bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Method for Axenizing Blepharisma by Means of Antibiotics
Authors: MARTI EDUARDO J. , SLAVIN RONALD J. , HIRSHFIELD HENRY I.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.

A simplified method for obtaining axenic cultures of Blepharisma involves the use of penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Cytologic examination disclosed no significant effect of these antibiotics on the structure of the ciliates.
Carotenes from Mutants of the Dinoflagellate, Crypthecodinium cohnii
Authors: WITHERS NANCY W. , TUTTLE ROBERT C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

The carotenoid compositions of 15 nitrosoguanidine‐induced mutants of Crypthecodinium cohnii, a heterotrophic dinoflagellate, were determined by chromatographic and mass spectral analyses. Wild‐type C. cohnii grown with irradiation of 250 m̈ W/cm2 visible light at 27 C synthesizes β‐carotene (33%) and γ‐carotene (67%) amounting to 0.083 mg/g dry wt. There are 4 types of carotenoid‐deficient mutants: (I) albinos which synthesize no C40‐carotonoids: (II) albinos blocked at the level of phytoene desaturation; (III) cream‐colored cells which accumulate mainly §–carotene, with phytoene and/or β‐zeacarotene also present; and (IV) light‐orange strains which synthesize reduced amounts of β‐carotene and γ‐carotene.

Dark‐grown wild‐type cells produced 35% as much carotenoids as light‐grown cells. Inhibition studies revealed that diphenylamine (3 γ) caused phytoene accumulation; nicotine at 0.9 mM blocked the final cyclization, to cause γ‐carotene to accumulate in wild‐type cells. Inhibition by adenine and guanine (1.5 mM) of carotenogenesis was demonstrated for the first time in any system. The effect of these purines was similar to that of diphenylamine addition: phytoene desaturation was largely inhibited.

The carotenogenic system in this dinoflagellate is similar to that of green algae and higher plants, and is under nuclear genetic control.
Respiratory Chain Components of Leishmania tropica Promastigotes*
Authors: MARTIN ELMER , MUKKADA ANTONY J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.

Crude preparations of kinetoplast vesicles were used to investigate the respiratory chain components in Leishmania tropica promastigotes. In difference spectra from enzymically and chemically reduced preparations, cytochrome b was the predominant component. By utilizing special assays designed to minimize the influence of cytochrome b on difference spectra, cytochromes a, a3, and c333 were demonstrated. Difference spectra from chemically reduced preparations indicated that pyridine nucleotides (NADH) and flavoproteins were also part of the respiratory chain. The presence of these components as well as their response to respiratory inhibitors and ascorbate provide evidence for the presence of a typical trypanosomatid respiratory chain in L. tropica promastigotes.
Agamococcidiorida ord. n. and Rhytidocystidae fam. n. for the Coccidian Genus Rhytidocystis Henneguy, 1907
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Agamococcidiorida ord. n. and Rhytidocystidae fam. n. are established in the apicomplexan subclass Coccidiasina for the genus Rhytidocystis Henneguy, 1907. Dehornia Porchet‐Henneré, 1972 is synonymized with Rhytidocystis.
Morphogenesis in the Heterotrich Ciliate Climacostomum virens. I. Oral Development During Cell Division
Authors: DUBOCHET C.‐F. , PECK R. K. , HALLER G. DE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

The principal characteristics of stomatogenesis during division in Climacostomum virens are: (A) Kinetosomal proliferation on the left side of a variable number of kineties in the ventral somatic cortex forms an oral primordium consisting of several kinetosomal fields, which then fuse to form a single anarchic field. (B) A constant topographical relationship exists between the primordium and a well defined cortical pattern, the zone of discontinuity. (C) The anarchic field primordium divides into 2 unequal parts—to the left, the AZM primordium, and to the right, the paroral primordium, which differentiates into the apical membranelles, the peristomial field, and the buccal tube. (D) Preoral and oblique kineties of the somatic cortex form along the right side of the paroral primordium. (E) Parental oral structures are partially dedifferentiated. Stomatogenesis in C. virens and other heterotrichs is compared.
Formation and Fate of Extranuclear Chromatin Bodies in Tetrahymena
Authors: SALAMONE MICHAEL F. , NACHTWEY D. STUART
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

The fate of extranuclear chromatin bodies (ECBs) formed by exclusion of macronuclear material at the time of karyokinesis was followed quantitatively in Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL‐I. In a logarithmic growth phase culture, 51% of the dividing cells produced one (43%) or more (8%) ECBs. Most of these gradually disappear before the next cell division, but ˜ 13% are retained and carried into subsequent cell cycles. The random distribution of ECBs into anterior or posterior daughter cells, their staining and morphological characteristics, and their rapid loss in cells in starvation medium, all indicate that ECBs play no more of a role in cellular activity than that of an internally produced food vacuole.
Temperature‐Sensitive Chlamydomonas Mutants Manifesting Flagellar Regression at a Restrictive Temperature‡
Authors: SHIOTA SUSUMU , SATO CHUBUN , ENOMOTO MASATOSHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

The regeneration kinetics of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants TS‐6 and TS‐79, whose flagella were mechanically amputated, indicated that the flagellar precursor in cytoplasm was used for regeneration when cycloheximide was present. The TS‐6 cells rendered nonflagellate by regression at 35 C did not regenerate in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating that the precursor was inactivated by the high temperature. Neither mutant was able to use the absorbed flagellar components for regeneration in the presence of cycloheximide.
Selection of Nonmotile Tetrahymena with Ficoll Underlayers*,†
Authors: MCGWIN NATALIE F. , HUFNAGEL LINDA A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

The mechanisms regulating the development of cilia in Tetrahymena are poorly understood but might be revealed through the study of ciliogenesis mutants. Failure to regenerate cilia after dibucaine deciliation results in continued absence of motility. Therefore, to isolate ciliogenesis mutants efficiently, methods for separating motile and nonmotile cells are essential. We examined the efficacy of Ficoll underlayers for these separations. Ciliates of T. thermophila strain mpr‐/mpr (6 mp sens IV) (6‐methyl purine‐sensitive; mating type IV) were mixed with Ficoll and added as underlayers to separatory funnels containing growth medium. At 27 C most of the cells remained motile and were found in the top layer; at 37 C, there was a time‐dependent increase in the number of nonmotile cells and the number of cells in the Ficoll layer. After 150 min at 37 C, most of the cells became nonmotile and were found in the Ficoll layer. Other studies indicated that at 37 C, the cells remained alive and capable of regenerating cilia when deciliated. Thus, it is clear that the Ficoll underlayer effectively separates the majority of nonmotile cells from the majority of motile cells. Evidently, however, at 37 C wild‐type T. thermophila exhibit temperature‐sensitive phenotypic variability with regard to motility which should be minimized when selecting for mutations affecting motility and ciliogenesis.
Trichomonas vaginalis Resistance to Mengo Virus Infection*
Authors: EVA A. , VIANO I. , MARTINOTTI M. G. , CAPPUCCINELLI P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

We have investigated the susceptibility of Trichomonas vaginalis to Mengo virus infection by comparing the outcome of Mengo virus or purified Mengo virus RNA infection in T. vaginalis and in CCL‐1 mouse fibroblasts. While the adsorption and entry of Mengo virus into T. vaginalis occurred in the same manner as in fibroblasts, the uncoating was much slower. In addition, Mengo virus infection of T. vaginalis displayed no eclipse nor any subsequent production of infectious virus. Purified RNA failed to initiate productive infection in T. vaginalis, whereas it provoked viral replication in the fibroblast controls. It was shown by assessment of protein synthesis in T. vaginalis and mouse fibroblasts cell‐free systems that the protozoan ribosomes were able to translate endogenous mRNA and poly‐U, but not viral RNA.
Studies on a Morphologically Distinct Colchicine‐Resistant Variant of Entamoeba sp.*
Authors: INJEYAN H. , HUEBNER E. , MEEROVITCH E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Colchicine has a temperature‐dependent cytotoxic effect on Entamoeba sp. (Laredo isolate) that is most apparent when the drug is applied during the initiation of cultures at a concentration of 7.5 mM or higher. Continued transfer of cultures in medium containing progressively increasing concentrations of colchicine has resulted in a variant that grows prolifically in the presence of colchicine (7.5 mM) with a generation time comparable to that of the parent stock. Comparison of a number of parameters of the 2 variants revealed that colchicine resistance was accompanied by a change in cell shape, a reduced membrane permeability, which could partially be overcome by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and a reduced tolerance to osmotic stress. However, the parent strain and resistant variant were equally susceptible to cycloheximide and puromycin suggesting that the acquired colchicine resistance may not be explained on the basis of an entirely unspecific generalized reduced ability for drug uptake.

Colchicine resistance and altered structure were found to be stable over a long period of time. The possible interdependence of these 2 parameters and their relation to cell motility in Entamoeba sp. are discussed.
An Investigation of the Route and Progression of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Adult Rabbits
Authors: COX JOHN C. , HAMILTON ROSS C. , ATTWOOD HAROLD D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Rabbits infected either orally or intratracheally with cell culture‐grown Encephalitozoon cuniculi were monitored regularly for serum antibody levels and E. cuniculi in the urine. Their responses were compared with intravenously inoculated and uninoculated control rabbits.

All rabbits receiving E. cuniculi developed serum antibodies, generally within 3 weeks, and excreted E. cuniculi by 6 weeks. In the acute stage of infection, the organs most affected were lung, kidney and liver; the brain and gut were unaffected. However, during chronic infection, the brain, kidney, and heart were the only organs found to be involved. Antibody levels were very high at this stage. Thus both the oral and tracheal routes may be normal routes of infection with E. cuniculi in adult rabbits.
Cryopreservation of Ochromonas in Liquid Nitrogen with Reproducibility of Thiamin Assay
Authors: McGRATH MARIAN SHARP , DAGGETT PIERRE‐MARC
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

The first successful cryopreservation of Ochromonas danica and Ochromonas malhamensis is reported. The freezing method was consistently reproducible for the former, but not for the latter. Ochromonas danica cultures established from frozen material still could be used as test organisms for assay of thiamin. This is the first report of a protozoon retaining its assay property after being frozen to ‐196 C.
Growth Response of Axenic Entamoeba histolytica to Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen *,†
Authors: BAND R. NEAL , CIRRITO HELEN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Entamoeba histolytica required CO2 for growth in axenic culture while growth was inhibited by H2. The organism was tolerant to 5% O2 in the gas phase and it was able to detoxify products of O2 reduction in the medium. The ameba did not require a negative oxidation‐reduction potential for axenic growth. However, little or no free O2 was present in media exposed to 5% O2 in the gas phase. Growth was improved by adding yeast extract to the medium.
DNA‐Dependent RNA Polymerase III from Acanthamoeba castellanii: Comparison of the Catalytic Properties of the Trophozoite and Cyst Enzymes*
Authors: DETKE SIEGFRIED , PAULE MARVIN R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase III was partially purified from trophozoites and immature cysts of the small soil ameba. Acanthamoeba castellanii. In contrast to the active modulation of the variety of transfer RNA species which are transcribed during encystment, no difference was found in the chromatographic or catalytic properties of the enzyme responsible for their transcription.
Eimeria clethrionomyis sp. n., Eimeria gallatii sp. n., Eimeria pileata sp. n. and Eimeria marconii sp. n. from the Red‐Backed Vole Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors, from Pennsylvania§
Authors: STRANEVA JOHN E. , KELLEY GARY L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Four new eimerian species are described from red‐backed voles. Clethrionomys gapperi in Pennsylvania. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria clethrionomyis sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 18.8 (16.5–21.5) × 14.9 (14.0–16.5) with elongate, ovoid sporocysts, 10.6 (9.5–12.0) × 6.1 (5.5–7.0). The oocyst wall is smooth, with 2 layers, and thins, with terminal cap at one or both ends. Polar granules, dark Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. The occyst residuum is absent. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria gallatii sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 27.7 (21–32) × 19.3 (17–24) with ovoid sporocysts, 13.5 (12–15) × 8.8 (8–10). The oocyst wall is smooth, 2‐layered, with a micropyle and thin wall at the end opposite the micropyle. Polar granules. Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. The oocyst residuum is atypical, of cobwebby material. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria pileata sp. n. are subspherical to spherical, 25.2 (20.5–29.5) × 22.5(19.5–25.5) with ellipsoidal sporocysts, 13.4(10.5–15.0) × 8.4 (7.5–9.5). The oocyst wall is rough, pitted, striated, 2‐layered, with no micropyle. Polar granules, oocyst and sporocyst residuum. Stieda body and stiedal cap are present. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria marconii sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 13.0 (10.5–15.0) × 10.6 (9.5–12.0) with elongate, ovoid sporocysts, 7.7 (7.0–8.5) × 4.2 (3.0–4.5). The oocyst wall is smooth, single‐layered, with no micropyle. Polar granules, dark Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. There is no oocyst residuum.
Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen of Brazilian Water Buffalo, Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus*
Authors: DEHORITY B. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Total numbers and distribution of genera, subgenera and species were determined for the ciliate protozoa in rumen contents of 4 Brazilian water buffalo Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus. The fauna of one animal, housed in close proximity to European and zebu‐type cattle, differed considerably from that of the remaining animals, which were somewhat isolated on a large ranch. Several of the protozoan species observed in the semi‐isolated animals were first described in rumen contents from humped Indian cattle, and their subsequent occurrence in other hosts and geographic locations has been limited or absent. In all, 49 different species of protozoa were found, 8 of which have not been previously described. Three of the new species belong to the genus Entodinium: E. ciculum sp. n., E. spinonucleatum sp. n. and E. triangulum sp. n.: 4 to Diplodinium (Ostracodinium): D. (O.) brazili sp. n., D. (O.) esalqum sp. n., D. (O.) nucleolobum sp. n., and D. (O.) tiete sp. n.; and one to Diplodinium (Eudiplodinium): D. (E.) bubalus sp. n.
Cytochemical Analysis at the Fine‐Structural Level of Trypanosomatids Stained with Phosphotungstic Acid*
Authors: SOUTO‐PADRÓN THAIS , DE SOUZA WANDERLEY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (PTA) technic was used to detect, at the fine‐structural level, basic proteins in various developmental stages of pathogenic Trypanosoma cruzi, and nonpathogenic Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, Leptomonas samueli, and Crithidia deanei, trypanosomatids. Reactions were observed in the nucleus of all stages. In the kinetoplast of epimastigote and promastigote forms reactions were noted mainly at the periphery. In trypomastigotes and choanomastigotes forms, however, an intense reaction was observed throughout the kinetoplast. Reactions were present in cytoplasmic vesicles related to protein storage in T. cruzi and in membrane‐bounded peroxisome‐like organelles of H. samuelpessoai, L. samueli and C. deanei. The network of filaments which forms the paraxial rod did not react. In the flagellum, reaction was noted only at the peripheral doublet microtubules. PTA reacts also with structures related to the junction between the flagellar and cell body membranes.
Observations of the Life Cycle and Movement of the Thraustochytrid Ulkenia amoeboidea (Bahnweg & Sparrow) from the North Sea*
Authors: KUMAR S. RAGHU
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Two isolates of the thraustochytrid Ulkenia amoeboidea (Bahnweg & Sparrow) were obtained from the North Sea. In both isolates, the limax ameba liberated from the thallus rapidly assumed a nematode‐like shape and movement characteristic of several sporozoan trophozoites. On rounding up, it underwent repeated binary fission and produced biflagellate zoospores.
A Study of the Structure and Gliding Movement of Gregarina garnhami
Authors: WALKER M. H. , MACKENZIE C. , BAINBRIDGE S. P. , ORME C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The structure and gliding movement of Gregarina garnhami Canning, a eugregarine found in the midgut of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, have been studied by light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy (EM). Ultrastructural studies revealed that the cytoplasm of G. garnhami is separated from the epicyte folds by a basal lamina. The pellicle consists of 3 membrane layers. At the tips of the epicyte folds there are 2 sets of longitudinally oriented filaments. An ectoplasmic network is present in the ectoplasm and the endoplasm contains numerous paraglycogen granules. The effect of cytochalasin B on G. garnhami was studied. Examination of scanning EM preparations of gliding and stationary gregarines yielded inconclusive results. In some instances the epicyte folds were thrown into waves; in others the folds were straight, regardless of treatment before fixation. Gregarina garnhami glides through its environment without any apparent deformation in shape. As it moves, a mucus trail is left behind it. Phase‐contrast observations were made of centrifuged gregarines in which the endoplasm was displaced. Centrifuged gregarines continued to glide. Displacement of the endoplasm allows visualization of the epicyte folds in gliding animals. No lateral waves were seen in the epicyte folds of gliding centrifuged animals.
Extrusion of DNA from the Macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL
Authors: LYKKESFELDT ANNE E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Administration of the thymidine analog 5‐bromodeoxyuridine to exponentially growing cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL in chemically defined medium results in inhibition of cell multiplication by at least one generation before DNA synthesis stops. Cell multiplication can be restored in these cultures, if they are transferred to fresh growth medium, but although most of the cells in the culture contain close to a G2‐amount of DNA, a full DNA replication round is a prerequisite for renewed cell multiplication. Large extrusion bodies are found at the first division after transfer to fresh growth medium. Autoradiographic analysis has revealed that the DNA in the extrusion body is a representative of the DNA in the macronucleus indicating a random distribution of DNA between daughter nuclei and extrusion body.
Purification of Plasmodium lophurae Exoerythrocytic Merozoites by an Ion Exchange Column*
Authors: HOLLINGDALE MICHAEL R. , KILEJIAN ARAXIE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Exoerythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium lophurae grown in embryonic turkey brain cells were successfully separated from host cell material by elution from a DEAE‐cellulose column at ionic strength 0.22. Purity of parasite samples was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Increasing the ionic strength gave greater recoveries of merozoites, but host cell contamination increased.
Synchronization of Division in Vitamin B12‐Starved Euglena gracilis
Authors: SHEHATA T. E. , KEMPNER E. S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Vitamin B12 deficiency arrests cell division in Euglena gracilis. B12 starvation for short periods made it possible to induce synchronous growth by addition of the vitamin. Culture conditions were established to optimize replenishment synchrony. The DNA content of E. gracilis in steady state culture and vitamin B12 deficiency culture was measured by flow cytofluorometry and was consistent with colorimetric determinations. The cell volume and DNA distributions of E. gracilis in synchronous culture were analyzed and the sequential changes during the division cycle were computed. Synchronous culture permits more definitive studies of shifts in cell volume and DNA distributions, in which the biochemical events required for cell division are presumably synchronized.
Effects of Hydroxyurea on Crithidia fasciculata
Authors: COSGROVE WILLIAM B. , SKEEN MARIANNE J. , HAJDUK STEPHEN L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Hydroxyurea (HU) inhibits increase in cell number in cultures of Crithidia fasciculata. Complete inhibition is produced by 8 mM and higher concentrations. If HU is not removed, population growth resumes in 45–50 h: if HU is removed, partially synchronous growth occurs through 2 cycles. During HU inhibition, the rate of DNA synthesis is reduced to 1% of that in exponentially growing cultures; protein and RNA syntheses continue at slightly reduced rates. Mean cell size and protein and RNA contents per cell increase; rate of oxygen consumption per mg cell protein remains constant. The behavior of a culture upon addition of HU and upon its removal agrees with predictions based on the hypothesis that the only direct effect of HU is to block DNA synthesis. The synchrony produced by HU is judged satisfactory for investigations of kinetoplast and nuclear replication but not for biochemical characterization of other aspects of the cell cycle.
Curative Effects of the Antipiroplasms Amicarbalide and Imidocarb on Trypanosoma brucei Infection in Mice*
Authors: NATHAN H. C. , SOTO KURT V. M. , MOREIRA ROCIO , CHUNOSOFF LAURA , HUTNER S. H. , BACCHI C. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The babesicides imidocarb and amicarbalide, which have structural similarities to the antitrypanosomatid diamidines, proved active against Trypanosoma brucei mouse infections: both cured infections when doses were administered daily for 3 days 24 h post‐inoculation (curative dose imidocarb, 10 mg/kg; amicarbalide, 25 mg/kg). Mice were considered cured after survival 30 days longer than untreated infected controls, with no trypanosomes present in blood or cerebrospinal fluid smears. Both agents also cured when administered 48 and 72 h after challenge with T. brucei and prolonged the lives of animals 94 h after challenge. The results are discussed in respect to the potential of these carbanilides and their precursors, the antitumor phthalanilides, as lead compounds in chemotherapy of mammalian trypanosomiases.
Comparative Studies on Dihydrofolate Reductases from Plasmodium falciparum and Aotus trivirgatus*
Authors: KAN S. C. , SIDDIQUI W. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Dihydrofolate reductase (E.C. 1.5.1.3) from Plasmodium falciparum and from its host, the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). were partially purified and characterized. The molecular weight of the parasite enzyme was estimated to be over 10 times as high as that of the host enzyme. The host enzyme had 2 pH optima whereas the parasite enzyme only one. The activity of the host enzyme was greatly stimulated by KCI and urea, while that of the parasite enzyme was inhibited at high concentrations of such chaotropic agents. Km of the parasite enzyme was significantly higher than that of the host enzyme. The parasite enzyme had much lower Ki for pyrimethamine than the host enzyme. Dihydrofolate reductases isolated from pyrimethamine‐resistant and pyrimethaminesensitive strains of P. falciparum were found to be similar.
Poly(A)+ RNA from Tetrahymena: Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Vitro*†
Authors: MYHAL M. LYNN , HUFNAGEL LINDA A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Cell‐free synthesis of high molecular weight polypeptides, programmed by RNA from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W is reported, and methods for preparation of the RNA are described. The RNA was extracted by the SDS‐phenol‐chloroform‐isoamyl alcohol technic. The bulk of extracted RNA was ribosomal and on sucrose gradients peaked at ‐17S and 25S. After heat denaturation all the 25S RNA was converted to 17S. indicating the presence of hidden breaks, possibly the result of nuclease activity during extraction. Nevertheless, when poly(A)–RNA was collected using oligo‐(dT)‐cellulose column chromatography, it promoted a 15–fold increase in incorporation of [35S] methionine into TCA‐precipitable material. Slab‐gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the product revealed 12 different major polypeptides, varying in weight from 28.000 to 65,000 Daltons. A method for preparation of translatable RNA from Tetrahymena will make possible the comparison of messenger RNAs associated with specific cell structures and with different developmental events.
Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) megachiropterorum sp. n. from the Flying Fox, Pteropus tonganus Quoy & Gaimard
Authors: MARINKELLE C. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) megachiropterorum sp. n. from the flying fox, Pteropus tonganus Quoy & Gaimard, from the Kingdom of Tonga, is described. The trypomastigotes measure 32 ± 1.74 (here and below S.D.) (27–37.5) × 3.6 ± 0.23 (3–4.5) μm and has a flagellum averaging in length 6.4 ± 0.92 (4.5–10) μm. Their nuclear index is 1.2 ± 0.16 (0.7–1.6) and their kinetoplastic index equals 6.2 ± 0.32 (5.5–7.1). This is the first report of a member of the subgenus Megatrypanum from bats outside the American and African continents and also the first record of a trypanosome from bats in the Pacific area.
Mattesia geminata sp. n. (Neogregarinida: Ophrocystidae) a Parasite of the Tropical Fire Ant, Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius)*
Authors: JOUVENAZ D. P. , ANTHONY D. W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new species of neogregarine, Mattesia geminata sp. n., that infects immature stages of the tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius), is described. The parasite, which develops in the hypodermis, causes disruption of the developing eyes, melanization of the cuticle, and death of pupae. lntracolonial infection rates are usually less than 2±, but may exceed 90±. Attempts to transmit the infection were unsuccessful.
Book Review
Authors: MULLER MIKLOS
Published: May 2007

Kreier, J. P., ed. 1978. Parasitic Protozoa, Volume II, Intestinal Flagellates, Histomonads, Trichomonads, Amoeba, Opalinids, and Ciliates.
Infectivity of Trypanosoma brucei Cultivated at 28 C with Tsetse Fly Salivary Glands*
Authors: CUNNINGHAM ISABEL , TAYLOR A. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. When transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of Trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in T‐30 Falcon flasks at 28 C in a liquid medium containing head‐salivary gland explants of Glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. Infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. A few of the salivary glands became invaded with parasites about the time infective organisms appeared in the cultures. Using T. brucei TREU 929, it was shown that trypanosomes grown with between 27 and 50 explants were capable of producing infections consistently for prolonged periods. On the other hand, trypanosomes cultivated with 25 or fewer explants rarely infected mice. Infectivity titrations on trypanosome suspensions from cultures of stocks TREU 1275 and TREU 929 revealed that the maximum number of infective organisms was present 26 to 50 days after initiation of the cultures. Control cultures of trypanosomes grown in medium alone were generally not infective but 2 of the 6 stocks gave rise to a few sporadic infections. A few epimastigote‐like and metacyclic‐like trypanosomes were seen in stained preparations of infective inocula.
Structure of the D‐Mannan and D‐Arabino‐D‐Galactan in Crithidia fasciculata: Changes in Proportion with Age of Culture*
Authors: GORIN P. A. J. , PREVIATO J. O. , MENDONÇA‐PREVIATO L. , TRAVASSOS L. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cells of the insect flagellate Crithidia fasciculata contained mannan and arabinogalactan components, whose porportion varied with culture age, the former predominating during early stages, and the latter during the later stages of exponential growth and the deceleration phase. The mannan was a β‐D‐(1→2)‐linked D‐mannopyranan. The arabinogalactan had a complex structure containing, in part, a β‐D‐(1→‐3)‐linked galactopyranose main‐chain substituted in the 2 positions by single‐unit D‐arabinopyranose side‐chains and with some unsubstituted units.
Purine Metabolism in Trypanosomatids*
Authors: CERON CARLOS ROBERTO , CALDAS RUY DE ARAUJO , FELIX CARLOS ROBERTO , MUNDIM MARIA HERMELINDA , ROITMAN ISAAC
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Purine nucleotide biosynthesis was studied in culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y, Crithidia deanei (a reduviid trypanosomatid with an endosymbiote) and an aposymbiotic strain of C. deanei (obtained by curing C. deanei with chloramphenicol). Trypanosoma cruzi was found to synthesize purine nucleotides only from the preformed bases adenine and guanine (“salvage” pathway), adenine being incorporated into both adenine and guanine nucleotides. Similar results were obtained with guanine, indicating that this flagellate has a system for the interconversion of purine nucleotides. Crithidia deanei was able to synthesize purine and pyrimidine nucleotides from glycine (“de novo” pathway) and purine nucleotides from adenine and guanine (“salvage” pathway). Adenine was incorporated into both adenine and guanine nucleotides, while guanine was incorporated into guanine nucleotides only, indicating the presence of a metabolic block at the level of GMP reducaase. The aposymbiotic C. deanei strain was unable to utilize glycine for the synthesis of purine nucleotides, although glycine was utilized for synthesizing pyrimidine nucleotides. These results suggest that the endosymbiote is implicated in the de novo purine nucleotide pathway of the C. deanei‐endosymbiote complex. The incorporation of adenine and guanine by aposymbiotic C. deanei strain followed a pattern similar to that observed for C. deanei.
Plasmodium lophurae: Membrane Proteins of Erythrocyte‐free Plasmodia and Malaria‐Infected Red Cells*
Authors: SHERMAN IRWIN W. , JONES LYNN A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasma membranes of normal duckling erythrocytes were prepared by blender homogenization and nitrogen decompression. Surface membrane vesicles of red cells infected with the avian malaria Plasmodium lophurae were produced by nitrogen decompression. Membranes of erythrocyte‐free malaria parasites were removed from cytoplasmic constituents by Dounce homogenization. These membranes were collected by centrifugation in a sucrose step gradient and purified on a linear sucrose gradient. Red cell membranes had a buoyant density of 1.159 g/cm3, whereas plasmodial membranes banded at 2 densities: 1.110 g/cm3 and 1.158 g/cm3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the isolated red cell membranes revealed 7 major protein bands with molecular weights (MW) ranging from 230,000 to 22,000, and 3 glycoprotein bands with MW of 160,000, 88,000 and 37,000. Parasite membranes also had 7 major bands with MW ranging from 100,000 to 22,000. No glycoproteins were identifiable in these membranes. The proteins of the surface membranes from infected red cells had MW similar to those from normal red cells; however, there was some evidence of a reduction in the amount of the high MW polypeptides. The red cell membrane contained 79 nmoles sialic acid/mg membrane protein, whereas plasmodial membranes had 8 nmoles sialic acid/mg membrane protein. The sialic acid content of the surface membranes of infected red cells was significantly smaller than that of normal cells. Lactoperoxidase‐glucose oxidase‐catalyzed iodination of intact normal and malaria‐infected erythrocytes labeled 7 surface components. Although no observable differences in iodinatable proteins were seen in these preparations, there was a striking reduction in the iodinatability of erythrocytic membranes obtained from P. lophurae‐infected cells. Erythrocyte‐free plasmodia bound very little radioactive iodine; the small amount of radioactivity was distributed among 3 major bands with MW of 42,000, 32,000 and 28,000.

It is suggested that the alterations of the surface of the P. lophurae‐infected erythrocyte do not occur by a wholesale insertion of plasmodial membrane proteins into the red cell plasma membrane, but rather that there are parasite‐mediated modifications of existing membrane polypeptides.
Tetrahymena Tubulins and In Vitro Translation of Tetrahymena RNA*
Authors: FLISS EDWARD R. , SUYAMA YOSHITAKA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena outer doublet tubulin was compared with neurotubulin and Chlamydomonas flagellar tubulin on SDS‐polyacrylamide gels. Tetrahymenaα tubulin did not comigrate with either brain or flagellar α tubulins, although brain, flagellar, and ciliary β tubulins all comigrated. Axonemal tubulin from Tetrahymena strain ST was compared with this tubulin from strains W. S. HSM, and E, and all were found to have the same mobilities.

Poly‐A containing RNA was separated from whole cell Tetrahymena RNA by oligo‐dT cellulose chromatography. Poly‐A+ RNA from 24‐h cultures (early exponential growth) stimulated greater incorporation of amino acids into polypeptides in the wheat germ cell‐free translation system than did poly‐A+ RNA from 36‐h and 49‐h cultures. When separated on SDS‐polyacrylamide gels, the translation products of the 24‐h poly‐A + RNA had 2 prominent protein bands which comigrated with α and β tubulin isolated from Tetrahymena cilia. These bands were not found in the translation products of poly‐A+ RNA isolated from 49‐h cultures or in the translation products ofpoly‐A‐ RNA.
Book Review
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D.
Published: May 2007

McClure, H. E., Poonswad, P., Greiner, E. C. & Laird, M. 1978. Haematozoa in the Birds of Eastern and Southern Asia.
Secretion of Hexosaminidase Isozymes by Tetrahymena*
Authors: VICK G. WESLEY , BLUM J. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena pyriformis strain HSM secrete large quantities of lysosomal acid hydrolases into the medium. The finding that 2 isozymes of β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase (2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.30) could be resolved by DEAE ion exchange chromatography and of possible differences between the secreted mixture and the intralysosomal hexosaminidase activity suggested that Tetrahymena might prove useful for studies of the control of lysosomal hydrolase isozyme secretion. In the present paper, we report a considerable purification of these isozymes and describe a number of their kinetic properties. Four isozymes were isolated into 2 major forms, A1 and B1, and 2 minor forms, A2 and B2, which were similar to the respective major forms in all kinetic properties tested. Hexosaminidase B1 has a molecular weight of ˜93,000 daltons and is inhibited by high concentrations of p‐nitrophenyl‐N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminide. The inhibition is reversed by ethanol. Hexosaminidase A1 has a molecular weight of ˜170,000 and is not inhibited by high concentrations of substrate. The A forms are relatively less active against p‐nitrophenyl‐N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐galactosaminide than the B forms. Neither hexosaminidases A1 or B1 has any endo‐β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase activity. Comparison of the properties of the 2 major isozymes suggested that measurements of activity obtained under different assay conditions could be used to quantitate the amount of each isozyme in a mixture of the two. Log‐ and early stationary‐phase cells secrete ˜20% of isozyme A and 80% of isozyme B into the medium or into a dilute salt solution. With increasing culture age the fraction of isozyme A secreted rises to over 90%. Supplementation of the proteose‐peptone growth medium with glucose causes a decrease in total hexosaminidase subsequently secreted but with no change in proportion of each isozyme. Cells suspended in a dilute salt solution containing 0.1 mM L‐propranolol secrete slightly more isozyme A than do control cells suspended without L‐propranolol. Phenoxy‐benzamine (0.2 mM) causes a slight decrease in the proportion of isozyme A released.
Book Review
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D.
Published: May 2007

Corliss, John O. 1979. The Ciliated Protozoa. Characterization, Classification and Guide to the Literature.
Informational Energy Flow As an Aspect of Protozoan Nutrition*,†
Authors: LEE JOHN J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The time is ripe for protozoan ecologists to begin the general evaluation of the role of food quality in the energy transformations and materials flow in food webs involving protozoa and other small organisms. Current evidence suggests that major pathways of energy flow at any particular time depend upon the matches between prey species and consumers. There are 2 components to food quality related (informational) energy flow: (a) the information present in the molecular constitution of the prey; and (b) the ability of the protozoa to recognize and use it. If the evidence obtained from trophodynamic studies of 2 marine ciliates, Uronema marinum Dujardin and Euplotes vannus Müller indicates a generalized ability of protozoa to regulate catabolic reactions to points which optimize energetic gains from their food, then it may be one of the keys to the evolutionary successes of the group.
Terrestrial Protozoa*
Authors: BAMFORTH STUART S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Litters and soils are special interstitial ecosystems containing water in surface films and pore spaces, large amounts of organic matter, and are subject to extreme moisture and temperature fluctuations. “Terrestrial protozoa” are ubiquitous limnetic species tolerant of high CO2 tensions and possessing efficient encystment mechanisms.

Protozoa exploit tiny microhabitats unavailable to larger animals (e.g. nematodes). Naked amebae dominate due to their flexible bodies and interface locomotion. Small flagellates may be abundant, especially in litters. Ciliates are less numerous but their species composition indicates the degree of moisture of the habitat, as do the slower‐growing testacea which become prominent in regions of slow decomposition (conifer and tundra biomes). Protozoa promote decomposition by enhancing bacterial metabolism, eating excess bacteria, and excreting simple compounds returnable to plants. Large populations, especially amebae, exploit the abundant bacterial flora of plant root zones (rhizosphere). One protozoon, Colpoda cucullus, has successfully invaded the surfaces of vegetation.
A Newly Revised Classification of the Protozoa*
Authors: LEVINE N. D. , CORLISS J. O. , COX F. E. G. , DEROUX G. , GRAIN J. , HONIGBERG B. M. , LEEDALE G. F. , LOEBLICH A. R. , LOM III. J. , LYNN D. , MERINFELD E. G. , PAGE F. C. , POLJANSKY G. , SPRAGUE V. , VAVRA J. , WALLACE F. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The subkingdom Protozoa now includes over 65,000 named species, of which over half are fossil and ∼ 10,000 are parasitic. Among living species, this includes ∼ 250 parasitic and 11,300 free‐living sarcodines (of which ∼ 4,600 are foraminiferids); 1.800 parasitic and 5,100 free‐living flagellates: ∼ 5,600 parasitic “Sporozoa” (including Apicomplexa, Microspora, Myxospora, and Aseetospora); and ∼ 2,500 parasitic and 4,700 free‐living ciliates. There are undoubtedly thousands more still unmamed. Seven phyla of PROTOZOA are accepted in this classification—SARCOMASTIGOPHORA. LABYRINTHOMORPHA, APICOMPLEXA, MICROSPORA, ASCETOSPORA, MYXOSPORA, and CILIOPHORA. Diagnoses are given for these and for all higher taxa through suborders, and representative genera of each are named. the present scheme is a considerable revision of the Society's 1964 classification, which was prepared at a time when perhaps 48,000 species had been named. It has been necessitated by the acquisition of a great deal of new taxonomic information, much of it through electron microscopy. It is hoped that the present classification incorporates most of the major changes that will be made for some time. and that it will be used for many years by both protozoologists and non‐protozoologists.
Inhibition of Leishmania Donovani Amastigote‐To‐Promastigote Transformation By Infected Hamster Spleen Lymphocyte Lysates*
Authors: KRASSNER STUART M. , MORROW CASEY D. , FLORY BARBARA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Leishmania donovani amastigote‐to‐promastigote transformation is inhibited by homogenates of infected hamster liver and spleen. This inhibitory activity is localized in the 100,000 g pellet fraction. Tests with lysates of adherent (macrophyages) and nonadherent (lymphocytes) spleen cells indicated that the inhibitory activity resided in the lymphocytes, specifically in the 100,000 g pellet fraction.
Hydroxyurea: Effect On Growth, Structure, and [3H]Thymidine Uptake of Trypanosoma Brucei Procyclic Culture Forms
Authors: BRUN RETO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Hydroxyurea (HU) concentrations above 50 μg/ml reversibly inhibited cell division of Trypanosoma brucei brucei stock STIB 366 procyclic culture forms, but not growth of individual cells. the volume of the nucleus and of the cytoplasm increased in the presence of the drug as did the percentage of cells with 2 kinetoplasts. Electron microscopy revelaed that the nuclear membrane was extended forming protrusions which surrounded areas of the cytoplasm. Replication of the kinetoplast DNA did not seem to be affected by HU. the uptake of [3H]thymidine increased in the presence of 25 μ/ml HU 3‐fold compared to control cells. the nuclear volume and the dry weight of the culture forms increased proportionally to the amount of label incorporated.
Toxicity of Cadmium to Amoeba Proteus: A Biochemical Approach
Authors: Al‐Atia G. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The cadmium ion (Cd2+) was accumulated by Amoeba proteus in all cellular fractions, the highest level being associated with the cytosol fraction. On gel separation of the cytosol fraction, Cd‐binding protein appeared in 2 peaks: one >45,000 MW (peak I) and the other 12,000 MW (peak II). Added cysteine increased the total Cd2+ taken up by the cells and resulted in disproportionate increase of Cd incorporated into the Cd‐binding protein of peak II. the Cd‐binding protein of peak II is analogous to the low‐MW, Cdbinding proteins in Anacystis nidulans, Mytilus edulis, and to the metalloprotein of some vertebrates.
Morphologic and Biochemical Characterization of Crithidia Brasiliensis Sp. N.*
Authors: DE SÁ MARIA F. G. , DE SÁ CEZAR M. , VERONESE MARCO A. , FILHO SPARTACO ASTOLFI , GANDER EUGEN S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A trypanosomatid with a choanomastigote stage and, therefore, belonging to the genus Crithidia, was isolated in culture from the alimentary tract of the hemipteran genus Zelus. the trypanosomatid was able to grow at 37 C, a characteristic reported to date from only 2 other members of Crithidia, C. hutneri and C. luciliae thermophila. Subsequently, the flagellate was cloned for biochemical studies which involved cleaving of kDNA by restriction endonucleases and analyses of the isoenzyme and histone patterns. In all the attributes revealed by the foregoing methods, the organism from Zelus differed from the latter 2 congeneric species. On these and morphologic grounds, this organism appears to belong in a new species for which the name Crithidia brasiliensis sp. n. is proposed.
Five New Species of Isospora From Hawaiian Birds*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , VAN RIPER SANDRA , VAN RIPER CHARLES
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. the following species are described from Hawaiian birds: Isospora brayi sp. n., with oocysts 27 × 26 μm and sporocysts 19 × 12 μm, from the Japanese white‐eye. Zosterops japonicus Temminck & Schlegel; Isospora cardinalis sp. n., with oocysts 24 × 23 μm, and sporocysts 16 × 10 μm, from the cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus); Isospora ivensae sp. n., with oocysts 26 × 25 μm, and sporocysts 18 × 12 μm, from the spotted or white‐throated munia, Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus); Isospora loxopis sp. n., with oocysts 26 × 23 μm, and sporocysts 16 × 13 μm, from the amakihi or honeycreeper, Loxops virens (Gmelin); and Isospora phaeornis sp. n., with oocysts 27 × 19 μm, and sporocysts 16 × 11 μm, from the omao or Hawaiian thrush, Phaeornis obscurus (Gmelin). All the host birds belong to the order Passerorida.
Inhibition By Vitamin A of Cyst Formation In Nyctotheroides Puytoraci Induced By Injecting Its Host Bufo Regularis With 20‐Methylcholanthrene
Authors: SADEK ISMAIL A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. 20‐Methylcholanthrene induced cyst formation in Nyctotheroides puytoraci when injected into its host Bufo regularis. Presumably this hydrocarbon or its metabolites reaches the parasites in the recta of treated host animals and induces encystment. However, injection of B. regularis with 0.5 mg of 20‐methylcholanthrene + vitamin A palmitate (5,000 IU) inhibited the hydrocarbon‐induced encystment of the parasites.
Antigenic Analysis By Immunofluorescence of In Vitro‐Produced Metacyclics of Trypanosoma Brucei and Their Infections In Mice*
Authors: GARDINER P. R. , JONES T. W. , CUNNINGHAM I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. the antigenic types in populations of metacyclic trypanosomes of Trypanosoma brucei isolated from Glossina morsitans head‐salivary gland trypanosome cultures and bloodstream forms in the early parasitemias produced from whole culture supernatant fluids containing metacyclic forms, were analyzed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using clone‐specific antisera. Metacyclic trypanosomes in cultures initiated with cloned bloodstream forms were heterogeneous with respect to their variable antigenic type (VAT). Trypanosomes comprising early parasitemias in immunosuppressed mice infected with metacyclics produced in cultures also had a range of VATs. Three of the VATs detected in the early parasitemias in mice have also been identified by other investigators in tsetse fly‐transmitted populations of the same stock.
Woodruffia Metabolica: the Systematic Implications of Its Somatic and Oral Ultrastructures*
Authors: GOLDER THOMAS K. , LYNN DENIS H.
Published: May 2007

The somatic and oral ultrastructures of Woodruffia metabolica Johnson & Larson are described. the somatic kinetids are dikinetids, with the anterior kinetosome often not ciliated. A transverse ribbon of microtubules and a single postciliary microtubule are associated with the anterior kinetosome. A transverse ribbon, postciliary ribbon and kinetodesmal fibril are linked with the posterior kinetosome. the posterior transverse ribbons extend posteriad, to the left of the Kinety, joining more anteriorly originating transverse ribbons in a compound LKm fiber. These features together with interkinetosomal linkages relate Woodruffia to other members of the order Colpodida.