bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomy and History
Authors: Weimer Steven
Published: May 2014

A common view among autonomy theorists is that a desire is autonomous only if it has the right sort of history. Usually, an autonomy-compatible history is taken to consist in the desire’s having had proper origins. In a recent article in this journal, Mikhail Valdman has proposed an alternative historical theory on which a desire’s origins are irrelevant. On Valdman’s “agent-engagement” theory, a desire is autonomous if and only if the agent has made it her own by deliberatively deciding it is worth maintaining and acting on. I argue that both of these approaches are overly demanding: the history of many autonomous desires lack proper origins, agent-engagement, or both. Taking as my starting point Alfred Mele’s account, which I go on to revise and supplement in several important ways, I outline a more flexible historical theory of autonomy which recognizes multiple ways in which a desire can become one’s own.
Counterfactual Situations and Moral Worth
Authors: Sorensen Kelly
Published: May 2014

What is the relevance to praiseworthiness and blameworthiness of what one would have done in other, counterfactual circumstances? I defend a moderate form of actualism: what one would have done is important, but less so than what one actually does.
The Threefold Body in Eschatological Perspective
Authors: Schlesinger Eugene R.
Published: May 2014

In this article, I draw from Henri de Lubac’s ecclesiology to delineate the relations between the three forms of Christ’s body (historical, ecclesial, and sacramental). Using the heuristic frameworks of scholastic sacramental theology and of spiritual exegesis, I demonstrate that language concerning the ecclesial body is significantly more complex than with the historical or sacramental bodies. The ecclesial body is at once entirely provisional—the sacrament of Christ—and the fulfillment itself—the totus Christus. This leads me to pose the question: what aspects of the Church endure through eternity and which pass away? I argue that it is the faithful who abide, while the visible institutional structures of the Church will be no more. I clarify how the institutional aspects of the Church relate to the congregatio fidelium and suggest that academic ecclesiology concern itself with the lives of the faithful rather than simply with faith and order.
الخط الكوفي على عمائر في آسيا الوسطى النشأة والتطور (Kufic Script on the Buildings of Central Asia: The Rise and Development)
Authors: إبراهيم عبيد شبل
Published: May 2014

Kufic script played an important and effective role in the decoration of many buildings and applied arts in the Eastern Islamic World in general, and in Central Asia specifically, as it was suitable for decorative purposes especially at the top of Arabic letters, which were flexible in decoration, thus this script was suitable for any surface. The studies which dealt with Kufic script on buildings according to that perspective were few, and concentrated on the study of this script on a separate building or on the buildings of a city, or carrying out a survey of the monumental inscriptions on early buildings in Iran and Central Asia. The study of Kufic script on the building of Central Asia and its rise and development was very important, as well as understanding the contributions of the artists in the development of its styles in that area. The study aims at the following: - Follow stages of development of Kufic script on the building of Central Asia, the rise of each stage and the extent of development; - Compare the development of the script and its similarities on the applied arts in the same area, showing the similarities and differences between them; - Show which was earlier in the appearance of Kufic script, Iran or Central Asia; - Highlight the most important Kufic script inscribed on the buildings of Central Asia. They varied between simple Kufic script which appeared at the base of the minaret of Prince Abu l’abass Mamoun ibn Khorezm Shah at Urgansh dating 401AH / 1010-1011CE.

(Please note that this article is in Arabic)
الغضب مفرداته ومثيراته في ضوء النصوص المصرية القديمة (Anger: Its Lexical Meanings and its Motives in the Light of Ancient Egyptian Texts)
Authors: محمد مجاهد عبد المنعم
Published: May 2014

The researcher collected about twenty-one words in Ancient Egyptian language, each of them meaning anger; as well as many derivations of these words through sign commutation, sign germination, and sign additions (such as causatives; of the infinitive). Specific words may also be added some of these lexical meanings to form expressions denoting to anger and its responses simultaneously. The researcher noted that some of these words expressed the meaning of anger contextually, not lexically, due to the connection between its lexical meanings and emotional responses of anger. The emotion stimuli of anger, or stressful events that led to it, combined in Ancient Egypt, stimuli related to the abuse and harm to the angry, materially and morally (such as honor violation, assault and battery, losing wishes, difference of opinion; and may be also as a result of the other‘s misconduct, the misconduct toward the ruler and the country‘s security). Obviously, this latter type of stimuli associated with the king personality (such as his anger concerning triumph delay, contumacy toward him and his country, as well as threaten its security). The ancient Egyptian noted, through experience, that anger of the Warrior King had an impact in achieving victory; it is an effect that was proven by modern psychology; this led the ancient Egyptian to connect permanently between the anger emotion of the king and his military activities. So the desire to winning represented permanent stimuli, tempted the royal anger through wars. This is known in modern psychology “Behavioral Reactions”, that is if anger achieved a positive result for an individual, it would be an encouragement for an individual to use it in similar situations afterward. Finally, we have another type of anger stimuli associated with the deceased; it is his expectations to be exposed in the afterlife by forms of abuse and harm that would prevent him from obtaining what he wishes. The researcher divided his study into two parts, tracked in the first the lexical meanings denoting anger in ancient Egyptian language, according to its order in the ancient Egyptian dictionaries. The second part discussed the anger stimuli in light of the ancient Egyptian texts. The last part has three topics, guided by modern psychology, the first is entitled “The Conditions and External Factors”; the second is “The Reactions Behavioral”; and the last topic is “The Expectations”.

(Please note that this article is in Arabic)
Astyanax douradilho, a new characid fish from the rio Tramandaí system, southern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae)
Authors: BERTACO VINICIUS A.
Published: May 2014

Astyanax douradilho, new species, is described from the rio Tramandaí system, coastal drainage of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by possessing 37–39 perforated scales along the lateral line, 3–5 maxillary tricuspid teeth, 22–24 branched anal-fin rays, absence of a conspicuous dark stripe from humeral region to caudal peduncle, two vertically elongated humeral spots, head length (26.0–29.9% of standard length), upper jaw length (43.8–50.6% of head length), and snout length (23.0–28.6% of HL).
Review of the genus Cratyna Winnertz (Diptera: Sciaridae) in Korea, including the description of a new species
Authors: SHIN SEUNGGWAN , MENZEL FRANK , HELLER KAI , LEE HEUNGSIK , LEE SEUNGHWAN
Published: May 2014

The genus Cratyna Winnertz, 1867 (Diptera: Sciaridae) is studied in the Korean peninsula. Cratyna (s. str.) suwonensis Shin, Menzel & Lee sp. nov. is described as new to science. Additionally, three species are redescribed and illustrated as new to Korea: C. (s. str.) ambigua (Lengersdorf, 1934), C. (s. str.) nigerrima (Mohrig & Krivosheina, 1979), and C. (Peyerimhoffia) vagabunda (Winnertz, 1867). A key to the Korean species is given.
A revision of Hoplasoma acuminatum and H. thailandicum species groups, and re-definition of H. unicolor species group
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)
Authors: Bezděk JAN
Published: May 2014

Two species groups within the genus Hoplasoma Jacoby, 1884 are defined and revised. The Hoplasoma acuminatum species group is established for H. acuminatum Medvedev, 2000 and H. sumatranum Medvedev, 2000, and the Hoplasoma thailandicum species group for H. thailandicum Kimoto, 1989; H. vithala sp. nov. (Vietnam, Laos, Thailand) and H. andrewesi sp. nov. (Myanmar). Hoplasoma unicolor species group is re-defined. The male of H. acuminatum, to date unknown, is described. Colour photo of habitus and both male and female genitalia are provided for all the species revised. The checklist of all species currently classified in Hoplasoma is provided.
Antillipeltis, a new genus of Antillean Trogossitidae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea) with a key to the Cleroidea
Authors: LAWRENCE JOHN F. , LESCHEN RICHARD A.B. , ŚLIPIŃSKI ADAM
Published: May 2014

Antillipeltis gen. nov. is described based on the following six new extant species and two new fossil species from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico: A. alleni sp. nov. (Dominican Republic, Miocene), A. darlingtoni sp. nov. (Haiti), A. iviei sp. nov. (Dominican Republic, Miocene), A. maculata sp. nov. (Dominican Republic), A. minuta sp. nov. (Dominican Republic), A. nitida sp. nov. (Puerto Rico), A. portoricensis sp. nov. (Puerto Rico), and A. pubescens sp. nov. (Dominican Republic). The genus is placed in Cleroidea, as currently delimited, based on the presence of a distinctive type of aedeagus occurring primarily in this superfamily, plus a combination of features excluding it from other cucujiform superfamilies. Within Cleroidea, the genus is tenatively placed in the family Trogossitidae and subfamily Lophocaterinae, but it differs from all other Trogossitidae in the presence of ventral membranous lobes with adhesive setae on tarsomeres 1–4 and in a combination of 9-segmented antennae, weak 3-segmented antennal club consisting of slightly elongate antenomeres, lack of postcoxal processes on the pronotal hypomera, and unique leg modifications. A key is provided for major groups of Cleroidea and all described genera of Peltinae and Lophocaterinae, with the exception of Rentoniini, based in part on the literature and in part on dissections of adult males. Antillipeltis is one of three endemic West Indian genera of Coleoptera that is both extant and known from Dominican amber.
The Regional Snowfall Index
Authors: Squires Michael F. , Lawrimore Jay H. , Heim Richard R. , Robinson David A. , Gerbush Mathieu R. , Estilow Thomas W.
Published: May 2014

This paper describes a new snowfall index that quantifies the impact of snowstorms within six climate regions in the United States. The regional snowfall index (RSI) is based on the spatial extent of snowfall accumulation, the amount of snowfall, and the juxtaposition of these elements with population. Including population information provides a measure of the societal susceptibility for each region. The RSI is an evolution of the Northeast snowfall impact scale (NESIS), which NOAA's National Climatic Data Center began producing operationally in 2006. While NESIS was developed for storms that had a major impact in the Northeast, it includes all snowfall during the lifetime of a storm across the United States and as such can be thought of as a quasi-national index that is calibrated to Northeast snowstorms. By contrast, the RSI is a regional index calibrated to specific regions using only the snow that falls within that region. This paper describes the methodology used to compute the RSI, which requires region-specific parameters and thresholds, and its application within six climate regions in the eastern two-thirds of the nation. The process used to select the region-specific parameters and thresholds is explained. The new index has been calculated for over 580 snowstorms that occurred between 1900 and 2013 providing a century-scale historical perspective for these snowstorms. The RSI is computed for category 1 or greater storms in near–real time, usually a day after the storm has ended.
A Study of Aerosol Impacts on Clouds and Precipitation Development in a Large Winter Cyclone
Authors: Thompson Gregory , Eidhammer Trude
Published: May 2014

Aerosols influence cloud and precipitation development in complex ways due to myriad feedbacks at a variety of scales from individual clouds through entire storm systems. This paper describes the implementation, testing, and results of a newly modified bulk microphysical parameterization with explicit cloud droplet nucleation and ice activation by aerosols. Idealized tests and a high-resolution, convection-permitting, continental-scale, 72-h simulation with five sensitivity experiments showed that increased aerosol number concentration results in more numerous cloud droplets of overall smaller size and delays precipitation development. Furthermore, the smaller droplet sizes cause the expected increased cloud albedo effect and more subtle longwave radiation effects. Although increased aerosols generally hindered the warm-rain processes, regions of mixed-phase clouds were impacted in slightly unexpected ways with more precipitation falling north of a synoptic-scale warm front. Aerosol impacts to regions of light precipitation, less than approximately 2.5 mm h−1, were far greater than impacts to regions with higher precipitation rates. Comparisons of model forecasts with five different aerosol states versus surface precipitation measurements revealed that even a large-scale storm system with nearly a thousand observing locations did not indicate which experiment produced a more correct final forecast, indicating a need for far longer-duration simulations due to the magnitude of both model forecast error and observational uncertainty. Last, since aerosols affect cloud and precipitation phase and amount, there are resulting implications to a variety of end-user applications such as surface sensible weather and aircraft icing.
Dynamical Forcing of Subseasonal Variability in the Tropical Brewer–Dobson Circulation
Authors: Abalos Marta , Randel William J. , Serrano Encarna
Published: May 2014

Upwelling across the tropical tropopause exhibits strong subseasonal variability superimposed on the well-known annual cycle, and these variations directly affect temperature and tracers in the tropical lower stratosphere. In this work, the dynamical forcing of tropical upwelling on subseasonal time scales is investigated using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) for 1979–2011. Momentum balance diagnostics reveal that transience in lower-stratospheric upwelling is linked to the effects of extratropical wave forcing, with centers of action in the extratropical winter stratosphere and in the subtropical upper troposphere of both hemispheres. The time-dependent forcing in these regions induces a remote coupled response in the zonal mean wind and the meridional circulation (with associated temperature changes), which drives upwelling variability in the tropical stratosphere. This behavior is observed in the reanalysis, consistent with theory. Dynamical patterns reflect distinctive forcing of the shallow versus deep branches of the Brewer–Dobson circulation; the shallow branch is most strongly correlated with wave forcing in the subtropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, while the deep branch is mainly influenced by high-latitude planetary waves.
Rapid Eddy-Induced Modification of Subtropical Mode Water during the Kuroshio Extension System Study
Authors: Bishop Stuart P. , Watts D. Randolph
Published: May 2014

From 2004 to 2006 an observational array of current- and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES) were deployed as part of the Kuroshio Extension (KEx) System Study (KESS). KESS observed a transition from a weakly meandering (“stable”) to strongly meandering (“unstable”) state (Qiu and Chen). As the KEx made this transition, potential vorticity (PV) observed within the southern recirculation gyre (SRG) rapidly increased from January to July 2005. In this study, the authors diagnose eddy PV fluxes (EPVFs) in isentropic coordinates within the subtropical mode water (STMW) layer from the CPIES data to determine the role of mesoscale eddies in this rapid increase of PV.

The rapid increase in PV within the SRG coincided with enhanced cross-front EPVFs and eddy PV flux convergence upstream of a mean trough in the KEx path and adjacent to the SRG. The enhanced cross-front EPVFs were the result of the formation of a cold-core ring (CCR) and the interaction of the jet with a preexisting CCR. Eddy diffusivities are diagnosed for the unstable regime with values that range from 100 to 2000 m2 s−1. The high eddy diffusivities during the unstable regime reflect the nature of mesoscale CCR formation and CCR–jet interaction as efficient mechanisms for stirring and mixing high PV waters from the north side of the KEx into the low PV waters of the SRG where STMW resides. This mechanism for cross-frontal exchange can explain observed increases in the STMW PV in the SRG over the 16 months of KESS observations.
Topographic Enhancement of Eddy Efficiency in Baroclinic Equilibration
Authors: Abernathey Ryan , Cessi Paola
Published: May 2014

The processes that determine the depth of the Southern Ocean thermocline are considered. In existing conceptual frameworks, the thermocline depth is determined by competition between the mean and eddy heat transport, with a contribution from the interaction with the stratification in the enclosed portion of the ocean. Using numerical simulations, this study examines the equilibration of an idealized circumpolar current with and without topography. The authors find that eddies are much more efficient when topography is present, leading to a shallower thermocline than in the flat case. A simple quasigeostrophic analytical model shows that the topographically induced standing wave increases the effective eddy diffusivity by increasing the local buoyancy gradients and lengthening the buoyancy contours across which the eddies transport heat. In addition to this local heat flux intensification, transient eddy heat fluxes are suppressed away from the topography, especially upstream, indicating that localized topography leads to local (absolute) baroclinic instability and its subsequent finite-amplitude equilibration, which extracts available potential energy very efficiently from the time-mean flow.
A Nonsymmetric Logit Model and Grouped Predictand Category Development
Authors: Glahn Bob
Published: May 2014

Logistic regression is an alternative to regression estimation of event probabilities (REEP) and other techniques for estimating weather event probabilities based on NWP output or other predictors. Logistic regression has the advantage over REEP in that the probability estimates are constrained between zero and unity, whereas REEP can “overshoot” these values. It may be a detriment in some applications that the curves developed, one for each of several predictand categories (events), are symmetric. This paper shows how the logit curve can easily be made nonsymmetric as a function of a predictor, and thereby possibly achieve a better fit to the data. As with REEP, the probabilities estimated by logistic regression for each of several categories of a variable may not be consistent. For instance, the probability of snow > 2 in. may exceed the probability of snow > 1 in. Such inconsistencies can be avoided by developing a single equation involving all predictand categories and including another predictor that is a function of the predictand. This effectively, for a single predictor, produces parallel curves separated along the predictor axis but imposes restrictions on the equations and probabilities produced from them. The relationship between the predictor(s) and the predictand must be considered in determining the functional form. With only one predictor, defining the function is relatively straightforward. However, with multiple predictors, the process is more problematic. This paper demonstrates an alternative to imposing a functional form by using binary predictors. This formulation also achieves the goal of producing consistent forecasts and generalizes more readily to multiple predictors.
Surface Microphysical Observations within East Coast Winter Storms on Long Island, New York
Authors: Colle Brian A. , Stark David , Yuter Sandra E.
Published: May 2014

Surface observations of ice habit and degree of riming were measured for 12 cyclone events over 3 winter seasons at Stony Brook, New York, on the northeast coast of the United States. A total of 205.6 cm of snow accumulated during these storms, with an average degree of riming of 1.25 (out of 5) and snow-to-liquid ratio ranging from 3:1 to 17:1. There were consistent spatial patterns of habit and riming intensity relative to the cyclone structure. Cold-type habits (side planes and bullets) commonly occurred within the outer comma head to the north and northeast of the cyclone center. In the middle of the comma head, moderately rimed dendrites, plates, and needles were observed. Close to the cyclone center, heavy riming was observed with needles and graupel. The western quadrant of the comma head had primarily plates and dendrites with little to no riming. Periods of light riming and high snow–liquid ratios (≥13:1) are dominated by cold-type habits, dendrites, and plates and have similar vertical motion and synoptic characteristics inferred from 13-km Rapid Update Cycle analyses. Maximum vertical motion occurred in a region of favored ice growth and less supercooled water (from −15° to −25°C). During heavy riming periods, needles and graupel are dominant and the vertical motion maximum occurs at temperatures from 0° to −5°C. Vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar indicates stronger vertical motions and turbulence for heavy riming as opposed to light rimming periods. Periods with low snow-to-liquid ratio (≤7:1) were observed to occur either as heavy rimed particles or as light riming of compact habits such as sideplanes, bullets, and needles.
On the Dynamics, Thermodynamics, and Forecast Model Evaluation of Two Snow-Burst Events in Southern Alberta
Authors: Milrad Shawn M. , Gyakum John R. , Lombardo Kelly , Atallah Eyad H.
Published: May 2014

Two high-impact convective snowband events (“snow bursts”) that affected Calgary, Alberta, Canada, are examined to better understand the dynamics and thermodynamics of heavy snowbands not associated with lake effects or the cold conveyor belt of synoptic-scale cyclones. Such events are typically characterized by brief, but heavy, periods of snow; low visibilities; and substantial hazards to automobile and aviation interests. Previous literature on these events has been limited to a few case studies across North America, including near the leeside foothills of the U.S. Rockies. The large-scale dynamics and thermodynamics are investigated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). Previously, high-resolution convection-explicit Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) simulations have shown some ability to successfully reproduce the dynamics, thermodynamics, and appearance of convective snowbands, with small errors in location and timing. Therefore, WRF simulations are performed for both events, and are evaluated along with the NCEP North American Mesoscale (NAM) model forecasts. Both the NARR and WRF simulations show that while the two snow bursts are similar in appearance, they form as a result of different dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms. The first event occurs downstream of an upper-tropospheric jet streak in a region of little synoptic-scale ascent, where ageostrophic frontogenesis helps to release conditional, dry symmetric, and inertial instability in an unsaturated environment. The inertial instability is determined to be related to fast flow over upstream high terrain. The second event occurs in a saturated environment in a region of Q-vector convergence (primarily geostrophic frontogenesis), which acts to release conditional, convective, and conditional symmetric instability (CSI).
Simulation of the Summer Monsoon Rainfall over East Asia Using the NCEP GFS Cumulus Parameterization at Different Horizontal Resolutions
Authors: Sunny Lim Kyo-Sun , Hong Song-You , Yoon Jin-Ho , Han Jongil
Published: May 2014

The most recent version of the simplified Arakawa–Schubert (SAS) cumulus scheme in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) (GFS SAS) is implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with a modification of the triggering condition and the convective mass flux in order to make it dependent on the model’s horizontal grid spacing. The East Asian summer monsoon season of 2006 is selected in order to evaluate the performance of the modified GFS SAS scheme. In comparison to the original GFS SAS scheme, the modified GFS SAS scheme shows overall better agreement with the observations in terms of the simulated monsoon rainfall. The simulated precipitation from the original GFS SAS scheme is insensitive to the model’s horizontal grid spacing, which is counterintuitive because the portion of the resolved clouds in a grid box should increase as the model grid spacing decreases. This behavior of the original GFS SAS scheme is alleviated by the modified GFS SAS scheme. In addition, three different cumulus schemes (Grell and Freitas, Kain and Fritsch, and Betts–Miller–Janjić) are chosen to investigate the role of a horizontal resolution on the simulated monsoon rainfall. Although the forecast skill of the surface rainfall does not always improve as the spatial resolution increases, the improvement of the probability density function of the rain rate with the smaller grid spacing is robust regardless of the cumulus parameterization scheme.
Clinically Relevant Pharmacogenomic Testing in Pediatric Practice
Authors: Korbel Lindsey , George Mathew , Kitzmiller Joseph
Published: May 2014

Clinicians and patients continue to convey interest in personalized medicine. The objective of personalized medicine is to improve healthcare by tailoring disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for individuals based on their unique clinical history and genetic composition. This article offers an overview of pharmacogenomics, discusses caveats specific to pharmacogenomics in pediatric populations, provides evidence-based recommendations for pediatric clinicians, and offers insight regarding the future role of pharmacogenomics testing in pediatric medicine. Reviews of the current literature and thoughtful discussions are presented regarding the pharmacogenomics of antidepressants, codeine and oncologic, asthma, and immunomodulatory pharmacotherapies.
Pediatric Obesity and Safety in Inpatient Settings
Authors: Halvorson Elizabeth E. , Irby Megan B. , Skelton Joseph A.
Published: May 2014

Objective. Pediatric obesity affects more than 16% of American children and is associated with worse outcomes in hospitalized patients. A systematic literature review was performed to identify studies of adverse care events affecting obese pediatric patients in the emergency room, operating room, or inpatient wards. Evidence Review. We systematically searched Medline for articles published from 1970 to 2013 regarding obesity and patient safety events in pediatric acute care settings. We determined the study design, number of patients studied, definition and prevalence of obesity, the relevant acute care setting, the specific association with obesity addressed, and the results of each study. Results and Conclusion. Thirty-four studies documented both procedural complications and issues with general hospital care. Most were retrospective and focused on surgery or anesthesia. Obese patients may have increased risk for a variety of adverse events. Further study could improve institutional patient safety guidelines to enhance care for obese children.
Residencies With Dual Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Programs Outperform Others on the American Board of Pediatrics Certifying Examination
Authors: Falcone John L.
Published: May 2014

Objective. The purpose was to evaluate American Board of Pediatrics Certifying Examination performance based on if a residency offers a dual internal medicine–pediatrics program, hypothesizing that having a dual-accreditation program is associated with higher exam performance. Methods. Pediatric residency programs in the United States were retrospectively evaluated from 2010 to 2012. The accreditation status was determined. Mann–Whitney U tests were performed for continuous variables, and χ2 tests were performed for categorical variables, using an α = .05. Results. For 190 residencies, 75 (39%) had dual Med-Peds accreditation whereas 115 (61%) did not. The median overall residency pass rate for Med-Peds accredited programs (83%; interquartile range = 74% to 91%) was higher than other programs (78%; interquartile range = 65% to 89%; P = .02). The pass rate for examinees from Med-Peds accredited programs (n = 4,108; 84.2%) was higher than examinees from other programs (n = 4,310; 79.6%; P < .001). Conclusions. The presence of a dual-accreditation residency program should be a consideration of future applicants.
Using Parental Perceptions of Childhood Allergic Rhinitis to Inform Primary Care Management
Authors: Garbutt Jane M. , Sterkel Randall , Mullen Kathy B. , Conlon Bridget , Leege Erin , Bloomberg Gordon , Strunk Robert C.
Published: May 2014

Objective. To describe parents’ experience with their child’s allergic rhinitis (AR) to inform management by the primary care provider (PCP). Study Design. Two hundred parents with a child 7 to 15 years old with AR symptoms within the past 12 months completed a paper survey. Results. The child’s AR was identified as a significant problem in spring (89.3%), fall (63.4%), summer (50.3%), and winter (21.4%); 51.3% had persistent disease. AR symptoms most commonly interfered with the child’s outdoor activities and sleeping, and frequently bothered the parent and other family members. Most parents (88.3%) wanted to know what their child was allergic to and had many concerns about treatment options. A total of 62.9% had sought AR care from the PCP in the past 12 months. Conclusions. Many families experience significant morbidity from their child’s AR and turn to their PCP for help. We identified opportunities for the PCP to reduce AR morbidity.
State feminism going global: Norway on the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission
Authors: Tryggestad Torunn L
Published: May 2014

This article examines the role played by small states in the promotion or reinforcement of new ideas and emerging norms within international society. More specifically, it examines the role played by Norway in reinforcing the normative framework of ‘women, peace and security’, with a particular view to Norway’s first period of membership in the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission. Norway is regarded internationally as one of the lead countries in terms of promoting women’s rights in relation to peace and security. The article discusses four possible reasons that may explain Norway’s apparent suitability and effectiveness as a norm entrepreneur in this particular issue-area.
Applying theoretical components to the implementation of health-promoting schools
Authors: McIsaac Jessie-Lee , Storey Kate , Veugelers Paul J , Kirk Sara FL
Published: May 2014

Objective:

Health-promoting schools (HPS) constitute an internationally recognised approach that connects health and education in a planned, integrated and holistic way. There is considerable variability, however, in how HPS is implemented and recent research has attempted to clarify the key functions of implementation. A provincial HPS strategy in Nova Scotia (NS) (Canada) provided a unique research opportunity to examine implementation related to emerging theory. The purpose of this exploratory study was to describe a provincial case study of HPS implementation using theoretical components identified in the literature.

Design:

Collective case study approach using qualitative research methods.

Setting:

The study was situated within a larger province-wide school-based research project examining the relationships between health, nutrition, physical activity, mental health and school performance of children in NS. As a follow-up to the provincial study, nine schools ( n = 9) that varied in their HPS implementation strategies and characteristics (i.e. size and region) were invited to take part as case study schools.

Method:

Data collection included observations, interviews and documents from nine schools ( n = 9). Data were analysed for emerging themes and using the a priori theoretical components.

Results:

The results revealed that schools assembled into three sequential categories based on the functioning of theoretical components. Higher level visioning and school-level leadership were critical in sustaining the adoption and implementation of HPS across schools and appeared to enable and integrate organisational processes, such as distributed leadership and a collaborative school culture, to enhance HPS implementation at school level.

Conclusion:

This study confirmed other reports that it is imperative to integrate HPS work with educational values so as to enable partnerships in both the health and education sectors, thereby promoting both health and prosperity among students.
Coaches’ perceptions of French sports clubs: Health-promotion activities, aims and coach motivation
Authors: Van Hoye Aurélie , Sarrazin Philippe , Heuzé Jean-Philippe , Kokko Sami
Published: May 2014

Background:

Given the benefits of participating in sport, sports clubs have been recognised as health-promoting organizations. To examine health-promotion activities in Finnish sports clubs, Kokko et al. developed a set of standards for health-promoting sports clubs (HPSC).

Objective:

The present study extends this line of research, by (1) measuring coaches’ perceptions of health- promotion activities in French sports clubs and comparing them to earlier Finnish results, (2) measuring coaches’ perceptions of the health-promotion aims of sports clubs and (3) examining the links between HPSC and coaches’ self-determined motivation.

Methods:

Coaches ( N = 125) completed a modified version of the HPSC questionnaire and a scale assessing their motivation to coach.

Results:

Coaches perceived French and Finnish sports clubs as fairly health promoting, but with wide variability between clubs. In both countries, sports clubs scores showed the same patterns: high scores for ideology and environment activities, and low scores for policies, practices and partnership. Coaches’ perceptions of clubs’ aims also followed the same pattern, but with higher scores for each dimension, meaning that coaches considered health promotion as a relevant aim for sports clubs. Finally, controlling for demographic variables, the HPSC index and sub-indices were related to coaches’ self-determined motivation.

Conclusion:

This study strengthens the previous findings for health promotion in the setting of sports clubs and the positive role of these activities on coaches’ motivation to coach.
A Multilevel Approach to Relating Subjective Workload to Performance After Shifts in Task Demand
Authors: Mracek Derek L. , Arsenault Matthew L. , Day Eric Anthony , Hardy Jay H. , Terry Robert A.
Published: May 2014

Objective:

The aim of this laboratory experiment was to demonstrate how taking a longitudinal, multilevel approach can be used to examine the dynamic relationship between subjective workload and performance over a given period of activity involving shifts in task demand.

Background:

Subjective workload and conditions of the performance environment are oftentimes examined via cross-sectional designs without distinguishing within- from between-person effects. Given the dynamic nature of performance phenomena, multilevel designs coupled with manipulations of task demand shifts are needed to better model the dynamic relationships between state and trait components of subjective workload and performance.

Method:

With a sample of 75 college students and a computer game representing a complex decision-making environment, increases and decreases in task demand were counterbalanced and subjective workload and performance were measured concurrently in regular intervals within performance episodes. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling.

Results:

Both between- and especially within-person effects were dynamic. Nevertheless, at both levels of analysis, higher subjective workload reflected performance problems, especially more downstream from increases in task demand.

Conclusion:

As a function of cognitive-energetic processes, shifts in task demand are associated with changes in how subjective workload is related to performance over a given period of activity. Multilevel, longitudinal approaches are useful for distinguishing and examining the dynamic relationships between state and trait components of subjective workload and performance.

Application:

The findings of this research help to improve the understanding of how a sequence of demands can exceed a performer’s capability to respond to further demands.
Does task matter? The effect of task on the establishment, autonomy and control of semi-autonomous agencies
Authors: van Thiel Sandra , Yesilkagit Kutsal
Published: May 2014

The task of agencies is often considered to be an important determinant of agency design, autonomy, governance and control. The evidence for these expectations has, however, been limited so far. Moreover, there are several problems with the ‘task-variable’. There is no clear definition, agencies often perform multiple tasks, and as task is a nominal variable there are restrictions on the use of statistical techniques. Two questions arise: does task matter and does it matter how task is measured? Using survey data on Dutch agencies ( N = 206), several expectations are tested with different techniques. Overall, some tasks have some effect on agency autonomy and control, however, often only indirectly and not sustained in multivariate analyses. Formal autonomy and budget are more decisive than task in explaining agency autonomy and control. Analysis with dummy variables offers better opportunities to test task effects than non-parametrical tests. Researchers should use multiple task categories in future analyses instead of simple dichotomies, not only because agencies perform multiple tasks but also because specific tasks have specific effects.

Points for practitioners

Agencies have multiple tasks in different combinations. This should be taken into account when designing agencies' degrees of autonomy and control. There are no straightforward relations between task and autonomy or control. The type of agency and the size of its budget are most decisive to agency autonomy and control.
State Regulation of Undocumented African Migrants in China: A Multi-scalar Analysis
Authors: Lan Shanshan
Published: May 2014

Based on archival and ethnographic research, this paper examines the introduction, nature and implementation of a recent anti-immigrant act in Guangdong province and its implications in the regional, national and international contexts. Chinese state regulation of undocumented African migrants is analyzed with regard to the legal production of African ‘illegality’ in the Guangdong context; the contradictions in the implementation of the Guangdong Act and its unintended consequences; and the discrepancy between anti-African immigrant campaign at the local level and pro-African political ideology at the national and international levels.
Preparation and performance evaluation of PMMA/HA nanocomposite as bulk material
Authors: Moreno KJ , García-Miranda JS , Hernández-Navarro C , Ruiz-Guillén F , Aguilera-Camacho LD , Lesso R , Arizmendi-Morquecho A
Published: May 2014

Compressive strength, micro-hardness indentation, friction, and wear tests of the poly(methyl methacrylate)/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite have been performed and evaluated in order to study the potential application of this nanocomposite in the field of bone tissue regeneration. PMMA/HA nanocomposite in the form of bulk has been successfully prepared by a simple mixture between PMMA and HA nanoparticles. The compressive strength value of PMMA/HA nanocomposite was found to be ∼90 MPa; whereas the compressive Young’s modulus was 840 MPa, and the micro-hardness obtained was 55 MPa. According to the results, PMMA/HA nanocomposite exhibit an acceptable elastic modulus for its possible consideration in the tissue engineering. The wear rate value of the nanocomposite PMMA/HA was found to be at the same magnitude for its similar applied as coating reported previously, while friction coefficients showed higher values.
Gap Size and Wall Lesion Development Next to Composite
Authors: Kuper N.K. , Opdam N.J.M. , Ruben J.L. , de Soet J.J. , Cenci M.S. , Bronkhorst E.M. , Huysmans M.C.D.N.J.M.
Published: May 2014

This in situ study investigated whether there is a relationship between gap size and wall lesion development in dentin next to 2 composite materials, and whether a clinically relevant threshold for the gap size could be established. For 21 days, 14 volunteers wore a modified occlusal splint containing human dentin samples with 5 different interfaces: 4 gaps of 50 µm, 100 µm, 200 µm, or 400 µm and 1 non-bonded interface without a gap. Eight times a day, the splint with samples was dipped in a 20% sucrose solution for 10 minutes. Before and after caries development, specimens were imaged with transversal wavelength-independent microradiography (T-WIM), and lesion depth (LD) and mineral loss (ML) were calculated at the 5 different interfaces. After correction for the confounder location (more mesial or distal), a paired t test clustered within volunteers was performed for comparison of gap widths. Results showed no trend for a relationship between the corrected lesion depth and the gap size. None of the differences in lesion depth for the different gap sizes was statistically significant. Also, the composite material (AP-X or Filtek Supreme) gave no statistically significant differences in lesion depth and mineral loss. A minimum gap size could not be established, although, in a non-bonded interface without a measurable gap, wall lesion development was never observed.
Teacher Educator Professional Learning in the Third Space
Authors: Williams Judy
Published: May 2014

This article reports on the results of a research project in which 18 teacher educators in three countries—Australia, The Netherlands, and United Kingdom—were interviewed about their experiences of working in the so-called “third space” between schools and universities, particularly in relation to the practicum, or field supervision. Most teacher educators have previously worked as teachers in schools or other educational settings, and when they become teacher educators in universities, they are often involved in the supervision or mentoring of preservice teachers in the field. The research reported in this article examined how university-based teacher educators manage the challenges inherent in working with mentor/cooperating teachers after having been or when still practicing as teachers in schools. Findings from the study showed that for teacher educators, working in the third space involves managing shifting identities between teacher and teacher educator, responding to changing perspectives on learning and teaching, and negotiating sometimes finely balanced and difficult relationships.
A Framework for the Facilitation of Teachers’ Analysis of Video
Authors: van Es Elizabeth A. , Tunney Jessica , Goldsmith Lynn T. , Seago Nanette
Published: May 2014

Video is being used more widely in professional development to help teachers learn to notice and systematically analyze teaching practice. Video captures the authenticity and complexity of teaching and can promote the examination of classroom interactions in a deliberate and focused way. However, simply viewing video does not ensure teacher learning. An important question concerns how to facilitate substantive analysis of teaching practice with video so that it becomes a productive learning tool for teachers. In this study, we examine the in-the-moment moves facilitators make in two different video-based professional development programs to offer a framework for facilitation with video. We then examine patterns in facilitation across both contexts and identify practices that are unique to the goals of each setting. The findings from this study have implications for the design of video-based professional development and for developing a knowledge base for professional education.
Schoolhouse Teacher Educators
Authors: Hopkins Megan , Spillane James P.
Published: May 2014

While few would disagree that a key component of educating teachers to teach happens on the job, research rarely explores the schoolhouse as a site for teacher education. This study thus focuses on inservice as distinct from preservice teacher education and explores how beginning teachers’ learning about mathematics and literacy instruction was supported within 24 elementary schools in two midwestern school districts. A mixed methodology was used in this exploratory study, including social network and interview data analysis, to examine beginning teachers’ advice- and information-seeking behaviors related to mathematics and literacy. Findings revealed that formal organizational structures inside schools were critical for shaping beginning teachers’ opportunities to learn about instruction, including grade level teams and formal leadership positions.
Real-time distributed simulations in an HLA framework: Application to aircraft simulation
Authors: Chaudron Jean-Baptiste , Saussié David , Siron Pierre , Adelantado Martin
Published: May 2014

This paper presents some ongoing research carried out in the context of the PRISE Project (Research Platform for Embedded Systems Engineering). This platform has been designed to evaluate and validate new embedded system concepts and techniques through a special hardware and software environment. Since much actual embedded equipment is not available, corresponding behavior is simulated within a high-level architecture (HLA) federation implemented with a run-time infrastructure (RTI) called CERTI and developed at ONERA. HLA is currently largely used in many simulation applications, but the limited performances of the RTIs raise doubts over the feasibility of HLA federations with real-time requirements. This paper addresses the problem of achieving real-time performances with the HLA standard. Several experiments are discussed using well-known aircraft simulators such as Microsoft Flight Simulator, FlightGear, and X-plane connected with the CERTI RTI. The added value of these activities is to demonstrate that according to a set of innovative solutions, HLA architecture is well suited to achieve hard real-time constraints. Finally, a formal model guaranteeing the schedulability of concurrent processes is also proposed.