bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mercury Compositions on Aluminium Alloy Hull Plating
Authors: West E.G.
Published: February 2008

The action of many anti‐fouling compositions is fortified with small amounts of mercury compounds averaging about 3% calculated as mercuric oxide. Publicity has been given to the effect that mercury‐containing paints should not be used on the bottoms of aluminium alloy craft because of the harmful effect then produced. Nevertheless, this warning has not always been heeded and the present article describes the examination of an aluminium alloy motor‐boat, the hull of which had been treated with an unsuitable composition. The results should be of interest and value not only to those concerned with the building and maintenance of aluminium alloy craft but also to metallurgists and engineers in a wider field.
AVOIDANCE OF STRESS CORROSION IN AUSTENITIC STEEL EQUIPMENT
Authors: Edeleanu C.
Published: February 2008

In the following article the author discusses the present state of knowledge of this subject. He then deals with stress corrosion in plant using chloride or caustic solutions and plant using water or steam. Finally, the importance of stress corrosion is considered.
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate's Role in Protection
Authors: Ralph T.L.
Published: February 2008

Many engineering materials are subject to corrosion by a variety of causes. In combating this, a host of protective substances have been tested with varying degrees of success and it is very apparent that there is no universal panacea. As a newcomer in this field, cellulose acetate butyrate has some advantages to offer which can be of considerable assistance to the corrosion technologist.
GLASS‐REINFORCED PLASTICS MOULDING
Authors: Wemyss A.C.
Published: February 2008

The advent of glass‐reinforced plastic moulding has been accompanied by most extravagant claims in the popular Press. Two types of claim are usually made, namely that fabrication is so simple that a child could accomplish it and that strength and other properties are better than any material known hitherto. This general atmosphere of over‐confidence has led to much disillusionment among would‐be moulders and users alike. Perhaps a more basic approach to the new material would have avoided these pitfalls and provided a better foundation for the industry as it exists today.
PLASTIC CONDUITS IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
Authors: Gilbert T.C.
Published: February 2008

The electrical engineer using metal conduits is faced with a dual menace from corrosion—external and internal. With steel conduits especially, dampness, corrosive atmospheres, or actual contact with chemical substances result in severe rusting, leading not only to the eventual destruction of the conduits but also—and this is probably more serious than the loss of mechanical protection for the conductors—the loss of electrical continuity of the conduits and joints, where these are used for earthing purposes. Internal condensation in steel conduits results in an accumulation of rusty moisture at the lower points, leading in time to the breakdown of the rubber insulation of the conductors. Although painting or galvanising may to some extent mitigate or delay the effects of external corrosion, there is no remedy for internal condensation effects, and in industrial installations these may be severe and serious, leading to hold‐ups in production.
CORROSION‐RESISTANT FLOORS: PART 2
Authors: Evans V.
Published: February 2008

The first part of this article, published last month, was primarily concerned with a general approach to the problem and dealt with some of the materials used for corrosion resistant floors, including impervious membranes, PVC and polythene. This month, in concluding the article, the author gives details of several types of floor and their suitability in different industries.
Technical Literature
Authors: Summer W.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion and Wear of Steel. By G. W. Akimov. German edition of the Russian original. VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 1956. Pp. 180, illus. DM18 (approx. £1 10s.). This book is a collection of seven papers by members of the Central Institute of Technology, under the editorship of G. W. Akimov (Corr. M. Russian Acad. Sci.), and describes work carried out in the corrosion laboratory. The subjects discussed are: (1) The protection of steel against corrosion fatigue; (2) investigations into the intercrystalline stress corrosion of steel used in boiler‐making plant; (3) high‐temperature corrosion resistance of steel used in boiler‐making plant; (4) protection against the seizure of machine elements at high temperatures; (5) effects of surface treatment on the corrosion resistivity of steel; (6) effects of surface treatment investigated by using polarisation curves; and (7) repair of car parts by chromium build‐up.
Vinyl Resin‐Based Paint
Authors: Lower E.S. , Cressey S.
Published: February 2008

Systems of vinyl resin‐based coatings are no novelty to those concerned with the protection of ship bottoms against fouling and corrosion, because it was for this purpose that they were originally developed during the 1939–45 war. However, this article is intended to draw attention to the use of such systems for a rather different purpose; namely that of protection of steelwork against highly corrosive conditions. This is a logical step resulting from observation of the outstanding protection given by vinyl resin‐based coatings against very corrosive marine conditions.
PROTECTIVE COATINGS IN INDUSTRY: Review of Modern Synthetic Materials
Authors: Duligal E.A.
Published: February 2008

During the last few decades there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of corrosion protection of steel structures, emphasised by increased cost and reduced availability of steel. The great increase in capital plant in both quantity and complexity has made protective measures against corrosion of vital importance to the industrialist. A brief review of modern synthetic coatings is presented in the hope that a greater appreciation of the merits and failings of each type will be given to those who regard protective painting as a necessary evil.
FIRE‐FACE CORROSION OF DOMESTIC COPPER BOILERS
Authors: Hanson C.C.
Published: February 2008

The domestic copper boiler presented few problems until the advent of the closable stove. In this article the corrosion problems now met with are described and a tentative explanation is advanced. Alternative materials are also discussed.
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF UNDERGROUND REFINERY EQUIPMENT
Authors: Sherwood P.W.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion is an electrolytic phenomenon. The corroding metal is at higher potential than its surroundings. Accordingly, there will be a flow of electricity away from the metal, leaving the metal in an ionised (oxidised) state. Chemical combination with oxygen from the surroundings must occur simultaneously for electrical balance.
CORROSION RESEARCH: THE BRITISH IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Part 1—Corrosion of Bare Ferrous Metals
Authors: Hudson J.C.
Published: February 2008

The Corrosion Committee, which was constituted in 1928 and is now under the aegis of the British Iron and Steel Research Association, has been investigating corrosion problems for nearly 30 years. This article summarises the most important results obtained. They relate to atmospheric corrosion where the resistance to attack can be appreciably augmented by the use of low‐alloy steels, to corrosion by fresh and salt waters, and to corrosion by soil. Extensive researches have also been made on the protection of ferrous metals by paints and metal coatings.
CORROSION CONVENTION 1957: ABSTRACTS OF THE PAPERS
Authors: FOOTNER H.B.
Published: February 2008

At the Central Hall, Westminster, on Tuesday and Wednesday, October 15–16, the Corrosion Convention organised by CORROSION TECHNOLOGY will take place. Papers on a wide range of aspects of the corrosion problem will be delivered by authorities from industry and research. Delegates to the Convention will receive pre‐prints of all the papers, but for the benefit of readers who cannot attend we print below abstracts of a selection of the papers which are available as we go to press.
The Protection of Steel Structures in Salt Atmospheres
Authors: Bright H.E.
Published: February 2008

This paper is by no means intended to cover the whole problem signified by the title. Efforts at a solution are world wide and have been attended by slow improvement rather than complete success. The sole intention is to convey the results of some objective tests which have been designed to prove or disprove the worth of certain protective processes in preventing corrosion of steel in the salt atmosphere of Sydney. The individual must draw his own conclusions. It is hoped that he may at least discover certain things he should not do.
Protection of Structural Steelwork in CHEMICAL PLANT
Authors: Waghorn Mark
Published: February 2008

The main purpose of coating the structure and equipment in chemical plants is undoubtedly to preserve the not inconsiderable capital outlay involved. However, there are frequently two other reasons, the first being the protection of the product from contamination, and the second the improvement of working conditions.
Corrosion of Some Metals and Alloys in URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Authors: Heymann D. , Kelling F.E.T.
Published: February 2008

Uranium hexaflnoride is one of the best known compounds of the element uranium and one may find much qualitative information concerning its chemical action on different materials, although quantitative data are scarce. To get an idea of the penetration of the fluoride into some metals and alloys we therefore had to measure this quantity
PLASTIC COATINGS FOR BURIED PIPES
Authors: Parker W.D.
Published: February 2008

Traditionally, it has been the practice to protect iron and steel surf aces from corrosion by the application of paint and to renew the paint film as required from time to time. Since cast‐iron water pipes were introduced 200 years ago it has become necessary to devise alternative methods of protection for buried pipes, as periodic renewal of the protective coating is not possible and a paint film will not in any case withstand normal soil conditions for any period.
WATER TREATMENT For Domestic Hot‐water Supplies
Authors: Hanson C.C.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion and deposition problems arising from either hard or soft supply waters become of increased importance when the water is heated. In this article the nature of scale formation is discussed, also the corrosion of iron pipes and the use of sodium hexameta‐phosphate as a means for minimising the trouble so caused.
SHIPS' BOTTOM PAINTS IN RELATION TO CATHODIC PROTECTION
Authors: Banfield T.A.
Published: February 2008

Although cathodic protection of copper sheaths on wooden ships was proposed and practised over 100 years ago and the use of zinc protectors near bronze propellers on steel ships has been common for many years, it is only in about the last ten years that the present techniques of cathodic protection of ships’ hulls have been developed. Much study has been devoted to the design of the installations, including type and composition of anode materials, number, size, shape and position of anodes, and designers specialising in this field now have considerable practical and theoretical knowledge of such matters. Another factor which must be taken into consideration is the choice of coating for the bottoms of cathodically protected ships, particularly on areas close to the anodes; this is discussed in the present paper.
REDUCING CATHODIC PROTECTION COSTS IN TANKERS
Authors: Page L R.
Published: February 2008

The present low freights in the shipping industry have tended to produce a slackening off of interest in the latest developments in marine corrosion control, and cathodic protection in particular. Indeed, the amount of capital apportioned to the prevention of corrosion has been reduced in some cases so greatly as to cause the major cathodic protection companies to revise their systems to meet such cases, and a number of tanker owners themselves to apply their own anode systems, having a considerably reduced current density criterion than that suggested as being the minimum permissible by the more experienced operators.
METAL SPRAYING: In Relation to the Corrosion Process
Authors: Franklin J.R.
Published: February 2008

Steel is one of the most easily corroded metals known to man. This is particularly true in the case of steelwork exposed to the corrosive environment of salt air or water or a combination of both in the form of spray. Nevertheless, steel is comparatively inexpensive, easily fabricated and is reasonably strong, so that, as long as it is possible to provide an economical protective coating to the exposed surfaces, steel will continue to be used with an ever‐increasing demand.
Evaluating Rust Prevention Greases: American Experience
Authors: Ford Eric
Published: February 2008

Because of increased corrosion difficulties in the wheel bearings of aircraft, some research has been undertaken at the United States Naval Engineering Experiment Station in Annapolis, Maryland, which will be of interest to those who are meeting similar problems in these and other directions. A report of this American work, by S. M. Collegeman, has now been made available in this country through the Technical Information and Documents Unit of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
STEELS FOR THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY: A COMPARISON OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN QUALITIES Part 2
Authors: Kirk F.A. , Williams J.
Published: February 2008

This article, Part I of which appeared in last month's CORROSION TECHNOLOGY, is intended to provide a comparison of the corrosion‐and heat‐resistant steels specified in Great Britain and the U.S.A. for use in the Petroleum Industry. The article is a condensed version of the paper presented at the 1957 International Petroleum Equipment Conference.
Heavy‐duty Tank Linings
Authors: Martin W.G.
Published: February 2008

Whilst tank linings of the membrane type are widely used in chemical engineering, the scope of this article has been limited to heavy‐duty linings, constructed in acid‐resisting bricks or tiles. Reference is made to membranes only in connection with their use as a ‘second line of defence’ when used as a backing to brickwork.
DETERMINING CORROSION AGGRESSIVENESS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Authors: Tomashov N.D. , Berukshits G.K. , Lokotilov A.A.
Published: February 2008

The following article concerns an apparatus constructed to study the basic principles of atmospheric corrosion both under laboratory conditions and for open‐air tests. Written by workers at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and the I. V. Stalin Steel Institute, it has been translated from the Russian by Aluminium Laboratories Ltd., of Banbury.
PIPE‐WRAPPING MATERIALS: FOR CORROSION PROTECTION
Authors: Parry J.G. , James J.R.
Published: February 2008

In the early days of pipe protection, it was thought that any coating reinforced with any type of wrapping could not fail to extend the life of a buried pipeline system. Today, as a result of experience accumulated by many users in different parts of the world, we know that only the careful selection of both pipe coatings and reinforcing inner and outer wraps can be relied on to protect a buried pipeline system effectively. This article considers the functions of a pipeline coating, and the materials and coating systems which best carry out these functions.
Protective Coatings and Linings in Neoprene
Authors: Blunn J.G.
Published: February 2008

Neoprene is the name given to a synthetic elastomer based on polychloroprene. When neoprene is vulcanised, a. product having similar physical properties to cured natural rubber, but generally more abrasion‐ and chemical‐resistant, is produced. Various types of neoprene can be produced by different techniques in the manufacture of the polymer, all types having their own characteristics. This article surveys the neoprene materials used in the protective coating and lining fields—liquid and sheet neoprene, caulking compounds, putties and adhesives—and some of the practical applications to which they have been put.
RESISTANCE OF COBALT TO CERTAIN SOLUTIONS
Authors: Young R.S.
Published: February 2008

Published information on the corrosion resistance of cobalt is very meagre and sometimes contradictory. This article describes some tests which were carried out in Canada to resolve these differences and obtain data on the effect of different solutions on cobalt.
EXPERIMENTS WITH A TRAILING PLATINUM ANODE: Cathodic Protection of S.S. “Israel” on Haifa—New York Voyage
Authors: Spector D. , Preiser† H.S. , Khoushy D.
Published: February 2008

During a two‐week voyage of the S.S. Israel from Haifa to New York, experiments were conducted with a platinum‐clad trailing anode system for cathodic protection. Preparation for the voyage and day‐to‐day working of the experiments are described as are the successful efforts made to overcome the mechanical difficulties that arose. Concrete results that emerge indicate a growing and glowing future for such installations on large ships.
Gasketing Glassed‐steel Equipment
Authors: Staples B.G.
Published: February 2008

The very nature of glassed‐steel equipment precludes the use of welded or threaded connections, and dictates the use of effectively gasketed glass‐to‐glass flanges. Research by the Pfaudler Co. has been directed toward the development of suitable gasket designs that utilise materials which combine the chemical resistance of glass with physical properties of rubber. Additional effort has been expended in determining the proper method of installing gaskets over openings in glassed‐steel vessels.
THERMOPLASTIC PIPES AND FITTINGS: IN THE DYEING AND FINISHING INDUSTRY
Authors: Chandler D.C.B.
Published: February 2008

RECENT industrial plastic pipe installations have shown that there are many reasons for the consideration of plastic mains for carrying cold and hot water for scouring and dyeing processes in textile dyeing and finishing works. Numbered amongst these are corrosion resistance, both internally and externally of the inert plastic material, and the good insulating properties it possesses. The material also has the advantage of weighing approximately one‐seventh of a corresponding amount of iron pipe. The extreme smoothness of the bore leads to a distinct improvement in rate of flow, loss in heat of liquid which passes through the pipes thereby being diminished.
SACRIFICIAL CORROSION and the Relative Corrodibility of Metals
Authors: Fitzgerald‐Lee G.
Published: February 2008

In this article the author discusses various aspects of sacrificial corrosion. He refers to the relationship which exists between corrosion and electrolysis and draws attention to the considerable development of knowledge in this field since the war. He concludes by referring to the relationship which exists between atomic number, atomic weight and corrodibility.
COLD‐EMULSION CLEANING: AND ITS APPLICATION TO MASS‐PRODUCTION LINES
Authors: Radcliffe J.Q.
Published: February 2008

The removal of surface soils, including grease and oil, from sheet metal before painting, has always been a headache in industry. The appearance on the market, however, of new complex emulsifying agents has gone a long way towards solving the problem. In this article the author discusses the characteristics and uses of these agents.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF: ELECTROLESS NICKEL PLATING
Authors: Edge R.A.
Published: February 2008

An article in this journal has described the basic mechanism of electroless nickel plating, as well as the main properties of the resultant plate. The present article describes certain practical aspects of electroless plating.
PARTLY‐WETTED GALVANIC CORROSION COUPLES
Authors: Hersch P.
Published: February 2008

It is well known that the water‐line along a semi‐immersed sheet of metal enhances corrosion by providing easy access for atmospheric oxygen. Thirty years ago U. R. Evans coupled iron, submerged in water or brine, with partly‐emerging strips of several metals, and found that copper promoted the rusting more than nickel, and nickel more than lead. This type of corrosion is very frequent and deserves more quantitative consideration, since it is as yet little understood. Thus a recent study of the geometrical conditions leading to corrosion, as aided by a water‐line, revealed that what is commonly regarded as the effect of the meniscus also depends on a zone of dry metal above it. The present investigation re‐examines the role of the partly‐immersed metal in conjunction with the electrolyte surrounding it.
CORROSION FATIGUE: ITS PREVENTION BY ZINC COATINGS
Authors: Fitzgerald‐Lee G.
Published: February 2008

The first example of the use of zinc coatings in the solution of a problem of corrosion fatigue arose when wires for towing paravanes in sea‐water failed after comparatively short periods of service. These failures were caused by vibrations which set up cyclic stresses in the presence of sea‐water from which the wires were not adequately protected. Later research revealed that the joint effect of repeated stresses and corrosion acting together far exceeds the sum of the two effects taken singly. Not all cases of corrosion fatigue can be dealt with by zinc protection, but most would benefit from such a coating. This article explains the principles of corrosion fatigue, discusses the cathodic protection offered by zinc, and compares results obtained by electroplating, hot‐dip galvanizing, spraying, and painting with heavily zinc‐pigmented paints.
CORROSION TESTS ON ENAMEL FINISHES
Authors: Morriss F.G.
Published: February 2008

With the increasing severity of the ever‐expanding range of synthetic detergents being made available, the question of the resistance of enamels to attack by them becomes more important. Testing apparatus and methods used for the evaluation of the resistance of these finishes are covered in this article as well as the factors affecting their resistance.
Stainless Steels and Related Alloys Versus Marine Environments
Authors: Rowlands J.C.
Published: February 2008

Under severely aggressive conditions, such as those experienced in the chemical industry, there has been extensive use of stainless steels in order to reduce corrosion losses. The successful industrial use of stainless steels led to requests for information on the corrosion resistance of stainless steels and similar alloys in sea‐water. This paper was awarded a prize in the Essay competition organised by the Corrosion Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1959.
AIR TREATMENT: THE PREVENTION OF CORROSION IN STORAGE Part 2
Authors: Walter Leo
Published: February 2008

Last month the properties of air were discussed and an introduction was given to the various air treatments necessary for preventing the corrosion of metal in storage. Here, the operation of the different systems is discussed in greater detail. Also considered is the approach made by the designer of air‐conditioning systems after basic requirements have been specified.
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF TANTALUM: Applications in the Chemical Industry
Authors: COX F.G.
Published: February 2008

Tantalum has a resistance to aqueous corrosion that may be compared closely with that of glass. The principal use of the metal is in the construction of chemical plant where its excellent corrosion‐resistant properties have assured a place for it in special applications, particularly where corrosion resistance needs to be combined with a high degree of heat transfer. This sphere of application is expanding rapidly.
Design for Pipelines — Part 1
Authors: Spector D.
Published: February 2008

Planning for cathodic protection was started in June 1957 for the 6‐in. Haifa‐Tel Aviv product line and at that time it was not known that, while work was in progress, the 16‐in. crude‐oil line from Hashdod to Haifa would be installed and have to be included in the planning. This naturally caused difficulties but resulted in division of costs which until then had burdened the 6‐in. line.
REVIEW OF MARINE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Hopwood P.H.
Published: February 2008

Protection of a tanker's cargo/ballast tanks by cathodic protection was introduced in 1952 using magnesium anodes. Its success led to the protection of immersed hull areas and now all water ballast spaces in all types of vessels can be so protected. Considerable thought has to be given to reduction of installation costs in tanker compartments and to anode safety.
ALUMINIUM COLLAPSIBLE TUBES: Corrosion and Production Considerations
Authors: Elliott E.
Published: February 2008

Developed in the U.S.A., the collapsible aluminium tube now represents over 60% of the collapsible tubes made in the U.K. The metal is resistant to a wide range of products and where necessary it readily takes protective and decorative coatings. This article considers the tube in relation to content and environment and also covers test procedures.
CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR STEEL IN SEA‐WATER: Calculation of Mat Sizes and Spread of Protection
Authors: Wheeler W.C.G.
Published: February 2008

Relatively simple formulae are given herein for computing the spread of protection over large continuous areas according to the distance of the anode from the cathode. The distribution of the current is related to the potential gradient along the metal, shown to be directly proportional to the resistance of the sea path. Results accord with the experience that spread of protection is diminished rather than increased by emissive overprotection near the anode.
CAUSTIC STRESS CORROSION: Tests on Stainless Steel
Authors: Howells E.
Published: February 2008

Stress‐corrosion failures in austenitic steels sometimes occur where chlorides and their necessary adjunct, oxygen, are not present. This has suggested studies of caustic stress‐corrosion environment that produces cracking, and inhibitors to delay or prevent it. Type 175 stainless steel was used in the tests described below.
INFLUENCE OF WATER MOVEMENT ON CORROSION: Non‐ferrous Metals
Authors: Nowlan N.V.
Published: February 2008

The effects of water movement on the corrosion of non‐ferrous metals isreviewed in the light of the recent literature and of experimental workin progress at the Admiralty Materials Laboratory.
Neoprene and ‘Hypalon’‐based Coatings: CORROSION‐RESISTANCE INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: Romanovsky Ing. V.
Published: February 2008

A series of tests has been carried out by the French Oceanographic Research Centre on coatings based on neoprene and Hypalon synthetic rubbers. Five types of coatings were tested, being immersed in sea‐water and exposed to sea air and spray. The tests were carried out at two marine corrosion stations, one at La Rochelle on the Atlantic Coast and the other at Abidjan on the Ivory Coast of West Africa. The following report describes the nature of these tests and the conclusions drawn.
Carbon Engineering Components for Corrosive Conditions
Authors: Hurden R.K. , Llewellyn W.A.
Published: February 2008

The use of carbon or graphite components is now well established in a wide variety of applications where chemical corrosion or the need for lubrication precludes the use of more conventional engineering materials. Some of these applications, with particular reference to operation in chemical or corrosive conditions, and the properties and limitations of the carbon materials are discussed.
SOME NEW IDEAS OF: The Mechanism of Corrosion of Tinplate Cans by Fruit
Authors: Dickinson Denis
Published: February 2008

In a general paper on the internal corrosion of tinplate cans by the fruit and vegetables packed in them, the author has already explained the chemical, physical and biochemical principles that may be involved. Since that paper was written there have been a number of developments which make it desirable to modify or expand some of the explanations given.
SELF‐ADHESIVE TAPES FOR ANTI‐CORROSION PURPOSES IN PACKAGING
Authors: Pettit M.C.F.
Published: February 2008

It has for many years been accepted that pressure‐sensitive, self‐adhesive tapes occupy an important place in the field of packaging, and cellulose and vinyl tapes are recognised as the most effective sealing media, mainly on account of their low cost, efficiency in application and versatility.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ANODISING
Authors: Perfect John M. , Campbell W.J. , Cuthbertson J.W. , Bailey J.C. , Brace A.W. , Kape J.M. , Michelson C.E. , Ginsberg H. , Kaden W. , Simmons J.G. , Scott B.A. , Bigford H.M. , Richaud H. , Fox‐Williams Capt. J. , Watts H.L.
Published: February 2008

The Conference on Anodised Aluminium, organised by the Aluminium Development Association and held in the new Cripps Hall at Nottingham University from September 12–14, was probably the first of its kind in the world and attracted nearly 300 delegates. Eighteen papers were discussed. In the following pages abstracts and conclusions from most of the papers are given, emphasis being placed on the corrosion aspects of the subject.
Corrosion Research Trends in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Cass W.G.
Published: February 2008

One of the main objects in Russian economy for some years has been the development of new sources of raw materials and the effective use and conservation of existing supplies. This aim is probably more intensive and important in regard to metals than anything else, and for this reason the fight against corrosion takes a leading place in research. The amount of work, indeed, directed to this end has reached enormous proportions, with a corresponding and impressive array of literature, in books, articles and proceedings.
The Building Industry SOME PROBLEMS with CORROSION of NON‐FERROUS METALS Part 2
Authors: Everett L.H.
Published: February 2008

This review of corrosion problems in domestic building mainly concerns the behaviour of non‐ferrous metals in various environments. In this second part vapour barriers are considered with reference to metal roof underlays, damp‐proof coursings and flashings. Some problems in domestic plumbing are mentioned briefly where lack of appreciation of the corrosive conditions or bad practice in erection has led to premature failure. The weight losses of commercial‐purity and copper‐bearing aluminium alloy embedded in a variety of building mortars are given.
CORROSION OF METALS IN NATURAL AND TREATED WATER — PART 2
Authors: Butler G. , Ison H.C.K.
Published: February 2008

Last month the authors discussed the composition and chemical equilibrium of waters and their variation with source of supply. In this second part the corrosion problems associated with the use of common metals and alloys are discussed and the various types of attack are illustrated and analysed. Except for rare cases involving inhibitors no systems manufactured from the metals covered in this article are completely free from corrosion.
Corrosion Inhibiting Properties of some Nitrosophenols with Mild Steel
Authors: Peach S.M. , Holler L.
Published: February 2008

The approach in this investigation, by way of complex co‐ordination compounds, is, as far as the authors are aware, new. Although the results are at present not revolutionary, further investigation along the lines indicated should be rewarding. It is shown that phenols containing strongly polar groups actually accelerate corrosion and those without inhibit corrosion.
DEFEATING CORROSION ON THE SAN FRANCISCO‐OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE
Authors: Salter R.J.
Published: February 2008

The constant battle to resist the corrosion of the structural steelwork of a bridge commences even before its erection, and must continue relentlessly throughout the life of the structure. This has been the case with the San Francisco‐Oakland Bay Bridge where the painted surface area of 370 acres extends from a height of 6 ft. above high water to 530 ft. above the water at the top of aircraft warning beacons on the suspension bridge towers.
Nicotinic Acid as an Inhibitor of Corrosion of Pure Aluminium in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions
Authors: Sheth K.G. , Rama Char T.L.
Published: February 2008

Nicotinic acid has been found to be a fairly satisfactory inhibitor for the corrosion of pure aluminium in hydrochloric acid solutions, the efficiency being in the 59 to 98% range. Anode polarisation is low, whereas the cathode polarisation is considerable. The corrosion process seems to be essentially under cathodic control.
Rigid Thermoplastics Pipe and Fittings
Authors: Kris R.
Published: February 2008

The last decade has seen a spectacular up‐swing in the use of various types of rigid thermoplastics for pipes and fittings used in the conveyance of fluids. These materials have a number of properties in common, by reason of which they have been chosen for these applications. This comprehensive article covers applications, standardisation and trends.
STAINLESS STEEL MAINTENANCE: Milk Processing Plant and Equipment
Authors: Walters A.H. , Vickers R.H.
Published: February 2008

The principles of cleaning and sterilising of stainless steel plant and equipment are not always understood by those responsible for these operations with the result that corrosion of stainless steel can take place. However, if properly planned routines are followed, stainless steel should be virtually indestructible.
NON‐METALLIC COATINGS: Mechanical Properties and Resistance to Corrosion Fatigue
Authors: Benham P.P.
Published: February 2008

Since 1917 there has been much research to find means of eliminating or reducing the harmful influence of corrosion on fatigue behaviour. The solution, in principle, is to prevent the corrosive attack on the metal surface and thus achieve something like the air fatigue strength. The studies reported here help to counter‐balance the much greater number of investigations involving various metallic types of protective coatings. They were initiated to provide information on the possibilities of using organic coatings to protect coil springs.
Latest Techniques in TECHNICAL GOLD PLATING
Authors: Lee W.T.
Published: February 2008

Possibly the largest user of industrial gold plating is the electronics industry, which demands plating of the highest quality and reliability. In order to ensure these vital requirements considerable research and development work has been undertaken in the past and is still in progress. In this article the author surveys some of the latest techniques resulting from these investigations.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF POWERSTATION: Cathodic Protection Systems
Authors: Matthewman W. , Malster J. , Wallis A.D.
Published: February 2008

The use of impressed current cathodic protection on power station circulating water systems is increasing. This is probably due to the consistently better performance of installations generally and, notably, of present‐day anode materials. With the increase will arise new maintenance problems. In this article the authors describe experimental equipment developed for the automatic control of such cathodic protection systems and fitted on a turbine condenser box at Brighton ‘A’ Power Station. This prototype unit has now been operating for several months, with considerable success.
THE MECHANICAL INFLUENCE OF Corrosion on Metals‐Part 2
Authors: Liddiard E.A.G.
Published: February 2008

Part I of this article, published last month, was concerned chiefly with a thermodynamic approach to the subject, and covered such aspects as borderline corrosion, the corrosion of crystals, and the effect of stress on chemical attack. Also included was a survey of types of metal deformation, and data regarding the properties of grain boundaries and the effects of temperature and rate of loading. Now, in Part 2, the author considers the subject of stress corrosion, including the development of stress by the corrosion product.
Zinc Coating by THE SHERARDIZING PROCESS
Authors: Price G.C.
Published: February 2008

Sherardizing is a method of producing a uniform zinc coating on iron and steel, mainly on small components. It is extensively used for certain types of articles, but there are still many other components with either the wrong finish or no protection at all which could be considerably improved, at an economical price, by sherardizing. The object of the following notes is to point out the characteristics of the coating and to give guidance regarding the type of articles for which sherardizing should be specified in order to give an effective protection against corrosion.
The preparation of surfaces for coating
Authors: Wilson C.L.
Published: February 2008

Preparation of metal surfaces for subsequent coating operations may be achieved by a number of methods but, for production lines, the use of liquids is probably the most economic technique. Surface preparation of a metal aims at producing the most suitable metal surface for the selected coating programme and, despite ideas to the contrary, this may not necessarily mean a perfectly clean surface.
The critical pigment volume of IRON OXIDE RED PRIMERS—2
Authors: Kresse Peter
Published: February 2008

The great importance which the determination of the critical pigment volume concentration has for the proper formulaton of primers caused us to look for possibilities of determining this value with a minimum of equipment. In the cells for measuring the ion permeability, a strong deposition of iron oxide hydrate in the electrolyte liquid can already be observed on the day when the sheets are immersed, provided that the pigment volume concentration of the paints is overcritical.
Airless paint spraying
Authors: Buckley A.C.
Published: February 2008

Although not new in the strictest sense of the word, mention must be made of airless spraying because of the rapidly increasing interest now being shown in this process. This is due to the fact that it is proving to be one of the quickest and most economical methods of applying paint over large areas yet devised. Indeed, the limiting factor in the speed of application is most often the speed at which the operator can work: at its maximum, even the smallest airless unit will deliver well over a quart of paint a minute!
Inhibiting the corrosion of aluminium
Authors: Unni V.K.V. , Rama Char T.L.
Published: February 2008

n‐butylamine is a fairly satisfactory inhibitor for the corrosion of aluminium‐manganese alloy in hydrochloric acid solutions. Polarisation studies indicate that the anode polarisation is negligible, whereas the cathode polarisation is appreciable and is increased by the inhibitor. The Tafel plot holds good in this case. The dissolution of the metal is electrochemical in character. The corrosion process with this amine appears to be under cathodic control.
CORROSION in Water, Sewage and Effluents
Authors: Wilson C.L.
Published: February 2008

In this interesting survey the author covers the wide area of domestic and industrial water and effluent corrosion problems and the solutions evolved, where possible, to counter them. He points out that the use of water, in its manifold forms as a corrosive electrolyte, is still perhaps the greatest cause of corrosion damage; on a nation‐wide front this seemingly innocuous liquid is continuing to cost us huge sums in the replacement of materials, despite the many direct and sophisticated methods evolved to prevent its corrosive effects.
CONVERSION COATINGS: as aids to corrosion prevention
Authors: Grizzell G.A.
Published: February 2008

When the surface of a metal is treated chemically so that an inert chemical film is formed by the reaction, such films are known as conversion coatings. They may be applied to a variety of metals in many different colours, shades and thicknesses and all confer some degree of protection against corrosion. Since the subject is extremely wide, this discussion will be confined to ferrous alloys only; steel is the metal most widely used throughout industry and is perhaps the most susceptible to corrosion in its ugliest form.
British corrosion laboratories (4): The Aqueous Corrosion Section A.E.R.E., Harwell
Authors: Wanklyn J.N.
Published: February 2008

THE Aqueous Corrosion Section forms a part of the Metallurgy Division, which also contains a complementary section covering the field of gaseous oxidation. The size of the section has fluctuated over the years, but has generally been of the order of six to eight professional staff. Initially the section's interests were in corrosion at temperatures below 100°C and, in connection with the DIDO reactor and other systems containing aluminium, work on the pitting corrosion of aluminium and aluminium alloys was carried out.
For most firms — WHAT MAKES A CORROSION ENGINEER?
Authors: Wilson C.L.
Published: February 2008

In this, the second in a series of articles on the important topic of management attitudes to corrosion and anti‐corrosion, the author analyses the complexities involved in identifying, choosing and educating a corrosion engineer. Referring to the illustration to this article which represents a simplification of the human categories involved, one might say that the successful formula for most medium‐sized firms is C + E = B where C is a chosen apprentice or student, E is education and B is the result, an improved type of maintenance manager having the capacity ot identify a wide variety of corrosion problems and equipped to present these, if necessary, to the specialist for particular solutions. The corrosion consultancy D is recommended particularly for small firms.
HOT‐DIPPED ALUMINIUM COATINGS
Authors: Nicholls John E.
Published: February 2008

This article is based on a lecture given at the Symposium on Hot Dipped Metal Coatings held at the Borough Polytechnic on July 1 and 2, 1964, under the auspices of the Division of Metal Science.
THE ECONOMICS OF SHIPS CATHODIC PROTECTION
Authors: Morgan J.H.
Published: February 2008

Probably the first use of electricity to protect ships' hulls was Edison's trailing anode technique. It was an economic failure because of the cost of the electricity and also because of misinterpretation of the rate of corrosion of the hull in moving from laboratory to full‐scale experiment. Where Davy had succeeded dramatically with sacrificial anodes Edison failed economically with impressed current. Has the situation changed today with our tremendous advances in electrical power and control techniques?
THE APPLICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF PRE‐CONSTRUCTION PRIMERS ON STEEL PLATE
Authors: Bowler‐Reed J.
Published: February 2008

The factors leading to the development of automatic shot‐blasting and pre‐construction priming of heavy steel plate are described in this paper. Pre‐construction primers are used to protect steel against corrosion during fabrication and to form the first coat of the final protective system. The ideal properties of a pre‐construction primer are reviewed and a general survey is made of the different types of pre‐construction primer. These are: barrier coatings, inhibitive primers and zinc primers.
PRACTICAL ANTI‐CORROSION AT BRUSSELS
Authors: Harocopos B.
Published: February 2008

The following two articles report the outcome, in practical anti‐corrosion terms, of two subjects discussed at the recent international corrosion conference organised in Brussels by ‘Cebelcor’ (June 8–12, 1965). This conference was attended by representatives from 28 nations and the 80 papers read were for the most part in French or English. Of the five days of the proceedings, two, in which half the papers were read, were concerned with practical and technological aspects of the subject; the remaining three days being devoted to a scientific colloquium in which the behaviour of metals, alloys and systems of protection were discussed and techniques of investigation described. The proceedings took place under the supervision of Professor M. Pourbaix, the renowned Belgian authority on the corrosion behaviour of metals
Seal materials for protecting sign case electronics
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

Many sign box cases house expensive electronic equipment that requires protection'. Some of them operate as hazard warning installations in dangerous areas where system failure would be catastrophic. Consequently the protection against the ingress of a corroding mist of water, acidic or saline vapour towards these vital internal electronic parts is vital. Seals can often be the weak link in these situations. Sign cases are sometimes made from badly fitting sheet metal constructions in which uneven pressure is applied to any seal material resulting in highly stressed areas. The location of signs are in such a wide range of environmental situations that compatability between atmosphere/seal material is particularly important.
Guidelines for corrosion testing of coated and uncoated metals
Authors: El‐Sawy S.M.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion has been defined as the destruction of metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. Methods of corrosion control become more and more important as we are increasingly concerned about conserving our natural resources. For effective control of corrosion, we must have a thorough understanding of its nature and methods of measurements. Little correlation exist between laboratory tests and field performance. Atmospheric exposure tests are required to determine the relative aggressiveness of the environment to a variety of materials that might be selected for use. The development of data for this purpose makes possible a suitable selection of materials. Atmospheric small scale tests can often be made the basis of positive statement about the durability of metals, alloys, metal couples and painted metals on large structures and it needs very careful planning and preparation.
Selection of stainless steels for refineries and the petrochemical industry
Authors: Bernhardsson S. , Norberg P. , Eriksson H. , Forssell O.
Published: February 2008

The properties of the recently developed alloy SAF 2304 and of other duplex stainless steels are reviewed. When stress corrosion cracking is a potential problem, this group of alloys offers advantages as compared to the standard austenitic stainless steels AISI 304†316. This is even more true when the high yield strength and the physical properties of the duplex stainless steels can be utilized. When duplex stainless steels do not have sufficient corrosion resistance, Sanicro 28 is a suitable material selection.
The surface preparation of steel linepipe prior to anticorrosion and weight coating for offshore service
Authors: Woolf L.
Published: February 2008

Traditionally carbon steel has been used for both offshore and onshore pipelines and these have been coated with a variety of anticorrosion coatings including bituminous coatings such as reinforced coal tar enamel, asphalt enamel; fusion bonded epoxy powder and polyethylene. The use of more exotic alloys (e.g. Duplex stainless steel) had previously been limited to risers.
Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete and its prevention by cathodic protection
Authors: Bennett Jack
Published: February 2008

Evidence of corrosion of reinforncing steel in concrete has become a familiar sight on United States highways and parking structures. Decks and substructures expected to provide maintenance‐free service for 40 years often require major repair within 5 to 10 years, and frequently have to be replaced after only 15 years of service. At first, poor construction practice and excessive loading were the primary factors blamed by most highway engineers. However, a geographical distribution of the problem pointed to a relationship with salt used to melt snow and ice, or present in seawater and salt spray. Only recently, as research has continued and as field evaluation tools were developed, has corrosion of reinforcing steel been understood as the major cause of this problem.
Fusion bonded epoxy powder coating chosen for rebar protection in prestigious new development in Dubai
Authors: Higgins Richard J.
Published: February 2008

Fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) powder coated rebar has at last come of age in the Gulf region. The prestigious new Diwan complex, currently under construction in Dubai for His Highness Sheikh Rashid Bin Saeed Al‐Maktoum, Vice‐President & Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, has specified FBE coated rebar.