bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroprevalence and Reported Coronavirus Disease 2019 Cases in US Children, August 2020–May 2021
Authors: Couture Alexia , Lyons B Casey , Mehrotra Megha L , Sosa Lynn , Ezike Ngozi , Ahmed Farah S , Brown Catherine M , Yendell Stephanie , Azzam Ihsan A , Katić Božena J , Cope Anna , Dickerson Kristen , Stone Jolianne , Traxler L Brannon , Dunn John R , Davis Lora B , Reed Carrie , Clarke Kristie E N , Flannery Brendan , Charles Myrna D
Published: January 2022

Background

Case-based surveillance of pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases underestimates the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among children and adolescents. Our objectives were to estimate monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence and calculate ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases among children and adolescents in 8 US states.

Methods

Using data from the Nationwide Commercial Laboratory Seroprevalence Survey, we estimated monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children aged 0–17 years from August 2020 through May 2021. We calculated and compared cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection extrapolated from population-standardized seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, cumulative COVID-19 case reports since March 2020, and infection-to-case ratios among persons of all ages and children aged 0–17 years for each state.

Results

Of 41 583 residual serum specimens tested, children aged 0–4, 5–11, and 12–17 years accounted for 1619 (3.9%), 10 507 (25.3%), and 29 457 (70.8%), respectively. Median SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children increased from 8% (range, 6%–20%) in August 2020 to 37% (range, 26%–44%) in May 2021. Estimated ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases in May 2021 ranged by state from 4.7–8.9 among children and adolescents to 2.2–3.9 for all ages combined.

Conclusions

Through May 2021 in selected states, the majority of children with serum specimens included in serosurveys did not have evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Case-based surveillance underestimated the number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 more than among all ages. Continued monitoring of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence should inform prevention and vaccination strategies.
Persistence of High Percentage of Peripheral Activated CD8+ T Cells Predict Cytologic HPV-Related Dysplasia in cART-Treated, HIV-Positive Subjects
Authors: Mondatore Debora , Bai Francesca , Augello Matteo , Giovenzana Marco , Pisani Ceretti Andrea , Bono Valeria , Opocher Enrico , d’Arminio Monforte Antonella , Marchetti Giulia Carla , Tincati Camilla
Published: January 2022

Background

People with HIV are at increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) disease progression, given the persistence of immune activation and residual inflammation despite effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Whether a low CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio, known to mirror peripheral immune dysfunction, is associated with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) is unknown.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study on cART-treated HIV-positive subjects undergoing screening for HPV-related dysplasia (anal/cervical cytology and HPV genotyping). SIL was defined as the presence of either atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), low-grade SILs, or high-grade SILs. Demographic and viro-immunological parameters (T-cell count, CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio, CD8+ CD38+ T-cell percentage) at the time of screening were analyzed by the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 419 cART-treated subjects were included. Half of the patients had cervical/anal SIL. Individuals with SIL were more commonly males, were men who have sex with men, were coinfected with Treponema pallidum, had been treated with integrase inhibitor (INSTI)–based cART regimens, and had a shorter time since HIV diagnosis and cART initiation than subjects with normal cytology. CD38+ CD8+ T-cell percentage, but not the CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio, correlated with SILs. HPV infection, especially with multiple and high-risk genotypes, was confirmed to be associated with SIL. In multivariate analysis, the only factors independently associated with cervical/anal dysplasia were HPV infection and harboring higher percentages of peripheral activated CD38+ CD8+ T cells.

Conclusions

HPV infection is the major driver of dysplasia in the setting of HIV infection. In this study, CD8+ CD38+ T cells were an independent predictor of dysplasia in cART-treated subjects, while CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio was not. In the setting of HIV–HPV coinfection, CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio may not fully capture the alterations of HPV-specific immunity.
The Eve of the War
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

No one would have believed, in the last years of the nineteenth century, that human affairs were being watched keenly and closely by intelligences greater than man’s and yet as mortal as his own; that as men busied themselves about their affairs they were scrutinized and studied, perhaps almost as narrowly as a man with a microscope might scrutinize the transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water. With infinite complacency men went to and fro over this globe about their little affairs, serene in their assurance of their empire over matter. It is possible that the infusoria under the microscope do the same. No one gave a thought to the older worlds of space as sources of human danger, or thought of them only to dismiss the idea of life upon them as impossible or improbable. It is curious to recall some of the mental habits of those departed days. At most, terrestrial men fancied there might be other men upon Mars, perhaps inferior to themselves and ready to welcome a missionary enterprise. Yet, across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us. And early in the twentieth century came the great disillusionment.
The Heat-Ray in the Chobham Road
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

It is still a matter of wonder how the Martians are able to slay men so swiftly and so silently. Many think that in some way they are able to generate an intense heat in a chamber of practically absolute non-conductivity. This intense heat they project in a parallel beam against any object they choose by means of a polished parabolic mirror of unknown composition—much as the parabolic mirror of a lighthouse projects a beam of light. But no one has absolutely proved these details. However it is done, it is certain that a beam of heat is the essence of the matter. Heat, and invisible, instead of visible light. Whatever is combustible flashes into flame at its touch, lead runs like water, it softens iron, cracks and melts glass, and when it falls upon water incontinently that explodes into steam.
In the Storm
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

Leatherhead is about twelve miles from Maybury Hill. The scent of hay was in the air through the lush meadows beyond Pyrford, and the hedges on either side were sweet and gay with multitudes of dog-roses. The heavy firing that had broken out while we were driving down Maybury Hill ceased as abruptly as it began, leaving the evening very peaceful and still. We got to Leatherhead without misadventure about nine o’clock, and the horse had an hour’s rest while I took supper with my cousins and commended my wife to their care.
The ‘Thunder Child’
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

Had the Martians aimed only at destruction, they might on Monday have annihilated the entire population of London, as it spread itself slowly through the home counties. Not only along the road through Barnet, but also through Edgware and Waltham Abbey, and along the roads eastward to Southend and Shoeburyness, and south of the Thames to Deal and Broadstairs, poured the same frantic rout. If one could have hung that June morning in a balloon in the blazing blue above London, every northward and eastward road running out of the infinite tangle of streets would have seemed stippled black with the streaming fugitives, each dot a human agony of terror and physical distress. I have set forth at length in the last chapter my brother’s account of the road through Chipping Barnet, in order that my readers may realize how that swarming of black dots appeared to one of those concerned. Never before in the history of the world had such a mass of human beings moved and suffered together. The legendary hosts of Goths and Huns, the hugest armies Asia has ever seen, would have been but a drop in that current. And this was no disciplined march; it was a stampede—a stampede gigantic and terrible—without order and without a goal, six million people, unarmed and unprovisioned, driving headlong. It was the beginning of the rout of civilization, of the massacre of mankind.
The Work of Fifteen Days
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

For some time I stood tottering on the mound, regardless of my safety. Within that noisome den from which I had emerged, I had thought with a narrow intensity only of our immediate security. I had not realized what had been happening to the world, had not anticipated this startling vision of unfamiliar things. I had expected to see Sheen in ruins—I found about me the landscape, weird and lurid, of another planet.
The Man on Putney Hill
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

I spent that night in the inn that stands at the top of Putney Hill, sleeping in a made bed for the first time since my flight to Leatherhead. I will not tell the needless trouble I had breaking into that house—afterwards I found the front-door was on the latch—nor how I ran-sacked every room for food, until, just on the verge of despair, in what seemed to me to be a servant’s bedroom, I found a rat-gnawed crust and two tinned pineapples. The place had been already searched and emptied. In the bar I afterwards found some biscuits and sandwiches that had been overlooked. The latter I could not eat, but the former not only stayed my hunger, but filled my pockets. I lit no lamps, fearing some Martian might come beating that part of London for food in the night. Before I went to bed I had an interval of restlessness, and prowled from window to window, peering out for some sign of these monsters. I slept little. As I lay in bed I found myself thinking consecutively—a thing I do not remember to have done since my last argument with the curate. During all the intervening time my mental condition had been a hurrying succession of vague emotional states, or a sort of stupid receptivity. But in the night my brain, reinforced, I suppose, by the food I had eaten, grew clear again, and I thought.
The Strange Face
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

We left the cabin and found a man at the companion* obstructing our way. He was standing on the ladder with his back to us, peering over the combing of the hatchway.* He was, I could see, a mis-shapen man, short, broad, and clumsy, with a crooked back, a hairy neck, and a head sunk between his shoulders. He was dressed in dark blue serge, and had peculiarly thick coarse black hair. I heard the unseen dogs growl furiously, and forthwith he ducked back, coming into contact with the hand I put out to fend him off from myself. He turned with animal swiftness.
The Thing in the Forest
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

I strode through the undergrowth that clothed the ridge behind the house, scarcely heeding whither I went, passed on through the shadow of a thick cluster of straight-stemmed trees beyond it, and so presently found myself some way on the other side of the ridge, and descending towards a streamlet that ran through a narrow valley. I paused and listened. The distance I had come, or the intervening masses of thicket, deadened any sound that might be coming from the enclosure. The air was still. Then with a rustle a rabbit emerged, and went scampering up the slope before me. I hesitated, and sat down in the edge of the shade.
The Reversion of the Beast Folk
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

In this way I became one among the Beast People in the Island of Doctor Moreau. When I awoke it was dark about me. My arm ached in its bandages. I sat up, wondering at first where I might be. I heard coarse voices talking outside. Then I saw that my barricade had gone, and that the opening of the hut stood clear. My revolver was still in my hand.
The Burglary at the Vicarage
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

The facts of the burglary at the Vicarage come to us chiefly through the medium of the vicar and his wife. It occurred in the small hours of Whit Monday, the day devoted in Iping to the Club festivities.* Mrs Bunting, it seems, woke up suddenly in the stillness that comes before the dawn, with a strong impression that the door of their bedroom had opened and closed. She did not arouse her husband at first, but sat up in bed listening. She then distinctly heard the pad, pad, pad of bare feet coming out of the adjoining dressing-room and walking along the passage towards the staircase. So soon as she felt assured of this, she aroused the Rev.
At Port Stowe
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

Ten o’clock the next morning found Mr Marvel unshaven, dirty, and travel-stained, sitting with his hands deep in his pockets, looking very weary, nervous, and uncomfortable, and inflating his cheeks at frequent intervals, on the bench outside a little inn on the outskirts of Port Stowe. Beside him were the books, but now they were tied with string. The bundle had been abandoned in the pine-woods beyond Bramblehurst, in accordance with a change in the plans of the Invisible Man. Mr Marvel sat on the bench, and although no one took the slightest notice of him, his agitation remained at fever heat. His hands would go ever and again to his various pockets with a curious, nervous fumbling.
Dr Kemp’s Visitor
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

Dr Kemp had continued writing in his study until the shots aroused him. Crack, crack, crack, they came one after the other.
In Oxford Street
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

‘In going downstairs the first time I found an unexpected difficulty because I could not see my feet; indeed, I stumbled twice, and there was an unaccustomed clumsiness in gripping the bolt. By not looking down, however, I managed to walk on the level passably well.
Inside the Sphere
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

‘Go on,’ said Cavor, as I sat across the edge of the manhole and looked down into the black interior of the sphere. We two were alone. It was evening, the sun had set, and the stillness of the twilight was upon everything.
Prospecting Begins
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

We ceased to gaze. We turned to each other, the same thought, the same question in our eyes. For these plants to grow, there must be some air, however attenuated, air that we also should be able to breathe.
Mr Bedford Alone
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

In a little while it seemed to me as though I had always been alone on the moon. I hunted for a time with a certain intentness, but the heat was still very great, and the thinness of the air felt like a hoop about one’s chest. I came presently into a hollow basin bristling with tall, brown, dry fronds about its edge, and I sat down under these to rest and cool. I intended to rest for only a little while. I put down my clubs beside me, and sat resting my chin on my hands. I saw with a sort of colourless interest that the rocks of the basin, where here and there the crackling dry lichens had shrunk away to show them, were all veined and splattered with gold, that here and there bosses of rounded and wrinkled gold projected from among the litter. What did that matter now? A sort of languor had possession of my limbs and mind, I did not believe for a moment that we should ever find the sphere in that vast desiccated wilderness. I seemed to lack a motive for effort until the Selenites should come. Then I supposed I should exert myself, obeying that unreasonable imperative that urges a man before all things to preserve and defend his life, albeit he may preserve it only to die more painfully in a little while.
Introduction
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

The Time Traveller* (for so it will be convenient to speak of him) was expounding a recondite matter to us. His grey eyes shone and twinkled, and his usually pale face was flushed and animated. The fire burnt brightly, and the soft radiance of the incandescent lights in the lilies of silver caught the bubbles that flashed and passed in our glasses. Our chairs, being his patents, embraced and caressed us rather than submitted to be sat upon, and there was that luxurious after-dinner atmosphere, when thought runs gracefully free of the trammels of precision. And he put it to us in this way—marking the points with a lean forefinger—as we sat and lazily admired his earnestness over this new paradox (as we thought it) and his fecundity.
A Sudden Shock
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

‘As I stood there musing over this too perfect triumph of man, the full moon, yellow and gibbous, came up out of an overflow of silver light in the north-east. The bright little figures ceased to move about below, a noiseless owl flitted by, and I shivered with the chill of the night. I determined to descend and find where I could sleep.
The Morlocks
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

‘It may seem odd to you, but it was two days before I could follow up the new-found clue in what was manifestly the proper way. I felt a peculiar shrinking from those pallid bodies. They were just the half-bleached colour of the worms and things one sees preserved in spirit in a zoological museum. And they were filthily cold to the touch. Probably my shrinking was largely due to the sympathetic influence of the Eloi, whose disgust of the Morlocks I now began to appreciate.
The Palace of Green Porcelain
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

‘I found the Palace of Green Porcelain,* when we approached it about noon, deserted and falling into ruin. Only ragged vestiges of glass remained in its windows, and great sheets of the green facing had fallen away from the corroded metallic framework. It lay very high upon a turfy down, and looking north-eastward before I entered it, I was surprised to see a large estuary, or even creek, where I judged Wandsworth and Battersea* must once have been. I thought then—though I never followed up the thought—of what might have happened, or might be happening, to the living things in the sea.
The Further Vision
Authors: Wells H. G.
Published: February 2022

‘I have already told you of the sickness and confusion that comes with time travelling. And this time I was not seated properly in the saddle, but sideways and in an unstable fashion. For an indefinite time I clung to the machine as it swayed and vibrated, quite unheeding how I went, and when I brought myself to look at the dials again I was amazed to find where I had arrived. One dial records days, another thousands of days, another millions of days, and another thousands of millions. Now, instead of reversing the levers I had pulled them over so as to go forward with them, and when I came to look at these indicators I found that the thousands hand was sweeping round as fast as the seconds hand of a watch—into futurity.
Chapter XI
Authors: Zola Émile
Published: February 2022

Nana was getting taller and becoming more aware of her charms. At fifteen she’d shot up like a beanstalk and was very fair-skinned and shapely, in fact as chubby as a cherub. Yes, there she was at fifteen, fully developed but no corset yet. A real baby face, all peaches and cream, a cute little nose, rosebud lips, and peepers so sparkling that men wanted to light their pipes at them. Her mass of blonde hair, the colour of ripe oats, seemed to have powdered her forehead with golden freckles, like a band of sunshine. A fine figure of a girl, as the Lorilleux said, a kid who still needed her nose wiping for her, but whose body had the curves and fullness of a mature woman.
Letter 19
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: February 2022

Lady Susan to Mrs Johnson.

churchill
Letter 21
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: February 2022

Miss Vernon to Mr De Courcy.

Sir,

I hope you will excuse this liberty, I am forced upon it by the greatest distress, or I should be ashamed to trouble you. — I am very miserable about Sir James Martin, & have no other way in the...
Letter 28
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: February 2022

Mrs Johnson to Lady Susan.

edward st.

My dearest Friend,

I write in the greatest distress; the most unfortunate event has just taken place. Mr Johnson has hit on the most effectual manner of plaguing us all. — He had heard I imagine by some means or...
Letter 40
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: February 2022

Lady De Courcy to Mrs Vernon.

parklands
Chapter 4
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: February 2022

‘And whose very snug-looking Place is this?’ — said Charlotte, as in a sheltered Dip within 2 miles of the Sea, they passed close by a moderate-sized house, well fenced & planted, & rich in the Garden, Orchard & Meadows which are the best embellishments of such...
Chapter 6
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: February 2022

The Party were very soon moving after Dinner. Mr P. could not be satisfied without an early visit to the Library, & the Library Subscription book,* & Charlotte was glad to see as much, & as quickly as possible, where all was new....
Chapter 9
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: February 2022

One day, soon after Charlotte’s arrival at Sanditon, she had the pleasure of seeing just as she ascended from the Sands to the Terrace, a Gentleman’s Carriage with Post Horses* standing at the door of the Hotel, as very lately arrived, & by...
Chapter 12
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: February 2022

Charlotte had been 10 days at Sanditon without seeing Sanditon House, every attempt at calling on Lady D. having been defeated by meeting with her beforehand. But now it was to be more resolutely undertaken, at a more early hour, that nothing might be neglected...
A dissertation on the art of flying
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: February 2022

Among the artists that had been allured into the happy valley, to labour for the accommodation and pleasure of its inhabitants, was a man eminent for his knowledge of the mechanick powers, who had contrived many engines both of use and recreation. By a wheel, which the stream turned, he forced the water into a tower, whence it was distributed to all the apartments of the palace. He erected a pavillion in the garden, around which he kept the air always cool by artificial showers. One of the groves, appropriated to the ladies, was ventilated by fans, to which the rivulet that run through it gave a constant motion; and instruments of soft musick were placed at proper distances, of which some played by the impulse of the wind, and some by the power of the stream.
They return to Cairo without Pekuah
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: February 2022

There was nothing to be hoped from longer stay. They returned to Cairo repenting of their curiosity, censuring the negligence of the government, lamenting their own rashness which had neglected to procure a guard, imagining many expedients by which the loss of Pekuah might have been prevented, and resolving to do something for her recovery, though none could find any thing proper to be done.
The dangerous prevalence of imagination
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: February 2022

‘Disorders of intellect, answered Imlac, happen much more often than superficial observers will easily believe. Perhaps, if we speak with rigorous exactness, no human mind is in its right state. There is no man whose imagination does not sometimes predominate over his reason, who can regulate his attention wholly by his will, and whose ideas will come and go at his command.* No man will be found in whose mind airy notions do not sometimes tyrannise, and force him to hope or fear beyond the limits of sober probability. All power of fancy over reason is a degree of insanity; but while this power is such as we can controul and repress, it is not visible to others, nor considered as any depravation of the mental faculties: it is not pronounced madness but when it comes ungovernable, and apparently influences speech or action.*
Imlac discourses on the nature of the soul
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: February 2022

‘What reason, said the prince, can be given, why the Egyptians should thus expensively preserve those carcasses which some nations consume with fire, others lay to mingle with the earth, and all agree to remove from their sight, as soon as decent rites can be performed?’
Mr. Burchell is found to be an enemy; for he has the confidence to give disagreeable advice
Authors: Goldsmith Oliver
Published: February 2022

Our family had now made several attempts to be fine; but some unforeseen disaster demolished each as soon as projected. I endeavoured to take the advantage of every disappointment, to improve their good sense in proportion as they were frustrated in ambition. ‘You see, my children,’ cried I, ‘how little is to be got by attempts to impose upon the world, in coping with our betters. Such as are poor and will associate with none but the rich, are hated by those they avoid, and despised by these they follow. Unequal combinations are always disadvantageous to the weaker side: the rich having the pleasure, and the poor the inconveniencies that result from them. But come, Dick, my boy, and repeat the fable that you were reading to-day, for the good of the company’
The family use art, which is opposed with still greater
Authors: Goldsmith Oliver
Published: February 2022

Whatever might have been Sophia’s sensations, the rest of the family was easily consoled for Mr. Burchell’s absence by the company of our landlord, whose visits now became more frequent and longer. Though he had been disappointed in procuring my daughters the amusements of the town, as he designed, he took every opportunity of supplying them with those little recreations which our retirement would admit of. He usually came in the morning, and while my son and I followed our occupations abroad, he sat with the family at home, and amused them by describing the town, with every part of which he was particularly acquainted. He could repeat all the observations that were retailed in the atmosphere of the playhouses, and had all the good things of the high wits by rote long before they made way into the jest-books. The intervals between conversation were employed in teaching my daughters piquet. or sometimes in setting my two little ones to box to make them sharp* as he called it: but the hopes of having him for a son-in-law, in some measure blinded us to all his imperfections. It must be owned that my wife laid a thousand schemes to entrap him, or, to speak it more tenderly, used every art to magnify the merit of her daughter. If the cakes at tea eat short and crisp, they were made by Olivia: if the gooseberry wine was well knit,* the gooseberries were of her gathering: it was her fingers which gave the pickles their peculiar green; and in the composition of a pudding, it was her judgment that mix’d the ingredients. Then the poor woman would sometimes tell the ‘Squire, that she thought him and Olivia extremely of a size, and would bid both stand up to see which was tallest. These instances of cunning, which she thought impenetrable, yet which every body saw through, were very pleasing to our benefactor, who gave every day some new proofs of his passion, which though they had not arisen to proposals of marriage, yet we thought fell but little short of it; and his slowness was attributed sometimes to native bashfulness, and sometimes to his fear of offending his uncle. An occurrence, however, which happened soon after, put it beyond a doubt that he designed to become one of our family, my wife even regarded it as an absolute promise.
Fresh calamities
Authors: Goldsmith Oliver
Published: February 2022

The next morning the sun rose with peculiar warmth for the season; so that we agreed to breakfast together on the honeysuckle bank: where, while we sate, my youngest daughter, at my request, joined her voice to the concert on the trees about us. It was in this place my poor Olivia first met her seducer, and every object served to recall her sadness. But that melancholy, which is excited by objects of pleasure, or inspired by sounds of harmony, sooths the heart instead of corroding it. Her mother too, upon this occasion, felt a pleasing distress, and wept, and loved her daughter as before. ‘Do, my pretty Olivia,’ cried she, ‘let us have that little melancholy air your pappa was so fond of, your sister Sophy has already obliged us. Do child, it will please your old father.’ She complied in a manner so exquisitely pathetic as moved me.
Happier prospects begin to appear. Let us be inflexible, and fortune will at last change in our favour
Authors: Goldsmith Oliver
Published: February 2022

When I had thus finished and my audience was retired, the gaoler, who was one of the most humane of his profession, hoped I would not be displeased, as what he did was but his duty, observing that he must be obliged to remove my son into a stronger cell, but that he should be permitted to revisit me every morning. I thanked him for his clemency, and grasping my boy’s hand, bade him farewell, and be mindful of the great duty that was before him.
On Gusto
Authors: Hazlitt William
Published: February 2022

Gusto in art is power or passion defining any object. — It is not so difficult to explain this term in what relates to expression (of which it may be said to be the highest degree) as in what relates to things without expression, to the natural appearances of objects, as mere colour or form. The truth is, that there is hardly any object entirely devoid of expression, without some character of power belonging to it, some precise association with pleasure or pain; and it is in giving this truth of character from the truth of feeling, whether in the highest or the lowest degree, but always in the highest degree of which the subject is capable, that gusto consists.
Mrs. Siddons
Authors: Hazlitt William
Published: February 2022

Players should be immortal, if their own wishes or ours could make them so; but they are not. They not only die like other people, but like other people they cease to be young, and are no longer themselves, even while living. Their health, strength, beauty, voice, fails them; nor can they, without these advantages, perform the same feats or command the same applause that they did when possessed of them.
Macbeth
Authors: Hazlitt William
Published: February 2022

Macbeth and Lear, Othello and Hamlet, are usually reckoned Shakespear’s four principal tragedies. Lear stands first for the profound intensity of the passion; Macbeth for the wildness of the imagination and the rapidity of the action;* Othello for the progressive interest and powerful alternations of feeling; Hamlet for the refined developement of thought and sentiment. If the force of genius shewn in each of these works is astonishing, their variety is not less so. They are like different creations of the same mind, not one of which has the slightest reference to the rest.
Jeremy Bentham
Authors: Hazlitt William
Published: February 2022

Mr. Bentham is one of those persons who verify the old adage, that ‘a prophet has no honour, except out of his own country.’* His reputation lies at the circumference, and the lights of his understanding are reflected, with increasing lustre, on the other side of the globe. His name is little known in England, better in Europe, best of all in the plains of Chili and the mines of Mexico. He has offered Constitutions for the New World, and legislated for future times. The people of Westminster, where he lives,* know little of such a person; but the Siberian savage has received cold comfort from his lunar aspect, and may say to him with Caliban, ‘I know thee and thy dog and thy bush’* — the tawny Indian may hold out the hand of fellowship to him across the Great Pacific. We believe that the Empress Catherine corresponded with him; and we know that the Emperor Alexander called upon him,* and presented him with his miniature in a gold snuff-box, which the philosopher, to his eternal honour, returned. Mr. Hobhouse is a greater man at the Hustings,* Lord Rolle at Plymouth-Dock; but Mr. Bentham would carry it hollow, on the score of popularity, at Paris or Pegu.
William Godwin
Authors: Hazlitt William
Published: February 2022

The Spirit of the Age was never more fully shewn than in its treatment of this writer — its love of paradox and change, its dastard submission to prejudice and to the fashion of the day. Five-and-twenty years ago he was in the very zenith of a sultry and unwholesome popularity; he blazed as a sun in the firmament of reputation; no one was more talked of, more looked up to, more sought after, and wherever liberty, truth, justice was the theme, his name was not far off: — now he has sunk below the horizon, and enjoys the serene twilight of a doubtful immortality. Mr. Godwin, during his lifetime, has secured to himself the triumphs and the mortifications of an extreme notoriety and of a sort of posthumous fame. His bark, after being tossed in the revolutionary tempest, now raised to heaven by all the fury of popular breath, now almost dashed in pieces, and buried in the quicksands of ignorance, or scorched with the lightning of momentary indignation, at length floats on the calm wave that is to bear it down the stream of time.
Wapping Workhouse
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: February 2022

my day’s no-business beckoning me to the East end of London, I had turned my face to that point of the metropolitan compass on leaving Covent Garden,* and had got past the India House,* thinking in my idle manner of Tippoo–Sahib and Charles Lamb,* and had got past my little wooden midshipman,* after affectionately patting him on one leg of his knee-shorts for old acquaintance’ sake, and had got past Aldgate Pump, and had got past the Saracen’s Head* (with an ignominious rash of posting bills disfiguring his swarthy countenance), and had strolled up the empty yard of his ancient neighbour the Black or Blue Boar, or Bull, who departed this life I don’t know when, and whose coaches are all gone I don’t know where; and I had come out again into the age of railways, and I had got past Whitechapel Church, and was―rather inappropriately for an Uncommercial Traveller―in the Commercial Road.
City of London Churches
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: February 2022

if the confession that I have often travelled from this Covent Garden lodging of mine on Sundays, should give offence to those who never travel on Sundays, they will be satisfied (I hope) by my adding that the journeys in question were made to churches.
Chambers
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: February 2022

having occasion to transact some business with a solicitor who occupies a highly suicidal set of chambers in Gray’s Inn,* I afterwards took a turn in the large square of that stronghold of Melancholy, reviewing, with congenial surroundings, my experiences of Chambers.
The Short-Timers
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: February 2022

“Within so many yards of this Covent Garden lodging of mine, as within so many yards of Westminster Abbey, Saint Paul’s Cathedral, the Houses of Parliament, the Prisons, the Courts of Justice, all the Institutions that govern the land, I can find—must find, whether I will or no—in the open streets, shameful instances of neglect of children, intolerable toleration of the engenderment of paupers, idlers, thieves, races of wretched and destructive cripples both in body and mind, a misery to themselves, a misery to the community, a disgrace to civilisation, and an outrage on Christianity.
Chatham dockyard
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: February 2022

There are some small out-of-the-way landing-places on the Thames and the Medway, where I do much of my summer idling. Running water is favourable to day-dreams, and a strong tidal river is the best of running water for mine. I like to watch the great ships standing out to sea or coming home richly laden, the active little steam-tugs confidently puffing with them to and from the sea-horizon, the fleet of barges that seem to have plucked their brown and russet sails from the ripe trees in the landscape, the heavy old colliers, light in ballast, floundering down before the tide, the light screw barks and schooners imperiously holding a straight course while the others patiently tack and go about, the yachts with their tiny hulls and great white sheets of canvas, the little sailing-boats bobbing to and fro on their errands of pleasure or business, and—as it is the nature of little people to do— making a prodigious fuss about their small affairs.
A Small Star in the East
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: February 2022

I had been looking, yester–night, through the famous Dance of Death,* and to-day the grim old wood-cuts arose in my mind with the new significance of a ghastly monotony not to be found in the original. The weird skeleton rattled along the streets before me, and struck fiercely, but it was never at the pains of assuming a disguise. It played on no dulcimer here, was crowned with no flowers, waved no plume, minced in no flowing robe or train, lifted no wine-cup, sat at no feast, cast no dice, counted no gold. It was simply a bare, gaunt, famished skeleton, slaying his way along.
Adding to her woes: child bride’s higher risk of hypertension at young adulthood
Authors: Datta B , Tiwari A
Published: February 2022

Background

Child marriage is associated with various adverse socio-economic and pregnancy outcomes. However, there remains a dearth of research on the long-term health implications of child marriage. As such, this study sought to expand upon the growing literature on child marriage, specifically examining the associations between child marriage and hypertension during young adult age.

Methods

We obtained data of 5369 women aged 20–34 from the Tajikistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017. Using multivariable logistic regression framework, we estimated the adjusted odds in favor of being hypertensive for women who were married before the age of 18. We also explored the presence of several stressors to understand the role of probable medication factors.

Results

We found that the odds of being hypertensive for young adult women married before the age of 18 were 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.4) times that of those who were not. Likelihood of having stressors, such as pregnancy loss or child death, marital control and spousal violence, was found higher among child brides compared to their peers.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that child marriage may increase the risk of hypertension among young adult women. This work reinforces recommendations by the United Nations to the end child marriage.
Channels to shape procurement decision-making of public organisations for innovation through framework conditions
Authors: Liu Jing , Kang Xiaoling , Zhang Xia , Chen Xing
Published: February 2022

Framework conditions (FCs) are widely recognised as having a significant effect on the uptake and implementation of innovation-orientated public procurement (PPI) that is viewed as a promising innovation policy instrument. This paper presents a more systemic definition of FCs for PPI at both the core and the peripheral level, building on the existing understanding of FCs for public procurement and innovation. Against the background of this definition and in the light of public organisation theory, this paper identifies three main channels—influencing performance (Channel 1), enhancing capabilities (Channel 2), and modifying missions (Channel 3)—to shape purchase decision-making of public organisations for innovation through the FCs. By comparing the case of the UK and China, it further explores and conceptualises the three channels of the FCs. With the conceptualisation, the paper provides a framework and some implications for how to design, improve and evaluate FCs for PPI.
The efficacy of apneic oxygenation to prevent hypoxemia during rapid sequence intubation in trauma patients
Authors: Baker Jackson , Khan Naveed , Singh Mandeep , Kuza Catherine M.
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review

Rapid and effective airway management is priority for trauma patients. Trauma patients are often at an increased risk of experiencing hypoxia, and thus at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Apneic oxygenation has been widely debated but has been reported to provide benefit in terms of increased peri-intubation oxygen saturation and decreased rates of desaturation. This review aims to evaluate the current literature on the efficacy of apneic oxygenation in the setting of rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in trauma patients.

Recent findings

Two prospective studies published this year, demonstrated that apneic oxygenation was effective in reducing hypoxic events and hypoxic duration during RSI.

The use of apneic oxygenation can play an important role in preventing hypoxic events in trauma patients undergoing RSI. The use of apneic oxygenation is cheap, and should be considered to reduce hypoxemic events. Additional studies are required to see the effects of apneic oxygenation on outcomes in trauma patients undergoing RSI, specifically desaturation and hypoxemic events and duration, and early onset mortality.
The Mediating Role of Illness Cognitions in the Relationship Between Caregiving Demands and Caregivers’ Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Akbari Fatemeh , Mohammadi Somayyeh , Dehghani Mohsen , Sanderman Robbert , Hagedoorn Mariёt
Published: January 2022

Objective:

The present study investigated whether illness cognitions mediated the relationship between caregiving demands and positive and negative indicators of adjustment in partners of patients with chronic pain.

Methods:

The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 151 partners (mean age=61.4 y, SD=13.6 y, 57% male) of patients with chronic pain (eg, back pain). The study was conducted in the Pain Centre of the University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands, during November 2014 to June 2015. Participants completed questionnaires that assessed caregiving demands, illness cognitions, perceived burden, distress, positive affect, and life satisfaction.

Results:

The results showed that among illness cognitions, acceptance of the illness mediated the association between caregiving demands and burden (b=0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05-0.28) and positive affect (b=−0.21, CI: −0.41 to −0.06). Helplessness mediated the association between caregiving demands and burden (b=0.46, CI: 0.26-0.69) and distress (b=0.35, CI: 0.19-0.53). Perceived benefits did not mediate any of these associations. The findings indicate that partners who experience more demands tend to appraise the consequences of the patients’ pain condition more negatively, which in turn is associated with their emotional adjustment.

Discussion:

The results suggest that illness cognitions play an important role in the psychological adjustment of partners. Enhancing acceptance of the illness and reducing feelings of helplessness could form the basis of interventions aiming at promoting psychological adjustment in partners, especially when it is difficult to reduce the demands.
Trends and Contributing Factors in Medicolegal Cases Involving Spine Surgery
Authors: Calder Lisa A. , Whyte Eileen M. , Neilson Heather K. , Zhang Cathy , Barry Tricia K. , Barry Sean P.
Published: February 2022

Study Design.

Retrospective descriptive study.

Objective.

The aim of this study was to describe closed medicolegal cases involving physicians and spine surgery in Canada from a trend and patient safety perspective.

Summary of Background Data.

Spine surgery is a source of medicolegal complaints against surgeons partly owing to the potential severity of associated complications. In previous medicolegal studies, researchers applied a medicolegal lens to their analyses without applying a quality improvement or patient safety lens.

Methods.

The study comprised a 15-year medicolegal trend analysis and a 5-year contributing factors analysis of cases (civil legal and regulatory authority matters) from the Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA), representing an estimated 95% of physicians in Canada. Included cases were closed by the CMPA between 2004 and 2018 (trends) or 2014 and 2018 (contributing factors). We fit a linear trend line to the annual rates of spine surgery cases per 1000 physician-years of CMPA membership for physicians in a neurosurgery or orthopedic surgery specialty. We then applied an ANOVA type III sum of squares test to determine the statistical significance of the annualized change rate over time. For the contributing factors analysis, we reported descriptive statistics for patient and physician characteristics, patient harm, and peer expert criticisms in each case.

Results.

Our trend analysis included 340 cases. Case rates decreased significantly at an annualized change rate of −4.7% (P 
= 0.0017). Our contributing factors analysis included 81 civil legal and 19 regulatory authority cases. Most patients experienced health care-related harm (89/100, 89.0%). Peer experts identified intraoperative injuries (29/89, 32.6%), diagnostic errors (14/89, 15.7%), and wrong site surgeries (16/89, 18.0%) as the top patient safety indicators. The top factor contributing to medicolegal risk was physician clinical decision-making.

Conclusion and Relevance.

Although case rates decreased, patient harm was attributable to health care in the majority of recently closed cases. Therefore, crucial opportunities remain to enhance patient safety in spine surgery.

Level of Evidence: 4
From surviving to thriving: the current status of the behavioral, social, and psychological issues of aging with HIV
Authors: Ruiz Erik L. , Greene Karah Y. , Galea Jerome T. , Brown Brandon
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review

Despite significant advances in knowledge regarding the biological and clinical issues related to aging with HIV, significantly less research has centered on related psychological, behavioral, and social issues, which are increasingly recognized as important for successfully aging with HIV.

Recent findings

Barriers to successful aging include physical challenges from a sociobehavioral perspective, psychosocial challenges, and system-level challenges. In contrast, several resiliencies and interventions that help facilitate healthy aging with HIV are also emerging. Comprehensive interventions to address the physical, mental, and psychosocial needs of older people living with HIV (OPLWH) are necessary.

Conclusion

To promote healthy aging with HIV, we must utilize both clinical and biopsychosocial interventions. The lack of data on the needs of OPLWH is an important barrier to healthy aging in this population.