bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RFGRD_V1.0 computed reference grids for Canada west, north, offshore and Delphi NTv2 component
Authors: Lepard D W , Wozniak P R J , Davenport P H
Published: November 2010

Geographic reference grids are used to organize many types of spatially referenced information, including information about oil and gas exploration, development activities and lease holdings. As grid systems differ among jurisdictions, digital reference grids
have been computed for British Columbia (BC Land grid); Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Peace River area of British Columbia (Dominion Land Survey grid); and Yukon, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories as well as Canada's offshore regions in the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific Oceans (Canada
Land grid). In addition a National Topographic System (NTS grid) has been computed for all of Canada that extends well into the offshore (40 to 84 degrees North, and 48 to 144 degrees West). Theoretically derived grids are presented as a single collection on DVD in geographic coordinates (i.e. not
projected) in a commonly used data format, ESRI SHAPE files.
The NTv2 National transformation is used to convert between NAD27 and NAD83 datums. The 2 Delphi NTv2 components extend the Geomatics Canada NTv2 Developer's kit, written in FORTRAN, to Delphi developers as components that can be dropped on a form to provide conversions using the Geomatics Canada
NTV2_0.GSB or MAY76V20.GSB grid shift data. Note the latter is used in some Ontario basemaps. Executables use the NTV2.bpl or MAY76.bpl run-time library.
K'ágee Tu area of interest hydrocarbon assessment summary report
Authors: Morrow D W
Published: November 2010

The K'ágee Tu area of interest lies entirely within the Great Slave Plain physiographic region southwest of Great Slave Lake including the community of Kakisa. Gently southwest-dipping Devonian carbonate and siliciclastic strata that underlie this region
contain three discovered gas fields with 6.4 billion cubic feet of remaining recoverable gas. Quantitative estimates indicate that the ultimate potential of the K'ágee Tu area of interest is probably less than 175 billion cubic feet of gas. Most of this potential occurs along the Presqu'ile
barrier reef complex. Ultimate oil potential has been estimated at 6.0 million barrels, largely from Devonian reservoirs similar to that of the Cameron Hills Field south of the K'ágee Tu area, which produces both oil and gas.
Carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits in southern British Columbia - potential for Irish-type deposits
Authors: Paradis S
Published: November 2010

Carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits of the Kootenay Arc are hosted by deformed Lower Cambrian, platformal carbonate rocks of the Badshot Formation or its equivalent, the Reeves member of the Laib Formation. The deposits range in size from 6 to 10Mt and contain 3 to
4%Zn, 1 to 2%Pb, 0.4% Cd, and traces of Ag. They are essentially stratabound and stratiform lenticular concentrations of sulphide minerals
(sphalerite, galena, pyrite, local pyrrhotite, and rare arsenopyrite) in isoclinally folded dolomitized or silicified carbonate rocks. The origin of these deposits is enigmatic. Some are analogous in their geological setting and features to the Irish-type carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb
deposits.
Principaux résultats d'un levé électromagnétique à dimension temporelle réalisé dans la région de Chibougamau-Chapais, au Québec
Authors: Keating P , Houle P , Dumont R
Published: November 2010

Recherches en cours 2007-C4 An airborneMEGATEMII electromagnetic survey was flown over the Chibougamau-Chapais area in northwestern Quebec. Its main objective was to identify new massive-sulphide exploration targets, as many massive-sulphide orebodies have been
mined in this area. The survey detected 25% more electromagnetic anomalies than previous electromagnetic surveys flown between 1972 and 1991. It detected conductors with interpreted depths of as much as 150 m, whereas the estimated maximum depth of conductors detected during earlier surveys was
75 m. It revealed extensions to known conductors, therefore providing new exploration targets. Survey results also show the importance of very weak conductors that may be associated with zinc deposits. Examples of various types of conductors identified during the survey are
presented.
Isotopic and fluid inclusion analysis of diagenetic mineral phases of the Upper Devonian Jean Marie Member (Redknife Formation) in the July Lake area of northeastern British Columbia
Authors: Wendte J C , Al-Aasm I S , Chi G , Sargent D G
Published: November 2010

This report provides a summary of both the isotopic and fluid inclusion analyses of diagenetic mineral phases in the Upper Devonian Jean Marie Member (Redknife Formation) from the July Lake area of northeastern British Columbia. These mineral phases are part of
two diagenetic realms. The first realm includes calcite cements that precipitated within pores in limestone of the Jean Marie Member. These limestones occur regionally throughout northeastern British Columbia, northwestern Alberta and the southern part of the Northwest Territories. These calcite
cements include, in order of formation, radiaxial bladed calcite, non-ferroan equant calcite and ferroan equant calcite. The radiaxial bladed calcite cements occur selectively in patch reef limestones and are interpreted as having precipitated from marine fluids that flowed through an open reef
framework. The regional distribution of the equant calcite cements suggests a passive, "closed system" origin, most likely as a by-product of pressure solution during burial. The succession from non-ferroan to ferroan equant calcite cements provides a template to which the position, within the
paragenetic succession, of the diagenetic phases of the second realm can be related. The second diagenetic realm includes mineral phases that are interpreted to have formed from the upward flow of relatively hot fluids along faults or fault-associated fractures. The diagenetic phases in this realm
include, in paragenetic order, matrix replacement dolomites and saddle dolomite cements, followed by low concentrations of sphalerite (or galena), barite, and dickite cements.

Seventy-two samples were selected from 18 cores for stable (carbon and oxygen) and radiogenic (strontium) isotopic analysis. d13C and d18O values are reported for 67 dolomite and calcite components, or combinations of these components. Strontium isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr) are reported for 58
samples of dolomite, calcite, and barite.

Twenty-two doubly polished thin sections were examined for fluid inclusion microthermometry. Final melting temperatures and homogenization temperatures were measured for non ferroan and ferroan equant calcite cements, saddle dolomite cement, sphalerite, and barite.
Surficial geology, Kimea Creek, British Columbia
Authors: Bednarski J M
Published: November 2010

Kimea Creek (NTS 94P/10) map area was glaciated by the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Late Wisconsinan (ca. 25 000-10 000 years ago), which deposited clayey till over most of the area. Glacially streamlined landforms in the northwest quadrant show that the main
ice flow was from the northeast. However, most of the area is flat and boggy, with peat accumulations of 2 to 3 m, which locally form hummocky surfaces underlain by discontinuous permafrost. Till is usually found underlying broad forested uplands, which commonly lie only a few metres above the
surrounding wetlands. Numerous small moraines and crevasse-fill ridges mark the pattern of glacial retreat and minor readvances. These probably formed when the ice sheet thinned and the ice margin became lobed. During deglaciation, when the ice margin retreated to the northeast, meltwater was routed
westward between the ice margin and gradually rising topography to the south. Several large meltwater channels were cut at this time. The southern channels are relatively older than the ones to the north. One of the largest meltwater channels lies in the southern part of the map area, which is
currently occupied by Kimea Creek and lower Sahdoanah Creek. This channel was the main drainage when the Petitot River to the north was still covered by ice and the most significant glaciofluvial deposits in the map area are found within its banks. With subsequent ice retreat, younger meltwater
channels were cut further northward. The northernmost one is currently occupied by the modern Petitot River.
Géologie des formations en surface et histoire glaciaire, Rivière Waswanipi, Québec
Authors: Veillette J J
Published: November 2010

Le feuillet cartographique de Rivière Waswanipi constitue l'une des dix cartes à l'échelle 1/100 000 de la série des cartes des formations en surface de l'Abitibi québécois. Sous le vocable "Abitibi" sont regroupées six cartes
qui s'étendent au territoire de la municipalité de la Baie-James et quatre qui couvrent la majeure partie de quatre municipalités régionales de comté (MRC) de l'Abitibi. En plus de montrer la répartition des dépôts superficiels, ces cartes indiquent les
diverses directions d'écoulement glaciaire, la limite de submersion glaciolacustre, la répartition des sillons d'icebergs, des dépressions annulaires (anneaux forestiers) et les positions probables de formes profilées enfouies. Dans des blocs occupant la partie supérieure du
feuillet, des cartes thématiques accompagnées de courts textes descriptifs ainsi que de figures et de photos pertinentes abordent de façon succinte l'histoire glaciaire de la région. Les thèmes choisis traitent de la géologie du substratum rocheux et des
propriétés magnétiques de celui-ci pour le feuillet, et des écoulements glaciaires et de leur ordre de succession, du transport glaciaire et de la submersion glaciolacustre pour l'ensemble des dix cartes. La stratigraphie des dépôts quaternaires, illustrée par une
colonne synthétique, montre que ceux-ci ont été mis en place selon une séquence logique et prévisible, qui permet l'application rationnelle des méthodes d'inventaire et de prospection. Des photographies prises sur le terrain complètent la description des
unités cartographiques de la légende et une liste de références présente les travaux jugés les plus pertinents pour le feuillet. En fournissant une vision globale sur l'histoire glaciaire de l'ensemble de la région entourant le feuillet de Lac Matagami, nous
espérons en faciliter la compréhension et mettre en évidence les liens entre les dix cartes de la série. La présentation des grands traits de l'histoire glaciaire et des textes descriptifs a été conçue de façon à atteindre le plus grand nombre
possible d'utilisateurs.
Enhancement of permafrost monitoring network and collection of baseline environmental data between Fort Good Hope and Norman Wells, Northwest Territories
Authors: Smith S L , Ye S , Ednie M
Published: November 2010

A major field program was undertaken in March 2007 by the Geological Survey of Canada in order to address gaps in baseline environmental information in the Mackenzie Valley between Norman Wells and Fort Good Hope, Northwest Territories. Sites were selected to
represent a range of thermal, terrain, and vegetation conditions. Drilling of boreholes to depths of 20 m yielded data to characterize subsurface materials at nine locations, including physical properties of soils and ground-ice conditions. Eleven boreholes were preserved and instrumented with
temperature cables to provide information on the ground thermal regime. Key baseline information was generated for a suite of representative terrain types that may be utilized in planning northern development and environmental impact assessment. Ongoing collection of data fromthe thermalmonitoring
sites will facilitate improved characterization of current permafrost conditions and change detection.
Reasons for students’ poor clinical competencies in the Primary Health Care: Clinical nursing, diagnosis treatment and care programme
Authors: Magobe Nomasonto B. , Beukes Sonya , Müller Ann
Published: November 2010

‘No member of [health] staff should undertake tasks unless they are competent to do so’ is stated in the Comprehensive Primary Health Care Service Package for South Africa (Department of Health 2001)document. In South Africa, primary clinical nurses (PCNs), traditionally known as primary health care nurses (PHCNs), function as ‘frontline providers’ of clinical primary health care (PHC) services within public PHC facilities, which is their extended role. This extended role of registered nurses(set out in section 38A of the Nursing Act 50 of 1978, as amended) demands high clinical competency training by nursing schools and universities.The objectives of the study were to explore and describe the perceptions of both clinical instructors and students, in terms of the reasons for poor clinical competencies. Results established that two main challenges contributed to students’ poor clinical competencies: challenges within the PHC clinical field and challenges within the learning programme (University).OpsommingDie primêre kliniese verpleegkundiges, tradisioneel bekend as primêre gesondheidsorg verpleegkundiges, funksioneer in Suid-Afrika as eerste-linie verskaffers van kliniese primêre gesondheidsorg (PGS) dienste binne die publieke PGS fasiliteite. Dit is hulle uitgebreide rol. Hierdie uitgebreide rol van die verpleegkundige (soos deur Wet op Verpleging,No 50 van 1978, artikel 38A voorgeskryf), vereis opleiding in kliniese vaardighede van hoë gehalte deur verpleegskole en universiteite.Die doelwitte van die navorsing was om die persepsies van beide kliniese dosente en leerders,met betrekking tot die redes vir swak kliniese vaardighede, repektiewelik te verken en te beskryf.Twee temas is deur die resultate as uitdagings (hoof redes) vir die swak vaardighede van leerders aangetoon, naamlik uitdagings in die PGS kliniese praktyk en die uitdagings in die leerprogram (universiteit).
Improving the accuracy of four‐receiver acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) measurements in turbulent boundary layer flows
Authors: Doroudian Bahareh , Bagherimiyab Fereshteh , Lemmin Ulrich
Published: November 2010

Acoustic Doppler instrument measurements suffer from random spikes and Doppler noise. Using a four‐receiver ADV (acoustic Doppler velocimeter; Vectrino manufactured by Nortek) that allows recording beam velocities, we combine a spike‐removal procedure on the beam velocities with a noise‐reduction method on the flow velocities to improve turbulence measurements. We compare the results with those obtained from ADVP (acoustic Doppler velocity profiler) measurements under the same conditions, i.e., in turbulent open‐channel flow over a coarse‐grained bed. It is shown that spikes are best removed from ADV beam velocity data before calculating flow velocities, thereby correcting all three flow velocity components at the source. Spikes in beam velocities do not correlate with low correlation values. ADVP data generally have few spikes and do not need spike removal treatment, showing that spikes are instrument related. The noise reduction method is based on the decorrelation of the Doppler noise terms contained in two vertical velocities redundantly sampled in the same volume. The combined ADV data treatment is sufficient to significantly extend the resolved frequency range in the velocity spectra. It reduces RMS values by up to a factor of 2, and the corrected values agree with ADVP results and theoretical predictions, indicating that both treatments are needed. Owing to spatial averaging effects over the ADV sample volume, a sampling frequency limit of close to 50 Hz is determined by the deviation of the spectra from the −5/3 slope.
Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review
Authors: Lawrence M. G. , Lelieveld J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Southern Asia, extending from Pakistan and Afghanistan to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, is one of the most heavily populated regions of the world. Biofuel and biomass burning play a disproportionately large role in the emissions of most key pollutant gases and aerosols there, in contrast to much of the rest of the Northern Hemisphere, where fossil fuel burning and industrial processes tend to dominate. This results in polluted air masses which are enriched in carbon-containing aerosols, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. The outflow and long-distance transport of these polluted air masses is characterized by three distinct seasonal circulation patterns: the winter monsoon, the summer monsoon, and the monsoon transition periods. During winter, the near-surface flow is mostly northeasterly, and the regional pollution forms a thick haze layer in the lower troposphere which spreads out over millions of square km between southern Asia and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), located several degrees south of the equator over the Indian Ocean during this period. During summer, the heavy monsoon rains effectively remove soluble gases and aerosols. Less soluble species, on the other hand, are lifted to the upper troposphere in deep convective clouds, and are then transported away from the region by strong upper tropospheric winds, particularly towards northern Africa and the Mediterranean in the tropical easterly jet. Part of the pollution can reach the tropical tropopause layer, the gateway to the stratosphere. During the monsoon transition periods, the flow across the Indian Ocean is primarily zonal, and strong pollution plumes originating from both southeastern Asia and from Africa spread across the central Indian Ocean. This paper provides a review of the current state of knowledge based on the many observational and modeling studies over the last decades that have examined the southern Asian atmospheric pollutant outflow and its large scale effects. An outlook is provided as a guideline for future research, pointing out particularly critical issues such as: resolving discrepancies between top down and bottom up emissions estimates; assessing the processing and aging of the pollutant outflow; developing a better understanding of the observed elevated pollutant layers and their relationship to local sea breeze and large scale monsoon circulations; and determining the impacts of the pollutant outflow on the Asian monsoon meteorology and the regional hydrological cycle, in particular the mountain cryospheric reservoirs and the fresh water supply, which in turn directly impact the lives of over a billion inhabitants of southern Asia.
Quantifying wetland methane emissions with process-based models of different complexities
Authors: Tang J. , Zhuang Q. , Shannon R. D. , White J. R.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Bubbling is an important pathway of methane emissions from wetland ecosystems. However the concentration-based threshold function approach in current biogeochemistry models of methane is not sufficient to represent the complex ebullition process. Here we revise an extant process-based biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model into a multi-substance model (CH4, O2, CO2 and N2) to simulate methane production, oxidation, and transport (particularly ebullition) with different model complexities. When ebullition is modeled with a concentration-based threshold function and if the inhibition effect of oxygen on methane production and the competition for oxygen between methanotrophy and heterotrophic respiration are retained, the model becomes a two-substance system. Ignoring the role of oxygen, while still modeling ebullition with a concentration-based threshold function, reduces the model to a one-substance system. These models were tested through a group of sensitivity analyses using data from two temperate peatland sites in Michigan. We demonstrate that only the four-substance model with a pressure-based ebullition algorithm is able to capture the episodic emissions induced by a sudden decrease in atmospheric pressure or by a sudden drop in water table. All models captured the retardation effect on methane efflux from an increase in surface standing water which results from the inhibition of diffusion and the increase in rhizospheric oxidation. We conclude that to more accurately account for the effects of atmospheric pressure dynamics and standing water on methane effluxes, the multi-substance model with a pressure-based ebullition algorithm should be used in the future to quantify global wetland CH4 emissions. Further, to more accurately simulate the pore water gas concentrations and different pathways of methane transport, an exponential root distribution function should be used and the phase-related parameters should be treated as temperature dependent.
University Knowledge Networks in Space
Authors: Hussler Caroline , Muller Paul , Rondé Patrick
Published: November 2010

Modern universities are increasingly urged to operate more entrepreneurially, leading them to try to diffuse their knowledge production more systematically, most obviously through scientific articles and patents. The authors investigate the role of universities as knowledge brokers and delimit more precisely the sphere of emergence and influence of university-derived knowledge. The main issue empirically addressed is whether the likelihood of a patenting team being geographically widespread depends on the characteristics of the inventing academic scientists' publishing network. In so doing, the authors estimate the respective influences of scientists' publishing patterns on the range of their entrepreneurial behaviours (represented by their patenting activity).
Entrepreneurial Universities – The Key Ingredient in the Recipe for UK Innovation?
Authors: Martin Lynn , Turner Paula
Published: November 2010

This study of 15 UK universities explores the reality of university–industry liaison and service delivery roles. Contextualized within the role of universities in innovation and knowledge transfer, it confirms the views of previous analysts that tensions result from imposing third mission activities on organizations established for other purposes. Policy makers need to address the heterogeneity of the higher education sector if they are to achieve success with regard to UK competitiveness. Such an approach will include the recognition that internal collaboration may be actively discouraged while external links are simultaneously emphasized in institutional mission statements. Also, successful business engagement requires a flexible and responsive culture and an emphasis on external collaboration.
Ectopic Hepatic Tissue Presented as a Posterior Mediastinal Mass
Authors: Rozen Eugene , Stephens Gary , Asarian Armand , Xiao Philip
Published: November 2010

We present a young patient with respiratory complaints that was found to have a mass in her right posterior mediastinum. The mass was diagnosed to be ectopic histologically unremarkable hepatic tissue. We have also reviewed several of the few intrathoracic ectopic liver cases in the literature, along with a brief discussion of the significance of such a finding.
Comparative ab initio studies of small tin and lead clusters
Authors: Wang Bing , Molina L.M. , López M.J. , Rubio A. , Alonso J. A. , Stott M. J.
Published: November 2010

We have performed ab initio total‐energy pseudopotential calculations on neutral and negatively charged Snn and Pbn (n = 3 − 10) clusters. The lowest energy structures have been determined for all clusters, and the stabilities of neutral clusters were investigated by comparing their evaporation energies and stability functions. Clusters with n = 7,10 were found to be most stable while the clusters with n = 8 and Pbs were much less stable, in agreement with features of the observed mass spectra. Calculations on Sn−n and Pb−n show that both atomic and electronic structures of a neutral cluster change substantially upon charging. The densities of states of Sn−n clusters reproduce the main features of the experimental photoelectron spectra. The agreement is poorer for Pb−n clusters where the calculations underestimate the separation between energy levels which we think is due to the larger spin‐orbit splitting in Pb, which was neglected in the calculations. We found that the differences between Sn and Pb clusters cannot be completely addressed without a more complete accounting of relativistic effects. The electron affinities of Snn and Pbn clusters have also been calculated and the results agree fairly well with experimental values. Finally we considered Sn2−4 and Pb2−4 clusters and related the results to the formation of Zintl anions in liquid alkali‐Sn and alkali‐Pb alloys.
Emergence of classicality for primordial fluctuations: Concepts and analogies
Authors: Kiefer Claus , Polarski David
Published: November 2010

We clarify the way in which cosmological perturbations of quantum origin, produced during inflation, assume classical properties. Two features play an important role in this process: First, the dynamics of fluctuations which are presently on large cosmological scales leads to a very peculiar state (highly squeezed) that is indistinguishable, in a precise sense, from a classical stochastic process. This holds for almost all initial quantum states. Second, the process of decoherence by interaction with the environment distinguishes the field amplitude basis as the robust pointer basis. We discuss in detail the interplay between these features and use simple analogies such as the free quantum particle to illustrate the main conceptual issues.
Estimation of the influence of ionic dielectricity on the dynamic superconducting order parameter
Authors: Peter M. , Weger M. , Pitaevskii L. P.
Published: November 2010

We consider the influence of an ω‐dependent ionic dielectric constant ϵ(ω) on the properties of a superconductor. Assuming that the pairing interaction is proportional to ϵ2 we have solved the Eliashberg equations for this case, both for imaginary and real frequencies. The interaction potential depends on a coupling constant λ and on a longitudinal phonon frequency Ω. The dielectric constant is assumed to be independent of wavevector q, and to depend on frequency through the expression: ϵ(ω) = (ω2 ‐ ω2long)/(ω2 ‐ ω2trans), where ωlong, ωtrans are the frequencies of optical phonons of the dielectric. We find that along the imaginary frequency axis (but not for real frequencies) the weighted phonon propagator can be modeled by an appropriate choice of a cutoff frequency and an effective coupling constant. The influence of ϵ(ω) on Tc, the gap δ(ω), and the renormalization function Z(ω) are studied and it is found that these quantities increase significantly with the dielectric constant.
Spin‐flip torsion balance
Authors: Fulde P. , Kettemann S.
Published: November 2010

The spin flip of the conduction electrons at the interface of a ferromagnetic and a nonmagnetic part of a metallic wire, suspended between two electrodes, is shown to tort the wire when a current is driven through it. In order to enhance the effect it is suggested to use an alternating current in resonance with the torsional oscillations. Thereby the magnetic polarization of the conduction electrons in the ferromagnet can be measured directly, and compared to the total magnetization. This may yield new information on the transport properties of the narrow band electrons in itinerant ferromagnets.
From Conception to Realization: An Historial Account of Graphene and Some Perspectives for Its Future
Authors: Dreyer Daniel R. , Ruoff Rodney S. , Bielawski Christopher W.
Published: November 2010

There has been an intense surge in interest in graphene during recent years. However, graphene‐like materials derived from graphite oxide were reported in 1962, and related chemical modifications of graphite were described as early as 1840. In this detailed account of the fascinating development of the synthesis and characterization of graphene, we hope to demonstrate that the rich history of graphene chemistry laid the foundation for the exciting research that continues to this day. Important challenges remain, however; many with great technological relevance.
Pyrazolobenzotriazinone Derivatives as COX Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Molecular‐Modeling Studies
Authors: Raffa Demetrio , Migliara Onofrio , Maggio Benedetta , Plescia Fabiana , Cascioferro Stella , Cusimano Maria Grazia , Tringali Giuseppe , Cannizzaro Carla , Plescia Fulvio
Published: November 2010

Pyrazolylbenzotriazinones are endowed with a structural analogy with the COX‐2 selective inhibitor celecoxib. Considering that our research group has long been interested in the 3‐pyrazolyl‐substituted benzotriazinones as anti‐inflammatory agents, six new pyrazolylbenzotriazinone derivatives 16a–c and 18a–c have been prepared by reacting the opportune ethyl 5‐(2‐aminobenzamido)‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylate or 5‐(2‐aminobenzamido)‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxyic acid with sodium nitrite in glacial acetic acid. The biological studies revealed a good pharmacological profile for some pyrazolylbenzotriazinones and, in the case of the ethyl 5‐(4‐oxo‐1,2,3‐benzotriazin‐3(4H)‐yl)‐1‐pyridin‐2‐yl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylate, a good COX‐1/COX‐2 selectivity. Molecular modeling studies confirmed the obtained biological results.
Anticonvulsant and Toxicity Evaluation of Newer 4H‐Benzo[1,4]oxazin‐3‐ones: The Effect of Two Hydrogen Bonding Domains
Authors: Siddiqui Nadeem , Ali Ruhi , Arshad M. Faiz , Ahsan Waquar , Ahmed Sharique , Alam M. Shamsher
Published: November 2010

A series of (Z)‐2‐(substituted aryl)‐N‐(3‐oxo‐4‐(substituted carbamothioyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazin‐7‐yl) hydrazine carboxamides (6a–r) was synthesized using 2‐amino‐5‐nitrophenol as a starting material. All the synthesized compounds possessed two hydrogen‐bonding domains and their effect on the activity was studied thereof. The anticonvulsant activity was assessed by the maximal electroshock test (MES), subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole test (scPTZ) and intraperitoneal thiosemicarbazide test (ipTSC). Compounds (6b, 6h, 6i, and 6p) were found to be the most potent of the series as they showed 83–100% protection in the MES test. They also displayed considerable activity in the chemically induced seizure tests. Most of the tested compounds were devoid of the neurotoxic and hepatotoxic effects.
Antimicrobial and Antineoplastic Activities of Agelasine Analogs Modified in the Purine 2‐Position
Authors: Roggen Heidi , Charnock Colin , Burman Robert , Felth Jenny , Larsson Rolf , Bohlin Lars , Gundersen Lise‐Lotte
Published: November 2010

Agelasines are 7,9‐dialkylpurinium salts found in marine sponges (Agelas sp.), which display a variety of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. We have synthesized simplified agelasine analogs modified in the purine 2‐position and examined their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The compounds were screened against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida krusei, and Candida albicans, protozoa causing tropical diseases (Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei), a panel of human cancer cell lines (U‐937 GTB, RPMI 8226/s, CEM/s, and ACHN) as well as VERO and/or MRC‐5 cells. The results indicate that the introduction of a methyl group in the purine 2‐position is beneficial for antimycobacterial and antiprotozoal activity, and that amino groups may enhance activity against several cancer cell lines.
Pyrolytic Carbon from an Aromatic Precursor and Its Application as a Counter Electrode in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Hsiao Chang‐Tao , Lu Shih‐Yuan , Tsai Tsung‐Yu
Published: November 2010

Pyrolytic carbon thin films were deposited on quartz plates through a chemical vapor deposition process, by using a biphenyl precursor, 4,4′‐bis(chloromethyl‐1,1′‐biphenyl). The pyrolytic carbons were microporous and catalytic toward reduction of tri‐iodide, and the films thus obtained possessed a metallic appearance with good mirror reflections, hydrophilic surfaces, and low sheet resistances. The pyrolytic carbon‐coated quartz plates were used, in place of the commonly used Pt‐coated fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass, as the counter electrode for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The light to electricity conversion efficiency of the cell thus obtained was reasonably high, achieving 78 % of that obtained by using the conventional but much more expensive Pt counter electrode. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis, one found that the minor reduction in the conversion efficiency came from the relatively higher resistance and lower catalytic activity of the pyrolytic carbon. This work demonstrates that the newly developed pyrolytic carbon films may be a promising alternative to Pt as the counter electrode material for DSSCs.
Removal of Ni(II) from Aqueous Solutions by Nanoscale Magnetite
Authors: Wang Xue Song , Ren Jun Jun , Lu Hai Jie , Zhu Lei , Liu Fei , Zhang Qian Qian , Xie Juan
Published: November 2010

Magnetite nanoparticles were applied to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solutions as a function of pH, contact time, supporting electrolyte concentration, and analytical initial Ni(II) concentration. The highly crystalline nature of the magnetite structure with diameter of around 10 nm was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD). The surface area was determined to be 115.3 m2/g. Surface chemical properties of magnetite at 25°C in aqueous suspensions were investigated. The point of zero charge (pHzpc) was found to be 7.33 and the intrinsic acidity constants (${\rm p}K_{{\rm a}1}^{{\rm s}} $ and ${\rm p}K_{{\rm a}2}^{{\rm s}} $) were found to be 9.3 and 5.9, respectively. The surface functional groups were investigated with Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption kinetics and mechanism of Ni(II) by these magnetite nanoparticles. The adsorption process was found to be pH dependent. In NaCl solutions, Ni(II) adsorption increased with increasing ionic strength while in NaClO4 solutions, Ni(II) adsorption exhibited little dependence on the ionic strength of the solution. The adsorption process better followed the pseudo‐second order equation and Freundlich isotherm.
Recent Progress in Catalysis and Photochemistry for Energy Technologies
Authors: Losse Sebastian , Junge Henrik
Published: November 2010

Recent Progress in Catalysis and Photochemistry for Energy Technologies
IL‐1β regulates a novel myeloid‐derived suppressor cell subset that impairs NK cell development and function
Authors: Elkabets Moshe , Ribeiro Vera S. G. , Dinarello Charles A. , Ostrand‐Rosenberg Suzanne , Di Santo James P. , Apte Ron N. , Vosshenrich Christian A. J.
Published: November 2010

Chronic inflammation is associated with promotion of malignancy and tumor progression. Many tumors enhance the accumulation of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which contribute to tumor progression and growth by suppressing anti‐tumor immune responses. Tumor‐derived IL‐1β secreted into the tumor microenvironment has been shown to induce the accumulation of MDSC possessing an enhanced capacity to suppress T cells. In this study, we found that the enhanced suppressive potential of IL‐1β‐induced MDSC was due to the activity of a novel subset of MDSC lacking Ly6C expression. This subset was present at low frequency in tumor‐bearing mice in the absence of IL‐1β‐induced inflammation; however, under inflammatory conditions, Ly6CnegMDSC were predominant. Ly6CnegMDSC impaired NK cell development and functionsin vitroandin vivo. These results identify a novel IL‐1β‐induced subset of MDSC with unique functional properties. Ly6CnegMDSC mediating NK cell suppression may thus represent useful targets for therapeutic interventions.
Treg and T‐effector cells in autoimmune CNS inflammation: A delicate balance, easily disturbed
Authors: Anderton Stephen M.
Published: November 2010

EAE is the primary pre‐clinical disease for modelling the autoimmune/inflammatory component of multiple sclerosis. In fact, EAE is the primordial CD4+ T‐cell‐driven autoimmune disease model. It is striking (although perhaps unsurprising) that more than 10 000 publications over seven decades have provided a confusing, rather than a satisfying, picture of etiopathology. In the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology, an analysis of mice lacking LFA‐1 is reported. Given the role of this integrin in T‐cell activation and effector cell migration, one might predict resistance of LFA‐1−/− mice to EAE induction. Instead, this study unexpectedly reports that EAE was exacerbated in the absence of LFA‐1, and that this correlated with a decrease in the steady‐state numbers of Foxp3+ Treg in the LFA‐1−/− mice. Previous studies on the role of LFA‐1 in EAE have been reviewed recently. This Commentary focuses on our current understanding of Treg function in the development and resolution of EAE and discusses how the absence of LFA‐1 might unhinge these, possibly by altering the generation of Treg in the thymus, their expansion in response to autoantigen immunization, or their infiltration of the CNS.
The transient nature of the Th17 phenotype
Authors: Annunziato Francesco , Romagnani Sergio
Published: November 2010

CD4+ Th lymphocytes represent a heterogeneous population of cells that play an essential role in adaptive immunity. In addition to type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) cells, a third subset of CD4+ Th effector cells has recently been discovered, named type 17 (Th17) because of its unique ability to produce interleukin (IL)‐17. Initial studies in mice suggested that Th17 cells are the pathogenic cells in autoimmune disorders, whereas Th1 cells are protective. Studies in humans have demonstrated the plasticity of Th17 cells and their ability to convert to Th1 cells. This Th17 to Th1 cell plasticity has also been confirmed in mice and, furthermore, it was found that Th17 cells appear to be pathogenic only when they shift to Th1 cells. A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology uses an IL‐17 fate mapping mouse strain, which permits the identification of the cells that have been IL‐17 producers, to provide definitive evidence that Th17 cells, either generated in vitro or in vivo, represent a transient phenotype that tend to convert into IFN‐γ‐producing cells. Our Commentary discusses this interesting point in light of previous data suggesting the same concept.
The growing diversity and spectrum of action of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells
Authors: Mantovani Alberto
Published: November 2010

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of myelomonocytic cells endowed with suppressive activity. MDSC expand and acquire suppressive functions in chronic inflammatory conditions, in particular in neoplastic disorders. As exemplified in two reports in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, progress has been made in defining MDSC‐inducing signals, MDSC phenotypic diversity and spectrum of action. These recent results provide a basis to better define the relationship of MDSC with the adaptive immune responses of mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils and to exploit their function in a therapeutic setting.
Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2008–2010)
Authors: Breadmore Michael C. , Dawod Mohamed , Quirino Joselito P.
Published: November 2010

Capillary electrophoresis has been alive for over two decades now; yet, its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with an update published in 2009 and covers material published through to June 2010. It includes developments in the fields of stacking, covering all methods from field‐amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to ITP, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to on‐line or in‐line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
Innovating foreign aid—progress and problems
Authors: Jones Sam
Published: November 2010

This paper assesses two innovative development financing models—specialised global partnership funds (e.g. The Global Fund) and market‐based approaches (e.g. GlobalGiving). Via a simple typology of development financing approaches these models are shown to contain distinctive and new elements. They have definite strengths, particularly in raising funds as well as unbundling fundraising from design and implementation. However, these models are not panaceas and replicate many weaknesses of ‘traditional’ approaches to foreign aid. Donors should carefully consider the merits of supporting new financing structures relative to including innovative design features within existing aid programmes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishment and application of fuzzy decision rules: an empirical case of the air passenger market in Taiwan
Authors: Chiang Wen‐Yu
Published: November 2010

This paper develops a framework for creating fuzzy decision rules by socio‐economic variables, transactional record variables and customer benefit variables. Fuzzy decision rules may be applied on marketing systems of businesses. This research uses fuzzy k‐means algorithm and C4.5 decision tree algorithm to generate fuzzy decision rules. The framework is applied on the air passenger market of Taiwan for an empirical case study. Results of this research found two non‐fuzzy (crisp) decision rules and two fuzzy decision rules, which can be applied on the customer relationship management systems of airlines. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The expression of CXCR4, CXCL12 and CXCR7 in malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Li Tong , Li Hui , Wang Yucheng , Harvard Chansonette , Tan Jia‐Li , Au Alfred , Xu Zhidong , Jablons David M , You Liang
Published: November 2010

The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, are involved in tumour progression, metastasis, and survival. We investigated the expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and CXCR7 in malignant pleural mesothelioma to determine if they are possible biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Forty‐one mesothelioma tumour tissues, ten normal human pleural tissues, and two mesothelioma cell lines were stained with anti‐CXCR4, anti‐CXCL12, anti‐CXCR7, and anti‐p‐Akt antibodies. RT‐PCR was performed to determine the expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and CXCR7 in six human mesothelioma cell lines (H28, 211H, H2052, ms‐1, H290, and H513) and one human normal mesothelial cell line, LP9. These seven cell lines were also stained with anti‐CXCR7. We found that CXCR4 and CXCL12 were expressed in 97.6% and 78.0% mesothelioma tissue samples, concurrently with strong expression of p‐Akt (R2 = 0.739 and 0.620, respectively). In addition, CXCR7 expression was weaker than CXCR4 expression in mesothelioma tissues. Furthermore, RT‐PCR showed that CXCR4 and CXCL12 were overexpressed in 5/6 mesothelioma cell lines (211H, H2052, ms‐1, H290, and H513), whereas CXCR7 was overexpressed in only 2/6 (H513 and H2052). Moreover, we found that the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 inhibited the growth of all five mesothelioma cell lines that overexpress CXCR4 and CXCL12. Our results suggest that the Akt–mTOR pathway is involved during the interruption of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in these five mesothelioma cell lines. In conclusion, CXCR4 and CXCL12 are highly expressed in most mesothelioma cell lines and tumour tissues, suggesting that CXCR4 and CXCL12 may be used as biomarkers for patients with mesothelioma. The CXCL12–CXCR4 interaction may be a potential therapeutic target for mesothelioma. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Protein Information and Property Explorer 2: Gaggle‐like exploration of biological proteomic data within one webpage
Authors: Ramos Hector , Shannon Paul , Brusniak Mi‐Youn , Kusebauch Ulrike , Moritz Robert L. , Aebersold Ruedi
Published: November 2010

The Protein Information and Property Explorer 2 (PIPE2) is an enhanced software program and updated web application that aims at providing the proteomic researcher a simple, intuitive user interface through which to begin inquiry into the biological significance of a list of proteins typically produced by MS/MS proteomic processing software. PIPE2 includes an improved interface, new data visualization options, and new data analysis methods for combining disparate, but related, data sets. In particular, PIPE2 has been enhanced to handle multi‐dimensional data such as protein abundance, gene expression, and/or interaction data. The current architecture of PIPE2, modeled after that of Gaggle (a programming infrastructure for interoperability between separately developed software tools), contains independent functional units that can be instantiated and pieced together at the user's discretion to form a pipelined analysis workflow. Among these functional units is the Network Viewer component, which adds rich network analysis capabilities to the suite of existing proteomic web resources. Additionally, PIPE2 implements a framework within which new analysis procedures can be easily deployed and distributed over the World Wide Web. PIPE2 is available as a web service at http://pipe2.systemsbiology.net/.
Protective Effects of Berberine in an Experimental Rat Osteoarthritis Model
Authors: Hu Peng‐fei , Chen Wei‐ping , Tang Jing‐li , Bao Jia‐peng , Wu Li‐dong
Published: November 2010

Berberine shows anticancer, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects and may be useful in many clinical applications. The effects of berberine on articular cartilage metabolism remain unknown, so this study was performed to evaluate these effects in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro work, rat articular chondrocytes were cultured in a monolayer and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1), ‐3, ‐13 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP‐1) expression was evaluated by real‐time quantitative PCR. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined using the Griess reaction, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release was measured using the dimethylmethylene blue method. For the in vivo work, berberine was administered by intraarticular injection, and the effects on MMPs and TIMP‐1 were examined at the gene and protein levels. Berberine was found to inhibit the expression of MMP‐1, ‐3 and ‐13, and increased the level of TIMP‐1 at the mRNA level in a dose‐dependent manner. In IL‐1β‐induced rat articular chondrocytes, berberine decreased IL‐1β‐induced GAG release and NO production. Meanwhile, high‐dose berberine exhibited an anticatabolic effect in an IL‐1β‐induced rat osteoarthritis (OA) model. These findings suggest that berberine may play a protective role in the development of OA and may be useful in the treatment of OA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of relative humidity on energy absorption properties of honeycomb paperboards
Authors: E Yu‐Ping , Wang Zhi‐Wei
Published: November 2010

The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the energy absorption characteristics of honeycomb paperboard is investigated experimentally. Results indicate that RH has no significant effect on plateau stress, or energy absorption capacity of honeycomb paperboard in RH range between 40–75%, but its energy absorption properties decrease substantially with the increasing of RH when the RH exceeds 75%. It is concluded that RH is a significant consideration for honeycomb paperboard as a cushioning material used in extremely humid environments most probably encountered in south‐east coast of China, while under ordinary circumstances, there is no need to consider the effect of RH. Energy absorption diagram based on the effect of RH is constructed from the stress‐strain curves obtained from tests, and its application for a given energy absorption task is exemplified. The model established in this paper could be used for practical application for the designing optimization and material selection of packaging products in actual logistics environments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.