bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supramolecular Tetrad Featuring Covalently Linked Bis(porphyrin)–Phthalocyanine Coordinated to Fullerene: Construction and Photochemical Studies
Authors: KC Chandra B. , Lim Gary N. , Karr Paul A. , D'Souza Francis
Published: May 2014

A multimodular donor–acceptor tetrad featuring a bis(zinc porphyrin)–(zinc phthalocyanine) ((ZnP–ZnP)–ZnPc) triad and bis‐pyridine‐functionalized fullerene was assembled by a “two‐point” binding strategy, and investigated as a charge‐separating photosynthetic antenna‐reaction center mimic. The spectral and computational studies suggested that the mode of binding of the bis‐pyridine‐functionalized fullerene involves either one of the zinc porphyrin and zinc phthalocyanine (Pc) entities of the triad or both zinc porphyrin entities leaving ZnPc unbound. The binding constant evaluated by constructing a Benesi–Hildebrand plot by using the optical data was found to be 1.17×105 M−1, whereas a plot of “mole‐ratio” method revealed a 1:1 stoichiometry for the supramolecular tetrad. The mode of binding was further supported by differential pulse voltammetry studies, in which redox modulation of both zinc porphyrin and zinc phthalocyanine entities was observed. The geometry of the tetrad was deduced by B3LYP/6‐31G* optimization, whereas the energy levels for different photochemical events was established by using data from the optical absorption and emission, and electrochemical studies. Excitation of the zinc porphyrin entity of the triad and tetrad revealed ultrafast singlet–singlet energy transfer to the appended zinc phthalocyanine. The estimated rate of energy transfer (kENT) in the case of the triad was found to be 7.5×1011 s−1 in toluene and 6.3×1011 s−1 in o‐dichlorobenzene, respectively. As was predicted from the energy levels, photoinduced electron transfer from the energy‐transfer product, that is, singlet‐excited zinc phthalocyanine to fullerene was verified from the femtosecond‐transient spectral studies, both in o‐dichlorobenzene and toluene. Transient bands corresponding to ZnPc⋅+ in the 850 nm range and C60⋅− in the 1020 nm range were clearly observed. The rate of charge separation, kCS, and rate of charge recombination, kCR, for the (ZnP–ZnP)–ZnPc⋅+:Py2C60⋅− radical ion pair (from the time profile of 849 nm peak) were found to be 2.20×1011 and 6.10×108 s−1 in toluene, and 6.82×1011 and 1.20×109 s−1 in o‐dichlorobenzene, respectively. These results revealed efficient energy transfer followed by charge separation in the newly assembled supramolecular tetrad.
Molecular Chalcoxides (ChalcoPolyoxometalates): A Family of Functional Materials with Emergent Properties
Authors: Miras Haralampos N.
Published: May 2014

Molecular chalcoxides (chalcoPOMs; POMs=polyoxometalates), a recently discovered new family of compounds with well‐defined building block attributes, are discussed in terms of developing new functional materials. This is because the combination of sulfur‐containing metallo‐dimers with highly condensed metallo‐oxo units allows the assembly of new clusters with hybrid properties intermediate between those of polyoxometalates and chalcogenides. Moreover, the prospect that the molecular chalcoxides could be excellent new models for a better understanding of chalcogenide’s functionality, as well as promising candidates for the development of new functional molecule‐based or composite nanomaterials, is proposed. The concepts that support my aim for further development of the new family of molecular chalcoxides as functional materials and my vision for their potential implications in the materials chemistry are discussed.
Self‐Assembly of Pyridinium‐Functionalized Anthracenes: Molecular‐Skeleton‐Directed Formation of Microsheets and Microtubes
Authors: Hu Jun , Wang Peiyi , Lin Yuan , Zhang Jidong , Smith Mark , Pellechia Perry J. , Yang Song , Song Baoan , Wang Qian
Published: May 2014

Two amphiphilic regioisomers, 9‐AP (1‐[11‐(9‐anthracenylmethoxy)‐11‐oxoundecyl]pyridinium bromide), and 2‐AP (1‐[11‐(2‐anthracenyl methoxy)‐11‐oxoundecyl]pyridinium bromide), were synthesized and their assembly behaviors were studied. Due to the anisotropic features of the anthracene structure, different substituted positions on the anthracene ring lead 9‐AP and 2‐AP to adapt “shaver” and “spatula”‐like molecular shapes, respectively, which consequently dictate the structure of their final assemblies. While “shaver”‐shaped 9‐AP assembled into microsheets, driven by π–π interactions, “spatula”‐shaped 2‐AP assembled into microtubular structures, promoted primarily by charge‐transfer interactions.
Neutrons for Mineral Processing – Thermo Diffractometry to Investigate Mineral Selective Magnetizing Flash Roasting
Authors: Boehm Andreas , Boehm Martin , Kogelbauer Armin
Published: May 2014

Mineral selective magnetizing flash roasting in oxidizing atmosphere was tested successfully for the improved low intensity magnetic separation of siderite from ankerite and other gangue minerals within ore. The magnetization process was simulated with particle bed tests permeated with artificial combustion gas. The phase transition and the gas composition were measured simultaneously during temperature and time‐dependent neutron diffraction experiments. The physical background of the rapid phase transition and the nature of the SO2 absorption are discussed. Apart from the scientific background, the effects on the process technique are outlined.
Effect of food on the oral bioavailability of amlodipine/valsartan and amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide fixed dose combination tablets in healthy subjects
Authors: Sunkara Gangadhar , Jiang Xuemin , Reynolds Christine , Serra Denise , Zhang Yiming , Ligueros‐Saylan Monica , Ayalasomayajula Surya , Winter Serge , Jarugula Venkateswar
Published: May 2014

A double fixed dose combination of amlodipine/valsartan and triple fixed dose combination of amlodipine/valsartan/HCTZ tablets have been developed to treat patients with moderate‐to‐severe hypertension. Here, we present the effect of food on the oral bioavailability of these two fixed dose combination tablets from two separate clinical studies in healthy subjects. Single oral doses of amlodipine/valsartan (10/160 mg) and amlodipine/valsartan/HCTZ (10/320/25 mg were administered under fasted or fed conditions. Blood samples were collected in both studies to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of amlodipine, valsartan, and/or HCTZ using non‐compartmental analysis. Following amlodipine/valsartan administration, the geometric mean ratios (GMRs, 90% CI) of AUC0–∞ and Cmax were 1.09 (1.05–1.13) and 1.03 (0.97–1.09) for amlodipine, and 0.94 (0.81–1.10) and 0.86 (0.73–1.02) for valsartan, respectively. Following amlodipine/valsartan/HCTZ administration, the GMRs (90%CI) of AUC0‐∞ and Cmax were 1.09 (1.04–1.15) and 1.11 (1.05–1.08) for amlodipine, 1.14 (0.99–1.31) and 1.12 (0.98–1.29) for valsartan, and 1.09 (1.02–1.16) and 0.86 (0.79–0.93) for HCTZ, respectively. Considering the sample size and pharmacokinetic variability associated with analytes, these study results indicate that food effect is minimal or none when fixed dose combination tablets are administered with food. In conclusion, both fixed dose combination tablets can be administered without regards to meals.
Characteristic Spectral Patterns in the Carbon‐13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Hexagonal and Crenellated Graphene Fragments
Authors: Özcan Nergiz , Vähäkangas Jarkko , Lantto Perttu , Vaara Juha
Published: May 2014

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an important molecular characterisation method that may aid the synthesis and production of graphenes, especially the molecular‐scale graphene nanoislands that have gathered significant attention due to their potential electronic and optical applications. Herein, carbon‐13 NMR chemical shifts were calculated using density functional theory methods for finite, increasing‐size fragments of graphene, hydrogenated graphene (graphane) and fluorinated graphene (fluorographene). Both concentric hexagon‐shaped (zigzag boundary) and crenellated (armchair) fragments were investigated to gain information on the effect of different types of flake boundaries. Convergence trends of the 13C chemical shift with respect to increasing fragment size and the boundary effects were found and rationalised in terms of low‐lying electronically excited states. The results predict characteristic behaviour in the 13C NMR spectra. Particular attention was paid to the features of the signals arising from the central carbon atoms of the fragments, for graphene and crenellated graphene on the one hand and graphane and fluorographene on the other hand, to aid the interpretation of the overall spectral characteristics. In graphene, the central nuclei become more shielded as the system size increases whereas the opposite behaviour is observed for graphane and fluorographene. The 13C signals from some of the perimeter nuclei of the crenellated fragments obtain smaller and larger chemical shift values than central nuclei for graphene and graphane/fluorographene, respectively. The diameter of the graphenic quantum dots with zigzag boundary correlates well with the predicted carbon‐13 chemical shift range, thus enabling estimation of the size of the system by NMR spectroscopy. The results provide data of predictive quality for future NMR analysis of the graphene nanoflake materials.
The Development of a Measure of Confidence in Delivering Therapy to People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Dagnan Dave , Masson John , Cavagin Amy , Thwaites Richard , Hatton Chris
Published: May 2014

Current policy in UK health services emphasizes that, where possible, people with intellectual disabilities should access the same services as people without intellectual disabilities. One of the barriers to this is the confidence of clinicians and therapists. In this paper, we report on the development of a scale to describe the confidence of therapists in working with people with intellectual disabilities (the Therapy Confidence Scale–Intellectual Disabilities [TCS‐ID]). One‐hundred and eighty‐one therapists who provided talking therapies but who did not work primarily with people with intellectual disabilities completed the scale; 43 people completed the scale twice for test–retest reliability purposes. One‐hundred and seven people also completed a scale of general therapy self‐efficacy. The TCS‐ID has a single factor structure accounting for 62% of the variance, Cronbach's alpha for the scale is 0.93 and test–retest reliability is 0.83. There are significant differences in confidence based upon participants experience in working with people with intellectual disabilities and their therapeutic orientation, and there is a significant association between the TCS‐ID and the General Therapy Self‐efficacy Scale. Sixty clinicians working in mainstream mental health services received training on adapting their therapeutic approaches to meet the needs of people with intellectual disabilities. The TCS‐ID was used pre‐training and post‐training and demonstrated a significant increase in confidence for all group. We suggest that the scale has good psychometric properties and can be used to develop an understanding of the impact of training for mainstream therapist in working with people with intellectual disabilities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

There is increasing emphasis on people with intellectual disabilities receiving services from mainstream mental health services.

There is no research describing the experiences and outcomes of people with intellectual disabilities receiving mainstream talking therapy services.

The confidence that clinicians have in working with people with intellectual disabilities may be a barrier to them receiving mainstream services.

The Therapy Confidence Scale–Intellectual Disabilities is a psychometrically sound scale for measuring the confidence of therapists in working with people with intellectual disabilities and is a useful outcome measure for training clinicians to work with people with intellectual disabilities.
Unconventional post‐deposition chemical treatment on ultra‐thin H2TPP film grown on graphite
Authors: Bussetti G. , Campione M. , Raimondo L. , Yivlialin R. , Finazzi M. , Ciccacci F. , Sassella A. , Duò L.
Published: May 2014

Free‐base H2TPP porphyrin layers have been grown on highly oriented pirolitic graphite by organic molecular beam epitaxy. The growth follows a Stranski‐Krastanov (SK) mode, as observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), showing 3D porphyrin structures above a single flat porphyrin layer, which can be considered as an organic wetting layer. The 3D phase precludes a priori the possibility of studying and exploiting the physical‐chemical properties of the pure 2D phase. Here we describe a promising post growth strategy to overcome the limitations imposed by the SK film evolution. We are able to reduce the number of 3D structures on the surface without perturbing the porphyrin wetting layer, as experimentally observed by AFM and optical spectroscopy. The strategy described in this work is fully generalizable and, in principle, could be extended to other free‐base porphyrinic compounds.
Mapping nutrient resorption efficiencies of subarctic cryptogams and seed plants onto the Tree of Life
Authors: Lang Simone I. , Aerts Rien , van Logtestijn Richard S. P. , Schweikert Wenka , Klahn Thorsten , Quested Helen M. , van Hal Jurgen R. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C.
Published: May 2014

Nutrient resorption from senescing photosynthetic organs is a powerful mechanism for conserving nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in infertile environments. Evolution has resulted in enhanced differentiation of conducting tissues to facilitate transport of photosynthate to other plant parts, ultimately leading to phloem. Such tissues may also serve to translocate N and P to other plant parts upon their senescence. Therefore, we hypothesize that nutrient resorption efficiency (RE, % of nutrient pool exported) should correspond with the degree of specialization of these conducting tissues across the autotrophic branches of the Tree of Life. To test this hypothesis, we had to compare members of different plant clades and lichens within a climatic region, to minimize confounding effects of climatic drivers on nutrient resorption. Thus, we compared RE among wide‐ranging basal clades from the principally N‐limited subarctic region, employing a novel method to correct for mass loss during senescence. Even with the limited numbers of species available for certain clades in this region, we found some consistent patterns. Mosses, lichens, and lycophytes generally showed low REN (<20%), liverworts and conifers intermediate (40%) and monilophytes, eudicots, and monocots high (>70%). REP appeared higher in eudicots and liverworts than in mosses. Within mosses, taxa with more efficient conductance also showed higher REN. The differences in REN among clades broadly matched the degree of specialization of conducting tissues. This novel mapping of a physiological process onto the Tree of Life broadly supports the idea that the evolution of conducting tissues toward specialized phloem has aided land plants to optimize their internal nitrogen recycling. The generality of evolutionary lines in conducting tissues and nutrient resorption efficiency needs to be tested across different floras in different climatic regions with different levels of N versus P availability.
Burden of new hospitalization for heart failure: a population‐based investigation from Italy
Authors: Corrao Giovanni , Ghirardi Arianna , Ibrahim Buthaina , Merlino Luca , Maggioni Aldo Pietro
Published: May 2014

Aims

Heart failure has been described as one of the emerging pandemics of the 21st century. This report aims to measure the burden of new hospitalization for heart failure in the population of an Italian region of nearly 10 million inhabitants.

Methods and results

Data were retrieved from healthcare utilization databases covering the population of the Italian region of Lombardy. We identified patients who were hospitalized for the first time with a primary diagnosis of heart failure (hospitalized heart failure, HHF) during 2011. Incident HHF cases were used for measuring incidence rates and exploring mortality, re‐hospitalizations, and healthcare costs on the 1‐year time horizon after the index hospitalization. Out‐of‐hospital mortality, hospitalizations, and healthcare costs were also measured in a referent cohort free from heart failure hospitalization and matched 1:1 by gender and age with the HHF cohort. The overall HHF incidence rate was 32 and 20 events per 10 000 person‐years in men and women, respectively. The incidence increased steeply with age in both genders. Among newly hospitalized patients, 7% died during hospitalization. Among survivors, cumulative out‐of‐hospital mortality and hospital readmission were 24% and 59%, respectively. The average per capita cost was €11 000, the main cost being hospitalizations. Mortality, readmissions, and costs experienced by HHF patients of 88, 75, and 79%, respectively, exceeded those of the referent cohort.

Conclusions

The main burden associated with HHF is related to hospitalizations. Effective treatment options that decrease hospitalization rates could reduce patients' suffering and offer considerable cost savings.
Brocaeloids A–C, 4‐Oxoquinoline and Indole Alkaloids with C‐2 Reversed Prenylation from the Mangrove‐Derived Endophytic Fungus Penicillium brocae
Authors: Zhang Peng , Meng Ling‐Hong , Mándi Attila , Kurtán Tibor , Li Xiao‐Ming , Liu Yang , Li Xin , Li Chun‐Shun , Wang Bin‐Gui
Published: May 2014

Three new alkaloids, brocaeloids A–C (1–3), containing C‐2 reversed prenylation, were isolated from cultures of Penicillium brocae MA‐192, an endophytic fungus obtained from the fresh leaves of the marine mangrove plant Avicennia marina. Their structures were determined on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of brocaeloid A (1) was established by gas‐phase and solution conformational analysis and TDDFT‐ECD calculations, which revealed that the fused hetero‐ring adopted M‐helicity conformation with axial orientation of the C‐2 and C‐3 substituents. The correct assignment of the hetero‐ring conformation was found to be crucial in determining the relative and absolute configuration. Based on ECD calculations, the helicity of the 2,3‐dihydroquinoline‐4(1H)‐one chromophore was correlated with the characteristic ECD transitions, and the resultant helicity rule was found to coincide with that of the chroman‐4‐one chromophore. X‐ray single‐crystal analysis of 1 by Cu‐Kα radiation also confirmed the result of the stereochemical analysis obtained from ECD calculations. Brocaeloid B (2) showed lethality against brine shrimp (Artemia salina) with an LD50 value of 36.7 μM.
Synthesis of Lupane‐Type Saponins Containing an Unusual α‐D‐Idopyranoside Fragment as Potent Cytotoxic Agents
Authors: Cmoch Piotr , Korda Anna , Rárová Lucie , Oklešt'ková Jana , Strnad Miroslav , Gwardiak Katarzyna , Karczewski Romuald , Pakulski Zbigniew
Published: May 2014

A practical method for the preparation of benzoyl protected allyl and benzyl α‐D‐idopyranosides, and D‐idopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate, from 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐idopyranose, is described. All derivatives can be prepared on a multigram scale and require only simple chromatographic purification. A concise synthesis of lupane triterpenes bearing an unusual D‐idopyranoside fragment is described. All new compounds were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxic activities. Novel saponins exhibited interesting cytotoxic activity in the micromolar range against human cancer cell lines including T‐lymphoblastic leukemia CEM, breast adenocarcinoma MCF7, and cervical carcinoma HeLa, but also against normal human fibroblasts BJ.
Exploring the Reactivity of Chiral Glycidic Amides for Their Applications in Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Sarabia Francisco , Vivar‐García Carlos , García‐Ruiz Cristina , Sánchez‐Ruiz Antonio , Pino‐González María Soledad , García‐Castro Miguel , Chammaa Samy
Published: May 2014

A new class of chiral sulfonium salts, derived from L‐ and D‐methionine, has been designed and successfully employed in our laboratories for the diastereoselective synthesis of glycidic amides. The epoxy amides obtained were converted cleanly into 1,2‐difunctionalized products through oxirane ring‐opening reactions with different types of nucleophiles. The resulting ring‐opened products represent valuable and useful building blocks for the synthesis of different bioactive products. Thus, the expedient synthesis of clavaminol H as well as the synthesis of key precursors for other bioactive compounds, for example, polyketide‐derived natural products, have been achieved, demonstrating the synthetic efficiency and utility of this chemistry.
Interleukin‐18 produced by bone marrow‐derived stromal cells supports T‐cell acute leukaemia progression
Authors: Uzan Benjamin , Poglio Sandrine , Gerby Bastien , Wu Ching‐Lien , Gross Julia , Armstrong Florence , Calvo Julien , Cahu Xavier , Deswarte Caroline , Dumont Florent , Passaro Diana , Besnard‐Guérin Corinne , Leblanc Thierry , Baruchel André , Landman‐Parker Judith , Ballerini Paola , Baud Véronique , Ghysdael Jacques , Baleydier Frédéric , Porteu Francoise , Pflumio Francoise
Published: May 2014

Development of novel therapies is critical for T‐cell acute leukaemia (T‐ALL). Here, we investigated the effect of inhibiting the MAPK/MEK/ERK pathway on T‐ALL cell growth. Unexpectedly, MEK inhibitors (MEKi) enhanced growth of 70% of human T‐ALL cell samples cultured on stromal cells independently of NOTCH activation and maintained their ability to propagate in vivo. Similar results were obtained when T‐ALL cells were cultured with ERK1/2‐knockdown stromal cells or with conditioned medium from MEKi‐treated stromal cells. Microarray analysis identified interleukin 18 (IL‐18) as transcriptionally up‐regulated in MEKi‐treated MS5 cells. Recombinant IL‐18 promoted T‐ALL growth in vitro, whereas the loss of function of IL‐18 receptor in T‐ALL blast cells decreased blast proliferation in vitro and in NSG mice. The NFKB pathway that is downstream to IL‐18R was activated by IL‐18 in blast cells. IL‐18 circulating levels were increased in T‐ALL‐xenografted mice and also in T‐ALL patients in comparison with controls. This study uncovers a novel role of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐18 and outlines the microenvironment involvement in human T‐ALL development.
Set‐Shifting and its Relation to Clinical and Personality Variables in Full Recovery of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Lindner Susanne E. , Fichter Manfred M. , Quadflieg Norbert
Published: May 2014

Objective

First, this study aimed to explore whether set‐shifting is inefficient after full recovery of anorexia nervosa (recAN). Second, this study wanted to explore the relation of set‐shifting to clinical and personality variables.

Method

A total of 100 recAN women were compared with 100 healthy women. Set‐shifting was assessed with Berg's Card Sorting Test. Expert interviews yielded assessments for the inclusion/exclusion criteria, self‐ratings for clinical and personality variables.

Results

Compared with the healthy control group, the recAN participants achieved fewer categories, showed more perseverations and spent less time for shifting set. Perfectionism is correlated with set‐shifting but in converse directions in the two groups.

Discussion

Our study supports the findings of inefficiencies in set‐shifting after full recovery from AN. Higher perfectionism in the recAN group is associated with better set‐shifting ability, whereas higher perfectionism in the healthy control group is related to worse set‐shifting ability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Microglia‐induced IL‐6 protects against neuronal loss following HSV‐1 infection of neural progenitor cells
Authors: Chucair‐Elliott Ana J. , Conrady Christopher , Zheng Min , Kroll Chandra M. , Lane Thomas E. , Carr Daniel J. J.
Published: May 2014

Herpes virus type 1 (HSV‐1) is one of the most widespread human pathogens and accounts for more than 90% of cases of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) causing severe and permanent neurologic sequelae among surviving patients. We hypothesize such CNS deficits are due to HSV‐1 infection of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). In vivo, HSV‐1 infection was found to diminish NPC numbers in the subventricular zone. Upon culture of NPCs in conditions that stimulate their differentiation, we found HSV‐1 infection of NPCs resulted in the loss of neuronal precursors with no significant change in the percentage of astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. We propose this is due a direct effect of HSV‐1 on neuronal survival without alteration of the differentiation process. The neuronal loss was prevented by the addition of microglia or conditioned media from NPC/microglia co‐cultures. Using neutralizing antibodies and recombinant cytokines, we identified interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) as responsible for the protective effect by microglia, likely through its downstream Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) cascade. GLIA 2014;62:1418–1434
Traumatic white matter injury and glial activation: From basic science to clinics
Authors: Kou Zhifeng , VandeVord Pamela J.
Published: May 2014

An improved understanding and characterization of glial activation and its relationship with white matter injury will likely serve as a novel treatment target to curb post injury inflammation and promote axonal remyelination after brain trauma. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public healthcare burden and a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. Particularly, traumatic white matter (WM) injury or traumatic axonal injury has been reported as being associated with patients' poor outcomes. However, there is very limited data reporting the importance of glial activation after TBI and its interaction with WM injury. This article presents a systematic review of traumatic WM injury and the associated glial activation, from basic science to clinical diagnosis and prognosis, from advanced neuroimaging perspective. It concludes that there is a disconnection between WM injury research and the essential role of glia which serve to restore a healthy environment for axonal regeneration following WM injury. Particularly, there is a significant lack of non‐invasive means to characterize the complex pathophysiology of WM injury and glial activation in both animal models and in humans. An improved understanding and characterization of the relationship between glia and WM injury will likely serve as a novel treatment target to curb post injury inflammation and promote axonal remyelination. GLIA 2014;62:1831–1855
Reward anticipation in the adolescent and aging brain
Authors: Lorenz Robert C. , Gleich Tobias , Beck Anne , Pöhland Lydia , Raufelder Diana , Sommer Werner , Rapp Michael A. , Kühn Simone , Gallinat Jürgen
Published: May 2014

Processing of reward is the basis of adaptive behavior of the human being. Neural correlates of reward processing seem to be influenced by developmental changes from adolescence to late adulthood. The aim of this study is to uncover these neural correlates during a slot machine gambling task across the lifespan. Therefore, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate 102 volunteers in three different age groups: 34 adolescents, 34 younger adults, and 34 older adults. We focused on the core reward areas ventral striatum (VS) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), the valence processing associated areas, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula, as well as information integration associated areas, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Results showed that VS and VMPFC were characterized by a hyperactivation in adolescents compared with younger adults. Furthermore, the ACC and insula were characterized by a U‐shape pattern (hypoactivation in younger adults compared with adolescents and older adults), whereas the DLPFC and IPL were characterized by a J‐shaped form (hyperactivation in older adults compared with younger groups). Furthermore, a functional connectivity analysis revealed an elevated negative functional coupling between the inhibition‐related area rIFG and VS in younger adults compared with adolescents. Results indicate that lifespan‐related changes during reward anticipation are characterized by different trajectories in different reward network modules and support the hypothesis of an imbalance in maturation of striatal and prefrontal cortex in adolescents. Furthermore, these results suggest compensatory age‐specific effects in fronto‐parietal regions. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5153–5165, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Otoconia‐deficient mice show selective spatial deficits
Authors: Yoder Ryan M. , Kirby Seth L.
Published: May 2014

The vestibular system contributes to the performance of various spatial memory tasks, but few studies have attempted to disambiguate the roles of the semicircular canals and otolith organs in this performance. This study tested the otolithic contribution to spatial working and reference memory by evaluating the performance of otoconia‐deficient tilted mice on a radial arm maze and a Barnes maze. One radial arm maze task provided both intramaze and extramaze cues, whereas the other task provided only extramaze cues. The Barnes maze task provided only extramaze cues. On the radial arm maze, tilted mice performed similar to control mice when intramaze cues were available, but committed more working and reference memory errors than control mice when only extramaze cues were available. On the Barnes maze task, control and tilted mice showed similar latency, distance, and errors during acquisition training. On the subsequent probe trial, both groups spent the greatest percentage of time in the goal quadrant, indicating they were able to use extramaze cues to guide their search. Overall, these results suggest signals originating in the otolith organs contribute to spatial memory, but are not necessary for all aspects of spatial performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A NEW MODEL FOR HEAD LOSS ASSESSMENT OF SCREEN FILTERS DEVELOPED WITH DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS IN DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Wu Wenyong , Chen Wei , Liu Honglu , Yin Shiyang , Niu Yong
Published: May 2014

This study is based on data of the hydraulic analysis of 15 types of screen filters, incorporating such technical parameters as the pipe inlet/outlet inner diameter Dp, angle between filter body and inlet/outlet a, filter pore diameter ds, filter mesh number M, water velocity of inlet/outlet vi, and average water velocity of filter pore vm to develop a dimensional head loss model. The regression coefficient is 0.951 and the correlation coefficient R between the measured value and predicted value is 0.97. Using the model to study filter head loss variations as different structure parameters change, and the variation of structure parameters would lead to the changes of vi, vm, Re and Fr, consequently resulting in head loss variation. It was found that the head loss decreases significantly as the inlet/outlet diameter and filter mesh diameter decrease. An increasing angle or filter mesh size (while keeping the filter diameter constant) does not have a significant impact on the screen filter head loss. For the screen filter structural design, the proper inner diameter of inlet/outlet and filter mesh diameter should be selected to reduce both water head loss along the path and local head loss. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures With Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Versus Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Hypertensive Community-Dwelling Elderly
Authors: Butt Debra A , Mamdani Muhammad , Gomes Tara , Lix Lisa , Lu Hong , Tu Karen ,   on behalf of the Hypertension Outcome, Surveillance Team
Published: May 2014

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are used to treat hypertension; however, in vivo and clinical studies suggest that ARBs and ACE inhibitors may exert different effects on bone. The association between long-term use of ARBs and ACE inhibitors and fracture requiring medical attention is limited. We conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching using administrative databases in Ontario, Canada, to examine the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures in hypertensive elderly treated with ARBs versus ACE inhibitors. We identified a cohort of newly treated hypertensive patients aged 66 years and older who initiated an ACE inhibitor from May 1, 2004, to March 31, 2012, and matched them to ARB users on propensity score, sex, and age at drug initiation. The primary outcome was hip fracture, and secondary outcomes were non-hip major osteoporotic fractures (other femoral, clinical vertebral, forearm, wrist, humerus) and other osteoporotic fractures (pelvis, clavicle, patella, shoulder, upper arm, tibia, fibula, ankle, scapula, ribs, sternum, trunk). We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) using Cox proportional hazards model with robust standard errors. Of the 87,635 patients who initiated treatment, 28,819 (32.9%) started ARBs and 58,816 (67.1%) started ACE inhibitors. Among new ARB users, 27,815 (96.5%) were successfully matched to ACE inhibitor users. Without dose adjustment, no significant association was observed for ARBs relative to ACE inhibitor users for hip fractures (HR = 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70–1.11), with a decreased risk of other major osteoporotic fractures (HR = 0.81; CI 0.70–0.93) and no significant association for other osteoporotic fractures (HR = 0.88; CI 0.74–1.05). When adjusted for dosage, there was no significant difference between the effects of ARBs and ACE inhibitors on hip (HR = 0.99; CI 0.78–1.25), other major osteoporotic (HR = 0.87; CI 0.75–1.01), and other osteoporotic fractures (HR = 0.90; CI 0.74–1.08). © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Bone Geometry, Volumetric Density, Microarchitecture, and Estimated Bone Strength Assessed by HR-pQCT in Klinefelter Syndrome
Authors: Shanbhogue Vikram V , Hansen Stinus , Jørgensen Niklas Rye , Brixen Kim , Gravholt Claus H
Published: May 2014

Although the expected skeletal manifestations of testosterone deficiency in Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) are osteopenia and osteoporosis, the structural basis for this is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess bone geometry, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), microarchitecture, and estimated bone strength using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) in patients with KS. Thirty-one patients with KS confirmed by lymphocyte chromosome karyotyping aged 35.8 ± 8.2 years were recruited consecutively from a KS outpatient clinic and matched with respect to age and height with 31 healthy subjects aged 35.9 ± 8.2 years. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and HR-pQCT were performed in all participants, and blood samples were analyzed for hormonal status and bone biomarkers in KS patients. Twenty-one KS patients were on long-term testosterone-replacement therapy. In weight-adjusted models, HR-pQCT revealed a significantly lower cortical area (p < 0.01), total and trabecular vBMD (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04), trabecular bone volume fraction (p = 0.04), trabecular number (p = 0.05), and estimates of bone strength, whereas trabecular spacing was higher (p = 0.03) at the tibia in KS patients. In addition, cortical thickness was significantly reduced, both at the radius and tibia (both p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in indices of bone structure, estimated bone strength, or bone biomarkers in KS patients with and without testosterone therapy. This study showed that KS patients had lower total vBMD and a compromised trabecular compartment with a reduced trabecular density and bone volume fraction at the tibia. The compromised trabecular network integrity attributable to a lower trabecular number with relative preservation of trabecular thickness is similar to the picture found in women with aging. KS patients also displayed a reduced cortical area and thickness at the tibia, which in combination with the trabecular deficits, compromised estimated bone strength at this site. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A Generalization of Alternating Sign Matrices
Authors: Brualdi Richard A. , Kim Hwa K.
Published: May 2014

In alternating sign matrices, the first and last nonzero entry in each row and column is specified to be +1. Such matrices always exist. We investigate a generalization by specifying independently the sign of the first and last nonzero entry in each row and column to be either a +1 or a −1. We determine necessary and sufficient conditions for such matrices to exist whose proof contains an algorithm for their construction.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of pasireotide LAR in patients with acromegaly: A randomized, multicenter, open‐label, phase I study
Authors: Petersenn Stephan , Bollerslev Jens , Arafat Ayman M. , Schopohl Jochen , Serri Omar , Katznelson Laurence , Lasher Janet , Hughes Gareth , Hu Ke , Shen George , Reséndiz Karina Hermosillo , Giannone Vanessa , Beckers Albert
Published: May 2014

Pasireotide (SOM230), a multireceptor‐targeted somatostatin analogue, has exhibited favorable safety/tolerability in several clinical studies. A long‐acting‐release (LAR) formulation of pasireotide may offer advantages over the subcutaneous formulation. This randomized, open‐label, Phase I study evaluated the safety, PK, and PD of pasireotide LAR 20, 40, or 60 mg/month in patients with acromegaly. Safety assessments and blood samples for PK and PD were taken at designated time points. Thirty‐five patients were randomized and completed the study. Steady‐state pasireotide concentrations were achieved following three monthly injections. Trough pasireotide concentrations (ng/mL) 28 days after each injection were: 2.48, 4.16, and 3.10 (20 mg group); 6.42, 6.62, and 7.12 (40 mg group); and 9.51, 11.7, and 13.0 (60 mg group). At study end, 51% and 57% of patients achieved GH levels ≤2.5 μg/L and IGF‐1 levels below ULN, respectively. Compared with baseline, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels increased, whereas fasting blood insulin levels decreased. Acromegaly symptoms were generally improved. Adverse events were mostly gastrointestinal and mild/moderate. Pasireotide LAR was generally well tolerated. Steady‐state PK was achieved after three monthly doses; exposures were approximately dose proportional. Control of GH, IGF‐1, and symptoms improved, suggesting that pasireotide LAR may be an effective treatment for acromegaly.
Water vapor removal using CA/PEG blending materials coated hollow fiber membrane
Authors: Kim KeeHong , Ingole Pravin G. , Yun SangHee , Choi WonKil , Kim JongHak , Lee HyungKeun
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

In this study, a polyethersulfone composite hollow fiber membrane was used for the separation of water vapor from mixed gas. For improvement of the separation properties, the fabricated membrane was coated with cellulose acetate (CA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG).

RESULTS

Experiments on the permeation of water vapor and N2 gas mixture were performed to observe membrane behavior as a function of the coating conditions, such as the composition and molecular weight of PEG. The water vapor permeance and selectivity of water vapor/N2 improved from 68.5 GPU to 444.1 GPU and from 76.1 to 175.5, respectively, using 5 wt% PEG 2000 blended coating solution.

CONCLUSION

An increase in the PEG content and molecular weight of the coating solution affected the permeance and selectivity due to the hydrophilicity of PEG and the structural changes of the coating layer. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Registration‐based autofocusing technique for automatic correction of motion artifacts in time‐series studies of high‐resolution bone MRI
Authors: Zhang Ning , Magland Jeremy F. , Song Hee Kwon , Wehrli Felix W.
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To develop a registration‐based autofocusing (RAF) motion correction technique for high‐resolution trabecular bone (TB) imaging and to evaluate its performance on in vivo MR data.

Materials and Methods

The technique combines serial registration with a previously developed motion correction technique — autofocusing — for automatic correction of subject movement degradation of MR images acquired in longitudinal studies. The method was tested on in vivo images of the distal radius to measure improvements in serial reproducibility of parameters in 12 women (ages 50–75 years), and to compare with the navigator echo‐based correction and autofocusing. Furthermore, the technique's ability to optimize the sensitivity to detect simulated bone loss was ascertained.

Results

The new technique yielded superior reproducibility of image‐derived structural and mechanical parameters. Average coefficient of variation across all parameters improved by 12.5%, 27.0%, 33.5%, and 37.0%, respectively, following correction by navigator echoes, autofocusing, and the RAF technique (without and with correction for rotational motion); average intra‐class correlation coefficient increased by 1.2%, 2.2%, 2.8%, and 3.2%, respectively. Furthermore, simulated bone loss (5%) was well recovered independent of the choice of reference image (4.71% or 4.86% with respect to using either the original or the image subjected to bone loss) in the time series.

Conclusion

The data suggest that our technique simultaneously corrects for intra‐scan motion corruption while improving inter‐scan registration. Furthermore, the technique is not biased by small changes in bone architecture between time‐points. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:954–963. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the NT2‐derived neuronal and astrocytic cell lines as alternative in vitro models for primary human neurons and astrocytes
Authors: Haile Yohannes , Fu Wen , Shi Beipei , Westaway David , Baker Glen , Jhamandas Jack , Giuliani Fabrizio
Published: May 2014

Primary human fetal neurons and astrocytes (HFNs and HFAs, respectively) provide relevant cell types with which to study in vitro the mechanisms involved in various human neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the limited availability of human fetal cells poses a significant problem for the study of these diseases when a human cell model system is required. Thus, generating a readily available alternative cell source with the essential features of human neurons and astrocytes is necessary. The human teratoma‐derived NTera2/D1 (NT2) cell line is a promising tool from which both neuronal and glial cells can be generated. Nevertheless, a direct comparison of NT2 neurons and primary HFNs in terms of their morphology physiological and chemical properties is still missing. This study directly compares NT2‐derived neurons and primary HFNs using immunocytochemistry, confocal calcium imaging, high‐performance liquid chromatography, and high‐content analysis techniques. We investigated the morphological similarities and differences, levels of relevant amino acids, and internal calcium fluctuations in response to certain neurotransmitters/stimuli. We also compared NT2‐derived astrocytes and HFAs. In most of the parameters tested, both neuronal and astrocytic cell types exhibited similarities to primary human fetal neurons and astrocytes. NT2‐derived neurons and astrocytes are reliable in vitro tools and a renewable cell source that can serve as a valid alternative to HFNs/HFAs for mechanistic studies of neurological diseases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A combination of four active compounds alleviates cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in correlation with inhibition of autophagy and modulation of AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways
Authors: Guo Zhongshun , Cao Guosheng , Yang Haopeng , Zhou Huana , Li Long , Cao Zhengyu , Yu Boyang , Kou Junping
Published: May 2014

SMXZF is a combination of Rb1, Rg1, schizandrin, and DT‐13 (6:9:5:4) derived from Sheng‐mai San, a widely used Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebral diseases. The present study explores the inhibitory effects and signaling pathways of SMXZF on autophagy induced by cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to ischemia–reperfusion insult by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 hr with subsequent 24 hr reperfusion. Three doses of SMXZF (4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) after ischemia for 1 hr. An autophagic inhibitor, 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA; 300 μg/kg), was administered i.p. 20 min before ischemia as a positive drug. We found that SMXZF significantly increased cerebral blood flow and reduced the infarct volume, brain water content, and the neurological deficits in a dose‐dependent manner. Similar to the positive control, SMXZF at 18 mg/kg also significantly inhibited autophagosome formation. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting demonstrated that SMXZF could significantly decrease the expression levels of beclin1 and microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3. SMXZF also remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as well as the expression of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and its phosphorylation induced by 24 hr reperfusion. Finally, we demonstrated that the optimal administration time of SMXZF was at the early period of reperfusion. This study reveals that SMXZF displays neuroprotective effect against focal ischemia–reperfusion injury, possibly associated with autophagy inactivation through AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories
Authors: Hannah Sean T. , Sumanth John J. , Lester Paul , Cavarretta Fabrice
Published: May 2014

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.