bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Federalismo y democracia consociacional en la política belga
Authors: Cueto Nogueras Carlos de
Published: July 2018

A lo largo de los últimos cuarenta años el estado unitario y centralizado belga ha federalizado sus instituciones y estructuras a raíz de las sucesivas reformas de Estado llevadas a cabo, en respuesta a la diversidad etno-cultural interna. Entre las prinicipales características del esquema federal de Bélgica, formalizado con la reforma constitucional de 1993, destacan su carácter asimétrico y bipolar, en tanto en cuanto combina y superpone simultáneamente dos tipos de entidades subnacionales, las regiones (Flandes, Valonia y la Bruselas-capital), defendidas por los francófonos, y las comunidades (flamenca, francófona y germanofrancófona), promovidas por los flamencos. Pero el carácter bipolar, complejo, centrífugo y asimétrico del federalismo bela coexiste con avanzados rasgos consociacionales
Encuesta sobre la dinámica del sistema autonómico
Authors: - -
Published: July 2018

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El Estado social como Estado autonómico
Authors: Solozábal Echavarría Juan José
Published: July 2018

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RESEÑA de : Alzaga Villaamil, Óscar; Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, Ignacio; Rodríguez-Zapata y Pérez, Jorge. Derecho político español, según la Constitución de 1978. Madrid : Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces, 2001
Authors: Escobar Roca Guillermo
Published: July 2018

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RESEÑA de : Cabra de Luna, Miguel Angel. El tercer sector y las fundaciones de España hacia el nuevo milenio : enfoque económico, sociológico y jurídico. Madrid : Escuela Libre, 1998
Authors: Diego Arias Juan Luis de
Published: July 2018

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RESEÑA de : Corzo Sosa, Edgar. La cuestión de inconstitucionalidad. Prólogo de Aragón Reyes, Manuel. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 1998
Authors: Sánchez Barrilao Juan Francisco
Published: July 2018

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RESEÑA de : López Guerra, Luis María. Las sentencias básicas del Tribunal Constitucional. Madrid : Boletín Oficial del Estado : Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2000
Authors: López Bulla José Luis
Published: July 2018

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Encuesta sobre el pacto de Estado para la reforma de la Justicia
Authors: - -
Published: July 2018

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The Persistence of Desire: Gay Men Online and Queer Visuality
Authors: Barbosa Gadelha Kaciano
Published: July 2018

Queer forms of sociality online have been established as a research field for many social studies that contributed to our contemporary comprehension of new geographies of sexualities. Such a task required a cautious review of existent methodologies and conceptual tools, especially when sexuality comes up as an axis of investigation. In this paper I explore the persistence of the category of “desire” for the study of dissident sexualities online. Although a critical approach to desire is present in queer scholarship, my argument relies on implementing theoretical queer and/or feminist formulations of desire. It has been a problematic standard to combine theories on queer desire without reflecting about the field in which such theories may be applied. Desire as a category has also to do with the dismantling of cruising geographies and with the errant aspect inherent to cruising practices. This paper, by discussing theoretically the relationship between “desire”, “visualization”, and the “digital” points out the disruptive aspect of desire in relation to online ways of seeing and performativity.
Pongo el culo compañero. Izquierda, disidencia sexual y performance: Vínculos, fisuras y rupturas en Chile
Authors: Antivilo Peña Julia
Published: July 2018

Mi propuesta de artículo busca reflexionar entre los vínculos, rupturas y fisuras de los discursos del cuerpo disidente sexual que a través del performance encaran a la izquierda chilena de la cual ha sido parte militante. Para ello, busco analizar las prácticas del performance en Chile en las décadas del ochenta y los noventa, donde se expresen estas problemáticas en las acciones como por ejemplo la obra de Pedro Lemebel y su famoso Manifiesto (Hablo por mi diferencia), presentado en un acto político del Partido Comunista en septiembre de 1986, en Santiago de Chile. Además de las intervenciones performáticas del artivista Víctor Hugo Robles en los noventa del siglo XX hasta la actualidad.
Employer branding: la experiencia de la marca empleadora y su efecto sobre el compromiso afectivo
Authors: Gavilan Diana , Avelló María , Fernández Lores Susana
Published: July 2018

In the last two decades, the importance of the employee-company relationship has done nothing but increase. This fact has encouraged the application of marketing in human resources management by creating the theoretical body of employer branding, whose main objectives are to attract talent to the company and to commit them. Several factors have been shown to be capable of contributing to brand commitment. This research explores the experience concept of employer branding and its impact on affective commitment. A three dimensional structure of employer branding is proposed, made up of sensory, emotional and intellectual experience analogous to the commercial brand experience. The results, obtained through a survey of employees from different sectors and job levels, demonstrate the positive impact of the three types of experience described on affective commitment. A positive experience of the employer brand is important so that the employee develops affective commitment towards it.
Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) illuminate the population genomics of a recent, high-latitude avian speciation event
Authors: Winker Kevin , Glenn Travis C , Faircloth Brant C
Published: July 2018

Using a large, consistent set of loci shared by descent (orthologous) to study relationships among taxa would revolutionize among-lineage comparisons of divergence and speciation processes. Ultraconserved elements (UCEs), highly conserved regions of the genome, offer such genomic markers. The utility of UCEs for deep phylogenetics is clearly established and there are mature analytical frameworks available, but fewer studies apply UCEs to recent evolutionary events, creating a need for additional example datasets and analytical approaches. We used UCEs to study population genomics in snow and McKay’s buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis and P. hyperboreus). Prior work suggested divergence of these sister species during the last glacial maximum (~18-74 Kya). With a sequencing depth of ~30× from four individuals of each species, we used a series of analysis tools to genotype both alleles, obtaining a complete dataset of 2,635 variable loci (~3.6 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]/locus) and 796 invariable loci. We found no fixed allelic differences between the lineages, and few loci had large allele frequency differences. Nevertheless, individuals were 100% diagnosable to species, and the two taxa were different genetically (FST = 0.034; P = 0.03). The demographic model best fitting the data was one of divergence with gene flow. Estimates of demographic parameters differed from published mtDNA research, with UCE data suggesting lower effective population sizes (~92,500 - 240,500 individuals), a deeper divergence time (~241,000 yrs), and lower gene flow (2.8-5.2 individuals per generation). Our methods provide a framework for future population studies using UCEs, and our results provide additional evidence that UCEs are useful for answering questions at shallow evolutionary depths.
Tomada de decisão clínica frente ao diagnóstico e tratamento de lesões em esmalte dentário
Authors: Correio Izabel Barzotto , Correio Lilian Rigo
Published: July 2018

Introdução: O tecido que recobre a coroa dos dentes é o esmalte dentário, que promove proteção e revestimento. Trata-se de tecido mineralizado e sensível às variações do ambiente em sua formação, sendo que não sofre remodelação ao longo de seu ciclo de vida. Objetivo: Avaliar a escolha mais adequada do diagnóstico e opções de tratamento de lesões de esmalte dentário pelos docentes e discentes do curso de Odontologia. Método: Estudo quantitativo descritivo, cuja amostra foi composta por 98 discentes matriculados nas disciplinas de Clínicas Odontológicas do IV ao VIII nível e por 23 docentes. O instrumento de coleta dos dados foi um questionário composto por fotografias de quatro casos clínicos, cujos dentes apresentavam diferentes lesões em esmalte dentário: hipoplasia do esmalte dentário, fluorose dentária, amelogênese imperfeita e cárie dentária. Resultados: Dos 98 discentes, o acerto predominante foi o da fluorose dentária, onde 93,9% acertaram o diagnóstico. Enquanto o acerto predominante em relação ao tratamento foi o das lesões de cárie, onde 86,7% optaram por restauração direta. Dos 23 docentes, o acerto predominante frente ao diagnóstico foi de lesão de cárie, 100% acertaram o diagnóstico, enquanto o tratamento foi o de restauração direta no caso de hipoplasia, onde 95,7% fizeram essa opção de tratamento.Conclusão: Ambos os grupos apesentaram dificuldade na tomada de decisão de tratamento nos dentes com amelogênese imperfeita e com fluorose dentária leve. Os discentes relataram possuir dificuldade no diagnóstico diferencial na prática clínica frente às diferentes lesões que acometem os tecidos dentários, além de terem pouco conhecimento sobre o diagnóstico das lesões abordadas.
Sociocultural aspects of health and disease and their pragmatic impact
Authors: Alves Sabrina Alaíde Amorim , Oliveira Maryldes Lucena Bezerra de
Published: July 2018

Introdução: Diversos fatores estão envolvidos no processo de saúde e doença e importantes pontos se relacionam a aspectos socioculturais os quais necessitam ser entendidos e interpretados para entendimento de um arcabouço mais geral que envolve a saúde.Objetivo: Analisar os aspectos socioculturais relacionados ao processo de saúde e doença.Método: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão reflexiva. Foram construídas categorias temáticas para o desenvolvimento dos resultados e discussão segundo a análise de Bardin.Resultados: Os aspectos socioculturais influenciam na saúde da população fundamentado na criação de trabalho no campo da saúde pública.Conclusão: Muitos aspectos estão envolvidos no processo de saúde e doença. Todos impactam de alguma forma em algum contexto na saúde pública e por isso devem ser analisados e considerados.
Gender and violence: contributions to the debate
Authors: Lucena Kerle Dayana Tavares de , Tristán-Cheever Elisa
Published: July 2018

O termo gênero é definido como a construção social do sexo, diferenciando-se da variável “sexo” porque esta tem como referência à dimensão biológica da caracterização anatomofisiológica dos seres humanos, reconhecida como essencial e inata na determinação das distinções entre homens e mulheres. A violência de gênero, caracteriza-se como um fenômeno de múltiplas determinações em que se define qualquer ato baseado nas relações de gênero, que resulte em danos físicos e psicológicos ou sofrimento. Refere-se à hierarquia de poder, desejos de dominação e aniquilamento do outro e que pode ser utilizada algumas vezes, conscientemente, nas relações conjugais como mecanismo para subordinação. Compreender como a violência ocorre a partir das relações de gênero é essencial para que seja possível enfrentar esse fenômeno. Nessa perspectiva, o Journal of Human Growth and Development tem proporcionado um amplo debate acerca da temática, contribuindo para a tomada de decisão no tocante ao combate à violência de gênero.
Lipoate-binding proteins and specific lipoate-protein ligases in microbial sulfur oxidation reveal an atpyical role for an old cofactor
Authors: Cao Xinyun , Koch Tobias , Steffens Lydia , Finkensieper Julia , Zigann Renate , Cronan John E , Dahl Christiane
Published: July 2018

Many Bacteria and Archaea employ the heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr)-like sulfur oxidation pathway. The relevant genes are inevitably associated with genes encoding lipoate-binding proteins (LbpA). Here, deletion of the gene identified LbpA as an essential component of the Hdr-like sulfur-oxidizing system in the Alphaproteobacterium Hyphomicrobium denitrificans. Thus, a biological function was established for the universally conserved cofactor lipoate that is markedly different from its canonical roles in central metabolism. LbpAs likely function as sulfur-binding entities presenting substrate to different catalytic sites of the Hdr-like complex, similar to the substrate-channeling function of lipoate in carbon-metabolizing multienzyme complexes, for example pyruvate dehydrogenase. LbpAs serve a specific function in sulfur oxidation, cannot functionally replace the related GcvH protein in Bacillus subtilis and are not modified by the canonical E. coli and B. subtilis lipoyl attachment machineries. Instead, LplA-like lipoate-protein ligases encoded in or in immediate vicinity of hdr-lpbA gene clusters act specifically on these proteins.
SECAPR—a bioinformatics pipeline for the rapid and user-friendly processing of targeted enriched Illumina sequences, from raw reads to alignments
Authors: Andermann Tobias , Cano Ángela , Zizka Alexander , Bacon Christine , Antonelli Alexandre
Published: July 2018

Evolutionary biology has entered an era of unprecedented amounts of DNA sequence data, as new sequencing technologies such as Massive Parallel Sequencing (MPS) can generate billions of nucleotides within less than a day. The current bottleneck is how to efficiently handle, process, and analyze such large amounts of data in an automated and reproducible way. To tackle these challenges we introduce the Sequence Capture Processor (SECAPR) pipeline for processing raw sequencing data into multiple sequence alignments for downstream phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses. SECAPR is user-friendly and we provide an exhaustive empirical data tutorial intended for users with no prior experience with analyzing MPS output. SECAPR is particularly useful for the processing of sequence capture (synonyms: target or hybrid enrichment) datasets for non-model organisms, as we demonstrate using an empirical sequence capture dataset of the palm genus Geonoma (Arecaceae). Various quality control and plotting functions help the user to decide on the most suitable settings for even challenging datasets. SECAPR is an easy-to-use, free, and versatile pipeline, aimed to enable efficient and reproducible processing of MPS data for many samples in parallel.
Role of hepatoma‐derived growth factor in promoting de novo lipogenesis and tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Min Xuejie , Wen Jun , Zhao Li , Wang Kaiying , Li Qingli , Huang Gang , Liu Jianjun , Zhao Xiaoping
Published: July 2018

Although identified as a growth factor, the mechanism by which hepatoma‐derived growth factor (HDGF) promotes cancer development remains unclear. We found that nuclear but not cytoplasmic HDGF is closely associated with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RNA‐sequencing analysis further demonstrated that the nuclear role of HDGF involved regulation of transcription of lipid metabolism genes. HDGF‐induced expression of lipogenic genes was mainly associated with activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) transcription factor. Coexpression of SREBP‐1 and nuclear HDGF predicts poor prognosis for HCC. In addition, by changing the first amino acid of the PWWP domain from proline to alanine, the type of PWWP domain changed from P‐ to A‐type, resulting in inability to induce SREBP‐1‐mediated gene transcription. The type of PWWP domain affects the recruitment of the C‐terminal binding protein‐1 transcriptional repressor on the promoter of the lipogenic gene. Our data indicate that HDGF acts as a coactivator of SREBP1‐mediated transcription of lipogenic genes. The PWWP domain is crucial for HDGF to promote lipogenesis. Moreover, transcriptional regulation of nuclear HDGF plays important roles in the development of HCC.
Ion Transport at the Plant Plasma Membrane
Authors: Wang Yizhou , Blatt Michael R , Chen Zhong‐Hua
Published: July 2018

Membrane transport plays a fundamental role in virtually every aspect of homeostasis, signalling, growth and development in plants. At the plasma membrane, the boundary with the outside world, ion and solute fluxes underpin inorganic mineral nutrient uptake, they trigger rapid changes in second messengers such as cytosolic‐free Ca
2+
concentrations and they power the osmotic gradients that drive cell expansion, to name just a few roles. Our understanding of the transporters – the ion pumps that generate an H
+
electrochemical driving force, H
+
ion‐coupled symport and antiport systems and ion channels – now, more than ever, builds on developments in molecular genetics, genomics, protein chemistry and crystallography to gain insights into the fine structure and mechanics of these remarkable enzymes. Even so, it is the interface with the biophysical detail of ion transport that drives scientific enquiry in the field and will continue to be essential in informing both the most fundamental research as well as efforts to apply the knowledge gained in resolving some of the dilemmas that face society today.

Key Concepts

Study of ion transport is the key for our understanding of mineral nutrition in plants.

Ion transporters and their biophysical properties form the basis for understanding of the membrane potentials.

Plasma membrane H
+
‐ATPase of plants and the Na
+
/K
+
‐ATPase of animals are both members of the P‐type membrane ATPase superfamily.

The transport of many solutes is coupled by H
+
across plasma membrane of plant cells.

Ion channels carry much larger current than pumps and cotransporters on a unit protein basis.

Membrane vesicle traffic regulates ion transport by controlling the population and availability of transporters at the membrane and, in some cases, by direct binding with ion transporters.

Plasma membrane ion transporters have coevolved with the evolution of land plants.
Androgen Insensitivity
Authors: McEwan Iain J
Published: July 2018

Androgen insensitivity is an X‐linked disorder of defective or absent virilisation in 46, XY individuals owing to complete or partial resistance to androgens in androgen‐dependent tissues and organs. The syndrome is part of a group of disorders of sex development (DSD). The molecular cause of the syndrome is mutations in the androgen receptor gene (locus: Xq11–12), resulting either in the absence of an androgen receptor protein or in the production of a mutant receptor with partial or complete loss of its activity. Androgen insensitivity displays a broad phenotypic and genotypic spectrum. The phenotype can vary from complete (CAIS, complete androgen insensitivity syndrome), partial (PAIS, partial androgen insensitivity syndrome) to mild (MAIS, mild androgen insensitivity syndrome). More than 450 different mutations in the androgen receptor gene have been reported. The majority of mutations are single‐base substitutions. However, deletions (1–6 bp), partial or complete gene deletions (>10 bp), insertions or duplications are also found.

Key Concepts

Androgens and the androgen receptor are indispensable for expression of the male phenotype.

The androgen receptor is a ligand‐dependent transcription factor and belongs to the family of nuclear receptors.

Despite two different ligands (testosterone and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone), only one androgen receptor cDNA has been identified and cloned.

A highly polymorphic (CAG)

n

‐CAA repeat, encoding a polyglutamine stretch, in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene is used for identification of X‐chromosomes for carrier detection in pedigree analyses.

Variations in the polyglutamine stretch modulate androgen receptor transcriptional activity.

End‐organ resistance to androgens has been designated as androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and is distinct from other XY disorders of sex development.

Defects in the androgen receptor gene can prevent normal development of both the internal and external male structures in 46, XY individuals.

End‐organ resistance to androgens is X‐linked, and only 46, XY individuals are affected.

AR gene mutations are transmitted in an X‐linked manner, but in 30% of the cases, mutations arise
de novo
.

A number of cases of AIS present with no identifiable mutation in the androgen receptor, which has been estimated at between 25% and 33% of individuals presenting with androgen resistance.
Relevance of Copy Number Variation to Human Genetic Disease
Authors: Torres Fátima , Lopes Fátima , Maciel Patrícia
Published: July 2018

Genomic rearrangements leading to the appearance of copy number variations (CNVs) are frequent and widespread events, mostly as a consequence of the inherent repeat architecture of the human genome. It is currently accepted that these structural variants represent a major genetic component underlying our phenotypic diversity and also play an important role in human disease. CNVs can lead to disease by means of gene dosage effect, gene disruption, gene fusion and other effects on gene function, including position effect mechanisms. Recurrent CNVs with common breakpoints define genomic disorders that frequently involve the contribution of multiple genes and are associated with a particular phenotype, although most of them exhibit variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. These rearrangements are presently unavoidable elements when studying the genetic basis of syndromes and complex diseases, such as cancer, metabolism disorders, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Key Concepts

The detection and identification of recurrent CNVs has allowed the definition of previously unidentified genomic disorders.

Many CNV‐associated disorders show incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.

An adequate estimation of CNV‐associated odds ratio of disease is of utmost relevance for genetic counselling.

These disorders usually affect multiple genes, and even though in some cases there is a key gene recognised as the main contributor to the disease features, others are contiguous gene syndromes, that is result from the contribution of dosage changes in multiple genes.

Animal/hiPSC models are helping to understand the pathogenic mechanisms by which CNVs cause disease.

hiPSC models are also being used for drug discovery and development.
Origins of Human Aneuploidy
Authors: Delhanty Joy DA
Published: July 2018

At birth, at least 1% of humans have a clinically significant chromosomal abnormality. However, this represents a small fraction of those originally conceived as by the time of birth, natural selection has eliminated the vast majority of abnormal embryos and foetuses.

There are three stages in development when aneuploidy may arise: during gamete formation, at fertilisation or during the early stages of embryo development. Gamete formation differs significantly between males and females, affecting the incidence of aneuploid gametes, which is fourfold higher in females than in males. Molecular cytogenetic techniques have revealed the extent of full and mosaic aneuploidy in embryos created by
in vitro
fertilisation (IVF), explaining the high level of arrested development affecting these embryos. Maternal age is the most significant factor affecting the incidence of aneuploidy, but genetic anomalies in the parents are also important.

Key Concepts

Chromosomally abnormal conceptions are very high in humans, but the effects are lethal in almost all cases.

Aneuploidy may arise at three developmental stages: during gamete formation, at fertilisation or during embryogenesis.

Gamete formation (oogenesis or spermatogenesis) differs considerably between the sexes as males produce sperm throughout adult life, whereas females are born with a finite set of oogonia.

These differences are reflected in the fourfold higher aneuploidy rate in females versus males.

Maternal age is the most significant factor affecting the incidence of aneuploidy, but genetic variation, particularly chromosomal rearrangement, in a parent is also an important factor.
Therapeutic and Other Misconceptions in Clinical Trials for Paediatric Genetic Disorders
Authors: Woods Simon
Published: July 2018

Paediatric research is ethically complex because it involves subjects unable to consent for themselves. As some conditions only affect children, it is necessary to involve children in research so that treatments can be developed. Paediatric genomic research requires parental consent for children with serious, often progressive and frequently life‐threatening conditions. A body of evidence identifies the various vulnerabilities associated with the process of informed consent. Commonly misconceptions about the nature of research, especially those that mistake research for treatment, the ‘therapeutic misconception’, can occur. Serious misconceptions about research potentially undermine the validity of consent. Various factors increase the likelihood of therapeutic and other serious misconceptions, which include the complexity of the research, the timing and context of decisions. Researchers may also contribute to misconceptions, for example by being too optimistic about the benefits of research. Wider factors such as the ‘promissory’ hyperbole that accompanies public discussion of bioscience research also encourage inflated expectations of research. Researchers ought to be conscious of these factors but should not deny parents the opportunity to exercise parental responsibility in giving consent nor deny them the capacity for hope alongside a realistic understanding of the aims and limitations of research.

Key Concepts

Informed consent for clinical research is an important ethico‐legal concept, but it is vulnerable to several serious flaws which may undermine the validity of the consent.

In research ethics, the ‘therapeutic misconception’ is commonly observed in which research participants falsely believe that the aim of the research is to provide beneficial treatment.

Paediatric genomics research is a complex area of research in which appropriate support for parental decisions is needed to help them to navigate complex information and to understand the aims of the research.

Clinicians who are also active in paediatric research ought to be aware of the influence they can exert over parents invited to participate in genomics research.

A disposition to hope for benefit from research may be an important coping mechanism, for parents and researchers should distinguish between a disposition to hope and a serious therapeutic misconception.

Researchers and policymakers should attend to the language they use in the public discussion of developing areas of biomedicine, avoiding ‘promissory’ claims which may encourage a therapeutic misconception.
Reducing seed waste and increasing value of dynamic intraoperative implantation of Pd‐103 seeds in prostate brachytherapy
Authors: Taylor Peter K. , Riegel Adam C.
Published: July 2018

Several nomograms exist for ordering palladium‐103 seeds for permanent prostate seed implants (PSI). Excess seeds from PSIs pose additional radiation safety risks and increase the cost of care. This study compared five nomograms to clinical data from dynamic modified‐peripheral intraoperative PSI to determine (a) the cause of excess seeds and (b) the optimal nomogram for our institution. Pre‐ and intraoperative patient data were collected for monotherapy PSIs and compiled into a clinical database. All patients were prescribed 125 Gy with dose coverage of D90% = 100% to the planning target volume (PTV) using 103Pd seeds with mean air‐kerma strength () of 2 U. Seeds were ordered based upon an in‐house nomogram as a function of preoperative prostate volume and prescription dose. Preoperative prostate volume was assessed with transrectal ultrasound. If any of the following four conditions were not met: (a) preoperative volume = intraoperative volume, (b) D90% = 100%, (c) , and (d) seed ordering matched the in‐house nomogram, then a normalization factor was applied to the number of seeds used intraoperatively to meet all four conditions. Four published nomograms, an in‐house nomogram, and the normalized number of implanted seeds for each patient were plotted against intraoperative prostate volume. Of the 226 patients, 223 had excess seeds at the completion of their PSI. On average, 25.7 ± 9.9% of ordered seeds were not implanted. Excess seeds were separated into two categories, accounted‐for excess, determined by the four normalization factors, and residual excess, assumed to be due to overordering. The upper 99.9% CI linear fit of the normalized clinical data plus a 5% “cushion” may provide a more reasonable nomogram for 103Pd seed ordering for our institution. Nomograms customized for individual institutions may reduce seed waste, thereby reducing radiation safety risks and increasing the value of prostate brachytherapy.
Association Between Knee Load and Pain: Within‐Patient, Between‐Knees, Case–Control Study in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Birmingham Trevor B. , Marriott Kendal A. , Leitch Kristyn M. , Moyer Rebecca F. , Lorbergs Amanda L. , Walton Dave M. , Willits Kevin , Litchfield Robert B. , Getgood Alan , Fowler Peter J. , Giffin J. Robert
Published: July 2018

Objective

The association between knee loading and pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis is reported to be low and of questionable importance, but may be confounded by several factors that differ between patients. We aimed to elucidate the association between dynamic knee load and pain by minimizing confounding using a study design that was within the same patient, with knees discordant for pain.

Methods

A total of 265 patients with knees discordant for pain (530 knees) rated the pain in each knee before and after walking for 6 minutes, and then underwent 3‐dimensional gait analysis.

Results

The peak knee adduction moment and knee adduction impulse (proxies for medial knee loading) were associated with increased pain (odds ratio [OR] 2.43 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.77–3.33] and OR 6.62 [95% CI 3.46–12.7], respectively) and remained significant after controlling for radiographic disease severity. When split into quartiles, ORs indicated knees in the highest loading quartile had greater odds of experiencing increased pain with walking (OR 4.7 95% CI 2.3–9.5] for peak adduction moment; OR 9.0 [95% CI 4.0–20.1] for adduction impulse) compared to knees in the lowest loading quartile.

Conclusion

When between‐patient confounding is minimized, there is a strong association between medial knee load and increased knee pain during walking.
Barriers and Facilitators of Vigorous Cardiorespiratory Training in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Surveys Among Patients, Physiotherapists, and Rheumatologists
Authors: Niedermann Karin , Nast Irina , Ciurea Adrian , Vliet Vlieland Thea , van Bodegom‐Vos Leti
Published: July 2018

Objective

Vigorous cardiorespiratory training (CRT) in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) is effective, safe. and feasible; however, it has not yet been adopted in axial SpA exercise programs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the barriers and facilitators for vigorous CRT among patients, physiotherapists, and rheumatologists.

Methods

Stakeholder‐specific surveys were used to examine perceptions of barriers and facilitators to vigorous CRT, with categories organized according to the recommendations proposed by Grol and Wensing. Respondents chose the 3 most important barrier and facilitator categories and rated individual items on a 4‐point scale. Frequencies and proportions were calculated, and ratings between active and inactive patients were compared.

Results

Among all patients (n = 575 [response rate 34%]), the top 3 barrier categories were “low motivation” (n = 317 [59%]), “unsuccessful timing in daily routine” (n = 292 [55%]), and “hindering disease symptoms” (n = 272 [51%]). The top 3 facilitator categories were “high motivation” (n = 248 [47%]), “good organizational conditions” (n = 217 [41%]), and “facilitating disease symptoms” (n = 209 [40%]). More inactive patients than active patients chose “low motivation” as a barrier (P = 0.01). Among physiotherapists (n = 40 [response rate 48%]), the top 3 barrier categories were “heterogeneous groups” (n = 26 [70%]), “difficult organizational conditions” (n = 19 [51%]), and “low perceived motivation” (n = 19 [51%]). Among physiotherapists, the top 3 facilitator categories were “knowledge” (n = 20 [54%]), “homogeneous group composition,” and “high perceived motivation” (both n = 17 [46%]). For rheumatologists (n = 73 [response rate 17%], with 54 [74%] answering barrier items and 68 [93%] answering facilitator items), the strongest barriers included “not enough information” (n = 25 [47%]) and “anticipated or perceived disinterest of patient” (n = 27 [50%]). The strongest facilitators reported by rheumatologists included “exercise important topic even in limited consultation time” (n = 65 [96%]) and “clear evidence for effectiveness of flexibility exercises” (n = 62 [91%]).

Conclusion

The identified facilitators and barriers will guide the development of stakeholder‐specific implementation strategies.
Efficient Photocarrier Transfer and Effective Photoluminescence Enhancement in Type I Monolayer MoTe2/WSe2 Heterostructure
Authors: Yamaoka Takao , Lim Hong En , Koirala Sandhaya , Wang Xiaofan , Shinokita Keisuke , Maruyama Mina , Okada Susumu , Miyauchi Yuhei , Matsuda Kazunari
Published: July 2018

Artificial van der Waals heterostructures of 2D layered materials are attractive from the viewpoint of the possible discovery of new physics together with improved functionalities. Stacking various combinations of atomically thin semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides, MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te) with a hexagonal crystal structure, typically leads to the formation of a staggered Type II band alignment in the heterostructure, where electrons and holes are confined in different layers. Here, the comprehensive studies are performed on heterostructures prepared from monolayers of WSe2 and MoTe2 using differential reflectance, photoluminescence (PL), and PL excitation spectroscopy. The MoTe2/WSe2 heterostructure shows strong PL from the MoTe2 layer at ≈1.1 eV, which is different from the quenched PL from the WSe2 layer. Moreover, enhancement of PL intensity from the MoTe2 layer is observed because of the near‐unity highly efficient photocarrier transfer from WSe2 to MoTe2. These experimental results suggest that the MoTe2/WSe2 heterostructure has a Type I band alignment where electrons and holes are confined in the MoTe2 layer. The findings extend the diversity and usefulness of ultrathin layered heterostructures based on transition metal dichalcogenides, leading to possibilities toward future optoelectronic applications.
Synergistic Compositional–Mechanical–Thermal Effects Leading to a Record High zT in n‐Type V2VI3 Alloys Through Progressive Hot Deformation
Authors: Hu Lipeng , Zhang Yang , Wu Haijun , Liu Yamei , Li Junqin , He Jian , Ao Weiqin , Liu Fusheng , Pennycook Stephen John , Zeng Xierong
Published: July 2018

Here a progressive hot deformation procedure that endows the benchmark n‐type V2VI3 thermoelectric materials with short range disorder (multiple defects), long range order (crystallinity), and strong texture (nearly orientation order) is reported. Not only it is rare for these structural features to coexist but also these structural features elicit the synergistic compositional–mechanical–thermal effects, i.e., a profound interplay among the counts, magnitude, and temperature of hot deformation in relation to the as formed point defects, dislocations, textures, strain clusters, and distortions. Using progressively larger die sets and relatively low hot deformation temperature, rich multiscale microstructures concurrently with a high level of texture comparable to that of zone melted ingot are obtained. The strong donor‐like effect significantly increases the majority carrier concentration, suppressing the detrimental bipolar effect. In addition, the multiscale microstructures yield an ultralow lattice thermal conductivity ≈0.31 W m−1 K−1 at 405 K. A record zT ≈ 1.3 at 450 K are attained in progressively hot deformed n‐type Bi1.95Sb0.05Te2.3Se0.7 through the synergistic effects. These results not only promise a better pairing between n‐type and p‐type legs in device fabrication but also bring our understanding of n‐type V2VI3 alloys and hot deformation technique to a new level.
Addressing Unmet Clinical Needs with 3D Printing Technologies
Authors: Ghosh Udayan , Ning Shen , Wang Yuzhu , Kong Yong Lin
Published: July 2018

Recent advances in 3D printing have enabled the creation of novel 3D constructs and devices with an unprecedented level of complexity, properties, and functionalities. In contrast to manufacturing techniques developed for mass production, 3D printing encompasses a broad class of fabrication technologies that can enable 1) the creation of highly customized and optimized 3D physical architectures from digital designs; 2) the synergistic integration of properties and functionalities of distinct classes of materials to create novel hybrid devices; and 3) a biocompatible fabrication approach that facilitates the creation and cointegration of biological constructs and systems. This progress report describes how these capabilities can potentially address a myriad of unmet clinical needs. First, the creation of 3D‐printed prosthetics to regain lost functionalities by providing structural support for skeletal and tubular organs is highlighted. Second, novel drug delivery strategies aided by 3D‐printed devices are described. Third, the advancement of medical research heralded by 3D‐printed tissue/organ‐on‐chips systems is discussed. Fourth, the developments of 3D‐printed tissue and organ regeneration are explored. Finally, the potential for seamless integration of engineered organs with active devices by leveraging the versatility of multimaterial 3D printing is envisioned.
Acceleration of Diabetic Wound Regeneration using an In Situ–Formed Stem‐Cell‐Based Skin Substitute
Authors: Dong Yixiao , Rodrigues Melanie , Kwon Sun Hyung , Li Xiaolin , A Sigen , Brett Elizabeth Anne , Elvassore Nicola , Wang Wenxin , Gurtner Geoffrey C.
Published: July 2018

Chronic diabetic ulcers are a common complication in patients with diabetes, often leading to lower limb amputations and even mortality. Stem cells have shown promise in promoting cutaneous wound healing by modulating inflammation, angiogenesis, and re‐epithelialization. However, more effective delivery and engraftment strategies are needed to prolong transplanted stem cell lifespan and their pro‐healing functions in a chronic wound environment to improve skin regeneration. In this study, an injectable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)–gelatin‐based hydrogel system is examined to create a functional stem cell niche for the delivery of adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) into diabetic wounds. Human ASCs are encapsulated into the in situ crosslinked hydrogels and cultured in a 3D topography. The encapsulated cells are well attached and spread inside the hydrogels, retaining viability, proliferation, and metabolic activity up to three weeks in vitro. Allogeneic ASCs are delivered to diabetic wounds by this hydrogel vehicle. It is found that stem cell retention is significantly improved in vivo with vehicle‐mediated delivery. The ASC‐hydrogel‐based treatment decreases inflammatory cell infiltration, enhances neovascularization, and remarkably accelerates wound closure in diabetic mice. Together, these findings suggest this conveniently‐applicable ASC‐hydrogel‐based skin substitute provides a promising potential for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds.
Tracking the Fate of Porous Silicon Nanoparticles Delivering a Peptide Payload by Intrinsic Photoluminescence Lifetime
Authors: Jin Yusung , Kim Dokyoung , Roh Hajung , Kim Sojeong , Hussain Sazid , Kang Jinyoung , Pack Chan‐Gi , Kim Jun Ki , Myung Seung‐Jae , Ruoslahti Erkki , Sailor Michael J. , Kim Song Cheol , Joo Jinmyoung
Published: July 2018

A nanoparticle system for systemic delivery of therapeutics is described, which incorporates a means of tracking the fate of the nanocarrier and its residual drug payload in vivo by photoluminescence (PL). Porous silicon nanoparticles (PSiNPs) containing the proapoptotic antimicrobial peptide payload, D[KLAKLAK]2, are monitored by measurement of the intrinsic PL intensity and the PL lifetime of the nanoparticles. The PL lifetime of the PSiNPs is on the order of microseconds, substantially longer than the nanosecond lifetimes typically exhibited by conventional fluorescent tags or by autofluorescence from cells and tissues; thus, emission from the nanoparticles is readily discerned in the time‐resolved PL spectrum. It is found that the luminescence lifetime of the PSiNP host decreases as the nanoparticle dissolves in phosphate‐buffered saline solution (37 °C), and this correlates with the extent of release of the peptide payload. The time‐resolved PL measurement allows tracking of the in vivo fate of PSiNPs injected (via tail vein) into mice. Clearance of the nanoparticles through the liver, kidneys, and lungs of the animals is observed. The luminescence lifetime of the PSiNPs decreases with increasing residence time in the mice, providing a measure of half‐life for degradation of the drug nanocarriers.
Recyclable Liquid Metal‐Based Circuit on Paper
Authors: Li Fali , Qin Qin , Zhou Youlin , Wu Yuanzhao , Xue Wuhong , Gao Shuang , Shang Jie , Liu Yiwei , Li Run‐Wei
Published: July 2018

Paper electronics is considered very environmentally friendly, but effective recyclability of metallic circuits on paper still needs more improvement. Therefore, liquid metal (Galinstan) circuits based on the reversible conversion from particles to wires are fabricated on paper using mechanical methods, i.e., mechanical sintering and sonication. Line‐width of liquid metal (LM) circuit is kept in the range of 10 µm to ≥0.5 mm by controlling the sintering force. The results demonstrate that LM circuits exhibit high electrical stability during deformation, as resistance changes only ≤4% after the passage of 10 000 folding cycles. Meanwhile, LM particles spread on paper's porous structures, have enhanced the thermal diffusivity of paper and make paper electronics work in a facile temperature when integrated with high density units. More importantly, the reborn circuits exhibit almost identical electrical stability under deformation and thermal characteristic with pristine ones, thus making LM circuits environmentally friendly during their whole life span.
High‐Efficiency Blue Dual‐Emissive Exciplex Boosts Full‐Radiative White Electroluminescence
Authors: Duan Chunbo , Han Chunmiao , Du Ruiming , Wei Ying , Xu Hui
Published: July 2018

Regarding lighting application, the main challenges for white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) include the complicated structure, the high cost, and the low repeatability, which are attributed to the stringent requirement on the exciton allocation and utilization in multiradiation systems. Herein, an effective “full‐radiation white emission (FRWE)” strategy for the dynamic exciton allocation is successfully demonstrated by the first dual‐emissive blue‐emitting exciplex mCP:pTPOTZ. On the basis of an ultrasimple trilayer structure and bimaterial/trimaterial systems, its blue, yellow, and white devices realize state‐of‐the‐art performances. Especially, mCP:pTPOTZ supports its WOLEDs with ultralow driving voltages and extremely high efficiencies beyond 90 lm−1 and 24%, accompanied by a negligible roll‐off less than 10% at 1000 cd m−2. This work not only establishes a feasible method to construct dual‐emissive exciplex systems through the modulation of the donor–acceptor packing modes, but also demonstrates the superiority of FRWE strategy in 100% exciton harvesting and quenching suppression, which makes simple but high‐performance WOLED‐based lighting sources become a reality.
Nanoscale Polarization Manipulation and Encryption Based on Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Zhao Ruizhe , Huang Lingling , Tang Chengchun , Li Junjie , Li Xiaowei , Wang Yongtian , Zentgraf Thomas
Published: July 2018

Manipulating the polarization of light is highly desired for versatile applications ranging from super resolution, optical trapping, to particle acceleration. The enormous freedom in metasurface design motivates the implementation of polarization control in ultrathin and compact optical systems. However, the majority of proposed strategies based on metasurfaces have demonstrated only a spatially homogeneous polarization generation, while less attention has been devoted to spatially variant inhomogeneous vector beams. Here, a novel method for generating arbitrary radial and azimuthal polarization beams with high efficiencies of up to 80% is demonstrated by utilizing transmission‐type dielectric metasurfaces. Polarization conversion metasurfaces are suitable candidates for the implementation of polarization encryption, which is demonstrated by encoding a hidden image into the spatial polarization distribution. In addition, it is shown that the image pattern can be modified by appropriate polarization selection of the transmitted light. Such a method may provide a practical technique for a variety of applications such as imaging, encryption, and anticounterfeiting.
Enhanced Melanoma‐Targeted Therapy by “Fru‐Blocked” Phenyboronic Acid‐Modified Multiphase Antimetastatic Micellar Nanoparticles
Authors: Long Yang , Lu Zhengze , Mei Ling , Li Man , Ren Kebai , Wang Xuhui , Tang Jiajing , Zhang Zhirong , He Qin
Published: July 2018

Metastasis remains the main driver of mortality in patients suffering from cancer because of the refractoriness resulting from the multi‐phase metastatic cascade. Herein, a multifunctional self‐delivering PBA‐LMWH‐TOS nanoparticle (PLT NP) is established that acts as both nanocarrier and anti‐metastatic agent with effects on most hematogenous metastases of cancers. The hydrophilic segment (low molecular weight heparin, LMWH) inhibits the interactions between tumor cells and platelets. The hydrophobic segment (d‐α‐tocopheryl succinate, TOS) could inhibit the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) in B16F10 cells which is first reported in this article. Surprisingly, even the blank NPs showed excellent anti‐metastatic capacity in three mouse models by acting on different phases of the metastatic cascade. Moreover, the overexpression of sialic acid (SA) residues on tumor cells is implicated in the malignant and metastatic phenotypes of cancers. Thus, these 3‐aminophenylboronic acid (PBA)‐modified doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded NPs offer an efficient approach for the treatment of both solid melanomas and metastases. Furthermore, a simple pH‐sensitive “Fructose (Fru)‐blocking” coping strategy is established to reduce the NP distribution in normal tissues and distinctly increases the accumulation in melanoma tumors. These micellar NPs consisting of biocompatible materials offer a promising approach for the clinical therapy of highly invasive solid tumors and metastases.