bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Stunting Determinants in Toddlers in Prevention of Nutritional Problems in the North Buton Regency
Authors: . Ardan , Tosepu Ramadhan , Effendy Devi Savitri
Published: September 2022

Stunting is failure to grow in children less than five years old due to chronic malnutrition so the child is slow and short. The determinants of stunting in toddlers include low birth weight (LBW), exclusive breastfeeding, and complete primary immunization. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data used in this study is secondary data on stunting obtained from the Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Health Office and the North Buton District Health Office. The population and samples in this study were data on stunting prevalence, exclusive breastfeeding, LBW, and complete basic immunization obtained from the Health Office of the North Buton Regency in the period of 2016 to 2020. The result showed that stunting prevalence in the North Buton Regency in a period of 5 (five) years are volatile with the highest prevalence occurring in 2017 at 44.5% and the lowest occurring in 2018 at 27.2%. The prevalence of stunting and the percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for the last 5 years are directly proportional and the percentage of complete basic immunization for the last 5 years is very high, even exceeding the set target. Compared descriptively, this high percentage is not proportional to the prevalence of stunting in the North Buton Regency.
Keywords: Stunting, Determinant, Infant
Neonatal Deaths in the North Buton Regency Based on Coverage of Neonatal Visits
Authors: Suryaningtyas Dwiana Binti , Tosepu Ramadhan , Effendy Devi Savitri
Published: September 2022

In the neonatal period, babies’ health is vulnerable. In that period, the baby may have the possibility to experience pain. For this reason, a neonatal visit is needed to monitor the baby’s health. Neonatal visits are one of the prevention methods to reduce IMR (Infant Mortality) by making direct contact with health workers at least three times. This study aims to describe the neonatal mortality rate based on the coverage of neonatal visits, both neonatal visit 1 and neonatal visit 3. This is a survey research utilizing the health report data of the Health Office of North Buton Regency in the period 2018-2020, which includes data on neonatal mortality and coverage of complete neonatal visits (neonatal visit 1 and neonatal visit 3). The type of research data is numerical. The research data is presented in the form of graphs with narration. The conclusion of the study is that the neonatal mortality rate is not always in line with the number of complete neonatal visits 3. It is recommended that health workers be more active in offering counseling about neonatal visits to the community.
Keywords: Neonate, Neonate Visit, Neonate Death
Malaria Cases Rate by Gender in the North Buton Regency During the 2018-2020 Period
Authors: . Sumriati , Tosepu Ramadhan , Effendy Devi Savitri
Published: September 2022

Malaria is a life-threatening disease and causes many deaths around the world. The disease is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium which is transmitted to humans through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito which also serves as a host for this parasite. The objective of the study is to describe Malaria cases in the North Buton Regency in the 2018-2020 period based on gender. This is a survey research using data from the health report of the Health Office of North Buton Regency for the period 2018-2020 involving data on the malaria cases by gender. The research sample is malaria sufferers. The type of research data is numerical and the research data is presented in the form of a graph with narration. Malaria cases by gender in the North Buton regency showed that in 2018 the highest was at the Kulisusu Health Center with 12 cases, in 2019 the highest was at the Bonerombo Health Center with 7 cases, and then in 2020 the highest was at the Lambale Health Center with 6 cases. The number of cases in North Buton Regency was more dominated by men than women.
Keywords: Malaria, Gender, Male, Female, Plasmodium
Diabetes Mellitus Cases by Gender in the North Buton Regency in the 2018-2020 Period
Authors: Elfianti Wa Ode , Tosepu Ramadhan , Effendy Devi Savitri
Published: September 2022

Diabetes mellitus or also called DM is a disease characterized by increased blood glucose levels as a result of the body’s physiological failure to regulate glucose metabolism. The prevalence of people with diabetes mellitus in the world is increasing year by year. Indonesia is ranked with the fourth highest cases of diabetes mellitus in the world. The objective of this study is to identify cases of diabetes mellitus based on gender in the North Buton Regency in the 2017-2020 period. This is a survey research utilizing the health report data of the North Buton Regency Health Office in the 2017-2020 period, which includes data on the DM cases based on gender. The type of research data is numerical. The research data is presented in the form of graphs with narration. The results showed that the number of DM cases in North Buton Regency in 2017 the highest number of DM cases was at the Kulisusu Health Center with 138 cases, in 2018 the highest was at the Waode Buri Health Center with as many as 46 cases, in 2019 the highest DM case number was at the Kulisusu Health Center with as many as 73 cases. In 2020 the highest cases was at the Kulisusu Health Center with as many as 117 cases, where DM cases in women were higher than men.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Gender, Female, Male
Proportion of Hypertension Cases by Gender in the North Buton Regency in the 2018-2020 Period
Authors: Indriani Wa Ode Yuli , Tosepu Ramadhan , Effendy Devi Savitri
Published: September 2022

Hypertension is a main risk factor of mortality and morbidity which has been connected with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There are different types of CVD such as atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, and cardiomyopathy. This study was conducted to describe the proportion of hypertension by gender in the North Buton Regency in the 2018-2020 period. This is a survey research utilizing the health report data of the North Buton Regency Health Office during the period of 2017-2020 which involves data on the hypertension by gender. The research sample is hypertension patients. The type of research data is numerical and the research data is presented in the form of a graph with narration. The highest number of hypertension cases by gender in the North Buton Regency for the 2018-2020 period was female, spread across 3 public health centers namely Lakansai, Kambawo, Kulisusu health centers.
Keywords: Hypertension, Gender, Female, Male
Epidemiology of Anemia in Pregnant Women in the Coastal Region of the North Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi
Authors: . Mirnawati , Tosepu Ramadhan
Published: September 2022

Anemia in pregnant women is one of the most common pregnancy problems and affects the health of mothers and babies. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology of anemia in pregnant women in the coastal area of the North Buton Regency. This research is a quantitative research using secondary data. Data of anemia in pregnant women from 2016 to 2020 was obtained from the North Buton District Health Office. The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in North Buton Regency was very high. Most pregnant women suffer from mild anemia with an Hb value of 8-11 mg/dL. Kulisusu District had the highest number of pregnant women with anemia. The high prevalence of anemia in pregnancy requires urgent intervention to prevent complications to mother and baby.
Keywords: Anemia, pregnant women, coastal areas
The Spread of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in the Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Musdhalifa Pipit , Tosepu Ramadhan , Effendy Devi Savitri
Published: September 2022

Dengue fever is one of the public health problems happening around the world, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Dengue fever may cause death to children and adults, and it has become an endemic in some parts of Indonesia. This study used various data sources from the Indonesian Government. The dengue cases data was obtained from the Kolaka Regency Public Health Office in the period 2015-2020. The conclusion is that the dengue patients were mostly men, and this statistics decreases year by year. In the year of 2017 and 2019 the cases increased. Most patients are in the 17-29 years old age range.
Keywords: Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Kolaka Regency, Indonesia
Minimizing Radicalization in Dutch East Indies
Authors: Sulton Agus , Aini Adrika Fithrotul , Kurniawan Rudy , Lionardo Andries
Published: September 2022

The emergence of radical and social movements in the Dutch East Indies was ignited by various social and dynamic governmental policies which were not in line with the Indonesian people’s ideas. Organizations started performing their actions to oppose government policies at the beginning of the 20
Sexual Behavior and Semen Production of Kacang Buck Fed with Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lamm) Leaf Powder as Feed Concentrate Substitution
Authors: Rokana E , Chuzaemi S , Wahyuningsih S , . Suyadi
Published: September 2022

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamm) leaf powder substitution as feed concentrate on the sexual behaviors and semen production of Kacang bucks. This research was conducted in a randomized factorial design with 2 factors, which were Kelor leaf powder substitution levels (0; 10; 20 and 30% in concentrate) and feeding periods (0; 60; 70; 80 and 90 days) with 4 replications for each combination of treatment. All data were analysed with variance analysis and followed by Duncan’s multiple range test to determine significant differences. The results showed that substitution level of Kelor leaf powder had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) to reaction time (libido), false mounting, and ejaculation time. Furthermore, a significant effect (P<0.05) was also shown to influence the erection quality but had a non-significant effect (P>0.05) on clamping and thrusting force, as well as semen production. The feeding periods had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) to reaction time (libido), ejaculation time, clamping force, erection quality, semen production and also showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on false mounting and thrusting force. The interaction of treatments in this research showed a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on ejaculation time, and a significant effect (P<0.05) to clamping and thrusting force, as well as erection quality but did not affect (P>0.05) the reaction time (libido), false mounting and semen. It can be concluded that 20% Kelor leaf powders substitution level on feed concentrate could improve the sexual behavior and semen productions of Kacang bucks.
Keywords: sexual behavior, semen production, kacang buck, kelor, feed concentrates substitution.
The Occurrence of CSN1S1 E Allele on Saanen Goat Population at BBPTU-HPT Baturraden
Authors: Widodo H S , Murti T W , Agus A , Widodo W
Published: September 2022

The CSN1S1 gene is expressed as the milk alpha S1 casein which is valuable for cheese making. Allele E is a mutation of this gene, which is correlated with low quantity of expressed protein. This study aimed to identify the occurrence of CSN1S1 E allele on the Saanen population at BBPTU-HPT Baturraden. Blood samples of 45 does were drawn, followed by DNA isolation using the column spin method. The identification of E allele was carried out by Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reactions (AS-PCR) with forward primer 5-TCAGGAGCAGTGGGTATGTG-3 and reverse 5-CCTCCCAATGGAATAATGACA-3. Allele E was found as heterozygote genotype with non-E allele in 28 out of 45 samples. This means that F allele frequency was 0.31 and 0.6 for non-E allele. There was no significant difference of milk protein in both groups. In summary, E allele was found in the Saanen goat population in BBPTU HPT Baturraden with no effect on milk protein production.
Keywords: Saanen, CSN1S1, milk, goats, protein.
Effects of Palm Kernel Meal in Diets of Layer KUB Chicken
Authors: . Subiharta , Prasetianti D
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) on diets of layer KUB (Kampung Unggul Balibangtan) chicken. Local feed was included in the various diets of PKM at levels of 0% (T1), 10% of PKM (T2) and 20% of PKM (T3). This research was conducted in 2019 at the beginning of layer period. One hundred and forty-four 22-week-old layer birds were selected from a flock and randomly allocated to three treatments with 3 replicates of the diet feeds introduced. Feed intake and egg production were determined using the SPSS Software. The increase in PKM levels had no effect on feed intake and egg production (p>0.05). The egg production in each treatment were 65.39%, 60.67 % and 62.50%. PKM applied in T3 (20%) did not affect the egg production in KUB chickens due to low crude fibre (4.64%). The price of feed in T1, T2 and T3 were IDR 6,000, IDR 5,250 and IDR 4,500 respectively. With the difference in PKM feed prices of IDR 1,500 compared to commercial feed, this is expected to reduce the cost of KUB chicken production.
Keywords: Palm kernel meal (PKM), layer KUB chicken, production
Feed Intake and Feed Conversion Ratio of Ongole Crossbred Cattle Fattened at Different Ages and Feed
Authors: . Mariyono , Anggraeny Y N , Antari R , Krishna N H , Sukmasari P K , Sukmasari P K , Sukmasari P K , Putri A S
Published: September 2022

This research aimed to determine the effect of the dietary treatments and age on the fattening process in cattle. Thirty-six Ongole crossbred cattles were allotted into two different dietary treatments and three different age groups, with six replications for 24 weeks period, 4 weeks of preliminary followed by 20 weeks of data collection at the Beef Cattle Research Station (BCRS). The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 x 3 factorial. The cattle were placed in individual pens and had ad-libitum access to water and feed, the feeds were elephant grass and concentrate (25:75). The parameters observed were liveweight, DM intake, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, IOFC, and BCR. Liveweight was measured every fortnight and feed intakes were measured daily. The results showed that a 10% substitution of DGGS with cassava did not affect all parameters observed. Age did not affect the total gain. Total DM intake increased with age, although percentage of DM intake on liveweight and efficiency decreased with the increasing age. All parameters observed for 18 months old group were better than those in 30- and 42-months old groups. It was concluded that the fattening process at 18 months old PO cattle was the most profitable.
Keywords: Ongole crossbred, cattle, intake, FCR, age
Blood Fat Profile of Sentul Chicken with Lactic Acid as an Acidifier in Rations Containing Probiotics
Authors: Adhiputra M F , Hartoyo B , Iriyanti N
Published: September 2022

The study aimed to evaluate the use of lactic acid as an acidifier in rations containing probiotics on blood fat profile of sentul chicken. Sixty female Sentul chickens aged 6 months were reared for two months in a 20-unit battery cage and subjected to a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replicates, with 3 females for each unit. The treatments were R0 : Probiotic basal rations (BS); R1 : BS + 0.5% lactic acid; R2 : BS + 1.0% lactic acid; and R3 : BS + 1.5% lactic acid. Data were analyzed by Analisis of Variance (ANOVA) using an IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 22. The result showed that lactic acid as an acidifier in rations containing probiotics did not significantly (P>0,05) affected blood fat profile (cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides) of Sentul chicken. The average cholesterol levels were 112.77±26.55 mg/dl; HDL 40.73±9.53 mg/dl; LDL 41.32±24.39 mg/dl; and triglycerides 153.57±46.38 mg/dl. The conclusion was that the use of up to 1.5% lactic acid as an acidifier in feed created similar results in cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides.
Keywords: Sentul chicken, blood fat, acidifier
Performance of Dairy Cows in Late Lactation Period Recieving Heit Chrose Feed Suplement
Authors: Prayitno C H , Widiyastuti T , Fitri A N , Susanto A
Published: September 2022

The objective was to evaluate Heit Chrose (HC) as a feed supplement for dairy cows, which was measured through digestibility, milk production, milk components and body conditions scores. The research was conducted at UPTD Pagerkukuh Wonosobo using 21 dairy cows in late lactation period (12 cows in 2
Feed Consumption and Growth Dynamics of Sheep Fed Agro-industrial Waste with Hibiscus rosasinencis Flower and Urea Supplementation
Authors: Widiyastuti T , Suryapratama W , Prayitno C H , Susanti E , Bata M , . Bahrun
Published: September 2022

Optimizing the use of agro-industrial waste as an alternative feed ingredient for sheep requires the right strategy. The use of feed additives and supplements is needed to improve the performance of sheep in utilizing agro-industrial waste-based feed. The use of hibiscus flour as a source of saponins is important to optimize rumen microbial growth by suppressing the growth of protozoa. The addition of urea is used to supply nitrogen sources to optimize the performance of rumen microbes. This study used 15 thin tail sheep aged 8 months with an average weight of 13.98 ± 1.1 kg, the experimental design used was CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with 3 types of treatment and 5 times repetition, namely R1 (control / without supplementation), R2 (supplementation of 0.1 % hibiscus flower and Urea 0.5%), R3 (supplementation of 0.2% hibiscus flower and 1% Urea). The objective of this research was to measure feed consumption and growth dynamics. The results showed that the addition of hibiscus flour and urea to the feed formula had no significant effect on the feed consumption of sheep. The growth dynamics of sheep showed a decrease in the first week of the trial, and gradually showed an increase in the second week. The highest growth increase was achieved in R3 treatment at 6 weeks of the feeding trial. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that sheep fed with 0.2% hibiscus flour supplementation and 1% Urea (R3) showed the best ability in utilizing agro-industrial waste-based feed.
Keywords: Feed consumption, Growth Dynamic, Sheep, Agroindustrial waste, Supplementation
Genetic Variation in the Calpastatin Gene and its Association with Growth Traits in Batur Sheep
Authors: Haren H I H , Purwantini D , Sumaryadi M Y , Setyaningrum A , Susanto A , Pangestu M
Published: September 2022

The present study aimed to investigate the association of the CAST genotype and growth traits in Batur sheep. Batur lambs were reared under an intensive feeding system. Bodyweight is measured monthly after weaning until six months of age. Blood representing thirty head were collected, genomic DNA was extracted as samples, and then 200 µl of whole blood samples were used. Specific primers were designed to amplify the CAST gene, samples were sequenced, then the researchers used the BioEdit program to identify any mutation. Calculation of genotypes, gene and allele frequencies, heterozygosities, and Chi-square test was performed. The analysis revealed a total of sixteen polymorphic sites in the CAST coding region. There are four alleles observed (A, G, C, and T), trans-versions at c.92TT loci, and transitions at c.214G>A, c.280G>A, c.301CG. One individual disrupted the reading frame in the whole CAST sequenced. The genotype frequency analysis showed the highest predominance of the (TT, GG, CC, and AA) genotypes with frequencies (66.7 %, 62.9 %, 59.3 %, 66.7 %, and 55.6 %) as homozygous. In contrast, the heterozygous (TG, GA, GT, CT, and AG) genotypes were present at lower frequencies (29.6 %, 33.3 %, 37 %, 29.6 %, and 37 %), respectively with four difference alleles (T, G, C, and A). Post-weaning bodyweight till 6-month age of Batur sheep for the heterozygous genotypes at loci (c.92TA, c.280G>A, and c.301CT and c.371A>G) with no significant differences (p > 0.5). The lambs with the heterozygous genotype had a significantly higher muscle percentage as a whole, compared to the other genotypes. Polymorphic sites were present in Batur sheep for the first time about the association with the CAST gene. However, the CAST gene might not be a useful marker for developing future selection programs in Batur sheep unless further investigation of the CAST gene and its interactions with other genes involving muscle growth and carcass traits are analyzed through association studies at a large scale.
Keywords: genetic variation, CAST gene, association, Batur sheep, growth traits
Identification of Gene Diversity of Melanocortin-4 Receptor and its Relationship with the Birth and Body Size of Beef Cattle
Authors: Albakri MW , Anugratama LE , . Panjono , Hartatik T
Published: September 2022

Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) expressed in hypothalamus which is part of the brain that are involved in regulation of appetite, metabolism and bodyweight. This study aimed to identify the MC4R gene diversity in the second cross generation of Belgian Blue, Wagyu, and Brahman crossbred and its relationship with the body weight and size birth. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were used to identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). The result of this study showed that MC4R genes was polymorphic with one SNP at 1133 C>G and included missense mutation. SNP 1133 C>G has two of allels C and G with three genotypes. Test of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium showed that the population of cattle was in equilibrium. The heterozigosity values showed that the population of cattle had a low diversity of genetics. The result of association showed that SNP 1133 C>G in MC4R Genes was not able to indicate the difference between the weight, body length, heart girth and wither’s height at birth. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the polymorphism of MC4R genes can only be used to distinguish cattle genotypes but cannot be used as the selection tools for body weight and size birth.
Keywords: Crossbreed beef cattle, Diversity, Heterozigosity, MC4R gene, SNP.
Evaluation of Semen Quality in Bali Bull Based on Different Body Weight and Age at the National Artificial Insemination Center, Singosari -- Indonesia
Authors: Suyadi S , Novianti I , Furqon A , Septian W A , Putri R F , Nugraha C D
Published: September 2022

The aim of this research was to assess the effect of age and body weight on semen quality. The material used was secondary data of 50 Bali Bull from 2012 to 2018 which were grouped as follows. Age 2–4 years: body weight (BW) was low (260-408 kg), medium (409-557 kg) and high (558-706 kg). Age 5–7 years: BW was low (314-470 kg), medium (471-627 kg) and high (628-784 kg). Age 8-10 years: BW was low (481-580 kg), medium (581-680 kg) and high (681-780 kg). The method used in this research is a case study. The obtained data was analyzed by using Nested Completely Randomized Design. The results showed that the older the Bali bull, the volume and individual motility increased (p<0.05) but sperm concentration decreased (p<0.05). Age 2-4 years: BW significantly affected (p<0.05) the volume, sperm concentration and individual motility. Age 5-7 years: BW significantly affected (p<0.05) the volume and individual motility, but not significantly (p>0.05) sperm concentration. Age 8-10 years: BW significantly affected (p<0.05) the volume, sperm concentration and individual motility. The research concluded that the selection of Bali cattle to obtain good quality of semen production should consider the body weight.
Keywords: Age, body weight, semen quality, semen production, Bali bull
Broiler Farmers' Income and Supply Chain Recovery in Anticipation of the Coronavirus Outbreak
Authors: Saptana I S Anugrah , Maulana M , Ariningsih E , Purwantini T B
Published: September 2022

July to August 2020 using primary data collected in 2016 in Bandung and Bogor regencies, involving 64 respondents implementing a purposive snowballing approach. The analytical method used is the revenue and costs analysis of broiler farming and supply chain analysis. The study results show that broiler farming was profitable and feasible in the independent pattern and internal and external partnership patterns. However, during the Covid-19 outbreak, farmers’ profits fell by 37%–49%. The Covid-19 explosion caused a decrease in demand and disruption of live bird and carcass storage and distribution. The government should conduct a low-market program by buying broilers from community farms and direct assistance programs in the form of chickens, cut DOC oversupply, absorb excess stocks into food reserves, and stabilize the price of broiler meat.
Keywords: broiler meat, revenue cost ratio, supply chain, price
The Reproduction Performance in Domestic Animals Controlled by Genetic Mechanism: A Review
Authors: Suyadi S , Furqon A , Septian W A , Putri R F , Nugraha C D
Published: September 2022

Reproduction in domestic animal is a very complex process. The process starts from gamete formation, release, gamete transport, fertilization, embryo and fetal development until delivery of the offspring by the dam. Reproduction holds the most important role in determining the success of livestock farming, profit or loss. The genetic selection of the reproductive traits became an important program to find out the merit candidate dam and bulls. At early time, the selection for reproduction traits was based on the visually phenotypic performance, and this is maintained for long time until present time. In the next phase, the values of heritability for reproduction traits was chosen as a basis of selection. The molecular aspect used for reproductive mechanism and expression was noted beginning in the 2000s using Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). The newest technique is to explore not only the role of DNA in the programming the reproductive mechanism, but the the expression of gen (nucleic DNA) at the Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) at the outside level of the cell nucleus.
Keywords: genetic factor, genetic material, SNP, reproduction process
Both insurers and supervisors will have to evolve : Interview with Petra Hielkema, chairperson of EIOPA
Authors: Hielkema Petra
Published: September 2022

Petra Hielkema is the Chairperson of EIOPA and is leading the Authority since September 2021. She is also member of the ESRB Steering Committee and member of the IAIS Executive Committee. Besides that she is the Champion of the IAIS Fintech Forum. In 2022 Petra Hielkema is also chairing the Joint Committee of the three ESA’s (EIOPA, EBA and ESMA). Prior to this role she was Division Director Insurance Supervision at De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB, the Dutch Central Bank) and Alternate Member of the EIOPA Board of Supervisors. She was also the Chair of the EIOPA Policy Committee. Petra Hielkema has a European Masters in Law & Economics and a Masters in Russian Studies. She is married and proud mother of three children.
Maturity indices of specific mango varieties produced at medium altitude agro-ecological zone in Kenya
Authors:   University of Nairobi, Muiruri J , Ambuko J , Nyankanga R , Owino WO ,   Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology
Published: September 2022

The high postharvest losses (40 – 50%) reported in the mango value chain are partly attributed to lack of reliable maturity indices. Harvest maturity is dictated by the intended use and the target market for the fruits. The aim of this study was to establish maturity indices of three commercial mango varieties namely ‘Van dyke,’ ‘Kent’ and ‘Tommy Atkins’ in Embu County of Kenya. At least eighteen mango trees (six per variety) were randomly tagged at 50% flowering in each of the three selected small-scale farms in Embu County. Number of days from flowering to different maturity stages were recorded (computational method). For each variety and maturity stage, five fruits were randomly sampled from the pool and analysed for physical (size, density, firmness, colour), physiological (ethylene evolution and respiration rate) and biochemical (obrix/Total Soluble Solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA) and their ratio) indices of maturity. The results showed that although size increased as the fruits developed, it was not a reliable index of maturity since some small-sized fruits attained advanced maturity earlier than others that were large-sized. The weight of the fruits fluctuated as the fruits developed and similar trend was observed on the specific gravity. Flesh firmness decreased gradually with maturity from a mean firmness of 40.54 N to 6.84 N. Tommy Atkins exhibited the lowest firmness levels at stage 4. Kent variety had the lowest ethylene at all stages while Tommy Atkins variety had the highest respiration rate of 21.40 ml/kg/hr at stage 1, which increased gradually to 32.10 ml/kg/hr at stage 4. The highest TSS: TTA values were reported in Kent variety. The results revealed significant differences in maturity indices of the three mango varieties despite similar physical indices. This study confirms the unreliability of physical maturity indices such as size and shape in establishing the right harvest stage of mango fruits. Computational, physiological and biochemical maturity indices should be incorporated in determination of accurate harvest maturity for mango. Key words: Ethylene, Harvest maturity, ‘Kent’, Maturity indices, Respiration, ‘Tommy Atkins’, ‘Van dyke’
Potential socio-economic impact of replacing traditional woven baskets with reusable plastic crates on livelihoods of basket makers in Southeast Nigeria
Authors:   FADEB Consultancy, Babarinsa OA , Okoruwa AE ,   Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Babarinsa FA
Published: September 2022

In Nigeria, packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables especially tomatoes is mostly done using traditional woven baskets from palm fronds. There is a belief that the introduction of reusable plastic crates (RPC) may take away the source of livelihood of basket makers and sellers who are majorly domiciled in the southeastern zone of Nigeria. The study assessed the potential socio-economic impact of replacing baskets with plastic crates for fresh tomato transportation on the livelihoods of basket makers in southeast Nigeria. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires. Overall, 430 basket makers were drawn from 16 basket production villages in Anambra, Imo, Ebonyi and Enugu states of the southeast. The primary source of income for the majority of the respondents (90.6%) was basket making, with other sources of income being mostly trading (21.3%) and farming (18.6%). About 28.9% of the respondents' income was between N11,000 and N20,000, while 34.7% were earning less thanN10,00 and 36.4% earning above N20,000. As many as 76.7% were willing to diversify into other businesses, particularly trading (37.3%), provision selling (16%) and skilled work (10.6%). The major challenges identified in diversifying were shortage of capital (96.3%) and a lack of prerequisite skills (3.7%). These challenges could be resolved by government intervention (47.8%), provision of financial aid, (39.2%); new jobs (2.2%) and loans (3.2%). Alternative income-generating activities include opening a provision store, food selling, rearing of animals/animal husbandry, trading in automobile spare parts, fruit selling, meat selling, bakery and confectionary. The perceived impacts of replacing baskets with RPCs were joblessness, increased poverty, crime and prostitution, rural urban drift and a dwindling economy. It is thus recommended that plastic crate introduction should be gradual and systematic and basket makers should be properly sensitized and informed. Government and non-governmental organizations should assist basket makers in mitigating the potential impact of replacing baskets with RPCs. Key words: Socio-economic impact, socio-economic characteristics, basket makers, livelihood activities, southeast Nigeria
Effect of harvest stage and nitrogen fertilization on the postharvest shelf life of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) and collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.)
Authors:   University of Nairobi, Gitau K , Ambuko J , Chemining’wa G , Owino W ,   Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
Published: September 2022

Leafy vegetables play a crucial role in the human diet providing numerous nutrients and health benefiting compounds. Leafy vegetables like collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum l.) are commonly consumed leafy vegetables in Kenya. However, their high perishability and short shelf life (usually 1-2 days at ambient temperature) limits their utilization resulting in significant high postharvest losses. This study assessed the effect of harvest stage and nitrogen fertilization on the postharvest shelf life of collard and black nightshade. Experiments were conducted at Kabete field station, University of Nairobi, using collard and black nightshade. Field experimental layout was a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Factors were nitrogen levels and harvest stage. Four levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N/ha) were applied on black nightshade and (0, 55.5, 111.1 and 166.6 kg N/ha) in collard where 0 kg N/ha was the control. Collard and black night shade were harvested at three harvest stages: 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after transplanting. The harvested vegetables were kept at ambient room condition (20 ºC, 55% relative humidity). Data collection was performed daily for quality related parameters which included color change, wilting index and cumulative weight loss. Results show that there was a progressive deterioration in quality of the collard and black nightshade with storage time regardless of harvest stage and nitrogen level. Harvesting at 8 weeks after transplanting resulted in longer shelf life in collard (three days) and black nightshade (two days) when compared to harvesting at 4 weeks or 6 weeks after transplanting. Collard and black nightshade showed reduced hue angles over storage time at different harvest stages. Black nightshade subjected to 90 kg N/ha and harvested at 4 weeks after transplanting had the highest wilting index of 33%. The highest cumulative weight loss of 29% was recorded in collard that were harvested at 8 weeks after transplanting. Black nightshade subjected to 90 kg N/ha and harvested at 6 weeks after transplanting showed the best color at a hue angle of 145°. Overall, harvesting at 8 weeks after transplanting resulted in the longest shelf life of both black nightshade and collard. These results show that low application of nitrogen fertilizer in black nightshade (30 kg N/ha) and in collard (55.5 kg N/ha) had minimal effects on weight loss and wilting and resulted in good keeping quality. Key words: Black nightshade, Collard, Harvest Stage, Nitrogen nutrition, Shelf life
Comparative assessment of dried moringa leaves of Nigerian ecotype
Authors:   Nasarawa State University, Adebayo FO , Abdus-Salaam RB ,   Lagos State University of Science and Technology
Published: September 2022

Moringa oleifera is an under-utilized vegetable plant known for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Current post-COVID-19 pandemic realities necessitate increased utilization of Moringa, with minimal postharvest losses. Thus, this study was conducted to compare the effect of different drying conditions on microbiological safety and assess shelf stability of dried Moringa leaves of Nigerian ecotype. Freshly harvested leaves were divided into four (4) parts and dried differently; sun-drying at day temperature of about 42 0C for 7 hours, oven-drying at 45 0C for 6 hours, shade-drying for 2 days while the last part was combined sun-shade drying. A second batch of fresh leaves was sun-dried and double-packaged in polythene pouches into rigid plastic plates that were subsequently stored in the dark at room temperature. Microbial enumerations of all freshly dried samples and the stored samples were conducted at monthly interval for five (5) months. Proximate composition, chlorophyll, iron and ascorbic acid contents were determined using standard methods. The results showed no growth on all freshly dried samples, irrespective of drying methods. Similarly, the result of shelf stability indicated acceptable levels of microbial growth throughout storage period. Proximate composition result indicated that storage length significantly (p < 0.05) affected the proximate composition of the samples. Moisture content increased with increasing storage time from 4.18±0.28 to 6.33±0.29 g/100 g; while protein, ash (total minerals), crude fibre, fat and carbohydrates contents all decreased to varying degrees with increasing storage time, from 36.10±0.51 to 35.40±0.50 g/100 g, 4.45±0.17 to 4.10±0.00 g/100 g, 6.55±0.40 to 6.13±0.05 g/100 g, 3.85±0.11 to 3.67±0.00 g/100 g and 44.87±0.44 to 44.37±0.44 g/100 g, respectively. This decrease is within acceptable standard that compares favourably with the levels that are found in other leafy vegetables. The chlorophyll content decreases with increasing storage length from 110.24±6.21 to 56.37±2.24 mg/100 g, with similar trend in iron and vitamin C contents. Hence, these results indicate that Moringa leaves can actually be dried using easily available methods of sun-drying, oven-drying and shade-drying for storage; while still maintaining acceptable standards of food safety and nutrient status. Therefore, dried Moringa leaves and powder can be exploited for commercial purposes in areas of abundant production for continuous distribution in Nigeria. Key words: Moringa, Under-utilization, Comparative assessment, Micronutrients, Microbiological analysis, Nutrient content, Chlorophyll, Iron
Gameplay as Foreplay at a Medieval Indian Court
Authors: Schmidt-Madsen Jacob
Published: September 2022

This study focuses on the singular courtly game of phañjikā described in the 12th-century Mānasollāsa attributed to King Someśvara III of the Western Cālukya Empire. It shows that phañjikā belongs to the family of cruciform race games, which also counts the famous games of caupaṛ and paccīsī among its members. Phañjikā, however, predates the earliest evidence for both of those games by several centuries, and should therefore be considered an early indication of the popularity that cruciform race games would come to enjoy in elite and royal households from at least the 15th century onward. The study also shows that phañjikā did not enjoy the same status at court as other board games, such as chess and backgammon, also described in the Mānasollāsa. It was primarily associated with the women at court, and only engaged in by the king for the pleasure of witnessing the passionate emotion that it stirred in them. Based on the low status of the game, and the prevalence of race games in all levels of society, the study argues that phañjikā was likely an elaborate courtly adaptation of a simpler folk game. This would explain its absence from the literature outside the Mānasollāsa, as well as its many correspondences with a wide range of cruciform, square, and single-track race games only documented in more recent sources. The study suggests that more scholarly attention should be paid to the regional literatures of India, as they developed in the first half of the 2nd millennium CE, for a more detailed understanding of the early history of medieval Indian race games to be arrived at.
Forecasting of the Employment Rate in the EU ICT Field
Authors: Zatonatska Tetiana , Klapkiv Yuriy , Dluhopolskyi Oleksandr , Fedirko Olha
Published: September 2022

The ingrained tendency to implement information and communication technologies (ICT) in EU enterprises over the last decade has caused dramatic changes in the labor market. Since the de­mand for ICT personnel is growing, there is still a need to create a comprehensive strategy to effectively manage ICT specialists when restructuring enterprises. The aim of the research is to identify transferring processes between low‑ and high‑skilled ICT personnel and predict the employment rate in the ICT field until 2025. A Markov chain was used as the method of anal­ysis. Using statistical data about the employment rate of ICT personnel by education attainment level, we have built a Markov chain model that describes the processes of ICT personnel with different levels of education. Data from 2005 to 2019 was used to build forecasting because of the absence of the latest information. We demonstrate that with the help of digitalization, the employment rate of ICT staff in 2025 will increase by 64% compared to 2018. The research verifies that ICT personnel will be in great demand until 2023 and, importantly, low‑ and mid­dle‑skilled personnel will be in demand, as well as high‑skilled personnel. The employment rate in the ICT field will be at its highest level in 2022 as the favorable economic conditions for ICT adoption will help it. The growing demand for low‑ and medium‑skilled ICT staff are met both by staff relocation processes and by the increasing digitalization of business units and public sec­tor institutions. The added value of the analysis is the prediction that the largest growth in ICT personnel employment will occur by 2023, but employment growth will slow down after that. The main obstacle to employment growth through digitalization is the global economic crisis because of different reasons.
A Comparison of the Effects of Capital and Labour Taxes in CEE Countries
Authors: Krajewski Piotr , Piłat Katarzyna
Published: September 2022

The aim of the article is to quantify and compare the impact of capital and labour tax on the economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The impulse‑response functions presented in the paper show that output reacts differently to changes in the taxation of labour and capital. Although there is some heterogeneity in the magnitude and persistence of tax effects between the analysed CEE countries, the simulations generally indicate that the negative impact of increased capital taxation on GDP is stronger than for labour taxation. More importantly, however, the negative effects of higher taxation on capital are more persistent than in the taxation of labour. This is largely because higher capital taxation strongly reduces savings and the desired stock of capital, which has important long‑term macroeconomic consequences.
Generalized Trust, Helpfulness, Fairness and Growth in European Countries A Revised Analysis
Authors: Sztaudynger Jan Jacek , Ambroziak Ewa , Starosta Paweł
Published: September 2022

This research is an attempt to assess the impact of trust, helpfulness, and fairness on economic growth in Europe. The first part of the paper highlights the concept of social capital and the related concept of trust, while the second part gives an overview of selected research hitherto conducted on the subject. The third part presents an econometric growth model based on a modified Cobb‑Douglas production function. The model we propose includes three interrelated variables: generalized trust, helpfulness, and fairness, which can be combined into an aggregated variable, called ‘cooperation capital’. The pooled sample covers the years 2006–2018 and includes 22 European countries. European Social Survey data provides a chance to examine the previously inaccessible measurement of the impact of bridging social capital increase on economic growth. The results suggest that approximately 1/8 of economic growth (measured by the GDP growth rate) may be ascribed to the effect of an increase in cooperation capital. In addition, 86% of this effect occurs with a 1–4 year lag. The three‑component cooperation capital explains economic growth better than generalized trust exclusively. The estimated model suggests that an increase in helpfulness among people has the largest impact on economic growth. As the outcomes of this research also clearly show, fairness and trust are key factors for economic growth in Europe.
Demographic Changes in the Countries of the Western Balkans – A Comparative Analysis with the European Union
Authors: Szymańska Agata
Published: September 2022

The study analyses the demographic changes in five countries of the Western Balkans – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia – which are associated with and are potential candidates for European Union (EU) member states. Due to a lack of data, Kosovo was excluded. The research was based on selected measures, both static and dynamic. The analysis was conducted against the background of the indicators presented for the EU, with the longest time sample covering the years 1960–2020. The study presents the scope of demographic changes and the advancement of the population ageing of these countries using selected static measures and showing their dynamics. The methods used are based on data analysis and cluster analysis. The results point to the advancement of demographic changes and ageing in the region. The comparison of calculated measures indicates that the demographic structure in the region has shifted towards “old”, with the share of people aged 65 and over higher than 14% in 2020. The most advanced stages concern Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the transformation from a “young” demographic structure to an “old” was very dynamic and deep.
Corporate Income Tax Changes in the Context of Earnings Management: a Review of the Literature
Authors: Krzeczewska Olga , Serra Coelho Luís Miguel
Published: September 2022

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the theoretical and empirical literature regarding tax-induced earnings management. In particular, the association between anticipated tax changes and earnings management is of interest to the authors.
Methodology: This paper uses a systematic literature review to achieve its research objectives.
Results of the research: The presented research is mostly devoted to tax rate decreases and focuses on accrual-based earnings management methods. In anticipation of a tax rate change, companies shift their income from a high to a low tax rate period. Moreover, the probability of tax-induced earnings management is higher in case of extreme changes in the tax rate, larger prospects for tax savings as well as in case of private firms. This paper identifies several inconsistencies and gaps in the current literature, emphasizing that the connection between firms’ characteristics, the level of book-tax conformity and the practice of earnings management remains unclear.
Incidence of Gryllidae on Different Host Plants from Mirpurkhas, Sindh
Authors: Talpur Shamshad Ali , Sultana Riffat , Bughio Barkat Ali , Das Jeram , Babar Abdul Aziz
Published: September 2022

Background: True cricket is the popular name for representatives of the Gryllidae family. Gryllidae insects can damage agricultural crops such as wheat, maize, cotton and grasses. The purpose of this study was to identify the most effective plants as well as economic losses in the district of Mirpurkhas. Methods: A total of 626 specimens were captured as a consequence of this investigation from 07 various places in the District of Mirpurkhas. Gryllidae are phytophagous insects that eat a vast number of crops, in addition, crickets damage paper, clothing, carpets and furniture. The standard entomological technique and instruments were used to correctly identify cricket species. The taxonomic work was mounted, labeled and sorted properly. Result: As a consequence of this work during 2019-2020. 05 genera and 11 species with 01 subspecies belonging to 02 subfamilies of family Gryllidae were distinguished during the current examination. Out of these species, 01 species and 01 subspecies; Gryllus multipulsator and Gryllus (gryllus) assimilis assimilis subspecies were recorded for the first time from the area.