bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing Appendicitis at Different Time Points in Children with Right Lower Quadrant Pain: Comparison Between Pediatric Appendicitis Score and the Alvarado Score
Authors: Wu Han‐Ping , Yang Wen‐Chieh , Wu Kang‐Hsi , Chen Chan‐Yu , Fu Yun‐Ching
Published: October 2011

Background

Acute appendicitis is the most common abdominal emergency in clinical surgery. This study was designed to compare the diagnostic value of the Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) with that of the Alvarado score based on different time points in children with right lower quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain.

Methods

This prospective cohort study comprised 1,395 children (aged 3–18 years) with RLQ abdominal pain between 2005 and 2009. The patients were scored by the pediatric emergency physicians. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the appropriate cutoff scores of the Alvarado and PAS systems. The sensitivity and specificity, and area under ROC curve were calculated for both systems.

Results

The AUCs of the Alvarado system were all higher than those of the PAS system (day 1: 0.09 vs. 0.87; day 2: 0.87 vs. 0.84; day 3: 0.88 vs. 0.82). The best appropriate cutoff scores were seven (days 1 and 2) and six (day 3) on the PAS and six (days 1 and 2) and seven (day 3) on the Alvarado system.

Conclusions

The preliminary data show that the best cutoff score of Alvarado and PAS systems vary with the different time points of RLQ pain presentation. It may provide helpful information for primary or emergency physicians to determine whether the patient should undergo surgical consultation.
Current practice in the removal of benign endometrial polyps: a Dutch survey
Authors: van Dijk Lotte J. E. W. , Breijer Maria C. , Veersema Sebastiaan , Mol Ben W. J. , Timmermans Anne
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current practice of Dutch gynecologists in the removal of benign endometrial polyps and compare these results with the results of a previous study from 2003. In 2009 Dutch gynecologists were surveyed by a mailed questionnaire about polypectomy. Gynecologists answered questions about their individual performance of polypectomy: setting, form of anesthesia, method, and instrument use. The results were compared with the results from the previous survey. The response rate was 70% (585 of 837 gynecologists). Among the respondents, 455 (78%) stated to remove endometrial polyps themselves. Polyps were mostly removed in an inpatient setting (337; 74%) under general or regional anesthesia (247; 54%) and under direct hysteroscopic vision (411; 91%). Gynecologists working in a teaching hospital removed polyps more often in an outpatient setting compared with gynecologists working in a nonteaching hospital [118 (43%) vs. 35 (19%) p < 0.001]. These results are in accordance with the results from 2003. Compared to 2003 there was an increase in the number of gynecologists performing polypectomies with local or no anesthesia [211 (46%) vs. 98 (22%), p < 0.001]. An increase was also noted in the number of gynecologists using direct hysteroscopic vision [411 (91%) vs. 290 (64%), p < 0.001] and 5 Fr electrosurgical instruments [181 (44%) vs. 56 (19%), p < 0.001]. Compared to the situation in 2003, there is an increase in removal under direct hysteroscopic vision, with 5 Fr electrosurgical instruments, using local or no anesthesia. This implies there is progress in outpatient hysteroscopic polypectomy in the Netherlands.
Dynamics of internal carbon resources during masting behavior in trees
Authors: Miyazaki Yuko
Published: October 2011

Several proximate factors of masting have been provided. Here, I focus on the role of internal factors, especially the relationship between internal carbon resources and modular structures in trees. I summarize various studies of carbon resource allocation for reproduction during masting events in terms of the proximate factors of masting and discuss the modular structure in which trees accumulate and consume carbon resources as well as the timing when internal carbon resources affect masting since trees have complex resource dynamics among organs. The resource budget model, which provides a simple mechanistic explanation of the masting mechanism, is supported by various study lines. This model assumes decreasing levels of stored photosynthate after flowering and fruiting. According to several studies, however, carbon reserves do not decrease after fruiting in species in which the modules autonomously allocate current photosynthate for fruiting. In addition, it is important to elucidate when carbon resources affect masting events because during their long developmental processes, trees pass through various stages until they produce maturing fruits to create successful masting events. To explore the mechanisms of masting in future studies, it would be important to figure out how and when candidate factors (including nutrients other than carbon) may influence the entire reproduction process, for example, using field manipulation experiments.
Voting with Your Feet: Exit-based Empowerment in Democratic Theory
Authors: WARREN MARK E.
Published: October 2011

Democracy is about including those who are potentially affected by collective decisions in making those decisions. For this reason, contemporary democratic theory primarily assumes membership combined with effective voice. An alternative to voice is exit: Dissatisfied members may choose to leave a group rather than voice their displeasure. Rights and capacities for exit can function as low-cost, effective empowerments, particularly for those without voice. But because contemporary democratic theory often dismisses exit as appropriate only for economic markets, the democratic potentials of exit have rarely been theorized. Exit-based empowerments should be as central to the design and integrity of democracy as distributions of votes and voice, long considered its key structural features. When they are integrated into other democratic devices, exit-based empowerments should generate and widely distribute usable powers for those who need them most, evoke responsiveness from elites, induce voice, discipline monopoly, and underwrite vibrant and pluralistic societies.
Governance and Prison Gangs
Authors: SKARBEK DAVID
Published: October 2011

How can people who lack access to effective government institutions establish property rights and facilitate exchange? The illegal narcotics trade in Los Angeles has flourished despite its inability to rely on state-based formal institutions of governance. An alternative system of governance has emerged from an unexpected source—behind bars. The Mexican Mafia prison gang can extort drug dealers on the street because they wield substantial control over inmates in the county jail system and because drug dealers anticipate future incarceration. The gang's ability to extract resources creates incentives for them to provide governance institutions that mitigate market failures among Hispanic drug-dealing street gangs, including enforcing deals, protecting property rights, and adjudicating disputes. Evidence collected from federal indictments and other legal documents related to the Mexican Mafia prison gang and numerous street gangs supports this claim.
A Newly Discovered Leaf of the Freer Psalter
Authors: Sanders Henry A.
Published: October 2011

Among the parchment leaves which formed a large part of a purchase made by the late Professor Francis W. Kelsey early in 1927 I later found one of the missing leaves of the Freer Psalter, published in 1917. The bundle was made up of parchment and paper leaves, all, with this one exception, comparatively late and not of great value. Most of them are more or less damaged and have no connection with one another, evidently representing a variety of finds or purchases. They came from M. Nahman, an antiquity dealer of Cairo, and were bought by Mr. Kelsey without examination and on the chance that although the bundle looked like the rejected numbers from many sales, examination might reveal something of value.
The Oxyrhynchus Gospel Fragments
Authors: Dunkerley Roderic
Published: October 2011

It is with five of the Christian fragments unearthed at Oxyrhynchus by Grenfell and Hunt, under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Fund, that I propose to deal here. It will be convenient to quote these fragments as OP (Oxyrhynchus Papyri), and the discoverers of them as GH (Grenfell and Hunt), using the enumeration adopted in their large volumes (not that of the popular reprint of April 1904). The fragments to be considered are Oxyrhynchus Papyri 1, 654, 655, 840, and 1224; the first two of these (No. 1 and No. 654) are the so-called ‘Sayings of Jesus’ and ‘New Sayings of Jesus’; No. 655 is the ‘Fragment of a Lost Gospel,’ containing a page of sayings; No. 840 the ‘Fragment of an Uncanonical Gospel,’ published in 1908; No. 1224 the fragments entitled ‘Uncanonical Gospel,’ published in 1914.
The Structure and Literary Character of the Gospels
Authors: Dibelius Martin
Published: October 2011

The gospels are alike evidences for our faith and documents of a crisis in human history. They claim not only the interest of believers but also the most serious attention of the historical inquirer. No wonder, then, that the methods employed to throw light upon them show an ever increasing refinement, and that in the course of time every canon of criticism which can be utilized in the interpretation of ancient texts has come to be applied to the gospels. In dealing with the problem of the gospels we have to do something more than explain them bit by bit; we have also to answer the question how they came to exist at all.
Traces of Thaumaturgic Technique in the Miracles
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: October 2011

It has long been known that familiar features of the ordinary wonder-worker's manner of operation can be detected here and there in the stories of the miracles of Jesus. Nothing is more natural. Miracle stories had been current in the ancient world for centuries before the Christian era, and their number did not lessen thereafter. A type of popular story was developed, varying as to time and scene and as to the persons concerned in the action, but in spite of those variations carrying certain marks which, through their frequent recurrence, came to be expected as a matter of course. For example, the narrator makes much of the difficulty of the miracle and of the thoroughness of its success; and he shows a vivid interest in the behavior of the miracle-worker, carefully noting the various acts and gestures by which the wonder is brought to pass.
On Josephus's Statement of the Pharisees' Doctrine of Fate (Antiq. xviii. 1, 3)
Authors: Thackeray H. St. John
Published: October 2011

[The following note by Dr. H. St. John Thackeray was found among the papers of Professor George F. Moore. It relates to a sentence from Josephus, Antiq. xviii. 1, 3, discussed by Moore in his Judaism, I, pp. 457 f.; III, pp. 139 f., and in an article in this Review for October 1929, and it is here published by the kind permission of Mrs. Thackeray.
The Serabit Expedition of 1930: IV. The Protosinaitic Inscriptions
Authors: Butin Romain F.
Published: October 2011

The present article was begun with the limited purpose of making known the new inscriptions discovered by the Harvard-Catholic University Joint Expedition to Serabit in the spring of 1930. In the course of this study, I perceived that some signs doubtful in the inscriptions already published were made clear by the new slabs, and I decided to go over the entire field again.
The Problem of Jesus
Authors: Goguel Maurice
Published: October 2011

The problem of Jesus, which by its very nature must always remain of present concern, seems of late to have stirred a keener interest than for many years past. Never have the publications relating to Jesus and to the problem of the origins of Christianity been so abundant as to-day, and more than ever before do men crave an exact idea of the true story of Jesus and the conditions in which Christianity had its origin.
An Uncial Fragment of the Gospels
Authors: Hatch William H. P.
Published: October 2011

On a visit to Damacus in March 1929 I found in the Musée National a fragment of the gospels, written in Greek, which has escaped the notice of those who have compiled lists of the manuscripts of the New Testament. It is mentioned neither by Gregory nor by von Soden. Its discovery has been reported to Professor von Dobschütz of Halle, and he has designated it 0196.
“Adhuc in corpore constituto”
Authors: Bacon Benjamin W.
Published: October 2011

In my Studies in Matthew (1930, pp. 452 ff.) the reader will find a brief statement of my conviction that the long debated Papias-testimony prefixed by a medieval prologue-writer to the Gospel of John was originally meant for the Revelation. Arguments and references there given need not be repeated here because the present note is concerned only with the final clause of the fragment; but since this is obscure it may be advisable to print it in full side by side with the conjectured original.
The Egyptian Text of the Four Gospels and Acts
Authors: Sanders Henry A.
Published: October 2011

During recent years the trend of New Testament textual studies has been toward the identification and establishment of local texts. If these be old, they serve as witnesses to the original text, if late, they are helpful in showing the trends of textual development and add to our knowledge of the history of the Church. We are far removed from the New Testament studies and problems of 1898, when Grenfell and Hunt published the first papyrus fragment of the New Testament, Oxyrhynchus 2 containing Matthew 1, 1–20.
The Preferments and ‘Adiutores’ of Robert Grosseteste
Authors: Russell J. C.
Published: October 2011

In many fields of activity Robert Grosseteste was an important figure in thirteenth-century England. Bishop of Lincoln for nearly two decades (1235–1253), he pursued a vigorous policy as statesman and churchman. He was already a distinguished teacher and chancellor of the University of Oxford. His voluminous writings were more acceptable to his contemporaries than those of any other author. His scientific achievements were such that Professor Sarton has styled a volume of his monumental History of Science, From Robert Grosseteste to Roger Bacon. In death his memory was revered as that of a saint.
A Decade of Research in Early Christian Literature, 1921–1930
Authors: Krüger Gustav
Published: October 2011

In the present article, which continues the critical studies of the literature on Church History, published in this Review in 1921–1925, I cannot attempt to cover so wide a field as before, both because of my own advancing years and because, with the enormous yearly increase in the material, no single scholar is any longer in a position to treat it with adequate knowledge. I shall, therefore, limit myself to the field of patristic literature, the subject in which I won my spurs almost half a century ago and with which I have never ceased to occupy myself. Now that the literature of the countries formerly at war with Germany is again accessible to me, the survey can, as in old times, be international. In all these countries, especially in France and Belgium, the investigation of early Christian literature has in recent years had a powerful development, and Germany, under present economic conditions, in spite of unrelaxed industry, is in danger of falling into the rear.
Some Observations on Ruler-Cult, Especially in Rome
Authors: Charlesworth Martin Percival
Published: October 2011

Within recent years the subject of Ruler-Worship has attracted a great deal of attention from scholars, and much has been written upon it from various aspects, notably by those who are specialists in ancient religion. If I appear then to be trespassing I can only plead in excuse that the subject is of great, indeed of absorbing, interest for anyone who is a student of ancient civilization, and especially of the Roman Empire. What I offer here are some fruits of my reading in the ancient authors and the modern interpreters of their thought: all that can be done, of course, in short compass is to stress some results already ascertained, and to offer some observations of my own in the hope they may prove useful. But my debt to other scholars is obviously large: let me here mention with gratitude Adcock, Altheim, Bolkestein, Edson, Ferguson, Gow, Immisch, Pfister, Pippidi, K. Scott, Tarn and O. Weinreich, but above all A. D. Nock and Miss L. R. Taylor, who after Beurlier have contributed so much to advance our knowledge of ruler-cult. Sometimes I have ventured to prefer my own opinion, but I can echo the amiable Vitruvius in declaring— “neque alienis indicibus mutatis interposito nomine meo id profero corpus neque ullius cogitata vituperans institui ex eo me adprobare, sed omnibus scriptoribus infinitas ago gratias.”
The Origin of the Egyptian Tomb Statue
Authors: Ranke Hermann
Published: October 2011

It is known that from a very early period the burial customs of the Egyptians included the making of portrait statues of the dead in stone or other materials. Many of these, such as the ‘Sheikh-el-beled’ in Cairo, the Prince Hem-On in Hildesheim, and the ‘Scribe’ in the Louvre, are among the finest works of Egyptian art. We know also that this ancient custom survived in Egypt until about the beginning of the Christian era, and it has often been asserted that the type of the archaic statues of the Greeks was decisively influenced by the contemporary works of the Egyptians. For these reasons the question of the origin of the Egyptian tomb statue has a general interest, outside the sphere of Egyptology.
The Serâbît Inscriptions: I. The Rediscovery of the Inscriptions
Authors: Lake Kersopp , Blake Robert P.
Published: October 2011

In the spring of 1927 a small expedition, consisting of Professors Lake and Blake, Mrs. Blake, and the Reverend A. W. Johnson, went to Mt. Sinai to study the manuscripts in the Monastery of St. Catherine. Some results relating to our more immediate aim will be published later, but the most important outcome was entirely foreign to the original plan.
The Text of the Anti-Manichaean Writings of Titus of Bostra and Serapion of Thmuis
Authors: Casey Robert Pierce
Published: October 2011

In the catalogue of manuscripts at the Monastery of Vatopedi on Mount Athos by Eustratiades and Arcadios there is a curious error in the description of No. 236. The manuscript contains a variety of patristic treatises, letters, and fragments, four of which are thus described:
Recent Lives of Jesus
Authors: Scott E. F.
Published: October 2011

Nothing is more remarkable in the literature of our time than the endless procession of Lives of Jesus. They come to us in all languages, from Christians and unbelievers, from historians, theologians, social reformers, poets and romancers. In their number and variety they bear impressive witness to the perennial interest in Jesus, and the significance which men still find in him after two thousand years. Yet there is another side to this widespread curiosity about the history of Jesus. M. Goguel, in the book which will form the main subject of this paper, makes a suggestive comment on Renan's famous work. “There are questions, and the life of Jesus is one of them, which gain by being debated at leisure by specialists and brought in some degree to a focus, before they are exposed to the full daylight. The Vie de Jésus, by the very natural sensation which it provoked, perhaps thwarted, or at least retarded, the critical education of the French public.”
Professor Brightman's Theory of a Limited God. A Criticism
Authors: Banning Andrew
Published: October 2011

That the success of the formulation of religious ideas depends so largely on the achievement of a careful and often delicate balance between contrasting attitudes or ideas, is quite evident from the history of doctrine. And it is no hazard to claim that religion itself, more so than any other realm of mind, maintains itself by virtue of its ability to harmonise and balance significant contrasts. Paradoxes in themselves are only academic devices; the religious spirit must seek to attain cordial relations between the opposite poles.
The History, Religion, and Literature of Israel. Research in the Old Testament, 1914–1925
Authors: Pfeiffer Robert H.
Published: October 2011

N. W. Ljungberg, Die hebräische Chronologie von Saul bis zur babyloniscnen Gefangschaft. Braunschweig, 1922. E. Mahler, Handbuch der jüdischen Chronologie. Leipzig, 1916. [A very useful manual; the date of the promise to Abraham (8. October 1764) and that of the Exodus (27. March 1335) are fixed by eclipses.] E. Ruffini, Chronologia Veteris et Novi Testamenti in aeram nostram collata. Rome, 1924. M. Thilo, Die Chronologie des Alten Testamentes dargestellt und beurteilt unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der masoretischen Richterund Königszahlen. Barmen, 1917. [The dates for the kings of the 8th century have been artificially harmonized with the “480” years of 1 Ki. 6, 1.]
The Text of the Bible and the Script and Art of Tours
Authors: Jones Leslie Webber
Published: October 2011

‘To no student of the Middle Ages,’ says Beeson, ‘can Tours and its scriptoria fail to appeal.’ The historian, for example, desires to know the part Alcuin played in the reform of writing, the relationship between the scriptoria and the Court and Church, the exact dates at which certain monks lived and wrote. The scholar interested in Classical and mediaeval literature turns to manuscripts of Cicero, Virgil, and Livy, or Augustine, Bede, and Isidore. The philologist looks for ‘Irish’ or ‘Spanish’ symptoms in the Latinity of certain codices.
The Contributions of Martin Bucer to the Reformation
Authors: Eells Hastings
Published: October 2011

It is a common fallacy to regard great movements in history as the work of one great prophet, to think that he alone changed the current of human events by the force of a single dynamic personality. As a matter of fact, great movements, such as the Reformation, have been produced because an unusually large number of prophets arose at the same time. Though the names of only a few have been illumined by fame, the deeds of the rest were just as necessary for the success of the movement.
The Development and Consistency of Luther's Attitude to Religious Liberty
Authors: Bainton Roland Herbert
Published: October 2011

The development and consistency of Luther's attitude to religious liberty is still the occasion of much diversity of opinion. By some it is contended that he broke radically with an earlier liberalism. By none is a measure of change denied, but certain writers would minimize the change by insisting that Luther was essentially intolerant from the beginning, others by representing him as fundamentally tolerant to the end. Still others find him incurably inconsistent.
As to the Canonization of Matthew
Authors: Bacon Benjamin W.
Published: October 2011

New Testament critics have waited more than half a century for an explanation of the following strange ending of a Syriac writing of the fifth century after Christ, first published by William Wright in The Journal of Sacred Literature for April 1866. We quote from his translation in that journal for October of the same year:

But Joseph and Mary, when they saw the treachery of king Herod and the envy of the Scribes and Pharisees, arose and took the Child, and went to a foreign country and of a barbarous tongue; and there they dwelt for the space of four years, during which Herod continued to reign after (their flight). And at the commencement of the reign of Herod's son, they arose and went up from that land to the country of Galilee, Joseph and Mary, and our Lord along with them, and the five sons of Hannah (Anna), the first wife of Joseph. But Mary and our Lord were dwelling together in the house in which Mary received the Annunciation from the holy Angel.
The Serâbît Inscriptions
Authors: Bruston Charles
Published: October 2011

Shortly after the publication of my study on the Inscription of Solomon I learned of the new Canaanite inscriptions recently brought from Sinai by Professors Lake and Blake and published by them and Professor Butin in the Harvard Theological Review for January, 1928. Having attempted several years ago, in the Revue Archeologique (1921 and 1922), to explain the earlier ones, I naturally wished to see if I might not read these also and get at their meaning. In this I think I have succeeded, at least to a moderate degree. The first steps in deciphering the ten or twelve documents discovered at Serâbît, near Sinai, were taken by the English scholars A. H. Gardiner and A. Cowley. The former identified the name of Bahalath, the latter that of Tanit, as well as the pronoun ןא (Hebrew ינא ‘I’) and especially the expression םענ לע, which means ‘because of favor.’ Several other words, including ןכ ‘son,’ ןתנ ‘give,’ were recognized within a short time, so that a goodly number of the twenty-two letters of the alphabet were thus identified.
The Caesarean Text of the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Lake Kirsopp , Blake Robert P. , New Silva
Published: October 2011

The discussion of the Caesarean text, like so much in the textual criticism of the gospels, really begins with Griesbach, who in 1811 pointed out that Origen used different texts in his commentaries on Matthew and on John. About 1896 either Hort or, more probably, Sanday made the further statement that Codex I resembled the text of Origen. This led to the editing of Codex I and its allies and their identification as part of a larger family, which included Codices 565, 28, 700, and the Ferrar group. The editor was very doubtful whether the connection with Origen and Caesarea could be maintained, and he did not discuss the point in that volume. He had mentioned it in the first edition of his “Text of the New Testament,” but dropped it in later ones, though it has now been restored, thanks to Streeter's investigations, in a new edition. The reason for his missing the facts was that he was secretly enamored of a suggestion, which he could not prove and therefore did not make, to the effect that the text of family I was a degenerate representative of the Greek which underlies the Evangelion da-Mepharreshe.
Olympiad Festival of the Nations, 1936
Authors: Kalmus Hans
Published: October 2011

The session closed with the showing of extracts from films taken at the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936. The focus in these extracts was on the differing abilities of various racial types, including a number of shots, many of them in slow motion, of the finals competitors in the high jump, the winning jump being of 6 ft 10½ in. Professor Kalmus was invited to make some comments on the Olympics and the athletes who compete in them.
The Galton Lecture 1968: The race concept in human biology
Authors: Harrison G. Ainsworth
Published: October 2011

Until very recently physical anthropology has been more or less exclusively concerned with the study of the evolutionary origins of man and with race. During the first half of this century a vast body of literature accumulated describing the physical characteristics of the world's many populations, both past and present, and classifying these populations into races. Innumerable classifications appeared, which not only varied according to their authors' views as to which race a particular population should be ascribed but also, very strikingly, in the number of races that were considered as compounding the human species. Some recognized as few as three or four, others as many as thirty or more. No small effort was spent in searching for methods to ascribe individuals to one race or another and some people were regarded as being more ‘typical’ of a particular race than others.
Factors affecting the sex ratio in large populations
Authors: Teitelbaum Michael S.
Published: October 2011

Summary and conclusions

To summarize the findings presented here, only three of the five factors studied appear to be independently related to the sex ratio at birth. The significant negative birth-order effect, which in the first analysis accounted for a 2·6% shift in the relative odds of male birth, remained significant when adjustment for the race effect was provided in the second analysis. The magnitude of the effect was diminished by this adjustment, however, indicating that analysis for birth-order effects in the absence of adjustment for the race factor may lead to over-estimates of the importance of the birth-order factor.

The significant race effect detected in the second analysis resulted in a 3% lower relative odds for a Negro male birth than that for a white. This racial difference, coupled with the non-uniform distribution of Negro births by paternal-age and birth-order categories, appears to be the source of the mysterious ‘interaction
effect’ between birth order and paternal age reported by Novitski & Kimball. The race effect remained significant after adjustment was provided for both the birthorder and socio-economic effects.
A comparison of the academic performance of male and female students in schools and universities
Authors: Dale R. R.
Published: October 2011

I will preface these remarks by saying that I am a fierce believer in the fundamental equality of the sexes—after all, I am told that they are both necessary for the survival of the human race—or at least this seems to be so at the moment, though the way things are going it might at some time cease to be so. A second caveat is that I am not going to pretend to talk about the whole field of attainment, it would be inevitable that one would say too little about too much. However, if any of the audience wish to ask questions about any aspect of the topic in which they are interested I shall attempt to answer.
Sex, crime and society
Authors: Heidensohn Frances
Published: October 2011

The relation between sex and crime is an important and significant one. Broadly speaking, recorded criminality varies notably according to sex, being at a much higher level among males than females. It is men who are largely responsible for the planning and execution of large-scale crimes such as robberies. Serious recidivism, which presents such a problem in terms of penal care and treatment, is almost exclusively a masculine phenomenon—in a recent survey of crime in the UK, the incidence of serious recidivism amongst women is not even calculated (McClintock & Avison, 1968). The study of sex differences in criminality should, then, illuminate our knowledge of crime and its aetiology; it should also tell us something about sex differences in society in general.
Coordination of the reproductive processes
Authors: Harris G. W.
Published: October 2011

The title I have been asked to discuss is the Coordination' of Reproductive Processes and this implies that there are many structures and functions to be coordinated. Text-fig. 1 gives a general idea of what these structures and functions are. The basal region of the brain, known as the hypothalamus, is played upon by many stimuli from the external environment acting through different nerve tracts. The hypothalamus in turn regulates, through a system of small vessels, the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland, which for the purposes of reproduction secretes two or three gonadotrophic hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones are very largely, if not entirely, responsible for maintaining the activity of the ovary and the testis, and for varying and regulating the processes going on in the gonad. The gonad in turn secretes into the bloodstream simpler steroid hormones, which act upon the reproductive tract and the mammary glands.
Family structure and educational achievement
Authors: Oldman David , Bytheway Bill , Horobin Gordon
Published: October 2011

This paper attempts a new look at an old problem. Throughout this century there have been many reports showing that certain characteristics of family structure are associated with the individual's performance in evaluative situations, be these IQ tests, tests of achievement, school and university examinations and even occupational success (for an excellent summary, see Anastasi, 1956). It is well known, for example, that children from large families tend not to do so well in such situations as children from small families, and that this phenomenon appears to be, in some degree, independent of socio-economic differences. This we can illustrate with our own data (Text-fig. 1) in which we see a steady decline in score on a nonverbal group test of intelligence as the size of the family increases. Less clear is whether other features of family composition, such as the spacing between siblings, the sex composition of the sibship and the ordinal position of the individual within the sibship, also affect achievement. (There is no lack of reports but, as we shall show, the evidence they provide is conflicting.)
Do non-steroidal methods of contraception affect lactation?
Authors: Thomson Angus M.
Published: October 2011

I have not encountered any evidence, anecdotal or otherwise, that lactation is influenced by male methods of contraception including coitus interruptus, or by female barrier or chemical (other than hormonal) methods.

The use of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) has been claimed to enhance lactation. In Chile, Gomez-Rogers et al. (1967) studied 81 women fitted with IUDs at an average of 50 days post-partum, in whom the lactation half-life (time when 50% had stopped nursing) was 7 months 21 days. In 150 controls, the lactation half-life was 4 months 21 days, the difference being statistically significant.
Baby foods—a role for industry?
Authors: Morley David
Published: October 2011

We have assumed from the temperate world that the cow is essential; we need to question this assumption. The answers will vary considerably from country to country. I suggest that there are two sorts of country: first, countries such as Bangladesh and Nigeria, where no possibility of a milk industry exists. Therefore, if milk is used it has to be imported.

It is a presumption for us in the West to say so, but I suggest that the sensible action is to reduce progressively milk imports and to look at substitution of other materials. A certain amount of work has been done on soya milk; however this may not be suitable as it may be difficult to produce at village level. There are many other possibilities; for example, if a child with a chronic diarrhoeal problem is admitted to a hospital where I work it is fed on a mixture of chicken, glucose and oil. This sort of mixture could be made up in a village. We need to look at such possible alternatives for infant feeding.
Genital in relation to somatic maturation
Authors: Falkner Frank
Published: October 2011

Before relating somatic growth and maturation to genital maturation, we should present a concept of growth that is sometimes a little difficult to conceive. The most important basis in studying human growth is the fact that it is a continuum, and does not start at birth, but at conception. This continuum rarely moves at a constant speed. We are so used to thinking in terms of size attained: the average measure of head circumference at 3 months of age in health, for example. Yet to consider growth as movement leads us to think in terms of velocity; that is, how fast, or slowly, is an individual child growing.
Time of onset of sperm production in boys
Authors: Richardson D. W. , Short R. V.
Published: October 2011

Puberty is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as the state or condition of having become functionally capable of procreating offspring, suggesting that it is a discrete event that occurs at a particular point in time. Whilst it is easy to determine the age at puberty in animals from the time of completion of spermatogenesis in the male, or the first ovulation in the female, these are particularly difficult criteria to evaluate in our own species. Thus human puberty is generally described in terms of a sequence of changes in secondary sexual characteristics occurring over an extended period of time, and these have been reviewed in detail by Marshall & Tanner (1974).
Teenage pregnancy in England and Wales: some demographic and medico-social aspects
Authors: Rothman D. , Capell P.
Published: October 2011

There have been substantial changes in the pattern of pregnancies to teenagers in England and Wales in the past 25 years. The number of births and abortions to teenagers has increased until the last 2–3 years since when there has been a decline. This paper looks at the changes that have occurred in the population structure and marital patterns of teenagers during these years, and examines teenage pregnancies and their outcomes with regard to some of the medical and social factors that may have influenced these changes.
Socio-cultural aspects of age at marriage in the Middle East
Authors: Farmaian Sattareh Farman
Published: October 2011

In the past 20 years at least 54 countries have passed legislation setting or raising the minimum age at marriage. How successful this legislation will be is questionable, especially when it runs counter to prevailing social and cultural institutions and beliefs, but it does reflect the growing international concern with delaying marriage. The deleterious consequences of early marriage are most evident in high birth rates and low status of women, both of which prevent poor countries from developing. Concern for postponing marriage has evolved from the larger objectives of stemming population growth and of guaranteeing women their basic rights. To raise the standard of health and education of the mother thus improves the welfare of the family.
Some psychosexual problems of Asian adolescents
Authors: Kodagoda N.
Published: October 2011

In my professional work I could not escape the realization that a major part of human suffering arose out of ignorance of simple facts, unquestioning acceptance of tradition, and unhealthy social pressures. This realization made me plunge into the stormy waters of human sexuality and sex education of young people in particular. To them I gained personal access, as well as access through mass media. The response I received from our target population was most gratifying. The bulk of the material I now present was derived from some of the responses.
Adolescent sexuality—changing needs and values
Authors: Carballo Manuel
Published: October 2011

Concern about the health of adolescents, their patterns of social and sexual interaction as well as the ways in which they ultimately are able to adapt to the outcomes of their interaction is a relatively recent development (Carballo & Engstrom, 1975). In no small way the concern currently being addressed to this issue is indicative of a much broader preoccupation with the impact of social change on individual and community health in general. For while adolescents, because of their particular position in modern and modernizing societies, have possibly presented more socially dramatic manifestations of the effects of a new environment on lifestyle and behaviour, they have not been alone in experiencing these social change influences. Many of the ambiguities, stresses and needs of modern society have produced, in one way or another, health and psycho-social problems among other age groups too.
Social influences on fertility at later ages of reproduction
Authors: Ware Helen
Published: October 2011

This paper focuses upon the social factors regulating sexual behaviour and fertility in the later years of the female reproductive period. Information from India, Africa and Europe is presented on traditional beliefs and constraints concerning the cessation of procreation and the modification of sexual relations in middle age. Data showing the diversity of attitudes and practices in India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, the USA and Australia are discussed. Findings are that, in all the areas examined, coital frequency declines with advancing age although the timing and extent of the decline varies. However, the extent to which procreation is expected to cease prior to the onset of biological infecundity varies markedly even between neighbouring cultures at the same level of development. In Western cultures, for personal reasons, wives expect that childbearing should cease well before the onset of infecundity and can state an exact age at which this should occur. In those African and Asian cultures where there is a social limit to continued reproduction, this is most commonly defined in terms of a life-cycle stage attained by the family as a whole; chronological age is rarely of any importance.
Sport and personality
Authors: Kane J. E.
Published: October 2011

In a wide-ranging survey, ways are examined in which human personalities can be categorized and the relevance of these categories to sporting performance is examined. The profiles produced by studies of the Eysenck and Cattell type, the significance of the ‘trait’ and the ‘interactional’ approaches and the correlation of personalities with physical performance are considered. The importance of such factors as achievement motivation, causal attribution, selfefficacy, mental rehearsal and concentration is examined. Consideration is given to the role of sport in the fulfilment of the personality.
Sex differences in athletic potential
Authors: Ferris Elizabeth A.E.
Published: October 2011

Attention is drawn to fresh data available on female sporting performance and the narrowing gap between male and female performance in many sports. The author discusses attempts made to compare athletic potential in males and females and postulates the existence of a factor called athletic predisposition. The differences in performance amongst males and females possessing this factor are much smaller than in the population at large.
Injuries and physical stress
Authors: Davies John E.
Published: October 2011

After classifying injuries, and giving examples of the ways in which they can arise, treatment, rehabilitation and the value of exercise are considered. Having given a review of the effects of increasing leisure time and sports participation, the value of legislation, education, protective clothing and close supervision in preventing the occurrence of injuries in sport are discussed.
Migration and the formation of ethnic minorites
Authors: White Paul , Woods Robert
Published: October 2011

This paper considers three main issues. First, it deals with the underlying structural causes of international migration, especially labour migration, and the way they are liable to create ethnically distinct sub-populations. In achieving this it presents a typology of forms and characteristics of ethnic migration streams. Secondly, and by way of contrast, the case is argued for the need to consider ethnic migration from the behavioural perspective. Thirdly, reasons are described and suggested for the position of relative disadvantage in which many migrant ethnic minorities find themselves placed.
Ethnic intermarriage as a reflection of ethnic residential mixing
Authors: Peach Ceri
Published: October 2011

It may seem unexpected to find a geographer writing on the topic of ethnic segregation and ethnic intermarriage for a symposium of the Biosocial Society. Social geographers have, in fact, been actively working on ecological models of urban structure since the 1960s, but the development of this field dates back to the Chicago School of Sociology in the 1920s and 1930s. Geographers have become interested in both the spatial organization of society and in the social organization of space. Geographers have measured the ways in which social attitudes of groups manifest themselves in their residential choices of neighbourhood: groups which perceive themselves as socially distant from others are also spatially segregated from such groups. Residential location in neighbourhoods also affects the interactions between individuals in a fairly mechanical way. This field of social geography overlaps the spatial or ecological side of sociology so that practitioners of both schools often have more in common with each other than they have with others working in the fields from which they have evolved.
A study of returning fertility after childbirth and during lactation by measurement of urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion and cervical mucus production
Authors: Brown James B. , Harrisson Patricia , Smith Margery A.
Published: October 2011

Longitudinal studies involving weekly measurement of urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion were performed in 55 post-partum women to identify the patterns of returning fertility. The women kept diaries of breast-feeding episodes, mucus symptoms and times of bleeding; some recorded basal body temperature and acts of intercourse. The study represented a total time of 36 years (7·8 months per woman). The majority of the women were breast-feeding throughout the study. During lactation amenorrhoea, there was complete ovarian quiescence in two-thirds of the subjects and minimal cyclic activity in the others. The first bleeds were associated with anovulatory ovarian activity in 40% of the women, with normal ovulation in 19%, with ovulation but short luteal phases in 25% and with ovulation but deficient luteal phases in 16%. The incidence of normal ovulatory cycles increased with time after delivery and with the number of cycles after delivery and eventually reached 85% even though many women were still breast-feeding at the time. Twenty-two pregnancies occurred, fourteen being unplanned: eight women were fully breast-feeding at the time of conception. Mucus symptoms correlated with the hormone values in approximately 60% of cycles. However, some women had symptoms which were difficult to interpret during their early cycles or potential fertility was not indicated by raised mucus scores or the presence of the peak mucus symptom. These problems together with the resulting confusion appeared to be the major causes for the unplanned pregnancies. Methods for coping with these problems are discussed.
Contraception during lactation: considerations in advising the individual and in formulating programme guidelines
Authors: Labbok Miriam H.
Published: October 2011

Lactating women are at reduced risk of conception, but the individual woman may not wish to accept even a reduced level of risk. The risk increases when infant feeding supplementation begins and an alternative form of contraception is then required for the lactating mother. The relationship between lactation and fertility, trends in prolonged lactation, factors affecting these trends, and contraceptive use during lactation are reviewed. Suggestions for advising individuals and formulating programme guidelines are discussed.
Risk factors of breast-feeding among Filipino women
Authors: Mejia-Raymundo Corazon
Published: October 2011

At a time when women's participation in developing countries and their breast-feeding practice are the objects of promotional campaigns, findings on the relationship between the two are required for formulating policies. Empirical findings from the 1973 National Demographic Survey in the Philippines strongly suggest the adverse effects of modernization on both the initiation and duration of breast-feeding. In this study a high level of education and working outside the house are found to be the modernization variables that are most effective in depressing the level and duration of breast-feeding practice, independent of the influences of other socioeconomic and demographic factors.