bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Active Control of Origami Inspired Camber Morphing Airfoil for Gust Load Alleviation
Authors: Magar Kaman Thapa , Fuchi Kazuko , Pankonien Alexander M. , Beblo Richard V. , Reich Gregory W.
Published: November 2018

An origami design pattern is integrated to an active control system through camber morphing for vibration suppression and gust load alleviation in a typical wing section. Origami design parameters are optimized to have high sensitivity in chordwise fold angle and a maximum camber of 10% chord. A LQR controller is used to achieve the desired vibration suppression in a lightly damped aeroelastic system. The desired vibration suppression is achieved with change in camber of below 5% chord for an initial displacement condition induced vibration and less than 1% chord for gust excited vibration. Results also show that camber morphing is effective in suppressing vibration in both pitch and plunge degrees of freedom simultaneously.
Multi-Field Processing of Micro-Platelets for Magneto-Active Applications
Authors: Al Masud Md Abdulla , Ounaies Zoubeida , von Lockette Paris
Published: November 2018

The orientation and spatial distribution of magnetic particles in smart mechano-magnetic composites are key to enhancing their actuation capability. In this study, we present a new experimental approach to tune the orientation and assembly of barium hexaferrite (BHF) micro-platelets in liquid polymers by applying uniform magnetic and alternating current (AC)-electric fields. First, we investigated the assembly of BHFs under different electric field amplitudes and frequencies in the silicone elastomer. After establishing the optimum parameters for electric and magnetic alignment, four different microstructures are fabricated namely (a) random (b) electrically aligned (c) magnetically aligned and (d) simultaneously electrically and magnetically aligned. Finally, microstructural and property characterizations are performed using OM, XRD, SEM, and VSM measurements. Our findings demonstrate that a variety of microstructures can be obtained depending on the nature of the applied external field: in the absence of any field, BHF platelets are organized as small stacks, owing to their intrinsic magnetic polarization. In contrast, application of an electric field creates chain-like structures where the orientation of the BHF stacks inside the chains is random. Application of a magnetic field enhances rotation of the BHF stacks, which are found to rotate inside the chain in directions dictated by the magnetic field. Finally, by applying simultaneous electric and magnetic fields while also tuning the processing parameters, BHF-composite film with a squareness ratio of 0.92 is obtained. In order to further extend the actuation capability of resulting composites, we will also experiment with electroactive polymer matrices such as P(VDF–TrFE–CTFE) terpolymer to fabricate a multiferroic material that can actuate under both electric and magnetic field.
Energy Harvesting Performance of Printed Barium Titanate Nanocomposites
Authors: Malakooti Mohammad H. , Julé Florian , Sodano Henry A.
Published: November 2018

Development of nanostructured devices for sensing, energy storage, actuating, and energy harvesting has attracted many researchers. The most common type of functional nanostructures is piezoelectric nanomaterials. Regardless of numerous studies in this area, there is a need for rapid fabrication of nanostructured devices, or simply functional nanocomposites. Here we present a simple, scalable fabrication technique for additive manufacturing of nanocomposite energy harvesting devices composed of barium titanate nanowires. Details on hydrothermal synthesis of barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanowires and printable inks, manufacturing process, and energy harvesting performance of the printed devices are presented here. The experimental results suggest that additive manufacturing of functional nanocomposites allows controlling the microstructures and enhancing device performance.
Design, Development and Characterization of Linear, Soft Actuators via Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Costas Alfonso , Davis Daniel E. , Niu Yixian , Dabiri Sadegh , Garcia Jose , Newell Brittany
Published: November 2018

Additive manufacturing has emerged as an alternative to traditional manufacturing technologies. In particular, industries like fluid power, aviation and robotics have the potential to benefit greatly from this technology, due to the design flexibility, weight reduction and compact size that can be achieved. In this work, the design process and advantages of using 3D printing to make soft linear actuators were studied and highlighted. This work explored the limitations of current additive manufacturing tolerances to fabricate a typical piston-cylinder assembly, and how enclosed bellow actuators could be used to overcome high leakage and friction issues experienced with a piston-cylinder type actuator. To do that, different 3D printing technologies were studied and evaluated (stereolithorgraphy and fused deposition modeling) in the pursuit of high-fidelity, cost-effective 3D printing. The initial attempt consisted of printing the soft actuators directly using flexible materials in a stereolithography-type 3D printer. However, these actuators showed low durability and poor performance. The lack of a reliable resin resulted in the replacement of this material by EcoFlex® 00-30 silicone and the use of a 3D printed mold to cast the actuators. These molds included a 3-D printed dissolvable core inside the cast actuator in order to finish the manufacturing process in one single step. An experimental setup to evaluate the capabilities of these actuators was developed. Results are shown to assess the steady-state and the dynamic characteristics of these actuators. These tests resulted into the stroke-pressure and stroke-time responses for a specific load given different proportional valve inputs.
Aerodynamic and Structural Evaluation of an SMA Slat-Cove Filler Using Computational and Experimental Tools at Model Scale
Authors: Scholten William , Patterson Ryan , Eustice Makiah , Cook Sebastian , Hartl Darren , Strganac Thomas , Turner Travis
Published: November 2018

Transport class aircraft produce a significant amount of airframe noise during approach and landing due to exposed geometric discontinuities that are hidden during cruise. The leading-edge slat is a primary contributor to this noise. In previous work, use of a slat-cove filler (SCF) has proven to reduce airframe noise by filling the cove aft of the slat, eliminating the circulation region within the cove. The goal of this work is to extend and improve upon past experimental and computational efforts on the evaluation of a scaled high-lift wing with a superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) SCF. Recent turbulence measurements of the Texas A&M University 3ft-by-4ft wind tunnel allow for more accurate representation of the flow through the test section in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The finite volume models used in CFD analysis are coupled to structural finite element models using a framework compatible with an SMA constitutive model and significant deformation, enabling fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis of the SCF. Both fully-deployed and retraction/deployment cases are considered. The displacement of the SCF on the experimental model is measured at various stages of retraction/deployment using a laser displacement sensor and digital image correlation system. Due to a lack of structural stiffness in the 3D-printed plastic slat during retraction and SCF stowage, a rigid steel slat is incorporated into the physical model and preliminary wind tunnel tests are conducted at multiple angles of attack.
Deep Learning Based Spectrum Compression Algorithm for Rotating Machinery Condition Monitoring
Authors: Aydemir Gürkan
Published: November 2018

In the new data intensive world, predictive maintenance has become a central issue for the modern industrial plants. Monitoring of electric machinery is one of the most important challenges in predictive maintenance. Adaptive manufacturing processes/plants may be possible through the monitored conditions. In this respect, several attempts have been made to utilize deep learning algorithms for rotating machinery fault detection and diagnosis. Among them, deep autoencoders are very popular, because of their denoising effect. They are also implemented in electric machinery fault diagnostics in order to obtain lower order representation of signals. However, none of these efforts regard the autoencoders as compression units. Bearing in mind that spectra of vibration and current signals that are collected from electric machinery are critical instruments for detection and diagnosis of their faults, we propose that deep stacked autoencoder can be utilized as spectrum compression units. The performance of the proposed strategy are assessed using a bearing data set in three ways: (1)Rule-based classifiers are implemented on raw and compressed-decompressed spectrum and their performance are compared. (2) It is shown that the several machine learning classifiers such as support vector machines, artificial neural networks and k-nearest neighbour classifiers on compressed-decompressed spectrum achieves the performance of them on raw data. (3) A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier is implemented on the low dimensional representation and it is demonstrated that the strategy of employing the same autoencoder as pretraining of feature extraction module cannot outperform the performance of this MLP classifier.
Modular Origami Robot Inspired by a Scorpion Tail
Authors: Jovanova Jovana , Anachkova Maja , Gavriloski Viktor , Petrevski Dimitar , Grazhdani Franka , Pecioski Damjan
Published: November 2018

Arthropod animals like scorpions with modular body parts can be an inspiration for a robot’s structure. The design presented here relays on inter-connected origami towers, but could also be easily disassembled. Each origami tower is fully autonomous and at the same time is part of the robot as a whole. The towers are positioned between two platforms that enable modularity. The scorpion’s tale shape is achieved by the varying platform diameter resulting in cone-like form. Each tower is actuated independently to enable multiple degrees of freedom. Maneuvering with separated units, assists in easier reparation as well as replacement. Detaching the towers into separate parts makes this structure develop more precise movements, since every unit will move autonomously. Therefore, having a higher number of separated movements combined leads to a smooth bionic movement. So, the overall hierarchy will be modular contributing to a greater curvature bending of the whole structure. Actuating and maneuvering the robot in the main concept is done by separated electro motors, built in the platform. The basic structure will be built from thick paper with plastic coatings. The thick paper itself is lightweight, but at the same time flexible. To protect the paper towers, double plastic foil is placed as an outer coating which acts as an origami cover. This transparent layer is elastic hence it can follow and support the individual units’ movements.

This work is focused on understanding origami towers kinematics and different combinations of inter-connected towers to achieve multiple degrees of freedom. A conceptual model is developed, supported by CAD and mathematical models. At the end a prototype is presented.
Piezoelectric Teeth Aligners for Accelerated Orthodontics
Authors: Bani-Hani Muath , Karami M. Amin , Amiri Nikta , Tavakkoli Anbarani Mostafa
Published: November 2018

In this paper, a new prototype is proposed for accelerated orthodontic tooth treatment. In contrast to conventional methods, where heavy vibration generators are used, the proposed design is light and small and may remain into patient’s mouth without obstructing his daily activities. To do that, a PVDF Piezoelectric actuator layer is incorporated into a bio-compatible flexible structure which is to be excited by an external electric source. Generally, application of cyclic loading (vibration) reverses bone loss, stimulates bone mass, induces cranial growth, and accelerates tooth movement. This reduce the pain experience and discomfort associated with the treatment and also enhances the patient compliance with the treatment. Vibration has the advantage of minimal side effects in comparison to medicinal treatments. This configuration enables the operator to adjust the vibration frequency as well as the orthodontic force exerted on the tooth.
Detection of Component Types and Track Damage for High-Speed Railway Using Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Li Shengyuan , Li Peigang , Zhang Yang , Zhao Xuefeng
Published: November 2018

High-speed railway plays critical roles in public safety and the country’s economy. Visual detection of components and damages can reflect the health conditions of high-speed railway. Human-based visual inspection is a difficult and time-consuming task and its detection results significantly rely on subjective judgement of human inspectors. Image-based detection methods abandon the weakness of human-based visual inspection. However, in practice, the complex real-world situations, such as lighting and shadow changes, can lead to challenges to the wide adaptability of image process techniques. To overcome these challenges, this paper provides a Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN)-based detection method of component types and track damage for high-speed railway. To realize the method, a database including 575 images labeled for three component types and one track damage type of high-speed railway is built. A Faster R-CNN architecture based on ZF-Net is modified, then trained and validated using the built database. The performance of the trained Faster R-CNN is evaluated using 50 new images which are not be used for training process. The results show that the proposed method can indeed detect the component types and track damage for high-speed railway.
Design of a Leading Edge Morphing Based on Compliant Structures in the Framework of the CS2-AIRGREEN2 Project
Authors: De Gaspari Alessandro , Gilardelli Alessandro , Ricci Sergio , Airoldi Alessandro , Moens Frederic
Published: November 2018

This paper summarizes the results obtained in the framework of Clean Sky 2 REG-IADP, AIRGREEN on the development of a dedicated morphing device, i.e. a Leading Edge morphing. This device, designed so to be installed on a advanced, twin prop, regional aircraft, is conceived to guarantee high lift conditions together with a smoothed and continuous skin surface, especially important due to the presence of a laminar wing. The design of a such as complex devices required a multi-disciplinary approach, able to combine the aerodynamic performances and the structural ones related to the compliant structures concept adopted for the internal structure. The paper includes an overview of all the design challenges, the adopted solutions and finally the obtained numerical assessments.
Image-Based Comprehensive Maintenance and Inspection Method for Bridges Using Deep Learning
Authors: Zhao Xuefeng , Li Shengyuan , Su Hongguo , Zhou Lei , Loh Kenneth J.
Published: November 2018

Bridge management and maintenance work is an important part for the assessment the health state of bridge. The conventional management and maintenance work mainly relied on experienced engineering staffs by visual inspection and filling in survey forms. However, the human-based visual inspection is a difficult and time-consuming task and its detection results significantly rely on subjective judgement of human inspectors. To address the drawbacks of human-based visual inspection method, this paper proposes an image-based comprehensive maintenance and inspection method for bridges using deep learning. To classify the types of bridges, a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier established by fine-turning the AlexNet is trained, validated and tested using 3832 images with three types of bridges (arch, suspension and cable-stayed bridge). For the recognition of bridge components (tower and deck of bridges), a Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) based on modified ZF-net is trained, validated and tested by utilizing 600 bridge images. To implement the strategy of a sliding window technique for the crack detection, another CNN from fine-turning the GoogLeNet is trained, validated and tested by employing a databank with cropping 1455 raw concrete images into 60000 intact and cracked images. The performance of the trained CNNs and Faster R-CNN is tested on some new images which are not used for training and validation processes. The test results substantiate the proposed method can indeed recognize the types and components and detect cracks for a bridges.
Shear viscosity and wall slip behavior of dense suspensions of polydisperse particles
Authors: He Jing , Lee Stephanie S. , Kalyon Dilhan M.
Published: November 2018

The significant problem of wall slip and shear viscosity of dense suspensions is addressed using steady torsional and capillary flows of a silicone polymer, incorporated with polydisperse particles with low aspect ratios, to achieve a relatively high maximum packing fraction, ϕm=0.86. Such a high ϕm allowed the preparation of well-mixed suspensions with a wide range of solid volume fractions, ϕ, i.e., 0.62 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.82. It is demonstrated that the characterization of the relative viscosity and yield stresses of the particulate suspensions requires a proper treatment of wall slip effects. The wall slip velocity versus the shear stress relationship is governed by the apparent slip mechanism and is predictable using the shear viscosity of the binder and the thickness of the apparent slip layer. At shear stresses which are significantly above the yield stress, the relative shear viscosity of the suspensions depends solely on ϕ/ϕm. However, at lower shear stresses that are in the vicinity of the yield stresses, the relative shear viscosity becomes functions of both ϕ/ϕm and the shear stress.
A 12-Year Cohort Study of Doc-Stoppage in Professional Mixed Martial Arts
Authors: Miarka Bianca , Dal Bello Fábio , Brito Ciro J. , Del Vecchio Fabrício B. , Amtmann John , Chamari Karim
Published: November 2018

Purposes: To determine actions during bouts that generate serious enough injury to stop the bout; verifying the injury incidence, types, and prevalence of doctor stoppages (doc-stoppage); and identify potential risk factors by analyzing technical-tactical profiles for injury in sanctioned mixed martial arts bouts taking place over a 12-y period. Methods: This research analyzed 440 paired mixed martial arts matches separated by doc-stoppage (n = 220) and no doc-stoppage (n = 220) from 2002 to 2014. Technical knockouts for doc-stoppage were diagnosed and managed by attending ringside doctors, and the time–motion variables were categorized into total combat time separated by low- or high-intensity activities per round, stand-up, or groundwork actions, P ≤ .05. Results: The main cause of injuries in doc-stoppage situations was due to facial injuries (>90%), with 87.1% occurring after striking actions during the second round. Lacerations were the leading type of injury, which occurred with 80% frequency. The results showed differences between doc-stoppage and no doc-stoppage for standing combat with low-intensity actions (130.6 [8.5] s vs 83.3 [6.9] s for first round; 115.7 [10.5] s vs 100.1 [9.6] s for second round, and 121.5 [19.5] s vs 106.3 [11.7] s for third round) and total strike attempts (34.5, 23.0–51.8 vs 25.0, 12.0–40.8); in standing combat, head strike attempts (21, 10–33 vs 11, 4–21) and body strikes (2.5, 1.0–5.8 vs 1.0–2), and in groundwork combat, head strikes landed (0.0–3.0 vs 0.0–5.0). Conclusions: This research showed higher values of strike attempts with 2 main orientations, namely the head (on the ground and in stand-up actions) and body (in stand-up actions), and may provide important information regarding the technical knockout and when it can be called by officials supervising mixed martial arts bouts.
Understanding the Impact of Trunk and Arm Impairments on Wheelchair Rugby Performance During Competition
Authors: Mason Barry S. , Altmann Viola C. , Goosey-Tolfrey Victoria L.
Published: November 2018

Purpose:To determine the effect of trunk and arm impairments on physical and technical performance during wheelchair rugby (WR) competition.Methods:Thirty-one highly trained WR players grouped according to their trunk (no trunk [NT]; some trunk [T] function) and arm impairments (poor, moderate, and good arm function) participated in 5 WR matches. Players’ physical (wheelchair mobility) and technical (ball handling) activities were analyzed using an indoor tracking system and video analysis, respectively.Results:Trunk impairment explained some of the variance in physical (10.6–23.5%) and technical (16.2–33.0%) performance. T covered more distance, had more possession, scored more goals, and received and made more passes yet spent less time at low speeds and performed fewer inbounds than NT (≤.05). Arm impairment explained some of the variance in all physical (16.7–47.0%) and the majority of technical (13.1–53.3%) performance measures. Moderate and good arm function covered more distance, reached higher peak speeds, spent more time in higher speed zones, scored more goals, had more possession, and received and made more passes, with a higher percentage of 1-handed and long passes, than poor arm function. Good arm function also received more passes and made a higher percentage of 1-handed passes and defensive blocks than moderate arm function (P ≤ .05).Conclusions:Arm impairment affects a greater number of physical and technical measures of performance specific to WR than trunk impairment during competition. Having active finger function (good arm function) yielded no further improvements in physical performance but positively influenced a small number of technical skills.
Caffeine Supplementation: Ergogenic in Both High and Low Caffeine Responders
Authors: Apostolidis Andreas , Mougios Vassilis , Smilios Ilias , Rodosthenous Johanna , Hadjicharalambous Marios
Published: November 2018

Purpose: Inconsistent results among studies examining the effects of caffeine on exercise performance are potentially due to interindividual variability in biological responses to caffeine ingestion. The aims, therefore, of the present study were to identify high and low caffeine responders and compare the influence of caffeine on exercise performance and biological responses between groups during a simulated soccer-game protocol on treadmill. Methods: Well-trained soccer players were distinguished as high (n = 11) and low (n = 9) caffeine responders based on resting blood pressure, plasma glycerol, nonesterified fatty acid, and epinephrine responses to caffeine. Participants underwent 2 simulated soccer-game protocols on a treadmill after caffeine (6 mg·kg−1) or placebo ingestion. Exercise performance and several biological responses were evaluated. Results: Exercise performance did not differ between the high and low responders to caffeine (P > .05). However, time to fatigue (high, caffeine: 797 [201] s vs placebo: 487 [258] s; low, caffeine: 625 [357] s vs placebo 447 [198] s) and countermovement jump (high, caffeine: 42.1 [5.5] cm vs placebo: 40.5 [5.7] cm; low, caffeine: 41.0 [3.8] cm vs placebo: 38.8 [4.6] cm) improved with caffeine relative to placebo (P < .001). Rating of perceived exertion was lower (P < .001) in high (13.4 [2.3]) than in low responders (14.3 [2.4]) with caffeine ingestion. Conclusions: Caffeine improved aerobic endurance and neuromuscular performance in well-trained soccer players regardless of their responsiveness to caffeine at rest. Since no changes in substrate utilization were found with caffeine supplementation, performance improvements could be attributed to positive effects on the central nervous system and/or neuromuscular function, although the precise mechanism remains unclear.
Peripheral Muscle Function During Repeated Changes of Direction in Basketball
Authors: Ferioli Davide , Rampinini Ermanno , Bosio Andrea , La Torre Antonio , Maffiuletti Nicola A.
Published: November 2018

Purpose: To examine differences between adult male basketball players of different competitive levels (study 1) and changes over a basketball season (study 2) of knee-extensor peripheral muscle function during multistage change-of-direction exercise (MCODE). Methods: In study 1, 111 players from 4 different divisions completed the MCODE during the regular season. In study 2, the MCODE was performed before (T1) and after (T2) the preparation period and during the competitive season (T3) by 32 players from divisions I, II, and III. The MCODE comprised 4 levels of increasing intensity for each player. The twitch peak torque (PT) of knee extensors was measured after each level. PTmax (the highest value of PT) and fatigue were calculated. Results: In study 1, the authors found possibly small differences (effect size [ES] [90% confidence interval] −0.24 [0.39]) in fatigue between divisions I and II. Division I was characterized by likely (ES 0.30–0.65) and very likely to almost certain (ES 0.74–1.41) better PTmax and fatigue levels than divisions III and VI, respectively. In study 2, fatigue was very likely reduced (ES −0.91 to −0.51) among all divisions from T1 to T2, whereas PTmax was likely to very likely reduced (ES −0.51 to −0.39) in divisions II and III. Conclusions: Professional basketball players are characterized by a better peripheral muscle function during MCODE. Most of the seasonal changes in peripheral muscle function occurred after the preparation period. These findings inform practitioners on the development of training programs to enhance the ability to sustain repeated change-of-direction efforts.
Within-Subject Correlation Between Salivary IgA and Measures of Training Load in Elite Football Players
Authors: Figueiredo Pedro , Nassis George P. , Brito João
Published: November 2018

Purpose: To quantify the association between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and training load in elite football players. Methods: Data were obtained on 4 consecutive days during the preparation camp for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Saliva samples of 18 elite male football players were collected prior to breakfast. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and external training-load metrics from global positioning systems (GPS) were recorded. Within-subject correlation coefficients between training load and sIgA concentration, and magnitude of relationships, were calculated. Results: sIgA presented moderate to large negative correlations with s-RPE (r = −.39), total distance covered (r = −.55), accelerations (r = −.52), and decelerations (r = −.48). Trivial to small associations were detected between sIgA and distance covered per minute (r = .01), high-speed distance (r = −.23), and number of sprints (r = −.18). sIgA displayed a likely moderate decrease from day 1 to day 2 (d = −0.7) but increased on day 3 (d = 0.6). The training-load variables had moderate to very large rises from day 1 to day 2 (d = 0.7 to 3.2) but lowered from day 2 to day 3 (d = −5.0 to −0.4), except for distance per minute (d = 0.8) and sprints (unclear). On day 3, all training-load variables had small to large increments compared with day 1 (d = 0.4 to 1.5), except for accelerations (d = −0.8) and decelerations (unclear). Conclusions: In elite football, sIgA might be more responsive to training volume than to intensity. External load such as GPS-derived variables presented stronger association with sIgA than with s-RPE. sIgA can be used as an additional objective tool in monitoring football players.
Force-Velocity-Power Profiling During Weighted-Vest Sprinting in Soccer
Authors: Carlos-Vivas Jorge , Marín-Cascales Elena , Freitas Tomás T. , Perez-Gomez Jorge , Alcaraz Pedro E.
Published: November 2018

Purpose: To describe the load–velocity relationship and the effects of increasing loads on spatiotemporal and derived kinetic variables of sprinting using weighted vests (WV) in soccer players and determining the load that maximizes power output. Methods: A total of 23 soccer players (age 20.8 [1.5] y) performed 10 maximal 30-m sprints wearing a WV with 5 different loads (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% body mass [BM]). Sprint velocity and time were collected using a radar device and wireless photocells. Mechanical outputs were computed using a recently developed valid and reliable field method that estimates the step-averaged ground-reaction forces during overground sprint acceleration from anthropometric and spatiotemporal data. Raw velocity–time data were fitted by an exponential function and used to calculate the net horizontal ground-reaction forces and horizontal power output. Individual linear force–velocity relationships were then extrapolated to calculate the theoretical maximum horizontal force (F0) and velocity and the ratio of force application (proportion of the total force production that is directed forward at sprint start). Results: Magnitude-based inferences showed an almost certain decrease in F0 (effect size = 0.78–3.35), maximum power output (effect size = 0.78–3.81), and maximum ratio of force (effect size = 0.82–3.87) as the load increased. The greatest changes occurred with loads heavier than 20% BM, especially in ratio of force. In addition, the maximum power was achieved under unloaded conditions. Conclusions: Increasing load in WV sprinting affects spatiotemporal and kinetic variables. The greatest change in ratio of force happened with loads heavier than 20% BM. Thus, the authors recommend the use of loads ≤20% BM for WV sprinting.
Assessment of Energy Expenditure of a Professional Goalkeeper From the English Premier League Using the Doubly Labeled Water Method
Authors: Anderson Liam , Close Graeme L. , Morgans Ryland , Hambly Catherine , Speakman John Roger , Drust Barry , Morton James P.
Published: November 2018

Purpose: To better understand the energy and carbohydrate (CHO) requirements of a professional goalkeeper (GK) in elite soccer, the authors quantified physical loading, energy expenditure (EE), and energy intake (EI) during a 2-games-per-week in-season microcycle. Methods: Daily training and match loads were assessed in a professional GK (age 26 y, height 191 cm, body mass 85.6 kg) from the English Premier League using global positioning systems (GPS) and ProZone®, respectively. Assessments of EE (using the doubly labeled water method) and EI (using food diaries supported by the remote food photographic method and 24-h recalls) were also completed. Results: Physical loading was greater on match days than training days as inferred from total distance (4574 [432] vs 1959 [500] m), average speed (48 [5] vs 40 [4] m/min), and distance completed when jogging (993 [194] vs 645 [81] m) and running (138 [16] vs 21 [20] m). Average daily energy and macronutrient intake appear reflective of a self-selected “low-CHO” diet (energy 3160 [381] kcal, CHO 2.6 [0.6], protein 2.4 [0.4], fat 1.9 [0.3] g/kg body mass). Mean daily EE was 2894 kcal. Conclusions: The average daily EE of this professional GK was approximately 600 kcal/d lower than that previously reported in outfield players from the same team. Such data suggest that the nutritional requirements of a GK should be carefully considered depending on the required daily and weekly loading patterns.
Reducing Aerodynamic Drag by Adopting a Novel Road-Cycling Sprint Position
Authors: Merkes Paul F.J. , Menaspà Paolo , Abbiss Chris R.
Published: November 2018

Purpose: To assess the influence of seated, standing, and forward-standing cycling sprint positions on aerodynamic drag (CdA) and the reproducibility of a field test of CdA calculated in these different positions. Methods: A total of 11 recreational male road cyclists rode 250 m in 2 directions at around 25, 32, and 40 km·h−1 and in each of the 3 positions, resulting in a total of 18 efforts per participant. Riding velocity, power output, wind direction and velocity, road gradient, temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure were measured and used to calculate CdA using regression analysis. Results: A main effect of position showed that the average CdA of the 2 d was lower for the forward-standing position (0.295 [0.059]) compared with both the seated (0.363 [0.071], P = .018) and standing positions (0.372 [0.077], P = .037). Seated and standing positions did not differ from each other. Although no significant difference was observed in CdA between the 2 test days, a poor between-days reliability was observed. Conclusion: A novel forward-standing cycling sprint position resulted in 23% and 26% reductions in CdA compared with a seated and standing position, respectively. This decrease in CdA could potentially result in an important increase in cycling sprint velocity of 3.9–4.9 km·h−1, although these results should be interpreted with caution because poor reliability of CdA was observed between days.
Considerations for the Scientific Support Process and Applications to Case Studies
Authors: Ruddock Alan D. , Boyd Craig , Winter Edward M. , Ranchordas Mayur
Published: November 2018

Case studies are vehicles to bridge the gap between science and practice because they provide opportunities to blend observations and interventions that have taken place in real-world environments with scientific rigor. The purpose of this invited commentary is to present considerations for those providing applied sport science support to athletes with the intention of broadcasting this information to the scientific community. The authors present a 4-phased approach (1: athlete overview; 2: needs analysis; 3: intervention planning; and 4: results, evaluation, and conclusion) for scientific support to assist practitioners in the development and implementation of scientific support. These considerations are presented in the form of “performance questions” designed to guide and critically evaluate the scientific support process and aid the transfer of this knowledge through case studies.
Training Load and Baseline Characteristics Associated With New Injury/Pain Within an Endurance Sporting Population: A Prospective Study
Authors: Johnston Richard , Cahalan Roisin , Bonnett Laura , Maguire Matthew , Nevill Alan , Glasgow Philip , O’Sullivan Kieran , Comyns Thomas
Published: November 2018

Purpose: To determine the association between training-load (TL) factors, baseline characteristics, and new injury and/or pain (IP) risk in an endurance sporting population (ESP). Methods: Ninety-five ESP participants from running, triathlon, swimming, cycling, and rowing disciplines initially completed a questionnaire capturing baseline characteristics. TL and IP data were submitted weekly over a 52-wk study period. Cumulative TL factors, acute:chronic workload ratios, and exponentially weighted moving averages were calculated. A shared frailty model was used to explore time to new IP and association to TL factors and baseline characteristics. Results: 92.6% of the ESP completed all 52 wk of TL and IP data. The following factors were associated with the lowest risk of a new IP episode: (a) a low to moderate 7-d lag exponentially weighted moving averages (0.8–1.3: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.44; P = .04); (b) a low to moderate 7-d lag weekly TL (1200–1700 AU: HR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.15–1.65; P < .001); (c) a moderate to high 14-d lag 4-weekly cumulative TL (5200–8000 AU: HR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.21–0.50; P < .001); and (d) a low number of previous IP episodes in the preceding 12 mo (1 previous IP episode: HR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04–1.17; P = .04). Conclusions: To minimize new IP risk, an ESP should avoid high spikes in acute TL while maintaining moderate to high chronic TLs. A history of previous IP should be considered when prescribing TLs. The demonstration of a lag between a TL factor and its impact on new IP risk may have important implications for future ESP TL analysis.
No Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on 100-m and 200-m Swimming Performance in Moderately Trained Swimmers
Authors: Esen Ozcan , Nicholas Ceri , Morris Mike , Bailey Stephen J.
Published: November 2018

Purpose: Dietary nitrate supplementation has been reported to improve performance in kayaking and rowing exercise, which mandate significant recruitment of the upper-body musculature. Because the effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on swimming performance is unclear, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on 100-m and 200-m swimming freestyle time-trial (TT) performance. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized crossover design, 10 moderately trained swimmers underwent 2 separate 3-d supplementation periods, with a daily dose of either 140 mL nitrate-rich (∼800 mg/d nitrate) or nitrate-depleted (PLA) beetroot juice (BRJ). After blood sampling on day 3, the swimmers performed both 200-m and 100-m freestyle swimming TTs, with 30 min recovery between trials. Results: Plasma nitrite concentration was greater after BRJ relative to PLA consumption (432 [203] nmol/L, 111 [56] nmol/L, respectively, P = .001). Systolic blood pressure was lowered after BRJ compared with PLA supplementation (114 [10], 120 [10] mm Hg, respectively P = .001), but time to complete the 200-m (BRJ 152.6 [14.1] s, PLA 152.5 [14.1] s) and 100-m (BRJ 69.5 [7.2] s, PLA 69.4 [7.4] s) freestyle swimming TTs was not different between BRJ and PLA (P > .05). Conclusions: Although 3 d of BRJ supplementation increased plasma nitrite concentration and lowered blood pressure, it did not improve 100-m and 200-m swimming TT performance. These results do not support an ergogenic effect of nitrate supplementation in moderately trained swimmers, at least for 100-m and 200-m freestyle swimming performance.
Joint Hypermobility as a Predictor of Mechanical Loading in Dancers
Authors: Armstrong Ross , Brogden Christopher Michael , Greig Matt
Published: November 2018

Context:Dance requires the performance of complex movements that may exceed normal anatomical range. However, in hypermobile individuals, this may have implications for injury and performance.Objectives:The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of the Beighton score (BS) in predicting mechanical loading in dancers in hypermobile and nonhypermobile dancers with consideration of accelerometer placement and lumbar flexion hypermobility.Design:Cohort study, clinical measurement.Setting:University.Participants:A total of 34 dancers had their joint hypermobility assessed by the BS. Participants completed the Dance Aerobic Fitness Test with a global positioning device incorporating a triaxial accelerometer located at the cervico-thoracic junction (C7) and one at the midbelly of the gastrocnemius.Main Outcome Measures:Accelerometry data were used to calculate PlayerLoad total, PlayerLoad medial-lateral, PlayerLoad anterior–posterior, and PlayerLoad vertical. Physiological response was measured via heart rate and fatigue response by rate of perceived exertion.Results:The total BS was a poor predictor of all mechanical loading directions with PlayerLoad anterior-posterior C7 (r = .15) and PlayerLoad total lower limb (r = .20) the highest values. Multiple linear regression was a better predictor with values of C7 (r = .43) and lower limb (r = .37). No significant difference existed between hypermobile and nonhypermobile subjects for mechanical loading values for all stages of the Dance Aerobic Fitness Test and for heart rate and fatigue responses.Conclusions:The BS is not a good predictor of mechanical loading which is similar in hypermobile and nonhypermobile dancers for all levels of the Dance Aerobic Fitness Test. Mechanical loading and fatigue responses are similar between hypermobile and nonhypermobile dancers.
Identification of the substrate recruitment mechanism of the muscle glycogen protein phosphatase 1 holoenzyme
Authors: Kumar Ganesan Senthil , Choy Meng S. , Koveal Dorothy M. , Lorinsky Michael K. , Lyons Scott P. , Kettenbach Arminja N. , Page Rebecca , Peti Wolfgang
Published: November 2018

Specific substrate recruitment by the protein phosphatase-1 molecule G subunit holoenzyme enables the maintenance of glucose levels.
Sodium-glucose transporter 2 is a diagnostic and therapeutic target for early-stage lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Scafoglio Claudio R. , Villegas Brendon , Abdelhady Gihad , Bailey Sean T. , Liu Jie , Shirali Aditya S. , Wallace W. Dean , Magyar Clara E. , Grogan Tristan R. , Elashoff David , Walser Tonya , Yanagawa Jane , Aberle Denise R. , Barrio Jorge R. , Dubinett Steven M. , Shackelford David B.
Published: November 2018

Lung premalignancy and early-stage adenocarcinoma use a mechanism of glucose transport that can be targeted for early diagnosis and treatment.
Illuminating Aurora dependencies
Authors: Chonghaile Tríona Ní
Published: November 2018

RB1
loss of function in small cell lung cancer causes dependency on Aurora kinases for survival, which can be targeted therapeutically.
Exosomal microRNA: The revolutionary endogenous
Innerspace
nanotechnology
Authors: Santulli Gaetano
Published: November 2018

T lymphocytes release exosomes containing specific microRNAs that cause apoptosis of pancreatic β cells in type 1 diabetes.
The Dietary Restriction-Like Gene
drl-1
, Which Encodes a Putative Serine/Threonine Kinase, Is Essential for Orsay Virus Infection in
Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Sandoval Luis Enrique , Jiang Hongbing , Wang David
Published: November 2018

The recent discovery of Orsay virus, the only known natural virus of
Caenorhabditis elegans
, provides a unique opportunity to study virus-host interactions that mediate infection in a genetically tractable multicellular model organism. As viruses remain a global threat to human health, better insights into cellular components that enable virus infection and replication can ultimately lead to the development of new targets for antiviral therapeutics.
Genome Sequences of
Vibrio maerlii
sp. nov. and
Vibrio rhodolitus
sp. nov., Isolated from Rhodoliths
Authors: Silva Camila S. F. , Walter Juline M. , Nobrega Maria S. , Calegario Gabriela , Appolinario Luciana R. , Leomil Luciana , Cavalcanti Giselle , Silva Bruno S. , Garcia Gizele D. , Tschoeke Diogo , Swings Jean , Thompson Fabiano L. , Thompson Cristiane C.
Published: November 2018

We report here the genome sequences of the novel isolates G62
T
and G98
T
from rhodoliths. The nearly complete genomes consisted of 4.7 Mbp (4,233 coding sequences [CDS]) for G62
T
and 4.5 Mbp (4,085 CDS) for G98
T
.
Complete Genome Sequence of Streptacidiphilus sp. Strain 15-057A, Obtained from Bronchial Lavage Fluid
Authors: Arthur Robert A. , Gulvik Christopher A. , Humrighouse Ben W. , Lasker Brent A. , Batra Dhwani , Rowe Lori A. , Igual José Mariano , Nouioui Imen , Klenk Hans-Peter , McQuiston John R.
Published: November 2018

Streptacidiphilus
sp. strain 15-057A was isolated from a bronchial lavage sample and represents the only member of the genus not isolated from acidic soils.
Genome Sequence of Fusarium graminearum Strain MDC_Fg1, Isolated from Bread Wheat Grown in France
Authors: Alouane Tarek , Rimbert Hélène , Fabre Francis , Cambon Florence , Langin Thierry , Bonhomme Ludovic
Published: November 2018

Fusarium graminearum
is a major fungal pathogen that induces
Fusarium
head blight (FHB), a devastating disease of small-grain cereals worldwide. This announcement provides the whole-genome sequence of a highly virulent and toxin-producing French isolate, MDC_Fg1.
Sediment-landform assemblages in southern Michigan: Implications for basal processes of the Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet
Authors: Kehew Alan E. , Esch John M. , Karki Sita
Published: November 2018

Lobes, or ice streams, of the southern Laurentide ice sheet readvanced periodically during their overall retreat after the Last Glacial Maximum in the Great Lakes region. The Saginaw Lobe readvanced around 20 ka to form a prominent moraine, the Sturgis moraine, near the Michigan-Indiana border. Detailed mapping of nineteen 7½ min quadrangles at a scale of 1:24,000 in and adjacent to Calhoun County, Michigan, supports the interpretation that a large drumlin field behind the moraine was formed at this time, when the basal drainage of the glacier was distributed with high basal pore pressure. During retreat, after moraine construction, the drainage mode switched to a conduit-type system, in which meltwater drained to recessional ice-marginal positions through tunnel valleys. We mapped at least three discontinuous ice-marginal positions on the basis of coarse-grained, subaerial fans beginning at the ends of the tunnel valleys. There is a close association of kames with the tunnel valleys at these locations, suggesting that supraglacial meltwater contributed to the subglacial drainage.

Our results support a model in which the drumlins were produced by deformation of the basal diamicton during ice advance prior to the formation of the tunnel valleys during ice retreat. This hypothesis rebuts a previously proposed model for this area in which the drumlins and tunnel valleys, along with boulder gravel deposits, were attributed to formation during a single, catastrophic subglacial sheetflood.
Taboos, stowaways, and chief scientists: A brief history of women in oceanography
Authors: Lewandowski Katherine
Published: November 2018

Before the mid-to-late twentieth century, women were not welcome on research vessels conducting oceanographic research. Thus, women interested in oceanography in the early twentieth century had to make their mark in ways that did not rely on doing oceanographic fieldwork. Three American women oceanographers made huge impacts in the field prior to the ban of women on ships being lifted in the 1960s: Mary Sears, Elizabeth T. Bunce, and Marie Tharp. Their contributions to oceanography in the first half of the twentieth century helped advance the science, as well as to provide role models for the next generation of women who wanted to be oceanographers.

Participation of women in oceanography in the late twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century is assessed using the lists provided by the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, the Ocean Drilling Program, the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and the International Ocean Discovery Program Initial Reports volumes that are publicly available online. Each participant of the shipboard scientific party was evaluated to be male or female, based on the person’s first name. Participation of women over the nearly fifty-year history of this ocean drilling program has increased from an average of 10% to 32% by early 2017, with women serving 45 times as co-chiefs on expeditions.

Visibility of women working in oceanography is improving. The stories of women like Marie Tharp are told on the Internet and in books for both children and adults. More of these stories need to be told. Today, women hold important positions within academia and professional organizations, proving that women can play an important role in the discipline, acting as advocates for their science and their gender.