bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Évaluation des effets d’un cours d’éducation physique au quotidien sur le rendement académique et la condition physique des élèves du niveau primaire
Authors: Iancu Horia-Daniel , Bélanger Mathieu , Babineau Charles , LeBlanc Roger G. , Poulin-Nadeau Pier-Alexandre
Published: April 2014

L’objectif de cette étude de deux ans était d’évaluer l’impact de l’éducation physique quotidienne sur le rendement académique et sur la condition physique des élèves de deux écoles primaires du Nouveau-Brunswick. Comparativement à l’année précédente l’implantation du projet, la proportion d’élèves obtenant un niveau satisfaisant en français est demeurée pratiquement inchangée. En mathématiques, les scores ont légèrement diminués après une année, mais se sont ensuite réajustés pour revenir à un niveau semblable à celui précédent la mise en place du projet. En général, les filles et les garçons ont maintenu les améliorations de condition physique perçue après la première année d’implantation. De plus, la proportion d’élèves ayant atteint les recommandations pour une meilleure santé s’est améliorée dans chacun des tests de condition physique utilisés. Même en consacrant moins de temps aux matières académiques, les participants ne démontrent pas de modification de rendement académique. Ceci suggère donc un meilleur apprentissage par unité de temps d’enseignement.
Réduire les facteurs de risques associés aux maladies cardiovasculaires chez les membres du personnel de l’Université de Moncton
Authors: Harrison Suzanne , Godin Jeanne , Iancu Horia-Daniel , LeBlanc Roger G. , Hachey Karine
Published: April 2014

Être en santé est plus important que jamais. L’alimentation saine, l’exercice régulier, la gestion du stress et les examens de dépistages précoces ne sont que quelques exemples contribuant au maintien d’un état de mieux-être. Malheureusement, 60 % des canadiens sont inactifs et un quart d’eux souffrent d’obésité les prédisposant ainsi aux maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) (Agence canadienne de santé publique, 2011b ; Fondation des maladies du coeur du Canada, 2012 ; Statistique Canada, 2011).

Le comité de mieux-être universitaire offre, en interdisciplinarité, diverses activités de promotion de la santé et de prévention des maladies. Cet article présente la synthèse des données obtenues lors de trois cliniques de dépistage. Grâce aux mesures obtenues à six stations, les membres du personnel connaissent leur risque d’être atteints de MCV, particulièrement en lien avec l’adiposité et la cholestérolémie. Nombreux éléments de succès associés à l’activité sont présentés en plus des recommandations.
La complexité d’un phénomène linguistique est-elle toujours source de difficulté ? Cas de l’acquisition des relatives en langue première (français et allemand)
Authors: Martinot Claire
Published: April 2014

Le système des relatives est considéré comme un système complexe. L’une des implications de cette affirmation devrait être que son acquisition réserve des difficultés aux enfants. À partir d’un protocole expérimental identique réalisé auprès d’enfants français de 4 à 10 ans et allemands de 6 à 10 ans qui consiste à demander à ces enfants de restituer l’histoire qui vient de leur être lue, individuellement, l’étude montre que sur les 6 relatives du texte source, seules 2 relatives explicatives, au poids diégétique important, ont été reformulées relativement souvent par une relative, et encore, seulement par les enfants français. L’occurrence d’un pronom relatif est cependant un critère insuffisant pour évaluer l’acquisition en cours du système des relatives. En revanche, la reformulation paraphrastique des phénomènes complexes attestés dans les relatives sources (vs effacement, changement de sens et répétition), fournit un critère fiable du degré d’acquisition des relatives.
Comment le sens peut-il être complexe ? L’exemple des comparaisons d’intensité
Authors: Romero Clara
Published: April 2014

À partir de phénomènes sémantiques qui semblent complexes (au sens courant), et de ce que l’on appelle complexité là où, en linguistique, cette notion est mieux établie, une définition générale de la complexité sémantique est proposée. La complexité de certains faits est susceptible d’expliquer les différences entre les idiolectes, laissant prévoir un rapport avec la notion de difficulté. Un phénomène correspondant à un certain type de complexité sémantique – les comparaisons d’intensité – est ensuite analysé. Les paramètres qui allongent le calcul du sens de ces comparaisons et qui permettent de les hiérarchiser en fonction de leur complexité sont mis au jour.
Un verre à moitié plein ou un verre à moitié vide
Authors: Larouz Brahime
Published: April 2014

Énoncer une phrase, c’est faire référence à un état de choses dont on parle; mais cet état de choses n’est pas, en général, complètement symbolisé par la phrase : pour déterminer ce dont on parle, il faut prendre en considération non seulement la phrase qu’on énonce, mais aussi le contexte d’énonciation; et certains éléments dans la phrase ont justement pour effet d’indiquer quel aspect de la situation d’énonciation doit être considéré pour savoir ce dont on parle.
Cycle de la négation en arabe marocain
Authors: Chatar-Moumni Nizha
Published: April 2014

En arabe marocain, la négation grammaticale est réalisée soit par le seul élément ma- soit par l’association de ma- à l’élément –š ou sa variante –ši. L’analyse des relations qu’entretiennent ces deux éléments nécessite de prendre conjointement en compte différents niveaux d’analyse : la morphologie, la syntaxe, la sémantique, la lexicologie, la pragmatique, mais aussi la logique. L’auteur explore les racines historiques de la négation en arabe afin de saisir les facteurs conditionnant l’usage en synchronie de la négation en arabe marocain défend l’hypothèse que l’unité ma- doit nécessairement être associée à un quantifieur véhiculant un trait de sens [+ non-défini]. L’association avec -š est liée à la présence ou l’absence de ce trait de sens, mais aussi à la force pragmatique de la négation.
Lacan et l’écriture chinoise : un inconscient structuré comme une écriture ?
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean
Published: April 2014

À la veille d’un voyage en Chine qu’il devait entreprendre en 1974, et qu’il ne fera pas, Jacques Lacan aurait, selon plusieurs témoignages, dit qu’il voulait étudier l’inconscient chinois qui serait structuré comme une écriture. À partir de cette formule on présentera d’abord les rapports entretenus par le psychanalyste avec le signe saussurien, les énantiosèmes et les anagrammes. D’autre part, Lacan avait étudié le chinois et il avait en outre travaillé au début des années 1970 avec François Cheng sur des textes classiques (Laozi, Mencius, Shitao). Il était donc parfaitement placé pour s’interroger sur la linéarité de la langue et sur les rapports entre graphie et phonie, différents dans les systèmes alphabétiques et dans le système chinois. Sa connaissance de la langue semble l’avoir mené à postuler que si la matière centrale de la psychanalyse était le signifiant phonique, le problème se posait peut-être différemment pour le chinois, d’où l’hypothèse que, pour Lacan, les Chinois rêvaient peut-être en caractères.
La faille et la brèche : réflexions sur un dépassement possible des controverses contemporaines en sociologie
Authors: Vautier Claude
Published: April 2014

La sociologie n’en finit pas de confronter des positions selon lesquelles ce serait l’individu qui serait la source du tout social ou, au contraire, ce serait le système qui construirait les individus. Ces confrontations se poursuivent dans un débat autour de la synchronie ou de la diachronie des études. La sociologie des réseaux a marqué une avancée vers une réconciliation entre ces positions. Mais, pourrait-on dire, c’est une réconciliation a minima. Tout comme la théorie des systèmes complexes selon la mouvance du RNSC (Réseau national des systèmes complexes), si elle fait coexister une analyse structurale et une analyse individualiste, les catégories analytiques d’individu et de système restent nettement séparées et l’historicité du social n’est pas vraiment prise en compte.

Ce texte explore les possibilités de modélisation de l’inséparabilité des catégories individu, système et événement. Il tente de montrer que la tradition sociologique, jusqu’à nos jours, a manipulé ces catégories, les a appariées de diverses manières et que chaque courant théorique est analysable à travers une grille représentant le mode d’appariement de ces trois catégories. Il essaie de mettre en lumière le fait que ces combinaisons sont à la source de polémiques récurrentes et qui finissent par devenir largement stériles. Il le fait en développant l’idée qu’une approche relationnelle en sciences sociales peut être une voie de sortie de ces disputes en liant de façon intime les trois catégories précédentes. En leur accordant, dans la modélisation un niveau causal et résultant, soit de façon alternative, soit de façon simultanée, il permet leur circulation, comme dans un ruban de Möbius. Cette modélisation qui prend la forme d’un modèle trialectique noue, dans un périmètre élargi, ces grandes catégories de la sociologie sans donner prééminence à l’une sur les autres.
Fenologia vegetativa e reprodutiva de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Aluvial – Araucária (PR)
Authors: Milani Jaçanan Eloisa de Freitas , Roderjan Carlos Vellozo , Kersten Rodrigo de Andrade , Galvão Franklin
Published: April 2014

Eventos fenológicos vegetativos e reprodutivos de Schinus terebinthifolius foram avaliados por três anos (2009-2012), em fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Aluvial, no município de Araucária (PR). Schinus terebinthifolius é uma espécie pioneira e de ampla distribuição, inclusive naqueles ambientes considerados restritivos para a grande maioria das espécies, como é o caso da maioria dos ambientes aluviais. O período de queda foliar da espécie iniciou-se entre julho e agosto, e o de brotação de folhas ocorreu em dois momentos: o primeiro de agosto a setembro, concomitante à queda foliar, e o segundo de janeiro a março, período em que ocorreram as mais altas taxas de precipitação. Nos aspectos reprodutivos, observou-se a floração ocorrendo de outubro a novembro e a frutificação de novembro a março. O longo período de frutificação pode ser uma das estratégias da espécie que resultou na sua ampla distribuição natural.
Distribuição do maçarico-branco (Calidris alba) entre julho de 2008 e junho de 2009 na praia da Ilha Comprida, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Delchiaro Roberta Tonolli Chiavone , Barbieri Edison , Branco Joaquim Olinto
Published: April 2014

O maçarico-branco (Calidris alba) é umas das aves neárticas mais abundantes no Brasil, realiza extensas migrações, se reproduz no hemisfério norte no verão boreal e migra até a Terra do Fogo no inverno boreal. A praia da Ilha Comprida é um importante local de parada durante a migração da espécie. Por esse motivo o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a variação mensal e sazonal desta ave na praia da Ilha Comprida. Foram realizados 44 censos ao longo da praia entre o mês de julho de 2008 e junho de 2009. A espécie foi considerada constante entre setembro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009, sendo que as maiores médias ocorreram no mês de dezembro seguido do mês de outubro, e na estação da primavera. Considerando esses resultados conclui-se que a espécie utiliza a região para repouso e alimentação principalmente na migração para o sul.
Emotion: the Self-regulatory Sense
Authors: Peil Katherine T.
Published: April 2014

While emotion is a central component of human health and well-being, traditional approaches to understanding its biological function have been wanting. A dynamic systems model, however, broadly redefines and recasts emotion as a primary sensory system—perhaps the first sensory system to have emerged, serving the ancient autopoietic function of “self-regulation.” Drawing upon molecular biology and revelations from the field of epigenetics, the model suggests that human emotional perceptions provide an ongoing stream of “self-relevant” sensory information concerning optimally adaptive states between the organism and its immediate environment, along with coupled behavioral corrections that honor a universal self-regulatory logic, one still encoded within cellular signaling and immune functions. Exemplified by the fundamental molecular circuitry of sensorimotor control in the E coli bacterium, the model suggests that the hedonic (affective) categories emerge directly from positive and negative feedback processes, their good/bad binary appraisals relating to dual self-regulatory behavioral regimes—evolutionary purposes, through which organisms actively participate in natural selection, and through which humans can interpret optimal or deficit states of balanced being and becoming. The self-regulatory sensory paradigm transcends anthropomorphism, unites divergent theoretical perspectives and isolated bodies of literature, while challenging time-honored assumptions. While suppressive regulatory strategies abound, it suggests that emotions are better understood as regulating us, providing a service crucial to all semantic language, learning systems, evaluative decision-making, and fundamental to optimal physical, mental, and social health.
Highly moisture resistant Ga-doped ZnO films with textured surface for thin-film solar cells with indium codoping fabricated by ion plating with direct-current arc discharge
Authors: Song Huaping , Nomoto Junichi , Makino Hisao , Yamamoto Tetsuya
Published: April 2014

Highly transparent conductive Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) films and GZO films with indium codoping (GZO:In) were deposited on glass substrates at 200 °C by ion plating using direct-current arc discharge. Etching in 0.1 wt % HCl solution made it possible to form a craterlike textured surface with a high haze value. For a textured GZO:In film with a remaining thickness of 388 nm, the sheet resistance was 8.1 Ω/□. Damp-heat test results showed that highly moisture-resistant GZO films with a textured surface could be achieved after indium codoping. For the textured GZO:In film, the relative change in sheet resistance was as low as 5.8% while maintaining a high transparency. The moisture-resistant GZO:In films with a textured surface have great potential for use as window layers in thin-film solar cells.
Surface potential measurement of fullerene/copper phthalocyanine films on indium tin oxide electrode by Kelvin probe force microscopy
Authors: Satoh Nobuo , Katori Shigetaka , Kobayashi Kei , Matsushige Kazumi , Yamada Hirofumi
Published: April 2014

Various organic semiconductor thin films were deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode/glass substrate to simulate organic solar cells. The electrical properties at the organic/inorganic and organic/organic interfaces were evaluated by dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy (DFM) together with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM). By employing the frequency modulation (FM) method, the DFM/KFM system allows for not only consistent imaging over a wide scanning area, but also highly sensitive detection of the surface potential. The charge carrier behavior at the interface was clarified by simultaneously obtaining topographic and surface potential images of the same area using DFM/KFM and depicting the energy band diagram with band bending in the fullerene (C60) film.
Images of Muhammad: Narratives of the Prophet in Islam across the Centuries. By Tarif Khalidi
Authors: Katz Marion Holmes
Published: April 2014

Images of Muhammad: Narratives of the Prophet in Islam across the Centuries. By Tarif Khalidi. New York: Doubleday, 2009. Pp. ix + 342. $27.
Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order. Edited by Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway
Authors: Floor Willem
Published: April 2014

Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order. Edited by Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2012; distributed by University of Pennsylvania Press. Pp. xviii + 437. $59.95, £39.
Passages: Relationships between Tamil and Sanskrit. Edited by Kannan M. and Jennifer Clare
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: April 2014

Passages: Relationships between Tamil and Sanskrit. Edited by Kannan M. and Jennifer Clare. Institut Français de Pondichéry, Publications Hors Série, vol. 11. Pondichéry: Institut Français de Pondichéry and Tamil Chair, Department of South and Southeast Asian studies, University of California at Berkeley, 2009. Pp. xxxvi + 380.
Consequences of geomagnetic activity on energization and loss of radiation belt electrons by oblique chorus waves
Authors: Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. V. , Agapitov O. V. , Krasnoselskikh V.
Published: April 2014

Statistics of amplitudes and obliquity of lower band chorus whistler mode waves have been obtained from Cluster measurements in Earth's outer radiation belt and fitted as functions of L, latitude, magnetic local time, and three geomagnetic activity ranges for Dst∈[+10,−80] nT. Very oblique chorus waves have generally a much smaller average intensity than quasi‐parallel waves, especially on the nightside. Nevertheless, analytical estimates and full numerical calculations of quasi‐linear diffusion rates show that dayside very oblique waves (θ>60°) dominate pitch angle scattering of energetic electrons during moderately disturbed periods. As geomagnetic activity increases, leading to higher wave amplitudes, electron lifetimes are only slightly reduced, due to a decrease of the wave obliquity probably related to Landau damping by stronger incoming fluxes from the plasma sheet. As a result, electron energization by chorus waves for Dst>−80 nT generally occurs in a loss‐dominated regime in which energization increases at lower L. However, at L≥6 the most disturbed periods (Dst<−40 nT) produce a stronger energization independent of losses. Double‐belt structures may therefore arise when Dst<−40 nT, with two peaks of energization located just outside the plasmapause and at L∼6. The variability of lower band chorus wave obliquity with geomagnetic activity could actually account for some part of the observed variability of energization and loss in the outer belt. It is also suggested that quasi‐linear pitch angle diffusion by very oblique waves together with energy diffusion by parallel waves might contribute to the steep wave growth observed in the day sector between the equator and 25°.
Comparison of the neutral wind seasonal variation from midlatitude conjugate observations
Authors: Deng Yue , Huang Yanshi , Wu Qian , Noto John , Drob Douglas , Kerr Robert B.
Published: April 2014

The seasonal variation of F region neutral wind from the midlatitude conjugate Fabry‐Perot interferometer observations has been studied. The meridional wind at Palmer station (64°S,64°W) has a significant local time dependence with strong equatorward wind at midnight and polarward wind at dawn and dusk. The zonal wind switches from eastward to westward in the early morning section. From the June solstice (austral winter) to equinox, the maximum meridional wind increases from 90 m/s to 130 m/s, and the zonal wind switches direction at an earlier local time. The neutral winds from Palmer have been compared with those from the geomagnetic conjugate location, Millstone Hill (MH). At equinox, the local time variation of neutral wind shows a very good conjugacy between these two locations. But at June solstice, the similarity in the zonal wind becomes less clear. This seasonal dependence can be attributed to the seasonal variation of solar and geomagnetic forcings. The annual variation of daily average neutral wind from Palmer and MH has also been compared. The meridional wind shows a clear offset of season, and the magnitude at Palmer is averagely 40 m/s more equatorward than that at MH. The zonal wind is dominantly westward at Palmer and eastward at MH. The annual variation of neutral wind, especially the zonal component, is much less symmetric between the two sites than the local time variation. The empirical horizontal wind model shows a good agreement with the observations in both local time and annual variations.
The seismic cycle in the area of the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake
Authors: Perfettini H. , Avouac J. P.
Published: April 2014

We model seismic and aseismic slip on the Japan megathrust in the area of the Mw9.0, 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake based on daily time series from 400 GPS stations of the GEONET network and campaign measurements of six sea floor displacements. The coseismic and postseismic slip distributions are inverted simultaneously using principal component analysis‐based inversion method (PCAIM). Exploring a wide range of boundary conditions and regularization constraints, we found the coseismic slip distribution to be quite compact with a peak slip between 30 and 50 m near the trench. Our model shows deep afterslip fringing the downdip edge of the coseismic rupture but also a dominant zone of shallow afterslip. Afterslip over the first 279 days following the main shock represents about 40% of the coseismic moment. We compare the coseismic and postseismic models with an interseismic coupling model derived from inland and sea bottom measurements determined in a self‐consistent manner. Assuming that seismic and aseismic slip had to match the long‐term slip rate along the megathrust, the recurrence time of Mw9.0 earthquakes is estimated to 100–300 years, while historical and paleotsunami records suggest a return period more of the order of 1000 years. The discrepancy is smaller if the shallower portion of the megathrust is assumed to produce both aseismic slip, as the afterslip model suggests, and seismic slip during occasional large tsunamigenic earthquakes.
Flow of supersonic jets across flat plates: Implications for ground‐level flow from volcanic blasts
Authors: Orescanin Mara M. , Prisco David , Austin Joanna M. , Kieffer Susan W.
Published: April 2014

We report on laboratory experiments examining the interaction of a jet from an overpressurized reservoir with a canonical ground surface to simulate lateral blasts at volcanoes such as the 1980 blast at Mount St. Helens. These benchmark experiments test the application of supersonic jet models to simulate the flow of volcanic jets over a lateral topography. The internal shock structure of the free jet is modified such that the Mach disk shock is elevated above the surface. In elevation view, the width of the shock is reduced in comparison with a free jet, while in map view the dimensions are comparable. The distance of the Mach disk shock from the vent is in good agreement with free jet data and can be predicted with existing theory. The internal shock structures can interact with and penetrate the boundary layer. In the shock‐boundary layer interaction, an oblique shock foot is present in the schlieren images and a distinctive ground signature is evident in surface measurements. The location of the oblique shock foot and the surface demarcation are closely correlated with the Mach disk shock location during reservoir depletion, and therefore, estimates of a ground signature in a zone devastated by a blast can be based on the calculated shock location from free jet theory. These experiments, combined with scaling arguments, suggest that the imprint of the Mach disk shock on the ground should be within the range of 4–9 km at Mount St. Helens depending on assumed reservoir pressure and vent dimensions.
Solar wind interaction with Mars upper atmosphere: Results from the one‐way coupling between the multifluid MHD model and the MTGCM model
Authors: Dong Chuanfei , Bougher Stephen W. , Ma Yingjuan , Toth Gabor , Nagy Andrew F. , Najib Dalal
Published: April 2014

The 3‐D multifluid Block Adaptive Tree Solar‐wind Roe Upwind Scheme (BATS‐R‐US) MHD code (MF‐MHD) is coupled with the 3‐D Mars Thermospheric general circulation model (MTGCM). The ion escape rate from the Martian upper atmosphere is investigated by using a one‐way coupling approach, i.e., the MF‐MHD model incorporates the effects of 3‐D neutral atmosphere profiles from the MTGCM model. The calculations are carried out for two cases with different solar cycle conditions. The calculated total ion escape flux (the sum of three major ionospheric species, O+, , and ) for solar cycle maximum conditions (6.6×1024 s−1) is about 2.6 times larger than that of solar cycle minimum conditions (2.5×1024 s−1). Our simulation results show good agreement with recent observations of 2–3×1024 s−1 (O+, , and ) measured near solar cycle minimum conditions by Mars Express. An extremely high solar wind condition is also simulated which may mimic the condition of coronal mass ejections or corotating interaction regions passing Mars. Simulation results show that it can lead to a significant value of the escape flux as large as 4.3×1025s−1.
Large wildfire trends in the western United States, 1984–2011
Authors: Dennison Philip E. , Brewer Simon C. , Arnold James D. , Moritz Max A.
Published: April 2014

We used a database capturing large wildfires (> 405 ha) in the western U.S. to document regional trends in fire occurrence, total fire area, fire size, and day of year of ignition for 1984–2011. Over the western U.S. and in a majority of ecoregions, we found significant, increasing trends in the number of large fires and/or total large fire area per year. Trends were most significant for southern and mountain ecoregions, coinciding with trends toward increased drought severity. For all ecoregions combined, the number of large fires increased at a rate of seven fires per year, while total fire area increased at a rate of 355 km2 per year. Continuing changes in climate, invasive species, and consequences of past fire management, added to the impacts of larger, more frequent fires, will drive further disruptions to fire regimes of the western U.S. and other fire‐prone regions of the world.
RCM‐E simulation of a thin arc preceded by a north‐south‐aligned auroral streamer
Authors: Yang Jian , Toffoletto Frank R. , Wolf Richard A.
Published: April 2014

The Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imager data have recently revealed a repeatable sequence that occurs during many auroral substorms, in which a newly formed thin arc is preceded by an equatorward propagating streamer. The paper aims at modeling this sequence using the Rice Convection Model–Equilibrium. The simulation shows a thin arc arising when a plasma sheet bubble with its PV5/3 reduced to the transition region value arrives at the magnetic transition region. The modeled thin arc consists of two parts: the one east of the streamer is the result of the bubble pushing high PV5/3 flux tubes ahead of it, strengthening the upward region 2 current, and the one west of the streamer is associated with westward drifting bubble particles, sliding along the transition region. The model predicts that (1) the westward and eastward leading edges of the thin arc propagate azimuthally at a speed of ~0.5–2.7 km/s and (2) the streamer‐induced thin arc is accompanied by classic signatures of bubble injections.
Large magnetic storms as viewed by TWINS: A study of the differences in the medium energy ENA composition
Authors: Valek P. W. , Goldstein J. , McComas D. J. , Fok M.‐C. , Mitchell D. G.
Published: April 2014

During large geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤−100 nT), oxygen can become a significant component of the energetic particles of the inner magnetosphere. Until recently, there were no available global observations of the medium energy (<50 keV) oxygen populations. Using observations from the Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS) Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imagers we present a study of nine large storms of solar cycle 24 as a function of storm phase. For these storms we observe that the H and O ENA fluxes and their temperatures increase in tandem during the storm's initial phase. However, there is no increase in the O+/H+ ratio in the inner magnetosphere until the storm main phase. Also seen during the main phase is an energy dispersion with higher‐energy (32 keV) H ENAs seen before the arrival of O ENAs of the same energy. The O ENAs take longer to return to prestorm levels during the recovery phases. This longer recovery time is likely because of the large difference between the storm time and prestorm O populations compared to H (i.e., there is always some prestorm H in the inner magnetosphere, but effectively no O prestorm). These results imply that medium‐energy O ENAs evolve over long time scales (hours to days) as opposed to the shorter substorm time scales of the higher‐energy (>52 keV) O ENAs.
The effect of roughness elements on wind erosion: The importance of surface shear stress distribution
Authors: Webb Nicholas P. , Okin Gregory S. , Brown Shannon
Published: April 2014

Representation of surface roughness effects on aeolian sediment transport is a key source of uncertainty in wind erosion models. Drag partitioning schemes are used to account for roughness by scaling the soil entrainment threshold by the ratio of shear stress on roughness elements to that on the vegetated land surface. This approach does not explicitly account for the effects of roughness configuration, which may be important for sediment flux. Here we investigate the significance of roughness configuration for aeolian sediment transport, the ability of drag partitioning approaches to represent roughness configuration effects, and the implications for model accuracy. We use wind tunnel measurements of surface shear stress distributions to calculate sediment flux for a suite of roughness configurations, roughness densities, and wind velocities. Roughness configuration has a significant effect on sediment flux, influencing estimates by more than 1 order of magnitude. Measured and modeled drag partitioning approaches overestimate the predicted flux by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. The drag partition is sensitive to roughness configuration, but current models cannot effectively represent this sensitivity. The effectiveness of drag partitioning approaches is also affected by estimates of the aerodynamic roughness height used to calculate wind shear velocity. Unless the roughness height is consistent with the drag partition, resulting fluxes can show physically implausible patterns. These results should make us question current assessments of the magnitude of vegetated dryland dust emissions. Representing roughness effects on surface shear stress distributions will reduce uncertainty in quantifying wind erosion, enabling better assessment of its impacts and management solutions.
Parents' experiences of receiving their child's genetic diagnosis: A qualitative study to inform clinical genetics practice
Authors: Ashtiani Setareh , Makela Nancy , Carrion Prescilla , Austin Jehannine
Published: April 2014

Little is currently known about how parents experience the medical genetics appointment at which their child receives a genetic diagnosis. We conducted semi‐structured in‐person interviews with 13 parents of 10 index children to explore their experience in the medical genetics appointment in which they received their child's genetic diagnosis. Guided by grounded theory, we used a constant comparative approach to data analysis. Transcribed interviews were coded and sorted, and thematic categories identified. Sixty‐one and a half percent of parents experienced the diagnosis session as negative, 23% felt the experience was positive, and 15.5% were ambivalent. Receiving emotional support, an outline of the follow‐up plans, and messages of hope and perspective during the session seemed to positively influence parents' experience, while feeling that their role was as a passive receiver of information and the use of difficult medical terminology negatively influenced parents' overall experience. Parental preparedness for the information, and the parents' emotional reaction to the diagnosis were also factors that influenced the parental experience. Few participants understood the role of the genetic counselor. Our results provide in‐depth insight into the parental experience of the pediatric medical genetics diagnosis session. We propose a mechanism through which parental experience shapes their perception of the medical genetics session. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Designed magnetic multilayer thin films fabricated via the layer‐by‐layer assembly of polycyanofullerenes
Authors: Luo Jin , Wang Yanhua , Ren Rong , Sun Weilin , Shen Zhiquan
Published: April 2014

The layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly technique was used to fabricate a series of multilayer thin films with poly[4′‐(4‐methacryloyphenyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine] (PmPhtpy), polycyanofullerenes, and transition metals (Ni2+ and Co2+). The polymer PmPhtpy was prepared by free‐radical polymerization, and this was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The polycyanofullerenes, which were characterized by FTIR, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, was synthesized via the bromination of fullerene and then substitution with a nucleophilic reagent [potassium cyanide (KCN)]. The optical properties of the films were measured by attenuated total reflection infrared and UV–vis spectroscopy, and the results indicate that the driving force of the fabrication of the multilayer film was the coordination interaction. The magnetic behavior was examined as a function of the magnetic field strength at 5 K and the temperature (5–300 K). The magnetic hysteresis loops of the films showed a typical S shape at 5 K; this suggested soft ferromagnetic properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40681.
Synthesis of a poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly[2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] block copolymer and its effects on the surface charges and pH‐responsive properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes
Authors: Du Chun‐Hui , Ma Xu‐Min , Wu Chun‐Jin , Cai Mei‐Qiang , Wu Li‐Guang
Published: April 2014

A poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐b‐poly[2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) block copolymer was successfully synthesized by a reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer method. The resulting copolymer was used to prepare poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes via a phase‐inversion technique. The polymorphism, structure, and properties of the blend membranes were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ζ potential analysis, and filtration. The results indicate that PMMA‐b‐PDMAEMA could migrate onto the surface of the membrane during the coagulation process, and more of the β‐crystal phase appeared with the increase of the block copolymer in the membranes. The surface morphology and cross section of the membranes were also affected by the copolymer, as shown by SEM. The ζ‐potential results show that the surface charges of the membrane could be changed from positive to negative at an isoelectric point as the pH increased. The blend membrane also exhibited good pH sensitivity, and its water flux showed a great dependence on pH. The filtration experiment also indicated that the blend membrane had good hydrophilicity and antifouling properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40685.
Poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid)‐grafted nanocellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite for the in vitro gastrointestinal release of amoxicillin
Authors: Anirudhan Thayyath Sreenivasan , Rejeena Sylaja Raveendran
Published: April 2014

Superabsorbent polymer composites (SAPCs) are very promising and versatile materials for biomedical applications. This study concentrates on the development of novel cellulose‐based SAPC, Poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide‐co−2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid)‐grafted nanocellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite, P(AA‐co‐AAm‐co‐AMPS)‐g‐NC/PVA, as a potential drug delivery vehicle. Amoxicillin was selected as a model drug, which is used for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori induced peptic and duodenal ulcers. P(AA‐co‐AAm‐co‐AMPS)‐g‐NC/PVA was synthesized by graft copolymerization reaction, and FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DLS analyses were performed for its characterization. Equilibrium swelling studies were conducted to evaluate the stimuli‐response behavior of the SAPC and found that equilibrium swelling was dependent on pH, contact time, temperature, ionic strength, concentration of crosslinker and PVA. Maximum drug encapsulation efficiency was found out by using different concentrations of amoxicillin. Drug release studies were carried out at simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and the release % was observed as maximum in intestinal fluids within 4 h. The drug release kinetics was investigated using Peppas' potential equation and follows non‐Fickian mechanism at pH 7.4. Thus, the drug release experiments indicate that P(AA‐co‐AAm‐co‐AMPS)‐g‐NC/PVA would be a fascinating vehicle for the in vitro administration of amoxicillin into the gastrointestinal tract. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40699.
The integrated anatomy practical paper: A robust assessment method for anatomy education today
Authors: Smith Claire F. , McManus Bruce
Published: April 2014

Assessing anatomy in a way that tests higher cognitive domains and clinical application is not always straightforward. The old “spotter” examination has been criticized for only testing low level “identify” knowledge, whereas other assessment modalities such as multiple choice questions do not reflect the three dimensional and application nature of clinical anatomy. Medical curricula are frequently integrated and subject specific examinations do not reflect the case based, spiral, integrative nature of the curricula. The integrated anatomy practical paper (IAPP) is a hybrid of the old “spotter” and an objective structured clinical examination but it demonstrates how higher levels of taxonomy can be assessed, together with clinical features and integrates well with other disciplines. Importantly, the IAPP has shown to be reliable and practical to administer. Data gathered from the Bachelor of Medicine five‐year program over two academic years for four IAPP examinations, each being 40 minutes with (K = 60 items) based on 440 students revealed consistently strong reliability coefficients (Cronbach alpha) of up to 0.923. Applying Blooms taxonomy to questions has shown a marked shift resulting in an increase in the complexity level being tested; between 2009 and 2013 a reduction of 26% in the number of low level “remember knowledge” domain questions was noted with up to an increase of 15% in “understanding” domain and 12% increase in the “applying” knowledge domain. Our findings highlight that it is possible to test, based in a laboratory, anatomy knowledge and application that is integrated and fit for practice. Anat Sci Educ 8: 63–73. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
The evolution of social ties online: A longitudinal study in a massively multiplayer online game
Authors: Shen Cuihua , Monge Peter , Williams Dmitri
Published: April 2014

How do social ties in online worlds evolve over time? This research examined the dynamic processes of relationship formation, maintenance, and demise in a massively multiplayer online game. Drawing from evolutionary and ecological theories of social networks, this study focuses on the impact of three sets of evolutionary factors in the context of social relationships in the online game EverQuest II (EQII): the aging and maturation processes, social architecture of the game, and homophily and proximity. A longitudinal analysis of tie persistence and decay demonstrated the transient nature of social relationships in EQII, but ties became considerably more durable over time. Also, character level similarity, shared guild membership, and geographic proximity were powerful mechanisms in preserving social relationships.
L2 − L∞ Consensus Control for High‐Order Multi‐Agent Systems with Nonuniform Time‐Varying Delays
Authors: Cui Yan
Published: April 2014

This paper considers consensus problem for high‐order multi‐agent systems with dynamically changing topologies and nonuniform time‐varying delays. By means of the tree‐type transformation approach, the model transformation is conducted and the consensus problem is converted into an L2 − L∞ control problem of equivalent reduced‐order systems. Furthermore, a Lyapunov‐Krasovkii function is constructed for stability analysis and sufficient conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities are derived to ensure the consensus with the prescribed L2 − L∞ performance. A numerical simulation is provided to verify the correctness of the theoretical results.
Investigating the impact of stochastic vehicle arrivals to optimal stop spacing and headway for a feeder bus route
Authors: Zhao Liuhui , Chien Steven I.
Published: April 2014

Stop spacing and service frequency (i.e., the inverse of headway) are key elements in transit service planning. The trade‐offs between increasing accessibility and reducing travel time, which affect transit system performance, need to be carefully evaluated. The objective of this study is to optimize stop spacing and headway for a feeder bus route, considering the relationship between the variance of inter‐arrival time (VIAT), which yields the minimum total cost (including user and operator costs). A solution algorithm, called successive substitution, is adapted to efficiently search for the optimal solutions. In a numerical example, the developed model is applied to planning a feeder bus route in Newark, New Jersey. The results indicate that the optimal stop spacing should be longer that those suggested by previous studies where the impact of VIAT was ignored. Reducing VIAT via certain operational control strategies (i.e., holding/stop‐skipping, transit signal priority) may shorten stop spacing and improve accessibility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Fresh Approach to Context Influence, Development and Performance in Environmental Management
Authors: Llach Josep , Alonso‐Almeida Maria Del Mar , García‐Castellví Antoni , Bagur‐Femenias Llorenç
Published: April 2014

Respect for the environment has rapidly gained importance in the context of firms, regardless of their pollution levels. Most of the existing research has related to the most polluting sectors and has been limited to the effect that the adoption of cleaner practices has on performance, primarily in terms of operations, financial performance and competitiveness. This paper expands the research towards a more complete picture of environmental management by examining context, development and performance to understand how other factors can influence the development of cleaner practices. In addition, we focus our research on the service sector. In our analysis, we differentiated between the affiliation and size of the studied companies to better understand their specificities. Based on a sample of 374 restaurants, the results show the importance of the influence of institutions and the limited influence of competitors in encouraging firms to adopt a strategic, clean approach, especially for the smallest firms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Integrating Strategic Carbon Management into Formal Evaluation of Environmental Supplier Development Programs
Authors: Dou Yijie , Zhu Qinghua , Sarkis Joseph
Published: April 2014

Increasing global environmental pressures from regulators, markets and communities have caused focal companies in supply chains to recognize the significance of environmentally conscious management. Greener supply chains are part of this recognition. Environmental supplier development is a valuable and viable strategy for greening supply chains. However, low carbon management is rarely explored in supplier development. Further, formal tools and models for focal companies to evaluate environmental supplier development programs (ESDPs) considering low carbon management and their effect on supplier performance improvement are limited. To help address these gaps in the literature, this paper proposes a portfolio evaluation model for ESDPs that consider three types of supplier performance: traditional operational factors, traditional environmental factors and low carbon management factors. This model applies the fuzzy scoring method to measure the effect of ESDPs on supplier performance, and uses fuzzy DEMATEL to examine the cause–effect interrelationships among the ESDPs. Subsequently, a real world example is used to demonstrate the application of the portfolio model and provide insights into environmental supplier development evaluation, followed by discussions of case application results. This paper concludes with directions for further research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Corporate Environmental Strategies Towards Sustainable Development
Authors: Mårtensson Kjell , Westerberg Karin
Published: April 2014

Many companies have adopted some form of environmental programme to manage their relationship with nature. However, a company's environmental achievements tend to be disconnected from its general operations; consequently, these achievements are ineffective. The purpose of this article is to employ a conceptual approach to explore ways to compose effective corporate environmental strategies. From a resource perspective, the flow of material, knowledge and experiences, relationships, communication, and cooperation and control are discussed as strategy aspects central to an effective environmental strategy. Using these five strategy aspects we show how three different strategies with different contents and directions can be assembled. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Determinants of credit card debt: Differentiating between revolving credit debt and petty installment loan in China
Authors: Wang Lili , Malhotra Naresh K. , Lu Wei
Published: April 2014

This research explores the determinants of the probability of having credit debt, as well as the determinants of the severity of credit card debt. Credit card debt includes revolving credit debt and petty installment loan. The severity of credit card debt was measured by the duration of revolving credit debt and the amount of petty installment loans. Analysis of behavioral data from a Chinese commercial bank showed a significant difference between the determinants of the probability of having credit card debt and the determinants of the severity of credit card debt. Specifically, credit limit, gender, length of ownership of a credit card, and the total credit card expenditure were closely related to the likelihood of having revolving credit debt and to the duration of revolving credit debt. However, age, the square of age, credit ranking, and risk ranking were significantly correlated with the likelihood of having revolving credit debt rather than the duration of revolving credit debt. Credit card balance had a special influence on the duration of revolving credit debt. Compared with revolving credit debt, petty installment loan had few significantly related factors. Both age and the square of age could significantly predict both the likelihood of having petty installment loan and amount of petty installment loan. Credit ranking, risk ranking, and gender predicted the likelihood of having petty installment loan but did not correlate with the amount of petty installment loan. The frequency of petty installment use was closely related to the amount of petty installment loan. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.