bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The inverse spectral problem for the Sturm–Liouville
operator with discontinuous potential
Authors: Sedipkov Aydys A.
Published: May 2012

We study the inverse spectral problem for the Sturm–Liouville
operator with discontinuous potential. We establish properties of
the Jost function and investigate the inverse problem of recovering
the operator from given the Jost function. We obtain a procedure for
constructing the solution of the inverse problem.
Preparation and properties of melt blended metallocene polyethylene/silica nanocomposites: modifier effects
Authors: Lai Sun-Mou , Hsieh Meng-Ling , Chou Feng Yi , Chen Wen-Ching
Published: May 2012

Metallocene polyethylene (mPE)/silica ternary nanocomposites were prepared via a melt mixing approach using two types of modifiers, mPE-g-MA (maleic anhydride) or linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)-g-MA. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a similar degree of silica dispersion status for mPE/silica with or without modifiers to suggest the similar compatibility for mPE with modified silica, as evidenced by a similar change on the master curves over the corresponding frequency range and silica content in Cole-Cole plots. Silica and the modifiers served as nucleating agents to increase the crystallization temperature of mPE. Two visible crystallization temperatures or melting temperatures corresponding to mPE and LLDPE-g-MA, respectively, were still observable for LLDPE-g-MA modified cases, but not for mPE-g-MA modified cases. LLDPE-g-MA modified cases rendered the highest Young’s modulus and cutting strength due to the induced yielding from the high crystalline LLDPE-g-MA. Cutting strength of the LLDPE-g-MA modified case was approximately 34% larger than that of the mPE-g-MA modified case at 10 phr silica. By contrast, mPE-g-MA modified cases rendered the highest tear strength due to its high flexibility to provide more physical entanglements. Strength of investigated nanocomposites varied under different deformation behaviors to signify the importance of interphase and matrix variation at similar silica dispersion status.
Influence of MMT as reinforcement on rheological behavior, mechanical and morphological properties of recycled PET/ABS thermoplastic nanocomposites
Authors: Razak Mohd Zahidfullah Abd , Arsad Agus , Rahmat Abdul Razak , Hassan Azman
Published: May 2012

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of incorporating nanofiller, montmorillonite (MMT) on mechanical, morphological and rheological properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) nanocomposites. The MMT contents in 70:30 ABS/rPET and 30:70 ABS/rPET ranged from 1 to 5 wt%. The ABS/rPET nanocomposites were extruded and injection-molded into tensile, flexural and impact test samples. Samples underwent rheological testing by using melt flow index (MFI) and capillary rheometer and the morphology of the nanocomposites was investigated by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The maximum tensile strength and flexural strength were at 1 wt.% of MMT for both blends. However, tensile modulus and flexural modulus reached maximum point at 3 wt.% and started to decrease beyond 3 wt.%% of MMT. Impact strength for both blending decreased significantly with the incorporation of MMT. MFI values decreased with the increment of MMT for 30:70 ABS/rPET, but increased for 70:30 ABS/rPET. The incorporation of MMT increased the melt strength of 30:70 ABS/rPET nanocomposites. Shear viscosity showed increment with the increasing MMT concentration for 30:70 ABS/rPET nanocomposites. However, shear viscosity decreased with the increment of MMT for 70:30 ABS/rPET. FESEM micrographs show good distribution and dispersion of MMT in 30:70 ABS/rPET, but poor dispersion and agglomeration of MMT in 70:30 ABS/rPET.
The unusual creep and relaxation behaviour of polypropylene
Authors: Dusunceli Necmi
Published: May 2012

This paper focuses on experimental investigation and modelling of the unusual creep and relaxation behaviour of polypropylene. A polypropylene specimen was loaded up to three different levels of maximum strain (ɛmax), unloaded to various minimum stresses (σmin), creep and relaxation tests were performed at seven different strain levels. In addition to investigate the effect of loading history on unloading paths, multiple creep experiments were conducted at various stress levels. It was observed that unusual creep and relaxation behaviour of polypropylene depended on a strain increment (Δɛ) which is the difference between the minimum (ɛmin) and maximum strain level (ɛmax). Increasing the strain increment affects the creep and relaxation behaviour on loading path. As a result, the creep and relaxation behaviours of polypropylene show non-monotonic characteristics. The viscoplasticity theory based on overstress for polymer (VBOP) model was used to model the unusual creep and relaxation behaviour of polypropylene. From the comparison between the VBOP model predictions and the experimental results, it can be seen that the VBOP model can model both the unusual creep and relaxation behaviours of a semicrystalline polymer.
The activation state of macrophages alters their ability to suppress preadipocyte apoptosis
Authors: Molgat André S D , Gagnon AnneMarie , Foster Charlie , Sorisky Alexander
Published: May 2012

Adipose tissue contains macrophages whose state of activation is regulated as obesity develops. Macrophage-secreted factors influence critical processes involved in adipose tissue homeostasis, including preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation into adipocytes. Macrophage-conditioned medium (MacCM) from J774A.1 macrophages protects 3T3-L1 preadipocytes from apoptosis through platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling. Here, we investigated the effect of macrophage activation on MacCM-dependent preadipocyte survival. MacCM was prepared following activation of either J774A.1 macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MD-macrophages) with LPS or interleukin 4 (IL4). 3T3-L1 and human primary preadipocytes were induced to undergo apoptosis in MacCM, and apoptosis was quantified by cell enumeration or Hoechst nuclear staining. Preadipocyte PDGF signaling was assessed by immunoblot analysis of phosphorylated PDGF receptor, Akt, and ERK1/2. Pro-inflammatory activation of J774A.1 macrophages with LPS inhibited the pro-survival activity of MacCM on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, despite intact PDGF signaling. Upregulation of macrophage tumor necrosis factor a (TNFα) expression occurred in response to LPS, and TNFα was demonstrated to be responsible for the inability of LPS-J774A.1-MacCM to inhibit preadipocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, MacCM from human MD-macrophages (MD-MacCM) inhibited apoptosis of primary human preadipocytes. MD-MacCM from LPS-treated macrophages, but not IL4-treated anti-inflammatory macrophages, was unable to protect human preadipocytes from cell death. In both murine cell lines and human primary cells, pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages inhibits their pro-survival activity, favoring preadipocyte death. These findings may be relevant to preadipocyte fate and adipose tissue remodeling in obesity.
Sex Modifies Genetic Effects on Residual Variance in Urinary Calcium Excretion in Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Perry Guy M L , Nehrke Keith W , Bushinsky David A , Reid Robert , Lewandowski Krista L , Hueber Paul , Scheinman Steven J
Published: May 2012

Conventional genetics assumes common variance among alleles or genetic groups. However, evidence from vertebrate and invertebrate models suggests that residual genotypic variance may itself be under partial genetic control. Such a phenomenon would have great significance: high-variability alleles might confound the detection of “classically” acting genes or scatter predicted evolutionary outcomes among unpredicted trajectories. Of the few works on this phenomenon, many implicate sex in some aspect of its control. We found that female genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming (GHS) rats (Rattus norvegicus) had higher coefficients of variation (CVs) for urinary calcium (CV = 0.14) than GHS males (CV = 0.06), and the reverse in normocalciuric Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY) (CV♂ = 0.14; CV♀ = 0.09), suggesting sex-by-genotype interaction on residual variance. We therefore investigated the effect of sex on absolute-transformed residuals in urinary calcium in an F2 GHS × WKY mapping cohort. Absolute residuals were associated with genotype at two microsatellites, D3Rat46 (RNO3, 33.9 Mb) and D4Mgh1 (RNO4, 84.8 MB) at Bonferroni thresholds across the entire cohort, and with the microsatellites D3Rat46, D9Mgh2 (RNO9, 84.4 Mb), and D12Rat25 (RNO12, 40.4 Mb) in females (P < 0.05) but not males. In GHS chromosome 1 congenic lines bred onto a WKY genomic background, we found that congenic males had significantly (P < 0.0001) higher CVs for urinary calcium (CV = 0.25) than females (CV = 0.15), supporting the hypothesis of the inheritance of sex-by-genotype interaction on this effect. Our findings suggest that genetic effects on residual variance are sex linked; heritable, sex-specific residuals might have great potential implications for evolution, adaptation, and genetic analysis.
Genetics and Evolution of Hybrid Male Sterility in House Mice
Authors: White Michael A , Stubbings Maria , Dumont Beth L , Payseur Bret A
Published: May 2012

Comparative genetic mapping provides insights into the evolution of the reproductive barriers that separate closely related species. This approach has been used to document the accumulation of reproductive incompatibilities over time, but has only been applied to a few taxa. House mice offer a powerful system to reconstruct the evolution of reproductive isolation between multiple subspecies pairs. However, studies of the primary reproductive barrier in house mice—hybrid male sterility—have been restricted to a single subspecies pair: Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus. To provide a more complete characterization of reproductive isolation in house mice, we conducted an F2 intercross between wild-derived inbred strains from Mus musculus castaneus and M. m. domesticus. We identified autosomal and X-linked QTL associated with a range of hybrid male sterility phenotypes, including testis weight, sperm density, and sperm morphology. The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) was strongly associated with hybrid sterility phenotypes when heterozygous. We compared QTL found in this cross with QTL identified in a previous F2 intercross between M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus and found three shared autosomal QTL. Most QTL were not shared, demonstrating that the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility largely differs between these closely related subspecies pairs. These results lay the groundwork for identifying genes responsible for the early stages of speciation in house mice.
Age-Specific Variation in Immune Response inDrosophila melanogasterHas a Genetic Basis
Authors: Felix Tashauna M , Hughes Kimberly A , Stone Eric A , Drnevich Jenny M , Leips Jeff
Published: May 2012

Immunosenescence, the age-related decline in immune system function, is a general hallmark of aging. While much is known about the cellular and physiological changes that accompany immunosenescence, we know little about the genetic influences on this phenomenon. In this study we combined age-specific measurements of bacterial clearance ability following infection with whole-genome measurements of the transcriptional response to infection and wounding to identify genes that contribute to the natural variation in immunosenescence, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. Twenty inbred lines derived from nature were measured for their ability to clear an Escherichia coli infection at 1 and 4 weeks of age. We used microarrays to simultaneously determine genome-wide expression profiles in infected and wounded flies at each age for 12 of these lines. Lines exhibited significant genetically based variation in bacterial clearance at both ages; however, the genetic basis of this variation changed dramatically with age. Variation in gene expression was significantly correlated with bacterial clearance ability only in the older age group. At 4 weeks of age variation in the expression of 247 genes following infection was associated with genetic variation in bacterial clearance. Functional annotation analyses implicate genes involved in energy metabolism including those in the insulin signaling/TOR pathway as having significant associations with bacterial clearance in older individuals. Given the evolutionary conservation of the genes involved in energy metabolism, our results could have important implications for understanding immunosenescence in other organisms, including humans.
Contribuição da estrutura interna na perda de carga de filtros de areia utilizados na irrigação
Authors: Mesquita Marcio , Testezlaf Roberto , Salcedo Juan C. , Bizari Douglas R.
Published: May 2012

A dinâmica de operação dos filtros de areia afeta o desempenho hidráulico do sistema de irrigação, elevando a perda de carga e alterando a altura manométrica total do sistema. Buscando entender parte dessa dinâmica, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da estrutura interna de filtros de areia na perda de carga de três modelos de equipamentos fabricados no Brasil, sem a presença do elemento filtrante e utilizando água limpa. Adicionalmente, com o ajuste do modelo matemático exponencial aos dados experimentais, procurou-se estabelecer comparações entre os tipos de estrutura dos filtros avaliados. Os ensaios foram realizados em um módulo experimental construído no Laboratório de Hidráulica e Irrigação da FEAGRI/UNICAMP. Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura hidráulica interna dos filtros determinou comportamentos hidráulicos diferenciados e que os tipos de estruturas (placa difusora e drenos) alteraram o padrão de operação dos modelos ensaiados. A função matemática proposta representou, significativamente, o fenômeno físico de perda de carga para as condições do experimento.
Discalculia do desenvolvimento: avaliação da representação numérica pela ZAREKI-R
Authors: Silva Paulo Adilson da , Santos Flávia Heloísa dos
Published: May 2012

O presente estudo investigou aspectos da representação numérica (processamento numérico e cálculo) e memória operacional de crianças com transtornos de aprendizagem. Participaram 30 crianças de idade entre 9 e 10 anos, ambos os gêneros, divididas em dois grupos: sem dificuldade em aritmética (SDA; N=11) e com dificuldade em aritmética (CDA; N=19), avaliadas pela ZAREKI-R, Matrizes Coloridas de Raven, o Blocos de Corsi e o BCPR. Crianças CDA exibiram escores levemente mais baixos que as SDA quanto ao nível intelectual e nos Blocos de Corsi. Na ZAREKI-R apresentaram prejuízo nos subtestes ditado de números, cálculo mental, problemas aritméticos e total. Crianças CDA apresentaram déficits específicos em memória operacional visuoespacial e comprometimento em processamento numérico e cálculo, compatível com discalculia do desenvolvimento.
Aspectos afetivos da justiça e injustiça e assimetrias entre temas
Authors: Spadoni Lila
Published: May 2012

Neste artigo abordam-se os aspectos afetivos das representações sociais organizadas em tematas para demonstrar que a oposição entre a justiça e a injustiça possui uma organização marcada por simetrias e assimetrias. Para isso foram testadas duas hipóteses baseadas na perspectiva estruturalista das representações sociais. A primeira hipótese conjetura que esta dupla de representações possui uma ancoragem de emoções organizadas simetricamente. A segunda hipótese pressupõe que a injustiça tem sua organização marcada por uma maior intensidade afetiva do que a justiça. Os dados advindos de uma manipulação quasi-experimental com alunos de psicologia de Paris confirmam as duas hipóteses.
Enraizamento de microestacas de Lavandula angustifolia
Authors: Machado Marília Pereira , Santos Gabriel Distéfano , Deschamps Cícero , Biasi Luiz Antonio
Published: May 2012

A eliminação da etapa de enraizamento in vitro na micropropagação de plantas é desejável do ponto de vista econômico, além de proporcionar a melhoria na qualidade do sistema radicial formado. Dois experimentos foram realizados com os objetivos de avaliar diferentes concentrações (0; 2,5; 5,0 e 10mM) de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento ex vitro de lavanda (L. angustifolia), cv. 'Provence Blue' e avaliar a capacidade de enraizamento ex vitro das cultivares 'Vera', 'Provence Blue', 'English' e 'Elegance Ice'. Após 30 dias, foi avaliado o número de microestacas enraizadas, comprimento das raízes principais, porcentagem de enraizamento e porcentagem de sobrevivência. A concentração de 5,0mM de AIB foi mais efetiva para o comprimento de raízes e porcentagem de enraizamento das microestacas de lavanda cv. 'Provence Blue', apesar de reduzir o número de raízes formadas. Entre as cultivares estudadas, a porcentagem de sobrevivência das plantas variou de 82% a 100%. As cultivares apresentaram diferenças no enraizamento ex vitro das microestacas, sendo as maiores médias de porcentagem de enraizamento registradas na 'Provence Blue' e 'Elegance Ice'. Conclui-se que a microestaquia pode ser uma técnica eficiente para a propagação de lavanda, pelo tratamento das microestacas com 5,0mM de AIB, por proporcionar alta porcentagem de enraizamento e sobrevivência das plantas.
Resistência inicial de quatro espécies arbóreas em diferentes espaçamentos após ocorrência de geada
Authors: Caron Braulio Otomar , Souza Velci Queiróz de , Eloy Elder , Behling Alexandre , Schmidt Denise , Trevisan Rômulo
Published: May 2012

A ocorrência de geada, dependendo do grau de dano, pode se tornar um fator limitante para a condução de florestas de curta rotação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento após ocorrências de geadas das espécies florestais Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Mimosa scabrella Benth e Ateleia glazioveana Baill submetidas a níveis de espaçamento de 2,0x1,0m; 2,0x1,5m; 3,0x1,0 e 3,0x1,5m um ano após o plantio, na região Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Os danos (resistência a geada) foram avaliados segundo o sistema de notas de 0 a 10, conforme a intensidade do dano na planta. Os graus de resistência à geada foram determinados em função da intensidade do dano na planta. Os níveis de espaçamento estudados não afetaram respostas das espécies em relação ao dano ocasionado por geada. A espécie Mimosa scabrella apresentou ser resistente, enquanto que Eucalyptus grandis e Ateleia glazioveana, tolerantes. Já a Acacia mearnsii apresentou ser moderadamente tolerante a tolerante.
Energia líquida e ractopamina para leitoas em terminação sob altas temperaturas ambientais
Authors: Moura Mariana Souza de , Kiefer Charles , Silva Camilla Mendonça , Santos Alexandre Pereira dos , Fantini Caiki Calepso , Lucas Lúcia dos Santos
Published: May 2012

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar níveis de energia líquida (EL) e ractopamina na dieta de leitoas em terminação sob altas temperaturas ambientais (29,5±2,3°C). Foram utilizadas 40 leitoas (peso inicial de 69,3±2,8kg) distribuídas no delineamento de bloco ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x4 (0 e 20ppm de ractopamina e 2.300; 2.424; 2.548 e 2.668kcal de EL kg-1 de ração), com cinco repetições de um animal cada. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre EL e ractopamina, sendo que a inclusão de 20ppm em dietas com 2.548 e 2.668kcal reduziu (P<0,05) a espessura de toucinho e aumentou (P<0,05) a percentagem de carne magra das carcaças. A ractopamina melhorou (P<0,05) a conversão alimentar e a quantidade de carne magra nas carcaças (P<0,05), independente dos níveis de EL. Concluiu-se que a ractopamina na dose de 20ppm propicia benefícios no desempenho e características de carcaça de leitoas sob estresse térmico e que esse efeito é mais positivo em dietas contendo níveis energéticos mais elevados (2.548 e 2.668kcal de EL).
Resposta da cultura da soja a diferentes intensidades de injúria nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento
Authors: Moscardi Flávio , Bueno Adeney de Freitas , Bueno Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas , Garcia Antônio
Published: May 2012

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de diferentes níveis de injúria nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento das plantas de soja. Os experimentos foram realizados em duas diferentes safras agrícolas em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com 11 tratamentos na primeira e 10 tratamentos na segunda safra, e quatro repetições. A cultivar utilizada foi a 'BRS 133' e os níveis de injúria foram: 1-Testemunha; 2-Remoção de 1 cotilédone; 3-Remoção de ambos os cotilédones; 4-Remoção de ambos os cotilédones + 1 folha unifoliolada; 5-Remoção de ambos cotilédones + ambas as folhas unifolioladas; 6-Remoção de 1 folha unifoliolada; 7-Remoção de ambas as folhas unifolioladas; 8-Corte abaixo das folhas unifoliadas; 9-Remoção do broto das folhas trifolioladas; 10-Desfolha total; 11-Desfolha total + remoção da gema apical (apenas no primeiro ensaio). A injúria foi realizada manualmente e inseticidas foram aplicados semanalmente para impedir injúria por insetos. Os resultados evidenciaram que a produção de soja foi reduzida somente quando a injúria foi severa o suficiente para provocar a redução do estande em consequência da morte de plantas. Isso ocorreu nos tratamentos 5, 10 e 11. Nos demais tratamentos, as plantas foram capazes de se recuperar, o que comprova que o nível de ação de 30% de desfolha que é recomendado para iniciar o controle é seguro e deve ser respeitado pelos sojicultores.
Número de anos para a estimação da média decendial de duração diária do brilho solar no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Cargnelutti Filho Alberto , Matzenauer Ronaldo , Radin Bernadete , Maluf Jaime Ricardo Tavares
Published: May 2012

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra (número de anos) para a estimação da média decendial de duração diária de brilho solar em 30 locais do Rio Grande do Sul. Com os dados de duração de brilho solar do período de 1960 a 2007, formaram-se 1.080 séries temporais (30 locais x 36 decêndios) de média decendial de duração diária de brilho solar. Testou-se a aleatoriedade e a normalidade dos dados, de cada série temporal, por meio dos testes de sequência (run test) e de Lilliefors, respectivamente. Para cada decêndio e local, foi determinado o tamanho de amostra por meio de reamostragem bootstrap, com reposição de 3.000 amostras. Vinte e cinco anos de observações são suficientes para a estimação da média decendial de duração diária de brilho solar, com amplitude do intervalo de confiança de bootstrap de 95% igual a 2,00 horas dia-1.
Propagação do 'Boysenberry' por estaquia e mergulhia
Authors: Tiberti Andrei Spaziani , Pio Rafael , Assis Cynthia Natally de , Silva Kelly Nascimento , Tadeu Maraisa Hellen
Published: May 2012

Visando a estudar a propagação por estaquia e mergulhia do 'Boysenberry' (híbrido entre 'Marionberry' e framboesa), o objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar o potencial rizogênico de estacas caulinares armazenadas a frio-úmido e tratadas com ácido indolbutírico e da mergulhia desse híbrido. No primeiro experimento, estacas caulinares de 15cm foram tratadas com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB): 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000mg L-1 por 10seg., além do controle composto somente por água. No segundo experimento, as estacas foram armazenadas a frio-úmido por 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 dias, além do controle sem armazenamento. Em ambos os experimentos, as estacas caulinares foram enterradas 2/3 de seu comprimento na posição vertical, utilizando a vermiculita de grânulos finos como substrato, em telado com sombreamento de 50%. Após 60 dias, foram analisadas as porcentagens de enraizamento, brotação e o número médio de raízes. No terceiro experimento, as mergulhias de ponta foram realizadas na porção apical dos ramos, aplicando-se, na extremidade do ramo, diferentes concentrações de AIB (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000mg L-1). Os ramos foram enterrados em caixas de plástico contendo o substrato casca de pinus umedecido. Passados 45 dias, foram removidos para a mensuração. Concluiu-se que as estacas caulinares devem ser armazenadas a frio-úmido por 20 dias e não serem tratadas com AIB; a mergulhia de ponta promoveu maior emissão de raízes quando tratadas com 4000mg L-1.
Differences between urban and rural population with respect to demand on forestry aspects, in a case study of the Turkish province of Bal kesir
Authors: Erol Seçil Yurdakul
Published: May 2012

Inhabitants of urban and rural areas are important participants in the process of developing and implementing forest policy. Thus, it is essential to determine their demands and attitudes towards forestry issues. In this context, the demands and evaluation of forest functions are investigated in a case study of the Turkish province of Bal kesir. The findings of the case study show that differences in terms of demands among inhabitants of rural and urban areas are related to forest fires fighting, crimes fighting, forestry-tourism integration, forestation and regeneration activities, and the enlargement of forest areas. The main differences among their assessments of forest functions are related to fire wood production, and the provision of flood and erosion control, nature protection, and recreational opportunities. The findings are important for conflict management and for local decision making. By using the findings of similar studies, the provincial organizations should harmonize their priorities with the expectations of relevant interest groups.
Atributos de solo e de plantas afetados pelo manejo da pastagem anual de inverno em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária
Authors: Veiga Milton da , Durigon Leandro , Pandolfo Carla Maria , Balbinot Junior Alvadi Antonio
Published: May 2012

O uso continuado do sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária pode promover alterações em atributos físicos do solo, bem como afetar a produtividade das culturas semeadas em sucessão à pastagem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de formas de semeadura e do intervalo entre a retirada dos animais e a dessecação da pastagem anual de inverno sobre atributos físicos do solo, fitomassa aérea remanescente da pastagem e produtividade das culturas semeadas em sucessão. Foi instalado um experimento em propriedade rural em Campos Novos, SC, que utiliza o sistema integração lavoura-pecuária, onde foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: duas formas de semeadura da pastagem no outono (semeadura direta sem e com posterior revolvimento do solo com grade niveladora), alocados nas parcelas principais, e quatro intervalos de retirada dos animais antes da dessecação da pastagem (retirada dos animais aos 28, 14 e 1 dia antes da dessecação e testemunha, sem pastejo), alocados nas subparcelas. Foram determinados a fitomassa aérea de pastagem remanescente por ocasião da dessecação, os atributos físicos do solo após a dessecação da pastagem e o rendimento de grãos de soja e milho. A forma de semeadura da pastagem anual de inverno não afetou os atributos físicos do solo e o rendimento das culturas de soja e milho cultivadas em sucessão à pastagem, enquanto o aumento do intervalo entre a retirada dos animais e a dessecação aumentou a fitomassa aérea remanescente da pastagem por ocasião da dessecação.
The Breath of the Poem: Confessional Print/Performance circa 1959
Authors: Grobe Christopher
Published: May 2012

This essay offers an early chapter in the conjoined history of poetry and performance art, literary criticism and performance studies. Beginning in the mid-1950s and with increasing fervor through the 1960s, American poetry lived simultaneously in print, on vinyl, and in embodied performance. Amid this environment of multimedia publicity, an oddly private poetry emerged. The essay locates confessional poetry in the performance-rich context of its birth and interrogates not only its textual voice but also its embodied, performed breath. Focusing on early confessional work by Robert Lowell and Anne Sexton, this essay conducts side-by-side “readings” of printed poems and recorded performances and suggests thatconfessionalrefers to an intermedial, print-performance style—a particular logic for capturing personal performances in print form and for breathing performances back out of the printed page.
Lola Ridge's Pivotal Editorial Role at Broom
Authors: Wheeler Belinda
Published: May 2012

Many scholars know lola ridge (1873–1941) as a passionate, irish-born american poet and activist whose poetry was of-ten tied to American subjects, employed various traditional and avant-garde styles, invited a diverse readership, and “expressed a fiery awareness of social injustice” (Kay Boyle [McAlmon 15]). Her time as magazine editor, however, continues to be overlooked. In 1912 Ridge founded the Ferrer Association's journal Modern School and edited its first issue (Avrich 166). The periodical started as a radical, politically based newsletter for parents but soon became less political, publishing artistic and literary work by students of the association's school. Between late 1918 and early 1919, Ridge oversaw, along with several other associate editors, three issues of the avant-garde poetry journal Others. Ridge also organized the Others Lecture Bureau, which toured parts of the Midwest and hosted several literary parties for magazine contributors and supporters (Churchill 58). Ridge's leading editorial role occurred from February 1922 to April 1923, when she served as the American literary editor of Broom: An International Magazine of the Arts. Broom was an elaborate magazine praised by many, including William Carlos Williams, who exclaimed, “What a magazine that was! Too expensive for its time but superb to hold in the hand and to read” (187). Although publications that discuss Broom largely marginalize Ridge, the correspondence between her and Broom‘s expatriate editor and publisher, Harold Loeb, in files in Princeton's Department of Rare Books and Special Collections labeled “Broom Correspondence of Harold Loeb, 1920–1956,” shows that from the New York office Ridge orchestrated the magazine's recovery, making it one of the most widely circulated privately owned literary magazines of its time. She also created the magazine's standout “all-American” issue, which pushed against European influences and presented modernism as an American project in its own right. Ridge's pivotal role at Broom is noteworthy because the disagreements she had with Loeb highlight prescribed roles female editors encountered, polarize the modernist debates on both sides of the Atlantic, show her confronting one of modernism's well-known artists, and demonstrate how the fallout over the American issue irrevocably affected Broom‘s future.
“The Horologe of Time”: Periodization in History
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: May 2012

Everyone has an interest in time, but historians are interested in it professionally. they have been remarkably fecund in devising ways to carve up and label the mysterious workings of time. They have named it after rulers or other leaders (what the great French historian of theAnnalesschool Marc Bloch referred to tartly as “stumbling from reign to reign” [177]), so that students encounter periods called the Napoleonic, Jacksonian, Victorian, Meiji, and Wilhelmine, to give just a few examples from the nineteenth century I know best. Then there are the centuries, the building blocks of so many survey courses and textbooks that one can only wonder at the powerful hold of the decimal system on the historical imagination. Not least, of course, we find history divided into conceptual units. These may be variations on ancient and modern; they may be periods defined by a body of ideas and practices (Renaissance, Enlightenment) or by overarching political and social developments (the revolutionary era, the age of empire). Once we enter the terrain of conceptually defined eras, titles given by historians are limited only by the number of abstract nouns that can be employed after the phrase “age of,” starting with “anxiety” and continuing through the alphabet.
A Long Eighteenth Century? What Eighteenth Century?
Authors: Dejean Joan
Published: May 2012

When i agreed to contribute to this issue, i wanted to focus a debate about periodization for once solely on foreign languages and not, as is usually the case, on a single foreign language in comparison with English. To do this, I intended to take a new look at one of the most successful examples of the new periodization: the long eighteenth century. The concept first came to the fore and gained wide critical currency in English studies and in history. In these fields, a number of differently long eighteenth centuries have been proposed and practiced—an eighteenth century that begins as early as 1660, for example, and one that ends as late as 1832. Among the many consequences of the various choices of chronological limits for the long eighteenth century, probably the most significant is the way in which the Enlightenment's role is heightened or diminished in each version of the period. Since in intellectual and literary terms the Enlightenment's impact was felt all over western Europe in the 1700s, I decided that this should be one issue of periodization whose presence would be by now visible in most if not all modern foreign languages. As it turned out, I could not have been more wrong. And what I learned on the way to that realization caused me to shift course radically.
What Was Latino Literature?
Authors: Gruesz Kirsten Silva
Published: May 2012

My substitution in the hoary formulation what was x? must seem perverse. isn't latino literature in the united states a newcomer among subfields—a recent entry on the roster of MLA book prizes, a fast-growing site of knowledge production, faculty lines, and institutional visibility? How could that field of the future—propelled by a demographic surge—be already a thing of the past? It is to worry this commonsensical temporality of Latino issues that I invoke the title of Kenneth Warren's What Was African American Literature?, published in early 2011. In a neat coincidence, Warren's book was published in the same season as the first-ever Norton Anthology of Latino Literature (NALL), a project spearheaded by Ilan Stavans with the collaboration of five editors. Both publishing events sparked discussion beyond the academy among the shrinking general audience interested in literary culture; taken together, they illustrate the peculiar exigencies of periodizing ethnic literatures.
Imagining a Transpacific and Feminist Asian American Archive
Authors: Cruz Denise
Published: May 2012

A brief moment in karen tei yamashita's recent noveli hotel(2010) resurrects a crucial fragment of asian american literary history. Yamashita's book—part send-up and part recounting of actual events—pays homage to and reimagines the multiple paths that were critical to the late-1960s and 1970s Asian American movement. In a small yet important scene,I Hotelhighlights how the development of an Asian American literary canon was entwined with the production of heroic masculinity. Three men drive four hundred miles to visit Dorothy Okada, widow of the author John Okada, on a mission of archival recovery and masculinist “heroics” (96). Their adventure begins when one of the men discovers Okada's 1957 novelNo-No Boy(now a canonical work) and a letter that mentions the possible existence of an unpublished manuscript by Okada. Ultimately, the trip is unsuccessful. “What happens next,” the narrator tells us, “is history” (97). Confronted by the lack of public interest in Okada's work, Dorothy has burned his papers, and the disappointed men can only ask ridiculously inappropriate questions about the couple's marriage and sexual relationship. In this story, the men who set out to become heroes of Asian American literary studies are thwarted by a woman's failure to preserve the text, and they reduce Dorothy to a supporting role. Yet in recapturing the gendered division at the heart of this defining moment in Asian American literary history,I Hotelalso reminds us of other narrative, methodological, and theoretical paths. “As time drags on,” the narrator muses a few pages earlier, “other events step up to the plate, and one begins to wonder why any fork in the road presented the less traveled option” (95).
New Indians and Indigenous Archives
Authors: Washburn Kathleen
Published: May 2012

Native americans have long been the missing subjects of american literature, either excised from narratives of nation through colonial erasure or limited to the discourse of the “vanishing Indian.” Such marginalization is no longer the case, or at least not to the same extent, particularly for literary studies of national, transnational, and hemispheric constructions of race and citizenship. As critics from Vine Deloria to Linda Tuhiwai Smith and Craig Womack have demonstrated, a wide range of indigenous practices and forms of knowledge must be reclaimed within academic forms of inquiry, representation, and circulation. One strategy for Native American literary studies has been to expand notions of text to include winter counts, wampum, and other forms of material culture. Even with a narrower definition of text, however, the current archive of American Indian literature encompasses such diverse works as early songs and oratory, nineteenth-century poems in Ojibwe and English by Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, a range of boarding school narratives, contemporary graphic novels, and the amplified (digital) poetry of Brandy Nalani McDougall and Craig Santos Perez.
The Effect of Age on Delay in Diagnosis and Stage of Breast Cancer
Authors: Partridge Ann H. , Hughes Melissa E. , Ottesen Rebecca A. , Wong Yu-Ning , Edge Stephen B. , Theriault Richard L. , Blayney Douglas W. , Niland Joyce C. , Winer Eric P. , Weeks Jane C. , Tamimi Rulla M.
Published: May 2012

Background.

Young women with breast cancer are more likely to present with more advanced disease and are more likely to die as a result of breast cancer than their older counterparts. We sought to examine the relationship among young age (≤40 years), the likelihood of a delay in diagnosis, and stage.

Methods.

We examined data from women with newly diagnosed stage I–IV breast cancer presenting to one of eight National Comprehensive Cancer Network centers in January 2000 to December 2007. Delay in diagnosis was defined as time from initial sign or symptom to breast cancer diagnosis >60 days.

Results.

Among 21,818 women with breast cancer eligible for analysis, 2,445 were aged ≤40 years at diagnosis. Young women were not more likely to have a delay in diagnosis >60 days (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98–1.19) after adjustment for type of initial sign or symptom. Young women were only modestly more likely to present with higher stage disease after a similar adjustment (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.07–1.31). Women presenting with symptomatic disease, more common in younger women, were more likely to have a delay in diagnosis (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 3.08–3.56) and higher stage (OR, 4.31; 95% CI 4.05–4.58).

Conclusion.

Young age is not an independent predictor of delay in diagnosis of breast cancer and only modestly is associated with higher stage disease. Presenting with symptoms of breast cancer predicts delay and higher stage at diagnosis.
Bottom‐up biodiversity effects increase resource subsidy flux between ecosystems
Authors: Allen Daniel C. , Vaughn Caryn C. , Kelly Jeffrey F. , Cooper Joshua T. , Engel Michael H.
Published: May 2012

Although biodiversity can increase ecosystem productivity and adjacent ecosystems are often linked by resource flows between them, the relationship between biodiversity and resource subsidies is not well understood. Here we test the influence of biodiversity on resource subsidy flux by manipulating freshwater mussel species richness and documenting the effects on a trophic cascade from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. In a mesocosm experiment, mussel effects on algae were linked through stable isotope analyses to mussel‐derived nitrogen subsidies, but mussel biodiversity effects on algal accumulation were not significant. In contrast, mussel biodiversity significantly increased aquatic insect emergence rates, because aquatic insects were responding to mussel‐induced changes in algal community structure instead of algal accumulation. In turn, mussel biodiversity also significantly increased terrestrial spider abundance as spiders tracked increases in aquatic insect prey after a reproduction event. In a comparative field study, we found that sites with greater mussel species richness had higher aquatic insect emergence rates. These results show that, because food webs in adjacent ecosystems are often linked, biodiversity effects in one ecosystem can influence adjacent ecosystems as well.
Both host plant and ecosystem engineer identity influence leaf‐tie impacts on the arthropod community of Quercus
Authors: Wang H. George , Marquis Robert J. , Baer Christina S.
Published: May 2012

Many insect herbivores build shelters on plants, which are then colonized by other arthropod species. To understand the impacts of such ecosystem engineering on associated species, the contributions of ecosystem engineer and host‐plant identities must be understood. We investigated these contingencies at the patch scale using two species of leaf‐tying caterpillars, which vary in size and tie construction mode, on eight species of oak (Quercus) trees, which vary in leaf size and leaf chemistry. We created three types of artificial leaf ties by clipping together pairs of adjacent leaves using metal hair clips. We left the first type of leaf tie empty while adding individuals of the leaf‐tying caterpillars of either Pseudotelphusa quercinigracella or Psilocorsis cryptolechiella to the other two. We also created a control treatment of untied leaves by affixing clips to single leaves. Leaf ties increased occupancy in the early season and arthropod α diversity throughout the experiment, on average fourfold. Furthermore, the presence of leaf ties increased arthropod species density on average three times and abundance 10–35 times, depending on the plant species. The mean phenolic content of the leaves of each oak species was positively correlated with the leaf‐tie effect on abundance and negatively correlated with the leaf‐tie effect on species diversity. Species diversity, but not abundance, was affected by the identity of the tie‐maker. Arthropod species composition differed between untied leaves and artificial leaf ties, and between ties made by the two leaf‐tier species. Our results demonstrate that the presence of leaf ties adds to habitat diversity within the oak–herbivore system, not only by creating a new kind of microhabitat (the leaf tie) within trees, but also by exacerbating differences among the eight oak species in apparent habitat quality. The identity of the leaf‐tying caterpillar adds to this heterogeneity by creating leaf ties of different size, thus influencing subsequent colonization by other leaf‐tying caterpillars of different sizes.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Inflammation in CKD
Authors: Munoz Mendoza Jair , Isakova Tamara , Ricardo Ana C. , Xie Huiliang , Navaneethan Sankar D. , Anderson Amanda H. , Bazzano Lydia A. , Xie Dawei , Kretzler Matthias , Nessel Lisa , Hamm L. Lee , Negrea Lavinia , Leonard Mary B. , Raj Dominic , Wolf Myles
Published: May 2012

Background and objectives

Levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and inflammatory markers are commonly elevated in CKD, and each is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. This study tested the hypothesis that FGF23 is independently associated with inflammation in CKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

The association between levels of FGF23 and the inflammatory markers IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, and fibrinogen was assessed in a cross-sectional analysis of 3879 participants enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study between June 2003 and September 2008.

Results

FGF23 correlated directly with IL-6 (r=0.4), CRP (r=0.2), TNF-α (r=0.4), and fibrinogen (r=0.3; P<0.001 for each). In univariate and multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses, natural log (ln) transformed FGF23 was significantly associated with lnIL-6, lnCRP, lnTNF-α, and fibrinogen (P<0.001 for each). Each unit higher lnFGF23 was associated with severe inflammation, defined as levels of all inflammatory markers in the highest 25th percentile, in univariate (odds ratio [OR], 2.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.0–2.9]) and multivariable-adjusted (OR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.6–2.5]) logistic regression analyses. Ascending FGF23 quartiles were independently associated with severe inflammation (OR, 5.6 for the highest versus lowest FGF23 quartile [95% CI, 2.3–13.9]; P for trend < 0.001).

Conclusions

Higher FGF23 levels are independently associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers in patients with CKD and with significantly greater odds of severe inflammation. Future studies should evaluate whether inflammation modifies the association between FGF23 and adverse outcomes in CKD.
Substituent effect on IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral data in n-(substituted phenyl)-2-cyanoacetamides: A correlation study
Authors: Marinkovic Aleksandar , Brkic Dominik , Martinovic Jelena , Mijin Dusan , Milcic Milos , Petrovic Slobodan
Published: May 2012

Linear free energy relationships (LFER) were applied to the IR, 1H and 13C
NMR spectral data of N-(substituted phenyl)-2-cyanoacetamides. A variety of
substituents were employed for phenyl substitution and fairly good
correlations were obtained using the simple Hammett and the Hammett-Taft
dual substituent parameter equations. The correlation results of the
substituent induced 13C NMR chemical shifts (SCS) of the C1, C=O and N-H
atom indicated different sensitivity with respect to electronic substituent
effects. A better correlation of the SCSC=O with a combination of
electrophilic and nucleophilic substituent constants indicated a significant
contribution of extended resonance interaction (?-delocalization) within the
?1-unit. The conformations of the investigated compounds were studied using
the DFT B3LYP/6-311G method and, together with the results of 13C NMR and
IR spectroscopic studies, a better insight into the influence of such a
structure on the transmission of electronic substituent effects was
obtained.
The bear and the world: Projections of Russia’s policy after Putin’s return to Kremlin in 2012
Authors: Rukavishnikov Vladimir
Published: May 2012

The paper deals with projections of Russia?s policy after Putin?s return to
Kremlin in 2012. The focus is made on security and foreign policy issues.
They are considered as twinned with the domestic affairs. In part of the
paper author examines how the proposed rising of military spending impacts
the Russian society, the state politics as a whole, as well as other relevant
issues. The author insists that the increase/decrease of temperature of the
US - Russia and Russia - the EU relationships is hardly only Russia?s
concern.
The problem of truth in war crimes trials
Authors: Fatic Aleksandar , Bulatovic Aleksandra
Published: May 2012

The author discusses the relationship between the truth and criminal trial in
general, with a special focus on war crimes trials and their consequences for
the fragile processes of consolidation of violated collective identities in
post-conflict states. The authors challenge the idea that a criminal trial is
a search for the truth, and present a philosophical argument to the effect
that the trial is in fact an event conforming to the model of what the author
calls ?quasi-epistemological games?, rather than the model of an
epistemological engine. The purpose of the trial is quasi-epistemological,
because the model of an epistemological engine entails that the trial is
primarily a search for the truth, while this is not the case with criminal
trials in general, and especially with war crimes trials. He argues that,
while the criminal trial readily invites the truth of the events if it is
discovered, it can be and often is both valid and valuable regardless of
whether ?the truth, the full truth, and nothing but the truth? is discovered
in its course.