bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model for the photooxidation of parylenes
Authors: Pruden K. G. , Beaudoin S. P.
Published: April 2004

Parylenes belong to a family of polymers that have been investigated for use in electronic and medical applications. The photooxidation of these materials is of interest both to prevent degradation and to induce targeted chemical changes. This article describes a transport and reaction model for the photooxidation of parylenes. This model is based on existing polymer photooxidation mechanisms that have been adapted to this system. The model has been compared with existing parylene photooxidation data for this system and shows qualitative agreement with surface oxidation profiles and oxidation depth profiles. On the basis of the results of the model comparison, it has been determined that the key parameters that appear to affect the photooxidation of parylenes are the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in these films and the concentration of oxygen initially present in these films. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2666–2677, 2004
The influence of hydrogen bonding on the preparation and mechanical properties of PS‐diblock copolymer blends
Authors: Van Casteren I. A. , Van Trier R. A. M. , Goossens J. G. P. , Meijer H. E. H. , Lemstra P. J.
Published: April 2004

In this article, the preparation of nanosized core‐shell particles to induce ductility in polystyrene (PS) is described. FTIR spectroscopy, solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, and DSC were used to examine the extent of miscibility of PS and poly(butylacrylate)‐b‐polyolefin diblock copolymers in a blend in which PS was chemically modified by copolymerization with 0.5–5 mol % of p‐(hexafluoro‐2‐hydroxy isopropyl) styrene (HFS). Hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl‐groups and the carbonyl‐groups of polybutylacrylate enhanced the miscibility and lead to randomly distributed polyolefin particles surrounded by a homogeneous PBA/PS matrix. Morphological parameters such as the size of the dispersed phase or extent of interpenetration between the components are controllable simply by changing the amount of interacting groups in the blend. The mechanical properties of the prepared blends were also studied. The intrinsic deformation behavior was investigated by compression tests, whereas the microscopic mode of deformation was studied by time‐resolved small‐angle X‐ray scattering. It was shown that the macroscopic strain at break depends to a large extent on the diblock copolymer content and the degree of demixing between the rubber shell and PS matrix. Brittle behavior was observed for PS blends that contain more than 3 mol % HFS and show complete miscibility between the PS matrix and acrylate shell. For the blends showing partial miscibility, the compression tests demonstrated a pronounced decrease in strain softening with increasing diblock copolymer concentration. Furthermore, it was illustrated that dependent on the degree of demixing the microscopic deformation mode changes from crazing to cavitation induced shear yielding. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2137–2160, 2004
Pulmonary hemorrhage/hemoptysis in children
Authors: Godfrey Simon
Published: April 2004

Pulmonary hemorrhage and hemoptysis are uncommon in childhood, and the frequency with which they are encountered by the pediatric pulmonologist depends largely on the special interests of the center to which the child is referred. In those centers caring for children with cystic fibrosis or congenital heart disease, these will be by far the most common causes of hemoptysis. Other causes of hemoptysis are far less common, such as bleeding from localized lesions in the upper airway or tracheobronchial tree. Even less common is bleeding into the lungs as part of a systemic disease, usually with renal involvement (pulmonary‐renal syndromes), such as systemic lupus erythematosis or Goodpasture's syndrome. Bleeding into the lungs in children with a bleeding diathesis probably only occurs in immunosuppressed children after transplantation. When no other cause is found for pulmonary hemorrhage, the presumed diagnosis is idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. This review discusses the various causes of hemoptysis and pulmonary hemorrhage, and the appropriate investigations to aid in determining the correct diagnosis. The management and prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, based on cumulative experience from published reports, are considered in more detail. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:476–484. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of airway function in young children with asthma: Comparison of spirometry, interrupter technique, and tidal flow by inductance plethsmography
Authors: Black J. , Baxter‐Jones A.D.G. , Gordon J. , Findlay A.L. , Helms P.J.
Published: April 2004

The assessment of airway function in young children requires adaptation of techniques designed for adults and/or application of techniques that do not require complex respiratory maneuvers. We sought to assess two methods of measuring airway function: time to peak expiratory flows as a ratio of expiratory time (TPTEF/TE), derived from respiratory inductance plethysmography, and total respiratory resistance by the interrupter technique (Rint), both obtained during quiet tidal breathing. Both techniques were referenced to FEV1 and flow at 50% expired volume (FEF50) from conventional spirometry in 30 children aged 4–8 years (median age, 6.9; range, 4.5–8.5 years) with a physician diagnosis of asthma and who were able to perform FEV1 with a repeatability of at least 8%. TPTEF/TE and Rint were performed in random order followed by spirometry, in order to reduce the possible effects of pulmonary stretch on tidal breathing measures. Coefficients of variation (CV) and mean absolute change/baseline standard deviation were derived for each measurement. Baseline FEV1 did not correlate significantly with TPTEF/TE (r = 0.025), but did correlate with Rint (r = 0.737, P < 0.001); respective relationships for change after bronchodilator were r = 0.09 (ns) and r = 0.64 (P < 0.001). FEF50 also correlated significantly with Rint (R = 0.769, P < 0.001) but not with TPTEF/TE. FEV1 and FEF50 both increased postbronchodilator, with respective mean changes of 11.4% and 28% (P < 0.001), while Rint decreased by 24.3% (P < 0.001). No significant changes were noted for TPTEF/TE. TPTEF/TE derived from inductance plethysmography does not detect mild airway obstruction or modest changes in airway caliber following bronchodilator in young children with asthma. The interrupter technique may have a role in assessing baseline airway function and response to therapy in children unable to perform reliable spirometry, and/or when the investigator wishes to avoid the possible influence of forced maneuvers on airway tone. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:548–553. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of lamivudine and zidovudine in human serum by on‐line solid‐phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry detection
Authors: Estrela Rita de Cassia E. , Salvadori Myriam C. , Suarez‐Kurtz Guilherme
Published: April 2004

A method based on solid‐phase extraction (SPE) coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (AZT) in human serum, using didanosine (ddI) as internal standard. The acquisition was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, monitoring the transitions m/z 230.0 → 111.8 for 3TC, m/z 268.1 → 126.8 for AZT, and m/z 237.2 → 136.8 for ddI. The limits of detection and quantitation were 3 and 10 ng/mL for 3TC, and 5 and 15 ng/mL for AZT. The method was linear in the studied ranges (10–1500 ng/mL for 3TC and 15–3000 ng/mL for AZT), with r2 > 0.99 for each drug, and the run time was 4 min. The intra‐assay precisions (%) were in the ranges 1.9–8.7 (3TC) and 2.2–8.9 (AZT), the inter‐assay precisions were in the ranges 2.6–9.0 (3TC) and 4.2–8.1 (AZT), and the intra‐ and inter‐assay accuracies were >97% for both drugs. The absolute recoveries were 95–99% for 3TC (45, 600 and 1200 ng/mL) and 104–112% for AZT (45, 1000 and 2400 ng/mL). The analytical method was applied to a bioequivalence study in which 24 healthy adult volunteers received single oral doses of the reference formulation and two test combined AZT/3TC tablets, in an open, three‐period, balanced, randomized, crossover protocol. Based on the 90% confidence interval of the individual ratios (test formulation/reference formulation) for Cmax (peak serum concentration) and AUC0‐inf (extrapolated area under the serum concentration vs. time curve from time zero to infinity), it was concluded that the two test formulations are bioequivalent to the reference formulation with respect to the rate and extent of absorption of both 3TC and AZT. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid molecular assessment of the bioturbation extent in sandy soil horizons under pine using ester‐bound lipids by on‐line thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Nierop Klaas G. J. , Verstraten Jacobus M.
Published: April 2004

Each plant species has a unique chemical composition, and also within a given plant the various tissues differ from one another in their chemistry. These different compositions can be traced back after decay of the plant parts when they are transformed into soil organic matter (SOM). As a result, the composition of SOM reflects not only the plant origin, but also the various tissues, and the composition consequently provides an estimate of the contribution of above‐ground vs. below‐ground litter. From the latter distribution the extent of bioturbation (mixing of above‐ground litter with the mineral soil) can be assessed.

Application of thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) releases all typical cutin‐ and suberin‐derived aliphatic monomers (mono‐, di‐ and trihydroxyalkanoic acids, α,ω‐alkanedioic acids) as their methyl esters and/or ethers in a rapid manner. Using the distribution of ω‐hydroxyalkanoic acids that are present in pine needle cutin (C12 and C14) and not in root suberin, and those that are present in roots but not in needles (C20 and C22), the extent of bioturbation (mixing of above‐ground plant litter with the mineral soil) can be assessed. Similarly, the (9,16‐dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid+9,10,18‐trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid)/(C20 + C22 α,ω‐alkanedioic acids) ratio reflects the degree of bioturbation. Three mineral soil profiles under Corsican pine with an A horizon that exhibited extensive bioturbation phenomena, and underlying C horizons with hardly any or no bioturbation, were investigated in order to examine the applicability of such an approach. It appeared that the A horizons contained all four mentioned ω‐hydroxyalkanoic acids, while the C horizons contained virtually only the C20 and C22 members. The results not only suggest that bioturbation occurs in the A horizons, but also that possible illuviation or other transport mechanisms of ω‐hydroxyalkanoic acids seem hardly ever or never to occur, which is a prerequisite for applying this biomarker approach in assessing degrees of bioturbation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Septin 2 phosphorylation: theoretical and mass spectrometric evidence for the existence of a single phosphorylation site in vivo
Authors: She Yi‐Min , Huang Yi‐Wei , Zhang Li , Trimble William S.
Published: April 2004

Septins constitute a family of conserved proteins that are required for cytokinesis in a wide range of organisms. Most cells express a set of septin proteins and these are found to assemble into hetero‐oligomeric septin complexes that appear filamentous. However, the mechanisms controlling the function and polymerization of septins are not known. We therefore examined the possibility that septins could be post‐translationally modified by phosphorylation. We present herein a combined theoretical and experimental approach for the analysis of Septin 2 (Sept2) monophosphorylation in vivo. We purified and characterized the human recombinant Sept2, a 45‐kDa protein, expressed from Sf21 insect cells. Analysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry on the full‐length protein sequence of wild‐type Sept2 revealed a unique phosphorylation site at residue Ser248 in vivo, which is consistent with one of the twelve phosphorylation sites in the protein sequence theoretically predicted by the Netphos program. Additional predictions with the motif scan programs Scansite and Prosite suggest that the phosphorylation of wild‐type Sept2 might be a potential substrate for casein kinase 2. Site‐directed mutagenesis of residue 248 from serine to alanine abrogated this phosphorylation. The location of phosphorylation in Sept2 differs from the sites predicted for cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG) phosphorylation in Septin 3, raising the possibility that different septins may undergo distinct phosphorylation events that could control their functions in important cellular processes such as neurotransmission or cytokinesis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of cow milk adulteration in goat milk using high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Ren‐Kun , Chang Li‐Wen , Chung Ya‐Yun , Lee Ming‐Hsung , Ling Yong‐Chien
Published: April 2004

A method was developed for the quantification of cow milk adulteration in goat milk, based on solvent separation of whey proteins followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MS). The presence of cow milk was determined using β‐lactoglobulin whey protein as the molecular marker. The adulterants were identified using both retention time and molecular mass derived from multiply charged molecular ions. Standard solutions containing cow and goat milk in different volume ratios were prepared and analyzed. Good linearity covering cow milk content from 5% and above was obtained. The proposed method identifies the adulterants using accurate molecular masses for protein identification and detects the addition of cow milk to goat milk at levels as low as 5%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
More than network structure: how knowledge heterogeneity influences managerial performance and innovativeness
Authors: Rodan Simon , Galunic Charles
Published: April 2004

This study deals with individual managerial performance, both overall and in generating innovation. While prior work has demonstrated a relationship between network structure and managerial performance, inadequate attention has been paid to network content. We consider several micro‐social processes that might account for differences in managerial performance, taken from economic sociology and studies of managers' exploitation of their social networks and derived from work in psychology on the genesis of ideas. We compare the influence of these mechanisms on managerial performance using a sample of 106 middle managers in a European telecommunications company. Our findings suggest that, while network structure matters, access to heterogeneous knowledge is of equal importance for overall managerial performance and of greater importance for innovation performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DSM-IV mental disorders and neurological complications in children and adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection (HIV-1)
Authors: Misdrahi D. , Vila G. , Funk-Brentano I. , Tardieu M. , Blanche S. , Mouren-Simeoni M.C.
Published: April 2004

Aim

To study the types of psychiatric problem encountered in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their relationship to central nervous system disorder and the severity of infection.

Methods

17 HIV-infected children presenting with psychiatric problems were included. Mental disorders were evaluated according to DSM-IV criteria. Neurological disorders and progressive encephalopathy (presence or absence) diagnosis were evaluated by clinical and radiological examination. The severity of infection was assessed by the percentage of CD4 lymphocytes.

Results

The most frequent diagnoses were major depression (MDD: 47%) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD: 29%). Major depression diagnosis was significantly associated with neuroimaging or clinical neurological abnormalities (p < 0.01). In contrast, no association was found between hyperactivity diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria and central nervous system disorder. Percentage of CD4 lymphocytes were close to 0 for more than 80% of children presenting with psychiatric complications.

Conclusion

The very low % of CD4 lymphocytes of these children suggest that the appearance of a psychiatric complication should be regarded as a factor indicating severe HIV infection. Depressive disorders may be a clinical form of encephalopathy.
Lifting a chromosome: dosage compensation in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Gilfillan Gregor D. , Dahlsveen Ina K. , Becker Peter B.
Published: April 2004

Twofold differences in gene expression levels can be vital for an organism. This is beautifully illustrated by the process of `dosage compensation' in Drosophila, which doubles transcription from the single male X chromosome to equal the mRNA levels originating from the two X chromosomes in female cells. Failure of the process leads to male‐specific lethality. A number of recent publications have furthered our understanding of the ribonucleoprotein complex, which mediates dosage compensation and how it targets the male X chromosome. Deciphering the principles of X chromosome recognition and the nature of the chromatin configuration, that allows fine‐tuning of transcription, remain the most interesting challenges.
Risk of malignancy index in the preoperative evaluation of pelvic masses
Authors: Obeidat B.R. , Amarin Z.O. , Latimer J.A. , Crawford R.A.
Published: April 2004

Objectives: To assess the ability of a risk malignancy index (RMI) based on serum levels of CA 125, ultrasound findings, and menopausal status to discriminate between benign and malignant pelvic masses in a particular population. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of 100 women with pelvic masses admitted for laparotomy. The sensitivity and specificity of serum levels of CA 125, ultrasound findings, and menopausal status were calculated both separately and combined into a RMI to diagnose malignancy. Results: The RMI was more accurate than any single criterion in diagnosing malignancy. Using a cut‐off level of 200 to indicate malignancy, the RMI gave a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 89%, positive predictive value of 96%, and negative predictive value of 78%. Conclusion: The RMI is able to correctly discriminate between malignant and benign pelvic masses. It is a simple scoring system that can be introduced easily into clinical practice to facilitate the selection of patients who would benefit from primary surgery.
Evolution of the Timan–Pechora and South Barents Sea basins
Authors: O'LEARY N. , WHITE N. , TULL S. , BASHILOV V. , KUPRIN V. , NATAPOV L. , MACDONALD D.
Published: April 2004

We have analysed 129 stratigraphic sections from the Timan–Pechora basin, from its adjacent continental shelf and from the South Barents Sea basin, in order to determine whether existing models of extensional sedimentary basin formation can be applied to these intracratonic basins or whether new mechanisms of formation need to be invoked. The subsidence history of each section has been calculated using standard backstripping techniques. An inverse model, based on finite-duration lithospheric stretching, has then been used to calculate the distribution of strain rate as a function of time required to fit each subsidence profile. Results demonstrate an excellent fit between theory and observation. By combining our analysis with independent field-based and geophysical observations, we show that the Timan–Pechora basin underwent at least four phases of mild lithospheric stretching during the Phanerozoic (β<1.2). These phases occurred in Ordovician, Late Ordovician–Silurian, Middle–Late Devonian and Permian–Early Triassic times. Growth on normal faults, episodes of volcanic activity and regional considerations provide corroborative support for the existence of all four phases. Although less well constrained, subsidence data from the South Barents Sea basin are consistent with a similar Early–Middle Palaeozoic history. The main difference is that Permian–Early Triassic extension is substantially greater than that seen onshore. This similarity implies structural connectivity throughout their respective evolutions. Finally, subsidence modelling demonstrates that rapid foreland basin formation, associated with the Uralian Orogeny, was initiated in Permo-Triassic times and is confined to the eastern margin of the Timan–Pechora basin. Coeval foreland subsidence does not occur on the eastern margin of the South Barents Sea basin, supporting the allochthonous nature of Novaya Zemlya. The most puzzling result is the existence of simultaneous lithospheric extension and foreland loading in Permian–Early Triassic times. This juxtaposition is most clearly seen within the Timan–Pechora basin itself and suggests that convective drawdown may play a role in foreland basin formation.
Termitaria as browsing hotspots for African megaherbivores in miombo woodland
Authors: Loveridge John P. , Moe Stein R.
Published: April 2004

Thirteen termite mounds and 13 similar-sized control plots were surveyed in central Zimbabwe in order to study large mammalian browsing and vegetation characteristics. The mounds supported almost twice as many tree species as the control plots and the woody vegetation was denser on mounds compared with the woodland plots. Species of woody plants were recorded along with the percentage of branches browsed (cumulative browsing score) by black rhino, Diceros bicornis, elephant, Loxodonta africana and other browsers combined. In addition we measured how the cumulative browsing score on three woody plant species, Acacia nilotica, Colophospermum mopane and Dichrostachys cinerea, which were common both on and off mounds, was related to the distance from mound centre. Both black rhino and elephant cumulative browsing scores were significantly higher on the mound plants compared with the woodland plots. Cumulative browsing score was negatively related to distance from the mound centre for Dichrostachys cinerea, Colophospermum mopane and Acacia nilotica. We propose that termite mound construction in miombo woodland contributes to sustaining populations of megaherbivores and perhaps some woody species in these areas.
SHORT COMMUNICATION Inferring growth rates from leaf display in tropical forest saplings
Authors: King David A. , Clark David B.
Published: April 2004

In temperate trees, the extension growth history of stems and branches is easily inferred from the positions of the rings of over-wintering bud-scale scars, allowing one to assess environmental responses from surveys of saplings (Beaudet & Messier 1998, Canham 1988, King 2001). But tropical trees rarely show such distinct demarcations of growth flushes. Furthermore, the frequency of flushing may vary with tree size and environment, and a number of tropical species, often light demanding, show continuous leaf production and extension growth throughout the year (Coley 1983).
Free music and the discipline of sound
Authors: WYSE LONCE
Published: April 2004

The history of music in the twentieth century is viewed as a process of expanding the sonic material of music to include all sound. Technological barriers to the full exploitation of the domain of sound are suggested as causing the process to take more time than it would otherwise due to cultural or aesthetic factors alone. Important historical developments in music over the last century are reconsidered to be, at least in part, strategies for circumventing technological limitations to manipulating and accessing all sound. Support for this perspective is found in the words of artists and composers of the time and in comparisons between the technologies available for creation in the visual and the sonic arts. Sound modelling is examined as a post all-sound paradigm holding promise for normalising the relationship between sound and music.
Creative process and performance practice of interactive computer music: a performer's tale
Authors: KIMURA MARI
Published: April 2004

I have had a major interest in the performance practice issues in electronic and interactive systems over the years (see, for example, Kimura 1996). As a performer/composer often presenting pieces from the classical and other contemporary acoustic violin literature in traditional settings along with electronic works, and also as a teacher of interactive computer music performance at a conservatory where my students include highly trained performers, performance practice issues in computer music come up very frequently in association with the creative process. I tend to focus on creating MaxMSP patches that address a particular musical context or situation, rather than creating an elaborate versatile and reusable MaxMSP patch and then using that patch in a particular way to make music. This paper describes a few examples of my interest in this area: (i) System Aspects: Performance Practice Issues and Room Acoustics; (ii) ‘Pragmatic’ Programming and Performance of Interactive Music; and (iii) Creative Process and Interactive Computer Music.
Performing electroacoustic music: a wider view of interactivity
Authors: McNUTT ELIZABETH
Published: April 2004

For most electroacoustic composers, ‘interactivity’ refers to technology which responds to input from a performer. For performers, in contrast, performance may be described as ‘interactive’ on many levels: interacting with acoustic musical interfaces (their instruments), communicating with composers and audiences, mediating the data of a score, negotiating prosthetic devices (microphones, loudspeakers, pedals, sensors), and interacting with invisible chamber music partners (whether backing tracks or responsive computer programs). There has been little public discussion about these issues. This paper will therefore discuss various elements of interactivity in electroacoustic music from the performer's perspective, with the goal of promoting and facilitating satisfying collaborations for both composers and performers. Discussions of pieces for flute and electronics will demonstrate various issues in performing with electronics; describe ways in which works and systems have been designed to work effectively as chamber music; and offer insights into the process of collaboration between composers, technologists and performers.
Live coding in laptop performance
Authors: COLLINS NICK , McLEAN ALEX , ROHRHUBER JULIAN , WARD ADRIAN
Published: April 2004

Seeking new forms of expression in computer music, a small number of laptop composers are braving the challenges of coding music on the fly. Not content to submit meekly to the rigid interfaces of performance software like Ableton Live or Reason, they work with programming languages, building their own custom software, tweaking or writing the programs themselves as they perform. Often this activity takes place within some established language for computer music like SuperCollider, but there is no reason to stop errant minds pursuing their innovations in general scripting languages like Perl. This paper presents an introduction to the field of live coding, of real-time scripting during laptop music performance, and the improvisatory power and risks involved. We look at two test cases, the command-line music of slub utilising, amongst a grab-bag of technologies, Perl and REALbasic, and Julian Rohrhuber's Just In Time library for SuperCollider. We try to give a flavour of an exciting but hazardous world at the forefront of live laptop performance.
Animacy, agentivity, and the spread of the progressive in Modern English
Authors: HUNDT MARIANNE
Published: April 2004

One aspect of the grammaticalization of the progressive is its spread in Modern English. Previous studies suggest that the progressive was initially restricted to animate or agentive subjects and spread to inanimate or nonagentive subjects only during the later stages of grammaticalization in Modern English. The article discusses the contextual variables – animacy and agentivity – that have been used in previous research. ARCHER – A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers – is then used (a) to verify the hypothesis that progressives increasingly co-occur with inanimate/nonagentive subjects in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, (b) to test the reliability and comparability of previous research, (c) to verify whether the weakening of the contextual constraint was a condition for or a result of the spread of the progressive form in the nineteenth century, and (d) to find out whether there are any regional differences between American and British English in the loss of the contextual constraint.
The state of the art in corpus linguistics: three book-length perspectives
Authors: MUKHERJEE JOYBRATO
Published: April 2004

Susan Hunston, Corpora in applied linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Hardback £40.00, ISBN 0 521 80171 0. Paperback £14.95, ISBN 0 521 80583 X. Pp. xii + 241.

Charles F. Meyer, English corpus linguistics: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Hardback £45.00, ISBN 0 521 80879 0. Paperback £16.95, ISBN 0 521 00490 X. Pp. xvi + 168.

Gerald Nelson, Sean Wallis, and Bas Aarts, Exploring natural language: working with the British component of the International Corpus of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002. Hardback £95.00, ISBN 90 272 4888 5. Paperback £55.00, ISBN 90 272 4889 3. Pp. xviii + 342.
A new Gray's Anatomy of English grammar
Authors: LEECH GEOFFREY
Published: April 2004

Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey Pullum, The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xviii + 1842. Hardback, ISBN 0 521 43146 8. £120.

This article reviews Huddleston & Pullum (2002) from the viewpoint of a co-author of Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech & Svartvik (1985). (This author, however, makes no claim whatsoever to represent the views of the other authors of Quirk et al.) Particular attention is paid to some of the more controversial aspects of Huddleston & Pullum's analysis. It is argued that the two grammars, although similar in their comprehensively wide coverage of English, are not strictly comparable, in that Huddleston & Pullum's grammar is more theory-oriented and Quirk et al.'s grammar is more observation-oriented. These different orientations go with different strengths and weaknesses. In some areas Huddleston & Pullum's more up-to-date account has manifest advantages over that of Quirk et al., but there are also arguably areas where Huddleston & Pullum have not moved with the times.
Selbstwertgefühl und ärgerbezogenes Verhalten
Authors: Vollmann Manja , Weber Hannelore , Wiedig Monika
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung: In der vorliegenden Studie mit N = 136 studentischen Probanden wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen zwei Aspekten des Selbstkonzeptes, dem globalen Selbstwertgefühl und der Standfestigkeit gegenüber signifikanten anderen, und der Reaktion auf eine experimentell induzierte ärgerauslösende Provokation untersucht. Das Selbstkonzept sowie das habituelle ärgerbezogene Verhalten wurden eine Woche vor der experimentellen Provokation erfasst. Ärger wurde induziert, indem die Probanden in ungerechtfertigter Weise für einen von ihnen nicht verschuldeten Computerabsturz verantwortlich gemacht wurden. Im Anschluss an die Ärgerinduktion wurden über Fragebogen die emotionalen Reaktionen, das ärgerbezogene Verhalten, die Verhaltensziele und die Bewertung des Verhaltens erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auf der habituellen Ebene hohe Ausprägungen des Selbstwertgefühls und der Standfestigkeit mit einer niedrigeren Neigung zu Anger-in verbunden waren. Das Selbstwertgefühl hatte auf das selbsteingeschätzte Verhalten und die Verhaltensziele in der konkreten Ärgersituation hingegen keinen Einfluss; eine höhere Standfestigkeit war jedoch mit weniger submissivem und ruminativem Verhalten sowie weniger Konfliktvermeidung und mehr Durchsetzungswillen verbunden. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf den in der Literatur umstrittenen Zusammenhang zwischen Selbstwertgefühl, Ärgerneigung und Aggression diskutiert.
Bleibt die Spezifität der Beziehung zwischen Theory of mind und inhibitorischer Kontrolle über die Lebensspanne bestehen?
Authors: Chasiotis Athanasios , Kießling Florian
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung. Eine Reihe neuerer Untersuchungen zur Beziehung zwischen der Entwicklung der kindlichen “theory of mind“ (TOM) und inhibitorischer Fähigkeiten weisen auf einen engen Zusammenhang beider Konstrukte hin, der selbst nach Kontrolle signifikanter Einflussvariablen wie verbale Intelligenz, Geburtsrang und sozioökonomischer Status bestehen bleibt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird an zwei Stichproben explorativ untersucht, ob sich dieser für das Kindesalter bekannte Zusammenhang auch im Erwachsenenalter zeigt. Zur Erfassung der TOM im Erwachsenenalter wurden Geschichten verwendet, die das mentalistische Verständnis komplexer sozialer Situationen erfordern. Als Maß für die inhibitorischen Fähigkeiten im Erwachsenenalter wurde die Leistung im für Erwachsene modifizierten Selbstregulations- und Konzentrationstest (SRKT-K, Kuhl und Kraska, 1992 ) erhoben. Während die aus der Kindheit bekannten Kontextvariablen im Erwachsenenalter über beide Stichproben hinweg keine konsistente Rolle spielten, ließ sich der bereits im Kindesalter spezifische Zusammenhang zwischen mentalistischer Kompetenz und inhibitorischen Fähigkeiten auch im Erwachsenenalter nachweisen.
Determinanten von Fähigkeitsselbstwahrnehmungen im Grundschulalter
Authors: Spinath Birgit
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung. Untersucht wurde die Frage, welche vorauslaufenden Bedingungen schulische Fähigkeitsselbstwahrnehmungen im Grundschulalter determinieren und ob sich dieses Bedingungsgefüge im Laufe der Grundschulzeit verändert. Bei N = 313 Schüler/inne/n der Klassenstufen 2-4 wurden im Abstand von sechs Monaten allgemeine schulische Fähigkeitsselbstwahrnehmungen erhoben. Als vermutete Einflussgrößen wurden elterliche Fähigkeitswahrnehmungen für ihre Kinder, die Intelligenz der Schüler/innen, Leistungseinschätzungen durch Lehrer/innen sowie die Fähigkeitsselbstwahrnehmungen der Schüler/innen zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt erfasst. In der Gesamtstichprobe erwiesen sich die Fähigkeitsselbstwahrnehmungen zu MZP 1 sowie die Leistungseinschätzungen durch die Lehrer/innen als starke Prädiktoren der Fähigkeitsselbstwahrnehmungen zu MZP 2. Separate Regressionsanalysen für die Klassenstufen zeigten, dass dieses Befundmuster das Bedingungsgefüge in den Klassenstufen 3 und 4 widerspiegelte, während in der 2. Klasse die elterlichen Fähigkeitswahrnehmungen für ihre Kinder den stärksten Prädiktor darstellten. Demnach scheint sich die relative Bedeutung der Determinanten von kindlichen FSW im Verlauf der Grundschulzeit zu verändern.
Wie wirken Betrugskontexte in der Kartenaufgabe von Wason?
Authors: Janke Bettina
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung. In einer Untersuchung mit 119 Zehn- und Dreizehnjährigen und 60 Erwachsenen wurde geprüft, ob die von Gigerenzer und Hug (1992) gefundenen Effekte der Einbindung der Kartenaufgabe von Wason (1966) in so genannte Betrugskontexte auch bei Kindern nachgewiesen werden können. Der Untersuchung lag ein zweifaktorieller Zufallsgruppenplan mit den Faktoren Perspektive (3) und Alter (3) zu Grunde. Die Standard-Betrugsbedingung versetzte die Teilnehmer in die Perspektive einer Partei in dem Sozialvertrag, die zur Identifikation potentieller Betrüger die Karten “P“ und “Nicht-Q“ prüfen sollte; in der Betrugsbedingung mit vertauschter Perspektive mussten, um potentielle Betrüger zu identifizieren, entgegen der logisch richtigen Lösung die Karten “Nicht-P“ und “Q“ geprüft werden. Die Kontrollbedingung versetzte die Teilnehmer in eine Beobachterperspektive. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass etwa die Hälfte der 10- und 13-Jährigen und die Mehrheit der Erwachsenen in der Standard-Betrugsbedingung nur die Karten “P“ und “Nicht Q“ prüfte. Demgegenüber war der so genannte Perspektiveneffekt nur bei den Erwachsenen und 13-Jährigen nachweisbar.
Response of the magnetotail to changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere
Authors: Milan S. E. , Cowley S. W. H. , Lester M. , Wright D. M. , Slavin J. A. , Fillingim M. , Carlson C. W. , Singer H. J.
Published: April 2004

We compare the open flux content of the magnetosphere, quantified by measurements of the size of the northern ionospheric polar cap, with the radius of the magnetotail at X ≈ −25 RE, deduced from observations made by the IMP‐8 spacecraft. During an 8‐hour period of observation we estimate that the proportion of terrestrial flux that is interconnected with the solar wind varies between 12 and 2.5%. This latter extreme, representing an almost closed magnetosphere, follows the incidence of a solar wind dynamic pressure step, the onset of a large substorm, and a 3‐hour period of northward IMF. The deflated and compressed magnetotail is predicted to have a radius as small as 12 RE at this time. The magnetotail does not reinflate to more typical dimensions until some time after a southward turning of the IMF, leading to accumulation of open flux through low latitude reconnection. We compare our observations with estimates of the shape of the magnetopause from an empirical model. We also present a simple model of the varying length of the magnetotail, based on upstream solar wind conditions, and observations of the size of the polar cap.
Relationship between synoptic forcing and polynya formation in the Cosmonaut Sea: 1. Polynya climatology
Authors: Arbetter Todd E. , Lynch Amanda H. , Bailey David A.
Published: April 2004

A polynya has been observed in satellite imagery to occur irregularly between the months of July and October in the Cosmonaut Sea. To investigate the processes of formation, maintenance, and decay of these polynyas, a 13‐year climatology of Antarctic atmospheric and surface conditions is assembled from numerical weather prediction model analyses and remotely sensed satellite observations. An analytical technique used previously to identify and track atmospheric low pressure systems is modified to identify polynyas from daily analyses of sea ice area. This information is used to prepare a set of monthly climatological conditions as well as their anomalies when a polynya is present. Previous studies have suggested a link between atmospheric forcing and polynya formation. Along with the drop in sea ice area, there is a drop in sea level pressure as well as an increase in atmospheric wind divergence when the Cosmonaut Sea polynya is present. In some months, the sea ice area decrease is preceded by the passage of an atmospheric low pressure system 1–2 days earlier, but due to the continuous presence of katabatic winds and the coarseness of the ECMWF data, there is not as definitive a relationship between wind divergence and sea level pressure or ice area. Errors associated with the processing of passive microwave remotely sensed data, as well as differences in spatial scale limit that can be determined about the ocean state from the data sets, suggest the need for improved surface classification techniques, as well as regional modeling studies.
Photolysis frequency of O3 to O(1D): Measurements and modeling during the International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Modeling Intercomparison (IPMMI)
Authors: Hofzumahaus A. , Lefer B. L. , Monks P. S. , Hall S. R. , Kylling A. , Mayer B. , Shetter R. E. , Junkermann W. , Bais A. , Calvert J. G. , Cantrell C. A. , Madronich S. , Edwards G. D. , Kraus A. , Müller M. , Bohn B. , Schmitt R. , Johnston P. , McKenzie R. , Frost G. J. , Griffioen E. , Krol M. , Martin T. , Pfister G. , Röth E. P. , Ruggaber A. , Swartz W. H. , Lloyd S. A. , Van Weele M.
Published: April 2004

The International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Modeling Intercomparison (IPMMI) took place at Boulder, Colorado, from 15 to 19 June 1998 and offered the opportunity to test how well experimental techniques and theoretical models can determine the photolysis frequency of O3 → O(1D) in the troposphere. Different techniques measured the downwelling 2π sr component of j(O1D) at the ground and were blindly compared to each other. Moreover, theoretical j(O1D) model results were blindly compared to data measured under clear sky at relatively low aerosol optical density. Six experimental groups operated one chemical actinometer (CA), six spectroradiometers (SR), and four filter radiometers (FR). General good agreement with deviations less than 10% among the radiometers (SR and FR) was found for solar zenith angles (SZA) less than 60°, provided that the instruments used similar absorption cross sections, quantum yields, and temperatures for deriving j(O1D). The deviations were generally larger at high solar zenith angles and reached a factor of 2 in some cases. Two spectroradiometers and one filter radiometer showed excellent agreement with each other and with the chemical actinometer at all solar zenith angles up to at least 80° within typically 5%. These radiometers used recently published O(1D) quantum yield data and explicitly considered the temperature dependence of j(O1D). This good agreement shows that each of the different categories of instruments (CA, SR, and FR) is in principle capable of accurate determinations of j(O1D). A large sensitivity was found to the choice of data for the O(1D) quantum yield. The best agreement between spectroradiometry and chemical actinometry was obtained when recently published quantum yield data were used. The IPMMI study thus supports the quantum yield recommendation by National Aeronautics and Space Administration‐Jet Propulsion Laboratory [Sander et al., 2003] and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (http://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk; data sheet POx2 from 2001). Fifteen models that were operated by 12 model groups participated in the comparison of modeled j(O1D) with measured data. Most models agreed within 15% with the spectroradiometer‐derived j(O1D) values under clear sky at SZA < 75°, provided that they used similar absorption cross sections, quantum yields, and temperatures. While most models simulated the measured actinic flux quite well, significant deviations in j(O1D) were observed in cases when outdated O(1D) quantum yield data or inappropriate temperature data were used.
The prokaryotic selenoproteome
Authors: Kryukov Gregory V , Gladyshev Vadim N
Published: April 2004

In the genetic code, the UGA codon has a dual function as it encodes selenocysteine (Sec) and serves as a stop signal. However, only the translation terminator function is used in gene annotation programs, resulting in misannotation of selenoprotein genes. Here, we applied two independent bioinformatics approaches to characterize a selenoprotein set in prokaryotic genomes. One method searched for selenoprotein genes by identifying RNA stem–loop structures, selenocysteine insertion sequence elements; the second approach identified Sec/Cys pairs in homologous sequences. These analyses identified all or almost all selenoproteins in completely sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes and provided a view on the distribution and composition of prokaryotic selenoproteomes. In addition, lineage‐specific and core selenoproteins were detected, which provided insights into the mechanisms of selenoprotein evolution. Characterization of selenoproteomes allows interpretation of other UGA codons in completed genomes of prokaryotes as terminators, addressing the UGA dual‐function problem.
Automorphic forms on 𝑃𝐺𝑆𝑝(2)
Authors: Flicker Yuval
Published: April 2004

The theory of lifting of automorphic and admissible representations is developed in a new case of great classical interest: Siegel automorphic forms. The self-contragredient representations of PGL(4) are determined as lifts of representations of either symplectic PGSp(2) or orthogonal SO(4) rank two split groups. Our approach to the lifting uses the global tool of the trace formula together with local results such as the fundamental lemma. The lifting is stated in terms of character relations. This permits us to introduce a definition of packets and quasi-packets of representations of the projective symplectic group of similitudes PGSp(2), and analyse the structure of all packets. All representations, not only generic or tempered ones, are studied. Globally we obtain a multiplicity one theorem for the discrete spectrum of the projective symplectic group PGSp(2), a rigidity theorem for packets and quasi-packets, determine all counterexamples to the naive Ramanujan conjecture, and compute the multiplicity of each member in a packet or quasi-packet in the discrete spectrum. The lifting from SO(4) to PGL(4) amounts to establishing a product of two representations of GL(2) with central characters whose product is 1. The rigidity theorem for SO(4) amounts to a strong rigidity statement for a pair of representations ofGL⁡(2,A)\operatorname {GL}(2,\mathbb {A}).
The Institutionalization of the U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: McGuire Kevin T.
Published: April 2004

In pursuing their goals, members of the U.S. Supreme Court are affected by their institutional setting. How has that institutional environment changed over time and what have been the political consequences of those changes? Despite considerable analysis of the institutional dynamics of legislatures and executives, political scientists have been slow to bring time series techniques to the study of the Supreme Court, and as a result much less is known about its evolutionary path. Measuring a variety of organizational characteristics, I construct an index of the institutionalization of the Supreme Court from 1790 to 1996. This indicator suggests that the integration of the Court into the system of federal policy making has better enabled the justices to satisfy their objectives. To demonstrate this empirically, I test a series of error correction models of judicial influence, each of which confirms that the nature of the Supreme Court's character has had considerable implications for the scope of the justices' legal and political impact. These results underscore the need for judicial scholars to examine the Court's policy making in longitudinal perspective.
Studying Dynamics in Legislator Ideal Points: Scale Matters
Authors: Herron Michael C.
Published: April 2004

Research designs that call for the estimation of time trends in legislator ideal points must allow for changes in underlying policy spaces. Simply put, a set of legislator ideal points from one such space cannot necessarily be compared with a set of ideal points from another. Rothenberg and Sanders's (2000, American Journal of Political Science 44:316–325) analysis of shirking in Congress does not internalize this point insofar as it assumes that legislator ideal points from adjoining congressional sessions lie in a common space. While it may be the case that members of Congress shirk ideologically when approaching retirement, the regression estimates at the heart of Rothenberg and Sanders neither support this possibility nor constitute evidence against it.