bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women's Liberation and Class Struggle
Authors: Bambirra Vania , Krebs Leslie , Bayer Barbara
Published: March 2007

This article is a synthesis of a lecture given to the Feder ation of Students of the University of Concepcion in October, 1971.

The majority of the considerations in this article are actually part of a consensus of people focusing on the problem from a leftist perspective. However, few leftists in Chile, up until now, have been preoccupied with promoting or stimulating serious discussion about the problems of the situation of women in the revolutionary process.

For this reason, and considering the relevance of the theme in the process that is now going on in this country, we have brought a discussion of "the woman question"--though we are not specialists in it--to the attention of Punto Final.
On the Capitalist Enterprise
Authors: Barr Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Political economists know well Marx's formulation of the "circuits of capital." Thus far, however, the circuits have been analyzed primarily in refer ence to social capital, and not individual capital. In this paper the circuits are theorized as pertaining to the ongoing reproduction of the individual unit of cap ital, and accordingly applicable to a conception of the capitalist enterprise. A re vision of Marx's formulation is proposed. The schema of the three circuits (of money-, productive-, and commodity-capital) does not fully account for the ac cumulation of capital, in particular the moment from the realization of profits to the reinvestment of money-capital. A fourth circuit, that of accumulated cap ital, is thus interjected into the reproduction cycle. The revised schema of the cir cuits is then used in constructing a working model of the capitalist enterprise. The model incorporates four phases of business activity — procurement, produc tive consumption, realization, and accumulation. Each phase is defined sequenti ally, and the logic of the various relations among them then articulated. The primacy of the capitalist enterprise, both in the process of capitalist development and as a key unit of analysis in the examination of that process, is argued. Some differing interpretations of Marx's "circuits of capital," most notably that offered by Christain Palloix, are discussed in an appendix. It is concluded that neither the nature of the activities nor the role of the enterprise in the capitalist world economy is properly understood in the relevant literature.
Dependency Structures in COMECON
Authors: Graziani Giovanni
Published: March 2007

The structure of economic ties within the East European bloc, in cluding the U.S.S.R., are examined. The dependency of the bloc on the Soviet economy is demonstrated. One method by which the Soviets reinforce this depen dency is through capital exports. Soviet capital exports display some unusual fea tures which are discussed. In general, capital exports and trade patterns are close ly linked in a structure which allows the U.S.S.R. to control and determine the fundamental lines of economic development in the satellite countries. Exchange patterns demonstrate that the Soviets increase their export revenues and reduce their import costs at the expense of the East European countries, especially by limiting Western trade with East Europe. Finally, the COMECON dependency structure is shown to result in a rate of Soviet economic growth which is higher than the East European rates.
Impact of Different Definitions of Learning Disabilities on the Number of Students Identified
Authors: Epps Susan , Ysseldyke James E. , Algozzine Bob
Published: March 2007

Despite many proposed definitions of learning disabilities and efforts to operationalize these definitions, there continues to be little agreement on either the definition of learning disabilities or the criteria that should be used to identify learning-disabled (LD) students. The number of students identified by each of 14 operational definitions that were based on either ability-achievement discrepancies, low achievement, or scatter were examined. The relationship between each definition and actual school classification was also examined. Subjects were 48 school-identified LD children and 96 non-LD children; all had previously been administered a battery of psychoeducational tests. Classification of each child as LD or non-LD according to each of 14 operational definitions indicated that different definitions identify significantly different numbers of students. The three categories of definitions did not discriminate LD and non-LD children consistently. Within the limitations of the present study, the prognosis is for continued confusion in the field of learning disabilities. Implications and recommendations for the educational system are discussed.
Nonverbal Assessment of Piagetian Development: An Analysis of Lancy and Goldstein's Procedures
Authors: Cormier Pierre , Carlson Jerry S.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-four kindergarten through second-grade children were administered classification, conservation of number, and seriation tasks. The tasks assessing these areas were administered in counterbalanced order using the nonverbal procedures developed by Lancy and Goldstein and procedures outlined by Piaget. The purpose of the investigation was to ascertain whether the Lancy and Goldstein approach and materials are veridical measures of Piagetian cognitive development. The areas selected for comparison were those that Piaget and his colleagues have thoroughly analyzed and to which strict Piagetian criteria could be applied. The results indicate that the nonverbal tasks do not effectively measure concrete operational thought as described by Piaget. They do, however, provide an approach for analysis of children's problem-solving strategy and hypothesis development that can be useful in studies of cognitive processes.
Two Types of Tables for Use with the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition
Authors: Spruill Jean
Published: March 2007

Confidence intervals for the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition were computed for the Verbal Reasoning SAS, the Quantitative Reasoning SAS, the Abstract/Visual Reasoning SAS, the Short-Term Memory SAS, and the Composite SAS. These intervals were computed separately for each age group using the 90% and 95%7o levels of confidence. The differences required for significance among the Area SASs and between the Area SAS and Composite SAS were computed for the .05 and .10 levels of significance. In addition, the differences necessary to determine that subtest scaled scores are significantly different from the mean of the respective areas were calculated for the .05 and .10 level. The Bonferroni t inequality was used to control for multiple comparisons. All values were computed using the standard errors of measurement for the standardization sample reported in the Technical manual. The use of the tables in interpreting test scores is discussed.
A Behavioral Evaluation of Curriculum-Based Assessment of Reading
Authors: Derr Tami F. , Shapiro Edward S.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to examine the effects of setting and method accuracy in Curriculum-Based Assessment (CBA), based on Cone's (1981, 1987) elaboration of a methodology for validating behavioral assessment procedures. The effects of who administered the assessment (teacher vs. author), the physical location of the assessment (reading group vs. teacher's desk vs. office outside classroom), and whether the performance was timed or untimed were examined for oral reading rates of 26 third- and fourth-grade students in a regular education classroom. The effects of these conditions on the number of words read correctly per minute (WC) and the percentage of errors (%E) were examined in three separate studies. Results showed significant effects for the tester, setting, and task demand variables on WC scores and significant effects for the task demand variables on%E scores. Implications of these results are addressed, and the needed research in this area is discussed.
Concurrent Validity of the Physiological Subscale of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale: A Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis
Authors: Lee Steven W. , Piersel Wayne C. , Unruh Lori
Published: March 2007

Individuals' physiological response to anxiety and stress can be debilitating, both emotionally and physically. Tools and techniques that can help in identifying maladaptive physiological responses to stress and anxiety in children can provide the early identification and treatment needed to obviate later psychological or medical pathology. Factor analytic studies of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale-RCMAS (Reynolds & Richmond, 1978) have identified a factor which was subsequently named the “physiological” subscale (Reynolds & Paget, 1981). However, the degree to which this subscale measures physiological concomitants of anxiety has not been ascertained. The present study evaluated the concurrent validity of this subscale through a multitrait, multimethod analysis (Campbell, 1960; Campbell & Fiske, 1959) of behavioral ratings of anxiety/somatic complaints, depression and aggression as rated by the parents and teachers for each of the eighty males involved in the study. The results indicated a lack of both convergent and discriminant validity for the RCMAS Physiological subscale. An over-whelming degree of method variance was observed in the behavioral ratings.
An Investigation of Test Bias in Two Nonverbal Cognitive Measures for Two Ethnic Groups
Authors: Emerling Fred
Published: March 2007

One hundred fifteen second- and third-grade Anglo and Mexican-American boys and girls from an isolated rural town in Arizona were tested on two nonverbal measures of cognitive skills to examine test bias when GPA and achievement test scores were being predicted. The issue of bias was addressed by regression analysis, which allowed examination of slopes and intercepts. The children from both ethnic groups were roughly equated on SES variables due to the nature and location of the community. Results suggested that the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices exhibited both slope and/or intercept bias on three of the four criterion variables, whereas the Nonverbal Test of Cognitive Skills (NTCS) demonstrated slope bias only in terms of GPA. The findings suggest that the Raven, contrary to previous research, may be a biased predictor for Mexican-Americans. NTCS bias may be due to factors unrelated to achievement.
Application of WAIS-R Short Forms to Persons 75 Years of Age and Older
Authors: Paolo Anthony M. , Ryan Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

Six WAIS-R short forms were compared in a sample of 225 normal and 39 neurologically impaired persons 75 years of age and older. The short forms included Silverstein's (1982) two- and four-subtest short forms, Reynolds, Willson, and Clark's (1983) abbreviated form, and Kaufman's (1990) two-, three-, and four-subtest short forms. Results revealed large validity coefficients (r 2 .85) and, with one exception, similar average IQs between the abbreviated forms and the Full Scale for both the normal and neurological samples. However, Silverstein's tetrad tended to overestimate the Full Scale IQ for the neurological sample. Correct classification of IQ level was consistent with previous research. Although Kaufman's dyad and triad were not as clinically useful as the other abbreviated forms, his tetrad generally performed better than the other short forms.
Factor Structure of the Gesell School Readiness Screening Test
Authors: Banerji Madhabi
Published: March 2007

An exploratory, principal axis factor analysis was conducted of the Gesell School Readiness Screening Test (GSRT). Support was found for a one-factor solution, with two highly correlated clusters of tasks subsumed. Findings are discussed with reference to the content of the GSRT, existing construct-related evidence on the test, and applications that can be justified based on the findings.
A Critical Review of the Technical Characteristics of New and Recently Revised Intelligence Tests for Preschool Children
Authors: Flanagan Dawn P. , Alfonso Vincent C.
Published: March 2007

This paper examined the psychometric properties of intelligence tests for preschoolers, including standardization, reliability, test floors, item gradients, and validity. The WPPSI-R, DAS, S-B:IV, WJ-R COG, and BSID-IL were reviewed. The psychometric properties of these instruments are weakest at the lower end of the preschool age range (i.e., 2-6 to 3-6), a finding that is consistent with previous research. The WJ-R COG and BSID-II are among the better instruments for use with very young children because they were rated as technically adequate across most criteria. The psychometric properties were strongest for most instruments at the middle (i.e., 3-6 to 4-6) and upper (i.e., 4-6 to 5-6) levels of the preschool age range. Because all intelligence tests have different strengths and limitations, the technical characteristics of these tests should be considered carefully before one selects an instrument for use with preschoolers. Future research should examine the role of intelligence within a framework of developing abilities in young children, so that its relevance in early educational interventions, as well as diagnosis and classification of preschoolers, can be realized.
Convergent Validity of the Internalizing Symptoms Scale for Children with Three Self-Report Measures of Internalizing Problems
Authors: Merrell Kenneth W. , Anderson Kathryn E. , Michael Kurt D.
Published: March 2007

Data that serve to support the convergent validity of the Internalizing Symptoms Scale for Children (ISSC), a new child self-report measure for assessing internalizing symptoms, are presented. The results of three studies are presented, wherein ISSC scores were correlated with three established internalizing comparison measures: the Youth Self-Report, the Children's Depression Inventory, and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Correlations were in the desired direction and magnitude for demonstrating the convergent validity of the ISSC as a self-report measure of internalizing symptoms of children. Strong correlations were found between the ISSC and the Internalizing broad-band score of the Youth Self-Report, whereas moderate to moderately high correlations were found between the scores of the ISSC and those of the Children's Depression Inventory and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. The ISSC appears to measure the internalizing construct in children and to have promise as a research and clinical tool for use with children ages 8 to 12. Limitations of this investigation and implications for future research in this area are discussed.
Assessment of Preschool Behavior and Social-Emotional Functioning: A Review of Thirteen Third-Party Instruments
Authors: Bracken Bruce A. , Keith Lori K. , Walker Kathryn C.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the psychometric qualities of 13 preschool third-party measures of social-emotional functioning. Most of the rating scales were severely limited in critical and primary areas of technical adequacy, including standardization samples, internal consistency, stability, interrater reliability, ceilings, floors, item gradients, and evidence of validity. Instruments which most frequently met the psychometric criteria were primarily recently published scales.
Effect of Ammonium Halides On the Combustion of Polystyrene
Authors: Kishore K. , Mohandas K.
Published: March 2007

Effect of NH4Cl and NH4Br has been studied on combustion and decomposi tion of polystyrene (PS). NH4Br, at low concentrations showed unfavourable ef fects on burning rate, which is surprising for an accepted fire retardent. NH4Br accelerated degradation and combustion of PS. Thermogravimetric (TG) studies of PS + NH4Br samples in N 2 showed that these samples degraded at lower temperatures and with faster rates compared to neat PS. In O2 atmosphere the sensitization of the degradation started after about 30-40% weight loss. The dif ferential thermal analysis (DTA) of these samples gave some additional informa tion : both NH4Cl & NH4Br shifted the degradation temperature to a lower value than PS and exhibited exothermic reactions in the temperature range 400- 450 °C (more exothermicity in NH4Br samples).
Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: Ii. Mathematical Modeling of Intoxication of Rats By Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide
Authors: Hartzell G.E. , Priest D.N. , Switzer W.G.
Published: March 2007

Research in combustion toxicology over the past few years has led to a reason able understanding and even quantification of some of the effects of fire effluent toxicants and, with the availability of a modest amount of both non-human primate and human exposure data, the combustion toxicologist is gaining increasing capability to assess and predict the toxicological effects of smoke inhalation.
Cigarette Evaluation of 450 Pieces of Residential Upholstered Furniture
Authors: Mccormack John A. , Damant Gordon H. , Williams Sharon S.
Published: March 2007

In 1981 the Bureau of Home Furnishings began a study to evaluate the potential for cigarette ignition of residential upholstered furniture and to determine the percent of compliance with California's mandatory flammability regulations for materials used in upholstered furniture and the State's labeling requirements. This paper reports the results on the first 450 items of furniture. The presence of labels and compliance with California's Furniture Flamma bility regulations is compared by year. A summary of cigarette ignitions and open flame/smoldering performance of filling material is given. The effect of cover fabric weight and fiber content and type filling material on cigarette igni tion is discussed and the wide variety of material choices for cigarette ignition resistant residential upholstered furniture demonstrated.
Study of Thermal Degradation of Poly(vinyl Alcohol)/Poly(vinyl Chloride) Blend with Flame Retardants
Authors: Fukatsu Kazuhiko
Published: March 2007

The effect of flame retardant on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl chloride) blend has been studied using thermogravimetric and differential analysis, infrared absorption spectra and pyrolysis-gas chroma tography. The flame retardants used in this study were stannic acid and antimony trioxide.
Thermal Stability of Fire Retardants: II Pentabromochlorocyclohexane
Authors: Larsen Eric R. , Ecker Ernest L.
Published: March 2007

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of pentabromochlorocyclohexane (PBCCH), a flame retardant employed in foamed polystyrene, were determined by monitoring the rate of HBr/Br 2 evolution at temperatures between 195-240°C. The early stage of the decomposition is catalyzed by iron. The acti vation energy for the initial decomposition is approximately 32 Kcal/mole. The principle organic decomposition products are dibromo-, bromochloro-, and tri halobenzenes.
Toxic Gases Evolution from Commercial Building Materials under Fire Atmosphere in a Semi-Full-Scale Room
Authors: Morikawa Tokio
Published: March 2007

Commercial building materials of board type assembled into a box shape, were each independently combusted in a semi-full-scale room along with methanol, which was supplied at a constant rate, under the conditions of forced air supply by blower.

Primary toxic gases were CO and acrolein from wood-based materials, and CO and HCN from urethanes. From phenol foams, evolution of CO and other toxic gases was very small.

A comparison was made between the evolution of toxic gases from materials assembled in a box shape and also in a crib shape. It was found that the total toxicity, E(C1/C fi), and concentrations of the above toxic gases were much higher for the box shape than for the crib shape.
Predictive Calculations of the Effect of an Accidental Heat Source on a Bed of Forest Litter
Authors: Jones J.C.
Published: March 2007

Using kinetic information previously reported and hot spot theory, calculations are carried out to predict the effects of an accidental heat source on a previously thermally inactive bed of forest litter.
Thermal and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of PBO: Determination of Kinetics and Reaction Products
Authors: Nielsen Charles A. , Pierini Peter , Fuh Steve
Published: March 2007

Poly(para-phenylene- cis-benzobisoxazole), PBO, is a promising thermal and fire resistant material because of its excellent thermal stability, virtual nonflammability (limiting oxygen index = 56), high char yield, and negligible smoke generation [1]. Decomposition reaction products and kinetics were studied to further characterize this material.

Chemical changes in the solid film were studied by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) before and after isothermal heating in vacuum. Decom position was detected at 600°C while little, if any, was observed at 500°C. In other studies using a constant heating rate, released volatiles were identified by FTIR and an electrochemical selective ion probe.

Degradation rates in nitrogen (thermal) and air (thermo-oxidative) were de termined by isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (ITGA). Activation ener gies for the thermal and thermo-oxidative degradations were calculated. These results are compared to other thermally resistant polymers. For example, the PBO film decomposition rate is over one hundred times slower than a high- temperature-resistant polyimide (Kapton® H film) in nitrogen, and about two times slower than the polyimide film in air. These findings suggest possible lower rates of combustion, especially in situations where the polymer is decom posed in a locally oxygen starved environment.

Finally, an empirical model for the thermo-oxidation of PBO was obtained from the TGA data. Reliable predictions of weight percent remaining are made as a function of time and temperature.
A Study on the Acute and Long-Term Effects of Hydrogen Chloride on Respiratory Response and Pulmonary Function and Morphology in the Baboon
Authors: Kaplan Harold L. , Switzer Walter G. , Hinderer Robert K. , Anzueto Antonio
Published: March 2007

Because of its wide acceptance as a surrogate for man, the ba boon was used to investigate the acute and long-term effects of HCl in primates and to evaluate the validity of claims that humans are much more sensitive than rodents. Four groups of three anesthetized adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were exposed for 15 minutes to air (controls) or to one of three targeted concentrations of HCl, i.e., 500, 5000 or 10,000 ppm. The animals responded to the HCl atmospheres with an increase in respiratory frequency and minute volume, which appeared to be concentration-related and was statis tically significant in comparison of the 10,000 ppm HCl-exposed animals with the controls. This increased ventilatory response to high concentrations of HCl appeared to be an attempt by the animals to compensate for the rapid decrease in arterial oxygen pressure probably caused by broncho-constriction of airways of the upper respiratory tract. Pulmonary function and CO 2 challenge response tests at three days and three, six, and twelve months' postexposure did not show any exposure-related, long-term effects except in the 10,000 ppm HCl-exposed animals. These results were consistent with the absence of observed effects on breathing pattern and of significant respiratory tract pathology except in ani mals exposed to 10,000 ppm HCl. The results of this study indicate that deep lung penetration of HCl in primates is minimal, except at very high concentra tions, because of the effective removal (scrubbing) of HCl by the moist oral and nasal mucosa of the upper respiratory tract.
Acute Inhalation Toxicity in Rats Exposed to Thermal Degradation Products of Hydraulic Fluids Type C
Authors: Van Dam J. , Daenens P. , Yerbeken E.K.
Published: March 2007

The acute inhalation toxicity of the thermal decomposition prod ucts of Hydraulic fluids type C was assessed in rats. These fluids consist of a mixture of water, ethylene glycol, polyalkylene glycol and some minor addi tives. Glissosafe® 610 was used as a model. Animals were exposed for one hour to atmospheres resulting from spraying the fluid on a plate heated to 500 °C, 600 ° C or 700°C. They were followed for fourteen days after exposure following the prescriptions of the Sixth Report of the Safety and Health Commission of the European Community. Additional tests were done to follow the evolution of histological damage at one, two, three, five and seven days after exposure to the different temperatures. These results were compared with some quantitative data of the major decomposition products.

No mortality occurred. Only slight and transient respiratory discomfort was noticed during exposure due to the presence of sensory irritating products. The effects on growth were virtually nil, except for some slight initial retardation during the first day post-exposure. Histological damage was most pronounced at a decomposition temperature of 500°C. These results correlated with the quantitative data of the sensory irritating components. Out of this thermal decomposition mixture, formaldehyde seems to contribute most to the toxic ef fects.
High Temperature Oxygen Index Instrument with Quantitative FT-IR Gas Analysis
Authors: Kinsella Karen , Nelson Chad M. , Haigis John R. , Carangelo Martin D. , Ditaranto Marie B. , Markham James R.
Published: March 2007

A bench-scale instrument has been constructed which provides a fire hazard and combustion product profile of polymers and composites used in advanced construction. Novel to the instrument is that a standardized test of material flammability (oxygen index) can be measured as a function of sample exposure temperature up to 800°C. Sample mass loss is measured concur rently ; and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is used for on-line quantification of evolved gas species during heating, burning, and smoldering of the sample. The instrument has applications for industrial quality control of the fire characteristics of processed materials, and research and development of new building materials. This article describes the instrument and presents measurement results for several materials.
On the Use of Metal Sheathed Thermocouples in a Hot Gas Layer Originating from a Room Fire
Authors: Jones J.C.
Published: March 2007

The Forum is intended to provide for dialogue and discussion among fire experts, scientists and consultants. Contributions to The Forum will not be refereed in the conventional sense, but will be subject to review by the Journal's Editorial Board relative to appropriateness, clarity, timeliness, and scope of interest. The Editorial Board will be the sole judge of those contributions to be published. Opinions expressed, however, are those of the authors and not of the Editors or Technomic Publishing Com pany, Incorporated.
Prediction of Fire Environment in Apartments Using Zone Models
Authors: Chow W.K.
Published: March 2007

Two fire zone models CFAST 2.0 and BRI2T are applied to simulate fires in multi-level apartments. Apartments with different levels and several compartments including a staircase are taken as examples. Smoke con trol designs including ceiling vents and smoke extraction systems installed in the staircase are considered with their performance evaluated. Experimental results reported in the literature are used to compare with the predicted results.
Flame Retardant Polyolefins: Impact and Flow Enhancement Using Metallocene Polymers
Authors: Huggard M.
Published: March 2007

Metallocene catalyzed olefin copolymers offer new opportunities for modification of highly filled polyethylene polymers. Modification of HDPE with metallocene LLDPE copolymers results in improved performance when compared to the addition of conventional LLDPE. Modification of flame retar dant HDPE with these materials can impart improved flow and impact resis tance. General stabilization, coupling, and compounding considerations are re viewed. The flame retardant HDPE formulations are suitable for use in injection molded furniture required to meet European and North American burn test standards.
Ignition Responses of Fifty Upholstery Fabrics to Commercial Cigarettes
Authors: Greear Linda C. , Hudson William Z. , Jupe Richard , Pinion Dallas O. , Wanna Joseph T.
Published: March 2007

Fifty cellulosic upholstered furniture fabrics were purchased in the Richmond, Virginia area and tested to determine their ignition responses to eleven commercial cigarette brands. Six of the commercial brands (A-F) had been identified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), using their cotton duck substrate test method, as having reduced ignition pro pensity. The six cigarettes had "unconventional"4 characteristics deemed by NIST as likely to lower cigarette ignition propensity: smaller circumference, lower permeability paper, and/or reduced paper citrate. On the cotton duck fabrics, these cigarettes were extinguished frequently. On the fifty upholstery fabrics, the cigarettes rarely were extinguished. NIST also tested fourteen "con ventional,"5 best-selling brands that their cotton duck test method classified as "strong" igniters. Five brands (1-5) tested here on upholstery fabrics were also major commercial brands of "conventional" design. Testing of the fifty upholstery fabrics and eleven cigarettes followed the protocol developed by NIST with exceptions that upholstery fabrics replaced cotton ducks and polyethylene film was not used between fabrics and foam. Standard ANOVA analysis of ignition responses of the fifty upholstery fabrics showed that the two cigarette types, A-F and 1-5, were statistically similar: the differences in igni tions reported by NIST using cotton duck as the test fabric were not found with this broad range of actual upholstery fabrics. Differences in ignition responses among the fabrics did range from igniting in all tests to not igniting in any test, and from igniting more frequently with the six "lower ignition propensity" cigarette brands to more frequently with the five "conventional" ones.
A Review of the Technical Bulletin 129 Full Scale Test Method for Flammability of Mattresses for Public Occupancies
Authors: Nurbakhsh Said , Mccormack John
Published: March 2007

California Technical Bulletin 129, a test method for flammability of mattresses for use in public occupancies, was published in 1992 and has been used voluntarily by manufacturers and procurement officials throughout the United States. In this paper, the results of 126 tests conducted on mattresses that were submitted to the Bureau's laboratory are reviewed. The effects of cover fab rics, filling contents and fire-blocking barriers, both in innerspring and non- innerspring mattresses, are discussed. It is concluded that the technology and materials exist that allow manufacturers to build mattresses that comply with the requirements of this fire test standard.
Reid Vapour Pressure as a Route to Calculating the Flash Points of Petroleum Fractions
Authors: Jones J.C.
Published: March 2007

The established method for calculating the flash point of a pure hydrocarbon compound such as benzene, which makes use of the Clausius- Clapeyron equation, is extended to petroleum fractions. This had not previously been thought possible, because of the fact that such fractions do not have a single normal boiling point for use as a limit in integrating the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. In this paper it is shown, with gasoline as an example, that the Reid va pour pressure can be used in place of the normal boiling point as a limit in the in tegration. Estimates of the latent heat of vaporisation and the lower flammability limit were also required, and these are explained completely.
Free Boundary Conditions for Simulating Air Movement in a Big Hall Induced by a "Bare Cabin" Fire
Authors: Chow W.K. , Yin R.
Published: March 2007

Air movement in a big hall induced by a fire in a "bare cabin" was simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Applying CFD in simulat ing fire-induced air flow in buildings would require specification of free boundary conditions. Improper description of the free boundary conditions would give very different results. Three free boundary conditions commonly used were tested. Three sets of big hall geometry including two bare cabin designs and five heat re lease rates of fire of 20 kW m-1, 40 kW m -1, 60 kW m-1, 80 kW m-1, and 100 kW m-1 were considered. The self-developed program CY-TEAM modified from TEAM was selected as the simulator. Further, the commercial software CFX4.2 was used to compare with part of the results predicted by CY-TEAM. This gave a total number of 60 simulations.

Results predicted from all these different geometries, conditions and software were compared. It is concluded that the free boundary condition should be specified carefully in simulating fire-induced air flow with CFD.
Community Organizations Recruiting Community Participation: Predicaments in Planning
Authors: Baum Howell S.
Published: March 2007

Planners usually justify community participation in terms of benefits to participants, such as claiming democratic rights, getting power, learning, solving problems, and building community. At the same time, community organizations depend on participation for the legitimacy, effort, and money needed to govern and carry out work. Organizations encounter predicaments when they cannot find one group that provides all three. They must choose among imperfect and conflicting participation arrangements, with risks of acting ineffectively or not at all. The article analyzes participation predicaments in planning in a working-class white ethnic community organization and an upper- middle-class Jewish community federation. The latter can raise more money from community members, but both face similar problems in organizing the participation needed to act.
Liberalism, Neoliberalism, and Capability Generation: Toward a Normative Basis for Planning in Developing Nations
Authors: Chakravorty Sanjoy
Published: March 2007

Planning in developing nations is increasingly guided by the new market orthodoxy of effi ciency. Here, an alternative guiding ethical system is sought within liberal theory, specifi cally by using Sen's "capability" approach, and by rejecting libertarianism, utilitarianism, and outcome egalitarianism. The capabiliry-gen eration approach is shown to be both equi table and efficient. The spatial implications of capability-generation are developed, and the argument made that the delivery of equal access to capability-generating resources should be the primary goal of planning in developing nations. Finally, the implications of this normative approach for the practice of development planning are discussed.
Photoperiodism in Ostrinia nubilalis: A New Protocol for the Analysis of the Role of the Circadian System
Authors: Skopik Steven D. , Cain William , Patel N.G. , Newswanger Dana L.
Published: March 2007

A 12-hr dark period, at a temperature high enough to permit time measurement to occur, is necessary for maximal induction of larval diapause in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. In the present study, induction of diapause only occurred in a periodic environment. This was in the form of certain (1) light-dark (LD) cycles at a constant temperature; (2) thermo periods in constant darkness (DD), but not constant illumination (LL); and (3) LD cycles with concurrent thermoperiods. A light-break experiment protocol, in which the pulses systematically scan the cold and warm phases of a thermoperiod in DD, is discussed as a way of helping clarify how seasonal time measurement is effected in Ostrinia.
Bile-Salt-Stimulated Human Milk Lipase: Interaction with Proteins
Authors: O'Connor Charmian J. , Butler Paul A.G. , Sutton Bridget M.
Published: March 2007

The initial rates of hydrolysis of triolein, catalyzed by bile-salt-stimulated hu man milk lipase, BSSL, were measured at pH 7.5 and 37 ° C, in the presence of selected proteins, namely immunoglobulin A, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, hen egg white lysozyme, pancreatic lipase, myoglobin and the very surface active protein melittin. The esterase activity of the enzyme against 4-nitro- phenylacetate was also measured in the presence of a number of different samples of lactoferrin. Under the conditions used, α-lactalbumin and hen egg white lysozyme had almost no effect on the lipase activity. Immunoglobulin A was slightly inhibitory; lactoferrin, pancreatic lipase and myoglobin were all partially inhibitory; and melittin was capable of almost completely inac tivating the lipase.
Polymer Networks: Structure, Formation and Properties
Authors: Dušek Karel
Published: March 2007

The network formation theories for generation of branched and crosslinked structures, their applications and the relations of structure to the most important structure-sensitive properties are briefly reviewed.
Thermo-Sensitive Release Behavior of 5-Fluorouracil from Chitosan-Gel Microspheres Coated with Lipid Multilayers
Authors: Ohya Y. , Takei T. , Ouchi T.
Published: March 2007

In order to provide a device that would release anticancer drugs in response to temperature, chitosan microspheres with immobilized 1-[N-(5- aminopentyl)urea]-5-fluorouracil (Ap-5FU) and coated with dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) multilayers were prepared. The chitosan-DPPC- chitosan microspheres were prepared by coating chitosan-DPPC microspheres with polyelectrolyte complex membrane of chitosan. Good distributive stability of microspheres in aqueous solution was achieved with the DPPC multilayers coating. When chitosan was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, Ap-5FU was si multaneously immobilized to the microspheres by means of Schiffs base forma tion. In physiological saline media, free 5FU released from the microspheres was detected, but the 5FU derivative was not. The release rate of 5 FU from the microspheres was decreased by coating with DPPC multilayers, and further depressed by the formation of polyelectrolyte complex membrane. The thermo- sensitive release behavior of 5FU from chitosan-DPPC microspheres and chitosan-DPPC-chitosan microspheres was observed in vitro across the phase transition temperature ( T m) of the DPPC multilayer (41.4 ° C).
Hybrid Copolymers for Controlled Release of Contraceptive Steroids
Authors: Shantha K.L. , Panduranga Rao K.
Published: March 2007

Biodegradable and biocompatible hybrid copolymeric implants for the controlled release of contraceptive steroids were prepared and characterized. These hybrid copolymers were developed from a natural macro molecule, collagen, and the hydrophilic synthetic polymers poly(ethylene gly col) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) for imparting biocompatibility as well as bioac tiveness to the implant. The characterization of these gels was carried out using techniques such as FT-IR, SEM and TGA. The in vitro release studies of testosterone entrapped within the hybrid were carried out at physiological pH and temperature. It was found that the testosterone gave a large release ini tially and then levelled off to release the same quantity every day in a zero- order pattern. About 44% of the steroid was released in the first ten days and thereafter the release was very slow. The total amount of drug released by 90 days was about 66%.
Managing Violent Individuals in Correctional Settings
Authors: PORPORINO FRANK J.
Published: March 2007

Data are presented on the character and distribution of violent incidents in correctional settings. It is suggested that there are subgroups of offenders who are particularly violence-prone in prisons. Preventing prison violence may hinge on how well these offenders are managed in terms of classification and placement across custody settings. The special problems that crowding presents for the management of offender populations are highlighted. Findings on the relationship between crowding, inmate turnover, and violence suggest that efforts should be made to reduce the flow of inmates into and out of institutions. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for correctional policy and practice.
Adolescent Sexual Offenders
Authors: BECKER JUDITH V. , CUNNINGHAM-RATHNER JERRY , KAPLAN MEG S.
Published: March 2007

Sexual aggression is a serious and widespread problem in our society. Over the past 15 years considerable effort has been directed toward educating society about the problem and addressing the needs of victims of sexual crimes. Research efforts have focused on both adult and child victims and to a lesser extent on adult sexual offenders. Only recently have any research efforts focused on adolescent offenders. The present study describes the characteristics of 67 male adolescents referred to an outpatient clinic because of deviant sexual behavior. The results of this study indicate that the onset of sexually deviant interests is often in early adolescence and that an effective early treatment could reduce the widespread incidence of sexual crimes and prevent future victimization in our society.
Perceived Dangerousness and Treatability of Offenders
Authors: QUINSEY VERNON L. , CYR MIREILLE
Published: March 2007

Each of 24 laypersons and 24 clinicians were asked to evaluate 4 of 16 fictitious case histories. The histories culminated in a theft, an armed robbery, a murder, or an attempted suicide. Half of the subjects read histories that were designed to produce an internal attribution of causality and half read histories that would elicit an external attribution. In the internal condition, many prior instances of the same type of behavior as that involved in the offense and little immediate environmental provocation were described; opposite descriptions occurred in the external condition. There were few differences of opinion between the laypersons and clinicians. The internal condition was associated with higher ratings of stability, internality, and controllability of cause; as predicted, it was related to higher ratings of dangerousness. Offenders in the internal condition were seen as less likely to benefit from treatment than offenders in the external condition. Perceived treatability of the offender was negatively related to perceived dangerousness. In general, these results support the application of attribution theory to clinical judgment and support the view that, with respect to personality disordered offenders, treatment decisions are made on the basis of commonsense criteria.
Single- Versus Multiple-Incident Rape Victims
Authors: MARHOEFER-DVORAK SUSAN , RESICK PATRICIA A. , HUTTER CATHERINE KOTSIS , GIRELLI STEVEN A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of prior victimization on long-term functioning of rape victims. Subjects were 52 rape victims who had been assaulted from 3 months to 34 years previously. All participants were given a structured interview and a battery of assessment measures. Data were examined by means of MANOVAs and ANOVAs two ways, single-incident versus multiple-incident rape victims and single-incident victims versus victims with other prior major victimization. On the first set of analyses no differences emerged between single- and multiple-incident rape victims. The second set of comparisons resulted in two significant findings. Victims with prior major victimization were more assertive than single-incident victims but had more problems with somatic symptoms. Results are discussed within the context of other relevant studies as well as theory.
The Myth of the “Collusive Mother”
Authors: FALLER KATHLEEN COULBORN
Published: March 2007

Mothers whose children were sexually victimized by three types of father figures are compared on factors related to the concept of maternal collusion. Categories of mothers are those whose children were abused by bio-fathers married to the mothers, by stepfathers and mothers' live-in partners, and by noncustodial fathers where there is a separation or divorce. Variables related to collusion that were explored are maternal protectiveness when made aware of the sexual abuse, mothers' relationship with the victim, and maternal dependency. Mothers who were separated or divorced from the offender were rated the most positively on all three variables. Mothers in the other two groups were rated about equally, but findings do not support a conclusion that they are collusive in the sexual abuse of their children.
Learned Helplessness, External Locus of Control, and Passivity in Battered Women
Authors: LAUNIUS MARGARET H. , LINDQUIST CAROL UMMEL
Published: March 2007

The present study was designed to examine learned helplessness in battered women. Based on Walker's (1979) theory of learned helplessness and battered women, it was predicted that battered women would (1) have poorer problem-solving skills, (2) have a more external locus of control, and (3) be more passive than nonbattered women. Multivariate analysis of variance conducted on scores for the dependent measures indicated that battered women did exhibit significantly poorer problem-solving skills and were more passive with their partners than nonbattered women. There was no difference between the groups on general passivity or external locus of control. These findings were discussed in relation to the learned helplessness theory of battered women and research involving problem-solving deficits.
Violence in Lesbian Relationships
Authors: RENZETTI CLAIRE M.
Published: March 2007

Despite the increase in research on domestic violence during the last two decades, little attention has been given to the problem of partner abuse among homosexual couples. The present research takes a step toward developing an understanding of homosexual partner abuse by examining the incidence, forms, and correlates of violence in lesbian relationships. Based on questionnaire data from 100 lesbian victims, the study addresses, in particular, the relationships between lesbian battering and (1) abusers' dependence on their partners, and (2) perceived power imbalances between partners in abusive lesbian relationships. In addition, the study explores the extent to which responses from the lesbian community and others to victims of abuse may serve to prevent or exacerbate lesbian battering. The article concludes by raising questions to guide future research.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Nonclinical and Nonstudent Sample of Adult Women Sexually Abused as Children
Authors: GREENWALD EVAN , LEITENBERG HAROLD
Published: March 2007

Questionnaires were distributed to 1,500 female nurses to estimate the prevalence and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a nonclinical and nonstudent sample of women who had been sexually abused as children (age 15 or below). Response to the questionnaire, completed anonymously, yielded a sample of 54 women. Using a cut-off score of 2 on a 0-4 scale (PTSD symptoms experienced “moderately”), it was estimated that only 4% of these formerly sexually abused women might currently meet DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for PTSD while 17% might have met these criteria in the past. When using a cut-off of 1—symptoms experienced “a little bit”—the respective percentages were higher, 20% and 41%; when using a cut-off of 3—symptoms experienced “quite a bit”—the respective percentages were lower, 2% and 7%. The severity of PTSD symptomatology was greatest in cases of father-daughter incest, and if sexual intercourse had taken place or had been attempted. These findings were contrasted with higher estimates of PTSD reported in clinical samples of formerly sexually abused women, and the methodological limitations of the present study were discussed.
Child Maltreatment
Authors: McCURDY KAREN , DARO DEBORAH
Published: March 2007

This article examines the scope of the child maltreatment problem in the United States. Representatives of child protective service agencies in each state and the District of Columbia were interviewed to obtain current estimates of child maltreatment reports and fatalities. The results of the survey indicate that rates of reported and substantiated cases of child maltreatment as well as confirmed child deaths due to abuse or neglect have steadily increased over the past 8 years. Evidence shows that very young children face the greatest risk of dying from maltreatment. Other findings such as specific characteristics of the reported population, differences in states' reporting procedures, and changes in funding of child welfare services are presented along with a discussion of policy implications.