bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Movements and Party Politics: The Case of the Christian Right
Authors: Green John C. , Rozell Mark J. , Wilcox Clyde
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the uneasy relationship between social movements and major political parties by considering the case of the Christian Right and the Republican Party in the 1994 elections. We look at four states where the movement was active in party politics and where Republican electoral fortunes varied from failure to success. We found that the degree of intraparty division generated by the Christian Right seemed to hurt Republicans at the polls, but the level of movement activity in itself apparently helped the Republicans. Most factors associated with support for the Christian Right did not help account for electoral outcomes across the states. Instead, the accessibility of the political party nomination processes to the movement best accounted for the election results: greater party openness was associated with poor results and more limited access with greater success for the GOP.
Does Corporate Lending by Banks and Finance Companies Differ? Evidence on Specialization in Private Debt Contracting
Authors: Carey Mark , Post Mitch , Sharpe Steven A.
Published: March 2003

This paper establishes empirically the existence of specialization in private‐market corporate lending, adding a new dimension to the public versus private debt distinctions now common in the literature. Comparing corporate loans made by banks and by finance companies, we find that the two types of intermediaries are equally likely to finance information‐problematic firms. However, finance companies tend to serve observably riskier borrowers, particularly more leveraged borrowers. Evidence supports both regulatory and reputation‐based explanations for this specialization. In passing, we shed light on various theories of debt contracting and intermediation and present facts about finance companies.
Testing for Mean‐Variance Spanning with Short Sales Constraints and Transaction Costs: The Case of Emerging Markets
Authors: De Roon Frans A. , Nijman Theo E. , Werker Bas J. M.
Published: March 2003

We propose regression‐based tests for mean‐variance spanning in the case where investors face market frictions such as short sales constraints and transaction costs. We test whether U.S. investors can extend their efficient set by investing in emerging markets when accounting for such frictions. For the period after the major liberalizations in the emerging markets, we find strong evidence for diversification benefits when market frictions are excluded, but this evidence disappears when investors face short sales constraints or small transaction costs. Although simulations suggest that there is a possible small‐sample bias, this bias appears to be too small to affect our conclusions.
Excessive Extrapolation and the Allocation of 401(k) Accounts to Company Stock
Authors: Benartzi Shlomo
Published: March 2003

About a third of the assets in large retirement savings plans are invested in company stock, and about a quarter of the discretionary contributions are invested in company stock. From a diversification perspective, this is a dubious strategy. This paper explores the role of excessive extrapolation in employees' company stock holdings. I find that employees of firms that experienced the worst stock performance over the last 10 years allocate 10.37 percent of their discretionary contributions to company stock, whereas employees whose firms experienced the best stock performance allocate 39.70 percent. Allocations to company stock, however, do not predict future performance.
Executive Compensation and Corporate Acquisition Decisions
Authors: Datta Sudip , Iskandar‐Datta Mai , Raman Kartik
Published: March 2003

By examining how executive compensation structure determines corporate acquisition decisions, we document a strong positive relation between acquiring managers' equity‐based compensation (EBC) and stock price performance around and following acquisition announcements. This relation is highly robust when we control for acquisition mode (mergers), means of payment, managerial ownership, and previous option grants. Compared to low EBC managers, high EBC managers pay lower acquisition premiums, acquire targets with higher growth opportunities, and make acquisitions engendering larger increases in firm risk. EBC significantly explains postacquisition stock price performance even after controlling for acquisition mode, means of payment, and “glamour” versus “value” acquirers.
IMPLAN's Induced Effects Identified Through Multiplier Decomposition
Authors: Charney Alberta H. , Leones Julie
Published: March 2003

An analysis of regional multipliers is developed to reveal a structural flaw in how IMPLAN computes induced effects. This analysis reveals a fixed ratio across sectors between total and Type I employment multipliers, and that IMPLAN's “Type III” income multipliers are inversely related to the average wages in the direct and indirect sectors, and that “Type III” output multipliers are not affected by wages. A multiplier decomposition is developed that separates direct and indirect effects from the induced and further separates the induced impact into relative wage and regional income retention effects. The decomposition is useful in making comparisons among impact models.
Testing for the Law of One Price and Identifying Price‐Leading Markets: An Application to Corn Markets in Benin
Authors: Kuiper W. Erno , Lutz Clemens , Van Tilburg Aad
Published: March 2003

A data‐determined method is proposed to test for the law of one price as a long‐run equilibrium condition and to identify which markets in a network of spatially dispersed commodity markets quote the reference price. The method consists of supplementing Johansen's FIML cointegration procedure with a permanent‐transitory decomposition and rules of inference in linear time‐series models with unit roots. As an example, we apply our method to prices of six corn markets in Benin. We find that the law of one price holds in the long‐run. It appears that two rural markets quote the reference price: their prices adjust fastest towards the permanent change induced by the common stochastic trend.
Multi‐Firm City Versus Company Town: A Micro Foundation Model of Localization Economies
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Hesham M.
Published: March 2003

When do we have a company town and when do we have a multi‐firm city? In this paper I analyze the impact of public infrastructure investment decisions on types of cities in a decentralized urban system. This is done in a one‐sector spatial general equilibrium model of a closed economy. Investment in public infrastructures reduces the fixed set up cost of all firms within the city resulting in multi‐firm cities. Thus, in this approach localization economies are modelled explicitly instead of assuming that larger industrial size within the city enhances productivity. On the other hand, when the infrastructure is not provided, a company town will be formed by a developer because of the fixed cost required by each firm. The decision of whether to invest in the provision of public infrastructures depends on the type of city that will provide households with the highest utility. This paper characterizes the conditions that lead to each of the two equilibrium configurations.
Learner‐Generated Attention to Form
Authors: Williams Jessica
Published: March 2003

Recent studies have suggested that the incorporation of some attention to form into meaning‐centered instruction can lead to improved performance in processing input and increased accuracy in production. Most have examined attention to form delivered by instructors or instructional materials. This study examines the production of 8 classroom learners at 4 levels of proficiency to determine the extent to which learners can and do spontaneously attend to form in their interaction with other learners. Results suggest that the degree and type of learner‐generated attention to form is related to proficiency level and the nature of the activity in which the learners are engaged. They also indicate that learners overwhelmingly choose to focus on lexical rather than grammatical issues.
The Struggle for a Place in the Sun: Rationalizing Foreign Language Study in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Lantolf James P. , Sunderman Gretchen
Published: March 2003

Over the course of the past century, the MLJ was one of the sites where the vigorous, and often times passionate justification for, and defense of, foreign language (FL) study in the educational curriculum of the United States unfolded. Almost 10% of the slightly more than 4,000 articles published in the MLJ during the past century focused on the value and relevance of FL study in the educational enterprise. This article will focus on five major themes that surfaced throughout the 8 decades covered by our survey. The first theme comprises the general arguments offered by the profession in support of the value of FL study, most of which were impacted directly or indirectly by world events. The second and third themes document periods of general doubt and optimism about the place of FLs in the curriculum. In the fourth major theme, we describe the passionate and intense argumentation between the faculties of education and the defenders of FL study. The fifth, and final theme, addresses the question of which FLs should be taught in the schools and what contribution each might make to a student’s education. As we enter the 21st century, it seems clear that the profession still feels compelled to justify the educational merit of its subject matter. In the end, given the twists and turns that history can take, it is difficult to predict whether FL study will eventually find an uncontested place in the sun.
Situated Inference versus Conversational Implicature
Authors: Gauker Christopher
Published: March 2003

As Grice defined it, a speaker conversationally implicates that p only if the speaker expects the hearer to recognize that the speaker thinks that p. This paper argues that in the sorts of cases that Grice took as paradigmatic examples of conversational implicature there is in fact no need for the hearer to consider what the speaker might thus have in mind. Instead, the hearer might simply make an inference from what the speaker literally says and the situation in which the utterance takes place. In addition, a number of sources of the illusion of conversational implicatures in Grice's sense are identified and diagnosed.
The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: A Seventh Extract
Authors: Burnside C. D.
Published: March 2003

The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565‐582 (October 1993) and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. Further extracts have appeared in each of the subsequent issues, the last two being concerned with the range of mechanical projection instruments produced by the Wild company. This extract, the seventh of the series, completes the history of the use of this type of instrument in the UK by giving some details of the instruments produced by other manufacturers.

The Wild instruments always employed straight space rods rotating in space about cardan joints. Perhaps in consequence their designs were sometimes described as obvious or unimaginative but they were undoubtedly most successful in practice. In contrast, most of the designs dealt with in this extract could never attract such adjectives. All of them incorporate novel features of design and one or two of them are so unusual in their approach that the short technical descriptions provided here cannot hope to explain adequately the working principles of their design. As an innovative designer of mechanical projection plotting instruments, Ermenegildo Santoni can rightly be singled out as a person who made an outstanding contribution in this field but, as the following paragraphs show, he was not alone in showing a remarkably inventive flair in devising solutions to the problems of rectification and restitution by mechanical methods.
Digital Photogrammetry and Microscope Photographs
Authors: Mitchell H. L. , Kniest H. T. , Won‐Jin Oh
Published: March 2003

The feasibility of applying commercial digital photogrammetric software to the measurement of small objects photographed through an optical microscope has been examined. The objects, about 20 mm across, were photographed using a 35 mm film camera (at the lowest magnification setting of the Olympus microscope) giving photographs at a scale of 2:1. The photographs were then scanned before processing with the VirtuoZo digital photogrammetric system. Various problems needed to be overcome, some due to the limited options available with the highly automated digital system which was not designed for such measurement tasks. The unusual image scales, the uncommon pixel sizes and the unconventional and uncertain imaging geometry, all impeded immediate photogrammetric implementation. Photographic problems with the microscope were also faced, as with all microscope photogrammetry. Creating control points and independently assessing the accuracy of results at these scales were also difficult operations, but an analytical plotter was utilized for both these purposes and to verify the imaging geometry. Once such problems were overcome, image matching proceeded well and an accurate DTM could be created successfully, provided that a suitably textured object was chosen.
Object Point Tracking in Photogrammetric Measurement of Human Movement
Authors: Shao Juliang , Fraser Clive S. , Wrigley Tim V.
Published: March 2003

Motion capture systems based on photogrammetric principles have gained wider use over recent years for applications ranging from clinical gait analysis to the creation of character animation for video games and the motion picture industry. Fast and robust determination of target trajectories is of crucial importance to the provision of optimal performance in the recovery of motion analysis parameters via multi‐camera, real‐time videometric systems. In this paper, the target path generation sequence is discussed, followed by an account of the formulation of a kinematic model based on the alpha‐beta‐gamma filter/predictor. A brief description of the photogrammetric feature correspondence determination follows, together with an account of the 2D and 3D marker tracking procedures that were adopted. Finally, initial experimental test results are summarised. These results indicate that the methods developed can provide robust performance and an operational speed which is fast enough to allow real‐time 3D target tracking at standard video frame rates and beyond.
Marking NEP's Slippery Path: The Krasnoshchekov Show Trial
Authors: Argenbright Robert
Published: March 2003

Comrades are raising an uproar—you are strangling the economic managers. Every time that a manager is dealt with, we experience huge difficulties. We were not able to arrest Krasnoshchekov right away, and many comrades doubted that it was possible to arrest him. ... I think that we will completely lose the respect of the broad working masses if we do not act in such instances. We sometimes fear to compromise a rabotnik and put him on trial, when the case concerns great abuses, and when such a trial aims not just to punish the guilty, but also to teach other comrades how to stay on this slippery path.
Cooperative and Conflictual Policy Preferences: The Effect of Identity, Security, and Image of the Other
Authors: Schafer Mark
Published: March 2003

What is the connection between identity and conflict behavior? This article begins by exploring some of the theoretical currents in this area, notably social identity theory, Erikson's work on identity development, Burton's ontological needs, and image theory. The theories differ somewhat in their expectations of the effect of identity development. Two studies were conducted to investigate these differences. The first, a priming experiment, partitioned identity and its effects. The second, a group‐based simulation study, measured actual development of ingroup identity and assessed its effect on conflict behavior. Results from the first study show that identity does affect conflict behavior, but only as it is mediated by levels of insecurity. Increased feelings of security correspond to more cooperative behavior. Positive and negative images of the opponent, on the other hand, did not influence conflict behavior. In the second study, higher levels of ingroup identity resulted in more conflictual behavior. As with the first study, image of the other was not significantly related to conflict behavior.
The Political Psychology of Contemporary Anti‐Politics: A Discursive Approach to the End‐of‐Ideology Era
Authors: Weltman David , Billig Michael
Published: March 2003

This article advocates a discursive approach for examining political rhetoric. Such an approach is particularly useful for studying contemporary political ideology. The current political climate, especially in Britain, has been described as exemplifying a “Third Way,” which is said to have replaced the old ideological division between “left” and “right” by a consensual, non‐ideological politics. TThe discursive approach allow the analyst to look at the continuing dilemmas of an ideology that denies its ideological character. In discursive analyses of interviews with 20 elected local officials in the Midlands of England, the respondents (regardless of party affiliation) tended to give accounts that celebrated the development of consensual, less ideologically divisive politics. These accounts, however, were dilemmatic: As the speakers told of social change, they also stressed their own personal stability, as if they themselves existed outside the previous political climate. They also explicitly distanced themselves from the language of “left” and “right,” but in this distancing a further ideological dilemma was detectable. All the local politicians were officially affiliated to a political party. In discursively subtle ways, the speakers used the left/right continuum as they distinguished between the parties, thereby showing the sort of variability that discursive theorists have noted in other contexts. The implications of such findings and of the discursive approach to studying ideology are discussed in relation to the possibilities for developing a critical political psychology.
Urban Air Quality in North‐East England: Exploring the Influences on Local Views and Perceptions
Authors: Howel Denise , Moffatt Suzanne , Prince Helen , Bush Judith , Dunn Christine E
Published: March 2003

We set out to explore potential influences on public views about urban air quality in two different, but geographically close, districts in North‐East England via a postal survey. The neighborhoods surveyed were chosen to contrast material deprivation, proximity to industry, and two districts (Teesside and Sunderland), and the respondents within them were contrasted by their gender, age, and illness status. The strongest influences on views about local air quality were found to be proximity to industry, residence in Teesside, and, to a lesser extent, age and illness status. This suggests that neighborhood characteristics play an important role in shaping public perceptions of air quality.
An Unfinished Debate: What Are the Aims of Religion and Science?
Authors: Stenmark Mikael
Published: March 2003

I discuss the kinds of fundamental questions that must be addressed by people who develop theories about how religion and science are (or should be) related. After categorizing these questions as axiological, epistemological, ontological, or semantic, I focus on those that concern the goals of religion and science (the axiological issues). By distinguishing between epistemic and practical goals, individual and collective goals, and manifest and latent goals, I identify seven axiological questions. The various answers that religion/science theorists give or presuppose to these axiological questions help to explain why such deep, ongoing differences continue among them.
A Flexible Fourier Approach to Repeat Sales Price Indexes
Authors: McMillen Daniel P. , Dombrow Jonathan
Published: March 2003

Time periods are typically highly aggregated for repeat sales estimators because of the small number of observations available in some periods. We use a flexible Fourier expansion to account for time, which we treat as a continuous variable. Our estimator saves degrees of freedom and enables us to estimate the price index efficiently even for times with few sales. We present estimated price indexes for the City of Chicago, Cook County, and several suburbs.
Smoothing in Commercial Property Valuations: Evidence from Individual Appraisals
Authors: Clayton Jim , Geltner David , Hamilton Stanley W.
Published: March 2003

We explore the causes and extent of appraisal smoothing, defined as a temporal lag bias in appraisals, by analyzing how appraisers use the transaction price data available to them. We test the empirical validity of the partial adjustment model that underlies the traditional “unsmoothing” of benchmark return indexes. We reject the no‐lag null hypothesis and find that the extent of bias‐inducing behavior appears to vary over time in the manner suggested by rational appraisal behavior as the quantity and quality of contemporaneous transaction information changes. We find evidence that appraisers valuing the same property in consecutive periods anchor onto their previous appraised values, resulting in more lagging than first‐time appraisals. An implied policy prescription is for investment managers to rotate appraisers so as not to allow the same appraisal firm to consecutively value the same property.
Movers and Shuckers: Interdependent Prepayment Decisions
Authors: Clapp John M. , Goldberg Gerson M. , Harding John P. , LaCour‐Little Michael
Published: March 2003

We model competing risks of mortgage termination where the borrower faces a repeated choice to continue to pay, refinance the loan, move or default. Most previous empirical work on mortgage prepayment has ignored the distinction between prepayments triggered by refinancing and moving, combining them into a single prepayment rate. We show that financial considerations are the primary drivers of the refinance choice while homeowner characteristics have more influence on the move decision. We demonstrate that these differences are statistically significant and that combining these two distinct choices into a single measure of prepayment shifts coefficients toward zero and produces inaccurate predictions of aggregate termination rates. For example, a combined model underestimates the effect of the market price of the loan on refinancing; it misses entirely the opposite effects of borrower income on moving and refinancing. Our results suggest that existing prepayment models are inconsistent predictors of mobility‐driven prepayment and underestimate the effect of market conditions and borrower characteristics on refinancing and housing decisions. Our findings have great significance to mortgage investors because mobility‐driven prepayments are likely to be a more significant source of prepayments in thenext decade.
On Endogenous Efficiency in Public and Private Firms
Authors: Bertoletti Paolo
Published: March 2003

This paper reconsiders a model proposed by De Fraja (1993) to compare public and private production under complete and incomplete information. It is argued, in contrast to previous results, that such a model provides no convincing grounds to sustain the productive superiority of public ownership. It is also suggested that meaningful comparisons of efficiency require settings where differences in ownership imply different implementation constraints.
The Status of Social Security and Its Role in Retirement Planning: A Professional Advisor's Perspective
Authors: Dumm Randy E. , Lee Colquitt L. , Hoyt Robert E.
Published: March 2003

Currently, one of the more salient retirement debates surrounds the future insolvency of the Social Security retirement system. In spite of the important role that financial planning professionals play in the retirement and private‐savings decisions that individuals make, no research has focused on assessing the opinions of this group. This study uses a survey approach to assess the opinions of financial planning professionals regarding the problems faced by the Social Security retirement system, the solutions that have been proposed thus far, and the use of Social Security benefits in the financial planning process.
Eschatology Sacred and Profane: The Effects of Philosophy on Theology in Pannenberg, Rahner and Moltmann
Authors: Adams Nicholas
Published: March 2003

This article compares theology and philosophy in relation to eschatology, identifying the negative effects of theological adoption of philosophical teaching on the nature of time and history. These negative effects stem from insufficient theological critique of generalist eschatology in secular philosophy. Three sample relations are examined: Hegel and Pannenberg, Heidegger and Rahner, and Bloch and Moltmann. The examples indicate the need for authentically Christian dogmatic description of church practices of hope.
Is analytical psychology a religion? Rationalist and romantic approaches to religion and modernity
Authors: Segal Robert A.
Published: March 2003

The relationship between analytical psychology and religion is part of the larger issue of the relationship between modernity and religion. There are three main views on the issue. The fundamentalist position sets religion against modernity and opts for religion over modernity. What I call the ‘rationalist’ position likewise sets religion against modernity but opts for modernity over religion. By contrast to both views, what I call the ‘romantic’ position reconciles religion with modernity. Rationalists maintain that religion can exist only in so far as it serves as an explanation of the physical world, which the rise of science now precludes. Romantics maintain that religion, while serving as an explanation of the physical world till dislodged by science, is at heart anything but an explanation. The toppling of the religious explanation by the scientific one, far from dooming religion, prods religion into making explicit what it has in fact been all along. By this categorization, Jung is overwhelmingly a romantic. For him, the function of religion has always been more psychological than explanatory, and the rise of science does not preclude the continuing existence of religious myths as a psychological rather than an explanatory phenomenon. For those for whom science does spell the demise of religion, secular myths can replace religious ones, and those secular myths are more secular versions of religious myths than secular alternatives to religious myths. Yet even if for Jung religion can still exist today because religion is in fact psychology, it does not follow that psychology is therefore a religion.
Inference in Cointegrating Models: UK M1 Revisited
Authors: Doornik Jurgen A. , Hendry David F. , Nielsen Bent
Published: March 2003

The paper addresses the practical determination of cointegration rank. This is difficult for many reasons: deterministic terms play a crucial role in limiting distributions, and systems may not be formulated to ensure similarity to nuisance parameters; finite‐sample critical values may differ from asymptotic equivalents; dummy variables alter critical values, often greatly; multiple cointegration vectors must be identified to allow inference; the data may be I(2) rather than I(1), altering distributions; and conditioning must be done with care. These issues are illustrated by an empirical application of multivariate cointegration analysis to a small model of narrow money, prices, output and interest rates in the UK.
Cultural Influences on Judgments of Professional Accountants in Auditor–Client Conflict Resolution
Authors: Patel Chris , Harrison Graeme L. , McKinnon Jill L.
Published: March 2003

This study examines cultural influences on professional judgments of Australian, Indian and Chinese Malaysian accountants in relation to auditor–client conflict resolution. The study draws on cultural characteristics of, and differences among, these societies to formulate hypotheses that Australian accountants are less likely to resolve audit conflicts by acceding to clients than Indian and Chinese Malaysian accountants, and are also less accepting of resolving audit conflicts in this way. Data are gathered through a survey questionnaire administered to samples of senior accountants from “big‐six” (at the time of data collection) firms in Australia, India and Malaysia. The questionnaire comprised an auditor–client conflict scenario, and used both single‐item and multidimensional [specifically, the Multidimensional Ethics Measure of Reidenbach and Robin (1988, 1990)] measures of professional judgment. The results support the hypotheses about differences in Australian compared to Indian and Chinese Malaysian professional judgments. Additionally, the results support the Multidimensional Ethics Measure as having greater explanatory power than a single‐item measure. The results have implications for the international harmonisation of accounting and auditing standards, and for audit procedures and codes of conduct in international accounting firms.
Law as a Parasitic Discipline
Authors: Bradney Anthony
Published: March 2003

British university law schools are undergoing a radical change in the nature of legal research and scholarship. They were once dominated by pure doctrinal analysis but the new generation of legal scholars are either abandoning doctrinal work or infusing it with techniques and approaches drawn from the humanities and the social sciences. This essay argues that this change will lead to a greater ability to provide law students with a truly liberal education and will also enable the law school to take a much greater part in the intellectual debates to be found elsewhere in the university.
Taking the Land into their Hands: The Landless Workers' Movement and the Brazilian State
Authors: Meszaros George
Published: March 2003

Institution and constitution building are very much in evidence and continue to lie at the heart of contemporary international governance programmes. The paper explores the underlying limitations of legality and associated institutional frameworks in the light of one of the most significant and, apparently, successful transitions to democracy of recent times, that of Brazil. Against the background of struggles over land, the paper discusses the actions of two leading state institutions specifically charged with implementing the 1988 Constitution, and a social movement, the Landless Workers Movement, which uses mass direct action techniques to demand implementation. Although the study highlights the profound limitations of formal legal processes and institutions, and stresses their socially and politically embedded nature, it also affirms the historical and contemporary significance of the realm of legality in the construction and reproduction of social struggles.
Governing Globalization? The State, Law, and Structural Change in Corporate Governance
Authors: Cioffi John W.
Published: March 2003

Current analysis of the ‘globalization’ of the activity of capitalist corporations tends to argue that the legal institutional frameworks of the nation state are of little importance in determining the governance of those corporations, and that the regulation of those corporations therefore is impossible. This view simply ignores the role that those frameworks do in fact play. In this paper, various styles of corporate governance are analysed in terms of the influence of the company law, financial market regulation, and employment law promulgated by nations or nation state groupings. Rather than the globalization of corporate governance reflecting the unimportance of the nation state, it reflects a change in the style of regulation.
Job Evaluation and High Performance Work Practices: Compatible or Conflictual?
Authors: McNabb Robert , Whitfield Keith
Published: March 2003

It can be argued that job evaluation and a high performance work strategy are either conflictual or compatible. On the one hand, job evaluation might be expected to introduce a greater degree of rigidity and top‐down orientation to the pay and job structure, potentially yielding a conflict with the flexibility and employee involvement inherent in the high performance approach. On the other hand, job evaluation can be important in generating a feeling of equity in the workplace and thereby in promoting the high level of trust and commitment on which the success of the high performance strategy is seen to depend.
The Role of Stressful Events in the Relationship Between Positive and Negative Affects: Evidence From Field and Experimental Studies
Authors: Zautra Alex J. , Reich John W. , Davis Mary C. , Potter Phillip T. , Nicolson Nancy A.
Published: March 2003

Three studies are presented that examine the effects of stress on the relationship between positive and negative affective states. In the first study, recently bereaved and disabled older adults were compared to matched control groups without these recent stressors. Negative affect was inversely correlated with positive affect to a significantly greater extent for the highly stressed groups compared with controls. In a second study, older adults were exposed to a laboratory stressor, and their positive and negative affective reactions recorded. Immediately following a speech stressor task, the inverse correlation between positive and negative affect was significantly greater than in pre‐ and post‐assessments of affects. The third study was an attempt to replicate and extend the findings from Study 2 with a mid‐aged sample of women. The speech stressor had the same effects as in Study 2. A second stressor, which induced pain through immersion of an arm into cold water, had no effects on the correlation between affective states. Alternative explanations for these effects and the implications for cognitive interventions are discussed.
Politics and Literature: Means and Ends in Koestler
Authors: Ingle Stephen
Published: March 2003

The fruitfulness of imaginative literature as source material for the student of politics has been a subject for much debate over recent years, though the impact of literature on the teaching of politics remains limited. This paper addresses by means of an example (that of the relationship between means and ends) some of the fundamental problems involved in the relationship and some of the advantages which imaginative literature might bring to our understanding of political issue and concepts. Following introductory comments about the relationship between politics and literature in general we consider the treatment of means and ends in political theory, especially Machiavelli's claim that when the ‘act accuses, the result excuses’. Finally and substantively we consider the treatment of the means/end theme in Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon and The Gladiators and conclude with some general comments about the relationship between the study of politics and imaginative literature.
Changing Pressure-group Politics: The Case of the TUC 1994–2000
Authors: Marsh Holly
Published: March 2003

Since, the election of a Labour government in 1997 there has been a renewed interest in the changing relationship between the TUC and the government. This article uses the TUC General Council Reports to establish the number of contacts that took place, who initiated the contact, at what level of government the contact occurred and what kind of contact took place for the years 1994 to 2000. The data indicates that the number of contacts between the TUC and government has increased significantly since Labour came to power. As such, it provides the first detailed quantitative evidence about the nature of the relationship between the TUC and the Labour Party in power. However, I also argue that, although the data I present is useful for addressing the question of the extent and type of contacts between the government and the TUC since 1997, its limitations also need to be acknowledged. In contrast to earlier claims by Neil Mitchell, my view is that such data can tell us little, if anything, about the changing power of the unions.
Policy Network Transformation: The Implementation Of The Ec Directive On Packaging And Packaging Waste
Authors: Nunan Fiona
Published: March 2003

Policy network analysis has been criticized for failing to adopt a sufficiently dynamic approach to the study of policy‐making processes. There have been, however, a number of studies illustrating how policy networks change, recognizing that they are not static entities but respond to changes in the policy environment. This article applies policy network analysis to the negotiation of plans to implement the 1994 EC Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive in the UK and provides a further contribution to the literature on the formation and transformation of policy networks. The analysis reveals significant changes in the structure and operation of the policy network during the period studied. The reasons for such changes confirm those put forward by other policy network analysts, such as the power of the actors involved and conflicts between them. Other reasons include the role of the government and the tight schedule laid out by the directive.
Policy Networks and Policy Learning UK Economic Policy in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Pemberton Hugh
Published: March 2003

Policy networks are advanced as an alternative to the Westminster model of the UK polity but the theory lacks an internal dynamic and has typological problems. This article applies Peter Hall’s (1993) concept of ‘social learning’ to policy networks and maps the networks found in two case studies of British economic policy making: Hall’s own study of the shift from Keynesianism to monetarism in the 1970s and the author’s research on the advent of ‘Keynesian‐plus’ in the early 1960s. The article advances three main propositions. Firstly, that integrating the concept of social learning can dynamize the policy network model. Secondly, the case studies suggest that different network configurations are associated with different orders of policy change but that Hall’s definition of ‘third order change’ may be too restrictive. Thirdly, policy networks can be much more complex and fluid then is generally claimed, sometimes becoming so extensive that they might be termed a ‘meta‐network’.
Making a difference? The role of Statutory Committees in the Northern Ireland Assembly
Authors: Osborne Robert D.
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to examine some aspects of the early operation of the Northern Ireland Assembly and in particular the role of the Statutory Committees. The particular issue that is used to explore these matters is the review of student finances which the Higher and Further Education, Training and Employment Committee (HFETEC) undertook as its first major investigation. It should be noted here that the Department of Higher and Further Education, Training and Employment changed its name to the Department of Employment and Learning during 2000. The Committee also changed its name to the Employment and Learning Committee. Since the issues discussed took place prior to these changes the original name has been used here. Specifically, the paper examines the Review of Student Finances launched by the Department of Higher and Further Education, Training and Employment (DHFETE), how the Committee tackled the issue, tensions within the Committee, the relationship between the Committee and the Minister, between the Minister and the Department, the public debate, how the Committee Report was subsequently dealt with in the Assembly and the Minister’s response. It is suggested that this example provides some insights into the operation of the distinctive devolved institutions in Northern Ireland and some early evidence of how such Statutory Committees may develop.
Natural Law and the Ethics of Discourse
Authors: Finnis John
Published: March 2003

This essay argues that Plato's critical analysis of the ethics of discourse is superior to Habermas', and more generally that Habermas has no sufficient reason to propose or suppose the philosophical superiority of “modernity.” The failure of Hume and Kant and much modern philosophy to understand the concept and content of reasons for action underlies Habermas' attempted distinction between ethics and morality, and Rawls' concept of public reason. A proper study of discourse also yields a metaphysics of the person, and thus reinforces the ethics.
Tied to Capital or Untied Foreign Aid?
Authors: Michael Michael S. , Van Marrewijk Charles
Published: March 2003

A two‐country trade model of foreign aid is developed. The aid‐receiving country suffers from Harris‐Todaro type unemployment. Aid is either untied, tied to sector‐specific capital, or tied to intersectorally mobile capital. These types of aid are compared by examining their terms‐of‐trade and welfare effects to show that (i) welfare paradoxes are possible, (ii) the world as a whole may gain from aid, (iii) a conflict of interest concerning the type of aid may arise between donor and recipient, and (iv) under plausible conditions untied aid is better for the recipient and the world.
Do Higher Per Capita Incomes Lead to More R&D Expenditure?
Authors: Braconier Henrik
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes empirically the relationship between R&D and growth. The estimated elasticity of per capita R&D expenditures with respect to domestic per capita incomes lies between 1.81 and 2.93 for the ten OECDcountries studied, whereas the elasticity of R&D with respect to foreign demand lies between 0.43 and 0.68. The paper introduces a “standard” GDP growth accounting equation where current productivity is a function ofprevious R&D. The results indicate that OLS estimates of spillovers from R&D have an upward bias of more than 40%.
World Interest Shocks, Capital, and the Current Account
Authors: Fisher Walter H. , Terrell Dek
Published: March 2003

Macroeconomic performance in many developing countries is influenced by international credit conditions. This paper considers a developing economy that faces an upward‐sloping supply function of debt. It analyzes how a particular foreign shock, a world interest shock, influences such key macroeconomic variables as output, investment, the current account, and the terms of trade in both short‐run and steady‐state equilibrium. An intertemporal optimizing model is used to study these issues. This approach permits characterization of the intertemporal adjustment of the indebted economy, and shows that a world interest shock lowers overall economic welfare.
Generalizing the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem: A Tale of Two Matrices
Authors: Lloyd Peter
Published: March 2003

Past attempts to generalize the Stolper–Samuelson theorem have used a matrix of real income terms which are sufficient but not necessary to define a change in utility. One can define a second matrix of terms which are necessary and sufficient for a change in indirect utility. Using this matrix, the paper extends the Stolper–Samuelson theorem to a model of any dimensions and to households which have diversified ownership of factors. The theorem states that there is a positive and a negative element in every row and every column of the matrix showing household responses to changes in goods prices.
Provincial Readers and Agrarian Reform, 1760s–70s: The Case of Sloboda Ukraine
Authors: Leckey Colum
Published: March 2003

Since the founding of the Free Economic Society, no small effort and labor have been spent on publishing useful advice and instructions, but the desired effect is nowhere to be found. In this locale I have observed that only recently have they begun to learn to use potatoes. They spin and weave cotton (for which a factory in Kazan has already been built) and stockings and caps are knit from it. Many homes here already use goat hair. And this year Siberian buckwheat, which previously succumbed to frost and which before was unknown, has begun to be sown in some places. Undoubtedly, from time to time other instructions of the Society may be put to use; but immediately and quickly, and without the support of the supreme power, they will never become general custom.
Imperfect Competition, Capital Shortages and Unemployment Persistence
Authors: Bénassy Jean‐Pascal
Published: March 2003

We construct a model integrating the traditions of imperfect competition macroeconomics and real business cycles. For this we study a dynamic economy with optimizing households, firms and trade unions subject to stochastic shocks. We can derive closed form solutions for the behaviour of all agents. It is found that the combination of capital shortages and imperfect competition in labor markets can give rise to unemployment, and that this unemployment is quite persistent, even when the underlying shocks are not.
Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing
Authors: Parry Ian W. H. , Bento Antonio
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the interactions between taxes on work‐related traffic congestion and pre‐existing distortionary taxes in the labor market. A congestion tax raises the overall costs of commuting to work and discourages labor force participation. The resulting welfare loss in the labor market can easily exceed the Pigouvian welfare gain from internalizing the congestion externality. However, if congestion tax revenues are used to reduce labor taxes, the net impact on labor supply is positive, and this can raise the overall welfare gain from the congestion tax by around 100 percent. Nonetheless the optimal congestion tax still equals the Pigouvian tax.

JEL classification
R41; H21; H23
Pension Reform during the Demographic Transition
Authors: Fehr Hans
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to quantify the welfare effects of some currently discussed pension reform proposals in Germany. The analysis is based on an extended overlapping‐generations model which accounts for intra‐generational heterogeneity, rising life expectancy and declining fertility. Given a baseline path of the economy under the existing unfunded pension system, the model calculates the macroeconomic impact as well as the distributional and efficiency effects of various pension reform measures aimed at reducing the level of the future unfunded pension system. Simulations reveal that pension reforms cannot be evaluated solely in terms of inter‐ and intra‐generational equity. Substantial efficiency gains or losses might arise if the linkage between contributions and benefits is improved or weakened.
Specifying Factors in Radiation Risk Perception1
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: March 2003

This is a study of risk perception and a test of a model of perceived risk. A scale measuring fear was factor analyzed and the resulting five fear factors were related to a large number of risk dimensions, both personal and general. Fear was only rather weakly related to perceived risk. Furthermore, perceived risk of two ionizing radiation hazards (nuclear power, X‐rays) were investigated in more detail. These risk ratings were modelled on the basis of attitude, risk sensitivity, specific perceived risk of radiation, trust and an extended version of the traditional Psychometric Model, enhanced by the introduction of a factor of Tampering with Nature. It was found that risk perception could be well explained with this approach and the importance of Tampering with Nature, as well as specific perceived risk, were stressed.