bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods to enhance delivery of prandial insulin and basal‐prandial insulin
Authors: Garber A. J.
Published: March 2013

Most physicians are comfortable with initiating basal insulin replacement therapy in their patients with type 2 diabetes who are no longer meeting treatment goals with oral antidiabetic agents. What is more challenging is what to do when treatment goals are no longer being met despite adequate titration of basal insulin. Both fasting plasma glucose and postprandial glucose contribute to hemoglobin A1C levels. Addressing postprandial glucose levels can be accomplished by several approaches. Traditionally this has meant moving to basal bolus insulin, which is considered the gold standard. Premixed insulin may also be used. Data is also emerging for basal “plus” strategies, that is, incremental addition of prandial insulin injections. Newer approaches also reviewed in this article included premixed formulations containing ultra‐long acting basal insulin with rapid‐acting insulin analogs, inhaled insulin and insulin jet injectors, as well as the use of incretin‐based therapies.
The Fight Against Disease: Malaria and Economic Development in Italian Regions
Authors: Percoco Marco
Published: March 2013

Malaria is thought to be strictly related to underdevelopment and poverty, and its geographically related origin is now widely recognized. That is, it is endemic only in certain areas of the globe, with environmental and climatic characteristics that are ideal for the proliferation of mosquitoes, which are the vector for transmitting the disease. This feature is the main reason why a large body of economic literature uses mortality from malaria as a proxy with which to measure the effect of geography on human outcomes. Cases of eradication are being scrutinized by scholars to determine the socioeconomic impacts of malaria. Among the various malaria parasites, the worst, Plasmodium falciparum, infested Italian regions for centuries until its eradication in the period 1945–50. This article presents an empirical assessment of the economic outcomes of the eradication of malaria in the Italian regions by exploiting the spatial variation in mortality rates. I found support for the hypothesis that the eradication of malaria increases human capital in the long run. In particular, I found that eradication increased the years of schooling by about 0.3 years, although my evidence suggests a greater effect on males than on females. Moreover, I found support for a long‐run impact of eradication actions that operated through an intergenerational spillover effect and accounted for about 0.07 years of schooling.
Increased sorting and wage inequality in the Czech Republic
Authors: Eriksson Tor , Pytliková Mariola , Warzynski Frédéric
Published: March 2013

This paper makes use of a linked employer–employee dataset to examine the evolution of wage inequality in the Czech Republic during 1998–2006. We find evidence of slightly increasing returns to human capital and diminishing gender inequality and document sharp increases in both within‐firm and between‐firm inequality. We investigate several hypotheses to explain these patterns: increased domestic and international competition, decentralized wage bargaining, skill‐biased technological change and a changing educational composition of the workforce. Domestic competition is found to lower within‐firm inequality whereas we find no evidence that increased international trade at the industry level is associated with higher between‐ or within‐firm wage inequality. The key factors driving the observed increase in wage inequality are increased educational sorting and the inflow of foreign firms to the Czech Republic.
Turnover of plant lineages shapes herbivore phylogenetic beta diversity along ecological gradients
Authors: Pellissier Loïc , Ndiribe Charlotte , Dubuis Anne , Pradervand Jean‐Nicolas , Salamin Nicolas , Guisan Antoine , Rasmann Sergio
Published: March 2013

Understanding drivers of biodiversity patterns is of prime importance in this era of severe environmental crisis. More diverse plant communities have been postulated to represent a larger functional trait‐space, more likely to sustain a diverse assembly of herbivore species. Here, we expand this hypothesis to integrate environmental, functional and phylogenetic variation of plant communities as factors explaining the diversity of lepidopteran assemblages along elevation gradients in the Swiss Western Alps. According to expectations, we found that the association between butterflies and their host plants is highly phylogenetically structured. Multiple regression analyses showed the combined effect of climate, functional traits and phylogenetic diversity in structuring butterfly communities. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that plant phylogenetic beta diversity is the major driver explaining butterfly phylogenetic beta diversity. Along ecological gradients, the bottom up control of herbivore diversity is thus driven by phylogenetically structured turnover of plant traits as well as environmental variables.
Changes over time in adult dental fear and correlation to depression and anxiety: a cohort study of pregnant mothers and fathers
Authors: Tolvanen Mimmi , Hagqvist Outi , Luoto Anni , Rantavuori Kari , Karlsson Linnea , Karlsson Hasse , Lahti Satu
Published: March 2013

We aimed to evaluate (i) changes in dental fear over time during pregnancy and after delivery among mothers and fathers and (ii) whether these changes inter‐relate to changes in depression and anxiety. Longitudinal pilot data for the FinnBrain Cohort study were used. Of 254 pregnant families, 80% agreed to participate and 60% returned questionnaires at the first data‐collection point. After three data‐collection points [weeks 18–20 and 32–34 of pregnancy (H18–20 and H32–34, respectively), and 3 months after childbirth], 99 mothers and 74 fathers had filled out at least two out of three Modified Dental Anxiety Scale questionnaires and were included in this study. Other questionnaires used were the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire. All scales were analyzed as sum scores. Among mothers, dental fear decreased during late pregnancy and increased slightly after childbirth, but no statistically significant correlations between dental fear and depression or anxiety, except for fear of giving birth, were found. Among fathers dental fear increased and was correlated with depression and anxiety. Dental fear seems to fluctuate among women during pregnancy and could be affected by hormonal changes.
Reversibly acetylated lysine residues play important roles in the enzymatic activity of Escherichia coli N‐hydroxyarylamine O‐acetyltransferase
Authors: Zhang Qunfang , Gu Jing , Gong Peng , Wang Xude , Tu Shun , Bi Lijun , Yu Ziniu , Zhang Zhiping , Cui Zongqiang , Wei Hongping , Tao Shengce , Zhang Xianen
Published: March 2013

CobB is a bacterial NAD+‐dependent protein deacetylase. Although progress has been made in functional studies of this protein in recent years, its substrates and biological functions are still largely unclear. Using proteome microarray technology, potential substrates of Escherichia coli CobB were screened and nine proteins were identified, including N‐hydroxyarylamine O‐acetyltransferase (NhoA). In vitro acetylation/deacetylation of NhoA was verified by western blotting and mass spectrometry, and two acetylated lysine residues were identified. Site‐specific mutagenesis experiments showed that mutation of each acetylated lysine decreased the acetylation level of NhoA in vitro. Further analysis showed that variant NhoA proteins carrying substitutions at the two acetylated lysine residues are involved in both the O‐acetyltransferase and N‐acetyltransferase activity of NhoA. Structural analyses were also performed to explore the effects of the acetylated lysine residues on the activity of NhoA. These results suggest that reversible acetylation may play a role in the activity of Escherichia coli NhoA.
New insights into the pathobiology of Down syndrome – hyaluronan synthase‐2 overexpression is regulated by collagen VI α2 chain
Authors: Karousou Evgenia , Stachtea Xanthi , Moretto Paola , Viola Manuela , Vigetti Davide , D'Angelo Maria Luisa , Raio Luigi , Ghezzi Fabio , Pallotti Francesco , De Luca Giancarlo , Karamanos Nikos K. , Passi Alberto
Published: March 2013

Down syndrome (DS) is a common birth defect characterized by the trisomy of chromosome 21. DS‐affected umbilical cords (UCs) of fetuses show altered architecture of the extracellular matrix. Overexpression of the chromosome 21 genes encoding the collagen type VI (COLVI) chains α1(VI) and α2(VI), COL6A1 and COL6A2, respectively, has also reported to occur in the nuchal skin of DS fetuses. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the COLVI content in euploid and DS‐affected UCs and human skin fibroblasts, and to investigate the relationships between COLVI and hyaluronan (HA) and HA synthase‐2 (HAS2). We found that the UCs of DS fetuses showed denser staining of COLVI and increased COL6A2 expression at both early and term gestational ages. In vitro expression studies in DS‐derived fibroblasts showed similarly increased amounts of α1(VI) and α2(VI) chains at the protein and transcriptional level, supporting the hypothesis of the gene dosage effect. Furthermore, increased levels of HA and HAS2 were also found in DS‐derived skin fibroblast cultures. Notably, silencing of COL6A2 in DS‐derived cells resulted in downregulation of HAS2, with a simultaneous decrease in secreted HA. Exogenous addition of COLVI to normal fibroblasts did not have any effect on HAS2 expression. In conclusion, UCs and skin fibroblasts in DS show significant increases in COLVI and HA; the overexpression of COL6A2 in DS tissue and cells is closely related to the increased expression of HAS2. These data may explain the DS phenotypes and their effects in organ tissue maturation.
The flow field near a venous needle in hemodialysis: A computational study
Authors: Fulker David , Kang Martin , Simmons Anne , Barber Tracie
Published: March 2013

The vascular access used in hemodialysis can suffer from numerous complications, which may lead to failure of the access, patient morbidity, and significant costs. The flow field in the region of the venous needle may be a source of damaging hemodynamics and hence adverse effects on the fistula. In this study, the venous needle flow has been considered, using three‐dimensional computational methods. Four scenarios where the venous needle flow could potentially influence dialysis treatment outcome were identified and examined: Variation of the needle placement angle (10°, 20°, 30°), variation of the blood flow rate settings (200, 300, 400 mL/min), variation of the needle depth (top, middle, bottom), and the inclusion of a back eye in the needle design. The presence of the needle has significant effect on the flow field, with different scenarios having varying influence. In general, wall shear stresses were elevated above normal physiological values, and increased presence of areas of low velocity and recirculation—indicating increased likelihood of intimal hyperplasia development—were found. Computational results showed that the presence of the venous needle in a hemodialysis fistula leads to abnormal and potentially damaging flow conditions and that optimization of needle parameters could aid in the reduction of vascular access complications. Results indicate shallow needle angles and lower blood flow rates may minimize vessel damage.
Fatty‐acid, amino‐acid and mineral composition of two milk replacers for marsupials
Authors: Chuang L.‐T. , Pinfold T. L. , Hu H.‐Y. , Chen Y.‐S. , Schulze J. , Presley J. M. , Irons G. , Glew R. H.
Published: March 2013

Although milk replacers are widely used to feed orphaned and injured marsupial joeys in Australia, little is known about the nutrient composition of these foods. We analysed two milk substitutes, Di‐Vetelact (DiV) and Wombaroo Kangaroo (Wom) [milk stage >0·7 (joeys having completed 70% of their pouch life)], for their content of fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals and trace elements. The protein contents of DiV and Wom were 25·0% and 17·3% of fresh weight, respectively, and, except for tryptophan, the amino‐acid profile compared favourably with three high‐quality proteins. The fatty‐acid content of DiV and Wom was 9·65% and 17·6%, respectively. Relative to marsupial milk, linoleic acid (DiV, 18·3%; Wom, 9·32%) and α‐linolenic acid (DiV, 2·97%; Wom, 3·94%) were well represented in both milk replacers, but docosahexaenoic acid was not detected. Comparable amounts of zinc, iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were present in DiV and Wom, but the copper content of DiV was only 5% that of Wom and manganese was not detected in DiV. These data indicate that two popular marsupial milk replacers contain healthful amounts of many essential nutrients relative to marsupial milk but lack the docosahexaenoic acid that is critical for brain growth and development in mammals.
Properties of capsaicinoids for the control of fungi and oomycetes pathogenic to pepper
Authors: Veloso J. , Prego C. , Varela M. M. , Carballeira R. , Bernal A. , Merino F. , Díaz J.
Published: March 2013

Capsaicinoids are pungent compounds found in pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits. Capsaicin showed antimicrobial activity in plate assays against seven isolates of five species of fungi and nine isolates of two species of oomycetes. The general trend was that oomycetes were more inhibited than fungi. Assays of capsaicin biosynthetic precursors suggest that the lateral chain of capsaicinoids has more inhibitory activity than the phenolic part. In planta tests of capsaicinoids (capsaicin and N‐vanillylnonanamide) applied to the roots demonstrated that these compounds conferred protection against the pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae and induced both chitinase activity and expression of several defence‐related genes, such as CASC1, CACHI2 and CABGLU. N‐Vanillylnonanamide infiltrated into cotyledons confers systemic protection to the upper leaves of pepper against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. In wild‐type tomato plants such cotyledon infiltration has no protective effect, but is effective in the Never‐ripe tomato mutant impaired in ethylene response. A similar effect was observed in tomato after salicylic acid infiltration.
Adult Literacy Surveys in Australia
Authors: Caldwell Bruce , Webster Andrew
Published: March 2013

In 1996 and 2006, Australia conducted the International Adult Literacy Survey and the Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey to measure literacy (and numeracy) competencies. Good literacy skills are increasingly essential for individuals to participate in contemporary society and the modern economy. These surveys also collected background information, enabling an examination of the factors that influence literacy and of how literacy may affect individual opportunities and outcomes. The time series of adult literacy surveys will be enhanced when the 2011–12 Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies is published in 2013.
Constructing the Herald/Age – Lateral Economics Index of Australia's Wellbeing
Authors: Lancy Annette , Gruen Nicholas
Published: March 2013

In recent years, economists and others have returned to the question of how best to measure a country's level of well‐being. This article summarises a contemporary attempt to construct an Australian index of well‐being and discusses the key conceptual and methodological tradeoffs faced when seeking to be rigorous, engaging and useful in considering policy alternatives.
Representation inUKEmployment Tribunals: Analysis of the 2003 and 2008 Survey of Employment Tribunal Applications (SETA)
Authors: Urwin Peter , Buscha Franz , Latreille Paul L.
Published: March 2013

The perception is that formal representation is increasingly common inUK EmploymentTribunals (ETs), as case volumes and complexity increase. We investigate the nature of representation inUK ETsusing the 2003 and 2008Survey ofEmploymentTribunalApplications (SETA). The results suggest that between 2003 and 2008, the extent of formal claimant representation declined. The majority of employers and claimants are either heavily represented or have little/no representation, and there is little evidence that claimant representation is a response to employer representation at least at the level of individual claims. Overall, however, it would seem that some of the ‘accessible, informal and inexpensive’ characteristics envisaged byDonovan continue to apply only to cases within certain jurisdictions.
Advancing Genomic Research and Reducing Health Disparities: What Can Nurse Scholars Do?
Authors: Jaja Cheedy , Gibson Robert , Quarles Shirley
Published: March 2013

Purpose

Advances in genomic research are improving our understanding of human diseases and evoking promise of an era of genomic medicine. It is unclear whether genomic medicine may exacerbate or attenuate extant racial group health disparities. We delineate how nurse scholars could engage in the configuration of an equitable genomic medicine paradigm.

Organizing Construct

We identify as legitimate subjects for nursing scholarship the scientific relevance, ethical, and public policy implications for employing racial categories in genomic research in the context of reducing extant health disparities.

Findings

Since genomic research is largely population specific, current classification of genomic data will center on racial and ethnic groups. Nurse scholars should be involved in clarifying how putative racial group differences should be elucidated in light of the current orthodoxy that genomic solutions may alleviate racial health disparities.

Conclusions

Nurse scholars are capable of employing their expertise in concept analysis to elucidate how race is used as a variable in scientific research, and to use knowledge brokering to delineate how race variables that imply human ancestry could be utilized in genomic research pragmatically in the context of health disparities.

Clinical Relevance

In an era of genomic medicine, nurse scholars should recognize and understand the challenges and complexities of genomics and race and their relevance to health care and health disparities.
Mr Keynes' “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”
Authors: LERNER Abba P.
Published: March 2013

The article by Abba P. Lerner reproduced here was the first to explain Keynes' employment theory in simple and generally intelligible terms; indeed, the article had been read and approved by Keynes prior to publication. Born in Romania, Abba P. Lerner studied in Cambridge before teaching at a number of universities including the London School of Economics and the University of California (Berkeley). [more]
The maintenance of full employment after the transition period: A comparison of the problem in the United States and United Kingdom
Authors: KALECKI Michal
Published: March 2013

Michal Kalecki was a Polish economist whose contributions to macroeconomics influenced Keynesian economists. After studying civil engineering in Warsaw and Gdansk, Kalecki began his career at the Research Institute of Business Cycles and Prices in Warsaw. He later worked at the Oxford Institute of Statistics, where he developed his pre‐Keynesian ideas … [more]
Work and rights
Authors: SEN Amartya
Published: March 2013

Awarded the Nobel Prize for economics in 1998, Sen is a creative author who explores the boundaries between economics and philosophy. In 1975, he wrote a seminal study on employment for the ILO, entitled Employment, technology and development: A study prepared for the ILO within the framework of the World Employment Programme. This work served as the basis for his article “Employment, institutions and technology: Some policy issues”, which was published in the International Labour Review… [more]
The global crisis, social protection and jobs
Authors: STIGLITZ Joseph
Published: March 2013

In 2001, Joseph Stiglitz was awarded the Nobel Prize for economics. In 2002, he published an article in the Review (Vol. 141, No. 1–2) entitled “Employment, social justice and societal well‐being” in which he proposes that the purpose of economic activity is to improve the well‐being of individuals, and that employment is essential to this well‐being. In this regard, his description of the negative effects of unemployment echoes that given in the abovementioned article by Amartya Sen … [more]
Do different ADHD‐related etiological risks involve specific neuropsychological pathways? An analysis of mediation processes by inhibitory control and delay aversion
Authors: Pauli‐Pott Ursula , Dalir Silke , Mingebach Tanja , Roller Alisa , Becker Katja
Published: March 2013

Background

Inhibitory control (IC) has been regarded as a neuropsychological basic deficit and as an endophenotype of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Implicated here are mediation processes between etiological factors and ADHD symptoms. We thus analyze whether and to what extent executive IC and delay aversion (DA; i.e., reward‐related IC) performance mediate the associations of familial, prenatal, and psychosocial risks with ADHD symptoms.

Methods

The study sample consisted of 130 preschool children (3–6 years; 50% boys), including 20% (n = 26) with a positive family history of ADHD (familial risk). Prenatal risks were mainly taken from medical records. Psychosocial risks were assessed by a structured interview. ADHD symptoms were assessed by structured interviews and questionnaires completed by parents and teachers. A set of neuropsychological tasks on IC and DA was conducted with the children.

Results

Familial, prenatal, and psychosocial risks were significantly associated with ADHD symptoms. IC and DA also correlated significantly with ADHD symptoms. While the familial risk significantly correlated with IC and DA, psychosocial and prenatal risks were only weakly associated with these measures. The link between the familial risk and ADHD symptoms was partially mediated by IC and DA.

Conclusions

The results indicate different neuropsychological pathways related to ‘positive family history of ADHD’ and prenatal risks. Given a cross‐validation in future studies, the results underscore the endophenotypic character of IC and DA in preschool ages.
Differential characterization of emerging skin diseases of rainbow trout – a standardized approach to capturing disease characteristics and development of case definitions
Authors: Oidtmann B , LaPatra S E , Verner‐Jeffreys D , Pond M , Peeler E J , Noguera P A , Bruno D W , St‐Hilaire S , Schubiger C B , Snekvik K , Crumlish M , Green D M , Metselaar M , Rodger H , Schmidt‐Posthaus H , Galeotti M , Feist S W
Published: March 2013

Farmed and wild salmonids are affected by a variety of skin conditions, some of which have significant economic and welfare implications. In many cases, the causes are not well understood, and one example is cold water strawberry disease of rainbow trout, also called red mark syndrome, which has been recorded in the UK since 2003. To date, there are no internationally agreed methods for describing these conditions, which has caused confusion for farmers and health professionals, who are often unclear as to whether they are dealing with a new or a previously described condition. This has resulted, inevitably, in delays to both accurate diagnosis and effective treatment regimes. Here, we provide a standardized methodology for the description of skin conditions of rainbow trout of uncertain aetiology. We demonstrate how the approach can be used to develop case definitions, using coldwater strawberry disease as an example.
Transmission dynamics of pancreas disease (PD) in a Norwegian fjord: aspects of water transport, contact networks and infection pressure among salmon farms
Authors: Stene A , Viljugrein H , Yndestad H , Tavornpanich S , Skjerve E
Published: March 2013

Pancreas disease (PD) in marine salmon farming is caused by salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV). Virus survival, infection pressure and contact networks among farms influence the potential of PD to spread. The present study aims to explore contact networks and infection pressure and their ability to explain transmission dynamics of PD in a Norwegian fjord. In this study, we included all records of PD by subtype 3 (SPDV3) in the study population from the first reported in August 2006 to the last reported in November 2009. Using logistic regression analyses, we found that contact network by water transport explained better transmission of PD than contact networks defined by ownership or close distance to infected farms. Hydrodynamic modelling can be a valuable tool to forecast the spread of PD and thereby take actions to reduce the transmission. Knowing the risk of getting infected, it is important to avoid water transport from infected farms when new cohorts are transferred to sea water, and to have conscious control regarding management operations between farms.
A Systems Approach to Sustainable Technical Product Design
Authors: Luthe Tobias , Kägi Thomas , Reger Jan
Published: March 2013

Many existing methods for sustainable technical product design focus on environmental efficiency while lacking a framework for a holistic, sustainable design approach that includes combined social, technical, economic, and environmental aspects in the whole product life cycle, and that provides guidance on a technical product development level. This research proposes a framework for sustainable technical product design in the case of skis. We developed a ski under the Grown brand, benchmarked according to social, environmental, economic, and technical targets, following an initial sustainability assessment, and delivered the first environmental life cycle assessment (ELCA) and the first social life cycle assessment (SLCA) of skis. The framework applies a virtual development process as a combination of ELCA to calculate the environmental footprint as carbon equivalents of all materials and processes and a technical computer‐aided design (CAD) and computer‐aided engineering (CAE) simulation and virtual optimization using parameter studies for the nearly prototype‐free development of the benchmarked skis. The feedback loops between life cycle assessment (LCA) and virtual simulation led to the elimination of highly energy intensive materials, to the pioneering use of basalt fibers in skis, to the optimization of the use of natural materials using protective coatings from natural resins, and to the optimization of the production process. From an environmental perspective, a minimum 32% reduction in carbon equivalent emissions of materials in relation to other comparably performing skis has been achieved, as well as a pioneering step forward toward transparent communication of the environmental performance by the individual, comparable, and first published ski carbon footprint per volume unit.
Automated in‐chamber specimen coating for serial block‐face electron microscopy
Authors: TITZE B. , DENK W.
Published: March 2013

When imaging insulating specimens in a scanning electron microscope, negative charge accumulates locally (‘sample charging’). The resulting electric fields distort signal amplitude, focus and image geometry, which can be avoided by coating the specimen with a conductive film prior to introducing it into the microscope chamber. This, however, is incompatible with serial block‐face electron microscopy (SBEM), where imaging and surface removal cycles (by diamond knife or focused ion beam) alternate, with the sample remaining in place.

Here we show that coating the sample after each cutting cycle with a 1–2 nm metallic film, using an electron beam evaporator that is integrated into the microscope chamber, eliminates charging effects for both backscattered (BSE) and secondary electron (SE) imaging. The reduction in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) caused by the film is smaller than that caused by the widely used low‐vacuum method. Sample surfaces as large as 12 mm across were coated and imaged without charging effects at beam currents as high as 25 nA. The coatings also enabled the use of beam deceleration for non‐conducting samples, leading to substantial SNR gains for BSE contrast.

We modified and automated the evaporator to enable the acquisition of SBEM stacks, and demonstrated the acquisition of stacks of over 1000 successive cut/coat/image cycles and of stacks using beam deceleration or SE contrast.
Mind the gut: secretion of α‐synuclein by enteric neurons
Authors: Grathwohl Stefan A. , Steiner Jennifer A. , Britschgi Markus , Brundin Patrik
Published: March 2013

Read the full article ‘Activity‐dependent secretion of alpha‐synuclein by enteric neurons’ on doi: 10.1111/jnc.12131.
Beliefs About Cervical Cancer and Pap Test: A New Chilean Questionnaire
Authors: Urrutia Maria‐Teresa , Hall Rosemary
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire to examine women's beliefs about cervical cancer and the Pap test in Chilean women.

Design and Methods

The questionnaire, developed following the guidelines by Robert de Vellis, is based on the Health Belief Model. The content validity index was 0.93 upon review by 10 Chilean experts. A cross‐sectional design was implemented to validate the questionnaire. The sample included 333 women recruited from a women's healthcare center in Santiago, Chile. Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate validity and coefficient α to evaluate reliability.

Findings

After six models were computed, the questionnaire was reduced from 53 to 28 items. The new questionnaire, CPC‐28 (in Spanish, Creencias, Papanicolaou, Cancer ‐28), includes six domains: the barriers domain to take a Pap test, the cues to action domain, the severity domain, the need to have a Pap test domain, the susceptibility to cervical cancer domain, and the benefit domain. The unexpected salient factor “need to have a Pap test” was found as part of the susceptibility domain proposed in the initial questionnaire. This finding is an important topic for future research. The CPC‐28 questionnaire explained 49% of the total variance, and the reliability was .735.

Conclusions

It was concluded that the CPC‐28 questionnaire will have important implications on research, education, and administration across disciplines.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing curricula and healthcare providers must stress the importance and reinforce the importance of prevention of cervical cancer and regular Pap test screenings.
Embracing uniqueness: The underpinnings of a positive climate for diversity
Authors: Groggins Ashley , Ryan Ann Marie
Published: March 2013

Diversity initiatives do not necessarily yield sought‐after outcomes. Following Bamberger and Pratt's (2010 Acad. Manage. J. 53, 665) suggestion of pursuing exploration‐based unconventional research, we conducted a case study of a uniquely diverse organization. Using focus groups, interviews and reviews of organizational documents and artefacts, we describe what underlies a strong positive climate for diversity. The themes that emerged around centrality of diversity to identity, accommodation, respecting difference, continuous learning and structural inclusiveness indicated how diversity can be translated into attitudes (openness to change, openness to others, openness to error and perceived person‐environment fit) and competencies (efficacy for change, interpersonal competence, improvement capacity and actual person‐environment fit). Implications for promoting positive diversity climates that may enhance organizational effectiveness are discussed.

Practitioner Points

Having a norm of accommodation can create attitudes of openness to change and help develop efficacy for change.

When respecting difference is essential to everyday functioning, interpersonal competence and openness to others is promoted.

Framing a diverse workplace as necessitating continuous learning can provide for openness to error that allows for organizational improvement.

To promote a positive diversity climate, attend to structural inclusiveness.
Social Capital, Race, and Personal Fundraising in Evangelical Outreach Ministries
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: March 2013

This study examines the relationship between social capital inequality, race, and personal fundraising within evangelical outreach ministries (EOMs). Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data that assess the personal fundraising experiences and outcomes of a large sample of EOM workers (N = 715), I demonstrate that the fundraising challenges and deficits faced by EOM workers are best understood as deficits in the social capital of these individual workers. Multivariate analyses affirm that social capital deficits (that is, having smaller social networks and networks with fewer resources) negatively affect the fundraising experiences and outcomes of EOM workers, especially for racial minorities. Findings also evidence a strong correlation between the paucity of minority EOM workers’ social capital and the extent to which they must seek bridging social capital from white individuals and churches. This study concludes with implications for the financing of American evangelical parachurch organizations, the sustained racial and socioeconomic homogeneity of EOMs, and theories of social capital exchanges within interracial religious organizations.
Acceptance of Evolution and Support for Teaching Creationism in Public Schools: The Conditional Impact of Educational Attainment
Authors: Baker Joseph O.
Published: March 2013

Public acceptance of evolution remains low in the United States relative to other Western countries. Although advocates for the scientific community often highlight the need for improved education to change public opinion, analyses of data from a national sample of American adults indicate that the effects of educational attainment on attitudes toward evolution and creationism are uneven and contingent upon religious identity. Consequently, higher education will only shift public attitudes toward evolution and away from support for teaching creationism in public schools for those who take non‐“literalist” interpretive stances on the Bible, or to the extent that it leads to fewer people with literalist religious identities.
Creating a Godless Community: The Collective Identity Work of Contemporary American Atheists
Authors: Smith Jesse M.
Published: March 2013

Based on 45 in‐depth interviews, textual analysis, and participant observation with seven different atheist organizations, this article investigates the collective identity work of atheists in the United States. It explores the social psychological and interactional dynamics of atheist organizations as well as how they contribute to the construction and maintenance of atheist identities. I discuss the various strategies atheists employ as they collectively manage a stigmatized identity and negotiate the meaning of their atheism with one another and with the nonatheist public. This is accomplished in part through an analysis of the identity politics and minority discourse contemporary atheists currently engage. In addition, and more broadly, this study explores the relationship between collective identity and social action through an analysis and description of contemporary atheist activism.
Religion, Volunteering, and Educational Setting: The Effect of Youth Schooling Type on Civic Engagement
Authors: Hill Jonathan P. , den Dulk Kevin R.
Published: March 2013

Research on civic engagement shows that volunteering rates decline as young people move from adolescence into emerging adulthood. Using panel data spanning this period of the life course, we examine the impact of secondary schooling type—public, Catholic, Protestant, private nonreligious, and homeschool—on sustaining volunteering into emerging adulthood. We apply a framework that posits pathways between secondary schooling and sets of opportunities to volunteer embedded in institutions and social networks. We also posit a link between schooling type and durable motivational dispositions to volunteer. Results indicate substantial differences by schooling type, although our measures of opportunity structure and motivation do not adequately account for these differences. Those educated in Protestant secondary schools are considerably more likely than other young people to continue to volunteer, even accounting for potential spurious influences. Those schooled at home or in private nonreligious settings are significantly less likely to continue volunteering. We conclude by discussing two alternative accounts that should be addressed in further research: one focused on the role of habituated social practices and the other focused on differences in organizational efforts to link adolescent volunteering to emerging adult volunteering.
Entecavir versus lamivudine for hepatitis B prophylaxis in patients with haematological disease
Authors: Chen Fei W. , Coyle Luke , Jones Brett E. , Pattullo Venessa
Published: March 2013

Background

Hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy may be associated with acute hepatitis, liver failure and/or death.

Aim

To audit the efficacy of entecavir as compared to lamivudine for the prophylaxis of HBV reactivation in patients with haematological disease receiving immunosuppression or chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients treated for haematological disease with pretreatment serological evidence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (HBV surface antigen, HBsAg positive) or resolved HBV infection (HBsAg negative but HBV core antibody positive) are included in this study. Patients received lamivudine 100 mg or entecavir 0.5 mg daily. Hepatitis B serology, HBV DNA and ALT were audited at baseline, 6 months, year 1, 2 and 3. HBV reactivation was defined as a 1 log increase in HBV DNA from baseline or reversion to sAg positivity. The occurrence of jaundice, symptomatic hepatitis, liver failure or death were audited.

Results

Of the 40 patients included in the study, 65% (4 CHB and 22 resolved HBV) received entecavir and 35% (11 CHB and 3 resolved HBV) received lamivudine. One patient with resolved HBV experienced HBV seroreversion related to premature cessation of entecavir. Eight patients with CHB (two from entecavir group and six from lamivudine group) had detectable HBVDNA levels at baseline; one case of HBV reactivation related to probable lamivudine resistance was identified. No HBV related deaths occurred.

Conclusion

Lamivudine and entecavir are both efficacious in the prophylaxis of hepatitis B reactivation. Entecavir should be used in preference to lamivudine in patients CHB with detectable baseline HBV DNA levels.
False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) from Japan and South Africa: Differences in growth and reproduction
Authors: Ferreira Inês M. , Kasuya Toshio , Marsh Helene , Best Peter B.
Published: March 2013

Age and reproductive information for 65 false killer whales stranded in South Africa in 1981 are compared with similar material from 156 animals examined from drive fisheries in Japan in 1979 and 1980. Sizes at birth, sexual maturation, and physical maturity all indicated that both sexes were 10%–20% larger in Japan than South Africa. Females reached sexual maturation at similar ages (8–10.5 yr) in both populations, and although sample sizes were too small to establish male ages at puberty precisely the ranges in Japan (10.5–18.5 yr) and South Africa (5.25–17.5 yr) were not inconsistent. The initial ovulation rate for females from South Africa was 65% lower (and the apparent pregnancy rate 82% lower) than those from Japan and there were fewer animals ≤2 yr old within the school, but the magnitude of these differences suggests that the stranded school's reproductive performance was probably impaired. Collectively these comparisons and the literature indicate substantive size differences between false killer whales in different populations, although the patterns of growth appear similar. Firm conclusions about any geographical differences in reproduction require additional data.
Passionately internationalist: Fred Halliday and nationalism studies
Authors: Ozkirimli Umut
Published: March 2013

The aim of this academic obituary is to briefly consider Fred Halliday's (1946‐2010) contribution to nationalism studies. The article will first discuss Halliday's understanding of nationalism, which he defines as a set of ideas that asserts that the world is divided into distinct peoples with a particular history and various entitlements, and his position in the theoretical debate on nationalism. It will then focus on Halliday's combat with the ethical doctrine of nationalism, more specifically the tension between the moral claims of the latter and what he loosely terms Enlightenment principles. The article will conclude by a brief discussion of Halliday's political commitments and his internationalism.
Madagascar's independence jubilee: a nation's holiday in times of crisis
Authors: Späth Mareike
Published: March 2013

The fiftieth anniversary of Madagascar's independence in 2010 took place in the midst of political crisis. The transitory government staged large public parties to mark the Jubilee. Despite a public discussion about legitimacy and justification of this fact, the national holiday was lavishly celebrated. In Madagascar, Independence Day is also an important family event and emphasis was put on private celebrations including family feasts and reunions. As a result, it enhanced the participants' emotional attachment to their personal and local face‐to‐face milieu. This article asks how the golden jubilee was celebrated against a backdrop of political illegitimacy. I contrast official state‐led initiatives and individual agency in the private sphere and discuss how the national holiday has been appropriated and reinterpreted by the population as a family and community holiday. This article is based on qualitative ethnographical fieldwork in Antananarivo before, during and after the peak of the independence jubilee.
Age‐related changes in accommodation measured with a double‐pass system
Authors: Aldaba Mikel , Vilaseca Meritxell , Arjona Montserrat , Pujol Jaume
Published: March 2013

Purpose

To measure the accommodative response in a wide age range population using the retinal image quality assessments provided by a double‐pass system.

Methods

The accommodative response was measured using a custom‐built double‐pass setup in 84 patients from 15 to 55 years of age. Patients were classified in four groups (A: 15–25 year old; B: 26–35; C: 36–45; D: 46–55). Accommodation was stimulated from 0 to 5 dioptres (D) with the push up method using an open field fixation test. The total accommodative response in the stimulated range, the accommodative stimulus‐response curve, the slope and the progression of optical quality with accommodation were measured.

Results

The total accommodation obtained in groups A and B was high, with a mean value of 4 D or higher, whereas values in older individuals were significantly lower. The accommodative stimulus‐response curve and the slope were also high with a sudden decrease in patients over 35 years of age. The optical quality of the eye during accommodation did not change significantly.

Conclusions

Participants aged 15–35 years showed a good accommodative response. Thereafter, a significant decrease of the response in the total accommodation, stimulus response curve and slope was observed. The younger groups showed a larger accommodative response than previously published.
Prospects for genomic selection in forage plant species
Authors: Hayes Benjamin J. , Cogan Noel O. I. , Pembleton Luke W. , Goddard Michael E. , Wang Junping , Spangenberg German C. , Forster John W.
Published: March 2013

Genomic selection (GS) is a powerful method for exploitation of DNA sequence polymorphisms in breeding improvement, through the prediction of breeding values based on all markers distributed genome‐wide. Forage grasses and legumes provide important targets for GS implementation, as many key traits are difficult or expensive to assess, and are measured late in the breeding cycle. Generic attributes of forage breeding programmes are described, along with status of genomic resources for a representative species group (ryegrasses). Two schemes for implementing GS in ryegrass breeding are described. The first requires relatively little modification of current schemes, but could lead to significant reductions in operating cost. The second scheme would allow two rounds of selection for key agronomic traits within a time period previously required for a single round, potentially leading to doubling of genetic gain rate, but requires a purpose‐designed reference population. In both schemes, the limited extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD), which is the major challenge for GS implementation in ryegrass breeding, is addressed. The strategies also incorporate recent advances in DNA sequencing technology to minimize costs.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 signaling enhances TRPM1 calcium channel function and increases melanin content in human melanocytes
Authors: Devi Sulochana , Markandeya Yogananda , Maddodi Nityanand , Dhingra Anuradha , Vardi Noga , Balijepalli Ravi C. , Setaluri Vijayasaradhi
Published: March 2013

Mutations in TRPM1, a calcium channel expressed in retinal bipolar cells and epidermal melanocytes, cause complete congenital stationary night blindness with no discernible skin phenotype. In the retina, TRPM1 activity is negatively coupled to metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) signaling through Gαo and TRPM1 mutations result in the loss of responsiveness of TRPM1 to mGluR6 signaling. Here, we show that human melanocytes express mGluR6, and treatment of melanocytes with L‐AP4, a type III mGluR‐selective agonist, enhances Ca2+ uptake. Knockdown of TRPM1 or mGluR6 by shRNA abolished L‐AP4‐induced Ca2+ influx and TRPM1 currents, showing that TRPM1 activity in melanocytes is positively coupled to mGluR6 signaling. Gαo protein is absent in melanocytes. However, forced expression of Gαo restored negative coupling of TRPM1 to mGluR6 signaling, but treatment with pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Gi/Go proteins, did not affect basal or mGluR6‐induced Ca2+ uptake. Additionally, chronic stimulation of mGluR6 altered melanocyte morphology and increased melanin content. These data suggest differences in coupling of TRPM1 function to mGluR6 signaling explain different cellular responses to glutamate in the retina and the skin.
Venturing Beyond Analytic Philosophy's “Best” Arguments to the Implied Inadequacies of Its Metaphilosophical Intuitions
Authors: Margolis Joseph
Published: March 2013

Gary Gutting argues, in his recent book What Philosophers Know, that analytic philosophy provides a sizable collection of exemplary arguments that effectively yield a “disciplinary body of philosophical knowledge”—“metaphilosophy,” he names it—that is, specimens that define in a notably perspicuous way what we should understand as philosophical knowledge itself. He concedes weaknesses in the best‐known specimens, and he admits that, generally, even the best specimens do not provide answers to the usual grand questions. I admire his treatment of the matter but argue that the metaphilosophical issues are, normally, of a much grander gauge than that of his sort of specimen; that they require a much more open, informal sort of inquiry and exchange than that of the distinctive rigor of the classic specimens themselves; that analytic philosophy, not uncharacteristically, tends to ignore the metaphilosophical issue or takes the validity of its method of argument for granted; and that the issue itself invites an appraisal of competing second‐order conceptions of how philosophical argument proves fruitful. I proceed by way of the examination of cases drawn from Quine and Kripke.
On Two Main Themes in Gutting'sWhat Philosophers Know
Authors: Lycan William G.
Published: March 2013

This paper addresses each of two ofGutting's three main contentions: that like anyone else, philosophers are entitled to begin with what they find obvious and that philosophy has produced a distinctive body of knowledge. I emphatically agree with the first contention and expand on it, defending a stronger claim. The second contention I dispute, in spirit if not in letter, on each of several grounds.