bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of growth regimes of Pt nanostructures on GaN (0001) based on the control of Pt thickness and annealing time: Morphological evolution of Pt nanostructures from the nanoparticles, nanoclusters to porous network
Authors: Pandey Puran , Sui Mao , Kunwar Sundar , Li Ming-Yu , Zhang Quanzhen , Lee Jihoon
Published: June 2017

Pt nanostructures are applicable in various applications such as sensors, solar cells, light emitting devices and catalysis and only slight changes in their configuration, density and size can induce significant changes in their properties and thus the functionality in the related applications. In this paper, the systematical evolution of Pt nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanoclusters and porous network on GaN (0001) is demonstrated by the systematic thermal annealing of Pt thin films based on the combinational effects such as thermal dewetting, Volmer-Weber growth model and coalescence growth. In particular, small dome-shaped self-assembled Pt nanoparticles with relatively smaller deposition amount (<2 nm) and wiggly Pt nanoclusters between 3 and 5 nm are formed based on the Volmer-Weber growth model and the partial coalescence of Pt nanoparticles, respectively. Between 10 and 30 nm, the growth of Pt nanoclusters is observed and eventually with the increased Pt thickness range between 40 and 100 nm, nanoclusters gradually develop into the porous Pt network by connecting neighboring structures owing to the enhanced coalescence growth. Meanwhile, along with the annealing time variation between 0 and 3600 s, the rate of dewetting is increased and as a result, the evolution of densely packed to separated nanoclusters is formed. In addition, the optical properties of corresponding Pt nanostructures demonstrate that the photoluminescence and Raman intensity are reduced along with the evolution of the surface coverage of Pt nanostructures, whereas the average reflectance is significantly enhanced accordingly at the same time.
Implementing a new doctor of creative arts program in the Chinese year of the fire monkey
Authors: Kerby Martin Charles , Baguley Margaret Mary , Batorowicz Beata Agnieszka , Clark Linda Nicole
Published: June 2017

This article explores the development and implementation of a new Doctor of Creative Arts program in a regional university. The experiences of key leadership staff and Doctor of Creative Arts candidates enrolled in the foundation year of the program are contextualised within the current landscape of practice-based arts research in the higher education sector. The process was shaped by the tension between financial imperatives and the possibilities, ambiguity and ambivalence inherent in the arts. The implementation of the Doctor of Creative Arts in 2016, the Chinese Year of the Fire Monkey with its emphasis on intelligent, flexible and creative leadership, was one that offered the most relevant metaphorical framework within which the challenges were best articulated and explored. The findings revealed significant institutional awareness of the new program’s potential to facilitate innovative, creative and traditional research outputs, the importance of communicating the value of creative practice-led research for artists and the university, and leadership and support throughout planning and implementation.
Distributed acoustic emission sensing for large complex air structures
Authors: Haile Mulugeta A , Bordick Nathaniel E , Riddick Jaret C
Published: June 2017

The vast majority of existing work on acoustic emission–based structural health monitoring is for geometrically simple structures with uninterrupted propagation path and constant wave speed. Realistic systems such as a full-scale fuselage, however, are built from interconnected pieces of acoustically mismatched parts such as sandwich core panels, stringer stiffened skin, and fastener holes. The geometric complexity and dynamic operating environment of realistic systems mean that the acoustic emission wave undergoes multiple reflections, refractions, and mode changes resulting in overlapped transducer outputs with no clear beginning and end. The objective of this paper is to outline the fundamental limitations of acoustic emission as applied to complex systems and present a new distributed data-centric acoustic emission sensing network for durability health monitoring and damage tolerance applications in large and complex systems. The study considers the case of a full-scale composite rotorcraft fuselage to introduce several new concepts on acoustic emission data acquisition time control for alleviating effects of wave distortion as well as methods for improving event location analysis in large quasi-isotropic materials. Methods for adaptive front-end signal processing and data volume control are presented. Despite the size and complexity of realistic full-scale systems and the acoustic emission data, we show that it is possible to locate damage with acceptable accuracy.
Lamb wave–based detection of a controlled disbond in a lap joint
Authors: Ong Wern Hann , Rajic Nik , Chiu Wing Kong , Rosalie Cedric
Published: June 2017

Lap joints are widely used across many critical structures such as aircraft and bridges. Lamb waves have long been proposed to monitor lap joints against defects such as disbonds. However, there are many challenges which must be answered to make use of Lamb wave technology. Frequency selection is often overlooked, and many authors will select a single frequency without knowing if other frequencies will result in better sensitivity. Another challenge is the features (mode conversion, attenuation, reflection) associated with damage are also inherent in a lap joint. This sharing of features can lead to confusion (false positive/negative) depending on the chosen damage detection strategy. Furthermore, almost all proposed methods require a baseline reading of the structure in its flawless state. Relying on a baseline reading can result in false positives due to shifts in sensor outputs caused by ageing and inconsistent environmental conditions. Instead of a baseline, this article proposes a technique which uses strategically positioned sensors to detect Lamb wave modes generated only in the presence of a disbond. The technique is first developed using a numerical study and then verified with an experimental study. Several frequencies are trialled and detailed in this article which shed light on the ideal frequency selection when using this method.
Analysing participatory video through the capability approach – A case study in Quart de Poblet (Valencia, Spain)
Authors: Boni Alejandra , López-Fogués Aurora , Millán Gynna , Belda-Miquel Sergio
Published: June 2017

The aim of this paper is to analyse participatory video as a participatory action research method through the lenses of the capability approach. In order to do this, we used a participatory video experience that took place in the municipality of Quart de Poblet (Valencia, Spain) from February to March 2014. The participants were 11 young people between 16 and 24 years of age, severely affected by the economic crisis that has hit Spain in recent years. To develop our analysis, we introduced the participatory video as a technique and a process within the participatory action research methods. Then, we analysed the participatory process to verify the extent to which it had contributed to expanding the capabilities and agency of the participants. The evidence revealed a significant expansion of the awareness capability and, in some cases, of the capability for voice. In contrast, the capability to aspire and the agency of the participants were not expanded, due to contextual factors and the limitations of the process itself.
The Cost of a Presumed Public Good
Authors: Alexander Bryant Keith
Published: June 2017

The author offers three vulnerable personal narrative that serve as case studies to explore the cost of a presumed public good, relative to neoliberalism in higher education.
Successful management of 70% acetic acid ingestion on the intensive care unit: A case report
Authors: Ratcliffe Andrew , Baker Andrew , Smith Daniel
Published: June 2017

Acetic acid is an organic acid available in concentrations from 2 to 80%. Whilst lower concentrations of 2–6% are more commonly used as the table top condiment, vinegar, much stronger solutions are regularly used in Eastern Europe as food preservatives and cleaning solutions. Oral ingestion of greater than 12% has been reported to cause haemolysis, renal failure, shock and death. Most reported cases of deliberate or accidental poisoning are from Russia and Eastern Europe in the 1980s, with very little currently in western publications. We present the case of a female patient who attempted suicide by drinking 250 ml of 70% acetic acid. Her widespread gastrointestinal injuries were managed conservatively, and despite suffering extensive upper airway and renal complications, she was successfully decannulated and discharged home after a prolonged intensive care and hospital stay.
David Mitrany on the international anarchy. A lost work of classical realism?
Authors: Ashworth Lucian M
Published: June 2017

Although David Mitrany’s international thought is not usually associated with the concept of the international anarchy, I argue that his analysis actually compares two forms of anarchical order. The first form is the order associated with the relations between states, while the second is his functional alternative to this order. The functional approach is anarchical in the sense that it remains an order without an orderer. In first analysing the dynamics and failings of the inter-state order, and then suggesting pragmatic process-orientated solutions to those failings, I argue that Mitrany follows a similar approach to his classical realist contemporaries.
Joint Preservation Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: York Philip J. , Wydra Frank B. , Belton Matthew E. , Vidal Armando F.
Published: June 2017

Context:

With increasing life expectancy, there is growing demand for preservation of native articular cartilage to delay joint arthroplasties, especially in younger, active patients. Damage to the hyaline cartilage of a joint has a limited intrinsic capacity to heal. This can lead to accelerated degeneration of the joint and early-onset osteoarthritis. Treatment in the past was limited, however, and surgical treatment options continue to evolve that may allow restoration of the natural biology of the articular cartilage. This article reviews the most current literature with regard to indications, techniques, and outcomes of these restorative procedures.

Evidence Acquisition:

MEDLINE and PubMed searches relevant to the topic were performed for articles published between 1995 and 2016. Older articles were used for historical reference. This paper places emphasis on evidence published within the past 5 years.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Results:

Autologous chondrocyte implantation and osteochondral allografts (OCAs) for the treatment of articular cartilage injury allow restoration of hyaline cartilage to the joint surface, which is advantageous over options such as microfracture, which heal with less favorable fibrocartilage. Studies show that these techniques are useful for larger chondral defects where there is no alternative. Additionally, meniscal transplantation can be a valuable isolated or adjunctive procedure to prolong the health of the articular surface.

Conclusion:

Newer techniques such as autologous chondrocyte implantation and OCAs may safely produce encouraging outcomes in joint preservation.
Diffusion tensor imaging tensor shape analysis for assessment of regional white matter differences
Authors: Middleton Dana M , Li Jonathan Y , Lee Hui J , Chen Steven , Dickson Patricia I , Ellinwood N Matthew , White Leonard E , Provenzale James M
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate a novel tensor shape plot analysis technique of diffusion tensor imaging data as a means to assess microstructural differences in brain tissue. We hypothesized that this technique could distinguish white matter regions with different microstructural compositions.

Methods

Three normal canines were euthanized at seven weeks old. Their brains were imaged using identical diffusion tensor imaging protocols on a 7T small-animal magnetic resonance imaging system. We examined two white matter regions, the internal capsule and the centrum semiovale, each subdivided into an anterior and posterior region. We placed 100 regions of interest in each of the four brain regions. Eigenvalues for each region of interest triangulated onto tensor shape plots as the weighted average of three shape metrics at the plot's vertices: CS, CL, and CP.

Results

The distribution of data on the plots for the internal capsule differed markedly from the centrum semiovale data, thus confirming our hypothesis. Furthermore, data for the internal capsule were distributed in a relatively tight cluster, possibly reflecting the compact and parallel nature of its fibers, while data for the centrum semiovale were more widely distributed, consistent with the less compact and often crossing pattern of its fibers. This indicates that the tensor shape plot technique can depict data in similar regions as being alike.

Conclusion

Tensor shape plots successfully depicted differences in tissue microstructure and reflected the microstructure of individual brain regions. This proof of principle study suggests that if our findings are reproduced in larger samples, including abnormal white matter states, the technique may be useful in assessment of white matter diseases.
Intracranial dural chondroma in a child—conventional and advanced neuroimaging characteristics and differential diagnosis
Authors: Shrot Shai , Cohen Alan R , Rodriguez Fausto J , Berkowitz Frank , Soares Bruno P , Huisman Thierry AGM
Published: June 2017

Intracranial chondromas are rare tumors, especially in the pediatric population. We describe the conventional and advanced neuroimaging characteristics of this rare convexity dura-based chondroma in a young adolescent. In particular we demonstrate that diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) facilitates differentiation between a dura-based chondroma and the more frequent classical meningioma. Chondromas are typically DWI hypointense with high apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values while meningiomas are typically DWI hyperintense with low ADC values. We also discuss the relevant additional differential diagnoses of dura based focal lesions for the pediatric population as well as the diagnostic significance of additional imaging modalities, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and cerebral angiography.
Thyrotoxicosis presenting as exertional dyspnea and pulmonary hypertension: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Rashidi Farid , Sate Hossein , Faraji Esmaeil , Tahsini Tekantapeh Sepideh
Published: June 2017

Objectives:

In this case study, we describe a 35-year-old woman with pulmonary hypertension that was secondary to thyrotoxicosis who presented with exertional dyspnea. In the approach to exertional dyspnea, detailed physical examination and laboratory findings helped to get the diagnosis.

Methods:

Echocardiography showed right ventricular systolic pressure = 60 mmHg. A suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone was seen in lab tests. The patient was treated with radioactive iodine.

Results:

Palpitations and shortness of breath improved, and both her thyroid-stimulating hormone and T4 levels decreased. Echocardiography and the pulmonary pressure were normal after treatment.

Conclusions:

Thyrotoxicosis is one of the etiologies of pulmonary hypertension, but the exact etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. Some patients may have symptomatic pulmonary hypertension that can be resolved by hyperthyroidism treatment.
Non-iatrogenic traumatic isolated bilothorax in a cat
Authors: Mullins Ronan A , Barandun Marc A , Gallagher Barbara , Cuddy Laura C
Published: June 2017

Case summary

A 6-month-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat presented for evaluation of suspected bite wounds over the right caudal thorax and left cranial flank. Thoracic radiographs identified a mild right-sided pneumothorax, a small volume of right-sided pleural effusion, with increased soft tissue opacity in the right cranial and middle lung lobes. Abdominal ultrasound identified a very small gall bladder and several small pockets of free peritoneal fluid. Cytological analysis of peritoneal fluid was consistent with a modified transudate. Following initial diagnostic investigations, yellow–orange fluid began to emanate from the right-sided thoracic wound. Biochemical analysis of this fluid was consistent with bile. Exploratory coeliotomy revealed a right-sided radial diaphragmatic tear, with herniation of the quadrate liver lobe and a portion of the gall bladder into the right pleural space. The gall bladder was bi-lobed and avulsion of a single herniated lobe resulted in leakage of bile into the right pleural cavity, without concurrent bile peritonitis (biloabdomen). The cat underwent total cholecystectomy and diaphragmatic defect repair and recovered uneventfully.

Relevance and novel information

To our knowledge, at the time of writing non-iatrogenic isolated bilothorax without concurrent biloabdomen has not been previously reported in the cat. This case highlights the importance of thorough assessment of cats with seemingly innocuous thoracic bite wounds. Despite the rarity of its occurrence, bilothorax should be considered a differential in cats with pleural effusion, even in the absence of bile peritonitis. We believe that the optimal treatment of cases of bilothorax is multifactorial and should be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Is the Grafted Tendon Shifted Anteriorly in the Femoral Tunnel at the Postremodeling Phase After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? A Clinical MRI Study
Authors: Onodera Jun , Yasuda Kazunori , Masuda Tetsuro , Tanabe Yoshie , Kitamura Nobuto , Yagi Tomonori , Kondo Eiji
Published: June 2017

Background:

Based on previous in vitro studies, it has been commonly believed that during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring tendon, the grafted tendon is shifted anteriorly in the tunnel permanently after the graft is anchored to the tunnel wall. However, this has not been proven by in vivo studies.

Hypothesis:

At 1 year after anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction, the grafted tendons may not be shifted anteriorly in the femoral tunnel but anchored to the bony wall at the center of the tunnel.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Participants consisted of 40 patients who underwent anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction. The grafted tendons located in the femoral tunnel were examined 1 year after surgery using 2 different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols. In the first substudy, with 20 patients, the grafted tendon location was evaluated on an inclined sagittal multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) image taken using a standard T2-weighted protocol. In the second substudy with the remaining 20 patients, tendon location was evaluated on a pure axial MPR image taken using a VISTA (volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition) protocol.

Results:

On the inclined sagittal T2-weighted images of the anteromedial (AM) graft, the anterior width of the newly formed fibrous tissue, which surrounded the tendon graft, was significantly greater than the posterior width ( P = .001). The center of the grafted tendon was slightly (mean, 2.5% of the tunnel diameter) but significantly ( P = .0310) shifted posteriorly from the tunnel center. On the axial T2-VISTA images, the center of the AM graft was slightly but significantly shifted posteriorly (3.9%; P = .022) and medially (5.5%; P = .002) from the tunnel center. The center of the posterolateral (PL) graft was not significantly shifted to any direction from the center of the tunnel.

Conclusion:

The grafted tendons were not shifted anteriorly in the femoral tunnel 1 year after anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction. The PL graft was located approximately at the center of the tunnel outlet, while the AM graft was slightly but significantly shifted posteriorly and proximally.
A Description of Patient and Provider Experience and Clinical Outcomes After Heart Failure Shared Medical Appointment
Authors: Cohen Lisa B , Parent Melanie , Taveira Tracey H , Dev Sandesh , Wu Wen-Chih
Published: June 2017

Background:

Shared medical appointments (SMAs) are clinical visits in which several patients meet with 1 or more providers at the same time.

Objective:

To describe the outcomes of an interdisciplinary SMA for veterans recently discharged for heart failure (HF).

Methods:

A retrospective chart review for patients’ readmission rates, survival, medication adherence, and medication-related problems. For qualitative outcomes, we performed semistructured interviews on 12 patients who had undergone HF SMAs and their respective caregivers focusing on care satisfaction, HF knowledge, disease self-care, medication reconciliation, and peer support.

Results:

The cohort comprised 70 patients—49% had left ventricular function <40% and 50% were prescribed >10 medications. Medication-related problems occurred in 60% of patients. Interviews revealed overall satisfaction with HF-SMA, but patients felt overwhelmed with HF instructions, perceived lack of peer support and self-efficacy, and feelings of hopelessness related to HF.

Conclusion:

Shared medical appointments are well-perceived. Medication problems and need for medication management are prevalent along with patient’s lack of self-efficacy in HF care. Multiple HF-SMA visits may be needed to reinforce concepts, reduce confusion, and garner peer support.
Treatment of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal: A Focus on Adjunctive Agents
Authors: Guirguis Erenie , Richardson Jonathan , Kuhn Tara , Fahmy Ashley
Published: June 2017

Objective:To review adjunctive treatment options for severe alcohol withdrawal. Data Sources: The search strategy included a search of Ovid MEDLINE using keywords alcohol withdrawal, severe alcohol withdrawal, AWS, delirium tremens, delirium, dexmedetomidine, propofol, anticonvulsants, clonidine, and phenobarbital and included articles dated from January 1990 to March 2017. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language clinical trials and case reports assessing the efficacy of adjunctive agents in severe alcohol withdrawal were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Although first-line pharmacotherapy for alcohol withdrawal continues to be benzodiazepines, literature does not clearly define adjunctive treatment options for severe alcohol withdrawal. During severe alcohol withdrawal patients may become unable to tolerate or may become unresponsive to high-dose benzodiazepines. Large doses of benzodiazepines may also result in oversedation, respiratory insufficiency, and worsening delirium. Conclusions: Phenobarbital and dexmedetomidine are both viable adjunctive treatment options for severe alcohol withdrawal. Current evidence has shown these agents decrease the dose requirements of benzodiazepines with limited incidence of adverse reactions. Propofol may also be a viable option in mechanically ventilated patients, but its lack of clear safety and efficacy advantages over current treatment options may limit its use in practice. Clonidine, oral anticonvulsants, and ketamine require further controlled clinical trials to clearly define their role in the treatment of severe alcohol withdrawal.
Adoption of Telepractice for Speech-Language Services
Authors: Lowman J. Joneen , Kleinert Harold L.
Published: June 2017

Little information exists regarding the statewide adoption of telepractice, the delivery of speech-language services at a distance through telecommunications, for addressing the documented shortage of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in rural communities. A statewide survey of directors of special education revealed that only two school districts out of 87 respondents had adopted telepractice as a means of addressing job vacancies, whereas 79% ( n = 69) of the districts had never considered telepractice. A lack of knowledge about telepractice was not the primary barrier to adoption. Instead, concerns about the validity of telepractice, technology-related concerns, and inadequate support staff were noted as barriers to adoption.
The structure of P21/c (Ca0.2Co0.8)CoSi2O6 pyroxene and the C2/c–P21/c phase transition in natural and synthetic Ca–Mg–Fe2+ pyroxenes
Authors: Tribaudino Mario , Mantovani Luciana , Mezzadri Francesco , Calestani Gianluca , Bromiley Geoffrey
Published: June 2017

A P21/c synthetic (Ca0.2Co0.8)CoSi2O6 pyroxene was synthesized by slow cooling from melt at high pressure. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained and refined. The results were compared to those of C2/c pyroxenes along the series CaCoSi2O6–Co2Si2O6. Strong similarities in the crystal chemical mechanism of the transition with the synthetic CaFeSi2O6–Fe2Si2O6 and CaMgSi2O6–Mg2Si2O6 pyroxenes, both at an average and local level are apparent.

The results, examined together with two new refinements of pigeonite in the ureilites ALHA77257 and RKPA80239 and with a set of natural and synthetic C2/c and P21/c pyroxenes, show that the average cation radius in the M2 site is the driving force for the phase transition from C2/c to P21/c. The longest M2–O3 distances and the O3–O3–O3 angles follow the same trend, dictated only by the ionic radius in M2, in either synthetic or natural pyroxenes, regardless of the ionic radius of the M1 cations. The transition also affects the difference between bridging and non-bridging oxygen atoms and the extent of tetrahedral deformation, whereas the M1–O, M2–O1 and M2–O2 distances are unaffected by the transition and are determined only by the ionic radius of the bonding cation. The structural changes between the ionic radius and the high temperature C2/c and P21/c transitions are similar, and different to the high-pressure transition.

Analysis of natural and synthetic pyroxenes shows that the transition with composition occurs in strain free pyroxenes for a critical radius of 0.85 Å. Increasing strain stabilizes the P21/c structure to a higher temperature and larger cation radius.

Finally, our results show that the monoclinic P21/c Ca-poor clinopyroxene, i.e the mineral pigeonite, crystallizes only at conditions where the structure is HT-C2/c, and changes to the P21/c symmetry during cooling.
Saranchinaite, Na2Cu(SO4)2, a new exhalative mineral from Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, and a product of the reversible dehydration of kröhnkite, Na2Cu(SO4)2(H2O)2
Authors: Siidra Oleg I. , Lukina Evgeniya A. , Nazarchuk Evgeniy V. , Depmeier Wulf , Bubnova Rimma S. , Agakhanov Atali A. , Avdontseva Evgeniya Yu. , Filatov Stanislav K. , Kovrugin Vadim M.
Published: June 2017

The new mineral saranchinaite, ideally Na2Cu(SO4)2, was found in sublimates of the Saranchinaitovaya fumarole, Naboko Scoria Cone, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Its discovery and study has enabled the characterization of the thermal decomposition of kröhnkite and provided an insight into the high-temperature behaviour of other kröhnkite-type materials. Saranchinaite is monoclinic,P21,a= 9.0109(5),b= 15.6355(8),c= 10.1507(5) Å, β = 107.079(2)°,V= 1367.06(12) Å3,Z= 8 andR1= 0.03. Saranchinaite is a unique mineral in that two of its four independent Cu sites display a very unusual Cu2+coordination environment with two weak Cu–O bonds of ~2.9–3.0 Å, resulting in [4+1+2] CuO7polyhedra. Each of the Cu-centred polyhedra shares common corners with SO4tetrahedra resulting in a [Cu4(SO4)8]8–framework with a complex channel system occupied by Na atoms. Saranchinaite is sensitive to moisture and transforms into kröhnkite within one week when exposed to open air at 87% relative humidity and 25°C. High-temperature X-ray diffraction studies were performed for both kröhnkite (from La Vendida mine, Antofagasta Region, Chile) and saranchinaite. During thermal expansion kröhnkite retains its strongly anisotropic character up to its full dehydration and the formation of saranchinaite at ~200°C, which then transforms back into kröhnkite after exposure to open air. The thermal expansion of saranchinaite is more complex than that of kröhnkite. Saranchinaite is stable up to 475°C with subsequent decomposition into tenorite CuO, thénardite Na2SO4and unidentified phases.
Feldspar mineralogy and rare-earth element (re)mobilization in iron-oxide copper gold systems from South Australia: a nanoscale study
Authors: Kontonikas-Charos Alkis , Ciobanu Cristiana L. , Cook Nigel J. , Ehrig Kathy , Ismail Roniza , Krneta Sasha , Basak Animesh
Published: June 2017

Nanoscale characterization (TEM on FIB-SEM-prepared foils) was undertaken on feldspars undergoing transformation from early post-magmatic (deuteric) to hydrothermal stages in granites hosting the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, and from the Cu-Au skarn at Hillside within the same iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG) province, South Australia. These include complex perthitic textures, anomalously Ba-, Fe-, or REE-rich compositions, and REE-flourocarbonate + molybdenite assemblages which pseudomorph pre-existing feldspars. Epitaxial orientations between cryptoperthite (magmatic), patch perthite (dueteric) and replacive albite (hydrothermal) within vein perthite support interface-mediated reactions between pre-existing alkali-feldspars and pervading fluid, irrespective of micro-scale crystal morphology. Such observations are consistent with a coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reaction mechanism, which assists in grain-scale element remobilization via the generation of transient interconnected microporosity. Micro-scale aggregates of hydrothermal hyalophane (Ba-rich K-feldspar), crystallizing within previously albitized areas of andesine, reveal a complex assemblage of calc-silicate, As-bearing fluorapatite and Fe oxides along reaction boundaries in the enclosing albite-sericite assemblage typical of deuteric alteration. Such inclusions are good REE repositories and their presence supports REE remobilization at the grain-scale during early hydrothermal alteration. Iron-metasomatism is recognized by nanoscale maghemite inclusions within ‘red-stained’ orthoclase, as well as by hematite in REE-fluorocarbonates, which reflect broader-scale zonation patterns typical for IOCG systems. Potassium-feldspar from the contact between alkali-granite and skarn at Hillside is characterized by 100–1000 ppm REE, attributable to pervasive nanoscale inclusions of calc-silicates, concentrated along microfractures, or pore-attached. Feldspar replacement by REE-fluorcarbonates at Olympic Dam and nanoscale calc-silicate inclusions in feldspar at Hillside are both strong evidence for the role of feldspars in concentrating REE during intense metasomatism. Differences in mineralogical expression are due to the availability of associated elements. Lattice-scale intergrowths of assemblages indicative of Fe-metasomatism, REE-enrichment and sulfide deposition at Olympic Dam are evidence for a spatial and temporal relationship between these processes.
Eculizumab treatment and impaired opsonophagocytic killing of meningococci by whole blood from immunized adults
Authors: Konar Monica , Granoff Dan M.
Published: June 2017

Key Points

Eculizumab, an anti–complement C5 mAb, blocked killing of meningococci by whole blood from healthy immunized adults. Blocking the AP with ACH-4471, a small molecule in development for PNH, had much less of an effect on meningococcal killing.
Forensic mental health services for children and adolescents: Rationale and development
Authors: Hindley Nick , Lengua César , White Oliver
Published: June 2017

This article outlines the rationale for dedicated specialist services for high-risk young people about whom there may be family or professional concerns in relation to mental disorder. It provides an overview of the development and remit of such services and emphasises the need for them to form part of overall service provision for children and young people.

Learning Objectives

• Greater understanding of the scope and emphasis of forensic child and adolescent mental health services (FCAMHS)

• Greater understanding of the different statutory jurisdictions that frequently apply in the cases of high-risk young people

• Greater understanding of the importance of initial service accessibility for concerned professionals and for authoritative understanding by FCAMHS of the wide variety of circumstances in which high-risk young people may find themselves
Prospective Randomized Comparison of Idarubicin and High-Dose Daunorubicin in Induction Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Lee Je-Hwan , Kim Hawk , Joo Young-Don , Lee Won-Sik , Bae Sung Hwa , Zang Dae Young , Kwon Jihyun , Kim Min Kyoung , Lee Junglim , Lee Gyeong Won , Lee Jung-Hee , Choi Yunsuk , Kim Dae-Young , Hur Eun-Hye , Lim Sung-Nam , Lee Sang-Min , Ryoo Hun Mo , Kim Hyo Jung , Hyun Myung Soo , Lee Kyoo-Hyung ,   for the Cooperative Study Group A for Hematology
Published: June 2017

Purpose

We compared two induction regimens, idarubicin (12 mg/m2/d for 3 days) versus high-dose daunorubicin (90 mg/m2/d for 3 days), in young adults with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Patients and Methods

A total of 299 patients (149 randomly assigned to cytarabine plus idarubicin [AI] and 150 assigned to cytarabine plus high-dose daunorubicin [AD]) were analyzed. All patients received cytarabine (200 mg/m2/d for 7 days).

Results

Complete remission (CR) was induced in 232 patients (77.6%), with no difference in CR rates between the AI and AD arms (80.5% v 74.7%, respectively; P = .224). At a median follow-up time of 34.9 months, survival and relapse rates did not differ between the AI and AD arms (4-year overall survival, 51.1% v 54.7%, respectively; P = .756; cumulative incidence of relapse, 35.2% v 25.1%, respectively; P = .194; event-free survival, 45.5% v 50.8%, respectively; P = .772). Toxicity profiles were also similar in the two arms. Interestingly, overall and event-free survival times of patients with FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation were significantly different (AI v AD: median overall survival, 15.5 months v not reached, respectively; P = .030; event-free survival, 11.9 months v not reached, respectively; P = .028).

Conclusion

This phase III trial comparing idarubicin with high-dose daunorubicin did not find significant differences in CR rates, relapse, and survival. Significant interaction between the treatment arm and the FLT3-ITD mutation was found, and high-dose daunorubicin was more effective than idarubicin in patients with FLT3-ITD mutation.
Assessment of Postoperative Analgesic Drug Efficacy: Method of Data Analysis Is Critical
Authors: Andersen Lars Peter Kloster , Gögenur Ismail , Torup Henrik , Rosenberg Jacob , Werner Mads Utke
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:

Pain intensity ratings and opioid consumption (OC) are ubiquitous indicators of pain in postoperative trials of the efficacy of interventional procedures. Unfortunately, consensus on the appropriate statistical handling of these outcomes has not been reached. The aim of this article was, therefore, to reexamine original data obtained from a postoperative analgesic drug trial, applying a collection of standard statistical methods in analgesic outcome assessments. Furthermore, a modified integrated assessment method of these outcomes was evaluated.

METHODS:

Data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the analgesic efficacy of a regional anesthetic block following a major elective surgical procedure were analyzed. The original data included measurements of pain intensity (visual analog scale [VAS]) at rest and during coughing (VAS0/2/4/6/12/18/24 h) and OC0
–6/0
–24 h administered by patient-controlled analgesia. The statistical analyses included comparisons of discrete pain intensity scores (VAS0/2/4/6/12/18/24 h), summary measures of pain intensity ratings (area under the curve [AUC]-VAS0
–6/0
–24 h; mean VAS0
–6/0
–24 h), and OC0
–6/0
–24 h. Finally, the analyses also included an integrated assessment of longitudinally measured pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC0
–6/0
–24 h). Also, estimation of effect size, generalized odds ratio of the individual analgesic outcome variables was performed.

RESULTS:

Sixty-one patients were included in the final data analysis. Discrete pain intensity ratings differed significantly between the treatment groups at specific postoperative time points, but appropriate correction for multiple comparisons eliminated some of these differences. AUC-VAS0
–6 h differed significantly at rest and during coughing, while no difference was found for AUC-VAS0
–24 h. In contrast, mean VAS0
–6 h and VAS0
–24 h differed significantly between treatment groups at rest and during coughing. OC0
–6/0
–24 h differed significantly between the treatment groups. Finally, also PIOC0
–6/0
–24 h differed significantly at rest and during coughing.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our analyses demonstrate that the applied statistical method may alter the statistical significance and estimates of effect size of analgesic outcome variables in postoperative pain trials. Our findings underline the importance of defining valid statistical methods for future analgesic drug trials. We propose an integrated assessment of longitudinally measured pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC). The method combines two interdependent analgesic outcomes, lowers the risk of mass significance, and provides more accurate representation of the dynamic nature of postoperative pain and analgesic drug efficacy.
Administration of Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) Protects the Renal Microcirculation From Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Rahmania Lokmane , Orbegozo Diego , Su Fuhong , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Vincent Jean-Louis , De Backer Daniel
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:

Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery with suprarenal cross-clamping is often associated with renal injury. Although the mechanism underlying such injury is unclear, tissue ischemia and reperfusion, which induces endothelial dysfunction and decreases the availability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), may play a role. We evaluated whether BH4 administration prevents renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in an animal model of aortic cross-clamping.

METHODS:

Nineteen anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and invasively monitored adult sheep were randomized into 3 groups: sham animals (n = 5) that underwent surgical preparation but no aortic clamping; an ischemia/reperfusion group (n = 7), where the aorta was clamped above the renal arteries for 1 hour, and a BH4 group (n = 7), in which animals received 20 mg/kg of BH4 followed by aortic cross-clamp for 1 hour. Animals were followed for a maximum of 6 hours after reperfusion. The renal microcirculation was evaluated at baseline (before clamping), and 1, 4, and 6 hours after reperfusion using side-stream dark field videomicroscopy. The renal lactate-to-pyruvate ratio was evaluated using microdialysis. The primary outcome was the change in proportion of small perfused vessels before and after injury. Secondary outcomes were renal tissue redox state and renal function.

RESULTS:

Ischemia/reperfusion injury was associated with increases in heart rate and mean arterial pressure, which were blunted by BH4 administration. From the first to the sixth hour after reperfusion, the small vessel density (estimated mean difference [EMD], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41–1.64; P = .003), perfused small vessel density (EMD, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.29–1.39; P = .005), and proportion of perfused small vessels (EMD, 8.60; 95% CI, 0.85–16.30; P = .031) were altered less in the BH4 than in the ischemia/reperfusion group. The renal lactate-to-pyruvate ratios were lower in the cortex in the BH4 than in the ischemia/reperfusion group from the first to the sixth hour after reperfusion (EMD, −19.16; 95% CI, −11.06 to 33.16; P = .002) and in the medulla from the first to the fourth hour (EMD, −26.62; 95% CI, −18.32 to 38.30; P = .020; and EMD, −8.68; 95% CI, −5.96 to 12.65; P = .019). At the sixth hour, serum creatinine was lower in the BH4 than in the ischemia/reperfusion group (EMD, −3.36; 95% CI, −0.29 to 1.39; P = .026).

CONCLUSIONS:

In this sheep model of renal ischemia/reperfusion, BH4 pretreatment reduced renal microvascular injury and improved renal metabolism and function. Further work is needed to clarify the potential role of BH4 in ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Human development, heredity and evolution
Authors: Nishinakamura Ryuichi , Takasato Minoru
Published: June 2017

From March 27-29 2017, the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology held a symposium entitled ‘Towards Understanding Human Development, Heredity, and Evolution' in Kobe, Japan. Recent advances in technologies including stem cell culture, live imaging, single-cell approaches, next-generation sequencing and genome editing have led to an expansion in our knowledge of human development. Organized by Yoshiya Kawaguchi, Mitinori Saitou, Mototsugu Eiraku, Tomoya Kitajima, Fumio Matsuzaki, Takashi Tsuji and Edith Heard, the symposium covered a broad range of topics including human germline development, epigenetics, organogenesis and evolution. This Meeting Review provides a summary of this timely and exciting symposium, which has convinced us that we are moving into the era of science targeted on humans.
Making muscle: skeletal myogenesisin vivoandin vitro
Authors: Chal Jérome , Pourquié Olivier
Published: June 2017

Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body and loss of its function or its regenerative properties results in debilitating musculoskeletal disorders. Understanding the mechanisms that drive skeletal muscle formation will not only help to unravel the molecular basis of skeletal muscle diseases, but also provide a roadmap for recapitulating skeletal myogenesis in vitro from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSCs have become an important tool for probing developmental questions, while differentiated cell types allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro.
The secreted MSP domain of C. elegans VAPB homolog VPR-1 patterns the adult striated muscle mitochondrial reticulum via SMN-1
Authors: Schultz Jessica , Lee Se-Jin , Cole Tim , Hoang Hieu D. , Vibbert Jack , Cottee Pauline A. , Miller Michael A. , Han Sung Min
Published: June 2017

The major sperm protein domain (MSPd) has an extracellular signaling function implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Secreted MSPds derived from the C. elegans VAPB homolog VPR-1 promote mitochondrial localization to actin-rich I-bands in body wall muscle. Here we show that the nervous system and germ line are key MSPd secretion tissues. MSPd signals are transduced through the CLR-1 Lar-like tyrosine phosphatase receptor. We show that CLR-1 is expressed throughout the muscle plasma membrane, where it is accessible to MSPd within the pseudocoelomic fluid. MSPd signaling is sufficient to remodel the muscle mitochondrial reticulum during adulthood. An RNAi suppressor screen identified survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN-1) as a downstream effector. SMN-1 acts in muscle, where it colocalizes at myofilaments with ARX-2, a component of the Arp2/3 actin-nucleation complex. Genetic studies suggest that SMN-1 promotes Arp2/3 activity important for localizing mitochondria to I-bands. Our results support the model that VAPB homologs are circulating hormones that pattern the striated muscle mitochondrial reticulum. This function is crucial in adults and requires SMN-1 in muscle, likely independent of its role in pre-mRNA splicing.
The cell adhesion molecule CHL1 interacts with patched-1 to regulate apoptosis during postnatal cerebellar development
Authors: Katic Jelena , Loers Gabriele , Tosic Jelena , Schachner Melitta , Kleene Ralf
Published: June 2017

The immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1) plays important roles during nervous system development. Here, we identified the hedgehog receptor patched-1 (PTCH1) as a novel CHL1-binding protein and showed that CHL1 interacts with the first extracellular loop of PTCH1 via its extracellular domain. Colocalization and co-immunoprecipitation of CHL1 with PTCH1 suggest an association of CHL1 with this major component of the hedgehog signaling pathway. The trans-interaction of CHL1 with PTCH1 promotes neuronal survival in cultures of dissociated cerebellar granule cells and of organotypic cerebellar slices. An inhibitor of the PTCH1-regulated hedgehog signal transducer, smoothened (SMO), and inhibitors of RhoA and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) 1 and 2 prevent CHL1-dependent survival of cultured cerebellar granule cells and survival of cerebellar granule and Purkinje cells in organotypic cultures. In histological sections from 10- and 14-day-old CHL1-deficient mice, enhanced apoptosis of granule, but not Purkinje, cells was observed. The results of the present study indicate that CHL1 triggers PTCH1-, SMO-, RhoA- and ROCK-dependent signal transduction pathways to promote neuronal survival after cessation of the major morphogenetic events during mouse cerebellar development.
Temperature-responsive miRNAs in Drosophila orchestrate adaptation to different ambient temperatures
Authors: Fast Isabel , Hewel Charlotte , Wester Laura , Schumacher Julia , Gebert Daniel , Zischler Hans , Berger Christian , Rosenkranz David
Published: June 2017

The majority of Drosophila genes are expressed in a temperature-dependent manner, but the way in which small RNAs may contribute to this effect is completely unknown as we currently lack an idea of how small RNA transcriptomes change as a function of temperature. Applying high-throughput sequencing techniques complemented by quantitative real-time PCR experiments, we demonstrate that altered ambient temperature induces drastic but reversible changes in sequence composition and total abundance of both miRNA and piRNA populations. Further, mRNA sequencing reveals that the expression of miRNAs and their predicted target transcripts correlates inversely, suggesting that temperature-responsive miRNAs drive adaptation to different ambient temperatures on the transcriptome level. Finally, we demonstrate that shifts in temperature affect both primary and secondary piRNA pools, and the observed aberrations are consistent with altered expression levels of the involved Piwi-pathway factors. We further reason that enhanced ping–pong processing at 29°C is driven by dissolved RNA secondary structures at higher temperatures, uncovering target sites that are not accessible at low temperatures. Together, our results show that small RNAs are an important part of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that ensure homeostasis and adaptation under fluctuating environmental conditions.
Patrimônio histórico cultural: preservar ou transformar? Uma questão conflituosa.
Authors: Lopis Erivania Azevedo
Published: June 2017

Atualmente o conceito de patrimônio tem sido frequentemente discutido em nossa sociedade. Tanto por diferentes esferas sociais, quanto pelos órgãos de preservação. Isto acontece devido à urgência na salvaguarda de determinados elementos patrimoniais, como também pela recorrente destruição de monumentos/documentos devido às “necessidades” da modernidade. Como entender essa relação tão conflituosa entre o preservar e o transformar? Faz-se mister debater as relações entre o urbanismo – que possui sua própria dinâmica, típica das sociedades modernas – e os elementos patrimoniais que são a representação simbólica de uma identidade, devem coexistir de maneira harmônica para a construção de uma sociedade que cresce e se transforma, mas que também preserva sua memória e sua história enquanto povo. Palavras-chave: Patrimônio, Preservação, Transformação.