bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the margins of metanarrativity: an inquiry on prejudice, decoloniality and cross-cultural discourse
Authors: Ganya Wandile
Published: March 2023

This paper sets upon the elaboration of two inter-related enquiries: What do being and otherness look like beyond the margins of metanarrativity? What would the crossing of such margins entail? It takes as its basic assumption that prejudice arises from out of the historicity of being. A thesis of prejudice as a pre-reflexive operation or heuristic of the understanding a subject employs in order to arrive upon the conscious inclination to intuit that p is presented. Furthermore, it is posited that human understanding and rational inquiry are a fortiori grounded upon antecedent onto-phenomenological, hermeneutic and epistemic projects of being disclosed in metanarrativity. Metanarrativity, it is here maintained, constrains the horizon of intelligibility and truth in the discursive encounter of being with the “other” of alterity. It precludes the conditions of possibility for a non-prejudiced and value-neutral view in cross-cultural discourse. As such, it may be argued that an understanding of being and otherness cannot ascend the horizon of intelligibility without the sublating operation of prejudice. Prejudice, it is here argued, is sublating in the sense that it prefigures the possibilities for signification, subverting our interrogations from what is the state of affairs to mere intuitends of the form what it is like. Given that metanarrative discourses are invested in prejudice, it is therefore the task of decoloniality, set upon the cross-cultural discursive encounter between being and alterity, to take the physical appearance of an eschatology of liberation enacted in the everyday, performative praxis of non-domination.
Child naming and the need for cultural decolonization initiatives Among the Hausa in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Muhammad Dikko
Published: March 2023

This paper revisits the naming practices among cultures and peoples across Northern Nigeria, especially the Hausa, in relation to the question of cultural coloniality and the need for decolonial initiatives that can reposition value systems being buried by colonial power relations. Naming, prior to the Arab presence or Arab colonization in the region, was a space that foregrounds the history, spatial and temporal identities of the person bearing the name. It also occasioned people’s expectations and hopes on the child who was given the name. There was no arbitrariness in this knowledge-based system of naming. However, with the advent of Islam and its attendant Arab culture from the 7th to the eleventh and twelfth century, people’s cultural practices, especially in the naming spaces, became increasingly hybridized to contain Arabic influences. Arabic names have now dominated the naming spaces throughout the region, especially among the Hausa-Muslim families. The increasing influence of Western culture does not alter this practice. It intensifies the urge to identify and sound Arab, to Arabize by going beyond the names of pious figures found in Islam. Naming today in the region is informed by the fancies of Arab sounding names that are often unconnected to people’s realities, identities, and personal and collective histories. These names are typical among educated middle class. They range from names of animals to places and objects. This paper digs out the meanings of names given to people before the arrival of Arabic culture in Northern Nigeria as part of indigenous epistemologies that are becoming unpopular because of the pejorative notions associated with them today as animist practices. It also portrays some popular Arabic names and their meanings that are prioritized today. It foregrounds the conceptualization of identities in the Hausa language, the lingua-franca of the greater part of Northern Nigeria.
Curricular justice and contemporary schooling: Towards a rich, common curriculum for all students
Authors: Riddle Stewart , Mills Martin , McGregor Glenda
Published: March 2023

Despite the commitment by governments and educational leaders to high-quality and high-equity systems, the defining features of contemporary schooling in Australia and elsewhere are increasing inequality and the uneven distribution of educational opportunities and outcomes. Therefore, it is timely to consider what the concept of curricular justice means for schooling in the twenty-first century. This paper argues for a rich, common curriculum that provides all young people with learning choices that have relevance to their worlds, contribute to the preparation for work or further education, alongside opportunities for engagement with a broader knowledge base connected to critical understandings of culture and society. We contend that a knowledge + plus curriculum is one that is committed to the tripartite social justice principles of redistribution, recognition and representation, which brings together powerful knowledge and young people’s community funds of knowledge in a common curriculum. Such a common curriculum is essential for a common schooling, which can deliver on the promise of a high-quality and high-equity education system for all young people.
Extending Planetary Health: Global Ethics and Global Governance in the Noosphere
Authors: Vidal Clément
Published: March 2023

This essay proposes ways to extend the concept of planetary health, in the framework of major evolutionary transition applied to the planet as a whole. I argue that planetary health can be naturally extended to a fully planetary scale, including issues related to geo- bio- techno- and noo- spheres. I show the need and importance for ethics and governance to become global and I give some examples of physiological and psychological health issues from a planetary perspective.
What Are They Gonna Think About Me? An Innovative Text Analysis on Social Anxiety and Taijin Kyofusho Through MADIT Methodology
Authors: Turchi Gian Piero , Bassi Davide , Agnoletti Carlotta , Riva Marta Silvia Dalla , Iudici Antonio , Orrù Luisa
Published: March 2023

Meaning and translation are never-ending issues that constantly challenge researchers who work in cross-cultural settings, especially when the focus is on how people use language to express and interact in relation to their distress experiences. Many efforts have been undertaken in order to try to understand and manage the content variance that can emerge from context and linguistic differences. The present study aims at offering its contribution on this topic by presenting MADIT methodology, an innovative textual analysis that focuses on the processual use of language. Using the theoretical references of Dialogic Science, language is analysed as an interactive process, leading the researchers to observe the modalities through which language is used (the how) instead of the different contents brought by speakers (the what). After discussing the theoretical differences between content and processual analysis, we present MADIT methodology through a comparative explorative study on the discursive production about taijin kyofusho and social anxiety in Japanese and Italian contexts. The results pointed out how, going beyond the content differences and focusing on the processual interactive reality generated through language, it is possible to observe cross-cultural similarities in the use of language to shape distress experiences.
Patterns of Labour Interventions and Associated Maternal Biopsychosocial Factors in Australia: a Path Analysis
Authors: Bizuayehu Habtamu Mellie , Harris Melissa L. , Chojenta Catherine , Cavenagh Dominic , Forder Peta M. , Loxton Deborah
Published: March 2023

In Australia, nearly half of births involve labour interventions. Prior research in this area has relied on cross-sectional and administrative health data and has not considered biopsychosocial factors. The current study examined direct and indirect associations between biopsychosocial factors and labour interventions using 19 years of population-based prospective data. The study included singleton babies among primiparous women of the 1973–1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Data from 5459 women who started labour were analysed using path analysis. 42.2% of babies were born without intervention (episiotomy, instrumental, or caesarean delivery): Thirty-seven percent reported vaginal birth with episiotomy and instrumental birth interventions, 18% reported an unplanned caesarean section without episiotomy and/or instrumental interventions, and 3% reported unplanned caesarean section after episiotomy and/or instrumental interventions. Vaginal births with episiotomy and/or instrumental interventions were more likely among women with chronic hypertension (RRR(95%-CI):1.50(1.12–2.01)), a perceived length of labour of more than 36 h (RRR(95%-CI):1.86(1.45–2.39)), private health insurance (RRR(95%-CI):1.61(1.41–1.85)) and induced labour (RRR(95%-CI):1.69(1.46–1.94)). Risk factors of unplanned caesarean section without episiotomy and/or instrumental birth intervention included being overweight (RRR(95%-CI):1.30(1.07–1.58)) or obese prepregnancy (RRR(95%-CI):1.63(1.28–2.08)), aged ≥ 35 years (RRR(95%-CI):1.87(1.46–2.41)), having short stature (< 154 cm) (RRR(95%-CI):1.68(1.16–2.42)), a perceived length of labour of more than 36 h (RRR(95%-CI):3.26(2.50–4.24)), private health insurance (RRR(95%-CI):1.38(1.17–1.64)), and induced labour (RRR(95%-CI):2.56(2.16–3.05)). Prevention and management of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity during preconception and/or antenatal care are keys for reducing labour interventions and strengthening the evidence-base around delivery of best practice obstetric care.
MetaEdu: a new framework for future education
Authors: Cui LuoBin , Zhu ChengZhang , Hare Ryan , Tang Ying
Published: March 2023

The potential of the metaverse in the field of education is an area of increasing interest, with many researchers exploring the space to increase the ease and efficacy of student education while reducing time and labor requirements to deliver effective teaching. However, there has been little work into the systematic and technological aspects of delivering education through the metaverse. To fill this gap, we propose a metaverse education system that takes good advantages of virtual reality and Web3 blockchain techologies to create a social learning environment. With this added emphasis on social aspects, learners are able to socialize and engage in collaborative efforts to improve their own knowledge. Using blockchain technology, the system can also help to ensure security and transparency while also keeping progression and grading fair for all participating students.
The urgency of an algorethics
Authors: Benanti Paolo
Published: March 2023

The following contribution was presented during the event, “Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: the Engagement of Abrahamic Religions in the Rome Call.” The event was sponsored by the Vatican RenAIssance Foundation, the Abu Dhabi (UAE) Forum for Peace and the Commission for Interreligious Dialogue of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. The Rome Call for AI Ethics (www.romecall.org), finalized in February 2020 and also signed at the time by some of the world’s largest tech companies (Microsoft and IBM), along with the FAO and representatives of the Italian government, commits signatories to follow what its principles call for in terms of transparency, inclusion, accountability, impartiality, reliability, security and privacy. Religions have played and will continue to play a crucial role in shaping a world in which human beings are at the center of the concept of development. For this reason, an ethical development of artificial intelligence must be approached from an interfaith perspective. The potential of an interfaith event lies in the impact this message communicates. In the face of the radical transformations that digital and intelligent technologies are producing in society, the three Abrahamic religions together provide guidance for humanity’s search for meaning in this new era.
The future of carbon labeling – Factors to consider
Authors: Edenbrandt Anna Kristina , Nordström Jonas
Published: March 2023

Compared to other policy instruments that aim to change consumer behavior, information provision is perhaps the least controversial. An important question is how information in the form of carbon labels can contribute to direct food consumption toward reduced climate impact. From a policy guidance perspective, there is a need to identify how the labeling strategy affects consumers’ ability to identify lower emitting food products and the behavioral change due to carbon information. Key aspects of a carbon label are discussed, as well as the implications of different labeling schemes. Drawing on economic and behavioral theories, we propose that, to assist consumers in identifying changes in consumption that contribute to significant reductions in their climate impact, a carbon label must enable comparisons between product groups and not only within narrowly defined product groups. This suggests mandatory labeling, since producers of high-emission products are less likely to display such labels. However, it is important to consider both costs and benefits of labeling schemes and to consider complementing labeling with other policy instruments.
A decade of in situ cosmogenic 14C in Antarctica
Authors: Nichols Keir Alexander
Published: March 2023

Cosmogenic nuclide measurements in glacial deposits extend our knowledge of glacier chronologies beyond the observational record. The short half-life of in situ cosmogenic 14C makes it particularly useful for studying glacier chronologies, as resulting exposure ages are less sensitive to nuclide inheritance when compared with more commonly measured, long-lived nuclides. An increasing number of laboratories using an automated process to extract carbon from quartz has led to in situ 14C measurements in Antarctic samples at an accelerating rate over the past decade, shedding light on deglaciation in Antarctica. In situ 14C has had the greatest impact in the Weddell Sea Embayment, where inferences on the thickness of ice and timing of deglaciation were limited by inheritance in other cosmogenic nuclide systems. Future subglacial measurements of the nuclide hold much potential as they can provide direct evidence of proposed Holocene thinning and subsequent re-thickening of parts of the Antarctic ice sheets.
Secular Court-Ordered Divorces: What Modern Fatāwā and Canadian Imams Say
Authors: Wahb Yousef Aly
Published: March 2023

Many Canadian Muslim couples are hesitant to resort to civil legal processes and attempt to resolve their disputes within the religious community. Islamic law’s exclusion of non-Muslim judges from holding judicial authority in certain family law matters limits the feasibility of aligning religious commands with family court orders. By extrapolating contemporary legal opinions (fatāwā, sing. fatwā) issued by institutions and narrating experiences of Canadian imams, this article documents the views of both researchers and practitioners, finding that neither holds secular court-ordered divorces contested by the husband to suffice as a form of Islamic marriage dissolution. This article concludes that both Canadian imams and fatwā-issuing bodies call for the development of extra-judicial entities that apply Islamic law’s Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) procedures in a manner recognized by secular authorities.
Lessons learned: Development of COVID-19 clinical staging models at a large urban research institution
Authors: Huang Sean S. , Chaisson Lelia H. , Galanter William , Jalali Arash , Menchaca Martha , Parde Natalie , Rodríguez-Fernández Jorge M. , Trotter Andrew , Kochendorfer Karl M.
Published: March 2023

Background/Objective:

The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), along with many academic institutions worldwide, made significant efforts to address the many challenges presented during the COVID-19 pandemic by developing clinical staging and predictive models. Data from patients with a clinical encounter at UIC from July 1, 2019 to March 30, 2022 were abstracted from the electronic health record and stored in the UIC Center for Clinical and Translational Science Clinical Research Data Warehouse, prior to data analysis. While we saw some success, there were many failures along the way. For this paper, we wanted to discuss some of these obstacles and many of the lessons learned from the journey.

Methods:

Principle investigators, research staff, and other project team members were invited to complete an anonymous Qualtrics survey to reflect on the project. The survey included open-ended questions centering on participants’ opinions about the project, including whether project goals were met, project successes, project failures, and areas that could have been improved. We then identified themes among the results.

Results:

Nine project team members (out of 30 members contacted) completed the survey. The responders were anonymous. The survey responses were grouped into four key themes: Collaboration, Infrastructure, Data Acquisition/Validation, and Model Building.

Conclusion:

Through our COVID-19 research efforts, the team learned about our strengths and deficiencies. We continue to work to improve our research and data translation capabilities.
Hereditary renal cancer patient and public involvement group: A collaborative, consensus decision process to develop a communication tool for patient use
Authors: Colvin Ellen , Ng Stephanie , Hepworth John , Hepworth Janice , Hartley Thomas , Godfrey Nicola , Tricker Karen , Rothwell Jeanette , Beaman Glenda , Woodward Emma R.
Published: March 2023

Patient and public involvement (PPI) must be more frequently embedded within clinical research to ensure translational outcomes are patient-led and meet patient needs. Active partnerships with patients and public groups are an important opportunity to hear patient voices, understand patient needs, and inform future research avenues. A hereditary renal cancer (HRC) PPI group was developed with the efforts of patient participants (n = 9), pooled from recruits within the early detection for HRC pilot study, working in collaboration with researchers and healthcare professionals (n = 8). Patient participants had HRC conditions including Von Hippel–Lindau (n = 3) and Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Carcinoma (n = 5), and public participants included two patient Trustees (n = 2) from VHL UK & Ireland Charity. Discussions among the enthusiastic participants guided the development of a novel patient information sheet for HRC patients. This communication tool was designed to aid patients when informing family members about their diagnoses and the wider implications for relatives, a gap identified by participants within group discussions. While this partnership was tailored for a specific HRC patient and public group, the process implemented can be employed for other hereditary cancer groups and could be transferable within other healthcare settings.
Entropy bounds for multi-word perturbations of subshifts
Authors: RAMSEY NICK
Published: March 2023

Given a subshift
$\Sigma $
of finite type and a finite set S of finite words, let
$\Sigma \langle S\rangle $
denote the subshift of
$\Sigma $
that avoids S. We establish a general criterion under which we can bound the entropy perturbation
$h(\Sigma ) - h(\Sigma \langle S\rangle )$
from above. As an application, we prove that this entropy difference tends to zero with a sequence of such sets
$S_1, S_2,\ldots $
under various assumptions on the
$S_i$
.
Automated control and optimization of laser-driven ion acceleration
Authors: Loughran B. , Streeter M. J. V. , Ahmed H. , Astbury S. , Balcazar M. , Borghesi M. , Bourgeois N. , Curry C. B. , Dann S. J. D. , DiIorio S. , Dover N. P. , Dzelzainis T. , Ettlinger O. C. , Gauthier M. , Giuffrida L. , Glenn G. D. , Glenzer S. H. , Green J. S. , Gray R. J. , Hicks G. S. , Hyland C. , Istokskaia V. , King M. , Margarone D. , McCusker O. , McKenna P. , Najmudin Z. , Parisuaña C. , Parsons P. , Spindloe C. , Symes D. R. , Thomas A. G. R. , Treffert F. , Xu N. , Palmer C. A. J.
Published: March 2023

The interaction of relativistically intense lasers with opaque targets represents a highly non-linear, multi-dimensional parameter space. This limits the utility of sequential 1D scanning of experimental parameters for the optimization of secondary radiation, although to-date this has been the accepted methodology due to low data acquisition rates. High repetition-rate (HRR) lasers augmented by machine learning present a valuable opportunity for efficient source optimization. Here, an automated, HRR-compatible system produced high-fidelity parameter scans, revealing the influence of laser intensity on target pre-heating and proton generation. A closed-loop Bayesian optimization of maximum proton energy, through control of the laser wavefront and target position, produced proton beams with equivalent maximum energy to manually optimized laser pulses but using only 60% of the laser energy. This demonstration of automated optimization of laser-driven proton beams is a crucial step towards deeper physical insight and the construction of future radiation sources.
Perlocutionary Silencing: A Linguistic Harm That Prevents Discursive Influence
Authors: Spewak David C.
Published: March 2023

Various philosophers discuss perlocutionary silencing, but none defend an account of perlocutionary silencing. This gap may exist because perlocutionary success depends on extralinguistic effects, whereas silencing interrupts speech, leaving theorists to rely on extemporary accounts when they discuss perlocutionary silencing. Consequently, scholars assume perlocutionary silencing occurs but neglect to explain how perlocutionary silencing harms speakers as speakers. In relation to that shortcoming, I defend a novel account of perlocutionary silencing. I argue that speakers experience perlocutionary silencing when they are illegitimately deprived of perlocutionary influence on a conversation in which they are active participants, where perlocutionary influence on the conversation relates to speech-related perlocutionary goals meant to influence the conversation or conversational direction. Thus, this account grounds perlocutionary silencing in linguistic phenomena and characterizes perlocutionary silencing in a way that explains why those who experience perlocutionary silencing are harmed as speakers. Moreover, this account explains how perlocutionary silencing harms speakers as conversational participants in a way that cannot be captured by illocutionary or locutionary silencing, for a speaker may be perlocutionarily silenced despite illocutionary success. Consequently, the account explains why “All Lives Matter” silences Black Lives Matter and “Not All Men” silences women sharing experiences of sexual harassment.
Mother Lords: Original Maternal Dominion and the Practice of Preservation in Hobbes
Authors: Robison Meghan
Published: March 2023

Hobbes's justification for original maternal dominion is often evaluated in connection to the ambiguous status of women in his political thought. Many feminist interpreters explain this ambiguity as a contradiction: following Carole Pateman, they see maternal dominion as one term of the “paradox of parental power.” The first aim of this article is to elaborate a second, alternative approach within some critical responses to Pateman's reading. Rather than as one part of a contradiction, in these interpretations maternal dominion emerges as a self-standing form of authority that is very different from patriarchal domination. By offering a new synthesis of some of these interpretations, I aim to show this second view as more comprehensive and compelling than that offered by Pateman. Then, building upon this view, I give a new reading of the concept of preservation that establishes the mother's dominion as an intersubjective practice that reflects an awareness about the interdependent conditions for human well-being and, hence, challenges the standard approach to Hobbesian individualism and sovereign power. Finally, drawing from my interpretation of preservation, I offer a new way to understand Hobbes's argument that “parental authority is derived from the child's consent.”
Taiwan's Same-Sex Marriage Legislation: Social Movement Strategies and Relational Dynamics
Authors: Wei John
Published: March 2023

In 2019, Taiwan became the first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage (SSM). This article considers the social movement strategies and relational dynamics of three activist groups in the year leading to the landmark SSM legislation, respectively representing the “yes,” “no,” and “alternative” agendas in the public debates and social mobilization around the issue of equal marriage rights. Through a critical study of the three cases, this article examines how various campaigners shaped local SSM discourses and mobilized people to support, oppose, and question marriage equality, focusing on their social mobilization strategies and inter-group relational dynamics under Taiwan's political and legal structures. In so doing, it proposes a hybrid theoretical model to understand complex social movement and countermovement relations and dynamics.
Uyghur–Chinese early successive adult bilinguals’ construal of caused motion events
Authors: Tusun Alimujiang
Published: March 2023

Talmy’s motion event typology has served as a fruitful framework for exploring bilingual cognition and language use. The present study extends this line of research to the bilingualism situation of an underrepresented Turkic language, i.e., Modern Uyghur, and Mandarin Chinese, and it does so by focusing on a relatively understudied type of motion, i.e., caused motion. The two languages are genetically and typologically distinct, and yet they share verb-framing as an important lexicalization pattern in encoding motion. This study, therefore, investigated whether and to what extent this structural overlap contributes to crosslinguistic influence in Uyghur–Chinese adult bilinguals’ construal of caused motion. Thirty Uyghur–Chinese adult bilinguals’ verbalizations were analyzed with respect to the number of semantic components expressed and the way they were syntactically packaged. Results were compared with relevant monolingual data, which showed that Uyghur–Chinese adult bilinguals displayed a strong L1 to L2 influence in syntactic packaging by overusing the verb-framed strategy in Mandarin Chinese. However, further comparisons with previous research on Uyghur–Chinese child and adult bilinguals’ motion construal revealed that, while structural overlap is a key factor motivating crosslinguistic influence, a coherent explanation of this phenomenon must consider more general principles of bilingual language processing and use.
The Epistemic Privilege of Measurement: Motivating a Functionalist Account
Authors: Ohnesorge Miguel
Published: March 2023

Philosophers and metrologists have refuted the view that measurement’s epistemic privilege in scientific practice is explained by its theory neutrality. Rather, they now explicitly appeal to the role that theories play in measurement. I formulate a challenge for this view: Scientists sometimes ascribe epistemic privilege to measurements even if they lack a shared theory about their target quantity, which I illustrate through a case study from early geodesy. Drawing on that case, I argue that the epistemic privilege of measurement can precede shared background theory and is better explained by its pretheoretic function in enabling a distinctive kind of inquiry.
Recent developments in noise research at the National Gas Turbine Establishment
Authors: Armstrong F. W.
Published: March 2023

The noise nuisance caused to communities around airports is one of the greatest problems besetting present-day civil aviation. Considerable effort is being expended to meet the challenge of lessening the nuisance without impairing the continued development of air transport. Governments, operators, manufacturers and research institutions are all playing a part. In addition to local regulations designed to control noise near specific airports, legislation based on international agreements has for some years required new types of subsonic jet airliner to be certificated as meeting given noise levels. Currently, the successful development of “hushkits” is enabling many older types to be brought within these levels. At the same time, it appears likely that still more stringent limits will be set for new types as the future unfolds.
Attitude control of a flexible space vehicle by means of a linear state observer
Authors: Smart D. R. , Gill K. F.
Published: March 2023

The two philosophies for the attitude control of flexible space vehicles that appear practicable are: firstly, the complete control of all the plant states, in the sense that all states tend to some bounded value as time tends to infinity; and secondly, to control the rigid body to lie within some bounded region and allow the vibrations within the structure to behave in an uncontrolled manner. If the former strategy is implemented, not only is the attitude of some part of the structure, for example a radio antenna, controlled to lie within some bounded region, but the modes of structural vibration are also explicitly controlled. The second method requires less state information than the first and is the less complex of the two.
Handling Techniques for Man Powered Aircraft
Authors: Potter John
Published: March 2023

The setbacks and frustratons encountered in the desgn and construction of man-powered aircraft are well-known. Many machines have been completed only after the expenditure of several man-years’ effort. Often, groups have reaped little reward in proportion to their labours. The majority of man-powered aircraft have suffered severe damage early in their flight career either from storage accidents, from mismanagement in ground handling, or following loss of control while in flight. The record underlines the vulnerability of these lightweight, flimsy aircraft and emphasises the difficulty in conducting safe operations while simultaneously achieving productive flying.
Trailing Vortex Wakes
Authors: Lee G. H.
Published: March 2023

It is shown that the trailing vortex wakes generated by large aeroplanes can cause serious upsets (loss of control) to smaller following aircraft that may encounter them and may damage buildings near an airport. The increase in separation behind big aircraft imposed as a safety measure leads to a serious loss of runway capacity.

After discussion of the nature of wake vortices, it is demonstrated that they may be attenuated, so avoiding unnecessary separation between aircraft at an airport and, at the same time, obviating ground damage.

Discussion of alternative devices available for moderating the vortex wake indicates that practical solutions may be confidently expected.
The effects of end plates on the base pressure coefficient of a circular cylinder
Authors: Stansby P. K.
Published: March 2023

It has been known for some time that when a cylinder spans a wind tunnel the boundary layers on the walls of the tunnel may have important effects, especially on the pressure in the base region. By making the boundary layers thin by the use of end plates, it may be possible to approach a complete elimination of the effects of these layers on the central part of the span and obtain a flow that is very nearly two-dimensional. Most of the published pressure distributions for circular cylinders were obtained without end plates and this probably explains their inconsistency. Gerrard has described experiments in which the addition of end plates caused a substantial change of base pressure coefficient but he did not attempt to design an optimum end plate to give nearly two-dimensional flow.
The computer in management: the current status of the management information system
Authors: Williams G. E.
Published: March 2023

MIS is more talked about than accomplished. There is also confusion regarding what constitutes MIS and even whether we mean computer based or something broader. Systems claiming to be MIS range from a classical invoicing system which follows well charted directions to $65m development efforts. This paper describes, therefore, past and current thinking on MIS rather than status of individual systems.

It is instructive to follow its history, since although there has been considerable development of theory concerning information during the past few years, efforts at MIS constitute, for better for worse, the main attempts at practical development.
Anti-Tank Guided Weapons
Authors: Cattanach J.
Published: March 2023

For the past half-century the tank has dominated the land battle by virtue of its armour.

During the last war, the discovery of the shaped high explosive charge (or hollow charge) was the first significant step towards its decline. This type of warhead could penetrate the thickest armour then in use, without the need for its carrier to have any significant velocity. No longer were projectiles of high kinetic energy, and therefore high velocity, required.
Establishing airport cost and revenue functions
Authors: Doganis R. S. , Thompson G. F.
Published: March 2023

The discussion generated by the Roskill Commission and by airport planning inquiries in different parts of the United Kingdom has increasingly emphasised that airports are merely a sub-system within a larger system. They cannot be planned and developed except with reference to the other elements that make up that system. There are essentially four critical elements:

(i)

The passengers or goods requiring transport by air.

(ii)

The physical, social and economic environment around the airport.

(iii)

The airport itself.

(iv)

The aircraft and the airlines which operate them.

The total system is concerned with enabling passengers and freight to travel by air in order to reach a different environment.
A man-powered aircraft with power to spare
Authors: Goodhart H. C. N.
Published: March 2023

Man-powered aircraft have been built in which a man generating between 0·5 and 0·6 horse-power has remained airborne in straight flight for upwards of 3 minutes. Noone has yet succeeded in demonstrating sustained turning flight nor can sufficient endurance be expected in order to achieve the difficult Kremer prize course.

It seems probable that refining the current design of aircraft is unlikely to bring the required horse-power down by a factor approaching two and therefore a radically new approach is required if the Kremer course is to be successfully completed.
Dynamic analysis of flexible space vehicles having uncoupled control axes
Authors: Smart D. R. , Gill K. F. , Gething J. M. , Holt J. A.
Published: March 2023

Increasingly stringent attitude stabilisation requirements are the current trend in both experimental and commercial satellites as is seen in the current Intelsat, ESRO and UK communication studies. These craft must be lightweight, compact and rugged during the launch phase but after mission capture such requirements no longer apply. The increasingly high power requirements of such craft are met by the use of large flexible solar arrays which are packed away during launch and unfurl when the craft becomes operational. For the three-axis stabilised craft being studied reaction jets are used to achieve the high pointing accuracy required. Such actuators may be hot or cold gas systems or in the future may be electric engines’. The broad spectral content of these actuators will inevitably excite modes of vibration in a wide range of frequencies. The influence of these highly resonant modes on the performance of on-board controllers, needing a relatively high bandwidth of 0-10 Hz, to achieve high pointing accuracy of up to a few seconds of arc may lead to design difficulties.
The rolling up of a trailing vortex sheet
Authors: Clements R. R. , Maull D. J.
Published: March 2023

The rolling up of the vortex sheet shed from a finite aspect ratio wing into discrete vortices has been extensively investigated in the past. Most of these investigations have, however, considered wings having an elliptic loading.

The early design charts of Silvertstein et al gave downwash angles for a variety of flapped and unflapped aerofoils by considering the trailing vortex sheet to be composed of discrete line vortices but ignored the rolling up process that takes place.
Financing transportation innovation in perspective
Authors: Riley Derek
Published: March 2023

The title of this paper has been chosen for several reasons. To take financing first: problems of financing in transportation occur at several distinct levels, namely

—systems suppliers, for example, aircraft manufacturers;

—terminals and infrastructure, for example, ports and airports;

—operating companies, for example, airlines.

We shall essentially be focusing attention on financing of systems.

Secondly, innovation will receive attention within the systems, because while financing of conventional systems may not be easy, that of innovatory systems is often almost impossible. An innovatory transportation system may be defined as a package of equipment or components, at least some of which are radically new and which are designed to meet the requirements of a given transportation market.
Revised calculations of the NACA 6-series of low drag aerofoils
Authors: Nonweiler T. R. F.
Published: March 2023

A recent study by digital computer of the theoretical characteristics of a family of low drag aerofoil sections was prompted some time ago by the need to redesign a particular NACA 6-series aerofoil of high camber (which was not producing the desired pressure distribution). Understandably, therefore, this new family of aerofoils—christened the GU series—was patterned on the NACA sections, and designed to provide the characteristic region of uniform velocity over the forward portion of one surface at the extreme of the low drag range, followed by a compression region of roughly constant adverse pressure gradient.
“Supersonic” flow in the insect world
Authors: Thomson K. D.
Published: March 2023

Recently Professor Black showed a photograph of a baby seal swimming in a shallow pool at a speed greater than the speed of the surface waves. In terms of the hydraulic analogy the seal may be said to be a “supersonic” swimmer.

In lighter vein, it may be wondered whether supersonic flow extends to the insect world! The attached Schlieren photograph shows, for example, a blowfly in a flow at a Mach number of 1·4. The blowfly, suitably stiffened by a film of clear plastic to prevent it from shattering, was sting mounted in a shock tube containing freon as the working fluid.
The aerodynamic development of the wing of the A 300B
Authors: McRae D. M.
Published: March 2023

The A300B, otherwise known as the European Airbus, is an international collaborative project. Hawker Siddeley Aviation are under contract to Airbus Industrie to design and manufacture the wing. Manufacture is now well advanced, the first wing having been delivered to Toulouse in November 1971.

In describing the aerodynamic development of the wing for this aircraft, it is necessary to describe events before the advent of the designation A300B, as the aerodynamic design philosophy was established prior to that date. In particular reference will be made to the preceding paper project the A300 and to a lesser extent to projects being considered before the opening of technical discussions between Sud Aviation, Deutsche Airbus, and Hawker Siddeley Aviation.
Random vibration with non-linear damping
Authors: Kirk C. L.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to study the random vibration of linearly elastic, lumped-mass systems containing non-linear damping, to ideal stationary Gaussian white noise excitation.

The following practical examples of systems with non-linear damping are quoted. A random vibration absorber with (velocity)2 damping, (velocity)2 damping in an aircraft oleo pneumatic undercarriage, and spar cap beam dampers in which damping is produced by relative motion between friction surfaces during beam deflection. In the first two examples optimum system parameters are determined in order to minimise the mean square response. In the third case the root mean square acceleration of a beam with spar cap damping is determined experimentally, the results being compared with Caughey's theoretical results.
Static Discharge
Authors: Perry B. L.
Published: March 2023

In this paper an attempt is made to outline the hazards which can arise, with particular reference to light aircraft, due to static electricity. Accidents, some of which are described in detail later, can and do happen, yet the precautions which should be taken to reduce the dangers are very easy to carry out. These precautions are detailed in the final section of this paper and it cannot be over emphasised that the habitual use of these simple techniques could well prevent a fire from being started with the resultant loss of an aircraft and the possibility of injury or death from such a fire.
The Determination of the Position of Maximum Velocity in Turbulent Shear Flow
Authors: Durst F. , Launder B. E. , Åkesson H.
Published: March 2023

The majority of current prediction procedures for turbulent flows employ models of turbulent momentum transfer which calculate an effective viscosity for μeff such that for a boundary-layer flow the shear stress, τ, is given by:

A number of recent experimental investigations (ref. 1-3 for example) have found, however, that in strongly asymmetric turbulent flows, τ is finite where the mean velocity gradient is zero—and vice versa. These phenomena, which are evidently not describable in terms of an effective viscosity hypothesis, point the need for a more complete description of turbulent motion.
A Finite Element for Torsion of Thin Walled Open Tubes
Authors: Bolland G. B.
Published: March 2023

In an analysis by the matrix force method of a structure containing thin tubes of open cross-section, it is commonly assumed that the torsional stiffness of such members may be taken into account by considering the St. Venant shear stresses only. This effectively introduces the assumption that the cross-section of an open tube is able to warp freely, whereas in practice the warping may be constrained by the surrounding structure.

In this note a method is presented which allows such warping constraint effects to be taken into account in a finite element analysis using the Force Method. Because of the assumption of linear variation of direct stress along the element the full flexibility matrix does not have to be used, which may be an advantage in certain cases. The “exact”, but more complex, flexibility matrix has been derived and will be presented in a later note.
Calculation of the Normal-Stress Distribution in a Curved Wall Jet
Authors: Kind R. J.
Published: March 2023

In many applications of boundary-layer control by tangential blowing the surface downstream of the blowing slot is likely to be strongly curved. For example, this is the case when blowing around a bluff trailing edge is used to control the circulation around an aerofoil as described in ref. 1. The flow involved in such cases is that of a curved wall jet in an adverse pressure gradient. A knowledge of the radial and tangential pressure distributions in the curved wall jet is required if development of the flow and separation are to be predicted.
The Sound of Rotorcraft
Authors: Leverton J. W.
Published: March 2023

The sound of a rotorcraft is very complex in nature since it is a combination of the sound produced by several individual sources, which in the main generate acoustic energy by more than one mechanism. Externally, the important sources are rotor noise and engine noise; while internally transmission system (gear) noise is an additional source. The frequency ranges associated with the various sources on a rotorcraft are summarised on the narrowband spectrum shown in Fig. 1. Main rotor noise is treated as two separate entities, rotational and broadband noise, while the tail rotor noise (if applicable) is dominated by its rotational components.

The following discussion is limited to gas-turbine-engined rotorcraft as, except for some of the small light-weight helicopters, the majority are powered by this type of engine. It is worth noting that on a piston-engined helicopter, the engine itself is the main noise generator, with the primary source being the exhaust noise emanating from the periodic expulsion of the hot gases of combustion. This produces harmonics at the engine firing frequency as indicated on Fig. 1, and in addition to being of high amplitude is very annoying since it occurs in the 200-1000 Hz range.
Aerodynamic Loading Induced on a Two-Dimensional Wing by a Free Vortex in Incompressible Flow
Authors: Hancock G. J.
Published: March 2023

Practical problems often arise in which the aerodynamic loadings on wings and fins, due to nearby free vortices, are required. For example, aerodynamic loads on helicopter blades are affected by the tip vortices which are continuously being shed and which lie beneath the rotor plane. And vortices shed from the nose of an aircraft fuselage can induce significant side loads on a fin.

The estimation of the aerodynamic load distribution on a moving wing in the neighbourhood of a free vortex (whose axis is primarily in the free stream direction) is an interesting problem which, as far as the author is aware, has not been discussed previously in the literature. Standard techniques for conventional linearised wing theory cannot be applied directly to this problem because the trailing vorticity shed from the wing trailing edge is affected by the flow field of the free vortex and so the mathematical application of the Kutta trailing edge condition is more complex.
Objectives and Standards for Air Safety
Authors: Black H. C.
Published: March 2023

When I was invited to deliver this paper it was suggested that I should adopt the title “Standards and Objectives for Air Safety”. I welcomed this idea because I think that now is an appropriate time to review our approach to air safety and I would like to discuss some of the modern developments in standards. On reflection, however, I felt that I should really make a small change to the title to put the objectives before the standards and I hope my hosts will forgive me for taking this liberty. I must confess that there have been many cases where the standards got written first and the objectives were worked out afterwards. But I would like to treat them here in the order in which I think they should appear.

I have been concerned for much of my working life with that part of safety called “airworthiness” but, as you probably know, it has been proposed that the ARB should now become part of a very much larger bureaucracy and so I hope my future colleagues will forgive me if I anticipate the merger with them and deal with safety in a rather broader sense.
Librational Damping of A Gravity Orientated System using Solar Radiation Pressure
Authors: Modi V. J. , Flanagan R. C.
Published: March 2023

For many space applications, it is necessary to maintain a satellite in a fixed orientation relative to the earth. Unfortunately, a correctly positioned satellite deviates with time from this preferred orientation due to perturbing environmental forces. This explains considerable interest librational stability study in recent times.

Among the numerous methods developed for librational control, a passive technique depending on the gradient of the gravitational field has gained attention. Depending on the orbital distance, environmental effects, such as, aerodynamic, radiation, and magnetic torques become significant compared to the gravity-gradient restoring moment. A need to determine the influence of these disturbing forces is thus evident.