bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An immunologically-inspired autonomic framework for self-organizing and evolvable network applications
Authors: Lee Chonho , Suzuki Junichi
Published: November 2009

Network applications are increasingly required to be autonomous, scalable, adaptive to dynamic changes in the network, and survivable against partial system failures. Based on the observation that various biological systems have already satisfied these requirements, this article proposes and evaluates a biologically-inspired framework that makes network applications to be autonomous, scalable, adaptive, and survivable. With the proposed framework, called iNet, each network application is designed as a decentralized group of software agents, analogous to a bee colony (application) consisting of multiple bees (agents). Each agent provides a particular functionality of a network application, and implements biological behaviors such as reproduction, migration, energy exchange, and death. iNet is designed after the mechanisms behind how the immune system detects antigens (e.g., viruses) and produces specific antibodies to eliminate them. It models a set of environment conditions (e.g., network traffic and resource availability) as an antigen and an agent behavior (e.g., migration) as an antibody. iNet allows each agent to autonomously sense its surrounding environment conditions (an antigen) to evaluate whether it adapts well to the sensed environment, and if it does not, adaptively perform a behavior (an antibody) suitable for the environment conditions. In iNet, a configuration of antibodies is encoded as a set of genes, and antibodies evolve via genetic operations such as crossover and mutation. Empirical measurement results show that iNet is lightweight enough. Simulation results show that agents adapt to dynamic and heterogeneous network environments by evolving their antibodies across generations. The results also show that iNet allows agents to scale to workload volume and network size and to survive partial link failures in the network.
M-AID
Authors: Zhang Zonghua , Shen Hong
Published: November 2009

Anomaly-based intrusion detection is about the discrimination of malicious and legitimate behaviors on the basis of the characterization of system normality in terms of particular observable subjects. As the system normality is constructed solely from an observed sample of normally occurring patterns, anomaly detectors always suffer excessive false alerts. Adaptability is therefore a desirable feature that enables an anomaly detector to alleviate, if not eliminate, such annoyance. To achieve that, we either design self-learning anomaly detectors to capture the drifts of system normality or develop postprocessing mechanisms to deal with the outputs. As the former methodology is usually scenario- and application-specific, in this article, we focus on the latter one. In particular, our design starts from three key observations: (1) most of anomaly detectors are threshold based and parametric, that is, configurable by a set of parameters; (2) anomaly detectors differ in operational environment and operational capability in terms of detection coverage and blind spots; (3) an intrusive anomaly may leave traces across multiple system layers, incurring different observable events of interest. Firstly, we present a statistical framework to formally characterize and analyze the basic behaviors of anomaly detectors by examining the properties of their operational environments. The framework then serves as a theoretical basis for developing an adaptive middleware, which is called M-AID, to optimally integrate a number of observation-specific parameterizable anomaly detectors. Specifically, M-AID treats these fine-grained anomaly detectors as a whole and casts their collective behaviors in a framework which is formulated as a Multiagent Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (MPO-MDP). The generic anomaly detection models of M-AID are thus automatically inferred via a reinforcement learning algorithm which dynamically adjusts the behaviors of anomaly detectors in accordance with a reward signal that is defined and quantified by a suit of evaluation metrics. Fundamentally, the distributed and autonomous architecture enables M-AID to be scalable, dependable, and adaptable, and the reward signal allows security administrators to specify cost factors and take into account the operational context for taking rational response. Finally, a host-based prototype of M-AID is developed, along with comprehensive experimental evaluation and comparative studies.
On continuously monitoring the top-k moving objects with relational group and score functions
Authors: Wen Jian , Tsotras Vassilis J. , Zhang Donghui
Published: November 2009

With the wide usage of location tracking system, continuously mining relationships among moving objects over their location changes is possible and also important to many real applications. This paper shows a novel continuous location-based query, called continuous relational top-k query, or
CRTQ
, which continuously monitors the k moving objects with the most significant relations with other objects by user-defined relational group and score functions. Although this kind of query can be implemented as a special case of the top-k join query using SQL, this straight-forward way is too expensive to be applicable widely. This paper also discusses the properties of this novel query, which leads to the flexibility of the query and also the difficulty for a generalized solution. An efficient algorithm is proposed for a special type of CRTQ over spatial data set with closeness grouping function and monotone increasing score function. Finally the main contributions of this showcase and also our future research plans are discussed.
Exploring movement-similarity analysis of moving objects
Authors: Dodge Somayeh , Weibel Robert , Laube Patrick
Published: November 2009

Extracting knowledge about the movement of different types of mobile agents (e.g. human, animals, vehicles) and dynamic phenomena (e.g. hurricanes) requires new exploratory data analysis methods for massive movement datasets. Different types of moving objects share similarities but also express differences in terms of their dynamic behavior and the nature of their movement. Extracting such similarities can significantly contribute to the prediction, modeling and simulation dynamic phenomena. Therefore, with the development of a quantitative methodology this research intends to investigate and explore similarities in the dynamics of moving objects by using methods of GIScience in knowledge discovery. This paper presents a summary of the ongoing Ph.D. research project.
Active learning in the classroom: a muscle identification game in a kinesiology course
Authors: McCarroll Michele L. , Pohle-Krauza Rachael J. , Martin Jennifer L.
Published: November 2009

It is often difficult for educators to teach a kinesiology and applied anatomy (KAA) course due to the vast amount of information that students are required to learn. In this study, a convenient sample of students ( class A) from one section of a KAA course played the speed muscle introduction and matching game, which is loosely based off the premise of the adult game of “speed dating.” The game involves student's taking on a “muscle” personality when introducing themselves to potential mates. The experimental group ( class A) played the game at two time points throughout the semester after a series of lectures focusing on the body's muscles. A control group ( class B) from another section of the KAA course still received the series of lectures but did not play the games throughout the semester. A postgame questionnaire given to class A revealed the following scores: 1) overall perception of the game (score: 4.43 ± 0.68), whether goals and objectives were met (score: 4.05 ± 0.67 to 4.95 ± 0.22), and perceptions of the organization of the game (score: 3.81 ± 0.81 to 4.48 ± 0.60). Overall, the game was well received by class A. When evaluating outcome scores of final grades between the two groups, class A improved final grades by 5.82% for a mean grade of 79.52 ± 10.0; however, the final grades were not statistically significant ( P > 0.05) compared with class B (73.7 ± 15.6). The results show that an interactive game may contribute to improved final grades in a KAA course and could be an alternative means of disseminating kinesiology information.
Is lactate production related to muscular fatigue? A pedagogical proposition using empirical facts
Authors: Macedo Denise Vaz , Lazarim Fernanda Lorenzi , Catanho da Silva Fernando Oliveira , Tessuti Lucas Samuel , Hohl Rodrigo
Published: November 2009

The cause-effect relationship between lactic acid, acidosis, and muscle fatigue has been established in the literature. However, current experiments contradict this premise. Here, we describe an experiment developed by first-year university students planned to answer the following questions: 1) Which metabolic pathways of energy metabolism are responsible for meeting the high ATP demand during high-intensity intermittent exercise? 2) Which metabolic pathways are active during the pause, and how do they influence phosphocreatine synthesis? and 3) Is lactate production related to muscular fatigue? Along with these questions, students received a list of materials available for the experiment. In the classroom, they proposed two protocols of eight 30–m sprints at maximum speed, one protocol with pauses of 120 s and the other protocol with pauses of 20 s between sprints. Their performances were analyzed through the velocity registered by photocells. Blood lactate was analyzed before the first sprint and after the eighth sprint. Blood uric acid was analyzed before exercise and 15 and 60 min after exercises. When discussing the data, students concluded that phosphocreatine restoration is time dependent, and this fact influenced the steady level of performance in the protocol with pauses of 120 s compared with the performance decrease noted in the protocol with pauses of 20 s. As the blood lactate levels showed similar absolute increases after both exercises, the students concluded that lactate production is not related to the performance decrement. This activity allows students to integrate the understanding of muscular energy pathways and to reconsider a controversial concept with facts that challenge the universality of the hypothesis relating lactate production to muscular fatigue.
Hooke's law: applications of a recurring principle
Authors: Giuliodori Mauricio J. , Lujan Heidi L. , Briggs Whitney S. , Palani Gurunanthan , DiCarlo Stephen E.
Published: November 2009

Students generally approach topics in physiology as a series of unrelated phenomena that share few underlying principles. However, if students recognized that the same underlying principles can be used to explain many physiological phenomena, they may gain a more unified understanding of physiological systems. To address this concern, we developed a simple, inexpensive, and easy to build model to demonstrate the underlying principles regarding Starling's Law of the Heart as well as lung and arterial elastic recoil. A model was chosen because models significantly enhance student understanding. Working with models also encourages research-oriented learning and helps our students understand complex ideas. Students are drawn into discussion by the power of learning that is associated with manipulating and thinking about objects. Recognizing that the same underlying principles can be used to explain many physiological phenomena may help students gain a more complete understanding of physiological systems.
A multiyear approach to student-driven investigations in exercise physiology
Authors: FitzPatrick Kathleen A. , Campisi Jay
Published: November 2009

Many undergraduate institutions offer individual research opportunities for upper-level students in independent study courses and summer undergraduate research programs. These are necessarily limited to a small number of students. Greater numbers of students can benefit from incorporating student-directed investigative experiences into laboratories in standard courses. In human performance investigations, any single course may not offer sufficient numbers of subjects to adequately test hypotheses comparing population groups or to examine longitudinal trends. In this exercise physiology course, exercise testing was conducted in three areas: 1) techniques of body composition analysis, 2) field tests for the estimation of maximal oxygen consumption, and 3) maximal anaerobic and aerobic power. All students enrolled over a 10-yr period participated as subjects and as testers. Working in small research groups, students added their results to those from previous years, generated a variety of hypotheses (correlations between tests, subgroup differences, etc.), and tested them statistically using the complete data set of 217 subjects. They then engaged in collaborative writing and peer review to prepare formal papers on their results. The multiyear approach allowed students to situate their work within and contribute to the accumulation of a large database and to practice essential scientific skills of hypothesis formation, data collection and analysis, collaborative work, and scientific communication. In addition, due to the larger number of subjects available to analyze, students observed statistically significant differences between test groups in the multiyear database that they were unable to demonstrate when conducting analysis on a single course. Finally, the large number of subjects and statistical power offered by the use of the database provides distinct pedagogical advantages.
Living history: Elsworth R. Buskirk
Authors: Tipton Charles M.
Published: November 2009

In 2005, the American Physiological Society (APS) initiated the Living History of Physiology Archival Program to recognize senior members who have made significant contributions during their career to the advancement of the discipline and the profession of physiology. Subsequently, the leadership of the APS Section of Environmental and Exercise Physiology selected Prof. Elsworth R. Buskirk of Pennsylvania State University to be profiled in Advances in Physiology Education.
Evaluation of gastrointestinal motility in awake rats: a learning exercise for undergraduate biomedical students
Authors: Souza M. A. N. , Souza M. H. L. P. , Palheta R. C. , Cruz P. R. M. , Medeiros B. A. , Rola F. H. , Magalhães P. J. C. , Troncon L. E. A. , Santos A. A.
Published: November 2009

Current medical curricula devote scarce time for practical activities on digestive physiology, despite frequent misconceptions about dyspepsia and dysmotility phenomena. Thus, we designed a hands-on activity followed by a small-group discussion on gut motility. Male awake rats were randomly submitted to insulin, control, or hypertonic protocols. Insulin and control rats were gavage fed with 5% glucose solution, whereas hypertonic-fed rats were gavage fed with 50% glucose solution. Insulin treatment was performed 30 min before a meal. All meals (1.5 ml) contained an equal mass of phenol red dye. After 10, 15, or 20 min of meal gavage, rats were euthanized. Each subset consisted of six to eight rats. Dye recovery in the stomach and proximal, middle, and distal small intestine was measured by spectrophotometry, a safe and reliable method that can be performed by minimally trained students. In a separate group of rats, we used the same protocols except that the test meal contained 99mTc as a marker. Compared with control, the hypertonic meal delayed gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit, whereas insulinic hypoglycemia accelerated them. The session helped engage our undergraduate students in observing and analyzing gut motor behavior. In conclusion, the fractional dye retention test can be used as a teaching tool to strengthen the understanding of basic physiopathological features of gastrointestinal motility.
Advantages of New Hemodialysis Membranes and Equipment
Authors: Vanholder R. , Glorieux G. , Van Biesen W.
Published: November 2009

Chronic kidney disease is characterized by the progressive retention of a number of compounds, several of which have the potential to cause cardiovascular damage. Many of these are difficult to remove by standard dialysis strategies. Removal of the larger middle molecules (mostly larger peptidic compounds) can be obtained by increasing dialyzer pore size and/or by applying convective strategies. For protein-bound solutes, convection (essentially hemodiafiltration) positively affects removal. The HEMO study demonstrated outcome superiority for the large-pore high-flux hemodialysis membranes in a number of subgroup analyses. Likewise, the Membrane Permeability Outcome study showed outcome superiority for high flux in patients with serum albumin <4 g/dl, the group for which the study had originally been designed. Apart from a small controlled trial, data suggesting superiority for convective strategies are all observational.
Observational Studies Are Complementary to Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Grootendorst Diana C. , Jager Kitty J. , Zoccali Carmine , Dekker Friedo W.
Published: November 2009

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard study design to investigate the effect of health interventions, including treatment. However, in some situations, it may be unnecessary, inappropriate, impossible, or inadequate to perform an RCT. In these special situations, well-designed observational studies, including cohort and case-control studies, may provide an alternative to doing nothing in order to obtain estimates of treatment effect. It should be noted that such studies should be performed with caution and correctly. The aims of this review are (1) to explain why RCTs are considered the optimal study design to evaluate treatment effects, (2) to describe the situations in which an RCT is not possible and observational studies are an adequate alternative, and (3) to explain when randomization is not needed and can be approximated in observational studies. Examples from the nephrology literature are used for illustration.
Nebivolol Improves Renal Function in Patients Who Underwent Angioplasty due to Renal Artery Stenosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Duranay Murat , Kanbay Mehmet , Akay Hatice , Ünverdi Selman , Sürer Hatice , Altay Mustafa , Kırbaş İsmail , Covic Adrian , Zoccali Carmine
Published: November 2009

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a progressive disease and may lead to chronic kidney disease by deterioration of renal functions. Endothelial dysfunction is an important causative factor for kidney damage after RAS revascularization. Nebivolol, a new generation beta blocker induces endothelium-related arterial relaxation by nitric oxide (NO) and may improve endothelial dysfunction. This pilot study tested the effect of nebivolol on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a series of 33 patients with severe RAS (>70%) who underwent revascularization. After revascularization, nebivolol was added to antihypertensive treatment in 17 randomly selected patients while 16 patients (control group) continued their standard treatment. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria as well as nitrite and nitrate levels were measured at baseline and 6 months after the revascularization procedure. Six months after revascularization, eGFR increased from 44.8 to 50.6 ml/min in the nebivolol group. In contrast, eGFR did not change in the control group. Nitrite/nitrate levels decreased to a significant extent both in the nebivolol and in the control group. Proteinuria decreased more in the nebivolol group compared to the control group. These pilot data support a full-fledged clinical trial, testing whether nebivolol may be beneficial in the post-revascularization phase in patients with RAS.
Successful Uterus-Preserving Surgery for Treatment of Chemotherapy-Resistant Placenta Increta
Authors: Endo Toshiaki , Hayashi Takuhiro , Shimizu Ayumi , Matsuura Motoki , Mizuuchi Masahito , Nagasawa Kunihiko , Ezaka Yoshiaki , Baba Tuyoshi , Ishioka Shinichi , Saito Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2009

Treatment of placenta increta often entails abdominal total hysterectomy. We present a case of placenta increta in which 3-dimensional computed tomography shows very high blood flow to the placenta, even after chemotherapy with methotrexate. Nonetheless, we were able to remove the region of the uterus that had been invaded by chorionic villi. Massive bleeding during the operation was prevented by ligation of the hypogastric artery and local injection of vasopressin. The combination of chemotherapy and partial resection of the uterus is quite a unique treatment for placenta increta patients. This approach enabled preservation of the uterus and the patient’s fertility. We suggest this procedure could be one of the treatments for patients who have placenta increta and wish to retain their fertility.
Treatment of Recurrent Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer with Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin – An Evaluation of the Therapeutic Index with Special Emphasis on Cardiac Toxicity
Authors: Steppan Ilona , Reimer Daniel , Sevelda Ursula , Ulmer Hanno , Marth Christian , Zeimet Alain G.
Published: November 2009

Background: To study the efficacy of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) at a modified dose of 45 mg/m2 every 4 weeks in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and to evaluate toxicities and effects on quality of life (QoL) of this single-agent regimen. Methods: Treatment response was evaluated by CT scan or CA 125 levels. Toxicity and QoL was recorded according to the common toxicity criteria of the National Cancer Institute and the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire, respectively. Results: Eighty-five patients entered this nationwide observational study (384 cycles administered) and 4 (4.7%) achieved complete and 22 (25.8%) partial remission, giving an objective response rate of 30.5%. Eight patients experienced therapy-limiting side effects prompting discontinuation of treatment. Palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) and/or stomatitis were the main reasons for discontinuation. Grade 3–4 PPE and stomatitis occurred in 4.2 and 2.2% of the 384 cycles, respectively. Grade 3–4 cardiotoxicity was absent and overall QoL was not significantly decreased following PLD treatment. Conclusion: Single-agent PLD at a dose of 45 mg/m2 is an efficient treatment in recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and exhibits an exceptionally favorable therapeutic index.
Protective Effects of the Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Losartan on Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury
Authors: Saleh Samira , Ain-Shoka Afaf A. , El-Demerdash Ebtehal , Khalef Marwa M.
Published: November 2009

Background: In the present study, we investigated the possible modulatory effect of losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, on oxidative stress induced by cisplatin (CDDP) as well as on CDDP uptake by the kidney. Methods: Rats were injected with a single dose of CDDP (7 mg/kg) and/or losartan (in either a single dose of 60 mg/kg or divided doses (10 mg/kg daily for 6 days), starting 1 h before CDDP injection. In addition, rat renal cortical slices were incubated with CDDP (2 mM) and/or losartan (2 mM) for 4 h. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated by measuring serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in vivo and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage in vitro; histopathological examination of kidney tissue was also done. Oxidative stress markers including reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides were also assessed. Furthermore, CDDP uptake by renal cortical slices was determined. Results: Losartan has protective effects against CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity as evidenced by restoration of normal serum levels of creatinine and BUN, and LDH leakage. Histopathological examination of the kidney confirmed these results. Also, losartan significantly counteracted CDDP-induced lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion. However, losartan did not affect CDDP uptake by the kidney. Conclusion: Our results indicate that losartan has proved to be a promising drug for clinical use as a nephroprotectant against CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity.
Probability Density Functions of Liquid Water Path and Cloud Amount of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds: Geographical and Seasonal Variations and Controlling Meteorological Factors
Authors: Kawai Hideaki , Teixeira João
Published: November 2009

The subgrid-scale variability of the liquid water path (LWP) of marine boundary layer clouds in areas that correspond to the typical grid size of large-scale (global climate and weather prediction) atmospheric models (200 km × 200 km) is investigated using geostationary satellite visible data. Geographical and seasonal variations of homogeneity, skewness, and kurtosis of probability density functions (PDFs) of LWP are discussed, in addition to cloud amount. It is clear that not only cloud amount but also these subgrid-scale statistics have well-defined geographical patterns and seasonal variations.

Furthermore, the meteorological factors that control subgrid-scale statistics of LWP that are related to boundary layer clouds are investigated using reanalysis data and PDFs of LWP data from satellites. Meteorological factors related to stability between 850 and 1000 hPa show high correlations with cloud amount and with the homogeneity, skewness, and kurtosis of PDFs of LWP of marine boundary layer clouds. The corrected gap of low-level moist static energy (CGLMSE) index, which is related to cloud-top entrainment instability, shows the highest correlation with the shape of LWP PDFs.
Assessing High-Latitude Winter Precipitation from Global Precipitation Analyses Using GRACE
Authors: Swenson Sean
Published: November 2009

This study compares cold-season, high-latitude precipitation estimates from two global, merged satellite–gauge precipitation analyses—Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP)—to total water storage anomalies produced from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). In general, spatial patterns and interannual variability are highly correlated between the datasets, although significant differences are also observed. Differences vary by region but typically increase at higher latitudes. Furthermore, results indicate that the gauge undercatch correction used by GPCP may be overestimated. These comparisons may be useful for assessing precipitation estimates over large regions, where in situ gauge networks may be sparse.
Morning Precipitation Peak over the Strait of Malacca under a Calm Condition
Authors: Fujita Mikiko , Kimura Fujio , Yoshizaki Masanori
Published: November 2009

This paper describes the formation mechanism of morning maximum in the diurnal cycle of precipitation, at the Strait of Malacca under a calm condition, with a nonhydrostatic mesoscale numerical model and ship-based observational data. The morning precipitation peak at the strait is induced by the convergence of two cold outflows that have been produced by the precipitation systems in the previous evening over Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. The outflows converge at the Strait of Malacca around midnight; a new precipitation system is thus generated and reaches its peak in the early morning. Sensitivity experiments using the numerical model suggest that the timing and position of the morning precipitation peak are affected by the width of the strait. In the case of the Strait of Malacca, its width favors the formation of the morning precipitation system around the center of the strait, which explains why its diurnal cycle of precipitation can be observed much clearer than those in other coastal areas over the Maritime Continent.
“Re-Culturing” Teacher Education: Inquiry, Evidence, and Action
Authors: Cochran-Smith Marilyn , Boston College Evidence Team
Published: November 2009

Currently the press to make policy and practice decisions on the basis of evidence is being coupled with recognition that real change requires shifts in organizational culture. Consequently, there are now many efforts to “re-culture” organizations by making evidence central to decision making. In this article, the authors problematize the notion of a “culture of evidence” in teacher education. Then the article identifies four key aspects involved in efforts to create a culture of evidence at one institution over a five-year period: (1) development of a portfolio of studies about processes and outcomes; (2) recognition that teacher education always poses values questions as well as empirical questions; (3) an exploratory, open-ended approach to evidence construction; and, (4) multiple structures that institutionalize evidence collection and use locally and beyond. The authors suggests that building cultures of evidence has the potential to be transformative in teacher education, but only if challenges related to sustainability, complexity, and balance are addressed.
Revitalizing Teacher Education by Revisiting Our Assumptions About Teaching
Authors: Hess Frederick M.
Published: November 2009

The state of teaching and teacher education is the result of more than a century of compromises and adjustments demanded by the exigencies of another era. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the teaching profession was designed to match the rapid expansion of schooling. It relied on a captive pool of inexpensive, educated female labor and assumed little in the way of a professional knowledge base. Teacher preparation and development were designed accordingly. Today, would-be reformers should recognize that the machinery and assumptions that once made sense may be ill suited for contemporary opportunities and challenges. Preparation programs are predominantly overseen by institutions of higher education that are constructed with the expectation that most aspiring teachers will decide upon a lifelong teaching career while enrolled in college. The job of a K-12 “teacher” has remained markedly undifferentiated and static over the past century, despite advances in technology and communications. If we unshackle ourselves from the legacy of once-reasonable but now-constraining assumptions and arrangements, what new ideas might guide smarter approaches to attracting talent to teaching?
An Interview With James Lee Sorenson
Authors: Berry Gregory R. , Robinson Peter B.
Published: November 2009

This interview explores the combination of social and commercial entrepreneurship. James Lee Sorenson and Sorenson Media have developed a telecommunication system that uses audio and video replay technology to enable deaf people to communicate with non-deaf people. The distinction that sets James lee Sorenson apart from many other millionaire entrepreneurs is his commitment to social responsibility and good works.
Commitment to Change: Contributions to Trust in the Supervisor and Work Outcomes
Authors: Neves Pedro , Caetano António
Published: November 2009

There is a lack of empirical evidence on the relationship between commitment to change, trust in organizational authorities, and work outcomes. The purpose of this study is to bring further evidence on the role played by affective and continuance commitment to change on employee’s trust in the supervisor and several work outcomes (turnover intentions, organizational citizenship behaviors, and perceived performance). Participants were 221 employees from several organizations that had undergone major organizational changes. Our results suggest that trust in the supervisor fully mediates the relationship between affective commitment to change and the three work outcomes. Continuance commitment to change was not significantly related to any outcome variables.These key findings bring salience to how employee’s reactions to specific situations (i.e., relevant organizational changes) contribute to the development of social relationships and work outcomes within the organization. The findings are discussed regarding their considerable implications both for managers and researchers.
The Negative Aspects of Social Exchange: An Introduction to Perceived Organizational Obstruction
Authors: Gibney Ray , Zagenczyk Thomas J. , Masters Marick F.
Published: November 2009

The authors introduce the concept of perceived organizational obstruction (POO) to fill a theoretical gap in the social exchange literature. They draw on four different samples of employees working in various organizations to: (a) generate items to measure POO, (b) assess the psychometric properties of the POO scale, (c) replicate the factor structure and other psychometric properties of the scale, (d) assess the discriminant validity with respect to existing measures of the employer—employee relationship, and (e) determine whether POO explains additional variance beyond existing constructs (perceived organizational support, psycholosgical contract breach, organizational politics, procedural justice, and organizational frustration) in the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect framework. The results of this study indicate that the POO scale is internally consistent and unidimensional, demonstrates discriminant validity with respect to existing employer— employee relationship constructs, and explains additional variance in the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect framework.
HIV-Positive Women on Secrets, Condoms and Gendered Conversations
Authors: Long Carol
Published: November 2009

The AIDS epidemic is increasingly recognized as related to gendered power relations, although little research has focused on HIV-positive women themselves. This article presents an analysis of interviews conducted with HIV-positive South African women talking about their heterosexual relationships in the context of HIV. Issues of disclosure of HIV-status, condom use and gendered conversations are explored. The analysis suggests women are constrained by, but also creatively resist, gendered power relations. It is suggested that discourses of HIV are interrelated with, and are sometimes disguised as, discourses of gender. The psychodynamic and discursive resonances of gendered conversations are explored.
Opposing striptopia: The embattled spaces of adult entertainment
Authors: Hubbard Phil
Published: November 2009

While adult entertainment venues offering striptease have proliferated in the UK, recent reforms have subjected them to more onerous and restrictive forms of licensing control. This article examines the justification for this re-regulation, noting that debates around the desirability of such venues have become increasingly framed in terms of gendered exploitation rather than sexual liberation and ‘play’. Noting that such debates often conflate questions of public morality, criminality, nuisance and exploitation in unhelpful ways, this article argues that the reform of the licensing law was underpinned by possibly flawed assumptions about the gendered and sexed nature of adult entertainment. The article accordingly emphasizes the ability of the naked body to excite both desire and disgust, and challenges the assumption that commercial sex is always exploitative.
Towards a service-dominant place marketing logic
Authors: Warnaby Gary
Published: November 2009

A recurring theme in the place marketing literature relates to the inadequacies of traditional theory in accommodating the context specificity of places. Such special characteristics of place marketing relate to the complexity of place ‘products’, the complexity of the organizational mechanisms for their marketing, and the ways in which branding theory can be applied. This paper explores these three aspects through the ‘mindset’ of the service-dominant logic of marketing and its foundational premises. The paper concludes that, viewed through the lens of S-D logic, issues which have in the past been argued to create a degree of distinctiveness in place marketing theory and practice could actually have much resonance with more mainstream marketing. Thus, place marketing could be seen as being more similar to more ‘mainstream’ marketing practice than previous place marketing literature implies, and in some areas the specific place context may shed some light on issues relating to the service-dominant logic more generally.
Influence of magnetic field on isothermal pearlite transformation in Fe–C–Ni hypoeutectoid alloy
Authors: Zhang G. H. , Enomoto M.
Published: November 2009

The influence of an external magnetic field of 8 T on isothermal pearlite transformation was studied in an Fe–0·4 mass%C–2 mass%Ni hypoeutectoid alloy, in which both proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite transformations were accelerated by the field. Whereas the pearlite volume fraction increased with decreasing reaction temperature, the magnetic field increased the proportion of pearlite relative to proeutectoid ferrite only at low undercoolings. The interlamellar spacing of pearlite was reduced 5–15% by the magnetic field, which may have led to a substantial increase in growth rate of pearlite nodules. Whereas the pearlite carbon content fell near the paraequilibrium γ/( γ+cem) phase boundary, other features, e.g. interlamellar spacing, seem to be in accord with the condition of non-partition local equilibrium at the pearlite/austenite boundary as reported in Fe–C base hypoeutectoid alloys.
The sumoylation pathway is dysregulated in multiple myeloma and is associated with adverse patient outcome
Authors: Driscoll James J. , Pelluru Dheeraj , Lefkimmiatis Konstantinos , Fulciniti Mariateresa , Prabhala Rao H. , Greipp Philip R. , Barlogie Bart , Tai Yu-Tzu , Anderson Kenneth C. , Shaughnessy John D. , Annunziata Christina M. , Munshi Nikhil C.
Published: November 2009

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm that proceeds through a premalignant state of monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance; however, the molecular events responsible for myelomagenesis remain uncharacterized. To identify cellular pathways deregulated in MM, we addressed that sumoylation is homologous to ubiquitination and results in the attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein Sumo onto target proteins. Sumoylation was markedly enhanced in MM patient lysates compared with normal plasma cells and expression profiling indicated a relative induction of sumoylation pathway genes. The Sumo-conjugating enzyme Ube2I, the Sumo-ligase PIAS1, and the Sumo-inducer ARF were elevated in MM patient samples and cell lines. Survival correlated with expression because 80% of patients with low UBE2I and PIAS1 were living 6 years after transplantation, whereas only 45% of patients with high expression survived 6 years. UBE2I encodes the sole Sumo-conjugating enzyme in mammalian cells and cells transfected with a dominant-negative sumoylation-deficient UBE2I mutant exhibited decreased survival after radiation exposure, impaired adhesion to bone marrow stroma cell and decreased bone marrow stroma cell–induced proliferation. UBE2I confers cells with multiple advantages to promote tumorigenesis and predicts decreased survival when combined with PIAS1. The sumoylation pathway is a novel therapeutic target with implications for existing proteasomal-based treatment strategies.
Liprin β1 is highly expressed in lymphatic vasculature and is important for lymphatic vessel integrity
Authors: Norrmén Camilla , Vandevelde Wouter , Ny Annelii , Saharinen Pipsa , Gentile Massimiliano , Haraldsen Guttorm , Puolakkainen Pauli , Lukanidin Eugene , Dewerchin Mieke , Alitalo Kari , Petrova Tatiana V.
Published: November 2009

The lymphatic vasculature is important for the regulation of tissue fluid homeostasis, immune response, and lipid absorption, and the development of in vitro models should allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating lymphatic vascular growth, repair, and function. Here we report isolation and characterization of lymphatic endothelial cells from human intestine and show that intestinal lymphatic endothelial cells have a related but distinct gene expression profile from human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells. Furthermore, we identify liprin β1, a member of the family of LAR transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase-interacting proteins, as highly expressed in intestinal lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro and lymphatic vasculature in vivo, and show that it plays an important role in the maintenance of lymphatic vessel integrity in Xenopus tadpoles.
Oxidative stress in resuscitation and in ventilation of newborns: Fig. 1—
Authors: Gitto E. , Pellegrino S. , D'Arrigo S. , Barberi I. , Reiter R. J.
Published: November 2009

The lungs of newborns are especially prone to oxidative damage induced by both reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Yet, these infants are often 1) exposed to high oxygen concentrations, 2) have infections or inflammation, 3) have reduced antioxidant defense, and 4) have high free iron levels which enhance toxic radical generation. Oxidative stress has been postulated to be implicated in several newborn conditions with the phrase “oxygen radical diseases of neonatology” having been coined. There is, however, reason to believe that oxidative stress is increased more when resuscitation is performed with pure oxygen compared with ambient air and that the most effective ventilatory strategy is the avoidance of mechanical ventilation with the use of nasopharyngeal continuous positive airway pressure whenever possible. Multiple ventilation strategies have been attempted to reduce injury and improve outcomes in newborn infants. In this review, the authors summarise the scientific evidence concerning oxidative stress as it relates to resuscitation in the delivery room and to the various modalities of ventilation.
Frequent nocturnal awakening in early life is associated with nonatopic asthma in children
Authors: Kozyrskyj A. L. , Kendall G. E. , Zubrick S. R. , Newnham J. P. , Sly P. D.
Published: November 2009

Sleep deprivation has become a common phenomenon of the Western world and is associated with a variety of medical problems in children. This retrospective longitudinal analysis of a community-based birth cohort was undertaken to determine whether frequent nocturnal awakening during early life was associated with the development of childhood asthma.

2,398 children born to mothers recruited from the antenatal clinics of a single hospital in Perth, Australia during 1989–1991 were followed up at years 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 14. Parent-completed questionnaires were analysed. The odds ratio for asthma at age 6 and 14 yrs in children with frequent nocturnal awakening during the first 3 yrs after birth was determined from multiple logistic regression.

Following adjustment for asthma risk factors, co-sleeping and family stress, persistent nocturnal awakening was associated with nonatopic asthma at age 6 and 14 yrs (at age 14 yrs: OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.15–4.13) but not with atopic asthma.

We found an increased risk of nonatopic asthma in children following frequent nocturnal awakening during the first 3 yrs of life. These hypothesis-generating data suggest the need for further systematic study of the effects of disordered sleep in early life on the development of asthma.
MRSA as a cause of lung infection including airway infection, community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Defres S. , Marwick C. , Nathwani D.
Published: November 2009

Staphylococcus aureushas been recognised as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia, albeit uncommon, and an important cause of healthcare-associated (HA) pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia. Resistance ofS. aureusto methicillin developed shortly after its introduction into clinical practice. Since then, methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) has predominantly been a feature of hospital-acquired, or latterly HA, infections as the boundaries became more blurred between the community and hospital environments.

However, more recently true community-acquired (CA)-MRSA infections have been detected and are becoming increasingly common, especially in the USA. Europe has not been immune to the development of MRSA in healthcare settings and although the prevalence of CA-MRSA is currently relatively low, there is the risk of wider spread. These new CA-MRSA strains appear to behave differently to HA-MRSA strains. Although predominantly causing skin and soft tissue infections, mainly as boils and abscesses requiring drainage, life threatening invasive infections including necrotising pneumonia can also occur. This article summarises the pathogenesis and clinical presentations of MRSA-related lung infections.
Ultrasound-guided transbronchial biopsy of solitary pulmonary nodules less than 20 mm
Authors: Eberhardt R. , Ernst A. , Herth F. J. F.
Published: November 2009

Transbronchial biopsy of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) is usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance, but success varies widely. Endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) may increase the likelihood of success. The ability of EBUS-guided transbronchial biopsy to sample SPNs of <20 mm in diameter was assessed.

All patients seen between June 2004 and August 2007 in whom computed tomography identified a SPN of <20 mm underwent bronchoscopic general anaesthesia or moderate sedation for a radial EBUS-guided examination. If a typical ultrasonographic picture of solid tissue could be identified, specimens were taken through a catheter with forceps. If the node was not detected within 20 min, the procedure was terminated.

Of 100 nodules detected in 100 consecutive patients, 67 (mean diameter 15 mm) were visualised using EBUS and biopsy specimens taken. A diagnosis was established for 46 (46%) patients. If the lesion was visualised by EBUS, the diagnostic success was 69% (46 out of 67). The 33 patients whose nodules could not be sampled underwent surgical biopsy. Pneumothorax occurred in three patients.

For SPNs of <20 mm that can be detected using ultrasound, EBUS-guided transbronchial biopsy is safe and effective.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia: a consensus statement on diagnostic and treatment approaches in children
Authors: Barbato A. , Frischer T. , Kuehni C. E. , Snijders D. , Azevedo I. , Baktai G. , Bartoloni L. , Eber E. , Escribano A. , Haarman E. , Hesselmar B. , Hogg C. , Jorissen M. , Lucas J. , Nielsen K. G. , O'Callaghan C. , Omran H. , Pohunek P. , Strippoli M-P. F. , Bush A.
Published: November 2009

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is associated with abnormal ciliary structure and function, which results in retention of mucus and bacteria in the respiratory tract, leading to chronic oto-sino-pulmonary disease,situsabnormalities and abnormal sperm motility.

The diagnosis of PCD requires the presence of the characteristic clinical phenotype and either specific ultrastructural ciliary defects identified by transmission electron microscopy or evidence of abnormal ciliary function.

Although the management of children affected with PCD remains uncertain and evidence is limited, it remains important to follow-up these patients with an adequate and shared care system in order to prevent future lung damage.

This European Respiratory Society consensus statement on the management of children with PCD formulates recommendations regarding diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in order to permit a more accurate approach in these patients. Large well-designed randomised controlled trials, with clear description of patients, are required in order to improve these recommendations on diagnostic and treatment approaches in this disease.