size in 9 lima bean strains. The use of this information in estimating the prepotency of the parents and identifying promising hybrid combinations was considered.
Dry Weights and Germination of Developing Oat Seeds1
Authors: Frey K. J. , Ruan E. , Wiggans S. C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Oat seeds reached a near‐maximum dry weight when they contained as high as 45% moisture. Very little dry matter was laid down after they dried to this moisture content. Germination increased with maturity up to 20 to 28 days after anthesis even though a few germinated when harvested 4 days after anthesis.

A pregermination chilling treatment of oat seeds at 4° C. for 10 days considerably increased the germination of prematurely harvested seeds.
Birdsfoot Trefoil, Lotus corniculatus, Yield as Affected by Soil Properties1
Authors: Foy C. D. , Barber S. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Birdsfoot trefoil yields obtained on 20 Indiana soils in a greenhouse experiment were significantly correlated with soil phosphorus test (0.75 N HCl extractable) and soil aggregation index. The positive correlation between yield and percent organic matter closely approached significance. Multiple correlation involving all three factors accounted for 58% of the yield variation between soil types.
Effect of Drying Upon the Amounts of Easily Extractable Potassium and Phosphorus in Nicollet Clay Loam1
Authors: Grava J. , Spalding G. E. , Caldwell A. C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Air and oven drying resulted in increases of exchangeable potassium over that extracted from field moist soil. The drying effects were greater in samples from unfertilized plots than in samples from plots receiving moderate and heavy potassium treatments. Air drying had only a slight effect on the extractable phosphorus.
Salinity Tolerance of Five Turfgrass Varieties
Authors: Lunt O. R. , Youngner V. B. , Oertli J. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Puccinellia distans survived relatively well when grown with concentrations of 330 me. of soluble salts per liter of substrate. Seaside bentgrass and Alta Fescue survived relatively well at concentrations of 194 and 134 me. per liter, respectively, while Kentucky bluegrass and highland bentgrass survived relatively well at 74 me. per liter. Alta Fescue and Seaside bent germinated better than Kentucky blue or highland bent under moderately saline field conditions.
Water Retaining Capacity of Various Silage Additives and Silage Crops Under Pressure1
Authors: Dexter S. T.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The moisture retaining capacity per gram of dry matter in ground grains was found to be from 0.6 to 1.0 grams of water, depending upon the pressure (5 to 15 pounds per square inch) and the fineness of grinding. For ground corn cobs, the values were from about 1.6 to 2.1, and for hays, straws, corn stalks and sugarbeet pulp about 2.1 to 3.4 grams of water per gram of dry matter.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Release of Fertilizer from Capsules1
Authors: Ahmed I. U. , Attoe O. J. , Engelbert L. E. , Corey R. B.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Capsulation of fertilizer with polyethylene film gave significant increases in yield of corn and recovery of N and P. Rate of release of fertilizer from capsules was directly related to temperature, number of pinholes per capsule, and vapor pressure lowering of water by the fertilizer, but, generally, was independent of the presence of the crop and of soil texture, soil moisture between 25 and 100% field moisture capacity, and leaching of the soil.
Estimation of a Common Nitrogen Response Function for Corn (Zea mays) in Different Crop Rotations1
Authors: Shrader W. D. , Fuller W. A. , Cady F. B.
Published: July 2010

The premise that corn yields, over wide ranges of cropping systems, differ only because of differences in available nitrogen was tested using the criterion of whether corn yields in long term rotation experiments could be estimated by a common nitrogen response curve. Data from two experiments in Iowa were analyzed. Rotation intensities varied from continuous corn to a rotation with three years of meadow. Nitrogen rates ranged from 0 to 160 pounds per acre per year. Experimental designs, rotations and treatments were somewhat different at the two sites, but at each the corn yields could be fitted to a common nitrogen response curve. With this model rotation effects were expressed in terms of nitrogen units. Estimates of nitrogen equivalents, in addition to that available to continuous corn, supplied by the different rotations ranged from 10 to 130 pounds per acre.
Shade Tolerance Studies on Bermudagrass and Other Turfgrasses1
Authors: McBee George G. , Holt E. C.
Published: July 2010

Several selections of bermudagrass and other turfgrass species were evaluated for turf quality characteristics under different levels of light intensity. Light levels of approximately 35, 60, and 100% and 25, 35, and 100% of incident light, respectively, were used in two independent studies.

A variety of bermudagrass, ‘No‐Mow (FB‐137)’, exhibited exceptional tolerance to low light intensity. Turf quality of No‐Mow was better when grown under reduced light than when exposed to full sunlight. No‐Mow also exhibited more shade tolerance than Common St. Augustinegrass. Bermudagrass selection T‐135 showed some tolerance to shading but less than No‐Mow. Other grasses, including Pensacola bahiagrass, Meyer zoysia, and two additional varieties of bermudagrass, generally were unsatisfactory.
Productivity of 10‐Year‐Old Canned Forage Seeds1
Authors: Ching T. M. , Calhoun W.
Published: July 2010

Abstracts

Seeds of crimson clover and perennial ryegrass were conditioned to 6, 8, 12, 16 and 20% moisture, sealed in cans, and stored at 3, 22, and 38 C and in a wooden warehouse for 10 years. Only 17 samples maintained their high germinability. When these samples were compared with fresh seeds for forage and seed production, no significant difference was found between the old and fresh seeds.
Responses of Dairy Heifers to Crownvetch, Sericea Lespedeza, and Alfalfa Forages1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Mochrie R. D. , Cope W. A.
Published: July 2010

Early reports, indicating lack of palatability and also the presence of toxic substances in crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), have discouraged its use as a livestock feed. Crownvetch and sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don] were compared with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for dry mater intake and daily gains by dairy heifers and for concentrations of volatile fatty acids, tannins, and total phenols in rumen fluid and blood.

Experimental forages of crownvetch and alfalfa differed significantly in neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, and cellulose (structural constituents), but not in tannin or total phenol concentration. Sericea and alfalfa were similar in structural constituents, whereas tannin and total phenol concentrations in sericea were approximately three times those in alfalfa. When comparing crownvetch and sericea with alfalfa, in vitro dry dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) appeared depressed about equally by structural differences (crownvetch vs alfalfa, 15.8% units) and by tannin and phenol differences (sericea vs alfalfa, 14.2% units).

Heifers consumed 7.5 kg/head/day of crownvetch, compared with 6.1 of alfalfa and 5.6 of sericea. The resulting daily gains were 0.98, 0.65, and 0.49 kg, respectively. The gains from crownvetch were good, and in agreement with expectations based on both intake and plant composition.

The intake and gain data did not reflect the large depression in IVDMD obtained for sericea compared with alfalfa. This suggests that heifers adjusted more easily to changes in chemical inhibitors of digestion than they did to increases in the fibrous fraction.

Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in the rumen fluid appeared to be a reflection of structural differences of the forages. Blood acetate levels were unaltered as a result of the hay fed. Tannin and total phenol levels were present in all rumen fluid samples, but tannins were not detectable in the blood.

Crownvetch, which was readily consumed during this study, can be a desirable, nutritious forage for heifers.
Influence of a Disease Complex on Yield and Quality Components of Silage Corn1
Authors: Allinson D. W. , Washko W. W.
Published: July 2010

In 1969 severe leaf blighting was observed in hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) trials. This blight was attributed to Phyllosticta sp. and was accompanied in later stages by both stalk rots [Diplodia zeae (Schw.) Lev. and Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch] and European corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner). In 1970 corn hybrids were affected by southern corn leaf blight (Helminthosporium maydis Nisik. and Miyake). Paired samples of diseased and relatively nondiseased plants were taken in both years, were fractionated, and were evaluated for quality components. The Phyllosticta sp.‐stalk rot disease complex reduced dry matter yields, while both percent cell wall constituents (CWC) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were significantly higher — and therefore cell solubles correspondingly lower in the diseased fractions compared to the nondiseased fractions. Similarly, nitrate‐N (NO3‐N) levels were significantly higher in the diseased fractions compared to the nondiseased fractions. When all fractions were compared, there was no significant difference between diseased and nondiseased samples on the basis of crude protein or in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). In 1970 diseased fractions were significantly lower in percent crude protein and IVDMD and higher in percent acid detergent lignin, ADF, and CWC than nondiseased fractions.
Influence of Three Cutting Systems on the Yield, Water Use Efficiency, and Forage Quality of Sainfoin1
Authors: Koch D. W. , Dotzenko A. D. , Hinze G. O.
Published: July 2010

Yield, water use efficiency, and forage quality of ‘Eski’ sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.) were examined at the Central Great Plains Field Station, Akron, Colo. to determine its potential as a forage crop under dryland conditions. Despite below‐average rainfall during both years of the experiment, average seasonal forage yields over all treatments were 3,494 and 2,383 kg/ha dry matter for 1969 and 1970, respectively. Most of the forage yield was produced by the first cutting. Water use efficiency was high for the first cutting, but was low for the second cutting due to the slow regrowth. A prolonged late‐season drought stress occurred during both years and plants were dormant during this time. Roots extracted soil moisture from depths of 180 cm. Survival rate over the 2‐year period was slightly lower for plants harvested consistently at the early bloom stage of maturity. Forage quality, in terms of leaf, protein, and mineral percentages, cell wall components, and in vitro dry matter digestibility decreased little from early to late‐bloom maturity. This could be attributed to the high retention of leaves and rapid rate of maturation. Leaves had higher percentages of protein, in vitro digestibility, Ca, and Mg and had lower percentages of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, cellwall constituents, and K than stems.
Modified Laboratory Silo Unit for Studying the Fermentation of Corn (Zea mays L.) Grain1
Authors: Danley Michael M. , Vetter R. L. , Wedin W. F.
Published: July 2010

Four experiments were conducted to evaulate a modified laboratory silo apparatus. The design of the laboratory system is such that the effects of light, temperature, and pressure on fermentation can be studied simultaneously or independently. Temperature within the thermostatically controlled cabinet varied 0.5 with no cooling mechanism, regardless of temperature setting. Air pressure was maintained with a 4.32 g/cm2 differential. Evolved carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases from fermentation were flushed into absorption bottles by a circulating‐gas system, eliminating the complex syphon system used in the previously reported Minnesota silo unit.

Carbon dioxide evolution was directly related to dry matter and nitrogen loss in all experiments (r = .83 and r = .84, respectively). A direct relationship also existed between dry matter and nitrogen loss (r = .73). Large losses of dry matter and nitrogen occurred when reconstituted shelled corn (Zea mays L.) was ensiled under aerobic conditions. Formic acid significantly (P<.05) reduced dry matter, total nitrogen, and gaseous losses.
Effect of Southwestern Corn Borer Feeding on Maize1
Authors: Scott Gene E. , Davis Frank M.
Published: July 2010

The extent of damage to corn (Zea mays L.) caused by infestation with southwestern corn borers (Diatraea grandiosella Dyar) was determined. Corn hybrids were manually infested with corn borer egg masses to simulate a uniform heavy natural infestation. First‐brood larval feeding significantly reduced plant height by an average of 16 cm over the 2 years of the test. Significant yield losses of 20 and 9% occurred from first‐ and second‐brood damage, respectively. On plots infested with both broods, yields were reduced 29%. Reduced kernel weight or number of ears produced did not account for the total yield losses that were obtained for different borer treatments. Therefore, we concluded that a considerable portion of the yield reductions caused by southwestern corn borer feeding must be a reflection of the reduction in the number of kernels produced per plant.

The magnitude of the yield losses caused by this insect as shown in these tests certainly justifies a breeding program to develop hybrids resistant to the southwestern corn borer. Because first‐brood feeding caused a higher percentage of yield losses, a concentration of initial effort on breeding for leaf‐feeding resistance seems logical.
Requirements and Tolerance to Elements by Alfalfa1
Authors: Brown J. C. , Graham J. H.
Published: July 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., ‘DuPuits’, F.C. 40247) is a cultivar of the Flemish type selected on a clay‐loam soil in northern France. It matures early and grows rapidly after each cutting, but little is known about its nutrient requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the nutrient requirements or tolerance of DuPuits alfalfa for specific elements. It was subjected to Fe, Zn, and Cu stresses, and to Mn and Al toxiclties by growing it on seven soils known to produce these deficiency or toxicity symptoms in other crops. DuPuits alfalfa developed severe Zn deficiency symptoms on most alkaline soils, Al toxicity symptoms on acid Bladen soil, and Mn toxicity symptoms on acid Richland soil. When lime was added to the two acid soils, the plants developed Cu deficiency symptoms on Bladen (pH 5.3) and deficiency symptoms on Richland (pH 7.0). The deficiency symptoms were corrected by adding Cu and B to these soils, respectively. DuPuits alfalfa absorbed and transported Fe from the alkaline soils and it never developed Fe deficiency symptoms.
Assembly for Mounting Hydraulic Soil Core Sampler on Tractor Front1
Authors: Ginn L. H. , Heatherly Larry G. , Russell W. J.
Published: July 2010

A front‐mounted tractor assembly for support of a hydraulic soil core sampler was constructed. The design satisfies requirements for rapid soil or root core sampling. An essential part of the assembly is a tool bar which allows lateral movement of the mounted core sampler. The assembly with mounted sampler is capable of extracting 1.9 to 10.2‐cm diameter cores to depths as great as 125 cm throughout a 102‐cm lateral path.
Effects of Corn Stover, Manure, and Nitrogen on Soil Properties and Crop Yield1
Authors: Ketcheson J. W. , Beauchamp E. G.
Published: July 2010

Residues and farmyard manures are considered important in determining the N fertilizer requirement of crops. This relationship was studied in a 10‐year field experiment on a Typic Hapludalf soil (pH 7.8). Five levels of fertilizer N were applied annually with three management treatments which included 1) returning the stover produced by the preceding corn (Zea mays L.) crop, 2) poultry manure equivalent to 112 kg N/ha/year and 3) no stover returned or manure applied. Dry matter yields and N in grain and stover were measured each year.

In general, the manure treatment without N fertilizer gave yields comparable with any other treatment. Where fertilizer N was not applied, stover depressed yields; but where N was applied, stover resulted in slightly higher fields than where stover was removed. Stover returned to the soil did not increase fertilizer N requirements at nomal rates of application. Fertilizer N narrowed the C/N ratio of the stover residue, but this additional N was not reflected in the total N content of the grain or the soil. Regression equations for yields of grain and N on N applied indicated that a single term, the square root of N applied, would fit the response pattern for the majority of treatments, not including manure in most years. Treatments including manure required terms with the square and cube of applied fertilizer N levels to describe the response pattern. Yields from residual N were higher on plots where stover had not been applied than where applied and, at the highest level of applied N, equalled those from residual manure. Soil organic matter (OM) declined during the experiment, but stover residues and manure gave a smaller decline than without residues. Applied N did not help to conserve OM, but increased inorganic N (NO3‐ + NH4+) in the soil. The degree of water‐stable aggregation was increased by stover and manure treatments. It was concluded that corn stover residue did not affect the N fertilizer requirement of this soil for grain corn production. Annual applications of liquid poultry manure, containing N equivalent to 112 kg/ha, precluded a requirement for fertilizer N.
Uptake of 15N‐Labeled Nitrate by Sugar Beets from Depths Greater than 180 CM1
Authors: Peterson G. A. , Anderson F. N. , Varvel G. E. , Olson R. A.
Published: July 2010

Previous investigations had shown that irrigated sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) extracted NO3− from depths of 135 cm. Since excessive N availability late in the growing season can adversely affect root sucrose content, it was necessary to determine if the plant could extract NO3− from even greater depths. Thus, a field experiment was conducted on a Typic Haplustoll with 15N labeled NO‐N placed at depths of 180, 210, and 240 and below the soil surface in tracer amounts. Petiole 15N uptake was monitored on 2 July, 1 August, 1 September, and 12 October, representing points during the growing season of 86, 107, 138, and 165 days after emergence, respectively. At 86 days no 15N uptake had occurred from any placement depth. By 107 days slight uptake was occurring at all depths. Between the 107th and 138th days large increases in uptake occurred from the 180‐ and 210‐cm depths.

It was concluded that under growing season lengths such as those in western Nebraska sugar beet roots can effectively absorb nitrate from depths as great as 210 cm. Slight absorption may occur from depth as great as 240 cm.
Available Boron in Calcareous Soils of Lebanon1
Authors: Khan Z. D. , Ryan J. , Berger K. C.
Published: July 2010

Heretofore, virtually no information was available on the B status of Lebanese soils and its implication for plant growth. In this study, boron availability in soils of the major agricultural areas of Lebanon was measured and the B content of crops growing on these soils was determined. A total of 33 crops was sampled. Though the 162 soil samples varied widely in chemical and physical properties, only pH was significantly and negatively related to available B. However, a significant relationship was found between available B and the B content of most crops. A marked regional variation in available B contents was noted. The data indicate that B availability in Lebanese soils is adequate and that no toxicity occurs.
Nonstructural Carbohydrate Residue, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and In Vitro Dry Matter Disappearance of Forages1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Smith Dale
Published: July 2010

Total nonstructural carbohydrate residue (TNCR) has been considercd “structural carbohydrates” and assumed to be mainly cell wall constituents. Consequently, TNCR should have composition similar to other fiber residues, as neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and could be similarly correlated with dry matter digestibility. Such a relationship would permit the determination of the total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) status and the nutritive value of forages in the same analysis. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between TNCR and NDF and to test the use of each to predict in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD).

Forages evaluated were timothy (Phleum pratense L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and Coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Samples were analyzed for IVDMD, TNC, TNCR, total N, several fiber fractions, and water soluble carbohydrates (WSCHO).

The TNCR was significantly (*, 0.05 and **, 0.01 levels) correlated with NDF in timothy (r = 0.98**), tall fescue (r = 0.98**), and sorghum (r = 0.86*), but not in alfalfa (r = 0.30) or Coastal bermudagrass (r = 0.51). The level of TNCR was similar to that of NDF in timothy, but averaged 7.7 to 15.3 percentage units higher in the other forages. TNCR was more closely correlated with IVDMD for sorghum (r = −0.94** vs. −0.75*) and for bermudagrass (r = −0.79∗ vs. −0.43) than was NDF. The IVDMD was best predicted for four of the five forages and for all five forages (in a combined analyses) when TNCR plus N composed the model compared with NDF + N. Coastal bermudagrass IVDMD was equally well predicted by a model containing TNC + N and not considering either NDF or TNCR. The TNCR was apparently as accurate as NDF for predicting IVDMD of the cool season grasses and possibly more accurate for the warm season grasses.
Emergence Force of Cotton Seedlings as Influenced by Salinity1
Authors: Sexton P. D. , Gerard C. J.
Published: July 2010

Soil crusting and salinity reduce emergence of seedlings and stands of many crops throughout the world. The force exerted by germinating plants such as cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under stress due to salinity has not been determined. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the force exerted by emerging cotton seedlings under different soil and solution salinities using a force transducer.

Emergence force of cotton seedlings was a curvilinear function of soil salinity. Each unit increase in soil salinity in the range of ECe (the electrical conductivity of the soil solution) of 4 to 17.0 mmhos/cm caused an average decrease of 23.5 g of emergence force. Emergence force of cotton seedlings was also a curvilinear function of the EC of the saline nutrient solutions. The force exerted by cotton seedlings was not significantly different when seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions having EC of 1.6 and 9 mmhos/cm. However, emergence force by cotton grown in saline solutions of 9 to about 30 mmhos/cm was a linear function of solution salinity expressed in mmhos/cm. Each unit increase in nutrient solution salinity caused a 20 g decrease in emergence force. In soils (Udic palenustalf) irrigated with saline water, emergence force would be a dynamic expression of the continually changing salinity and moisture conditions in the zone of the emerging seedling.

In the range of salinities of 1.6 to 17.3 mmhos/cm the time required for expression of maximum force ranged from 58 to 77 hours. In contrast each unit increase in salinity in the range of 17.3 to 29.7 mmhos/cm increased the time required for expression of maximum force by almost 13 hours.

Growth of hypocotyls which influence the force exerted by cotton seedlings was a function of solution salinity. Cross sectional areas of hypocotyls ranged from 0.13 to 0.04 cm2. Emergence force appears to be an excellent expression of growth conditions or stress caused by salinity and possibly could be used to determine the salinity tolerance of emerging seedlings.
Methods for Estimating Background Variation in Field Experiments1
Authors: Warren J. A. , Mendez I.
Published: July 2010

A widely useful method for estimating background variation in field experiments would provide experimenters with a diagnostic tool that could be used to reveal trials for which customary design‐based analyses are inadequate. Such a diagnostic tool would provide reassurance for cases suited for customary analyses and would signal a need for corrective analyses when plot to plot variation has not been properly accounted for.

This paper is an early step in the search for such a widely useful diagnostic tool. It examines the performance of a number of methods that have been proposed for describing plot to plot variation and explores the effectiveness of these methods over widely different data sets from uniformity trials.

Methods were assessed primarily on the basis of consistency of providing residual mean squares usable as a diagnostic measure of background variation. In addition, methods were compared in terms of how well they described plot to plot variation (R2 for estimated and observed responses).

Results obtained made it clear that the suitability of a method forestimating background variation must be evaluated over a number of different trials, including trials sensitive to block size and orientation. Most methods performed well in at least one or two trials. Few were generally effective. Preliminary indications were that the Best Blocks of Two Method was most generally useful and that Polynomial Regressions and the Modified Papadakis method were promising. The versions used of the following methods were not consistently effective in estimating background variation: Rows and Columns, Ordinary Papadakis, Fourier Analysis and Inverse Polynomial.
Influence of Date and Method of Metribuzin Application for Quackgrass Control in Alfalfa1
Authors: Leroux G. D. , Harvey R. G.
Published: July 2010

In Wisconsin, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) occupies about 1.2 of the 1.6 million hectares of forage grown. However, quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.) causes deleterious effects on alfalfa productivity. In order to evaluate alfalfa tolerance to, and quackgrass control by, metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐rert‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazin‐5 (4H)‐one] applied postemergence, established stands of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa at two field locations were treated at four growth stages during 1978‐1979 and 1979‐1980. Metribuzin was applied to Piano silt loam (finesilty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll) in early fall and late spring (growing alfalfa) and in late fall and early spring (dormant alfalfa) at the rate of 1.12 kg/ha, using either water or dry fertilizer as the carrier. Weed control, crop tolerance, and influence of metribuzin on botanical composition and dry matter yield were evaluated. Alfalfa tolerance and quackgrass suppression depended upon the growth stage at the time of application. In both experiments, alfalfa tolerance, and. full season alfalfa and herbage dry matter yields were greater when dormant alfalfa was treated than when growing alfalfa was treated. In general, spring dormant applications were superior in controlling weeds and resulted in greater alfalfa yields than fall dormant applications. For both studies, spring treatments improved botanical composition of the forage harvested in the first cutting, as compared to fall treatments. Although differences in yields were found between methods of application, they were not constant throughout the dates. These data indicate that season or method of application were not as determinant as the growth stage at the time of treatment in providing consistent herbicidal response from metribuzin.
Influence of Tillage on Phenology and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Spring Wheat1
Authors: Chevalier P. M. , Ciha A. J.
Published: July 2010

No‐tillage systems help reduce soil erosion, yet crop growth is often adversely affected by the presence of surface residue. The specific effects of no‐tillage systems on phenological events of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) have been poorly characterized. A field study was conducted on a Palouse silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll) during 1983 and 1984 to examine the growth and development of four spring wheat cultivars grown under conventional (fall plow and spring disk) and no‐tillage (direct drilling) tillage systems. Throughout the two growing seasons, leaf and tiller production, tiller abortion, and soil moisture were monitored while leaf area, leaf weight, and stem weight were determined at weekly intervals in 1983. The length of the second leaf on the main stem, rate of leaf production, and rate of tiller production were reduced in plants grown in no‐tillage compared with conventional tillage. Except for the cultivar ‘Waverly’, tiller production was reduced by no‐tillage but tiller abortion was not. More soil water was available throughout the season in the no‐tillage plots, yet the plants grown in no‐tillage tended to be smaller than conventionally grown plants. Total nonstructural carbohydrates in the lower stem‐crown area at 12 days after anthesis were not affected by tillage treatment, and all cultivars had used most of this stored carbohydrate by physiological maturity. Overall, these results indicated that stresses that occur early in seedling development under no‐tillage reduced early growth and the plants were unable to overcome these effects prior to maturity. However, cultivars differed in tolerance to these early stresses. Thus, it should be possible to develop spring wheat cultivars for growth under no‐tillage.
A Portable Chamber for Measuring Canopy Gas Exchange of Crops Subject to Different Root Zone Conditions1
Authors: Meyer W. S. , Reicosky D. C. , Barrs H. D. , Shell G. S. G.
Published: July 2010

The measurement of above ground plant function is an integral part of monitoring crop response to root zone conditions. The objective of this work was to adapt a field gas exchange chamber technique to a lysimeter facility so that apparent photosynthesis (APS) and evapotranspiration (ET) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) could be studied. A cylindrical chamber covered with clear Teflon film was manipulated with a gantry to enclose plants growing in each of 32 different soil cores within a lysimeter facility. Air was circulated within the chamber and sub‐sampled to measure change in CO2 and H2O vapor concentrations with an infra‐red gas analyser (IRGA) during a 45‐s‐measurement period. Measurement timing and data processing were computer controlled. Sensitivity of measurement was ± 0.02 mg CO2 m−2s−1 for APS and ± 4.5 mg H2O m−2s−1 for ET which was about 2 to 3% of values measured in a well‐watered, fully developed cotton canopy. Values of ET from IRGA measurements were similar (P>0.05, r2 =0.89) to those calculated from psychrometer measurements. The system permits accurate, rapid, and repetitive measurements over soil cores in which concurrent measurements of root zone conditions can be made.