bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Raw and Boiled Drinking Water from Rural Areas of China
Authors: Wu Junhua , Man Yi , Sun Guangyi , Shang Lihai
Published: May 2018

In order to assess the exposure of rural residents to trace metals via drinking water ingestion, 222 drinking water samples of rural areas from 8 provinces in China were collected and 18 trace metals analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-QMS). Based on metal concentrations, the health-risk assessment such as chronic daily intakes (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated. Results showed that most metals occurred in the drinking water at very low concentrations, indicating a general good quality, while the concentrations of As, Pb and Zn in some samples from Qinghai, Yunnan and Hunan provinces were higher than World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese guidelines for drinking water. The values of CDI and HQ indicated a negligible health risk for most Chinese rural residents via drinking water. However, high concentrations of As in drinking water from Qinghai province would pose a serious risk to the local inhabitants. More attention and intensive study should be paid to Zn, Pb and As contents.
Impact of the Storm Sewer Network Complexity on Flood Simulations According to the Stroke Scaling Method
Authors: Yang Qiqi , Dai Qiang , Han Dawei , Zhu Xuehong , Zhang Shuliang
Published: May 2018

For urban watersheds, the storm sewer network provides indispensable data for flood modeling but often needs to be simplified to balance the conflict between the large amount of data and current computing power. The sensitivity of a flood simulation to the data precision of a storm sewer network needs to be explored to develop reasonable generalization strategies. In this study, the impact of using the stroke scaling method to generalize a storm sewer network on a flood simulation was analyzed in terms of the total inflow of the outfalls and flood results. The results of the three study basins showed that different complexities of a sewer network did not have a significant effect on the outfall’s total inflow for an area with a single drainage system but did for an area with multiple drainage systems. In addition, serious flooding was mainly distributed at the backbone pipes, which can be identified with the simplified sewer network. Several effective generalization strategies were developed for sewer networks that consider the distribution characteristics of the drainage system and application requirements. This study is theoretically important for better understanding the data sensitivity of flood modeling and simulation and practically important for improving the modeling efficiency and the accuracy of urban flood simulation.
Recognizing the Relationship between Spatial Patterns in Water Quality and Land-Use/Cover Types: A Case Study of the Jinghe Oasis in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Zhang Fei , Wang Juan , Wang Xiaoping
Published: May 2018

To understand the relationship between spatial water quality patterns and changes in land-use/cover types in the Jinghe Oasis, 47 water sampling sites measured in May and October 2015 were divided into six cluster layers using the self-organizing map method, which is based on non-hierarchical k-means classification. The water quality indices included the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), chromaticity (SD), and turbidity (NUT). Data was also collected on the changes in the farmland, forest–grassland, water body, salinized land, and other land types during the wet and dry seasons. Then, we combined these data with the classification results of the GF-1 remote sensing satellite data obtained in May and October 2015 and analyzed the influences of land-use/cover type on water quality for different layers and seasons. The results indicate that Clusters 1 to 3 included monitoring samples from the wet season (May 2015), whereas Clusters 4 to 6 included monitoring samples from the dry season (October 2015). In general, the COD, SS, NUT, TN, and NH3-N values were high around the Ganjia Lake Haloxylon natural conservation area in the southern Ebinur Lake region, east of Ebinur Lake, and around the Kuitun River during the wet season. The SD values around these areas were high. Moreover, high BOD and TP values were mainly concentrated around the Ganjia Lake Haloxylon natural conservation area, as well as the Kuitun River, during the dry season. In the discussion on the relationship between the different water quality parameters and land-use/cover type changes, we determined that farmland, forest–grassland, and salinized land significantly influenced the water quality parameters in the Jinghe Oasis. In addition, the influences of various land-use/cover types on the water quality parameters in the research zone during the different seasons exhibited the following descending order of magnitude: farmland → forest–grassland → salinized land → water body → others. Moreover, their influences were lower during the wet season than the dry season. In conclusion, developing research on the relationship between the spatial framework of the water quality in the Jinghe Oasis and land-use/cover type changes is significant for the time sequence distribution of water quality in arid regions from both theoretical and practical perspectives.
Removal of Pb2+ from Water by Synthesized Tannin Resins from Invasive South African Trees
Authors: Okoli Bamidele J. , Shilowa Patience M. , Anyanwu Gabriel O. , Modise Johannes S.
Published: May 2018

Contamination of water by Pb 2 + and the threat of invasive vegetation affects the quality and quantity of water accessible to all life forms and has become a primary concern to South Africa and the world at large. This paper synthesized, characterized, and evaluated the resins from tannin-rich invasive Acacia species as an environmentally benign Pb 2 + adsorbent. The analysis of the pore volume and surface area of the resins reveals a small pore dimension of 9 × 10−3 cc/g and large surface area (2.31–8.65 m2/g), presenting suitable physical parameters for adsorption of Pb 2 + . Langmuir model offers the best correlation data at pH 6 with maximum monolayer coverage capacity of 189.30, 105.70 and 98.82 mg/g for silver, black and green wattle tannin resins in aqueous solutions, respectively. The kinetic data suitably fits into a pseudo-second-order model, with the Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption energy (E) ≤ 7.07 KJ/mol and intra-particle diffusion model confirming an associated physisorption process within the bio-sorption system. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) data of the resins were informative of the high thermal stability and chelating functionality such as -OH and -NH2 responsible for the removal of Pb 2 + . All the resins showed good adsorption characteristics while silver wattle tannin resin has the best adsorption capacity compared to black and green wattle tannin resins. This study provides a prototype adsorbent from invasive plants for the removal of Pb 2 + in water.
Potential Impact of In-Situ Oil Shale Exploitation on Aquifer System
Authors: Hu Shuya , Xiao Changlai , Jiang Xue , Liang Xiujuan
Published: May 2018

The effects of heat on physical and hydraulic properties of oil shale were investigated. The porosity and water absorption of oil shale increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The porosity increased by 19.048% and water absorption increased by 0.76% when oil shale was heated to 500 °C. Thus, originally impermeable oil shale was converted to a permeable rock formation, facilitating interactions between surrounding groundwater and oil. Heated oil shale was immersed in water, which showed strong alkaline properties. The content of Ca2+ remained stable and a slight decrease in SO42− content was observed. Hydrocarbon content in the water samples reached maximum concentration within three days.
New Electric Postmen Helper Development and Evaluation
Authors: Timmermans Jean-Marc , Nietvelt Jens , Philippe Lataire , Van Mierlo Joeri , Matheys Julien , Cappelle Jan
Published: May 2018

Light Electric Vehicles (LEV) form a group of promising alternative vehicles for personal mobility and goods delivery. This manuscript reports about the European industrial EUREKA project called ‘New Electric Postman Helper.’ This project aims to develop the drive train for a range of mobility devices for postal distribution. The severe postal requirements which are not fully fulfilled by the vehicles on the European market today, and the strong interest of the postal organizations in solutions towards this issue, induced the set-up of this project in 2005. The introduction of LEV, in particular two- and three-wheelers, in the postal delivery business allows longer, more efficient and more sustainable delivery rounds. The close collaboration with several European postal organizations has allowed definition of the specifications of the electric power systems with characteristics meeting their specific needs. From an extensive questionnaire, the requirements of the different European postal operators were determined. A set of discriminating parameters was identified and used to calculate the design parameters of the electrical power system range starting from the postal requirements. The required energy capacity of the battery pack and the required motor torque were calculated from the postal parameters by using a dedicated design tool and resulted in the conception of a modular concept for postal electric vehicles.
Design of a Hybrid Power Plant for City Buses
Authors: D'Ovidio Gino
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a preliminary system design for a no-emission hybrid power plant for city buses working in a “dense grid” transportation network with short, regular stop spacing. The vehicle is driven by two electric motors powered by a hybrid unit composed of a fuel cell and flywheel energy storage system that takes into account the characteristics of urban routes. The advantages and disadvantages of flywheel technology on board a vehicle are examined and discussed and an in-depth study of the proposed hybrid architecture was performed by analyzing and measuring the main power components for a small sized city bus with a 15 passenger capacity.
Transportation Bipolar Ni-MH Battery
Authors: Klein Martin G. , Reed Michael E. , Landi James T. , Plivelich Robert F.
Published: May 2018

A novel bipolar packaging design for a nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery has been developed. As with other bipolar designs, advantages include reduced battery resistance and volume when compared with more conventional approaches. These advantages make the bipolar NiMH an excellent energy and power source for existing and emerging high voltage, high power applications. In this paper, we give an account of our recent experiences with the design, with a focus on designs for high power batteries for hybrid electric vehicles and high energy batteries for plug-in hybrids. In addition, we discuss results from a hybrid electric vehicle to plug-in hybrid electric vehicle conversion utilizing a high energy bipolar NiMH battery. The conversion and results demonstrate the successful implementation of the battery design in an automotive application.
R&D of the Advanced Electric Vehicle at CATARC
Authors: Zhao Chunming , Wu Zhixin , Qi Yumei , Hou Fushen , Wu Ji
Published: May 2018

The breakthrough of key technology on battery electric vehicles is critical to of hybrid and fuel cell electric vehicles. This paper introduces the technical configuration of the new advanced electric vehicle and design of lightweight vehicle and integrated assembly. The Electric Vehicle developed at CATARC acquires many creative results, such as control strategy of vehicle, CAN Bus technology, heat management system of lithium-ion battery pack, fault diagnosis, safety management for high-voltage system and body comfort control. Also, this paper evaluates the vehicle performance and defines the technical scheme by using simulation tools. Simulation results are also validated by vehicle test. At last, the test results on the performance of electric vehicle are systematically introduced.
Approach of Development of Electric Double Layer Capacitor for High Power and Long Life
Authors: Nozu Ryutaro , Nakamura Mami , Matsuzawa Yutaka , Mitsuya Kunihiro , Kushihara Toshiaki
Published: May 2018

We developed an electric double layer capacitor using an ionic liquid as the electrolyte salt for a high energy density and a life performance. The influence of the surface area of the activated carbon and the concentration of the electrolyte on the storage and life performance of the capacitor was studied. Separator can control the gas generation during the float charge of the capacitor to be able to extend the its life. Our produced capacitor, “N’s Cap”, by these techniques has good performances and the storage module assembled with the cells and the external circuit was presented.
Estimation of Inverter EM Noise Propagation to Network Communication through Wire Harnesses
Authors: Maeda Noboru , Tanaka Koichi , Imai Takashi
Published: May 2018

The electro-magnetic noise generated in an HV inverter can be a significant side-effect when it interferes with automotive LAN communications. This paper provides a calculation method to estimate the spectrum of the noise propagating through the wire harnesses by modeling LAN wire harnesses as uniform multi-conductor transmission lines and ECUs as S-parameter elements. Applying this model to a test bench with actual automotive ECUs, the consistency of the calculation and actual measurement is evaluated. The calculated noise spectrum peaks agree with the measured noise spectrum peaks with a tolerance of 6dB within the frequency range below 20MHz.
Measuring and Reporting Fuel Economy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Gonder Jeffrey , Simpson Andrew
Published: May 2018

Plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) have emerged as a promising alternative to reduce fleet petroleum consumption. However, quantifying PHEVs’ expected benefit is more challenging than with other vehicle technologies because they receive energy from two distinct sources and exhibit widely varying per-mile consumption based on the drive cycle and distance driven. This paper reviews various PHEV fuel economy characterization techniques, including the procedure formalized in the SAE J1711 Recommended Practice (issued in 1999). SAE J1711 accurately captures several critical reporting practices, including: using standardized drive cycles; considering charge depleting and charge sustaining operation; and using driving-statistic-derived utility-factor weighting to properly combine the vehicle’s operating modes. The authors’ proposed modifications to J1711 include: separately reporting fuel and electricity use; specifically measuring the vehicle’s charge depleting performance; and applying a once-daily charging assumption. As the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) begins implementing changes to window-sticker fuel economy test procedures, and the original issuance of SAE J1711 expires, the authors hope to stimulate discussion and contribute to adoption of consensus reporting metrics. In order for the resulting metrics to be useful, stakeholders must be able to translate the numbers into sound predictions of relative vehicle energy cost, petroleum use, and potential carbon dioxide (CO2) production.
Development of Pure Electric Bus with Mn type Li-ion Battery
Authors: Motohira Shigeru , Ogihara Takashi , Mukoyama Izumi , Nakamura Takahiro , Ozawa Hironori , Fujii Kunio , Uede Masao , Ohnuma Nobuhito , Futakuchi Tetsuya , Watanabe Toshinori , Morino Hiroki
Published: May 2018

Aluminum-doped lithium manganese powders were successfully produced by internal combustion-type spray pyrolysis using metal nitrate solution. As-prepared particles with an average diameter of about 4 μm had a porous microstructure and were nonagglomerated. Chemical analysis showed that the molar ratio of Li/Mn and the content of Aluminum were kept contact with the starting solution concentration. A lithium ion battery module for electric vehicle (EV) was also developed and its performance was examined. A 53 kWh lithium ion battery module was set on an electric microbus, and then its performance was examined.
Guidance System to Target Spot for Charging by Communications
Authors: Hashimoto Naohisa , Kato Shin , Minobe Naoko , Tsugawa Sadayuki
Published: May 2018

This paper is concerned with a docking assistance system on a charging station for electric vehicles (EV). An EV is automatically guided to a target docking spot for charging with high precision. This paper proposes a new concept of a vehicle guidance system for approaching a target spot for charging, which is an extension of the driver assistance by the cooperation between vehicles and infrastructure, and aims at an intelligent charging station. The system proposed here contributes to make it easy to approach a target spot for charging. Simulation studies and experiments are conducted to show the feasibility of the system proposed. In the experiment, a vehicle was guided by the proposed system that measures the position and the heading of a guided vehicle to indicate it the appropriate steering and the velocity to its goal.
A Stator and Rotor Fault Detection Technique for Induction Machines in Traction Applications for Electric or Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Kral Christian , Kapeller Hansjörg , Pirker Franz
Published: May 2018

Three phase induction machines for traction applications in electric and hybrid electric vehicles can be used with a fixed gear due to the wide speed range enabled by field weakening. Although the induction machine is know as an extremely reliable and robust device, machine faults may occur. Machine faults which do not become detected may cause complete failure of the vehicle. Therefore, early detection of machine faults must be seen as important contribution for reliability and predictive maintenance. Stator winding and rotor failures, however, are a serious problem of squirrel cage induction machines. In an electric or a hybrid electric vehicle the traction machine may undergo severe thermal stress. Stator faults may occur much faster due to insulation breakdown or overload and are therefore more critical with respect to time. Such failures have therefore to be detected immediately after occurring. This paper presents fault detection techniques for stator and rotor faults of squirrel cage induction machines. Both the presented methods are model based techniques, competent to handle variable speed and load operating conditions.
Design and Thermal Simulation of Induction Machines for Traction in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Kral Christian , Haumer Anton , Kapeller Hansjörg , Pirker Franz
Published: May 2018

An electric traction machine for an electric or a hybrid electric vehicle is usually designed for a specific operating point or cycle. For such an operating point or cycle, the masses and the cooling circuit of the electric machine determine the time dependent temperature distribution within the machine. For a specific load cycle, the thermal simulation of the machine can reveal possible mass and size reductions for a given insulation class of the machine. In addition, such simulations allow the comparison of various cooling concepts. In the machine design process, the first step is a conventional electromagnetic machine design. From the geometric data of this design and the material properties, the parameters of a thermal equivalent circuit can be derived. The differential and algebraic equations of the thermal equivalent circuit are solved by a simulation tool to predict the temperatures of the critical parts in the electric machine. A thermal equivalent circuit is accurate enough to predict the thermal behavior of the critical parts in the electric machine, and yet not too complex, to obtain simulation results with moderate numerical effort. This enables an iterative design process to optimize the drive.
Development of a Trailer-type Series Hybrid System to Extend Driving Range of EV.
Authors: Ashida Takashi
Published: May 2018

Poor or absent infrastructure for supplying energy for electric vehicles (EVs) and a short driving range prevent the widespread use of EVs in Japan. In this study, an inexpensive series hybrid system, consisting of an EV and a trailer-type engine generator (TEG), was developed to extend the driving range. A trailer and a gasoline operating engine generator, which can be supplied at common gas stations, were designed and manufactured. Several driving experiments to evaluate the performance of this new system were carried out. Considering the total weight of 1,900 kg and the small engine, the average fuel economy over 11 km/liter obtained in the experiment was notable. This series hybrid system achieved a better performance than the plug-in hybrid system which has been developed recently. The Japanese government agreed to register this TEG as a special-purpose vehicle for emergency power supply in July 2007.
Rapid Validation of Battery Management System with a Dymola Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Energy Storage Test Bench
Authors: Ebner Arno , Conte Fiorentino Valerio , Pirker Franz
Published: May 2018

The paper presents a concept and an implementation of a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) energy storage test bench. This system permits to simulate energy management strategies or battery models in real time in combination with a real energy storage system. A vehicle behavior is simulated on computer, such as longitudinal dynamics, internal combusting engine (IEC), electric motors etc. and a software interface to a Data Acquisition Card (DAQ) provides real signal inputs and outputs from the simulation environment. The presented HIL system is an adequate platform for the verification and validation of battery models, thermal management models or battery management models.
Components For Hybrid Vehicles: Results of the IEA Annex VII “Hybrid Vehicle” Phase III
Authors: Conte Fiorentino Valerio , Badin Francois , Debal Patrick , Alaküla Mats
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the experiences made inside the Annex VII “Hybrid Vehicle” Phase III of the IEA Implement Hybrid & Electric Vehicle. In particular, the paper focuses on the Components that have been investigated by the working group. The development of a vehicle with an electric traction system, like HEV has to deal with the introduction of components which are not present in Conventional Vehicle (CV), or which, even if present in CV, they must undergo modifications for an HEV application, like for instance the cooling compressor.The working-group has singled out 4 main interesting areas which have these critical components: Fuel Converters, Drives, Energy Storage, and Auxiliaries. The issues related to these areas must be properly solved for achieving the needed HEV’s performances. Inside the Annex VII the experts have discussed it, and the paper gives an overview of this process.
Development of a High Performance DC Fuse for Electric Vehicle Application
Authors: Kitajima Miki , Minami Shigeyuki , Matsumoto K.
Published: May 2018

This paper reports the production process and the features of a newly developed high-performance DC electric fuse to be used for high voltage, high energy system applications, such as electric vehicles, factory inverter circuits, fuel cell systems. The voltage of power circuits used in electric vehicles has increased to 500 V or more. This shift to higher voltages is done to reduce current, harness weight and improve motor-controller’s efficiency. The fuses that protect these circuits must shut out DC arcs, yet their performance needs improving. This paper reports the performance of a new fuse formed by a thin film of Titanium Hydride on copper film. This new fuse has shown great potential in protecting high voltage circuits of future electric vehicles as well as hybrid electric vehicles, and other high voltage DC electric power devices.
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: How Does One Determine Their Potential for Reducing U.S. Oil Dependence?
Authors: Vyas Anant , Santini Danilo , Duoba Michael , Alexander Mark
Published: May 2018

Estimation of the potential of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles’ (PHEV’s) ability to reduce U.S. gasoline use is difficult and complex. Although techniques have been proposed to estimate the vehicle kilometers of travel (VKT) that can be electrified, these methods may be inadequate and/or inappropriate for early market introduction circumstances. Factors that must be considered with respect to the PHEV itself include (1) kWh battery storage capability; (2) kWh/km depletion rate of the vehicle (3) liters/km use of gasoline (4) average daily kilometers driven (5) annual share of trips exceeding the battery depletion distance (6) driving cycle(s) (7) charger location [i.e. on-board or off-board] (8) charging rate. Each of these factors is actually a variable, and many interact. Off the vehicle, considerations include (a) primary overnight charging spot [garage, carport, parking garage or lot, on street], (b) availability of primary and secondary charging locations [i.e. dwellings, workplaces, stores, etc] (c) time of day electric rates (d) seasonal electric rates (e) types of streets and highways typically traversed during most probable trips depleting battery charge [i.e. city, suburban, rural and high vs. low density]; (f) cumulative trips per day from charger origin (g) top speeds and peak acceleration rates required to make usual trips. Taking into account PHEV design trade-off possibilities (kW vs. kWh of battery, in particular), this paper attempts to extract useful information relating to these topics from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), and the 2005 American Housing Survey (AHS). Costs per kWh of PHEVs capable of charge depleting (CD) all-electric range (CDE, or AER) vs. those CD in “blended” mode (CDB) are examined. .Lifetime fuel savings of alternative PHEV operating/utilization strategies are compared to battery cost estimates.
Experimental Validation of a Battery Dynamic Model for EV Applications
Authors: Tremblay Olivier , Dessaint Louis-A.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an improved and easy-to-use battery dynamic model. The charge and the discharge dynamics of the battery model are validated experimentally with four batteries types. An interesting feature of this model is the simplicity to extract the dynamic model parameters from batteries datasheets. Only three points on the manufacturer’s discharge curve in steady state are required to obtain the parameters. Finally, the battery model is included in the SimPowerSystems simulation software and used in a detailed simulation of an electric vehicle based on a hybrid fuel cell-battery power source. The results show that the model can accurately represent the dynamic behaviour of the battery.
Possibilities of reduction of the on-board energy for an innovative subway
Authors: Allègre A-L. , Barrade P. , Delarue P. , Bouscayrol A. , Chattot E. , El-Fassi S.
Published: May 2018

An innovative subway has been proposed using supercapacitors as energy source. In this paper, are presented different possibilities to reduce on-board stored energy in order to downsize the on-board energy storage subsystem. Special attention is paid to the influence of a feeding rail extension or a downward slope at the beginning of the interstation on the on-board stored energy. A map is built to facilitate the selection of the solution which leads to reduce the on-board energy.
Parameter Prediction and Modelling Methods for Traction Motor of Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Sun Tao , Kwon Soon-O , Lee Geun-Ho , Hong Jung-Pyo
Published: May 2018

This paper introduces the parameter prediction and modelling methods for the traction motor of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). In the general HEV simulation, the traction motor is mainly defined by efficiency map and torque/speed curve. Therefore, this paper will focus on the prediction of these parameters, which involves the numerical analysis on the motor inductances calculation, iron-loss resistance calculation, and characteristic estimation algorithm and so on. The modelling method is split into tow major parts: configuration of model and composing graphic user interface (GUI). An experiment result will be used to compare with the calculated efficiency map to verify the validity of these methods. In addition, the model construction will be explained by flowcharts. Considering popularity, the MATLAB/Simulink will be used to construct the simulation program. And a GUI will be designed and used to show the simulation results. With the other models of vehicle components, the simulation will be processed in a parallel-type HEV model in an urban road condition (FTP72), and the simulation results will be shown in the end of this paper.
Development of Power Capacitors for New Model Battery Forklift
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Tanaka Yuichi , Fujita Yoshihiro , Kitagawa Shuichi , Nagase Toshiaki , Kontani Kazuyoshi
Published: May 2018

Forklift for industrial field is mostly used in closed area like warehouses or factories. Therefore, the emission issue of forklift is more serious than that of usual vehicles outdoors. And forklift is required the compact size and high power driven system for the efficient work in a limited area. In EVS20 at Long Beach, we presented a paper about the power capacitors for battery forklift for the first time. This time, we will present our latest development for new model Battery Forklift which is far superior to the conventional type. AC motor driven system newly developed by TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORP. provides higher performance and smaller size than the conventional system by installing higher quality and smaller AC controller and AC motor driver. NIPPON CHEMI-CON CORP. developed Power Capacitors in the inverter circuit. The total volume of new capacitors reached nearly half (↑47%) compared with the conventional type by reducing the internal resistance and adopting optimized cooling structure. In this paper, we will describe the upgrade of TOYOTA 48V Battery Forklift, AC motor driven system and the development of Power Capacitors for the inverter use.
Data Acquisition System for Electric- and Hybrid-Electric Buses
Authors: Hairr Mark , Griffith Paul , Bailey J. , Madden Woodlyn
Published: May 2018

Electric- and hybrid-electric bus deployments have sometimes failed because the operating agencies did not have a clear understanding of how the performance capabilities of any particular bus match up with the requirements of the operational duty cycle. Batteries are frequently subjected to over-discharge and overor under-charge and other operational conditions that progressively degrade the performance and durability of the battery. The Data Acquisition System (DAS) developed by the Center for Energy, Transportation and the Environment (CETE) at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) permits operating agencies to understand, in real time, the impact that an operator and/or service requirement has on the entire electric- or hybrid-electric propulsion system and, more specifically, the batteries. It can be used to increase the utility and successful implementation of a electric- or hybrid-electric bus fleet by providing data on driving techniques, energy consumption versus road/load conditions and the energy requirements of existing and potential routes. In essence, this operational mode of the DAS system performs the functions of a digital storage oscilloscope, thereby enabling sophisticated evaluation and diagnosis. Three prototype DAS units were developed, fabricated, and installed on battery-electric buses operating in Santa Barbara, California, and Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and on a hybrid-electric bus operating in Sevierville, Tennessee. The results of these installations will be presented.
U.S. Fuel Cell Vehicle Learning Demonstration: Status Update and Early Second-Generation Vehicle Results
Authors: Wipke Keith , Sprik Sam , Kurtz Jennifer , Ramsden Todd , Garbak John
Published: May 2018

The National Learning Demonstration is conducting an integrated field validation to examine the performance of fuel cell vehicles and their supporting hydrogen infrastructure. NREL has now analyzed data from over four years of the six-year project, including 140 vehicles and 20 refueling stations, resulting in over 346,000 vehicle trips across 1,900,000 miles and over 90,000 kg of hydrogen produced or dispensed. Public analytical results from this project are presented in the form of composite data products (CDPs), which aggregate individual performance to protect the intellectual property and the identity of each company, while still publishing overall status and progress. In the spring of 2009, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) published the latest set of CDPs, making a total of 60 individual results and many new analyses publicly available. Highlights from the vehicle results include meeting the 250-mile driving range program milestone with 700-bar hydrogen storage tanks, stacks that have demonstrated almost 2,000 hours without repair, maintenance categorization from the powertrain and fuel cell system, and fuel cell stack usage data on trips/hour and time at various voltage levels. Infrastructure results include well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions calculated using actual fuel economy and production efficiency and a deep-dive into refueling rates. The project is continuing into 2010, with a significant number of vehicles planned for daily use through the end of the project. Results will continue to be published by NREL every six months and a final report is planned at the end of the project.
Comparative LCA of electric, hybrid, LPG and gasoline cars in Belgian context
Authors: Boureima Fayçal-Siddikou , Messagie Maarten , Matheys Julien , Wynen Vincent , Sergeant Nele , Van Mierlo Joeri , De Vos Marc , De Caevel Bernard
Published: May 2018

In this paper, an environmental comparison of electric, hybrid, LPG and gasoline passenger vehicles is performed through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. Thanks to a range-based modeling system, the variations of the weight, the fuel consumption and the emissions within the family car category are considered instead of the average values. Unlike in a classic LCA, the use phase of vehicles has been modeled to cover vehicles with both a short and long lifespan in such way that the number of times a vehicle needs to be produced to cover the comparison basis or functional unit is taken into account. According to the assumptions and the used impact calculation method, the greenhouse effect of the LPG hybrid and battery electric vehicles are respectively 20.27 %, 27.44 % and 78.27% lower than for the gasoline vehicles. The assessment of the impact on human health and the air acidification give the best environmental score to the battery electric vehicle. A sensitivity analysis has allowed the assessment of the correlation between the respiratory effects and the euro emission standards.
CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR CONVERTERS APPLIED IN GENERATOR-SETS FOR SHEV’s
Authors: Pickert Volker , Kalpaktsoglou Dimitrios , Al-Busaidi Ahmed
Published: May 2018

This paper compares controlled series capacitor (CSC) converters applied to generator-sets used in series hybrid electric vehicles (SHEV). The operation of each circuit is discussed and simulated using Matlab/Simulink. It is concluded that CSC converters can improve the power factor (PF) of the generator-set.
U.S. Department of Energy – Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Testing and Demonstration Activities
Authors: Smart John , Francfort Jim , Karner Don , Kirkpatrick Mindy , White Sera
Published: May 2018

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity tests plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) in closed track, dynamometer, and on-road testing environments. The purpose of this testing is to determine the potential of PHEV technology to reduce petroleum consumption. It also allows documentation of PHEV driving and charging profiles and electric charging infrastructure requirements. As of March 2009, the Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity has initiated testing on 12 PHEV models from aftermarket conversion companies and original equipment manufacturers. In addition to performing controlled dynamometer and on-road testing, AVTA has collected in-use data from 155 PHEVs operating in 23 U.S. states and Canadian provinces. This fleet has demonstrated an average increase in cumulative fuel economy of 22 to 55% when in charge depleting mode, as compared to charge sustaining mode. Charge depleting range has varied from 32 to 64 miles, depending on the vehicle and battery pack. In ideal conditions, some vehicles have achieved monthly fuel economy results of 80 to 120 miles per gallon through frequent charging and less aggressive driving styles.
The role of ICEVs, HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs and FCVs in achieving stringent CO2 targets: results from global energy systems modeling
Authors: Grahn Maria , Anderson James. E. , Wallington Timothy. J. , Williander Mats
Published: May 2018

A modified GET model version was used to investigate long-term, cost-effective fuel and vehicle technologies for global passenger transport. The aim was to quantify the potential impact of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and low CO2 intensity electricity from renewable sources, such as concentrating solar power (CSP), on cost-effective passenger vehicle fuel and technology options necessary to achieve stabilization of atmospheric CO2 at 450 ppm. In addition, the model was used to assess the sensitivity of future vehicle cost assumptions. For all cases investigated, there is no single technology and fuel that dominates throughout the century; instead a variety of fuels and vehicle technologies are important. The availability of CCS and CSP have a substantial impact on cost-effective fuel and technology choices, in general: (i) the introduction of CCS increases the use of coal in the energy system and conventional vehicle technology, (ii) the introduction of CSP reduces the relative cost of electricity in relation to hydrogen and tends to increase the use of electricity for transport, and (iii) the introduction of both CCS and CSP reduces the economic incentives to shift to more advanced vehicle technologies. Varying cost estimates for future vehicle technologies results in large differences in the cost-effective fuel and vehicle technology solutions. For instance, for low battery costs ($150/kWh), electrified powertrains dominate and for higher battery costs ($450/kWh), hydrogen-fueled vehicles dominate, regardless of CCS and CSP availability. The results highlight the importance of a multi-sector approach and the importance of pursuing research and development of multiple fuel and vehicle technologies.
Site selection for electric cars of a car-sharing service
Authors: Ion Luminita , Cucu T. , Boussier J.M. , Teng F. , Breuil D.
Published: May 2018

This study is carried out in the framework of SUCCESS (Smaller Urban Communities in CIVITAS for Environmentally Sustainable Solutions), an European project funded by the European Commission under the CIVITAS program. These demonstration projects provide a means of testing out a wide range of projects in a number of cities and the results of the evaluation will assist in showing which were successful, in what way and how that was achieved. One of these projects is the car-sharing implementation. Carsharing is defined as a self service which allows to each subscriber for reaching a vehicle, for the duration and the way of his choice. In the current state, where the impacts of the pollution and the congestion of cities are increasingly acute, the car-sharing service can be an attractive complement for other means of transportation. For it, this type of service must ensure a high level of temporal and spatial availability. For the managers of a car-sharing service it means an efficient management of the existing system and for the local authorities it means the study of the opportunities of its extension. This work proposes to the decision makers an approach of aid to the extension of the service based on the modeling of the preferences of the potential users.
Living and Mobility - Blue Angel 3 with SAM for a Demonstration Platform of V2G
Authors: Haerri V. V. , Schweizer P.
Published: May 2018

The development of the Blue-Angel light HEV started already in its 1st generation in 1992. In 2006, the 3rd generation redesign, first as a HEV and later on as a full EV with range extender, was started. The current design-concept is presented in this paper. Emphasis is put on the energy storage integration with a so called SAM2 storage 3rd generation which stands in communication with the energy management of the appropriate building. This paper presents the integration of Blue-Angel in the strategic field of research "living and mobility" of CC IIEE1 of the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts as well as the V2G concept. In this concept, PHEVs and EVs can be utilized for harnessing renewable energy and for providing power for both residential and commercial customers. The amount and the direction of power flow amongst the sub-systems, which include the grid, renewable energy sources, household load and Blue- Angel is part of a new management system. The proposed system is an open and universal platform and is expected to gain popularity amongst both commercial and residential users interested in resolving the global energy crisis. The system components will be demonstrated in a show-area platform of the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts in Horw-Lucerne as well as in a local utility.
Electrochemical performance and kinetics of LiFePO4/C cathode in a low-temperature electrolyte
Authors: Yao Jingwen , Wu Feng , Wu Borong , Qiu Xinping , Yang Chunwei , Li Ning
Published: May 2018

The electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C cathode in a carbonate-based electrolyte (1.0M LiPF6/EC-DMC-PC-FEC) was tested in coin type cells at low temperatures. The discharge capacities of the LiFePO4/C cathode were about 161.6mAh/g (20℃), 141.4mAh/g (-10℃) and 112.9mAh/g (-20℃) at 0.1C charge-discharge rate. The electrode kinetics of LiFePO4/C cathode was determined at different temperatures using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The analyses demonstrate that the sluggish of charge-transfer reaction on the LiFePO4/C-electrolyte interface and the dramatic decrease in lithium ion diffusivity in the bulk LiFePO4/C material were the key performance limiting factors at low temperature.
MLS TESTING OF VRLA BATTERIES USING PSEUDO RANDOM BINARY SEQUENCES (PRBS)
Authors: Fairweather A.J. , Foster M.P. , Stone D.A.
Published: May 2018

Non-intrusive methods of establishing battery state offer distinct advantages to systems where complex charge and discharge profiles make implementation of conventional battery state reporting difficult. Furthermore, examination of equivalent circuit parameters for batteries and cells offers potential opportunities for State-of-Charge (SoC) and State-of-Health (SoH) reporting, irrespective of historic charge and discharge events. This paper expands the use of maximum length sequences as tools for parameter estimation within electrochemical cells, to seek to identify performance indicators within batteries. In order to facilitate this identification, Randles' model is used with Pseudo Random Binary Sequences (PRBS) as the excitation signal within the test system for the batteries being examined. Design of these sequences for experimental analysis is discussed, leading to application in the described test system, employing a monopolar current signal in order to apply the perturbation to the subject battery. Battery impedance is investigated using a frequency domain approach, leading to characteristic impedance spectra being produced for the test batteries. The experimental results obtained allow parameters to be established, and verification against conventional battery test methods, and a sampled data model, is carried out.This analysis is used to present characteristics which can be subsequently used to inform the design of SoC and SoH algorithms, in order to develop online systems for evaluating these batteries.
Simulation and Comparison of HEV Battery Control for Best Fuel Economy and Longer Battery Life
Authors: Adel Boukehili , Youtong Zhang , Shuai Sun
Published: May 2018

Almost all HEV battery control strategies keep the battery state of charge (SOC) within a lower limit (SOCmin) (these strategies also called charge sustaining strategies). The goal from sustaining the SOC in this way is to prolong the battery life. But the question is; what is the optimal value of (SOCmin) for a battery, to achieve best fuel economy and longer battery life at the same time?; knowing that when (SOCmin) is too low (around SOCmin=0.2) we get good fuel economy per one speed cycle but the battery dies soon and cannot perform a lot of cycles, but when (SOCmin) is high (around SOCmin=0.8) the battery can survive for a larger number of speed cycle but with poor fuel economy per cycle. The objective of this paper is to propose a method to investigate and solve this problem by simulation using Simulink environment; we used the manufacture’s data of a Ni-MH battery, empiric equations, and appropriate control strategy to find the optimal value of (SOCmin). The study shows that, for best fuel economy per one cycle; the (SOCmin) value must be as small as possible, for longer battery life; the (SOCmin) value is about (SOCmin=0.85) and for the optimal case (which is the total improvement brought by the battery from first time use until its end of life); the optimal (SOCmin) value is about (SOCmin=0.7).
The Electrochemical Behavior of LiFePO4/C Cathode Materials Doped with Antimony
Authors: Fey George Ting-Kuo , Peng Po-Yu , Huang Kai-Pin , Lin Yi-Chuan , Cho Yung-Da , Kao Hsien-Ming
Published: May 2018

LiFePO4 is considered as a practical cathode material because of low raw materials’ cost, excellent thermal safety, environmental friendliness, and long operational life, despite obstacles such as low tap density, low electric conductivity and slow lithium-ion diffusion. To overcome these problems, we used an antimonyion doping method to synthesize LiFePO4/C with sebacic acid as a carbon source by a high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The effects of antimony concentration, sebacic acid content, calcination temperature, and calcination time on cell performance were investigated. After Sb3+ doping, LiFePO4 was converted to a p-type semiconductor and demonstrated greater electric conductivity of about 10-3 S cm-1. The 1.0 mol.% Sb-doped LiFePO4/C synthesized with 36 wt.% sebacic acid delivered an initial discharge capacity of 154 mAh g-1 at a 0.2 C-rate between 4.0-2.8 V. The doped cathode materials were further characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques for structural analysis and confirmation.
A new one dimensional steady state model for PEM fuel cell
Authors: Zhu Cong , Li Xinghu
Published: May 2018

In consideration of the thermodynamic parameters of reactants changed along the channel, a new calculation method for the output voltage of PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell was introduced in this paper based on the empirical equations. Then a one dimension steady state model for PEM fuel was established based on this new calculation method. Simulation studies on the distributions of the partial pressure of gases and current density along the channel were implemented with the model. The simulation results showed that, increasing the pressure of inlet gases can increase the partial pressure differences among the sections of the channel, which would deteriorate the uniformity of current density along the channel; A proper increment of the stoichiometric ratio of inlet gases can alleviate the spatial variations of the parameters of reactants, and the uniformity of current density can be improved by such alleviation. In order to validate the effectiveness of the model, the comparison between simulation results and known experimental data was conducted, which indicates that the presented model has proper accuracy.