bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of aerosols and clouds on decadal trends in all-sky solar radiation over the Netherlands (1966–2015)
Authors: Boers Reinout , Brandsma Theo , Siebesma A. Pier
Published: July 2017

Abstract. A 50-year hourly data set of global shortwave radiation, cloudiness and visibility over the Netherlands was used to quantify the contribution of aerosols and clouds to the trend in yearly-averaged all-sky radiation (1.81 ± 1.07 W m−2 decade−1). Yearly-averaged clear-sky and cloud-base radiation data show large year-to-year fluctuations caused by yearly changes in the occurrence of clear and cloudy periods and cannot be used for trend analysis. Therefore, proxy clear-sky and cloud-base radiations were computed. In a proxy analysis hourly radiation data falling within a fractional cloudiness value are fitted by monotonic increasing functions of solar zenith angle and summed over all zenith angles occurring in a single year to produce an average. Stable trends can then be computed from the proxy radiation data. A functional expression is derived whereby the trend in proxy all-sky radiation is a linear combination of trends in fractional cloudiness, proxy clear-sky radiation and proxy cloud-base radiation. Trends (per decade) in fractional cloudiness, proxy clear-sky and proxy cloud-base radiation were, respectively, 0.0097 ± 0.0062, 2.78 ± 0.50 and 3.43 ± 1.17 W m−2. To add up to the all-sky radiation the three trends have weight factors, namely the difference between the mean cloud-base and clear-sky radiation, the clear-sky fraction and the fractional cloudiness, respectively. Our analysis clearly demonstrates that all three components contribute significantly to the observed trend in all-sky radiation. Radiative transfer calculations using the aerosol optical thickness derived from visibility observations indicate that aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI) is a strong candidate to explain the upward trend in the clear-sky radiation. Aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) may have some impact on cloud-base radiation, but it is suggested that decadal changes in cloud thickness and synoptic-scale changes in cloud amount also play an important role.
Recent Trends in Frequency and Duration of Global Floods
Authors: Najibi Nasser , Devineni Naresh
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Frequency and duration of flood events are analyzed using Dartmouth Flood Observatory's (DFO) global flood database to detect significant trends and regime shifts during 1985–2015 at global and latitudinal scales. Three classes of flood duration (i.e. short: 1–7, moderate: 8–20, and long: 21 days and above) are also considered for this analysis. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test and Pettitt change-point analysis are used to evaluate three hypotheses (H1, H2, and H3) addressing potential monotonic trends and regime shifts in flood frequency, moments of the duration, and the frequency of a specific flood duration type. The results show that long duration flood frequency has increased across most spatial scales with significant change-point observed in the 2000s. In the tropics, floods have increased four-fold since the 2000s. This increase is 2.5 fold in the north mid-latitudes. There is no monotonic trend in the frequency of short duration floods across all global and latitudinal scales. There is also a significant increasing trend in the annual median and tails of flood durations globally and in each latitudinal belt. The possible causes of these trends are analyzed using a Generalized Linear Model framework and also discussed qualitatively. This analysis provides the framework for understanding simultaneously changing climate and socioeconomic conditions and how they relate to the frequency and persistence in the organization of global and local dynamical systems that cause hydrologic extremes.
The Path to CAM6: Coupled Simulations with CAM5.4 and
CAM5.5
Authors: Bogenschutz Peter A. , Gettelman Andrew , Hannay Cecile , Larson Vincent E. , Neale Richard B. , Craig Cheryl , Chen Chih-Chieh
Published: July 2017

Abstract. This paper documents coupled simulations of two developmental versions of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) towards CAM6. The configuration called CAM5.4 introduces new microphysics, aerosol, and ice nucleation changes, among others to CAM. The CAM5.5 configuration represents a more radical departure as it uses an assumed PDF-based unified cloud parameterization to replace the turbulence, shallow convection, and warm cloud macrophysics in CAM. This assumed PDF method has been widely used in the last decade in atmosphere-only climate simulations, but has never been documented in coupled mode. Here we compare the simulated coupled climates of CAM5.4 and CAM5.5 and compare them to the control coupled simulation produced by CAM5.3. We find that CAM5.5 has lower cloud forcing biases when compared to the control simulations. Improvements are also seen in the simulated amplitude of the El Niño 3.4 index, an improved representation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation, sub-tropical surface wind stresses, and double Intertropical Convergence zone biases.  Degradations are seen in Amazon precipitation as well as slightly colder sea surface temperatures and thinner Arctic Sea Ice. Simulation of the 20th century results in a credible simulation that ends slightly colder than the control coupled simulation. The authors find this is due to aerosol indirect effects that are slightly stronger in the new version of the model and propose a solution to ameliorate this. Overall, in these relatively untuned coupled simulations, CAM5.5 produces a credible climate that is appropriate for science applications and is ready for integration into the National Center for Atmospheric Research's (NCAR's) next generation climate model.
The physics behind Van der Burgh's empirical equation, providing a new predictive equation for salinity intrusion in estuaries
Authors: Zhang Zhilin , Savenije Hubert H. G.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The practical value of the surprisingly simple Van der Burgh equation in predicting saline water intrusion in alluvial estuaries is well documented, but the physical foundation of the equation is still weak. In this paper we provide a connection between the empirical equation and the theoretical literature, leading to a theoretical range of Van der Burgh's coefficient of 1∕2 < K < 2∕3 for density-driven mixing which falls within the feasible range of 0 < K < 1. In addition, we developed a one-dimensional predictive equation for the dispersion of salinity as a function of local hydraulic parameters that can vary along the estuary axis, including mixing due to tide-driven residual circulation. This type of mixing is relevant in the wider part of alluvial estuaries where preferential ebb and flood channels appear. Subsequently, this dispersion equation is combined with the salt balance equation to obtain a new predictive analytical equation for the longitudinal salinity distribution. Finally, the new equation was tested and applied to a large database of observations in alluvial estuaries, whereby the calibrated K values appeared to correspond well to the theoretical range.
The analogue method for precipitation prediction: finding better analogue situations at a sub-daily time step
Authors: Horton Pascal , Obled Charles , Jaboyedoff Michel
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Analogue methods (AMs) predict local weather variables (predictands) such as precipitation by means of a statistical relationship with predictors at a synoptic scale. The analogy is generally assessed on gradients of geopotential heights first to sample days with a similar atmospheric circulation. Other predictors such as moisture variables can also be added in a successive level of analogy. The search for candidate situations similar to a given target day is usually undertaken by comparing the state of the atmosphere at fixed hours of the day for both the target day and the candidate analogues. This is a consequence of using standard daily precipitation time series, which are available over longer periods than sub-daily data. However, it is unlikely for the best analogy to occur at the exact same hour for the target and candidate situations. A better analogue situation may be found with a time shift of several hours since a better fit can occur at different times of the day. In order to assess the potential for finding better analogues at a different hour, a moving time window (MTW) has been introduced. The MTW resulted in a better analogy in terms of the atmospheric circulation and showed improved values of the analogy criterion on the entire distribution of the extracted analogue dates. The improvement was found to increase with the analogue rank due to an accumulation of better analogues in the selection. A seasonal effect has also been identified, with larger improvements shown in winter than in summer. This may be attributed to stronger diurnal cycles in summer that favour predictors taken at the same hour for the target and analogue days. The impact of the MTW on the precipitation prediction skill has been assessed by means of a sub-daily precipitation series transformed into moving 24 h totals at 12, 6, and 3 h time steps. The prediction skill was improved by the MTW, as was the reliability of the prediction. Moreover, the improvements were greater for days with heavy precipitation, which are generally related to more dynamic atmospheric situations in which the timing is more specific and for which fewer records are available in the meteorological archive. The improvements of the analogy criterion and the performance scores on precipitation were both found to be higher for MTWs with a smaller time step of 3 h. A 3 h MTW provides 8 times more candidate situations even though they are not fully independent. Since the MTW provides additional situations to the pool of possible analogues, it can be considered as an inflation of the meteorological archive. Because this technique is simple and easily applicable, it should be considered for several applications in different contexts, such as operational forecasting or climate-related studies.
Public perceptions of a rip current hazard education program: “Break the Grip of the Rip!”
Authors: Houser Chris , Trimble Sarah , Brander Robert , Brewster B. Chris , Dusek Greg , Jones Deborah , Kuhn John
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Rip currents pose a major global beach hazard; estimates of annual rip-current-related deaths in the United States alone range from 35 to 100 per year. Despite increased social research into beach-goer experience, little is known about levels of rip current knowledge within the general population. This study describes the results of an online survey to determine the extent of rip current knowledge across the United States, with the aim of improving and enhancing existing beach safety education material. Results suggest that the US-based Break the Grip of the Rip!® campaign has been successful in educating the public about rip current safety directly or indirectly, with the majority of respondents able to provide an accurate description of how to escape a rip current. However, the success of the campaign is limited by discrepancies between personal observations at the beach and rip forecasts that are broadcasted for a large area and time. It was the infrequent beach user that identified the largest discrepancies between the forecast and their observations. Since infrequent beach users also do not seek out lifeguards or take the same precautions as frequent beach users, it is argued that they are also at greatest risk of being caught in a dangerous situation. Results of this study suggest a need for the national campaign to provide greater focus on locally specific and verified rip forecasts and signage in coordination with lifeguards, but not at the expense of the successful national awareness program.
A general theory on frequency and time-frequency analysis of irregularly sampled time series based on projection methods. I. Frequency analysis
Authors: Lenoir Guillaume , Crucifix Michel
Published: July 2017

Abstract. We develop a general framework for the frequency analysis of irregularly sampled time series. It is based on the Lomb-Scargle periodogram, but extended to algebraic operators accounting for the presence of a polynomial trend in the model for the data, in addition to a periodic component and a background noise. Special care is devoted to the correlation between the trend and the periodic component. This new periodogram is then cast into the Welch overlapping segment averaging (WOSA) method in order to reduce its variance. We also design a test of significance for the WOSA periodogram, against the background noise. The model for the background noise is a stationary Gaussian continuous autoregressive-moving-average (CARMA) process, more general than the classical Gaussian white or red noise processes. CARMA parameters are estimated following a Bayesian framework. We provide algorithms computing the confidence levels for the WOSA periodogram that fully take into account the uncertainty on the CARMA noise parameters. Alternatively, a theory using point estimates of CARMA parameters provides analytical confidence levels for the WOSA periodogram, which are more accurate than Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) confidence levels and, below some threshold for the number of data points, less costly in computing time. We then estimate the amplitude of the periodic component with least squares methods, and derive an approximate proportionality between the squared amplitude and the periodogram. This proportionality leads to a new extension for the periodogram: the weighted WOSA periodogram, that we recommend for most spectral analyses with irregularly sampled data. The estimated signal amplitude also permits filtering in a frequency band. Our results generalize and unify methods developed in the fields of geosciences, engineering, astronomy and astrophysics. They also constitute the starting point for an extension to the continuous wavelet transform developed in a companion article (Lenoir and Crucifix, 2017). All the methods presented in this paper are available to the reader in the Python package WAVEPAL.
A general theory on frequency and time-frequency analysis of irregularly sampled time series based on projection methods. II. Extension to time-frequency analysis
Authors: Lenoir Guillaume , Crucifix Michel
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Geophysical time series are sometimes sampled irregularly along the time axis. The situation is particularly frequent in palaeoclimatology. Yet, there is so far no general framework for handling continuous wavelet transform when the time sampling is irregular. Here we provide such a framework. To this end, we define the scalogram as the continuous-wavelet-transform-equivalent of the extended Lomb-Scargle periodogram defined in part I of this study (Lenoir and Crucifix, 2017). The signal being analyzed is modeled as the sum of a locally periodic component in the time-frequency plane, a polynomial trend, and a background noise. The mother wavelet adopted here is the Morlet wavelet classically used in geophysical applications. The background noise model is a stationary Gaussian continuous autoregressive-moving-average (CARMA) process, which is more general than the traditional Gaussian white and red noise processes. The scalogram is smoothed by averaging over neighboring times in order to reduce its variance. The Shannon-Nyquist exclusion zone is on the other hand defined as the area corrupted by local aliasing issues. The local amplitude in the time-frequency plane is then estimated with least-squares methods. We show that the squared amplitude and the scalogram are approximately proportional. Based on this property, we define a new analysis tool: the weighted smoothed scalogram, which we recommend for most analyses. The estimated signal amplitude also gives access to band and ridge filtering. Finally, we design a test of significance for the weighted smoothed scalogram against the stationary Gaussian CARMA background noise, and provide algorithms for computing confidence levels, either analytically or with Monte Carlo Markov Chain methods. All the analysis tools presented in this article are available to the reader in the Python package WAVEPAL.
Ensemble-based assimilation of fractional snow covered area satellite retrievals to estimate snow distribution at a high Arctic site
Authors: Aalstad Kristoffer , Westermann Sebastian , Schuler Thomas Vikhamar , Boike Julia , Bertino Laurent
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Snow, with high albedo, low thermal conductivity and large water holding capacity strongly modulates the surface energy and water balance, thus making it a critical factor in high-latitude and mountain environments. At the same time, already at medium spatial resolutions of 1 km, estimating the average and subgrid variability of the snow water equivalent (SWE) is challenging in remote sensing applications. In this study, we demonstrate an ensemble-based data assimilation scheme to estimate peak SWE distributions at such scales from a simple snow model driven by downscaled reanalysis data. The basic idea is to relate the timing of the snow cover depletion (that is accessible from satellite products) to pre-melt SWE, while at the same time obtaining the subgrid scale distribution. Subgrid SWE is assumed to be lognormally distributed, which can be translated to a modeled time series of fractional snow covered area (fSCA) by means of the snow model. Assimilation of satellite-derived fSCA hence facilitates the constrained estimation of the average SWE and coefficient of variation, while taking into account uncertainties in both the model and assimilated data sets. Our method makes use of the ensemble-smoother with multiple data assimilation (ES-MDA) combined with analytical Gaussian anamorphosis to assimilate time series of MODIS and Sentinel-2 fSCA retrievals. The scheme is applied to high-Arctic sites near Ny Ålesund (79° N, Svalbard, Norway) where in-situ observations of fSCA and SWE distributions are available. The method is able to successfully recover accurate estimates of peak subgrid SWE distributions on most of the occasions considered. Through the ES-MDA assimilation, the root mean squared error (RMSE) for the fSCA, peak mean SWE and subgrid coefficient of variation is improved by around 75 %, 60 % and 20 % respectively when compared to the prior, yielding RMSEs of 0.01, 0.09 m water equivalent (w.e.) and 0.13 respectively. By comparing the performance of the ES-MDA to that of other ensemble-based batch smoother schemes, it was found that the ES-MDA either outperforms or at least nearly matches the performance of the other schemes with regards to various evaluation metrics. Given the modularity of the method, it could prove valuable for a range of satellite-era hydrometeorological reanalyses.
Alfabetização informacional desde a infância: apontamentos a partir da pesquisa “TIC Kids Online Brasil”
Authors: Martin Vicente Maximiliano , Ferreira Mayra Fernanda
Published: July 2017

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as competências informacionais das crianças a partir dos usos que fazem da internet. Considerando a emergência de uma geração digital, que se relaciona naturalmente com as tecnologias, é importante analisar os interesses infantis e de que modo as crianças são formadas para fazer um bom uso das informações, isto é, se há um contexto e um processo de alfabetização informacional. Tendo como objeto de análise descritiva e de conteúdo os dados do relatório “TIC Kids Online Brasil 2015”, realizado pelo Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil, articulando-os com a proposta de Alfabetização Midiática e Informacional da Unesco, verifica-se a necessidade de diretrizes para assegurar o acesso e o uso competente de informações pelas crianças. Ao garantir o acesso e um uso ético, criativo e crítico das informações, acredita-se na contribuição para uma infância ativa e cidadã em uma sociedade democrática.
A Ética da Informação em Simetria Ontológica: Notas para uma Aproximação Metodológica
Authors: Da Silva Medeiros Jackson
Published: July 2017

Este trabalho tem como objetivo pensar a Teoria Ator-Rede como uma proposta metodológica, com vistas à integração dos estudos relacionados à ética da informação. Entende que os dispositivos eletrônicos, que auxiliam na produção e disseminação de informação, criam novos problemas e esses devem ser tratados de novas formas, uma vez que, havendo mudança no processo, há alteração na forma de análise e, em muitos casos, nos resultados obtidos. Como os dispositivos eletrônicos são potencialmente máquinas de ligações entre entidades de qualquer natureza, não há como relegar o potencial informacional proporcionado por esses aparatos, por isso uma análise ética da informação necessita de mecanismos metodológicos, como a Teoria Ator-Rede, capazes de apreender entidades com existência, independentemente de ser uma entidade com vida ou inanimada.
O TRABALHO DOCENTE NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL EM ESCOLAS RURAIS DE JATAÍ (GO)
Authors: Ramos Rodrigues Vânia , De Oliveira Lima Laís Leni
Published: July 2017

Este trabalho é referente uma pesquisa de Mestrado em Educação, o qual, dentre os principais objetivos, tem-se: entender como se tem pensado a constituição do trabalho de professoras para atuar na educação infantil em escolas rurais do município de Jataí (GO). Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa trabalhamos com levantamento bibliográfico, documental e entrevistas com pessoas em experiências práticas com o problema pesquisado, ou seja, diretoras, professoras e coordenadoras das escolas, por meio de questionários fechados e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. O método científico o qual tem alicerçado esta pesquisa é o materialismo histórico dialético. Nesta perspectiva, entendemos a possibilidade de apreensão do objeto em sua natureza específica, de outro modo estaria encoberto pelo véu das aparências, alienação. Para tanto, embasaremos nosso estudo em aportes teóricos, como: Arce (2004); Arroyo (2007); Marx (1978); Mészáros (2008); dentre outros estudiosos. Dentre os resultados levantados, tem-se: o trabalho que se realiza na em escolas rurais do município de Jataí (GO) não condiz, na maioria dos aspectos, com as propostas definidas pelos Indicadores da Qualidade na Educação Infantil (BRASIL, 2009), dentre elas, estrutura e espaço físico adequado ao atendimento de crianças até 5 anos de idade comprometendo, desse modo, ao desenvolvimento pleno da criança.
Epilogue
Authors: Corzine Nathan Michael
Published: July 2017

This epilogue reflects on the history of drug and alcohol abuse in baseball, first by recounting the story of Seattle Mariners shortstop Alex Rodriguez. Known as A-Rod, Rodriguez has become the most recognizable face in baseball with regards to the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs)—possibly in all of sports. In the wake of the Mitchell Report findings, Rodriguez adamantly proclaimed his innocence when he was connected with PED use, later admitted that he lied about his past drug abuses, and then doubled down on the denials when indicted yet again, this time for transgressions related to the 2013 doping scandal involving Biogenesis of America. On January 11, 2014, Rodriguez, after a lengthy period of arbitration, was formally suspended for 162 games—at that point the longest non-lifetime suspension in Major League Baseball (MLB) history. This epilogue considers some of the reasons why people are so bothered by the use of PEDs in baseball and suggests that drug use in baseball could be ascribed as a direct corollary to the American obsession with winning.
Does a one hour educational class improve compliance of chlorhexidine gluconate baths prior to operation?
Authors: Levieddin Joseph I. , Chen Kevin K. , Kim Kelvin , Schwarzkopf Ran
Published: July 2017

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) continue to be a major contributor to morbidity and mortality post-operatively. One of the treatments used to prevent such infections is chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) baths prior to surgery. An obstacle to using CHG as a pre operative preventative measure to infection has been the low patient compliance rates. Our study aimed to analyze whether an educational class explaining the proper usage of CHG prior to the surgery date will improve patient compliance.Methods: We evaluated two different groups. One group consisted of patients who were scheduled for total joint arthroplasty (TJA) and attended an educational class in addition to receiving the standard preoperative protocol explaining the proper application of CHG. A second group consisted of subjects undergoing any other type of surgery but was not offered the additional educational class.Results: Subjects undergoing TJA had a higher compliance rate than all other surgeries (95.8% and 77.8% respectively; p < .001). Interestingly, throughout time, the effectiveness of the educational class to improve compliance also improved (from 90.9% in the first month to 100% in the final month; p < .001).Discussion: The addition of an educational class to the standard preoperative educational protocol significantly improved patient compliance to the preoperative application of CHG in TJA Patients, and increasingly so overtime. This suggests the importance of proper patient education in the prevention of costly comorbidities such as infection.Conclusions: The use of instructional classes may be useful for improving compliance to patient protocols prior to undergoing surgery. Further research is needed to fully assess the benefits of educational classes and their correlation to patient compliance.
Voter policy emphasis and party electoral manifestos: Assessing parties’ reflections of voter policy shifts in the 2010 and 2013 Czech parliamentary elections
Authors: Homolková Lenka
Published: July 2017

The party manifesto is a crucial document identifying a party’s ideological position.  Measuring the response of political party manifestos to both the mean voter as well as party constituency positions remains extensively difficult given the lack of available data, but also the complex political realities and factors which the parties must take into consideration e.g. the economy, globalization, the demands of the market, and pressure from rival parties.  In spite of these complexities, this article analyses the extent to which political parties reflect voter policy emphasis in their political manifestos. Through the content analysis of electoral manifestos the article determines the policy positions of Czech political parties during the 2010 and 2013 elections to the Lower House of the Parliament. Identifying also key voter policy preferences the article looks into the possible congruence between shifts in voter emphasis and changes in party electoral manifestos. Employing an approach not yet fully applied in academic research, the article examines shifts within ideological space, while focusing also on specific key policy areas. It concludes that in the short term – from the 2010 to 2013 parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic - political parties responded to shifts in voter policy emphasis in just one quarter of cases. The responsiveness differed significantly from one party to another.
Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Ectophasiopsis Townsend, 1915 (Diptera: Tachinidae: Phasiinae)
Authors: Dios Rodrigo de V.P. , Nihei Silvio S.
Published: July 2017

The monotypic Neotropical genus Ectophasiopsis Townsend, 1915 (Diptera, Tachinidae, Phasiinae) is revised, with the addition of two species (one new and another transferred species), and a redefinition of the genus, accompanied by photographs and drawings of specimens and male terminalia. A new combination is proposed, Ectophasiopsis gradata (Wiedemann, 1830) comb. nov., previously Trichopoda Berthold, 1827, and a new species Ectophasiopsis ypiranga sp. nov. is described. A key for the genera of the “Trichopoda typica” subgroup sensu Sabrosky (1950), as well as a key to species of Ectophasiopsis is given. The geographical range of the genus and the host list are updated.
Types of Hospital Waste and Waste Generation Rate in Different Hospitals of Faisalabad City, Pakistan
Authors: Kashif Hameed  , Omar Riaz  , Muhammad Nasar u Minallah  , Huma Munawar
Published: July 2017

Hospital waste has been one of the major problems in underdeveloped and developing countries in recent times. The present study is an attempt to analyze hospital waste generation of Faisalabad city. Forty four hospitals were selected out of which five were public, two were semi-government, six were trust and thirty one were private hospitals with a minimum capacity of ten beds. It was very difficult to acquire exact data related to the waste generated by hospitals as these health care centers were not following the international standards to handle waste generation. The primary data were collected through questionnaire, formal and informal meetings, interviews with the hospital staff and through personal observations. The secondary data were collected from the office of the Executive District Officer Health and Environment Protection | department, Faisalabad. Data analysis showed that about 7646 kg/day waste was generated by these hospitals out of which 6529 kg (85.40%) was non-infectious and 1117 kg (14.60%) was infectious waste. The government hospitals’ waste generation rate was 1.51 kg/bed/day, semi government 1.49 kg/bed/day, trust hospitals rate was 1.29 kg/bed/day and private hospitals 0.99 kg/bed/day. The overall waste generation rate of the hospitals of the study area was 1.28 kg/bed/day. It was recommended that the hospital staff must be trained to handle hospital waste so that the garbage should not create problems to human health.
El Teide en la obra de Olivia Stone: el paisaje como recurso turístico
Authors: Beltrán Yanes Esther
Published: July 2017

El interés por los originales paisajes canarios, con su mejor representación en el Teide, será una de las motivaciones destacadas del despegue turístico del archipiélago a finales del XIX. A partir del acercamiento a la cultura de la alta sociedad británica que inspiraba sus viajes de placer, con un significativo número de turistas durante esos años, y el estudio del libro de viaje de Olivia Stone (1887), se identificarán las claves que confirman dicha hipótesis y que reafirman la viabilidad del concepto del paisaje como recurso turístico en una nueva etapa madura del turismo en Canarias.
Instrumentos turísticos de cooperación público-privada en tiempos de crisis: motor de competitividad o especie amenazada?
Authors: Perles Ribes José Francisco , Ramón-Rodríguez Ana Belén
Published: July 2017

La colaboración público-privada se prescribe como elemento fundamental en el proceso de articulación de clusters y en el diseño de una política de promoción de la competitividad turística. Esta política de promoción competitiva se antoja especialmente necesaria en periodos de crisis y depresión económica, pues configuran escenarios de incertidumbre en los que la racionalización de los recursos público-privados y las soluciones creativas podrían sentar las bases del éxito post-crisis. Sin embargo, la subsistencia y viabilidad de los instrumentos de cooperación público-privada pueden verse comprometidos por algunas de las medidas anti-crisis ejercidas a distintos niveles institucionales, afectando al ritmo de recuperación de los destinos turísticos. Este artículo analiza la experiencia del Consorcio Calpe Tourism, un instrumento de cooperación público-privada puesto en marcha en Calpe –un destino turístico de la Costa Blanca– durante la última crisis económica global. La principal conclusión obtenida es que las recientes medidas en materia de estabilidad presupuestaria y racionalidad organizativa implementadas por la Administración dificultan la creación y el funcionamiento de los instrumentos de cooperación público-privada en turismo, precisamente en aquellos momentos en los que la misma podría ser más necesaria.
On veut travailler ensemble, mais c’est difficile. Obstacles organisationnels et sociaux au travail collectif en enseignement d’un métier à prédominance masculine en formation professionnelle au secondaire au Québec1
Authors: Riel Jessica , Chatigny Céline , Messing Karen
Published: July 2017

Cet article rend compte du travail collectif en enseignement d’un métier à prédominance masculine en formation professionnelle au secondaire au Québec et des obstacles à sa réalisation. S’inscrivant dans le paradigme interprétatif, cette recherche exploratoire s’appuie sur le modèle de la situation de travail centré sur la personne en activité et vise à suggérer des transformations du travail qui amélioreraient la santé et le bien-être des enseignantes. Un cadre méthodologique qualitatif a été privilégié. Des entretiens et des observations ont été réalisés auprès de 12 enseignantes aux profils diversifiés. L’analyse des résultats révèle que le travail collectif implique diverses formes d’interactions (entraide, collaboration et coopération) qui permettent aux enseignant.e.s de s’intégrer, de développer de nouvelles compétences et de réguler la charge de travail. Ce travail collectif est toutefois compromis par des facteurs organisationnels et sociaux dont certains touchent l’ensemble des enseignant.e.s, alors que d’autres sont spécifiques aux femmes.
#ForgiveUsForWeHaveSinned: Conceptual integration theory and political Internet humour
Authors: Delibegovic Dzanic Nihada , Berberovic Sanja
Published: July 2017

The aim of the paper is to uncover the extent to which different forms of political Internet humour can criticise current political affairs in a developing democracy such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. Specifically, applying a cognitive linguistic theory of meaning construction, namely conceptual integration theory, the paper analyses the construction of meaning of humorous Internet forms, such as memes, demotivational posters, hashtag posts, and memetic photographs, representing innovative ways of providing political commentaries on current political affairs. The meaning of political humour is constructed in conceptual blending as a basic cognitive mechanism. As it is claimed (Coulson & Pascual 2006, Coulson & Oakley 2006, Coulson 2006, Oakley & Coulson 2008) that blending can be used as a rhetorical tool influencing the audience to change the reality and even act upon it, the analysis of the construction of meaning of political humour as products of conceptual integration can reveal hidden ideologies in political discourse.
School and the value of knowledge: Transformations in Belarusian jokes about education
Authors: Fiadotava Anastasiya
Published: July 2017

Over the past century Belarus has experienced a dramatic increase in educational level. Obtaining secondary education is now considered normal, getting a university degree is prestigious. However, such an attitude is relatively new to Belarusian society. Joke texts that date back to the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century indicate that formal education was widely considered useless, as it did not equip children with skills they needed in real life. Formal education was often contrasted with learning necessary skills at home, invariably in favour of the latter. In the Soviet era, formal education was made compulsory and suddenly became an integral part of people’s lives, but it still lacked a link with children’s future careers. Parents could not always appreciate the benefits of education, but had to send their children to school anyway.  The clash between the “old” attitude and the “new” reality produced jokes. Jokes that have emerged in the post-Soviet era reflect the omnipresence of education in contemporary Belarusian society. Some school jokes point to a greater understanding of the value of knowledge in modern children―yet it is often not the formal knowledge they are expected to get in school. Overall, school in jokes has become a setting where issues prominent in society at large come to the fore, even if this goes against the will of the educators.
Commentary piece: Sociocultural characteristics of Montenegrins – the negative message in positive jokes
Authors: Koncewicz-Dziduch Edyta
Published: July 2017

Ethnic jokes are a form of comical narration extremely widespread throughout the social life of various nations. They generally centre on neighbouring nations and reveal a positive assessment of one's own ethnic group, usually negatively evaluating other nations. The subject of the analysis is jokes about Montenegrins, who are known in the Balkans for their laziness and slow lifestyle. However, they are able to transform this unfair stereotype into an advantage, a cultural identifier, which is reflected in popular culture, numerous jokes and tourist promotion of the country.
Razanandrongobe sakalavae,a gigantic mesoeucrocodylian from the Middle Jurassic of Madagascar, is the oldest known notosuchian
Authors: Dal Sasso Cristiano , Pasini Giovanni , Fleury Guillaume , Maganuco Simone
Published: July 2017

Razanandrongobe sakalavaeMaganuco, Dal Sasso & Pasini, 2006 is a large predatory archosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of the Mahajanga Basin, NW Madagascar. It was diagnosed on the basis of teeth and a fragmentary maxilla, but its affinities were uncertain. Here we describe new cranial remains (above all, an almost complete right premaxilla and a caudally incomplete left dentary) that greatly improve our knowledge on this enigmatic species and reveal its anatomy to be crocodylomorph. The right premaxilla indicates that the rostrum was deep, wide, and not pointed; it bears five teeth that are sub-vertical and just slightly curved lingually; the mesial teeth are U-shaped in cross-section and have serrated carinae on the lingual side; theaperturae nasi osseae(external bony nares) are confluent and face rostrally; and there is no lateral groove at the premaxillomaxillary suture for reception of a hypertrophied lower caniniform tooth. The preserved portion of the left dentary has an edentulous tip and bears eight large mandibular teeth of which the mesial (1–3) are the largest, but none is a hypertrophied caniniform tooth; the mandibular (dentary) symphysis extends caudally to the level of the third tooth; the splenial is not preserved, but its sutural marks on the dentary indicate that it contributed to the mandibular symphysis for at least 20% of the symphyseal length in dorsal aspect. On the basis of this new data, some previously uncertain features of the holotype maxilla—such as the margin of the suborbital fenestra, the contact surfaces for the palatine, the ectopterygoid, and the jugal—are now apparent. Testing of the phylogenetic position of the species within Crocodylomorpha indicates thatR. sakalavaeis a mesoeucrocodylian. It also represents one of the earliest events of exacerbated increase in body size along the evolutionary history of the group. In addition, it is by far the oldest notosuchian. A cranial reconstruction of this gigantic predator is also attempted here. The very robust jaw bones ofR. sakalavae, coupled with its peculiar dentition, strongly suggest a diet that included hard tissue such as bone and tendon.
Bioinformatory‐assisted analysis of next‐generation sequencing data for precision medicine in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Malgerud Linnéa , Lindberg Johan , Wirta Valtteri , Gustafsson‐Liljefors Maria , Karimi Masoud , Moro Carlos Fernández , Stecker Katrin , Picker Alexander , Huelsewig Carolin , Stein Martin , Bohnert Regina , Del Chiaro Marco , Haas Stephan L. , Heuchel Rainer L. , Permert Johan , Maeurer Markus J. , Brock Stephan , Verbeke Caroline S. , Engstrand Lars , Jackson David B. , Grönberg Henrik , Löhr Johannes‐Matthias
Published: July 2017

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a tumor with an extremely poor prognosis, predominantly as a result of chemotherapy resistance and numerous somatic mutations. Consequently, PDAC is a prime candidate for the use of sequencing to identify causative mutations, facilitating subsequent administration of targeted therapy. In a feasibility study, we retrospectively assessed the therapeutic recommendations of a novel, evidence‐based software that analyzes next‐generation sequencing (NGS) data using a large panel of pharmacogenomic biomarkers for efficacy and toxicity. Tissue from 14 patients with PDAC was sequenced using NGS with a 620 gene panel. FASTQ files were fed into treatmentmap. The results were compared with chemotherapy in the patients, including all side effects. No changes in therapy were made. Known driver mutations for PDAC were confirmed (e.g. KRAS, TP53). Software analysis revealed positive biomarkers for predicted effective and ineffective treatments in all patients. At least one biomarker associated with increased toxicity could be detected in all patients. Patients had been receiving one of the currently approved chemotherapy agents. In two patients, toxicity could have been correctly predicted by the software analysis. The results suggest that NGS, in combination with an evidence‐based software, could be conducted within a 2‐week period, thus being feasible for clinical routine. Therapy recommendations were principally off‐label use. Based on the predominant KRAS mutations, other drugs were predicted to be ineffective. The pharmacogenomic biomarkers indicative of increased toxicity could be retrospectively linked to reported negative side effects in the respective patients. Finally, the occurrence of somatic and germline mutations in cancer syndrome‐associated genes is noteworthy, despite a high frequency of these particular variants in the background population. These results suggest software‐analysis of NGS data provides evidence‐based information on effective, ineffective and toxic drugs, potentially forming the basis for precision cancer medicine in PDAC.
GAS6‐expressing and self‐sustaining cancer cells in 3D spheroids activate the PDK‐RSK‐mTOR pathway for survival and drug resistance
Authors: Baumann Christine , Ullrich Axel , Torka Robert
Published: July 2017

AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibition presents a promising therapeutic strategy for aggressive tumor subtypes, as AXL signaling is upregulated in many cancers resistant to first‐line treatments. Furthermore, the AXL ligand growth arrest‐specific gene 6 (GAS6) has recently been linked to cancer drug resistance. Here, we established that challenging conditions, such as serum deprivation, divide AXL‐overexpressing tumor cell lines into non‐self‐sustaining and self‐sustaining subtypes in 3D spheroid culture. Self‐sustaining cells are characterized by excessive GAS6 secretion and TAM‐PDK‐RSK‐mTOR pathway activation. In 3D spheroid culture, the activation of the TAM‐PDK‐RSK‐mTOR pathway proves crucial following treatment with AXL/MET inhibitor BMS777607, when the self‐sustaining tumor cells react with TAM‐RSK hyperactivation and enhanced SRC‐AKT‐mTOR signaling. Thus, bidirectional activated mTOR leads to enhanced proliferation and counteracts the drug effect. mTOR activation is accompanied by an enhanced AXL expression and hyperphosphorylation following 24 h of treatment with BMS777607. Therefore, we elucidate a double role of AXL that can be assigned to RSK‐mTOR as well as SRC‐AKT‐mTOR pathway activation, specifically through AXL Y779 phosphorylation. This phosphosite fuels the resistance mechanism in 3D spheroids, alongside further SRC‐dependent EGFR Y1173 and/or MET Y1349 phosphorylation which is defined by the cell‐specific addiction. In conclusion, self‐sustenance in cancer cells is based on a signaling synergy, individually balanced between GAS6 TAM‐dependent PDK‐RSK‐mTOR survival pathway and the AXLY779/EGFR/MET‐driven SRC‐mTOR pathway.
Narrative
Authors: Abbott H. Porter
Published: July 2017

For the question “What is a narrative?” the commonest response is “a story,” and for narrative in general, “the telling of stories.” But the subject is more complicated than this. Story is indeed essential to narrative and is generally understood as having the core properties of an event or events, proceeding chronologically in time, and being conveyed through some medium. But almost immediately differences of opinion arise regarding the first of these core properties. For some scholars only one event, however meager (“The gourd bounced off the wall”), is needed to qualify as a story. It extends the concept of story to almost any instance of discourse involving a verb of action, but at the cost of including many that would not earn the status of a “story” as the word is commonly used. Its advantage is that it identifies a specific cognitive giftthe ability to represent events in timewithout which there would be no stories at all, much less narratives.
Peptide‐Based Nanostructured Materials with Intrinsic Proapoptotic Activities in CXCR4+ Solid Tumors
Authors: Serna Naroa , Céspedes María Virtudes , Sánchez‐García Laura , Unzueta Ugutz , Sala Rita , Sánchez‐Chardi Alejandro , Cortés Francisco , Ferrer‐Miralles Neus , Mangues Ramón , Vázquez Esther , Villaverde Antonio
Published: July 2017

Protein materials are gaining interest in nanomedicine because of the unique combination of regulatable function and structure. A main application of protein nanoparticles is as vehicles for cell‐targeted drug delivery in the form of nanoconjugates, in which a conventional or innovative drug is associated to a carrier protein. Here, a new nanomedical approach based on self‐assembling protein nanoparticles is developed in which a chemically homogeneous protein material acts, simultaneously, as vehicle and drug. For that, three proapoptotic peptidic factors are engineered to self‐assemble as protein‐only, fully stable nanoparticles that escape renal clearance, for the multivalent display of a CXCR4 ligand and the intracellular delivery into CXCR4+ colorectal cancer models. These materials, produced and purified in a single step from bacterial cells, show an excellent biodistribution upon systemic administration and local antitumoral effects. The design and generation of intrinsically therapeutic protein‐based materials offer unexpected opportunities in targeted drug delivery based on fully biocompatible, tailor‐made constructs.
Fabrication of Thermally Stable Silver–Organic Complex (TS‐SOC) Based Conductible Filament Materials for 3D Printing
Authors: Kim Tae Yun , Kim Sang Il , Park Jong‐Jin
Published: July 2017

Conductive 3D printing has the potential to easily customize parts in the electronics manufacturing industry, by minimizing the contents of conductive fillers. Here, 3D printable filament material with less than 3 wt% of preconductive fillers by forming silver–organic complex (SOC) is achieved. Thermally stable (TS)‐SOC with chelating agents is constructed, and thermal degradation is minimized to 0.91 wt%, even at high temperature under extrusion and 3D printing by the cage effect. In addition, a compact extruder, which has a short (3 cm) heating period, is directly designed, and applied to TS‐SOC‐based filament fabrication to minimize thermal degradation. Also, silver nanoparticles (SNPs) (diameter = 70–90 nm) are uniformly formed by dechelating and chemical reduction of the surface, and form dense conductive percolation networks. Finally, not only are electrical characteristics of a maximum 55.71 S cm−1 obtained, but the intrinsic short‐circuits from nozzle clogging problems of conventional conductive filament could be overcome.