bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE APPLICATION TO ARTILLERY OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC CELL METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF PROJECILE VELOCITIES
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

An outline of the method in which the projectile interrupts successively beams of light shining on photoelectric cells placed along the trajectory is giver. The velocity is measured by means of records taken of the times between interruptions of the beams of light. An area about 24 by 30 in. is made sensitive to the projectile by reflecting a beam of light across this area several times, then directing it on the photoelectric cell. The details of the apparatus are given.The recording apparatus consists of an amplifier which impresses the current pulse from the photoelectric cell on the grid of a thyratron when the Projectile interrupts the light beam. This thyratron, on discharging a condenser, am a short flash of fight which is recorded on a rotating drum camera. A similar thyratron controlled by a tuning fork puts a simultaneous time record on the film. The camera is so designed that the film can be taken out and developed in daylight.The results of firing tests in Petawawa indicate that the apparatus can be used successfully in daylight with field guns. The present equipment measures velocities with a probable error of less than 2 ft. per sec. for muzzle velocities of the order of 1600 ft. per sec. Improvements in design are discussed.
AN ATTEMPT TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF METASTABLE ATOMS IN ACTIVE NITROGEN BY LIGHT ABSORPTION
Authors: Herbert W. S. , Herzberg G. , Mills G. A.
Published: April 2011

In order to explain the nitrogen afterglow, Cario and Kaplan have assumed the presence of metastable 2D and 2P atoms in active nitrogen. The nitrogen emission lines at 1492 Å and 1742 Å have these metastable states as lower states, and should therefore be absorbed by active nitrogen. However, no absorption has been found by the writers. This leads to 1/6000% as an upper limit for the stationary concentration of metastable atoms in active nitrogen, which is compatible with the experiments. In order to account for the observed intensity of the afterglow, on the basis of Cario-Kaplan's theory, a lifetime of the metastable 2P atoms [Formula: see text] has to be assumed and a concentration of metastable molecules greater than 1/330%.
THE END POINTS OF THE β-RAY SPECTRA OF RADIUM E AND URANIUM X2
Authors: Ward A. G. , Gray J. A.
Published: April 2011

The end points of the β-ray spectra of radium E and uranium X2 have been measured, using semi-circular magnetic focusing and an ionization chamber connected to a linear amplifier. Experimental results give end points of H ρ = 5250 gauss-cm. for radium E and H ρ = 9300 gauss-cm. for uranium X2.
THE SPECTRUM OF α-LYRAE
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

Results are given of the measurement of spectrograms of the star α-Lyrae taken at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, B.C. One hundred and fifty-six lines were found in the spectrum and 147 of these were identified. Microphotometer tracings of the Balmer series and of the stronger metallic lines were measured and the profiles were plotted. The total absorptions were obtained from the profiles and compared with previous measurements.
THE EFFECT OF REGAIN ON THE RATE OF ADSORPTION OF STANNIC CHLORIDE BY SILK FIBROIN
Authors: Jansen G. V. , Smith E. A.
Published: April 2011

The effect of the moisture content of silk fibroin on the amount of weighting it takes up in given periods of time from a 30° Bé. stannic chloride solution has been determined. Saturated silk (> 35% moisture content) attains maximum adsorption much faster than does dry silk, whereas a minimum rate of adsorption exists for silk of about 10–23% moisture content. An explanation has been advanced for these phenomena based on the rate of swelling of silk in water and in stannic chloride solution, the size of the pores in dry silk and the effect that the water in these pores would have on the stannic chloride solution entering them. It is pointed out that the weighting taken up by silk from stannic chloride solutions is probably adsorbed not as stannic chloride but as a mixture of the various tin complexes which have been shown to exist in aqueous stannic chloride solutions. The effect on the weighting of increasing the temperature of the hydrolyzing bath and of the addition of inorganic chlorides and sulphates to this bath has also been investigated. The final weighting retained by the silk has been shown to consist of hydrated stannic oxide, the amount of water present depending upon the conditions obtaining during hydrolysis and drying.
THE EFFECT OF PRETREATING WOOD IN AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS ON SUBSEQUENT DELIGNIFICATION IN SULPHITE LIQUOR
Authors: Calhoun J. M. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The pretreatment of spruce wood in various neutral salt solutions was found to retard subsequent delignification in sulphite liquor to an extent depending upon the position of the ions of the salt in the lyotropic series. Increase in the salt concentration increased the effect of pretreatment.
THE HEAT CONTENT OF WATER SORBED ON CELLULOSE
Authors: Shipley J. H. , Campbell W. Boyd , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The specific heat of cellulose has been determined for the temperature range − 70° to 25 °C. The heat capacity of water sorbed to the extent of 5.92 and 12.0% by cellulose has been determined for the range − 78.5° to 25 °C. These data are compared with the heat capacity of pure water for the same range of temperature, viz., − 78.5° to 25 °C.
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: VII. THE DECOMPOSITION OF ETHYLIDENE DIBUTYRATE AND HEPTYLIDENE DIACETATE
Authors: Coffin C. C. , Dacey J. R. , Parlee N. A. D.
Published: April 2011

Ethylidene dibutyrate and heptylidene diacetate decompose in the vapor state at temperatures between 200° and 300 °C. to form an aldehyde and an anhydride. The reactions are homogeneous, unimolecular, and complete. The activation energy is the same as that previously found for other members of this homologous series. Ethylidene dibutyrate decomposes at the same rate as ethylidene diacetate, and thus provides further evidence that the specific reaction velocity is independent of the size of the anhydride radicals. Heptylidene diacetate decomposes at the same rate as butylidene diacetate. This indicates that after the aldehyde radical has attained a certain size (three or four carbon atoms) the addition of –CH2− groups leaves the specific reaction velocity unchanged. The velocity constants are given by the equations[Formula: see text]
IMPROVED PACKED FRACTIONATING COLUMNS
Authors: Stedman D. F.
Published: April 2011

The factors limiting the utility of packings for fractionating columns are considered in detail. In view of these factors a type of packing is described which gives an effectiveness up to 20 plates per foot of height, and has a capacity at least equal to similar equipment of lower efficiency.These packings are constructed of fine mesh wire gauze, and special constructions are described for laboratory use and also for high capacity apparatus.The method of calibration is given and factors are evaluated for comparison of packings for batch and for continuous stills.
DERIVATIVES OF SUBSTITUTED SUCCINIC ACIDS: III. THE ACTION OF ALKALINE SODIUM HYPOBROMITE ON PHENYLSUCCINAM1DE AND αα′-DIMETHYLSUCCINAMIDE
Authors: McRae John A. , Weston Arthur W. , Hubbs Charles F.
Published: April 2011

Previous work on the action of alkaline sodium hypobromite on αα′-diaryl-succinamides has been extended to include phenylsuccinamide and αα′-dimethyl-succinamide, typical respectively of monoaryl- and αα′-dialkyl-succinamides. Phenylsuccinamide and sodium hypobromite give β-ureidophenyl-propionic acid and phenyldihydrouracil, but no phenylacetic acid. Likewise dimethylsuccinamide gives dimethyldihydrouracil and no isobutyric acid. Hence the rearrangement observed with diarylsuccinamides does not occur with these two amides.
MICROTECHNIQUE FOR WINTER BUDS
Authors: Bell Hugh P. , Facey Vera
Published: April 2011

When preparing winter flower-bud material for microscopic examination, unbroken series of sections cannot be obtained by the ordinary methods of dehydrating, imbedding, etc. This is due to the diverse but characteristic structures found in a resting bud. These structures include heavy impervious protective scales, dense mats of hairs between the young leaves, flowers and bracts and a delicate embryonic tissue at the tip. A continuous series of sections may be obtained by (1) making use of extremely sharp tungsten needles to remove the more minute scales and bracts, especially those between the embryonic flowers; (2) soaking the material for at least two months m 70% alcohol; (3) using n-butyl alcohol instead of absolute alcohol and xylol; (4) keeping the material continuously at low pressures; and (5) using an alcoholic stain. Each of these additional steps helps, but all are necessary for completely satisfactory results. A method by which the special tungsten needles may be made is described. The continuous treatment at low pressures is made possible by using a two ounce bottle fitted with a capillary tube and stopcock The stains which proved most satisfactory were alcoholic solutions of safranin and acid fuchsin.
PHYSIOLOGIC FORMS OF LOOSE SMUT OF WHEAT
Authors: Hanna W. F.
Published: April 2011

Four physiologic forms of loose smut of wheat have been found in Manitoba. Two of these forms were collected in the field, one on Reward and the other on Mindum. The two other forms appeared in the course of artificial inoculations in the greenhouse. The origin of physiologic forms of loose smut of wheat is discussed. It is considered that one of the forms that appeared in the course of the greenhouse inoculations may have resulted from a mutation. Evidence is put forward which indicates that different physiologic forms occur in Eastern and Western Canada. None of the 13 varieties of wheat used in the inoculation experiments proved to be resistant to all physiologic forms. The inoculation of Reward, Marquis, Garnet, and Pentad × Marquis with their own spores for four generations did not result in appreciably increasing the infections on these varieties. It was also shown that the healthy Reward plants that are sometimes present in a population grown from artificially inoculated seed are not resistant to loose smut, but have escaped infection because of faulty inoculation.
VIRUS STUDIES: III. TOMATO DISEASES
Authors: Newton W. , Edwards H. I.
Published: April 2011

Single virus streak, potato virus X, streak virus X and aucuba mosaic (tobacco virus 6) were found causing diseases of tomatoes in commercial glasshouses in British Columbia during 1936. Single virus streak was the commonest disease although greater losses were caused by streak virus X. Aucuba mosaic was found in one case only, but was highly pathogenic. Potato virus X was present mixed with single virus streak, giving rare cases of mixed virus streak. Tomato mosaic (tobacco virus 1) was not present as a tomato disease.Single virus streak serum did not give a precipitate when mixed with aucuba antigen, thus indicating that the viruses are distinct. However, a slight precipitate with tobacco virus 1 antigen did indicate distant relationship with this form. Although three strains of single virus streak could be distinguished by symptoms produced on tomatoes when inoculated simultaneously, these strains proved to be serologically identical.
THE INFLUENCE OF LIPOIDS ON THE QUALITY AND KEEPING PROPERTIES OF FLOUR
Authors: Sinclair A. T. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

The keeping properties of different flours varied considerably. Aging was accompanied by increased absorption regardless of whether the flour deteriorated in baking quality. Increased acidity developed in all flours, but was not a good measure of deterioration. Storage in sealed containers favored acidity increases, while storage in sacks favored deterioration. A decrease in ether extract accompanied deterioration, while decrease in the less soluble lipoids appeared to take place in all samples.The changes in physical properties of gluten gave the best indication of deterioration. Gluten from deteriorated flour was harsh, spongy and short, and could not be completely dispersed in sodium salicylate. Unsaturated fatty acids added to flour had the same effects on gluten, but not on baking quality. Ground wheat germ added to deteriorated flour improved the gluten and restored its solubility. The more insoluble germ lipoids were the effective substances. Alcohol extraction of flour caused deterioration, but gluten quality was largely restored by addition of germ. All results indicate the lipoids are adsorbed on the protein of gluten.It is concluded that the unique physical properties of gluten are to a considerable extent dependent on the relatively insoluble lipoids present. The possibility of gluten denaturation being a breakdown of the protein-lipoid complex is discussed.
GENETICAL STUDIES ON MUTANTS IN THE PROGENY OF HEAT-TREATED BARLEY
Authors: Peto F. H.
Published: April 2011

Heat treatments were applied to barley seeds and 10 different mutant characters were observed in the progeny, viz.; xantha1 and 2, dwarf1,2,3 and 4, virescent1 and 2, chlorina and albino. Typical Mendelian ratios were not obtained in the first segregating generation owing to the small size of the sector affected in the generation of treatment. In the second and third segregating generations, good fits were obtained in all cases to either monohybrid or dihybrid ratios. Both 3:1 and 15:1 ratios were observed in lines segregating for xantha1 and albino characters. The postulation of the duplicate factor hypothesis was necessary to explain this situation. Chlorina and dwarf mutants segregated in all the cases investigated as simple Mendelian recessives. One virescent strain was believed to have arisen through plastid mutation and was maternally inherited.The heat treatment significantly increased the natural mutation rate for the xantha characters but apparently had no effect on the albino mutation rate. Dwarf, virescent and chlorina mutants were observed in the segregating generation after heat treatment, but were not detected in untreated populations.
A CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE GENUS POA L.
Authors: Armstrong J. M.
Published: April 2011

The somatic chromosome numbers of 20 species of Poa were determined. The basic chromosome number for the genus was found to be seven. The species arranged themselves in a polyploid series from diploid to dodecaploid, tetraploids and hexaploids being the most numerous. Three aneuploid species possessed chromosome numbers suggestive of a nonaploid origin. Polymorphism was found to be present in P. compressa L., P. palustris L. and P. nemoralis L. All species examined conformed to the long chromosome type common to the subfamily, Pooideae. The spindle fibre attachment for the chromosomes in the various species ideograms was found to be regularly median or submedian.The chromosome variability and the mode of seed production were examined in Poa pratensis L., using selected, uniform strains, indigenous plants and plants grown from commercial seed. The somatic chromosome number was found to range from 50 to 87 ± 1, 10 of the 19 plants examined possessing aneuploid numbers. The selected strains possessed the same chromosome number for both plants examined, while in the other material the number was variable. A study of meiosis in the P.M.C. showed the selected strains to vary from regular behavior to an irregularity of 3.9 unpaired univalents per cell. All strains possessed large percentages of morphologically good pollen which germinated actively on the stigmas. Reduction was observed in the E.M.C. of the selected strains and a study of the course of embryological development showed no irregularities which might lead to aposporous reproduction. A high frequency of polyembryony was observed which was correlated to the degree of irregularity at meiosis. A theory is advanced to explain how constant aneuploid numbers may be maintained in sexually reproduced strains.
THE QUALITY AND GRADING OF FROSTED WHEAT: ANNUAL SURVEYS OF THE 1930 TO 1935 WESTERN CANADIAN CROPS
Authors: Malloch J. G. , Geddes W. F. , Larmour R. K. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Fifteen officially graded samples of frosted wheat were collected from each of grades No. 3 Northern to No. 6, for 1930, 1931, 1932 and 1933, and 20 samples from each of these grades in 1934 and 1935. Physical classification of the kernels in each sample showed that the present system of grading is efficiently applied. While this system usually gives grades of frosted wheat, the averages of which fall in the right order with respect to combined milling and baking quality, it fails to give close indication of the baking quality, particularly of individual samples.A statistical examination of the relation between quality characteristics and grading factors showed that milling quality is closely related to the percentages of immature and heavily frosted kernels and also to the weight per measured bushel. Baking quality is not closely related to any of the grading factors now in use. Protein content is the best single index of baking quality, and the relation is improved if the percentages of immature and heavily frosted kernels are taken into account. The quality decreases more or less uniformly over the entire protein range with increasing percentages of immature kernels, but the presence of heavily frosted kernels is related to greater quality decreases in low protein samples than in high protein samples. The correlation between yield of straight flour and loaf volume facilitates simultaneous evaluation of milling and baking quality in grading. The application of these findings to practical grading is discussed.
A NOTE ON THE REDUCTION IN THE FECUNDITY OF TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUE TO EATING ITS OWN EGGS
Authors: Stanley John
Published: April 2011

not available
RAPHIDASCARIS LAURENTIANUS SP. N. (ASCAROIDEA) FROM SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (MITCHILL) IN QUEBEC
Authors: Richardson L. R.
Published: April 2011

A new Raphidascarid nematode, Raphidascaris laurentianus is described from material collected from the intestine of the speckled trout. The specimens were obtained from Labelle County, Quebec. R. laurentianus is of moderate size and is characterized by having delicate caudal alae, parallel uteri, and only five to twelve pairs of preanal papillae. This is the first definite record of such a nematode from speckled trout.
A DEVICE FOR THE AUTOMATIC REGULATION OF THE CURRENT IN A SHEARER X-RAY TUBE
Authors: Caine Hugh Le
Published: April 2011

A device for rendering automatic the operation of a Shearer X-ray tube is described. Its functions are: (i) to regulate the leak valve mechanically so as to maintain a constant current; (ii) to disconnect the high tension transformer and close the leak valve when a failure of any part of the vacuum system causes high pressure and excessive tube current, the tube restarting as soon as the pressure again becomes low enough.Standard, inexpensive, radio parts, a small motor, and suitable gearing to connect motor and valve are all that are required. The limits within which the tube current can be held may be made very narrow.
AN ALKALOID FROM DELPHINIUM BROWNII RYDB.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Delphinium brownii contains a total of 0.5% of alkaloids, hydrolysis of which yields a crystalline base, probably C22H37O7N or C23H39O7N, together with anthranilic and methylsuccinic acids. Mannitol is present in considerable amounts.
ANOLOBINE, AN ALKALOID FROM ASIMINA TRILOBA DUNAL
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

An alkaloid, for which the name anolobine is now suggested, has been isolated from the bark of Asimina triloba Dunal, the North American papaw. It is best represented by C17H17O3N and contains one phenolic hydroxyl group. Gaebel's reaction indicates a methylenedioxy group. The nitrogen is secondary. Exhaustive methylation and oxidation of the final vinyl compound has yielded 4-methoxyphthalic acid, and this observation together with a knowledge of analogous alkaloids from related plants has made it possible to designate a highly plausible structure for anolobine. A glycoside was found in the leaves although it does not appear to be present in the bark.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XVI. SOME MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Eleven new alkaloids are described. They have been obtained from mother liquors from plants whose investigation has already been reported. The present record deals with Dicentra cucullaria (three)*, D. eximia (four), Corydalis aurea (seven), and C. sempervirens (two). For convenient reference all new alkaloids in this series of communications have been given a number following the letter F, and a table is included in which the salient features are summarized.Alkaloid F 23 (formerly -η) has now been obtained from C. sempervirens. It is shown to be the optical antipode of d-adlumine, and a mixture of the two has yielded the dl-form.
HEAT CAPACITY OF ETHYLENE IN THE CRITICAL RANGE
Authors: Pall D. B. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

Some of the data of a previous publication on this subject have been experimentally verified. The calorimeter has been improved so as to increase the accuracy of the new results by a factor of four. The ethylene was purified by means of a new still giving very sharp separations. Good agreement between the present results and those found previously is shown.
THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE DEFICIENCIES ON INFECTION OF WHEAT BY FUSARIUM CULMORUM
Authors: Greaney F. J.
Published: April 2011

The influence of phosphate deficiencies on infection of wheat by Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. was studied. Marquis wheat was grown in pot cultures of quartz sand with different types of manuring, including a fully manured control, and four series having deficiencies of phosphate. One-half of the pots were inoculated with F. culmorum and sown with inoculated seed, the remainder served as uninoculated controls. The plants were grown for 36 days. The experimental data were treated by the analysis of variance method.Under the conditions of the experiment, deficiencies in phosphate did not significantly increase or decrease the susceptibility of wheat plants to root rot caused by F. culmorum. On the other hand, deficiencies in phosphate significantly reduced root development and total dry weight of the plants. The results suggest that the effect of phosphatic fertilizers is much more important on plant growth and yield than on the severity of infection by F. culmorum.
ORGANIC MERCURY FUNGICIDES AND DISEASE RESISTANCE IN THE CONTROL OF SLENDER WHEAT GRASS SMUT
Authors: Henry A. W. , Clay S. B. , Fryer J. R.
Published: April 2011

The common smut disease of slender wheat grass, Agropyron pauciflorum, was completely controlled by treatment of naturally or artificially smutted seed with three organic mercury dust fungicides containing as active ingredients ethyl mercury phosphate, methyl mercury nitrate and methyl mercury phosphate, respectively. Applications of one-half ounce per bushel gave as satisfactory control as higher rates and caused no appreciable seed injury after storage of the treated seed for one year.Several Alberta collections of wild plants of Agropyron pauciflorum and of intermediates between Agropyron pauciflorum and Agropyron subsecundum proved highly resistant or immune from smut when artificially inoculated at Edmonton, while other collections proved moderately or highly susceptible.Fyra, a superior variety of slender wheat grass which has been distributed for several years by the University of Alberta, has been shown to be highly smut resistant but not immune.As long as smut-susceptible strains of slender wheat grass are grown, and until immune varieties are developed and generally distributed, continuance of seed treatment is advised.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STUDY OF VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MALTING QUALITY OF BARLEY.: PART II
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Sallans Henry R.
Published: April 2011

Samples of O.A.C. 21 and Wisconsin 38 barley from two stations were germinated at 56° and 50° F. with 44.5% moisture, and with 44.5 and 42.5% moisture at 53° F. Aliquots were kilned and analyzed after 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 days. Data for extract, diastatic power, and permanently soluble nitrogen, as percentage of wort solids, were plotted against time. Both varieties responded in almost exactly the same manner to changes in temperature and moisture. Values for O.A.C. 21 were consistently higher, but paired curves, representing samples of both varieties from the same station, became closer with increasing time, owing largely to overmodification of the O.A.C. 21. A real difference in malting quality between these two varieties, greater than the differential effect of malting method on them, is therefore indicated.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERAL SOILS OF QUEBEC: PART I. CULTIVATED SOILS
Authors: Rowles W.
Published: April 2011

The relation between texture of soils of Missisquoi and Brome Counties and the growth of alfalfa thereon is examined. It is shown that soils on which alfalfa thrives contain relatively more coarser soil particles. The effect of treatment with lime upon the rate of evaporation of water from the soil, moisture equivalent, heat of wetting, volume weight under field conditions, volume weight of laboratory samples, pore space, moisture content of saturated soil, volume expansion upon wetting, and resistance of the soil to penetration is investigated. Treatment with lime produces a significant effect upon several of these properties. New apparatus is described to measure the volume weight of soil in situ and to measure the resistance of the soil to penetration.
INACTIVATION OF SEED-BORNE PLANT PATHOGENS IN THE SOIL
Authors: Henry A. W. , Campbell J. A.
Published: April 2011

Certain seed-borne pathogens are inactivated to a marked degree when infested seed is sown in natural soil. Polyspora lini and Colletotrichum lini, the fungi causing respectively the Browning and Anthracnose diseases of flax, are so affected, both when naturally and artificially infested seed is used. This appears to be due largely to the antibiotic action of the micro-organisms of the soil, since in sterilized soil similar seed produces significantly higher percentages of infection. Infection may be reduced as much or more by this means as by seed treatment with certain fungicides.On the contrary, some seed-borne pathogens apparently are not inactivated to such an extent as to produce consistently less disease in natural than in sterilized soil. This has been indicated by preliminary experiments with certain smut fungi, for example those causing bunt of wheat.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: III. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN NITROGEN AND SACCHARIFYING ACTIVITIES
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Sallans Henry R. , Ayre C. Alan
Published: April 2011

Investigations made with samples representing 12 varieties of barley, grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada, show that fairly close intra-varietal correlations exist between the total nitrogen of barley and the saccharifying activities of the barley and of the malt made from it; and that these correlations are closer than the corresponding correlations with nitrogen fractions. No inter-varietal correlation exists between saccharifying activities on the one hand, and total nitrogen, alcohol-soluble nitrogen, or insoluble nitrogen, on the other, but inter-varietal correlations appear to exist between saccharifying activities and the more soluble nitrogen fractions.The correlations between the nitrogen, or nitrogen fractions, and total barley saccharifying activity (papain method), and between the nitrogen, or nitrogen fractions, and free malt saccharifying activity (Lintner value), are closer than the corresponding correlations for free and latent barley saccharifying activities. Latent barley saccharifying activity is more closely correlated with total nitrogen than with any of the nitrogen fractions studied.A study of the multiple correlations between malt saccharifying activity, and total nitrogen and 1000-kernel weight of barley, shows that the improvement resulting from the introduction of 1000-kernel weight as a second independent variable is very small.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: IV. COMMONLY MEASURED PROPERTIES AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH NITROGEN AND 1000-KERNEL WEIGHT
Authors: Meredith W. O. S. , Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Samples representing 12 varieties of barley grown at 12 widely separated experimental stations in Canada were malted and subsequently analyzed. Varietal differences were found in steeping rate, malting loss, sprouts, extract, wort nitrogen and diastatic activity.O.A.C. 21 and Mensury, varieties which Canadian maltsters prefer, gave high values for all six properties. Olli, which maltsters consider promising, gave still higher values. Pontiac equalled O.A.C. 21 only in diastatic activity, and the remaining six-rowed, rough-awned variety, Peatland, which has proved less satisfactory, gave lower values for all properties, and this inferiority was more apparent when adjustments were made for its high nitrogen content. In general, the six-rowed, smooth-awned varieties, particularly Regal and Wisconsin 38, gave much lower values. However, Nobarb was only 1% lower in extract than O.A.C. 21, and Velvet equalled the latter in wort nitrogen and diastatic activity. The two-rowed varieties, Charlottetown 80, Hannchen and Victory, were higher in extract but lower in other malt properties than O.A.C. 21. Hannchen, of which considerable quantities are malted in the United States, proved most similar to O.A.C. 21.Amongst the inter-varietal correlations between malt properties and nitrogen content or 1000-kernel weight of the barley, only the partial correlations for diastatic activity and 1000-kernel weight, independent of nitrogen, proved significant (r = 0.609). Amongst the inter-station correlations, indicative of intra-varietal associations, those for nitrogen and extract (r = −0.957), nitrogen and diastatic activity (r = 0.962), and nitrogen and wort nitrogen (r = 0.764), surpassed the 1% level of significance; whereas those for nitrogen and steeping time (r = −0.637), nitrogen and malting loss (r = 0.694), and 1000-kernel weight and steeping time (r = 0.652), surpassed the 5% level. The inter-station multiple correlation coefficient for steeping time and nitrogen and 1000-kernel weight (R = 0.840) proved highly significant. The corresponding multiple correlation coefficient for extract was not significantly higher than the coefficient of correlation with nitrogen alone.
NOTE ON THE PERMANENCE OF STANDARDS OF LENGTH
Authors: Field R. H.
Published: April 2011

A few reasons are presented for believing that the fundamental standards for the Metre and the Yard, and also the legal Dominion Standards of length, are not changing appreciably. On the other hand, measurements of a number of laboratory nickel-iron rules show progressive shortening which is still taking place, through periods up to 20 years.
A LARGE-SCALE THERMAL CONDUCTANCE APPARATUS USED FOR THE TESTING OF BUILDING MATERIALS
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

A short description and discussion are given of a thermal conductance apparatus of the guarded hot-box type used by the National Research Laboratories, Ottawa, for the measurement of the thermal conductivity of building materials. Results obtained with this apparatus are compared with hot-plate measurements on the same materials and indicate good agreement between the two methods.
DISPERSION AND SELECTIVE ABSORPTION IN THE PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND IN FLUIDS CONTAINED IN TUBES
Authors: Field George S.
Published: April 2011

A consideration of the transmission of longitudinal sound waves down a fluid-filled tube indicates that anomalous dispersion of the wave may or may not occur at the frequency of radial resonance of the liquid column. In this paper it is shown that the criterion is the rigidity of the tube wall, as radial vibrations will ordinarily appear under the influence of a longitudinal sound wave only when the wall is able to respond appreciably to the alternating pressure occurring in the fluid.
A SYNTHESIS OF α-NAPHTHYL-ACETIC ACID AND SOME HOMOLOGUES
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Ledingham Archie E.
Published: April 2011

In the course of a study of the synthesis of α-naphthyl-acetic acid, a method was elaborated by Dr. A. Cambron that made available large quantities of α-chloromethyl-naphthalene. During the purification of the crude product and in the later stages of the synthesis we have encountered a number of by-products. Among others, these include methyl α-naphthyl-methyl ether, di-α-naphthyl-methyl ether, α-naphthyl carbinol, and 1:5-bis-chloromethyl-naphthalene. The last-named was converted into 1:5-naphthylene-diacetic acid, m.p. 280 °C., via the corresponding nitrile. δ-(1-Naphthyl)-valeric acid, m.p. 84 °C., and ε-(1-naphthyl)-hexoic acid, m.p. 62 °C., were synthesized by standard procedures.
VAPOUR-PHASE CRACKING OF GAS-OIL IN BAFFLED METAL TUBES
Authors: Cameron Adrien , Bayley Colin H.
Published: April 2011

The vapour phase cracking of a gas-oil fraction has been investigated under conditions of turbulent and streamline vapour flow. The results show that the increased rate of heat transfer and the more uniform temperature distribution brought about by turbulence cause a very marked increase in the amount of low boiling liquids and olefines produced at the lower temperatures, particularly in the range 600 to 700 °C. The character of the vapour flow was also found to have a marked influence on the composition of the liquid products, there being considerably more aromatics produced, especially at the higher temperatures, under conditions of highly turbulent flow.At 600 and 650 °C., for instance, 8.4 and 16.1% of the gas-oil put through was recovered as 205° end-point gasoline when an empty tube was used. However, when a baffled tube was employed, the yield of 205° end-point gasoline was 16.0 and 22.4% respectively, under the same conditions of temperature and liquid rates.At 800 °C. about 23% of the gas-oil put through was recovered as 205° end-point gasoline when either the empty or the baffled tube was used. In the latter experiments, however, 40% of the gasoline consisted of benzene and 20% of toluene, while in the former, the gasoline contained only about 15% of benzene and 5% of toluene.Experiments have been carried out in which a fraction of the off-gas was recirculated, with the entering gas-oil vapours, through the cracking furnace. Such a procedure did not increase the yield of gasoline, and apparently decreased the yield of aromatics.
PRESSURE, VOLUME, TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF ETHYLENE IN THE CRITICAL REGION. I.
Authors: Dacey J. , McIntosh R. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

Pressure isothermals of the system were determined both above and below the temperature of disappearance of the meniscus. Regions of constant pressure with changing volume were observed with all isothermals, in agreement with the prediction of Mayer and Harrison (2, 3). The complete envelope of this region above the critical temperature has not as yet been determined. The pressure of the heterogeneous system at 9.50 °C. was found to correspond within experimental error to the pressure of the flat portion of the homogeneous isothermal at the same temperature. The pressure of this heterogeneous system was found to be independent of the mass-volume ratio; this is in agreement with the experimental behaviour previously discovered by the authors (5) for such a system at 9.80 °C. Moreover, the pressure of the heterogeneous system was found to be identical with that of the system which had been heated at constant volume to a temperature at which the density difference in the tube is known to have been destroyed, and then cooled to the same temperature of 9.50 °C.The isothermal at 9.60 °C. was studied, and shown to be the equilibrium curve at that temperature. A hysteresis was observed on reversing the direction of measurement, i.e., from "vapour" to compressed "liquid". This hysteresis was found to be caused by the time lags which are observed in passing from the "vapour" region of an isothermal to regions of high density. Certain apparent discrepancies between the work of the present authors and that of Geddes and Maass have been observed and cannot as yet be explained.The phenomena observed are interpreted on the basis of a difference between the gaseous and liquid states of aggregation, with a structure assigned to the latter.
STARCH CONTENT OF CERTAIN WHEATS OF THE 1935 CROP
Authors: Hopkins Clarence Yardley
Published: April 2011

Average samples of 12 grades of Western Canadian wheat (1935 crop) were analyzed for starch by a polarimetric method. The samples of the ordinary milling grades, in which Marquis was the predominant variety, contained from 50 to 52% of starch on a basis of 13.5% moisture. Samples of Garnet wheat contained about 55% starch. Rusted wheat had a lower starch content. There is positive correlation between starch content and specific gravity of the kernels.Comparison with data obtained elsewhere on the same samples shows that the sum of the starch and protein is closely related to the flour yield.
A NEW TYPE OF SILICA TANNAGE
Authors: Rose Alexander
Published: April 2011

Silica tannage, usually in combination with other methods, has been extensively investigated, but no process in which silicon compounds were the principal agent has reached the commercial stage.Ethyl and methyl orthosilicate have been found to possess a marked tanning action when hydrolysed in dehydrated or pretanned pelt. Details of the preparation of silica-tanned leather, analyses and hydrothermal behaviour of the resulting material, and significance of the new method of tannage are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ALDEHYDE ON THE INFECTION OF WHEAT BY PYTHIUM ARRHENOMANES DRECHSLER, AND THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ALDEHYDE BY ACTINOMYCES ERYTHROPOLIS AND PENICILLIUM SP.
Authors: Graham V. E. , Greenberg L.
Published: April 2011

Salicylic aldehyde, when added to soil at the rate of 50 p.p.m., seems to predispose wheat roots to attack by parasitic strains of Pythium arrhenomanes.Actinomyces erythropolis and a species of Penicillium have been found in soil from the healthy area of a field partially infected with Browning root rot. These organisms caused the disappearance of salicylic aldehyde in an artificial medium.It is suggested that lack of activity on the part of such organisms in certain areas of a field may lead to an accumulation of salicylic aldehyde or products acting in a similar manner, and that this may be a predisposing factor in the appearance of Browning root rot caused by Pythium arrhenomanes.
FLAX STUDIES: IV. THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAXSEED AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF MATURITY
Authors: Lehberg F. H. , McGregor W. G. , Geddes W. F.
Published: April 2011

Flaxseed from plots seeded at Ottawa and Saskatoon over a period of several weeks and harvested at maturity showed no difference in oil content with dates of seeding, but the iodine values tended to increase with late seeding. Experiments conducted with Bison and Redwing grown in 1936 at Brandon, Saskatoon Edmonton, and Fallis, and with Redwing in 1937 at Brandon, Edmonton, and Fallis, in which the seed was harvested at successive stages of maturity, showed that moisture decreased and dry kernel weight and oil content increased with progressive maturity up to approximately thirty days after flowering. Rate of oil deposition was in some cases extremely rapid, from 80% to 90% of the maximum oil found being deposited by the fifteenth to eighteenth day. Oil content and dry kernel weight reach a maximum several days before visual maturity. Unsaturation proceeds somewhat more slowly and reaches a higher value under climatic conditions favouring slow maturity.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: VI. AUTOLYTIC PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF MALT AND ITS CORRELATIONS WITH WORT NITROGEN AND BARLEY NITROGEN FRACTIONS
Authors: Ayre C. Alan , Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

The proteolytic activity of 144 samples of malt, representing 12 varieties grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada, was determined by an autolytic method. Certain varieties differed widely in average activity (Olli, 291; O.A.C. 21, 235; and Wisconsin 38, 150 units), those of poor malting quality tending to give low values. The spread between station means was also large (Beaverlodge, 284; and Nappan, 149 units).The correlations between proteolytic activity, barley nitrogen fractions, total barley nitrogen, and wort nitrogen (data given in an earlier paper), were also studied. Intra-varietal partial correlations independent of total nitrogen, between proteolytic activity and nitrogen fractions, were all insignificant. Corresponding inter-varietal partial correlations were insignificant for insoluble and alcohol-soluble nitrogen, but highly significant for salt-soluble barley nitrogen and wort nitrogen. A close inter-varietal relation was found between proteolytic activity and salt-soluble barley nitrogen, and it was impossible to demonstrate that these two properties influenced wort nitrogen independently.
EFFECTS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL HORMONES ON THE ROOTING OF DUST- AND SOLUTION-TREATED DORMANT STEM CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Indolylbutyric acid and oestrone were applied in dusts to dormant stem cuttings of Lonicera tartarica, Spiraea Vanhouttei, and Cornus alba, and in both dusts and solutions to cuttings of Ribes odoratum. Indolylbutyric acid had significant effects on the number of cuttings rooted and the number and length of roots per rooted cutting of three species. Further observations indicated that it also affected the fresh root weight of cuttings of Spiraea Vanhouttei and the green leaf weight of Ribes odoratum. Oestrone had no significant effect on rooting, but in solution treatment showed significant effects on the green leaf weight of Ribes odoratum, both alone and in interaction with indolylbutyric acid. Cuttings of Cornus alba failed to show any significant treatment effects.Dust and solution methods of treating cuttings were compared through the responses of Ribes odoratum. Dust treatment effected 62% rooting, solution 42%; there also was markedly greater leaf development following the use of dusts.
BUD DEVELOPMENT FOR THE FRUIT-BEARING SPUR OF THE WAGENER APPLE
Authors: Bell Hugh P. , McLellan Jean W.
Published: April 2011

The complete development of the growing tip of the lateral fruit spur of the Wagener apple, from the time of its initiation until it produces mature fruit, requires four seasons. These are referred to as years I, II, III, and IV. The development during years I, II, and III may be divided into six typical phases. The growth during each of these phases is characteristic and different from that of any other stage. The phase just before initiation of the flower extends through June and the first half of July of year III ("off"). During this period the crown broadens and flattens, the pro-meristematic tissue becomes shallow, the scale and leaf primordium bases remain level with the crown and the pro-vascular strands and pith become broadly hemispherical. This phase is followed by flower formation, which is initiated during the last part of July, by the triangular, horizontal, upper surface of the crown becoming circular and developing five sepal primordia for the terminal flower. The flower cluster as a whole is "determinate", but its lateral flowers are axillary in origin and appear in acropetal succession. It is suggested that the changes occurring in the tip of the "off" spur during June, namely, the broadening and flattening of the crown, etc., may be an indication that physiological differentiation of the crown into flower-forming tissue is taking place.
EFFECTS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL HORMONES ON SEEDS DAMAGED BY FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Marquis wheat was immersed in solutions of formaldehyde and formaldehyde containing either naphthylacetic acid or oestriol in concentrations of 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 p.p.m., and germinated on blotting paper or grown in soil at a temperature of from 70 to 75° F. A measure of physiological activity was shown by both chemicals from the results of germination on blotting paper; the activity of the two chemicals was of the same order. Growth in soil failed to show anything but injurious effects from formaldehyde.In another experiment, Marquis wheat was sprinkled with solutions of formaldehyde and indolylacetic acid and grown in soil at a temperature of from 50 to 55° F. The sprinkling treatment, which supplied one part of indolylacetic acid to a million parts of wheat by weight, reduced formaldehyde injury in a statistically significant manner. Lower concentrations of the chemical did not reduce injury to a significant extent.
STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF THE BURSATE NEMATODES OF HORSES AND SHEEP: VII. THE EFFECT OF SOME SUBSTANCES, USED IN THE CONTROL OF FARM AND HOUSEHOLD PESTS, ON THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF SCLEROSTOMES
Authors: Parnell I. W.
Published: April 2011

The effect on the free-living stages of Sclerostomes caused by the addition to fresh horse faeces of some substances used in the control of household and farm pests, is discussed. Under the conditions of these experiments para- and orthodichlorbenzene will sterilize about 400 times their weight of faeces. Sodium fluoride will sterilize, on an average, approximately 150 times its weight of faeces, but it is almost twice as effective if applied as a very weak solution. Sodium silicofluoride, which also is most effective as a very weak solution, probably has an approximately equal value. Naphthalene, when mixed in the faeces, will sterilize about 270 times its own weight. Dichloropentanes will sterilize about 185 times their weight of faeces. 40% nicotine sulphate will, on an average, sterilize approximately 14 times its weight of faeces, but as a weak solution may be five or six times as effective. Ethylenedichloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride will sterilize about 21, 18 and 12 times their weight of faeces respectively. Trisodium phosphate will sterilize only about eight times its weight of faeces. Tobacco dust will probably sterilize slightly over twice its weight of faeces, but pyrethrum powder, derris powder and white hellebore powder have no lethal value. Ferric oxide and carbon monoxide also are useless.