bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Grades of Body Mass Index are Correlated with Left Atrium and Ventricle Structures in Patients with Hypertensive Heart Disease
Authors: Bhisma M S , Al-Farabi M J , Pikir B S
Published: February 2020

Obesity constitutes a major health issue which contributes as the risk factor of cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study included 50 consecutive patients with HHD (Hypertensive Heart Disease) in the Cardiovascular Department of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. The echocardiographic examination was done using GE vivid 7. The statistics were evaluated using SPSS 25.0. The research showed that different grades of BMI (body mass index) were positively correlated with Left Atrial (LA) major (r=0.335), Right Atrial (RA) Major (r=0.371), Left Ventricle end Diastole (LVD) Mass (r=0.341), Left Ventricle end Sytole (LVS) Mass (r=0.303), Left Ventricle Posterior Wall end Diastole (LVPWD) (r=0.369), Left Ventricle Posterior end Systole (LVPWS) (r=0.391), and inversely correlated with Left Ventricle Sphericity Index (LVSI) Doppler (r=-0.376). Obese (BMI>30) patients have a significantly lower ejection fraction compared to normoweight (BMI<25) patients (64.3±3.67% vs 62.12±0.98%, p=0.046). In conclusion, the grade of BMI of the HHD patient is associated with an increased volume of the left atrium and ventricle. This suggests that obese patient with HHD should be assessed carefully for atrial and ventricle enlargement.
Effects of hot forging on the structural condition in HS 6-5-2 high-speed steel
Authors: Průcha V , Benešová S , Veselý V , Kesl M
Published: February 2020

Microstructure analysis was performed on rolled bars of high-speed steel after two and three forging cycles, each cycle comprising one upsetting and one drawing out operation. High-speed steels belong to difficult-to-form materials with a narrow forging temperature interval. Forging above the maximum forging temperature may lead to grain coarsening. Below the minimum forging temperature, deformation resistance of the material increases, and the workpiece may fail. Using numerical modelling, special forging dies were designed and effective strain distribution was calculated for an axial cross-section plane in specimens after two and three forging cycles. The purpose of the analysis was to identify the relationship between the amount of effective strain and the shape and size of austenite grain and the volume fraction and density of carbides after forging. The size of prior austenite grains was measured using the linear intercept method which is based on the Snyder-Graff method. Grain shapes were characterized in terms of circularity, which is the difference between the shape in question and a circle. With increasing amount of strain, the grains in the material became finer, as undissolved carbides impeded grain growth. In as-received rolled condition, the austenite grain size was G9. After three forging cycles, it was smaller, G11 (the higher the number, the smaller the grains). Circularity characterizes the complexity of a grain shape. Micrographs of carbide particles were taken using a scanning electron microscope and examined with NIS Elements image analysis software. The majority of carbides were sized between 0.2 and 2 μm. The carbides which are less than 1 μm in size do not shrink in response to increasing strain and their quantity does not change appreciably. Carbides with a size of 1-2 μm show a different behaviour. In the central region of specimens, where strain is the largest, their amounts are much larger than in less-worked regions.
The effect of application of the plaster as a mould material on the microstructure and properties of AlSi9 aluminium alloy
Authors: Bucki T , Sidorko M , Bolibruchová D
Published: February 2020

The study involved examination of the effect of mould material on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi9 aluminium alloy castings. The castings were fabricated in: plaster-based moulds, dehydrated plaster-based moulds and steel mould. The structure of castings from plaster mould not subjected to dehydration process was characterized by a significant porosity. This results indicated that as-cast plaster mould is not suitable for casting of AlSi9. Dehydrating of the mould led to significant reduction in the number of pores in the casting, while no pores were observed in the structure of steel mould castings. Microstructure of dehydrated plaster mould castings and steel mould castings was analysed in a Scanning Electron Microscope. Both types of examined castings were characterized by typical microstructure containing a eutectic (α-Al and Si) with dendrites of α-Al and multicomponent phases locally distributed in the matrix. Mould material affected the size of microstructural constituents of observed specimens. Castings fabricated in steel mould showed considerable refinement of the eutectic and dendrites of α-Al in comparison with dehydrated plaster castings. In addition to differences in microstructure, the castings from dehydrated plaster mould were also characterized by lower strength and smaller elongation than steel mould castings.
The effect of NPs addition on the photocatalytic and antibacterial effectivity of composite TiO2/SiO2 paint
Authors: Jakubickova M , Petrzilkova M , Amartuvshin B , Kejzlarova L , Kejzlar P
Published: February 2020

TiO2 in the anatase allotropic modification is well known for its photocatalytic activity. When the anatase is irradiated by UVA light, it forms an electron-hole pair which can participate in redox reaction. Thus, anatase-based layers are suitable for decomposition of organic compounds. Surface self-cleaning ability as well as antimicrobial efficacy are therefore key features for TiO2 based layers. The present paper deals with a study of ZnO, CuO and Ag NPs addition on the antibacterial and photocatalytic effectivity of TiO2/SiO2 paint.
Effect of Mn addition on serrated plastic flow behaviour in high-strength multiphase steels with retained austenite
Authors: Kozłowska Aleksandra , Grzegorczyk Barbara , Staszuk Marcin , Grajcar Adam
Published: February 2020

The effect of manganese addition (from 3 to 5%) on the serrated plastic flow behavior in medium manganese TRIP steels was investigated in static tensile tests performed in a temperature range of 20-200°C. The Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect was observed in a steel containing the higher Mn content. The effect of deformation temperature on the critical strain for the serrated flow was noted. The relationships between the manganese content, deformation temperature, mechanical properties and the appearance of serrated flow were characterized.
Methodology for observation of maraging tool steel after 3D printing using FIB and STEM mode
Authors: Opatová K , Kučerová L , Zetková I
Published: February 2020

The components of the maraging tool steel produced by 3D printing are further heat-treated after printing. It includes a stress relief annealing and precipitation hardening. During this process precipitates of Ni3Ti and Fe2Mo or Fe7Mo are formed, which significantly contribute to an increase in ultimate tensile strength, hardness, and toughness. To understand the precipitation processes, it is necessary to describe the particles in detail. However, they are very small in size and cannot be examined properly by a light microscope (LM) or by scanning electron microscope (SEM). A possible way to investigate and describe these precipitates is to produce a thin lamella using a focused ion beam (FIB) in the electron microscope chamber, where scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is subsequently used for observation. A lamella was prepared from the DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) printed part by an ion beam for observation in STEM mode. The experiment took place at the Zeiss AURIGA scanning electron microscope, equipped with an ion gun and also with STEM capabilities for thin samples. The lamella preparation methodology was gradually optimized to achieve sufficient resolution for observation of these very fine microstructures produced by 3D printing.
Characterization of Low Cycle Fatigue Parameters of Rotor Steel using Sub-sized Specimens
Authors: Procházka R , Konopík P
Published: February 2020

The paper is dealing with strain controlled cyclic testing method employing a novel strain-control technique based on digital image correlation (DIC) in low-cycle fatigue (LCF) region. The cyclic behaviour of 22CrMoNiWV 8-8 rotor steel was investigated on sub-sized round specimens with a diameter of 2 mm in gage length and total length of 20 mm. These results were compared with results obtained using conventional specimens designed in accordance with the ASTM E606 standard. The attention was paid to confirm the suitability of the proposed sub-sized geometry, testing set up and procedure. The test procedure and results obtained enabled to record hysteresis loops, construct Manson-Coffin curves and obtain cyclic material properties in LCF region.
Residual stress investigation in additively manufactured samples
Authors: Vavřík Jaroslav , Hodek Josef
Published: February 2020

In the present study, additively manufactured (AM) samples of different sizes were analysed by the contour method (CM). Builds of three different volumes were examined to determine the influence of residual stress (RS) distribution along the z-axis on volumetric changes in the part. They were made using the direct energy deposition (DED) technique. Only a handful of reports cover the use of CM for finding the RS distribution in DED builds. This study aims to complement those with new findings.

The contour method is a destructive technique whose main advantages are the absence of sample size limits and the ability to predict residual stresses at greater depths than other methods. In this study, residual stresses were evaluated in three stainless steel samples (35×35×35 mm, 25×25×25 mm, 15×15×15 mm) prepared by the DED method. Stainless steel 316L powder was blown into a melt pool created by a high energy laser source. The melted powder solidifies as the laser head moves along a predefined path. In order to protect the material from oxidation during deposition, argon is used as a shielding gas-fed continuously to the melt pool.

316L austenitic stainless steel was chosen for this experiment because it undergoes no phase transformations during deposition. This reduces the complexity of the metallurgical processes involved. Evaluation of the sections produced by the contour method was carried out using an optical precision measuring machine (3D scanner) and FE software.
Applications of Automation and Robotics in Agriculture Industries; A Review
Authors: Kulkarni Amith A , Dhanush P , Chetan B S , Thamme Gowda C S , Kumar Shrivastava Prashant
Published: February 2020

In this present work, we have discussed about the application of automation and robotics in the various stages of the agriculture industries like irrigation of horticulture land, parks, gardens, and golf courses efficiently and reduce the wastage of water. The uses of automation and smart systems also help in food safety by the selection of appropriate chemicals. The application of multitasking robots is also useful to make it fast and maintain quality. In the smart farming also helps to maintain the humidity, temperature and irrigation process by using the sensors and apps. The aim of this study to identify the opportunities and scope for future automation and the Internet of Things (IoT) in the field of agriculture industries
Two Finger Gesture Imitating Animatronic Hand
Authors: Verma Y , Rastogi V
Published: February 2020

This paper poses the discussion regarding animatronics that has been aided with modern trends in technological innovations. The ease of availability and procurement of present day items incorporate economical factors into research. To accomplish the aforementioned, a simple two fingered hand model has been developed that can be remotely controlled using a glove. The glove can be manipulated via a hand. It has been electronically modulated using Arduino Uno and servo motors. The discussion has been furthered to the amalgamation of future developments that can pave the way for commercialization of such devices. Hardships and challenges faced during building of the model and experimentation of the finalized model are detailed.
Augmentation of VIVACE by means of Thermal Buoyancy
Authors: Athar Khan Mohammad , Masood Saif , Shahzer Md. Abu , Fahad Anwar Syed
Published: February 2020

The present numerical simulation is carried out to evaluate the effect of Richardson Number on cylinder displacement and in turn the power extraction from the movement of cylinder. An in-house code based on arbitrary Lagrangian Euler scheme is used to tackle fluid structure interaction. The following fluid parameters is used in a present study Reynolds Number (Re) = 100, Prandtl Number (Pr) = 7.1 and Richardson number (Ri) = [-1, 0]. Structural parameters are as follows Reduced velocities (Ured) = 3 and 8, Reduced mass (Mred) = 2, damping coefficient (ξ′) is set to be zero. With the aid of thermal buoyancy there is significant increase in power is obtained.
Optimization of significant factors for improving compressive strength of ABS in Fused Deposition Modeling by using GA & RSM
Authors: Chhabra D , Deswal S
Published: February 2020

The current research work is focused on optimization of FDM 3D printer input factors for compressive strength of ABS fabricated parts. It is a carbon chain copolymer thermoplastic possessing high impact strength and rigidity. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Genetic algorithm (GA) integrated with each other to optimize the input factors. Five factors viz. Layer thickness (LT), Build Orientation (BO), Raster angle (RA), Raster width (RW) and Air gap (AG) have been studied and modeled for compressive strength utilizing RSM. In present experimentation, quadratic model has been suggested for compressive strength. Build Orientation is most significant factor that imparts considerable effect on compressive strength as compared to other factors. Finally, GA-RSM, a popular hybrid evolutionary approach is used to optimize the factors.
Influence of Drop Height on Impact Stresses in Aerial Bomb - A Numerical Study
Authors: Srinivas Joshi Prahlad , Panigrahi S.K
Published: February 2020

A typical conventional aerial bomb is a streamlined cylinder with an outer casing, inner explosive material, a fuse to ignite the explosive filling, an arming mechanism for fuse and an optional tail unit. The outer casing is usually metallic with a pointed nose at the tip for better aerodynamic characteristics. The present work mainly focuses on Finite Element (FE) simulation of aerial bomb impact using Ansys Explicit Dynamics for imported three-dimensional model of aerial bomb using Solid Edge. FE simulation was carried out to find stresses and deformation limits for two varied impact distances between Bomb and fixed target fields. Further, the impact simulation results were validated by analytical solutions.
Development of a Sintered Porous Neck Filter for miniature Joule Thomson Cryo-cooler for cooling Infrared detectors
Authors: Singhal Mayank , Kumar Rajesh , Walia R.S. , Pandey S.K.
Published: February 2020

One of the primary requirements for operation of Infrared (IR) detector systems for defence applications is the availability of a reliable miniature cryocooler. Due to a simple configuration, compact and light structure and rapid cool down characteristics, miniature Joule Thomson (JT) cryocoolers are considered ideal for IR detector systems. The need for high purity gas supply is a main concern in order to ensure long and reliable operation of Joule Thomson miniature cryocoolers. Minute solid particles are the common and problematic impurity which on being lodged in the cooler orifice hampers the cryo-cooling process of the cooler by choking which affects the operation of IR detector packaged in an Infrared detector cryochamber or dewar.

The paper focuses on realization of sintered porous neck filter, the developmental aspects of the same and its characterization. In the present work a sintered porous neck filter with 5μm pore size and a filter porosity of nearly 35% was developed. The filter developed was assembled at the warm end of the cooler and the cooler assembly was integrated in the IR cryochamber for in system evaluation and confirmation of the desired quality of the developed porous filter.
Synthesis and Characterization of Yttrium based Luminescent Materials
Authors: Singh Vartika S. , Moharil S.V.
Published: February 2020

NaYF4 is well known and most promising upconversion yttrium based fluoride phosphor till date. Fluoride synthesis is rather tricky due to their peculiar physico-chemical properties. Fluorides are highly susceptible to hydrolysis. This is detrimental to the luminescence. Conventional method for preparing complex fluoride compounds is solid state reaction which is a tedious task. In recent years, many new methods such as wet chemical synthesis have been suggested for these novel materials. These new syntheses provide more milder and efficient ways of materials preparation. Here, preparation of two luminescent hosts NaYF4 and KYF4 was attempted via Wet-Chemical synthesis. Among these, NaYF4 could be successfully prepared, whereas synthesis of KYF4 was partially successful. Formation of these compounds was confirmed by various measurements. Photoluminescence was obtained for Ce3+ doped NaYF4.
Event-triggered Adaptive Dynamic Surface Output Feedback Inverse Control for a Class of Hysteresis Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Liu Wenbo , Di Shuai , Dai Yaoqi , Cao Wenjing
Published: February 2020

Aiming at the difficult problem of the nonlinear system with hysteresis, the Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is used to describe the system. A neural network-based output feedback adaptive dynamic surface inverse control (DSIC) scheme is proposed. Firstly, in order to overcome the hysteresis compensation error, an auxiliary design parameter is introduced into the observer to construct an improved high-gain k-order filter state observer to accurately estimate the unmeasurable state. Then, the inverse of the asymmetric displacement matrix of the Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is used as feedforward compensation. the unknown density function with different thresholds is not estimated, the analysis compensation error is obtained, the over-parameterization problem is effectively avoided. At the same time, the event trigger mechanism is introduced in the controller design process to discretize the continuous control signal under the condition of event triggering to improve the computational efficiency of the controller. Finally, the simulation is verified, the results shows the control scheme has higher control precision and faster control speed.
Fault Diagnosis of Distribution Terminal Units’ Measurement System Based on Generative Adversarial Network Combined with Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Zhou Q F , Ge Y , Song X D , Lai K , Guo J C
Published: February 2020

As the condition monitoring and control device in the distribution automation system, the abnormal or fault state of distribution terminal units’ measurement system will negatively affect the quality of measured electrical quantities, and therefore, the fast and accurate discrimination of the abnormal state’s data will improve the reliability of distribution automation system. This paper proposes a method, which is based on generative adversarial network (GAN) combined with convolutional neural network (CNN), to discriminate the specific fault category of distribution terminals’ measuring electrical data. Firstly, four fault state characteristic time-frequency domain graph models of terminals’ AC voltage sampling data are established, which based on Fourier transform (STFT). Then, take advantage of GAN’s reconstruction of input graph data, to generate additional time-frequency sample graphs expanding the sample size of training set, which will be used to train a CNN to diagnosis and classify the fault state of terminals from measuring data. Finally, three training sets with different capacity expansion modes are set up to compare and verify that the method of GAN combined with CNN proposed in this paper improves the discrimination accuracy on the fault data, and the validation of diagnosis terminals’ measurement system.
A Large-Scale High-Density Weighted Structural Connectome of the Macaque Brain Acquired by Predicting Missing Links
Authors: Chen Yuhan , Zhang Zi-Ke , He Yong , Zhou Changsong
Published: February 2020

As a substrate for function, large-scale brain structural networks are crucial for fundamental and systems-level understanding of primate brains. However, it is challenging to acquire a complete primate whole-brain structural connectome using track tracing techniques. Here, we acquired a weighted brain structural network across 91 cortical regions of a whole macaque brain hemisphere with a connectivity density of 59% by predicting missing links from the CoCoMac-based binary network with a low density of 26.3%. The prediction model combines three factors, including spatial proximity, topological similarity, and cytoarchitectural similarity—to predict missing links and assign connection weights. The model was tested on a recently obtained high connectivity density yet partial-coverage experimental weighted network connecting 91 sources to 29 target regions; the model showed a prediction sensitivity of 74.1% in the predicted network. This predicted macaque hemisphere-wide weighted network has module segregation closely matching functional domains. Interestingly, the areas that act as integrators linking the segregated modules are mainly distributed in the frontoparietal network and correspond to the regions with large wiring costs in the predicted weighted network. This predicted weighted network provides a high-density structural dataset for further exploration of relationships between structure, function, and metabolism in the primate brain.
Effects of Video Reversal on Gaze Patterns during Signed Narrative Comprehension
Authors: Bosworth Rain , Stone Adam , Hwang So-One
Published: February 2020

Language knowledge, age of acquisition (AoA), and stimulus intelligibility all affect gaze behavior for reading print, but it is unknown how these factors affect “sign-watching” among signers. This study investigated how these factors affect gaze behavior during sign language comprehension in 52 adult signers who acquired American Sign Language (ASL) at different ages. We examined gaze patterns and story comprehension in four subject groups who differ in hearing status and when they learned ASL (i.e. Deaf Early, Deaf Late, Hearing Late, and Hearing Novice). Participants watched signed stories in normal (high intelligibility) and video-reversed (low intelligibility) conditions. This video manipulation was used because it distorts word order and thus disrupts the syntax and semantic content of narratives, while preserving most surface phonological features of individual signs. Video reversal decreased story comprehension accuracy, and this effect was greater for those who learned ASL later in life. Reversal also was associated with more dispersed gaze behavior. Although each subject group had unique gaze patterns, the effect of video reversal on gaze measures was similar across all groups. Among fluent signers, gaze behavior was not correlated with AoA, suggesting that “efficient” sign watching can be quickly learnt even among signers exposed to signed language later in life.
Fluorometric Determination of Chlortetracycline in Mixed Feeds
Authors: Katz Stanley E , Spock Joseph
Published: February 2020

The fluorometric procedure for chlortetracycline in mixed feeds is based upon the degradation of chlortetracycline in alkaline solution to isochlortetracycline. The fluorescence of the isochlortetracycline is directly proportional to the concentration of chlortetracycline present prior to alkaline degradation. Chlortetracycline is extracted from mixed feeds with an acidmethanol solvent system, separated from the feed extract by adsorption on a Dowex 50 ion exchange resin, and eluted from the resin by ammonium hydroxide after conversion to isochlortetracycline. The isochlortetracycline is measured fluorometrically. Recoveries from known feeds are generally greater than 90% and agreements with microbiological assays are very close.
Determination of p-Aminobenzoic Acid in Feeds
Authors: Merwin Richard T
Published: February 2020

Collaborative studies were conducted on a revised method for p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in feeds. PABA is diazotized and coupled with N-1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a red complex that provides both a qualitative test and a spectrophotometric assay. The PABA is extracted with a 10% hydrochloric acid solution and the alkaline hydrolysis step is eliminated. Results were close to the labeled drug content, although the aged feed evidenced drug instability. The revised method is recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Pesticide Formulations
Authors: Barrette J P , Payfer R
Published: February 2020

Although gas chromatography is associated with the determination of pesticide residues, the technique is also useful for analysis of commercial pesticide formulations. For 0.1—2.0% test solutions, high attenuations are used with very sensitive detectors such as the hydrogen-flame detector. Provided a standard of known purity is available for each pesticide examined, a large number of pesticides can be analyzed on a routine basis. The relative retention times for more than 60 pesticides are given for two sets of operating conditions. This tabulation can be used to predict whether any given component of a mixture can be readily estimated.
Phosdrin Residues in Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Bluman N
Published: February 2020

The enzyme inhibition-spectrophotometric procedure for Phosdrin residues submitted by the manufacturer has been slightly modified and studied collaboratively on apples, tomatoes, and cabbages. This method is based on the ability of Phosdrin to inhibit cholinesterase. Phosdrin is extracted from crops with chloroform, transferred into water, purified to remove organic impurities, and determined quantitatively by the acetylcholinesterase inhibition procedure. The uninhibited cholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine to acetic acid and choline. The acetylcholine not hydrolyzed is reacted with alkaline hydroxylamine and a ferric salt to form a red complex, the absorbance of which is measured spectrophotometrically at 540 mμ. The recoveries at the 0.164 and 0.328 ppm levels of addition ranged from 73.2 to 109.8% for apples, 70.1 to 111.0% for tomatoes, and 68.9 to 117.0% for cabbages. The mean recoveries for apples, tomatoes, arid cabbages were 95.9, 94.9, and 91.6%, respectively; the over-all recovery was 94.1%. The method is recommended as official, first action for quantitative determination of Phosdrin residues in fruits and vegetables.
Determination of VC-13 Nemacide Residues on Crops
Authors: Teasley John I
Published: February 2020

A collaborative study was made of a method for the determination of VC-13 Nemacide residues, based on the alkaline hydrolysis of the pesticide to produce 2,4-dichlorophenol, which is measured colorimetrically with 4-aminoantipyrine and potassium ferricyanide. Results indicate that cleanup technique is critical and not effective for some crops. Several changes in the method were recommended for the next study. Three of five collaborators obtained satisfactory recoveries at levels of 50—250 ppb.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Fat-Soluble Vitamins. I. Application to Vitamin E
Authors: Libby David A , Sheppard Alan J
Published: February 2020

Current methods for the determination of vitamin E are unsatisfactory for many preparations. Since the majority of food and pharmaceutical fortification with vitamin E is in the acetate form, it is essential to be able to measure this and the other forms accurately. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to separate and quantify certain major tocopherol forms, to separate the acetate form from the alcohol form, and to measure microgram quantities accurately. Individual and mixed tocopherol standards have been used, and responses and sensitivities determined. Calibration studies show that each tocopherol exhibits an individual response curve. Vitamin E can be chromatographed on a variety of stationary phases.
Improved Cell for Determining Extractables in Irradiated Materials
Authors: Maturi Vincent F , Garlock Edward
Published: February 2020

Two types of extraction cells for extracting packaging materials are available: the ASTM standard cell and the Hazleton irradiation cell. The method and the results support the adequacy of the equipment.
AOAC Methods for the Determination of Phosphorus in Fertilizers
Authors: Hoffman W M
Published: February 2020

The official volumetric method is less suitable than other official methods for the determination of phosphorus in fertilizer and should be deleted.

Because rapid and accurate gravimetric quinoline molybdate and photometric vanadomolybdate methods are available, the little-used official gravimetric magnesium ammonium phosphate method also should be deleted.

Volumetric Ammonium Molybdate Method
Analysis of Nitrogen in Fertilizers
Authors: Davis H A
Published: February 2020

A survey of fertilizer commercial laboratories and regulatory laboratories showed that the salicylic acid method, 2.037, is still being widely used on liquid fertilizers; that many users of the reduced iron method are modifying it; and that very little use is being made of nitrogen activity methods 2.048— 2.051. It is recommended that the nitrogen activity methods be deleted from the 10th edition of Official Methods of Analysis and cited by reference only, and that attempts be made to develop one generally applicable method for nitrogen in fertilizers.
Determination of Total Sulfur in Fertilizers
Authors: Barker J E
Published: February 2020

The gravimetric barium sulfate method for sulfur was adapted to the determination of total sulfur in fertilizers. Accuracy and ruggedness studi e s were made and the method was subjected to collaborative study. The coefficient of variation found in the collaborative study is 2 % .
Partition Column for Determination of Glyceryl Trinitrate in Tablets
Authors: Hohmaxn John R , Levine Joseph
Published: February 2020

A method using column partition chromatographic separation has been developed for the determination of nitroglycerin in soluble, sublingual glyceryl trinitrate tablets. A mixture of the phenoldisulfonic acid reagent and acetic acid is used to extract the nitroglycerin from the eluate. Quantitative results are obtained by measuring the color of the nitrated phenoldisulfonic acid that is formed. Results by the method are in agreement with those obtained by the USP distillation method and an infrared assay.
Modified Mold Count Method for Tomato Catsup
Authors: Troy V S
Published: February 2020

A standardized dilution technique using alcohol has heen developed for counting mold in tomato catsup. This dilution technique offers a simpler and faster procedure for counting mold than is possible with method 36.060.
Fly Eggs and Maggots in Tomato Products
Authors: Vazquez Alberto Wanous
Published: February 2020

A study of the effect of homogenization on the fly egg and maggot count for tomato products demonstrates that homogenization does not necessarily totally destroy all evidence of Drosophila contamination.
Collaborative Studies of Methods for Butterfat in omogenized and Chocolate Milk
Authors: Mitchell D J
Published: February 2020

The AOAC Roese-Gottlieb and Rapid Detergent (TeSa) methods for the determination of butterfat in pasteurized, homogenized milk and in chocolate milk were compared in a collaborative study. The results by the detergent method on both products were comparable to those by the Roese-Gottlieb method. The Babcock method gave low results on the homogenized milk.
Sterol Acetate Test for Foreign Fats in Dairy Products
Authors: Cannon James H
Published: February 2020

A gas chromatographic method for detecting vegetable fat in butterfat has been studied collaboratively this year as an improvement over the present AOAC methods, 26.046-26.047. The gas chromatographic method provides detection at lower levels and a better indication of the quantity of adulterant present. All six collaborators reported the presence of 10% and 5% added margarine. Four of the six reported the presence of 2% added margarine. All reported negative results for the presence of vegetable fat in pure butter. It is recommended that the method be adopted as official, first action.
Thin-Layer Chromatography as a Rapid Screening Method for the Determination of Carbaryl and 1-Naphthol Residues Without Cleanup
Authors: Chiba M , Morley H V
Published: February 2020

A rapid, sensitive, screening method has been developed in which thin-layer chromatography is used for the detection and estimation of carbaryl and l-naphthol residues in apple, lettuce, and tomato extracts without prior cleanup. A procedure giving a convenient screening range of 0.1—30 ppm is described, but 0.02 ppm in apples and lettuce and 0.03 ppm in tomatoes may be detected without cleanup. By use of a partitioning cleanup 5 ppb of carbaryl may be detected.
Determination of CO2 in Wines by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Ashmead Howard L , Martin Glenn E , Schmit John A
Published: February 2020

A fast and direct method is presented for the determination of CO2 in wines. Partial pressures from other ingredients of alcoholic beverages do not interfere. The method was compared to the manometric procedure under vacuum. An F & M Model 450 Gas Chromatograph with a filament detector was used for C02 determinations. Components were separated by a column 9” long and 1/8” o.d. using charcoal (60—80 mesh) as solid adsorbent. Injection port temperature was ambient; detector and column temperatures were 40°C. Helium was used as a carrier gas at the rate of 50 ml/min. Approximately 50 μ1 samples of standard and unknown solutions were used for the respective determinations.
Collaborative Study of a Chemical Method for Vitamin D
Authors: Hove E L , Shue G M , Jones S W , Wilkie J B
Published: February 2020

A modification of the USP chemical method for vitamin D has been studied collaboratively. Included in the study were four samples, varying from 150 to 100,000 International Units per gram: a fortified chick feed, a fortified evaporated milk, a high potency concentrate, and a fish liver feeding oil. Results by the chemical estimation are compared with those on the same samples by the AOAC rat bioassay, and, when applicable, by the AOAC chick bioassay. The mean results of the chemical assays were 75—100% of the bioassay results. Further modifications of the chemical method to ensure applicability to feeds and foods in the range of 5—95 units per gram should be studied collaboratively.
Polarographic Method for Nitrofurazone and/or Furazolidone in Medicated Feeds
Authors: Fricke Fred L , Keppel George E , Hart Samuel M
Published: February 2020

A polarographic method has been devised by which nitrofurazone and furazone can be determined in combination or alone in feeds. Either drug may be used as standard. In assay of mixtures, an aliquot of extract is polarographed to obtain the diffusion current of both drugs; a second aliquot containing a known amount of standard gives the diffusion current increase due to added standard. A third aliquot is treated with alkali to selectively destroy furazolidone. The pH is adjusted and a polarogram obtained to show the amount of furazolidone from the decrease in diffusion current. The supporting electrolyte is polarographed alone to determine net diffusion currents. Recoveries for the combined drugs in feed ranged from 93 to 108% for nitrofurazone and 87 to 99% for furazolidone.
Procedure for Extraction and Cleanup of Plant Material Prior to Determination of Organophosphate Residues
Authors: Coffin D E , Savary G
Published: February 2020

A procedure has been developed for the extraction and cleanup of plant samples prior to the determination of organophosphate residues. It involves acetonitrile extraction, elution of the extract from polyethylene-coated alumina with slightly acidified 40% acetonitrile solution, partitioning of recovered material from water into chloroform, and final elution of the organophosphates from Magnesol with successive portions of chloroform, acetone, and methanol.

Quantitative recoveries (80—107%) by phosphorus determination after paper chromatography of 41 organophosphate standards were obtained from the cleanup procedure. Eight others either were not completely recovered or were recovered at a stage that was not applicable to the determination of residues in plant material. Quantitative i recoveries (80-100%) of 25 of these organophosphate compounds were obtained after extraction and cleanup from samples of lettuce.
Use of the Chicken Embryo in the Assay of Afiatoxin Toxicity
Authors: Verrett M Jacqueline , Marliac Jeax-Pierre , Mclaughlin Joseph
Published: February 2020

The possibility of using the chicken embryo as a test organism for the assay of aflatoxin toxicity has been investigated and found to be feasible. The injections of test solutions were made before incubation, in fertile White Leghorn eggs, by either of two routes: yolk or air cell. The development of the embryos was observed for the full 21 day incubation period. The vehicle for all injections was propylene glycol.

The injection of solutions of pure aflatoxins B2 and G1, and of extracts of aflatoxin-producing mold cultures indicated that the chicken embryo was sensitive to these compounds. A doseresponse was exhibited in that the toxicity of the samples was related to the mortality at the time of hatching.

Extracts of aflatoxin-free peanut products were found to be nontoxic to the chicken embryo. The addition of aflatoxin B1 to such uncontaminated extracts produced the expected toxicity in the embryos. The injection of extracts from contaminated peanut products resulted in a toxic response that correlated well with that obtained by injection of pure anatoxin Bt solutions at the same dose levels, and in most instances the chemical analysis was confirmed. The presence of anatoxins G1, B2, and G2 had no apparent effect on the toxicity due to aflatoxin B1, at the levels at which they occurred in the particular samples tested.

The separation of aflatoxin B1 from contaminated extracts by thin-layer chromatography, and its subsequent elution from the plates and injection into the eggs, confirmed that the toxicity of these extracts was due primarily to their aflatoxin B1 content.
Collaborative Study of Colorimetric Determination of Aluminum, Iron, Manganese, Phosphorus, and Titanium in Liming Materials with Supplementary Reports on Methods for Silicon
Authors: Chichilo P
Published: February 2020

The following determinations were studied collaboratively: Al with ammonium aurintricarboxylate (Aluminon); Fe with 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ); Mn by oxidation to permanganate with KI04; P by a heteropoly blue method; and Ti with disodium-1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulf onate (Tiron). Sample solutions were prepared by HCIO4 digestion or NaOH fusion. Reports were received from 11 collaborators. Eight of these reported all 5 elements, 2 reported 4 elements, and 1 reported 2 elements. Eight collaborators also reported Si. Standard deviations and mean errors are acceptable, and it is recommended that the methods be adopted as official, first action.
The Vacuum Oven Method for Free Water in Fertilizers. I. Ruggedness Tests. II. Collaborative Study
Authors: Caro Joseph H , Heinly Noiibert A
Published: February 2020

Ruggedness tests revealed that the only experimental variable to which results in the vacuum oven method were sensitive was the oven temperature. The allowable temperature range within the oven chamber was less than 5°C. The range was specified as 3°C in the procedure which was studied collaboratively. The collaborative results showed the vacuum oven method to be as precise as the official vacuum desiccation method. Since it is also more rapid, the vacuum oven method was recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Separation of Various Forms of Nitrogen in Fertilizers
Authors: O’Neal J M , Clark K G
Published: February 2020

A method is proposed in which both a cation and an anion resin are used to separate the various forms of nitrogen in fertilizers. By this method troublesome phosphate ion is removed from the urea-containing solution, thereby making it possible to determine urea directly without the double-precipitation procedure required in AOAC method 2.055. The proposed cation-anion exchange column procedure makes it possible to determine the water-soluble amnionic, nitric, and amidic forms of nitrogen rapidly, accurately, and directly.
Thin-Layer Chromatography for Organo Thiophosphate Pesticide Residue Determination
Authors: Kovacs Martin F
Published: February 2020

A rapid and sensitive thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for organo thiophosphate residue analysis. Compounds are resolved and identified on plates of aluminum oxide G with methylcyclohexane as mobile solvent and either 15 or 20% N,N-dimethylformamide as immobile solvent. A highly specific and sensitive chromogenic reagent (tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, AgN03, and citric acid) reacts with sulfur-containing phosphate esters which are detected at 0.05 μg, or less, for 11 of the 14 compounds examined. As little as 0.05 ppm of Diazinon, Trithion, Systox (thiono), malathion, and parathion were identified in the presence of kale, lettuce, and strawberry extracts. The method is approximately 20 times more sensitive than comparable paper chromatographic techniques.
Determination of Herbicides in Oils
Authors: Yip George
Published: February 2020

A method has been developed which will determine 2,4-D, 2,3,6-TBA, MCPA, PCP, 2,4-DB, 2,4,5-T, and 2,4,5-TP in vegetable oils. The method involves extraction of 50 g oil with sodium bicarbonate solution, acidification, and extraction of the herbicides with chloroform. After esterification with diazomethane, the residue is analyzed by programmed temperature gas chromatography. Recoveries were better than 90% in the range 0.02-0.08 ppm. Commercial oils were analyzed and were found to be free from these herbicide residues.
An Investigation of the Oscillopolarography of DDT and Certain Analogs
Authors: Gajan Raymond J , Link James
Published: February 2020

When DDT and its analogs are polarographed on a cathode ray polarograph under certain experimental conditions, only those analogs that contain the trichloroethane group are reduced at the dropping mercury electrode. p,p’-DDT, o,p’-DDT, methoxychlor, and Kelthane give well-defined waves, while TDE, Perthane, DDE, and the TDE olefin produce no response. Methods are described for the analysis of high purity DDT, technical grade DDT, formulations, and residues.
Chromatographic, Electrophoretic, and Ion Exchange Identification of Radioactive Organic and Inorganic Arsenicals
Authors: Overby L R , Bocchieri S F , Fredrickson R L
Published: February 2020

Paper chromatograpliic, paper electrophoretic, and ion exchange methods were developed for qualitative and quantitative estimation of arsenate-As74, arsenite-As74, and arsanilic-As74 acid. The methods were also applicable to closely related organic arsenicals. The high energy of the isotope permitted detection and identification of trace quantities of the arsenicals present in biological specimens.
Dimetridazole in Feeds by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Authors: Daftsios A C
Published: February 2020

Dimetridazole absorbs strongly in the ultraviolet region of tbe spectrum. This property was vised to develop an analytical procedure for the drvig in feeds. In the procedure, a portion of feed is extracted in hot methanol, chromatographcd in methanol and in aqvieous solutions on alumina to remove interferences, and read on an ultraviolet spectrophotometer at 318 mμ. Average per cent recoveries from two feeds containing 0.015 and 0.060% Dimetridazole were 102.3 and 98.9%, respectively; standard deviations were 2.42 and 2.56, respectively.
Determination of Carbon Dioxide in Lightly Carbonated Wine
Authors: Morrison Robert L
Published: February 2020

At present there are three first action methods for the determination of carbon dioxide in lightly carbonated wine: (1) manometric, (2) volumetric, and (3) enzymatic volumetric. The enzymatic volumetric method, published in 1962 and collaboratively studied in 1962 and 1963, is recommended for adoption as official, final action. Several changes are recommended for the manometric method. The volumetric method was not studied extensively.
Cuprethol Procedure for the Determination of Copper in Clear Distilled Alcoholic Products
Authors: Strenk Duane H , Andreasen A A
Published: February 2020

The copper content of clear alcoholic products, e.g., spirits, gin, vodka, unaged whisky distillates, etc., can be rapidly determined by measuring the color intensity produced by adding cuprethol reagent to the sample. The absorbance of the cupriccuprethol complex measured at 433 mμ is not affected by alcohol concentration.
Chromatographic Detection of Flavor Additives in Vanilla Extract
Authors: Kahan S , Fitelson J
Published: February 2020

A second collaborative study was conducted on a thin-layer chromatographic method for the detection of flavor additives, adopted as official, first action last year. Fifteen collaborators reported successfully on the presence of added flavoring materials in fovir unknown samples. Some collaborators found significant variations in the activity of the Silica Gel G used to make the thin-layer plates, and a precautionary statement has been inserted in the method to detect svich inactive or overactive reagents. As a result of this study, the thin-layer method has been recommended for adoption as official, final action.
Critical Review of Methods for Analysis of Oleoresins
Authors: Stahl William H
Published: February 2020

Oleoresins represent a type of flavoring material that is being used in ever increasing quantities. On the other hand, it is a poorly defined group of products, and the majority of analytical methods used in characterizing them, such as volatile oil by steam distillation, refractive index, optical rotation, are relatively meaningless; additionally, some of the specific component analyses, such as “heat” and capsicum (organoleptic), piperine (calculated from analysis of nitrogen) in pepper, curciimin (color value) of the paprika, are inadequate in their precision and accuracy. Deficiencies of these methods are discussed, and the value of newer instrumental methods of analyses, such as infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectrometry, gas chromatography, and thinlayer chromatography, are illustrated.
Further Study of a Modified Mold Count Method for Tomato Catsup
Authors: Wildman J D , Troy V S
Published: February 2020

Mold counts on samples of catsup diluted and mixed with an equal volume of stabilizer solution have generally been lower than counts on the corresponding undiluted sample. The amount of reduction in count, however, has not been predictable. The first member of the Poisson equation, e−m, has been used to predict the count on diluted samples. A smooth curve, similar to that obtained from counts on diluted samples, has been developed from this equation. ounts predicted from the curve are in good agreement with actual values. It is recommended that further study be made of the Poisson equation as applied to mold counts.
Infrared Determination of Ethyl Nitrite in Spirits
Authors: Look James
Published: February 2020

A method of assay was tried for ethyl nitrite in spirits, based on IR absorbance between 5.5 and 7.0 μ in chloroform solution. Conditions, such as temperature and proportion of alcohol to chloroform in sample, standard, and blank, must be made as closely identical as possible. Experiments indicate that ethyl alcohol, when dissolved in chloroform, shows a prominent peak at 6.17 μ, in the same region as the nitrite group (6.3–6.4 μ). Since the ethyl alcohol in ethyl nitrite spirits has approximately the same infrared absorbance peak as the ethyl nitrite, this procedure does not appear practical.