bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proposta de um instrumento para avaliação da autonomia do idoso: o Sistema Sênior de Avaliação da Autonomia de Ação (SysSen)
Authors: Farinatti Paulo de Tarso Veras
Published: April 2011

O texto descreve uma nova técnica de avaliação da autonomia do idoso, o Sistema Sênior de Avaliação da Autonomia de Ação(SysSen), bem como as estratégias adotadas para sua validação. O sistema é formado por um questionário de atividades físicas (Questionário Sênior de Atividades Físicas - QSAP) e de um teste de campo (Teste Sênior de 'Caminhar e Transportar' - TSMP). O QSAP visa quantificar as necessidades dos idosos para uma vida autônoma, em termos de força de membros superiores (FO) e de capacidade cardiorrespiratória (PA), através de uma entrevista em quatro partes. A primeira considera as atividades cotidianas no domicílio, profissionais e de tempo livre. A segunda avalia o contexto ambiental. A terceira aprecia as dificuldades para tarefas cotidianas e os sentimentos quanto às atividades que se gostaria de fazer e/ou retomar. A quarta considera o ponto de vista do entrevistador sobre as informações recolhidas. Obtém-se um índice para o conjunto das necessidades reveladas pelas partes do questionário (Índice de Autonomia Exprimida - IAE). No TSMP o indivíduo marcha 800m de forma acelerada, transportando pesos específicos segundo o sexo. Calcula-se um índice representativo do potencial de realização das tarefas que dependem da interação funcional da FO e PA (Índice de Autonomia Potencial - IAP). Cruzando as informações obtidas, estabelece-se uma razão autonomia potencial/exprimida (IAP/IAE) - Índice Sênior da Autonomia de Ação (ISAC). A pertinência do SysSen foi verificada por meio da comparação com outros instrumentos de avaliação e pela observação da coerência interna e estrutural dos índices obtidos (validade de estrutura, conteúdo e critério). A fidedignidade inter e intraclasse foi investigada através de teste-reteste. A estabilidade das equações de regressão dos índices IAE e IAP foi testada por validação cruzada. Os resultados indicam que os instrumentos que compõem o SysSen são válidos e suas equações, estáveis. A comparação com outras técnicas de avaliação revela que o SysSen pode ser útil no estudo da autonomia funcional sob uma perspectiva positiva, fato raro quando se trata de instrumentos de avaliação gerontológica.
As ações de sentar e levantar do solo são prejudicadas por excesso de peso
Authors: Lira Vitor Agnew , Silva Elirez Bezerra da , Araújo Claudio Gil Soares de
Published: April 2011

Inatividade física é comum em pessoas com sobrepeso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar o efeito agudo do incremento no peso corporal sobre o desempenho nas ações de sentar e levantar do solo e verificar como o mesmo sofria influência de algumas variáveis morfofuncionais. Preliminarmente (E1), 33 soldados, com idade de 20 ± 1,4 anos (média ± dp) e valores homogêneos de IMC (22 ± 1,0kg/m²) e %g (5,3 ± 2,3), foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos com 11 integrantes. O Teste de Sentar - Levantar (TSL) foi aplicado, em uma ordem quadrada latina, sem incremento artificial no peso (A0), e com 10% (A10) e 20% de incremento (A20), simulados através da utilização de coletes de areia localizados no tronco. No segundo estudo (E2), 24 jogadores de futebol púberes e pós-púberes (15,4 ± 1,1 anos), aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos de seis e com flexibilidade geral similar, medida através do Flexiteste, foram submetidos ao TSL, como em E1, mas também na condição de 30% de incremento no peso (A30). Entre os indivíduos cujo desempenho, em cada ação, se mantinha máximo com o aumento no peso e os demais, compararam-se as flexibilidades geral e específica por movimento em E1, e IMC, S 7 dobras cutâneas, %g, relações cintura-quadril, cintura-coxa e entre dobras cutâneas superiores e inferiores, somatotipo de Heath-Carter, potência de membros inferiores (salto vertical) e tempo em corrida de 50m, em E2. No sentar, o teste de Friedman não identificou diferenças significativas dentre as condições em E1 (p = 0,21) e em E2 (p = 0,07). Mas essas ocorreram, para o levantar, em ambos os estudos (p < 0,001 e p = 0,03). O teste de Tukey demonstrou que somente incrementos de 20% no peso eram suficientes para deteriorar o desempenho em E1 (p < 0,05), e de 30% em E2 (p < 0,05). Em E1, verificou-se que os indivíduos que mantinham desempenho máximo para o sentar eram mais flexíveis na adução de quadril (p < 0,001) e, para o levantar, na flexão do quadril (p = 0,02). Em E2, não houve diferença significativa nas variáveis. Provavelmente, os indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesos enfrentam maiores dificuldades nas atividades realizadas em oposição à força da gravidade, como o levantar. Esses achados e a influência da flexibilidade devem ser confirmados em estudos futuros com essa população.
Avaliação in vitro do potencial erosivo de bebidas isotônicas
Authors: Cavalcanti Alessandro Leite , Xavier Alidianne Fábia Cabral , Souto Rafaella Queiroga , Oliveira Mariana da Costa , Santos Jalber Almeida dos , Vieira Fernando Fernandes
Published: April 2011

Isotônico é uma bebida destinada a reidratar, bem como repor eletrólitos, carboidratos e outros nutrientes. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o pH endógeno, a acidez total titulável (ATT) e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) de nove bebidas isotônicas à temperatura ambiente (±23ºC) e após resfriamento (±9ºC). A avaliação do pH foi feita por potenciometria e a capacidade tampão foi realizada por meio da diluição de cada uma das substâncias. Incrementos de 0,1NKOH foram adicionados até que se atingisse a neutralidade. As leituras dos SST foram feitas por refratometria usando o refratômetro de Abbé. As médias do pH variaram de 2,03 (Gatorade Tangerina®) a 2,93 (Marathon Limão®) e todos as bebidas mostraram pH abaixo do valor crítico de 5,5. As médias da ATT variaram de 0,10 para o Marathon Limão® a 0,32 para o Gatorade Tangerina®. O Gatorade Tangerina® apresentou o menor valor de SST (6,33%) e o Marathon Guaraná e Açaí® mostrou o maior valor de SST (12,50%). Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as temperaturas para o pH (G3, G4, G5, G6 e G8), para os SST (G2, G3, G6 e G9) e para a ATT (G2, G3 e G5). Ao se comparar os grupos 1 e 3 (Marathon Guaraná Açaí® x Gatorate Guaraná Açaí®) observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre em relação ao pH para a temperatura ambiente, em relação aos SST para as temperaturas ambiente e a ±9ºC e para a ATT na temperatura ambiente. As bebidas analisadas apresentaram baixo pH endógeno, podendo as mesmas serem consideradas potencialmente erosivas aos tecidos dentais se consumidas de modo inadequado e com elevada frequência. Com relação à temperatura, recomenda-se a ingestão dessas bebidas resfriadas.
Aspectos fisiológicos do mountain biking competitivo
Authors: Lucas Ricardo Dantas de , Machado Carlos Eduardo Polazzo , Souza Kristopher Mendes de , Oliveira Mariana Fernandes Mendes de , Guglielmo Luiz Guilherme Antonacci , Vleck Veronica , Denadai Benedito Sérgio
Published: April 2011

A prática do ciclismo off-road (mountain biking - MTB), cresceu muito nas últimas duas décadas, sendo incluído como esporte olímpico, nos Jogos de Atlanta em 1996, na modalidade Cross Country. Na última década, houve um aumento no número de publicações científicas que verificaram a demanda fisiológica durante competições, assim como o estudo de possíveis preditores da performance nesta modalidade. O objetivo deste estudo de revisão foi descrever alguns aspectos fisiológicos específicos do MTB Cross Country (MTB CC) competitivo (intensidade de provas, perfil fisiológico de atletas de elite, uso de suspensões e determinantes da performance em subidas). Observa-se na literatura analisada que as provas de MTB CC parecem impor uma sobrecarga fisiológica maior, quando analisada através da frequência cardíaca, do que provas de ciclismo de estrada com duração semelhante. Entretanto, quando analisada pela potência de pedalada, observa-se claramente a característica intermitente da modalidade, com variações de potência durante a prova entre zero e 500W, e potência média relativamente baixa em comparação aos valores de FC encontrados. Outro fator importante levantado neste estudo são as alterações fisiológicas decorrentes do uso de suspensões nas bicicletas de MTB CC. O uso deste equipamento reduz o estresse muscular provocado pelo terreno acidentado, embora pareça não afetar o gasto energético total, tanto em percurso plano como em subidas. Entretanto, é fato que o desempenho em circuitos acidentados é melhorado com o uso das suspensões. Com base nos estudos abordados nessa revisão, conclui-se que o MTB CC enquanto modalidade competitiva apresenta uma grande variação de intensidade (avaliada através da potência), sendo esta atribuída principalmente ao tipo de terreno (irregular e com muitas aclives e declives acentuados) em que as provas de MTB CC acontecem.
Os benefícios dos exercícios resistidos na melhoria da capacidade funcional e saúde dos paraplégicos
Authors: Mutti Luciana Campos , Salles Belmiro Freitas de , Lemos Adriana , Simão Roberto
Published: April 2011

Os exercícios resistidos (ER) têm-se mostrado como um dos recursos efetivos para a promoção da saúde e melhoria da capacidade funcional de paraplégicos. Entretanto, o número limitado de estudos sobre a influência dos ER para tal população, acaba por limitar as possibilidades de utilização desta prática. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sobre os benefícios dos ER na melhoria da capacidade funcional e saúde dos paraplégicos. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa na base de dados do Lilacs, Medline, SportDiscus, SciELO e Scholar Google com o intuito de selecionar as evidências científicas. Os estudos revisados demonstraram que programas de ER são capazes de promover benefícios psicológicos, sociais e físicos, dentre eles a melhoria da aderência ao exercício, melhoria dos níveis de força, resistência e potência, aumento do metabolismo e da melhoria do perfil lipídico aterogênico, e a redução de dores nos ombros em paraplégicos. Os ER são benéficos e até mesmo necessários para manter a capacidade funcional e saúde nesta população.
Cytotaxonomic diagnosis of Trichomycterus diabolus (Teleostei: Trichomycteridae) with comments about its evolutionary relationships with co-generic species
Authors: Torres Rodrigo A. , Oliveira Claudio , Foresti Fausto
Published: April 2011

The karyotype and the Ag-NOR location of a sample of Trichomycterus diabolus collected in the córrego Hortelã (Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil) are described. The species exhibited 2n=56 chromosomes (42 metacentrics, 12 submetacentrics and 2 subtelocentrics) and the nucleolus organizing region located near to the centromere on the long arm of the largest metacentric pair. The presence of 2n=56 chromosomes in T. diabolus is an interesting characteristic since until now all cis-Andean species karyotyped presented 2n=54 chromosomes while almost all trans-Andean species presented different diploid numbers. The possible origin of this unexpected karyotypic form is discussed.
Changes in the structure of fish assemblages in streams along an undisturbed-impacted gradient, upper Paraná River basin, Central Brazil
Authors: Dias Alesandra Martins , Tejerina-Garro Francisco Leonardo
Published: April 2011

The João Leite River is located in the upper Paraná basin, Central Brazil. It drains areas covered by Cerrado vegetation interspersed with urban and agricultural areas. This study aims to asses changes of the fish assembleges structure along a undisturbed-impacted gradient in ten stream stretches using ecological descriptors, a similarity index and the abundance-biomass relationship (ABC curves). The fish were collected during the dry period using electrofishing gear in stretches of 50 m. Results show that the environmental variation observed along the undisturbed-impacted gradient considered influences on fish assemblage structure. Both richness and diversity differences between fish assemblages are partially influenced by stream stretch orthonian order and anthropogenic impacts. ABC curves classified six stream stretches located in preserved or impacted areas as undisturbed while four stretches were classified as disturbed. This is attributed to the influence of the undisturbed habitat within the conservation unit and the presence of K- or r- strategist species. This type of study contributes to an understanding of the effects of aquatic environment conservation on the Brazilian Cerrado core area, where the choice of conservation areas prioritizes terrestrial over aquatic aspects.
Fish assemblage in a dammed tropical river: an analysis along the longitudinal and temporal gradients from river to reservoir
Authors: Terra Bianca de Freitas , Santos Alex Braz Iacone dos , Araújo Francisco Gerson
Published: April 2011

We analysed changes in the fish assemblage structure along a longitudinal gradient of the Paraíba do Sul River and Funil Reservoir. We tested the hypothesis that shifts from lotic to lentic environment affect the richness and structure of the assemblage which are modulated by seasonal rainfall changes. Standardised monthly samplings were carried out from October 2006 to September 2007 in four zones: 1) river upstream from the reservoir; 2) upper part of the reservoir; 3) lower part of the reservoir, and 4) river downstream from the reservoir. Fishes were caught using gillnets deployed for 15 hours. We collected a total of 4550 specimens, representing 35 species and 5 orders. The highest richness and diversity were recorded in zone 2, the transitional zone between river and reservoir. In this ecotone, lotic and lentic species overlap. Greater abundance and biomass was recorded in the river upstream from the reservoir (zone 1); however, there are no differences between the zones in the structure of assemblages during the wet season. During the dry season, the assemblage structure is more differentiated between zones, although no differences in abundance and biomass occur. The seasonal flow of the river is the major driving factor to influence the fish assemblage structure along the longitudinal gradient from the river to the reservoir.
Bunocephalus erondinae, a new species of banjo catfish from southern Brazil (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae)
Authors: Cardoso Alexandre R.
Published: April 2011

Bunocephalus erondinae, a new species of banjo catfish is described from the laguna dos Patos system, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The new species differs from its congeners by the bony epiphyseal bar very wide (vs. narrow). Bunocephalus erondinae is externally most similar to Bunocephalus doriae (rio Uruguay and rio Paraná-Paraguay basins), however, differs from this species by the following characters: the bony epiphyseal bar very wide (vs. narrow); metapterygoid round, width is equal the height (vs. metapterygoid elongate, width lesser than half of height), well developed lamina in the hypohyal and anterior ceratohyal bones (vs. little developed or absent), 32 vertebrae (vs. 34-35), first procurrent caudal-fin rays well developed (vs. vestigial), vertebral parapophysis 5 distally expanded, shaped like an axe (vs. not expanded).
Description of Neblinichthys brevibracchium and N. echinasus from the upper Mazaruni River, Guyana (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), and recognition of N. roraima and N. yaravi as distinct species
Authors: Taphorn Donald C. , Armbruster Jonathan W. , López-Fernández Hernán , Bernard Calvin R.
Published: April 2011

Neblinichthys brevibracchium and N. echinasus are new sympatric species from upland tributaries of the Mazaruni River (Essequibo River basin) of Guyana. These two new species are the first Neblinichthys reported from Guyana. Adult males of both new species have short pectoral-fin spines and several series of hypertrophied odontodes covering the entire dorsal surface and along the entire edge of the snout. They are distinguished from each other by dorsal-fin base length/standard length (18.1-22.8% in N. brevibracchium vs. 24.3-27.0% in N. echinasus), dorsal-anal distance/SL (13.7-18.3% in N. brevibracchium vs. 11.9-12.5% in N. echinasus), by having the snout decreasing in steep arc just anterior to eyes and then flattening in area anterior of nares in N. brevibracchium vs. the snout tapering shallowly and continuously from eyes to snout tip in N. echinasus); and by having the adpressed dorsal fin reaching the anterior preadipose plate in N. brevibracchium (vs. not reaching anterior preadipose plate in N. echinasus). They are distinguished from all congeners by lacking odontodes on the opercle (vs. odontodes present); and by completely lacking an iris operculum (vs. congeners with small iris operculum present or at least dorsal portion of iris flat instead of rounded). Neblinichthys echinasus and N. brevibracchium differ from all congeners by having a spotted or vermiculated pigment pattern on the abdomen (vs. abdomen plain); in N. echinasus the abdomen is darkly pigmented with bold white spots and in Neblinichthys brevibracchium the abdomen is light-colored with gray spots and vermiculations. Neblinichthys brevibracchium and N. echinasus differ from N. roraima by having one to two preadipose plates (vs. four or more). New observations revealed Neblinichthys roraima and N. yaravi to be distinct, with N. roraima having four or more preadipose plates and N. yaravi having one or two. Both are present in the upper río Caroní, an Orinoco tributary that drains the slopes of Mount Roraima and other mountains of the Pacaraima Range in Venezuela and interdigitates with headwaters of the Mazaruni River.
Intertidal life: field observations on the clingfish Gobiesox barbatulus in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Pires Tiago H. S , Gibran Fernando Z
Published: April 2011

The clingfish Gobiesox barbatulus shows nocturnal feeding activity, spending most part of the day stationary and adhered to the inferior part of stones. To feed, this species uses the sit-and-wait and particulate feeding tactics. It shows a carnivorous feeding habit mostly consuming small benthic crustaceans. It can move in two ways: (1) "stone-by-stone", sliding its ventral sucker disc across each stone and (2) "surf", when it takes advantage of the energy of the ebbing tide to quickly cross a distance up to four times its body length. Its reproductive season occurs between the end of spring and the beginning of summer, during which time it lays about 2,000 adhesive eggs of 1 mm each in a single layer under stones. It has more than one egg-laying session per reproductive season, therefore showing several different developmental stages. It performs fanning, mouthing and guarding of the eggs as forms of parental care. Data shown here also indicates that G. barbatulus has some shelter fidelity, being probably territorial.
Karyotype variability in neotropical catfishes of the family Pimelodidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)
Authors: Moraes Neto Américo , Silva Maelin da , Matoso Daniele Aparecida , Vicari Marcelo Ricardo , Almeida Mara Cristina de , Collares-Pereira Maria João , Artoni Roberto Ferreira
Published: April 2011

Karyotypic data are presented for four species of fish belonging to the Pimelodidae family. These species show a conserved diploid number, 2n = 56 chromosomes, with different karyotypic formulae. The analyzed species showed little amount of heterochromatin located preferentially in the centromeric and telomeric regions of some chromosomes. The nucleolus organizer regions activity (Ag-NORs) and the chromosomal location of ribosomal genes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), with 18S and 5S probes, showing only one chromosome pair marked bearer of ribosomal genes, the only exception was Pimelodus britskii that presented multiple NORs and syntenic location of the 18S and 5S probes. Non-Robertsonian events, as pericentric inversion and NORs duplication are requested to explain the karyotype diversification in Pseudoplatystoma from the rio Paraguay (MS), Pimelodus from the rio Iguaçu (PR), Sorubim from the rio Paraguay (MS) and Steindachneridion from the rio Paraíba do Sul (SP). The obtained data for the karyotype macrostructure of these species corroborates a conserved pattern observed in Pimelodidae. On the other hand, interspecific variations detected by molecular cytogenetics markers made possible cytotaxonomic inferences and differentiation of the species here analyzed.
Trophic interactions among sympatric zooplanktivorous fish species in volume change conditions in a large, shallow, tropical lake
Authors: Moncayo-Estrada Rodrigo , Lind Owen T , Escalera-Gallardo Carlos
Published: April 2011

Significant reductions in the water volume of shallow lakes impose a restriction on species segregation promoting more interactions in the trophic relationships. The diets of three closely related zooplanktivorous silversides belonging to the Atherinopsidae species flock of lake Chapala , Mexico, were analyzed at two sites (Chirostoma jordani, C. labarcae, and C. consocium). Diets were described in critical shallow (August 2000) and volume recovery conditions (August 2005). Diets included mainly cladocerans (Bosmina, Ceriodaphnia, and Daphnia) and copepods (Cyclops). A significant difference in diets was detected when comparing years (MRPP analysis, A = 0.22, p < 0.0001) and sites at different years (MRPP analysis, A = 0.17, p = 0.004). According to niche breadth mean values, species were classified as specialized and intermediate feeders. In shallow conditions, the small range of niche breadth (1.72 to 3.64) and high diet overlap values (D = 0.64, L = 8.62) indicated a high potential for interspecific exploitative interaction. When the lake volume recovered, an increase in the niche breadth range (1.04 to 4.96) and low niche overlap values (D = 0.53, L = 2.32) indicated a reduction of the species interaction. The Mann-Whitney U-test supported this pattern by showing a significant difference between years for niche overlap (p = 0.006). The increased interaction during the low volume suggests alternative segregation in life-history variations and other niche dimensions such as spatial or temporal distribution.
Survival, growth and metabolic parameters of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles exposed to different waterborne nitrite levels
Authors: Lima Ronaldo L. de , Braun Neiva , Kochhann Daiani , Lazzari Rafael , Radünz Neto João , Moraes Bibiana S. , Loro Vania L. , Baldisserotto Bernardo
Published: April 2011

High nitrite (NO2-) levels may develop in aquaculture systems due to high fish density, but studies of lethal concentration values and the effect of NO2- on metabolic parameters and growth are scarce. Consequently, in this study was verified the lethal concentration at 96 h (LC50-96h) for (NO2-) in juvenile silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen and the effect of four waterborne NO2- concentrations (0.06, 0.46, 1.19, and 1.52 mg.L-1) on growth, and hepatic and muscular lactate, glucose, glycogen and protein. Nitrite LC50-96h was 20.46 (confidence interval: 16.10-23.68) mg.L-1. In the growth experiment, exposure to NO2- did not affect weight, length or specific growth rate, but due to mortality (66.7% and 100% after 20 and 40 days, respectively), biomass of juveniles exposed to 1.52 mg.L-1 NO2- was significantly lower than the biomass of juveniles exposed to other treatments. Therefore, the safe level of nitrite for growth of silver catfish juveniles is below 1.19 mg.L-1 (2% of LC50-96h). Exposure of silver catfish to NO2- for 40 days reduced lactate levels in muscle, but lactate levels increased in liver tissue of fish maintained at 1.19 mg.L-1 NO2-. In addition, glucose levels in muscle and liver tissues were significantly lower in silver catfish exposed to the highest NO2- level. These results indicate that chronic NO2- exposure causes anaerobic substrate oxidation to meet energy demand.
Karyotype characterization of Mugil incilis Hancock, 1830 (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae), including a description of an unusual co-localization of major and minor ribosomal genes in the family
Authors: Hett Anne Kathrin , Nirchio Mauro , Oliveira Claudio , Siccha Zoila Raquel , Rossi Anna Rita , Sola Luciana
Published: April 2011

This study reports the description of the karyotype of Mugil incilis from Venezuela. The chromosome complement is composed of 48 acrocentric chromosomes, which uniformly decrease in size. Therefore, the homologues can not be clearly identified, with the exception of one of the largest chromosome pairs, classified as number 1, whose homologues may show a subcentromeric secondary constriction, and of chromosome pair number 24, which is considerably smaller than the others. C-banding showed heterochromatic blocks at the centromeric/pericentromeric regions of all chromosomes, which were more conspicuous on chromosomes 1, given the C-positive signals include the secondary constrictions. AgNO3 and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 45S rDNA demonstrated that the nucleolus organizer regions are indeed located on the secondary constrictions of chromosome pair number 1. FISH with 5S rDNA revealed that the minor ribosomal genes are located on this same chromosome pair, near the NORs, though signals are closer to the centromeres and of smaller size, compared to those of the major ribosomal gene clusters. This is the first description of co-localization of major and minor ribosomal genes in the family. Data are discussed from a cytotaxonomic and phylogenetic perspective.
Diet and feeding strategy of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil
Authors: Condini Mario V. , Seyboth Elisa , Vieira João P. , Garcia Alexandre M.
Published: April 2011

The dusky grouper (Mycteroperca marginata) is a marine species usually associated with rocky bottoms and reefs. The present work investigated the diet and feeding strategy of a dusky grouper population inhabiting a 4.5 km long pair of rocky jetties located in the mouth of Patos Lagoon estuary. No prior research has been conducted in such man-made habitat and the current study provides a basis for comparative studies on the diet of the dusky grouper populations inhabiting natural vs. man-made rocky habitats. Similarly with previous studies on natural substrates, crabs and fishes were the main food categories consumed (%IRI = 85.1 and %IRI = 12.6, respectively), whereas shrimps and mollusks had lower importance in the diet (%IRI = 1.9 and 0.4, respectively). As previously reported for dusky grouper populations inhabiting reefs and rocky bottoms, the present work revealed conspicuous size related dietary shifts. Blue crabs and fishes become increasingly important food items in the diet of larger individuals (> 500 mm, TL). Finally, it was found that the studied dusky population has a generalist feeding strategy with a high between-individual variation in prey consumption. Such strategy remained similar across the size increment of the species. Our findings suggest that man-made rocky substrates provide suitable feeding grounds for the dusky grouper in southern Brazil and could be used as an additional tool in the conservation efforts of this endangered species.
Temporal variation in fish composition and abundance in a perennial tributary of the rio Paraguaçu, a little-known drainage in the Brazilian semi-arid region
Authors: Santos Alexandre Clistenes de A. , Caramaschi Érica P.
Published: April 2011

The rio Santo Antônio is a perennial lowland stream in the Brazilian semi-arid region, and is the main tributary of the upper rio Paraguaçu, an important drainage of the Chapada Diamantina. The temporal variation of the fish composition and abundance in a stretch of the middle course of the river was evaluated. Sampling was carried out monthly between August 1998 and July 1999, using standardized gear and techniques. Data on water and air temperature, water transparency, maximum and mean depth, width and area of the channel, and flow were recorded on each fish sampling occasion. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were employed in order to detect significant temporal differences in environmental parameters and fish abundance. Temperature, transparency and channel depth drove opposite tendencies between the dry and rainy months. The fish community richness (32) and composition did not change between these periods, but large fish caught with gillnets were more abundant in the rainy months. We conclude that the undramatic disturbance in the hydrological stream conditions between the dry and rainy periods led to weak responses of the fish assemblage. Long-term monitoring would be necessary, however, to assess the real persistence of the fish community structure in this perennial stream.
Refounding Political Governance: The Metaphysics of Public Administration
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

Refounding Political Governance: The Metaphysics of Public Administration points to a possible paradigm shift in the way Anglo-American Public Administration should be understood and analyzed. The book presents a unique approach to the analysis of power, leadership and management in Public Administration. The central theme is that humans make organizations in their own image and these organizations, in turn, are a product of the way humans think and act. The book extrapolates from historical philosophy and personality typologies to explain the dynamics and evolution of Public Administration. With the philosophical framework and approach clearly explained, the book provides a critique of current practice and recommends what is required to re-invent Public Administration, rather than New Public Management, in Anglo-American contexts.

The book explains a new, more complex, and more useful, understanding of the dynamics of contemporary US Public Administration situated within the American Constitution. This book is ground-breaking and should be useful in all graduate Public Administration courses and professionals in the field of Public Administration.
Introduction
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

An introduction is provided to the triadic metaphor of the mind, its depth and its breadth of
applicability. A new concept of menetypes is introduced as being based on the triadic conception of human
thinking, defined by three psychic levels of abstraction that are enveloped by a conception of the transcendent
other. The methodology explains how the triadic conceptual framework gives birth to the JEWAL Synthesis
theory of governance - JEWAL being an acronym to signify a synthesis of particular aspects of Eastern
philosophical psychology, Western philosophy and depth psychology.
The JEWAL Synthesis Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The triadic structure of human knowing is introduced with reference to its historical roots, particularly
as captured in Neo-Platonist philosophy. The hierarchical conception of the triadic structure of knowing and the
significance of movements of development and regression within that hierarchy are explained. The
comprehensive levels of the triadic formwork of human knowing are expounded and correlated to the well-known
Enneagram typology.
The JEWAL Theory of Governance
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

Governance is defined and expressed in terms of the espoused basic laws of menetypes, used to help
understand cultural constructs within society. The basic triadic structure and the nature of the movement within
that structure are important and are used to explain successful development in governance structures or their
decline. The formwork explains how the central goal orientation of a governance structure defines particular
strengths and limitations which, in turn, define the most effective approach to organizational learning within its
governance structure.
Validation in the Literature
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

Three key examples are provided on how historical philosophical thinkers explained governance in terms
of the triadic structure. The essence of the triadic structure is found in Montesquieu's (1952/1748) forms of
government differentiated as monarchical, republic and despotic rule and his explanation of governance structures in
terms of the executive, judiciary and legislative powers. The triadic spirit is also found in Weber's (1947) depiction
of charismatic, bureaucratic and traditional expressions of authority. The third example is found in Mooney's (1947)
explanation of organization as comprising the operation of coordinative, functional and scalar principles.
Governance in Society
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The triadic framework is used to explain how American society, for example, is understood in terms of
its economic activity, its social activity and its political activity. Then, on the more detailed level of triadic
thinking, the economic sphere is explained in terms of consumption activity, production activity and market
exchange that define the nature of that activity. The social sphere is explained within the triadic formwork by
living standards, associative arrangements and the community's aesthetic life. The third political sphere is
explained essentially in terms of Montesquieu's (1952/1748) powers of the executive, the judiciary and the
legislature.
Public Administration and Government Decision Making
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

A key insight is that the dichotomy of policy and administration is really a trichotomy of
entrepreneurship, administration and politics. Public administration operates as a bridge between government and
the public in the process of policy development and delivery. Rather than being the core of modern government,
public administration is the faithful servant. Public administration has been significantly affected by the transition
from the societal, managerialist to politicist orientation and needs to effect an appropriate adjustment.
Public Administration as a Vocation
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The worthwhile pursuit of public administration as a vocation is discussed in terms of the Blacksburg
Manifesto's (Wamsley, 1990a) call to arms and Weber's (1947) ethics of personal behaviour for public
administrators. The question of who is more likely to be called to a vocation of public administration is
addressed. Finally, just how the public administration can go about cultivating a true sense of administrative
service is discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The metaphor of the mind, as expressed in the JEWAL Synthesis formwork of knowing, brings together
the wisdom of Eastern philosophical psychology, Western philosophical tradition and depth psychology. The
book's discussion establishes that the structure of human thinking can be usefully understood as founded on three
degrees of abstraction - namely, the concrete, the imaginative and the prescinded. Secondly, the cognitive
movements within and between the triads of abstract thinking explain the process of human motivation,
interaction and growth through learning. Thirdly, the triadic-structured metaphor of the mind helps give new
meaning to a number of long-standing polemics in relation to public administration, to present an insightful
analysis of governance in modern, Western society.
References
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

Full Text Available
Refounding Corporate Governance: The Metaphysics of Corporate Leadership
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

Refounding Corporate Governance: The Metaphysics of Corporate Leadership is a deconstructive tour-de-force and leads the reader to an understanding of the further evolution of corporate governance in considered ways and brings them together in a coherent and understandable way. This book looks at the role of the individual in the organization and allows readers to reflect on their own role and interaction within their organization. It focuses particularly on leaders, managers and corporate board members and on how power and leadership in the corporation are operating now. The volume also looks comparatively at the governance dynamics of other organizations, such as the Catholic Church and Universities.

The book provides an in-depth look at the way society's organizations operate in the most important spheres of society and, in so doing, presents a comprehensive understanding of governance. The book should prove to be very useful for scholars and professionals interested in management theory and organizational leadership studies.
Introduction
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

An introduction is provided to the triadic metaphor of the mind, its depth and its breadth of
applicability. A new concept of menetypes is introduced as being based on the triadic conception of human
thinking which, essentially is defined by three psychic levels of abstraction that are enveloped by a conception of
the transcendent other. This book explains corporate leadership in terms of the triadic metaphor of the mind
encapsulated in the JEWAL Synthesis theory of menetypes - JEWAL being an acronym to signify a synthesis of
particular aspects of Eastern philosophical psychology Western philosophy and depth psychology.
Governance in Society
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The triadic framework is used to explain how American society, for example, is understood in terms of
its economic activity, its social activity and its political activity. This book focuses mainly on organizations that
are in the economic sphere, which is explained in terms of the triadic formwork by consumption activity,
production activity and associated market-exchange activity. The social sphere is explained within the triadic
formwork by living standards, associative arrangements and the community's aesthetic life, and organizations in
this sphere are discussed in Chapter 10. The third political sphere is explained essentially in terms of
Montesquieu's (1952/1748) powers of the executive, the judiciary and the legislature – organizations in this
sphere are discussed in more detail in the authors companion book on Refounding Political Governance: The
Metaphysics of Public Administration.
Governance in Organization
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The concept of organization is defined and explained in terms of the triadic hierarchy of participating
individuals, organizational culture and organizational authority. The participant sphere of activity is explained in
terms of the more detailed triadic hierarchy of the individual's role, the individual's personal character and
personal commitment. The organization's culture sphere of activity is explained in terms of its explicit
formulation, its implicit understandings and the decision-making processes encapsulated within it. The authority
sphere of an organization is explained in terms of leadership, management and political power which echo
Weber's (1947) conception of the dynamics of organizational power.
Capitalism to Managerialism(Consciously Harnessing the Power Elite)
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The movement from the feudal society to the era of the entrepreneur and the subsequent evolution to
managerialism has been well documented over past decades. A discussion of the significance of Mills' (1956)
power elite is used to identify the more recent movement from managerialism to the politicization of corporate
decision making. It is argued that in this new age of corporate politicism, the preparation of potential leaders
should have a focus on broader societal and political viewpoints as opposed to inward-directed management of
organizational behavior.
Decision-Making in Capitalist Society
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The trends in decision making in the modern capitalist society are discussed to analyse the evolving
nature of organizational learning. The question of whether capitalism is in ascendancy or decline is discussed in
terms of the observed movement between the economic, social and political spheres of society. Finally, the
chapter discusses the nature of learning by both groups and individuals in the age of politicism, concluding that
the higher educational sector has an even more important role to assist the organization and its managers in new
ways of operating and learning.
Corporate Culture and Decision Making
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The triadic structure of group knowing and decision making is used to analyse the adequacy of
corporate boards' decision-making processes. The more formal corporate processes suggested by this analysis
requires a higher commitment of time and cognitive energy by corporate directors. There follows a discussion of
the impact of the shift from managerialism to politicism on the way people throughout the organization see how
things should be done and the way the informal organization is prevailing over the formal hierarchy. The
changing focus of stakeholders is analysed through a discussion of the hierarchies of external, internal and
authority stakeholders of a corporation, leading to the conclusion that greater recognition needs to be given to the
political nature of the corporate, decision-making process.
Corporate Governance and the Individual
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

In exploring key concepts from Hirschman's (1970) Exit, Voice and Loyalty, an analysis of the actions
of corporate executive members is provided in terms of their external role, their internal character and their
resultant personal commitment. Their external roles are further examined in terms of their shared vision,
hierarchical duties and their commitment to values. Their internal characters are further examined in terms of
their personal will, logical thinking and feeling assessment. Their personal commitment is further explained in
terms of their cognitive commitment to new initiatives, the internal process and their political stance in the
corporation.
The Governance of Universities
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The university is the third organization from the social sphere analysed from the triadic viewpoint. The
university's contribution to the overall "good" of society is analysed in terms of its commitment to skills formation,
knowledge formation and the individual's commitment formation. The individual's personal knowledge is discussed
in terms of explicit knowledge, implicit knowledge and personal judgment. There follows an analysis of the
challenges facing universities in a society that has moved from a managerialist mindset, which is a very supportive
orientation, to a politicist mindset which can be threatening to the core values of the university.
Conclusion
Authors: Cutting Bruce , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: April 2011

The metaphor of the mind as expressed in the JEWAL Synthesis formwork of knowing brings together
the wisdom of Eastern philosophical psychology, Western philosophy and depth psychology. The propounded
triadic, hierarchical formwork enables an incisive analysis of the way organizations are structured, governed and
operated and helps give new meaning to a number of long-standing management polemics in relation to
American organizations. The analysis in this book has focused mainly on the American corporation which
operates in the economic sphere of society and concludes that changes are needed to reflect the cultural transition
that has taken place from a managerialist orientation to a politicist one. Organizations in the social sphere of
society are particularly challenged by this cultural shift and some insights are discussed on how the universities
should address the particular challenges they are facing. Overall, this book provides a new way of looking at
current governance issues that challenge modern organizations.
Correlation analysis of IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of N-alkyl and N-cycloalkyl cyanoacetamides
Authors: Marinkovic Aleksandar , Nedeljkovic Jelena , Mijin Dusan , Ilic Natasa , Petrovic Slobodan
Published: April 2011

Linear free energy relationships (LFER) were applied to the IR, 1H and 13C
NMR spectral data in Nalkyl and N-cycloalkyl cyanoacetamides. N-alkyl and
N-cycloalkyl cyanocetamides were synthesized from corresponding amine and
ethyl cyanoacetate. A number of substituents were employed for alkyl
substitution, and fairly good correlations were obtained, using simple
Hammett equation. In N-alkyl and N-cycloalkyl cyanoacetamides substituent
cause SCS of N-H hydrogen primarily by steric interaction, polar subtituent
effect influences SCS shift of C=O carbon, while steric effect of N-alkyl
substituent causes IR stretching frequencies of N-H, C=O and CN group. The
conformations of investigated compounds have been studied by the use of
semiempirical PM6 method, and together with LFER analysis, give a better
insight into the influence of such a structure on the transmission of
electronic substituent effects. Negative ? values for several correlations
(reverse substituent effect) were found.
Milk amyloid A and selected serum proteins in cows suffering from mastitis
Authors: Kováč Gabriel , Tóthová Csilla , Nagy Oskar , Seidel Herbert
Published: April 2011

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis on the concentrations of mammary associated isotype of serum amyloid A (M-SAA) in milk samples, as well as on the concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and some other biochemical variables in blood serum of dairy cows (n = 41). The concentrations of aforementioned variables were measured in 4 groups of cows divided according to the results of the clinical examination of the udder and to the results of California Mastitis Test (CMT): group 1 – cows without clinical changes on the mammary gland and with negative CMT, group 2 – cows without clinical changes on the mammary gland and with weakly positive CMT, group 3 – cows without clinical changes on the mammary gland and with strongly positive CMT and group 4 – cows with clinical changes on the mammary gland and changes in milk appearance. The concentrations of M-SAA were analyzed also in 145 quarter’s milk samples which were categorized according to the same criteria as cows used in the study. By the evaluation of M-SAA concentrations in composite milk samples we found significantly the highest mean value in cows with clinical signs of mastitis. Similar findings were recorded in the M-SAA concentrations in quarter’s milk samples. Moreover, higher concentrations of M-SAA were found also in samples from mammary quarters without clinical changes and positive CMT. The analyses of Hp and SAA concentrations showed a trend of higher values in cows with clinical mastitis. The lowest mean concentration of albumin we found in cows with clinical signs of mastitis. Our results indicate elevated production of M-SAA in cows with clinical changes on mammary gland, and suggest the usefulness of this indicator also in the diagnosing of sub-clinical mastitis.
Cells of the skin immune system in dogs with atopy
Authors: Czogala Joanna M. , Marycz Krzysztof , Kuryszko Jan J. , Zawadzki Marcin
Published: April 2011

Twenty-five dogs with signs of atopic dermatitis were included in this study. Additionally, 10 healthy dogs were chosen as healthy skin controls. Skin biopsy specimens were taken from these dogs and evaluated for the following cells: basal cell layer including the number of mitotic figures in this layer, spinous cell layer, macrophages, melanocytes, mast cells and dendritic cells. Identification of mast cells and dendritic cells was performed by means of immunohistochemistry. Histological and statistical investigations showed that the number of mitotic figures in the basal cell layer as well as the number of mast cells, melanocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages was significantly higher in the skin of dogs with atopic dermatitis compared to the healthy dogs (p< 0.01). This finding indicates multilateral quantitative activation within the cellular elements of the skin immune system. Furthermore, marked morphological heterogeneity and distinct degranulation patterns observed among mast cells in atopic skin points to their significant functional activation and confirms that canine atopic dermatitis is still notably a mast cell-dependent disease.