bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PACIENTŲ, SIRGUSIŲ ŪMIU MIOKARDO INFARKTU IR MIRUSIŲ, RETROSPEKTYVINĖ KLINIKINIŲ DUOMENŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Janušonis Vinsas , Virketis Gintautas , Srėbaliūtė Gintarė
Published: January 2019

Darbo tikslas. Ištirti ir įvertinti hospitalinį miršta­mumą dėl ūmaus miokardo infarkto.

Medžiaga ir tyrimo metodai. Tęstinis tyrimas vyk­dytas 2006-2017 m. Analizuotos visų 1284 pacientų, sirgusių ūmiu ir pakartotiniu miokardo infarktu ir gy­dytų Klaipėdos universitetinėje ligoninėje, gydymo stacionare ligos istorijos.

Pacientai tirti pagal lytį, amžių, užimtumą, gyvena­mąją vietą, šalutines ligas.

Tirtos mirštamumą galėjusios veikti priežastys-or­ganizacinės vadybinės bei sveikatos priežiūros (dia­gnostinės gydymo ir kt.), analizuoti 2006-2011 m. ir 2012-2017 m. duomenys.

Rezultatai. Iš tirtų 1284 pacientų, sirgusių ūmiu ir pa­kartotiniu miokardo infarktu, mirė 284 (22,1 proc.), kuriems iki autopsijos buvo nustatyta miokardo infarkto pagrindinė diagnozė ir mirties priežastis. Patikslinus diagnozę po autopsijos, nustatyta, kad pagrindinė diagnozė ir mirties priežastis miokardo infarktas buvo 249 (19,4 proc.) pacientams.

Analizuojant mirštamumą dėl miokardo infarkto, kaip pagrindinės mirties priežasties, atskirais periodais, 2012-2017 m. jis sumažėjo palyginus su 2006-2011 m. 9,0 proc. (nuo 25,6 proc. iki 16,6 proc.).

Išvados. Didesnį mirštamumą dėl miokardo infarkto daugiaprofilinėse ligoninėse lemia sunkios, ūmios ir lėtinės šalutinės ligos, nepatikslintos statistinės atas­kaitos, hiperdiagnostika.
NAUJA PLAUKŲ IŠSAUGOJIMO GALIMYBĖ TAIKANT CHEMOTERAPIJĄ
Authors: Bratašaitė Karina , Česaitė Rugilė , Česnavičius Augustas , Venclovaitė Rasa , Šimčikas Dainius , Česas Alvydas
Published: January 2019

Įvadas. Krūties vėžys – dažniausia moterų onkolo­ginė liga. Sergančiosioms taikomas kompleksinis gy­dymas, kurio metu naudojami tokie gydymo metodai kaip chirurginis, spindulinė terapija ir chemoterapija. Plačiausias gydymo metodas – chemoterapija. Jos metu dažnai pasireiškia nepageidaujami poveikiai, tokie kaip plaukų slinkimas. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti plaukų išsaugojimo ga­limybes taikant chemoterapinį gydymą moterims, sergančioms krūties vėžiu. Tyrimo metodika. Klaipėdos universitetinėje ligoni­nėje atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas: anoniminė anketinė apklausa. Tyrime dalyvavo 67 krūties vėžiu sergan­čios pacientės. Atlikta statistinė duomenų analizė, naudojant SPSS ir MS EXCEL 2007 programas. Rezultatai. Tyrimas atskleidė, jog 50 moterų (76,1 proc.) yra svarbu arba labai svarbu išsaugoti plau­kus. Tyrinėjant plaukų slinkimą chemoterapijos metu, naudojant galvos odos šaldymo aparatą pastebime, jog po IV kurso 68,7 proc. moterų patyrė neakivaizdų slinkimą, kuris nepastebimas iš arti. Taip pat 38 mo­terys (56,7 proc.) teigia, jog yra patenkintos galvos šaldymo aparato rezultatais. Išvados. Tvirtai galima teigti, jog galvos odos šal­dymo procedūra yra efektyvi. 68,7% respondenčių teigia, jog yra patenkintos procedūros rezultatais, dėl ko nereikėjo naudoti galvos apdangalų ar perukų.
EDUKACINĖ VEIKLA KAIP INTEGRALIOS SVEIKATOS PRIEŽIŪROS SĄLYGA: TEORINĖS ĮŽVALGOS IR PRAKTINIS PRITAIKOMUMAS
Authors: Česnavičius Augustas , Savickaitė Samanta , Remeikienė Jurga , Maksimova Alisa , Čižauskaitė Agnė , Česas Alvydas
Published: January 2019

Tyrimo tikslas - aptarti teorinius ir praktinius paci­entų edukacijos aspektus kaip integralią krūties vė­žiu sergančių pacienčių sveikatos priežiūros sąlygą. Mokslinės literatūros studijos atskleidė, kad paci­entų, sergančių navikinėmis ligomis, edukacija yra labai aktuali problema visuomenėje. Onkologiniams ligoniams būdingų fizinių, socialinių ir psichologi­nių problemų kontekste informacijos poreikis apie ligą ir pagalbos galimybes yra vienas iš svarbiausių. Ypatingas dėmesys turėtų būti skiriamas krūties vė­žiu sergančioms moterims, kadangi tai dažniausiai diagnozuojama jų onkologinė liga, ir moterims kyla didesnė rizika patirti stiprų nerimą ar netgi susirgti de­presija ligos gydymo laikotarpiu. Tuo tarpu mokslinių tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad edukacinė veikla teikia įvairialypę naudą pirmiausia patiems pacientams bei jį gydantiems specialistams. Edukacinės intervencijos paneigia klaidingus įsitikinimus, „stigmas“, kuriuos pacientai neretai sužino naršydami internete, paska­tina aktyviau dalyvauti savo ligos gydyme, gerina pacientų gyvenimo kokybę ir prisideda prie sklan­desnių ligos gydymo procesų užtikrinimo.
JAUNIMO FIZINIS AKTYVUMAS KAIP RIZIKINGOS ELGSENOS PREVENCIJA
Authors: Norkienė Sigutė , Basistytė Ieva , Norkutė-Macijauskė Urtė
Published: January 2019

Mokslinės literatūros apžvalga rodo, kad Lietuvoje rizikos veiksnių paplitimas – didelis (ypač rūkymo ir alkoholio vartojimo), o jų prevencija – nepakankama. Tai pat yra vienas didžiausių pasaulyje savižudybių rodiklis, paplitę psichikos sveikatos sutrikimai, o gy­ventojų savo sveikatos vertinimas – iš prasčiausių Europos Sąjungoje [2]. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, kad jaunimo fizinis aktyvumas gali būti laikomas ri­zikingos elgsenos prevencijos priemone. Atliktas kie­kybinis tyrimas: anoniminė anketinė apklausa raštu. Tyrimo imtis 407 respondentai. Tyrimo metu gauti duomenys analizuojami, taikant statistinę ir aprašo­mąją duomenų analizę (IBM SPSS statistics 22 for Windows, MS Excel 2007). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad fiziškai pasyvus jaunimas itin reikšmingai daž­niau rūko, vartoja alkoholį, narkotines medžiagas. Atlikto tyrimo duomenimis, sportas, aktyvi fizinė vei­kla sumažina jaunimo rizikingos elgsenos paplitimą ir gali būti laikomi viena iš prevencijos priemonių.
ROBOTINĖ TIESIOSIOS ŽARNOS REZEKCIJA DĖL TIESIOSOS ŽARNOS VĖŽIO: ATVEJO ANALIZĖ
Authors: Samalavičius Narimantas Evaldas , Deduchovas Olegas , Klimavičiūtė Geda , Paškevičiūtė Renata
Published: January 2019

Robotinė chirurgija pasaulyje atsirado prieš beveik du dešimtmečius ir pastaruoju metu sparčiai plinta pasaulyje. Šiame straipsnyje aprašomas pirmasis ro­botinės chirurgijos atvejis Lietuvoje. 58 metų paci­entei buvo diagnozuotas tiesiosios žarnos viršutinio trečdalio vėžys vykdant ansktyvos storosios žarnos vėžio diagnostikos programą. Kolonoskopijos metu rastas 2 cm išopėjęs polipoidinis darinys 13 cm nuo išangės, histologiškai – vidutiniškai diferencijuota adenokarcinoma. Atlikus pilvo ir krūtinės ląstos kom­piuterinę tomografiją, atokių metastazių nerasta. 2018 11 19 operuota, atlikta robotinė tiesiosios žarnos re­zekcija su daline TME ir kolorektaline anastomoze naudojant Senhance Transenterix robotinę sistemą. Pooperacinis laikotarpis buvo nekomplikuotas, 7 po­operacinę parą pacientė išrašyta į namus.
KLINIKINIS ATVEJIS: ĮGIMTA CITOMEGALOVIRUSO INFEKCIJA
Authors: Šaknienė Jūratė , Garčauskis Martynas , Srėbaliūtė Gintarė
Published: January 2019

Naujagimiui įtarta įgimta citomegaloviruso infekcija dėl mažo gestacinio svorio, geltos, padidėjusios ke­penų fermentų koncentracijos, trombocitopenijos ir klausos sutrikimo kairėje. Diagnozė patvirtinta PGR metodu. Pradėtas antivirusinis gydymas i/v ir p/o. Gaunamas teigiamas atsakas į priešvirusinį gydymą - viremija dinamikoje mažėja.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HEAD LICE IN CHILDREN ATTENDED TO AT A PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN UBERLÂNDIA, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL
Authors: Messias Marinho Mariana , Araújo Milan Beatriz , Borges-Moroni Raquel , Mendes Julio , Tonissi Moroni Fábio
Published: January 2019

Pediculosis capitis is a public health problem not only in Brazil, but also in many countries worldwide. Children are the most likely population group to be infested. The purpose of this study was to verify the prevalence of head lice in children seen at the public hospital in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, and factors associated with ectoparasitosis in this group. In addition, data about the transmission, prevention and control were obtained from the children’s parents or guardians. The scalp and hair of every child aged 2 to 12, attended to at the hospital pediatric outpatient clinic from 2015 to 2017, were examined. Questionnaires and characterization sheets were also used to obtain and record the information. The overall prevalence rate observed was 2.8%. The highest prevalence rates were observed in girls with medium length hair. Children presented a relatively low prevalence of head lice in the parasitological examinations. However, the answers to the questionnaires indicated that this ectoparasitosis is common in this population group. All the children examined were of school age, and their parents or guardians indicated the school environment as the main source of infestations. The responses to the questionnaires also highlighted evidence of negligence on the part of guardians of positive children regarding the occurrence of this ectoparasitosis. The information obtained indicates that authorities should design/improve their plans of action regarding guidelines for parents or guardians for adequate prevention and control of this ectoparasitosis.
ISONIAZID-RESISTANT TUBERCULOUS SPONDYLODISCITIS ASSOCIATED WITH SCROFULODERMA
Authors: Felipe Silveira Sales Luiz , Fraga Oliveira Calábria Murilo , Barcelos Costa Erika , Kipnis Andre , Alves Santa Bárbara Borges Moara , Antunes de Souza Marta , Oliveira Guilarde Adriana
Published: January 2019

The extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis are responsible for about 20% of cases. Scrofuloderma is the cutaneous manifestation secondary to infection in some subcutaneous foci. A 33-year-old patient was admitted to the Clinical Hospital with exudative skin lesions on the back and thorax, initiated 10 months previously, associated with daily fever, and constipation. Spine resonance showed a paravertebral pseudotumoral lesion with T4 and T9 invasion, including vertebral canal and sub-ligament extension. The lesions presented fistulas for paravertebral muscles, lung and skin. Polimerase chain reaction (PCR) proved positive for Mycobacterium tubeculosis in the thorax wound secretion, caracterizing tuberculous spondilodiscitis with scrofuloderma. Treatment was initiated with rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol with important clinical improvement after the first week. The febrile peaks came to an end and there was improvement in the pattern of the cutaneous lesions. The susceptibility test showed resistance to isoniazid.
Economía política del Unheimlich en el pensamiento (estético-político) de Heidegger
Authors: Allende Pinto Luciano
Published: January 2019

El presente texto aborda el problema de la política en el pensamiento de Heidegger a partir del tratamiento que hay en él de la cuestión de la verdad y la obra de arte, exponiendo a partir del concepto de Unheimlich, los elementos centrales de una ontología política que problematiza los acercamientos habituales al “caso Heidegger”, hacia una consideración filosófica política donde ese problema pueda ser pensado en relación con el concepto de pensar poético rememorante (Andenken).
El pensamiento latinoamericano como conciencia y asunción de dos mundos. Posibles discusiones desde la Filosofía de la Historia
Authors: Pereira Ríos Diego
Published: January 2019

Si existe o no un pensamiento latinoamericano sigue siendo una discusión necesaria entre los pensadores actuales. Creemos que es una necesidad que Latinoamérica sea hoy el sujeto de su propio filosofar. Con la ayuda de algunos filósofos examinamos la propuesta de Andrés Belaúnde y su síntesis viviente, donde el elemento existente en estas tierras asume el elemento externo para luego fusionarse en una nueva condición. Y también tomaremos la propuesta de Leopoldo Zea que nos habla de un proyecto asuntivo donde debemos asumir lo que somos desde una yuxtaposición de culturas que se conjugan resultando ser los que somos: mezcla de europeo y de latinoamericano. Desde estos elementos, y como un caso a examinar con valor histórico y de actualidad, proponemos una mirada desde el ejemplo del pueblo guaraní del Chaco boliviano, a partir de algunos pensadores actuales.
Evaluating adherence to long-term prophylaxis treatment with danazol in adult hereditary angioedema patients: A real life study
Authors: DEMIR Semra , UNAL Derya , OLGAC Muge , GELINCIK Asli , COSKUN Raif , COLAKOGLU Bahauddin , BUYUKOZTURK Suna
Published: January 2019

Objective: To investigate the adherence to the prophylactictreatment in hereditary angioedema (HAE) patients as well as thepotential factors which may affect this situation.Patients and Methods: In addition to evaluation of theirmedical records, sixty HAE patients were asked to complete aquestionnaire including inquiries about demographic and clinicalfeatures of their disease and medications used. Disease severitywas determined depending on their age of onset of symptoms,clinical manifestations, and need of long-term prophylaxis.Results: Sixty-five percent of the patients were female, themean age was 38.07±12.38 years, 93.3% were type 1 HAE, 58.3%had a severe form of the disease, and 71.7% were under prophylaxiswith danazol. Fourteen patients were not using danazol regularlydue to the fear of side effects (n=11) and forgetfulness to take themedication (n=4). It was observed that the patients who were theonly cases in their families, those having few relatives with HAEand having had no excitus due to HAE in their families, were moreadherent to prophylactic treatment (P=0.008; P=0.018; P=0.028).Conclusion: The majority of patients were effectively underlong-term prophylaxis and the majority adhered to this treatment.The primary cause of non-adherence was fear of side effects.
Effects of cholinergic compounds and TNF-alpha on human erythroleukemia K562 cell proliferation and caspase expression
Authors: KANLI Zehra , AYDIN Banu , CABADAK Hulya
Published: January 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate ifstimulating auto-paracrine muscarinic receptor signalling pathwaycould change human erythroleukemia K562 cell proliferation andcaspase 3, 8 and 9 expression levels. To better understand the role ofmuscarinic receptors in cell signalling mechanism, we investigatedthe effects of several compounds on human erythroleukemiaK562 cell proliferation and caspase 3, 8 and 9 expression. Thesecompounds were M3 muscarinic receptor agonist, pilocarpine, proinflammatorycytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, andthe wortmannin which is a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor.Materials and Methods: Cell proliferation and cell viabilitywere evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion test and 5-Bromo-2-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) Labelling and Detection Kits. Caspase 3, 8and 9 expression levels were determined by immunoblot analysis.Results: Both pilocarpine and TNF-alpha caused a small increasein human erythroleukemia K562 cell proliferation. However, whenall the compounds were treated together, proliferation of humanerythroleukemia K562 cells increased significantly when compared tountreated control cells. TNF-alpha and wortmannin treatment increasedcaspase 3 and caspase 8 expression patterns significantly in humanerythroleukemia K562 cells. TNF-alpha and wortmannin treatmentincreased caspase 9 expression level (P>0.05) but it was not significant.Conclusion: These findings partly demonstrated that M3muscarinic receptor mediated an increase in K562 cell proliferation.Pilocarpine prevented TNF-alpha and wortmannin inducedcaspase 3 and 8 expression and indirectly showed apoptosis inhuman erythroleukemia K562 cells.
On some problems on composition of arithmetic functions
Authors: Kézér Ildikó
Published: January 2019

The main goal of this paper is to investigate some problems related to the commutativity of the composition of arithmetic functions. The concept of commutativity arises many times in high school maths, so it is natural to study the composition of functions, namely the equation f(g(n)) = g(f(n)), where f and g are such well known arithmetic functions as d(n), φ(n), σ(n), ω(n), or Ω(n). We study various aspects of solvability: can we exhibit infinitely many solutions; can we determine every solution; can we find suitable values in the range of both functions f and g for which the equation is, or is not solvable, respectively. We need just the basic facts about the above functions,and we use only elementary methods in the proofs. We present some interesting questions, their solutions, and raise some unsolved problems. We found that this topic can be discussed well in secondary school, mainly within the framework of group study sessions as we had some classes with a group of kids in 9th grade. We summarize the experiences of this experiment in the last section.
Overview of the accessibility of webpages, related research, advantages, guidelines and recommendation
Authors: Prantner Kvaszingerné Csilla
Published: January 2019

The essay aims to provide a survey of web accessibility, introduce the relevant research results along with describing the advantages of obstacle free webpages. Furthermore, I will attempt to promote the awareness of the significance of accessibility and equal access to information in case of educational webpages especially in the higher education sphere. My primary audience are educational policy makers and leaders of higher education institutions along with in-service teachers who regularly use webpages during their daily work with students struggling with various impairments. The article's focus is expanded onto the relevant professional and legal background, the most important accessibility principles in addition to discussing the tools assuring accessibility and the presentation of best practices for web developers elaborating the electronic learning environments for higher education institutions.
Bernd Zimmermann (1946-2018)
Authors: Ambrus András
Published: January 2019

Our great friend, the always helpful supporter of the Hungarian mathematics didactics, Bernd Zimmermann, the retired mathematics didactics professor of Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, passed away on 19th of July 2018. After a short chronology of his life, we remember some of the many areas of his work with strong Hungarian connections.
Nieniszcząca kontrola elementów części maszyn
metodą prądów wirowych
Authors: Jończyk Sylwester , Szawłowski Jerzy
Published: January 2019

Nieniszcząca metoda prądów wirowych ma zastosowanie do badań metali i ich stopów przewodzących prąd. Metodą prądów wirowych można wykrywać obecność pęknięć, oceniać zmiany struktury, określać grubości warstw przypowierzchniowych. Celem pracy była ocena przydatności układu kontrolno-pomiarowego typu Wirotest oraz sond do szybkiej kontroli jakości całych partii wyrobów. Zebrane doświadczenia i przedstawione wyniki oznaczeń metodą prądów wirowych, porównywanych z pomiarami twardości potwierdziły ich korelację. Metoda może być przydatna do wstępnej selekcji, a także kontroli jakości 100% detali, zwłaszcza nawęglanych.
C. Valerii Catulli Carmen 66: A Critical Edition with Introduction, Translation and Textual Commentary
Authors: Larsen Kristoffer Maribo Engell
Published: January 2019

This article presents a new critical edition of Catullus’ Carmen 66 along with an introduction, a translation and a textual commentary. The text, based on fresh collations of the manuscripts O and G , deviates from the Oxford text by R.A.B. Mynors in 27 cases. Furthermore, it is the first edition to consider the conventional first two lines of Catullus 67 as the last two lines of Catullus 66, an idea independently conjectured by Alex Agnesini in 2011 and Ian Du Quesnay in 2012.
Automatically generating psychiatric case notes from digital transcripts of doctor-patient conversations using text mining
Authors: Kazi Nazmul , Kahanda Indika
Published: January 2019

Current health care systems require clinicians to spend a substantial amount of time to digitally document their interactions with their patients through the use of electronic health records (EHRs), limiting the time spent on face-to-face patient care. Moreover, the use of EHRs is known to be highly inefficient due to additional time it takes for completion, which also leads to clinician burnout. In this project, we explore the feasibility of developing an automated case notes system for psychiatrists using text mining techniques that will listen to doctor-patient conversations, generate digital transcripts using speech-to-text conversion, classify information from the transcripts into relevant categories, and automatically generate structured case notes.

In our preliminary work, we develop a human-powered doctor-patient conversation transcript annotator and obtain a gold standard dataset through the National Alliance of Mental Illness (NAMI) Montana. We model the task of classifying parts of conversations into six broad categories such as medical and family history as a supervised classification problem and apply several popular machine learning algorithms. According to our preliminary experimental results obtained through 5-fold cross-validation, Support Vector Machines are able to classify an unseen transcript with an average AUROC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) score of 89%. Finally, we use part-of-speech (POS) tagging, grammatical rules of English language and verb conjugation, we generate written versions of the pieces of text belonging to different categories. These formal text are aggregated in to filling different sections of the EHR forms.
Correct setup of the substantia nigra requires Reelin-mediated fast, laterally-directed migration of dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Vaswani Ankita Ravi , Weykopf Beatrice , Hagemann Cathleen , Fried Hans-Ulrich , Brüstle Oliver , Blaess Sandra
Published: January 2019

Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons migrate to form the laterally-located substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and medially-located ventral tegmental area (VTA), but little is known about the underlying cellular and molecular processes. Here we visualize the dynamic cell morphologies of tangentially migrating SN-mDA neurons in 3D and identify two distinct migration modes. Slow migration is the default mode in SN-mDA neurons, while fast, laterally-directed migration occurs infrequently and is strongly associated with bipolar cell morphology. Tangential migration of SN-mDA neurons is altered in absence of Reelin signaling, but it is unclear whether Reelin acts directly on migrating SN-mDA neurons and how it affects their cell morphology and migratory behavior. By specifically inactivating Reelin signaling in mDA neurons we demonstrate its direct role in SN-mDA tangential migration. Reelin promotes laterally-biased movements in mDA neurons during their slow migration mode, stabilizes leading process morphology and increases the probability of fast, laterally-directed migration.
Hexameric helicase G40P unwinds DNA in single base pair steps
Authors: Schlierf Michael , Wang Ganggang , Chen Xiaojiang S , Ha Taekjip
Published: January 2019

Most replicative helicases are hexameric, ring-shaped motor proteins that translocate on and unwind DNA. Despite extensive biochemical and structural investigations, how their translocation activity is utilized chemo-mechanically in DNA unwinding is poorly understood. We examined DNA unwinding by G40P, a DnaB-family helicase, using a single-molecule fluorescence assay with a single base pair resolution. The high-resolution assay revealed that G40P by itself is a very weak helicase that stalls at barriers as small as a single GC base pair and unwinds DNA with the step size of a single base pair. Binding of a single ATPγS could stall unwinding, demonstrating highly coordinated ATP hydrolysis between six identical subunits. We observed frequent slippage of the helicase, which is fully suppressed by the primase DnaG. We anticipate that these findings allow a better understanding on the fine balance of thermal fluctuation activation and energy derived from hydrolysis.
FGF21 trafficking in intact human cells revealed by cryo-electron tomography with gold nanoparticles
Authors: Azubel Maia , Carter Stephen D , Weiszmann Jennifer , Zhang Jun , Jensen Grant J , Li Yang , Kornberg Roger D
Published: January 2019

The fibroblast growth factor FGF21 was labeled with molecularly defined gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), applied to human adipocytes, and imaged by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Most AuNPs were in pairs about 80 Å apart, on the outer cell surface. Pairs of AuNPs were also abundant inside the cells in clathrin-coated vesicles and endosomes. AuNPs were present but no longer paired in multivesicular bodies. FGF21 could thus be tracked along the endocytotic pathway. The methods developed here to visualize signaling coupled to endocytosis can be applied to a wide variety of cargo and may be extended to studies of other intracellular transactions.
Collider bias and the apparent protective effect of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency on cerebral malaria
Authors: Watson James A , Leopold Stije J , Simpson Julie A , Day Nicholas PJ , Dondorp Arjen M , White Nicholas J
Published: January 2019

Case fatality rates in severe falciparum malaria depend on the pattern and degree of vital organ dysfunction. Recent large-scale case-control analyses of pooled severe malaria data reported that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) was protective against cerebral malaria but increased the risk of severe malarial anaemia. A novel formulation of the balancing selection hypothesis was proposed as an explanation for these findings, whereby the selective advantage is driven by the competing risks of death from cerebral malaria and death from severe malarial anaemia. We re-analysed these claims using causal diagrams and showed that they are subject to collider bias. A simulation based sensitivity analysis, varying the strength of the known effect of G6PDd on anaemia, showed that this bias is sufficient to explain all of the observed association. Future genetic epidemiology studies in severe malaria would benefit from the use of causal reasoning.
Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection perturbs human oral microbiota
Authors: Chua Eng-Guan , Chong Ju-Yee , Lamichhane Binit , Webberley K. Mary , Marshall Barry J. , Wise Michael J. , Tay Chin-Yen
Published: January 2019

Background

We investigated the effects of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection on the daytime and overnight human oral microbiota.

Methods

Twenty four volunteers were recruited. Ten tested positive for H. pylori infection by the Carbon-14 Urea Breath Test, and the rest were negative. Two oral swabs were collected: one immediately after waking up in the morning and before brushing teeth, and another in the evening before teeth-brushing. DNA extract acquired from each swab was subjected to Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The microbial abundance and composition were analysed in relation to H. pylori infection status.

Results

Helicobacter pylori-positive individuals had significant changes in the alpha and beta diversities in the daytime samples in comparison to those who were H. pylori negative. To identify which taxa could be significantly affected within the cohorts in the daytime, we employed the LEfSe method. When compared against UBT-negative samples, significantly higher abundances were detected in both Pseudomonas and Roseomonas, while Fusobacterium, Solobacterium, Haemophilus and Streptococcus were significantly decreased in the UBT-positive samples.

Discussion

Our data demonstrated that H. pylori infection affects the human daytime oral microbiota. The hitherto undocumented changes of several bacterial genera due to H. pylori infection require more studies to examine their potential health effects on affected individuals.
Defect Engineering in Semiconductors: Manipulating Nonstoichiometric Defects and Understanding Their Impact in Oxynitrides for Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Feng Jianyong , Huang Huiting , Fang Tao , Wang Xin , Yan Shicheng , Luo Wenjun , Yu Tao , Zhao Yixin , Li Zhaosheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: January 2019

Nonstoichiometric defects, as manifested by slight deviation of elemental compositions from chemical formulas, are common yet highly important in solid materials. Oxynitrides with a relatively large O/N ratio variation are theoretically predicted to change their electronic structures and charge transport behaviors with these nonstoichiometric defects. However, little experimental effort is devoted to understanding the impact of such nonstoichiometric defects regarding varied O/N ratios in oxynitrides for solar water splitting. The main reason is the lack of suitable oxynitride research models for aforementioned nonstoichiometric defect study without interference from other factors. Using TaON as a prototypical material, finely tuned O/N ratios can dramatically influence its photoresponse. In‐depth analysis further reveals a significant impact of nonstoichiometric defects (O/N ratios) on TaON's charge carrier densities, charge separation, and transport. Finally, manipulating nonstoichiometric defects of O/N ratios demonstrates its ability to control the space charge layer width and film conductivity of TaON photoanodes for high efficiency water splitting. Therefore, a fine understanding and control of nonstoichiometric defects would be highly important for future development of high efficiency oxynitrides for water splitting.
Tunable Resonator‐Upconverted Emission (TRUE) Color Printing and Applications in Optical Security
Authors: Liu Hailong , Xu Jiahui , Wang Hao , Liu Yejing , Ruan Qifeng , Wu Yiming , Liu Xiaogang , Yang Joel K. W.
Published: January 2019

Lanthanide‐doped nanophosphors are promising in anti‐counterfeiting and security printing applications. These nanophosphors can be incorporated as transparent inks that fluoresce by upconverting near‐infrared illumination into visible light to allow easy verification of documents. However, these inks typically exhibit a single luminescent color, low emission efficiency, and low print resolutions. Tunable resonator‐upconverted emission (TRUE) is achieved by placing upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) within plasmonic nanoresonators. A range of TRUE colors are obtained from a single‐UCNP species self‐assembled within size‐tuned gap‐plasmon resonances in Al nanodisk arrays. The luminescence intensities are enhanced by two orders of magnitude through emission and absorption enhancements. The enhanced emissive and plasmonic colors are simultaneously employed to generate TRUE color prints that exhibit one appearance under ambient white light, and a multicolored luminescence appearance that is revealed under near‐infrared excitation. The printed color and luminescent images are of ultrahigh resolutions (≈50 000 dpi), and enable multiple colors from a single excitation source for increased level of security.
Tailoring Surface Characteristics of Polyamide Thin‐Film Composite Membranes toward Pronounced Switchable Wettability
Authors: ElSherbiny Ibrahim M. A. , Khalil Ahmed S. G. , Ulbricht Mathias
Published: January 2019

This work is the first attempt to imitate the well known, bio‐inspired, super‐hydrophilicity/‐hydrophobicity phenomena by polyamide (PA) thin‐film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, without impairing their high separation ability. Two interdisciplinary approaches, “surface micropatterning” and “double stimuli responsivity,” are successfully consolidated to obtain novel PA TFC membranes that are capable of reversibly switching between strong surface hydrophilicity and surface hydrophobicity, upon changing temperature and pH. Efficient micropatterned PA TFC membranes are developed using two techniques, namely phase separation micromolding and microimprinting lithography. Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) homopolymer and random copolymers of PNIPAAm with poly(acrylic acid) are specifically coated on the micropatterned PA TFC membranes employing carbodiimide coupling. Contact angle measurements reveal that the dual surface responsivity, derived by the grafted polyacrylamide‐based polymer coatings, is successfully amplified by virtue of promoting the membranes' surface roughness via “surface micropatterning.” Interestingly, most of the new surface modified PA TFC membranes also exhibit an improvement in the separation performance compared to their precursors. This work emphasizes the successful combination of “surface micropatterning” and “double stimuli responsivity” to prepare new tailored micropatterned surface‐coated membranes, and their potential toward enhanced separation performance and innovative membrane‐based desalination applications.
Mass Manufactured Glass Substrates Incorporating Prefabricated Electron Transport Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Smith Benjamin , Troughton Joel , Lewis Anthony , McGettrick James , Pockett Adam , Carnie Matthew , Charbonneau Cecile , Pleydell‐Pearce Cameron , Searle Justin , Warren Paul , Varma Su , Watson Trystan
Published: January 2019

A commercially available glass substrate which incorporates both a fluorine‐doped tin oxide and compact TiO2 layer deposited through chemical vapor deposition that is commonly used in “solar control products,” is presented. The substrate, known commercially as Pilkington Eclipse Advantage, is designed for use as an infrared radiation control product and this is the first known instance of it being employed and extensively characterized for use as a mass manufactured n‐type contact in perovskite solar cells. Using this substrate with no additional compact TiO2 layer, perovskite solar cells with PCEs of up to 15.9% are achieved. These devices are superior in performance to those where the compact TiO2 is deposited via spray pyrolysis. The reproducibility and large scale manufacturing base already established with this substrate represents significant potential for solving the problem of upscaling a uniform and pinhole free n‐type compact TiO2 blocking layer.
Self‐Consistent Field Theory of Inhomogeneous Polymeric Systems: A Variational Derivation
Authors: Shi An‐Chang
Published: January 2019

The self‐consistent field theory (SCFT) is a powerful framework for the study of the phase behavior and structural properties of many‐body systems. In particular, polymeric SCFT has been successfully applied to inhomogeneous polymeric systems such as polymer blends and block copolymer melts. The polymeric SCFT is commonly derived using field‐theoretical techniques. Here, an alternative derivation of the SCFT equations and SCFT free energy functional using a variational principle is provided. Numerical methods of solving the SCFT equations and applications of the SCFT are also briefly introduced.
A Polymer‐Oriented Self‐Assembly Strategy toward Mesoporous Metal Oxides with Ultrahigh Surface Areas
Authors: Xiong Hailong , Gao Tunan , Li Kaiqian , Liu Yali , Ma Yali , Liu Jingwei , Qiao Zhen‐An , Song Shuyan , Dai Sheng
Published: January 2019

Mesoporous metal oxides (MMOs) have attracted comprehensive attention in many fields, including energy storage, catalysis, and separation. Current synthesis of MMOs mainly involve use of surfactants as templates to generate mesopores and organic reagents as solvents to hinder hydrolysis and condensation of inorganic precursors, which is adverse to adjusting the interactions between surfactants and inorganic precursors. The resulting products have uncontrollable pore structure, crystallinity, and relatively lower surface areas. Here, a facile and general polymer‐oriented self‐assembly strategy to synthesize a series of MMOs (e.g., TiO2, ZrO2, NbO5, Al2O3, Ta2O5, HfO2, and SnO2) by using cationic polymers as porogens and metal alkoxides as metal oxide precursors in a robust aqueous synthesis system are reported. Nitrogen adsorption analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the obtained MMOs have ultrahigh specific surface areas and large pore volumes (i.e., 733 m2 g−1 and 0.485 cm3 g−1 for mesoporous TiO2). Moreover, the structural parameters (surface area, pore size, and pore volume) and crystallinity can be readily controlled by tuning the interactions between cationic polymers and precursors. The as‐synthesized crystalline mesoporous TiO2 exhibits promising performance in photocatalytic water splitting of hydrogen production and a high hydrogen production rate of 3.68 mol h−1 g−1.
Quantitative Detection of Digoxin in Plasma Using Small‐Molecule Immunoassay in a Recyclable Gravity‐Driven Microfluidic Chip
Authors: Li Hailong , Sørensen Jesper Vinther , Gothelf Kurt Vesterager
Published: January 2019

Immunoassays are critical for clinical diagnostics and biomedical research. However, two major challenges remaining in conventional immunoassays are precise quantification and development of immunoassays for small‐molecule detection. Here, a two signal‐mode small‐molecule immunoassay containing an internal reference that provides high stability and reproducibility compared to conventional small‐molecule immunoassays is presented. A system is developed for quantitative monitoring of the digoxin concentration in plasma in the clinically relevant range (0.6–2.6 nm). Furthermore, the model system is integrated into a simple gravity‐driven microfluidic chip (G‐Chip) requiring only 10 µL plasma. The G‐Chip allows fast detection without any complex operation and can be recycled for at least 50 times. The assay, and the G‐Chip in particular, has the potential for further development of point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostics.
Tailoring FeN4 Sites with Edge Enrichment for Boosted Oxygen Reduction Performance in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Fu Xiaogang , Li Na , Ren Bohua , Jiang Gaopeng , Liu Yanru , Hassan Fathy M. , Su Dong , Zhu Jianbing , Yang Lin , Bai Zhengyu , Cano Zachary P. , Yu Aiping , Chen Zhongwei
Published: January 2019

Transition metal atoms with corresponding nitrogen coordination are widely proposed as catalytic centers for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) catalysts. Here, an effective strategy that can tailor Fe–N–C catalysts to simultaneously enrich the number of active sites while boosting their intrinsic activity and utilization is reported. This is achieved by edge engineering of FeN4 sites via a simple ammonium chloride salt‐assisted approach, where a high fraction of FeN4 sites are preferentially generated and hosted in a graphene‐like porous scaffold. Theoretical calculations reveal that the FeN4 moieties with adjacent pore defects are likely to be more active than the nondefective configuration. Coupled with the facilitated accessibility of active sites, this prepared catalyst, when applied in a practical H2–air proton exchange membrane fuel cell, delivers a remarkable peak power density of 0.43 W cm−2, ranking it as one of the most active M–N–C catalysts reported to date. This work provides a new avenue for boosting ORR activity by edge manipulation of FeN4 sites.
On the steady‐state drop size distribution in stirred vessels. Part II: Effect of continuous phase viscosity
Authors: Carrillo De Hert Sergio , Rodgers Thomas L.
Published: January 2019

In Part I, we used silicon oils with viscosities across six orders of magnitude to investigate the effect of the dispersed phase viscosity on the droplet size distribution of dilute emulsions. In this study, we extended Part I by using three glucose aqueous solutions to thicken the continuous phases, approximately an order of magnitude while keeping the Power number constant. It was found that increasing the continuous phase viscosity decreases the maximum drop size despite having drops well above the Kolmogorov lengthscale. Our results are in disagreement with the mechanistic models for the turbulent inertia regime. The results were explained using the full turbulent energy spectrum proposed by Pope instead of the Kolmogorov −5/3 spectrum. Our analysis revealed that most of the steady‐state drop sizes do not fall in the isotropic turbulence size range.
Understanding the Revised SI: Background, Consequences, and Perspectives
Authors: Liebisch Tara Cubel , Stenger Jörn , Ullrich Joachim
Published: January 2019

This article expounds the significance of the revision of the international system of units, the SI, approved by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 2018. The revised SI implements a construct of a system of units based on fixing the numerical values of constants of nature, the “defining constants.” This fundamental development in the SI is not only elegant and infinitely sustainable, but moreover will drive future technological innovation. This article provides an historical overview and discusses the underlying principles and consequences of the revised SI: from the history of Planck's proposal for creating a system of units “valid for all times and civilizations,” to the scientific and technological motivations for the revision and the expected resulting innovations.
Charakterisierung eines großen Enzym‐Wirkstoff‐Komplexes mittels protonendetektierter Festkörper‐NMR ohne Deuterierung
Authors: Vasa Suresh K. , Singh Himanshu , Grohe Kristof , Linser Rasmus
Published: January 2019

Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie ermöglicht seit einiger Zeit Strukturbiologie mit Kleinstmengen nichtdeuterierter Proteinproben, wodurch die biochemische Probenbereitstellung signifikant erleichtert wird. Trotz dieses Fortschrittes hat sich die erfolgreiche und umfassende Charakterisierung komplexerer Spinsysteme bisher auf traditionelle 13C‐detektierte Methodik oder Deuterierung gestützt. Dies gilt insbesondere für Proteine mit höchstem Molekulargewicht. Anhand eines 29 kDa Carboanhydrase‐Acetazolamid‐Komplexes zeigen wir hier, dass verschiedene Bereiche festkörper‐NMR‐spektroskopischer Charakterisierung eines komplexen Spinsystems mithilfe einer nichtdeuterierten 500 μg Probenmenge erfolgreich bestritten werden können, wenn adäquate spektroskopische Methodik verwendet wird. Der hier gezeigte Zugang zu Proteinstruktur, Proteindynamik sowie biochemischen Parametern in Aminosäureseitenketten wie Histidinprotonierungszuständen wird vor allem für solche Proteine wichtig sein, die nicht durch Expression in E. coli zu erhalten sind.
Synthesis of multifunctional polymer containing Ni‐Pd NPs via thiol‐ene reaction for one‐pot cascade reactions
Authors: Javad Kalbasi Roozbeh , Mesgarsaravi Niloofar , Gharibi Reza
Published: January 2019

Recently, acid–base bifunctional catalysts have been considered due to their abilities, such as the simultaneous activation of electrophilic and nucleophilic species and their high importance in organic syntheses. However, the synthesis of acid–base catalysts is problematic due to the neutralization of acidic and basic groups. This work reports a facial approach to solve this problem via the synthesis of a novel bifunctional polymer using inexpensive materials and easy methods. In this way, at the first step, heterogeneous poly (styrene sulfonic acid‐n‐vinylimidazole) containing pentaerythritol tetra‐(3‐mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) cross‐linkers were synthesized in the pores of a mesoporous silica structure using click reaction as a novel bifunctional acid–base catalyst. After that, Ni‐Pd nanoparticles supported on poly (styrenesulfonic acid‐n‐vinylimidazole)/KIT‐6 as a novel trifunctional heterogeneous acid–base‐metal catalyst was prepared. The prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques like FT‐IR, TGA, ICP‐AES, DRS‐UV, TEM, FE‐SEM, EDS‐Mapping, and XRD. The synthesized catalysts were efficiently used as bifunctional/trifunctional catalysts for one‐pot, deacetalization‐Knoevenagel condensation and one‐pot, three‐step and a sequential reaction containing deacetalization‐Knoevenagel condensation‐reduction reaction. It is important to note that the synthesized catalyst showing high chemo‐selectivity for the reduction of nitro group, alkenyl double bond and ester group in the presence of nitrile. Moreover, it was found that the different nanoparticles including Ni, Pd, and alloyed Ni‐Pd showing different chemo‐selectivity and catalytic activity in the reaction.
Association of Geography and Access to Health Care Providers With Long‐Term Prescription Opioid Use in Medicare Patients With Severe Osteoarthritis: A Cohort Study
Authors: Desai Rishi J. , Jin Yinzhu , Franklin Patricia D. , Lee Yvonne C. , Bateman Brian T. , Lii Joyce , Solomon Daniel H. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Kim Seoyoung C.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To evaluate the variation in long‐term opioid use in osteoarthritis (OA) patients according to geography and health care access.

Methods

We designed an observational cohort study among OA patients undergoing total joint replacement (TJR) in the Medicare program (2010 through 2014). The independent variables of interest were the state of residence and health care access, which was quantified at the primary care service area (PCSA) level as categories of number of practicing primary care providers (PCPs) and categories of rheumatologists per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries. The percentage of OA patients taking long‐term opioids (≥90 days in the 360‐day period immediately preceding TJR) within each PCSA was the outcome variable in a multilevel, generalized linear regression model, adjusting for case‐mix at the PCSA level and for policies, including rigor of prescription drug monitoring programs and legalized medical marijuana, at the state level.

Results

A total of 358,121 patients with advanced OA, with a mean age of 74 years, were included from 4,080 PCSAs. The unadjusted mean percentage of long‐term opioid users varied widely across states, ranging from 8.9% (Minnesota) to 26.4% (Alabama), and this variation persisted in the adjusted models. Access to PCPs was only modestly associated with rates of long‐term opioid use between PCSAs with highest (>8.6) versus lowest (<3.6) concentration of PCPs (adjusted mean difference 1.4% [95% confidence interval 0.8%, 2.0%]), while access to rheumatologists was not associated with long‐term opioid use.

Conclusion

We note a substantial statewide variation in rates of long‐term treatment with opioids in OA, which is not fully explained by the differences in access to health care providers, varying case‐mix, or state‐level policies.
Sunspot observations by Pehr Wargentin in Uppsala in 1747
Authors: Arlt R.
Published: January 2019

This article reports on solar observations by Pehr Wargentin made in Uppsala in 1747. Drawings of the sun accompanied by textual annotations are preserved in the archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Numbers of sunspot groups, as well as sunspot numbers, were derived for March 1 to May 13, 1747 (Gregorian), the latter being approximations for some days as the exact number of spots and pores in large groups was not mentioned by Wargentin. Sunspot positions were also derived for the observing period, where reliable ones were obtained from right ascension and declination measurements by Wargentin and less accurate ones were measured in his drawings of the solar disk.