bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
My life with the Red Queen in fishery genetics
Authors: Stewart Grant W
Published: May 2021

I had the privilege of being a part of fishery genetics from its start in the 1970s,  when protein electrophoresis was first used to identify stocks of commercially important fishes and shellfishes. Research questions in fishery genetics have evolved tremendously over the past few decades, as new molecular techniques changed the nature of the questions that could be posed. The development of new DNA methods spurred the development of new theoretical models, new statistical methods and an unending stream of computer programs. These developments have led to conceptual shifts in the understanding of natural populations and how to manage them. Twists and turns in the history of fishery genetics parallel the story of the Red Queen in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass. I have had to “run in place” during my career to learn new techniques and ideas that, in turn, have been replaced with yet newer ones. However, my personal challenge throughout my career has been to develop “scientific intuition” to find underlying causes in datasets. Even though we now have the ability to sequence entire genomes, it is premature to announce the “end of history” for technical and conceptual advances in fishery genetics.
(Non)exotic Completions of the Group Algebras of Isotropy Groups
Authors: Christensen Johannes , Neshveyev Sergey
Published: May 2021

Motivated by the problem of characterizing KMS states on the reduced C$^*$-algebras of étale groupoids, we show that the reduced norm on these algebras induces a C$^*$-norm on the group algebras of the isotropy groups. This C$^*$-norm coincides with the reduced norm for the transformation groupoids, but, as follows from examples of Higson–Lafforgue–Skandalis, it can be exotic already for groupoids of germs associated with group actions. We show that the norm is still the reduced one for some classes of graded groupoids, in particular, for the groupoids associated with partial actions of groups and the semidirect products of exact groups and groupoids with amenable isotropy groups.
Model-based Engineering of Feedforward Usability Function for GUI Widgets
Authors: Navarre David , Palanque Philippe , Coppers Sven , Luyten Kris , Vanacken Davy
Published: May 2021

Feedback and feedforward are two fundamental mechanisms that support users’ activities while interacting with computing devices. While feedback can be easily solved by providing information to the users following the triggering of an action, feedforward is much more complex as it must provide information before an action is performed. For interactive applications where making a mistake has more impact than just reduced user comfort, correct feedforward is an essential step toward correctly informed, and thus safe, usage. Our approach, Fortunettes, is a generic mechanism providing a systematic way of designing feedforward addressing both action and presentation problems. Including a feedforward mechanism significantly increases the complexity of the interactive application hardening developers’ tasks to detect and correct defects. We build upon an existing formal notation based on Petri Nets for describing the behavior of interactive applications and present an approach that allows for adding correct and consistent feedforward.
Precision dosing of vancomycin: in defence of AUC-guided therapy in children
Authors: Murphy Mark E , Tang Girdwood Sonya , Goldman Jennifer L , Scheetz Marc H , Downes Kevin J
Published: May 2021

In 2020, new vancomycin guidelines were released, recommending the transition from trough-based to AUC24 monitoring for adult and paediatric patients. Given the resources required to achieve this transition, there has been debate about the costs and benefits of AUC24-based monitoring. A recent narrative review of vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring in paediatrics claims to have uncovered the methodological weaknesses of the data that informed the guidelines and advises against premature adoption of AUC24-guided monitoring. In this article, we present supporting arguments for AUC24-guided monitoring in children, which include that: (i) troughs alone are inadequate surrogates for AUC24; (ii) vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity has significant consequences that warrant optimization of dosing; (iii) a substantial portion of children receiving vancomycin are at high risk for poor outcomes and deserve targeted monitoring; and (iv) limited efficacy data in support of AUC24 is not a justification to revert to a less supported monitoring approach.
Short-term patient-reported outcomes following concomitant hip arthroscopy and the endoscopic modified shelf procedure for the treatment of acetabular dysplasia and intra-articular pathology
Authors: Maldonado David R , Owens Jade S , Ouyang Vivian W , Saks Benjamin R , Jimenez Andrew E , Glein Rachel M , Lall Ajay C , Domb Benjamin G
Published: May 2021

The shelf procedure is a treatment of acetabular dysplasia, with the aim of increasing weight-bearing acetabular coverage. Although several shelf techniques have been described, the endoscopic procedure with concomitant hip arthroscopy is a new, less invasive alternative. Outcomes following this procedure are scarce. The purpose of this study was to report short-term patient-reported outcomes (PROs) following concomitant hip arthroscopy and endoscopic modified shelf procedure in the setting of acetabular dysplasia and labral tears. Patients that met extraordinarily selective surgical indications and underwent the abovementioned surgery between February 2016 and October 2019 and had minimum 1-year follow-up were included. There were five females with a mean age of 40.18 ± 5.05 years and follow-up of 21.55 ± 8.68 months. The lateral center-edge angle increased from 15.80° to 23.20° (P = 0.003), and vertical center-edge angle increased from 16.60° to 23.60° (P < 0.001). The Tönnis angle decreased from 15.40° to 3.74° (P < 0.001). The alpha angle decreased from 58.46° to 40.70° (P < 0.001). PROs demonstrated significant improvement at latest follow-up (modified Harris Hip Score, P = 0.042; Non-Arthritic Hip Score, P < 0.001; Hip Outcome Score–Sports Specific Subscale, P = 0.035; Visual Analog Scale, P < 0.001; International Hip Outcome Tool-12, P = 0.043), and satisfaction was 8.60 ± 0.89. No secondary surgeries were reported. Concomitant hip arthroscopy and endoscopic modified shelf procedure appears to be a safe and effective procedure for patients with acetabular dysplasia and labral tears yielding favorable outcomes and satisfaction at short-term follow-up.
Bony landmarks, distances and their correlations to each other, which can be used during periacetabular osteotomy: a CT study performed on dysplastic hips
Authors: Hapa Onur , Gürsan Onur , Eroğlu Osman Nuri , Özgül Hakan , Akdoğan Efe Kemal , Zhamilov Vadym , Balcı Ali , Havitçioğlu Hasan
Published: May 2021

As a surgical technique for hip dysplasia, Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) still poses technical difficulties and unclear surgical steps like the depth of the first ‘ischial’ cut, the start of the iliac cut and the width of the retroacetabular cut to prevent either iatrogenic joint entrance or posterior column fracture. Twenty-seven dysplastic hips (CE < 25°) were randomly matched with nondysplastic hips (n: 27, CE > 25°). 3D CT sections of the hips were evaluated and the width of the ischium, the distance from the infra-acetabular groove to the ischial spine, from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the joint or sciatic notch or the sciatic spine, from the most medial point at the acetabulum to the posterior column, ischial spine or sciatic notch were measured for each group and correlated. The distances (mm) from the infra-acetabular groove to the ischial spine (42 ± 4, 44 ± 4, P: 0.03), the anterior superior iliac spine to the joint (52 ± 6, 60 ± 3, P: 0.03), the most medial point at the acetabulum to the posterior column (34 ± 2, 36 ± 2, P: 0.005) were shorter in the dysplastic group. The distance from the ASIS to the sciatic notch was correlated with the distance from the infra-acetabular groove to the ischial spine, from the ASIS to the joint and the most medial point at the acetabulum to the posterior column. The distance from the ASIS to the sciatic notch can be used intraoperatively to guess the X-ray guided or blindly osteotomized stages to predict the width or depth of the osteotomy to prevent intraarticular extension or posterior column fracture.
Legal, ethical, and wider implications of suicide risk detection systems in social media platforms
Authors: Celedonia Karen L , Corrales Compagnucci Marcelo , Minssen Timo , Lowery Wilson Michael
Published: May 2021

Suicide remains a problem of public health importance worldwide. Cognizant of the emerging links between social media use and suicide, social media platforms, such as Facebook, have developed automated algorithms to detect suicidal behavior. While seemingly a well-intentioned adjunct to public health, there are several ethical and legal concerns to this approach. For example, the role of consent to use individual data in this manner has only been given cursory attention. Social media users may not even be aware that their social media posts, movements, and Internet searches are being analyzed by non-health professionals, who have the decision-making ability to involve law enforcement upon suspicion of potential self-harm. Failure to obtain such consent presents privacy risks and can lead to exposure and wider potential harms. We argue that Facebook’s practices in this area should be subject to well-established protocols. 1 These should resemble those utilized in the field of human subjects research, which upholds standardized, agreed-upon, and well-recognized ethical practices based on generations of precedent. Prior to collecting sensitive data from social media users, an ethical review process should be carried out. The fiduciary framework seems to resonate with the emergent roles and obligations of social media platforms to accept more responsibility for the content being shared.
Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitors or Tamoxifen Following Chemotherapy for Perimenopausal Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Dackus Gwen M H E , Jóźwiak Katarzyna , Sonke Gabe S , van der Wall Elsken , van Diest Paul J , Siesling Sabine , Hauptmann Michael , Linn Sabine C
Published: May 2021

Background

The benefit of adjuvant aromatase inhibitors (AI) vs tamoxifen has been investigated in randomized clinical trials for premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with early, estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer. The optimal endocrine treatment for chemotherapy-treated perimenopausal women, who generally develop chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea, is uncertain.

Methods

All Dutch women who received adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine treatment for stage I-III, ER+ (>10% positive cells), invasive breast cancer diagnosed between 2004 and 2007 were identified through the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Included women were considered perimenopausal based on an age at diagnosis of 45 to 50 years (n = 2295). For each patient, AI treatment duration relative to total endocrine treatment duration was calculated. Predominantly tamoxifen-treated patients (AI < 25%) were compared with those receiving AI and tamoxifen for a similar duration (AI 25%-75%) and those mostly using AI (AI > 75%). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival were calculated using time-dependent Cox regression.

Results

After an average follow-up of 7.6 years, 377 RFS events occurred. Women mostly receiving AI (AI > 75%) had the best RFS (adjusted HR = 0.63, 95% confidence interval = 0.46 to 0.86) followed by those receiving AI 25% to 75% (adjusted HR = 0.85, 95% confidence interval = 0.65 to 1.12) compared with predominantly tamoxifen-treated women. Trend analyses showed that every 10% increase in AI-endocrine treatment ratio reduced RFS event risk by 5% (2-sided Ptrend = .002). In total, 236 deaths occurred; hazard ratios for overall survival showed similar trends.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the best adjuvant endocrine treatment for chemotherapy-treated, ER+ breast cancer patients diagnosed aged 45-50 years consists of mainly AI followed by a switch strategy and mainly tamoxifen.
Single-cell analysis of cell identity in the Arabidopsis root apical meristem: insights and opportunities
Authors: Shahan Rachel , Nolan Trevor M , Benfey Philip N
Published: May 2021

A fundamental question in developmental biology is how the progeny of stem cells become differentiated tissues. The Arabidopsis root is a tractable model to address this question due to its simple organization and defined cell lineages. In particular, the zone of dividing cells at the root tip—the root apical meristem—presents an opportunity to map the gene regulatory networks underlying stem cell niche maintenance, tissue patterning, and cell identity acquisition. To identify molecular regulators of these processes, studies over the last 20 years employed global profiling of gene expression patterns. However, these technologies are prone to information loss due to averaging gene expression signatures over multiple cell types and/or developmental stages. Recently developed high-throughput methods to profile gene expression at single-cell resolution have been successfully applied to plants. Here, we review insights from the first published single-cell mRNA sequencing and chromatin accessibility datasets generated from Arabidopsis roots. These studies successfully reconstruct developmental trajectories, phenotype cell identity mutants at unprecedented resolution, and reveal cell type-specific responses to environmental stimuli. The experimental insight gained from Arabidopsis paves the way to profile roots from additional species.
Transaction Reporting
Authors: Hanif Saima
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains “transaction reporting” as the process by which detailed information about a transaction is submitted to the appropriate regulatory body. It draws attention to the European transaction reporting requirements, particularly Article 20 of the Investment Services Directive, that can be traced to 1993. It also discusses the significant expansion of the pan—European harmonised approach to transaction reporting in 2008, following the introduction of new measures to address weaknesses and close loopholes caused by the financial market crisis. This chapter outlines how transaction reporting provides the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK with a representation of the transaction that informs the competent authority about all the relevant circumstances under which the transaction took place. It describes how transaction reporting is operationally and conceptually distinct from “trade reporting” that is more concerned with the price formation.
UK Derivatives and Commodities Markets
Authors: Dwyer Emma
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the markets for the trading of derivatives and commodities in the UK, which form an important part of the financial services industry of the City of London. This chapter describes the precursors of the types of trading activities that were conducted historically in the City of London and have spread to neighbouring areas of west, central, and east London for the past forty years. It also emphasizes the growth of electronic trading platforms and the rapid growth of technology that diffuses trading activities geographically. This chapter addresses the question as to whether it makes sense to continuously speak of “UK” derivatives and commodities markets, as opposed to European or international markets. It talks about over—the—counter (OTC) trades executed in the UK that often involve at least one party operating from a location outside the UK.
UK Payment Systems
Authors: Rogers Jonathan
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the main provisions of the Banking Act and the 2013 Act, as well as the actions taken by the regulators under these Acts in the present time and in future developments. It discusses payments systems as an essential part of any modern financial market economy that enables the fast and efficient processing of transactions. It also describes the increase in the turnover of payment systems and digitization of the UK economy that made financial institutions and regulators recognize the central importance of payment systems in supporting a technologically enabled global economy. This chapter talks about regulators that are focused both on real time supervision and the modernization and development of the UK's payment systems. It mentions CREST as one of the eight payment systems that are currently recognised by the Treasury.
UK Settlement
Authors: Yates Madeleine
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of certain aspects of major settlement systems and clearing systems in the UK. It focuses on CREST, a UK electronic settlement system that is operated by Euroclear UK & Ireland Limited (EUI) in London. It also recounts how CREST became part of the Euroclear group in September 2002, when it merged with Euroclear Bank SA/NV and became its wholly owned subsidiary. This chapter draws attention to LCH Limited, a private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales and was formerly called the London Clearing House Limited. It describes how LCH provides CCP clearing services in respect of trades on a wide range of exchanges, trading platforms, and OTC markets.
Impact on Regulation of Financial Markets
Authors: Treleaven Philip , Sfeir-Tait Sally
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the impact of fintech and regtech from a macro perspective. It demonstrates the depth of the changes and importance to consider in all the elements that are converging to create a new reality and a new economy. It also adopts the meaning of the term “fintech” as published by the Bank of International Settlements and the Financial Stability Board, which means “technology—enabled innovation in financial services”. This chapter describes the impact of fintech on financial services regulation. It provides a macro analysis on fintech solutions that are tested or implemented in financial services as they are directly applicable to stock markets and exchanges.
Islamic Capital Markets
Authors: Casey Peter
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Islamic finance, which refers to financial activities conducted through a variety of financial contracts that comply with Shar?ah rules and principles as derived from primary and secondary sources. It explains the primary sources are the Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims, and the Sunnah, the way of life prescribed as normative in Islam. It also mentions the secondary sources, which refer to the conclusions of legal reasoning by approved techniques and competent scholars. This chapter discusses modern Islamic finance, which can be seen as a product of the end of the colonial era. It notes that the first Islamic bank, a savings association, was established in Egypt in 1961 and the first modern commercial Islamic bank, Dubai Islamic Bank, was established in the United Arab Emirates in 1975.
The Story of Party Autonomy
Authors: Symeonides Symeon C
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the principle of party autonomy. The term ‘party autonomy’ as used in this book is a shorthand expression for the notion that parties to a multistate contract should be allowed, within certain parameters and limitations, to agree in advance on which law will govern the contract. This notion is now considered a universal principle of private international law (PIL) or conflicts law. In 2015, the year in which the Hague Conference on Private International Law adopted the Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts, only eleven of the 161 countries surveyed did not adhere to this principle. It has been characterized as ‘perhaps the most widely accepted private international rule of our time’, a ‘fundamental right’, and an ‘irresistible’ principle that belongs to ‘the common core’ of nearly all legal systems. Naturally, there are significant variations from one legal system to the next about not only the exact scope, modalities, parameters, and limitations of this principle, but also about its theoretical source and justification. The chapter then traces the historical origins and subsequent evolution of the basic principle.
UNIDROIT
Authors: Veneziano Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the relationship between the ‘Model Clauses for the use of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts’ and Article 3 of the Hague Principles. The Model Clauses were drafted with the aim to give parties to international commercial contracts a range of options in order to make the most appropriate use of the UNIDROIT Principles (UPICC) in accordance with their interests and the specific circumstances of the case. At the same time, their goal is also to raise awareness on the variety of possible ways the UPICC may be used as an advantageous tool in international contracting and dispute resolution. Being drafted as choice of law clauses, they fit within the scope of Article 3 of the Hague Principles. Article 3 opens the way towards a wider acceptance of internationally recognized non-national codifications, expressly allowing the choice of ‘rules of law’, irrespective of whether the dispute is solved by an arbitrator or a national court, when such rules are generally accepted on an international, supranational, or regional level as a neutral and balanced set of rules. The UPICC are expressly cited, in the commentary to Article 3, as ‘rules of law’ satisfying such requirements.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Monsenepwo Justin
Published: May 2021

This chapter highlights Congolese perspectives on the Hague Principles. It first outlines the sources of private international law for international commercial contracts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Until July of 2016, Articles 8–15 of the Decree of May 4, 1895 (Title II of the Civil Code Book I) constituted the most relevant national source of private international law. As of January of 2019, there is no plan from the Congolese authorities for the adoption of new conflict of laws provisions after the repeal of Title II of the Congolese Civil Code I. If new rules of private international law were developed and adopted, the Hague Principles could theoretically play an important part in providing the Congolese lawmakers with apt rules on choice of law in international commercial contracts. However, since most Congolese lawmakers, judges, and legal advisors do not know the Hague Principles yet, their use for the development of new statutes is practically unlikely. Hence, it is important to widely diffuse the Hague Principles in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
India
Authors: Neels Jan L
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides comments on the Hague Principles from the perspective of Indian private international law of contract. The Republic of India inherited the English common law, also in the field of private international law. Case law is the primary source of Indian private international law of contract. Rooted in the common law tradition, the courts would certainly be entitled to refer to the Hague Principles as persuasive authority in the interpretation, supplementation, and development of the rules and principles of private international law. In any event, the Hague Principles were adopted on March 19, 2015, by consensus between all Member States of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, including India, which has been a Member State since March 13, 2008. The chapter then demonstrates that the Hague Principles have real potential to assist in the interpretation, supplementation, and development of Indian private international law of contract.
South Caucasus
Authors: Kupelyants Hayk
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores South Caucasian perspectives on the Hague Principles. The rules of private international law in all three South Caucasian countries—Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan—are primarily contained in statutes: the Chapter of Private International Law in Armenia (1998) and separate statutes on Private International Law in Azerbaijan (2000) and Georgia (1998). Article 1253(1) of the Armenian Civil Code and Article 1(2) of the Azerbaijani Act provides that the courts may apply international customs in the area of private international law. In so far as the Hague Principles amount to or eventually crystallize into customary international law, the courts may give effect to the Hague Principles in that manner. Before that happens, there is nothing in the legal systems of either of the three jurisdictions preventing the courts from citing for explanatory and persuasive reasons soft law instruments, such as the Hague Principles. That said, stylistically the judgments of the South Caucasian jurisdictions are often drafted in a very concise and skeletal manner. Soft law instruments and commentary might influence the reasoning of the judges, but they would rarely refer to them in the text of the judgment.
Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Hua-Kai
Published: May 2021

This chapter highlights Taiwanese perspectives on the Hague Principles. The Act Governing the Choice of Law in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements is the primary source of choice of law rules in Taiwan’s private international law (Taiwanese PIL Act). Party autonomy is set up as a prioritized connecting factor for the choice of law rules on contracts under the Taiwanese PIL Act. Due to the fact that Taiwan is not a Member State to most of the international organizations such as the Hague Conference on Private International Law, the source of Taiwan’s private international law is mainly domestic law. Being a non-binding instrument, the Hague Principles can be taken into consideration in Taiwan as an informal source of choice of law rules on contracts. However, the Hague Principles do not provide for rules determining the applicable law in the absence of the parties’ choice. Article 20 of the Taiwanese PIL Act is, in this respect, more comprehensive. Nonetheless, the Hague Principles may be used to interpret, supplement, and further develop rules only to Article 20(1) concerning party autonomy and the limitation on that autonomy such as public policy.
European Union
Authors: Graziano Thomas Kadner , Garcimartín Francisco , Van Calster Geert
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates European Union perspectives on the Hague Principles. The Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations is the most important instrument for determining the law governing international commercial contracts in the EU. It is a legislative act of the European Union and directly applies in all Member States of the European Union except for Denmark. For many issues, the Rome I Regulation is in conformity with the Hague Principles. Where the Hague Principles cover issues that have not yet been explicitly addressed by the Rome I Regulation, such as choice of law clauses in standard forms in Article 6(1)(b) of the Hague Principles, the European legislator may very well take the Hague Principles into consideration when amending the Regulation. In fact, the European legislator regularly takes inspiration from international and foreign law when legislating, amending the law, or covering new issues. In academic commentary, it has been suggested that the next revision of the Rome I Regulation shall, for certain issues, indeed take inspiration from the Hague Principles.
Switzerland
Authors: Graziano Thomas Kadner , Meyle Hannes
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes Swiss perspectives on the Hague Principles. Switzerland is a Contracting State to the Hague Convention of 15 June 1955 on the Law Applicable to International Sale of Goods. For contracts other than commercial sales, the applicable law is determined by the Swiss Federal Act on Private International Law (PILA). It covers jurisdiction, international civil procedure, applicable law, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The Swiss PILA therefore constitutes an all-inclusive, comprehensive codification of private international law. For many issues, the rules contained with the PILA are already in conformity with those in the Hague Principles. Where the Hague Principles cover issues that have not yet been explicitly addressed by the PILA, such as choice of non-State rules in Article 3 of the Hague Principles, or conflicting choice of law clauses in standard forms in Article 6(1)(b) of the Hague Principles, the legislator may very well take the Hague Principles into consideration when amending the PILA. In fact, the Swiss legislator regularly takes inspiration from international and foreign law when amending the law or covering new issues.
Organization of American States
Authors: Rodríguez José Antonio Moreno
Published: May 2021

This chapter reflects on the relationship between the Guide of the Organization of American States on the Applicable Law to International Commercial Contracts (OAS Guide) and the Hague Principles. The OAS Guide has several objectives. It proposes a current statement of the law applicable to international commercial contracts for the Americas as based on the fundamental principles of the Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts, commonly known as the ‘Mexico Convention’, and with the incorporation of subsequent developments in the field to date, particularly as codified in the Hague Principles. The Guide also seeks to support efforts by OAS Member States to modernize their domestic laws on international commercial contracts in accordance with international standards. It further provides assistance to contracting parties in the Americas and their counsel in drafting and interpreting international commercial contracts; and serves as guidance to judges and arbitrators, who may find the Guide useful both to interpret and supplement domestic laws, particularly on matters in international commercial contracts that are not addressed in such laws.
Dualities and algebraic geometry of Baire functions in non-classical logic
Authors: Di Nola Antonio , Lapenta Serafina , Lenzi Giacomo
Published: May 2021

In this paper we aim at completing the study of $\sigma $-complete Riesz MV-algebras that started in Di Nola et al. (2018, J. Logic Comput., 28, 1275–1292). To do so, we discuss polynomials, algebraic geometry and dualities in the infinitary variety of such algebras. In particular, we characterize the free objects as algebras of Baire-measurable functions and we generalize two dualities, namely the Marra–Spada duality and the Gelfand duality, obtaining a duality with basically disconnected compact Hausdorff spaces and an equivalence with Rickart $C^*$-algebras.
Relations between the asteroseismic indices and stellar parameters of δ Scuti stars for two years of TESS mission
Authors: Hasanzadeh A , Safari H , Ghasemi H
Published: May 2021

We investigate the relationship between the asteroseismic indices and the physical quantities of 438 δ Scuti (DSCT) stars observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission at 26 sectors. We study the scaling relations of stellar parameters (effective temperature, surface gravity, density, etc.) and asteroseismic indices such as fundamental frequency, large frequency separation (Δν), frequency of the highest peak in the spectrum, and the peak of the envelope of oscillation mode (νmax) for DSCT targets. Using an empirical relation and a 2D autocorrelation method, we determine the large frequency separation for targets. We obtain a highly positive correlation between the fundamental radial pressure mode and the large separation for one-third of targets. We find a scaling relation between the large separation and νmax as $\Delta \nu =0.49\nu _{\rm max}^{0.68}$, which is similar to that of the solar-like and red giant stars. We show a strong positive correlation between the effective temperature and νmax (Pearson correlation R = 0.65). We also obtain a very strong positive correlation (R = 0.86) between the effective temperature multiplying by the surface gravity and νmax.
Particle acceleration in shearing flows: the case for large-scale jets
Authors: Wang Jie-Shuang , Reville Brian , Liu Ruo-Yu , Rieger Frank M , Aharonian Felix A
Published: May 2021

X-ray observations of kiloparsec-scale jets indicate that a synchrotron origin of the sustained non-thermal emission is likely. This requires distributed acceleration of electrons up to near PeV energies along the jet. The underlying acceleration mechanism is still unclear. Shear acceleration is a promising candidate, as velocity-shear stratification is a natural consequence of the collimated flow of a jet. We study the details of shear acceleration by solving the steady-state Fokker–Planck-type equation and provide a simple general solution for trans-relativistic jets for a range of magnetohydrodynamic turbulent power-law spectra. In general, the accelerated particle population is a power-law spectrum with an exponential-like cut-off, where the power-law index is determined by the turbulence spectrum and the balance of escape and acceleration of particles. Adopting a simple linearly decreasing velocity profile in the boundary of large-scale jets, we find that the multiwavelength spectral energy distribution of X-ray jets, such as Centaurus A and 3C 273, can be reproduced with electrons that are accelerated up to ∼PeV. In kpc-scale jets, protons may be accelerated up to ∼EeV, supporting the hypothesis that large-scale jets are strong candidates for ultra-high-energy-cosmic ray sources within the framework of shear acceleration.
The mass budget for intermediate-mass black holes in dense star clusters
Authors: Shi Yanlong , Grudić Michael Y , Hopkins Philip F
Published: May 2021

Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) could form via runaway merging of massive stars in a young massive star cluster (YMC). We combine a suite of numerical simulations of YMC formation with a semi-analytic model for dynamical friction and merging of massive stars and evolution of a central quasi-star, to predict how final quasi-star and relic IMBH masses scale with cluster properties (and compare with observations). The simulations argue that inner YMC density profiles at formation are steep (approaching isothermal), producing some efficient merging even in clusters with relatively low effective densities, unlike models that assume flat central profiles resembling those of globular clusters after central relaxation. Our results can be approximated by simple analytic scalings, with $M_{\rm IMBH} \propto v_{\rm cl}^{3/2}$ where $v_{\rm cl}^{2} = G\, M_{\rm cl}/r_{\rm h}$ is the circular velocity in terms of initial cluster mass Mcl and half-mass radius rh. While this suggests IMBH formation is possible even in typical clusters, we show that predicted IMBH masses for these systems are small, $\sim \! 100-1000\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ or $\sim \! 0.0003\, M_{\rm cl}$, below even the most conservative observational upper limits in all known cases. The IMBH mass could reach $\gtrsim 10^{4}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ in the centres nuclear star clusters, ultra-compact dwarfs, or compact ellipticals, but in all these cases the prediction remains far below the present observed supermassive BH masses in these systems.
A Bivalve Biomineralization Toolbox
Authors: Yarra Tejaswi , Blaxter Mark , Clark Melody S
Published: May 2021

Mollusc shells are a result of the deposition of crystalline and amorphous calcite catalyzed by enzymes and shell matrix proteins (SMP). Developing a detailed understanding of bivalve mollusc biomineralization pathways is complicated not only by the multiplicity of shell forms and microstructures in this class, but also by the evolution of associated proteins by domain co-option and domain shuffling. In spite of this, a minimal biomineralization toolbox comprising proteins and protein domains critical for shell production across species has been identified. Using a matched pair design to reduce experimental noise from inter-individual variation, combined with damage-repair experiments and a database of biomineralization SMPs derived from published works, proteins were identified that are likely to be involved in shell calcification. Eighteen new, shared proteins likely to be involved in the processes related to the calcification of shells were identified by the analysis of genes expressed during repair in Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, and Pecten maximus. Genes involved in ion transport were also identified as potentially involved in calcification either via the maintenance of cell acid–base balance or transport of critical ions to the extrapallial space, the site of shell assembly. These data expand the number of candidate biomineralization proteins in bivalve molluscs for future functional studies and define a minimal functional protein domain set required to produce solid microstructures from soluble calcium carbonate. This is important for understanding molluscan shell evolution, the likely impacts of environmental change on biomineralization processes, materials science, and biomimicry research.
Pt-ttpy, a G-quadruplex binding platinum complex, induces telomere dysfunction and G-rich regions DNA damage
Authors: Ali Samar , Lombardi Emilia Puig , Ghosh Deepanjan , Jia Tao , Vitry Géraldine , Saker Lina , Poupon Joël , Teulade-Fichou Marie-Paule , Nicolas Alain , Londono-Vallejo Arturo , Bombard Sophie
Published: May 2021

Pt-ttpy (tolyl terpyridin-Pt complex) covalently binds to G-quadruplex (G4) structures in vitro and to telomeres in cellulo via its Pt moiety. Here, we identified its targets in the human genome, in comparison to Pt-tpy, its derivative without G4 affinity, and cisplatin. Pt-ttpy, but not Pt-tpy, induces the release of the shelterin protein TRF2 from telomeres concomitantly to the formation of DNA damage foci at telomeres but also at other chromosomal locations. γ-H2AX chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) after treatment with Pt-ttpy or cisplatin revealed accumulation in G- and A-rich tandemly repeated sequences, but not particularly in potential G4 forming sequences. Collectively, Pt-ttpy presents dual targeting efficiency on DNA, by inducing telomere dysfunction and genomic DNA damage at specific loci.
MTR3D: identifying regions within protein tertiary structures under purifying selection
Authors: Silk Michael , Pires Douglas E V , Rodrigues Carlos H M , D’Souza Elston N , Olshansky Moshe , Thorne Natalie , Ascher David B
Published: May 2021

The identification of disease-causal variants is non-trivial. By mapping population variation from over 448,000 exome and genome sequences to over 81,000 experimental structures and homology models of the human proteome, we have calculated both regional intolerance to missense variation (Missense Tolerance Ratio, MTR), using a sliding window of 21–41 codons, and introduce a new 3D spatial intolerance to missense variation score (3D Missense Tolerance Ratio, MTR3D), using spheres of 5–8 Å. We show that the MTR3D is less biased by regions with limited data and more accurately identifies regions under purifying selection than estimates relying on the sequence alone. Intolerant regions were highly enriched for both ClinVar pathogenic and COSMIC somatic missense variants (Mann–Whitney U test P < 2.2 × 10−16). Further, we combine sequence- and spatial-based scores to generate a consensus score, MTRX, which distinguishes pathogenic from benign variants more accurately than either score separately (AUC = 0.85). The MTR3D server enables easy visualisation of population variation, MTR, MTR3D and MTRX scores across the entire gene and protein structure for >17,000 human genes and >42,000 alternative alternate transcripts, including both Ensembl and RefSeq transcripts. MTR3D is freely available by user-friendly web-interface and API at http://biosig.unimelb.edu.au/mtr3d/.
Cell type hierarchy reconstruction via reconciliation of multi-resolution cluster tree
Authors: Peng Minshi , Wamsley Brie , Elkins Andrew G , Geschwind Daniel H , Wei Yuting , Roeder Kathryn
Published: May 2021

A wealth of clustering algorithms are available for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to enable the identification of functionally distinct subpopulations that each possess a different pattern of gene expression activity. Implementation of these methods requires a choice of resolution parameter to determine the number of clusters, and critical judgment from the researchers is required to determine the desired resolution. This supervised process takes significant time and effort. Moreover, it can be difficult to compare and characterize the evolution of cell clusters from results obtained at one single resolution. To overcome these challenges, we built Multi-resolution Reconciled Tree (MRtree), a highly flexible tree-construction algorithm that generates a cluster hierarchy from flat clustering results attained for a range of resolutions. Because MRtree can be coupled with most scRNA-seq clustering algorithms, it inherits the robustness and versatility of a flat clustering approach, while maintaining the hierarchical structure of cells. The constructed trees from multiple scRNA-seq datasets effectively reflect the extent of transcriptional distinctions among cell groups and align well with levels of functional specializations among cells. Importantly, application to fetal brain cells identified subtypes of cells determined mainly by maturation states, spatial location and terminal specification.
Ideal and Technical Filters
Authors: Kromhout Melle Jan
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 shows how the logic of noise reduction is anchored in historical discourses on sound and technology, taking a closer look at the development, from the early nineteenth century onward, of some of the most important concepts in physical acoustics and sound engineering. First, it discusses two uncertainty principles fundamental to information theory and communication engineering, which entail compromises that limit the accuracy of any reproduction. Second, it focuses on the mathematical principles of Fourier analysis, which gave rise to the now-familiar representation of sound in terms of a “spectrum” of singular frequencies or “sine waves.” The chapter thereby explores the difference between a timeless, mathematical plane of the ideal filter in which clear, noiseless reproduction always seems possible, and a physical domain of technical filters in which transience and noise haunt every transmission. The contrast between the two, in turn, highlights the important relation between noise and time.
The Logic of Filtering
Authors: Kromhout Melle Jan
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 introduces the logic of filtering as the conceptual framework underpinning the noise resonance of sound media. On the basis of the analysis of the noise of sound media developed in the previous chapters, it shows how this logic does away with the idea that technical media should ideally leave no trace of what occurs between sender and receiver. It thereby denounces the fallacy that the reproduction is an incomplete version of some “original.” Instead of taking the input or output of the transmission as the primary point of reference, the logic of filtering emphasizes the crucial importance of all the physical processes that happen in between. By acknowledging that the noise of sound media inherently shapes the sound of recorded music, it thereby shows how the noise resonance of sound media ultimately precipitated the emergence of a new, media technological musical sensibility: an “other music.”
Conclusion
Authors: Kromhout Melle Jan
Published: May 2021

The conclusion takes stock of the way in which the media technological sound of the “other music” makes sense to human listeners. This music, it is argued, appeals to listeners not despite but precisely because of the way in which it is shaped by the noise of sound media: by all the disturbances, distortions, and interferences added by the transmission channels through which it travels. The book therefore closes with a brief exploration of the “other music,” using the music of Venezuelan electronic musician Arca as its final example. The fluidity and openness of her noisy, unpredictable music exemplifies the continuous trade-off between control and contingency that defines the operations of technical media. It is a fitting example of the way in which the noise of sound media, produced on the basis of the logic of filtering, is key to the continuous back-and-forth, or noise resonance, between music and listener.
Introduction
Authors: Richards Rashna Wadia
Published: May 2021

The introductory chapter creates a framework for exploring how serial television has become cinematic. It traces the evolution of television, while interrogating the implications of assuming that television advances when it approximates the features of cinema. Then, it constructs the framework of intertextuality for analyzing the varied ways in which serial dramas borrow from cinema. Some series honor or deride their cinematic sources; others offer homage or resistance not only to specific films but also to the idea of cinema in general. Instead of the standard narrative about television imitating cinema’s aesthetic status, this chapter offers a methodology for investigating how serial dramas absorb and revise (primarily) American cinema. Finally, it argues that contemporary serial television exhibits an archival relationship to cinema, for cinematic moments, motifs, and contours hover around the televisual frame, constantly breaking through. How serial dramas handle such cinematic hauntings is the story that this book tells.
“You’re Nobody’s Mommy”
Authors: Richards Rashna Wadia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 focuses on televisual appropriations of broader thematic conventions. It begins with genre and its troubled relationship with intertextuality. Due to its common association with the formulaic, genre might appear to contradict the multifaceted energies of intertextuality. Far from being merely a classificatory framework, however, genre too can be seen as a theory of intersection and entanglement. This chapter carefully teases out an alternative understanding of genre as overlap. It analyzes Damages (FX, 2007–10; Audience Network, 2011–12) as a legal drama that overlaps with the puzzle film and the maternal melodrama. These overlaps, Chapter 3 concludes, also enable reflection on the looseness of genres and their unexpected kinship with intertextuality.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authors: Çidam Çiğdem
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers an innovative interpretive analysis of Rousseau’s literary and political works, highlighting how his formulation of popular sovereignty as the immediate expression of the people rests on a critique of the theater’s conspicuous artificiality. Contrary to the established reading, Rousseau’s alternative to the theater is not the public festival, which he finds unpredictable and fragile due to its performative nature. Rousseau models his conception of politics on a different form of aesthetic experience, which he develops in Pygmalion—a monodrama that depicts the encounter between a sculptor and his work of art. The Social Contract embodies this aesthetic experience whose paradigmatic example comes from plastic arts. The chapter concludes with an exploration of the antidemocratic implications of this turn to plastic arts, which resurfaces in the works of contemporary theorists who share Rousseau’s idealization of the supposed immediacy of spontaneous action and his desire to remedy its fragility and unpredictability.