bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On some Undescribed Fossils from the Menevian Group
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: October 2009

In continuation of the descriptions of the fossils from the Menevian group which have at different times appeared in the ‘Journal’ of the Geological Society, I propose now to add those forms, which though frequently referred to in our communications, have hitherto remained undescribed. So far as present researches have gone, these will also complete the fauna of the Menevian group as exhibited in Wales. The additions made to the fauna of the Cambrian rocks (Longmynd and Menevian groups) by these researches, include no less than fifty-two new species, belonging to twenty-three genera. The following Table shows to what orders these belong, and in what proportion they occur in these early rocks.

If we now add to these the annelids which had been previously discovered in these rocks we have at least seven orders represented in this fauna, the earliest at present known. These same groups are also more or less present and tend to characterize these early deposits wherever found: but no country has up to the present time produced a more varied fauna or a greater richness in types than England. Scandinavia has a larger number of species, but not so many groups. On referring to the Tables in M. Barrande's excellent work on Trilobites, lately published, we find the following results given, with reference to those forms discovered in the lowest or Paradoxides zones in different parts of the world. The groups are those given by him in the Tables.

From this Table it will be observed
Note on the Entomostraca from the Cambrian Rocks of St. David's
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: October 2009

1.
Leperditia Hicksii
, Jones. Pl. V. fig. 16 (reversed and imperfect).

Small, ovate; hinge-line short; posterior margin broadly curved, anteriorly rather narrower. Ocular spot indicated by a subovate, smooth, and faintly depressed area, reaching up to the hinge-line. Muscle-spot marked (on one side) by a faint irregular subcentral depression, whence a branching vein-like line of bright pyrites runs downwards nearly to the ventral border. Surface mostly punctate by the exposed cellular structure of the test, which as been converted into iron-pyrites, and nearly bared of its outermost layer.

This is the smallest
Lperditia
I know, and differs from others chiefly in its very nearly oval outline, and in the relative largeness of its eye-spot.

The still smaller
Primitia solvensis
was at first classed as a
Leperditia
, but has been subsequently referred to a more appropriate genus.

The above-described old Cambrian
Leperditia
is here named after its discoverer.

2.
Entomis buprestis
. Pl. V. fig. 15.

Leperditia bupestris
, Salter, Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1865, Trans. Sect. p. 285.

L. punctatissima
, Salter, Siluria, 1865, Appendix. p. 519.

This is nearest to
Entomis divisa
, Jones (Monthly Microsc. Journ. Oct. 1870, pl. lxi. fig. 12), but differs from it chiefly in the furrow being nearly vertical across each valve, instead of following a curve. The furrow on the specimen is defined, though faintly, on one of the valves, and its is marked by symmetrical fracture on each*. The beauty of the pitted pyritous valves is striking, but not uncommon, especially in Carboniferous bivalved Entomostraca. The shape
Memoranda on the most recent Geological Changes of the Rivers and Plains of Northern India, founded on accurate Surveys and the Artesian-well Boring at Umballa, to show the practical application of Mr. Login's theory of the abrading and transporting power of water to effect such changes
Authors: Login T.
Published: October 2009

In the appendix attached to this paper will be found a detailed report of the progress made in boring at Umballa; and to illustrate it a section has been made from the published maps of the Grand Trigonometrical Survey of India. From the latter a correct idea can be formed of the shape of the plains of Northern India; while the former gives the nature of the soil below the Himalayan range here at Umballa.

The section passes through the centre of the Doab, commencing at the Military Station of Meerut, and running in nearly a direct north line for 44 miles to where it meets the Dehra and Saharunpore road at 8½ miles beyond the latter station. It then passes along this road in a north-easterly direction, rather oblique to the general fall of the country, where it reaches the foot of the Sewaliks, and passes up the bed of a mountain-torrent, along which the road to the hill sanatorium of Mussoorie runs, passing through the town of Dehra.

This section is therefore some 70 miles east of Umballa, which, again, is about 27 miles west of the watershed line separating the drainage of the Indus from that of the Gangetic valley.

Judging from reviews of the Rigvedas, or ancient Hindoo writings, though the total rainfall is probably the same now as it was 2000 years ago (the sun's heat and the area of sea and land being probably the same), yet from the probably wooded state of the
On
Prognathodus Güntheri
, Egerton, a new Genus of Fossil Fish from the Lias of Lyme Regis
Authors: de M. Grey Egerton Philip
Published: October 2009

Representatives of the Chimæroid family have hitherto been of very rare occurrence in the Lias. In 1847, when I communicated a paper to the Geological Society “On the Nomenclature of the Fossil Chimæroid Fishes,” only one specimen was known,
Ischyodus Johnsoni
, described by Professor Agassiz in the third volume of the ‘Poissons Fossiles,’ p. 344, and figured on pl. 40 c. fig. 22. Although included in the tabular arrangement appended to that paper, I nevertheless entertained much doubt as to the real position of this species; it differed so much from the other members of the family in the characters of the premaxillary teeth.

In the Chimæroid genera, both recent and extinct, these are subtriangular, composed of parallel of coarse dentinal matter arising from a basal pulp-cavity and lodged longitudinally in cavities of a plate of softer material, so that the unequal wear of the two substances serves to maintain notched cutting-edges at the extremities. These multiple denticles are coated externally and internally with a superficial layer of a harder material resembling ganoine. The premaxillay tooth of the Liassic specimen differs remarkably in these particulars. Although imperfect, it measures one inch and a half in length, and has uniform breadth of half an inch. So far from being subtriangular, it resembles somewhat the incisor tooth of a gigantic Rodent, except that the inner facies is concave, and consequently the transverse section is crescentic. The profile of the tooth describes a gentle curve from the base to the extremity. The interior
How the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy were formed
Authors: Nicol James
Published: October 2009

In a paper on the “Origin of the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,” read before the Society and published in the Quarterly Journal for August 1869, I described some physical facts which appeared to me to place their marine origin beyond doubt. So far. as I am aware, no attempt has been made to answer that argument.

But I have been asked “to explain the extraordinary coincidence of the sea-level with five (four) successive cols.” It has been further asked how, if the same sea filled Glen Roy and Glen Gloy, it formed a road in the latter and none in the former glen; why are the lines of partial occurrence even in this region—the highest limited to Glen Gloy, the second and third almost to Glen Roy, whilst the fourth extends round both Glen Roy and Glen Spean? If all the time the same sea filled all these glens, and was liable to the same oscillations of level, why has it formed roads in one or two of them only, not in all? Why are not the second and third roads as well seen in Glen Spean as in Glen Roy, and the Glen-Gloy line not in one only but in all the three? These questions plainly need to be answered; and the answer, in my opinion, forms the key to the whole of the phenomena.

Facts stated in my former paper proved that, shortly before the formation of the roads, this part of Scotland was submerged in the
On the Wealden as a Fluvio-lacustrine Formation, and on the relation of the so-called “Punfield Formation” to the Wealden and Neocomian
Authors: Meyer C. J. A.
Published: October 2009

Amongst the suggestions which have from time to time been offered in explanation of the origin of the Wealden strata of the south-east of England, the one which has hitherto obtained the most favour amongst geologists is that of their accumulation as the delta of some great river open to the sea.

That these strata are mainly of fluviatile origin can hardly be doubted; that they formed the delta of a single river is not so certain; and with respect to their mode of accumulation, it is at least open to question whether they do not represent, as a whole, a lacustrine rather than an estuarine deposit.

It may seem at first sight of little consequence which of these views is held to be correct. I shall attempt to show, however, that the question is one of real importance, not only as regards the history of the Wealden strata themselves, but with respect also to the relation of the Wealden beds to certain Neocomian strata with which they were, no doubt, in part coeval.

To the fluvio-lacustrine origin of the Wealden strata which I propose to advocate, many objections may of course be raised; but these I shall not anticipate, the objections to their purely fluviatile or estuarine origin appearing to me to be of greater weight. The exceedingly quiet deposition of much of the sedimentary strata, the almost total absence of shingle, the prevalence, both numerically and specifically, of such species of mollusca as delight most in quiet waters
Notice of some of the Secondary Effects of the Earthquake of 10th January, 1869, in Cachar
Authors: Oldham  , Mallet Robert
Published: October 2009

The following communication has been delayed in being brought before the Geological Society in the expectation of receiving further facts from Dr. Oldham, or that he would publish a substantive account of his own results after his examination of the earthquake-region.

The latest communications received, however,by the writer from Dr. Oldham render it doubtful whether he will be able, consistently with the pressure of his official duties, to pursue the subject further; and as the facts which he has collected and well explained, of the production of enormous earth-fissures as effects of this earthquake, are of great importance, the writer has deemed it best to place them on record now, and to add to Dr. Oldham's account some remarks of his own as to the very striking secondary effects of this earthquake.

Cachar, the site of the earthquake of the 10th January, 1869, is a British Province of Eastern India, about 110 miles in length from north to south, by 60 or 70 miles in width.

Its boundaries on the north and south are Assam and Tipperah (an independent state), and on the east and west Munnepoor and Silhet respectively.

It is hill-surrounded, except on the south and west, and consists chiefly of extensive plains, through which many large and small rivers wind and wander through ever changing courses in deep muddy beds, in which they rise from 25 to 35 feet in the rains.

The chief river is the Barak, which is navigable for great distances, the Juroo and
Notes on the Geology of the Colony of Queensland
Authors: Daintree R.
Published: October 2009

The accompanying geological map of Queensland (Pl. IX.) may be accepted as giving the approximate areas and rough outlines of the geological structure and rock-systems developed in that Colony, and is appended for that purpose only. It will necessarily be open to criticism in matters of detail; but the general features of the geological grouping may be relied on. The section (Fig. l) from Townsville to the Mackinlay range shows all the geological formations in Queensland, north of 20° S. lat.

In a newly settled Colony the first object of the geologist is the determination of those districts in which the best land or available mineral wealth is to be obtained, accuracy in detail and purely scientific investigation being deferred to an often remote future.

Fig. 1.–
Sketch section from Townsville to the McKinlay Range.
(See line on Map.)

I collected the following data whilst prosecuting the search for new gold-fields, on behalf of the Queensland Government, in the northern portion of their territory, as also from the official reports of the Geologist of Southern Queensland, and other trustworthy sources.

The consideration and history of the different; formations will be taken in their sequence of time, as far as the stratified or sedimentary rocks are concerned. The igneous rocks will be described under the various groups of Granitic, Trappean, and Volcanic.

Alluvial.

Fluviatile or freshwater deposits skirt all the present water-courses; but the accumulations are insignificant on the eastern water-shed, except near the embouchures of large rivers, such as the Burdekin
Notes on Atolls, or Lagoon-islands
Authors: Whitnell S. J.
Published: October 2009

These notes are founded upon an examination of sixteen atolls in the Union, Ellice, and Gilbert (or Kingsmill) groups. The author is of opinion that, although the production of atolls is due to subsidence, a cessation of this subsidence is necessary in order to their emergence from the sea. He argues that, as the islands formed upon the reefs of atolls consist entirely of broken coral, shells, and fine sand, it seems improbable that such materials should accumulate upon a sinking surface; or if they did temporarily collect, owing to certain favourable conditions, they would soon be washed away again by the waves. At Funafuti (or Ellice Island) he noticed what he regards as signs of upward movement. On the weather side of the largest islet in this atoll there is a small lagoon (dry at low water) shut in from the sea by a wall, 20 feet high, of large masses of coral. The reef forms a narrow ledge, upon which the author saw compact masses of coral, in situ, rising 4 feet above low-water mark.

The author also mentions, as an indications of the mode in which these islands are formed, the furrowed appearance which some of them present. Of Atapu, or Duke-of-York Island (Union group), the shore, and of Peru (Gilbert group) the whole island, appear to be formed by a series of mound-like ridges, that nearest the sea forming the beach. They vary in width from 20 to 50 feet; and the furrows separating them are 4 to 6 feet deep. They consist of fine coral
débris
; and, from information which he received, the author considers that each mound is the product of a single gale, although it may be added to during subsequent rough weather.

The author also notices a freshwater lagoon, about three miles in diameter, on Quiros, or Gente-Hermosa Island, and states that the water was only very slightly brackish. There is no communication between the lagoon and the sea, althugh there are signs that the connexion must have been closed at a comparatively recent date. The water in the lagoon does not appear to be affected by the rise and fall of the tides; and the author thinks that its surface is above the sea-level. He indicates the difficulty of accounting for the presence of this body of fresh water in so small an island, and inclines to adopt for this and the neighbouring island of Lakena, which also possesses a freshwater lagoon, the hypothesis that they have originated from the craters of extinct volcanoes.
Notes on Sand-Pits, Mud-discharges, and Brine-Pits met with during the Yarkand Expedition of 1870
Authors: Henderson George
Published: October 2009

Whilst accompanying Mr. T. D. Forsyth to Yarkand in the summer of 1870, we came upon extensive tracts of ground indented with very remarkable circular pits, which I was very much puzzled to account for.

Where first seen, they appeared like the holes made in washing for gold, as practised both in Tibet and Yarkand; but there was none of the excavated material to be seen round their margins, and they were a hundred miles or more from any human habitation; besides, they were much too regular in size and shape to be thus accounted for.

I noted at the time every circumstance which I thought likely to give a clue to the manner of their formation; but, from the rapidity of our progress (15 to 30 miles a day), my notes were necessarily very imperfect. I have formed, however a theory regarding them, which Mr. Etheridge considers feasible; and he has asked me to give the result of my observations to the Geological Society.

After crossing the Karakoram watershed, at an altitude of 19,600 feet above the sea-level, we came to a plateau elevated about 18,000 feet above the sea, and which sloped very gently towards the plains of Central Asia, with the Kuen-Lun range, 20,000 to 24,000 feet high, intervening between us and these plains.

After two days' march (50 miles) we came to a number of limestone ridges, rising from 200 to 500 feet above the plain, with wide valleys between them; and in one these valleys
On
Trochocyathus anglicus
, a new species of Madreporaria from the Red Crag
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

I. The coral about to be described was found in the Red Crag within the grounds of Great Bealings Rectory, Suffolk*. There is only one specimen; but it is so well preserved, and its anatomical details are so perfect, that there is no difficulty in giving the form a generic and specific appelation.

Trochocyathus anglicus
. Pl. XXVIII. figs. 1-4.

The coral is subhemispherical in shape, and has a small flattened base, upon which there are the marks resulting from the disruption of a former adhesion (fig. 4). The outside of the coral, from the cicatrix at the base to the calicular margin, is covered with a smooth, opaque, and plain epitheca. The epitheca hides the costæ, and is faintly ornamented superiorly with an indistinct “vandyke” pattern. The calice (figs. 1,2) is nearly circular in its outline, is slightly inverted at the margin (which is broad), and is shallow. The columella is formed by the junction of the pali and by a small amount of proper tissue; it is small but prominent, and rises to a higher level than the septa at their junction with the pali. The septa are long, unequal, separate, and non-exsert; there are six systems of them; and there are the members of four cycles in each system. The primary septa are slightly larger than the secondary; and both dip down from the inverted margin of the calice into the fossa and come into contact with pali. The septa of the third cycle are smaller than those
On the Animal-remains found by Colonel Lane Fox in the High- and Low-terrace Gravels at Acton and Turnham Green
Authors: Busk Geo.
Published: October 2009

I.
High-terrace Gravel
.

The animal-remains from the High-terrace Gravel belong to
Bos
,
Ovis
,
Equus
* and
Elephas
?

1.
Bos
.—The bovine remains comprise by far the greater part of the specimens collected at this level. They are all in a comparatively recent condition, though some appear to have more exposed to atmospheric influence previous to interment than others. Most of the bones also exhibit marks of cutting or chopping with a sharp metallic implement; and none have been exposed to fire. Some few present faint indications of manganous deposit, in the form of minute specks; but none, with one exception, can be called dendritic, nor do any of them adhere to the tongue, or but very slightly so. In fact, they may nearly all be regarded as of modern origin, and as belonging to the common ox of rather small size. A perfect metacarpal measures 8 inches in length. Amongst the bovine remains is what appears to be a portion of the metacarpal of a calf.

2.
Ovis
—The ovine relics are very few in number, and all modern.

3.
Equus
.—Two specimens only belonging to the horse occur in the High-level collection, viz. a left lower molar and a portion of the right scapula, including the glenoid cavity. Both these specimens are dendritic; and the fragment of the scapula is highly ferruginous and much decomposed, apparently from subaerial exposure, so that the surface scales off in thin laminæ From their condition, these bones would seem to belong to a different period than those
On the Mammalia of the Drift of Paris and its Outskirts
Authors: Gaudry Albert
Published: October 2009

In this paper the author briefly indicated those mammals the remains of which have been discovered in the Pleistocene or Quaternary deposits of Paris and its vicinity. His list includes flint implements as evidences of the existence of man, and bones of the following species:—
Canis lupus, Hyœna crocuta (spelœa), Felis leo (spelœa), Castor trogontherium
and
fiber, Elephas primigenius
and
antiquus, Hippopotamus amphibius, Rhinoceros tichorhinus
(a Rhinoceros of doubtful species),
Sus scrofa, Equus asinus
and
caballus, Bos primigenius, taurus?
, and
indicus?, Bison priscus
and
europœus
, and
Cervus tarandus, Belgrandi, megaceros, canadensis?, elaphus,
and a small species.
A Report on the Tin-discoveries in Queensland
Authors: Gregory T. F.
Published: October 2009

Sir,—In pursuance of the instructions conveyed in your memoradum dated 18th ult., I have have honour to furnish, for the information of His Excellency the Governor, A Report on the Tin-fields at the head of the Severn river, in the district of Darling Downs, South

The general geographical area of the stanniferous country within the Colony of Queensland, so far as is at present known, appears to be comprised within the following limits. Commencing on the main dividing range between the eastern and western waters at Lucky Valley Goldfields, near the head of the Condamine river, the northern boundary extends in a west-south-westerly direction for about twenty-five miles, passing fifteen miles south of the town of Warwick to the head of Pike's Creek, on the Pikedale Run; tin-ore are distributed is that comprised by the watershed of the Severn river down to Ballandean Station, with the exception of about six miles of the extreme southern head of Quart-pot Creek and Accommodation Creek, both of which have hitherto not been found to yield payable ore.

The richest deposits have been found in the stream-beds and fluviatile flats on their banks, the payable ground varying from a few yards to 5 chains in width, occasionally broken by rocky bars; but even in these instances large deposits are frequently lodged in the pockets and crevices between the granite boulders. The aggregate length of these alluvial bands may be taken as about one hundred and forty miles on the Severn waters, with about thirty
On the included Rock-fragments of the Cambridge Upper Greensand
Authors: Sollas W. Johnson , Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: October 2009

From time to time fragments of various rocks have been noticed in the formation of such size and angularity as to have suggested the idea to two preceding observers (Mr. Bonney and Mr. Seeley) that they might have been brought to their present position by the agency of ice. While ignorant of the suggestions of these gentlemen, we were forced independently to the same conclusion, and commenced, together, an examination of the subject. Our first step was to make an examination of all the erratics from the formation which had been preserved in the various local collections. The following is a descriptive list of the most important of these fragments.

Descriptive List of Rock-fragments
.

No. 1. A large cuboidal block of coarse yellowish felspathic grit, very hard and compact, measuring 10 x 7 x 7 inches, subangular, not much decomposed; incrusted with coprolite,
Exogyra, Spondylus truncatulus, Plicatula sigillum
, and
Ostrea vesiculosa
.
Derived
probably from the Millstone-grit of the north of England.
Collection
, Woodwardian Museum, signified after this by the initials W. M.

No. 2. A very angular, roughly rhombohedral prism of purplishred indurated shale, moderately hard, measuring 9 x 5 x 5, not much water-worn or decomposed; incrusted with coprolite and
P. sigillum
.
Derived
probably from Old Red Sandstone of Scotland.
Collection
W. M.; in Mr. Browne's collection is a smaller piece.

No. 3. A larg subangular block of soft friable grey sandstone, measuring 14 x 12 x 6 inches; rather rounded and water-worn; intrusted with coprolite and
P. sigillum
.
On the Geology of the Thunder-Bay and Shabendowan Mining Districts on the North Shore of Lake Superior
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: October 2009

Having recently had an opportunity of accompanying an exploring party to the north of Lake Superior, I take this occasion to give a brief geological account of the mining-districts of Thunder Bay and Shabendowan, both of which are likely to become ultimately of great importance. Though as yet very imperfectly explored, and still more imperfectly opened up and developed, the entire north shore of Lake Superior has already been shown to be intersected by numerous metalliferous veins, and promises to equal in richness the most celebrated mining-regions of the North American continent. At present, however, I shall confine my attention to the silver-bearing district of Thunder Bay, and the auriferous region which surrounds Lake Shabendowan.

Thunder Bay, Black Bay, and Neepigon Bay are three remarkable bays on the north shore of Lake Superior, almost shut off from the main lake by islands, and assuming more or less the character of independent lakes. The first of these is the most westerly, and is a beautiful sheet of water, about 28 miles in length and 12 miles across. On its northern shore are situated the settlements of Fort William and Prince Arthur's Landing, the ibrmer a Hudson's Bay port of comparative antiquity, the latter a newly established town, destined to be the centre of the silver-mining district. The chief river flowing into Thunder Bay is the Kaministiquia, a large and important stream, which drains a series of lakes lying to the north of Lake Superior, and which debouches into the latter at
Further Notes on Eocene Crustacea from Portsmouth
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

On December 21st, 1870, I laid before this Society descriptions of three new forms of Crustacea, obtained by Messrs. C. J. A. Meyer and Caleb Evans, during the progress of the “Dockyard Extension Works” at Portsmouth, from strata of Lower Eocene age. Since that date, these ardent collectors have pursued their studies of the beds exposed, and continued to secure all the fossils within their reach. Through their kindness I have from time to time been enabled to examine and study the additions made to the Crustacea from this rich locality, and I now beg leave to submit my further notes upon them to the Society.

On the first form (named by me, in my former paper,
Palæocorystes glabra
) I have no additional materials to present; but of the genus
Rhachiosoma
(represented at first by only
two
imperfectly preserved specimens, named respectively
R. bispinosa
, and
R. echinata
) there are now nine examples known.

The accession of these very perfect specimens, necessitates the redescription of
R. bispinosa
, for which there are now ample materials. Four other specimens, representing two new Eocene forms, about to be described, and a large
Thenops
, near to
T. scyllariformis
, complete the series.

Four other specimens, representing two new Eocene forms, about to be described, and a large
Thenops
, near to
T. scyllariformis
, complete the series.

Rhachiosoma Bispinosa
, H. Woodw., 1870, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc 1871, vol. xxvii, pl. iv. fig. 3, p. 91. Pl. I.

Although originally supposed to be the smaller form, the discovery of
On a New Trilobite from the Cape of Good Hope
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

Since the contributions to the ‘Transactions’ of this Society, by the late Mr. J. W. Salter, in 1852, I do not remember that any Trilobites have been described from the Cape of Good Hope.

It is therefore with great pleasure that I lay before this Meeting an entirely new form, which I have referred to the genus
Encrinurus
, from the Cock's-comb Mountains at the Cape, collected and forwarded, together with some new and singularly interesting reptilian remains and other fossils, to the British Museum by Dr. W. Guybon Atherstone, F.G.S, of Graham's Town, Cape of Good Hope.

The specimen is preserved in a nodule of about the size of a 7 lb. cannon-ball, and exhibits on one piece the dorsal aspect of the segments of nearly the entire body, save that the head is folded under, on the other a profile of the fossil in intaglio, which gives a most instructive view of the Trilobite, and shows that originally each of the eleven thoracic segments was probably furnished with a median dorsal spine five lines in length, giving to it a crested appearance suggestive of the specific name of
crista-galli
—a name doubly appropriate, as the specimen was obtained from the
Cock's-comb
Mountains.

The caudal series, or pygidium, although not furnished like the thoracic series with a row of dorsal spines, is terminated by a caudal spine rather more than half an inch in length. These spinesare rendered still more novel from the fact that they are
annulated
from their bases
On the Phosphatic Nodules of the Cretaceous Rock of Cambridgeshire
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: October 2009

On the twenty-second of January 1868, during the discussion upon Mr. Judd's paper on the Speeton Clay, I was much struck with an observation by Prof. Phillips, that our ignorance of the origin of the phosphatic nodules occurring at many horizons was a reproach to geology. A very short time afterwards the subject was proposed for the Sedgwick prize at Cambridge for 1871; but no essay was sent in. I live in the midst of the so-called Coprolite pits of Cambridgeshire, and have had my attention directed to them continuously for some time, and in May last I communicated to the Society a paper respecting them, with diagrams kindly drawn for me by Mr. Martin, of Christ's College. In consequence, however, of information which has since come to my knowledge, I was led to obtain permission to withdraw this paper, which I now offer afresh, with such alterations and additions as seem to be required.

The Cambridgeshire phosphatic nodules, as is well known, are extracted by washing from the stratum (seldom much exceeding a foot in thickness) lying at the base of the lower chalk, and resting immediately, without any passage-bed, upon the Gault. There is, however, a gradual passage upwards from the nodule-bed into the lower chalk or clunch. The average yeild is abour 300 tons per acre; and the nodules are worth about 50 shillings a ton. The diggers usually pay about £140 an acre for the priveledge of digging, and return the land at the end of
On the Glaciation of Ireland
Authors: Campbell J. F.
Published: October 2009

The following notes are founded chiefly upon observations madewhile travelling about Ireland in l863 and 1872, and at intermediate dates.

A subject may be treated in two ways. If the whole of a story is known it may be told historically, from the beginning; but if a lesson has to be learned, it is best to work back towards the unknown beginning. A great deal has yet to be learned about glaciation; so I begin at the end.

I.
Iceland and Ireland
, in different latitudes, are about the same size. In one island are ice systems, in the other none. Some Icelandic glaciers are wide as an Irish province; and others would cover Irish counties. In Ireland lakes seldom freeze, and snow melts off the highest tops early in spring. But Ireland is glaciated.

II.
Ireland
.—The meridian 8° west cuts Ireland nearly in half. In the north it passes near Arrigle, the highest hill in Donegal; in the south it passes near Cork. But the figure of the island is not square to meridians. A line drawn through Dursey Island and Rathlin, S.W. and N.E. or thereby, passes through the long axis of a diamond whose shorter axis runs from the Tuskar Rock in Wexford north-westwards to near Achill Island in Mayo. The configuration of surface within this area has relation generally to two main lines, N.E. and N.W. In Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry, and Cork the largest mountain-ridges and hollows trend N.E. The course of the Shannon, the largest
The Oolites of Northamptonshire. Part II
Authors: Sharp Samuel
Published: October 2009

In accordance with the intimation given in my First Part of a Memoir upon the Oolites of Northamptonshire, I now beg to offer the Second Part of that Memoir.

The limited district of which I treated on the former occasion afforded facilities for its division into four areas, and for describing the beds and the order of their superposition in each; and thus, by a comparison of the beds and their sequence in the several areas, for arriving at a right understanding as to the geology of the whole district.

The field to which I now direct attention is much more extended, and is of a character that will not allow of such a systematic division. I hope, nevertheless, to be able to convey clearly that which I have to communicate.

The main feature of my First Part was the description and consideration of that formation, commercially most valuable, and geologically most interesting, the Northampton Sand.

The main feature of my Second Part will be the description and consideration of a series of beds grouped by Mr. Judd under the name of the “Lincolnshire Limestone”—of less commercial value than the former, it is true, but scarcely of less geological interest.

My endeavour has been to trace, through the county in a north-easterly direction, to Stamford and somewhat beyond, the continuity of beds occurring in the Northampton district; to describe the Oolitic beds and their sequence at certain points within the area considered (involving the interposition of a new and important
Appendix.-On the Palæontology of Skye and Raasay
Authors: Tate Ralph
Published: October 2009

I. Palæontology Horizons, Skye, &c., and Lists of Fossils.

Rhætic?

The conglomerates, quartzitic sandstones, and brick-red and greyish sandstones, forming the cliff Ru-na-Leac, may be of this age. No fossils observed.

Lower Lias.

Hettangian Series(=zones of
Ammonites p1anorbis
and
A. angulatus
).—The blue argillaceous limestones and indurated shales constituting the under cliff on the north side of Ru-na-Leac Bay, I regard as the basal portion of the Lower Lias.

Beds 1 to 4, Geikie's section, may probably belong here. The fossil evidence, however, is inconclusive, the coral being peculiar, and the other two species recorded from these beds occurring elsewhere in the zones of
A. angulatus
and
A..Bucklandi
, and even higher. A sandstone on the north slope of Ben Glamaig, yielded me impressions of
Terquemia arietis
, Quenst.

Zone of
Ammonites Bucklandi
.-The rocks of this series present the characteristics of the Yorkshire type of the
Lima
or
Bucklandi
beds of the south of England, consisting chiefly of shales with shelly tops and thin earthy limestones, contrasting with the compact blue limestones of the underlying series. The section opposite exhibits the lithological variations of this horizon in the Waterfall Cliff, Hallaig, Raasay. Order ascending.

The greyish and yellowish-coloured calciferous sandstones which form the remaining portion of the cliff, contain throughout scattered
Gryphæa arcuata
; no other fossils observed.

I place here beds 5 to 11 of Geikie's section, as a few characteristic fossils of this horizon were obtained from beds 5, 6, 8, and 10; they are given in the subjoined Table.

The limestone
On Solfataras and Deposits of Sulphur at Kalamaki, near the Isthmus of Corinth
Authors: Ansted D. T.
Published: October 2009

On the eastern side of the important spur of the Alps that stretches down through Albania into Greece and terminates in the southern headland of the Morea, there is a belt of low ground, some of it below the level of the sea, and no part of it at any considerable elevation, that has evidently been subject to volcanic outbursts up to a very recent date. The island of Santorin, lying at some distance to the south east, has very recently been the scene of one of the most important volcanic eruptions of this century; and some islands off the eastern shores of the Morea have been subject to earthquake disturbance, if not to actual volcanic eruption, within the historic period. But there is, I believe, no record of the extension of this belt northwards to the mainland of Greece; nor am I aware of the existence of actual solfataras, either here or in the islands in the Ionian sea, or, indeed, on the eastern side of the Apennines, although I am aware of several places where volcanic products are found, some of the shores of Italy and others in the Ionian islands.

As affording proof of the fact that there is even now a real, though subdued, volcanic energy in this part of Europe, which may at any time break out afresh in the form of a distinct eruption, and which renders it not at all unlikely that earthquake movements known in the Adriatic and the open Mediterranean may
On the Origin of Clay-Ironstone
Authors: Lucas J.
Published: October 2009

A. 1. C
lay-ironstone
* is an impure carbonate of iron, containing generally from 30 to 33 per cent. of metallic iron mingled with varying proportions of clay, oxide of manganese, lime, and magnesia.

2. When the principal foreign matter in this mineral is of a bituminous or combustible nature the variety thus formed is called “Black band”†. This combustible matter often amounts to 25 or 30 per cent.

3. Sometimes lime so far predominates in Clay-ironstone as to give it the general appearance of a compact limestone, when the presence of iron may be detected by the great weight of the mass, and by the decomposition of the exterior, which turns a dark brown to the depth of a quarter of an inch or more on oxidation.

4. Through the intermediate forms it passes into a pure limestone. Such limestone bands are characterized by being densely compact, very hard, dark-coloured, and by being devoid of organic remains.

B. 1. The foregoing varieties occur throughout the vast thickness of delta-deposits whose remains now constitute the Carboniferous formations. They lie in beds varying in thickness from a fraction of an inch to about 2 feet.

2. When the top of a bed is exposed it is often found to be traversed by a series of cracks, which present the general appearance of a net of very unequal and irregular mesh. These cracks are filled with sediment like that in which the bed of Clay-ironstone lies.

3. Very frequently the beds of all varietes
On the Tree Ferns of the Coal-Measures, and their Relations to other Living and Fossil Forms
Authors: Carruthers W.
Published: October 2009

After referring to the remarkably uniform character of the order of Ferns throughout their whole history on the globe, the author pointed out that there existed in the Coal-Measures two very distinct kinds of fern-stems, each represented by several species. Both of these were very different from the
Chelepteris
-group already described by the author in the Journal of the Society. The first group had a stem-structure like that of living tree ferns. In them the vascular elements of the stem formed a close cylinder round the pith; and the vascular bundles for the leaves were given off from the out-turned edges of the cylinder, where, at regular intervals, corresponding to the position of the leaves, narrow meshes occur for this purpose. To this group were referred the stem described by Lindley and Hutton as
Caulopteris Phillipsii
, and several hitherto undescribed species from Radstock and Newcastle. No materials had yet been detected which could throw any light on the foliage or fruit of these fern-stems. The second group included some stems the casts of which the author had obtained from Radstock, and the root-structures from Halifax. By the help of a fine series of specicimens in the collections of the British Museum, he was able to correlate the different parts of these plants. The stems had been described by Corda under the name of
Stemmatopteris
. They differed from the other group chiefly in having the ends of the vascular plates, as seen in the transverse section, turned inwards, and having the bundles of the leaves formed in a complete condition in the axis of the stem. The author showed that the relation of the different parts of the stem in the species of
Caulopteris
was tile same as in a first year's dicotyledon; while in the latter group the analogy of the structures was with the monocotyledonous stem. The roots, which surrounded the older portions of the stem, formed the well-known genus
Psaronius
, of Cotta; and as this was the earlier name, it was proposed to retain it for the genus. There was associated with all the fine specimens of this group, which the author had received from J. M'Murtrie, Esq., F.G.S., foliage which had been described as
Cyatheites arborescens
. Although this had not been observed organically connected with the stems, the author adduced several reasons for believing that it belonged to them. If this connexion could be established, it was of the greater importance, as this form was known in fruit; and the fruit established that its affinities were with the living Alsophilas and Cyatheas. Many species of this genus occurred in the continental coal-fields; but the author believed that all the specimens found in England, though differing considerably amongst themselves, belonged to a single species.
Notes on the Geology of Kazirún, Persia
Authors: Schindler A. H.
Published: October 2009

In this paper, which accompanied a series of specimens presented to the Museum of the Society, the author described the section presented by the hills in the neighbourhood of Kazirún. The general surface was described as consisting of nearly unfossiliferous Post-tertiary deposits, immediately beneath which is an unstratified marine deposit containing a great abundance of fossils, among which are species of
Ostrea, Pecten
, and
Cidaris
(?). Below this deposit is a succession of strata, repeated several times in the hills; and at the bottom of the series in each case is a bed of gypsum. The spaces between the recurrent series are filled up with conglomerates. Beneath the gypseous series is a formation of compact limestone, which rises to a height of about 1500 feet both north and south of the plain of Kazirún; its beds dip 25°; and their strike is from N.E. to S.W. The author mentioned the occurrence, in a gypsum quarry near Kazirún, of three long cylinders from 6 to 10 feet in diameter, composed of the same material as the surrounding rock. He also stated that he had examined several caverns in the neighbouring mountains, and also the great cave at Shahpoor, but without discovering any organic remains.
On the Effects of Glacier-erosion in Alpine Valleys
Authors: Gastaldi Signor B.
Published: October 2009

I have all the more pleasure in answering your kind letter, that I have for a long time been waiting for an occasion to write to you, and to send you some geological notes which I have published during the last few years.

For seven years I have been working at a geological map of the Piedmontese Alps, on a scale of 1:50000; and for the last three years I have been aided in this work by Professor
Baretti. The great scale of the maps on which we lay down our work, does not permit us to rapidly survey a very extended area; so that in seven years we have only succeeded in
completing the valley of the Orco, comprising the group of the Grand Paradis, the three valleys of Lanzo, including the groups of the Levanna and of Roccia Mellone, and the valley
of the Dora Riparia, comprehending the heights of Mont Cenis, the Fréjus, Tabor, Mont Genèvre, Rochesmolles, &c.

Chance led me to pass my holidays in the Alps, where I began to survey geologically the valleys of Lanzo, and ended by taking a fancy for Alpine geology—unhappily a little late;
for I am growing old, and the geology of the Alps on a scale of 1:50000 is rough work, which cannot be done without walks very fatiguing to a man of fifty-five. From the beginning of my work I noticed in the valleys of Lanzo, and at heights between 2000 and 3000 metres, hollows in the form
On the genus
Palæocoryne
, Duncan & Jenkins, and its Affinities
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

Five years have elapsed since I completed the description of a very interesting fossil from the lower Carboniferous shales of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire, with the assistance of Mr. H. M. Jenkins, F.G.S.

The results of our labours were read before the Royal Society on June 17, 1869, and were subsequently published in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. clix. p. 693 (1869), under the title of “On
Palæocoryne
, a genus of Tubularine Hydrozoa from the Carboniferous formation.”

In 1872 Dr. Allman (Monograph of the Hydroida, Ray Society, vol. ii. pp. 172 & 173) criticised the zoological position we had assigned to the fossil, and, whilst expressing his satisfaction concerning the manner in which it had been described and delineated, gave also his reasons for not including
Palæocoryne
amongst the Hydroida.

Some of these reasons, which are stated with Dr. Allman's usual clearness and force, had occurred to us during the difficult task of assigning a classificatory position to the form; and we wrote (
op. cit.
p. 695), “Were it not for the calcareous investment, there would be no difficulty in admitting the fossil amongst the Hydrozoa: and had we not been able to avail ourselves of the affinities of the very anomalous genus
Bimeria
(Wright), the difficulty could hardly have been overcome.”

Lately Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of Scotland, has forwarded to me a great number of fragmentary specimens of
Palæocoryne
derived from the lower Carboniferous shales.

These specimens explain certain points of anatomy upon which there
Notes on Markings in the Chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds
Authors: Mortimer R.
Published: October 2009

In this paper, which was illustrated by a large series of specimens, the author called attention to some peculiar striated markings resembling structure which he had observed on pieces of chalk from widely distant places on the Yorkshire Wolds. Similar markings had been noticed in the chalk of the south of England; and in 1860 Mr. S. J. Mackie, in an article published in the ‘Geologist’ (p. 77), alluded to them, and ascribed them to slickensides. From an examination of his own specimens, the author has come to the conclusion that the markings in question are not accidental, nor are they caused by the weathering of the surface of the chalk, or by the percolation of water through overlying chalk. He is of opinion that such needle-shaped striæ, running in such various directions, could not have been produced by the chalk being “shifted, squeezed, and rubbed by the creep of the beds,” as supposed by Mr. Mackie—as, if such an action could be exerted on small pieces of chalk, scratching them in various directions, the scratches ought to differ much in thickness and appearance, which is not the case. Further, two contiguous pieces of chalk, which for the most part would be of the same density and free from hard extraneous particles, would not scratch but polish each other. The author suggests an organic origin for these markings, and regards them as the traces of Corals.
On a new Genus of Silurian
Asteriadæ
.
Authors: Wright Thomas
Published: October 2009

The specimen described showed the outline of a small Starfish, with a large disk and short rays, in a slab of Wenlock Limestone from Dudley. The outline of the ten rays was described as marked out by the border of small triangular spines, the other plates of the disk and rays being absent. Each ray was terminated by a stem-like multiarticulate process as long as the ray, from towards the extremity of which spring slender lateral processes, giving it a tufted appearance. This Starfish, which is in the collection of Dr. Grindrod, F.G.S., is named by the author
Trichotaster plumiformis
.