bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Model Studies on the Effect of Breakwaters on Coastal Processes — A Case Study along a Stretch of the Kerala Coast, India
Authors: Nair L. Sheela , Sundar V. , Kurian N.P.
Published: November 2011

The Kayamkulam-Arattupuzha coastal stretch which forms part of the Kayamkulam – Thottapally (Quilon-Cochin) sector of the Kerala coast of India has been an eroding coastline for the past two to three decades. From 2000 to 2007 there has been a drastic increase in the erosion particularly around the inlet. Coincidentally, during the same period, two long breakwaters were constructed for the formation of the Kayamkulam fishing harbour. A critical analysis of the field data clearly indicates that the morphological changes are directly due to the construction of breakwaters. This paper reports the application of numerical models as an effective tool to study the coastal dynamics of the area and also to quantify and assess the shoreline changes for predicting the shoreline evolution pattern over a period of time. The Spectral Wave (SW) and Hydrodynamic Flow Model (FM) of the MIKE 21 modeling system (DHI) have been used for modeling the coastal dynamics, whereas, the studies on the shoreline change were carried out using LITPACK coastal suite (DHI). The paper highlights the need for an integrated coastal management approach as a proactive measure wherein shoreline management plans are also developed and implemented along with the execution of the project to address adverse impacts if any.
Ca2+Influx Slows Single Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis
Authors: Leitz Jeremy , Kavalali Ege T.
Published: November 2011

Ca2+-dependent synaptic vesicle recycling is critical for maintenance of neurotransmission. However, uncoupling the roles of Ca2+in synaptic vesicle fusion and retrieval has been difficult, as studies probing the role of Ca2+in endocytosis relied on measurements of bulk synaptic vesicle retrieval. Here, to dissect the role of Ca2+in these processes, we used a low signal-to-noise pHluorin-tagged vesicular probe to monitor single synaptic vesicle recycling in rat hippocampal neurons. We show that Ca2+increases synaptic vesicle fusion probability in the classical sense, but surprisingly decreases the rate of synaptic vesicle retrieval. This negative regulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval is blocked by the Ca2+chelator, EGTA, as well as FK506, a specific inhibitor of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. The slow time course of aggregate synaptic vesicle retrieval detected during repetitive activity could be explained by a progressive decrease in the rate of synaptic vesicle retrieval during the stimulation train. These results indicate that Ca2+entry during single action potentials slows the pace of subsequent synaptic vesicle recycling.
The Neurophysiology and Pathology of Brain Zinc
Authors: Sensi Stefano L. , Paoletti Pierre , Koh Jae-Young , Aizenman Elias , Bush Ashley I. , Hershfinkel Michal
Published: November 2011

Our understanding of the roles played by zinc in the physiological and pathological functioning of the brain is rapidly expanding. The increased availability of genetically modified animal models, selective zinc-sensitive fluorescent probes, and novel chelators is producing a remarkable body of exciting new data that clearly establishes this metal ion as a key modulator of intracellular and intercellular neuronal signaling. In this Mini-Symposium, we will review and discuss the most recent findings that link zinc to synaptic function as well as the injurious effects of zinc dyshomeostasis within the context of neuronal death associated with major human neurological disorders, including stroke, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease.
Hippocampal GluA1-Containing AMPA Receptors Mediate Context-Dependent Sensitization to Morphine
Authors: Xia Yan , Portugal George S. , Fakira Amanda K. , Melyan Zara , Neve Rachael , Lee H. Thomas , Russo Scott J. , Liu Jie , Morón Jose A.
Published: November 2011

Glutamatergic systems, including AMPA receptors (AMPARs), are involved in opiate-induced neuronal and behavioral plasticity, although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of repeated morphine administration on AMPAR expression, synaptic plasticity, and context-dependent behavioral sensitization to morphine. We found that morphine treatment produced changes of synaptic AMPAR expression in the hippocampus, a brain area that is critically involved in learning and memory. These changes could be observed 1 week after the treatment, but only when mice developed context-dependent behavioral sensitization to morphine in which morphine treatment was associated with drug administration environment. Context-dependent behavioral sensitization to morphine was also associated with increased basal synaptic transmission and disrupted hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), whereas these effects were less robust when morphine administration was not paired with the drug administration environment. Interestingly, some effects may be related to the prior history of morphine exposure in the drug-associated environment, since alterations of AMPAR expression, basal synaptic transmission, and LTP were observed in mice that received a saline challenge 1 week after discontinuation of morphine treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that phosphorylation of GluA1 AMPAR subunit plays a critical role in the acquisition and expression of context-dependent behavioral sensitization, as this behavior is blocked by a viral vector that disrupts GluA1 phosphorylation. These data provide evidence that glutamatergic signaling in the hippocampus plays an important role in context-dependent sensitization to morphine and supports further investigation of glutamate-based strategies for treating opiate addiction.
Development of a radioscandium immunoconjugate for radioimmunotherapy
Authors: Moghaddam-Banaem L. , Jalilian A. R. , Pourjavid M. , Radfar E. , Bahrami-Samani A. , Yavari K. , Mazidi M. , Ghannadi-Maragheh M.
Published: November 2011

Developing monoclonal antibodies labeled with beta-emitters has led to the introduction of important agents in radioimmunotherapy. In this work, Sc-46 chloride was obtained by thermal neutron activation flux of natural metallic scandium sample followed by dissolution in acidic media (radionuclidic purity via beta and gamma ray spectroscopy, 99.9% ; radiochemical purity via ITLC, >99%) and used in radiolabeling of rituximab after conjugation with DOTA-NHS-ester. The specific activity was however not high. The conjugates were purified by molecular filtration and used in the radiolabeling. The radiochemical purity (ITLC), stability studies (ITLC and size exclusion chromatography), determination of average number of DOTA conjugated per mAb (chelate: antibody ratio, 5.8:1) and gel electrophoresis of [ 46Sc]Sc-DOTA-anti-CD20 were determined followed by biodistribution studies for 46Sc and [ 46Sc]Sc-DOTA-anti-CD20 i n wild type rats up to 72 h. The binding of the radiolabeled antibody was showed to be 60% on Raji cells. The final compound was stable in presence of PBS at 37 ºC and room temperature. The accumulation of the radiolabeled antibody in liver, spleen, kidney, heart and other tissues demonstrates a pattern similar to the other radiolabeled anti-CD20 immunoconjugates. The present study shows the possibility of antibody labeling for future use in radioimmunotherapy by 47Sc.
Diagnóstico precoce e os fatores associados às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em mulheres atendidas na atenção primária
Authors: Luppi Carla Gianna , Oliveira Rute Loreto Sampaio de , Veras Maria Amélia , Lippman Sheri A. , Jones Heidi , Jesus Christiane Herold de , Pinho Adriana A. , Ribeiro Manoel Carlos , Caiaffa-Filho Hélio
Published: November 2011

INTRODUÇÃO: Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST) em mulheres permanecem um desafio para a Saúde Pública: elevada prevalência, dificuldade para implantação de estratégias de diagnóstico precoce e elevada ocorrência de sequelas. OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de IST em usuárias de um serviço de atenção primária à saúde em São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Mulheres de 18 a 40 anos foram convidadas para realizar autocoleta de secreção vaginal para a detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae e Trichomonas vaginalis por meio de Reacão em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). As mulheres também responderam a um questionário com questões demográficas e relativas à história sexual face a face ou autoaplicado por meio de um computador. RESULTADOS: Das 781 mulheres incluídas no estudo, as prevalências obtidas foram: Chlamydia trachomatis (8,4%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1,9%) e Trichomonas vaginalis (3,2%). A positividade para pelo menos uma das três IST foi de 13%. As variáveis associadas independentemente com maior risco de IST foram: idade menor que 20 anos, mais de dois parceiros sexuais na vida e percepção de risco para IST; o uso de preservativo como método contraceptivo foi um fator protetor. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência encontrada em usuárias indica a necessidade da implantação de estratégias de rastreamento de IST em serviços de atenção primária.
Lessons Learned From a Decade of Focused Recruitment and Training to Develop Minority Public Health Professionals
Authors: Kreuter Matthew W. , Griffith Deidre J. , Thompson Vetta , Brownson Ross C. , McClure Stephanie , Scharff Darcell P. , Clark Eddie M. , Haire-Joshu Debra
Published: November 2011

From 1999 to 2009, the Eliminating Health Disparities Pre-doctoral Fellowship Program provided specialized education and mentoring to African American graduate students in public health. Fellows received a public health degree, coursework in understanding and eliminating health disparities, experiential learning, mentored research, and professional network building with African American role models. We describe successful strategies for recruiting and training fellows and make 5 recommendations for those seeking to increase workforce diversity in public health: (1) build a community of minority students, not a string of individual recruits; (2) reward mentoring; (3) provide a diverse set of role models and mentors; (4) dedicate staffing to assure a student-centered approach; and, (5) commit to training students with varying levels of academic refinement.
High-order connected moments expansion for the Rabi Hamiltonian
Authors: Amore Paolo , Fernandez Francisco , Rodriguez Martin
Published: November 2011

We analyze the convergence properties of the connected moments expansion (CMX) for the Rabi Hamiltonian. To this end we calculate the moments and connected moments of the Hamiltonian operator to a sufficiently large order. Our large-order results suggest that the CMX is not reliable for most practical purposes because the expansion exhibits considerable oscillations.
An Esr Study of Free Radicals Scavenging by Red Tea
Authors: Wosiński Stanisław , Jurga Jan , Kruczyński Zdzisław , Górski Romuald , Sobieralski Krzysztof , Siwulski Marek
Published: November 2011

An Esr Study of Free Radicals Scavenging by Red Tea

Herbal tea is known to exhibit the scavenging of free radicals responsible for cellular damage. We studied the effect of water treated with reverse osmotic filter equipped with a special dielectric ceramic composite on the antioxidant activity of red tea. Methanol solution of DPPH was added to the tea extract and the RT decay of DPPH free radicals was studied by ESR spectroscopy. Red tea brewed from tap water treated with the composite filter was found to exhibit higher radical scavenging efficiency in comparison with that of the tea brewed from tap water, mineral water and reverse osmosis water.
Quality Evaluation of Biogas and Selected Methods of its Analysis
Authors: Zamorska-Wojdyła Dorota , Gaj Kazimierz , Hołtra Anna , Sitarska Magdalena
Published: November 2011

Quality Evaluation of Biogas and Selected Methods of its Analysis

There were presented technological and ecological aspects of biogas quality evaluation and introduced an overview of the limits of its selected parameters. There were characterized analytical methods for determining the basic composition of biogas, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, condensation, dust, oils, siloxanes, and aggregated content of sulfur, chlorine and fluorine. The result of comparative analysis and literature studies are proposes of the most adequate to the studies of biogas - analytical methodologies.
Influence of Curing Conditions on the Impact of Natural Aggregate Coatings on Concrete Performance
Authors: Muñoz Jose F. , Effinger Jacob B. , Tejedor M. Isabel , Anderson Marc A. , Cramer Steven M.
Published: November 2011

Traditionally the effect of microfines in concrete has been evaluated in specimens subjected to a moist curing regimen. However, this type of curing is not representative of real pavement construction conditions in the field where evaporation of water from new pavement surfaces can occur before curing compounds are applied. This study evaluated the impacts of natural microfines from both aggregate fractions, fine and coarse, under ASTM C33–specified requirements, in the performance of concrete cured under a wet (~90% relative humidity) and a dry (30% to 60% relative humidity) environment. The examined concrete batches were fabricated with seven different aggregates, and their associated microfines fell into two major categories: siliceous stone and dolomitic limestone. Results showed that current ASTM C33 thresholds of microfine content were reliable only when specimens were moist cured. The damage induced by dry curing was exacerbated by the presence of these microfines.
Developing Correlation Relationship between Modulus of Subgrade Reaction and Resilient Modulus for Florida Subgrade Soils
Authors: Ping W. Virgil , Sheng Biqing
Published: November 2011

The resilient modulus of pavement subgrade is an essential parameter for mechanistically based pavement design procedures; the modulus of subgrade reaction (k) is used as a primary parameter for rigid pavement design. The AASHTO pavement design guide (1986, 1993) suggested a theoretical relationship between modulus of subgrade reaction and resilient modulus of subgrade based on the assumption that the subgrade material is linear elastic. This paper presents an experimental study to evaluate the load–deformation and resilient modulus characteristics of the granular subgrade soils with the use of field and laboratory tests. An extensive field static plate bearing load testing program was conducted to evaluate the in situ bearing characteristics of typical Florida pavement subgrade soils. A full-scale laboratory evaluation of the subgrade performance was conducted in a test-pit facility that simulated the actual field conditions. A laboratory triaxial test was performed to evaluate the resilient modulus characteristics of the subgrade materials. Comparative studies were conducted to evaluate the resilient modulus from laboratory triaxial tests and field experimental studies. Correlation relationships were developed between the measured resilient modulus in the laboratory and the resilient modulus measured with the use of a test-pit facility and between the subgrade soil resilient modulus and the modulus of subgrade reaction. The calibrated relationship based on the experimental studies was close to the AASHTO theoretical relationship. The calibrated relationship could be used in the Florida pavement design guide to obtain realistic subgrade resilient modulus values from laboratory resilient modulus measurements.
Using imaging to identify psychogenic parkinsonism before deep brain stimulation surgery
Authors: Pourfar Michael H. , Tang Chris C. , Mogilner Alon Y. , Dhawan Vijay , Eidelberg David
Published: November 2011

The frequency with which patients with atypical parkinsonism and advanced motor symptoms undergo deep brain stimulation (DBS) procedures is unknown. However, the potential exposure of these patients to unnecessary surgical risks makes their identification critical. As many as 15% of patients enrolled in recent early Parkinson disease (PD) trials have been found to lack evidence of a dopaminergic deficit following PET or SPECT imaging. This suggests that a number of patients with parkinsonism who are referred for DBS may not have idiopathic PD. The authors report on 2 patients with probable psychogenic parkinsonism who presented for DBS surgery. They found that both patients had normal caudate and putamen [18F]-fluorodopa uptake on PET imaging, along with normal expression of specific disease-related metabolic networks for PD and multiple system atrophy, a common form of atypical neurodegenerative parkinsonism. The clinical and PET findings in these patients highlight the role of functional imaging in assisting clinical decision making when the diagnosis is uncertain.
Climate niches of milkweeds with plesiomorphic traits (Secamonoideae; Apocynaceae) and the milkweed sister group link ancient African climates and floral evolution
Authors: Livshultz Tatyana , Mead Jerry V. , Goyder David J. , Brannin Michelle
Published: November 2011

• Premise of the study: Climate change that increases mortality of plants and pollinators can create mate‐finding Allee effects and thus act as a strong selective force on floral morphology. Milkweeds (Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae; Apocynaceae) are typically small plants of seasonally dry habitats, with pollinia and high pollen‐transfer efficiency. Their sister group (tribe Baisseeae and Dewevrella) is mostly comprised of giant lianas of African rainforests, with pollen in monads. Comparison of the two groups motivated a new hypothesis: milkweeds evolved in the context of African aridification and the shifting of rainforest to dry forest. Pollinia and high pollen‐transfer efficiency may have been adaptations that alleviated mate‐finding Allee effects generated by high mortality during droughts. We formally tested whether milkweeds have a drier climate niche by comparing milkweeds with plesiomorphic traits (Secamonoideae) and the milkweed sister group in continental Africa.

• Methods: We georeferenced specimens of the milkweed sister group and Secamonoideae in continental Africa, extracted 19 climatic variables from the Worldclim model, conducted factor analysis to identify correlated suites of variables, and compared the frequency distributions of the two lineages relative to each factor.

• Key results: The distributions of Secamonoideae and the milkweed sister group differed significantly relative to four factors, each correlated with a distinct suite of climate parameters: (1) air temperature (Secamonoideae: cooler), (2) total and (3) summer precipitation (Secamonoideae: drier), and (4) temperature seasonality and isothermality (Secamonoideae: more seasonal and less isothermal).

• Conclusions: Secamonoideae in continental Africa inhabit drier, cooler sites than do the milkweed sister group, consistent with a shift from rainforests to dry forests in a cooling climate.
Potential zooplankton preys (Copepoda and Appendicularia) for Engraulis anchoita in relation to early larval and spawning distributions in the Patagonian frontal system (SW Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Spinelli Mariela L. , Pájaro Marcelo , Martos Patricia , Esnal Graciela B. , Sabatini Marina , Capitanio Fabiana L.
Published: November 2011

We investigated the spatial distribution of the abundance, biomass and size of zooplankton (nauplii, calanoids, cyclopoids and appendicularians) in relation to the distribution of first-feeding larvae and eggs of Engraulis anchoita across the frontal system of Peninsula Valdés. Twelve samples of zooplankton and ichthyoplankton were taken with small Bongo (67 μm) and Pairovet (200 μm) nets during the spring of 2004 along two transects. The total abundance of zooplankton and the chlorophyll a concentration were higher in homogeneous waters, while total biomasses were higher in stratified waters. Temperature was negatively correlated with biological variables and was the main factor affecting the zooplankton distribution. In both transects, abundance peaks of first-feeding larvae were detected at coastal stations along with the smallest fraction of zooplankton ( < 500 μm), while the largest fraction was dominant at the external stations, coinciding with the highest egg abundance. The physical structure of this front generates different levels of food availability for first-feeding larvae. Calanoids (southern transect) and cyclopoids (northern transect) are predominant followed by nauplii and appendicularians. The biomass of zooplankton preys contributes to the carbon transfer to the upper trophic levels and is probably important for the survival and growth of anchovy larvae in this frontal system.
ESTIMATING THE MEAN BLOOD FLOW OF ARM BASED ON WINDKESSEL MODEL
Authors: Liu Shing-Hong , Cheng Da-Chuan , Wang Jia-Jung
Published: November 2011

The blood flow is always used to evaluate the arterial obstruction or arteriosclerosis. The echo-method is the standard. In this study, we propose a new method for assessing the total mean blood flow of the arm using a known brachial arterial compliance and based on a two-element Windkessel (WK) model, in which the arterial hemodynamics consists of a peripheral arterial resistor and a peripheral arterial capacitor in parallel. The known compliance of the brachial artery belonging to a local and relative amount has been estimated from the pattern of the oscillometric waveform in our previous study. An estimating peripheral arterial compliance and resistance are got from the known compliance. The governing equation of the two-element WK model is then used to get the blood flow waveform. The accuracy of WK-based mean blood flow (FWK) is validated by comparing it with the mean blood flow (Fecho) estimated by an echo-based method in the brachial arteries of 32 subjects. The results showed that the values of FWKand Fechowere significantly correlated (r = 0.671). This suggests that a total mean blood flow can be evaluated by the known arterial compliances derived by regional or relative changed measurements.
Differentiating Asthma from its mimics
Authors: Waheed Zeeshan , Irfan Muhammad , Salih Mohammad , Sarwar Zubairi Ali Bin
Published: November 2011

All that wheezes is not asthma this adage accredited to Chevalier Jackson emphasizes the importance of differentiating asthma from its mimics, particularly if the patient is not responding to usual therapy. The above statement also warrants further diagnostic evaluation and management of non-asthma conditions that mimic asthma. We present here a case of a middle aged female who presented with severe bronchospasm, initially labeled as asthma but was resistant to usual anti-asthma therapy. After further workup she was eventually diagnosed to have esophageal achalasia.
Geochemical data of the Buchans-Robert's Arm Belt and adjacent units in central Newfoundland and Notre Dame Bay regions
Authors: Zagorevski A , Rogers N
Published: November 2011

The following report presents a compilation of the geochemical data collected in the course of the Buchans-Robert's Arm belt project, which is funded under the auspices of the 2005-2010 Targeted Geoscience Initiative 3 Program (TGI3). The Buchans-Robert's Arm
belt historically constitutes the most important base metal mineralized portion of the Newfoundland Appalachians, hosting several past producing mines (i.e., Buchans, Gullbridge, Crescent Lake volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits), as well as numerous known mineral deposits and occurrences.
Detailed knowledge of the local and regional structure, stratigraphy and tectonic setting is important for the success of present and future exploration programs and hence, the socio-economic development of central Newfoundland.
The geochemical data presented herein provides significant assistance in the regional correlation of units, as well as for the determination of their tectonic setting. It complements previously released geochemical databases for central Newfoundland (e.g., Davenport et al., 1996; Jenner, 2002;
Rogers, 2004).The report is constructed to provide the user with access to the essential geochemical data, whilst providing additional background information for evaluation of the dataset, if so desired.
Job-hopping amongst African Black senior management in South Africa
Authors: Nzukuma Khanyile C.C. , Bussin Mark
Published: November 2011

Orientation: The study focuses on understanding labour turnover trends amongst African Black senior managers in South Africa. There is a perception that turnover amongst African Black senior managers is higher than average. There is also a perception that African Black senior managers are only motivated by financial rewards when considering job change.Research purpose: The study focused on understanding why African Black senior managers have a propensity to change jobs and how organisations can resolve the trend.Motivation for the study: To develop a better understanding of the push and pull factors for African Black senior managers in organisations.Research design, approach and method: The research was conducted in two phases, namely as part of a qualitative study and a quantitative study: Creswell (2003) refers to this approach as triangulation. The target population was African Black senior managers on the database of a large Human Resources Consultancy, The South African Rewards Association and the Association of Black Actuaries and Investment Professionals (ABSIP) (n = 2600). A total of 208 usable responses were received.Main findings: The main findings and contribution to the field of study was that African Black senior managers do not trust organisations with their career development. They would rather take control of their own career development by moving from organisation to organisation to build their repertoire of skills and competence. They want to be in charge of their careers. This finding has profound implications for organisations employing African Black managers in the senior cadre.Practical/managerial implications: Managers of African Black senior managers need to create attractive employee value propositions that address the main findings. Contribution/value-add: The research shows that African Black senior managers generally seek corporate environments that encourage a sense of belonging and with a clear career growth plan.
Apelin and Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Andersen Charlotte U. , Hilberg Ole , Mellemkjær Soren , Nielsen‐Kudsk Jens E. , Simonsen U.
Published: November 2011

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease characterized by pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary arterial remodeling, abnormal angiogenesis and impaired right ventricular function. Despite progress in pharmacological therapy, there is still no cure for PAH. The peptide apelin and the G‐protein coupled apelin receptor (APLNR) are expressed in several tissues throughout the organism. Apelin is localized in vascular endothelial cells while the APLNR is localized in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vessels and in the heart. Apelin is regulated by hypoxia inducible factor‐1α and bone morphogenetic protein receptor‐2. Patients with PAH have lower levels of plasma‐apelin, and decreased apelin expression in pulmonary endothelial cells. Apelin has therefore been proposed as a potential biomarker for PAH. Furthermore, apelin plays a role in angiogenesis and regulates endothelial and smooth muscle cell apoptosis and proliferation complementary and opposite to vascular endothelial growth factor. In the systemic circulation, apelin modulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, induces eNOS‐dependent vasodilatation, counteracts angiotensin‐II mediated vasoconstriction, and has positive inotropic and cardioprotective effects. Apelin attenuates vasoconstriction in isolated rat pulmonary arteries, and chronic treatment with apelin attenuates the development of pulmonary hypertension in animal models. The existing literature thus renders APLNR an interesting potential new therapeutic target for PH.
The variability of urban aerosol size distributions and optical properties in São Paulo – Brazil: new particle formation events occur at the site
Authors: Backman J. , Rizzo L. V. , Hakala J. , Nieminen T. , Manninen H. E. , Morais F. , Aalto P. P. , Siivola E. , Carbone S. , Hillamo R. , Artaxo P. , Petäjä T. , Kulmala M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The quest to reduce the dependence on fossil fuel has increased the use of bio-ethanol as an additive to gasoline. The metropolitan area of São Paulo (population 20 million) is a unique laboratory to study the ambient aerosol population caused by the use of bio-fuels because 55% of the fuel used is ethanol. The use of ethanol as an additive to fossil fuel is known to increase aldehyde emissions and when photo chemically oxidized, result in smog. In order to characterize this smog problem total particle number concentration, particle number size distribution, light scattering and light absorption measurement equipment were deployed at the University of São Paulo campus area. Here we present the results from three months of measurements from 10 October 2010 to 10 January 2011. The median total particle number concentration for the sub-micron aerosol typically varies between 1×104–3×104 cm−3 frequently exceeding 5×104 cm−3 during the day. Median diurnal values for light absorption and light scattering vary between 12–33 Mm−1 and 21–64 Mm−1, respectively. The hourly median single-scattering albedo varied between 0.63 and 0.85 indicating a net warming effect on a regional scale. A total of ten new particle formation (NPF) events were observed. During these events, growth rates ranged between 9–25 nm h−1. On average, a calculated sulphuric acid vapour abundance of 2.6× 108 cm−3 would have explained the growth with a vapour production rate of 2.8×106 cm−3 s−1 to sustain it. The estimated sulphuric acid concentration, calculated from global irradiance and sulphur dioxide measurements, accounted for only a fraction of the vapour concentration needed to explain the observed growth rates. This indicates that also other condensable vapours participate in the growth process. During the events, the condensation sink was calculated to be 12× 10−3 s−1 on average.
COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage and Factors Associated With Vaccine Uptake Among People With HIV
Authors: Hechter Rulin C. , Qian Lei , Liu In-Lu Amy , Sy Lina S. , Ryan Denison S. , Xu Stanley , Williams Joshua T. B. , Klein Nicola P. , Kaiser Robyn M. , Liles Elizabeth G. , Glanz Jason M. , Jackson Lisa A. , Sundaram Maria E. , Weintraub Eric S. , Tseng Hung Fu
Published: June 2024

Importance

People with HIV (PWH) may be at increased risk for severe outcomes with COVID-19 illness compared with people without HIV. Little is known about COVID-19 vaccination coverage and factors associated with primary series completion among PWH.

Objectives

To evaluate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among PWH and examine sociodemographic, clinical, and community-level factors associated with completion of the primary series and an additional primary dose.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study used electronic health record data to assess COVID-19 vaccination information from December 14, 2020, through April 30, 2022, from 8 health care organizations of the Vaccine Safety Datalink project in the US. Participants were adults diagnosed with HIV on or before December 14, 2020, enrolled in a participating site.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The percentage of PWH with at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine and PWH who completed the COVID-19 vaccine primary series by December 31, 2021, and an additional primary dose by April 30, 2022. Rate ratios (RR) and 95% CIs were estimated using Poisson regression models for factors associated with completing the COVID-19 vaccine primary series and receiving an additional primary dose.

Results

Among 22 058 adult PWH (mean [SD] age, 52.1 [13.3] years; 88.8% male), 90.5% completed the primary series by December 31, 2021. Among 18 374 eligible PWH who completed the primary series by August 12, 2021, 15 982 (87.0%) received an additional primary dose, and 4318 (23.5%) received a booster dose by April 30, 2022. Receipt of influenza vaccines in the last 2 years was associated with completion of the primary series (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.15-1.20) and an additional primary dose (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.54-1.69). PWH with uncontrolled viremia (HIV viral load ≥200 copies/mL) (eg, RR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.85-0.95] for viral load 200-10 000 copies/mL vs undetected or <200 copies/mL for completing the primary series) and Medicaid insurance (eg, RR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.87-0.90] for completing the primary series) were less likely to be fully vaccinated. By contrast, greater outpatient utilization (eg, RR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.05-1.09] for ≥7 vs 0 visits for primary series completion) and residence in counties with higher COVID-19 vaccine coverage (eg, RR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.03-1.08] for fourth vs first quartiles for primary series completion) were associated with primary series and additional dose completion (RRs ranging from 1.01 to 1.21).

Conclusions and Relevance

Findings from this cohort study suggest that, while COVID-19 vaccination coverage was high among PWH, outreach efforts should focus on those who did not complete vaccine series and those who have uncontrolled viremia.
Heavy Lifetime Cannabis Use and Mortality by Sex
Authors: Vallée Alexandre
Published: June 2024

Importance

The association between mortality and cannabis use remains unclear.

Objective

To examine sex-stratified associations of cumulative lifetime cannabis use with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in the UK Biobank population.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used data from volunteers in the UK Biobank population. Participant monitoring for mortality in the UK Biobank study commenced from the point of their inclusion between 2006 and 2010 and continued until December 19, 2020. Data regarding the causes of death were sourced from the National Health Service Information Centre. Data were analyzed from inception of study inclusion to December 2020.

Exposure

Cannabis use status was assessed by questionnaire and categorized as heavy, moderate, low, and never.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcomes were all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. Sex-stratified associations of cumulative lifetime cannabis use with mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustment for demographic and clinical variables.

Results

Among 121 895 participants (54.51% females with mean [SD] age of 55.15 [7.64] years; 45.49% males with mean [SD] age of 56.46 [7.79] years) during an overall median of 11.80 years (IQR, 10.53-13.22 years) of follow-up, 2375 total deaths occurred, including 1411 deaths from CVD and 440 from cancer. In males, after full adjustment, the hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.28 (95% CI, 0.90-1.81) for all-cause mortality, 0.98 (95% CI, 0.43-2.25) for CVD mortality, and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.71-1.67) for cancer mortality among heavy cannabis users compared with never users. In females, after full adjustment, the HRs were 1.49 (95% CI, 0.92-2.40) for all-cause mortality, 2.67 (95% CI, 1.19-4.32) for CVD mortality, and 1.61 (95% CI, 0.91-2.83) for cancer mortality among heavy cannabis users compared with never users. In female current tobacco users, after full adjustment, heavy cannabis use was associated with all-cause mortality (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.12-4.53), CVD mortality (HR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.43-15.36), and cancer mortality (HR, 3.52; 95% CI, 1.50-8.33) and among never tobacco users was associated with CVD mortality (HR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.67-6.61). In male current tobacco users, heavy cannabis use was associated with cancer mortality (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.14-5.23).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, a positive association between CVD mortality and heavy lifetime cannabis use was observed among females. Longitudinal studies are needed in general populations to investigate the potential effects of cannabis on mortality.
Designer Anions for Better Rechargeable Lithium Batteries and Beyond
Authors: Song Ziyu , Wang Xingxing , Feng Wenfang , Armand Michel , Zhou Zhibin , Zhang Heng
Published: June 2024

Non‐aqueous electrolytes, generally consisting of metal salts and solvating media, are indispensable elements for building rechargeable batteries. As the major sources of ionic charges, the intrinsic characters of salt anions are of particular importance in determining the fundamental properties of bulk electrolyte, as well as the features of the resulting electrode‐electrolyte interphases/interfaces. To cope with the increasing demand for better rechargeable batteries requested by emerging application domains, the structural design and modifications of salt anions are highly desired. Here, salt anions for lithium and other monovalent (e.g., sodium and potassium) and multivalent (e.g., magnesium, calcium, zinc, and aluminum) rechargeable batteries are outlined. Fundamental considerations on the design of salt anions are provided, particularly involving specific requirements imposed by different cell chemistries. Historical evolution and possible synthetic methodologies for metal salts with representative salt anions are reviewed. Recent advances in tailoring the anionic structures for rechargeable batteries are scrutinized, and due attention is paid to the paradigm shift from liquid to solid electrolytes, from intercalation to conversion/alloying‐type electrodes, from lithium to other kinds of rechargeable batteries. The remaining challenges and key research directions in the development of robust salt anions are also discussed.
DNA Framework‐Enabled 3D Organization of Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation
Authors: Chen Hangwei , Li Fan , Ge Yulong , Liu Junyi , Xing Xing , Li Min , Ge Zhilei , Zuo Xiaolei , Fan Chunhai , Wang Shaopeng , Wang Fang
Published: June 2024

Preorganizing molecular drugs within a microenvironment is crucial for the development of efficient and controllable therapeutic systems. Here, the use of tetrahedral DNA framework (TDF) is reported to preorganize antiarrhythmic drugs (herein doxorubicin, Dox) in 3D for catheter ablation, a minimally invasive treatment for fast heartbeats, aiming to address potential complications linked to collateral tissue damage and the post‐ablation atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence resulting from incomplete ablation. Dox preorganization within TDF transforms its random distribution into a confined, regular spatial arrangement governed by DNA. This, combined with the high affinity between Dox and DNA, significantly increases local Dox concentration. The exceptional capacity of TDF for cellular internalization leads to a 5.5‐fold increase in intracellular Dox amount within cardiomyocytes, effectively promoting cellular apoptosis. In vivo investigations demonstrate that administering TDF‐Dox reduces the recurrence rate of electrical conduction after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) to 37.5%, compared with the 77.8% recurrence rate in the free Dox‐treated group. Notably, the employed Dox dosage exhibits negligible adverse effects in vivo. This study presents a promising treatment paradigm that strengthens the efficacy of catheter ablation and opens a new avenue for reconciling the paradox of ablation efficacy and collateral damage.
Visualizing Phase Evolution of Co2C for Efficient Fischer–Tropsch to Olefins
Authors: Hong Xiaoling , Zhao Qiao , Chen Yanping , Yu Zhibin , Zhou Mengzhen , Chen Yan , Luo Wenhao , Wang Chang , Ta Na , Li Haitao , Ye Runping , Zu Xiaotao , Liu Wei , Liu Jian
Published: June 2024

Cobalt carbide (Co2C) possesses high catalytic efficiency Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), while the products selectivity appears sensitive to crystallography geometry. Since the Anderson–Schulz–Flory (ASF) distribution in FTS is broken through fabricating facetted Co2C nanocrystals, yet the underlying mechanism of Co2C crystallization remains unclarified suffering from sophisticated catalyst composition involving promoter agents. Herein, the synthesis of high‐purity single‐crystal nanoprisms (Co2C‐p) for highly efficient FTS is reported to lower olefins. Through comprehensive microstructure analysis, e.g., high‐resolution TEM, in situ TEM and electron diffraction, as well as finite element simulation of gas flow field, for the first time the full roadmap of forming catalytic active cobalt carbides is disclosed, starting from reduction of Co3O4 precursor to CoO intermediate, then carburization into Co2C‐s and subsequent ripening growth into Co2C‐p. This gas‐induced engineering of crystal phase provides a new synthesis strategy, with many new possibilities for precise design of metal‐based catalyst for diverse catalytic applications.
Room‐Temperature Band‐Aligned Infrared Heterostructures for Integrable Sensing and Communication
Authors: Xiao Kening , Zhang Shi , Zhang Kaixuan , Zhang Libo , Wen Yuanfeng , Tian Shijian , Xiao Yunlong , Shi Chaofan , Hou Shicong , Liu Changlong , Han Li , He Jiale , Tang Weiwei , Li Guanhai , Wang Lin , Chen Xiaoshuang
Published: June 2024

The demand for miniaturized and integrated multifunctional devices drives the progression of high‐performance infrared photodetectors for diverse applications, including remote sensing, air defense, and communications, among others. Nonetheless, infrared photodetectors that rely solely on single low‐dimensional materials often face challenges due to the limited absorption cross‐section and suboptimal carrier mobility, which can impair sensitivity and prolong response times. Here, through experimental validation is demonstrated, precise control over energy band alignment in a type‐II van der Waals heterojunction, comprising vertically stacked 2D Ta2NiSe5and the topological insulator Bi2Se3, where the configuration enables polarization‐sensitive, wide‐spectral‐range photodetection. Experimental evaluations at room temperature reveal that the device exhibits a self‐powered responsivity of 0.48 A·W−1, a specific directivity of 3.8 × 1011cm·Hz1/2·W−1, a response time of 151 µs, and a polarization ratio of 2.83. The stable and rapid photoresponse of the device underpins the utility in infrared‐coded communication and dual‐channel imaging, showing the substantial potential of the detector. These findings articulate a systematic approach to developing miniaturized, multifunctional room‐temperature infrared detectors with superior performance metrics and enhanced capabilities for multi‐information acquisition.
Comparison of serum WFA+‐M2BP, FIB‐4, and APRI for cirrhosis and esophageal varices prediction in hepatoma patients
Authors: Lin Ming‐Tsung , Chang Kuo‐Chin , Wang Chih‐Chi , Chiu Sherry Yueh‐Hsia , Yong Chee‐Chien , Liu Yueh‐Wei , Li Wei‐Feng , Wang Jing‐Houng , Huang Chao‐Cheng , Hsiao Chang‐Chun , Tai Ming‐Hong , Hu Tsung‐Hui
Published: June 2024

Wisteria floribunda agglutinin‐positive Mac‐2 binding protein (WFA+‐M2BP) is a novel biomarker for evaluating hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. However, no previous study has compared its diagnostic accuracy with that of FIB‐4 or APRI nor explored its clinical application for predicting esophageal varices bleeding in HCC patients. In this study, we explored these biomarkers and compared their clinical roles. Total 459 HCC patients who underwent curative operation were enrolled in this study. WFA+‐M2BP level was evaluated using stored blood samples that were collected during surgery, and liver fibrosis was diagnosed based on findings of surgical specimen analysis. Esophageal or gastric varices were evaluated in 207 patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). The correlation between the markers was also determined. Our study showed WFA+‐M2BP level, FIB‐4, and APRI had a similar high accuracy of approximately 73% for liver cirrhosis diagnosis. Their levels were significantly correlated with the liver fibrosis stage (p < .0001). WFA+‐M2BP level, FIB‐4, and APRI also had high diagnostic accuracy for varices formation (accuracy, 76.8%–80.2%) and high predictive accuracy for variceal bleeding (accuracy, 73.9%–76.3%). The correlation between WFA+‐M2BP level and FIB‐4 or between WFA+‐M2BP level and APRI was weak (Pearson r < 0.5, p < .0001) but that between FIB‐4 and APRI was very strong (Pearson r > 0.9, p < .0001). Our study demonstrated WFA+‐M2BP level, FIB‐4, and APRI have all shown to be very useful noninvasive methods for evaluating liver fibrosis and predicting esophageal varices bleeding to avoid risky liver biopsy and EGD examination.
A novel homozygous pathogenic missense variant in COX6B1: Further delineation of the phenotype
Authors: Jennions E. , Olsson‐Engman M. , Visuttijai K. , Wiksell Å. , Fluriach Dominguez N. , Kollberg G. , Oldfors A. , Hedberg‐Oldfors C.
Published: June 2024

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency is a phenotypically diverse group of diseases caused by variants in over 30 genes. Biallelic pathogenic variants in COX6B1 have been described in four patients to date with varying disease manifestations. We describe the clinical features and follow‐up of a patient with a novel homozygous pathogenic variant in COX6B1 who presented acutely with severe encephalomyopathy associated with an infection. New findings include ophthalmological evaluation and follow‐up of neuroradiological investigations. The novel p.Trp31Arg variant was predicted to be pathogenic in silico, and further functional analyses with biochemical analysis of mitochondrial function showed isolated COX deficiency. Muscle biopsy showed a specific lack of COX6B1 protein together with complex IV deficiency on western blot, enzyme histochemistry, and immuno‐histochemistry.
Accelerating Anhydrous Proton Transport in Covalent Organic Frameworks: Pore Chemistry and its Impacts
Authors: Tao Shanshan , Jiang Donglin
Published: June 2024

Proton conduction is important in both fundamental research and technological development. Here we report designed synthesis of crystalline porous covalent organic frameworks as a new platform for high‐rate anhydrous proton conduction. By developing nanochannels with different topologies as proton pathways and loading neat phosphoric acid to construct robust proton carrier networks in the pores, we found that pore topology is crucial for proton conduction. Its effect on increasing proton conductivity is in an exponential mode other than linear fashion, endowing the materials with exceptional proton conductivities exceeding 10−2 S cm−1 over a broad range of temperature and a low activation energy barrier down to 0.24 eV. Remarkably, the pore size controls conduction mechanism, where mesopores promote proton conduction via a fast‐hopping mechanism, while micropores follow a sluggish vehicle process. Notably, decreasing phosphoric acid loading content drastically reduces proton conductivity and greatly increases activation energy barrier, emphasizing the pivotal role of well‐developed proton carrier network in proton transport. These findings and insights unveil a new general and transformative guidance for designing porous framework materials and systems for high‐rate ion conduction, energy storage, and energy conversion.