bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Management in a Polio‐Free World
Authors: Bruce Aylward R. , Sutter Roland W. , Cochi Steve L. , Thompson Kimberly M. , Jafari Hamid , Heymann David
Published: December 2006

Inherent in the decision to launch the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988 was the expectation for many people that immunization against poliomyelitis would eventually simply stop, as had been the case with smallpox following its eradication in 1977. However, the strategies for managing the risks associated with a “polio‐free” world must be continuously refined to reflect new developments, particularly in our understanding of the live polioviruses in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and in the international approach to managing potential biohazards. The most important of these developments has been the confirmation in 2000 that vaccine‐derived polioviruses (VDPVs) can circulate and cause polio outbreaks, making the use of OPV after interruption of wild poliovirus transmission incompatible with a polio‐free world. A comprehensive strategy has been developed to minimize the risks associated with eventual OPV cessation, centered on appropriate long‐term biocontainment of poliovirus stocks (whether for vaccine production, diagnosis, or research), the controlled reintroduction of any live poliovirus vaccine (i.e., from an OPV stockpile), and appropriate use of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Although some aspects of this risk management strategy are still debated, there is wide agreement that no strategy would entirely eliminate the potential risks to a polio‐free world. The current strategy for risk management in a polio‐free world will continue to evolve with better characterization of these risks and the development of more effective approaches both to reduce those risks and to limit their consequences should they occur.
Evaluation of Response Scenarios to Potential Polio Outbreaks Using Mathematical Models
Authors: Thompson Kimberly M. , Duintjer Tebbens Radboud J. , Pallansch Mark A.
Published: December 2006

Appropriate response to polio outbreaks represents an important prerequisite for achieving and maintaining global polio eradication. We use an existing dynamic disease transmission model to evaluate the impact of different aspects of immunization campaigns in response to polio outbreaks occurring in previously polio‐free areas. This analysis yields several important insights about response strategies. We find that delay in response represents a crucial risk factor for occurrence of large outbreaks and we characterize the tradeoffs associated with delaying the initial response to achieve better population coverage. We also demonstrate that controlling most potential outbreaks will likely require at least three immunization rounds, although the impact of the optimal interval between rounds varies. Finally, long after oral poliovirus vaccine cessation the choice of target age groups during a response represents an important consideration.
Testing for Additivity at Select Mixture Groups of Interest Based on Statistical Equivalence Testing Methods
Authors: Stork LeAnna G. , Gennings Chris , Carchman Richard A. , Carter Walter H. , Pounds Joel , Mumtaz Moiz
Published: December 2006

Several assumptions, defined and undefined, are used in the toxicity assessment of chemical mixtures. In scientific practice mixture components in the low‐dose region, particularly subthreshold doses, are often assumed to behave additively (i.e., zero interaction) based on heuristic arguments. This assumption has important implications in the practice of risk assessment, but has not been experimentally tested. We have developed methodology to test for additivity in the sense of Berenbaum (Advances in Cancer Research, 1981), based on the statistical equivalence testing literature where the null hypothesis of interaction is rejected for the alternative hypothesis of additivity when data support the claim. The implication of this approach is that conclusions of additivity are made with a false positive rate controlled by the experimenter. The claim of additivity is based on prespecified additivity margins, which are chosen using expert biological judgment such that small deviations from additivity, which are not considered to be biologically important, are not statistically significant. This approach is in contrast to the usual hypothesis‐testing framework that assumes additivity in the null hypothesis and rejects when there is significant evidence of interaction. In this scenario, failure to reject may be due to lack of statistical power making the claim of additivity problematic. The proposed method is illustrated in a mixture of five organophosphorus pesticides that were experimentally evaluated alone and at relevant mixing ratios. Motor activity was assessed in adult male rats following acute exposure. Four low‐dose mixture groups were evaluated. Evidence of additivity is found in three of the four low‐dose mixture groups. The proposed method tests for additivity of the whole mixture and does not take into account subset interactions (e.g., synergistic, antagonistic) that may have occurred and cancelled each other out.
Quantifying Potential Health Impacts of Cadmium in Cigarettes on Smoker Risk of Lung Cancer: A Portfolio‐of‐Mechanisms Approach
Authors: Cox Louis Anthony (Tony)
Published: December 2006

This article introduces an approach to estimating the uncertain potential effects on lung cancer risk of removing a particular constituent, cadmium (Cd), from cigarette smoke, given the useful but incomplete scientific information available about its modes of action. The approach considers normal cell proliferation; DNA repair inhibition in normal cells affected by initiating events; proliferation, promotion, and progression of initiated cells; and death or sparing of initiated and malignant cells as they are further transformed to become fully tumorigenic. Rather than estimating unmeasured model parameters by curve fitting to epidemiological or animal experimental tumor data, we attempt rough estimates of parameters based on their biological interpretations and comparison to corresponding genetic polymorphism data. The resulting parameter estimates are admittedly uncertain and approximate, but they suggest a portfolio approach to estimating impacts of removing Cd that gives usefully robust conclusions. This approach views Cd as creating a portfolio of uncertain health impacts that can be expressed as biologically independent relative risk factors having clear mechanistic interpretations. Because Cd can act through many distinct biological mechanisms, it appears likely (subjective probability greater than 40%) that removing Cd from cigarette smoke would reduce smoker risks of lung cancer by at least 10%, although it is possible (consistent with what is known) that the true effect could be much larger or smaller. Conservative estimates and assumptions made in this calculation suggest that the true impact could be greater for some smokers. This conclusion appears to be robust to many scientific uncertainties about Cd and smoking effects.
Perspective: Determinants of the Severity of Poliovirus Outbreaks in the Post Eradication Era
Authors: Fine P. E. M. , Ritchie S.
Published: December 2006

The potential consequences of the reintroduction of poliovirus in the post‐eradication era range from trivial (no or self‐limited transmission and no clinical cases) to very serious (return of continued transmission of polioviruses and abandonment of the poliomyelitis eradication goal). This paper summarises the key determinants of such outcomes and identifies factors relating to infection surveillance, to vaccination policies at the time of OPV cessation and beyond, and to the still‐unknown implications of these policies for infection transmission in environments with poor sanitation, as particularly important. Explicit consideration of these issues should encourage studies on the effectiveness of IPV vaccines in reducing poliovirus transmission in tropical environments, and should influence the location and containment requirements of facilities for vaccine production and storage, and for poliovirus‐related research, in the era after cessation of OPV.
Differentiation of Blue Ballpoint Pen Inks by Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry and High‐Performance Thin‐Layer Chromatography
Authors: Weyermann Céline , Marquis Raymond , Mazzella Williams , Spengler Bernhard
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The differentiation of inks on a questioned document can highlight a fraudulent insertion and is usually carried out by optical comparison and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS) may also be used for the analysis of dyes from ink. This analytical technique was compared with a standard method of high‐performance TLC (HPTLC) according to their capacity to differentiate blue ballpoint inks. Ink entries on paper from 31 blue ballpoint pens have been analyzed and their dye ink formulations compared. The pens were classified into 26 classes by LDI‐MS against 18 for HPTLC. LDI‐MS proved to be a more powerful method for differentiating ink formulations because it provides information about dye structures (molecular weights) and relative quantification of dye classes (peak areas). Sample preparation was minimal and analysis time was short in contrast to the more complex extraction, application, and development steps of the HPTLC method. However, only basic dyes and pigments were identified using positive mode LDI‐MS, while HPTLC did yield additional information about acid dyes.
Ring‐pommel daggers from ed‐Dur (Umm al‐Qaiwain, U.A.E.): An archaeometallurgical and typological analysis
Authors: Delrue Parsival
Published: December 2006

This article discusses four copper‐base alloy ring‐pommels of daggers excavated at ed‐Dur. Three of the pommels are from the Ghent University (Belgium) excavations and two, more complete daggers, were excavated by the British team. After a brief description of the material, the results of SEM‐EDX analyses on different parts of the daggers are presented. The broader cultural and geographic frame of the use of this kind of dagger will be sketched in order better to situate the ed‐Dur material in its chronological and cultural setting.
Developing a framework of Holocene climatic change and landscape archaeology for the lower Gulf region, southeastern Arabia
Authors: Parker A.G. , Preston G. , Walkington H. , Hodson M.J.
Published: December 2006

Geomorphological and geoarchaeological studies from the lower Gulf region of southeastern Arabia are increasing our knowledge of hydrological, ecological, and aeolian changes during the Holocene. Preliminary analyses of sediment records from two palaeolakes in the United Arab Emirates are presented, highlighting the potential of these sediment sources for providing high‐resolution decadal studies of climate change and landscape evolution over the past 10,000 years. In order to study the society‐environment relationship in this marginal region, a framework of environmental change is being developed against which the archaeology of the region can be set.
Discoveries of Neolithic prehistoric sites at Pleistocene carbonate rock shelters on the east coast of the UAE
Authors: Diedrich Cajus G.
Published: December 2006

Three newly discovered prehistoric sites on the east coast of the United Emirates (UAE) are described. All are located on surfaces of Pleistocene carbonates or rock shelters that are generally rare along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Oman. Aqqah 1 (Le Meridien al Aqqah Beach Resort), the most important and best preserved of these sites, is a partially collapsed rock shelter with an exposed section, lithic finds and marine molluscs. Deriving an exact date from the material present is difficult because of a lack of comparanda. A bifacial fletched arrowhead made of yellow jasper and the lithic debris of five different raw materials as well as an undecorated ceramic fragment might suggest a date in the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age. The presence of many marine bivalves and snails with operculae, which differ from recent coastal species, indicates the collection and consumption of living molluscs by the prehistoric population of Aqqah. Nearby burials may be related to the rock shelters.
Nouvelles antiquités qatabanites du British Museum
Authors: Bron François
Published: December 2006

Thirty‐five inscribed fragments in Qatabanian, probably from Timna’ and currently held in the British Museum, are published here.
Une collection de statuettes de prisonniers au musée national de San’â’
Authors: Schiettecatte Jérémie
Published: December 2006

This paper deals with a collection of nineteen bronze statuettes that take the shape of a small plate from which only legs, arms and head protrude in relief. The main interest of this corpus lies in the fact that these pieces of work, of a kind generally used to portray dedicants, present a new iconographic theme. Indeed, eighteen of them show shackled figures, probably prisoners. A comparative study suggests that this corpus may be interpreted as a set of small statuettes offered in thanksgiving, dating from the end of the first millennium BC and the beginning of the Christian era.
Archaeology and epigraphy at Tayma (Saudi Arabia)
Authors: Eichmann Ricardo , Schaudig Hanspeter , Hausleiter Arnulf
Published: December 2006

Archaeological excavations by a Saudi‐Arabian‐German cooperation in the oasis of Tayma revealed stratified from the 2nd and 1st millennia BC until the Islamic period at a site marked by its specific environmentel setting. Political and cultural contacts of regional and supra‐regional scale are attested by archaeological and epigraphic sources from the centre of the city and its surrounding walls: pottery and sculpture as well as Aramaic and Taymanitic inscriptions. A newly discovered stele with a Mesopotamian royal representation and a Babylonian cuneiform text is attributed to the last Babylonian king Nabonidus who took residence in Tayma for ten years of his region.
5‐aminoisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐one, a water‐soluble poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor reduces the evolution of experimental periodontitis in rats
Authors: Di Paola Rosanna , Mazzon Emanuela , Muià Carmelo , Terrana Dino , Greco Salvatore , Britti Domenico , Santori Domenico , Oteri Giacomo , Cordasco Giancarlo , Cuzzocrea Salvatore
Published: December 2006

Background: Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme activated by strand breaks in DNA, plays an important role in the tissue injury associated with ischaemia‐reperfusion and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that PARP activation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute periodontal injury.

Aim: We have investigated the effect of 5‐aminoisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐one (5‐AIQ), a water‐soluble PARP inhibitor, in a rat model of periodontitis.

Materials and Methods: Periodontitis was induced in rats by placing a 2/0 braided silk ligature around the lower left first molar. At day eight, the gingivomucosal tissue encircling the mandibular first molar was removed for biochemical and histological analysis.

Results and Conclusions: Ligation significantly induced an increased neutrophil infiltration and a positive staining for PARP activation. Ligation significantly increased Evans blue extravasation in gingivomucosal tissue and alveolar bone destruction. Intraperitonial injection of 5‐aminoisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐one (5‐AIQ) (5 mg/kg daily for eight days) significantly decreased all of the parameters of inflammation as described above. This suggests that inhibition of PARP may represent a novel approach for the treatment of periodontal disease.
Comparison of new and 3‐month‐old brush heads in the removal of plaque using a powered toothbrush
Authors: Hogan Louise M. E. , Daly Christopher G. , Curtis Brad H.
Published: December 2006

Aim: To compare the effectiveness of new and 3‐month‐old worn brush heads in plaque removal using a rotation–oscillation‐powered toothbrush.

Material and Methods: A single examiner blinded, randomized, cross‐over study was conducted in which 34 adults attended the clinic on two occasions following 48‐h periods of no oral hygiene. Following plaque scoring, subjects brushed for 2 min. with either a new brush or a brush they had used for 3 months and plaque was then re‐scored. Bristle wear was assessed by measuring brushing surface areas on digital images.

Results: The mean plaque score percentage reductions with new brush heads were not significantly different from those achieved with 3‐month‐old heads for total surfaces (new=38.1%; worn=37.1%; p=0.83) and approximal surfaces (new=31.3%; worn=30.8%; p=0.9). Brushing surface area increases of the 3‐month‐old heads ranged from 0% to 135% (mean 26.9%). Compared with new brush heads, no significant differences were found for plaque score reductions for heads with minor, moderate or marked wear.

Conclusion: Rotation–oscillation‐powered toothbrushes with 3‐month‐old brush heads exhibiting various degrees of wear were as effective as new brush heads in plaque removal. Bristle age and wear on a powered toothbrush may not impede the effectiveness of plaque removal.
Could the Defects in the Endometrial Extracellular Matrix During the Implantation Be a Cause for Impaired fertility?
Authors: Skrzypczak Jana , Wirstlein Przemysław , Mikolajczyk Mateusz
Published: December 2006

Problem

Assessment of concentration of the metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in the uterine fluid in women with idiopathic infertility and unknown cause for recurrent miscarriage.

Method of study

Uterine fluid obtained from patients with idiopathic infertility (n = 13), patients with unknown cause of recurrent miscarriages (n = 16) and healthy fertile women (n = 14). The assessment of MMP9, TIMP1, uPA, uPAR and LIF were performed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Statistically lower expression of MMP9 and TIMP1 in uterine fluid during implantation window in women with infertility and recurrent miscarriage of unknown cause.

Conclusion

Changed turnover of the extracellular matrix might be a cause of improper endometrial transition and in effect cause faulty implantation.
NOD Protein Expression and Function in First Trimester Trophoblast Cells
Authors: Costello Melissa J. , Joyce Shawna K. , Abrahams Vikki M.
Published: December 2006

Problem

Through the expression of pattern recognition receptors, the trophoblast can recognize and respond to infectious microorganisms and, therefore, participate in the control of pathogens that may compromise fetal well‐being. We hypothesize that the trophoblast has the ability to sense invasive intracellular bacteria through the cytoplasmic‐based nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression and function of NOD proteins in first trimester trophoblast cells.

Method of study

NOD1 and NOD2 expressions by first trimester trophoblast cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. The effect of NOD2 activation on trophoblast cells was determined by analyzing the cytokine response following treatment with muramyl dipeptide (MDP).

Results

Both NOD1 and NOD2 were expressed by first trimester placental villi and localized to trophoblast cells. Moreover, NOD1, NOD2 and the signaling effector protein, RIP‐like interacting CLARP kinase (RICK), were all expressed by isolated trophoblast cells. Following exposure to the NOD2 ligand, MDP, trophoblast cells generated a pro‐inflammatory cytokine response. This response was confirmed to be specific, as an NOD2‐deficient trophoblast cell line failed to respond to MDP unless transfected with NOD2.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that, through the expression and function of NOD proteins, first trimester trophoblast cells are able to recognize and respond to invasive intracellular pathogens that may have evaded other forms of pattern recognition.
History and Update on Host Defense Against Vaginal Candidiasis
Authors: Fidel Paul L.
Published: December 2006

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused by Candida albicans, remains a significant problem in women of childbearing age. While cell‐mediated immunity is considered the predominant host defense mechanism against mucosal candidal infections, two decades of research from animal models and clinical studies have revealed a lack of a protective role for adaptive immunity against VVC caused by putative immunoregulatory mechanisms. Moreover, natural protective mechanisms and factors associated with susceptibility to infection have remained elusive. That is until recently, when through a live challenge model in humans, it was revealed that protection against vaginitis coincides with a non‐inflammatory innate presence, whereas symptomatic infection correlates with a neutrophil infiltrate in the vaginal lumen and elevated fungal burden. Thus, instead of VVC being caused by a putative deficient adaptive immune response, it is now being considered that symptomatic vaginitis is caused by an aggressive innate response.
Menstrual Hemocidin HbB115–146 Is an Acidophilic Antibacterial Peptide Potentiating the Activity of Human Defensins, Cathelicidin and Lysozyme
Authors: Mak Pawel , Siwek Michal , Pohl Jan , Dubin Adam
Published: December 2006

Problem

Our recent studies proved that menstrual discharge is exceptionally rich in bactericidal hemoglobin peptides (hemocidins). Of special interest is the behavior of hemocidins in low pH of the vagina, in different ionic strengths, and in the presence of other specialized antibacterial molecules acting in this organ.

Methods of study

We studied the activity of a model representative of menstrual hemocidin: the peptide from human beta‐globin, spanning residues 115–146 (HbB115–146). The bactericidal action of this peptide in different physicochemical conditions, as well as the evaluation of the synergistic effect of the peptide with mixtures of neutrophil alpha‐defensin HNP‐1, epithelial beta‐defensin HBD‐1, cathelicidin LL‐37 and lysozyme were studied using the bacterial membrane permeability test.

Results

The HbB115–146 is a salt‐resistant antibiotic molecule strongly potentiating its activity in acidic conditions (pH 4.4–5.0), characteristic for the vagina. Hemocidin HbB115–146 is also an effective factor stimulating the activity of other antibacterial polypeptides present in the female urogenital tract. The observed synergistic effect is preserved or enhanced at lower pH and, with the exception of HBD‐1, is observed also at physiological salt concentrations.

Conclusion

The results of this study clearly demonstrate that hemocidins are important polypeptide factors involved in maintaining vaginal immunity during normal menstrual bleedings.
Myocardial Wall Motion Imaging with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Lubbers D. D. , Kuijpers D. , Oudkerk M.
Published: December 2006

Wall motion imaging with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) provides important functional information about global and regional myocardial function. This review will give an overview of the current state of myocardial wall motion imaging, especially focusing on the clinical role of dobutamine stress CMR in ischaemic heart disease. Dobutamine stress CMR provides functional information on the myocardium under conditions of pharmacologically induced stress. High‐dose dobutamine is used for wall motion analysis of the left ventricle. Wall motion abnormalities are indicative of myocardial ischaemia and occur in the ischaemic cascade before the onset of chest pain and ECG abnormalities. As a result of technological advances, dobutamine stress CMR has evolved towards a very accurate cardiac stress test. The current state of dobutamine stress CMR allows us to obtain cine MR images with high spatial and temporal resolution in rest and during stress. The use of myocardial tagging has improved the diagnostic accuracy even further. The addition of first‐pass perfusion imaging at peak dose dobutamine might enhance accuracy even more. Besides being able to detect myocardial ischaemia, low‐dose dobutamine can be used to assess myocardial viability. With these capabilities, viability, wall motion and myocardial perfusion can be assessed in a single examination. The safety and feasibility of dobutamine stress CMR has been proven. The technique and clinical implications are discussed.
Measuring Leadership Ability1
Authors: Van Dusen A. C.
Published: December 2006

Summary

To select successful leaders it is first necessary to identify the qualities that differentiate the “best” from the “poorest” leaders. Some such qualities may be common to all situations involving leadership. Others may be peculiar to specific situations. The present study tries out a technique designed to identify the factors of leadership. The technique is demonstrated on Boy Scout troops but is easily adapted to the industrial situation.
Predicting Female Absenteeism
Authors: NAYLOR JAMES C. , VINCENT NORMAN L.
Published: December 2006

Three items normally found on any job application blank were used on a sample of 220 female clerical workers in an attempt to predict an absenteeism criterion. Age and Marital Status showed no relationship to the criterion, while Number of Dependents was significantly and positively related to absenteeism in both the primary and hold‐out groups. This supports the hypothesis that employee selection may be simplified by using information already possessed by the company.
Observation Methodology and Supervisory Behavior1
Authors: O'NEILL HARRY E. , KUBANY ALBERT J.
Published: December 2006

A direct observation technique was used to study the job of the production foreman. Approximately 32,000 observations on 85 foremen in four production departments of two widely separated automotive assembly plants were gathered. Criterion data were obtained on each of the foremen. From 24 criterion measures studied, eight (4 objective; 4 subjective) were selected for use in this analysis. A chi‐square analysis of the data showed differences which were significant but did not stand up in cross‐validation (first half vs. second half). Also, the information obtained was not sufficiently novel to justify its use over less expensive interview and questionnaire techniques. Discussion related to the crucial importance in supervision of the intellectual and abstract behaviors which do not lend themselves to direct observation. The broad claims made by proponents of direct observations as an appropriate measure of supervisory behavior do not appear justified by the results of this study.
Relationships Between Physical Proficiency and Measures of Leadership and Personality1
Authors: BORG WALTER R. , TUPES ERNEST C. , CARP A.
Published: December 2006

This report is concerned with the validity of measures of physical proficiency for the selection of Air Force officer candidates and the relationships of physical proficiency measures to leadership and personality measures. This paper is one in a series describing the evaluation of members of two Air Force Officer Candidate School (OCS) classes by means of assessment techniques administered during a three and one‐half day period at the beginning of each class.

The results of this study indicate that measures of physical proficiency are moderately interrelated and yield a total score with satisfactory internal consistency. The total physical proficiency score correlated only slightly with OCS military grades (essentially peers’estimates of future officer potentiality) and not at all with the other criteria, which included a highly valid intermediate officer effectiveness measure. Relationships between the physical proficiency score and other assessment and personality measures indicate that the candidate high on physical proficiency is not unlike the stereotype of the “all American boy”—extroverted, energetic, assertive, and socially poised. It is concluded that physical proficiency measures are probably of little value in selecting individuals for officer training or other programs requiring small group leadership behavior.
VALIDITY AND TEST‐RETEST STABILITY OF THE NASH MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS SCALE ON THE REVISED FORM OF THE STRONG VOCATIONAL INTEREST BLANK1
Authors: JOHNSON JAMES C. , DUNNETTE MARVIN D.
Published: December 2006

Managers’motives (preferences for different activities or outcomes) probably determine, in part, their relative job effectiveness. This hypothesis was tested and confirmed by Nash (1966) when he developed and cross‐validated a Managerial Effectiveness Key for the 1937 edition of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB). We revised the Nash SVIB key for those items retained in the recently‐revised form of SVIB (Campbell, 1966). The new key has the same validity as Nash's key and high test‐retest stability for lengthy periods of time (up to twenty‐two years). Validity of the key is not extremely high (about .30), but its content does denote a pattern of stable and distinct manager motives which merit study along with cognitive, aptitude, and temperament factors as potential determiners of effective managing.
INTELLECTUAL ABILITY AND PROMOTIONAL SUCCESS AMONG HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS
Authors: KRAUT ALLEN I.
Published: December 2006

This study explores the relationship between high level managers’ promotional success and two measures of intellectual ability. The Concept Mastery Test was administered to 235 middle managers and 130 higher level executives who attended advanced management training programs. The Ship Destination Test was also given to about half the trainees. Both tests are considered to discriminate well among superior individuals. Those managers who earned high scores were rated more favorably by their peers and the training staff. However, advancement in the 4 to 7 years after the training program was unrelated to test performance.
AN EVALUATION OF JAQUES’ STUDIES OF PAY IN THE LIGHT OF CURRENT COMPENSATION RESEARCH1
Authors: GORDON MICHAEL E.
Published: December 2006

Elliott Jaques’ work in the area of compensation is evaluated for two major reasons: first, to ascertain its methodological fitness and meaningfulness; and, second, to discuss the impact of his work on the course of psychological research on pay. It is concluded that, although Jaques is the first psychologist to have attempted to bind theoretically a number of vaguely related concepts such as job analysis, equity, level of work, and pay curves, his pay technology has not achieved its goal due to a poor methodological foundation. Replication of Jaques’ studies is virtually impossible because his instruments and concepts are poorly defined. Furthermore, some of the hypothesized relationships among the constructs contained within the model appear inconsistent. However, Jaques’ work is valuable because it has served as a first approximation to a general program of research on pay. Furthermore, his work has highlighted a number of important, fundamental issues which investigators who research pay must ultimately resolve. Several of these issues are discussed.
THE PERSONALITY OF HIGH EARNING MBA'S IN BIG BUSINESS1
Authors: HARRELL THOMAS W.
Published: December 2006

AN effort was made to find personal qualifications that might be predictive of earnings in business. A follow‐up by questionnaire five years after graduation was made for members of three MBA classes who had previously taken an eleven‐instrument battery. Ninety percent responded.

A comparison of the highest third and the lowest in terms of present compensation showed 13 differences at the .05 level of significance or higher among 55 predictor variables. At the .01 level were second year Graduate School of Business grade point average (GPA), Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) Personnel and Management Orientation scales, Guilford‐Zimmerman Ascendance, Ghiselli's Decision Making and Initiative (from his Self‐Description Inventory), and the Individual Background Survey. Hours of work and job satisfaction were greater for high earners.
THE COMPARATIVE VALIDITY OF SELECTED LEADERSHIP SCALES RELATIVE TO SUCCESS IN PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Authors: TENOPYR MARY L.
Published: December 2006

For 113 managerial personnel, a new supervisory judgment test, the Leadership Evaluation and Development Scale (LEADS) was found to be the best (r = .36) of four predictors of salary corrected for age and length of service. Other predictors were a verbal comprehension measure and the two Leadership Opinion Questionnaire scores. The R involving all four predictors was .39. LEADS was also found to be the best predictor of personnel department ratings on performance in the employee relations area. None of the predictors was significantly related to supervisors' ratings. Meaningful dimensions of supervisory performance not indicated by the other predictors appear to be measured by LEADS.
SOME COMMENTS ON CULTURE FAIR TESTS1
Authors: ARVEY RICHARD D.
Published: December 2006

An attempt has been made in this paper to show that culture fair tests have some problems associated with them. These tests should be examined and reviewed closely before being used and should not be regarded as the answer to testing the culturally disadvantaged.

The following points were made in this paper:

Culture fair tests measure different psychological functions. Culture fair tests today measure such functions as spatial visualization, abstract reasoning, perceptual speed, etc.

Culture fair tests vary considerably in format. Some are pencil and paper tests, some are performance tests. Some use verbal instructions, others do not. There are many test parameters along which culture fair tests now vary.

Some evidence suggests that culture fair tests possibly increase the differential between the culturally disadvantaged and the more advantaged population. Use of these tests may not be in the best interests of minority groups.

It is not yet definite about the kind of items on which culturally disadvantaged people perform poorer. Some evidence suggests that they do better on verbal items and worst on perceptual items, which is in contrast to the assumption of most proponents of culture‐fair tests.

The validity of culture fair tests has not been shown to be better than more traditional tests. In contrast, some research even indicates that they do not show relationships as high.

What is to be done, if anything, about the test differentials between the culturally disadvantaged and the majority population? Some individuals (Lorge, 1964; Coffman, 1964) agree that the elimination of group differences on tests is futile and argue that the real task at hand is a realistic attempt to study the behavioral significance of test differences. In essence, this is an all out attempt to collect validation information. Does a particular score for a black have the same behavioral implications of a higher (or lower) test score for a white? Are there criterion differences that are related to test differences? Do differential validities exist for various subgroups? Are the standard errors of estimates different for different groups? This approach is essentially what has been pursued by individuals investigating the “moderating” effects of subgrouping by race and/or socio‐economic factors. The investigation of test differences within and between subgroups is called for.

In my opinion, attempting to mask test differentials by using culture fair tests may in actuality have a reverse effect than what was intended. Test differentials may actually increase, making it more difficult for culturally disadvantaged individuals to be selected into schools, jobs, etc.

Clearly, the construction of culture fair tests is not the only answer to testing the disadvantaged.
BIODATA FAKING: EFFECTS OF INDUCED SUBTLETY AND POSITION SPECIFICITY
Authors: SCHRADER ALEC D. , OSBURN H. G.
Published: December 2006

The fakability of an empirically keyed biographical inventory was studied in a three factor design. The factors were: 1. specificity of position applied for (sales representative versus a general managerial position, 2. induced subtlety of faking (warning of a lie scale versus no warning), and 3. sex of the respondent. Subjects were 91 male and 57 female college students who completed the biographical questionnaire under “fake” and “honest” response sets. Subjects were able to substantially improve their scores under faking instructions. Only the position specific‐fake subtle condition failed to show improvement. Instructions indicating that a lie‐detection scale might be used reduced faking to a considerable extent. Comparison with norms for the sales representative biographical key suggested that students in the faking condition tended to fake more than did a nation‐wide sample of college recruits.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEADER BEHAVIOR VARIABILITY INDICES AND SUBORDINATE RESPONSES1,2
Authors: ALDAG RAMON J. , BRIEF ARTHUR P.
Published: December 2006

The relationships of leader behavior variability indices to a variety of subordinate affective responses and experienced psychological states were examined for two samples differing in perceived job characteristics. In the sample facing routine task demands, little relationship was evident between leader behavior variability indices and subordinate responses. In the sample characterized by greater variability in task demands, correlations between responses and leader variability indices were generally significant and stronger than those between responses and absolute levels of leader behaviors. For both samples, leader behavior variability was negatively related to subordinate responses. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are presented.
THE FUNCTION OF JOB ANALYSIS IN CONTENT VALIDATION1
Authors: PRIEN ERICH P.
Published: December 2006

Job analysis is invariably mentioned as a part of industrial/organizational activities, but the treatment rarely matches the acknowledged importance. While the amount of research on job analysis methods has increased dramatically in the past decade several critical issues remain unresolved. The EEOC Selection Guidelines have increased the dependence on the process and results of job analysis with respect to personnel selection and especially content validation. In the absence of research which defines the necessary and sufficient job analysis method a multi‐method approach using both task‐and worker‐methods is strongly recommended.
JOB SAMPLE VS. PAPER‐AND‐PENCIL TRADES AND TECHNICAL TESTS: ADVERSE IMPACT AND EXAMINEE ATTITUDES1
Authors: SCHMIDT FRANK L. , GREENTHAL ALAN L. , HUNTER JOHN E. , BERNER JOHN G. , SEATON FELECIA W.
Published: December 2006

The adverse impact of a content‐valid job sample test of metal trades skills was compared to that of a well‐constructed content‐valid written achievement test for the same technical area. The adverse impact of the former was considerably less. In addition, both minority and majority examinees saw the job sample tests as significantly fairer, clearer, and more appropriate in difficulty level. These differences were not only statistically significant but also quite large. These were no significant differences between minority and majority attitudes toward either test. In light of these results, it is suggested that industrial psychologists should explore more fully the potential of performance testing.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE AND A VIE MODEL FOR WORK MOTIVATION1
Authors: JAMES LAWRENCE R. , HARTMAN ALAN , STEBBINS MICHAEL W. , JONES ALLAN P.
Published: December 2006

The present study examined relationships between psychological climate and components of a valence‐instrumentality‐expectancy model. Data were obtained from 504 managerial employees of a large health care company. A principal component analysis of responses to 35 composites representing perceptions of the job, leadership, workgroup, and organization yielded six psychological climate components. Similar analyses were conducted separately for 20 valence items and 20 instrumentality items. Considerable similarity was found among the instrumentality and valence components, with one component in each area representing intrinsic outcomes, one component representing organizationally‐mediated extrinsic outcomes, one representing negative or neutral outcomes, and one representing leader and workgroup‐mediated extrinsic outcomes. Relationships among psychological climate and valence‐instrumentality‐expectancy components were significant and supported several hypotheses proposed in the literature.
EMPLOYMENT TEST VALIDATION FOR MINORITY AND NONMINORITY PRODUCTION WORKERS
Authors: FEILD HUBERT S. , BAYLEY GERALD A. , BAYLEY SUSAN M.
Published: December 2006

The purposes of the present study were (a) to examine the validity of selected employment tests potentially useful in selecting production workers engaged in the construction of boxboard containers and (b) to evaluate the applicability of the tests to minority and non‐minority workers. Using data collected from 100 production workers employed by the same company but located in two different geographical regions, it was found that a short test battery was potentially useful in selecting production employees without necessarily introducing unfair racial bias. Implications of the results for future research studies and test validation efforts involving differential and single‐group validity are discussed.
A VIEW FROM ALBEMARLE1
Authors: HOLT THADDEUS
Published: December 2006

This paper was originally delivered in July of 1975, within a few weeks of the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody. The law, of course, does not stand still. Less than a year after the Albemarle decision, the Supreme Court's decision in Washington v. Davis appeared to turn sharply away from the proposition that the EEOC guidelines are to be applied mechanically as the only legal touchstone of the job relatedness of a test. The Washington decision contains many obscurities and ambiguities, and at the time of writing (October 1976) it appears that at least one more Supreme Court case will be necessary in order to clarify this question. Though the present paper is outdated in some respects because of the Washington decision, it is hoped that it will continue to be of interest for the light it may shed on the interrelationship between the practice of industrial psychology and the judicial process in operation.
MULTIPLE PREDICTORS OF POST‐TRANSFER SATISFACTION: THE ROLE OF URBAN FACTORS
Authors: PINDER CRAIG C.
Published: December 2006

Multiple correlation analysis and means tests were used to test the effectiveness of fifteen psychological, economic and other variables in explaining the variance in post job transfer satisfaction among a sample of managers.

Of the variables to emerge as significant predictors of satisfaction in both of two subsamples, preference for location of residence predominated. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) was then employed to explore which of sixteen urban factors was most important in determining location preference among the managers and their spouses. The MCA analysis showed that size of the city ranked as the major predictor of location preference among both the managers and their spouses.
PREFERENCE FOR MOTIVATOR AND HYGIENE FACTORS IN A HYPOTHETICAL INTERVIEW SITUATION: FURTHER FINDINGS AND SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEW
Authors: HARLAN ANNE , KERR JEFFREY , KERR STEVEN
Published: December 2006

Managers, supervisory personnel, clerical workers, and high school students were administered questionnaires which asked them to indicate whether or not they would discuss various work‐related factors if they were applicants in an employment interview situation. A systematic tendency was found for respondents to prefer to discuss “motivators” as opposed to “hygiene factors” as characteristics they would seek in a new job, or as reasons for dissatisfaction with a previous one. Responding to a modified version of the questionnaire, twenty professional employment interviewers indicated that it is in fact wise to emphasize motivators and deemphasize hygiene factors if the applicant's intent is to maximize the likelihood of being offered a job.
THE BELIEF STRUCTURE OF MANAGERS RELATIVE TO WORK CONCEPTS MEASURED BY A FACTOR ANALYTIC MODEL1
Authors: BUCHHOLZ ROGENE A.
Published: December 2006

Studies in the early seventies suggested that the traditional work ethic position was changing and that the American worker was expressing new needs for interesting and challenging work. Current management practices in many companies are attempting to meet these new needs of workers for interesting jobs through a movement called human resource development. This suggests the need for research into the beliefs that inform this movement. The following study based on a sample of 366 managers shows that they have an orientation to work based on humanistic beliefs rather than the traditional work ethic position. Thus the new management style exemplified in the HRD movement may not simply be a push for increased performance, but may also be supported by a set of beliefs regarding the nature of work that is consistent with this style. This new orientation, however, does not include any positive beliefs relative to worker participation in decision‐making. The latter is rejected very strongly by all the managers surveyed.
OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE AS A FACTOR IN THE NET RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OCCUPATION AND JOB SATISFACTION
Authors: WEAVER CHARLES N.
Published: December 2006

In contrast to earlier evidence that the relationship between level of occupation and job satisfaction is positive and monotonic, analysis of a recent national survey shows that craftsmen are more job satisfied than other males in clerical, sales, and professional‐technical occupations and that this variation is independent of a number of other variables. Removal of occupational prestige modifies the occupation‐job satisfaction relationship in a manner which suggests that job satisfaction may arise more from ascribed prestige than from such job characteristics as work autonomy, authority, and income.
BEHAVIORALLY BASED RATING SCALES: EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC ANCHORS AND DISGUISED SCALE CONTINUA
Authors: FINLEY DAVID M. , OSBURN H. G. , DUBIN JERRY A. , JEANNERET P. R.
Published: December 2006

The psychometric properties of behaviorally based rating scales contrasted by (1) disguised versus obvious scale format and (2) specific anchors versus more general descriptions of behavior were compared. Results indicated no consistent differences in leniency or central tendency errors among the scales. Both multitrait‐multirater ANOVA and factor analyses favored obvious scale methods to a disguised mixed standard scale format. No firm conclusions could be drawn regarding the effects of specificity of behavioral anchors.
REALISTIC JOB PREVIEWS: CAN A PROCEDURE TO REDUCE TURNOVER ALSO INFLUENCE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABILITIES AND PERFORMANCE?
Authors: WANOUS JOHN P.
Published: December 2006

The impact of realistic job previews (RJP's) as a moderator of the ability‐performance relationship is evaluated. First, the research evidence from experimental studies in business, education, and hospital organizations indicates that RJP's have no impact on either the level of job performance or the ability‐performance relationship. The primary reason for this is that the RJP concerns the matching of human needs to organizational climate, and thus is designed to influence job satisfaction and voluntary turnover rather than job performance. Second, the potential impact of RJP's on the ability‐performance relationship is the subject of speculation.