bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Temple of Victory on the Palatine
Authors: Wiseman T. P.
Published: November 2011

The evidence for the site of the temple of Victory on the Palatine at Rome is re-examined: (1) a passage in Dionysius of Halicarnassus which implies that the temple was topographically related to the Lupercal, (2) two inscriptions recorded in the eighteenth century, which were found near the western corner of the Palatine, (3) the Porta Roman(ul)a, which according to Festus was infimo clivo Victoriae, and (4) the Palatine hut, which was evidently next to the temple of Iuppiter Victor in the precinct of Victory. By applying these indications to the archaeological remains, the two hitherto unidentified podia near the Magna Mater temple may be identified as those of the temples of Victory and Iuppiter Victor.
Recent Discoveries of Roman Amphora Kilns in Italy
Authors: Peacock D. P. S.
Published: November 2011

Recent field-work has established the existence of two amphora kilns to add to the meagre list for Italy, at Mondragone and Albinia, north of Naples and Rome respectively. Their output of types Dressel 1A and 1B indicates that Mondragone was operating from the late second century to the second half of the first century B.C., and Albinia slightly later, since Dressel 2–4 are also present. In both cases, bricks and some coarse pottery were also being fired.
Decorated Window-Glass and Millefiori from Monkwearmouth
Authors: Cramp Rosemary
Published: November 2011

Recent excavation of the monastic sites of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow has produced a quantity of plain and coloured window-glass sealed within the destruction levels of the buildings. Monkwearmouth was founded in 674, and Jarrow in 685; both sites were abandoned in the mid ninth century.

In the 1969 excavations at Monkwearmouth a complete quarry of amber window-glass decorated with white trails was discovered, and this piece is discussed and compared with other glass from the sites. Two millefiori settings from Monkwearmouth are also discussed and compared with a composite rod from Jarrow and other mosaic glass settings from the British Isles.
The Representation on Trajan's Column of Trajan's Rock-cut Road in Upper Moesia: The Emperor's Road to Glory
Authors: Rossi L.
Published: November 2011

It is common knowledge that in the reliefs on Trajan's Column the technical skill and achievements of the Roman Army received as much attention and space as did its military prowess and successes. It is clear that emphasis laid upon military engineering was felt to be one of the most effective means of conveying the triumphal concept attached to this marble volumen. Since both Trajan, to whom the reliefs were dedicated, and Apollodorus, his architect, who is likely to have drawn the cartoons for them, were inclined to regard craftsmanship and power as equivalent expressions of Roman glory, one would expect to find in the commemorative sculpture some allusion to specific technical achievements or, at least, to the most important of these.
A Silver Trumpet-Brooch with Relief Decoration, Parcel-Gilt, from Carmarthen, and a Note on the Development of the Type
Authors: Boon George C. , Savory H. N.
Published: November 2011

The Carmarthen brooch, datable not later thanc.a.d.50 and perhaps as early asc.25, is a direct two-piece successor to the pre-Roman, one-piece, Aylesford type, now known to be considerably later in date than used to be thought. The two-piece construction, which characterizes the entire British trumpet-brooch series, was adopted as a convenience when the bow was given a massive form in order to accommodate Late Celtic decoration in relief, of a western character and antecedents. The central moulding and foot carry petalled ornament of a ‘transitional’ or ‘supporting’ type: this ornament is reminiscent of that sometimes found between the circlet and terminals of early La Tène torcs abroad, but is probably better understood here as the carefully-designed continuationen suiteof the open flower or rosette upon the headloop, and thus as half-open flower. Only the Carmarthen brooch retains such a headloop rosette.

The Carmarthen brooch was soon copied in bronze, and on these copies the relief appears in a coarsened and simplified form. The copies are entirely from western findspots. In the southern part of the region in which they occur, the medial petalling is retained (as at Lydney); but in the northern part, additional simplification has led to the suppression of the medial petalling (as atSegontium). Thus the Carmarthen brooch may be seen as the parent of the more fully-developedRiiclass of Collingwood's typological sequence, and also of at least one strand in theRiclass, which has been considered up to now as the original form. In the west Midlands, perhaps seizing the opportunity offered by the simplified relief, craftsmen began to apply red enamel to the hollow areas, and to emphasize the central moulding, with its petalling, so that this became the principal plastic ornamental element (as at The Lunt, bya.d.75). In the north of England, these novel features, enamel and exaggerated moulding, were further developed. The fine northern brooches (Backworth—not enamelled, but engraved—or Risingham) do not have headloop rosettes, and it was in the presence of their exaggerated central mouldings that Collingwood devised his celebrated ‘acanthus’ theory. By the Antonine period, brooches were being produced with polychrome enamel, and with their mouldings confined, very often, to the front of the bow; many of these have been found along the Rhine. Some late derivatives of the Carmarthen type are known from Wroxeter, and form a final group in the Appendix above.
Antiquarian Studies in Fifteenth-Century England
Authors: Gransden Antonia
Published: November 2011

This article seeks to counteract the tendency of some recent historians to underrate antiquarian studies in medieval England. It demonstrates the flourishing antiquarianism of the fifteenth century, first especially among the monks and later among the clergy and even the laity. The monks did research on local history in order to prove the antiquity and legal rights of their houses, while the ‘seculars’ viewed the subject more broadly. It is usually impossible to assess exactly to what extent a scholar engaged in antiquarian studies for practical reasons, and to what extent his motive was objective, intellectual curiosity; however, the evidence suggests that by the end of the century the latter motive was gaining ground.
Amphorae and the Baetican Fish Industry
Authors: Peacock D. P. S.
Published: November 2011

This paper summarizes the typology and petrology of the products of three amphora kilns in the Province of Cadiz, Spain, which were supplying the Baetican fish industry. Petrological study demonstrates that the products were reaching Britain, during the first and perhaps the second centuries A.D. They may well have been distributed throughout the western Empire and beyond, but the difficulty of attributing amphorae to these kilns without proper consideration of fabric is emphasized.
A Roman Marble Head from Sussex
Authors: Painter K. S.
Published: November 2011

The British Museum acquired in November 1961 a Roman marble portrait head (pl. XLVI) found at Broadbridge, three miles west of Chichester (fig. 1). It was given to the museum by the late Captain A. W. F. Fuller through the National Art-Collections Fund.
The Hampton Court Painting of the Field of Cloth of Gold Considered as an Historical Document
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2011

On 29th March 1770, Sir Joseph Ayloffe, Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries, read a learned paper to his colleagues on a painting, then at Windsor Castle and now preserved at Hampton Court, depicting the interview of June 1520 between Henry VIII and Francis I at the Field of Cloth of Gold. Ayloffe presented a long and minutely circumstantial account of the painting, which, in view of the considerable deterioration of the canvas over the last 200 years, is of inestimable value for details concerning colour and design. He also compared the painting with such documentary evidence as was available at the time, and concluded that it was an accurate representation of major features of the Anglo-French interview. Since Ayloffe's time a mass of contemporary descriptive source material has come to light, and it has even been thought that the profusion of seemingly inconsistent details relating to the Field of Cloth of Gold renders impossible any attempt to reconcile the documentary records either one with another or with the pictorial representation. However, a close examination of the sources reveals several fundamental consistencies which enable us to reconstruct, with reasonable certitude, both the scene and the events at the Field of Cloth of Gold: and this synthesis may be used to check the value and authenticity of the Hampton Court painting as an historical document.
An Early Iron Age ‘beach-head’ at Lulworth, Dorset
Authors: Wheeler Mortimer
Published: November 2011

In the preparation of its Dorset inventory the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) has drawn new attention to a remarkable earthwork which has long been known to exist on Bindon Hill, adjoining Lulworth Cove, Dorset. The significant topographical features are as follows. For many miles of Dorset coast the cove is the only natural harbour where in all weathers small craft may lie up with safety. In terms of human time, it must long have approximated to its present shape, the product of a fairly simple geological process. The successive strata hereabouts (from bottom to top) are Purbeck limestone, Wealden clay, and chalk; but they are all here uptilted towards the south through nearly 90 degrees so that in effect they lie side by side with the limestone as an outermost barrier against the sea. In ages past a chalk-stream wore a gap through the limestone down to sea-level, admitting the sea to the Wealden clay, which it then proceeded to scoop into a basin until stopped by the more solid chalk beyond. The tiny descendant of this incisive stream still flows unnoticed beside the road down to the harbour.
Further research into the construction of mail garments
Authors: Burgess E. Martin
Published: November 2011

In a previous article the writer described the technique used by the armourers of the past to make mail. Very little is known about the craftsmen who made it. It is not yet possible to date pieces of mail with the same degree of accuracy with which pieces of plate armour can be dated. There are several reasons for this lack of knowledge. In the first place mail is a structure which does not lend itself to the use of armourer's marks, and though pieces are marked in one way and another, experts are so far unable to trace them to their sources. Secondly, a mail garment is not necessarily restricted to one known wearer, but because of its stretching and contracting qualities will fit almost anyone reasonably well. Thirdly, at the time when mail-making was at its height the armourer's craft had not developed to the same extent and had not yet acquired the social and decorative importance which it was to have in later years. Thus the mail-maker was more obscure and his work had no characteristic sculptural quality by which it could be recognized. On the other hand, in the early days of armour, mail garments were few and very valuable with the result that they frequently changed hands, the stretching quality permitting their use by different owners. Lastly, mail suffers from rust because it exposes a vast surface of metal to the air. When it is worn the constant friction between one ring and another wears it out comparatively quickly even if it is never permitted to get rusted. For this reason the rings in mail shirts are often thinner round the hips than on shoulders, chest, or back. Most of the early mail has been destroyed by wear and time and only fragments remain. It is not possible to say with certainty to what type of garment these fragments once belonged.
Durrington Walls, Wiltshire: recent excavations at a ceremonial site of the early second millennium B.C.
Authors: Stone J. F. S. , Piggott Stuart , Booth A. St. J.
Published: November 2011

The site known as Durrington Walls, in the parish of Durrington, Wiltshire (Nat. Grid Ref. 41/150437), has been known as an antiquity since the early nineteenth century, when its bank and ditch was recorded by Colt Hoare (Anc. Wilts. (1812), i, 169) and included by him in his map of the Stonehenge region. The nature of this vast enclosure, some 1,720 by 1,470 ft. in dimensions, with an average diameter of 1,600 ft., and an originally huge internal ditch and outer rampart enclosing the head of a combe above the river Avon, was not, however, appreciated until 1929, when the first serious study of the site was made by O. G. S. Crawford (Antiq. iii (1929), 49-59). In this account, which includes the first accurate plan of the monument and corrects serious errors in previous descriptions, Durrington Walls was recognized as one of a class of ceremonial monuments of the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age which included Avebury, Arbor Low, and many others, and consisting of a roughly circular area enclosed by a bank with internal ditch having two (or exceptionally at Avebury four) entrances, and in some instances at least standing stones within the area.
Two Saxon urns from Ickwell Bury, Beds., and the Saxon penetration of the Eastern Midlands
Authors: Myres J. N. L.
Published: November 2011

The two Saxon urns from Ickwell Bury (pl. xxi, b and c) belong to a small group of special interest to the historian both because it can be closely dated to the earliest years of the Saxon settlement in this country and because its continental connexions are precisely located in the Old Saxon territory between the Elbe and the Weser. Only about a dozen urns exactly of this continental type appear to be known from this country. It is remarkable that, while no more than two or three specimens at most occur among the hundreds of urns from great cemeteries like Lackford or St. John's, Cambridge, the only examples of Anglo-Saxon pottery known from Ickwell should both belong to this unusual and quite distinctive class.
A Late Bronze Age settlement at Apliki, Cyprus
Authors: Taylor Joan du Plat
Published: November 2011

The discovery of the site of ‘Karamallos’, near Apliki, was due to the late Mr. Carl Allen, one of the mining engineers of the Cyprus Mines Corporation. In 1938 the Corporation was engaged in opencast exploration of the South Hill of Apliki. In cutting into the hill they uncovered many fragments of large jars belonging to the Late Bronze Age. One or two whole vessels, together with some stone tools, were brought to the Cyprus Museum for identification.
The Excavations at Kilepwa: An Introduction to the Medieval Archaeology of the Kenya Coast
Authors: Kirkman James
Published: November 2011

Fifty miles due north of Mombasa and two miles south of Gedi, a large Arab walled town where excavations have been carried on since early 1948 by the Royal National Parks of Kenya, is Mida Creek (fig. 1). In the middle of the creek are two mangrove-fringed islands with the passage into the inner basin lying between them. At the south-east end of the smaller but higher island, overlooking the passage, are the ruins of a small township. As part of the investigation of the major site of Gedi, a limited exploration of these ruins was undertaken, the results of which are here recorded. It will be appreciated that without the knowledge gained from the work at Gedi it would have been impossible to write this paper.
A Mail Shirt from the Hearst Collection
Authors: Burgess E. Martin
Published: November 2011

This mail shirt, which was in the Hearst Collection and is now in the Armouries of the Tower of London, dates from the fourteenth century. By tradition it was the property of Rudolph IV, Duke of Austria, Carinthia, and Ferrette (1339–65), but, as far as is known, there are no records to prove this. It is, however, a fine, early shirt which is well worth recording.

The shirt is constructed of alternate rows of riveted and whole rings, of rump length, with a wide and rather square neck opening and three-quarter length sleeves. Brass rings are used for decoration, two rows on the rump edge and three on the sleeve edges.

A collar of heavy fifteenth-century mail has been added at the neck, but this is a ‘restorer's’ addition as it has been linked on with cut rings from the collar. This is a type of shirt which would not have had a high collar.
Excavations at Verulamium 1957. Third Interim Report
Authors: Frere S. S.
Published: November 2011

The third season of excavations at Verulamium, inaugurated by the Research Committee of this Society, lasted from 4th July to 24th August 1957. The main area investigated lay along the edge of the allotment field between the theatre and the forum; this area was not accessible previously for reasons mentioned in last year's report, and in consequence much work had to be fitted into the time available, and even so, the lowest levels were not completely explored. But in addition further work was done on site K. VII at the rear of the defences beside the river, and a new site S was explored north-east of the river Ver on the brow of the rise above the millstream. Here a large extra-mural building, or buildings, with a cellar came to light; but its complete excavation had to be deferred. Work by contractors on the new road began during the excavations, and this work was watched; after the excavations closed, the staff of the museum rescued an important new deposit of Belgic mint debris.
Chian and Early Ionic architecture
Authors: Boardman John
Published: November 2011

In the first part of this article are listed the architectural fragments found at or near the site of the temple of Apollo Phanaios in South Chios, including several hitherto unpublished mouldings. The discussion of them is prompted by the excavations conducted by the British School at Athens from 1952 to 1955 at Emporio, some 8 km. from Phanai, and the discovery there of parts of more than one early Ionic building. The similarity of the Emporio mouldings to those from Phanai led to a study of the latter. They have so far been neglected by most writers, but since they afford evidence of some important local fashions it seems of value to record them fully, both for their own sakes and for the light they throw on the Emporio buildings. The full publication of these must await that of the rest of the site. To the Phanai pieces are added a number of other early mouldings from Chios, other than those found at Emporio.
The Carnyx in Early Iron Age Britain
Authors: Piggott Stuart
Published: November 2011

One of the most spectacular pieces of martial equipment in use among the Celtic peoples in the later stages of the La Tène culture was the animal-headed war-trumpet, the name of which, in Greek versions, has been preserved variously as karnon or karnyx. In the latter form, the name carnyx has been applied by archaeologists to the fairly plentiful representations and the very few surviving fragments of such instruments. Of the latter, the best-known is that represented today only by drawings and engravings, dredged from the river Witham at Tattershall Ferry in 1768. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss this object once again, and also to put forward the suggestion that the sheet-bronze object in the form of a boar's head, found at the beginning of the nineteenth century at Deskford in Banffshire and fortunately still surviving, is in fact the mouthpiece of another carnyx.
A British Bronze Bowl of the Belgic Iron Age from Poland
Authors: Megaw J. V. S.
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this article is to elaborate the recent publication of a remarkable piece of bronze-smithing and to illustrate rather more fully than has been done hitherto an object which should be of particular interest to British prehistorians. Some discussion of the implications of a Belgic bowl imported into the Germanic area of the Roman Iron Age may be added by way of an appendix to Lady (Aileen) Fox's recent paper on the Rose Ash find.
The Restoration of the East Window of York Minster
Authors: Milner-White E.
Published: November 2011

The size of this huge window is 1,680 square feet. It measures 72 ft. high by 31 ft. wide. The tracery compartments number 144; the main panels, each 1 yard square, 117. In addition there are 27 canopy head-pieces. Thus in all there are no fewer than 288 openings, all filled with ancient glass.

Of the 117 panels, 27 compose an Old Testament series from the Creation to the Death of Absalom. Below these, 81 (9 rows of 9 panels) make up the Apocalypse series. Below these again are 9 panels of Saints, Kings, and Ecclesiastics.
The Constitutio Domus Regis and the King's Sport
Authors: White G. H.
Published: November 2011

Such information as we possess about the king's sport in the twelfth century is derived mostly from the Constitutio Domus Regis, which, it is now generally agreed, was drawn up in England soon after the death of Henry I, presumably for the information of his successor. This Establishment of the King's Household enumerates all the officers of the household, from the highest to the lowest, with their daily pay and allowances in kind; details which make it possible to assess the comparative importance of their respective offices.
Evaluation of AIS reception in Arctic regions from space by using a stratospheric balloon flight
Authors: Larsen Jesper Abildgaard , Nielsen Jens Dalsgaard , Mortensen Hans Peter , Rasmussen Ulrik Wilken , Laursen Troels , Ledet-Pedersen Jeppe
Published: November 2011

Due to the increased melting season in the arctic regions, especially in the seas surrounding Greenland, there has been an increased interest in utilising these waterways, both as an efficient transport route and an attractive leisure destination. However, with heavier traffic comes an increased risk of accidents. Due to the immense size and poor infrastructure of Greenland, it is not feasible to deploy ground based ship monitoring stations throughout the Greenland coastline. Thus the only feasible solution is to perform such surveillance from space. In this paper it is shown how it is possible to receive transmissions from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) from space and the quality of the received AIS signal is analysed. To validate the proposed theory, a field study, utilising a prototype of AAUSAT3, the third satellite from Aalborg University, was performed using a stratospheric balloon flight in the northern part of Sweden and Finland during the autumn of 2009. The analysis finds that, assuming a similar ship distribution as in the Barents Sea, it is feasible to monitor the ship traffic around Greenland from space with a satisfactory result.
The interface between neighborhood density and optional infinitives: normal development and Specific Language Impairment
Authors: HOOVER JILL R. , STORKEL HOLLY L. , RICE MABEL L.
Published: November 2011

The effect of neighborhood density on optional infinitives was evaluated for typically developing (TD) children and children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Forty children, twenty in each group, completed two production tasks that assessed third person singular production. Half of the sentences in each task presented a dense verb, and half presented a sparse verb. Children's third person singular accuracy was compared across dense and sparse verbs. Results showed that the TD group was significantly less likely to use optional infinitives with dense, rather than sparse verbs. In contrast, the distribution of optional infinitives for the SLI group was independent of verb neighborhood density. Follow-up analyses showed that the lack of neighborhood density effect for the SLI group could not be attributed to heterogeneous neighborhood density effects or floor effects. Results were interpreted within the Optional Infinitive/Extended Optional Infinitive accounts for typical language development and SLI for English-speaking children.
Risk factors associated with anthrax in cattle on smallholdings
Authors: BISWAS P. K. , ISLAM M. Z. , SHIL S. K. , CHAKRABORTY R. K. , AHMED S. S. U. , CHRISTENSEN J. P.
Published: November 2011

Unprecedented high rates of anthrax outbreaks have been observed recently in cattle and humans in Bangladesh, with 607 human cases in 2010. By enrolling 15 case and 15 control cattle smallholdings in the spatial zone in July–September 2010, we conducted a case-control study, data of which were analysed by matched-pair analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Feeding animals with uprooted and unwashed grass [odds ratio (OR) 41·2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·7–458·8, P=0·003], and feeding water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (OR 22·2, 95% CI 1·2–418·7, P=0·039) were independent risk factors for anthrax in cattle.
Differential patterns of whole-genome DNA methylation in institutionalized children and children raised by their biological parents
Authors: Naumova Oksana Yu. , Lee Maria , Koposov Roman , Szyf Moshe , Dozier Mary , Grigorenko Elena L.
Published: November 2011

Previous studies with nonhuman species have shown that animals exposed to early adversity show differential DNA methylation relative to comparison animals. The current study examined differential methylation among 14 children raised since birth in institutional care and 14 comparison children raised by their biological parents. Blood samples were taken from children in middle childhood. Analysis of whole-genome methylation patterns was performed using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip assay (Illumina), which contains 27,578 CpG sites, covering approximately 14,000 gene promoters. Group differences were registered, which were characterized primarily by greater methylation in the institutionalized group relative to the comparison group, with most of these differences in genes involved in the control of immune response and cellular signaling systems, including a number of crucial players important for neural communication and brain development and functioning. The findings suggest that patterns of differential methylation seen in nonhuman species with altered maternal care are also characteristic of children who experience early maternal separation.
Behavioural factors related with successful weight loss 15 months post-enrolment in a commercial web-based weight-loss programme
Authors: Neve Melinda J , Morgan Philip J , Collins Clare E
Published: November 2011

Objective

As further understanding is required of what behavioural factors are associated with long-term weight-loss success, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of successful weight loss 15 months post-enrolment in a commercial web-based weight-loss programme and which behavioural factors were associated with success.

Design

An online survey was completed 15 months post-enrolment in a commercial web-based weight-loss programme to assess weight-related behaviours and current weight. Participants were classified as successful if they had lost ≥5 % of their starting weight after 15 months.

Setting

Commercial users of a web-based weight-loss programme.

Subjects

Participants enrolled in the commercial programme between August 2007 and May 2008. Six hundred and seventy-seven participants completed the survey.

Results

The median (interquartile range) weight change was −2·7 (−8·2, 1·6) % of enrolment weight, with 37 % achieving ≥5 % weight loss. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found success was associated with frequency of weight self-monitoring, higher dietary restraint score, lower emotional eating score, not skipping meals, not keeping snack foods in the house and eating takeaway foods less frequently.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that individuals trying to achieve or maintain ≥5 % weight loss should be advised to regularly weigh themselves, avoid skipping meals or keeping snack foods in the house, limit the frequency of takeaway food consumption, manage emotional eating and strengthen dietary restraint. Strategies to assist individuals make these changes to behaviour should be incorporated within obesity treatments to improve the likelihood of successful weight loss in the long term.
Availability and marketing of food and beverages to children through sports settings: a systematic review
Authors: Carter Mary-Ann , Edwards R , Signal L , Hoek J
Published: November 2011

Objective

The current systematic review aimed to identify and critically appraise research on food environments in sports settings, including research into the types of food and beverages available, the extent and impact of food and beverage sponsorship and marketing, and views about food environments among key stakeholders.

Design

A systematic review. Fourteen English-language studies (two were papers describing different facets of the same study), published between 1985 and 2011, were identified from searches of electronic databases and bibliographies of primary studies.

Setting

Most studies originated from Australia (n 10), with the remaining studies originating in the UK (n 1), New Zealand (n 1), the USA (n 1) and Canada (n 1). Data were collected from observations in stadia, websites and televised sports events, through in-depth interviews, focus groups and surveys with sports club members, parents and quick serve restaurant managers.

Results

Literature exploring food environments in sports settings was limited and had some important methodological limitations. No studies comprehensively described foods available at clubs or stadia, and only one explored the association between food and beverage sponsorship and club incomes. Club policies focused on the impact of health promotion funding rather than the impact of sponsorship or food availability in sports settings.

Conclusions

Further research, including comprehensive studies of the food environment in sports settings, is required to document the availability, sponsorship and marketing of food and beverages at national, regional and club levels and to estimate how sports settings may influence children's diets.
Shear wave tomography of China using joint inversion of body and surface wave constraints
Authors: Obrebski Mathias , Allen Richard M. , Zhang Fengxue , Pan Jiatie , Wu Qingju , Hung Shu‐Huei
Published: November 2011

The India‐Eurasia collision and the decratonization of the North China Craton have drawn much attention from the scientific community. Here we provide the first large‐scale S wave velocity model for China (CH11‐S) based on constraints from both teleseismic surface and body waves. We take advantage of the recent deployment of the 140 permanent stations of the Chinese Digital Seismic Network and temporary network deployments to resolve both the lithospheric and deeper mantle structure. Slow velocities are widespread in the crust and upper mantle. Deeply rooted fast anomalies are located beneath the stable Yangtze Craton and the western (Ordos) block of the North China Craton. An upper mantle fast anomaly is observed beneath the eastern block of the North China Craton and could represent thermally eroded or delaminated Precambrian lithosphere. Another flat and fast feature appears beneath the Tibetan Plateau from 50 to 250 km depth. This may represent the Indian slab stalled in the mantle due to its buoyancy or a lithospheric instability triggered by the India‐Eurasia collision. A large fast anomaly apparently stagnant in the transition zone is observed beneath the Yangtze Craton and may play a role in the stability of this block. In contrast, on both sides of the South China Block, active and reactivated areas coincide with oceanic slab material that has already sunk into the lower mantle and that may have enhanced tectonic activity by forcing convection. Finally, the upper mantle beneath Tibet seems almost completely surrounded by adjacent high‐velocity and presumably strong blocks.
Generation of volcanic ash by basaltic volcanism
Authors: Dürig Tobias , Sonder Ingo , Zimanowski Bernd , Beyrichen Hermann , Büttner Ralf
Published: November 2011

The recent eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull and Grimsvötn volcanoes in Iceland demonstrate the importance of a better understanding of processes leading to the formation of volcanic ash, specifically of fine volcanic ash that poses a threat to air traffic. Continuous deformation and brittle‐type experiments were carried out to better constrain these processes. The studies on short‐time continuous deformation behavior of basaltic melt showed viscoelastic properties deviating from hydrodynamic Newtonian models by more than 5 orders of magnitude. High‐temperature deformation experiments on basaltic rock samples revealed an increase of elastic strengths as approaching the melting regime, also pointing to a very complex behavior at the solid‐ductile boundary. Understanding magma fragmentation from the “liquid” side is a challenge, but meanwhile we propose a pragmatic solution: a thermodynamic model based on fracture mechanics. This model is in agreement with experiments and observations that show that fine volcanic ash is produced by brittle‐type fragmentation of magma. A critical material property was defined, characterizing the conditions for brittle fragmentation: the fracture surface energy density, which represents the critical fragmentation energy. Short‐term fracture experiments using silicate glass have been performed to investigate the formation of ash‐sized particles by brittle failure and to extract this critical physical property, which was found to range between 40 and 130 J/m2. This value is in good agreement to fragmentation energies determined from experiments using remelted volcanic rocks. Now there is a tool to define critical conditions for the production of volcanic ash of a specific magma type.
Controls on floc growth in an energetic tidal channel
Authors: Braithwaite K. M. , Bowers D. G. , Nimmo Smith W. A. M. , Graham G. W.
Published: November 2011

Measurements of turbulence and suspended particle characteristics have been made continuously for 9 tidal cycles in a shallow, energetic tidal channel. Particle‐size spectra were measured with a LISST‐100 laser diffraction instrument placed on a frame on the seabed. A 1200 kHz ADCP in the same frame was used to measure vertical current profiles and from these the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate was determined using the structure function method. Median particle size is observed to change in a regular way by a factor of 3 or more over each tidal cycle, with the largest particles observed at slack tide and the smallest at times of maximum flood and ebb. The most likely explanation of this change is that particles are aggregating at times of low turbulence and breaking up during fast flows. A simple dynamical flocculation model that incorporates these processes gives good agreement with observations, particularly if tidal advection of a longitudinal gradient in particle size is allowed for. If particles have time to reach equilibrium with ambient conditions, the model predicts that the particle size will be proportional to the product of concentration and the Kolmogorov microscale. The observations support this prediction on most tidal cycles if a phase lag (of 30–60 min) is allowed between the measurements of particle size and Kolmogorov scale. This phase lag represents the adjustment time for flocs to respond to change in turbulence. The constant of proportionality between median particle size and Kolmogorov scale increases with particle volume.
Atmosphere‐ocean ozone fluxes during the TexAQS 2006, STRATUS 2006, GOMECC 2007, GasEx 2008, and AMMA 2008 cruises
Authors: Helmig D. , Lang E. K. , Bariteau L. , Boylan P. , Fairall C. W. , Ganzeveld L. , Hare J. E. , Hueber J. , Pallandt M.
Published: November 2011

A ship‐based eddy covariance ozone flux system was deployed to investigate the magnitude and variability of ozone surface fluxes over the open ocean. The flux experiments were conducted on five cruises on board the NOAA research vesselRonald Brownduring 2006–2008. The cruises covered the Gulf of Mexico, the southern as well as northern Atlantic, the Southern Ocean, and the persistent stratus cloud region off Chile in the eastern Pacific Ocean. These experiments resulted in the first ship‐borne open‐ocean ozone flux measurement records. The median of 10 min oceanic ozone deposition velocity (vd) results from a combined ∼ 1700 h of observations ranged from 0.009 to 0.034 cm s−1. For the Gulf of Mexico cruise (Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS)) the median vd (interquartile range) was 0.034 (0.009–0.065) cm s−1 (total number of 10 min measurement intervals, Nf = 1953). For the STRATUS cruise off the Chilean coast, the median vd was 0.009 (0.004–0.037) cm s−1 (Nf = 1336). For the cruise from the Gulf of Mexico and up the eastern U.S. coast (Gulf of Mexico and East Coast Carbon cruise (GOMECC)) a combined value of 0.018 (0.006–0.045) cm s−1 (Nf = 1784) was obtained (from 0.019 (−0.014–0.043) cm s−1, Nf = 663 in the Gulf of Mexico, and 0.018 (−0.004–0.045) cm s−1, Nf = 1121 in the North Atlantic region). The Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment (GasEx) and African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA), the Southern Ocean and northeastern Atlantic cruises, respectively, resulted in median ozone vd of 0.009 (−0.005–0.026) cm s−1 (Nf = 2745) and 0.020 (−0.003–0.044) cms−1 (Nf = 1147). These directly measured ozone deposition values are at the lower end of previously reported data in the literature (0.01–0.12 cm s−1) for ocean water. Data illustrate a positive correlation (increase) of the oceanic ozone uptake rate with wind speed, albeit the behavior of the relationship appears to differ during these cruises. The encountered wide range of meteorological and ocean biogeochemical conditions is used to investigate fundamental drivers of oceanic O3 deposition and for the evaluation of a recently developed global oceanic O3 deposition modeling system.
Predominant transport paths of Saharan dust over the Mediterranean Sea to Europe
Authors: Israelevich P. , Ganor E. , Alpert P. , Kishcha P. , Stupp A.
Published: November 2011

We use monthly data of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on board the seven NASA Terra and Aqua satellites for a 10 year period (2001–2010) in order to determine seasonal variations of Saharan dust transport over the Mediterranean toward Europe. The maxima of AOT are used to visualize the transport paths. Saharan dust reaches Europe over the Mediterranean and also by looping back over the Atlantic. In spring, aerosols are observed within a wide range of longitudes in Europe, with the highest AOT over western Europe. This may be partially explained by dust transport to western Europe via the Atlantic route, while to central and eastern Europe, dust is transported over the Mediterranean. During all seasons, dust is transported over the Mediterranean to Europe. In the summer months, aerosols are observed predominantly in central Europe. In autumn, aerosol activity is strongest in eastern Europe. We show that there are local AOT maxima over north Italy, in the Alps, in Spain, southeast of the Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada, and in the Rila Mountains in Bulgaria. We suggest that these maxima of aerosol concentration appear as the dust‐carrying airflow reaches the mountains and slows.
Effects of permafrost and hydrology on the composition and transport of dissolved organic carbon in a subarctic peatland complex
Authors: Olefeldt David , Roulet Nigel T.
Published: November 2011

Loss of permafrost can modify the export and composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from subarctic peatlands by changing the hydrological regime and altering ecosystem structure and function. In Stordalen peatland complex (68.20°N, 19.03°E) recent permafrost thaw has caused a conversion of the palsa parts (an ombrotrophic, permafrost affected peatland type) into both bog and flow‐through fen peatland types. Within the Stordalen peatland complex we estimated the DOC mass balance and assessed DOC composition for one palsa catchment, one bog catchment and two fens in order to assess the possible impacts of permafrost thaw on peatland complex DOC export. The fens were found to have higher net DOC export rates at 8.1 and 7.0 g C m−2 yr−1 than either the palsa or bog catchments, at 3.2 and 3.5 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively. The snowmelt period was more important for the annual DOC export from the palsa and bog catchments than for the fens, representing 65–100% of the palsa and bog catchment exports while 35–60% of the net fen exports. DOC exported from the palsa and bog catchments were characterized by high aromaticity, molecular weight, C/N ratios, and contained DOC of primarily terrestrial origin. The fens exhibited a shift in DOC composition between inflows and outflows that suggested that fens act as catchment locations for degradation and transformation of DOC. Permafrost thaw can thus alter the magnitude, timing, and composition of subarctic peatland DOC exports due to interactions among peatland type, permafrost conditions, and hydrological setting.
A nesting model for bias correction of variability at multiple time scales in general circulation model precipitation simulations
Authors: Johnson Fiona , Sharma Ashish
Published: November 2011

Climate change impact assessments of water resources systems require simulations of precipitation and evaporation that exhibit distributional and persistence attributes similar to the historical record. Specifically, there is a need to ensure general circulation model (GCM) simulations of rainfall for the current climate exhibit low‐frequency variability that is consistent with observed data. Inability to represent low‐frequency variability in precipitation and flow leads to biased estimates of the security offered by water resources systems in a warmer climate. This paper presents a method to postprocess GCM precipitation simulations by imparting correct distributional and persistence attributes, resulting in sequences that are representative of observed records across a range of time scales. The proposed approach is named nesting bias correction (NBC), the rationale being to correct distributional and persistence bias from fine to progressively longer time scales. In the results presented here, distributional attributes have been represented by order 1 and 2 moments with persistence represented by lag 1 autocorrelation coefficients at monthly and annual time scales. The NBC method was applied to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Mk3.5 and MIROC 3.2 hires rainfall simulations for Australia. It was found that the nesting method worked well to correct means, standard deviations, and lag 1 autocorrelations when the biases in the raw GCM outputs were not too large. While the bias correction improves the representation of distributional and persistence attributes at the time scales considered, there is room for representation of longer‐term persistence by extending to time scales longer than a year.
A simple closed‐form solution for assessing concentration uncertainty
Authors: de Barros F. P. J. , Fiori Aldo , Bellin Alberto
Published: November 2011

We propose closed‐form approximate solutions for the moments of a nonreactive tracer that can be used in applications, such as risk analysis. This is in line with the tenet that analytical solutions provide useful information, with minimum cost, during initial site characterization efforts and can serve as a preliminary screening tool when used with prior knowledge. We show that with the help of a few assumptions, the first‐order solutions of the concentration moments proposed by Fiori and Dagan (2000) can be further simplified to assume a form similar to well‐known deterministic solutions, therefore facilitating their use in applications. A highly anisotropic formation is assumed, and we neglect the transverse components of the two‐particle correlation trajectory. The proposed solution compares well with the work of Fiori and Dagan while presenting the same simplicity of use of existing solutions for homogeneous porous media.
Early and Late Stimulus-Evoked Cortical Hemodynamic Responses Provide Insight into the Neurogenic Nature of Neurovascular Coupling
Authors: Kennerley Aneurin J , Harris Sam , Bruyns-Haylett Michael , Boorman Luke , Zheng Ying , Jones Myles , Berwick Jason
Published: November 2011

Understanding neurovascular coupling is a prerequisite for the interpretation of results obtained from modern neuroimaging techniques. This study investigated the hemodynamic and neural responses in rat somatosensory cortex elicited by 16 seconds electrical whisker stimuli. Hemodynamics were measured by optical imaging spectroscopy and neural activity by multichannel electrophysiology. Previous studies have suggested that the whisker-evoked hemodynamic response contains two mechanisms, a transient ‘backwards’ dilation of the middle cerebral artery, followed by an increase in blood volume localized to the site of neural activity. To distinguish between the mechanisms responsible for these aspects of the response, we presented whisker stimuli during normocapnia (‘control’), and during a high level of hypercapnia. Hypercapnia was used to ‘predilate’ arteries and thus possibly ‘inhibit’ aspects of the response related to the ‘early’ mechanism. Indeed, hemodynamic data suggested that the transient stimulus-evoked response was absent under hypercapnia. However, evoked neural responses were also altered during hypercapnia and convolution of the neural responses from both the normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions with a canonical impulse response function, suggested that neurovascular coupling was similar in both conditions. Although data did not clearly dissociate early and late vascular responses, they suggest that the neurovascular coupling relationship is neurogenic in origin.
Polynitroxyl Albumin and Albumin Therapy after Pediatric Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest: Effects on Cerebral Blood Flow and Neurologic Outcome
Authors: Manole Mioara D , Kochanek Patrick M , Foley Lesley M , Hitchens T Kevin , Bayır Hülya , Alexander Henry , Garman Robert , Ma Li , Hsia Carleton J C , Ho Chien , Clark Robert S B
Published: November 2011

Postresuscitation cerebral blood flow (CBF) disturbances and generation of reactive oxygen species likely contribute to impaired neurologic outcome after pediatric cardiac arrest (CA). Hence, we determined the effects of the antioxidant colloid polynitroxyl albumin (PNA) versus albumin or normal saline (NS) on CBF and neurologic outcome after asphyxial CA in immature rats. We induced asphyxia for 9 minutes in male and female postnatal day 16 to 18 rats randomized to receive PNA, albumin, or NS at resuscitation from CA or sham surgery. Regional CBF was measured serially from 5 to 150 minutes after resuscitation by arterial spin-labeled magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed motor function (beam balance and inclined plane), spatial memory retention (water maze), and hippocampal neuronal survival. Polynitroxyl albumin reduced early hyperemia seen 5 minutes after CA. In contrast, albumin markedly increased and prolonged hyperemia. In the delayed period after resuscitation (90 to 150 minutes), CBF was comparable among groups. Both PNA- and albumin-treated rats performed better in the water maze versus NS after CA. This benefit was observed only in males. Hippocampal neuron survival was similar between injury groups. Treatment of immature rats with PNA or albumin resulted in divergent acute changes in CBF, but both improved spatial memory retention in males after asphyxial CA.