bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of temperature and pressure on the performance of Carboxen/PDMS fibres during solid phase microextraction (SPME) of headspace volatiles from cooked and raw turkey breast
Authors: Brunton N. P. , Cronin D. A. , Monahan F. J.
Published: September 2002

The strongly adsorptive SPME fibre Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) was evaluated for its performance in the recovery of aroma‐contributing compounds from the headspace of heated and raw homogenates of turkey breast muscle. In heated samples, variables such as fibre and sample temperatures, sample volume, headspace: sample ratio, and the presence or absence of internal headspace pressure significantly influenced the total amounts of aroma components recovered, as well as the proportions of headspace fractions, which differed in volatility. The versatile nature of the fibre permitted the selection of operating parameters that substantially increased the sensitivity of detection for minor components of both high and low volatility. Headspace sampling of weakly aromatic raw turkey breast homogenates and of aqueous standards at ambient temperature and a pressure of approximately 5 × 10−2 bar resulted in a 4–70‐fold increase in the recovery of aldehyde and alcohol headspace components, compared to the levels detected at atmospheric pressure. At reduced pressure the trapping ability of the CAR/PDMS fibre was found to be much superior to that of porous polymer materials such as PDMS/DVB, and the fibre has excellent potential as a simple and effective means of concentrating volatile components from raw foods and other matrices where the application of heat is not desired. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of essential oil as natural antifungal against nail‐infective fungi
Authors: Patra Mamta , Shahi Sushil K. , Midgely Gillian , Dikshit Anupam
Published: September 2002

During antifungal screening of some essential oils, Foeniculum vulgare exhibited the strongest activity, completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of the nail‐infective fungi, Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and Scytalidium dimidiatum. The essential oil was found to be fungicidal at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.5 µl/ml concentrations. The oil was efficiently active against heavy doses of inoculum at minimum fungicidal concentrations. The fungicidal activity of the oil was found to be thermostable up to 80 °C, with no descramble decrease in activity after 48 months of storage. The oil also showed a broad fungitoxic spectrum, inhibiting the mycelial growth of other nail‐infective fungi, viz. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. ustus, Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microporum audouinii, M. canis, M. gypseum, M. nanum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton tonsurans and T. violaceum. Moreover, it did not exhibit any adverse effects on mammalian skin and nails up to 5% concentration. As such, the oil has a potential use as an effective herbal chemotherapeutic after undergoing successful clinical trials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the volatile oils isolated from the leaves of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis and L. orientalis var. integriloba from Turkey
Authors: Duru Mehmet Emin , Cakir Ahmet , Harmandar Mansur
Published: September 2002

The volatile oils isolated by three different methods (hydrodistillation, steam distillation and extraction–steam distillation) from the aerial parts of Liquidambar orientalis var. orientalis and L. orientalis var. integriloba were analysed by GC and GC–MS. This study allowed the identification of 41, 35 and 36 constituents in the oils obtained from var. orientalis and 43, 41 and 40 constituents in the oils obtained from var. integriloba by hydrodistillation, steam distillation and extraction–steam distillation, respectively. They were characterized by the presence of a high proportion of oxygen‐containing monoterpenes, amounting to 39% in the hydrodistillation oil, 54% in the steam distillation oil and 50% in the extraction–steam distillation oil of var. orientalis; 50% in the hydrodistillation oil, 64% in the steam distillation oil and 37% in the extraction–steam distillation oil of var. integriloba. Two varieties of L. orientalis provided volatile oils with a high content of terpinen‐4‐ol, α‐terpineol, sabinene, α‐pinene, viridiflorene and germacrene D and a lower percentage of other components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents from Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers and Petiveria alliacea L., two medicinal herbs of the Amazon
Authors: Zoghbi Maria das Graças B. , Andrade Eloisa Helena A. , Maia José Guilherme S.
Published: September 2002

The volatile constituents from the leaves and flowers of Adenocalymma alliaceum and the inflorescences of Petiveria alliacea were analysed by capillary GC–MS. The major components identified from A. alliaceum were diallyl disulphide (leaves: 34.0%; flowers: 49.7%) and diallyl trisulphide (leaves: 58.2%; flowers: 32.7%). The main compounds found in the inflorescences of P. alliacea were benzaldehyde (54.8%), benzyl thiol (20.3%) and dibenzyl disulphide (18.0%). These types of sulphur containing compounds are very common in both species of garlic and onion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Viola etrusca from Monte Labbro (South Tuscany, Italy) and in vivo analysis of flower volatiles using SPME
Authors: Flamini Guido , Cioni P. L. , Morelli I.
Published: September 2002

The composition of the essential oil of the endemic Viola etrusca Erben from Monte Labbro (Italy) has been studied for the first time. It was made up almost exclusively of methyl salicylate (96%), together with many other mono‐ and sesquiterpenes and non‐terpenic alcohols and aldehydes. In addition, the SPME technique has been used to evaluate the volatiles emitted in vivo by different‐coloured flowers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of Juniperus cedrus Webb & Berth. grown on Madeira
Authors: Cavaleiro Carlos , Salgueiro Lígia , Barroso José G. , Figueiredo A. Cristina , Pedro Luis G. , Fontinha Susana S. , Bighelli Ange , Casanova Joseph , Looman Anja , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: September 2002

The essential oils isolated from twigs of Juniperus cedrus Webb & Berth. grown on Madeira were analysed by GC, GC–MS and 13C‐NMR. The oils consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (53.1–87.8%), the main ones being α‐pinene (19.6–55.3%), limonene (17.3–32.7%) and Δ‐3‐carene (5.5–15.7%). The sesquiterpenoid fraction (4.1–22.3%) was dominated by E‐caryophyllene (1.6–7.4%), while sandaracopimaradiene (0.1–6.1%), isoabienol (0.5–1.3%) and trans‐totarol (0.4–2.2%) were the main diterpenoids (2.2–11.9%). Oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol (1.0–2.2%) was the major constituent of the non‐terpenic fraction (1.3–2.7%). The composition of our oil samples differed to some extent from that reported for J. cedrus oil grown on the Canary Islands. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile components from Cephalotaxus griffithii growing in northern Thailand
Authors: Phutdhawong Weerachai , Korth John , Buddhasukh Duang , Pyne Stephen G.
Published: September 2002

Capillary gas chromatography (GC–FID) and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to analyse the chemical composition of the essential oil of Cephalotaxus griffithii, collected in remote northern Thailand. GC–MS data and retention indices were used to identify 22 components in the hydrodistillation oil, with α‐pinene (58.50%), caryophyllene (11.67%), β‐pinene (4.19%), myrcene (3.46%) and limonene (3.10%) as the major components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Needle volatiles from five Pinus species growing in Greece
Authors: Petrakis Panos V. , Tsitsimpikou Christina , Tzakou Olga , Couladis Maria , Vagias Constantinos , Roussis Vassilios
Published: September 2002

The chemical composition of the volatile metabolites from needles of Pinus attenuata Lemmon, P. heldreichii Christ, P. peuce Griseb., P. pinaster Ait. and P. radiata D. Don, growing in natural habitats of Greece, was analysed. By means of GC–MS and comparison with authentic reference standards and Kováts indices, 43 compounds were identified. The chemical variability of the terpenoid constituents is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Odour‐active compounds of banana passa identified by aroma extract dilution analysis
Authors: Miranda Eduardo J. F. , Nogueira Regina I. , Pontes Sérgio M. , Rezende Claudia M.
Published: September 2002

Banana (Musa cavendishii cv. nanica) (Musaceae) was dehydrated at 50 °C with forced ventilation to give banana passa. Banana passa volatiles were captured by static cryogenic headspace. The extract was investigated on a GC‐O‐multidimensional–MS system and application of aroma extract dilution analysis indicated 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3(2H)‐furanone (sweet, caramel) as the most odour‐active compound, followed by ethyl cinnamate (banana passa‐like). Other impact compounds identified with FD factors of 32–512 were isovaleric acid, ethyl butanoate, 2‐methylpropan‐1‐ol, 3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol, heptan‐2‐ol, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, 3‐nonen‐2‐ol (tentatively identified) and eugenol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil of Baccharis uncinella DC. from Southern Brazil
Authors: Frizzo C. D. , Serafini L. A. , Dellacassa E. , Lorenzo D. , Moyna P.
Published: September 2002

The essential oil from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella DC. was analysed using a combination of GC and GC–MS. Kováts retention indices were also calculated to complete the identification. The main components identified were α‐pinene (16%), β‐pinene (15%), limonene (13%), spathulenol (10%), globulol (5%), (E)‐nerolidol (4%), bicyclogermacrene (3%) and terpinen‐4‐ol (2%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier analysis of several finite difference schemes for the one‐dimensional unsteady convection–diffusion equation
Authors: Pereira J. M. C. , Pereira J. C. F.
Published: September 2002

This paper reports a comparative study on the stability limits of nine finite difference schemes to discretize the one‐dimensional unsteady convection–diffusion equation. The tested schemes are: (i) fourth‐order compact; (ii) fifth‐order upwind; (iii) fourth‐order central differences; (iv) third‐order upwind; (v) second‐order central differences; and (vi) first‐order upwind. These schemes were used together with Runge–Kutta temporal discretizations up to order six. The remaining schemes are the (vii) Adams–Bashforth central differences, (viii) the Quickest and (ix) the Leapfrog central differences. In addition, the dispersive and dissipative characteristics of the schemes were compared with the exact solution for the pure advection equation, or simple first or second derivatives, and numerical experiments confirm the Fourier analysis. The results show that fourth‐order Runge–Kutta, together with central schemes, show good conditional stability limits and good dispersive and dissipative spectral resolution. Overall the fourth‐order compact is the recommended scheme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embedded turbulence model in numerical methods for hyperbolic conservation laws
Authors: Drikakis D.
Published: September 2002

The paper describes the use of numerical methods for hyperbolic conservation laws as an embedded turbulence modelling approach. Different Godunov‐type schemes are utilized in computations of Burgers' turbulence and a two‐dimensional mixing layer. The schemes include a total variation diminishing, characteristic‐based scheme which is developed in this paper using the flux limiter approach. The embedded turbulence modelling property of the above methods is demonstrated through coarsely resolved large eddy simulations with and without subgrid scale models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guaranteed‐content prediction intervals for non‐linear autoregressions
Authors: Luna Xavier de
Published: September 2002

In this paper we present guaranteed‐content prediction intervals for time series data. These intervals are such that their content (or coverage) is guaranteed with a given high probability. They are thus more relevant for the observed time series at hand than classical prediction intervals, whose content is guaranteed merely on average over hypothetical repetitions of the prediction process. This type of prediction inference has, however, been ignored in the time series context because of a lack of results. This gap is filled by deriving asymptotic results for a general family of autoregressive models, thereby extending existing results in non‐linear regression. The actual construction of guaranteed‐content prediction intervals directly follows from this theory. Simulated and real data are used to illustrate the practical difference between classical and guaranteed‐content prediction intervals for ARCH models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Karyotypic similarity identified by multiplex‐FISH relates four prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines: PC‐3, PPC‐1, ALVA‐31, and ALVA‐41
Authors: Varella‐Garcia Marileila , Boomer Theresa , Miller Gary J.
Published: September 2002

Recently developed molecular cytogenetic techniques for karyotyping are providing new and important insights regarding the chromosomal changes that occur in solid tumors. We used multiplex‐FISH to analyze four adenocarcinoma cell lines, PC‐3, PPC‐1, ALVA‐31, and ALVA‐41, in which the characterization of a large number of rearranged chromosomes was partially or substantially inconclusive by G‐banding. Although the original descriptions of these lines depict them as distinct entities established from different patients, this study demonstrates that these four lines share numerous, highly rearranged chromosomes, strongly supporting the conclusion that they are derived from the same patient material. Our analysis indicates that PPC‐1, ALVA‐31, and ALVA‐41 were derived from PC‐3 through mechanisms involving clonal progression represented by sequential changes and clonal diversion represented by differing patterns of changes. Extensive cellular heterogeneity was detected in all four lines, and most rearrangements included segments derived from multiple chromosomes. Each line also showed a set of unique derivative chromosomes. However, a limited number of metaphase cells (approximately 10) was analyzed for each line, and numerous single‐cell abnormalities were detected in all of them. Therefore, it is plausible that the number of clonal, shared, and/or unique rearrangements has been underestimated. These cell lines have been utilized as models for understanding the biology of prostate cancer and reportedly differ in their cell physiology. Rather than detracting from their value, a complete understanding of the interrelationships of these lines to one another may provide the opportunity to define the molecular changes that have led to their individual malignant phenotypes. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amplification of Mycn, Ddx1, Rrm2, and Odc1 in rat uterine endometrial carcinomas
Authors: Karlsson Åsa , Helou Khalil , Walentinsson Anna , Hedrich Hans J. , Szpirer Claude , Levan Göran
Published: September 2002

The BDII rat is genetically predisposed to estrogen‐dependent endometrial adenocarcinoma and represents a valuable model for this type of tumor. Tumors arising in strain crosses involving the BDII rats had previously been screened for DNA copy number changes using comparative genome hybridization (CGH). It was found that extra copies of the proximal region of rat chromosome (RNO) 6 commonly could be detected in these tumors. Based on RH‐mapping data and comparative mapping with mouse and human, seven cancer‐related genes were predicted to be situated in RNO6q14–q16. Rat PACs were isolated for the N‐myc proto‐oncogene (Mycn), apolipoprotein B (Apob), the DEAD box gene 1 (Ddx1), ornithine decarboxylase 1 (Odc1), proopiomelanocortin (Pomc1), ribonucleotide reductase, M2 polypeptide (Rrm2), and syndecan 1 (Sdc1). The localization of the genes to the region was verified by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) mapping, and the detailed order among them was determined by dual‐color FISH. By Southern blot analysis, it was found that the Mycn locus was highly amplified in two out of 10 cell cultures derived from the tumors. In one of them (designated RUT30), the amplification level of Mycn was estimated at 140×. Two other genes were coamplified (Ddx1 and Rrm2) at much lower levels. Similarly, in another culture (designated RUT2), Mycn was amplified more than 40×, whereas three of the other genes (Ddx1, Rrm2, and Odc1) were coamplified at lower levels. Using FISH on metaphase chromosomes from the cell cultures analyzed, the amplified sequences were shown to be located in typical HSRs. With competitive RT‐PCR, distinct overexpression of Mycn and Ddx1 could be demonstrated in both RUT2 and RUT30. In addition, Mycn was overexpressed in two other tumors not exhibiting Mycn amplification. Taken together, our results suggest that overexpression of Mycn plays an important role in the development of endometrial cancer in the BDII rat. In humans, Mycn amplification has been reported mainly from tumors of neuronal origin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Mycn amplification and overexpression in hormone‐dependent tumors. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methylation pattern of different regions of the MLH1 promoter and silencing of gene expression in hereditary and sporadic colorectal cancer
Authors: Menigatti Mirco , Di Gregorio Carmela , Borghi Francesca , Sala Elisa , Scarselli Alessandra , Pedroni Monica , Foroni Moira , Benatti Piero , Roncucci Luca , Ponz de Leon Maurizio , Percesepe Antonio
Published: September 2002

Nonrandom, widespread promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes is a common mechanism of gene inactivation during tumorigenesis. We examined the methylation status of two distinct regions of the MLH1 promoter (proximal and distal to the transcription start site) and the MLH1 gene expression by methylation‐specific PCR and immunohistochemistry. A total of 72 colorectal tumors, both with (n = 51, 22 affected by hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, HNPCC, defined according to the international clinical criteria and 29 sporadic cases) and without microsatellite instability (MSI) (n = 21) were studied. Methylation was present in at least one of the two promoter regions in 86% of the sporadic MSI cases, in 33% of the cases lacking MSI, and in 23% of the HNPCC tumors. In the HNPCC cases with a known MLH1 mutation (n = 10) none of the two promoter regions was methylated. Hypermethylation in both MLH1 promoter regions was seen in 45% of the MSI sporadic cases vs. 5% of the MSI‐negative cases and 0% of the HNPCC cases. The overall concordance between the two promoter regions regarding methylation status was good (P = 0.009), but no significant correlation between methylation and suppression of the MLH1 immunohistochemical expression was found. Our data confirm that mutation and hypermethylation are mutually exclusive mechanisms in inducing mismatch repair deficiency and support the hypothesis of methylation as a process evenly distributed along the different regions of the promoter. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lithic raw material usages during the Middle Stone Age at Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt
Authors: Hawkins Alicia L. , Kleindienst Maxine R.
Published: September 2002

Dakhleh Oasis, the largest of the Egyptian Western Desert, presents an opportunity for diachronic study of lithic raw material preferences during the Middle Stone Age (MSA) of the Eastern Sahara. Archaeological aggregates and raw material sources are exposed and easily mapped. Diverse and abundant lithic raw materials derive from sandstone, shale, and limestone sources and are also found in secondary geological contexts. Three main raw materials were used, and there was strong preference for one of these: Tarawan chert. Easily available only in the north‐central oasis, this material was transported substantial distances even when other materials that were known and used by MSA peoples could be found closer at hand. There is little evidence for use of raw materials exogenous to Dakhleh Oasis. This pattern of usage does not appear to change from the older MSA units to the Aterian Dakhleh Unit. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early expression of glutamate transporter proteins in ramified microglia after controlled cortical impact injury in the rat
Authors: Van Landeghem Frank K.H. , Stover John F. , Bechmann Ingo , Brück Wolfgang , Unterberg Andreas , Bührer Christoph , Von Deimling Andreas
Published: September 2002

Traumatic brain injury is followed by increased extracellular glutamate concentration. Uptake of glutamate is mainly mediated by the glial glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT‐1. Extent and distribution of GLAST and GLT‐1 were studied in a rat model of controlled cortical impact injury (CCII). Western Blot analysis revealed lowest levels of GLAST and GLT‐1 with a decrease by 40%–54% and 42%–49% between 24 and 72 h posttrauma. By 8 h after CCII, CSF glutamate levels were increased (10.5 μM vs. 2.56 μM in controls;P< 0.001), reaching maximum values by 48 h. A significant increase in de novo GLAST and GLT‐1 expressing ramified microglia was observed within 4 h, reached a stable level by 48 h, and remained high up to 72 h after CCII. Furthermore, ramified microglia de novo expressed the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 after CCII. Following CCII, GLAST/GLT‐1 and GFAP coexpressing astrocytes were immediately reduced, reaching minimum levels within 8 h. This reduction of expression could be either due to protein downregulation or loss of astrocytes. At 72 h, a marked population of GLAST‐ and GLT‐1–positive reactive astrocytes appeared. These results support the hypothesis that reduced astrocytic GLAST and GLT‐1 protein levels following CCII contribute to evolving secondary injury. Microglia are capable of de novo expressing glutamate transporter proteins, indicating that the expression of glial and neuronal glutamate transporters is not restricted to a specific glial or neuronal lineage. Ramified microglia may play an important compensatory role in the early regulation of extracellular glutamate after CCII. GLIA 35:167–179, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of elevated K+, hypotonic stress, and cortical spreading depression on astrocyte swelling in GFAP‐deficient mice
Authors: Anděrová Miroslava , Kubinová Šárka , Mazel Tomáš , Chvátal Alexandr , Eliasson Camilla , Pekny Milos , Syková Eva
Published: September 2002

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the main component of intermediate filaments in astrocytes. To assess its function in astrocyte swelling, we compared astrocyte membrane properties and swelling in spinal cord slices of 8‐ to 10‐day‐old wild‐type control (GFAP+/+) and GFAP‐knockout (GFAP−/−) mice. Membrane currents and K+ accumulation around astrocytes after a depolarizing pulse were studied using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. In vivo cell swelling was studied in the cortex during spreading depression (SD) in 3 to 6‐month‐old animals. Swelling‐induced changes of the extracellular space (ECS) diffusion parameters, i.e., volume fraction α and tortuosity λ, were studied by the real‐time iontophoretic tetramethylammonium (TMA+) method using TMA+‐selective microelectrodes. Morphological analysis using confocal microscopy and quantification of xy intensity profiles in a confocal plane revealed a lower density of processes in GFAP−/− astrocytes than in GFAP+/+ astrocytes. K+ accumulation evoked by membrane depolarization was lower in the vicinity of GFAP−/− astrocytes than GFAP+/+ astrocytes, suggesting the presence of a larger ECS around GFAP−/− astrocytes. Astrocyte swelling evoked by application of 50 mM K+ or by hypotonic solution (HS) produced a larger increase in [K+]e around GFAP+/+ astrocytes than around GFAP−/− astrocytes. No differences in α and λ in the spinal cord or cortex of GFAP+/+ and GFAP−/− mice were found; however, the application of either 50 mM K+ or HS in spinal cord, or SD in cortex, evoked a large decrease in α and an increase in λ in GFAP+/+ mice only. Slower swelling in GFAP−/− astrocytes indicates that GFAP and intermediate filaments play an important role in cell swelling during pathological states. GLIA 35:189–203, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrophysiological alterations and upregulation of ATP receptors in retinal glial Müller cells from rats infected with the Borna disease virus
Authors: Pannicke Thomas , Weick Michael , Uckermann Ortrud , Wheeler‐Schilling Thomas , Fries Julia E. , Reichel Martin B. , Mohr Christopher , Stahl Tobias , Fluess Manuela , Kacza Johannes , Seeger Johannes , Richt Jürgen A. , Reichenbach Andreas
Published: September 2002

Infection with the neurotropic Borna disease virus (BDV) causes an immune‐mediated neurological disease in a broad range of species. In addition to encephalitis, BDV‐infected Lewis rats develop a retinitis histologically characterized by the loss of most retinal neurons. By contrast, the dominating retinal macroglia, the Müller cells, do not degenerate. It is known from several models of neurodegeneration that glial cells may survive but undergo significant alterations of their physiological parameters. This prompted us to study the electrophysiology and ATP‐induced changes of intracellular Ca2+‐concentration ([Ca2+]i) in Müller cells from BDV‐infected rat retinae. Freshly isolated cells were used for whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. Whereas neither zero current potentials nor membrane resistances showed significant alterations, the membrane capacitance increased in cells from BDV‐infected rats during survival times of up to 8 months. This process was accompanied by a decrease in K+ current densities. Müller cells from BDV‐infected rats were characterized by expression of a prominent fast‐inactivating A‐type K+ current which was rarely found in control cells. Moreover, the number of cells displaying Na+ currents was slightly increased after BDV‐infection. ATP evoked increases in [Ca2+]i in Müller cells within retinal wholemounts of both control and BDV‐infected animals. However, the number of ATP‐responding isolated cells increased from 24% (age‐matched controls) to 78% (cells from animals ≥18 weeks after infection). We conclude that in BDV‐induced retinopathy, reactive rat Müller cells change their physiological parameters but these changes are different from those in Müller cells during proliferative vitreoretinopathy in man and rabbit. GLIA 35:213–223, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human MBP‐specific T cells regulate IL‐6 gene expression in astrocytes through cell–cell contacts and soluble factors
Authors: Colombatti Marco , Moretto Giuseppe , Tommasi Marina , Fiorini Emma , Poffe Ornella , Colombara Michaela , Tanel Raffaella , Tridente Giuseppe , Ramarli Dunia
Published: September 2002

One of the distinctive features of multiple sclerosis (MS) attacks is homing to the CNS of activated T cells able to orchestrate humoral and cell‐based events, resulting in immune‐mediated injury to myelin and oligodendrocytes. Of the complex interplay occurring between T cells and CNS constituents, we have examined some aspects of T‐cell interactions with astrocytes, the major components of the glial cells. Specifically, we focused on the ability of T cells to regulate the gene expression of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in astrocytes, based on previous evidence showing the involvement of this cytokine in CNS disorders. We found that T‐cell adhesion and T‐cell soluble factors induce IL‐6 gene expression in U251 astrocytes through distinct signaling pathways, respectively, resulting in the activation of NF‐κB and IRF‐1 transcription factors. In a search for effector molecules at the astrocyte surface, we found that α3β1 integrins play a role in NF‐κB activation induced by T‐cell contact, whereas interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) receptors dominate in IRF‐1 induction brought about by T‐cell‐derived soluble factors. Similar phenomena were observed also in normal fetal astrocyte cultures. We therefore propose that through astrocyte induction, T cells may indirectly regulate the availability of a cytokine which is crucial in modulating fate and behavior of cell populations involved in the pathogenesis of MS inflammatory lesions. GLIA 35:224–233, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and reactions of conformational isomers of a stable selenenic acid bearing a bridged calix[6]arene framework
Authors: Goto Kei , Saiki Toshiyuki , Akine Shigehisa , Kawashima Takayuki , Okazaki Renji
Published: September 2002

A stable selenenic acid bearing a bridged calix[6]arene framework fixed in the 1,2,3‐alternate conformation was synthesized. Its properties were compared with those of its conformational isomer fixed in the cone conformation, indicating that the reactivity of the endohedral SeOH group can be regulated by the conformation of the calix[6]arene framework. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:195–197, 2001
Thermodynamically stabilized chiral chalcogen oxides: optical resolution and stereochemistry
Authors: Taka Hideo , Matsumoto Akikuni , Shimizu Toshio , Kamigata Nobumasa
Published: September 2002

Optical resolution of racemic selenoxides, 1a, 1b, and 1c, and telluroxide 2b, possessing an 8‐dimethylamino‐1‐naphthyl group by liquid chromatography using optically active columns afforded the corresponding enantiomerically pure stereoisomers. Absolute configurations of the optically active chalcogen oxides were assigned by comparison of their specific rotations and CD spectra with those of the sulfur analog. All of the optically active chalcogen oxides obtained were stable toward racemization in their solid states; however, selenoxides 1a and 1b and telluroxide 2b racemized in solutions. Kinetic studies of the racemization clarified that thermodynamic stabilization by intramolecular coordination of the nitrogen atom in the 8‐dimethylamino‐1‐naphthyl group to the chalcogen atom was effective to prevent the racemization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:227–237, 2001
Acyl carbamoyl selenides and related sulfur isologues: synthesis and x‐ray structural analyses
Authors: Kageyama Hideki , Tani Kazuyasu , Kato Shinzi , Kanda Takahiro
Published: September 2002

Selenocarboxylic acids [RC(=O)SeH] were found to readily react with aryl, acyl, and arenesulfonyl isocyanates to give the corresponding acyl carbamoyl selenides 3 [RC(=O)SeC(=O)NHR′, R′ = aryl, C6H5CO, and 4‐MeC6H4SO2] in good yields. Their tautomers [RC(=O)SeC(=NR′)OH] were also detected by 1H, 13C, and 77Se NMR spectroscopies. The structure of 3 [R = 2,6‐(MeO)2C6H3, R′ = 4‐MeC6H4] was characterized by X‐ray crystallography, which showed that this molecule is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen and the NH hydrogen to form a planar six‐membered ring and by nonbonded interaction of the ortho methoxy oxygen with the carbonyl oxygen or the selenium atoms. 4‐Methoxybenzoyl and 4‐methoxythiobenzoyl N‐(4‐methylphenyl)carbamoyl sulfides (4 and 5) were shown by X‐ray crystallography to similarly have a planar intramolecular six‐membered ring formed by a hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen or thiocarbonyl sulfur and NH hydrogen atoms. The tautomers [RC(=E)SC(=NR′)OH; E = O or S] of 4 and 5 also were detected spectroscopically. The reactions of 3h (R = 4‐MeOC6H4, R′ = Ph) with sodium methoxide and p‐toluidine gave sodium selenocarboxylate and the corresponding amides and urea as main products, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:250–258, 2001
Information Technology User Devices in Higher Education
Authors: McLaughlin Don
Published: September 2002

System planners must understand that user devices serve as a translator between the technology's internal representation of information and what can be perceived, processed, and used by humans.
Communication and Information Systems Infrastructure Skills
Authors: Maughan George R.
Published: September 2002

Users and managers of information technology need evolving skills as well as an awareness of how changing technology makes them dependent on each other in new ways.
Critical review of epidemiological studies of the association between smoking and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Peach Hedley G. , Barnett Nicole E.
Published: September 2002

Smoking has been suggested to increase the risk of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) but the results of epidemiological studies have been inconsistent. The aim of this work was to assess whether the findings of individual studies might have arisen by chance, bias or confounding and whether any associations found between smoking and NHL represent cause‐and‐effect. Reports of the association between smoking and NHL were identified from Medline. Confidence intervals on relative risks and odds ratios, use of multiple comparisons, and information on source, direction, actual existence and size of potential biases and confounding and features of any associations were abstracted. Four out of five cohort studies found no association between current smoking and NHL but three may have been biased against doing so. One found an association with follicular lymphoma but without a convincing exposure–risk gradient. The fifth found a strong association and an exposure–response gradient with ever smoking but excluded living cases from the end‐point. Only one study found an association with past smoking which lacked features of causality. Eight out of 14 case–control studies found no association between current and/or past smoking and NHL but five may have been biased against doing so. Of six positive studies, three involved multiple comparisons, the association of one became non‐significant after eliminating bias, four did not explore features of causality and one found an association only in heavy smokers, particularly under 45 years old. There are no grounds to reject the null hypothesis but associations should continue to be sought particularly in subgroups of smokers and with NHL subtypes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directional characteristics of radiation reflection on rough metal surfaces with description of heat transfer parameters
Authors: Makino Toshiro , Wakabayashi Hidenobu , Okada Shin‐ya
Published: September 2002

In this paper we clarify directional characteristics of thermal radiation reflection on rough metal surfaces and establish a technique for determining the parameters for heat transfer computation of radiation energy exchange among surfaces. Directional distribution of bidirectional reflectance ρ of surfaces of root‐mean‐square roughness Σ = 0.1 to 1 µm to the irradiation of a visible laser of wavelength λ = 0.6328 µm and to that of an infrared laser of λ = 3.39 µm is investigated experimentally. The optical roughness (Σ/λ) ranges from 0.028 to 1.27. A measure of the magnitude of specular reflection is presented. A model for describing the ρ distribution is presented, and the experimental results of the ρ distribution are analyzed quantitatively and systematically to determine the values of the specular reflection component Rs and the perfect‐diffuse reflection component Rd of the hemispherical reflectance RH, which are input parameters for radiation heat transfer computation. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(2): 76–88, 2002; DOI 10.1002/htj.10008
Measurement of the thermal resistance of scale on the inner surfaces of boiler tubes
Authors: Makishi Osamu , Fujii Tetsu , Kawabe Atsushi , Tamagawa Tadashi
Published: September 2002

This paper proposes a method of measurement of the thermal resistance of scale on the inner surface of a boiler tube. The principle of the method is to measure the temperature rise due to the scale when the tube is radiantly heated from outside. An experiment was performed with a test piece composed of three tubes 300 mm in length, which had been cut out from a supercritical pressure boiler. A 120 mm × 140 mm area of the test piece was radiantly heated, boiling of water took place inside the tubes, and the temperature at the crest of the tube was measured with welded thermocouples 80 µm in diameter. Similar measurement was performed after cleaning the inside of the tubes with hydrochloric acid, and both measured data were compared. As an example of the results, the difference of the temperature rise was 8.24 K for a heat flux of 100 kW/m2, and the estimated thermal resistance of the scale was 0.082 m2K/kW. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(2): 117–127, 2002; DOI 10.1002/htj.10020
Predicting the capacity of a heat exchanger by a thermal network method
Authors: Kaga Kunihiko , Yamada Kenichi , Kotoh Satoru , Ogushi Teturo
Published: September 2002

In this paper a thermal network method using the effective specific heat model of a refrigerant with phase change is proposed for predicting the capacity of a plate‐fin and tube‐type heat exchanger. The effective specific heat model can attain an accurate result of a condenser's heat exchanging capacity when it has a small number of elements. By comparing calculated results with those of an experiment, it is found that the error in the condenser's calculated capacity is less than 1% when the range of subcool temperature is from 15 to 22 K at the outlet of refrigerant flow. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(2): 128–140, 2002; DOI 10.1002/htj.10021
Phospholipid metabolism and depression: the possible roles of phospholipase A2 and coenzyme A‐independent transacylase
Authors: Horrobin David F
Published: September 2002

Phospholipids make up 60 per cent of the dry weight of the brain. They are essential for neuronal and especially for synaptic structure and play key roles in the signal transduction responses to dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and acetyl choline. The unsaturated fatty acid components of phospholipids are abnormal in depression, with deficits of eicosapentaenoic acid and other omega‐3 fatty acids and excesses of the omega‐6 fatty acid arachidonic acid. Correction of this abnormality by treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid improves depression. The fatty acid abnormalities provide a rational explanation for the associations of depression with cardiovascular disease, immunological activation, cancer, diabetic complications and osteoporosis. The abnormalities cannot be explained by diet, although diet may attenuate or exacerbate their consequences. A number of enzyme abnormalities could explain the phenomena: phospholipase A2, and coenzyme A‐independent transacylase are strong candidates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the feasibility of designing new antidepressants
Authors: Pinder Roger M
Published: September 2002

Modern antidepressants lack many of the side‐effects and much of the toxicity of the first generation tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Knowledge of the receptor interactions that are responsible for poor tolerability and potential lethality in overdosage has enabled the design of agents that have low or no affinity for such receptors. Nevertheless, even the second generation selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and the noradrenaline and serotonin specific antidepressants (NaSSAs) have not substantially improved upon the efficacy of the older agents. They still take some time to be effective, although venlafaxine and mirtazapine may be faster in onset than SSRIs, and they leave a substantial minority of patients unaffected.

Innovative new antidepressants may be based upon a variety of mechanisms, including receptors, G‐proteins, second messengers, gene transcription factors and the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis, but their availability may be hindered by recent advances in pharmaceutical research technology. Thus, the creation of large chemical libraries containing millions of new entities has increased structural diversity, but pharmacological evaluation has narrowed down to simple assays in high‐throughput screening systems. Such assays depend to a major extent on how well they reflect the biological aetiology of the disease under study. While new antidepressant moieties will undoubtedly emerge, optimal use of the new research tools will necessitate a more sophisticated level of knowledge about the true causes of depression. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidepressant activity and calcium signaling cascades
Authors: Paul Ian A
Published: September 2002

Although antidepressant treatments produce clear effects on monoaminergic neuronal function, the link between these effects and therapeutic response to treatment is controversial. Previous studies have demonstrated that antagonists of the NMDA receptor‐gated calcium ionophore result in antidepressant‐like responses in rodents and humans. Likewise, antidepressant treatments produce regionally selective adaptation of the NMDA receptor suggestive of diminished capacity to gate calcium into receptive neurons. Similarly, voltage‐dependent calcium channel antagonists have been reported to produce antidepressant‐like effects in rodents. A major target of increases in subcellular calcium concentration is nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which liberates NO in response to stimulation. Recently, we have demonstrated that nitric oxide synthase antagonists produced antidepressant‐like response in both in vivo preclinical screening procedures and in post‐mortem in vitro studies of β‐adrenoceptor density. We propose: 1) that interruption of the Ca2+‐calmodulin‐NOS‐guanylyl cyclase subcellular signaling pathway at any point will produce antidepressant‐like effects; 2) that the acute actions of antidepressants in preclinical screening procedures are a consequence of their ability to disrupt Ca2+‐calmodulin‐NOS‐guanylyl cyclase signaling; 3) that chronic but, not acute treatment with antidepressants results in adaptation of the Ca2+‐calmodulin‐NOS‐guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway; 4) that this adaptation is necessary for the achievement of the therapeutic actions of antidepressants and; 5) that major depression is accompanied by an alteration (hyperactivity?) of subcellular Ca2+ signaling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidepressants in clinical practice: limitations of assessment methods and drug response
Authors: Kennedy Sidney H , Eisfeld Beata S , Meyer Jeffrey H , Bagby R Michael
Published: September 2002

There is a recognized gap between knowledge derived from ‘efficacy’ data — based on usually brief randomized controlled trials and findings in natural practice ‘effectiveness’ studies. In considering the limitations of current antidepressants in clinical practice, we have selected three clinically important issues to examine in a natural practice data base that has been in existence for several years. These relate to: (1) Diagnostic heterogeneity and potential advances using functional brain imaging; (2) Variability of outcome measures during treatment and (3) Time to response and prediction of outcome. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation and generalization of temperature‐based methods for calculating evaporation
Authors: Xu C.‐Y. , Singh V. P.
Published: September 2002

Seven temperature‐based equations, each representing a typical form, were evaluated and compared for determining evaporation at two climatological stations (Rawson Lake and Atikokan) in north‐western Ontario, Canada. The comparison was first made using the original constant values involved in each equation, and then using the recalibrated constant values. The results show that when the original constant values were used, larger biases existed for most of the equations for both stations. When recalibrated constant values were substituted for the original constant values, six of the seven equations improved for both stations. Using locally calibrated parameter values, all seven equations worked well for determining mean seasonal evaporation values. For monthly evaporation values, the modified Blaney–Criddle method produced least error for all months for both stations, followed by the Hargreaves and Thornthwaite methods. The Linacre, Kharrufa and Hamon methods showed a significant bias in September for both stations. With properly determined constant values, the modified Blaney–Criddle, the Hargreaves and Thornthwaite methods can be recommended for estimating evaporation in the study region, as far as temperature‐based methods are concerned. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of WEP model and its application to an urban watershed
Authors: Jia Yangwen , Ni Guangheng , Kawahara Yoshihisa , Suetsugi Tadashi
Published: September 2002

A distributed hydrological model, water and energy transfer processes (WEP) model, is developed to simulate spatially variable water and energy processes in watersheds with complex land covers. In the model, state variables include depression storage on land surfaces and canopies, soil moisture content, land surface temperature, groundwater tables and water stages in rivers, etc. The subgrid heterogeneity of land use is also taken into consideration by using the mosaic method. For hydrological processes, evapotranspiration is computed by the Penman–Monteith equation, infiltration excess during heavy rains is simulated by a generalized Green–Ampt model, whereas saturation excess during the remaining periods is obtained by doing balance analysis in unsaturated soil layers. A two‐dimensional simulation of multilayered aquifers is performed for groundwater flow. Flow routing is conducted by using the kinematic wave method in a one‐dimensional scheme. For energy processes, short‐wave radiation is based on observation or deduced from sunshine duration, long‐wave radiation is calculated according to temperatures, latent and sensible fluxes are computed by the aerodynamic method and surface temperature is solved by the force–restore method. In addition, anthropogenic components, e.g. water supply, groundwater lift, sewerage drainage and energy consumption, etc. are also taken into account. The model is applied to the Ebi River watershed (27 km2) with a grid size of 50 m and a time step of 1 h. The model is verified through comparisons of simulated river discharges, groundwater levels and land surface temperatures with the observed values. A comparison between water balance at present (1993) and that in the future (2035) is also conducted. It is found that the hydrological cycle in the future can be improved through the implementation of infiltration trenches for the storm water from urban canopies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.