bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alignment and homology of male terminalia in Curculionoidea and other Coleoptera
Authors: Wanat Marek
Published: May 2007

Male genitalia and associated internal sclerotised plates have been long recognised in beetle taxonomy, but their relative position in the connecting membrane and the genital membrane folding patterns have never been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the structure of the genital chamber in weevils (Curculionoidea) and other Coleoptera has been investigated in detail, focusing primarily on the alignment of the 9th abdominal segment and true genital plates. Three basic types of genital alignment are recognised based on the orientation of sclerotised plates and membrane folding: (1) a primitive eucinetid type (both 9th segment and tegmen non-inverted); (2) a derived phytophagan type (both 9th segment and tegmen inverted) and (3) a cucujid type (9th segment non-inverted, tegmen inverted). A different origin is here postulated for the parameroid plate in Curculionoidea, Chrysomeloidea and a part of the Cucujoidea (from the fold of the membrane linking tergite 9 with the tegmen) and for the true parameres in the remaining Coleoptera (from the fold of the membrane linking the tegmen with the aedeagus); hence these alignment types are considered non-homologous. The superfamily Cucujoidea was found to be heterogeneous with regard to genital alignment and considered polyphyletic. The proctiger and the paraprocts of the beetles are interpreted as belonging to the 9th abdominal segment and no extrategminal plates of the 10th segment were found in Coleoptera. Arguments for and against a hypothetical homology of beetle genitalia with abdominal segments 10 and 11 are discussed.
The genus Pycnoclavella (Ascidiacea) in the Atlanto-Mediterranean region: a combined molecular and morphological approach
Authors: Pérez-Portela Rocío , Duran Sandra , Palacín Cruz , Turon Xavier
Published: May 2007

The taxonomy of the genus Pycnoclavella on European shores has been controversial. Variability in colour patterns and other characters and the incompleteness of descriptions have contributed to the confusion. To clarify the taxonomic positions of the variety of forms attributable to this genus, western Mediterranean and north-eastern Atlantic sites were sampled. The present study employed morphological descriptions and a molecular approach, using a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene of 120 colonies for phylogenetic analyses. The results reveal an unexpected species richness of the genus Pycnoclavella in the Atlanto-Mediterranean region, with genetic data indicating there are six different species of Pycnoclavella in the area and morphological observations supporting these results. Pigment distribution, larval type and incubation mode were found to be the most useful morphological characters for discriminating the species. Based on collections at the type localites, Pycnoclavella aurilucens, which has an Atlanto-Mediterranean distribution, is assigned to one of the genetic clades. Clavelina nana is assigned to a Mediterranean clade of the genus Pycnoclavella. Three new species are described: Pycnoclavella communis, Pycnoclavella brava and Pycnoclavella atlantica. One of the genetic clades is left unnamed, because characters are insufficiently clear to allow the description of a morphospecies.
Acarinaria in associations of apid bees (Hymenoptera) and chaetodactylid mites (Acari)
Authors: Klimov Pavel B. , Vinson S. Bradleigh , OConnor Barry M.
Published: May 2007

Acarinaria are specialised structures on the bodies of insects that harbour dispersing mites, providing a secure attachment place for the mites. The structures are best known among bees and wasps. Their presence remains enigmatic, however, since the associated mites often have negative or neutral effects on their hosts. A new hypothesis explaining the origin of the acarinarium as a specialised defence mechanism is proposed. In nests with partitions (as constructed by many bees and wasps), parasitic or cleptoparasitic mites are rarely found in all cells. They negatively interact only with host larvae developing in infested cells and apparently cannot disperse within the nest to attack others in the developing brood before bee emergence. Only when emerging bees break the partitions can the mites reach other hosts. We propose that acarinaria serve to concentrate unwanted mites, reducing the chance that they will disperse to other members of the brood as the infested host leaves the nest. Development of special mite pouches (acarinaria) by hymenopteran hosts presumably increases the likelihood that all mites will stay with the individual(s) with reduced fitness, thereby reducing their effect on other bees in the brood. This paper reviews the associations between chaetodactylid mites and long-tongued bees (Apidae and Megachilidae). Only apid bees (Apidae) have acarinaria; megachilid bees, which harbour species of Chaetodactylus that usually kill the bee larvae, do not possess acarinaria. The following associations involving previously undescribed acarinaria or mite species are reported: Achaetodactylus ceratinae (axillar acarinarium on Ceratina nigriceps); Roubikia latebrosa, sp. nov. (metasomal acarinarium on Tetrapedia sp.), Sennertia argentina (genital acarinarium on Xylocopa fimbriata), Sennertia devincta, sp. nov., Sennertia sayutara, sp. nov. (metasomal acarinaria on Ceratina (Zadontomerus) spp.), Sennertia lauta, sp. nov. and Sennertia ratiocinator, sp. nov. (incipient scutellar–metanotal acarinarium on Xylocopa (Zonohirsuta) spp.). In the latter case, the mites display a remarkable difference in the attachment sites between male and female hosts. In females, the mites are phoretic in a groove between the scutellum and metanotum (scutellar–metanotal acarinarium), whereas on males, mites attach to the hairs of the anterior scutum.
Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of subterranean and surface genera of Australian Atyidae (Crustacea : Decapoda : Caridea) inferred with mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Page Timothy J. , von Rintelen Kristina , Hughes Jane M.
Published: May 2007

The biogeographic and phylogenetic relationships of six of the eight Australian genera of freshwater shrimp from the family Atyidae were investigated using mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase I sequences. Previous studies on two of the epigean genera (Caridina, Paratya) indicate that Australian species have strong links to congenerics from outside, with Australian members of Paratya being monophyletic and Caridina polyphyletic. The present study found that the endemic Australian epigean genus Australatya forms a strong clade with Pacific ‘Atya-like’ genera (Atyoida, Atyopsis), and that the endemic Australian epigean genus Caridinides falls within a clade containing Caridina species from the Australian ‘indistincta’ group. The two hypogean genera included in this study (Parisia, Pycnisia) form a strong clade in all analyses, implying an Australian subterranean speciation. The possibility of a relationship between Parisia/Pycnisia and an Australian Caridina species may have implications for the monophyly of the highly disjunct genus Parisia (Australia, Madagascar, Philippines). Parisia may descend from local Caridina species and represent convergent morphologies.
GPI-anchored receptor clusters transiently recruit Lyn and Gα for temporary cluster immobilization and Lyn activation: single-molecule tracking study 1
Authors: Suzuki Kenichi G.N. , Fujiwara Takahiro K. , Sanematsu Fumiyuki , Iino Ryota , Edidin Michael , Kusumi Akihiro
Published: May 2007

The signaling mechanisms for glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptors (GPI-ARs) have been investigated by tracking single molecules in living cells. Upon the engagement or colloidal gold–induced cross-linking of CD59 (and other GPI-ARs) at physiological levels, CD59 clusters containing three to nine CD59 molecules were formed, and single molecules of Gαi2 or Lyn (GFP conjugates) exhibited the frequent but transient (133 and 200 ms, respectively) recruitment to CD59 clusters, via both protein–protein and lipid–lipid (raft) interactions. Each CD59 cluster undergoes alternating periods of actin-dependent temporary immobilization (0.57-s lifetime; stimulation-induced temporary arrest of lateral diffusion [STALL], inducing IP3 production) and slow diffusion (1.2 s). STALL of a CD59 cluster was induced right after the recruitment of Gαi2. Because both Gαi2 and Lyn are required for the STALL, and because Lyn is constitutively recruited to CD59 clusters, the STALL of CD59 clusters is likely induced by the Gαi2 binding to, and its subsequent activation of, Lyn within the same CD59 cluster.
Myosin V, Rab11, and dRip11 direct apical secretion and cellular morphogenesis in developing Drosophila photoreceptors
Authors: Li Bingbing X. , Satoh Akiko K. , Ready Donald F.
Published: May 2007

Sensory neuron terminal differentiation tasks apical secretory transport with delivery of abundant biosynthetic traffic to the growing sensory membrane. We recently showed Drosophila Rab11 is essential for rhodopsin transport in developing photoreceptors and asked here if myosin V and the Drosophila Rab11 interacting protein, dRip11, also participate in secretory transport. Reduction of either protein impaired rhodopsin transport, stunting rhabdomere growth and promoting accumulation of cytoplasmic rhodopsin. MyoV-reduced photoreceptors also developed ectopic rhabdomeres inappropriately located in basolateral membrane, indicating a role for MyoV in photoreceptor polarity. Binary yeast two hybrids and in vitro protein–protein interaction predict a ternary complex assembled by independent dRip11 and MyoV binding to Rab11. We propose this complex delivers morphogenic secretory traffic along polarized actin filaments of the subcortical terminal web to the exocytic plasma membrane target, the rhabdomere base. A protein trio conserved across eukaryotes thus mediates normal, in vivo sensory neuron morphogenesis.
Chemoattractants and chemorepellents act by inducing opposite polarity in phospholipase C and PI3-kinase signaling
Authors: Keizer-Gunnink Ineke , Kortholt Arjan , Van Haastert Peter J.M.
Published: May 2007

During embryonic development, cell movement is orchestrated by a multitude of attractants and repellents. Chemoattractants applied as a gradient, such as cAMP with Dictyostelium discoideum or fMLP with neutrophils, induce the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and phosphoinositide 3 (PI3)-kinase at the front of the cell, leading to the localized depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI[4,5]P2) and the accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI[3,4,5]P3). Using D. discoideum, we show that chemorepellent cAMP analogues induce localized inhibition of PLC, thereby reversing the polarity of PI(4,5)P2. This leads to the accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3 at the rear of the cell, and chemotaxis occurs away from the source. We conclude that a PLC polarity switch controls the response to attractants and repellents.
Caveolin-1 regulates cell polarization and directional migration through Src kinase and Rho GTPases
Authors: Grande-García Araceli , Echarri Asier , de Rooij Johan , Alderson Nazilla B. , Waterman-Storer Clare M. , Valdivielso José M. , del Pozo Miguel A.
Published: May 2007

Development, angiogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis all involve the movement of cells in response to changes in the extracellular environment. To determine whether caveolin-1 plays a role in cell migration, we have used fibroblasts from knockout mice. Caveolin-1–deficient cells lose normal cell polarity, exhibit impaired wound healing, and have decreased Rho and increased Rac and Cdc42 GTPase activities. Directional persistency of migration is lost, and the cells show an impaired response to external directional stimuli. Both Src inactivation and p190RhoGAP knockdown restore the wild-type phenotype to caveolin-1–deficient cells, suggesting that caveolin-1 stimulates normal Rho GTP loading through inactivation of the Src–p190RhoGAP pathway. These findings highlight the importance of caveolin-1 in the establishment of cell polarity during directional migration through coordination of the signaling of Src kinase and Rho GTPases.
Unassisted pelvic floor exercises for postnatal women: a systematic review
Authors: Wagg Ann , Bunn Frances
Published: May 2007

Aim.  This paper is a report of a systematic review on unassisted pelvic floor exercises for postnatal stress incontinence to identify effective interventions and highlight areas for further research.

Background.  Stress incontinence is a common and embarrassing problem. Childbirth is a major cause and problems can be persistent for some. However women are often reluctant to seek help.

Method.  We conducted a systematic literature search in December 2006 using the CINAHL, Medline and Cochrane Library databases, hand‐searching of selected textbooks, checking reference lists and contacting experts. There were no date restrictions. The review included randomized controlled trials, published in English, of unassisted pelvic floor exercises in postnatal women. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Main outcomes were reduction in symptoms of incontinence, patient satisfaction and quality of life.

Results.  Four randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Interventions ranged from written information to structured exercise classes, while usual care varied from a leaflet to group sessions with a midwife. Three out of four studies demonstrated short‐term improvement in incontinence symptoms, which was statistically significant in two. However, at later follow‐up there was no longer a statistically significant effect on continence. All trials found that women in the intervention group were more likely to do the exercises.

Conclusion.  We found few trials, quality was variable, and comparisons were difficult because of variations in interventions and outcomes measured. Further high quality evaluations are needed, using standardized interventions and outcome measures, patient‐relevant outcomes such as quality of life, and follow‐up periods that enable evaluation of long‐term effectiveness.
Quality of reporting masticatory muscle electromyography in 2004: a systematic review
Authors: ARMIJO‐OLIVO S. , GADOTTI I. , KORNERUP M. , LAGRAVÈRE M. O. , FLORES‐MIR C.
Published: May 2007

Summary  This study evaluated the quality of reporting electromyography in studies evaluating the masticatory muscles published during 2004. Several electronic databases were searched. Abstracts and later articles were selected by a consensus from the five reviewers. An adaptation of the methodological checklist published by the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology (ISEK) was used. The following information regarding electrodes was reported on the 35 finally selected articles: location (94·3%), interelectrode distance (48·6%), and material (42·9%); detection and amplification: amplification type (54·3%), gain (25·7%), low high pass filters (60%) and cut‐off frequencies (60%); electromyography (EMG) processing: sampling rate (74·2%), rectification (46·6%), root‐mean square (RMS) (39·2%); number of bits and model of A/D card (17·1%); and normalization procedure (40%). Reasons for the poor reporting are discussed. Because of the general poor quality of reporting of the analysed studies, findings of studies using surface electromyography of masticatory muscles should be interpreted with caution.
The lateral leeway in the habitual intercuspation: experimental studies and literature review
Authors: UTZ K.‐H. , MÜLLER F. , LÜCKERATH W. , SCHWARTING P. , NOETHLICHS W. , BÜTTNER R. , FUß E. , GRÜNER M. , KOECK B.
Published: May 2007

summary  The habitual intercuspation is used ubiquitous for manufacturing small dental restorations. However, a little is known on its precision. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the unambiguity and accuracy of the habitual occlusion in mounted plaster casts from fully dentate persons. Eighty‐one fully dentate volunteers, 36 women and 45 men aged 26·8 ± 6·2 years (18–55 years), with minor fillings and no signs or symptoms of TMD took part in the experiments. Silicone impressions were taken, poured with stone plaster and the obtained casts mounted into Dentatus ARL®– articulators using an individual face bow transfer. Subsequently, the models were transferred to a custom‐made measuring articulator where the lateral leeway and the accuracy of the hand‐held habitual intercuspation were quantified in the condylar area. Measurements were repeated seven times with the upper cast pushed either to the maximum right or the maximum left intercuspation. The hand‐held habitual intercuspation of upper and lower cast proved ambiguous in 57% of pairs of casts. The average lateral leeway of the habitual intercuspation in the condylar area was 0·10 ± 0·05 mm (0–0·51 mm; median 0·07 mm) between the maximum right and left occlusal positions. The average accuracy of three repeated measurements was 0·22 ± 0·09 mm (0·02–1·17 mm; median 0·16 mm). Natural occlusal surfaces in a full dentition do not guarantee an unambiguous habitual intercuspation of the plaster casts. The described leeway and technical limits might be possible causes for occlusal adjustments that are sometimes necessary when inserting restorations manufactured in habitual intercuspation.
Establishing a reliable protocol to measure tongue sensation
Authors: BOLIEK C. A. , RIEGER J. M. , LI S. Y. Y. , MOHAMED Z. , KICKHAM J. , AMUNDSEN K.
Published: May 2007

summary  The relationship between tongue sensation and tongue function for speech, mastication and deglutition are growing areas of interest among rehabilitative professionals. To determine the potential effect that sensation has on function, it is imperative that, first, reliable and valid measures of tongue sensation be established. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol to test tongue sensation across a spectrum of sensory functions that included two‐point discrimination, light‐touch discrimination, thermal sensation, texture recognition, oral stereognosis and taste recognition. Materials tested within each domain respectively included: (i) the MacKinnon–Dellon Disk‐criminator, paperclip and caliper; (ii) the Semmes–Weinstein monofilament and cotton wisp; (iii) dental mirrors and glass test tubes; (iv) spheres of textured acrylic resin on rods; (v) acrylic resin forms with differing shapes on rods and (vi) salty, sweet, sour, bitter and neutral solutions. Materials were tested on 40 healthy subjects between the ages of 20 and 55. The results from this study indicated that thermal, texture and taste sensations appear robust for accuracy and discrimination. Two‐point discrimination and light touch seem to be influenced by location of stimulation on the tongue and force applied, whereas stereognosis was influenced by stimulus complexity. The results of this study indicate that clinicians may choose instruments as practical as paperclips and test tubes for testing two‐point discrimination and thermal sensation, respectively. For the other sensations, it may be important to use more sophisticated instrumentation to control variables of force, surface area stimulated and assessing sensations in graded steps.
Panoramic findings in 34‐year‐old subjects with facial pain and pain‐free controls
Authors: HUUMONEN S. , SIPILÄ K. , ZITTING P. , RAUSTIA A. M.
Published: May 2007

Summary  The aim of this study was to compare panoramic radiographic findings between subjects with reported facial pain and pain‐free controls in a population‐based sample of 34‐year olds. The study was a part of a comprehensive medical survey including subjects born in the year 1966 in Northern Finland. A sub‐sample of the cohort was formed based on the question concerning facial pain. A panoramic radiograph was taken of 48 subjects with facial pain and 47 pain‐free controls. Pathological findings in the dentition, jaws, maxillary sinuses and temporomandibular joints (TMJs) were compared between the groups. The majority of the subjects in both groups did not have pathological findings. Compared with controls, the subjects with facial pain did not show significantly more pathological findings in the teeth, periodontium, maxillary sinuses, TMJs or in the other areas. Radiographic panoramic findings had no association with reported facial pain in the population‐based sample of young adults, and have little impact on the diagnosis of facial pain.
Evaluation of chewing and swallowing disorders among frail community‐dwelling elderly individuals
Authors: MIURA H. , KARIYASU M. , YAMASAKI K. , ARAI Y.
Published: May 2007

Summary  The purpose of the present study was to develop a new assessment scale to evaluate the risk of chewing and swallowing disorders among frail community‐dwelling elderly individuals. Subjects were 85 frail elderly individuals (29 men and 56 women) living in southern Japan. First, we pooled 18 subjectively evaluated variables identified by previous studies as being related to chewing and swallowing disorders. Secondly, using factor analysis, we extracted 12 variables as the ‘dysphagia risk assessment for the community‐dwelling elderly’ (DRACE) and examined its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Thirdly, we examined the validity of the DRACE by comparing it with an existing method for evaluating dysphagia. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the DRACE was 0·88, indicating satisfactory reliability. Dysphagia risk assessment for the community‐dwelling elderly scores were significantly related to the results of the 3‐oz water test (P < 0·01). Furthermore, DRACE scores were closely associated with activities of daily living as evaluated by the Barthel index, a tendency that was consistent with previous studies. These findings suggest that the DRACE is a useful tool with sufficient reliability and validity to detect latent risk of chewing and swallowing disorders among frail community‐dwelling elderly individuals.
Reduced apoptosis in BALB/c mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus
Authors: DOLIGALSKA M. , DONSKOW‐SCHMELTER K. , RZEPECKA J. , DRELA N.
Published: May 2007

We evaluated levels of apoptosis and the immune response ex vivo in BALB/c mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and cytokine production were measured in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) without exposure to H. polygyrus antigens in culture. The inhibited apoptosis and cytokine production reported might reflect a state of cell hyporesponsiveness in the prepatent phase of infection. These changes were accompanied by changes in the percentage of CD4+ cells in MLN and popliteal lymph nodes (PLN). The prolonged reduction in apoptosis coexisted with induced cell proliferation, elevated TNF‐α, IL‐12p70, IFN‐γ, IL‐6, IL‐10 and TGF‐β synthesis, but lowered IL‐4 and IL‐2 levels. In the chronic phase of infection an increasing production of IFN‐γ, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), IL‐10 and TGF‐β with decreasing concentrations of other cytokines resulted in restored apoptosis. The cytokine response in serum showed moderate production of TNF‐α, temporary involvement of IL‐12p70, induction of IFN‐γ and IL‐10 synthesis, as well as growing IL‐6 and MCP‐1 production. It is suggested that a synchronized synthesis of distinct cytokines is accompanied by different levels of inhibited apoptosis during the prepatent and chronic phases of H. polygyrus infection in BALB/c mice. We suggest that immunosuppression provoked by the nematode is not the outcome of parasite‐induced apoptosis, but rather results from a hyporesponsiveness experienced by cells during H. polygyrus infection.
Role for CTLA‐4 but not CD25+ T cells during Schistosoma mansoni infection of mice
Authors: WALSH C. M. , SMITH P. , FALLON P. G.
Published: May 2007

Schistosoma mansoni infection of mice increases the frequency of cells that are CD4+CD25+ in the acute (4 and 8 weeks) and chronic (16 week) stages of infection. Depletion of > 85% of CD25+ cells in the acute or chronic stages of schistosome infection caused no overt changes in morbidity or immunological responses. The absence of effect in mice with CD25+ cells depleted may be due to the preferential expression of IL‐4 and IL‐10, two cytokines that are protective in schistosome infection, on CD25− CD4+ cells. We also assessed infection‐induced changes of other regulatory markers, GITR, CD103 and CTLA‐4 on CD4+ cells. We identified a marked expansion of CTLA‐4+ population on CD25− CD4+ cells in acute and chronic infection. Blocking of CTLA‐4 during acute, but not chronic infection, caused significant weight loss and altered the type 2 cytokine response of mice, with increased IL‐4 and IL‐5 production associated with significantly more Th2 cells and eosinophils in the liver granuloma. This study illustrates the complexity of regulation of T cells in schistosome infection and highlights a specific role for CTLA‐4+, but not CD25+ cells, in the regulation of Th2 responses in helminth infection.
Ultrastructural localization of heparan sulfate‐like immunoreactivity in spinal spheroids of motor neuron disease
Authors: Kurita Keiji , Kato Takeo , Wada Manabu , Kawanami Toru , Sasaki Hideo
Published: May 2007

It has recently been reported that heparan sulfate (HS)‐like immunoreactivity exists in spheroids of the spinal cord in motor neuron disease (MND). However, the association of the HS‐like immunoreactivity with neurofilaments, which are the main structure in spinal spheroids of MND, remains to be clarified. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the ultrastructural localization of HS‐like immunoreactivity. The spinal cords from five autopsy cases of sporadic MND and two control cases were immunocytochemically investigated with an antibody against axonal neurofilament proteins and several antibodies against glycosaminoglycans including HS, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and HS‐proteoglycan. Ultrastructural localization of the immunoreactivity was also studied by using pre‐embedding immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods. On the basis of the findings of this study, only HepSS‐1‐recognized HS among several glycosaminoglycans is clearly detected in the spinal spheroids in MND, and it exists in close association with accumulated neurofilaments. Because of its capacity to bind various proteins, HS may act as a trigger or an accelerator for the accumulation of neurofilaments and may play important roles in the formation of spheroids in MND.
Development and anatomy of the spinal cord
Authors: Goto Noboru , Otsuka Naruhito
Published: May 2007

The development and anatomy of the spinal cord are described. From the end of the third gestational week, the spinal cord sustains three developmental stages: neurulation, caudal differentiation and retrogressive differentiation. The anatomy of the spinal cord is discussed from the perspective of macroscopic findings, classification, level diagnosis, cytoarchitecture and white matter structures; especially variations of the pyramidal tract, and errors in textbook descriptions of the spinocerebellar tract.
Pathology of spinal vascular disease
Authors: Hashizume Yoshio , Yoshida Mari , Wang Yin , Kume Akito , Kameyama Takashi , Ando Tetsuo , Inagaki Toshiaki
Published: May 2007

Pathological changes of spinal vascular disease due to dissecting aortic aneurysm, atheroma emboli, cardiac arrest and pencil‐shaped softening are described. Spinal cord damage in four patients who developed paraplegia secondary to the dissecting aortic aneurysm varied significantly from case to case. The extent of aortic dissection, the level of radicular artery, the vascular supply pattern in the transverse section of the spinal cord, and the vulnerability to ischemia were suggested to be very important factors contributing to the spinal cord damage. Atheroma emboli of spinal cord vessels were found in 7/604 autopsied cases. Atheroma emboli of spinal cord vessels is one cause of myelopathy in aged persons with hypertension, renal failure, myocardial infarction, or diabetis mellitus. Atheroma emboli were often observed at the vessels of lumbosacral segmental level. Necrosis of the spinal cord was only observed in two cases of atheroma emboli. Ischemic changes of the spinal cord were observed in 7/15 cases in which the cerebral cortex showed lamellar necrosis due to cardiac arrest. The damaged areas were found more predominantly in the lumbosacral segment. In the cross section, the area from the mid‐portion of gray matter to the base of the posterior horn was predominantly affected. Histological findings of 13 cases of pencil‐shaped softening, in which the spinal cord showed transverse necrosis by compression of extradural metastatic tumors are described. The continuity between the cavity of pencil‐shaped softening, the area of transverse necrosis was confirmed. For the pathogenesis of pencil‐shaped softening, mechanical compression was considered to be an important factor.
Binding of IDPN (β,β′‐iminodipropionitrile) to rat spinal cord: Possible implication in the mechanism of spheroid formation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Kato Takeo , Suzuki Jun‐ichi , Hayakawa Hiroyoshi , Wada Manabu , Kawanami Toru , Kurita Keiji , Ikezawa Yoshihiro , Ishikawa Kiichi , Sasaki Hideo
Published: May 2007

β,β′‐iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) produces ‘spheroids’ similar to those in certain cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, the target molecule of IDPN could be important to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of spheroid formation in ALS. Wistar rats were injected ip with 14C‐labeled IDPN (14C‐IDPN) and killed at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h thereafter. The radioactivity in each organ increased rapidly and reached the maximum at 0.5–1 h after 14C‐IDPN injection. Thereafter, a rapid decrease occurred until 6 h, followed by a gradual decline until 24 h. The radioactivity in the cerebral cortex, diencephalon and cerebellum was higher than in the pons, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Although high in the visceral organs and skeletal muscles, no or little radioactivity was detected in fat tissue. Autoradiography also confirmed these results. In three rats, 14C‐IDPN was injected to the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord. Six hours after injection, the segment was removed and homogenized with physiological saline (PS). After centrifugation, the supernatant was obtained (PS fraction). The pellet was resuspended with 4 mol/L urea and the supernatant was obtained (urea fraction). Each fraction was analysed by gel filtration. A peak of radioactivity was observed at the elution fraction Nos 19 and 20 (consistent with free 14C‐IDPN) when PS fraction was applied. On application of urea fraction, another peak was obtained at the elution fractions Nos 8 and 9 (MW 60∼80 kDa). The present study demonstrates that 14C‐IDPN does not selectively accumulate to the spinal cord and suggests that an IDPN‐binding molecule with an MW of 60–80 kDa is present in the spinal cord. The molecule may be related to the pathological process of spheroid formation in ALS.
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder with cortical spongiform change and white matter damage presenting with pseudobulbar palsy
Authors: Hamada Kohji , Fukazawa Toshiyuki , Honma Sanae , Takei Asako , Yanagihara Tetsuro , Yoshida Kazuto , Hamada Takeshi , Shimoyama Mitsuo , Moriwaka Fumio , Tashiro Kunio
Published: May 2007

An autopsy case of spongiform encephalopathy with severe white matter degeneration, beginning with slowly progressive pseudobulbar palsy was reported. A 58‐year‐old man with no family history of neurologic disease noticed speech disturbance at age 38, which gradually deteriorated. By the age of 41, he became totally aphonic, but he could write and understand the meaning of writing. At age 42, he showed pseudobulbar palsy. At age 43, he gradually developed parkinsonism and generalized hyper‐reflexia. At age 46, he showed dementia, aphonia, rigidity, generalized hyper‐reflexia, left grasping, and quadriplegia in flexion. He died of respiratory failure at age 58, in the state of akinetic mutism, 20 years after the onset of the symptoms. Neuropathologically, the brain showed marked diffuse atrophy. Microscopic examination revealed spongiform encephalopathy with severe neuronal loss and profound white matter degeneration throughout the cerebrum. This case was difficult to categorize in any known neurodegenerative disease, both clinically and neuropathologically, suggesting a new entity of neurodegenerative disease.
A clinicopathologic examination of pallidonigroluysian atrophy
Authors: Hasegawa Kazuko , Ryou Masafucht , Kowa Hisayuki , Yagishita Saburou
Published: May 2007

In people presenting with early senility, who show gradual progression of akinesia and postural instability, it should be considered together with the disease whose lesion would be in the pallidonigroluysian system. When a patient is a poor responder to the dopaminergic agents and who develops no supranuclear ophthalmoplegia or nuchal dystonia, which is characteristic of PSP, even 4–5 years after onset, PNLA (pallidonigroluysian atrophy) should be considered as a possible diagnosis. The neuropathological findings show that globose‐type tangles, glial tangles and neuropil threads are very rarely observed in PNLA even on the specimens stained by Gallyas‐Braak method, while severe neuronal cell loss and gliosis are present in the pallidonigroluysian system. PNLA should be considered as a disease distinguishable from atypical PSP.
Gene analysis of retrograde degeneration
Authors: Miyake Toshihiko , Gahara Yoshinari , Uwabe Ken‐Ichiro , Yamada Hajime , Kitamura Tadahisa
Published: May 2007

Retrograde degeneration of neurons following axotomy is an excellent experimental model of neurodegeneration. Using this model, molecular biological techniques have demonstrated a number of specific genes to be involved in the pathological processes of degeneration, regeneration, and repair which occur after axotomy. Further insight into gene involvement in these processes can be gained using the recently developed methods for screening genes whose expression is up‐ or down‐regulated after injury. These methods have successfully identified many genes to be markedly regulated and thus significantly involved in retrograde degeneration of the rat facial nucleus after axotomy of the facial nerve. Some are novel genes not previously identified, and others are genes already documented but their involvement in neuropathology not previously evaluated. Elucidation of the function of these genes would aid studies on the pathology of retrograde degeneration and provide important information on degenerative disorders of the human nervous system.
Recent advances in the immunopathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: With special reference to cytokine production in the central nervous system
Authors: Tanuma Naoyuki , Matsumoto Yoh
Published: May 2007

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease that can be induced by immunization with encephalitogenic antigens such as myelin basic protein. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that cytokines play an important role in immune reactions in the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting that cytokines released by infiltrating cells and glial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of EAE. In this review, we focus on the interactions between infiltrating cells and brain cells during the inflammatory process in EAE and discuss the roles of cytokines in the CNS. After immunization with proper myelin antigens, encephalitogenic T cells increase in number and infiltrate the CNS parenchyma via the subarachnoid space or the blood vessels. Once inflammatory cells infiltrate the CNS, microglia and astrocytes are activated, and some of these cells proliferate in response to cytokines released by infiltrating cells. Following this, activated microglia present antigens to induce T cell proliferation and cytokine production. In contrast, astrocytes induce T cell unresponsiveness, probably due to a lack of costimulatory signals. Furthermore, infiltrating T cells are the main producers of Th1 cytokines and are involved in T cell‐brain cell interactions. This cascade of events indicates that immune reactions take place in the CNS, although the CNS has previously been considered to be an immunologically privileged site. Based on these findings, we also discuss the feasibility of using various cytokines to stimulate the immunomodulation of brain inflammation as a treatment for autoimmune demyelinating diseases.
Cytochemical components of mitochondrial dense bodies in the brain in Menkes disease: Electron microscopic cytochemistry and X‐ray microanalysis
Authors: Yoshimura Noriaki
Published: May 2007

Mitochondrial alterations, including mitochondrial dense bodies (MDB), are well known to occur in the brain in Menkes disease. Because their chemical components have not been revealed yet, we have examined them by electron microscopic cytochemistry and X‐ray microanalysis after routine electron microscopic observation. Routine observations demonstrated that the electron density deposit of MDB appeared to be medium to high, with a woolly and fine‐granular margin and no limiting membrane. The diameter of MDB ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 μm. The smaller MDB appeared as aggregates of matrix precipitates that were spherical or occasionally irregular in shape and sometimes indistinguishable from woolly densities. The larger MDB, mostly spherical, were also formed in close association with matrix precipitation and cristal membrane disintegration, which appeared to contribute to the growth of MDB. Treatment with an equal mixture of chloroform and methanol resulted in minimal extraction of the lipid component, so that the density of MDB was reduced only a little and the MDB became irregular in shape. In contrast, treatment with pronase or trypsin produced complete digestion of MDB. Electron microscopic periodic methenamine silver (PAM) stain demonstrated that MDB were positive for such staining. Electron probe X‐ray microanalysis revealed that there was no element accumulated in abnormally high concentrations in any MBD examined. These data indicate that MDB are composed of much protein, some saccharide and minimal lipid. The composition and morphology of MDB are most similar to woolly densities, which are known to be accumulations of denatured matrix substances plus disintegrated cristal membrane material of mitochondria in lethally injured cells. As the activities of copper enzymes, such as cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase, are deficient in Menkes disease, increased peroxidation may be most responsible for MDB formation in the brain in this disease.
Characteristics of cerebral β amyloid deposition in four non‐demented patients in their forties with a high apolipoprotein E ε4 allele frequency
Authors: Sugihara Shiro , Saunders Ann M. , Ogawa Akira , Nakazato Yoichi , Saido Takaomi C. , Yamaguchi Haruyasu
Published: May 2007

Four autopsied brains from mentally normal patients aged 43–49 who had cerebral β amyloid deposition were examined. Three patients had breast cancer, and in one of these cases it was associated with brain metastasis and brain radiation therapy. One other case had pulmonary small cell carcinoma. In two patients, small β amyloid deposits were only found in the frontal cortex. In another two patients, β amyloid deposits were found in many cortical areas and the density of plaques was higher than in the former two patients. No β amyloid deposition was found in the cerebella, basal ganglia, or brain stem in any of the four patients. When examined with end‐specific antisera for the C‐terminal of amyloid β protein (Aβ), Aβ42 was predominant in the diffuse plaques and immunoreactions for Aβ40 varied among the patients. The N‐terminal of Aβ was truncated in a subset of plaques. Tau‐ and phosphorylated tau‐reactive fine neurites were only found in the entorhinal cortex of Case 3. The apoE genotype of these four patients were 3/4, 3/4, 4/4 and 3/3, and therefore, the ε4 allele frequency (50%) was as high as that in AD. Three out of four patients had at least one ε4 allele, a risk factor of AD. There is a possibility that these subjects might develop AD when in their seventies. It may take 30 years from the beginning of Aβ deposition to the clinical manifestation of dementia.
Concurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with limbic degeneration and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Yamashita Mariko , Yamamoto Toru , Nakamura Kimihiro
Published: May 2007

A 72‐year‐old woman developed dysarthria and dysphagia followed by weakness and atrophy in the limb muscles. Later the patient showed mild dementia and died 17 months after the onset. Postmortem examination revealed typical findings of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) consisting of extensive involvement of both upper and lower motor neurons and severe limbic degeneration. In addition, abundant neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and senile plaques (SP) were seen throughout the cerebral cortex, which were compatible with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is the first reported case of definite AD and ALS with limbic degeneration.
Pathologic features of ependymoma: Histologic patterns and a review of the literature
Authors: Kawano Nobuyuki , Yagishita Saburo , Hara Masamichi , Tadokoro Mamoru
Published: May 2007

The pathologic features of ependymoma, which are necessary for making a histological diagnosis, are reviewed on the basis of a series of the authors' personal cases and each histological pattern is discussed with reference to descriptions found in the literature. Diagnostically, the most useful features of ependymoma are, in order of importance, perivascular pseudorosette, epithelial structure (including ependymal lining formation) and ependymal rosette in addition to the well‐demarcated margin of the tumor. Blepharoplast is not an essential feature. Clear cell pattern, trabecular pattern, Homer Wright rosette, papillary structure and piloid tumor cells are occasionally seen in limited areas of ependymoma. Piloid cells within ependymoma (connoting so‐called tanycytes) are discussed. In some cases, tumor cells contain eosinophilic round inclusion bodies that are occasionally accompanied by a few radial lines. These are consistent with intracytoplasmic lumina with microvilli containing granular and filamentous materials observed in electron microscopy. The inclusion bodies, which have not been well recognized in the past, often show additive histologic features indicating the epithelial nature of the tumor cells. Immunohistochemically, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin are generally positive and epithelial membrane antigen is positive only in the epithelial structures. Comments are made on the World Health Organization classification of ependymal tumors in contrast with previous classification systems and on the features suggesting the tumor's malignant biological behavior.
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and mechanisms of its persistence
Authors: Obuchi Masatsugu , Ohara Yoshiro
Published: May 2007

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is divided into two subgroups: GDVII and DA (or TO). The GDVII subgroup strains are highly virulent and produce acute polioencephalomyelitis in mice. Neither viral persistence nor demyelination occurs. In contrast, the DA (or TO) subgroup strains are less virulent and establish a persistent infection in the spinal cords of mice, despite a vigorous humoral immune response, followed by chronic demyelination. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus is an excellent animal model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. Several interesting features regarding TMEV persistence have been reported. A majority of TMEV‐infected cells during the chronic stage of the disease contain only 100–500 copies of the genome, which is less than the number necessary for detectable expression of viral proteins. The limited viral protein synthesis probably induces relatively little cytopathic effect and also allows the virus to bypass immunological clearance. Sequence analysis of escape mutant viruses resistant to DA neutralizing monoclonal antibodies identified four separate amino acid mutations of capsid proteins, all of which are located on or near the rim of the ‘pit’, a putative receptor binding region of the virus. In addition, mutant viruses demonstrated a decrease of demyelinating activity. These findings suggest that antibody mediates neutralization by preventing the binding of virus to the cell receptor and that demyelination with virus persistence can be interfered with by preventing viral attachment to receptors of particular cell types. Finally, a 17 kDa protein, designated as L*, is synthesized in DA subgroup strains from an alternative, out‐of‐frame initiation site. Studies of a DA mutant virus without L* protein synthesis demonstrated that this protein is important for virus growth in particular cell types and is critical for DA‐induced demyelinating disease and virus persistence.
An in vivo and in vitro comparative study on the mechanism of the selective vulnerability of the inferior colliculus in experimental thiamine‐deficient encephalopathy
Authors: Meng Yanghong , Okeda Riki , Tajima Tayoko , Okada Shinobu
Published: May 2007

We analyzed the mechanism of the selective vulnerability in the midbrain which results in the inferior colliculus being affected, but the adjacent superior colliculus usually being spared, in thiamine‐defkient encephalopathy. After first confirming in an in vivo experiment that the same selective vulnerability occurs in weanling rats, fragments of the superior and inferior colliculi of embryonic day 18 of fetal rats were cultured in nutrient medium for three weeks and then cultured in a thiamine‐free medium with or without the addition of pyrithiamine in concentrations of 10‐7 mol/L, 10‐5 mol/L, and 10‐4 mol/L, for a maximum of two additional weeks. In vitro, as early as the third day of thiamine deficiency, ultrastructural examination showed hydropic swelling of the neuronal processes and then of the perikarya that later resulted in cell death in the superior and inferior colliculi. In contrast to the in vivo findings, the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were relatively preserved. These changes occurred equally in both cultured tissue of the inferior colliculus and of the superior colliculus. It was confirmed in an in vitro recovery experiment that these changes were attributable to thiamine deficiency, not pyrithiamine‐toxicity, and that their severity paralleled the concentration of pyrithiamine. On the basis of these findings, two possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the selective vulnerability of the inferior colliculus in thiamine‐deficient encephalopathy: (i) functional and/or structural specificity of the blood vessels in the inferior colliculus; or (ii) peculiarities of the neuronal inputs into it.