bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The wear and tear on health: What is the role of occupation?
Authors: Ravesteijn Bastian , Kippersluis Hans van , Doorslaer Eddy van
Published: September 2017

Health is well known to show a clear gradient by occupation. Although it may appear evident that occupation can affect health, there are multiple possible sources of selection that can generate a strong association, other than simply a causal effect of occupation on health. We link job characteristics to German panel data spanning 29 years to characterize occupations by their physical and psychosocial burden. Employing a dynamic model to control for factors that simultaneously affect health and selection into occupation, we find that selection into occupation accounts for at least 60% of the association. The effects of occupational characteristics such as physical strain and low job control are negative and increase with age: late‐career exposure to 1 year of high physical strain and low job control is comparable to the average health decline from ageing 16 and 6 months, respectively.
Fluvial organic carbon composition and concentration variability within a peatland catchment—Implications for carbon cycling and water treatment
Authors: Stimson Andrew G. , Allott Tim E.H. , Boult Stephen , Evans Martin G.
Published: September 2017

Fluvial organic carbon (OC) transformations are an important component of carbon cycling and greenhouse gas production in inland waters resulting in considerable recent interest in the fate of fluvial OC exported from carbon rich soils such as peatlands. Additionally, peatland catchments are important drinking water collection areas, where high OC concentrations in runoff have water treatment implications. This analysis presents the results from a year‐round intensive study within a water treatment catchment draining an area of peatland, considering carbon transformations along a continuum from headwater river, through a storage reservoir and pipe, to a water treatment works. The study uses a unique combination of methods (colourmetric, ultrafiltration, and 14C radiocarbon dating) to assess catchment wide changes in fluvial carbon composition (colour, size, and age) alongside concentration measures. The results indicate clear patterns of carbon transformations in the river and reservoir and dissolved low molecular weight coloured carbon to be most subject to change, with both loss and replacement within the catchment residence time. Although the evidence suggests dissolved OC (DOC) gains are from particulate OC breakdown, the mechanisms of DOC loss are less certain and may represent greenhouse gas losses or conversions to particulate OC. The transformations presented here appear to have minimal impact on the amount of harder to treat (<10 kDa) dissolved carbon, although they do have implications for total DOC loading to water treatment works. This paper shows that peatland fluvial systems are not passive receptors of particulate and dissolved organic carbon but locations where carbon is actively cycled, with implications for the understanding of carbon cycling and water treatment in peatland catchments.
Teaching children with autism to respond to disguised mands
Authors: Najdowski Adel C. , Bergstrom Ryan , Tarbox Jonathan , Clair Megan St.
Published: September 2017

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulty inferring the private events of others, including private verbal behavior (e.g., thoughts), private emotional responses, and private establishing operations, often referred to as “perspective taking” by the general psychology community. Children with ASD also have difficulty responding to disguised mands. Skinner's description of the “disguised mand” is verbal behavior wherein the speaker's mand directly describes neither its reinforcer nor the corresponding establishing operations. Appropriate responding to disguised mands is required for successful social interaction, making it a social skill worth teaching to children with ASD. We used a nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design to investigate the effects of a multiple exemplar training package consisting of rules, role play, and feedback for teaching three boys with ASD to respond to disguised mands. The intervention was effective and generalization to novel disguised mands and people was observed.
Reduced urothelial regeneration in rat bladders augmented with permeable porcine small intestinal submucosa assessed by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yang Qing , Xia Ding , Towner Rheal A. , Smith Nataliya , Saunders Debra , Fung Kar‐Ming , Aston Christopher E. , Greenwood‐Van Meerveld Beverley , Hurst Robert E. , Madihally Sundararajan V. , Kropp Bradley P. , Lin Hsueh‐Kung
Published: September 2017

Augmentation enterocystoplasty remains the gold standard surgical bladder reconstruction procedure to increase the capacity and compliance of dysfunctional bladders. Since the use of the patient's intestine has severe risks of complications, alternative biodegradable matrices have been explored. Porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has gained immense interests in bladder reconstruction due to its favorable properties. However, trials have shown inconsistent regeneration with SIS, attributed to the heterogeneity in microstructures and mechanical properties. We hypothesize that uneven SIS permeability to urine is a factor responsible for the inconsistency. We measured permeability to urinein situusing a contrast enhanced‐magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and evaluated urothelium regeneration using immunohistochemical staining of urothelial cell markers in SIS‐augmented rat bladders. Results showed significant differences in permeability among SIS‐augmented rat bladders. Commercial SIS scaffolds were then categorized into nonleaky and leaky groups based on MRI results. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed higher numbers of inflammatory cells in leaky SIS on day 14 relative to nonleaky SIS. In addition, trichrome staining showed major changes in the distribution of collagen on day 28 between SIS‐augmented bladder groups. Furthermore, expressions of urothelium‐associated markers (cytokeratins AE1/AE3, claudin 4, and uroplakin III) were completed in bladders augmented with nonleaky SIS, whereas limited urothelial differentiation was noticed in leaky SIS‐augmented bladders at post‐augmentative day 14. These results show that scaffold permeability to urine may be responsible for variations in regenerative capacity of porcine SIS. Applications of MRI technique will be helpful to understand a relationship between biomaterial property and regenerative capacity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1778–1787, 2018.
The primary cilium as a signaling nexus for growth plate function and subsequent skeletal development
Authors: Moore Emily R. , Jacobs Christopher R.
Published: September 2017

The primary cilium is a solitary, antenna‐like sensory organelle with many important roles in cartilage and bone development, maintenance, and function. The primary cilium's potential role as a signaling nexus in the growth plate makes it an attractive therapeutic target for diseases and disorders associated with bone development and maintenance. Many signaling pathways that are mediated by the cilium—such as Hh, Wnt, Ihh/PTHrP, TGFβ, BMP, FGF, and Notch—are also known to influence endochondral ossification, primarily by directing growth plate formation and chondrocyte behavior. Although a few studies have demonstrated that these signaling pathways can be directly tied to the primary cilium, many pathways have yet to be evaluated in context of the cilium. This review serves to bridge this knowledge gap in the literature, as well as discuss the cilium's importance in the growth plate's ability to sense and respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, we explore the importance of using the appropriate mechanism to study the cilium in vivo and suggest IFT88 deletion is the best available technique. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:533–545, 2018.
Friction performance of MoDTP and ester‐containing lubricants between CKS piston ring and cast iron cylinder liner
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Li Chengdi , Yang Jie , Shen Yan , Xu Jiujun
Published: September 2017

The friction performance of MoDTP in the existence of ester was investigated. Tribological experiments were performed on reciprocating test rig between CKS piston ring and cast iron cylinder liner. Experimental results show that ester concentration is a key factor that influences the performance of MoDTP, the competitive effects between MoDTP and ester also vary with test temperature and load, and the “V” shape friction coefficient curve is caused by the change in friction surface states. During friction, when the surface roughness decreased and liner surface is covered by the friction layer, fresh metal is less likely to expose to lube oil, which reduces the activity of MoDTP in the existence of high concentration ester.
Movement disorders in genetically confirmed mitochondrial disease and the putative role of the cerebellum
Authors: Schreglmann Sebastian R. , Riederer Franz , Galovic Marian , Ganos Christos , Kägi Georg , Waldvogel Daniel , Jaunmuktane Zane , Schaller Andre , Hidding Ute , Krasemann Ernst , Michels Lars , Baumann Christian R. , Bhatia Kailash , Jung Hans H.
Published: September 2017

Background: Mitochondrial disease can present as a movement disorder. Data on this entity's epidemiology, genetics, and underlying pathophysiology, however, is scarce.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the clinical, genetic, and volumetric imaging data from patients with mitochondrial disease who presented with movement disorders.

Methods: In this retrospective analysis of all genetically confirmed mitochondrial disease cases from three centers (n = 50), the prevalence and clinical presentation of video‐documented movement disorders was assessed. Voxel‐based morphometry from high‐resolution MRI was employed to compare cerebral and cerebellar gray matter volume between mitochondrial disease patients with and without movement disorders and healthy controls.

Results: Of the 50 (30%) patients with genetically confirmed mitochondrial disease, 15 presented with hypokinesia (parkinsonism 3/15), hyperkinesia (dystonia 5/15, myoclonus 3/15, chorea 2/15), and ataxia (3/15). In 3 patients, mitochondrial disease presented as adult‐onset isolated dystonia. In comparison to healthy controls and mitochondrial disease patients without movement disorders, patients with hypo‐ and hyperkinetic movement disorders had significantly more cerebellar atrophy and an atrophy pattern predominantly involving cerebellar lobules VI and VII.

Conclusion: This series provides clinical, genetic, volumetric imaging, and histologic data that indicate major involvement of the cerebellum in mitochondrial disease when it presents with hyper‐ and hypokinetic movement disorders. As a working hypothesis addressing the particular vulnerability of the cerebellum to energy deficiency, this adds substantially to the pathophysiological understanding of movement disorders in mitochondrial disease. Furthermore, it provides evidence that mitochondrial disease can present as adult‐onset isolated dystonia. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The impact of white matter fiber orientation in single‐acquisition quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Lancione Marta , Tosetti Michela , Donatelli Graziella , Cosottini Mirco , Costagli Mauro
Published: September 2017

The aim of this work was to assess the impact of tissue structural orientation on quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) reliability, and to provide a criterion to identify voxels in which measures of magnetic susceptibility (χ) are most affected by spatial orientation effects. Four healthy volunteers underwent 7‐T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multi‐echo, gradient‐echo sequences were used to obtain quantitative maps of frequency shift (FS) and χ. Information from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to investigate the relationship between tissue orientation and FS measures and QSM. After sorting voxels on the basis of their fractional anisotropy (FA), the variations in FS and χ values over tissue orientation were measured. Using a K‐means clustering algorithm, voxels were separated into two groups depending on the variability of measures within each FA interval. The consistency of FS and QSM values, observed at low FA, was disrupted for FA > 0.6. The standard deviation of χ measured at high FA (0.0103 ppm) was nearly five times that at low FA (0.0022 ppm). This result was consistent through data across different head positions and for different brain regions considered separately, which confirmed that such behavior does not depend on structures with different bulk susceptibility oriented along particular angles. The reliability of single‐orientation QSM anticorrelates with local FA. QSM provides replicable values with little variability in brain regions with FA < 0.6, but QSM should be interpreted cautiously in major and coherent fiber bundles, which are strongly affected by structural anisotropy and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy.
DCE‐ and DW‐MRI as early imaging biomarkers of treatment response in a preclinical model of triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Barnes Stephanie L. , Sorace Anna G. , Whisenant Jennifer G. , McIntyre J. Oliver , Kang Hakmook , Yankeelov Thomas E.
Published: September 2017

This work evaluates quantitative dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) and diffusion‐weighted MRI (DW‐MRI) parameters as early biomarkers of response in a preclinical model of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The standard Tofts' model of DCE‐MRI returns estimates of the volume transfer constant (Ktrans) and the extravascular extracellular volume fraction (ve). DW‐MRI returns estimates of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Mice (n = 38) were injected subcutaneously with MDA‐MB‐231. Tumors were grown to approximately 275 mm3 and sorted into the following groups: saline controls, low‐dose Abraxane (15 mg/kg) and high‐dose Abraxane (25 mg/kg). Animals were imaged at days zero, one and three. On day three, tumors were extracted for immunohistochemistry. The positive percentage change in ADC on day one was significantly higher in both treatment groups relative to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the positive percentage change in Ktrans was significantly higher than controls (p < 0.05) on day one for the high‐dose group and on days one and three for the low‐dose group. The percentage change in tumor volume was significantly different between the high‐dose and control groups on day three (p = 0.006). Histology confirmed differences at day three through reduced numbers of proliferating cells (Ki67 staining) in the high‐dose group (p = 0.03) and low‐dose group (p = 0.052) compared with the control group. Co‐immunofluorescent staining of vascular maturity [using von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA)] indicated significantly higher vascular maturation in the low‐dose group compared with the controls on day three (p = 0.03), and trending towards significance in the high‐dose group compared with controls on day three (p = 0.052). These results from quantitative imaging with histological validation indicate that ADC and Ktrans have the potential to serve as early biomarkers of treatment response in murine studies of TNBC.
Automating tasks in protein structure determination with the clipper python module
Authors: McNicholas Stuart , Croll Tristan , Burnley Tom , Palmer Colin M. , Hoh Soon Wen , Jenkins Huw T. , Dodson Eleanor , Cowtan Kevin , Agirre Jon
Published: September 2017

Scripting programming languages provide the fastest means of prototyping complex functionality. Those with a syntax and grammar resembling human language also greatly enhance the maintainability of the produced source code. Furthermore, the combination of a powerful, machine‐independent scripting language with binary libraries tailored for each computer architecture allows programs to break free from the tight boundaries of efficiency traditionally associated with scripts. In the present work, we describe how an efficient C++ crystallographic library such as Clipper can be wrapped, adapted and generalized for use in both crystallographic and electron cryo‐microscopy applications, scripted with the Python language. We shall also place an emphasis on best practices in automation, illustrating how this can be achieved with this new Python module.
Behavioral responses of pest mole crickets, Neoscapteriscus spp. (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), to selected insecticides
Authors: Kostromytska Olga S , Scharf Michael E , Buss Eileen A
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Mole crickets (Neoscapteriscus spp.) consume turfgrasses and pasture grasses and uproot plants by their tunneling, which is detrimental to turf aesthetics and decreases forage quantity and quality. Insecticides are frequently used to prevent damage. In typical field trials, damage symptoms, not percent mortality or achieved level of control, are used to assess treatment efficacy. Here, however, laboratory tests assessed the direct effect of key insecticides on Neoscapteriscus mole cricket behavior.

RESULTS

Mole crickets, Neoscapteriscus spp., were able to detect and avoid areas treated with fipronil [formulated product (FP)] and imidacloprid (FP). They tunneled less in sand treated with fipronil and avoided sand treated with fipronil and imidacloprid if given a choice. Mole crickets escaped areas treated with acephate, bifenthrin and fipronil. Bifenthrin and acephate caused increased tunneling during the first 90 min of observation. Fipronil and imidacloprid significantly reduced overall tunneling on treated areas.

CONCLUSION

Tested insecticides elicited two types of behavioral changes in Neoscapteriscus mole crickets: increased locomotory activity and tunneling [acephate (organophosphate) and bifenthrin (pyrethroid)] and reduced spatial movement [fipronil (phenylpyrazole) and imidacloprid (neonicotinoid)]. These behavioral responses resulted mainly from contact chemoreception and inherent neurotoxicity of the chemicals on Neoscapteriscus mole crickets. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Mimicking of cyproconazole behavior in the presence of Cu and Zn
Authors: Jakl Michal , Fanfrlík Jindřich , Jaklová Dytrtová Jana
Published: September 2017

Rationale

The frequently used pesticide cyproconazole (Cyp) interacts with the essential elements commonly present in soil which play important roles in various enzymatic processes. These interactions predetermine the Cyp degradation pathways. We suggest a simple experimental and theoretical approach for the prediction of pesticide behavior.

Methods

Cu/Cyp complexes are explored because of the typical Cu(II) reduction in complexes. Its level and the stability of the Cu–ligand bond depend on the type and the number of the surrounding ligands. Zn/Cyp complexes were compared as it is not expected that Zn(II) will reduce. The complexations were studied by means of electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry and MS/MS collision‐induced dissociations with comparative and explicative density functional theory calculations.

Results

The Cyp ligand allows both Cu(II) reduction as well as, in specific cases, it protects the higher Cu oxidation state. The reduction is observed in the complexes with solely neutral Cyp where the number of ligands is below 3; a higher number protects the Cu(II) state. The metal atom binds to Cyp via N2 of the triazole ring as well as via π‐electrons of the benzene ring; additional stabilization brings an interaction with the deprotonated OH group.

Conclusions

The character of Cyp interactions with doubly charged metals (Cu(II), Zn(II)) clarified the creation of Cyp metabolites. The phenyl and triazole rings are bound to the metal cation and enable access for the isopropyl ring to be cleaved leaving the common metabolite (CAS Number: 58905‐19‐4).
High‐speed autonomous obstacle avoidance with pushbroom stereo
Authors: Barry Andrew J. , Florence Peter R. , Tedrake Russ
Published: September 2017

We present the design and implementation of a small autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle capable of high‐speed flight through complex natural environments. Using only onboard GPS‐denied sensing and computation, we perform obstacle detection, planning, and feedback control in real time. We present a novel integrated approach to perception and control using pushbroom stereo, which exploits forward motion to enable efficient obstacle detection and avoidance using lightweight processors on an unmanned aerial vehicle. Our use of model‐based planning and control techniques allows us to track precise trajectories that avoid obstacles identified by the vision system. We demonstrate a complete working system detecting obstacles at 120 Hz and avoiding trees at up to 14 m/s (31 MPH). To the best of our knowledge, this is the fastest lightweight aerial vehicle to perform collision avoidance using three‐dimensional geometric information.
Comparison of macroinvertebrate assemblages across a gradient of flow permanence in an agricultural watershed
Authors: Smith C.R. , McCormick P.V. , Covich A.P. , Golladay S.W.
Published: September 2017

In the south‐eastern United States and globally, increasing human water demand coupled with climate change is diminishing stream flows and increasing stream intermittency in many watersheds. We characterized benthic invertebrate assemblages across a stream flow gradient ranging from intermittent to perennial following a multiyear drought by examining the functional traits that can influence assemblage response to drying. We sampled 13 reaches within the Lower Flint River Basin in south‐western Georgia, from September to December 2013. Reaches included perennial, near‐perennial (ceased flowing but maintained a wetted channel during drought), intermittent‐dry (seasonally dry), and intermittent‐frequent (frequently dry). Distinct assemblages were documented across this gradient. Reaches that dried during the drought had a lower richness of aquatic insects, especially Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa, partly due to inadequate time for life cycle completion and lack of adaptations to avoid drying. Intermittent reaches also included abundant and unique noninsect taxa such as Gammarus spp. and Isopoda. Projected trends towards increased water demand and drought severity and frequency in the south‐eastern United States will magnify shifts towards dominance by drought‐tolerant taxa as greater portions of stream networks become intermittent.
An iterative mathematical decision model for cloud migration: A cost and security risk approach
Authors: Hosseini Shirvani Mirsaeid , Rahmani Amir Masoud , Sahafi Amir
Published: September 2017

This paper presents an iterative mathematical decision model for organizations to evaluate whether to invest in establishing information technology (IT) infrastructure on‐premises or outsourcing IT services on a multicloud environment. This is because a single cloud cannot cover all types of users’ functional/nonfunctional requirements, in addition to several drawbacks such as resource limitation, vendor lock‐in, and prone to failure. On the other hand, multicloud brings several merits such as vendor lock‐in avoidance, system fault tolerance, cost reduction, and better quality of service. The biggest challenge is in selecting an optimal web service composition in the ever increasing multicloud market in which each provider has its own pricing schemes and delivers variation in the service security level. In this regard, we embed a module in the cloud broker to log service downtime and different attacks to measure the security risk. If security tenets, namely, security service level agreement, such as availability, integrity, and confidentiality for mission‐critical applications, are targeted by cybersecurity attacks, it causes disruption in business continuity, leading to financial losses or even business failure. To address this issue, our decision model extends the cost model by using the cost present value concept and the risk model by using the advanced mean failure cost concept, which are derived from the embedded module to quantify cloud competencies. Then, the cloud economic problem is transformed into a bioptimization problem, which minimizes cost and security risks simultaneously. To deal with the combinatorial problem, we extended a genetic algorithm to find a Pareto set of optimal solutions. To reach a concrete result and to illustrate the effectiveness of the decision model, we conducted different scenarios and a small‐to‐medium business IT development for a 5‐year investment as a case study. The result of different implementation shows that multicloud is a promising and reliable solution against IT on‐premises deployment.
Recent assessment of West African summer monsoon daily rainfall trends
Authors: Odoulami Romaric C. , Akinsanola A. A.
Published: September 2017

This study analyses observed spatial trends in the summer monsoon rainfall over West Africa from 1998 to 2013 using two gridded observation datasets. The trends are calculated with the Kendall’s tau based slope estimator. Results show significant changes of the West African summer monsoon rainfall. Increases in the summer monsoon rainfall (measured as daily mean rainfall, frequency of wet days or extreme rainfall events) are observed over Sahel and decreases are observed along the Guinea Coast. Also, instead of the agreement between both observation datasets, they show some differences which can be attributed to the difference in their spatial resolution.
Serum estradiol and progesterone profiles during estrus, pseudopregnancy, and active gestation in Steller sea lions
Authors: Sattler Renae , Polasek Lori
Published: September 2017

While the proximate driver behind the decline of the Western stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus, >80% since 1970s) is likely multifactorial, the population reduction may have been powered by a decrease in fecundity. A harvest of Steller sea lions in the 1970s and 80s revealed a 30% reduction in the proportion of pregnant females from early (October–November) to late gestation (April–May). Identification and quantification of these reproductive failures are difficult when we lack species‐specific data on endocrinology associated with discrete stages of the reproductive cycle (i.e., estrus, implantation, and gestation). We tracked changes in serum estradiol and progesterone in three adult female Steller sea lions from 2011 to 2015. In all years and most females, a discrete increase in estradiol was observed during the breeding season (June–August), indicative of estrus. Estradiol concentrations from October to May in a pregnant female compared to her corresponding values when non‐pregnant did not consistently differ through gestation. An elevation in progesterone was observed in all females and all years beginning approximately in June and lasting through November. This likely results from progesterone production by the corpus luteum in both pregnant and pseudopregnant females. Serum progesterone shows promise as a diagnostic tool to identify pregnancy during months 3–5 (December–February) of the 8‐month active gestation following embryonic implantation. This study provides ranges of key hormones during estrus, embryonic diapause/pseudopregnancy, and gestation in pregnant and non‐pregnant females for studying reproduction in Steller sea lions.
Coupling of Acoustic Cavitation with Dem-Based Particle Solvers for Modeling De-agglomeration of Particle Clusters in Liquid Metals
Authors: Manoylov Anton , Lebon Bruno , Djambazov Georgi , Pericleous Koulis
Published: September 2017

The aerospace and automotive industries are seeking advanced materials with low weight yet high strength and durability. Aluminum and magnesium-based metal matrix composites with ceramic micro- and nano-reinforcements promise the desirable properties. However, larger surface-area-to-volume ratio in micro- and especially nanoparticles gives rise to van der Waals and adhesion forces that cause the particles to agglomerate in clusters. Such clusters lead to adverse effects on final properties, no longer acting as dislocation anchors but instead becoming defects. Also, agglomeration causes the particle distribution to become uneven, leading to inconsistent properties. To break up clusters, ultrasonic processing may be used via an immersed sonotrode, or alternatively via electromagnetic vibration. This paper combines a fundamental study of acoustic cavitation in liquid aluminum with a study of the interaction forces causing particles to agglomerate, as well as mechanisms of cluster breakup. A non-linear acoustic cavitation model utilizing pressure waves produced by an immersed horn is presented, and then applied to cavitation in liquid aluminum. Physical quantities related to fluid flow and quantities specific to the cavitation solver are passed to a discrete element method particles model. The coupled system is then used for a detailed study of clusters’ breakup by cavitation.
Identification and Characterization of Phospholipids with Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in Brewer's Yeast
Authors: Řezanka Tomáš , Kolouchová Irena , Gharwalová Lucia , Palyzová Andrea , Sigler Karel
Published: September 2017

Yeast lipids and fatty acids (FA) were analyzed in Saccharomyces pastorianus from seven breweries and in the dietary yeast supplement Pangamin. GC–MS identified more than 30 FA, half of which were very‐long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) with hydrocarbon chain lengths of ≥22 C atoms. Positional isomers ω‐9 and ω‐7 were identified in FA with C18–C28 even‐numbered alkyl chains. The most abundant ω‐7 isomer was cis‐vaccenic acid. The structure of monounsaturated FA was proved by dimethyl disulfide adducts (position of double bonds and cis geometric configuration) and by GC–MS of pyridyl carbinol esters. Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry with negative electrospray ionization identified the phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine, with more than 150 molecular species. Wild‐type unmutated brewer's yeast strains conventionally used for the manufacture of food supplements were found to contain VLCFA.
Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Cognitive Skills: Evidence From an Unsleeping Giant
Authors: Giuntella Osea , Han Wei , Mazzonna Fabrizio
Published: September 2017

This study analyzes the effects of sleep duration on cognitive skills and depression symptoms of older workers in urban China. Cognitive skills and mental health have been associated with sleep duration and are known to be strongly related to economic behavior and performance. However, causal evidence is lacking, and little is known about sleep deprivation in developing countries. We exploit the relationship between circadian rhythms and bedtime to identify the effects of sleep using sunset time as an instrument. Using the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we show that a later sunset time significantly reduces sleep duration and that sleep duration increases cognitive skills and eases depression symptoms of workers aged 45 years and older. The results are driven by employed individuals living in urban areas, who are more likely to be constrained by rigid work schedules. We find no evidence of significant effects on the self-employed, non-employed, or farmers.
A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System
Authors: WTO Secretariat
Published: September 2017

The WTO dispute settlement system has become one of the most dynamic, effective and successful international dispute settlement systems in the world over the past twenty years. This second edition of A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System has been compiled by the dispute settlement lawyers of the WTO Secretariat with a view to providing a practice-oriented account of the system. In addition to describing the existing rules and procedures, this accessibly written handbook explains how those rules and procedures have been interpreted by dispute settlement panels and the Appellate Body, and how they have evolved over time. The handbook provides practical information to help various audiences understand the day-to-day operation of the WTO dispute settlement system.
PRICE DETERMINANTS OF BRED COWS
Authors: MITCHELL JAMES L. , PEEL DERRELL S. , BRORSEN B. WADE
Published: September 2017

Hedonic modeling of Oklahoma cow auction data is used to determine the market value of bred cow characteristics. We use Agricultural Marketing Service data that let us consider more years and more lots of cattle than is typical for a cattle hedonic study. The greatest price premiums were for black, late-gestating cows, categorized as high quality by market reporters and weighing between 1,600 and 1,700 lb. Previous research on optimal cow size finds much smaller-size cows are optimal, and our research finds that larger cows receive a lower price per pound but still receive a substantially higher price per head.
Facilitators and Barriers to Preparedness Partnerships: A Veterans Affairs Medical Center Perspective
Authors: Schmitz Susan , Wyte-Lake Tamar , Dobalian Aram
Published: September 2017

Objective

This study sought to understand facilitators and barriers faced by local US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) emergency managers (EMs) when collaborating with non-VA entities.

Methods

Twelve EMs participated in semi-structured interviews lasting 60 to 90 minutes discussing their collaboration with non-VAMC organizations. Sections of the interview transcripts concerning facilitators and barriers to collaboration were coded and analyzed. Common themes were organized into 2 categories: (1) internal (ie, factors affecting collaboration from within VAMCs or by VA policy) and (2) external (ie, interagency or interpersonal factors).

Results

Respondents reported a range of facilitators and barriers to collaboration with community-based agencies. Internal factors facilitating collaboration included items such as leadership support. An internal barrier example included lack of clarity surrounding the VAMC’s role in community disaster response. External factors noted as facilitators included a shared goal across organizations while a noted barrier was a perception that potential partners viewed a VAMC partnership with skepticism.

Conclusion

Federal institutions are important partners for the success of community disaster preparedness and response. Understanding the barriers that VAMCs confront, as well as potential facilitators to collaboration, should enhance the development of VAMC–community partnerships and improve community health resilience. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:431–436)
Use of Implementation Science for a Sustained Reduction of Central-Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in a High-Volume, Regional Burn Unit
Authors: Sood Geeta , Caffrey Julie , Krout Kelly , Khouri-Stevens Zeina , Gerold Kevin , Riedel Stefan , McIntyre Janet , Maragakis Lisa L. , Blanding Renee , Zenilman Jonathan , Bennett Richard , Pronovost Peter
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE

We describe the use of implementation science at the unit level and organizational level to guide an intervention to reduce central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in a high-volume, regional, burn intensive care unit (BICU).

DESIGN

A single center observational quasi-experimental study.

SETTING

A regional BICU in Maryland serving 300–400 burn patients annually.

INTERVENTIONS

In 2011, an organizational-level and unit-level intervention was implemented to reduce the rates of CLABSI in a high-risk patient population in the BICU. At the organization level, leaders declared a goal of zero infections, created an infrastructure to support improvement efforts by creating a coordinating team, and engaged bedside staff. Performance data were transparently shared. At the unit level, the Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP)/ Translating Research Into Practice (TRIP) model was used. A series of interventions were implemented: development of new blood culture procurement criteria, implementation of chlorhexidine bathing and chlorhexidine dressings, use of alcohol impregnated caps, routine performance of root-cause analysis with executive engagement, and routine central venous catheter changes.

RESULTS

The use of an implementation science framework to guide multiple interventions resulted in the reduction of CLABSI rates from 15.5 per 1,000 central-line days to zero with a sustained rate of zero CLABSIs over 3 years (rate difference, 15.5; 95% confidence interval, 8.54–22.48).

CONCLUSIONS

CLABSIs in high-risk units may be preventable with the a use a structured organizational and unit-level paradigm.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1306–1311
Functional laws for trimmed Lévy processes
Authors: Buchmann Boris , Ipsen Yuguang F. , Maller Ross
Published: September 2017

Two different ways of trimming the sample path of a stochastic process in 𝔻[0, 1]: global ('trim as you go') trimming and record time ('lookback') trimming are analysed to find conditions for the corresponding operators to be continuous with respect to the (strong)J1-topology. A key condition is that there should be no ties among the largest ordered jumps of the limit process. As an application of the theory, via the continuous mapping theorem, we prove limit theorems for trimmed Lévy processes, using the functional convergence of the underlying process to a stable process. The results are applied to a reinsurance ruin time problem.
Calculable People? Standardising Assessment Guidelines for Alzheimer’s Disease in 1980s Britain
Authors: Wilson Duncan
Published: September 2017

This article shows how funding research on Alzheimer’s disease became a priority for the British Medical Research Council (MRC) in the late 1970s and 1980s, thanks to work that isolated new pathological and biochemical markers and showed that the disease affected a significant proportion of the elderly population. In contrast to histories that focus on the emergence of new and competing theories of disease causation in this period, I argue that concerns over the use of different assessment methods ensured the MRC’s immediate priority was standardising the ways in which researchers identified and recorded symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in potential research subjects. I detail how the rationale behind the development of standard assessment guidelines was less about arriving at a firm diagnosis and more about facilitating research by generating data that could be easily compared across the disciplines and sites that constitute modern biomedicine. Drawing on criticism of specific tests in the MRC’s guidelines, which some psychiatrists argued were ‘middle class biased’, I also show that debates over standardisation did not simply reflect concerns specific to the fields or areas of research that the MRC sought to govern. Questions about the validity of standard assessment guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease embodied broader concerns about education and social class, which ensured that distinguishing normal from pathological in old age remained a contested and historically contingent process.
Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Composition of Early Holocene Olivella Shell Beads from the Northwest Coast, USA
Authors: Hadden Carla S , Cherkinsky Alexander , Smith Geoffrey M , Ollivier Aaron P , Pan Hai
Published: September 2017

Archaeological investigations of the age and origins of marine shell beads are important for understanding the emergence and maintenance of long-distance trade networks in prehistory. In this paper we expand upon and re-examine the incremental carbon (14C and δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope data from two Olivella biplicata shell beads from the LSP-1 Rockshelter, Oregon, USA, to address two common problems in dating marine shell trade goods: (1) the source region is large, adding to uncertainty regarding the appropriate specification of ΔR; and (2) the 14C activity within individual specimens is variable. Although this combination of factors severely limits the dating precision that is possible, we recommend a sampling and calibration approach that accounts for these added sources of uncertainty and minimizes the loss of precision. We recommend (1) sequential sampling in order to quantify the range of variability in 14C within shells; (2) a Bayesian calibration procedure that models the 14C dates as an ontogenetic sequence, in this case constrained by stable isotope sclerochronology; and (3) specifying ΔR in a manner that accounts for the full range of possible reservoir offsets in the source region.
Dietary starch types affect liver nutrient metabolism of finishing pigs
Authors: Xie Chen , Li Yanjiao , Li Jiaolong , Zhang Lin , Zhou Guanghong , Gao Feng
Published: September 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different starch types on liver nutrient metabolism of finishing pigs. In all ninety barrows were randomly allocated to three diets with five replicates of six pigs, containing purified waxy maize starch (WMS), non-waxy maize starch (NMS) and pea starch (PS) (the amylose to amylopectin ratios were 0·07, 0·19 and 0·28, respectively). After 28 d of treatments, two per pen (close to the average body weight of the pen) were weighed individually, slaughtered and liver samples were collected. Compared with the WMS diet, the PS diet decreased the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in liver (P<0·05). Moreover, the lipid contents, the concentrations of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c in liver of PS and NMS diets were lower than those of WMS diet (P<0·05). However, no effect was observed in the activity of hepatic lipase, the expressions of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein, liver X receptor and PPARα(P>0·05). Compared with the WMS diet, the PS diet reduced the expressions of glutamate dehydrogenase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 in liver (P<0·05). PS diet decreased the expression of the insulin receptor, and increased the expressions of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and ribosomal protein S6 kinaseβ-1 in liver compared with the WMS diet (P<0·05). These findings indicated that the diet with higher amylose content could down-regulate gluconeogenesis, and cause less fat deposition and more protein deposition by affecting the insulin/PI3K/protein kinase B signalling pathway in liver of finishing pigs.
Depositional environment and climate changes during the Holocene in Grande Valley, Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Chu Zhuding , Sun Liguang , Wang Yuhong , Huang Tao , Zhou Xin
Published: September 2017

A 9.24 m sediment core, GA-2, was collected on the coastal platform of Grande Valley, a relatively narrow and shallow fjord in Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica. The sediment was formed between 6600 and 2000 cal. yrbpaccording to accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)14C dating of five bulk sediment samples. The comprehensive proxy indicators (grain size, loss on ignition at 550°C, magnetic susceptibility, elements) were analysed, and three separate depositional environments and an alternating climate change pattern were identified. Grande Valley experienced a warm marine environment between 6600 and 5800 cal. yrbp, a minor cooling between 5800 and 4800 cal. yrbp, the transition from cool to warm during 4800–4400 cal. yrbp, a mid-Holocene climatic optimum between 4400 and 2700 cal. yrbp, and the onset of the Neoglacial at 2700 cal. yrbp. This study reconstructed the environmental history of Grande Valley during the mid–late Holocene, provides the missing marine record of historical climate for the western coast of Fildes Peninsula and lays the foundation for further study of the climate and environment changes therein. Our finding that the sea level wasc.12 m a.m.s.l. at 2000 cal. yrbpallows for detailed reconstruction of Holocene sea level variations.
Long-Term Roughstalk Bluegrass Control in Creeping Bentgrass Fairways
Authors: Rana Sandeep S. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: September 2017

Methiozolin is an isoxazoline herbicide that selectively controls annual bluegrass in cool-season turf and may control roughstalk bluegrass, another weedyPoaspecies that is problematic in many turfgrass systems. However, the majority of research to date is limited to evaluating methiozolin efficacy for annual bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass putting greens. Research was conducted comparing various application regimes of methiozolin and other herbicides for long-term roughstalk bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass golf fairways. Methiozolin-only treatments did not injure creeping bentgrass or reduce normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) at 2 golf course locations based on 20 evaluation dates over a 2.5-yr period. The 2.5-yr average turf quality generally declined as roughstalk bluegrass control increased due to transient turf cover loss. At 1 yr after last treatment, methiozolin at 1500 g ai ha-1applied four times in fall reduced roughstalk bluegrass cover 85%. This was equivalent to methiozolin at 1000 g ha-1applied four times in fall, but greater than low rates of methiozolin applied four times in spring or twice in fall and spring. Amicarbazone, primisulfuron, and bispyribac-sodium alone either did not effectively reduce roughstalk bluegrass cover, or did so at the expense of increased creeping bentgrass injury. Results of this study suggest that methiozolin alone or tank-mixed with amicarbazone or primisulfuron is an effective long-term approach for selectively controlling roughstalk bluegrass in creeping bentgrass.
Welchen Einfluss haben Identitätsstress, problematische Bewältigungsstile und dysfunktionales mütterliches Verhalten auf die Symptombelastung von normalen und klinisch auffälligen Heranwachsenden?
Authors: Escher Fabian J. , Seiffge-Krenke Inge
Published: September 2017

Zusammenfassung. In einer vergleichenden Studie an gesunden Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen sowie einer Gruppe von Patienten (Gesamt N = 732) wurden Identitätsstress, Bewältigung, mütterliche dysfunktionale Erziehungsstile und Symptombelastung untersucht. Erwartungsgemäß fanden sich in der Gruppe der Patienten besonders viel Identitätsstress und eine hohe Symptombelastung sowie viel mütterliche psychologische Kontrolle bei fehlender Unterstützung. Aber auch gesunde Erwachsene berichteten hohen Identitätsstress, ohne dass eine erhöhte Symptombelastung auftrat. Bei der Vorhersage der externalisierenden und internalisierenden Symptombelastung erwies sich der Status „klinische Gruppe“, aber auch mütterliches dysfunktionales Erziehungsverhalten als vorhersagewirksam, während die Bewältigungsfertigkeiten keine Varianz aufklärten.
Strengthening the Observational Basis for Carbon Science, Policy
Authors: Andrews Arlyn
Published: September 2017

Sustained Observations for Carbon Cycle Science and Decision Support Workshop; Boulder, Colorado, 13–14 April 2016
Modelling sequences and temporal networks with dynamic community structures
Authors: Peixoto Tiago P. , Rosvall Martin
Published: September 2017

In evolving complex systems such as air traffic and social organisations, collective effects emerge from their many components’ dynamic interactions. While the dynamic interactions can be represented by temporal networks with nodes and links that change over time, they remain highly complex. It is therefore often necessary to use methods that extract the temporal networks’ large-scale dynamic community structure. However, such methods are subject to overfitting or suffer from effects of arbitrary, a priori-imposed timescales, which should instead be extracted from data. Here we simultaneously address both problems and develop a principled data-driven method that determines relevant timescales and identifies patterns of dynamics that take place on networks, as well as shape the networks themselves. We base our method on an arbitrary-order Markov chain model with community structure, and develop a nonparametric Bayesian inference framework that identifies the simplest such model that can explain temporal interaction data.