bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Breathing Trial Techniques for Extubating Adults and Children Who Are Critically Ill
Authors: Burns Karen E. A. , Khan Jeena , Phoophiboon Vorakamol , Trivedi Vatsal , Gomez-Builes J. Carolina , Giammarioli Benedetta , Lewis Kimberley , Chaudhuri Dipayan , Desai Kairavi , Friedrich Jan O.
Published: February 2024

Importance

Considerable controversy exists regarding the best spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) technique to use.

Objective

To summarize trials comparing alternative SBTs.

Data Sources

Several databases (MEDLINE [from inception to February 2023], the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [in February 2023], and Embase [from inception to February 2023] and 5 conference proceedings (from January 1990 to April 2023) were searched in this systematic review and meta-analysis.

Study Selection

Randomized trials directly comparing SBT techniques in critically ill adults or children and reporting at least 1 clinical outcome were selected.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Paired reviewers independently screened citations, abstracted data, and assessed quality for the systematic review and meta-analysis using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA guidelines). Data were pooled using random-effects models.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes included SBT success, extubation success, and reintubation.

Results

The systematic review and meta-analysis identified 40 trials that included 6716 patients. Low-quality evidence (14 trials [n = 4459]) suggested that patients were not more likely to pass a pressure support (PS) compared with a T-piece SBT (risk ratio [RR], 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97-1.11; P = .31; I2 = 73%), unless 1 outlier trial accounting for all heterogeneity was excluded (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.06-1.12; P < .001; I2 = 0% [13 trials; n = 3939]; moderate-quality evidence), but were significantly more likely to be successfully extubated (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.10; P < .001; I2 = 0%; 16 trials [n = 4462]; moderate-quality evidence). Limited data (5 trials [n = 502]) revealed that patients who underwent automatic tube compensation/continuous positive airway pressure compared with PS SBTs had a significantly higher successful extubation rate (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21; P = .04; I2 = 0% [low-quality evidence]). Compared with T-piece SBTs, high-flow oxygen SBTs (3 trials [n = 386]) had significantly higher successful extubation (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.11; P = .04; I2 = 0%) and lower reintubation (RR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.21-0.65; P = <.001; I2 = 0% [both low-quality evidence]) rates. Credible subgroup effects were not found.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the findings suggest that patients undergoing PS compared with T-piece SBTs were more likely to be extubated successfully and more likely to pass an SBT, after exclusion of an outlier trial. Pressure support SBTs were not associated with increased risk of reintubation. Future trials should compare SBT techniques that maximize differences in inspiratory support.
Optimistic vs Pessimistic Message Framing in Communicating Prognosis to Parents of Very Preterm Infants
Authors: Forth Fiona A. , Hammerle Florian , König Jochem , Urschitz Michael S. , Neuweiler Philipp , Mildenberger Eva , Kidszun André
Published: February 2024

Importance

In the neonatal intensive care unit, there is a lack of understanding about how best to communicate the prognosis of a serious complication to parents.

Objective

To examine parental preferences and the effects of optimistic vs pessimistic message framing when providing prognostic information about a serious complication.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This crossover randomized clinical trial was conducted at a single German university medical center between June and October 2021. Eligible participants were parents of surviving preterm infants with a birth weight under 1500 g. Data were analyzed between October 2021 and August 2022.

Interventions

Alternating exposure to 2 scripted video vignettes showing a standardized conversation between a neonatologist and parents, portrayed by professional actors, about the prognosis of a hypothetical very preterm infant with severe intraventricular hemorrhage. The video vignettes differed in the framing of identical numerical outcome estimates as either probability of survival and probability of nonimpairment (optimistic framing) or a risk of death and impaired survival (pessimistic framing).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was preference odds (ratio of preference for optimistic vs pessimistic framing). Secondary outcomes included state anxiety, perceptions of communication, and recall of numerical estimates.

Results

Of 220 enrolled parents (142 [64.5%] mothers; mean [SD] age: mothers, 39.1 [5.6] years; fathers, 42.7 [6.9] years), 196 (89.1%) preferred optimistic and 24 (10.1%) preferred pessimistic framing (preference odds, 11.0; 95% CI, 6.28-19.10; P < .001). Preference for optimistic framing was more pronounced when presented second than when presented first (preference odds, 5.41; 95% CI, 1.77-16.48; P = .003). State anxiety scores were similar in both groups at baseline (mean difference, −0.34; −1.18 to 0.49; P = .42) and increased equally after the first video (mean difference, −0.55; 95% CI, −1.79 to 0.69; P = .39). After the second video, state anxiety scores decreased when optimistic framing followed pessimistic framing but remained unchanged when pessimistic framing followed optimistic framing (mean difference, 2.15; 95% CI, 0.91 to 3.39; P < .001). With optimistic framing, participants recalled numerical estimates more accurately for survival (odds ratio, 4.00; 95% CI, 1.64-9.79; P = .002) but not for impairment (odds ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.85-2.63; P = .16).

Conclusions and Relevance

When given prognostic information about a serious complication, parents of very preterm infants may prefer optimistic framing. Optimistic framing may lead to more realistic expectations for survival, but not for impairment.

Trial Registration

German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS): DRKS00024466
International collaboration between low‐middle‐income and high‐income institutions to improve radiation therapy care delivery
Authors: Ng Diana , De Martin Tatiana , Wu Po Ting , Huang Peter , Davis Jennifer , Serdiña Jamil , Nash Jamie , Knighton Sarah , Cala Sherwin , Eduave Tisha Lee V. , Abad Anthony Albert
Published: February 2024

Introduction

The Philippines is a lower‐middle‐income island country with over 153 000 new cancer diagnosis each year. Despite many patients needing radiotherapy as part of disease management, there remains limitations to access. Currently, the Philippines has 50 linear accelerator facilities serving a population of 110 million. However, given the recommendation of 1 linear accelerator for every 250 thousand people, it is evident that the demand for accessible radiotherapy resources is significantly underserved in the country. This paper outlines the collaboration between GenesisCare Solutions (GCS) and Fairview Cancer Center (FCC) to address efficiency and access within the radiotherapy department at FCC.

Methods

Through international collaboration between GCS and FCC, areas for improvement were identified and categorized into four domains: Dosimetry quality, Patient workflow, Data & Reporting, and Information Technology (IT) Infrastructure. Action plans were developed then implemented. A baseline measurement was obtained for each domain, and post‐implementation evaluation undertaken at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Data captured within the electronic medical record system was extrapolated, and average treatment times were established for pre‐ and post‐engagement. A paired, 2‐tailed t‐test was used for statistical analysis of outcome parameters using IBM SPSS version 23 for all statistics.

Results

Twelve months post‐initial engagement, all four domains saw positive outcomes. Improved plan quality linked to Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) utilization rates saw an increase from 20% to 54%. A significant reduction in patient average wait times was also observed, from 27 to 17 min (p ≤ 0.001). Prior to engagement, tracking patient demographics and diagnosis was not prioritized, post engagement an average of 92% diagnosis entry compliance was achieved.

Conclusion

Through the collaboration of GCS and FCC, objectives in all action plan domains were achieved, highlighting the benefits of collaboration between low‐middle‐income and high‐income institutions.
Advances in Biomass and Nature‐Derived Ceramic Membranes and Their Environmental Applications in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Jaleh Babak , Eslamipanah Mahtab , Nasri Atefeh , Sheibani Reza , Kulkarni Sarika , Shindalkar Sarang , Shinde Aditya , Gawande Manoj B.
Published: February 2024

The water shortage crisis and industrial progress have led to the upgrading of wastewater treatment processes. Hence, the remediation of wastewater and removal of contaminants are becoming a significant issue for environmentalists. However, the design and optimization of affordable treatment procedures with better removal performance are still challenging for researchers. Although porous ceramics with excellent porosity are appropriate for the separation and adsorption of wastewater and water pollutants owing to their enlarged surface area, fluid permeability, and capacity for water absorption, their production is an expensive process. Therefore, using low‐cost and benign compounds for the production of ceramics is an important issue. This review provides the application of the ceramic manufactured from natural sources and biomass for wastewater treatment and removal of pollutants. The effect of these compounds on the structure and efficiency of ceramics is discussed and suggestions are offered for further research.
Transition Metal‐Oxide Nanomembranes Assembly by Direct Heteroepitaxial Growth
Authors: Li Hang , Yun Shinhee , Chikina Alla , Rosendal Victor , Tran Thomas , Brand Eric , Christoffersen Christina H. , Plumb Nicholas C. , Shi Ming , Pryds Nini , Radovic Milan
Published: February 2024

The integration of complex oxides with a wide range of functionalities on conventional semiconductor platforms is highly demanded for functional applications. Despite continuous efforts to integrate complex oxides on Si, it is still challenging to harvest epitaxial layers using standard deposition processes. Here, a novel method is demonstrated to create high‐quality complex heterostructures on Si integrated with SrTiO3 membranes as a universal platform. The STO membrane successfully bridges a broad spectrum of complex heterostructures such as SrNbO3, SrVO3, TiO2, and dichalcogenide 2D superconducting FeSe toward semiconducting wafers (Si). Through electronic structures measured by angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy, the high quality and functionality of the heterostructures are verified. This study demonstrated a new pathway toward realizing electronic devices with multifunctional physical properties incorporated into Si.
Sulfur Vacancy‐Rich Bi2S3‐X@PDA Heterojunctions with Light‐Controlled Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Elimination to Combat Biofilm Infection and Inflammation Caused by Drug‐Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Mo Dong , Pan Meng , Chen Wen , Liu Qingya , Yu Yan , Yuan Liping , Yang Yun , Deng Hanzhi , Wang Meng , Qian Zhiyong
Published: February 2024

Antibacterial photocatalytic therapy (APCT) is one of the most promising non‐antibiotic treatment strategies for biofilm‐infected wounds and inflammation caused by drug‐resistant bacteria. However, it still faces issues such as inadequate single antibacterial capacity and lack of antioxidant capacity. In this study, a Z‐scheme heterojunction (Bi2S3‐X@PDA) is designed using a polydopamine (PDA) shell firmly anchored to the surface of sulfur vacancy‐rich bismuth sulfide nanorods (Bi2S3‐X NRs). Under near‐infrared light and hydrogen peroxide, Bi2S3‐X@PDA significantly improves the photocatalytic efficiency of reactive oxygen species generation and shows a nearly 100% broad‐spectrum antibacterial effect against multiple bacterial strains and bacterial biofilms in vitro. Interestingly, the antioxidant activity of the PDA shell in Bi2S3‐X@PDA remarkably downregulates the expression of pro‐inflammatory factors and promotes macrophage reprogramming toward the proregenerative M2 phenotype. In a mouse wound model of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection, Bi2S3‐X@PDA effectively eliminates drug‐resistant bacterial biofilms through APCT/mild photothermal therapy, while reducing inflammation in normal tissues and regulating the immune microenvironment, thereby promoting rapid wound healing. Overall, this light‐controlled treatment strategy, which provides both antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory functions, is a reliable tool for combating biofilm infection and inflammation caused by drug‐resistant bacteria.
Operando Investigation of the Molecular Origins of Dipole Switching in P(VDF‐TrFE‐CFE) Terpolymer for Large Adiabatic Temperature Change
Authors: Zhu Yuan , Wu Hanxiang , Martin Andrew , Beck Paige , Allahyarov Elshad , Wongwirat Thumawadee , Rui Guanchun , Zhu Yingke , Hawthorne Daniel , Fan Jiacheng , Wu Jianghan , Zhang Siyu , Zhu Lei , Kaur Sumanjeet , Pei Qibing
Published: February 2024

Relaxor ferroelectric polymers exhibiting a giant electrocaloric effect (ECE) can potentially be used to create next‐generation solid‐state coolers. Under an electric field, poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene‐chlorofluoroethylene) terpolymer goes through a large dipolar entropy change producing a high adiabatic temperature change (ΔTECE). This work resolves the molecular origins of the large entropy change behind the electric field‐induced dipole switching. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipped with a high voltage source is used to operandoly observe the characteristic molecular vibrational modes. A short‐range trans (T) conformation of the CF2‐CH2 dyads interrupted by a gauche (G) conformation, e.g., TTTG in the terpolymer chain, undergoes a dynamic transformation that leads to a corresponding ΔTECE whenever an electric field is applied. The molecular dynamics simulation also proves that the energy barrier that the transformation from TTTGs into a long T sequence overcomes is smaller than that for all other conformations. A mixed solvent system is used to obtain T3G‐enriched terpolymer films exhibiting a 4.02 K ΔTECE at 60 MV m−1 and these films are employed to manufacture a 2‐layer‐cascaded cooling device that achieves a 6.7 K temperature lift, the highest reported value for a 2‐layer cascaded device made of fluoropolymers.
Engineering Defect‐Rich Bimetallic Telluride with Dense Heterointerfaces for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wu Xiangpeng , Xie Rongjun , Cai Daoping , Fei Ban , Zhang Chaoqi , Chen Qidi , Sa Baisheng , Zhan Hongbing
Published: February 2024

Rechargeable lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have received ever‐increasing attention owing to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, their practical application is critically plagued by the sluggish reaction kinetics, shuttling of soluble polysulfide intermediates, and uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites. Herein, a bimetallic telluride electrocatalyst with dense heterointerfaces and rich defects embedded in hollow carbon polyhedron bunches (N⊂CoTe1‐x/ZnTe1‐y@NC, abbreviated as NCZTC) is rationally designed to simultaneously address the S cathode and Li anode problems. Both experimental and computational results substitute the integration of dense heterointerfaces and rich defects can synergistically modulate the electronic structure, enhance the electrical conductivity, promote the Li+ transportation, strengthen the polysulfides adsorption and improve the catalytic activity, thereby significantly accelerating the redox conversion kinetics and prevent the dendrite growth. Consequently, Li–S batteries with NCZTC‐modified separators demonstrate excellent electrochemical performance including high specific discharge capacity, remarkable rate capability, good long‐term cycling stability, and competitive areal capacity even at high sulfur loading and lean electrolyte conditions. This study not only provides valuable guidance for designing efficient sulfur electrocatalysts with transition metal tellurides but also emphasizes the importance of heterostructure design and defect engineering for high‐performance Li–S batteries.
Macrophage Intracellular “Calcium Oscillations” Triggered Through In Situ Mineralization Regulate Bone Immunity to Facilitate Bone Repair
Authors: Zhao Jinhui , Zhang Kesheng , Wang Lingtian , Zhu Ziyang , Jiang Dajun , Zuo Yangbo , Yang Jingzhou , Jia Weitao
Published: February 2024

Bioceramics are vital for treating bone defects, and bioactive glasses (exemplified by 45S5) and calcium phosphate ceramics (CaPs, exemplified by tricalcium phosphate [β‐TCP]) are extensively explored. β‐TCP exhibits superior biocompatibility, degradability, and osteoconductive properties than 45S5; however, it lacks bioactivity, such as mineralization capability. To harness the synergies of both, four 3D printing bioceramic scaffolds: 45S5, 70% 45S5 + 30% TCP, 30% 45S5 + 70% TCP, and TCP, are manufactured. Furthermore, the investigation elucidates the correlation between their in situ mineralization capabilities and the intracellular calcium oscillations within macrophages and determines how they impact macrophage phenotypic transitions. Notably, during bioceramic degradation, there is an initial rise followed by a decline in calcium ion concentration, which results in intracellular calcium ion oscillations within macrophages. In the 70% 45S5 + 30% TCP group, early release of calcium ions promotes M1 macrophage polarization. Subsequently, rapid in situ mineralization causes a decrease in extracellular calcium ions, thus accelerating the transition of M1 to M2 macrophages and facilitating bone repair. The present study reveals a novel mechanism through which bioceramics modulate macrophage polarization, offers new insights into the initial foreign body response to bioceramics and presents a perspective on expeditious progression toward tissue repair.
Real‐Time, Non‐Invasive Monitoring of Neuronal Differentiation Using Intein‐Enabled Fluorescence Signal Translocation in Genetically Encoded Stem Cell‐Based Biosensors
Authors: Lee Euiyeon , Choi Hye Kyu , Kwon Youngeun , Lee Ki‐Bum
Published: February 2024

Real‐time and non‐invasive monitoring of neuronal differentiation helps to increase understanding of neuronal development and develop stem cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Conventional methods such as RT‐PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence (IF), lack single‐cell‐level resolution and require invasive procedures, fixation, and staining. These limitations hinder accurate monitoring progress of neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation and understanding its functions. Herein, a novel approach is reported to non‐invasively monitor neuronal differentiation in real‐time using cell‐based biosensors (CBBs) that detects hippocalcin, biomarker of neuronal differentiation. To construct the hippocalcin sensor proteins, two different hippocalcin bioreceptors are fused to each split‐intein, carrying split‐nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptides, respectively, and fluorescent protein is introduced as reporter. CBBs operated in the presence of hippocalcin to generate functional signal peptides, which promptly translocated the fluorescence signal to the nucleus. The NSC‐based biosensor shows fluorescence signal translocation only upon neuronal differentiation and not undifferentiated stem cells or glial cells. Furthermore, this approach allows monitoring of neural differentiation at earlier stages than detected using IF staining. It is believed that novel CBBs offer an alternative to current techniques by capturing the dynamics of differentiation progress at the single‐cell‐level and providing a tool to evaluate how NSCs efficiently differentiate into neurons.
A 3D Bioprinted Human Neurovascular Unit Model of Glioblastoma Tumor Growth
Authors: Tung Yen‐Ting , Chen Yu‐Chi , Derr Kristy , Wilson Kelli , Song Min Jae , Ferrer Marc
Published: February 2024

A 3D bioprinted neurovascular unit (NVU) model is developed to study glioblastoma (GBM) tumor growth in a brain‐like microenvironment. The NVU model includes human primary astrocytes, pericytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells, and patient‐derived glioblastoma cells (JHH‐520) are used for this study. Fluorescence reporters are used with confocal high content imaging to quantitate real‐time microvascular network formation and tumor growth. Extensive validation of the NVU‐GBM model includes immunostaining for brain relevant cellular markers and extracellular matrix components; single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to establish physiologically relevant transcriptomics changes; and secretion of NVU and GBM‐relevant cytokines. The scRNAseq reveals changes in gene expression and cytokines secretion associated with wound healing/angiogenesis, including the appearance of an endothelial mesenchymal transition cell population. The NVU‐GBM model is used to test 18 chemotherapeutics and anti‐cancer drugs to assess the pharmacological relevance of the model and robustness for high throughput screening.
Cancer Radiosensitization Nanoagent to Activate cGAS‐STING Pathway for Molecular Imaging Guided Synergistic Radio/Chemo/Immunotherapy
Authors: Wu Zede , Li Qiuyu , Zhu Kai , Zheng Shuting , Hu Honglei , Hou Meirong , Qi Li , Chen Siwen , Xu Yikai , Zhao Bingxia , Yan Chenggong
Published: February 2024

Immunotherapy has emerged as an innovative strategy with the potential to improve outcomes in cancer patients. Recent evidence indicates that radiation‐induced DNA damage can activate the cyclic‐GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS)‐stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway to enhance the antitumor immune response. Even so, only a small fraction of patients currently benefits from radioimmunotherapy due to the radioresistance and the inadequate activation of the cGAS‐STING pathway. Herein, this work integrates hafnium oxide (HfO2) nanoparticles (radiosensitizer) and 7‐Ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN38, chemotherapy drug, STING agonist) into a polydopamine (PDA)‐coated core‐shell nanoplatform (HfO2@PDA/Fe/SN38) to achieve synergistic chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy. The co‐delivery of HfO2/SN38 greatly enhances radiotherapy efficacy by effectively activating the cGAS‐STING pathway, which then triggers dendritic cells maturation and CD8+ T cells recruitment. Consequently, the growth of both primary and abscopal tumors in tumor‐bearing mice is efficiently inhibited. Moreover, the HfO2@PDA/Fe/SN38 complexes exhibit favorable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/photoacoustic (PA) bimodal molecular imaging properties. In summary, these developed multifunctional complexes have the potential to intensify immune activation to realize simultaneous cancer Radio/Chemo/Immunotherapy for clinical translation.
Structuring and Shaping of Mechanically Robust and Functional Hydrogels toward Wearable and Implantable Applications
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Qiao , Xie An‐Quan , Cao Pengle , Yang Jian , Ong Wei Li , Zhang Ke‐Qin , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: February 2024

Hydrogels possess unique features such as softness, wetness, responsiveness, and biocompatibility, making them highly suitable for biointegrated applications that have close interactions with living organisms. However, conventional man‐made hydrogels are usually soft and brittle, making them inferior to the mechanically robust biological hydrogels. To ensure reliable and durable operation of biointegrated wearable and implantable devices, mechanical matching and shape adaptivity of hydrogels to tissues and organs are essential. Recent advances in polymer science and processing technologies have enabled mechanical engineering and shaping of hydrogels for various biointegrated applications. In this review, polymer network structuring strategies at micro/nanoscales for toughening hydrogels are summarized, and representative mechanical functionalities that exist in biological materials but are not easily achieved in synthetic hydrogels are further discussed. Three categories of processing technologies, namely, 3D printing, spinning, and coating for fabrication of tough hydrogel constructs with complex shapes are reviewed, and the corresponding hydrogel toughening strategies are also highlighted. These developments enable adaptive fabrication of mechanically robust and functional hydrogel devices, and promote application of hydrogels in the fields of biomedical engineering, bioelectronics, and soft robotics.
Stable and High‐performance Flow H2‐O2 Fuel Cells with Coupled Acidic Oxygen Reduction and Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Shi Lei , Liu Dong , Lin Xuanni , Cheng Ruyi , Liu Feng , Kim Changmin , Hu Chuangang , Qiu Jieshan , Amal Rose , Dai Liming
Published: February 2024

Conventional H2‐O2 fuel cells suffer from the low output voltage, insufficient durability, and high‐cost catalysts (e.g., noble metals). Herein, this work reports a conceptually new coupled flow fuel cell (CF‐FC) by coupling asymmetric electrolytes for acidic oxygen reduction reaction and alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction. By introducing an electrochemical neutralization energy, the newly‐developed CF‐FCs possess a significantly increased theoretical open‐circuit voltage. Specifically, a CF‐FC based on a typical transition metal single‐atom Fe‐N‐C cathode catalyst demonstrates a high electricity output up to 1.81 V and durability with an ultrahigh retention of 91% over 110 h, far superior to the conventional fuel cells (usually, < 1.0 V, < 50% retention over 20 h). The output performance can even be significantly enhanced easily by connecting multiple CF‐FCs into the parallel, series, or combined parallel‐series connections at a fractional cost of that for the conventional H2‐O2 fuel cells, showing great potential for large‐scale practical applications. Thus, this study provides a platform to transform conventional fuel cell technology through the rational design and development of advanced energy conversion and storage devices by coupling different electrocatalytic reactions.
Bio‐Inspired Camouflage Skin with Photonic Crystal Structure and Size‐Confinement Effect
Authors: Gong Yanting , Li Peifang , Peng Zhigang , Chen Shuoguo , Liu Chengfang , Cheng Tao , Fan Jiye , Niu Jian , Lai Wen‐Yong
Published: February 2024

Camouflage skin holds immense potential for a variety of advanced applications, such as artificial intelligence, soft robotics, and flexible/wearable electronics. Currently, most existing materials for constructing camouflage skin are mainly based on inorganic materials with an inverse opal scaffold, which significantly limits their further development because of the poor mechanical properties and environmental instability. Inspired by rana slvaticas, a new type of camouflage skin based on one‐dimentional (1D) photonic crystal (PC) gel is designed and synthesized, which combines the advantages of 1D PC structures with 3D flexible gels in a single skin device. Taking advantage of the unique structures, the resulting camouflage skins demonstrated attractive properties, including excellent mechanical performance, self‐adaptive camouflage capabilities, and long‐term stability in ambient conditions. Specifically, the camouflage skin can quickly recognize and match the background by modulating the optical signals of external stimuli. The synergistic effect of the glycerol, the dodecyl glycerol itaconate (DGI), and the nano‐space structures altogether contribute to the outstanding long‐term environmental stability of the camouflage skin. Overall, by combining the bio‐inspired concept and molecular engineering strategy, camouflage skin based on PC gels is synthesized, which greatly enriched the application and development in the smart skins field.
Oxidative Alkenylation of (Hetero)aromatics with Unactivated Alkenes: Control of the Reaction Selectivity
Authors: Hu Chenhui , Xiang Keyu , Ying Tao , Yu Jingbo
Published: February 2024

Alkenylbenzene skeletons represent one of the most widely occurring structural motifs in pharmaceutical drugs, natural products, and advanced materials. The construction of alkenylbenzenes is promising through the use of a straightforward oxidative alkenylation protocol, particularly from unactivated alkenes. This is significant because unactivated alkenes are inexpensive raw materials that can be obtained in bulk quantities from petrochemical feedstocks and renewable resources. However, controlling the reactivity and regioselectivity of olefination with unbiased olefins remains a significant challenge, necessitating continuous efforts and potentially having a substantial impact on both organic synthesis and the industry. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest advances in regiocontrol strategies for oxidative alkenylation reactions with unactivated alkenes, which can be categorized into three types: 1) ligand‐promoted/accelerated reactions; 2) prefunctionalized olefins‐facilitated reactions; 3) directing group‐induced reactions.
A Stretchable and Tough Conductive Elastic Film for Multifunctional Flexible Strain Gauges
Authors: Wu Qirui , Chen Anbang , Chen Yujia , Zhang Jiayu , Han Songjiu , Huang Jianren , Yang Xiaoxiang , Guan Lunhui
Published: February 2024

As an important branch of modern science and technology, flexible sensor combines the functions of traditional sensors with the characteristics of flexible materials to meet the needs of modern electronic devices for lightweight, flexible and wearable characteristics. However, flexible sensors are faced with problems such as poor stability and weak anti‐interference ability in extreme environments. Here, a strategy of combining thermoplastic polyurethane and conductive carbon black is adopted to obtain conductive elastic film with good conductivity and excellent mechanical properties (TPU@CB film). TPU@CB film exhibits very good mechanical strength (8 MPa). When TPU@CB film is assembled into a sensor, it exhibits wide detection range (600%), low detection limit (0.05%) and short response time (15 ms). Notably, the TPU@CB film demonstrates clear detection capabilities for both ECG and EMG signals of the human body when utilized as an electrode patch. Thanks to lithography, TPU@CB film is machined into strain gauge shape. TPU@CB strain gauge achieves a high signal‐to‐noise ratio and can detect a wide range of frequency vibrations from 0 to 900 Hz, as well as accurately detect the speed of the motor. This provides a feasible way to promote the development of flexible electronics.
Diazo Quinone: An Effective Phenolic Precursor for Building C(sp2)−C(sp2) Bonds
Authors: Wu Kai , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: February 2024

Phenolic biaryl and styryl moieties are important structural motifs in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials. Traditional cross‐coupling often requires pre‐functional substrates and is accompanied by generation of organometallic by‐products. In recent years, diazo quinone has become a new type of high‐efficiency phenolic coupling reagent for the preparation of phenolic biaryl and styryl compounds. This is because it can be used to construct C(sp2)−C(sp2) bonds in an environment‐friendly (transition‐metal‐free) or more direct way. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the field of transition‐metal‐free cross‐coupling reactions of diazo quinones with organoboranes and transition‐metal catalyzed quinoid carbene C(sp2)−H arylation reactions.
Cortical Thickness Patterns of Cognitive Impairment Phenotypes in Drug‐Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Miron Gadi , Müller Paul Manuel , Hohmann Louisa , Oltmanns Frank , Holtkamp Martin , Meisel Christian , Chien Claudia
Published: February 2024

Objective

In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), a taxonomy classifying patients into 3 cognitive phenotypes has been adopted: minimally, focally, or multidomain cognitively impaired (CI). We examined gray matter (GM) thickness patterns of cognitive phenotypes in drug‐resistant TLE and assessed potential use for predicting postsurgical cognitive outcomes.

Methods

TLE patients undergoing presurgical evaluation were categorized into cognitive phenotypes. Network edge weights and distances were calculated using type III analysis of variance F‐statistics from comparisons of GM regions within each TLE cognitive phenotype and age‐ and sex‐matched healthy participants. In resected patients, logistic regression models (LRMs) based on network analysis results were used for prediction of postsurgical cognitive outcome.

Results

A total of 124 patients (63 females, mean age ± standard deviation [SD] = 36.0 ± 12.0 years) and 117 healthy controls (63 females, mean age ± SD = 36.1 ± 12.0 years) were analyzed. In the multidomain CI group (n = 66, 53.2%), 28 GM regions were significantly thinner compared to healthy controls. Focally impaired patients (n = 37, 29.8%) showed 13 regions, whereas minimally impaired patients (n = 21, 16.9%) had 2 significantly thinner GM regions. Regions affected in both multidomain and focally impaired patients included the anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, medial temporal, and lateral temporal regions. In 69 (35 females, mean age ± SD = 33.6 ± 18.0 years) patients who underwent surgery, LRMs based on network‐identified GM regions predicted postsurgical verbal memory worsening with a receiver operating curve area under the curve of 0.70 ± 0.15.

Interpretation

A differential pattern of GM thickness can be found across different cognitive phenotypes in TLE. Including magnetic resonance imaging with clinical measures associated with cognitive profiles has potential in predicting postsurgical cognitive outcomes in drug‐resistant TLE. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:984–997
Polarized Ultrathin BN Induced Dynamic Electron Interactions for Enhancing Acidic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Hao Yixin , Hung Sung‐Fu , Tian Cheng , Wang Luqi , Chen Yi‐Yu , Zhao Sheng , Peng Kang‐Shun , Zhang Chenchen , Zhang Ying , Kuo Chun‐Han , Chen Han‐Yi , Peng Shengjie
Published: February 2024

Developing ruthenium‐based heterogeneous catalysts with an efficient and stable interface is essential for enhanced acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report a defect‐rich ultrathin boron nitride nanosheet support with relatively independent electron donor and acceptor sites, which serves as an electron reservoir and receiving station for RuO2, realizing the rapid supply and reception of electrons. Through precisely controlling the reaction interface, a low OER overpotential of only 180 mV (at 10 mA cm−2) and long‐term operational stability (350 h) are achieved, suggesting potential practical applications. In situ characterization and theoretical calculations have validated the existence of a localized electronic recycling between RuO2 and ultrathin BN nanosheets (BNNS). The electron‐rich Ru sites accelerate the adsorption of water molecules and the dissociation of intermediates, while the interconnection between the O‐terminal and B‐terminal edge establishes electronic back‐donation, effectively suppressing the over‐oxidation of lattice oxygen. This study provides a new perspective for constructing a stable and highly active catalytic interface.
Probing Coordination Number of Single‐Atom Catalysts by d‐Band Center‐Regulated Luminescence
Authors: Guan Weijiang , Cheng Weiwei , Pei Shuxin , Chen Xuebo , Yuan Zhiqin , Lu Chao
Published: February 2024

It is essential to probe the coordination number (CN) because it is a crucial factor to ensure the catalytic capability of single‐atom catalysts (SACs). Currently, synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is widely used to measure the CN. However, the scarcity of synchrotron X‐ray source and complicated data analysis restrict its wide applications in determining the CN of SACs. In this contribution, we have developed a d‐band center‐regulated acetone cataluminescence (CTL) probe for a rapid screening of the CN of Pt‐SACs. It is disclosed that the CN‐triggered CTL is attributed to the fact that the increased CN could induce the downward shift of d‐band center position, which assists the acetone adsorption and promotes the subsequent catalytic reaction. In addition, the universality of the proposed acetone‐CTL probe is verified by determining the CN of Fe‐SACs. This work has opened a new avenue for exploring an alternative to synchrotron XAS for the determination of CN of SACs and even conventional metal catalysts through d‐band center‐regulated CTL.
Wet spinning of chitin nanowhiskers: Effects of electrolyte composition in coagulation baths on mechanical properties and nanowhisker orientation
Authors: Araki Jun , Nakajima Minami
Published: February 2024

Fibers composed solely of chitin nanowhiskers (ChNWs) with extreme uniaxial orientation can be successfully wet‐spun into coagulation baths containing 70% ethanol and various types of electrolytes (LiCl, HCl, NaCl, and MgSO4) with ionic strengths (J) of 0.075–0.3. The obtained fibers exhibited high ChNW orientation with degrees of orientation (S) ranging from 0.77 to 0.96. Fibers produced using NaCl‐containing coagulation baths contained residual NaCl crystals that were subsequently removed by rinsing. In contrast, LiCl and MgSO4, which originated from the corresponding baths and similarly remained within the fibers, did not crystallize due to hygroscopic deliquescence and the adaptation of SO42− ions for potential ionic crosslinking, respectively. Spinning with LiCl‐containing baths yielded fibers with maximum Young's modulus, stress at break, and strain at break of 7.9 ± 0.6 GPa, 58.8 MPa, and 1.13%, respectively. These mechanical properties of the unwashed fibers improved with J, while washing out the residual electrolytes and subsequent drying led to a decrease in the Young's modulus and an increase in the stress at break and strain at break. An increase in S was observed only in the fibers obtained using baths with J ≥ 0.3.
Nanoflower hydroxyapatite's effect on the properties of resin‐based dental composite
Authors: Sağır Kadir , Aydınoğlu Aysu , Hazar Yoruç Afife Binnaz
Published: February 2024

To investigate the reinforcing effect of nanoflower‐like hydroxyapatite (NFHA) in resin‐based dental composites, we synthesized a novel NFHA using microwave irradiation (MW), hydrothermal treatment (HT), and sonochemical synthesis (SS). Silanized NFHA was then used as the reinforcing filler in dental resin composites. We characterized the structure and morphology of various HA nanostructures using x‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and TEM. The mechanical performance of dental resin composites reinforced with silanized NFHA was measured using a universal testing machine. Spherical HA, synthesized through chemical precipitation (CP), served as the control group. One‐way analysis of variance was employed for the statistical analysis of the acquired data. The results demonstrate that the nanoflower morphology significantly was improved mechanical and physical properties. After conducting trials, the NFHA synthesized using MW and HT showed a substantial enhancement in mechanical and physical properties compared to the other structures. Therefore, it can be concluded that NFHA can serve as a novel reinforcing HA filler, providing regenerative properties to resin composites with sufficient mechanical strength.
‘Staying Hot’: Investigating the influence of overnight conditions on the penile skin temperature during male sexual arousal—A novel methodology for nocturnal erection detection
Authors: Torenvlied Hille J. , Trip Evelien , Olthuis Wouter , Segerink Loes I. , Beck Jack J. H.
Published: February 2024

Objective

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of overnight environmental conditions on erectile penile temperature within a controlled setting, with the aim of investigating the feasibility of using temperature measurements for nocturnal erection detection in erectile dysfunction diagnostics.

Subjects/patients and methods

We conducted a proof‐of‐concept study involving 10 healthy male participants aged 20 to 25. The study was carried out at the Department of Urology, St. Antonius Ziekenhuis, the Netherlands. Penile temperature thermistor measurements were taken during visually aroused erections of participants in naked state and in simulated overnight condition (underwear and blankets). Main outcome variables were peak and baseline temperature during erectile periods. To minimize the impact of differences in erectile strength and duration between consecutive measurements, we applied randomization to the order of the environmental conditions.

Results

We observed a significant increase in penile temperature during erection in both the naked (p < 0.01) and simulated overnight condition (p < 0.01). The mean temperature increase was 1.70 and 0.67°C, respectively. While penile temperature returned to baseline immediately after naked erections, the ‘Staying Hot effect’ was noted in the simulated overnight condition measurements, where the temperature remained elevated at peak temperature for the entire 30‐min period following the erection.

Conclusions

The findings from this study indicate that the penile temperature not only significantly increases during naked sexual arousal but is also detectable under simulated overnight conditions. This underscores the potential of using temperature measurements for nocturnal erection detection, representing a crucial initial step in developing a modernized, non‐invasive sensor system for ambulatory erectile dysfunction diagnostics. Further research, including an overnight study, is needed to gain insights into the feasibility of utilizing penile temperature measurements for nocturnal erection detection and to assess the impact of the ‘Staying Hot effect’ on subsequent erection detection.
NIR spectroscopy—CNN‐enabled chemometrics for multianalyte monitoring in microbial fermentation
Authors: Banerjee Shantanu , Mandal Shyamapada , Jesubalan Naveen G. , Jain Rijul , Rathore Anurag S.
Published: February 2024

As the biopharmaceutical industry looks to implement Industry 4.0, the need for rapid and robust analytical characterization of analytes has become a pressing priority. Spectroscopic tools, like near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, are finding increasing use for real‐time quantitative analysis. Yet detection of multiple low‐concentration analytes in microbial and mammalian cell cultures remains an ongoing challenge, requiring the selection of carefully calibrated, resilient chemometrics for each analyte. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is a puissant tool for processing complex data and making it a potential approach for automatic multivariate spectral processing. This work proposes an inception module‐based two‐dimensional (2D) CNN approach (I‐CNN) for calibrating multiple analytes using NIR spectral data. The I‐CNN model, coupled with orthogonal partial least squares (PLS) preprocessing, converts the NIR spectral data into a 2D data matrix, after which the critical features are extracted, leading to model development for multiple analytes. Escherichia coli fermentation broth was taken as a case study, where calibration models were developed for 23 analytes, including 20 amino acids, glucose, lactose, and acetate. The I‐CNN model result statistics depicted an average R2 values of prediction 0.90, external validation data set 0.86 and significantly lower root mean square error of prediction values ∼0.52 compared to conventional regression models like PLS. Preprocessing steps were applied to I‐CNN models to evaluate any augmentation in prediction performance. Finally, the model reliability was assessed via real‐time process monitoring and comparison with offline analytics. The proposed I‐CNN method is systematic and novel in extracting distinctive spectral features from a multianalyte bioprocess data set and could be adapted to other complex cell culture systems requiring rapid quantification using spectroscopy.
Unlocking the link between low emission supply chains, blockchain adoption, and financial success: The payoff of socially responsible practices in supply chains
Authors: Bhattacharjee Amitab , Jahanshahi Asghar Afshar , Chakraborty Sudip
Published: February 2024

The adoption of environmentally and socially responsible practices, particularly in the form of low‐emission supply chain management (LESCM), has become increasingly vital for businesses globally. Renewable energy‐oriented LESCM practices are effective tools for proactive and leading manufacturing organizations, making them socially and environmentally responsible enterprises. In this context, our research focuses on understanding how LESCM implementation by companies may indirectly impact firms' financial success, through facilitating the adoption of blockchain technology (BT). Furthermore, we investigated the impact of the adoption of BT on reducing business operating costs and improving the business's environmental performance. To answer these research questions, we have used survey data from 189 Bangladeshi manufacturing firms, a developing country facing unique challenges and opportunities in the realm of sustainable business practices. Through rigorous analysis and robust statistical methods, we substantiate our hypotheses, shedding light on the positive associations between LESCM practices, BT adoption, financial performance, cost reduction, and environmental sustainability.
Defect engineering in transition‐metal (Fe, Co, and Ni)‐based electrocatalysts for water splitting
Authors: Wu Kaili , Lyu Chaojie , Cheng Jiarun , Ding Weifan , Wu Jiwen , Wang Qian , Lau Woon‐Ming , Zheng Jinlong
Published: February 2024

Electrocatalytic water splitting seems to be an efficient strategy to deal with increasingly serious environmental problems and energy crises but still suffers from the lack of stable and efficient electrocatalysts. Designing practical electrocatalysts by introducing defect engineering, such as hybrid structure, surface vacancies, functional modification, and structural distortions, is proven to be a dependable solution for fabricating electrocatalysts with high catalytic activities, robust stability, and good practicability. This review is an overview of some relevant reports about the effects of defect engineering on the electrocatalytic water splitting performance of electrocatalysts. In detail, the types of defects, the preparation and characterization methods, and catalytic performances of electrocatalysts are presented, emphasizing the effects of the introduced defects on the electronic structures of electrocatalysts and the optimization of the intermediates' adsorption energy throughout the review. Finally, the existing challenges and personal perspectives of possible strategies for enhancing the catalytic performances of electrocatalysts are proposed. An in‐depth understanding of the effects of defect engineering on the catalytic performance of electrocatalysts will light the way to design high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for water splitting and other possible applications.