bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards integrated metatronics: a holistic approach on precise optical and electrical properties of Indium Tin Oxide
Authors: Gui Yaliang , Miscuglio Mario , Ma Zhizhen , Tahersima Mohammad H. , Sun Shuai , Amin Rubab , Dalir Hamed , Sorger Volker J.
Published: August 2019

The class of transparent conductive oxides includes the material indium tin oxide (ITO) and has become a widely used material of modern every-day life such as in touch screens of smart phones and watches, but also used as an optically transparent low electrically-resistive contract in the photovoltaics industry. More recently ITO has shown epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) behavior in the telecommunication frequency band enabling both strong index modulation and other optically-exotic applications such as metatronics. However, the ability to precisely obtain targeted electrical and optical material properties in ITO is still challenging due to complex intrinsic effects in ITO and as such no integrated metatronic platform has been demonstrated to-date. Here we deliver an extensive and accurate description process parameter of RF-sputtering, showing a holistic control of the quality of ITO thin films in the visible and particularly near-infrared spectral region. We are able to custom-engineer the ENZ point across the telecommunication band by explicitly controlling the sputtering process conditions. Exploiting this control, we design a functional sub-wavelength-scale filter based on lumped circuit-elements, towards the realization of integrated metatronic devices and circuits.
Fine microstructure formation in steel under ultrafast heating
Authors: Yonemura Mitsuharu , Nishibata Hitomi , Nishiura Tomohiro , Ooura Natsumi , Yoshimoto Yuki , Fujiwara Kazuki , Kawano Kaori , Terai Tomoyuki , Inubushi Yuichi , Inoue Ichiro , Tono Kensuke , Yabashi Makina
Published: August 2019

In this study, phase transformation kinetics was directly evaluated using a femtosecond X-ray diffraction technique for operand measurements of the dislocation densities and carbon concentrations in Fe-0.1mass%C martensitic steel. To identify the reverse transformation mechanism from α′ to γ, we used an X-ray free-electron laser and ultrafast heating. A maximum heating rate of 104 °C/s, which is sufficient to avoid diffusive reversion, was achieved, and the reverse transformation during ultrafast heating was successfully observed. Our results demonstrated that a fine microstructure formed because of a phase transformation in which the dislocation density and carbon concentrations remained high owing to ultrafast heating. Fe–C martensitic steels were also found to undergo a massive reverse transformation during ultrafast heating. The formation of a fine microstructure by a simple manufacturing process, without rare elements such as Ti, Nb, or Mo, can be expected. This study will help further the development of functional steels.
Quantitative Profiling of Oncometabolites in Frozen and Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Specimens by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bao Xun , Wu Jianmei , Shuch Brian , LoRusso Patricia , Bindra Ranjit S. , Li Jing
Published: August 2019

Given the implications of oncometabolites [succinate, fumarate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG)] in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutics, quantitative determination of their tissue levels has significant diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic values. Here, we developed and validated a multiplex liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platform that allows simultaneous determination of oncometabolites (including succinate, fumarate and total 2HG) and other tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites (α-ketoglutarate, malic acid, and glutamate) in frozen and FFPE tissues specimens. In addition, by employing chiral derivatization in the sample preparation, the platform enabled separation and determination of 2HG enantiomers (D- and L-2HG) in frozen and FFPE tissues. Isotope-labeled internal standard method was used for the quantitation. Linear calibration curve ranges in aqueous solution were 0.02–10, 0.2–100, 0.002–10, and 0.002–5 µM for succinate, fumarate, total 2HG, and D/L-2HG, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy for individual oncometabolites were within the generally accepted criteria for bioanalytical method validation (<15%). The recovery of spiked individual oncometabolites from pooled homogenate of FFPE or frozen tissue ranged 86–112%. Method validation indicated the technical feasibility, reliability and reproducibility of the platform. Oncometabolites were notably lost during the routine FFPE process. The ratios of succinate to glutamate, fumarate to α-ketoglutarate, 2HG to glutamate, and D-2HG to L-2HG were reliable surrogate measurements for the detection of altered levels of oncometabolites in FFPE specimens. Our study laid a foundation for the utility of archival FFPE specimens for oncometabolite profiling as a valid technique in clinical research and routine medical care.
Revisiting the optical bandgap of semiconductors and the proposal of a unified methodology to its determination
Authors: Zanatta A. R.
Published: August 2019

Along the last two centuries, the story of semiconductor materials ranged from a mix of disbelief and frustration to one of the most successful technological achievements ever seen. Such a progress comprised the development of materials and models that, allied to the knowledge provided by spectroscopic techniques, resulted in the (nowadays) omnipresent electronic gadgets. Within this context, optically-based methods were of special importance since, amongst others, they presented details about the electronic states and energy bandgap Egapof semiconductors which, ultimately, decided about their application in devices. Stimulated by these aspects, this work investigated the semiconductors silicon, germanium, and gallium-arsenide in the crystalline (bulk and powder) and amorphous (film) forms. The detailed analysis of the experimental results indicates that accurate Egapvalues can be obtained by fitting a sigmoid (Boltzmann) function to their corresponding optical absorption spectra. The method is straightforward and, contrary to the traditional approaches to determine Egap, it is exempt from errors due to experimental spectra acquisition and data processing. Additionally, it complies with the requirements of direct, indirect, and amorphous bandgap semiconductors, and it is able to probe the (dis)order of the material as well. In view of these characteristics, a new−unified methodology based on the fitting of the absorption spectrum with a Boltzmann function is being proposed to efficiently determine the optical bandgap of semiconductor materials.
3D-printable portable open-source platform for low-cost lens-less holographic cellular imaging
Authors: Amann Stephan , Witzleben Max von , Breuer Stefan
Published: August 2019

Digital holographic microscopy is an emerging, potentially low-cost alternative to conventional light microscopy for micro-object imaging on earth, underwater and in space. Immediate access to micron-scale objects however requires a well-balanced system design and sophisticated reconstruction algorithms, that are commercially available, however not accessible cost-efficiently. Here, we present an open-source implementation of a lens-less digital inline holographic microscope platform, based on off-the-shelf optical, electronic and mechanical components, costing less than $190. It employs a Blu-Ray semiconductor-laser-pickup or a light-emitting-diode, a pinhole, a 3D-printed housing consisting of 3 parts and a single-board portable computer and camera with an open-source implementation of the Fresnel-Kirchhoff routine. We demonstrate 1.55 μm spatial resolution by laser-pickup and 3.91 μm by the light-emitting-diode source. The housing and mechanical components are 3D printed. Both printer and reconstruction software source codes are open. The light-weight microscope allows to image label-free micro-spheres of 6.5 μm diameter, human red-blood-cells of about 8 μm diameter as well as fast-growing plant Nicotiana-tabacum-BY-2 suspension cells with 50 μm sizes. The imaging capability is validated by imaging-contrast quantification involving a standardized test target. The presented 3D-printable portable open-source platform represents a fully-open design, low-cost modular and versatile imaging-solution for use in high- and low-resource areas of the world.
SPECTRUM – A MATLAB Toolbox for Proteoform Identification from Top-Down Proteomics Data
Authors: Basharat Abdul Rehman , Iman Kanzal , Khalid Muhammad Farhan , Anwar Zohra , Hussain Rashid , Kabir Humnah Gohar , Tahreem Maria , Shahid Anam , Humayun Maheen , Hayat Hira Azmat , Mustafa Muhammad , Shoaib Muhammad Ali , Ullah Zakir , Zarina Shamshad , Ahmed Sameer , Uddin Emad , Hamera Sadia , Ahmad Fayyaz , Chaudhary Safee Ullah
Published: August 2019

Top-Down Proteomics (TDP) is an emerging proteomics protocol that involves identification, characterization, and quantitation of intact proteins using high-resolution mass spectrometry. TDP has an edge over other proteomics protocols in that it allows for: (i) accurate measurement of intact protein mass, (ii) high sequence coverage, and (iii) enhanced identification of post-translational modifications (PTMs). However, the complexity of TDP spectra poses a significant impediment to protein search and PTM characterization. Furthermore, limited software support is currently available in the form of search algorithms and pipelines. To address this need, we propose ‘SPECTRUM’, an open-architecture and open-source toolbox for TDP data analysis. Its salient features include: (i) MS2-based intact protein mass tuning, (ii)de novopeptide sequence tag analysis, (iii) propensity-driven PTM characterization, (iv) blind PTM search, (v) spectral comparison, (vi) identification of truncated proteins, (vii) multifactorial coefficient-weighted scoring, and (viii) intuitive graphical user interfaces to access the aforementioned functionalities and visualization of results. We have validated SPECTRUM using published datasets and benchmarked it against salient TDP tools. SPECTRUM provides significantly enhanced protein identification rates (91% to 177%) over its contemporaries. SPECTRUM has been implemented in MATLAB, and is freely available along with its source code and documentation athttps://github.com/BIRL/SPECTRUM/.
Microbial uptake kinetics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compound groups from river water and sediments
Authors: Brailsford Francesca L. , Glanville Helen C. , Golyshin Peter N. , Johnes Penny J. , Yates Christopher A. , Jones Davey L.
Published: August 2019

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents a key component of carbon (C) cycling in freshwater ecosystems. While the behaviour of bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic ecosystems is well studied, comparatively little is known about the turnover of specific DOC compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the persistence of 14C-labelled low molecular weight (LMW) DOC at a wide range of concentrations (0.1 µM to 10 mM), in sediments and waters from oligotrophic and mesotrophic rivers within the same catchment. Overall, rates of DOC loss varied between compound groups (amino acids > sugars = organic acids > phenolics). Sediment-based microbial communities contributed to higher DOC loss from river waters, which was attributed, in part, to its greater microbial biomass. At higher DOC compound concentrations, DOC loss was greater in mesotrophic rivers in comparison to oligotrophic headwaters. A lag-phase in substrate use within sediments provided evidence of microbial growth and adaptation, ascribed here to the lack of inorganic nutrient limitation on microbial C processing in mesotrophic communities. We conclude that the higher microbial biomass and available inorganic nutrients in sediments enables the rapid processing of LMW DOC, particularly during high C enrichment events and in N and P-rich mesotrophic environments.
Predictive value of cervical cytokine, antimicrobial and microflora levels for pre-term birth in high-risk women
Authors: Manning Rashmi , James Catherine P. , Smith Marie C. , Innes Barbara A. , Stamp Elaine , Peebles Donald , Bajaj-Elliott Mona , Klein Nigel , Bulmer Judith N. , Robson Stephen C. , Lash Gendie E.
Published: August 2019

Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB, delivery <37 weeks gestation), accounts for approximately 10% of births worldwide; the aetiology is multifactorial with intra-amniotic infection being one contributing factor. This study aimed to determine whether asymptomatic women with a history of sPTB or cervical surgery have altered levels of inflammatory/antimicrobial mediators and/or microflora within cervical fluid at 22–24 weeks gestation. External cervical fluid was collected from women with history of previous sPTB and/or cervical surgery at 22–24 weeks gestation (n = 135). Cytokine and antimicrobial peptides were measured on a multiplex platform or by ELISA. qPCR was performed for detection of 7 potentially pathogenic bacterial species. IL-8 and IL-1β levels were lower in women who delivered preterm compared to those who delivered at term (IL-8 P = 0.02; IL-1β P = 0.04). There were no differences in elafin or human beta defensin-1 protein levels between the two groups. Multiple bacterial species were detected in a higher proportion of women who delivered preterm than in those who delivered at term (P = 0.005). Cervical fluid IL-8 and IL-1β and microflora have the potential to be used as biomarkers to predict sPTB in high risk women.
Assessing genetic diversity and similarity of 435 KPC-carrying plasmids
Authors: Brandt Christian , Viehweger Adrian , Singh Abhijeet , Pletz Mathias W. , Wibberg Daniel , Kalinowski Jörn , Lerch Sandrina , Müller Bettina , Makarewicz Oliwia
Published: August 2019

The global spread and diversification of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative (MRGN) bacteria poses major challenges to healthcare. In particular, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains have been frequently identified in infections and hospital-wide outbreaks. The most frequently underlying resistance gene (blaKPC) has been spreading over the last decade in the health care setting. blaKPC seems to have rapidly diversified and has been found in various species and on different plasmid types. To review the progress and dynamics of this diversification, all currently available KPC plasmids in the NCBI database were analysed in this work. Plasmids were grouped into 257 different representative KPC plasmids, of which 79.4% could be clearly assigned to incompatibility (Inc) group or groups. In almost half of all representative plasmids, the KPC gene is located on Tn4401 variants, emphasizing the importance of this transposon type for the transmission of KPC genes to other plasmids. The transposons also seem to be responsible for the occurrence of altered or uncommon fused plasmid types probably due to incomplete transposition. Moreover, many KPC plasmids contain genes that encode proteins promoting recombinant processes and mutagenesis; in consequence accelerating the diversification of KPC genes and other colocalized resistance genes.
An immortalized cell line derived from renal erythropoietin-producing (REP) cells demonstrates their potential to transform into myofibroblasts
Authors: Sato Koji , Hirano Ikuo , Sekine Hiroki , Miyauchi Kenichiro , Nakai Taku , Kato Koichiro , Ito Sadayoshi , Yamamoto Masayuki , Suzuki Norio
Published: August 2019

The erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (Epo) is produced by renal interstitial fibroblasts, called REP (renal Epo-producing) cells, in a hypoxia-inducible manner. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), REP cells lose their Epo-production ability, leading to renal anaemia. Concurrently, REP cells are suggested to be transformed into myofibroblasts, which are the major player of renal fibrosis. Although establishment of cultured cell lines derived from REP cells has been a long-term challenge, we here successfully established a REP-cell-derived immortalized and cultivable cell line (Replic cells) by using a genetically modified mouse line. Replic cells exhibited myofibroblastic phenotypes and lost their Epo-production ability, reflecting the situation in renal fibrosis. Additionally, we found that cell-autonomous TGFβ signalling contributes to maintenance of the myofibroblastic features of Replic cells. Furthermore, the promoters of genes for Epo and HIF2α, a major activator of Epo gene expression, were highly methylated in Replic cells. Thus, these results strongly support our contention that REP cells are the origin of myofibroblasts in fibrotic kidneys and demonstrate that cell-autonomous TGFβ signalling and epigenetic silencing are involved in renal fibrosis and renal anaemia, respectively, in CKD. The Replic cell line is a useful tool to further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying renal fibrosis.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) phylogeny is associated with disease severity
Authors: Franzo Giovanni , Tucciarone Claudia Maria , Casagrande Sira , Caldin Marco , Cortey Martí , Furlanello Tommaso , Legnardi Matteo , Cecchinato Mattia , Drigo Michele
Published: August 2019

After its first identification in 1978, canine parvovirus (CPV) has been recognized all around the world as a major threat for canine population health. This ssDNA virus is characterized by a high substitution rate and several genetic and phenotypic variants emerged over time. Overall, the definition of 3 main antigenic variants was established based on specific amino acid markers located in a precise capsid position. However, the detection of several minor variants and incongruence observed between the antigenic classification and phylogeny have posed doubts on the reliability of this scheme. At the same time, CPV heterogeneity has favored the hypothesis of a differential virulence among variants, although no robust and consistent demonstration has been provided yet. The present study rejects the antigenic variant concept and attempts to evaluate the association between CPV strain phylogeny, reconstructed using the whole information contained in the VP2 coding gene, and several clinical and hemato-biochemical parameters, assessed from 34 CPV infected dogs at admission. By using different statistical approaches, the results of the present study show an association between viral phylogeny and host parameters ascribable to immune system, coagulation profile, acute phase response and, more generally, to the overall picture of the animal response. Particularly, a strong and significant phylogenetic signal was proven for neutrophil count and WBC. Therefore, despite the limited sample size, a relation between viral phylogeny and disease severity has been observed for the first time, suggesting that CPV virulence is an inherited trait. The likely existence of clades with different virulence highlights once more the relevance of intensive epidemiological monitoring and research on CPV evolution to better understand the virulence determinants, their epidemiology and develop adequate countermeasures.
Effect of protracted dexamethasone exposure and its withdrawal on rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade and sugammadex reversal: an ex vivo rat study
Authors: Oh Seok Kyeong , Lim Byung Gun , Park Sungsoo , Yang Hong Seuk , In Junyong , Kim Yong Beom , Choi Hey-ran , Lee Il Ok
Published: August 2019

Studies have reported that protracted dexamethasone treatment induces resistance to nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) and the association with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the diaphragm of rats. Here, we investigated the effect of protracted dexamethasone administration on the sensitivity to rocuronium and the recovery profile when reversed by sugammadex; additionally, we observed the recovery period of pharmacodynamic change after withdrawal. Sprague-Dawley rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of dexamethasone or saline for 14 days. On days 1, 3, and 7 after the last dexamethasone treatment (Dexa1, Dexa3, and Dexa7, respectively) or 1 day after saline (control group), the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation was dissected for assay. The dose-response curve of rocuronium in Dexa1 was shifted to the right compared to controls, but curves in Dexa3 and Dexa7 were not significantly different. Groups were not significantly different in attaining the train-of-four ratio ≥ 0.9, but the recovery index in Dexa7 was shorter than that in control and Dexa1. Recovery profiles (period of sugammadex reversal) were not correlated with resistance properties but rather with total administered drugs (binding capacity of NMBAs and sugammadex). Protracted dexamethasone exposure induced resistance to rocuronium but seemed to have no effect on sugammadex reversal in the rat diaphragm.
Adaptive colour change and background choice behaviour in peppered moth caterpillars is mediated by extraocular photoreception
Authors: Eacock Amy , Rowland Hannah M. , van’t Hof Arjen E. , Yung Carl J. , Edmonds Nicola , Saccheri Ilik J.
Published: August 2019

Light sensing by tissues distinct from the eye occurs in diverse animal groups, enabling circadian control and phototactic behaviour. Extraocular photoreceptors may also facilitate rapid colour change in cephalopods and lizards, but little is known about the sensory system that mediates slow colour change in arthropods. We previously reported that slow colour change in twig-mimicking caterpillars of the peppered moth (Biston betularia) is a response to achromatic and chromatic visual cues. Here we show that the perception of these cues, and the resulting phenotypic responses, does not require ocular vision. Caterpillars with completely obscured ocelli remained capable of enhancing their crypsis by changing colour and choosing to rest on colour-matching twigs. A suite of visual genes, expressed across the larval integument, likely plays a key role in the mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that extraocular colour sensing can mediate pigment-based colour change and behaviour in an arthropod.
Simultaneous determination of cinobufagin and its five metabolites in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS for characterization of metabolic profiles and pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Wei Wenlong , Li Haojv , Li Zhenwei , Qu Hua , Da Juan , Jin Xu , Wang Yingying , Wu Wanying , Guo De-an
Published: August 2019

Cinobufagin, an ingredient ofVenenum Bufonishas various pharmacological activities and toxicities. In this study we simultaneously determine cinobufagin (quantification) and its five main metabolites (semi-quantification) in rat plasma.
Cell-imprinted biomimetic interface for intelligent recognition and efficient capture of CTCs
Authors: Gao Su , Chen Shuangshuang , Lu Qinghua
Published: August 2019

Synergistically contributing to plastic and natural antibodies, a cell-imprinted biomimetic interface exhibited high sensitivity and efficiency in CTC capture, providing novel insight into cell–biointerface interactions.
Transition metal silicides: fundamentals, preparation and catalytic applications
Authors: Chen Xiao , Liang Changhai
Published: August 2019

Transition metal silicides as low-cost and earth-abundant inorganic materials are becoming indispensable constituents in catalytic systems for a variety of applications and exhibit excellent properties for sustainable industrial process.
The role of the molecular formula of ZnCl2·nH2O on its catalyst activity: a systematic study of zinc chloride hydrates in the catalytic valorisation of cellulosic biomass
Authors: Bodachivskyi Iurii , Kuzhiumparambil Unnikrishnan , Williams D. Bradley G.
Published: August 2019

We show the efficient and direct transformation of a range of low value cellulosic substrates such as lignocellulose and algal biomass, into higher value chemicals, including low molecular weight reducing saccharides and furanoid products.
One-dimensional nearly free electron states in borophene
Authors: Kong Longjuan , Liu Liren , Chen Lan , Zhong Qing , Cheng Peng , Li Hui , Zhang Zhuhua , Wu Kehui
Published: August 2019

One-dimensional nearly free electron states in borophene with line defects was revealed by STM/STS characterization and first-principles calculations.
Intrinsically stretchable isoindigo–bithiophene conjugated copolymers using poly(acrylate amide) side chains for organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Lin Yan-Cheng , Shih Chien-Chung , Chiang Yun-Chih , Chen Chun-Kai , Chen Wen-Chang
Published: August 2019

Intrinsically stretchable isoindigo–bithiophene conjugated copolymers for organic field-effect transistors with high carrier mobility were achieved using hydrogen-bonded poly(acrylate amide) side chains.
Zinc oxide/nanoporous carbon hybrid materials derived from metal–organic frameworks with different dielectric and absorption performances
Authors: Liang Xiaohui , Xu Xin , Man Zengming , Quan Bin , Sun Bowen , Chen Jiabin , Gu Weihua , Ji Guangbin
Published: August 2019

An outstanding microwave attenuation ability of ZnO/nanoporous carbon composite was obtained with conductivity and a nanoporous structure.
A thermoresponsive microfluidic system integrating a shape memory polymer-modified textile and a paper-based colorimetric sensor for the detection of glucose in human sweat
Authors: He Jing , Xiao Gang , Chen Xiaodie , Qiao Yan , Xu Dan , Lu Zhisong
Published: August 2019

A thermoresponsive textile/paper-based microfluidic system was fabricated by integrating a shape memory polymer, fabric and a paper-based sensor for human sweat glucose analysis.
Environmental surface chemistries and adsorption behaviors of metal cations (Fe3+, Fe2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+) on manganese dioxide-modified green biochar
Authors: Maneechakr Panya , Karnjanakom Surachai
Published: August 2019

Manganese dioxide-modified green biochar exhibited excellent capacity for adsorption of Fe3+, Fe2+, Ca2+ and/or Zn2+.
Raman cell imaging with boron cluster molecules conjugated with biomolecules
Authors: Mochizuki Masahito , Sato Shinichi , Asatyas Syifa , Leśnikowski Zbigniew J. , Hayashi Tomohiro , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: August 2019

We performed Raman cell imaging using boron clusters.
‘Clean’ hydrolase reactions using commercial washing powder
Authors: Zhang Jie , Tonin Fabio , Zhang Wuyuan , Hagedoorn Peter-Leon , Mallée Lloyd , Hollmann Frank
Published: August 2019

We report the use of commercial laundry powder as a biocatalyst for a range of lipase-catalysed reactions including (trans)esterification, ester hydrolysis and chemoenzymatic epoxidation reactions.
Reaction-volume dependent chemistry of highly selective photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene
Authors: Jang Seungwook , Jung Bum-Joon , Kim Mi-Jeong , Lee Wonhee , Kim Dong-Pyo
Published: August 2019

Reaction-volume dependent photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene was investigated in various batch reactors and microreactors with different surface area to volume ratios, leading to control of the reduction route and product selectivity.
Sound attenuation in stable glasses
Authors: Wang Lijin , Berthier Ludovic , Flenner Elijah , Guan Pengfei , Szamel Grzegorz
Published: August 2019

We examine the wavevector dependence of sound attenuation in simulated glasses with a wide range of stabilities.
Building a lateral/vertical 1T-2H MoS2/Au heterostructure for enhanced photoelectrocatalysis and surface enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Zheng Xiaoli , Guo Zhihua , Zhang Guoyuan , Li Hao , Zhang Jianan , Xu Qun
Published: August 2019

Both PEC water splitting and SERS performances are largely improved for a lateral/vertical 1T-2H MoS2/Au heterostructure.
Stable and size-controllable ultrafine Pt nanoparticles derived from a MOF-based single metal ion trap for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Li Jian , Huang Hongliang , Li Yang , Tang Yuanzhe , Mei Donghai , Zhong Chongli
Published: August 2019

A MOF-based single metal ion trap for preparing stable ultrafine Pt nanoparticles with controllable sizes.
Binding MoSe2 with dual protection carbon for high-performance sodium storage
Authors: Su Qiong , Cao Xinxin , Yu Ting , Kong Xiangzhong , Wang Yaping , Chen Jing , Lin Jiande , Xie Xuefang , Liang Shuquan , Pan Anqiang
Published: August 2019

Dual carbon-protected MoSe2 nanorods can enable controlled volume fluctuation, permit continuous electron transfer, and offer more active sites and good redox reversibility.
Multifunctional fluorescent naphthalimide self-assembly system for the detection of Cu2+and K+and continuous sensing of organic amines and gaseous acids
Authors: Cao Xinhua , Li Yiran , Gao Aiping , Yu Yongsheng , Zhou Qiuju , Chang Xueping , Hei Xiaohan
Published: August 2019

A new fluorescent supramolecular self-assembly gelator (1) based on naphthalimide derivative with a tetrazole group was designed and synthesized, which could respond multiple analytes.
White polymer light-emitting diodes with ultra-large color shifts for pulse-width-modulation applications
Authors: Zhang Jiaxin , Peng Feng , Zhong Zhiming , Ying Lei , Cao Yong
Published: August 2019

By using a commercially available pulse-width-modulation driver, the white light emitting diodes with independently tunable CIE coordinates and luminance were realized, which exhibited great potential toward practical applications.
Laser-induced photoresistance effect in Si-based vertical standing MoS2 nanoplate heterojunctions for self-powered high performance broadband photodetection
Authors: Qiao Shuang , Liu Jihong , Fu Guangsheng , Wang Shufang , Ren Kailiang , Pan Caofeng
Published: August 2019

In this manuscript, the vertically standing nanoplate MoS2/Si heterojunction is prepared and successfully exploited as a photovoltage, photocurrent and photoresistance-based multifunctional self-powered position sensitive detector (PSD).
Hierarchical voltage imbalance control for single‐/three‐phase hybrid multimicrogrid
Authors: Wang Can , Yang Ping , Chen Ran , Cheng Shan , Tian Tian , Li Xianghe
Published: August 2019

With the rapid development of distributed generation (DG), microgrids and multimicrogrids (MMGs) appear at the end of distribution networks. For the islanded operation of a single‐/three‐phase hybrid MMG, a hierarchical coordinated control scheme is proposed in this study that includes primary and secondary levels. A compound control strategy based on quasi‐proportional resonant and robust control is proposed for the primary voltage/frequency control to suppress voltage fluctuations caused by sudden changes in load power and DG output power; a coordinated strategy regarding tie‐line power at the point of common coupling (PCC) is proposed for the secondary control to simultaneously improve voltage imbalance at the terminal of the master power supply, PCC, and load terminal. The proposed hierarchical coordinated control scheme is compared with conventional proportional–integral control and a control method based on the PCC to verify its performance. Test studies verify the superior robustness and voltage imbalance control performance of the proposed control scheme in coping with a sudden change in power and unbalanced loads.
Incidence and Outcomes of Hypernatremia in Adult Neurological Non–Brain-Dead Patients Admitted to Tertiary Care Neurologic Institute: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Jena Sritam S. , Venkatapura Ramesh J. , Christopher Rita , Shukla Dhaval , Chakrabarti Dhritiman
Published: August 2019

Background Hypernatremia is known to have high mortality and morbidity in patients with neurological disorders. However, in most studies, it is not clear whether hypernatremia associated with brain death has been excluded. Including brain-dead patients will spuriously give a very high mortality rate. Therefore, in this study, we have evaluated the mortality of hypernatremic patients after excluding the brain-dead patients on the first day of hypernatremia.

Methods All neurological patients admitted to the hospital who developed hypernatremia (serum Na > 150 mEq/L) were included in the study. Brain-dead patients and patients with Glasgow coma score (GCS) 3 on the first day of detection of hypernatremia were excluded. Demographic variables, clinical variables, and outcome variables were collected from the case files retrospectively.

Results In total, 100 patients developed hypernatremia during the study period. Among them, 14 patients were excluded because of GCS 3 or unavailability of GCS data on the day of detection of hypernatremia. There were 37 mild, 28 moderate, and 21 severe hypernatremic patients. The mortality was 32%, 39%, and 52% in the mild, moderate, and severe hypernatremic patients, respectively. Patients with traumatic brain injury had higher mortality in comparison to all other disease conditions (56% vs. 29.6%, p < 0.02).

Conclusion The mortality is high even in mild cases of hypernatremia. Very high mortality (52%) is seen in severe hypernatremic patients. Therefore, it is important to monitor, identify, and treat these patients aggressively.
High temperature stability of transparent silica aerogels for solar thermal applications
Authors: Strobach Elise , Bhatia Bikram , Yang Sungwoo , Zhao Lin , Wang Evelyn N.
Published: August 2019

Solar thermal energy systems combined with low-cost thermal storage provide a sustainable, dispatchable source of renewable energy. One approach to increase the attractiveness of these systems is to use high-performing solar transparent, thermally insulating silica aerogel to significantly increase efficiency. Several past works have proposed using these ultra-nanoporous materials to reduce thermal losses in the receiver, but only recently have aerogels reached the high solar transparency necessary to be considered for concentrated solar applications (>97%). However, the durability and stability of optically transparent silica aerogels at the operating conditions of solar-thermal receivers has not been examined. Here, we investigate the high temperature stability of transparent silica aerogel for use in concentrated solar thermal energy applications. Transparent samples (visible transmission >95% at 4 mm thickness) were annealed for several months at 400, 600, and 800 °C to investigate the relative change in nanostructure, solar transparency, and effective thermal conductivity. Results showed that at 400 and 600 °C, the temperature-dependent changes reach a plateau within 30 days of continuous annealing, but at 800 °C, samples are structurally unstable. A simple receiver efficiency model was used to show stable performance at 400 and 600 °C temperatures, even after months of exposure. This work validates that transparent silica aerogels can be used in solar thermal receivers below 800 °C, yielding appreciable increases in efficiency for solar energy harvesting operation.
Generation of hydrogen ionic plasma superimposed with positive ion beam
Authors: Oohara W. , Fujii M. , Watai M. , Hiraoka Y. , Egawa M. , Morinaga Y. , Takamori S. , Yoshida M.
Published: August 2019

In this study, a hydrogen ionic plasma with relatively low residual fractional electron concentration (ne/n+ ∼ 10−2) is generated using an aluminum plasma grid for the production of negative hydrogen ions and a control grid for negative ion extraction and electron removal. The ionic plasma is composed of negative and positive ions, containing molecular ions. Negative ions are in part produced using positive ions with several electron volts. A positive ion beam with 50 eV or more contributes to increase the density of the ionic plasma. The positive ion beam energy and the control grid bias voltage are tuned in such a way that a high-density ionic plasma is maintained.
Nonlinear optical microscopy with achromatic lenses extending from the visible to the mid-infrared
Authors: Hanninen Adam M. , Potma Eric O.
Published: August 2019

With the advent of near-infrared broadband sources stretching into the mid-infrared (MIR) region, there is a growing demand for optical components with utility over an increasingly broad spectral range. For refractive lenses, color correction over such broad bandwidths can be a challenge. In this work, we discuss and demonstrate a two-element lens design with achromaticity spanning the visible to the mid-infrared. The air-spaced doublet designed from commercially available materials shows a significant reduction in spot size and chromatic shift compared to single lens alternatives. We have tested these new broad bandwidth achromats for the purpose of laser-scanning sum-frequency generation microscopy, confirming their improved performance for nonlinear optical imaging applications. The super broadband achromatic lenses represent an attractive alternative to reflective components in ultrabroadband applications, as they enable compact transmission-based optical designs and good focusing performance at off-axis field angles.
A generalized self-consistent model for quantum tunneling current in dissimilar metal-insulator-metal junction
Authors: Banerjee Sneha , Zhang Peng
Published: August 2019

We study the current density-voltage (J − V) characteristics of dissimilar metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanoscale tunneling junctions using a self-consistent quantum model. The model includes emissions from both cathode and anode, and the effects of image charge potential, space charge and exchange correlation potential. The J − V curves span three regimes: direct tunneling, field emission, and space-charge-limited regime. Unlike similar MIM junctions, the J − V curves are polarity dependent. The forward (higher work function metal is negatively biased) and reverse (higher work function metal is positively biased) bias J − V curves and their crossover behaviors are examined in detail for various regimes, over a wide range of material properties (work function of the electrodes, electron affinity and permittivity of the insulator). It is found that the asymmetry between the current density profiles increases with the work function difference between the electrodes, insulator layer thickness and relative permittivity of the insulator. This asymmetry is profound in the field emission regime and insignificant in the direct tunneling, and space charge limited regimes.
How tiny patterned membranes open the Cosmos to scientists
Authors: Kish Stacy W.
Published: August 2019

Layering metals in unique patterns reduces the conductance of freestanding silicon nitride membranes, opening new opportunities for improving low temperature sensors.
Liquid-crystalline phase transitions in lipid droplets are related to cellular states and specific organelle association
Authors: Mahamid Julia , Tegunov Dimitry , Maiser Andreas , Arnold Jan , Leonhardt Heinrich , Plitzko Jürgen M. , Baumeister Wolfgang
Published: August 2019

Significance

Lipids have essential roles in cellular energy homeostasis and are key structural components of membranes and thereby provide the basis of cellular compartmentalization. The maintenance of lipid homeostasis is of fundamental importance to cellular physiology. Lipid droplets (LDs) are central organelles orchestrating lipid fluxes inside cells. By examining pristinely preserved frozen-hydrated HeLa cells with cryoelectron microscopy, we show that LDs exhibit different internal organizations, as well as organelle associations, depending on cellular states. We demonstrate the presence of a liquid-crystalline phase under certain conditions, which are likely to impact the physiological functions of LDs. Furthermore, crystalline droplets are a major component of atherosclerotic lesions in human arteries. Crystalline LDs secreted by cells may therefore have a direct link to pathologies.
A General Review on Methods of Sediment Sampling and Mineral Content Analysis
Authors: Awal R. , Sapkota P. , Chitrakar S. , Thapa B.S. , Neopane H.P. , Thapa B.
Published: August 2019

Sediment erosion is a major problem in hydropower plants of Himalayan and Andes region which causes frequent breakdown of electromechanical parts in contact with sediment laden water demanding regular maintenance. Sediment suspended in water with high velocity has higher potential to erosion of the turbine parts. Studies show that sediment erosion can be minimized to some extent if modifications in the design, use of erosion resistant material as well as application of erosion resistant paints are carried out on those components. Besides, thorough understanding of sediment by proper analysis is important for designing and making components less prone to sediment erosion. The efficiency of sediment analysis depends on the sampling method and the method used for particle size distribution (PSD) analysis and mineral content (MC) analysis. Depending on the nature of the stream, a different method should be adopted. This paper presents a general overview of the method of sampling, method of PSD and MC analysis.
Opportunities and Challenges of introducing Francis Turbine in Nepalese Micro Hydropower Projects
Authors: Ghimire A. , Dahal D. R. , Pokharel N. , Chitrakar S. , Thapa B. S. , Thapa B.
Published: August 2019

Despite the initiation of the master plan, envisioned by the government of Nepal, complete electrification of rural Nepal still seems over ambitious for quite a long time. Thus Micro Hydropower Plants (MHP) can still be very effective for rural electrification. Decades of manufacturing of same type turbines have saturated the turbine manufacturing industries of Nepal, which demands for some new innovations and that could be the introduction of Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP. It’s undeniable that there are umpteen opportunities for the turbine manufacturers to manufacture and install the Francis turbines in Nepalese MHP. The feasibility studies performed by different institutions and the government policy strengthen the claim. In addition to that, data received from, NMHDA and a local turbine manufacturing industry suggest that there are abundant sites suitable for installation of Francis turbine. This paper illustrates the need of introducing the Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP and discusses about the opportunities available for the turbine manufacturers to enter into the market of Francis turbines for micro hydro and subsequently for larger hydropower projects in the near future. The challenges associated with the introduction of Francis turbine in MHP are highlighted.
Application of ‘Structure from Motion’ (SfM) technique in physical hydraulic modelling
Authors: Kumar Karmacharya Sanat , Bishwakarma Meg , Shrestha Ujjwal , Rüther Nils
Published: August 2019

There are many methods available for measurement of bed morphology in physical hydraulic model studies considering mobile bed sediment. Among which, there are sophisticated instrumentations which provide quality results in shorter time but are vastly expensive and requires special training for execution. Whereas the conventional surveying methodology, which is simple and inexpensive, requires plenty of time for the measurement and processing of the data. That is why the recent developments in ‘Structure from Motion’ (SfM) technique have made it a potential candidate for an inexpensive and efficient tool for measurement of bed morphology in physical hydraulic model studies. SfM method allows to simultaneously determine both the parameters of the camera and the 3D structure of a scene by combining 2D images taken from multiple viewpoints. SfM tools can create a dense point cloud out of a set of partially overlapping photographs taken even by a budget friendly digital camera. The SfM method have already been used as an alternative for topographic surveying to create high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM). Some researchers had also used it for measurement of bed morphology in laboratory experiments. In this study, different freely available SfM tools were used to create a dense point cloud from a set of photographs representing a short reach in a river model in the hydraulic laboratory at Hydro Lab. The selected tools were compared with each other and against a commercial software, based on the methodologies used, processing time and quality of the output. Then the results from SfM method were compared with actual measurements in the physical model done with a conventional surveying technique using a theodolite and a level machine. The results showed that free SfM tools can also produce efficient results compared to commercial tools and SfM method can be used as an inexpensive and efficient alternative for bed morphology measurements in physical hydraulic models.
Physical modelling of pressurized flushing of non-cohesive sediment using lightweight material
Authors: Kumar Karmacharya Sanat , Henry Pierre-Yves , Bishwakarma Meg , Aberle Jochen , Rüther Nils
Published: August 2019

In this study, pressurized flushing of non-cohesive reservoir sediment through a bottom orifice was simulated in laboratory experiments using lightweight material as model sediment. The experiments were carried out by varying flushing discharge, reservoir water level, thickness of sediment deposit layer and opening height of bottom orifice. The volumes of flushing cones formed with lightweight material were compared with volumes calculated using empirical relations proposed by past studies. The good trend observed in variation of dimensionless flushing cone volume against different dimensionless parameters justified the possibility of using the lightweight material as model sediment.
Analytical modelling for optimized selection between renewable energy systems and the conventional grid expansion
Authors: Sanjel Nawaraj , Baral Bivek , Acharya Mahesh , Gautam Satish
Published: August 2019

The study aims to present the analysis of Economic Distance Limit (EDL) of conventional grid extension and some renewable energy systems for Gorkha District based on Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis. The study is an attempt to prepare a framework for the evaluation of a least cost electricity master plan which may be applied to other districts in future. An analytical tool has been followed to carry out the least cost electrification planning. The least cost planning has been done for the load forecast for the 5th year, which is 965 kW in aggregate. Accordingly, to meet this demand, it has been assumed that there will be 40 numbers of 25 kVA transformers feeding the settlements in the study Village Development Committee (VDCs), and an alternative option of electrifying these villages will consist of 40 Micro-Hydro Power plants (MHPs) of 25 kW capacities each. The result shows that extension from the existing grid points up to additional 22.41 km (economic distance limit, or EDL) is more economical than supplying through the installation of MHPs. A similar comparison was attempted with grid vs commercial scale solar photovoltaic (PV) for a theoretical load of 25 kW; the EDL for grid-extension has been worked out to be 47.96 km with battery storage. Furthermore, the costs of low voltage lines have not been included in comparison assuming they are common costs to both options. Reliability from the grid supply, MHPs and commercial solar PV has been assumed to be similar.
Modelling of asymmetric n-p junction enriched with charge carriers in equilibrium state
Authors: Bogatov N M , Grigoryan L R , Kovalenko A I , Nesterenko I I , Polovodov Y A
Published: August 2019

Modelling n-p-junction is an urgent task, because theoretical models do not describe all the properties of semiconductor structures with different content of impurities. The influence of impurities on the properties of asymmetric n-p-junction was analyzed in the paper. The Poisson equation in the space charge region (SCR) of the equilibrium n-p-junction was solved numerically. The charge density in the SCR was also calculated. It has been shown that the structure of SCR of strongly asymmetric n-p-junction substantially differs from the model of depleted charge carriers, and includes four parts: 1 – highly doped region, wherein the main charge carriers partially compensate the charge of the ionized impurities; 2 – low-doped region containing ionized impurities of the opposite sign with respect to the first, enriched with charge carriers, increasing the charge of ionized impurities; 3 – lowly doped region, wherein the concentrations of electrons and holes much less than the concentration of ionized impurities; 4 – lowly doped region, wherein the main charge carriers partially compensate the charge of the ionized impurities.