bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dorsal Spanning Plate for Perilunate Dislocations
Authors: Nguyen Duc M. , Boden Allison L. , Allen Megan K. , John Tamara , Knoll Greg M. , Dodds Seth D.
Published: May 2021

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare radiographic outcomes in patients treated with the traditional method of open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) and casting as compared with those treated with ORIF and dorsal spanning plate (DSP) fixation. We hypothesized that the application of a DSP to augment the repair of perilunate dislocations would maintain carpal stability while also allowing early loadbearing through the carpus.

Materials and Methods This is a retrospective radiographic review of patients with a perilunate dislocation, who were treated with ORIF and casting or ORIF with a dorsal spanning plate between 2012–2018. Scapholunate (SL) and lunotriquetral (LT) intervals were measured immediately after the index surgery and after scheduled hardware removal. A total of 28 patients met inclusion criteria, including 13 cases with traditional treatment and 15 cases with dorsal spanning plate fixation.

Results Comparison of the change in SL interval and LT interval between the 13 patients in the traditional treatment group and the 15 patients in the DSP group did not yield any clinically relevant variation after statistical analysis. Both groups demonstrated minimal change in the radiographic markers of carpal stability from postoperative radiographs obtained immediately after the index repair and after the removal of hardware.

Conclusion DSP fixation placed at the index surgery with early loadbearing for the treatment of perilunate dislocation is not inferior to the current mainstay of treatment consisting of cast immobilization without loadbearing and does not confer any increased carpal instability in comparison to ORIF and casting.
Determining safety thresholds in high-powered lasers
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: May 2021

Lasers are ubiquitous in modern applications, but as their power increases, so does their potential to damage human skin.
Heat capacity ratio in liquids at high pressure
Authors: Ayrinhac Simon
Published: May 2021

The heat capacity ratio or Laplace coefficient γ=Cp/CV is determined at high pressure and high temperature by a numerical procedure from sound velocity measurements for a dozen liquids, including alkali metals and iron. The obtained data provide insight into this quantity that is difficult to measure experimentally. In addition, an analytical expression of the heat capacity ratio as a function of pressure is proposed, based on reasonable assumptions. This expression can be used for interpolation, extrapolation at high pressure, or to easily convert isothermal quantities into adiabatic ones or inversely.
Determining 1D fast-ion velocity distribution functions from ion cyclotron emission data using deep neural networks
Authors: Schmidt B. S. , Salewski M. , Reman B. , Dendy R. O. , Moseev D. , Ochoukov R. , Fasoli A. , Baquero-Ruiz M. , Järleblad H.
Published: May 2021

The relationship between simulated ion cyclotron emission (ICE) signals s and the corresponding 1D velocity distribution function fv⊥ of the fast ions triggering the ICE is modeled using a two-layer deep neural network. The network architecture (number of layers and number of computational nodes in each layer) and hyperparameters (learning rate and number of learning iterations) are fine-tuned using a bottom-up approach based on cross-validation. Thus, the optimal mapping gs;θ of the neural network in terms of the number of nodes, the number of layers, and the values of the hyperparameters, where θ is the learned model parameters, is determined by comparing many different configurations of the network on the same training and test set and choosing the best one based on its average test error. The training and test sets are generated by computing random ICE velocity distribution functions f and their corresponding ICE signals s by modeling the relationship as the linear matrix equation Wf = s. The simulated ICE signals are modeled as edge ICE signals at LHD. The network predictions for f based on ICE signals s are on many simulated ICE signal examples closer to the true velocity distribution function than that obtained by 0th-order Tikhonov regularization, although there might be qualitative differences in which features one technique is better at predicting than the other. Additionally, the network computations are much faster. Adapted versions of the network can be applied to future experimental ICE data to infer fast-ion velocity distribution functions.
Three-dimensional diagnostics and measurements of inertial confinement fusion plasmas
Authors: Schlossberg D. J. , Bionta R. M. , Casey D. T. , Eckart M. J. , Fittinghoff D. N. , Geppert-Kleinrath V. , Grim G. P. , Hahn K. D. , Hartouni E. P. , Jeet J. , Kerr S. M. , Mackinnon A. J. , Moore A. S. , Volegov P. L.
Published: May 2021

Recent inertial confinement fusion measurements have highlighted the importance of 3D asymmetry effects on implosion performance. One prominent example is the bulk drift velocity of the deuterium–tritium plasma undergoing fusion (“hotspot”), vHS. Upgrades to the National Ignition Facility neutron time-of-flight diagnostics now provide vHS to better than 1 part in 104 and enable cross correlations with other measurements. This work presents the impact of vHS on the neutron yield, downscatter ratio, apparent ion temperature, electron temperature, and 2D x-ray emission. The necessary improvements to diagnostic suites to take these measurements are also detailed. The benefits of using cross-diagnostic analysis to test hotspot models and theory are discussed, and cross-shot trends are shown.
Enhancing visible-light transmittance while reducing phase transition temperature of VO2 by Hf–W co-doping
Authors: Wang Xinru , Chen Lufeng , Lu Hao , Fang Wenyu , Li Hao , Yin Weiling , Li Mingkai , Lu Yinmei , Li Pai , He Yunbin
Published: May 2021

In order to enhance the visible-light transmittance while reducing the insulator–metal transition (IMT) temperature, Hf–W co-doping is designed for modification of VO2. We grow high-quality HfxWyV1−x−yO2 (HfWVO2) alloy films on c-plane sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition, and test structural, electrical, and optical properties of the films by various techniques. The Hf–W co-doped VO2 films exhibit outstanding thermochromic performances with a high luminous transmittance up to 41.1%, a fairly good near-infrared modulation capacity of 13.1%, and a low phase transition temperature of 38.9 °C. The enhanced luminous transmittance along with reduced IMT temperature in HfWVO2 is attributed to the co-doping synergetic effect of Hf and W, which effectively improves the optical bandgap and donates extra electrons into the system, respectively, while largely retaining the near-infrared modulation capacity of VO2. Our work provides an effective strategy in tailoring VO2 toward practical smart-coating applications by Hf–W co-doping.
High-speed feedback control of an oscillating magnetic helicity injector using a graphics processing unit
Authors: Morgan K. D. , Hossack A. C. , Hansen C. J. , Nelson B. A. , Sutherland D. A.
Published: May 2021

A real-time control system has been developed to control the amplitude, phase, and offset of bulk plasma parameters inside an oscillating magnetic helicity injector. Control software running entirely on an Nvidia Tesla P40 graphical processing unit is able to receive digitizer inputs and send response patterns to a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controller with a minimum control loop period of 12.8 µs. With an input digitization rate of 10 MS/s, a three-parameter proportional integral differential controller is shown to be sufficient to inform the PWM controller to drive the desired oscillating plasma waveform with a frequency of 16.6 kHz that is located near the resonance of a coupled RLC circuit. In particular, the temporal phase of the injector waveform is held within 10° of the target value. Control is demonstrated over the toroidal modal structure of the imposed magnetic perturbations of the helicity injection system, allowing a new class of discharges to be studied.
Application concepts for ultrafast laser-induced skyrmion creation and annihilation
Authors: Gerlinger Kathinka , Pfau Bastian , Büttner Felix , Schneider Michael , Kern Lisa-Marie , Fuchs Josefin , Engel Dieter , Günther Christian M. , Huang Mantao , Lemesh Ivan , Caretta Lucas , Churikova Alexandra , Hessing Piet , Klose Christopher , Strüber Christian , Schmising Clemens von Korff , Huang Siying , Wittmann Angela , Litzius Kai , Metternich Daniel , Battistelli Riccardo , Bagschik Kai , Sadovnikov Alexandr , Beach Geoffrey S. D. , Eisebitt Stefan
Published: May 2021

Magnetic skyrmions can be created and annihilated in ferromagnetic multilayers using single femtosecond infrared laser pulses above a material-dependent fluence threshold. From the perspective of applications, optical control of skyrmions offers a route to a faster and, potentially, more energy-efficient new class of information-technology devices. Here, we investigate laser-induced skyrmion generation in two different materials, mapping out the dependence of the process on the applied field and the laser fluence. We observe that sample properties like strength of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and pinning do not considerably influence the initial step of optical creation. In contrast, the number of skyrmions created can be directly and robustly controlled via the applied field and the laser fluence. Based on our findings, we propose concepts for applications, such as all-optical writing and deletion, an ultrafast skyrmion reshuffling device for probabilistic computing, and a combined optical and spin–orbit torque-controlled racetrack.
Rotating magnetic dipole-driven flows in a conducting liquid cylinder
Authors: Grants Ilmārs
Published: May 2021

Four configurations of a rotating magnetic dipole-driven turbulent flow in an electrically conducting liquid cylinder are considered by spectral direct numerical simulation. These configurations differ by parallel or perpendicular orientation of the dipole rotation vector with respect to the nearest surface of the cylinder or its axis. The rotating dipole generates electromagnetic force in a thin outer liquid layer facing it. A concentrated vortex is driven when the dipole rotation vector is perpendicular to the nearest surface. This vortex closely resembles the rotating disk-driven flow. When the dipole rotation vector is parallel to the nearest surface, then a distributed vortex occurs akin of the translating wall-driven cavity flow. The characteristic velocity is comparably little influenced by dipole orientation despite the electromagnetic force magnitude varying by a factor of three. Perpendicular orientation of the magnetic dipole rotation vector with respect to the cylinder's axis causes secondary corner eddies increasing the overall turbulent fluctuation. The simulations are supplemented by an experiment featuring a deep and narrow funnel-shaped quasi-stationary free surface deformation above a concentrated vortex.
Experimental study of post-crack vibrations in dynamic fracture
Authors: Ronseaux Pauline , Madeira Florence , Mazen Fredéric , Landru Didier , Kononchuk Oleg , Tardif Samuel , Rieutord François
Published: May 2021

Vibrations induced by crack propagation in a strip of bonded silicon wafers are studied. A new optical setup enables the fast recording of crack-originated acoustic waves, emitted both ahead and behind the crack front, in bonded and separated wafers, respectively. Three types of crack-induced vibrations are identified, corresponding to different excitations and responses of the system: (1) “pneumatic” vibrations involving inertia and gas expansion/compression, (2) standard flexural waves involving inertia and bending rigidity, and (3) post-crack vibrations involving inertia, bending rigidity, and coupling to gas pressure. We show that a standard “beam on elastic foundation” model can explain these latter vibrations that occur along crack edges and is consistent with the observed frequencies.
Multimode two-dimensional vibronic spectroscopy. I. Orientational response and polarization-selectivity
Authors: Gaynor James D. , Weakly Robert B. , Khalil Munira
Published: May 2021

Two-dimensional Electronic–Vibrational (2D EV) spectroscopy and two-dimensional Vibrational–Electronic (2D VE) spectroscopy are among the newest additions to the coherent multidimensional spectroscopy toolbox, and they are directly sensitive to vibronic couplings. In this first of two papers, the complete orientational response functions are developed for a model system consisting of two coupled anharmonic oscillators and two electronic states in order to simulate polarization-selective 2D EV and 2D VE spectra with arbitrary combinations of linearly polarized electric fields. Here, we propose analytical methods to isolate desired signals within complicated spectra and to extract the relative orientation between vibrational and vibronic dipole moments of the model system using combinations of polarization-selective 2D EV and 2D VE spectral features. Time-dependent peak amplitudes of coherence peaks are also discussed as means for isolating desired signals within the time-domain. This paper serves as a field guide for using polarization-selective 2D EV and 2D VE spectroscopies to map coupled vibronic coordinates on the molecular frame.
Multimode two-dimensional vibronic spectroscopy. II. Simulating and extracting vibronic coupling parameters from polarization-selective spectra
Authors: Weakly Robert B. , Gaynor James D. , Khalil Munira
Published: May 2021

Experimental demonstrations of polarization-selection two-dimensional Vibrational-Electronic (2D VE) and 2D Electronic-Vibrational (2D EV) spectroscopies aim to map the magnitudes and spatial orientations of coupled electronic and vibrational coordinates in complex systems. The realization of that goal depends on our ability to connect spectroscopic observables with molecular structural parameters. In this paper, we use a model Hamiltonian consisting of two anharmonically coupled vibrational modes in electronic ground and excited states with linear and bilinear vibronic coupling terms to simulate polarization-selective 2D EV and 2D VE spectra. We discuss the relationships between the linear vibronic coupling and two-dimensional Huang–Rhys parameters and between the bilinear vibronic coupling term and Duschinsky mixing. We develop a description of the vibronic transition dipoles and explore how the Hamiltonian parameters and non-Condon effects impact their amplitudes and orientations. Using simulated polarization-selective 2D EV and 2D VE spectra, we show how 2D peak positions, amplitudes, and anisotropy can be used to measure parameters of the vibronic Hamiltonian and non-Condon effects. This paper, along with the first in the series, provides the reader with a detailed description of reading, simulating, and analyzing multimode, polarization-selective 2D EV and 2D VE spectra with an emphasis on extracting vibronic coupling parameters from complex spectra.
In situ neutron scattering studies of a liquid–liquid phase transition in the supercooled liquid of a Zr–Cu–Al–Ag glass-forming alloy
Authors: Dong Weixia , Wu Zhenduo , Ge Jiacheng , Liu Sinan , Lan Si , Gilbert Elliot Paul , Ren Yang , Ma Dong , Wang Xun-Li
Published: May 2021

The presence of a liquid–liquid phase transition in the supercooled-liquid temperature range for a glass-forming Zr–Cu–Al–Ag alloy has been revealed using a suite of in situ neutron scattering techniques, including small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and total neutron scattering. The SANS data analysis is indicative of the enhancement of nanoscale structural heterogeneities prior to crystallization, which is further supported by the total scattering result that points to an increase in the degree of medium-range ordering during the transition. In addition, a calorimetric anomaly and abnormal thermal expansion behavior were also observed upon heating. As such, this study provides multiscale structural evidence on the liquid–liquid phase transition and helps to gain insight into its underlying mechanism in terms of cluster connectivity.
Approximate universality in the tunneling potential for curved field emitters—A line charge model approach
Authors: Ramachandran Rajasree , Biswas Debabrata
Published: May 2021

Field emission tips with an apex radius of curvature below 100 nm are not adequately described by the standard theoretical models based on the Fowler–Nordheim and Murphy–Good formalisms. This is due to the breakdown of the “constant electric field” assumption within the tunneling region leading to substantial errors in current predictions. A uniformly applicable curvature-corrected field emission theory requires that the tunneling potential is approximately universal irrespective of the emitter shape. Using the line charge model, it is established analytically that smooth generic emitter tips approximately follow this universal trend when the anode is far away. This is verified using COMSOL for various emitter shapes including the locally non-parabolic “hemisphere on a cylindrical post.” It is also found numerically that the curvature-corrected tunneling potential provides an adequate approximation when the anode is in close proximity as well as in the presence of other emitters.
Shear layer synchronization of aerodynamically isolated opposite cavities due to acoustic resonance excitation
Authors: Abdelmwgoud Moamenbellah , Shaaban Mahmoud , Mohany Atef
Published: May 2021

Flow over rectangular cavities can become unstable and excite the acoustic modes of the surrounding duct, resulting in severe noise and vibration. In this work, acoustic resonance excitation by two opposite and aerodynamically isolated rectangular cavities is experimentally and numerically investigated to identify the effect of the flow-acoustic coupling on the synchronization of shear layer instabilities. Compressible unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation is used to model the self-excitation of resonance and characterize the fully coupled flow and acoustic fields. Moreover, the location and the strength of the acoustic sources and sinks are evaluated using Howe's integral formulation of the aerodynamic sound. It is revealed that double symmetric cavities generate a higher rate of acoustic energy transfer due to the synchronization of the shear layer instabilities over the two cavities in an antisymmetric pattern, leading to a stronger acoustic resonance than all other cases. On the other hand, the two shear layers over two opposite cavities with different aspect ratios were mismatched in phase and vortex convection velocity. As a result, the net energy transfer in an asymmetric cavity configuration occurred at a similar rate to a single rectangular cavity, driving a weaker acoustic resonance excitation.
Reduced dislocation growth leads to long lifetime InAs quantum dot lasers on silicon at high temperatures
Authors: Selvidge Jennifer , Hughes Eamonn T. , Norman Justin C. , Shang Chen , Kennedy M. J. , Dumont Mario , Netherton Andrew M. , Zhang Zeyu , Herrick Robert W. , Bowers John E. , Mukherjee Kunal
Published: May 2021

We describe the effectiveness of filter layers, which displace misfit dislocation (MD) formation away from the active region, in improving high temperature reliability of epitaxially integrated InAs quantum dot lasers on on-axis silicon substrates. We find that inserting these “trapping layer (TL)” filters at either 80 nm or 180 nm from the active region substantially reduces device degradation at 60 °C. After 3000 h of continuous operation, the best trapping-layer-free device shows a 55% increase in threshold current while the best trapping layer (TL) devices each show less than a 9% increase. We explain these findings by correlating changes in individual device performance to changes in misfit dislocation (MD) structure. All MDs in devices without TLs show evidence of recombination enhanced dislocation climb (REDC); in contrast, adding trapping layers at 180 nm or 80 nm reduces the fraction of electrically active MDs to 9% and 1%, respectively. Reliability data after 3000 hours suggest that incorporating trapping layers a shorter distance from the active region (80 nm) is more effective than incorporating these layers further away. We conclude by identifying the mutually and self-reinforcing failure processes associated with REDC that TLs significantly remediate: increasing dislocation line length, increasing point defect densities, and increasing junction temperature. Overall, understanding and controlling crystal defects continues to be the most impactful avenue toward integrating light sources on photonic integrated circuits and closing the gap with native-substrate lasers.
Breakthrough instruments and products PhotoSonus M+ laser for photoacoustic imaging
Authors: Juronis Aldas , Jašinskas Mantvydas
Published: May 2021

This report highlights PhotoSonus M+, a tunable wavelength laser system recently introduced and developed specifically for photoacoustic imaging applications, where the highest imaging depth and resolution are required.
An investigation of interventions associated with improved cattle and buffalo reproductive performance and farmer knowledge on smallholder farms in Lao PDR
Authors: Olmo L. , Young J. R. , Nampanya S. , MacPhillamy I. B. , Khounsy S. , Thomson P. C. , Windsor P. A. , Bush R. D.
Published: May 2021

Context Smallholder beef farming in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos) is constrained by poor reproductive performance, contributing to regional food insecurity. To address this, interventions were promoted in some rural communities by extension services to enhance cattle and buffalo nutrition, health, and reproductive husbandry. Aims This study assessed the impacts of these interventions on cattle and buffalo reproductive performance. Methods Knowledge, attitude and practice surveys were conducted on smallholder beef farmers in 2015 (n = 637) and 2018 (n = 226). With written records lacking on these farms, the survey relied on farmer recall of the number of calves born in the previous 12 months and the number of female cows (>12 months of age) present. The rate of these, calves/female cows, was used as an indicator of reproductive performance. Key results This proportion was higher in 2018 at a predicted mean 0.27 calves/cow compared with 2015 at 0.21 calves/cow (P < 0.001), suggesting a beneficial effect of interventions over time. Specifically, reproductive performance improved with increasing land dedicated to forages (P < 0.001) and increased farmer market-orientation (P = 0.006). Farmers who believed that selling sick large ruminants stopped the spread of disease had enhanced reproductive performance (P = 0.008). Although the practice of culling animals of low reproductive performance is desirable, in countries where foot-and-mouth disease is endemic, it is important to discourage practices that increase infectious disease transmission risk. Conclusion As reproductive knowledge interventions were not associated with reproductive performance, introducing interventions such as castration and weaning to consolidate reproductive knowledge is recommended as well as addressing challenges that limit forage adoption; and debunking misconceptions on effectiveness of biosecurity. Implications The use of evidence-based research helps inform the selection of interventions required to best enhance reproductive efficiency, potentially leading to improved reproductive performance of smallholder large ruminant systems in Laos and beyond.
Analysis of bacterial community in rumen fluid of cattle supplemented with different protein and energy sources
Authors: Ngu Nguyen Trong , Anh Luu Huynh , Nhan Nguyen Thi Hong , Van Hon Nguyen , Thiet Nguyen , Liang Juan Boo , Hung Lam Thai , Xuan Nguyen Hong , Chen Wei Li , Lan Ly Thi Thu
Published: May 2021

Context Source and composition of feed influence rumen microbial community, which determines efficiency of feed digestion and thus productivity in ruminants. Therefore, changes in the structure, function and diversity of the rumen microbial populations in response to changes in diet provide an understanding in the rumen fermentation process. Aims The present study, consisting of two experiments, was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing different protein and energy sources on the rumen bacterial community in cattle. Methods The dietary treatments of the first experiment, which evaluated the effect of protein sources, were as follows: (i) Hymenachne acutigluma grass, rice straw and rice bran (1.5 kg/head.day; C1), (ii) C1 plus 120 g urea/head.day (C1 + U), (iii) C1 plus 720 g soybean/head.day (C1 + SM), and (iv) C1 plus 720 g of blood and feather meal (in 1:1 ratio)/head.day (C1 + BFM). The treatments in the second experiment were (i) Hymenachne acutigluma grass, rice straw and concentrate (1.5 kg/head.day; C2), (ii) C2 plus 250 g fish oil/head.day (C2 + FO) and (iii) C2 + 250 g soybean oil/head.day (C2 + SO). At the end of the 90-day feeding trial, rumen fluids were extracted for microbial DNA isolation to identify the microbe species by the polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis method and sequencing of the 16S rRNA region. Key results The sequences of some DNA bands were closely related to the bacteria strains of the Prevotella, Cytophaga, Capnocytophaga, Cyanobacterium, Catonella, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Propionivibrio, Galbibacter, Moorellaglycerin, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella alba groups, with similarity levels ranging from 73% to 96%. In addition, the Prevotella species was found in both the protein and the energy supplement trials, and irrespective of diet supplements, the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the prominent groups in the rumen. Conclusions Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the two dominant groups of rumen microflora, and Bacteroidia and Clostridia classes together with the Prevotella genus are predominant in the rumen irrespective of protein and energy sources. Implications Our findings provided evidence on the effect of diet on the interaction of rumen microbial community and have important implications in establishing optimal diets for cattle.
Aligning quantitative vegetation classification and landscape scale mapping: updating the classification approach of the Regional Ecosystem classification system used in Queensland
Authors: Addicott Eda , Neldner Victor John , Ryan Timothy
Published: May 2021

Vegetation classification systems form a base for conservation management and the ecological exploration of the patterns and drivers of species’ distributions. A standardised system crossing administrative and geographical boundaries is widely recognised as most useful for broad-scale management. The Queensland Government, recognising this, uses the Regional Ecosystem (RE) classification system and accompanying mapping as a state-wide standardised vegetation classification system. This system informs legislation and policy at local, state and national levels, underpinning decisions that have wide-ranging implications for biodiversity and people’s livelihoods. It therefore needs to be robust from a scientific and legal perspective. The current approach in the RE system for identifying vegetation communities relies on expert-based class definition procedures. This is in contrast to best practice, which is based on quantitative procedures. This paper discusses the RE system in a global context and outlines the updated approach that incorporates quantitative class definition procedures, synthesises the research behind the updated approach and discusses its implications and implementation.
Lack of reliable post-fire recovery mechanisms makes the iconic Tasmanian conifer
Authors: Bliss Aimee , Prior Lynda D. , Bowman David M. J. S.
Published: May 2021

Athrotaxis cupressoides is an iconic Tasmanian palaeoendemic conifer that is vulnerable to fire. A survey of three populations burnt by severe fire in 2016, conducted 1 year post-fire, found 33% of stems were still alive, with many surviving stems suffering some canopy scorch. We re-surveyed these populations to quantify delayed mortality, resprouting, and presence of juveniles, and to determine whether fire impacts can be reliably assessed after 1 year. We applied three measures of fire severity: canopy scorched, canopy consumed, and the minimum burnt twig diameter of neighbouring shrubs. We found overall stem survival in 2020 was 31%, and that 97% of stems that were dead 4 years post-fire had died within the first year. Our best predictor of stem mortality was percentage canopy scorched. Overall, 1.8% of burnt stems resprouted, but severely burnt stems did not resprout. Juveniles were present ~9.9% of burnt trees in 2017, and only 1.8% in 2020. We conclude that A. cupressoides stems are not unusually fire sensitive, but rather, that the species’ vulnerability to severe fire results from its lack of reliable recovery mechanisms. This study shows that fire-caused mortality can be reliably assessed 1 year post-fire, and possibly earlier. Interventions such as sowing seed or transplanting seedlings could be necessary to re-establish fire-killed populations.
A key requirement for synaptic Reelin signaling in ketamine-mediated behavioral and synaptic action
Authors: Kim Ji-Woon , Herz Joachim , Kavalali Ege T. , Monteggia Lisa M.
Published: May 2021

Significance

Ketamine exerts rapid antidepressant action in some patients with treatment-resistant depression. This study demonstrates that Reelin, its receptor apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (Apoer2), and downstream signaling via Src family kinases are required for ketamine-mediated behavioral changes and associated synaptic plasticity in the CA1 hippocampal region. Our findings suggest that a permissive role of Reelin-dependent synaptic signaling in regulating the basal activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may be essential for ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy.
LILRB4 suppresses immunity in solid tumors and is a potential target for immunotherapy
Authors: Sharma Naveen , Atolagbe Oluwatomisin T. , Ge Zhongqi , Allison James P.
Published: May 2021

Immune receptors expressed on TAMs are intriguing targets for tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we found inhibitory receptor LILRB4 on a variety of intratumoral immune cell types in murine tumor models and human cancers, most prominently on TAMs. LILRB4, known as gp49B in mice, is a LILRB family receptor. Human and murine LILRB4 have two extracellular domains but differ in the number of intracellular ITIMs (three versus two). We observed a high correlation in LILRB4 expression with other immune inhibitory receptors. After tumor challenge, LILRB4−/− mice and mice treated with anti-LILRB4 antibody showed reduced tumor burden and increased survival. LILRB4−/− genotype or LILRB4 blockade increased tumor immune infiltrates and the effector (Teff) to regulatory (Treg) T cell ratio and modulated phenotypes of TAMs toward less suppressive, CD4+ T cells to Th1 effector, and CD8+ T cells to less exhausted. These findings reveal that LILRB4 strongly suppresses tumor immunity in TME and that alleviating that suppression provides antitumor efficacy.
Emerging machine learning approaches to phenotyping cellular motility and morphodynamics
Authors: Choi Hee June , Wang Chuangqi , Pan Xiang , Jang Junbong , Cao Mengzhi , Brazzo Joseph A , Bae Yongho , Lee Kwonmoo
Published: May 2021

Cells respond heterogeneously to molecular and environmental perturbations. Phenotypic heterogeneity, wherein multiple phenotypes coexist in the same conditions, presents challenges when interpreting the observed heterogeneity. Advances in live cell microscopy allow researchers to acquire an unprecedented amount of live cell image data at high spatiotemporal resolutions. Phenotyping cellular dynamics, however, is a nontrivial task and requires machine learning (ML) approaches to discern phenotypic heterogeneity from live cell images. In recent years, ML has proven instrumental in biomedical research, allowing scientists to implement sophisticated computation in which computers learn and effectively perform specific analyses with minimal human instruction or intervention. In this review, we discuss how ML has been recently employed in the study of cell motility and morphodynamics to identify phenotypes from computer vision analysis. We focus on new approaches to extract and learn meaningful spatiotemporal features from complex live cell images for cellular and subcellular phenotyping.
On the estimate of music appraisal from surface EEG: a dynamic-network approach based on cross-sensor PAC measurements
Authors: Bakas Stylianos , Adamos Dimitrios A , Laskaris Nikolaos
Published: May 2021

Objective. The aesthetic evaluation of music is strongly dependent on the listener and reflects manifold brain processes that go well beyond the perception of incident sound. Being a high-level cognitive reaction, it is difficult to predict merely from the acoustic features of the audio signal and this poses serious challenges to contemporary music recommendation systems. We attempted to decode music appraisal from brain activity, recorded via wearable EEG, during music listening. Approach. To comply with the dynamic nature of music stimuli, cross-frequency coupling measurements were employed in a time-evolving manner to capture the evolving interactions between distinct brain-rhythms during music listening. Brain response to music was first represented as a continuous flow of functional couplings referring to both regional and inter-regional brain dynamics and then modelled as an ensemble of time-varying (sub)networks. Dynamic graph centrality measures were derived, next, as the final feature-engineering step and, lastly, a support-vector machine was trained to decode the subjective music appraisal. A carefully designed experimental paradigm provided the labeled brain signals. Main results. Using data from 20 subjects, dynamic programming to tailor the decoder to each subject individually and cross-validation, we demonstrated highly satisfactory performance (MAE= 0.948, R
2= 0.63) that can be attributed, mostly, to interactions of left frontal gamma rhythm. In addition, our music-appraisal decoder was also employed in a part of the DEAP dataset with similar success. Finally, even a generic version of the decoder (common for all subjects) was found to perform sufficiently. Significance. A novel brain signal decoding scheme was introduced and validated empirically on suitable experimental data. It requires simple operations and leaves room for real-time implementation. Both the code and the experimental data are publicly available.
First measurements with a NaI(Tl) crystal for the SABRE experiment
Authors: Mariani A. , Antonello M. , Barberio E. , Baroncelli T. , Benziger J. , Bignell L.J. , Bolognino I. , Calaprice F. , Copello S. , D’Angelo D. , D’Imperio G. , Dafinei I. , Di Carlo G. , Diemoz M. , Di Giacinto A. , Di Ludovico A. , Dix W. , Duffy A. R. , Hoppe E. , Ianni A. , Krishnan S. , Lane G.J. , Mahmood I. , McGee P. , Mould J. , Nuti F. , Orlandi D. , Pettinacci V. , Pietrofaccia L. , Rahatlou S. , Stuchbery A.E. , Suerfu B. , Tomei C. , Urquijo P. , Vignoli C. , Wada M. , Wallner A. , Williams A.G. , Zurowski M.
Published: May 2021

SABRE is a dark matter direct detection experiment aiming to measure the annual modulation of the dark matter interaction rate in NaI(Tl) crystals. SABRE focuses on the achievement of an ultra-low background rate operating high-purity NaI(Tl) crystals in a liquid scintillator veto for active background rejection. Moreover, twin experiments will be located in both Northern and Southern hemispheres (Italy and Australia) to disentangle any possible contribution from seasonal or site-related effects.

In this article the results of the first measurements with a NaI(Tl) crystal for the SABRE experiment performed at LNGS are presented.
Constructing a background model for DAMIC CCDs
Authors: Baxter Daniel
Published: May 2021

The DAMIC Collaboration uses fully-depleted silicon charge-coupled devices to search for low mass dark matter particles. We present a new analysis of backgrounds in the DAMIC at SNOLAB detector, which is used to construct a background model for an ongoing WIMP search analysis. The formation of this background model reveals new radioactive background components, the presence of which has since been experimentally confirmed. This background model additionally informs how best to proceed in meeting the lower background constraints of the DAMIC-M detector.
The SABRE Proof of Principle
Authors: Copello Simone , Antonello M. , Barberio E. , Baroncelli T. , Benziger J. , Bignell L.J. , Bolognino I. , Calaprice F. , Copello S. , D’Angelo D. , D’Imperio G. , Dafinei I. , Di Carlo G. , Diemoz M. , Di Giacinto A. , Di Ludovico A. , Dix W. , Duffy A. R. , Hoppe E. , Ianni A. , Krishnan S. , Lane G.J. , Mahmood I. , McGee P. , Mould J. , Nuti F. , Orlandi D. , Pettinacci V. , Pietrofaccia L. , Rahatlou S. , Stuchbery A.E. , Suerfu B. , Tomei C. , Urquijo P. , Vignoli C. , Wada M. , Wallner A. , Williams A.G. , Zurowski M.
Published: May 2021

SABRE is a dark matter direct detection experiment based on NaI(Tl) scintillating crystals. The primary goal of the experiment is to test the dark matter interpretation of the DAMA/LIBRA annual modulation signal. To reach its purpose, SABRE will operate an array of ultra-low background NaI(Tl) crystals within an active veto, based on liquid scintillator. Finally two twin detectors will be used, one in the northern hemisphere at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy (LNGS) and the other, first of its kind, in the southern hemisphere, in the Stawell Underground Physic Laboratory (SUPL). The collaboration has successfully developed a NaI(Tl) crystal with the impressive potassium content of about 4 ppb, according to the mass spectroscopy measurements. A value that, if confirmed, would be about 3 times lower than the DAMA/LIBRA crystals one. The first phase of the SABRE experiment, called SABRE Proof of Principle (PoP), aims to prove the achieved radiopurity by direct measurement of crystals at LNGS. This work reports the status of the PoP setup and the recent progresses on the development of low radioactivity NaI(Tl) crystals.
Search for dark matter in the form of axion-like particles and hidden photons in the XMASS detector
Authors: Sato Kazufumi
Published: May 2021

Axion-like Particles (ALPs) and Hidden Photons (HPs) are candidates of cold dark matter. These bosons are experimentally interesting because they are absorbed by materials through an interaction analogous to a photoelectric effect, transferring the energy equivalent to their rest mass to recoil electrons. XMASS is an experiment aiming at direct detection of dark matter, using single-phase liquid-xenon scintillator at the Kamioka Observatory in Japan. With its low background environment, the XMASS detector has a good sensitivity to the electron recoil signals from ALPs and HPs. Analyzing 800 live-days of XMASS data with 327 kg liquid xenon in the fiducial volume, we set the most stringent upper limits on the coupling constant gAe
of ALPs and the parameter for kinetic mixing α′/α of HPs in the mass range from 40 to 120 keV/c2.
Latest results of CRESST-III’s search for sub-GeV/c2 dark matter
Authors: Kluck H. , Abdelhameed A.H. , Angloher G. , Bauer P. , Bento A. , Bertoldo E. , Breier R. , Bucci C. , Canonica L. , D’Addabbo A. , Di Lorenzo S. , Erb A. , Feilitzsch F. v. , Ferreiro Iachellini N. , Fichtinger S. , Fuss A. , Gorla P. , Hauff D. , Ješkovský M. , Jochum J. , Kaizer J. , Kinast A. , Kraus H. , Langenkämper A. , Mancuso M. , Mokina V. , Mondragón E. , Olmi M. , Ortmann T. , Pagliarone C. , Palušová V. , Pattavina L. , Petricca F. , Potzel W. , Povinec P. , Pröbst F. , Reindl F. , Rothe J. , Schäffner K. , Schieck J. , Schipperges V. , Schmiedmayer D. , Schönert S. , Schwertner C. , Stahlberg M. , Stodolsky L. , Strandhagen C. , Strauss R. , Usherov I. , Willers M. , Zema V. , Zeman J.
Published: May 2021

The CRESST-III experiment searches for direct interactions of dark matter with ordinary matter. The main event signature would be a nuclear recoil inside one of the scintillating CaWO4 crystals. Operating the crystals as cryogenic calorimeters provides a phonon signal as measure of the deposited energy. The simultaneous readout of both signals is used to actively discriminate backgrounds. CRESST-III focuses on the sub-GeV/c2 mass region where the sensitivity is driven by the threshold. In the first data taking campaign of CRESST-III from 2016-2018 an unprecedented low threshold of 30.1 eV for nuclear recoils was obtained. In this contribution, we will report the status of the experiment and the latest results.
Directional Dark Matter Search with Nuclear Emulsion
Authors: Sato Osamu
Published: May 2021

Dark matter search by using nuclear emulsion, NEWSdm project is described here. The expected Dark matter signal is the recoiled nucleus track stopping within a few 100 nm in material. The short track length makes it difficult to detect. We have developed a fine grained nuclear emulsion to record the trajectory of the recoiled nucleus as several aligned silver grains by the nuclear emulsion. Track length is shorter than visible light wave length (400nm to 700nm). Therefore, dedicated techniques to overcome this limitation have been developed by the Collaboration. Carbon ion beams of relevant energies have been used to demonstrate the directional sensitivity with these techniques. Moreover, the scanning speed with automated microscopes is continuously increasing. WIMPs detection sensitivity with 10 kg nuclear emulsion target with a year exposure at LNGS will cover a large part of the DAMA signal region.
PICO-60 Results and PICO-40L Status
Authors: Krauss C. B.
Published: May 2021

PICO-60 and PICO-40L are bubble chambers for dark matter searches that are using C3F8 as active liquid. PICO-60 was operated successfully at SNOLAB until 2017 and
PICO-40L is now operating in the same location. PICO-40L follows a new detector concept that holds promise for future increases of sensitivity. We present the projected sensitivity of
PICO-40L for the WIMP-proton cross section.
MADMAX: A Dielectric Haloscope Experiment
Authors: Li Xiaoyue
Published: May 2021

Axions emerge naturally from the Peccei-Quinn mechanism, which addresses the absence of CP violation in the strong interaction, and they can make up the cold dark matter (CDM) in the universe. If PQ symmetry was broken after inflation, the CDM axion mass would likely be in the range of ˜ 26 μeV to ˜ 1 meV, which is yet to be explored experimentally. We present a new dielectric haloscope experiment dedicated to the direct detection of QCD axion dark matter in the mass range of 40 to 400 μeV – the MAgnetized Disc and Mirror Axion eXperiment (MADMAX). Multiple dielectric discs and a mirror are placed in a strong magnetic field to utilize the axion-induced coherent electromagnetic wave emitted from each disc surface and the resonance effect therein, such that the axion-induced signal can be boosted to a level detectable by state-of-the-art low noise amplifiers. We will discuss the motivation, design and sensitivity of MADMAX; ongoing R&D studies and the project roadmap will also be presented.
Results of direct dark matter detection with CDEX experiment at CJPL
Authors: Ma Hao , She Ze , Liu Zhongzhi , Yang Litao , Yue Qian , Zeng Zhi , Xue Tao
Published: May 2021

The China Dark Matter Experiment (CDEX), located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) whose overburden is about 2400 m rock, aims at direct searches of light Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). A single-element 994-gram p-type point contact (PPC) germanium detector (CDEX-1B) runs inside a solid passive shielding system. To achieve lower background, a prototype 10 kg PPC germanium detector array (CDEX-10), consisting of three detector strings with three germanium crystals each, is directly immersed in the liquid nitrogen. With the energy threshold of 160 eV, the limits on WIMP-nucleus scattering are set by energy spectra and annual modulation analysis, respectively. Incorporating Migdal effect, the data of CDEX-1B are re-analyzed to search sub-GeV WIMPs. Finally, the future plan of CDEX experiment in CJPL-II is introduced.
Telescope Array: Latest Results and Expansion Plans
Authors: Bergman Douglas
Published: May 2021

We present the latest physics results from the Telescope Array Experiment, including an update to the ultra-high energy cosmic ray spectrum, new cosmic ray composition measurements in both hybrid and stereo modes, an update on the TA hotspot, and new measurements at lower energies using the NICHE array. We also give a status update on the TA×4 expansion currently underway.
Post-upgrade performance of GERDA Phase II
Authors: Wiesinger Christoph
Published: May 2021

Excellent spectroscopic performance, event topology information and outstanding radiopurity are unique properties of HPGe detectors that facilitate the search for 0vββ decay of 76Ge. A detection of this process would shed light onto physics beyond the standard model, as it would uncover the Majorana nature of neutrinos. The GERDA experiment employs an array of HPGe detectors, made from isotopically modified material, in an active liquid argon shield at the LNGS underground laboratory. The combination of an ultra-low background environment with active background rejection techniques allows the exploration of 0vββ decay half-lives beyond 1026 yr. No signal has been found in the first 58.9 kg⋅yr of Phase II data, from which the most stringent limit on 0vββ decay of 76Ge has been derived. In the course of an upgrade new HPGe detectors of novel type have been added to the array, increasing the total mass of enriched germanium to 44.2 kg. More than one year of data has been collected in this configuration. The first 24.9 kg⋅yr reveal encouraging performance for the ongoing 0vββ decay search.
LEGEND: The future of neutrinoless double-beta decay search with germanium detectors
Authors: Zsigmond Anna Julia
Published: May 2021

The observation of neutrinoless double beta (0vββ) decay would establish both the violation of lepton number conservation and the Majorana nature of the neutrino. It will also constrain the neutrino mass hierarchy and scale in the light-neutrino exchange mechanism. The current experiments using 76Ge for 0vββ decay search, the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR and GERDA, lead the field in both the ultra-low background and the energy resolution achieved. Building on their success, the LEGEND experiment will conduct an improved search with the goal of reaching a half-life sensitivity beyond 1028 years. In order to achieve this goal, the enriched Ge detector mass has to be increased up to tonne-scale and the backgrounds further reduced. LEGEND will pursue a phased approach with the first phase expected to start in 2021 with about 200 kg of 76Ge-enriched detectors operating at LNGS of INFN in Italy.
The CUORE cryostat
Authors: Nutini I.
Published: May 2021

The CUORE experiment (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) is a ton-scale detector, operating at a cryogenic temperature around 10 mK, searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 130Te and other rare events. The experiment cryogenic infrastructure, its subsystems and the cool-down procedure that allowed CUORE to obtained the first physics results will be presented.
Study on the contributions to the CUORE energy spectra
Authors: Dompè V
Published: May 2021

CUORE is a cryogenic experiment searching for the neutrinoless double beta decay of 130Te, and it is located at the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratories in the centre of Italy. With its 988 TeO2 crystals, operating at a base temperature of ~10 mK, CUORE is the first ton-scale and ultra-low background bolometric experiment ever realized for this purpose. There are many phenomena that contribute to the CUORE energy spectra, such as 2vββ decay, cosmic rays and materials and environmental radioactivity: disentangle these contributions is of fundamental importance for a correct interpretation of the results. In this poster, some relevant aspect of the CUORE background study is presented.