bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-vitro Screening for Anthelmintic Potential of Crotalaria retusa on Pheretima posthuma
Authors: Tirkey Rakesh
Published: September 2019

Objective: Aim of the present study is to evaluate the anthelmintic potential of Crotalaria retusa leaf extract on Pheretima posthuma.
Methods: Extracts of Crotalaria retusa leaves prepared by Soxhlet method. The extracts were screened for phytochemicals such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, steroids, etc. aqueous (AECR) and ethanolic (EECR) extracts were tested for anthelmintic activity using Indian adult earthworm (Pheretima posthuma).
Results: The observation showed that EECR gave shorter paralysis and death time at 100 mg/mL as compared to AECR. Mean±SEM values were calculated for both extract and standard. EECR showed anthelmintic activity in a dose-dependent manner taking the shortest time for paralysis.
Conclusion: The result demonstrated that both the investigational extracts showed significant anthelmintic activity (P<0.05) for the time taken for paralysis and death when compared to standard drug mebendazole.
Keywords: Crotalaria retusa, Anthelmintic, Pheretima posthuma, phytochemical.
DESMOSTACHYA BIPINNATA - A NOVEL FARMING METHOD
Authors: Chavhan Nagaraj Naik , Shashirekha H.K , Bargale Sushant Sukumar , Hegde Prakash. L.
Published: September 2019

Grasses are the most flourishing plants on earth as monocotyledonous plants. They have been a survivor on the planet despite of various ecological changes. They deserve the medicinal value and therefore considered as novel repositories. The grass family is considered as sacred, it has great significance in Ayurveda because of medicinal as well as clinical properties. Methods: Kusha grows commonly and abundantly at agricultural field especially in dry and sandy soil. As are more grass species found in the moderately temperate and moist regionof India whereas Kusha can be grown indoors and outdoors. Results: Growth of plants has seen within duration of 20 to 25 days. In this study effort made to explain the naturalcultivation methods for getting best medicinal effect in drug Kusha. Efficacy of the naturally grown plant shown the good result in laboratory investigations as compare to the manual grown. Usage of single drug is cost effective in day today practice by adopting natural farming method. Conclusion: By following proper plantation methods one can yield high medicinal properties in the drugs to reach the expected result.
Key words: Cultivation methods, Kusha, Mutravaha Srotas, Trinapanchamula.
Primary Metabolites Profiling of Vetiveria Lawsonii from Leaf and Root
Authors: Gauttam Anuradha , Jasuja Nakuleshwer Dutt , Kumar Rakesh
Published: September 2019

Various traditional systems of medicine enlightened the importance of Indian plants to have a great medicinal value. The present study was aimed to evaluate the Primary Metabolites study of Vetiveria lawsonii, belong to Poaceae family. Extracts were prepared in methanol, ethanol by Soxhlet extraction. Quantitative extraction of preliminary phytochemicals investigation revealed the presence of Carbohydrates (Starch and Total Soluble Sugar), Lipid, Proteins, and Phenol by using UV spectrometer. Experimental medicinal plant Vetiveria lawsonii are showing high concentration of primary metabolites. Hence, we can conclude that the methanol and ethanol extracts of Vetiveria lawsonii was possess primary metabolites.
Keywords: - Vetiveria lawsonii; Primary Metabolites.
Primary Metabolite Profiling and Potential Antioxidants Activity from Fagonia cretica (Stem and Roots)
Authors: Sayar , , Sharma Archana
Published: September 2019

Many carbonic compounds are found in medicinal plants, which work as a drug for human body. Fagonia cretica (Linn.) is most valuable therapeutic medicinal plant, commonly known as Dhamasa and belong to Zygophyllaceae family. It is used as: piles, urinary disorders, dysentery, stomach ache, typhoid, cancer and as a blood purifier. Fagonia cretica is a small spiny under-shrub, found in North West India, Punjab, Deccan and Afghanistan. The present study deals in Primary Metabolite Profiling and Potential Antioxidant activity from root and stems of experiment plants. In vitro study of Primary Metabolites such as carbohydrates (starch & total soluble sugar), proteins, phenols and lipids, primary metabolites are a good source of nutrient and energy for cells and Antioxidant activities like: catalase, peroxidase, lipid peroxidase and FRAP by crude extract of various plant parts (root and stems) was investigated of Fagonia cretica. Antioxidants fight as anti cancer agents in human beings.
Keywords: Fagonia cretica; Primary metabolites; UV spectroscopy; Antioxidants.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES OF ANOGEISSUS ACUMINATA
Authors: Yadav Vijay Kumar , Irchhiaya Raghuveer , Ghosh A. K.
Published: September 2019

Medicinal plants are one of the oldest valuable sources of medicine provide by nature to mankind. Medicinal plants are one of the important sources of research of new drugs. Many medicinal plants and herbs hold their prestigious position in the field of natural medicine among which Anogeissus acuminata belonging to family Combretaceae was vital one.
In the present study was intended to evaluate various physicochemical, phytochemical standards like TLC, HPTLC and Pharmacognostic parameters which will be helpful to ensure the purity, safety and efficacy of the medicinal plant.
 Anogeissus acuminata was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, done to estimate as foreign organic matter, morphological evaluation. Total ash values, physicochemical, Thin layer chromatography (TLC), HPTLC phytochemical analysis and secondary metabolites present in the plant were investigated for the extract.
All physiochemical properties were found within the measureable amount as foreign organic matter less than 1% w/w, Total ash values was 12 % w/w with respect to air-dried crude drug. Moisture content was 3.074. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), HPTLC studies were carried for the better isolation and identification of the different components of ethanolic extract. HPTLC carried out in the solvent system - Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Acetic acid (4:3:1). The report of HPTLC indicates the presence of sixteen spots. Preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids glycosides, tannins and phenolic compounds.
KEYWORDS: TLC, HPTLC, Phytochemical characterization, Anogeissus acuminata
Comparative Study of Antihypertensive Drugs Amlodipine Besylate /Metoprolol Succinate and Nebivolol Hydrochloride /Valsartan Combinations in Bilayer Tablets
Authors: Arunkumar Selvi - , Srinivas L. , Satyavati D. , Emmanuel C.
Published: September 2019

The present research is an approach to develop a formulation platform that shall help in minimizing the time and effort taken to develop a drug delivery system. Taking bilayer tablet technology as a representation for drug delivery system, well accepted antihypertensive drugs, Amlodipine besylate and Metoprolol succinate were considered as model drugs for the study. Initially the process variables like concentration of the disintegrants, Sodium starch Glycolate and cross carmellose sodium, Polymers HPMC K100M and K4M were standardized with these drugs so that the incorporation of a new combination drugs would provide predictable results with a minimal trial runs. Nebivolol hydrochloride and Valsartan were considered as test drugs since they are novel antihypertensive drug combination and their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters were almost similar to that of the model drugs. The r value 0.98943 indicates a good correlation between the release profile of Amlodipine besylate (model drug) and Nebivolol hydrochloride (test drug) from the IR layer. Similarly, the r value in the range of 0.9998 indicates a good correlation between the release profile of Metoprolol succinate (model drug) and Valsartan (test drug) from the SR layer. The comparable experimental results of the model drugs and test drugs considered for this study infer that if two drugs are similar in their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters, their behavior with respect to in vitro parameters will be similar provided formulation variables remains constant. This concept could be productive in developing drug delivery system for new drugs for which extensive research and time are major constraints.

Keywords: Bilayer tablets, fixed unit dosage form, Amlodipine besylate, Metoprolol Succinate Nebivolol hydrochloride, Valsartan.
Formulation and Evaluation of Bilayer Matrix Tablets of Nebivolol Hydrochloride and Valsartan
Authors: Arunkumar Selvi , Srinivas L. , Satyavati D. , Emmanuel C.
Published: September 2019

The present study is an attempt to develop bilayer matrix tablets of Nebivolol Hydrochloride and Valsartan with immediate release for Nebivolol Hydrochloride and sustained release for Valsartan. Superdisintegrants such as sodium starch glycolate and Crosscarmellose sodium were evaluated for immediate release of Nebivolol Hydrochloride and polymers HPMC K100M and K4M for sustained release of Valsartan. Preformulation studies were performed prior to compression. The compressed bilayer tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, drug content and in vitro drug release using USP dissolution apparatus type 2 in 0.01N HCl and phosphate buffer pH 6.8. All the pre and post compression parameters were found to be within the acceptable limits. The results of dissolution show that the formulations B3 was the best of all immediate and sustained release layer batches. The release kinetics of Valsartan was subject to curve fitting analysis in order to identify the best fit kinetic model. The regression analysis proves that the best formulations follow zero order release and drug release by diffusion process based on Fick’s law of diffusion. The data for stability studies infer no considerable change in drug content and dissolution rates as per ICH guidelines. The best formulation B3 was subjected to in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rabbit model. In vitro, In vivo correlation (IVIVC) showed considerable linearity. Hence a novel bilayer tablet formulation of Nebivolol Hydrochloride and Valsartan was successfully developed by combining both immediate (IR) and sustained (SR) release layers.

Keywords: Bilayer tablets, fixed unit dosage form, Nebivolol hydrochloride, Valsartan, LC-MS analysis.
Anti-Osteoclastic Effect of Zinc Studied in MCF-7 Induced Osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Nagalakshmi K , Shila S , Rasappan P
Published: September 2019

Bone which a key structural support of the body, undergoes dynamic micro structural remodelling all over life to control automatic stress and calcium requirement in the body. A number of risk factors including oxidative stress, apoptosis and abnormal intracellular Ca2+ metabolism have been postulated to play a function in the inception and progress of bone osteolysis. Cancer cells establish a tight relationship with the host tissue, secreting factors that stimulate or inhibit bone cells, receiving signals generated from the bone remodelling activity, and displaying some features of bone cells. This interplay between tumour and bone cells alters the physiological bone remodelling, leading to the generation of a vicious cycle that promotes bone metastasis growth. Zinc is one of the most relevant minerals to human health, because of its antioxidant properties. The present study was aimed to investigate protective role of zinc against bone metastasis. In the present study, TRAP positive multinucleated cell count was low compared to CM treated cells. Zinc treatment suppressed MCF-7 induced mRNA levels of cytoplasmic 1 (Nfatc1), TRAP and Cathepsin-K. Hence, it can be concluded that zinc decreases osteoclastogenesis induced by MCF-7 cells.

Keywords: Oxidative stress; Metastasis; Bone remodelling; Zinc.
Sitagliptin recuperates oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine expression in ovary of PCOS rats
Authors: Carani Anuradha Venkatraman , Dipti Nanda
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine, reproductive and metabolic disorder and a major cause of infertility in women. Testosterone propionate (TP) is used to induce PCOS in rats. High calorie diet causes metabolic changes, oxidative stress and PCOS. Sitagliptin (STG) is an inhibitor of dipeptide peptidase (DPP) 4 enzyme used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of high fat, high fructose diet (HFFD) on TP induced PCOS rats and the role of STG on oxidative stress and inflammation in PCOS. Materials and methods: PCOS was induced by administration of TP to normal pellet and HFFD fed rats for 43 days. STG (i.p.) was given for the last 15 days to both groups of rats. Vaginal smear, parameters of oxidative stress, antioxidants and inflammation (TNF-α and IL-6) in ovary were analyzed. Results: Vaginal smear from TP rats consisted of persistent leucocytes, a characteristic of PCOS. All the TP administered rats registered significanty elevated levels of glucose, lipids, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, and reduced levels of antioxidants compared to CON rats. STG treatment to PCOS rats reduced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and inflammation and improved estrus cycle. Conclusion: High energy diet aggravated TP-induced changes in oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in ovary. STG recuperated the changes induced by TP, suggesting that STG holds potential for PCOS management.
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating and Mucoadhesive Tablets Containing Rosiglitazone
Authors: Arun Jagdish K , Pattanayak Dharmajit , Adepu Ramesh , Hossain C.M , Shrivastava B. , Sura Ramya Sri
Published: September 2019

In this present study, floating mucoadhesive tablets of Rosiglitazone were formulated to improve the gastric retention time and overall bioavailability. Different mucoadhesive polymers like HPMC K200 M, Na CMC, Carbopol 974P, Karaya gum, Chitosan and Xanthan gum were selected to formulate the tablets. Various formulations were prepared by using these polymers in different concentration. The pre-compression blend of Rosiglitazone mucoadhesive tablets were characterized with respect to angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, carr’s index and hausner’s ratio and all the results indicated that the blend was having good flow property and hence better compression properties. The swelling studies were performed for the formulations and the results depicted that all the formulations have a good swelling index. The drug release studies depicted that the formulations release the drug in first order. So based on the results, formulation RF13 was found to be an optimized formulation.

Keywords: Mucoadhesive tablets, Rosiglitazone, Bioadhesive polymers.
Cytoprotection Alternatives for Cancer Treatment: In-vitro Evaluation of Alpinia Zerumbet as a Radioprotective Agent
Authors: Bhardwaj Shukla Ritwiz , Ganesh N , Kori M.L.
Published: September 2019

Cancer radiotherapy and modern synthetic medicine are critical for the treatment of cancer patients, but on the other hand they may have tremendous harmful side effect from the point of view of a weakened immune system. The focus of current research efforts in the industry and academia is not only to find affordable treatment methodologies but also to discover sources that mitigates or prevents the negative impact of these treatments on the patient’s immune system. This review will provide details of optimal methodology involving Invitro application of techniques such as phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, cytogenetic analysis that were adopted to assess the efficacy of Alpinia Zerumbet extracts as a radioprotector. These methodologies provide a holistic evaluation technique for assessing any potential cytoprotective agent, especially if it’s from the herbal domain. As a case study, analytical and inferential results summary of the research conducted to assess radioprotective property of Alpinia Zerumbet, a herbal and readily available derivative, will be presented. The key findings from the research indicate that the Alpinia Zerumbet extract has potential to be an effective radioprotector, with minimal side effects as compared to synthetic chemical cytoprotective agents.

Keywords: Radioprotection; cancer; herbal; Alpinia Zerumbet
Microballoons: A Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System
Authors: Srivastava Ankita , Shukla Ruchi , Sharma Kusum , Jain Hitesh , Meshram D. B.
Published: September 2019

Oral route is most preferable and widely used route for the administration of drug. Microballoons becomes novel technology in pharmaceutical field in the floating drug delivery for achieving the gastric retention. Microballoons are also called as hollowspheres which are porous smooth in nature and thus show good floating properties in gastric fluid. Microballoons release the drug in controlled manner at the targeted site. Microballoons are spherical empty vesicles without core and that can remain buoyant in gastric region for prolong period of time without irritation in gastrointestinal tract. Multiparticulate particles having a low density system that can efficiently prolong the gastric retention time of the drugs, thus enhanced bioavailability and thus improve the dosing frequency. These are less soluble at higher pH environment. As microballoons delivery systems provide longer retention in gastric pH and enhance the solubility of drugs that are less soluble in high pH environment. The formation of cavity inside the microballoons depend on the preparation, temperature and the surface smoothness determine the floatability and the release rate of microballoons.

Keywords: Microballoons, Gastro retentive drug delivery system, Hollowspheres, Controlled release
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINED RELEASE EPIDURAL INJECTION OF ANALGESIC DRUG
Authors: Mirajkar Reshma N , Dhavale Kalyani Pruthviraj , Madgulkar Ashwini R
Published: September 2019

The objective of this work was to formulate and evaluate sustained release epidural injection of analgesic drug diclofenac sodium used in chronic lower back pain. The formulation composed of a thermosensitive polymer Pluronic F127 (20%) and sustained release copolymers HPMC K100M (1%) and HPMC K4M (0.5%) optimized using 32 factorial design. The formulation was found to be clear, colorless, sterile, syringeable through 18gauge, forming a stable gel at 37°C with a gel strength of 9.67g/cm. The drug release was found to be 98.13% in 72 hrs. The formulation was found to be stable at refrigerator temperature of 5°C for a month. Thus, a stable parenteral formulation was developed that can be an appropriate and convenient approach for patients requiring frequent parenteral administration, reducing recurrence of dosage and ultimately expanding patient comfort and satisfaction in case of chronic ailments.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NANOEMULSION FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION
Authors: Shaikh Neha M , Vijayendra Swamy S. M. , NARSING NAGOBA SHIVAPPA , Kulkarni K B
Published: September 2019

The aim of present research is to design and develop nanoemulsion of Econazole nitrate as effective treatment for tinea versicolor fungal disease. Econazole nitrate is an imidazole antifungal agent with broad spectrum activity. It belongs to BCS class II i.e. low soluble and highly permeable drug. Due to its poor solubility, it is incompletely absorbed after oral dosing and bioavailability varies among individuals. The drug efficacy of topical formulation can be limited by instability due to its poor solubility in the vehicle and low permeability. Therefore, to overcome these problems nanoemulsions have been designed. Topical nanoemulsion containing 1 % Econazole nitrate with different oils (oleic acid), surfactant (tween 20), co-surfactant (PEG 200, PEG 400) and distilled water. Various oil-in-water nanoemulsions are prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method. The nanoemulsion formulations that passed thermodynamic stability tests were characterized for appearance, pH, FTIR, viscosity, drug content, % drug entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release study of Econazole nitrate determined by Franz diffusion cell and stability study.
A Review on Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Aṣl al-Sūs) with Unani Perspective and Modern Pharmacology
Authors: Fatima Gulnaz , Jabeen Arzeena , Siddiqui Shahid A. , Khalid Mohammad
Published: September 2019

Traditional Unani (Greco-Arab) medicine is among the most ancient therapies founded by the father of Western medicine, the Hippocrates. Presently, most of the population worldwide depend on herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary health care needs. Treatment with medicinal plants is appraised very safely as there are no or minimal side effects. The promising fact is that herbal treatment can be used irrespective of any age group. Most of the pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting extensive research on plant materials assemble from the rain forests and other places for their potential medicinal value. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) is best known for its use in making licorice-flavored confectionery. In Unani medicine, it is commonly known as Aṣl al-Sūs. It is a plant of remote origin. Aṣl al-Sūs extracts and its principle element “glycyrrhizin” have widely been used in foods, tobacco and for medicinal purposes in herbal and traditional medicines as well. It possesses multiple pharmacological and medicinal activities such as anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and hepatoprotective actions. This review attempts to compile the data regarding its ethnobotanical actions and medicinal uses in Unani medicine along with its phyto-pharmacological descriptions.

Keywords: Herbal medicine, Aṣl al-Sūs., Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Matrix Tablets of Sacubitril and Valsartan
Authors: Pathak Sudhakar , Pandey Harish , Shah Sunil Kumar
Published: September 2019

Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS) have a bulk density lower than gastric fluids and thus remain buoyant in the stomach for a prolonged period of time, without affecting the gastric emptying rate. While the system is floating on the gastric contents, the drug is released slowly at a desired rate from the system. These floating tablets mainly prepared for reduction of lag time and release the drug up to 12 hours and may also increase the bioavailability of the drugs by utilizing the drug to full extent avoiding unnecessary frequency of dosing. The purpose of this research was to develop and evaluated floating matrix tablets of sacubitril and valsartan. The floating matrix tablets of sacubitril and valsartan were prepared by direct compression method using altered concentrations of HPMC K4M, HPMC K100M, sodium alginate as polymers and sodium bicarbonate, citric acid as gas generating agent. FTIR, DSC studies conformed that there was no incompatibility between the polymers and the drug. Tablet preformulation parameters were within the pharmacopoeias limit. Tablets were evaluated by different parameters such as weight uniformity, content uniformity, thickness, hardness, in vitro release studies, buoyancy determination and kinetic analysis of dissolution data. The varying concentration of gas generating agent and polymers was found to affect on in-vitro drug release and floating lag time. Tablet showed ≤ 1min lag time, continuance of buoyancy for >12 h. The in-vitro drug release pattern of sacubitril and valsartan optimized floating tablets (F16) was fitted to different kinetic models which showed highest regression (r2 = 0.9838) for Higuchi model. The Optimized formulation (F16) showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content, floating lag time, in vitro dissolution studies after 75%±5% RH at 40±20C relative humidity for 6 months.  Prepared floating tablets of sacubitril and valsartan may prove to be a potential candidate for safe and effective controlled drug delivery over an extended period of time for gastro retentive drug delivery system.
Effect of Phaseolus vulgaris on E. coli induced peritonitis and bacteraemia in mice
Authors: Khadagwanshi Dipika , Trivedi Sonkia , Patel Preeti , Jha Megha
Published: September 2019

Infectious or non-infectious peritonitis leads to systemic inflammation due to violation of the peritoneum which is often fatal. Evidences suggest that common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a source of nutrients and contains phenolic compounds having antioxidant activity and its consumption has been linked with improved health benefits. The aim of the present investigation was evaluate the in vitro antibacterial, antioxidant activity and protective potential of the methanolic extract of P. vulgaris in E. coli induced model of peritonitis in albino wistar rats. Rats were pre-treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg/bwt dose for 3 days and fourth day with E. coli (1×108 CFU/ml) strain and consecutively 3 days treatment. Mortality was monitored for 14 days. After the death of rats or completion of the experiment rats were sacrifice and kidney were used for our protocol. Colonies were count and statically analysis was done. Results showed dose dependent antibacterial activity. Thus the methanolic extract of P. vulgaris exhibited significant protection against E. coli induced peritonitis in normal rats. It significantly reduced the viable cells of E. coli when inoculated in rats. Activity is attributed to flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The present study thus suggests that methanolic extract of P. vulgaris significantly reverses peritoneal infection by E. coli in rats. It can be suggest that this medicinal formulation will be used as herbal medicine with no side effects. The high content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of P. vulgaris indicate that they may impart health benefits when consumed and should be regarded as a valuable source of antioxidants. Thus, consumption of P. vulgaris seed along with coats might be recommended to gaining better nutritive benefits.

Keywords:  P. vulgaris, Peritonitis, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, E. coli
Formulation Development & Evaluation of Buffered Tablet of Proton Pump Inhibitors Drug Rabeprazole Sodium
Authors: Kumari Mamta , Jain Nishi Prakash
Published: September 2019

The aim of present study was to prepare buffered tablets of acid labile drug, Rabeprazole sodium for oral administration using buffering agents to protect a drug from gastric fluid. Rabeprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds (substituted benzimidazole proton-pump inhibitors) that do not exhibit anticholinergic or histamine H2-receptor antagonist properties, but suppress gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the gastric H+, K+ATPase at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Rabeprazole blocks the final step of gastric acid secretion. The tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method. The formulations contain water soluble buffers such as sodium bicarbonate and trisodium phosphate as well as water insoluble buffers as magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate and crospovidone as superdisintegrant. Preformulation studies like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, hausner’s ratios, DSC and drug/excipient compatibility study were conducted and evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content, disintegration and in-vitro dissolution. In the present study, pH of F6 batch was found to be optimum and disintegration time is 42 sec. The drug release was found to show maximum drug release in case of F6 with 99.3% in 60 minutes. In case of stability studies study of the optimized batch, all the results were found to be satisfactory and within limits. There were no significant changes after the period of 1 month study.

Keywords: Rabeprazole sodium, Proton-pump inhibitors, Buffered tablet, Superdisintegrants, Buffering agents
In-Vitro Anti-Fungal Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Stem Bark Extracts from Ventilago denticulata
Authors: Devhadrao NV , Bansode AS , Shende VS , Thokal SH , Bhalerao SS , Bhalerao PB , Dhage OL , Tambe AB
Published: September 2019

The objective of the present study was to assess the antifungal activity of pet. Ether extract, acetone extract, ethyl acetate, and ethanol bark extract of Ventilago denticulata (VD).The material was dried in shade made to a coarse powder and weighted quantity of the powder   (1000 g) was subjected to hot percolation in a soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone and ethanol, at a temperature range of 40-800C. Phytochemical tests were done in presence of phytoconstituents like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids. The anti-fungal activity was carried out by using cup method using Sabraud’s agar as medium. Plates were incubated at 250C for 42hr and later observed for zones of inhibition. The effect of the extracts on fungal isolates was compared with Griseofluvin at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. The Ethyl acetate extract at low as well as high doses gives antifungal effect. Pet-ether extract, acetone extract and ethanolic extract did not produce any antifungal effect at both doses. Ethyl acetate extract shows zone of inhibition at low dose (T1 10 mg/ml) 10 mm and at high dose (T2  20 mg/ml) 16 mm.

Keyword: Ventilago denticulata, Anti- fungal, Griseofluvin.
Quantum Dots: Method of Preparation and Biological Application
Authors: Gomase Amol , Sangale Sagar , Mundhe Akshay , Gadakh Pravin , Nikam Vikrant
Published: September 2019

Quantum dots are inorganic semiconductor crystal of nanometer size which having distinctive conductive property depend on its size & shape. After administration of quantum dots parentally they identify target and bound them. Also quantum dots having light emitting property depend on size & shape. Quantum dots are prepared by chemical synthesis method include both organic & water phase synthesis & also by top- bottom approach. Tumor cell targeting & detection of pathogen & toxin are the main application of quantum dots & also in targeting drug delivery system. This review provides the overview of method of preparation of quantum dots & its biological application.

Keywords: Quantum dot, targeting drug delivery, biological application
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Herbal Toothpaste for Treatment of Oral Disease
Authors: Shukla Kavita Varma , Kumari Deepika
Published: September 2019

Streptococcus mutans is the most common cause of tooth decay. Parabens and other commonly used as anti-Streptococcus agents in toothpaste industry have numerous side effects such as discoloration of teeth. The herbal extract of all three plants gives antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity and prevent and reducing the tooth decay, dental caries and given to freshness of mouth. The aim of present work was development and evaluation of herbal antimicrobial toothpaste containing Bark of Acacia nilotica, Acacia catechu and flower buds of syzygium aromaticum as herbal ingredients. Different types of formulations (F1-F6) were formulated using calcium carbonate as abrasive and Glycerine as humectant in varied concentrations. All the formulations were evaluated for various parameters like dryness, color, appearance, consistency, washability, pH, spreadability and foaming power. Polyherbal toothpaste containing hydroalcoholic extract of plants was tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans with different concentrations of toothpaste were used (25, 50and 100 mg/ml). Among the tested bacteria used Staphylococcus aureus was found to be most sensitive to the formulated toothpaste as seen by zone of inhibition (19-24 mm) followed by Streptococcus mutans (13-18 mm). The results showed that the formulated polyherbal toothpaste is promising antimicrobial effects against both organisms. It may be safer compared to fully synthetic toothpaste. Further studies are warranted to prove safety and efficacy of the formulated polyherbal toothpaste.

Keywords: Streptococcus mutans, Acacia nilotica, Acacia catechu, syzygium aromaticum, polyherbal toothpaste
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Oral Film of Antidepressant Drug
Authors: Sahu Rahul Kumar , Jain Shailesh , Kapoor Vishal , Gupta Naveen
Published: September 2019

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Formulation Development and Evaluation of Floating Microsphere of Famotidine for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Rai Dharmendra , Pandey Durga , Jain Nishi Prakash , Jain Surendra Kumar
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this research was to prepare a floating drug delivery system of famotidine. The floating microspheres can be prepared for the improvement of absorption and bioavailability of famotidine by retaining the system in the stomach for prolonged period of time. Floating microspheres of famotidine were prepared using different polymers like ethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose by solvent diffusion-evaporation method. The microspheres had smooth surfaces with free-flowing and good-packing properties. The yield of the microspheres was up to 73.32±0.14% and ethyl cellulose microspheres entrapped the maximum amount of the drug. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed their hollow structures with sizes in 331.6 nm. The prepared microspheres exhibited prolonged drug release and Percentage buoyancy was found to 73.25±0.23. The formulated batches were evaluated for percentage yield, particle size measurement, flow properties, percent entrapment efficiency, swelling studies. The formulations were subjected to stability studies and In-vitro release and release kinetics data was subjected to different dissolution models. It was concluded that developed floating microspheres of famotidine offers a suitable and practical approach for prolonged release of drug over an extended period of time and thus oral bioavailability, efficacy and patient compliance is improved.

Keywords: Famotidine, Solvent diffusion evaporation method, Ethyl cellulose, Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose
Good Statistical Practice: A Key To Effective and Safe Drug Product
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Saisandeep Naidu G.
Published: September 2019

In the pharmaceutical R&D the evaluation procedures play a key role in developing a potent graded product focusing on the various technical advancements it’s easy to overcome hazards.Emphasis is placed on the product’s development to reach specifications of USFDA ,US Pharmacopeia, National Formulary for achieving standards that provide insight on evaluation techniques of drug formulation.Adoption of guidance’s and guidelines cited will strive for achieving good laboratory practice(GLP) good clinical practice(GCP) and good manufacturing practice(cGMP).Embracing  statistical approach provides accuracy and reliability of results.
Detection of Brain Tumor by Medical Image Processing
Authors: Mahajan Shivangi , Saini Sakshi
Published: September 2019

Medical image processing is the most inspiring and developing field today. This paper labels the method of discovery & removal of brain tumor from patient’s MRI scan images of the brain. In this paper, a technique for separation of brain tumor has been developed on 2D-MRI facts which allow the documentation of tumor tissue with great accuracy and reproducibility compared to manual techniques. The first step of discovery of brain tumor is to patterned the symmetric and asymmetric Form of brain which will define the irregularity After this step the next step is segmentation which is built on two techniques 1) F-Transform (Fuzzy Transform) 2) Morphological operation. These two techniques are used to project the image in MRI. Now by this help of project we can sense the boundaries of brain tumor and calculate the real area of tumor.

Keywords: Brain tumor, medical image processing, MRI.
Effect of psycho educational intervention on level of anxiety among Hospitalized children: A systemic Literature review
Authors: Patel Niyati , Vageriya Vipin
Published: September 2019

Background: Hospitalization and Disease can be the first crisis situation that a child encounters. Hospitalization may leads to increase the stress and level of anxiety among children and parents. An excessive or persistent state of anxiety can have a devastating effect on child’s physical and mental health.  Psych education is an evidence-based therapeutic intervention for clients and their family members who help them to cope with illness and give the information as well as support to understand in better way. Psych education is helps to children and their family to minimize the emotional trauma during the hospital stay.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of psycho educational intervention on level of anxiety among hospitalized children.

Methods: A systematic literature review is conducted.

Electronic database search to Collect Literature: The following electronic databases are searched: ProQuest, Research gate, Pubmed, EBSCO, science direct, the British Nursing Index and the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINHAL) and journal available in library.

Result: collected review of literature result shows that psycho educational intervention considers a positive effect on reduce the level of anxiety among hospitalized children.

Conclusion: psych educational intervention  is cluster of the strategies like play therapy, storytelling, guided imagery  etc. It is a non- invasive and safe intervention which helps to reduce the anxiety level.

Keywords: psych educational intervention, anxiety level, hospitalized children, search engine, counselling
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Bilayer Floating Tablet of Gemfibrozil
Authors: Mohammad Gufran Mohammad Faizan , Ghatuary Sailesh Kumar , Shende Reena , Jain Prabhat Kumar , Parkhe Geeta
Published: September 2019

Formulation development is an important part of drug design and development. Bioavailability and bioequivalence are totally dependent on formulation development. Now-a-days formulation development is done by following QbD (Quality by Design).The aim of present study is to formulate Gemfibrozil (Gem) sustained release (SR) and immediate release (IR) bilayer tablet by different concentration of Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and HPMC K 100 M to control the release pattern. The sustained release layer of Gem was prepared by using different grades of HPMC like, HPMC K-15, HPMC K-4 along with other excipients by direct compression technique. The immediate release layer of Gem was prepared by Cross carmellose sodium, Crospovidone and Sodium starch glycolate by direct compression technique. The powders were evaluated for their flow properties and the finished tablets were evaluated for their physical parameters. The both immediate release and sustained release layers of Gem were characterized by FT-IR and in vitro dissolution studies. The drug release study of Gem was evaluated using USP-II paddle type dissolution apparatus. The release rate of Gem in immediate release layer was studied for 15 min in 0.1 N HCL media and that of Gem in sustained release layer was studied for 12 h in 0.1 N HCL. From the nine batches F6 batch showed good release behaviour 99.85% of drug is released over 12 hours. Gem belongs to BCS Class II (log P 3.6) with poor solubility and high permeability resulting in limited and variable bioavailability. Total four trial batches of each drug have been manufactured to optimize and develop a robust and stable formulation, the stability studies of the products also comply with ICH guideline.

Keywords: Bilayer floating tablets, Gemfibrozil, Biphasic drug release, HPMC K 15.
Alginate Microspheres: The Innovative Approaches to Production of the Microbeads/Micro-Particles
Authors: Ramana Reddy K. Venkata , Gupta Jaideep , Izharuddin Pathan
Published: September 2019

Multiparticulate dosage form is pharmaceutical formulations where the active substance is in the form of a number of small independent subunit such as, granules, microparticle, beads, and microspheres. Multiparticulate drug delivery systems are specifically suitable for achieving delayed and sustained release oral formulations with a minimum risk of dose dumping, local irritation, systemic toxicity, and variation in rate of bioavailability as they are less dependent on gastrointestinal transit time and offers many advantages over unit particulate dosage forms. Microbeads are small, sphere shaped, systematically produced free-flowing properties, semi-spherical solid units. Microbeads are the agglomerates of about size ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm, obtained from various starting materials and utilizing different innovative techniques. A blend of multiparticulate can also be used to provide the desired drug release profile. These round shaped particles produced by mostly principle of atomization technique.Among various different innovative techniques Vibration technology, Electrostatic bead generator, Jetcutter technology, electrostatic forces, dropping method and a mechanical cutting device are few of many. In current article it describes about the total methods involved and their working principles with diagrams were clearly illustrated. Now a days sodium alginate beads were designed by these technologies mostly in relative to microencapsulation techniques.

Keywords: Atomization, Vibrating technology, Jetcutter device, Electrostatic bead generator Dropping method and electro-spray technology
Genotoxic and Apoptotic effects of Heavy Metal Mixture on Human Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Line
Authors: YAVUZ Emrah , DOĞANLAR Zeynep Banu
Published: September 2019

Objective: Heavy metals are the most common pollutants with specific gravity greater than 5 g cm-3. Human exposure to heavy metals occurs mostly through the consumption of food and water containing heavy metals. Metals that enter the body via drinking water may cause genotoxicity and various diseases. Therefore, permissible limits of heavy metals in water for human consumption have been determined by laws and regulations. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of a mix of metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe) at permissible limits in drinking water on aortic smooth muscle cells (TG-HA-VSMC) with at molecular level. Material-Method: A metal mix at the permissible concentration for drinking water and 10-fold higher concentration were exposed to human aortic smooth muscle for 24 and 48 hours, and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, heat-shock proteins and apoptosis pathway were investigated in addition to RAPD-DNA polymorphism. Results: It was determined that heavy metal exposure caused increase in the DNA polymorphism, apoptotic cell ratios and enhanced antioxidant and apoptosis pathway gene expression in cells. Conclusion: In conclusion, the mix consisting of heavy metals at permissible limits in drinking water has been shown to cause oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Considering that apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells plays a role in the pathophysiology of diseases such as arteriosclerosis and hypertension, we believe it would be beneficial to assess these limits through extensive investigations in further studies.
Endodontide Etik Sorunlar ve Malpraktis
Authors: GÜRSOY EMEK Burçak , KEÇECİ Ayşe Diljin
Published: September 2019

Basın
ve internet sayesinde bilgiye ulaşılabilirliğin kolaylaşması ve toplumun hasta
hakları konusunda bilinçlenmesi sonucunda hastaların tedaviden beklentileri
artmıştır. Bunun sonucu olarak da diş hekimliğinde malpraktis son yıllarda çokça
tartışılan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Malpraktis; diş hekimliği uygulamalarında
ihmal, yanlış tanı ve tedavi ile ortaya çıkan problemler olarak karşımıza
çıkmaktadır. Komplikasyon ise genel olarak güncel tıbbın kabul ettiği çerçevede
“izin verilen risk” şeklinde tanımlanmıştır.

Klinik
bilgi ve beceriye ek olarak diş hekiminin etik tutum ve davranışları da
tedavinin başarısını ve hasta memnuniyetini etkiler. Diş hekimi ilk olarak
meslek etiğine uymaktan yani; hastasının iyiliğini gözetmekten; hastayı
eksiksiz ve doğru biçimde bilgilendirmekten; tedavi seçenekleri arasından nihai
kararı hastasıyla birlikte vermekten ve yetkin, çağdaş bir tedavi hizmeti
sunmaktan sorumludur.

Günümüzde endodontiyi içeren malpraktis iddialarının
sayısında bir artış vardır. Bu makalede, malpraktisin yaygın nedenleri
tartışılmakta ve endodonti uygulayıcılarının tıbbi hata riskini en aza indirebilmeleri
için komplikasyonlar, malpraktis vakaları ve çözüm önerileri sunulmaktadır.
Usefulness of mean platelet volume and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for development of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction
Authors: BAŞ Hasan Aydın , BAĞCI Ali , AKSOY Fatih
Published: September 2019

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia following ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of platelet activation and function. Mean platelet volume has been identified as an independent risk factor for future stroke and myocardial infarction. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), fast and easy method for detecting inflammatory status, have been recently explored as a predictor for cardiovascular risk and AF. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible relationship between NLR and MPV levels on development of AF after STEMI.Methods: This prospective study consisted of 743 patients with acute STEMI who were admitted to coronary care unit. Patients were divided into two groups, patients with and without AF. Predictors of AF were determined by multivariate regression analysis.Results: From a total of 743 patients presenting with STEMI, 82 (11%) developed AF. Mean platelet volume and NLR was significantly higher in patients with AF compared to without AF (p<0.001, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis results showed that, age [Odds Ratio (OR)=1.03; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.01-1.05; p=0.001), ejection fraction (OR=0.95; 95% CI=0.93-0.98; p<0,001), MPV (OR=1.738; 95% CI=1.29-2.33; p<0.001), NLR (OR=1.08; 95% CI=1.01-1.15; p=0,025) and previous angiotensinogen converting enzyme blockers (OR=3.04; 95% CI=1.22-7.54; p=0,017) using were associated with development of AF in patients with acute STEMI. Conclusions: This study showed that, MPV and NLR were associated with the development of AF in patients presenting STEMI, other independent predictors of AF included age, and ejection fraction.
Adölesan Dönemi Voleybolcuların Beslenme Alışkanlıklarının Müsabaka Performansına Etkilerinin İncelenmesi: Isparta Örneği
Authors: AKKAYA Büşra , SALİCİ Olcay , ERTÜRK Hilal , ORHAN Hikmet
Published: September 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı Isparta ilinde yaşamakta olan adölesan sporcuların beslenme alışkanlıklarının voleybol müsabakasındaki sportif performanslarına etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya 57 kadın sporcu ve 74 erkek sporcu olmak üzere toplamda 131 voleybol oyuncusu katılmıştır. Bu çalışmaya katılan kadın sporcuların yaş ortalamaları 16,06±1,03 ve erkek sporcuların ise 16,12±1,10 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmayı oluşturan veriler bir veri toplama formuyla sporcularla yüz yüze görüşülerek elde edilmiştir. Sporcuların beslenme durumları ve alışkanlıklarını belirlemek amacıyla ‘’Besinlerin Tüketim Sıklıkları’’ ve geriye dönük ‘’24 Saatlik Hatırlatma’’ yöntemi ile bir günlük besin tüketim kayıtları toplanmıştır. Araştırma verileri istatistik paket programı kullanılarak tanımlayıcı istatistiklere bakılmış ve yapılan dağılım testi sonucunda çoklu karşılaştırma için ANOVA testinden faydalanılmıştır. Gruplar arası farkın sebebini tespit etmek için Tukey Post. Hoc. Testinden yararlanılmış ve farkın sebebi harflendirme yöntemi ile sunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak; sporcunun başarısında sporcunun yapmış olduğu antrenman ve sporcu geçmişi önemli rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Fakat sporcuların sportif performansı etkileyen unsurların eşit olması durumunda sporcuların beslenmesi durumlarının sportif performansta belirleyici bir öge olduğu yapmış olduğumuz çalışmada tespit edilmiştir.