bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Programmable Nanocarbon‐Based Architectures for Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Niu Zhiqiang , Liu Lili , Zhang Li , Zhou Weiya , Chen Xiaodong , Xie Sishen
Published: September 2015

Supercapacitors (SCs), also called electrochemical capacitors, often show high power density, excellent charge/discharge rates, and long cycle life. The recent development of flexible and wearable electronic devices requires that their power sources be sufficiently compact and flexible to match these electronic components. Therefore, flexible SCs have attracted much attention to power current advanced electronics that can be flexible and wearable. In the past several years, many different strategies have been developed to programmably construct different nanocarbon materials into bendable electrode architectures. Furthermore, flexible SC devices with simplified configurations have also been designed based on these nanocarbon‐based architectures. Here, recent developments in the programmable assembly of bendable architectures based on nanocarbon materials are presented. Additionally, the design of flexible nanocarbon‐based SC devices with various configurations is highlighted. The progress made recently paves the way for further development of nanocarbon architectures and corresponding flexible SC devices. Future development and prospects in this area are also analyzed.
Hearing impairment and renal failure associated with RMND1 mutations
Authors: Ravn Kirstine , Neland Mette , Wibrand Flemming , Duno Morten , Ostergaard Elsebet
Published: September 2015

Recently, two research groups reported that mutations in RMND1 were associated with encephalopathy, elevated lactate, hypotonia, and in some patients seizures or myoclonia in individuals from two consanguineous families. A combined respiratory chain deficiency and a defect in mitochondrial protein translation was found. In this study, we report two siblings who are compound heterozygous for the mutations, c.713A>G and c.1003delG, in RMND1. Respiratory chain enzymatic analysis and BN‐PAGE showed a combined OXPHOS deficiency. Western blot analysis indicated normal levels of RMND1, but the assembly of the RMND1 homopolymeric complex was highly impaired. The two siblings had a markedly milder phenotype and longer survival compared to previously reported patients. In addition, they had renal failure and hearing impairment. These two newly described patients contribute to delineation of the clinical spectrum associated with RMND1 aberrations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Milk at altitude: Human milk macronutrient composition in a high‐altitude adapted population of tibetans
Authors: Quinn Elizabeth A. , Diki Bista Kesang , Childs Geoff
Published: September 2015

Objective

The physiological challenges of high altitude have led to population‐specific patterns of adaptation. These include alterations to child growth and reproduction, including lactation. However, while breastfeeding has been investigated, nothing is known about milk composition in high altitude adapted populations.

Materials and Methods

Here, we investigate milk macronutrient composition, volume, and energy in a sample of 82 Tibetans living at high and low altitude in rural villages (Nubri Valley, Nepal) and at low altitude in Kathmandu, Nepal. Milk samples were collected in the morning using hand expression, frozen, and assayed for fat, protein, and total sugars. Reproductive histories and health recalls were also collected.

Results

Milk fat averaged 5.2 ±2.0 g/100 mL, milk sugar 7.37 ± 0.49 g/100 mL, and milk protein 1.26 ± 0.35 g/100 mL for a mean energy density of 81.4 ± 17.4 kcal/100 mL. There were no associations between altitude of residence and milk composition; however, overall milk fat was high compared to reference populations. Within the three groups, milk fat was positively associated with infant age (B = 0.103;p < 0.001) and maternal triceps skinfold thickness (B = 0.095;p < 0.01) while milk sugar was significantly and inversely associated with maternal parity and triceps skinfold thickness.

Discussion

Milk fat, and consequently milk energy, may be increased in high‐altitude adapted Tibetans when compared to populations living at low altitude. The association between milk fat and maternal adiposity suggests that milk composition may be sensitive to maternal adiposity in this sample, likely reflecting increased metabolic costs of producing a high‐fat milk. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:233–243, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nature‐Inspired Environmental “Phosphorylation” Boosts Photocatalytic H2 Production over Carbon Nitride Nanosheets under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Liu Guigao , Wang Tao , Zhang Huabin , Meng Xianguang , Hao Dong , Chang Kun , Li Peng , Kako Tetsuya , Ye Jinhua
Published: September 2015

Inspired by the crucial roles of phosphates in natural photosynthesis, we explored an environmental “phosphorylation” strategy for boosting photocatalytic H2 production over g‐C3N4 nanosheets under visible light. As expected, a substantial improvement was observed in the rate of H2 evolution to 947 μmol h−1, and the apparent quantum yield was as high as 26.1 % at 420 nm. The synergy of enhanced proton reduction and improved hole oxidation is proposed to account for the markedly increased activity. Our findings may provide a promising and facile approach to highly efficient photocatalysis for solar‐energy conversion.
Turning Peptide Sequences into Ribbon Foldamers by a Straightforward Multicyclization Reaction
Authors: Martin Vincent , Legrand Baptiste , Vezenkov Lubomir L. , Berthet Mathéo , Subra Gilles , Calmès Monique , Bantignies Jean‐Louis , Martinez Jean , Amblard Muriel
Published: September 2015

The conformational control of molecular scaffolds allows the display of functional groups in defined spatial arrangement. This is of considerable interest for developing fundamental and applied systems in both the fields of biology and material sciences. Peptides afford a large diversity of functional groups, and peptide synthetic routes are very attractive and accessible. However, most short peptides do not possess well‐defined secondary structures. Herein, we developed a simple strategy for converting peptide sequences into structured γ‐lactam‐containing oligomers while keeping the amino acids side chain diversity. We showed the propensity of these molecules to adopt ribbon‐like secondary structures. The periodic distribution of the functional groups on both sides of the ribbon plane is encoded by the initial peptide sequence.
A Stimuli‐Responsive Rotaxane–Gold Catalyst: Regulation of Activity and Diastereoselectivity
Authors: Galli Marzia , Lewis James E. M. , Goldup Stephen M.
Published: September 2015

A rotaxane‐based Au catalyst was developed and the effect of the mechanical bond on its behavior was studied. Unlike the non‐interlocked thread, the rotaxane requires a catalytically innocent cofactor, the identity of which significantly influences both the yield and diastereoselectivity of the reaction. Under optimized conditions, AuI (the catalyst), AgI (to abstract the Cl− ligand), and CuI (the cofactor) combine to produce a catalyst with excellent activity and selectivity.
Design and Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3‐Triazole‐ and 2‐Isoxazoline‐Based Bis‐Heterocycles as Immune Potentiators
Authors: Ismail Tabasum , Shafi Syed , Hyder Irfan , Sidiq Tabasum , Khajuria Anamika , Alam Sarvar M. , Halmuthur M. Sampath Kumar
Published: September 2015

A series of novel bis‐heterocycles encompassing isoxazolines and triazoles were synthesized through a novel one‐pot procedure that involves in situ generation of nitrile oxide and its 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to variedly substituted acrylates. The synthesized bis‐heterocycles (8a–l) were subjected to in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays followed by in vivo studies of the more active compounds (8g and 8h) to assess their influence on various aspects of the immune system like ex vivo splenocyte proliferation (T‐ and B‐cell proliferation), antibody production (HA titer), delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction, T‐cell subtypes (CD4 and CD8), cytokine production (IL‐2, IFN‐γ, and IL‐4), NO (macrophage) production, and toxic effects. The results from the in vitro and in vivo studies establish that the tested compounds 8g and 8h possess excellent immunopotentiating activity.
Multiple viewpoints increase students' attention to source features in social question and answer forum messages
Authors: Salmerón Ladislao , Macedo‐Rouet Mônica , Rouet Jean‐François
Published: September 2015

Social question & answer forums offer great learning opportunities, but students need to evaluate the credibility of answers to avoid being misled by untrustworthy sources. This critical evaluation may be beyond the capabilities of students from primary and secondary school. We conducted 2 studies to assess how students from primary, secondary, and undergraduate education perceive and use 2 relevant credibility cues in forums: author's identity and evidence used to support his answer. Students didn't use these cues when they evaluated forums with a single answer (Experiment 1), but they recommended more often answers from self‐reported experts than from users with a pseudonym when multiple sources were discussed in the forum (Experiment 2). This pattern of results suggested that multiple viewpoints increase students' attention to source features in forum messages. Experiment 2 also revealed that primary school students preferred personal experience as evidence in the messages, whereas undergraduate students preferred the inclusion of documentary sources. Thus, while children mimic the adult preference for expert sources in web forums, they treat source information in a rather superficial manner. To conclude, we outline possible mechanisms to understand how credibility assessment evolves across educational levels, and discuss potential implications for the educational curriculum in information literacy.
Adjusting the Proportion of Electron‐Withdrawing Groups in a Graft Functional Polymer for Multilevel Memory Performance
Authors: Wu Linxin , Wang Peng , Zhang Chunyu , He Jinghui , Chen Dongyun , Jun Jiang , Xu Qingfeng , Lu Jianmei
Published: September 2015

A polymer containing aldehyde active groups (PVB) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), acting as a polymer precursor to graft a functional moiety via nucleophilic addition reaction. DHI (2‐(1,5‐dimethyl‐hexyl)‐6‐hydrazino‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione) and NPH (nitrophenyl hydrazine) groups, which contain naphthalimides that act as narrow traps and nitro groups that act as deep traps, were anchored onto the PVB at different ratios. A series of graft polymers were obtained and named PVB‐DHI, PVB‐DHI4‐NPH, PVB‐DHI‐NPH4, and PVB‐NPH. The chemical composition of the polymers was analyzed by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Memory devices were prepared from the polymers, and I–V characteristics were measured to determine the performance. By adjusting the ratio of different electron acceptors (DHI and NPH) to 4:1, ternary memory behavior was achieved. The relationship between memory behavior of PVB‐DHIxNPHy and acceptor groups as well as their conduction mechanism were studied in detail.
siRNA delivery into cultured primary human myoblasts – optimization of electroporation parameters and theoretical analysis
Authors: Lojk Jasna , Mis Katarina , Pirkmajer Sergej , Pavlin Mojca
Published: September 2015

Introduction of genetic material into muscle tissue has been extensively researched, including isolation and in vitro expansion of primary myoblasts as a potential source of cells for skeletal and heart muscle tissue engineering applications. In this study, we optimized the electroporation protocol for introduction of short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) against messenger RNA for Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α (HIF‐1α) into cultured primary human myoblasts. We established optimal pulsing protocol for siRNA electro transfection, and theoretically analyzed the effect of electric field and pulse duration on silencing efficiency and electrophoretic displacement of siRNA. Silencing of HIF‐1α was determined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot. The most efficient silencing (71% knockdown) was achieved with 8 × 2 ms pulses, E = 0.6 kV/cm. Viability was determined immediately, 1 h and 48 h after electroporation. In general, there was a trade‐off between efficient silencing and preserved viability. Electric field and pulse duration are crucial parameters for silencing, since both increase membrane permeabilization and electrophoretic transfer of siRNA. Short‐term viability showed immediate toxicity of pulses due to membrane damage, while indirect effects on cell proliferation were observed after 48 h. Presented results are important for faster optimization of electroporation parameters for ex vivo electrotransfer of short RNA molecules into primary human myoblasts. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:551–563, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual‐function fluorescent probe for cancer imaging and therapy
Authors: Cui Hongjing , Wang Ran , Zhou Ying , Shu Chang , Song Fengjuan , Zhong Wenying
Published: September 2015

To date, several fluorescent probes modified by a single targeting agent have been explored. However, studies on the preparation of dual‐function quantum dot (QD) fluorescent probes with dual‐targeting action and a therapeutic effect are rare. Here, a dual‐targeting CdTe/CdS QD fluorescent probe with a bovine serum albumin–glycyrrhetinic acid conjugate and arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid was successfully prepared that could induce the apoptosis of liver cancer cells and showed enhanced targeting in in vitro cell imaging. Therefore, the as‐prepared fluorescent probe in this work is an efficient diagnostic tool for the simultaneous detection of liver cancer and breast cancer cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacterial cellulose composites: Synthetic strategies and multiple applications in bio‐medical and electro‐conductive fields
Authors: Ul‐Islam Mazhar , Khan Shaukat , Ullah Muhammad Wajid , Park Joong Kon
Published: September 2015

Bacterial cellulose (BC), owing to its pure nature and impressive physicochemical properties, including high mechanical strength, crystallinity, porous fibrous structure, and liquid absorbing capabilities, has emerged as an advanced biomaterial. To match the market demand and economic values, BC has been produced through a number of synthetic routes, leading to slightly different structural features and physical appearance. Chemical nature, porous geometry, and 3D fibrous structure of BC make it an ideal material for composites synthesis that successfully overcome certain deficiencies of pure BC. In this review, we have focused various strategies developed for synthesizing BC and BC composites. Reinforcement materials including nanoparticles and polymers have enhanced the antimicrobial, conducting, magnetic, biocompatible, and mechanical properties of BC. Both pure BC and its composites have shown impressive applications in medical fields and in the development of optoelectronic devices. Herein, we have given a special attention to discuss its applications in the medical and electronic fields. In conclusion, BC and BC composites have realistic potential to be used in future development of medical devices, artificial organs and electronic and conducting materials. The contents discussed herein will provide an eye‐catching theme to the researchers concerned with practical applications of BC and BC composites.
Randomized clinical trial investigating the stress response from two different methods of analgesia after laparoscopic colorectal surgery
Authors: Day A R , Smith R V P , Scott M J P , Fawcett W J , Rockall T A
Published: September 2015

Background

One of the key elements of managed recovery is thought to be suppression of the neuroendocrine response using regional analgesics. This may be superfluous in laparoscopic colorectal surgery with small wounds. This trial assessed the effects of spinal analgesia versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) on neuroendocrine responses in that setting.

Methods

A randomized clinical trial was conducted with participation of patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery within a managed recovery programme. Consenting patients were allocated randomly to spinal analgesia or morphine PCA as primary postoperative analgesia. The primary outcome was interleukin (IL) 6 levels; secondary outcomes were levels of cortisol, glucose, insulin and other cytokines, pain scores, morphine use and length of hospital stay. Stress response analysis was conducted before operation, and 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery.

Results

Of 143 eligible patients, 133 were randomized and 120 completed the study. Baseline patient characteristics were similar in the two groups. There were no significant differences in median levels of insulin, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α or vascular endothelial growth factor between the spinal analgesia and PCA groups at any time point. Three hours after surgery (but at no other time point) median (i.q.r.) levels of cortisol (468 (329–678) versus 701 (429–820) nmol/l; P = 0·004) and glucose (6·1 (5·4–7·5) versus 7·0 (6·0–7·7) mmol/l; P = 0·012) were lower in the spinal analgesia group than in the PCA group. Median (i.q.r.) levels of total intravenous morphine were lower in the spinal analgesia group (10·0 (3·3–15·8) versus 45·5 (34·0–60·5) mg; P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Spinal analgesia reduced early neuroendocrine responses and overall parenteral morphine use. Registration number: NCT01128088 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
New Insights into the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of β‐Butyrolactone Catalyzed by Chromium(III) Salphen Complexes
Authors: Vagin Sergei , Winnacker Malte , Kronast Alexander , Altenbuchner Peter T. , Deglmann Peter , Sinkel Carsten , Loos Robert , Rieger Bernhard
Published: September 2015

The heterogeneous nature of β‐butyrolactone (BL) polymerization towards tactic poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) in the presence of chromium(III) salphen (salphen=N,N′‐disalicylidene‐o‐phenylenediamine) complexes is supported by a number of experimental observations. Depending on the substitution pattern, initially soluble chromium(III) salphen chloride complexes can generate microcrystalline agglomerates under the polymerization conditions, driven by formation of μ‐OH bridges between metal centers. Coordinated water molecules are suggested to be the source of such bridging ligands. The formation of these/this heterogeneous species is a prerequisite for the stereocontrolled ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of BL, whereas both iso‐ and syndioselective enchainment occurs simultaneously. According to the analysis of the 13C NMR spectra of the polymers, the ratio of the corresponding triads depends on a number of parameters in a not yet understood manner. Besides dual stereoselectivity, the heterogeneous chromium(III) salphen species feature catalytic sites with different activities, which is reflected in the very broad molecular mass distribution of the produced PHB. Highly active catalytic sites cause the formation of polymer chains with a high molecular mass at the beginning of polymerization. The described behavior is not inherent to truly homogeneous chromium salphen complexes and is more in line with a bimetallic ROP mechanism proposed earlier, which requires a particular mutual spatial orientation of two salphen complexes for the efficient catalysis of BL polymerization.
Solvent‐Mediated Transformation from Achiral to Chiral Nickel(II) Metal–Organic Frameworks and Reassembly in Solution
Authors: Li Xiaoju , Yu Zhenjiang , Li Xinxiong , Guo Xiaofang
Published: September 2015

Reactions of 5‐nitroisophthalic acid (NO2‐H2ip), 1,4‐bis(imidazol‐1′‐yl)butane (bimb), and Ni(NO3)2⋅6 H2O gave rise to four metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), [Ni2(NO2‐ip)2(bimb)1.5]n (1), [Ni4(NO2‐ip)3(bimb)2(OH)2(H2O)]n ⋅(CH3CH2OH)0.5 n (2), [Ni(NO2‐ip)(bimb)1.5(H2O)]n⋅(H2O)n ⋅(CH3CH2OH)0.5 n (3), and [Ni(NO2‐ip) (bimb)(μ‐H2O)]n⋅(H2O)n (4). The metal/ligand ratio, pH value, and solvent exerted a subtle but crucial influence on the formation of complexes 1–4, which possess different visual color and crystal structures. Complex 1 exhibits a twofold interpenetrating 3D pillared bilayer framework composed of binuclear and mononuclear NiII units, whereas complex 2 is a 3D chiral network that consists of asymmetric tetranuclear NiII units. Complexes 3 and 4 are 3D layer‐pillared frameworks that consist of mononuclear NiII ions and a 3D six‐connected network of μ‐water‐bridged dinuclear NiII units, respectively. Interestingly, achiral 4 can be transformed into chiral 2 by using a solvent‐mediated single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal process without any chiral auxiliary. Magnetic analyses of 2 and 4 show the occurrence of antiferromagnetic interactions. Complex 3 is difficult to obtain directly as a single solid phase, but it can be homogeneously formed by solvent‐mediated transformations from 1, 2, and 4.
Sensitization of NO‐Releasing Ruthenium Complexes to Visible Light
Authors: Becker Tobias , Kupfer Stephan , Wolfram Martin , Görls Helmar , Schubert Ulrich S. , Anslyn Eric V. , Dietzek Benjamin , Gräfe Stefanie , Schiller Alexander
Published: September 2015

We report a combined spectroscopical–theoretical investigation on the photosensitization of transition metal nitrosyl complexes. For this purpose, ruthenium nitrosyl complexes based on tetradentate biscarboxamide ligands were synthesized. A crystal structure analysis of a lithium‐based ligand intermediate is described. The Ru complexes have been characterized regarding their photophysical and nitric oxide (NO) releasing properties. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to unravel the influence of the biscarboxamide ligand frame with respect to the molecular electronic properties of the NO‐releasing pathway. A quantitative measure for the ligand design within photosensitized Ru complexes is introduced and evaluated spectroscopically and theoretically by using time‐dependent density functional theory.
Adding a Structural Context to the Deprotometalation and Trans‐Metal Trapping Chemistry of Phenyl‐Substituted Benzotriazole
Authors: Fuentes M. Ángeles , Kennedy Alan R. , Mulvey Robert E. , Parkinson John A. , Rantanen Toni , Robertson Stuart D. , Snieckus Victor
Published: September 2015

Organometallic bases are becoming increasingly complex, because mixing components can lead to bases superior to single‐component bases. To better understand this superiority, it is useful to study metalated intermediate structures prior to quenching. This study is on 1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzotriazole, which was previously deprotonated by an in situ ZnCl2⋅TMEDA/LiTMP (TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine; TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide) mixture and then iodinated. Herein, reaction with LiTMP exposes the deficiency of the single‐component base as the crystalline product obtained was [{4‐R‐1‐(2‐lithiophenyl)‐1H‐benzotriazole⋅3THF}2], [R=2‐C6H4(Ph)NLi], in which ring opening of benzotriazole and N2 extrusion had occurred. Supporting lithiation by adding iBu2Al(TMP) induces trans‐metal trapping, in which CLi bonds transform into CAl bonds to stabilise the metalated intermediate. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed homodimeric [(4‐R′‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzotriazole)2], [R′=(iBu)2Al(μ‐TMP)Li], and its heterodimeric isomer [(4‐R′‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzotriazole){2‐R′‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzotriazole}], whose structure and slow conformational dynamics were probed by solution NMR spectroscopy.
First N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes Relying on the Triazolone Structural Motif: Syntheses, Modifications and Reactivity
Authors: Jonek Markus , Diekmann Janina , Ganter Christian
Published: September 2015

4‐Phenylsemicarbazide and 1,5‐diphenylcarbazide are suitable starting materials for the syntheses of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) compounds with new backbone structures. In the first case, cyclisation and subsequent methylation leads to a cationic precursor whose deprotonation affords the triazolon‐ylidene 2, which was converted to the corresponding sulfur and selenium adducts and a range of metal complexes. In contrast, cyclisation of diphenylcarbazide affords a neutral betain‐type NHC‐precursor 7, which is not in equilibrium with its carbene tautomer 7a. Precursor 7 can either be deprotonated to give the anionic NHC 8 or methylated at the N or O atom of the backbone resulting in two isomeric cationic species 16 and 20. Deprotonation of the latter two provides neutral NHC compounds with a carboxamide or carboximidate backbone, respectively. The ligand properties of the new NHC compounds were evaluated by IR and 77Se NMR spectroscopy. Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) values range from 2050 to 2063 cm−1 with the anionic NHC 8 being the best overall donor.
Bursty event detection from microblog: a distributed and incremental approach
Authors: Li Jianxin , Wen Jianfeng , Tai Zhenying , Zhang Richong , Yu Weiren
Published: September 2015

As a new form of social media, microblogs (e.g., Twitter and Weibo) are playing an important role in people's daily life. With the rise in popularity and size of microblogs, there is a need for distributed approaches that can detect bursty event with low latency from the short‐text data stream. In this paper, we propose a distributed and incremental temporal topic model for microblogs called Bursty Event dEtection (BEE+). BEE+ is able to detect bursty events from short‐text dataset and model the temporal information. And BEE+ processes the post‐stream incrementally to track the topic drifting of events over time. Therefore, the latent semantic indices are preserved from one time period to the next. In order to achieve real‐time processing, we design a distributed execution framework based on Spark engine. To verify its ability to detect bursty event, we conduct experiments on a Weibo dataset of 6,360,125 posts. The results show that BEE+ can outperform the baselines for detecting the meaningful bursty events and track the topic drifting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical Study on the Dual Behavior of XeO3 and XeF4 toward Aromatic Rings: Lone Pair–π versus Aerogen–π Interactions
Authors: Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio
Published: September 2015

In this study, several lone pair–π and aerogen–π complexes between XeO3 and XeF4 and aromatic rings with different electronic natures (benzene, trifluorobenzene, and hexafluorobenzene) are optimized at the RI‐MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level of theory. All complexes are characterized as true minima by frequency analysis calculations. The donor/acceptor role of the ring in the complexes is analyzed using the natural bond orbital computational tool, showing a remarkable contribution of orbital interactions to the global stabilization of the aerogen–π complexes. Finally, Bader's AIM analysis of several complexes is performed to further characterize the lone pair–π and aerogen–π interactions.
Cdk5 regulates developmental remodeling of mushroom body neurons in Drosophila
Authors: Smith‐Trunova Svetlana , Prithviraj Ranjini , Spurrier Joshua , Kuzina Irina , Gu Qun , Giniger Edward
Published: September 2015

Background: During metamorphosis, axons and dendrites of the mushroom body (MB) in the Drosophila central brain are remodeled extensively to support the transition from larval to adult behaviors. Results: We show here that the neuronal cyclin‐dependent kinase, Cdk5, regulates the timing and rate of mushroom body remodeling: reduced Cdk5 activity causes a delay in pruning of MB neurites, while hyperactivation accelerates it. We further show that Cdk5 cooperates with the ubiquitin‐proteasome system in this process. Finally, we show that Cdk5 modulates the first overt step in neurite disassembly, dissolution of the neuronal tubulin cytoskeleton, and provide evidence that it also acts at additional steps of MB pruning. Conclusions: These data show that Cdk5 regulates the onset and extent of remodeling of the Drosophila MB. Given the wide phylogenetic conservation of Cdk5, we suggest that it is likely to play a role in developmental remodeling in other systems, as well. Moreover, we speculate that the well‐established role of Cdk5 in neurodegeneration may involve some of the same cellular mechanisms that it uses during developmental remodeling. Developmental Dynamics 244:1550–1563, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus storage in alpine grassland ecosystems of Tibet: effects of grazing exclusion
Authors: Lu Xuyang , Yan Yan , Sun Jian , Zhang Xiaoke , Chen Youchao , Wang Xiaodan , Cheng Genwei
Published: September 2015

In recent decades, alpine grasslands have been seriously degraded on the Tibetan Plateau and grazing exclusion by fencing has been widely adopted to restore degraded grasslands since 2004. To elucidate how alpine grasslands carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) storage responds to this management strategy, three types of alpine grassland in nine counties in Tibet were selected to investigate C, N, and P storage in the environment by comparing free grazing (FG) and grazing exclusion (GE) treatments, which had run for 6–8 years. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in total ecosystem C, N, and P storage, as well as the C, N, and P stored in both total biomass and soil (0–30 cm) fractions between FG and GE grasslands. However, precipitation played a key role in controlling C, N, and P storage and distribution. With grazing exclusion, C and N stored in aboveground biomass significantly increased by 5.7 g m−2 and 0.1 g m−2, respectively, whereas the C and P stored in the soil surface layer (0–15 cm) significantly decreased by 862.9 g m−2 and 13.6 g m−2, respectively. Furthermore, the storage of the aboveground biomass C, N, and P was positively correlated with vegetation cover and negatively correlated with the biodiversity index, including Pielou evenness index, Shannon–Wiener diversity index, and Simpson dominance index. The storage of soil surface layer C, N, and P was positively correlated with soil silt content and negatively correlated with soil sand content. Our results demonstrated that grazing exclusion had no impact on total C, N, and P storage, as well as C, N, and P in both total biomass and soil (0–30 cm) fractions in the alpine grassland ecosystem. However, grazing exclusion could result in increased aboveground biomass C and N pools and decreased soil surface layer (0–15 cm) C and P pools.
Some strategies for the stabilization of long chain n‐3 PUFA‐enriched foods: A review
Authors: Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: September 2015

Oil‐in‐water (o/w) and water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsions are important colloid structures in food products, as many foods exist as emulsions. O/w emulsions, such as milk, mayonnaise, and salad dressing constitute a particularly large—and widely consumed—group of such complex, heterophasic food systems. Lipid oxidation is one of the major quality deteriorating problems in such foods. This is due to the fact that lipid oxidation is an interfacial phenomenon and since emulsions have a large interfacial area they are particularly susceptible to oxidation. Lipid oxidation is induced by transition metals, light, temperature, oxygen, and is also affected by pH, droplet size, and numerous other factors related to the composition of the emulsion. During the last decade, marine polyunsaturated n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have increasingly been incorporated into emulsified foods in order to address recent nutritional recommendations. The increased use of n‐3 PUFA has resulted in new challenges for the food industry with respect to avoiding lipid oxidation. This review provides an overview of results obtained primarily in the author's own lab on the use of the following different strategies to reduce or inhibit lipid oxidation by: (1) optimizing the processing conditions; (2) utilizing n‐3 PUFA delivery systems; and (3) addition of antioxidants.

Practical applications:This review provides an overview of how food producers can inhibit or reduce lipid oxidation in various real foods enriched with n‐3 PUFA. Particular emphasis are not only on emulsified foods, such as mayonnaise, dressing, milk, and yoghurt drink, but solid foods, such as energy bars, fish paté, and cakes are also touched upon. For emulsified foods, it is possible to reduce lipid oxidation by optimizing homogenization conditions (pressure and temperature) and the type of homogenization equipment can also affect lipid oxidation. The use of fish‐oil‐in water emulsions as an n‐3 PUFA delivery system can reduce lipid oxidation in some cases, but the delivery system must be optimized for the food system in question. Finally, lipid oxidation can also be reduced by antioxidants. The review suggests that multi‐component antioxidants with multi‐function properties in many cases may provide better efficacy than mono‐compound antioxidants.

Lipid oxidation of n‐3 PUFA enriched food emulsions leads to formation of undesirable off‐flavors. Possible stabilization strategies include: Optimization of homogenization conditions, use of n‐3 PUFA delivery emulsions or antioxidant addition. Efficacy of antioxidants can be improved by designing antioxidants with the optimal molecular structure.
Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement of 6‐Methylene‐1,4‐oxazepan‐2‐ones
Authors: Smits Gints , Kinens Artis , Zemribo Ronalds
Published: September 2015

The Ireland–Claisen rearrangement of 6‐methylene‐1,4‐oxazepan‐2‐one‐derived boron enolates leads to stereochemically defined, synthetically useful 4‐(E)‐ethylidene prolines. Detailed computational and experimental studies explain the stereochemical outcome of this transformation and suggest an unusual double‐chelated transition state that involves two boron atoms. The scope of the method is also explored.
Highly Selective and Sensitive Voltammetric Sensor Based on Ruthenium Nanoparticle Anchored Calix[4]amidocrown‐5 Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide: Simultaneous Determination of Quercetin, Morin and Rutin in Grape Wine
Authors: Elçin Serkan , Yola Mehmet Lütfi , Eren Tanju , Girgin Burcu , Atar Necip
Published: September 2015

In this report, ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) and calix[4]amidocrown‐5 (C4A5) were synthesized and grafted onto the surface of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite (RuNPs/C4A5/RGO). The morphologies of the nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical experiments were performed by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and square wave voltammetry. The simultaneous determination of quercetin, rutin and morin was performed on glassy carbon electrode modified with RuNPs/C4A5/RGO (RuNPs/C4A5/RGO/GCE). The linearity ranges and the detection limits of QR, RT and MR were 1.0×10−10–1.0×10−8 M and 2.0×10−11 M respectively.
The Role of Microfabrication and Nanotechnology in the Development of Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Rojas Jhonathan Prieto , Hussain Muhammad M.
Published: September 2015

Innovative solutions are paramount to the identification and development of alternative energy resources, specifically for the production of potable water. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a trending emerging technology that promises green energy production while simultaneously treating wastewater. At present, several research efforts are working towards determining which bacteria, fuels, and materials are optimal for developing the most efficient MFCs; microsized MFCs have a key role in this goal. Therefore, in this Review, we summarize recent microfabrication techniques for building microsized cells and elaborate on their advantages and the challenges that need to be overcome. We will then focus on the integration of nanomaterials into MFCs and finish with an overview on the challenges to scale up MFCs and potential uses for these miniature cells.
Body Contouring After Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Ellison Jo M. , Steffen Kristine J. , Sarwer David B.
Published: September 2015

Individuals who undergo bariatric surgery generally experience rapid and dramatic weight loss. While the weight loss typically confers significant health benefits, an undesirable consequence is often excessive quantities of hanging, surplus skin. Some patients undergo body‐contouring surgery (BCS) in order to improve health, mobility, appearance and psychological adjustment. While the majority of post‐bariatric patients desire BCS in one or more body regions, a small percentage of patients receive such surgeries. Lack of knowledge about procedures, cost and (in the USA and several other countries) difficulty obtaining insurance reimbursement likely prevents many patients from undergoing BCS. Those who do undergo BCS appear to be at heightened risk for wound‐healing complications. Despite these complications, the majority of patients report satisfactory BCS outcomes. The extant literature in this area provides a great deal of information about these issues; nevertheless, additional research is needed to further inform clinical management and improve patient outcomes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Copper status of exposed microorganisms influences susceptibility to metallic nanoparticles
Authors: Reyes Vincent C. , Spitzmiller Melissa R. , Hong-Hermesdorf Anne , Kropat Janette , Damoiseaux Robert D. , Merchant Sabeeha S. , Mahendra Shaily
Published: September 2015

Although interactions of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) with various microorganisms have been previously explored, few studies have examined how metal sensitivity impacts NP toxicity. The present study investigated the effects of copper NPs (Cu-NP) exposure on the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in the presence and absence of the essential micronutrient copper. The toxic ranges for Cu-NPs and the ionic control, CuCl2, were determined using a high-throughput adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-based fluorescence assay. The Cu-NPs caused similar mortality in copper-replete and copper-deplete cells (median inhibitory concentration [IC50]: 14–16 mg/L) but were less toxic than the ionic control, CuCl2 (IC50: 7 mg/L). Using this concentration range, the Cu-NP impacts on cell morphology, copper accumulation, chlorophyll content, and expression of stress genes under both copper supply states were assessed. Osmotic swelling, membrane damage, and chloroplast and organelle disintegration were observed by transmission electron microscopy at both conditions. Despite these similarities, copper-deplete cells showed greater accumulation of loosely bound and tightly bound copper after exposure to Cu-NPs. Furthermore, copper-replete cells experienced greater loss of chlorophyll content, 19% for Cu-NPs, compared with only an 11% net decrease in copper-deplete cells. The tightly bound copper was bioavailable as assessed by reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of CYC6, a biomarker for Cu deficiency. The increased resistance of copper-deplete cells to Cu-NPs suggests that these cells potentially metabolize excess Cu-NPs or better manage sudden influxes of ions. The results suggest that toxicity assessments must account for the nutritional status of impacted organisms and use toxicity models based on estimations of the bioavailable fractions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1148–1158. © 2015 SETAC
Dynamic greedy routing in overlay networks using virtual coordinates from the hyperbolic plane
Authors: Magoni Damien , Cassagnes Cyril
Published: September 2015

Greedy routing algorithms based on virtual coordinates have attracted considerable interest in recent years. Those based on coordinates taken from the hyperbolic plane have interesting theoretical scalability properties. However, their scalability and reliability are yet to be ensured when applied to large‐scale dynamic networks. In this paper, we propose a scalable and reliable solution for creating and managing dynamic overlay networks where nodes have hyperbolic coordinates. In this context, our solution provides a greedy routing algorithm based on the hyperbolic distance. To cope with network dynamics, we have defined two methods for avoiding temporary local minima and one method for maintaining the greedy embedding over time. Through analysis, we evaluate the complexity costs of our solution. Through simulations, we assess the scalability of our solution on static networks and its reliability on dynamic networks. Results show that using our solution based on hyperbolic geometry provides scalability and reliability to both addressing and routing tasks in dynamic overlay networks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of green Spanish‐style Manzanilla packaging conditions on the prevalence of the putative probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus pentosus TOMC‐LAB2
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gómez Francisco , Romero‐Gil Verónica , García‐García Pedro , Arroyo‐López Francisco Noé , Garrido‐Fernández Antonio
Published: September 2015

This work focuses on the persistence of the putative probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus pentosus TOMC‐LAB2 on green Spanish‐style Manzanilla olives according to different packaging conditions and storage temperatures. The lactic acid bacteria population decreased with time but the highest survival counts (and lowest yeasts) at the end of storage (8 months) were observed in plastic pouches under nitrogen atmosphere and glass jars with brine stored at 20°C. Molecular techniques showed a 100% presence of the putative probiotic bacteria in biofilms adhered to olive epidermis, while it was absent in PPB (plastic pouches with brine) and in olives stored at 7°C. No changes in NaCl, pH or combined acidity were observed during the storage except for a slight increase in titratable acidity at 20°C. The color of the fruits was stable but degraded at 20°C for olives in plastic pouches with brine.
New data shed light on Y‐loss‐related pathogenesis in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Ganster Christina , Kämpfe Dietrich , Jung Klaus , Braulke Friederike , Shirneshan Katayoon , Machherndl‐Spandl Sigrid , Suessner Susanne , Bramlage Carsten P. , Legler Tobias J. , Koziolek Michael J. , Haase Detlef , Schanz Julie
Published: September 2015

Loss of the Y‐chromosome (LOY) is described as both a normal age‐related event and a marker of a neoplastic clone in hematologic diseases. To assess the significance of LOY in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), we determined the percentage of LOY in clonal CD34+ peripheral blood cells in comparison to normal CD3+ T‐cells of 27 MDS patients using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Results were compared with the percentage of LOY in CD34+ and CD3+ cells of 32 elderly men without hematologic diseases and in 25 young blood donors. While LOY could not be detected in CD3+ cells of young men, it was observed in CD3+ cells of elderly men without hematologic diseases (2.5% LOY) as well as in CD3+ cells of elderly MDS patients (5.8% LOY). The percentage of CD34+ cells affected by LOY was significantly higher in MDS patients compared to elderly men without hematologic diseases (43.3% vs. 13.2%, P = 0.005), indicating that LOY has an age‐related basis but is also associated with MDS. Furthermore, we aimed to define a threshold between age‐ and disease‐associated LOY in MDS. Statistical analysis revealed that a value of 21.5% LOY in CD34+ peripheral blood cells provided the best threshold to discriminate between these two conditions in MDS. We conclude that LOY is clonal in a substantial number of MDS based on an age‐related predisposition. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐throughput diagnostic profiling of clinically actionable gene fusions in lung cancer
Authors: Pfarr Nicole , Stenzinger Albrecht , Penzel Roland , Warth Arne , Dienemann Hendrik , Schirmacher Peter , Weichert Wilko , Endris Volker
Published: September 2015

Molecular profiling of non‐small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) has a strong impact on clinical decision making and current oncological therapies. Besides detection of activating mutations in EGFR, analysis of ALK and ROS1 gene rearrangements has come into focus for targeted therapies. Targeted massive parallel sequencing (MPS) has been established for routine diagnostic profiling of the most prevalent oncogenic mutations in NSCLC, but not for the detection of gene rearrangements yet. Here, we present and evaluate an MPS‐based panel sequencing approach which simultaneously detects ALK, ROS1, and RET fusions as well as somatic mutations in a single multiplex assay using formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue. To this end, we first evaluated sensitivity and specificity of the fusion assay retrospectively by employing it to a set of 50 NSCLC with known gene fusions (n = 35) and with no gene fusions (n = 15). The sensitivity and specificity of the MPS assay for the detection of known fusions was 100%. In a second prospective phase, we implemented the approach of parallel mutation and gene fusion detection in our routine diagnostic workflow to assess performance of the test in a diagnostic outreach setting. Our prospective screening of 109 NSCLC samples revealed four gene fusions all of which were confirmed by FISH. In conclusion, our approach facilitates simultaneous high‐throughput detection of gene fusions and somatic mutations in NSCLC samples and is able to replace conventional methods. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SEQMINER: An R‐Package to Facilitate the Functional Interpretation of Sequence‐Based Associations
Authors: Zhan Xiaowei , Liu Dajiang J.
Published: September 2015

Next‐generation sequencing has enabled the study of a comprehensive catalogue of genetic variants for their impact on various complex diseases. Numerous consortia studies of complex traits have publically released their summary association statistics, which have become an invaluable resource for learning the underlying biology, understanding the genetic architecture, and guiding clinical translations. There is great interest in the field in developing novel statistical methods for analyzing and interpreting results from these genotype‐phenotype association studies. One popular platform for method development and data analysis is R. In order to enable these analyses in R, it is necessary to develop packages that can efficiently query files of summary association statistics, explore the linkage disequilibrium structure between variants, and integrate various bioinformatics databases. The complexity and scale of sequence datasets and databases pose significant computational challenges for method developers. To address these challenges and facilitate method development, we developed the R package SEQMINER for annotating and querying files of sequence variants (e.g., VCF/BCF files) and summary association statistics (e.g., METAL/RAREMETAL files), and for integrating bioinformatics databases. SEQMINER provides an infrastructure where novel methods can be distributed and applied to analyzing sequence datasets in practice. We illustrate the performance of SEQMINER using datasets from the 1000 Genomes Project. We show that SEQMINER is highly efficient and easy to use. It will greatly accelerate the process of applying statistical innovations to analyze and interpret sequence‐based associations. The R package, its source code and documentations are available from http://cran.r‐project.org/web/packages/seqminer and http://seqminer.genomic.codes/.