bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF YOGA PRACTICE ON LEARNING BEHAVIOUR AND ASSERTIVENESS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN TAMILNADU
Authors:   Ph.D., Research Scholar, Centre for Yoga Studies, Annamalai University,, YOGANANDHAN V , RAJAVELU Dr. M ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Annamalai University,Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, India
Published: December 2021

The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of yoga practice on learning behaviour and assertiveness among school children of Tamilnadu. For this purpose, ninety male adolescents studying in socially backward region of Tamilnadu, with the age group of 15 to 17 years who were studying in Nandanar Boys Higher Secondary School, Chidambaram (Cuddalore District), Government Boys Higher Secondary School, Vallalapatty, Madurai (Madurai District) and Government Boys Higher Secondary School, Thiruvannamalai (Thiruvannamalai District), were chosen as subjects. They were divided into two equal groups, each group consisted of forty-five subjects, in which experimental group - I underwent yoga practice and experimental group - II acted as control that did not participate in any special activities apart from their regular curricular activities. The training period for the study was five days (Monday to Friday) a week for twelve weeks. Prior to and after the experimental period, the subjects were tested on learning behaviour and assertiveness. Learning behavior was surveyed by the Jegadheesh Srivastava learning behaviour Questionnaire and Assertiveness was surveyed by Rathu’s Assertiveness inventory. The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to find out any significant difference between the experimental groups and control group on selected criterion variables. The result of the study shows that the yoga practice group was significantly improved the learning behaviour and assertiveness when compared with the control group.
Text Channels to Identify and Forestall Hostile Hindi Substances via Online Media
Authors:   Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bhagwant University Ajmer, Rajasthan, India., Fale Mr. Pradeep N , Goyal Dr. Krishan Kumar ,   Dean, Faculty of Computer Application, RBSMTC, Agra, India.
Published: December 2021

Individual to individual correspondence objections are very renowned these days. With over 70% of the general population using relational connection objections satisfactorily in India, Hindi correspondence is the most notable. More than 80% of Indians use Hindi as a technique for correspondence. Websites like Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, Instagram and WhatsApp have been utilized by people and particularly by teens today. Through individuals-to-individuals like Twitter, Facebook, and so on, the sound of content is shared. Finally, these structures ended up being more many-sided in addressing the necessities of customers to look at their step by step undertakings, feelings and evaluations by posting clear (information) with their associates. Reliably, huge data is shared at different levels of online media. In this article, we will present and discuss thoroughly the execution of message channels for the Hindi language to recognize and prevent harsh substances in relational associations.
Scalogram-Based Instantaneous Features of Acoustic Emission in Grinding Burn Detection
Authors: Yesilyurt Isa , Dalkiran Abdullah , Yesil Onder , Mustak Ozan
Published: December 2021

Time-frequency methods are effective tools in identifying the frequency content of a signal and revealing its timevariant features. This paper presents the use of instantaneous features (i.e., instantaneous energy and signal phase) of acoustic emission (AE) in the detection of thermal damage to the workpiece in grinding. The low-order frequency moments of a scalogram are used to obtain both the instantaneous energy and the mean frequency at which the signal phase is recovered. The grinding process is monitored using AE for a variety of operating conditions, including regular grinding, grinding at higher cutting speed and larger feed, and small dressing depth of cut. The instantaneous features extracted by the scalogram are compared with the results obtained by the empirical mode decomposition. It has been found that both the instantaneous energy and phase deviation indicate the presence of burn damage and serve as robust and reliable indicators, providing a basis for detecting the grinding burn.
Short-time Fourier Transform Using Odd Symmetric Window Function
Authors: Li Miaofen , Liu Youmin , Zhi Shaodan , Wang Tianyang , Chu Fulei
Published: December 2021

In this paper, a novel time–frequency (TF) analysis method, called the short-time Fourier transform using odd symmetric window function (OSTFT), is proposed using odd symmetric window function to replace the conventional even window function of STFT. Different from conventional STFT acquiring the amplitude maximum at time and frequency centers, OSTFT acquires the minimum amplitude of 0. Hence, OSTFT can obtain a TF representation (TFR) with high TF resolution by utilizing the leaked energy rather than restraining it. It is worth to mention that the proposed OSTFT can vitiate the effect of window size we choose on the TFR obtained. Furthermore, it also has a good performance on signals with complex instantaneous frequencies (IFs), even crossing IFs. Because we just replace the conventional window function of STFT, the time-consuming of the proposed OSTFT is at the same level as the conventional STFT. The effectiveness of proposed OSTFT has been validated on two complex multi-component simulated numerical signals and a signal collected from the brown bat.
Residual Convolution Long Short-Term Memory Network for Machines Remaining Useful Life Prediction and Uncertainty Quantification
Authors: Wang Wenting , Lei Yaguo , Yan Tao , Li Naipeng , Nandi Asoke
Published: December 2021

Recently, deep learning is widely used in the field of remaining useful life (RUL) prediction. Among various deep learning technologies, recurrent neural network (RNN) and its variant, e.g., long short-term memory (LSTM) network, are gaining more attention because of their capability of capturing temporal dependence. Although the existing RNN-based approaches have demonstrated their RUL prediction effectiveness, they still suffer from the following two limitations: 1) it is difficult for RNN to extract directly degradation features from original monitoring data, and 2) most of the RNN-based prognostics methods are unable to quantify the uncertainty of prediction results. To address the above limitations, this paper proposes a new method named Residual convolution LSTM (RC-LSTM) network. In RC-LSTM, a new ResNet-based convolution LSTM (Res-ConvLSTM) layer is stacked with convolution LSTM (ConvLSTM) layer to extract degradation representations from monitoring data. Then, predicated on the RUL following a normal distribution, an appropriate output layer is constructed to quantify the uncertainty of the forecast result. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of RC-LSTM is verified using monitoring data from accelerated degradation tests of rolling element bearings.
Orthogonal On-Rotor Sensing Vibrations for Condition Monitoring of Rotating Machines
Authors: Xu Yuandong , Tang Xiaoli , Feng Guojin , Wang Dong , Ashworth Craig , Gu Fengshou , Ball Andrew
Published: December 2021

Thanks to the fast development of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies, MEMS accelerometers show great potentialities for machine condition monitoring. To overcome the problems of a poor signal to noise ratio (SNR), complicated modulation, and high costs of vibration measurement and computation using conventional integrated electronics piezoelectric accelerometers, a triaxial MEMS accelerometer-based on-rotor sensing (ORS) technology was developed in this study. With wireless data transmission capability, the ORS unit can be mounted on a rotating rotor to obtain both rotational and transverse dynamics of the rotor with a high SNR. The orthogonal outputs lead to a construction method of analytic signals in the time domain, which is versatile in fault detection and diagnosis of rotating machines. Two case studies based on an induction motor were carried out, which demonstrated that incipient bearing defect and half-broken rotor bar can be effectively diagnosed by the proposed measurement and analysis methods. Comparatively, vibration signals from translational on-casing accelerometers are less capable of detecting such faults. This demonstrates the superiority of the ORS vibrations in fault detection of rotating machines.
A Study of Effect of Various Normal Force Loading Forms on Frictional Stick-Slip Vibration
Authors: Wang Xiaocui , Wang Runlan , Huang Bo , Mo Jiliang , Ouyang Huajiang
Published: December 2021

In this work, a comparative study is performed to investigate the influence of time-varying normal forces on the friction properties and friction-induced stick-slip vibration (FIV) by experimental and theoretical methods. In the experiments, constant and harmonic-varying normal forces are applied, respectively. The measured vibration signals under two loading forms are compared in both time and frequency domains. In addition, mathematical tools such as phase space reconstruction and Fourierspectra are used to reveal the science behind the complicated dynamic behavior. It can be found that the friction system shows steady stick-slip vibration, and the main frequency does not vary with the magnitude of the constant normal force, but the size of limit cycle increases with the magnitude of the constant normal force. In contrast, the friction system under the harmonic normal force shows complicated behavior, for example, higher-frequency larger-amplitude vibration occurs and looks chaotic as the frequency of the normal force increases. The interesting findings offer a new way for controlling FIV in engineering applications.
In The Context of ARDL Bound Test Approach, Energy Consumptıon and Energy Prices Effects on Quality of Life
Authors: TÜRKMEN Sena , NAİMOĞLU Mustafa
Published: December 2021

Energy has become one of the basic requirements for human welfare and for the sustainability of economic activities. Empirical results from many studies have shown that energy consumption increases economic growth and welfare. There are very few studies in the literature examining the relationship between energy consumption, energy prices and quality of life. The aim of this study is examining the hypothesis of the necessity of increasing the use of energy in order to reduce poverty and quality of life for Turkey. The study contributes to the literature due to the small number of studies conducted in this field and the fact that it investigates the relationship between energy consumption, energy prices and human development index with the help of the Autoregressive Distributed Lags model using current data for the period 1990-2019. Findings demonstrate that energy consumption is important for increasing human welfare and has little response to energy price changes in the long term. In the short term, it was found that the human development index was affected positively by energy consumption in the current period, and negatively affected in one lag, but neutral to energy prices.
Volume Charge Density in Geometric Product Lorentz Transformation
Authors: Md. Ashraful Alam  , Atikur Rahman Baizid
Published: December 2021

Lorentz Transformation is the relationship between two different coordinate frames time and space when one inertial reference frame is relative to another inertial reference frame with traveling at relative speed. In this paper, we have derived the transformation formula for the volume charge density in Geometric Product Lorentz Transformation. The changes of volume charge density of moving frame in terms of that rest frame in Geometric Product Lorentz Transformation at various velocities and angles were studied as well.
Omicron and the future of the Pandemic
Authors: Chakravorty Subarna
Published: December 2021

The advent of the Omicron variant
The Effect of Nutrition Education on Nutrition Knowledge and Macronutrition Intake in Muay Thai Athletes
Authors: Dewi Maryati , Hanifah Gina , Purnawan Asep Iwan , Putri Witri Priawanti , Mulyo Gurid Pramintarto Eko
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Athletes’ achievements require the support of sports science and technology. One of the supporting sciences is sports nutrition services by fulfilling athlete nutrition through foodservice and nutrition education in nutrition counseling or nutrition counseling according to the needs and conditions of athletes.

AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of nutrition education on nutritional knowledge and macronutrient intake in Muay Thai athletes in Cimahi city.

METHODS: This type of research is a Quasi experiment by applying a one group pre- and post-test design: Nutrition education using leaflets. The sample is Muay Thai athletes in Cimahi city who are actively practicing at the Empire Muaythai Camp as many as ten people. Data were collected by filling in the respondent’s characteristics, knowledge of nutrition, and intake of macronutrients.

RESULTS: Based on the Wilcoxon test, it was found that there was an effect of providing nutrition education using leaflets on nutritional knowledge (p = 0.005) and protein intake (p = 0.047).

CONCLUSION: It is recommended that regular and periodic nutrition education be given to athletes and coaches as well as collaborate with nutritionists regarding nutritional fulfillment for athletes to increase macronutrient intake so that the performance of Muay Thai athletes in Cimahi city is optimal.
Minimally Invasive Pilonidal Sinus Treatment: A Brief Review
Authors: Coco Danilo , Leanza Silvana
Published: December 2021

With a prevalence of 26/100,000, pilonidal sinus disease is a frequent natal cleft condition that primarily affects young males. The disease site is often uncomfortable and the disease can result in problems such as abscess formation and recurrent acute or chronic infections. Minimally invasive treatment aims to form a small elliptical wedge of subcutaneous tissue containing all the inflammatory tissue. The sinus and its lateral tracks are removed while keeping the overlying skin intact. Following the notion of “less is more,” novel least invasive treatments such as sinotomy, sinusectomy, trephining, and video-assisted and endoscopic pilonidal sinus surgery have recently been proposed. We look at minimally invasive treatments to explain how research into modern techniques has revealed a low rate of short-term problems.
Organizational Characteristics, Individual Characteristics, Work Characteristics, and Technological Factors against Culture-Based Care
Authors: Elliana Agusta Dian , Nursalam Nursalam , Yunitasari Esti
Published: December 2021

The quality of nursing services has a direct impact on the level of client satisfaction. The marketing wave of health services has now changed from the era of service excellence to the era of care with character so that caring behavior is the main principle in the quality of nursing services. This research is a quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. This research has been conducted at the Regional General Hospital Dr. Iskak Tulungagung and the Blambangan Regional General Hospital Banyuwangi. Respondents involved in this study amounted to 180 respondents. The research variables are Organizational Characteristics, Individual Chatacteristics, Work Characteristics, Technological Factors, Culture-based Caring, Quality of Nursing Work Life, and Quality of Nursing Services. The data in this study were analyzed using quantitative analysis techniques using SEM PLS. Organizational characteristics enhance culture-based caring. Individual characteristics enhance culture-based caring. Work characteristics enhance culture-based caring. Technological factors increase culture-based caring.
A Comparative Study between the Effect of Pandan Wangi Leaves Boiled Water with Medication Therapy on the Blood Pressure Changes of Hypertension Patients
Authors: Safitri Wahyuningsih , Putri Yoanita , Sulistyawati Ririn Afrian , Sari Febriana Sartika , Kanita Maria Wisnu , Wulandari Yunita , Agustin Wahyu Rima , Sulisetyawati S. Dwi , Oktariani Meri
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is an asymptomatic condition. There is abnormally high pressure in the arteries which increases the risk of stroke, aneurysm, heart attack, myocardial infarction, and kidney damage. Management of hypertension can use pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques. One of the non-pharmacological therapies is using boiled water from Pandan Wangi leaves.

AIM: The study aimed to compare between the effects of Pandan Wangi boiled water with medication therapy on the blood pressure changes in hypertension patients in the working area of Public Health Center, Karanganyar.

METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental research design with a pre-test and post-test with a non-equivalent group control design. The sampling technique adopted a purposive sampling technique consisted of 120 respondents. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and the Mann–Whitney test.

RESULTS: The Wilcoxon test results in the treatment and control groups showed the same results. Systolic blood pressure obtained p = 0.004 (p < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure obtained p = 0.002 (p < 0.05). Both the treatment group and the control group affect the blood pressure changes in hypertension patients. The Mann–Whitney test results obtained systolic blood pressure with p = 0.148 (p > 0.05) and diastolic with p = 1.000 (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The results emphasized Pandan Wangi boiled water can reduce the blood pressure, and there is no difference in the effectiveness of Pandan Wangi boiled water and medication therapy on the blood pressure of hypertension patients in the working area of Public Health Center, Karanganyar.
Case Series of Irritated Giant Acrochordons Arising from Skin Folds
Authors: Kusuma Fiedyawati , Rudyan Jemie
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Acrochordons are pedunculated papules or nodules with a soft consistency and smooth contour, sometimes apparently growths often hang on thin stalk, with the most acrochordons size was 2–5 mm. Occasionally, due to frictions of the pedicle, acrochordon can become inflamed, tender, and even gangrenous.

CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case series of three giant acrochordons, first case, 19-year-old female come to my OPD clinic with a big mass on her left vagina, with pain and hot while being touched, and fever. On examination big nodule on the right labia mayor was found, with diameter 20 × 20 cm, short stalk, firm, warmed, and pain sensation while touched, with several excoriated skin surface. Second case, 23-year-old female presented in my OPD with a mass in her left vagina, associated with pain and several bleeding spots while being touched, with diameter of 5 × 5 cm. Third case, 31-year-old female consulted to OPD clinic with a year of history having a mass on her right buttock, which gradually increases in size and causing a light pain. On examination, short pedunculated nodule was found at the right buttock, diameter 10 × 6 cm, oval shape, firm, and several excoriated plaques. All cases were diagnosed as giant acrochordons and were performed excision. The previous studies state that the larger lesions of acrochordons in the groin or upper thighs maybe associated with diabetes mellitus and obese individuals. Due to the twisting or strangulated of the pedicle, all three cases of giant acrochordons become inflamed, tender, irritated, infarction, and even gangrenous. In general, it was advised to have the acrochordons removed, particularly in the skin fold of axillae, groin, or vagina, since they will gradually develop in size.

CONCLUSION: Giant acrochordons usually relate to the growth hormone like activity. Hence, they may associate with endocrine disorder. It may occasionally become inflamed, tender, and even gangrenous due to frictions. General principle is to have the acrochordons removed, particularly in skin fold area.
A Qualitative Systematic Review of Family Support for a Successful Breastfeeding Experience among Adolescent Mothers
Authors: Priscilla Vetty , Afiyanti Yati , Juliastuti Dyah
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Family support for adolescent mothers is vital in making breastfeeding decisions and sustaining the feeding since many of these women struggle with identity crises. Therefore, it is essential to synthesize qualitative evidence about the types of family support provided to these young women.

AIM: This study aims to identify, synthesize, and recognize the qualitative evidence of family support for successful breastfeeding among teen mothers.

METHODS: A systematic review of qualitative studies was identified in six electronic databases published from 2000 to 2020. The quality of the reviewed studies was checked using The Critical Appraisal Skills Programs. The data were extracted by two investigators and analyzed using thematic analysis with three steps: coding the text line-by-line, developing the descriptive themes, and generating the analytical themes.

RESULTS: This review includes eight eligible studies. The review founds that family significantly affect the success of breastfeeding practices among adolescent mothers through their appraisal, instrumental, emotional, and informational support. The family strengthens the adolescence’s breastfeeding decisions and confidence, provide financial assistance, share positive breastfeeding information and experience, encourage them to continue the feeding and motivate theme to pursue their study.

CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding a baby and becoming a mother at a young age is not an easy process and need family support for a successful feeding. Health care professionals should actively involve the family in supporting adolescent mothers to breastfeed their babies optimally.
Mechanism of Lactobacillus reuteri Probiotic in Increasing Intestinal Mucosal Immune System
Authors: Guli Musjaya , Winarsih Sri , Barlianto Wisnu , Illiandri Oski , Sumarno S. P.
Published: December 2021

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which, when consumed in adequate quantities as food ingredients, provide health benefits to the host. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces, are three probiotics that are intensively used as probiotics in humans and animals. Probiotics have beneficial effects on health when given adequate amounts. The concept of probiotics on human health, namely modulating the gut microbiota and its effect on the host. Probiotics play an important role in maintaining intestinal integrity through a number of different interactions, including changes in cytokine expression in the mucosa. Probiotics compete with intestinal pathogens for mucosal receptors, thereby increasing interepithelial resistance. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus casei sp GG strain was used as a prophylaxis that could increase the expression of epithelial mucin, thereby reducing the translocation of pathogenic bacteria. Abnormal local immune response is characterized by decreased secretion of IgA, thus allowing enterocyte attachment and local translocation of bacterial antigens, which are the main stimulation of pathological events. Colonic stasis can promote the growth of pathogenic bacteria which allows malignant porin bacterial strains to thrive. The gut microbiota has a major influence on human health. The microbial population has an important role in the host, such as the metabolic activity of probiotics producing energy and nutrient absorption, developing the host immune system, and preventing colonization and infection of pathogens. Lactobacillus reuteri is a hetero-fermentative bacterium that lives in the digestive tract of humans. L. reuteri has been used to treat infant necrotizing pseudomembrane. In this paper, the mechanism of L reuteri to increase host immunological response will be reviewed.
Association between Foxp3 Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte Expression and Response After Chemoradiation in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Lisnawati Lisnawati , Billianti Yayi Dwina , Manatar Amelia Fossetta
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a carcinoma originating from the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx with the highest incidence in China and South East Asia. Currently, many researchers are developing tumor microenvironment which can be assessed by tumor-infiltrating lymphochyte, and its association with treatment response in several tumors, including NPC. Foxp3, known as a regulatory T cell (Treg) marker, plays a role in the immunoregulatory environment of tumor cells and can be used as a prognostic factor. The relationship between Foxp3 expression and treatment response is considered as one of the factors affecting the prognosis of NPC.

AIM: This study aims to determine the relationship between Foxp3 expression and treatment response in NPC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done to analyze the association between Foxp3 and treatment response in NPC. This study included 60 samples who were diagnosed with non-keratinizing NPC at the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January 2018 until December 2020. Immunohistochemistry was done to evaluate the expression of Foxp3. Foxp3 expression was evaluated in the intratumoral and peritumoral areas.

RESULTS: Among 60 patients, the number of males were more than females (66.7%, 33.3%, respectively) with a ratio of 2:1. There was statistically significant difference between intratumoral and total Foxp3 expression and treatment response (p < 0.05, p = 0.001, respectively); however, no significant differences found between peritumoral Foxp3 expression and treatment response (p = 0.114).

CONCLUSION: Foxp3 expression had a statistically significant relationship with response therapy after chemoradiation.
The Impact of Social Support on Students’ Behavior in the Context of Iraqi Medical Education
Authors: Al-Hasani I. D. , Salih H. S. , Wahid A. T. Abdul , Jabarah Mohammed
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Mental health problems are reflected and linked to human behavior in many aspects. Medical students are susceptible to a wide variety of events that compromise their mental well-being, social life as well as their academic achievements. AIM: This study aimed to find the impact of social support on medical students’ behavior in Iraq via assessing their depression, anxiety, and stress status. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey-based study targeted all medical students in Iraq. The employed questionnaires covered mental health status of participants by evaluating their perceptions of depression, anxiety, and stress using. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System. RESULTS: The study revealed a significant influence of social support on students’ perceptions of depression and anxiety, but not of their perception of stress. CONCLUSION: Lending social support to medical student is crucial to improve their depression and anxiety with all the positive results that the support brings to their behavior and social life. However, they need more than the social support to keep them safe from academic and daily life stressors.
Household Food Security, Nutritional Intake, and Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women in the Central Tapanuli Regency
Authors: Sudaryati Etti , Zuska Fikarwin , Masthalina Herta
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition that occurs during pregnancy can result in inadequate household food security so that it will affect the baby to be born.

AIM: This study aims to determine household food security, nutrient intake, and nutritional status of pregnant women in the Central Tapanuli Regency.

METHODS: This research is part of the DRPM research with the title of improving the nutrition of pregnant women and the success of breastfeeding immediately after birth through strengthening household food security in the Central Tapanuli Regency. The stages of this research are to identify the level of household food security and nutrient intake as well as the nutritional status of pregnant women. The study was conducted using observation and interviews as well as measuring LILA, examination of Hb levels, and iodine levels in the urine of 131 pregnant women purposively in eight districts of the Central Tapanuli.

RESULTS: The household food security of status that is food insecure is 18.3%. The nutritional status of pregnant women with anemia was 58.7% and those with SEZ were 19.1% fiber with the low levels of iodine in the urine as much as 63.9%. Adequate intake of energy nutrients is 42% and sufficient protein is 38.9%. There was a significant relationship between food security status and energy intake (p = 0.000; OR = 53.9) and protein intake (p = 0.004; OR = 4.1).

CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant relationship between household food security status with energy and protein intake of pregnant women. Increased consumption of foods containing animal protein is recommended for pregnant women related to household food insecurity.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Lançon Frédéric , Temple Ludovic , Biénabe Estelle
Published: December 2021

Résumé Ce chapitre retrace la généalogie du concept et des analyses en termes de filière pour mieux en comprendre la portée et les limites au regard des enjeux du développement durable. Initialement élaboré pour contribuer à la formulation et à l’évaluation des politiques industrielles au Nord, puis de développement au Sud, le concept de filière englobe, au sein des systèmes économiques, un ensemble d’agents ayant des relations structurelles en termes d’offre et de demande de biens intermédiaires et finaux, et doté de capacité d’entraînement et de structuration de l’économie. La notion de filière a été définie ensuite comme une combinaison d’acteurs assurant des fonctions techniques et économiques particulières dans le processus d’élaboration d’un bien, depuis la matière première jusqu’au produit final. Cette notion est utilisée pour analyser les dynamiques d’intégration de l’agriculture dans les systèmes agroalimentaires et agro-industriels, mesurer la création et la répartition des richesses dans ces systèmes, et conduire des actions d’appui au développement d’innovations techniques et organisationnelles. Pour tenir compte du rôle croissant des firmes dans la globalisation des échanges, l’approche en termes de chaînes de valeur conceptualise les relations entre acteurs en se focalisant sur les formes de gouvernance et les modalités de coordination, à travers les relations de pouvoir et la définition des normes. Ces deux cadres conceptuels privilégient des enjeux différents, la structuration des systèmes productifs d’un côté, les stratégies des acteurs de l’autre. Néanmoins, ils rendent compte et participent tous les deux d’une logique de spécialisation et d’efficacité économique, dans laquelle les questions de durabilité environnementales et sociales sont souvent peu prises en considération. L’analyse du cycle de vie propose des outils et des méthodes pour compenser cette défaillance, en particulier sur le plan environnemental. Cependant, un cadre analytique intégré qui rende les dimensions économique, sociale et environnementale du développement durable complémentaires reste encore à élaborer.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Daviron Benoît , Sarraut-Woods Janine
Published: December 2021

Résumé La création d’organismes publics et d’associations liés à une commodité agricole particulière a été une caractéristique de la mise en valeur coloniale. Ce mode d’organisation s’est poursuivi après les indépendances, sans grande rupture, en particulier dans les pays de l’Afrique francophone, jusqu’aux politiques de libéralisation qui ont généré des bouleversements d’ampleur depuis les années 1980. La vogue des partenariats publics-privés ouvre cependant de nouvelles perspectives.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Duteurtre Guillaume , Sautier Denis , Pannier Manuel , Mai Huong Nguyen
Published: December 2021

Résumé Les filières agroalimentaires modifient les trajectoires de développement des territoires. Les approches en termes de développement territorial durable insistent sur l’appropriation du pilotage du développement par les acteurs locaux. Il s’agit de comprendre comment les communautés locales s’organisent ou mobilisent les organisations existantes pour élaborer un projet collectif qui permette de résoudre les contradictions entre dimensions économiques, environnementales et sociales du développement. Les trois situations étudiées au Vietnam sur des liens entre filières et territoires illustrent le rôle de l’implantation locale des acteurs du commerce et de l’agro-industrie, plus que celui de l’appropriation par les communautés paysannes elles-mêmes des enjeux du développement de ces filières. Dans ce processus, les alliances entre firmes, paysans et autorités locales jouent un rôle crucial dans l’émergence d’innovations. L’enjeu est que les acteurs des territoires locaux, relayés par des organisations territoriales historiquement constituées et les services de l’État, puissent participer collectivement à la gouvernance des filières afin de résoudre les problèmes induits par l’essor rapide des firmes privées.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Bosc Pierre-Marie , Rafflegeau Sylvain , David-Benz Hélène , Lemeilleur Sylvaine , Moustier Paule , Peyre Marisa
Published: December 2021

Résumé Depuis les années 1980, les politiques de libéralisation ont profondément modifié le contexte économique et institutionnel dans lequel opèrent les producteurs agricoles. Elles ont ainsi remis en cause certaines des formes d’action collective héritées d’une période où leur autonomie et leurs marges de manœuvre étaient réduites du fait des interventions des États et des partis politiques. Avec le temps de la libéralisation, s’ouvre une période où l’action collective s’avère nécessaire pour faire face aux défis d’un environnement économique plus instable et plus compétitif. Aux questions classiques des économies d’échelles, du pouvoir de négociation au sein des filières et de la réduction des coûts de transaction s’ajoutent aujourd’hui les enjeux du développement durable aux différents niveaux des filières. L’action collective est ainsi marquée par une diversité de formes empiriques et les initiatives des acteurs rentrent plus ou moins en cohérence avec les politiques censées les favoriser. L’inclusion économique et sociale demeure un axe stratégique à travers des dispositifs d’inclusion participative, des plateformes d’innovation ou des mécanismes de concertation entre acteurs sur la base du partage d’information. La réponse aux enjeux environnementaux et sanitaires, la recherche d’attributs de qualité répondant aux nouvelles demandes des consommateurs requièrent de nouveaux dispositifs où l’action collective joue un rôle majeur. La faiblesse relative de l’action collective dans les secteurs agroalimentaires dans les pays du Sud s’explique par la faiblesse du cadre institutionnel et de l’État de droit, qui limite les capacités des producteurs organisés à faire respecter les règles internes à leur organisation comme celles régulant leur relation avec les acteurs des filières.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Toillier Aurélie , de Lapeyre de Bellaire Luc
Published: December 2021

Résumé Dans ce chapitre, sont abordées les différentes formes de partenariat du Cirad avec les acteurs des filières agricoles. Les partenariats bilatéraux historiques, en particulier avec les groupes privés, les producteurs et les institutions nationales au Sud, ont évolué pour prendre en compte les enjeux du développement durable qui impliquent des changements à plusieurs niveaux ainsi qu’un renforcement des processus d’innovation. Le Cirad est ainsi de plus en plus impliqué dans la coordination de plateformes partenariales multi-acteurs afin de pouvoir piloter ou accompagner des processus d’innovation qui répondent à une demande élargie, de co-construire des solutions innovantes et de faciliter la diffusion des innovations à différentes échelles. Cette évolution est illustrée par deux études de cas complémentaires qui permettent d’explorer de longues trajectoires d’évolution des partenariats au regard des enjeux de la durabilité. Tout d’abord le cas de la filière banane export aux Antilles françaises où la mise en évidence d’impacts environnementaux sur des territoires insulaires fragiles, le cadre législatif français et les solutions innovantes proposées par la recherche ont conduit à la mise en œuvre de deux plateformes d’innovations multi-acteurs dans le cadre du Plan banane durable afin de favoriser la transition agro-écologique des monocultures intensives. Le second exemple, l’émergence d’une filière coton biologique au Burkina Faso, illustre également, de manière complémentaire, la nécessité de changements organisationnels pour la conception et le pilotage des innovations afin de renforcer les capacités des producteurs.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Domaingue Robert , Lewicki Sylvie , This Patrice , Bakry Frédéric , Horry Jean-Pierre , Braconnier Serge , Pot David , Trouche Gilles
Published: December 2021

Résumé Les productions et les filières agricoles sont confrontées à des enjeux majeurs qui se traduisent par une demande croissante en produits alimentaires, une diversité des usages des produits, dont ceux de nature non alimentaire, une agriculture écologiquement intensive et la prise en compte des changements climatiques. La création et l’adoption de nouvelles variétés productives, diversifiées, mieux adaptées et plus respectueuses de l’environnement, contribuent à rendre plus efficients les systèmes de cultures qui visent à répondre à ces enjeux. L’amélioration des plantes doit anticiper les besoins des utilisateurs finaux et s’adapter à des filières très variées qui sont illustrées ici par deux exemples : une filière extrêmement structurée autour de produits d’exportation ciblés, celle de la banane dessert qui requiert des idéotypes répondant aux exigences des systèmes de production et de commercialisation ; et une filière émergente, celle du sorgho multi-usage, caractérisée par de nouveaux objectifs de production en termes de potentialités énergétiques et de production de biomatériau, associés parfois au maintien de la production de grain. Afin de répondre aux objectifs et à la durabilité des filières, l’amélioration génétique doit proposer de nouvelles approches, de nouveaux outils et des méthodes de sélection innovantes. Les objectifs, et parfois l’ensemble du processus de sélection, sont partagés avec tous les acteurs, et en particuliers les utilisateurs finaux, dans le cadre d’un partenariat renforcé au sein des filières. La stratégie de création variétale repose également sur une facilité d’accès et une meilleure valorisation des ressources génétiques disponibles et utiles, une connaissance approfondie de la structure et de la diversité de ces ressources, le déterminisme génétique des caractères recherchés et des approches de pré- breeding . L’ensemble de ces innovations, scientifiques et partenariales, assure la réactivité aujourd’hui nécessaire pour satisfaire la conduite de schémas de sélection et l’identification de nouvelles variétés qui répondent aux usages et aux services actuels et futurs.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Pallet Dominique , Sainte-Beuve Jérôme
Published: December 2021

Résumé Pour être durables, les systèmes de transformation alimentaire et non alimentaire doivent mieux valoriser les productions locales en générant des emplois et des revenus, tout en maîtrisant les contraintes environnementales liées à l’eau, à l’énergie. La conception de procédés durables doit ainsi tenir compte des formes d’organisations entre acteurs – des petits producteurs aux filières plus industrielles –, de l’échelle – artisanale, semi-industrielle, etc. – à laquelle ils sont destinés et de l’évolution de la demande des consommateurs ; ces derniers souhaitent souvent pérenniser leur alimentation traditionnelle mais en s’assurant d’une parfaite qualité nutritionnelle et sanitaire. Les procédés doivent prendre en compte les nombreuses contraintes et les critères pertinents liés aux matières premières, aux produits finis et à l’environnement local dans les pays du Sud. La durabilité environnementale des systèmes de transformation nécessite aussi d’améliorer l’efficience énergétique des procédés, d’économiser l’eau (recyclage), de valoriser les coproduits et de mieux maîtriser les pollutions. L’approche proposée par le Cirad vise à analyser la diversité des systèmes de transformation existants, à concevoir des systèmes plus innovants et durables, puis à les accompagner en contexte réel avec l’ensemble des acteurs des filières agricoles. Les procédés de transformation des produits alimentaires sont complexes car ils font intervenir diverses opérations unitaires soumises à des cahiers des charges contraignants. Une démarche de modélisation permet de formaliser et de rationaliser le choix de solutions technologiques. Pour intégrer des critères de durabilité dans la conception des systèmes de transformation alimentaire et non alimentaire, les nouveaux modes de conception de procédés utilisent des méthodes d’analyse multicritères.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Gazull Laurent
Published: December 2021

Résumé Les différentes prospectives menées par le GIEC montrent que le recours à la biomasse-énergie, en substitution des énergies fossiles, devra quadrupler à l’horizon 2100 pour atteindre des objectifs de diminution de la concentration de CO 2 dans l’atmosphère. Les secteurs agricole et forestier se sont déjà très largement engagés dans la production énergétique : électricité, chaleur, carburants solides ou liquides. Dans les pays du Sud, quatre grandes filières y participent activement : le palmier à huile, la canne à sucre, le manioc et le bois. Le débouché énergétique prend une importance croissante dans l’organisation et la gestion de ces secteurs. Il oriente déjà les pratiques agricoles, l’adaptation du matériel végétal, les changements d’utilisation des terres et, d’une manière générale, la gestion des flux de matière tout le long de la chaîne de production et de transformation. Dans le contexte d’une demande énergétique croissante et d’acteurs de l’énergie aux dimensions internationales, la durabilité des modes de production de bioénergie est un enjeu majeur et une condition nécessaire à l’expansion d’une telle production. Pour y répondre, les filières mettent au point des normes de durabilité, d’une part, et continuent à jouer sur les complémentarités de marchés entre l’alimentaire, l’énergie et les matériaux afin d’éviter les irréversibilités, d’autre part. Néanmoins, l’utilisation de la biomasse pour l’énergie reste controversée et de nombreuses interrogations demeurent sur son impact social et écologique. Paradoxalement, peu de recherches sont menées pour définir des systèmes de production durables à grande échelle. Une des principales raisons provient sans doute de l’absence de cadres politiques définissant clairement la place que les États souhaitent attribuer aux bioénergies dans leur mix énergétique et dans leur agriculture.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Goebel François-Régis , Chopart Jean-Louis , Poser Christophe , Braconnier Serge , Martiné Jean-François , Gérardeaux Edward
Published: December 2021

Résumé La demande mondiale en énergie renouvelable issue de la biomasse végétale croît régulièrement en raison des choix politiques, de la démographie et de l’augmentation des besoins énergétiques par individu. Dans les milieux insulaires et tropicaux enclavés, ces besoins énergétiques sont un frein majeur au développement économique. Ainsi, aujourd’hui, on ne cultive plus la canne uniquement pour son sucre, mais également pour sa biomasse qui, par combustion, produit de l’électricité. En Guadeloupe, une production d’électricité à partir de la combustion de la quasi-totalité de la canne à sucre est envisagée. Il devient possible de produire de l’éthanol de deuxième génération à partir de l’ensemble de la biomasse des parties aériennes. Pour cela, en choisissant la canne à sucre et le sorgho comme modèles, le Cirad a mené plusieurs projets en partenariat qui ont permis d’identifier du matériel végétal et des itinéraires techniques produisant de 67 à 85 t/ha/an de matière sèche (MS) canne et de 30 à 50 t/ha/an de MS sorgho. Des modèles de culture ont été calibrés pour étendre la portée des résultats obtenus à d’autres zones ou à d’autres scenarii climatiques. Dans les projets sur la canne, la biomasse est dédiée à la production d’électricité par combustion, alors que, dans le projet Sweetfuel , la biomasse de sorgho sert à la production de bioéthanol. La diversification des produits dans les filières canne à sucre et sorgho permet ainsi d’offrir aux producteurs et aux acteurs industriels de nouveaux débouchés dans un contexte environnemental de plus en plus contraint (réduction des pesticides, changements climatiques), mais aussi de plus en plus compétitif en raison de la libéralisation du marché du sucre.
Développement durable et filières tropicales
Authors: Wassenaar Tom , Paillat Jean-Marie , Guerrin François , Lecomte Philippe , Médoc Jean-Michel , Parrot Laurent , Queste Jérôme , Salgado Paulo , Tillard Emmanuel , Vayssières Jonathan
Published: December 2021

Résumé L’absence de relations – voire des relations conflictuelles – entre segments de diverses filières cloisonnées coexistant sur des territoires constitue un frein au développement durable de ces filières et, plus largement, des territoires concernés. La connexion au territoire par la recherche de synergies entre ces maillons peut être source de durabilité comme le discute ce chapitre, qui présente un ensemble d’analyses et de conceptions de relations entre segments locaux de filières agricoles distinctes, respectivement au travers d’analyses socio-économiques et d’analyses de flux. S’il existe des exemples de recyclage interfilière spontané, ce sont le plus souvent des circuits très courts et opportunistes, souvent instables. À cette instabilité organisationnelle s’ajoute une valorisation agronomique non optimale. Les analyses présentées indiquent en effet que d’importants potentiels de couplages entre segments spécialisés de filières distinctes demeurent inexploités, et cela à différentes échelles géographiques. Elles soulignent également l’importance de l’organisation et de la coordination, ce qui explique en même temps pour partie pourquoi les échanges à ces échelles supérieures à l’exploitation agricole n’émergent que rarement sans intervention externe. Mais on peut mobiliser des techniques pour créer ou renforcer des réseaux entre acteurs de segments plus ou moins cloisonnés sur la base de l’intérêt mutuel mis en évidence. Il s’agit là de susciter une symbiose industrielle. Dans ce cas, les relations interfilières sont reconnues comme des filières, courtes, locales, circulaires, transversales. Une règle générale semble se dégager : plus on cherche à faire contribuer ces relations au développement durable, plus elles sont complexes et difficiles à faire émerger.