bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Music Theory
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer
Published: June 2020

Many innovative approaches to teaching are being used around the country, and there is an exciting energy about the scholarship of teaching and learning. But what is happening in the most effective music theory and aural skills classrooms? Based on 3 years of field study spanning 17 states, coupled with reflections from the author’s own teaching strategies, Teaching Music Theory: New Voices and Approaches highlights teaching approaches with substantial real-life examples from instructors across the country. The main premise of the text focuses on the question of “why.” Why do we assess in a particular way? Why are our curricula designed in a certain manner? Why should students master aural skills for their career as a performer, music educator, or music therapist? It is through the experiences shared in the text that many of these questions of “why” are answered. Along with answering some of the important questions of “why,” the book emphasizes topics such as classroom environment, undergraduate research and mentoring, assessment, and approaches to curriculum development. Teaching Music Theory: New Voices and Approaches is written in a conversational tone to provide a starting point of dialogue for students, new faculty members, and seasoned educators on any level. The pedagogical trends presented in this book provide a greater appreciation of outstanding teaching and thus an understanding of successful approaches in the classroom.
The Golden Circle
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer
Published: June 2020

Everyone knows what they do, but do they know why they do it? This chapter presents the model of the Golden Circle that encourages educators to ask the questions of “why” and “how” well before “what.” The circle also challenges instructors to think carefully about “why” they are implementing certain concepts and strategies in the classroom beyond what may have been previously taught or what is comfortable. Through a better understanding of the trends in the undergraduate theory and aural skills core curriculum and answering the challenging question of “Why do students need to study music theory and aural skills?,” instructors can begin to think about their goals and purposes in teaching today’s undergraduate students.
Pedagogy of Chromatic Harmony and Form
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer
Published: June 2020

As the study of music theory becomes more advanced with the introduction of chromaticism and formal studies, there is an opportunity for instructors and students to create a dialogue based on interpretations and performance. Starting with sound is essential in teaching the more advanced topics, and students should be experiencing the music through singing, playing, and listening before analytical conclusions are made. Through visual interpretations, analogies, and incorporation of a multitude of genres, students are able to make meaningful connections between harmony and formal structures, harmony and textual references, and how formal structures are created within a musical context. These more advanced levels encourage students to become independent thinkers and to create their own understanding of “how” and “why” the music was composed by creating their own analytical discoveries.
What the Effective Music Theory Instructors Do
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer
Published: June 2020

Why should we learn from some of the most effective music theory instructors? Their years of teaching have challenged each to embrace new ideas, to rethink curricula and course outlines, and to better engage with the student populations in the 21st century. There are 10 characteristics that all effective teachers seem to share, but the most important is that they understand their “why,” and they question themselves regularly in order to better their classrooms and scholarship. They realize the importance of their role as a guide in the classroom and strive to create a safe environment for their students, a classroom full of questions and self-discovery, where students understand relationships and the meaning of why aural skills and music theory are essential skills for the complete musician.
Introduction
Authors: Friedwald Will
Published: June 2020

The introduction starts with the basic facts and statistics of Nat King Cole’s career, his rather overwhelming string of chart hits that established him as the most popular of all popular singers between Bing Crosby and Elvis Presley, and as one of the greatest pianists in all of jazz. It also talks about how remarkable it is that a pop culture figure who died more than fifty-five years ago is still so relevant as to be referenced in contemporary works like the current Broadway musical Hamilton. As a way of easing readers into Cole’s musical world, two of his most popular numbers are discussed in some detail here: the 1955 hit “A Blossom Fell,” a song that originated in England, and the 1943 “It’s Only a Paper Moon,” which Cole recorded early in his career for Capitol Records, which included it on his first album; it became a career-long perennial and signature song. A further “prelude” talks about the state of jazz and black music in 1930, the year before Cole made his debut and gave his first notable public performance, by focusing on the orchestra of Noble Sissle, then playing Paris, whose orchestra included Nat’s big brother, Eddie Coles, on bass.
Interlude
Authors: Friedwald Will
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines how Nat Cole, in the early to mid-1940s, actually enjoyed two careers at the same time; one as leader of a “commercial” trio; the other as a “gigging” jazz pianist. With Norman Granz as producer, he recorded a series of sessions with Lester Young, Dexter Gordon, and Illinois Jacquet. Then, in July 1944, Granz launched the iconic Jazz at the Philharmonic series with an all-time classic concert, thankfully recorded, in which Nat created musical history in a brilliant duet with rising guitar star Les Paul. We also look at other instrumental sessions that Cole made in these years and the people he played with: the Capitol International Jazzmen with Benny Carter and Coleman Hawkins; the Sunset All Stars with Charlie Shavers, Herbie Haymer, and Buddy Rich; and the Keynoters with Willie Smith.
Nat and Nelson
Authors: Friedwald Will
Published: June 2020

For Nat King Cole, the 1950s brought his first “birth child,” Natalie, and his next blockbuster hit “Mona Lisa,” which completed his transition to pop music. But his struggle with the Internal Revenue Service nearly cost him his home and everything he had achieved. He met Nelson Riddle, his new musical partner who helped Cole attain his greatest heights. Meanwhile, he continued to land cameos in several important films and to headline on such television shows as The Toast of the Town and Your Show of Shows. In 1951, Cole announced the end of the Trio; in 1952, he recorded his next piano instrumental album, Penthouse Serenade. He and Riddle climaxed the period with Nat King Cole Sings for Two in Love (1953), probably his greatest straight down the middle collection of songbook standards.
Assault on a King
Authors: Friedwald Will
Published: June 2020

By the mid-1950s, Cole was firmly established as the most popular singer of his time. Yet some resented his success because he was African American. Even as the civil rights movement was strengthening, a radical fringe of white supremacists were determined to uphold segregation. On April 10, 1956, four men attacked Nat King Cole in the Birmingham Auditorium; police stopped them before they could do any serious harm. And the attack backfired, as Cole’s support grew even stronger. Some of his greatest albums were made in this period: The Piano Style of Nat King Cole, After Midnight, and Love Is the Thing. He also launched his TV series, The Nat King Cole Show, on NBC TV barely three months after the attack.
Postscript: The Afterlife
Authors: Friedwald Will
Published: June 2020

During Christmas 1964, three members of the Cole family were in the hospital: Nat, in Los Angeles, and his father, in Chicago, were essentially on their deathbeds, but Nat’s oldest child, Carole was bringing a new life into the world. Nat’s granddaughter, eventually named Caroline Clarke, was born on Christmas 1964, but Nat wouldn’t live to meet her. In the meantime, Nat’s last album, L-O-V-E, was successfully released in January. His father died on February 1, followed by Nat in the early hours after Valentine’s Day. This chapter talks briefly about his posthumous legacy but concludes with an account of his funeral in 1965, in which the primary eulogy was given by friend Jack Benny, who said, poignantly, “Time, as always, will work its healing ways. And I know that someday the dew drops will glisten on the ‘Ramblin’ rose’ again. The ‘Ballerina’ will dance again, and the ‘Mona Lisa’ will smile.”
The Problem
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This introductory chapter discusses Buddhism's view on worries and anxiety. The basic insight of Buddhism is that the source of this fundamental problem is a mismatch between an individual’s fundamental feeling about the world and how it really is. The painful experiences, the faint buzz of anxiety, they happen because an individual’s outlook on life has certain assumptions built into it that are out of step with reality. Since the source of the problem is that an individual’s way of experiencing things is misaligned with the world, it is important to think and examine very carefully both that outlook and the world. Indeed, Buddhism is about taking a long, hard look at the way things are. Rather than pretending things are not that way or wishing and hoping that somehow things might be different, Buddhism offers a way to live at ease in full view of such facts.
The Solution
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines two general strands in Buddhism: philosophy and practice. Philosophy involves understanding the nature of the world and the mind. It involves careful examination, reasoning, and analysis of the world in general and the self in particular. Meanwhile, practice involves specific techniques to bring about a change in how we respond to the world. It aims at changing mental habits and ways of experiencing the world. These two aspects can, and often are, discussed separately. This is no surprise given how monumental each task is; people sometimes devote their entire lives to only one philosophical question or Buddhist practice. Nevertheless, these two aspects do inform each other. Philosophy helps to establish the aim of practice. Practice, on the other hand, can help one to have certain experiences which can, in turn, inform ideas about how the world works.
Buddhism and Reason
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at how many people think of Buddhism, seeing it as at odds with reflective, rational, or abstract thinking. Indeed, Buddhism in the West is often placed on the emotion side of the divide between reason and emotion, but there are lots of reasons to question this. For one thing, there is good reason to question the divide itself. When one engages in reasoning, one often relies on subtle emotional cues. Thinking and feeling are not separable domains and are often intertwined in complicated ways. The chapter then considers another dispute that Western Buddhists in particular are fond of having: Is Buddhism a religion? Often, people who like Buddhism but do not like religion insist that Buddhism is not a religion. Certainly, many people in many places around the world relate to Buddhism in ways that are religion-like. This is one aspect of what is sometimes called “traditional” Buddhism. Others de-emphasize these aspects and attempt to fit Buddhist ideas into a scientific worldview, sometimes called “modern” or “secularized” Buddhism.
Heaps and Hurricanes
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter assesses the prominent Buddhist view of collections. To talk about the wants, plans, and traits of a company or a government is really to talk about the members that make it up and their relationships. Although these collections can seem to be separately existing things in the world, they are just handy names for what makes them up. This is not to deny that these labels can be useful, at least for some purposes. Sometimes talking about things that do not really exist can be helpful and even teach people things. These labels are just the name people give to a bunch of parts that interact in ways that are relevant to them. Indeed, using handy names for certain collections is not necessarily bad. However, when one starts to think of those names as picking out something real in the world, one starts running into trouble.
Emptiness
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter addresses Buddhism's view on emptiness. Some Buddhists say that everything is empty. To say that things are empty is not to say they do not exist at all. Rather, it is saying that they do not exist in the way that they seem to, as free-standing and independent entities. Moreover, saying that everything is empty is not like saying that everything is red or round. It is saying that everything lacks an independent self-nature. Such a nature just is not there. When we take seriously the idea that everything is empty, we will start to wonder if this also applies to emptiness itself. For some Buddhists, the answer is no; emptiness itself is the one and only thing that is what it is all the time, without relying on anything else. But for other Buddhists that accept emptiness, emptiness itself also lacks any independent self-essence. The truth that everything exists only relationally is itself only relational. Emptiness is itself empty.
Who Do You Think You Are?
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores self-knowledge, which is critical for solving the practical problems involved in getting through life. An awareness of your own quirks, character, and preferences is important for figuring out what works for you. However, self-knowledge is also tricky because it is especially elusive. People commonly learn about themselves only indirectly; often it is only by reading the reactions of others that people can see how harsh, kind, or annoying they are. It is also because when trying to know the self, the thing the individual is trying to see is the very thing that does the looking. Buddhism offers many evocative images to illustrate this special challenge: Just as a knife cannot cut itself, the mind cannot be directed toward itself. This makes knowing the self, especially in a deep way, an especially difficult task. Knowing the self thus requires special kinds of tools and methods. The chapter then considers the concept of Buddha Nature.
Karma
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines karma. Karma, most literally, means action. Initially, it meant very specific ritual actions to bring about certain results. Later, the meaning of the term expanded and started to refer to all actions. Not only that, it is also used to refer to the effects of an individual’s actions and the connections between their actions and those effects. Given this basic idea of karma, it is important to highlight what it is not. People sometimes talk about the “law of karma.” People think of laws as having a lawmaker and an enforcer. However, karma is not like that—there is nobody writing the law and making sure it is enforced. In this sense, it is more like the law of gravity—it is a regularity in the way the world is; nobody has to write or enforce it. Moreover, karma is not some form of cosmic justice; it need not be about deserving the effects. Karma is not fate as well. The Buddha is clear that not all events are determined by karma.
The Two Truths
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter analyzes the two truths. Buddhists care deeply about getting at the truth and as a result have thought a lot about what truth is. One of the most important philosophical ideas to emerge from Buddhism is that of the two truths. Though it is more commonly known as the two truths, it could also be called the Two Realities. What is really true, not just within a set of conventions, is called ultimate truth. This does not entail that conventional truth is always bad or to be abandoned. Conventional truth can be useful as long as it does not blind one to what is really happening. This idea plays two different roles in Buddhism: One is as a philosophical idea about the nature of reality; the other is as an interpretive strategy to make sense of a variety of Buddhist texts.
Enlightenment
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on enlightenment. Many writers describe Buddhism as a path to happiness, but there are a few important ways in which enlightenment and happiness can be quite different. Happiness, for example, is often thought of as an entirely subjective state. The problem that Buddhists are trying to solve, however, is not merely a subjective state. The problem for Buddhists is not only about feeling bad but is a precarious and destructive way of being in the world, one that people often fail to recognize at all. In this sense, the Buddhist goal is more like being healthy than being happy. Enlightenment involves a radical reorientation of an individual’s outlook on the world. It is one that takes into account the ways in which an individual’s habits of seeing, feeling, thinking, and responding to things fool that individual into having a visceral sense that the world is one way when it is really very different.
Philosophy as Practice
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at another way to understand the philosophical aspects of Buddhism. Instead of seeing philosophy as about abstract things to know, we can think of it also as a kind of mental exercise, an intellectual training regimen. Rather than something to know, it is something to work through, something to do. Much of Buddhist philosophy can be read on two levels, as a description of how things are and as instructions for how to realize it. As such, Buddhist philosophy is like an exercise an individual goes through to help them get started in the right direction; it is a process that they go through to get their mind out of its old habits. This means that, like any practice, it is not for everyone and eventually, that individual may not need it anymore.
Varieties of Buddhist Practice
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the wide variety of Buddhist practices. Though people who practice Buddhism would all self-identify as Buddhist, what Buddhism means to them and the role it plays in their lives is very different. Think about the social context. For some Buddhists, Buddhism is deeply intertwined with both family life and powerful social institutions. This social context affects how practice looks for each. The role of ritual is also different for each. Moreover, there are different background assumptions about the supernatural in play. Another difference is the place of meditation in the lives of each of these Buddhists. None of this is to say that any of these people are practicing “real” or “authentic” Buddhism. It is merely to highlight the ways in which Buddhist practice varies around the world.
A Few Grains of Salt
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter assesses some common cultural associations people have with Buddhism and where these associations came from. In the case of Europe and America, early in the 1800s, two groups—the Romantics and the Transcendentalists—started to take an interest in ideas from Asia in general and from Buddhism in particular. Another early source of Western interest in Buddhism is a religious movement called Theosophy. It is through these channels that many in the West first came into contact with Buddhism. It arrived filtered through people with very particular agendas and interests. People who had little, if any, command of Buddhist texts or the languages they were written in. Though they popularized ideas and texts from Asia, they did so with a very specific spin, one that still can be felt today. Ultimately, it is important to keep in mind that there is more to Buddhism than one's own idealized version of it because there is a real danger in projecting what one wants onto Buddhism and ignoring the rest.
Relics and Veneration
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter addresses the role of relics and veneration in Buddhism. Words like “relic” and “veneration” can often feel too religious and too supernatural. For many with a modern outlook, practices involving the veneration of relics can seem archaic and irrelevant. As a result, they are too often overshadowed by philosophy and meditation in many contemporary discussions of Buddhism. Nevertheless, these practices can not only be deeply meaningful and transformative but are among the most widespread and popular in the Buddhist world today. Indeed, for the vast majority of practicing Buddhists in the world, the veneration of relics and important places is absolutely central to what Buddhism means to them. Most generally, these practices are ways of expressing respect and admiration, but they also bring about changes in one's outlook. They typically involve an especially important object or place, and there are, as one might expect, many variations. Since they often involve magical or supernatural elements, they are sometimes ignored or downplayed in modern forms of Buddhism. They are, however, important in the Buddhist world and offer important lessons, even for those who do not accept the supernatural aspects.
Developing Awareness
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the technique of developing awareness. Many Buddhist techniques are directed toward a particular object. Different objects can be selected for people at different levels of understanding, with different temperaments, or who face different obstacles. Other times, however, we are not aiming to be aware of anything in particular but simply more aware. We are not focused on any particular thing but instead have a heightened sensitivity to everything that is happening. This technique is similar to some of the earlier ones, but it is less like training the eyes to see particular things better and more like improving the sense of vision itself. It helps to develop a kind of discerning awareness of all of the events around life—their origins, duration, and characteristics.
Kindness and Joy
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on Buddhist practices that aim to change one's feeling about good and bad events in one's life. These practices aim to change one's usual way of relating to others. In particular, they develop a pair of responses called metta and mudita. Metta is often translated as “loving kindness” and is a genuine concern for the happiness of others. Mudita is often translated as “sympathetic joy” and means feeling happy when good things happen to others. Though metta is similar to much of what can be called love or kindness, it is more specific than either. It is a sincere and selfless concern for others, for their happiness and well-being. Mudita is a similarly selfless response toward someone, but it is felt in response to a particular event.
From Migrants to Masters of the Middle East
Authors: Overtoom Nikolaus Leo
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers the reasons for the success of the Parthians in their rise from a minor nomadic group to a dominant imperial force. It analyzes the most important cultural factors of the early Parthian state, namely the versatility of Parthian society, the innovations of the Parthian military, and the early Arsacids’ ability to manage and exploit these qualities to the benefit of the state through their capable leadership and dynastic stability. These important qualities of the Parthian state established the exceptional advantages the Parthians needed to create, maintain, and expand their power and influence within the hotly contested and dangerously competitive international environment of the Hellenistic Middle East.
The Emergence of the Parthian State
Authors: Overtoom Nikolaus Leo
Published: June 2020

This chapter introduces the establishment of the Parthian state on the Iranian plateau in the middle third century. The unexpected decline of the power of the Seleucid Empire in the 240s because of dynastic turmoil caused a crisis in the Hellenistic Middle East. This crisis encouraged eastern satraps to rebel and the nomadic Parni tribe (known afterward as the Parthians) to invade northeastern Iran. The successful invasion of the Parni to seize Parthia and establish a new kingdom, paired with the sudden rise of their regional power and the failure of the Seleucids to eliminate this new threat, helped create a new interstate system in which the Seleucids, Parthians, and the newly independent Bactrians shared power. The sweeping success of the first Parthian king, Arsaces I, established Parthia as a limited regional power; however, its existence for several decades remained precarious.
Parthian Hegemony
Authors: Overtoom Nikolaus Leo
Published: June 2020

This chapter emphasizes the efforts of Mithridates II to consolidate and expand his power and prestige to establish the Parthians as an unrivaled imperial force. Through a determined war against the Central Asian tribal confederations, Mithridates emerged as the savior of the empire. After restoring the eastern frontier, he turned his attention to expanding Parthian power and influence over the remaining Hellenistic rivals to the west, particularly Armenia and the dwindling Seleucid state. Mithridates utilized diplomacy and military force to dominate these rivals, expanding the network of vassal kings under his authority and taking the title “King of Kings.” The hegemonic campaign he began against the Seleucids eventually culminated in the temporary submission of the Seleucids to Parthian dominance under his immediate successors, ending a century-and-a-half-long rivalry. In the late second and early first centuries, Mithridates established the Parthians for the first time as the undisputed masters of the Hellenistic Middle East.
Digital Domesticity
Authors: Kennedy Jenny , Arnold Michael , Gibbs Martin , Nansen Bjorn , Wilken Rowan
Published: June 2020

This book, Digital Domesticity: Media, Materiality, and Home Life, is concerned with the home, but it is not bounded by the home. While the home provides a necessary anchor point for our empirical and theoretical work, we are well aware that the home is not self-contained but is a node in multiple commercial, cultural, and technical networks, all of which interact, and all of which have local implications and global reach. The home’s socio-technical ecology operates in recursive relations with these much larger ecologies, none of which can be ignored if the home is to be understood. This book unearths this digital domesticity through accounts of evolving socio-technical relations as they unfold in processes of adopting and adapting to innovations; using, maintaining, and neglecting the complex of technologies in the home; and confronting the obsolescence of particular technologies and failure of systems of consumer technologies.
Appropriations
Authors: Michael Arnold
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers how media landscapes in the home have shifted over this century and examines how devices relate to each other and to householders to create dynamic and evolving media ecologies. At the turn of this century, a typical domestic media ecology comprised a cathode-ray television in the living room, perhaps connected to a videocassette recorder; a desktop computer in a home office, perhaps connected to a dial-up modem; and a landline telephone, often located in a communal area in the home. More recently, the home has become a place for high-definition “smart” televisions, intelligent multifunction set-top boxes, game consoles, digital radio, high-speed broadband, cabled and wireless home networks, mobile computing, cloud connections, online government service provision, gesture-controlled games, and much more. How and why have these technologies been appropriated? How has this ongoing appropriation reconfigured the domestic media ecology and the life that is lived within this ecology?
Housekeepings
Authors: Michael Arnold
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the significant and often invisible forms of “articulation work” (the work to keep things working) needed to maintain digital media in good working order and fit-for-purpose in the domestic media ecology. It considers the labor of investigating options for, making decisions about, and purchasing and setting up new technologies as well as their ongoing maintenance. This chapter examines both the work and who does the work of maintaining and managing digital media. It also examines the relations of power, authority, gender, labor, and expertise that go into decision making, appropriating, maintaining, and using household digital technologies. In doing so, it furthers empirical developments concerning the notion of domestic media ecologies.
Displacements
Authors: Michael Arnold
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers how media technologies become obsolete, dysfunctional, and dispossessed and examines how households manage older technology devices and eventually move toward displacement, including through replacement and disposal. As new things are placed, older things are displaced. As new things are purposed, others are repurposed. As older things deteriorate and break or become obsolete, they are repositioned within the household ecology, they are moved to the periphery of the ecology (storage), or they are removed from the house altogether to some distant place. Attachments are formed with material things that make disposal difficult, and the lingering functionality and use values of media continue to be exercised, challenging the imperative of consumer electronics to force obsolescence and upgrading. This chapter investigates the steady accumulation of unused media within homes, informed by uncertainties around data stored on hard drives, electronic waste protocols, or even the slim chance of future reuse.
Debating Targeted Killing
Authors: Meisels Tamar , Waldron Jeremy
Published: June 2020

In this “for and against” book, Jeremy Waldron and Tamar Meisels defend competing positions on the legitimacy of targeted killing. The volume begins with a joint introduction, briefly setting out the terms of discussion, and presenting a short historical overview of the practice—i.e. what is targeted killing, and how has it been used in which conflicts and by whom. The debate opens with Meisels’ defense of targeted killing as a legitimate and desirable defensive anti-terrorism strategy, in keeping with both just war theory and international law. Meisels unreservedly defends the named killing of irregular combatants, most notably terrorists, during armed conflict. Additionally, she offers a possible moral justification for rare instances of assassination outside that framework, specifically with reference to recent cases of nuclear scientists developing weapons of mass destruction for the Iranian and Syrian governments. The debate continues with Waldron’s arguments focusing on the dangers and the inherent wrongness of governments’ having the right to maintain death lists—lists of named individuals who are to be hunted down and killed. Waldron notes the many differences between individualized targeting and ordinary combat, and he resists the attempt to assimilate targeted killing to killings in combat. Waldron also cautions us to consider carefully what a world of targeted killings will be like, the many abuses it is liable to, and why we should be very cautious, morally and strategically, in our thinking about it.
Introduction
Authors: Meisels Tamar , Waldron Jeremy
Published: June 2020

The debate over targeted killing in this volume begins with a joint introduction by the authors, briefly setting out the terms of discussion, and presenting a short overview of the practice—what is targeted killing, and how has it been used, in which conflicts, and by whom. Following some historical examples, mostly from Israel and the United States, the authors distinguish between contemporary signature strikes and personality strikes, and focus their forthcoming debate on the latter, i.e., named killing. While this book touches on a wide array of issues, e.g., civilian immunity, drones, violation of sovereignty, abuse of government power, etc., the authors urge the reader early on to maintain a steadfast focus on the essence of targeted killing debated throughout, namely, the targeting for death of named and identified individuals by our states and leaders.
Reply to Professor Waldron
Authors: Meisels Tamar
Published: June 2020

The volume concludes with an exchange between the authors, directly engaging with the others’ respective argument. In this penultimate chapter, Meisels briefly responds and replies to the arguments raised by Waldron against targeted killing. Meisels emphasizes some points of agreement between the two authors: Their commitment to the right to life and the laws of armed conflicts, and their non-pacifist and non-absolutist position on targeted killing. She reemphasizes their points of disagreement, such as the authors’ very different use of analogies, particularly in determining the normative framework for discussing targeted killing (war/armed conflict), their differing views on possible proliferation of target killing, as well as disagreements over precedents and particular cases.
Empirical Implications of Treaty Effects on Conflict
Authors: Conrad Courtenay R. , Ritter Emily Hencken
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the model presented in Chapter 2 to learn when and how treaties affect repression and dissent. What conflict behaviors would the leader and dissidents choose if they were not obligated under an HRT? How do these behaviors change as domestic government and leader characteristics change? The chapter compares those expectations to how the same leader and the same dissidents under the same domestic conditions would act if the country were instead obligated to international human rights law. It concludes by considering how the expectations of these conflict outcomes affect the leader's propensity to commit to an international human rights treaty in the first place.
Substantive Empirical Results: Government Repression
Authors: Conrad Courtenay R. , Ritter Emily Hencken
Published: June 2020

This chapter utilizes the treatment models described in Chapter 4 to estimate the effects of a treaty on both obligated and unobligated countries. For those that are obligated to the terms of an HRT, it estimates the effect of the treaty on government repression relative to the counterfactual of how that country would have repressed if it were not treaty-obligated. For countries that are not obligated to a given HRT in each year, it estimates the effect of a counterfactual treaty commitment on government repression relative to repression that occurred absent the treaty obligation. By comparing each government's level of repression under its observed treaty commitment status and level of repression that it would have experienced under a counterfactual treaty-obligation condition, statistical models estimate the effect of international human rights law on various government violations of human rights.
Substantive Empirical Results: Mobilized Dissent
Authors: Conrad Courtenay R. , Ritter Emily Hencken
Published: June 2020

This chapter utilizes the treatment models described in Chapter 4 to estimate the effects of a treaty on both treaty-obligated and -unobligated countries. It examines first the probability that a government will (or will not) be obligated to an international human rights treaty and then the effect the treaty has (or would have) on mobilized dissent on the two samples of countries. Like those for government repression presented in Chapter 5, the models have complicated error correlations, interaction terms, and observable variables, making interpretation of the statistical estimates on their own quite unintuitive. Therefore, the focus is on presenting the substantive results of these estimates.
Writing and Identity
Authors: Frampton Stephanie Ann
Published: June 2020

What did ancient Romans believe about the origins of their alphabet? Focusing on the fact that the alphabet was recognized by Roman authors to have been borrowed from the Greeks, who in turn had borrowed it from more ancient cultures in the eastern Mediterranean, this chapter shows how those borrowings were used by Romans in the classical period to echo and reinforce popular myths and ideals about their own hybrid cultural identity. Discussion includes a comparison of Greek and Roman myths of alphabetic origins, including those of Herodotus, Plato, Tacitus, and Pliny the Elder, and analysis of Roman theories about the sources for differences between the Greek and Roman alphabets, stemming from histories of transmission from older writing cultures in the Mediterranean, including Etruscans, Phoenicians, Egyptians, and Assyrians.
The Text of the World
Authors: Frampton Stephanie Ann
Published: June 2020

It has long been recognized that one of the governing images of Lucretius’s great natural-philosophical poem De rerum natura is the analogy between letters and atoms, both elementa (“elements”) in Latin. At several points in the poem, Lucretius explains the mystery of atomic composition by saying that the atoms are like letters, coming together into physical bodies just as letters come together into words, and words into poetry. Taking seriously the material-cultural roots of Lucretius’s materialist analogy, this chapter approaches the familiar figure in a new way. Using papyri that provide evidence for the methods by which children in antiquity learned to read and write, this chapter shows the debt that Lucretius’s description of writing—and thus his very ideas of atomism and the ; (clinamen) &#“swerve”—owe to one of the most common tools of ancient literate education: the syllabary.
The Roman Poetry Book
Authors: Frampton Stephanie Ann
Published: June 2020

After discussing the now famous papyrus fragment discovered in 1979 in Lower Nubia and covered with lines of poetry identified with the elegist Cornelius Gallus, this chapter focuses on reconstructing the material habitus of Latin poetry within the Roman bookroll. Reviewing programmatic passages in Ennius, Plautus, Catullus, Ovid, and especially Horace and Virgil, the chapter shows many of the ways that Roman authors made reference to writing and textual materiality within their work to signal and often to resist intimacy with readers in the world outside of their poems. Focusing on the symbolic importance of the special copies that authors may have had prepared for friends and patrons, known now as “presentation copies,” these readings ultimately help to illuminate the surprising rarity of explicit references to writing in Virgil, an author, like others, exquisitely concerned with managing relationships with elite readers by way of his texts.
Conclusion
Authors: Frampton Stephanie Ann
Published: June 2020

The conclusion examines a papyrus miscellany from Roman Egypt to discuss the importance of the symbolic uses of writing to our understanding of the world of the text in antiquity. Generally called a “commonplace book,” PLond 256 is rather a miscellaneous collection of public and personal documents, bound as a scroll to be reused as backing for other writing, a form known as tomos sunkollesimos (“scroll pasted together”). Collected among a tax receipt, two grain orders, and a fourth illegible document is a Greek epigram about the Battle of Actium: one of the earliest appearances in manuscript of the indentation of alternating lines that was to become characteristic of epigram and elegy into our own period. As this example underscores, understanding the written word involves kinds of “literacy” beyond pure decipherment of linguistic content, ones that accrue to different genres of texts, modes of production, imagined audiences, and material forms.
Ethics and Extraterrestrials
Authors: Potthast Adam
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines how classical ethical theory might apply to the kind of alien life humans are most likely to encounter: nonrational, nonsentient life. Humans are unlikely to have basic ethical obligations to extraterrestrial life because it is very unlikely that extraterrestrial life could have moral status, by the lights of leading moral theories. Furthermore, even if extraterrestrial life did have moral status, consistency with moral practices on Earth would suggest that humans have very few basic ethical obligations to this life. However, it does not follow that humans could treat extraterrestrial life in any matter human beings see fit, because extraterrestrial life may require protection as humans follow through on basic ethical obligations to themselves. In sum, humans would not have ethical obligations to such life per se but the obligations people clearly do have to their fellow humans entail that people cherish, promote, and protect extraterrestrial life.
Introduction
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1 gives an overview of the politics of law and order and presents the research design for the volume. Based on a discussion of the state of the art, it argues why it is crucial to analyze party politics to fully understand why some countries moved law and order policies toward the more repressive poles while others didn’t follow the same path.
A Theoretical Framework of the Partisan Politics of Law and Order
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg
Published: June 2020

Chapter 2 develops a theoretical framework for the analysis of law and order policies from a partisan politics perspective. It argues that understanding law and order policy making involves two main steps that can be conceptually distinguished: agenda-setting and decision-making. For the agenda-setting phase, the chapter builds on the assumption that issues related to law and order are valence-loaden and generate issue competition between political parties. Therefore, issue owners are particularly likely to get tough on law and order. For decision-making, the theoretical argument relates to theories of comparative public policy analysis, according to which the preferences do translate into public policies, but only if the institutional context allows. Finally, this theoretical chapter discusses how law and order turns may shape the future policy path through positive policy feedback. All expectations are summarized in seven hypotheses to guide the empirical analysis.
Law and Order Policies and Third Way Social Democrats
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg
Published: June 2020

Chapter 4 provides a comparative case study on the law and order policies adopted by two social democratic governments, the British Blair administration and the German Red-Green government led by Chancellor Schröder. It reveals that while both governments started from a somewhat similar programmatic stance, only the British case saw a significant turn toward tougher policies. The divergence between the cases is explained by two main facts. First, the German SPD seemed to use a tough policy stance mainly for strategic reasons, whereas the leaders of New Labour were deeply convinced of the policy. Therefore, the German policy stance was much less coherent. Second, the power of the German constitutional court strengthened the position of the Ministry of Justice vis -à-vis the Ministry of the Interior—a fact that hindered a tougher path.
Law and Order Policies and Conservative Parties
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg
Published: June 2020

Chapter 5 presents evidence on how two conservative governments, the Bildt government in Sweden in the early 1990s and the French UMP governments at the beginning of the 2000s, embarked on rather different policy paths although both governments had pledged to implement harsher law and order policies. The difference between the two countries is explained by the fact that the Swedish political system constrains radical policy shifts by a legislative process that is lengthy and aimed at consensus. Therefore, the government simply did not have enough time to implement what might have been a major policy change. Second, the importance of law and order policies was greatly reduced in Sweden due to a major financial and economic crisis that hit the country only months after the government took office—hence, crime and security were not a priority. In France, in contrast, institutional constraints were weak, which explains the shift toward a harsher stance.
Law and Order and the Risk of Policy Overreaction
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg
Published: June 2020

Chapter 6 shows how an initial turn toward a harsher policy stance on law and order can set in motion positive policy feedback and lead to policy overreaction. It discusses the mechanisms that may lead to such overreaction building on Pierson’s framework. From the empirical evidence gathered, it seems plausible that especially the valence character of security-related issues, which make them issues on which elections can be won, creates a dynamic leading to policy feedback. However, this depends on the extent of the initial policy change: whereas overreaction can be diagnosed in the United Kingdom and France, the cases of Germany and Sweden show that positive feedback is not necessarily the case.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: June 2020

The introduction begins with a discussion of the nature of jazz composition, advancing the view that improvisations can sometimes become compositions. The concept of an authoritative recording is discussed, that is, that a recording with sufficient properties may instantiate a composition in lieu of an officially notated version. The book’s method of listing and categorizing Parker compositions then follows. For the latter, Parker’s compositions are divided into seven groups, which proceed from fully composed 32-bar pieces to those works with minimal music. This final group also includes improvised pieces. The introduction ends by citing significant prior studies and explaining the book’s analytical approaches.
Music Background and Compositional Overview
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1 begins with a discussion of Parker’s life, emphasizing his musical background, his early musical training, and his experiences that bear directly on his future as a jazz saxophonist. This overview tracks Parker’s growing professional stature as well as his role in the development of bebop style. Once Parker achieves significant professional success as a member of the Jay McShann Orchestra (1940–1942), the emphasis in the narrative shifts to his career as a composer. The relationships between Parker and his record companies, which secured his copyrights as publisher, are explored. The chapter ends by discussing his unrecorded compositions, including the possibility that they are not by Parker.
32-Bar Rhythm Changes Compositions
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 2 begins with an overview of Parker’s fully composed 32-bar rhythm changes compositions. Parker is strongly associated with improvising on rhythm changes (the chord changes of “I Got Rhythm,” by George and Ira Gershwin), but there are only six such pieces, and they are all in B♭ major: “Red Cross,” “Shaw ’Nuff,” (co-composed with Dizzy Gillespie), “Moose the Mooche,” “Thrivin’ from a Riff,” “Dexterity,” and “Passport.” This allows for convenient comparison among them. Among the various conclusions, the analyses show that despite being contrafacts on rhythm changes—all in the same key and using straightforward bebop harmony—these pieces are satisfyingly different.