bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Thienopyridines
Authors: LUBBE DIETER F. , BERGER PETER B.
Published: July 2007

Platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation are key processes in the pathogenesis of coronary disease. Inhibition of these processes forms the cornerstone of therapy for coronary artery disease and particularly of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aspirin was the only available antiplatelet therapy for over 100 years, and it improves clinical outcome in a wide range of clinical situations. However, aspirin only inhibits platelet activation mediated by thromboxane A2, allowing platelet activation to occur through innumerable other pathways. As a result, adverse ischemic events are common when aspirin alone is used for the treatment of coronary disease, including ACS, during coronary interventions (particularly during stent implantation), and following coronary vascular brachytherapy (VBT). In these clinical situations, the presence of either thrombus, deep injury to the vessel wall, or delayed vascular reendothelialization leads to intense and often prolonged platelet activation, overwhelming the relatively weak effects of aspirin. The development of the thienopyridines, a class of antiplatelet drugs that reduce adenosine diphosphate‐ (ADP) mediated platelet activation, has significantly improved clinical outcomes in many coronary conditions. Widespread use of ticlopidine, the first available thienopyridine, was limited by frequent side‐effects, including life‐threatening neutropenia and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Following the introduction of clopidogrel, a thienopyridine with an excellent safety profile, dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel has become standard therapy following coronary stent implantation and coronary VBT. In patients presenting with ACS, the addition of clopidogrel to aspirin has now been proven to reduce ischemic events. The most important limitation of dual antiplatelet therapy is the increased bleeding risk as compared with aspirin alone, particularly in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting during the index hospitalization. However, for many patients with ACS, combination therapy is appropriate.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonism and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: VIVEKANANTHAN DEEPAK P. , PATEL VASANT B. , MOLITERNO DAVID J.
Published: July 2007

Fibrinolytic therapy for the treatment of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction unquestionably reduces mortality when administered within 12 hours of symptom onset. By promptly restoring antegrade perfusion, infarct size is limited, ventricular function is less compromised, and mortality rates are lowered. Although fibrinolytic therapy initially restores antegrade flow in the infarct vessel in the majority of patients, sustained, tissue‐level reperfusion occurs in only approximately one fourth of patients. Thrombin and platelets associated with a coronary thrombus are not specifically targeted by fibrinolytic agents, but rather have paradoxically increased activity. These components contribute to the tendency for vessel reocclusion after initially successful reperfusion. Thus, adjunctive therapy with antithrombins and antiplatelet agents are essential in the successful treatment of a coronary thrombus. Although aspirin has been shown to reduce mortality in acute myocardial infarction, it is a weak antiplatelet agent that is pathway specific. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are potent antiplatelet agents that block the final common pathway for platelet aggregation. Thus, the growing evidence of platelet preeminence in the pathophysiology of failed thrombolysis has lead to the study of combination drug therapy with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition and reduced dose fibrinolytic agents in the treatment of acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction. This article reviews the rationale, results, and clinical implications of the major trials of combination drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
Low Molecular Weight Heparins and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists
Authors: FERGUSON JAMES J.
Published: July 2007

The consistent message that emerges from virtually every recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) trial is that the old “standard” of using aspirin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) can be considerably improved upon. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) (most notably enoxaparin) are emerging as a broad replacement for UFH. Initial safety concerns about combining LMWHs and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists have not been borne out; in fact, major bleeding complications may be lower with LMWHs. Clinical outcomes to date suggest that LMWHs may be a better first line therapy than UFH on which to superimpose adjunctive GP IIb/IIIa antagonists. Emerging clinical experience further supports the safety and efficacy of this combination regimen. The forthcoming SYNERGY study will prospectively compare enoxaparin and UFH in high risk patients in whom an invasive management strategy is pursued, with a high coincident use of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists. As the standard of care moves forward, we will see increasing use of LMWHs, with and without GP IIb/IIIa antagonists in conservatively and invasively managed patients.
Ambulatory Use of Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel in Association with Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization Procedures in a National Managed Care Organization
Authors: SHATIN DEBORAH , SCHECH STEPHANIE D. , BRINKER ALLEN
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to quantify ambulatory use of ticlopidine and clopidogrel in association ‐with percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures (PTCA, atherectomy, stent) in a national managed care organization. Retrospective administrative claims data over a 3‐year period (1996–1998) from 12 UnitedHealth Group‐affiliated health plans in four geographic regions were collected. Pharmacy and medical claims data were used to determine the patients exposed to ticlopidine and clopidogrel between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 1998, the duration of use, prescriptions within 2 weeks of a coronary procedure, and stent patients prescribed either drug within 2 weeks of stent placement in 1998. Substantial short‐term use of ticlopidine and clopidogrel was found. The percentage of members with duration of use ≤ 30 days ranged from 50.4% in 1996 to 56.9% in 1998 for ticlopidine and was 52.7% for clopidogrel. In 1998, 46% and 33% of ticlopidine and clopidogrel users, respectively, had a medical claim for a coronary procedure that fell within 2 weeks of a prescription. The rate was lower for Medicare beneficiaries. In 1998, 78% of stent patients filled a prescription for either drug within 2 weeks of stent implantation. Although little difference was found overall in the use of these agents across geographic regions, a higher proportion of stent patients in the Southeast were prescribed ticlopidine within this timeframe. The findings suggest that during the study time period ticlopidine and clopidogrel are frequently used off‐label in association with percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures. These results were important in considering the overall benefit‐risk profile.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis: A Fantastic New Adventure
Authors: HARJAI KISHORE J. , CHOWDHURY PERTHA , GRINES CINDY L.
Published: July 2007

A significant proportion of patients with coronary artery disease have symptoms refractory to medical treatment, yet are unsuitable for conventional revascularization techniques, like percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass surgery. Such patients are potential candidates for alternative forms of coronary revascularization, like therapeutic angiogenesis. This strategy is designed to promote the development of supplemental collateral blood vessels that will act as endogenous bypass conduits. Two major avenues for achieving therapeutic angiogenesis are currently under intense investigation: gene therapy (the introduction of new genetic material into somatic cells to synthesize proteins that are missing, defective, or desired for specific therapeutic purposes) and protein‐based therapy (administration of the growth factors, instead of the genes encoding for the growth factors responsible for angiogenesis). This article provides a concise review of the “components” of gene and protein‐based therapy, namely, the growth factors, the vector (for gene therapy), the route of delivery, the therapeutic target, the desired therapeutic effect, and quantifiable clinical end points for trials of angiogenesis. Based on preliminary studies, the authors believe that therapeutic angiogenesis represents a promising novel therapy for treatment of the ischemic heart. In the future, angiogenesis will likely be offered as an adjunct to conventional revascularization strategies in subsets of patients who are only “suboptimally” revascularized with conventional techniques, and might evolve into a stand‐alone treatment for some patients with nonrevascularizable disease.
New Catheter‐Based Technology for the Treatment of Restenosis
Authors: KATAOKA TORU , HONDA YASUHIRO , BONNEAU HEIDI N. , YOCK PAUL G. , FITZGERALD PETER J.
Published: July 2007

Catheter‐based vascular interventions have been in development worldwide for several decades, leading to remarkable progress in device technology. Mechanical interventional devices, such as angioplasty balloons, atherectomy devices, and stents, were invented and have contributed greatly to the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular stenosis. However, mechanical approaches do not effectively prevent subsequent intimal growth. Recently, several biological approaches, including radiation therapy and drug‐eluting stents, have shown striking inhibition of intimal growth. These significant results are likely to change the treatment strategy in the field of interventional cardiology. Furthermore, additional catheter‐based technologies for vascular interventions are presently being evaluated. These latest technologies designed to prevent intimal proliferation include intravascular sonotherapy, cryotherapy, photoangioplasty, and soft X ray. To date, intravascular sonotherapy has proven its efficacy in animal studies and safety in human studies. Cryotherapy, the application of cold thermal energy during angioplasty, enhances the acute effects of conventional dilation while decreasing the likelihood of restenosis. Photoangioplasty has a unique property based on its selective mechanism of action to treat atheromatous plaque. Soft X ray systems provide convenient device handling and well‐controlled radiation dose. Some of these technologies may play an important role in vascular interventions in the near future.
Myocardial Infarction After Endomyocardial Biopsy in a Heart Transplant Patient
Authors: DROBINSKI GÉRARD , DORENT RICHARD , GHOSSOUB JEAN‐JACQUES , COLLET JEAN‐PHILIPPE , CHOUSSAT RÉMY , MONTALESCOT GILLES , THOMAS DANIEL , GANDJBACKCH IRADJ
Published: July 2007

In a heart transplant patient who had undergone several endomyocardial biopsies, ultrasound examination revealed severe left ventricular dysfunction after a stroke. Coronary angiography showed a distal left anterior descending artery fistula to the right ventricle. Left ventricular angiogram showed apical dyskinesia. The electrocardiogram and angiographic changes were thought to be due to a myocardial infarction secondary to a postendomyocardial biopsy hematoma, which should be added to the list of possible complications involved in endomyocardial biopsy.
Intracoronary Ultrasound in Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Characterization of Vulnerable Plaques to Guidance of Percutaneous Treatment of Complex Stenoses
Authors: JIMENEZ JESÚS , ESCANED JAVIER
Published: July 2007

Our current knowledge on the substrate and genesis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) results from the integration of pathological, angiographic, and intracoronary imaging techniques. To summarize briefly the current paradigm, eight differentiated stages of development of atherosclerotic lesions are currently accepted, defined not only by the cellular elements involved but also by the appearance of sudden alterations of plaque structure and coronary thrombosis, The latter constitutes not only the dominant substrate for the most devastating manifestations of coronary artery disease, but also accelerates plaque size at a faster pace than in earlier stages. The composition of atherosclerotic plaque varies significantly along the different evolutive stages, and thus includes cellular (macrophage, smooth muscle cells) and noncellular elements (glicosamingtycan or collagen‐rich cellular matrix, extracellular lipid deposits, calcification, fresh, or organized thrombus) in a varying proportion. Furthermore, a dynamic process of vessel remodeling occurs along the atherosclerotic process, resulting, in most cases, in a protective mechanism against myocardial ischemia by preserving luminal dimensions during plaque enlargement. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is one of the intracoronary imaging techniques that has contributed to the understanding of these changes in man. In addition. IVUS has the potential of being a useful clinical tool for predicting the chances of future acute coronary events by identifying vulnerable plaques, of characterizing which is the culprit lesion in ACS, and in guiding revascularization procedures in the treacherous field of thrombotic coronary syndromes. In this article, we review the current evidence on the potential of IVUS imaging for fulfilling these purposes.
Embolic Protection Devices
Authors: MORALES PHILIP A. , HEUSER RICHARD R.
Published: July 2007

The limiting factor in coronary artery bypass surgery is the relatively rapid progression of atheromatous disease in the saphenous vein grafts. Greater than one‐half of these vein grafts will fail by 10 years, and the risks associated with repeat coronary artery bypass surgery are significantly greater than that of the initial surgery. Yet, catheter‐based interventional treatment of saphenous vein grafts is hindered by distal embolization of friable lipid‐rich plaque. This is one mechanism responsible for reduced antegrade flow (i.e., “no‐reflow” phenomenon), including spasm of the distal microcirculation and platelet clumping. This complication increases the risk of a major adverse clinical event (i.e., myocardial infarction or late mortality). Distal protection devices are designed to provide protection of the distal microcirculation during percutaneous intervention. One device type is a balloon occlusive system that temporarily occludes the distal vessel during the intervention followed by the aspiration of liberated atheromatous and thrombotic material before it reaches the arteriolar and capillary bed. The other device type is a nonocclusive, filter‐based system that preserves coronary blood flow through tiny pores, as low as 100 microns. Atheromatous and thrombotic material is trapped in the filter‐based systems and then removed with the retrieval of the device through a retrieval catheter. This article discusses the current distal protective devices.
One Hundred Twenty Recurrences of Herpes Simplex Virus in an Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Rashid Rashid M. , Swan James
Published: July 2007

A 60‐year‐old woman presented to our clinic with a complaint of a dermatitis that had recurred 2 or 3 times a month for the past 5 years. No trigger episode or obvious pattern of recurrence was noted. She reported some itching or burning as a prodromal symptom. Recurrence has been at multiple sites, in a dermatome pattern, including areas around the arm, face, back, abdomen, knees, and ears. Each occurrence is at a different anatomic site (and she only has lesions at this 1 site during each occurrence. For example, after formation and resolution at 1 site (ie, the right medial forearm) the patient will then have a later recurrence at another site (ie, the upper left part of the back). The patient has no complaints of fevers, chills, or adenopathy. Medical history includes type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Results of a basic laboratory screening at the time were all within normal limits. No other contributory history was noted. On examination, the medial arm just proximal to the elbow had clusters of vesicles (Figure). Viral culture performed on the lesion confirmed our suspicion of the presence of herpes simplex virus (HSV). The patient was started on valacyclovir and asked to return if no improvement was noted. To date the patient has not returned to the clinic.

Recurrent herpes simplex virus presenting as a cluster of vesicles on the medial aspect of the arm.

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Giant Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Fresini Antonio , Rossiello Luigi , Severino Beatrice Ulloa , Prete Marco Del , Satriano Rocco Alfredo
Published: July 2007

A 72‐year‐old white man presented with a large cutaneous tumor on his back. The patient said the lesion, mostly asymptomatic, had increased in size for about 7 years. Physical examination revealed a vegetating mass (Figure 1), partially ulcerated, measuring 30 × 20 cm, which easily dripped serum and blood, with small necrotic areas and a sclerotic border. Perilesional skin appeared edematous, probably owing to inflammation and impaired lymphatic flow. Clinically, there was no evidence of lymph node involvement. His family history was noncontributory. Hematologic examination revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia. Laboratory test results showed hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia. The patient's history revealed mild hypertension, ischemic cardiopathy treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and anticoagulant drugs, and moderate chronic renal insufficiency. Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen taken from the margin of the lesion displayed a superficial area of ulceration and invasion of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissue (Figure 2A and Figure 2B). The tumor mostly showed an adenoid pattern: gland‐like structures and cystic spaces sometimes containing amorphous or granular material, surrounded by strands of basaloid cells devoid of any peripheral palisading (Figure 2C). In some areas, the adenoid pattern coexisted with infiltrated areas characterized by thin and elongated strands or cords of basaloid cells with irregular and jagged peripheral contours within a fibrous or edematous stroma (Figure 2D). Basaloid cells often revealed nuclear atypia, marked pleomorphism and hyperchromatism (Figure 2C and Figure 2D). Therefore, a diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma, adenoid subtype, was made. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 10‐cm wide thickening of the subcutaneous layer on the lumbar region, with a partial neoplastic infiltration of the muscle fascia. No evidence of metastases was found with a total body computed tomography scan. Because the patient was taking anticoagulant drugs and had unstable renal and cardiac function, surgical treatment was at least temporarily excluded, and the patient was referred for radiation therapy.

A vegetant mass 30 × 20 cm in size, partially ulcerated, on the lumbar region.

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(A) Infiltrating adenoid pattern with a superficial ulcerated area (hematoxylin‐eosin stain, original magnification ×50). (B) Same view at higher magnification (hematoxylin‐eosin stain, original magnification ×200). (C) Pseudoglandular appearance and remarkable nuclear atypia of tumor cells (hematoxylin‐eosin stain, original magnification ×400). (D) Elongated and irregular strands of tumor cells with absence of peripheral palisading (hematoxylin‐eosin stain, original magnification ×400).

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Molecular Phylogeny of the Heterotrichea (Ciliophora, Postciliodesmatophora) Based on Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences
Authors: SCHMIDT STEPHANIE L. , FOISSNER WILHELM , SCHLEGEL MARTIN , BERNHARD DETLEF
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT. A comprehensive molecular analysis of the phylogenetic relationships within the Heterotrichea including all described families is still lacking. For this reason, the complete nuclear small subunit (SSU) rDNA was sequenced from further representatives of the Blepharismidae and the Stentoridae. In addition, the SSU rDNA of a new, undescribed species of the genus Condylostomides (Condylostomatidae) was sequenced. The detailed phylogenetic analyses revealed a consistent branching pattern: while the terminal branches are generally well resolved, the basal relationships remain unsolved. Moreover, the data allow some conclusions about the macronuclear evolution within the genera Blepharisma, Stentor, and Spirostomum suggesting that a single, compact macronucleus represents the ancestral state.
Morphological Redescription and Neotypification of the Marine Ciliate, Amphisiella marioniGourret & Roeser, 1888 (Ciliophora: Hypotrichida), a Poorly Known Form Misidentified for a Long Time
Authors: LI JIQIU , LIN XIAOFENG , SHAO CHEN , GONG JUN , HU XIAOZHONG , SONG WEIBO
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT. The “well‐known” marine hypotrichous ciliate, Amphisiella marioniGourret & Roeser, 1888 has been repeatedly misidentified for over a century, which has led to great confusion in the species identification. Based on a population collected from mariculture water in Qingdao (Tsingtao), north China, the morphology and infraciliature were investigated using live observations and the protargol impregnation method. The Chinese population corresponds perfectly with the original description by Gourret and Roeser (1888). As the type species of Amphisiella, its morphological characteristics include: an elongated body about 90–150 μm long in vivo; with grouped cortical granules arranged in irregular rows throughout the whole body; a contractile vacuole located slightly behind mid‐body; adoral zone of membranelles slightly bipartite in structure with the anterior part ventrally located; amphisiellid median cirral row (ACR) extending to the level of the transverse cirri (TC); about eight frontal cirri left of the ACR; closely spaced marginal rows, displaced inwards, each with about 32 cirri; six TC arranged in a V‐shape; no caudal cirrus; five to six dorsal kineties; and typically two macronuclei. We conclude that the populations described by Mansfeld (1923) and Wicklow (1982), respectively, were misidentified. To clarify the taxonomic status of this species, the population from the northern Chinese coast of the Yellow Sea is designated as a neotype.
Sequence and Intranuclear Location of the Extrachromosomal rDNA Plasmid of the Amoebo‐Flagellate Naegleria gruberi
Authors: MARUYAMA SHINICHIRO , NOZAKI HISAYOSHI
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT. Several lower eukaryotic genomes have distinctive organization of rDNA on extrachromosomal molecules: the rDNAs of the amoebo‐flagellate Naegleria gruberi (Heterolobosea) are encoded on an extrachromosomal circular plasmid. Although the presence of a circular rDNA plasmid in N. gruberi has now been accepted, its sequence and intracellular location are still unclear. We have now sequenced the entire 14,128 bp of the extrachromosomal circular rDNA plasmid. It contains a single rRNA gene unit composed of 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA genes, but no tRNA or 5S RNA genes. We predict that there are two open reading frames. The region that flanks the rRNA gene unit is A/T‐rich, except for a highly G/C‐rich region that is approximately 900 bp upstream of the rRNA genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of N. gruberi cells revealed that the rDNA plasmids cluster within the nucleolus, suggesting that they are highly organized for the efficient transcription of rRNAs. The N. gruberi rDNA plasmid has a unique high‐order cluster structure that provides both a molecular basis for understanding chromosomal organization in basal eukaryotes, and a vehicle for constructing stable transgenic vectors.
Distribution and Phylogenetic Relationships of Freshwater Thaumatomonads with a Description of the New SpeciesThaumatomonas coloniensisn. sp.
Authors: WYLEZICH CLAUDIA , MYLNIKOV ALEXANDER P. , WEITERE MARKUS , ARNDT HARTMUT
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT.The order Thaumatomonadida includes biflagellated heterotrophic flagellates that form filopodia and typically possess siliceous surface scales. We found thaumatomonads to contribute on average about 5%–10% to flagellate abundance in different benthic habitats. A new species of thaumatomonads,Thaumatomonas coloniensisn. sp., is described on the basis of morphological and molecular biological features. This new species was isolated both from groundwater at Appeldorn near Rees (Germany) and from the Rhine River at Cologne (Germany). We have sequenced the small subunit rRNA (ssu rRNA) gene and a fragment of the large subunit rRNA (lsu rRNA) gene (D3–D5 region) from the isolates of the new species, including the first sequence of a representative of the thaumatomonad genusGyromitus. In agreement with previous studies, the differences in ribosomal genes of different thaumatomonad species are very small. For understanding the phylogenetic relationships of Thaumatomonadida and to explore their sister group relationships, we have created three sequence data sets (ssu rRNA, partial lsu rRNA, concatenated alignment of both) with the same composition of isolates (from Thaumatomonadida, Euglyphida, Cercomonadidae, and Heteromitidae). According to a Kishino–Hasegawa test, Thaumatomonadida evolved within the Cercozoa as a sister taxon to the Heteromitidae. A possibly close relationship to the Euglyphida, recently grouped together with the Thaumatomonadida in the class Imbricatea/Silicofilosea based on the rRNA data sets was not supported by our analyses.
Effects of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress on Tetrahymena pyriformis Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: FOURRAT LATIFA , IDDAR ABDELGHANI , VALVERDE FEDERICO , SERRANO AURELIO , SOUKRI ABDELAZIZ
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT. Previous reports showed that hydrogen peroxide and the NO‐generating reagent sodium nitroprusside (SNP)‐modulated enzymatic activity of animal glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12). These modifications are suggested to have a physiological regulatory role. To gain further insight into this regulatory process the model ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis was chosen. Both reagents inhibited growth of T. pyriformis cultures and produced a specific increase of GAPDH protein but only NO seemed to reduce GAPDH activity in cell‐free extracts. Both specific activity and pI were found to be altered in the in vivo NO‐treated purified enzyme, but no effect was detected by the in vivo H2O2 treatment. Analytical chromatofocusing showed a single basic isoform (pI 8.8) in enzyme preparations from control and H2O2‐treated cells. In contrast to this, three more acidic isoforms (pIs, 8.6, 8.0 and 7.3) were resolved in purified fractions from SNP‐treated cells, suggesting post‐translational modification of the enzyme by NO. Nevertheless, a decrease of GAPDH activity by H2O2 and NO, mainly due to a decrease in its Vmax without apparent change in substrate affinity, was observed in vitro in the whole enzyme population. The increase of GAPDH protein level found in vivo suggests a cell response in order to compensate for the inhibitory effect on activity observed in the purified enzyme. This is the first report of NO‐ and H2O2‐dependent effects on GAPDH of T. pyriformis, and identifies this key protein of central carbon metabolism as a physiological target of oxidative and nitrosative stress in this ciliated protozoan.
Parallel Informal Negotiation: A New Kind of International Dialogue
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E. , Chayes Abram , Martinez Janet
Published: July 2007

Bargaining in the international arena is intrinsically positional. Negotiators are often instructed by their governments not to improvise or explore new options when they meet with their counterparts—even though the invention of additional tradeoffs or packages might well produce “better” results for all sides. This article describes an approach that we call “parallel informal negotiation” which encourages a collaborative effort between contending groups that were officially not even allowed to interact: international trade and environment policy makers.
Neutrality: A Guide for the Organizational Ombudsperson
Authors: Gadlin Howard , Pino Elizabeth Walsh
Published: July 2007

Like dispute resolution practitioners in other arenas, organizational ombudspeople face profound challenges in dealing with the issue of neutrality. For ombuds, it is useful to view neutrality as composed of three major dimensions: the definition or terms of reference for the position; its institutional location; and the interactions of the ombuds within the organization. The authors analyze each of these conditions, and offer advice on how ombudspeople can maintain and enhance their neutrality.
Intervenors with Interests and Power
Authors: Watkins Michael , Winters Kim
Published: July 2007

This article presents a framework for understanding the roles that interested and powerful intervenors play in resolving disputes. Called an intervention role grid, this framework can be used to analyze the dispute resolution functions that third parties can perform. It may also be used to shed light on the difficult choices that confront intervenors with interests and power. The article uses case material from five recent international conflicts to illustrate how the intervention role grid works.
Parasitic Integration: Win‐Win Agreements Containing Losers
Authors: Gillespie James J. , Bazerman Max H.
Published: July 2007

“Parasitic integration” involves agreements that are Pareto‐superior for two or more of the negotiating parties, while being inferior for one or more of the remaining negotiating parties. The contrast between parasitic integration and integrative bargaining is highlighted. A taxonomy and examples of parasitic integration are provided, as well as linkages to specific areas in the negotiation literature.
Deciding to Negotiate with Villains
Authors: Spector Bertram I.
Published: July 2007

Do national leaders have an obligation to negotiate with enemies that have been villainized despite government policies and popular opinion that constrain them from doing so? This article compares the prenegotiation decision to negotiate under normal circumstances and under more trying conditions in which negotiation may be viewed as appeasement. Why enemies are villainized, the objectives of the villainizerr, the cosequences, and the “villainizer's dilemma” are examined. Four recent examples of negotiations – Israel‐PLO, U.S.‐Haiti, U.S.‐North Korea, and Great Britain‐Sinn Fein – are used to draw implications for researchers and practitioners on how, why, and under what circumstances leaders agree to negotiate with their villains, while saving face and shielding themselves from charges of appeasement.
Teaching Negotiation with a Feminist Perspective
Authors: Landry Elaine M. , Donnellon Anne
Published: July 2007

Negotiation teachers encourage their students to be inventive, improve agreements, and push outward on the “pareto” frontier. Likewise, teachers can improve their practice by seeking value, sometimes in other disciplines. In general, negotiation is taught through a combination of lectures with simulation exercises and debriefings. Feminist pedagogy enhances this normative model of teaching negotiation. This article links the traditional method of teaching negotiation with four key principles of feminist pedagogy.
New Approaches to Old Problems: Lessons from an Ethnic Conciliation Project in Four Central and Eastern European Countries
Authors: Shapiro Ilana
Published: July 2007

This case study of Partners for Democratic Change's Local Ethnic Conciliation Program in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia examines: different social psychological processes and perspectives for resolving ethnic minority‐majority conflicts; the adaptation of a western conflict resolution model in Central and Eastern Europe; challenges and opportunities for strategic organic development of citizen‐based initiatives; and the role of conflict resolution efforts in social change and civil society development in these Central and Eastern European countries. The study suggests a theory‐based framework for evaluating interventions into ethnic conflicts and offers recommendations for future applied research and project development.
In Search of the Rosetta Stone of the Mediation Profession
Authors: Barrett Jerome T.
Published: July 2007

Although people have their choice today of an ever‐growing number of “how‐to” books and articles about the mediation process, this plenitude was hardly always the case. In fact, back in the early 1950s in the United States, three young mediators with the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) drafted a 62‐page memo on the subject of their work which included 120 different techniques of mediation, many of which would be familiar and useful to practitioners today. Their pioneering work, however, was neither recognized nor encouraged by the FMCS; in fact, it was suppressed. This article focuses on the reasons for the suppression of that work, providing an overview of the vast changes that have taken place in mediation's history and the federal labor‐management mediation agency over the past half‐century.
Rethinking Pareto‐Efficiency and Joint Feasibility
Authors: Metcalfe David
Published: July 2007

This essay provides an empirical analysis of Pareto‐efficiency and joint feasibility in multiparty contexts. In the two multiparty negotiations studied, approximately half the outcomes are Pareto‐efficient whereas less than one per cent of the outcomes are jointly feasible. The importance of these findings for prescriptive negotiation advice is discussed, and directions for future research are proposed.
Using Multiple Intelligences to Improve Negotiation Theory and Practice
Authors: Gardner Howard
Published: July 2007

In this brief question‐and‐answer format, education theorist Howard Gardner discusses the application of the multiple intelligences framework to negotiation. Work on how human beings understand the world around them, and the effects of scripts and stereotypes on their comprehension, is also discussed. The interviewee concludes by offering specific suggestions on how negotiators might “dissolve” nonproductive theories and substitute improved frameworks to guide their practice.
Culture and Negotiation Pedagogy
Authors: Avruch Kevin
Published: July 2007

Both in theory and practice, our understanding of what “culture” is remains limited; the subject, in fact, is either misrepresented or all but ignored in most of the popular and scholarly literatures. The author offers six mutually related ideas that help to explain what culture is not. He then describes an approach to understanding cultures that he finds more useful. The implications of that approach have led him to several different techniques for teaching the subject in negotiation classes.
Research Report: Control, Communication, and Power: A Study of the Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution of Enforcement Actions at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Authors: Bourdeaux Carolyn , O'Leary Rosemary , Thornburgh Richard
Published: July 2007

Two decades after pioneering the use of alternative dispute resolution techniques, practices, and processes, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has emerged as the leader among federal agencies. As such, the EPA provides a suerful setting for testing conventional wisdoem and theories about alternative dispute resolution. This essay takes data collected as a part of an assessment of the agency's enforcement ADR program and examines how well it reflects or illuminates current theory and conventional wisdom about conflict resolution. In particular, we examine why parties to a dispute choose ADR, and the key elements needed for the successful resolution of environmental conflicts, including the dynamics between the parties at the table and mediator characteristics.
Negotiating with Lawyer, Me, and Things: The Contextual Approach Still Matters
Authors: Menkel‐Meadow Carrie
Published: July 2007

Over the past two decades, there has been an ever‐increasing amount of attention paid to negotiation and dispute resolution in practice and inscholarly and general audience publications. The author in 1983 suggested that negotiation was a study of “strategies in search of a theory.” In this review essay, she considers three recently published books ‐ two awardwinning publications specifically focused on negotiation and a third on creativity that offers much food for thought for people in the negotiation field. In addition to a description and assessment of the contributions of each book, she also speculates on where we have come thus far “in search of a theory” (or theories) of negotiation, and offers a series of proposals for future study.
Institutionalized Conflict Resolution: Have We Come to Expect Too Little?
Authors: Welsh Nancy A. , Coleman Peter T.
Published: July 2007

Two very different contexts of the conflict resolution field — hostage negotiation and court‐connected mediation — do share many similarities, particularly with regard to roles, responsibilities, and techniques. In both contexts, the emphasis is on the short‐term “fix”, or solution, rather than attention to the underlying reasons for a conflict and long‐term societal change. This emphasis, though perhaps changing in the international relations area, permeates much of the institutionalized conflict resolution field and bears further examination by practitioners and researchers.
Trajectories Toward Peace: Mediator Sequencing Strategies in Intractable Communal Conflicts
Authors: Weiss Joshua N.
Published: July 2007

The author identifies three distinct mediation sequencing strategies used in intratable communal conflicts: the graualism model; a “boulder‐in‐the‐road” approach; and the “committee” strategy. Using case examples of contemporary mediation efforts, he describes the three approaches and their advantages and disadvantages. A wider‐angle approach to the differences in how mediators and conflicting parties achieve peace in these destructive conflicts is useful for both scholarly inquiry and practice.
The Human Side of Complex Pubilc Policy Mediation
Authors: Podziba Susan L.
Published: July 2007

If properly barnessed, the passions inherent in complex public policy disputes can be a driving force for reaching sustainable agreements, rather than leading to chaos. The author discusses how mediators can intervene to challenge existing assumptions, encourage ease among negotiators, promote uriosity and lay the groundwork for achieving actionable agreements by delving into human nature and the spectrum of differentiated human emotion
Plasmablastic microlymphoma occurring in human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8)‐positive multicentric Castleman's disease and featuring a follicular growth pattern
Authors: DARGENT JEAN‐LOUIS , LESPAGNARD LAURENCE , SIRTAINE NICOLAS , CANTINIEAUX BRIGITTE , LI RONG , HERMANS PHILIPPE
Published: July 2007

Plasmablastic microlymphoma (PML) is defined as the accumulation of monotypic but polyclonal plasmablasts in lymphoid tissues involved in human herpes virus 8 (HHV‐8)‐positive multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). So far, the nature of this very rare condition remains poorly determined. In this study, we describe a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐seropositive patient who developed a PML in the setting of HHV‐8‐positive MCD. In contrast to the cases previously reported, most of the plasmablasts in our patient were localized within the germinal center (GC) of lymphoid follicles. These plasmablasts expressed the multiple myeloma‐1/interferon regulatory factor‐4 (MUM1/IRF4) protein as well as IgMλ in a monotypic fashion. They did not show any immunoreactivity with antibodies directed against Pax‐5, CD20, CD79a, CD10, CD30, CD23, CD138, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) or BCL‐6. These cells exhibited a high proliferation rate, expressed the HHV‐8 latent nuclear antigen‐1, and secreted the HHV‐8 viral homologue of human interleukin‐6. Polymerase chain reaction analysis did not demonstrate any clonal rearrangement of the genes coding for the heavy chain of the immunoglobulin. Moreover, no Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) RNA transcript could be found, using in situ hybridization. The present case illustrates that PML may arise within the GC of lymphoid follicles in the absence of EBV coinfection. In our opinion, PML occurring in MCD likely represents a variant of HHV‐8‐positive MCD in which lytic HHV‐8 replication is particularly prominent, due to a local or systemic immune imbalance.
Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the endometrium with expression of CD10 and hormone receptors
Authors: KASASHIMA SATOMI , MINATO HIROSHI , KOBAYASHI MASAKO , UEDA YOSHIMICHI , ODA YOSHIO , HASHIMOTO SHIGERU , INOUE MASAKI
Published: July 2007

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare tumor of uncertain histogenesis, mainly localized in the extremities. ASPS originating in the uterine corpus is quite rare; only eight such cases have been reported in the literature. We here present another case of ASPS found in the endometrium in a 50‐year‐old woman. Metastatic malignant tumor, including ASPS from other organs, was excluded by physical examination and imaging modalities. Thallium 201 was only localized in the uterus. The tumor showed characteristic histological features of ASPS: alveolar architecture with fibrovascular septa and abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm with periodic acid‐Schiff‐positive crystalline material. Diffuse nuclear immunoreactivity for TFE3, a marker recently reported to be specific for ASPS, further supported the diagnosis of ASPS. Interestingly, this tumor was negative for myogenic markers, but positive for CD10, progesterone receptor, and estrogen receptor. These immunohistochemical results and the tumor location suggest a possible link between endometrial stromal cells and the development of this tumor.
Reduction of p120ctn isoforms 1 and 3 is significantly associated with metastatic progression of human lung cancer
Authors: LIU YANG , XU HONG‐TAO , DAI SHUN‐DONG , WEI QIANG , YUAN XI‐MING , WANG EN‐HUA
Published: July 2007

P120‐catenin plays an important role in cell adhesion and signalling transduction though the function of its isoforms is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of p120‐catenin isoforms in lung cancer and investigate their relationship to clinicopathological factors in lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and adenocarcinomas. The expression patterns of p120‐catenin in lung cancer tissues and lung cancer cells were examined by p120‐catenin immunofluorescence, Western blot, and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Clear and continuous red fluorescence of p120‐catenin is displayed at the cell membrane of corresponding normal bronchial epithelial cells, but not in lung cancer tissues that show reduction or absence of membrane expression of p120‐catenin or cytoplasmic accumulation of p120‐catenin. Compared with corresponding normal lung tissues, lung cancer tissues have significantly lower levels of p120‐catenin proteins (P<0.001) and mRNA (P<0.001). The isoforms 1 (120 kD) and 3 (100 kD) proteins were major isoforms of p120‐catenin expressed in normal lung tissues, which were significantly reduced in lung cancer samples (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). The mRNA of p120‐catenin isoforms 1.2, 1.3, 2.3, 3.1 and 3.3 was detected in corresponding normal lung tissues, but was significantly absent in lung cancer samples (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). Furthermore, p120‐catenin isoform 1 is negatively associated—whereas p120‐catenin isoform 3 is positively associated—with lymph node metastasis. We conclude that reductions of isoforms 1 and 3 may play different roles in metastatic progression of human lung cancer.
Nucleotide binding to human UMP‐CMP kinase using fluorescent derivatives − a screening based on affinity for the UMP‐CMP binding site
Authors: Topalis Dimitri , Kumamoto Hiroki , Amaya Velasco Maria‐Fernanda , Dugué Laurence , Haouz Ahmed , Alexandre Julie Anne C. , Gallois‐Montbrun Sarah , Alzari Pedro Maria , Pochet Sylvie , Agrofoglio Luigi André , Deville‐Bonne Dominique
Published: July 2007

Methylanthraniloyl derivatives of ATP and CDP were used in vitro as fluorescent probes for the donor‐binding and acceptor‐binding sites of human UMP‐CMP kinase, a nucleoside salvage pathway kinase. Like all NMP kinases, UMP‐CMP kinase binds the phosphodonor, usually ATP, and the NMP at different binding sites. The reaction results from an in‐line phosphotransfer from the donor to the acceptor. The probe for the donor site was displaced by the bisubstrate analogs of the Ap5X series (where X = U, dT, A, G), indicating the broad specificity of the acceptor site. Both CMP and dCMP were competitors for the acceptor site probe. To find antimetabolites for antivirus and anticancer therapies, we have developed a method of screening acyclic phosphonate analogs that is based on the affinity of the acceptor‐binding site of the human UMP‐CMP kinase. Several uracil vinylphosphonate derivatives had affinities for human UMP‐CMP kinase similar to those of dUMP and dCMP and better than that of cidofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with a broad spectrum of antiviral activities. The uracil derivatives were inhibitors rather than substrates of human UMP‐CMP kinase. Also, the 5‐halogen‐substituted analogs inhibited the human TMP kinase less efficiently. The broad specificity of the enzyme acceptor‐binding site is in agreement with a large substrate‐binding pocket, as shown by the 2.1 Å crystal structure.
Cost benefit and clinical efficacy of low‐dose granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor after standard chemotherapy in patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: HASHINO S. , MORIOKA M. , IRIE T. , SHIROSHITA N. , KAWAMURA T. , SUZUKI S. , IWASAKI H. , UMEHARA S. , KAKINOKI Y. , KUROSAWA M. , KAHATA K. , IZUMIYAMA K. , KOBAYASHI H. , ONOZAWA M. , TAKAHATA M. , FUJISAWA F. , KONDO T. , ASAKA M.
Published: July 2007

High costs of molecule‐targeted drugs, such as rituximab, ibritumomab, and tositumomab have given rise to an economical issue for treating patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factors (G‐CSFs), which are also expensive, are widely used for treating neutropenia after chemotherapy. In Japan, lenograstim at 2 μg/kg (about 100 μg/body) or filgrastim at 50 μg/m2 (about 75 μg/body) is commonly administered for patients with NHL after chemotherapy. Therefore, cost‐effectiveness is an important issue in treatment for NHL. Patients with advanced‐stage NHL who needed chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or a CHOP‐like regimen with or without rituximab were enrolled in this randomized cross‐over trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of low‐dose G‐CSF. Half of the patients were administered 75 μg filgrastim in the first course after neutropenia and 50 μg lenograstim in the second course, and the other half were crossed over. Forty‐seven patients were enrolled in this cross‐over trial, and 24 patients completed the trial. Frequencies and durations of grade 4 leukocytopenia and neutropenia were similar in the two groups. Severe infection was rare and was observed at similar frequency. Frequencies of antibiotics use were also similar. The total cost of G‐CSF (cost/drug × duration of administration) was significantly lower in patients who received 50 μg lenograstim. Hence, a low dose of lenograstim might be safe, effective and pharmaco‐economically beneficial in patients with advanced‐stage NHL.