bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective Association of Maternal Educational Level with Child’s Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Diet Quality
Authors: Cárdenas-Fuentes Gabriela , Homs Clara , Ramírez-Contreras Catalina , Juton Charlotte , Casas-Esteve Rafael , Grau Maria , Aguilar-Palacio Isabel , Fitó Montserrat , Gomez Santiago F. , Schröder Helmut
Published: December 2021

Evidence has identified unhealthy lifestyle behaviors as the main contributors to obesity in children, so it is essential to identify factors that could influence children’s lifestyles. The objective of the present study was to analyze the association of baseline maternal educational level with child’s physical activity, screen time, and dietary habits at follow-up. This community-based cohort study was carried out between 2012 and 2014 and included 1405 children aged 8 to 10 years old. Maternal educational level was used as an indicator of child’s socioeconomic status. Physical activity, screen time, and dietary habits were assessed by validated questionnaires. The odds of having commercially baked goods for breakfast [OR 1.47 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.10)], going more than once a week to a fast-food restaurant [OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.26)], and taking sweets and candys several times a day [OR 3.23 (95% CI 2.14 to 4.87) were significantly higher among children whose mothers had a lower educational level compared to their peers whose mothers had a higher level. These associations held for taking sweets and candy several times a day after additional adjustment for the corresponding dietary behavior at baseline. Maternal educational level was inversely associated (p < 0.001) with child’s screen time at follow up and being in the lowest maternal educational category was associated with an increased odds of surpassing the maximum recommended time of screen time of 120 min per day (OR (95% CI) 1.43 (1.07 to 1.90), p = 0.016). Maternal education is a predictor for unhealthy dietary habits and high screen time in children.
Food Security, Financial Resources, and Mental Health: Evidence during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Yenerall Jackie , Jensen Kimberly
Published: December 2021

COVID-19 has negatively impacted many households’ financial well-being, food security, and mental health status. This paper investigates the role financial resources play in understanding the relationship between food security and mental health among U.S. households using data from a survey in June 2020. Results show job loss and savings draw down to pay for household bills had a significant relationship with both lower food security and greater numbers of poor mental health days during the pandemic.
The Relationship between Addictive Eating and Dietary Intake: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pursey Kirrilly M. , Skinner Janelle , Leary Mark , Burrows Tracy
Published: December 2021

(1) Background: Research suggests that certain foods may have addictive effects; however, no reviews have systematically appraised studies in this area. The aims of this review were to determine the nutrients, foods and dietary patterns associated with addictive eating. (2) Methods: Published studies up to November 2020 were identified through searches of 6 electronic databases. Eligible studies included those in in children and adults that reported dietary intakes of individuals with ‘food addiction’. (3) Results: Fifteen studies (n = 12 in adults and n = 3 in children/adolescents with Yale Food Addiction Scale defined ‘food addiction’) were included. Foods commonly associated with addictive eating were those high in a combination of fat and refined carbohydrates. Generally, intakes of energy, carbohydrates and fats were significantly higher in individuals with addictive eating compared to those without. (4) Conclusions: Due to the heterogeneity in study methodologies and outcomes across included studies, it is difficult to conclude if any specific foods, nutrients or dietary patterns facilitate an addictive process. Further research is needed to elucidate potential associations. However, present addictive eating treatment approaches could incorporate individualised dietary advice targeting foods high in fat and refined carbohydrates.
Gut Microbiota and Complications of Type-2 Diabetes
Authors: Iatcu Camelia Oana , Steen Aimee , Covasa Mihai
Published: December 2021

The gut microbiota has been linked to the emergence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and the onset of type 2 diabetes through decreased glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious health consequences such as impaired kidney function, blindness, stroke, myocardial infarction and lower limb amputation. Despite a variety of treatments currently available, cases of diabetes and resulting complications are on the rise. One promising new approach to diabetes focuses on modulating the gut microbiota with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and fecal microbial transplantation. Differences in gut microbiota composition have been observed in preclinical animal models as well as patients with type 2 diabetes and complications such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease and peripheral artery disease compared to healthy controls. Severity of gut microbiota dysbiosis was associated with disease severity and restoration with probiotic administration in animal models and human patients has been associated with improvement of symptoms and disease progression. Characterizing the gut microbiota dysbiosis in different diseases and determining a causal relationship between the gut microbiota and disease can be beneficial in formulating therapeutic interventions for type 2 diabetes and associated complications. In this review, we present the most important findings regarding the role of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes and chronic complications as well as their underlying mechanisms.
Nutritional Supplementation Reduces Lesion Size and Neuroinflammation in a Sex-Dependent Manner in a Mouse Model of Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury
Authors: Brandt Myrna J. V. , Nijboer Cora H. , Nessel Isabell , Mutshiya Tatenda R. , Michael-Titus Adina T. , Counotte Danielle S. , Schipper Lidewij , van der Aa Niek E. , Benders Manon J. N. L. , de Theije Caroline G. M.
Published: December 2021

Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of neonatal brain injury, leading to long-term neurological impairments. Medical nutrition can be rapidly implemented in the clinic, making it a viable intervention to improve neurodevelopment after injury. The omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), uridine monophosphate (UMP) and choline have previously been shown in rodents to synergistically enhance brain phospholipids, synaptic components and cognitive performance. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an experimental diet containing DHA, EPA, UMP, choline, iodide, zinc, and vitamin B12 in a mouse model of perinatal HI. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice received the experimental diet or an isocaloric control diet from birth. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy was induced on postnatal day 9 by ligation of the right common carotid artery and systemic hypoxia. To assess the effects of the experimental diet on long-term motor and cognitive outcome, mice were subjected to a behavioral test battery. Lesion size, neuroinflammation, brain fatty acids and phospholipids were analyzed at 15 weeks after HI. The experimental diet reduced lesion size and neuroinflammation specifically in males. In both sexes, brain n-3 fatty acids were increased after receiving the experimental diet. The experimental diet also improved novel object recognition, but no significant effects on motor performance were observed. Current data indicates that early life nutritional supplementation with a combination of DHA, EPA, UMP, choline, iodide, zinc, and vitamin B12 may provide neuroprotection after perinatal HI.
Exploring the Geographic Variation in Fruit and Vegetable Purchasing Behaviour Using Supermarket Transaction Data
Authors: Jenneson Victoria , Clarke Graham P. , Greenwood Darren C. , Shute Becky , Tempest Bethan , Rains Tim , Morris Michelle A.
Published: December 2021

The existence of dietary inequalities is well-known. Dietary behaviours are impacted by the food environment and are thus likely to follow a spatial pattern. Using 12 months of transaction records for around 50,000 ‘primary’ supermarket loyalty card holders, this study explores fruit and vegetable purchasing at the neighbourhood level across the city of Leeds, England. Determinants of small-area-level fruit and vegetable purchasing were identified using multiple linear regression. Results show that fruit and vegetable purchasing is spatially clustered. Areas purchasing fewer fruit and vegetable portions typically had younger residents, were less affluent, and spent less per month with the retailer.
Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon
Authors: Mba Camille M. , Koulman Albert , Forouhi Nita G. , Imamura Fumiaki , Assah Felix , Mbanya Jean Claude , Wareham Nick J.
Published: December 2021

A low intake of fruit and vegetables and a high intake of meat are associated with higher cardiometabolic disease risk; however much prior research has relied on subjective methods for dietary assessment and focused on Western populations. We aimed to investigate the association of blood folate as an objective marker of fruit and vegetable intake and holotranscobalamin (holoTC) as a marker of animal-sourced food intake with cardiometabolic risk factors. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study on 578 adults (mean ± SD age = 38.2 ± 8.6 years; 64% women). The primary outcome was a continuous metabolic syndrome score. The median serum folate was 12.9 (IQR: 8.6–20.5) nmol/L and the mean holoTC was 75 (SD: 34.3) pmol/L. Rural residents demonstrated higher serum folate concentrations (15.9 (9.8–25.9) nmol/L) than urban residents (11.3 (7.9–15.8) nmol/L), but lower holoTC concentrations (rural: 69.8 (32.9) pmol/L; urban: 79.8 (34.9)) pmol/L, p < 0.001 for both comparisons. There was an inverse association between serum folate and metabolic syndrome score by −0.20 in the z-score (95% CI, −0.38 to −0.02) per 10.8 (1 SD) of folate) in a model adjusted for socio-demographic factors, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, and physical activity. HoloTC was positively associated with the metabolic syndrome score in unadjusted analysis (0.33 (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.56)) but became non-significant (0.17 (−0.05 to 0.39)) after adjusting for socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. In conclusion, serum folate and holoTC were associated with the metabolic syndrome score in opposite directions. The positive association between serum holoTC and the metabolic syndrome score was partly dependent on sociodemographic characteristics. These findings suggest that, based on these biomarkers reflecting dietary intakes, public health approaches promoting a higher intake of fruit and vegetables may lower cardiometabolic risk factors in this population.
Empagliflozin—A New Chance for Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Kowalska Klaudia , Walczak Justyna , Femlak Joanna , Młynarska Ewelina , Franczyk Beata , Rysz Jacek
Published: December 2021

The heart failure (HF) epidemic is one of the challenges that has been faced by the healthcare system worldwide for almost 25 years. With an ageing world population and a fast-paced lifestyle that promotes the development of cardiovascular disease, the number of people suffering from heart failure will continue to rise. To improve the treatment regimen and consequently the prognosis and quality of life of heart failure patients, new therapeutic solutions have been introduced, such as an inclusion of Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors in a new treatment regimen as announced by the European Society of Cardiology in August 2021. This article focuses on the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin and its use in patients with heart failure. Empagliflozin is a drug originally intended for the treatment of diabetes due to its glycosuric properties, yet its beneficial effects extend beyond lowering glycemia. The pleiotropic effects of the drug include nephroprotection, improving endothelial function, lowering blood pressure and reducing body weight. In this review we discuss the cardioprotective mechanism of the drug in the context of the benefits of empagliflozin use in patients with chronic cardiac insufficiency. Numerous findings confirm that despite its potential limitations, the use of empagliflozin in HF treatment is advantageous and effective.
Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of the Extracts from Two Oenanthe Species (O. aquatica and O. silaifolia)
Authors: Świątek Łukasz , Sieniawska Elwira , Mahomoodally Mohamad Fawzi , Sadeer Nabeelah Bibi , Wojtanowski Krzysztof Kamil , Rajtar Barbara , Polz-Dacewicz Małgorzata , Paksoy Mehmet Yavuz , Zengin Gokhan
Published: December 2021

This study presents the evaluation of biological activities and chemical profiling of Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. and Oenanthe silaifolia M. Bieb. The phytochemical profile, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic and antiviral activities of the methanolic and aqueous extracts were investigated. The aqueous extract of O. aquatica possessing the highest content of phenolics (60.85 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract), also exhibited the strongest radical scavenging potential against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (79.46 and 148.66 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively), the highest reducing ability (207.59 and 107.27 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, for cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant activity, respectively), metal chelating potential (33.91 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/g extract) and total antioxidant ability (1.60 mmol Trolox equivalent/g extract). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) permitted tentative identification of compounds from simple organic acids, phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoids and their glycosides in O. aquatica and O. silaifolia extracts. The methanolic extract of O. aquatica substantially depressed acetylcholinesterase (3.67 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract), tyrosinase (126.66 mg kojic acid equivalent/g extract), and α-amylase (0.83 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract) enzymes. The methanolic extract of O. silaifolia showed highest enzymatic inhibitory property against butyrylcholinesterase, and its aqueous extract depressed α-glucosidase activity (0.26 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). All tested extracts exerted selective toxicity towards cancer cell lines, and the highest anticancer potential was found for O. aquatica aqueous extract on FaDu and HeLa cells with CC50 of 57.36 and 47.16 µg/mL, respectively. Significant antiviral activity against HSV-1 (HHV-1) was found for both aqueous extracts in concentrations of 1000 µg/mL, which inhibited the HSV-1 cytopathic effect (CPE) in virus infected VERO cells and reduced the virus infective titer by more than 3 log (logCCID50/mL). This study has produced critical scientific data on O. aquatica and O. silaifolia, which are potential contenders for the development of novel phyto-pharmaceuticals.
A Kidney-Targeted Nanoparticle to Augment Renal Lymphatic Density Decreases Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Mice
Authors: Goodlett Bethany L. , Kang Chang Sun , Yoo Eunsoo , Navaneethabalakrishnan Shobana , Balasubbramanian Dakshnapriya , Love Sydney E. , Sims Braden M. , Avilez Daniela L. , Tate Winter , Chavez Delilah R. , Baranwal Gaurav , Nabity Mary B. , Rutkowski Joseph M. , Kim Dongin , Mitchell Brett M.
Published: December 2021

Chronic interstitial inflammation and renal infiltration of activated immune cells play an integral role in hypertension. Lymphatics regulate inflammation through clearance of immune cells and excess interstitial fluid. Previously, we demonstrated increasing renal lymphangiogenesis prevents hypertension in mice. We hypothesized that targeted nanoparticle delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) to the kidney would induce renal lymphangiogenesis, lowering blood pressure in hypertensive mice. A kidney-targeting nanoparticle was loaded with a VEGF receptor-3-specific form of VEGF-C and injected into mice with angiotensin II-induced hypertension or LNAME-induced hypertension every 3 days. Nanoparticle-treated mice exhibited increased renal lymphatic vessel density and width compared to hypertensive mice injected with VEGF-C alone. Nanoparticle-treated mice exhibited decreased systolic blood pressure, decreased pro-inflammatory renal immune cells, and increased urinary fractional excretion of sodium. Our findings demonstrate that pharmacologically expanding renal lymphatics decreases blood pressure and is associated with favorable alterations in renal immune cells and increased sodium excretion.
Review of the Biology, Distribution, and Management of the Invasive Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir)
Authors: Wijayabandara Kusinara , Campbell Shane , Vitelli Joseph , Shabbir Asad , Adkins Steve
Published: December 2021

Whilst exotic invasive species are a major threat to natural and modified ecosystems around the world, management programs to reduce their impacts often fail due to a lack of information about their biology and how best to control them in various situations. This paper reviews the currently available information on the biology, distribution, and management options for the invasive weed Senecio madagascariensis Poir. (fireweed). In addition, we developed a model to predict the climatic suitability of this weed around the world based on the current climate. Senecio madagascariensis originates from southern Africa but it has been introduced to several other countries including Australia. Climatic suitability suggests that there are large areas around the world suitable for the weed’s growth where it is currently not present. The weed poses a major threat to livestock industries in these countries through its ability to reduce pasture production and poison animals. A range of control techniques have been used to try and manage S. madagascariensis. This paper highlights how a better understanding of the biology of S. madagascariensis can help determine the most effective treatments to impose and to further develop integrated management strategies. Besides using traditional approaches, the use of competitive pastures and more tolerant livestock (such as sheep and goats) are some of the other options recommended as part of an integrated approach. On-going research to identify host-specific biological control agents is also considered a priority.
Phytochemical Investigation and Reproductive Capacity of the Bulgarian Endemic Plant Species Marrubium friwaldskyanum Boiss. (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Zheljazkov Valtcho D. , Semerdjieva Ivanka B. , Stevens Jan F. , Wu Wenbin , Cantrell Charles L. , Yankova-Tsvetkova Elina , Koleva-Valkova Lyubka H. , Stoyanova Albena , Astatkie Tess
Published: December 2021

Marrubium friwaldskyanum Boiss (Lamiaceae) is a Bulgarian endemic species. Overall, the essential oil (EO) composition of M. friwaldskyanum was different from that of the other Marrubium species reported in the literature. The main EO constituents of M. friwaldskyanum were (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and caryophyllene oxide. The effect of the harvest stage was significant only on α-copaene, (E)-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-muurolol. The concentration of α-copaene (1.26–1.83% range of the total oil), (E)-caryophyllene (31–41%), caryophyllene oxide (6.4–11.8%), and τ-muurolol (1.3–2.8%) were the highest at 2–3 pair of leaves or before flowering and lower at flowering. The harvest stage did not significantly affect the concentrations of the other six identified EO compounds β-bourbonene (1.1%), α-humulene (2.8%), germacrene D (23.3%), bicyclogermacrene (2.85%), δ-cadinene (1.1%), and spathulenol (2.8%). In a separate experiment, grinding of the biomass prior to EO extraction had a significant effect only on the concentrations of D-limonene (0.24–3.3%) and bicyclogermacrene (3.6–9.1%). Grinding in water or without water, maceration, and addition of Tween®20 had rather small effects on the EO profile. The identified EO constituents and their mean concentrations in this experiment were (E)-caryophyllene (25.4%), germacrene D (17.6%), caryophyllene oxide (9.1%), spathulenol (6.5%), τ-muurolol (5.0%), carvacrol (3.9%), α-copaene (2.5%), β-bourbonene (2.5%), δ-cadinene (2.4%), α-humulene (1.8%), and Z-β-farnesene (1.3%). Embryological studies observed anther and the development of the male gametophyte and ovule and development of the female gametophyte of M. friwaldskyanum. Furthermore, pollen and seed viability assays were conducted, and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis of an extract from shoots revealed the presence of 45 natural products, identified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and (tri)terpenoids. Overall, the phytochemistry and some of the microscopic analyses distinguished this endemic species from other species in Marrubium.
A Review of Biopolymers’ Utility as Emulsion Stabilizers
Authors: Tamang Nirmala , Shrestha Pooja , Khadka Binita , Mondal Monohar Hossain , Saha Bidyut , Bhattarai Ajaya
Published: December 2021

Polysaccharides, polynucleotides, and polypeptides are basic natural polymers. They have various applications based on their properties. This review mostly discusses the application of natural polymers as emulsion stabilizers. Natural emulsion stabilizers are polymers of amino acid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, etc., which are derived from microorganisms, bacteria, and other organic materials. Plant and animal proteins are basic sources of natural emulsion stabilizers. Pea protein-maltodextrin and lentil protein feature entrapment capacity up to 88%, (1–10% concentrated), zein proteins feature 74–89% entrapment efficiency, soy proteins in various concentrations increase dissolution, retention, and stability to the emulsion and whey proteins, egg proteins, and proteins from all other animals are applicable in membrane formation and encapsulation to stabilize emulsion/nanoemulsion. In pharmaceutical industries, phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanol-amine (PE), and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG)-based stabilizers are very effective as emulsion stabilizers. Lecithin (a combination of phospholipids) is used in the cosmetics and food industries. Various factors such as temperature, pH, droplets size, etc. destabilize the emulsion. Therefore, the emulsion stabilizers are used to stabilize, preserve and safely deliver the formulated drugs, also as a preservative in food and stabilizer in cosmetic products. Natural emulsion stabilizers offer great advantages because they are naturally degradable, ecologically effective, non-toxic, easily available in nature, non-carcinogenic, and not harmful to health.
Nanocomposites of PCL and SBA-15 Particles Prepared by Extrusion: Structural Characteristics, Confinement of PCL Chains within SBA-15 Nanometric Channels and Mechanical Behavior
Authors: Díez-Rodríguez Tamara M. , Blázquez-Blázquez Enrique , Antunes Nadine L. C. , Ribeiro M. Rosário , Pérez Ernesto , Cerrada María L.
Published: December 2021

A study of different nanocomposites based on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and mesoporous SBA-15 silica that were prepared by melt extrusion was carried out by analyzing the possible effect of this filler on the crystalline details of PCL, on its mechanical behavior, and on the eventual observation of the confinement of the polymeric chains within the hollow nanometric silica channels. Thus, simultaneous Small-Angle and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS/WAXS) synchrotron experiments at variable temperature were performed on these PCL nanocomposites with different mesoporous silica contents. The importance of the morphological and structural features was assessed by the changes that were observed during the mechanical response of the final materials, which determined that the presence of mesoporous particles leads to a noticeable reinforcing effect.
The Compressive Behavior and Crashworthiness of Cork: A Review
Authors: Sergi Claudia , Sarasini Fabrizio , Tirillò Jacopo
Published: December 2021

Cork, a natural material from renewable resources, is currently attracting increasing interest in different industrial fields because of its cellular structure and the presence of the flexible suberin as its main chemical component. In an agglomerated form, it proved to be a compelling product not only as a thermal and acoustic insulator, but also as core material in sandwich structures and as a liner or padding in energy absorbing equipment. From this perspective, the assessment of its compressive response is fundamental to ensure the right out-of-plane stiffness required to a core material and the proper crashworthiness in the safety devices. Considering the complex nature of cork and the resulting peculiar compressive response, the present review article provides an overview of this paramount property, assessing the main parameters (anisotropy, temperature, strain rate, etc.) and the peculiar features (near-zero Poisson’s ratio and unique dimensional recovery) that characterize it in its natural state. Furthermore, considering its massive exploitation in the agglomerated form, the design parameters that allow its compressive behavior to be tailored and the operating parameters that can affect its crashworthiness were assessed, reporting some potential industrial applications.
Formulation Development, Characterization and Antifungal Evaluation of Chitosan NPs for Topical Delivery of Voriconazole In Vitro and Ex Vivo
Authors: Shah Muhammad Khurshid Alam , Azad Abul Kalam , Nawaz Asif , Ullah Shafi , Latif Muhammad Shahid , Rahman Habibur , Alsharif Khalaf F. , Alzahrani Khalid J. , El-Kott Attalla F. , Albrakati Ashraf , Abdel-Daim Mohamed M.
Published: December 2021

This study aims to develop chitosan-based voriconazole nanoparticles (NPs) using spray-drying technique. The effect of surfactants and polymers on the physicochemical properties, in vitro release, and permeation of NPs was investigated. The prepared NPs containing various surfactants and polymers (e.g., Tween 20 (T20), Tween 80 (T80), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), propylene glycol (PG), and Polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000)) were physiochemically evaluated for size, zeta potential, drug content, percent entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, and permeation across rats’ skin. A Franz diffusion cell was used for evaluating the in vitro release and permeation profile. The voriconazole-loaded NPs were investigated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans (C. albicans). The prepared NPs were in the nano range (i.e., 160–500 nm) and positively charged. Images taken by a scanning electron microscope showed that all prepared NPs were spherical and smooth. The drug content of NPs ranged from 75% to 90%. Nanoparticle formulations exhibited a good in vitro release profile and transport voriconazole across the rat’s skin in a slow control release manner. The NPs containing SLS, T80, and PG exhibited the best penetration and skin retention profile. In addition, the formulation exhibited a potential antifungal effect against C. albicans. It was concluded that the development of chitosan NPs has a great potential for the topical delivery of voriconazole against fungal infection.
Random and Diblock Thermoresponsive Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Based Copolymers Synthesized via Photo-Induced RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Sivokhin Alexey , Orekhov Dmitry , Kazantsev Oleg , Sivokhina Olga , Orekhov Sergey , Kamorin Denis , Otopkova Ksenia , Smirnov Michael , Karpov Rostislav
Published: December 2021

Amphiphilic random and diblock thermoresponsive oligo(ethylene glycol)-based (co)polymers were synthesized via photoiniferter polymerization under visible light using trithiocarbonate as a chain transfer agent. The effect of solvent, light intensity and wavelength on the rate of the process was investigated. It was shown that blue and green LED light could initiate RAFT polymerization of macromonomers without an exogenous initiator at room temperature, giving bottlebrush polymers with low dispersity at sufficiently high conversions achieved in 1–2 h. The pseudo-living mechanism of polymerization and high chain-end fidelity were confirmed by successful chain extension. Thermoresponsive properties of the copolymers in aqueous solutions were studied via turbidimetry and laser light scattering. Random copolymers of methoxy- and alkoxy oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates of a specified length formed unimolecular micelles in water with a hydrophobic core consisting of a polymer backbone and alkyl groups and a hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) shell. In contrast, the diblock copolymer formed huge multimolecular micelles.
Additive Effect on the Structure of PEDOT:PSS Dispersions and Its Correlation with the Structure and Morphology of Thin Films
Authors: Gutierrez-Fernandez Edgar , Ezquerra Tiberio A. , García-Gutiérrez Mari-Cruz
Published: December 2021

We reported on the interaction between poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and high-boiling-point additives in PEDOT:PSS aqueous dispersions and in the final polymer films with the aim of stablishing correlations between the structure of both inks and solid thin films. By Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) using synchrotron radiation, it was found that the structural changes of dispersions of PEDOT:PSS with high-boiling-point additives can be explained as a two-step mechanism depending on the additive concentration. A compaction of PEDOT:PSS grains was observed at low concentrations while a swelling of the grains together with a phase segregation between PEDOT and PSS segments was evidenced at larger concentrations. Thin films’ morphology and structure were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and synchrotron Grazing Incidence Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (GIWAXS) respectively. Our two-step model provides an explanation for the small and sharp domains of PEDOT:PSS thin films observed for low-additive concentrations (first step) and larger domains and roughness found for higher-additive concentrations (second step). A reduction of the ratio of PSS in PEDOT:PSS thin films upon the presence of additives was also observed. This can be related to a thinning of the PSS shells of PEDOT:PSS grains in the dispersion. The results discussed in this work provide the basis for a controlled tuning of PEDOT:PSS thin films structure and the subsequent electrical properties.
Numerical Investigation of the Performance, Hydrodynamics, and Free-Surface Effects in Unsteady Flow of a Horizontal Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine
Authors: Benavides-Morán Aldo , Rodríguez-Jaime Luis , Laín Santiago
Published: December 2021

This paper presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the flow around a horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine (HAHT) found in the literature. The volume of fluid (VOF) model implemented in a commercial CFD package (ANSYS-Fluent) is used to track the air-water interface. The URANS SST k-ω and the four-equation Transition SST turbulence models are employed to compute the unsteady three-dimensional flow field. The sliding mesh technique is used to rotate the subdomain that includes the turbine rotor. The effect of grid resolution, time-step size, and turbulence model on the computed performance coefficients is analyzed in detail, and the results are compared against experimental data at various tip speed ratios (TSRs). Simulation results at the analyzed rotor immersions confirm that the power and thrust coefficients decrease when the rotor is closer to the free surface. The combined effect of rotor and support structure on the free surface evolution and downstream velocities is also studied. The results show that a maximum velocity deficit is found in the near wake region above the rotor centerline. A slow wake recovery is also observed at the shallow rotor immersion due to the free-surface proximity, which in turn reduces the power extraction.
Optimal Magnetic Graphite Heater Design for Impurity Control in Single-Crystal Si Grower Using Crystal Growth Simulation
Authors: Jeon Hye Jun , Park Hyeonwook , Alhammadi Salh , Jung Jae Hak , Kim Woo Kyoung
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we report a successfully modified single-crystal Si growth furnace for impurity control. Four types of arbitrary magnetic heater (AMGH) systems with 3, 4, 5, and poly parts were designed in a coil shape and analyzed using crystal growth simulation. The concentration of oxygen impurities in single-crystal Si ingots was compared among the designed AMGHs and a normal graphite heater (NGH). The designed AMGHs were confirmed to be able to control turbulence and convection in a molten state, which created a vortex that influenced the oxygen direction near the melt–crystal interface. It was confirmed that replacing NGH with AMGHs resulted in a reduction in the average oxygen concentration at the Si melt–crystal interface by approximately 4.8%.
Life Cycle Assessment of Industrial Building Construction and Recovery Potential. Case Studies in Seville
Authors: Marrero Madelyn , Rivero-Camacho Cristina , Martínez-Rocamora Alejandro , Alba-Rodríguez María Desirée , Solís-Guzmán Jaime
Published: December 2021

In Spain, most businesses are medium to small size enterprises, representing 90% of the total, but there is a lack of studies of the types of building this sector uses. The main objective of this paper is to present a method for the evaluation of small industrial construction projects to facilitate the introduction of eco-efficient solutions. For this, it is necessary to identify the most representative buildings and the aspects of these which have the most environmental impact. A methodology in place for the evaluation of dwelling construction is adapted, for the first time, to evaluate industrial buildings. The construction solutions characterized are those traditionally used in the sector, as identified through 87 surveys. A standardized classification of work units is proposed to enable the use of environmental product information, such as eco-labels and/or EPD, and LCA databases. The carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) are the indicators selected because of their straightforward message. Finally, a comparative analysis is performed showing the high recycling potential of concrete and cement which, along with metals and aggregates, control the impact in terms of CF. With respect to the WF indicator, plastic substitute aggregates are among the materials with the greatest impact.
Addressing Religion in Secular Healthcare: Existential Communication and the Post-Secular Negotiation
Authors: Nissen Ricko Damberg , Andersen Aida Hougaard
Published: December 2021

This article aims to understand why religion has proven difficult to address in secular healthcare, although existential communication is important for patients’ health and wellbeing. Two qualitative data samples exploring existential communication in secular healthcare were analyzed following Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, leading to the development of the analytical constructs of ‘the secular’ and ‘the non-secular’. The differentiation of the secular and the non-secular as different spheres for the individual to be situated in offers a nuanced understanding of the physician–patient meeting, with implications for existential communication. We conceptualize the post-secular negotiation as the attempt to address the non-secular through secular activities in healthcare. Employment of the post-secular negotiation enables an approach to existential communication where the non-secular, including religion, can be addressed as part of the patients’ life without compromising the professional grounding in secular healthcare. The post-secular negotiation presents potential for further research, clinical practice, and for the benefit of patients.
A Deep Learning-Based Generalized System for Detecting Pine Wilt Disease Using RGB-Based UAV Images
Authors: You Jie , Zhang Ruirui , Lee Joonwhoan
Published: December 2021

Pine wilt is a devastating disease that typically kills affected pine trees within a few months. In this paper, we confront the problem of detecting pine wilt disease. In the image samples that have been used for pine wilt disease detection, there is high ambiguity due to poor image resolution and the presence of “disease-like” objects. We therefore created a new dataset using large-sized orthophotographs collected from 32 cities, 167 regions, and 6121 pine wilt disease hotspots in South Korea. In our system, pine wilt disease was detected in two stages: n the first stage, the disease and hard negative samples were collected using a convolutional neural network. Because the diseased areas varied in size and color, and as the disease manifests differently from the early stage to the late stage, hard negative samples were further categorized into six different classes to simplify the complexity of the dataset. Then, in the second stage, we used an object detection model to localize the disease and “disease-like” hard negative samples. We used several image augmentation methods to boost system performance and avoid overfitting. The test process was divided into two phases: a patch-based test and a real-world test. During the patch-based test, we used the test-time augmentation method to obtain the average prediction of our system across multiple augmented samples of data, and the prediction results showed a mean average precision of 89.44% in five-fold cross validation, thus representing an increase of around 5% over the alternative system. In the real-world test, we collected 10 orthophotographs in various resolutions and areas, and our system successfully detected 711 out of 730 potential disease spots.
Grounding Event of Iceberg D28 and Its Interactions with Seabed Topography
Authors: Liu Xuying , Cheng Xiao , Liang Qi , Li Teng , Peng Fukai , Chi Zhaohui , He Jiaying
Published: December 2021

Iceberg D28, a giant tabular iceberg that calved from Amery Ice Shelf in September 2019, grounded off Kemp Coast, East Antarctica, from August to September of 2020. The motion of the iceberg is characterized herein by time-series images captured by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on Sentinel-1 and the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) boarded on Terra from 6 August to 15 September 2020. The thickness of iceberg D28 was estimated by utilizing data from altimeters on Cryosat-2, Sentinel-3, and ICESat-2. By using the iceberg draft and grounding point locations inferred from its motion, the maximum water depths at grounding points were determined, varying from 221.72 ± 21.77 m to 269.42 ± 25.66 m. The largest disagreements in seabed elevation inferred from the grounded iceberg and terrain models from the Bedmap2 and BedMachine datasets were over 570 m and 350 m, respectively, indicating a more complicated submarine topography in the study area than that presented by the existing seabed terrain models. Wind and sea water velocities from reanalysis products imply that the driving force from sea water is a more dominant factor than the wind in propelling iceberg D28 during its grounding, which is consistent with previous findings on iceberg dynamics.
Correction: Dammann et al. Ground-Based Radar Interferometry of Sea Ice. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 43
Authors: Dammann Dyre Oliver , Johnson Mark A. , Fedders Emily R. , Mahoney Andrew R. , Werner Charles L. , Polashenski Christopher M. , Meyer Franz J. , Hutchings Jennifer K.
Published: December 2021

In the original article [...]
Improvement of Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm for Max–Cut Problems
Authors: Villalba-Diez Javier , González-Marcos Ana , Ordieres-Meré Joaquín B.
Published: December 2021

The objective of this short letter is to study the optimal partitioning of value stream networks into two classes so that the number of connections between them is maximized. Such kind of problems are frequently found in the design of different systems such as communication network configuration, and industrial applications in which certain topological characteristics enhance value–stream network resilience. The main interest is to improve the Max–Cut algorithm proposed in the quantum approximate optimization approach (QAOA), looking to promote a more efficient implementation than those already published. A discussion regarding linked problems as well as further research questions are also reviewed.
Automatic Pancreatic Cyst Lesion Segmentation on EUS Images Using a Deep-Learning Approach
Authors: Oh Seok , Kim Young-Jae , Park Young-Taek , Kim Kwang-Gi
Published: December 2021

The automatic segmentation of the pancreatic cyst lesion (PCL) is essential for the automated diagnosis of pancreatic cyst lesions on endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) images. In this study, we proposed a deep-learning approach for PCL segmentation on EUS images. We employed the Attention U-Net model for automatic PCL segmentation. The Attention U-Net was compared with the Basic U-Net, Residual U-Net, and U-Net++ models. The Attention U-Net showed a better dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and intersection over union (IoU) scores than the other models on the internal test. Although the Basic U-Net showed a higher DSC and IoU scores on the external test than the Attention U-Net, there was no statistically significant difference. On the internal test of the cross-over study, the Attention U-Net showed the highest DSC and IoU scores. However, there was no significant difference between the Attention U-Net and Residual U-Net or between the Attention U-Net and U-Net++. On the external test of the cross-over study, all models showed no significant difference from each other. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study implementing segmentation of PCL on EUS images using a deep-learning approach. Our experimental results show that a deep-learning approach can be applied successfully for PCL segmentation on EUS images.
Sinuous Antenna for UWB Radar Applications
Authors: Mescia Luciano , Mevoli Gianvito , Lamacchia Claudio Maria , Gallo Michele , Bia Pietro , Gaetano Domenico , Manna Antonio
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the recent progress on sinuous antennas is detailed, focusing the attention on the antenna geometry, dielectric structure, and miniaturization techniques. In the first part, we introduce the basic principles of the frequency-independent antenna, in particular the self-complementary and log-periodic geometries, as well as the antenna geometries, all characterized in terms of angles. The operating principles, main advantages, system design considerations, limits, and challenges of conventional sinuous antennas are illustrated. Second, we describe some technical solutions aimed to ensure the optimal trade-off between antenna size and radiation behavior. To this aim, some special modification of the antenna geometry based on the meandering as well as on the loading with dielectric structures are presented. Moreover, the cavity backing technique is explained in detail as a method to achieve unidirectional radiation. Third, we present a new class of supershaped sinuous antenna based on a suitable merge of the 2D superformula and the sinuous curve. The effect of the free parameters change on the antenna arm geometry as well as the performance improvement in terms of directivity, beam stability, beam angle, gain, and radiating efficiency are highlighted.
Integrated Relaxation Pressure Classification and Probe Positioning Failure Detection in High-Resolution Esophageal Manometry Using Machine Learning
Authors: Czako Zoltan , Surdea-Blaga Teodora , Sebestyen Gheorghe , Hangan Anca , Dumitrascu Dan Lucian , David Liliana , Chiarioni Giuseppe , Savarino Edoardo , Popa Stefan Lucian
Published: December 2021

High-resolution esophageal manometry is used for the study of esophageal motility disorders, with the help of catheters with up to 36 sensors. Color pressure topography plots are generated and analyzed and using the Chicago algorithm a final diagnosis is established. One of the main parameters in this algorithm is integrated relaxation pressure (IRP). The procedure is time consuming. Our aim was to firstly develop a machine learning based solution to detect probe positioning failure and to create a classifier to automatically determine whether the IRP is in the normal range or higher than the cut-off, based solely on the raw images. The first step was the preprocessing of the images, by finding the region of interest—the exact moment of swallowing. Afterwards, the images were resized and rescaled, so they could be used as input for deep learning models. We used the InceptionV3 deep learning model to classify the images as correct or failure in catheter positioning and to determine the exact class of the IRP. The accuracy of the trained convolutional neural networks was above 90% for both problems. This work is just the first step in fully automating the Chicago Classification, reducing human intervention.
Shaping the Design Features of a Dynamometer for Measuring Resistance Biaxial Components of Symmetrical Coulters
Authors: Marcinkiewicz Jacek , Spadło Mikołaj , Staszak Zaneta , Selech Jarosław
Published: December 2021

The article lays out the methodology for shaping the design features of a strain gauge transducer, which would make it possible to study forces and torques generated during the operation of symmetrical seeder coulters. The transducers that have been known up until now cannot be used to determine forces and torques for the coulter configuration adopted by the authors. For this purpose, the design of the transducer in the form of strain gauge beams was used to ensure the accumulated stress concentration. A detailed design was presented in the form of a 3D model, along with a transducer body manufactured on its basis, including the method for arranging the strain gauges thereon. Moreover, the article discusses the methodology of processing voltage signals obtained from component loads. Particular attention was paid to the methodology of determining the load capacity of the transducer structure, based on finite element method (FEM). This made it possible to choose a transducer geometry providing the expected measurement sensitivity and, at the same time, maintaining the best linearity of indications, insignificant coupling error, and a broad measurement range. The article also presents the characteristics of the transducer calibration process and a description of a special test stand designed for this purpose. The transducer developed within the scope of this work provides very high precision of load spectrum reads, thus enabling the performance of a detailed fatigue analysis of the tested designs. Additionally, the versatility it offers makes it easy to adapt to many existing test stands, which is a significant advantage because it eliminates the need to build new test stands.