bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence Concerning the Mechanism of the Nuclear Reaction between Deuterium and Tritium
Authors: Bockris John O'M
Published: December 2024

Both hydrogen and deuterium in their electrolysis on palladium gave linear Tafel lines but each had a kink in it at about 0.35 V overpotential (η). At this value damage begins to be seen in the SEM photographs of the interior of the electrodes. Tritium formation became detectable at an overpotential (η) of about 0.4 V. The reaction occurs in two consecutive steps: the first is a Volmer–Tafel reaction which occurs when the overpotential is less than 0.3 V. But as the measured coverage θD approaches unity, the deuterons begin to discharge onto the adsorbed deuterium (Heyrovsky mechanism). The second (consecutive) step leads to the tritium formation via a neutron transfer from the electrode to the Pd–D bond which at this stage (near to full occupancy by D) is relatively weak. The ready availability of neutrons in the surface region of the metal catalyst is rationalized in terms of the high electron concentration associated with the surface and he presence of D arriving from D2O in the solution: e− + D+ = 2 neutrons + a neutrino. The model is applied to two anomalies which have troubled this reaction. One is irreproducibility and also the long time (100 h or more) before any nuclear activity is seen.
The Study of the Fleischman and Pons Effect through the Materials Science Development
Authors: Violante V. , Sarto F. , Castagna E. , Lecci S. , Sansovini M. , McKubre M. , Tanzella F.
Published: December 2024

The state of the palladium metal has been identified on the basis of statistical data to play fundamental roles in producing the Fleischman–Pons excess heat effect. The deuterium loading dynamics and its equilibrium concentration are mostly controlled by the metallurgy; a minimum threshold loading (D/Pd ∼ 0.9) is necessary to observe the excess. The crystallographic orientation is also correlated with the phenomenon such that mainly ⟨100⟩ oriented samples gave the highest reproducibility. A specific cathode surface morphology, identified by means of the power spectral density function, represents an additional identified condition to observe the effect. Materials specimens respecting the characteristics described above have been used to obtain a transportable reproducibility. Designed materials giving excess power have been produced but the amplitude of the signals and full reproducibility are not yet achieved. Other features of the material such as the nature and content of impurities and defects seems to be crucial in obtaining the required palladium characteristics.
Low-energy Subbarrier Correlated Nuclear Fusion in Dynamical Systems
Authors: Vysotskii V. I. , Adamenko S. V.
Published: December 2024

In the work the method of formation of a correlated coherent states of nuclei in the nuclear-synthesis systems and application of the method for essential optimization of low-energy nuclear interaction are considered. The relation of the correlation coefficient of these nuclei to the probability of their passage through a Coulomb barrier in order to realize a nuclear reaction is studied. We have determined the form of such an optimum dependence of the correlation coefficient on time, at which the formation of a maximally correlated states of particles and the attainment of the maximum variance of their coordinates under a parametric pumping of a harmonic oscillator are possible. The conditions allowing the choice of those possible laws of variations of the frequency of a harmonic oscillator, which cause the formation of a correlated state, are established. The possible type of a parametric pumping which induces the fast asymptotic formation of the completely correlated state of a particle with giant increasing variance of the coordinate under the parabolic barrier and similar increasing of nuclear reactions probability are determined.
Nuclear Signatures to be Expected from Rossi Energy Amplifier
Authors: Dufour Jacques , Miles M. H. , Hagelstein P. L.
Published: December 2024

The nuclear signatures that can be expected when contacting hydrogen with fine nickel powders are derived from thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier). The initiation of the reactions (either by proton or neutron capture) is not discussed and considered as true. Proposals are made to check the process either by radiation emission measurements or by elemental analysis (ICP-MS)
Research into Excited 0.6–6.0 keV Energy Levels in the Cathode Solid Medium of Glow Discharge by X-ray Spectra Emission
Authors: Karabut A. B. , Karabut E A.
Published: December 2024

The results of X-ray spectra registration are presented. The X-ray spectra were registered in film using a curved mica crystal X-ray spectrometer. The experiments were carried out using a high-current glow discharge device, which consisted of a water-cooling chamber, water-cooling cathode and anode units. X-ray emission was detected through a diagnostic window placed above the cathode. The discharge was performed in H2, D2, Ar, Kr and Xe at pressure ranging from 1 to 5 Torr, using cathode samples made of Al, Sc, V, Ti, Ni, Zr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Ta, and W. Current ranged from 50 up to 300 mA and discharge voltage was 1500–4300 V. A pulse-periodical power supply was used to generate the glow discharge. The X-ray spectrum were registered both as bands of the continuum with energies ranging 0.6–10.0 keV and as spots resulting from the emission of series of high-density monoenergetic X-ray beams (with energies of 0.6–10.0 keV) characterized by small angular divergence. The X-ray spectra were repeatedly recorded during the Glow Discharge operation and after the Glow Discharge current switch off (for up to 20 h afterwards). The obtained results were direct experimental evidence of excited long living energy levels with the energy of 0.6–6.0 keV in the solid cathode sample.
An Introduction to the Pico-chemistry Working Hypothesis
Authors: Dufour Jacques
Published: December 2024

The nuclear signatures that can be expected when contacting hydrogen with nickel were derived from thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier), using the type of reaction paths proposed as the explanation of the energy produced. The consequences of either proton or neutron capture have been studied. It was shown that these consequences are not in line with the experimental observations. A novel tentative explanation is thus described. Should this explanation be true? It is proposed to call pico-chemistry the novel field thus opened.
Possible Role of Oxides in the Fleischmann–Pons Effect
Authors: Biberian Jean-Paul , Iraj Parchamazad Iraj Iraj Parchamazad Iraj , Miles Melvin H.
Published: December 2024

The mechanism of the Fleischmann–Pons effect is not yet fully understood. It appears that in many occasions an oxide layer or an insulating layer covers the surface of the active material. In this paper, we list a number of experiments displaying such situation and suggest possible roles of these oxide layers.
Patents and Cold Fusion
Authors: French David J.
Published: December 2024

Patents are available for any arrangement that exploits Cold Fusion. The arrangement must incorporate a feature which is new. However, for Cold Fusion inventions the Patent Office may require proof that the procedures described in the patent actually work. And the description must be sufficient to enable others to duplicate the invention.
A Change of Tritium Content in D2O Solutions during Pd/D Co-deposition
Authors: Lee Kew-Ho , Jang Hanna , Kim Seong-Joong
Published: December 2024

In this study electrochemical co-deposition of Pd/D on nickel electrodes was performed to determine whether a nuclear fusion reaction occurs in the palladium deposit. Co-deposition was performed with a palladium salt/D2O solution. The content of tritium in D2O solution was varied depending on the electrolysis procedure during co-deposition. A comparison between the co-deposition of Pd/D and the simple electrolysis of D2O was performed to investigate the change of tritium concentration in the D2O solution.
New Visions of Physics through the Microscope of Cold Fusion
Authors: Meulenberg A. , Sinha K. P.
Published: December 2024

Cold-Fusion (CF) Research is not hindered as much by what we do not know as it is by what we know too well. This paper identifies several standard physics models, which must be extended beyond present practice, and indicates condensed-matter nuclear science (CMNS) work in this direction.
Examples of Isoperibolic Calorimetry in the Cold Fusion Controversy
Authors: Miles Melvin H.
Published: December 2024

The Dewar isoperibolic calorimetry developed by Fleischmann and Pons can achieve an accuracy of ±0.1 mW. This accuracy requires the use of seven power terms to adequately describe the rate of enthalpy flowing into and out of the calorimetric system. The isoperibolic calorimetry reported by Caltech, MIT, and Harwell neglected important power terms leading to large errors.
Use of D/H Clusters in LENR and Recent Results from Gas-Loaded Nanoparticle-type Clusters
Authors: Miley George H. , Yang Xiaoling , Kim Kyu-Jung , Ziehm Erik , Patel Tapan , Stunkard Bert , Ousouf Anais , Hora Heinrich
Published: December 2024

Anomalous heat, attributed to Low-energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs), is obtained by pressurizing metal alloy nanoparticles with deuterium gas. The reactions are enhanced by creation of ultra-high density deuterium clusters in the nanoparticles. Experiments comparing various nanoparticles and plans for a proof-of-principle unit are presented.
Physics of Cold Fusion by TSC Theory
Authors: Takahashi Akito
Published: December 2024

This paper explains the basic physics of cold fusion by the tetrahedral symmetric condensate (TSC) theory. Models of TSC formation conditions in condensed matter are first proposed. Secondly formulas for cold fusion rates per D(H)-cluster are explained with typical quantitative results. The 4D/TSC fusion and the 4H/TSC WS fusion describe the D (deuterium)-system and the H (protium)-system, respectively.
On Problems of Widom–Larsen Theory Applicability to Analysis and Explanation of Rossi Experiments
Authors: Vysotskii Vladimir I.
Published: December 2024

The effectiveness and possibility of application of Widom–Larsen (W–L) theory for explanation of Rossi experiments on stimulation of (p, NiA) low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) is analyzed. The carried out analysis has shown that W–L theory, which is connected with the inverse reaction of beta-decay in variable electric field of surface plasmon in metal hydride, is unsuitable for the description and explanation of Rossi experiments in metal hydrides.
Amplification and Restoration of Energy Gain Using Fractionated Magnetic Fields on ZrO2–PdD Nanostructured Components
Authors: Swartz Mitchell , Verner Gayle , Tolleson Jeffrey , Wright Leslie , Goldbaum Richard , Hagelstein Peter
Published: December 2024

Lattice Assisted Nuclear Reactions (LANR) (CF) activated nanocomposite ZrO2–PdNiD CF/LANR components are capable of significant energy gain over long periods of time with reproducibility and controllability. We report the response of such active components to steady and dynamic applied magnetic field intensities up to ∼1.5 T changing with a 0.1 ms rise time. Power gain was determined by the triple verified system of dT/Pin, HF/Pin, and calorimetry. Fractionated magnetic fields have a significant, unique amplification effect. Residual, late-appearing effects are complex. Importantly, at higher input electrical currents, high intensity fractionated magnetic fields demonstrate their own, new optimal operating point (OOP) manifold curve. This suggests that cold fusion (LANR) is the first stage, and may be mediated by other than phonons.
Neutron Isotope Theory of LENR Processes
Authors: Fisher John C.
Published: December 2024

Neutron isotopes are characterized and their reactions with ordinary isotopes are described. A theory of LENR processes emerges.
A Mass-Flow-Calorimetry System for Scaled-up Experiments on Anomalous Heat Evolution at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Kitamura A. , Takahashi A. , Seto R. , Fujita Y. , Taniike A. , Furuyama Y.
Published: December 2024

A new mass-flow calorimetry system has been installed to investigate the excess-power phenomena at elevated temperatures with an increased amount of the sample. Calibration runs using alumina powder has revealed very good stability with very high heat recovery rate. The first trial runs with a silica-included Cu·Ni nano-composite sample containing 4 g of Ni mixed with 200 g of Al2O3 showed an anomalous increase in temperature of the sample, which could imply a long-lasting excess power of 5 W/g-Ni.
Strained Layer Ferromagnetism in Transition Metals and its Impact Upon Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
Authors: DeChiaro Louis F. , Forsley Lawrence P. , Mosier-Boss Pamela
Published: December 2024

Spin-polarized Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to model the lattice structures for the Transition Metal Group, Columns I and II, and a number of sp elements in the Periodic Table. Our results suggest that most of the transition metals can exhibit ferromagnetic ordering if the lattice is placed in sufficiently high tensile stress. These results are applied to the study of some layered structures employed by a number of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) research teams and may help to explain some of the anomalous results and the difficulty in reproduction of those results.
Energy Release and Transmutation of Chemical Elements in Cold Heterogeneous Plasmoids
Authors: Klimov A.
Published: December 2024

Our main experimental results from excess energy release (COP >1) in cold heterogeneous (nano-cluster) plasmoid are considered and analyzed in this work. These experimental results were obtained by our team during the last 20 years. The main results may be divided into four groups. (1) Excess energy release behind shock wave in a non-equilibrium heterogeneous plasma and plasma precursor creation before its front was revealed in our experiment. This measured energy is much higher than the electric energy consumed by the plasma, COP∼ 4–10. This excess energy is estimated by measured gas density and pressure behind shock wave, its propagation velocity in plasma, and by using gas dynamics conservation laws. (2) A systematic study of new chemical element creation in water by cold heterogeneous plasmoids was performed. The plasmoids are created by RF discharge over water surface. The plasmoid’s chemical composition is determined by optical spectroscopy. The chemical compositions of water and its sediment are studied by independent diagnostic methods: IR spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, ion mass spectroscopy, chemical analysis and micro-X-ray spectroscopy. We observed optical lines of the H, Li, K, Ca, OH-molecular bands, CaO-molecular bands and unknown molecular bands inside red plasmoids. The Li concentration and the Ca concentration are increased in a water sample by factor 102 − 103. It is very important that the isotopic composition of the lithium is dramatically changed in this experiment. To be precise, it is possible these new elements are created by RF plasmoid in water. (3) The energy release inside heterogeneous plasmoid in swirl gas flow was measured. The measured COP is about 2–4 in this experiment.
Search for Low-energy X-ray and Particle Emissions from an Electrochemical Cell
Authors: Pease Dennis , Azizi Orchideh , He Jinghao , El-Boher Arik , Hubler Graham K. , Bok Sango , Mathai Cherian , Gangopadhyay Shubhra , Lecci Stefano , Violante Vittorio
Published: December 2024

Several theories to explain anomalous heat production predict the emission of low-energy X-rays and/or MeV alpha particles from PdD cathodes in electrochemical cells. Such radiation, however, is not detectable from outside of a standard electrochemical cell due to absorption in the electrolyte and cell walls. A custom cell was therefore assembled which permits X-rays of energy ≥ 1 keV to pass through a thin cathodic membrane and enter into an X-ray detector with minimal attenuation. This test cell geometry also potentially allows any emitted MeV alpha particles to be detected when they impact a Pd cathode and cause fluorescent emission of Pd-Kα (21.2, 23.8 keV) X-rays. The detection of X-ray emissions from a membrane electrolytic cell potentially permits the mechanism(s) for anomalous heat production to be investigated with great sensitivity. As an example, a typical X-ray detector allows 1 keV X-rays to be detected at emission rates of less than one per second and this level of sensitivity corresponds to a thermal resolution of < 0.2 fW. Time resolved X-ray spectral data ranging from 1 to 30 keV was collected for over a year using various types of membranes and different electrolytic solutions. None of these test cells, however, yielded any X-rays which were above ambient background levels.
Investigations of the Lugano HotCat Reactor
Authors: Valat Mathieu , Goldwater Alan , Greenyer Rober , Higgins Robert , Hunt Ryan
Published: December 2024

Since its release, the “Lugano Report” has attracted a lot of attention from many scientific groups as well as individuals. Following attempts to reproduce the claimed results, the Martin Fleischmann Memorial Project†(MFMP) is adding significant insights to the replication community across the Internet. The first part of the paper describes the replication of the Lugano Report’s thermal measurements. It presents the experimental setup, instrumentations as well as the results produced by the MFMP team. The second part describes attempts to reproduce the excess energy claimed in the Report. After ten experiments and five incremental revisions of the apparatus, MFMP published results on the Internet showing apparent correlation between anomalous heat production and broadband low energy gamma radiation. This paper offers a review of these two significant experiments, done in March 2015 and January 2016.
Oscillating Excess Power Gain and Magnetic Domains in NANOR -type CF/LANR Components
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R.
Published: December 2024

Post-magnetization effects, both significant and time-variant, were observed in NANOR -type CF/LANR components. In con- trast to previously observed exponential falloffs of sample activity (peak incremental excess power gain), post-magnetization activity demonstrates oscillatory activity. This paper reports an analysis of the force density and expected theoretical frequency for oscil- lations, which have already been observed to exist between these magnetic domains after magnetization, calculated by using the Maxwell stress tensor.
Calorimetric Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni–H Systems
Authors: Budko K. P. , Korshunov A. I.
Published: December 2024

It has been claimed that Ni–H systems produce excess heat for long periods of time. We have performed experimental calorimetric investigations of this phenomenon. The experimental setup consisted of a ceramic reactor with nickel powder inside it, a heater, hydrogen loading system and calorimeter. Nickel powders with different grain size were used because of their large surface area. Hydrogen pressure varied from 0.5 to 2.5 atm. Temperature varied from 25 to 800◦C. Different methods of input power were used in order to investigate possible effects of high amplitude magnetic pulses. The experimental runs lasted from 4 to 50 h. Experiments did not show any evidence of excess heat within the accuracy of measurement.
CMNS Research – Past, Present and Future
Authors: McKubre Michae C. H.
Published: December 2024

As a community, we have invested a great deal of time and money in investigating claims of anomalous heat first asserted by Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons in 1989. Despite this effort, we remain unable to specify the phenomenon or phenomena revealed. Although it is clear within the LENR community that the effect is of nuclear origin and is exo-energetic, we have yet to define with confidence the pathway to practical technology that seemed implicit in the original announcement. Bringing this community together largely is the belief that such a path is possible, or even imminent. What is taking us so long?
Collaborative Examination on Anomalous Heat Effect Using Nickel-based Binary Nanocomposites Supported by Zirconia
Authors: Kitamura Akira , Takahashi Akito , Takahashi Koh , Seto Reiko , Matsuda Yuki , Iwamura Yasuhiro , Itoh Takehiko , Kasagi Jirotha , Nakamura Masanori , Uchimura Masanobu , Takahashi Hidekazu , Hioki Tatsumi , Motohiro Tomoyoshi , Furuyama Yuichi , Kishida Masahiro
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen isotope absorption by nickel-based binary nanocomposite samples has been examined in collaborative work in the new NEDO MHE project. The samples tested so far include Pd0.044Ni0.31Zr0.65 (“PNZ3” and re-calcined “PNZ3r”) and Cu0.044Ni0.31Zr0.65 (“CNZ5”). Material characterization by XRD and STEM/EDS has revealed the existence of crystalline phases of NiZr2, ZrO2, etc., and nano-meter size structures of binary Pd/Ni or Cu/Ni composites in ZrO2 supporter. All samples at elevated temperatures (200–300◦C) showed anomalous heat evolution with excess power of 5–10 W for periods of several days, which corresponded to excess energy of 5 keV/atom-D(H) or 0.5 GJ/mol-D(H). This anomalous heat generation phenomenon could be the basis for practical, carbon-free energy devices that do not produce hard radiations.
Fundamental Experimental Tests toward Future Cold Fusion Engine Based on Point-compression due to Supermulti-jets Colliding with Pulse (Fusine)
Authors: Naitoh Ken , Tuschiya Jumpei , Ayukawa Ken , Oyanagi Susumu , Kanase Takuto , Tsuru Kohta , Konagaya Remi
Published: December 2024

Our previous reports based on theoretical considerations and supercomputer simulation showed the possibility that super multi-air jets of gases such as air or deuterium colliding with pulse (K. Naitoh, patent: 2012-519298 (2010)) lead to self-compression over 60 MPa and 2000 K at single point around the reacted center, at maximum. This may bring about a more stable occurrence of cold fusion. This approach due to supermulti-jets will also cause an insulation effect because of encasing, which will result in less heat loss from the reactor walls. Based on this, we developed three types of prototype engine reactors using the supermulti-jets colliding with pulse. In the present report, we show some fundamental experimental data for one of the three prototype engine reactors, derived now, before we plan to begin testing for cold fusion.
Controlled Electron Capture: Enhanced Stimulation and Calorimetry Methods
Authors: Tsirlin M.
Published: December 2024

This article attempts to describe the processes occurring on the surface of palladium cathodes during their electrolytic electrolysis in electrolyte on the base of heavy water. The discussion is based on the experimental data on which were obtained in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) experiments lead for a number of years in Energetics Technology (Israel) (ET). The results of these experiments were presented in detail at the international conferences on cold fusion (ICCF). The main subject of these presentations was the description of experimental techniques and analysis of the results of calorimetric measurements, which in a number of cases indicated anomalous heat release, sometimes very significant, accompanying the process of electrochemical deuteration of Pd cathodes. However, the processes occurring in the cathode material, in particular, its structural transformations occurring during the absorption of deuterium by palladium, in these reports have appeared practically outside of discussion. This article partially fills this gap and, as the author believes, brings some clarity to the problem of searching for “optimal” palladium cathodes from the point of view of the probability of initiation of LENR.
The Electron and Occam’s Razor
Authors: Celani Francesco , Di Tommaso Antonino Oscar , Vassallo Giorgio
Published: December 2024

This paper introduces a Zitterbewegung (ZBW) model of the electron by applying the principle of Occam’s razor to Maxwell’s equations and by introducing a scalar component in the electromagnetic field. The aim is to explain, by using simple and intuitive concepts, the origin of the electric charge and the electromagnetic nature of mass and inertia. A ZBW model of the electron is also proposed as the best suited theoretical framework to study the structure of Ultra-Dense Deuterium (UDD), the origin of anomalous heat in metal–hydrogen systems and the possibility of existence of “super-chemical” aggregates at Compton scale.
Maxwell’s Equations and Occam’s Razor
Authors: Celani Francesco , Di Tommaso Antonino Oscar , Vassallo Giorgio
Published: December 2024

In this paper a straightforward application of Occam’s razor principle to Maxwell’s equation shows that only one entity, the electro- magnetic four-potential, is at the origin of a plurality of concepts and entities in physics. The application of the so called “Lorenz gauge” in Maxwell’s equations denies the status of real physical entity to a scalar field that has a gradient in space-time with clear physical meaning: the four-current density field. The mathematical formalism of space-time Clifford algebra is introduced and then used to encode Maxwell’s equations starting only from the electromagnetic four-potential. This approach suggests a particular Zitterbewegung (ZBW) model for charged elementary particles.
Hydrogen-lithium Low Energy Resonant Electron-capture and Bethe’s Solar Energy Model
Authors: Li Xing Z. , Dong Zhan M. , Liang Chang L. , Fu Yun P. , Liu Bin , Huang Gui S. , Zheng Shu X. , Chen Si
Published: December 2024

Bethe’s solar energy model is applied to the case of (p+6Li) low energy resonance near 50 eV. The cross-section would be greatly enhanced to meet the experimental observations in Ni–H(LiAlH4) systems and in “Hydrogen–lithium fusion devices.” The width of the resonance does not prevent low energy resonance from contributing to the cross-section.
On the Heat Transfer in LENR Experiments
Authors: Toimela T.
Published: December 2024

Thermal conduction is considered in deuterated palladium. We assume that the energy released in a single LENR event thermalizes in a region that has a typical dimension on the order of a hundred nanometers. It is shown that thermal conductivity enables the heat transfer of the energy released in repeated events without causing the lattice to melt. Consequently, continuous power is possible. It is argued that power of close to one watt can arise from a single nuclear active environment, NAE. Both the experimental and theoretical consequences of the results are discussed.
“Biological Transmutation” of Stable and Radioactive Isotopes in Growing Biological Systems
Authors: Vysotskii Vladimir , Kornilova Alla
Published: December 2024

The prehistory, present state and prospects of transmutation of stable and radioactive isotopes in growing biological objects are considered. The biological and physical causes of this phenomenon are briefly considered. It is shown that the most likely physical mechanism for the production of nuclear reactions in biological systems is the process of formation of coherent correlated states of interacting particles. This process is accompanied by giant energy fluctuations, which can exist for a long time, sufficient to produce nuclear reactions. This process happens automatically in non-stationary potential wells, which are formed during cell division, DNA replication, at the entrance to plasma ion channels and in other places of growing objects.
Uranium Fission Using Pd/D Co-deposition
Authors: Mosier-Boss Pamela A. , Forsley Lawrence P. , McDaniel Patrick
Published: December 2024

In this investigation, we explored using Pd/D generated energetic particles to fission uranium. Analysis of the CR-39 micropho- tographs liquid scintillation counter (LSC) alpha and beta spectra, and high purity germanium (HPGe) spectral gamma data support fissioning of U-238/U-235 implying that a hybrid fusion-fission reactor based upon Pd/D co-deposition could be feasible.
A Simple Calculation of the Inter-nucleon Up-to-down Quark Bond and its Implications for Nuclear Binding
Authors: Bowen N. L.
Published: December 2024

This paper describes an interesting and potentially significant phenomenon regarding the properties of up and down quarks within the nucleus, and how the possible inter-nucleon bonding of these quarks may affect the bonding energy of the nuclear force. A very simple calculation is used, which involves a bond between two inter-nucleon up and down quarks. This simple calculation does not depend on the type or mechanism for the bond. Furthermore, this simple calculation does not specify the shape or structure for the nucleus. This calculation only examines the energy of all possible up-to-down inter-nucleon bonds that may be formed within a quantum nucleus. A comparison of this total energy is made to the experimental binding energy with excellent results. The potential significance of this finding is discussed.
Development of a Sensitive Detection System for the Measurement of Trace Amounts of 4He in Deuterium, Hydrogen,and Other gases
Authors: Fowler Malcolm M. , Claytor Thomas N.
Published: December 2024

Many LENR systems have been reported to generate small amounts of 4He from experiments that employ deuterium as part of the experiment. There are few analytical methods that can detect trace amounts of 4He in the presence of D2. Most commercial magnetic sector mass spectrometers are large and expensive and, while they have excellent ∆m/m resolution, they still require some additional separation of He, such as a getter system to achieve ppb sensitivity. We have developed a lower cost, compact system that allowsustomeasure4HedowntosubppmlevelsinD2 andothergasses.Thissystemutilizesacolumnofactivatedcarboncooled with liquid nitrogen (LN2) that effectively absorbs everything but helium. Post absorption, the system uses an MKS Microvision residual gas analyzer (RGA) and a Stanford Research Systems (SRS) RS 100 RGA to check for helium purity. The helium eluted from the column is quantified by a small magnetic sector mass spectrometer tuned to mass 4. A typical sample size required to achieve ppb sensitivity to 4He is 50 cm3 at 50 Torr. Calibrations have been done with air, 4He in D2 at various concentrations and show a 3% variation from standard sample to standard sample. We will discuss the typical operation of this instrument and show results from various calibrations using different carrier gases.
Lattice Confinement of Hydrogen in FCC Metals for Fusion Reactions
Authors: Nee Han H. , Subashiev Arsen V. , Prados-Estéves Fracsisco M.
Published: December 2024

Clusters of H isotope atoms segregated to vacancies, divacancies and vacancy–impurity complexes in FCC metals are proposed as fuel for low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). Such clusters combine extremely high H atomic density, large values of screening potential, and as a result, a low LENR ignition energy in eV region. Besides, high average H density can be achieved due to the superabundant vacancy state (SAV) formation. These conclusions are made based on the density functional theory (DFT) modeling of these clusters, estimations of the nuclear reaction rates using experimental data for the nuclear reaction cross sections and a wide set of experimental studies of charging and recharging of various Ni samples with H and D atoms.The results were analyzed using temperature programmed desorption. The experiments confirmed extremely high loading of Ni samples with H isotopes. We discuss the problem of suitable ignition mechanisms and sustainability conditions.
The Eyring Rate Theory Applied to Cold Fusion
Authors: Miles Melvin H. , Parchamazed Iraj
Published: December 2024

The Eyring Absolute Rate Theory is generally applied to chemical reactions where bonds between atoms are broken and new bonds formed to give a transition state or activated complex. This theory has also been applied to physical rate processes such as diffusion and the viscosity of liquids. The activation parameters obtained from the Eyring theory when applied to cold fusion are all suggestive of a deuterium fusion rate controlled by the diffusion of deuterons within the palladium lattice. The D+D fusion process in the Pd/D system is apparently a zero-ordered reaction where only a small fraction of the reactants are in a location in which they are able to react.
Nuclear Signature in LENR Gas Loading Experiments
Authors: Mastromatteo Ubaldo
Published: December 2024

Several types of experiments on LENR anomalies were performed at the ARGAL laboratory in Bareggio, in particular using thin films of palladium in H2 or D2 atmosphere at various pressures. The laboratory is equipped with instrumentation suitable for the detection of neutrons and gamma emission, with an He3 detector, and a multichannel detector with a 3-inch NaI crystal. All the experiments carried out have been monitored with these instruments, and in many cases we have found neutron emissions attributable to nuclear events inside the reactor. Some anomalous events were short-lived; others were prolonged for several minutes. Apart from one particular case, the events were modest. In any case, the evidence found shows once again the nuclear nature of the LENR phenomena, in the past highlighted by clear episodes of nuclear transmutations in similar conditions, where it was possible to analyze the material with the appropriate techniques at the end of the experiment.
Progress Toward an Understanding of LENR–AHE Effects in Coated Constantan Wires in D2 Atmosphere: DC/AC Voltage Stimulation
Authors: Celani Francesco , Lorenzetti C. , Vassallo G. , Purchi E. , Fiorilla S. , Cupellini S. , Nakamura M. , Burri R. , Boccanera P. , Cerreoni P. , Spallone A.
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a summary and some deeper details about the experiments presented at the 22nd International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF22). It reports on the experimental study of LENR phenomena in Constantan (Cu55Ni44Mn1) from its inception in 2011 to the most recent experiments. Using an empirical approach we identified the ef- fect of surface modification of the Constantan wires with coatings comprised of elements that enhance the absorption behavior, and oxides with low work function for electron emission. We also explored certain geometrical arrangements of the wires such as knots and coils in order to induce local thermal gradients and predictable hot-spots. Moreover, the DC polarization of the wires by a counter-electrode proved to be a versatile approach to induce non-equilibrium conditions that are essential for Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE), especially when a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is produced. From the review of experiments summarized in this article, we obtain indications that the main parameter controlling the AHE is the flux of reactive species through the surface of the loaded material. As a consequence, all other external conditions of the reactor core (voltage–current, temperature, pressure, electric field stimulations, DC and/or AC external fields), can be seen as co-factors that enable a flux of active species through surfaces and in the bulk of the materials. Although most of the tests are in agreement with a possible flux model, some results still lack an interpretation, probably due to limits of the experimental setup.
Creation of Fe Isotopes in Natural Geology Crusts as the Result of Self-controlled Global Biostimulated LENR in Oceans and Seas
Authors: Vysotskii V.I. , Vysotskyy M.V. , Kornilova A.A. , Gaydamaka S.N. , Novakova A.A. , Novikov D.S. , Avdonin V.V
Published: December 2024

The paper considers the mechanism of formation of natural iron–manganese crusts, which are located at the bottom of all seas and oceans. These crusts are characterized by a periodic structure and an anomalous ratio of iron isotopes. These anomalies are similar in all seas and oceans and consist in excess of Fe54 and Fe56 isotope concentration and, accordingly, decrease of Fe57 isotope concentration compared to their standard values. It is shown that these anomalies are completely explained by the process of LENR (nuclear transmutation) in the bottom region of the seas and oceans, leading to nuclear fusion with the participation of manganese, sodium, and phosphorus and stimulated by the processes of natural metabolism of microbiological communities.
Radio frequency He4 and sonoluminescence photons are combined
Authors: Stringham Roger Sherman
Published: December 2024

Two systems are presented in this paper: 1) describes the Radio Frequency, RF, reactor that produces alphas and 2) the polycarbonate reactor that produced sonoluminescence, SL or gammas several years earlier. During experiments, dV/dt rapid changes were noted in volumes of proton and deuteron capturing an electron as the initial temperature cools. This is a very basic event at the atomic level. The D+ + e−D* will produce a shockwave that is only compressive for the elemental hydrogen isotopes. The shock wave that destroys the MC cluster of deuterons in a squeezing process, ends with an explosion that excites the MC debris. An excited state occurs where a free MC deuteron combines with the D*forming an alpha as part of the debris system for that cycle. He4 was collected in the Ar gas phase for a mass spectroscopy analysis, MS. Only the 3 hydrogen isotopes have the potential of the large dV/dt compression. Old measurements of the sonoluminescence (SL) photons emitted during DOD cavitation fits RF experiments, and it was never thought He4 might be associated with SL. But a closer look makes a case that SL and gamma photons were the same. The RF system during DOD cavitation could be associated with the improbable equation 2D He4 + g. The measured SL fits the RF He4 MS measurements. The advantage of the RF amplifier driven system was its freedom of a locked frequency of the oscillator driven systems and can be frequency tuned while running. The system could be tuned off for 5 s temperature measurement in the 30 s run mode, thus avoiding the high RF field interference to thermocouple measurements. This SW system was impressed with Lawandy’s like charge attractive forces system that was compatible with MC SW system making the experiments that yield other He4 paths. These were single events of a few atoms, with high activity electrons for a short time, during a 2-MHz cycle.
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Anomalous Heat Generation Occurring in Hydrogen Gas Absorption by Metal Powder
Authors: Kobayashi Tomotaka , Shigemura Junsuke , Naitoh Ken , Mori Yutaka , Seto Reiko , Hachisuka Joji
Published: December 2024

As reported in previous papers, anomalous heat generation occurs when nickel or palladium powder is exposed to hydrogen or deuterium gas, while there is also a chemical effect that occurs when hydrogen (or deuterium) gas is absorbed by mixed oxides of Pd and Zr. Many experiments were previously conducted while increasing either initial temperature or pressure in the reaction chamber. In this report, we conducted fundamental experiments of hydrogen gas absorption by metal powder, while increasing both temperature and pressure simultaneously. The experiments were conducted in conditions up to 244°C and 0.5 MPa, using a small constant-volume reaction system developed by us. As a result, about 4 K of temperature rise was observed in the experiment using nickel powder, and about 10 K was observed in the experiment using Pd-Ni-Zr composite powder. In these experimental results, there are positive correlations between the temperature rise and both the initial temperature and loaded gas pressure. This result may show that the temperature rise is assisted by not only preheating but also gas absorption under higher pressure.
The Nature of the D+D Fusion Reaction in Palladium and Nickel
Authors: Storms Edmund
Published: December 2024

The LENR reaction can be made to occur in Pd and Ni having different physical forms. The behaviors of solid Pd, sintered Pd powder, and sintered Ni powder are discussed in this paper. The required deuterium ions can be made available to the LENR process by using electrolysis or exposure to D2 gas. Initiation of the nuclear reaction sometimes requires the creation of a large D/Pd ratio, but not always. In many cases, very little deuterium is required to produce detectable heating power, which is the thermal energy expressed in watts. In every case, the amount of power is not affected by the D/Pd ratio after the nuclear process starts. Also, increased temperature causes the amount of power to increase exponentially, with the activation energy being related to the source of deuterons available to the nuclear process. The reaction involving deuterium emits part of the nuclear energy as energetic ions having the characteristics of a hydrogen isotope, but not helium [1]. Very little photon radiation is detected outside the walls of the container in which the source is located. The behavior is consistent with the nuclear active environment (NAE) being in physical gaps having a critical width located outside the crystal structure, not in vacancies located within the lattice structure. Successful production of LENR involves the formation of these sites in high concentration and with reliability. This paper describes an effort to meet this challenge.
The Influence Of Work Environment And Work Discipline On Employee Performance At Makida Collection Tasikmalaya
Authors: Ilham Bintang Triyuana , Rahwana Kusuma Agdhi , Risana Dudu
Published: December 2024

The research aims to determine the influence of the work environment and work discipline on employee performance at Makida Collection Tasikmalaya. The method used is a quantitative approach with a research sample of 40 respondents from the production/sewing department of Makida Collection Tasikmalaya employees. The types of data used in this research are primary and secondary data. The data analysis tool in this research uses a multiple linear regression analysis tool using SPSS version 25. The research results show that the Work Environment and Work Discipline simultaneously have a significant effect on Employee Performance. The work environment partially has a significant effect on employee performance. Work Discipline partially has a significant effect on Employee Performance.
The Influence Of Teamwork And Work Discipline On Employees Performance Of PT. Campina Ice Cream Industry Tbk (Survey on Employees of PT. Campina Ice Cream Industry Tbk Cikoneng)
Authors: Fauziyyah Aulia Nurul , Rahwana Kusuma Agdhi , Patimah Titin
Published: December 2024

This study aims to determine the Effect of Teamwork and Work Discipline on Employees Performance of Campina Ice Cream Industry in Cikoneng, Ciamis. This study uses a descrivtive method with a quantitative approach. The research population was employees of the Campina Ice Cream Industry and used a saturated sampling technique, where all members of the population were sampled, namely 40 people for respondents. Data collection techniques using interviews and questionnaires.The method used is multiole linear regression analysis with SPSS version 25. The results of this study indicate that Teamwork (X1) and Work Discipline (X2) simultaneously have a significant effect on the dependent variable, namely Employees Performance (Y). Teamwork (X1) partially has a positive and significant effect on Employees Performace (Y). Work Discipline (X2) partially has a positive and significant effect on Employees Performance (Y).
The Influence Of Online Customer Reviews And Brand Trust On Purchasing Decisions For Egtn Somnium Products On The Shopee Marketplace Application (Survey Of Egtn Somnium Hoodie Consumers In Tasikmalaya)
Authors: Indriyani Silfia , Arisman H Ari , Arif Arif
Published: December 2024

This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of online customer reviews and brand trust on purchasing decisions for Egtn Somnium hoodie products on the Shopee marketplace. The method used in this research is causality through a survey approach, with a research sample of 100 Egtn Somnium hoodie consumers in Tasikmalaya. The data used uses primary data. The analytical tool used is multiple linear regression using SPSS 25 software. The research results show that online customer reviews and brand trust simultaneously have a significant influence on purchasing decisions for egtn somnium hoodie products on the shopee marketplace. Online Customer Review partially has a significant influence on purchasing decisions for Egtn Somnium Hoodie products at the Shopee Marketplace in Tasikmalaya. Brand Trust partially has a significant influence on purchasing decisions for Egtn Somnium Hoodie products at the Shopee Marketplace in Tasikmalaya.
Enhancing bone regeneration and osseointegration using rhPTH(1-34) and dimeric R25CPTH(1-34) in an osteoporotic beagle model
Authors: Shin Jeong-Oh , Lee Jong-Bin , Lee Sihoon , Kim Jin-Woo
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the effects of two parathyroid hormone (PTH) analogs, rhPTH(1-34) and dimeric R25CPTH(1-34), on bone regeneration and osseointegration in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model using beagle dogs. Twelve osteoporotic female beagles were subjected to implant surgeries and assigned to one of three groups: control, rhPTH(1-34), or dimeric R25CPTH(1-34). Bone regeneration and osseointegration were evaluated after 10 weeks using micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT), histological analyses, and serum biochemical assays. Results showed that the rhPTH(1-34) group demonstrated superior improvements in bone mineral density, trabecular architecture, and osseointegration compared to controls, while the dimeric R25CPTH(1-34) group exhibited similar, though slightly less pronounced, anabolic effects. Histological and TRAP assays indicated both PTH analogs significantly enhanced bone regeneration, especially in artificially created bone defects. The findings suggest that both rhPTH(1-34) and dimeric R25CPTH(1-34) hold potential as therapeutic agents for promoting bone regeneration and improving osseointegration around implants in osteoporotic conditions, with implications for their use in bone-related pathologies and reconstructive surgeries.
The potassium channel subunit KV1.8 (Kcna10) is essential for the distinctive outwardly rectifying conductances of type I and II vestibular hair cells
Authors: Martin Hannah R , Lysakowski Anna , Eatock Ruth Anne
Published: December 2024

In amniotes, head motions and tilt are detected by two types of vestibular hair cells (HCs) with strikingly different morphology and physiology. Mature type I HCs express a large and very unusual potassium conductance, gK,L, which activates negative to resting potential, confers very negative resting potentials and low input resistances, and enhances an unusual non-quantal transmission from type I cells onto their calyceal afferent terminals. Following clues pointing to KV1.8 (Kcna10) in the Shaker K channel family as a candidate gK,L subunit, we compared whole-cell voltage-dependent currents from utricular HCs of KV1.8-null mice and littermate controls. We found that KV1.8 is necessary not just for gK,L but also for fast-inactivating and delayed rectifier currents in type II HCs, which activate positive to resting potential. The distinct properties of the three KV1.8-dependent conductances may reflect different mixing with other KV subunits that are reported to be differentially expressed in type I and II HCs. In KV1.8-null HCs of both types, residual outwardly rectifying conductances include KV7 (Knq) channels. Current clamp records show that in both HC types, KV1.8-dependent conductances increase the speed and damping of voltage responses. Features that speed up vestibular receptor potentials and non-quantal afferent transmission may have helped stabilize locomotion as tetrapods moved from water to land.