bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid sol-gel materials for realization of radiation protective coatings—a review with emphasis on UV protective materials
Authors: Mahltig Boris , Leisegang Tilmann , Jakubik Melanie , Haufe Helfried
Published: August 2021

This review reports on hybrid sol-gel coatings used for radiation protective purposes. The different types of electromagnetic radiation are usually distinguished by their wavelength, frequency or photon energy. There is a broad range of types of radiation that humans, materials or electric devices are exposed to, starting from radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, UV light, X-ray and gamma-ray radiation. Gamma-ray radiation is thus at the end of the electromagnetic spectrum with smallest wavelengths, highest frequencies and highest photon energies. Protection against radiation make sense, as it can pose health risks or interfere with technical and electronic equipment for example. Radiation protection can be realized by materials that are able to absorb or reflect the radiation, which leads to a considerable reduction in radiation transmission. These radiation protection materials are specific to different types of radiation or spectral widths, e.g., a material with excellent protective properties against UV light is not automatically suitable for protection against infrared light. The main aim of this review article is to report, what types of hybrid sol-gel materials can be used to provide ideal protection against a specific category of radiation. Additional to the broad view on all types of radiations, focusing in particular on materials exhibiting UV protective properties.
Operationalizing public value in higher education: the use of narratives as an alternative for performance indicators
Authors: Salemans Luc , Budding Tjerk
Published: August 2021

More than 25 years after Moore’s first introduction of the public value concept in 1995, the concept is now widely used, but its operationalization is still considered difficult. This paper presents the empirical results of a study analyzing the application of the public value concept in Higher Education Institutions, thereby focusing on how to account for public value. The paper shows how Dutch universities of applied sciences operationalize the concept ‘public value’, and how they report on the outcome achievements. The official strategy plans and annual reports for FY2016 through FY2018 of the ten largest institutions were used. While we find that all the institutions selected aim to deliver public value, they still use performance indicators that have a more narrow orientation, and are primarily focused on processes, outputs, and service delivery quality. However, we also observe that they use narratives to show the public value they created. In this way this paper contributes to the literature on public value accounting.
A Mid-to-Long Term Comprehensive Evaluation of Psychological Distress and Erectile Function in COVID-19 Recovered Patients
Authors: Hu Bintao , Ruan Yajun , Liu Kang , Wei Xian , Wu Yue , Feng Huan , Deng Zhiyao , Liu Jihong , Wang Tao
Published: August 2021

Background

The psychological and sexual health of different populations are negatively affected during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, little is known about psychological distress and erectile function of male recovered patients with COVID-19 in the long term.

Aim

We aimed to evaluate psychological distress and erectile function of male recovered patients with COVID-19 in the mid-to-long terms.

Methods

We recruited 67 eligible male recovered patients with COVID-19 and followed them up twice within approximately 6 months of recovery time. The psychological distress and erectile function were assessed by validated Chinese version of paper questionnaires.

Outcomes

The primary outcomes were Symptom Checklist 90 questionnaire for psychological distress and International Index of Erectile Function-5 for erectile function.

RESULTS

In the first visit, COVID-19 patients with a median recovery time of 80 days mainly presented the following positive symptoms: Obsessive-Compulsive, additional items (ADD), Hostility, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, and Somatization; while the dimension scores in Somatization, Anxiety, ADD, and Phobia were higher than Chinese male norms. Besides, the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in the first-visit patients was significantly higher than Chinese controls. In the second visit, the primary psychological symptoms of COVID-19 patients with a median recovery time of 174 days were Obsessive-Compulsive, ADD, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Hostility, while all dimensions scores of Symptom Checklist 90 were lower than Chinese male norms. Moreover, second-visit patients had no significant difference with Chinese controls in ED prevalence. In addition, it suggested that GSI was the independent risk factor for ED in the regression analysis for the first-visit patients.

Clinical Implications

The study showed the changes of psychological symptoms and erectile function in COVID-19 recovered patients, and provided reference on whether psychological and sexual supports are needed after a period of recovery.

Strengths and Limitations

To our knowledge, it is the first study to comprehensively evaluate the psychological distress and erectile function of COVID-19 recovered patients in the mid-to-long terms. The main limitations were the low number of analyzed participants, and the psychological distress and erectile function of healthy Chinese men over the same period were not evaluated, and the psychological and sexual related data of participants prior to COVID-19 were not available. Additionally, there was a selection bias in comparing COVID-19 patients with healthy controls.

CONCLUSION

With less impact of COVID-19 event, the impaired erectile function and psychological distress improved in COVID-19 recovered patients with a recovery time of nearly half a year.
The Divine Vision of Dante's Paradiso
Authors: Franke William
Published: August 2021

In Canto XVIII of Paradiso, Dante sees thirty-five letters of Scripture - LOVE JUSTICE, YOU WHO RULE THE EARTH - 'painted' one after the other in the sky. It is an epiphany that encapsulates the Paradiso, staging its ultimate goal - the divine vision. This book offers a fresh, intensive reading of this extraordinary passage at the heart of the third canticle of the Divine Comedy. While adapting in novel ways the methods of the traditional lectura Dantis, William Franke meditates independently on the philosophical, theological, political, ethical, and aesthetic ideas that Dante's text so provocatively projects into a multiplicity of disciplinary contexts. This book demands that we question not only what Dante may have meant by his representations, but also what they mean for us today in the broad horizon of our intellectual traditions and cultural heritage.
Ethnographic Returns
Authors: Gustavsson Anne
Published: August 2021

In the past decades cultural heritage stored at museums and archives has been returned to source communities in various forms and under diverse circumstances. This contribution to the Elements series explores and discusses specifically the return of digital 'ethnographic' images to indigenous and non indigenous people that share a common recent history of coexistence and dispute over the same territory that is to be understood in the light of the consolidation of a Nation State with a settler colonial logic. The author argues that the affective reception of what a given archive labels as tangible and intangible heritage varies according to each audience´s particular memory practices, historical experience and way of relating to shared hegemonic notions of 'whiteness' and 'indigeneity'.
Immiscible capillary flows in non-uniform channels
Authors: Mortimer Patrick K. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: August 2021

We consider the release of preferentially wetting fluid in a laterally extensive V-shaped channel initially filled with a second fluid, presenting solutions for the initial exchange flow and the late time spreading of the wetting fluid along the narrow part of the channel. We also show that, if there is a buoyancy force acting in the cross-channel direction, the early time exchange flow depends on the Bond number, and the intermediate time slumping flow may initially be dominated by buoyancy, but at long times becomes controlled by capillarity. Where there is an along-channel component of gravity we show that the flow spreads out downslope, with capillarity controlling the structure of the nose. We then consider the case where the channel is connected to a reservoir of wetting fluid at constant pressure. We show that, depending on this pressure, either a zero flux exchange flow develops, or a net inflow through the whole width of the channel develops, as in the classical Washburn, Lucas, Bell and Cameron capillary imbibition flow. We show these flows are analogous to the classical model for one-dimensional capillary driven flows in porous media, with the current width in the channel corresponding to the saturation in the pore space.
The Shadow Effect of Courts: Judicial Review and the Politics of Preemptive Reform
Authors: PAVONE TOMMASO , STIANSEN ØYVIND
Published: August 2021

We challenge the prevalent claim that courts can only influence policy by adjudicating disputes. Instead, we theorizethe shadow effect of courts: policy makers preemptively altering policies in anticipation of possible judicial review. While American studies imply that preemptive reforms hinge on litigious interest groups pressuring policy makers who support judicial review, we advance a comparative theory that flips these presumptions. In less litigious and more hostile political contexts, policy makers may instead weaponize preemptive reforms to preclude bureaucratic conflicts from triggering judicial oversight and starve courts of the cases they need to build their authority. By allowing some preemptive judicial influence to resist direct judicial interference, recalcitrant policy makers demonstrate that shadow effects are not an unqualified good for courts. We illustrate our theory by tracing how a major welfare reform in Norway was triggered by a conflict within its Ministry of Labor and a government resistance campaign targeting a little-known international court.
High-intensity interval training with or without chlorella vulgaris supplementation in obese and overweight women: effects on mitochondrial biogenesis, performance and body composition
Authors: Sanayei Mahzad , Hajizadeh-Sharafabad Fatemeh , Amirsasan Ramin , Barzegar Ali
Published: August 2021

The beneficial effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and chlorella vulgaris (CV) on body composition and mitochondrial biogenesis have been shown in some mechanistic studies. This study aimed to determine the effects of CV and/or HIIT on mitochondrial biogenesis, performance and body composition among overweight/obese women. There was a significant reduction in the fat mass (FM) of the CV + HIIT group, as compared with the placebo group (P = 0·005). A marginal significant increase in body water (P = 0·050) and PPAR-γ coactivator-1α (P = 0·050) was also found only in the CV + HIIT group, as compared with the placebo. Relative (P < 0·001) and absolute (P < 0·001) VO2max, as well as Bruce MET (P < 0·001), were significantly increased in the HIIT and HIIT + CV groups. Besides, the synergistic effect of CV and HIIT on the Bruce MET increment was found (interaction P-value = 0·029). No significant changes were observed in BMI, fat-free mass, visceral fat, silent information regulator 1 and fibroblast growth factor-21. In this randomised clinical trial, forty-six overweight/obese women were assigned to four groups including CV + HIIT and HIIT + placebo groups that received three capsules of CV (300 mg capsules, three times a day) or corn starch, in combination with three sessions/week of HIIT. CV and placebo groups only received 900 mg of CV or corn starch, daily, for 8 weeks. Biochemical assessments, performance assessment and body composition were obtained at the beginning and end of the intervention. HIIT may be, therefore, effective in improving mitochondrial biogenesis, performance and body composition in overweight/obese women.
Eyes on the Prize: Do Industry Tournament Incentives Shape the Structure of Executive Compensation?
Authors: Islam Emdad , Rahman Lubna , Sen Rik , Zein Jason
Published: August 2021

We investigate whether external industry tournament incentives influence the design of executive-compensation contracts. Using staggered negative mobility shocks as exogenous disruptions to tournament incentives, we show that firms treated by these shocks act to restore their executives’ diminished implicit risk-taking incentives by increasing compensation vega. On average, post-shock compensation vegas increase by approximately 10%. These effects are considerably larger for treated executives with strong tournament incentives and high ex ante mobility. Mobility shocks have no impact on compensation delta or total pay. Our results shed light on how explicit risk-taking incentives are optimized with respect to executive career concerns.
Intelligent grammar checking for CALL
Authors: Tschichold Cornelia
Published: August 2021

Grammar checkers are not reliable enough yet to be used in CALL programs. Their rate of overflagging is still much too high for learners of a foreign language. CALL programs, however, could profit greatly from the incorporation of a grammar checker if this could provide the option of responding more intelligently to students’ input. Several strategies are proposed to make grammar checkers more acceptable for CALL developers, among them adapting the lexicon and the parser in the grammar checker.
Bilingual advantage in L3 vocabulary acquisition: evidence of a generalized learning benefit among classroom-immersion children
Authors: Salomé Florian , Casalis Séverine , Commissaire Eva
Published: August 2021

The present study explored whether emergent bilingual children showed enhanced abilities to learn L3 vocabulary including written, spoken and conceptual forms compared to monolinguals, and the impact of L2/L3 cross-language similarities on such an effect. To this end, we contrasted the English word learning performance of French fifth-graders attending either a monolingual school program or a classroom-immersion program with German as an L2. Half of the items to be learned were German/English (L2/L3) cognate words while the other half were monolingual English (L3) words. Learning was assessed with a forced-choice recognition task, a go/no-go auditive recognition task and an orthographic judgment task. Results yielded a generalized bilingual advantage, with classroom-immersion children outperforming monolinguals on all tasks, irrespective of cognateness, except for the orthographic task. These findings advocate for a bilingual advantage in children that is globally not driven by the specific language properties of cognates, except for the written modality.
Centralization and Subnational Capacity: The Struggle to Make Federalism Work Equitably in Public Education
Authors: Moffitt Susan L. , Willse Cadence , Smith Kelly B. , Cohen David K.
Published: August 2021

Vast disparities between and within American states’ responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have evoked renewed attention to whether greater centralization might enhance investments in subnational capacity and remedy subnational inequalities or instead erode subnational organizational capacity. Developments in American public education (1997–2015) offer perspective on this puzzle, which we examine by applying interrupted time series analysis to a novel dataset to assess the implications of centralization on subnational investments in administrative and technical capacity, two dimensions of organizational capacity. We find simultaneous subnational erosion in administrative capacity and growth in technical capacity following centralization, both of which appear concentrated in low-poverty areas despite centralization’s explicit antipoverty purposes. Public education reforms highlight both the challenge of dismantling subnational inequality through centralization and the need for future research on policy designs that enable centralization to yield subnational capacity that is able to remedy inequality.
Pflegefachpersonen denken über eine Definition von „durchgeführter und versäumter Pflege“ nach
Authors: Hübsch Christine , Spirig Rebecca , Kleinknecht-Dolf Michael
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Es ist bekannt, dass notwendige Pflege wiederholt weggelassen respektive nur teilweise oder zu einem Zeitpunkt durchgeführt wird, der nicht angemessen ist. In der Literatur steht dafür der Begriff „versäumte Pflege“. Im deutschsprachigen Raum gibt es bisher keine, mit qualitativen Methoden kritisch reflektierte Definition dafür, was unter „durchgeführter und versäumter Pflege“ verstanden wird. Daher entwickelten wir eine solche in einer dreiphasigen Studie. Ziel: Das Ziel der in diesem Artikel fokussierten Phase 2 war, die in Phase 1 mittels Literatur entwickelte Definition mit Pflegefachpersonen, die im Akutspital in der Deutschschweiz arbeiten, kritisch zu reflektieren, um diese in Phase 3 zu präzisieren. Methode: Wir führten zwei Fokusgruppeninterviews mit total 17 Teilnehmenden durch. Wir legten diesen die vorläufige Definition vor und befragten sie nach ihren Gedanken dazu. Wir haben die Interviews inhaltsanalytisch mit der Knowledge-Mapping Technik sowie nach Mayring analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die teilnehmenden Pflegefachpersonen beschrieben, dass die Inhalte der Definition für sie relevant und nachvollziehbar sind. Sie bemerkten aber auch Unterschiede zu ihrem Verständnis und gaben Hinweise zur Präzisierung der Definition, insbesondere in Bezug auf Begriffe, die einen zeitlichen Aspekt beinhalten. Schlussfolgerungen: Durch die Beteiligung von Pflegefachpersonen an der Entwicklung der Definition liegt nun eine praxisnahe Beschreibung von „durchgeführter und versäumter Pflege“ vor, die zur Qualitätssicherung und -entwicklung der Pflege nützlich sein kann.
The Challenge of Inferring Unconscious Mental Processes
Authors: Shanks David R. , Malejka Simone , Vadillo Miguel A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Studies of unconscious mental processes often compare a performance measure (e.g., some assessment of perception or memory) with a measure of awareness (e.g., a verbal report or forced-choice response) of the critical cue or contingency taken either concurrently or separately. The resulting patterns of bivariate data across participants lend themselves to several analytic approaches for inferring the existence of unconscious mental processes, but it is rare for researchers to consider the underlying generative processes that might cause these patterns. We show that bivariate data are generally insufficient to discriminate single-process models, with a unitary latent process determining both performance and awareness, from dual-process models, comprising distinct latent processes for performance and awareness. Future research attempting to isolate and investigate unconscious processes will need to employ richer types of data and analyses.
Narrative Media’s Emphasis on Distinct Moral Intuitions Alters Early Adolescents’ Judgments
Authors: Hahn Lindsay , Tamborini Ron , Prabhu Sujay , Grall Clare , Novotny Eric , Klebig Brian
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Logic from the model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) suggests that narrative media emphasizing moral intuitions can increase the salience of those intuitions in audiences. To date, support for this logic has been limited to adults. Across two studies, the present research tested MIME predictions in early adolescents (ages 10–14). The salience of care, fairness, loyalty, and authority intuitions was manipulated in a pilot study with verbal prompts ( N = 87) and in the main study with a comic book ( N = 107). In both studies, intuition salience was measured after induction. The pilot study demonstrated that exposure to verbal prompts emphasizing care, fairness, and loyalty increased the salience of their respective intuitions. The main study showed that exposure to comic books emphasizing all four separate intuitions increased salience of their respective intuitions in early adolescents. Results are discussed in terms of relevance for the MIME and understanding narrative media’s influence on children’s moral judgments.
An EISCAT UHF/ESR Experiment That Explains How Ionospheric Irregularities Induce GPS Phase Fluctuations at Auroral and Polar Latitudes
Authors: John H. M. , Forte B. , Astin I. , Allbrook T. , Arnold A. , Vani B. C. , Häggström I. , Sato H.
Published: August 2021

A limitation to the use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for precise and real‐time services is introduced by irregularities in the ionospheric plasma density. An EISCAT UHF/ESR experiment was conducted to characterize the effect of electron density irregularities on temporal fluctuations in TEC along directions transverse to GPS ray paths in the high latitudes ionosphere. Two representative case studies are described: Enhancements in temporal TEC fluctuations originating (a) in the auroral ionosphere following auroral particle precipitation and (b) in the polar ionosphere following the drift of a polar patch as well as particle precipitation. The results indicate that the origin of enhancements in TEC fluctuations is due to the propagation through large‐to‐medium scale irregularities (i.e., ranging from few kilometres in the E region to few tens of kilometres in the F region) and occurring over spatial distances of up to approximately in the E region and up to approximately in the F region with a patchy distribution. Furthermore, the results indicate that enhancements in TEC fluctuations produced by polar plasma patches and particle precipitation occur over similar temporal scales, thus explaining the overall observation of higher phase scintillation indices in the high‐latitude ionosphere. The similarity in the temporal scales over which enhancements in TEC fluctuations occur in the presence of both particle precipitation and plasma patches suggests an intrinsic limitation in the monitoring and tracking of plasma patches through ground GNSS observations.
Probabilistic Evaluation of Geoscientific Hypotheses With Geophysical Data: Application to Electrical Resistivity Imaging of a Fractured Bedrock Zone
Authors: Miltenberger Alex , Uhlemann Sebastian , Mukerji Tapan , Williams Ken , Dafflon Baptiste , Wang Lijing , Wainwright Haruko
Published: August 2021

As climate changes and populations grow, groundwater sustainability is becoming increasingly important. Hydrogeologic models, which are based on a conceptual understanding of the subsurface, are crucial tools for informing decisions. Conceptual models of the subsurface incorporate knowledge of geological processes, and, frequently, observations from geophysical data into a common subsurface parameterization where the parameters may still be uncertain. Many methods exist to test how different conceptual subsurface parameterizations compare to geophysical data, but a frequent problem in hydrogeologic model development occurs when multiple geological phenomena could explain a single subsurface parameterization. In this work, we present a framework for testing geological hypotheses in conditions where a geological feature is observed in geophysical data, but its physical characteristics are uncertain. The framework uses Popper‐Bayes methods developed in previous studies, and is applied to study a fractured bedrock zone in a mountainous watershed in southwest Colorado. First, we propose six hypotheses based on the geological history of the watershed. Then, using the proposed Popper‐Bayes approach, we demonstrate that two of the hypotheses are inconsistent with the electrical resistivity tomography data. Finally, we discuss the importance of the prior model, and in what other scenarios the framework can be applied to.
Random‐Objective Waveform Inversion of 3D‐9C Shallow‐Seismic Field Data
Authors: Pan Yudi , Gao Lingli , Bohlen Thomas
Published: August 2021

Robustness and uncertainty estimation are two challenging topics in full‐waveform inversion (FWI). To overcome these challenges, we present the methodology of random‐objective waveform inversion (ROWI), which adopts a multi‐objective framework and a preconditioned stochastic gradient descent optimization algorithm. The use of one shot per iteration avoids using redundant data and reduces the computational cost. The Pareto solutions represent a group of most likely solutions and their differences quantifies the model uncertainty associated with the trade‐off between conflicting objective functions. Due to the high dimensionality in the data and model spaces, it is prohibitively expensive to check the Pareto optimality of all solutions explicitly. Thus, we decompose the original multi‐objective function into shot‐related subproblems and use the Pareto solutions of the subproblems for trade‐off analysis. We apply ROWI to a field multi‐component shallow‐seismic data set acquired in Rheinstetten, Germany. The 3D near‐surface model is successfully reconstructed by ROWI and the main target, a refilled trench, is delineated. We compare the results estimated by ROWI and a conventional least squares FWI to prove the high efficiency of ROWI. We run six ROWI tests on the field data with different solution paths to prove the robustness of ROWI against the random solution path. The validity of the reconstructed model is verified by multiple 2D ground‐penetrating radar profiles. We estimate 246 Pareto solutions of multi‐objective subproblems for trade‐off analysis. Another four ROWI tests starting from different poor initial models are performed, whose results prove the relatively high robustness of ROWI against the initial model.
Asymmetry in Earthquake Interevent Time Intervals
Authors: Zhang Yongwen , Ashkenazy Yosef , Havlin Shlomo
Published: August 2021

Here we focus on a basic statistical measure of earthquake catalogs that has not been studied before, the asymmetry of interevent time series (e.g., reflecting the tendency to have more aftershocks than spontaneous earthquakes). We define the asymmetry metric as the ratio between the number of positive interevent time increments minus negative increments and the total (positive plus negative) number of increments. Such asymmetry commonly exists in time series data for nonlinear geophysical systems like river flow which decays slowly and increases rapidly. We find that earthquake interevent time series are significantly asymmetric, where the asymmetry function exhibits a significant crossover to weak asymmetry at large lag index. We suggest that the Omori law can be associated with the large asymmetry at short time intervals below the crossover whereas overlapping aftershock sequences and the spontaneous events can be associated with a fast decay of asymmetry above the crossover. We show that the asymmetry is better reproduced by a recently modified Epidemic‐Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model with two triggering processes in comparison to the standard ETAS model which only has one.
Changes in Under‐Ice Primary Production in the Chukchi Sea From 1988 to 2018
Authors: Payne C. M. , Bianucci L. , van Dijken G. L. , Arrigo K. R.
Published: August 2021

Changes in sea ice thickness and extent have corresponded with substantial changes in net primary production (NPP) in the Arctic Ocean. In recent years, observations of massive phytoplankton blooms under sea ice have upended the previous paradigm that Arctic NPP was driven largely by growth in the marginal ice zone and open water periods. Here, a new 1‐D biogeochemical model capable of simulating ice algal and phytoplankton dynamics both under the ice and in open waters is applied in the northern Chukchi Sea for the years 1988–2018. Over this period, substantial under‐ice (UI) blooms were produced in all but four years and were the primary drivers of interannual variation in total NPP. While NPP in the UI period was highly variable interannually due to fluctuations in ice thickness and the length of the UI period, UI NPP accounted for nearly half of total NPP between 1988 and 2018. Further, years with high UI NPP had reduced annual zooplankton grazing, indicating an intensification in the mismatch between phytoplankton and zooplankton populations and possibly altering the partitioning of food between benthic and pelagic ecosystems. These results demonstrate that the often‐overlooked ice covered period can be highly productive in the Arctic Ocean, and that the northern Chukchi Sea has been amenable to UIB formation since at least 1988.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of CO2 Gas Exchange From Headwater Mountain Streams
Authors: Clow D. W. , Striegl R. G. , Dornblaser M. M.
Published: August 2021

Mountain streams play an important role in the global carbon cycle by transporting, metabolizing, and exchanging carbon they receive from the terrestrial environment. The rates at which these processes occur remain highly uncertain because of a paucity of observations and the difficulty of measuring gas exchange rates in steep, turbulent mountain streams. This uncertainty is compounded by large temporal and spatial variability in stream carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in mountain environments. In this study, we measured diel, seasonal, and annual variations in CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in seven headwater streams and a groundwater spring in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to determine how CO2 exchange fluxes () vary with time, annual precipitation, and landscape characteristics. Our results show that temporal variability in pCO2 and in mountain streams is large and is strongly influenced by solar radiation, the accumulation and melting of seasonal snowpacks, and interannual variations in precipitation. Spatial variations in pCO2 and were related to landscape characteristics, with soil organic matter, wetlands, and likely groundwater discharge zones having a positive influence. Periglacial features, such as ice and rock glaciers, had a negative influence on stream pCO2 and . Estimated from streams in an alpine/subalpine region of Colorado was 3.4 kg C m−2 yr−1 normalized to stream surface area (95% CI: 2.1–5.0 kg C m−2 yr−1), consistent with recent work on CO2 exchange from mountain streams in the Swiss Alps. Our results highlight the importance of mountain streams as substantial contributors in the global carbon cycle.
Effect of education on functional network edge efficiency in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kim Yeshin , Kim Sung-Woo , Seo Sang Won , Jang Hyemin , Kim Ko Woon , Cho Soo Hyun , Kim Si Eun , Kim Seung Joo , Lee Jin San , Kim Sung Tae , Na Duk L. , Seong Joon-Kyung , Kim Hee Jin
Published: August 2021

We investigated the effect of education on the edge efficiency in resting state functional networks (RSFNs) in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD). We collected the data of 57 early aMCI, 141 late aMCI, 173 mild ADD, and 39 moderate-to-severe ADD patients. We used years of education as a proxy for cognitive reserve. We measured edge efficiency for each edge in RSFNs, and performed simple slope analyses to discover their associations with education level among the four groups. In the late aMCI, a sub-network that had hub nodes in the right middle frontal gyrus and the right posterior cingulate gyrus, showed a positive association between RSFN edge efficiency and education (threshold = 2.5,p = 0.0478). There was no negative effect of education on the RSFN edge efficiency. In the early aMCI, mild ADD, and moderate-to-severe ADD, there were no sub-networks showing positive or negative correlation between education and RSFN edge efficiency. There was a positive effect of higher education on RSFN edge efficiency in the late aMCI, but not in the early aMCI or ADD. This indicates that in late aMCI, those who have higher education level have greater ability to resist collapsed functional network.
Use patterns of cigarettes and alternative tobacco products and socioeconomic correlates in Hong Kong secondary school students
Authors: Wang Lijun , Chen Jianjiu , Leung Lok Tung , Ho Sai Yin , Lam Tai Hing , Wang Man Ping
Published: August 2021

Smoking is a major cause of health inequities. However, sociodemographic differences in adolescent tobacco use are unclear. In a territory-wide school-based anonymous survey in 2018/19, we investigated tobacco use and sociodemographic correlates in 33,991 students (mean age 14.8 ± 1.9 years) in Hong Kong. Tobacco use prevalence and current-ever use ratios by sociodemographic factors were calculated. Generalised linear mixed models were used in association analyses. Current use was highest for cigarettes (3.2%), closely followed by alternative tobacco products (3.0%). Current-ever use ratios were highest for heated tobacco products (HTPs, 0.60), followed by nicotine e-cigarettes (0.52), waterpipe (0.51), and cigarettes (0.35). Use prevalence and current-ever use ratios of all products showed curvilinear relations with perceived family affluence (P values < 0.01), being highest in the richest families. Tobacco use was also associated with more senior grades, the lowest parental education, and boys, but current-ever use ratios of HTPs and waterpipe were higher in girls (P values < 0.05). The results suggested that adolescent ever users of nicotine-containing alternative tobacco products were more likely to keep using them than cigarettes, and the richest adolescents were at the highest risks of tobacco use. Diverse tobacco control measures are needed to improve health equity, especially on alternative tobacco products.
Adaptive attention-based human machine interface system for teleoperation of industrial vehicle
Authors: Chew Jouh Yeong , Kawamoto Mitsuru , Okuma Takashi , Yoshida Eiichi , Kato Norihiko
Published: August 2021

This study proposes a Human Machine Interface (HMI) system with adaptive visual stimuli to facilitate teleoperation of industrial vehicles such as forklifts. The proposed system estimates the context/work state during teleoperation and presents the optimal visual stimuli on the display of HMI. Such adaptability is supported by behavioral models which are developed from behavioral data of conventional/manned forklift operation. The proposed system consists of two models, i.e., gaze attention and work state transition models which are defined by gaze fixations and operation pattern of operators, respectively. In short, the proposed system estimates and shows the optimal visual stimuli on the display of HMI based on temporal operation pattern. The usability of teleoperation system is evaluated by comparing the perceived workload elicited by different types of HMI. The results suggest the adaptive attention-based HMI system outperforms the non-adaptive HMI, where the perceived workload is consistently lower as responded by different categories of forklift operators.
Incidence, mortality and survival in multiple myeloma compared to other hematopoietic neoplasms in Sweden up to year 2016
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Försti Asta , Hansson Markus
Published: August 2021

Survival in multiple myeloma (MM) has developed favorably over the past decades for reasons that have been ascribed to new medications and treatment. However, development of survival over a long period and comparison to other hematopoietic neoplasms (HN) is less well known. Here we used Swedish cancer data from the Nordcan database, spanning a 50-year period from 1967 to 2016, and analyzed 1- and 5-year survival data. As a novel type of analysis we calculate the difference in survival between year 1 and 5 which indicates how well survival was maintained in the 4-year period following year 1 after diagnosis. The relative 1- and 5- year survival increased constantly; the 5-year survival graph for women was almost linear. The difference between 1- and 5-year survival revealed that the 5-year survival gain was entirely due to the improvement in 1-year survival, except for the last period. Survival improvement in all HNs exceeded that in MM. The linear 5-year survival increase for female MM patients suggests a contribution by many small improvements in the first year care rather than single major events. The future challenges are to push the gains past year 1 and to extend them to old patients.
Electrochemiluminescent immunoassay enhancement driven by carbon nanotubes
Authors: Rebeccani Sara , Wetzl Cecilia , Zamolo Valeria Anna , Criado Alejandro , Valenti Giovanni , Paolucci Francesco , Prato Maurizio
Published: August 2021

Carbon nanotubes attached to magnetic beads enhance the electrochemiluminescence signal creating a conductive layer around the beads and extending the ECL active layer with the combined effect of the increased efficiency of the remote ECL and the activation of an additional ECL mechanism.
NHC-catalyzed enantioselective C2-functionalization of 3-hydroxychromenones via α,β-unsaturated acyl azoliums
Authors: Dzieszkowski Krzysztof , Słotwiński Michał , Rafińska Katarzyna , Muzioł Tadeusz M. , Rafiński Zbigniew
Published: August 2021

The first direct and highly enantioselective C2-functionalization of a 3-hydroxychromenone skeleton via NHC-catalyzed generation of chiral α,β-unsaturated acyl azoliums and a following Coates-Claisen rearrangement.
π-Conjugated species with an unsupported Si–Si π-bond obtained from direct π-extension
Authors: Nukazawa Takumi , Iwamoto Takeaki
Published: August 2021

Bicyclic silicon compounds that exhibit π-conjugation between an unsupported bridgehead Si–Si π and ethynyl π moieties were synthesized via direct π-extension.
Evaluation of packing single and multiple atoms and molecules in the porous organic cage CC3-R
Authors: McKee Nida A. , McKee Michael L.
Published: August 2021

The absorption of multiple atoms and molecules, including Kr, Xe, CH4, CO2, C2H2, H2O, and SF6, within CC3-R, a Porous Organic Cage (POC), was calculated and analyzed.
Biliverdin chiral derivatives as chiroptical switches for pH and metal cation sensing
Authors: Ghidinelli Simone , Abbate Sergio , Mazzeo Giuseppe , Boiadjiev Stefan E. , Lightner David A. , Longhi Giovanna
Published: August 2021

The helical conformational equilibrium and aggregation of chiral biliverdin diester derivatives are sensitive to environmental physicochemical conditions such as pH, the presence of metal ions, and the length of the diester chain.
Thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of single copper nanowires
Authors: Peng Wei-Tsu , Chen Fu-Ren , Lu Ming-Chang
Published: August 2021

Copper nano-interconnects are ubiquitous in semiconductor devices.
Development of metal-free layered semiconductors for 2D organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Burmeister David , Trunk Matthias G. , Bojdys Michael J.
Published: August 2021

Metal-free 2D covalent organic materials transport charges along and in-between π-conjugated layers. Here, we look at the prospects of graphitic carbon nitrides and covalent organic frameworks as 2D semiconductors “beyond graphene and silicon”.
Solution-processed perovskite thin-films: the journey from lab- to large-scale solar cells
Authors: Saki Zahra , Byranvand Mahdi Malekshahi , Taghavinia Nima , Kedia Mayank , Saliba Michael
Published: August 2021

This review explores perovskite crystallization in scalable deposition techniques, including blade, slot-die, spray coating, and inkjet printing.
Indirect bandgap, optoelectronic properties, and photoelectrochemical characteristics of high-purity Ta3N5 photoelectrodes
Authors: Eichhorn Johanna , Lechner Simon P. , Jiang Chang-Ming , Folchi Heunecke Giulia , Munnik Frans , Sharp Ian D.
Published: August 2021

The (opto)electronic properties of Ta3N5 photoelectrodes are often dominated by defects, but precise control of these defects provides new insight into the electronic structure, photocarrier transport, and photoelectrochemical function.
Injectable silk nanofiber hydrogels as stem cell carriers to accelerate wound healing
Authors: Li Jiadai , Ding Zhaozhao , Zheng Xin , Lu Guozhong , Lu Qiang , Kaplan David L
Published: August 2021

Injectable silk nanofiber hdyrogels were used to load stem cells and regulate cell behaviors effectively. The stem cell–laden silk hydrogels accelerated wound healing with higher quality and hair follicle regeneration.
Correction: Highly porous and elastic aerogel based on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires for high-performance bone regeneration and neovascularization
Authors: Huang Gao-Jian , Yu Han-Ping , Wang Xue-Lian , Ning Bing-Bing , Gao Jing , Shi Yi-Qin , Zhu Ying-Jie , Duan Jun-Li
Published: August 2021

Correction for ‘Highly porous and elastic aerogel based on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires for high-performance bone regeneration and neovascularization’ by Gao-Jian Huang et al., J. Mater. Chem. B, 2021, 9, 1277–1287, DOI: 10.1039/D0TB02288H.
Electronic nano sponge breath ammonia sensors using hygroscopic polymers on vertical channel nano-porous structure
Authors: Chen Wei-Lun , Chiu Huang-Cheng , Chu Hsuan , Hsieh Ju-Chun , Chen Bing-Xin , Tian Ya-Chun , Liau Shuh-Kuan , Chan Ming-Jen , Lu Chia-Jung , Meng Hsin-Fei , Horng Sheng-Fu , Wang Chien-Lung , Zan Hsiao-Wen
Published: August 2021

With the low-cost hygroscopic polymers as the sensing layer of the nano-porous devices, the “Nano Sponge sensors” enable efficient and reversible ammonia gas absorption to realize highly sensitive and stable ammonia detection.
Magnetocaloric Ln(HCO2)(C2O4) frameworks: synthesis, structure and magnetic properties
Authors: Falsaperna Mario , Stenning Gavin B. G. , da Silva Ivan , Saines Paul J.
Published: August 2021

Gd(HCO2)(C2O4) is an excellent magnetocaloric with Ising analogues lacking the strong local interactions needed to outperform it at higher temperatures.
Phosphatidylserine binding directly regulates TIM-3 function
Authors: Smith Courtney M. , Li Alice , Krishnamurthy Nithya , Lemmon Mark A.
Published: August 2021

Co-signaling receptors for the T cell receptor (TCR) are important therapeutic targets, with blockade of co-inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 now central in immuno-oncology. Advancing additional therapeutic immune modulation approaches requires understanding ligand regulation of other co-signaling receptors. One poorly understood potential therapeutic target is TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing-3). Which of TIM-3's several proposed regulatory ligands is/are relevant for signaling is unclear, and different studies have reported TIM-3 as a co-inhibitory or co-stimulatory receptor in T cells. Here, we show that TIM-3 promotes NF-κB signaling and IL-2 secretion following TCR stimulation in Jurkat cells, and that this activity is regulated by binding to phosphatidylserine (PS). TIM-3 signaling is stimulated by PS exposed constitutively in cultured Jurkat cells, and can be blocked by mutating the PS-binding site or by occluding this site with an antibody. We also find that TIM-3 signaling alters CD28 phosphorylation. Our findings clarify the importance of PS as a functional TIM-3 ligand, and may inform the future exploitation of TIM-3 as a therapeutic target.
Correlation analysis of RDM1 gene with immune infiltration and clinical prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Qiu Chen , Li Zuyin , Cao Wanyue , Cai Xiaoni , Ye Li , Zhang Cheng , Ma Yuefeng , Wang Xiaoliang , Yang Yulong
Published: August 2021

Purpose: Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) is one of the most common primary malignant liver tumors worldwide. The RAD52 motif-containing protein 1 (RDM1) has been shown to play a role in mediating DNA damage repair and homologous recombination. The present study was designed to determine the expression of RDM1 and its prognostic value as well as its relationship with immune infiltration in LIHC patients.

Methods: Oncomine and Tumor Immunoassay Resource were used to assess the expression of RDM1. PrognoScan and Kaplan–Meier bioinformatics database were used to analyze the impact of clinical influencing factors on prognosis. Finally, the Tumor Immune Assessment Resource (TIMER) and Gene Expression Analysis Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) databases were used to detect the correlation between the expression of RDM1 and expression of marker genes related to immune infiltration. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was used to detect the expression level of RDM1 in 90 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent normal liver tissues.

Results: RDM1 expression was up-regulated in most cancers. The expression of RDM1 was remarkably higher than that of the corresponding normal control genes in LIHC tissues. The increase in RDM1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was closely related to the decreases in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Additionally, the increase in RDM1 mRNA expression was closely related to the infiltration levels of macrophages, CD8+ T cells and B cells and was positively correlated with a variety of immune markers in LIHC.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrate that RDM1 is a potentially valuable prognostic biomarker that can help determine the progression of cancer and is associated with immune cell infiltration in LIHC.
Novel insights into the pervasive role of RNA structure in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in plants
Authors: Zhang Huakun , Ding Yiliang
Published: August 2021

RNA folding is an intrinsic property of RNA that serves a key role in every step of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, from RNA maturation to translation in plants. Recent developments of genome-wide RNA structure profiling methods have transformed research in this area enabling focus to shift from individual molecules to the study of tens of thousands of RNAs. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in the field. We discuss these new insights of RNA structure functionality within the context of post-transcriptional regulation including mRNA maturation, translation, and RNA degradation in plants. Notably, we also provide an overview of how plants exhibit different RNA structures in response to environmental changes.
Identification of Gaps in Training, Research, and School-Based Practice: A Survey of School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Heilmann John , Bertone Andrea
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) encounter many challenges in the school environment. We sought to identify school-based SLPs' needs in the areas of training and research to support school-based practice.

Method

We collected surveys from 145 school-based SLPs practicing in Wisconsin. Respondents were asked to describe aspects of preservice training that most and least prepared them for school-based practice. Respondents next described training needs for early-career SLPs and desired topics for general professional development. Respondents then described research topics that require further study to advance school-based practice. After completing this series of open-ended questions, the respondents completed a series of preferential-ranking questions about general needs for training and research. We employed mixed methods to analyze the data, using grounded theory for the qualitative analysis.

Results

During preservice training, respondents most valued the applied aspects of their training. Respondents noted that early-career SLPs require significant support, particularly with the professional responsibilities of school-based practice (e.g., individualized education programs, interprofessional practice, and scheduling). When describing general professional development and research needs, the respondents placed high value on practical topics that have clear implications for school-based practice.

Conclusions

Understanding the perceived needs of school-based SLPs can assist in designing training supports and ensuring that the developing evidence base is relevant to SLPs practicing in the schools. This exploration-stage study established a foundation for future testing of implementation initiatives to fill gaps in school-based practice.