bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Lead Isotopes to Determine Pottery Provenance in Cyprus: Clay Source Signatures and Comparison with Late Bronze Age Cypriote Pottery
Authors: Renson Virginie , Jacobs Ariane , Coenaerts Jan , Mattielli Nadine , Nys Karin , Claeys Philippe
Published: October 2015

This paper presents the lead isotopic composition of potential clay sources for pottery production, collected in the four major geological zones of Cyprus (Troodos Ophiolite, Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession, Mamonia Terrane, Kyrenia Terrane) and evaluates its usefulness in Cypriote pottery provenance studies. The clay isotopic signatures from the four zones are compared to each other and to the isotopic composition of various utilitarian pottery wares from three Late Bronze Age sites, respectively located in southern Cyprus (Alassa‐Pano Mandilaris), east Cyprus (Enkomi), and southeast Cyprus (Hala Sultan Tekke). It also explores the potential of this method to better discriminate between potential raw materials used for the production of Base‐ring ware, one of the most characteristic fine pottery of Late Bronze Age Cyprus, which was widely spread in the Eastern Mediterranean (Courtois, 1981; Vaughan, 1991, 1994). Results show that three main lead isotopic fields can be distinguished among the Cypriote clay sources and the comparison of Plain sherds with the clay sources allows discrimination between local products and imports. They also clearly indicate that all the Base‐ring sherds analyzed in this study were made of the clays from the Kathikas Formation that crops out in only limited parts of southwest Cyprus.
Non‐metallurgical Slags in the Masonry of Obřany Castle in the Czech Republic: Evidence for the Local Production of Hydraulic Lime in the 14th Century?
Authors: Kropáč Kamil , Dolníček Zdeněk
Published: October 2015

Two types of compositionally heterogeneous slags have been found in the wall masonry of the Gothic Castle ruin Obřany. The bright phase is composed of quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, and porous glass, while the dark one also contains feldspars, hercynite, magnetite, clinopyroxenes, and a suite of accessory phases. The bright slags have a similar chemical composition as the mortar from the castle masonry or local sandstones, based on rare earth elements (REE) and other trace element abundances. In contrast, the dark slags are characterized by elevated contents of Al2O3 (15.4–18.6 wt.%) and Fe2O3tot (4.1–10.0 wt.%), and consequently resemble the local clay. The investigated slags are not related to iron metallurgy in terms of their composition and texture. They probably originated in a medieval lime kiln through heat sintering of the inner lining during the burning process under relatively high temperatures (1080–1500°C). Simultaneously, the finding of relics of clinker‐like material together with products of its hydration in the hydraulic mortar from the wall masonry infers the production of hydraulic lime or Roman cement during the construction of the castle in the 14th century. The Obřany Castle appears to represent one of the first applications of hydraulic binders in Moravia.
Promoting Handwashing Behavior: The Effects of Large‐scale Community and School‐level Interventions
Authors: Galiani Sebastian , Gertler Paul , Ajzenman Nicolas , Orsola‐Vidal Alexandra
Published: October 2015

This paper analyzes a randomized experiment that uses novel strategies to promote handwashing with soap at critical points in time in Peru. It evaluates a large‐scale comprehensive initiative that involved both community and school activities in addition to communication campaigns. The analysis indicates that the initiative was successful in reaching the target audience and in increasing the treated population's knowledge about appropriate handwashing behavior. These improvements translated into higher self‐reported and observed handwashing with soap at critical junctures. However, no significant improvements in the health of children under the age of 5 years were observed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatocyte homeostasis for chromosome ploidization and liver function is regulated by Ssu72 protein phosphatase
Authors: Kim Se‐Hyuk , Jeon Yoon , Kim Hyun‐Soo , Lee Jin‐Kwan , Lim Han Jeong , Kang Donglim , Cho Hyeseong , Park Cheol‐Keun , Lee Ho , Lee Chang‐Woo
Published: October 2015

Hepatocyte chromosome polyploidization is an important feature of liver development and seems to be required for response to liver stress and injury signals. However, the question of how polyploidization can be tightly regulated in liver growth remains to be answered. Using a conditional knockout mouse model, liver‐specific depletion of Ssu72 protein phosphatase was found to result in impairment in regulation of polyploidization. Interestingly, the aberrant polyploidization in Ssu72‐depleted mice was associated with impaired liver damage response and increased markers of liver injury and seemed to mimic the phenotypic features of liver diseases such as fibrosis, steatosis, and steatohepatitis. In addition, depletion of Ssu72 caused deregulation of cell cycle progression by overriding the restriction point of the cell cycle and aberrantly promoting DNA endoreplication through G2/M arrest. Conclusion: Ssu72 plays a substantial role in the maintenance of hepatic chromosome homeostasis and would allow monitoring of liver function. (Hepatology 2016;63:247–259)
Making a Change: The Role of External Coaches in School‐Based Communities of Practice
Authors: Mayer Anysia P. , Grenier Robin S. , Warhol Larisa , Donaldson Morgaen
Published: October 2015

External coaches, provided by intermediary organizations, are being utilized to support and develop principals, teachers, and schools and bring about substantive change through communities of practice (CoPs). These coaches provide an external perspective and are integral to the reform process. HRD recognizes the value of coaching in organizational improvement and change, yet understanding the use of external coaches in CoP is lacking in the literature. This article seeks to address this gap by presenting the results from a qualitative case study exploring the roles and experiences of three coaches, in seven elementary–middle schools implementing the Together Initiative (TI) school reform. Researchers' fieldwork consisted of informal site visits and 155 formal interviews with stakeholders involved in the Together Initiative, a reform aimed at improving urban public schools. This study provides a new context for understanding the role of coaching in supporting organizational change.
The case for establishing a board of review for resolving environmental issues: The science court in Canada
Authors: Giesy John P , Solomon Keith R , Kacew Sam , Mackay Donald , Stobo Gerald , Kennedy Steven
Published: October 2015

Technology and scientific advancements are accelerating changes in society at a pace that is challenging the abilities of government regulatory agencies and legal courts to understand the benefits and costs of these changes to humans, wildlife, and their environments. The social, economic, and political facets of concern, such as the potential effects of chemicals, complicate the preparation of regulatory standards and practices intended to safeguard the public. Court judges and attorneys and, in some cases, lay juries are tasked with interpreting the data and implications underlying these new advancements, often without the technical background necessary to understand complex subjects and subsequently make informed decisions. Here, we describe the scientific-quasi-judicial process adopted in Canada under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, which could serve as a model for resolving conflicts between regulatory agencies and the regulated community. An example and process and lessons learned from the first Board of Review, which was for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5; CAS# 541-02-06), are provided. Notable among these lessons are: 1) the need to apply state-of-the-science insights into the regulatory process, 2) to encourage agencies to continuously review and update their assessment processes, criteria, and models, and 3) provide these processes in guidance documents that are transparent and available to all stakeholders and generally foster closer cooperation between regulators, the academic community, industry, and nongovernment organizations (NGOs). Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:572–579. © 2015 SETAC

Key Points

Advocate for the use of independent boards of review to adjudicate technical issues involving chemicals in the environment. Resolving conflicts between regulatory agencies and the regulated community. The formal judicial process is not the most effective venue in which to fully adjudicate complex issues related to chemicals and the environment.
mTOR inhibitor‐induced interstitial lung disease in cancer patients: Comprehensive review and a practical management algorithm
Authors: Willemsen Annelieke E.C.A.B. , Grutters Jan C. , Gerritsen Winald R. , van Erp Nielka P. , van Herpen Carla M.L. , Tol Jolien
Published: October 2015

Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) have clinically significant activity against various malignancies, such as renal cell carcinoma and breast cancer, but their use can be complicated by several toxicities. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an adverse event of particular importance. Mostly, mTORi‐induced ILD remains asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, but it can also lead to severe morbidity and even mortality. Therefore, careful diagnosis and management of ILD is warranted. The reported incidence of mTORi‐induced ILD varies widely because of a lack of uniform diagnostic criteria and active surveillance. Because of the nonspecific clinical features, a broad differential diagnosis that includes (opportunistic) infections should be considered in case of suspicion of mTORi‐induced ILD. The exact mechanism or interplay of mechanisms leading to the development of ILD remains to be defined. Suggested mechanisms are either a direct toxic effect or immune‐mediated mechanisms, considering mTOR inhibitors have several effects on the immune system. The clinical course of ILD varies widely and is difficult to predict. Consequently, the discrimination between when mTOR inhibitors can be continued safely and when discontinuation is indicated is challenging. In this review, we give a comprehensive review of the incidence, clinical presentation and pathophysiology of mTORi‐induced ILD in cancer patients. We present newly developed diagnostic criteria for ILD, which include clinical symptoms as well as basic pulmonary function tests and radiological abnormalities. In conjunction with these diagnostic criteria, we provide a detailed and easily applicable clinical management algorithm.
Quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid flow in complex regions by using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Flórez Natalia , Bouzerar Roger , Moratal David , Meyer Marc‐Etienne , Martí‐Bonmatí Luis , Balédent Olivier
Published: October 2015

To develop a method for segmenting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) regions with complex, inhomogeneous pulsatile patterns in phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC‐MRI) sequences. Our approach used various temporal features of flow behavior as input attributes in an unsupervised k‐means classification algorithm. CSF flow parameters for the cervical subarachnoid spaces and the pontine cistern were calculated in 26 healthy volunteers. Background and aliasing corrections were applied automatically. The algorithm's reproducibility was determined by calculating two parameters (area and stroke volume) while varying the initially selected seed point. The influence of background correction on these parameters was also assessed. The method was highly reproducible, with coefficients of variation of 3 and 4% for the cervical stroke volume and area, respectively. In an analysis of variance, background correction did not have a statistically significant effect on either the stroke volume (p = 0.32) or the CSF net mean flow (p = 0.69) at the C2C3 level. The method presented here enables rapid, reproducible, quantitative analysis of CSF flow in complex regions such as the C2C3 subarachnoid spaces and the pontine cistern. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 290–297, 2011;
Contrast enhancement dynamic histogram equalization for medical image processing application
Authors: Ismail Wan Zakiah Wan , Sim Kok Swee
Published: October 2015

Image processing requires an excellent image contrast‐enhancement technique to extract useful information invisible to the human or machine vision. Because of the histogram flattening, the widely used conventional histogram equalization image‐enhancing technique suffers from severe brightness changes, rendering it undesirable. Hence, we introduce a contrast‐enhancement dynamic histogram‐equalization algorithm method that generates better output image by preserving the input mean brightness without introducing the unfavorable side effects of checkerboard effect, artefacts, and washed‐out appearance. The first procedure of this technique is; normalizing input histogram and followed by smoothing process. Then, the break point detection process is done to divide the histogram into subhistograms before we can remap the gray level allocation. Lastly, the transformation function of each subhistogram is constructed independently. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 280‐289, 2011;
COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES TO COPE WITH UNCERTAINTY OF WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN TIDAL AREAS
Authors: Ritzema H. P.
Published: October 2015

Throughout the world, tidal areas are being developed. The initial development is generally for agriculture, often in combination with flood protection. The development focus in tidal areas is, however, gradually moving to ports, harbours, transportation routes, industries, and aquaculture, housing and recreation facilities. Models are often used to develop strategies for sustainable land and water practices. These models normally require long‐time data sets that are often not available in emerging countries, thus new ways have to be found to address the traditionally validated simulation models. This paper presents case studies in Surinam, India and Vietnam in which the traditional validation process was replaced by joint plausibility discussions and shared vision building in order to improve the understanding of cause–effect relationships and proposals for water management measures. The aim was to match the tacit knowledge of the local stakeholders with explicit scientific knowledge in order to create a mutual basis for an integrated approach as opposed to single‐issue measures, and a mutual agreement on follow‐up steps needed to sustain both the livelihood of the people as well as natural resource functions. The collaborative modelling approach proved to be a useful tool to obtain a consensus of opinion among the stakeholders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of exercise on muscle and nonmuscle organs
Authors: Boström Pontus A. , Graham Evan L. , Georgiadi Anastasia , Ma Xiaochuan
Published: October 2015

Exercise is known to prevent and treat metabolic diseases such as diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and there is currently much focus on detailing such pathways. Traditionally, much emphasis has been placed on skeletal muscle; however, recently, nonmuscle organs such as adipose tissue have been highlighted in mediating protective actions after training. Moreover, novel paracrine‐ and endocrine‐signaling molecules have been shown to trigger important responses in nonmuscle organs after exercise. This is exciting because, when administered exogenously, such signals have obvious therapeutic potential. In this review, the authors have described some general and historical aspects of training and disease protection. The authors have also highlighted some of the current knowledge on how exercise impacts nonmuscle organs. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(10):845–850, 2013
Biochemical and structural aspects of the ATP‐binding domain in inflammasome‐forming human NLRP proteins
Authors: MacDonald Justin A. , Wijekoon Champa P. , Liao Kuo‐Chieh , Muruve Daniel A.
Published: October 2015

Nucleotide‐binding domain and leucine‐rich repeat‐containing receptors (NLRs) regulate innate immunity by activating inflammatory responses in a variety of biological systems following the recognition of pathogen‐ or disease‐associated molecular patterns. NLRs are characterized by a central nucleotide‐binding and oligomerization (NACHT) domain found in P‐loop NTPases. In this review, we detail the functional and structural properties of the NACHT domain of a subfamily of NLRs, the NLRPs (NLR containing a pyrin domain), based on previous studies, sequence analysis, homology modeling, and structure predictions. Several NLRPs have been found to regulate inflammatory responses through the assembly of oligomeric caspase 1‐activating platforms known as inflammasomes, the 3‐dimensional structure of the NLRP NACHT domain has still not been solved. Homology modeling suggests that sequence variability within the NACHT domains of different NLRP family members may alter the topology of the ATP‐binding pocket. Based on this finding, we discuss the potential therapeutic prospects aligned with the NACHT domain and the development of selective inhibitors of inflammasome activity. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(10):851–862, 2013
Paeonol inhibits B16F10 melanoma metastasis In vitro and In Vivo via disrupting proinflammatory cytokines‐mediated NF‐κB and STAT3 pathways
Authors: Zhang Lei , Tao Li , Shi Tianlu , Zhang Feng , Sheng Xiaobo , Cao Yuzhu , Zheng Shizhong , Wang Aiyun , Qian Wenhui , Jiang Ling , Lu Yin
Published: October 2015

Cancer related inflammation (CRI) is now recognized as the seventh hallmark in the pathogenesis of many types of malignancies. Paeonol, a natural phenolic component isolated from the root bark of Paeonia moutan, has significant anti‐inflammatory activity. Recently, accumulating body of research has revealed potent anti‐tumor effects mediated by paeonol. However, little is known about its anticancer mechanism on the basis of CRI. In this study, we observed that paeonol exerted direct anticancer activity through inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and evident anti‐inflammatory effects by reducing proinflammatory cytokines secretion (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TGF‐β) in the conditioned medium of B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Interestingly, we found that paeonol significantly reversed motility phenotypes in TNF‐α‐ or IL‐6‐induced B16F10 singe cell and collective migration and invasion in vitro, which were related to affecting epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) makers and MMPs expression. In particular, paeonol disrupted both TNF‐α‐activated NF‐κB and IL‐6‐activated STAT3 signaling pathways in B16F10 cells. EMSA and luciferase assays showed that paeonol abrogated NF‐κB binding and NF‐κB‐driven promoter activity in the presence of TNF‐α. Finally, we showed that paeonol attenuated B16F10 spontaneous lung metastases in C57/BL6J mice with down‐regulated levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, paeonol possessed antitumor activity in melanoma cells and mice model by interruption of the aggressive feedback through proinflammatory cytokines mediated NF‐κB and STAT3 signaling activation. These findings provide a novel treatment strategy that paeonol might be a promising versatile adjuvant therapy for cancer related inflammation. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(10):778–788, 2015
Relationship Between English Learning Motivation Types and Self‐Identity Changes Among Chinese Students
Authors: YIHONG GAO , YUAN ZHAO , YING CHENG , YAN ZHOU
Published: October 2015

This study investigated the relationship between English learning motivation types and self‐identity changes among university students in the People's Republic of China. The sample obtained from a stratified sampling consisted of 2,278 undergraduates from 30 universities in 29 regions. The instrument was a Likert‐scale questionnaire which included 30 items of motivation types based on free responses, and 24 items of self‐identity changes in six predefined categories: self‐confidence, subtractive, additive, productive, split, and zero changes. An exploratory factor analysis revealed seven motivation types: intrinsic interest, immediate achievement, individual development, information medium, going abroad, social responsibility, and learning situation. A canonical correlation test found that motivation types and self‐identity changes were correlated through four pairs of canonical variables. Among these, intrinsic interest was correlated with productive and additive changes, individual development with self‐confidence change, social responsibility with productive and split changes. Theoretical and pedagogical implications of the results are discussed.
The Effect of Focused Written Corrective Feedback and Language Aptitude on ESL Learners' Acquisition of Articles
Authors: SHEEN YOUNGHEE
Published: October 2015

This study examines the differential effect of two types of written corrective feedback (CF) and the extent to which language analytic ability mediates the effects of CF on the acquisition of articles by adult intermediate ESL learners of various L1 backgrounds (N = 91). Three groups were formed: a direct‐only correction group, a direct metalinguistic correction group, and a control group. The study found that both treatment groups performed much better than the control group on the immediate posttests, but the direct metalinguistic group performed better than the direct‐only correction group in the delayed posttests. It also found a significantly positive association between students' gains and their aptitude for language analysis. Moreover, language analytic ability was more strongly related to acquisition in the direct metalinguistic group than in the direct‐only group. The results showed that written CF targeting a single linguistic feature improved learners' accuracy, especially when metalinguistic feedback was provided and the learners had high language analytic ability.
English Language Teachers Reflecting on Reflections: A Malaysian Experience
Authors: KABILAN MUHAMMAD KAMARUL
Published: October 2015

Key characteristics of an efficient and effective English language teacher are fundamental pedagogical knowledge and understanding, awareness of meaningful classroom practices, linguistic capabilities, and positive attitudes and skills. Nurturing these traits among preservice teachers is difficult, especially when preservice teachers are working in a nonnative English language learning and teaching environment and when they have insufficient pedagogical and linguistic knowledge. One way of overcoming these difficulties is by facilitating activities that enable these future teachers to develop a critical and reflective awareness of their classroom practices. This article reports the practice of reflecting on reflections by future English language teachers in the Malaysian context. In the first phase, they (a) self‐examine their practices (by writing their own reflections and reading others' critiques of their practices) and (b) examine others' practices (by critiquing others' practices and providing suggestions). These activities have inspired among future teachers an awareness of their own development and of current professional knowledge. Also, participants were able to identify the changes they need to make to become more effective teachers. In the next phase, reflecting on their reflections, the teachers were able to internalize pedagogical knowledge and practices that were useful to them.
How Are Nonnative‐English‐Speaking Teachers Perceived by Young Learners?
Authors: BUTLER YUKO GOTO
Published: October 2015

The current study examined the effects of Korean elementary school teachers' accents on their students' listening comprehension. It also examined students' attitudes toward teachers with American‐accented English (a native speaker model) and Korean‐accented English (a non‐native speaker model). A matched‐guised technique was used. A Korean American individual recorded texts in both American‐accented English and Korean‐accented English. The study randomly assigned 312 Grade 6 Korean students to listen to one of these two recorded oral texts and their comprehension was examined. Next, all of the students listened to both accented‐English tapes and their attitudes toward the two speakers (which were in fact the same speaker) were examined. Although the popular belief appears to assume that nonnative accented English would produce a negative effect on students' oral skills, the results failed to find any differences in student performance in terms of comprehension. However, the Korean children thought that the American‐accented English guise had better pronunciation, was relatively more confident in her use of English, would focus more on fluency than on accuracy, and would use less Korean in the English class. The students also expressed a preference to have the American‐accented English guise as their English teacher.
The Future of Research Synthesis in Applied Linguistics: Beyond Art or Science
Authors: NORRIS JOHN M. , ORTEGA LOURDES
Published: October 2015

TESOL Quarterly publishes brief commentaries on aspects of qualitative and quantitative research. This issue features a discussion of research synthesis in applied linguistics.
Formulaic Language in Native and Second Language Speakers: Psycholinguistics, Corpus Linguistics, and TESOL
Authors: ELLIS NICK C. , SIMPSON‐VLACH RITA , MAYNARD CARSON
Published: October 2015

Natural language makes considerable use of recurrent formulaic patterns of words. This article triangulates the construct offormulafrom corpus linguistic, psycholinguistic, and educational perspectives. It describes the corpus linguistic extraction of pedagogically useful formulaic sequences for academic speech and writing. It determines English as a second language (ESL) and English for academic purposes (EAP) instructors' evaluations of their pedagogical importance. It summarizes three experiments which show that different aspects of formulaicity affect the accuracy and fluency of processing of these formulas in native speakers and in advanced L2 learners of English. The language processing tasks were selected to sample an ecologically valid range of language processing skills: spoken and written, production and comprehension. Processing in all experiments was affected by various corpus‐derived metrics: length, frequency, and mutual information (MI), but to different degrees in the different populations. For native speakers, it is predominantly the MI of the formula which determines processability; for nonnative learners of the language, it is predominantly the frequency of the formula. The implications of these findings are discussed for (a) the psycholinguistic validity of corpus‐derived formulas, (b) a model of their acquisition, (c) ESL and EAP instruction and the prioritization of which formulas to teach.
Positive Feedback in Pairwork and Its Association With ESL Course Level Promotion
Authors: REIGEL DAVID
Published: October 2015

What is the role of positive feedback in the adult English language classroom? This study applies ideas from complexity theory to explore the relation between frequency of oral feedback received and student language proficiency. The researcher collected data from digital recordings of adult students (N= 41) who attended classes for 30 weeks at Portland State University Laboratory School. During the focused observation, the researcher recorded tokens of praise, affirmation, laughter, and nodding given by teachers and students in response to target student interlanguage. Students provide far more affirmation tokens than praise tokens to their peers, while teachers issue each with nearly equal frequency. Statistical tests support the hypothesis that the rate of positive feedback received is associated with ESL student course level promotion regardless of student variables such as initial course level, gender, and first language (L1). The results support a possible language learning model akin to the complexity theory notion of increasing returns: Minor initial gains in producing English can result in more rapid second language development, the gains building on one another to form a positive feedback loop.
COMMUNICATION‐ORIENTED POLICIES VERSUS CLASSROOM REALITIES IN JAPAN
Authors: NISHINO TAKAKO , WATANABE MICHINOBU
Published: October 2015

TESOL Quarterly publishes brief commentaries on aspects of English language teaching. For this issue, the editor focused on the theme of government policy versus classroom reality in the new millennium. Reports from two countries are presented.
Private Tutoring in English for Secondary School Students in Bangladesh
Authors: HAMID M. OBAIDUL , SUSSEX ROLAND , KHAN ASADUZZAMAN
Published: October 2015

Private tutoring in English (PT‐E), a special and important subclass of private tutoring (PT), is a common phenomenon in ESL/EFL education in many parts of the world. Nevertheless, it has received little attention in TESOL, applied linguistics, or language education research. This article investigates the nature and practice of PT‐E in a disadvantaged rural area of Bangladesh, a context where the circumstances of ESL/EFL education give it a particularly acute role. The study relates PT‐E to scholastic achievement in English, investigates student attitudes and motivations in PT‐E, and establishes a core profile of PT‐E in relation to the school system, parent and student expectations, attitudes and motivations, and outcomes. The study follows a mixed‐methods approach. Quantitative data analysis demonstrates some positive links between PT‐E and English achievement, which is elaborated through a broader qualitative analysis, showing that the students had clear and structured views about PT‐E, which they saw as imperative for successful learning achievement. A set of social, psychological, and institutional factors are identified which contribute to the popularity of PT‐E in a less affluent society like rural Bangladesh. There are also implications for educational policy and planning, if English language education in the mainstream school system is to hold its own in the face of competition from PT‐E in terms of quality and image.
Effects of Synonym Generation on Incidental and Intentional L2 Vocabulary Learning During Reading
Authors: BARCROFT JOE
Published: October 2015

This study examined effects of synonym generation on second language (L2) vocabulary learning during reading in both incidental and intentional vocabulary learning contexts. Spanish‐speaking adult learners of L2 English (N = 114) at low‐ and high‐intermediate proficiency levels read an English passage containing 10 target words translated in the text. Participants were assigned to one of four conditions: (a) Read for meaning only (incidental). (b) Read for meaning and try to learn the translated words (intentional). (c) Read for meaning and generate Spanish synonyms for the translated words (incidental + semantic). (d) Read for meaning, try to learn the 10 translated words, and generate Spanish synonyms for the translated words (intentional + semantic). Posttest measures were English‐to‐Spanish and Spanish‐to‐English recall of target words. Target word recall was higher when explicit instructions to learn new words were provided and when synonym generation was not required. Negative effects of synonym generation emerged in both the incidental and intentional learning conditions.
Group Dynamic Assessment: Mediation for the L2 Classroom
Authors: POEHNER MATTHEW E.
Published: October 2015

Dynamic assessment (DA) offers a conceptual framework for teaching and assessment according to which the goals of understanding individuals' abilities and promoting their development are not only complementary but are in fact dialectically integrated. More specifically, DA follows Vygotsky's proposal of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) by offering learners external forms of mediation in order to help them perform beyond their current level of independent functioning (Vygotsky, 1986). A major challenge to implementing DA in second language (L2) classrooms is that these contexts typically do not permit the one‐to‐one interactions that have characterized most DA work to date (and ZPD research more generally). This article explores the use of DA with groups of classroom L2 learners rather than individuals. Group dynamic assessment (G‐DA) applies the same principles of mediation as in individualized interactions but broadens the focus to potentially an entire class. Vygotsky himself recognized the possibility of constructing a group ZPD by negotiating mediation with more than one individual (see Vygotsky, 1998). Transcriptions of G‐DA interactions involving L2 classroom learners are presented. It is argued that organizing classroom activity in this way enables teachers to explore and promote the group's ZPD while also supporting the development of individual learners.
Teacher Assessment Knowledge and Practice: A Narrative Inquiry of a Chinese College EFL Teacher's Experience
Authors: XU YUETING , LIU YONGCAN
Published: October 2015

This article explores teachers' assessment knowledge and practice through a narrative inquiry of a college EFL teacher, Betty (pseudonym), in the People's Republic of China. Drawing on Crites' (1971) notions of sacred stories and secret stories in teachers' professional knowledge landscapes (Connelly & Clandinin, 1995), it examines Betty's account of her experience of assessment reform. This account comprises three stories involving her colleagues and students. Following Connelly and Clandinin's (2006) three strands of narrative inquiry, this article discusses three structural conditions of teacher knowledge, temporality, sociality, and place, and their effects on teachers' knowledge construction of assessment. We argue that teachers' prior assessment experience will affect their current practices and future plans for assessment (temporality); power relationships in teachers' workplace will greatly influence their assessment decision‐making (sociality); and the specific contexts in which assessment takes place will affect teachers' sense of security and therefore the effectiveness of the assessment (place). The findings highlight the recognition of teachers' agency in assessment practice, the importance of negotiation with teachers of the reform policies, and the urgent need for professional development.
REPROGENETICS and the “Parents Have Always Done It” Argument
Authors: MALMQVIST ERIK
Published: October 2015

A common argument in favor of using reprogenetic technologies to enhance children goes like this: parents have always aimed at enhancing their children through upbringing and education, so why not use new tools to accomplish the same goal? But reprogenetics differs significantly from good childrearing and education, in its means, if not its ends.
Effective Counseling for Racial/Ethnic Minority Clients: Examining Changes Using a Practice Research Network
Authors: Lockard Allison J. , Hayes Jeffrey A. , Graceffo James M. , Locke Benjamin D.
Published: October 2015

Studies have shown that counseling decreases students' academic distress. These findings, however, are based primarily on European American students. This study explored the impact of counseling on academic distress for treatment‐seeking racial/ethnic minority college students using the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms–34 (Locke et al., 2012) Academic Distress subscale. Results indicated that there are significant differences in academic distress at intake based on race/ethnicity. Furthermore, findings revealed that change in academic distress over the course of treatment varies by race/ethnicity.
Eating Concerns in College Women Across Sexual Orientation Identities
Authors: Maloch Janelle K. , Bieschke Kathleen J. , McAleavey Andrew A. , Locke Benjamin D.
Published: October 2015

This study found that treatment‐seeking sexual minority college women evidenced serious eating concerns. Regardless of sexual orientation and compared with those with low levels of eating concerns, women with high levels of eating concerns evidenced increased depression, increased generalized anxiety, and a greater likelihood of experiencing trauma. Regardless of eating concerns severity, sexual minority women evidenced greater depression, generalized anxiety, and likelihood of trauma than did heterosexual women, with bisexual women reporting the highest concerns.
1.2.2 The Role of Stakeholders in Requirements Elicitation
Authors: Ryan Michael J.
Published: October 2015

The requirements definition process begins with the elicitation of stakeholder requirements, the first step of which is to identify the stakeholders from whom those requirements are to be gathered. It is common in requirements engineering to define a stakeholder as someone who has a stake in the project—that is, someone who is affected by the system in some way, or can affect the system in some way. In most systems, this definition is not useful since, regardless of where the system boundary is set, it is often difficult to find someone who is not affected by the system. While we must take into account anyone or anything that is affected by, or that can affect, the system when considering requirements, such entities are not automatically (nor necessarily) stakeholders. This paper proposes that a more useful definition of a stakeholder is someone who has a right to influence the system. A method for selecting stakeholders is proposed, and a simple example is provided to illustrate the process.
1.4.2 Synthesizing and Specifying Architectures for System of Systems
Authors: Kenley C. Robert , Dannenhoffer Timothy M. , Wood Paul C. , DeLaurentis Daniel A.
Published: October 2015

Based on our experience with defining and evaluating system of systems and architectures using agent‐based modeling, we describe the steps that we have employed in the context of a well‐known process for defining system architectures and identify which steps of the process capture the unique characteristics of a system of systems. We describe a particular method that we developed to automate the generation of the communications links needed for executable simulation models when evaluating a large architectural design space, and we review model‐based systems engineering methods that are applicable to specifying systems of systems and that support developing executable agent‐based simulation models.
3.1.1 Model Lifecycle Management for MBSE
Authors: Fisher Amit , Nolan Mike , Friedenthal Sanford , Loeffler Michael , Sampson Mark , Bajaj Manas , VanZandt Lonnie , Hovey Krista , Palmer John , Hart Laura
Published: October 2015

Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is an evolving practice in the early stages of adoption similar to the mechanical, electrical and software domains 20 to 30 years ago. Today there is increasing recognition of the potential MBSE brings to system life cycle processes with the increasing complexity of systems and the demands of the global marketplace. In order for the practice to realize this potential, system modeling and MBSE must be part of the larger model based engineering effort, and integrate with other engineering discipline models and modeling activities across the life cycle of a system. This is placing increasing demands on the need for Model Lifecycle Management (MLM) as an essential part of an MBSE infrastructure. This paper establishes the motivation for MLM, as well as laying the foundation for addressing challenges that lay ahead. The paper is focused on describing key concepts, requirements, current practices, and future directions of MLM, and setting the basis for more in depth overview of MLM solutions and vendor offering that are beyond the scope of this paper.
6.1.1 UNDERSTANDING DISEASE THROUGH SYSTEMS THINKING
Authors: Smith Gary Robert
Published: October 2015

Angiotensin II is a hormone within the renin‐angiotensin system. Its effects in controlling blood pressure and thirst are universally recognized and well established. In the early part of this millennium we were somewhat puzzled to find that this blood pressure hormone had unforeseen apparently unrelated inflammatory effects and that an imbalance of this system was being implicated as a key driver not only in cardiovascular disease but in many diseases. Systems' thinking reveals a far more profound role for the renin‐angiotensin system in injury sensing, repair and development and provides an explanation for why it is closely associated with the inception and progression of all chronic inflammatory diseases (includes cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic infections and autoimmune conditions). At some point in the future, manipulation of the angiotensin system, when used in synergy with other agents, will undoubtedly be used to far more effectively treat disease. The speed at which this goal is achieved will depend on our ability to adapt our thinking.
7.2.2 Developing the Next Generation of the INCOSE Systems Engineering Competency Framework
Authors: Gelosh Don S. , Snoderly John R. , Heisey Mimi , Anthony James F. , Nidiffer Ken
Published: October 2015

This paper describes the proposed development of an INCOSE Systems Engineering (SE) Competency Framework. This framework will be developed as an evolution of the current INCOSE United Kingdom (UK) SE Competencies Framework (INCOSE, 2010). The INCOSE Competency Working Group (CWG) is conducting this project in collaboration with the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), SE Division, Education and Training Committee to develop a common approach to the definition of an SE Competency Framework.
Reducing bone cancer cell functions using selenium nanocomposites
Authors: Stolzoff Michelle , Webster Thomas J.
Published: October 2015

Cancer recurrence at the site of tumor resection remains a major threat to patient survival despite modern cancer therapeutic advances. Osteosarcoma, in particular, is a very aggressive primary bone cancer that commonly recurs after surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapeutic treatment. The objective of the present in vitro study was to develop a material that could decrease bone cancer cell recurrence while promoting healthy bone cell functions. Selenium is a natural part of our diet which has shown promise for reducing cancer cell functions, inhibiting bacteria, and promoting healthy cells functions, yet, it has not been widely explored for osteosarcoma applications. For this purpose, due to their increased surface area, selenium nanoparticles (SeNP) were precipitated on a very common orthopedic tissue engineering material, poly‐l‐lactic acid (or PLLA). Selenium‐coated PLLA materials were shown to selectively decrease long‐term osteosarcoma cell density while promoting healthy, noncancerous, osteoblast functions (for example, up to two times more alkaline phosphatase activity on selenium coated compared to osteoblasts grown on typical tissue culture plates), suggesting they should be further studied for replacing tumorous bone tissue with healthy bone tissue. Importantly, results of this study were achieved without the use of chemotherapeutics or pharmaceutical agents, which have negative side effects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 476–482, 2016.
Toward accelerated bone regeneration by altering poly(d,l‐lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid porogen content in calcium phosphate cement
Authors: van Houdt C. I. A. , Preethanath R. S. , van Oirschot B. A. J. A. , Zwarts P. H. W. , Ulrich D. J. O. , Anil S. , Jansen J. A. , van den Beucken J. J. J. P.
Published: October 2015

This work aimed to compare in vitro degradation of dense PLGA microspheres and milled PLGA particles as porogens within CPC, considering that the manufacturing of milled PLGA is more cost‐effective when compared with PLGA microspheres. Additionally, we aimed to examine the effect of porogen amount within CPC/PLGA on degradation and bone formation. Our in vitro results showed no differences between both forms of PLGA particles (as porogens in CPC; spherical for microspheres, irregular for milled) regarding morphology, porosity, and degradation. Using milled PLGA as porogens within CPC/PLGA, we evaluated the effect of porogen amount on degradation and bone forming capacity in vivo. Titanium landmarks surrounded by CPC/PLGA with 30 and 50 wt % PLGA, were implanted in forty femoral bone defects of twenty male Wistar rats. Histomorphometrical results showed a significant temporal decrease in the amount of CPC, for both formulas, and confirmed that 50 wt % PLGA degrades faster than 30 wt%, and allows for a 1.5‐fold higher amount of newly formed bone. Taken together, this study demonstrated that (i) milled PLGA particles perform equal to PLGA microspheres, and (ii) tuning of the PLGA content in CPC/PLGA is a feasible approach to leverage material degradation and bone formation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 483–492, 2016.
Reducing the inflammatory responses of biomaterials by surface modification with glycosaminoglycan multilayers
Authors: Zhou Guoying , Niepel Marcus S. , Saretia Shivam , Groth Thomas
Published: October 2015

Chronic inflammatory responses after implantation of biomaterials can lead to fibrotic encapsulation and failure of implants. The present study was designed to reduce the inflammatory responses to biomaterials by assembling polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and chitosan (Chi) on glass as model surfaces through layer‐by‐layer (LBL) technique. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and water contact angle (WCA) investigations confirmed the multilayer build‐up with alternating deposition of GAGs and Chi layers, while zeta potential measurements showed significant negative charges after multilayer deposition, which further proved the PEM formation. Macrophage adhesion, macrophage spreading morphology, foreign body giant cell (FBGC) formation, as well as β1 integrin expression and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) production were all significantly decreased by GAG‐Chi multilayer deposition in comparison to the primary poly (ethylene imine) (PEI) layer. Thereby, the type of GAGs played a pivotal role in inhibiting the inflammatory responses to various extents. Especially heparin (Hep)‐Chi multilayers hindered all inflammatory responses to a significantly higher extent in comparison to hyaluronic acid (HA)‐Chi and chondroitin sulfate (CS)‐Chi multilayer systems. Overall, the present study suggests a great potential of GAG‐Chi multilayer coating on implants, particularly the Hep‐Chi based systems, to reduce the inflammatory responses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 493–502, 2016.
Protective Effects of 7‐Hydroxycoumarin on Dyslipidemia and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Isoproterenol‐Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats
Authors: Jagadeesh Govindan Sangaran , Nagoor Meeran M. F. , Selvaraj Palanisamy
Published: October 2015

This study evaluates the protective effects of 7‐hydroxycoumarin (7‐HC) on dyslipidemia and cardiac hypertrophy in isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Rats were pre‐ and co treated with 7‐HC (16 mg/kg) daily for 8 days. ISO (100 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into rats on seventh and eighth days to induce MI. Increased activity/levels of serum creatine kinase‐MB (CK‐MB), troponin‐T, plasma lipid peroxidation products, and altered levels of lipids in the serum and heart and serum lipoproteins were noted in ISO‐induced rats. ISO‐induced myocardial infarcted rats revealed increased hypertrophy (cardiac and left ventricular) and hepatic 3‐hydroxyl 3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme‐A reductase (HMG‐CoA reductase) activity. Pre and cotreatment with 7‐HC revealed significant protective effects on all the biochemical parameters evaluated. The in vitro study demonstrated its free radical scavenging property. Thus, 7‐HC protects ISO‐induced MI in rats by its free radical scavenging and antihyperlipidaemic and antihypertrophic properties.