bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nevâdirü’l-Emsâl’deki Su Konulu Deyimlerde Metaforların İncelenmesi
Authors: YEŞİLOVA Lale , ÖZYETGİN Ayşe Melek
Published: March 2023

Bu çalışmada, Mîrek Muhammed Nakşîbendî-i Taşkendî’nin Nevâdirü’l-Emsâl (NE) adlı deyimler sözlüğünde bulunan su konulu deyimlerin, Lakoff Johnson metafor teorisine göre incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nevâdirü’l-Emsâl, Farsça Türkçe yazılmış atasözleri, deyimler ve diğer kalıplaşmış ifadelerin bulunduğu nadide bir sözlüktür. 17 yüzyıl başlarında kaleme alınan eser kendinden sonraki pek çok deyim sözlüğüne kaynaklık etmiştir. Eser, nadir kullanılan deyimlerin madde başı olarak seçilmesi bakımından da bilinen deyimlerin pek de bilinmeyen anlamlarına yer verilmesi bakımından da oldukça önemlidir. Bu makalede NE’de Farsça madde başı olan 6 su konulu deyim ele alınmıştır. Bunların çağrışım alanları, Türkçede kazandığı karşılıklar doğrultusunda kaynak “su” kavramının hangi hedef alanları işaret ettiği sorgulanıp Farsça Türkçe dil ilişkileri ve kelimeler yoluyla, “su” kaynak alanından hangi hedef alanlarına ulaşıldığı ortaya konulacaktır.
Évaluation et valorisation de la biodiversité et des services rendus par les bandes fleuries en grandes cultures
Authors: SWIDERSKI Chloé , SERÉE Lola , CROUZET Olivier , LE RASLE Sixtine , CHIRON François , GARDARIN Antoine
Published: March 2023

L’effondrement de la biodiversité en milieu agricole, ainsi que les résistances accrues aux produits phytosanitaires obligent à repenser les systèmes agricoles. Pour cela, redonner de la place aux zones d’habitats et de ressources pour une biodiversité fonctionnelle, comme par l’implantation de bandes fleuries, est nécessaire. Les travaux présentés étudient les synergies et antagonismes entre services rendus par ces bandes sur la multifonctionnalité des systèmes agricoles à travers le suivi d’un réseau de parcelles chez une trentaine d’agriculteurs par une équipe pluridisciplinaire constituée d’acteurs de la recherche, du développement et du conseil agricole. Composées de 42 espèces différentes, les bandes s’implantent lentement et leur composition commence à se stabiliser au bout de trois ans, les espèces vivaces succèdent aux annuelles et offrent une floraison de mars à octobre. L’abondance de pollinisateurs fréquentant le couvert est corrélée positivement à l’abondance florale. Les réseaux d’interactions plantes-pollinisateurs mettent en évidence l’adaptation des visites des groupes de pollinisateurs à la ressource disponible. Les effets des bandes fleuries sur la biodiversité dépendent du mode de production dans lequel elles sont implantées et de l’organisme considéré : les effets sont positifs sur les pollinisateurs et sur les araignées en agriculture biologique. La présence d’une bande fleurie permet de doubler l’abondance des oiseaux nicheurs dans les parcelles conventionnelles, et dans l’ensemble de parcelles pour les chiroptères. En termes de régulation, la présence d’une bande double le taux de parasitisme des méligèthes dans les parcelles sans insecticide, et ce parasitisme des ravageurs du colza augmente avec les ressources en nectar fournies par les adventices des parcelles. En cultures de féveroles, les ressources en nectar fournies par les fleurs augmentent les prédateurs de pucerons, mais cela ne se traduit pas pour autant par une meilleure régulation des pucerons. La détermination des effets des bandes et des modes de production est limitée par de nombreux effets confondants, des variabilités interannuelles et un temps d’étude trop court par rapport au délai de réponse de la biodiversité. L'étude nécessiterait donc d’être poursuivie sur le plus long terme.
DIGITALESCAPE Project. Remote Sensing, New Technologies and Archaeology for the Preservation and Diffusion of the Cultural Heritage at Risk in the Sierra Sur and Sierra Morena Region
Authors: Villarejo Antonio J. Ortiz , Barrado José M. Delgado
Published: March 2023

The province of Jaén (Andalusia, Spain), despite being declared the European territory with the largest number of defensive constructions (castles and fortifications), has few conservation plans, with many remains included on the Red List of Spanish Heritage lying abandoned. This presents a problem for the conservation of the landscape and the optimal use of the province’s tourism potential. Through the study case of Magaña hamlet two actions are proposed to alleviate this situation: The creation of an archaeological and environmental risk chart with which to answer such questions as “How have climate change, anthropic alterations and environmental charac-teristics affected the state of conservation of certain heritage sites?” and to put forward proposals for improving their protection using as a basis digital and technological tools, such as remote sensing (SAR), taking advantage of data from the Sentinel 2A and 2B satellites, HBIM, RPAS and GIS. To foster the promotion of smart tourism by digitalising and virtualising tourist routes and archaeological remains by building a Smart Tourism App for mobile devices. Finally, public administrations will be apprised of the need to implement a conservation policy for cultural as-sets and their surroundings in a simple, quick and cost-effective manner.
A Two-Step Rule for Backpropagation
Authors: Boughammoura Ahmed
Published: March 2023

We present a simplified computational rule for the back-propagation formulas for artificial neural networks. In this work, we provide a generic two-step rule for the back-propagation algorithm in matrix notation. Moreover, this rule incorporates both the forward and backward phases of the computations involved in the learning process. Specifically, this recursively computing rule permits the propagation of the changes to all synaptic weights in the network, layer by layer, efficiently. In particular, we use this rule to compute both the up and down partial derivatives of the cost function of all the connections feeding into the output layer.
Hiit Induces Acute Inflammatory Profile in Older Adults In-Volving Il-17 and Il-10 Secretion: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study
Authors: Scartoni Fabiana Rodrigues , Silva Diego Augusto Santos , Guimarães Andrea Carmem , Maia Brisa D'Louar Costa , Scudese Estevao , Da Silva Fabio Nascimento , Figueiredo Delson Lustosa , Martins de Souza Divaldo , Pernambuco Carlos Soares , Matos Rayana Nascimento , Lugão Elizabeth Carvalho , Lopes Angela Maria Moed , Figueiredo-Nicolete Larissa Deadame , Valentim-Silva João Rafael
Published: March 2023

Here we investigated the acute effects of an exhaustive intermittent exercise session on immunological parameters of the elderly and the subsequent incidence of upper respiratory tract infections and compare with the moderate-intensity. To do so, ixty-three old subjects were divided into three groups HIIT (n=21) submitted at one High-intensity interval training, SCG (n=21) kept in a sedentary state, and MICT (n=21) submitted at moderate intensity walking. Blood were collected at 5 time points, before, immediately after, 2h, 24h, and 48h after the intervention. In result the IL-6 and TNF-α were overexpressed immediately after the IL-10 stood overexpressed and correlated with IL-17, denoting an inflammatory process, and evidencing an immunologic competence without enhancement of the prevalence of upper respiratory infection tract (URTIs). So a modulation in the balance of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and leukocytes, these modifications did not cause the effect characterized as an immunological window. Perhaps, the typical inflammation process, with IL-10 and IL-17 participation could also produce benefits to combat infections, a pertinent discussion during a post-pandemic time; we consider it a safe exercise program for older adults.
On the Generalization of Deep Learning Models in Video Deepfake Detection
Authors: Coccomini Davide Alessandro , Caldelli Roberto , Falchi Fabrizio , Gennaro Claudio
Published: March 2023

The increasing use of deep learning techniques to manipulate images and videos, commonly referred to as "deepfakes," is making more and more challenging to differentiate between real and fake content. While various deepfake detection systems have been developed, they often struggle to detect deepfakes in real-world situations. In particular, these methods are often unable to effectively distinguish images or videos when these are modified using novel techniques which have not been used in the training set. In this study, we carry out an analysis of different deep learning architectures in an attempt to understand which is more capable of better generalizing the concept of deepfake. According to our results, it appears that Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) seem to be more capable of storing specific anomalies and thus excel in cases of datasets with a limited number of elements and manipulation methodologies. The Vision Transformer, conversely, is more effective when trained with more varied datasets, achieving more outstanding generalization capabilities than the other methods analysed. Finally, the Swin Transformer appears to be a good alternative for using an attention-based method in a more limited data regime. All the analyzed architectures seem to have a different way to look at deepfakes but since in a real-world environment, the generalization capability is essential, based on the carried out experiments the Vision Transformer seems to provide superior performances.
Identifying Issues in Student Project Management
Authors: Fujita Takaaki
Published: March 2023

Student project management is becoming increasingly important in various settings such as technical clubs, planning clubs, and research laboratories. However, effective methodologies for managing student-led projects have not yet been established. This study aims to address key issues related to cost and motivation in student-led projects and propose effective improvement plans. The significance of this study lies in its potential to identify challenges faced in current student project management practices and offer solutions to mitigate risks. By sharing our findings, we aim to encourage further research on this topic and promote the adoption of effective methodologies for managing student-led projects.
Modelling Time–Dependent Flow through Railway Ballast
Authors: Alrdadi Raed , Meylan Michael H.
Published: March 2023

In this study, a numerical simulation of fluid flow through railway ballast in the time domain is presented, providing a model for unsteady-state flow. It is demonstrated that the position of the free surface with respect to time can also be used to solve the steady flow case. The effect of ballast fouling is included in the model to capture the realistic behavior of railway ballast, which is critical to understanding the impact of flooding. A thorough comparison with a range of previous studies, including theoretical and experimental approaches, is made and very close agreement is obtained. The significant impact of ballast fouling on fluid flow and its potential consequences for railway infrastructure are highlighted by the simulation. Valuable insights into the behavior of water flow through porous media and its relevance to railway ballast management are offered by this study.
Motor Imagery-Based Brain-Computer Interface with Dry Sensors and Multimodal Feedback: Towards Tele-Rehabilitation
Authors: Arpaia Pasquale , Coyle Damien , Esposito Antonio , Natalizio Angela , Parvis Marco , Pesola Marisa , Vallefuoco Ersilia
Published: March 2023

The present study illustrates a brain-computer interface designed and developed to be wearable, portable, and user-friendly. Eight dry electroencephalographic sensors were adopted to acquire the brain activity associated with motor imagery. Multimodal feedback in extended reality was exploited to improve the detection of neurological phenomena. Twenty-seven healthy subjects used the proposed system in five sessions to investigate the effects of feedback on motor imagery. The sample was divided into two equal-sized groups: the "neurofeedback" group, which performed motor imagery while receiving feedback, and the "control" group, which performed motor imagery with no feedback. Several questionnaires were administrated to participants aiming to investigate the usability of the proposed system and individual’s ability to imagine movements. The highest mean classification accuracy across subjects of control group was about 62 % with 3 % associated type A uncertainty, and 69 % with 3 % uncertainty for neurofeedback group. Moreover, in some cases the results were significantly higher for the neurofeedback group. The perceived usability by all participants was high. Overall, the study highlights the advantages and the pitfalls of using a wearable brain-computer interface with dry sensors. Notably, the results and the perceived usability pave the way for the employment of the proposed system in tele-rehabilitation.
High Precision Information Data Acquisition Method for Mobile Equipment Based on Fractional Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Zuo Yanhong , Cheng Hua
Published: March 2023

The information data accuracy affects the working reliability of production management system directly. Mobile equipment is an important part of integrated manufacturing system, in the course of its works, due to the complex working environment and the dynamic change of its position, it lead to the important problem of information detection distortion. Because the application of fractional differential operator has the dual functions of enhancing signal strength and reducing data error, we puts forward a data processing method of obtaining production information data of various accuracy by changing the parameters of fractional differential operator. Establish a mobile equipment detection data fusion processing model based on fractional order partial differential equations and apply it in the processing experiment of mobile equipment testing information detection data in an integrated manufacturing system, the feasibility and effectiveness of the method are verified. We conclude that the fractional order partial differential equations used in the processing of mobile equipment monitoring information data of an integrated manufacturing system has the function of obtaining production information data of various accuracy, which are of great significance to improve the working reliability in integrated manufacturing system. which is of great significance to improve the working reliability and scientific decision of integrated manufacturing system.
Education on Assisted Reproductive Technology Program with Low Cost
Authors: Budihastuti Uki Retno , Laqif Abdurahman , Melinawati Eriana , Prakosa Teguh , Udiyanto Hermawan , Priyanto Heru , . Darto , Ratnasari Affi Angelia , Anggraeni Asih , Wijayanti Agung Sari
Published: March 2023

Background: Assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs have proven to be a solution to help infertility couples to conceive. However, most couples face a financial crisis related to the relatively expensive cost of ART treatment. This service aims to educate about ART's meaning, direction, and procedures. Thus, couples want children to be able to understand the ART program at an affordable cost (low-cost) and undergo the ART program without any concerns about costs.

Method: Seminar participants be given socialization in person and online through zoom software by the service provider. It is in two stages, in-person and online, so participants who cannot attend in person can follow this service program. In addition, participants are given a pre-test and post-test questions to assess their understanding of the ART program at an affordable cost.

Result: The pre-test and post-test results were analyzed using Wilcoxon, which showed that after providing education about the ART program, the post-test results were significantly better than the pre-test results. Down value: 5.5%, fixed value: 15.2%, value rise: 79.3% with significance p<0.001.

Conclusion: There are significant differences in the pre-test and post-test scores, which means that the participants understood the explanation the servicer gave.
THE EFFECTIVENESS COMBINATION OF HYPNOBREASTFEEDING AND BREAST EXERCISES ON BREAST MILK PRODUCTION TIME IN THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Reni Dian Puspita , Puspitaningsih Rezki , Wati Ratna , Nurachma Evy
Published: March 2023

Background : Global Breastfeeding Scorecard report that evaluates breastfeeding data from 194 countries, the percentage of infants under six months who are exclusively breastfed is only 9.79% (9 countries). Meanwhile, in Indonesia exclusive breastfeeding for 0-6 months is only 50.67%. Several factor inhibiting exclusive breastfeeding such as lack of breast care during antenatal and physiological conditions of the breast before or during breastfeeding. Pregnant women have difficulty expressing breast milk on the first day until third day after giving birth. One of the alternative method to speed up the breast milk production time is using hypnobreastfeeding and breast exercises.

Methods: Quasi Experiment with Static Group Comparison design. Hypnobreastfeeding and breast exercises are independent variables. Breast milk production time is the dependent variable. The research sample was third trimester pregnant women whose breast milk has not come out at the Clinic Samarinda City. Total sample are 38 respondents and used purposive sampling. Samples were selected by according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Technique analysis data bivariate used Chi-Square.

Result: ρvalue (0.016) < α (0.05). The relative risk (RR) is 5,152.

Conclusion: The combination of hypnobreastfeeding and breast exercises is effective on breast milk production time in third trimester pregnant women at the Clinic Samarinda City. Researchers suggest that health workers can provide training on hypnobreastfeeding and breast exercises to pregnant women whose breast milk has not come out (from 28-36 weeks of gestation), training can be done from 36 weeks of gestation.

 
MATLAB-Simulink environment based power quality improvement in photovoltaic system using multilevel inverter
Authors: Priyanka G. , Surya Kumari J. , Lenine D. , Srinivasa Varma P. , Sneha Madhuri S. , Chandu V.
Published: March 2023

Introduction. In this world of technical advancement, conventional resources are at the stage of destruction. To avoid such problems, we are going to use an alternative energy source namely solar by photovoltaic effect. The demand for multilevel inverters increased as they are used for different dynamic (high) voltage and dynamic (high) power appliances as they are capable of producing the output wave shape with low total harmonic distortion. Novelty. A new multilevel inverter is used in adding a (bidirectional) two way switch in between the capacitor and a traditional H-bridge module. This produces a better sine wave. By series connection of these two H-bridge modules, nine levels output voltage including zero is possible. The purpose of the proposed topology is reduction in the number of switches and it gives the good result with comparatively less power loss when it is compared with the other normal basic traditional inverters of the same output quality. Methods. In this paper, sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is used for the working of the switches in the multilevel inverter. The results are verified by using simulation and also experimental setup is done. From the results it is observed that the proposed topology with reduced number of switches gives lower electromagnetic interference, lower harmonic distortion. Practical value. The total harmonic distortion value in the simulation is 14.4 % and practically it is 13.8 %.
Bipolar DC output fed grounded DC-AC converter for photovoltaic application
Authors: Sindhuja R. , Padma S.
Published: March 2023

Introduction. In recent years the usage of electricity has increased tremendously as the electrical needs and loads got increased. Hence the researchers focused on the electricity generation from renewable sources in order to promote sustainable green environment. Owing to the lesser cost and more reliable high efficiency system with reduced use of equipments became prominent for the grid connected photovoltaic single phase systems. The novelty of this proposed converters are to reduce total power loss and to analyze the performance of the converter under various modulation index and to have lesser harmonics using sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique for both T-type and F-type inverter. Interest of the work is to merge two DC-DC converters which have same output voltage in order to have transformer less utilization of power. This has given pathway to develop a new DC-DC converter network by merging the common input nodes of CUK and SEPIC converter. Purpose. This similar structure of both converters made it easy to combine the input stages of and to get bipolar output. Methods. Here we can get bipolar output without the utilization of transformer which minimizes the overall size of the proposed system. In this paper, a combined CUK-SEPIC based grid connected transformerless inverter for photovoltaic application is suggested. Results. The suggested converter is simulated using MATLAB and the results were discussed. Further the circuit is extended with a 1 kW F-type inverter to demonstrate grid connection of the converter. Practical value. This converter can be implemented for photovoltaic applications for obtaining the bipolar DC output from the DC source.
EQUESTRIAN FACILITIES: ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS IN FUNCTIONAL AND AESTHETIC CONTEXTS
Authors:   Cracow University of Technology Faculty of Architecture Department of Spatial Planning, Urban Design and Rural Design, Kuśmierska Aleksandra
Published: March 2023

An increasing number of equestrian facilities are being built in Poland and around the world. These premises should be designed to meet the needs of both people (the riders) and horses, while retaining high architectural value. Hippic buildings have a diverse use programme depending on their purpose. The profile of an equestrian facility directly affects its architecture in both functional and aesthetic contexts. The author analysed foreign cases of hippic buildings of varying size to present their diversity.
3R GARDEN – SEARCHING FOR MODERN DAY PARADISE
Authors:   Politechnika Krakowska, Wydział Architektury, Poland eM4 Pracownia Architektury Brataniec, Forczek-Brataniec Urszula , Brataniec Marcin ,   Politechnika Krakowska, Wydział Architektury, Poland eM4 Pracownia Architektury Brataniec
Published: March 2023

As a result of the reductions and liquidating of heavy industry large areas of great potential have been freed up. These areas present an opportunity for urban space in the context of contemporary challenges related to improved quality of life and development of green infrastructure. The article analyses the evolution of the methods of approach to designing post-industrial land. The contemporary approach to space design has been applied in the form of the adaptation project of the Blast Furnace in Ruda Śląska. This demonstrates the potential for its application in a specific real-life situation.This experience finds application in case of adaptations of post-industrial areas in the context of addressing climate changes and developing biodiversity. In the context of shaping the relationship between human and nature in the form of a contemporary reclaimed garden.
Infaq and Shadaqah for Education: Prohibited Fees or Social Responsibility?
Authors: Indah Suryani , Phalevy Rifqi Ridlo
Published: March 2023

This research aims to analyze the relationship between voluntary donations (infaq) and prohibited fees in the Ministry of Education and Culture Regulation No. 44 of 2012, as well as the views of Islamic scholars regarding the position of voluntary donations as a means of financing education. The research method used is a normative approach that utilizes legal and comparative approaches. The research findings indicate that voluntary donations, also known as infaq, shadaqah, or amal jariyah, are considered a prohibited fee under the Ministry of Education and Culture Regulation No. 44 of 2012. However, in practice, these voluntary donations meet the criteria for fees as described in Article 11 of the regulation and are viewed by Islamic scholars as a form of social responsibility in the field of education. It is not permissible for these donations to be binding on the donor in terms of the amount and time of donation.

Highlights :

This research examines the connection between voluntary donations (infaq) and prohibited fees in education financing under Ministry of Education and Culture Regulation No. 44 of 2012.

The findings show that although infaq is considered a prohibited fee, it is viewed as a form of social responsibility in education by Islamic scholars.

It should not be binding on the donor in terms of the amount and time of donation.

Keywords: infaq, shadaqah, voluntary donations, education financing, Islamic scholars.
La presente tesis tuvo como objetivo analizar el nivel de conocimiento sobre la Tecnología Blockchain que posee el personal del departamento administrativo y contable que labora en AC Refrigeración Perú S.A.C. Año 2021. Esta investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo y fue de tipo descriptivo, El instrumento correspondió a un cuestionario compuesto por 20 preguntas de respuestas dicotómicas aplicado a la muestra; los resultados fueron procesados mediante el software IBM SPSS se realizó a través del programa SPSS Statistics 25. Los resultados evidenciaron que los trabajadores poseen un nivel medio de conocimiento en las dimensiones conocimiento explicito, ventajas y beneficios. Por consiguiente, se concluyó que el conocimiento acerca de la tecnología Blockchain de los trabajadores, corresponde a un nivel medio por lo que se sugiere generar el interés y potenciar el conocimiento sobre esta temática que posibilita la apertura de nuevas oportunidades de negocios donde el uso de esta tecnología represente una mayor fuerza y se aprovechen las bondades reduciendo riesgos, incrementando la seguridad y confianza, así como el ahorro de tiempo en la velocidad de las transacciones de la empresa.
Authors:   , Mayuri Saavedra Martin Josué
Published: March 2023

La presente tesis tuvo como objetivo analizar el nivel de conocimiento sobre la Tecnología Blockchain que posee el personal del departamento administrativo y contable que labora en AC Refrigeración Perú S.A.C. Año 2021. Esta investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo y fue de tipo descriptivo, El instrumento correspondió a un cuestionario compuesto por 20 preguntas de respuestas dicotómicas aplicado a la muestra; los resultados fueron procesados mediante el software IBM SPSS se realizó a través del programa SPSS Statistics 25. Los resultados evidenciaron que los trabajadores poseen un nivel medio de conocimiento en las dimensiones conocimiento explicito, ventajas y beneficios. Por consiguiente, se concluyó que el conocimiento acerca de la tecnología Blockchain de los trabajadores, corresponde a un nivel medio por lo que se sugiere generar el interés y potenciar el conocimiento sobre esta temática que posibilita la apertura de nuevas oportunidades de negocios donde el uso de esta tecnología represente una mayor fuerza y se aprovechen las bondades reduciendo riesgos, incrementando la seguridad y confianza, así como el ahorro de tiempo en la velocidad de las transacciones de la empresa.
Validation of CO2 Emission Reductions from Advanced Vessel Management Solutions by Leveraging the Big Data from Offshore Drilling Operations
Authors: Russo Massimiliano , Nagalingam Krishna Kumar , Haakonsen Rune , Loftager Rune , Puskarskij Konstantin
Published: March 2023

This paper details the successful validation process of advanced DP (Dynamic Positioning) and power management tools and solutions through processing big data from offshore drilling operations. Along with outlining the technical details behind the validation process, the paper also describes how these advanced tools can be applied to pursuing industry sustainability goals by reducing the environmental footprint of offshore drilling operations. Implementation of such a validation process will aid drilling operators to select and prioritize among different emission-reducing technologies and by that ensure that the installed solutions are suitable for the operation.

The validation mechanism is based on retrieving cloud-stored rig sensor data from the 7th generation drillship operating offshore Angola. The data processing section of the study included data normalization by removing abnormalities in order to establish clean baseline operational parameters to be reproduced by the use of the marine, drilling, and power plant simulators. The combined wind, wave, and climate (metocean) conditions for the entire period were also established and mapped.

After validation of the analytical model accuracy, the model was advanced with several layers of advanced DP and power management functionalities in addition to energy storage tools and solutions to evaluate efficiency gains from deploying them individually and combined.

Finally, the paper provides a comparison of efficiency gains (versus the clean baseline analytical model), deploying the said tools and solutions where the efficiencies are detailed as an amount of saved fuel, reduced GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions, and also reduction of maintenance burden on propulsion and power plant machinery.
Field Testing of an Automated 3D Cuttings and Cavings Measurement Sensor
Authors: Prez Sebastian , Callerio Santiago , Montes Abraham , Turhan Çinar , Ashok Pradeepkumar , van Oort Eric , Pruitt Roger , Thetford Taylor , Peroyea Trey , Behounek Michael
Published: March 2023

Observation of cuttings and cavings serves as an important early indicator for hole cleaning and wellbore instability problems. Automation of this critical monitoring process is, however, still in its infancy. This paper highlights the development and initial field testing of a new automated cuttings and cavings monitoring sensor system. Initial challenges identified in an earlier field test, and their solutions that have been incorporated into this new working field prototype, are presented.

The imaging sensors selected for the prototype, including a 3D laser profile scanner and a machine vision camera, were used in an initial field trial to assess the feasibility of building a prototype that can operate in a harsh field environment. Based on that initial field trial, the prototype was built, and preliminary outdoor tests were conducted offsite to validate its performance. Following that, a second field trial at an active drilling site in West Texas was conducted to assess the implementation and performance of the prototype in the field.

Practical solutions to key challenges identified in the first field trial were successfully implemented in the new prototype, and its field performance was validated in the second field trial where the prototype was integrated into the solids control system of an active drilling rig, successfully collecting data for during drilling operations. The system accurately measured the volumetric return of cuttings, and the tests demonstrate the ability to determine the cuttings size distribution and detect anomalous-sized cavings. The results can be used directly for improved hole cleaning management and stuck pipe avoidance in field operations.

This paper introduces the first working prototype of a 3D-imaging cuttings monitoring system that could be taken into production for quantifying the volumetric return of cuttings on surface and providing information about the size and shape of cuttings and cavings. The development of this cuttings sensor is a major milestone in the field of drilling automation, bringing the industry closer to achieving a fully automated hole cleaning and stuck pipe prevention system.
An Experimental Study on the Effects of Competitive Adsorption During Huff-N-Puff Enhanced Gas Recovery
Authors: Wolf Jeremy , Maaref Sepideh , Esmaeili Sajjad , Tutolo Benjamin , Kantzas Apostolos
Published: March 2023

Gas is stored in tight reservoirs both as a free gas occupying the pores, and as an adsorbed gas on the rock matrix. Adsorbed gas exhibits liquid-like densities resulting in significantly more gas being stored on the rock surface. This research aims to highlight the effects of competitive adsorption during Huff-n-Puff enhanced gas recovery (EGR) on activated carbon to achieve maximum gas recovery. Pure methane was initially adsorbed by the activated carbon sample in four simple pure component adsorption stages. The methane was then produced in a primary production stage, allowing some methane to desorb from the activated carbon. The free and adsorbed methane was then displaced in five subsequent cyclical injection/production stages with a displacing gas, either nitrogen or carbon dioxide. The experiments were conducted at 30 °C, 45 °C, and 80 °C, and the temperature was maintained using a water bath. The purpose of testing a variety of temperatures was to highlight the effect of temperature on competitive adsorption and recovery factors. From the experiments, adsorption capacity was plotted as a function of the isothermal pressure and methane composition. This data was then fitted with the Extended Langmuir model because of its popularity and simplistic approach for multicomponent gas mixtures. It was observed that total adsorption capacity decreased as a function of temperature for both the nitrogen and carbon dioxide displacement experiments. Selectivity ratios were also determined for each experiment. At all temperatures, carbon dioxide had a higher selectivity ratio over methane compared to the selectivity ratio between nitrogen and methane. Selectivity ratios did not correlate with changing temperatures in both sets of experiments. Recovery factors were also determined for each experiment. Incremental recovery factors progressively decreased with each subsequent production stage. Cumulatively, the carbon dioxide experiments exhibited higher recovery at each temperature tested. For these experiments, irreversibilities were not considered due to the authors’ previous experience with single-component adsorption and desorption experiments on activated carbon [1]. To date, there have not been any EGR Huff-n-Puff experiments conducted on highly porous activated carbon samples with a primary focus on the effect of competitive adsorption. This research aims to highlight the effects of temperature and displacement gas type on the competitive adsorption between methane and nitrogen/carbon dioxide and its impact on the recovery factors. By doing so, EGR schemes can be better understood and modeled with improved inputs for competitive adsorption in each injection and production cycle. This will allow for more accurate production forecasting and help minimize the financial risk of costly EGR projects.
A Multifaceted Laboratory Approach to Screen Paraffin Inhibitors for Canadian Unconventional Resources
Authors: Tsui Kenny , Habibi Ali , Yuan Shu Jun
Published: March 2023

Paraffin deposition during oil and gas production is a common challenge and may partially or completely plug the wellbore, production tubing and flowlines. This results in significant reduction in well production and frequent paraffin remediation jobs. Chemical treatment is used widely and is one of the most practical ways to mitigate paraffin deposition. In previous studies, conventional test methods such as cold finger testing have been implemented to screen paraffin inhibitors for field applications. However, poor correlations between laboratory results and field observations challenge the reliability of the method. Developing a comprehensive laboratory protocol is imperative for screening effective paraffin inhibitors.

In this study, we introduce a systematic laboratory procedure to assess the performance of paraffin inhibitors on oil samples produced from formations located in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). These formations include Duvernay, Montney, and Cardium. The laboratory protocol is composed of three test procedures. First, we measure the viscosity of the oil samples mixed with paraffin inhibitors over a wide range of temperature values. Second, we perform cold finger tests using oil samples mixed with the various paraffin inhibitors. Lastly, we quantify the fouling tendency of oil samples with and without paraffin inhibitors using a para-window instrument by dynamically measuring near-infrared light transmittance on a temperature controlled reflective surface.

Several polymeric chemical families including ethylene vinyl acetate (PI-1), maleic ester (PI-2), maleic amide (PI-3), and alkylphenol (PI-4) are evaluated using this laboratory protocol. The measured performance of the paraffin inhibitors varies depending on the technique used and the temperature at which the evaluation is performed. In the case of experiments performed on the Montney oil sample, it is found that inhibitor containing maleic ester (PI-2) demonstrates 31% of reduction in viscosity testing, 75% of inhibition from cold finger testing, but only 8% of fouling reduction in the para-window testing. As this protocol is implemented over a wide range of temperature values, it provides valuable insights about the effectiveness and versatility of paraffin inhibitors at different operational conditions. In the case of PI-2, it shows higher inhibition at temperature near 0°C, rather than near the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) of 30°C, indicating that it might not be a suitable candidate for inhibiting the more problematic high molecular weight paraffins generated at 30°C.

The laboratory protocol developed in this study helps narrow the gap between laboratory results and field observations. It highlights the importance of matching representative field temperature conditions within the laboratory; and provides new insights about the performance of paraffin inhibitors for oil field applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanodroplets for Flowback Analysis in Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Ahmadi Seyedeh Hannaneh , Ding Boxin , L. Bryant Steven , Kantzas Apostolos
Published: March 2023

Hydraulic fracturing has facilitated the rapid development of tight reservoirs throughout the world in the past decades. A common challenge arising from multistage hydraulic fracturing is the accurate characterization of the complexity and conductivity of the fracture networks, for optimizing the well performance as well as the subsequent production. Prevalent operations carried out on hydraulically fractured wells are tracer injections along with the fracturing fluid and flowback analysis, which are indispensable to condition the well for long-term performance and decrease the operational time. In this paper, a new polymer-coated iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle (NP) has been synthesized, which can emulsify and stabilize nano-oil-droplets in a continuous water phase and these Pickering nanodroplets provide potential applications for the characterization of fractures by flowback analysis in tight reservoirs due to their pivotal properties, including being superparamagnetic with ability to detect in-situ, easily synthesized, size controllable, strong stability, minimal retention in fractures and environmental benign features. To apply these magnetic nanodroplets for fracture characterization, two concerns should be considered, including the long-term stability and transport behavior of these Pickering nanodroplets, which is demonstrated in this study.

Herein, iron oxide nanoparticles were firstly functionalized to improve their hydrophilicity, and then nanoemulsion samples were emulsified utilizing these engineered nanoparticles. Two different factors, including different hydrocarbons and emulsification energy, were considered to investigate their impact on the stability of the nanoemulsion. This is because they are extremely important for the stabilization of the Pickering nanoemulsion. As a result, some characterization tests were performed to recognize the stability behaviour of the systems and structure of nanoemulsion through nanodroplet size distribution, z-potential, bulk rheology, and screening tests. Moreover, the nanoemulsion stability is examined through low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry and X-ray CT imaging. Experimental results reveal that carefully synthesized polymer-coated Fe3O4 NPs can emulsify the oil and water to form a sufficiently stable oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering nanoemulsion. The optimized composition to have a more stable emulsion is using hexadecane as the oil phase because of its high density and low solubility in water to reduce the Ostwald Ripening. An emulsification energy of 40 kJ is found to generate optimum droplet size distribution, thus providing the best nanoemulsion stability.
Automated Production Forecasting Using a Novel Machine Learning Based Approach
Authors: Shrivastava Kaustubh , Shukla Priyavrat , Banerjee Raj , Koley Manas
Published: March 2023

Production forecasting and hydrocarbon reserve estimation play a major role in production planning and field evaluation. Traditional methods of production forecasting use historical production data and do not account for completion and geolocation attributes that limit their prediction ability, especially for wells with a short production history. In this paper, we present a novel data-driven approach that accounts for the completion and geolocation parameters of a well along with its historical production data to forecast production.

In this work, we used supervised learning to develop an ensemble of machine learning (ML) based models to forecast production behavior of oil and gas wells. The developed models account for historical production data, geolocation parameters, and completion parameters as features. The dataset used to create the models comprises publicly available data from 80,000 unconventional wells in North America. The developed models are rigorously tested against 5% of the original data set. The models are systematically studied and compared against traditional forecasting techniques and results are presented here.

The created ensemble of models was tested by forecasting the production of 3,700 wells and the obtained results were compared against real production data. We show that the models clearly capture the natural decline trend of the produced hydrocarbon. In cases where the natural decline of the well has been temporarily modified, possibly due to operations, the production during other periods of the time series matches the prediction. This indicates that, unlike in traditional methods, such changes don't adversely impact the forecasting ability of our method.

We also conducted a systematic investigation and compared the forecast from the developed model against the forecast from a traditional method (Arps, 1945). During the comparison, it was observed that for short-production history wells (available production data from 2 to 12 months), the error rate in the predicted production behavior from traditional methods was higher when compared with the developed method. As the quantity of historical production data increases, the forecasting ability of traditional methods improves. By comparison, the decline from the developed method matches the real production data for both short- and long-production history wells, and clearly outperforms the traditional methods based on blind tests.

In this work, we present a novel ML based approach for forecasting production. This approach overcomes the challenge of the traditional time-series forecasting techniques that use only the past data for forecasting. It also incorporates static parameters (completion and geolocation parameters) in its architecture. The developed method leverages statistical averaging by employing an ensemble of random forest models, making the developed approach better than traditional ML based methods (ARIMA and LSTM) for forecasting time-series data.
Buildup Evaluation of an Overpressured Naturally Fractured Carbonate
Authors: Azuara Diliegros Brenda , Aguilera Roberto
Published: March 2023

This paper examines the buildup pressure response of a well that penetrates an unconventional tight naturally fractured carbonate reservoir in Mexico. Four buildups in the same well over a period of 4 months, with intermediate flow periods, suggest partial closure of natural fractures. Radial flow is dominant in the four buildups. This is recognized in semilogarithmic and pressure derivative cross plots. However, the formulations require a consistent empirical component to match the buildup data.

The four buildup tests are evaluated with a semi-empirical dual-porosity model with restricted interporosity flow. The restricted flow between matrix and fractures is the result of partial secondary mineralization (cementation) within the fractures, which can be visualized as a natural positive skin that reduces the oil flow from the matrix to the fractures. The empirical part of the method is provided by a severity exponent (SE), which helps improving the match of the buildup semilog and derivative plots.

The buildup evaluations permit estimating several parameters of interest, including fracture capacity (k2.h), skin, storativity ratio (ω), and the extrapolated pressure (p*). The calculated k2.h is equal to 8.73 md-ft during the first and second buildups, 8.34 md-ft during the third buildup and 5.5 md-ft during the last buildup, which is also the longest (118 hours). Results suggest that although natural fractures are present, they tend to close once the well goes on production. Thus, the conclusion is reached that the carbonate reservoir is tight and likely stress dependent. The values of skin tend to increase going from −2.51 to −2.20 to −1.45 to +0.46 indicating that the reservoir goes from improved condition around the wellbore to slightly damaged conditions probably due to fracture closure. On the other hand, ω increases continuously going from 0.46 to 0.56 to 0.66 to 0.71 suggesting a tendency of the reservoir to move from dual to single porosity behavior. The reservoir is overpressured (0.87 psi/ft) and the extrapolated pressures (p*) decrease from 18,200 to 18,050 to 16,700 to 14,000 psi because of the tight characteristics of the reservoir. However, given the large size of the reservoir, the likelihood of depletion is unlikely.

The novelty of this study is the development of a new easy-to-use semi-empirical well testing model for matching the buildup pressure response of four tests performed in a well that penetrates an overpressured, unconventional, tight naturally fractured carbonate. The tests could not be matched with well-known commercial packages.