bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetic interaction of cold and hot protons with an oblique EMIC wave near the dayside reconnecting magnetopause
Authors: Toledo-Redondo Sergio , Lee Justin H. , Vines Sarah K. , Turner Drew L. , Allen Robert C. , André Mats , Boardsen Scott A. , Burch James L. , Denton Richard E. , Fu Huishan , Fuselier Stephen A. , Giles Barbara , Kitamura Naritoshi , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Lavraud Benoit , LeContel Olivier , Li Wenya , Navarro Enrique A. , Portí Jorge , Salinas Alfonso
Published: March 2021

We report observations of the ion dynamics inside an Alfven branch wave that propagates near the reconnecting dayside magnetopause. The measured frequency, wave normal angle and polarization are within 1% with the predictions of a dispersion solver, and indicate that the wave is an electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave with very oblique wave vector. The magnetospheric plasma contains hot protons (keV), cold protons (eV), plus some heavy ions. The cold protons follow the magnetic field fluctuations and remain frozen-in, while the hot protons are at the limit of magnetization.

The cold proton velocity fluctuations contribute to balance the Hall term in Ohm's law, allowing the wave polarization to be highly-elliptical and right-handed, a necessary condition for propagation at oblique wave normal angles. The dispersion solver indicates that increasing the cold proton density facilitates generation and propagation of these waves at oblique angles, as it occurs for the observed wave.
Near-fault seismic monitoring reveals the long-lasting activation of a local fault in the Marmara region controlled by slow slip 
Authors: Martínez-Garzón Patricia , Durand Virginie , Bentz Stephan , Turkmen Taylan , Kwiatek Grzegorz , Dresen Georg , Nurlu Murat , Bohnhoff Marco
Published: March 2021

Recent laboratory and field observations show that fault seismic and aseismic slip may occur concurrently. Here, we combine microseismicity recordings from a temporary near-fault seismic network (SMARTnet) and borehole strainmeter data from the eastern Marmara region in NW Turkey to track seismic and aseismic deformation around the hypocentral region of a MW 4.5 earthquake that occurred in 2018. The strainmeter data show a clear strain signal transient starting at the time of the MW 4.5 event and lasting for about 150 days. We study about 1,200 microseismic events following the mainshock within and beyond the mainshock fault rupture. The temporal distribution of the seismicity reveals a strong temporal clustering, including four semi-periodic seismic sequences each containing more than 50 events in two days. Two seismic sequences occurred during the strain transient showing different characteristics compared to two sequences occurring afterwards. Seismicity occurring during the transient displayed typical characteristics driven by aseismic slip, such as the activation of a broader region from the mainshock, and the absence of a clear mainshock in each sequence. Seismic sequences occurring after the transient correspond to typical mainshock-aftershock sequences and activated a region closer to the original MW 4.5 mainshock. We suggest post-strain transient seismicity originate from stress redistribution and breaking of remaining asperities. Our observations from a newly installed combined dense seismic and strainmeter network in the eastern Sea of Marmara region allows identifying repeated triggering of aseismic transients within an observation period of three years suggesting these may occur more often than previously thought.
Catchment-scale metal retention revealed from natural bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR)
Authors: Fischer Sandra , Jarsjö Jerker , Rosqvist Gunhild , Mörth Carl-Magnus
Published: March 2021

Acid mine drainage (AMD) threaten ecosystems world-wide and research on biological remediation techniques are increasing. One of them is bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) that immobilizes the aqueous sulfate and through coprecipitation removes dissolved metals from the more bioavailable phase. Although BSR has previously only been investigated at the local wastewater treatment scale (e.g. for constructed wetlands), it is unknown to which extent they contribute to contaminant attenuation at larger scales (e.g. a hydrological basin). We developed a new method to trace the activity of BSR within an AMD-impacted catchment using sulfur isotopes (δ34S) and found that they naturally reduce 30% of the riverine sulfate and metal concentrations, with a spread from 10 to 50% reduction within the catchment. These results are based on surface water field measurements from our test site in northern Sweden combined in a mass-balance mixing model where we explicitly addressed the isotopic fractionation from bacterial activity. This innovative mapping of catchment-scale biogeochemical natural attenuation provides important clues to strategically target remediation measures, e.g. potential in-situ enhancement of the BSR activity. In combination with stable water isotopes we hope to refine this method to further identify BSR hot spots within the catchment and to extend its application to other sites, e.g. the Khibiny mining region, Russia.
Site Selection Tool for Hydrogen Storage in Porous Media 
Authors: Thaysen Eike Marie , McMahon Sean , Strobel Gion J. , Butler Ian B. , Ngwenya Bryne , Heinemann Niklas , Wilkinson Mark , Hassanpouryouzband Aliakbar , McDermott Christopher I. , Edlmann Katriona
Published: March 2021

Zero carbon energy generation from renewable sources can reduce climate change by mitigating carbon emissions. A major challenge of renewable energy generation is the imbalance between supply and demand. Subsurface hydrogen storage in porous media is suggested as a large-scale and economic means to overcome these energy imbalances. However, hydrogen is an electron donor for many subsurface microbial processes which may have important implications for hydrogen recovery, gas injectivity and corrosion.

We reviewed the state-of-the-art literature on the controls on the three major hydrogen-consuming processes in the subsurface: methanogenesis, homoacetogenesis, and sulphate reduction, as a basis to develop a hydrogen storage site selection tool. Sites with low temperature (<70°C), zero to moderate salinity (0-0.6 M) and close to neutral pH values provide the best growth conditions for most of the hydrogen-consuming methanogens, homoacetogens and sulphate reducers. Conversely, fewer strains are adapted to more extreme conditions (high temperature and pressure, increased salinity and acidic or alkaline pH), favouring hydrogen storage in these sites.

Testing our tool on 42 depleted gas and oil fields of the British and Norwegian North Sea and the Irish Sea showed that seven of the fields may be considered sterile with respect to hydrogen-consuming microorganisms due to either temperatures >122 °C or salinities >5 M NaCl. Only three fields can sustain all of the major hydrogen-consuming processes, due to either temperature, salinity or pressure constraints in the remaining fields. We calculated a potential microbial growth in the order of 1-17*107 cells ml-1 for these fields. The associated hydrogen consumption is negligible to small (<0.01-3.2 % of the stored hydrogen). Our results will advance a faster transition to a lower carbon energy supply by helping inform decisions about where hydrogen can be stored in the future.
Influence of calibration period length on predictions of evaporation 
Authors: Gong Chengcheng , Wang Wenke , Zhang Zaiyong , Hendricks Franssen Harrie-Jan , Cochand Fabien , Brunner Philip
Published: March 2021

Bare soil evaporation is a key component of the soil water balance. Accurate estimation of evaporation is thus critical for sustainable water resources management, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Numerical models are widely used for estimating bare soil evaporation. Although models allow exploring evaporation dynamics under different hydrological and climatic conditions, their robustness is linked to the reliability of the imposed parameters. These parameters are typically obtained through model calibration. Even if a perfect match between observed and simulated variables is obtained, the predictions are not necessarily reliable. This can be related to model structural errors, or because the inverse problem is ill-posed. While this is conceptually very well known, it remains unclear how the temporal resolution and length of the employed observations for the calibration influence the reliability of the parameters and the predictions.

We used data from a lysimeter experiment in the Guanzhong Basin, China to systematically explore the influence of the calibration period length on the calibrated parameters and uncertainty of evaporation predictions. Soil water content dynamics and water level were monitored every 5 minutes. We set up twelve models using the fully coupled, physically-based HydroGeoSphere model with different calibration period lengths (one month, three months, six months, fourteen months). The estimated evaporation rates by the models for the calibration period and validation period were compared with the measured evaporation rates. Also, we predict cumulative, one-year evaporation rates. The uncertainty of the predictive evaporation by these models from different calibration lengths is quantified. Several key conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The extinction depth is a very important parameter for the soil water content dynamics in the vadose zone but is poorly informed unless the calibration includes significantly different depths to groundwater. (2) Using the longer calibration period length (six months or fourteen months) did not necessarily result in more reliable predictions of evaporation rates. (3) Preliminary results indicate that the uncertainty can be reduced if the calibration period includes both climatic forcing similar to the prediction, but additionally also feature similar water table conditions during calibration and prediction. Our results have implications for reducing uncertainty using unsaturated-saturated models to predict evaporation.
Size-frequency distribution of landslide-dammed lakes from a simulation approach
Authors: Argentin Anne-Laure , Prasicek Günther , Robl Jörg , Hergarten Stefan , Hölbling Daniel , Abad Lorena , Dabiri Zahra
Published: March 2021

The scaling of events in geomorphology relates the magnitude of an event to its frequency. The size-frequency distributions of landslides have been found to follow a power-law scaling. However, the scaling of lakes formed by the deposition of landslides in the river bed received less attention. In this study, we simulate landslide occurrence, their runouts and the resulting lakes and observe that landslide-dammed lakes also follow a power-law scaling, although the scaling relationship of the landslides does not predict the scaling of the landslide-dammed lakes. A rollover is present in both distribution, and its location depends on the resolution of the topographic input data.

We find that cumulative density plots are the most appropriate to highlight the influence of glacial imprint on landslide scaling, and that fluvial landscapes present results following more closely the power-law scaling. However, since lake volume is influenced by valley shape, and can be inferred from drainage area as well as landslide size, its scaling cannot be directly explained by glacial imprint and landslide scaling.

Thus, among the 8 mountain ranges investigated, the Southern Alps of New Zealand and the Tibetan Plateau of Wenchuan present similar distributions with a high amount of big lakes (> 10⁸ m³), while the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan exhibit a similar pattern to the Canadian Rockies and European Alps. The Japanese Alps, Mendoza Andes and Cordillera de Talamanca present much smaller lakes.
Fog Analysis during SOFOG3D Experiment
Authors: Vishwakarma Pragya , Delanoë Julien , Le Gac Christophe , Bertrand Fabrice , Dupont Jean-Charles , Haeffelin Martial , Martinet Pauline , Burnet Frédéric , Lac Christine , Bell Alistair , Vignelles Damien , Toledo Felipe , Jorquera Susana , Vinson Jean-Paul
Published: March 2021

Transportation especially aviation sector all around the world is severely hindered due to Fog and hence observations and specific research for fog is necessary. The SOFOG3D (SOuth west FOGs 3D) experiment took place in South-West of France which is particularly prone to fog occurrence, during the period between November 2019 to March 2020 with primary objective to advance our understanding of fog processes and to improve fog forecast. Simultaneous measurements from various remote sensing instruments like BASTA: a 95 GHz cloud radar with scanning capability, HATPRO Microwave radiometer (MWR), doppler lidar, and balloon-borne in-situ measurements were collected to characterize the spatio-temporal evolution of Fog. On the supersite, detailed measurements of meteorological conditions, aerosol properties, fog microphysics, water deposition, radiation budget, heat, and momentum fluxes are collected to provide 3D structure of the boundary layer during fog events. The improvement in the retrieval of fog parameters and understanding of fog dynamics based on cloud radar and microwave (MWR) synergy will be addressed. We will present our work on the retrieval of key fog parameters like dynamics and microphysics using a combination of cloud radar and MWR observations. The retrievals will be validated with the tethered-balloon and radio-sounding observations. In-situ measurements and remote-sensing retrievals of fog microphysical properties will be compared. We will show a detailed analysis of retrieved LWP derived from BASTA radar only with LWP derived from HATPRO microwave radiometer, considering instrumental uncertainty and sensitivity. A closer analysis of the in-situ data (measured by granulometer) will be presented in order to assess and improve the retrieval derived with cloud radar in vertically pointing mode. Radar attenuation will be quantified by measuring the backscattered radar signal on well-known calibrated reflectivity metallic targets installed at the top of 20 m mast. The integrated attenuation along the radar beam path will be measured by the cloud radar and used as a new constraint to improve the microphysical properties.
Tectonics, Climate and Topography: Oxygen stable isotopes and the
early Eocene growth of the Pyrenees
Authors: Honegger Louis , Adatte Thierry , Spangenberg Jorge E. , Poyatos-Moré Miquel , Ortiz Alexandre , Curry Magdalena , Huyghe Damien , Puigdefàbregas Cai , Garcés Miguel , Vinyoles Andreu , Valero Luis , Läuchli Charlotte , Nowak Andrés , Fildani Andrea , Clark Julian D. , Castelltort Sébastien
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The topographic history of an orogen, a key element to study the interactions of the climate and tectonic conditions that drove it, can be reconstructed by inverting the sedimentary record of its adjacent basins. Previous tectono-stratigraphic studies, including flexural models, and sparse stable oxygen and carbon isotope data from the South-Pyrenean foreland basin suggest a major topographic rise occurred in the late Paleocene-early Eocene. To further test this hypothesis, we present a stack of 658 stable isotope measurements on whole-rock marine carbonate mudstone from a 4800-m-thick composite sedimentary succession which provides a 12 Ma continuous record of environmental conditions during the early to middle Eocene (54 to 42 Ma). From the base of this record (at 54 Ma), oxygen isotopes (δ18O values) show a faster decrease rate than the coeval global negative excursion associated with the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). This local alteration of the global δ18O signal indicates that topographic growth during this period, associated with significant tectonic activity, perturbed the oxygen isotopic composition of foreland waters. Thus, our data suggest that significant topographic uplift of the Pyrenean orogen started from at least 54 Ma and continued until ca. 49 Ma, reaching the maximum elevations of 2000 ± 500 m in this phase from previous isotope and flexural studies. In addition, our record shows that the long-term carbon stable isotope composition during this period remained relatively stable with no similarity to the global bell-shaped long-term trend of the EECO. This is consistent with the restricted physiography of the South-Pyrenean foreland basin, mainly influenced by local sedimentary and water inputs. Overall, the Pyrenean topographic growth from the late Cretaceous to the Miocene displays several growth stages that seem to be primarily determined by episodes of increased rate of tectonic plate convergence. The duration of these growth stages (several millions of years) is a possible documentation of the response time of mountain ranges to tectonic perturbations. The results of this work, therefore, demonstrate that stable isotope measurements on whole-rock sediments in foreland basins can provide key information for tectono-climatic and topographic reconstructions of mountain ranges.
The Effect Of Self-Control And Conformity On Student Consumptive Behavior Of Ar-Rahman Sma Medan Year 2020
Authors: Muhammad Aji Prasetia Candra Wijaya, Mardianto,
Published: March 2021

Existence is the relationship between self-control and conformity to students' consumptive behavior. Where students who have low self-control coupled with the existence social influence in the student environment will cause students to behave consumptively by buying goods that are not following what is needed. Some of the problems in this study are consumptive behavior in high adolescents, the influence of the school environment on consumptive behavior, low self-control in students, student emotions are generally not stable, Students as consumers are still less realistic in determining their needs with the desires of the product to be purchased. In research, is using methods quantified. The result of the research is that there is a significant influence between self-control and the consumptive behavior of students. This means that the better or positive the student's self-control, the lower the student will be to behave consumptively. There is also a significant influence between conformity on the consumptive behavior of students. Which is the lower the conformity or social influence of the environment, the lower the students will be to carry out consumptive behavior, and it is hoped that students who are young to be able to adapt themselves to normative and informational social influences so that they are not easily influenced by existing social conditions in his environment. Self-control and conformity have a significant influence on the consumptive behavior of students of SMA Ar Rahman Medan. This means positive self-control and conformity the students have, the less often these students behave consumptively and vice versa.
Editorial: Posthuman Conceptions of Change in Empirical Educational Research
Authors: Bodén Linnea , Ceder Simon , Sauzet Sofie
Published: March 2021

In this special issue of Reconceptualizing Educational Research Methodology the focus is on posthuman conceptions of change in empirical educational research. In the six included papers, the authors address and challenge different aspects of change in different educational settings – ranging from preschools, to universities and public pedagogies. Through activating posthuman perspectives, the papers invite the reader to a wide range of understandings of the concept of change. A conclusion drawn from the papers is that when working with posthuman change in empirical educational research, change becomes highlighted as a methodological endeavour while simultaneously being engaged with as processes of transformations in the educational practice. What is specifically emphasized is that through posthuman conceptions, change is not something out there to be found, but an emergent phenomenon that unfolds as we explore it.
Status and Prospects of MXene‐Based Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhao Qian , Zhu Qizhen , Liu Yu , Xu Bin
Published: March 2021

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with a theoretical energy density of 2567 Wh kg−1 are very promising next‐generation energy storage systems, but suffer from the insulativity of sulfur and Li2S, the shuttle effect due to the dissolution and migration of polysulfides, and the lithium dendrite issue. MXenes, a family of 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides, which have metallic conductivity, structural variety, strong chemical adsorption ability to polysulfides, effective catalytic effect for fast kinetics, and inducing effect for uniform growth of Li, exhibit promising potential for high‐performance Li–S batteries. In this review, the recent progress and achievements of MXene‐based Li–S batteries are summarized, including the use of MXenes in sulfur cathode, interlayer between cathode and separator, and Li anode. The architecture construction and chemical modification of MXenes, as well as hybridization with other materials are demonstrated. The enhancement on electrochemical performance and the related mechanisms of MXenes and MXene‐based composites are discussed. Finally, challenges and perspectives of MXenes for Li–S battery application are also given.
Alkylidene Meldrum's Acids as Platforms for the Vinylogous Synthesis of Dihydropyranones
Authors: Wittmann Stéphane , Martzel Thomas , Pham Truong Cong Thanh , Toffano Martial , Oudeyer Sylvain , Guillot Régis , Bournaud Chloée , Gandon Vincent , Brière Jean‐François , Vo‐Thanh Giang
Published: March 2021

Upon Brønsted base organocatalysis, ketone‐derived alkylidene Meldrum's acids proved to be competent vinylogous platforms able to undergo a formal (4+2) cycloaddition reaction with dihydro‐2,3‐furandione, providing an unprecedented route to 3,6‐dihydropyran‐2‐ones as spiro[4.5]decane derivatives with up to 98 % ee thanks to the commercially available Takemoto catalyst. Preliminary investigation showed that this reaction could be extended to other activated ketones, establishing these alkylidene Meldrum's acids as a novel C4‐synthon in the vinylogous series.
Process analytical technology for on‐line monitoring of quality attributes during single‐use ultrafiltration/diafiltration
Authors: West Jay M. , Feroz Hasin , Xu Xia , Puri Neha , Holstein Melissa , Ghose Sanchayita , Ding Julia , Li Z. J.
Published: March 2021

Process analytical technology (PAT) is a fast‐growing field within bioprocessing that enables innovation in biological drug manufacturing. This study demonstrates novel PAT methods for monitoring multiple quality attributes simultaneously during the ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF/DF) process operation, the final step of monoclonal antibody (mAb) purification. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) methods were developed to measure excipients arginine, histidine, and high molecular weight (HMW) species using a liquid chromatography (LC) system with autosampler for both on‐line and at‐line PAT modes. The methods were applied in UF/DF studies for the comparison of single‐use tangential flow filtration (TFF) cassettes to standard reusable cassettes to achieve very high concentration mAb drug substance (DS) in the order of 100–200 g/L. These case studies demonstrated that single‐use TFF cassettes are a functionally equivalent, low‐cost alternative to standard reusable cassettes, and that the on‐line PAT measurement of purity and excipient concentration was comparable to orthogonal offline methods. These PAT applications using an on‐line LC system equipped with onboard sample dilution can become a platform system for monitoring of multiple attributes over a wide dynamic range, a potentially valuable tool for biological drug development and manufacturing.
Temperature Effect on the Topotatic Synthesis of Spinel MnCoO Nanoparticles for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst
Authors: Kwon Sunglun , Lee Jong Hyeon
Published: March 2021

In this study, we demonstrated the temperature effect of our previously developed topotatic catalysis for the formation of Mn0.005Co2.995O4 (MnCoO) spinel nanoparticles. Topotatic catalysis induces spinel MnCoO nanoparticles through the redox reaction of the metal cation (Co2+ and Mn2+) on the Co(OH)2 nanosheet surface, acting as a growth template. This study particularly elucidates the temperature effect on spinel MnCoO nanoparticles' size, morphology, and crystallinity based on their electrocatalytic performance in an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We found that lower temperature produces an amorphous phase, whereas higher temperature induces a large aggregate. We obtained the monodispersed MnCoO nanocubes at approximately 90°C, exhibiting the best ORR performance with an electron‐transfer number of 3.86.
Individual entrepreneurial orientation, value congruence, and individual outcomes: Does the institutional entrepreneurial environment matter?
Authors: Wang Lin , Ali Murad , Kim Hyun Jeong , Lee Sareum , Hernández Perlines Felipe
Published: March 2021

Although entrepreneurial orientation (EO) at the firm‐level is often conceptualized as a direct antecedent of performance, the findings of previous studies lending support to this association are inconsistent. Consequently, drawing on the attraction/selection/attrition and institutional theories and employing the moderated mediation analysis approach, this study conceptualizes the individual perception of a firm's EO or individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO). It examines the direct and indirect effects of IEO on individual outcomes measured in terms of performance expectation, job involvement, and organizational commitment. More specifically, it examines whether these effects are mediated by value congruence and moderated by the institutional entrepreneurial environment to understand these inconsistent findings better. Using a sample of 398 environmentally concerned small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in South Korea, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM), and the PROCESS macro were employed to analyzed the research model. This study finds that value congruence mediates the association between IEO and performance expectation, job involvement, and organizational commitment. The moderated mediation model analysis also suggests that the mediating role of value congruence increases as the level of the institutional entrepreneurial environment increases. These findings offer useful theoretical and managerial implications of the IEO on individual outcomes.
Career Compromise Types Among University Graduates During the School‐to‐Work Transition
Authors: Ryu Ji‐eun , Jeong Jinchul
Published: March 2021

Because of high youth unemployment caused by structural conditions, South Korean university graduates must compromise their employment preferences and instead accept whatever work is available. In this study, we classified the types of compromises using latent profile analysis to examine various factors involved in the career compromise of 472 recent university graduates during their school‐to‐work transition. We identified four types of compromise patterns with distinct characteristics and discovered that the university graduates who did not compromise their interest and aptitude in their job selection showed a higher level of commitment to their career compared with those who compromised. Results suggest that individuals who do not compromise their interests and aptitudes are more likely to have successful and fulfilling long‐term careers.
DSM‐5 eating disorder prevalence, gender differences, and mental health associations in United States military veterans
Authors: Masheb Robin M. , Ramsey Christine M. , Marsh Alison G. , Decker Suzanne E. , Maguen Shira , Brandt Cynthia A. , Haskell Sally G.
Published: March 2021

Objective

Little is known about prevalence estimates of new and revised DSM‐5 eating disorders diagnoses in general, and especially among high‐risk, underserved and diverse eating disorder populations. The aim of the current study was to determine prevalence, gender differences and correlates of DSM‐5 eating disorders in veterans.

Method

Iraq and Afghanistan war era veterans (N = 1,121, 51.2% women) completed the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale‐5 and validated measures of eating pathology and mental health between July 2014 and September 2019.

Results

Overall more women than men (32.8% vs. 18.8%, p < .001) reported symptoms consistent with a DSM‐5 eating disorder. Prevalence estimates (women vs. men) for the specific diagnoses were: Anorexia Nervosa (AN; 0.0% vs. 0.0%), Bulimia Nervosa (BN; 6.1% vs. 3.5%), Binge‐Eating Disorder (BED; 4.4% vs. 2.9%), Atypical AN (AAN; 13.6% vs. 4.9%), Subclinical BN (0.0% vs. 0.2%), Subclinical BED (1.4% vs. 0.6%), Purging Disorder (2.1% vs. 0.7%), and Night Eating Syndrome (NES; 5.2% vs. 6.0%). Women were more likely to have BN or AAN, and there was no difference for BED or NES among genders. The eating disorder group had a higher mean BMI, and significantly greater eating pathology and mental health symptoms than the non‐eating disorder group.

Discussion

Approximately one‐third of women, and one‐fifth of men, reported symptoms consistent with a DSM‐5 eating disorder diagnosis. These high prevalence estimates across genders, and associated mental health concerns, suggest an urgent need to better understand and address eating disorders in military and veteran populations.
Temperature but not ocean acidification affects energy metabolism and enzyme activities in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis
Authors: Matoo Omera B. , Lannig Gisela , Bock Christian , Sokolova Inna M.
Published: March 2021

In mosaic marine habitats, such as intertidal zones, ocean acidification (OA) is exacerbated by high variability of pH, temperature, and biological CO2 production. The nonlinear interactions among these drivers can be context‐specific and their effect on organisms in these habitats remains largely unknown, warranting further investigation.

We were particularly interested in Mytilus edulis (the blue mussel) from intertidal zones of the Gulf of Maine (GOM), USA, for this study. GOM is a hot spot of global climate change (average sea surface temperature (SST) increasing by >0.2°C/year) with >60% decline in mussel population over the past 40 years.

Here, we utilize bioenergetic underpinnings to identify limits of stress tolerance in M. edulis from GOM exposed to warming and OA. We have measured whole‐organism oxygen consumption rates and metabolic biomarkers in mussels exposed to control and elevated temperatures (10 vs. 15°C, respectively) and current and moderately elevated PCO2 levels (~400 vs. 800 µatm, respectively).

Our study demonstrates that adult M. edulis from GOM are metabolically resilient to the moderate OA scenario but responsive to warming as seen in changes in metabolic rate, energy reserves (total lipids), metabolite profiles (glucose and osmolyte dimethyl amine), and enzyme activities (carbonic anhydrase and calcium ATPase).

Our results are in agreement with recent literature that OA scenarios for the next 100–300 years do not affect this species, possibly as a consequence of maintaining its in vivo acid‐base balance.
Development and investigation of microencapsulated caprylic acid‐based phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications
Authors: Tanwar Surya , Kaur Raminder
Published: March 2021

The present study is focused on the preparation of microencapsulated phase change materials (Micro‐PCMs) for thermal energy storage applications. These Micro‐PCMs capsules comprise of a renewable material, caprylic acid (CA), as core latent heat storage material, confined inside the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) shells and are produced by the suspension‐like polymerization method. The prepared Micro‐PCMs are characterized by FTIR, SEM, and Particle Size Analyzer. The phase change properties, including melting and crystallization temperatures, and latent heats associated during phase change are determined by DSC and are reported as 14.3 ± 0.2°C, 9.7 ± 0.4°C, and 98.7 ± 1.5 J/g, 99.0 ± 1.7 J/g, respectively. The TGA results indicated that the synthesized Micro‐PCMs exhibit a two‐step degradation pattern and have good thermal stability. The T‐History test is carried out to study the thermal energy storage/release time of the Micro‐PCMs. Thermal cycling test has been performed to check the thermal reliability of the microcapsules. The synthesized Micro‐PCMs are good contenders for latent heat absorption and can play a vital role in the area of thermal energy storage (TES) applications, such as passive space heating or cooling applications, smart textiles, and thermo‐responsive functional coatings.
Matrix training to teach tacts using speech generating devices: Replication and extension
Authors: Marya Videsha , Frampton Sarah , Shillingsburg Alice
Published: March 2021

Research has shown that training diagonal targets in a matrix may result in correct responses to the nondiagonal targets within the same matrix and novel targets from a separate matrix. This study replicated prior research using matrix training to teach tact noun–verb combinations to 3 male participants with autism who use a speech generating device to communicate. Two matrices were constructed (Matrix 1 and Generalization Matrix), using mastered nouns and verbs. Following baseline, diagonal targets within Matrix 1 were trained. Posttests were conducted for the Generalization Matrix and Matrix 1. Two participants showed recombinative generalization within Matrix 1 and correct responding to all targets within the novel generalization matrix. For the 3rd participant, recombinative generalization was observed within Matrix 1. However, correct responding with the generalization matrix targets was only observed after training with 3 additional matrices. These results replicate and extend previous findings.
Vaccination hesitancy and the “myth” on mRNA‐based vaccines in Italy in the COVID‐19 era: Does urgency meet major safety criteria?
Authors: Chirumbolo Salvatore
Published: March 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccination campaign in Italy has started with a huge perplexity about vaccine efficacy, vaccine‐borne adverse effects and vaccine clinical trial studies. In this commentary I tried to elucidate these issues, which represent a fundamental topic to be thoroughly addressed in COVID‐19 pandemic.
CBCT‐based navigation system for open liver surgery: Accurate guidance toward mobile and deformable targets with a semi‐rigid organ approximation and electromagnetic tracking of the liver
Authors: Ivashchenko Oleksandra V. , Kuhlmann Koert F.D. , van Veen Ruben , Pouw Bas , Kok Niels F. M. , Hoetjes Nikie J. , Smit Jasper N. , Klompenhouwer Elisabeth G. , Nijkamp Jasper , Ruers Theodoor J. M.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The surgical navigation system that provides guidance throughout the surgery can facilitate safer and more radical liver resections, but such a system should also be able to handle organ motion. This work investigates the accuracy of intraoperative surgical guidance during open liver resection, with a semi‐rigid organ approximation and electromagnetic tracking of the target area.

Methods

The suggested navigation technique incorporates a preoperative 3D liver model based on diagnostic 4D MRI scan, intraoperative contrast‐enhanced CBCT imaging and electromagnetic (EM) tracking of the liver surface, as well as surgical instruments, by means of six degrees‐of‐freedom micro‐EM sensors.

Results

The system was evaluated during surgeries with 35 patients and resulted in an accurate and intuitive real‐time visualization of liver anatomy and tumor's location, confirmed by intraoperative checks on visible anatomical landmarks. Based on accuracy measurements verified by intraoperative CBCT, the system’s average accuracy was 4.0 ± 3.0 mm, while the total surgical delay due to navigation stayed below 20 min.

Conclusions

The electromagnetic navigation system for open liver surgery developed in this work allows for accurate localization of liver lesions and critical anatomical structures surrounding the resection area, even when the liver was manipulated. However, further clinically integrating the method requires shortening the guidance‐related surgical delay, which can be achieved by shifting to faster intraoperative imaging like ultrasound. Our approach is adaptable to navigation on other mobile and deformable organs, and therefore may benefit various clinical applications.
Cost‐optimal truck‐and‐robot routing for last‐mile delivery
Authors: Ostermeier Manuel , Heimfarth Andreas , Hübner Alexander
Published: March 2021

During recent years, several companies have introduced small autonomous delivery robots and evidenced their technical applicability in field studies. However, a holistic planning framework for routing and utilizing these robots is still lacking. Current literature focuses mainly on logistical performance of delivery using autonomous robots, ignoring real world limitations, and does not assess the respective impact on total delivery costs. In contrast, this paper presents an approach to cost‐optimal routing of a truck‐and‐robot system for last‐mile deliveries with time windows, showing how to minimize the total costs of a delivery tour for a given number of available robots. Our solution algorithm is based on a combination of a neighborhood search with cost‐specific priority rules and search operators for the truck routing, while we provide and evaluate two alternatives to solve the robot scheduling subproblem: an exact and a heuristic approach. We show in numerical experiments that our approach is able to reduce last‐mile delivery costs significantly. Within a case study, the truck‐and‐robot concept reduces last‐mile costs by up to 68% compared to truck‐only delivery. Finally, we apply sensitivity analyses to provide managerial guidance on when truck‐and‐robot deliveries can efficiently be used in the delivery industry.
Chronic respiratory failure in bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Baker Christopher D.
Published: March 2021

Although survival has improved dramatically for extremely preterm infants, those with the most severe forms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) fail to improve in the neonatal period and go on to develop chronic respiratory failure. When careful weaning of respiratory support is not tolerated, the difficult decision of whether or not to pursue chronic ventilation via tracheostomy must be made. This requires shared decision‐making with an interdisciplinary medical team and the child's family. Although they suffer from increased morbidity and mortality, the majority of these children will survive to tolerate ventilator liberation and tracheostomy decannulation. Care coordination for the technology‐dependent preterm infant is complex, but there is a growing consensus that chronic ventilation can best support neurodevelopmental progress and improve long‐term outcomes.
Planar Graphene‐Based Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Lu Bing , Jin Xuting , Han Qing , Qu Liangti
Published: March 2021

With the development of wearable, portable, and implantable electronic devices, flexible and on‐chip microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are urgently needed for miniaturized energy storage. Planar MSCs have high power density, fast charge/discharge rate, and long operating lifetime, and can adapt to future flexible, integrated, and miniaturized electronic systems for wide application foreground. Due to the high specific surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, and excellent electron mobility, graphene shows promising advantages in planar MSCs devices, thus stimulates wide‐ranging research in the last few years. Herein, the recent progress of planar graphene‐based MSCs, including the intrinsic structure regulation of graphene‐based electrode materials, the specific fabrication techniques, the multifunctional integration, and various applications of MSCs as flexible and on‐chip energy storage is systematically summarized. The key challenges and prospects of future planar graphene‐based MSCs are also discussed targeting to realize their practical applications.
Modeling NO3–N leaching during establishment of turfgrasses irrigated with tailored reclaimed water
Authors: Geza Mengistu , Deb Sanjit K. , Leinauer Bernd , Stanek Shavonne , Sevostianova Elena , Serena Matteo
Published: March 2021

Turfgrass systems have been identified as potential sources of nitrate leaching and subsequent groundwater contamination. The HYDRUS (2D/3D) model was used to quantify nitrate leaching from bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm] established by either seed or sod and irrigated with either tailored (defined as reclaimed water with an N concentration of 15 mg L−1) or potable water and fertilized with calcium nitrate. A parameter sensitivity analysis conducted prior to model calibration revealed that soil texture, denitrification rate, and plant uptake all affected nitrate leaching. Simulated nitrate flux matched the experimental data more accurately when denitrification rate varied by soil depth. Moreover, nitrate leaching also differed between turfgrass species and between establishment methods. Leaching was higher from grasses propagated by seed than from sod at the beginning of the establishment period. Increasing the concentration of nitrate in tailored water from 0 to 200 mg L–1 increased concentrations at 50‐cm depths for both species but the increase was significantly higher under buffalograss than bermudagrass and was attributed to lower nutrient uptake and denitrification rates under buffalograss. Nitrate concentrations at 50‐cm depth were significantly higher for coarse sand compared with loamy sand, which was attributed to differences in retention times of the two soil types. Soil texture was even more important than nitrate application rate in predicting nitrate leaching losses and the results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that nitrate leaching was affected more by denitrification than by plant uptake.
Towards a Public Sector Data Culture: Data as an Individual and Communal Resource in Progressing Democracy
Authors: Falk Petter
Published: March 2021

An increased use of data has swept through many policy areas and shaped procedural and substantive policy instruments. Hence, citizens and governments, as both producers and consumers of data, become intertwined in even more complex ways. But the inherent logic of data-driven services and systems sometimes challenges the prerequisites and ideals of liberal democracy. Though a democratically sound data-practice and data-culture is crucial for ensuring a democratic usage of citizens data, discourse tends to overlook these aspects. Drawing on insights from the project Democracy Data, this chapter explores the opportunities and obstacles for establishing democratically oriented public sector data cultures.
Painful Experience and Constitution of the Intersubjective Self: A Critical-Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Stanier Jessica , Miglio Nicole
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we discuss how phenomenology might cogently express the way painful experiences are layered with complex intersubjective meaning. In particular, we propose a critical conception of pain as an intricate multi-levelled phenomenon, deeply ingrained in the constitution of one’s sense of bodily self and emerging from a web of intercorporeal, social, cultural, and political relations. In the first section, we review and critique some conceptual accounts of pain. Then, we explore how pain is involved in complex ways with modalities of pleasure and displeasure, enacted personal meaning, and contexts of empathy or shame. We aim to show why a phenomenology of pain must acknowledge the richness and diversity of peculiar painful experiences. The second section then weaves these critical insights into Husserlian phenomenology of embodiment, sensation, and localisation. We introduce the distinction between Body-Object and Lived-Body to show how pain presents intersubjectively (e.g. from a patient to a clinician). Furthermore, we stress that, while pain seems to take a marginal position in Husserl’s whole corpus, its role is central in the transcendental constitution of the Lived-Body, interacting with the personal, interpersonal, and intersubjective levels of experiential constitution. Taking a critical-phenomenological perspective, we then concretely explore how some people may experiencestructuralconditions which may make their experiences more or less painful.
Impulsive SEP Events (and Flares)
Authors: Reames Donald V.
Published: March 2021

3He-rich, Fe-rich, and enriched in elements with Z > 50, the abundances of solar energetic particles (SEPs) from the small impulsive SEP events stand out as luminaries in our study. The 3He is enhanced by resonant wave-particle interactions. Element abundances increase 1000-fold as the ~3.6 power of the mass-to-charge ratio A/Q from He to heavy elements like Au or Pb, enhanced during acceleration in islands of magnetic reconnection in solar jets, and probably also in flares. This power-law of enhancement vs. A/Q implies Q determined by a source temperature of 2.5–3.2 MK, typical of jets from solar active regions where these impulsive SEPs occur. However, a few small events are unusual; several have suppressed 4He, and rarely, a few very small events with steep spectra have elements N or S greatly enhanced, perhaps by the same resonant-wave mechanism that enhances 3He. Which mechanism will dominate? The impulsive SEP events we see are associated with narrow CMEs, from solar jets where magnetic reconnection on open field lines gives energetic particles and CMEs direct access to space. Gamma-ray lines tell us that the same acceleration physics may occur in flares.
Gradual SEP Events
Authors: Reames Donald V.
Published: March 2021

Gradual solar energetic-particle (SEP) events are “big proton events” and are usually much more “gradual” in their decay than in their onset. As their intensities increase, particles streaming away from the shock amplify Alfvén waves that scatter subsequent particles, increasing their acceleration, eventually limiting ion flow at the “streaming limit.” Waves generated by higher-speed protons running ahead can also throttle the flow of lower-energy ions, flattening spectra and altering abundances in the biggest SEP events. Thus, we find that the A/Q-dependence of scattering causes element-abundance patterns varying in space and time, which define source-plasma temperatures T, since the pattern of Q values of the ions depends upon temperature. Differences in T explain much of the variation of element abundances in gradual SEP events. In nearly 70% of gradual events, SEPs are shock-accelerated from ambient coronal plasma of ~0.8–1.6 MK, while 24% of the events involve material with T ≈ 2–4 MK re-accelerated from residual impulsive-suprathermal ions with pre-enhanced abundances. This source-plasma temperature can occasionally vary with solar longitude across the face of a shock. Non-thermal variations in ion abundances in gradual SEP events reaccelerated from the 2–4 MK impulsive source plasma are reduced, relative to those in the original impulsive SEPs, probably because the accelerating shock waves sample a pool of ions from multiple jet sources. Late in gradual events, SEPs become magnetically trapped in a reservoir behind the CME where spectra are uniform in space and decrease adiabatically in time as the magnetic bottle containing them slowly expands. Finally, we find variations of the He/O abundance ratio in the source plasma of different events.
Methodisches Vorgehen
Authors: Schleicher Katharina
Published: March 2021

Um zu untersuchen, inwieweit durch transformative Forschung lokale Transformationsprozesse angestoßen werden können, werden zwei solcher Forschungsprojekte anhand einer empirischen Analyse dahingehend untersucht, ob diese nach einer Laufzeit von drei Jahren bereits die Diskurse verändert haben, ob also bereits Veränderungen eingetreten sind. Dieses Kapitel stellt das methodische Vorgehen dar. Zunächst werden der Ansatz der Kongruenzmethode und die Auswahl der beiden Fälle erläutert. Daran anschließend werden die Prognosen dargestellt, die mithilfe der Kongruenzmethode auf Übereinstimmung mit der Empirie abgeglichen werden und die Erhebungs- und Auswertungsmethoden dargelegt. Im abschließenden Teil dieses Kapitels wird die Methode sowie die Rolle der Autorin kritisch beleuchtet und die Strategien zur Einhaltung von Qualitäts- und Gütekriterien dargelegt.