bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Row Width Affects Weed Management in Type II Black Bean
Authors: Holmes Ryan C. , Sprague Christy L.
Published: March 2013

Field studies were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at two locations in Michigan to examine the effect of row width and herbicide combination on weed suppression and yield in the new Type II black bean variety ‘Zorro.' Black bean was planted in 38- and 76-cm rows. Six weed control strategies were examined:S-metolachlor + halosulfuron (PRE),S-metolachlor (PRE) followed by (fb) bentazon + fomesafen (POST), halosulfuron (PRE) fb clethodim (+ fomesafen at one site in one year) (POST), imazamox + bentazon (POST), a weed-free control, and a nontreated control. Weed control and crop injury were evaluated throughout the growing season. In addition, weeds were counted by species in late July, and weed biomass was harvested and weighed at the end of the season. Black bean yield was obtained by direct harvest. Narrow rows reduced weed populations in two of the four site–year combinations (referred to hereafter as site–years), reduced weed biomass in three of the four site–years, and often improved control of upright broadleaf weeds. All herbicide combinations generally reduced weed populations and biomass, but control of specific weeds was variable. Crop injury was generally slight and transient. Yield was greater in narrow rows in two of the four site–years. All herbicide combinations increased yield compared with the nontreated control and resulted in similar yields to one another. Yield and weed suppression was often maximized in narrow rows, while herbicide performance varied by year and weed spectrum.
POST Control of Carolina Redroot (Lachnanthes caroliniana)
Authors: Meyers Stephen L. , Jennings Katherine M. , Monks David W. , Ballington James R. , Jordan David L.
Published: March 2013

Greenhouse studies were conducted in 2012 in Raleigh, NC to determine Carolina redroot control by ten POST herbicides. Paraquat and glufosinate provided the greatest control 14 (73 and 64%, respectively) and 25 d (82 and 68%, respectively) after treatment (DAT), but control declined between 25 and 63 DAT (72 and 59%, respectively). Glyphosate provided minimal control 14 DAT (18%), and control increased from 14 to 25 DAT (46%) and 25 to 63 DAT (69%). Control of Carolina redroot roots and rhizomes (roots/rhizomes) was greatest in plants treated with paraquat (91%), glyphosate (88%), glufosinate (73%), hexazinone (62%), diuron (60%). Nontreated Carolina redroot shoot and root/rhizome dry weight were 8.3 and 7.6 g, respectively. Paraquat, glufosinate, glyphosate, and diuron reduced both shoot and root/rhizome dry weight (3.1 and 0.7 g, 5.1 and 2.7 g, 5.4 and 1.0, 5.7 and 1.6 g, respectively). Hexazinone reduced root/rhizome dry weight (2.7 g). Fomesafen reduced shoot dry weight (6.1 g), but did not reduce root/rhizome dry weight. Paraquat, glufosinate, glyphosate, hexazinone, diuron, and clopyralid treatments resulted in reduced incidence of Carolina redroot flowering and anthesis.
Effect of Coapplied Glyphosate, Pyrithiobac, Pendimethalin, orS-Metolachlor on Cotton Injury, Growth, and Yield
Authors: Stephenson Daniel O. , Bond Jason A. , Landry Randall L. , Edwards H. Matthew
Published: March 2013

Field studies were conducted in Louisiana and Mississippi in 2009 and 2010 to evaluate coapplications of glyphosate, pyrithiobac, and residual herbicides on growth and yield of glyphosate-resistant cotton. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of glyphosate (0 and 860 g ae ha−1), pyrithiobac (0 and 470 g ai ha−1), and two residual herbicides (pendimethalin [1,120 g ai ha−1],S-metolachlor [1,070 g ai ha−1], and no residual herbicide). Cotton injury was greatest 3 d after treatment (DAT) and decreased at each evaluation interval until 28 DAT when pyrithiobac was coapplied with glyphosate. Cotton injury ranged from 4 to 17% through 14 DAT when pyrithiobac was applied alone (no residual herbicide) or with pendimethalin, but injury decreased to ≤ 3% after 14 DAT. Cotton injury 3 to 21 DAT following pyrithiobac plusS-metolachlor ranged from 4 to 31%, butS-metolachlor alone injured cotton 1 to 7%. When pyrithiobac was included, cotton injury followingS-metolachlor was 3 to 15% greater than that following pendimethalin from 3 to 14 DAT. Pendimethalin did not reduce plant height at 21 or 42 DAT compared with treatments receiving no residual herbicide, butS-metolachlor reduced plant heights 5 and 4% at 21 and 42 DAT, respectively. Although cotton injury was severe in some cases and persisted until 21 DAT, the injury did not cause reductions in yield. This indicates the early-season cotton injury was transient, and cotton was able to recover from the injury with no observed differences in yield.
Assessment of Weed Management Practices and Problem Weeds in the Midsouth United States—Soybean: A Consultant's Perspective
Authors: Riar Dilpreet S. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Steckel Lawrence E. , Stephenson Daniel O. , Eubank Thomas W. , Scott Robert C.
Published: March 2013

Soybean consultants from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee were surveyed by direct mail and by on-farm visits in fall 2011 to assess weed management practices and the prevalence of weed species in midsouth U.S. soybean. These consultants represented 15, 21, 5, and 10% of total soybean planted in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, respectively, in 2011. Collectively, 93% of the total scouted area in these four states was planted with glyphosate-resistant (RR) soybean. The adoption of glufosinate-resistant (LL) soybean was greatest in Arkansas (12%), followed by Tennessee (4%), Mississippi (2%), and Louisiana (< 1%). Only 17% of the RR soybean was treated solely with glyphosate, compared with 35% of LL soybean treated solely with glufosinate. Across four states, average cost of herbicides in RR and LL soybean systems was US$78 and US$91 ha−1, respectively. Collectively across states, total scouted area under conventional tillage was 42%, stale seedbed was 37%, and no-tillage was 21%. Palmer amaranth and morningglories were the most problematic weeds in all four states. Additionally, barnyardgrass and horseweed were the third most problematic weeds of Arkansas and Tennessee, respectively, and Italian ryegrass was the third most problematic weed in Louisiana and Mississippi. Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth infested fewer fields in Louisiana (16% of fields) than it did in the remaining three states (54% collectively). Average Palmer amaranth hand-weeding costs in the midsouth was US$59 ha−1. Three-fourths of the midsouth consultants stipulated the need for continued research and education focused on management of glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-tolerant weed species.
Management trade‐off between aboveground carbon storage and understory plant species richness in temperate forests
Authors: Burton Julia I. , Ares Adrian , Olson Deanna H. , Puettmann Klaus J.
Published: March 2013

Because forest ecosystems have the capacity to store large quantities of carbon (C), there is interest in managing forests to mitigate elevated CO2 concentrations and associated effects on the global climate. However, some mitigation techniques may contrast with management strategies for other goals, such as maintaining and restoring biodiversity. Forest thinning reduces C storage in the overstory and recruitment of detrital C. These C stores can affect environmental conditions and resource availability in the understory, driving patterns in the distribution of early and late‐seral species. We examined the effects of replicated (N = 7) thinning experiments on aboveground C and understory vascular plant species richness, and we contrasted relationships between aboveground C and early‐ vs. late‐seral species richness. Finally, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine relationships among early‐ and late‐seral species richness and live and detrital aboveground C stores.

Six years following thinning, aboveground C was greater in the high‐density treatment and untreated control than in moderate‐ (MD) and variable‐density (VD) treatments as a result of reductions in live overstory C. In contrast, all thinning treatments increased species richness relative to controls. Between the growing seasons of years 6 and 11 following treatments, the live overstory C increment tended to increase with residual density, while richness decreased in MD and VD treatments. The richness of early‐seral species was negatively related to aboveground C in MD and VD, while late‐seral species richness was positively (albeit weakly) related to aboveground C. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed strong negative effects of live overstory C on early‐seral species richness balanced against weaker positive effects on late‐seral species richness, as well as positive effects of detrital C stocks. A trade‐off between carbon and plant species richness thus emerges as a net result of these relationships among species traits, thinning treatments, and live and detrital C storage. Integrating C storage with traditional conservation objectives may require managing this trade‐off within stands and landscapes (e.g., maintain early‐seral habitat and species within dense, C‐rich forests and, conversely, live and detrital C stores in early‐seral habitats) or separating these goals across scales and species groupings.
Pimozide Inhibits the AcrAB-TolC Efflux Pump in Escherichia coli
Authors: Bohnert Jürgen A , Schuster Sabine , Kern Winfried V
Published: March 2013

Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) are attractive compounds to reverse multidrug-resistance in clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. In this study we tested the ability of the neuroleptic drug pimozide to inhibit the Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, whose overproduction confers resistance to various antimicrobial agents. A real-time Nile red efflux assay in the AcrAB – overproducing strain 3-AG100 revealed that pimozide was capable of full inhibition of this pump at a concentration of 100 µM, which is far below its intrinsic MIC (>1mM). However, MIC assay demonstrated very little effect of pimozide with regard to reduction in MICs of various antimicrobial compounds.

Only oxacillin MICs were reduced twofold in the presence of pimozide at 100 and 200 µM.

Since pimozide did considerably enhance accumulation of ethidium bromide in a fluorescence assay, ethidium bromide MIC assays in the presence and absence of this putative EPI were performed. They revealed that pimozide was able to reduce the MICs of ethidium bromide by 4-fold. In line with previous reports we suggest that the capability of EPIs to restore the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents can be highly substrate-specific due to different substrate binding sites.
Crystalographic and structural characterization of heterometallic platinum compounds. Part III: heterotrinuclear compounds
Authors: Melník Milan , Mikuš Peter , Holloway Clive
Published: March 2013

This review article includes over three hundred and sixty heterotrinuclear platinum complexes of the composition Pt2M (205 examples), PtM2 (132 examples) and PtMM (24 examples). The heterometals include the non-transition and transition metals. Three metal atoms form a wide variability of frameworks: M3 triangular, dicapped M3 triangular, V shaped M3, M3 linear, five-, six- and seven- metallocycles and unique structures of which triangular and linear are the most common. This has led to a rich chemistry of platinum not only from variability of metals, but also from their framework and stereochemistry. The shortest Pt-M (non-transition) and Pt-M (transition) bonds are 2.315(1) Å for Pt-Ga and 2.4896(9) Å for Pt-Co. The shortest Pt-Pt bond distance is 2.581(1) Å. Two complexes exist in two isomeric forms and several others contain crystallographically independent molecules. All are typical examples of distortion isomerism. Correlations between structural parameters, heterometal and ligand donor atoms are developed and discussed.
Determination of H2S and HCl concentration limits in the fuel for anode supported SOFC operation
Authors: Błesznowski Marcin , Jewulski Janusz , Zieleniak Agata
Published: March 2013

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electric generator, operating based on electrochemical reaction converting gaseous fuel to electricity and heat. It is characterized by the high electrical efficiency of up to 70% with cogeneration and negligible emission of pollutants. Syngas from the biomass gasification is considered to be a possible fuel for solid oxide fuel cell systems. However, high level of contaminants such as H2S, HCl, alkali metals, tars and particulates, in addition to possibility of carbon deposition and high temperature gradients due to internal reforming of hydrocarbons requires cleaning and conditioning of the syngas stream. The current status of the effect of contaminants on the SOFC performance has been reviewed and effects of single contaminants (H2S, HCl) has been tested. It has been found that anode supported solid oxide fuel cell (AS-SOFC) with Ni/YSZ cermet anode can tolerate up to 1 ppm H2S and up to 10 ppm HCl without significant performance degradation.
Constructing universal graphs for induced-hereditary graph properties
Authors: Broere Izak , Heidema Johannes , Mihók Peter
Published: March 2013

Rado constructed a (simple) denumerable graph R with the positive integers as vertex set with the following edges: For given m and n with m < n, m is adjacent to n if n has a 1 in the m’th position of its binary expansion. It is well known that R is a universal graph in the set I of all countable graphs (since every graph in I is isomorphic to an induced subgraph of R).

In this paper we describe a general recursive construction which proves the existence of a countable universal graph for any induced-hereditary property of countable general graphs. A general construction of a universal graph for the set of finite graphs in a product of properties of graphs is also presented.

The paper is concluded by a comparison between the two types of construction of universal graphs.
On the computation of the Picard group for certain singular quartic surfaces
Authors: Elsenhans Andreas-Stephan , Jahnel Jörg
Published: March 2013

We test the methods for computing the Picard group of a K3 surface in a situation of high rank. The examples chosen are resolutions of quartics in P
3 having 14 singularities of type A
1. Our computations show that the method of R. van Luijk works well when sufficiently large primes are used.
On the uniform strong Lusin condition
Authors: Sworowski Piotr
Published: March 2013

Assume that f is a function defined on some interval I ⊂ ℝm. Literature offers several equivalences of the type: f has a property P (like absolute continuity, bounded variation, etc.) on I if and only if f has P on each (closed) null subset of I. Such results feature a pretty important role in the integration theory. We make a brief review of these results and then provide an example showing that they can break down if considered in the uniform version, that is, for sequences of functions instead of a particular function.
Oscillation criteria for nonlinear neutral functional dynamic equations on time scales
Authors: Kubiaczyk I. , Saker S. , Sikorska-Nowak A.
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we establish some new sufficient conditions for oscillation of the second-order neutral functional dynamic equation $$\left[ {r\left( t \right)\left[ {m\left( t \right)y\left( t \right) + p\left( t \right)y\left( {\tau \left( t \right)} \right)} \right]^\Delta } \right]^\Delta + q\left( t \right)f\left( {y\left( {\delta \left( t \right)} \right)} \right) = 0$$ on a time scale $$\mathbb{T}$$ which is unbounded above, where m, p, q, r, T and δ are real valued rd-continuous positive functions defined on $$\mathbb{T}$$. The main investigation of the results depends on the Riccati substitutions and the analysis of the associated Riccati dynamic inequality. The results complement the oscillation results for neutral delay dynamic equations and improve some oscillation results for neutral delay differential and difference equations. Some examples illustrating our main results are given.
Manuscript submission: expectations and constraints
Authors: Badhu BP
Published: March 2013

Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):1-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7813
Outcome of conjunctival autograft sutured with polyamide black sutures in pterygium surgery
Authors: Kavitha CV
Published: March 2013

Introduction: Pterygium excision with conjunctival autografting is the most effective way of treating pterygium with the least recurrence rate. The sutures which can be used to suture the conjunctival autograft are absorbable polyglactin 10-0 sutures or nonabsorbable polyamide 10-0 sutures. The polyamide sutures are inert, elicit minimal acute inflammatory reaction, do not support infection and allow easy removal without tissue adherence. They are very cost-effective compared to polyglactin sutures. Objective: This study was aimed to assess the efficacy of the cost-effective polyamide sutures in terms of patient comfort, graft stability, need for suture removal and recurrence. Materials and methods: In this prospective, non-comparative study, 56 eyes of 56 patients with primary pterygium underwent pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft transplantation sutured with 10-0 polyamide black sutures. The patients’ comfort, graft stability, need for suture removal and recurrence were assessed within a mean follow- up period of 28.75 months (range 47 - 14 months). Results: Mild discomfort was found in 14 (25 %) patients for up to 3 weeks, moderate discomfort in 8 (14.2 %) for up to 1 week, no patients had severe discomfort beyond the first day, and all patients were comfortable at the end of the sixth post-operative week. The graft was stable in all patients. Nine sutures in 5 patients out of 392 sutures in 56 patients, that is, 2.29 % of the sutures, needed to be removed at the end of the sixth post-operative week. Two patients, or 3.57 %, had a recurrence. Conclusion: In pterygium surgery, suturing the conjunctival autograft with cost-effective polyamide black sutures is efficient and safe. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):94-99 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7833
Monocanalicular repair using angiocatheter tube as a stent in a young patient in a rural setup
Authors: Tathe S , Dhaytadak P
Published: March 2013

Introduction: Ocular injuries commonly involve the lacrimal system. Case: A 14-year-old male had an eyelid injury with a canalicular tear. An angiocatheter tube was used as a stent for canalicular reconstruction. The focus of this report is on the method used, as well as the material for the repair in a rural hospital. Conclusion: Angiocatheter tube can be a suitable alternative to silicone tube for canalicular repair. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):106-108 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7835
Use of amniotic membrane and autologous serum eye drops in Mooren’s ulcer
Authors: Lavaju P , Sharma M , Sharma A , Chettri S
Published: March 2013

Introduction: The management of Mooren’s ulcer can be a challenge for clinicians. Objective: To report a case of Mooren’s ulcer treated with amniotic membrane transplantation supplemented with autologous serum eye drops. Case report: A 22-year-old male presented with history of pain, redness, watering and diminution of vision of the right eye for one year. Examination of his eyes revealed the best corrected visual acuity ( BCVA) of 6\60 and 6\6 in his right and left eyes respectively. Slit -lamp examination of the right eye showed a peripheral ulcer extending from 2’0 to 11’0 clock positions with peripheral thinning and the features suggestive of Mooren’s ulcer. The condition did not improve with topical steroids and cyclosporine A eye drops. Therefore, 360 degree conjunctival peritomy with cauterization of the base was performed. Since there was no obvious improvement, the amniotic membrane transplantation was done with supplementation of autologous serum eye drops 20% four times a day. The patient showed symptomatic improvement in a week. There was cessation of the progression of the ulcer and decreased vascularization. One month later, a small corneal perforation was noted and was managed well with cyanoacrylate glue and bandage contact lens application. At nine months of follow up, the patient was symptomatically better, the ulcer had healed, the vascularization had decreased and the anterior chamber was well formed. Conclusion: Amniotic membrane transplantation showed to be promising in treatment of Mooren’s ulcer refractory to immunosuppressive therapy. Addition of autologous serum eye drops seems to be an effective supplementary therapy. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):120-123 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7839
Bilateral Sturge Weber Syndrome- a rare case report
Authors: Singh P , Singh S
Published: March 2013

Background: Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare congenital neuro- oculo- cutaneous disorder. Objective: To report a very rare unusual case of bilateral manifestation of Sturge Weber syndrome. Case: We report an unusual case of a 17-year-old female with advanced stage of bilateral glaucoma associated with facial nevus extending to the other half of the face as well and bilateral intracranial calcification. Conclusion: Sturge -Weber syndrome can manifest as a bilateral condition. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):129-132 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7841
Ptosis: a rare presentation of ocular cysticercosis
Authors: Labh RK , Sharma AK
Published: March 2013

Background: Cysticercosis is a common parasitic infection involving multiple systems and caused by Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of the cestode, Taenia solium. The humans become infected by ingesting its eggs from contaminated food. Here, we present a case of ocular cysticercosis which presented with mild pain, ptosis, inflammation of upper eyelid and slightly restricted ocular motility. Case: A twelve-year-old girl presented with mild pain, unilateral ptosis and inflammation of the right upper eyelid for seven months. There was no history of diurnal variation and trauma. There was neither protrusion of the eyeball nor any mass was palpable in periorbital area. Visual acuity in both the eyes was normal. Periocular and ocular examination revealed a slightly restricted ocular motility in the right upward gaze and a reduced vertical fissure height a with good levator palpebrae function. The Bell’s phenomenon was good. The magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit showed an intra-conal retro-orbital mass involving the superior rectus muscle of the right eye suggestive of ocular cysticercosis. The orbital sonogram revealed a cystic lesion in the superior rectus muscle with an echogenic intramural nodule. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum antibodies against the cysticercus was positive. The ptosis improved with a therapeutic trial of albendazole and oral steroids for 6 weeks. Conclusion: Extra-ocular cysticercosis can be treated with oral steroid and albendazole. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):133-135 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7842
Fiscal Policy, Returns to Skills, and Canada-US Migration: Evidence from the Late 1990s
Authors: Hunt Gary L. , Mueller Richard E.
Published: March 2013

Dans cet article, nous présentons un modèle logit hiérarchique des migrations entre 59 régions du Canada et des États-Unis que nous avons conçu grâce à plus de 70 000 microdonnées portant sur les travailleurs de tous les déciles de la répartition des compétences que comportaient les recensements canadiens et américains de 2000/2001, puis nous faisons des estimations et des simulations. En combinant les données individuelles et et les données régionales, nous pouvons analyser les effets des différences de politiques fiscales des deux pays sur les migrations des travailleurs. Comme nous savons quels sont les travailleurs hautement qualifiés, nous pouvons simuler les effets que des changements en matière d’impôt (en présupposant des budgets équilibrés) auraient autant sur la tendance des individus à migrer que sur l’importance des courants migratoires. Ces simulations suggèrent qu’une augmentation du rendement des compétences après impôt au Canada ainsi que la réduction, au niveau moyen américain, du taux moyen d’imposition canadien (avec compensation des réductions des dépenses pour maintenir la neutralité budgétaire) réduiraient effectivement les migrations vers les États-Unis, particulièrement parmi les travailleurs hautement qualifiés. Toutefois, les réductions des taux d’imposition et des dépenses publiques nécessaires pour produire ce résultat étant relativement élevées, cela soulèverait des questions touchant des politiques publiques importantes dans d’autres domaines.
The Use and Effectiveness of Fiscal Rules in Canadian Provinces
Authors: Tapp Stephen
Published: March 2013

Dans cet article, j’analyse, à l’aide de diverses méthodes empiriques (régressions sur des données recueillies au moyen d’un panel, variables instrumentales, estimateurs par doubles différences), les règles budgétaires utilisées par les gouvernements provinciaux du Canada de 1981 à 2007. Les résultats indiquent que le type de règles est important, puisque, en moyenne durant la période, les règles d’équilibre budgétaire et les règles relatives à la dette ont été efficaces, alors que les règles relatives aux recettes et aux dépenses ne l’ont pas été. Plus précisément, les estimations par points préférés ont permis d’associer aux règles d’équilibre budgétaire une amélioration des équilibres budgétaires de 0,8 point de pourcentage du PIB ainsi qu’une amélioration des rapports dette-PIB de 1,5 point de pourcentage aux règles relatives à la dette, en moyenne.
Historiography and Cross-cultural Research into African Indigenous Christianity (AIC): A Challenge to Human Dignity
Authors: Müller Retief
Published: March 2013

Contemporary South Africa remains a divided country. Interracial tension still characterises much of the public discourse. Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu's vision of a harmonious Rainbow Nation has not yet been realised. One question emerging out of this context concerns the ways in which white South Africans could or could not relate with integrity to black concerns. African Indigenous Christianity remains one aspect of the black social context which is largely unfamiliar to whites. In the interest of nation building there is a strong incentive for increased awareness regarding the lives of others across the various dividing barriers. However, due to the unequal nature of past intercultural interactions, bridging this gap is not easy. This article argues that cross-cultural research could be done to the promotion of human dignity if the research process forms part of a process of hybridisation or transformation of the researcher towards an appreciation of human dignity as shared humanity.
Celtic initial mutation: pattern extraction and subcategorisation
Authors: Hannahs S.J.
Published: March 2013

In this paper I argue that initial consonant mutation in the Celtic languages does not involve synchronically derived phonological alternation, nor is it the product of full lexical listing of alternant wordforms. Rather, Celtic initial mutation involves associations of consonants represented in the lexicon which relate a specific initial consonant of a radical form to its associated mutation reflexes. Together with subcategorisation, which ensures that the correct mutation reflex of a wordform appears in the correct environment, the appropriate initial consonant is selected from an association of consonants extracted by the speaker from the recurring patterns in the language. It is these consonant associations, not full alternant wordforms, that are listed in the lexicon. The advantages to this approach are threefold: broad patterns are identified which full lexical listing obscures, the participation of neologisms in mutation is accounted for straightforwardly, and some of the motivation for diachronic reanalysis within the mutation system is made more apparent.
Expressive compounds in German
Authors: Meibauer Jörg
Published: March 2013

German adjectival and nominal compounds like ratten+scharf (‘rat sharp’) sau+schlecht, (‘sow bad’) Hammer+auftritt (‘hammer performance’), Arsch+gesicht (‘arse face’) contain meliorative or pejorative elements as part of their structure. The left-hand evaluative members of these compounds are usually considered as so-called semi-prefixes. Contrary to recent approaches within constructional morphology ( Booij 2009 , 2010 ), I will argue that these elements are still lexemes, but that they have undergone metaphorical extension. Evidence stems from the consideration of right-hand members like Kommunisten+schwein (‘communist pig’), which have never been considered as semi-suffixes in a similar way. The metaphorical meaning of these heads and non-heads is systematically connected with expressive meaning. It will be shown that the criteria for expressive meaning proposed by Potts (2007) by and large apply. Furthermore, I will argue against a possible analysis in terms of conventional implicature, as proposed by Williamson (2009 , 2010 ) with respect to the meanings of ethnical slur terms like spic.
Photobactericides—A Local Option against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Wainwright Mark , Amaral Leonard
Published: March 2013

The use of light-activated bactericidal agents—photobactericides—is suggested in local infection in order to conserve conventional antibacterials for more systemic disease. Local administration of a photobactericide such as methylene blue coupled with locally-targeted red light illumination ensures the production of non-specific reactive oxygen species and thus a rapid and localised antibacterial response, regardless of the conventional resistance status. To this end, the response of photobactericides to conventional resistance mechanisms, and their potential use in infection, is discussed.
Tracking Change: A Look at the Ecological Footprint of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Keen Patricia , Patrick David
Published: March 2013

Among the class of pollutants considered as ‘emerging contaminants’, antibiotic compounds including drugs used in medical therapy, biocides and disinfectants merit special consideration because their bioactivity in the environment is the result of their functional design. Antibiotics can alter the structure and function of microbial communities in the receiving environment and facilitate the development and spread of resistance in critical species of bacteria including pathogens. Methanogenesis, nitrogen transformation and sulphate reduction are among the key ecosystem processes performed by bacteria in nature that can also be affected by the impacts of environmental contamination by antibiotics. Together, the effects of the development of resistance in bacteria involved in maintaining overall ecosystem health and the development of resistance in human, animal and fish pathogens, make serious contributions to the risks associated with environmental pollution by antibiotics. In this brief review, we discuss the multiple impacts on human and ecosystem health of environmental contamination by antibiotic compounds.
MICAL, the Flavoenzyme Participating in Cytoskeleton Dynamics
Authors: Vanoni Maria , Vitali Teresa , Zucchini Daniela
Published: March 2013

MICAL (from the Molecule Interacting with CasL) indicates a family of recently discovered cytosolic, multidomain proteins, which uniquely couple an N-terminal FAD-containing monooxygenase-like domain to typical calponine homology, LIM and coiled-coil protein-interaction modules. Genetic and cell biology approaches have demonstrated an essential role of the catalytic activity of the monooxygenase-like domain in transducing the signal initiated by semaphorins interaction with their plexin receptors, which results in local actin cytoskeleton disassembly as part of fundamental processes that include differentiation, migration and cell-cell contacts in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. This review focuses on the structure-function relations of the MICAL monooxygenase-like domain as they are emerging from the available in vitro studies on mouse, human and Drosophila MICAL forms that demonstrated a NADPH-dependent actin depolymerizing activity of MICAL. With Drosophila MICAL forms, actin depolymerization was demonstrated to be associated to conversion of Met44 to methionine sulfone through a postulated hydroxylating reaction. Arguments supporting the concept that MICAL effect on F-actin may be reversible will be discussed.
Titanium-mediated reductive cross-coupling reactions of imines with terminal alkynes: An efficient route for the synthesis of stereodefined allylic amines
Authors: Mao Kebin , Fan Guoqin , Liu Yuanhong , Li Shi , You Xu , Liu Dan
Published: March 2013

Low-valency titanium species, generated in situ by using Ti(OiPr)4/2 c-C5H9MgCl reagent, react with imines to give a titanium-imine complex that can couple with terminal alkynes to provide azatitanacyclopentenes with excellent regioselectivity. Stereodefined allylic amines are obtained in good yields after hydrolysis or iodonolysis of the corresponding azatitanacyclopentenes. When ethynylcyclopropane is used as the coupling partner to react with imines in this reaction, the initially generated allylic amine undergoes an unexpected 1,3-amino migration on silica gel during the column chromatography.
Tools for Assessing Climate Impacts on Fish and Wildlife
Authors: Wilsey Chad B. , Lawler Joshua J. , Maurer Edwin P. , McKenzie Donald , Townsend Patricia A. , Gwozdz Richard , Freund James A. , Hagmann Keala , Hutten Karen M.
Published: March 2013

Climate change is already affecting many fish and wildlife populations. Managing these populations requires an understanding of the nature, magnitude, and distribution of current and future climate impacts. Scientists and managers have at their disposal a wide array of models for projecting climate impacts that can be used to build such an understanding. Here, we provide a broad overview of the types of models available for forecasting the effects of climate change on key processes that affect fish and wildlife habitat (hydrology, fire, and vegetation), as well as on individual species distributions and populations. We present a framework for how climate-impacts modeling can be used to address management concerns, providing examples of model-based assessments of climate impacts on salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest, fire regimes in the boreal region of Canada, prairies and savannas in the Willamette Valley-Puget Sound Trough-Georgia Basin ecoregion, and marten Martes americana populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. We also highlight some key limitations of these models and discuss how such limitations should be managed. We conclude with a general discussion of how these models can be integrated into fish and wildlife management.
Health information systems to improve health care: A telemedicine case study
Authors: Cilliers Liezel , Flowerday Stephen V.
Published: March 2013

Background: E-health has been identified as an integral part of the future of South African public healthcare. Telemedicine was first introduced in South Africa in 1997 and since then the cost of running the Telemedicine projects has increased substantially. Despite these efforts to introduce the system, only 34% of the Telemedicine sites in South Africa are functional at present.Objectives: Literature has suggested that one of the barriers to the successful implementation of health information systems is the user acceptance by health care workers of systems such as Telemedicine. This study investigated the user acceptance of Telemedicine in the public health care system in the Eastern Cape Province, making use of the Unified Theory of the Use and Acceptance of Technology.Method: The study employed a quantitative survey approach. A questionnaire was developed making use of existing literature and was distributed to various clinics around the province where Telemedicine has been implemented. Statistics were produced making use of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).Results: In general, the health care workers did understand the value and benefit of health information systems to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the health care system. The barriers to the effective implementation of a health information system include the lack of knowledge and the lack of awareness regarding the Telemedicine system. This in turn means that the user is apprehensive when making use of the system thus contributing to less frequent usage.Conclusion: Health care workers do acknowledge that information systems can help to increase the effectiveness of the health care system. In general, the acceptance of Telemedicine in the Eastern Cape Department of Health is positive, but in order to integrate it into standard work practices, more must be done with regards to the promotion and education of telemedicine.
A bolha especulativa e a produção de espaço residencial nos Estados Unidos
Authors: Ortigoza Silvia Aparecida Guarnieri , Crioni Renato
Published: March 2013

Nos últimos meses têm se noticiado a respeito de uma bolha especulativa imobiliária global. O presente artigo busca refletir sobre esta produção e consumo do espaço na forma-mercadoria, com destaque para a conjuntura norte-americana, muito além da demanda efetiva. Este estudo relaciona o fenômeno atual com a história recente do desenvolvimento capitalista, o esgotamento do regime de acumulação fordista, a transição para a produção flexível e as conseqüentes contradições expressas na desvinculação entre a produção de bens e serviços e a geração de capital fictício. Destaca-se aqui a importância da atual produção de espaço, como expressão de capital fictício, em relação às necessidades das esferas produtivas da economia global.
How Are We Educating Agricultural Students? A National Profile of Leadership Capacities and Involvement in College Compared To NonAgricultural Peers
Authors: Rosch David M. , Coers Natalie
Published: March 2013

Given the importance of leadership development within the various agricultural professions, a national sample (n=461) of students with agriculture-related majors from 55 colleges was compared to a similarly-sized random peer group from the same institutions. The data were analyzed to compare the agricultural student sample to their peers with respect to a variety of social identities (e.g. race, gender, political leanings); high school and college involvement and leadership positions held within cocurricular activities and organizations; and scores from several measures of leadership-related outcomes. These outcomes included socially responsible leadership practices, leadership efficacy, social change behaviors, cognitive complexity, and the degree to which students participate in socio-cultural discussions. Findings suggest that while agricultural students display similar levels of involvement and leadership in high school and higher levels in college, they do not make some of the same leadership outcome gains in college as the comparison population. These findings hold important implications for the way agricultural educators structure classroom environments and how they advise student organizations.
The Effect of Human Capital on Principals’ Decisions to Interview Candidates in Agricultural Education: Implications for Pre-service Teachers
Authors: Robinson J. Shane , Baker Marshall A.
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this experimental study was to determine which factors of human capital were valued most by principals regarding their decisions to interview candidates, based on teacher resumes. The findings of this study point to the fact that principals desire teachers who are academically rigorous. That is, they desire teachers who have strong grade point averages, have been recognized in honor societies for their academics, and have taken elevated, rigorous coursework above and beyond what a typical agricultural education major would be required to take. The sex and certification route of teacher candidates had no bearing on principals’ decision to offer an interview to the candidates. The fact that principals placed little value on certification type is concerning. It is recommended that this study be replicated in other states across the country to determine the prototypical agriculture teacher. It is assumed that the needs will vary from state to state. However, additional research is needed in this area
Sub-Antarctic marine aerosol: significant contributions from biogenic sources
Authors: Schmale J. , Schneider J. , Nemitz E. , Tang Y. S. , Dragosits U. , Blackall T. D. , Trathan P. N. , Phillips G. J. , Sutton M. , Braban C. F.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Biogenic influences on the composition and characteristics of aerosol were investigated on Bird Island (54°00' S, 38°03' W) in the South Atlantic during November and December 2010. This remote marine environment is characterised by large seabird and seal colonies. The chemical composition of the submicron particles, measured by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), was 21% non-sea salt sulfate 2% nitrate, 7% ammonium, 22% organics and 47% sea salt including sea salt sulfate. A new method to isolate the sea salt signature from the high-resolution AMS data was applied. Generally, the aerosol was found to be less acidic than in other marine environments due to the high availability of ammonia, from local fauna emissions. By positive matrix factorisation five different organic aerosol (OA) profiles could be isolated: an amino acids/amine factor (AA-OA, 18% of OA mass), a methanesulfonic acid OA factor (MSA-OA, 25%), a marine oxygenated OA factor (M-OOA, 40%), a sea salt OA fraction (SS-OA, 7%) and locally produced hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA, 9%). The AA-OA was dominant during the first two weeks of November and found to be related with the hatching of penguins in a nearby colony. This factor, rich in nitrogen (C : N ratio = 0.13), has implications for the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen in the area as particulate matter is often transported over longer distances than gaseous N-rich compounds. The MSA-OA was mainly transported from more southerly latitudes where phytoplankton bloomed. The bloom was identified as one of three sources for particulate sulfate on Bird Island, next to sea salt sulfate and sulfate transported from South America. M-OOA was the dominant organic factor and found to be similar to marine OA observed at Mace Head, Ireland. An additional OA factor highly correlated with sea salt aerosol was identified (SS-OA). However, based on the available data the type of mixture, internal or external, could not be determined. Potassium was not associated to sea salt particles during 19% of the time, indicating the presence of biogenic particles in addition to the MSA-OA and AA-OA factors.
Forcing of dissolved organic carbon release by phytoplankton by anticyclonic mesoscale eddies in the subtropical NE Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Lasternas S. , Piedeleu M. , Sangrà P. , Duarte C. M. , Agustí S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The organic carbon fluxes mediated by planktonic communities in two cyclonic eddies (CEs) and two anticyclonic eddies (AEs) at the Canary Eddy Corridor were studied and compared with the dynamics in two far-field (FF) stations located outside the eddies. We observed favorable conditions and signs for upwelling at the center of CEs and for downwelling and mixing at the centers of AEs. CEs were characterized by a higher concentration of nutrients and the highest concentration of chlorophyll a (chl a), associated with the highest abundance of microphytoplankton and diatoms. AEs displayed concentrations of chl a values and nutrients similar to those at the FF stations, except for the highest ammonium concentration occurring at AE and a very low concentration of phosphorus at FF stations. AEs were transient systems characterized by an increasing abundance of picophytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria. While primary production was similar between the systems, the production of dissolved organic carbon (PDOC) was significantly higher in the AEs. Phytoplankton cell mortality was lowest in the CEs, and we found higher cell mortality rates at AE than at FF stations, despite similar chl a concentration. Environmental changes in the AEs have been significantly prejudicial to phytoplankton as indicated by higher phytoplankton cell mortality (60% of diatoms cells were dead) and higher cell lysis rates. The adverse conditions for phytoplankton associated with the early-stage anticyclonic systems, mainly triggered by active downwelling, resulted in higher cell mortality, forcing photosynthesized carbon to fuel the dissolved pool.
Sugars speed up the circle of life
Authors: Proveniers Marcel
Published: March 2013

By regulating the expression of key microRNA molecules, sugar levels in leaves control the transition from the juvenile to the adult form in plants.
Eye Anatomy
Authors: Zhu Jie , Zhang Ellean , Del Rio‐Tsonis Katia
Published: March 2013

Eyes are like windows to the outside world, but their intricacies and functionalities are far more extensive than those of any given glass window. They are able to capture, adjust, and transform light into a chemical code that only the brain can decipher. Each structure of the eye works in accord with the next – refracting, constricting, dilating and chemically reacting to convert patterns of light. This article uses the mammalian eye as a primary model and follows the path that light takes on its journey through the functional eye, detailing the essential components of one of the smallest, yet most complex organs in the body. Many have attempted to emulate its abilities, but even top‐of‐the‐line digital single lens reflex cameras dare not compare with the elegant, efficient design infused in this multifaceted unit of anatomical machinery.

Key Concepts:

Accommodation refers to the changing of the shape of the lens as a result of the constriction or relaxation of ciliary muscles, in order to adjust its optical power to see clearly in the near distance. This process is used to bring objects into focus.

Eyes are part of the central neuronal system exposed to environmental stimuli. It captures and processes light signals to form discernible images.

Phototransduction refers to the process that creates a change in a photoreceptor's membrane potential due to the absorption of a photon by a photopigment molecule.

Retina is the outgrowth of the brain composed of multiple types of neurons and supportive cells that converts light signal into electrochemical impulses that are transmitted to the processing centres in the brain to form discernible images.

Glial cells are supporting cells of the nervous system. They provide support and protection for neurons by holding them in place, supplying nutrients and oxygen, isolating them from each other and removing the debris of dead neurons.

Neurons are a group of cells that can be electrically excited to process and transmit information by electrical and chemical signalling. They are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
Ag/CNT‐catalyzed hydroamination of activated alkynes with aromatic amines
Authors: Liu Yi , Wu Guojie , Cui Yingde
Published: March 2013

As a nanoparticle support material, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide a certain potential activation of catalysis in heterogeneous catalytic organic reactions. Herein, an efficient Ag/CNT‐catalyzed synthesis of enamines via hydroamination of activated alkynes with aromatic amines has been described. This catalyst still retains catalytic activity after being recycled and reused three times. In addition, it represents a green and environmentally friendly process for preparation of enamines. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bifunctional Schiff base/Ti(IV) catalysts for enantioselective cyanoformylation of aldehydes with ethyl cyanoformate
Authors: Ji Nan , Yao Lin , He Wei , Li Yurong
Published: March 2013

A new bifunctional titanium/Schiff base catalyst was developed for the enantioselective cyanoformylation of aldehydes with ethyl cyanoformate. The reaction proceeded smoothly with a mild reaction condition to afford the cyanohydrin ethyl carbonates in high yields (up to 96%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 85% enantiomeric excess). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.