bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of persistence of terbinafine in the hair of normal cats after 14 days of daily therapy
Authors: Foust Abby L. , Marsella Rosanna , Akucewich Lisa H. , Kunkle Gail , Stern Amy , Moattari Syamak , Szabo Nancy J.
Published: June 2007

This study determined the residual concentration of terbinafine in cat hair after 14 days of oral treatment. Ten clinically normal cats were administered terbinafine orally at a daily dose of 34–45.7 mg kg−1for a total of 14 days. Areas of 15 cm2were shaved on the lateral thorax at day 0 and weekly for 8 weeks after the last dose of terbinafine. The hair samples were analysed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography to determine the persistence of terbinafine over time. The mean terbinafine concentration in hair was 2.30 ng mg−1after 14 days of therapy. The half life was 1.84 weeks after the last dose of terbinafine. With a 99% confidence interval, the concentration of terbinafine remained in the cat hair at or above 0.03 ng mg−1(minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)90 = 0.03 µg mL−1) for 5.3 weeks. Slight deviations in the complete blood cell count and serum chemistry values were not attributed to terbinafine. Four cats experienced vomiting during the terbinafine treatment; two of these cats also experienced intense facial pruritus followed by a macular to papular skin reaction 7–14 days after the discontinuation of terbinafine. In summary, terbinafine persists in hair at concentrations above the MIC for several weeks after stopping medication, even after short‐term therapy (14 days). These results suggest that pulse therapy of terbinafine should be further researched and potentially considered as a treatment modality for feline dermatophytosis, an approach that would decrease treatment duration while maintaining effectiveness.
Do people want to be autonomous patients? Preferred roles in treatment decision‐making in several patient populations
Authors: Deber Raisa B. , Kraetschmer Nancy , Urowitz Sara , Sharpe Natasha
Published: June 2007

Background  What role do people want to play in treatment decision‐making (DM)?

Objective  Examine the role patients indicate they would prefer in making treatment decisions across multiple clinical settings in Ontario, Canada.

Design  Secondary analysis of a series of survey/interview‐based studies measuring preferred role, conducted in 12 different populations.

Setting and participants  Respondents were outpatients, largely but not entirely attending outpatient clinics in large teaching hospitals in urban settings in the Province of Ontario, Canada. The subgroups and sample sizes were: breast cancer (202), prostate disease (202), fractures (202), continence (46), orthopaedic (111), rheumatology (56), multiple sclerosis (22), HIV/AIDS (431), infertility (454), benign prostatic hyperplasia (678) and cardiac disease (300), plus 50 healthy nursing students (for scale validation).

Measurements  All studies categorized preferred role using the Problem‐Solving Decision‐Making (PSDM) scale with one or both of the Current Health condition and Chest Pain vignettes.

Results  Few respondents preferred an autonomous role (1.2% for the current health condition vignette and 0.7% for the chest pain vignette); most preferred shared DM (77.8% current health condition; 65.1% chest pain) or a passive role (20.3% current health condition; 34.1% chest pain). Familiarity with a clinical condition increases desire for a shared (as opposed to passive) role. Preferences for passive vs. shared roles varied across settings; older and less educated individuals were most likely to prefer passive roles.

Conclusions  Despite consumerist rhetoric among some bioethicists, very few respondents wish an autonomous role. Most wish to share DM with their providers.
Cost of prophylaxis in the management of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Oppenheimer Federico , Gonzalez‐Molina Miguel , Rubio Marta
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  Background:  Limited economic data exist on the use of valganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We compared the economics of sequential i.v. and oral ganciclovir prophylaxis vs. oral valganciclovir prophylaxis alone in high‐risk (D+/R−) SOT patients.

Methods:  A cost‐minimization analysis was performed from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System comparing the cost of sequential ganciclovir prophylaxis (induction with i.v. ganciclovir 10 mg/kg daily for 14 d followed by oral ganciclovir 1 g t.i.d. for 3 months) vs. oral valganciclovir prophylaxis (900 mg once daily for 100 d). Resource utilization data for both regimens were obtained from the literature and from clinical records of 83 patients in nine Spanish hospitals. Results were expressed as average cost per patient treated.

Results:  The average cost per patient treated with sequential ganciclovir or valganciclovir prophylaxis was €3715.51 and €3295.90, respectively. The higher cost of ganciclovir therapy was due to concomitant administration of anti‐CMV immunoglobulin (€313.73), drug administration costs (€401.45), catheter culture tests (€13.64) and adverse events associated with catheter use (€3.30). Following a sensitivity analysis, taking into account dose and duration of drug, concomitant medications and adverse events, costs for valganciclovir and sequential therapy were similar.

Conclusions:  Valganciclovir prophylaxis is as economical as sequential ganciclovir prophylaxis in high‐risk D+/R− SOT patients. In addition, the once‐daily dosing regimen of valganciclovir is more convenient, and avoids the complications associated with catheter use.
Leptin in autoimmunity: many questions, some answers
Authors: Matarese G. , Leiter E. H. , La Cava A.
Published: June 2007

It has recently become apparent that several molecules involved in the control of metabolism also play an important function in the regulation of immune responses. Among those molecules, the adipocyte‐derived cytokine leptin has been shown to significantly influence innate and adaptive immune responses both in normal and in pathological conditions. For example, levels of leptin are typically low in infection and high in autoimmunity, both systemically and at the site of inflammation. Moreover, in addition to its long‐known effects on the promotion of T helper 1 immune responses and cell‐mediated immunity, leptin has more recently been found capable to constrain proliferation of regulatory T cells. As such, leptin represents not only a link between metabolism and immune responses in general but also a pivotal modulator of the magnitude of selected mechanisms of peripheral immunity in relation to body fat mass. We review here the most recent advances on the role of leptin in the control of immune tolerance and critically discuss how strategies aimed at neutralizing the leptin axis could represent innovative tools for the therapy of autoimmune disorders.
The role of the selenoprotein S (SELS) gene −105G>A promoter polymorphism in inflammatory bowel disease and regulation of SELS gene expression in intestinal inflammation
Authors: Seiderer J. , Dambacher J. , Kühnlein B. , Pfennig S. , Konrad A. , Török H.‐P. , Haller D. , Göke B. , Ochsenkühn T. , Lohse P. , Brand S.
Published: June 2007

Recently, a −105G>A promoter polymorphism coding for selenoprotein S (SELS) has been shown to increase proinflammatory cytokine expression. We, therefore, analyzed SELS expression and potential phenotypic consequences of the −105G>A polymorphism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SELS mRNA was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines and in human colonic biopsies of IBD patients as well as in murine models of ileitis and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) colitis. Genomic DNA from 563 individuals (Crohn’s disease: n = 205; ulcerative colitis: n = 154; controls: n = 204) was analyzed for the presence of the SELS−105G>A polymorphism and the three nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 2 (NOD2)/caspase recruitment domain‐containing protein 15 (CARD15) variants p.Arg702Trp, p.Gly908Arg and p.Leu1007fsX1008. SELS mRNA expression was increased in IEC after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines, while its expression was not significantly altered in murine ileitis and MCMV colitis and in inflamed ileal and colonic lesions in IBD patients compared with normal controls. The SELS−105G>A polymorphism was observed with similar frequencies in IBD patients and controls and was not associated with a certain disease phenotype or serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) levels in these patients. Medium serum TNF‐α was 1.27 pg/ml in IBD patients, while none of the controls had TNF‐α concentrations above the detection threshold (P < 0.0001). SELS mRNA expression is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines in IECs but the SELS−105G>A polymorphism is not associated with IBD susceptibility and does not contribute to a certain disease phenotype or increased TNF‐α levels in IBD patients.
Evacuation of sand from the equine intestine with mineral oil, with and without psyllium
Authors: Hotwagner K. , Iben C.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the evacuation of sand from the equine intestine after a double treatment with psyllium and mineral oil or mineral oil only. A crossover study was conducted. Twelve healthy horses were fed 1 kg sand once a day for 5 days. Subsequently, these horses were divided into two groups: A and B. From day 6–10, both groups were treated with 2 l of mineral oil once a day and group B received an additional 0.5 kg of psyllium twice a day. The trial was repeated after 2 weeks with treatment crossover of groups A and B. The horses were housed sand free and 1.8 kg hay/100 kg body weight was offered to meet the maintenance energy requirement. Prior to the sand administration, faeces were collected from each horse for 3 days and the crude ash was determined to establish a baseline output of ash. There was no difference between the baseline crude ash output of the first and second treatment. From day 6–10, faeces were collected daily and the fresh weight and the dry matter and the crude ash contents were determined. For administration, sand or psyllium was mixed with 1 l of Irish mash (concentrate mixed with water), respectively, and mineral oil was administered via a nasogastric tube. All horses showed higher crude ash excretion when treated with psyllium and mineral oil compared with the mineral oil administration only. On the second, third and fourth day of the treatment, the difference was significant. Faeces crude ash weight corrected for baseline crude ash output while treated with psyllium plus oil and oil solely, reached a mean of 51.0 (SD 20.5) and 26.1 (SD 17.7) % of the administered sand mass, respectively. The results of this trial show that the ash output differed highly between the horses. Nevertheless, all horses showed a higher total ash output within the 5 days treatment period when the psyllium semen and mineral oil were used for the treatment than when treated with mineral oil solely.
Body composition and heat expenditure in broiler chickens fed diets with or without trans fatty acids
Authors: Javadi M. , Geelen M. J. H. , Everts H. , Hovenier R. , Javadi S. , Kappert H. , Beynen A. C.
Published: June 2007

The effect of a diet containing trans fatty acids (TFA) on the fatty acid composition and fat accumulation was investigated in broiler chickens. Female broilers were fed a control or a TFA‐containing diet. The difference between the diets was that a part of cis 18:1 in the control diet was replaced by the TFA. Body composition, energy balance and the fatty acid composition were examined. Over the time‐period studied (15 days), the body fat content and the protein content did not differ significantly between the TFA‐fed group and the control. In energy balance studies, total energy intake, energy loss in excreta, energy expenditure and energy storage did not differ between the treatments. Compared to the control diet, the TFA diet resulted in significantly higher amounts of 14:0 and 18:1n‐7 and lower amounts of 18:1n‐9 and 20:4n‐6 in the body. In conclusion, the data suggest that feeding TFA for 15 days to female broilers had no effect on energy retention, energy expenditure and energy loss in excreta or in body composition in terms of fat and protein. Only the fatty acid composition in the body was affected by the treatment with TFA. In addition, 50% of ingested TFA was incorporated into the body fat. This may have a negative effect on the diethetic value of chicken meat.
Endoscopic grading of gastroesophageal flap valve and atrophic gastritis is helpful to predict gastroesophageal reflux
Authors: Kim Gwang Ha , Song Geun Am , Kim Tae Oh , Jo Hong Jae , Kim Do Hoon , Heo Jeong , Cho Mong , Kang Dae Hwan
Published: June 2007

Background and Aim:  The endoscopic grading of the gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV) has been suggested to be a good predictor of reflux status. Atrophic gastritis is inversely associated with reflux esophagitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between GEFV, atrophic gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux.

Methods:  A total of 608 patients (252 men and 356 women; mean age 51.1 years) who underwent endoscopy, esophageal manometry and ambulatory 24‐h pH monitoring were included. GEFV was graded I through IV using Hill's classification: the GEFV was largely classified into two groups: the normal GEFV group (grades I and II) and the abnormal GEFV group (grades III and IV). Atrophic gastritis was classified into two groups by endoscopic atrophic border: closed‐type (C‐type) and open‐type (O‐type). Findings of endoscopy, esophageal manometry and ambulatory pH monitoring were compared among the groups.

Results:  The incidence of reflux esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease was associated with an abnormal GEFV grade and was inversely associated with open‐type atrophic gastritis. The patients with a coexisting abnormal GEFV and closed‐type atrophic gastritis showed a significantly higher incidence of reflux esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease than the patients with a coexisting normal GEFV and open‐type atrophic gastritis (OR, 20.6 [95% CI, 6.2–68.4], 11.4 [95% CI, 6.3–20.7], respectively).

Conclusions:  Endoscopic grading of GEFV and atrophic gastritis is simple and provides useful information on the status of gastroesophageal reflux.
Replication of factor structure of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III Chinese version in Chinese mainland non‐clinical and schizophrenia samples
Authors: YAO SHUQIAO , CHEN HUAN , JIANG LI , TAM WAI‐CHEONG CARL
Published: June 2007

Abstract  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the construct validity of the special four‐factor structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)‐III Chinese version in a clinical sample of inpatients with schizophrenia as well as a sample of healthy adults. A sample of 114 inpatients with schizophrenia and a sample of 114 close‐matched non‐clinical adults on the Chinese mainland were studied with the measures of the WAIS‐III Chinese version. Four competing hypothetical models of factors were tested for model fit and parsimony in both research samples, using maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a four‐factor model of Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Working Memory, and Processing Speed best fit the data from both the schizophrenia sample and the healthy adult sample, and also fitted the data from both samples better than alternative models, which is similar to that reported by the developers and revisers of this scale. These empiric analyses and results support the construct validity of the WAIS‐III Chinese version in patients with schizophrenia and healthy adults on the Chinese mainland.
Rape Myth Scale: Factor structure and relationship with gender egalitarianism among Japanese professionals
Authors: UJI MASAYO , SHONO MASAHIRO , SHIKAI NORIKO , KITAMURA TOSHINORI
Published: June 2007

Abstract  Services provided to rape victims by human service professionals are usually helpful but are occasionally very harmful in that the victim ends up feeling ‘re‐victimized’. This may be caused by the attitudes of the professionals towards the victims based on beliefs regarding rape and gender roles. Japanese human service professionals were solicited for responses to the Rape Myth Scale (RMS) and the short form of the Scale of Egalitarian Sex Role Attitudes (SESRA‐S). One interpretable factor was extracted according to an exploratory factor analysis. Impact of the participants' age, sex, residential area, and type of profession on rape myth acceptance were examined by four‐way layout anova. Nurses had significantly higher rape myth acceptance than any other professional group. Furthermore, a structural equation model showing the contribution of sex role egalitarian attitude to rape myth acceptance was established.
T‐helper 1/T‐helper 2 cytokine imbalance and clinical phenotypes of acute‐phase major depression
Authors: HUANG TIAO‐LAI , LEE CHIEN‐TE
Published: June 2007

Abstract  Several studies have discussed the relationships between T‐helper 1 (Th1) or Th2 cytokines and major depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and clinical phenotypes of acute‐phase major depression. A total of 82 subjects including 42 patients with major depressive disorder and 40 healthy controls were recruited. Serum cytokine levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and IL‐10 were examined. Using ancova with age and body mass index (BMI) adjustments, there were no significant differences in serum IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IL‐10 levels between patients with major depressive disorder and healthy controls. However, using ancova with BMI adjustment only, the results showed that patients with major depressive disorder had significantly higher TNF‐α levels than control subjects. In addition, using ancova with age and BMI adjustments, significantly higher serum IL‐1β level and IL‐1β/IL‐10 ratio were noted in patients with melancholic features than patients with non‐melancholic features. However, there were no significant differences in serum IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐10 levels between patients with and without suicide attempt. In conclusion, serum TNF‐α, IL‐1β level and IL‐1β/IL‐10 ratio might play an important role in the psychopathology of acute‐phase major depressive disorder.
Epidemiologic psychiatric studies on post‐disaster impact among Chi‐Chi earthquake survivors in Yu‐Chi, Taiwan
Authors: CHOU FRANK HUANG‐CHIH , WU HUNG‐CHI , CHOU PESUS , SU CHAO‐YUEH , TSAI KUAN‐YI , CHAO SHIN‐SHIN , CHEN MING‐CHAO , SU TOM TUNG‐PING , SUN WEN‐JUNG , OU‐YANG WEN‐CHEN
Published: June 2007

Abstract  The aim of the present study was to survey a cohort population for the risk factors of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression, and the prevalence of different psychiatric disorders at 6 months and 2 and 3 years after a major earthquake. The Disaster‐Related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST), part I, and the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were, respectively, administered by trained interviewers and psychiatrists in this community‐interview program. The prevalence of PTSD decreased from 8.3% at 6 months to 4.2% at 3 years after the earthquake. Suicidality increased from 4.2% at 6 months and 5.6% at 2 years to 6.0% at 3 years after the earthquake; drug abuse/dependence increased from 2.3% at 6 months to 5.1% at 3 years after the disaster. The risk factors for PTSD and major depression in various post‐disaster stages were determined. Earthquake survivors had a high percentage of psychiatric disorders in the first 2 years, and then the prevalence declined. Following the devastation caused by the Chi‐Chi earthquake, it is important to focus on treating symptoms of major depression and PTSD and eliminating the risk factors for both of these disorders in survivors to avoid the increase in suicidality.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the infraspecific taxa of Erigeron thunbergii A. Gray distributed in ultramafic rock sites
Authors: KAWASE DAIJU , YUMOTO TAKAKAZU , HAYASHI KAZUHIKO , SATO KEN
Published: June 2007

We aimed to determine the evolutionary patterns of plants, especially focusing on plants that occur in habitats composed of ultramafic rock. We carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses of the infraspecific taxa of Erigeron thunbergii composed of varieties and the closely related species Erigeron miyabeanus. Most of these plants are distributed in serpentine, peridotite, limestone, diabase and non‐ultramafic areas of high mountains, meadows and seashores in Japan. Using data derived from sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, 5.8S ribosomal DNA and ITS2) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA, we identified Clade 1, which was composed of populations from Hokkaido Island and the north‐east Honshu district group, and Clade 2, which was comprised of populations from central Honshu Island, Oga Peninsula and Mt Shokanbetsu. In addition, we identified three subclades within Clade 2 in detail. The phylogenetic tree showed the possibility of two major Erigeron phylogenies, that is, from the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Chinese continent. Moreover, the plants distributed in serpentine soils on Mt Yubari and in Shimukappu showed phylogenetically closer relationships than plants distributed in more closely located non‐ultramafic sites.
Torsion response of a cracked stainless steel shaft
Authors: LISSENDEN C. J. , TISSOT S. P. , TRETHEWEY M. W. , MAYNARD K. P.
Published: June 2007

Pump shafts used for power generation are susceptible to fatigue cracking while often in near‐continuous operation. Technology based on torsional vibration is under development for condition‐based assessment of shaft health. The focus of this paper is on the relationship between a crack, which propagated due to bending loads, and the torsional stiffness of the shaft. An analytical method to determine the compliance associated with a crack has been implemented for a semi‐elliptical surface crack. A 3‐D finite element model of a shaft section with a crack has also been used to predict the effect of a crack on stiffness. Fatigue cracks were seeded in shafts on a three‐point bend apparatus. A benchtop test rig was constructed to evaluate the torsional natural frequencies of a cracked shaft system. Quasistatic torsional stiffness tests indicated that crack closure has an effect on the results. A torsional finite element model of the benchtop test rig indicates that the first torsional natural frequency is reduced by the propagation of a crack. The reduction in torsional stiffness of the shaft inferred from the natural frequency results is in reasonable agreement with the quasistatic results and the model predictions.
Colorectal tubulovillous adenomas identified on fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans
Authors: Hemandas A. K. , Robson N. K. , Hickish T. , Talbot R. W.
Published: June 2007

Objective  The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the significance of incidental focal colonic lesions on fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) scans in patients undergoing staging for noncolorectal cancer.

Method  Of the 110 patients in our PET/CT database, 10 were found to have abnormally high uptake of tracer in their large bowel.

Results  Seven patients who underwent further endoscopic evaluation of these abnormalities had intermediate to high‐risk adenomatous polyps.

Conclusion  Benign colonic polyps produce high‐intensity focal FDG uptake in large bowel. Endoscopic evaluation is recommended before curative resectional surgery of the presenting cancer where appropriate.
Patient personality predicts postoperative stay after colorectal cancer resection
Authors: Sharma A. , Sharp D. M. , Walker L. G. , Monson J. R. T.
Published: June 2007

Objective  Postoperative length of stay (LOS) is an important outcome after colorectal cancer surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the putative effects of personality, mood, coping and quality of life on LOS.

Method  A consecutive series of 110 eligible patients undergoing elective resection for colorectal cancer were invited to participate in the study. A battery of psychometric questionnaires including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (colorectal), the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale, the Positive and Negative Affectivity Scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) were administered 5–12 days before surgery. Nonparametric correlations were computed for psychometric scores, demographic variables and the LOS. Factors found to be significantly correlated on this analysis were entered into a multiple regression model to determine the independent predictors of LOS.

Results  One hundred and four patients with colorectal cancer participated. Seventy were male (67%) and the mean age was 68 years (range 39–86). The median LOS was 10 days (range 4–108). LOS was negatively correlated with pre‐ and postoperative albumin levels, PANAS +ve affect, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy questionnaire with the colorectal module functional well‐being score and EPQ extroversion score. LOS was strongly positively correlated with postoperative morbidity. LOS was positively correlated with CECS anger score, age and being male. Postoperative morbidity (β = 0.379, P = 0.007) and extroversion (β = −0.318, P = 0.05) were independent predictors of LOS.

Conclusion  Personality as measured by EPQ predicts postoperative LOS in patients with colorectal cancer. Extroverts have a higher pain threshold and this may be part of the explanation.
Macroecology, global change and the shadow of forgotten ancestors
Authors: Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre Felizola , Bini Luis Mauricio
Published: June 2007

Many recent studies have evaluated how global changes will affect biodiversity, and have mainly focused on how to develop conservation strategies to avoid, or at least minimize, extinctions due to shifts in suitable habitats for the species. However, these complex potential responses might be in part structured in phylogeny, because of the macroecological traits underlying them. In this comment, we review recent analytical developments in phylogenetic comparative methods that can be used to understand patterns of trait changes under environmental change. We focus on a partial regression approach that allows for partitioning the variance of traits into a fraction attributed to a pure ecological component, a fraction attributed to phylogenetically structured environmental variation (niche conservatism) and a fraction that may be attributed to phylogenetic effects only. We then develop a novel interpretation for linking these components for multiple traits with potential responses of species to global environmental change (i.e. adaptation, range shifts or extinctions). We hope that this interpretation will stimulate further research linking evolutionary components of multiple traits with broad‐scale environmental changes.
Technical Change and Productive Efficiency: Irrigated Rice in the Philippines*
Authors: Yao Richard T. , Shively Gerald E.
Published: June 2007

Panel data are used to study the technical efficiency of rice producers in the Philippines. Production efficiency over time is measured using a stochastic frontier regression with error decomposition. Sources of inefficiency are identified and the link between irrigation and productive efficiency is measured. Results suggest that irrigation was associated with higher levels of technical efficiency in the sample.
Feeling Richer or Poorer than Others: A Cross‐section and Panel Analysis of Subjective Economic Status in Indonesia*
Authors: Powdthavee Nattavudh
Published: June 2007

This paper examines what makes us feel richer or poorer than others. It investigates cross‐sectional and longitudinal determinants of individuals’ subjective economic status in Indonesia. Using two waves of Indonesian Family Life Surveys, 1997 and 2000, I show that individuals’ perceptions of where they are on the economic scale are more dependent on a number of socioeconomic characteristics, as well as their attitudes towards their future economic status, than their current spending capacities would suggest. I also find significant, albeit weaker, expenditure and income effects on individuals’ subjective economic status once individual fixed effects are controlled for in the regression.
DOHA, DEVELOPMENT AND DISCRIMINATION*
Authors: Hoekman Bernard
Published: June 2007

Abstract.  Two distinct challenges confront WTO members – whether to ‘save’ the WTO’– that is, a multilateral trading system that is based on non‐discrimination and most favoured nation liberalization – and if so, how to do so, and determining what role the WTO should play in attaining (pursuing) national development objectives. This paper explores whether moves to achieve the first objective will help achieve the latter, and whether specific actions to pursue more seriously economic development objectives through the WTO could help move the system closer to achieving the goal of non‐discrimination.
AGRICULTURAL AND NAMA REFORM UNDER DOHA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ASIA‐PACIFIC ECONOMIES
Authors: Anderson Kym , Martin Will
Published: June 2007

Abstract.  This paper provides estimates of the potential gains to the Asia Pacific region from completely freeing merchandise trade globally and from partial liberalizations that might emerge from the Doha Round. Particular attention is given to agriculture, where the majority of the gains would arise. The results suggest that moving to free global merchandise trade would boost real incomes in the Western Pacific proportionately more than in other regions. The Doha partial liberalization scenarios considered would move the world only a small way towards complete free trade, but inreasingly so the more developing countries themselves are willing to open up.
Cold War Pacifist: Devere Allen and the Postwar Peace Movement, 1946–1955
Authors: Addison Barbara E.
Published: June 2007

Devere Allen (1891–1955), a prominent American pacifist and socialist, was a journalist, author, editor, and historian of peace movements. In 1933, he created Worldover Press, a peace‐oriented, independent news agency of information on world affairs. Its most popular feature was Allen's column of analysis and opinion, “This Is Your World.” Written between 1946 and 1955, it provides a fascinating window into the postwar era as seen by a socialist pacifist American internationalist who became a forceful anti‐Communist after World War II. In a conflict that was repeated throughout the Left after the war, he broke with some of his pacifist colleagues and friends, especially A. J. Muste, over the issue of “moral equivalence” between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although he retained his fundamental pacifist and socialist beliefs, Allen moved toward a more politically centrist position by the time of his sudden death in 1955.1
Feelings About Work: A Review of the Socio‐emotional Impact of Supported Employment on People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Jahoda Andrew , Kemp Jeremy , Riddell Sheila , Banks Pauline
Published: June 2007

Background Work is an aspiration for many people with intellectual disability and is regarded as a vital goal by policy‐makers in pursuit of social inclusion. The aim of this study was to consider the impact of supported employment on the socio‐emotional well‐being of people with intellectual disabilities.

Method A systematic search was conducted. The review included case‐controlled and longitudinal studies measuring outcomes for: (1) quality of life (QOL), (2) social life and (3) autonomy.

Results While results for QOL, well‐being and autonomy were largely positive, there was a lack of perceived social acceptance. The findings are interpreted in the light of methodological strengths and weaknesses.

Conclusions Implications for the socio‐emotional support required by some individuals in employment, and directions for future research are discussed.
Intensive Interaction as a Novel Approach in Social Care: Care Staff's Views on the Practice Change Process
Authors: Firth Graham , Elford Helen , Leeming Catherine , Crabbe Marion
Published: June 2007

Background  Intensive Interaction is an approach to developing the pre‐verbal communication and sociability of people with severe or profound and multiple learning disabilities and autism. Previous research has indicated many potential benefits; however, the approach is not consistently used in social care.

Aim  To report on the significant and influential issues for care staff when adopting Intensive Interaction as a novel approach in the social care setting for clients with profound and multiple learning disabilities.

Materials and Methods  Twenty‐nine care staff from four residential settings were trained and supported in the use of Intensive Interaction over a 6‐month period. Interviews with staff members and researcher field‐notes were analysed using a Grounded Theory methodology.

Results and Conclusions  Increased and novel client responses were reported which were consistent with previous research. However, some practical and philosophical difficulties were highlighted by staff regarding their adoption of the approach. Consideration of care staff's experiences and perspective could enable future Intensive Interaction interventions to be more successfully planned and supported.
Outcomes and Costs of Residential Services for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities in Taiwan: A Comparative Evaluation
Authors: Chou Yueh‐Ching , Lin Li‐Chan , Pu Cheng‐Yun , Lee Wan‐Ping , Chang Shu‐Chuan
Published: June 2007

Background  The disability policy in Taiwan has traditionally emphasized residential care in large institutions and, more recently, medium‐sized group homes. This paper compares the relative costs, services provided and outcomes between the traditional institutions, medium‐sized group homes and new small‐scale community living units that were launched in 2004 in Taiwan.

Materials and Methods  Cross‐sectional analysis was used to investigate the three current residential service models. A total of 248 participants with intellectual disabilities were interviewed, including all residents from the existing 25 small residential units and purposively sampled respondents from the other two residential models.

Results  Outcomes for the Taiwanese participants were consistent with the existing literature on deinstitutionalization from Western societies. Small homes provided better subjective and objective quality of life than both medium‐sized community‐based units and traditional institutions.

Conclusion  Participants living in small residential homes experienced better outcomes at lower cost than persons living in medium‐sized group homes or institutions.
Sex‐Specific Effects of AGT‐6 and ACE I/D on Pulse Pressure After 6 Months on Antihypertensive Treatment: The GenHAT Study
Authors: Lynch A. I. , Arnett D. K. , Davis B. R. , Boerwinkle E. , Ford C. E. , Eckfeldt J. H. , Leiendecker‐Foster C.
Published: June 2007

Research suggests pulse pressure (PP) is a predictor of cardiovascular disease, and genes likely influence PP levels. Additionally, gender may be an effect modifier between PP and cardiovascular disease. This study addresses whether two renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) variants are associated with PP in a sex‐specific manner (genotype‐by‐sex interaction).

Subjects comprised 35,048 GenHAT study participants over 55 years old, approximately half were women and half non‐Hispanic white. Blood pressure measurements were obtained 6 months after randomization to one of four antihypertensive medications. The polymorphisms considered were AGT‐6 and ACE‐I/D. We employed linear regression to assess the interaction.

AGT‐6 showed a significant (p < 0.001) genotype‐by‐sex interaction. Men with the ‘G/G’ genotype had a higher PP (0.6 mm HG) than men carrying an ‘A’ allele, while ‘G/G’ women had a lower PP (0.7 mm Hg) than women carrying an ‘A’ allele. Three of the four treatment groups (chlorthalidone, amlodipine and lisinopril) suggested a consistent interaction in sub‐group analyses (only amlodipine was statistically significant, p < 0.001), whereas doxazosin did not. The interaction was evident among non‐Hispanic participants but not among Hispanic participants. For ACE‐I/D no evidence for a genotype‐by‐sex interaction was detected.

This finding of genotype‐by‐sex interaction on PP helps our understanding of the complexity of genetic effects on blood pressure.
The single nucleotide polymorphism A118G alters functional properties of the human mu opioid receptor
Authors: Kroslak Thomas , LaForge K. Steven , Gianotti Robert J. , Ho Ann , Nielsen David A. , Kreek Mary Jeanne
Published: June 2007

The most common single nucleotide polymorphism in the coding region of the human mu opioid receptor gene is the A118G variant, an adenine to guanine transition at nucleotide position 118 of the coding sequence of the gene. This polymorphism codes for an asparagine to aspartic acid substitution at amino acid 40 in the amino‐terminus, thereby removing a potential extracellular glycosylation site. Usingin vitrocellular expression assays, this variant has been reported to change binding of the endogenous agonist beta‐endorphin and signaling of the receptor following binding of beta‐endorphin. Three clinical studies report that A118G genotype affects opioid antagonist‐mediated increases in cortisol levels. These studies demonstrate a functional role of this variant in responses to endogenous and exogenous opioids. To further characterize function, we expressed the prototype and variant receptors in two types of cells (human 293 embryonic kidney cells and Syrian hamster adenovirus‐12‐induced tumor cells). Stable expression of variant and prototype receptors was characterized by differences in levels of cell surface binding capacity (Bmax), forskolin‐induced cAMP accumulation, as well as agonist‐induced accumulation of cAMP (EC50) for several agonists, but not for beta‐endorphin. In contrast, transiently expressed variant receptors showed only a minor difference in cell surface binding capacity compared to the prototype, and no differences in cAMP EC50values.
Serotonin catabolism in the central and enteric nervous systems of rats upon induction of serotonin syndrome
Authors: Squires Leah N. , Talbot Kristen N. , Rubakhin Stanislav S. , Sweedler Jonathan V.
Published: June 2007

Serotonin, a well‐known neurotransmitter in mammals, has been linked to a number of neurological and gastrointestinal disorders. One of these disorders, serotonin syndrome, is a potentially deadly condition caused by increased levels of serotonin in the extracellular space. Information on the neurochemical effects of serotonin syndrome on serotonin catabolism is lacking, particularly in relation to the enteric system of the gastrointestinal tract. Here the catabolism of serotonin is monitored in rats with pharmacologically induced serotonin syndrome, with the catabolites characterized using a specialized capillary electrophoresis system with laser‐induced native fluorescence detection. Animals induced with serotonin syndrome demonstrate striking increases in the levels of serotonin and its metabolites. In the brain, levels of serotonin increased 2‐ to 3‐fold in animals induced with serotonin syndrome. A major serotonin metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid, increased 10‐ to 100‐fold in experimental animals. Similar results were observed in the gastrointestinal tissues; in the small intestines, serotonin levels increased 4‐ to 5‐fold. Concentrations of 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid increased 32‐ to 100‐fold in the intestinal tissues of experimental animals. Serotonin sulfate showed surprisingly large increases, marking what may be the first time the compound has been reported in rat intestinal tissues.
Platelet activating factor‐induced neuronal apoptosis is initiated independently of its G‐protein coupled PAF receptor and is inhibited by the benzoate orsellinic acid
Authors: Ryan Scott D. , Harris Cory S. , Mo Fan , Lee Haemi , Hou Sheng T. , Bazan Nicolas G. , Haddad Pierre S. , Arnason John T. , Bennett Steffany A. L.
Published: June 2007

The bioactive lipid mediator platelet activating factor (PAF) is recognized as a key effecter of neuronal apoptosis, yet it is not clear whether its G‐protein coupled receptor (PAFR) initiates or prevents PAF neurotoxicity. Using PAFR−/− and congenic wild‐type mice, we show that PAF triggers caspase‐3/7 activity and neuronal death in PAFR−/− but not PAFR+/+ cerebellar granule neurons. Restoring receptor expression by recombinant adenoviral infection protected cells from PAF challenge. Neuronal death was not mediated by nitric oxide or N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor signaling given that N‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester and MK‐801 did not inhibit PAF‐induced neuronal loss in PAFR−/− neurons. To intervene in PAFR‐independent neurotoxicity, the anti‐apoptotic actions of three structurally distinct PAF antagonists were compared to a panel of plant and fungal benzoic acid derivatives. We found that the PAF antagonist BN 52021 but not FR 49175 or CV 3988 inhibited PAFR‐independent neurotoxicity. Orsellinic acid, a fungal‐derived benzoic acid, blocked PAF‐mediated neuronal apoptosis without affecting PAFR‐mediated neuroprotection. These findings demonstrate that PAF can transduce apoptotic death in primary neurons independently of its G‐protein coupled receptor, that PAFR activation is neuroprotective, and that orsellinic acid effectively attenuates PAFR‐independent neuronal apoptosis.
The herpes simplex virus type 2 gene ICP10PK protects from apoptosis caused by nerve growth factor deprivation through inhibition of caspase‐3 activation and XIAP up‐regulation
Authors: Wales Samantha Q. , Li Baiquan , Laing Jennifer M. , Aurelian Laure
Published: June 2007

The herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) protein ICP10PK has anti‐apoptotic activity in virus‐infected hippocampal cultures through activation of the Ras/Raf‐1/MEK/ERK pathway. To exclude the possible contribution of other viral proteins to cell fate determination, we examined the survival of primary hippocampal cultures and neuronally differentiated PC12 cells transfected with ICP10PK from apoptosis caused by nerve growth factor (NGF) withdrawal. NGF deprivation caused apoptosis in cultures mock‐transfected or transfected with the kinase‐negative ICP10 mutant p139TM, but not in ICP10PK‐transfected cultures. In one clone (PC47), ICP10PK inhibited caspase‐3 activation through up‐regulation/stabilization of adenylate cyclase (AC), activation of PKA and MEK, and the convergence of the two pathways on extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activation. The anti‐apoptotic proteins Bag‐1 and Bcl‐2 were stabilized and the pro‐apoptotic protein Bad was phosphorylated (inactivated). In another clone (PC70), ICP10PK inhibited apoptosis through MEK‐dependent up‐regulation of the anti‐apoptotic protein XIAP (that inhibits the activity of processed caspase‐3) and down‐regulation of the apoptogenic protein Smac/DIABLO. This may be cell‐type specific, but the baculovirus p35 protein did not potentiate the neuroprotective activity of ICP10PK in PC12 cells, suggesting that ICP10PK inhibits both caspase activation and activity. The data indicate that ICP10PK inhibits apoptosis independent of other viral proteins and is a promising neuronal gene therapy platform.
Hair health and management of common hair disorders
Authors: Shiel Steve
Published: June 2007

Background  In today's image‐conscious society, hair increasingly plays a central role in how we present ourselves to the outside world. It plays a significant role in signaling social and sexual status, with protection or heat conservation now secondary in importance. Therefore, it is no surprise that although hair and scalp disorders are not generally associated with considerable physiologic impairment, the psychologic impact can often be very high and significantly affects the patient's quality of life.

Aims  The aim of this paper is to review the causes of hair shaft abnormalities and breakage and to describe the role of cosmetic products in treating hair disorders.

Conclusion  While a number of congenital hair shaft abnormalities and scalp disorders do exist, in the majority of cases the cause of hair fiber damage and premature breakage is self‐inflicted physical or chemical processes, and the subsequent damage to the integrity of the hair fiber itself. In many cases, the correct choice of cosmetic hair products (such as conditioners and styling aids) and techniques can provide an individual with improvements in hair feel, appearance, behavior, and protection against damage. The correct use of products such as shampoos and conditioning treatments cannot only provide immediate benefits, but also afford long‐term protection from further damage. In addition, styling and hair coloring products can provide immediate visual benefits, especially in helping to increase the apparent bulk volume of the hair. Together, these changes can significantly improve the patient's self‐esteem and overall quality of life.
How Disaggregation Enhances the Credibility of Management Earnings Forecasts
Authors: HIRST D. ERIC , KOONCE LISA , VENKATARAMAN SHANKAR
Published: June 2007

An important problem facing managers is how to enhance the credibility, or believability, of their earnings forecasts. In this paper, we experimentally test whether a characteristic of a management earnings forecast—namely, whether it is disaggregated—can affect its credibility. We also test whether disaggregation moderates the relation between managerial incentives and forecast credibility. Disaggregated forecasts include an earnings forecast as well as forecasts of other key line items comprising that earnings forecast. Our results indicate that disaggregated forecasts are judged to be more credible than aggregated ones and that disaggregation works to counteract the effect of high incentives. We also develop and test an original model that explains how disaggregation positively impacts three factors that, in turn, influence forecast credibility: perceived precision of management's beliefs, perceived clarity of the forecast, and perceived financial reporting quality. We show that forecast disaggregation works to remedy incentive problems only via its effect on perceived financial reporting quality. Overall, our study adds to our understanding of how managers can credibly communicate their expectations about the future to market participants.
Performance Evaluations and Efficient Sorting
Authors: RAY KOROK
Published: June 2007

Much of the production in firms takes place over time. This paper seeks to understand the value of interim performance information on long projects. In particular, the model explores the sorting effects of performance evaluations. Conducting an interim performance evaluation increases efficiency by providing the option to end projects with low early returns. The main result: It is efficient to allocate more resources towards the end of a project. This result holds under a variety of scenarios: when the worker has unknown ability, when the outside options vary with output, and even under an agency framework with a risk‐averse agent.
Management of Hyperkalemia in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Putcha Nirupama , Allon Michael
Published: June 2007

Hyperkalemia is common in patients with end‐stage renal disease, and may result in serious electrocardiographic abnormalities. Dialysis is the definitive treatment of hyperkalemia in these patients. Intravenous calcium is used to stabilize the myocardium. Intravenous insulin and nebulized albuterol lower serum potassium acutely, by shifting it into the cells. Despite their widespread use, neither intravenous bicarbonate nor cation exchange resins are effective in lowering serum potassium acutely. Prevention of hyperkalemia currently rests largely upon dietary compliance and avoidance of medications that may promote hyperkalemia. Prolonged fasting may provoke hyperkalemia, which can be prevented by administration of intravenous dextrose.