bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSİKOLOJİK SERMAYE VE İŞ PERFORMANSI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE POLİTİK YETİNİN DÜZENLEYİCİ ETKİSİ
Authors: İÇERLİ Leyla , BİLEN Gül
Published: December 2022

Çalışmanın amacı, “psikolojik sermaye ve iş performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve bu ilişkide politik yetinin düzenleyici rolünü” belirlemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Aksaray ilindeki bir kamu kurumunun araştırmaya katılan 157 çalışanı oluşturmaktadır. Literatür incelendiğinde, psikolojik sermaye ve iş performansının birlikte incelendiği çalışmalara rastlansa da bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkide politik yetinin düzenleyici değişken olarak ele alındığı bir çalışmaya ise rastlanmamıştır. Araştırmanın analizlerinde SSPS 26 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, tanımlayıcı istatistikler, korelasyon ve çoklu regresyon analizleri uygulanmıştır. Düzenleyici etki analizi ise PROCESS Macro V4.1 programı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda “psikolojik sermaye ve iş performansı arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkiler” bulunmuştur. Regresyon analizi sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde; “psikolojik sermayenin iş performansı üzerinde anlamlı etkisinin olduğu” tespit edilmiştir. Psikolojik sermayenin; “öz yeterlilik, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve umut boyutların görev performansı üzerinde anlamlı etkileri” bulunmuştur. Psikolojik sermayenin “öz yeterlilik ve psikolojik dayanıklılık boyutlarının bağlamsal performans üzerinde etkisinin olduğu” belirlenmiştir. Ancak çalışmada “politik yetinin, psikolojik sermaye ve iş performansı arasındaki ilişkide düzenleyici etkisinin olmadığı” görülmüştür.
The Functional Role of Traditional Music and Dance in Xhosa Traditional Healers’ Ceremonial Rites
Authors: Izu Benjamin Obeghare , de Villiers Alethea
Published: December 2022

African societies have always used traditional music and dance to celebrate events, interface, and connect with divinity, especially during communal ceremonies. The central thesis of this paper is that traditional music and dance are transforming agents used by Xhosa traditional healers during ceremonies to gain insights into the nature of a society’s experiences and to connect with supernatural beings. This study, therefore, investigates the functional role of traditional music and dance used during Xhosa traditional healer’s ceremonies, employing direct observation, video recordings, and interviews, as well as a descriptive qualitative research design. The findings revealed that traditional music and dance provide a safe environment for divinity practices and healing. Furthermore, traditional music and dance bring traditional healers closer to their ancestors, increasing acceptance and self-discovery during ritual proceedings. Even though music and dance are vital parts of various aspects of Xhosa cultural life, they have received limited scholarly attention. This paper, therefore, provides commentary on the functional role of traditional music and dance during Xhosa traditional healer’s ceremonies and offers reflections on the functionality of traditional music and dance in contemporary Xhosa culture.

Keywords: Xhosa; traditional music and dance; traditional healers
Eğitim Sektöründe Gerçekleşen İş Kazalarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma
Authors: YILMAZ Gökhan , YILDIRIM Sait
Published: December 2022

- Günümüzde çalışma hayatının sorunsuz, güvenli ve sağlıklı yürüyebilmesi için işçi, işveren ve devlet taraflarının etkileşimli bir şekilde hareket etmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu üçlü kesimin birlikte hareket etmesi demek güvenli ve sağlıklı ortam oluşturulması ve dolayısıyla olası iş kazalarının önüne geçilebilmesi için ön koşul olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Genel iş kolu olarak düşünüldüğünde eğitim öğretim sınıfında iş kazası olasılığının az olması teorisi ilgili alanlarda yeterli güvenlik önlemleri alınmadığında hiç azımsanmayacak sayıda kaza durumunu ortaya çıkarabileceği düşünülmektedir. Tehlike ve risk odaklı kaza olasılığının eğitim öğretim faaliyetlerinde az olması bu sektörün önlem alma anlamında geri planda tutulması durumunu oluşturmamalıdır. Eğitim öğretim sektöründe de diğer işletmelerde olduğu gibi önce önlem sonra iş parolasının ön planda tutulması gerekliliğini doğurmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı Ordu ilinin seçilen bir ilçesinde son beş yılda gerçekleşen iş kazaları sayısı, türü ve sektör bazlı olarak araştırılmıştır. Araştırma doğrultusunda; gerçekleşen iş kazalarının azaltılması, sağlıklı ve güvenli eğitim öğretim ortamlarının oluşturulması, okul idari yapısının iş sağlığı ve güvenliği hizmetlerine yönelik farkındalıkların artması, yasal yükümlüklerinin hatırlatılması ve kurumda proaktif yaklaşımın benimsenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda eğitim kurumlarında öğrenci ve çalışan sayısının fazla olması, veli giriş-çıkışlarının yoğun olması sebebiyle kaza olma potansiyelinin fazla olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Ofis Çalışanlarının Çalışma Koşullarının İyileştirilmesine İlişkin Kritik Başarı Faktörlerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: TOSUN Samet
Published: December 2022

Günümüz çalışanlarının büyük çoğunluğunun ofislerde istihdam edildiği ve çalışma sürelerinin tamamına yakınını masa başında geçirdiği herkesçe bilinen bir gerçektir. Ofis çalışanlarının çalışma koşulları ve ortamları nedeniyle çeşitli problemlerle karşılaştığı ve bu durumun çalışanların ruh ve beden sağlığı ile iş verimlilik durumlarını olumsuz yönde etkilediği görülmektedir. İşyeri ortamında en fazla karşılaşılan riskler içerisinde ergonomik risklerin önemli bir yer tuttuğu tespit edilmiştir. Ergonomi, insanın ve içinde yer aldığı çevrenin psikolojik ve fiziksel açıdan birbirleri ile uyumlu olması, insanın ruhsal ve bedensel yönden zorlanmadan yeteneklerini rahat biçimde kullanabilmesi olarak tanımlanmıştır. En genel tanımı ise insanın işe, işin insana uyumlu olmasıdır. İşyerinde ergonomik riskler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda ve iyileştirmeler yapıldığında; çalışanların motivasyonu ile zaman, üretim, verimlilik ve kalite açısından işyerine katkı sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırma makalesinde ofis çalışanlarının çalışma koşullarının iyileştirilmesine ilişkin kritik başarı faktörlerinin literatür araştırması yapılarak tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Literatürden tespit edilen 9 faktör, seçilmiş olan çok ölçütlü karar verme yöntemlerinden olan Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) yöntemiyle ağırlıklandırılmıştır. Ağırlıklandırma yapabilmek için Saaty'nin 1-9 skalası kullanılarak kriter değerlendirme formu hazırlanmıştır. Seçilmiş olan, ofis ortamında çalışan iş sağlığı ve güvenliği uzmanlarının formda verdiği yanıtların birleştirilip geometrik ortalaması alınarak faktörlerin ağırlıkları hesaplanmıştır. Yöntem sonucunda antropometrik tasarım ve ergonomik önlemler faktörleri ilk sırada yer alırken, çalışan farkındalığı ve çalışan eğitimleri faktörlerinin son sırada yer aldığı görülmüştür. Çalışmada tutarlılık indeksi 0,1’den küçük olması sebebiyle sonucun tutarlı ve kabul edilebilir olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda hangi faktörlerin daha önemli olduğu farkındalığının sağlanması, ofis tasarımlarında yapılacak bütçe çalışmalarında kritik başarı faktörlerinin ağırlıklarına göre planlama yapılması tavsiye edilmiştir.
Observational Constraints on Direct Electron Heating in the Hot Accretion Flows in Sgr A* and M87*
Authors: Xie Fu-Guo , Narayan Ramesh , Yuan Feng
Published: December 2022

An important parameter in the theory of hot accretion flows around black holes is δ, which describes the fraction of “viscously” dissipated energy in the accretion flow that goes directly into heating electrons. For a given mass accretion rate, the radiative efficiency of a hot accretion flow is determined by δ. Unfortunately, the value of δ is hard to determine from first principles. The recent Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (EHTC) results on M87* and Sgr A* provide us with a different way of constraining δ. By combining the mass accretion rates in M87* and Sgr A* estimated by the EHTC with the measured bolometric luminosities of the two sources, we derive good constraints on the radiative efficiencies of the respective accretion flows. In parallel, we use a theoretical model of hot magnetically arrested disks (MADs) to calculate the expected radiative efficiency as a function of δ (and accretion rate). By comparing the EHTC-derived radiative efficiencies with the theoretical results from MAD models, we find that Sgr A* requires δ ≳ 0.3. A similar comparison in the case of M87* gives inconclusive results as there is still a large uncertainty in the accretion rate in this source.
The First Flare Observation with a New Solar Microwave Spectrometer Working in 35–40 GHz
Authors: Yan Fabao , Wu Zhao , Shang Ziqian , Wang Bing , Zhang Lei , Chen Yao
Published: December 2022

The microwave spectrum contains valuable information about solar flares. Yet, the present spectral coverage is far from complete and broad data gaps exist above 20 GHz. Here we report the first flare (the X2.2 flare on 2022 April 20) observation of the newly built Chashan Broadband Solar millimeter spectrometer (CBS) working from 35 to 40 GHz. We use the CBS data of the new Moon to calibrate, and the simultaneous NoRP data at 35 GHz to cross-calibrate. The impulsive stage has three local peaks with the middle one being the strongest and the maximum flux density reaches ∼9300 solar flux unit at 35–40 GHz. The spectral index of the CBS data (α
C) for the major peak is mostly positive, indicating the gyrosynchrotron turnover frequency (ν

t
) goes beyond 35–40 GHz. The frequency ν

t
is smaller yet still larger than 20 GHz for most of the other two peaks according to the spectral fittings with NoRP-CBS data. The CBS index manifests the general rapid-hardening-then-softening trend for each peak and gradual hardening during the decay stage, agreeing with the fitted optically thin spectral index (α
tn) for ν

t
< 35 GHz. In addition, the obtained turnover frequency (ν

t
) during the whole impulsive stage correlates well with the corresponding intensity (I

t
) according to a power-law dependence (

I

t

∝

ν

t

4.8

) with a correlation coefficient of 0.82. This agrees with earlier studies on flares with low turnover frequency (≤17 GHz), yet it is being reported for the first time for events with a high turnover frequency (≥20 GHz).
Editorial
Authors: Genova Kameliya
Published: December 2022

Editorial
Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of communities hosting Ionopsidium savianum (Brassicaceae) growing on serpentine and limestone ﻿substrates
Authors: Mugnai Michele , Corti Emilio , Coppi Andrea , Viciani Daniele , Lazzaro Lorenzo
Published: December 2022

We ﻿analysed two different plant communities hosting Ionopsidium savianum (Brassicaceae), a species of EU interest included in the Habitats Directive 92/43/CEE annexes, for which specific studies on the ecology of communities where the species grows are lacking and more in-depth knowledge is needed. We examined two important sites of occurrence of this species in Tuscany with different soil types, ﻿namely limestone (Mt. Calvi) and serpentine (Mt. Pelato), to determine the structural and functional profile of the communities hosting this species in such different contexts. ﻿At each site, we surveyed the plant communities with I. savianum in ten 1 m2 quadrats to determine information on communities' species composition and total plant cover, as well as taxonomic (species richness, and Shannon H’ index), phylogenetic (phylogenetic diversity, mean nearest taxon distance and mean pairwise distance) and functional diversity (focusing on Rao’s Q, leaf functional traits and adaptive strategies community weighted mean). ﻿We took into account site location, soil type, slope aspect and microrelief as plot-level environmental factors. The two communities were highly diverging from multiple points of view. Differences were in species composition, richness and diversity, with Mt. Calvi hosting higher diversity. The indices of phylogenetic diversity were influenced significantly by site and microrelief, allowing the presence of peculiar niches occupied by the fern Asplenium ceterach. From the functional point of view, communities at Mt. Calvi showed a higher functional diversity and a higher specific leaf area. Plant height was influenced by the slope aspect and was higher on north-facing slopes. In terms of Grime’s adaptive strategies, the Mt. Pelato communities resulted to be more stress tolerant than those surveyed at Mt. Calvi. Here, a decrease in stress-tolerant strategy associated with an increase in ruderal strategy was detected in communities on north-facing slopes.
Perspectives socio-historiques du courant salafiste tchadien
Authors: Petitdemange Cécile
Published: December 2022

Cet article retrace sur le temps long la trajectoire de l’identité salafiste au Tchad et vise à éclairer les dynamiques « du dedans et du dehors », procédant à sa construction. Loin du récit d’une « saoudisation », la foi salafiste s’est propagée de manière « nomade », par le fait d’entrepreneurs non encadrés et guidés par une vocation prosélyte. Les événements climatiques ou politiques ont également favorisé la circulation migratoire de ces derniers. Travaillé par des dynamiques transnationales informelles, le champ salafiste est également le produit de régulations étatiques qui contribuent à redéfinir ses répertoires d’action et représentations.
Coronavirus Pandemic Open Distance E-Learning (ODeL) as an Alternative Strategy for Higher Educational Institutions
Authors: Durodolu Oluwole Olumide , Enakrire Rexwhite , Chisita Chisita, Takaingenhamo , Tsabedze Vusi W.
Published: December 2022

The lockdown down of countries has fueled the alternative option of open distance e-learning education because one of the precautions of the coronaviruses is maintaining social distance from one another. Since higher education institutions could no longer function as expected where teaching and learning, research, and other activities could take place, the suggestion of open distance e-learning where students could work from home was adopted. Many educational institutions have leverage online learning platforms in providing vital resources to promote the culture of learning as the world continues to combat the dreaded coronavirus. Open distance e-learning as a strategy for higher education institutions has rescued the academic environment from total paralysis. This paper explores this phenomenon.
Legal Compliance Assessment of the Malaysian Health Sector Through the Lens of Privacy Policies
Authors: Alibeigi Ali , Munir Abu Bakar , Asemi Adeleh
Published: December 2022

Value of information privacy has changed over time. Hence a weak personal data protection legal system will increase the threats and damages to individuals, especially in case of sensitive data like health information. Considering increasing amount of incidents, there is not any report or study showing how far Health companies protect both personal information of Malaysian citizens. The objective of this study was to assess the level of compliance with Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act 2010 by hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies. The authors used qualitative method using document analysis. The authors evaluated privacy policies of samples in line with requirements of the Act, especially Notice and Choice Principle and rights of individuals. Findings of the study showed serious non-compliance. Some companies are completely unaware of the Act. Considering sensitivity of health information and its value, the authors suggested amending alternatives to be applied for these privacy statements. The authors suggested specific inspections and issuance of guidelines and orders by data protection commissioner.
Critical Success Factors for an Effective Security Risk Management Program
Authors: Zafar Humayun
Published: December 2022

This paper evaluates the perceived effectiveness of the security risk management (SRM) programs at two Fortune 500 firms using qualitative and quantitative methods. Layers of management and staff from both firms participated in the study. Perceived effectiveness of their SRM programs was based on nine critical success factors (CSFs). Six initial critical success factors (CSFs): executive management support, organizational maturity, open communication, risk management stakeholders, team member empowerment, and holistic view of an organization were extracted from organizational role theory. They were confirmed and synthesized with three additional CSFs (security maintenance, corporate security strategy, and human resource development). A survey based on the CSFs was implemented at the two firms. Although both firms are Fortune 500 technology companies, their perceptions of current perceived SRM effectiveness differ significantly.
The Dilemma of Information Overload: A Review of Literature from Accounting and Finance Related Studies
Authors: Regina A. L. V. , Munasinghe M. A. T. K.
Published: December 2022

Purpose: Advancements in information and communication technologies enable the production of a mass amount of data and information. Do more information support quality decision-making? It is a dilemma. The purpose of this study is to address the findings related to information overload and discover potential research gaps.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper aims to analyze the nature and trends of literature on information overload in the field of accounting and finance from 2017 to 2021 by adopting a systematic literature review approach. As a result of bibliometric analysis from the selected peer-reviewed journals, this paper shed light on 83 research papers for the review process.
Findings: The current study finds an increasing trend of studies focusing on information overload issues in corporate reporting. Results portray that since corporate reports are the critical communication bridge between entities and their stakeholders, disseminating unclouded, coherent and transparent information through the reports is very important to facilitate users and decision-makers. Stakeholder perception studies on content, length, and readability of financial and non-financial information disclosures in the annual reports are suggested for future research endeavors.
Originality: This study originates the point where the causes of information overload literally become a burden for effective decision-making. Thus, the finding of this study will be useful for both preparers and users of information in managing both financial and noninformation and help future researchers to spot gaps for upcoming research.
The Effect of Household Debt on the Stability of the Banking System in Vietnam
Authors: Thuong D. T. H. , Minh P. T. T.
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The aim of the study is to examine the impact of household debt on the banking system stability in Vietnam and proposes the policy implications to minimize the impact of household debt on the banking system.
Methods: The study uses the method of autoregression (Vector Autoregression) with microlevel and macro-level data from 20 commercial banks to examine the issue.
Findings: This study assesses the impact of household debt on the banking system in Vietnam and proposes some policy implications to promote positive effects and limit the negative impacts of household debt on the stability of the banking system in Vietnam.
Implications: Policymakers need to perfect the policy framework to reduce the risks of the Vietnamese banking system from excessive household debt.
Originality: This study is the first attempt in the Vietnamese context to examine the impact of family household debt on the Vietnamese banking system.
Tax Implication on Recurrent Expenditure and Internally Generated Revenue: Analysis on Southwestern States, Nigeria
Authors: Adegbite T. A. , Ishola S.
Published: December 2022

Purpose: This study examined internally generated revenue impact on recurrent expenditure performance in Southwest Nigeria. Internally generated revenue was captured with the aggregation of personal income tax, road tax and direct assessment tax while recurrent expenditure performance was proxied with expenditures expended on recurrent expenditure.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Data realized from published annual bulletins of all the States’ Board of Internal Revenue and Statistical Year-Book in Southwestern Nigeria were analyzed using Panel data analysis.
Findings: Panel data outcomes showed that personal income tax has a positive but insignificant effect on recurrent expenditure, but the direct assessment has a positive and significant effect on recurrent expenditure. Also, road tax was found to exert a positive but insignificant effect on recurrent expenditure in Southwest, Nigeria. Conclusively, it was established that there was a statistically significant effect of internally generated revenue on recurrent expenditure in Southwestern states, Nigeria.
Originality: Having reviewed extant literature, it has been discovered that the existing literature was either restricted to one state or local government in a single state. Also, the methodology employed by the extant literature collecting and analyzing the data were primary data and regressions respectively. Therefore, this study extended its projection to all six southwestern states in Nigeria for effective determination of the impact of IGR on recurrent expenditure. Also, this study involved all components of panel data analysis to deep out the effect of IGR on recurrent expenditure which jointly ignited research gaps in the study as against the extant literature.
Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Weil Richard
Published: December 2022

Theoretical Discussion. The starting point of the preceding studies was the observation that antigen and antibody had been found to coexist in reactive form in the body. Eisenberg's observation seemed to furnish a striking analogy to this phenomenon in the test-tube. With the changed interpretation of this observation, its value as an analogy disappears. Hence, it again becomes of interest to inquire whether the studies on equilibrium in precipitation have shed any further light on the problem of coexistence of antigen and antibody in the body.

If the preceding data be analyzed, it is evident in the first place that in the form of precipitate antigen and antibody can coexist as independently demonstrable entities, although in combination. Coexistence in such a state, namely, as precipitate, is, of course, hardly comparable with coexistence in the blood, or within the cells. It has been shown that in solution precipitin and precipitinogen cannot coexist without undergoing combination and precipitation.
Complement Fixation in Varicella
Authors: Kolmer John A.
Published: December 2022

As one attack of varicella usually confers an active immunity for the balance of life it is probable that antibodies to the virus persist for long periods of time in the body fluids. Few persons possess a natural immunity to this disease as the majority of those escaping infection in childhood contract the disease later in life.

Clinical experience and experimental data indicate quite conclusively that the virus of this disease is present in the skin lesions as in variola; while the exact mode of transmission is unknown, the consensus of opinion is to the effect that the virus is inspired and in this manner reaches the body fluids and later the skin for which the virus apparently possesses a selective tissue affinity.

The diagnosis of varicella usually presents no difficulties on account of the mildness of the general reaction and the more or less typical appearance of the cutaneous lesions.
The Complement Fixation Test after Prophylactic Typhoid Immunization and a Comparison with the Agglutination Test
Authors: Garbat A. L.
Published: December 2022

In contrast with the strong agglutination test, a positive complement fixation test after prophylactic typhoid immunization is not as regular an occurrence, as it is during or after typhoid fever. This point may be of aid in deciding for or against the diagnosis of typhoid fever in an inoculated individual still having a positive Widal and ill with a suspicious typhoid but negative blood culture. A positive complement fixation test was obtained most often after three injections with a polyvalent vaccine; two injections with this same vaccine or three injections with the single strain vaccine (Rawling) gave hardly any complement fixation.
Evidence As to the Independence of Hemolysins and Precipitins
Authors: Johnson Russell C.
Published: December 2022

In the absence of chemical methods affording complete isolation and analysis of antibodies, our knowledge concerning the structure and properties of these substances is at best but approximate.

Although theoretically the injection of a host with a mixture of several proteins may well result in the production of multiple antibodies, the extent to which this actually occurs in a given instance has not been more than partially determined. Cytolysis, cyto-agglutination, precipitation, toxin neutralization and opsonification, we recognize as among the various evidences of antibody activity, but to just what extent each of these activities is due to an independent and distinct antibody is far less defined than the generalizations of certain theories concerning immunity might lead us to conclude.

As bearing upon this problem I wish to report certain experimental results, which suggest the co-existence in the same serum of two distinct antibodies, each producing its own type of reaction.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Grove Ella F.
Published: December 2022

The atopic reagins, discovered by Prausnitz and KÜster, have been found to be demonstrable in the blood of all subjects of hay fever and asthma in whom the cutaneous reaction to the injection of the atopen is positive. Not all normal skins are susceptible to local passive sensitization. About 84 per cent of normal skins are receptive; about 11 per cent are non-receptive; and about 5 per cent are slightly receptive. The duration of the local passive sensitiveness is at least four weeks. Heating for one-half hour at 56°C. injures the atopic reagins. The normal human skin could not be passively sensitized with an anti-egg precipitating serum or an anti-ragweed pollen precipitating serum, both from an injected rabbit. The atopic reagin is neutralizable in the test tube or in the tissues. It does not produce a visible precipitate nor complement fixation, when mixed with the related atopen. The atopic reagin does not conform, in its successive fractional neutralization, with the quantitative law governing the fractional neutralization of precipitin. The atopic reagin is unable to sensitize the guinea-pig, confirming Prausnitz and Küster, or the guinea-pig uterus. Atopic reagins could not be demonstrated in 5 cases of drug idiosyncrasy, nor in a case of hypersensitiveness to green pea, without asthmatic symptoms. The atopic reagin is specific. In the blood of individuals sensitive to more than one substance, more than one reagin can be demonstrated. With the method of desensitization of the passively sensitized skin site, the identity or non-identity of atopens of different origin can be determined. Sensitizing bodies could not be demonstrated with the method of Prausnitz and Küster in the blood of individuals sensitive to tuberculin or to poison ivy.
A Note on the Bacteriophage with Respect to Complement Fixation Tests
Authors: Sanderson E. S.
Published: December 2022

While bacteriophagy is a demonstrable fact, conflicting evidence appears to indicate that the real nature of the substance capable of bringing about rapid bacterial lysis is still unsettled. Transmissibility in series of the bacteriophage is interpreted by d'Herelle (1) as reproduction, and therefore indicative of a living organism. To demonstrate further its antigenic properties, and to show likewise that all phages are in reality the same, he employed the complement fixation test, the results of which may be briefly stated as follows:

Sera from rabbits immunized with lysed cultures of different bacterial types fixed complement not only with their homologous antigens but with the others as well. To put it differently, a lysed bacterial culture in reality contains two antigens, soluble bacterial protein and bacteriophage, to each of which the rabbits respond with the production of a specific antibody. Since all sera give heterologous fixation, and as the one common antigenic substance is bacteriophage, then all phages are the same.
Immunological Studies in Tuberculosis
Authors: Petroff S. A. , Stewart F. W.
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions

An attempt has been made to repeat with animals sensitized by dead tubercle bacilli the various allergic phenomena which in the past have been observed in animals previously infected with living tubercle bacilli.

Intracutaneous skin test, intraperitoneal tuberculin reaction, Pfeiffer's phenomenon and Koch's intracutaneous phenomenon have been studied, with the use of animals previously sensitized with heat killed tubercle bacilli. All animals sensitized with such organisms were previously healthy and failed to react to 5 per cent old tuberculin.

In studying these allergic reactions two types of controls were used—one of tuberculous and the other of perfectly healthy animals. The object of this is obvious. The desire was to see whether the animal sensitized with dead organisms in any way varied from an infected animal. We have purposely left the question of the immunizing value of dead bacilli for a later contribution.

In the second part of our experimental study, i.e., the allergic reaction of the eye, the pleura and the testis, only a few tuberculous animals were used for correlation controls. The larger number were animals sensitized with killed tubercle bacilli. We admit that many of our series consisted of small numbers of animals, but the difference was so striking that there was no doubt as to their correct interpretation. Much more work must be done before a definite conclusion can be drawn. However, we are safe in stating (1) that animals sensitized with dead tubercle bacilli give an allergic reaction which in its essentials does not vary from that observed in infected animals, and (2) that the severity of the reaction depends upon the degree of the hypersensitiveness.
Rhinoviruses: Basis for a Numbering System
Authors: Conant Robert M. , Hamparian Vincent V.
Published: December 2022

HeLa cell cultures were used to propagate 128 rhinovirus strains. Rhinovirus preparations derived from HeLa cells possessed higher infectivity titers than those obtained from human diploid cells. Using identical conditions, attempts to propagate rhinoviruses in HeLa and H.Ep2 cells demonstrated the superiority of the HeLa cell system.

Standardization of antisera and identification of viruses were complicated by the presence of cytotoxic factor(s) in many of the antisera. Cytotoxicity could be reduced by treatment with either HeLa cell sediment or human liver powder. The evidence suggests that cytotoxic factor(s) probably are antibodies directed against host cell antigens.
Properties of Highly Purified Human Properdin
Authors: Pensky Jack , Hinz Carl F. , Todd Earl W. , Wedgwood Ralph J. , Boyer John T. , Lepow Irwin H.
Published: December 2022

Partially purified human properdin was further purified by column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose and carboxymethyl-Sephadex. The most highly purified preparation was electrophoretically and ultracentrifugally homogeneous. The diffusion coefficient D20,w was 2.2 × 10-7 cm2/sec; the sedimentation constant S20,w was 5.2 S; and the molecular weight was 223,000.

Highly purified properdin formed a single characteristic line in the β-globulin region on immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit anti-properdin serum and failed to react with rabbit antisera to whole human serum, to γG-, γM- or γA- globulins, or to type K or L light chains of human immunoglobulins.

Highly purified properdin retained the property of restoring activity to properdin-deficient serum in the zymosan assay, in the ability to cause lysis of erythrocytes from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and in the killing of Shigella dysenteriae. Properdin activity in both biologic test systems correlated well with properdin activity as measured in the zymosan assay. Properdin did not restore bactericidal activity of serum specifically absorbed with homologous bacteria, but specific bactericidal antibody did not function in this system without properdin.

Highly purified properdin neither combined with nor caused agglutination of zymosan. It was without effect on the hemolytic activity of whole complement, had little or no influence on the hemolytic activity of any purified component of complement tested, and was functionally and antigenically unrelated to such complement components.

These data demonstrated the existence of properdin as a unique serum protein, distinct from known immunoglobulins or complement components, which participates in certain immunologic reactions of human serum.
γG-Antibody to Human Anti-Hemophilic Globulin (Factor VIII)
Authors: Andersen Burton R. , Troup Stanley B.
Published: December 2022

Circulating factor VIII inhibitors from two patients were shown to have many of the characteristics of γG-globulins, namely, resistance to heat and freezing, 7 S sedimentation coefficients, resistance to reduction and alkylation, and a decrease in sedimentation rate with pepsin hydrolysis. Loss of inhibitory activity occurred with the specific precipitation of γG-globulins in one serum. No evidence of complement fixation, agar precipitin reactions or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis activity could be demonstrated.
The Inhibition by Normal γG-Globulins of Antibodies Specific for Individual γG Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Hurez Daniel , Meshaka Gilbert , Mihaesco Constantin , Seligmann Maxime
Published: December 2022

Thirty-three antisera to ten isolated γG myeloma globulins were first absorbed in order to show only individual antigenic specificity of the homologous myeloma protein. Further absorption with variable but usually large amounts of normal fraction II resulted in the complete neutralization of the individually specific antibodies in 13 antisera. Absorption with as much as 100 mg/ml of fraction II resulted in partial neutralization of individually specific antibodies for 19 sera, whereas one antiserum was practically not affected. The ability of fraction II to neutralize individually specific antibodies varied greatly for the different kinds of antibodies to a given myeloma globulin, even within the same antiserum.

It was demonstrated that neutralization by normal γG-globulins of these antibodies to individual specific antigens was due to specific inhibition without precipitation. Inhibition curves showed that the molecular localization on normal γG-globulins of the antigenic structures involved in this inhibition phenomenon is similar to that of the individual specific antigens on the homologous myeloma globulin.

These findings are discussed in view of the analogy of myeloma globulins to their normal counterparts and to purified antibodies.
Properties of 19 S Antibodies in Complement Fixation
Authors: Cunniff Ruth V. , Stollar B. David
Published: December 2022

With several antigen-antibody systems, C′ fixation reactivity of whole serum and of separated 19 S and 7 S antibody components was examined. Antigens which did fix C′ with appropriate 19 S antibodies included: bacterial lipopolysaccharides, cardiolipin, denatured DNA and adenosine conjugated to poly-L-lysine or to lysinerich histone. No C′ fixation was observed with 19 S antibodies and hemocyanin or with adenosine-human serum albumin or adenosine-ribonuclease conjugates. Corresponding 7 S antibodies fixed C′ with all of the above antigens. All 7 S antibodies reacted much more effectively at 4°C than at 37°C. In the systems in which 19 S antibodies did fix C′, the ratio of reactivity at 4°C to that at 37°C was much lower than was the case with 7 S antibodies, with both human and rabbit antisera. In the reaction of anti-adenosine macroglobulins with adenosine conjugated to lysine-rich histones, an increase in the average number of adenosine molecules substituted on the histone was accompanied by a fall in the ratio of 4°C effectiveness to 37°C effectiveness. C′ fixation with macroglobulin antibodies may require both an antigen of relatively large molecular volume and critically spaced repeating determinants on an antigen molecule.
Influenza Virus Neutralizing Antibody in Human Respiratory Secretions
Authors: Waldman Robert H. , Mann John J. , Kasel Julius A.
Published: December 2022

Influenza virus neutralizing antibody titers and immunoglobulin levels were measured in human respiratory secretions. Antibody in the IgA class of immunoglobulins was found in respiratory secretions obtained during life, whereas IgG antibody predominated in secretions obtained at autopsy. The amount of neutralizing antibody per milligram of IgA was found to be similar in sputum and nasal washing, but was significantly lower in saliva. There was a positive association between levels of serum antibody and sputum and nasal washing antibody. The antibody in respiratory secretions formed in response to a strain of A2 influenza virus had similar neutralizing activity against a different but closely related A2 influenza virus strain.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids)
Authors: Pinchuck Paul , Maurer Paul H.
Published: December 2022

Random-bred mice fail to produce hapten-specific antibody when immunized with dinitrophenyl (DNP)-conjugated homopolymers. The nonimmunogenicity of conjugated homopolymers appears to be independent of the degree of coupling, charge and solubility of the material. All random-bred mice produce hapten-specific antibody when immunized with DNP-copolymers, DNP-terpolymers, and chemically modified derivatives of the polypeptides. The only requirement seems to be the presence of at least three different groups in the molecule. The response to the carrier portion of the molecule seems to be independent of the response to the hapten. However, where an anti-carrier response does appear, it is depressed as compared to the response to the uncoupled polypeptide. Partial chemical modification of a DNP-homopolymer, which introduces a “third” group into the molecule, or formation of an aggregate with an immunogenic protein renders these homopolymers immunogenic in mice.
The Growth of Mumps Virus in Organ Cultures of Rhesus Thyroid Gland
Authors: Flanagan Thomas D. , Barron Almen L. , Witebsky Ernest
Published: December 2022

Organ cultures of rhesus thyroid tissue supported the growth of mumps virus over a period of 12 days of incubation. Growth of virus was demonstrated by increasing titers of infectious mumps virus in cultures harvested at various times after inoculation. Virus was released into the fluid medium and this release was demonstrated to be continuous process.

Mumps virus antigen was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of follicular cells and possibly in the lumen of follicles themselves by the fluorescent antibody method.
Serum Complement and the Enzymatic Degradation of Erythrocyte Phospholipid
Authors: Smith J. Kelly , Becker Elmer L.
Published: December 2022

Small but significant and reproducible alterations in the phospholipid and titratable acid contents of reaction mixtures containing sensitized sheep erythrocytes and guinea pig serum occurred during and following the process of lysis. In experiments employing erythrocytes sensitized with anti-Forssman antibody, there was a fall in the total serine phosphatide content of the mixtures. In experiments using cells sensitized with hyperimmune antibody there was a fall in the total choline phosphatide content of the mixtures. In so far as studied, the lipid alterations had the characteristics of an enzyme reaction which is dependent for its activation on the presence of both sensitized erythrocytes and guinea pig serum, and which was influenced in terms of its substrate by the nature of the sensitizing antibody. Although the exact nature of the enzymatic process is unclear, the results suggest that the titratable acid changes are related to the action of C′8 or C′9 and are not the result of nonspecific activation of membrane, or of intracellular or serum enzymes following hemolysis of erythrocytes. Whereas it is likely that the lipid changes seen in these experiments are related to the action of serum complement, certain other data in this work indicate that the nature of this relationship is not clear.
Genetic Control of the Antibody Response
Authors: McDevitt Hugh O.
Published: December 2022

A comparison of CBA and C57 antisera to (T,G)-A--L by means of quantitative precipitin curves, antigen-binding capacity assays and radioimmunoelectrophoresis has confirmed the previously described quantitative difference in the ability of these two strains of mice to respond to (T,G)-A--L, and has failed to show any qualitative correlation between the ability to respond and the immunoglobulin type of the antibodies made in the responding animal. In addition, in genetic crosses the ability to respond well was not correlated with the presence of the immunoglobulin allotype of the higher responding (C57) strain, indicating that the ability to respond is not linked to the structural genes coding for the Fc fragments of γG1-, γG2a-, γG2b- and γA-immunoglobulins. It has also been shown that CBA and C57 mice differ in their ability to undergo a secondary response to aqueous antigen.
Isolation of Cx-Reactive Protein by Gel Filtration and Characterization by Electrophoresis and Immunodiffusion
Authors: Croxatto Hector D. , Nishimura E. T. , Yamada K. , Hokama Y.
Published: December 2022

A simple and mild procedure circumventing the use of pneumococcal Cx-polysaccharide for the isolation and purification of CxRP from rabbit acute phase serum has been described. This has been achieved by two passages through Sephadex G 200 of the crude CxRP obtained by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The purified CxRP characterized by electrophoresis and immunodiffusion appears to be a carbohydrate containing protein. Its relationship to CRP was shown by immunodiffusion with goat and horse CxRPA. It can be concluded that CxRP as it occurs in acute phase serum might be a complex entity.
Heterogeneity in the Properties of 7 S and 19 S Rabbit-Neutralizing Antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Hampar B. , Notkins A. L. , Mage M. , Keehn M. A.
Published: December 2022

The 7 S and 19 S rabbit antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV) from early and late (hyperimmune) sera differed in their ability to sensitize virus for subsequent neutralization by either complement (C′) or anti-γ-globulin (GAR).

The early 7 S and 19 S antibodies showed low to negligible neutralizing activity in the absence of C′ or GAR. When C′ was added, however, both of these antibodies showed enhanced neutralizing activity. The early 7 S but not the early 19 S antibody was also capable of sensitizing virus for subsequent neutralization by GAR.

The late 19 S antibody could neutralize virus in the absence of C′ or GAR, but its activity was enhanced in the presence of C′ or GAR. The late 7 S antibody showed high neutralizing activity in the absence of C′ or GAR. In the presence of C′, the neutralization rate constants (K) but not the neutralization titers of the late 7 S antibody were enhanced. In contrast, the neutralization titers of the late 7 S antibody were enhanced approximately threefold with GAR.

The neutralizing activity of the early and late 19 S antibodies with C′ or GAR was sensitive to inactivation by 2-ME. Similarly, the neutralizing activity with C′ of the early 7 S antibody and the enhanced rate of neutralization with C′ of the late 7 S antibody were sensitive to inactivation by 2-ME. In contrast, 2-ME did not reduce the neutralization titers of the early and late 7 S antibodies in the presence of GAR.
Homocytotropic Antibody Response in the Rat Infected with the Nematode, Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Bloch K. J. , Wilson R. J. M.
Published: December 2022

Homocytotropic antibodies produced by the rat in response to infection with N. brasiliensis were found to be heat-labile and susceptible to inactivation by 2-mercaptoethanol. On electrophoresis in agar at pH 8.6, H.A. migrated faster than the bulk of γG-, γA- and γM-globulins. The molecular size of H.A. appeared to be somewhat greater than that of 7 S, but smaller than 19 S globulins. On diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography, H.A. was eluted with the peak concentration of γA-globulins. H.A. activity was removed from rat antiserum by absorption with rabbit antiserum to rat immunoglobulins.

Although available evidence suggests that H.A. constitutes a unique rat immunoglobulin class analogous to human γE, final assignment should be delayed until the characteristics of the heavy polypeptide chains of rat H.A. have been determined.
Wasting Disease Induced with Cortisol Acetate
Authors: Jutila John W. , Reed Norman D.
Published: December 2022

In the experiments reported here, the tissues and organs of neonatal mice treated with cortisol acetate were found to be infected with several species of bacteria apparently originating from the intestinal flora. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis were the predominant organisms isolated from the tissues of wasting mice. In studies designed to immunize newborn mice passively against organisms of the normal flora and their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracts, a weak protective effect was observed when a combined vaccine consisting of an LPS extract of Salmonella and S. faecalis bacterin was employed.
Antigenic Determinants Specific for Aggregated γG-Globulins
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: December 2022

Antibodies specific for aggregated human and aggregated rabbit γG-globulins have been raised in guinea pigs.

The antigenic determinants revealed by the aggregation process are species-specific, but similar, if not identical, determinants are revealed regardless of the means of nonspecific denaturation. These new determinants are located exclusively within the Fc portion of the γG-globulin molecule, but are found, following aggregation, in all of a series of γG myeloma proteins tested, including examples from each of the known sub-groups, γG1, γG2, γG3 and γG4. The determinants were not found however following aggregation of γA- or γM-immunoglobulins.

Similar antigenic determinants were found to be revealed on the γG-globulin antibody molecule following combination with homologous antigen, suggesting similar structural changes in the Fc portion of the γG-globulin molecule on denaturation by specific and nonspecific means.

These findings suggest a preferred structural form for aggregated (denatured) γG-globulin with its own characteristic antigenic determinants and biologic properties.
Assignment of Direct and Facilitated Hemolytic Plaques in Mice to Specific Immunoglobulin Classes
Authors: Plotz Paul H. , Talal Norman , Asofsky Richard
Published: December 2022

The kinetics of appearance of hemolytic plaque-forming cells in immunized mouse spleens has been studied with the aid of immunoglobulin specific antisera and myeloma protein inhibitors. “Facilitated” or “indirect” plaques were developed with antisera specific for γ1, γ2 and γM, and for κ light chains. Facilitation with anti-γM antiserum suggests the presence of two classes of mouse macroglobulin, one responsible for direct plaques and the other requiring an anti-globulin reagent in order to produce lysis. The previously held concept that all indirect plaques represent “7 S” antibody is no longer tenable.
Mouse Macroglobulin Antibody to Sheep Erythrocytes: A Non-Complement-Fixing Type
Authors: Plotz Paul H. , Colten Harvey , Talal Norman
Published: December 2022

The sera of mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes were found to contain two types of macroglobulin anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody. One type fixes complement and is hemolytic; the second type cannot fix complement or lyse red cells except in the presence of rabbit anti-mouse macroglobulin antiserum. The ratio of the non-hemolytic to hemolytic serum antibody increased during the course of the primary response.
Ultracentrifugation of the First Component of Complement: Effects of Ionic Strength
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: December 2022

The sedimentation constant of guinea pig C′1 and C′1a varies inversely with the ionic strength of the sucrose density gradient. Ultracentrifugation of C′1 at µ = 0.065 resulted in its activation to C′1a.