bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergence of a hierarchical brain during infancy reflected by stepwise functional connectivity
Authors: Pendl Suzanne L. , Salzwedel Andrew P. , Goldman Barbara D. , Barrett Lisa F. , Lin Weili , Gilmore John H. , Gao Wei
Published: March 2017

The hierarchical nature of the brain's functional organization has long been recognized, but when and how this architecture emerges during development remains largely unknown. Here the development of the brain's hierarchical organization was characterized using a modified stepwise functional connectivity approach based on resting‐state fMRI in a fully longitudinal sample of infants (N = 28, with scans after birth, and at 1 and 2 years) and adults. Results obtained by placing seeds in early sensory cortices revealed novel hierarchical patterns of adult brain organization ultimately converging in limbic, paralimbic, basal ganglia, and frontoparietal brain regions. These findings are remarkably consistent with predictive coding accounts of neural processing that place these regions at the top of predictive coding hierarchies. Infants gradually developed toward this architecture in a region‐ and step‐dependent manner, and displayed many of the same regions as adults in top hierarchical positions, starting from 1 year of age. The findings further revealed patterns of inter‐sensory connectivity likely reflecting the emergence and development of multisensory processing strategies during infancy, the strengths of which were correlated with early cognitive development scores. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2666–2682, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving patient health engagement with mobile texting: A pilot study in the head and neck postoperative setting
Authors: Sosa Alan , Heineman Nathan , Thomas Kimberly , Tang Kai , Feinstein Marie , Martin Michelle Y. , Sumer Baran , Schwartz David L.
Published: March 2017

Background

Cell phone ownership is nearly universal. Messaging is one of its most widely used features. Texting‐based interventions may improve patient engagement in the postoperative setting, but remain understudied.

Methods

Patients were recruited before discharge from the hospital and received automated daily texts for 1 week providing information about expected recovery. Patients were encouraged to text questions to providers, which were triaged for intervention. Web‐based surveys solicited patient feedback about the platform.

Results

Thirty‐two patients were approached, and 23 patients (72%) were enrolled in the study. All study patients texted their providers, although frequency (median, 7 texts; range, 2–44 texts) varied. Unmarried patients and those facing surgical complications used the platform more frequently. Mean patient satisfaction with the platform was high (mean, 3.8 on a 4‐point Likert scale).

Conclusion

Text messaging seems feasible in the acute postoperative setting and potentially improves engagement of patients with head and neck cancer. Further study is warranted to confirm scalability and impact. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 988–995, 2017
Longitudinal monitoring of the head and neck lymphatics in response to surgery and radiation
Authors: Rasmussen John C. , Tan I‐Chih , Naqvi Syed , Aldrich Melissa B. , Maus Erik A. , Blanco Angel I. , Karni Ron J. , Sevick–Muraca Eva M.
Published: March 2017

Background

The lymphatic vasculature provides a route for cancer metastases, and its dysfunction after cancer treatment can result in lymphedema. However, changes in the lymphatics before, during, and after surgery and radiation remain unclear.

Methods

Near‐infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging was performed before and after lymph node dissection and fractionated radiotherapy to assess changes in external lymphatic function.

Results

Patients who underwent both lymph node dissection and radiotherapy developed lymphatic dermal backflow on treated sides ranging from days after the start of radiotherapy to weeks after its completion, whereas contralateral regions that were not associated with lymph node dissection but also treated with radiotherapy experienced no such changes in external lymphatic anatomies.

Conclusion

The external lymphatics undergo transient changes during and weeks after lymph node dissection and radiotherapy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1177–1188, 2017
Job Preferences and Expectations of Disabled People and Small and Medium‐Sized Enterprises in Poland: Implications for Disabled People's Professional Development
Authors: Michna Anna , Kmieciak Roman , Burzyńska‐Ptaszek Katarzyna
Published: March 2017

In spite of general positive attitudes of employers toward disabled people, there are persistently low employment rates for this demographic. One possible explanation is that there has been insufficient adjustment of needs and job preferences to suit disabled people and demands of employers. The objective of the present paper is to present results of empirical research on disabled people's and small and medium‐sized enterprises' preferences, expectations, and needs in relation to employment in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We present a multistage study involving quantitative research conducted among 1041 disabled people and 150 SMEs, and qualitative research including case studies conducted in three SMEs that employ disabled people. On this basis, recommendations for the professional development of disabled people are proposed.
Spatiotemporal estimation of snow depth using point data from snow stakes, digital terrain models, and satellite data
Authors: Collados‐Lara Antonio‐Juan , Pardo‐Igúzquiza Eulogio , Pulido‐Velazquez David
Published: March 2017

Snow availability in Alpine catchments plays an important role in water resources management. In this paper, we propose a method for an optimal estimation of snow depth (areal extension and thickness) in Alpine systems from point data and satellite observations by using significant explanatory variables deduced from a digital terrain model. It is intended to be a parsimonious approach that may complement physical‐based methodologies. Different techniques (multiple regression, multicriteria analysis, and kriging) are integrated to address the following issues: We identify the explanatory variables that could be helpful on the basis of a critical review of the scientific literature. We study the relationship between ground observations and explanatory variables using a systematic procedure for a complete multiple regression analysis. Multiple regression models are calibrated combining all suggested model structures and explanatory variables. We also propose an evaluation of the models (using indices to analyze the goodness of fit) and select the best approaches (models and variables) on the basis of multicriteria analysis. Estimation of the snow depth is performed with the selected regression models. The residual estimation is improved by applying kriging in cases with spatial correlation. The final estimate is obtained by combining regression and kriging results, and constraining the snow domain in accordance with satellite data. The method is illustrated using the case study of the Sierra Nevada mountain range (Southern Spain). A cross‐validation experiment has confirmed the efficiency of the proposed procedure. Finally, although it is not the scope of this work, the snow depth is used to asses a first estimation of snow water equivalent resources.
Risk of hepatotoxicity in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of published data
Authors: Wang Wenjun , Lie Puyi , Guo Minzhang , He Jianxing
Published: March 2017

Although existing evidence from clinical trials has demonstrated manifestation of hepatic adverse events with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs), overall risks have yet to be reported. Therefore, we assessed the risk of hepatotoxicity associated with inhibitors of the immune checkpoint. We examined data from the Pubmed, Medline and Google Scholar databases. We also examined original studies and review articles for crossreferences Eligible studies included randomized Phase II to Phase III trials of cancer patients treated with nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, tremelimumab. The authors extracted relevant information on participants' characteristics, all‐grade and high‐grade hepatotoxicity and information on the methodology of the studies. In total, 17 trials were considered eligible for the meta‐analysis. The odds ratio for all‐grade hepatotoxicity for CTLA‐4 inhibitors (Ipilimumab and tremelimumab) was 1.24 (95% confidence interval 0.75, 2.05; p = 0.39) and for high‐grade hepatotoxicity was 1.93 (95% confidence interval 0.84, 4.44; p =0.12). Moreover, the odds ratio for all‐grade hepatotoxicity for PD‐1 inhibitors was 1.52 (95% confidence interval 1.24, 1.86; p < 0.0001) and for high‐grade hepatotoxicity was 0.48 (95% confidence interval 0.29, 0.80; p =0.005). The analysis of data showed that CTLA‐4 inhibitors seem to be associated with a higher risk of all‐ and high‐grade hepatotoxicity compared with control regimens, whereas PD‐1 inhibitors seem to be associated with a lower risk of all‐ and high‐grade hepatotoxicity compared with control regimens.
Effect of Applying Sewage Effluent with Subsurface Drip Irrigation on Soil Enzyme Activities during the Maize Growing Season
Authors: Qiu Zhenjie , Li Jiusheng , Zhao Weixia
Published: March 2017

Subsurface drip irrigation is an appropriate method when using sewage effluent for crop irrigation, but its resultant heterogeneous distribution of water and nutrients in the soil may affect enzyme activities (EAs). Field experiments were designed, with three lateral depths at 0, 15, and 30 cm beneath the soil surface and three irrigation levels of 70, 100, and 130% of evapotranspiration, to investigate the effects of lateral depth, irrigation level, and water quality on the EAs of alkaline phosphatase, urease, and invertase in soil. Over 2 years, a greater lateral depth noticeably enhanced EAs in deeper soils, while EAs at a shallow lateral depth were higher in topsoil. Compared to lateral depth, the effects of irrigation level on EAs were unstable in both years. The correlations between urease activities and NO3‐N content indicated that the character of urease activities in soil N cycling was initially facilitating N mineralization and was subsequently converted to facilitate N uptake and immobilization during the maize growing seasons. Additionally, the EAs with both sewage effluent and groundwater irrigation at harvest, were generally higher than EAs measured prior to sowing. Furthermore, the sewage effluent irrigation imposed no negative effects on nutrient exchange and ecosystem functions in the soil. Our study recommends subsurface drip irrigation as a promising method for applying sewage effluent. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic significance of CD133 and ezrin expression in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Fathi Anan , Mosaad Hala , Hussein Samia , Roshdy Mona , Ismail Eman I.
Published: March 2017

Despite the improvement in the diagnostic and the therapeutic modalities, colorectal cancer (CRC) morbidity and mortality remain high in both the developed and the developing countries. So, we are in a need to recognize new efficient diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of CRC. That may help in providing individualized targeted therapy for this lethal malignancy. In this study, we investigated the expression and the prognostic significance of CD133 and ezrin mRNA and protein by quantitative RT‐PCR and immunohistochemical analysis in primary CRC cases and the surrounding normal colonic mucosa. The correlations between the expression of both markers and clinicopathological parameters were performed. Compared to control, the expression of CD133 and ezrin mRNA and protein in CRC were significantly up‐regulated (P < 0.05). In addition, a strong positive correlation between both markers was found (r = 0.867, P < 0.001). Moreover, elevated levels of both markers were significantly associated with the stage, lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, and recurrence at both mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there is a clinical significance of CD133 and ezrin as potential biomarkers for predicting CRC patients of aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):328–340, 2017
Effects of aging on cadmium concentrations and renal dysfunction in inhabitants in cadmium‐polluted regions in Japan
Authors: Phuc Hoang Duc , Kido Teruhiko , Oanh Nguyen Thi Phuong , Manh Ho Dung , Anh Le Thai , Oyama Yuko , Okamoto Rie , Ichimori Akie , Nogawa Kazuhiro , Suwazono Yasushi , Nakagawa Hideaki
Published: March 2017

The absorption of cadmium (Cd) may lead to Cd‐related diseases such as renal tubular dysfunction and bone disease, and it is known to take around 10–30 years to reduce Cd concentrations to half their original levels. Urinary β2‐microglobulin (β2‐MG), N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG), protein, glucose and albumin were used as indicators of renal dysfunction caused by Cd exposure. Our previous study found that urinary Cd concentrations had increased recently and that age was more strongly associated with urinary β2‐MG concentration than recent Cd body burden. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aging on Cd concentrations and renal dysfunction. The Cd, β2‐MG, NAG, protein, glucose and albumin concentrations in the urine of 40 Japanese subjects (20 females and 20 males) environmentally exposed to Cd were collected. They lived in the Kakehashi River basin and were divided into three age categories: 50–69, 70–79 and 80–99 years. Significant differences in urinary Cd and β2‐MG concentrations were found among age groups, with urinary Cd levels tending to increase with age in both sexes. No significant correlations were found between urinary Cd and any indicators of renal dysfunction. The correlation between age, Cd and indicators of renal dysfunction was observed more clearly in females than in males. Age is more strongly correlated with indicators of renal dysfunction than Cd body burden. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of cell debris within biologic scaffolds upon the macrophage response
Authors: Londono Ricardo , Dziki Jenna L. , Haljasmaa Eric , Turner Neill J. , Leifer Cynthia A. , Badylak Stephen F.
Published: March 2017

All biomaterials, including biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), elicit a host immune response when implanted. The type and intensity of this response depends in part upon the thoroughness of decellularization and removal of cell debris from the source tissue. Proinflammatory responses have been associated with negative downstream remodeling events including scar tissue formation, encapsulation, and seroma formation. The relative effects of specific cellular components upon the inflammatory response are not known. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of different cell remnants that may be present in ECM scaffold materials upon the host innate immune response, both in vitro and in vivo. Collagen scaffolds were supplemented with one of three different concentrations of DNA, mitochondria, or cell membranes. Murine macrophages were exposed to the various supplemented scaffolds and the effect upon macrophage phenotype was evaluated. In vivo studies were performed using an abdominal wall defect model in the rat to evaluate the effect of the scaffolds upon the macrophage response. Murine macrophages exposed in vitro to scaffolds supplemented with DNA, mitochondria, and cell membranes showed increased expression of proinflammatory M1 marker iNOS and no expression of the proremodeling M2 marker Fizz1 regardless of supplementation concentration. A dose‐dependent response was observed in the rat model for collagen scaffolds supplemented with cell remnants. DNA, mitochondria, and cell membrane remnants in collagen scaffolds promote a proinflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype in vivo and in vitro. These results reinforce the importance of a thorough decellularization process for ECM biologic scaffold materials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2109–2118, 2017.
The Opportunity of Precision Medicine for Breast Cancer With Context‐Sensitive Tumor Suppressor Maspin
Authors: Bernardo Margarida M. , Dzinic Sijana H. , Matta Maria J. , Dean Ivory , Saker Lina , Sheng Shijie
Published: March 2017

To improve the precision of molecular diagnosis and to develop and guide targeted therapies of breast cancer, it is essential to determine the mechanisms that underlie the specific tumor phenotypes. To this end, the application of a snapshot of gene expression profile for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis is fundamentally challenged since the tissue‐based data are derived from heterogonous cell types and are not likely to reflect the dynamics of context‐dependent tumor progression and drug sensitivity. The intricate network of epithelial differentiation program can be concertedly controlled by tumor suppressor maspin, a homologue of clade B serine protease inhibitors (serpin), through its multifaceted molecular interactions in multiple subcellular localizations. Unlike most other serpins that are expressed in multiple cell types, maspin is epithelial specific and has distinct roles in luminal and myoepithelial cells. Endogenously expressed maspin has been found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and detected on the surface of cell membrane. It is also secreted free and as an exosomal cargo protein. Research in the field has led to the identification of the maspin targets and maspin‐associated molecules, as well as the structural determinants of its suppressive functions. The current review discusses the possibility for maspin to serve as a cell type‐specific and context‐sensitive marker to improve the precision of breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. These advancements further suggest a new window of opportunity for designing novel maspin‐based chemotherapeutic agents with improved anti‐cancer potency. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1639–1647, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 Mediates the Induction of CXCL10 by a STAT1‐Dependent Mechanism During Hepatocyte Lipotoxicity
Authors: Tomita Kyoko , Kabashima Ayano , Freeman Brittany L. , Bronk Steven F. , Hirsova Petra , Ibrahim Samar H.
Published: March 2017

Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and their toxic metabolites contribute to hepatocyte lipotoxicity in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We previously reported that hepatocytes, under lipotoxic stress, express the potent macrophage chemotactic ligand C‐X‐C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), and release CXCL10‐enriched extracellular vesicles (EV) by a mixed lineage kinase (MLK) 3‐dependent mechanism. In the current study, we sought to examine the signaling pathway responsible for CXCL10 induction during hepatocyte lipotoxicity. Here, we demonstrate a role for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in regulating CXCL10 expression. Huh7 and HepG2 cells were treated with lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), the toxic metabolite of the SFA palmitate. In LPC‐treated hepatocytes, CXCL10 induction is mediated by a mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade consisting of a relay kinase module of MLK3, MKK3/6, and p38. P38 in turn induces STAT1 Ser727 phosphorylation and CXCL10 upregulation in hepatocytes, which is reduced by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of this MAPK signaling cascade. The binding and activity of STAT1 at the CXCL10 gene promoter were identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase gene expression assays. Promoter activation was attenuated by MLK3/STAT1 inhibition or by deletion of the consensus STAT1 binding sites within the CXCL10 promoter. In lipotoxic hepatocytes, MLK3 activates a MAPK signaling cascade, resulting in the activating phosphorylation of STAT1, and CXCL10 transcriptional upregulation. Hence, this kinase relay module and/or STAT1 inhibition may serve as a therapeutic target to reduce CXCL10 release, thereby attenuating NASH pathogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3249–3259, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Inner Resources Meditation for Family Dementia Caregivers
Authors: Waelde Lynn C. , Meyer Hilary , Thompson Jason M. , Thompson Larry , Gallagher‐Thompson Dolores
Published: March 2017

Objective

This randomized controlled trial examined the comparative effectiveness of 2 interventions for improving diurnal cortisol slope and life satisfaction and reducing stress symptoms among older female dementia family caregivers.

Method

Thirty‐one family dementia caregivers were randomized to 8 weeks of Inner Resources for Stress mindfulness meditation and mantra training (IR) or psychoeducation and telephone support (PTS).

Results

Intention‐to‐treat analyses revealed statistically significant pre‐post improvements in diurnal cortisol slope and overall life satisfaction, but not depression or self‐efficacy, in the IR relative to the PTS group. Adherence to between‐session meditation practice was significantly associated with decreases in depression and self‐reported improvements in ability to cope with stress. In addition, IR participants rated the overall benefits of the program more highly than the PTS group.

Conclusion

These results indicate that mindfulness meditation and mantra has promise as a feasible and effective caregiver intervention for quality of life and physiological responding to stress.
Targeting RAS signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer
Authors: Bahrami Afsane , Hassanian Seyed Mahdi , ShahidSales Soodabeh , Farjami Zahra , Hasanzadeh Malihe , Anvari Kazem , Aledavood Amir , Maftouh Mina , Ferns Gordon A. , Khazaei Majid , Avan Amir
Published: March 2017

The V‐Ki‐ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is frequently dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). It is involved in the modulation of several downstream effectors, that include: Raf/Mek/Erk, PI3K/Akt, RalGDS/p38MAPK, and Rac/Rho, and thereby influences tumorigenesis, the invasive behaviors of tumor cell, and resistance to therapy. There is growing evidence exploring the use of drugs that target these pathways in the treatment of CRC. Cetuximab has been approved for CRC patients without a KRAS mutation, or for EGFR‐expressing metastatic CRC, although some of the patients have a mutation of KRAS and NRAS. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the therapeutic potential of targeting RAS with particular emphasis on recent preclinical and clinical studies in treatment of CRC.
Swelling‐induced chloride current in glioblastoma proliferation, migration, and invasion
Authors: Wong Raymond , Chen Wenliang , Zhong Xiao , Rutka James T. , Feng Zhong‐Ping , Sun Hong‐Shuo
Published: March 2017

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains as the most common and aggressive brain tumor. The survival of GBM has been linked to the aberrant activation of swelling‐induced chloride current ICl,swell. In this study, we investigated the effects of ICl,swell on cell viability, proliferation, and migration in the human GBM cell lines, U251 and U87, using a combination of patch clamp electrophysiology, MTT, colony formation, wound healing assays and Western immunoblotting. First, we showed that the specific inhibitor of ICl,swell, DCPIB, potently reduced the ICl,swell in U87 cells. Next, in both U87 and U251 cells, we found that DCPIB reduced GBM viability, proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. In addition, our Western immunoblot assay showed that DCPIB‐treated U251 cells had a reduction in JAK2, STAT3, and Akt phosphorylation, thus, suggesting that DCPIB potentially suppresses GBM functions through inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Therefore, the ICl,swell may be a potential drug target for GBM.
Initial experience with intra‐fraction motion monitoring using Calypso guided volumetric modulated arc therapy for definitive prostate cancer treatment
Authors: Bell Linda J. , Eade Thomas , Kneebone Andrew , Hruby George , Alfieri Florencia , Bromley Regina , Grimberg Kylie , Barnes Mardi , Booth Jeremy T.
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Accurate delivery of radiation while reducing dose to organs at risk is essential in prostate treatment. The Calypso motion management system detects and corrects both inter‐ and intra‐fraction motion which offers potential benefits over standard alignment to fiducial markers. The aims of this study were to implement Calypso with Dynamic Edge™ gating and to assess both the motion seen, and interventions required.

Methods

An implementation group was formed which assessed changes needed to standard workflows. Three patients had Calypso beacons inserted into their prostate. All patients were treated using volumetric modulated arc therapy to a dose of 80 Gy in 40 fractions. Standard inter‐fraction motion correction using either kilovoltage (kV) orthogonal paired imaging or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image‐guided radiotherapy techniques, were used along with the Calypso system to compare accuracy. A gating threshold of >0.5 cm was used during treatment. Workflow variations along with inter‐ and intra‐fraction motion and interventions required were assessed.

Results

A total of 116 fractions were treated using Calypso with Dynamic Edge™ gating. There was a strong concordance between aligning beacons using kV orthogonal imaging or CBCT and Calypso (mean variation ≤0.06 cm). The mean intra‐fraction motion detected was ≤0.2 cm in all directions with the largest motion recorded being 2.2 cm in the left direction while the treatment beam was off. Prostate rotation was largest in the pitch direction and 28 fractions exceeded the 10° tolerance. A total of 78 couch shift corrections of ≥0.3 cm were required, usually following standard imaging, and before treatment starting. Three gating events due to intra‐fraction motion occurred during treatment.

Conclusions

Intra‐fraction motion monitoring with Calypso was successfully implemented. Greatest movement was seen between time of standard imaging and treatment starting with more than half the treatments requiring a ≥0.3 cm adjustment. This would not have been detected without intra‐fraction monitoring.
Smith's fracture generally occurs after falling on the palm of the hand
Authors: Matsuura Yusuke , Rokkaku Tomoyuki , Kuniyoshi Kazuki , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Suzuki Takane , Kanazuka Aya , Akasaka Tomoyo , Hirosawa Naoya , Iwase Maki , Yamazaki Atsuro , Orita Sumihisa , Ohtori Seiji
Published: March 2017

Orthopedic trauma surgeons often encounter Smith's fracture in patients who report that they have fallen on the palms of their hands. The aim of this study was to clarify the pathogenesis of Smith's fracture in basic clinical aspects. First, a survey was conducted for investigating the mechanism of injury and arm position at the time of injury among patients with Smith's fractures who consulted at our outpatient clinic. Second, we created three‐dimensional finite element models (FEMs) to predict the influence of arm position on the type of injury resulting from a fall. These predictions were then used in ten freshly frozen cadavers to provide experimental proof of Smith's fractures resulting from the impact on the palmar side. Twenty‐six patients (5 males and 21 females) with Smith's fractures were enrolled in this study. Injury resulting from a fall on the palm of the hand, the dorsum, or ulno‐dorsum of the hand, and fisting handle was observed in 16 cases (61%), 3 cases (12%), and 1 case (4%), respectively. Six patients were uncertain of their arm position at the time of injury. FEM analysis showed that Smith's fractures occurred when the angle between the long axis of the forearm and the ground was 30°–45° in the sagittal plane and 75°–90° in the coronal plane. Smith's fractures occurred in 7 of 10 wrists in the experimental study, whereas no Colles’ fractures were observed. This study demonstrated that Smith's fracture results from falling on the palm of the hand. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2435–2441, 2017.
Screening inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from natural products using enzyme immobilized magnetic beads by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Ting , Li Dapeng , Yu Boyang , Qi Jin
Published: March 2017

In this study, high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to assess the results of bioactive compound screening from natural products using immobilized enzyme magnetic beads. We compared three commercial magnetic beads with modified amino, carboxy, and N‐hydroxysuccinimide groups, respectively. Amino magnetic beads performed best for immobilization and were selected for further experiments. Xanthine oxidase was immobilized on amino magnetic beads and applied to screen potential inhibitors in fresh Zingiber officinale Roscoe, extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and Pueraria lobata Ohwi. In total, 12 potential xanthine oxidase ligands were identified from fresh Zingiber root and Scutellaria root extracts, of which eight were characterized and the concentration required for 50% inhibition was determined. Preliminary structure–function relationships were discussed based on these results. A convenient and effective method was therefore developed for the identification of active compounds from complex natural product mixtures.
Gold nanoparticles based solid‐phase microextraction coatings for determining organochlorine pesticides in aqueous environmental samples
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Serpa Adrián , Rocío‐Bautista Priscilla , Pino Verónica , Jiménez‐Moreno Francisco , Jiménez‐Abizanda Ana I.
Published: March 2017

The use of solid‐phase microextraction coatings based on gold nanoparticles was investigated, focusing the attention on the preparation of nanoparticles with nonclassical reduction agents of HAuCl4 such as gallic acid and H2O2, rather than the conventional sodium citrate. All nanoparticles were characterized by diode array spectroscopy, whereas novel nanoparticles prepared with gallic acid and H2O2 were also characterized by microscopic techniques. Solid‐phase microextraction coatings were prepared with a layer‐by‐layer approach. Gallic acid permitted the preparation of stable nanoparticles with milder experimental conditions (1 min, room temperature) and provided the most uniform coatings (thickness ∼3 μm). Seven organochlorine pesticides were determined in different environmental waters using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Despite the low thickness of the coatings, limits of detection of the entire method down to 0.13 μg/L were obtained. A comparison with the commercial polyacrylate in terms of the partition coefficients of the analytes to the coatings gave logarithm of the partition coefficient values two times higher with gallic acid than polyacrylate (although the commercial fiber is 28 times thicker). Interfiber relative standard deviation values ranged from 8.67 to 21.3%. Optimum fibers also presented an adequate lifetime (>100 extractions).
BUILDING A PURPOSEFUL, POSITIVE, PRODUCTIVE CULTURE
Authors: Edmonds S. Chris
Published: March 2017

In the estimation of Edmonds, most leaders are too casual in their assessment of their own organizations’ culture. He describes five levels of culture health, which in his words, from lowest to highest, are dysfunction, tension, civility, acknowledgment, and validation. Culture cannot be left to chance. He suggests setting out an organizational constitution stating what he calls a “servant purpose,” including underlying values, behaviors, strategies, and goals. Edmonds describes a servant purpose statement as a “present‐day ‘reason for being’ that specifies whom your company serves, through what efforts on employees’ parts, and how those efforts improve your customers’ quality of life.”
Intrinsic decay rate estimates for abstract wave equation with memory
Authors: Hao Jianghao , Wei Jing
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we consider an abstract wave equation in the presence of memory. The viscoelastic kernel g(t) is subject to a general assumption
, where the function H(·)∈C1(R+) is positive, increasing and convex with H(0)=0. We give the decay result as a solution to a given nonlinear dissipative ODE governed by the function H(s). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phantom study to determine the theoretical accuracy and precision of radial MRI to measure cross‐sectional area differences for the application of coronary endothelial function assessment
Authors: Yerly Jérôme , Gubian Danilo , Knebel Jean‐Francois , Schenk Ali , Chaptinel Jerome , Ginami Giulia , Stuber Matthias
Published: March 2017

Purpose

MRI has been used to noninvasively assess coronary endothelial function by measuring the vasoreactivity in response to handgrip exercise. However, the spatial resolution of MRI is limited relative to the expected vasodilation response of healthy coronary arteries (10%–20%), and the sensitivity of MRI to detect such small cross‐sectional area differences has yet to be quantitatively examined.

Methods

Holes of different diameters were drilled in a phantom to simulate a range of physiological responses of coronary arteries to stress. Radial cine MR images with different spatial resolutions were acquired under moving conditions, and different noise levels were simulated. Cross‐sectional areas were automatically measured and statistically analyzed to quantify the smallest detectable area difference.

Results

Statistical analyses suggest that radial MRI is capable of distinguishing area differences of 0.2 to 0.3 mm2 for high signal‐to‐noise ratio images, which correspond to a percentage coronary area difference of 3% to 4% for a 3‐mm baseline diameter. Furthermore, the smallest detectable area difference was largely independent of the pixel size for the sequence and range of diameters investigated in this study.

Conclusion

Radial MRI is capable of reliably detecting small differences in cross‐sectional areas that are well within the expected physiological range of stress‐induced area changes in of healthy coronary arteries. Magn Reson Med 79:108–120, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Tracking discrete off‐resonance markers with three spokes (trackDOTS) for compensation of head motion and B0 perturbations: Accuracy and performance in anatomical imaging
Authors: Jorge João , Gretsch Frédéric , Gallichan Daniel , Marques José P.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To develop a novel approach for head motion and B0 field monitoring based on tracking discrete off‐resonance markers with three spokes (trackDOTS).

Methods

Small markers filled with acetic acid were built and attached to a head cap. Marker positions and phase were tracked with fast MR navigators (DotNavs) consisting of three off‐resonance, double‐echo, orthogonal one‐dimensional projections. Individual marker signals were extracted using optimized coil combinations, and used to estimate head motion and field perturbations. To evaluate the approach, DotNavs were integrated in submillimeter MP2RAGE and long–echo time gradient‐echo sequences at 7 Tesla, and tested on six healthy volunteers.

Results

The DotNav‐based motion estimates differed by less than 0.11 ± 0.09 mm and 0.19 ± 0.17 ° from reference estimates obtained with an existing navigator approach (FatNavs). Retrospective motion correction brought clear improvements to MP2RAGE image quality, even in cases with submillimeter involuntary motion. The DotNav‐based field estimates could track deep breathing–induced oscillations, and in cases with small head motion, field correction visibly improved the gradient‐echo data quality. Conversely, field estimates were less robust when strong motion was present.

Conclusions

The trackDOTS approach is suitable for head‐motion tracking and correction, with significant benefits for high‐spatial‐resolution MRI. With small head motion, DotNav‐based field estimates also allow correcting for deep‐breathing artifacts in T2*–weighted acquisitions. Magn Reson Med 79:160–171, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Analysis of Monte Carlo accelerated iterative methods for sparse linear systems
Authors: Benzi Michele , Evans Thomas M. , Hamilton Steven P. , Lupo Pasini Massimiliano , Slattery Stuart R.
Published: March 2017

We consider hybrid deterministic‐stochastic iterative algorithms for the solution of large, sparse linear systems. Starting from a convergent splitting of the coefficient matrix, we analyze various types of Monte Carlo acceleration schemes applied to the original preconditioned Richardson (stationary) iteration. These methods are expected to have considerable potential for resiliency to faults when implemented on massively parallel machines. We establish sufficient conditions for the convergence of the hybrid schemes, and we investigate different types of preconditioners including sparse approximate inverses. Numerical experiments on linear systems arising from the discretization of partial differential equations are presented.
Optimal control for discrete‐time systems with actuator saturation
Authors: Lin Qiao , Wei Qinglai , Zhao Bo
Published: March 2017

In this study, we use generalized policy iteration approximate dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm to design an optimal controller for a class of discrete‐time systems with actuator saturation. A integral function is proposed to manage the saturation nonlinearity in actuators and then the generalized policy iteration ADP algorithm is developed to deal with the optimal control problem. Compared with other algorithm, the developed ADP algorithm includes 2 iteration procedures. In the present control scheme, 2 neural networks are introduced to approximate the control law and performance index function. Furthermore, numerical simulations illustrate the convergence and feasibility of the developed method.
Study on the moisture absorption of zwitterionic copolymers for moisture‐sensitive shape memory applications
Authors: Mei Zhankui , Ren Huanhuan , Chen Shaojun , Ge Zaochuan , Hu Jinlian
Published: March 2017

This study develops a new type of moisture‐sensitive shape memory polymer based on zwitterionic copolymers synthesized with acrylic acid (AA) and 3‐Dimethyl (methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate (DMAPS). The moisture absorption properties of zwitterionic copolymers are particularly investigated in this paper. The results demonstrate that the DMAPS/AA copolymers possess a sulfobetaine structure and form a two‐phase separation structure. The zwitterionic copolymers show both good hydrophilic properties and moisture absorption properties. Both AA and DMAPS segments influence the hydrophilic properties and moisture absorption of the composite copolymer. The moisture absorption process is well modeled by Fick's second law in its initial stage. The moisture absorption is mainly determined by immersion conditions and the given materials' structure. Moisture absorption speed and saturated moisture absorption both increase with an increase in DMAPS content as well as the immersion temperature. The increased moisture absorption rate and higher saturated moisture absorption results from the higher activation energy of diffusion. The DMAPS/AA copolymers demonstrate adequate moisture‐sensitive shape memory effects. Stain recovery is faster in the zwitterionic copolymers containing higher DMAPS content, whereas the final shape recovery decreases with an increase of DMAPS content. Finally, it is proposed that not only good moisture absorption units are required but also physical crosslinks should be improved for moisture‐sensitive shape memory polymers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The factor structure and use of theDemoralization Scale(DS‐IT) in Italian cancer patients
Authors: Grassi Luigi , Costantini Anna , Kissane David , Brunetti Serena , Caruso Rosangela , Piazza Giulia , Marchetti Paolo , Sabato Silvana , Nanni Maria Giulia
Published: March 2017

Objective

Demoralization is a commonly observed syndrome in cancer patients, deserving to be carefully assessed in cross‐cultural contexts.

Aims

To examine the factor structure and concurrent and divergent validity of the Italian version of the Demoralization Scale (DS‐IT) in cancer patients.

Methods

The sample included 194 Italian cancer outpatients who were assessed by using the DS‐IT and the Diagnostic Criteria of Psychosomatic Research–Demoralization module to examine demoralization. The Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ‐9) to explore depression and the Mini‐Mental Adjustment‐to‐Cancer–Hopelessness/Helplessness scale (Mini‐MAC‐HH) to explore maladaptive coping were also administered.

Results

Four factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis on the DS‐IT (disheartenment, α = .87; sense of failure, α = .77; dysphoria, α = .73; loss of meaning/purpose, α = .72; total = 0.91), accounting for 57.1% of the variance. The DS‐IT factors shared between 17% and 36% of the variance. Patients reporting a diagnosis of demoralization on the Diagnostic Criteria of Psychosomatic Research–Demoralization module (23.7%) had higher scores on DS‐IT loss of meaning/purpose, sense of failure, dysphoria, and DS‐IT total. About half of those who were highly demoralized were not depressed and among those who had moderate or moderately severe demoralization, about 80% were not depressed on the PHQ‐9. The DS‐IT was significantly associated with PHQ‐9 and Mini‐MAC‐HH.

Conclusions

The study presents further evidence that demoralization is a significant clinical condition and that the DS‐IT demonstrates satisfactory levels of validity and reliability to support its use in patients in the ambulatory cancer setting.
Balanced covariates with response adaptive randomization
Authors: Saville Benjamin R. , Berry Scott M.
Published: March 2017

Response adaptive randomization (RAR) methods for clinical trials are susceptible to imbalance in the distribution of influential covariates across treatment arms. This can make the interpretation of trial results difficult, because observed differences between treatment groups may be a function of the covariates and not necessarily because of the treatments themselves. We propose a method for balancing the distribution of covariate strata across treatment arms within RAR. The method uses odds ratios to modify global RAR probabilities to obtain stratum‐specific modified RAR probabilities. We provide illustrative examples and a simple simulation study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy for maintaining covariate balance. The proposed method is straightforward to implement and applicable to any type of RAR method or outcome.
Rapid analysis of forensic‐related samples using two ambient ionization techniques coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometers
Authors: Jagerdeo Eshwar , Wriston Amanda
Published: March 2017

Rationale

This paper highlights the versatility of interfacing two ambient ionization techniques, Laser Diode Thermal Desorption (LDTD) and Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP), to high‐resolution mass spectrometers and demonstrate the method's capability to rapidly generate high‐quality data from multiple sample types with minimal, if any, sample preparation.

Methods

For ASAP‐MS analysis of solid and liquid samples, the material was transferred to a capillary surface before being introduced into the mass spectrometer. For LDTD‐MS analysis, samples were solvent extracted, spotted in a 96‐well plate, and the solvent was evaporated before being introduced into the mass spectrometer. All analyses were performed using Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization in positive mode.

Results

Seven consumer "Spice" packets were combined and analyzed by both ASAP and LDTD, which identified 11 synthetic cannabinoids/cathinones by full MS and MS/MS experiments. To further show the usefulness of these techniques, black tar heroin was analyzed, which resulted in the identification of heroin and its impurities (monoacetylmorphine, papaverine, and noscapine). These experiments were performed on the LTQ‐Orbitrap to demonstrate the ability to perform both parallel and serial MS and MSn experiments.

Conclusions

Interfacing LDTD and ASAP to high‐resolution mass spectrometers allows for expeditious analysis of a wide range of samples, with minimal or no sample preparation. Both allow for rapid full scan, MS/MS, and/or MSn experiments from a single sample introduction. Published in 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Improving the analyte ion signal in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry via electrospray deposition by enhancing incorporation of the analyte in the matrix
Authors: Malys Brian J. , Owens Kevin G.
Published: March 2017

Rationale

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is widely used as the ionization method in high‐resolution chemical imaging studies that seek to visualize the distribution of analytes within sectioned biological tissues. This work extends the use of electrospray deposition (ESD) to apply matrix with an additional solvent spray to incorporate and homogenize analyte within the matrix overlayer.

Methods

Analytes and matrix are sequentially and independently applied by ESD to create a sample from which spectra are collected, mimicking a MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) experiment. Subsequently, an incorporation spray consisting of methanol is applied by ESD to the sample and another set of spectra are collected. The spectra prior to and after the incorporation spray are compared to evaluate the improvement in the analyte signal.

Results

Prior to the incorporation spray, samples prepared using α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as the matrix showed low signal while the sample using sinapinic acid (SA) initially exhibited good signal. Following the incorporation spray, the sample using SA did not show an increase in signal; the sample using DHB showed moderate gain factors of 2–5 (full ablation spectra) and 12–336 (raster spectra), while CHCA samples saw large increases in signal, with gain factors of 14–172 (full ablation spectra) and 148–1139 (raster spectra).

Conclusions

The use of an incorporation spray to apply solvent by ESD to a matrix layer already deposited by ESD provides an increase in signal by both promoting incorporation of the analyte within and homogenizing the distribution of the incorporated analyte throughout the matrix layer. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.