bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria, cblC type. I. Clinical presentations, diagnosis and management
Authors: Carrillo‐Carrasco Nuria , Chandler Randy J. , Venditti Charles P.
Published: July 2011

Combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria, cblC type, is an inborn error of intracellular cobalamin metabolism with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that is stated to be the most common inherited disorder of cobalamin metabolism. This metabolic disease is caused by mutations in the MMACHC gene and results in impaired intracellular synthesis of adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin, cofactors for the methylmalonyl‐CoA mutase and methionine synthase enzymes. Elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine with decreased methionine production are the biochemical hallmarks of this disorder. Awareness of the diverse clinical presentations associated with cblC disease is necessary to provide a timely diagnosis, to guide management of affected individuals and to establish a framework for the future treatment of individuals detected through expanded newborn screening. This article reviews the biochemistry, clinical presentations, genotype‐phenotype correlations, diagnosis and management of cblC disease.
Surgical Management for Malignant Tumors of the Thumb
Authors: Puhaindran Mark E. , Rothrock Corey P. , Athanasian Edward A.
Published: July 2011

Background

Malignant tumors of the thumb can be treated surgically with either wide local excision with reconstruction or amputation. Local excision of tumors in the thumb and hand often requires closer resection margin than at other sites, and there is also a need for tissue transfer from a donor site for reconstruction. Primary thumb amputation allows local tumor control while avoiding donor-site morbidity, but comes at great functional cost. We conducted this retrospective case review to assess the outcomes of thumb-sparing wide excisions and primary thumb amputations for malignant thumb tumors.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 23 patients who were surgically treated for malignant tumors of the thumb at our center from 1996 to 2005. We reviewed patient demographics, tumor pathology, extent of resection, postoperative margin status, adjuvant therapy, recurrence, and survival. Functional outcomes were scored using the Muscular Skeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) rating system.

Results

Twenty-three patients underwent definitive surgery: 14 thumb-sparing wide excisions and 9 amputations (five at the interphalangeal joint, three at the metacarpophalangeal joint, and one at the forearm). Median follow-up was 58 months (range, 5–156 months). All patients had negative margins. One patient developed a local tumor recurrence (following below-elbow amputation for a soft tissue sarcoma) while three patients developed distant metastases and died from their disease (two patients had melanomas and one had a soft tissue sarcoma). The median MSTS functional score was 28 (IQR, 27–29) for the entire cohort. Two patients that underwent amputation at the metcarpophalangeal joint without reconstruction had the lowest scores of 11 and 17.

Conclusion

There was a low incidence of local recurrence and distant metastasis in this study, and these events appeared to be related to the underlying disease rather than the surgery performed. Thumb-sparing wide excision and amputation at the interphalangeal joint both give acceptable functional outcomes, though reconstruction should be strongly considered for patients undergoing amputation at the metacarpophalangeal joint.
Operating Department Practice A-Z
Authors: Williams Tom , Smith Brian
Published: July 2011

The role of the operating department practitioner has evolved considerably in recent years, and both trainee and practising ODPs need a practical, up-to-date resource on terminology and current practice. Each entry in the second edition of Operating Department Practice A-Z has been fully updated and contains both a short definition and a more detailed description of the term or procedure, with supporting information to give the reader a deeper understanding of the field. In addition, the book contains useful appendices on medical terminology and abbreviations, normal values, medical and scientific symbols, and a list of useful websites for further reference. Written by two of the UK's most experienced Operating Department Practice lecturers, Operating Department Practice A-Z, second edition provides practical, concise information for all peri-operative staff members.
Social Psychology
Authors: Eiser J. Richard
Published: July 2011

Written principally for students at the intermediate level, this text provides a broad critical review of the various empirical and theoretical traditions from which contemporary social psychology derives and, as the subtitle implies, offers balanced (though necessarily selective) insights into the perspectives that different researchers have adopted. It derives from J. Richard Eiser's previous textbook, Cognitive social psychology, which has been thoroughly revised and reorganized, incorporating fresh material that reflects the changes that have been taking place in the field since the beginning of the decade. The approach is broadly cognitive, though by no means narrowly so, the three main parts - 'Attitudes', 'Judgement and Interference' and 'Identity and Interaction' - indicating the principal emphases. Although it is North American research that has made the greatest contribution to our understanding of social behaviour, significant European work is not neglected in Richard Eiser's exposition. It is this awareness of the dynamism of the field and of the cross-fertilization taking place between different disciplines that gives this text its distinctive flavour and attraction for students and professionals alike.
Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety
Authors: Dodds E. R.
Published: July 2011

Interest in the world of Late Antiquity is currently undergoing a significant revival, and in this provocative book, now reissued in paperback, E. R. Dodds anticipated some of the themes now engaging scholars. There is abundant material for the study of religious experience in late antiquity, and through it Professor Dodds examines, from a sociological and psychological standpoint, the personal religious attitudes and experiences common to pagans and Christians in the period between Marcus Aurelius and Constantine. He looks first at general attitudes to the world and the human condition before turning to specific types of human experience. World-hatred and asceticism, dreams and states of possession, and pagan and Christian mysticism are all discussed. Finally Dodds considers both pagan views of Christianity and Christian views of paganism as they emerge in the literature of the time. Although primarily written for social and religious historians, this study will also appeal to all those interested in the ancient world and its thought.
The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon
Authors: Moule C. F. D.
Published: July 2011

This is a theological commentary on the Greek text; on the foundation of linguistic detail is based a doctrinal exposition. The first section of the Introduction is on the religious ideas of the epistles, and frequent allusion is made throughout the commentary to works on New Testament theology. There are special notes on many of the important theological terms such as 'knowledge', 'mystery', pleroma, as well as on linguistic points, such as the use of the reflexive pronoun. But attention is devoted also to critical and introductory matters, and this is, it is believed, the first commentary on Colossians and Philemon to discuss in some detail the theories of Professors E. J. Goodspeed and J. Knox. The commentary is documented with references to works in English, French and German, for those who wish to follow up the study in greater detail. But the aim has been to make the exposition as far as possible self-contained and intelligible to a reader with no other books before him than the New Testament in Greek and the Old Testament in English.
The Diagnosis of Psychosis
Authors: Cardinal Rudolf N. , Bullmore Edward T.
Published: July 2011

Psychosis has many causes. Psychiatrists typically receive the most thorough training in its diagnosis, but the diagnosis of psychosis secondary to nonpsychiatric conditions is not often emphasized. An understanding of the underlying cause of psychosis is important for effective management. The Diagnosis of Psychosis bridges the gap between psychiatry and medicine, providing a comprehensive review of primary and secondary causes of psychosis. It covers both common and rare causes in a clinically focused guide. Useful both for teaching and reference, the text covers physical and mental state examination, describes key investigations, and summarizes the non-psychiatric features of medical conditions causing psychosis. Particularly relevant for psychiatrists and trainees in psychiatry, this volume will also assist neurologists and general physicians who encounter psychosis in their practice.
A Discourse on the Studies of the University of Cambridge
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: July 2011

Adam Sedgwick (1785–1873) was Professor of Geology at Cambridge from 1818, and in 1819 helped to found the Cambridge Philosophical Society. The 'Discourse' at the heart of this book first appeared in 1833. In it he urged students to develop their characters in this 'place of sound learning and Christian education'. He describes the subjects studied in the university - the 'laws of nature', ancient literature and language, and ethics and metaphysics - and their purpose in the service of God. By the time this fifth edition was published in 1850, however, the book had (as Charles Darwin put it in a letter to the author) 'wonderfully grown', with a Preface of 422 pages and an appendix, ranging very widely over the scientific and philosophical debates of the day, as well as ethics and religion. It provides a fascinating overview of a period of scientific revolution for historians of science and education.
Mirabilia Descripta
Authors: Jordanus Catalani
Published: July 2011

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume contains the first English translation (in 1863) of a Latin manuscript written in about 1330 and published in France in 1839. Jordanus was a Dominican missionary to India, who became bishop of Columbum (probably a town on the Malabar coast). He recorded anything he thought noteworthy on his travels from the Mediterranean to India via Persia and back again, and his remarks on the climate, produce, people and customs of the countries he passed through are a valuable source of information.
The Scientific Papers of Sir George Darwin
Authors: Darwin George Howard
Published: July 2011

Sir George Darwin (1845–1912) was the second son of Charles Darwin. After studying mathematics at Cambridge he read for the Bar, but soon returned to science and to Cambridge, where in 1883 he was appointed Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy. His work was concerned primarily with the effect of the sun and moon on tidal forces on Earth, and with the theoretical cosmogony which evolved from practical observation: he formulated the fission theory of the formation of the moon (that the moon was formed from still-molten matter pulled away from the Earth by solar tides). He also developed a theory of evolution for the Sun–Earth–Moon system based on mathematical analysis in geophysical theory. This volume, published in 1916 after the author's death, includes a biographical memoir by his brother Sir Francis Darwin, his inaugural lecture and his lectures on George W. Hill's lunar theory.
A Book of Sibyls
Authors: Ritchie Anne Thackeray
Published: July 2011

Anne Thackeray Ritchie (1837–1919) was a writer and the eldest daughter of the novelist W. M. Thackeray. She had a tumultuous childhood: her mother suffered from depression and was eventually committed to a sanatorium, and the family experienced poverty before her father's literary success. Anne was extremely close to her father, who admired her intellect and encouraged her writing. When he died, Anne set up house with her sister Harriet and her brother-in-law, the literary journalist Leslie Stephen. Anne's novels were serialised in the Cornhill Magazine, which her father had edited, and their success established her literary reputation. A Book of Sibyls is Anne's study of four female writers: the poet Anna Laetitia Barbauld and the novelists Amelia Opie, Maria Edgeworth and Jane Austen. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=ritcan
Guide to Windermere
Authors: Martineau Harriet
Published: July 2011

Described by George Eliot as 'the only English woman that possesses thoroughly the art of writing', Harriet Martineau held a prominent position in the intellectual life of Victorian culture. This 1854 guide to Windermere was the first in her series of guides to the Lake District, leading eventually to her hugely successful Complete Guide to the English Lakes. In this Guide, Martineau engages with the emerging industry of literary tourism, and describes why the thriving village of Windermere warranted a 'new guide book'. She appreciatively details the natural features of the district and its architecture, and presents accounts of scenic walks and day tours to the neighbouring lakes, combining practical information with literary passages of description. An outstanding woman of her time, Martineau followed in Wordsworth's footsteps by fusing her identity with the local landscape of the Lake District, continuing its rich literary associations.
The Application of the Precautionary Principle in Practice
Authors: Zander Joakim
Published: July 2011

This overview of the role played by the precautionary principle in international trade law, European law and national law compares how precautionary considerations have been applied in the fields of pesticide regulation and the regulation of base stations for mobile telephones in Sweden, the UK and the US. A number of problems in the current application of the precautionary principle are identified and discussed. For example, it is shown that a firm reliance on a wide and open-ended precautionary principle may lead to problems with the consistency, foreseeability, effectiveness and efficiency of measures intended to reduce environmental or health risks. It is suggested that the precautionary principle indeed may be an important tool, but that in order to be acceptable it must be coupled with strong requirements on the performance of risk assessments, cost/benefit analyses and risk trade-off analyses.
Arabic Proverbs
Authors: Burckhardt John Lewis
Published: July 2011

John Lewis Burckhardt (1784–1817) was a Swiss explorer who is best remembered for his rediscovery of the ancient city of Petra in modern Jordan. In 1809 he was commissioned by the African Association to discover the source of the River Niger. In preparation for this journey, for which he needed to pass as a Muslim, Burckhardt spent two years exploring and studying Arabic and Islamic law in Aleppo, before travelling widely in Arabia and Egypt. This volume, first published posthumously in 1830 by the African Association, contains a collection of Arabic proverbs. The main group derives from an eighteenth-century collection, to which Burckhardt added proverbs he had heard during his residence in Cairo. Given in both Cairene Arabic and English, with Burckhardt's explanations of the context in which they were used, these proverbs provide a valuable source for the language and culture of nineteenth-century Cairo.
Rigidity in Higher Rank Abelian Group Actions
Authors: Katok Anatole , Niţică Viorel
Published: July 2011

This self-contained monograph presents rigidity theory for a large class of dynamical systems, differentiable higher rank hyperbolic and partially hyperbolic actions. This first volume describes the subject in detail and develops the principal methods presently used in various aspects of the rigidity theory. Part I serves as an exposition and preparation, including a large collection of examples that are difficult to find in the existing literature. Part II focuses on cocycle rigidity, which serves as a model for rigidity phenomena as well as a useful tool for studying them. The book is an ideal reference for applied mathematicians and scientists working in dynamical systems and a useful introduction for graduate students interested in entering the field. Its wealth of examples also makes it excellent supplementary reading for any introductory course in dynamical systems.
Handbook for Academic Authors
Authors: Luey Beth
Published: July 2011

Whether you are a graduate student seeking to publish your first article, a new Ph.D. revising your dissertation for publication, or an experienced author working on a new monograph, textbook, or digital publication, Handbook for Academic Authors provides reliable, concise advice about selecting the best publisher for your work, maintaining an optimal relationship with your publisher, submitting manuscripts to book and journal publishers, working with editors, navigating the production process, and helping to market your book. It also offers information about illustrations, indexes, permissions, and contracts and includes a chapter on revising dissertations and one on the financial aspects of publishing. The book covers not only scholarly monographs but also textbooks, anthologies, multiauthor books, and trade books. This fifth edition has been revised and updated to align with new technological and financial realities, taking into account the impact of digital technology and the changes it has made in authorship and publishing.
Personality: Determinants, Dynamics, and Potentials
Authors: Caprara Gian Vittorio , Cervone Daniel
Published: July 2011

Personality: Determinants, Dynamics and Potentials, first published in 2000, is a comprehensive survey of research and theory in personality psychology. The book provides balanced coverage of biological, cognitive, affective, social, and interpersonal determinants of personality functioning and individual differences. The authors organize these factors within an overarching theoretical framework that highlights the dynamic transactions between individuals and the sociocultural environment, and the human capacities for self-reflection and self-regulation. The book's broad, integrative approach to the study of personality reveals how advances throughout the psychological sciences illuminate the classic questions of personality psychology. The volume is designed as a textbook for advanced-level courses and as a reference for professionals in psychology and related disciplines. The book meets personality psychology's need for an integrative analysis of the field that reviews recent advances, places them in their historical context, and identifies particularly promising avenues for the discipline's future development.
Edmund Burke and the Art of Rhetoric
Authors: Bullard Paddy
Published: July 2011

Edmund Burke ranks among the most accomplished orators ever to debate in the British Parliament. But often his eloquence has been seen to compromise his achievements as a political thinker. In the first full-length account of Burke's rhetoric, Bullard argues that Burke's ideas about civil society, and particularly about the process of political deliberation, are, for better or worse, shaped by the expressiveness of his language. Above all, Burke's eloquence is designed to express ethos or character. This rhetorical imperative is itself informed by Burke's argument that the competency of every political system can be judged by the ethical knowledge that the governors have of both the people that they govern and of themselves. Bullard finds the intellectual roots of Burke's 'rhetoric of character' in early modern moral and aesthetic philosophy, and traces its development through Burke's parliamentary career to its culmination in his masterpiece, Reflections on the Revolution in France.
Axiomatic Theories of Truth
Authors: Halbach Volker
Published: July 2011

At the centre of the traditional discussion of truth is the question of how truth is defined. Recent research, especially with the development of deflationist accounts of truth, has tended to take truth as an undefined primitive notion governed by axioms, while the liar paradox and cognate paradoxes pose problems for certain seemingly natural axioms for truth. In this book, Volker Halbach examines the most important axiomatizations of truth, explores their properties and shows how the logical results impinge on the philosophical topics related to truth. In particular, he shows that the discussion on topics such as deflationism about truth depends on the solution of the paradoxes. His book is an invaluable survey of the logical background to the philosophical discussion of truth, and will be indispensable reading for any graduate or professional philosopher in theories of truth.
Crafting Strategy
Authors: Heracleous Loizos , Jacobs Claus D.
Published: July 2011

The rationalist approach to strategizing emphasizes analytical and convergent thinking. Without denying the importance of this approach, this book argues that strategists must learn to complement it with a more creative approach to strategizing that emphasizes synthetic and divergent ways of thinking. The theoretical underpinnings of this approach include embodied realism, interpretivism, practice theory, theory of play, design thinking, as well as discursive approaches such as metaphorical analysis, narrative analysis, dialogical analysis and hermeneutics. The book includes in-depth discussions of these theories and shows how they can be put into practice by presenting detailed analyses of embodied metaphors built by groups of agents with step-by-step explanations of how this process can be implemented and facilitated. The link between theory and practice is further supported by the inclusion of several vignettes that describe how this approach has been successfully employed in a number of organizations, including BASF and UNICEF.
Advancing Variable Star Astronomy
Authors: Williams Thomas R. , Saladyga Michael
Published: July 2011

Founded in 1911, the AAVSO boasts over 1200 members and observers and is the world's largest non-profit organization dedicated to variable star observation. This timely book marks the AAVSO's centennial year, presenting an authoritative and accurate history of this important association. Writing in an engaging and accessible style, the authors move chronologically through five eras of the AAVSO, discussing the evolution of its structure and purpose. Throughout the text, the main focus is on the thousands of individuals whose contributions have made the AAVSO's progress possible. Describing a century of interaction between amateur and professional astronomers, the authors celebrate the collaborative relationships that have existed over the years. As the definitive history of the first hundred years of the AAVSO, this text has broad appeal and will be of interest to amateur and professional astronomers, as well as historians and sociologists of science in general.
Contrasting settings of serpentinite bodies in the northwestern Zagros Suture Zone, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Authors: AZIZ NABAZ R. H. , ASWAD KHALID J. A. , KOYI HEMIN A.
Published: July 2011

Protrusions and lenses of serpentinite–matrix mélanges occur at several places along the thrust faults of the Zagros Suture Zone. They separate the lower allochthonous thrust sheet, the ‘Lower Allochthon’ (i.e. Walash–Naopurdan nappe), of Paleocene–Eocene age from sediments of the Arabian platform and the upper thrust sheet of Mesozoic, ophiolite-bearing terranes termed the ‘Upper Allochthon’ (i.e. Gemo–Qandil nappe). The serpentinite–matrix mélanges occur mostly as stretched bodies (slices) on both sides of the Lower Allochthon (Hero, Halsho and Pushtashan (HHP) and Galalah, Qalander and Rayat (GQR)). Their overall chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns form two main groups. Group One exhibits enrichment in the total REEs (> 1 × chondrite) whereas the Group Two pattern shows depletion (i.e. < 1 × chondrite). Bulk-rock MORB-normalized profiles of Group Two are almost flat in the MREE–HREE region with flattening profiles in the Gd–Lu range (> 3 times the MORB composition). In comparison with Group One, Group Two has extremely high REE content and displays variable depletions in the moderately incompatible high-field-strength elements (HFSEs) (Zr, Hf, Y) relative to their adjacent REEs. The REEs in the GQR serpentinite–matrix mélanges have a noticeably high LREE content, and a positive Eu anomaly, and their HREE content never reaches more than 1 × chondrite (i.e. < 0.01 to 1 × chondrite). The latter indicates that the hemipelagic sedimentary, melt-like components (i.e. high LREE, U/La, La/Sm and low Ba/Th) control the geochemical peculiarities of this type of serpentinite. The HHP serpentinite–matrix mélanges, however, are either equally divided between the two REE pattern groups (e.g. Hero, Halsho) or inclined towards Group One (e.g. Pushtashan). Contrary to GQR serpentinites, the variation in HHP serpentinite–matrix mélanges spans a compositional spectrum from U/La-rich to more Ba/Th-rich. Such ratio variations reflect the large variation in these two subducted sedimentary components (i.e. carbonate and hemipelagic sediment mix). The obvious differences in the trace element signatures of the GQR and HHP serpentinite–matrix mélanges might be related to plate tectonic parameters such as convergence rate, subduction age and thickness and type of subducted slab. It is more likely that the influx of subducted components to the mantle wedge relied heavily on the composition of the sedimentary inputs. These vary considerably with time from the relatively deepwater hemipelagic sediments (Qulqula Radiolarite Formation) to platform carbonate sediments (Balambo limestone). The trace element signatures of the GQR and HHP serpentinite–matrix mélanges might suggest multi-staging of the allochthonous sheet emplacement on the Arabian platform sediments.
Quantification of left-to-right shunt through patent ductus arteriosus by colour Doppler in children admitted for a device closure
Authors: Harling Solweig , Jansson Tomas , El-Segaier Milad , Pesonen Erkki
Published: July 2011

Purpose

Our animal model suggests that quantification of ductal flow from colour Doppler pixels is possible. We aimed to clarify whether this method can be used to determine a clinically significant ductal shunt in children.

Methods

We retrospectively quantified ductal flow from saved images from 20 children who had been admitted for device occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus. Colour Doppler images over the main stem of the pulmonary artery were obtained in longitudinal cross-sections. The colour pixel percentages during diastole, representing ductal flow, were correlated with the documented shunt, measured invasively according to Fick's principle.

Results

The ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow correlated best with the sum of the percentages of green colour pixels (r = 0.73, r2 = 0.54, p < 0.001). When the shunt was 1.5:1 or more, 12 out of 13 infants had 50% or more of the region of interest covered with green pixels – sensitivity 92%, specificity 71%. The correlation between ductal diameter and pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio was less significant (r = 0.6, r2 = 0.37, p < 0.03).

Conclusions

We conclude that clinically significant shunts with pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio over 1.5 can be diagnosed with this method where neither the size of the patient nor echocardiographic settings seem to be critical. The method could be used to provide an objective indication for ductal closure, but further prospective studies in children are needed to verify the power of the method.
Tuning indirect-drive implosions using cone power balance
Authors: Kyrala G. A. , Seifter A. , Kline J. L. , Goldman S. R. , Batha S. H. , Hoffman N. M.
Published: July 2011

We demonstrate indirect-drive implosion symmetry tuning in a vacuum hohlraum 6.6 mm in length and 3.56 mm in diameter with a CH capsule 6.38 μm in thickness and 1414 μm in diameter, scaled roughly 0.7 × from a National ignition facility (NIF) [E. Moses and C. R. Wuest, Fusion Sci. Technol. 47, 314 (2005)] The hohlraums have radiation drives of 117 ± 4 eV relevant to conditions for the first ∼1 ns of ignition experiments. By varying the relative ratio of the energy between inner and outer beam cones illuminating the hohlraum at OMEGA [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. the shape of the x-ray self-emission, and hence the shape of the emitting object, can be tuned from prolate to oblate. The second-order Legendre coefficient, used to characterize the shape, changes from a negative to a positive value at the time of peak x-ray emission during the implosion through the variation of the cone power balance. With the appropriate selection of the cone power balance, the implosion can be tuned to produce a spherical implosion. Using capsules with thicker walls, this technique can be extended to measure the drive symmetry at later times as the length of the drive pulse is increased [N. M. Hoffman et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 112, 022075 (2008); N. M. Hoffman et al., Phys. Plasmas 3, 2022 (1996)].
Solvation of atomic fluorine in bulk superfluid 4He
Authors: Eloranta J.
Published: July 2011

Bosonic density functional theory calculations are carried out for fluorine atoms solvated in superfluid 4He with an emphasis on the formation of dimer species in the liquid. Atomic fluorine displays relatively strong bonding and an anisotropic interaction with helium, so that the resulting solvation structure contains highly localized liquid helium layers. These solvent layers modify the gas-phase dimer potentials by adding a recombination barrier, which stabilizes the solvated fluorine atoms. At 0 K and saturated vapor pressure, the recombination barrier for formation of molecular fluorine (2Σg+) in superfluid helium is predicted to be 26.8 K. At temperatures below 1 K, this barrier prevents F-F recombination, as all the other electronic states correlating with the ground state atoms are essentially repulsive. It is concluded that it should be possible to stabilize fluorine atoms in superfluid helium below 1 K.
Negative ions in liquid helium
Authors: Khrapak A. G. , Schmidt W. F.
Published: July 2011

The structure of negative ions in liquid 4He is analyzed. The possibility of cluster or bubble formation around impurity ions of both signs is discussed. It is shown that in superfluid helium, bubbles form around negative alkaline earth metal ions and clusters form around halogen ions. The nature of "fast" and "exotic" negative ions is also discussed. It is assumed that "fast" ions are negative ions of helium excimer molecules localized inside bubbles. "Exotic" ions are stable negative impurity ions, which are always present in small amounts in gas discharge plasmas. Bubbles or clusters with radii smaller the radius of electron bubbles develop around these ions.
The mechanism for the suppression of leakage current in high dielectric TiO2 thin films by adopting ultra-thin HfO2 films for memory application
Authors: Seo Minha , Ho Rha Sang , Keun Kim Seong , Hwan Han Jeong , Lee Woongkyu , Han Sora , Seong Hwang Cheol
Published: July 2011

The electrical leakage current of thin rutile structured TiO2 films deposited by atomic layer deposition on a Ru electrode was enormously reduced by depositing an extremely thin HfO2 (< 1 nm) on top. The sacrifice of the capacitance density by the HfO2 was minimized. The leakage mechanism analysis on the Pt/TiO2/Ru and Pt/HfO2/TiO2/Ru structures revealed that the improvement in leakage current was attributed to the reduction of defect (trap) density in the TiO2 film. The interfacial potential barrier height for electron transport in thinner (∼ 10 nm) TiO2 films was lower than that of thicker (∼ 20 nm) TiO2 films, which resulted in a higher leakage current in these films. The capping of ultra-thin (∼ 0.7 nm) HfO2 films effectively increased the potential barrier height, and the leakage current was decreased accordingly. The leakage current behavior was systematically analyzed from quantum mechanical transport simulations.
Optical properties of MgZnO alloys: Excitons and exciton-phonon complexes
Authors: Neumann M. D. , Cobet C. , Esser N. , Laumer B. , Wassner T. A. , Eickhoff M. , Feneberg M. , Goldhahn R.
Published: July 2011

The characteristics of the excitonic absorption and emission around the fundamental bandgap of wurtzite MgxZn1−xO grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy with Mg contents between x = 0 and x = 0.23 are studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The ellipsometric data were analyzed using a multilayer model yielding the dielectric function (DF). The imaginary part of the DF for the alloys exhibits a pronounced feature which is attributed to exciton-phonon coupling (EPC) similar to the previously reported results for ZnO. Thus, in order to determine reliable transition energies, the spectral dependence is analyzed by a model which includes free excitonic lines, the exciton continuum, and the enhanced absorption due to EPC. A line shape analysis of the temperature-dependent PL spectra yielded in particular the emission-related free excitonic transition energies, which are compared to the results from the DF line-shape analysis. The PL linewidth is discussed within the framework of an alloy disorder model.
Faraday rotator properties of {Tb3}[Sc1.95Lu0.05](Al3)O12, a highly transparent terbium-garnet for visible-infrared optical isolators
Authors: Víllora Encarnación G. , Molina Pablo , Nakamura Masaru , Shimamura Kiyoshi , Hatanaka Tsubasa , Funaki Akiharu , Naoe Kunihiro
Published: July 2011

The optical and magneto-optical properties of the {Tb3}[Sc1.95Lu0.05](Al3)O12 garnet (TSLAG) crystal are analyzed in detailed and compared with those of the reference compound Tb3Ga5O12 (TGG). TSLAG presents a very high transmittance, particularly higher than that of TGG in the visible region, and its Verdet constant is 20% larger at any wavelength. The figure of merit and extinction features point out the superior characteristics of TSLAG respect to TGG. A prototype, polarization independent optical isolator based on a TSLAG rotator is demonstrated at 1080 nm. Its performance confirms the high optical quality of this crystal, indicating its mature development for Faraday rotator applications.
The role of interpreters in the conquest and acculturation of the Canary Archipelago
Authors: Sarmiento Pérez Marcos
Published: July 2011

From the mid-fourteenth century to the end of the fifteenth, the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula used the Canary Archipelago as a testing ground for their later conquests and colonization in the Americas. Numerous interpreters, among them many women, enabled communication between Europeans, indigenous islanders, and groups on the North African coast. The paper describes the linguistic context of their work and how it related to the successive stages of conquest and acculturation. Attempts are made to identify the interpreters, to explain how they learned their languages, to analyze the situations in which they participated and to assess the philosophical precepts that may initially have guided their training. These factors are used to group the interpreters into various categories.
Other Spaces: migration, objects and archives
Authors: Duggan Jo-Anne , Gandolfo Enza
Published: July 2011

Other Spaces is a collaborative creative arts exhibition project that explores visual and material expressions of cultural identity with a particular focus on museum collections. This project aims to provide a rich examination – visual, emotional and intellectual – of the multiple cultural narratives that contribute to the social fabric of Australia through a unique marriage of contemporary photomedia and creative writing practice. This project explores the ways that migrants and refugees have found to express their cultural identity through the material objects they have brought with them to Australia. Many of these objects are not only of great personal value but often of cultural, historical and religious significance. Some are very ordinary everyday objects but they can be highly evocative and symbolic of the relationship between culture and identity, and between the places of origin and an individual's present home in Australia. This article, through a combination of photography, creative text and scholarly discussion, will focus specifically on Italo-Australian migrants and on some of the material objects that they have donated to museum collections, and use these objects to explore notions of cultural belonging and identity.
Labouring lives: the making of home eldercare assistants in Italy
Authors: Degiuli Francesca
Published: July 2011

This paper explores how im/migrant women coming to Italy from all corners of the world and from very different backgrounds in terms of class, education and work experience are transformed into home eldercare assistants. The paper explores how these workers are created through discourses and every day practices enforced at different levels: from the state to the employers, from the mediators to the workers themselves. The creation of these workers has a double function: one is to fill the needs of a welfare state that otherwise would have to radically transform itself in order to provide effective services to the elders and, the other, is to alleviate the pressures of those of the family caregivers, mostly women, who otherwise would collapse under the burden of extended care.
The meaning and role of the concepts of democracy and corporatism in Italian neo-fascist ideology (1945–1953)
Authors: Wolff Elisabetta Cassina
Published: July 2011

While caution, tactics and compromise characterised the political practice of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement in post-war Italy, a section of the Italian press took a less guarded approach to the 20-year regime (Fascism) and to fascism as a political idea (fascism). A lively debate began immediately after the death of Mussolini; Italians sympathetic to fascism opposed the new Italian republican settlement and their opinions were freely expressed in newspapers and magazines. Neo-fascism in Italy was represented by three main ideological currents (left-wing, moderate and right-wing), and this article gives an account of the different views of the issues of democracy and corporatism that were held by fascist loyalists. An extensive number of articles published in the period 1945–1953 are used as primary sources.
Why Process Matters for Causal Inference
Authors: Glynn Adam N. , Quinn Kevin M.
Published: July 2011

Our goal in this paper is to provide a formal explanation for how within-unit causal process information (i.e., data on posttreatment variables and partial information on posttreatment counterfactuals) can help to inform causal inferences relating to total effects—the overall effect of an explanatory variable on an outcome variable. The basic idea is that, in many applications, researchers may be able to make more plausible causal assumptions conditional on the value of a posttreatment variable than they would be able to do unconditionally. As data become available on a posttreatment variable, these conditional causal assumptions become active and information about the effect of interest is gained. This approach is most beneficial in situations where it is implausible to assume that treatment assignment is conditionally ignorable. We illustrate the approach with an example of estimating the effect of election day registration on turnout.
Thermally reversible colloidal gels for three-dimensional chondrocyte culture
Authors: Lapworth James W. , Hatton Paul V. , Goodchild Rebecca L. , Rimmer Stephen
Published: July 2011

Healthy cells are required in large numbers to form a tissue-engineered construct and primary cells must therefore be increased in number in a process termed ‘expansion’. There are significant problems with existing procedures, including cell injury and an associated loss of phenotype, but three-dimensional culture has been reported to offer a solution. Reversible gels, which allow for the recovery of cells after expansion would therefore have great value in the expansion of chondrocytes for tissue engineering applications, but they have received relatively little attention to date. In this study, we examined the synthesis and use of thermoresponsive polymers that form reversible three-dimensional gels for chondrocyte cell culture. A series of polymers comprising
N
-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and styrene was synthesized before studying their thermoresponsive solution behaviour and gelation. A poly(NIPAM-co-styrene-graft-
N
-vinylpyrrolidone) variant was also synthesized in order to provide increased water content. Both random- and graft-copolymers formed particulate gels above the lower critical solution temperature and, on cooling, re-dissolved to allow enzyme-free cell recovery. Chondrocytes remained viable in all of these materials for 24 days, increased in number and produced collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans.
Multi-symplectic formulation of near-local Hamiltonian balanced models
Authors: Delahaies Sylvain , Hydon Peter E.
Published: July 2011

We transform near-local Hamiltonian balanced models (HBMs) describing nearly geostrophic fluid motion (with constant Coriolis parameter) into multi-symplectic (MS) systems. This allows us to determine conservation of Lagrangian momentum, energy and potential vorticity for Salmon's
L
1
dynamics; a similar approach works for other near-local balanced models (such as the

-model). The MS approach also enables us to determine a class of systems that have a contact structure similar to that of the semigeostrophic model. The contact structure yields a contact transformation that makes the problem of front formation tractable. The new class includes the first local model with a variable Coriolis parameter that preserves all of the most useful geometric features of the semigeostrophic model.
Effect of nano‐ZnO‐coated active packaging on quality of fresh‐cut ‘Fuji’ apple
Authors: Li Xihong , Li Weili , Jiang Yunhong , Ding Yulong , Yun Juan , Tang Yao , Zhang Peipei
Published: July 2011

A novel nanopackaging was synthesised by coating polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film with nano‐ZnO powder, and its effects on the preservation quality of fresh‐cut ‘Fuji’ apple were investigated at 4 °C for 12 days. Compared with the control (PVC film), nanopackaging significantly reduced the fruit decay rate (P < 0.05), as well as decreased the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) from 74.9 nmol g−1 in the control to 53.9 nmol g−1 in the nanopackaging. Cutting caused an increase in ethylene level, suggesting wound‐induced ethylene production, which was suppressed in nanopackaging. Both the polyphenoloxidase and pyrogallol peroxidase activities were decreased in nanopackaging fruit. The initial appearance of apple slices was retained, and the browning index was prevented in nanopackaging samples, which was only 23.9, much lower than the control of 31.7 on day 12. These results indicated that nano‐ZnO active packaging could be a viable alternative to common technologies for improving the shelf‐life properties of ‘Fuji’ apples as a fresh‐cut product.
Mapping an urban ecosystem service: quantifying above‐ground carbon storage at a city‐wide scale
Authors: Davies Zoe G. , Edmondson Jill L. , Heinemeyer Andreas , Leake Jonathan R. , Gaston Kevin J.
Published: July 2011

1. Despite urbanization being a major driver of land‐use change globally, there have been few attempts to quantify and map ecosystem service provision at a city‐wide scale. One service that is an increasingly important feature of climate change mitigation policies, and with other potential benefits, is biological carbon storage.

2. We examine the quantities and spatial patterns of above‐ground carbon stored in a typical British city, Leicester, by surveying vegetation across the entire urban area. We also consider how carbon density differs in domestic gardens, indicative of bottom‐up management of private green spaces by householders, and public land, representing top‐down landscape policies by local authorities. Finally, we compare a national ecosystem service map with the estimated quantity and distribution of above‐ground carbon within our study city.

3. An estimated 231 521 tonnes of carbon is stored within the above‐ground vegetation of Leicester, equating to 3·16 kg C m−2of urban area, with 97·3% of this carbon pool being associated with trees rather than herbaceous and woody vegetation.

4. Domestic gardens store just 0·76 kg C m−2, which is not significantly different from herbaceous vegetation landcover (0·14 kg C m−2). The greatest above‐ground carbon density is 28·86 kg C m−2, which is associated with areas of tree cover on publicly owned/managed sites.

5. Current national estimates of this ecosystem service undervalue Leicester’s contribution by an order of magnitude.

6. Synthesis and applications. The UK government has recently set a target of an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, from 1990 levels, by 2050. Local authorities are central to national efforts to cut carbon emissions, although the reductions required at city‐wide scales are yet to be set. This has led to a need for reliable data to help establish and underpin realistic carbon emission targets and reduction trajectories, along with acceptable and robust policies for meeting these goals. Here, we illustrate the potential benefits of accounting for, mapping and appropriately managing above‐ground vegetation carbon stores, even within a typical densely urbanized European city.
Isolation of Phytophthora lateralis from Chamaecyparis foliage in Taiwan
Authors: Webber J. F. , Vettraino A. M. , Chang T. T. , Bellgard S.E. , Brasier C. M. , Vannini A.
Published: July 2011

Following the discovery in 2008 of Phytophthora lateralis in forest soil under old‐growth yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana) in north‐east Taiwan, further sampling was undertaken in the same region. Soil, root and symptomatic foliage samples were collected from five separate sites where C. obtusa was the dominant species in cloud forests at ca. 1800–2500 m. Soil and fine root samples were baited with cedar needles; both direct isolation and cedar needle baiting were used on foliage samples. Phytophthora lateralis was obtained from soil at three of the sites, but only from three of the 27 soil samples overall. Only one of 25 root samples yielded the pathogen, and this was associated with infested soil. Three foliage samples with symptoms visible as dark brown to black frond tips also yielded P. lateralis; these came from two different sites. This is the first record of P. lateralis infecting the foliage of C. obtusa. Moreover, when some of the symptomatic Chamaecyparis foliage segments were incubated, sporangia of P. lateralis formed on the necrotic tissues, sometimes in the axils of needle segments. The study provides evidence that P. lateralis has both a soil/root infecting phase and an aerial or foliar infecting phase in Taiwan, which is consistent with its unusual combination of water‐dispersed (non‐papillate) and aerially dispersed (caducous) sporangia. It also demonstrates the importance of investigating the biology, aetiology and ecological behaviour of Phytophthoras in their native, endemic environments.