bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lateral mobility and anchoring of recombinant GABAA receptors depend on subunit composition
Authors: Peran Macarena , Hicks Barry W. , Peterson Nancy L. , Hooper Helen , Salas Ramiro
Published: August 2002

The clustering of type A γ‐aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAAR) at discrete and functionally significant domains on the nerve cell surface is an important determinant in the integration of synaptic inputs. To discern the role that the subunits of the GABAAR play in determining the receptor's cell surface topography and mobility, the α1, β1, β3, and γ2s subunits were transfected into COS7, HEK293, and PC12 cells and the distribution and cell surface mobility of these recombinant receptors were examined. Our results show that α1 subunits are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum while β1 and β3 subunits are sorted to the plasma membrane where they form clusters. Co‐expression and co‐assembly of α1 and β3 subunits result in the rescue of intracellular α1 subunits, which are transported as αβ subunit complexes to the cell surface where they formed clusters. Fluorescence photobleach recovery and single particle tracking of recombinant receptors show that, despite clustering, β3 subunit homooligomers are mobile within a cell surface domain. Inclusion of α1 in β3 or β3γ2s complexes, however, dramatically reduces the receptor's lateral mobility in COS 7 and PC12 cells and anchors GABAARs on the cell surface, suggesting the formation of a direct link to a component of the cytoskeleton. The mobility of recombinant receptors that include the α1 subunit mirrors the mobility of GABAARs on cell bodies and dendrites of cortical and spinal cord neurons. The results suggest that incorporation of α1 subunits give rise to a population of GABAARs that are immobilized on the cell surface. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 50:89–100, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fatigue in cancer patients compared with fatigue in the general United States population
Authors: Cella David , Lai Jin‐shei , Chang Chih‐Hung , Peterman Amy , Slavin Mitchell
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Although fatigue is a common symptom among cancer patients, it is also a common experience in the general, healthy population. Its universality has made it difficult to appreciate whether the fatigue experienced by patients with cancer is distinguishable from the fatigue experienced by the general population. Because the etiology of fatigue is multifactorial, it also has been difficult to appreciate fully the relative contribution of anemia to cancer‐related fatigue.

METHODS

To address this issue, responses to a brief, standardized set of 13 questions from the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Measurement System were compared across three groups: anemic cancer patients (n = 2369 patients), nonanemic cancer patients (n = 113 patients), and the general United States population (n = 1010 persons).

RESULTS

Fatigue scores of the anemic cancer patients (at both baseline and upon completion of anemia therapy) were significantly worse compared with the scores of nonanemic cancer patients that, in turn, were worse compared with the scores of the general United States population (P < 0.001). Score distributions were quite distinct for these three groups. Within the group of anemic cancer patients, the degree of anemia (mild, moderate, or severe) also was predictive of the degree of fatigue (P < 0.001), although the distributions were not dramatically distinct.

CONCLUSIONS

Although anemia is clearly a factor that contributes to the severity of disease‐related fatigue among cancer patients, hemoglobin levels explain only part of the difference compared with fatigue among the general United States population. The distinct distributions of fatigue scores of anemic cancer patients compared with the general United States population and the substantial sample sizes of these two groups enabled a discriminant analysis approach that allowed the differentiation of anemic cancer patients from the general population with high sensitivity (0.92) and reasonable specificity (0.69). Thus, although fatigue is a symptom most anyone can relate to, the fatigue of cancer patients, particularly those who are anemic, is decidedly worse. Interventions targeting this common and life‐disrupting symptom likely would be of considerable value to patients with cancer. Cancer 2002;94:528–38. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Functionally active estrogen receptor isoform profiles in the breast tumors of African American women are different from the profiles in breast tumors of Caucasian women
Authors: Poola Indra , Clarke Robert , DeWitty Robert , Leffall LaSelle D.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Several cancer surveys have shown that African‐American women (AAW) develop highly aggressive breast tumors and experience about three times higher mortality rates compared with other populations. Generally, breast tumors in AAW are poorly differentiated or undifferentiated and exhibit increased frequency of nuclear atypia, higher mitotic activity, higher S‐phase fraction, and tumor necrosis. The molecular factors responsible for these tumor characteristics are mostly unknown.

METHODS

To explore whether the aggressive tumor biology observed in AAW is related to distinct alterations in estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms, the relative expression levels of four functionally active ER isoform mRNAs, ERα wild type, ERβ wild type, ERα exon 3Δ, and ERα exon 5Δ, were measured by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis in 18 immunohistochemically ERα positive tumors and in 6 ERα negative tumors and their matched normal tissues.

RESULTS

In the tumors of AAW, the protective ERβ isoform was decreased significantly compared with matched normal tissues (paired t test; n = 24 patients; P = 0.0018). In addition, both the constitutively active ERα exon 5Δ and the dominant negative ERα exon 3Δ mRNA levels were elevated in tumor tissues compared with matched normal tissues (paired t tests; n = 24 patients; P = 0.0002 and P = 0.024, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The data presented here show for the first time that functionally active ER isoform profiles in the breast tumors of AAW are different from those in Caucasian women. The tumors in AAW are characterized by decreased levels of the protective ERβ isoform and elevated levels of the constitutively active ERα exon 5Δ isoform. Variations in estrogen‐mediated signaling because of the alterations in these two ER isoforms may account in part for differences in tumor biology between AAW and Caucasian women. Cancer 2002;94:615–23. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10274
Quantitation of human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 DNA and RNA in residual material from ThinPrep Papanicolaou tests using real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis
Authors: Wang‐Johanning Feng , Lu Danielle W. , Wang Yueying , Johnson Martin R. , Johanning Gary L.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The detection of specific human papillomavirus 16 (HPV‐16) E6 and E7 oncogene transcripts may be a sensitive indicator of the direct involvement of viral oncogenes in the development of cervical neoplasia and carcinoma. The goal of this study was to determine the potential clinical uses of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) methods for evaluating HPV‐16 E6 and E7 oncogene expression.

METHODS

ThinPrep cervical samples were tested for expression of oncogenes of HPV‐16 by real‐time PCR or RT‐PCR analysis and were compared with detection of expression by conventional PCR and RT‐PCR analysis. Both sets of results were correlated with the cytologic diagnosis of the cervical samples.

RESULTS

The presence of HPV‐16 E6 and E7 DNA and RNA was observed only in HPV‐16 positive cervical carcinoma cell lines but not in HPV‐18 positive or HPV negative cell lines. The percentage positive for HPV‐16 E6 or E7 DNA in a series of ThinPrep cervical cytologic samples (n = 348 samples) was 0% for negative samples (n = 45 samples), 9.7% for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS; n = 144 samples), 16.9% for low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL; n = 118 samples), and 51.2% for high‐grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL; n = 41 samples). The copy numbers per nanogram for both DNA and RNA E6 and E7 were increased significantly as severity of the lesions progressed from ASCUS to HSIL, and RNA copy numbers were a more sensitive indicator of HPV‐16 E6 and E7 expression than DNA copy numbers. The increase in copy numbers took place in a stepwise fashion from ASCUS, to LSIL, to HSIL.

CONCLUSIONS

The detection of HPV‐16 E6 and E7 expression by real‐time RT‐PCR or PCR analysis in ThinPrep cervical cytologic specimens may serve as a quick, reliable, and sensitive tool to identify a subset of patients who express HPV‐16 oncoproteins. Cancer 2002;94:2199–210. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10439
Pretreatment prognostic factors and treatment results in children with hepatoblastoma
Authors: Fuchs Jörg , Rydzynski Jana , Von Schweinitz Dietrich , Bode Udo , Hecker Hartmut , Weinel Peter , Bürger Dietrich , Harms Dieter , Erttmann Rudolf , Oldhafer Karl , Mildenberger Hermann ,   the Study Committee of the Cooperative Pediatric Liver Tumor Study Hb 94 for the German Society for the Pediatric Oncology and Hematology
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

In the past 20 years, a dramatic improvement in the prognosis of patients with hepatoblastoma (HB) has been achieved by combining surgery with chemotherapy in several national and international trials. A worldwide, unsolved problem remains the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic HB.

METHODS

The German Cooperative Pediatric Liver Tumor Study HB 94 was a prospective, multicenter, single‐arm study. The study ran from January 1994 to December 1998. The protocol assessed the efficiency of chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin (CDDP/IFO/DOXO) and/or etoposide and carboplatin (VP16/CARBO). The prognostic significance of the surgical strategy, pretreatment factors, and tumor characteristics for disease free survival (DFS) were analyzed.

RESULTS

Sixty‐nine children with HB were treated in the HB 94 study. The median follow‐up of survivors was 58 months (range, 32–93 months). Fifty‐three of 69 patients (77%) remained alive, and 16 of 69 patients (23%) died. Long‐term DFS was as follows: 26 of 27 patients had Stage I HB, 3 of 3 patients had Stage II HB, 19 of 25 patients had Stage III HB, and 5 of 14 patients had Stage IV. A complete resection of the primary tumor was achieved in 54 of 63 patients (86%). Six children (8%) had no surgical treatment. Twenty‐two tumors were resected primarily, and 41 children underwent surgery after initial chemotherapy. Two children underwent liver transplantation. There was no perioperative death. Forty‐eight children received primary chemotherapy with CDDP/IFO/DOXO. Forty‐one of 48 children achieved partial remission after CDDP/IFO/DOXO. Eighteen children with advanced or recurrent HB underwent VP16/CARBO chemotherapy, with a response achieved by 12 children. The relevant pretreatment prognostic factors were growth pattern of the liver tumor (P = 0.0135), vascular tumor invasion (P = 0.0039), occurrence of distant metastases (P = 0.0001), initial α‐fetoprotein level (P = 0.0034), and surgical radicality (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The current results underline the necessity of preoperative chemotherapy in all children with HB. Complete tumor resection is one of the main prognostic factors. Cancer 2002;95:172–82. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10632
An exploration of the pretreatment coping strategies of patients with carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: List Marcy A. , Lee Rutherford Judith , Stracks John , Haraf Daniel , Kies Merrill S. , Vokes Everett E.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Patients with head and neck carcinoma (HNC) often face exhaustive and debilitating treatment as well as physical and functional residual effects, such as disfigurement, compromised speech, dry mouth, and difficulties swallowing. Understanding how patients cope with these challenges is important in comprehensive care of patients with HNC.

METHODS

Seventy‐nine patients with HNC were assessed for quality of life (QOL) and coping strategy. Measures included the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Head and Neck, the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients, and the Ways of Coping‐Cancer Version. Coping strategies were summarized and related to patient demographics and QOL.

RESULTS

The results suggested that patients with HNC used a wide range of coping strategies, with social support seeking behaviors representing the greatest proportion of total coping effort (25%). The use of avoidant coping strategies (both cognitive and behavioral escape) was associated with poorer overall QOL.

CONCLUSIONS

Although further examination of these issues in larger groups of patients with HNC is warranted, the current findings suggest the adaptability of this group of patients and the potential benefit of social support‐based assistance or intervention. Cancer 2002;95:98–104. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10653
Two N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors in rat dorsal root ganglia with different subunit composition and localization
Authors: Marvizón Juan Carlos G. , McRoberts James A. , Ennes Helena S. , Song Bingbing , Wang Xueren , Jinton Lisa , Corneliussen Brit , Mayer Emeran A.
Published: August 2002

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in sensory afferents participate in chronic pain by mediating peripheral and central sensitization. We studied the presence of NMDA receptor subunits in different types of primary afferents. Western blots indicated that rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain NR1, NR2B, NR2C, and NR2D but not NR2A. Real‐time RT‐PCR showed that NR2B and NR2D were expressed at higher levels than NR2A and NR2C in DRG. Immunofluorescence with an antibody that recognized NR1 and another that recognized NR2A and NR2B showed that NR1 and NR2B colocalized in 90% of DRG neurons, including most A‐fibers (identified by the presence of neurofilament 200 kDa). In contrast, an antibody recognizing NR2C and NR2D labeled only neurofilament‐negative DRG profiles. This antibody stained practically all DRG cells that contained calcitonin gene‐related peptide and neurokinins and those that bound isolectin B4. The percentage of cells immunoreactive for NR1, NR2A/NR2B, and NR2C/NR2D were the same in the T9, T12, L4, and L6 DRG. The intracellular distribution of the NR2 subunits was strikingly different: Whereas NR2A/NR2B immunoreactivity was found in the Golgi apparatus and occasionally at the plasma membrane, NR2C/NR2D immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm but not in the Golgi. The NR1 subunit was present throughout the cytoplasm and was more intense in the Golgi. These findings indicate that DRG neurons have two different NMDA receptors, one containing the NR1, NR2D, and possibly the NR2C subunits, found only in C‐fibers, and the diheteromer NR1/NR2B, present in the Golgi apparatus of both A‐ and C‐fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:325–341, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of cyclin‐dependent kinases in axotomy‐induced retinal ganglion cell death
Authors: Lefèvre Karine , Clarke Peter G.H. , Danthe Eve E. , Castagné Vincent
Published: August 2002

We have tested the role of cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) in the type 3B death of axotomized retinal ganglion cells, by injecting intraocularly olomoucine, roscovitine, or butyrolactone I. Each of these inhibits CDK1, CDK2, and CDK5; CDK1 and CDK2 are involved in cell proliferation, whereas CDK5 is involved in neuronal differentiation. The inhibitors partially protected ganglion cells against the effects of axotomy. These agents may affect the ganglion cells directly, because CDK1, its regulatory subunit cyclin B1, and CDK5 were identified immunohistochemically in the perikarya of ganglion cells, and this was confirmed for CDK1 and CDK5 in Western blots of the ganglion cell layer. These blots showed an axotomy‐induced phosphorylation of CDK5 occurring remarkably quickly (within 6 hours of axotomy) but little if any change in the phosphorylation state of CDK1. In addition, we studied the expression of proliferation markers, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the synthesis of DNA, by immunohistochemical and autoradiographic methods. Normal or axotomized ganglion cells did not express PCNA and did not synthesize DNA. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that axotomized ganglion cells may leave their quiescent state, our data show that they did not progress beyond the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Finally, in contrast to inhibitors of CDKs, cell cycle blockers with different targets than CDKs did not protect ganglion cells. Globally, our results suggest that axotomy‐induced death of ganglion cells involves the activation of CDK1, CDK2, or CDK5 (most probably CDK5) but not the full cell cycle machinery. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:72–81, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical organization of the macaque monkey olfactory bulb: II. Calretinin, calbindin D‐28k, parvalbumin, and neurocalcin immunoreactivity
Authors: Alonso José R. , Briñón Jesús G. , Crespo Carlos , Bravo Ignacio G. , Arévalo Rosario , Aijón José
Published: August 2002

The distribution and morphologic features of calcium‐binding protein‐ (calbindin D‐28k, calretinin, neurocalcin, and parvalbumin) immunoreactive elements were studied in the macaque monkey olfactory bulb by using specific antibodies and the avidin‐biotin‐immunoperoxidase method. A characteristic laminar pattern of stained elements was observed for each marker. Scarce superficial short‐axon cells and superficial stellate cells demonstrated calbindin D‐28k immunoreactivity in the outer layers, whereas a moderate number of calbindin D‐28k–immunoreactive granule cells and scarce deep short‐axon cells were observed in the inner layers. Calretinin‐staining demonstrated abundant periglomerular cells and granule cells and a scarce number of other interneuronal populations. Most neurocalcin‐immunopositive elements were external and medial tufted cells and periglomerular cells, although other scarcer interneuronal populations were also immunostained. A few superficial and deep short‐axon cells as well as small interneurons in the external plexiform layer were the only elements immunoreactive to parvalbumin. The distribution of the immunoreactive elements in the olfactory bulb of the macaque monkey showed a high similarity to that reported in the human, whereas it demonstrated a different and simpler pattern to what has been reported in the olfactory bulb of macrosmatic animals. It suggests more homogeneous calcium‐mediated cell responses after stimulation that could be correlated to the lower capability to modulate olfactory signals in microsmatic animals. In addition, these results indicate that experimental models in rodents do not provide an accurate estimation of calcium‐binding protein‐immunoreactive neuronal populations in the primate olfactory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:389–407, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identifiable nitrergic neurons in the central nervous system of the nudibranch Melibe leonina localized with NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity
Authors: Newcomb James M. , Watson Winsor H.
Published: August 2002

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous intercellular messenger produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In this study, we used two different techniques—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) histochemistry and NOS immunocytochemistry—to demonstrate that NOS is present in a pair of identifiable cells in the central nervous system of the nudibranch Melibe leonina. In the Melibe brain, NADPH‐d histochemistry revealed only a single pair of bilaterally symmetrical cells in the cerebropleural ganglia. NOS activity also was found in the neuropil of the cerebral, pedal, and buccal ganglia; in the tentacles of the oral hood; in the sensory end of the rhinophores; and in the epithelial tissue of the mouth, preputium, and glans penis. Immunocytochemistry using NOS antisera corroborated the results of the NADPH‐d histochemistry by staining the same two cells in the cerebropleural ganglia. Each of these identifiable nitrergic neurons projects into the ipsilateral pedal ganglion. Because the pedal ganglia play a critical role in the control of locomotion, our results provide morphological evidence suggesting that NO may influence swimming or crawling in Melibe leonina. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:70–78, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nimodipine promotes regeneration and functional recovery after intracranial facial nerve crush
Authors: Mattsson Per , Janson Ann Marie , Aldskogius Håkan , Svensson Mikael
Published: August 2002

The calcium flow inhibitor, nimodipine, has been shown to promote motor neuron survival in the facial nucleus after intracranial facial nerve transection. However, it has not been known whether the neuroprotective effects primarily involve survival of nerve cell bodies or outgrowth and/or myelination of nerve fibers. Here, we studied the effects of nimodipine in a different injury model in which the facial nerve was unilaterally crushed intracranially. This lesion caused complete anterograde degeneration and partial retrograde degeneration that were studied with a combination of several stereological methods. Nimodipine did not attenuate the modest lesion‐induced neuronal loss (13%) but accelerated the time course of functional recovery and axonal regrowth, inducing increased numbers and sizes of myelinated axons in the facial nerve. It is interesting to note that nimodipine also enlarged the axons and the myelin sheaths in the nonlesioned facial nerve, which points to the possibility of using this substance for new clinical applications to promote axonal growth and remyelination. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:106–117, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of NPY‐induced c‐Fos expression in hypothalamic neurones projecting to the dorsal vagal complex and the lower thoracic spinal cord
Authors: Viñuela Manuel Carrasco , Larsen Philip Just
Published: August 2002

Neuropeptide Y exerts profound effects on body weight and glucose homeostasis. We have investigated the effect of centrally administered neuropeptide Y on the activity of descending neurones of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus by combining retrograde tract tracing with c‐Fos immunocytochemistry. Male rats were injected with True Blue into the dorsal vagal complex and with FluoroGold into the intermediolateral column of the lower thoracic spinal cord. One week after the last surgical procedure, animals were injected centrally with an orexigenic dose of neuropeptide Y (5 μg) and sacrificed 60 to 240 minutes following this injection. Temporal analysis of NPY‐induced c‐Fos expression showed a peak at 90 minutes, which was nearly returned to basal levels between 120 and 240 minutes. Expression of c‐Fos was prominent in several of the subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus and in the adjacent perifornical nucleus. Neurones projecting to the spinal cord were prominent in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral portion of the medial parvicellular subnuclei of the PVN. About 15% of IML projecting neurones of the medial parvicellular subnucleus were Fos‐positive, whereas less than 5% of IML projecting neurones from other subnuclei were Fos‐positive. Hardly any PVN neurones projecting to the dorsal vagal complex were concomitantly Fos‐positive. A considerably larger (>10%) proportion of perifornical neurones projecting to the nucleus of the solitary tract were c‐Fos‐immunopositive. In conclusion, NPY induces c‐Fos in paraventricular neurones projecting to intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and in neurones of the perifornical nucleus projecting to the dorsal vagal complex. J Comp. Neurol. 438:286–299, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Light‐induced c‐Fos expression in suprachiasmatic nuclei neurons targeting the paraventricular nucleus of the hamster hypothalamus: Phase dependence and immunochemical identification
Authors: Munch Inger Christine , Møller Morten , Larsen Philip J. , Vrang Niels
Published: August 2002

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) contain a master clock driving the majority of circadian rhythms in mammals. It is believed that the SCN confers circadian rhythmicity as well as light responsiveness to pineal melatonin secretion via a direct projection to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Neurons in the SCN respond to light during subjective night with an expression of the immediate early gene c‐fos. The number and distribution of c‐Fos protein‐containing neurons depend on the zeitgeber time (ZT) at which the light stimulus is presented. To investigate whether this phase‐dependent activity is present in the SCN output neurons targeting the PVN, we combined retrograde cholera toxin subunit B (ChB) tracing from the PVN with c‐Fos immunohistochemistry. Male golden hamsters were injected iontophoretically with ChB into the PVN area and 7 days later given a 1.5‐hr light stimulus at either ZT 14 or ZT 19 followed by vascular fixation. Light stimulation at ZT 19 gave rise to more c‐Fos containing neurons in the SCN than light presented at ZT 14. Double immunostaining for ChB and c‐Fos revealed that light stimulation at ZT 14 induced c‐Fos expression in 26.6% ± 2.8% of the retrogradely filled perikarya, whereas light‐stimulation at ZT 19 increased this fraction to 40.7% ± 1.9%. This demonstrates the presence of a phase‐dependent c‐Fos induction in the suprachiasmatic‐paraventricular projection system. Triple immunohistochemistry showed that light‐activated output neurons contained both gastrin‐releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and to a lesser extent vasopressin. The present findings provide functional evidence of light activation of central pathways involved in the regulation of circadian output rhythms. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:48–62, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A three‐dimensional boundary element/Laplace transform solution of uncoupled transient thermo‐elasticity in non‐homogeneous rock media
Authors: Elzein Abbas
Published: August 2002

A boundary element solution of the uncoupled transient thermoelasticity in 3D, non‐homogeneous media is proposed. The method is an extension of an earlier, 2D formulation. An explicit expression of the thermal integral function is derived and an efficient Laplace inversion scheme is implemented. The method is validated and its scope of application is illustrated with an example. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A revision of CIECAM97s for practical applications
Authors: Fairchild Mark D.
Published: August 2002

The CIE 1997 Interim Color Appearance Model (Simple Version), abbreviated CIECAM97s, was proposed by CIE TC1‐34 in 1997 in response to the needs of the imaging industry for a single, practically applicable, color appearance model for device‐independent color imaging applications. CIECAM97s has been successful in focusing a large number of researchers on a single direction to implement, evaluate, and suggest improvements for a single CIE model. However, CIECAM97s has been less successful in achieving the goal of being practically applicable. CIECAM97s remains a complex color appearance model, and this complexity seems to be somewhat of a barrier for its widespread adoption and use. CIE TC8‐01 is currently working toward recommendations for practical application of CIECAM97s. Part of TC8‐01's work is the consideration and evaluation of potential revisions and simplifications of CIECAM97s. This article incorporates several previously proposed enhancements of CIECAM97s and a few new suggestions into a revised model for the consideration of TC8‐01. It is hoped that this revision will aid in focusing ongoing model tests and perhaps be the starting point for a new CIE recommendation, once sufficient testing and perhaps further refinements are completed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 418–427, 2001
The attractor for a nonlinear reaction‐diffusion system in an unbounded domain
Authors: Efendiev Messoud A. , Zelik Sergey V.
Published: August 2002

In this paper the quasi‐linear second‐order parabolic systems of reaction‐diffusion type in an unbounded domain are considered. Our aim is to study the long‐time behavior of parabolic systems for which the nonlinearity depends explicitly on the gradient of the unknown functions. To this end we give a systematic study of given parabolic systems and their attractors in weighted Sobolev spaces. Dependence of the Hausdorff dimension of attractors on the weight of the Sobolev spaces is considered. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A new approach to variational problems with multiple scales
Authors: Alberti Giovanni , Müller Stefan
Published: August 2002

We introduce a new concept, the Young measure on micropatterns, to study singularly perturbed variational problems that lead to multiple small scales depending on a small parameter ε. This allows one to extract, in the limit ε → 0, the relevant information at the macroscopic scale as well as the coarsest microscopic scale (say εα) and to eliminate all finer scales.

To achieve this we consider rescaled functions Rx (t) := x (s + εαt) viewed as maps of the macroscopic variable s ∈ Ω with values in a suitable function space. The limiting problem can then be formulated as a variational problem on the Young measures generated by Rεx. As an illustration, we study a one‐dimensional model that describes the competition between formation of microstructure and highest gradient regularization. We show that the unique minimizer of the limit problem is a Young measure supported on sawtooth functions with a given period. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A mathematical framework for stochastic climate models
Authors: Majda Andrew J. , Timofeyev Ilya , Vanden Eijnden Eric
Published: August 2002

There has been a recent burst of activity in the atmosphere‐ocean sciences community in utilizing stable linear Langevin stochastic models for the unresolved degrees of freedom in stochastic climate prediction. Here a systematic mathematical strategy for stochastic climate modeling is developed, and some of the new phenomena in the resulting equations for the climate variables alone are explored. The new phenomena include the emergence of both unstable linear Langevin stochastic models for the climate mean variables and the need to incorporate both suitable nonlinear effects and multiplicative noise in stochastic models under appropriate circumstances. All of these phenomena are derived from a systematic self‐consistent mathematical framework for eliminating the unresolved stochastic modes that is mathematically rigorous in a suitable asymptotic limit. The theory is illustrated for general quadratically nonlinear equations where the explicit nature of the stochastic climate modeling procedure can be elucidated. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated for the truncated equations for barotropic flow with topography. Explicit concrete examples with the new phenomena are presented for the stochastically forced three‐mode interaction equations. The conjecture of Smith and Waleffe [Phys. Fluids 11 (1999), 1608–1622] for stochastically forced three‐wave resonant equations in a suitable regime of damping and forcing is solved as a byproduct of the approach. Examples of idealized climate models arising from the highly inhomogeneous equilibrium statistical mechanics for geophysical flows are also utilized to demonstrate self‐consistency of the mathematical approach with the predictions of equilibrium statistical mechanics. In particular, for these examples, the reduced stochastic modeling procedure for the climate variables alone is designed to reproduce both the climate mean and the energy spectrum of the climate variables. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On self‐similar singular solutions of the complex Ginzburg‐Landau equation
Authors: Plecháč Petr , Šverák Vladimír
Published: August 2002

We address the open problem of existence of singularities for the complex Ginzburg‐Landau equation. Using a combination of rigorous results and numerical computations, we describe a countable family of self‐similar singularities. Our analysis includes the supercritical nonlinear Schrödinger equation as a special case. We also consider the problem of stability of these singularities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Viscosity solutions with shocks
Authors: Giga Yoshikazu
Published: August 2002

A solution of single nonlinear first order equations may develop jump discontinuities even if initial data is smooth. Typical examples include a crude model equation describing some bunching phenomena observed in epitaxial growth of crystals as well as conservation laws where jump discontinuities are called shocks. Conventional theory of viscosity solutions does not apply.

We introduce a notion of proper (viscosity) solutions to track whole evolutions for such equations in multi‐dimensional spaces. We establish several versions of comparison principles. We also study the vanishing viscosity method to construct a unique global proper solution at least when the evolution is monotone in time or the initial data is monotone in some sense under additional technical assumptions.

In fact, we prove that the graph of approximate solutions converges to that of a proper solution in the Hausdorff distance topology. Such a convergence is also established for conservation laws with monotone data. In particular, local uniform convergence outside shocks is proved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Managing application complexity in the SAMRAI object‐oriented framework
Authors: Hornung Richard D. , Kohn Scott R.
Published: August 2002

A major challenge facing software libraries for scientific computing is the ability to provide adequate flexibility to meet sophisticated, diverse, and evolving application requirements. Object‐oriented design techniques are valuable tools for capturing characteristics of complex applications in a software architecture. In this paper, we describe certain prominent object‐oriented features of the SAMRAI software library that have proven to be useful in application development. SAMRAI is used in a variety of applications and has demonstrated a substantial amount of code and design re‐use in those applications. This flexibility and extensibility is illustrated with three different application codes. We emphasize two important features of our design. First, we describe the composition of complex numerical algorithms from smaller components which are usable in different applications. Second, we discuss the extension of existing framework components to satisfy new application needs. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishing a molecular continuum in breast cancer DNA microarrays and benign breast disease
Authors: Worsham Maria J. , Pals Gerard , Raju Usha , Wolman Sandra R.
Published: August 2002

Although the risk of breast cancer for women in the United States is approximately 1 in 9, identification of risk factors and translation of that knowledge into strategies for prevention have been inhibited by poor understanding of disease pathogenesis. A few benign breast proliferations are associated with higher risks of breast cancer, but definition of a preneoplastic morphologic continuum is lacking. If progression from a premalignant state to malignancy is accompanied by genetic changes, then identification in benign breast disease lesions (BBD) of alterations similar to those found in breast cancer should strengthen the perception of BBD as a premalignant condition. Current testing for hereditary breast cancer susceptibility presumes that only women with invasive breast or ovarian cancer are gene carriers. Therefore, neither in situ breast cancer nor atypical hyperplasias are considered clinically as evidence of a breast‐ovarian syndrome, nor are these diagnoses used to predict carrier status within at‐risk families. This reflects lack of evidence that breast cancer develops along a recognized morphologic continuum from precursor lesions.

New mutation screening procedures such as DNA microarrays can provide sensitivity, specificity, and high throughput that circumvent limitations imposed on the scope of molecular marker analyses applied to archival resources. We have studied a BRCA1‐mutant individual with loss of the wild type BRCA1 allele in benign breast proliferations. Both her benign and malignant lesions showed molecularly identical TP53 mutations, indicating that significant genetic alterations can occur in BBD and supporting the clonal evolution from BBD to malignancy. Cytometry 47:56–59, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimizing flow cytometric DNA ploidy and S‐phase fraction as independent prognostic markers for node‐negative breast cancer specimens
Authors: Bagwell C.B. , Clark G.M. , Spyratos F. , Chassevent A. , Bendahl P.‐O. , Stål O. , Killander D. , Jourdan M.L. , Romain S. , Hunsberger B. , Baldetorp B.
Published: August 2002

Developing a reliable and quantitative assessment of the potential virulence of a malignancy has been a long‐standing goal in clinical cytometry. DNA histogram analysis provides valuable information on the cycling activity of a tumor population through S‐phase estimates; it also identifies nondiploid populations, a possible indicator of genetic instability and subsequent predisposition to metastasis. Because of conflicting studies in the literature, the clinical relevance of both of these potential prognostic markers has been questioned for the management of breast cancer patients. The purposes of this study are to present a set of 10 adjustments derived from a single large study that optimizes the prognostic strength of both DNA ploidy and S‐phase and to test the validity of this approach on two other large multicenter studies. Ten adjustments to both DNA ploidy and S‐phase were developed from a single node‐negative breast cancer database from Baylor College (n = 961 cases). Seven of the adjustments were used to reclassify histograms into low‐risk and high‐risk ploidy patterns based on aneuploid fraction and DNA index optimum thresholds resulting in prognosticPvalues changing from little (P< 0.02) or no significance toP< 0.000005. Other databases from Sweden (n = 210 cases) and France (n = 220 cases) demonstrated similar improvement of DNA ploidy prognostic significance,P< 0.02 toP< 0.0009 andP< 0.12 toP< 0.002, respectively. Three other adjustments were applied to diploid and aneuploid S‐phases. These adjustments eliminated a spurious correlation between DNA ploidy and S‐phase and enabled them to combine independently into a powerful prognostic model capable of stratifying patients into low, intermediate, and high‐risk groups (P< 0.000005). When the Baylor prognostic model was applied to the Sweden and French databases, similar significant patient stratifications were observed (P< 0.0003 andP< 0.00001, respectively). The successful transference of the Baylor prognostic model to other studies suggests that the proposed adjustments may play an important role in standardizing this test and provide valuable prognostic information to those involved in the management of breast cancer patients. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:121–135, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of ultra‐wideband short pulses for radio communications
Authors: Zhang Yan , Geyer Michael E.
Published: August 2002

A method to determine the transient waveform of ultra‐wideband (UWB) pulses at various stages of propagation and scattering is developed based on the reconstruction of incident wave and one of the known results for continuous waves. By using this method, the transmitting power of a UWB pulsed dipole antenna and the loss due to rainfall scattering are calculated, and the feasibility for short‐ and moderate‐range communication applications is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic value of fine‐needle aspiration in supraclavicular lymphadenopathy: A study of 106 patients and review of literature
Authors: Nasuti Joseph F. , Mehrotra Ravi , Gupta Prabodh K.
Published: August 2002

The simplicity and safety of the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) make it a useful procedure for the initial evaluation of supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. We analyzed data (106 patients) in combination with the data of three recently published studies (total 301 patients) to make the observations more meaningful. The usefulness of various ancillary techniques such as special histochemical stains (SHC), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and flow cytometry (FCM) in establishing specific diagnoses was also examined. Analysis of the combined data from 407 patients helps to reinforce certain trends observed by previous investigators such as the marked predominance of metastatic carcinoma (63%) over lymphoid malignancies (9%), reactive (19%) and infectious processes (2%), and the tendency of abdominal and pelvic primary carcinomas to metastasize to the left supraclavicular lymph node (SCLN) (88%). In addition, the current study confirms utility of performing IHC, FCM, and SHC on the aspirate material obtained from supraclavicular lymph nodes, because in 19 of the 22 cases (86%), these ancillary techniques provided supplemental diagnostic information critical to patient management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:351–355, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clear‐cell sarcoma diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration: Cytologic, histologic, and ultrastructural features; potential pitfalls; and literature review
Authors: Tong Tommy R. , Chow Tat‐chong , Chan Olivia Wai‐hing , Lee Kam‐cheong , Yeung Sai‐hung , Lam Angus , Yu Chi‐kin
Published: August 2002

A definitive diagnosis of clear‐cell sarcoma of soft parts (CCSSP) is possible by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy alone. The aspirates are markedly cellular, consisting predominantly of discohesive cells but also of cohesive cells. The cytoplasm is eosinophilic and eccentric. The nuclei are round and contain macronucleoli. CCSSP should be considered when FNA of a soft‐tissue tumor shows uncharacteristically high cellularity and relatively uniform cells with macronucleoli. Cohesion of some tumor cells does not rule out CCSSP. Melanin pigment and cytoplasmic clearing are infrequent and not necessary for the diagnosis. Sufficient material should always be procured for immunohistochemical studies on the cell block. Seven other cases are found in the literature, all correctly diagnosed by FNA. Although it is rare, CCSSP is a highly malignant tumor that can be diagnosed readily by FNA without resorting to incisional biopsy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:174–180; DOI 10.1002/dc.10081 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cost‐effectiveness of monolayers and human papillomavirus testing compared to that of conventional Papanicolaou smears for cervical cancer screening: Protocol of the study of the French Society of Clinical Cytology
Authors: Cochand‐Priollet Béatrix , Le Galès Catherine , de Cremoux Patricia , Molinié Vincent , Sastre‐Garau Xavier , Vacher‐Lavenu Marie‐Cécile , Vielh Philippe , Coste Joël ,   20 Monolayers French Society of Clinical Cytology Study Group
Published: August 2002

The French Society of Clinical Cytology is conducting a study to compare the cost‐effectiveness of monolayers and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing with that of conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for cervical cancer screening. The protocol of this study is presented. It includes 3,000 women who will be evaluated by the three methods (conventional Pap smears, or monolayers with or without HPV testing) and by the reference method: colposcopy followed, in cases with abnormalities, by cervical biopsy. Efficacy or performance of the methods will be compared on the basis of sensitivity. Cost comparisons and cost‐effectiveness modeling will be based on the costs associated with methods themselves and also the costs of “false positives.” This will require specific collection of data concerning the costs of the three methods, as these costs have not previously been accurately documented. Patient recruiting and data collection started in September 1999 and will be complete in June 2000. The first results are expected to be available in spring 2001. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:412–420, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of prior experience with dehydration and water on the time course of dehydration‐induced drinking in weanling rats
Authors: Myers Kevin P. , Hall W. G.
Published: August 2002

Although cellular dehydration increases oral responding and swallowing of orally infused water in rats as young as 2 days old, it is not until well after the time of weaning that dehydration stimulates immediate water‐seeking and initiation of drinking in situations where the water source must be approached voluntarily. Recent work has shown that the goal‐directed appetitive sequence for drinking—orienting, approaching, and initiating contact with water—matures much later than the more precocial oral licking and swallowing behaviors, and normally comes to be elicited by dehydration only after post‐weaning experience with dry food. In the current experiments we evaluate some critical features of post‐weaning experience with dehydration and drinking, and find that prior experience with initiating drinking while dehydrated, but not experience with dehydration nor water per se, alters the time course of water intake during a subsequent hydrational challenge. The effects of experience are manifested as an increased proportion of water consumed in the early portion of the test, rather than a general increase in total consumption. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that prior experience is necessary for the coordination of water‐oriented appetitive behaviors that lead to the initiation and maintenance of drinking bouts, and provide further evidence for an associative learning account of the acquisition of dehydration‐induced drinking. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 38: 145–153, 2001
Effects of angiotensin II receptor antagonist on endothelial vasomotor function and urinary albumin excretion in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria
Authors: Tan Kathryn C. B. , Chow Wing‐Sun , Ai Victor H. G. , Lam Karen S. L.
Published: August 2002

Background

Microalbuminuria is associated with dysfunction of the vascular endothelium in patients with diabetes mellitus. The objective of the present study was to determine whether treatment with losartan at a dose sufficient to lower urinary albumin excretion was accompanied by an improvement in endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.

Methods

Endothelial function was measured in 80 type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and 68 non‐diabetic controls using high‐resolution vascular ultrasound. The diabetic patients were randomised to receive either losartan 50 mg daily or placebo in a 6‐month double‐blind study. Urinary albumin excretion and endothelial function were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Results

Both endothelium‐dependent (p<0.01) and ‐independent vasodilation (p<0.01) were significantly impaired in diabetic patients with or without history of hypertension compared to the non‐diabetic controls. At baseline, the losartan‐ and placebo‐treated groups were comparable in their clinical characteristics. Blood pressure did not change significantly in either group throughout the study. Urinary mean albumin excretion rate (MAER) decreased in the losartan‐treated group (p<0.01) whereas an increase was observed in the placebo group (p<0.05). At 6 months, the losartan‐treated group had significantly lower MAER than the placebo‐treated group [54.5 (58.3) vs 78.5 (100.5) µg/min, p<0.05; median (interquartile range)]. No significant differences were found in endothelium‐dependent or ‐independent vasodilation.

Conclusions

Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria have impaired endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent vasodilation. Treatment with low‐dose losartan is sufficient to reduce microalbuminuria in these patients without alteration in endothelial function and systemic blood pressure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.