bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Dianion of N‐Phenyl‐2‐(phenylsulfonylmethyl)propenamide: An Efficient Synthetic Reagent for (E)‐Trisubstituted Olefins and 5,6‐Dihydro‐2Hpyrans.
Authors: TANAKA K. , YODA H. , KAJI A.
Published: May 2016

Das aus dem Sulfonyl‐acrylsäureanilid (I) erzeugte Dianion (II) reagiert mit hoher Regioselektivität mit Alkylhalogeniden (III) bzw. Epoxiden (VI) zu den Substitutionsprodukten (IV) bzw. (VII), aus denen die Folgeprodukte (V) bzw. (VIII) hergestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Oxidation of Ene‐Type Chlorinated Olefins.
Authors: SUZUKI S. , ONISHI T. , FUJITA Y. , OTERA J.
Published: May 2016

Die Allylchloride (II) werden aus den Olefinen (I) durch Chlorierung mit Calciumhypochlorit, tert.‐Butylhypochlorit oder Trichlorisocyanursäure hergestellt und mit 2‐Propannitronat zu den Aldehyden (III) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Carboypyridinium Dichromate (NDC) and 4‐Carboxypyridinium Dichromate (INDC).
Authors: LOPEZ C. , GONZALEZ A. , COSSIO F. P. , PALOMO C.
Published: May 2016

Es werden zwei neue Chrom(VI)‐Oxidationsmittel (I) und (II) vorgestellt, die aus Nicotin‐ und Isonicotinsäure und Chromtrioxid/Wasser zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pathway to γ‐Ethylenic α‐Hydroxyketones by Means of Allylic Organozinc Reagents.
Authors: TOUGANI A. , COUFFIGNAL R.
Published: May 2016

The diones (I) react with the reagents (II) to give α‐ketols (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Short Synthesis of Allene‐ and [3]Cumulenecarboxylates.
Authors: KOHL‐MINES E. , HANSEN H.‐J.
Published: May 2016

Durch Reaktion der Carbonsäuren (I), (IV) bzw. (VI) mit den Phosphoranen (II) unter der Bedingung A) lassen sich Titelverbindungen vom Typ (III), (V) bzw. (VII) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Route to 2‐(Formylmethyl)‐cyclopenten‐3‐one and Its 1‐Methyl‐Congener.
Authors: ARMSTEAD D. A. , MANN J.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend vom Hydrazon (II), das in quantitativer Ausbeute aus dem entsprechenden Keton (I) zugänglich ist, wird du‐rch Umsetzung mit Ethylenoxid der 73 Alkohol (III) erhalten, der mit Pyridiniumchlorochromat zum Aldehyd (IV) oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselectivity and Solubility.
Authors: BERLAN J. , BESACE J. , STEPHAN E. , CRESSON P.
Published: May 2016

Aus den ungesättigten Oxazolidinen (I) erhält man mit Dimethyllithiumcuprat die Methyl‐hydro‐zimtaldehyde (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,2,3,4a,8b‐Hexahydro‐1,4‐methanobiphenylenes and 2‐Phenylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐enes.
Authors: CATELLANI M. , CHIUSOLI G. P. , RICOTTI S.
Published: May 2016

Norbornen (I) reagiert mit aromatischen Bromiden (II) in Gegenwart von Palladiumkomplexen und Alkaliphenolaten wie Kaliumphenolat zu den Gemischen aus den Benzocyclobutenaddukten (III) und den Phenylnorbornenen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselectivity in Intramolecular Additions of Allylsilanes to Enones.
Authors: MAJETICH G. , DEFAUW J. , HULL K. , SHAWE T.
Published: May 2016

Die intramolekulare Cyclisierungsreaktion der Allylsilan‐enone (I) bis (IV) führt in Abhängigkeit vom Katalysator (Fluorid (a) oder TiCl4(b)) zu Gemischen mit verschiedenen Anteilen der Hydrindanone (V)‐(VIII) und (IX) e‐ (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Photooxidation and Mass Spectra of 5,6,11,12‐Tetrachlorotetracene.
Authors: BALODIS K. A. , MEDNE R. S. , NEILAND O. YA. , KOZLOVA L. M. , KLYAVINYA Z. P. , MAZHEIKA I. B. , GAUKHMAN A. P.
Published: May 2016

Nach einem abgewandelten Verfahren wird die Titelverbindung (I‐II) mit höherer Ausb. und in größerer Reinheit erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Organic Anions. Part 122. Reactions of Carbanions with Carbon Tetrachloride in Two‐Phase Systems.
Authors: MAKOSZA M. , KWAST A. , KWAST E. , JONCZYK A.
Published: May 2016

In situ dargestellte Carbanionen reagieren mit Tetra‐ chlorkohlenstoff unter Bildung chlorierter Zwischenstufen, die sowohl als Nucleophile als auch als Elektrophile weiterreagieren können.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4,9‐Dimethoxy‐1H‐benz[f]indole.
Authors: MALESANI G. , FERLIN M. G.
Published: May 2016

Synthesis of 4,9‐Dimethoxy‐1H‐benz[f]indole.
ChemInform Abstract: ZnCl2 und CuCl Promoted Aldol Reactions of Isocyanoacetate with α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: ITO Y. , MATSUURA T. , SAEGUSA T.
Published: May 2016

Das Isocyan‐acetat (I) reagiert mit den ungesättigten Ketonen (II) zu den Addukten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Xanthone Analogue of Geiparvarin.
Authors: VALENTI P. , RECANATINI M. , DA RE P. , GALIMBENI W. , AVANZI N. , FILIPPESCHI S.
Published: May 2016

Der Xanthenonylallylether (I) läßt sich mit OsO4 und dem Morpholin‐N‐oxid (II) zum Glykol (III) hydroxylieren, das nach oxidativer Spaltung zum Aldehyd (IV) mit dem Ethyldimethylfuranon (V) basenka‐ talysiert zum Hydroxyether (VI) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorescent Dyes with Large Stokes Shifts. A Simple Synthesis of [2,2′‐Bipyridine]‐3,3′‐diol.
Authors: LANGHALS H. , PUST S.
Published: May 2016

The bipyridinediol (II) is obtained in one step from furoin (I) by Zincke rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: On Attempts to Prepare Ring‐B Homomorphinan‐6‐ones by Grewe Cyclization from Octahydro‐1‐phenethylisoquinolines.
Authors: DUMONT R. , PFANDER H. , BROSSI A.
Published: May 2016

Grewe cyclization of the N‐formyl‐protected octahydroisoquinolin‐6‐one (VI) prepared by conventional chemistry did not afford the expected homomorphinanone.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopenta[c]pyridines from Baldrinal and Homobaldrinal by Reaction with Primary Amines.
Authors: SEITZ G. , MODDELMOG G. , HOELZL J. +
Published: May 2016

Die Acyloxymethylcyclopentapyrane (I) lassen sich mit primären Aminen (II) über die nicht isolierten Hydroxymethylcyclopentapyridine (III) in die Bis‐formylcyclopentapyridine (IV) umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Conversions of 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐8‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxinopyridines.
Authors: ARUSTAMOVA I. S. , KUL'NEVICH V. G.
Published: May 2016

Die Dioxinopyridine (I) werden in die N‐Methylpyridiniumiodide (II) übergeführt, deren Kondensation mit den Benzaldehyden (III) bzw. mit den Furfuralen (VI) die Produkte (IV) bzw. (VII) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and 13C‐NMR Study of Pyrazolo[4,5‐c]‐ and Pyrazolo[4,3‐c][1]benzazepines.
Authors: MELANI F. , CECCHI L. , PALAZZINO G. , FILACCHIONI G.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Diketo‐carbonsäureester (I) erhält man mit Hydrazinen (II) unterschiedliche Pyrazole (III) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Some Tetrasilylmethane Derivatives.
Authors: EABORN C. , LICKISS P. D.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Trimethylsilan (I) wird durch Chlorierung und Reduktion das Silan (II) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of the [(η5‐C5H5)Ti(Mo5O18)]3‐ and [(η5‐C5H5)Ti(W5O18)]3‐ Anions.
Authors: CHE T. M. , DAY V. W. , FRANCESCONI L. C. , FREDRICH M. F. , KLEMPERER W. G. , SHUM W.
Published: May 2016

The title anions are obtained by the demonstrated reactions and are isolated as the NBu4‐salts (II).
ChemInform Abstract: The (Dimethylamido)tris(1‐pyrazolyl)borate(1‐) Ion, a New Hybrid Poly(1‐pyrazolyl)borate Ligand.
Authors: NIEDENZU K. , TROFIMENKO S.
Published: May 2016

Tris‐[dimethylamino]borane (I) reacts with pyrazol (II) in quantitative yield to the adduct (III), which at room temperature undergoes site exchange of the N‐bonded proton, so that‐ (III) is better formulated as (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: Inorganic Reactions of the Clusters FeCo2S(CO)9, HFe2CoS(CO)9 and H2Fe3S(CO)9.
Authors: FISCHER K. , DECK W. , SCHWARZ M. , VAHRENKAMP H.
Published: May 2016

Die Darstellung der Titelcluster (I), (IIa) und (III) ist bekannt, Clustersalze wie (IX) und (XVI) wurden nach beschriebenem Verfahren durch Deprotonierung mit KH in heterogener Phase erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Hexaaquanickel(II)Tris(1,8‐naphthyridine‐2,7‐dicarboxylato)dinickelate(II) Pentahydrate.
Authors: AGHABOZORG H. , PALENIK R. C. , PALENIK G. J.
Published: May 2016

Der Titelkomplex (I) entsteht bei der 1:1‐molaren Umsetzung von Ni‐nitrathexahydrat mit dem durch LiOH‐Behandlung von 1,8‐Naphthyridin‐2,7‐dicarbonsäure erhaltenen Dicarboxylat und wird als Pentahydrat isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics and Mechanism of the Formation, Aquation, and Base Hydrolysis Reactions of a Series of Monodentate Carbonato Complexes of Palladium(II).
Authors: MAHAL G. , VAN ELDIK R.
Published: May 2016

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Formation, Aquation, and Base Hydrolysis Reactions of a Series of Monodentate Carbonato Complexes of Palladium(II).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of cis‐Dichloro[tellurobis(di‐tert.‐butylphosphane)]platinum(II).
Authors: HENSEL R. , DU MONT W.‐W.
Published: May 2016

The title complex (II) is obtained by heterogeneous reactions between the tellurobis‐ (phosphane) and dichlorobis(benzonitrile)platinum(II) or PtClz in t‐oluene suspension.
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed‐Ligand cis and trans Complexes of Platinum(II) with Cytosine and Adenine Nucleobases: Crystal Structures und Solution Studies of cis and trans Isomers of (9‐Methyladenine‐N7)(1‐methylcytosine‐N3)diammineplatinum(II) Perchlorate. Different Selectivities of Aquadiammine(1‐methylcytosine)platinum(II) Isomers for N1 and N7 Donor Atoms of Adenine.
Authors: BEYERLE‐PFNUR R. , BROWN B. , FAGGIANI R. , LIPPERT B. , LOCK C. J. L.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von dem cis‐ (I) oder dem trans‐ Chlorodiammin‐1‐methylcytosin‐N3‐Pt(II)‐Komplex (V) werden durch Umsetzung der Aquo‐Analogen in situ mit 9‐Methyladenin die9‐Methyladenin‐N7‐ und 9‐Methyladenin‐N′‐Derivate (II) und (III) bzw. (VI) und (VII) sowie das Dimere (IV) oder (VIII) gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Corticosteroids by Flavins.
Authors: JASICZAK J. , SMOCZKIEWICZ M. A.
Published: May 2016

Desoxy‐corticosteron (I) wird durch Lumi?avine (II) über die Disproportionierung einer Dioxoverbindung (III) zur Hydroxycarbonsäure (IV) oxidiert, in sehr stark basischem Medium erhält man daraus die Keto‐carbonsäure (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Aldonhydroximo‐lactones. Preparation and Determination of Configuration.
Authors: BEER D. , VASELLA A.
Published: May 2016

Oxidation des Glucoseoxims (II) nach Methode (A) bzw. (B) gibt die Lactonoxime (Ia) bzw. (IIIa), die in die peracetylierten [(Ib), (IIIb)] bzw. teilacetylierten Derivate (Ic), (IIIc) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of O‐Silylated Ketene acetals. Diastereoselective Aldol Reaction of 2,3‐O‐Isopropylidene‐D (and L)‐Glyceraldehydes Leading to 2‐Deoxy‐D (and L)‐Riboses.
Authors: KITA Y. , YASUDA H. , TAMURA O. , ITOH F. , KE Y. Y. , TAMURA Y.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Aldehyd (I) erhält man mit dem Ketenacetal (II) die Addukte (III), aus denen mit Trifluoressigsäure und Anhydriden (IV) die Lacton‐dicarbonsäureester (V) und (VI) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the 7‐Deaza and 5‐Aza‐7‐deaza Purine Analogs of the Antiherpes Agent 9‐[(1,3‐Dihydroxy‐2‐propoxy)methyl]guanine (DHPG).
Authors: MCGEE D. P. C. , MARTIN J. C. , VERHEYDEN J. P. H.
Published: May 2016

Zur Untersuchung auf Antiherpes‐Wirkung werden 7‐Desaza‐purine wie (VI), (VIII), (XII) oder (XIII) unter Anwendung der üblichen Verfahren hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocyclic Intermediates Related to Anthracyclinones.
Authors: HARPER M. F. , MORLEY J. O. , PRESTON P. N.
Published: May 2016

Auf der Suche nach Anthracyclinen, welche dem Adriamycin verwandt sind, aber weniger Nebenwirkungen besitzen, wird eine Reihe von heterocyclischen Vorstufen hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Mössbauer, Raman, and DTA Studies on the Structure of BaF2
Authors: NISHIDA T. , NONAKA T. , TAKASHIMA Y.
Published: May 2016

ZrF4 ‐ FeFz Glasses.
Variation in commercial smoking mixtures containing third‐generation synthetic cannabinoids
Authors: Frinculescu Anca , Lyall Catherine L. , Ramsey John , Miserez Bram
Published: May 2016

Variation in ingredients (qualitative variation) and in quantity of active compounds (quantitative variation) in herbal smoking mixtures containing synthetic cannabinoids has been shown for older products. This can be dangerous to the user, as accurate and reproducible dosing is impossible. In this study, 69 packages containing third‐generation cannabinoids of seven brands on the UK market in 2014 were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively for variation. When comparing the labels to actual active ingredients identified in the sample, only one brand was shown to be correctly labelled. The other six brands contained less, more, or ingredients other than those listed on the label. Only two brands were inconsistent, containing different active ingredients in different samples. Quantitative variation was assessed both within one package and between several packages. Within‐package variation was within a 10% range for five of the seven brands, but two brands showed larger variation, up to 25% (Relative Standard Deviation). Variation between packages was significantly higher, with variation up to 38% and maximum concentration up to 2.7 times higher than the minimum concentration. Both qualitative and quantitative variation are common in smoking mixtures and endanger the user, as it is impossible to estimate the dose or to know the compound consumed when smoking commercial mixtures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leaf lifespan is positively correlated with periods of leaf production and reproduction in 49 herb and shrub species
Authors: Lan Li Fang , Liu Xin , Bao Wei kai
Published: May 2016

Leaf life span and plant phenology are central elements in strategies for plant carbon gain and nutrient conservation. Although few studies have found that leaf life span correlate with the patterns of leaf dynamics and reproductive output, but there have not been sufficient conclusive tests for relationships between leaf life span and plant phenological traits, the forms and strengths of such relationships are poorly understood. This study was conducted with 49 herb and shrub species collected from the eastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau and grown together in a common garden setting. We investigated leaf life span, the periods of leaf production and death, the time lag between leaf production and death, and the period of plant reproduction (i.e., flowering and fruiting). Interspecific relationships of leaf life span with leaf dynamics and reproduction period were determined. Leaf production period was far longer than leaf death period and largely reflected the interspecific variation of leaf life span. Moreover, leaf life span was positively correlated with the length of reproduction (i.e., flowering and fruiting) period. These relationships were generally consistent across different subgroups of species (herbs vs. shrubs) and indicate potentially widely applicable relationships between LLS and aboveground phenology. We concluded that leaf life span is associated not simply with the dynamics of the leaf itself but with reproduction period. The results demonstrate a plant trade‐off in resource allocation between production and reproduction and a coordinated arrangement of leaves, flowers, and fruits in their time investment. Our results provide insight into the relationship between leaf life span and plant phenology.
The clinimetric properties of the COMFORT scale: A systematic review
Authors: Maaskant J. , Raymakers‐Janssen P. , Veldhoen E. , Ista E. , Lucas C. , Vermeulen H.
Published: May 2016

The COMFORT scale is a measurement tool to assess distress, sedation and pain in nonverbal paediatric patients. Several studies have described the COMFORT scale, but no formal assessment of the methodological quality has been undertaken. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to study the clinimetric properties of the (modified) COMFORT scale in children up to 18 years. We searched Central, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, PsycInfo and Web of Science until December 2014. The selection, data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. Quality of the included studies was appraised using the COSMIN checklist. We found 30 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Most participants were ventilated children up to 4 years without neurological disorders. The results on internal consistency and interrater reliability showed values of >0.70 in most studies, indicating an adequate reliability. Construct validity resulted in correlations between 0.68 and 0.84 for distress, between 0.42 and 0.94 for sedation and between 0.31 and 0.96 for pain. The responsiveness of the (modified) COMFORT scale seems to be adequate. The quality of the included studies ranged from poor to excellent. The COMFORT scale shows overall an adequate reliability in providing information on distress, sedation and pain. Construct validity varies from good to excellent for distress, from moderate to excellent for sedation, and from poor to excellent for pain. The included studies were clinically and methodologically heterogeneous, hampering firm conclusions.

What does this review add?

An in‐depth assessment of the clinimetric properties of the COMFORT scale.

The COMFORT scale shows overall an adequate reliability in providing information on distress, sedation and pain. Construct validity varies from good to excellent for distress, from moderate to excellent for sedation, and from poor to excellent for pain.
Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids including the isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate in carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a sediment/water microcosm
Authors: Fang Shuhong , Zhang Yifeng , Zhao Shuyan , Qiang Liwen , Chen Meng , Zhu Lingyan
Published: May 2016

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) isomers in an artificially contaminated sediment/water microcosm. The uptake constant of PFAAs increased with increasing carbon chain length, whereas the elimination coefficient displayed the opposite trend, suggesting that carbon chain length plays an important role in the bioaccumulation of PFAAs. When the contribution of suspended particulate matter was taken into account, the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) became lower (3.61–600 L/kg) compared with BAFs derived from only considering the absorption from free PFAAs in water (3.85–97000 L/kg). The results indicate that suspended particulate matter in water constitutes an important source of exposure for aquatic organisms to long-chain PFAAs. Linear (n-)PFOS was preferentially accumulated compared with branched isomers in carp. Among the branched isomers, 1m-PFOS displayed the greatest bioaccumulation, whereas m2-PFOS had the lowest. Linear PFOS displayed greater partitioning ability from blood to other tissues over branched PFOS (br-PFOS) isomers, leading to a relatively lower n-PFOS proportion in blood. In summary, suspended particulate matter made a contribution to the accumulation of long-chain PFAAs in aquatic organisms, and n-PFOS was preferentially accumulated compared with br-PFOS isomers. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3005–3013. © 2016 SETAC
On the Modelling and Forecasting of Multivariate Realized Volatility: Generalized Heterogeneous Autoregressive (GHAR) Model
Authors: Čech František , Baruník Jozef
Published: May 2016

Recent multivariate extensions of the popular heterogeneous autoregressive model (HAR) for realized volatility leave substantial information unmodelled in residuals. We propose to employ a system of seemingly unrelated regressions to model and forecast a realized covariance matrix to capture this information. We find that the newly proposed generalized heterogeneous autoregressive (GHAR) model outperforms competing approaches in terms of economic gains, providing better mean–variance trade‐off, while, in terms of statistical precision, GHAR is not substantially dominated by any other model. Our results provide a comprehensive comparison of the performance when realized covariance, subsampled realized covariance and multivariate realized kernel estimators are used. We study the contribution of the estimators across different sampling frequencies, and show that the multivariate realized kernel and subsampled realized covariance estimators deliver further gains compared to realized covariance estimated on a 5‐minute frequency. In order to show economic and statistical gains, a portfolio of various sizes is used. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracortical myelination in musicians with absolute pitch: Quantitative morphometry using 7‐T MRI
Authors: Kim Seung‐Goo , Knösche Thomas R.
Published: May 2016

Absolute pitch (AP) is known as the ability to recognize and label the pitch chroma of a given tone without external reference. Known brain structures and functions related to AP are mainly of macroscopic aspects. To shed light on the underlying neural mechanism of AP, we investigated the intracortical myeloarchitecture in musicians with and without AP using the quantitative mapping of the longitudinal relaxation rates with ultra‐high‐field magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T. We found greater intracortical myelination for AP musicians in the anterior region of the supratemporal plane, particularly the medial region of the right planum polare (PP). In the same region of the right PP, we also found a positive correlation with a behavioral index of AP performance. In addition, we found a positive correlation with a frequency discrimination threshold in the anterolateral Heschl's gyrus in the right hemisphere, demonstrating distinctive neural processes of absolute recognition and relative discrimination of pitch. Regarding possible effects of local myelination in the cortex and the known importance of the anterior superior temporal gyrus/sulcus for the identification of auditory objects, we argue that pitch chroma may be processed as an identifiable object property in AP musicians. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3486–3501, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization and Treatment of a Cohort With Familial Tumoral Calcinosis/Hyperostosis-Hyperphosphatemia Syndrome
Authors: Ramnitz Mary Scott , Gourh Pravitt , Goldbach-Mansky Raphaela , Wodajo Felasfa , Ichikawa Shoji , Econs Michael J , White Kenneth E , Molinolo Alfredo , Chen Marcus Y , Heller Theo , Del Rivero Jaydira , Seo-Mayer Patricia , Arabshahi Bita , Jackson Malaka B , Hatab Sarah , McCarthy Edward , Guthrie Lori C , Brillante Beth A , Gafni Rachel I , Collins Michael T
Published: May 2016

Familial tumoral calcinosis (FTC)/hyperostosis-hyperphosphatemia syndrome (HHS) is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the genes encoding fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT3), or KLOTHO. The result is functional deficiency of, or resistance to, intact FGF23 (iFGF23), causing hyperphosphatemia, increased renal tubular reabsorption of phosphorus (TRP), elevated or inappropriately normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), ectopic calcifications, and/or diaphyseal hyperostosis. Eight subjects with FTC/HHS were studied and treated. Clinical manifestations varied, even within families, ranging from asymptomatic to large, disabling calcifications. All subjects had hyperphosphatemia, increased TRP, and elevated or inappropriately normal 1,25D. C-terminal FGF23 was markedly elevated whereas iFGF23 was comparatively low, consistent with increased FGF23 cleavage. Radiographs ranged from diaphyseal hyperostosis to massive calcification. Two subjects with severe calcifications also had overwhelming systemic inflammation and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). GALNT3 mutations were identified in seven subjects; no causative mutation was found in the eighth. Biopsies from four subjects showed ectopic calcification and chronic inflammation, with areas of heterotopic ossification observed in one subject. Treatment with low phosphate diet, phosphate binders, and phosphaturia-inducing therapies was prescribed with variable response. One subject experienced complete resolution of a calcific mass after 13 months of medical treatment. In the two subjects with systemic inflammation, interleukin-1 (IL-1) antagonists significantly decreased CRP levels with resolution of calcinosis cutis and perilesional inflammation in one subject and improvement of overall well-being in both subjects. This cohort expands the phenotype and genotype of FTC/HHS and demonstrates the range of clinical manifestations despite similar biochemical profiles and genetic mutations. Overwhelming systemic inflammation has not been described previously in FTC/HHS; the response to IL-1 antagonists suggests that anti-inflammatory drugs may be useful adjuvants. In addition, this is the first description of heterotopic ossification reported in FTC/HHS, possibly mediated by the adjacent inflammation. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Immunohistochemical study of hepatocyte, cholangiocyte and stem cell markers of hepatocellular carcinoma: the second report: relationship with tumor size and cell differentiation
Authors: Kumagai Arisa , Kondo Fukuo , Sano Keiji , Inoue Masafumi , Fujii Takeshi , Hashimoto Masaji , Watanabe Masato , Soejima Yurie , Ishida Tsuyoshi , Tokairin Takuo , Saito Koji , Sasajima Yuko , Takahashi Yoshihisa , Uozaki Hiroshi , Fukusato Toshio
Published: May 2016

Background

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether ordinary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) show positivity of stem/progenitor cell markers and cholangiocyte markers during the process of tumor progression.

Methods

Ninety‐four HCC lesions no larger than 8 cm from 94 patients were immuno‐histochemically studied using two hepatocyte markers (Hep par 1 and α‐fetoprotein), five cholangiocyte markers (cytokeratin CK7, CK19, Muc1, epithelial membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen) and three hepatic stem/progenitor cell markers (CD56, c‐Kit and EpCAM). The tumors were classified into three groups by tumor size: S1, < 2.0 cm; S2, 2.0–5.0 cm; S3, 5.0–8.0 cm. The tumors were also classified according to tumor differentiation: well, moderately and poorly differentiated. The relationship between the positive ratios of these markers, tumor size and tumor differentiation was examined.

Results

The positive ratios of cholangiocyte markers tended to be higher in larger sized and more poorly differentiated tumors (except for CK7). The positive ratios of stem/progenitor cell markers tended to be higher in larger sized and more poorly differentiated tumors (except for c‐Kit).

Conclusion

Ordinary HCC can acquire the characteristic of positivity of cholangiocyte and stem/progenitor cell markers during the process of tumor progression.
Inorganic polyphosphates enhances nucleus pulposus tissue formation in vitro
Authors: Gawri Rahul , Shiba Toshikazu , Pilliar Robert , Kandel Rita
Published: May 2016

Disc degeneration is associated with low back pain for which currently there is no optimal therapy so there is a great need to identify new treatment approaches. Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) are linear polymers of orthophosphate units varying in chain length and present in many cell types. As polyP has anabolic effects on chondrocytes, we hypothesized that polyP treatment would enhance matrix accumulation by nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. NP cells isolated from bovine caudal discs were grown in 3D culture under normoxic or in select experiments under hypoxic conditions, in the presence or absence of various concentrations and sizes of polyP. Gene expression was determined using RT‐PCR. Matrix accumulation was quantified by measuring proteoglycan and collagen contents. DAPI fluorescence shift was used to stain for polyP in tissue. DAPI staining showed polyP present predominantly in the pericellular region of in vitro formed tissue. PolyP treatment enhanced matrix accumulation in a concentration and chain length dependant manner. NP cells exposed to polyP‐22 (22 phosphate units length) showed an increase in gene expression of aggrecan, Collagen II, Sox 9, and MMP‐13 which was maintained for the 14 days of culture. This suggests that polyP may enhance NP tissue formation in vitro by upregulating the expression of matrix genes. As polyP enhances proteoglycan accumulation even under hypoxic conditions, this raises the possibility that polyP may be a novel treatment to induce NP regeneration. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:41–50, 2017.
Sequential ultrasonic extraction of a Chinese coal and characterization of nitrogen‐containing compounds in the extracts using high‐performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry
Authors: Xia Jun‐Liu , Fan Xing , You Chun‐Yan , Wei Xian‐Yong , Zhao Yun‐Peng , Cao Jing‐Pei
Published: May 2016

Dongming lignite was sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, carbon disulfide, methanol, acetone, and isometric carbon disulfide/acetone mixed solvent at room temperature to afford extracts 1–5, respectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used to separate and characterize heteroatomic species in the extracts at molecular level. Molecular mass of compounds in the extracts is mainly distributed from 300 to 800 u, and the relative abundance of compounds with molecular mass over 800 u in the carbon disulfide extract is 135 times of that in the petroleum ether extract. The acetone extract has the highest relative abundance for organonitrogen compounds. Double bond equivalence numbers of detected species indicate that most of the organonitrogen compounds contain N‐heterocyclic aromatic rings, including pyridine, quinoline and pyrrole. Some organonitrogen isomers in Dongming lignite were separated and identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and the corresponding structural information was proposed.
Simultaneous quantitation of the diastereoisomers of scholarisine and 19‐epischolarisine, vallesamine, and picrinine in rat plasma by supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Yang Zhichao , Sun Lingxia , Liang Chunsu , Xu Yongwei , Cao Jianming , Yang Yan , Gu Jingkai
Published: May 2016

Dengtaiye tablet has been used to treat chronic bronchitis cough. Scholarisine, 19‐epischolarisine, vallesamine, and picrinine are the representative constituents of Dengtaiye. A rapid and sensitive assay based on supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and validated for the determination of the diastereoisomers of scholarisine and 19‐epischolarisine, vallesamine, and picrinine in rat plasma using lamotrigine as internal standard. The analysis in a run time of only 6 min was performed on an ACQUITY UPC2 TrefoilTM BEH 2‐EP column (3.0 × 150 mm, 2.5 μm) at 50ºC. The mobile phase consisting of carbon dioxide and methanol (2 mM ammonium formate) was performed as follows: 15% methanol (2 mM ammonium formate) maintained at 0–2 min, 15–19% methanol (2 mM ammonium formate) at 2–4 min, 19–15% methanol (2 mM ammonium formate) at 4–6 min. The flow rate was 1.50 mL/min. The assay was linear over the concentration ranges 50–10000 pg/mL for scholarisine, 19‐epischolarisine, vallesamine, and picrinine with corresponding lower limits of quantitation of 50 pg/mL. Intra‐ and interday precisions were in the range 1.42–12.85% with accuracies in the range –11.71–2.48%. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study involving a single oral administration of 108 mg/kg Dengtaiye tablet to rats.
On approximation of functions by algebraic polynomials in Hölder spaces
Authors: Kolomoitsev Yurii , Lomako Tetiana , Prestin Jürgen
Published: May 2016

We study approximation of functions by algebraic polynomials in the Hölder spaces corresponding to the generalized Jacobi translation and the Ditzian–Totik moduli of smoothness. By using modifications of the classical moduli of smoothness, we give improvements of the direct and inverse theorems of approximation and prove the criteria of the precise order of decrease of the best approximation in these spaces. Moreover, we obtain strong converse inequalities for some methods of approximation of functions. As an example, we consider approximation by the Durrmeyer–Bernstein polynomial operators.
From the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov system to the Klein–Gordon equation
Authors: Daub Markus , Schneider Guido , Schratz Katharina
Published: May 2016

In a singular limit, the Klein–Gordon (KG) equation can be derived from the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov (KGZ) system. We point out that for the original system posed on a d‐dimensional torus, the solutions of the KG equation do not approximate the solutions of the KGZ system. The KG system has to be modified to make correct predictions about the dynamics of the KGZ system. We explain that this modification is not necessary for the approximation result for the whole space
with d≥3. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existence and multiplicity of homoclinic solutions for second‐order nonlinear difference equations with Jacobi operators
Authors: Chen Peng , He Xiaofei
Published: May 2016

In this paper, a nonperiodic discrete nonlinear equation with Jacobi operators is considered. By using the critical point theory, we establish some new sufficient conditions on the existence and multiplicity of homoclinic solutions. Recent results are generalized and significantly improved. Furthermore, our results greatly improve some existing ones even for some special cases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitative analysis of a new Lorenz‐type chaotic system and its simulation
Authors: Zhang Fuchen , Li Kunqiong , Zhang Guangyun , Mu Chunlai
Published: May 2016

In this paper, the ultimate bound for a new chaotic system is derived based on stability theory of dynamical systems. The meaningful contribution of this article is that the results presented in this paper contain the existing results as special cases. Finally, numerical simulations are given to verify the effectiveness and correctness of the obtained results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful Curative Therapy With Rituximab and Allogeneic Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for MALT Lymphoma Associated With STK4‐Mutated CD4+ Lymphocytopenia
Authors: Lum Su Han , Bonney Denise , Cheesman Edmund , Wrignt Neville B , Hughes Stephen , Wynn Robert
Published: May 2016

Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) are rare diseases in children. We report the first case of a child with STK4‐mutated CD4+ lymphocytopenia who developed Epstein–Barr virus associated MALT lymphoma arising in the salivary gland. The child achieved complete remission with rituximab, and her immunodeficiency was cured by haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The child remained well 24 months post transplantation.
Multi‐port‐driven birdcage coil for multiple‐mouse MR imaging at 7 T
Authors: Heo Phil , Seo Jeung‐Hoon , Han Sang‐Doc , Ryu Yeunchul , Byun Jong‐Deok , Kim Kyoung‐Nam , Lee Jung Hee
Published: May 2016

In ultra‐high field (UHF) imaging environments, it has been demonstrated that multiple‐mouse magnetic resonance imaging (MM‐MRI) is dependent on key factors such as the radiofrequency (RF) coil hardware, imaging protocol, and experimental setup for obtaining high‐resolution MR images. A key aspect is the RF coil, and a number of MM‐MRI studies have investigated the application of single‐channel RF transmit (Tx)/receive (Rx) coils or multi‐channel phased array (PA) coil configurations under a single gradient coil set. However, despite applying a variety of RF coils, Tx (|B1+|)‐field inhomogeneity still remains a major problem due to the relative shortening of the effective RF wavelength in the UHF environment. To address this issue, we propose a relatively smaller size of individual Tx‐only coils in a multiple birdcage (MBC) coil for MM‐MRI to image up to three mice. We use electromagnetic (EM) simulations in the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) environment to obtain the |B1|‐field distribution. Our results clearly show that the single birdcage (SBC) high‐pass filter (HPF) configuration, which is referred to as the SBCHPF, under the absence of an RF shield exhibits a high |B1|‐field intensity in comparison with other coil configurations such as the low‐pass filter (LPF) and band‐pass filter (BPF) configurations. In a 7‐T MRI experiment, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) map of the SBCHPF configuration shows the highest coil performance compared to other coil configurations. The MBCHPF coil, which is comprised of a triple‐SBCHPF configuration combined with additional decoupling techniques, is developed for simultaneous image acquisition of three mice. SCANNING 38:747–756, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐level security for message sequences
Authors: Alimomeni Mohsen , Safavi‐Naini Reihaneh
Published: May 2016

We consider a scenario where a sequence of messages must be protected and the security requirement is that, the most recent message has high level of security while past messages could be secured at a lower level. We assume the adversary is an eavesdropping adversary and has unlimited computational power. The motivation for this problem is situations where sensitivity of messages reduce over time, and this could be used to reduce the overall required key length of the system. The aforementioned requirements suggest dynamic security level for a message: when it is the last message in the sequence, it enjoys a high level of security, but as soon as a new message arrives, its security is decreased to a second lower level.We formalize security of this scenario, construct an encryption system with provable security, and show that the required key length in some sense (that will be explained) is optimal. We discuss our results and directions for future research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new measure of between‐studies heterogeneity in meta‐analysis
Authors: Crippa Alessio , Khudyakov Polyna , Wang Molin , Orsini Nicola , Spiegelman Donna
Published: May 2016

Assessing the magnitude of heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis is important for determining the appropriateness of combining results. The most popular measure of heterogeneity, I2, was derived under an assumption of homogeneity of the within‐study variances, which is almost never true, and the alternative estimator,
, uses the harmonic mean to estimate the average of the within‐study variances, which may also lead to bias. This paper thus presents a new measure for quantifying the extent to which the variance of the pooled random‐effects estimator is due to between‐studies variation,
, that overcomes the limitations of the previous approach. We show that this measure estimates the expected value of the proportion of total variance due to between‐studies variation and we present its point and interval estimators. The performance of all three heterogeneity measures is evaluated in an extensive simulation study. A negative bias for
was observed when the number of studies was very small and became negligible as the number of studies increased, while
and I2 showed a tendency to overestimate the impact of heterogeneity. The coverage of confidence intervals based upon
was good across different simulation scenarios but was substantially lower for
and I2, especially for high values of heterogeneity and when a large number of studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The proposed measure is implemented in a user‐friendly function available for routine use in r and sas.
will be useful in quantifying the magnitude of heterogeneity in meta‐analysis and should supplement the p‐value for the test of heterogeneity obtained from the Q test. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pragmatic source code reuse via execution record and replay
Authors: Armaly Ameer , McMillan Collin
Published: May 2016

A key problem during copy–paste source code reuse is that, to reuse even a small section of code from a program as opposed to an API, a programmer must include a huge amount of additional source code from elsewhere in the same program. This additional code is notoriously large and complex, and portions can only be identified at runtime. In this paper, we propose execution record/replay as a solution to this problem. We describe a novel reuse technique that allows programmers to reuse functions from a C or C++ program, by recording the execution of the program and selectively modifying how its functions are replayed. We have implemented our technique and evaluated it in an empirical study in which eight programmers used our tool to complete four tasks over four hours each. The participants found our technique to be easier than manually reusing the code as part of their project. We also found that the resulting code was smaller and less complex than it would have been had the participants manually reused the code. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Simple, Efficient, Context‐sensitive Approach for Code Completion
Authors: Asaduzzaman Muhammad , Roy Chanchal K. , Schneider Kevin A. , Hou Daqing
Published: May 2016

Code completion helps developers use application programming interfaces (APIs) and frees them from remembering every detail. In this paper, we first describe a novel technique called Context‐sensitive Code Completion (CSCC) for improving the performance of API method call completion. CSCC is context sensitive in that it uses new sources of information as the context of a target method call. CSCC indexes method calls in code examples by their context. To recommend completion proposals, CSCC ranks candidate methods by the similarities between their contexts and the context of the target call. Evaluation using a set of subject systems and five popular state‐of‐the‐art techniques suggests that CSCC performs better than existing type or example‐based code completion systems. We conduct experiments to find how different contextual elements of the target call benefit CSCC. Next, we investigate the adaptability of the technique to support another form of code completion, i.e., field completion. Evaluation with eight different subject systems suggests that CSCC can easily support field completion with high accuracy. Finally, we compare CSCC with four popular statistical language models that support code completion. Results of statistical tests from our study suggest that CSCC not only outperforms those techniques that are based on token level language models, but also in most cases performs better or equally well with GraLan, the state‐of‐the‐art graph‐based language model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do We Need a New Behavioral Benchmark for BCA?
Authors: Shogren Jason F. , Thunström Linda
Published: May 2016

In our opinion, the challenges of ongoing measurement, the ever-moving behavioral baseline, and strategic self-ignorance return us full-circle to a sensible point made by Peter Bohm–Benefit-Cost Analysis for environmental goods should use an interval method.
ANALYZING COALITIONS IN CHINA'S POLICY FORMULATION: REFORMING THE ROLE OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN CHINA'S ENERGY SECTOR
Authors: Efird Brian , Lester Leo , Wise Ben
Published: May 2016

We focus on the elite decision-making process in China, analyzing the formation of coalitions around particular policy options. We apply a framework that simulates collective decision-making processes (CDMP): the KAPSARC Toolkit for Behavioral Analysis (KTAB). KTAB facilitates the application of a Spatial Model of Politics, an open source model similar to Bueno de Mesquita's (1997) Expected Utility Model and the Senturion model (Abdollahian, et al 2006). KTAB provides a framework to understand logical consequences of subjective data inputs, enabling contrasting scenarios to be analyzed. We examine the interactions of actors' interests that drive China to reform its energy sector policies, in particular the structure of the Chinese National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). In the case of private companies' entry into energy markets in China, we find that little reform is likely. The inertia of key actors holds back the potential for a significant opening of the energy sector. Despite the erosion of CNPC's political clout, there is little consensus for major reform to China's market position.
Quantifying solute spreading and mixing in reservoir rocks using 3-D PET imaging
Authors: Pini Ronny , Vandehey Nicholas T. , Druhan Jennifer , O’Neil James P. , Benson Sally M.
Published: May 2016

We report results of an experimental investigation into the effects of small-scale (mm–cm) heterogeneities on solute spreading and mixing in a Berea sandstone core. Pulse-tracer tests have been carried out in the Péclet number regime $Pe=6{-}40$ and are supplemented by a unique combination of two imaging techniques. X-ray computed tomography (CT) is used to quantify subcore-scale heterogeneities in terms of permeability contrasts at a spatial resolution of approximately $10~\text{mm}^{3}$, while [11C] positron emission tomography (PET) is applied to image the spatial and temporal evolution of the full tracer plume non-invasively. To account for both advective spreading and local (Fickian) mixing as driving mechanisms for solute transport, a streamtube model is applied that is based on the one-dimensional advection–dispersion equation. We refer to our modelling approach as semideterministic, because the spatial arrangement of the streamtubes and the corresponding solute travel times are known from the measured rock’s permeability map, which required only small adjustments to match the measured tracer breakthrough curve. The model reproduces the three-dimensional PET measurements accurately by capturing the larger-scale tracer plume deformation as well as subcore-scale mixing, while confirming negligible transverse dispersion over the scale of the experiment. We suggest that the obtained longitudinal dispersivity ($0.10\pm 0.02$  cm) is rock rather than sample specific, because of the ability of the model to decouple subcore-scale permeability heterogeneity effects from those of local dispersion. As such, the approach presented here proves to be very valuable, if not necessary, in the context of reservoir core analyses, because rock samples can rarely be regarded as ‘uniformly heterogeneous’.
Numerical reconstructions of the penultimate glacial maximum Northern Hemisphere ice sheets: sensitivity to climate forcing and model parameters
Authors: WEKERLE CLAUDIA , COLLEONI FLORENCE , NÄSLUND JENS-OVE , BRANDEFELT JENNY , MASINA SIMONA
Published: May 2016

Numerous ice-sheet reconstructions of the last glacial cycle have been proposed, however due to limited geological evidence, reconstructing older Northern Hemisphere ice sheets remains a difficult exercise. Here we focus on the penultimate glacial maximum (PGM; ~140 ka BP) over the Northern Hemisphere. While some evidence of the PGM Eurasian ice-sheet extent were found, this is not the case for the corresponding Laurentide ice sheet. To improve the glaciological reconstructions of the PGM Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, we explore the parameter space of ice-sheet model uncertainties and carry out numerous univariate ice-sheet steady-state sensitivity simulations. We use two PGM climate simulations to force the ice-sheet model, differing in the prescribed Laurentide ice topography (small and large). The simulated Northern Hemisphere ice volume ranges from 124.7 to 152 m SLE when using the climate accounting for a small Laurentide ice sheet, which is compatible with global sea-level reconstructions of this period (−92 to −150 m). Conversely, using the climate simulation with a Laurentide ice sheet comparable in size to that of the last glacial maximum results in too large ice volumes. Changes in basal drag provide the upper bound ice volume of our experiments, whereas changes in the distribution of ice streams provide the lower bound.