bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Preconfederation Painters of the Canadian City, Part II, James Duncan
Authors: Caulfield Jon
Published: January 2014

James Cockburn, James Duncan et Joseph Légaré sont des peintres réputés auteurs de scènes illustrant la vie citadine et le paysage urbain de la période précédant la Confédération. Leurs oeuvres peuvent être considérées soit comme des artefacts culturels liés à la vie sociale et éclairant la compréhension de la période; soit comme des objets esthétiques relevant du domaine semi-autonome de l'Art et qui doivent être examinés dans le cadre de la sociologie critique; ou encore comme des documents historiques offrant un témoignage direct sur le paysage urbain, physique et social, d'avant la Confédération. Cet article s'intéresse davantage à la première approche, tout en indiquant certaines orientations de recherches relatives aux deux autres approches.
Bibliography : Recent Publications Relating to Canada's Urban Past
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: January 2014

This is the seventh annual bibliography to appear in the October issue of the Urban History Review. It was originally organized to follow the format of Canadas Urban Past: A Bibliography to 1980 and Guide to Canadian Urban Studies by Alan F.J. Artibise and Gilbert A. Stelter (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1981).
The Irish Experience in Ontario: Rural or Urban?
Authors: Nicolson Murray W.
Published: January 2014

Ce texte constitue une réaction face à plusieurs interprétations nouvelles qui, si elles sont acceptées, risquent de modifier la perception historique du rôle joué par les centres urbains dans l'adaptation des Irlandais catholiques en Ontario au 19e siècle. Donald Akenson, un historien du monde rural, estime que l'expérience canadienne des immigrants irlandais diffère de l'expérience américaine. Il prétend que la prédominance des Protestants à l'intérieur du groupe national, de même que les bases rurales de la communauté irlandaise, empêchent la formation de ghettos urbains et permettent une relative liberté d'action en terme de mobilité sociale. Par comparaison les Irlando-Américains, majoritairement catholiques, sont concentrés dans les ghettos urbains. De surcroît, les nouveaux historiens du Travail affirment que la montée des Chevaliers du Travail suscite un rapprochement entre les Orangistes et les Irlandais catholiques de Toronto qui, en dépit de leur haine ancestrale, s'attachent à former une culture ouvrière commune. Cette interprétation présuppose que la culture irlandaise catholique constitue une valeur bien faible pour être rejetée si facilement. L'auteur estime qu'aucune de ces interprétations n'est fondée. Dans les ghettos torontois, la fusion de la culture paysanne irlandaise avec un catholicisme traditionnel, produit un nouveau courant urbain ethno-religieux — le catholicisme irlandais d'obédience tridentine. Cette culture se propage de la ville vers l'arrière-pays et, grâce aux réseaux de la métropole, d'un bout à l'autre de l'Ontario. Une société irlandaise repliée sur elle-même se constitue, résultant du « privatisme », ceux qui y naissent ne la quittent qu'à leur mort. Les Irlandais catholiques se sont effectivement impliqués dans les organisations ouvrières afin d'améliorer la condition et l'avenir de leurs familles, mais ils ne se sont jamais associés avec leurs ennemis de toujours, les Orangistes, pour développer une nouvelle culture ouvrière.
Political Science, Political Economy, and the Local State
Authors: Magnusson Warren
Published: January 2014

Political scientists in Canada have kept closer to the original agenda of local government studies than their counterparts in Europe and the United States. American political science was overcome by the "behavioural revolution" in the 1950s, and since then — despite the waning of behaviouralism itself — attention has been focused on political processes, rather than institutions and organizations. Many distinguished American political scientists have examined government and politics at the local level, on the assumption that the larger political system is reproduced in miniature there.1 This had led to important theoretical insights, and broadened the concerns of local government studies. In the more centralized states of Europe, there has been less interest in the local. Nevertheless, urban studies have been caught up in the new forms of political economy and political sociology, so that state activities at the local level have been considered from radically different perspectives.
Cities and the Wealth of Nations
Authors: Taylor John H.
Published: January 2014

The wealth of nations is in their cities. Indeed, "societies and civilizations in which cities stagnate don't develop and flourish further. They deteriorate" (p. 232). So ends Jane Jacob's most recent book, Cities and the Wealth of Nations.
Charity and Change: Montreal English Protestant Charity Faces the Crisis of Depression
Authors: MacLennan Anne
Published: January 2014

Durant les années trente, tous les organismes charitables tant publics que privés, à travers le Canada, doivent s'adapter aux nouvelles circonstances engendrées par la Dépression. La crise est ressentie de façon particulièrement aiguë par le Montreal Council of Social Agencies, une organisation de la minorité protestante anglophone, dans une ville peu encline à accepter sa part de responsabilité au niveau des services publics. Le Conseil se voit contraint d'assumer le fardeau des services d'assistance destinés aux membres de sa communauté. La Dépression provoque un bouleversement brusque et à long terme des opérations du Conseil l'obligeant ainsi à réévaluer et à réaffirmer son rôle au sein des services sociaux. Par conséquent, le Montreal Council of Social Agencies exerce des pressions sur les autorités municipales, provinciales et fédérales, les incitant à s'impliquer davantage dans l'assistance sociale afin d'alléger les problèmes immédiats et potentiels. Il est important de souligner que durant les années trente, le Montreal Council of Social Agencies s'appuie sur les principes de la Charity Organization Society. Ces principes n 'ont pas fléchi durant cette crise, au contraire ils se sont maintenus et consolidés.
The Political Economy of Land Development In Nineteenth Century Toronto
Authors: Sanford Barbara
Published: January 2014

Cet article remet en cause les hypothèses écologiques traditionnelles à propos de la croissance et du développement urbain en explorant la connexité entre la structure sociale et le schéma urbain. Une analyse néo-marxiste est utilisée pour examiner les façons dont le changement social, politique et les forces économiques de la société canadienne affectent la répartition des classes sociales dans l'espace urbain durant trois périodes de la première croissance de Toronto : l) la période coloniale, 1791-1833; 2) la période marchande, 1834-1850; et 3) la période des débuts de l'industrialisation, 1851-1881. Les premières concessions de la ville sont attribuées conformément au statut social, exprimant ainsi physiquement la structure sociale hiérarchique du monde colonial. Par la suite, avec la prospérité croissante des capitalistes-marchands locaux, la réglementation antérieure est abandonnée au profit de la spéculation foncière. Les premiers règlements municipaux sur l'entretien des rues et sur les services contre les incendies renforcent la ségrégation existante sur une micro-échelle. Durant l'industrialisation, la ségrégation passe de la micro à la macroéchelle, avec le développement de quartiers ouvriers et d'enclaves réservées au classes moyennes et supérieures. Ces dernières sont encore renforcées par des dispositions spéciales, cela indique que la géographie sociale de Toronto a été historiquement façonnée par ceux qui possédaient le pouvoir et la santé et étaient en mesure de défendre et de promouvoir leurs propres intérêts de classe.
New Directions for Historic Conservation: A Methodology, with Special Reference to Kingston
Authors: Spragge Godfrey
Published: January 2014

Les petits hameaux périphériques se développent autour des grands centres et finissent par être engloutis dans l'expansion urbaine. Ces hameaux ont été dans le passé des communautés prospères, avec une histoire sociale et nous ont laissé un héritage physique. Peu de bâtiments remarquables au plan architectural ont été construits dans ces hameaux, et les anciens habitants n'ont pas fait souvent parler d'eux dans les histoires. Mais, lorsque l'histoire sociale est combinée avec les traces physiques des hameaux, cela fournit dans plusieurs cas la base de la préservation de ce qu'il en reste. Cet article développe une méthodologie d'aménagement, indiquant les ressources historiques susceptibles de conduire à la préservation des bâtiments qui faisaient partie de ces hameaux. Des exemples situés à proximité de la vieille ville de Kingston dans le Haut-Canada illustrent cet article.
Bibliography: Recent Publications Relating to Canada's Urban Past
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: January 2014

This is the fifth annual bibliography to appear in the October issue of the Urban History Review. It was originally organized to follow the format of Canadas Urban Past: A Bibliography to 1980 and Guide to Canadian Urban Studies by Alan F.J. Artibise and Gilbert A. Stelter (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1981).
The Contours of Canadian Urban Justice, 1830-1875
Authors: Marquis Greg
Published: January 2014

Cet article relate trois grandes étapes dans l'évolution de deux processus étroitement reliés, l'administration civique canadienne et la justice urbaine au 19e siècle. Les cours de première instance, administrées à l'origine par des juges de paix assignés par la Couronne et soumis à sa tutelle, ont été transformées, à l'époque des incorporations municipales, en cours civiles sous la juridiction des maires et des élus municipaux. Finalement, les villes adoptent un système permanent de rémunération des magistrats nommés par le gouvernement, mettant ainsi fin à la tradition d'une magistrature urbaine non-qualifiée et réduisant les prérogatives judiciaires du bureau du maire. La justice urbaine, le plus important service municipal au milieu du 19e siècle, a été en grande partie négligée par les historiens canadiens. Des études ultérieures permettront d'examiner la nature de la police et des cours et aussi, d'une façon prometteuse, d'explorer la question de la popularité relative des institutions locales de justice.
Communications and Urban Systems in Mid-Nineteenth Century Canada
Authors: Goheen Peter G.
Published: January 2014

A partir des résultats d'une analyse du contenu économique exogène des principaux quotidiens publiés en Amérique du Nord britannique en 1845 et en 1855, cet article soutient la thèse selon laquelle les communications publiques dans les colonies sont principalement organisées de manière à permettre un accès privilégié aux sources internationales d'information, en provenance surtout de la Grande-Bretagne et des Et as-Unis. Dès 1845, les liens qui unissent les principales villes coloniales aux réseaux internationaux sont bien établis, et leur constitution a en fait précédé l'organisation des communications à l'intérieur même des colonies. En 1855, le télégraphe est devenu un mode de communication répandu et les sources américaines d'information ont gagné de l'importance. A cette date, des indices permettent de conclure qu'au moins dans l'ouest du Canada, les communications et les marchés commencent à mieux s'organiser à l'échelle régionale. L'auteur estime qu'il faut étudier les communications urbaines de l'Amérique britannique au dix-neuvième siècle, dans la perspective de leurs liens avec les réseaux internationaux plutôt qu'exclusivement sous l'angle des réseaux coloniaux ou régionaux.
Cities and Buildings: Perspectives on Architecture and Its Place in UrbanHistory
Authors: Carter Margaret
Published: January 2014

All of these books discuss buildings. Since building evidence is not used widely by urban historians, it is pertinent to raise the question of whether building information — either in the form of primary evidence or secondary studies — is relevant to urban history. The core of this question, surely, is whether buildings are an integral part of cities. Can you imagine a city without buildings? Even the most rudimentary and temporary settlement is characterized by forms of shelter that can be generally classed as buildings. Without buildings, a city does not exist.
Principles and Methods in British Urban Planning: Separate Views of SharedConcerns
Authors: Martin Larry R. G.
Published: January 2014

Cities of the western world are the product of government and the private sector efforts to shape and structure the environment to serve their specific needs. As agents of government, urban planners assume a major responsibility for the nature of this product. It is important, then, that students of cities take notice when planners attempt to explain the "what," "why" and "how" of their profession. This essay examines the thoughts of two British planners who seek to make sense of current theory and practice. That they approach their task from very different directions provokes a level of interest that might otherwise be missing were these books to be read apart.
The Development of an Interwar Suburb: Kingsway Park, Etobicoke
Authors: Paterson Ross
Published: January 2014

L'article traite de planification suburbaine à partir d'un examen des activités de la Home Smith and Company, et en particulier du développement et de la construction de Kingsway Park, une des premières subdivisions de cette compagnie. De plus, l'étude montre que la période de l'entre-deux-guerres constitue une période charnière dans l'élaboration du processus de construction du milieu urbain, servant ainsi de transition entre le système fragmenté utilisé durant la période victorienne pour la construction des banlieues et l'actuel processus, fortement intégré, de développement du territoire.
The Role of Suburban Government in the City-Building Process: The Case of Notre Dame de Grâces, Quebec, 1876-1910
Authors: Van Nus Walter
Published: January 2014

L'annexion des municipalités adjacentes constitue une stratégie de croissance décisive à la fois pour Montréal et Toronto. L'histoire du développement d'une importante banlieue industrielle telle Maisonneuve, avant son annexion à Montréal en 1918, présente un intérêt majeur. Par contre, les banlieues dépourvues d'une base industrielle n'ont guère suscité de recherches. Cet article traite du cas d'une municipalité faiblement peuplée et montre que les décisions prises par les dirigeants de ce faubourg à vocation presque exclusivement résidentielle continuent d'en façonner le développement longtemps après l'annexion. Les fondateurs de la ville de Notre-Dame de Grâces, annexée en 1910, projetaient d'en faire un havre résidentiel destiné à la classe moyenne. La population du quartier Notre-Dame de Grâces connaît une croissance rapide, passant de 4 000 en 1910 à 46 850 en 1931. Durant les années vingt, les cols blancs anglophones à revenu moyen en font leur lieu de résidence favori. Ou y perçoit un clivage basé sur la solidité financière; ainsi ceux qui perdent leur emploi déménagent vers des quartiers plus modestes, quittant un secteur qui compte moins d'indigents que partout ailleurs à Montréal. Le succès de N.D.G. repose en partie sur son emplacement favorable. Elle est située principalement sur une large étendue du versant ouest du Mont-Royal, surplombant la zone industrielle enfumée située le long du canal Lachine, séparée de ce dernier par un escarpement qui s'étend sur une bonne distance. Déplus, Westmount, riche cité résidentielle autonome, protège N.D.G. du tohu-bohu de la basse-ville. Enfin de compte, avant l'annexion, les dirigeants de N.D.G. avaient déjà déterminé le moment où s'amorcerait le démarrage de la croissance, l'utilisation du sol, le niveau économique des nouveaux habitants et l'axe autour duquel les constructeurs pourraient concentrer les meilleures habitations.
Nineteenth Century Corporate Welfare: Municipal Aid and Industrial Development in Saint-Jean, Quebec, 1848-1914
Authors: Lord Kathleen
Published: January 2014

Au Québec, à la fin du 19e siècle et au début du 20e, plusieurs municipalités tentent par divers moyens défaire partie du réseau ferroviaire et d'attirer des industries et Saint-Jean ne fait pas exception à la règle. Investessements, prêts, subventions, concessions de terrains, exemptions de taxes et autres avantages constituent les principaux appâts mis de l'avant par les dirigeants municipaux. Dans le cas de Saint-Jean, à l'instar d'autres villes, les avantages offerts aux entreprises ne produisent que peu de retombées favorables sur l'économie locale et notamment sur le secteur industriel. Cet article vise à éclairer le rôle des élites locales. Il appert que la concurrence d'autres centres urbains plus prospères et la faiblesse économique de Saint-Jean constituent les facteurs principaux qui ont motivé l'action de ses dirigeants. Jusqu'aux années 1870, Saint-Jean est un centre florissant axé sur le négoce canado-américain, mais la construction du Grand Tronc, amorcée en 1850, entraîne le déclin des activités économiques de la ville. Les hommes d'affaires locaux essaient donc de relancer l'économie en favorisant le développement du secteur industriel par l'octroi de généreuses allocations municipales. Toutefois, la plupart de leurs efforts s'avèrent vains en raison de la situation défavorable de la ville.
Reconsidering Toronto's Emergence as a Metropolis: Some Evidence from the Census
Authors: Sentance Jim
Published: January 2014

La thèse métropolitaine de NS.B. Gras a été employée dans l'étude du développement de plusieurs villes canadiennes d'importance, et J.M.S. Careless a démontré de façon convaincante son utilité pour une approche plus générale à l'histoire urbaine canadienne. Cet article, tout en admettant l'utilité du modèle, trouve l'approche simpliste et considère que bien des applications sont gâchées par une documentation trop événementielle. Ce texte constitue un effort de clarification des phases décrites par Gras. A la lumière de cette nouvelle compréhension et utilisant des données du recensement sur l'emploi, il vérifie à quel rythme s'est effectuée l'émergence métropolitaine de Toronto.
Fiscal Imbalance and Winnipeg: A Century of Response
Authors: Hum Derek , Strain Frank , Strain Michelle
Published: January 2014

Le fossé grandissant entre les dépenses et les revenus municipaux se traduit fréquemment par un déséquilibre ou un épuisement fiscal. Il est bien connu que les gouvernements municipaux au Canada nejouisent pas d'une position constitutionnelle et que leurs sources de revenu sont succinctes, de faible croissance et inadéquates. En même temps, les municipalités sont obligées de procurer de plus en plus de services à leurs citoyens, il en résulte un accroissement continu des dépenses. Cet article examine l'étendue du déséquilbre fiscal à Winnipeg depuis les cent dernières années. Il tente non seulement de décrire la réaction d'une ville spécifique face aux pressions du déséquilibre fiscal, mais aussi de relater la réponse par rapport à la doctrine économique et aux conditions de la période. L'article débute avec une description des hypothèses principales concernant la cause de la crise fiscale urbaine et présente une structure comptable servant à l'examen des indicateurs de l'épuisement fiscal. Puis, il découp en cinq périodes le survol de l'expérience fiscale à Winnipeg, depuis son incorporation en 1874 jusqu'à 1984. Pour finalement conclure que les réactions du gouvernement municipal face au déséquilibre fiscal sont conditionnées autant par les impératifs de la doctrine économique, ce qui constitue une action fiscalement responsable, que par des facteurs externes tels le niveau des revenus et la demande publique de services.
Bibliography: Recent Publications Relating to Canada's Urban Past
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: January 2014

This the sixth annual bibliography to appear in the October issue of the Urban History Review. It was originally organized to follow the format of Canada's Urban Past: A Bibliography to 1980 and Guide to Canadian Urban Studies by Alan FJ. Artibise and Gilbert A. Stelter (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1981).
"Leave the Fads to the Yankees"
Authors: Petersen Patricia
Published: January 2014

Does the border between the United States and Canada make a difference? To a political scientist it does for the obvious reason: the border defines two different political entities with different forms of government, different political customs and conventions. Two attempts in the first thirty years of the twentieth century to change the structure of the government of the City of Toronto illustrate the difference the border can make. The two proposals, commission government and city manager government, had originated with municipal reformers in the United States during the Progressive Era. The main idea behind both plans was to concentrate the executive and legislative authority in one governing unit. Commission and city manager government, however, attracted only a few supporters in the City despite their extreme popularity in the United States. City government in Toronto was not considered as bad as the government in those cities in the United States that had changed to new forms. Moreover, the proposals were American innovations and Toronto politicians were wary of American fads, especially ones like these which were drawn <(from the uncertain spheres of political theory."
Wartime Housing and Boarding
Authors: Dunkerson Jennifer
Published: January 2014

In this study of boarding during World War II, new primary source material is used to reveal a tendency for necessary boarding arrangements in overcrowded, industrial, urban areas. The names, occupations and marital status of boarders were included in the tax assessment rolls for the city of Hamilton in the years spanning 1939 to 1951. Based on contemporary housing studies and more recent analyses of housing and boarding in our industrial past, a correlation may be found between the existence of boarders in a specific area of Hamilton and the nationwide trends of housing shortage, family formation, and wartime production.

Cette étude du logement en pension pendant la Deuxième guerre mondiale, basée sur de nouveaux documents de première importance, révèle que des arrangements pour le logement en pension sont nécessaires dans les régions industrielles urbaines surpeuplées. Le nom, la profession et la situation de famille des pensionnaires figuraient sur les rôles d'évaluation de la ville de Hamilton, entre les années 1939 et 1951* En se basant sur des études de logement de l'époque, et sur de plus récentes analyses de Vhébergement et du logement en pension au cours des années industrielles, il est possible d'établir une corrélation entre la présence de pensionnaires dans un quartier précis de Hamilton et la pénurie de logements, la composition des familles et la production en temps de guerre, à l'échelle nationale.
« … alors nos garçons se marieront à vos filles, & nous ne ferons plus qu’un seul peuple1 » : religion, genre et déploiement de la souveraineté française en Amérique aux XVIe-XVIIIe siècles – une problématique2
Authors: Deslandres Dominique
Published: January 2014

Cet article revisite l’histoire de la fiction du métissage, sous l’éclairage croisé de la religion, du genre et des Imperium Studies. Les premiers résultats de l’analyse montrent qu’entre les années 1500-1680, les Autres pouvaient facilement s’assimiler à la société des Français par les voies privilégiées et éminemment genrées qu’étaient le baptême et le mariage. Or mettre en regard ces voies d’assimilation avec l’échec que fut la chimère (tout aussi genrée) de faire un seul peuple franco-amérindien, permet de faire ressortir des mécanismes mentalitaires qui jouèrent en faveur de la tentation impérialiste – celle du roi de France, en veine d’absolutisme, comme celle de l’Église de Rome, catholique et donc universelle.
Le destin de la noblesse du Canada, de l’Empire français à l’Empire britannique1
Authors: Ruggiu François-Joseph
Published: January 2014

Ce texte envisage le devenir de la noblesse canadienne après l’instauration du Régime anglais. Il retrace et explique les choix qui ont été faits par les différentes familles de partir ou de rester ; de se rallier ou de rester en marge du nouvel ordre qui s’est instauré dans les années 1770 et 1780. Il montre que les familles qui sont restées au Canada ont éprouvé, en définitive, le destin ordinaire des élites locales confrontées à l’installation d’un nouveau pouvoir colonial : les unes se sont avec succès rapprochées du pouvoir, afin de consolider leur domination politique et sociale, alors que les autres ont lentement glissé le long de l’échelle sociale et sont tombées dans l’obscurité.
Hábitos parafuncionais em crianças de 36 a 71 meses de idade: prevalência e fatores associados
Authors: Fernandes Izabella Barbosa , Sousa Pauliane França Carlos de , Faria Patricia Corrêa- , Marques Leandro Silva , Jorge Maria Leticia Ramos-
Published: January 2014

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de hábitos parafuncionais em crianças e verificar se o aleitamento materno, o uso de mamadeira, a renda e a escolaridade materna estão associados a estes hábitos. Materiaise Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi realizado com 592 crianças de 36 a 71 meses de idade e suas mães. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista com as mães durante as campanhas de vacinação infantilrealizadas na cidade de Diamantina, Minas Gerais, em 2010. A variável dependente (presença de hábitos parafuncionais) foi obtida por meio de relato das mães, considerando-se os hábitos (sucção, morder objetos eoutros) presentes no momento do estudo. Por esta entrevista foram obtidas também as informações sobre as variáveis independentes (sexo, idade da criança, problema de saúde, aleitamento materno, uso de mamadeira,renda mensal e escolaridade materna). A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o programa SPSS for Windows e envolveu análise descritiva, teste qui-quadrado (p<0,05) e regressão de Poisson com variânciarobusta. Resultados: A prevalência de hábitos parafuncionais foi de 42,2% (n=250), sendo a sucção o tipo de hábito mais frequente (17,6%). Os hábitos parafuncionais foram mais frequentes entre as crianças quenão foram amamentadas no peito (p=0,004) e que usaram mamadeira (p<0,001). Associação estatisticamente significativa também foi observada entre estes hábitos e escolaridade materna (p=0,006) e número de filhos(p=0,009). A análise multivariada mostrou que as crianças que usaram mamadeira (RP: 1,40; IC95%: 0,5-0,8), aquelas que não foram amamentadas no peito (RP: 1,41; IC95%: 1,1-1,8) e cujas mães tinham escolaridade superior a oito anos (RP: 1,32; IC95%: 1,0-1,6) apresentaram maior prevalência de hábitos parafuncionais. Conclusão: A prevalência de hábitos parafuncionais foi alta e associou-se à ausência de aleitamento materno, ao uso de mamadeira e ao maior nível de escolaridade das mães.Descritores: Hábitos. Aleitamento materno. Sucção de dedo.
Avaliação do conhecimento de adolescentes gestantes sobre saúde bucal do bebê
Authors: Marín Constanza , Pereira Cibele Cristina , Koneski Kelin , Andrades Kesly Mary Ribeiro , Miguel Luiz Carlos Machado , Ávila Lúcia Fátima de Castro
Published: January 2014

Objetivo: Verificar o conhecimento de adolescentes gestantes sobre saúde bucal dos bebês. Materiais e Métodos: Foram entrevistadas 80 adolescentes gestantes (13 -18 anos) que realizaram consultas pré-nataisna cidade de Joinville SC, no período de Setembro/2011 até Junho/2012. Os dados obtidos foram analisados para a obtenção dos resultados em forma de estatística descritiva. Aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado comsignificância s p<0,05 para o cruzamento do nível socioeconômico com a transmissibilidade da cárie, momento da erupção dental, inicio da higiene bucal e momento da primeira consulta odontológica do bebê. Resultados:Constatou-se que a idade média das entrevistadas foi 15,5 anos. Dentre elas 47,5% moravam com o pai do bebê; 18,75% eram solteiras e 33,75% casadas, todas de nível socioeconômico baixo, com renda entre 2 a 3 saláriosmínimos, com média de 4,25 pessoas morando na casa. Quanto ao conhecimento sobre a saúde bucal dos bebês, a maioria desconhecia o que é cárie precoce da infância (96,25%); a sua transmissibilidade (63,75%);o momento da erupção dental do bebê (58,75%). A maioria, 95% das gestantes, pretendia amamentar, e dentre estas, 78,75% deram alguma importância à amamentação. A condição socioeconômica apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante no conhecimento sobre transmissibilidade da cárie, momento ideal para realizar a primeira visita ao dentista e erupção dos dentes. Conclusão: As adolescentes gestantes desconhecem sobre a saúde bucal do bebê indicando necessidade de um programa de saúde bucal na instituição avaliada.Descritores: Gestantes. Adolescente. Saúde bucal.
Imaging mGluR5 Dynamics in Astrocytes Using Quantum Dots
Authors: Arizono Misa , Bannai Hiroko , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko
Published: January 2014

This unit describes the method that we have developed to clarify endogenous mGluR5 (etabotropic tamate eceptors 5) dynamics in astrocytes by single‐particle tracking using quantum dots (QD‐SPT). QD‐SPT has been a powerful tool to examine the contribution of neurotransmitter receptor dynamics to synaptic plasticity. Neurotransmitter receptors are also expressed in astrocytes, the most abundant form of glial cell in the brain. mGluR5s, which evoke intracellular Ca2+ signals upon receiving glutamate, contribute to the modulation of synaptic transmission efficacy and local blood flow by astrocytes. QD‐SPT has previously revealed that the regulation of the lateral diffusion of mGluR5 on the plasma membrane is important for local Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes. Determining how mGluR5 dynamics are regulated in response to neuronal input would enable a better understanding of neuron‐astrocyte communication in future studies. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 66:2.21.1‐2.21.18. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optical Clearing of Fixed Brain Samples Using SeeDB
Authors: Ke Meng‐Tsen , Imai Takeshi
Published: January 2014

Large‐scale three‐dimensional fluorescence imaging is essential for comprehensive and quantitative understanding of neuronal circuitry. We describe a water‐based optical clearing agent, SeeDB, which clears fixed brain samples in a few days leaving many types of fluorescent dyes unquenched, including fluorescent proteins and lipophilic neuronal tracers. This method maintains a constant sample volume during the clearing procedure, an important factor to keep cellular morphology intact. After optical clearing with SeeDB, we can reach a depth of >1000 µm with confocal microscopy. When combined with two‐photon microscopy, SeeDB allows us to image fixed mouse brains at millimeter‐scale level. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 66:2.22.1‐2.22.19. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
First satellite‐detected perturbations of outgoing longwave radiation associated with blowing snow events over Antarctica
Authors: Yang Yuekui , Palm Stephen P. , Marshak Alexander , Wu Dong L. , Yu Hongbin , Fu Qiang
Published: January 2014

We present the first satellite‐detected perturbations of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) associated with blowing snow events over the Antarctic ice sheet using data from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System. Significant cloud‐free OLR differences are observed between the clear and blowing snow sky, with the sign and magnitude depending on season and time of the day. During nighttime, OLRs are usually larger when blowing snow is present; the average difference in OLRs between without and with blowing snow over the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is about −5.2 W/m2 for the winter months of 2009. During daytime, in contrast, the OLR perturbation is usually smaller or even has the opposite sign. The observed seasonal variations and day‐night differences in the OLR perturbation are consistent with theoretical calculations of the influence of blowing snow on OLR. Detailed atmospheric profiles are needed to quantify the radiative effect of blowing snow from the satellite observations.
On the spatial structure and temporal variability of poleward transport between Scotland and Greenland
Authors: Chafik L. , Rossby T. , Schrum C.
Published: January 2014

The flow north of warm subtropical water though the northeastern Atlantic is known to have many pathways that vary over time. Here we use a combination of upper ocean current measurements between Greenland and Scotland near 60°N and satellite altimetry to examine the space‐time variability of poleward transport. The high‐resolution scans of currents in the top 400 m show that the Reykjanes Ridge serves as a very effective separator of flow toward the Nordic and Labrador Seas, respectively. Whereas the Labrador Sea branch exhibits two mean flows to the north on the western slope of the Reykjanes Ridge, the eastern branch flows north in roughly equal amounts over the deep Maury channel and east of Hatton Bank including the Slope Current. There is also a well‐defined southward flow along the eastern slope of the Reykjanes Ridge. The satellite altimetric sea surface height (SSH) data show good overall agreement with geostrophically determined ‐level difference from the repeat ADCP sections (1999–2002), but are unable to resolve the fine structure of the topographically defined mean circulation. The altimetric data show that variations in poleward flow west and east of the Reykjanes Ridge are strongly anticorrelated. They further reveal that the two eastern subbranches also exhibit anticorrelated variability, but offset in time with respect to the Labrador Sea branch. Remarkably, all these variations cancel out for the entire Greenland‐Scotland section leaving a gradual decrease in sea‐level difference of about 0.06 m over the 1993 to the end of 2010 observation period.
An exceptional anticyclonic eddy in the South China Sea in 2010
Authors: Chu Xiaoqing , Xue Huijie , Qi Yiquan , Chen Gengxin , Mao Qingwen , Wang Dongxiao , Chai Fei
Published: January 2014

The highest sea level near the Xisha Islands in recent 20 years occurred during August 2010. Satellite altimeter data indicated that the extreme event was largely due to an anticyclonic eddy, whose amplitude exceeded 20 cm and size exceeded 400 km on 11 August 2010. Cruise observations showed the eddy raised the center temperature by 7.7°C at 75 m and vertically extended to 500 m. Eddy tracking showed it had a life span of more than 8 months and propagated far from the south of Xisha Islands. Such strong and long‐lasting eddy that moved northward for such a long distance was observed for the first time in the South China Sea (SCS). Observational data from CTD/XBT and the reconstructed three‐dimensional temperature and salinity were used to explore the eddy's features and vertical structure. Our analyses show the 2010 summer monsoon and current in the western boundary of the SCS were largely altered after the 09/10 El Niño event. From May onward, the wind blew northward and strengthened over the northwestern SCS. Such wind drove a strong northward current along the western boundary, which carried the eddy northward by advection from May to July. Energy budget showed, during the eddy northward propagation, the boundary current passed energy to the eddy, which led to the continuing growth of the eddy in both strength and size.
Finite volume integrated surface‐subsurface flow modeling on nonorthogonal grids
Authors: An Hyunuk , Yu Soonyoung
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we present an innovative finite volume surface‐subsurface integrated flow model on nonorthogonal grids. The shallow water equation with diffusion wave approximation is used to formulate the surface flow system, while the Richards' equation is used to formulate the saturated‐unsaturated subsurface flow system. These two flow systems are discretized using a finite volume method and are then coupled by enforcing the continuity of pressure and flux at the surface‐subsurface interface, which does not require unphysical parameters such as the interface permeability and thickness. The numerical instability caused by enforcing the continuity of pressure and flux at the interface is resolved using a cell‐centered finite volume discretization. The coupled systems are solved simultaneously by the Newton iterative method. A battery of benchmark analyses and laboratory experiments verify the proposed model's superior performance relative to existing models. Two numerical experiments over irregular terrain show that the nonorthogonal grids and diffusive wave approximation used in the proposed model accurately represent the interaction between surface and subsurface flows for irregular topographies. In particular, they capture the significant topographical effects on runoff discharges, especially where gentle slopes are involved.
Neuronal Migration: An Overview of Modes, Molecular Mechanisms and Model Systems
Authors: Icha Jaroslav , Norden Caren
Published: January 2014

A century ago, Santiago Ramón y Cajal had already postulated that neurons born in specific proliferative zones have to migrate to ensure correct neocortical layering. Today we know that neuronal migration is a common phenomenon in many brain regions and that neurons are often born micrometres to centimetres away from the place they fulfil their function. Mutations that lead to defects in neuronal migration can have devastating consequences like lissencephaly, autism and schizophrenia in humans. With these conditions in mind, neuronal migration has been an area of intense research for more than 50 years. Additionally, neuronal migration phenomena are outstanding models to understand basic themes in cell biology.

The rodent neocortex has been a very popular system to study different modes of neuronal migration. More recently, additional model tissues and organisms have been examined, which help to further expand our knowledge.

The authors provide an overview on different migratory modes and then focus on the cell biology that enables migration in different contexts. They further discuss some experimental challenges that need to be overcome in order to understand neuronal migration in even more depth.

Key Concepts:

Actomyosin and microtubules play active roles in neuronal migration. Their exact roles depend on cellular context.

Endo‐ and exocytosis of adhesion molecules are crucial for cell–cell and cell–substrate adhesion during migration.

Extracellular matrix proteins are important guidance cues for neuronal migration.

Neuronal migration is a widespread phenomenon in the central nervous system.

The advancement of modern light microscopy should be embraced to observe neuronal migration modes in intact developing organism.

Two basic modes of migration exist: radial and tangential migration.
Headache
Authors: Silberstein Stephen D
Published: January 2014

Headache can be described as a throbbing, pulsating or dull ache, at times worsened by movement and varying in intensity. Headache can be a disorder unto itself, such as migraine, or a symptom of another disorder ranging from a head injury to a brain tumour. Migraine is a primary episodic headache disorder characterised by various combinations of neurological, gastrointestinal and autonomic changes. Tension‐type headache (TTH) is usually bilateral. The approach to the treatment of episodic headache, whether TTH or migraine, is similar, and consists of psychophysiological therapy, physical therapy and pharmacotherapy. Cluster headache is a rare, distinct, primary headache characterised by devastating pain.

Key Concepts:

Headache can be a disorder unto itself, such as migraine, or a symptom of another disorder.

Migraine has an enormous impact on society.

In evaluating a patient with headache, secondary causes of headache, such as a mass lesion, subarachnoid haemorrhage or subdural haematoma, need to be identified or excluded.

TTH varies in frequency as well as in severity, from rare, brief episodes to frequent, often continuous, disabling headaches.

What we call migraine may be the upper end of a normal distribution of painful episodic headaches.

Prophylactic treatment, designed to reduce the frequency and severity of headache attacks, should be considered if the frequency (more than two per week), duration (>3–4 h) and severity might lead to the overuse of abortive medication or significant disability.

The migraine attack can be divided into four phases: the prodrome, which occurs hours or days before the headache; the aura, which immediately precedes the headache; the headache itself and the headache resolution phase.

The pharmacological treatment of migraine may be acute (abortive) or preventive (prophylactic), and patients who are experiencing frequent severe headaches often require both the approaches.

Cluster headache is a rare, distinct, primary headache characterised by devastating pain.

Cluster headache attacks are stereotypical. They are generally shorter than those of migraine, invariably unilateral and very severe.
Viruses
Authors: Minor Philip D
Published: January 2014

Viruses are microbial parasites that insert information into the cell that they have infected to divert the host synthetic systems to make viral rather than cellular components. The process is absolutely dependent on living cells as viruses have no metabolic machinery themselves. The virus consists of a replicating unit or replicon, and a packaging system to deliver the virus to the cell; if either of these essential but distinct elements is missing the virus cannot multiply. All living things have their own viruses. New methods of virus discovery based on nucleic acid detection rather than infection of cells or disease in organisms are revealing more and more forms, many of which are not yet linked to any disease or disorder. The intimate connection between the cell and the virus makes it possible to study cellular processes in detail but also means that treating virus infections is not straightforward.

Key Concepts:

Viruses are intracellular parasites that require the machinery of living cells to replicate.

They consist of an informational molecule (RNA or DNA) in a delivery package that enables them to move from cell to cell.

They have been identified by the diseases they cause, their ability to infect cell cultures and increasingly by purely molecular methods such as deep sequencing.

The origin of viruses is not known.

Viruses replicate by subverting the cell machinery to the manufacture of virus by subtle means.

Some are the causative agents of devastating diseases yet equally some seem to have no ill effects.

The intimate relationship between virus and cell means that they can be used to investigate the details of cellular processes but they are difficult to attack.
Protist Systematics
Authors: Lynn Denis H
Published: January 2014

Protist systematics is concerned with the classification of the typically microscopic organisms found in abundance nearly everywhere in the Earth's biosphere. Such organisms include the algae, the protozoa and certain lower fungi. Protists were assigned to the taxon Protista by Haeckel. However, it wasn't until the technological innovation of the electron microscope and the repopularisation by Margulis of the theory of serial endosymbiosis to explain the origin of eukaryotes that the discipline of protistology achieved a critical mass. By the end of the twentieth century, protistologists agreed that the Protista was not a natural assemblage. Data from both the ultrastructure of the flagellar/ciliary apparatuses of diverse lineages and later gene/genome sequences confirmed this. Currently, a consensus is emerging that there are possibly three major assemblages of eukaryotes into which the majority of protists can be assigned: Adl
et al.
(2012) have named these the Amorphea, Excavata and Diaphoretickes.

Key Concepts:

Protists are typically microscopic organisms, commonly called algae, protozoa and lower fungi.

The taxon Protista was established by Haeckel (1866, 1878) to include these organisms and some others, but it was not enthusiastically embraced by botanists and zoologists in the 19th Century.

Up until the mid‐twentieth century, protists were classified using significant features of their cell structure, such as plastids and storage products, their body form and their modes of locomotion. One popular classification grouped them into amoebae (i.e. Sarcodina), flagellates (i.e. Mastigophora), ciliates (i.e. Ciliophora) and spore‐formers (i.e. Sporozoa) (e.g. Manwell, 1961).

The technological innovation of the transmission electron microscope and the repopularisation by Margulis (1970, 1981) of the theory of serial endosymbiosis to explain the origin of eukaryotes refocussed attention on protists.

In the mid‐twentieth century, even though the Kingdom Protista was gaining popularity, experts recognised that it was likely not a monophyletic group.

By the late twentieth century, gene sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene and in this century, sequences of hundreds of genes confirm that the protists must be split into several different lineages, which include the animals, plants and fungi.

While there is not total agreement, an emerging consensus recognises these major groups: Archaeplastida, Sar, Excavata, Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta and a number of smaller lineages whose affinities are not yet determined.
Deep‐Ocean Ecosystems
Authors: Canganella Francesco , Kato Chiaki
Published: January 2014

The term ‘deep ocean’ typically describes any marine ecosystem located at depths higher than 500 m. This environment is characterised by an elevated hydrostatic pressure, an average temperature of 2–4 °C, the absence of sunlight and the scarce availability of organic food. Specific organisms are associated with the deepest areas, and pressure‐adapted animals as well as microorganisms inhabit these peculiar ecosystems. It is difficult to understand how we do not know much about deep sea compared to space environment, despite the fact that its distance from the ocean surface is relatively short. With no doubt, the deep‐sea biodiversity is still mostly unseen and important benefits to human health and industrial activities will be available in the future from more extensive studies on this fascinating environment.

Key Concepts:

The deep sea is the world's largest ecosystem.

The deep‐sea biodiversity is still mostly unseen.

The less diversity of animals with increasing depths is mainly due to the hydrostatic pressure, as well as to a larger competition for food coupled with a lower basal metabolism.

Further insights into the natural traits of deep‐sea will lead to important benefits to human health and industrial applications.

Despite the fact that the distance of deep‐sea from the ocean surface is much shorter than that between Earth and space, the abyssal environment is far to be well known.