bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pretreatment computed tomographic gross tumor volume as predictor of persistence of tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube in patients undergoing larynx preservation
Authors: Hurst Newton J. , Pereira Lucio M. , Dominello Michael M. , Dyson Gregory , Laszewski Pamela , Robinette Natasha , Lin Ho‐Sheng , Yoo George , Sukari Ammar , Kim Harold
Published: May 2016

Background

Although larynx preservation affords patients improvements in laryngectomy‐free survival, little has been reported regarding the functional outcomes after larynx preservation. The purpose of this study was to report the predictive value of pretreatment CT‐gross tumor volume (GTV) for persistence of tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube in larynx preservation patients.

Methods

Each patient had a CT scan before initiation of therapy and the GTV was contoured.

Results

Using recursive partitioning analysis (RPA), threshold GTVs of 27.16 cc and 12 cc were identified for association of time with tracheostomy and PEG tube, respectively. Median (95% confidence interval [CI]) times above and below these thresholds were 1.84 (1.06–not reached [NR]) and 0.75 (0.63–1.26) years, respectively (p = .03) for time with tracheostomy and 1.75 (1.34–NR) and 0.84 (0.46–NR) years, respectively (p = 0.10) for time with PEG tube.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that pretreatment CT‐GTV is predictive of an approximately 2.5‐fold and approximately 2‐fold, respectively, increase in time with tracheostomy and PEG tube. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: First–1458, 2016
Opposing roles of the two isoforms of ErbB3 binding protein 1 in human cancer cells
Authors: Ko Hyo Rim , Chang Yun Sil , Park Won Soon , Ahn Jee‐Yin
Published: May 2016

The different functions of the two isoforms of ErbB3 binding protein 1 (Ebp1), p48 and p42, have recently become the focus of interest as they reveal contradictory roles in cell growth promoting ability. The conformational change that crystal structure of p42 was shown to lack α helices at the amino‐terminus present in p48 represents the differential binding partners and protein modifications of two Ebp1 isoforms. N‐terminal specific phosphorylation by CDK2 and deregulation of the p53 tumor suppressor through specific interaction with HDM2 and Akt activation is postulated to contribute to p48‐mediated tumorigenesis. The short isoform p42 Ebp1, which is actual binding partner of ErbB3 has been implicated as a tumor suppressor with many binding partners such as Rb, HDAC2, Sin3A and the p85 subunit of PI3K with HSP70/CHIP, inhibiting its own antiproliferative activity or inhibiting PI3K activity. The aim of the current review is to provide a summary on distinctive cellular functions of two Ebp1 proteins and their molecular partners that might be responsible for the unique functions of each isoform of Ebp1.
B cells promote tumor progression in a mouse model of HPV‐mediated cervical cancer
Authors: Tang Alexandre , Dadaglio Gilles , Oberkampf Marine , Di Carlo Selene , Peduto Lucie , Laubreton Daphné , Desrues Belinda , Sun Cheng‐Ming , Montagutelli Xavier , Leclerc Claude
Published: May 2016

Enhancing anti‐tumor immunity and preventing tumor escape are efficient strategies to increase the efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines. However, the treatment of advanced tumors remains difficult, mainly due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Regulatory T cells and myeloid‐derived suppressor cells have been extensively studied, and their role in suppressing tumor immunity is now well established. In contrast, the role of B lymphocytes in tumor immunity remains unclear because B cells can promote tumor immunity or display regulatory functions to control excessive inflammation, mainly through IL‐10 secretion. Here, in a mouse model of HPV‐related cancer, we demonstrate that B cells accumulated in the draining lymph node of tumor‐bearing mice, due to a prolonged survival, and showed a decreased expression of MHC class II and CD86 molecules and an increased expression of Ly6A/E, PD‐L1 and CD39, suggesting potential immunoregulatory properties. However, B cells from tumor‐bearing mice did not show an increased ability to secrete IL‐10 and a deficiency in IL‐10 production did not impair tumor growth. In contrast, in B cell‐deficient μMT mice, tumor rejection occurred due to a strong T cell‐dependent anti‐tumor response. Genetic analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms identified genetic variants associated with tumor rejection in μMT mice, which could potentially affect reactive oxygen species production and NK cell activity. Our results demonstrate that B cells play a detrimental role in anti‐tumor immunity and suggest that targeting B cells could enhance the anti‐tumor response and improve the efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Effects of in vitro exposure to butylparaben and di‐(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate, alone or in combination, on ovarian function
Authors: Guerra Marina T. , Furlong Hayley C. , Kempinas Wilma G. , Foster Warren G.
Published: May 2016

Parabens and phthalates are commercial chemicals widely used in the manufacture of industrial and consumer products frequently found as contaminants in biological fluids. We evaluated the effects of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (ranging from 10–9 to 10–7 m [1–100 nm; 0.39–39 ng ml–1]) and butylparaben (BP) (ranging from 10–8 to 10–5 m [10 nm–10 μm; 1.9 ng ml–1 to 1.9 μg ml–1]), alone and in combination, on isolated mouse preantral follicle and human granulosa cell (hGC) cultures to study direct effects on follicle growth and ovarian steroidogenesis. Our results revealed that, in follicle culture, DEHP and BP attenuate estradiol output but only when present together. DEHP decreases progesterone concentrations in the spent media of hGC cultures, an effect that was attenuated when BP was added together with DEHP. Although changes in steroidogenesis were observed, no effects on follicular development or survival were noted in the culture systems. We suggest that BP and DEHP act with additive effect to decrease estradiol production whereas at later stages of follicle development BP blocks the effect of DEHP in hGCs resulting in decreased progesterone output. Taken together our results suggest that DEHP and BP adversely affect steroidogenesis from the preantral stage onward and the effects of these chemicals are both stage‐dependent and modified by co‐exposure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Filarial dance sign” real‐time ultrasound diagnosis of filarial oophoritis
Authors: Panditi Surekha , Shelke Ashwini G. , Thummalakunta Laxmi Narasimha Praveen
Published: May 2016

Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by Filarial nematodes (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori) that commonly causes lymphatic obstruction resulting in edema and increase in the size of the affected organ. Filariasis is diagnosed by identifying microfilariae on Giemsa stain. The immunochromatographic card test is diagnostic. Ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice for detecting adult filarial worms/microfilaria in the lymphatic system, which are responsible for the classic “filarial dance sign” caused by twirling movements of the microfilariae. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:500–501, 2016
The impact of canopy managements on grape and wine composition of cv. ‘Istrian Malvasia’ (Vitis vinifera L.)
Authors: Rescic Jan , Mikulic‐Petkovsek Maja , Rusjan Denis
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

The interest in producing wines preferred by consumers increases the need for improving practices to modify grape and wine composition. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of three different canopy management measures, (1) early leaf removal in the cluster zone, (2) removal of young leaves above the second pair of wires and (3) Double Maturation Raisonnée, on the yield and chemical composition of ‘Istrian Malvasia’ grape and wine.

RESULTS

Double Maturation Raisonnée had a significantly greater impact on phenolic compounds, while the highest soluble solids (24.3 and 23.5 °Brix) and titratable acidity (7.0 and 7.1 g L−1) were measured at early leaf removal. Leaf removal at véraison caused an unexpected augmentation of flavonols in the berry skin. Early leaf removal resulted in significantly lower extracts of wine. Nevertheless, they reached the highest mark (16.5 out of 20.0 points) in sensory evaluation compared with leaf removal at véraison and Double Maturation Raisonnée (15.0 points) and control (16.0 points).

CONCLUSION

Leaf removal at véraison and Double Maturation Raisonnée improved the phenolic composition of wine, producing a full‐bodied wine. On the other hand, early leaf removal significantly augmented the yield and titratable acidity, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols of wine, which might have led to a fresher but less‐bodied wine. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative and fingerprinting analysis of Atractylodes rhizome based on gas chromatography with flame ionization detection combined with chemometrics
Authors: Liu Qiutao , Kong Dandan , Luo Jiaoyang , Kong Weijun , Guo Weiying , Yang Meihua
Published: May 2016

This study assessed the feasibility of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection fingerprinting combined with chemometrics for quality analysis of Atractylodes rhizome. We extracted essential oils from 20 Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana samples by hydrodistillation. The variation in extraction yields (1.33–4.06%) suggested that contents of the essential oils differed between species. The volatile components (atractylon, atractydin, and atractylenolide I, II, and III) were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and confirmed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and the results demonstrated that the number and content of volatile components differed between A. lancea and A. koreana. We then calculated the relative peak areas of common components and similarities of samples by comparing the chromatograms of A. lancea and A. koreana extracts. Also, we employed several chemometric techniques, including similarity analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, principal component analysis, and partial least‐squares discriminate analysis, to analyze the samples. Results were consistent across analytical methods and showed that samples could be separated according to species. Five volatile components in the essential oils were quantified to further validate the results of the multivariate statistical analysis. The method is simple, stable, accurate, and reproducible. Our results provide a foundation for quality control analysis of A. lancea and A. koreana.
Ionic‐liquid‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the forensic determination of methamphetamine in human urine
Authors: Wang Ruifeng , Qi Xiujuan , Zhao Lei , Liu Shimin , Gao Shuang , Ma Xiangyuan , Deng Youquan
Published: May 2016

Determination of methamphetamine in forensic laboratories is a major issue due to its health and social harm. In this work, a simple, sensitive, and environmentally friendly method based on ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography was established for the analysis of methamphetamine in human urine. 1‐Octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate with the help of disperser solvent methanol was selected as the microextraction solvent in this process. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of methamphetamine were investigated systemically, including extraction solvent and its volume, disperser solvent and its volume, sample pH, extraction temperature, and centrifugal time. Under the optimized conditions, a good linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 10–1000 ng/mL with determination coefficient >0.99. The limit of detection calculated at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 was 1.7 ng/mL and the relative standard deviations for six replicate experiments at three different concentration levels of 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL were 6.4, 4.5, and 4.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, up to 220‐fold enrichment factor of methamphetamine and acceptable extraction recovery (>80.0%) could be achieved. Furthermore, this method has been successfully employed for the sensitive detection of a urine sample from a suspected drug abuser.
Formation of Highly Aligned Collagen Nanofibers by Continuous Cyclic Stretch of a Collagen Hydrogel Sheet
Authors: Nam Eunryel , Lee Won Chul , Takeuchi Shoji
Published: May 2016

A collagen sheet with highly aligned collagen fibers is fabricated by continuous cyclic stretch. The rearrangement of the collagen fibers depends on the different process parameters of the cyclic stretch, including magnitude, frequency, and period of stretch. The collagen fibers are aligned perpendicularly to the direction of the stretch. Corneal stromal cells and smooth muscle cells cultivated on the highly aligned collagen sheet show alignment along the collagen fibers without the stretch during culture. Thus, the sheet can be a suitable scaffold for use in regenerative medicine.

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Maternal exposure to a Western‐style diet causes differences in intestinal microbiota composition and gene expression of suckling mouse pups
Authors: Steegenga Wilma T. , Mischke Mona , Lute Carolien , Boekschoten Mark V. , Lendvai Agnes , Pruis Maurien G. M. , Verkade Henkjan J. , van de Heijning Bert J. M. , Boekhorst Jos , Timmerman Harro M. , Plösch Torsten , Müller Michael , Hooiveld Guido J. E. J.
Published: May 2016

Scope

The long‐lasting consequences of nutritional programming during the early phase of life have become increasingly evident. The effects of maternal nutrition on the developing intestine are still underexplored.

Methods and results

In this study, we observed (1) altered microbiota composition of the colonic luminal content, and (2) differential gene expression in the intestinal wall in 2‐week‐old mouse pups born from dams exposed to a Western‐style (WS) diet during the perinatal period. A sexually dimorphic effect was found for the differentially expressed genes in the offspring of WS diet‐exposed dams but no differences between male and female pups were found for the microbiota composition.

Integrative analysis of the microbiota and gene expression data revealed that the maternal WS diet independently affected gene expression and microbiota composition. However, the abundance of bacterial families not affected by the WS diet (Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Lachnospiraceae) correlated with the expression of genes playing a key role in intestinal development and functioning (e.g. Pitx2 and Ace2).

Conclusion

Our data reveal that maternal consumption of a WS diet during the perinatal period alters both gene expression and microbiota composition in the intestinal tract of 2‐week‐old offspring.
Solid‐state 13C, 15N and 29Si NMR characterization of block copolymers with CO2 capture properties
Authors: Shah Faiz Ullah , Akhtar Farid , Khan Muhammad Saif Ullah , Akhter Zareen , Antzutkin Oleg N.
Published: May 2016

Natural abundance solid‐state multinuclear (13C, 15N and 29Si) cross‐polarization magic‐angle‐spinning NMR was used to study structures of three block copolymers based on polyamide and dimethylsiloxane and two polyamides, one of which including ferrocene in its structure. Assignment of most of the resonance lines in 13C, 15N and 29Si cross‐polarization magic‐angle‐spinning NMR spectra were suggested. A comparative analysis of 13C isotropic chemical shifts of polyamides with and without ferrocene has revealed a systematic shift towards higher δ ‐values (de‐shielding) explained as the incorporation of paramagnetic ferrocene into the polyamide backbone. In addition, the 13C NMR resonance lines for ferrocene‐based polyamide were significantly broadened, because of paramagnetic effects from ferrocene incorporated in the structure of this polyamide polymer. Single resonance lines with chemical shifts ranging from 88.1 to 91.5 ppm were observed for 15N sites in all of studied polyamide samples. 29Si chemical shifts were found to be around −22.4 ppm in polydimethylsiloxane samples that falls in the range of chemical shifts for alkylsiloxane compounds. The CO2 capture performance of polyamide‐dimethylsiloxane‐based block copolymers was measured as a function of temperature and pressure. The data revealed that these polymeric materials have potential to uptake CO2 (up to 9.6 cm3 g−1) at ambient pressures and in the temperature interval 30–40 °C. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite element–finite volume discretization of convection‐diffusion‐reaction equations with nonhomogeneous mixedboundary conditions: Error estimates
Authors: Deuring Paul
Published: May 2016

We consider a time‐dependent and a steady linear convection‐diffusion‐reaction equation whose coefficients are nonconstant. Boundary conditions are mixed (Dirichlet and Robin–Neumann) and nonhomogeneous. Both the unsteady and the steady problem are approximately solved by a combined finite element–finite volume method: the diffusion term is discretized by Crouzeix–Raviart piecewise linear finite elements on a triangular grid, and the convection term by upwind barycentric finite volumes. In the unsteady case, the implicit Euler method is used as time discretization. The‐ and the‐error in the unsteady case and theH1‐error in the steady one are estimated against the data, in such a way that no parameter enters exponentially into the constants involved. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 32: 1591–1621, 2016
Resonance in functionally graded nanocomposite cylinders reinforced by wavy carbon nanotube
Authors: Moradi‐Dastjerdi Rasool , Payganeh Gholamhassan , Tajdari Mehdi
Published: May 2016

In this article, free vibration and resonance of finite length functionally graded (FG) nanocomposite cylinders are investigated by a mesh‐free method. These cylinders are reinforced by wavy single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and subjected to a periodic internal pressure. Three linear types of FG distributions and a uniform distribution of wavy carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered along the radial direction of axisymmetric cylinder. The mechanical properties are simulated using a micromechanical model in volume fraction form. In the mesh‐free analysis, moving least squares shape functions are used for approximation of displacement field in the weak form of motion equation and the transformation method is used for imposition of essential boundary conditions. Effects of geometric dimensions, boundary conditions and also, waviness index, aspect ratio, volume fraction, and distribution pattern of CNTs are investigated on the natural frequencies and resonance behaviors of FG carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) cylinders. It is observed that CNT waviness has a significant effect on the vibrational behavior of the CNTRC cylinders. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E542–E552, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Use on Sedative Requirements in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Nigoghossian Caroline Der , Dzierba Amy L. , Etheridge Joshua , Roberts Russel , Muir Justin , Brodie Daniel , Schumaker Greg , Bacchetta Matthew , Ruthazer Robin , Devlin John W.
Published: May 2016

Study Objectives

To compare sedative dose requirements during the 6‐hour period when they are greatest in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as well as the time from severe ARDS onset to reach this maximum sedation exposure, between patients with severe ARDS who were managed either with or without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Also, to explore factors other than ECMO use that may influence sedation requirements during this period of maximum sedation.

Design

Retrospective comparative cohort analysis.

Data Sources

Two academic centers, one with an adult ECMO program and one without.

Patients

Consecutive adults with severe ARDS who were receiving continuous‐infusion sedative therapy for at least 48 hours from the time of severe ARDS diagnosis and who were managed with ECMO (34 patients) or without ECMO (60 patients) between 2009 and 2013.

Measurements and Main Results

Among patients managed with ECMO, the maximum median (interquartile range [IQR]) 6‐hr sedative exposure (in midazolam equivalents) was nearly twice as high (118 [IQR 48–225] mg vs 60 [37–99] mg, p=0.004) and was reached, on average, 3 days later (4 [IQR 1–8] vs 1 [IQR 0.5–6] days, p=0.003) than patients not managed with ECMO. Patients managed with ECMO were younger, had a higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and, in the 24 hours prior to the period of maximum sedative exposure, had a higher ratio of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to fraction of inspired oxygen and were more likely to receive renal replacement and high‐dose fentanyl (2000 μg or more/24 hrs) therapy. An adjusted multivariable linear regression model using the natural logarithmic value of the maximum sedative exposure in a 6‐hour period revealed that patient age (p=0.04) and administration of high‐dose fentanyl in the 24 hours prior to the 6‐hour period of maximum sedative use (p<0.0001) were each independently associated with the maximum 6‐hour sedative requirement reached, but the use of ECMO was not (p=0.52).

Conclusion

Although the application of ECMO during severe ARDS resulted in a period of maximum sedation exposure that was both greater and took longer to reach, factors other than ECMO, particularly high‐dose opioid administration, appeared more likely to account for this maximum sedation use. Further research surrounding sedative requirements, clearance, and patient response during ECMO is required.
Ultrakalte Atome in zwei Dimensionen
Authors: Jochim Selim , Enss Tilman
Published: May 2016

Ultrakalte Quantengase ermöglichen es, prototypische Eigenschaften komplexer Systeme zu simulieren. Physikern an der Universität Heidelberg ist es auf diese Weise gelungen, die Zustandsgleichung ultrakalter Atome in zwei Dimensionen zu bestimmen. Mit diesem System lassen sich kontrolliert besondere Phasenübergänge untersuchen, die beispielsweise in geschichteten Materialien auftreten.
Swingin' the Primes
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: May 2016

Die Riemannsche Vermutung ist eine der berühmtesten Vermutungen der Mathematik. Wüsste man, dass sie stimmt, dann wüsste man zum Beispiel zugleich mehr über die Verteilung der Primzahlen unter den natürlichen Zahlen. Doch seit mehr als 150 Jahren beißt sich eine Unzahl von Wissenschaftlern an ihr die Zähne aus.
Analysis of the Hall‐effect data on Mn‐doped GaAs with taking into account the Hall factor for nearest‐neighbor hopping conduction
Authors: Kajikawa Yasutomo
Published: May 2016

The experimental data of the temperature‐dependent Hall‐effect measurements on Mn‐doped p ‐GaAs reported by Wolos et al. [Phys. Status Solidi C 6, 2769 (2009)], which exhibit the characteristic of nearest‐neighbor hoping (NNH) conduction, have been analyzed. For NNH conduction, it is assumed that the conductivity is expressed as σib (T) ∝︁ T−3/2 exp(−T0/T) while the Hall factor is expressed as Aib (T) ∝︁ T exp(−T0H/T), where T0 and T0H are adjustable parameters. It is found that kBT0 increases from 9 to 21 meV in proportion to the cube root of the substitutional Mn acceptor concentration, being consistent with the theory for NNH conduction. It is also found that KNNH = T0H/T0 decreases from 1.45 to 1.15 with increasing the substitutional Mn acceptor concentration from 0.8×1017 to 4×1017 cm‐3, being different from the concentration‐independent value of KNNH = 2/3 or 1/6 predicted by the theories. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Die Tragwerksinnovationen Johann Wilhelm Schwedlers (1823–1894)
Authors: Kurrer Karl‐Eugen
Published: May 2016

In seiner Gedächtnisrede vom 19. November 1894 auf Johann Wilhelm Schwedler (Bild 1) verglich Otto Sarrazin (1842–1921) den am 9. Juni 1894 Verstorbenen mit Werner von Siemens (1816–1892) und Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894): Schwedler sei Siemens und Helmholtz geistesverwandt und ebenbürtig, stellten sie doch die Theorie in den Dienst der Praxis. “Schwedlers Schaffen hatte überall streng wissenschaftliche Anschauung zur Grundlage, und ihm in erster Linie ist es zu danken, wenn im Bau‐ und Ingenieurwesen, namentlich auf dem von ihm besonders gepflegten Gebiete des Eisenbaues, die mathematisch‐physicalische Richtung zur vollen Geltung gebracht ist” [2, Sp. 2]. Mit der Verwissenschaftlichung der Technik durch Mathematik und Physik hebt Sarrazin den Hauptnenner im Schaffen von Siemens, Helmholtz und Schwedler hervor. Die Unterschiede liegen in ihrer jeweiligen Handlungsperspektive.

Dies kann durch das Modell der Dreiheit von Industrie, Verwaltung und Wissenschaft veranschaulicht werden (Bild 2): Setzte sich das professionelle Handeln von Siemens aus der Verwissenschaftlichung der elektroindustriellen Praxis und Konstituierung einer Verbandspolitik zusammen (s. Bild 2a), so wurde das Alterswerk von Helmholtz durch den Zug zur Industrialisierung der Wissenschaft und zur verwalteten Wissenschaft geprägt (s. Bild 2c). Hier sei nur auf die 1887 von Siemens, Helmholtz und Karl Heinz Schellbach (1805–1892) angestoßene Gründung der Physikalisch‐Technischen Reichsanstalt verwiesen. Dagegen richtete sich Schwedlers Handeln aus der Perspektive eines Spitzenbeamten der preußischen Bauverwaltung in erster Linie auf die Wissenschaft und Industrie (s. Bild 2b). Wie kein anderer Baubeamter deutscher Zunge vor ihm bestimmte bei Schwedler die Wissenschaft das Verwaltungshandeln.

1851 eröffnete Schwedler durch seine – unabhängig von Karl Culmann (1821–1881) (s. [5] u. [6]), Squire Whipple (1804–1888) [4, S. 1051f.] und Dimitry Ivanovich Jouravski (1821–1891) [3, S. 1055] – entwickelte Fachwerktheorie mit einem Paukenschlag die Etablierungsphase der Baustatik (1850–1875) [7]. Kurz zuvor gewann Schwedler den Wettbewerb um den Bau der ersten Kölner Rheinbrücke [8]. In den 1860er Jahren sind es drei bahnbrechende Tragwerksinnovationen Schwedlers, die ihn mit seinen zahlreichen Eisenbauten zur höchsten Instanz des Eisenbaues in Preußen werden ließen und diesem internationales Renommee verschafften: die Schwedler‐Kuppel, das Dreigelenksystem und der Schwedler‐Träger. Wer war diese Ingenieurpersönlichkeit, welche mit Wissenschaft dem Eisenbau seines Landes den Weg zur Weltspitze ebnete?
Integrating Early Writing Into Science Instruction in Preschool
Authors: Wheatley Barbara C. , Gerde Hope K. , Cabell Sonia Q.
Published: May 2016

Providing children with early writing opportunities in preschool is a meaningful way to facilitate their language and literacy learning. Young children have an innate curiosity of the natural world around them that motivates their learning; therefore science experiences are logical areas in which to incorporate early writing opportunities. Encouraging preschoolers to write as part of science lessons can enhance their language and literacy skills as well as content knowledge. This article describes the symbiotic relationship between science and writing and provides examples of preschool writing activities within specific science applications. Additionally, children's literature examples are provided to strengthen the science and writing connection.
Non‐trauma Emergency Pancreatoduodenectomies: A Single‐Center Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Nentwich Michael F. , Reeh M. , Uzunoglu F. G. , Bachmann K. , Bockhorn M. , Izbicki J. R. , Vashist Y. K.
Published: May 2016

Objective

To retrospectively assess the frequency and indications for emergency pancreatoduodenctomies in a tertiary referral center.

Methods

Pancreatoduodenectomies between January 2005 and January 2014 were retrospectively assessed for emergency indications defined as surgery following unplanned hospital admission in less than 24 h. Data on indications and on the intraoperative as well as the post‐operative course were collected.

Results

Out of 583 pancreatoduodenectomies during the interval, a total of 10 (1.7 %) were performed as an emergency surgery. Indications included uncontrollable bleeding, duodenal and proximal jejunal perforations, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography‐related complications. Three of the 10 (30.0 %) patients died during the hospital course. In one patient, an intraoperative mass transfusion was necessary. No intraoperative death occurred. All but one patient were American Society of Anesthesiologists class three or higher. In two cases, the pancreatic remnant was left without anastomosis for second‐stage pancreatojejunostomy. Median operation time was 326.5 min (SD 100.3 min). Hospital stay of the surviving patients was prolonged (median 43.0 days; SD 24.0 days).

Conclusion

Emergency pancreatoduodenectomies are non‐frequent, have a diverse range of indications and serve as an ultima ratio to cope with severe injuries and complications around the pancreatic head area.
Genetic cause and prevalence of hydroxyprolinemia
Authors: Staufner Christian , Haack Tobias B. , Feyh Patrik , Gramer Gwendolyn , Raga Deepthi Ediga , Terrile Caterina , Sauer Sven , Okun Jürgen G. , Fang‐Hoffmann Junmin , Mayatepek Ertan , Prokisch Holger , Hoffmann Georg F. , Kölker Stefan
Published: May 2016

Background

Hydroxyprolinemia is an inborn error of amino acid degradation that is considered a non‐disease. Known for more than 50 years, its genetic cause and prevalence have remained unclear. In MS/MS newborn screening, the mass spectrum of hydroxyproline cannot be differentiated from isoleucine and leucine causing false positive newborn screening test results for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).

Methods

We studied two siblings with hydroxyprolinemia via exome sequencing and confirmed the candidate gene in five further individuals with hydroxyprolinemia, who were all characterized biochemically and clinically. The prevalence was calculated based on the number of individuals with hydroxyprolinemia detected via MS/MS newborn screening at our centre from 2003 to 2014.

Results

In six cases, we identified homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in PRODH2 as the underlying genetic cause of hydroxyprolinemia. One individual was heterozygous for a deletion in PRODH2 and had an intermittent biochemical phenotype with partial normalization of hydroxyproline concentrations. In one further individual with persistent hydroxyprolinemia no mutation in PRODH2 was found, raising the possibility of another defect of hydroxyproline degradation yet to be identified as the underlying cause of hydroxyprolinemia. Plasma hydroxyproline concentrations were clearly elevated in all individuals with biallelic mutations in PRODH2. All studied individuals remained asymptomatic, giving further evidence that hydroxyprolinemia is a benign condition. The estimated prevalence of hydroxyprolinemia in Germany is about one in 47,300 newborns.

Conclusion

Our results establish mutations in PRODH2 as a cause of human hydroxyprolinemia via impaired dehydrogenation of hydroxyproline to delta1‐pyroline‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐carboxylic acid, and we suggest PRODH2 be renamed HYPDH. Hydroxyprolinemia is an autosomal‐recessively inherited benign condition. It is a frequent cause of false positive screening results for MSUD, the prevalence being about 2.5 times higher than that of MSUD.
Two Clades of Type‐1 Brassica napus Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Exhibit Differences in Acyl‐CoA Preference
Authors: Greer Michael S. , Pan Xue , Weselake Randall J.
Published: May 2016

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the acyl‐CoA‐dependent acylation of sn‐1, 2‐diacylglycerol to produce triacylglycerol, which is the main component of the seed oil of Brassica oilseed species. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences encoded by four transcriptionally active DGAT1 genes from Brassica napus suggests that the gene forms diverged over time into two clades (I and II), with representative members in each genome (A and C). The majority of the amino acid sequence differences in these forms of DGAT1, however, reside outside of motifs suggested to be involved in catalysis. Despite this, the clade II enzymes displayed a significantly enhanced preference for linoleoyl‐CoA when assessed using in‐vitro enzyme assays with yeast microsomes containing recombinant enzyme forms. These findings contribute to our understanding of triacylglycerol biosynthesis in B. napus, and may advance our ability to engineer DGAT1s with desired substrate selectivity properties.
The validity of the Memory Alteration Test and the Test Your Memory test for community‐based identification of amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Ozer Seline , Noonan Krist , Burke Melanie , Young John , Barber Sally , Forster Anne , Jones Roy
Published: May 2016

Introduction

This study investigated the validity of two brief cognitive tests (Memory Alteration Test [M@T] and Test Your Memory [TYM] test) for identifying people with aMCI in the community.

Methods

Older people were invited to participate by their general practitioner practice. Eligible participants were assessed for aMCI using an operationalized approach to the Petersen criteria and the M@T and TYM.

Results

Both tests demonstrated significant ability in discriminating between people with aMCI and controls (AUC = 0.91 for M@T and 0.80 for TYM [P < .001 for both]). M@T performed with higher sensitivity than TYM (85% vs. 63%) and similar specificity (84% vs. 87%). Both tests demonstrated moderate test‐retest reliability (κ = ∼0.5) and took <10 minutes to administer.

Discussion

M@T and TYM are quick to administer. M@T demonstrated higher diagnostic test accuracy than TYM and could provide an efficient method for identifying aMCI in clinical and research settings.
Biotic invasion, niche stability, and the assembly of regional biotas in deep time: comparison between faunal provinces
Authors: Patzkowsky Mark E. , Holland Steven M.
Published: May 2016

Biotic invasions in the fossil record provide natural experiments for testing hypotheses of niche stability, speciation, and the assembly and diversity of regional biotas. We compare ecological parameters (preferred environment, occupancy, median abundance, rank abundance) of genera shared between faunal provinces during the Richmondian Invasion in the Late Ordovician on the Laurentian continent. Genera that spread from one faunal province to the other during the invasion (invading shared genera) have high Spearman rank correlations (>0.5) in three of four ecological parameters, suggesting a high level of niche stability among invaders. Genera that existed in both regions prior to and following the invasion (noninvading shared genera) have low correlations (<0.3) and suggest niche shift between lineages that diverged at least 8 Myr earlier. Niche shift did not accumulate gradually over this time interval but appears to have occurred in a pulse associated with the onset of the Taconic orogeny and the switch from warm-water to cool-water carbonates in southern Laurentia.
Combination of soya protein and polydextrose reduces energy intake and glycaemic response via modulation of gastric emptying rate, ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 in Chinese
Authors: Soong Yean Yean , Lim Wen Xin , Leow Melvin Khee Shing , Siow Phei Ching , Teh Ai Ling , Henry Christiani Jeyakumar
Published: May 2016

The short-term effect of soya protein, polydextrose and their combination on energy intake (EI) was investigated in Chinese. In total, twenty-seven healthy, normotensive and lean Chinese men aged 21–40 years were given four different soyabean curd preloads with or without polydextrose. The study was a repeated-measure, randomised, cross-over design. The consumption of high-protein soyabean curd alone or in addition with polydextrose as a preload led to greater reduction in EI at a subsequent meal. A similar observation was also found after intake of low-protein soyabean curd with polydextrose. The gut hormone responses mirrored the reduction in food intake. It appears that incorporation of polydextrose either with low- or high-protein soyabean curd could be a potential strategy to reduce EI and assist with weight management. The popular consumption of soyabean curd in Chinese makes it an ideal vehicle for incorporation of polydextrose. This evidence-based dietary approach can serve as a guideline for developing functional foods for weight reduction and weight maintenance.
COMMON LAW RIGHTS: BALANCING DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL EXIGENCIES
Authors: Bjorge Eirik
Published: May 2016

The protection of human rights through common law principles and values has a greater potential than has been recognised hitherto. First, the adoption at common law of the proportionality test of interferences with rights shows that, when human rights are at issue, the courts will apply an exigent test, allowing interferences only if, amongst other things, a less intrusive measure could not have been used. Secondly, the principle of legality, along with common law constitutionalism as developed recently by the Supreme Court, now means that there is a common law pendant to the rule in s. 3(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998. Thirdly, in cases where the protection offered by the Act is displaced by obligations under the Charter of the United Nations, there is no displacement of common law rights, which continue to operate. Fourthly, common law rights are more open to the influences of the customary international law of human rights than are Convention rights. These factors combine to mean that the future of common law rights is an auspicious one.
The Lullingstone Mosaic Inscription — A Parody of Martial?
Authors: Cosh S.R.
Published: May 2016

The original poem inscribed above an image of Europa and the bull on the Lullingstone villa mosaic has long been recognised as referring to an episode in Ovid's Metamorphoses and making an allusion to Virgil's Aeneid. Here it is proposed that it is also a parody of a poem by Martial on the same subject and adds to the growing quantity of classical literature with which the fourth-century Romano-British elite are known to have been familiar.
Tracing Troops: An Upper German Belt-Fitting from Roman Scotland
Authors: Hunter Fraser
Published: May 2016

A silver belt-fitting from Cramond in the shape of a ring-pommel sword is linked to a class ofbeneficiariusequipment typical of Germania Superior. It is argued that this represents troop movements connected with the Severan campaigns.
A New Phallic Carving from Roman Catterick
Authors: Parker Adam , Ross Cath
Published: May 2016

A phallic carving excavated by Northern Archaeological Associates in 2014 during investigations at Catterick, North Yorkshire, contained unique artistic features for a carving of this type in Roman Britain. Excavations were carried out as part of the A1 Leeming to Barton road upgrade scheme. The two features — a projecting line of ejaculate and an incised, triangular object — are here considered within the wider evidence base for phallic imagery in Roman Britain.
Filial Daughters? Agency and Subjectivity of Rural Migrant Women in Shanghai
Authors: Shen Yang
Published: May 2016

In China, continuous rural–urban migration on a massive scale disrupts the traditional rural patriarchal society and makes the temporary non-patrilocal way of residence possible. This new residential pattern has brought profound changes to the lives of migrants. Based on participant observation and interviewing, this article intends to explore the exercise of agency and the representation of subjectivity of female migrant workers in intimate relations after migration. By emphasizing the intergenerational relationship and partner relationships of both unmarried and married women, I demonstrate a complicated picture regarding the changing status of rural migrant women and show how these women both conform and challenge the social norm of filial obligations, through which their agency is exerted and subjectivity is crafted.
Development of flexible languages for scenario and team description in multirobot missions
Authors: Castro Silva Daniel , Henriques Abreu Pedro , Reis Luís Paulo , Oliveira Eugénio
Published: May 2016

The work described in this paper is part of the development of a framework to support the joint execution of cooperative missions by a group of vehicles, in a simulated, augmented, or real environment. Such a framework brings forward the need for formal languages in which to specify the vehicles that compose a team, the scenario in which they will operate, and the mission to be performed. This paper introduces the Scenario Description Language (SDL) and the Team Description Language (TDL), two Extensible Markup Language based dialects that compose the static components necessary for representing scenario and mission knowledge. SDL provides a specification of physical scenario and global operational constraints, while TDL defines the team of vehicles, as well as team-specific operational restrictions. The dialects were defined using Extensible Markup Language schemas, with all required information being integrated in the definitions. An interface was developed and incorporated into the framework, allowing for the creation and edition of SDL and TDL files. Once the information is specified, it can be used in the framework, thus facilitating environment and team specification and deployment. A survey answered by practitioners and researchers shows that the satisfaction with SDL+TDL is elevated (the overall evaluation of SDL+TDL achieved a score of 4 out of 5, with 81%/78.6% of the answers ≥4); in addition, the usability of the interface was evaluated, achieving a score of 86.7 in the System Usability Scale survey. These results imply that SDL+TDL is flexible enough to represent scenarios and teams, through a user-friendly interface.
Gender and cultural issues in psychiatric nosological classification systems
Authors: van de Water Tanya , Suliman Sharain , Seedat Soraya
Published: May 2016

Much has changed since the two dominant mental health nosological systems, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), were first published in 1900 and 1952, respectively. Despite numerous modifications to stay up to date with scientific and cultural changes (eg, exclusion of homosexuality as a disorder) and to improve the cultural sensitivity of psychiatric diagnoses, the ICD and DSM have only recently renewed attempts at harmonization. Previous nosological iterations demonstrate the oscillation in the importance placed on the biological focus, highlighting the tension between a gender- and culture-free nosology (solely biological) and a contextually relevant understanding of mental illness. In light of the release of the DSM 5, future nosological systems, such as the ICD 11, scheduled for release in 2017, and the Research Development Criteria (RDoC), can learn from history and apply critiques. This article aims to critically consider gender and culture in previous editions of the ICD and DSM to inform forthcoming classifications.
‘More than ordinary labour’: Thomas Hyde (1636-1703) and the translation of Turkish documents under the later Stuarts
Authors: HEYWOOD COLIN
Published: May 2016

The present short study examines the problems encountered in the translation in England of Ottoman documents addressed from the Porte or from the North African Regencies to the English Crown in the latter part of the seventeenth century. In particular it studies in some detail the translations undertaken, and the problems faced by, the polymath scholar Thomas Hyde (1636-1702/3), Librarian of the Bodleian Library in the University of Oxford and translator of Oriental documents to the Crown, but reference is also made to translations undertaken by William Seaman (1606/7-1680) and his son, and by the Rev. William Hayley (c.1657-1715).
Intellectual jousting and the Chinggisid Wisdom Bazaars
Authors: LANE GEORGE
Published: May 2016

In recent years the image of the Mongols has undergone a steady change. This shift reflects a growing interest in the development of the Chinggisid Empire and its assimilation of the peoples and cultures that it absorbed and conversely the absorption, not always voluntarily, of things Mongol by the sedentary cultures which acted as the Mongols’ hosts. It was not only military technology, cuisine, medicine, art, and the practicalities and instruments for enhancing the quality of life and commerce which were exchanged but the intellectual ideas and ideals which underpinned the life styles of those who were encountered. Chinggis Khan famously aspired to provide his wives and children with the fineries of life and the best the world had to offer. But it was not just the material world that he aspired to but also the intellectual luxuries of scholarship and learning. Throughout the Chinggisid Chronicles there are references to wise men and learned advisors who were consulted on the great decisions but also not infrequently there are references to debates often described in language more reminiscent of jousting tournaments or duels than intellectual exchange. These learned debates, usually between clerics of rival faiths, were staged by various princes in courts throughout the empire for sport and entertainment. Their popularity highlights aspects of the regimes’character.

This paper will consider the nature of these debates and the traditions from where they might have emerged and at the same time it will consider the role of ‘wise men’ in Chinggisid society.
Picoliter Drop-On-Demand Dispensing for Multiplex Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Patterson Joseph P. , Parent Lucas R. , Cantlon Joshua , Eickhoff Holger , Bared Guido , Evans James E. , Gianneschi Nathan C.
Published: May 2016

Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) provides a unique insight into the dynamics of nanomaterials in solution. Controlling the addition of multiple solutions to the liquid cell remains a key hurdle in our ability to increase throughput and to study processes dependent on solution mixing including chemical reactions. Here, we report that a piezo dispensing technique allows for mixing of multiple solutions directly within the viewing area. This technique permits deposition of 50 pL droplets of various aqueous solutions onto the liquid cell window, before assembly of the cell in a fully controlled manner. This proof-of-concept study highlights the great potential of picoliter dispensing in combination with LCTEM for observing nanoparticle mixing in the solution phase and the creation of chemical gradients.
Das Management des Schwindelpatienten
Authors: Kessler Paul
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung: Die Anamnese ist bei Patienten, die unter Schwindel und Gleichgewichtsproblemen leiden, weiterhin das wichtigste Instrument. Sie umfasst Art, Richtung, Dauer, Schwere und beeinflussende Faktoren des Schwindels sowie otologische und neurologische Begleitsymptome. Eine Einteilung in a)akuten anhaltenden Schwindel, b)episodischen Schwindel unter Einbezug der Positionsabhängigkeit und c)chronisch anhaltenden Schwindel erlaubt bereits eine erste diagnostische Unterteilung. Die klinische Untersuchung umfasst eine Hals-Nasen-Ohren- sowie eine neurologische Untersuchung. Spezielles Augenmerk ist hierbei auf Okulomotorik, Nystagmusprüfung, Kopfimpulstest, Koordinationsprüfung, Geh-/Stehversuche und die Lagerungsprüfung zu richten. An apparativen Untersuchungen sind Orthostasetestung, Tonaudiogramm, kalorische Prüfung, Video-Kopfimpulstest und bei speziellen Fragestellungen Video-Nystagmographie und die Ableitung vestibulär-evozierter Muskelpotentiale hilfreich. Oft muss trotz aller funktionellen Diagnostik eine Magnetresonanztomografie des Neurokraniums hinzugefügt werden. In manchen Fällen empfiehlt sich ein multidisziplinärer Abklärungsgang. Die Therapie kann physikalische Massnahmen wie Repositionsmanöver oder vestibuläres Training, Pharmaka oder chirurgische Massnahmen beinhalten, wobei die Evidenzsituation einiger gängiger Therapien zu wünschen übrig lässt.