bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relações entre as dimensões da copa e a altura das árvores dominantes em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L.
Authors: Padoin Veridiana , Finger César Augusto Guimarães
Published: July 2015

Com o objetivo de descrever e modelar as relações morfométricas entre o diâmetro de copa, a percentagem de copa, o comprimento de copa exposto à luz e a altura das árvores dominantes, em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L. foram amostradas 187 unidades amostrais do tipo proposto por Prodan, modificadas para 12 árvores, distribuídas sobre sítios bons e ruins. Em cada unidade amostral, foram identificadas duas árvores dominantes e medidas as dimensões do diâmetro à altura do peito, a altura total, os comprimentos de copa e de copa exposto a luz e, o diâmetro de copa sob oito raios. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o diâmetro de copa e o comprimento de copa exposto à luz crescem com o aumento da altura dominante sendo que as duas relações podem ser descritas com boa precisão estatística por um modelo matemático curvilinear. A relação da percentagem de copa com a altura dominante apresenta alta significância estatística descrita por modelo curvilinear decrescente, tendo sido identificados por análise de covariância três grupos distintos de curvas segundo o local de origem dos dados. A percentagem de copa diminui com o aumento da altura dominante.
Tolerância de mudas de canafístula (Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub.) inoculada com Pisolithus microcarpus a solo com excesso de cobre.
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Ferreira da , Antoniolli Zaida Inês , Lupatini Manoeli , Trindade Lineu Leal , Silva Alessandro Salles da
Published: July 2015

A associação de fungos ectomicorrízicos com essências florestais nativas pode ser uma alternativa para revegetação de solos contaminados por metais pesados. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o comportamento de mudas de canafístula inoculadas com fungo ectomicorrízico em solo contaminado por cobre. O fungo ectomicorrízico utilizado foi o Pisolithus microcarpus UFSC Pt116, produzido em substrato composto por turfa-vermiculita (3:1). As mudas de canafístula foram desenvolvidas em areia lavada e transplantada para unidades experimentais quando apresentaram duas folhas definitivas. Como unidade experimental foi utilizado vaso com capacidade de 1 L contendo 1 kg de solo. A inoculação foi realizada no momento do transplante das mudas, sendo adicionado 2 g de inoculante por unidade experimental. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, num esquema bifatorial (2 x 4) qualitativo em A, com e sem inoculante do fungo, e quantitativo em D, sendo o controle, adição de 150 mg kg-1, 300 mg kg-1 e 450 mg kg-1 de cobre (CuSO4), com sete repetições. Determinou-se altura de planta, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea, teor de cobre na planta, porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, área superficial específica radicular e comprimento radicular. O incremento das doses de cobre no solo reduziu o comprimento radicular, área superficial específica radicular, altura e diâmetro das plantas de canafístula. As mudas de canafístula inoculadas com fungo ectomicorrízico apresentam menor teor de cobre em seu tecido e reduzem a absorção de cobre na dose mais elevada.
Contribuição da vegetação rasteira na evapotranspiração total em diferentes ecossistemas do bioma cerrado, Distrito Federal.
Authors: Santana Otacílio Antunes , Cuniat Geraldine , Imaña-Encinas José
Published: July 2015

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) quantificar sazonalmente a evapotranspiração da vegetação rasteira (ET rasteira), (b) quantificar a influencia da ET rasteira para a evapotranspiração total (ET total), e (c) relacionar a ET rasteira com o índice de área foliar da vegetação rasteira (IAF rasteira), abertura de dossel e potencial hídrico do solo; em quatro diferentes paisagens: Cerrado stricu sensu, Mata de Galeria, pastagem e reflorestamento, situados na APA Gama-Cabeça de Veado, Distrito Federal. Câmara de medição de evapotranspiração para vegetação rasteira; analisador de gás infravermelho não dispersivo; analisador de abertura de dossel e índice de área foliar; e psicrômetros de solo, foram utilizados para coleta de dados. A Evapotranspiração da vegetação rasteira (ET rasteira) contribuiu de forma significativa para a Evapotranspiração Total (ET total), sobretudo no período chuvoso, chegando a representar cerca de 60 % na média anual de ET total, em áreas de Cerrado strictu sensu e em Mata de Galeria. Uma significativa e diretamente proporcional relação entre ET rasteira com as variáveis IAF rasteira, abertura total e potencial hídrico do solo foi observada, influenciada pela sazonalidade das chuvas.
Efeito do cobre na população de bactérias e fungos do solo, na associação micorrízica e no cultivo de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Pinus elliottii Engelm e Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert
Authors: Antoniolli Zaida Inês , Santos Lílian Castilho dos , Lupatini Manoeli , Leal Lineu Trindade , Schirmer Guilherme Karsten , Redin Marciel
Published: July 2015

O cobre é um metal pesado que pode exercer efeitos tóxicos para micro-organismos e plantas. Os fungos ectomicorrízicos são capazes de proteger a planta hospedeira da toxidez dos metais pesados, mas a presença de certas concentrações de metais pode inibir o crescimento destes, prejudicando a simbiose micorrízica e alterar o desenvolvimento das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de cobre na população de bactérias e fungos do solo, bem como seus efeitos na associação ectomicorrízica e no desenvolvimento de mudas de eucalipto, pinus e canafístula. O levantamento da população de micro-organismos do solo foi realizado em casa de vegetação durante 60 dias e os tratamentos foram doses de sulfato de cobre aplicadas ao solo (0,7; 0,708; 0,716; 0,724 mg kg-1 de solo) e mudas de eucalipto e pinus. No segundo experimento, mudas de eucalipto e canafístula inoculadas e não inoculadas com Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) Cunn (UFSC Pt 116) receberam doses de cobre de 0, 100, 200 e 300 mg kg-1 de solo. Aos 110 dias, avaliaram-se a massa fresca da parte aérea e radicular, massa seca da parte aérea, altura, diâmetro do colo e porcentagem de colonização ectomicorrízica. No primeiro experimento, a população total de bactérias e fungos do solo foi alterada pela presença do cobre, porém as mudas de eucalipto e pinus não mostraram efeitos da adição do cobre. No segundo experimento, a inoculação das mudas de eucalipto e canafístula com o isolado UFSC Pt 116 favoreceu o desenvolvimento da massa fresca da parte aérea e radicular e a altura das plantas. Conforme os resultados obtidos, a canafístula foi capaz de realizar associação ectomicorrízica com o isolado testado. O desenvolvimento das plântulas de eucalipto e canafístula foi inibido pelos níveis de cobre, mesmo inoculadas com o isolado UFSC Pt 116.
Maturação e qualidade física de frutos na germinação dos pirênios de Schefflera morototoni (Araliaceae)
Authors: Anastácio Maristela Rosália , Santana Denise Garcia de , Oliveira Roberta Camargos de , Babata Marcela Mayumi , Oliveira Carlos Alberto Alves de
Published: July 2015

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do estádio de maturação dos frutos nas características físicas e de germinação de pirênios de Schefflera morototoni submetidos a tratamentos pré-germinativos. Frutos com coloração verde e verde-arroxeada foram coletados de 14 acessos, despolpados em água corrente, descartando-se, após contabilização, os pirênios chochos, com endosperma retraído e oxidado, utilizando-se os uniformes (com endosperma esverdeado ocupando toda a cavidade do pirênio). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 (estádios de maturação dos frutos e tratamentos pré-germinativos), com quatro repetições em parcelas contendo 25 pirênios. Verificou-se que, para maior capacidade e velocidade de germinação dos pirênios, os frutos devem ser colhidos quando apresentarem coloração verde-arroxeada, descartando-se aqueles com pirênios chochos, endosperma retraído ou oxidado. A capacidade de germinação dos pirênios com endosperma uniforme varia entre 50 e 60%, com início do processo em cerca de 40 dias após semeadura, se estendendo por até 60 dias em vermiculita. Pirênios despolpados, secos e embebidos em água a 60oC por 5 minutos, seguida da embebição em água à temperatura ambiente por 12 horas iniciam o processo de germinação em menor tempo, em relação aos despolpados, secos, escarificados e embebidos por 6 horas. O endocarpo dos frutos é permeável e rígido, no entanto, apresenta abertura natural quando embebido.
Aporte de nutrientes e decomposição da serapilheira em três fragmentos florestais periodicamente inundados na ilha da Marambaia, RJ.
Authors: Paula Ranieri Ribeiro , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Menezes Luiz Fernando Tavares de
Published: July 2015

O presente estudo foi realizado em três formações florestais de restinga que se encontram periodicamente inundadas, na Restinga da Marambaia, RJ. Para a quantificação da produção de serapilheira foram utilizados dez coletores cônicos por formação, durante outubro de 2005 a setembro de 2006. A avaliação da decomposição se deu por meio de sacolas de decomposição (litter bags), sendo distribuídas 15 sacolas por formação. A produção anual de serapilheira estimada para cada uma das formações florestais, variou de 11,3, 10,8 e 11,1 Mg ha-1ano-1, para F1, F2 e F3 respectivamente, com maiores valores de deposição na estação chuvosa. A fração folhas foi a mais representativa em todas as formações. O nitrogênio foi o nutriente devolvido em maior quantidade a esses solos, 130,8 kg ha-1 ano-1 em F3. A decomposição se apresentou como uma curva do tipo exponencial, sendo a constante de decomposição (k) e o tempos de meia vida foi de 0,0032 g g-1e 217 dias em F2, 0,0031 g g-1e 227 dias em F3 e 0,0028 g g-1; 247 dias em F1.
Estrutura e composição florística de dois fragmentos da Floresta Estacional Decidual do Alto-Uruguai, SC.
Authors: Ruschel Ademir R. , Guerra Miguel P. , Nodari Rubens O.
Published: July 2015

Em dois fragmentos florestais da Floresta Estacional Decidual (FED) do Alto-Uruguai, SC, foram aplicados os métodos de parcelas (MP) e de pontos-quadrantes (MQ) visando a comparar os métodos amostrais e caracterizar a riqueza florística e composição estrutural. Foram inventariadas 91 espécies, sendo que 52 foram encontradas no sub-bosque (sem valor madeireiro), com destaque para Sorocea bonplandii, Gymnanthes concolor e Trichilia claussenii. As outras 39 espécies emergentes no dossel florestal são de uso madeireiro, sendo as mais abundantes Apuleia leiocarpa, Nectandra megapotamica, Cabralea canjerana e Holocalyx balansae. As espécies de maior densidade e área basal foram praticamente as mesmas em ambos os fragmentos florestais, independente do método usado. O MP detectou uma maior diversidade de espécies e uma maior densidade de plantas por área comparativamente ao MQ, embora ambos os métodos detectassem espécies diferentes. Todavia, o uso simultâneo dos dois métodos possibilitou em uma maior cobertura da diversidade de espécies nas duas áreas, com redução no tempo para o inventário. Em ambos os métodos, detectaram-se erros amostrais acima do esperado e quanto menores os valores do erro amostral, maior foi a similaridade dos resultados das avaliações entre os métodos. Paradoxalmente a riqueza de espécies presentes na FED contrasta com o pequeno número de fragmentos que restaram neste ecossistema. Importante ressaltar que esses fragmentos são as últimas fontes de sementes para a recolonização de áreas abandonadas ou degradadas, como também para conservação e uso em programas de melhoramento genético de essências florestais nativas e banco de sementes in situ.
Efeito da poda de raizes sobre o crescimento das mudas de eucalipto.
Authors: Freitas Teresa Aparecida Soares de , Barroso Deborah Guerra , Souza Leonardo Silva , Carneiro José Geraldo de Araújo
Published: July 2015

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito das podas no sistema radicial de mudas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis, produzidas em blocos. No viveiro, foram testados três tratamentos (T1: sem poda do sistema radicial; T2: 1 poda do sistema radicial; T3: duas podas do sistema radicial), disposto em DIC, com nove repetições, sendo cada repetição composta por 96 mudas. Parte dessas mudas foi levada para o campo para avaliação do efeito da poda das raízes após o plantio no campo. Foram dispostas em quatro blocos casualizados, com 49 mudas por parcela. O substrato utilizado para produção de mudas foi a mistura de plantmax florestal (60%) e fibra de coco de granulometria mista (40%), sendo adicionados 8 g de osmocote (19-06-10) por quilo do substrato. As podas das raízes na fase de viveiro foram realizadas aos 80 e 90 dias após a semeadura, com auxilio de uma lâmina afiada. As mudas foram avaliadas aos 100 dias após a semeadura, quanto à altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea, comprimento e diâmetro das raízes. No campo as mudas foram avaliadas quanto a altura e diâmetro ao 1, 3, 5, 7 e 9 meses após plantio. No viveiro, mesmo não havendo diferença no crescimento em altura e diâmetro da parte aérea das mudas entre os tratamentos, aquelas que não sofreram poda de suas raízes (T1) apresentaram menor produção de massa seca da parte aérea, representada pelas folhas. Já para o sistema radicial, quando foram aplicadas duas podas durante o ciclo de produção, as mudas apresentaram maior comprimento e diâmetro de raízes produzidas. Não houve diferença no crescimento das mudas após plantio no campo, no entanto, a condição climática na época de implantação e condução do experimento, além do sítio favorável ao desenvolvimento das mudas pode ter contribuído para esse resultado, sendo necessária condução de novo experimento, para avaliar o efeito das podas, em mudas plantadas em condições adversas.
Efeito do tratamento térmico sobre a resistência ao cisalhamento da linha de cola em painéis OSB.
Authors: Santos Airton Mauro de Lára , Souza Frederico de , Costa Mirian de Almeida , Teles Ricardo Faustino , Pazetto Valéria Maria Figueiredo , Menezzi Cláudio Henrique Soares Del
Published: July 2015

As pesquisas sobre o tratamento térmico em painéis OSB (oriented strandboard) vêm buscando reduzir a higroscopicidade dos painéis, bem como aliviar as tensões geradas durante o processo de prensagem. Entretanto, o tratamento térmico acima de 160ºC pode causar inativação da superfície da madeira, tornando-a mais lisa, diminuindo a penetração do adesivo e por conseqüência, reduzindo a qualidade da adesão. O lixamento da superfície de painéis OSB pode tornar a superfície mais rugosa aumentando a qualidade da adesão e a resistência na linha de cola. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência na linha de cola de painéis OSB tratados termicamente, assim como a influência do lixamento na qualidade da colagem dos painéis. Foram obtidos, aleatoriamente painéis comerciais de OSB que foram tratados termicamente em prensa laboratorial segundo dois níveis temperaturas (190 e 220ºC), três tempos de duração (12, 16 e 20 minutos). Foram cortados 84 corpos-de-prova (CP) sendo que a metade foi lixada. O ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento da linha de cola foi conduzido segundo ASTM D1037, sendo avaliado o adesivo resorcinol-formaldeído na gramatura de 360 g/m². Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento térmico teve influência na resistência, diminuindo-a levemente em comparação ao material não-tratado. Foi identificado efeito interativo entre a temperatura e o tempo de tratamento. Entretanto, com a operação de lixamento esse efeito foi removido e as diferenças com a testemunha foram diminuídas. Observou-se que os ganhos na resistência com o lixamento foram de até 15%.  Sendo assim, o tratamento térmico apresentou pouca influência na resistência da linha de cola e o efeito do lixamento apresentou-se como um processo benéfico, melhorando a qualidade da adesão dos painéis OSB.
Estrutura, distribuição espacial e produção de sementes de andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) no sul do estado de Roraima
Authors: Tonini Helio , Costa Patricia da , Kamiski Paulo Emilio
Published: July 2015

A andiroba é uma das espécies arbóreas amazônicas com grande potencial de exploração madeireira e não madeireira, sendo este trabalho desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a estrutura populacional, a distribuição espacial e a produção de sementes em uma população nativa de andiroba localizada no sul do estado de Roraima. Para a realização deste estudo foi instalada uma parcela permanente de 300 x 300 m (9 ha) onde todos os indivíduos com DAP (diâmetro tomado a 1,30 m do solo) igual ou superior a 10 cm, foram identificados, mapeados e medidos. Em cada árvore, foram avaliadas a exposição da copa a luz, a forma da copa e a presença de cipós. Para identificar o padrão de distribuição espacial utilizaram-se a razão variância média e o Índice de Morisita. Os dados de produção foram obtidos pela pesagem das sementes, sendo monitoradas 145 árvores durante o ano de 2006. Observou-se que a população estudada apresentou uma distribuição diamétrica do tipo J Invertido, com uma produção de sementes de 65,4 kg.ha-1, com média de 8,3 kg.árvore-1. O diâmetro de 30 cm foi considerado como limítrofe para a produção comercial de sementes, permitindo estratificar a população em jovens (DAP≤ 30 cm) e adultos (DAP> 30 cm). O padrão de distribuição espacial foi agregado para toda a população, porém, os indivíduos jovens apresentaram padrão agregado e os adultos distribuição regular.
Rational Design of Spider Silk Materials Genetically Fused with an Enzyme
Authors: Jansson Ronnie , Courtin Christophe M. , Sandgren Mats , Hedhammar My
Published: July 2015

Enzyme immobilization is an attractive route for achieving catalytically functional surfaces suitable for both continuous and repeated use. Herein, genetic engineering is used to combine the catalytic ability of a xylanase with the self‐assembly properties of recombinant spider silk, realizing silk materials with enzymatic activity. Under near‐physiological conditions, soluble xylanase‐silk fusion proteins assembled into fibers displaying catalytic activity. Also, a xylanase‐silk protein variant with the silk part miniaturized to contain only the C‐terminal domain of the silk protein formed fibers with catalytic activity. The repertoire of xylanase‐silk formats is further extended to include 2D surface coatings and 3D foams, also being catalytically active, showing the versatile range of possible silk materials. The stability of the xylanase‐silk materials is explored, demonstrating the possibility of storage, reuse, and cleaning with ethanol. Interestingly, fibers can also be stored dried with substantial residual activity after rehydration. Moreover, a continuous enzymatic reaction using xylanase‐silk is demonstrated, making enzymatic batch reactions not the sole possible implementation. The proof‐of‐concept for recombinantly produced enzyme‐silk, herein shown with a xylanase, implies that also other enzymes can be used in similar setups. It is envisioned that the concept of enzyme‐silk can find its applicability in, for example, multienzyme reaction systems or biosensors.
Genesis of “Solitary Cations” Induced by Atomic Hydrogen
Authors: Pettinari Giorgio , Filippone Francesco , Polimeni Antonio , Mattioli Giuseppe , Patanè Amalia , Lebedev Vladim , Capizzi Mario , Amore Bonapasta Aldo
Published: July 2015

Substitution of constituent atoms and/or changes of crystal structure are routinely used to tailor the fundamental properties of a semiconductor. Here, it is shown that such a tailoring can also be realized thanks to a novel hydrogen effect. Four hydrogen atoms can screen the effect the crystal potential has on a constituent cation, thus generating a solitary cation: an effectively isolated impurity, so chemically different from the unscreened constituent cations that it strongly perturbs the electronic properties of the material by increasing its fundamental band‐gap energy. Such a hydrogen‐induced screening effect is removed by thermal treatments, thus permitting reversible modifications of both the “crystal chemistry” and material's properties. This phenomenon, observed in InN and other topical nitrides, should permit the development of a new class of materials as well as the fabrication of photonic devices and optical integrated circuits with distinct, tailor‐made regions emitting or absorbing light, all integrated onto a monolithic semiconductor structure.
Chemical Consequences of Alkali Inhomogeneity in Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin‐Film Solar Cells
Authors: Gershon Talia , Hamann Cayla , Hopstaken Marinus , Lee Yun Seog , Shin Byungha , Haight Richard
Published: July 2015

This study offers new insight into the role of Na in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film solar cells by studying samples with a spatially varying alkali distribution. This is achieved by omitting a diffusion barrier between the soda‐lime glass substrate and the Mo back contact, where compositional variations of the glass inherently result in non‐uniform alkali distributions in the CZTS. By correlating light beam induced current (LBIC) maps with secondary ion mass spectrometry composition maps, it is shown that samples containing regions of higher Na concentration (“hot spots”) have corresponding LBIC hot spots on comparable length scales. Samples containing an alkali diffusion barrier have lower LBIC dispersion; thus, LBIC can be used to evaluate non‐uniformity in CZTS devices, where a common cause is Na inhomogeneity. Moreover, it is shown that the Na hot spots are strongly correlated with other compositional variations in the device, including increased Cu in‐diffusion with the underlying MoS2 layer and decreased diffusion of Cd to the back contact. Neither of these effects are well understood in CZTS devices, and neither have previously been correlated with the presence or absence of Na.
Computational study of spout collapse and impact of partition plate in a double slot‐rectangular spouted bed
Authors: Yang Shiliang , Zhang Ke , Chew Jia Wei
Published: July 2015

Gas‐solid hydrodynamics in a three‐dimensional slot‐rectangular double‐spouted bed was numerically investigated by a combined approach of discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics, and the knowledge gained was extended to understand the mechanisms leading to operational instability due to the collapse of a spout, along with the beneficial impact of inserting a vertical partition plate. The setup investigated has two diverging bases and contains up to 2,590,000 particles. The computational results show different behaviors of pressure drop, in terms of average value, fluctuations, and power spectral trends, in the five distinct flow regimes corresponding to various superficial gas velocities. Two types of spout shapes are observed under stable spouting conditions, and the spout sizes are quantified. When one of the spouts chokes then collapses, complex interactions between the chambers are identified. Furthermore, the insertion of a vertical partition plate between two chambers appears to be an effective way to prevent the interactions between adjacent fountains, which is advantageous for improving the operational stability of such systems upon scale‐up. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4087–4101, 2015
Engineering microbial cell factories: Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum with a focus on non‐natural products
Authors: Heider Sabine A. E. , Wendisch Volker F.
Published: July 2015

Corynebacterium glutamicum is the workhorse of biotechnological amino acid production. For more than 50 years amino acid producing strains of this actinomycete have been improved by classical breeding, metabolic engineering and systems and synthetic biology approaches. This review focusses mainly on recent developments on C. glutamicum strain development for non‐natural products. Recently, metabolite sensors have accelerated classical strain breeding. Synthetic pathways for access to alternative carbon sources, such as pentoses, and to new products, such as α, ω‐amino acids, α, ω‐diamines, α‐keto acids, isobutanol, carotenoids and terpenes, have been embedded in the central metabolism of C. glutamicum. Furthermore, C. glutamicum is a chassis for new and improved production processes that has been improved in two ways: by rendering it biotin prototrophic and by curing it from its prophage DNA followed by further genome reduction. The first combinations of this chassis approach with production will be highlighted. Although their transfer to industrial scale processes will have to be evaluated, these recent achievements indicate how synthetic biology helps realizing proof‐of‐principles. Moreover, current and future synthetic biology technology developments hold the promise to explore the full potential of C. glutamicum as production host for value‐added chemicals.
Development of a smartphone application for eating disorder self‐monitoring
Authors: Tregarthen Jenna P. , Lock James , Darcy Alison M.
Published: July 2015

Objective

This case report aims to (1) describe the development and refinement of a smartphone application for eating disorder self‐monitoring; (2) characterize its users in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics; and (3) explore its feasibility and utilization as a self‐monitoring tool.

Method

We developed a mobile phone application through which people with eating disorders can self‐monitor meals, emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. The application also included positive reinforcement, coping skill suggestions, social support, and feedback components. The app was made available on two Internet app stores. Data include number of downloads and subsequent usage statistics, consumer ratings on app‐stores are used as indicators of satisfaction, anonymous aggregate demographic data and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire scores from 57,940 individuals collected over a two‐year period.

Results

The app demonstrated population‐level utilization with over 100,000 users over a two‐year period. Almost 50% percent of users stated that they are not currently receiving clinical treatment and 33% reported they had not told anyone about their eating disorder. A surprising number of people with severe problems are using the app.

Discussion

Smartphone apps have the capacity to reach and engage traditionally underserved individuals with eating disorders at a large scale. Additional work is indicated for the evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of applications for specific user groups and in clinical treatment contexts. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:972–982)
Synthesis of Pyrazolyl‐Pyrazoles and Pyrazolyl‐[1,2,4]‐Triazolo[3,4‐d][1,5]Benzothiazepines as p53 Activators Using Hydrazonoyl Chlorides
Authors: Gomha Sobhi M. , Farghaly Thoraya A. , Sayed Abdelwahed R. , Abdalla Mohamed M.
Published: July 2015

Di‐pyrazoles, tripyrazoles, and pyrazolyltriazolobenzothiazepines were prepared from α,β‐unsaturated ketones and hydrazonoyl chlorides. The structure of all the newly synthesized compounds was established on the bases of their spectral data and elemental analyses. The activity of all products was examined as p53 ubiquitination which showed promising activities.
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles with Polyamidoamine (Pamam) Generation 4 Dendrimer as Stabilizing Agent for CT Scan Contrast Agent
Authors: Sutriyo  , Mutalib A. , Ristaniah  , Anwar E. , Radji M. , Pujiyanto A. , Purnamasari P. , Joshita D. , Adang H. G.
Published: July 2015

Gold nanoparticles have great potential in biomedical applications as both a therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Pamam dendrimers are spherical, highly branched macromolecules with a narrow polydispersity to encapsulate and stabilize metal nanoparticles. In the preparation of metal nanoparticles, stabilizers play an important role in controlling particle size. The objectives of this study were to synthesize and characterize of gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of tetrachloroauric acid using sodium borohydride with and without addition of pamam generation 4 dendrimer as stabilizing agent. Gold nanoparticles stabilized pamam generation 4 dendrimer were characterized by Uv‐Vis spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zetasizer. The result showed that UV–vis absorption spectra of gold nanoparticles without pamam G4 dendrimer at 530 nm while absorption spectra of gold–pamam G4 dendrimer at 280 nm. The absorbance peak at 280 nm related to individual of gold nanoparticle encapsulated pamam dendrimer. TEM analysis exhibits the occurrence aggregation of gold nanoparticles without pamam G4 dendrimer. DLS analysis exhibit gold nanoparticles has a particles size 88‐252 nm while gold‐pamam G4 dendrimer nanoparticles 2‐15 nm. The addition of pamam generation 4 dendrimer on preparation of gold nanoparticles could prevent aggregation of nanoparticles through entrapment in cavity or core molecules. Au‐PAMAM G4 nanoparticles 0.1 mg/ml has a greater Hounsfield unit (HU) value than iodine at the same concentration, so it has better contrast properties.
The Investigation of CuOx Anode Interlayer Effect in Working Performance and Charge Carrier Transport in Hybrid Solar Cells with Inverted Structure
Authors: Tulus  , Hidayat Rahmat
Published: July 2015

A study on the use of CuOx, which is intended for replacing PEDOT:PSS as an anode interlayer in inverted hybrid solar cells, has been carried out. The fabricated solar cells have typical configuration structure of ITO/AZO/P3HT:PCBM/CuOx/Ag. AZO and CuOx thin layers were prepared by the sol gel method, while P3HT:PCBM layer was prepared by the spin‐coating method. The solar cell performances were found to be affected by the addition of CuOx interlayer. Solar cells with CuOx interlayer exhibit better working performance parameters (short‐circuited photocurrent density, filling factor and power conversion efficiency) in comparison to solar cells without using CuOx interlayer. These improvements are attributed to more efficient charge extraction due to reduction of trapping or recombination loss, which is in agreement with the observed photocurrent transient characteristics.
Hydroxyapatite Deposition on Modified Bacterial Cellulose Matrix
Authors: Nurlidar Farah , Budianto Emil , Darwis Darmawan , Sugiarto
Published: July 2015

Bacterial cellulose (BC), biosynthesized by bacteria, is an attractive biomaterial for bone regeneration due to its biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. However, BC is devoid of inorganic elements which are necessary for formation of chemical bonds with bone. Incorporation of inorganic phases such as hydroxyapatite (HA) into BC matrix may enhance bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to develop BC as a matrix for HA deposition. Absorption capacity is a key to incorporate calcium ion into BC and induces HA deposition. To enhance its absorption capacity, BC was modified using citric acid. The results showed that the incorporation of carboxylate groups into BC via reaction with citric acid improved its absorption capacity. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the modified BC after soaking treatments showed HA deposition with diffractions attributed to low crystalline HA at 2θ = 11.7 °; 26.2 °; 29.4 °; 32.0 °; 33.0 °; 34.2 °; and 46.6 °. Furthermore, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the average Ca/P ratio was 1.12.
Market orientation: an option for universities to adopt?
Authors: Tran Trang P. , Blankson Charles , Roswinanto Widyarso
Published: July 2015

The primary objectives of this exploratory paper are to test the concept of market orientation adapted from related literature in the education context and to examine the effects of market orientation as a second‐order factor on university student satisfaction. The revised scale, validated through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, constitutes a good fit. Specifically, the new scale is statistically and positively related with student satisfaction, indicating that market orientation is an important factor that leads to higher student satisfaction. The findings show that the degree to which students are satisfied with their choice of university depends significantly on how market oriented the university is. In other words, the effective application of market orientation strategy relates to student satisfaction and to the decisions they make when selecting a university. To that end, market orientation is an option for universities to adopt. The empirical results add to the meager and emerging literature on marketing and branding of universities and will be of interest of university administrators and marketing and branding managers of universities. The paper concludes by discussing conclusions, implications, limitations, and future research.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expedient Synthesis of the Pentasaccharide Repeating Unit of the Polysaccharide O‐Antigen of Escherichia coli O11
Authors: Si Anshupriya , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: July 2015

A convergent [3+2] block synthetic strategy was developed for the synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the cell wall O‐antigen of Escherichia coli O11 strain in excellent yield in a minimum number of steps. Several suitably functionalized thioglycoside derivatives were used as glycosyl donors during the synthesis of the target compound. A thioglycoside was the glycosyl donor used to couple with another thioglycoside derivative in a highly stereoselective manner exploiting the difference of their reactivity profile. A combination of Niodosuccinimide (NIS) and perchloric acid supported over silica gel (HClO4−SiO2) was used as a thiophilic glycosylation activator system in all stereoselective glycosylation reactions. HClO4−SiO2 acted as a user‐friendly solid acid catalyst. Yields were very good in all glycosylation steps with a high stereoselective outcome. The synthetic pentasaccharide could be coupled to an appropriate protein to furnish a glycoconjugate derivative for its use in immunochemical studies.
A route to systematic error in forecasts of Rossby waves
Authors: Martínez‐Alvarado O. , Madonna E. , Gray S. L. , Joos H.
Published: July 2015

Recent work has shown that both the amplitude of upper‐level Rossby waves and the tropopause sharpness decrease with forecast lead time for several days in some operational weather forecast systems. In this contribution, the evolution of error growth in a case‐study of this forecast error type is diagnosed through analysis of operational forecasts and hindcast simulations. Potential vorticity (PV) on the 320 K isentropic surface is used to diagnose Rossby waves. The Rossby‐wave forecast error in the operational ECMWF high‐resolution forecast is shown to be associated with errors in the forecast of a warm conveyor belt (WCB) through trajectory analysis and an error metric for WCB outflows. The WCB forecast error is characterised by an overestimation of WCB amplitude, a location of the WCB outflow regions that is too far to the southeast, and a resulting underestimation of the magnitude of the negative PV anomaly in the outflow. Essentially the same forecast error development also occurred in all members of the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System and the Met Office MOGREPS‐15, suggesting that in this case model error made an important contribution to the development of forecast error in addition to initial condition error. Exploiting this forecast error robustness, a comparison was performed between the realised flow evolution, proxied by a sequence of short‐range simulations, and a contemporaneous forecast. Both the proxy to the realised flow and the contemporaneous forecast were produced with the Met Office Unified Model enhanced with tracers of diabatic processes modifying potential temperature and PV. Clear differences between proxy and forecast were found in the way potential temperature and PV are modified in the WCB. These results demonstrate that differences in potential temperature and PV modification in the WCB can be responsible for forecast errors in Rossby waves.
Violence at Constantinople in A.D. 341–2 and Themistius,Oration1
Authors: Skinner Alexander
Published: July 2015

This article argues thatOration1 by Themistius was prompted by violence at Constantinople in 341–2, and that the likeliest date for the speech is as early as March 342. Detailed arguments are presented in support of this correlation, which contrasts with the usual assignment of Themistius' speech to either 347/348 or 350/351. The wider significance of these arguments is also highlighted. In particular, there are implications for our understanding of the chronology and overall trajectory of Themistius' early career; and implications for the development of imperial ideology in the 340s.
Setting the Records Straight: Impossible Memories and the Persistence of Their Phenomenological Qualities
Authors: Foley Mary Ann
Published: July 2015

This article offers a new perspective on the study of “recollections” that feel like memories despite the fact that people come to believe they are based on events that could not possibly have happened. Indeed this feeling of remembering can persist long after people change their beliefs. This new perspective emerges from the integration of the work of memory scientists with that of literary writers and historians. Shedding light on assumptions about the strength of these persistence effects, the perspective serves as an effective heuristic for guiding the study of precipitating factors that may lead people to question their recollections in the first place. This integrative perspective also invites a broader consideration of the circumstances giving rise to changes in beliefs as well as resistance to such changes. In the process, this new perspective extends and sharpens theoretical discussions about memory reconstruction processes, highlighting the role of scene making and social interactions.
Geologic controls on supercritical geothermal resources above magmatic intrusions
Authors: Scott Samuel , Driesner Thomas , Weis Philipp
Published: July 2015

A new and economically attractive type of geothermal resource was recently discovered in the Krafla volcanic system, Iceland, consisting of supercritical water at 450 °C immediately above a 2-km deep magma body. Although utilizing such supercritical resources could multiply power production from geothermal wells, the abundance, location and size of similar resources are undefined. Here we present the first numerical simulations of supercritical geothermal resource formation, showing that they are an integral part of magma-driven geothermal systems. Potentially exploitable resources form in rocks with a brittle–ductile transition temperature higher than 450 °C, such as basalt. Water temperatures and enthalpies can exceed 400 °C and 3 MJ kg−1, depending on host rock permeability. Conventional high-enthalpy resources result from mixing of ascending supercritical and cooler surrounding water. Our models reproduce the measured thermal conditions of the resource discovered at Krafla. Similar resources may be widespread below conventional high-enthalpy geothermal systems.
Automated chest-radiography as a triage for Xpert testing in resource-constrained settings: a prospective study of diagnostic accuracy and costs
Authors: Philipsen R. H. H. M. , Sánchez C. I. , Maduskar P. , Melendez J. , Peters-Bax L. , Peter J. G. , Dawson R. , Theron G. , Dheda K. , van Ginneken B.
Published: July 2015

Molecular tests hold great potential for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, but are costly, time consuming and HIV-infected patients are often sputum scarce. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed. We evaluated automated digital chest radiography (ACR) as a rapid and cheap pre-screen test prior to Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert). 388 suspected TB subjects underwent chest radiography, Xpert and sputum culture testing. Radiographs were analysed by computer software (CAD4TB) and specialist readers and abnormality scores were allocated. A triage algorithm was simulated in which subjects with a score above a threshold underwent Xpert. We computed sensitivity, specificity, cost per screened subject (CSS), cost per notified TB case (CNTBC) and throughput for different diagnostic thresholds. 18.3% of subjects had culture positive TB. For Xpert alone, sensitivity was 78.9%, specificity 98.1%, CSS $13.09 and CNTBC $90.70. In a pre-screening setting where 40% of subjects would undergo Xpert, CSS decreased to $6.72 and CNTBC to $54.34, with eight TB cases missed and throughput increased from 45 to 113 patients/day. Specialists, on average, read 57% of radiographs as abnormal, reducing CSS ($8.95) and CNTBC ($64.84). ACR pre-screening could substantially reduce costs and increase daily throughput with few TB cases missed. These data inform public health policy in resource-constrained settings.
Molecular phylogeny supports S-chaetae as a key character better than jumping organs and body scales in classification of Entomobryoidea (Collembola)
Authors: Zhang Feng , Sun Dan-Dan , Yu Dao-Yuan , Wang Bei-Xin
Published: July 2015

The jumping organ (furcula) is the most characteristic structure among collembolans and it is of great taxonomical values at higher levels. The largest superfamily Entomobryoidea is traditionally classified into four families only by the morphology of the furcula. Actually, many taxa among these families are strikingly similar in morphology without considering furcula. The phylogeny of Entomobryoidea was reconstructed here based on mitochondrial and ribosomal fragments. This indicated that both Paronellidae and Cyphoderidae were ingroups within Entomobryidae with the former polyphyletic. Topology tests, which used the likelihood and Bayesian approaches, also rejected the traditional hypotheses relying on furcula morphology. Further ancestral state reconstructions have revealed that traditional taxonomical characters, i.e., furcula and body scales, had multiple independent origins in Entomobryoidea whereas tergal specialized chaetae (S-chaetae) exhibited strong phylogenetic signals. By integrating both molecular and morphological evidence, the results of this study drastically undermine the present classification of Entomobryoidea. Tergal S-chaetotaxic pattern in combination with other characters are more reasonable in taxonomy at suprageneric levels than convergent furcula. This study provides new insights of the jumping organ, which could be adaptively modified during evolution of Collembola.
BODIPY-doped silica nanoparticles with reduced dye leakage and enhanced singlet oxygen generation
Authors: Wang Zhuyuan , Hong Xuehua , Zong Shenfei , Tang Changquan , Cui Yiping , Zheng Qingdong
Published: July 2015

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality for cancer treatment. The essential element in PDT is the photosensitizer, which can be excited by light of a specific wavelength to generate cytotoxic oxygen species (ROS) capable of killing tumor cells. The effectiveness of PDT is limited in part by the low yield of ROS from existing photosensitizers and the unwanted side effects induced by the photosensitizers toward normal cells. Thus the design of nanoplatforms with enhanced PDT is highly desirable but remains challenging. Here, we developed a heavy atom (I) containing dipyrromethene boron difluoride (BODIPY) dye with a silylated functional group, which can be covalently incorporated into a silica matrix to form dye-doped nanoparticles. The incorporated heavy atoms can enhance the generation efficiency of ROS. Meanwhile, the covalently dye-encapsulated nanoparticles can significantly reduce dye leakage and subsequently reduce unwanted side effects. The nanoparticles were successfully taken up by various tumor cells and showed salient phototoxicity against these cells upon light irradiation, demonstrating promising applications in PDT. Moreover, the incorporated iodine atom can be replaced by a radiolabeled iodine atom (e.g., I-124, I-125). The resulting nanoparticles will be good contrast agents for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with their PDT functionality retained.
Spatial boundary of urban ‘acid islands’ in southern China
Authors: Du E. , de Vries W. , Liu X. , Fang J. , Galloway J. N. , Jiang Y.
Published: July 2015

Elevated emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia in China have resulted in high levels of sulfur and nitrogen deposition, being contributors to soil acidification, especially in and near large cities. However, knowledge gaps still exist in the way that large cities shape spatial patterns of acid deposition. Here, we assessed the patterns of pH, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in bulk precipitation and throughfall in southern China’s forests by synthesizing data from published literature. Concentrations and fluxes of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in bulk precipitation and throughfall exhibited a power-law increase with a closer distance to the nearest large cities and accordingly pH showed a logarithmic decline. Our findings indicate the occurrence of urban ‘acid islands’ with a critical radius of approximately 70 km in southern China, receiving potential acid loads of more than 2 keq ha−1 yr−1. These urban acid islands covered an area of 0.70 million km2, accounting for nearly 30% of the land area in southern China. Despite a significant capacity to neutralize acids in precipitation, our analysis highlights a substantial contribution of ammonium to potential acid load. Our results suggest a joint control on emissions of multiple acid precursors from urban areas in southern China.
Silver nanostructures in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Sekuła Justyna , Nizioł Joanna , Rode Wojciech , Ruman Tomasz
Published: July 2015

Silver nanoparticles have been successfully applied as a matrix replacement for the laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-ToF-MS).
A non-regular layer arrangement of a pillared-layer coordination polymer: avoiding interpenetration via symmetry breaking at nodes
Authors: Dutta Ananya , Ma Jialiu , Wong-Foy Antek G. , Matzger Adam J.
Published: July 2015

A coordination terpolymerization strategy is exploited to generate a non-interpenetrated pillared-layer coordination polymer with a non-regular layer arrangement. The role of breaking nodal symmetry is discussed.
Improved mechanical stability of HKUST-1 in confined nanospace
Authors: Casco M. E. , Fernández-Catalá J. , Martínez-Escandell M. , Rodríguez-Reinoso F. , Ramos-Fernández E. V. , Silvestre-Albero J.
Published: July 2015

Confinement of HKUST-1 in the cavities of a specially designed activated carbon allows us to improve the mechanical stability of the hybrid system, MOF@AC, while preserving the excellent adsorption properties of the parent MOF.
Wavelet formulation of the polarizable continuum model. II. Use of piecewise bilinear boundary elements
Authors: Bugeanu Monica , Di Remigio Roberto , Mozgawa Krzysztof , Reine Simen Sommerfelt , Harbrecht Helmut , Frediani Luca
Published: July 2015

The sparsity pattern obtained in the wavelet Galerkin boundary element representation of the PCM boundary integral operators. By employing a wavelet basis on a smooth solvent-excluded molecular surface the method is able to guarantee solutions with high accuracy at a linear cost in memory and computational time.
An overview of selected current approaches to the characterization of aqueous inorganic clusters
Authors: Jackson Milton N. , Kamunde-Devonish Maisha K. , Hammann Blake A. , Wills Lindsay A. , Fullmer Lauren B. , Hayes Sophia E. , Cheong Paul H.-Y. , Casey William H. , Nyman May , Johnson Darren W.
Published: July 2015

This Perspective highlights several modern characterization techniques used to identify nanoscale inorganic clusters in the context of multiple case studies.
Determination of ultratraces of mercury species using separation with magnetic core-modified silver nanoparticles and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: López-García Ignacio , Vicente-Martínez Yesica , Hernández-Córdoba Manuel
Published: July 2015

The use of magnetic-based nanocomposites allows both mercury ions and relevant mercury organic species to be preconcentrated and then measured by ETAAS. Results for waters and edible fish oils are given.