bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMMUNISATION PATTERNS IN AUSTRALIA: THE PRESENT SITUATION AND SUGGESTED FUTURE STRATEGIES
Authors: Radford Anthony J.
Published: August 2010

The dramatic reduction in the morbidity and mortality rates for the common preventable infections, which are usually seen in children, and for which preventive immunisation is available, has lulled the public and the medical profession into a false sense of security. Whilst rates of immunisation with triple antigen and polio vaccines for urban populations are approaching adequacy to prevent epidemics, considerable numbers of individuals and groups of migrants, lower socio‐economic and rural people are inadequately protected. Measles, rubella and tetanus immunisation is markedly deficient throughout Australia. The methods for recording immunisation and the quality of information which parents and professionals hold are also inadequate. This paper reviews immunisation status in Australia, discusses socio‐economic, cultural, educational, professional, and political factors, and also suggests strategies for raising the current immunisation status.
A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND HEALTH SYSTEMS
Authors: Tatchell Michael
Published: August 2010

In both New Zealand and Australia the 1970s was a period of rapid escalation in health costs, and modest increases in utilisation, set against a background, particularly in the later years, of economic downturn and restrictions in government spending. As a consequence total expenditure on health care, as a proportion of gross domestic product, continued to rise throughout the decade, reaching 6.7 percent in New Zealand and 7.9 per cent in Australia by 1979. Much of this difference can be explained, statistically, by the higher level of national income per capita in Australia ‐ the contrasting systems of financing and provision appear to be less significant. Other related explanatory factors include differences in the proportion of the labour force employed in the health sector; in the number of general practitioners per head of population; and in the rates of utilisation of both personal and hospital services.
THE TONGA CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC STUDY: DESIGN, DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS AND MEDICAL FINDINGS
Authors: Finau Sitaleki A. , Stanhope John M. , Prior Ian A. M. , Joseph Jill G. , Puloka Sioeli Tili , Leslie Peter N.
Published: August 2010

In 1973 a population‐based study was conducted in Nuku'alofa (the more Westernised and urban capital) and Foa Island (a more traditional and rural area), Kingdom of Tonga. Demographic data revealed no significant age, sex and racial differences between the two samples; differences in religion, marital status and occupation are discussed.

Alcohol was consumed only in Nuku'alofa, but the prevalence of tobacco and kava use was higher in Foa. Serum Uric Acid and the urinary sodium: potassium ratio are higher in Nuku'alofa among both sexes. Fasting plasma glucose and serum triglycerides were higher among male urban dwellers; however, serum cholesterol was higher in female rural residents.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, rheumatic and congenital heart disease showed no urban‐rural gradient. However, hypertension was significantly more common in Nuku'alofa (10.4 per cent) than Foa (6.1 per cent). Tinea in both sexes and filariasis in men was more common in Foa.

These results, while not conclusive, are suggestive of certain consequences of the manifest differences in the degree of westernisation between urban and rural Tonga. Both scientific and practical planning issues raised by these findings are discussed.
ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR OF JUNIOR HOSPITAL DOCTORS IN INITIATING BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE AMONGST HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS
Authors: Radford A.J. , Rohan T. , Litt J.C.B. , Wald S.S.
Published: August 2010

This study addresses the attitudes and behaviours of junior hospital doctors regarding the smoking, alcohol consumption and weight levels of their patients. A survey was made of the case notes of one hundred consecutive general medical, surgical and gynaecological patients and fifty consecutive obstetric patients from a public hospital, where medical records are set out in a problem oriented fashion. Amongst the general patients, one third of the casenotes lacked any record of smoking habit (the proportion was one tenth for obstetric patients) and none included any action in the management plan of those who smoked. Similarly, less than a half of the general patients (and one‐tenth of obstetric patients) had any record of alcohol consumption made and for none was it quantified. Of general patients, only five of fifteen obese patients had their obesity level recorded and for only two was it problem tested. For only one was there any evidence of any action being recommended. The pattern was similar with obstetric patients.

Discussion centres around the knowledge of junior hospital doctors concerning programmes available which are directed at behavioural change, their level of success, and the reasons given for failing to record or take positive action with respect to these three areas for which primary prevention may be effective. Attention is also directed to strategies for improving the situation which it is believed remains a general feature of hospital practice in Australia.
WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A STUDY OF CONGENITAL LIMB ANOMALIES
Authors: Kricker Anne , McCredie Janet , Elliott Jane , Forrest Jill
Published: August 2010

Suspected environmental risk factors for congenital limb anomalies include pesticide exposure to a woman at home or in the workplace. To examine the relationship between congenital limb defect in the infant and pesticide exposure in pregnancy, data on exposure of 155 mothers of limb deficient children born between 1970 and 1981, and 274 matched normal controls, were compared. Case mothers and their matched controls were divided into two groups, those who reported a pesticide exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy and those who did not. The exposure was placed in one of three categories, dependent on proximity of the mother to the source, and the circumstances surrounding use. Statistical analysis indicated a significant association of congenital limb defects with pesticides. A greater risk was associated with exposures to which the woman was in close proximity. When a woman was exposed more than once, there was an increase in risk of limb defect in the child.
TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL‐BASED TO COMMUNITY‐BASED DENTAL SERVICES
Authors: Spencer A. J. , Brown D. F.
Published: August 2010

Discontinuance in seeking dental care has been reported in the transition from school‐based to community‐based dental services at the beginning of adolescence. It has been speculated that users of school‐based dental services may develop an institutional orientation rather than a self‐reliance in seeking dental care. The present study investigated the transition from school‐based to community‐based dental services by adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old. The probability of having visited a dental provider in the previous 12 months was not associated with previous enrolment in school‐based dental services. Discontinuance in seeking dental care was best explained by socio‐demographic and dental system variables linked to use of community‐based dental services. The implications were that the solutions to discontinuance in seeking dental care lie with the identification of important factors in adolescents' use of community‐based dental services.
COSTING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA, BASED ON INCIDENCE RATHER THAN PREVALENCE METHODS
Authors: Goldstein G. , Reznik R. , Lapsley H. , Cass Y.
Published: August 2010

Estimating the economic costs of a disease is an important prerequisite to determining the costs and benefits of various preventive programs. For preventive programs, incidence‐based costing is a more appropriate means of estimation than is prevalence‐based costing. In this study the cost of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in New South Wales has been estimated using an incidence‐based approach. The calculated cost of AMI in 1979 was $301.0 million, made up of $32.3 million as direct costs and $268.7 million as indirect costs. In a sensitivity analysis, the cost was shown to be most sensitive to the incidence of AMI, the discount rate, and the assumption of a wage for housework. Both the direct costs and indirect costs per case are substantially higher in the United States than in Australia, and this reflects higher physician charges, higher hospital costs, and in the case of indirect costs, higher average weekly earnings.
MOTHERING DESKILLED? AUSTRALIAN CHILDREARING AND THE ‘EXPERTS’
Authors: Reiger Kerreen
Published: August 2010

A redefinition of family relationships in increasingly psychological terms has been an important development in industrial capitalist societies since the nineteenth century. This paper explores the role of professional ‘experts’, especially doctors, psychologists, kindergarteners and the like, in changing patterns of childrearing and possibly increasing stress on parents. The implications for women have been considerable. As mothers, they have borne the brunt of the professionals' advice, but they have also entered the professions and formed lay groups concerned with particular aspects of childbearing and rearing. The paper discusses the theoretical significance of these developments in terms of understanding the role of the professional middle class in social change.
MEASURING OUTCOMES OF HEALTH SERVICES: A REVIEW OF SOME AVAILABLE MEASURES
Authors: Hall Jane , Masters Gregory
Published: August 2010

There are few comparative reviews to guide the choice of a health status measure. The appropriate measure in any study depends on the health outcome being considered. Outside of the context of a study the only criteria on which an instrument can be judged as ‘good’ or ‘poor’ are validity and reliability. Other characteristics which should be considered in choosing a measure of health status are: purpose; conceptual focus; operational approach; sensitivity; utility weighting; and amenability to quantitative manipulation.
STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH: THE NATIONAL COMMUNITY HEALTH ACCREDITATION AND STANDARDS PROJECT
Authors: Fry Denise , King Lesley
Published: August 2010

The National Community Health Accreditation and Standards Project (CHASP) has developed and tested a set of standards and a review process for community health that can be used in different States of Australia. The CHASP model was designed to provide an effective method of evaluation and quality assurance, that could assist in narrowing the gap between community health rhetoric and reality. The CHASP standards system and review process can be used as guidelines for relating goals to practice, as an evaluation method, to inform policy and as the instruments for a national accreditation system for community health. This paper describes the Project's goals, methods, fieldwork and conclusions.
WOMEN'S PERCEPTIONS OF FEMALE GENERAL PRACTITIONERS
Authors: Schlicht Susan M. , Dunt David R.
Published: August 2010

A telephone survey of 250 women, selected at random from the Melbourne telephone directory, was conducted to ascertain perceptions about female general practitioners (GP) by female patients. The three most important factors in choosing a new GP were recommendation, distance and ease of obtaining an appointment. The sex of the GP was only an important factor for a small group of the respondents. The preference for a female doctor was higher if a gynaecological examination or discussion of emotional/personal problems were involved. A majority of respondents perceived no difference in a number of professional attributes. of female and male GPs. Preference (or lack of it) for sex of a new GP was strongly related to sex of current GP. These results reveal a much more favourable disposition by female patients towards female GPs than has been earlier reported. They indicate that the increasing numbers of female GPs in the medical workforce are unlikely to experience any obstacle to their full participation in it arising from the perceptions of their female patients.
PROGRAM EVALUATION AND SERVICE MONITORING IN VICTORIAN COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRES
Authors: Blacker Vivian A. , McLennan James P.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports a survey of program evaluation and service monitoring activity in 49 Victorian community health centres. Centres generally have not made evaluation and monitoring an important part of their operations despite the rhetoric of health services policy makers and administrators. Reasons for this include a lack of staff in centres who are trained in evaluation methods; the reluctance of centre staff to divert time and resources from service provision to evaluation; and insufficient assistance to centres from the Health Commission of Victoria.

“The assumptions that operating a service is equivalent to rendering service and that both are equivalent to rendering quality service are no longer being honoured as inherently valid.”1
COMPARISON OF DATA PROCESS OPERATORS WITH AND WITHOUT UPPER LIMB SYMPTOMS
Authors: Ryan G. Anthony , Bampton Margo
Published: August 2010

A prevalence survey, using medical interview and examination, ergonomic assessment and questionnaire, identified musculoskeletal symptoms in 143 data process operators (DPOs), in four data entry sections. Over 50 per cent of DPOs experienced symptoms at least three or more times per week. A characteristic clinical picture was described, in each of the shoulder‐neck and lower arm areas. Scores on an upper limb symptom scale for each area were added, a group with the highest scores were designated cases (n = 41) and a comparison group was selected from those with the lowest scores (n = 28). The two groups were compared for a large number of personal, training, environmental, work organization, postural, and job demand variables. Statistically significant differences were found in two work organization variables, three job demand variables, three posture variables, an index of discomfort from glare, the General Health Questionnaire, and five dimensions of the Work Environment Scale. We concluded that musculo‐skeletal symptoms have a multifactorial aetiology, related to postural factors, perceived job demand and the social climate of the work place.
PERSUADING PARLIAMENTARIANS: ADVOCACY AND LOBBYING ON ALCOHOL‐RELATED ISSUES
Authors: Stewart Liz , Casswell Sally
Published: August 2010

In New Zealand informing Members of Parliament about alcohol‐related issues assumes some importance for various groups because legislative decisions may be made by conscience votes and not necessarily along party lines. Written material on alcohol‐related issues sent to a New Zealand backbench Member of Parliament over the period June 1983 to June 1986 was forwarded to the Alcohol Research Unit. As expected, two major interest sectors were identified as sending material: organizations with a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in the sale of alcohol, and organizations with a primary focus on the treatment or reduction of alcohol‐related problems. The material was examined in terms of its themes and strategies of presentation. The vested‐interest sector was identified as having more potential policy influence through written material than the alcohol‐problem groups. Factors which affect the capacity of the interest groups to undertake effective lobbying or advocacy, and the implications for decision‐making on health‐related policies, are discussed.
EVALUATION OF “YOUR PREGNANCY” ‐ A NEW ZEALAND HEALTH INFORMATION BOOKLET FOR PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Durham Gillian
Published: August 2010

“Your Pregnancy” is a health information booklet distributed to all pregnant women in New Zealand free of charge. Evaluation of the accessibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of the booklet was undertaken. Two groups of women were surveyed 4 ‐ 5 months after their first babies were born. The first group of women (n=281) was surveyed before the booklet was introduced and the second group (n=267) after its distribution. The overall response rate was 79 per cent. Accessibility of the booklet was assessed from the survey of the second group of women. The majority of women received the booklet eventually, but only 62 per cent in the first trimester. Of those women who received the booklet, 73 per cent passed it on to others. Evaluation of the bookletd's acceptability was undertaken by calling for submissions from professional and lay groups (n=41) on all aspects of the booklet and from analysis of responses to the second survey. The booklet was generally acceptable to women and health professionals. Effectiveness of the booklet was gauged by comparing the two groups of women on the extent to which their needs for information had been met, the ease with which they could question others about their pregnancy, locus of control, self‐care and self‐knowledge. The only variable which showed a change between the two surveys was an improvement in the extent to which women's needs for information had been met.
OBSTETRIC RISKS AND OUTCOMES: BIRTH CENTRE COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONAL LABOUR WARD
Authors: Linder‐Pelz S. , Webster M.A. , Martins J. , Greenwell J.
Published: August 2010

Birth centres in Australia provide an option for women and their professional advisors when choosing the setting for childbirth. It is important that empirical information about the risks is available to enable informed decisions to be made. The purpose of this study was to compare the obstetric outcomes for women admitted to the Birth Centre at Royal Hospital for Women in Sydney with outcomes for women admitted to the conventional labour ward, controlling for prenatal and intrapartum risk. The findings indicate that, with the existing back‐up provided by the conventional service, the outcomes for women admitted to the Birth Centre were at least as good as those of the other women. The study also shows that there are differences between the two settings in the management of the intrapartum period. The rate of intervention is substantially higher for women admitted to the Labour Ward, after risk is taken into consideration. The evaluation indicates that the Birth Centre offers a viable choice for women with relatively low obstetric risk.
IS PROBABILITY SAMPLING ALWAYS BETTER? A COMPARISON OF RESULTS FROM A QUOTA AND A PROBABILITY SAMPLE SURVEY
Authors: Cumming Robert Graham
Published: August 2010

Two surveys in the same defined population in Sydney's western suburbs in 1986 and 1987 provided the opportunity to compare results obtained from a quota and a probability sample survey. These surveys were designed to provide information for the planning of local health promotion programs. The quota sample survey was conducted in shopping centres and used quota sampling to select 1727 respondents. In the second survey, area probability sampling was used to select 484 respondents. This survey had a response rate of 65 per cent. There were 15 questions common to both surveys; results of only three differed significantly (p<0.05) between surveys. None of these differences was important from a public health perspective.

The agreement between the results of these two surveys probably reflects the fact that the same selection bias has operated in both. Unless a very high response rate can be achieved, quota sample surveys with age and sex quota controls may be an acceptable alternative to probability sample surveys for gathering local data relevant to the development of health programs.
On Two Skeletons of Dicynodontia from Sinkiang*
Authors: Young C. C.
Published: August 2010

Since the details of the Theromorpha‐bearing beds of Sinkiang have as yet not been fully outlined, we feel that it is too early to draw any reliable stratigraphical and palæontological conclusions now, but we mention the wealth of the fauna. The two specimens here described are all well preserved and nearly complete. According to the information supplied by Yuan, there are still a considerable number of boxes unpacked. We hope to find more interesting finds so as to obtain a general view of the fauna in Sinkiang.

Palæontologically speaking, the genera of the fauna so far recognized are Dicynodon, Lystrosaurus and Chasmatosaurus (a Pelcosimia) (to be described in the near future). No Cynodontia or other interesting forms are recorded. This strongly suggests that, as in the Karroo formation, Dicynodon and Lystrosaurus also represent the most common and widely distributed animals among the other Theromorphan reptiles in Sinkiang.

As far as the known forms in Sinkiang are concerned, no remarkable anatomical characters are found. All three genera are known in S. Africa. It therefore seems, that either a land connection between both existed or that the conditions between both during the Permo‐Triassic time were extremely similar.
On the Discovery ofBothriolepisin the Devonian of Central Hunan*
Authors: CHI Y. S.
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new species of Antiarchi,Bothriolepis sinensisChi (sp. Nov.), was discovered from the Upper (?) Devonian purple shale of Nanmuchung, near Tiaomachien, southeast of the city of Changsha in central Hunan. Besides a detailed palæontological description of the fish, discussions on its stratigraphical position, and on the age of the fossil plants collected from beds eight meters below theBothriolepis‐bed are given. This is the first Devonian Antiarch definitely recorded from the continent of Asia (videP.S. on p.71).
The Planning Process: Lessons of the Past and a Model for the Future
Authors: Bromley Ray
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Development planning, as practised over the last 25 years, has been technocratic, politically isolated and naive. Planners have entered a blind alley, described as ‘narrow‐planning’, where professionalisation and division of labour have led to a concentration on documents rather than real‐world changes. Narrow‐planning is contrasted with ‘broad‐planning’, where data collection, the consultation of relevant interest groups, forecasting, the definition of objectives, plan construction, authorisation, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation, are linked, providing a model of a continuous, integrated planning process. The preconditions for the success of this model are discussed, and it is emphasised that planning is essentially a political process.

RESUME Le processus de planification: leçons du passé et modele pour I'avenir.

La planification du développement, telle que pratiquée au cours des 25 dernières années, a été technocratique, isolée politiquement et naïive. Les planificateurs se sont engagés dans une impasse, qualifiée de “planification étroite”, où la professionalisation et la division du travail a résulté en une concentration sur les documents plutôt que sur les changements du monde concret. A cette forme de planification étroite, l'auteur oppose une “planification large”, où le rassemblement des données, la consultation des groupes d'intérêt appropriés, les prévisions, la définition des objectifs, la mise au point des projets, l'autorisation, la mise en oeuvre, le contrôle et l'évaluation sont des activités liées les unes aux autres, fournissant le modèle d'un processus de planification continu et intégré. L'auteur examine les conditions préalables nécessaires au succès de ce modèle, en soulignant que la planification est essentiellement un processus politique.

RESUMEN El Proceso de Planif icación: Las lecciones del pasado y un modelo para el futuro

La planificación del desarrollo, según se ha venido practicando durante los ultimos 25 años, ha sido tecnocrático, políticamente aislado y ingenuo. Los planificadores han entrado en un callejón sin salida, que se conoce como “planificación estrecha”, en que el profesionalismo y la división de trabajos han resultado en una acumulación de documentos, pero sin producir cambios reales y prácticos. Se compara la “planificación estrecha” con la “planificación amplia”, en que van unidas la recopilación de datos, la consultación con los diferentes grupos afectados, previsión, la defición de objetivos, la formulación de planes, autorización, implementación, control y evaluación, resultando en un modelo de planificación integrada y continua. Se comenta sobre las condiciones previas para que este modelo resulte un éxito, y se hace hincapié para que la planificación sea básicamente un proceso político.
Scholars and Preachers
Authors: Dore Ronald
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

If it is naive to think that scholarly analysis of policy means can be easily divorced from evaluative preaching about its ends, it is sloppy not even to try to make the distinction. But few people in the development field do. As a new version of the concern with poverty and distribution, ‘basic needs strategy’ seems to carry the confusion of analysis and preaching even further, and to be neither as explicit, as imbued with an awareness of long‐term growth problems, nor even as effective an aid‐stimulator as earlier versions. Its production has more to do with the institutional imperative of international. organisations than with anything else.

RESUMEN

Teóricos y evangelizadores

Si revela una cierta candidez el pensar que se puede divorciar fácilmente el análisis teórico de los medios políticos de la mentalización para la puesta en práctica de sus fines, resulta no menos engañoso el abstenerse de hacer esta distinción. Distinción que muy pocas personas hacen en el campo del desarrollo. Como nueva versión de la preocupación por los problemas de la pobreza y de la distribución, “la estrategia de las necesidades básicas” parece Ilevar la confusión entre análisis y mentalización todavía más lejos, además de no ser un estimulante a la ayuda ni tan explícito, por carecer de la conciencia sobre problemas de crecimiento a largo plazo, ni tan eficaz como otras versiones anteriores. Su presentación se debe más a imperativos institucionales de organizaciones internacionales que a cualquier otro tipo de cosas.

RESUME

Science et prosélytisme

S'il est naif de penser que l'analyse savante des moyens politiques peut être facilement séparée de la prédication estimative concernant ses fins, il est peu sérieux de ne pas essayer de faire la distinction. Mais peu de gens dans le domaine du développement le font. En tant que nouvelle version du problème de la pauvreté et de la distribution, la “stratégie des besoins fondamentaux” semble accroitre encore la confuson qui existe entre analyse et prosélytisme et n'être ni aussi explicite, ni aussi consciente des problèmes de développementà long terme, ni même aussi efficace en tant que stimulateur d'assistance que les versions précédentes. La production a plus à voir avec l'impératif institutionnel des organisations internationales qu'avec toute autre chose.
The Informal Sector and the World Economy: Notes on the Structure of Subsidised Labour
Authors: Portes Alejandro
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The informal sector in Third World cities was initially identified as the mechanism by which the poor managed to survive under adverse conditions. Subsequent studies showed how interdependent informal activities were with those in the formal sector. Most studies interpreted this as evidence of the dependent and interstitial character of the informal economy. This paper argues that, from the point of view of structural arrangements, the opposite is more accurate. The informal sector provides a subsidy to formal sector consumption and cheapens labour costs directly when used in a ‘contract’ capacity by formal enterprises.

RESUMEN

El sector informal y la economia mundial : anotaciones en torno a la estructura de la mano de obra subvencionada

El sector informal de las ciudades del tercer mundo se identifico en un principio como el mecanismo por el que lo pobre conseguían sobrevivir en condiciones adversas. Estudios posteriores mostraron la gran interdependencia entre las actividades informales y las del sector formal. Casi todos los estudios interpretaron este fenómeno como una prueba del carácter estrechamente dependiente de la economía informal. Este artículo se propone probar que, desde el punto de los elementos estructurales, lo contrario es más exacto. El sector informal ofrece una subvención al consumo del sector formal y abarata directamente los costes de la mano de obra cuando ésta se utiliza en una capacidad de “contrato” por parte de las empresas formales.

RESUME

Le secteur non‐officiel et l'économie mondiale: remarques sur la structure de la main‐d'oeuvre subventionnée

Le secteur non officiel dans les villes du Tiers Monde était identifié initialement comme le mécanisme par lequel les pauvres parviennent à survivre dans des conditions adverses. Par la suite, des études ont montré comment des activités non officielles étaient inter‐dépendantes avec celles du secteur officiel. La plupart des études interprétaient ceci comme l'évidence du caractère dépendant et interstitiel de l'économie non officielle. L'auteur affirme que, du point de vue des arrangements structurels, le contraire est plus exact. Le secteur non officiel fournit une subvention à la consommation du secteur officiel et abaisse le coût de la main‐d'oeuvre directement lorsque des entreprises formelles y ont recours pour des travaux à facon.
‘The Integration of Women into the Development Process’: Some Conceptual Problems*
Authors: Roberts Pepe
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY An account of the author's experience with Animation Féminine programmes in Niger, and how the concept of integration was applied and developed. It is argued that an imperfect understanding of household and gender relations obscured both women's subordinate position and their real needs. Inputs designed for women were often simply taken over by men, while the notion that the benefits of development could be redistributed through participation in the market ignored the fact that the bulk of women's labour was already committed to unpaid household production.

RESUMEN La integración de las mujeres en el proceso de desarrollo: algunos problemas conceptuales

Una relación de la experiencia del autor con programas de Animación femenina en el Niacute;ger, y la manera en que se aplicó y desarrolló el concepto de la integración. Se alega que una comprensión imperfecta de las relaciones familiares y entre los géneros oscureció tanto la posición subordinada de las mujeres como sus necesidades auténticas. Con frecuencia, los hombres se aprovecharon de oportunidades concebidas para las mujeres, en tanto la noción de que las ventajas de desarrollo podrían redistribuirse mediante la participación en el mercado ignoraba el hecho de que la mayoría de la mano de obra femenina ya estaba comprometida en la producción familiar sin remuneración.

RÉSUMÉ ‘L'intégration de la femme dans le processus du développement’: des problèmes d'ordre conceptuel

Récit de l'expérience, vécue par l'auteur, de programmes d'animation féminine au Niger, avec une explication de la façon dont le concept de l'intégration a été appliqué et développé. La thèse de l'auteur est qu'une mauvaise compréhension des rapports dans le ménage et entre les genres a conduit à une méconnaissance de la position subordonnée de la femme et aussi de ses besoins réels.

Dans bien des cas, des apports s'adressant aux femmes étaient tout simplement repris par les hommes; par ailleurs, la notion de redistribution des produits du développement par le biais de la participation de la femme au marché ne tenait aucun compte du fait que la majeure partie du travail féminin se trouvait déjà engagée dans la production ménagère non rémunérée.
The Quality of Education in Rural Ghana and Mexico
Authors: Brooke Nigel
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Studies in six Ghanaian and four Mexican rural schools tried to assess whether the anxiety for entry to modern sector jobs distorted teaching and learning in classrooms. The conclusion was that such anxiety is indeed one factor which diverts attention and effort from the official aims of education. But it is only one. Even where the anxiety does not exist strongly, the values of teachers can lead to the neglect of pedagogical objectives. Social class relationships can also determine whether or not children are sent to school mainly to qualify for the modern sector or simply to learn enough to function better as adults in a relatively unfriendly society.

RESUMEN La calidad de la educación en el ambiente rural de Ghana y México

Los estudios realizados en seis escuelas rurales de Ghana y cuatro en México trataron de calcular si el deseo vehemente de admisión en los trabajos del sector moderno afectaba a la enseñanza en las aulas, tanto para los maestros como los alumnos. Se llegó a la conclusión de que dicho deseo era efectivamente un factor que distraía la atención y el esfuerzo de los objetivos oficiales de la educación, pero no era más que un factor. Incluso cuando este deseo no era demasiado fuerte, los valores atribuidos por los maestros pueden conducir a que se descuiden los objetivos pedagógicos. Las relaciones entre las clases sociales también pueden determinar si se envían o no a los niños a la escuela principalmente para obtener calificaciones destinadas al sector moderno o simplemente para aprender lo suficiente para funcionar mejor como adultos en una sociedad relativamente hostil.

RESUME Qualité de l'enseignement dans les régions rurales du Ghana et du Mexique

Des études réalisées dans six écoles rurales du Ghana et quatre écoles rurales du Mexique ont essayé de déterminer si le désir d'obtenir des emplois dans le secteur moderne ne déformait pas l'enseignement dans la salle de classe. Un tel désir est en effet un facteur qui détourne l'attention et les efforts des objectifs officiels de l'enseignement. Mais ce n'est qu'un facteur. Même lorsque ce désir n'est pas particulièrement vif, les idées personnelles des professeurs peuvent détourner des objectifs pédagogiques. Les rapports des classes sociales peuvent aussi déterminer si les enfants sont envoyés à l'école pour se préparer en vue du secteur moderne ou simplement pour apprendre suffisamment pour mieux fonctionner en tant qu'adultes dans une société plutôt hostile.
Botswana's Monetary Independence – Real or Imagined?
Authors: Harvey Charles
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY For 10 years after political independence Botswana used South African currency, and was subject to South African policy on exchange rates, interest rates and exchange controls, despite diverging national interests. In 1976 Botswana created a central bank and issued its own currency. Monetary independence, although not freeing Botswana from many forms of dependence on South Africa, has enabled the government to revalue the currency, establish its own pattern of interest rates and exchange controls, and build up new financial expertise in the Bank of Botswana.

RÉSUMÉ L'indépendance monétaire du Botswana – Réelle ou imaginaire?

Pendant les dix années qui ont suivi l'indépendance politique, le Botswana a continué d'utiliser la monnaie sud africaine et a été soumis à la politique sud africaine sur les taux de change, les taux d'intérêt et les contrôles des changes, en dépit d'intérêts nationaux divergeants. En 1976 le Botswana a créé une banque centrale et a émis sa propre monnaie. L'indépendance monétaire, sans libérer le Botswana de plusieurs formes de dépendance vis‐à‐vis de l'Afrique du Sud, a permis au gouvernement de revaloriser sa monnaie, d'établir son propre système de taux d'intérêt et de contrôle des changes, et d'acquérir une nouvelle expérience financière dans la Banque du Botswana

RESUMEN La independencia monetaria de Botswana: ¿real o imaginaria?

Durante diez años después de la independencia política, Botswana utilizó 1a moneda sudafricana y estuvo sujeta a la política sudafricana sobre tipos de cambio, tipos de interés y controles de cambio, a pesar de los divergentes intereses nacionales. En 1 976, Botswana creó un banco central y emitió su propia moneda. La independencia monetaria, aunque no ha liberado a Botswana de numerosas formas de dependencia en Sudáfrica, ha permitido al gobierno revaluar la moneda, establecer su propia modalidad de tipos de interés y controles de cambio y crear una neuva pericia financiere en el Banco de Botswana.
Post‐harvest Technology and the Reduction of Hunger
Authors: Lipton Michael
Published: August 2010

RESUMEN La tecnología post‐cosecha y la reducción del hambre

La sabiduría convencional nos dice que los sistemas post‐cosecha tradicionales al nivel de los agricultores son la causa de fuertes pérdidas de alimentos (30‐50 por ciento) y que la modernización técnica, al reducir estas pérdidas, podría lograr una gran reducción del hambre. La evidencia de las investigaciones recientes en el campo refuta esta teoría, demostrando que los sistemas tradicionales son a menudo más eficaces que los modernos; aún cuando resulte rentable la moderna tecnología post‐cosecha intensiva en capital, desplaza mucha mano de obra y empeora por tanto el estado nutricional de la gente pobre.

SUMMARY Conventional wisdom tells us that traditional farm‐level post‐harvest systems are the cause of substantial (30‐50 per cent) food losses and that modernising technical change, by reducing these losses, could effect a major reduction in hunger. Evidence from recent field research disproves this by showing that traditional systems are often more efficient than modern ones; even where modern capital‐intensive post‐harvest technology is profitable, it is highly labour‐displacing, thereby worsening the nutritional status of poor people.

RÉSUMÉ La technologie post‐récolte et la réduction de la faim

La sagesse habituelle nous indique que les systèmes traditionnels après récolte au niveau des exploitations agricoles constituent la cause de pertes substantielles d'aliments (de 30 à 50 pour cent) et que des modifications techniques modernisantes, par la réduction de ces pertes, pourraient effectuer des réductions substantielles de la faim. L'évidence fournie par la recherche récente sur les lieux réfute une telle assertion en indiquant que les systèmes traditionnels sont souvent plus efficaces que les modernes; même là où la technologie post‐récolte moderne à coefficient de capital élevé se révèle bénéficiaire, elle entraîne de forts mouvements de main‐d'oeuvre, en aggravant ainsi la situation nutritionnelle des couches pauvres.
Harvest and Post‐harvest Issues in Farming Systems Research
Authors: Maxwell Simon
Published: August 2010

RESUMENLos temas de la cosecha y post‐cosecha en la investigaciön de sistemas agricoles

La creciente literatura sobre la investigación de sistemas agricolas presta poca atención al sistema de cosecha y post‐cosecha (SCPC), Y aún así el SCPC es probable que sea central en cualquier programa de investigación de sistemas agrícolas, tanto por ser prioritario de por sí como por los efectos que tendrán en el SCPC tradicional los cambios tecnológicos en otras partes del sistema agricola. El argumento se ilustra con un caso estudiado en Santa Cruz, Bolivia, examinándose asimismo las implicaciones para la organización de la investigación de sistemas agricolas.

SUMMARYThe growing literature on farming systems research pays little attention to the harvest and post‐harvest system (HPHS). Yet the HPHS is likely to be central to any programme of farming systems research both because it is a priority on its own account and because technology changes in other parts of the farm system disturb the traditional HPHS. The argument is illustrated by a case study from Santa Cruz, Bolivia and the implications for the organisation of farming systems research are examined.

RÉSUMÉQuestions de récoltes et post‐récoltes dans la recherche des systèmes agricoles

La littérature grossisante sur les recherches des systèmes agricoles ne prête que peu d'attention au système récolte et post‐récolte (SRPR). II est cependant très possible que le SRPR soit au coeur même de tout programme de recherche des systèmes agricoles tant parce que c'est en lui‐même une priorité de recherche que parce que les modifications de la technologie dans d'autres parties du système agricole troublent le SRPR traditionnel. Le point est illustré par une étude individuelle de Santa Cruz, en Bolivie, et les implications pour l'organisation de la recherche des systèmes d'exploitation agricole sont examinées.
Agricultural Crises in sub‐Saharan Africa: Capitalism and Transitions to Socialism
Authors: Green Reginald Herbold
Published: August 2010

Summary Growth in agricultural output in sub‐Saharan Africa was unsatisfactory regionally and in most countries during the 1970s. Production capacity in many cases was not the central factor in that performance. Neither capitalist nor attempted traditional socialist transformations were notably successful, but certain elements which might constitute a basis for socialist agricultural transitions in Africa showed more promise.

Resumen Crisis agricola en el Africa sub‐Sahariana: capitalismo y transiciones al socialismo

El incremento de la producción agricola en el Africa sub‐Sahariana resultó insatisfactorio durante la década de los años 70 tanto a nivel regional como en la mayoria de los paises. La capacidad de producción no fue, en muchos casos, el factor central de tal resultado. Ni las transformaciones capitalistes ni las intentadas transformaciones social‐istas tradicionales resultaron de éxito destacado, pero ciertos elementos que pudieren constituir cierta base para transiciones agrícolas socialistas en Africa, resultaron más prometedores.

Résumé La crise agricole des pays de l'Afrique sous‐saharienne: capitalisme et transitions vers le socialisme

La croissance de la production agricole dans les pays de l'Afrique sous‐saharienne fut insatisfaisante régionalement et dans la plupart des pays dans les années 1970. La capacité de production, dans la plupart des cas, n'était pas le facteur central de ces performances. Ni des transformations capitalistes, ni des essais de transformations socialistes traditionnelles n'ont particulièrement bien réussi mais certains éléments, qui pourraient constituer une base pour les transitions agricoles socialistes en Afrique, ont indiqué de meilleures espérances.
Better Health than Health Care: moving up, down and out
Authors: Kadt Emanuel de
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Promoting health is still widely equated with merely building up the health care system. Health services in Idcs, based on originally imported models, continue above all to benefit the elites, although the PHC approach emphasises equity. This article discusses three mechanisms, widely encouraged in theory but much less put into practice, which could help overcome such distortions: community participation, decentralisation and intersectoral collaboration.

RESUMEN Preferible salud que atención de salud. Impulsar la participación comunitaria, la descentralización y la colaboración intersectorial

La promoción de salud aún es ampliamente considerada como equivalente de la creación de un sistema de atención de salud. Los servicios de salud en los países en desarrollo, continúan privilegiando a las elites, pese a que el enfoque de la atención primaria de salud enfatiza la igualdad. Este artículo examina tres mecanismos — en teoría muy estimulados, pero escasamente puestos en práctica — que podrían contribuir a superar tales distorsiones: participación de la comunidad, descentralización y colaboración intersectorial.

RESUMES Mieux vaut avoir la santé que se soigner

La promotion de la santé n'est pas seulement une question de renforcer le système des soins médicaux. Les services médicaux dans les pays en voie de développement, basés sur des modèles d'origine importée, continuent, au dessus de tous, à faire bénéficier les élites, bien que l'assistance médicale primaire insiste sur l'équité. Cet article traite de trois mécanismes, largement encouragés en théorie, mais beaucoup moins essayés en pratique, qui pourraient aider à surmonter de telles distortions, à savoir — participation communautaire; décentralisation; collaboration intersectorale.
Health and Development: the Moral Imperative a personal statement
Authors: Lambo T. Adeoye
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Public and private health care markets exhibit the same defects: the ‘third party’ (the state or the insurer) pays, and neither the consumer nor the producer has much incentive to economise in the use of scarce resources. Unless these defects are remedied by managerial innovations and essential basic research, the inefficiency and cost inflation will continue.

RESUMEN Eficiencia en la atención de salud: un modelo de Mercado par alas economías desarrolladas

Los mercados público y privado de atención de salud, denotan los mismos defectos. La ‘tercera parte’ (el estado o el asegurador) paga y tanto el consumidor como el productor, carecen de incentivos suficientes para economizaren el uso de recursos escasos. La ineficiencia y la inflación de costos continuarán, a menos que estos defectos sean subsanados mediante innovaciones administrativas e investigaciones básicas esenciales.

RESUMES Efficacité de l'assistance médicale: un marché modèle pour le développement économique

Les marchés publics et privés d'assistance médicale montrent les mêmes défauts. Le tiers parti (l'état ou l'assureur) paye, et ni le consommateur, ni le producteur n'ont beaucoup d'encouragement pour économiser l'utilisation des matières rares. A moins que ces défauts soient remédiés par des innovations directoriales et d'essentielles recherches de base, l'inefficacité et la hausse des coûts inflationniste continueront.
The Chilean Experience with a National Formulary in the 1960s
Authors: Valdivieso Ramón
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The rationalisation of drug use and production in Chile started in the 1940s. However a coherent pharmaceutical policy, meant to counter the negative effects of the marketing policies of the private sector, emerged from the mid 1960s with the introduction of a national formulary, and the production of an increasing number of its items under generic names bya public sector pharmaceuticals company. The compulsory use of the formulary in the national health service led to important initial successes in reducing the country's drugs bill. More recently the policy has lost its impetus under the impact of the free market approach of the military regime.

RESUMEN La experiencia chilena con un formulario nacional en la décade de 1960

La racionalización en el uso y la producción de medicamentos en Chile, comenzó en la década de 1940. Sin embargo, sóloen la mitad de la década de 1960 emergió una política farmacéutica coherente que contrarrestó los efectos negativos de las políticas de mercado del sector privado, mediante la introducción de un formulario nacional y la producción de un creciente número de sus items, bajo nombres genéricos, por empresas farmacéuticas del sector público. El uso obligatorio del formulario en el servicio nacional de salud, produjo resultados iniciales importantes en la reducción del gasto del país en medicamentos. Esta política se ha debilitado recientemente bajo el impacto del enfoque de libre mercado instaurado por el régimen militar.

RESUMES L'expérience chilienne avec une formule nationale dans les années soixante

La rationalisation de l'utilisation de drogues et de leurs productions au Chili, démarre dans les années quarante. Cependant, une politique pharmaceutique cohérente, qui permette de contrer les effets négatifs des politiques de marché du secteur privé, emerge depuis le milieu des années soixante avec l'introduction d'une formule nationale et la production, en augmentation, d'un nombre d'articles sous des noms génériques par une des compagnies pharmaceutiques du secteur public. L'utilisation obligatoire de la formule nationale par le service de santé national constitua initialement un important succès économique pour le pays en raison de la diminution de ses frais en matière de drogues. Plus récemment cette politique a perdu de son impulsion sous l'impact du marché libre, favorisé par le régime militaire.