bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of activated CD4+ lymphocytes in the lung of individuals infected with HIV accompanied by increased virus production in patients with secondary infections
Authors: Franchini M , Walker C , Henrard D R , Suter-Gut D , Braun P , Villiger B , Suter M
Published: July 2010

The lung is continuously exposed to infectious and non-infectious agents causing cell activation. Activated cells in the lung such as antigen-presenting cells which harbour HIV may favour this organ as a site for virus production. To test this hypothesis, cells from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of HIV-infected patients and healthy controls were obtained and the activation of the cells were analysed by measuring the expression of IL-2 receptor, HLA-DR and VLA-1. The HIV-infected individuals were subdivided into ‘lung symptomatic’ or ‘lung asymptomatic’ patients, depending on the presence or absence of secondary lung diseases besides HIV. All HIV-infected individuals demonstrated a decreased number of CD4+ lymphocytes in blood; however, normal numbers of these cells were found in BAL. The activation state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in blood and BAL was higher in lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients compared with controls. The activation state was highest in the lung symptomatic group. Lung symptomatic patients and lung asymptomatic patients with extrapulmonary infections had increased levels of free virus in plasma. Four out of four individuals without or with only low amounts of cell-free HIV in plasma belonged to the symptom-free subgroup. These results suggest that microorganisms other than HIV may promote viral replication via antigen-driven accumulation and activation of CD4+ cells in the lung or other organs, and thus may be responsible for the loss of helper T cells and the progression of the disease.
Significance of extractable nuclear antigens in childhood autoimmune liver disease
Authors: Gregorio G V , Davies E T , Mieli-Vergani G , Vergani D
Published: July 2010

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) is found in connective tissue disorders and in autoimmune disease. While ANA-positive connective tissue disorders are subdivided according to possession of specific antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) (anti-ribonucleoprotein (anti-RNP), anti-Smith (anti-Sm), anti-Ro, anti-La), little is known about the presence and significance of ENA in autoimmune liver disease. To investigate this, we have tested 35 children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (19 ANA and/or smooth muscle antibody-positive (ANA/SMA +ve); 16 liver kidney microsomal 1-positive (LKM-1 +ve)) and 14 with ANA/SMA +ve autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC), using both double dimension immunodiffusion and ELISAs. Eighty children with non-autoimmune liver disease (20α1-antitrypsin deficiency, 20 Wilson's disease. 20 Alagille's syndrome and 20 chronic hepatitis B virus infection) and 20 healthy controls were also tested. ENA were detected in seven (20%) patients with AIH: two ANA-positive, one SMA-positive and four LKM-1-positive. Three were positive for anti-Sm, two for anti-La, one for anti-Sm/anti-La and one for anti-Sm/anti-La/anti-Ro. ENA-positive had more severe liver disease than ENA-negative patients (P < 0·03). ENA were not detected in ASC, non-autoimmune liver diseases and controls. Our results indicate that ENA reactivity, including anti-Sm and anti-La, characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome, respectively, are present in some patients with AIH even in the absence of ANA, and may characterize a particularly severe form of the disease.
Anti-V3 antibody reactivity correlates with clinical stage of HIV-1 infection and with serum neutralizing activity
Authors: Fenouillet E , Blanes N , Benjouad A , Gluckman J C
Published: July 2010

During HIV-1 infection, the current tenet is that only anti-gag antibodies decline, while those directed at env remain stable. Among the latter antibodies, those directed to the V3 domain of gpl20 are assumed to play a role in the immune surveillance against HIV-1. We investigated the correlation between anti-V3 antibody levels and the clinical stage of infection and the ability to neutralize syncytium formation. Using a V3-specific antigen-limited ELISA, we analysed the antibody levels of a panel of 93 HIV-1+ sera to V3 peptides derived from different HIV-1 strains and from the North American/European consensus sequence V3(Cs). Sera preferentially recognized V3 peptides from the representative V3(MN) strain and V3(Cs). Antibody reactivity to V3(MN) or V3(Cs) actually declined in relation with progression to AIDS, while antibodies against whole recombinant gpt60 or gp41 immunodominant epitope remained stable. There was a strong correlation (P < 00001) between anti-V3 (Cs)/V3(MN) antibody levels and serum titres that neutralized HIV-1MN-mediated syncytia. Serology based on V3-specific antigen-limited ELISA indicates that anti-V3 antibody reactivity may decline during the course of HIV infection.
Redimune® NF Liquid, a ready-to-use, high-concentration intravenous immunoglobulin therapy preparation, is safe and typically well tolerated in the routine clinical management of a broad range of conditions
Authors:   the study investigators, Piguet D , Tosi C , Lüthi J-M , Andresen I , Juge O
Published: July 2010

In clinical practice, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) is used in the management of a wide variety of medical conditions. Observational studies examining IVIG use in routine clinical practice are therefore an important means of validating findings from more strictly randomized controlled trials of patients with specific conditions. In this observational study, we examined the tolerability of a high-concentration (12%) ready-to-use liquid IVIG (Redimune® NF Liquid) when used in the standard management of a diverse range of conditions (including primary immunodeficiency diseases, neurology conditions, oncology conditions and immune thrombocytopaenic purpura). IVIG regimen and dose were selected by the physician based on the summary of product characteristics. During the study, 193 infusions were administered to 51 patients in 153 infusion cycles (per infusion cycle: one to five infusions; mean dose, 347·6 mg/kg; mean duration, 202·4 min). The mean maximum infusion rate per cycle was 2·9 mg/kg/min, demonstrating that the infusion rate was often higher than that recommended in the summary of product characteristics. Redimune® NF Liquid was well tolerated: there were 36 adverse reactions (at least probably associated with IVIG) in 10 patients (19·6% of sample, 0·24 per infusion cycle, 0·19 per infusion). The most common adverse reaction was headache (50% of reactions), followed by chills (13·8%). Most reactions (69%) were mild and there were no serious or unexpected reactions. In conclusion, in routine clinical practice involving patients with many different conditions, Redimune® NF Liquid was well tolerated by the majority of patients.
Association of intracellular pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood with the clinical or ultrasound indications for carotid endarterectomy in patients with carotid atherosclerosis
Authors: Profumo E , Buttari B , Tosti M E , Siracusano A , Ortona E , Margutti P , Capoano R , Salvati B , Riganò R
Published: July 2010

Early non-invasive diagnostic information would be useful in identifying patients at risk of progressive carotid atherosclerosis, despite an apparently harmless plaque on ultrasound imaging. In this study, we assessed the possible association of intracellular cytokines in peripheral blood with the ultrasound (stenosis ≥ 70%) and clinical indications (transient ischaemic attack, amaurosis fugax or stroke) for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients. Intracellular cytokine expression was determined in 106 patients (67 undergoing and 39 not undergoing CEA). Cells primed for the proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were found in significantly higher percentages in patients undergoing CEA than in patients who were not (P < 0·05). Intracellular cytokine expression was significantly higher in patients undergoing CEA who had stenosis ≥ 70% (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10), with previous stroke (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4 and IL-10) and with amaurosis fugax (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10) than in patients not undergoing CEA. Increased intracellular cytokines in patients' peripheral blood might be a warning signal indicating progressive atherosclerosis. If so, intracellular cytokine monitoring could help in selecting patients at high risk of future clinical cardiovascular events and therefore most likely to benefit from CEA or adjustment of pharmacological therapy.
Study of Toll-like receptor gene loci in sarcoidosis
Authors: Schürmann M , Kwiatkowski R , Albrecht M , Fischer A , Hampe J , Müller-Quernheim J , Schwinger E , Schreiber S
Published: July 2010

Sarcoidosis is a multi-factorial systemic disease of granulomatous inflammation. Current concepts of the aetiology include interactions of unknown environmental triggers with an inherited susceptibility. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are main components of innate immunity and therefore TLR genes are candidate susceptibility genes in sarcoidosis. Ten members of the human TLR gene family have been identified and mapped to seven chromosomal segments. The aim of this study was to investigate all known TLR gene loci for genetic linkage with sarcoidosis and to follow positive signals with different methods. We analysed linkage of TLR gene loci to sarcoidosis by use of closely flanking microsatellite markers in 83 families with 180 affected siblings. We found significant linkage between sarcoidosis and markers of the TLR4 gene locus on chromosome 9q (non-parametric linkage score 2·63, P = 0·0043). No linkage was found for the remaining TLR gene loci. We subsequently genotyped 1203 sarcoidosis patients from 997 families, 1084 relatives and 537 control subjects for four single nucleotide polymorphisms of TLR4, including Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile. This genotype data set was studied by case–control comparisons and transmission disequilibrium tests, but showed no significant results. In summary, TLR4 − w ith significant genetic linkage results − appears to be the most promising member of the TLR gene family for further investigation in sarcoidosis. However, our results do not confirm the TLR4 polymorphisms Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile as susceptibility markers. Our results rather point to another as yet unidentified variant within or close to TLR4 that might confer susceptibility to sarcoidosis.
Rheology in food research
Authors: WHITE G. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary.A survey of rheology and its applications in the food industry is presented. the subject is considered under the headings of psycho‐rheology, basic concepts in rheology, instrumentation for research, time‐dependent materials and methods of interpretation (eighty‐eight references).
Evaluation of some non‐meat proteins for use in sausage
Authors: THOMAS M. A. , BAUMGARTNER P. A. , BOARD P. W. , GIPPS P. G.
Published: July 2010

Fresh sausages were made having 0, 20, 40, or 60% of the meat protein replaced with milk co‐precipitates, soy protein preparations, or sodium caseinate, in order to determine the effect of the protein additives on the physical properties of the sausage emulsions and on their sensory qualities. Two milk co‐precipitates at 40% substitution gave sausages that were not significantly different from the controls in general acceptability. The other protein preparations gave sausages of poorer sensory quality as did all the additives at the 20% level of substitution. Cooked luncheon sausages with 20% substituted protein were similar in general acceptability to the control. No relation was found between the physical properties of the emulsions and the sensory properties of the sausages.
Aqueous extraction of black leaf tea.
Authors: LONG V. D.
Published: July 2010

Tea extracts produced from black tea and water by one extraction in a singlestage, laboratory‐scale, fixed‐bed extractor at water‐to‐tea ratios 4:1 and 5:1 by mass had concentrations 6–12 mass% soluble solids corresponding to 11–23 mass% yield from leaf on an as‐received basis. Concentration and yield are related functions of the water‐to‐tea ratio and the method of water addition. Observed trends are explained by quantitative theory which presents equations relating to perfectly stirred extraction and plug‐flow percolation. The best performance, obtained by conditioning leaf before extraction with part of the extraction water, occurred under conditions of reduced convective mixing.
The status of fluoride in bovine milk
Authors: BEDDOWS C. G. , BLAKE C.
Published: July 2010

Raw, whole and skim milks containing fluoride up to 100 ppm fluoride were pasteurised by the HTST and low temperature holding (LTH), and UHT and ‘in bottle’ sterilization methods. The heat treated milks were stable on standing at room temperature while centrifugation at 4000 g, 12 000 g and 30 000 g showed that a fluoride containing precipitate was not formed.

Dialysis in conjunction with a fluoride ion‐selective electrode showed that most of the fluoride was in an easily removable ionic complex. However a proportion of the fluoride, depending upon the heat treatment process used, was not removed by dialysis. A similar effect was observed with heat treated 0.25% casein suspension and with calcium phosphate free (CPF) milk. Examination of the non‐dialysable fraction from milk, by addition of fresh fluoride and also by gel chromotography showed that the fluoride was held in a tightly bound but reversible ionic complex.

All of the fluoride could be recovered in an ionic form as shown using the ion‐selective electrode on the milk after precipitation of the milk protein with 0.3 M citric acid.
Compositional variations and sensory acceptability of apple juice drink
Authors: BOARD P. W. , WOODS HELEN J.
Published: July 2010

Apple juice drinks containing 60% of Granny Smith or Jonathan juice, 8–14% soluble solids and Brix: acids ratios of 15:1 to 30:1 were assessed by a panel of twenty‐five tasters. Sweetness and sourness increased with increasing levels of soluble solids and acidity respectively. Sourness showed little change with soluble solids at constant Brix: acid ratio but sweetness changed significantly. Intensity of flavour increased with soluble solids but the changes differed in the two types of drinks. Drinks having different soluble solids or Brix:acid ratios sometimes had similar flavour acceptabilities. Sweetness or lack of sourness, and intensity of flavour appeared to account for much of the flavour acceptability of the drinks. Equations for predicting flavour acceptance, based on Brix and Brix:acid ratios, were also developed.
Residual NO−3 NO−2, carbonyl and TBA values of Turkish soudjouk manufactured by adding different starter cultures and using different ripening temperatures
Authors: GÖKALP H. Y.
Published: July 2010

No standard technologically based manufacturing method exists for dry, fermented, spicy Turkish style sausage (soudjouk) and current techniques yield techniques yield unacceptable, mostly rancid and putrid products with high levels of residual NO−3 and NO−2. A standard method of soudjouk processing was developed. Three different starter cultures (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. plantarum+Micrococcus aurantiacus, L. plantarum+M. aurantiacus+Debaryomyces hansenii) were added to the soudjouk mixture and ripened at three different temperatures (12–14, 16–18 and 20–22°C). The addition of mixed cultures significantly reduced the residual NO−3 and NO−2 levels, increased the lipid soluble carbonyl levels, and produced low thiobarbituric acid values in the ripened soudjouks. For better quality characteristics, addition of D. hansenii is advisable and a ripening temperature of 20‐22°C should be used.
Reaction of melanoidins with sulphur dioxide: stoichiometry of the reaction
Authors: WEDZICHA B. L. , KAPUTO M. T.
Published: July 2010

Sulphur dioxide, in the form of sulphur(IV) oxoanions(S(IV)), e.g. HSO‐3, SO2‐3, reacts irreversibly with non‐enzymic browning model melanoidins (Mr > 12000, prepared by combination of 1.25 mol glucose with 1 mol glycine (pH 5.5, 90°C, 22 hr)). When the reaction with S(IV) is carried out for > 39 days at 40°C and pH 5.5 with initial concentrations of melanoidin of 5.71 g/l and S(IV) of 0.0371 M (equivalent to c. 2400 ppm SO2), up to one sulphur atom is incorporated for every two molecules of glucose used to form the polymer. This stoichiometry is discussed in relation to the degree of unsaturation of the melanoidin.
Shape factors for the analysis of diffusion in air drying of grains
Authors: AGUERRE R. J. , GABITTO J. F. , CHIRIFE J.
Published: July 2010

The shape factors (φ) of different varieties of wheat, corn (maize), rice, sorghum, sunflower seeds and soybean have been experimentally determined. Shape factor values ranged from 0.63 to 0.99. These values are useful for correcting literature moisture diffusion coefficients in grains of different shapes, obtained from the analysis of drying curves; this allows direct comparison of diffusivity in different grains.
Influence of the degree of hydration on the thermal expansion of muscle tissue
Authors: MORLEY M. J. , MILES C. A.
Published: July 2010

The variation of expansivity, α, of beef M. semitendinosus with moisture content was determined by measurement of the temperature change induced by adiabatic compression over the moisture content range 2 to 90%, at temperatures (T) of 1, 8 and 15°C. At low levels of hydration, α increased with moisture content, reached a maximum around 35% water, and thereafter decreased. The data suggested that thermal expansivity is related to water binding, and the application of a simple expansivity model based on ‘free’ water, ‘bound’ water and dry‐solids, gave a value for the expansivity of ‘bound’ water at 8°C of 8.9±1.7x10‐4°C‐1, about seventeen times that of ‘free’ water.
Rapid estimation of psychrotrophic and proteolytic bacterial counts from total bacterial counts in cooled raw milk
Authors: POFFÉ R. , MERTENS W.
Published: July 2010

Cooled raw bulk milk samples were examined for total bacterial count after 3 days at 30°C, and the numbers of psychrotrophs and proteolytic psychrotrophs after 10 days at 7°C. Positive correlations were found between the total bacterial count and the numbers of psychrotrophs, enumerated on standard plate count (SPC) agar (r = 0.88, n = 65), and between the numbers of psychrotrophs counted on SPC agar and on milk agar, respectively (r = 0.89, n = 59). Only 30.4% of the bacteria were psychrotrophs but the regression shows that the percentage of psychrotrophs increases when the total bacterial count rises. On average only small differences were found between the counts of psychrotrophs on SPC agar and milk agar, suggesting that in most samples the same organisms were probably enumerated on both media. The numbers of proteolytic bacteria were less well correlated with the numbers of psychrotrophs (r = 0.65, n = 56), as wide variations occurred between the samples. It is suggested that the total bacterial count at 30°C can be a useful estimate of the number of psychrotrophs.
A low‐cost manual dehuller for soybeans
Authors: SINGH J. , SINHA L. K.
Published: July 2010

Removal of the hull is essential for processing soybean into human food, and a low‐cost manual dehuller was developed for use by unskilled people in rural areas without electricity. Using two labourers, its capacity is 35 kg h−1 at 96% dehulling efficiency, at a cost of Rs 0.13 kg−1. At a capital cost of Rs 2000, it would be an affordable communal item with potential to improve soybean utilization and nutrition in poor villages.
Mathematical modelling of hot air drying of sweet potato slices
Authors: DIAMANTE L. M. , MUNRO P. A.
Published: July 2010

The effect of air dry bulb temperature, air relative humidity, air velocity and sample thickness on the thin‐layer air drying of sweet potato slices was investigated. The drying rate curves consisted of two approximately linear falling rate periods and contained no constant rate period. Several mathematical models were fitted to the drying rates of sweet potato slices under a range of drying conditions. It was found that the modified Page equation best described the thin‐layer air drying of sweet potato slices down to a moisture content of 10% dry basis. Correlations were also determined for the slope and intercept of the modified Page equation in terms of the experimental variables.
User experiences with pharmacy benefit manager data at the point of care
Authors: Kaushal Rainu , Dhopeshwarkar Rina , Gottlieb Lawrence , Jordan Harmon
Published: July 2010

Objective  MedsInfo‐ED is a model health information exchange project for a network of emergency departments (EDs) in the state of Massachusetts. In this initiative, claims data from pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) were made available at the point of care to clinicians in the EDs. We performed a qualitative assessment of respondents' experiences with MedsInfo‐ED.

Methods  The assessment occurred at three pilot site EDs after implementation of MedsInfo‐ED. A semi‐structured interview instrument was used to collect information on strengths and weaknesses of the intervention.

Results  Respondents generally felt that MedsInfo‐ED improved their knowledge of patients' medications. However, overall, the respondents did not believe that MedsInfo‐ED decreased the time required to obtain a medication list. Workflow integration of the application differed among the three hospital sites in order to best fit their department needs. Important additional information desired by the respondents included psychiatric and HIV medications, mail order medications and medications dispensed in other countries. Suggestions for improvement included integrating the patient consent process into the workflow as well as improving medication list outputs.

Conclusions  The integration of PBM data at the point of care may help improve access to and completeness of patient medication histories, although such systems need to be carefully designed and implemented.
Studying factors related to pressure ulcers prevention: a marginal scale model for modelling heterogeneity among hospitals
Authors: Baldi Ileana , Ferrando Alberto , Foltran Francesca , Ciccone Giovannino , Gregori Dario
Published: July 2010

Rationale, aims and objectives  The purpose of this study was to analyse risk factors associated with the presence of pressure ulcer development in patients referred to several Italian hospitals, taking properly into account the within‐hospital outcome correlation.

Methods  We analysed data from a prevalence survey coordinated by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel on 12 000 hospitalized patients in Italy, collecting information on patient's risk, presence of ulcers and prevention measures.

The article describes the bases which generalized estimating equations rely on as well as their statistical properties. The article compares different model specifications in the light of background knowledge of the survey data and model assumptions, and discusses the potential for this modelling approach to apply in similar statistical situations.

Results  In accordance with existing literature, factors associated with pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients were identified as Braden scale, age and assistance‐connected aspects. Between‐hospital variability seemed to be explained by the adopted degree of prevention (use of preventive equipment combined with a repositioning strategy).

Conclusions  Modelling the covariance matrix or the scale argument of the correlated binary responses (presence/absence of pressure ulcers) by using moment estimators based on generalized estimating equations prevents optimistic inference and provides an important insight into the role of structural differences among hospitals.
Cytotoxic HL‐A Antibodies: Immunoglobulin Classification
Authors: AHRONS S. , GLAVIND‐KRISTENSEN S.
Published: July 2010

Leukocyte antibodies were fractionated by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, and it was found that antibodies are present in the IgG immunoglobulins in the majority of the cases. However, it was possible to demonstrate antibody activity in the IgM as well as the IgG fraction of sera originating from immunized volunteers, pregnant women, and patients with transfusion reactions caused by leukocyte antibodies.
Cross‐Reactions between the Major Histocompatibility System of Man and Mice (HL‐A and H‐2). Cytotoxic Action of Anti‐H‐2 Sera on Lymphocytes
Authors: IVAKOVÁ EVA , IVÁNYI P. , MICKOVÁ MILADA , DÉMANT AND P.
Published: July 2010

Alloimmune congenic anti‐H‐2 sera, dependent on the combination of H‐2 haplotypes of donor‐recipient strains, exert a strong cytotoxic activity against human cells. While strong sera react with almost all samples of human cells, in serial dilutions pronounced differences in strength of reactions can be found with different human cell samples in correlation with their HL‐A phenotype. The strongest associations of some anti‐H‐2f and anti‐H‐2p sera were found with HL‐A2 (r = 0.70 ‐ 0.80), HL‐A7 (r = 0.45 ‐ 0.55) and HL‐A27 (r = 0.65 ‐ 0.75) (with HL‐A27 in groups of patients with high frequency of this antigen r = 0.80 ‐ 0.90). Associations with HL‐A9 were also indicated. The reaction pattern itself, as well as absorption and family studies. strongly indicates that for the individual sera the differences in reaction strength are, in essence, quantitative in nature. While it is basically unclear which part of both MHS systems is responsible for the observed cross‐reactions, out of several alternatives the hypothesis indicating the polymorphism of common‐part structures on H‐2 and HL‐A molecules seems to be the most plausible.
Intra HLA‐D/DR region recombinant detected by primed lymphocyte typing (PLT)
Authors: JAKOBSEN B. K , KRISTENSEN T , LAMM L. U , MORLING N , BRUUN‐PETERSEN G , PLATZ P , RYDER L. P , SVEJGAARD A
Published: July 2010

The chromosome 6 markers, HLA‐ABC, D, DR, MT, properdin factor Bf, and complement factors 2 (C2) and 4 (C4), were studied in three families, each of which included two HLA identical siblings, one or both of whom were known to be HLA‐B: GLO recombinants. The families were also typed with primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) for HLA‐D/DR region associated DP antigens. None of these studies gave evidence that the recombinations had occurred within the HLA region. Mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) tests within the families showed no detectable stimulation between the HLA identical siblings in two of the families, but a very weak stimulation between the HLA identical siblings (H and G) in the third family (GG). No reactive PLT reagents were generated when cells from the HLA identical siblings of the first two families were primed against each other. In contrast, priming between cells of H and G gave rise to reactive reagents. One of these (GHx), reacted with a determinant which segregated within the GG family as if child G was a paternal recombinant between the HLA‐D, DR, DP, and C4 loci, on the one hand, and on the other hand one or more loci governing other HLA‐D/DR region controlled lymphocyte activating determinants. This reagent was only restimulated by cells from two of 47 unrelated individuals. The other PLT reagent (HGx) did not give a clearcut pattern within the family because it was weakly positive with all family members (most of whom were D/DR2‐positive) except the specific responder; in the panel it reacted with a determinant significantly associated with D/DR/DP2. Other PLT reagents could be generated within the family against lymphocyte activating determinants controlled by genes in the two paternal haplotypes telomeric to the assumed recombinational site. These reagents gave stronger reactions than the HGx and GHx reagents and reacted with two determinants in the unrelated panel strongly associated with D/DR/DP2 and D/DR/DP6, respectively.

It seems likely that the GG family represents a third example of a recombination between the HLA‐DR and SB loci. Our findings further support the assumption that the DR determinants may be immunodominant in lymphocyte activation.
Rhesus immunization after Rh‐incompatible kidney transplantation
Authors: Brodthagen Uffe A. , ÍBud Margreta
Published: July 2010

Rh‐immunizaton of a male recipient was observed following the transplantation of two kidneys from Rh‐pos donors. Immunosuppression consisted of azathioprine, prednisone and antilymphocyte globulin (1st transplantation) and cyclosporin A and prednisone (2nd transplantation). The immunization was probably caused by the residual blood in the cadaver kidneys. The use of cyclosporin A might increase the risk of Rh‐immunization.
Studies on Dermatomycoses in Dairy Animals/ Untersuchungen über Hautmykosen bei Milchvieh
Authors: Pal M. , Singh D. K.
Published: July 2010

Summary: The incidence of mycotic dermatitis of dairy animals due to various fungi has been investigated in different parts of Gujarat, India during the period between August, 1980 and March, 1982. A total of 139 samples from 86 cattle, 51 buffalos, and 2 goats having cutaneous lesions were examined for various dermatophytes. Out of the total of samples examined from the cases of dermatitis, 60.4% were found positive for dermatophytes. Of the 65 isolates obtained in culture, 58 were Trichophyton verrucosum, 2 T. mentagrophytes, 2 Microsporum canis, 2 M. gypseum and 1 T. rubrum. Besides, mixed infection of dermatophytes and mites were encountered in 4 animals. Typical ringworm lesions were mainly found in the head and neck regions. Generalized cases however, involving the entire body were observed in 12 calves. The disease was more frequent and severe in young cattle below 1 year of age. Cases of mycotic dermatitis occurred throughout the year but the incidence was high during winter months.

Zusammenfassung: Das Vorkommen von Hautmykosen durch verschiedene Erreger wurde in Gujarat, Indien, zwischen August 1980 und März 1982 untersucht 139 Proben wurden von 86 Rindern, 51 Büffeln und zwei Ziegen mit Hautläsionen auf Dermatophyten untersucht. Bei 60,4% der Proben wurden Dermatophyten gefunden. Es handelte sich bei den 65 Isolaten im einzelnen um Trichophyton verrucosum (58), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2), Microsporum canis (2), Microsporum gypseum (2) und Trichophyton rubrum (1). Mischinfektionen mit Dermatophyten wurden bei 4 Tieren gefunden. Die typischen Mykoseherde fanden sich vor allem an Kopf und Hals. Bei 12 Kälbern wurden auch generalisierte Hautmykosen gesehen. Kälber, die jünger als 1 Jahr waren, erkrankten häufiger und schwerer. Hautmykosen traten während des ganzen Jahres auf, jedoch besonders oft im Winter.
Paralytic Rabies: its Pathology and Nature of the Virus*
Authors: Kuwata Tsuguo , Kuniyoshi Tomoshige , Ito Hiromitsu
Published: July 2010

A patient died from symptoms of flaccid paralysis of extremities without showing any classical symptoms of rabies. The autopsy was perfomed, and the distribution of lesions and pathological changes in the central nervous system was similar to poliomyelitis. However, by isolating a virus and its identification, the patient was diagnosed as paralytic rabies.
Cytochemical Study on Phosphomonoesterase in Rabbit and Guinea pig Blood cells*,**
Authors: Takeuchi Tadao
Published: July 2010

9 different substrates and 3 different salts of glycerophosphate were used in this histochemical study of phosphomonesterase in smears of rabbit and guinea pig blood and bone marrow. With the use of two substrates, phytin and 1: 2‐methylcyclohexanolphosphate, no reaction was observed in the cells. Phosphomonoesterase with the other substrates was demonstrated distinctly in blood and bone marrow cells. Pictures obtained with the use of several different substrates were somewhat different in a few respects. The substrate specificity of phosphatases was also observed histochemically under phosphomonoesterase. The picture of distribution of enzymatic activity was essentially identical with all substrates, but the reactions were of different character for different substrates either in cytoplasm or in nucleus.
DATA REVISION AND MARKET RESPONSE: THE CASE OF UNITED STATES TRADE BALANCE ANNOUNCEMENTS†
Authors: Ghosh Sucharita , Lien Donald
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

In this paper we study economic news, as reflected in the announcements of the United States trade balance by the Commerce department, to illustrate the importance of revised data versus preliminary data to economic agents. A new methodology has been developed here to study how agents in the exchange market respond to these monthly trade balance announcements and consequently, move the dollar's exchange rate. In contrast to previous studies where agent reactions to only preliminary trade figures were analyzed, this method is applied to examine market reactions to the preliminary and revised trade balance figures.
MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF TWINS: A COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC AND BEHAVIOURAL GENETICS MODELS
Authors: Miller Paul , Mulvey Charles , Martin Nick
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this note is to compare the performance of the model of DeFries and Fulker [hereafter ‘the DFF model’] with the conventional fixed effects model in the analysis of data on twins in the study of economic well‐being. Unlike the fixed‐effects model that has traditionally been estimated in the economics literature, the DFF model provides explicit controls for genetic and shared environmental factors. The weight of the evidence from estimation of the two models considered is that the impact of education in Australia, holding constant genetic and shared environmental factors, is of the same order of magnitude as that estimated in studies that do not take account of these factors: at most ability and shared environmental factors contribute 1 to 2 percentage points to the gross return to education. The similarity of the results computed for the different models employed is reassuring, and suggests that reliable controls for the omitted genetic and shared environment variables are obtained through these indirect methods.
ON COMPARING MACROECONOMIC MODELS USING FORECAST ENCOMPASSING TESTS
Authors: J. Andrews M. , Minford A. P. L. , Riley J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

It is clearly of interest to macroeconomists to be able to evaluate whether one large‐scale macroeconometric model ‘is better’ than another. Although comparisons between models are sometimes invidious, because the purposes for which the models were built differ, it is the case that formal comparisons of two models' statistical properties are rare. This is in spite of considerable theoretical advances in the econometric methodology, namely the development and use of non‐nested and encompassing tests.

Chong and Hendry (1986) advocate the use of the forecast encompassing regressions, where the outturns are regressed on competing (one‐step‐ahead) forecasts. This paper reports the findings of applying this rather easy‐to‐use method of comparing large scale macroeconometric models. The forecast data we use are those published by three macroeconometric modelling groups, namely: Liverpool; the National Institute; and The London Business School. Forecasts for up to three years ahead are published for unemployment, growth, and inflation, throughout the 1980's.

Forecast encompassing tests fail to separate one model from another, based on one‐year‐ahead forecasts. Each model ‘wins’ once. However, the conclusions are not the same as using root‐mean‐square‐forecast‐error criteria, illustrating Clements and Hendry's (1994) observation that minimum root‐mean‐square‐forecast‐error is neither necessary nor sufficient for a model to have constant parameters, to provide accurate forecasts, or to encompass its rivals.
A DOUBLE LENGTH REGRESSION COMPUTATION METHOD FOR THE 2SGLS ESTIMATOR OF RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS MODELS
Authors: Ma Yue , Liu Shuangzhe
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

This paper extends a matrix inverse result of Higgins and presents a new unified double length regression method to calculate the two‐step generalised least squares estimators of two types of rational expectations model with current anticipated and unanticipated components. The estimator can be applied directly in most of the standard econometric computer packages such as PC‐Give and Microfit.
NONSENSE REGRESSIONS BETWEEN INTEGRATED PROCESSES OF DIFFERENT ORDERS
Authors: Marmol Francesc
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Herein we develop an analytical study of the asymptotic distributions obtained when we run linear regressions in the levels of stochastically independent integrated time series when the orders of integration of the dependent and independent variables are different. These theoretical findings largely explain the Monte Carlo results recently reported in Banerjee et al. (1993).
Preparation and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Zirconia Powders by the Glowing Combustion Method
Authors: Boobalan Kasilingam , Vijayaraghavan Rajagopalan , Chidambaram Kuppanna , Mudali Uthandi Mudali Kamachi , Raj Baldev
Published: July 2010

Nanocrystalline zirconium oxide powder has been prepared by the glowing combustion method using sucrose as the fuel and zirconyl nitrate as an oxidant in aqueous solution. The oxidant‐to‐fuel ratio was optimized (0.2) to prepare nanocrystalline zirconia. The influence of calcination temperature on the phase evolution of zirconia was also studied. The prepared powder was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, Raman spectroscopy, particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and surface area analysis. Powder XRD pattern itself clearly revealed the presence of metastable tetragonal phase at room temperature. Raman spectrum revealed the presence of both tetragonal and monoclinic phases. TEM and surface area studies confirmed that the particles were in the nanoregime (5–30 nm).
Skeletal muscle fibre types in teenagers: relationship to physical performance and activity
Authors: Jansson E. , Hedberg G.
Published: July 2010

Human skeletal muscle consists mainly of 2 types of fibres denoted type I (slow twitch) and type II (fast twitch). The aim of this investigation was to study skeletal muscle fibre characteristics together with physical performance, physical activity and interest in different physical activities, and the relationships between these variables among students in grade I in high school. Sixty‐nine boys and 47 girls at the age of 16 were studied. The relative proportion of type I fibres (type 1%) in vastus lateralis was approximately 50% for both boys and girls and the interindividual variation was large, more so for boys than for girls. The muscle fibre areas for all fibre types were larger in boys than girls and the relationships between the sizes of the areas of type I, type IIA and type IIB differed between the sexes. The muscle enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase were all on average higher in boys than girls; the only significant difference was in succinate dehydrogenase. There was a positive correlation between performance in a 9‐min run and type 1%. for boys but not for girls. Multiple correlation analysis indicated that factors determining the performance in the 9‐min run were maximal oxygen uptake and type I% for boys, and maximal oxygen uptake but not fibre types for girls. The attitude to cross‐country running was positively correlated with the type I% for boys but not for girls. There was a stronger positive correlation between degree of physical activity and type I% for boys than girls. In conclusion, stronger correlations between muscle fibre characteristics and physical performance, physical activity and interest in physical activity were found for boys than for girls.
Long‐term result of fasciotomy caused by medial tibial syndrome in athletes
Authors: Åkermark C. , Ljungdahl M. , Johansson C.
Published: July 2010

Sixty fasciotomies of the deep posterior compartment were performed on 30 patients with longstanding bilateral medial tibial syndrome (mean duration 25 months). The initial symptoms occurred during sports activities in all cases. Only 2 of the athletes were able to continue sports at an ordinary activity level. The diagnosis was based on a typical history of longstanding exertional pain and clinical findings of tenderness at the postero‐medial border of the tibia. Radiographs showed no abnormalities. Scintigrams were performed in 12 patients in whom stress fractures could not be excluded by radiographs and clinical examination. Conservative treatment failed to relieve the symptoms. At follow‐up 34 months (range 6–85) after surgery, 95% of the men and 73% of the women were free of symptoms or improved compared with prior to surgery. Whereas 68% of the men were totally free of symptoms, the corresponding figure for the women was 36%. Ninety‐five percent of the men and 82% of the women returned to sport after surgery. Seventy‐four percent of the men and 54% of the women returned to an activity level similar to that prior to injury. We conclude that fasciotomy of the deep posterior compartment gives a good long‐term result in patients with medial tibial syndrome when conservative treatment fails. There was no significant difference between the sexes.
Physiological responses to submaximal exercise at the mid‐follicular, ovulatory and mid‐luteal phases of the menstrual cycle
Authors: Hackney A. C. , Curley C. S. , Nicklas B. J.
Published: July 2010

This study examined the responses of eumenorrheic women to 60 min of submaximal exercise at the mid‐follicular (MF), ovulatory (OV) and mid‐luteal (ML) phases of the menstrual cycle. Blood metabolite‐hormonal measures, cardiorespiratory responses and ratings of perceived exertion (WE) (local, legs only; and total, entire body) were monitored at 15‐min intervals throughout exercise. No significant effects for phase were observed in the blood measures or the cardiorespiratory responses, except for the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). The overall exercise OV RER (0.86 ± 0.02; mean ± SEM) was lower than at MF (0.94 ± 0.02) but not at ML (0.89 ± 0.01). Substrate utilization (%) and oxidation (g/min) calculations indicated that more fat was used during OV than at MF but not ML. Conversely, more carbohydrate was used during MF than OV. Additionally, local RPE was higher in OV than in the MF or ML trials at 30–60 min of exercise. These findings suggest that menstrual cycle hormonal fluctuations influence metabolic substrate usage and effort perception during submaximal exercise in eumenorrheic women.
Erythropoietin, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate and plasma volume during moderate‐altitude training
Authors: Klausen T. , Ghisler U. , Mohr T. , Fogh‐Andersen N.
Published: July 2010

Six male well trained cross‐country skiers were exposed to 6 d of training 4 h/d at an altitude of 2700 m. Living quarters were at 2000 m. Measurements of serum‐erythropoietin concentration ([EPO]), erythrocyte‐ 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG), haemoglobin (HB), packed cell volume (PCV), body mass (BM) and resting heart rate (HR) were made before, during and after moderate‐altitude training. Total body haemoglobin (THB) was determined before and after altitude training. Plasma volume (PV) was calculated from THB, PCV and HB. The daily EPO production was calculated from [EPO] and PV. Moderate‐altitude EPO production at days 2, 3 and 6 was significantly higher than prealtitude levels. DPG increased significantly at moderate altitude. Pre‐altitude and moderate‐altitude EPO productionvsDPG were correlated. Moderate‐altitude levels of BM decreased, PV increased and HB decreased (NS). During moderate‐altitude training, DPG exerts a certain feedback regulation of EPO production. The temporal courses of [EPO] and EPO production at moderate altidude are not affected by variations in PV.
Accumulation in the blood of a deuterium tracer added to hot and cold beverages
Authors: Lambert C. P. , Maughan R. J.
Published: July 2010

Deterium (2H) accumulation in the circulation was determined in 10 subjects after they ingested 7 ml · kg−1 of a dilute glucose‐electrolyte solution that contained 10 g of 2H2O and was hot (50°C) on one occasion and cold (4°C) on another. In addition, 7 subjects repeated their first trial on a third occasion. Subjects fasted overnight and remained seated at rest during the experiment Blood 2H concentration was significantly greater at 5 min after ingestion of the hot as compared with the cold treatment and at 60 min for the cold as compared with the hot treatment The rate of blood 2H accumulation was not different when the same solution was ingested on different days. The results indicate that the rate of 2H accumulation is: 1) similar for hot and cold solutions and 2) reproducible when the same solution is ingested on different days. This implies that the rate at which dilute glucose‐electrolyte solutions are made available to the body is not much influenced by the temperature at which they are ingested.
Stress urinary incontinence, physical activity and pelvic floor muscle strength training
Authors: Bø K.
Published: July 2010

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), defined as urinary leakage during physical exertion, affects 26–33% of exercising women. The prevalence of SUI increases with pregnancy, childbirth and age. However, prevalence studies have shown greater than 30% prevalence among women who have not had children. SUI leads to withdrawal from physical activity and to changes in the way exercise is performed. High‐impact activities, especially jumping with feet apart, are a major trigger for leakage. SUI can be effectively treated with pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength training. However, more than 30% of women with SUI are not able to contract the PFM correctly at the ht attempt and need thorough individual instruction and feedback. A cure rate of 60% has been demonstrated after 6 months of intensive strength training of the PFM.
Noninvasive cardiac evaluation of weight‐lifters using anabolic steroids
Authors: Deligiannis A. P. , Mandroukas K.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiac effects of anabolic steroids in weight‐lifters. Thirty top‐level adult weight‐lifters were studied using physical examination, electrocardiography and m‐mode echocardiography. Fifteen athletes (group A) abused systematically androgenic anabolic steroids, while the rest (group B) had never used such drugs. Body weight, lean body mass and resting systolic blood pressure were found to be greater in group A than B. There were no differences in electrocardiographic findings between the two groups. Echocardiography data showed significant increases for athletes using anabolic steroids compared with others in left ventricular end‐diastolic volume (16%) and mass (17%) as well as in total LV volume (17%). These augmentations were in proportion to the increase in skeletal muscle mass. However, left ventricular systolic function indexes were similar in both groups. These data suggest that anabolic steroids cause left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation in athletes performing static training.
Effects of increased ventilation and improved pulmonary gas‐exchange on maximal oxygen uptake and power output
Authors: Inbar O. , Weinstein Y. , Kowalski A. , Epstein S. , Rotstein A.
Published: July 2010

Recent reports suggest that aerobic performance at very high levels may be limited by the pulmonary system. The purpose of the present study was to compare respiratory functions at rest and during graded maximal aerobic exercise (cycle ergometry) between well‐trained (TR, n= 11) and untrained (UT, n= 14) individuals while breathing atmospheric air, normoxic helium (He) and oxygen‐enriched mixture. When the subjects breathed air, TR exhibited lower exercise ventilatory reserve (MVV‐VEmax), ratio between minute ventilation (VE) and oxygen uptake (Vo2) and SaO2 than UT. Breathing HE resulted in an increase in VE and Vo2max in both groups but in an increased VE/Vo2 and SaO2 and maximal mechanical cycle ergometer load, only in TR. Compared with air, breathing an oxygen‐enriched mixture resulted in increased peak exercise SaO2 and maximal mechanical load in both groups. It is concluded that arterial O2 desaturation secondary to a relative hypoventilatory response may limit Vo2max and aerobic performance capacity at high work levels.