bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning spinal manipulation: Gender and expertise differences in biomechanical parameters, accuracy, and variability*
Authors: Pasquier Mégane , Barbier-Cazorla Florian , Audo Yannick , Descarreaux Martin , Lardon Arnaud
Published: November 2018

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences and expertise effects on biomechanical parameters as well as force accuracy and variability for students learning spinal manipulation.

Methods:

A total of 137 fourth- and fifth-year students were recruited for the study. Biomechanical parameters (preload, time to peak force, peak force, rate of force), as well as accuracy and variability of thoracic spine manipulation performance, were evaluated during 5 consecutive trials using a force-sensing table and a target force of 450 N. Gender, expertise differences on biomechanical parameters, as well as constant, variable, and absolute error were assessed using 2-way analysis of variance.

Results:

Analyses showed significant gender differences for several biomechanical parameters, as well as significant gender differences in accuracy and variability. Although women showed lower time to peak force and rate of force values, they were more precise and showed less variability than men when performing thoracic spine manipulations. Students with clinical expertise (fifth-year students) used less force and were more precise.

Conclusion:

Our results showed that gender differences in spinal manipulation performance exist and that these differences seem to be mainly explained by alternative motor strategies. To develop gender-specific teaching methods, future studies should explore why men and women approach spinal manipulation tasks differently.
Monte Carlo and analytic modeling of an Elekta Infinity linac with Agility MLC: Investigating the significance of accurate model parameters for small radiation fields
Authors: Gholampourkashi Sara , Cygler Joanna E. , Belec Jason , Vujicic Miro , Heath Emily
Published: November 2018

Purpose

To explain the deviation observed between measured and Monaco calculated dose profiles for a small field (i.e., alternating open‐closed MLC pattern). A Monte Carlo (MC) model of an Elekta Infinity linac with Agility MLC was created and validated against measurements. In addition, an analytic model which predicts the fluence at the isocenter plane was used to study the impact of multiple beam parameters on the accuracy of dose calculations for small fields.

Methods

A detailed MC model of a 6 MV Elekta Infinity linac with Agility MLC was created in EGSnrc/BEAMnrc and validated against measurements. An analytic model using primary and secondary virtual photon sources was created and benchmarked against the MC simulations and the impact of multiple beam parameters on the accuracy of the model for a small field was investigated. Both models were used to explain discrepancies observed between measured/EGSnrc simulated and Monaco calculated dose profiles for alternating open‐closed MLC leaves.

Results

MC‐simulated dose profiles (PDDs, cross‐ and in‐line profiles, etc.) were found to be in very good agreements with measurements. The best fit for the leaf bank rotation was found to be 9 mrad to model the defocusing of Agility MLC. Moreover, a very good agreement was observed between results from the analytic model and MC simulations for a small field. Modifying the radial size of the incident electron beam in the BEAMnrc model improved the agreement between Monaco and EGSnrc calculated dose profiles by approximately 16% and 30% in the position of maxima and minima, respectively.

Conclusion

Accurate modeling of the full‐width‐half‐maximum (FWHM) of the primary photon source as well as the MLC leaf design (leaf bank rotation, etc.) is essential for accurate calculations of dose delivered by small radiation fields when using virtual source or MC models of the beam.
Efficient Inhibition of Wear‐Debris‐Induced Osteolysis by Surface Biomimetic Engineering of Titanium Implant with a Mussel‐Derived Integrin‐Targeting Peptide
Authors: Guo Xiaobin , Liu Yu , Bai Jiaxiang , Yu Binqing , Xu Menglei , Sun Houyi , Shen Jining , Lin Jiayi , Zhang Hongbo , Wang Dongqing , Geng Dechun , Pan Guoqing
Published: November 2018

Wear‐debris‐induced osteolysis and subsequent aseptic loosening of the prosthesis are the main reasons for failed arthroplasty. Inhibition of wear‐debris‐induced osteoclastogenesis is thus a promising method to prolong the lifetime of prostheses. In this work, a mussel‐derived peptide, capped with an integrin‐targeting RGD tripeptide and a titanium (Ti)‐affinity tetrapeptide with catechol groups at each end is biomimetically designed. The RGD peptide can interfere with integrin αvβ3 to affect the cytoskeletal organization and functions of osteoclasts and subsequently inhibit osteoclast hyperactivation and osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo, while the catechol groups could easily adhere to the TiO2 layer of the Ti implant via Ti–catechol coordination. This design thus enables the stable immobilization of the RGD peptide on Ti implants to inhibit osteoclast formation and reduce osteolysis in vivo, even with the existence of Ti wear particles. Further study reveals that the suppression of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast polarization on the peptide coating is regulated by blocking the PI3K/AKT and NF‐κB signal pathways. Considering the simplicity in the surface engineering, the highly biomimetic nature of the bioactive peptide, and efficient inhibition of wear‐debris‐caused osteolysis, this work thus presents a simple and efficient strategy to improve clinical outcome of prosthesis implantation in challenging conditions.
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Fiber‐Reinforced Silicon Carbide Composites with an Interlayer of Amorphous Carbon Thin Film Prepared by Precursor Infiltration and Pyrolysis Processes
Authors: Chang Yu‐Hsu , Hsu Hua‐Yi , Yeh Jih‐Hsin , Chen Wei‐Chung , Fu Yu‐Chun , Chiu Hsien‐Tang
Published: November 2018

This study conducts a whole precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process in order to fabricate carbon fiber‐reinforced silicon carbide matrix (Cf/SiC) composites. Carbon fibers are pre‐treated by depositing a pyrolytic carbon thin film (PyC) via the PIP process, with a phenol‐formaldehyde resin blended with polyvinyl butyral being used as the PyC precursor. Polycarbosilane, the precursor of the SiC matrix, is synthesized via Yajima‐type reaction. Divinylbenzene and SiC powders are used as the crosslinking agent and the additives, respectively, to control the density of the composites and reduce the PIP times. By repeating the PIP process twice in the formation of the PyC interlayer and ten times in the formation of the SiC matrix, a density of ≈1.8 g cm−3 is achieved for the Cf/SiC composite, in addition to a porosity and shrinkage of <5% and ≈10%, respectively. This composite material's bending strength can reach as high as 215.5 MPa, and its minimum coefficient of thermal expansion α is 1.90 × 10−6 K−1. The authors propose a production process in which PIP is used for the entire process, thus making it suitable for use in the production of large‐scale and structurally complex products without using vapor deposition techniques under vacuum.
Electronic Tuning of Co, Ni‐Based Nanostructured (Hydr)oxides for Aqueous Electrocatalysis
Authors: Kuang Min , Han Peng , Huang Linsong , Cao Na , Qian Linping , Zheng Gengfeng
Published: November 2018

Co, Ni‐based (hydr)oxides with stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric composites are playing significant roles in renewable energy technologies, such as electrocatalytic reactions for transforming earth abundant resources into value‐added chemicals. In the past several years, attributed to the development of novel synthesis strategies, characterization techniques, and theoretical calculations, the rational design and realization of a variety of Co, Ni‐based (hydr)oxides with exciting performances have been demonstrated. Particularly, the electrocatalytic reactivities of these Co, Ni‐based (hydr)oxides are highly dependent on their surface electronic structures, which can be well tuned by their nanostructures and compositions. This Review summarizes recent research advances in regulating electronic structures toward the optimization of electrochemical reactivity in aqueous solutions. These research works mainly focus on three important clean energy reactions: i) water oxidation, ii) oxygen reduction, and iii) carbon dioxide reduction, where the developments of advanced electrocatalysts can enable the production of value‐added chemicals or fuels. Furthermore, the electronic structure–property relationships behind the enhanced electrocatalytic properties of these Co, Ni‐based (hydr)oxides are also discussed.
Fabricating an Aqueous Symmetric Supercapacitor with a Stable High Working Voltage of 2 V by Using an Alkaline–Acidic Electrolyte
Authors: Li Chunyang , Wu Wenzhuo , Wang Peng , Zhou Weibin , Wang Jing , Chen Yuhui , Fu Lijun , Zhu Yusong , Wu Yuping , Huang Wei
Published: November 2018

Aqueous symmetric carbon‐based supercapacitors (CSCs) are always the research focus for energy storage devices because of the virtue of low cost, inherent safety, and encouraging electrochemical stability. As is well‐known, so far most aqueous symmetric CSCs are subjected to low energy densities. Here, a symmetric supercapacitor comprising electrodes from biomass‐derived activated carbon and alkaline–acidic electrolyte is reported. This aqueous symmetric CSC demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance with high stable working voltage of 2 V and attractive cycling stability of no capacitance loss over 10 000 cycles. Impressively, it shows a remarkable energy density of 36.9 W h kg−1 at 248 W kg−1 based on the total mass of the active materials, which is much higher than traditional aqueous symmetric CSCs, and a power density of 4083 W kg−1 with an energy density of 8.8 W h kg−1. The use of stable alkaline–acidic electrolyte provides an innovative technique to enhance the energy density of aqueous supercapacitors.
Smeared d‐Wave Anisotropy in a Monolayer Organic Superconductor
Authors: Hassanien Abdou
Published: November 2018

An epitaxially grown monolayer of organic superconductor, (BETS)2GaCl4, on Ag(111) forms islands of uniform and mixed stacking of 2D stripes. A d‐wave superconducting gap of magnitude 2Δ = 14 meV is ubiquitously measured even though orientation directions of the molecular chains are altered in the inhomogeneous islands. Mixing of intrastripes antinodal states is manifested by smeared anisotropy of the low energy quasiparticle as well as features of multigaps in their density of states. Despite proximal convolution, the pronounced coherence peaks indicate well preserved superconducting state. The interplay between structural parameters and electronic properties makes single layer (BETS)2GaCl4 a unique playground to test the effect of confinement and symmetry variation on the superconducting ground state.
Air and Water‐Stable n‐Type Doping and Encapsulation of Flexible MoS2 Devices with SU8
Authors: Kung Yen‐Cheng , Hosseini Nahid , Dumcenco Dumitru , Fantner Georg E. , Kis Andras
Published: November 2018

Favorable mechanical and electrical properties motivate the use of 2D semiconductors in flexible electronic devices. One of the main challenges here is the absence of a practical doping strategy which should provide air‐stable, tunable doping levels in a process with a low thermal budget. Here, it is shown that SU8, an epoxy‐based photoresist, can be used for nondegenerate n‐type doping of monolayer MoS2. The doping level can be finely tuned via low‐temperature annealing. The doping method exhibits good ambient stability. The high degree of mechanical flexibility and low processing temperature also allows the integration of SU8 coating with flexible MoS2 FETs, where it can provide both controllable doping and act as an encapsulation layer. The demonstrated stability of the devices to bending and exposure to water confirms the attractiveness of using SU8 in flexible electronic devices based on 2D semiconductors in a simple, versatile and scalable approach.
Metal‐Dependent Support Effects of Oxyhydride‐Supported Ru, Fe, Co Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Tang Ya , Kobayashi Yoji , Masuda Naoya , Uchida Yoshinori , Okamoto Hiroki , Kageyama Toki , Hosokawa Saburo , Loyer François , Mitsuhara Kei , Yamanaka Keisuke , Tamenori Yusuke , Tassel Cédric , Yamamoto Takafumi , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Kageyama Hiroshi
Published: November 2018

Ammonia is an attractive energy carrier for the hydrogen economy, given its high hydrogen density and ease of liquefaction. A titanate oxyhydride has recently been demonstrated that can catalyze ammonia synthesis without Ru or Fe metal, despite titanium being regarded as an inert element. Here, the synthesis activity of ammonia is examined when Ru, Fe, and Co particles are supported onto the oxyhydride BaTiO2.5H0.5. The activity of BaTiO2.5H0.5 as support is significantly higher than BaTiO3. For example, the activity for Fe and Co increases by a factor of 70–400, making them more active than Ru/MgO, one conventional Ru catalyst. In terms of mechanism, for Ru, H/D isotope studies show participation of lattice hydride in the catalytic cycle, while kinetic analysis shows reduced H2 poisoning probably due to spillover. For Fe (and Co), the presence of hydride results in significantly lower activation energy and N2 reaction order, likely due to strong electron donation from the oxyhydride. This metal‐dependent support effect is further verified by N2 isotopic exchange experiments. These perovskite‐type oxyhydrides can be easily modified in terms of A‐ and B‐site (A = Ba, B = Ti); the high potential for compositional variation and morphologies will expand the search for efficient catalysts for ammonia synthesis.
Recent Advances in Flexible Zinc‐Based Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Li Yingbo , Fu Jing , Zhong Cheng , Wu Tianpin , Chen Zhongwei , Hu Wenbin , Amine Khalil , Lu Jun
Published: November 2018

Flexible Zn‐based batteries are regarded as promising alternatives to flexible lithium‐ion batteries for wearable electronics owing to the natural advantages of zinc, such as environmental friendliness and low cost. In the past few years, flexible Zn‐based batteries have been studied intensively and exciting achievements have been obtained in this field. However, the development of flexible Zn‐based batteries is still at an early stage. The challenges of developing flexible lithium‐ion batteries are presented here. Then, a brief overview of recent progress in flexible zinc secondary batteries from the perspective of advanced materials and some issues that remain to be addressed are discussed.
Pseudomorphic Transformation of Interpenetrated Prussian Blue Analogs into Defective Nickel Iron Selenides for Enhanced Electrochemical and Photo‐Electrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Yilmaz Gamze , Tan Chuan Fu , Lim Yee‐Fun , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: November 2018

A significant methodology gap remains in the construction of advanced electrocatalysts, which has collaborative defective functionalities and structural coherence that maximizes electrochemical redox activity, electrical conductivity, and mass transport characteristics. Here, a coordinative self‐templated pseudomorphic transformation of an interpenetrated metal organic compound network is conceptualized into a defect‐rich porous framework that delivers highly reactive and durable photo(electro)chemical energy conversion functionalities. The coordinative‐template approach enables previously inaccessible synthesis routes to rationally accomplish an interconnected porous conductive network at the microscopic level, while exposing copious unsaturated reactive sites at the atomic level without electronic or structural integrity trade‐offs. Consequently, porous framework, interconnected motifs, and engineered defects endow remarkable electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction activity due to intrinsically improved turnover frequency, electrochemical surface area, and charge transfer. Moreover, when the hybrid is coupled with a silicon photocathode for solar‐driven water splitting, it enables photon assisted redox reactions, improved charge separation, and enhanced carrier transport via the built‐in heterojunction and additive co‐catalyst functionality, leading to a promising photo(electro)chemical hydrogen generation performance. This work signifies a viable and generic approach to prepare other functional interconnected metal organic coordinated compounds, which can be exploited for diverse energy storage, conversion, or environmental applications.
The effect of diabetes mellitus on the Two‐Step value for gait ability
Authors: Kimura Kazuki , Ninomiya Hideki , Endo Yoshiaki , Kambayashi Yukio
Published: November 2018

Objective

Impaired glucose tolerance is a factor that can affect locomotive syndrome. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the value of the Two‐Step Test as an index of gait ability in locomotive syndrome. The present study focused onDMpatients who did not have diabetic polyneuropathy (DP) and discussed the effect ofDMon the Two‐Step value.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study compared the Two‐Step values betweenDMpatients withoutDP(32 male, 28 female; mean age 62.2 years) and regional residents withoutDM(25 male, 18 female; mean age 61.8 years).

Results

Body mass index was significantly higher in theDMpatients than in the regional residents. The Two‐Step value was lower inDMpatients than in individuals withoutDMamong females but not among males. Therefore, the Two‐Step value was lower in femaleDMpatients than in female regional residents of the same age.

Conclusion

This study presents a new observation: The gait ability in femaleDMpatients can be impaired, even before the development ofDP.
Sustainable supply chain network design for the optimal utilization of municipal solid waste
Authors: Mohammadi Maryam , Jämsä‐Jounela Sirkka‐Liisa , Harjunkoski Iiro
Published: November 2018

The growing waste generation, increasing environmental regulations, and limited land area for waste disposal necessitate an effective and efficient waste supply chain management solution in terms of both socioeconomic perspectives and environmental sustainability. Waste management is connected to supply chain decisions as it involves waste generation, collection, separation, transportation, processing, and disposal. Accordingly, this article develops a mixed integer linear programming model for the optimal planning of a waste management system in a multi‐echelon supply chain network, which aims to find a trade‐off between supply chain costs, depletion of waste, and efficient use of generated waste while considering the environmental impacts. Various recycling and waste‐to‐energy technologies are used to convert plastic and mixed waste into value‐added products including fuel, electricity, and heat. Although recycling is preferable from an environmental point of view, it is shown that the waste‐to‐energy option is more economically efficient. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: e16464 2019
Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic‐speaking populations
Authors: Karafet Tatiana M. , Osipova Ludmila P. , Savina Olga V. , Hallmark Brian , Hammer Michael F.
Published: November 2018

Objectives

We examined autosomal genome‐wide SNPs and Y‐chromosome data from 15 Siberian and 12 reference populations to study the affinities of Siberian populations, and to address hypotheses about the origin of the Samoyed peoples.

Methods

Samples were genotyped for 567 096 autosomal SNPs and 147 Y‐chromosome polymorphic sites. For several analyses, we used 281 093 SNPs from the intersection of our data with publicly available ancient Siberian samples. To examine genetic relatedness among populations, we applied PCA,FST, TreeMix, and ADMIXTURE analyses. To explore the potential effect of demography and evolutionary processes, the distribution of ROH and IBD sharing within population were studied.

Results

Analyses of autosomal and Y‐chromosome data reveal high differentiation of the Siberian groups. The Siberian populations have a large proportion of their genome in ROH and IBD segments. Several populations (ie, Nganasans, Evenks, Yukagirs, and Koryaks) do not appear to have experienced admixture with other Siberian populations (ie, producing only positive f3), while for the other tested populations the composition of mixing sources always included Nganasans or Evenks. The Nganasans from the Taymyr Peninsula demonstrate the greatest level of shared shorter ROH and IBD with nearly all other Siberian populations.

Conclusions

Autosomal SNP and Y‐chromosome data demonstrate that Samoyedic populations differ significantly in their genetic composition. Genetic relationship is observed only between Forest and Tundra Nentsi. Selkups are affiliated with the Kets from the Yenisey River, while the Nganasans are separated from their linguistic neighbors, showing closer affinities with the Evenks and Yukagirs.
A Roundup: The Emotional Journey Review
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: November 2018

Let's distill the past two years of publications by repeating the theme, and listing the core principles, tenets, concepts, and heuristics. (Original columns are cited and linked.)
Clinical features and early detection of sport‐related concussion
Authors: Ochiai Hidenobu , Abe Tomohiro
Published: November 2018

Aim

Athletes who suffer sport‐related concussions but continue playing have a high probability of experiencing more severe symptoms with any subsequent concussion. This study used data from the authors’ clinical department to retrospectively investigate the clinical characteristics of sport‐related concussion and factors associated with delays in examinations.

Methods

The study included 38 patients with sport‐related concussions who were treated at the authors’ hospital. The sports during which the injuries occurred, occasions of injury, factors affecting the time from injury until examination at hospital, and prognoses were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

Sport‐related concussions most frequently occurred in rugby and judo, where tackling, throwing, and other types of physical contact can result in impacts to the head region at high angular or linear velocity with acceleration. Some subjects showed consciousness disturbance and/or clear subjective symptoms immediately after the injury and were therefore examined at the hospital rapidly. However, other subjects who suffered amnesia or less obvious symptoms continued to play after the injury and had delayed examinations. In addition, there was a tendency for examinations to be delayed when an on‐site physician was present.

Conclusions

In contact sports where injury‐resulting events occur, such as impacts to the head at high angular or linear velocity with acceleration, athletes should be immediately withdrawn from play and evaluated for concussion, even if there are no obvious head injuries or symptoms. The immediate ascertainment of symptoms after physical contact would improve the rapid detection of sport‐related concussion.
Nickel as a Lewis Base in a T‐Shaped Nickel(0) Germylene Complex Incorporating a Flexible Bis(NHC) Ligand
Authors: Gendy Chris , Mansikkamäki Akseli , Valjus Juuso , Heidebrecht Joshua , Hui Paul Chuk‐Yan , Bernard Guy M. , Tuononen Heikki M. , Wasylishen Roderick E. , Michaelis Vladimir K. , Roesler Roland
Published: November 2018

Flexible, chelating bis(NHC) ligand 2, able to accommodate both cis‐ and trans‐coordination modes, was used to synthesize (2)Ni(η2‐cod), 3. In reaction with GeCl2, it produced (2)NiGeCl2, 4, featuring a T‐shaped Ni0 and a pyramidal Ge center. Complex 4 could also be prepared from [(2)GeCl]Cl, 5, and Ni(cod)2, in a reaction that formally involved Ni–Ge transmetalation, followed by coordination of the extruded GeCl2 moiety to Ni. A computational analysis showed that 4 possesses considerable multiconfigurational character and the Ni→Ge bond is formed through σ‐donation from the Ni 4s, 4p, and 3d orbitals to Ge. (NHC)2Ni(cod) complexes 9 and 10, as well as (NHC)2GeCl2 derivative 11, incorporating ligands that cannot accommodate a wide bite angle, failed to produce isolable Ni–Ge complexes. The isolation of (2)Ni(η2‐Py), 12, provides further evidence for the reluctance of the (2)Ni0 fragment to act as a σ‐Lewis acid.
Schlechte Sprache
Authors: Dunitz Jack D.
Published: November 2018

Schlechte Sprache in der Stereochemie – und anderswo – kann zu nachlässigem Denken führen. In diesem Essay gebe ich einen Überblick über die Geschichte stereochemischer Konzepte und Begriffe und hoffe, auf diese Weise ein wenig zur Verbesserung von Denken und Kommunikation beizutragen.
Bad Language
Authors: Dunitz Jack D.
Published: November 2018

Bad language in stereochemistry—and elsewhere—can lead to sloppy thinking. In this Essay I review the history of stereochemical concepts and vocabulary in the hope that it may contribute a little to better thinking and communication.
Fifteen microsatellite markers for the Appalachian rockcap fern, Polypodium appalachianum (Polypodiaceae), and its relatives
Authors: Kasireddy Vishnupriya , Mitchell Erika , Murrell Zack E. , Gillespie Emily L.
Published: November 2018

Premise of the Study

Microsatellite markers were developed for Polypodium appalachianum (Polypodiaceae) to facilitate investigation of species boundaries between P. appalachianum and its putative hybrid, P. virginianum, and potentially among other members of the Miocene‐age P. vulgare species complex.

Methods and Results

Forty‐eight primer pairs were designed from Illumina data and screened for successful amplification. Sixteen pairs were genotyped and evaluated for variability within and among three populations in North Carolina, Vermont, and New Hampshire. Twelve of these primer pairs were reliable and polymorphic, exhibiting one to 10 alleles per locus. Cross‐species amplification experiments were conducted for P. virginianum and four additional close relatives from the P. vulgare complex in order to maximize information about likely utility within a phylogenetic context.

Conclusions

These microsatellite markers will be useful in population genetics and species boundaries studies of P. appalachianum and P. virginianum, and likely in other species within the P. vulgare complex.
Disparate Growth Strategies within Aetosauria: Novel Histologic Data from the Aetosaur Coahomasuchus chathamensis
Authors: Hoffman Devin K. , Heckert Andrew B. , Zanno Lindsay E.
Published: November 2018

Aetosaurs comprise a clade of quadrupedal, armored, omnivores to herbivores that lived across much of the supercontinent of Pangea during the Late Triassic. Their relative abundance in many units, and the rarity of other Triassic herbivores, points to them as key components of Late Triassic ecosystems. Debate persists about whether they were growing more or less slowly when compared to extant crocodylians, and bone histology is sparsely sampled within the group. We undertook a histological examination of Coahomasuchus chathamensis to address its ontogenetic trajectory and characterize its histology. We sampled a paramedian osteoderm from the holotype specimen, as well as five osteoderms (two paramedian, one lateral, and two of uncertain position) and two incomplete limb bones (radius and fibula), from referred specimens discovered at the type locality. Using these we estimated specimen ages with lines of arrested growth (LAGs) to determine that the study individuals reached from 2 to 7 years old. All of the sampled elements contained woven‐fibered bone with extensive vasculature within the internal cortex. In some specimens, more poorly vascularized, parallel‐fibered bone is evident externally. The holotype of C. chathamensis represents a juvenile individual, and raises the possibility that the holotype of C. kahleorum is a juvenile as well, complicating aetosaur systematics and diversity. When compared to aetosaurs of similar size, it is clear that C. chathamensis was growing comparatively rapidly, about 3 times the rate of similarly sized specimens of Aetosauroides scagliai from Argentina. This discovery reveals the presence of disparate growth strategies within Aetosauria. Anat Rec, 302:1504–1515, 2019. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy
Remodeling of the Embryonic Interventricular Communication in Regard to the Description and Classification of Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Spicer Diane E. , Mohun Timothy J. , Hikspoors Jill P.J.M. , Lamers Wouter H.
Published: November 2018

Ventricular septal defects are the commonest congenital cardiac malformations. Appropriate knowledge of the steps involved in completion of ventricular septation should provide clues as to the morphology of the different phenotypes. Currently, however, consensus is lacking regarding the components of the developing ventricular septum, and how best to describe the different phenotypes seen in postnatal life. We have reassessed the previous investigations devoted to closure of the embryonic interventricular communication. On this basis, we discuss how studies in the early part of the 20th century correctly identified the steps involved in the remodeling of the embryonic interventricular foramen subsequent to the stage at which the outflow tract arises entirely above the cavity of the developing right ventricle. There has, however, already been remodeling of the foramen from the stage at which the atrioventricular canal is supported exclusively by the developing left ventricle. We show how these temporal changes in morphology can provide explanations for the different ventricular septal defects seen in the clinical setting. Thus, muscular defects represent inappropriate coalescence of muscular ventricular septum. The channels that are perimembranous are due to failure of closure of the persisting embryonic interventricular foramen. Those that are doubly committed and juxta‐arterial reflect failure of formation of the free‐standing subpulmonary muscular infundibular sleeve. The findings also point to the importance of appropriate alignment, during development, between the developing atrial and ventricular septums, and between the apical component of the ventricular septum and the ventricular outlet components. Anat Rec, 302:19–31, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beyond Autoantibodies: Biologic Roles of Human Autoreactive B Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis Revealed by RNA‐Sequencing
Authors: Mahendra Ankit , Yang Xingyu , Abnouf Shaza , Adolacion Jay R. T. , Park Daechan , Soomro Sanam , Roszik Jason , Coarfa Cristian , Romain Gabrielle , Wanzeck Keith , Bridges S. Louis , Aggarwal Amita , Qiu Peng , Agarwal Sandeep K. , Mohan Chandra , Varadarajan Navin
Published: November 2018

Objective

To obtain the comprehensive transcriptome profile of human citrulline‐specific B cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Citrulline‐ and hemagglutinin‐specific B cells were sorted by flow cytometry using peptide–streptavidin conjugates from the peripheral blood of RA patients and healthy individuals. The transcriptome profile of the sorted cells was obtained by RNA‐sequencing, and expression of key protein molecules was evaluated by aptamer‐based SOMAscan assay and flow cytometry. The ability of these proteins to effect differentiation of osteoclasts and proliferation and migration of synoviocytes was examined by in vitro functional assays.

Results

Citrulline‐specific B cells, in comparison to citrulline‐negative B cells, from patients with RA differentially expressed the interleukin‐15 receptor α (IL‐15Rα) gene as well as genes related to protein citrullination and cyclic AMP signaling. In analyses of an independent cohort of cyclic citrullinated peptide–seropositive RA patients, the expression of IL‐15Rα protein was enriched in citrulline‐specific B cells from the patients’ peripheral blood, and surprisingly, all B cells from RA patients were capable of producing the epidermal growth factor ligand amphiregulin (AREG). Production of AREG directly led to increased migration and proliferation of fibroblast‐like synoviocytes, and, in combination with anti–citrullinated protein antibodies, led to the increased differentiation of osteoclasts.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to document the whole transcriptome profile of autoreactive B cells in any autoimmune disease. These data identify several genes and pathways that may be targeted by repurposing several US Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs, and could serve as the foundation for the comparative assessment of B cell profiles in other autoimmune diseases.
Kinetic Resolution of Acylsilane Cyanohydrins via Organocatalytic Cycloetherification
Authors: Matsumoto Akira , Asano Keisuke , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: November 2018

An asymmetric cyanation of acylsilanes involving the in‐situ formation of chiral acylsilane cyanohydrins followed by their kinetic resolution via organocatalytic cycloetherification is described. The highly enantio‐ and diastereoselective cycloetherification was crucial for achieving a high efficiency in the kinetic resolution. Consequently, acylsilane cyanohydrins containing a tetrasubstituted chiral carbon atom bearing silyl, cyano, and hydroxy groups were obtained in an enantioenriched form. This protocol therefore offers an efficient catalytic approach to optically active acylsilane cyanohydrins, which exhibit potential as chiral building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant chiral organosilanes.
Conformance of Public Water Use Data to Benford's Law
Authors: Sowby Robert B.
Published: November 2018

Water use data are essential to managing public water systems, but because most of such data in the United States are self‐reported, it is difficult to assess their accuracy. Benford's law, which gives the expected frequency of leading digits in numerical data, could serve as one validation tool. This analysis tests whether Benford's law applies to observations of potable water use by US public water systems. Data at system, county, and state levels were examined using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and visual inspection. Almost all were found to conform to Benford's law, although statistical power is generally low, and the tests may favor conclusions of conformance. This finding could serve as a quality check for historical water use data as well as projections. In one example application, two sets of data were compared, and the one known to be more accurate more closely matched Benford's law.
Construction of confidence intervals for the maximum of the Youden index and the corresponding cutoff point of a continuous biomarker
Authors: Bantis Leonidas E. , Nakas Christos T. , Reiser Benjamin
Published: November 2018

Evaluation of the overall accuracy of biomarkers might be based on average measures of the sensitivity for all possible specificities ‐and vice versa‐ or equivalently the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve that is typically used in such settings. In practice clinicians are in need of a cutoff point to determine whether intervention is required after establishing the utility of a continuous biomarker. The Youden index can serve both purposes as an overall index of a biomarker's accuracy, that also corresponds to an optimal, in terms of maximizing the Youden index, cutoff point that in turn can be utilized for decision making. In this paper, we provide new methods for constructing confidence intervals for both the Youden index and its corresponding cutoff point. We explore approaches based on the delta approximation under the normality assumption, as well as power transformations to normality and nonparametric kernel‐ and spline‐based approaches. We compare our methods to existing techniques through simulations in terms of coverage and width. We then apply the proposed methods to serum‐based markers of a prospective observational study involving diagnosis of late‐onset sepsis in neonates.
Lipase Functionalization of Silica‐coated Biotemplated and Nonbiotemplated Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: An Zongfu , Jang Chang‐Hyun
Published: November 2018

In this study, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared by the graft polymerization of tetraethyl orthosilicate and aminopropyltrimethoxysilane onto the surface of MNPs modified by biomineralization, followed by immobilization of an enzyme via chemisorption. The phases of the resulting powders were determined by several techniques. Kinetic parameters of the enzymatic reaction were determined by examining liquid crystal droplets by polarized light microscopy. The resultant nanoparticles and composites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy; enzymatic activities of the composites prepared by chemical synthesis or biological synthesis were compared with activity of the free enzyme. The results indicated that the enzyme was effectively immobilized on the surface of the magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and that the composites remained dispersive and superparamagnetic. The immobilized enzyme showed excellent biological activity and was not affected by the immobilization on nanoparticles.
Combination therapy with F5/35 fiber chimeric conditionally replicative adenoviruses expressing IL‐24 enhances the antitumor effect of temozolomide against melanoma
Authors: Yang Ming , Yang Chunsheng , Tao Yingkai , Tang Jianqin , Huang Qian , Guo Wenwen , Feng Shouxin , Jiang Aijun , Xu Xifeng , Jiang Guan , Liu Yanqun
Published: November 2018

Background

Temozolomide (TMZ) is widely used to treat melanoma; however, response rates to TMZ are low because of rapid and frequent resistance. Conditionally, replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) are an effective and promising approach. The receptor for adenovirus is coxsackie‐adenovirus receptor (CAR), which is poorly expressed in most cells. However, CD46, which is the receptor of species B adenoviruses (Ads), is highly expressed in many cells.

Methods

We constructed CRAd F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24, which uses the viral receptors CAR and CD46 for entry into cells. We investigated the antitumor effect of F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24 in combination with TMZ to treat melanoma in vitro and in vivo.

Results

The \results indicated that F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24 in combination with TMZ produced additive or synergistic antitumor and pro‐apoptotic effects in melanoma cells. The combination of F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24 and TMZ significantly inhibited the growth of melanoma in vivo. In addition, the antitumor effect of F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24 was superior to that of ZD55‐IL‐24 and ZD55‐IL‐24 combined with TMZ.

Conclusions

The use of F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24 in conjunction with TMZ is a promising approach for anti‐melanoma therapy.

Our results indicated that F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24 in combination with TMZ produced additive or synergistic antitumor effect and pro‐apoptotic effect in melanoma cells highly expressed CD46. The combination of F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24 and TMZ significantly inhibited the growth of melanoma in vivo. We also found the antitumor effect of F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24 was superior to ZD55‐IL‐24, the combination of F5/35‐ZD55‐IL‐24 and TMZ had a more significant antitumor effect than ZD55‐IL‐24 combining with TMZ.
How racism discourse can mobilize right‐wing populism: The construction of identity and alliance in reactions to UKIP's Brexit “Breaking Point” campaign
Authors: Durrheim Kevin , Okuyan Mukadder , Twali Michelle Sinayobye , García‐Sánchez Efraín , Pereira Adrienne , Portice Jennie Sofia , Gur Tamar , Wiener‐Blotner Ori , Keil Tina F.
Published: November 2018

This article studies the interactional functions of racism discourse in mobilizing support for right‐wing populism. The analysis focuses on the controversy surrounding UKIP's “Breaking Point” poster campaign, which launched days before the historic British EU referendum. We focus on the development of “tripolar relations” between the UKIP party leadership, mainstream political elites, and ordinary citizens. Using thematic discourse analysis, we show how the poster was depicted as racist and the UKIP leader Nigel Farage was accused of scaremongering and stoking racism by means of propaganda. This criticism becomes the grounds for mobilization as Farage defended the campaign against the charge of racism and his supporters rose to his side. We conclude by showing how arguments about the nature of racism are identity performances that can reproduce or challenge existing social relations. This article thus identifies the rhetorical “collaboration” that exists between critics and defenders of racism and the inadvertent political outcome of this interaction.
The impact of exposure to media coverage of the 2012 Paralympic Games on mixed physical ability interactions
Authors: Carew Mark T. , Noor Masi , Burns Jan
Published: November 2018

The current work assessed the impact of the 2012 Paralympic Games on psychological factors operating during interactions between physically disabled and nondisabled group members. In a two‐wave longitudinal design, the pre‐ to post‐Paralympic increase in exposure to Paralympic media coverage led to more positive in‐group norms about disabled people's competence and improved intergroup contact quality among both physically disabled and nondisabled participants. Moreover, more positive norms about disabled people's competence partially mediated the relationship between media exposure and contact quality. However, exposure to Paralympic media coverage did not appear to impact embarrassment about intergroup contact within either group. Findings are discussed in terms of the efficacy and limitations of Paralympic media coverage to improve intergroup relations in the mixed physical ability context.
Clarifying the Difference between Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis as a Rational Guide in Directed Evolution and OmniChange as a Gene Mutagenesis Technique
Authors: Acevedo‐Rocha Carlos G. , Sun Zhoutong , Reetz Manfred T.
Published: November 2018

A recent directed‐evolution study by Schwaneberg and co‐workers comparing the widely used iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) with the OmniChange version of saturation mutagenesis (SM) prompts us to point out some flaws in the conclusions presented therein. Most importantly, ISM is a semirational strategy in directed evolution that is independent of the particular type of SM that the experimenter may choose; this means that OmniChange should not be compared with ISM. When aiming to improve enzyme selectivity or activity by the ISM strategy, the state‐of‐the‐art calls for SM at randomization sites lining the enzyme binding pocket as part of the combinatorial active‐site saturation test (CAST). Our recent studies focusing on the refinement of CAST/ISM have shown that this approach works best when using multiresidue randomization sites as opposed to single‐residue sites owing to the possibility of cooperative mutational effects. This advance was not considered by Schwaneberg and co‐workers, thus leading to questionable conclusions when pitching CAST/ISM against OmniChange.
Psychiatric disorders, substance use, and executive functioning in older probationers
Authors: Fitton Lucy , Bates Andrew , Hayes Adrian , Fazel Seena
Published: November 2018

Background

Although the number of older people serving community sentences (probation) after conviction for a criminal offence in England and Wales has increased rapidly since about 2006, this population has received little research attention.

Aim

To examine the mental health, substance use, and executive functioning of older probationers.

Methods

Thirty‐two male probationers aged 50 years and older were recruited from probation services in the Thames Valley, England, and administered validated semistructured interviews for psychiatric disorders, symptom checklists for depression and substance use, cognitive impairment screens, and neuropsychological tests of executive functioning (examining verbal fluency and response inhibition).

Results

We found that older probationers presented with a high prevalence of mental health difficulties (overall caseness n = 22; 69%, 95% CI [53–85]) that exceed estimates in the older general population. Prevalences of depression (25%) or alcohol abuse or dependence (19%) were found to be high. In comparison with normative data, however, older probationers did not present with deficits in tested executive functioning.

Conclusions and implications for practice

Mental health and substance use problems were more prominent than cognitive deficits in this sample of older probationers. Further work should include older community controls to inform service planning and to determine how these mental health factors interact with offending.
Urgent transcatheter aortic valve replacement for severe acute aortic regurgitation following open mitral valve surgery
Authors: Spina Roberto , Khalique Omar , Kodali Susheel , Bapat Vinayak N.
Published: November 2018

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is not currently approved for pure native valve aortic incompetence, and is typically performed on a compassionate basis in selected patients who are at high risk for conventional surgery. We describe the first use of TAVR to treat iatrogenic severe acute pure aortic incompetence following mitral valve surgery. A 71‐year‐old gentleman developed life‐threatening acute aortic regurgitation (AR) within hours of a very challenging fifth open heart mitral valve replacement. Careful inspection of echocardiographic and computed tomographic imaging identified the cause as a disrupted left coronary cusp at the commissure caused by the surgical mitral annular reconstruction. Medical management with afterload reduction failed with recurrent pulmonary edema, and a sixth open heart surgery was deemed prohibitively high risk. The lack of aortic annular calcium onto which anchors a transcatheter valve was a concern for TAVR. However, we postulated that the struts of the mitral valve bioprosthesis would offer some support to the TAVR valve. We opted for a self‐expanding system because of concerns about potential unfavorable interaction between the balloon onto which balloon‐expandable bioprosthesis is mounted and the struts of the mitral bioprosthesis, and because the Evolut R system has additional anchoring points at the crown which might enhance transcatheter valve stability in the non‐calcified annulus, compared with the Edwards Sapien system. Transfemoral TAVR, performed with a Medtronic Evolut R 34 mm system under general anesthesia and using moderately rapid ventricular pacing, was successful with minimal residual AR. On follow‐up 1 month later the patient was asymptomatic, and the aortic and mitral bioprostheses were functioning normally on echocardiogram.
Xylitol toxicosis and serotonin‐like syndrome occurring simultaneously in a dog secondary to ingestion of Natrol 5‐HTP Fast Dissolve Tablets
Authors: Ortolani Jennifer M. , Bellis Tara J. , Griego Michelle D.
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical Message

Xylitol and serotonergic compounds are included in the manufacture of numerous over‐the‐counter products. Both compounds have been documented to cause toxicosis in dogs. This report details the first case of simultaneous xylitol toxicosis and serotonin‐like syndrome in a dog, secondary to ingestion of a single over‐the‐counter product.
Herpes hepatitis as a complication of total abdominal hysterectomy; an unusual complication of abdominal instrumentation
Authors: Yunce Muharrem , Bhat Pavan , Jaganathan Daisy , Bahrain Michelle
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical Message

Herpes simplex virus hepatitis is a rare but potentially fatal disease without early intervention. Impaired immunity is a major predisposing risk factor but infection in immunocompetent individuals is not unheard of. Diagnosis is complicated by its rarity and nonspecific signs and symptoms on presentation. Identification by liver biopsy is often limited due to concurrent coagulopathy. Early and aggressive treatment is centered on antiviral therapy with acyclovir. We present a case of herpes hepatitis in an immunocompetent woman following abdominal instrumentation.