bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of outcomes between aortic root replacement and supra-coronary interposition graft for type A aortic dissection: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Hartley Philip , Salmasi Yousuf , Morosin Marco , Mensah Kwabena , ASIMAKOPOULOS GEORGE
Published: May 2022

Background The decision to conserve or replace the native aortic
valve following acute type-A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is an area of
cardiac surgery without standardised practice. This single centre
retrospective study analysed the long-term performance of the native
aortic valve and root following surgery for ATAAD. Methods
Between 2009 and 2018 all cases ATAAD treated at Royal Brompton and
Harefield NHS Foundation Trust were analysed. Patients were divided into
2 groups: a) ascending aorta (interposition) graft (AAG) without valve
replacement; and b) non-valve-sparing aortic root replacement (ARR).
Pre-operative covariates were compared, as well as operative
characteristics and post-operative complications. Long-term survival and
echocardiographic outcomes were analysed using regression analysis.
Results In total, 116 patients were included: 63 patients in the
AAG group and 53 patients in the ARR group. In patients where the native
aortic valve was conserved, 9 developed severe aortic regurgitation and
2 patients developed dilation of the aortic root requiring subsequent
replacement during the follow-up period. Aortic regurgitation at
presentation was not found to be associated with subsequent risk of
developing severe aortic regurgitation or reintervention on the aortic
valve. Overall mortality was observed to be significantly lower in
patients undergoing AAG (17.5% vs. 41.5%, p=0.004). Conclusions
With careful patient selection, the native aortic root shows good
long-term durability both in terms of valve competence and stable root
dimensions after surgery for ATAAD. This study supports the
consideration of conservation of the aortic valve during emergency
surgery for type-A dissection, in the absence of a definitive indication
for root replacement, including in cases where aortic regurgitation
complicates the presentation.
Practice patterns and career satisfaction in recent head and neck oncology fellowship graduates: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Hong Scott , Bergman Jonathan , Walker Ronald , Massa Sean
Published: May 2022

Objective Examine the characteristics of recent head and neck oncology
(H&N) fellowship graduates and assess their current perceptions of
career alignment and satisfaction. Methods H&N fellowship graduates
from American Head & Neck Society (AHNS)-accredited programs between
2015 to 2020 were surveyed. Two-sample t-tests and analysis of variance
tests were used to determine the effect of respondents’ demographics,
fellowship characteristics, career preferences, and current practice on
their degree of career alignment with expectations and overall job
satisfaction. Results Fifty-eight fellowship graduates completed the
cross-sectional survey. Fifty-two of all respondents (89.7%) primarily
preferred an academic job, of whom 5 (9.6%) went into private practice.
Respondents in private practice, those treating general Otolaryngology
patients, or those who do not work with residents demonstrated
significantly poorer job alignment and career satisfaction compared to
those in academic medicine, those only treating H&N patients, or those
working with residents, respectively. Discussion The number of desirable
academic positions each year may be insufficient for graduating fellows.
By setting realistic career expectations, planning for a mixed scope of
practice, and integrating resident involvement into private practice
groups, H&N providers may ultimately find more fulfillment in their
work. These findings could be valuable to fellowship programs in
designing training and to future H&N fellows in their career planning.
Further studies with higher power would be warranted to identify other
indicators of H&N career satisfaction and ways to reduce physician
burnout.
Impact on right ventricular performance in patients undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation: left bundle branch pacing versus right ventricular septum pacing
Authors: Huang Xinyi , Lin Manxin , Huang Shu-fen , Guo Jincun , Li Linlin , Chen Simei , Huang Kunhui , Wu Jian , Su Maolong , Cai Binni
Published: May 2022

Background: The novel method of left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has
been reported to achieve better electrical and mechanical synchrony in
the left ventricle than conventional right ventricular pacing (RVP).
However, its effects on right ventricle (RV) performance are still
unknown. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing dual-chamber pacemaker
(PM) implantation for sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with normal cardiac
function and a narrow QRS complex were recruited for the study. The
pacing characteristics and echocardiogram parameters were measured to
evaluate RV function, interventricular and RV synchrony, and were
compared among ventricular pacing‐on and native‐conduction modes.
Results: A total of 84 patients diagnosed with SSS and an indication for
pacing therapy were enrolled. Forty-two patients (50%; mean age 65.50 ±
9.30 years; 35% male) underwent successful LBBP and 42 patients (50%;
mean age 69.26 ± 10.08 years; 33% male) RVSP, respectively. Baseline
characteristics were similar between the two groups. We found no
significant differences in RV function [RV-FAC (Fractional Area
Change)%, 47.13±5.69 vs. 48.60±5.83, p=.069; Endo-GLS (Global
Longitudinal Strain)%, -28.88±4.94 vs. -29.82±5.35, p=.114; Myo-GLS%,
-25.72±4.75 vs. -25.72±5.21, p=.559; Free Wall St%, 27.40±8.03 vs.
-28.71±7.34, p=.304] between the native‐conduction or LBBP capture
modes, while the RVSP capture mode was associated with a significant
reduction in the above parameters compared with the native‐conduction
mode (P < .0001). The interventricular synchrony in the LBBP
group was also superior to the RVSP group significantly. Conclusion:
LBBP is a pacing technique that seems to associate with a positive and
protective impact on RV performance.
Improved mayfly algorithm based on hybrid mutation
Authors: Zhang Hua , liu zheng , Gui ShiWeng , Zou Mei , Wang PeiYuan
Published: May 2022

To improve the diversity and performance of the Mayfly Algorithm (MA),
this letter adopts the mutation strategies in the process of MA. The
opposition-based learning (OBL) and Cauchy mutation strategies are used
to mutate the global optimal solution, and the artificial mutation
operator is used in the offspring population. The hybrid mutation
strategies are used in a cascaded structure. The performance of the
proposed algorithms is demonstrated in simulations comparatively.
Generative Adversarial Networks for Modeling Clinical Biomarker Profiles in Under-Represented Groups
Authors: Nair Rahul , Mohan Deen , Frank Sandra , Setlur Srirangaraj , Govindaraju Venugopal , Ramanathan Murali
Published: May 2022

Background: Clinical trial simulations and pharmacometric modeling of
biomarker profiles for under-represented groups are challenging because
the underlying studies frequently do not have sufficient participants
from these groups. Objectives: To investigate generative adversarial
networks (GANs), an artificial intelligence (AI) technology that enables
realistic simulations of complex patterns, for modeling clinical
biomarker profiles of under-represented groups. Methods: GANs consist of
generator and discriminator neural networks that operate in tandem. GAN
architectures were developed for modeling univariate and joint
distributions of a panel of 16 diabetes-relevant biomarkers from the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which
contains laboratory and clinical biomarker data from a population-based
sample of individuals of all ages, racial groups, and ethnicities.
Conditional GANs were used to model biomarker profiles for
race/ethnicity categories. GAN performance was assessed by comparing GAN
outputs to test data. Results: The biomarkers exhibited non-normal
distributions and varied in their bivariate correlation patterns.
Univariate distributions were modeled with generator and discriminator
neural networks consisting of two dense layers with rectified linear
unit-activation. The distributions of GAN-generated biomarkers were
similar to the test data distributions. The joint distributions of the
biomarker panel in the GAN-generated data were dispersed and overlapped
with the joint distribution of the test data as assessed by three
multi-dimensional projection methods. Conditional GANs satisfactorily
modeled the joint distribution of the biomarker panel in the Black,
Hispanic, White, and “Other” race/ethnicity categories. Conclusions:
GAN are a promising AI approach for generating virtual patient data with
realistic biomarker distributions for under-represented race/ethnicity
groups.
A Population Pharmacokinetic Model Based on HPTN 077 of Long-acting Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV PrEP
Authors: Yu Yifan , Bigos Kristi , Marzinke Mark , Landovitz Raphael , McCauley Marybeth , Ford Susan , Hendrix Craig , Bies Robert , Weld Ethel
Published: May 2022

Background Cabotegravir delivered as a long-acting intramuscular
injection has shown superior efficacy to oral tenofovir-emtricitabine as
pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV. Cabotegravir pharmacokinetics
(PK), like those of other long-acting depot preparations, exhibit
variability between individuals and between injection occasions. Aim To
describe the population pharmacokinetics of long-acting cabotegravir
(CAB-LA). Methods Using available PK measurements from 133 participants
in the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 077 trial, we analyzed
CAB-LA PK data using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling to develop a
population PK model. Results A two-compartment model with first order
absorption best described the CAB-LA PK. The analysis identified
between-occasional variability (BOV, i.e., differences in PK within one
individual from one injection to the next) as a significant covariate
affecting the absorption rate. Sex and body weight were identified as
significant covariates influencing the absorption rate and apparent
clearance of CAB-LA after intramuscular injection at various doses and
frequencies. Conclusion The public availability of this model will
facilitate and enable a wide variety of future clinically relevant
simulations to inform the optimal use of CAB-LA.
Streptococcus suis is a lethal pathogen in snakeskin gourami, Trichopodus pectoralis
Authors: Dinh-Hung Nguyen , Dong Ha Thanh , Taengphu Suwimon , Soontara Chayanit , Rodkhum Channarong , Senapin Saengchan , Chatchaiphan Satid
Published: May 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the causative agent of an
outbreak with clinical signs similar to those of piscine streptococcosis
in farmed snakeskin gourami ( Trichopodus pectoralis). Initial
microscopic examination revealed the predominance of a Gram-positive,
cocci bacteria in the brain and kidney of the diseased fish. This
bacterium was successfully isolated and identified as
Streptococcus suis based on nucleotide homology of 16S rDNA and
species-specific PCR. This isolate tested negative for serotype 2, one
of the major zoonotic serotypes. Experimental infection was then
performed to investigate the pathogenicity of the bacterium and its
histopathological manifestation. Naïve juvenile and adult snakeskin
gourami were injected intraperitoneally with a low dose (1.2×10
CFU/fish) and a high dose (1.2×10
CFU/fish) of S. suis. Cumulative mortality
appeared to be dose- and size-dependent. Experimentally diseased fish
exhibited clinical signs consistent with naturally diseased fish. Severe
histopathological changes in multiple organs were observed in both
juvenile and adult fish, including meningitis, severe congestion in the
brain and eyes, thickened stromal layers of the retina, severe hepatic
lipidosis and tissue degeneration. Notably, numerous granulomas
containing massive bacterial cells in the necrotic core were observed in
the infected fish. Relatively pure colonies of S. suis were
recovered from tissues of experimentally diseased fish. Taken together,
this study fulfilled Koch’s postulates, indicating that S. suis
is a new piscine pathogen. Although this is a case report, public
awareness and biosecurity measures should be considered to prevent the
spread of the disease. Further surveillance of the pathogen’s
distribution and research into the underlying causes of fish-host
adaptation will provide insights into the genuine impact and appropriate
disease control strategies.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with oligosymptomatic COVID-19 infection: A case report
Authors: Nikolic Dragan , Basta-Nikolic Marijana , Manojlovic Vladimir , Milojkovic Jelena , Batinic Nikola
Published: May 2022

Introduction. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
infection-induced coagulopathy may cause various thrombotic complications,
such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, a less common type of stroke with
a variable clinical presentation and high mortality rate. The objective of
this paper was to identify clinical, laboratory and radiological
characteristics, risk factors, therapeutic modalities, and outcome of a
young patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with
oligosymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Case Report. We present
a case of a 32-year-old woman suffering from a stroke due to cerebral venous
sinus thrombosis associated with a mild form of coronavirus disease 2019
infection. The patient was without a history of previous diseases and risk
factors for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Two weeks before the
cerebrovascular incident, the patient presented with oligosymptomatic
coronavirus disease 2019 infection associated with headache. Laboratory
findings were characterized by two conditions: hypercoagulability and
systemic inflammation. Bilateral thalamic and right frontal hemorrhagic
venous infarctions with superior sagittal and straight sinus thrombosis and
thrombosis of the vein of Galen were established by magnetic resonance
imaging of the head. The main therapeutic approaches included anticoagulant
therapy, therapeutic protocol for coronavirus disease 2019 infection,
seizure control therapy and intracranial hypertension management. The
treatment outcome was good, with minimal residual symptoms. Conclusion.
Physicians should always consider the high risk of cerebral venous sinus
thrombosis with nonspecific neurological symptoms in patients with mild
coronavirus disease 2019 infection in order to provide early diagnosis, the
most effective individually tailored treatment, and to prevent
complications.
Root canal retreatment and repair of iatrogenic perforation: A case report
Authors: Otasevic Katarina , Tadic Ana , Drobac Milan
Published: May 2022

Introduction. Root perforations may occur following endodontic treatment,
thus compromising the root integrity and treatment outcome. Case Report. A
patient presented with a root canal perforation following an earlier
treatment of the upper left lateral incisor (tooth 22). Once the diagnosis
of a symptomatic periapical periodontitis was established, a decision was
made to retreat the root canal using mineral trioxide aggregate and perform
apicoectomy. The procedure was performed in three sessions and two follow-up
visits, after 12 and 18 months, respectively. At the last follow-up, bone
neoformation was observed in the periapical region of the treated tooth.
Conclusion. Successful outcome in this case depended on appropriate
diagnosis, root canal and surgical site disinfection, as well as sealing of
the root canal perforation to prevent recontamination.
Longevity of Direct Resin Composite Restorations in Maxillary Anterior Crown Fractures: A 4-year Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Korkut B , Özcan M
Published: May 2022

Objectives

To investigate the longevity of direct composites for Class IV restorations and the possible reasons of failure.

Methods and Materials

The longevity of 168 Class IV restorations in 50 adult patients was evaluated, in terms of modified United States Public Health Service criteria, for 4 years. Restorations were performed using a monochromatic layered microhybrid, resin-based composite (RBC) (Essentia, Universal Shade, GC Corporation, Japan; n=76) and polychromatic layered micro/nanohybrid (MD and LE shades, Essentia, GC Corporation, Japan; n=92) RBCs, by a single operator.

Results

The majority of the teeth (n=156) remained acceptable at the end of 4 years, and the overall survival (OS) rate was considered as 92.86%. Survival rates for the monochromatic layering technique (MLT) and polychromatic layering technique (PLT) were 90.8% and 94.6%, respectively. Mean survival was 46 months for MLT and 47 months for PLT, indicating no significant difference (p=0.343). Fracture of the restoration was the most common reason for failure (4.2% out of 7.1% of general failures) for both the layering techniques.

Conclusions

Under the conditions of this mid-term clinical study, MLT and PLT as well as microhybrid and nanohybrid resin composite materials, showed similar clinical durability. In terms of simplicity, monochromatic layering can be preferred for Class IV restorations, when the right indication criteria are met.
Republican Fictions
Authors: Koenigs Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines three roughly contemporaneous but very different fictions—Hugh Henry Brackenridge's Modern Chivalry (1792–1815), Royall Tyler's The Algerine Captive (1797), and Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland (1798)—that sought to intervene in distinct controversies in republican political culture: debates about the norms of political discourse, about national unity, and about educating the citizenry, respectively. In spite of their divergent political commitments, party affiliations, and regional perspectives, these writers shared a belief in the political utility of fiction's distinctive modes of supposition. Working within a framework of value—civic virtue—that they shared with fiction's critics, Brackenridge, Tyler, and Brown developed highly instrumental conceptions of fiction's purpose largely unfamiliar to twenty-first-century readers: they embraced fictionality not only out of an investment in aesthetic pleasure and imaginative play for their own sake, but also as a means of training readers in the modes of speculative thought necessary for the ongoing project of shaping the republic. In order to suggest fictionality's value for republican politics, however, these writers had to first resist the prevailing association of fiction with privacy and demonstrate that fictionality does not entail a disconnection from civic life. Taken as a group, their fictions complicate ascendant narratives of fictionality's development, which have linked fictionality's “rise” to its depoliticization.
Fictionality, Slavery, and Intersubjective Knowledge
Authors: Koenigs Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses how fiction became a key genre in the struggle over slavery, despite concerns about its uncertain status as evidence, in part because its unique form of psychonarration provided a fantasy of unmediated access to the hidden interiorities of enslaved persons at a moment when questions about the slave experience had become central to debates about slavery's legitimacy. It focuses, in particular, on how formerly enslaved writers engaged fiction's increasing importance as a genre for representing the inner lives of enslaved persons. Frederick Douglass's The Heroic Slave (1853), his only work of fiction, offered perhaps the most elaborate metacriticism of fiction's role in this struggle, both cautioning against the epistemological risks of rendering slave interiority fictionally transparent and advocating for fiction's value as a means of giving white audiences an explicitly speculative knowledge of slave interiority. The chapter also considers Harriet Jacobs's Linda, or Incidents in the Life of the Slave Girl (1861). Jacobs stages her narrative's resemblance to and distinction from fiction in order to resist the kind of appropriative sympathy associated with fictionality.
The Enemy of My Enemy
Authors: Saba Roberto
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines how shared anti-British sentiments created an alliance between Brazilian Liberals and American Republicans during the American Civil War. Whereas American diplomats took the Brazilian side in the geopolitical imbroglios of the time, American entrepreneurs invested in transportation infrastructure in Brazil and the two countries established steamship communication. Ultimately, the American Civil War transformed the international status of the United States, as it gave Northerners an opportunity to simultaneously confront Southern secession and European imperialism. For their part, Brazilian Liberals had no qualms about associating with the Union. Instead of submitting to proslavery Southerners or British abolitionists, new leaders rose in Brazil as they joined American antislavery reformers in charting a path forward.
A Hemispheric Battle
Authors: Saba Roberto
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the influence of Massachusetts intellectuals on Brazil in the late 1860s. Brazil had its own war to wage, and the Brazilian government vacillated when it came to acting against slavery. Exasperated by official procrastination, the Brazilian abolitionist movement redoubled its pressure on the political elite. Although radical abolitionists nurtured egalitarian visions for Brazil, moderate groups were able to take control and enact a gradual emancipation project that would ensure the continuation of the Brazilian planters' rule. Seeking to avoid the social upheaval that had taken place in the United States, political and intellectual elites from the two countries favored selective change in Brazil. They consciously set in motion a process of conservative modernization.
In Search of Spatial Legibility
Authors: Levine Jeremy R.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines how individuals and organizations defined “the Fairmount Corridor.” It highlights three themes. First, private nonprofit leaders played important roles in urban governance by determining how geographical boundaries were drawn. Second, transit policy—and transit-oriented development (TOD), in particular—carried unintended consequences. While TOD has many benefits for poor neighborhoods, it skews decision-making in other policy areas, anchoring neighborhood planning to transit rather than the neighborhood at large. Finally, community development was as much about the construction of communities as the construction of “community” as an idea. The Fairmount Corridor and its neighborhoods were treated as malleable communities, subject to shifting boundaries. Shifting boundaries empowered certain organizations and benefited certain neighborhoods but could ignore other people and places in the process.
Following the Money
Authors: Levine Jeremy R.
Published: May 2022

This chapter evaluates how funders played important roles in the Fairmount Corridor. They saw themselves as strategic political actors who successfully influenced urban policymaking. But their power had limits. Because large grants were hard to come by, funders often pooled and repackaged grants from other funders before providing a grant to a local nonprofit or city agency. The dense network of grant distributions and redistributions reduced individual funders' leverage and created a system whereby grantees could, surprisingly, push back against funder priorities. It also incentivized funders to embellish grantee accomplishments because their own fulfillment of grant requirements was tied to grantees' successes. Funders prioritized neighborhoods with high-capacity organizations—those most likely to show success—over neighborhoods lacking a strong local organizational presence. Taken-for-granted funding practices, as a result, inadvertently contributed to neighborhood inequality.
Res publica of Letters
Authors: Volk Katharina
Published: May 2022

This chapter investigates the social world of late Republican intellectual activities and the ways in which the protagonists thought, spoke, and wrote about it. It seeks to debunk the widespread view that learned pursuits carried a stigma among the practically minded Romans and that upperclass men, therefore, felt the continuous need to justify their intellectual activities. Drawing mostly on the corpus of Cicero's letters, the chapter identifies a vocabulary of learned pursuits, which were most often generically referred to as studia or litterae and felt to consist of reading and writing. Such activities were intensely social, involving the studying aristocrat in multiform interchanges with Greek intellectuals, skilled slaves and freedmen, and his own amici with similar interests. The chapter then analyzes Cicero's Brutus, an amicable dialogue between the author and his friends Atticus and Brutus, which both depicts an idealized instance of “studying together” and—through its publication and dedication to Brutus—aspires to furthering in the real world the close-knit intellectual companionship that is projected by the text.
Engaged Philosophy
Authors: Volk Katharina
Published: May 2022

This chapter opens with a question: Did mid-first-century senators ever apply their philosophical teachings and beliefs to their own political activities and decisions? It then discusses three test cases for potentially “engaged philosophy” in the period leading up to and including the Civil War. The chapter first focuses on the younger Cato, the optimate diehard who, after his suicide at Utica, was turned into both a Republican martyr and a Stoic paragon. The chapter suggests that Cato's single-minded pursuit of his political goals was crucially informed by Stoic ethical theory, in particular its privileging of (virtuous) intention over (uncontrollable) outcome. It then shifts to highlight the period's most famous Roman student of philosophy, M. Tullius Cicero, and his dedication to philosophical studies. The chapter turns to the philosophical school most popular in mid-first-century Rome: Epicureanism. Focusing on three prominent Epicureans (C. Cassius Longinus, L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, and T. Pomponius Atticus), the chapter inspects the diverse ways in which upperclass Roman Epicureans were successfully able to reconcile their philosophical beliefs and their political (dis)engagement.
Austen, Dickens, and Brontë
Authors: Schaffer Talia
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses why the analysis on care is grounded in the British nineteenth-century particularly and why it is focused on fictional rather than actual social formations. It explores what can the nineteenth-century novels of Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and Emily Brontë reveal and what might this particular cultural construct confirm about how care works in communal settings and about the history of care relations. The chapter describes home care in the British nineteenth-century, which was not just an occasional incident but a fundamental mode of social life. Care was a habitus, to use Pierre Bourdieu's term, a practice so ordinary that people took it for granted without needing to spell out its tenets.
Composite Fiction and the Care Community in The Heir of Redclyffe
Authors: Schaffer Talia
Published: May 2022

This chapter reviews the way a well-balanced character partakes of both the type and the individual. In The Heir, these two versions of character are vested in two different families, the biological and adoptive families of the main character, Guy Morville. It talks about how the Morvilles incorporate Guy into a type, for they produce a lineage into which each subject gets slotted. The chapter explores Guy's fate that examines characterizations, since he is explicitly aligned with both, and affords insight into what makes a communally produced character different from a crowd-affiliated type. It is the characteristic duration of the care community that allows this double self, for duration lets relations and identifications change over time, and the community itself has a fluid disposition that resists stable, permanent forms.
Critical Care
Authors: Schaffer Talia
Published: May 2022

This chapter leaves readers with a sense of how academia might fit into the realm of the care community. It questions whether the department, the classroom, the institution, can or should operate like one of those care collectives, other-mothers, fictive kin, or queer families of choice. Critique is an act of care and scholarly criticism can be seen as care, particularly in the use of citations and the need to bring care to academia. The chapter outlines some of the ways the idea of care communities has been implemented. Traditionally, historians of the novel have regarded the nineteenth-century novel as achieving a sense of characters as unique individuals with psychological depth.
Texts
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on al-Ḥaddād and his attempt to formulate a new mode of articulatory labor that shifts the emphasis of Islam away from the inimitable achievements of living figures to text-based Prophetic teachings accessible to the commoners. It follows the spread of this paradigm in Java in the early nineteenth century. In a sermon delivered in 1964 to six thousand worshippers gathered for the ʻĪd al-Fiṭr prayer, the former governor of Indonesia's Aceh province, Daud Beureu'eh enthused over global Muslim unity. The chapter talks about Beureu'eh's imagination of a global Islamic community that regimented toward Mecca, which is at variance with that encapsulated by the anecdote of the building of the Demak mosque. Beureu'eh's words are confronted with a pan-Islamic vision of global unity that posits the existence of localized Islamic communities with divergent sunnas as a problem to be surmounted.
Genealogies
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

This chapter observes Habib Luthfi's labor of recovering Indonesia's saintly past. Much of this labor has been devoted to the hagiographical composition of his own little-known and unrecorded forefathers. The chapter describes a hagiographical composition that presents Habib Luthfi as a lineal successor of an old but forgotten Bā ʻAlawī saintly dynasty closely linked to the Ḥaddādian scholars on the one hand and the Javanese royal dynasty on the other. It reviews Habib Luthfi's hagiography that works to articulate historically competing genealogies and itineraries of Islamic transmission. The convergence of multiple genealogies of Islamic transmission in Habib Luthfi allows him to situate himself as the living terminus of diverse historical itineraries that connect contemporary Java to the Prophetic past.
International Law
Authors: Glanville Luke
Published: May 2022

This chapter elucidates the legal status of the shared responsibility to protect. It presents a twofold argument: extraterritorial obligations for the prevention of atrocities have become more firmly established in law in recent decades than many people realize, but these legal developments are troublingly incoherent. The chapter then begins by briefly tracing the development of duties of extraterritorial protection in positive international law through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It reviews the legal status of key international reports and resolutions on responsibility to protect in the twenty-first century, concluding, as others have, that there is little ground for thinking that these reports and resolutions, by themselves, established new legal obligations. The chapter also investigates contemporaneous legal developments, particularly the International Court of Justice's 2007 Genocide judgment and the International Law Commission's work on the obligation to cooperate to end serious breaches of peremptory norms, demonstrating that they provide considerable legal basis for the notion that there is a shared responsibility to protect—an obligation borne by all states, but also capable of allocation to particular states in particular situations. The chapter considers several limitations to the law as it presently stands, and contemplates what we should actually hope for from law when seeking to advance the international protection of vulnerable populations.
Agōn and Authority
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the agōn sophias. The term is used to describe a group of scenes that, despite differences in formal constitution, stage an opposition between two understandings of sophia and debate what it is to be sophos. These scenes are bound together not so much by their verbal or scenic form (insofar as it can be reconstructed) as by the agonistic setting and the central concern of sophia, which both figures seek to define and claim for themselves through debate. There is ample evidence that such debates were a Euripidean specialty, reflecting on novel intellectual currents and interrogating the role of the intellectual in society. All of these agōnes pose the question of the value of sophia to the wider community, and are thus emphatically political. But the form as a whole, the chapter argues, demonstrates the need for a broader understanding of tragic politics and ideology.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller Elizabeth Carolyn
Published: May 2022

This concluding chapter reflects on the question of how extractive literature of the past can helpfully intersect with environmental politics and thought today. It asks what one can take from the literary past in imagining a post-extractivist environmental politics. The chapter attempts to wade into the contentious question of mining and environmentalism with some provisional conclusions that emerge from the archive so far explored. It considers how the activity of mineral resource extraction accelerated in the industrial era to the point of becoming the economic and social basis of a way of life — extractivism. But an activity need not necessarily become a way of life, and if a crucial aspect of extractivism is a depletionary idea of the earth that disregards the ethic of stewardship, one may conclude that it is possible to imagine extraction outside of, or beyond, extractivism.
Structure and origins of inductive bias
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses what kinds of inductive biases people have and how general are they. It examines some inductive biases that are sufficiently pervasive and can be considered domain-general, such as causality in which people perceive events as contingent on other events, not merely correlated with them. For example, when a moving object touches a stationary object and the stationary object then begins to move, people perceive the moving object as causing the movement of the stationary object. The chapter mentions psychologist Albert Michotte, who showed that the impression of causality can be generated by very sparse visual information. Michotte's findings demonstrate that causality can be apprehended from extremely sparse information; the observers know virtually nothing about the structure of the environment in which these perceptual events are occurring.
How to never be wrong
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses ad hoc auxiliary hypotheses that have long worried philosophers of science, because they suggest a slippery slope towards unfalsifiability. If any theory can be rescued in the face of disconfirmation by changing auxiliary how to never be wrong assumptions, how can someone tell good theories from bad theories? The chapter cites the basic problem posed by several examples, which is how to assign credit or blame to central hypotheses vs. auxiliary hypotheses. It highlights an influential view known as the Duhem-Quine thesis, which asserts that the credit-assignment problem is insoluble and central and auxiliary hypotheses must face observational data as a corporate body. This thesis implies that theories will be resistant to disconfirmation as long as they have recourse to ad hoc auxiliary hypotheses.
Seeing patterns
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the tendency to perceive patterns even where none exist that has sometimes been held up as a distinctive irrationality of human behavior, an overextension of the pattern-discovery machinery that has made the human species so successful. It examines irrational phenomena from a rational inductive perspective. Faced with ambiguity, what kinds of patterns would a rational learner discover? What kinds of inductive biases do people bring to this problem? The chapter explains how rational belief formation demarcates the boundary between coincidence and discovery. Why do so many people believe in psychic powers despite the lack of compelling evidence? One answer is that it will be easy to accept ambiguous evidence in its favor the evidence is typically if people have a disposition to believe in psychic powers.
Status and Resources
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: May 2022

This chapter moves on to the relationship between the commitment to equality and the socioeconomic conditions that enable us to sustain it. It argues that status and economic equality cannot be viewed as separate stages. It calls for the interdependence of a politics of recognition and a politics of redistribution. Similar issues are debated today under the rubric of identity politics, with mobilisations against racist violence or sexual harassment still disparaged as distractions from the “real” issues of socioeconomic change. The chapter contends that these debates expose a continuing — and unhelpful — normative hierarchy about which inequalities most matter, and it draws considerable support in this from so-called relational accounts of equality. The chapter also argues, however, that relational accounts veer too much towards a version of sufficiency, and thereby risk re-installing a normative hierarchy.
The Haida Crest Pole and the Nootka Eagle Mask
Authors: Penny H. Glenn
Published: May 2022

This chapter follows the journey of Norwegian collector Johan Adrian Jacobsen to the Pacific coast of Canada to collect as much as possible from the Northwest Coast tribes (especially the Haida) living between Alaska and Vancouver. The chapter chronicles his predicament when he arrived at the location of Northwest Coast tribes and found private collectors, a representative of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, and tourists—hordes of them—who came in the summers to the port cities, towns, and even some villages. The chapter then describes how he went door-to-door in villages, and found many people with beautiful and fascinating things to sell. It highlights the Haida crest pole, a focal point in the atrium of Bastian's Museum, which Jacobsen purchased from a man who had converted to Christianity in the Haida village of Masset, in the Queen Charlotte Islands. The chapter stresses that Jacobsen's trip was part of Bastian's hypercollecting—attempting to get as much as possible as fast as possible.
Reading Aeneas
Authors: Farrell Joseph
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines Aeneas' personal desire, which is not to do what his fate and the gods require him to do, but to become a proper Homeric hero, and the Aeneid is the story of how he does so. This statement, if true, is full of implications, possibly decisive ones, for the interpretation of the poem as a whole. It addresses which Homeric hero does Aeneas become, how fully does he inhabit this role, when does he begin to do so, and when does he complete his transformation. The chapter looks at issues that pertain to what Servius describes as the double purpose of the Aeneid. An asymmetrical perspective on the Homeric poems agrees with Aeneas' behavior and with the decisions that he makes.
Licentious Rhymers
Authors: Rush Rebecca M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines how John Donne played a formative role in a new school of couplet poetry that arose in the 1590s. The youthful poets who belonged to this school rejected the interwoven rhymes favored by many Elizabethans, insisting that elaborate rhyme schemes betrayed a preference for form over reason. Reacting against Italianate stanzaic poetry, these poets took up the Chaucerian pentameter couplet in order to flout imported poetic rules and return English poetry to its original state of rational liberty. They contended that the antiquated form, with its loose rhythm and enjambed lines, allowed them to restore verse to its proper function as a forum for free, argumentative discourse. By considering Donne's early experiments with the couplet, the chapter provides a new perspective on a period of Donne's career that has often proved elusive.
Introduction
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins with Chen Jinhua's life story, which is emblematic of the larger trends characterizing the social and economic connections between southeast coastal China and Southeast Asia from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century. It describes sojourning overseas that had become fairly normalized by Chen's day, but catastrophes big and small inclined villagers and urbanites to embark on foreign journeys for work and sanctuary. Many of these sojourners already had relatives or acquaintances living overseas on whom they could rely initially. The chapter highlights a significant number of émigrés who achieved fame and fortune hailed from the trading classes at home or had family overseas who were engaged in commerce, shopkeeping, or other small businesses. Because of that overseas connection, families like the Chens tended to own more property and have more financial resources back home than their neighbors who lacked that lifeline.
“This Diabolical Tyranny”
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at conventional histories of China that record that Chaozhou's maritime port of Swatow opened to foreign trade as a result of the Chinese defeat at the hands of the French and British during the Second Opium War. It reviews the treaties that terminated this war, such as the Treaty of Tianjin (1858) and Convention of Beijing (1860), which opened Swatow and ten additional ports to Western trade and permitted foreign travel to the interior of China. British, French, Russians, and Americans signed separate treaties with the Qing, but the renewal of hostilities between Chinese and Franco-British forces in that year invalidated the agreements. The chapter mentions the Xianfeng emperor that issued an edict on November 9, 1859. If the Americans technically opened Swatow to foreign trade, the British emerged as the dominant Western presence after their military victory in 1860.
Translocal Families
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes sojourning merchants and laborers who maintained a connection to Chaozhou. They were members of translocal families, families whose intimate lives were collectively lived across vast territories. Some workers lost contact with their villages entirely, but even in those cases the demographics of family life were played out translocally. The chapter describes how emigrant villages back home were transformed into majority female sites, reflecting the gender dynamics of only one node of familial territory. It talks about family life in maritime Chaozhou that was considered a large-scale collectivity. Prior to the twentieth century, women who lived conventional lives stayed at home, in Chaozhou.
Conclusion
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts the heyday of maritime Chaozhou that arced from the triumphant rise of the Chaozhou-Siamese king of Siam, Taksin, in 1767 to the catastrophic collapse of the global economy after 1929. It refers to Chaozhou merchants that joined the ranks of the Fujianese and Cantonese as commanding players in the commerce and commodity production of Southeast Asia, while legions of laborers sustained their families by sojourning abroad to work: from 1869 to 1948 almost six million Chinese. The chapter discusses the Chinese employed primarily by Chaozhouese-owned businesses, which produced gambier, pepper, rice, sugar, rubber, and fruit on overseas plantations or toiled in mines or served as boatmen and sailors. Capital derived from overseas investments primarily was reinvested abroad while the home folk grew dependent on remittances.
All Else Equal
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter explains some subtleties of how all-else-equal claims work, showing how these types of claims fit together to achieve commensurability. It emphasizes the different obligations the all-else-equal caveat places on theorists and empiricists. It also points out that the analysis of all-else-equal claims in theory and empirics suggests that the tools of the credibility revolution have broader applicability than is often appreciated, which are essential for assessing any all-else-equal claim, whether or not it has a causal interpretation. The chapter discusses the formal theory and credible research designs that are natural complements because their shared attention to all-else-equal conditions strengthens commensurability. It highlights important differences in how all-else-equal claims arise in theoretical and empirical work and how a thorough treatment of commensurability requires sensitivity to differences.
Direct Effects of the Paths
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses quantitative testing, focusing on the direct relationship between the path conditions and democratization. It translates the preceding discussion into testable hypotheses and clarifies an empirical approach, followed by the empirical setup and results. To improve causal inference, it also contrasts the key predictors with other events that should be similarly predicted by potential confounders and examines a difference-in-differences model and stress the robustness of the findings to additional controls and model variations. The chapter uses an imputation technique that estimates the likelihood of a dictator's irregular ouster and a party's chance of winning power in democracy to test the mechanisms. Results provide strong support for the theory on shocks and ruling parties, as well as the predictive power of leader insecurity and democratic prospects.
The Paths and Democratic Survival
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores how the paths affect democratic survival and quality, building on past work that connects transitions to the ensuing democracy to develop expectations for the paths. It tests the distinct transition types on a full sample of democracies from 1800 to 2014, predicting survival and four measures of quality. The findings are clear: democracies are significantly more durable and of higher quality when transitions follow regimes with established ruling parties compared with domestic shocks. The chapter emphasizes how international shocks and other transitions are more mixed, causing the paths to carry legacies for democracy with implications for how democracy can best continue to spread. Electoral continuity stands out as the most favorable route to democracy, although it comes at a cost of greater institutional persistence from autocracy.
Shareholder Democracy
Authors: Jacoby Sanford M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes proxy access, which became the holy grail for union and public pension funds and gave shareholders the right to nominate directors and place their names alongside the board's choices. It talks about energizing the drive for proxy access, which started when shareholders became furious that boards had failed to protect their interests. Proxy access is an old idea that was hotly contested because it challenged the balance of power within corporations. The chapter investigates the search for proxy access that circled around five venues: the shareholder forum, the Securities and Exchange Commission, Congress, the White House, and the courts. It eventually found its way into the Dodd-Frank Act.