bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stroke rehabilitation: benefits of educational initiatives
Authors: Warner Richard
Published: September 2014

The supportive education of stroke survivors and their carers has been identified as a key area of interest to rehabilitation nurses. The Audit Commission recommends the widespread use of stroke units within the NHS (Audit Commission, 2000). The aim of this review is to determine the authority of available evidence and to discuss how such evidence might influence practice. The literature tended to assume that education had a positive effect on the outcome of rehabilitation. Various education interventions were attempted, including information-giving through the use of written material as well as more supportive and facilitative approaches. Factors that may affect the ability to learn or absorb information were identified and attempts have been made to evaluate the effect of educational interventions.
Body piercing: could you answer your patient's queries?
Authors: Peate Ian
Published: September 2014

This article addresses the increasingly popular activity of body piercing. The activity occurs across the social spectrum and a range of differing ages. The author calls for all registered nurses to consider the many issues surrounding body piercing. A definition of body piercing and an historical overview are given. The risks posed by some body piercings are described and information nurses need to know if asked is outlined. Nurses and midwives work with a variety of different client groups in a variety of clinical settings and therefore they need to be able to make an informed response to patients' questions and queries. Finally, examples of how to care for piercings postinsertion in order to minimize the risk of infection and to prevent complications are provided.
Canine insulinoma: Part 2 – treatment
Authors: Housley Daniel , Tappin Simon
Published: September 2014

An earlier article discussed the diagnosis of canine insulinoma (Housley and Tappin (2014) 19(3): 138–42). This second article examines the treatment options available and the associated prognosis for these patients. In the acute situation, hypoglycaemic signs should be managed with the administration of glucose, either orally or by cautious intravenous injection. Medical management with frequent feeding of complex carbohydrates, prednisolone and diazoxide will control clinical signs in most patients. Surgery should be considered in all patients, even those with metastatic disease, as long-term prognosis is better after debulking surgery. Most patients will have a mass identified at surgery; if not, careful palpation, intra-operative ultrasound or new methylene blue administration may highlight the lesion. If a mass cannot be found, speculative hemipancreatectomy can be performed with little risk of either endocrine of exocrine insufficiency. Long-term prognosis depends on the presence or absence of metastasis, but disease-free intervals of more than two years have been reported, with survival times longer than this if medical management is commenced when signs recur.
Oral anticoagulation: a changing practice
Authors: Livett Helen , Haldane Thea , Prabhakaran Sudhakaran , Ahmad Ishfaq , AlDulaimi David
Published: September 2014

In 2011, new oral anticoagulants became available for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation and for the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disease (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus). These medicines have become increasingly popular because they do not require blood monitoring, similar to warfarin. There is increasing evidence regarding the safety of these medicines and, in recent years, guidelines have been published on the management of patients on this medication undergoing an endoscopic procedure. The purpose of this article is to summarise the information available regarding these new medicines, their pharmacology and the coagulation pathway. The article reviews the effect of the medication in preparing for and recovering from an endoscopy. The authors also present a checklist that should enable nursing staff to facilitate the safety of endoscopy patients on this medication.
Living with lymphoedema: improving quality of life
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: September 2014

Lymphoedema can cause great discomfort, significantly impacting on an individual's quality of life. Linda Nazarko offers an insight into why lymphoedema develops and the management and treatment options available
A novel approach to residential care: a case study
Authors: Brakspear Lucy , Brakspear Mark
Published: September 2014

Lucy and Mark Brakspear discuss the benefits of adopting a therapeutic community within care settings. Implementing care, compassion, respect and equality can be very effective in managing people with mental health problems
Determination of a Low-Level Percent Enantiomer of a Compound with No Ultraviolet Chromophore Using Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD): Enantiomeric Purity by VCD of a Compound with Three Chiral Centers
Authors: Kott Laila , Petrovic Jelena , Phelps Dean , Roginski Robert , Schubert Jared
Published: September 2014

The chiral configuration of three of the four chiral centers in the investigational drug MLN4924 is locked by an intermediate (1S,2S,4R)-4-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentanol (designated as INT1a). The intermediate INT1a is a key component to the molecule, but its multiple chiral centers and lack of chromophore make it challenging to analyze for chiral purity of the desired enantiomer when it is contaminated with a small amount of its undesired enantiomer. Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is a technique that uses the infrared (IR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and as INT1a contains IR active groups, we considered using VCD to determine the chiral purity of INT1a. Since the VCD spectra of enantiomers are of equal intensity and opposite in sign, it was possible to construct calibration curves to detect the presence of low levels of this compound in the presence of its enantiomer. By normalizing the observed intensities of the VCD signals with the observed IR spectra, a partial least squares model was constructed having a root mean squared error of cross validation of 0.46% absolute over a range of 97 to 99.9% pure enantiomer (or 97-99.8% enantiomeric excess). This work demonstrates that VCD can be used for the low-level detection of a compound in the presence of its enantiomer and thus eliminates the need for an ultraviolet chromophore and chromatographic separation of the two enantiomers.
Hyperspectral Imaging and Characterization of Live Cells by Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microscopy with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) Analysis
Authors: Khmaladze Alexander , Jasensky Joshua , Price Erika , Zhang Chi , Boughton Andrew , Han Xiaofeng , Seeley Emily , Liu Xinran , Holl Mark M. Banaszak , Chen Zhan
Published: September 2014

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy can be used as a powerful imaging technique to identify chemical compositions of complex samples in biology, biophysics, medicine, and materials science. In this work we developed a CARS microscopic system capable of hyperspectral imaging. By employing an ultrafast laser source, a photonic crystal fiber, and a scanning laser microscope together with spectral detection by a highly sensitive back-illuminated cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, we were able to rapidly acquire and process hyperspectral images of live cells with chemical selectivity. We discuss various aspects of hyperspectral CARS image analysis and demonstrate the use of singular value decomposition methods to characterize the cellular lipid content.
Determination of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oil Supplements Using Vibrational Spectroscopy and Chemometric Methods
Authors: Bekhit Michael Yemane , Grung Bjørn , Mjøs Svein Are
Published: September 2014

The potential of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), near-infrared (NIR), and Raman spectroscopic techniques combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression (PLSR) to predict concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total omega-3 fatty acids ( n-3 FAs) in fish oil supplements was investigated. FT-IR spectroscopy predicted EPA (coefficient of determination ( R2) of 0.994, standard error of cross-validation (SECV) of 2.90%, and standard error of prediction (SEP) of 2.49%) and DHA ( R2 = 0.983, SECV = 2.89%, and SEP = 2.55%) with six to seven PLS factors, whereas a simpler PLS model with two factors was obtained for total n-3 FAs ( R2 = 0.985, SECV = 2.73%, and SEP = 2.75%). Selected regions in the NIR spectra gave models with good performances and predicted EPA ( R2 = 0.979, SECV =2.43%, and SEP =3.11%) and DHA ( R2 = 0.972, SECV = 2.34%, and SEP = 2.60%) with four to six PLS factors. Both the whole and selected NIR regions gave simple models (two PLS factors) with similar results ( R2 = 0.997, SECV = 2.18%, and SEP = 1.60%) for total n-3 FAs. The whole and selected regions of Raman spectra provided models with comparable results and predicted EPA ( R2 = 0.977, SECV = 3.18%, and SEP = 2.73%) and DHA ( R2 = 0.966, SECV = 3.31%, and SEP = 2.56%) with seven to eight PLS factors, whereas a simpler model (three PLS factors) with R2 = 0.993, SECV = 2.82%, and SEP = 3.27% was obtained for total n-3 FAs. The results demonstrated that FT-IR, NIR, and Raman spectroscopy combined with PLSR can be used as simple, fast, and nondestructive methods for quantitative analysis of EPA, DHA, and total n-3 FAs. FT-IR and NIR spectroscopy, in particular, have the potential to be applied in process industries during production of fish oil supplements.
A Broadband Ultrafast Transient Absorption Spectrometer Covering the Range from Near-Infrared (NIR) down to Green
Authors: Schmidhammer Uli , Jeunesse Pierre , Stresing Gerhard , Mostafavi Mehran
Published: September 2014

We present a new development for pump–probe absorption spectroscopy that allows the simultaneous measurement from the green part of the visible spectrum (510 nm) over the whole near-infrared range to >1600 nm, corresponding to 0.77-2.40 eV. The system is based on a sub-picosecond supercontinuum generated in bulk material used as a broadband probe that is dispersed with a custom-made prism spectrometer and detected by an InGaAs array with extended sensitivity to the visible. Two versions, with and without probe referencing, are implemented for operation at laser repetition rates of a few hertz and kilohertz, respectively. After presentation of the optical configuration of the spectrometer, its performance is characterized and further illustrated on two time scales, with the ultrafast radiolysis of isopropanol induced by a picosecond electron pulse and with the instantaneous response of a BK7 plate to a femtosecond light pulse. The photophysics of the dye IR-140 is resolved from the femto- to picosecond regime. Stable and easy day-to-day routine use of the spectrometer also can be achieved in non-optical laboratory surroundings. For operation in a hazardous environment, the optical probe beams can be transported to the detector unit by optical fibers.
The Contribution of Bone and Cartilage to the Near-Infrared Spectrum of Osteochondral Tissue
Authors: McGoverin Cushla M. , Lewis Karl , Yang Xu , Bostrom Mathias P. G. , Pleshko Nancy
Published: September 2014

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used to assess hyaline cartilage quality in human and animal osteochondral tissues. However, due to the lack of NIR signal from bone phosphate and the relatively deep penetration depth of the radiation, the separate contributions of cartilage and bone to the spectral signatures have not been well defined. The objectives of the current study were (1) to improve the understanding of the contributions of bone and cartilage to NIR spectra acquired from osteochondral tissue and (2) to assess the ability of this nondestructive method to predict cartilage thickness and modified Mankin grade of human tibial plateau articular cartilage. Near-infrared spectra were acquired from samples of bovine bone and cartilage with varying thicknesses and from 22 tibial plateaus harvested from patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. The spectra were recorded from regions of the tibial plateaus with varying degrees of degradation, and the cartilage thickness and modified Mankin grade of these regions were assessed histologically. The spectra from bone and cartilage samples of known thicknesses were investigated to identify spectral regions that were distinct for these two tissues. Univariate and multivariate linear regression methods were used to correlate modified Mankin grade and cartilage thickness with NIR spectral changes. The ratio of the NIR absorbances associated with water at 5270 and 7085 cm−1 was the best differentiator of cartilage and bone spectra. The NIR prediction models for thickness and Mankin grade calculated using partial least squares regression were more accurate than were univariate-based prediction models, with a root mean square errors of cross-validation of 0.42 mm (for thickness) and 1.3 (for modified Mankin grade). We conclude that NIR spectroscopy may be used to simultaneously assess articular cartilage thickness and modified Mankin grade, based in part on differences in spectral contributions from bone and cartilage.
Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy Using Quantum Cascade Lasers
Authors: Zhang Lizhu , Tian Guang , Li Jingsong , Yu Benli
Published: September 2014

Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) is a promising modern technique for sensing trace gases with high sensitivity, selectivity, and high time resolution. Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers, operating in a pulsed or continuous wave mode, have potential as spectroscopic sources because of their narrow linewidths, single mode operation, tunability, high output power, reliability, low power consumption, and compactness. This paper reviews some important developments in modern laser absorption spectroscopy based on the use of quantum cascade laser (QCL) sources. Among the various laser spectroscopic methods, this review is focused on selected absorption spectroscopy applications of QCLs, with particular emphasis on molecular spectroscopy, industrial process control, combustion diagnostics, and medical breath analysis.
Kirche und Gemeinde in Zeiten des Umbruchs
Authors: Körtner Ulrich H. J.
Published: September 2014

Kirchenreformen bedürfen einer grundlegenden Besinnung auf den Auftrag und das Wesen der Kirche. Ausgehend von Confessio Augustana 7 wird dafür argumentiert, in den gegenwärtigen kirchlichen Strukturreformen die Gemeindeebene nicht aus dem Blick zu verlieren, sondern vielmehr zu stärken. Ein systematisch-theologisches Verständnis von Kirche als Gemeinde unterstreicht außerdem die bleibende Bedeutung des Ortsprinzips für Leben und Arbeit von Kirche, so gewiss Kommunikation des Evangeliums leibliche Kommunikation ist. Allerdings ist zu diskutieren, wie unter veränderten gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen neue Formen von Gemeinde dem Lokalprinzip Rechnung tragen können.
Gemeinden im Spannungsfeld von Delokalisierung und Relokalisierung
Authors: Gabriel Karl
Published: September 2014

Auf dem Hintergrund empirischer Gemeindestudien geht der Beitrag zunächst markanten gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen nach, die Einfluss auf die gegenwärtige Realität des gemeindlichen Lebens haben. Mit Hinweis auf das empirische Material wird ein kritischer Blick auf die negativen Einschätzungen geworfen, die gegenwärtig den Kirchengemeinden und ihrer Relevanz als Sozialform des Christentums gegenüber vorgebracht werden. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags werden die Entwicklungen der Kirchengemeinden in das Spannungsfeld von Prozessen der Delokalisierung und Relokalisierung des Christentums gestellt und auf die Unverzichtbarkeit der lokalen Ebene für Glaube und Diakonie hingewiesen.
Kontroversen um die Reformation
Authors: Strohm Christoph
Published: September 2014

Das Bildprogramm des 1886 geschaffenen Stirnbildes der Alten Aula der Universität Heidelberg bezeugt - ganz im Unterschied zu gegenwärtiger universitärer Hagiographie - eine Dominanz protestantischer Gelehrter und der Geisteswissenschaften. Angesichts des deutlichen Rückgangs der sichtbaren Wirkungen der Reformation stellt sich die Frage der Aufgabe gegenwärtiger reformationsgeschichtlicher Forschung. Gefordert ist gegenwärtig eine kritische Reflexion auf die inhaltlichen Folgen der angelsächsischen Dominanz bei den Gesamtdarstellungen zur Reformationszeit für die Historiographie. Vor allem muss angesichts der Etablierung des Konfessionalisierungsparadigmas in der reformationsgeschichtlichen Forschung die Frage beantwortet werden, ob den drei Hauptkonfessionen unterschiedliche Kulturwirkungen eignen. Dies wird im Blick auf die Entstehung des modernen Völkerrechts am Ende des 16. und Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts exemplarisch erörtert.
Vom wahren und falschen Leben
Authors: Duttweiler Stefanie
Published: September 2014

Glücksratgeber boomen, denn sie weisen Glück als ein universell erstrebenswertes Ziel aus, das sowohl in der Intensivierung positiver Gefühle als auch in der Erfüllung eines gelingenden Lebens liegt. Angeregt wird zu einer Arbeit an sich selbst, deren konkreter Inhalt aber von den Einzelnen selbst zu bestimmen ist. Damit fokussieren sie - nicht zuletzt durch die auf Freiheit zielende Form der Beratung - auf Selbstbestimmung und Selbstverantwortung und erweisen sich so als passgenaue Momente einer Gesellschaft, in der die Einzelnen ausschließlich selbst für sich verantwortlich sind.
Ein theologischer Blick auf die gegenwärtige Suche nach dem Glück
Authors: Hinrich Claussen Johann
Published: September 2014

Angesichts der heutigen Glückskonjunktur sollte die Theologie einen eigenen Glücksbegriff bilden. Dabei mag ihr die Erinnerung an Einsichten von William James helfen, der als erster die religiöse Bedeutung des spezifisch modernen Glücksstrebens beobachtet und analysiert hat. Eine christliche Glückstheologie wird kritisch und konstruktiv in die Gegenwart wirken können und der eigenen Glaubensgrundlage gerecht werden, wenn es ihr gelingt, Glück und „Gegenglück“ miteinander zu vermitteln, also in Abgrenzung von Vorstellungen, das Glück sei planbar und machbar, auf die große Fülle des Glückserlebens und auf den religiösen Klang des Wortes „Glück“ hinweist.
„Sehnsucht, die ins Unendliche reicht“
Authors: Wolf Bernhard
Published: September 2014

Im Erfolg von Glücks-Ratgebern spiegelt sich der Wandel des religiösen Feldes. Erkennbar wird die subjektivistische Transformation der Sinnfrage zur Frage nach dem Glück, aber auch eine erfahrungsorientierte „spirituelle Lebenshilfe“ und damit eine Popularisierung des Spirituellen. Ihre in Distanz zu den Kirchen und deren Dogmatik stehende Spiritualität speist sich aus dem Fundus nichtchristlicher Religionen, der Humanistischen Psychologie, des New Thought und des Positiven Denkens. Erkennbar sind Tendenzen wie ein spiritueller Materialismus, eine Spiritualität der „Rückverbindung“, Wellness- und „Wanderer“-Spiritualität, die sich in unterschiedlichen Formen ausprägen. Die Praktische Theologie ist herausgefordert, der Frage nach dem Glück und der Sehnsucht nach Spiritualität in eigenen Angeboten „spiritueller Lebenshilfe“ offensiv zu begegnen.
Leben im Angesicht des Todes
Authors: Borasio Gian Domenico , Christophersen Alf
Published: September 2014

Der Tod provoziert Angst, verunsichert und verursacht bleibende Trennungen.

Palliativmedizin versucht, Leben bis zum Tod zu ermöglichen. Dabei spielt Spiritualität eine wichtige Rolle. Der Mediziner analysiert diese Rolle anhand der Ergebnisse empirischer Untersuchungen und zieht Konsequenzen für die praktische Arbeit in Klinik und Seelsorge. Anschließend zeigt der Theologe auf, wie gegen den Tod das Leben und die Kraft der „Natalität“ (H. Arendt), des immer neuen Anfangs, mobilisiert werden kann.
„Du führst hinab und wieder hinauf“
Authors: Wilke Alexa F.
Published: September 2014

Der neueren Forschung präsentieren sich die Gebete des Alten Testaments zunehmend als Stimmen eines Diskurses, der im Zusammenhang gelesen werden will, in dem aber auch Rede und Gegenrede Raum haben. Entsprechend differenziert, vom vorauseilenden Jubel bis zur scharfen Anklage, stellen sich die theologischen oder spirituellen Räume dar, die in diesen Texten abgeschritten werden. Bei aller Unterschiedlichkeit bleiben die Gebete im Gespräch miteinander. Viele der in ihnen nachvollziehbaren Bewegungen - von der Sprachlosigkeit zum Gebet, von der Klage zum Lob - sind nicht nur im Alten Testament verankert, sondern im Kontext des Alten Orients beheimatet. Beide, die vorgeprägte Gebetsbewegung von der Klage zum Lob wie auch das theologisch kühne, kontroverse Gebet legen es nahe, die Gebete des Alten Testaments verantwortlich nach-zu-beten und theologisch weiter-zu-denken.
Gottgegenwart, Gebet und Schmuck
Authors: Berlejung Angelika
Published: September 2014

Dtn 6,4-9 u. a. alttestamentliche Texte schließen an die altorientalische Praxis an, ausgewählte zentrale und basale theologische Inhalte auf Textamulette zu schreiben, um sie dem Individuum auf, an und in das Herz zu legen. Materiale Zeugnisse dafür, dass dies praktisch im Sinn „gelebter Religion“ umgesetzt wurde, sind die Amulette aus Ketef Hinnom (6./5. Jh. v. Chr.). Sie bauen zwischen offizieller Jerusalemer Theologie und privater Frömmigkeit eine Brücke, die diskursive Zusammenhänge und das Bemühen um die theologische Durchdringung des Alltags und die Individualethik offen legt.
Naturrecht und Gebot
Authors: Frey Christofer
Published: September 2014

This interpretation of the conditions of the reception of the Decalogue in medieval Christianity and the Reformation period supports the hypothesis that the leading perspectives of ethics are formed by basic assumptions of the reality of human life. This hypothesis is contrary to G.E. Moore’s socalled ›naturalistic fallacy‹, because the ›natural law‹ as an important basic assumption implies a view of nature different from modern times. It is either founded in the eternal divine law (Thomas Aquinas) or in a flexible conception close to history and change (supported by Luther). The Melanchthonian conception, however, relies more or less on a nonhistoric view which implies the notion of human dignity combined with the construction of practical principles appealing to all human persons. In contrast to the Anglosaxon mainstream of ethical thought we find here first indicators of an ethics which combines a transcendental (›transzendental‹ in the Kantian sense) foundation and an examination of everyday’s norms. Thus the Decalogue inspires the search for the conceptions of reality in the background of norms.
FARMACOVIGILANCIA DE FITOTERÁPICOS EM UMA INDÚSTRIA FARMACÊUTICA BRASILEIRA: MECANISMO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DOS PRODUTOS
Authors: Abreu Fabiane Sobrinho de , Moura Regina Braga de
Published: September 2014

A utilização dos fitoterápicos tem como base a tradição popular e é considerada uma opção terapêutica à utilização da medicina convencional. Erroneamente diz-se que o uso desses medicamentos é isento de reações adversas, porém, se não forem utilizados com orientação adequada, podem gerar efeitos nocivos ao organismo. Os medicamentos de forma geral, após serem lançados no mercado, podem provocar reações adversas inesperadas sendo necessário assim, o trabalho da farmacovigilância. Este trabalho teve como objetivo levantar os casos de reações adversas provocadas com a utilização de medicamentos fitoterápicos produzidos por um laboratório nacional sediado no Rio de Janeiro. Um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, transversal e quantitativo, foi realizado utilizando a base de dados de notificações espontâneas de reações inesperadas da referida indústria, no período de dezoito meses. Durante o período levantado, houve um total de trinta e duas notificações distribuídas entre seis fitoterápicos contendo: Trifolium pratense L, Pinus pinaster Aiton, Hedera helix L., Tribullus terrestris L., Pelargonium sidoides DC., Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. A reação adversa mais relatada, independente da espécie vegetal utilizada foi alergia. Usuários com idade acima de cinquenta anos predominaram nos relatos, provenientes principalmente da região Sudeste. Conclui-se que a maioria dos medicamentos fitoterápicos produzidos e distribuídos pela indústria é segura e eficaz para o tratamento das patologias a que se destinam. Para que haja um melhor contato entre o notificador e o prescritor, é importante a divulgação da farmacovigilância de fitoterápicos entre os profissionais da Saúde. Dessa forma, é possível conhecer os efeitos nocivos, permitindo ações de aprimoramento do medicamento, e garantindo sua eficácia e segurança.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO USO DE MEDICAMENTOS ENTRE IDOSOS CADASTRADOS EM UMA UNIDADE DE ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE DE DIAMANTINA, MINAS GERAIS, BRASIL, 2011
Authors: Cruz Hellen Lilliane , Cruz Mota Flávia Karla , Andrade Renata Aline , Bodevan Emerson Cotta , Araújo Lorena Ulhôa , Santos Delba Fonseca
Published: September 2014

Este estudo visa caracterizar o acesso e uso de medicamentos entre os idosos cadastrados em uma Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde, em Diamantina, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Estudo descritivo com idosos (idade igual ou superior a 60 anos) cadastrados na unidade de saúde no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2011, com a realização de entrevistas domiciliares e aplicação de um questionário semi-estruturado e padronizado. A média de medicamentos consumidos foi 2,6 por idoso e a polifarmácia evidenciada em 18,3% dos casos. Dos medicamentos prescritos, 82,5%, foram dispensados gratuitamente no sistema público do município, destes 64,2% eram para o sistema cardiovascular. Os cardiovasculares foram à classe de medicamentos mais utilizada (diuréticos e sistema renina angiotensina com 61,3%). Desta forma os resultados apresentados foram comparáveis ao encontrado em outras pesquisas sobre o uso de medicamentos por idosos, confirmando a importância dos medicamentos na atenção à saúde do idoso.
DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2: QUAL O PAPEL DA INSULINA NA EXPRESSÃO DE NF-KappaB, PPARϒ E CD36?
Authors: Lira Eduardo Carvalho , Silva Cristina de Oliveira , Martins René Duarte
Published: September 2014

No diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) e na síndrome de resistência à insulina, as complicações cardiovasculares resultamde um conjunto de processos aterogênicos envolvendo hiperglicemia crônica, excessiva glicação de proteínas (AGEs), ativação do fator nuclear kappa B (NKκB) associada com o aumento da expressão de citocinas inflamatórias e estresse oxidativo, observando-se ainda alteração de LDL e expressão do receptor de scavenger CD36. A contribuição da hiperinsulinemia nesta sequência não é completamente elucidada. Nesta revisão, relata-se como a insulina pode modular a expressão proteica de NFκB, PPAR gama (PPARγ) e CD36 em células da musculatura lisa vascular (CMLV) da aorta de ratos estimuladas pelos AGE.
FÁRMACOS E ALIMENTOS: INTERAÇÕES E INFLUÊNCIAS NA TERAPÊUTICA
Authors: Lombardo Márcia , Eserian Jaqueline Kalleian
Published: September 2014

Interações entre fármacos e alimentos podem ser determinantes na obtenção do sucesso terapêutico, devido a interferências tanto no metabolismo de fármacos quanto na absorção de nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre interações fármaco-alimento de impacto à saúde, bem como discutir as medidas adequadas para evitá-las ou minimizá-las. A literatura indica que as interações fármaco-alimento mais importantes são aquelas que afetam a biodisponibilidade do fármaco, sendo que muitas delas possuem mecanismos completamente elucidados. Estes estudos são importantes contribuições para o uso correto de medicamentos e possibilitam a elaboração de protocolos clínicos adequados.
MONITORAMENTO DE INTERAÇÕES FARMACOCINÉTICAS ENTRE PLANTAS MEDICINAIS E FITOTERÁPICOS E OS MEDICAMENTOS CONVENCIONAIS PELO SISTEMA DE FARMACOVIGILÂNCIA BRASILEIRO
Authors: Mazzari Andre Luis Dias Araujo , Prieto Jose Maria
Published: September 2014

O consumo de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos está cada vez mais em expansão pelo mundo. Contudo, os fitoterápicos, como qualquer xenobiótico, podem causar alterações farmacocinéticas no organismo, ocasionando distúrbios nos metabolismos de fase 1 e fase 2, devido à inibição ou indução de enzimas metabólicas. Em caso de coadministração de plantas medicinais e/ou fitoterápicos com medicamentos convencionais, poderá haver interações que comprometem a eficácia do último, ocasionando uma falha terapêutica. Como ensaios pré-clínicos farmacocinéticos não são uma exigência regulatória para que um medicamento fitoterápico seja registrado, os casos de interações com fármacos convencionais (Herb-Drug Interactions - HDI) acabam sendo revelados somente na fase de pós-comercialização, ou seja, pelos sistemas de farmacovigilância. Inúmeros países já reportaram casos de HDI através de seus respectivos centros de farmacovigilância à Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), mas até o momento, o Brasil não reportou nenhum oficialmente. Além disso, durante os primeiros 10 anos de monitoramento, nenhum caso de HDI envolvendo plantas medicinais brasileiras foi apresentado. Sabe-se que aproximadamente 90% da população brasileira fazem uso de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos, e que casos de HDI podem estar acontecendo sem serem percebidos e/ou notificados. Para que este cenário mude, é necessário que se adote medidas que visem ao estímulo do profissional de saúde à comunicação de suspeita de HDI para o centro de farmacovigilância, bem como a educação continuada destes profissionais, com a inclusão de especialistas em medicina tradicional no sistema de saúde, além de campanhas de prevenção à automedicação de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos pela população, que atualmente não é praticado no Brasil.
Tefl educational principles: a proposal for changing times
Authors: Bonilla Medina Ximena
Published: September 2014

Today’s society is influenced by new information technologies, which cause important sociological changes that impact education. As such,the field of EFL today demands different abilities and attitudes from teachers. This paper has two objectives: first, to initiate a reflection onthe EFL teachers’ role, taking as an assumption that teachers have been influenced by cultural background experiences in their professionaldevelopment and that this has caused them to develop a narrow view of ideal methods which may not be appealing for situations, and second,to propose three principles in foreign language teaching that will allow seeing EFL tasks from a wider view: 1) evaluating what comes fromone’s cultural background that conforms to a general understanding of what teaching is, 2) re-shaping the teachers’ role in order to align withsociety’s demands and 3) assuming a dialogic process to building classroom strategies for language teaching and learning.
Cost Conscious? The Neural and Behavioral Impact of Price Primacy on Decision Making
Authors: Karmarkar Uma R. , Shiv Baba , Knutson Brian
Published: September 2014

Price is a key factor in most purchases, but it can be presented at different stages of decision making. The authors examine the sequence-dependent effects of price and product information on the decision-making process at both neural and behavioral levels. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, the price of a product was shown to participants either before or after the product itself was presented. Early exposure to price, or “price primacy,” altered the process of valuation, as observed in altered patterns of activity in the medial prefrontal cortex immediately before making a purchase decision. Specifically, whereas viewing products first resulted in evaluations strongly related to products’ attractiveness or desirability, viewing prices first appeared to promote overall evaluations related to products’ monetary worth. Consistent with this framework, the authors show that price primacy can increase purchase of bargain-priced products when their worth is easily recognized. Together, these results suggest that price primacy highlights considerations of product worth and can thereby influence purchasing.
Raman microscopic analysis of wood after treatment with the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
Authors: Kanbayashi Toru , Miyafuji Hisashi
Published: September 2014

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) was treated with the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), which is a solvent for cellulose, and the changes in the chemical components and their distribution in wood cell walls have been investigated by Raman microscopy. Raman spectra, recorded from various areas of the cell walls, showed that lignin in the compound middle lamellae (CML) and cell corners (CC) was resistant to the reaction with [C2mim][Cl], but its molecular structure changed partially. The reactivity of cellulose and hemicelluloses with [C2mim][Cl] was higher than that of lignin in the cell wall, and the cell wall structure was maintained even in an advanced state of the reactions. The effects of [C2mim]-[Cl] on cellulose and hemicelluloses in the cell wall were homogeneous, whereas that of lignin was inhomogeneous.
Synthesis and structure of bis(m-terphenyl)zinc (2,6-Mes2 C6 H3)2 Zn
Authors: Schröder Artem , Lork Enno , Beckmann Jens
Published: September 2014

The title compound bis(
Low-loss, infrared and terahertz nanophotonics using surface phonon polaritons
Authors: Caldwell Joshua D. , Lindsay Lucas , Giannini Vincenzo , Vurgaftman Igor , Reinecke Thomas L. , Maier Stefan A. , Glembocki Orest J.
Published: September 2014

The excitation of surface-phonon-polariton (SPhP) modes in polar dielectric crystals and the associated new developments in the field of SPhPs are reviewed. The emphasis of this work is on providing an understanding of the general phenomenon, including the origin of the Reststrahlen band, the role that optical phonons in polar dielectric lattices play in supporting sub-diffraction-limited modes and how the relatively long optical phonon lifetimes can lead to the low optical losses observed within these materials. Based on this overview, the achievements attained to date and the potential technological advantages of these materials are discussed for localized modes in nanostructures, propagating modes on surfaces and in waveguides and novel metamaterial designs, with the goal of realizing low-loss nanophotonics and metamaterials in the mid-infrared to terahertz spectral ranges.
Functions of the DRY motif and intracellular loop 2 of human melanocortin 3 receptor
Authors: Huang Hui , Tao Ya-Xiong
Published: September 2014

The melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) regulates several physiological functions, including feed efficiency, nutrient partitioning, fasting response, natriuresis, and immune reactions. Naturally occurring mutations in theMC3Rgene have been shown to be associated with increased adiposity and lung diseases such as tuberculosis and cystic fibrosis. The DRY motif at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane domain 3 (TM3) and the second intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) are known to be important for receptor function in several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To gain a better understanding of the functions of this domain in MC3R, we performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis on 18 residues. We showed that alanine mutation of 11 residues reduced the maximal binding and maximal cAMP production stimulated by agonists. Mutation of two residues did not change maximal binding but resulted in impaired signaling in the Gs–cAMP pathway. Mutation of five residues impaired signaling in the ERK1/2 pathway. We have also shown that alanine mutants of seven residues that were defective in the cAMP pathway were not defective in the ERK1/2 pathway, demonstrating biased signaling. In summary, we demonstrated that the cytoplasmic end of TM3 and the ICL2 were critical for MC3R function. We also reported for the first time biased signaling in MC3R.
High-Resolution Genetic Map for Understanding the Effect of Genome-Wide Recombination Rate on Nucleotide Diversity in Watermelon
Authors: Reddy Umesh K , Nimmakayala Padma , Levi Amnon , Abburi Venkata Lakshmi , Saminathan Thangasamy , Tomason Yan R , Vajja Gopinath , Reddy Rishi , Abburi Lavanya , Wehner Todd C , Ronin Yefim , Karol Abraham
Published: September 2014

We used genotyping by sequencing to identify a set of 10,480 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for constructing a high-resolution genetic map of 1096 cM for watermelon. We assessed the genome-wide variation in recombination rate (GWRR) across the map and found an association between GWRR and genome-wide nucleotide diversity. Collinearity between the map and the genome-wide reference sequence for watermelon was studied to identify inconsistency and chromosome rearrangements. We assessed genome-wide nucleotide diversity, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and selective sweep for wild, semi-wild, and domesticated accessions of Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus to track signals of domestication. Principal component analysis combined with chromosome-wide phylogenetic study based on 1563 SNPs obtained after LD pruning with minor allele frequency of 0.05 resolved the differences between semi-wild and wild accessions as well as relationships among worldwide sweet watermelon. Population structure analysis revealed predominant ancestries for wild, semi-wild, and domesticated watermelons as well as admixture of various ancestries that were important for domestication. Sliding window analysis of Tajima’s D across various chromosomes was used to resolve selective sweep. LD decay was estimated for various chromosomes. We identified a strong selective sweep on chromosome 3 consisting of important genes that might have had a role in sweet watermelon domestication.
Differences in Self‐rated Health by Employment Contract and Household Structure among Japanese Employees: A Nationwide Cross‐sectional Study
Authors: Kachi Yuko , Inoue Mariko , Nishikitani Mariko , Yano Eiji
Published: September 2014

Differences in Self‐rated Health by Employment Contract and Household Structure among Japanese Employees: A Nationwide Cross‐Sectional Study: Yuko KACHI, et al. Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School—

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine whether the association between employment contract and self‐rated health differs by household structure in a representative sample of employees in Japan.

Methods

The participants were 81,441 male and 64,471 female employees aged 18−59 years who had participated in the 2010 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions. We assessed the interactive effect of employment contract (permanent or precarious) and household structure (couple only, couple with children, single parent, single person, or other multi‐person) on fair/poor health, adjusting for covariates by using logistic regression. We then calculated the relative poverty rate by employment contract and household structure.

Results

The interaction effect was significant for women (p<0.001) but not for men (p=0.413). A higher percentage of female precarious workers who lived in single‐parent households (20.2%) reported fair/poor health compared with those in other types of households (10.4−13.2%), although the prevalence of fair/poor health did not differ substantially by household structure among female permanent workers. The relative poverty rates of female precarious workers who lived in singleparent households were higher compared with those of other female workers.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that female precarious workers are not a homogeneous group and that those living in single‐parent households suffer from poor health due to low income and insufficient coverage by insurance firms and family‐based safety nets.
Sexualidad, agresión y autonomía en la mujer. Contribuciones psicoanalíticas actuales
Authors: Hidalgo Xirinachs Roxana
Published: September 2014

Este texto consiste en una discusión sobre las relaciones entre los aportes modernos de la teoría psicoanalítica a la comprensión de los procesos de socialización de las mujeres y los aportes de las teorías de género y el feminismo producto de los movimientos de  liberación de las mujeres que se han desarrollado durante el último siglo. Primero se abordan brevemente los cambios más importantes que se han desarrollado en las relaciones entre los géneros durante las últimas décadas. Posteriormente se realiza un acercamiento a la comprensión de las relaciones entre los géneros en la teoría  psicoanalítica desde una  perspectiva crítico-social. Para finalmente abordar las relaciones entre las manifestaciones de la sexualidad, la agresión y la autonomía en la mujer, especialmente en relación con los procesos de separación y reconocimiento en el desarrollo de la mujer como sujeto.
Relaciones conceptuales: definición del constructo, bases neuroanatómicas y formas de evaluación/Conceptual relations: construct definition, neuroanatomical basis and ways of assessment
Authors: Vivas Leticia , García Coni Ana
Published: September 2014

Resumen. Las relaciones conceptuales son los vínculos que conectan a los conceptos entre sí. Hay dos de ellas que tienen particular relevancia para la organización del conocimiento conceptual: las taxonómicas y las temáticas. Las investigaciones iniciales realizadas en la década del 80 se centraron en analizar si existía una primacía de un tipo de relaciones sobre el otro tanto en niños como en adultos. Los estudios más recientes están investigando sus bases neuroanatómicas. El presente trabajo constituye una revisión de los trabajos más relevantes sobre las relaciones conceptuales taxonómicas y temáticas, abarcando los estudios sobre distintas etapas del desarrollo, las bases neuroanatómicas y las formas de evaluación disponibles. Los artículos revisados afirman que las relaciones conceptuales taxonómicas y temáticas implican procesos cognitivos que pueden ser disociados, por lo tanto, se adquieren y dañan de manera independiente y tienen correlatos neuroanatómicos independientes. Se sugieren también posibles líneas de investigación futuras.
Editorial
Authors: Smith-Castro Vanessa
Published: September 2014

Editorial, Vol. 27 Num. 115
La mirada sociocultural en las prácticas narrativas de niños hispanohablantes
Authors: Auza Benavides Alejandra
Published: September 2014

Este volumen ha reunido una serie de investigaciones elaboradas en torno al tema de la narración infantil. La originalidad del volumen que nos ocupa es por un lado, que se trata de trabajos en poblaciones de niños hispanohablantes que viven en diferentes culturas. Aunque en la última década han aumentado los estudios sobre la adquisición del español todavía existen muchas facetas qué estudiar para comprender mejor los procesos del desarrollo del lenguaje. Por otro lado, el volumen examina la narración mediante prácticas narrativas en América Latina. Este abordaje permite comprender la necesidad de considerar a la cultura como parte explicativa de la construcción del lenguaje.
High point narrative structure in mother-child conversations about the past and children’s emergent literacy skills in Costa Rica
Authors: Sparks Alison , Carmiol-Barboza Ana María , Ríos Marcela
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The relationship between narrative coherence in mother-child conversations about past events and children’s concurrent emergent literacy was examined in a sample of 32 Spanish-speaking, middle-class, Costa Rican mothers and their preschoolers. Coherence, as expressed in the constituents of high point narrative structure, was measured in reminiscing conversations about everyday events. Our purposes were twofold: 1) to see whether their co constructed narratives in talk about the past could be meaningfully examined for the constituents of high point narrative structure and 2) to explore the links between coherence in these narratives and children’s language and literacy skills. We found a full range of the constituents of high point structure in these conversations, with more advanced forms of narrative structure produced in conversations about the child’s misbehavior. Conversations about misbehavior events were most frequently in the form of classic, high point narratives. In addition, a rich set of relationships between coherence in reminiscing conversations and children’s language and literacy skills were observed. The results revealed similarities in the narrative practices found in this middle-class sample in Costa Rica to both middle-class families in other parts of the world and to conversation and cultural practices unique to Latino communities.
Parent-child conversations in three urban middle-class contexts: Mothers and fathers reminisce with their daughters and sons in Costa Rica, Mexico, and Germany
Authors: Schröder Lisa , Keller Heidi , Kleis Astrid
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The present study investigated culture- and gender-differences in mother- and father-child reminiscing with 3-year old daughters and sons in urban middle-class families from Costa Rica, Mexico, and Germany. Families of the three contexts were overall similarly elaborative and children contributed a similar amount of memory elaborations. However, context specific use of different elaborative elements related to specifi c elaborative styles. Compared to the Latin American families, conversations in German families were least socially oriented. Across contexts, parents talked more about social aspects with daughters than with sons. Costa Rican mothers and fathers were equally elaborative, whereas German and Mexican mothers were more elaborative than fathers. We found similarities but also specifi cities in parent-child conversations about the past across these contexts with similar educational backgrounds.Resumen. El presente estudio investigó diferencias según cultura y género en las conversaciones sobre el pasado de niños y niñas de 3 años de edad con sus progenitores en contextos urbanos en Costa Rica, México y Alemania. En los tres contextos, el nivel de elaboración general de las conversaciones fue similar y los niños produjeron una cantidad similar de recuerdos. Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias culturales en algunos aspectos de elaboración. En comparación con las familias latinoamericanas, las conversaciones de las familias alemanas estaban orientadas socialmente en menor medida. En todos los contextos, los progenitores hablaron más acerca de aspectos sociales con las hijas que con los hijos. Padres y madres costarricenses evidenciaron niveles de elaboración similares, mientras que las madres alemanas y mexicanas mostraron niveles de elaboración mayores que los padres. Nuestros hallazgos indican la presencia de similitudes y diferencias en las conversaciones sobre el pasado en familias con niveles educativos similares provenientes de distintos contextos culturales.
Evidencias de validez de la Prueba de Aptitud Académica de la Universidad de Costa Rica basadas en su estructura interna
Authors: Rojas Luis
Published: September 2014

El objetivo de este estudio es hallar evidencias de validez la Prueba de Aptitud Académica (PAA) de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), basadas en su estructura interna. El constructo que mide esta prueba presenta dos hipótesis para su estructura: la unidimensionalidad y la bidimensionalidad, bajo ambas conjeturas se alcanzó el objetivo planteado. Para la unidimensionalidad, un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) mostró que el primer factor explicó un 23% de la variancia de todos los ítems de la PAA, mientras que el segundo factor solamente logró explicar un 2.8%; luego, un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) evidenció que esta hipótesis se ajusta aceptablemente a los datos. En cuanto a la bidimensionalidad, la rotación Promax del AFE manifestó la asociación de los factores a las dimensiones planteadas para el constructo; además, el AFC asociado a esta hipótesis también mostró un buen ajuste. Estos resultados brindan al equipo desarrollador de la PAA un sustento teórico para realizar análisis psicométricos de la Prueba basados en cualquiera de las dos posiciones sobre la estructura del constructo evaluado.