bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revenu minimum garanti : comparaison internationale, analyses et
débats
Authors: Claveau François
Published: September 2006

Revenu minimum garanti : comparaison internationale, analyses et
débats, Lionel-Henri Groulx, Sainte-Foy : Presses de
l'Université du Québec, 2005, 360 p.

La lutte contre la pauvreté et l'exclusion sociale est un
enjeu qui hante constamment les débats politiques des pays
occidentaux. L'ensemble des acteurs publics déplorent que,
dans nos sociétés d'opulence, certains n'aient ni
le minimum pour vivre ni la capacité d'exercer leurs droits
sociaux. Dans son livre, Louis-Henri Groulx examine l'une des
stratégies de lutte contre la pauvreté : le revenu minimum
garanti. Celui-ci peut se définir comme “ un dispositif
assurant un montant minimal de ressources à ceux et celles qui
n'ont pas de revenus suffisants pour répondre à leurs
besoins et à ceux de leur famille ” (1). Cet objet
d'étude se limite au transfert en espèces ou en biens
à des populations défavorisées. En tant que
mécanisme d'assistance, le revenu minimum garanti doit aussi
être distingué des mécanismes d'assurance qui
sont fondés sur un système de cotisations des membres de la
collectivité qui sont conséquemment protégés
de certains aléas de la vie (l'exemple type étant
l'assurance-emploi). Contrairement à l'assurance,
l'admissibilité à l'assistance ne requiert pas une
contribution préalable du bénéficiaire
(l'assistance sociale au Canada est une forme achevée de ce
type d'allocation). Il va sans dire que les frontières sont
poreuses entre, d'un côté, assistance et assurance et,
de l'autre, transferts de ressources et autres outils de lutte contre
la pauvreté (comme le suivi par des travailleurs sociaux, par
exemple). Il s'agit de distinctions analytiques qui permettent
simplement d'articuler notre discours sur le vaste sujet des outils
de lutte contre la pauvreté.
Cost of home and hospital care for patients with cystic fibrosis followed up in two reference medical centers in France
Authors: Horvais Valérie , Touzet Sandrine , François Sabrina , Bourdy Stéphanie , Bellon Gabriel , Colin Cyrille , Durieu Isabelle
Published: September 2006

Objectives: In France, new guidelines for clinical practices concerning cystic fibrosis came out in 2002, underscoring the need for early and intensive management of this disease. Because no recent health economic studies on cystic fibrosis in France were available, we conducted a cost-analysis study before the new guidelines were put into practice, with a view to a later study on the medical and economic impact of these guidelines.

Methods: A cost-analysis study was performed of the inpatient and outpatient costs of patients with cystic fibrosis for the 2000–2001 period. The various direct costs were estimated on a sample of sixty-five adult and pediatric patients managed for cystic fibrosis in two reference medical centers. Data were obtained from medical records, and questionnaires were filled out by the patients. Analysis was made from the perspective of the French healthcare system.

Results: We studied sixty-five patients, 54 percent male patients and 72 percent children under 18 years of age. The total cost of cystic fibrosis care totaled 16,189 euros per year and per patient. Outpatient costs accounted for 88 percent of the total cost versus 12 percent for inpatient costs; medication costs were the highest with 21 percent of the total cost for home intravenous antibiotic treatments and 49 percent of the total cost for chronic medications.

Conclusions: The results show that outpatient costs were higher than inpatient costs, which could be related to the importance granted to home health care in France, notably for intravenous antibiotic treatments given for pulmonary complications.
Trends in diagnostic imaging utilization in a university hospital in Turkey
Authors: Semin Semih , Demiral Yucel , Dicle Oguz
Published: September 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate utilization trends of the diagnostic imaging examinations during the past decade in a university hospital in Turkey.

Methods: Patient registries of a university hospital were used for the years 1995 and 2003. The data set consisted of patients' admissions, social security status, and diagnostic imaging tests.

Results: When compared with 1995 data, the total number of diagnostic imaging examinations and patient admissions increased 65.9 percent and 81.6 percent, respectively, in the year 2003. Although the total number of diagnostic imaging tests decreased 9.0 percent, there was a 145.4 percent increase in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. Nevertheless, radiological diagnostic procedures consisted of 12.8 percent of the total hospital revenues in 1995 and 9.4 percent in 2003.

Conclusions: This study shows that approximately one third of inpatients underwent MRI and computed tomography examinations in 2003. The utilization rates of diagnostic imaging procedures, especially new technologies, need to be considered carefully with respect to appropriateness of procedures and planning of services.
Scale-dependent patterns of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: EWERS ROBERT M. , LAURANCE WILLIAM F.
Published: September 2006

Tropical forests of the Amazon Basin are being rapidly converted to agricultural land uses and fallow land, resulting in accelerating rates of forest loss in one of the world's most biodiverse ecoregions. This process has been extensively described and modelled, but as yet there has been no formal test of how the spatial patterns of deforested and fragmented areas change with the spatial scale of forest clearings. It was hypothesised that different land-use practices are driving small and large clearings, with small-scale cultivators often creating small, irregularly shaped clearings and large-scale ranchers and soy farmers creating larger, more regular-shaped clearings. To quantitatively test this hypothesis, Mandelbrot's theory of fractals was applied to deforested areas in the Brazilian Amazon to test for scale-invariance in deforestation patterns. The spatial pattern of deforestation differed between small and large clearings, with the former creating more complex landscapes and with a threshold occurring at c. 1200 ha in area. As a consequence, the sizes and shapes of forest clearings, and hence the relative vulnerability of the remaining forest to edge, area and isolation effects, may differ systematically between landscapes with different deforestation drivers. Further tests of this hypothesis are needed to assess its efficacy in other tropical landscapes and geographical locations.
EDUCATIONAL PEARL: ‘Proof-directed debugging’ revisited for a first-order version
Authors: YI KWANGKEUN
Published: September 2006

Some 10 years ago, Harper illustrated the powerful method of proof-directed debugging for developing programs with an article in this journal. Unfortunately, his example uses both higher-order functions and continuation-passing style, which is too difficult for students in an introductory programming course. In this pearl, we present a first-order version of Harper's example and demonstrate that it is easy to transform the final version into an efficient state machine. Our new version convinces students that the approach is useful, even essential, in developing both correct and efficient programs.
Einführung in die Thematik Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz in der Psychotherapie
Authors: Heidenreich Thomas , Michalak Johannes
Published: September 2006

Der vorliegende Artikel führt in den Themenschwerpunkt “Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz in der Psychotherapie” ein. Die Begriffe werden zunächst definiert und wesentliche Anwendungen von Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz in der Psychotherapie vorgestellt. Es wird dargelegt, dass sich in verschiedenen psychotherapeutischen Traditionen Prinzipien finden lassen, die Ähnlichkeiten zu Achtsamkeit aufweisen. Bei Ansätzen, die Achtsamkeit explizit aufgreifen, lassen sich achtsamkeitsinformierte und achtsamkeitsbasierte Ansätze unterscheiden: Während achtsamkeitsinformierte Ansätze einzelne Prinzipien der Achtsamkeit in die Behandlung integrieren, betrachten achtsamkeitsbasierte Ansätze diese als ihr wesentliches Agens. Sowohl achtsamkeitsinformierte als auch achtsamkeitsbasierte Ansätze werden im vorliegenden Artikel in ihren Grundzügen vorgestellt.
Achtsamkeit in der Dialektisch- Behavioralen Therapie (DBT)
Authors: Huppertz Michael
Published: September 2006

Zum Verständnis der Bedeutung der Achtsamkeit in der DBT ist es hilfreich, ihren zen-buddhistischen Kontext einzubeziehen. Er erklärt nicht nur, wie Achtsamkeit in der DBT operationalisiert und vermittelt wird, sondern auch ihre Bedeutung für wesentliche strukturelle Elemente wie den Aufbau des Fertigkeitentrainings, die therapeutische Beziehung und ihr Ideal von psychischer Gesundheit und Lebenskunst. Die Achtsamkeit in der DBT gilt nicht nur der Umwelt und den subjektiven Prozessen, sondern auch einer Daseinsweise diesseits der Subjekt-Objekt-Trennung. In dieser praktisch-körperlich-sinnlichen Dimension der DBT liegt auch das Potenzial zu ihrer Weiterentwicklung und zur Beantwortung offener Fragen.
Zwangsphänomene bei Asperger-Syndrom und High-functioning-Autismus
Authors: Fischer Christian , Probst Paul
Published: September 2006

Obwohl zwanghafte und stereotype Verhaltensmuster zu den Kernsymptomen autistischer Störungen gehören, wurden diese Phänomene bisher nur unzureichend erforscht. Beim Asperger-Syndrom sowie beim High-functioning-Autismus kommen zumeist umschriebene, stereotype Spezialinteressen hinzu, die oftmals als “Obsession” bezeichnet werden. Ebenso leiden autistische Patienten immer wieder unter Zwangsgedanken (obsessions) und Zwangshandlungen (compulsions) im Sinne der DSM-IV-Kriterien der Zwangsstörung (OCD), die mit Leidensdruck und Alltagsbeeinträchtigungen einhergehen. Zwangsstörungen und Autismus weisen phänomenologische und pathogenetische Gemeinsamkeiten auf, letztere vorwiegend auf neurobiologischer, kognitiver und genetischer Ebene. Autismusspezifische Zwangssymptome (ATZ) müssen grundsätzlich von Zwangsgedanken und Zwangshandlungen abgegrenzt werden, wobei die Übergänge fließend sein können. Weitere Untersuchungen sind nötig, um der Beantwortung der Frage näher zu kommen, welche Zwangsphänomene als integraler Bestandteil autistischer Symptomatiken zu werten sind und in welchen Fällen sie als Symptome einer komorbiden Zwangsstörung aufgefasst werden müssen.
Psychosoziale Situation bei Familien von Kindern mit ADHS
Authors: Schilling Vera , Petermann Franz , Hampel Petra
Published: September 2006

Erste Studien belegen, dass die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) nicht nur mit einer ungünstigen Entwicklung des erkrankten Kindes oder Jugendlichen verbunden ist, sondern auch Auswirkungen auf die psychosoziale Situation aller Familienmitglieder hat. Die Pilotstudie ging der Frage nach, ob sich die Lebensqualität der Eltern von Kindern mit ADHS von der Lebensqualität der Eltern gesunder Kinder unterscheidet. Außerdem war von Interesse, inwieweit das Ausmaß des hyperkinetischen Verhaltens des erkrankten Kindes mit der psychosozialen Anpassung der gesunden Geschwister und der Lebensqualität der Eltern verbunden ist. Insgesamt 48 Elternteile beurteilten das Ausmaß hyperkinetischen Verhaltens der gesunden Geschwister sowie ihre eigene Lebensqualität. Die Eltern mit einem an ADHS erkrankten Kind schätzten zusätzlich das Ausmaß hyperkinetischen Verhaltens des erkrankten Kindes sowie die psychischen Auffälligkeiten der gesunden Geschwister ein. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass das psychische Wohlbefinden der Eltern mit einem an ADHS erkrankten Kind gegenüber Eltern gesunder Kinder beeinträchtigt ist. Des Weiteren hing das Ausmaß des hyperkinetischen Verhaltens des erkrankten Kindes positiv mit den internalisierenden und Aufmerksamkeitsproblemen der gesunden Geschwister zusammen. Das Ausmaß des hyperkinetischen Verhaltens des erkrankten Kindes war außerdem mit einem beeinträchtigten psychischen Wohlbefinden des Elternteils assoziiert. Die Befunde unterstreichen die Forderung nach familienorientierten Interventionsmaßnahmen in der Behandlung von ADHS, die die psychosoziale Anpassung aller Familienmitglieder berücksichtigen.
Response of tropical global ocean temperature to the Sun's quasi‐decadal UV radiative forcing of the stratosphere
Authors: White Warren B.
Published: September 2006

The quasi‐decadal oscillation (QDO) in the Earth's climate system fluctuated in phase with the 11‐year period signal in solar total irradiance (STI) variability throughout the 20th century. The QDO was associated with global average upper ocean temperature variability dominated by the tropical global average from 20°S to 20°N. Earlier diagnosis of the tropical global average oceanic thermal budget found the anomalous warming tendency driven not by the radiative forcing (∼0.15 W m−2) from the 11‐year period signal in STI but by the larger anomalous quasi‐decadal sensible plus latent heat flux (∼0.5 W m−2) from the overlying troposphere. Now we diagnose the corresponding thermal budget of the tropical global average atmospheric temperature variability, finding it largest in the lower stratosphere (∼0.8°K), decreasing downward into the lower troposphere (∼0.15°K) and the upper ocean (∼0.05°K). These diagnostics find quasi‐decadal temperature variability in the tropical lower stratosphere arising from a thermal balance between anomalous radiative forcing (1.0–1.5 W m−2) by ozone absorption of the 11‐year signal in solar UV irradiance variability (modified by absorption of mean solar IR irradiance by volcanic aerosol variability) and variable longwave radiation and vertical advection. The latter two processes altered the vertical gradient of equivalent potential temperature in the tropical troposphere that allowed mean vertical circulation to drive an anomalous warming tendency in the lower troposphere. The latter matched the amplitude and phase of the downward quasi‐decadal sensible plus latent heat flux anomaly that drove the anomalous warming tendency in the tropical global ocean.
Fast Auroral Snapshot observations of perpendicular DC electric field structures in downward auroral current regions: Morphology
Authors: Hwang K.‐J. , Lynch K. A. , Carlson C. W. , Bonnell J. W. , Peria W. J.
Published: September 2006

We present an analysis of Fast Auroral Snapshot perpendicular electric field observations using both ion distributions and electric field measurements in auroral downward current regions to study the full DC E⊥ (electric field perpendicular to the geomagnetic field) and potential structures. We use the electric field data from the field instrument for the spin‐plane component of E⊥, and the ion drift measurements for the axial DC E⊥. Examining 71 return current region crossings, a significant fraction (more than half) show E⊥ signatures during strong field events indicative of curved potential structures rather than idealized straight arcs. We define sheetlike structured events as those for which the ratio of the two E⊥ components remains constant during the spacecraft crossing, and curved structures as those where the ratio varies. Sheetlike structures can be interpreted as straight arcs, but curved structures require gradients in another dimension. A statistical comparison shows parametric differences between sheetlike and curved structures; however, the distinction between sheetlike and curved events cannot be sorted clearly using j∥, E⊥, or scale length. Using the full DC electric field vector, we can investigate the morphology of auroral return current potential structures and inconsistencies with idealized static return current models. In this paper we present the observed spatial structures; in a companion paper we explore the implications of these observations.
Fast Auroral Snapshot observations of perpendicular DC electric field structures in downward current regions: Implications
Authors: Hwang K.‐J. , Lynch K. A. , Carlson C. W. , Bonnell J. W. , Peria W. J.
Published: September 2006

FAST electric field data and ion drift moments are combined to allow full DC E⊥ (electric field perpendicular to the geomagnetic field) studies of auroral return current regions. Statistical comparison of 71 return current potential structures showed several differences between sheetlike structured perpendicular E⊥ field events, where the ratio of the two E⊥ components remains constant during the spacecraft crossing, and curved structures where the ratio varies. Sheetlike structures can be interpreted as straight arcs, but curved structures require gradients in another dimension. We define a parameter η, which is a proxy for the ratio of the potential at the spacecraft and the upgoing electron characteristic energy. Thus η is a measure of the extent to which the potential contours are closed below the spacecraft. Statistical comparison shows that U‐shaped closed‐potential models are mostly consistent with curved events and ionospheric effects are dominant in sheetlike structures. This result implies that the spatial structure of the events, as indicated by the ratio of the E⊥ components, allows us to distinguish ionospheric fields and U‐shaped potentials. Statistical studies of scale sizes, magnitudes of electric fields and magnetic perturbations, and downward current density, sorted by the parameter η, reveal various interesting features. We attempt to explain these properties on the basis of different potential closure models for sheetlike and curved structures, which have important implications for models of the formation and evolution of potential structures for downward current regions.
Mechanism of the planetary Rossby wave energy amplification and transformation in the ionosphere with an inhomogeneous zonal smooth shear wind
Authors: Aburjania G. D. , Khantadze A. G. , Kharshiladze O. A.
Published: September 2006

The generation and further dynamics of planetary magnetized Rossby waves and inertia waves are investigated in the rotating dissipative ionosphere in the presence of a smooth inhomogeneous zonal wind (shear flow). Magnetized Rossby waves appear as a result of the interaction of the medium with the spatially inhomogeneous geomagnetic field and are an ionospheric manifestation of usual tropospheric Rossby waves. An effective linear mechanism responsible for the intensification and mutual transformation of Rossby and inertia waves is found. For shear flows, the operators of the linear problem are not self‐adjoint, and therefore the eigenfunctions of the problem maybe nonorthogonal and can hardly be studied by the canonical modal approach. Hence it becomes necessary to use the so‐called nonmodal mathematical analysis which has been actively developed in recent years. The nonmodal approach shows that the transformation of wave disturbances in shear flows is due to the nonorthogonality of eigenfunctions of the problem in the conditions of linear dynamics. Thus there arises a new degree of freedom and a new way for the evolution of disturbances in the medium. Using numerical modeling, we illustrate the peculiar features of the interaction of waves with the background flow as well as the mutual transformation of wave disturbances in the D, E, and F regions of the ionosphere. It is established that the presence of a geomagnetic field, Hall and Pedersen currents in the ionospheric medium, improves the interaction and mutual energy exchange between waves and a shear flow.
High‐resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions
Authors: Huang Jinli , Zhao Dapeng
Published: September 2006

A high‐resolution P wave tomographic model of the crust and mantle down to 1100 km depth under China and surrounding regions is determined by using about one million arrival times of P, pP, PP, and PcP waves from 19,361 earthquakes recorded by 1012 seismic stations. The subducting Pacific slab is imaged clearly as a high‐velocity zone from the oceanic trenches down to about 600 km depth, and intermediate‐depth and deep earthquakes are located within the slab. The Pacific slab becomes stagnant in the mantle transition zone under east China. The western edge of the stagnant slab is roughly coincident with a surface topographic boundary in east China. The active Changbai and Wudalianchi intraplate volcanoes in northeast China are underlain by significant slow anomalies in the upper mantle, above the stagnant Pacific slab. These results suggest that the active intraplate volcanoes in NE China are not hot spots but a kind of back‐arc volcano associated with the deep subduction of the Pacific slab and its stagnancy in the transition zone. Under the Mariana arc, however, the Pacific slab penetrates directly down to the lower mantle. The active Tengchong volcano in southwest China is related to the eastward subduction of the Burma microplate. The subducting Indian and Philippine Sea plates are also imaged clearly. The Indian plate has subducted down to 200–300 km depth under the Tibetan Plateau with a horizontal moving distance of about 500 km. High‐velocity anomalies are revealed in the upper mantle under the Tarim basin, Ordos, and Sichuan basin, which are three stable blocks in China.
Self‐potential signals associated with preferential groundwater flow pathways in sinkholes
Authors: Jardani A. , Dupont J. P. , Revil A.
Published: September 2006

Two self‐potential (SP) surveys have been conducted at a test site located in Normandy, in the northwest of France, in a chalk karst in spring and summer 2005. The spring survey showed circular negative SP signals associated with the position of sinkholes and crypto‐sinkholes, while the survey conducted during the summer showed fewer anomalies with lesser magnitudes. The negative SP anomalies observed in the spring survey were several tens of millivolts less than a reference located outside the ridge along which the sinkholes are located. In addition to the SP surveys, we also performed a DC electrical resistivity survey. The electrical resistivity tomogram shows the position of the interfaces between the chalk and the overlying clay with flint and loess covers and the position of the sinkholes. A linear relationship is observed between the SP signals and the thickness of the loess layer. In addition, large negative SP anomalies are associated with the sinkholes themselves. These SP signals are explained by solving the boundary value problem for the coupled hydroelectric problem. We fixed the boundary condition at the ground surface in terms of hydraulic flux associated with the infiltration of the meteoric water and a no‐flow condition on the vertical boundaries. A finite element numerical simulation of this coupling is performed, and a fairly good agreement is obtained between the simulation and the observed SP signals. We show for the first time how the SP signals reflect mainly the topography of the clay with flint/loess interface and help to identify the location of sinkholes. Three‐dimensional tomography algorithms are proposed to locate the source of these self‐potential signals in the ground.
Hydrography of the southern Bay of Biscay shelf‐break region: Integrating the multiscale physical variability over the period 1993–2003
Authors: Llope Marcos , Anadón Ricardo , Viesca Leticia , Quevedo Mario , González‐Quirós Rafael , Stenseth Nils C.
Published: September 2006

The southern Bay of Biscay (NW Spain) shows a very active hydrography due to the different origins of its Central Waters, the local modifications exerted on them by continental effects and the recurrence of mesoscale processes such as slope currents, upwellings and eddies. In order to assess the role of the different sources of variability we conducted a monthly series of CTD sampling in the central Cantabrian Sea along a coastal‐oceanic transect, from 1993 to 2003. We analyzed the spatial variability of the hydrographic processes over different timescales. The thermohaline properties of Central Waters varied between those typical of the subpolar mode of the Eastern North Atlantic Central Water (ENACWsp) and a local mode, the Bay of Biscay Central Water (BBCW), though there has been a clear shift toward the BBCW prevalence in the last years. The Iberian Poleward Current (IPC) conveyed subtropical Central Waters (ENACWst) into the region almost every winter. This slope current may display a double‐core structure during some extreme events. The upper layers of the ocean showed a long‐term trend toward increasing temperature and decreasing salinity, and accordingly density was on the decrease. These patterns suggest an enhancement of the water column stratification. Coastal upwellings are an important source of inshore variability and counteract these long‐term changes on the coast. However, their intensity seems to be decreasing and their seasonal pattern changing toward a general advancement of the upwelling‐favorable season.
Intercomparison of spectroradiometers and Sun photometers for the determination of the aerosol optical depth during the VELETA‐2002 field campaign
Authors: Estellés V. , Utrillas M. P. , Martínez‐Lozano J. A. , Alcántara A. , Alados‐Arboledas L. , Olmo F. J. , Lorente J. , de Cabo X. , Cachorro V. , Horvath H. , Labajo A. , Sorribas M. , Díaz J. P. , Díaz A. M. , Silva A. M. , Elías T. , Pujadas M. , Rodrigues J. A. , Cañada J. , García Y.
Published: September 2006

In July 2002 the VELETA‐2002 field campaign was held in Sierra Nevada (Granada) in the south of Spain. The main objectives of this field campaign were the study of the influence of elevation and atmospheric aerosols on measured UV radiation. In the first stage of the field campaign, a common calibration and intercomparison between Licor‐1800 spectroradiometers and Cimel‐318 Sun photometers was performed in order to assess the quality of the measurements from the whole campaign. The intercomparison of the Licor spectroradiometers showed, for both direct and global irradiances, that when the comparisons were restricted to the visible part of the spectrum the deviations were within the instruments' nominal accuracies which allows us to rely on these instruments for measuring physical properties of aerosols at the different measurement stations. A simultaneous calibration on AOD data was performed for the Cimel‐318 Sun photometers. When a common calibration and methodology was applied, the deviation was lowered to much less than 0.01 for AOD. At the same time an intercomparison has been made between the AOD values given by the spectroradiometers and the Sun photometers, with deviations obtained from 0.01 to 0.03 for the AOD in the visible range, depending on the channel. In the UVA range, the AOD uncertainty was estimated to be around 0.02 and 0.05 for Cimel and Licor respectively. In general the experimental differences were in agreement with this uncertainty estimation. In the UVB range the AOD measurements should not be used due to maximum instrumental uncertainties.
Halogen‐driven low‐altitude O3 and hydrocarbon losses in spring at northern high latitudes
Authors: Zeng Tao , Wang Yuhang , Chance Kelly , Blake Nicola , Blake Donald , Ridley Brian
Published: September 2006

Halogen‐driven ozone and hydrocarbon losses in springtime Arctic boundary layer are investigated using a regional chemical transport model. Surface observations of ozone at Alert and Barrow and aircraft observations of ozone and hydrocarbons during the Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) experiment from February to May in 2000 are analyzed. We prescribe halogen radical distributions on the basis of GOME BrO observations. Tropospheric GOME BrO column shows an apparent anticorrelation with surface temperature over high‐BrO regions. The enhancements of tropospheric BrO columns coincide with movements of cold polar air masses. While GOME BrO measurements reach the maximum in March, simulated near‐surface ozone loss peaks in April because of the increasing daylight hours and hence the time for chemical processing. At its peak, the area of simulated near‐surface ozone depletions (O3 < 20 ppbv) covers >50% of the northern high latitudes. Analysis of surface measurements at Alert and Barrow points to the importance of long‐range transport of ozone‐poor air from high‐BrO regions. We find that specifying a BrO layer thickness of 300 m results in the best overall agreement between observed and simulated ozone. The apparent halogen‐driven ozone loss up to 1 km was reproduced in the model because of vertical transport of ozone‐poor air from low altitudes. When the empirical Cl/Br ratios derived from previous observations are used, the model can reproduce the observed halogen loss of light alkanes and acetylene. The Cl/Br ratios from a recent box model study using an accepted chemical mechanism are, however, much higher than the empirical results. We show that the hydrocarbon loss is not as sensitive to the prescribed thickness of the halogen layer as the ozone loss, therefore representing a more robust measure for evaluating satellite BrO column measurements.
Soil grain analyses at Meridiani Planum, Mars
Authors: Weitz C. M. , Anderson R. C. , Bell J. F. , Farrand W. H. , Herkenhoff K. E. , Johnson J. R. , Jolliff B. L. , Morris R. V. , Squyres S. W. , Sullivan R. J.
Published: September 2006

Grain‐size analyses of the soils at Meridiani Planum have been used to identify rock sources for the grains and provide information about depositional processes under past and current conditions. Basaltic sand, dust, millimeter‐size hematite‐rich spherules interpreted as concretions, spherule fragments, coated partially buried spherules, basalt fragments, sedimentary outcrop fragments, and centimeter‐size cobbles are concentrated on the upper surfaces of the soils as a lag deposit, while finer basaltic sands and dust dominate the underlying soils. There is a bimodal distribution of soil grain sizes with one population representing grains <125 μm and the other falling between 1–4.5 mm. Soils within craters like Eagle and Endurance show a much greater diversity of grain morphologies compared to the plains. The spherules found in the plains soils are approximately 1–2 mm smaller in size than those seen embedded in the outcrop rocks of Eagle and Endurance craters. The average major axis for all unfractured spherules measured in the soils and outcrop rocks is 2.87 ± 1.18 mm, with a trend toward decreasing spherule sizes in both the soils and outcrop rocks as the rover drove southward. Wind ripples seen across the plains of Meridiani are dominated by similar size (1.3–1.7 mm) hematite‐rich grains, and they match in size the larger grains on plains ripples at Gusev Crater. Larger clasts and centimeter‐size cobbles that are scattered on the soils have several spectral and compositional types, reflecting multiple origins. The cobbles tend to concentrate within ripple troughs along the plains and in association with outcrop exposures.
Does aftershock duration scale with mainshock size?
Authors: Ziv A.
Published: September 2006

It has been claimed that aftershock duration scales with the mainshock recurrence interval [Dieterich, 1994]. This implies a scaling between aftershock duration and mainshock magnitude. To see if such a scaling exist, we compare properties of aftershock sequences associated with mainshocks whose size span several magnitude units. Earthquake properties were examined along two northern California fault segments, one is the Calaveras fault, another is a northern segment of the San Andreas fault. The first study area contains the rupture area of the M6.2, 1984 Morgan Hill, and the latter is adjacent the southern end of the M7.1, 1989 Loma Prieta rupture. Both the Morgan Hill and the Loma Prieta aftershock activities lasted 1–3 × 108 seconds. On the other hand, aftershock activities of small‐to‐moderate mainshocks lasted about 1–2 × 106 seconds. Nevertheless, there is no evidence for scaling between mainshock size and aftershock duration for moderate‐to‐small mainshocks. It thus seems that large earthquakes, because they break the entire seismogenic depth and interact with deeper parts of the crust, trigger a relaxation mechanism that is inactive during aftershock activity due to moderate‐to‐small quakes, and whose characteristic relaxation time is much longer than that of the brittle crust. Current seismicity models do not provide explanation for these observations.
Tourism Golf Scenarios: The Algarve Case
Authors: Correia Antonia , Videira Nuno , Alves Inês , Ramires Catarina , Subtil Rui , Martins Manuel Victor
Published: September 2006

Sport tourism, in particular golf, is an emerging form of tourism. This is the case in the Algarve region where golf has significant economic, social and environmental impacts. This paper presents a sustainability assessment framework developed for the Algarve's golf courses. Sustainable golf development (SGD) was analysed from an integrated perspective: economic, financial and environmental. A scenario methodology was used to measure the long-term golf development impacts at different supply levels, given the core indicators defined for each dimension of analysis. It was concluded that SGD in the Algarve should be framed within high service and environmental quality standards, with a supply of between 29 and 41 golf courses.
Golf Courses: Environmental Impacts
Authors: Salgot Miquel , Tapias Josefina C.
Published: September 2006

The relationship between golf courses, forced ecosystems and the environment is extremely complex and need to be established carefully because of the social pressures and implications of this type of facilities. The main environmental aspects of golf courses, the way the golf structures exert an influence on the environment, the management practices and the use of pesticides are the main features to be considered. The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is at the core of the golf and must be managed in an integrated way to reduce environmental impacts of the whole facility. Many golf courses are located in natural areas, where wildlife exists and there is an influence on the course and vice versa. There is also the need to define the relationships between a course and its surrounding environments.
Planning Implications of Golf Tourism
Authors: Priestley Gerda K.
Published: September 2006

The development of golf tourism requires the provision not only of one or more golf courses, but also of many other related infrastructures and facilities, obviously including hotels and other forms of property development. As a result, the process of the development of golf as a tourism product generates a profound impact on the location in which it takes place and can provoke conflicts and even imbalances where it is implanted. It is therefore essential to plan golf tourism regions carefully in order to make economic and social objectives compatible and thus contribute to the sustainability of the tourism sector, the product, the territory, the landscape and the local community. The issues examined in this paper include: the advisability of specific legislation for the implantation of golf, and of urban planning; the search for a correct balance between residential and hotel development on the one hand and golf course development on the other; the relative advantages and disadvantages of different types of property development, and its location both on and away from the coast; and the integration of golf courses in the landscape. Golf tourism development faces various challenges in its efforts to comply with the widespread objectives of overall sustainability, which include: economic profitability; long-term viability as a product; environmental integration and improvement; and cultural acceptability. This contribution aims to outline some steps to the achievement of these objectives. Firstly, the structure of golf tourism (from the perspective of its implications for planning) is briefly outlined to set the scene, including an evaluation of the different types of construction that are associated. The concept, objectives and process of tourism planning are outlined, followed by reference to aspects that are particularly applicable to the case of golf tourism. The problem facing planners is then defined. The instruments available and the initiatives and solutions most frequently applied in planning for golf tourism are examined and, finally, some recommendations are offered.
Direct growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes on conducting ZnO films and its field emission properties
Authors: Min Yo-Sep , Bae Eun Ju , Kim Un Jeong , Park Wanjun , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: September 2006

Despite the necessity of direct growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on conducting films for versatility of designing device architectures for nanoelectronics and optoelectronics, most of SWNT growths have been carried out on insulating films or supporting materials such as SiO2 and Al2O3. Here, the authors report that conducting ZnO films can be used as both an underlying layer for the SWNT growth and an electrode for device operation. ZnO films with a resistivity in the order of 10−3Ωcm were deposited by atomic layer deposition. SWNTs were directly grown on the ZnO film by water plasma chemical vapor deposition. The authors demonstrate field emission properties from the SWNT/ZnO cathode, of which the turn-on electric field for a current density of 10μA∕cm2 and the field enhancement factor are 1.8V∕μm and 3200, respectively.
Reading and writing of vortex circulation in pseudo-spin-valve ring devices
Authors: Hayward T. J. , Llandro J. , Balsod R. B. , Bland J. A. C. , Castaño F. J. , Morecroft D. , Ross C. A.
Published: September 2006

The authors present a simple method of reading the circulation direction of vortex states in pseudo-spin-valve ferromagnetic ring devices via magnetoresistance measurements. It is shown that by placing the current contacts asymmetrically onto the structure, the circulation of a vortex state in the hard layer may be read directly from the total resistance of the device. Furthermore, they show that by choosing the direction in which the ring is initially saturated prior to obtaining the vortex state, the vortex circulation may be selectively written to the structure, creating the basis of a working memory element.
Dependence of crystal structure and work function of WNx films on the nitrogen content
Authors: Jiang Pei-Chuen , Lai Yi-Sheng , Chen J. S.
Published: September 2006

The effect of nitrogen content on crystal structure (phase and grain size) and work function (Φm) of WNx films is investigated. The Φm of WNx films is extracted from the plot of flatband voltage versus SiO2 thickness. For W and WN0.4 films, the Φm are 4.67 and 4.39V, and their crystal phases are both body-centered-cubic W. For WN0.6 film, it contains W+W2N mixed phases and the Φm is 4.50V. On the other hand, the Φm of WN0.8 and WN1.5 films are 5.01 and 4.49V, and their crystal phases are both face-centered-cubic W2N. The grain size of W and W2N phases decreases with the increase of the nitrogen content in WNx. It is concluded that the Φm is affected by the crystal phase as well as the grain size of WNx film.
Spin injection from perpendicular magnetized ferromagnetic δ-MnGa into (Al,Ga)As heterostructures
Authors: Adelmann C. , Hilton J. L. , Schultz B. D. , McKernan S. , Palmstrøm C. J. , Lou X. , Chiang H.-S. , Crowell P. A.
Published: September 2006

Electrical spin injection from ferromagnetic δ-MnGa into an (Al,Ga)As p-i-n light-emitting diode (LED) is demonstrated. The δ-MnGa layers show strong perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy, enabling detection of spin injection at remanence, without an applied magnetic field. The bias and temperature dependence of the spin injection are found to be qualitatively similar to Fe-based spin LED devices. A Hanle effect is observed and demonstrates complete depolarization of spins in the semiconductor in a transverse magnetic field.
Rectification effects in superconducting triangles
Authors: Morelle M. , Schildermans N. , Moshchalkov V. V.
Published: September 2006

A superconducting microtriangle is proposed to be used as a field-dependent diode. A dc voltage generated by the triangle induced by an applied ac drive is observed close to the superconducting/normal phase boundary. This effect is due to the superposition of the asymmetric screening currents in the triangle and the ac drive. The sign of the dc voltage is an alternating function of the applied magnetic field that reflects switching of the direction of the screening currents in the structure.
Heat transfer through near-field interactions in nanofluids
Authors: Ben-Abdallah Philippe
Published: September 2006

Using the Landauer-Buttiker theory, the author calculate the thermal conductance associated with plasmon modes in one dimensional arrays of nanoparticles closely spaced in a host fluid. The author’s numerical simulations show that the near-field interactions between particles have a negligible effect on the thermal conductivity of nanoparticle colloidal solutions (nanofluids).
Water as a lubricant for graphite: A computer simulation study
Authors: Pertsin Alexander , Grunze Michael
Published: September 2006

The phase state and shear behavior of water confined between parallel graphite sheets are studied using the grand canonical Monte Carlo technique and TIP4P model for water. In describing the water-graphite interaction, two orientation-dependent potentials are tried. Both potentials are fitted to many-body polarizable model predictions for the binding energy and the equilibrium conformation of the water-graphite complex [K. Karapetian and K. D. Jordan in Water in Confining Geometries, edited by V. Buch and J. P. Devlin (Springer, Berlin, 2003), pp. 139–150]. Based on the simulation results, the property of water to serve as a lubricant between the rubbing surfaces of graphitic particles is associated, first, with the capillary condensation of water occurring in graphitic pores of monolayer width and, second, with the fact that the water monolayer compressed between graphite particles retains a liquidlike structure and offers only slight resistance to shear.
High-mobility thin-film transistor with amorphous InGaZnO4 channel fabricated by room temperature rf-magnetron sputtering
Authors: Yabuta Hisato , Sano Masafumi , Abe Katsumi , Aiba Toshiaki , Den Tohru , Kumomi Hideya , Nomura Kenji , Kamiya Toshio , Hosono Hideo
Published: September 2006

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated using amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) channels by rf-magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The conductivity of the a-IGZO films was controlled from ∼10−3to10−6Scm−1 by varying the mixing ratio of sputtering gases, O2∕(O2+Ar), from ∼3.1% to 3.7%. The top-gate-type TFTs operated in n-type enhancement mode with a field-effect mobility of 12cm2V−1s−1, an on-off current ratio of ∼108, and a subthreshold gate voltage swing of 0.2Vdecade−1. It is demonstrated that a-IGZO is an appropriate semiconductor material to produce high-mobility TFTs at low temperatures applicable to flexible substrates by a production-compatible means.
Femtosecond laser source of nanolocalized directed photoelectrons
Authors: Aseyev S. A. , Mironov B. N. , Chekalin S. V. , Letokhov V. S.
Published: September 2006

A nanolocalized electron beam has been formed by electrons passing through a quartz microcapillary. The authors have demonstrated that such electrons are capable of producing the image of a dielectric nanoaperture. Using the capillary and a metal tip illuminated by femtosecond laser pulses, the authors have developed a photoelectron source based on nanolocalized photoelectron bunches with low angular divergence. It allows the observation of femtosecond-laser-induced processes on a surface with high temporal and spatial resolutions.
Lateral light emitting n-i-p diodes in InSb∕AlxIn1−xSb quantum wells
Authors: Smith S. J. , Nash G. R. , Bartlett C. J. , Buckle L. , Emeny M. T. , Ashley T.
Published: September 2006

Lateral light emitting diodes have been fabricated in InSb∕AlxIn1−xSb quantum wells using a simple bevel etching technique. The peak in emission was found to be in the range of 4–5μm, confirming that the emission was from the quantum well.
Observation of plastic deformation in freestanding single crystal Au nanowires
Authors: Lee Dongyun , Zhao Manhong , Wei Xiaoding , Chen Xi , Jun Seong C. , Hone James , Herbert Erik G. , Oliver Warren C. , Kysar Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2006

Freestanding single crystal nanowires of gold were fabricated from a single grain of pure gold leaf by standard lithographic techniques, with center section of 7μm in length, 250nm in width, and 100nm in thickness. The ends remained anchored to a silicon substrate. The specimens were deflected via nanoindenter until plastic deformation was achieved. Nonlocalized and localized plastic deformations were observed. The resulting force-displacement curves were simulated using continuum single crystal plasticity. A set of material parameters which closely reproduce the experimental results suggests that the initial critical resolved shear stress was as high as 135MPa.
Tunnel magnetoresistance in Co nanoparticle/Co–C60 compound hybrid system
Authors: Sakai Seiji , Yakushiji Kay , Mitani Seiji , Takanashi Koki , Naramoto Hiroshi , Avramov Pavel V. , Narumi Kazumasa , Lavrentiev Vasily , Maeda Yoshihito
Published: September 2006

A nanometer-scale hybrid film of Co particle/Co–C60 compound was prepared by alternate deposition of Co and C60 under UHV condition. All of Raman spectra, magnetization curves, and tunnel conductivity concluded that the hybrid system has a granular structure consisting of Co nanoparticles embedded in a Co–C60 compound matrix. The magnetoresistance ratio of 26% was obtained at 2K and 10kOe for the electron tunneling across the Co–C60 compound barrier. In addition, anomalously large bias voltage dependence was found in the magnetotransport properties.
Residual stresses in polycrystalline silicon sheet and their relation to electron-hole lifetime
Authors: He S. , Danyluk S. , Tarasov I. , Ostapenko S.
Published: September 2006

This letter summarizes research on the characterization of residual stresses and electron-hole lifetimes of polycrystalline silicon sheet for photovoltaic applications. Full-field polariscopy, scanning room temperature photoluminescence, and surface photovoltage are used to characterize the polycrystalline silicon sheet. An orientation dependent stress-optic coefficient has been developed and used to extract the in-plane residual stresses from analysis of transmitted near-infrared light. The characteristics of the spatial distribution and the quantitative correlation between the residual stresses and the electron-hole lifetime are presented.
Genetic variation in frost resistance of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus assessed by artificial freezing in winter
Authors: Tibbits Wayne N. , White Timothy L. , Hodge Gary R. , Borralho Nuno M. G.
Published: September 2006

A study of genetic variation in freezing tolerance of Eucalyptus globulus was conducted in winter by subjecting leaf discs from nursery-grown seedlings to artificial freezing at temperatures ranging from –5.5 to –10.0°C. A total of ~6200 seedlings from 477 open-pollinated families from the full natural range were assessed in three separate experiments. Patterns of frost tolerance with race were not clear and consistent in all three experiments, although inland south-eastern Tasmanian and West Coast Tasmanian races were usually the more frost tolerant (T50 = –8.8°C, cf. overall mean of –8.3°C). Poor correlations between experiments also made clear identification of superior localities difficult. Winter-frost tolerance was a trait with considerable variation and also under strong additive genetic control. Estimated heritabilities of the relative electrical conductivity following a set freezing temperature and the calculated trait T50 were in the range of 0.27–0.71, with small standard errors. Predicted breeding values in all experiments indicated that the best families were tolerant of ~1.4°C colder temperatures than average. Seedlings appeared equally capable of rapid dehardening, when average T50 cold hardiness changed from –10.5 to –5.7°C during a 10-day period, or ~3–4°C per week. The issue of more thoroughly assessing the genetic basis of frost tolerance in E. globulus through field-testing is discussed.