bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absence of Decline of Kidney Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Under Routine Clinical Management
Authors: Boucquemont Julie , Lawson-Ayayi Sylvie , Rigothier Claire , Bonnet Fabrice , Proust-Lima Cécile , Neau Didier , Greib Carine , Miremont-Salamé Ghada , Dabis François , Dupon Michel , Dauchy Frédéric-Antoine ,   for ANRS C03 Aquitaine Cohort Study Group
Published: April 2017

Background: Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients have a drastically improved prognosis but at the same time they are also more affected by non-HIV related complications, such as chronic kidney disease. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of proteinuria and tenofovir (TDF)-containing ART regimens on the temporal evolution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Methods: Between April 2008 and October 2012, we enrolled 395 patients with a complete renal evaluation among patients from the ANRS C03 Aquitaine cohort, a prospective hospital-based cohort of HIV-1-infected patients under routine clinical management in southwestern France. eGFR was estimated at each patient follow-up visit. A linear mixed model was used to analyze eGFR dynamics, accounting for change in TDF by modeling eGFR trajectory according to treatment periods. Results: At inclusion, 56.7% of patients were treated with TDF-containing ART regimens; prevalence of glomerular and tubular proteinuria was 7.9 and 10.8% respectively. A 1-year increase of cumulative exposure to TDF was significantly associated with a mean eGFR decrease of 1.27 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI [-2.14 to -0.41]). Only a urine protein to creatinine ratio >100 mg/mmol and/or a urine albumin to creatinine ratio >70 mg/mmol were associated with eGFR trajectory (mean slope 6.18 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year; 95% CI [2.71 to 9.65]), whereas TDF use was not associated with such eGFR temporal evolution. Conclusion: Decline in kidney function is limited under routine clinical management with monitoring of renal function and interventions including decision to continue or discontinue TDF.
Traditional home garden agroforestry systems: habitat for conservation of Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus (Passeriformes: Ploceidae) in Assam, India
Authors: Ulman Yashmita- , Kumar Awadhesh , Sharma Madhubala
Published: April 2017

The present study was conducted in 18 homegarden agroforestry systems of Assam to assess the role in the conservation of Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus.  Observations were made on the type of host trees, location of host trees, their spatial arrangement pattern, height and diameter of host trees chosen for nesting and the number of complete and helmet stage nests.  Trail walks were employed for assessing the encounter rates of predators.  A total of 2357 individuals of potential host trees for nesting of P. philippinus were found belonging to Areca catechu (2272), Cocos nucifera (56), Phoenix sylvasticus (13) and Borassus flabellifer (16).  According to the spatial arrangement pattern of host trees, among 2272 individuals of A. catechu, 96.5% (n=2192) and 3.5% (n=80) of individuals were arranged in block and row pattern respectively.  The other three host trees were arranged in single pattern.  Among these 80 individuals of A. catechu planted in row pattern, 47.5% (n=38) had nests (complete and helmet stage) on them.  In total, 293 nests (both complete and helmet stage) were observed in A. catechu, out of which, 46.1% (n=135) were complete nests.  The other three host trees had nests in various stages of development but none of them were completed by P. philippinus.  The encounter rates of predators (arboreal mammals) was significantly higher in block patterns (2.56 ± 0.51) as compared to row patterns (0.53 ± 0.17) of host tree spatial arrangement whereas, the encounter rates of reptiles showed no statistical difference among the two patterns of host tree arrangement.  Thus, A. catechu planted in row pattern was the most preferred host tree species for nesting by P. philippinus as compared to the other three host tree species.  The height and DBH of A. catechu trees having nests varied from seven to 11 m (7.8 ± 1.11) and 10.5–16.5 cm (12.6 ± 1.4) respectively.  The homegarden agroforestry systems provided suitable habitat for survival of P. philippinus as this system has ample water sources, feeding grounds, nesting material and host tree sources and conservation attitudes of the homegarden owners, thus, suggesting that homegarden agroforestry system can be a potential site for conservation of P. philippinus in human-modified land use.
First record of a Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat Chaerephon plicatus Buchannan, 1800 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Molossidae) colony in Sri Lanka, with notes on echolocation calls and taxonomy
Authors: Kusuminda Tharaka , Yapa Wipula B.
Published: April 2017

In this paper we report the discovery of a colony of Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat Chaerephon plicatus for the first time in Sri Lanka, and a record of this species after a lapse of 20 years.  C. plicatus has been recorded twice previously, in 1935 and 1997, but a roosting colony has not been recorded before.  In May 2016, a colony containing about 300 C. plicatus was observed in a vertical cleft of the rock supporting Sigiriya fortress, a popular historical tourist destination.  Four bats were captured during their evening emergence using mist nets.  Recording of echolocation calls showed them to be similar to those previously documented for this species in being narrow bandwidth with shallow frequency modulation and low peak frequency (24.9–30.3 kHz), with average call duration of 7.7milliseconds (ms).  The forearm length range (45.2–49.1 mm) of captured specimens corresponds to the specimen recorded in 1997 in Sri Lanka and with those recorded in Vietnam and Myanmar.  The discovery of a colony of C. plicatus in Sri Lanka provides a basis for future studies of the biology and taxonomy of this species.
BAG3 (Bcl-2–Associated Athanogene-3) Coding Variant in Mice Determines Susceptibility to Ischemic Limb Muscle Myopathy by Directing Autophagy
Authors: McClung Joseph M. , McCord Timothy J. , Ryan Terence E. , Schmidt Cameron A. , Green Tom D. , Southerland Kevin W. , Reinardy Jessica L. , Mueller Sarah B. , Venkatraman Talaignair N. , Lascola Christopher D. , Keum Sehoon , Marchuk Douglas A. , Spangenburg Espen E. , Dokun Ayotunde , Annex Brian H. , Kontos Christopher D.
Published: April 2017

Background:

Critical limb ischemia is a manifestation of peripheral artery disease that carries significant mortality and morbidity risk in humans, although its genetic determinants remain largely unknown. We previously discovered 2 overlapping quantitative trait loci in mice,
Lsq-1
and
Civq-1
, that affected limb muscle survival and stroke volume after femoral artery or middle cerebral artery ligation, respectively. Here, we report that a
Bag3
variant (Ile81Met) segregates with tissue protection from hind-limb ischemia.

Methods:

We treated mice with either adeno-associated viruses encoding a control (green fluorescent protein) or 2 BAG3 (Bcl-2–associated athanogene-3) variants, namely Met81 or Ile81, and subjected the mice to hind-limb ischemia.

Results:

We found that the BAG3 Ile81Met variant in the C57BL/6 (BL6) mouse background segregates with protection from tissue necrosis in a shorter congenic fragment of
Lsq-1
(C.B6–
Lsq1-3
). BALB/c mice treated with adeno-associated virus encoding the BL6 BAG3 variant (Ile81; n=25) displayed reduced limb-tissue necrosis and increased limb tissue perfusion compared with Met81- (n=25) or green fluorescent protein– (n=29) expressing animals. BAG3
Ile81
, but not BAG3
Met81
, improved ischemic muscle myopathy and muscle precursor cell differentiation and improved muscle regeneration in a separate, toxin-induced model of injury. Systemic injection of adeno-associated virus–BAG3
Ile81
(n=9), but not BAG3
Met81
(n=10) or green fluorescent protein (n=5), improved ischemic limb blood flow and limb muscle histology and restored muscle function (force production). Compared with BAG3
Met81
, BAG3
Ile81
displayed improved binding to the small heat shock protein (HspB8) in ischemic skeletal muscle cells and enhanced ischemic muscle autophagic flux.

Conclusions:

Taken together, our data demonstrate that genetic variation in BAG3 plays an important role in the prevention of ischemic tissue necrosis. These results highlight a pathway that preserves tissue survival and muscle function in the setting of ischemia.
Turkish-Style Segregation
Authors: Ataç Ela
Published: April 2017

Research into social and spatial segregation in urban areas has a very long tradition in the Anglo-Saxon geography. Even after the 2000s only a few researchers have turned to the non-Western countries to understand and explain segregation in different geographies. As a country in-between the East and the West, in Turkey, where segregation reveals itself in many forms there are very few studies dealing directly with the question of segregation. The article thus deems it crucial to shed light on a rarely-known geography in terms of residential and socio-economic segregation practices focusing on a larger Anatolian geography. Key findings show that as far as residential segregation is concerned among socio-economic status groups, Turkish cities have a characteristic pattern where the highest and the lowest status groups never share a common border in urban areas. But, it is also seen that socio-economic groups behind this common pattern exhibit completely different characteristics.
Determining Tropical Cyclone Surface Wind Speed Structure and Intensity with the CYGNSS Satellite Constellation
Authors: Morris Mary , Ruf Christopher S.
Published: April 2017

The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) consists of a constellation of eight microsatellites that provide observations of surface wind speed in all precipitating conditions. A method for estimating tropical cyclone (TC) metrics—maximum surface wind speed VMAX, radius of maximum surface wind speed RMAX, and wind radii (R64, R50, and R34)—from CYGNSS observations is developed and tested using simulated CYGNSS observations with realistic measurement errors. Using two inputs, 1) CYGNSS observations and 2) the storm center location, estimates of TC metrics are possible through the use of a parametric wind model algorithm that effectively interpolates between the available observations as a constraint on the assumed wind speed distribution. This methodology has a promising performance as evaluated from the simulations presented. In particular, after quality-control filters based on sampling properties are applied to the population of test cases, the standard deviation of retrieval error for VMAX is 4.3 m s−1 (where 1 m s−1 = 1.94 kt), for RMAX is 17.4 km, for R64 is 16.8 km, for R50 is 21.6 km, and for R34 is 41.3 km (where 1 km = 0.54 n mi). These TC data products will be available for the 2017 Atlantic Ocean hurricane season using on-orbit CYGNSS observations, but near-real-time operations are the subject of future work. Future work will also include calibration and validation of the algorithm once real CYGNSS data are available.
West Antarctic Ice Sheet Cloud Cover and Surface Radiation Budget from NASA A-Train Satellites
Authors: Scott Ryan C. , Lubin Dan , Vogelmann Andrew M. , Kato Seiji
Published: April 2017

Clouds are an essential parameter of the surface energy budget influencing the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) response to atmospheric warming and net contribution to global sea level rise. A 4-yr record of NASA A-Train cloud observations is combined with surface radiation measurements to quantify the WAIS radiation budget and constrain the three-dimensional occurrence frequency, thermodynamic phase partitioning, and surface radiative effect of clouds over West Antarctica (WA). The skill of satellite-modeled radiative fluxes is confirmed through evaluation against measurements at four Antarctic sites (WAIS Divide ice camp and Neumayer, Syowa, and Concordia stations). Owing to perennial high-albedo snow and ice cover, cloud infrared emission dominates over cloud solar reflection and absorption leading to a positive net all-wave cloud radiative effect (CRE) at the surface, with all monthly means and 99.15% of instantaneous CRE values exceeding zero. The annual-mean CRE at the WAIS surface is 34 W m−2, representing a significant cloud-induced warming of the ice sheet. Low-level liquid-containing clouds, including thin liquid water clouds implicated in radiative contributions to surface melting, are widespread and most frequent in WA during the austral summer. In summer, clouds warm the WAIS by 26 W m−2, on average, despite maximum offsetting shortwave CRE. Glaciated cloud systems are strongly linked to orographic forcing, with maximum incidence on the WAIS continuing downstream along the Transantarctic Mountains.
Association of MicroRNA-146a and MicroRNA-149 Polymorphisms With Strokes in Asian Populations: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Authors: Du Jiaxiu , Cui Chuanju , Zhang Shuling , Yang Xiaopeng , Lou Jiyu
Published: April 2017

Strokes are a major cause of disability and death worldwide. An association between microRNA-146a (miR-146a) and miR-149 polymorphisms and strokes was inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to reevaluate the strength of the association by searching online databases and retrieving relevant case–control studies published between 2000 and 2016. Nine articles including 8 on miR-146a rs2910164 G/C and 3 on miR-149 rs2292832 C/T in 3372 patients with stroke and 4394 controls were included. The miR-149 rs2292832 was significantly associated with the risk of a stroke under allelic (C vs T: odds ratio [OR] = 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.29; P = .03), homologous (CC vs TT: OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.05-1.77; P = .02), and recessive models (CC vs CT + TT: OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.05-1.71; P = .02). No correlation was detected between miR-146a rs2910164 and susceptibility to a stroke. In conclusion, the results suggested that miR-149 might be a risk factor for the development of a stroke, while miR-146a might not be. Well-designed studies with large populations are needed to clarify the association between miR-146a and miR-149 polymorphisms and strokes.
Widowhood practices and impacts on women in Sub-Saharan Africa: An empowerment perspective
Authors: Ude Paula Ugochukwu , Njoku Okechukwu Camillus
Published: April 2017

Widowhood practices in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been detrimental to women’s general well-being and as such considered a serious social problem. Across different cultures and traditions in SSA, widows are subject to a wide range of plights and reprehensible oppression following the death of a spouse. Many widows face various forms of discrimination, stigmatization, oppression, and deprivation and thus suffer deplorable abuse and powerlessness. While widowhood issues in SSA have recently gained international attention in empirical research, there exists only a paucity of research from a theoretical perspective. This article examines widowhood practices in SSA and their impacts on widows’ well-being, including their mental health, through the lens of empowerment theoretical perspective. The article concludes that empowerment theory has the capacity to lift widows out of the shadows and enable them to proactively take more control of their lives and situations.
For Prisoners, “Work Works”: Qualitative Findings From an Israeli Program
Authors: Elisha Ety , Shoham Efrat , Hasisi Badi , Weisburd David
Published: April 2017

The study’s purpose was to assess the contribution of the Work Release Program of the Israel Prison Service (IPS) to the processes of prisoners’ rehabilitation. We interviewed 22 serving and released prisoners who participated in the program at two prisons in central Israel. Most respondents were positive toward the core components of the program, mainly the work outside the prison. Responses also indicated that the program eased their transition from prison life to life outside. However, some respondents criticized the way in which the program was operated. The article discusses the program’s strengths and weaknesses, and proposes some improvements.
Cushioning properties of weft-knitted spacer fabrics
Authors: Zhao Tong , Long Hairu , Yang Tianqi , Liu Yanping
Published: April 2017

Three-dimensional spacer fabrics which have a sandwich structure are formed in a single knitting process without any additional joining treatment. They consist of two separate multifilament outer layers connected by arrays of spacer monofilaments. This paper presents an experimental study on the relationships between the cushioning properties and structural parameters of weft-knitted spacer fabrics in order to lay a foundation for the development of seamless shaped impact protectors for human body impact protection. Sixteen spacer fabrics of different structural parameters were knitted on a computerized flat knitting machine and tested on a universal mechanical testing machine. The cushioning properties of the spacer fabrics were analyzed in terms of their structural features, compression stress–strain curves, energy absorption, and compression resilience. It was found that multifilament fineness, spacer yarn diameter, and spacer yarn pattern should be matching in order to form effective binding structures between the outer layers and spacer monofilaments. The results also showed that spacer fabrics knitted with a shorter spacer yarn span distance, coarser monofilaments, and higher spacer yarn density have better compression resistance and absorption energy but inferior compression resilience if their binding structures are effective. This study has practical significance in promoting the application of this type of fabric as a cushion material for human body protection.
Spatially integrated and socially segregated: The effects of mixed-income neighbourhoods on social well-being
Authors: Thurber Amie , Bohmann Claire Riehle , Heflinger Craig Anne
Published: April 2017

Mixed-income development is the latest in a long line of policy interventions to improve outcomes in distressed urban neighbourhoods, particularly as an alternative to large scale public housing projects. Such developments are inherently integrationist, and have profound effects on the social lives and well-being of residents. After situating mixed-income developments within current residential demographic trends with regard to race and income, this article provides a comprehensive review of the 22 empirical studies addressing social integration in mixed-income developments in the United States, focusing on understanding the effects of spatial integration on social well-being. We discuss policy and practice implications to optimise the social well-being of residents, as well as strategies to improve scholarship in these settings.
Comparative biosorption study of Hg (II) using raw and chemically activated almond shell
Authors: Taha AA , Moustafa AHE , Abdel-Rahman HH , Abd El-Hameed MMA
Published: April 2017

This work presents a comparison between the biosorption of Hg (II) by raw almond shell and activated almond shell. Almond shell based activated carbon has been obtained by physicochemical activation. Batch biosorption results confirmed that, activating condition has a strong influence on the final biosorption process. The biosorbent was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. To optimize the biosorption conditions pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, contact time, stirring speed, and temperature on Hg (II) removal were studied. The optimum conditions for maximum Hg (II) was achieved at 20 and 10 min for raw almond shell and activated almond shell, respectively. The equilibrium data were described well by Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models and appling a test of model fitness. Best fit of Langmuir and Freundlich models were found for experimental data, which reveal the homogenous surface of raw almond shell and the heterogeneity of activated almond shell surface. The kinetic data had been divided into either pseudo first order or second order on the basis of the best fit obtained from calculations, confirmed by a test of kinetic validity. An industrial application was examined to improve high biosorption capacity of raw and activated almond shells toward Hg (II).
The Teacher-Pupil Relationship as the Basis of Psychiatric Education
Authors: Stokes A. B.
Published: April 2017

Wherever education is undertaken a teacher-pupil situation is contrived which involves human interaction. The nature of the interaction will depend on the organisational circumstances: appraisal of the interaction will turn on whether the observer is in-group or out-group. The educational occasions therefore can not be thought of in stereotyped terms (although they oftentimes are): they are tremendously varied, each representing a balance of advantage and disadvantage.

The relativity of the teacher-pupil relationship is confirmed by a study of the definitions attached to the verb to teach, and the derivations of these definitions as they emerge from ancient languages. Further the long history of the educational process offers an insight into teaching methods ranging from dogma on the one hand to license on the other.

Psychiatry as it is taught in the Canadian medical schools is involved in the varying attitudes and circumstances which belong to the various universities. Modern methods of psychiatric education are still attached importantly to older, traditional procedures. An attempt is made here to distinguish the various kinds of teacher-pupil relationship in psychiatry and to effect an integration of them as a firm basis of psychiatric development.

All the formal teacher-pupil relationship in a University Department of Psychiatry might be embraced by a simple schema which takes into account theory and practice and the size of the study group. With large groups of say 100, the lecture is contrasted with the case presentation; with medium groups of say 10, the seminar is contrasted with the case conference, with small groups of say one or two, the tutorial is contrasted with case supervision. Each of the named occasions is identified by its special characteristic and special contribution to pupil growth and maturation and teacher implication. Alongside the formal occasions the contribution of informal occasions is considered.

In the overall integration a number of currencies were considered—the currency of time, the currency of money and the currency of communication. These currencies when neglected are impediments to the teaching purposes.

Finally the break-up of the teacher-pupil relationship is considered in terms of its effect on community psychiatric services. The teacher-pupil relationships must always anticipate nearer separation and later refreshment. A vigilant continuing concern for the teacher-pupil relationship represents a research enquiry of outstanding importance.
The Effects of Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) in Anxiety States: A Multi-Blind Study
Authors: Azima H. , Arthurs Dorothy , Silver A.
Published: April 2017

1. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) was studied in a setting which was called “multi-blind” because of the establishment of (a) a pharmacotherapeutic blind unit, and (b) multiple observer assessment.

2. Ninety-two patients (75 neurotics and 17 psychotics) received Librium with an average daily dose of 70 mgm. for an average period of three weeks. A second group of 92 patients (75 neurotics and 17 psychotics) received placebo. The selection of patients was at random. Fifteen additional patients were taken as their own control and received placebo and Librium sequentially. The common major target symptoms in all patients were anxiety and tension, and the aim of the study was to determine the effect of Librium on these symptoms.

3. Out of 75 neurotics receiving Librium, 35 patients (46.3%) showed from marked to moderate improvement, while out of 75 patients receiving placebo, 6 (8%) showed comparable degree of improvement. X2 analysis of the data indicated that the results with Librium were significant at P < 0.001 level. Divided into sub-groups, only anxiety states and mixed states showed statistically significant degree of improvement (0.01 > P > 0.001).

Out of 17 psychotics in both categories, the degree of improvement was not significant.

In 15 patients taken as their own control, Librium showed a statistically significant superiority over placebo at 0.01 level.

4. Side effects were rather mild in the majority of cases and consisted of head-aches, dizziness, tremors, weakness, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, and palpitations. One patient developed ataxia, which disappeared after the discontinuation of the drug.

5. The general conclusion was that Librium is an adequate anti-anxiety and anti-tension substance in neurotic patients, solely in anxiety reactions and mixed states.
The Mind-Body Relationship
Authors: Yonge K. A.
Published: April 2017

From as far back as Aristotle, philosophers and, later, scientists have puzzled over the possible mechanisms by which mental and neurological processes interact. The recent developments in the physical sciences, perhaps particularly in the areas of cybernetics and micro-physiology, have made this problem more pertinent than ever. Review of the literature over the past ten years reveals that while some scientists consider that the mental aspects are beyond the scope of Science the concensus of opinion is hopefully towards some enlargement of the boundaries of Natural Science, perhaps particularly in psychology, which might lead to a clearer understanding of the relation of body and mind.

The significant developments of the philosophy of Science during the last decade are reviewed as supporting one or another of three basic views: 1) Parallelism, the dualistic view championed by Descartes, rejected by some modern philosophers but finding support among several prominent modern scientists; 2) mind as emergent, although championed by Joad as a modern philosopher this view gains little support from experimental neuro-physiology in the attempts to correlate recorded brain activity with mental activity; 3) the holistic view, which resolves the difference between mind and body into a difference in approach among observers rather than a difference in the object observed, seems to provide the most satisfactory model for operational research while being the least objectionable philosophically. objectionable philosophically.
Marital Problems of the Middle Aged Group
Authors: Prados Miguel
Published: April 2017

Very frequently the psychiatrist is confronted in his practice with having to deal with marital difficulties that occur during the climacteric and post-climacteric age in marriages that, until then, seem to have been more or less reasonably satisfactory. In many cases, these difficulties are not very serious though troublesome; enough to make the relationship between the spouses unpredictable and shaky. In others, however, the marital relationships are completely disrupted, misunderstanding between husband and wife is complete, every constructive communication and intimacy disappears and they feel that no way out is left for them but separation or divorce, that when really accomplished proves practically always to be catastrophic for both.

On the basis of clinical observation, the author tries to show how these difficulties are the expression of inability, in varying degrees, of the ego in both spouses in facing and/or solving successfully the crisis of the typical nuclear conflict of this stage of life: “generativity vs. stagnation”. As a result, a regression occurs that manifests itself in a great impairment and impoverishment of interpersonal relationships and a lack of mutuality. In the individual one observes a diminishing of productivity that often leads him to anger and despair.
Early Infantile Autism in Fraternal Twins
Authors: Ward T. F. , Hoddinott B. A.
Published: April 2017

A review of the literature concerning “early infantile autism” revealed that very few cases of this syndrome have been reported in twins. For example, such a distinction was not made in Kallman's large scale study of childhood schizophrenia in twins.

This case report concerns a set of fraternal female twins who are presented as typical examples of “early infantile autism”.

A pregnancy marked by an early threatened abortion was followed by a normal labor and delivery without complications. Early development was normal but before their second birthday they began a gradual withdrawal and loss of most of the speech they had developed. Their subsequent development is traced to their eighth year. The lack of appreciable change in their condition despite vigorous therapeutic efforts is noted. These included placement in a special nursery school, foster home care and psychiatric attention.

The latest approach to their difficulty consisting of admission to a children's psychiatric hospital for observation and assessment of their condition is described in some detail. The findings on general physical and neurological examination are described. They were within normal limits aside from a mildly diffusely abnormal E.E.G. in one of the twins.

Kanner's clinical picture of autism is related to the symptoms in these children and the close correspondence noted.

Continuing, the difficulties in applying psychometric testing to the children is described and the findings concerning the parents are listed.

Finally, a picture of the children's behaviour during their stay in hospital, together with a brief description of the methods used to make a tentative analysis of their behaviour, is presented.
Validation of a Demographic Prognostic Index in Schizophrenia
Authors: Schnore Morris M.
Published: April 2017

A simple index of prognosis, based on demographic variables, was constructed and cross-validated. The validation sample consisted of 158 consecutive first admissions with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Another group of 94 similar patients constituted the cross-validation sample. The criterion to be predicted was discharge within one year of admission. Of the eight variables studied, only Age on Admission, Marital Status, and Socioeconomic Status were found to be related to the criterion to a significant degree and were included in the weighted index. Using one cutting point 70% correct predictions were obtained for the total sample. When two extreme scores were used as cutting points 41% of the total sample) one obtained 86% of correct predictions. These results were replicated when the index was cross-validated. Some practical and theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.
Article
Authors: Corman Louis
Published: April 2017

Sibling rivalry is a natural manifestation based on instinct. It is pathological in two cases only: 1) when it is excessive and dangerous; 2) when it is inhibited. Little study has been made of the latter case. Inhibition of aggressivity suppresses the latter from conscious living, and sibling relationships are then marked either by indifference, a rare occurrence, or much more often by tenderness. But this tenderness, over-compensating for aggressivity persisting in the unconscious, has special characteristics.

In the frequent case of rivalry between an elder and a younger child, this tenderness can be seen, a result of ego defence against aggressivity, culminating in a regressive identification with the rival. Such a defence has the advantage of suppressing any aggressive behaviour, but it has the serious disadvantage of impeding progress and, frequently, such children are brought to us due to a stop in their progress at school. In the first place, nothing draws attention to a problem of sibling rivalry. When this rivalry has been suspected, however, behind the defence regression, the whole clinical problem is brought into sharp focus.

To achieve such a result, projective exploration through tests and psycho-dramas is more often than not, necessary. Aggressivity until then repressed is then discovered and it is possible to clearly elicit the defence mechanism through regressive identification with the rival.

Tests such as Blacky Pictures and especially the PN Test, developed by the author, permit here to throw light on the problem in depth and to bring about some understanding of the dynamic motivation of regression with backwardness at school.

The problem is exposed to several paedagogical incidences which the author develops in the latter part of his study.
The Role of the Father with Chronic Schizophrenic Patients: A Study in Group Therapy
Authors: Da Silva Guy
Published: April 2017

The author accepts the concept of symbiotic identification between the chronic schizophrenics and their mothers. However he feels that the term schizophrenogenic mother is a poor one as it tends to overemphasize the role of the mother alone in producing schizophrenia in her child. He makes the point that the role of the father has been too neglected in the psychiatric literature and agrees with Marie Bonaparte's* comments that “psychiatrists have killed the father in the psychiatric literature.” The role of the father as contributing to the maintenance of the illness of male chronic schizophrenics is studied through a clinical experience in which group psychotherapy is conducted with a group of 23 male chronic schizophrenics and another group with their fathers and mothers. This clinical experience is reported extensively. In the discussion part of this paper, several points are made, with statistical data and review of the literature to support them: a) the absence of the father, whether it is a physical absence (death, divorce, long separation) or an emotional absence (lack of involvement as leader of the family unit) appears to contribute significantly to the illness of the son; b) if the child is to grow up independently, it is necessary that someone, a father substitute, do the specific job of stepping between mother and child to cut the symbiotic umbilical cord uniting them. Neither child nor mother can alone free themselves completely from the ties that join them; c) the point is made also of the necessity, in order to make therapeutic gains, to clarify without doubt the lines of authority among the people caring for the patient so that the confusion of roles could be dispelled and so that the pathological system of interaction going on in the families of schizophrenic patients could not be repeated among the personnel involved in caring for these patients, d) A last point is made concerning the fierce competition between mothers and schizophrenic children. The fathers and the therapist are seen by the schizophrenic children and their mothers as maternal figures, depriving as their own respective mothers were, and a fierce struggle goes on to obtain from these men as much as they can. This competitive struggle is intensified by the feeling that “there will not be enough for everybody around”.

It is postulated that if there had been a more present father, such a father could have prevented the mother from becoming so involved in a symbiotic fusion with her schizophrenic child. It is observed that when coping over a long period of time with the fantastic withdrawal and enormous demands of chronic schizophrenics, it is almost impossible to resist the temptation to stop making demands on them for improvement and to capitulate to the illness. Experienced therapists must find new ways to resist this temptation.
Family Size, Birth Rank and Ordinal Position in Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Smith Colin M. , Mcintyre Sharon
Published: April 2017

Using the Greenwood Yule method of analysis three groups of patients (schizophrenic, non-schizophrenic psychiatric, and medical controls) of comparable ages are examined for the variables of family size, birth rank, and ordinal position. No relationship of the two categories of illness to these variables has been demonstrated but there appears to be an excess of only children in the non-schizophrenic psychiatric group as against the schizophrenics.
The Indications for Abdominal Surgery in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Jensen Sven E.
Published: April 2017

The paper discusses the problem of patients demanding surgery on little or no indication. A survey of the literature suggests that this is a not infrequent problem, especially in patients of an hysterical make-up. Two cases have been presented in which surgery was deferred because the patients were known in the past to have demanded surgery for symptoms which were, in the one case, self-imposed and, in the other case, psycho-neurotic of nature. In both cases the delay lead to the death of the patient from an initially benign source. It is suggested that in cases of this nature, where it is doubtful whether they are surgical, psychiatric consultation should be requested. It is also suggested that cases of self-inflicted or fictitious disease should receive psychiatric attention before they reach a “chronic state” and a notice with a description of the patient and his behaviour should appear in the local medical journal. Yet in spite of the past history, the physician faced with such a patient should always be prepared to rule out the ever-present possibility of serious physical illness. It is suggested that closer teamwork between surgeon and psychiatrist might result in greater service to the patient, at the same time as it will safeguard the physician.

The psychiatric diagnosis must be made on positive criteria, not as is so often done, on the basis of negative physical findings.
A Pilot Study of the Psychiatric Consultation Service in a General Hospital Setting
Authors: Marcus A. Martin
Published: April 2017

A survey has been carried out on 205 consecutive referrals to the Psychiatric Department of the Montreal General Hospital over the six months' period from July 1st to December 31st, 1961. This study is presented as a pilot project in an attempt to provide a framework whereby an analysis of the different roles of a Consultation Service can be examined and the methods of functioning of the service and its expanding requirements can be more accurately ascertained.
Physiological Correlates of Anxiety a Preliminary Investigation of the Orienting Reflex
Authors: Tan B. K.
Published: April 2017

The orienting reflex (OR) was investigated in 16 anxiety patients (anxiety-group) and 16 normal subjects (control-group), with the aim of measuring internal inhibition by determining the habituation rate and observing the incidence of signs of sleep in the EEG. Recordings were made of the EEG, heart rate, respiration, skin-resistance level and GSR, and the response to 50 sound stimuli was studied.

The results of this preliminary investigation have led to the following tentative conclusions:

1. Anxiety has no influence on the OR. No significant difference was found between the two groups as regards the elicitation and habituation of the OR. Cortical function, as measured by the OR, is not impaired in anxiety.

2. A significant difference in mean skin-resistance level at the end of the stimulus period, mean heart rate/min., muscle tension and incidence of signs of sleep in the EEG was found between the two groups.

In anxiety, deficiency of inhibitory i.e. negative feedback and synchronizing mechanisms, results in over-activity of the reticular activating system, which is further enhanced by the operation of positive feedback or self-regenerative mechanisms. This over-activity of the reticular activating system is shown by the absence of a “sleep-response” and, in general, by an increase of tonus, i.e. muscle tonus, sympathetic tonus and Bremer's “cortical tonus”.

A desynchronized EEG and a low skin-resistance level are not necessary correlates of anxiety.

The independence of habituating and synchronizing mechanisms with regard to internal inhibition is mentioned.

Support is given for the view of weakened inhibition and also for the concept of “autonomy” in anxiety.
Étude du Fantasme de Viol Chez L'Adolescente
Authors: Bigras Julien
Published: April 2017

In this paper the author has studied the consequences which sexual trauma effected by the father can produce on the organization of the ego of young girls at the age of puberty.

The author arrives at the conclusion that the damage caused is as profoundly severe as if the young girls experienced a bad mother-child relationship.

Finally, this article underlines the transference on to the psychotherapist of an ideal father viewed by the adolescent girls as a powerful personage upon whom they can project their Oedipal desires without danger of incestuous complicity.

The reference to such an ideal father is equally essential to the liberation from the destructive mother by whom these young girls are more than ever in danger of being engulfed, after a history of rape by the real father.
Scikness and the Social Compact
Authors: Parkin Alan
Published: April 2017

Epidemiological research in social psychiatry has shown a relationship between the social class of patients and the psychiatric illnesses from which they suffer. It also appears to be true that patients of a particular social class are treated by psychiatrists of a particular social and professional ideology, either physico-medical or analytic-psychological. Thus every doctor-patient relationship may be regarded as a social compact, the implicit terms of which are accepted by each participant as binding upon himself.

The terms of expectation and obligation of the traditional medical ideology so encumbers this social compact, when it is joined for psychiatric purposes, that it must inevitably fail by making it either easier to be ill or impossible to be well. The only possible way of proceeding is to open the compact itself for investigation and its terms for negotiation. This procedure, at the same time, brings one to grips with the terms of the illness itself.
Psychodynamic Observations on the Side Effects Induced by Neuroleptics
Authors: Rajotte Paul
Published: April 2017

It has been pointed out above that every side effect produced by neuroleptics is invested with a psychodynamic significance in relation to the evolution of the psychosis. This side effect can, independently from its neurobiochemical cause, momentaneously act in a favourable or unfavourable way on the course of the disease. Moreover, the patient's attitude during the follow-up will be conditioned by what he experienced when he took the drug, for schizophrenics can generally establish no cause and effect relation between the absorption of a drug and their improvement.

It is therefore important to assess, for every patient, the way in which he experiences side effects at different stages of the treatment, in order to correct them or not, according to whether they are psychologically noxious or beneficial.

This empirical line is defensible on the grounds that a review of the various viewpoints now prevailing on the role of neurologic symptoms provoked by neuroleptics, shows that there is no agreement on their therapeutic value and that everyone tries, in fact, to correct them without compromising the efficacy of these drugs.
Criminal Responsibility — a Secondary Problem
Authors: Swadron B. B. , Poole W. R.
Published: April 2017

The statutory test of criminal responsibility in Canada is a modified version of the M'Naghten Rules. There are many critics of this test. In 1956, a Royal Commission (by a 3:2 majority) recommended no change in the essential part of the Canadian test of criminal responsibility.

It is generally accepted that there should be some test to determine criminal responsibility. Too much time is spent, however, in arguments about what that test should be. Even the new, so-called 'enlightened' tests are meeting criticism.

It would be wiser for the time being to focus our attention on the vital problem of what to do with the person once the issue of criminal responsibility has been tried—a problem far more important. Sending those acquitted on account of insanity to mental hospitals might not in every case be the proper thing to do. Likewise, sending those who are convicted to prison. In practice, it is the application of the test of criminal responsibility which determines the place of confinement. This should not be the case. Other criteria should be used. Constant arguments dealing with what is the most desirable test of criminal responsibility merely prolong the neglect of the more pressing issues. It is now time to act, channelling our energies in the proper direction.
The Retardation Factor in Depression
Authors: Cropley A. J. , Weckowicz T. E.
Published: April 2017

Three groups of Ss, normal controls, severely depressed and mildly depressed, were compared on several objective tasks. Only the speed of perception of three dimensional objects differentiated satisfactorily between the groups. It was concluded that severely depressed Ss differed from both normals and mildly depressed Ss on the complex speed tasks.
The Effects of Long-Term Repetition of Verbal Signals
Authors: Levy L. , Cameron D. E. , Ban T. , Rubenstein L.
Published: April 2017

1) Eighteen psychoneurotic patients exposed to long-term repetition of verbal signals developed the following attitudes:

a) ten patients incorporated the verbal signals into their day-to-day patterns of behaviour.

b) five patients developed a dependency upon the verbal signals, using them from time to time when they came to difficulties in their daily living.

c) three patients developed a ‘mystical relationship’ to the verbal signals, using them not in terms of their manifest content, but as having ‘magical powers’ to solve their day-to-day problems.

2) The duration of favourable changes produced by verbal repetition can be prolonged and maintained by their reinforcement over a longer period of time if the repetition is continued on an out-patient basis, even at a reduced rate.

3) Modification of associated symptoms occurs as a secondary effect of continued, long-term verbal repetition.

4) Using the procedure described, relapse into older forms of neurotic behaviour can be reduced by modifying the rate and intensity of exposure to verbal signals on a continuing long-term basis.
Psychiatric Care for Lower Class Out-Patients
Authors: Hirsch Solomon , Hirsch Doris L. , Shane Aubrey
Published: April 2017

The incongruity between the growing emphasis on massive community psychiatry and our inability to provide services is discussed.

Both literature and experience in treating lower class patients in an out-patient setting are reviewed.

A pilot study in which selected lay volunteers with very brief training are used as psychotherapists in an out-patient setting, is described.

The preliminary results suggest that volunteers make adequate therapists for certain kinds of patients and that observation of their work may provide some useful information about the therapeutic process.
Reorganization of Services in a Large Institution for Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Lapointe Jean-L.
Published: April 2017

The reorganization of a large institution for the care of mentally retarded children, Mont-Providence Hospital, is used as an illustration of the way in which such psychiatric ghettos can be employed in an active program of decentralization and regionalization in the field of child psychiatry. Furthermore, the many advantages of keeping both acute and chronic patients in some such institutions is emphazised in terms of teaching facilities, varying staff interest and stimulating research projects which would not be feasible without the concentration and the stability of population they offer.