bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absence of S‐100 protein in prostatic glands
Authors: HOWAT A. J. , MILLS P. M. , LYONS T. J. , STEPHENSON T. J.
Published: April 2007

In eight cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia, two of which also contained well‐differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma, staining for S‐100 protein was negative. These findings support the view that the outer layer of cells in prostatic acini is not myoepithelial in nature.
Intravenous leiomyomatosis: a case report emphasizing the vascular component
Authors: OHMORI T. , URAGA N. , TABEI R. , ABE M. , SUMIMOTO T. , HAMADA M. , KOKUBU T.
Published: April 2007

We report a case of intravenous leiomyomatosis extending from the ovarian vein to the right atrium. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that the tumour not only consisted of smooth muscle elements, but also of vascular components, findings which suggest an origin in the wall of the uterine vein.
Hepatic morphology and histochemistry of Wilson's disease presenting as fulminant hepatic failure: a study of 11 cases
Authors: DAVIES S. E. , WILLIAMS R. , PORTMANN B.
Published: April 2007

Eleven cases of Wilson's disease presenting as fulminant hepatic failure were analysed retrospectively to determine the specificity or otherwise of the histological findings. All cases were cirrhotic, eight with a micronodular pattern. There was marked parenchymal collapse with ductular proliferation and mild inflammation. Other features included cholestasis, hepatocyte necrosis, microvesicular fat and nuclear vacuolation. Orcein staining demonstrated copper‐associated protein in the periphery of cirrhotic nodules in all cases and also variably within nodules in eight cases. Copper was demonstrable by the rhodanine method in similar locations but the staining reaction was qualitatively weaker in all cases. Characteristically, there was staining of both parenchymal and mononuclear phagocytic cells. This triad of cirrhosis, strong copper‐associated protein deposition and copper positivity was not present in a control group of 20 cases of fulminant hepatic failure of other aetiology and with a similar clinical presentation. It is concluded that in the clinical context of fulminant hepatitis the presence of cirrhosis should raise the suspicion of Wilson's disease and that, with routinely processed and stained tissue, including autopsy tissue, the diagnosis can be made histologically.
Use of enzyme histochemistry in the diagnosis of pancreatoblastoma
Authors: COOPER J. E. , LAKE B. D.
Published: April 2007

The macroscopic, light microscopic and ultrastructural findings in a case of pancreatoblastoma in a neonate are presented. No evidence for exocrine or endocrine secretion could be found by histochemistry, immunocytochemistry or electron microscopy. However, enzyme histochemical techniques to localize activity of ‘glucose‐6‐phosphatase’, acid phosphatase, esterase and esteroprotease supported both a pancreatic origin for the tumour and a biphasic pattern of differentiation.
Extramedullary haematopoiesis in the thyroid gland
Authors: SCHMID Ch. , BEHAM A. , SEEWANN H. L.
Published: April 2007

The case of an 82‐year‐old female patient with extramedullary haematopoiesis in the thyroid gland due to agnogenic myeloid metaplasia is reported.
Immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry in sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: a comparison with classical renal cell carcinoma
Authors: HARRIS S. C. , HIRD P. M. , SHORTLAND J. R.
Published: April 2007

We investigated the expression of various cell markers in renal cell carcinoma, concentrating particularly on the sarcomatoid variety, using lectin and immunohistochemical techniques. The sarcomatoid variant showed stronger staining in a higher proportion of cases for vimentin and reduced positivity for epithelial membrane antigen, in comparison with classical renal cell carcinoma. All sarcomatoid tumours reacted with at least one cytokeratin, enabling them to be distinguished from true renal sarcomas; this is of diagnostic value when a panel of markers is used. Overall a similar pattern of markers is seen in sarcomatoid and classical renal cell carcinoma using lectin and immunohistochemistry, suggesting that the sarcomatoid variant arises as a metaplastic change rather than having a different histogenesis.
External quality assurance and assessment in immunocytochemistry
Authors: REYNOLDS G. J.
Published: April 2007

A quality assurance scheme for immunocytochemistry was started in 1984. There are currently 140 participating laboratories, most of which have shown considerable improvement in their results since joining the scheme. In our experience the supplier of the primary antibody does not affect the quality of the results; the sensitivity of the method used and the experience of the staff carrying out the technique are the most important factors. Participation in a scheme such as this enables laboratories to have their results compared with others and to share problems.
Microcystic meningiomas—an unusual morphological variant of meningiomas
Authors: NG H‐K. , TSE C. C. H. , LO S. T. H.
Published: April 2007

Nine cases of microcystic meningiomas, a distinct morphological variant of meningiomas, are reported. They are characterized by a vacuolated and myxomatous histological appearance with multiple cystic spaces lined by stellate‐shaped tumour cells. Immunohistochemically, they shared a similar pattern of positive staining for epithelial membrane antigen and vimentin with other meningiomas. Their unusual histological features might lead to problems in differential diagnosis from other intracranial tumours, including schwannomas, chordomas, astrocytomas and angioblastic meningiomas.
Macrophages and interdigitating reticulum cells in normal thymus and in thymoma: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: RUCO L. P. , ROSATI S. , MONARDO F. , PESCARMONA E. , RENDINA E. A. , BARONI C. D.
Published: April 2007

The distribution and immunophenotype of macrophages and interdigitating reticulum cells were investigated on frozen sections of seven normal thymuses and 10 thymomas. In normal thymus, macrophages were mainly located in the cortex, were markedly PAM‐1+/MAC+, weakly Leu‐M3+ (CD14), T4+ (CD4), T9+ and OKM‐1+ (CD11b). Interdigitating reticulum cells were mainly located in the medulla and were pan‐Leu+ (CD45), T4+(CD4+), HLA‐DR+; furthermore, they were also often TAC+ (CD25) and T9+. Thymomas were composed of cytokeratin‐containing epithelial cells admixed with variable proportions of T6+ (CD1a) lymphocytes. As defined by the histological features two thymomas were lymphocyte‐rich, five were mixed type and three were epithelial‐rich; eight thymomas were mainly composed of cortical epithelial cells and two were composed of spindle epithelial cells suggesting a medullary origin. In all cases, thymoma‐associated macrophages were markedly PAM‐1+/MAC+; they were numerous, and regularly distributed throughout the tumour. The density of macrophages per unit area was similar to that of the normal thymus, and was not influenced by the histological type or by the lymphocyte content of the tumour. Interdigitating reticulum cells were few and were confined to the areas of medullary differentiation.
The value of NOR numbers in neoplastic and non‐neoplastic epithelium of the stomach
Authors: SUAREZ V. , NEWMAN J. , HILEY C. , CROCKER J. , COLLINS M.
Published: April 2007

Using a silver staining technique, nucleolar organizer region‐associated proteins (AgNORs) have been studied in paraffin sections of 15 benign gastric ulcers, seven early gastric cancers, 13 gastric adenocarcinomas and 10 control cases. A significant difference in the mean number of AgNORs per nucleus was found when control and benign groups were compared with the malignant group. However, there was an overlap between each category. Further studies are warranted to determine if this may be of value in differentiating regenerative epithelium from early malignancy.
Anaplastic small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the tonsils: report of two cases
Authors: HEIMANN R. , DEHOU M. F. , LENTREBECQ B. , FAVERLY D. , SIMONET M. L. , DOR P. , CHANOINE F.
Published: April 2007

Two cases of anaplastic small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the tonsils are presented. In the first, cervical metastases preceded the manifestation of the primary tumour by 2 years. In case 2 the tonsillar carcinoma was accompanied by a bronchial tumour of the same histological type and by cervical and axillary metastases. Positive Grimelius stain, positive immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin A and neurone‐specific enolase and the presence, in case 1, of membrane‐bound granules indicate that these tumours display many similarities with neuroendocrine carcinomas even if they originate from pluripotential ductal cells of tonsillar minor salivary glands and not from Kulchitsky‐like cells.
Oat cell carcinoma of the larynx. A study of six new cases
Authors: MINDÁN F. J. PARDO , ALGARRA S. M. , LOZANO B. R. , TAPIA R. G.
Published: April 2007

Clinicopathological details of six oat cell carcinomas of the larynx are presented. Five patients were male and heavy smokers. Only two patients had lymph node metastases at diagnosis. Only one tumour was unequivocally Grimelius stain positive. Immunostaining for neurone‐specific enolase was negative in all cases. Neurosecretory granules were found in two tumours studied electron microscopically. Three tumours had areas of squamous carcinoma. Laryngectomy was the treatment of choice. Two patients are alive without evidence of disease 21 and 25 months after diagnosis.
Massive pericellular collagen deposition in the liver of a young female with severe Crohn's disease
Authors: BOSMA A. , MEUWISSEN S. G. M. , STRICKER B. H. CH. , BROUWER A.
Published: April 2007

We report a patient with Crohn's disease in whom repeated liver biopsies taken at surgery for the bowel disease showed progressive hepatic fibrosis of an unusual type. Dense collagen was deposited in the perisinusoidal space often surrounding individual hepatocytes. The aetiology and pathogenesis of this abnormality remain speculative.
Immunoreactive cytokeratins in plasmacytomas
Authors: WOTHERSPOON A. C. , NORTON A. J. , ISAACSON P. G.
Published: April 2007

Fourteen plasma cell tumours, including examples of solitary plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma, were studied with a panel of antibodies reactive in formalin‐fixed, paraffin wax‐embedded tissue. Each case showed immunoglobulin light chain restriction. Five tumours were reactive with antibodies to cytokeratin. Of these five cases, four were negative with antibodies to leucocyte common antigen and only one was weakly positive. Anti‐cytokeratin reactivity by plasma cell tumours is more common than was originally anticipated and represents an important diagnostic pitfall.
Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma in childhood. A clinicopathological study of six cases
Authors: LEAKE J. , KELLIE S. J. , PRITCHARD J. , CHESSELLS J. M. , RISDON R. A.
Published: April 2007

A review of the pathological material from 42 children with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma seen over a 44 month period revealed 10 large cell tumours. Of these, six were classified as peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, an entity rarely reported in childhood. Three patients were boys and three girls (median age 9.5 years), and extranodal presentation was a feature of two patients. Five had high‐grade tumours; of these, three were classified as large cell anaplastic, Ki‐1 positive and two as pleomorphic large cell. The remaining patient had a low‐grade tumour of angioimmunoblastic type. T‐cell subsets were examined in three cases and showed the following phenotypes: CD4‐, CD8‐; CD4+, CD8‐; CD4‐, CD8+. Three of the patients with high‐grade tumours died, with a mean survival of 22 weeks. The remaining patients are alive and clinically disease‐free for between 10 and 24 months after treatment.
Langerhans cells in human lung tumours: an immunohistological study
Authors: FOX S. B. , JONES M. , DUNNILL M. S. , GATTER K. C. , MASON D. Y.
Published: April 2007

In an immunocytochemical study of 41 human lung tumours we have shown that Langerhans cells can be reliably identified using the anti‐CD1 monoclonal antibody NA1/34. Langerhans cells are present in all the main varieties of human lung tumour although they are infrequent in both small cell carcinoma and carcinoid tumour. There is considerable variation in numbers of Langerhans cells in both adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. In this study tumours were divided into those with high numbers of Langerhans cells (> 2 per high power field) and those with low numbers (< 2 per high power field). Analysing these results against patient survival showed a markedly worse survival in those tumours with a high number of Langerhans cells for all the tumours as a single group and for squamous cell carcinoma as a single entity.
Dysplasia and carcinoma in the rectal stump of total colitics who have undergone colectomy and ileo‐rectal anastomosis
Authors: THOMAS D. M. , FILIPE M. I. , SMEDLEY F. H.
Published: April 2007

From a group of 374 patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent colectomy and ileo‐rectal anastomosis between 1952 and 1976, 104 presented for follow‐up rectal biopsies over a 5 year period to 1986. These patients have been followed for an average of 28 years since the onset of the disease (range 11–56) and provide a unique model for the study of the development of carcinoma in colitis. A total of 443 biopsies was examined and epithelial morphology assessed according to the classification of Riddell et al. (1983). Five patients developed carcinoma of whom two showed dysplasia in biopsies taken a year or more before the diagnosis; one showed dysplasia 2 months before the appearance of cancer, another synchronous with it, and in the fifth patient dysplasia was not detected. Of 20 biopsies classified as ‘indefinite for dysplasia, probably negative’, 80% were associated with subsequent resolution, while of nine ‘indefinite for dysplasia, probably positive’ biopsies, eight (89%) were subsequently associated with either carcinoma (six) or dysplasia (two). The results emphasize the danger of absolute reliance upon dysplasia in assessing individual cancer risk in colitics, appear to demonstrate the usefulness of Riddell's classification and provide additional information on the natural history of dysplasia.
A perspex grid for localization of non‐palpable mammographic lesions in breast biopsies
Authors: CHAMP C. S. , MASON C. H. , COGHILL S. B. , ROBINSON M.
Published: April 2007

The examination of excised, non‐palpable mammographic lesions in breast biopsies is a recognized problem for the pathologist. There may be difficulties in identifying the lesion macroscopically and in subsequent sampling. This paper describes a simple method for resolving these problems. The breast biopsy is attached to a perspex grid and then radiographed. Use of the grid co‐ordinates assists appropriate sampling of the specimen. Advantages over previously described methods are discussed.
Parosteal osteosarcoma of the skull
Authors: HINTON C. E. , TURNBULL A. E. , O'DONNELL H. D. T. , HARVEY L.
Published: April 2007

Parosteal osteosarcomas are well‐differentiated, malignant, bone‐forming tumours arising on the surface of the affected bone. They are rare, slowly growing tumours whose clinical behaviour and radiological and pathological appearances are vastly different from those of conventional osteosarcoma. We describe an extraordinary case of such a tumour arising from the skull vault.
An unusual breast cyst
Authors: SHOUSHA S.
Published: April 2007

An unusual breast cyst removed from a 70‐year‐old woman is described. The cyst was lined by stratified squamous and mucin‐containing cells, arranged in a variety of patterns which have not been previously described and which probably reflect some of the intrinsic differentiation potentials of mammary duct epithelium.
Expression of cortical and medullary thymic epithelial antigens in thymomas. An immunohistological study of 14 cases including a characterization of the lymphocytic compartment
Authors: HOFMANN W. J. , PALLESEN G. , MÖLLER P. , KUNZE W‐P. , KAYSER K. , OTTO H. F.
Published: April 2007

Four monoclonal antibodies against antigens expressed differentially by the normal thymus epithelium, which define the cortical, medullary and subcapsular compartments, were used for immunohistological characterization of the epithelial cells in 14 thymomas. Furthermore, thymoma‐associated lymphocytes were studied with monoclonal antibodies directed against T‐lymphocyte differentiation antigens (CD1a, CD3, T‐cell antigen receptor). Only four of the 14 thymomas could be classified into either medullary or cortical type thymoma based on the immunophenotype of epithelial cells. Ten cases escaped immunophenotypical classification due to co‐expression of medullary and cortical antigens by the tumour cells. This aberration from the normal phenotype might indicate the failure of differentiation of such tumours. The immunophenotype of the associated lymphocytes, on the other hand, made it possible to classify the tumours as cortical (5 cases), mixed (2) and medullary (3) thymomas. Four thymomas escaped this classification scheme due to the absence of lymphocytes (2) or to a hybrid immunophenotype (2). Nevertheless, thymocytes of cortical type clearly predominated and were seen in all thymomas with associated lymphocytes. This feature may constitute a good diagnostic tool in differential diagnosis since, in 28 mediastinal or extramediastinal metastasis of tumours not derived from thymic epithelium and associated with various numbers of lymphocytes, none of them were found to contain CD1a positive lymphocytes.
Histiocytosis X and lymphoid follicular hyperplasia of the thymus in myasthenia gravis
Authors: PESCARMONA E. , RENDINA E. A. , RICCI C. , BARONI C. D.
Published: April 2007

A case of a myasthenic patient with the association of unifocal histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) and lymphoid follicular hyperplasia of the thymus is presented. The combined diagnosis was made on histological grounds and supported by immunohistochemistry. Two aspects of this case are of interest: (1) it is the first reported case of the association of histiocytosis X and lymphoid follicular hyperplasia of the thymus in a myasthenic patient; and (2) the pathogenesis of this peculiar association does not seem to be fortuitous but rather might be related to the general derangement of the immune system present in myasthenia gravis.
Glomus tumours: an immunohistochemical profile of 11 cases
Authors: DERVAN P. A. , TOBBIA I. N. , CASEY M. , O'LOUGHLIN J. , O'BRIEN M.
Published: April 2007

We studied 11 glomus tumours immunohistochemically, with a panel of connective tissue and epithelial markers. Most tumours contained small nerve fibres located in connective tissue septae between groups of glomus cells, thus accounting for the frequent occurrence of pain associated with glomus tumours. All tumours stained positively for muscle‐specific actin and vimentin. Immunostaining for high and low molecular weight cytokeratins, desmin, myoglobin, S‐100 protein, neurofilaments and Factor VIII related antigen was negative. Our findings confirm and amplify the proposed smooth muscle histogenesis of glomus tumours. This immunohistochemical profile may be of diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis of atypical glomus tumours.
Morphometric analysis of nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios in normal and perineoplastic vulvar skin
Authors: DALRYMPLE J. C. , BROUGH A. K. , MONAGHAN J. M.
Published: April 2007

Analysis of vulvar skin adjacent to squamous carcinoma has demonstrated abnormal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content in histologically unremarkable specimens. Analysis of DNA by microdensitometry is time‐consuming. Morphometric analysis by point counting was used to compare the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios of normal vulvar skin and skin adjacent to malignancy. This showed elevated ratios in the latter specimens although there was no linear relationship to increasing ploidy.
Epidemiological changes in cervical carcinoma with particular reference to mucin‐secreting subtypes
Authors: SHORROCK K. , JOHNSON J. , JOHNSON I.R.
Published: April 2007

The histology of all 242 new cases of cervical carcinoma presenting to the Nottingham hospitals during two 2‐year periods (1976‐1977 and 1986‐1987) has been reviewed and histochemical staining for mucins has been performed. Unlike previous studies these cases represent an unselected population and are primary referrals. The relative proportion of adenocarcinomas did not change significantly during the decade studied. Mucin secretion was identified in 64 cases previously diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. The proportion of carcinomas arising in patients aged 45 or younger increased significantly in the latter period. A disproportionate increase in the incidence of adenocarcinomas and other mucin‐secreting subtypes was observed in this age group. These results confirm that the incidence of cervical carcinomas in young women is increasing. Mucin expression in cervical carcinomas is common, even in the absence of obvious glandular morphology.
Heterotopic brain presenting as a cystic mass of the palate
Authors: AL‐NAFUSSI A. , HANCOCK K. , SOMMERLAD B. , CARDER P.J.
Published: April 2007

We report a case of heterotopic brain which presented as a cystic mass in the palate and which clinically was thought to be a cystic hygroma. Histologically, there was a remarkable proliferation of choroid plexus‐like structures which we believe to have been responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid. We believe heterotopic brain to result from early displacement of multipotential cells and that the presence of cerebrospinal fluid within extracranial brain tissue does not imply an intracranial communication.
An aggressive lipoblastic tumour in the orbit of a child
Authors: MILLER M.H. , YOKOYAMA C. , WRIGHT J.E. , GARNER A.
Published: April 2007

The case is described of a locally aggressive lipoblastic tumour presenting in the orbit of an 8‐year‐old boy.

There do not appear to be any previous reports of a comparable tumour in this situation.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with areas resembling giant cell fibroblastoma: report of two cases
Authors: BEHAM A. , FLETCHER C.D.M.
Published: April 2007

Two cases of otherwise typical dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans showing a gradual transition to areas with the characterstic appearances of giant cell fibroblastoma are described. Both lesions were excised from the trunk of adults. These cases provide further evidence of the putative close relationship between these two neoplastic entities.
Primary lymphoma of the thyroid: a clinical, histological and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases
Authors: MIZUKAMI Y. , MICHIGISHI T. , NONOMURA A. , NAKAMURA S. , HASHIMOTO T. , KATSUDA S. , OTAKE S. , MATSUBARA F.
Published: April 2007

Twenty cases of malignant lymphoma arising in the thyroid gland were studied clinically, histologically and immunohistochemically. Nineteen cases were non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (15 diffuse and four follicular lymphoma) and one was a plasmacytoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of the lymphomas using paraffin‐embedded sections disclosed that 17 lymphomas were B‐cell type and two were T‐cell type. The plasmacytoma was of IgG kappa type. The large majority of the lymphomas were associated with an underlying chronic thyroiditis. The 5‐year survival rate of the patients was 70%. An unfavourable diagnosis was more likely when the tumour was diffuse rather than follicular, when it was of diffuse large cell type or of immunoblastic type and when there was cervical lymph node involvement.
CD30 expression in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: PIRIS M. , BROWN D.C. , GATTER K.C. , MASON D.Y.
Published: April 2007

The CD30 antigen has been reported as the immunophenotypic hallmark of a recently described category of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, termed anaplastic large cell lymphoma. From a series of approximately 500 lymphomas, 17 cases showing typical anaplastic features have been identified. They were strongly labelled by monoclonal antibodies recognizing CD30 (Ki‐1 or BerH2). However, 36 other lymphomas, mainly high‐grade, of non‐anaplastic cytology also expressed CD30, either diffusely or focally, with a staining pattern identical to that seen in anaplastic large cell lymphomas. This clearly suggests that such lymphomas cannot be identified solely on the basis of being high‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas showing CD30 positivity. From the present results, the distinction between the anaplastic and non‐anaplastic types would be better made with antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen than to CD30. Clinical data, available for 48 of the patients (16 with anaplastic large cell lymphomas and 32 with non‐anaplastic) revealed no significant differences with regard to age at presentation, sex or clinical signs. A short‐term follow‐up study of 25 patients revealed that for the first 2 years after diagnosis there were no significant differences in patient survival between anaplastic large cell lymphoma, other CD30+ high‐grade lymphomas and all high‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas considered together. These findings, which must be confirmed by larger studies, suggest that in a general lymphoma clinic there is probably little justification for differentiating anaplastic large cell lymphomas or CD30+ lymphomas from other high‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas.
An immunohistochemical study of copper, zinc‐containing superoxide dismutase detected by a monoclonal antibody in gastric mucosa and gastric cancer
Authors: OKA S. , OGINO K. , HOUBARA T. , YOSHIMURA S. , OKAZAKI Y. , TAKEMOTO T. , KATO N. , IIDA Y. , UDA T.
Published: April 2007

The immunohistochemical localization of copper, zinc‐superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn‐SOD) in human gastric mucosa and gastric cancer was studied using a monoclonal antibody. In gastric mucosa, parietal cells, pyloric glandular cells and foci of intestinal metaplasia showed positive staining in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus. The wide distribution of Cu, Zn‐SOD in the gastric mucosa suggests cell function may be vulnerable to active oxygen species. In gastric cancer, 34 of 70 cases showed a positive reaction for Cu, Zn‐SOD. There was a relationship between the grade of Cu, Zn‐SOD immunoreactivity and the histological type of gastric cancer, well‐differentiated types of gastric cancer being more frequently positive. The positive cases of poorly‐differentiated adenocarcinoma were characterized by a pattern of diffusely infiltrative invasion. These results suggest that some types of gastric cancer are resistant to active oxygen species.
Atypical stromal cells of lower female genital tract
Authors: ABDUL‐KARIM F.W. , COHEN R.E.
Published: April 2007

Atypical stromal cells were identified in either the cervix or vagina in 27 (13%) of 205 autopsy specimens. They were more commonly observed in the vulva, occurring in 29 (78.4%) of 37 vulvar surgical specimens. In only seven patients were the cells present as a continuous band: five in cervix or vagina and two in vulva. Electronmicroscopic examination confirmed the fibro‐blastic nature of these cells. Although hormonal influences may be responsible for this stromal alteration, their occurrence in elderly patients and in males at other sites is not consistent with a specific hormonal profile. It is important not to misdiagnose these cells as malignant.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: WERNERT N. , GOEBBELS R. , BONKHOFF H. , DHOM G.
Published: April 2007

Eleven cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate have been divided into four groups according to their histological features and natural history: a pure squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate (one case); b common prostatic adenocarcinoma with malignant squamous component after oestrogen treatment (two); c urothelial carcinoma of the prostate with malignant squamous cell metaplasia (four); and d urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder with squamous cell metaplasia growing into the prostate (four). The squamous portions may spread to invade the fibromuscular stroma and grow in prostatic ducts. Necrosis of comedo type and inflammatory infiltrates appeared in a number of cases. The survival times of nine patients ranged from 1 to 17 months. Squamous components were shown by immunohistochemistry to contain various keratin types, carcino‐embryonic antigen and peanut agglutinin binding sites. Whenever a squamous cell carcinoma in the prostate is diagnosed histologically various possibilities as to its origin should be considered.
Oncocytoma of the prostate: a case report with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evaluation
Authors: BEER M. , OCCHIONERO F. , WELSCH U.
Published: April 2007

An oncocytoma of the prostate of an 87‐year‐old man, who underwent transurethral resection because of prostatic enlargement, is reported. Electronmicroscopic and immunohistochemical evaluation confirmed the oncocytic nature of the tumour cells. To our knowledge, this lesion is hitherto undescribed in this location.
Clear cell basal cell carcinoma
Authors: STARINK T.M. , BLOMJOUS C.E.M. , STOOF T.J. , LINDEN J.C. VAN DER
Published: April 2007

We describe a case of clear cell basal cell carcinoma of the superficial type, presenting as a crusted eruption on the abdomen. Histological examination showed a solid proliferation of clear cells attached to the under‐surface of an atrophied epidermis. In addition, distinct pagetoid infiltration was seen within the overlying epidermis. A focal connection between the clear cell portion and a deeper lying nodular basal cell carcinoma was demonstrated, elucidating the true nature of the lesion. Immunohistochemical studies and electronmicroscopy confirmed the epithelial derivation of the tumour. The clear cell appearance was due to multiple cytoplasmic electronlucent vacuoles which were not surrounded by membranes.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with osteoclast‐type giant cells: a report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: ZUKERBERG L.R. , ARMIN A.‐R. , PISHARODI L. , YOUNG R.H.
Published: April 2007

We report two transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder containing numerous osteoclast‐type giant cells that stained for vimentin and acid phosphatase (with and without tartrate) and were negative for cytokeratin and lysozyme. One tumour, in a 65‐year‐old man, was composed of papillary transitional cell carcinoma, invasive poorly differentiated carcinoma with a prominent spindle cell component and numerous osteoclast‐type giant cells; repeat curettage 2 months later showed no residual tumour. The second tumour occurred in a 75‐year‐old woman who underwent a radical cystectomy for a deeply invasive transitional cell carcinoma with a spindle and anaplastic giant cell component and areas containing numerous osteoclast‐type giant cells. Osteoclast‐type giant cells, which appear to be reactive, should be distinguished from the neoplastic giant cells of giant cell carcinoma.
Clear cell carcinoma of minor salivary glands
Authors: SIMPSON R.H.W. , SARSFIELD P.T.L. , CLARKE T. , BABAJEWS A.V.
Published: April 2007

Two cases of carcinoma of the minor salivary glands are presented in which most cells had clear cytoplasm. Both patients had clinical histories in excess of 10 years and, in the one case with adequate follow‐up, no recurrence had occurred after a further 11 years. Both tumours were locally invasive. The clear cells contained small amounts of glycogen, but no intracytoplasmic mucin. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies showed epithelial features, with no evidence of myoepithelial differentiation. These tumours were very similar to the small number of previously reported cases, which were all considered to be low‐grade carcinomas. Amongst the differential diagnoses, the most important is metastatic clear cell carcinoma of the kidney and this can only be confidently excluded clinically or by the use of imaging techniques. In summary, we consider intra‐oral clear cell carcinoma to be a distinct tumour of low malignant potential.
Aortic intimal sarcoma: an unusual case with pulmonary vasculature involvement
Authors: FITZMAURICE R.J. , McCLURE J.
Published: April 2007

A disseminated intravascular tumour, presenting initially with splenic and small bowel infarction, caused both clinical and histological diagnostic difficulty. At subsequent autopsy the main tumour mass was identified within the aorta. Dissemination of this tumour was confirmed histologically and lectin and immunohistochemical staining performed. On the basis of the clinical and pathological features, we believe this represents a further case of aortic intimal sarcoma.
Mild cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1): a histological overdiagnosis
Authors: AL‐NAFUSSI A.I. , COLQUHOUN M.K.
Published: April 2007

This study was undertaken to assess whether mild cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1) lesions are histologically overdiagnosed and, if so, what the possible reasons are for this. The magnitude of the discrepancy between the histological diagnosis of CIN and corresponding smear results was also investigated. Between January and April 1988, 282 patients were found to have a histological diagnosis of CIN 1. The cervical smear result was negative in 42% of cases, borderline in 14% and in the remaining 44% various grades of CIN were predicted. Review of both cytology smears and histology sections was undertaken to identify reasons for this discrepancy. The results suggest that: (1) there is a tendency among histopathologists to overdiagnose cases of CIN 1, as occurred in 10% of cases in this study; (2) even if strict morphological criteria are followed, there will always be cases where histopathologists are uncertain whether a lesion is CIN 1 or some reactive process—for these cases, 22% in our study, the term borderline is recommended; and (3) cervical smears may give false negative results, as in 35%, 18% and 3% of our cases of CIN 1, CIN 2 and CIN 3 respectively.
Prognostic value of ovarian carcinoma grading methods—a method comparison study
Authors: HAAPASALO H. , COLLAN Y. , SEPPÄ A. , GIDLUND A‐L. , ATKIN N.B. , PESONEN E.
Published: April 2007

The prognostic value of subjective histological and morphometric grading was studied in 75 primary ovarian carcinomas. Histological grading methods recommended by Czernobilsky and by Russell and the morphometric method of Baak and co‐workers were compared in a two‐observer system. The 5‐year survival could be correctly predicted in about two‐thirds of the patients with all three methods. When mitotic counting (volume corrected mitotic index, M/V‐index) was compared with the above grading methods by using a receiver operating characteristic curve) the M/V‐index was generally superior in its prognostic power regardless of the sensitivity/specificity level chosen. The morphometric grading method and the grading method based on the M/V index were also shown to be readily reproducible.
Dysplastic naevi—an alternative view
Authors: COOK M.G. , FALLOWFIELD M.E.
Published: April 2007

The diagnosis of dysplastic naevus is in danger of falling into disuse in response to the continuing dispute as to its definition. This review tries to show that the lesion can be defined using histological and clinical criteria but that the individual features are not, by themselves, peculiar to dysplastic naevi. They are shared, in varying degrees, by other benign melanocytic naevi and by melanoma. The significance of these similarities is explained on the basis of the maturation of ordinary naevi and degrees of deviation from that common path. The recognition of severely aberrant differentiation in the form of classic dysplastic naevus is worthwhile, since in the appropriate clinical context and particularly in association with a family history of melanoma, it confers a very high risk of developing melanoma.
Mucins in prostatic carcinoma
Authors: PINDER S.E. , McMAHON R.F.T.
Published: April 2007

Mucin production by prostatic carcinomas is not unusual and the identification of acidic mucin with an appropriate stain may be a useful adjunct in routine diagnostic surgical pathology. In our series of 53 cases of prostatic carcinoma, 20 (38%) showed significant acidic mucin production. This may allow differentiation from benign, hyperplastic tissues which produce neutral mucins only. A case of colloid carcinoma of prostate is described which satisfies Elbadawi's criteria for this uncommon variant. Some suggestions are made which, if rigorously applied, will permit the recognition of genuine cases of colloid carcinoma and of the prognostic significance of mucin‐rich tumours.
Bladder carcinosarcomas: three cases with diverse histogenesis
Authors: BLOXHAM C.A. , BENNETT M.K. , ROBINSON M.C.
Published: April 2007

Carcinosarcomas of the bladder are rare. We describe three such tumours, including an apparently unique case in which the components comprised liposarcoma and poorly‐differentiated transitional cell elements. A second example included chondrosarcomatous elements. These two tumours showed architectural and immunocytochemical features which suggested that they had originated as carcinomas but had subsequently differentiated along both epithelial and mesenchymal pathways. The third tumour contained both carcinoma and osteosarcoma and may represent a collision tumour.
Parosteal osteogenic sarcoma of the hand
Authors: WALT J.D. VAN DER , RYAN J.F.
Published: April 2007

Obsteosarcomas of the tubular bones of the hands and feet are rare tumours and the initial biopsies are frequently misdiagnosed. We report a case of parosteal osteosarcoma arising in the metacarpal of a female patient aged 53 at first presentation. The tumour recurred three times over two decades and eventually metastasized to the lungs. The differential diagnosis includes florid reactive mesenchymal proliferation and bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferations of the tubular bones of the hand.
Subepithelial basement membrane deposition and intermediate filament expression in choroid plexus neoplasms and ependymomas
Authors: FURNESS P.N. , LOWE J. , TARRANT G.S.
Published: April 2007

The pattern of basement membrane deposition was investigated in benign and malignant choroid plexus tumours using an immunocytochemical method to detect laminin, an intrinsic basement membrane component. The results were compared with intracranial ependymomas and myxopapillary ependymomas of the filum terminale. Expression of the intermediate filaments cytokeratin and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and the epithelial marker carcino‐embroyonic antigen (CEA) was also assessed. Laminin was detected in a subepithelial location in all the choroid plexus tumours but in none of the ependymomas, although basement membrane fragmentation was seen in the choroid plexus carcinomas. In contrast. GFAP was present in all the types of tumour examined. Cytokeratin (as detected by CAM 5.2) was present in all the choroid plexus lesions and also in the ependymomas arising in the spinal canal. CEA was not detected. We conclude that immunostaining for laminin assists distinction between choroid plexus tumors and papillary ependymomas and between benign and malignant choroid plexus tumours.
Malignant mixed Müllerian tumour of the fallopian tube
Authors: DIJK C.M. VAN , KOOIJMAN C.D. , VAN LINDERT A.C.M.
Published: April 2007

We report two cases of primary heterologous malignant mixed Müllerian tumour of the Fallopian tube. One of these was bilateral, a finding which, as far as we know, has not been reported before.
Reporting cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia (CIN): Intra‐ and interpathologist variation and factors associated with disagreement
Authors: ISMAIL S.M. , COLCLOUGH A.B. , DINNEN J.S. , EAKINS D. , EVANS D.M.D. , GRADWELL E. , O'SULLIVAN J.P. , SUMMERELL J.M. , NEWCOMBE R.
Published: April 2007

Eight histopathologists, based at different hospitals, who had previously examined 100 consecutive colposcopic cervical biopsies were circulated with the results of the initial study. The slides were then ‘reblinded’ and re‐examined by the pathologists who, as before, assigned them into one of six diagnostic categories. The degree of Interpathologist agreement for the seven observers who returned usable responses was characterized by kappa statistics and compared to the corresponding figures for the same observers from the previous study. Although some of the observers showed significant alterations in their diagnostic practices there was persistent poor agreement for CIN 1 and 2, mediocre agreement for CIN 3 and excellent agreement for invasive carcinoma. Intra‐observer agreement was consistently better than inter‐observer agreement for each of the diagnostic categories. Significant differences were found among observers in the degree of intra‐observer variability. The 20 cases in which there was most disagreement were re‐examined by one of the authors who compared these with 20 biopsies which caused little disagreement. Disagreement was considered to be associated with florid papilloma‐virus changes, basal cell hyperplasia and severe inflammation in varying combinations. On the basis of these findings we suggest changes in the terminology of CIN lesions.
Immunohistology is valuable in distinguishing between Paget's disease, Bowen's disease and superficial spreading malignant melanoma
Authors: REED W. , OPPEDAL B.R. , LARSEN T. EEG
Published: April 2007

Thirty‐nine lesions, originally diagnosed as Paget's disease (19), superficial spreading melanoma (13) or Bowen's disease (7), were reviewed. Supplementary immunohistochemistry on routine processed tissue, using antibodies to cytokeratins (PKK1 and M717) and to S‐100 protein, was carried out. Two of the lesions, originally classified as Bowen's disease and superficial spreading type malignant melanoma respectively, were reclassified as Paget's disease based on the immunohisto‐chemical findings. Both lesions contained pagetoid cells positive with PKK1. The results indicate that immunohistochemistry may sometimes be valuable in establishing the correct diagnosis in such lesions.
Ossifying malignant Leydig (interstitial) cell tumour of the testis
Authors: BALSITIS M. , SOKAL M.
Published: April 2007

An ossifying malignant Leydig cell tumour of the testis in a patient with associated gynaecomastia is presented. The criteria for diagnosing malignancy in these tumours are briefly discussed. After left orchidectomy he received cyclical chemotherapy consisting of bleomycin, etoposide and cis‐platinum. At three months the gynaecomastia and pulmonary lesions have regressed and serum oestrogen has gradually fallen to 228 i.u./l.
Lichen planus pemphigoides
Authors: WILLSTEED E. , BHOGAL B.S. , DAS A.K. , WOJNAROWSKA F. , BLACK M.M. , MCKEE P.H.
Published: April 2007

Lichen planus pemphigoides is a rare condition characterized by blisters arising on normal or erythematous skin in a patient with concurrent lichen planus. It must be distinguished from bullous lichen planus, in which, as a consequence of severe basal cell hydropic degeneration, blisters arise within lichenoid papules or plaques. We present a clinicopathological study of nine cases of lichen planus pemphigoides, and report histological, immunofluorescent, ultrastructural and immuno‐electronmicroscopical observations. We distinguish lichen planus pemphigoides from bullous lichen planus and consider the differential diagnosis. We propose that lichen planus pemphigoides does not represent a homogeneous condition: it may represent a number of bullous dermatoses that develop as a consequence of exposure of different basement membrane antigens following severe damage to the epidermal basement membrane as part of the lichenoid inflammatory process.
Lethal arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
Authors: QUINN C.M. , WIGGLESWORTH J.S. , HECKMATT J.
Published: April 2007

Twenty‐one cases of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, which had resulted in death soon after birth or had been aborted following prenatal diagnosis, were studied. Histochemical and histological study of muscle indicated that 11 cases were of myogenic origin, including congenital muscular dystrophy in 10 cases from six families and nemaline rod myopathy in one. Neurogenic causation was established in five cases, including three with intra‐uterine anoxicischaemic damage and two siblings with a severe form of cerebro‐ocular‐facio‐skeletal syndrome. Causation remained uncertain in five. Unusual features included atrophy or amyoplasia of the diaphragm associated with lung hypoplasia in 10 cases and evidence of birth trauma in seven cases. One pair of siblings had subcutaneous tissue of doughy consistency and another pair had bladder hypertrophy. Familial recurrence was seen most often in cases with evidence of myogenic origin. We consider that neuropathology and muscle histochemistry are essential aids in determining the risks of recurrence in this group of lethal conditions which defy analysis by syndrome recognition techniques.
Dystrophic amyloidosis
Authors: LOOI L.M.
Published: April 2007

Seventeen consecutive patients with dystrophic amyloidosis are reported here (eight Chinese, three Indian, three Iban, two Malay and one Caucasian). Ten were females and seven males, with ages ranging from 12 to 80 years (mean of 48 years). Five instances of dystrophic amyloidosis occurred in areas of tissue damage in the cardiovascular system, including fibrotic cardiac valves and an atheromatous plaque. Three occurred in osteoarthritic joint tissue. Of note were three occurrences in endometriotic cyst walls, four in the fibrotic walls of epidermal cysts, one in a hernial sac and one at the edge of a skin ulcer. All deposits were congophilic and exhibited green‐birefringence and permanganate‐resistance. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal reactivity for AA protein or immunoglobulin λ or κ light‐chains. AP protein was detected in 35% of cases.

Our results show that, besides the usual sites of osteoarthritic joints and damaged heart valves, dystrophic amyloidosis can complicate other areas of chronic tissue damage and fibrosis such as walls of cysts and ulcers. While the pathogenesis and biochemical nature remain unresolved, immunohistochemistry indicates that neither AA nor AL proteins are present in the deposits, and suggests that a different amyloid protein is involved.
Abnormalities of differentiation and maturation in the oesophageal squamous epithelium of patients with tylosis: morphological features
Authors: ASHWORTH M.T. , NASH J.R.G. , ELLIS A. , DAY D.W.
Published: April 2007

Tylosis is an autosomal dominant inherited defect of keratinization, associated in two Liverpool families with a high risk of eveloping oesophageal squamous carcinoma. In 29 individuals, followed by regular endoscopy and biopsy, we have noted several morphological abnormalities of the epithelium in this pre‐cancerous condition. A control group of 43 non‐tylotic patients with normal oesophageal histology and a further 26 patients with acute oesophagitis was used for comparison. Recognizable dysplasia was confined to the older age range in the tylotic group and was present in four patients. Almost half of the patients showed acute inflammation. Abnormalities of maturation were common, the most frequent being the presence of prominent basophilic inclusions and clear cell acanthosis, with parakeratosis and frank surface keratinization present in smaller numbers. There was, however, no statistically significant difference between the tylotic and inflamed control groups for any of these features. The only feature to show a significant difference between these groups was the presence of individual cell keratinization. The results suggest that in the oesophageal epithelium of the patients with tylosis, inflammation is the predominant abnormality, together with individual cell keratinization, and that these lesions appear in a much younger age group than dysplasia.