bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building community organization: the history of a squatter settlement and its Own organizations in Buenos Aires
Authors: Hardoy Ana , Hardoy Jorge E. , Schusterman Ricardo
Published: March 2007

Building community organization: the history of a squatter settlement and its own organizations in Buenos Aires describes a series of development initiatives in Barrio San Jorge and how these encouraged the formation of a representative community organization and the increasing involvement of residents. The authors who have worked for many years in this settlement reflect on the lessons learnt and what these imply for other community based initiatives. They discuss how to multiply the number of "bottom up" initiatives in low-income settlements, especially those lacking a representative community organization.
Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out
Authors: Rees William E.
Published: March 2007

Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out uses the concepts of human carrying capacity and natural capital to develop a framework to evaluate each city's "ecological footprint". It also argues that prevailing economic assumptions regarding urbanization and the sustainability of cities must be revised in light of global ecological change.
Housing consolidation and the urban poor: the case of Hagar El Nawateyah, Alexandria
Authors: Soliman Ahmed M.
Published: March 2007

Housing consolidation and the urban poor: the case of Hagar El Nawateyah, Alexandria examines the mechanisms by which agricultural land on Alexandria's periphery is converted into urban residential use and examines the main characteristics of the settlement and its inhabitants. It also gives background information on housing conditions in Egypt.
Sharing local development experiences transnationally: networking in support of community and local initiatives
Authors: Hosaka Mitsuhiko
Published: March 2007

Sharing local development experiences transnationally: networking in support of community and local initiatives discusses the current and potential role of international networks through which community based organizations, NGOs and municipal authorities can share their experiences in housing and settlement improvement. Two Asian networks are described: CITYNET and the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights.
Setting a new agenda: sexual and reproductive health and rights
Authors: Germain Adrienne , Nowrojee Sia , Pyne Hnin Hnin
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the need to transform population policies to address development and human rights concerns and to transform family planning into reproductive and sexual health services that advance health and rights, not simply the achievement of democratic objectives. Section I provides the context and section II describes the importance of creating the social and economic conditions within which people can freely and responsibly choose the number of children they have. Section III notes the deficiencies in service provision to date while section IV describes the objectives and scope of women's reproductive and sexual health services that include but are not limited to birth control. Section V describes policies and programmes to encourage men to take more responsibility for their own fertility and for the health and well-being of their sexual partners and the children they father. Section VI explains why more support must be given to education on sexuality and gender relations, especially for children and young people.
Emil Kraepelin: psychiatry and public affairs in Wilhelmine Germany
Authors: Engstrom Eric J.
Published: March 2007

Much has been said and written about Emil Kraepelin's psychiatric theories and nosology, but next to nothing about his sociopolitical engagement after assuming the directorship of the university clinic in Munich in 1903. This engagement took various forms, ranging from caustic confrontations in his battles against alcoholism and syphilis, to subversive activities aimed at toppling the German chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg in 1917, as well as to overt attacks on the fledgling democratic roots of the Weimar Republic. This paper explores the origins and extent of Kraepelin's public engagement and points toward ties linking it with clinical reality and psychiatric theory.
Subscribing to psychiatric history
Authors: Sumner E.C.
Published: March 2007

A look at the role played by subscription hospitals in the development of psychiatry suggests that there were, historically, four generic receptacles for the insane: workhouses, madhouses, subscription hospitals and county asylums; and that the contribution of the first three, particularly the subscription hospitals, has been overshadowed by the hegemony achieved by the last.
The survival of ancient medicine in modern French psychiatry
Authors: Sueur Laurent , Hodgkiss A.
Published: March 2007

Modern French psychiatry was born at the end of the eighteenth century. This medical speciality, which was separating from general medicine, had a foundation in ancient medicine. Ancient theories died slowly but not so surely. These strange theories will be considered useless and even dangerous by the modern reader but they enabled modern psychiatry to understand that madness existed, that it was a disease and a subject for research. So the insane person was no longer considered a criminal or possessed by the devil: he was, at last and at least, a patient.
Les Aliénés voyageurs: how fugue became a medical entity
Authors: Hacking Ian
Published: March 2007

Dissociative fugue was first treated as a distinct psychiatric illness in Bordeaux in 1887, and was taken up by Charcot as automatisme ambulatoire in 1888. Charcot held that fugue episodes were caused by latent epilepsy; his opponents maintained an hysterical origin. The diagnosis flourished in France for more than a decade but, like the superordinate diagnosis of hysteria, had faded by 1910, although it was exported to Italy, Germany and Russia (but not the anglophone world). It was closely associated with vagrancy as a social problem, and military doctors tried to define the illness in order to protect deserters from punishment. Fugue was a companion to multiple personality, especially in respect of gender - most multiples were women, most fugueurs were men. Dissociative fugue provides a cameo illustration of how a psychiatric entity comes into being and then disappears.
Morphine withdrawal, treatments 1900-30
Authors: Malcolm M.T.
Published: March 2007

The treatments used between 1900 and 1930 for morphine withdrawal are discussed. The accounts are mainly taken from contemporary textbooks which contain fascinating descriptions of their authors' preferred methods and criticisms of regimes given by other therapists. Delirium, produced by atropine or similar substances, is advocated to cover withdrawal symptoms. The present paper draws parallels with current issues, e.g. withdrawal of opiate under cover of general anaesthesia, follow-up studies and cost-benefit analyses. The particular problems of addicted doctors in 1900-1930 are addressed as are the comparisons then made with non-medically qualified addicts. It is important we keep in mind past mistakes and over-valued ideas so as to reduce any similarly misplaced optimism in our current treatment options.
Stacking the Cards of Ideology: The History of the Sun Souvenir Royal Album
Authors: Billig Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the ideological construction of popular narratives of history. It is suggested that contemporary ideology, because it contains contrary themes, can give rise to contrary histories, produced by the same source. The analysis concentrates upon the Sun, Britain's largest-selling newspaper and a key element in Rupert Murdoch's News International empire. The Sun Souvenir Royal Album is analysed in detail for its depiction of royal history as a narrative of individual, moral progress. This is compared to an older popular history which expresses an ideology of liberal political progress, as opposed to moral individualism. However, the Sun also articulates a different history, which is critical of monarchy, and this is articulated under different rhetorical and political conditions. In this way the narratives of history serve ideological and political functions.
Beliefs about Literacy: Measuring Women into Silence/Hearing Women into Speech
Authors: Gowen Sheryl Greenwood
Published: March 2007

Beliefs about what literacy is, who should have it and for what purposes inform most workplace literacy programs. One such program for female hospital employees was based on mainstream assumptions about competence, knowledge construction and assessment that conceived employees as deficient. The women resisted this definition with a silence and invisibility that often perpetuated their own marginalization. Issues of class, ethnicity, and gender were defined as literacy problems and then used to keep employees in their places as entry-level workers.
Discourse Semantics and Ideology
Authors: van Dijk Teun A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents fragments of a new, multidisciplinary theory of ideology and its relations with discourse, formulated in the broader framework of a critical discourse analysis. Ideologies are defined as basic systems of fundamental social cognitions and organizing the attitudes and other social representations shared by members of groups. They thus indirectly control the mental representations (models) that form the interpretation basis and contextual embeddedness of discourse and its structures. In this framework, it is examined how semantic structures of discourse (such as topic, focus, propositional structure, local coherence, level of description, implications and macrostructures) are monitored by underlying ideologies, as expressed in opinion articles in the New York Times and the Washington Post.
Children's Talk about Conflict: An Exploration of the Voices and Views of the `Experts'
Authors: Hale Claudia L. , Tardy Rebecca W. , Farley-Lucas Bonnie
Published: March 2007

The research reported in this paper is an exploration of children's understandings of the concept and experience of interpersonal conflict. Data were gathered at focus group discussions with 7- to 16-year-old children. The analysis which is presented focuses on the children's metaphors of conflict as a place, conflict as an explosion and conflict as betrayal. Children's own descriptions of their experiences and understandings are emphasized. Thus, to the extent possible, what is presented is an examination of children's perspectives/voices as opposed to adult-centered analyses of children's experiences.
Ideology in the US Welfare Debate: Neo-Liberal Representations of Poverty
Authors: de Goede Marieke
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the political ideologies underlying the welfare debate in the US. It argues that conservative arguments and rhetoric, that were in the margin of the political debate in the early 1980s, have been naturalized in the mainstream discussion on welfare and poverty in the US. A sample of 11 articles taken from the relatively liberal news magazine Newsweek is compared with conservative ideology concerning welfare and poverty to illustrate this argument. This transformation of the welfare debate is placed in the broader context of a changing political climate and dominant ideology, in which the socially inclusive `Keynesianism' (or corporate-liberalism) has been increasingly replaced by the neo-liberal ideology of unfettered market forces. The conservative argument concerning poverty which stresses cultural factors and induces victim-blaming is part and parcel of the neo-liberal discourse of individualism and laissez-faire economics.
Talking Past Each other about Sexual Harassment: An Exploration of Frames for Understanding
Authors: Bing Janet M. , Lombardo Lucien X.
Published: March 2007

Sexual harassment, a form of violence against women, occasions considerable debate but little communication. Using newspaper reports as texts, the authors identify four common media frames that not only raise different expectations about defining behavior as harassing and people as harassers, but also suggest different courses of action in response to the behavior. The judicial frame compares behaviors to legal policies or statutes and suggests reactive strategies. The victim frame emphasizes harm or injury to the victim(s), suggesting social change. The initiator frame defines the (mis)behavior as acceptable and implies that no change in behavior is necessary. The social science frame, structured around reliable and valid operational definitions, integrates the other approaches.
The `Northridge Earthquake' Conversations: Conversational Patterns in Japanese and Thai and their Cultural Significance
Authors: Iwasaki Shoichi , Horie Preeya Ingkaphirom
Published: March 2007

Cultural patterns and norms are revealed not only through what participants talk about but also through how they construct their talk. Comparing the behavior of Japanese and Thai interactants using the analytical concept of `floor', this article attempts to elucidate their respective cultural norms. While Japanese exhibit many features of the `collaboration' speech style, Thais show abundant features of the `self-assertive' style. These styles are a realization of their respective cultural norms: `mutual dependency' for Japanese and `independence' for Thai. In this study, observations frequently made by anthropologists about these cultures are compared and supported with empirical data. The database consists of four conversations in Japanese and four conversations in Thai. The pair in each conversation are two strangers who experienced the same earthquake in Los Angeles. Interlocutors, though strangers to each other, were similar in age and student status, and share the same language. The topic provided (the earthquake) was identical for all conversational pairs and was relevant to the participants' lives after the major disaster. Thus our database provides an ideal site for a meaningful crosscultural study. Being strangers, the participants cannot rely on their personally shared knowledge, and thus depend on their shared cultural common ground more heavily. The norms elucidated from conversational patterns can thus be confirmed as norms more generally held by all members of the respective cultural groups.
Normal Science, Pathological Science and Psychometrics
Authors: Michell Joel
Published: March 2007

A pathology of science is defined as a two-level breakdown in processes of critical inquiry: first, a hypothesis is accepted without serious attempts being made to test it; and, second, this first-level failure is ignored. Implications of this concept of pathology of science for the Kuhnian concept of normal science are explored. It is then shown that the hypothesis upon which psychometrics stands, the hypothesis that some psychological attributes are quantitative, has never been critically tested. Furthermore, it is shown that psychometrics has avoided investigating this hypothesis through endorsing an anomalous definition of measurement. In this way, the failure to test this key hypothesis is not only ignored but disguised. It is concluded that psychometrics is a pathology of science, and an explanation of this fact is found in the influence of Pythagoreanism upon the development of quantitative psychology.
Critical Personalism, Language and Development
Authors: Bamberg Michael
Published: March 2007

Taking off from William Stem's theorizing about the role of language in person development, the article attempts to open new possibilities for the developmental analysis of subjectivity and individuality. Stem's notion of `Stellungnahme' (the taking of a position) is made relevant for current discussions of positioning in discursive approaches to subjectivity and identity research and applied to the analysis of emotion talk. The article concludes with a discussion of the centrality of discourse for human action and language for discourse.
Psychology and Grammar
Authors: Quigley Jean
Published: March 2007

This is an interdisciplinary discussion bringing grammar to bear on questions of self and identity in children in the linguistic constructionist tradition of theorists like Bamberg, Budwig and Slobin, and in the spirit of theorists like Bruner and Harré who advocate the development and use of grammatical analysis as a research strategy in psychology. Psychology has always been interested in selfhood and the development of a sense of self, most recently those forms of social constructionism and discursive psychology that highlight the importance of discourse and language in the development and daily life of the individual. But if language and language development are to be central scholarly concerns for psychologists, it is important to explore the basic premise that using certain linguistic forms or constructions actually brings out certain types of discourse. This means looking not just at what is accomplished outside the individual by speaking in certain ways, but at how the individual is actually constructed via her or his own language choices, how one's sense of self, of identity, of agency, of moral responsibility, and so on, is constructed: the real-time effects of a speaker's grammatical choices and situated opinions.
The Democraticization of Psychology
Authors: Sampson Edward E.
Published: March 2007

Miller's (1969) influential paper argued that psychology must `give away' its scientific outputs to the people, thus signaling a process of democraticization based on a conventional understanding of the science and practice of psychology; a view that privileges the scientifically generated findings over other forms. In this paper, I argue for a democraticization of inputs, based on an ethnopsychological view of the science and practice of psychology and calling for a psychology that gives voice to the people as dialogic partners and co-authors of our work. The implications of this different understanding of democraticization is examined with respect to psychological theory, research, education and practice. The theme of experiential or epistemological democraticization that this paper reflects is seen to be part of a larger movement appearing in various segments of primarily Western societies and challenging the hegemony of currently prevailing frameworks for understanding the nature and character of the person.
Time, Representation and Power/Knowledge
Authors: Bowers John M.
Published: March 2007

This paper builds on the observation that sociological, phenomenological and philosophical critiques of cognitivism have had little impact on the research agenda of Cognitive Science. Instead, alternative critical strategies are suggested based upon understanding cognitive science as a knowledge-producing practice, investigating how it constructs its object of interest (individuals regarded as akin to computational devices) and revealing the practical means by which it comes to represent that object theoretically. Drawing on recent work in the sociology of science and critical anthropology, it is argued that many of the practices of cognitive science can be addressed in terms of how time is constructed and manipulated. This perspective leads to discussions of a variety of issues, including the nature of experimental practice, the status of the concept of representation in cognitive theory, the relationship between knowledge and power, and the prospects for alternative `reflexive' knowledge forms.
On Doing Psychology Critically
Authors: Holzkamp Klaus
Published: March 2007

Critical psychology's `historical empirical' method of reconstituting the basic concepts (categories) of psychology yields a conception of the psychical as an objective property of a system of living organisms. The specifically human individual psyche is reflected as a partial aspect of more comprehensive historical, societal structures. Humans do not respond to external stimuli but to meaning structures which are generalized societal possibilities for action. These, however, do not determine action directly, but act only as premises for action. What a person actually does in a situation is mediated by subjective grounds for action, that is, by what appears to be reasonable or appropriate from the standpoint of the subject. The concept of `action potence' is introduced to distinguish between grounds leading to action that merely accommodates external demands and grounds leading to action-usually collective-that alters those demands in order to bring them into line with subjective needs.
Individualism and Aggression
Authors: Fowers Blaine J. , Richardson Frank C.
Published: March 2007

A number of writers have expressed concern that much psychological theory and research may be critically shaped by a `disguised ideology'. This thesis will be explored by examining the tacit ideological underpinnings of the cognitive theory of aggression proposed by Huesmann, Eron and their colleagues. This work appears to be infused with unacknowledged liberal individualist or philosophical liberal assumptions which portray humans as more or less autonomous, strategic agents seeking to achieve pre-given ends. Once these evaluative underpinnings are exposed, certain implausibilities and anomalies in this view of aggression emerge that seem to reflect tensions inherent in the liberal individualist interpretation of human action. Restricting the study of violence to rather narrow instrumental categories of human action severely constrains the extent to which unwanted forms of aggression can be understood and reduced. Thus, this approach to aggression may inadvertently reinforce aspects of modern culture that are themselves significant sources of unwanted aggression.
On the Textuality of Being
Authors: Stenner Paul , Eccleston Christopher
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses some of the common criticisms directed against social constructionism. Criticisms which hold constructionism to be a disguised form of behaviourism, a doctrine of subjectivist relativism and an approach of political naivete and impotence are specifically discussed. The analytic of Textuality is introduced as a way of invigorating the constructionist position and rendering such criticism ill-judged and invalid. Textuality, in affirming both the material substance of language and the textual substance of material, is presented as both a defining feature of Being, and as a way of addressing Being. Textuality thereby represents a challenge to modes of inquiry which are predicated upon a subject/object duality. Finally, these issues are contextualized within what we call a contemporary `climate of problematization'.
Some Remarks on a Relational Concept of Mind
Authors: de Jong Huib Looren
Published: March 2007

This paper inquires whether psychology should be internalist or externalist, that is, whether it should consider mind as an entity in itself, or rather as a relation with the environment. Some influential theoretical arguments for internalist psychology are critically reviewed and it is concluded that there is no compelling reason for internalist psychological taxonomies. Next, some proposals for a functional or relational type of explanation in psychology are explored, and it is argued that they provide a workable alternative for internalist explanations. Finally, Gibson's ecological psychology is adduced to show the empirical feasibility of a psychology that explicitly includes environmental considerations in psychological taxonomies.
Basic Principles of Psychic Suffering
Authors: Miceli Maria , Castelfranchi Cristiano
Published: March 2007

The aim of the present work is to propose an analysis of psychic suffering and the criteria to account for its occurrence and intensity. Psychic suffering is defined as the suffering implied by a frustrating assumption, that is, a particular kind of discrepancy between a belief and a goal, embedding a time specification for both the goal and the belief representation. Psychic suffering is distinguished from cognitive distress due to interruption, overload or malfunctioning of mental processes. General criteria for both psychic suffering and cognitive distress are identified and discussed, including the kind of goal according to a variety of parameters (such as terminal vs instrumental; pursued vs not pursued; achievement vs maintenance, etc.), as well as the crucial role played by attention, self-awareness and expectations. Relations between suffering and negative emotions and the limits of the approach are discussed.
Preliminaries to a Logic of Development
Authors: van Haaften Wouter
Published: March 2007

Every theory of development is normative in using certain criteria to distinguish developmental states or stages, and many make (implicit) evaluative claims in addition. A logic of development is a method for describing, analyzing and comparing the logical relations within and between stages in theories of judgment development, that is, theories distinguishing stages that can be characterized by the use of different sets of criteria in making (evaluative) judgments in the field concerned. It is aimed to facilitate precise stage comparisons, and comparative evaluations, by formularizing their possible relations in terms of the relations between their distinctive sets of judgment criteria. Several types of criteria relations, both of logical implication and of preference, are discussed.
Prolegomenon to a Contemporary Psychology of Liberation
Authors: Teo Thomas
Published: March 2007

This prolegomenon outlines a framework for a contemporary, critical psychological theory of liberation. It is argued that recent developments in metatheory have led to problems in both form and content for theory construction in the domain of liberation. As a viable solution to the formal problem, a non-foundational `conceptual network' is suggested. As `knots' in this quasi-systematic network, and thus as a preliminary solution to the problem of content, three critical research programs are reconstructed to deal with different, yet complementary, aspects of power, and which are thus relevant for conceptualizing liberation: Klaus Holzkamp, representing traditional Marxism, and reconstructed in terms of participation in life conditions (labor); Jürgen Habermas, representing neo-Marxism in terms of communication (interaction); and Michel Foucault, representing post-Marxism, in terms of self-representation (aesthetics). From these reconstructions the subject's possibilities against power, essential for a psychology of liberation, are derived. Finally, it is argued that a conceptual network that strives to cope with practical problems must entail contextualization.
Procedural and Declarative Knowledge
Authors: ten Berge Timon , van Hezewijk Rene
Published: March 2007

It appears that there are resemblances in the organization of memory and the visual system, although the functions of these faculties differ considerably. In this article, the principles behind this organization are discussed. One important principle regards the distinction between declarative and procedural knowledge, between knowing that and knowing how. Declarative knowledge is considered here not as an alternative kind of knowledge, as is usually the case in theories of memory, but as part of procedural knowledge. In our view this leads to another approach with respect to the distinction. Declarative knowledge has occupied more attention in (cognitive) psychological research than can be justified on the basis of the importance of procedural knowledge for behavior. We also discuss the question whether there are other brain faculties that reflect the same organizational characteristics. We conclude with some speculations about the consequent role of consciousness in such a tentative model.
Instrumental Rationality and European Integration: Transfer or Avoidance of Industrial Relations Institutions in Central and Eastern Europe?
Authors: Vickerstaff Sarah A. , Thirkell John E.M.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the early phase of transformation of industrial relations in central and eastern Europe (CEE). It considers how far these countries have been able to consolidate institutions based on western European models and processes: an index of the ability of the European Union to influence institutional development. After summarizing the main features of industrial relations change in CEE, the article examines works councils as an emblematic case of the development of an industrial relations institution. The discussion concludes by outlining the limits of the impact of the EU on the development of industrial relations in CEE.
Health Care Reform and the Working Time of Hospital Nurses in England and France
Authors: Arrowsmith James , Mosse Philippe
Published: March 2007

Concerns at rising health care costs led to institutional reforms in both Britain and France in the early 1990s. A major objective in both countries was to improve labour utilization by decentralizing authority to local management. One of the main ways of achieving this at establishment level was through the reorganization of working time. This article draws on case study research to examine the two reform approaches, and suggests that the reform programmes facilitated local management efforts to increase shift-working and part-time and temporary employment, although the extent and form of working-time flexibility continue to reflect differences in the social and regulatory context of the two health systems.
Exit or Voice: Two Paradigms for European Industrial Relations after the Keynesian Welfare State
Authors: Crouch Colin
Published: March 2007

It has become commonplace to discuss recent socioeconomic changes as a transition from Fordism to post-Fordism. Fordism is usually defined in terms of a combination of mass production, Keynesian macroeconomic management and social-democratic welfare provision. Themeaning of post-Fordism is rarely defined clearly. This, argues the author, is because on each dimension there are alternative possibilities of development, which he analyses in terms of the distinction between `voice' and `exit', suggesting strategies for maximizing the benefits of the former and minimizing the negative effects of the latter.
Managing Flexibility in the Food Industry: A Cross-National Comparative Case Study in European Multinational Companies
Authors: Coller Xavier
Published: March 2007

Multinational companies are often seen as (potential) agencies for disseminating similar employment practices across countries and hence encouraging industrial relations convergence. The relationship between centre and periphery helps determine the extent to which they perform this role. This article reports findings from research in the Spanish and British subsidiaries of a multinational, which indicate that, despite the considerable formal autonomy of local management, there were many indirect methods by which the head office could ensure conformity with common industrial relations policies.
Memory and Sociology
Authors: Jedlowski Paolo
Published: March 2007

This article describes the basic framework of the field of sociology of memory. It offers an overview of themes and issues around (1) the social aspects of individual memory; (2) collective memories; and (3) cultural attitudes towards memory. Such issues are relevant today from the perspective of sociology of time, and the author demonstrates some theoretical problems that arise and some directions in which they can be further developed. But such issues are also relevant in social discourse and in shaping individual and collective identities: their comprehension helps to investigate continuity and discontinuity in social life, as well as current conflicts and cultural ties.
Social Time Patterns, Contingency and Gender Relations
Authors: Pasero Ursula
Published: March 2007

The general sense that we suffer from a `lack of time' seems to be indicative of modern culture. It also seems that, rather paradoxically, this lack of time is actually being offset by an increase in the time at our disposal: witness recent increases in leisure time (that is, time not spent in paid employment). This paper proposes to examine the contradictory effects of this development and to discuss the types of experiences which become possible once one has time to spare, i.e.: contingent experiences. There are two main questions to be considered here. First, is the perception of modern time patterns gender-specific? Second, do these different perceptions cause `time collisions' in gender relations?
`It's About Time!'
Authors: Knights David , Odih Pamela
Published: March 2007

In recent years numerous financial services companies have explored the profitability of marketing specifically to women. These practices are largely informed by traditional product and service distribution methods where the target is predominantly male `heads of household'. This article provides alternative approaches to the issue of gender and its bearing on financial services consumption. We argue that women's everyday lives frequently result in gendered relations to, and perceptions of `time'. These temporal orientations are often incongruent with the predominant linear, temporal framework within which many long-term financial services products (e.g. pensions) are embedded. Insofar as financial services companies continue to subscribe to a linear model of time, reproduced through marketing discourses and embedded within their temporally oriented products, their efforts to capture the `women's market' will continue to be constrained.
Time into Space
Authors: Agnew John
Published: March 2007

The understanding of the social character of time and space has suffered from the tendency to express one in terms of the other. Time has thus lost its dynamism when reduced to such twofold categorizations of space as `backward' and `modern'. As a result, space is oversimplified into homogeneous blocks that have ideal-type temporal characteristics. This paper offers one view of how this has happened historically. The pervasiveness of the expression of time into space is then illustrated through an examination of some representations of Italy in contemporary historical and anthropological scholarship. A particular metaphor - that of backward Italy in modern Europe - has acquired mythic status in explaining the `nature' of Italy.
Beyond the Present
Authors: Adam Barbara
Published: March 2007

It is widely recognized that globalization, contemporary technologies and environmental hazards pose problems for the political ideal of democracy. An explicit focus on time gives us a new point of access to these debates. No longer understood in the singular as the implicit context within political processes take place, time in its complex, multiple expressions can serve as a tool for reconceptualization. In its single and conglomerate forms it is lived and negotiated in conflict. This is nowhere more apparent than in globalized socio-political processes with their varied ties to contemporary technology, most specifically when these are concerned with environmental hazards. In such situations the conflict is not merely between different scarcities of and needs for time, but between temporalities that operate to different principles: the variable. rhythmic temporality of nature and the cosmos, on the one hand, and the industrial times of the machine, the laboratory and economic considerations, on the other hand. It is between new configurations of actors past, present and future where concerns, rights and duties extend beyond the present to peoples long dead and those whose future present is constructed by our contemporary political and scientific actions. Together, these temporal features and complexities present crucial conceptual and political challenges for the next century.
Time Organization and the Integration of EU Migrant Professionals
Authors: Zulauf Monika
Published: March 2007

This paper explores issues of time in relation to female EU migrants' integration into EU work environments. The data is based on in-depth interviews undertaken with migrants in the nursing and banking professions in Britain, Germany and Spain from 1993 to 1994, and is complemented by interviews and group discussions with native workers, representatives of employers and regulatory bodies. Differences in migrants' experiences are explained by reference to national distinctions between the two professions and the three countries. Comparative analysis suggests that the barriers encountered by migrant women can be largely explained by differences in systems of work organization and practices which shaped expectations and attitudes of workers and employers. Findings imply that genuine free movement of labour between member states requires measures which go beyond the mutual recognition of qualifications and skills.
Colonial and Post-Colonial Reconstructions of Customary Land Tenure in Zimbabwe
Authors: Tshuma Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Settler colonialism in Zimbabwe involved the alienation of land as well as the restruc turing of customary tenure. The restructured customary tenure vested title to land in the colonial state thus merging sovereignty and property. The merger facilitated administrative control of rural society. Institutionalized customary tenure was said to be communal and excluded individual rights. Despite the official version, local customary tenure was dynamic, recognized individual use rights and facilitated accumulation and differentiation. The post-colonial state has continued the merger of sovereignty and property thus continuing the undemocratic relations between the state and rural society. Customary tenure is still considered communal. It continues to be dynamic and mediates class and gender differentiation.
Unravelling the `War' on Terrorism: A Risk-Management Exercise in War Clothing?
Authors: HENG YEE-KUANG
Published: March 2007

Since the 11 September terrorist outrages, policymakers have waxed lyrical about a `war' on terrorism as the greatest challenge to international security. The word `war' implies easily identifiable (normally state) adversaries, and dramatic military action producing decisive, highly visible results at the end. However, this `war' is in fact more rhetorical than about interstate warfare. Like other rhetorical wars on drugs or crime, it has no visible end, and outcomes will be neither easily apparent nor decisive. This article addresses the conceptual difficulties of a rhetorical `war' on terrorism from a perspective of risk management. Drawing on military issues in Afghanistan so far, it seeks to provide a more appropriate analytic prism for understanding such a `war' where enemies are elusive networks, the aim is simply avoiding harm with no prospect of closure, and success is defined more by non-events than by what can be seen.
Humanitarian Intervention: A Case of Offensive Force?
Authors: REICHBERG GREGORY , SYSE HENRIK
Published: March 2007

The distinction between offensive and defensive force is central to modern international law. As developed in the interwar years and later codified in the United Nations Charter, international law has strictly banned resort to offensive force, the only possible exception being operations mandated by the Security Council. In the just war tradition (JWT), by contrast, some kinds of offensive force are permitted, including humanitarian interventions. This article compares these two different ways of understanding the distinction between offensive and defensive force. It suggests that there is a need to specify in which cases the offensive use of force may be legitimate for humanitarian purposes, and it does so by drawing on the just war idea of `reaction against wrong-doing'. The concept of a reactive use of force, inspired by St. Augustine and the subsequent JWT, is thus central to the article's argument.
Rethinking the Region
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: March 2007

New regionalist theories of development place an emphasis on the changing relationship of territory and function and on the social construction of regional systems of production. Regional development policies have adapted, with more emphasis on decentralization and endogenous development. Much emphasis has been put in recent work on the concept of social capital, although this is often invoked more than analysed and often reduced to an inherent cultural trait. This article looks at the construction of regions around the theme of development, looking at culture, institutions, social relations and leadership in two regions of Spain. Catalonia and Galicia have similar powers as autonomous communities, yet they have produced quite distinct development projects and policies. This is less to do with inherent cultural traits than with different forms of institution building.
Policy Learning in Regional Networks
Authors: Benz Arthur , Fürst Dietrich
Published: March 2007

The article contributes to the current discourse on learning regions. It aims to identify favourable conditions for policy learning in regions. Supported by the most prominent theories on regional development and innovation, the existence of autonomous policy networks in regions is regarded as a fundamental prerequisite for generating innovations. However, previous research does not clarify how networks have to be organized and linked to the institutional framework inside and outside a region, how actors should interact in networks, and whether competitive or cooperative orientations of actors are more conducive to change. Our theoretical reasoning leads us to the conclusion that learning regions are those that manage to meet different, to a certain degree contradictory, demands regarding structures of networks and actors involved. Successful learning, the generation and implementation of new patterns of politics and new policies depends on specific structural characteristics of networks, but also on actors’ cognitive dispositions, orientations, strategies and interactions. Moreover, favourable institutional settings are identified which may induce adequate network structures and support innovative policies. Finally we draw some conclusions for practical regional policy in a ‘learning region’.
The Challenge of Spatial Reorganization in a Peripheral Polish Region
Authors: Czerny Mirosława , Czerny Andrzej
Published: March 2007

Poland faces serious problem of uneven regional development. Regional planners have viewed the eastern part of the country as a peripheral region, and the recent systemic transformation of the national economy has emphasized the weakness of a regional structure that was shaped under central planning. However, in common with the rest of the country, eastern Poland has also experienced changes attesting to its adaptability to new socio-economic conditions. Intra-regional centres of gravity have been redefined and they have been more dynamic than the region as a whole. With this in mind, the present study considers the economic and social transformations in the last decade in nine selected towns.
Growth, Concentration and Regulation in European Food Retailing
Authors: Poole Rachel , Clarke Graham P. , Clarke David B.
Published: March 2007

This paper extends recent work on British retail change, assessing the extent of corresponding or diverging development trajectories elsewhere in Europe. Ten national markets are scrutinized, with a view to understanding the likely variability in future European retail development. The so-called ‘golden age’ of grocery retailing in Britain, its subsequent demise, and the responses this provoked from retailers provides a benchmark against which to consider the experiences of other European markets. Evidence of retail development crises paralleling Britain’s retail-property-development crisis is weighed as a means of considering the overall limits to European retail development. Strategic responses to the broader economic climate, legislative changes and foreign discounter activity are discussed, highlighting similarities and differences across different national markets. The evidence reviewed is used to identify clusters of national markets exhibiting comparable development trajectories. It is concluded that future development in countries such as Britain, France and the Netherlands may be expected to consist of limited consolidation among major players, alongside domestic share gains driven by concept innovation. Elsewhere, consolidation of fragmented domestic markets is likely to progress alongside organic growth and net importation of foreign capital.
Berlin: Economic and Spatial Change
Authors: Gornig Martin , Häussermann Hartmut
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the past and future economic situation of Berlin in the German city system. Comparing the shares of employment in various service sectors of total employment in Germany from 1939 to 1997 shows the significant changes in the role as a metropolis. Berlin has lost its dominant position as a consequence of isolation from international development for 40 years. Despite successful expansion and restructuring processes in superregionally oriented services, Berlin is still behind the West German economic centers. Future-oriented perspectives for Berlin cannot be found in a regaining of lost functions, but in developing new fields of international service functions. Berlin’s potential therefore is its cultural diversity as a context for productive innovations.
The Regional Structure of Albania, Bulgaria and Greece
Authors: Petrakos George C.
Published: March 2007

The forces of integration and transition in Europe are generating a new geography of economic relations and structures that affects the Balkan region in a very fundamental way. This article analyses the regional structure of Albania, Bulgaria and Greece, focusing on the intensity of regional disparities, the geographical distribution of activities, and the barriers to economic interaction. The analysis indicates that the new situation in the Balkans provides Greece with an opportunity to overcome geographical isolation, and deal with its regional problems as well as the difficulties of the European integration process. It also provides the Balkan countries with an opportunity to interact and cooperate. From the strategic point of view, the long-term interests of Greece and the other countries in the region require stable relations, successful implementation of the policies of transition, and a policy mix promoting unification and coherence of the European economic space, the development of the European south-eastern region, and the facilitation of cross-border co-operation.
Uneven Development and Political Behaviour
Authors: Johnston Ron , Pattie Charles
Published: March 2007

Uneven development provides a spatial template within which political parties can mobilise support based on voters' feelings of relative well-being. In Great Britain, the two main political parties have traditionally based their appeals around the country's class cleavage, with Labour support concentrated among the relatively deprived groups and areas the two 'two nations' pattern. Recent decades have seen a weakening of this class alignment, with voters' choices increasingly reflecting their perceived economic situations, plus those of their local areas and the country as a whole. Nevertheless, as the analyses reported here for 1995-96 show, the traditional two 'two nations' cleavages remain strong elements of the country's electoral geography.