bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entanglement and operator correlation signatures of many-body quantum Zeno phases in inefficiently monitored noisy systems
Authors: Leung Chun Y. , Romito Alessandro
Published: February 2025

The interplay between information-scrambling Hamiltonians and local continuous measurements hosts platforms for exotic measurement-induced phase transition in out-of-equilibrium steady states. Here, we consider such transitions under the addition of local random white noise and measurement inefficiency in an spin chain. We identify a nonmonotonic dependence on the local noise strength in both the averaged entanglement and operator correlations, specifically the subsystem parity variance. While the nonmonotonicity persists at any finite efficiency for the operator correlations, it disappears at finite inefficiency for the entanglement. The analysis of scaling with the system size in a finite-length chain indicates that, at finite efficiency, this effect leads to distinct measurement-induced phase transitions for operator correlations and entanglement. Our result hints at a difference between area-law entanglement scaling and Zeno-localized phases for inefficient monitoring.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Design of the EIC hadron storage ring stripline injection kicker with a novel impedance tuning capability
Authors: Sangroula M. P. , Liaw C. J. , Liu C. , Sandberg J. , Tsoupas N. , Xiao B. , Sun X.
Published: February 2025

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory, will be a high luminosity (∼1034  cm−2 s−1) nuclear science facility. To facilitate EIC experiments, the existing yellow ring of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) will be reconfigured to serve as the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR). Designing a stripline injection kicker for the HSR beams, with high magnetic rigidity (∼82  Tm), poses some technical challenges due to the required large pulsed voltage with long flattop duration, very fast rise time, expected shorter bunch spacing, and potential heating due to higher peak current. In addition, minimizing impedance mismatch in the transition region between the feedthrough and the stripline electrode is challenging. This paper focuses on the mechanical design and optimization of the HSR injection kicker, highlighting a novel impedance tuning capability achieved through an innovative kicker aperture adjustment mechanism. We comprehensively cover the design, including impedance optimization (both beam coupling and characteristic), beam-induced heating, and thermal analysis, and investigation of the maximum electric field due to high voltage signal excitation to ensure safe and reliable operation.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Configurable thermoacoustic streaming by laser-induced temperature gradients
Authors: Martens Franziska , Qiu Wei , Jakobsson Ola , Cierpka Christian , Ehn Andreas , Augustsson Per
Published: February 2025

Controlling the streaming flow in acoustically actuated microchannels enables the targeted motion of suspended micro-objects. This can offer novel approaches for rare cell studies or cell sorting in medicine or basic biology. In this work, we utilize the temperature dependence of the acoustic body force, which originates from the interaction of an acoustic field with gradients in compressibility or density. A temperature gradient was optically induced inside an acoustofluidic microchannel by the absorption of light and the resulting streaming flow was measured by particle tracking in three dimensions. Inside a microfluidic channel, two different thermal fields were investigated for a fixed sound field, both in experiments and in simulations. The results show that shifting the location of the heat source from the center to the side of the channel leads to a transition from four streaming rolls to two rolls in the plane normal to the laser incidence. By modulating the optical absorbance of the medium, the streaming velocity can be tuned such that higher absorption leads to faster thermoacoustic streaming. Further, for higher absorbance, we observe increasing velocity components in the direction of the laser due to asymmetric heat generation along the beam.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Untangling the Raman spectra of cubic and tetragonal
BaZrO3
Authors: Rosander Petter , Fransson Erik , Österbacka Nicklas , Erhart Paul , Wahnström Göran
Published: February 2025

Raman spectroscopy is a widely used experimental technique to study the vibrational properties of solids. Atomic scale simulations can be used to predict such spectra, but reliable studies at finite temperatures are challenging, mainly due to the requirement of accurate and computationally efficient models for the dielectric susceptibility. Here, we have used molecular dynamics simulations together with a density functional theory-based model for the dielectric susceptibility to determine the Raman spectrum of barium zirconate, BaZrO3 (BZO), a well-studied oxide perovskite. At ambient conditions, where the system is cubic, we find excellent agreement with experimentally measured Raman spectra. Our study establishes that the relatively sharp spectra seen experimentally are due to second-order scattering. At higher pressures, where BZO is tetragonal, all first-order Raman active modes are identified. Additionally, slightly below the phase transition, in the cubic phase, a broad central Raman peak appears. The origin of this type of peak is controversial and extensively debated in connection with the dynamics of the halide perovskites. Here, we show that it is also present in a hard oxide perovskite, and it originates from the highly overdamped R-tilt mode in the cubic structure.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Strong effects of thermally induced low-spin to high-spin crossover on transport properties of correlated metals
Authors: Moser Johanna , Mravlje Jernej , Aichhorn Markus
Published: February 2025

We use dynamical mean-field theory to study how electronic transport in multiorbital metals is influenced by correlated (nominally) empty orbitals that are in proximity to the Fermi level. Specifically, we study 2+1 orbital and 3+2 orbital (i.e., t2g+eg) models on a Bethe lattice with a crystal field that is set so that the higher lying orbitals are nearly empty at low temperatures but get a non-negligible occupancy at elevated temperature. The high temperature regime is characterized by thermal activation of carriers leading to higher magnetic response (i.e., thermally induced low-spin to high-spin transition) and substantial influence on resistivity, where one can distinguish two counteracting effects: increased scattering due to formation of high spin and increased scattering phase space on one hand and additional parallel conduction channel on the other. The former effect is stronger and one may identify cases where resistivity increases by a factor of 3 at high temperatures even though the occupancy of the unoccupied band remains small (<10%). We discuss implications of our findings for transport properties of correlated materials.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Vacuum and vortices in the inhomogeneous Abelian Higgs model
Authors: Kim Yoonbai , Jeon SeungJun , Kwon O-Kab , Song Hanwool , Kim Chanju
Published: February 2025

The inhomogeneous Abelian Higgs model with a magnetic impurity in the Bogomolny-Prasad-Sommerfield (BPS) limit is studied for both relativistic and nonrelativistic regimes. Though the symmetry of spatial translation is broken by inhomogeneity, extension to an N=1 supersymmetric theory is admitted. The quartic scalar potential has a minimum value depending on strength of the impurity but possesses a broken phase at a spatial asymptote. The vacuum configuration of a broken phase can be neither a constant nor the minimum of the scalar potential but is found as a nontrivial solution of the Bogomolny equations. While its energy density and magnetic field are given by the function of spatial coordinates, the energy and magnetic flux remain zero. The sign of the magnetic impurity term allows either a BPS sector or anti-BPS sector but not both. Thus, the obtained solution is identified as the new inhomogeneous broken vacuum of minimum zero energy. In the presence of rotationally symmetric Gaussian type inhomogeneity, topological vortex solutions are also obtained, and the effects of the impurity to the vortex are numerically analyzed.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Oscillatory and chaotic pattern dynamics driven by surface curvature
Authors: Nishide Ryosuke , Ishihara Shuji
Published: February 2025

Patterns on curved surfaces are ubiquitous, yet the influence of surface geometry on pattern dynamics remains elusive. We recently reported a mechanism of pattern propagation in which a static pattern on a flat plane becomes a propagating pattern on a curved surface []. Here, we address whether surface curvature can drive more complex pattern dynamics beyond propagation. By employing a combination of weakly nonlinear analysis and numerical simulation, we theoretically determine the condition for the emergence of pattern dynamics on curved surfaces and show that oscillatory and chaotic pattern dynamics can emerge by controlling the surface shapes. These findings highlight a role of surface topography in pattern formation and dynamics.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Efficiently Cooling Quantum Systems with Finite Resources: Insights from Thermodynamic Geometry
Authors: Taranto Philip , Lipka-Bartosik Patryk , Rodríguez-Briones Nayeli A. , Perarnau-Llobet Martí , Friis Nicolai , Huber Marcus , Bakhshinezhad Pharnam
Published: February 2025

Landauer’s limit on heat dissipation during information erasure is critical as devices shrink, requiring optimal pure-state preparation to minimize errors. However, Nernst’s third law states this demands infinite resources in energy, time, or control complexity. We address the challenge of cooling quantum systems with resources. Using Markovian collision models, we explore resource trade-offs and present efficient cooling protocols (that are optimal for qubits) for coherent and incoherent control. Leveraging thermodynamic length, we derive bounds on heat dissipation for swap-based strategies and discuss the limitations of preparing pure states efficiently.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Supersymmetric Localization and Nonconformal
N=2
Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theories in the Perturbative Regime
Authors: Billò Marco , Griguolo Luca , Testa Alessandro
Published: February 2025

We examine the relation between supersymmetric localization on S4 and standard QFT results for nonconformal theories in flat space. Specifically, we consider 1/2 BPS circular Wilson loops in four-dimensional SU(N) N=2 supersonic Yang-Mills theories with massless hypermultiplets in an arbitrary representation R such that the

β

function is nonvanishing. On S4, localization maps this observable into an interacting matrix model. Despite broken conformal symmetry at the quantum level, we show that within a specific regime of validity the matrix model predictions are consistent with perturbation theory in flat space up to order g6. At this order, the reorganization of Feynman diagrams based on the matrix model potential, which has been widely tested in conformal models, also applies in nonconformal setups and is realized, in perturbative field theory, through highly nontrivial interference mechanisms.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Enhanced Laser Cooling of a Mechanical Resonator via Zero-Photon Detection
Authors: Cryer-Jenkins Evan A. , Major Kyle D. , Clarke Jack , Enzian Georg , Szczykulska Magdalena , Zhang Jinglei , Gupta Arjun , Leung Anthony C. , Rathee Harsh , Svela Andreas Ø. , Tan Anthony K. C. , Beige Almut , Mølmer Klaus , Vanner Michael R.
Published: February 2025

Throughout quantum science and technology, measurement is used as a powerful resource for nonlinear operations and quantum state engineering. In particular, single-photon detection is commonly employed for quantum-information applications and tests of fundamental physics. By contrast, and perhaps counterintuitively, measurement of the absence of photons also provides useful information, and offers significant potential for a wide range of new experimental directions. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate cooling of a mechanical resonator below its laser-cooled mechanical occupation via zero-photon detection on the anti-Stokes scattered optical field and verify this cooling through heterodyne measurements. Our measurements are well captured by a stochastic master equation and the techniques introduced here open new avenues for cooling, quantum thermodynamics, quantum state engineering, and quantum measurement and control.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Lifetime of a freely decaying hollow atom
Authors: Werl M. , Koller T. , Haidegger P. , Wrathall S. , Eßletzbichler L. , Niggas A. , Aumayr F. , Tőkési K. , Wilhelm R. A.
Published: February 2025

Hollow atoms (HAs) are an exotic type of matter formed when a highly charged ion impacts on a surface, capturing multiple electrons into highly excited states, leaving intermediate electronic states empty. Although experimental fingerprints of HAs were found in high-resolution x-ray spectra, it has been widely believed that HAs decay too rapidly to be studied directly. Using a simulation code for the full deexcitation cascade of the HAs, based on rates from atomic structure codes for highly excited states, we show that the lifetime of an HA, scattered under very grazing angles from a surface, can reach several tens of ps in free decay. In additional experiments, we use Ar14+ ions on a Ni(110) surface under incidence angles below 0.5∘. Comparing ion charge state distributions after scattering between experiment and simulation, we discuss the role of surface-stimulated decay in most interactions. We show that by minimizing the incidence angle, the influence of surface-near processes can be reduced and that HAs can exist for several picoseconds in free space.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Corporate governance determinants of sustainable manufacturing practice: the case of zero-defect manufacturing in multinational corporations
Authors: Oyewo Babajide , Tauringana Venancio , Ojiako Udechukwu
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the corporate governance (CG) determinants of sustainable manufacturing practice using zero-defect manufacturing (ZDM) from the stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory perspectives.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a panel research design, the study analyses empirical data from Global 500 companies covering a 15-year period.

Findings

The results show that Board Independence, Meeting Attendance by Board Members, Board Gender Diversity and Board Skills on Sustainable Manufacturing are positively associated with ZDM Practice, while Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Duality of Power has a negative impact. In the millennium development goals period, the foremost drivers of ZDM Practice are Board Independence, Board Gender Diversity and Board Skills on Sustainable Manufacturing, while this shifted to Board Independence and Board Gender Diversity in the sustainable development goals period.

Originality/value

The study provides empirical evidence that organisations seeking to improve sustainable manufacturing practice may consider strengthening their CG structures to demonstrate responsible manufacturing in line with stakeholders’ expectations and to preserve corporate legitimacy. The results are robust to alternative proxies, potential endogeneity concerns and sample selection bias.
Forecasting career paths: the employee work passion model for accounting internship students
Authors: Yuliati Retno , Marsetio Nany Chandra , Kusumaningrum Dian
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This study examines the impact of cognitive experience, affective experience and job engagement in hybrid internships on students’ interest in public accountants.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 82 undergraduate students who had undertaken internship programs in accounting firms in Jakarta, Indonesia. The reflective-formative disjoint two-stage approach, partial least square, was used for the empirical analysis.

Findings

Cognitive and affective experience is positively related to job engagement. This study further proves that cognitive and affective experiences during internships are key determinants for students’ intention to work as public accountants. However, job engagement does not mediate the link between cognitive and affective experiences during internships and the intention to work as a public accountant.

Practical implications

This study provides insights into the relationship between cognitive and affective experience, job engagement and students’ intention to work as public accountants by clarifying the effectiveness of internship programs.

Originality/value

This study investigates accounting internships in Indonesia by applying the employee work passion model, focusing on an area that has received limited attention.
The role of assertiveness, family dynamics and cohesion in women-led dairy farm performance
Authors: Kumari Anshu , Tiwari Manish
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This study explored the role of assertiveness, family satisfaction, and family support in enhancing farm performance in women-led dairy farms, with family cohesion as a mediating variable. It explores how these elements interact within socioeconomic contexts, where patriarchal norms and resource constraints are prevalent.

Design/methodology/approach

This study employed a structural equation Modelling (SEM) which involved a quantitative approach through a structured questionnaire with 330 target respondents using a five-point Likert scale. This study is based on the registered dairy farmers of rural Bihar. The data were analyzed using SmartPLS 4 model and applying bootstrapping to examine Family Cohesion’s direct and mediation effects between variables.

Findings

The findings emphasize the critical role of assertiveness in fostering open communication and decision-making within family settings, which enhances cohesion and farm productivity. Family satisfaction and support were key drivers of cohesion, creating emotionally stable and collaborative environments essential for successful farm operations. It also confirms that family cohesion mediates the relationship between assertiveness, satisfaction, support, and farm performance.

Originality/value

This study contributes to family systems theory by identifying family cohesion as a pivotal factor in the leadership dynamics of women-led agricultural enterprises. This underscores the potential for empowering women through training in assertiveness and family support mechanisms, thus providing a framework for policymakers and stakeholders to foster sustainable development in rural sectors. This study offers actionable insights into improving gender equity and performance in agriculture, with implications for similar socio-economic settings globally.
Practice briefing: environmental, social and governance (ESG) and real estate valuation - the case of Sweden
Authors: Palm Peter
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The aim of this briefing is to investigate how the impact of environmental, social and governance (ESG) is incorporated into real estate valuation in Sweden. The specific research questions are as follows: How is ESG incorporated in the valuation? What obstacles do the valuers meet in this process?

Design/methodology/approach

This practice briefing is an overview of the role of ESG in the property valuation process in Sweden. The indicative research was conducted through round table discussions. Each round table discussion consisted of six representatives –: two authorised valuers, one bank representative, one auditor and two real estate company representatives – which lasted three hours.

Findings

The outcome of the research can be summarised by that the valuers has a lack of evidence-based data on how and to what extent different sustainability factors affect property values.

Practical implications

This study highlights the struggle of the valuation community in the matter of incorporating sustainability factors in the valuation process.

Originality/value

The research targets the Swedish real estate industry and includes the perspective from not just the valuation community but also the auditors, banks and real estate owners.
Assessment of energy-saving strategies mitigating high energy usage in residential buildings
Authors: Khafiso Thabo , Adekunle Samuel Adeniyi , Aigbavboa Clinton
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The increasing energy consumption in residential buildings poses significant challenges to sustainability, economic efficiency, and environmental health. Despite the availability of numerous energy-saving strategies, their adoption remains inconsistent due to various barriers such as cost, awareness and technical limitations. This paper aims to assess energy-saving strategies mitigating high energy consumption in residential buildings.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted a quantitative research methodology. A carefully developed study questionnaire was distributed to a group of 20 Delphi experts to collect quantitative data. These experts possess extensive experience in the areas of energy use, energy management and energy savings. The questionnaire was also issued to the end users to gather quantitative data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis.

Findings

The study results indicate a strong preference for certain energy-saving measures, with energy-efficient appliances, occupant behavior adjustments and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system upgrades emerging as the most frequently adopted strategies. Measures such as installing smart thermostats and energy-efficient windows also ranked highly, reflecting their perceived effectiveness in reducing energy consumption. However, strategies like weatherizing buildings and using smart power strips were less frequently implemented, suggesting lower prioritization or barriers to adoption. The findings further emphasize the importance of HVAC-related maintenance and upgrades, highlighted by their top rankings and frequent use, while simpler actions, such as insulation and turning off lights, were ranked lower despite their potential for energy savings.

Research limitations/implications

The study’s limitations include reliance on self-reported data, potential bias in participant responses and a lack of consideration for contextual factors such as regional climate, socioeconomic conditions and technological access that may influence the adoption of energy-saving measures.

Originality/value

This research is distinctive in its integration of the Delphi method with questionnaires to holistically evaluate and assess energy-saving measures for reducing excessive energy use in residential structures. By integrating expert consensus with empirical data from diverse residential contexts, it provides a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of effective energy management practices.
Play and passion: framing children’s rich moments of responding and making meaning
Authors: Kucharczyk Stefan , Pettersen Kenneth , Rowsell Jennifer
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This short article takes the play and passion of children’s literacy as its focal point. Rather than orienting reading and writing around what should be taught or how children should respond and understand written text, in this short reflective essay we aim to explore the play and passion inherent in children’s literacy practices. We do not aim to precisely conceptualise or delineate the nature of play or passion but, instead, to trace the path of these ideas through seminal research studies within the field of New Literacy Studies as well as drawing on the authors’ fieldwork.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper begins with an exploration of foundational research in the field of new literacy studies, drawing attention to the abundant presence of children’s play and passion. Then, it visits two moments of play and passion from the authors’ fieldwork that suggest ways of thinking anew about children’s literacy practices beyond responding to text. The first, by Kenneth Pettersen, considers childhood collecting across home/pre-school settings in Norway; the second, by Stefan Kucharczyk, looks at children’s curatorship in Minecraft at an afterschool videogame club in the UK. This paper concludes with a proposed reimagining of literacy education, outlining implications for researchers, policymakers and practitioners.

Findings

These observed moments of collecting and gaming are analysed in the context of children’s play and passion. In both cases, we highlight how observing children following their passions and interests can challenge how we, as adult researchers, view their play and how we think about literacy. Rather than being in opposition to one another, our analysis of children’s collecting and worldbuilding account for the felt experience in children’s literacy practices.

Originality/value

Moving inside of two separate research studies, we give a bird’s eye view of what can be gained by observing and drawing out play and passion while children respond and make meaning through varied texts and objects in two different contexts. The article therefore is an invitation to think otherwise about reading and writing by embracing play and passion as children’s pathway into rich literacy moments.
3D printed NdFeB permanent magnets by laser powder bed fusion: process feasibility, optimization and annealing
Authors: Chan Yong Rong , Seetharaman Sankaranarayanan , Fuh Jerry Y.H. , Lee Heow Pueh
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This study aims to assess the feasibility of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processing using as-received gas-atomized spherical Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) powder (17–68 µm), compared to literature methods that sieve to a narrow size range (<40 µm).

Design/methodology/approach

The research involves single track and layer printing, process optimization and subsequent heat treatment and magnetic annealing. The experimental approach includes conducting systematic printing trials to assess the impact of various parameters on printed track and layer quality, and refining printing parameters through iterative testing. Heat treatment and magnetic annealing are applied to achieve the desired magnetic properties.

Findings

A minimum linear energy density of 0.10 J/mm is required for continuous track formation, with track width largely unaffected by varying linear energy densities. An optimal hatch spacing of approximately 42% overlap avoids layer defects, with 0.10 mm spacing suitable for layer thicknesses between 30 and 80 µm. A stable processing window for energy density (EA) of 0.6–1.0 J/mm2 was identified, allowing cuboid printing despite some discontinuous tracks, indicating potential fusion issues. Maximizing volumetric energy density (EV) within this range correlates positively with part density, achieving 92% density, coercivity of 490 kA/m and remanence of 496 mT. Post-treatment, density increased to 96%, coercivity to 582 kA/m and remanence to 544 mT.

Originality/value

This study fills a significant gap in LPBF literature for NdFeB by using the original wider size range of spherical powder without sieving, demonstrating improved cost-effectiveness, material efficiency and build efficiency. These findings offer practical recommendations for addressing the challenges related to LPBF processing of NdFeB powder.
Community with the Dead: Jung’s Black Books Epiphany and the Role of Toni Wolff
Authors: Hill Ginny
Published: February 2025

During December 1915, C. G. Jung recorded a series of fantasy dialogues in The Black Books with a female shade who instructed him to seek “community with the dead” (2020, Vol. 5, p. 255). The female shade also taught Jung a prayer for the redemption of the dead and she indicated the defining tasks of the second half of Jung’s life—namely, the creation of Liber Novus, or The Red Book, and the foundation of the community of analytical psychology. In this paper, the author explores the significance of these key passages in the context of Jung’s emerging “theology of the dead”, as documented in the initial volumes of The Black Books (Shamdasani, 2024, p. 118). She considers Jung’s interrogation of his own dream history as part of this creative writing process, including several significant dreams about the dead, and she explores the extent to which Jung regarded one of these dreams as prompting him to start an extra‐marital relationship with Toni Wolff.
Patients re‐engaging with HIV care in Guatemala: Prioritizing CD4 counting and screening for histoplasmosis and tuberculosis
Authors: Medina Narda , Alastruey‐Izquierdo Ana , Bonilla Oscar , Mercado Danicela , Arathoon Eduardo , Rodriguez‐Tudela Juan Luis
Published: February 2025

Background

Discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly contributes to the development of advanced HIV disease (AHD) and opportunistic infections. This study analyzed data from patients who re‐engaged in care after ART interruption and compared the cohort with patients with newly diagnosed HIV, focusing on the burden of tuberculosis and histoplasmosis.

Methods

A diagnostic package for opportunistic infections was implemented in Guatemala in 2017, encompassing tuberculosis and histoplasmosis. From 2017 to 2019, we enrolled 1379 adults re‐engaging in care and 3412 patients with newly diagnosed HIV across 13 healthcare facilities. Data collection included demographic information, laboratory test results, and patient outcomes.

Results

Among patients re‐engaging in care, 54% (491 of 903) had AHD, which was comparable to the 50.1% (1349 of 2692) in newly diagnosed patients. Among the re‐engaging cohort, 34.5% had not undergone CD4 testing, compared with 21.1% in the newly diagnosed group. This highlights a significant gap in assessing advanced HIV status through an objective, unbiased test. Among patients re‐engaging in care, the incidence rates of tuberculosis and histoplasmosis were 9.7% and 8.3%, respectively, regardless of immune status. This indicated a high burden of opportunistic infections in this group, with newly diagnosed patients showing similar incidence rates of 8.5% for tuberculosis and 8.3% for histoplasmosis.

Conclusion

Patients re‐engaging in care should follow a similar process to newly diagnosed patients. There is an urgent need for routine and immediate CD4 testing to identify AHD and implement the recommended comprehensive diagnostic and care package. Early detection and targeted interventions are crucial for reducing AIDS‐related mortality.
Is Differentiated Support Under Servant Leadership Acceptable?
Authors: Hotta Aya , Souma Toshihiko , Haraguchi Yasuhiko
Published: February 2025

Although it is known that followers' acceptance of leader–member exchange differentiation depends on their supervisors' ethics and altruism, it is yet to be confirmed whether differentiation in the support that supervisors provide to followers also depends on their supervisors' ethics and altruism. This study addressed this research gap by examining how servant leadership moderates the relationship between supervisor support differentiation and turnover intention. To test the hypotheses, we used secondary data from a cross‐sectional survey conducted by a social welfare corporation in eastern Japan, in which 34 directors and 676 staff from nursing homes completed a self‐reported questionnaire. We conducted a multi‐level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling. The results of the single slope analysis showed that higher perceived supervisor support differentiation (PSSD) is associated with the lower turnover intention of followers in organizations where supervisors reported more servant leadership behavior. These findings suggest that followers view PSSD as justified under servant leaders. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of differentiated leadership as opposed to supportive leadership (which is the average approach).
Variability and gaps in teamwork assessment tools for health care teams in health professions education: A scoping review
Authors: Choi Justin J. , Schreurs Sanne , Leung Peggy B. , Penner John C. , Torre Dario , Hickner Andy , Piazza Allison , Durning Steven J. , Teunissen Pim W. , Maggio Lauren A.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Teamwork is an essential component of health care and health professions education (HPE). The assessment of teamwork remains a significant challenge, and little is known about teamwork assessment tools (i.e. structured instruments or methods) used to examine the performance of health care teams within HPE. In this scoping review, the authors aimed to map and synthesize recent empirical studies of teamwork assessment tools in HPE.

Method

Arksey and O'Malley's framework was used to identify and select relevant studies, extract data, and examine the extent, range and nature of research activity across studies. The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, ERIC and Web of Science for original research studies from January 2015 to March 2024. Studies were included if they (i) used quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods to develop and/or use an assessment tool for the performance of health care teams within HPE; (ii) focused on team‐level assessments; and (iii) provided sufficient details on the teams and teamwork competencies being studied.

Results

Twelve studies were included. All studies used direct observations of health care teams to assess teamwork. The authors identified over 20 teamwork assessment tools developed and/or used—seven studies used previously published teamwork assessment tools; five studies developed new tools. Variability and ambiguity in definitions and conceptualizations of teamwork and its competencies was common; few were based on theoretical frameworks of teamwork. Gaps included a lack of attention to external factors that influence teamwork (e.g. workload and interruptions), limited exploration of team dynamics (e.g. hierarchy and power) and minimal consideration of patient roles.

Conclusions

This scoping review found significant variability and highlighted gaps in current approaches to the assessment of health care teams within HPE. Future work should improve clarity in definitions and conceptualizations of teamwork, conduct theory‐building and theory‐guided studies of teamwork assessment tools and perform rigorous evaluations of teamwork assessment tools that account for external factors, team dynamics and the role of patients.
Exploring the Antiemetic Potential of Caffeic Acid: A Combined In Vivo and Computational Approach
Authors: Bhuia Md. Shimul , Ferdous Jannatul , Chowdhury Raihan , Ansari Siddique Akber , Ansari Irfan Aamer , Al Hasan Md. Sakib , Sheikh Salehin , Islam Muhammad Torequl
Published: February 2025

Background

This study emphasizes evaluating the antiemetic efficacy of the natural food component caffeic acid (CAF) using a copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O)‐induced emetic model on chicks, and an in silico approach was also adopted to estimate the possible underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Two doses (25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.) of CAF and several referral drugs considered positive controls (PCs), including domperidone (6 mg/kg), hyoscine (21 mg/kg), aprepitant (16 mg/kg), diphenhydramine (10 mg/kg), and ondansetron (5 mg/kg), were orally administered to chicks. The vehicle served as the control group. Co‐treatments of CAF with referral drugs were also provided to chicks to evaluate the modulatory action of the test compound.

Results

According to the results, CAF delayed the emetic onset and decreased the frequency of retches in a dose‐dependent manner compared to the vehicle group. CAF (40 mg/kg) represented a notable delayed latency period (60.17 ± 3.16 s) and a diminished number of retchings (18.33 ± 1.74 times) compared to the control group. Further, in the co‐treatments, CAF increased the latency period and reduced the number of retches, except for domperidone. In the in silico investigation, CAF showed notable binding affinity toward the D2 (−7.3 kcal/mol), 5HT3 (−7.1 kcal/mol), and M5 (−7 kcal/mol) receptors in the same binding site as the referral ligand.

Conclusion

This research indicated that CAF has mild antiemetic properties by interacting with the D2, 5TH3, and M5 receptors. Therefore, several preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to assess the effectiveness and safety profile of this food ingredient.
Botulinum Toxin Improves Quality of Life and Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Defecation Disorders
Authors: Davis Trevor A. , Turner Ashlyn , Wilson Carrie , Wang Jinli , Joerger Shannon , Utterson Elizabeth C. , Shakhsheer Baddr A.
Published: February 2025

Objective

To elucidate the effect of internal anal sphincter (IAS) botox as an adjunct to standard treatment for disordered defecation (DD), defined by the inability to effectively evacuate stool from the rectum resulting in constipation, on patient/caregiver quality of life (QoL) metrics in association with corresponding clinical outcomes.

Methods

Consecutive children undergoing IAS botox for DD completed surveys at baseline, two weeks, and three months post‐procedure. Time points included assessment of clinical symptoms (Rome IV Questionnaire), QoL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory [PedsQL]), and caregiver well‐being/family functioning (PedsQL‐Family Impact Module [PedsQL‐FIM]).

Results

Of 60 participants, the median age was 7 years (IQR 4–10), with 34 (56.7%) males and 32 (53.3%) first‐time Botox recipients. The median onset of positive effect after Botox was 6 days (IQR 3–14), while the median loss of effect was 70 days (IQR 39–83). Compared to baseline, by 3 months there was a lower chance of meeting Rome IV criteria for functional constipation in first‐time recipients (RR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58–0.91; p = 0.005). This remained significant after adjusting for any bowel regimen change during the 3‐month period following Botox (OR 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13–0.74; p = 0.012). Regarding QoL, there was significant improvement in total PedsQL score at both 2‐weeks (11.79 point improvement, 95% CI: 6.36–17.22; p < 0.0001) and 3 months (13.97 point improvement, 95% CI: 8.47–19.47; p < 0.0001) from baseline for first‐time recipients, while improvement was only observed at 2 weeks for prior recipients (6.67 point improvement, 95% CI: 0.65–12.69; p = 0.030). First‐time recipients demonstrated significant improvements in total PedsQL‐FIM score at both 2 weeks (9.33 point improvement, 95% CI: 3.77–14.89; p = 0.001) and 3 months (11.57 point improvement, 95% CI: 5.94–17.20; p < 0.0001) from baseline.

Conclusion

Our findings establish far‐reaching benefits of IAS botox primarily for first‐time recipients, both clinically and psychosocially, suggesting that appropriate incorporation into the treatment paradigm may globally enhance outcomes in children with DD.
Medical Spanish Vital Signs Educational Module for Healthcare Students
Authors: Essex David , Murphy Trevor , Penaloza Natalia , Cayenne Samir , Raifaisen Norma Perez
Published: February 2025

Background

With a growing number of Spanish‐speaking patients in the United States, it is crucial for clinicians to communicate effectively with their patients. However, the number of Spanish‐speaking clinicians is disproportionately low. Our module aims to provide healthcare students with a practical foundation of basic Spanish for taking vital signs. We evaluated this module's impact on student knowledge acquisition and self‐perceived confidence in taking vitals in Spanish through pre‐ and post‐module assessments.

Approach

Our 7‐h hybrid educational module comprised two in‐person sessions with pre‐ and post‐session assignments. Through the module, students learned grammar, vocabulary and cultural principles before practising speaking skills through team‐based learning in small groups led by bilingual facilitators.

Evaluation

Seventy‐nine of the 98 originally enrolled students completed the module. Students completed pre‐ and post‐module surveys to gauge knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, comprehension and cultural understanding in addition to measuring self‐reported confidence levels using a 5‐point Likert scale. A Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was used to analyse the difference between the tests with p < 0.05 representing statistical significance. Students showed statistically significant improvement in all tested domains as well as in self‐confidence reporting even after controlling for prior Spanish exposure and Hispanic ethnicity. Students who had prior exposure to Spanish showed a greater increase in confidence reporting vital signs in Spanish.

Implications

With a need for more Spanish‐proficient clinicians, medical education institutions in the United States will seek to augment trainee exposure to and competence in Spanish. This module provided an effective environment for healthcare students to learn and practice medical Spanish.
Molecular chaperon HSP70‐9 is required for clathrin‐mediated endocytosis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Shen Tingting , Liu Zimeng , Bai Jiaoteng , Zhai Xiaoting , Wei Shanshan , Xu Wenyan , Jia Ning , Li Bing
Published: February 2025

Clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) plays a key role in the internalization of plasma membrane‐localized proteins, lipids and extracellular substances; however, the regulatory mechanism of CME in plants is unclear. In this work, we demonstrated that molecular chaperon HSP70‐9 is required for CME in Arabidopsis thaliana. Knocking out the HSP70‐9 gene led to auxin‐related phenotypes and the accumulation of auxin efflux carrier PINs in root cells, indicating that HSP70‐9 is involved in the PIN trafficking process. Immunolocalization studies showed that the HSP70‐9 was localized in mitochondria, vesicles and cytoplasm. Next, we found that HSP70‐9 and clathrin light chain 1 (CLC1) were co‐localized in cells, and there was a strong interaction between the two. HSP70‐9 knockout led to an increase in CLC1‐related vesicle number in root cells, and the application of protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide did not significantly inhibit the increase in the hsp70‐9a mutant. HSP70‐9 knockout did not significantly affect the level of CLC1 mRNA, but reduced the abundance of free CLC1 protein in root cells, indicating that HSP70‐9 might be involved in the stability of CLC1‐related vesicles. Moreover, our data indicated that the introduction of the exogenous CLC1 gene rescued the hsp70‐9a seedlings likely through promoting PIN trafficking. Furthermore, the role of HSP70‐9 in the depolymerization of clathrin‐coated vesicles (CCVs) was investigated in vitro. The result indicated that the addition of HSP70‐9 promoted the release of CLC1 from the CCVs. Taken together, our data suggest that HSP70‐9 affects PIN trafficking likely through facilitating the release of CLC1 from the CCVs.
Split red blood cell units contain defined extracellular K+ levels, which are improved by a washing procedure
Authors: Hoppe Fabiola , Maier Jacqueline , Kirsten Holger , Federbusch Martin , Henschler Reinhard
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives

We should control free K+ during massive transfusion (>80 mL/kg) of red blood cells (RBCs) in small children. To manage this, several national and international guidelines recommend using RBCs stored only up to 7 days. We tested a washing step for RBCs in saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol (SAGM) with or without irradiation to reduce supernatant K+ levels, improve quality and potentially extend the shelf life of stored RBCs.

Materials and Methods

RBCs of 240–330 mL were prepared from whole blood donations, then split into halves and stored in SAGM solution at 4 ± 2°C for 21 days. RBCs were split and washed on Days 1 and 8, and some were gamma‐irradiated on Day 8. Glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), K+ and haemolysis were determined over 21 days.

Results

After washing on Day 1, only glucose and lactate improved, whereas after washing on Day 8, LDH and K+ also improved. Irradiation resulted in accelerated K+ accumulation and increased haemolysis. Mean extracellular K+ concentrations were 21.2 ± 1.03 mM after irradiation on Day 8 versus 1.12 ± 0.05 mM after irradiation plus wash on Day 8, and 38.80 ± 2.13 mM on Day 10 after irradiation on Day 8 and 16.6 ± 0.05 mM on Day 10 after irradiation plus wash on Day 8.

Conclusion

K+ concentrations remained <25 mM within 8 days of storage. We recommend irradiation by Day 8 at the latest for neonatal transfusion. The shelf life may be extended by another 48 h if the RBCs are also washed.
Consonant clusters in Nigerian English
Authors: Gut Ulrike , Meer Philipp
Published: February 2025

This study explores consonant cluster production and its influencing factors in Nigerian English using a corpus‐based approach. More than 4000 onset and coda consonant clusters produced in the broadcast talks, broadcast discussions and broadcast news from ICE‐Nigeria by a total of 44 speakers were analysed with reference to cluster position, the number of consonants, their position in the word, the preceding/following phonetic environment, voicing and stress. In addition, the speakers’ ethnic background and gender were included in the analysis. Generalised linear (logistic) mixed‐effects models (with random effects for speaker, word and cluster type) were employed for statistical modelling. The results show that, overall, cluster reduction in Nigerian English is low, especially in onset clusters. There is no evidence of first language influence, rather the factors stress, consonant position and following phonetic environment influence reduction rates. Social factors and registers were not found to systematically constrain cluster reduction.
Heart rate response to transient hypoxia in patients with heart failure and Cheyne–Stokes respiration
Authors: Pinna Gian Domenico , Robbi Elena , La Rovere Maria Teresa , Maestri Roberto
Published: February 2025

Cheyne–Stokes respiration (CSR), a rhythmic rise and fall in ventilation often experienced by patients with heart failure during sleep, is typically accompanied by an oscillation in heart rate (HR) at the same frequency. The mechanisms responsible for this oscillation are still debated. In this study, we used the experimental model of the transient hypoxia test (i.e., a laboratory test that mimics the transient nature of the cyclic desaturations that occur during hyperpnoeic phases of CSR) to assess accurately the temporal relationship between the HR response to transient hypoxia and the tidal volume response in six heart failure patients. The same relationship was assessed during CSR using polysomnographic signals. We hypothesized that this relationship would provide important insights into the key mechanisms contributing to the HR response. During transient hypoxia, HR started to increase around the onset of tidal volume increase but continued to increase after the peak of the latter had been reached. The time delay between the two peaks (HR vs. tidal volume) was 7.9 ± 4.8 s. The same delay during hyperpnoeic phases of CSR was 1.0 ± 0.9 s. In addition, the increases in lung volume were much greater than those found in the laboratory tests. Based on the known dynamics of vagal and sympathetic control of HR, we speculate that the HR response to transient hypoxia might be attributable predominantly to the sympathetically mediated tachycardic effect of the increased central inspiratory drive, whereas the fast, vagally mediated pulmonary inflation reflex might be the predominant mechanism during CSR.