bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The right place for me: A moderated mediation model to explain the involvement of employees aged over 50 years
Authors: Manzi Claudia , Coen Sharon , Crapolicchio Eleonora , Medina Letizia , Paderi Fabio
Published: October 2020

Over the past decades, employment rates of older workers in most Western countries have rapidly increased. Hence, there is a growing interest in identifying the organizational dimensions that might impact the psychosocial adjustment of workers aged over 50 years. This study focuses on perceived organizational support (POS) and identity‐related measures (identification and authenticity) as key organizational components for workers at this stage of life. Furthermore, in the relationships discussed, we explore the moderating role of perceived age discrimination. In an ample sample of older workers (N = 4,563, aged 50–66 years), a moderated mediational model was tested where older workers' involvement was associated to POS. In the model, this relationship was mediated by organizational identification and authenticity, and the association between POS, identity‐related measures, and involvement was moderated by age‐based discrimination. Results showed that POS is associated with organizational involvement via organizational identification and authenticity and that high level of age discrimination decreased the positive association between POS, organizational identification, authenticity, and involvement.
Using RADseq to understand the circum‐Antarctic distribution of a lichenized fungus, Pseudocyphellaria glabra
Authors: Widhelm Todd J. , Grewe Felix , Huang Jen‐Pan , Ramanauskas Karolis , Mason‐Gamer Roberta , Lumbsch H. Thorsten
Published: October 2020

Aim

The Southern Ocean landmasses have intrigued biologists for centuries because they share many taxonomic groups. Such disjunct taxa can provide insight into evolutionary processes that connect populations or drive divergence. The lichenized fungus Pseudocyphellaria glabra, for example, has a disjunct distribution—separated by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean—yet whether these locations should be genetically distinct is unclear. The large distances between continents may be expected to prohibit gene flow, but strong and sustained winds in the Southern Hemisphere and the small size of P. glabra propagules may facilitate migration. We compared support for these two hypotheses.

Location

Southeastern Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Southern Chile.

Taxon

Pseudocyphellaria glabra (Hook. f. & Taylor) C.W. Dodge, 1948 (Ascomycota, Peltigeraceae)

Methods

We collected 371 samples across the disjunct range of P. glabra. We generated genomic data using restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing and reconstructed a Maximum Likelihood phylogeny using 29,098 unlinked SNPs. We then conducted population genomic analyses using 3,756 SNPs including a minimum‐spanning network, principal components analysis, discriminate analysis of principal components, and k‐means clustering.

Results

Maximum likelihood analysis recovered multiple well‐supported clades that roughly corresponded to geography. Population genomic analyses identified genetic structuring that generally corresponded with geographic distance; however, some individuals from Chile and Australia were assigned to genetic clusters found in New Zealand, suggesting that recent dispersal events from New Zealand have successfully colonized Chile and Australia.

Main conclusion

Populations of P. glabra from Australia, Chile and New Zealand are genetically distinct, but frequent long‐distance dispersal during the Quaternary probably prevented speciation. This study demonstrates the power of restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing for discernment between divergent and connective evolutionary forces that simultaneously influence the population structure of species with disjunct ranges in the Southern Ocean landmasses.
The associations between major dietary patterns and risk of periodontitis
Authors: Alhassani Ahmed A. , Hu Frank B. , Li Yanping , Rosner Bernard A. , Willett Walter C. , Joshipura Kaumudi J.
Published: October 2020

Aim

To prospectively investigate the associations between major dietary patterns and incidence of periodontitis.

Methods

We included 34,940 men from the Health Professionals Follow‐Up Study, free of periodontal disease and major illnesses at baseline. Detailed medical and dental history was collected through biennial mailed questionnaires, and dietary information was provided through quadrennial food frequency questionnaires. Using principal component analysis, we identified two major dietary patterns (“prudent” and “Western”). We used Cox proportional hazard models to examine the associations between the two dietary patterns and self‐reported incidence of periodontitis over a 24‐year follow‐up period. We investigated each pattern separately.

Results

There was no overall association between Western or prudent dietary patterns and periodontitis. Among obese, however, the Western dietary pattern was significantly associated with incident periodontitis. The hazard ratio for those in the highest quintile of Western diet versus those in the lowest (reference) was 1.83 (95% confidence interval: 1.21–2.76).

Conclusions

There was no overall association between Western or prudent dietary patterns and periodontitis; however, in subgroups analysis, the Western diet was significantly associated with higher periodontitis risk only among obese men, a finding that requires replication and biological explication.
Referral and access to heart function clinics: A realist review
Authors: Fowokan Adeleke , Frankfurter Claudia , Dobrow Mark J. , Abrahamyan Lusine , Mcdonald Michael , Virani Sean , Harkness Karen , Lee Douglas S. , Pakosh Maureen , Ross Heather , Grace Sherry L.
Published: October 2020

Rationale, aim, and objectives

Heart failure (HF) clinics are highly effective, yet not optimally utilized. A realist review was performed to identify contexts (eg, health system characteristics, clinic capacity, and siting) and underlying mechanisms (eg, referring provider knowledge of clinics and referral criteria, barriers in disadvantaged patients) that influence utilization (provider referral [ie, of all appropriate and no inappropriate patients] and access [ie, patient attends ≥1 visit]) of HF clinics.

Methods

Following an initial scoping search and field observation in a HF clinic, we developed an initial program theory in conjunction with our expert panel, which included patient partners. Then, a literature search of seven databases was searched from inception to December 2019, including Medline; Grey literature was also searched. Studies of any design or editorials were included; studies regarding access to cardiac rehabilitation, or a single specialist for example, were excluded. Two independent reviewers screened the abstracts, and then full‐texts. Relevant data from included articles were used to refine the program theory.

Results

A total of 29 papers from five countries (three regions) were included. There was limited information to support or refute many elements of our initial program theory (eg, referring provider knowledge/beliefs, clinic inclusion/exclusion criteria), but refinements were made (eg, specialized care provided in each clinic, lack of patient encouragement). Lack of capacity, geography, and funding arrangements were identified as contextual factors, explaining a range of mechanistic processes, including patient clinical characteristics and social determinants of health as well as clinic characteristics that help to explain inappropriate and low use of HF clinics (outcome).

Conclusion

Given the burden of HF and benefit of HF clinics, more research is needed to understand, and hence overcome sub‐optimal use of HF clinics. In particular, an understanding from the perspective of referring providers is needed.
The impact of novel coronavirus COVID‐19 on noncommunicable disease patients and health systems: a review
Authors: Chang Andrew Y. , Cullen Mark R. , Harrington Robert A. , Barry Michele
Published: October 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is an ongoing global pandemic affecting all levels of health systems. This includes the care of patients with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) who bear a disproportionate burden of both COVID‐19 itself and the public health measures enacted to combat it. In this review, we summarize major COVID‐19‐related considerations for NCD patients and their care providers, focusing on cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, haematologic, oncologic, traumatic, obstetric/gynaecologic, operative, psychiatric, rheumatologic/immunologic, neurologic, gastrointestinal, ophthalmologic and endocrine disorders. Additionally, we offer a general framework for categorizing the pandemic’s disruptions by disease‐specific factors, direct health system factors and indirect health system factors. We also provide references to major NCD medical specialty professional society statements and guidelines on COVID‐19. COVID‐19 and its control policies have already resulted in major disruptions to the screening, treatment and surveillance of NCD patients. In addition, it differentially impacts those with pre‐existing NCDs and may lead to de novo NCD sequelae. Likely, there will be long‐term effects from this pandemic that will continue to affect practitioners and patients in this field for years to come.
The interplay between mast cells, pineal gland, and circadian rhythm: Links between histamine, melatonin, and inflammatory mediators
Authors: Pham Linh , Baiocchi Leonardo , Kennedy Lindsey , Sato Keisaku , Meadows Vik , Meng Fanyin , Huang Chiung‐Kuei , Kundu Debjyoti , Zhou Tianhao , Chen Lixian , Alpini Gianfranco , Francis Heather
Published: October 2020

Our daily rhythmicity is controlled by a circadian clock with a specific set of genes located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. Mast cells (MCs) are major effector cells that play a protective role against pathogens and inflammation. MC distribution and activation are associated with the circadian rhythm via two major pathways, IgE/FcεRI‐ and IL‐33/ST2‐mediated signaling. Furthermore, there is a robust oscillation between clock genes and MC‐specific genes. Melatonin is a hormone derived from the amino acid tryptophan and is produced primarily in the pineal gland near the center of the brain, and histamine is a biologically active amine synthesized from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine by the L‐histidine decarboxylase enzyme. Melatonin and histamine are previously reported to modulate circadian rhythms by pathways incorporating various modulators in which the nuclear factor–binding near the κ light‐chain gene in B cells, NF‐κB, is the common key factor. NF‐κB interacts with the core clock genes and disrupts the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokine mediators such as IL‐6, IL‐13, and TNF‐α. Currently, there has been no study evaluating the interdependence between melatonin and histamine with respect to circadian oscillations in MCs. Accumulating evidence suggests that restoring circadian rhythms in MCs by targeting melatonin and histamine via NF‐κB may be promising therapeutic strategy for MC‐mediated inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent findings for circadian‐mediated MC functional roles and activation paradigms, as well as the therapeutic potentials of targeting circadian‐mediated melatonin and histamine signaling in MC‐dependent inflammatory diseases.
Dietary supplementation with Moringa oleifera and mulberry leaf affects pork quality from finishing pigs
Authors: Chen Zujing , Xie Yueqin , Luo Junyi , Chen Ting , Xi Qianyun , Zhang Yongliang , Sun Jiajie
Published: October 2020

Moringa oleifera and Morus alba leaves are nutritious non‐traditional feed ingredients containing bioactive substances. This study was to evaluate the potential application of dietary Moringa and Morus leaf powder on the growth traits, carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs. Moringa did not alter growth performance or carcass characteristics, but it decreased meat b* value, increased MyHCIIa and decreased MyHCIIx mRNA levels, and increased CP and concentrations of Ala, Thr, Ile, Lys and Pro in longissimus thoracis. Morus increased final BW, ADFI and ADG, decreased F/G ratio, improved slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass yield and meat a* value, and decreased shear force, drip loss, MyHCIIx and MyHCIIb mRNA levels, and increased MyHCI and MyHCIIa mRNA levels. Morus also increased CP, Glu, Gly, Ala, Arg, Ile, Phe, Pro, Ser, Tyr and Asp, and C16:1, C18:1n9c, C20:4n6, C18:3n3, C20:3n3, C22:1n9 and n‐3 PUFA, but decreased C12:0 and C16:0. In summary, Morus improved the parameters and held great potential as an unconventional feed crop.
Variation in Photosynthetic Performance Relative to Thallus Microhabitat Heterogeneity in Lithothamnion australe (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) Rhodoliths
Authors: Kim Ju‐Hyoung , Steller Diana L. , Edwards Matthew S.
Published: October 2020

Rhodoliths are free‐living, coralline algae that create heterogeneous structure over sedimentary habitats. These fragile ecosystems are threatened by anthropogenic disturbances that reduce their size and three‐dimensional structural complexity. We investigated how physical disturbance from boat moorings affects photosynthetic performance in the rhodolith Lithothamnion australe. Photosynthetic parameters were measured for intact rhodoliths and crushed rhodolith fragments of two sizes (ca. 1 and 2 cm diameter), while chlorophyll fluorescence was measured at the surface of rhodoliths of these two sizes, between the interior branches of the larger rhodoliths, and at the surface of 52 various sized (0.4–3.5 cm diameter) rhodoliths. Gross productivity and net productivity were 15% and 36% higher, respectively, in the smaller L. australe, while respiration was 10% higher in the larger individuals. Thallus crushing reduced gross productivity by 20% and 41%, and net productivity by 9% and 14% in the smaller and larger rhodoliths, respectively. It also reduced respiration by 33% and 60% in the smaller and larger rhodoliths, respectively. Fluorescence parameters were all greater at the surface of the larger L. australe than the smaller individuals, and greater at the surface than in the interior parts of the larger individuals. Across a range of rhodolith sizes, surface fluorescence parameters were at their maxima in 1.54 to 2.32 cm diameter individuals. These results show that L. australe’s complex structure creates heterogeneity in photosynthesis and respiration between their surface and interior parts and among rhodolith sizes. This information can help predict how rhodoliths may respond to disturbance and environmental stressors.
Psychiatrist and Psychologist Experiences with Telehealth and Remote Collaborative Care in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Howland Molly , Tennant McKenna , Bowen Deborah J. , Bauer Amy M. , Fortney John C. , Pyne Jeffrey M. , Shore Jay , Cerimele Joseph M.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Availability of mental health services is limited in the rural United States. Two promising models to reach patients with limited access to care are telehealth referral and collaborative care. The objective of this study was to assess telepsychiatrist‐ and telepsychologist‐level facilitators and barriers to satisfaction with and implementation of these 2 telehealth models in rural settings.

Methods

Focus groups were held in 2019 using a semistructured interview guide. Participants were off‐site telepsychiatrists (N = 10) and telepsychologists (N = 4) for primary care clinics across 3 states (Washington, Michigan, and Arkansas) involved in a recent pragmatic comparative effectiveness trial. Qualitative analysis occurred inductively by 2 independent coders.

Findings

Participants were satisfied with the models partly owing to good patient rapport and expanding access to care. Teamwork was highlighted as a facilitator in collaborative care and was often related to work with care managers. However, participants described communication with primary care providers as a challenge, especially in the telehealth referral arm. Barriers centered on variability of logistical processes (eg, symptom monitoring, scheduling, electronic medical record processes, and credentialing) among sites. Staff turnover, variable clinic investment, and inadequacy of training were possible explanations for these barriers.

Conclusions

Participants described high motivation to provide team‐based, remote care for patients, though they experienced operational challenges. Centralized credentialing, scheduling, and record keeping are possible solutions. These findings are important because consulting psychiatrists and psychologists may play a leadership role in the dissemination of these models.
Telehealth‐delivered CBT‐I programme enhanced by acceptance and commitment therapy for insomnia and hypnotic dependence: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chapoutot Mélinée , Peter‐Derex Laure , Schoendorff Benjamin , Faivre Thierry , Bastuji Hélène , Putois Benjamin
Published: October 2020

Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is the recommended treatment for chronic insomnia. However, up to a quarter of patients dropout from cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia programmes. Acceptance, mindfulness and values‐based actions may constitute complementary therapeutic tools to cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. The current study sought to evaluate the efficacy of a remotely delivered programme combining the main components of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (sleep restriction and stimulus control) with the third‐wave cognitive behavioural therapy acceptance and commitment therapy in adults with chronic insomnia and hypnotic dependence on insomnia symptoms and quality of life. Thirty‐two participants were enrolled in a pilot randomized controlled trial: half of them were assigned to a 3‐month waiting list before receiving the four “acceptance and commitment therapy‐enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia” treatment sessions using videoconference. The primary outcome was sleep quality as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. All participants also filled out questionnaires about quality of life, use of hypnotics, depression and anxiety, acceptance, mindfulness, thought suppression, as well as a sleep diary at baseline, post‐treatment and 6‐month follow‐up. A large effect size was found for Insomnia Severity Index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, but also daytime improvements, with increased quality of life and acceptance at post‐treatment endpoint in acceptance and commitment therapy‐enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia participants. Improvement in Insomnia Severity Index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was maintained at the 6‐month follow‐up. Wait‐list participants increased their use of hypnotics, whereas acceptance and commitment therapy‐enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia participants evidenced reduced use of them. This pilot study suggests that web‐based cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia incorporating acceptance and commitment therapy processes may be an efficient option to treat chronic insomnia and hypnotic dependence.
Antibodies to gp210 and understanding risk in patients with primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Haldar Debashis , Janmohamed Ashnila , Plant Tim , Davidson Matthew , Norman Hannah , Russell Emily , Serevina Olivia , Chung Kenneth , Qamar Kashif , Gunson Bridget , Hansen Bettina , Richter Alex , Trivedi Palak J. , Hirschfield Gideon M.
Published: October 2020

Background and Aims

A variety of auto‐antibody assays are available as part of the clinical care of patients with liver disease. We sought to better understand the clinical utility of immune serological testing in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC).

Methods

We retrospectively analysed data from 2846 patients investigated for liver disease at a UK liver centre between 2001 and 2017. A total of 499 patients with PBC were identified. Immune serology results were examined for their diagnostic utility and prognostic significance to predict transplant‐free survival.

Results

Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) were specific (94.5%) and sensitive (85.6%) for PBC; antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) against glycoprotein 210 (gp210) and sp100 were specific (>98%) but not sensitive (<25%). The disease‐specific ANAs were detectable in 29.6% of AMA‐negative patients. Anti‐gp210 auto‐antibodies were significantly associated with elevated serum aminotransferase activity, bilirubin and liver stiffness at presentation (P < .010). Anti‐gp210 auto‐antibodies predicted non‐response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) by GLOBE criteria (39.3% vs 16.7%, P = .005). Moreover, anti‐gp210 was independently associated with death or liver transplantation (HR 3.22, 95% CI 1.49‐6.96; P = .003), after accounting for other significant baseline determinants of outcome. Serologic finding of anti‐gp210 antibodies conferred an independent risk of death or transplantation (HR 4.13, 95% CI 1.85‐9.22; P = .001) after accounting for treatment response.

Conclusion

In our single‐centre cohort of patients with PBC, the presence of anti‐gp210 was associated with an adverse presenting phenotype, predicted treatment non‐response and independently predicted reduced transplant‐free survival.
Palaeobiogeography of the North Pacific toothed mysticetes (Cetacea, Aetiocetidae): a key to Oligocene cetacean distributional patterns
Authors: Hernández Cisneros Atzcalli E. , Velez‐Juarbe Jorge
Published: October 2020

Biogeographical distributional patterns of cetaceans reflect dispersal events and colonization of the oceans from their ancestral area in the ancient Sea of Tethys ~53 Ma. Likewise, they reveal several vicariance events throughout the evolutionary history of this group. However, our understanding of how these processes took place and what biogeographical scenarios occurred among the different groups of cetaceans through time is limited. Consequently, this work focuses on explaining the distributional patterns of the well‐known North Pacific toothed mysticetes, Aetiocetidae, through the power of retrodiction offered by track analysis (panbiogeography) and cladistic biogeography, using the approach of evolutionary biogeography. Our results show that the distributional patterns of Aetiocetidae explain their endemism in the North Pacific, as well as indicating that their hypothetical ancestor probably colonized the Pacific from the Atlantic Ocean by a dispersal event (founder effect) via the Central American Seaway. Furthermore, their biogeographical history shows that the adaptive radiation (cladogenesis) of Aetiocetidae is result of peripatric speciation followed by sympatric speciation within a heterogeneous environment. Finally, the biogeographical framework of Aetiocetidae further supports the relevant role that the Pacific Ocean has played in the evolution of Oligocene cetaceans as a geographical area that promoted endemism, dispersal and colonization. At more local scales, environmental conditions further promoted increased diversity and disparity amongst Mysticeti.
Distinct clonal evolution in a case with anaplastic embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Kato Keisuke , Yoshimi Ai , Noda Asami , Otani Haruo , Hojo Hiroshi , Tanaka Mio , Tanaka Yukichi , Ito Yumi , Nishimura Riki , Takita Junko , Yanai Toshihiro , Koike Kazutoshi , Tsuchida Masahiro
Published: October 2020

Background

Clonal evolution of malignancy is a complex process related to intratumoral heterogeneity, as recent studies have also demonstrated in rhabdomyosarcoma. The purpose of this study is to present a distinct clonal feature of a case with anaplastic embryonal type rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) using molecular analysis.

Methods

A five‐year‐old girl developed a metastatic pelvic tumor. We cultured neoplastic cells isolated from the biopsy sample. Next, to characterize the current case, we analyzed the biopsy sample, autopsy sample, and established cell line using combined modalities, including histopathological, cytogenetic, and molecular assay. We also undertook the backtrack mutation‐specific polymerase chain reaction to reveal clonal composition.

Results

The histology of the biopsy sample was consistent with ERMS with focal anaplasia. We established a permanently growing cell line, ICH‐ERMS‐1, from the biopsy sample. On molecular analysis, the biopsied tissue revealed a missense mutation at codon 245 of TP53. In contrast, the autopsy tumor tissue and the cell line established from the biopsied tissue showed a missense mutation at codon 248. A backtrack study using mutation‐specific polymerase chain reaction detected a TP53 codon 248 mutation in the original biopsy sample. All the specimens examined had a missense mutation at PTPN11 codon 69.

Conclusions

This study highlights intratumoral heterogeneity and distinct clonal change related to the functional context in our anaplastic ERMS case, supporting the concept of intratumoral heterogeneity and clonal evolution. It requires further case collection to reveal whether p14ARF–p53–MDM2 tumor suppressor pathway alteration, considered a late event in ERMS tumorigenesis, is responsible for anaplasia in ERMS.
Once a pond in time: employing palaeoecology to inform farmland pond restoration
Authors: Walton Richard E. , Sayer Carl D. , Bennion Helen , Axmacher Jan C.
Published: October 2020

The restoration of highly terrestrialized farmland ponds that combines the removal of woody vegetation and pond sediment greatly enhances aquatic biodiversity. Nonetheless, questions remain regarding the historical precedent of pond restoration, and particularly if post‐restoration aquatic macrophyte communities resemble pre‐terrestrialization assemblages. We used a paleoecological approach to address these questions for a typical, recently restored farmland pond in Norfolk, eastern England. Plant and animal remains in pond sediment cores were used to infer decadal‐centennial scale changes to pond communities and to identify past pond management events. We then evaluated the resemblance of restored and historical assemblages by comparisons with contemporary post‐restoration vegetation data. Based on changes in the abundance of terrestrial leaf remains and other indicators (increases followed by declines of aquatic organisms), the study pond appears to have a long history (going back to the early‐1800s) of canopy management (at least three inferred management events), but after the mid‐1970s, steady and substantial increases in terrestrial indicators suggest cessation of management resulting in uninterrupted terrestrialization. Aquatic macrophyte communities arising after restoration showed some similarities with historical assemblages, but also contained apparently new species. This study demonstrates how paleolimnological methods can improve understanding of pond ecological histories to better inform restoration targets and practices.
Work‐related asthma: A position paper from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the National Asthma Council Australia
Authors: Hoy Ryan , Burdon Jonathan , Chen Ling , Miles Susan , Perret Jennifer L , Prasad Shivonne , Radhakrishna Naghmeh , Rimmer Janet , Sim Malcolm R , Yates Deborah , Zosky Graeme
Published: October 2020

Work‐related asthma (WRA) is one of the most common occupational respiratory conditions, and includes asthma specifically caused by occupational exposures (OA) and asthma that is worsened by conditions at work (WEA). WRA should be considered in all adults with asthma, but especially those with new‐onset or difficult to control asthma. Improvement in asthma symptoms when away from work is suggestive of WRA. Clinical history alone is insufficient to diagnose WRA; therefore, objective investigations are required to confirm the presence of asthma and the association of asthma with work activities. Management of WRA requires pharmacotherapy similar to that of non‐WRA, however, also needs to take into account control of the causative workplace exposure. Ongoing exposure will likely lead to decline in lung function and worsening asthma control. WRA is a preventable condition but this does rely on increased awareness of WRA and thorough identification and control of all potential occupational respiratory hazards.
Novel strategies to target the humoral alloimmune response
Authors: Suchanek Ondrej , Clatworthy Menna R.
Published: October 2020

Antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR) represents a major cause of late allograft loss in solid organ transplantation worldwide. This process is driven by donor‐specific antibodies (DSA), which develop either de‐novo or, in sensitized patients, are preformed at the time of transplantation. Effective targeting of ABMR has been hampered by a lack of robust randomized controlled trials (RCT), required for the regulatory approval of new therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the evidence behind the present “standard” of care and recent progress in the development of novel strategies targeting different aspects of the alloimmune humoral response, including naïve and memory B‐cell activation, the germinal centre reaction, plasma cell survival and antibody effector functions. In particular, we focus on co‐stimulation blockade and its combination with next‐generation proteasome inhibitors, new depleting monoclonal antibodies (anti‐CD19, anti‐BCMA, anti‐CD38, anti‐CD138), interleukin‐6 blockade, complement inhibition and DSA degradation. These treatment modalities, when used in the appropriate clinical context and combination, have the potential to finally improve long‐term allograft survival.
Characterization of Sintered Bronze–MoS2 Composite With Solid Lubrication Effect
Authors: Vieira L. E. , Gonçalves A. L. , Arraya N. I. R. , Rodrigues Neto J. B. , Dias A. , Klein A. N.
Published: October 2020

The most efficient method to reduce material loss and frictional energy losses is by using lubrication. An alternative is the use of solid lubrication, specifically by using solid lubricants evenly distributed in a metallic matrix, thus forming self-lubricating composites, which are capable to induce low coefficients of friction in mechanical systems. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a very versatile solid lubricant, suitable for lubrication in critical circumstances such as vacuum, high temperatures, and pressures. Therefore, the aim of this study is to produce samples of sintered composites consisting of homogeneously distributed MoS2 in a bronze matrix obtained by cold uniaxial pressing and to compare the wear-rates and friction coefficient between the MoS2-free bronze and the self-lubricating composites. Different MoS2 percentages were used to characterize the tribological properties of the composites as a function of the MoS2 content. At the end of the experiments, it was found that samples with 20% MoS2 did not sinter properly due to the large amount of lubricant between the bronze particles. It was also found that the mixture with 5.0 vol% MoS2 had proper sintering, satisfactory hardness, achieved lower friction coefficient, and better material wear performance due to the optimal amount and good distribution of MoS2 when compared with the rest of conditions studied.
On Defect Minimization During Microwave Drilling of Borosilicate Glass at 2.45 GHz Using Flowing Dielectric and Optimized Input Power
Authors: Kumar Gaurav , Mishra Radha Raman , Sharma Apurbba Kumar
Published: October 2020

Microwave drilling is a machining process that utilizes microwave energy for removing the target material through ablation. In the present work, simulation and experimental studies were carried out to understand the effect of process parameters such as input power, dielectric medium, and dielectric flowrate on the heat-affected zone (HAZ), diametrical overcut (OC), and thermal stresses developed in the borosilicate glass workpieces during microwave drilling. Sub-millimeter holes were produced in workpieces at 2.45 GHz using a graphite tool in air and transformer oil with static (immersion depth = 45 mm) and dynamic conditions (flowrate: 16, 79, 141, and 204 cm3/s). Results indicate that a decrease in input power enhances the HAZ while drilling in air and static dielectric, whereas HAZ decreases (approximately 44% and 24%) in dynamic dielectric than air and static dielectric, respectively, due to better heat dissipation and flushing of debris. Machining time was minimum while drilling with static dielectric; however, it increased with the increase in dielectric flowrate and a decrease in input power. On the other hand, overcut increased at higher input powers and lower dielectric flowrates due to enhanced ablation and heat accumulation in the machining zone. Higher thermal stresses generated in borosilicate glass while drilling in air and static dielectric, whereas flowing dielectric produced lower thermal stresses. The study determines an optimum combination of flowrate (204 cm3/s) and input power (70 W) for minimum HAZ, overcut, and thermal stresses during microwave drilling.
Impact of Novel Dissimilar Shape Ternary Composition-Based Hybrid Nanofluids on the Thermal Performance Analysis of Radiator
Authors: Sahoo Rashmi Rekha , Kumar Vikash
Published: October 2020

The thermal performance analysis of a radiator with a dissimilar shape nanoparticles, i.e., cylindrical (CNT)–platelet (graphene), spherical (Al2O3)–platelet (graphene), and spherical (Al2O3)–cylindrical (CNT) composition-based hybrid nanofluid for a coolant flowrate of 6 l/min, air velocity of 10.6 m/s, and 1.3% vol. faction of nanofluid has been studied and compared. Results revealed that a hybrid nanofluid as a coolant enhances the exergy–energy performance of the radiator. In this study, the cylindrical (CNT)–platelet (graphene) hybrid nanofluid results a decrement in the performance while the spherical (Al2O3)–platelet (graphene) hybrid nanofluid yields a better performance with coolant flowrate and air velocity. Particle shape has influenced a significant effect on the second law efficiency, exergy change, and irreversibility, which increases with an increase in air velocity, and volume fraction of hybrid nanofluid. However, the spherical (Al2O3)–platelet (graphene) hybrid nanofluid has 3.5%, 3.6%, and 1.12% higher performance index, exergy change in coolant, and second law efficiency, respectively, compared to the cylindrical (CNT)-platelet(graphene)-based hybrid nanofluid. Furthermore, results divulge that the nanoparticle shape has a notable impact on the performance of an automobile radiator. The spherical (Al2O3)–platelet (graphene) hybrid nanofluid exhibits supercilious over other shapes considered, and hence, it is more effective to use as a radiator coolant for enhancing the thermal performance.
Noninvasive Method to Measure Thermal Energy Flow Rate in a Pipe
Authors: Alanazi Mohammed A. , Diller Thomas E.
Published: October 2020

A noninvasive, thermal energy flowrate sensor based on a combination of heat flux and temperature measurements is developed for measuring the volume flowrate and the fluid temperature in a pipe. The sensor is covered by a thin-film heater and clamped onto the outer surface of the pipe. Two types of thin-film thermocouple elements are compared to minimize the thermal contact resistance R″ between the thermocouple and the surface of the pipe. A thin, flexible thermopile heat flux sensor (PHFS) is mounted over the thermocouples. A one-dimensional transient thermal model is applied before and during activation of the external heater to provide estimates of the fluid heat transfer coefficient h. The results are correlated with the volume flowrate Q and the fluid temperature Twc. Several different parameter estimation codes are used to estimate the optimal parameters by using the minimum root-mean-square (rms) error between the analytical and experimental sensor temperature values. The experiments are completed over a range of volume flowrates—1.3 gallons/min to 14.5 gallons/min. Encouraging measurement results give good correlation, repeatability, and sensitivity between the heat transfer coefficient h and the volume flowrate Q with an accurate estimation of the fluid temperature Twc. The resulting noninvasive thermal energy flowrate sensor can be used to estimate the volume flowrate and the fluid temperature in a variety of applications.
Effect of a low pressure low temperature hydrogen plasma on the work function of europium
Authors: Cristofaro Sofia , Friedl Roland , Fantz Ursel
Published: October 2020

Europium is a ductile rare-earth element and has the lowest function among lanthanides (2.5 eV). Due to its low work function reachable without an activation procedure, Eu is a potential electron emitter. For its application to negative hydrogen ion sources for fusion, the work function of an Eu sample exposed to a low pressure low temperature hydrogen plasma is investigated here. First, a work function of 2.6±0.1 eV is achieved in the present vacuum conditions (∼10−6 mbar) by heating the sample up to 350°C. A short hydrogen plasma pulse of 1 min allows us to achieve the same low work function; however, a longer plasma exposure leads to an increase of the work function, which must be counteracted by heating the sample up to at least 400°C to maintain the low work function during plasma. Furthermore, the exposure to hydrogen plasma affects the reactivity of Eu to oxidation when it is exposed to air, showing evidence of a faster oxidation in the areas previously in contact with the plasma. In conclusion, due to the strong reaction to hydrogen plasma and the rapid oxidation in air, Eu is not suitable for application in negative ion sources for fusion.
3D-electrode integrated microsieve structure as a rapid and cost-effective single neuron detector
Authors: Demircan Yalcin Yagmur , Luttge Regina
Published: October 2020

Using integrated silicon micromachining and thin-film technology, the fabrication of electrically functionalized microsieves for the study of 3D neuronal cell networks in vitro was a major challenge and is still very expensive at the current scale of device production, which is limited to fundamental research. Also, thin-film sidewall electrodes are in contact with the neurons and the microsieves need to be rigorously cleaned prior to reuse or the expensively integrated culture platform must be discarded. To simplify such microsieve studies on neuronal cell networks, we started analysis by optical techniques on polymer microsieves, which also proved to be valuable in our previous studies. Knowing the distribution of cells throughout the pores of the sieve, however, will enhance statistical relevance of these biological experiments. Hence, here, we present the feasibility study on a new technical concept for a cost-effective, fast, and reusable electrical platform to monitor the cell placement distribution in single-use 3D microsieves by a hybrid assembly approach in a label-free manner. The proposed system, having 3D electrodes integrated with microsieves, was compared with the thin-film sidewall electrodes that touch cells in a 3D simulation platform. Although a relatively thick and tapered insulating layer exists between cells and electrodes in the proposed 3D pluggable system, an impedance variation ratio of 3.4% on a measurable based impedance of ∼59 kΩ was obtained in these simulations and is very similar to the values for sidewall electrodes.
Constitutive expression of progesterone receptor isoforms promotes the development of hormone-dependent ovarian neoplasms
Authors: Wetendorf Margeaux , Li Rong , Wu San-Pin , Liu Jian , Creighton Chad J. , Wang Tianyuan , Janardhan Kyathanahalli S. , Willson Cynthia J. , Lanz Rainer B. , Murphy Bruce D. , Lydon John P. , DeMayo Francesco J.
Published: October 2020

Altering the relative abundance of progesterone receptor isoforms drives ovarian neoplasia in mice.
Tolerance of Gambian Plasmodium falciparum to Dihydroartemisinin and Lumefantrine Detected by
Ex Vivo
Parasite Survival Rate Assay
Authors: Mbye Haddijatou , Bojang Fatoumata , Jawara Aminata Seedy , Njie Bekai , Mohammed Nuredin Ibrahim , Okebe Joseph , D’Alessandro Umberto , Amambua-Ngwa Alfred
Published: October 2020

Monitoring of
Plasmodium falciparum
sensitivity to antimalarial drugs in Africa is vital for malaria elimination. However, the commonly used
ex vivo
/
in vitro
50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) test gives inconsistent results for several antimalarials, while the alternative ring-stage survival assay (RSA) for artemisinin derivatives has not been widely adopted. Here, we applied an alternative two-color flow cytometry-based parasite survival rate assay (PSRA) to detect
ex vivo
antimalarial tolerance in
P. falciparum
isolates from The Gambia.
Olorofim Susceptibility Testing of 1,423 Danish Mold Isolates Obtained in 2018-2019 Confirms Uniform and Broad-Spectrum Activity
Authors: Astvad Karen Marie Thyssen , Jørgensen Karin Meinike , Hare Rasmus Krøger , Datcu Raluca , Arendrup Maiken Cavling
Published: October 2020

Olorofim is a novel antifungal drug in phase 2 trials. It has shown promising
in vitro
activity against various molds, except for Mucorales. Initially, we observed a broad range of EUCAST MICs for
Aspergillus fumigatus
. Here, we explored the MIC variability in more detail and prospectively investigated the susceptibility of contemporary clinical mold isolates, as population data are needed for future epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) settings. Fifteen
A. fumigatus
isolates previously found with low/medium/high MICs (≤0.
In VitroExposure of Leukocytes to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Decreases Mitochondrial Function and Alters Gene Expression Profiles
Authors: Bowman Emily R. , Cameron Cheryl , Richardson Brian , Kulkarni Manjusha , Gabriel Janelle , Kettelhut Aaren , Hornsby Lane , Kwiek Jesse J. , Turner Abigail Norris , Malvestutto Carlos , Bazan Jose , Koletar Susan L. , Doblecki-Lewis Susanne , Lederman Michael M. , Cameron Mark , Klatt Nichole R. , Lake Jordan E. , Funderburg Nicholas T.
Published: October 2020

The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective strategy for preventing HIV acquisition. The cellular consequences of PrEP exposure, however, have not been sufficiently explored to determine potential effects on health in individuals without HIV. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from people without HIV were exposed to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or emtricitabine (FTC) overnight. Mitochondrial mass and function were measured by flow cytometry and an Agilent XFp analyzer.
Revealing the Metabolic Flexibility of “
Candidatus
Accumulibacter phosphatis” through Redox Cofactor Analysis and Metabolic Network Modeling
Authors: Guedes da Silva Leonor , Olavarria Gamez Karel , Castro Gomes Joana , Akkermans Kasper , Welles Laurens , Abbas Ben , van Loosdrecht Mark C. M. , Wahl Sebastian Aljoscha
Published: October 2020

Here, we demonstrate how microbial storage metabolism can adjust to a wide range of environmental conditions. Such flexibility generates a selective advantage under fluctuating environmental conditions. It can also explain the different observations reported in PAO literature, including the capacity of “
Ca
. Accumulibacter phosphatis” to act like glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs). These observations stem from slightly different experimental conditions, and controversy arises only when one assumes that metabolism can operate only in a single mode. Furthermore, we also show how the study of metabolic strategies is possible when combining omics data with functional cofactor assays and modeling. Genomic information can only provide the potential of a microorganism. The environmental context and other complementary approaches are still needed to study and predict the functional expression of such metabolic potential.
Variations among Viruses in Influent Water and Effluent Water at a Wastewater Plant over One Year as Assessed by Quantitative PCR and Metagenomics
Authors: Wang Hao , Neyvaldt Julianna , Enache Lucica , Sikora Per , Mattsson Ann , Johansson Anette , Lindh Magnus , Bergstedt Olof , Norder Helene
Published: October 2020

Both influent wastewater and treated wastewater at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) contain a high variety of human viral pathogens with seasonal variability when followed for 1 year. The peak of the amount of 11 different viruses in the inlet wastewater preceded the peak of the number of diagnosed patients by 2 to 4 weeks. The treatment of wastewater reduced viral concentrations by 3 to 6 log
10
. Despite the treatment of wastewater, up to 5 log
10
virus particles per liter were released from into the surrounding river. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains previously identified in drinking water and two new strains, similar to those infecting rats and humans, were identified in the treated wastewater released from the WWTP.
Medical Parasitology Taxonomy Update, January 2018 to May 2020
Authors: Mathison Blaine A. , Bradbury Richard S. , Pritt Bobbi S.
Published: October 2020

The taxonomy of parasites of medical and public health importance is rapidly evolving. This minireview provides an update of taxonomic revisions and additions in the field of medical parasitology from January 2018 to May 2020. Several established human parasites have been reassigned to different genera over the past 2 years, while a number of novel parasites of humans have been identified. A comprehensive summary of these changes is provided here, and
Taenia suihominis
is proposed as a replacement name for
Taenia asiaticus
Eom et al.
Name Changes for Fungi of Medical Importance, 2018 to 2019
Authors: Borman Andrew M. , Johnson Elizabeth M.
Published: October 2020

The current article summarizes recent changes in nomenclature for fungi of medical importance published in the years 2018 to 2019, including new species and revised names for existing ones. Many of the revised names have been widely adopted without further discussion. However, those that concern common pathogens of humans may take longer to achieve general usage, with new and current names reported together to engender increasing familiarity with the correct taxonomic classification.
Downstream Sequences Control the Processing of the Pestivirus E
rns
-E1 Precursor
Authors: Mu Yu , Bintintan Ioana , Meyers Gregor
Published: October 2020

Cellular signal peptidase (SPase) cleavage represents an important step in maturation of viral envelope proteins. Fine tuning of this system allows for establishment of concerted folding and processing processes in different enveloped viruses. We report here on SPase processing of the E
rns
-E1-E2 glycoprotein precursor of pestiviruses. E
rns
-E1 cleavage is delayed and only executed efficiently when the complete E1 sequence is present. C-terminal truncation of the E
rns
-E1 precursor impairs processing and leads to significant secretion of the protein. The latter is not detected when internal deletions preserving the E1 carboxy terminus are introduced, but also these constructs show impaired processing. Moreover, E
rns
-E1 is only processed after cleavage at the E1/E2 site. Thus, processing of the pestiviral glycoprotein precursor by SPase is done in an ordered way and depends on the integrity of the proteins for efficient cleavage. The functional importance of this processing scheme is discussed in the paper.