bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations of fasting plasma glucose with all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular events in older Chinese diabetes patients: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Wang Linan , Zhang Wei , Dai Juan , Deng Qing , Yan Yaqiong , Liu Qing
Published: April 2024

Aims/Introduction

Our aim was to investigate the optimal fasting glucose (FPG) range in Chinese older adults with type 2 diabetes, and to clarify whether the optimal range varies according to the control of risk factors.

Materials and Methods

The baseline survey for the cohort study began in 2018, with follow up ending in 2022. Our study enrolled 59,030 older diabetes patients with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Participants were divided into nine groups based on their baseline glycemic status. The association between FPG and the risk of adverse outcomes was mainly estimated by multivariate Cox proportional risk models and restricted spline analysis.

Results

During the 4‐year follow‐up period, a total of 5,637 deaths and 4,904 CVD events occurred. The associations of FPG with mortality and CVD events showed J‐shaped curves. Among all‐cause deaths, the hazard ratios for FPG ≤4.50 and >11.50 mmol/L were 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31–1.71) and 1.84 (95% CI 1.67–2.02). Among CVD, the hazard ratios for FPG ≤4.50 and >11.50 mmol/L were 1.31 (95% CI 1.13–1.53) and 1.71 (95% CI 1.54–1.89), respectively. The optimal FPG ranges of all‐cause mortality and CVD were 5.50–7.50 and 4.50–7.50 mmol/L, respectively. For participants with at least two risk factors, the optimal FPG levels were higher than those with fewer risk factors.

Conclusions

In older Chinese diabetes patients, the FPG ranges related to the minimum death and CVD event rates were 5.50–7.50 and 4.50–7.50 mmol/L, respectively. Patients with more cardiovascular risk factors had higher optimal blood glucose ranges than those with fewer risk factors.
Immediate loading on two adjacent single dental implants with definitive nonsplinted restorations: A proof of concept in the posterior zone
Authors: Park Jin‐Young , Strauss Franz‐Josef , Schiavon Lucia , Patrizi Andrea , Cha Jae‐Kook , Lee Jung‐Seok , Jung Ronald , Jung Ui‐Won , Thoma Daniel
Published: April 2024

Objectives

To evaluate clinical, clinician‐ and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) of two adjacent single posterior implants immediately loaded with definitive single crowns up to 1 year. Ten patients in need of two adjacent posterior single implants were included. All implants were placed applying a fully digital workflow. Definitive screw‐retained single zirconia crowns were delivered within 72 h after implant placement. Clinical parameters, patient‐ and clinician‐reported outcomes were assessed up to 1 year of follow‐up.

Clinical Considerations

Clinical outcomes remained stable, with no implant failures or technical and biological complications throughout the observation period. Patient satisfaction was very high at baseline (crown delivery) and remained consistently high at 6 and 12 months of follow‐up. Crown insertion 3 days after implant placement was rated as an easy procedure by clinicians.

Conclusions

Two adjacent single implants with immediate definitive restorations (<72 h) in the posterior region appear to be a viable and easy treatment option to shorten the overall treatment time and potentially enhancing patient satisfaction. However, randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the advantages of this treatment protocol over a delayed loading approach.

Clinical Significance

In selected cases, immediate implant loading with definitive restorations in the posterior region appears a valuable and straightforward option to shorten the overall treatment time.
Housework among same‐sex and different‐sex couples: The roles of time and earnings
Authors: Fischer Jocelyn
Published: April 2024

Objective

This study examined how paid work time and earnings are related to time spent in various types of housework tasks among people in same‐sex couples (SSCs) and how these relationships differ from those among people in different‐sex couples (DSCs).

Background

Prior research on housework among people in SSCs mostly relied on convenience samples and self‐report measures of housework. These methods may have drawbacks related to the selectivity of the samples and the accuracy of the housework measures. Specifically, SSCs might try to portray their housework divisions as more equal than they actually are.

Method

The current study used nationally representative, time diary data from the American Time Use Survey (N = 50,899) to estimate the relationships between paid work time, earnings, and time spent in various types of housework tasks (feminine, masculine, and gender‐neutral tasks) among people in SSCs and DSCs.

Results

Paid work time was related to housework time among both men and women in SSCs, but earnings were only related to housework among men in SSCs. Furthermore, some associations between paid work characteristics and housework were stronger among men in SSCs compared with men in DSCs. Among women, the pattern of couple‐type differences in the associations of interest was more nuanced.

Conclusion

Using high‐quality, nationally representative data, the results point to a greater level of specialization of paid work and housework responsibilities among people in SSCs relative to people in DSCs than has previously been observed in the bulk of the literature.
The asymmetric effects of improving and declining marital satisfaction on cognitive function
Authors: Kim Jinho , Hwang Sungsik
Published: April 2024

Objective

This study examines the association between marital satisfaction and cognitive function, while distinguishing between the effects of improving and declining marital satisfaction. Moreover, potential differences in these asymmetric effects of marital satisfaction between middle‐aged and older adults are explored.

Background

Marital satisfaction is known to promote cognitive function. However, previous studies have assumed that the effects of improving and declining marital satisfaction are symmetrical.

Method

Using seven waves of data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging 2006–2018 (N = 7407), we employ a novel asymmetric fixed effects model to estimate the effects of improving and declining marital satisfaction separately. Stratified analyses were conducted by age group and gender.

Results

The association between declining marital satisfaction and cognitive function (b = −0.292, p < .001) was stronger than the association between improving marital satisfaction and cognitive function (b = 0.102, p < .001). These asymmetric effects were predominantly driven by older adults. The effect of declining marital satisfaction on cognitive function was significantly greater for older adults than middle‐aged adults (−0.395 vs. −0.148). We did not find gender differences.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that the negative impact of declining marital satisfaction on cognitive function outweighs the positive effects of improving marital satisfaction, especially among older adults. Reducing marital dissatisfaction and fostering healthy marital relationships are crucial strategies to promote the cognitive well‐being of older adults.
Effects of altering diet carbohydrate profile and physical form on zoo‐housed giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata
Authors: Kearney Celeste C. , Ball Ray L. , Hall Mary Beth
Published: April 2024

Unlike wild giraffe that primarily consume low starch browse, the preference of zoo‐housed giraffe for consuming supplemental feeds over forage could increase the risk of digestive disorders such as ruminal acidosis. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of modifying a supplemental feed's non‐fibre carbohydrate profile and physical form on nutritional, behavioural, and blood measures of giraffe in a zoological setting. Six non‐lactating, adult, female reticulated giraffes were used in a two‐pen modified reversal study using two dietary treatments in seven 21‐day periods with data collected on days 15–21. Dietary treatments were a control feed comprised of commercially available products used at the time as the giraffe feed (GF) and an unpelleted experimental feed (EF). On a dry matter basis, GF and EF, respectively, contained 17.0% and 17.4% crude protein, 14.2% and 1.5% starch, 14.9% and 21.3% ethanol‐soluble carbohydrates, 22.9% and 26.0% acid detergent fibre (ADF) and 9.50% and 14.9% ND‐soluble fibre (NDSF), with modulus of fineness values of 3.62 and 4.82. Supplemental feeds, alfalfa hay, salt, and water were available for ad libitum consumption. Significance was declared at p ≤ 0.05. Intakes of hay, supplemental feeds, and total feed did not differ by diet (p > 0.28), though intakes of starch (0.93 and 0.12 kg; p = 0.05) and ADF (1.83 and 2.23 kg; p = 0.04) differed between GF and EF respectively. Giraffe behaviour values (min/48 h) were greater with EF for total eating (p = 0.04); diets were not detected as different for engagement in oral stereotypes (GF = 433, EF = 318 min/48 h; p = 0.22). Blood glucose was higher on GF than EF (99.0 and 82.3 mg/dL; p = 0.03). The lower EF blood glucose value is more similar to ranges reported for domesticated ruminants. No differences were detected for changes in body weight or body condition score in the 21‐day periods (p > 0.32). Modification of supplemental feed carbohydrate profile and physical form can influence behaviour and blood glucose values of zoo‐housed giraffe.
CACS, CCTA and mCAD‐LT score in the pre‐transplant assessment of coronary artery disease and the prediction of post‐transplant cardiovascular events
Authors: Pagano Giulia , Sastre Lydia , Blasi Annabel , Brugaletta Salvatore , Mestres Judit , Martinez‐Ocon Julia , Ortiz‐Pérez Jose T. , Viñals Clara , Prat‐Gonzàlez Susanna , Rivas Eva , Perea Rosario J. , Rodriguez‐Tajes Sergio , Muxí África , Ortega Emilio , Doltra Ada , Ruiz Pablo , Vidal Bàrbara , Martínez‐Palli Graciela , Colmenero Jordi , Crespo Gonzalo
Published: April 2024

Background

The optimal cardiovascular assessment of liver transplant (LT) candidates is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the performance of CT‐based coronary tests (coronary artery calcium score [CACS] and coronary CT angiography [CCTA]) and a modification of the CAD‐LT score (mCAD‐LT, excluding family history of CAD) to diagnose significant coronary artery disease (CAD) before LT and predict the incidence of post‐LT cardiovascular events (CVE).

Methods

We retrospectively analysed a single‐centre cohort of LT candidates who underwent non‐invasive tests; invasive coronary angiography (ICA) was performed depending on the results of non‐invasive tests. mCAD‐LT was calculated in all patients.

Results

Six‐hundred‐and‐thirty‐four LT candidates were assessed and 351 of them underwent LT. CACS, CCTA and ICA were performed in 245, 123 and 120 LT candidates, respectively. Significant CAD was found in 30% of patients undergoing ICA. The AUROCs of mCAD‐LT (.722) and CCTA (.654) were significantly higher than that of CACS (.502) to predict the presence of significant CAD. Specificity of the tests ranged between 31% for CCTA and 53% for CACS. Among patients who underwent LT, CACS ≥ 400 and mCAD‐LT were independently associated with the incidence of CVE; in patients who underwent CCTA before LT, significant CAD at CCTA also predicted post‐LT CVE.

Conclusion

In this cohort, mCAD‐LT score and CT‐based tests detect the presence of significant CAD in LT candidates, although they tend to overestimate it. Both mCAD‐LT score and CT‐based tests classify LT recipients according to their risk of post‐LT CVE and can be used to improve post‐LT risk mitigation.
Natural airway as an alternative to intubation for pediatric endoscopic esophageal foreign body removal: A retrospective cohort study of 326 patients
Authors: Lonsdale Hannah , Rodriguez Kurt , Shargo Ryan , Ekblad Morgan , Brown Jerry M. , Dolan Isabella , Fierstein Jamie L. , Miller Alexandra , Dey Aditi , Peck Jacquelin , Rehman Mohamed A. , Wilsey Michael J.
Published: April 2024

Background

Anesthesia is required for endoscopic removal of esophageal foreign bodies (EFBs) in children. Historically, endotracheal intubation has been the de facto gold standard for airway management in these cases. However, as more elective endoscopic procedures are now performed under propofol sedation with natural airway, there has been a move toward using similar Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) for select patients who require endoscopic removal of an EFB.

Methods

In this single‐center retrospective cohort study, we compared endoscopic EFB removal with either MAC or endotracheal intubation. Descriptive statistics summarized factors stratified by initial choice of airway technique, including intra‐ and postanesthesia complications and the frequency of mid‐procedure conversion to endotracheal intubation in those initially managed with MAC. To demonstrate the magnitude of associations between these factors and the anesthesiologist's choice of airway technique, univariable Firth logistic and quantile regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (95% CI) and beta coefficients (95% CI).

Results

From the initial search, 326 patients were identified. Among them, 23% (n = 75) were planned for intubation and 77% (n = 251) were planned for MAC. Three patients (0.9%) who were initially planned for MAC required conversion to endotracheal intubation after induction. Two (0.6%) of these children were admitted to the hospital after the procedure and treated for ongoing airway reactivity. No patient experienced reflux of gastric contents to the mouth or dislodgement of the foreign body to the airway, and no patient required administration of vasoactive medications or cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Patients had higher odds that the anesthesiologist chose to utilize MAC if the foreign body was a coin (OR, 3.3; CI, 1.9–5.7, p < .001) or if their fasting time was >6 h. Median total operating time was 15 min greater in intubated patients (11 vs. 26 min, p < .001).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that MAC may be considered for select pediatric patients undergoing endoscopic removal of EFB, especially those who have ingested coins, who do not have reactive airways, who have fasted for >6 h, and in whom the endoscopic procedure is expected to be short and uncomplicated. Prospective multi‐site studies are needed to confirm these findings.
The bottom 20 percent: early career paths of youth with low grade point average
Authors: Hansen Jorgen , Kristensen Nicolai
Published: April 2024

Across nations, large proportions of younger birth cohorts obtain no professional qualifications. Using rich administrative data from Denmark and a semi‐structural dynamic approach, we analyze different policies targeted towards young people who leave grade 9 with a grade point average in the bottom quintile. We find that preparatory courses, offered to students who are unable to commence a qualifying degree, have no positive impact on future labor market outcomes. Further, unobserved heterogeneity is more important for this group than are cognitive skills. Our results show that education is a good option for many, but not for all.
Free resolutions for free unitary quantum groups and universal cosovereign Hopf algebras
Authors: Baraquin Isabelle , Franz Uwe , Gerhold Malte , Kula Anna , Tobolski Mariusz
Published: April 2024

We find a finite free resolution of the counit of the free unitary quantum groups of van Daele and Wang and, more generally, Bichon's universal cosovereign Hopf algebras with a generic parameter matrix. This allows us to compute Hochschild cohomology with one‐dimensional coefficients for all these Hopf algebras. In fact, the resolutions can be endowed with a Yetter–Drinfeld structure. General results of Bichon then allow us to compute also the corresponding bialgebra cohomologies. Finding the resolution rests on two pillars. We take as a starting point the resolution for the free orthogonal quantum group presented by Collins, Härtel, and Thom or its algebraic generalization to quantum symmetry groups of bilinear forms due to Bichon. Then, we make use of the fact that the free unitary quantum groups and some of its non‐Kac versions can be realized as a glued free product of a (non‐Kac) free orthogonal quantum group with , the finite group of order 2. To obtain the resolution also for more general universal cosovereign Hopf algebras, we extend Gromada's proof from compact quantum groups to the framework of matrix Hopf algebras. As a by‐product of this approach, we also obtain a projective resolution for the freely modified bistochastic quantum groups. Only a special subclass of free unitary quantum groups and universal cosovereign Hopf algebras decompose as a glued free product in the described way. In order to verify that the sequence we found is a free resolution in general (as long as the parameter matrix is generic, two conditions which are automatically fulfilled in the free unitary quantum group case), we use the theory of Hopf bi‐Galois objects and Bichon's results on monoidal equivalences between the categories of Yetter–Drinfeld modules over universal cosovereign Hopf algebras for different parameter matrices.
Simulation research on aerodynamic noise characteristics of a compressor under different working conditions
Authors: Lu Huabing , Xiao Youhong , Huang Yiteng , Liu Zhigang , Yuan Ye , Zhou Peilin , Yang Guanghui
Published: April 2024

The shear stress transport turbulence model is employed to conduct a detailed study of flow characteristics at the highest efficiency point and near-stall point in a full-channel 1.5-stage compressor in this paper. The simulation results for the compressor's total pressure ratio and efficiency exhibit good agreement with experimental data. Emphasis is placed on examining the internal flow structure in the tip area of the compressor rotor under near-stall conditions. The results reveal that significant differences in flow structure primarily occur in the tip area as the compressor approaches stall. Specifically, a reduction in turbulent kinetic energy is observed in a region spanning approximately 20%–60% of the chord length on the rotor suction face near-stall conditions. Two additional peak frequencies, at 0.8 and 1.6 times the blade passage frequency, are observed, and the intricate flow phenomena are elaborated at the near-stall point. The near-stall point exhibits greater noise levels than the highest efficiency point, where the intensity of the surface source increases by more than 10 dB, peaking at 20 dB. This additional peak serves as a significant supplementary noise source near the stall point, leading to a maximum increase of 33.3 dB in the free radiated sound power. The acoustic response within the duct indicates that the compressor operating at the near-stall point continues to produce substantial noise on the actual test bench, showing an average increase of 6 dB in noise levels, and the distribution of the additional peak single-tone noise at the entrance significantly differs from that observed at the highest efficiency point.
Deep profiling of potential substrate atlas of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 3C-like protease
Authors: Zhou Junwei , Sun Peng , Wang Yuanqing , Qiu Runhui , Yang Zhixiang , Guo Jiahui , Li Zhuang , Xiao Shaobo , Fang Liurong
Published: April 2024

Coronavirus (CoV) 3C-like protease (3CL
pro
) is essential for viral replication and is involved in immune escape by proteolyzing host proteins. Deep profiling the 3CL
pro
substrates in the host proteome extends our understanding of viral pathogenesis and facilitates antiviral drug discovery. Here, 3CL
pro
from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an enteropathogenic CoV, was used as a model which to identify the potential 3CL
pro
cleavage motifs in all porcine proteins. We characterized the selectivity of PEDV 3CL
pro
at sites P5–P4′. We then compiled the 3CL
pro
substrate preferences into a position-specific scoring matrix and developed a 3CL
pro
profiling strategy to delineate the protein substrate landscape of CoV 3CL
pro
. We identified 1,398 potential targets in the porcine proteome containing at least one putative cleavage site and experimentally validated the reliability of the substrate degradome. The PEDV 3CL
pro
-targeted pathways are involved in mRNA processing, translation, and key effectors of autophagy and the immune system. We also demonstrated that PEDV 3CL
pro
suppresses the type 1 interferon (IFN-I) cascade
via
the proteolysis of multiple signaling adaptors in the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling pathway. Our composite method is reproducible and accurate, with an unprecedented depth of coverage for substrate motifs. The 3CL
pro
substrate degradome establishes a comprehensive substrate atlas that will accelerate the investigation of CoV pathogenicity and the development of anti-CoV drugs.

IMPORTANCE

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are major pathogens that infect humans and animals. The 3C-like protease (3CL
pro
) encoded by CoV not only cleaves the CoV polyproteins but also degrades host proteins and is considered an attractive target for the development of anti-CoV drugs. However, the comprehensive characterization of an atlas of CoV 3CL
pro
substrates is a long-standing challenge. Using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) 3CL
pro
as a model, we developed a method that accurately predicts the substrates of 3CL
pro
and comprehensively maps the substrate degradome of PEDV 3CL
pro
. Interestingly, we found that 3CL
pro
may simultaneously degrade multiple molecules responsible for a specific function. For instance, it cleaves at least four adaptors in the RIG-I signaling pathway to suppress type 1 interferon production. These findings highlight the complexity of the 3CL
pro
substrate degradome and provide new insights to facilitate the development of anti-CoV drugs.
DNA at the whim of the water: environmental DNA as a course-based undergraduate research experience
Authors: Nolan Kathleen P. , Grunspan Daniel Z. , Myler Erika , Brimble Nava , Heyland Andreas , Hanner Robert H.
Published: April 2024

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) increase student access to high impact research experiences. CUREs engage students in the scientific process by learning how to pose scientific questions, develop hypotheses, and generate data to test them. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a growing field of research that is gaining accessibility through decreasing laboratory costs, which can make a foundation for multiple, engaging CUREs. This manuscript describes three case studies that used eDNA in an upper year undergraduate course. The first focusses on a systematic literature review of eDNA metadata reporting. The second describes the biomonitoring of brook trout in southern Ontario using eDNA. The third involves eDNA metabarcoding for freshwater fish detection in southern Ontario. Undergraduates were involved in the development and execution of experiments, scientific communication, the peer review process, and fundraising. Through this manuscript, we show the novel application of eDNA CUREs and provide a roadmap for other instructors interested in implementing similar projects. Interviews with seven students from these courses indicate the benefits experienced from taking these courses. We argue that the use of eDNA in CUREs should be expanded in undergraduate biology programs due to the benefit to students and the increasing accessibility of this technology.
Particle dynamics in spherically symmetric electro-vacuum instantons
Authors: Garnier Arthur
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we study the geodesic motion in spherically symmetric electro-vacuum Euclidean solutions of the Einstein equation. There are two kinds of such solutions: the Euclidean Reissner–Nordström (ERN) metrics, and the Bertotti–Robinson-like (BR) metrics, the latter having constant Kretschmann scalar. First, we derive the motion equations for the ERN spacetime and we generalize the results of Battista–Esposito, showing that all orbits in as ERN spacetime are unbounded if and only if it has an event horizon. We also obtain the Weierstrass form of the polar radial motion, providing an efficient tool for numerical computations. We then study the angular deflection of orbits in the Euclidean Schwarzschild spacetime which, in contrast to the Lorentzian background, can be either positive or negative. We observe the presence of a null and a maximal deflection rings for particles with velocity at infinity $$v>1$$

v
>
1

and we give approximate values for their size when $$v > rsim 1.$$

v
≳
1
.

For BR spacetimes, we obtain analytic solutions for the radial motion in proper length, involving (hyperbolic) trigonometric functions and we deduce that orbits either exponentially go to the singularity or are periodic. Finally, we apply the previous results and use algorithms related to Weierstrass’ elliptic functions to produce a Python code to plot orbits of the spacetimes ERN and BR, and draw “shadows” of the first ones, as it was already done before for classical black holes.
Periodic Orbit Dividing Surfaces in a Quartic Hamiltonian System with Three Degrees of Freedom – I
Authors: Gonzalez Montoya Francisco , Katsanikas Matthaios , Wiggins Stephen
Published: April 2024

In prior work [Katsanikas & Wiggins, 2021a, 2021b, 2023c, 2023d], we introduced two methodologies for constructing Periodic Orbit Dividing Surfaces (PODS) tailored for Hamiltonian systems possessing three or more degrees of freedom. The initial approach, outlined in [Katsanikas & Wiggins, 2021a, 2023c], was applied to a quadratic Hamiltonian system in normal form having three degrees of freedom. Within this context, we provided a more intricate geometric characterization of this object within the family of 4D toratopes that describe the structure of the dividing surfaces discussed in these papers. Our analysis confirmed the nature of this construction as a dividing surface with the no-recrossing property. All these findings were derived from analytical results specific to the case of the Hamiltonian system discussed in these papers. In this paper, we extend our results for quartic Hamiltonian systems with three degrees of freedom. We prove for this class of Hamiltonian systems the no-recrossing property of the PODS and we investigate the structure of these surfaces. In addition, we compute and study the PODS in a coupled case of quartic Hamiltonian systems with three degrees of freedom.
Crossing Limit Cycles in Planar Piecewise Linear Systems Separated by a Nonregular Line with Node–Node Type Critical Points
Authors: Sun Liping , Du Zhengdong
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we investigate the existence and number of crossing limit cycles in a class of planar piecewise linear systems with node–node type critical points defined in two zones separated by a nonregular line formed by two rays emanated from the origin [Formula: see text], which are the positive [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-axes. We focus our attention on the existence of two-point crossing limit cycles, which intersect the switching line at two points. We obtain sufficient conditions under which the system has two two-point crossing limit cycles which intersect only one of the two rays. Moreover, we construct examples to show that this class of systems can have two, three or four two-point crossing limit cycles.
Exploring Iterated Implicit Function Systems: Existence and Properties of Attractors
Authors: Dai Zhong , Liu Shutang
Published: April 2024

This paper investigates a type of iterated implicit function systems composed of equations [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a continuous function, and [Formula: see text] is a constant. The existence of attractors of iterated implicit function systems is proved based on different equation conditions, including the equation [Formula: see text] containing the implicit function or being [Formula: see text]-contractive about [Formula: see text]. Meanwhile, we give definitions of implicit convergence of functions and monotone sequence of iterated implicit function systems. Finally, some properties of attractors of iterated implicit function systems are elucidated.
Spatial Dynamics of a Competitive and Cooperative Model with Multiple Delay Effects: Turing Patterns and Hopf Bifurcation
Authors: Mu Yu , Lo Wing-Cheong
Published: April 2024

Competing populations within an ecosystem often release chemicals during the interactions and diffusion processes. These chemicals can have diverse effects on competitors, ranging from inhibition to stimulation of species’ growth. This work constructs a competition model that incorporates stimulatory substances, spatial effects, and multiple time lags to investigate the combined impact of these phenomena on competitors’ growth. When the stimulation rate from the produced chemicals falls within a suitable threshold interval, all species within the system can coexist. Under the species’ coexistence, their diffusive phenomenon leads to a spatially heterogeneous distribution, resulting in patchy structures (Turing patterns) within their habitat. As the parameter values exceed their thresholds, species begin to exhibit spatially periodic oscillations (spatial Hopf bifurcation). The presence of multiple delays and competitors’ diffusion contributes to spatially complex and heterogeneous behaviors (Turing–Hopf bifurcation). The results help us understand the underlying mechanisms behind these heterogeneous behaviors and enable us to mitigate their negative impact on species’ growth and harvest. Numerical simulations are used to measure the dynamics of competitors under different parameter conditions.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS MENTAL TASKS ON THE EEG SIGNALS’ COMPLEXITY
Authors: PAKNIYAT NAJMEH , KREJCAR ONDREJ , MARESOVA PETRA , ABDULLAH JAMALUDDIN , NAMAZI HAMIDREZA
Published: April 2024

Analysis of the brain activity in different mental tasks is an important area of research. We used complexity-based analysis to study the changes in brain activity in four mental tasks: relaxation, Stroop color-word, mirror image recognition, and arithmetic tasks. We used fractal theory, sample entropy, and approximate entropy to analyze the changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals between different tasks. Our analysis showed that by moving from relaxation to the Stroop color-word, arithmetic, and mirror image recognition tasks, the complexity of EEG signals increases, respectively, reflecting rising brain activity between these conditions. Furthermore, only the fractal theory could decode the significant changes in brain activity between different conditions. Similar analyses can be done to decode the brain activity in case of other conditions.
The synthesis of highly nonplanar oxidovanadium(IV) porphyrins as robust catalysts for oxidative bromination of phenols in aqueous medium
Authors: Kumari Soni , Prakash Ved , Maurya Mannar R. , Sankar Muniappan
Published: April 2024

Two new complexes, oxidovanadium(IV) 2,3,5,10,12,13,15,20-octaphenyl-7,8,17,18-tetrabromoporphyrin V(IV)O(OPP)Br4 (2), and oxidovanadium(IV) 2,3,5,10,12,13,15,20-octaphenyl-7,8,17,18-tetrachloroporphyrin V(IV)O(OPP)Cl4 (3) starting from oxidovanadium(IV) 2,3,5,10,12,13,15,20-octaphenylporphyrin V(IV)O(OPP) (1) have been prepared in good yields and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The single-crystal and DFT-optimized structures of these porphyrins showed a highly nonplanar saddle-shape conformation of the porphyrin macrocycle. In the cyclic voltammograms, the first ring oxidation potential and the first ring reduction potential of V(IV)O(OPP)Br4 (2) and V(IV)O(OPP)Cl4 (3) showed anodic shift as compared to V(IV)O(OPP) (1), indicating the electron-deficient nature of both the porphyrins. The oxidation state of vanadium in the synthesized complexes as +4 was confirmed by EPR spectroscopy, and these porphyrins exhibited axially compressed [Formula: see text] configuration. These porphyrins were utilized as catalysts for the oxidative bromination of thymol and other phenol derivatives with excellent conversion ([Formula: see text] 99.9%), good selectivity, and high TOF value (86869 h[Formula: see text].
Normal Contact Model of Fractal Surfaces Considering Friction and Asperity Interactions
Authors: Cheng Yu , Wan Zhenping , Bu Yingbin , Xiong Wei , Long Yuanxiang
Published: April 2024

Friction as well as asperity interactions have significant influence on the contact area and force of rough surfaces. In this work, a single-asperity, elastoplastic contact model, considering friction, is established by means of continuum mechanics and power-exponential functions. Then, the deformation of the asperity interactions is modeled by the displacement of the average line for asperity height. Using fractal theory, the actual deformation and contact stiffness of an asperity are derived, which take the friction and asperity interactions into account. Furthermore, the actual contact area and normal stiffness models for fractal surfaces are developed, accounting for friction and asperity interactions. The accuracy of the developed models is confirmed by using published experimental results. The developed models are closer to experimental results than the reported fractal contact models. Finally, the effects of the friction coefficient and surface morphology parameters on contact characteristics are discussed.
Validation of Diagnostic Thresholds for Compensated Advanced Chronic Liver Disease Using Supersonic Shear Imaging
Authors: Lee Yeri , Kim Nam Hee , Kang Ji Hun , Cho Young Seo , Kim Yongsoo , An Jihyun , Sohn Joo Hyun
Published: April 2024

Compared with guidelines, supersonic shear imaging liver stiffness dual threshold values of less than 7 kPa and greater than 12 kPa were close to target sensitivity and specificity for compensated advanced chronic liver disease in high-risk patients.
Analysis of the Effect of Operating Conditions on the Performance of a Direct Ammonia Fuel Cell Using Multiphysics Modelling
Authors: Kemppainen Erno , Schlatmann Rutger , Calnan Sonya
Published: April 2024

Understanding the physical and chemical basis of device operation is important for their development. While hydrogen fuel cells are a widely studied topic, direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs) are a smaller field with fewer studies. Although the theoretical voltage of a DAFC is approximately equal to that of a hydrogen fuel cell, the slow kinetics of the ammonia oxidation reaction hamper cell performance. Therefore, development of anode catalysts is especially needed for practical viability of the DAFCs. To study DAFC operation, specifically interactions between reaction kinetics and different transport phenomena, we developed a one-dimensional model of a DAFC and performed a sensitivity analysis for several parameters related to the cell operating conditions (e.g., temperature, relative humidity) and properties (e.g., catalyst loading). As expected, temperature and relative humidity were very important for cell power. However, while faster reaction kinetics improved the cell performance, simply increasing the catalyst loading did not always produce a comparable enhancement. These and other observations about the relative importance of the operating parameters should help to prioritize and guide future development of and research on DAFCs. Further studies are needed to understand and optimize e.g. humidity management in different scenarios.
Pt/GaN Schottky Barrier Height Lowering by Incorporated Hydrogen
Authors: Irokawa Yoshihiro , Ohi Akihiko , Nabatame Toshihide , Koide Yasuo
Published: April 2024

Changes in the hydrogen-induced Schottky barrier height (Φ
B) of Pt/GaN rectifiers fabricated on free-standing GaN substrates were investigated using current–voltage, capacitance–voltage, impedance spectroscopy, and current–time measurements. Ambient hydrogen lowered the Φ
B and reduced the resistance of the semiconductor space–charge region while only weakly affecting the ideality factor, carrier concentration, and capacitance of the semiconductor space–charge region. The changes in the Φ
B were reversible; specifically, the decrease in Φ
B upon hydrogen exposure occurred quickly, but the recovery was slow. The results also showed that exposure to dry air and/or the application of a reverse bias to the Schottky electrodes accelerated the reversion compared with the case without the applied bias. The former case resulted in fast reversion because of the catalytic effect of Pt. The latter case, by contrast, suggested that hydrogen was incorporated into the Pt/GaN interface oxides as positive mobile charges. Moreover, both exposure to dry air and the application of a reverse bias increased the Φ
B of an as-loaded sample from 0.91 to 1.07 eV, revealing that the Φ
B of Pt/GaN rectifiers was kept lower as a result of hydrogen incorporation that likely occurred during device processing and/or storage.
LPA5-Dependent signaling regulates regeneration of the intestinal epithelium following irradiation
Authors: McConnell Beth B. , Liang Zhongxing , Xu Chad , Han Yiran , Yun C. Chris
Published: April 2024

We used mice lacking expression of the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 (LPA5) in intestinal epithelial cells and intestinal organoids to show that the LPA5 receptor protects intestinal stem cells and progenitors from radiation-induced injury. We show that LPA5 induces YAP signaling and regulates Paneth cells.
Oral tryptophan activates duodenal aryl hydrocarbon receptor in healthy subjects: a crossover randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rueda Gaston H. , Causada-Calo Natalia , Borojevic Rajka , Nardelli Andrea , Pinto-Sanchez Maria Ines , Constante Marco , Libertucci Josie , Mohan Vidhyalakshmi , Langella Philippe , Loonen Linda M. P. , Wells Jerry M. , Collins Stephen M. , Sokol Harry , Verdu Elena F. , Bercik Premysl
Published: April 2024

We demonstrate that in healthy subjects, orally administered tryptophan activates microbial indole and host kynurenine pathways in the small intestine, the primary metabolic site for dietary components, and the richest source of immune cells along the gut. This study provides novel insights in how to optimally activate immunomodulatory AhR pathways and indole metabolism in the small intestine, serving as basis for future therapeutic trials using l-tryptophan supplementation in chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the small intestine.
Chronic intermittent hypoxia elicits distinct transcriptomic responses among neurons and oligodendrocytes within the brainstem of mice
Authors: Bhagavan Hemalatha , Wei Aguan D. , Oliveira Luiz M. , Aldinger Kimberly A. , Ramirez Jan-Marino
Published: April 2024

This study on chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) from pons-medulla provides initial insights into the molecular effects on excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, and oligodendrocytes, highlighting our unbiased approach, in comparison with earlier studies focusing on single target genes. Our findings reveal that CIH affects cell classes distinctly, and the dysregulated genes in distinct cell classes are associated with synaptic transmission, ion channels, inflammation, oxidative stress, and intercellular signaling, advancing our understanding of CIH-induced molecular responses.
Simulation of Transient Temperature and Clearance after Shutdown of Aeroengine Based on CFD and FEA Coupled Models
Authors: Ge Xuanming , Gao Yan , Gu Wei , Sui Dongyu , Yue Lingling
Published: April 2024

It is crucial to comprehend the heat soak phenomenon, which may result in a significant temperature increase after the shutdown followed by a gradual decrease. This could bring potential risks for the engine including oil coking. The temperature change of engine components dictates the clearance after shutdown, while startup strategies are primarily based on this. A simulation strategy, utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA) coupled models, is suggested to investigate the transient temperature and clearance after shutdown. The maximum temperature deviation between the simulation result and experimental data are less than 6%. Flow parameters, including velocity and mass flow rate obtained from the CFD result, were applied as boundaries of the FEA model. Based on the FEA model, transient temperature calculations were also conducted for 20 hours after shutdown. The results indicate that the FEA model demonstrates good agreement with the CFD simulation, with a maximum deviation of less than 5% and at only 0.2% of the simulation time. After the engine shuts down, the stator’s temperature change rate is faster than that of the rotor due to better cooling conditions and relatively small heat capacity. Consequently, the seal clearance increases in the initial period after shutdown and then decreases to a minimum value. The nondimensional minimum clearance can be 0.8 times the cold state value at the location of the high‐pressure turbine seal.
A Bayesian Structural Modal Updating Method Based on Sparse Grid and Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Lin Guangwei , Zhang Yi , Cai Enjian , Luo Min , Guo Jing
Published: April 2024

This study presents a sparse grid interpolation and ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF)‐based Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method (SG‐EnMCMC). Initiating with the formulation of a recursive equation for the state space vector, derived from the structural dynamic equation, this study adopts a dimensionality reduction strategy. This approach involves a separation of physical parameters and the state space vector. The acquisition of physical parameters is accomplished through sampling, utilizing sample moments to substitute population moments, thereby mitigating the need for computationally high‐dimensional covariance matrix calculations. To further streamline the recursive equation of the state space vector, a sparse grid method is employed for interpolation. This step simplifies the process while ensuring superior accuracy compared to the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). Subsequent to this, acceptance rates and the final parameter posterior distribution within the MCMC framework are derived. The efficiency of the proposed method is assessed through validation in two shaking table experiments.
Opportunities and Challenges of Qualitative Research in Academic Health Sciences in Ethiopia
Authors: Kassa Roza Teshome , Endale Sisay Biru , Bekele Yohannes Ayalew , Wolde-Eyesus Eleni Tekleabrham , Ambessa Haleluya Biredaw , Asfaw Hussen Mekonnen , Habte Bruck Messele , Kidane Eshetu Girma , Mequanente Abay Solomon
Published: April 2024

Background. The goal of qualitative research is to learn more about the opinions and experiences of the subjects being studied in relation to a particular question. There is a paucity of information on opportunities and challenges encountered to conduct qualitative research among the academic staffs in the health sciences. The purpose of this study was to examine the opportunities and challenges of conducting qualitative research among academic staff of health sciences in Ethiopia. Methods. A descriptive qualitative study design was conducted among health sciences academic staffs of selected public universities in Ethiopia. The study was conducted at three universities’ health sciences colleges, namely, Addis Ababa University, Dilla University, and Wolaita Sodo University. Data were collected using focus group discussions, in‐depth interviews, and key informant interviews. MAXQDA 2020 software was used for coding and data management. A thematic analysis approach was followed to present the results. Both inductive and deductive coding approaches were used. Results. Three main themes have been identified as follows: general research practice, opportunities for qualitative research, and challenges to conduct qualitative research. Participants indicated that the availability of research opportunities will have a good impact on qualitative research engagement. Availability of grants, funding, and other incentives and demand for qualitative research in healthcare were described as opportunities for qualitative research practice. Despite the available opportunities, study participants uncovered different challenges that encountered by health academic staffs in conducting qualitative research. Resource limitations, lack of knowledge, negative attitudes or beliefs, publication, and language issues were raised as main challenges. Conclusion. Qualitative research practices were found to be low among health sciences academics. Lack of resources, training, and expertise, problems associated with publication, a lack of funding, and a shortage of experts were the main challenges in conducting qualitative research in health sciences academic settings in Ethiopia.
MILIP Binding to tRNAs Promotes Protein Synthesis to Drive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Zheng Si Min , Feng Yu Chen , Zhu Qin , Li Ruo Qi , Yan Qian Qian , Teng Liu , Yue Yi Meng , Han Man Man , Ye Kaihong , Zhang Sheng Nan , Qi Teng Fei , Tang Cai Xia , Zhao Xiao Hong , Zhang Yuan Yuan , Xu Liang , Xu Ran , Xing Jun , Baker Mark , Liu Tao , Thorne Rick F. , Jin Lei , Preiss Thomas , Zhang Xu Dong , Cang Shundong , Gao Jin Nan
Published: April 2024

Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have a poor prognosis due to the lack of effective molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we found that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MILIP supports TNBC cell survival, proliferation, and tumorigenicity by complexing with transfer RNAs (tRNA) to promote protein production, thus representing a potential therapeutic target in TNBC. MILIP was expressed at high levels in TNBC cells that commonly harbor loss-of-function mutations of the tumor suppressor p53, and MILIP silencing suppressed TNBC cell viability and xenograft growth, indicating that MILIP functions distinctively in TNBC beyond its established role in repressing p53 in other types of cancers. Mechanistic investigations revealed that MILIP interacted with eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (eEF1α1) and formed an RNA-RNA duplex with the type II tRNAs tRNALeu and tRNASer through their variable loops, which facilitated the binding of eEF1α1 to these tRNAs. Disrupting the interaction between MILIP and eEF1α1 or tRNAs diminished protein synthesis and cell viability. Targeting MILIP inhibited TNBC growth and cooperated with the clinically available protein synthesis inhibitor omacetaxine mepesuccinate in vivo. Collectively, these results identify MILIP as an RNA translation elongation factor that promotes protein production in TNBC cells and reveal the therapeutic potential of targeting MILIP, alone and in combination with other types of protein synthesis inhibitors, for TNBC treatment.

Significance:

LncRNA MILIP plays a key role in supporting protein production in TNBC by forming complexes with tRNAs and eEF1α1, which confers sensitivity to combined MILIP targeting and protein synthesis inhibitors.