bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas-Phase Reactivity of Silver and Copper Coordinated Monosaccharide Cations Studied by Electrospray Ionization and Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Boutreau Laurence , Léon Emmanuelle , Salpin Jean-Yves , Amekraz Badia , Moulin Christophe , Tortajada Jeanine
Published: August 2003

The analytical distinction of the most common isomeric underivatized hexoses was investigated by means of mass spectrometry experiments. Electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry were used in the analysis of silver and copper-coordinated monosaccharides (D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fructose, O-methyl-α-D-glucose and O-methyl-β-D-glucose). The results show that cationization by Ag+ allows the differentiation of the three first monosaccharides while the complexes formed by association of Cu+ with these three monosacharides display a similar reactivity that prevents stereoisomer distinction. Unlike copper, silver adduct-ions of both α and β anomeric O-methyl-D-glucoses exhibit specific decomposition patterns (i.e. a loss of methanol for the α-anomer and a loss of silver hydride for the β-anomer), which allow an easy characterization. A theoretical survey of selected complexes, based on the use of DFT calculations were carried out on both anomers in order to rationalize the experimental findings.
Gas-Phase Basicity of Glycine, Alanine, Proline, Serine, Lysine, Histidine and Some of Their Peptides by the Thermokinetic Method
Authors: Bouchoux G. , Salpin J-Y.
Published: August 2003

The thermokinetic method is applied to a set of six amino acids (glycine, alanine, proline, serine, lysine, histidine) and 30 of their di-and tri-peptides for which experimental proton transfer rate constants were available. The comparison between the presently determined gas-phase basicities, GBs, of the amino acids with values obtained from equilibrium constant determination is generally good (a mean deviation of ∼3 kJ mol−1 is observed). Derived proton affinities values are discussed. The gas-phase basicities of peptides provided by the present study correct several previously estimated values thus offering a more firm basis for structural discussion. Composite reaction efficiency curves indicate the existence, for several peptides, of at least two non-interconverting populations of protonated forms.
Kikuchi Fujimoto lymphadenitis: Case report and literature review
Authors: Famularo Giuseppe , Giustiniani Maria Cristina , Marasco Angela , Minisola Giovanni , Nicotra Giulio Cesare , De Simone Claudio
Published: August 2003

We describe a young woman with two severe episodes of Kikuchi Fujimoto disease occurring 16 years apart. Both episodes were proven by biopsy, and on the second occasion the patient remained dependent on high‐dose prednisone for more than 6 months in order to control inflammation and achieve a reduction in cervical lymph node size. The second lymph node biopsy showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis in addition to the typical features of Kikuchi Fujimoto disease, but, even though the clinical interpretation of this finding was unclear, we documented no clinical or laboratory evidence of the development of other serious systemic disease over 20 years of follow‐up. Kikuchi Fujimoto disease is considered a disorder with a self‐limited course and a favorable outcome. However, on the basis of our experience with this patient and data from peer‐reviewed literature, we suggest that this generally accepted postulate should be revised. Am. J. Hematol. 74:60–63, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization: Method of choice for a definitive diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma†
Authors: Sun Tsieh , Nordberg Mary Lowery , Cotelingam James D. , Veillon Diana M. , Ryder John
Published: August 2003

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using IGH/CCND1 probes was used to analyze 35 specimens including 27 paraffin sections, 3 bone marrow aspirates, and 5 peripheral blood smears. The 27 paraffin sections included 7 bone marrows, 10 lymph nodes, 3 spleens, 3 tonsils, 3 gastrointestinal biopsies, and 1 skin biopsy. Among these cases, 23 specimens were from 20 patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and 12 specimens were from 12 patients with non‐MCL lymphomas/lymphoid hyperplasia. Specimens from all MCL patients showed positive results with FISH. In one patient, the archived paraffin sections were negative with FISH, but a fresh peripheral blood specimen showed a positive result. Negative results were obtained in all specimens from non‐MCL cases. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that all cases of MCL showed CD19/CD5 staining, but the percentages of cells positive for CD23 and FMC‐7 were variable, thus they cannot be depended upon for a definitive diagnosis of MCL. Immunohistochemical stains demonstrated positive staining for CD5 and CD20 and negative staining for CD23 in MCL cases but cyclin D1 was positive in only 10 of 13 MCL cases studied. Therefore, it appears that immunophenotyping alone is not sufficient to establish a definitive diagnosis of MCL. FISH should be routinely used when the diagnosis needs confirmation. FISH can be performed in a routine clinical laboratory, and it is applicable to archived material for retrospective studies. Other molecular cytogenetic techniques in comparison with FISH are discussed. Am. J. Hematol. 74:78–84, 2003. Published © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with a prolactin‐producing pituitary adenoma
Authors: Kovacs Kalman , Garvey M. Bernadette
Published: August 2003

We report here the case of a 44‐year‐old woman with thrombocytopenia, anemia, convulsions, hyperprolactinemia, and galactorrhea. The patient died of cardiac failure. Autopsy revealed PAS‐positive and von Willebrand factor‐positive microthrombi in the arterioles and capillaries of many organs, mainly in the heart and brain, confirming the clinical diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. In the pituitary, a prolactin‐producing adenoma was identified. To our knowledge, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura accompanied by a prolactin‐secreting pituitary adenoma has not yet been described. The question of whether the association between the vascular changes and the pituitary adenoma is incidental or causal cannot be answered. Further studies are required to determine whether prolactin released from the pituitary tumor in excess played a role in the formation of microthrombi causing multiple organ failure and the demise of the patient. Am. J. Hematol. 74:55–59, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zileuton, a 5‐lipoxygenase inhibitor, increases production of thromboxane A2 and platelet aggregation in patients with asthma
Authors: Wu Xujun , Dev Anil , Leong Alfred Ba Tun
Published: August 2003

Leukotrienes, generated from arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway, play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma. Therefore, leukotriene inhibitors, such as Zileuton, are used in the treatment of asthma. However, thromboxanes, generated from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway, play an important role in platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Therefore, we studied whether Zileuton, by shifting arachidonic acid to the cyclooxygenase pathway, enhances thromboxane production and, hence, platelet aggregation. Blood samples were collected from 10 asthmatic patients before and 2 weeks after standard Zileuton treatment. Spontaneous platelet aggregation was measured in platelet‐rich plasma. Platelet‐rich plasma was also used to determine thromboxane B2, a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2, as the indirect measure of thromboxane A2 because thromboxane A2 is too unstable for assay. Baseline thromboxane B2 and platelet aggregation values in the 10 asthmatic patients were normal. Treatment with Zileuton for 2 weeks significantly increased thromboxane B2 levels from baseline levels of 267 ± 54 μg/l to 389 ± 62 μg/l after 2 weeks of treatment (P < 0.0002). Spontaneous platelet aggregation also increased significantly from baseline values of 4.2 ± 2.4% to 6.8 ± 2.8% after 2 weeks of treatment (P < 0.0001). These results establish that Zileuton, an effective drug for asthma, adversely affects in vitro platelet function. The findings suggest that this drug, and perhaps related agents also, may pose a thrombotic risk; clinical attention will be needed to address this possibility. Am. J. Hematol. 74:23–25, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypereosinophilia associated with cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Lo Re Vincent , Fox Kevin R. , Ferrari Victor A. , Scott Craig H. , Kossev Plamen M. , Kostman Jay R.
Published: August 2003

Hypereosinophilia, defined as an absolute eosinophil count exceeding 1,500/mm3, is caused by a limited number of disorders. Its association with malignancy is a rare occurrence that typically denotes extensive metastasis and a poor prognosis. Several theories have been proposed to explain the hypereosinophilia associated with malignancy, focusing on the production of eosinophilopoietic cytokines by tumors. We describe a patient with hypereosinophilia associated with a cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma, review the etiologies of hypereosinophilia, and discuss the possible mechanisms. Am. J. Hematol. 74:64–67, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Priapism in a patient with unstable hemoglobin: Hemoglobin Köln
Authors: Andrieu Valérie , Dumonceau Olivier , Grange Marie‐José
Published: August 2003

We report a case of severe priapism occurring in a patient with unstable hemoglobin, hemoglobin Köln, and underline several factors that may have contributed to this complication: abnormal plasticity of red cells, splenectomy, and cytomegalovirus infection. Since emergency treatment may prevent impotence, patients and parents should be educated about this complication. Am. J. Hematol. 74:73–74, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ineffective erythropoiesis in the spleen of a patient with pyruvate kinase deficiency
Authors: Aizawa Shin , Kohdera Urara , Hiramoto Masaki , Kawakami Yutaka , Aisaki Ken‐ichi , Kobayashi Yohnosuke , Miwa Shiro , Fujii Hisaichi , Kanno Hitoshi
Published: August 2003

In this study, possible adverse effects of pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency on the maturation of erythroid progenitors were investigated. A 4‐year‐old Japanese girl with severe PK deficiency underwent splenectomy to reduce her need for blood transfusions. The spleen was examined a histologically, and the hematopoietic progenitors in the spleen were assayed to evaluate the extramedullary hematopoiesis of this PK‐deficient subject. The number of hematopoietic progenitors including CFU‐GM, BFU‐E and CFU‐GEMM in the spleen of the PK‐deficient patient was much higher than those found in control spleens, indicating enhanced extramedullary hematopoiesis. TUNEL assay demonstrated apoptotic cells in the splenic red pulp of the PK‐deficient patient. The expression of 7A6 antigen was detected in cells isolated from spleen and in cells cultured in vitro, but only in those cells that were positive for glycophorin A. These results provide evidence that the metabolic disturbances in PK deficiency affect not only the survival of red cells but also the maturation of erythroid progenitors, which results in premature cell death, i.e., apoptosis. Am. J. Hematol. 74:68–72, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with Brucella and Toxoplasma infections
Authors: Gürkan Emel , Başlamişli Fikri , Güvenç Birol , Bozkurt Berna , Ünsal Çağatay
Published: August 2003

Bacterial and protozoal infections can cause thrombocytopenia and may mimic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Brucella species and Toxoplasma are among the infectious agents with protean clinical manifestations which may induce immune thrombocytopenia. In rare cases, thrombocytopenia can be severe and may result bleeding into the skin and from mucosal sites. Prompt recognition of this complication and aggressive therapy are essential, since the mortality associated with bleeding into the central nervous system is high. We report two patients with complaints of severe epistaxis and thrombocytopenia associated with brucellosis and toxoplasmosis. Thrombocytopenic purpura in these cases responded well to the high‐dose corticosteroid treatment with platelet recovery within 2–3 days. For cases with infection‐induced immune thrombocytopenic purpura, short‐term high‐dose corticosteroids may be applied as an urgent therapy without worsening of the clinical condition. Am. J. Hematol. 74:52–54, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of the iron transport proteins mobilferrin and DMT‐1 in the duodenum: The surprising role of mucin
Authors: Simovich Marcia , Hainsworth Lucille N. , Fields P.A. , Umbreit Jay N. , Conrad Marcel E.
Published: August 2003

There are two pathways for inorganic iron uptake in the intestine, the ferric pathway, mediated by the key protein mobilferrin, and the ferrous pathway, mediated by DMT‐1. Previous studies reported that the amount of DMT‐1 increased in the intestinal mucosa in iron deficiency and the increase was seen in the apical portion of the villus of the duodenal mucosa. Mobilferrin did not quantitatively increase but became localized at the cell membrane. However, studies on fresh tissue have not previously been performed and the localization to the microvillae has not been demonstrated. In order to more definitively localize these proteins immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies were undertaken. Samples were also subjected to biochemical analysis and Western analysis. In iron‐deficient animals both DMT‐1 and Mobilferrin were concentrated in the apical surface of the villae. Electron microscopy revealed that the majority of this increase in the amount of these proteins near the luminal surface was due to increased binding of the proteins to mucin in vesicles near the surface. A significant portion of the iron transport proteins was localized in the goblet cells and outside the cell in the luminal mucin, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and isolation of the mucin by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation and Western analysis. A new model for the transport of metal ions was suggested. The metal transport proteins travel from vesicles inside the cell out to the lumen mucin. This increases the surface area and allows a greater portion of the lumen contents to be exposed to the binding proteins. Once the metal is bound to the externalized protein it is internalized into the cell. This explains many of the unique properties of the iron‐binding proteins and suggests that it may be a more general model for the absorption of other nutrients. Am. J. Hematol. 74:32–45, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interpersonal violence between 18th century Native Americans and Europeans in Ohio
Authors: Williamson Matthew A. , Johnston Cheryl A. , Symes Steven A. , Schultz John J.
Published: August 2003

During the winter of 1778–1779, a garrison of 176 individuals lived within the walls of a Revolutionary era stronghold named Ft. Laurens on the banks of the Tuscarawas River, near the present‐day town of Bolivar, Ohio. At least 21 individuals were buried in the fort's cemetery during its occupation, 13 of whom were supposedly killed and scalped by Native Americans while gathering firewood and foraging horses. The purpose of this study is to build on previous work by Sciulli and Gramly ([1989] Am J. Phys. Anthropol. 80:11–24) by adding a more detailed analysis of the traumatic lesions, in order to better understand what happened to the victims. Lesions were analyzed based on type, location, and dimensions, as well as their overall pattern on the skeleton. Results indicate that multiple blows to the cranium were common. Out of 12 observable crania, the order of blows could be determined in only one case. Eleven of 12 of the observable crania from ambush victims and four of the seven nonambush victims exhibited lesions consistent with scalping. Evidence of postcranial trauma was noted on four individuals: one was an ambush victim, and the other three were killed at other times. No evidence of gunshot wounds was found. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applying forest restoration principles to coral reef rehabilitation
Authors: Epstein N. , Bak R.P.M. , Rinkevich B.
Published: August 2003

Forest restoration through silviculture (gardening) programs revives productivity, biodiversity, and stability. As in silviculture approaches, the coral ‘gardening’ strategy is based on a two‐step protocol.

The first step deals with the establishment ofin situand/orex situcoral nurseries in which corals are farmed (originating from two types of source material: asexual [ramets, nubbins], and sexual [planula larvae, spat] recruits).

The second is the reef rehabilitation step, where maricultured colonies are transplanted into degraded sites.

We compare here the rationale of forest restoration to coral reef ecosystem restoration by evaluating major key criteria. As in silviculture programs, a sustainable mariculture operation that focuses on the prime structural component of the reef (‘gardening’ with corals) may promote the persistence of threatened coral populations, as well as that of other reef taxa, thus maintaining genetic diversity. In chronically degrading reef sites this may facilitate a halt in biodiversity depletion.

Within the current theoretical framework of ecosystem restoration, the recovery of biodiversity indices is considered a core element since a rich species diversity provides higher ecosystem resilience to disturbances.

The gardening measure may also be implemented worldwide, eliminating the need to extract existing colonies for transplantation operations. At degraded reef sites, the coral gardening strategy can assist in managing human and non‐human stakeholders' requirements as is done in forest management.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The value of conserving whales: the impacts of cetacean‐related tourism on the economy of rural West Scotland
Authors: Parsons E.C.M. , Warburton C.A. , Woods‐Ballard A. , Hughes A. , Johnston P.
Published: August 2003

During the tourist season of 2000, interview surveys were conducted with those involved in whale‐watching in West Scotland. The groups included in the study were boat operators (32), visitor‐centre managers (8), tourists on whale‐watching trips (324), general tourists to West Scotland (673) and local residents (189). The latter two groups were interviewed for comparison of responses of those engaged in whale‐watching against the views of the local community and tourists in general. From the data provided by these interviews, estimates for the economic value of this specialist sector of the Scottish tourism industry were calculated.

Extrapolating from the surveys, in the year 2000, an estimated total of approximately 242 000 tourists were involved in cetacean‐related tourism activities in West Scotland.

In 2000, 59 full‐time and one part‐time jobs were estimated to be created as the direct result of cetacean‐related tourism, with 38% of these positions being seasonal.

Cetacean‐related tourism was estimated to account for 2.5% of the total income from tourism in the region. In remote coastal areas, cetacean‐related tourism may account for as much as 12% of the area's total tourism income.

The direct economic income (i.e. expenditure on excursion tickets) from cetacean tourism activities was estimated to be £1.77 million per annum.

A 23% of surveyed whale watchers visited West Scotland specifically to go on whale‐watching trips. The associated expenditure (accommodation, travel, food, etc.) from tourists being brought to rural West Scotland solely due to the presence of whales represented £5.1 million in additional tourism income for the region.

In addition to the above tourists, 16% of surveyed whale watchers stayed in West Scotland an extra night as a result of going on a whale‐watching trip; thus generating a further £0.9 million of additional associated expenditure (extra accommodation, food, etc.).

The total gross income generated (directly and indirectly) by cetacean‐related tourism in rural West Scotland was estimated at £7.8 million.

In comparison with established whale‐watching industries (in countries such as the USA, Canada and New Zealand) the total expenditure by tourists on whale watching in West Scotland is low. However, cetacean tourism in West Scotland is still a relatively young industry and still developing.

The value of the non‐consumptive utilization of cetaceans (i.e. whale‐watching) to rural, coastal communities in West Scotland was three times greater than the value of the consumptive utilization of cetaceans (i.e. commercial whaling) for rural, coastal communities in Norway.

This study demonstrates that live cetaceans in Scotland can provide notable financial benefits and, therefore, their conservation has an economic value.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Canadian and American legislation for controlling exotic species in the Great Lakes
Authors: Vásárhelyi Charlotte , Thomas Vernon G.
Published: August 2003

The legislation of the Great Lakes jurisdictions dealing with control of exotic species introduced through ballast water, canals, and recreational boating was analysed to determine whether the USA and Canada have the capacity to manage nuisance exotic species effectively. Despite the deleterious ecological effects attributed to exotic aquatic species, there is a lack of complementary legislation between Canada and the USA to remedy this problem. Current legislation is fragmented at the bilateral, national, and the state/provincial level.

American legislative initiatives are far ahead of Canada's, especially for regulating ballast water in oceanic shipping. Canada lacks strong federal and provincial legislation to regulate ballast water in shipping and to prevent the secondary spread of exotic aquatic species through watersheds.

Legislation to regulate ballast water is developing quickly among the US federal government and the Great Lakes states. However, legislation affecting the spread of exotic nuisance species via canals and recreational boaters is needed to complement ballast water laws and to give agencies a broader mandate for management.

Amendment of the Boundary Waters Treaty Act, the Fisheries Act, and the Canada Water Act could give the Canadian federal government authority to regulate ballast water in vessels entering the St Lawrence and to begin the rehabilitation of aquatic habitats impaired by nuisance exotic species.

Preventing further species introduction and spread through the Great Lakes basin requires restricting certain shipping and boating practices. This can be achieved only by the enactment of complementary laws among all the American and Canadian jurisdictions.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Bonnet Dominique
Published: August 2003

Considerable effort has been made in recent years in defining the embryonic origin of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Using transgenic mouse models, a number of genes that regulate the formation, self‐renewal, or differentiation of HSCs have been identified. Of particular interest, it has recently been shown that key regulators of definitive blood formation played a crucial role in adult HSC development. Specifically, the use of some of these regulatory molecules has dramatically improved the potential of adult HSC expansion. Furthermore, the elucidation of the molecular phenotype of the HSC has just begun. Finally, unexpected degrees of HSC developmental or differentiation plasticity have emerged. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances made in the human HSC field, and we will examine the impacts these discoveries may have clinically and on our understanding of the organization of the human hematopoietic system. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:219–229, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscle‐derived stem cells: Potential for muscle regeneration
Authors: Huard Johnny , Cao Baohong , Qu‐Petersen Zhuqing
Published: August 2003

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating X‐linked muscle disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness caused by the lack of dystrophin expression at the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. Although various approaches to delivering dystrophin in dystrophic muscle have been investigated extensively (e.g., cell and gene therapy), there is still no treatment that alleviates the muscle weakness in this common inherited muscle disease. The transplantation of myoblasts can enable transient delivery of dystrophin and improve the strength of injected dystrophic muscle, but this approach has various limitations, including immune rejection, poor cellular survival rates, and the limited spread of the injected cells. The isolation of muscle cells that can overcome these limitations would enhance the success of myoblast transplantation significantly. The efficiency of cell transplantation might be improved through the use of stem cells, which display unique features, including (1) self‐renewal with production of progeny, (2) appearance early in development and persistence throughout life, and (3) long‐term proliferation and multipotency. For these reasons, the development of muscle stem cells for use in transplantation or gene transfer (ex vivo approach) as treatment for patients with muscle disorders has become more attractive in the past few years. In this paper, we review the current knowledge regarding the isolation and characterization of stem cells isolated from skeletal muscle by highlighting their biological features and their relationship to satellite cells as well as other populations of stem cells derived from other tissues. We also describe the remarkable ability of stem cells to regenerate skeletal muscle and their potential use to alleviate the muscle weakness associated with DMD. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:230–237, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biology and clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Barry Frank P.
Published: August 2003

Stem cell populations are found in most adult tissues and, in general, their differentiation potential may reflect the local cell population. Hematopoietic, epidermal, mesenchymal, neural and hepatic stem cells have been described. It may be that, in the adult, these cells are the reservoirs of reparative cells that are mobilized following injury and migrate to the wound site where, in cooperation with local cells, they participate in the repair response. Mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from the bone marrow, have the capacity to differentiate into cells of connective tissues. Some striking examples of the therapeutic use of MSCs have been reported recently in applications such as coronary artery disease, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's Disease, and liver regeneration. In orthopaedic medicine, MSC therapy has been applied in bone and cartilage repair and in the treatment of osteoarthritis. The question of the host response to implanted MSCs is critical as these cells are being evaluated in clinical applications. There are several aspects to the implanted cell‐host interaction that need to be addressed as we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying stem cell therapies. These are (1) the host immune response to implanted cells, (2) the homing mechanisms that guide delivered cells to a site of injury, and (3) differentiation of implanted cells under the influence of local signals. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69;250–256, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comprehensive experimental study of industrial, domestic and environmental interferences with the forensic luminol test for blood
Authors: Creamer J. I. , Quickenden T. I. , Apanah M. V. , Kerr K. A. , Robertson P.
Published: August 2003

This paper presents the ﬁrst comprehensive and quantitative study of substances that interfere with the forensic luminol test for blood. Two hundred and ﬁfty substances have been selected on the basis of modern lifestyles and of contiguity with crime scenes. The intensity of the chemiluminescence produced by each substance has been measured relative to that of haemoglobin and the peak wavelength shift has also been determined. The following is a short list of nine substances that produce chemiluminescence intensities comparable with that of haemoglobin: turnips, parsnips, horseradishes, commercial bleach (NaClO), copper metal, some furniture polishes, some enamel paints, and some interior fabrics in motor vehicles. Care needs to be taken when the luminol test for blood is used in the presence of these substances. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of weight reduction on neutrophil phagocytic activity and oxidative burst activity in female judoists
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Nakaji Shigeyuki , Umeda Takashi , Shimoyama Tadashi , Mochida Noriko , Kojima Arata , Mashiko Toshiyuki , Sugawara Kazuo
Published: August 2003

This study investigated the effects of short‐term weight reduction on neutrophil functions in female judoists. Sixteen actively competing female judoists were divided into two groups. Eight who required weight reduction were deﬁned as the weight reduction group, and the remaining eight were used as the control. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 8 days after the match. Phagocytic activity and oxidative burst activity of neutrophils were measured by ﬂow cytometry. In the weight reduction group, the phagocytic activity per cell decreased signiﬁcantly at the end of weight reduction compared with the control group. The rate of neutrophils producing reactive oxygen species and the oxidative burst activity per cell increased signiﬁcantly at the end of weight reduction in both the control and the weight reduction groups. We concluded that weight reduction, consisting of both intense exercise and energy restriction, might possibly cause both an increase in oxidative burst activity and decrease in neutrophil phagocytic activity in female judoists. However, although exercise increased oxidative burst activity, it did not affect neutrophil phagocytic activity alone. Therefore, to avoid this problem, female judoists are recommended to keep their weight within those limits determined by their class, and which can be reduced by exercise. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MCLA‐dependent chemiluminescence suggests that singlet oxygen plays a pivotal role in myeloperoxidase‐catalysed bactericidal action in neutrophil phagosomes
Authors: Arisawa Fumio , Tatsuzawa Hidetaka , Kambayashi Yasuhiro , Kuwano Hiroyuki , Fujimori Ken , Nakano Minoru
Published: August 2003

Bacteria ingested by a neutrophil are located in phagosomes in which H2O2 is produced through the NADPH oxidase‐dependent respiratory burst. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays important role in the bactericidal action of phagosomes. MPO catalyses the reaction of H2O2 and Cl− to produce HClO. The chemical mechanism behind the bactericidal action of the MPO–H2O2–Cl− system is unclear. Bactericidal action may result from (a) the direct reactions of HOCl with biological components (through amine chlorination) or (b) 1O2, formed non‐enzymatically from HOCl and H2O2, that mainly works to kill microorganisms through bacterial respiratory chain injury. To answer this question, we developed a Cypridina luciferin analogue (MCLA)‐dependent chemiluminescence method to determine the rate of formation of 1O2 from a 1O2 source at pH 4.5–9.0. Using the MCLA‐dependent chemiluminescence method, we found that the rate of formation of 1O2 from the MPO–H2O2–Cl− system peaked at pH 7.0. Segal et al. (28) reported that almost all Staphylococcus aureus is killed 2 min after phagocytosis by neutophils where the phagosomal pH is 7.4–7.75. However, amine chlorination by HOCl did not proceed at pH > 7.0. Moreover, the bactericidal activities of the MPO–H2O2–Cl− system with Escherichia coli at pH 4.5 and 8.0 were paralleled by the rate of formation of 1O2. Combining these observations and the results reported by Segal et al., we concluded that 1O2 is a major chemical species in the killing of bacteria in neutrophil phagosomes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of quinones and phenols on the triple‐enzyme bioluminescent system with protease
Authors: Kudryasheva N. S. , Esimbekova E. N. , Remmel N. N. , Kratasyuk V. A. , Visser A. J. W. G. , van Hoek A.
Published: August 2003

The study addressed the effects of redox‐active compounds on trypsin activity. Series of organic oxidizers (quinones) and reducers (phenols) were chosen as model redox‐active compounds. Trypsin activity was quantiﬁed by bioluminescent technique. Interactions of these compounds with trypsin were studied by ﬂuorescent and light absorption methods. Luminescence intensity decay constants in the reduced nicotinamidadeninedinucleotide (NADH): ﬂavinmononucleotide (FMN)‐oxidoreductase (R)–luciferase (L)–trypsin (T) (R + L + T) triple‐enzyme system were calculated and compared in the presence of different concentrations of quinones and phenols. The triple‐enzyme system was shown to be sensitive to quinones and not sensitive to phenols. It has been found that the effects produced by quinones on the coupled enzyme system (R + L) and on the trypsin molecule (T) are not related. The conclusions were extrapolated to the properties of other proteases and antiproteases. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genome‐wide analysis of the yeast transcriptome upon heat and cold shock
Authors: Becerra M. , Lombardía L. J. , González‐Siso M. I. , Rodríguez‐Belmonte E. , Hauser N. C. , Cerdán M. E.
Published: August 2003

DNA arrays were used to measure changes in transcript levels as yeast cells responded to temperature shocks. The number of genes upregulated by temperature shifts from 30 °C to 37 °C or 45 °C was correlated with the severity of the stress. Pre‐adaptation of cells, by growth at 37 °C previous to the 45 °C shift, caused a decrease in the number of genes related to this response. Heat shock also caused downregulation of a set of genes related to metabolism, cell growth and division, transcription, ribosomal proteins, protein synthesis and destination. Probably all of these responses combine to slow down cell growth and division during heat shock, thus saving energy for cell rescue. The presence of putative binding sites for Xbp1p in the promoters of these genes suggests a hypothetical role for this transcriptional repressor, although other mechanisms may be considered. The response to cold shock (4 °C) affected a small number of genes, but the vast majority of those genes induced by exposure to 4 °C were also induced during heat shock; these genes share in their promoters cis‐regulatory elements previously related to other stress responses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In silico identification of functional protein interfaces
Authors: Bell Rachel E. , Ben‐Tal Nir
Published: August 2003

Proteins perform many of their biological roles through protein–protein, protein–DNA or protein–ligand interfaces. The identification of the amino acids comprising these interfaces often enhances our understanding of the biological function of the proteins. Many methods for the detection of functional interfaces have been developed, and large‐scale analyses have provided assessments of their accuracy. Among them are those that consider the size of the protein interface, its amino acid composition and its physicochemical and geometrical properties. Other methods to this effect use statistical potential functions of pairwise interactions, and evolutionary information. The rationale of the evolutionary approach is that functional and structural constraints impose selective pressure; hence, biologically important interfaces often evolve at a slower pace than do other external regions of the protein. Recently, an algorithm, Rate4Site, and a web‐server, ConSurf (http://consurf.tau.ac.il/), for the identification of functional interfaces based on the evolutionary relations among homologous proteins as reflected in phylogenetic trees, were developed in our laboratory. The explicit use of the tree topology and branch lengths makes the method remarkably accurate and sensitive. Here we demonstrate its potency in the identification of the functional interfaces of a hypothetical protein, the structure of which was determined as part of the international structural genomics effort. Finally, we propose to combine complementary procedures, in order to enhance the overall performance of methods for the identification of functional interfaces in proteins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding and predicting protein assemblies with 3D structures
Authors: Aloy Patrick , Russell Robert B.
Published: August 2003

Protein interactions are central to most biological processes, and are currently the subject of great interest. Yet despite the many recently developed methods for interaction discovery, little attention has been paid to one of the best sources of data: complexes of known three‐dimensional (3D) structure. Here we discuss how such complexes can be used to study and predict protein interactions and complexes, and to interrogate interaction networks proposed by methods such as two‐hybrid screens or affinity purifications. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unravelling the ORFan puzzle
Authors: Siew Naomi , Fischer Daniel
Published: August 2003

ORFans are open reading frames (ORFs) with no detectable sequence similarity to any other sequence in the databases. Each newly sequenced genome contains a significant number of ORFans. Therefore, ORFans entail interesting evolutionary puzzles. However, little can be learned about them using bioinformatics tools, and their study seems to have been underemphasized. Here we present some of the questions that the existence of so many ORFans have raised and review some of the studies aimed at understanding ORFans, their functions and their origins. These works have demonstrated that ORFans are an untapped source of research, requiring further computational and experimental studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin lattice relaxation of spin‐½ nuclei in solids containing diluted paramagnetic impurity centers. I. Zeeman polarization of nuclear spin system
Authors: Reynhardt E.C.
Published: August 2003

Spin‐lattice relaxation mechanisms of nuclear spins in solids in the presence of low concentrations of paramagnetic centers are discussed. Apart from the electron spin‐lattice relaxation mechanism, three‐spin processes involving two electron spins and a nuclear spin may also play a role in the spin‐lattice relaxation of the nuclear spins. Nuclear spins that are close to a paramagnetic impurity center experience large local fields and do not contribute to the NMR signal. Only a small percentage of nuclear spins surrounding an impurity center are polarized directly. The majority of the nuclear spins are polarized by spin diffusion, which is a slow process. A brief overview of a number of paramagnetic impurity centers, which are common in natural diamond, is given and experimental 13C spin‐lattice relaxation times for a suite of natural diamonds are compared with calculated values. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 19A: 20–35, 2003.
Spin‐lattice relaxation of spin‐½ nuclei in solids containing diluted paramagnetic impurity centers. II. Dynamic polarization of nuclear spin system by thermal mixing and solid‐state effect
Authors: Reynhardt E.C.
Published: August 2003

Dynamic nuclear polarization of nuclear spins via the solid‐state and thermal mixing effects is discussed. Continuous‐wave S‐ and X‐band microwave radiation have been employed to measure 13C signal enhancements and polarization times for 13C nuclei in a natural type Ib diamond as a function of magnetic field. It was found that thermal mixing plays an important role in the 13C signal enhancement because the central electron spin resonance (ESR) line width HL ≃ H0γC/γe, resulting in flip‐flip and flip‐flop forbidden transitions taking place simultaneously. On the other hand, the 13C spin‐lattice relaxation rate is determined to a large extent by the solid‐state effect (forbidden transitions). 13C polarization rates have also been measured for a suite of natural diamonds. It is shown that the polarization rate is proportional to the paramagnetic impurity concentration, in agreement with the theory. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 19A: 36–43, 2003.
Spin‐lattice relaxation of spin‐½ nuclei in solids containing diluted paramagnetic impurity centers. III. Dynamic polarization of nuclear spin system by nuclear orientation via electron spin locking
Authors: Reynhardt E.C.
Published: August 2003

Dynamic nuclear polarization of nuclei by means of paramagnetic electron spin locking (Hartmann‐Hahn cross‐polarization between paramagnetic electrons and nuclei, or NOVEL) is discussed. The theory is demonstrated by experiments executed at 2.4 and 9.6 GHz on a natural type Ib diamond. It is shown that the 13C polarization rate is independent of the microwave frequency, in agreement with theory. NOVEL polarization takes place only while the spin‐locking pulse is on. The rate at which the nuclei are polarized is proportional to the electron polarization in the rotating frame. Therefore, the length of the spin‐locking pulse is limited by the value of T1ρ(e), and because T1ρ(e) ≪ T1(e) for diamond the effective NOVEL polarization rate of 13C nuclei is usually relatively low. A comparison between the relative effectiveness of 13C polarization rates between NOVEL and the solid‐state effect is made for high and low paramagnetic impurity concentrations. The dependence of the 13C polarization rate on the paramagnetic impurity concentration has been determined for a suite of natural diamonds. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 19A: 44–49, 2003.
NMR spectroscopy in the study of carbohydrates: Characterizing the structural complexity
Authors: Bubb William A.
Published: August 2003

The combination of structural diversity at several levels and limited chemical shift dispersion ensures that NMR spectra of carbohydrates are relatively difficult to interpret. This introduction to applications of NMR spectroscopy for the study of carbohydrates provides guidelines for interpretation of their 1‐ and 2‐D spectra against a background of their tautomeric, configurational, and conformational equilibria in solution and consideration of their biosynthetic diversity. The influence of structural features on chemical shifts and coupling constants is illustrated by the consequences for both homo‐ and heteronuclear 2‐D NMR spectra. Some applications of NMR spectroscopy for studies of carbohydrate metabolism are briefly considered. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 19A: 1–19, 2003.
Development of galanin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), with some observations on sexual dimorphism
Authors: Rodríguez Miguel Angel , Anadón Ramón , Rodríguez‐Moldes Isabel
Published: August 2003

The development of galanin‐like immunoreactive (GAL‐ir) cells and fibers was investigated in the brain of brown trout embryos, alevins, juveniles, and adults (some spontaneously releasing their gametes). The earliest GAL‐ir neurons appeared in the preoptic region and the primordial hypothalamic lobe of 12‐mm embryos. After hatching, new GAL‐ir neurons appeared in the lateral, anterior, and posterior tuberal nuclei, and in late alevins, GAL‐ir neurons appeared in the area postrema. In juveniles, further GAL‐ir populations appeared in the nucleus subglomerulosus and magnocellular preoptic nucleus. The GAL‐ir neuronal groups present in juveniles were also observed in sexually mature adults, although the area postrema of males lacked immunoreactive neurons. Moreover, spawning males exhibited GAL‐ir somata in the olfactory bulb and habenula, which were never observed in adult females or in developing stages. In adults, numerous GAL‐ir fibers were observed in the ventral telencephalon, preoptic area, hypothalamus, neurohypophysis, mesencephalic tegmentum, ventral rhombencephalon, and area postrema. Moderate to low GAL‐ir innervation was seen in the olfactory bulbs, dorsomedial telencephalon, epithalamus, medial thalamus, optic tectum, cerebellum, and rhombencephalic alar plate. There were large differences among regions in the GAL‐ir innervation establishment time. In embryos, GAL‐ir fibers appeared in the preoptic area and hypothalamus, indicating early expression of galanin in hypophysiotrophic centers. The presence of galanin immunoreactivity in the olfactory, reproductive, visual, and sensory–motor centers of the brain suggest that galanin is involved in many other brain functions. Furthermore, the distribution of GAL‐ir elements observed throughout trout development indicates that galaninergic system maturation continues until sexual maturity. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:263–285, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential rostral projections of caudal brainstem neurons receiving trigeminal input after masseter inflammation
Authors: Ikeda Tetsuya , Terayama Ryuji , Jue Seong‐Suk , Sugiyo Shinichi , Dubner Ronald , Ren Ke
Published: August 2003

To understand the functional significance of orofacial injury‐induced neuronal activation, this study examined the rostral projection of caudal brainstem neurons that were activated by masseteric inflammation. Rats were injected with a retrograde tracer, Fluorogold, into the nucleus submedius of the thalamus (Sm), parabrachial nucleus (PB), lateral hypothalamus (LH), or medial ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VPM) 7 days before injection of an inflammatory agent, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), into the masseter muscle. Rats were perfused at 2 hours after inflammation, and brainstem tissues were processed for Fos‐Fluorogold double immunocytochemistry. Although there was no difference in Fos expression among the four groups (n = 4 per site), the rostral projection of Fos‐positive neurons showed dramatic differences. In the ventral portion of the trigeminal subnuclei interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) transition zone, the percentage of Fos‐positive neurons projecting to the Sm (39.7%) was significantly higher than that projecting to the LH (5.4%) or VPM (5.6%; P < .001). The anesthesia alone also induced Fos expression in ventral Vi/Vc neurons, but these neurons did not project to Sm. In the caudal laminated Vc and dorsal Vi/Vc, the PB was the major site of rostral projection of Fos‐positive neurons. In the caudal ventrolateral medulla and nucleus tractus solitarius, Fos‐positive neurons projected to the Sm, PB, and LH. Most VPM‐projecting neurons examined did not show Fos‐like immunoreactivity after masseter inflammation. These findings emphasize the importance of the trigeminal Vi/Vc transition zone in response to orofacial deep tissue injury. Furthermore, the results differentiate the ventral and dorsal portions of the Vi/Vc transition zone, in that the Sm received projection mainly from activated neurons in the ventral Vi/Vc. The activation of Vi/Vc neurons and associated ascending pathways may facilitate somatoautonomic and somatovisceral integration and descending pain modulation after orofacial deep tissue injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:220–233, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.