bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Singleness: A Phenomenological Study of Single Women in Beijing and Singapore
Authors: Ang Chin-Siang , Lee Kam-Fong , Lie Xinyi
Published: April 2021

The aim of this phenomenological study was to gain a better understanding in the lives of single women by exploring their thoughts and experiences of being single. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews of a group of six well-educated, ethnic Chinese single women aged between 30 and 45 living in Beijing and Singapore. Transcribed interviews were analysed through reading and rereading and culling for like phrases and themes that are then grouped to form clusters of meaning. Through this process, we found four salient themes: (a) the women had equivocal feelings over the reasons they were single; (b) they recognized the advantages, disadvantages, and ambivalence of singlehood; (c) they took a pragmatic approach towards their singleness; and (d) they coped singleness with various practical strategies. Implications related to clinical practice and areas of further research are discussed.
A Review of The Phenomenological Heart of Teaching and Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice in Higher Education
Authors: DeHart Jason
Published: April 2021

This review of The Phenomenological Heart of Teaching and Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice in Higher Education focuses on the organization, strengths, and weaknesses of a newly-published qualitative research text that also serves as a guide for teachers who wish to improve their practice. The case study nature of the text is explored, as well as the contributions of the text’s authors. The book is most notable as a text that draws on the rich history of Merleau-Ponty and seeks to consider classroom instruction in higher education in light of phenomenological tenets.
PAKISTAN'S RELATIONS WITH GERMANY: A HISTORICAL STUDY
Authors:   Institute of Business & Technology, Karachi., Mirza Muhammad Mansoor
Published: April 2021

Purpose-The study has been conducted with the core objective to overview and understand Pakistan's bilateral relations with Federal Republic of Germany and impacts of these cordial relations. The paper first focuses on the learned by Germans from mistakes of "The Third Reich" (NAZI Dictatorship) and strategies of reconstruction, rehabilitation and reconciliation in post-world war II period that paved ways to German unification and led Germany to secure position as a leading economy, contrary to German case we have to figure out the mistakes and lapses that undermined all major institutions of Pakistan, derailed economy and took Pakistan to state of chaos. Methodology/Sample- A survey was conducted to analyze three relations. First "Can Pakistan learn lesson from Germany as they have moved from devastation to development?" Second "Is there any awareness about importance of our relations with Germany among youth?" Third "Is it right to say that Pakistan can benefit much more if serious efforts are made to further improve the ties with Germany especially in case of trade, energy crises and industrial infrastructure?" 100 students were selected as sample with 100% response rate. Findings-According to our survey overall rate of awareness among youth on Pakistan's relations with Germany resulted approximately 37%. Approximately 80% suggested acquiring German assistance to enhance trace and resolving energy crises. Approximately 60% suggested that Pakistan's relations with Germany should be highlighted in popular media equally as our relations with the U.S or Britain. Contrary to Germany in case of Pakistan alternating spells of military dictatorship, military dominant foreign policy, confrontation with neighbors and preference of security over education, healthcare and development along with corruption are resulted to be prominent factors that have undermined Pakistan's political, social and economic systems.
Öffentliche Verschuldung (finanz-)psychologisch betrachtet
Authors: Döring Thomas
Published: April 2021

Die öffentliche Verschuldung gilt aus ökonomischer Sicht als ein ebenso bedeutsames wie problematisches Finanzierungsinstrument des Staates. Diese Einsicht speist sich nicht allein aus den Staatsschuldenkrisen eines Teils der Mitgliedsstaaten des Europäischen Währungsraums infolge der jüngsten Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise 2008/2009. Vielmehr handelt es sich bei diesen Krisen um ein historisch wiederkehrendes Phänomen, von dem auch andere Länder innerhalb und außerhalb Europas betroffen waren und sind. Blickt man allein auf solche Krisen, übersieht man leicht, dass die Finanzierung des Staates mittels Schuldaufnahme etwas Alltägliches darstellt. Mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, wie sich die in den ausgewiesenen Daten widerspiegelnde Nutzung des staatlichen Verschuldungsinstruments ökonomisch erklären lässt. Zu diesem Zweck wer-den zunächst in knapper Form die bekannten finanzwissenschaftlichen Begründungen der öffentlichen Schuldaufnahme einschließlich der bestehenden politökonomischen Erklärungsversuche des zeitlichen Entwicklungsverlaufs der Staatsverschuldung dargestellt (Kapitel 2). Dieser Überblick bildet zugleich den Ausgangspunkt, um in einem weiteren Schritt danach zu fragen, welche zusätzlichen Erkenntnisse zum staatlichen Verschuldungsverhalten sich aus einer Berücksichtigung von psychologischen Überlegungen, wie sie sowohl im Rahmen der Steuer- und Finanzpsychologie als auch in neueren Ansätzen der Verhaltensökonomik formuliert werden, gewinnen lassen (Kapitel 3). Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei das Phänomen der Schuldenillusion, seine verschiedenen Varianten, aber auch damit im Zusammenhang stehende Reizschwellen- und Reaktanz-Effekte, Wahrnehmungsverzerrungen sowie fehlende Lernprozesse auf Seiten der Bürger ebenso wie ein möglicher kognitiver Kontrollverlust bei den Regierungsakteuren. Daran anknüpfend werden abschließend einige finanzpolitische Schlussfolgerungen zur Begrenzung der öffentlichen Verschuldung abgeleitet (Kapitel 4).
SYNTHESIS OF SUCROSE ESTERS WITH STEARIC, PALMITIC AND OLEIC ACIDS
Authors: Grigoryan G.S. , Malkhassyan A.Ts.
Published: April 2021

The esterification of sucrose with stearic, palmitic and oleic acids yields the corresponding esters. Effective methods have been developed for carrying out the esterification reaction at temperatures of 150–170℃ in high-boiling aprotic dipolar solvents.
Editorial
Authors: Albuquerque Helder Neves de
Published: April 2021

Editorial
AS IMAGENS DO EU E DO OUTRO (ESTRANGEIRO) EM ASTERIX
Authors: Vasconcelos Silvia Ines Coneglian Carrilho de
Published: April 2021

Asterix, a personagem central da famosa História em Quadrinhos francesa de Goscinny e Uderzo, juntamente com as personagens Obelix, Paronamix, Idéiafix, entre outros, podem ser considerados como representantes de uma “francesidade” discursivo-identitária. Dos enunciados verbais e das representações imagéticas da história em quadrinhos é possível evidenciar relações de poder e projeção de imagens de gauleses (o eu) e, por extensão, os franceses, bem como de romanos e, por extensão, qualquer não-francês (o outro, o estrangeiro). Nosso objetivo neste texto é apresentar uma análise discursiva, na perspectiva da Análise do Discurso francesa, das representações imaginárias do eu e do outro na referida HQ. A partir da análise empreendida é possível indicar a positivação da imagem do(s) EU(s), como os gauleses (leia-se os franceses) e a negativação da imagem do(s) OUTRO(s), como os romanos (leia-se o estrangeiro).
The terms "Uzbek" and "Uzbekistan" are used in written sources
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies, Kamoliddin Shamsiddin
Published: April 2021

The article discusses the use of the term “Uzbek” and the toponym “Uzbekistan” in medieval written sources. The name Uzbek is first encountered in the sources of the 12th century; this name was borne by some of the Turkic rulers of the Near and Middle East. The origin of the toponym Uzbekistan is associated with the name of the ruler of the Golden Horde, Uzbekkhan. In the fourteenth century. the name of Uzbekistan was understood as the Golden Horde. In the fifteenth century. after the collapse of the Golden Horde into several khanates, the name Uzbekistan was attached to the Uzbek Ulus, i.e. the state of nomadic Uzbeks, formed in the eastern part of the Golden Horde. From the beginning. XVI century the toponym Uzbekistan began to be applied to the whole of Central Asia, on the territory of which the state of the Shaybanids was formed. This name was used as a synonym for the place names Turan and Turkestan up to 1865, when Central Asia was conquered by the Russian Empire. Based on these data, we have every reason to believe that the toponym Uzbekistan, used for 365 years (from the beginning of the 16th century to 1965) in relation to the whole of Central Asia, was one of the historical names of the region.
Behavioural Science Principles for Enhancing Adherence to Public Health Measures
Authors: Desveaux Laura , Mosher Rhiannon , Buchan Judy L. , Burns Rachel , Corace Kimberly M. , Evans Gerald A. , Fabrigar Leandre R. , Schwartz Brian , Stall Nathan M. , Weeransinghe Ashini , Presseau Justin
Published: April 2021

The science of getting people to start something new is different from the science of getting them to continue positive behaviours. Amid rising rates of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, Ontario needs a refreshed approach to maintaining and enhancing adherence to public health measures. Promising strategies to increase effective masking and physical distancing include persuasion, enablement, modelling the behaviour, and clear education.
Hidrólise ácida de jornal para a produção de açúcares fermentescíveis e energia
Authors: Gambarato Bruno Chaboli , Silva de Moraes Sarah Evellin , Gomes Nayra Cardoso , Dantas Bruno Silva , Do Carmo Anderson Luiz
Published: April 2021

Neste trabalho, foi realizada a hidrólise ácida de papel jornal com o objetivo de produzir açúcares fermentescíveis, principalmente glicose e xilose. As reações de hidrólise se processaram a 121º C, utilizando H2SO4 2,59% m/m nos tempos de 15 a 120 min. Verificou-se que a hidrólise dos polissacarídeos ocorre segundo uma reação de pseudoprimeira ordem com constante de velocidade k = 0,0168 min-1 e que, em 60 min, a concentração de açúcares no hidrolisado atinge o seu valor ótimo. Após este tempo, ocorrem reações de formação de compostos de desidratação, que atuam como inibidores de fermentação e são, portanto, inviáveis ao processo. Foi verificado ainda, por Espectrometria de Infravermelho e por Análise Elementar CHNS/O que o resíduo sólido da hidrólise é principalmente lignina e polissacarídeos não hidrolisados e apresenta poder calorífico superior de 23 kJ.g-1. Por fim, verificou-se que a partir de 1 kg de jornal, podem ser produzidos 341,3 g de açúcares fermentescíveis e 4,51 MJ de energia.
Análise dos rótulos de suplementos proteicos para atletas segundo as normas brasileiras em vigência
Authors: Leite Vanessa Cristina Corrêa , De Souza Elton Bicalho , Neves Alden Dos Santos , Saron Margareth Lopes Galvão , Mallet Aline Cristina Teixeira , Oliveira Cyntia Ferreira de
Published: April 2021

Os rótulos são canais de comunicação entre o consumidor e o fabricante, onde devem fornecer informações verdadeiras e legíveis sobre o produto. No que cerceia o controle sanitário, rotulagem e as características mínimas de qualidade, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) estabeleceu exigências presentes na Resolução n° 18, de 27 de abril de 2010, que devem ser cumpridas pelos fabricantes de ergogênicos nutricionais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, segundo parâmetros regulamentares da ANVISA, os rótulos de suplementos proteicos para atletas. O estudo foi do tipo observacional, descritivo e quantitativo, realizado em uma loja de suplementos localizada em Volta Redonda, RJ. Os suplementos selecionados foram de acordo com a disponibilidade da mesma. Avaliou-se os rótulos de acordo com a RDC nº 18 (BRASIL, 2010). Dos 24 produtos avaliados, 75% continham não conformidades em seus rótulos, entretanto, todos os produtos possuíam a lista dos ingredientes, número do lote e registro e prazo de validade. Observou-se que a maioria dos produtos avaliados não está em consonância com a Legislação Brasileira vigente, sendo necessária a adequação das informações contidas nos rótulos, principalmente no que se refere à informação de que este produto não substitui uma alimentação equilibrada.
Avaliação e comparação de características de amortecimento de sinais gerados de diferentes violões
Authors: Teixeira Paulo Sérgio , Da Silva Alexandre José , Silveira Feiteira José Flávio
Published: April 2021

As taxas de amortecimento dos diferentes modos de vibração de um violão dependem de uma série de fatores. Entre esses, as propriedades do material das cordas. Há também a dissipação de energia também através do ar, onde as cordas ao serem excitadas sofrem resistência ao movimento devido a viscosidade do ar, e isso faz com que haja mais amortecimento. A taxa na qual a energia é perdida na irradiação do som depende de como os diferentes modos de corpo são excitados, e isso pode variar significativamente entre diferentes instrumentos. Essa taxa pode ser calculada através do decremento logarítmico, que é consequência de um simples impulso provocado no sistema (em vibração livre) é obtido através da razão entre duas amplitudes sucessivas do sinal. O termo decremento logarítmico refere-se à taxa de redução logarítmica, relacionada com a redução do movimento após o impulso, pois a energia é transferida para outras partes do sistema ou é absorvida pelo próprio elemento.
ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE O BAGAÇO DA CANA DE AÇÚCAR E FIBRA DE COCO VERDE NA PURIFICAÇÃO DA GLICERINA OBTIDA DA SÍNTESE DE BIODIESEL
Authors: Velloso Marcia Helena Rodrigues , Peruch Kamila  Felipe Campagnaro
Published: April 2021

A busca por fontes de energias renováveis tem aumentado a demanda por biodiesel impactando diretamente na disponibilidade de glicerina obtida como subproduto de sua produção. Afim de evitar o acúmulo dessa glicerina e tornar a síntese de biodiesel mais competitiva, aumentado o valor agregado desse subproduto, esse estudo propôs o tratamento da glicerina com ácido fosfórico seguido da purificação com adsorvente. Foi feito uma análise comparativa entre os resultados obtidos utilizando como adsorventes o bagaço da cana de açúcar e a fibra de coco verde. Observou-se que o maior teor de glicerol é obtido ao utilizar a fibra de coco verde, chegando a aproximadamente 89%. A pureza alcançada é viável para aplicação na alimentação animal e em processos biotecnológicos.
KUR’ÂN’DA MESLEK TASAVVURU ve AVCILIK MESLEĞİNE YAPILAN ATIFLAR
Authors: ÖZBERK Mehmet Eyüp
Published: April 2021

Toplumsal bir varlık olarak insan, hayatını idame ettirebilmek için şahsî kabiliyetlerine göre kendine uygun bir meslek seçip çalışmak zorundadır. Kur’an, “hidayete rehberlik etme” temel gayesinin yanı sıra insanlık için örnek bir medeniyet kurmayı hedeflemiştir. Bu itibarla hayatın hakikatleriyle ilgilenmiş, sosyal hayatla ilgili olgulara değinmiş, insana çalışmayı emrederek yeryüzünün imarına sevk etmiştir. Özellikle peygamberler ve geçmiş milletlerden haberler içeren kıssalarda, yapılan teşbihlerde, hüküm bildiren, Allah’ın tevhit ve azametini ispat eden ayetlerde hayatın bir hakikati olan çalışmaya ve muhtelif mesleklere işaret edildiğini müşahede etmekteyiz. Buna matuf olarak çalışmamızda; Kur’ân’da meslek tasavvurunu ortaya koymayı, en çok atıf yapılan meslek türlerini tespit ederek “avcılık” ile ilgili ayetleri ve tefsirlerini incelemeyi hedeflemekteyiz. Makalenin konusu özgün olup tespit edebildiğimiz kadarıyla mevzu ile alakalı Türkiye’de daha önce bilimsel bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Makalemizde öncelikle meslek kavramını ele alacak, çalışma ve meslek sahibi olmanın dinî ve sosyal yönden önemini ifade edeceğiz. Ardından Kur’ân ayetlerinin tümünü çalışma ve meslek olgusu bağlamında değerlendirmeye çalışacağız. Son olarak “avcılıkla” ilgili Mâide Suresinde yer alan ayetleri inceleyecek, günümüz ve klasik müfessirlerin konuyla ilgili yorumlarından istifade edeceğiz. Makalemizin, araştırmacıların dikkatini çekeceğini, konuyu farklı yönleriyle incelemeye sevk edeceğini ve yeni çalışmalara kapı aralayacağını düşünüyoruz.
Registros ocasionales de Alouatta seniculus (Primates: Atelidae) en sabanas de la Orinoquia colombiana, San Martín de los Llanos, Meta, Colombia
Authors: García-Restrepo Sebastián , Gómez-Sánchez Diego A.
Published: April 2021

Se ha considerado que la matriz del paisaje actúa como una barrera que influye en la dispersión, diversidad y persistencia de algunas especies de fauna, pero su importancia no ha sido evaluada en detalle para primates arborícolas. Investigaciones del género Alouatta han reportado desplazamientos terrestres entre parches de bosque sugiriendo cierta plasticidad comportamental que ayuda al uso eficiente de recursos en fragmentos reducidos. Adicionalmente al uso de la matriz para desplazamiento, se ha estimado para Alouatta pigra, un alto porcentaje de tiempo destinado al descanso en este tipo de cobertura. Aquí reportamos dos registros ocasionales del uso de sabanas para el descanso y forrajeo por parte de individuos de Alouatta seniculus en una zona de transición entre el piedemonte y sabanas drenadas de la altillanura, en el departamento del Meta, Colombia.
EL DESARROLLO DE LAS COMPETENCIAS SOBRE POLÍTICA CIENTÍFICA EN ESTADOS EUROPEOS: EVALUACIÓN Y RETOS
Authors: CUETO PÉREZ MIRIAM , DÍEZ BUESO LAURA , FERNÁNDEZ ZUBIETA ANA
Published: April 2021

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo llevar a cabo un estudio comparado sobre la articulación de los sistemas de I+D+i en otros países de la Unión Europea como son Alemania, Austria y Reino Unido, situando el modelo español en este contexto. Par ello se atenderá a la distribución de competencias en esta materia entre el Estado y el resto entidades, a la gobernanza y a la planificación de las políticas públicas, así como a las fórmulas de colaboración público-privadas y a la transferencia de conocimiento como elementos fundamentales para alcanzar la eficiencia en este ámbito de actuación.

I i+G+b sistemak Europar Batasuneko beste herrialde batzuetan (Alemanian, Austrian eta Erresuma Batuan) zer-nola egituratzen diren konparatu eta aztertzea da lan honen helburua, Espainiako eredua testuinguru horretan kokatuz. Horretarako, honako hauek aztertuko dira, alor horretan eraginkorrak izateko oinarrizko elementu bezala: arlo horren inguruko eskumenen banaketa Estatuaren eta bestelako erakundeen artean, gobernamendua eta politika publikoen plangintza, lankidetza publiko-pribatuko formulak, eta ezagutza eskualdatzea.

this work seeks to carry out a comparative study on the organisation of R+D+i systems in other European Union countries such as Germany, Austria and United Kingdom, placing the Spanish model in that context. To do his, it will be taken into consideration the allocation of powers in this field among State and the rest of entities, the governance and the planning of public policies together with the public-private formulas of collaboration and the knowledge transfer as crucial elements for achieving efficiency within this policy field.
LAS CANTERAS SUBTERRÁNEAS Y EL URBANISMO (LA STSJPV DE 3 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2014)
Authors: MORENO GARCIA JOSE JAVIER
Published: April 2021

Esta crónica da cuenta de una sentencia dictada por el TSJPV en la que se anula la licencia municipal que denegaba la autorización de una cantera subterránea. La sentencia es de gran interés en la ordenación territorial tridimensional del territorio en un doble sentido: por un lado, refrenda la correcta concepción de un territorio estratificado con distintos usos a diversas cotas; por el otro, sin embargo, supone un freno a la igualdad de trato jurídico entre los usos en la superficie y los del subsuelo, que entiendo no está refrendado por el ordenamiento jurídico y que es contrario a una correcta ordenación del territorio, concretamente cuando señala que las actividades extractivas subterráneas no están sujetas a la obligación de delimitarse en el planeamiento urbanístico, como sí ocurre para las de a cielo abierto, tal y como prescriben las determinaciones vinculantes directas de las DOT. Además, permite el uso extractivo subterráneo aunque el planeamiento no vincule ese espacio a dicha finalidad.

Kronika honetan EAEANek emandako sententzia baten berri ematen da. Horren bitartez lurpeko harrobi baterako baimena ez emateko udal- lizentzia bat ezesten da. Sententziak interes handia du hiru dimentsioko lurraldearen antolamenduaren ikuspegitik, bi arrazoirengatik: alde batetik, estratutan banatutako lurraldearen ikuspegi egokia berresten du, kota bakoitzean erabilera desberdinak daudelarik; bestetik, ordea, geldialdia dakar lurpeko eta lur gaineko jardueren berdintasun juridikoaren alorrean, lurpeko erauzketa-erabilerek hirigintza-planteamenduetan zehaztuta egoteko beharrik ez dutela esaten baita. Aire zabaleko erauzketa-erabilerek badute betebehar hori, LAGetik eratorritako xedapen lotesleek hala derrigortzen dutelako. Uste dut ordenamendu juridikoak ez duela hori babesten eta, gainera, lurraldearen antolamendu egokiaren aurkakoa dela uste dut. Gainera, lurpeko erauzketa-erabilera baimentzen du, planteamenduak espazio hori erabilera horrekin lotzen ez badu ere.

this chronicle gives account of the judgment delivered by the High Court of the Basque Country cancelling a municipal licence that denied the permit for an underground quarry.The judgment is of great interest for the three-dimensional spatial planning in a dual sense: on the one hand, it endorses the correct conception for stratified territory with diverse uses depending on the height; on the other hand, nevertheless, it puts a brake to the equal treatment in surface and subsurface uses which I consider not reflected by the legal order and that runs counter to a correct land use in particular when it points out that extractive underground activities are not subject to the duty of being demarcated by urban planning as it is the case of those opencast, just as it is prescribed by the binding determinations of the Regional planning guidelines. Besides, it allows the subsurface extractive underground use although the planning shall not affect that space for the aforementioned purpose.
Richard Murphy’s The God Who Eats Corn: A Colonizer’s Critique of British Imperialism in Ireland and Africa
Authors: Sackett J.R.
Published: April 2021

With the passing of Richard Murphy in 2018, Ireland lost its last poet of the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy.  Yet his poetry often displays the poet’s sense of unease with his background and features attempts to reconcile Ireland’s colonial history with feelings of guilt and self-consciousness as an inheritor to the gains of the British imperialist project. A dedicatory poem to his aging father who had retired to what was then known as Southern Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), ‘The God Who Eats Corn’ draws parallels between Irish and African colonial experiences. Yet far from celebrating the ‘civilizing’ mission of British imperialism, Murphy deftly challenges and questions the legitimacy of his family legacy.  I argue that rather than reinforcing the poet’s image as representative of the Ascendancy class, ‘The God Who Eats Corn’ reveals sympathies with the subject peoples of British imperialism and aligns Murphy with a nationalist narrative of history and conception of ‘native’ identity.  For this reason, the poem should be considered a landmark of modern Irish poetics in its articulation of trans-racial anti-colonial solidarity.
Contemporary Greek Poetry as World Literature
Authors: Ghosh Ritwik
Published: April 2021

In this paper, I argue that Greek poetry is a living tradition characterized by a diversity of voices and styles and that Greek poetry is a vital part of contemporary World Literature. The diversity of voices in contemporary Greek poetry gives it both aesthetic value and political relevance. Greek poetry, as it survives translation into a number of languages, including English, gives us a model for the successful translation of texts in both World literature and Comparative literature. A thematic analysis of some poems is presented in this paper. The aim is not to chronicle the contemporary Greek poetic production but to show how Greek poetic tradition continues to expand beyond national boundaries.
Code-Switching and Code Mixing in the Selected Tracks of the Hip Hop Music of Flavour and 9ice
Authors: Sarah Balogun , Oladayo Murana Muniru
Published: April 2021

This article attempts a comparative analysis of code-switching and code-mixing in the Nigerian music industry, using the lyrics of Flavour and 9ice as a case study. Although the English language is the national language in Nigeria and the language used by most of the musicians for the composition of their songs, and due to the linguistic plurality of Nigeria, most of these musicians tend to lace their songs chunks of words and phrases from their mother tongue or at least one of the three major languages in Nigeria, which are Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. The Markedness Model by Myers-Scotton (1993) is used as the framework to interrogate the switching and mixing in the codes used by these selected musicians and we find that while most code-switching is done in three languages – English, Nigerian Pidgin and the artist’ first language (mother tongue)  – their mother tongue plays the prominent role. Code-switching or code-mixing in these songs, therefore, becomes a depiction of the Nigerian state with its diverse languages and it provides the links between the literates and the illiterates thereby giving the artiste the popularity desired. The study concludes that the unique identity created by code-switching and code-mixing in the Nigerian music industry has a positive influence on music lovers, helping artists to achieve wide patronage and reflecting the ethnolinguistic diversity of the Nigerian nation.
Relationship of First-Year University Grades of Non-High School Graduates with the Tests of General Educational Development
Authors: Ayers J. Douglas
Published: April 2021

The Tests of General Educational Development (GED) are used extensively in the United States and in all provinces and territories in Canada except Quebec, Ontario, and Alberta for high school equivalency certification. The five tests, which include English, Social Studies, Natural Sciences, Literature, and Mathematics, measure reading comprehension and general knowledge in the subjects rather than specific content of secondary school courses. Nevertheless, they tend to be good predictors of success in colleges and univer- sities. Where these institutions do not have an open admission policy, it is recommended that they determine relative cut-off points for admission to programs. Results of this study indicate that where such cut-off points have been established, they may be at an unnecessarily high level; also, that an open admission policy, especially if supported by remedial English and study skills courses, may be advisable.
Canadian Economists' Citation and Publication Records
Authors: Grubel Herbert G.
Published: April 2021

This paper uses the Social Science Citation Index to count the number of citations received and publications made by all economists teaching at Canadian universities in 1975. It is shown that the top decile of individuals received 72 percent of all citations and 50 percent received none. The University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser Univer- sity departments of economics have the highest and second-highest average citation counts of all Canadian universities, respectively. The age-profile of citations, self-citation propensities and the journals of publication are analysed from a sub-sample of data.
A Study of Students from Academic Programs in British Columbia's Community Colleges
Authors: Dennison John D. , Forrester Glen , Jones Gordon
Published: April 2021

One of the major features of British Columbia's community colleges has been the university transfer programs which provide the opportunity for students to earn credits towards a university degree. Previous studies have shown, however, that only a small percentage of students from these programs actually transfer to a university. This study was designed to examine the behaviour of those students who complete academic or university transfer courses in a college, but do not continue their study in a university. Data were gathered from approximately 4,000 students from 14 colleges in the 1979-80 calendar year. The results of the study indicate that students pursue academic credit courses primarily for per- sonal development rather than for university transfer. The community colleges provide an intellectual and cultural environment, particularly for mature students who for geographic, educational or socio-economic reasons would not have been able to continue their education beyond secondary school The study provided an important insight into the changing role of the community college. Originally designed as an institution for college age students to begin university level study, it has become a multi-purpose educational resource for a wide segment of society.
Book review of "The Foundations of Distance Education"
Authors: Carley Robert J. , Waldron Mark W.
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Book review of "Classroom Environment"
Authors: McCready Douglas
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Student Role Supports for Younger and Older Middle- Aged Women: Application of a Life Event Model
Authors: Thacker Charlene , Novak Mark
Published: April 2021

This paper is a report on a study of 276 women aged 35 to 64 who have re-entered university. We used the life-event framework to focus on the stress of university life, on the methods these women use to cope with stress and on their adaptations to the demands of school. We compared the re-entry experience of two sub-groups in our population: students aged 35 to 44 (with young families) and those aged 45 to 64 (with mature families). We found that each group had different motives for attending school, each group felt different strains during the school year and each group used different methods and resources to cope with the demands of student life. The paper concludes with a review of the literature on programs that meet the needs of re-entry women. We note the applicability of these programs to the distinct needs of younger and older re-entry women and we encourage the development of more programs to meet both groups' needs.
Computing Technologies: A Cornerstone for Educational and Employment Equity
Authors: Hollingsworth Maurice
Published: April 2021

The rate of employment for people with disabilities is very low relative to employment levels of non-disabled people. One factor that appears to contribute to greater employment is the level of education achieved by the individual. The impact of higher levels of education on employment is reflected in the general population, but is particularly apparent in the statistics of people with disabilities. Unfortunately, disproportionately few people with disabilities take advantage of postsecondary education. Technology is important for people with disabilities as a vehicle to education and eventually to employment. Computing technologies have been demonstrated as a powerful assistive tool to aid people with disabilities in an academic environment, especially as we are rapidly moving into the information age. These factors lead to the recommendation that we need to (a) provide "equity tools" for disabled students in postsecondary settings to enable access to computing technologies, (b) provide accompanying instruction and academic support, (c) educate students in the human services fields in the roles and processes of computing technologies, and (d) research and disseminate information on the equity tools and applications of these tools.
Accessibility: Students with Disabilities in Universities in Canada
Authors: Hill Jennifer Leigh
Published: April 2021

Data indicate that the number of students with disabling conditions in postsecondary institutions is increasing. The efforts made by universities across Canada were examined to ensure that special needs students are able to access higher education programs. Services offered by the Office for Students with Disabilities at 27 Canadian universities were investigated. Physical accessibility for students with a wide range of handicapping conditions also was explored.
Unpacking Attrition: A Change of Emphasis
Authors: Corman June , Barr Lynn , Caputo Tullio
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we critique the conceptual, methodological and ideological issues involved in the university attrition debate in both Canada and the United States and discuss the salient policy implications of attrition research for higher education in Canada. We argue that American attrition research tends to result in policy recommendations aimed at those students who have already demonstrated their ability to succeed academically without assistance. A change of emphasis that places the question of attrition in the context of the role of higher education in society, particularly in relation to the issue of equality of opportunity, is suggested.
Unequal Returns: Gender Differences in Initial Employment Among University Graduates
Authors: Hughes Karen D. , Lowe Graham S.
Published: April 2021

This paper examines how socio-demographic, educational, work attitude, and labour market characteristics contribute to gender differences in the earnings and promotion opportunities of 1985 university graduates employed full-time one year after graduating. Even after accounting for the effects of faculty of enrolment, gender differences in initial employment outcomes are attributable to gender-segregated labour market structures, union and professional association membership, and specific job conditions. Thus, men and women graduating from the same faculty and university translate credentials into different kinds of employment futures. Interestingly, wanting a job with good promotion opportunities at the time of graduation increased the chance of finding such a job, regardless of sex. This paper concludes by exploring the theoretical and policy implications of these findings.
Student Reactions to a Faculty Strike
Authors: Amos Maureen , Day Victor H. , Power Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

Following a three week faculty strike at Dalhousie University in 1988, questionnaires were obtained from 187 students concerning how the strike affected their academic work, emotions and opinions of the university. Results were analyzed separately for first year undergraduates, other undergraduates, and graduate or professional school students. There was much individual variability in reactions, but on average the strike had slightly negative academic and emotional effects but substantial negative effects on opinions about the university. Undergraduate students indicated the most academic disruption, and upper year undergraduates indicated the most negative opinions. There was no correlation, however, between degree of personally experienced academic disruption and degree of negative opinion. Another survey two years after the strike indicated the reestablishment of positive opinions. Implications for ameliorating the effects of a faculty strike are discussed.
Winning Ways or Winning Weighs: Obtaining a SSHRCC Doctoral Fellowship
Authors: Wall G. , Frideres J. S.
Published: April 2021

Over the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in the number of students applying to graduate school and as the cost of education continues to escalate, more students have been applying for external funding such as SSHRCC doctoral fellowships. Over time, guidelines for assessing applications have been established by the various SSHRCC committees in order to decide which applicants will be successful. The present research identifies the qualifications of applicants which are related to obtaining a SSHRCC doctoral fellowship. One hundred fourteen applications were randomly selected for analysis. A variety of information from the application, e.g., thesis proposal, letters of recommendation, schools attended, publications, was coded and subjected to multivariate analysis. The results show that a high degree of unanimity was evident among assessors. Referee appraisals and the rank provided by the department are important in deciding whether a student is recommended for a SSHRCC fellowship. Publications and other academic awards play a lesser but significant role in the decision-making process. The results also suggest that gender and participation in the labour force are potentially important variables in determining an applicant's success in obtaining a fellowship.
Education-Job Mismatch Among Canadian University Graduates: Implications for Employers and Educators
Authors: Redpath Lindsay
Published: April 2021

This paper presents some of the key findings from a recent study of education-job mismatch among a group of Canadian university graduates. It argues that research on this form of underemployment can greatly enhance our knowledge of the changing structure of labour market opportunities and the relationship between education credentials and job skill requirements. In the wake of recent concerns about skill shortages, the education system has borne the brunt of criticism for failing to prepare young people for labour market entry. However, what is perceived as a problem of skills shortages may be more of a problem of inadequate skills utilization, in which case policy responses placing greater onus on employers are warranted.
Rankings of Canadian Universities: Pitfalls in Interpretation
Authors: Page Stewart
Published: April 2021

A critical perspective is presented in regard to rankings of Canadian universi- ties by Maclean's magazine, November 11, 1993. Some brief comparisons are also made in regard to the 1992 rankings and data. Several pitfalls in the rank- ing procedures, and the results of some correlational analyses of the ranking data, are outlined. A brief summary of comments and some implications are presented, bearing on the wider issue of 'public' university accountability and also on the practical issue of students' choice of universities.
Research at Two Small Canadian Universities: The Views of Faculty
Authors: Furrow David , Taylor Colin
Published: April 2021

Faculty members at two small Canadian universities were sent a questionnaire in which they were asked about research activities and preferences, views of themselves as researchers, and views about factors which they felt either constrained or facilitated research activities. Respondents were highly committed to research, though gave teaching an equally high priority. Views of influences were similar across universities, with non-teaching commitments, teaching commitments, availability of graduate students, and availability of library holdings seen as most detrimental. Personal motivation and university research offices were seen as positive influences. We consider how faculty views might affect university policy and suggest, among other things, that universities might want to develop a formal policy in which individual faculty be allowed to specialize to some extent in research or teaching.
Integrating an Academic Plan and a Campus Master Plan: The Case of the University of Northern British Columbia
Authors: Weller Geoffrey R. , Soleau David S.
Published: April 2021

The University of Northern British Columbia was the first completely new university to be built in Canada in nearly thirty years. This article discusses the process by which the Academic Plan for the university and other considerations were given physical expression in the campus Master Plan. It begins with a detailing of the planning process used. This is followed by a discussion of the review that was conducted of previous university planning models. This review was intended to determine which were the most applicable and to determine if a distinctive model for a northern university could be devised. The article then analyses how the Academic Plan influenced the campus Master Plan in six key areas. It then reviews how non-academic client considerations, regional and community considerations, and site and climatic considerations were incorporated into the campus Master Plan. The article concludes by noting that the process resulted in the creation of a distinctive northern campus design that has proven to be both popular and successful.
Returns to Investment in Ontario University Education, 1960-1990, and Implications for Tuition Fee Policy
Authors: Stager David A. A.
Published: April 2021

Because students' university enrolment decisions are influenced by expected returns to their educational investment, policy decisions should be informed by calculations of such returns. Private rates of return, by field of study, for Ontario university graduates in 1990 ranged from 7% (humanities) to 21% (medicine). Returns were generally higher for women than for men. The 1990 results were virtually unchanged from 1985 when there was a sharp reversal of the long-run decline in rates of return that occurred from 1960 to 1980. Alternative assumptions about tuition fee levels show that doubling tuition fees from 1990 levels, or abolishing fees, would change the rates of return by only about two percentage points in either direction. Doubling fees in the major professional faculties would leave rates of return still in excess of returns to arts and science at current fee levels.
New Directions: Privatization and Higher Education in Alberta
Authors: Rae Peter
Published: April 2021

Recent Alberta initiatives in higher education reflect a growing Canadian preoccupation with privatization. Opposing ideological forces offer conflicting assessments of privatization in higher education: as endangering the very nature and goals of higher education or as simply providing additional resources and greater consumer choice. Privatization in higher education is identified as a shift in the balances of finance or control from public to private. It is implemented in higher education through the encouragement or toleration of private educational institutions or through the fostering of private investment in public systems. Alberta's 1994 restructuring of postsecondary education is identified as an approach which implements a privatization agenda while claiming to safeguard public interests.
Examen critique de six questionnaires d'évaluation de l'enseignement par des étudiants en contexte universitaire
Authors: Poissant Helene
Published: April 2021

L'évaluation de l'enseignement par les étudiants est devenue une pratique courante dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur canadiens et américains. Son emploi de pus en plus fréquent dans les prises de décisions affectant la promotion des professeurs d'universités exige de nouveaux critères de qualité élevés. En fait, les exigences de qualité devraient être d'autant plus élevées que les conséquences de l'évaluation sur la carrière du professeur sont importantes. Trop souvent encore des outils employés pour la sélection du personnel universitaire ne sont pas appropriés à un tel contexte d'évaluation. Par ailleurs, les coûts humains entraînes par un mauvais emploi des instruments d'évaluation, notamment la perte d'emploi, peuvent être évités par une meilleure utilisation des ressources d'évaluation. Par le biasis de l'analyse d'un échantillon des questionnaires d'évaluation présentement utilisé dans une université canadienne nous suggérons quelques pistes pour un meilleur emploi.
L'insertion professionnelle des finissantes et des finissants du Conservatoire de musique du Québec
Authors: Perron Denis , Cloutier Renee
Published: April 2021

Bien que le Conservatoire de musique du Québec (CMQ) ait franchi le demi-siècle d'histoire, peu de renseignements concernant les origines et les devenirs de ses finissantes et ses finissants ont été produits jusqu'à ce jour. Ainsi, nous avons constitué une banque de données portant sur cette clientèle, à partir des promotions des années 1988 à 1991, et c'est à l'aide de ces données que nous avons cherché à comprendre ce qu'il advient des individus qui ont complété une formation au CMQ. Afin de mieux saisir les facteurs d'influence de l'insertion professionnelle de cette clientèle - sujet au centre de cet article -, nous avons tenu compte du sexe, de l'origine familiale, de l'âge du début des apprentissages musicaux, de l'ordre d'enseignement complété, de la discipline principale étudiée ainsi que de la note décernée par l'Institution. Il serait intéressant de vérifier avec attention si une proportion importante de ces individus poursuivent leur formation musicale après le CMQ. Toutefois, nous savons que parmi celles et ceux qui occupent des emplois à la suite de ces études, plus de 80% le font dans des domaines correspondant à leur formation musicale.
The Effects of University Education on the Political Attitudes of Young Adults
Authors: Mintz Eric
Published: April 2021

The attitudes of a panel of young adults in the Corner Brook, Newfoundland area on a variety of politically-relevant topics were examined over a two year period to measure the possible effects of a university education. Generally, those who attended university did not change significantly in their attitudes as compared to high school graduates who did not attend university.
The Role of the Educational Developer in the Improvement of University Teaching
Authors: Wilcox Susan
Published: April 2021

As educational development (ED) programs become entrenched in many universities and a growing number of academics are engaged in educational development work, it is important that the nature of the ED occupation/profession is defined. The study reported in this paper examined the characteristics of persons holding educational development appointments in Ontario universities. The intent was to develop an accurate picture of the respondents as a professional group. The study provides insight into how educational developers make sense of their work.
Resource Allocation and Public Policy in Alberta's Postsecondary System
Authors: Barnetson Bob , Boberg Alice
Published: April 2021

Resource allocation in Alberta's postsecondary system has changed substantially since 1994. The changes evident are designed to advance a policy agenda that includes reapportioning financial responsibility for higher education, increasing the vocational outcomes of postsecondary education and increasing the transfer of knowledge and technology to the private sector. This paper outlines how resource allocation has been restructured to advance this agenda and points to some implications of this approach.
“The Bologna Process” A European Response to Global Competition in Higher Education
Authors: Pechar Hans
Published: April 2021

The Bologna Process is the most important recent development in higher education policy at the European level. Initially North America observed this reorganisation of Europe’s higher education architecture with some scepticism and even mild irony – if not outright ignoring it. More recently, however, the obvious success of attempts to create a “European Higher Education Area” has increased the interest on the other side of the Atlantic. This paper provides a short overview of the initial goals of the Bologna Process, the present state of implementation, and of the diffi culties this process faces. I begin by asking to what extent a European level of higher education policy making exists at all and what is its signifi cance.
The Entropy of Sustainability: Observed Tensions in Canadian Tertiary Innovations
Authors: Sherren Kate
Published: April 2021

University innovations relevant to sustainability education do not always come labelled as such. Inspiration can potentially be drawn from a wide range of fields and initiatives. During a 2005 study tour of Canada, seven universities were visited to investigate such programs, focussing on those that comprise more than one subject and that are intended for an undergraduate audience. In this paper, an exploratory study is undertaken of the collected interviews, field notes and documents to identify some of the debates common to the wide range of cases. Core structure and content, equity of access, operational constraints, and organizational structures are discussed, each delineating characteristic tensions between homogeneity and diversity; collegiality and isolation; idealism and pragmatism; and, flexibility and rigidity.