bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mediating effect of circadian rhythm between work stress and sleep quality in Chinese shift‐working nurses: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Wu Songqi , Wu Caiqin , Wang Xiaohan , Fei Wenling , Fu Yue
Published: August 2022

Aim

This study examined the mediating effect of circadian rhythm amplitude (LV) and stability (FR) between work stress and sleep quality among Chinese shift‐working nurses (SWNs).

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Three‐hundred and seventy‐nine nurses working in shifts were investigated by convenient sampling from six hospitals in Shanghai, China. The mediating effect was analysed using the structural equation model with bootstrapping procedures.

Results

Work stress could directly affect shift nurses' sleep quality and indirectly affect sleep quality through circadian rhythm amplitude and stability. The total indirect effects of work stress on sleep quality accounted for 36.7% of the total effect. The study revealed that poor sleep quality is very common among SWNs, which deserves attention. The mediating effect of the circadian rhythm provides new insights to improve sleep quality, not only by lightening the work stress but also by improving circadian rhythm in SWNs.
Triple‐threat quantitative multiplexed plasma proteomics analysis on immune complex disease MRL‐lpr mice
Authors: Gaun Aleksandr , Preciado López Magdalena , Olsson Niclas , Wang John C.K. , Chan Leanne J.G. , O'Brien Jonathon , Li Wenzhou , Zavala‐Solorio Jose , Zhang Chunlian , Eaton Dan , McAllister Fiona E
Published: August 2022

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a common autoimmune inflammatory disease which is associated with increases in autoantibodies and immune complexes that deposit in the kidney. The MRL‐lpr mouse is a common mouse model used for the study of lupus and immune complex glomerulonephritis but very little is known about the plasma proteome changes in this model. We performed in‐depth quantitative proteome profiling on MRL‐lpr and control (strain MpJ) mice to investigate the changes in the proteome, immunoglobulins and their glycoproteome as well as protein and immune complexes. Methodologies used included immunohistochemistry, immunoglobulin isotyping, multiplexed proteome profiling, immunoglobulin immunoprecipitation with glycoproteome profiling, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) profiling to enable a comprehensive proteome profiling of proteins and protein complexes. We also used a novel native multiplexed plasma proteome profiling (NativeMP3) method that relies on native enrichment of plasma proteins enabling ultra‐deep single shot profiling where we identified 922 plasma proteins at 1% false discovery rate (FDR) in a single shot mass spectrometry run. We observed many large plasma protein differences between the MRL‐lpr and control strain including differences in the immunoglobulins, immunoglobulins against specific antigens, chemokines, and proteases as well as changes in protein complexes such as the immunoproteasome.
Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses identify quinic acid protecting eggplant from damage caused by western flower thrips
Authors: Liu Yajing , Wang Xuan , Luo Shuangxia , Ma Lisong , Zhang Weiwei , Xuan Shuxin , Wang Yanhua , Zhao Jianjun , Shen Shuxing , Ma Wei , Gu Aixia , Chen Xueping
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND

Western flower thrips are considered the major insect pest of horticultural crops worldwide, causing economic and yield loss to Solanaceae crops. The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) resistance against thrips remains largely unexplored. This work aims to identify thrips‐resistant eggplants and dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance using the integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of thrips‐resistant and ‐susceptible cultivars.

RESULTS

We developed a micro‐cage thrips bioassay to identify thrips‐resistant eggplant cultivars, and highly resistant cultivars were identified from wild eggplant relatives. Metabolomic profiles of thrips‐resistant and ‐susceptible eggplant were compared using the gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)‐based approach, resulting in the identification of a higher amount of quinic acid in thrips‐resistant eggplant compared to the thrips‐susceptible plant. RNA‐sequencing analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing genome‐wide gene expression changes between thrips‐resistant and ‐susceptible eggplants. Consistent with metabolomic analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway in which quinic acid is a metabolic by‐product was highly enriched. External application of quinic acid enhances the resistance of susceptible eggplant to thrips.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that quinic acid plays a key role in the resistance to thrips. These findings highlight a potential application of quinic acid as a biocontrol agent to manage thrips and expand our knowledge to breed thrips‐resistant eggplant. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Tropical moist convection as an important driver of Atlantic Hadley circulation variability
Authors: Tomassini Lorenzo , Yang Gui‐Ying
Published: August 2022

The exact role of moist deep convection and associated latent heating in the tropical Hadley circulation has been debated for many years. This study investigates the connection between moist convection and the strength of the upper‐level meridional circulation over the tropical Atlantic, focusing mainly on one particular boreal winter season. There is a close relationship between events of strong organised deep convection and enhanced meridional upper‐level wind on many occasions. A process‐based analysis of specific events suggests that moist convection impacts Hadley circulation variability on time‐scales of days to months through equatorial wave dynamics. Equatorial waves play an important role, both directly by contributing to the Hadley circulation via their meridional wind component and also indirectly by triggering moist convection through low‐level convergence. Specific Hadley circulation surge events, short‐term, regionally confined intensifications of the upper‐level meridional circulation, can be attributed to enhanced organised moist convection and equatorial wave activity in many cases, with implications for trade wind cloudiness. The findings thus elucidate how the mean Hadley circulation is shaped by and composed of temporally and spatially varying convection–circulation interactions.
Classification model with weighted regularization to improve the reproducibility of neuroimaging signature selection
Authors: Niu Xin , Gou Jiangtao , Chang Hansoo , Lowe Michael , Zhang Fengqing (Zoe)
Published: August 2022

Machine learning (ML) has been extensively applied in brain imaging studies to aid the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and the selection of potential biomarkers. Due to the high dimensionality of imaging data and heterogeneous subtypes of psychiatric disorders, the reproducibility of ML results in brain imaging studies has drawn increasing attention. The reproducibility in brain imaging has been primarily examined in terms of prediction accuracy. However, achieving high prediction accuracy and discovering relevant features are two separate but related goals. An important yet under‐investigated problem is the reproducibility of feature selection in brain imaging studies. We propose a new metric to quantify the reproducibility of neuroimaging feature selection via bootstrapping. We estimate the reproducibility index (R‐index) for each feature as the reciprocal coefficient of variation of absolute mean difference across a larger number of bootstrap samples. We then integrate the R‐index in regularized classification models as penalty weight. Reproducible features with a larger R‐index are assigned smaller penalty weights and thus are more likely to be selected by our proposed models. Both simulated and multimodal neuroimaging data are used to examine the performance of our proposed models. Results show that our proposed R‐index models are effective in separating informative features from noise features. Additionally, the proposed models yield similar or higher prediction accuracy than the standard regularized classification models while further reducing coefficient estimation error. Improvements achieved by the proposed models are essential to advance our understanding of the selected brain imaging features as well as their associations with psychiatric disorders.
Population Genetic Structure in Channeled Whelk Busycotypus canaliculatus along the U.S. Atlantic Coast
Authors: Askin Samantha E. , Fisher Robert A. , Biesack Ellen E. , Robins Rick , McDowell Jan R.
Published: August 2022

Globally, commercial fisheries for whelk (family Buccinidae) generally exhibit a boom‐and‐bust cycle that fuels overexploitation of resources. Channeled whelk Busycotypus canaliculatus is a commercially important species that supports a valuable fishery along the Atlantic coast of the United States. The fishery is managed at the state level, with minimum landing size varying by state. Biological studies of channeled whelk in New England and the mid‐Atlantic region have indicated that females have a low probability of maturity upon entering their respective fisheries. The life history characteristics of channeled whelk, including slow growth, late maturation, and direct development paired with unsuitable minimum landing size, make this species vulnerable to overexploitation. Currently, the population genetic structure of channeled whelk is unknown, impeding the ability to appropriately inform management. This study used 2,570 single nucleotide polymorphisms to elucidate the population genetic structure of channeled whelk sampled from 10 locations ranging from Massachusetts to South Carolina. The data indicated seven genetically distinct populations across the sampled region of the U.S. Atlantic coast. Estimates of genetic divergence among populations spanned an order of magnitude (FST = 0.017–0.582), with higher levels of divergence observed when comparing populations separated by biogeographic barriers. Based on the magnitude of observed genetic differences, five regional management units are suggested. The results of this study will aid discussions among fisheries managers in Atlantic states aimed at the development of appropriate management plans. The complex population genetic structure revealed by this study underscores the need for more comprehensive sampling, including between fishing locations sampled in this study and among offshore locations, to better understand the population genetic structure of channeled whelk.
A Skeletal Model for $$2\hbox {d}$$ Conformal AQFTs
Authors: Benini Marco , Giorgetti Luca , Schenkel Alexander
Published: August 2022

A simple model for the localization of the category $$\mathbf {CLoc}_2$$

CLoc
2

of oriented and time-oriented globally hyperbolic conformal Lorentzian 2-manifolds at all Cauchy morphisms is constructed. This provides an equivalent description of 2-dimensional conformal algebraic quantum field theories (AQFTs) satisfying the time-slice axiom in terms of only two algebras, one for the 2-dimensional Minkowski spacetime and one for the flat cylinder, together with a suitable action of two copies of the orientation preserving embeddings of oriented 1-manifolds. The latter result is used to construct adjunctions between the categories of 2-dimensional and chiral conformal AQFTs whose right adjoints formalize and generalize Rehren’s chiral observables.
On Networks with Order Close to the Moore Bound
Authors: Tuite James , Erskine Grahame
Published: August 2022

The degree/diameter problem for mixed graphs asks for the largest possible order of a mixed graph with given diameter and degree parameters. Similarly the degree/geodecity problem concerns the smallest order of a k-geodetic mixed graph with given minimum undirected and directed degrees; this is a generalisation of the classical degree/girth problem. In this paper we present new bounds on the order of mixed graphs with given diameter or geodetic girth and exhibit new examples of directed and mixed geodetic cages. In particular, we show that any k-geodetic mixed graph with excess one must have geodetic girth two and be totally regular, thereby proving an earlier conjecture of the authors.
Treatment of unstable spinopelvic fractures: outcome of three surgical techniques—a retrospective single-center case series
Authors: Romoli S. , Petrella L. , Becattini Eleonora , Pisano A. , Wembagher G. C. , De Biase P.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The aim of our retrospective study is to analyze how spinopelvic dissociations (SPDs) were treated in a single center trying to better understand how to improve surgical and non-surgical options.

Methods

Twenty patients of a single center surgically treated for SPDs between 2013 and 2021 were retrospectively included in this study. Three surgical techniques have been used: modified triangular stabilization, triangular stabilization and double iliac screws stabilization. Follow-up was assessed for up to 11.6 ± 9.9 months through ODI, MRS, NRS, IIEF or FSFI, a CT scan and whole spine X-ray examination.

Results

Twenty patients were admitted to our ER for traumatic spinopelvic dissociation. Surgical treatment for spinopelvic dissociation has been performed on average 11.5 ± 6.7 days after the trauma event. Eighteen fractures were C3 type and two C2 types. Neurological examination showed nerve root injury (N2) in 5 patients, incomplete spinal cord injury (N3) in 4 patients and cauda equina syndrome in two patients (N4). In case of neurologic deficits, routinary nerve decompression was performed. Three different surgical techniques have been used: 8 triangular fixations (Group 1), 6 modified triangular stabilization (Group 2) and 6 double iliac screws triangular fixation (Group 3).

Conclusion

In patients with post-traumatic neurological deficit, decompression surgery and fracture reduction seem to be associated with clinical improvement; however, sexual disorders seem to be less responsive to the treatment. Some open stabilization techniques, such as the double iliac screw, could help in restoring the sagittal balance in case of severe deformities.
Comparing common fountain grass removal techniques: cost efficacy and response of native plant community
Authors: Rowe Helen I. , Sprague Tiffany A. , Staker Paul
Published: August 2022

Fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) is a globally pervasive invasive species and a prime example of an escaped horticultural ornamental. In areas where it is not naturally found, it displaces native plant communities and disrupts ecological systems and processes. Cost-effective removal efforts that protect the native plant community are needed for its control. We conducted an experiment from March 2018 to March 2021 in 5 m × 5 m plots to test the efficacy and record costs for common removal techniques (cut and herbicide, herbicide one or two times per year, manual removal) in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona, United States. Each treatment took 2.5 years to achieve control in the plots, and treatments did not negatively affect the native plant community. The response of native plants was mediated by year, such that native cover in treatment plots recovered to similar levels as uninvaded control plots with sufficient rainfall. Plots that received the manual removal treatment had almost five more native plant species than the invaded control treatment (22.7 ± 1.63 compared to 18.1 ± 1.61). Herbicide applied in spring and fall increased efficacy of removals in the first year but was not significantly different from the other treatments averaged over year. Herbicide once per year was most cost effective across different sized areas. Manual removal was also cost effective in small areas (< 0.06 hectares) but was more expensive than herbicide twice a year in larger areas. Our results provide a toolset that enables managers to select removal treatments based on a balance of convenience, resources, and scale of the infestation.
Estimating International Migration Flows for Pacific Island Countries: A Research Brief
Authors: Guan Qing , Raymer James , Pietsch Juliet
Published: August 2022

International migration is an important source of population change and economic development for Pacific Island countries. Migration from the Pacific Island region contributes to labour recruitment in countries like Australia, New Zealand and the United States. However, there are substantial gaps in the understanding of overall migration patterns in this region, impeding the development of relevant policies. In the absence of good migration statistics, we propose and present an alternative approach to examining the levels of migration in the Pacific Island region using model-based estimates. Three sets of recently produced migration flow estimates are consulted to explore the immigration and emigration levels and key migration corridors in the Pacific Island region between 2000 and 2019. Where reported migration statistics are available, we evaluate the performance of model-based estimates and highlight if there are problems with the reported data. This research brief demonstrates the value of model-based estimates to inform migration in the Pacific Island region.
Characterizing Long Transients in Consumer–Resource Systems With Group Defense and Discrete Reproductive Pulses
Authors: Arroyo-Esquivel Jorge , Hastings Alan , Baskett Marissa L.
Published: August 2022

During recent years, the study of long transients has been expanded in ecological theory to account for shifts in long-term behavior of ecological systems. These long transients may lead to regime shifts between alternative states that resemble the dynamics of alternative stable states for a prolonged period of time. One dynamic that potentially leads to long transients is the group defense of a resource in a consumer–resource interaction. Furthermore, time lags in the population caused by discrete reproductive pulses have the potential to produce long transients, either independently or in conjunction to the transients caused by the group defense. In this work, we analyze the potential for long transients in a model for a consumer–resource system in which the resource exhibits group defense and reproduces in discrete reproductive pulses. This system exhibits crawl-by transients near the extinction and carrying capacity states of resource, and a transcritical bifurcation, under which a ghost limit cycle appears. We estimate the transient time of our system from these transients using perturbation theory. This work advances an understanding of how systems shift between alternate states and their duration of staying in a given regime and what ecological dynamics may lead to long transients.
Novel Surface Topography and Microhardness Characterization of Laser Clad Layer on TC4 Titanium Alloy Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Machine Learning
Authors: Al-Sayed Samar Reda , Samad Fatma Abdel , Mohamed Tarek , Youssef Doaa
Published: August 2022

This study was performed to characterize surface topography and microhardness of 40 wt pct NiCrBSiC-60 wt pct WC hard coating on TC4 titanium after coaxial laser claddingviaLaser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and machine learning. The high content of the hard WC particles is accomplished to enhance the abrasion wear resistance of such alloy. Various powder feeding rates were carried out during laser cladding process. The energy-dispersive X-ray analysis assured that W content in the metal matrix notably increased from 26.19 to 53.49 pct while the Ti content decreased from about 15.16 to 0.46 pct for the clad layer processed at 20 and 60 g min−1, respectively. The LIBS measurements successfully estimated such elements’ concentration as well as the clad layers' topography indicating that the effect of material matrix is a crucial challenge. Therefore, canonical correlation analysis and Belsley collinearity diagnostics were established to identify the essential emission lines from the whole spectra. Then, an optimized adaptive boosted random forest classifier was developed for microhardness investigation, with accuracy, sensitivity, and F1 score values of 0.9667. The results, confirmed by the metallurgical study, clarified that most of the titanium and tungsten emission lines have a significant impact on the surface topography as well as the microhardness values. The misclassification was attributed to the matrix effect such that the samples processed at 40 and 60 g min−1were comparable in microstructure and chemical characterization unlike the one processed at 20 g min−1. Vickers microhardness of the metal matrix coating increased with the increase in the powder feeding rate, which is assured by the quantitative classification model.

Graphical Abstract
Biochar mitigates the biotoxicity of heavy metals in livestock manure during composting
Authors: Chen Xiaomeng , Du Zhuang , Liu Dan , Wang Liqin , Pan Chaonan , Wei Zimin , Jia Liming , Zhao Ran
Published: August 2022

The addition of biochar could mitigate the bioavailability of heavy metals during livestock manure composting. However, the main action mechanism of biochar, such as how it worked, was ambiguous. Therefore, in this study, materials (biochar, alkali modified biochar, pretreated cotton ball) were added by embedding with nylon mesh bags to explore the adsorption performance of added materials and its influence on the composting process. The results showed that embedded materials promoted the formation of humic acid and reduced the distribution proportion of bioavailable fraction of heavy metals during composting (Cu: at least 15.72%; Zn: at least 33.44%). The surface of biochar extracted from composting contained attachments, however, the attachment of heavy metal was not detected and functional groups on the materials did no change significantly. This indicated that the addition of biochar did not directly adsorb heavy metals. Most notably, the microbial network changed after embedding materials, and the succession of microbial community promoted the formation of humic acid. Ultimately, structural equation models verified that embedded materials promoted the formation of humic acid through stable microbial groups, thereby accelerating the passivation of heavy metals during composting. This study provides theoretical and technical supports for mitigating the biotoxicity of heavy metals by biochar during composting.

Graphical Abstract
Measuring the Economic Impacts of a Circular Economy: an Evaluation of Indicators
Authors: Kulakovskaya A. , Knoeri C. , Radke F. , Blum N. U.
Published: August 2022

A circular economy (CE) is often seen as a promising way to address pressing environmental challenges, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion. However, the CE concept remains contested, and the implementation of circular strategies (CS) does not automatically improve all dimensions of sustainability. However, assessing the economic impacts of CS implementation is crucial to making the transition from linear to circular value chains. Despite the broad literature on CE indicators, a critical evaluation of economic CE indicators (eCEis) that conduct assessments on a value-chain level is still missing. This study addresses this gap by critically evaluating how capable eCEis are of measuring the economic impacts of implementing CS at the value-chain level. We first identify existing meso eCEis through a literature review, deriving a sample of 13 meso eCEis. We then qualitatively evaluate the eCEis based on criteria synthesised from requirements for CE indicators proposed in the literature. We find that existing meso eCEis only partly fulfil these criteria and consequently have limited capabilities for measuring the economic impacts of the implementation of CS at a value-chain level. The indicators largely satisfy the specific criteria diagnostic and useful, moderately satisfy the criterion practical, and barely satisfy the criteria systemic and transparent. We therefore recommend that future studies on eCEis place a stronger focus on adopting a systemic perspective, discuss their limitations and uncertainties in more detail, and consider combining meso eCEis with the indicators of other dimensions (environmental, social) and levels (micro, macro).
Passengers receptivity of a new public transport mode: case of a BRT project in Lebanon
Authors: Al-Shaar Walid , Nehme Nabil , Bonin Olivier , Adjizian-Gérard Jocelyne , Al-Shaar Mohamad
Published: August 2022

This study examines how far the level of knowledge on a new public transport mode in Lebanon might affect mode choice. Indeed, passenger mode choice is a major issue associated with the effectiveness of new transport projects, as their level of effectiveness and feasibility will depend on the number of new adopters. This investigation is performed by developing mode choice models based on data collected via a questionnaire-based survey. The models were used to compare preferences among private cars, current public transport modes and a newly proposed Bus Rapid Transit system. The driving factors are divided into two categories: economic and psychological. The results reveal that explicit evaluations of several factors on the proposed transport modes yields mode choices different from direct evaluation. Besides, the structure of the utility function reveals that economic driving factors prevail over the psychological aspects, which is the opposite of what is observed with direct mode assessment. Moreover, people’s expectations of the proposed Bus Rapid Transit were significantly positive in terms of usability in addition to operational and economic reliability. This study shows that people’s level of knowledge of previous transport modes and their perceptual expectations of new travel modes must be taken into consideration in the feasibility studies of any transport implementations in the developing countries where the public transport services are discouraged.
Absorption Chiller/Kalina Cycle Coupled System for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery in Hydrate-Based CO2 Capture Process: An Economic and Exergetic Study
Authors: Liu Zhiqiang , Wang Kangrui , Xie Nan
Published: August 2022

This study investigates a coupled system combined by a LiBr/H2O absorption refrigeration cycle and a Kalina cycle, to recover waste heat from a hydrate-based CO2 capture process. The optimal system operation has been obtained. Payback time, Return on investment, Net present value and Discounted cash flow rate of return are selected as the evaluation indicators for a comprehensive economic analysis. Cash flow patterns are obtained for different discounted interest rates and electricity prices. Exergy analysis is conducted and the exergy loss of each component is calculated. Results show that in comparison with the individual Kalina cycle, the net electricity generation is increased by around 45%. The highest thermal efficiency of this coupled system is 16.78%. Payment balance can be achieved with a payback time of 6 years. The purchase price of heat exchanger occupies the largest capital investment. Exergy efficiency of this system is obtained as 36.89%. Major system irreversibility occurs in heat transfer processes of heat exchangers and the largest exergy loss is found in generators of both subcycles. Reducing the heat transfer irreversibility and the size of heat exchangers are greatly encouraged in future efforts.
Can We Estimate Air‐Sea Flux of Biological O2 From Total Dissolved Oxygen?
Authors: Huang Yibin , Eveleth Rachel , Nicholson David , Cassar Nicolas
Published: August 2022

In this study, we compare mechanistic and empirical approaches to reconstruct the air‐sea flux of biological oxygen () by parameterizing the physical oxygen saturation anomaly (ΔO2[phy]) in order to separate the biological contribution from total oxygen. The first approach matches ΔO2[phy] to the monthly climatology of the argon saturation anomaly from a global ocean circulation model's output. The second approach derives ΔO2[phy] from an iterative mass balance model forced by satellite‐based physical drivers of ΔO2[phy] prior to the sampling day by assuming that air‐sea interactions are the dominant factors driving the surface ΔO2[phy]. The final approach leverages the machine‐learning technique of Genetic Programming (GP) to search for the functional relationship between ΔO2[phy] and biophysicochemical parameters. We compile simultaneous measurements of O2/Ar and O2 concentration from 14 cruises to train the GP algorithm and test the validity and applicability of our modeled ΔO2[phy] and . Among the approaches, the GP approach, which incorporates ship‐based measurements and historical records of physical parameters from the reanalysis products, provides the most robust predictions (R2 = 0.74 for ΔO2[phy] and 0.72 for ; RMSE = 1.4% for ΔO2[phy] and 7.1 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 for ). We use the empirical formulation derived from GP approach to reconstruct regional, inter‐annual, and decadal variability of based on historical oxygen records. Overall, our study represents a first attempt at deriving from snapshot measurements of oxygen, thereby paving the way toward using historical O2 data and a rapidly growing number of O2 measurements on autonomous platforms for independent insight into the biological pump.
Local Time Response of Auroral Electrojet During Magnetically Disturbed Periods: DMSP and CHAMP Coordinated Observations
Authors: Zhong Yunfang , Wang Hui , Zhang Kedeng , Xia Hao , Qian Chengyu
Published: August 2022

Based on 10 years of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and Challenging Minisatellite Payload coordinated observations, we investigated the local time variation in the response time and strength of the auroral electrojet (AEJ) with respect to the sudden change in solar wind inputs, including merging electric field (Em), substorm, and interplanetary (IP) shock. The daytime (nighttime) AEJ responded several minutes (>30 min) after the key time of Em enhancement. For substorms and IP shocks, the AEJ at all local times showed an instantaneous response. The local time with a westward enhancement of the AEJ was wider during substorms than those during Em enhancement and IP shock. The times when the AEJ or disturbance AEJ attained peaks varied for different disturbances. At IP shock onset, the AEJ in the prenoon and postnoon increased in opposite directions to that in the quiet time. During Em enhancement and IP shock, the duskside AEJ attained a peak faster than the dawnside owing to the more rapid change in the duskside Hall conductance. The relative effects of the convection electric field and Hall conductance on the disturbance AEJ are disclosed at different local times. This study offers insights into the physical mechanisms of local time differences in the response time and strength of AEJ during disturbed periods.
Frictional and Hydraulic Properties of Plate Interfaces Constrained by a Tidal Response Model Considering Dilatancy/Compaction
Authors: Sakamoto Ryunosuke , Tanaka Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2022

Tidal triggering of tectonic tremors has been observed at plate boundaries around the circum‐Pacific region. It has been reported that the response of tremors to tidal stress during episodic tremor and slow slip (ETS) changes between the early and later stages of ETS. Several physical models have been constructed, with which observations for the tidal response during ETS have been partly reproduced. However, no model has been proposed that reproduces all the observations. In this study, a model adopted in previous studies is extended to include the effects of dilatancy/compaction that occur in the fault creep region. The analytical approximate solution derived in this study and numerical computational results reveal how the tidal response depends on the physical properties of the fault. Furthermore, the model reproduces all the above observations simultaneously for a specific range of fault parameters. Of particular importance is that the occurrence of dilatancy/compaction is essential to reproduce the tidal response at the early stage of the ETS. The value of the critical distance is constrained to be approximately . This agrees with the values that have been widely used in seismic cycle numerical simulations rather than those obtained in laboratory experiments. The fluid pressure diffusivity is constrained to be at least or less, and the effective normal stress is constrained to . In conclusion, this study shows that reproducing the tidal response of tectonic tremors during the ETS is useful for estimating fault physical properties, including hydraulic properties.
Quantifying Mechanisms of Aeolian Dust Emission: Field Measurements at Etosha Pan, Namibia
Authors: Wiggs Giles F. S. , Baddock Matthew C. , Thomas David S. G. , Washington Richard , Nield Joanna M. , Engelstaedter Sebastian , Bryant Robert G. , Eckardt Frank D. , von Holdt Johannah R. C. , Kötting Shayne
Published: August 2022

Determining the controls on aeolian dust emissions from major sources is necessary for reliable quantification of atmospheric aerosol concentrations and fluxes. However, ground‐based measurements of dust emissions at‐source are rare and of generally short duration, failing to capture the annual cycle. Here, we provide new insights into dust dynamics by measuring aerosol concentrations and meteorological conditions for a full year (July 2015–June 2016) at Etosha Pan, Namibia, a globally significant dust source. Surface deployed field instrumentation provided 10‐min averaged data on meteorological conditions, aerosol concentration (mg/m3), and horizontal dust flux (g/m2/min10). A Doppler lidar provided additional data for some of the period. 51 significant dust events were identified in response to strong E‐ENE winds. We demonstrate that these events occurred throughout the year and were not restricted to the austral winter, as previously indicated by satellite observations. Peak horizontal flux occurred in the spring (November) due to strengthening erosive winds and highly desiccating conditions increasing surface erodibility. We identify a strong seasonal differentiation in the meteorological mechanisms controlling dust uplift; low‐level jets on dry winter mornings (61% of all events), and cold pool outflows in humid summer evenings (39% of events). Significantly, we demonstrate a very strong bias toward the contribution of low frequency and high magnitude events, with nearly 31% of annual horizontal dust flux generated by only 6 individual events. Our study demonstrates how longer‐term (≈1 year), ground‐based, and at‐source field measurements can radically improve interpretations of dust event dynamics and controls at major source locations.
Modeling Global Carbon Costs of Plant Nitrogen and Phosphorus Acquisition
Authors: Braghiere R. K. , Fisher J. B. , Allen K. , Brzostek E. , Shi M. , Yang X. , Ricciuto D. M. , Fisher R. A. , Zhu Q. , Phillips R. P.
Published: August 2022

Most Earth system models (ESMs) do not explicitly represent the carbon (C) costs of plant nutrient acquisition, which leads to uncertainty in predictions of the current and future constraints to the land C sink. We integrate a plant productivity‐optimizing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition model (fixation & uptake of nutrients, FUN) into the energy exascale Earth system (E3SM) land model (ELM). Global plant N and P uptake are dynamically simulated by ELM‐FUN based on the C costs of nutrient acquisition from mycorrhizae, direct root uptake, retranslocation from senescing leaves, and biological N fixation. We benchmarked ELM‐FUN with three classes of products: ILAMB, a remotely sensed nutrient limitation product, and CMIP6 models; we found significant improvements in C cycle variables, although the lack of more observed nutrient data prevents a comprehensive level of benchmarking. Overall, we found N and P co‐limitation for 80% of land area, with the remaining 20% being either predominantly N or P limited. Globally, the new model predicts that plants invested 4.1 Pg C yr−1 to acquire 841.8 Tg N yr−1 and 48.1 Tg P yr−1 (1994–2005), leading to significant downregulation of global net primary production (NPP). Global NPP is reduced by 20% with C costs of N and 50% with C costs of NP. Modeled and observed nutrient limitation agreement increases when N and P are considered together (r2 from 0.73 to 0.83).
New bounds of wide‐gap frequency‐hopping sequences with frequency shift
Authors: Wei Qianhui , Han Hongyu
Published: August 2022

With the rapid development of radar, the phenomenon of Doppler frequency shift is not rare. Frequency shift needs to be considered in order to accurately calculate the mutual interference between signals. Meanwhile, to reduce interference to the received signal, each user's frequency hopping sequence shall have wide frequency hopping gap. The authors introduce the time‐frequency two‐dimensional Hamming correlation function and extend the bounds for wide‐gap frequency‐hopping sequences. The Li–Fan–Yang–Wang bounds are the special cases of our bounds for frequency shift is zero.
Improved resolution Fourier ptychography scheme using oil‐filled dome‐shaped LED array
Authors: Mayani Mahdieh Gholami , Hussain Nazabat , Breiby Dag Werner , Akram Muhammad Nadeem
Published: August 2022

Utilising angular‐varied illumination in Fourier Ptychography, the resolution of optical microscopes can be increased and the phase of the sample can also be recovered while maintaining a wide field‐of‐view. In this work, an Fourier Ptychography microscopy imaging setup is demonstrated using a 10X 0.28 NA objective lens and a dome‐shaped light‐emitting diode array illuminator. By increasing the refractive index of the medium between the sample and light sources using oil filled dome, a synthetic system numerical aperture of 0.68 is achieved using only 37 light‐emitting diodes. The measured resolution of 345 nm at a wavelength of 530 nm closely matches the theoretical prediction. Furthermore, the results of the oil‐medium illumination are compared to free‐space illumination. The oil immersion on the illumination side effectively enhances the illumination numerical aperture as compared to air and reduces the need for far off‐axis light‐emitting diodes. The result is high‐resolution Fourier Ptychography imaging with relatively fewer light‐emitting diodes providing both short capture and reconstruction times.
Radiology of the Mesentery
Authors: O'Regan Patrick W. , Mhuircheartaigh Jennifer M. Ní , Scanlon Timothy G. , Shelly Martin J.
Published: August 2022

The recent description and re-classification of the mesentery as an organ prompted renewed interest in its role in physiological and pathological processes. With an improved understanding of its anatomy, accurately and reliably assessing the mesentery with non-invasive radiological investigation becomes more feasible.

Multi-detector computed tomography is the main radiological modality employed to assess the mesentery due to its speed, widespread availability, and diagnostic accuracy.

Pathologies affecting the mesentery can be classified as primary or secondary mesenteropathies. Primary mesenteropathies originate in the mesentery and subsequently progress to involve other organ systems (e.g., mesenteric ischemia or mesenteric volvulus). Secondary mesenteropathies describe disease processes that originate elsewhere and progress to involve the mesentery with varying degrees of severity (e.g., lymphoma).

The implementation of standardized radiological imaging protocols, nomenclature, and reporting format with regard to the mesentery will be essential in improving the assessment of mesenteric anatomy and various mesenteropathies.

In this article, we describe and illustrate the current state of art in respect of the radiological assessment of the mesentery.
Splitting dynamics of droplet impact on ridged superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Hu Zhifeng , Chu Fuqiang , Wu Xiaomin
Published: August 2022

Droplet splitting is a fascinating interfacial phenomenon, which shows great potential in applications such as fluid dispending and liquid spraying. Splitting behaviors of droplet impact on structured superhydrophobic surfaces are highly transient and complex, but the underlying mechanism is far from clear. Here, we report the splitting dynamics on ridged superhydrophobic surfaces through experimental and theoretical investigations. As the Weber number increases, three splitting modes appear in sequence: non-splitting, departure splitting, and contact splitting. Based on the movement of the liquid film behavior on the ridge along the axial direction, the splitting time consists of durations of three stages: axial spreading, axial retraction, and oscillation retraction, and it decreases with the increasing Weber number. A theoretical model is further established to predict the splitting time, where the law of the axial spreading and retraction is revealed. Splitting dynamics can be regulated by the geometric shape of the ridge. Droplet splitting is inhibited on the rectangular ridge, while the splitting time and contact time are effectively reduced on the semi-cylindrical and triangular ridges. This work is expected to provide fundamental support for diverse applications related to droplet splitting and offer guidance for the design of superhydrophobic surfaces.
Bubble dynamics near a locally curved region of a plane rigid wall
Authors: Aganin A. A. , Kosolapova L. A. , Malakhov V. G.
Published: August 2022

The dynamics of a bubble near a local axisymmetric convexity or concavity, cosine-like in the axial section, on a plane rigid wall is studied under conditions of formation of a cumulative liquid jet directed to the wall. The study is performed by the boundary element method. Our main attention is focused on the bubble collapse characteristics at the moment tc when the jet impacts on the bubble surface part near the wall, namely, on the jet tip velocity and radius, the internal bubble pressure, the distance between the bubble and the uneven region of the wall, and so on. These characteristics are of interest since they, to a large extent, determine the destructive potential of cavitation. The dependences of these characteristics on the radius of the non-plane region of the wall, the depth of the concave region, the height of the convex region, and the local character of the wall unevenness have been investigated. To estimate the effect of the local character of the wall unevenness, the cases of completely concave and convex walls in the form of blunt conical surfaces are used for comparison. It has been found, in particular, that with changing radius of the convex region of the wall, the bubble shape at the moment tc varies significantly: the shape diversity includes the profiles with a gas microcavity in front of the impacting jet tip, an emerging second oppositely directed jet, and a relatively large area of the jet tip impact at its beginning.
Experimental study on the power losses of a single photovoltaic cell and two series and parallel connected cells with partial shadows
Authors: Guo Xiaoxue , Zou Jiapu , Wu Zihua , Wang Yuanyuan , Xie Huaqing
Published: August 2022

This study explores the adverse impact on photovoltaic (PV) cells (monocrystalline silicon) caused by obstacles covering different amounts of cell surface area. Experiments for a single cell, as well as modules with two PV cells in series or parallel connections, have been conducted. Under partially shaded conditions, the single cell and parallel modules exhibit a decrease in output current and the decrease ratio is equal to the shading ratio. The series PV module exhibits more deleterious effects including an increase in cell temperature and large decline in output current under different shading conditions. Shading 7.4%, 18.5%, or 29.6% of the area of one of the cells in the series module decreased the current by 15.6%, 37.4%, and 57.6%, respectively, with excess decrease ratios of 8.2%, 18.9%, and 28.0%. This study allows us to conclude that the variations in the reduction of the output of PV cells is highly dependent on the shading conditions of series modules in PV arrays.
Transient analysis of the slamming wave load on an offshore wind turbine foundation generated by different types of breaking waves
Authors: Lin Yu-Hsien , Hasan Ahmad Darori
Published: August 2022

In this study, a computational fluid dynamics model was employed to simulate the impact of a breaking wave on the foundation of an offshore wind turbine. The accuracy of the numerical simulation was validated in comparison with published experimental results for the Large Wave Channel (GWK) at Hannover, Germany. To understand the influence of the wave-breaking location on the monopile support structure, a series of shoaling waves with different spilling and plunging breaking wave types were considered in terms of the surf-similarity parameter (ξ0) and relative breaking distance (xb′). After processing the total wave load with an empirical mode decomposition method and a low-pass filter, the instantaneous nature of the slamming wave load generated by different breaking wave types was obtained. Subsequently, an exponential-type refined dynamic model was established to consider the characteristics of the filtered slamming wave load. ξ0 and xb′ were found to be dominant factors for the run-up phenomena, slamming characteristics, and wave-dependent parameters. The results demonstrated that these two coefficients can be applied to determine the nature of the run-up and slamming wave loads.
Thixotropy and slip of kaolinite hybrid suspensions in the presence of surfactants
Authors: Piette Jourdain H. , Danesh Marziyeh , Hatzikiriakos Savvas G.
Published: August 2022

In this paper, the behavior of Kaolinite suspensions is explored in the presence of two ionic surfactants, namely, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The steady-shear behavior of these suspensions is explored above and below the critical micelle concentration. The yield stress was found to increase monotonically with CTAB concentration, which can be explained by improved network strength. On the other hand, the yield stress was initially decreased with an increase in SDS concentration up to 10 mM with subsequent relatively small increase at higher concentrations. Both kaolinite and kaolinite-CTAB systems were found to exhibit thixotropic and anti-thixotropic behavior at short and long timescales, respectively.