bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Youth Psychopathology in Daily Life: Systematically Reviewed Characteristics and Potentials of Ecological Momentary Assessment Applications
Authors: Thunnissen Marjolein R. , aan het Rot Marije , van den Hoofdakker Barbara J. , Nauta Maaike H.
Published: June 2021

Traditionally, symptoms of youth psychopathology are assessed with questionnaires, clinical interviews, or laboratory observations. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) could be a particularly valuable additional methodology, since EMA enables examining the daily lives of youths near real-time, considering fluctuations and specific contexts of symptoms. This systematic review aimed to review the characteristics of current EMA applications and to provide a synthesis of their potential in studying youth psychopathology. Following a systematic search in PsycInfo and Medline, we identified 50 studies in clinical samples. Most studies used EMA to examine fluctuations in symptoms, affect, and behavior, and the relation with contextual factors. EMA was also used to investigate interactions between parents and their children over time, and to monitor and predict treatment response. EMA appeared feasible in youth and could provide valuable insights that contribute to understanding youth psychopathology. Benefits, gaps, and suggestions for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Security analysis of Subterranean 2.0
Authors: Song Ling , Tu Yi , Shi Danping , Hu Lei
Published: June 2021

Subterranean 2.0 is a cipher suite that can be used for hashing, authenticated encryption, MAC computation, etc. It was designed by Daemen, Massolino, Mehrdad, and Rotella, and has been selected as a candidate in the second round of NIST’s lightweight cryptography standardization process. Subterranean 2.0 is a duplex-based construction and utilizes a single-round permutation in the duplex. It is the simplicity of the round function that makes it an attractive target of cryptanalysis. In this paper, we examine the single-round permutation in various phases of Subterranean 2.0 and specify three related attack scenarios that deserve further investigation: keystream biases in the keyed squeezing phase, state collisions in the keyed absorbing phase, and one-round differential analysis in the nonce-misuse setting. To facilitate cryptanalysis in the first two scenarios, we novelly propose a set of size-reduced toy versions of Subterranean 2.0: Subterranean-m. Then we make an observation for the first time on the resemblance between the non-linear layer in the round function of Subterranean 2.0 and SIMON’s round function. Inspired by the existing work on SIMON, we propose explicit formulas for computing the exact correlation of linear trails of Subterranean 2.0 and other ciphers utilizing similar non-linear operations. We then construct our models for searching trails to be used in the keystream bias evaluation and state collision attacks. Our results show that most instances of Subterranean-m are secure in the first two attack scenarios but there exist instances that are not. Further, we find a flaw in the designers’ reasoning of Subterranean 2.0’s linear bias but support the designers’ claim that there is no linear bias measurable from at most $$2^{96}$$

2
96

data blocks. Due to the time-consuming search, the security of Subterranean 2.0 against the state collision attack in keyed modes still remains an open question. Finally, we observe that one-round differentials allow to recover state bits in the nonce-misuse setting. By proposing nested one-round differentials, we obtain a sufficient number of state bits, leading to a practical state recovery with only 20 repetitions of the nonce and 88 blocks of data. It is noted that our work does not threaten the security of Subterranean 2.0.
A New Definition of “Artificial” for Two Artificial Sciences
Authors: Bianchini Francesco
Published: June 2021

In this article, I deal with a conceptual issue concerning the framework of two special sciences: artificial intelligence and synthetic biology, i.e. the distinction between the natural and the artificial (a long-lasting topic of history of scientific though since the ancient philosophy). My claim is that the standard definition of the “artificial” is no longer useful to describe some present-day artificial sciences, as the boundary between the natural and the artificial is not so sharp and clear-cut as it was in the past. Artificial intelligence and synthetic biology, two disciplines with new technologies, new experimental methods, and new theoretical frameworks, all need a new, more specific, and refined definition of (the) “artificial”, which is also related to the use of the synthetic method to build real world entities and in open-ended (real or virtual) environments. The necessity of a new definition of the artificial is due to the close relationship of AI and synthetic biology with biology itself. They both are engineering sciences that are moving closer and closer, at least apparently, towards (natural) biology, although from different and opposite directions. I show how the new concept of the artificial is, therefore, the result of a new view on biology from an engineering and synthetic point of view, where the boundary between the natural and the artificial is far more blurred. From this, I try to formulate a brand-new, more useful definition for future understanding, practical, and epistemological purposes of these two artificial sciences.
The impact of COVID-19 on households´ income in the EU
Authors: Almeida Vanda , Barrios Salvador , Christl Michael , De Poli Silvia , Tumino Alberto , van der Wielen Wouter
Published: June 2021

This analysis makes use of economic forecasts for 2020 issued by the European Commission in Autumn 2019 and Spring 2020, and of a counterfactual under a no-policy change assumption, to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on EU households´ income. Additionally, our analysis assesses the cushioning effect of discretionary fiscal policy measures taken by the EU Member States. We find that the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to affect significantly households’ disposable income in the EU, with lower income households being more severely hit. However, our results show that due to policy intervention, the impact of the crisis is expected to be similar to the one experienced during the 2008–2009 financial crisis. In detail, our results indicate that discretionary fiscal policy measures will play a significant cushioning role, reducing the size of the income loss (from −9.3% to −4.3% for the average equivalised disposable income), its regressivity and mitigating the poverty impact of the pandemic. We conclude that policy interventions are therefore instrumental in cushioning against the impact of the crisis on inequality and poverty.
Relationships Between Exposure to Different Gambling Advertising Types, Advertising Impact and Problem Gambling
Authors: Syvertsen André , Erevik Eilin K. , Hanss Daniel , Mentzoni Rune A. , Pallesen Ståle
Published: June 2021

People with gambling problems report more exposure and impact from gambling advertising, although less is known regarding the role of specific advertising types. Data on gamblers (n = 5830, 48.5% women, mean age = 44.27) was collected from a general population cross-sectional survey in Norway (32.7% response rate). We examined if problem gambling was associated with perceived advertising impact (on gambling involvement, awareness, and knowledge) or exposure (via internet, TV, retail outlet, newspaper, and direct advertising). We also investigated if advertising exposure was associated with advertising impact. ANOVAs revealed that problem gambling was associated with increased perceived advertising impact on gambling involvement (ω2 = 0.09, p < .001) and awareness of gambling (ω2 = 0.04, p < .001). Reported exposure to direct advertising increased linearly with problem gambling level (ω2 = 0.04, p < .001), whereas we found small/no differences in exposure to other types of advertising. Multiple regressions revealed that among advertising types, internet advertising was the strongest predictor of perceived advertising impact on gambling involvement (β = 0.1, p < .001). TV advertising was the strongest predictor of advertising impact on knowledge of gambling forms and operators (β = 0.28, p < .001) and awareness of gambling (β = .05, p < .05). Future studies should elucidate how different subtypes of internet advertising impact gambling involvement. Clinicians should assess clients’ experiences with direct advertising and devise interventions for coping. Researchers should be aware that internet and direct advertising allow for more tailored content compared to other advertising types.
A Federated Learning Approach to Frequent Itemset Mining in Cyber-Physical Systems
Authors: Ahmed Usman , Srivastava Gautam , Lin Jerry Chun-Wei
Published: June 2021

Effective vector representation has been proven useful for transaction classification and clustering tasks in Cyber-Physical Systems. Traditional methods use heuristic-based approaches and different pruning strategies to discover the required patterns efficiently. With the extensive and high dimensional availability of transactional data in cyber-physical systems, traditional methods that used frequent itemsets (FIs) as features suffer from dimensionality, sparsity, and privacy issues. In this paper, we first propose a federated learning-based embedding model for the transaction classification task. The model takes transaction data as a set of frequent item-sets. Afterward, the model can learn low dimensional continuous vectors by preserving the frequent item-sets contextual relationship. We perform an in-depth experimental analysis on the number of high dimensional transactional data to verify the developed models with attention-based mechanism and federated learning. From the results, it can be seen that the designed model can help and improve the decision boundary by reducing the global loss function while maintaining both security and privacy.
A Shape Optimization Problem on Planar Sets with Prescribed Topology
Authors: Briani Luca , Buttazzo Giuseppe , Prinari Francesca
Published: June 2021

We consider shape optimization problems involving functionals depending on perimeter, torsional rigidity and Lebesgue measure. The scaling free cost functionals are of the form$$P(\Omega )T^q(\Omega )|\Omega |^{-2q-1/2}$$P(Ω)Tq(Ω)|Ω|-2q-1/2, and the class of admissible domains consists of two-dimensional open sets$$\Omega $$Ωsatisfying the topological constraints of having a prescribed numberkof bounded connected components of the complementary set. A relaxed procedure is needed to have a well-posed problem, and we show that when$$q<1/2$$q<1/2an optimal relaxed domain exists. When$$q>1/2$$q>1/2, the problem is ill-posed, and for$$q=1/2$$q=1/2, the explicit value of the infimum is provided in the cases$$k=0$$k=0and$$k=1$$k=1.
Adaptive Euler methods for stochastic systems with non-globally Lipschitz coefficients
Authors: Kelly Cónall , Lord Gabriel J.
Published: June 2021

We present strongly convergent explicit and semi-implicit adaptive numerical schemes for systems of semi-linear stochastic differential equations (SDEs) where both the drift and diffusion are not globally Lipschitz continuous. Numerical instability may arise either from the stiffness of the linear operator or from the perturbation of the nonlinear drift under discretization, or both. Typical applications arise from the space discretization of an SPDE, stochastic volatility models in finance, or certain ecological models. Under conditions that include montonicity, we prove that a timestepping strategy which adapts the stepsize based on the drift alone is sufficient to control growth and to obtain strong convergence with polynomial order. The order of strong convergence of our scheme is (1 − ε)/2, for ε ∈ (0,1), where ε becomes arbitrarily small as the number of finite moments available for solutions of the SDE increases. Numerically, we compare the adaptive semi-implicit method to a fully drift-implicit method and to three other explicit methods. Our numerical results show that overall the adaptive semi-implicit method is robust, efficient, and well suited as a general purpose solver.
A spatially explicit optimization model for the selection of sustainable transport technologies at regional bus companies
Authors: Chinese Damiana , Pinamonti Piero , Mauro Caterina
Published: June 2021

Buses account for almost 60% of the total public transport services in Europe, and most of the vehicles are diesel fuelled. Regional transport administrators, under pressure by governments to introduce zero-emission buses, require analytical tools for identifying optimal solutions. In literature, few models combine location analysis, least cost planning, and emission assessment, taking into account multiple technologies which might achieve emission reduction goals. In this paper, an existing optimal location model for electric urban transport is adapted to match the needs of regional transport. The model, which aims to evaluate well-to-wheel carbon emissions as well as airborne emissions of NOx and PM10, is applied to a real case study of a regional bus transport service in North Eastern Italy. The optimization has identified electric buses with relatively small (60 kWh) batteries as the best compromise for reducing carbon equivalent emissions; however, under current economic conditions in Italy, the life cycle cost of such vehicles is still much higher than those of Euro VI diesel buses. In this context, our model helps in identifying ways to minimize infrastructure costs and to efficiently allocate expensive resources such as electric buses to the routes where the maximum environmental benefit can be achieved.
Entrepreneurial learning in online communities
Authors: Schou Peter Kalum , Bucher Eliane , Waldkirch Matthias
Published: June 2021

New digital technologies possess the potential to transform entrepreneurial processes, such as how entrepreneurs pursue opportunities and access funding and how they learn. How entrepreneurs learn may be transformed as digital technologies provide new spaces for learning, such as online communities. Online communities can gather thousands of participants and provide entrepreneurs with new opportunities for learning that are not limited by time, space, or social class. Yet, we know little about how entrepreneurs take advantage of the new digital opportunities of learning. To remedy this, we studied a large online community of entrepreneurs on Reddit (r/startups), where we qualitatively analyzed the top-voted 100 threads from 2018 to 2019 (10,277 comments in total). By drawing on coactive vicarious learning, a theory that describes how learning is socially constructed through discursive interactions, we outline how entrepreneurial learning is socially constructed through conversations, which are taking place in different micro-learning contexts. Through identifying distinct entrepreneurial learning conversations, we build new theory on entrepreneurial learning in online communities. Our theorizing contributes to (1) the growing research on how entrepreneurial learning is socially constructed in communities, (2) the current debate on knowledge creation in online communities, and (3) the knowledge on how coactive vicarious learning unfolds in communities.

Plain English Summary

When entrepreneurs go online to learn, new research shows how online communities provide entrepreneurs with diverse learning spaces for developing ideas, learning new skills, and coping with the uncertainties of being an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs increasingly use social media for doing business, but can they also use it to learn about doing business? In this article, we investigate this question by studying an online community of entrepreneurs on Reddit called r/startups, in which entrepreneurs exchange experiences and help each other with questions and issues. We show that entrepreneurial learning is taking place in five forms of learning conversations, which are situated in four learning contexts that differ from each other, from a classroom with a student–teacher dynamic, a collab space where entrepreneurs collect ideas and develop new skills and knowledge, a club context in which they challenge each other, and a care context in which they can bring their fears and uncertainties. Our findings show how entrepreneurship practitioners can make use of online communities, encouraging teaching and policy to pay more attention to how entrepreneurs work digitally.
Astronomers of the inward: on the histories and case histories of Alexander Luria and Oliver Sacks
Authors: Proctor Hannah
Published: June 2021

This essay discusses the brief but extensive correspondence Soviet neuro-psychologist Alexander Luria exchanged with his younger American colleague Oliver Sacks between 1973 and 1977, the year Luria died. Sacks, whose case histories went on to become mainstream bestsellers, always expressed his indebtedness to Luria, whose warm and detailed approach to writing about his patients’ peculiar and sometimes distressing neurological conditions inspired Sacks. This essay explores this influence but also probes distinctions between the two scientists’ understandings of human consciousness tied to the very different social and political contexts in which they conducted their clinical research.
Learning teamwork through a computer game: for the sake of performance or collaborative learning?
Authors: Riivari Elina , Kivijärvi Marke , Lämsä Anna-Maija
Published: June 2021

Our study examined using a computer-based learning game as a tool to facilitate teaching and learning teamwork skills. The game was applied to an undergraduate level human resource management course at a business school in Finland. We focused on students’ experiences and key learning outcomes of collaborative learning of teamwork skills through the game, and our analysis highlighted two key features of learning outcomes. First, the computer-based learning game promoted students’ self-reflection and evaluation of their individual team roles. Second, although the game taught students the importance of continuous information sharing in teamwork, their evaluation of team outcomes was performance driven; students predominantly took team efficiency as a sign of good teamwork. This case revealed the benefits and challenges of using computer-based learning games as a pedagogical tool. We identified what is required from lecturers and students for the game to be successful, and how team values other than performance could be learned through the game.
The role of MRI in cervical cancer > 2 cm (FIGO stage IB2-IIA1) conservatively treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by conization: a pilot study
Authors: Russo Luca , Gui Benedetta , Miccò Maura , Panico Camilla , De Vincenzo Rosa , Fanfani Francesco , Scambia Giovanni , Manfredi Riccardo
Published: June 2021

Introduction

MRI is very accurate in selecting young women with cervical cancer for fertility-sparing surgery (FSS), in particular radical hysterectomy (RH). In order to improve obstetrical outcomes, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by cold knife conization (CKC) has been proposed as alternative technique.

Objective

To investigate the role of MRI in evaluation of response to treatment after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), followed by CKC, in patients with cervical cancer FIGO stage IB2-IIA1 with tumor size 2 – 4 cm, desiring to preserve their fertility.

Methods

13 young women (23–36 years old) with cervical cancer stage IB2-IIA1 desiring to preserve their fertility were included. Tumor diameter at baseline and after treatment was detected on 1.5 T MRI. Treatment response was assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1) and then compared to histopathology result.

Results

MRI correctly assessed 11 out of 13 cases, according to RECIST 1.1, compared to histopathology. Among these 7 patients with partial response (PR), 2 cases of CR, 1 SD and 1 PD with persistence or enlargement of primary tumor.

Conclusion

Our pilot study supports the usefulness of MRI in assessment of treatment response after NACT, followed by CKC.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02323841
Instrumental or intrinsic? Human rights alignment in intergovernmental organizations
Authors: Weyrauch David Benjamin , Steinert Christoph Valentin
Published: June 2021

Why do states’ human rights records converge with co-members in intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)? This study provides new insights on whether interactions in IGOs have the capacity to genuinely transform state preferences or whether norm diffusion is a consequence of instrumental processes. We leverage information about the timing of human rights alignment to disentangle intrinsic from instrumental motives. We hypothesize that instrumental motives find expression in pre-membership alignment and reversions to original normative standards after IGO exits. Intrinsic motives lead to gradual alignment during IGO membership and result in stable normative changes beyond IGO exits. Using varying-slopes, varying intercepts models, we investigate the distance on human rights indices between individual states and IGO means. While we find evidence for systematic convergence during IGO membership, no significant changes occur before and after IGO membership. Testing alignment of different physical integrity rights, we find no evidence for instrumental shifts to clandestine repression during IGO membership. Overall, the results suggest that norm alignment in IGOs is at least not exclusively instrumentally motivated. Our findings support constructivist arguments on state interests and suggest that IGOs are capable of transforming states’ human rights related preferences.
The Functional and Allometric Implications of Hipbone Trabecular Microarchitecture in a Sample of Eutherian and Metatherian Mammals
Authors: Webb Nicole M.
Published: June 2021

The pelvis plays an active role in weight bearing and countering the ground reaction forces incurred by the hindlimbs thus making it a critical component of the locomotor skeleton. Accordingly, this anatomical region is theoretically ideal for inferring locomotor behavior from both external skeletal morphology and trabecular microarchitecture, with the latter possibly offering nuanced insights into the mechanical loading environment given its increased plasticity and higher turnover rate. However, trabecular microarchitecture is also known to be influenced by a variety of factors including body size, sex, age, genetic regulation, diet and activity level, that collectively hinder the ability to generate consistent functional inferences. In this study, a comparative sample of mammals (42 species spanning four orders) of varying sizes, yet comparable locomotor repertoires, were evaluated to determine the effects of body size, phylogeny and locomotion on hipbone trabecular microarchitecture. This study found a weak functional signal detected in differences in bone volume fraction and the degree of anisotropy across certain pre-assigned locomotor categories, while confirming previously recognized allometric scaling trends reported for other mammalian samples based on the femur. Within primates, a more anisotropic pattern was observed for quadrupedal species attributed to their repetitive loading regimes and stereotypical limb excursions, while isotropic values were revealed for taxa utilizing more varied arboreal repertoires. Humans, despite a frequent and predictable loading environment associated with their use of bipedalism, showed relatively isotropic values. This study highlights the confounding factors that influence trabecular microarchitecture and consequently limit its utility as a method for investigating locomotor adaptation.
Light spectrum modifies the drought-induced changes of glutathione and free amino acid levels in wheat
Authors: Gyugos M. , Ahres M. , Gulyás Z. , Szalai G. , Darkó É. , Mednyánszky Z. , Dey N. , Kar R. K. , Simon-Sarkadi L. , Kocsy G.
Published: June 2021

The proposed spectral control of the adaptive metabolic responses to drought was tested by the comparison of two wheat genotypes with different stress tolerance. White light was used as the reference to see the effects of the three altered ratios of blue, red, and far-red spectral components, which conditions are referred to as blue, pink, and far-red lights. Under all spectral conditions, drought greatly reduced the growth of both genotypes. However, the glutathione content decreased and the proline level increased, independently of the spectrum, only in the sensitive genotype. Far-red light greatly decreased the amount of cystine and glutathione disulphide during the stress which resulted in their lower ratios compared to the reduced forms only in the tolerant genotype. The maintained more reducing redox environment contributes to its better stress tolerance. In far-red light, drought induced a greater accumulation of several free amino acids (mHis, Val, Ile, Leu, Asn, His, Tyr, Lys, Arg) in the tolerant genotype, while a smaller one in the sensitive genotype compared to the other spectral conditions. The transcript level of the genes related to amino acid and glutathione metabolism was also different between the two genotypes under this condition. The present results indicate the adaptive adjustment of glutathione and amino acid levels by far-red light during drought which observation can serve as a basis for the spectrum-dependent modification of the protective metabolites (glutathione, proline) of crops to reduce the stress-induced damages.
Use of Protection for Unwanted Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Six Birth Cohorts in Norway 2020: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Træen Bente , Fischer Nantje
Published: June 2021

This study describes the use of contraception and protection for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in six different birth cohorts of the general population in Norway. The results are based on a 2020 national web panel survey among 18–89 year-olds in Norway (n = 4160). For respondents born within 1931–1950 versus those born within 1990–2002, there was a significant increase in the use of protection against unwanted pregnancy and STIs during sexual intercourse, and a significant drop in the proportion of those who did not use any protection at all. More women today (than in previous decades) are using hormonal contraception. The main reason for not using condoms during intercourse was both parties felt safe that they were healthy, especially those born within 1990–2002. To prevent unwanted pregnancy and STIs, it is beneficial to continue to increase the availability of free or subsidized hormonal contraception, including emergency contraception, and free condoms in public arenas that people frequent and where they meet their partners.
High avoidance and low approach motivation affect cognitive reappraisal generation in the face of anger
Authors: Perchtold-Stefan Corinna M. , Fink Andreas , Bauer Jonathan F. , Rominger Christian , Papousek Ilona
Published: June 2021

This study investigates the link between the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) and individuals’ capacity to spontaneously invent alternate appraisals for aversive events. Eighty-two women completed the Reappraisal Inventiveness Test for anger-eliciting situations, and quantity and quality of reappraisal ideas were correlated with BIS, BAS, and FFFS sensitivity (RST-Personality Questionnaire). Results revealed that high BIS and high FFFS reduced the total number of reappraisal ideas, indicating that combined heightened sensitivity of the two avoidance systems may deplete individuals’ repertoire of potential reappraisals. RST effects on the quality of generated reappraisals were also found. High BIS and low BAS lowered individuals’ propensity to produce positive re-interpretations, which are considered a more adaptive reappraisal tactic. High FFFS sensitivity was linked to a lower preference for problem-oriented reappraisals. This study underlines that certain interactions of motivational subsystems may be particularly detrimental for successful reappraisal of anger-eliciting events. Our findings reveal potential links between revised RST effects and adaptive emotion regulation.
Empirical rock physics relationships on carbonate dry-frame elastic properties
Authors: Wang Zi-Zhen , Njiekak Gautier , Schmitt Douglas R. , Wang Rui-He
Published: June 2021

Laboratory tests were conducted to analyze the ultrasonic velocity response to the pressure change in dry carbonate rocks from the Weyburn oilfield, Canada. Twenty-four samples are from seven wells with helium porosities ranging from 1% to 29%. Thin-section images, SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry were performed to show their inner structures and pore throat size distributions. P- and S-wave velocities (Vp and Vs) measurements were first done under hydrostatic loading and then while unloading, with confining pressures varying between 3 and 35 MPa. The results indicate that Vp and Vs in these samples follow a linear relation independent of the pressure change. The ratio Vp/Vs is more responsive to pressure change irrespective of the pore volume. One-third of the carbonate samples show abnormal Vp/Vs reduction with the increase in the effective pressure. The pressure dependence of velocities (PDV) of Weyburn carbonate rocks varies widely even for samples from the same formation with similar sedimentary history. Samples with loosely packed crystals and/or relatively large dominant pore diameter have higher PDV. The exponential empirical model V = $$A-C\text{e}^{DP_{\text{e}}}$$

A
-
C

e

D

P
e

was tested; therein, V is the elastic wave velocity, Pe is the effective confining pressure, and A, C and D are the best fitting coefficients determined by curve fitting. The model gives good fits for most of the Weyburn carbonate samples. From a statistical point of view, there is no difference between the Vp- and Vs-derived exponential coefficient D.
Deoxygenation impacts on Baltic Sea cod: Dramatic declines in ecosystem services of an iconic keystone predator
Authors: Orio Alessandro , Heimbrand Yvette , Limburg Karin
Published: June 2021

The intensified expansion of the Baltic Sea’s hypoxic zone has been proposed as one reason for the current poor status of cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea, with repercussions throughout the food web and on ecosystem services. We examined the links between increased hypoxic areas and the decline in maximum length of Baltic cod, a demographic proxy for services generation. We analysed the effect of different predictors on maximum length of Baltic cod during 1978–2014 using a generalized additive model. The extent of minimally suitable areas for cod (oxygen concentration ≥ 1 ml l−1) is the most important predictor of decreased cod maximum length. We also show, with simulations, the potential for Baltic cod to increase its maximum length if hypoxic areal extent is reduced to levels comparable to the beginning of the 1990s. We discuss our findings in relation to ecosystem services affected by the decrease of cod maximum length.
NO2-immission assessment for an urban hot-spot by modelling the emission–immission interaction
Authors: Steinhaus Tim , Thiem Mikula , Beidl Christian
Published: June 2021

Urban air quality and climate protection are two major challenges for future mobility systems. Despite the steady reduction of pollutant emissions from vehicles over past decades, local immission load within cities partially still reaches heights, which are considered potentially hazardous to human health. Although traffic-related emissions account for a major part of the overall urban pollution, modelling the exact interaction remains challenging. At the same time, even lower vehicle emissions can be achieved by using synthetic fuels and the latest exhaust gas cleaning technologies. In the paper at hand, a neural network modelling approach for traffic-induced immission load is presented. On this basis, a categorization of vehicle concepts regarding their immission contribution within an impact scale is proposed. Furthermore, changes in the immission load as a result of different fleet compositions and emission factors are analysed within different scenarios. A final comparison is made as to which modification measures in the vehicle fleet offer the greatest potential for overall cleaner air.
Identity Expression—the Case of ‘Sakawa’ Boys in Ghana
Authors: Alhassan Abdul-Razak Kuyini , Ridwan Abukari
Published: June 2021

Internet fraud remains a problem in Ghana and thus attracts the attention of teachers, researchers, civil society organisations, the state and policymakers. Existing studies on Internet fraud focused on the reasons, combat strategies, cyber spiritualism, the impact of Internet fraud on individuals and the country, and the inadequate legal frameworks for handling such cybercrimes. Despite efforts by the government and other interest groups in fighting the menace, the phenomenon continues to increase among youth in Ghana. Applying Paul Willis’ theory of ethnographic imagination, this study examined how Internet scammers—Sakawa boys—in the northern region of Ghana use their bodies and other cultural materials to express their identity and make meaning. The study reveals that Sakawa boys express their identities and make meaning using language—slang and jargon; conspicuous consumption of material goods; ostentatious lifestyle; techno-religiosity; and gender cyber-fraud collaboration. Thus, it offers a basal understanding of emic dimension of relationship between children and youth in cybercrime, unsuspected victims, and preventive measures. The study also gives theoretical contributions to research in understanding the broader socio-cultural milieu of children and youth in crimes and possible practical measures towards containment.
Ion-Exchange Modeling of Divalent Cation Adsorption on SWy-3 Montmorillonite
Authors: Li Yayu W. , Schulthess Cristian P.
Published: June 2021

Ion-exchange modeling is used widely to describe and predict ion-adsorption data on clay minerals. Although the model parameters are usually optimized by curve fitting experimental data, this approach does not confirm the identity of the adsorption sites. The purpose of the present study was to extend to divalent cations a previous study on the retention of monovalent cations on Na-saturated montmorillonite (NaMnt) which optimized some of the model parameters using density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The adsorption strength of divalent cations increased in the order Mg2+ < Cd2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+. After adding adsorption of metal hydroxide species (MOH+), the three-site ion-exchange model was able to describe adsorption data over a wide pH range (pH 1–10) on NaMnt. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were conducted to investigate the interlayer dimension of clay samples under various conditions. The cation retention strengths of divalent cations did not correlate with interlayer dimensions. The XRD analyses of the Mnt showed a d001 value of 19.6 Å when saturated with alkaline earth cations, 22.1 Å with Cd2+, 15.6 Å with Na+, and 15.2 Å with H+. In the case of Na+, the 15.6 Å peak decreased gradually and disappeared, and new peaks at 22.1 and 19.6 Å appeared when the percentages of Mg2+ and Ba2+ adsorbed increased on NaMnt. The peak shifted from 22.1 to 20.3 and 19.6 Å when the pH increased for all cations except Cd2+, which stayed constant at 22.1 Å. The coexistence of multiple d001 peaks in the XRD patterns suggested that the interlayer cations were segregated, and that the interlayer ion–ion interactions among different types of ions were minimized.
Do you like what you (Can't) See? The Differential Effects of Hardware and Software Upgrades on High-Tech Product Evaluations
Authors: Wiegand Nico , Imschloss Monika
Published: June 2021

“Over-the-air” software upgrades are a recent trend in the automotive industry to distribute firmware directly to customers via the Internet. These upgrades can endow the vehicle with completely new functions that enhance safety, convenience, and performance. The US manufacturer Tesla was the first to integrate such upgrades on a regular basis to let customers participate in continuous innovation, giving Tesla a competitive edge over rival brands. Since then, several premium manufacturers have followed suit. This research examines how consumers perceive and respond to software upgradeability in durable high-tech products vis-à-vis integral product alternatives and hardware upgradeability. Results of four studies with more than 3,000 participants suggest that consumers evaluate software upgrades less positive than hardware upgrades because they perceive software as less capable to enhance product quality. However, bundling software upgrades to larger packages and stressing the low effort required to integrate new functions are viable ways to remedy this perception. Importantly, the findings suggest that offering products fully equipped with all premium functions to be unlocked via software upgrades—as done by several premium brands—is a risky strategy. Consumers react negatively to the artificial restriction of functionalities, irrespective of whether these are offered as temporary leases or permanent purchases. The findings provide initial evidence for the game-changing potential of software upgradeability and offer managers concrete guidance for designing and marketing upgradeable hardware-software platforms.
From slash and burn to winemaking: the historical trajectory of Italiancolonosin the uplands of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: de Majo Claudio , Moretto Samira Peruchi
Published: June 2021

This contribution discusses the early years of Italian immigration in the uplands of southern Brazil, known as the Serra Gaucha (1875–1915). Tracing back early agrarian practices and deforestation techniques of the early settlement years, we investigate the consolidation of this human group in the southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. In addition, analysing the development of both wood logging and winemaking industries in the region, the essay frames the identitarian construction of this social group, looking at the intersection between cultural traditions from the homeland, socioeconomic drives and local environmental factors. This analysis builds upon primary sources from both Brazilian and Italian institutions, local newspapers, and scholarly publications on environmental history, as well as Brazilian and Italian migration history.
The Theatre of Purgation and the Theatre of Cultivation
Authors: Sun William Huizhu
Published: June 2021

In China, theatre studies has been dominated by Western discourse on serious drama, mostly the theatre of purgation. It is equally important, however, to study popular Western theatre genres, such as musicals, comedies, and relatively uplifting plays, especially in terms of their similarities with Chinese opera—an epitome of theatre of cultivation.
An Illusion that Mirrors a Dream
Authors: Seetoo Chiayi
Published: June 2021

Director and playwright Stan Lai premiered his marathon playAgoin Shanghai at the end of 2019. Staged in his signature “lotus pond” theatre-in-the-surround,Agois fueled by Lai’s cross-cultural sensibilities and Buddhist philosophy. If theatre is an art of illusion-making and life is like a dream, Lai turns theatre-going into a ritual of self-encounter and self-reflection, where an illusion mirrors a dream.
Shanghai
Authors: Huang Changyong
Published: June 2021

From the opening of treaty ports in 1843, the modern history of performing arts in Shanghai traces more than 170 years of development. This history not only summarizes the modern development of Chinese performing arts; it is also representative of the historical development of Chinese urban space and city culture. Theatre arts, culture, and urban development intertwine, as they are refracted through the rise and fall of theatre buildings, yielding a fascinating legacy of cosmopolitan Shanghai.
Catering to White Audiences
Authors: Edwards Paul J.
Published: June 2021

Jackie Sibblies Drury’s Fairview attempts to implicate white audience members in spectating Black life in order to make room for audiences of color to imagine a story built outside narratives of overcoming. Yet Fairview expects and operates under the assumption that there is a white audience to respond to the work, and leaves audience members of color exposed once more to the white gaze.
On the thickness of the Antarctic ice, and its relations to that of the glacial epoch
Authors: CROLL James , SUGDEN David
Published: June 2021

At a time when nobody has yet landed on the Antarctic continent (1879), this presentation and accompanying paper predicts the morphology, dynamics and thermal regime of the Antarctic ice sheet. Mathematical modelling of the ice sheet is based on the assumptions that the thickness of tabular icebergs reflects the average thickness of the ice at the margin and that the surface gradients are comparable to those of reconstructed former ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere. The modelling shows that (a) ice is thickest near the centre at the South Pole and thins towards the margin; (b) the thickness at the pole is independent of the amount of snowfall at that place; and (c) the mean velocity at the margin, assuming a mean annual snowfall of two inches per year, is 400–500 feet per year. The thermal regime of the ice sheet is influenced by three heat sources – namely, the bed, the internal friction of ice flow and the atmosphere. The latter is the most significant and, since ice has a downwards as well as horizontal motion, this carries cold ice down into the ice sheet. Since the temperature at which ice melts is lowered by pressure at a rate of 0.0137 °F for every atmosphere of pressure (something known since 1784), much of the ice sheet and its base must be below the freezing point. Estimates of the thickness of ice at the centre depend closely on the surface gradients assumed and range between 3 and 24 miles. Such uncertainty is of concern since both the volume and gravitational attraction of the ice mass have an effect on global sea level. In order to improve our estimate of the volume of ice, we will have to wait 76 years for John Glen to develop a realistic flow law for ice.
The ‘janitor-geologist’ and the ‘cold materialistic scientific men’: James Croll's navigation of scientific societies
Authors: BRASSINGTON Laura
Published: June 2021

Scientific societies played a crucial role in the emergence of a professional culture of science in Britain in the mid- to late-19th Century. At first sight, James Croll's membership of a limited number of scientific associations may be assumed to be the result of his lack of social credit and scientific connections. In this article, by examining Croll's correspondence, I demonstrate that Croll's select participation in scientific clubs and associations reflected his strategic pursuit of a vision of science set apart from party or societal affiliation. I focus on the contrasting histories of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Geological Survey, as well as the institutional history of thePhilosophical Magazine. Situating the institutions in their respective social and cultural contexts, I argue that the more meritocratic, inclusive social structure of the Survey andMagazinehelps explain Croll's choice to avoid affiliation with the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
James Croll, celestial mechanics and climate change
Authors: LONGAIR Malcolm
Published: June 2021

James Croll was a pioneer in studies of the impact of the slowly changing orbital dynamics of the Earth on climate change. His book Climate and Time in their Geological Relations (1875) was far ahead of its time in seeking correlations between climate change, the occurrence of ice ages and perturbations to the Earth's orbit about the Sun. The astronomical cycles he discovered are now called ‘Milankovitch Cycles’ after the Serbian scientist whose research was first published in the Handbuch der Klimatologie in 1930. The celestial mechanical and astronomical background to Croll's research is the focus of this essay. The development of the understanding of the impact of perturbations of the elliptical planetary orbits by other bodies in the solar system paralleled new mathematical techniques, many of which were developed in association with celestial mechanical problems. The central contributions of many of the major mathematicians of the late 18th and 19th Centuries, including Euler, Lagrange, Laplace and Le Verrier, are highlighted. Although Croll's contributions faded from view for several generations, his pioneering insights have now been demonstrated to have been basically correct.
James Croll and geological archives: testing astronomical theories of ice ages
Authors: TZEDAKIS Polychronis C. , WOLFF Eric W.
Published: June 2021

James Croll's Physical Theory of Secular Changes of Climate emerged during an age of revolution in geology that included the rise of the glacial theory and the search for its underlying causes. According to Croll, periods of high eccentricity are associated with the persistence of long glacial epochs, within which glaciations occur in alternate hemispheres when winter is at aphelion every ~11,000 years; however, astronomical forcing is only able to produce glaciation by means of physical agencies (climate feedbacks) that amplify the small effects of varying seasonal irradiation. Croll understood the importance of interglacial deposits because they provided evidence for the occurrence of multiple glaciations within his long glacial epochs. He was aware of the limitations of the terrestrial record and suggested that deep-sea sediments would contain a continuous succession of glacial-interglacial cycles. Contrary to a widespread view, however, Croll was not envisaging the advent of palaeoceanographic exploration avant la lettre, but instead was drawing attention to the inadequacy of the land record as a testbed of his astronomical theory. Yet, the marine record did eventually deliver a test of astronomical theories almost exactly 100 years after the publication of his 1875 book Climate and Time in their Geological Relations. Here, we provide an historical account of the technological and scientific developments that led to this and a summary of insights on astronomically paced climate changes from marine, terrestrial and ice core records. We finally assess Croll's ideas in the context of our current understanding of the theory of ice ages.
Le mouvement social en 1933
Authors: Velge Henri
Published: June 2021

Lévolution de la législation sociale pendant l’année 1933 se caractérise spécialement par l’introduction de dispositions nouvelles inspirées par la situation financière.

Le déficit croissant a nécessité, dans le courant de cette année, l’adoption d’une série de mesures importantes : une grande place est occupée, parmi celles-ci, par les réformes rendues nécessaires par les abus constatés dans l’application de certaines lois sociales.

Déjà en 1932, certaines modifications que nous avons signalées l’année dernière (1) avaient été adoptées. Nous annoncions à ce moment qu’il ne s’agissait que d’un début, et que la révision de certains textes législatifs ou réglementaires devrait être poursuivie en 1933. Cette poursuite s’est faite énergiquement, grâce aux pouvoirs spéciaux accordés au gouvernement par la loi du 17 mai 1933.
Le chômage en 1933
Authors: Baudhuin Fernand
Published: June 2021

Le problème du chômage demeure un des plus préoccupants de l’heure. Il continue à requérir l’attention des économistes et celle des pouvoirs publics. On ne s’étonnera donc pas que nous lui accordions encore une place importante dans le présent annuaire. Ceci bien que, à notre avis, la Belgique n’ait pas été jusqu’ici un pays où la main-d’œuvre soit en excès d’une façon permanente, et bien qu’elle ait souffert du chômage dans une mesure moindre que la plupart des autres nations industrielles.

Rappelons que la Belgique ressentit les premières manifestations de la crise vers juillet 1929, et surtout en novembre, quand le marché diamantaire d’Anvers fut atteint par les conséquences du krach de Wall Street. Le chômage ne fit son apparition qu’au printemps de 1930, et il demeura bénin jusqu’en 1931. Survint alors la chute de la livre sterling, dont les conséquences furent redoutables. Certes, le pays ne fut-il pas touché dans ses œuvres vives, mais le chômage s’aggrava sérieusement durant toute l’année 1932.