bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induction and potential role of summer dormancy to enhance persistence of perennial grasses under warmer climates
Authors: Shihan Ammar , Barre Philippe , Copani Venera , Kallida Rajae , Østrem Liv , Testa Giorgio , Norton Mark R. , Sampoux Jean‐Paul , Volaire Florence
Published: March 2022

The persistence of perennial herbaceous species is threatened by increasing aridity. However, summer dormancy is a strategy conferring superior survival to grasses adapted to hot and dry summers. The role of temperature on the induction of summer dormancy was investigated in the perennial grass Dactylis glomerata to analyse the potential expression of this strategy under warmer climates.

We tested seven populations of D. glomerata originating from Morocco to Norway across the same latitudinal gradient in a five‐site experiment. One population of the highly summer‐dormant grass Poa bulbosa was used as a reference. Plants were grown from autumn in pots under full irrigation for 1 year mostly under open‐air shelters. Heading date (ear emergence preceding flowering) was recorded and foliage senescence was assessed from end of spring until autumn. The maximum plant senescence under summer irrigation indicated the level of dormancy expression. Summer dormancy onset, release, expression and duration were modelled as a function of climatic variables.

From north to south, the duration of summer dormancy of the Mediterranean populations of D. glomerata and P. bulbosa ranged from 0 to 122 days, and 79 to 200 days, respectively. P. bulbosa was always completely dormant, while dormancy expression of D. glomerata was positively correlated with the sum of temperatures from winter onset (R2 = 0.57) and with the mean of minimum temperatures in summer (R2 = 0.73). Dormancy onset, release and duration were also positively correlated with thermal time from winter onset, while the duration of summer dormancy was longer as maximum temperatures increased. Mapping the European regions with climates allowing the expression of summer dormancy in D. glomerata showed that the potentially inductive areas for this strategy may expand in parallel with increasing summer aridity under a future climate warming scenario.

Synthesis. The large phenotypic variability of the expression of summer dormancy in D. glomerata was driven by temperature, suggesting that this strategy may have a greater role in higher latitudes to increase plant survival over the predicted hotter and drier summers. Leveraging this strategy for the choice and selection of suitable populations could enhance future adaptation of major perennial grasses to climate change.
Context‐dependent effects of shifting large herbivore assemblages on plant structure and diversity
Authors: Orr Devyn A. , Bui An , Klope Maggie , McCullough Ian M. , Lee Michelle , Motta Carina , Mayorga Isabella , Konicek Kelli , Young Hillary S.
Published: March 2022

Despite wide recognition of the importance of anthropogenically driven changes in large herbivore communities—including both declines in wildlife and increases in livestock—there remain large gaps in our knowledge about the impacts of these changes on plant communities, particularly when combined with concurrent changes in climate. Considering these prominent forms of global change in tandem enables us to better understand controls on savanna vegetation structure and diversity under real‐world conditions.

We conducted a field experiment using complete and semi‐permeable herbivore exclosures to explore the difference in plant communities among sites with wild herbivores only, with cattle in addition to wild herbivores, and with no large herbivores. To understand variation in effects across climatic contexts, the experiment was replicated at three locations along a topoclimatic gradient in California. Critically, this is the first such experiment to compare cattle and wildlife impacts along an environmental gradient within a single controlled experiment.

Vegetation structure responded strongly to herbivore treatment regardless of climate. Relative to the isolated effects of wildlife, exclusion of all large herbivores generally increased structural components related to cover and above‐ground biomass while the addition of cattle led to reductions in vegetation cover, litter, shading and standing biomass. Furthermore, wildlife had a consistent neutral or positive effect on plant diversity, while the effect of livestock addition was context dependent. Cattle had a neutral to strongly negative effect at low aridity, but a positive effect at high aridity. These results suggest that (a) herbivore effects can override climate effects on vegetation structure, (b) cattle addition can drive different effects on diversity and (c) herbivore effects on diversity are modulated by climate.

Synthesis. Our results illustrate very distinctive shifts in plant communities between two realistic forms of change in ungulate herbivore assemblages—livestock addition and large herbivore losses—particularly for plant diversity responses, and that these responses vary across climatic contexts. This finding has important implications for the management and protection of plant biodiversity given that over a quarter of the Earth's land area is managed for livestock and climate regimes are changing globally.
Activation of lactoperoxidase system in buffalo milk using dual enzyme (lactase & glucose oxidase) and its effect on milk constituents
Authors: Parmar Alka , Sharma Vivek , Arora Sumit , Raju Panjagari Narender
Published: March 2022

In the present investigation, lactoperoxidase (LP) system was activated in buffalo milk using 400 U of lactase with 350 U of glucose oxidase as the source of in situ hydrogen peroxide with 50 mg thiocyanate per litre of milk. On the basis of titratable acidity, clot on boiling, and alcohol test, milk remained acceptable up to 9–10 h. The hypothiocyanate ions level (57.629 ± 0.38mM) after 9th hour of LP activation maintained close to the level suggested in central composite rotatable design. The milk preserved using the standardised formulation to activate the LP system did not show any variation in physico‐chemical parameters of milk from the usual quality except for lactose content, which was measured using HPLC. Lactose content was reduced from initial 4.7% to 1.4%, 0.99% and 0.53% after 1, 2 and 4 h of activation at 37°C, respectively. Whey proteins remained unaffected as no changes were observed in their electrophoretic behaviour. Serine equivalents in both control and LP system–activated milk was 1.20 ± 0.001 mg/mL, indicating no proteolysis. Thiobarbituric acid values of LP‐activated milk at 0th hour and 9th hour were 0.81 ± 0.002 and 0.082 ± 0.003, respectively. No significant changes in free fatty acids were observed on account of LP‐system activation using the studied dual‐enzyme approach. LP‐activated milk remained heat stable up to 10 h at 37°C.
Inter‐agency collaboration is associated with increased frequency of research use in children's mental health policy making
Authors: Purtle Jonathan , Nelson Katherine L. , Lengnick‐Hall Rebecca , Horwitz Sarah Mc Cue , Palinkas Lawrence A. , McKay Mary M. , Hoagwood Kimberly E.
Published: March 2022

Objective

To determine whether the self‐report frequency of inter‐agency collaboration about children's mental health issues is associated with the self‐report frequency of using research evidence in children's mental health policy and program decision making in mental health agencies (MHAs).

Data Sources

Primary data were collected through web‐based surveys of state (N = 221) and county (N = 117) MHA officials.

Design

The primary independent variable was a composite score quantifying the frequency of collaboration about children's mental health issues between officials in MHAs and six other state agencies. The dependent variables were composite scores quantifying the frequency of research use in children's mental health policy and program decision making in general and for specific purposes (i.e., conceptual, instrumental, tactical, imposed). Covariates were composite scores quantifying well‐established determinants of research use (e.g., agency leadership, research use skills) in agency policy and program decision making.

Data Methods

Separate multiple linear regression models estimated associations between frequency of inter‐agency collaboration and research use scores, adjusting for other determinants of research use, respondent state, and other covariates. Data from state and county officials were analyzed separately.

Principal Findings

The frequency of inter‐agency collaboration was positively and independently associated with the frequency of research use in children's mental health policy making among state (β = 0.22, p = 0.004) and county (β = 0.39, p < 0.0001) MHA officials. Inter‐agency collaboration was also the only variable significantly associated with the frequency of research use for all four specific purposes among state MHA officials, and similar findings we observed among county MHA officials. The magnitudes of associations between inter‐agency collaboration and frequency of research use were generally stronger than for more well‐established determinants of research use in policy making.

Conclusions

Strategies that promote collaboration between MHA officials and external agencies could increase the use of research evidence in children's mental health policy and program decision making in MHAs.
The Donkey Skin Trade: Challenges and Opportunities for Policy Change
Authors: Goodrum Frances , Theuri Samuel , Mutua Eva , Carder Gemma
Published: March 2022

The use of animal derivatives in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) dates back more than 5000 years. Donkey skins are one such animal derivative, the skins are used to produce ejiao, which is a luxury product and believed by some to have a variety of health benefits. The increasing demand for ejiao is putting the global donkey population at risk. In China between 1990 and 2018 the donkey population decreased by 77 per cent, as a consequence donkeys are largely being sourced from Africa to meet the demand. In low and middle‐income countries donkeys are a valuable livelihood asset. Research has emerged highlighting the potential detrimental impacts of the loss of donkeys on livelihoods. In addition to the impact on communities, the trade presents a number of signifcant health and welfare concerns to donkeys. Methods for raising awareness, reducing demand and challenging and enforcing policy are all needed to reduce the impact of the donkey skin trade. Policy change needs to be bottom up, with local bans in countries where the trade is most damaging and coordinated enforcement of legislation, including the tackling of illegal cross border trade. Partnership across non‐governmental organisations, agencies and government is essential.
Altered fibrinogen level and fibrin clot structure in myostatin homozygous mutant pig
Authors: Choe Hak Myong , Quan Biao‐Hu , Paek Hyo‐Jin , Luo Zhao‐Bo , Gao Kai , Han Sheng‐Zhong , Li Zhou‐Yan , Kang Jin‐Dan , Yin Xi‐jun
Published: March 2022

Obesity is associated with increased serum fibrinogen level. Myostatin (MSTN), a strong inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth, is recognized as a potential target for obesity. However, the effect of MSTN inhibition on fibrinogen is not largely known. The objective of the present study was to explore fibrinogen levels after MSTN inhibition. Fibrinogen levels and the fibrin clot structure of MSTN homozygous knockout (KO) and wild‐type (WT) pigs (n = 4 in each group) were investigated. The protein expression of fibrinogen in the serum and liver of KO pigs decreased greatly (1.6‐fold loss for serum and 2.5‐fold loss for liver). KO pigs showed significantly decreased gene expression of fibrinogen chains: FGA (fibrinogen‐α; 11‐fold), FGB (fibrinogen‐β; 8‐fold) and FGG (fibrinogen‐γ; 7.4‐fold). The basal transcriptional regulators of fibrinogen, HNF1 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1) and CEBP‐α (CCAAT/Enhancing‐binding protein‐alpha) were remarkably down‐regulated after interruption of MSTN expression by siRNA (small interfering RNA) in cultured hepatocytes (about 2‐ and 4‐fold, respectively). Compared with WT pigs, KO pigs displayed altered fibrin clot structure with thinner fibers, decreased turbidity and increased permeability. The findings indicate that the inhibition of MSTN could affect fibrinogen levels and the fibrin clot structure.
Impacts of climate and weather on irrigation technology adoption and agricultural water use in the U.S. pacific northwest
Authors: Shi Jian , Wu JunJie , Olen Beau
Published: March 2022

In this article, we model long‐run responses to climate expectations that are predetermined before the growing season and short‐run responses to weather realizations during the growing season. The model is applied to a climatically diverse region, the U.S. Pacific Northwest, and the most comprehensive dataset on irrigation in the United States to estimate the impact of extreme weather on irrigation technology adoption and agricultural water use. Impacts on agricultural water use were driven more by adjustments to irrigated acreage (extensive margin effects) than by adjustments to the water application rate (intensive margin effects). The model captures the two mechanisms for irrigation to mitigate freeze damage to crops: wetting the soil (heat retention) and over‐head sprinkler irrigation (latent heat). Realized late spring freeze caused water use for orchard/vineyard to increase by 3%, but this represents less than a 1% increase in total agricultural water use. Expected spring freeze variability encouraged adoption of sprinkler irrigation technology for some crops.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on medical student placements in rural Queensland: A survey study
Authors: Martin Priya , McGrail Matthew , Fox Jordan , Partanen Riitta , Kondalsamy‐Chennakesavan Srinivas
Published: March 2022

Objective

The COVID‐19 pandemic has adversely impacted medical students' learning experiences. Students in one Australian Rural Clinical School were surveyed to investigate the impact of disruptions to clinical placements and satisfaction with educational changes implemented as a result of the pandemic.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Setting

The University of Queensland Rural Clinical School.

Methods

Students undertaking one or two years of study at the participating Rural Clinical School in November 2020.

Main outcome measure

A 20‐item anonymised survey with questions on personal health and safety, quality of clinical training experience, response to changes in learning and student environment, and progression to completion of the medical degree.

Results

The survey was completed by 124 students (76% response rate). Students were satisfied with the changes made to their learning to accommodate the disruptions to health service delivery and placements. Final year students were more satisfied with their learning experiences compared to their third‐year counterparts.

Conclusions

The Rural Clinical School implemented a range of academic and psychological support strategies which appear to have helped with mitigating mental health concerns experienced by students completing rural placements, who are already prone to experiencing social isolation. Strengthening communication between the academic and health service sectors can improve the quality of learning for medical students on placements.
Grassland restoration by local seed mixtures: New evidence from a practical 15‐year restoration study
Authors: Kaulfuß Franziska , Rosbakh Sergey , Reisch Christoph
Published: March 2022

Aim

Local seed mixtures are frequently used to restore species‐rich grasslands. However, it has hardly been tested whether local seed mixtures can actually be applied successfully in grassland restoration practice at larger scales and long‐term. To close this gap, we report the results of a large‐scale restoration study in which grasslands were restored about 15 years ago using different local seed mixtures.

Location

Bavaria, SE Germany.

Methods

To evaluate the efficacy of the local seed mixtures, we compared the species composition of seed mixtures and current vegetation. We then tested whether restoration success depends on site characteristics such as the size and shape (rectangle or stripe) of the grassland, restoration procedures such as topsoil removal, seed density and land use, or species habitat preferences for light, water and nutrients, and species life span (annual, perennial).

Results

On average, the current vegetation contained 62.4% of all species that were present in the local seed mixtures. Species from the local seed mixtures made up on average 69.1% of the total cover in the established vegetation, whereby the species composition of the local seed mixture and vegetation differed significantly from each other. The probability that a sown species would establish increased with seed density up to 300 seeds/m². Furthermore, habitat preferences significantly affected species establishment chances, with species requiring full illumination, dry and nutrient‐poor soil being more successful during restoration, reflecting the high proportion of sites with topsoil removal prior to seeding in our study. Annual species had significantly lower establishment chances compared with their perennial counterparts.

Conclusions

Our study provides another piece of evidence that local seed mixtures can be applied successfully in large‐scale grassland restoration projects. We provide several practical recommendations of how such practices can be further improved by using specific seed densities and creating new local seed mixtures using species that are ecologically more suitable to the restored sites.
Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir, emtricitabine and intracellular metabolites in transgender women
Authors: Tanaudommongkon Asama , Chaturvedula Ayyappa , Hendrix Craig W. , Fuchs Edward J. , Shieh Eugenie , Bakshi Rahul P. , Marzinke Mark A.
Published: March 2022

Aims

Transgender women (TGW) have been underrepresented in trials and use gender‐affirming hormonal therapies (GAHT) that may alter renal function by significantly increasing creatinine clearance. Population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models and simulations would aid in understanding potential differences in emtricitabine/tenofovir disproxil fumarate (F/TDF) parent–metabolite concentrations in TGW on GAHT when compared to cisgender men (CGM) not exposed to GAHT.

Methods

Pharmacokinetic (PK) data from a Phase 1, open‐label clinical trial with directly observed therapy of daily F/TDF consisting of 8 TGW and 8 CGM was utilized for model building. PopPK analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM 7.5.0). Covariates of body weight, creatinine clearance, and gender were evaluated. Final models were subjected to Monte Carlo simulations to compare drug exposure following once daily and on‐demand (IPERGAY 2 + 1 + 1) dosing of F/TDF.

Results

Tenofovir (TFV) and emtricitabine PK were best described by a 2‐compartment model, first‐order absorption/elimination with absorption lag time. Parent models were linked to their metabolites by first order formation and elimination. Creatinine clearance was a significant covariate influencing clearance in both models. Simulations demonstrated that at least 2, weekly 2 + 1 + 1 cycles of on‐demand dosing in TGW on GAHT is necessary for TFV‐diphosphate to reach similar exposure after the initial week of on‐demand dosing in CGM not on GAHT.

Conclusion

PopPK models of TFV, emtricitabine and intracellular metabolites in TGW were established. Dose simulations revealed that TGW should be treated for at least 2 weeks to have comparable exposures to CGM.
Impact of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia on melanoma outcomes: A retrospective case‐control study
Authors: Jobson Dale , McCormack Christopher J. , Mar Victoria , Tam Constantine , Henderson Michael A.
Published: March 2022

With new, effective treatments for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) the impact of second malignancies is increasingly important. We performed a retrospective case‐controlled study examining the effect of CLL and its treatment on melanoma‐specific survival and recurrence. A total of 56 patients with melanoma with CLL were matched 1:1 to patients without CLL for age, date of diagnosis, gender and melanoma tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) stage. Multivariate analysis found CLL was associated with significantly worse melanoma‐specific mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 2.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–4.74, p = 0.007) and recurrence (HR 3.44, 95% CI 1.79–6.63, p < 0.001). Patients with CLL had poor immunotherapy tolerance and prior CLL treatment was not associated with melanoma outcomes.
Knowledge hierarchy and mechanisms of power in environmental impact assessment: Insights from the Muskrat Falls hydroelectric project
Authors: Barnard‐Chumik Hannah , Cappe Natalie , Giang Amanda
Published: March 2022

Discussions surrounding the improvement of decision‐making processes like environmental impact assessment (EIA) often emphasize pluralism in the knowledge generation process, in an effort to increase effectiveness. However, empirical research indicates that such attempts to integrate multiple ways of knowing often fall short and significant knowledge conflicts remain. Scholars suggest this may be due to inadequate attention to power in the regulatory arena. The purpose of this study is to examine how power and knowledge influence the process and outcome of EIA in a participatory context. We develop a case study analysis of the Muskrat Falls hydroelectric project, located in Labrador, Canada. We use situational analysis to analyze documents produced over the course of the EIA and semi‐structured interviews. We find evidence of pluralism in knowledge production in the EIA process, but a distinct knowledge hierarchy in EIA outcome. We argue that this knowledge hierarchy is achieved through depoliticization of the EIA process. In particular, we identify the concept of “project inertia” as a distinct mechanism of depoliticization present in EIA and make policy prescriptions to improve the Canadian EIA process. This research contributes to broader theoretical discussions about pluralism in decision‐making processes.
Optimal management of perioperative analgesia regarding immediate and short‐term outcomes after liver transplantation – A systematic review, meta‐analysis and expert panel recommendations
Authors: Sun Li‐Ying , Gitman Marina , Malik Ashish , Te Terry Pan Ling , Spiro Michael , Raptis Dimitri Aristotle , Ramsay Michael ,   the ERAS4OLT.org Working Group
Published: March 2022

Background

Adequate pain control is essential for patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). Multiple analgesic strategies have been implemented during the perioperative period. There is no consensus on the optimal perioperative analgesia management.

Objectives

To provide recommendations, on the optimal perioperative analgesia management for LT.

Data Sources

Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis following PRISMA guidelines and recommendations using GRADE. Studies describing outcomes, morbidity, mortality, pain scores, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay in patients that received different pain management techniques during and after LT were included (CRD42021243282).

Results

One thousand nine hundred ten articles were screened, but only two randomized controlled trials, one prospective and six retrospective studies were included. The opioid‐avoidance protocols included, thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA), Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block, as well as other non‐opioid analgesics, resulted in improved short‐term outcomes. Mortality was reduced in this group versus control cohorts (OR = 0.51; CI 0.14, 1.83; P = 0.350), Time to extubation, and intensive care unit LOS were shorter; pain scores after surgery were lower in opioid‐avoidance group (percentage decrease, 35%, 12%, and 55%, respectively). However, hospital LOS was longer (percentage increase 8%).

Conclusions

Opioid‐avoidance analgesia management for LT results in improved short‐term outcomes. (Quality of Evidence; Moderate to low | Grade of Recommendation; Weak). Medications such as acetaminophen(paracetamol), gabapentin, ketamine, tramadol and local anesthesia may be used instead of, or as adjuncts to opioids for postoperative analgesia. Overall evidence remains weak and more robust studies are required.
DNAJB2‐related Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type 2: Pathomechanism insights and phenotypic spectrum widening
Authors: Saveri Paola , Magri Stefania , Maderna Emanuela , Balistreri Francesca , Lombardi Raffaella , Ciano Claudia , Moda Fabio , Garavaglia Barbara , Reale Chiara , Lauria Pinter Giuseppe , Taroni Franco , Pareyson Davide , Pisciotta Chiara
Published: March 2022

Background and purpose

Mutations in DNAJB2 are associated with autosomal recessive hereditary motor neuropathies/ Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2). We describe an Italian family with CMT2 due to a homozygous DNAJB2 mutation and provide insight into the pathomechanisms.

Methods

Patients with DNAJB2 mutations were characterized clinically, electrophysiologically and by means of skin biopsy. mRNA and protein levels were studied in lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs) from patients and controls.

Results

Three affected siblings were found to carry a homozygous DNAJB2 null mutation segregating with the disease. The disease manifested in the second to third decade of life. Clinical examination showed severe weakness of the thigh muscles and complete loss of movement in the foot and leg muscles. Sensation was reduced in the lower limbs. All patients had severe hearing loss and the proband also had Parkinson’s disease (PD). Nerve conduction studies showed an axonal motor and sensory length‐dependent polyneuropathy. DNAJB2 expression studies revealed reduced mRNA levels and the absence of the protein in the homozygous subject in both LCLs and skin biopsy. Interestingly, we detected phospho‐alpha‐synuclein deposits in the proband, as already seen in PD patients, and demonstrated TDP‐43 accumulation in patients’ skin.

Conclusions

Our results broaden the clinical spectrum of DNAJB2‐related neuropathies and provide evidence that DNAJB2 mutations should be taken into account as another causative gene of CMT2 with hearing loss and parkinsonism. The mutation likely acts through a loss‐of‐function mechanism, leading to toxic protein aggregation such as TDP‐43. The associated parkinsonism resembles the classic PD form with the addition of abnormal accumulation of phospho‐alpha‐synuclein.
HPS protects the liver against steatosis, cell death, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice with steatohepatitis
Authors: Yang Yang , Liu Xian , Chen Hui , Wang Pengjun , Yao Songhui , Zhou Bin , Yin Ronghua , Li Changyan , Wu Chutse , Yang Xiaoming , Yu Miao
Published: March 2022

Hepassocin (HPS) is a hepatokine associated with metabolic regulation and development of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, previous reports on HPS are controversial and its true function is not yet understood. Here, we demonstrated that hepatic HPS expression levels were upregulated in short‐term feeding and downregulated in long‐term feeding in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐ and methionine‐ and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet‐fed mice, as well as in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. HFD‐ and MCD‐induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis were more pronounced in HPS knockout mice than in the wild‐type mice. Moreover, HPS depletion aggravated HFD‐induced insulin resistance. By contrast, HPS administration improved MCD‐ or HFD‐induced liver phenotypes and insulin resistance in HPS knockout and wild‐type mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that MCD‐induced hepatic oxidative stress was significantly increased by HPS deficiency and could be attenuated by HPS administration. Furthermore, palmitic acid‐induced lipid accumulation and oxidative stress were exclusively enhanced in HPS knockout hepatocytes and diminished by HPS cotreatment. These data suggest that HPS ameliorates NASH in mice, at least in part, by inhibiting the oxidative stress. HPS expression levels are downregulated in human fatty liver tissues, suggesting that it may play an important protective role in NASH. Collectively, our findings provide clear genetic evidence that HPS has beneficial effects on the development of steatohepatitis in mice and suggest that upregulating HPS signaling may represent an effective treatment strategy for NASH.
Regulation of basal autophagy by calmodulin availability
Authors: Giles Jennifer , Lopez Vanessa , McConnaha Elizabeth , Hayden Matthew , Kragenbring Caleb , Carli David , Wauson Eric , Tran Quang‐Kim
Published: March 2022

Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a process that degrades cellular components to maintain homeostasis. The Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM) regulates numerous cell functions but is a limiting factor due to its insufficient availability for all target proteins. However, evidence that CaM availability regulates basal autophagy is lacking. Here, we have tested this hypothesis. CaM antagonists W‐7, trifluoperazine and CGS9343b cause autophagosome accumulation and inhibit basal autophagic flux in the same manner as does chloroquine. These reagents promote the activity of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) but not that of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Competitive binding assays using CaM sensors with different Ca2+ dependencies showed that chloroquine directly binds CaM in a Ca2+‐dependent fashion. The CaM antagonists have disparate effects on cytoplasmic Ca2+, triggering from none to robust signals, indicating that their consistent inhibition of autophagy is due to inhibition of CaM and not Ca2+. Chelating intracellular Ca2+ reduces the effect of the CaM antagonists to accumulate LC3‐II, indicating that they do so by inhibiting CaM‐dependent activities at basal Ca2+ level. The CaM antagonists cause lysosomal alkalinisation. Consistently, buffering CaM with a high‐affinity CaM‐binding protein that binds CaM at resting Ca2+ level increases lysosomal pH. Enhanced CaM buffering using a chimeric protein that contains two high‐affinity CaM‐binding sites that can collectively bind CaM at a large range of Ca2+ further increases lysosomal pH and increases LC3‐II accumulation and AMPK activity, but not that of mTOR. These data demonstrate that CaM availability is required for basal autophagy.
Reconsidering animal models used to study autism spectrum disorder: Current state and optimizing future
Authors: Silverman Jill L. , Thurm Audrey , Ethridge Sarah B. , Soller Makayla M. , Petkova Stela P. , Abel Ted , Bauman Melissa D. , Brodkin Edward S. , Harony‐Nicolas Hala , Wöhr Markus , Halladay Alycia
Published: March 2022

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), are pervasive, often lifelong disorders, lacking evidence‐based interventions for core symptoms. With no established biological markers, diagnoses are defined by behavioral criteria. Thus, preclinicalin vivoanimal models of NDDs must be optimally utilized. For this reason, experts in the field of behavioral neuroscience convened a workshop with the goals of reviewing current behavioral studies, reports, and assessments in rodent models. Goals included: (a) identifying the maximal utility and limitations of behavior in animal models with construct validity; (b) providing recommendations for phenotyping animal models; and (c) guidelines on howin vivomodels should be used and reported reliably and rigorously while acknowledging their limitations. We concluded by recommending minimal criteria for reporting in manuscripts going forward. The workshop elucidated a consensus of potential solutions to several problems, including revisiting claims made about animal model links to ASD (and related conditions). Specific conclusions included: mice (or other rodent or preclinical models) are models of the neurodevelopmental insult, not specifically any disorder (e.g., ASD); a model that perfectly recapitulates a disorder such as ASD is untenable; and greater attention needs be given to validation of behavioral testing methods, data analysis, and critical interpretation.
Global distribution and drivers of forest biome foliar nitrogen to phosphorus ratios (N:P)
Authors: Vallicrosa Helena , Sardans Jordi , Maspons Joan , Peñuelas Josep
Published: March 2022

Aim

The aim was to create global maps of foliar nitrogen‐to‐phosphorus (N:P) ratios across ecosystems, based on modelled climate, soil, and N and P deposition data, to identify global drivers of woody vegetation N:P ratios and to explore the role of genetic legacy (phylogenetics) in foliar N:P ratios of woody plants.

Location

Woody cover globally.

Time period

Present; data collected from 1990 to 2016.

Major taxa studied

Woody plants.

Methods

We compiled a database of 20,851 foliar N:P records and assigned them into boreal, temperate coniferous, temperate broadleaved and tropical groups. We applied neural networks to predict N:P global distribution maps, generalized linear models to assess environmental drivers and generalized linear mixed models to disentangle the effect of genetic legacy.

Results and main conclusions

Foliar N:P ratios are negatively associated with latitude, with higher N:P ratios occurring in tropical forests and lower N:P ratios in boreal forests. Globally, N:P ratios indicate greater levels of P limitation than N limitation. The influence of environmental factors varied among the four forest biomes, probably owing to contrasting combined environmental conditions; this finding would have been obscured had we conducted a single “forest biome” analysis. Genetic legacy explained significant variation in woody plant foliar N:P ratios, and we suggest its inclusion in future studies to improve N:P ratio predictions.
Moving internationalisation beyond exceptionalism using the MARS model
Authors: Hunter Fiona , Sparnon Neil , Latorre Paulina
Published: March 2022

This paper considers the changing nature of internationalisation in higher education in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic and how this change has required institutions to strengthen the case for internationalisation by linking it more explicitly to institutional purpose. It argues that this development requires institutions to formulate approaches to internationalisation that are explicitly linked to vision and mission statements, that often directly cite the support and development of society in general and local communities specifically, as strategic institutional priorities. In turn, this requires an examination of how internationalisation is addressed in strategic statements and the implications for practical delivery. The paper is underpinned by the authors' understanding of the nature and operation of institutions of higher education which is exemplified by the MARS model. It briefly describes this model and argues that within it, internationalisation activities should be seen as a transversal theme, which affects all operations of the institution in a coordinated matter, rather than an isolated or “exceptional” activity which can be allocated exclusively to specialised units such as the International Office—termed “exceptionalism”. Exploring this theme further, the paper sets out how internationalisation should be embedded into all aspects of institutional operations in a way that is consistent with the hierarchy of priorities set out in the MARS model. A case study from Latin America in which this approach was adopted is presented in which some of the practical implications are considered. The paper concludes by exploring the implications of these outcomes and the potential for, and the nature of, future applications of the MARS model to the development and delivery of re‐imagined internationalisation strategies in the post‐COVID‐19 world.
Efficacy of an electronic reminder for HIV screening in primary healthcare based on indicator conditions in Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Agustí Cristina , Cunillera Oriol , Almeda Jesús , Mascort Juanjo , Carrillo Ricard , Olmos Carmen , Montoliu Alexandra , Alberny Mireia , Molina Izarbe , Cayuelas Laia , Casabona Jordi
Published: March 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of an electronic reminder in primary healthcare in patients diagnosed with an indicator condition (IC) to improve HIV screening.

Methods

We developed a prospective interventional study in 51 primary healthcare centres in Barcelona randomly assigned into one of two study groups: control and alert. Between June 2018 and May 2019, an electronic reminder appeared in the electronic medical record each time a diagnosis of an IC in patients aged 16–65 years was registered in the alert group. We assessed HIV testing rates within 4 months following the diagnosis of an IC.

Results

In all, 13 000 patients were diagnosed with at least one IC. HIV testing was more likely in the alert group than in the control group. The electronic reminder multiplied the odds of being tested in men by 1.26 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.52, p = 0.019], by 1.77 (95% CI: 1.33–2.38, p < 0.001) among patients aged < 50 years , and by 1.51 (95% CI: 1.20–1.92, p < 0.001) in diagnoses of IC other than a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or an AIDS‐defining illness. Five (0.08%) cases of HIV were detected in the control group and 10 (0.17%) in the alert group.

Conclusions

Implementing an electronic reminder had a positive impact on HIV screening rates in patients diagnosed with an IC. The alert was more effective among older patients, those living in less socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods, and those with an IC other than an STI or an AIDS‐defining illness.
Targeting glycolysis in Th2 cells by pterostilbene attenuates clinical severities in an asthmatic mouse model and IL‐4 production in peripheral blood from asthmatic patients
Authors: Liu Chuan‐Teng , Song Ying‐Chyi , Wu Tsai‐Chen , Shiung Ko‐Chieh , Chen I‐Hsuan , Chang Tung‐Ti , Liang Shinn‐Jye , Yen Hung‐Rong
Published: March 2022

Asthma, a major non‐communicable disease, affects both adults and children and is associated with high morbidity compared with other chronic diseases. The glycolysis‐associated activation of type 2 helper T (Th2) cells is the critical immunopathological mechanism involved in asthma deterioration. Long‐term use of steroids as a medical treatment for asthma induces side effects and resistance. Pterostilbene (PS), a stilbenoid compound found in blueberry and vines, exhibits antihyperglycemic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Thus, we hypothesized that the modulation of T cell immunity by PS may be an applicable intervention to treat asthma. Airway hyperresponsiveness, interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐13 levels, IgE, IgG, pulmonary infiltrated monocytes and eosinophils, and mucosubstances were measured in house dust mite (HDM)‐induced asthmatic mice under PS treatment. Bioenergetic metabolism, PI3K‐mTOR signalling, GATA3 expression and histone acetylation in PS‐treated Th2 cells were investigated. PS improved HDM‐induced pulmonary allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting Th2 cell and eosinophil accumulation in HDM asthmatic mice both in the preventive and therapeutic models. Targeting glycolysis resulted in IL‐4 inhibition via the downregulation of mTOR, GATA3 and histone acetylation in PS‐treated Th2 cells. Glucose supplementation reversed the inhibitory effect of PS on Th2 cells in vitro. Adoptive transfer with glucose‐treated Th2 cells enhanced Th2 activation and eosinophilic accumulation in PS‐treated asthmatic mice. Furthermore, PS significantly inhibited IL‐4 production of CD4+ T cells from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with asthma. PS attenuates HDM‐induced asthma via the inhibition of the Glut1/mTOR/GATA3 axis in Th2 cells, which supports the potential pharmaceutical application of PS treatment for asthma.
Comparing low sensory enabling (LSE) and high sensory enabling (HSE) virtual product presentation modes in e‐commerce
Authors: Kinzinger Arno , Steiner Winfried , Tatzgern Markus , Vallaster Christine
Published: March 2022

Online shops have become increasingly interactive, using different technologies to create virtual experiences that attempt to simulate a realistic product experience. We explore the impact of high sensory enabling (HSE) virtual product presentation modes using state‐of‐the‐art virtual reality (VR) technology that allows consumers to imitate natural movement and interactions via head‐mounted displays (HMD) and dual hand VR controllers. This will compare the HSE virtual product presentation mode with a typical low sensory enabling (LSE) virtual product presentation mode that utilises conventional computer screens, along with mouse and keyboard inputs, on a desktop computer. For the HSE virtual product presentation mode, the results show significantly higher values for the studied variables, including presence, perceived diagnosticity, attitude towards product, and purchase intention. Shopping frequency has a moderating effect on the significant differences of presence between presentation modes. Our research contributes to theory by building on attitude theory, cue summation theory, as well as repetitive learning and memory to explore and explain the effects of HSE virtual product presentation modes on the constructs considered. For managers and industry leaders, this study identifies the importance of using state‐of‐the‐art technology when creating HSE virtual experiences for their products.
Determinants of food selection by bivalve larvae
Authors: Rosa Maria , Padilla Dianna K.
Published: March 2022

Selection of food particles for consumption by larvae impacts nutritional gain needed for growth, development, and metamorphosis. Past work has suggested that molluscan larvae are capable of collecting food within a narrow size range. Recent studies have found evidence of size‐independent food selection in molluscan larvae, but relatively little is known about the characteristics of particles that larvae preferentially capture. Therefore, we conducted experiments with the larvae of two mussels, Mytilus trossulus and Mytilus edulis, to determine whether they are selective feeders, and if so, whether we could determine the characteristics of particles selected as food. We fed larvae microalgae and polystyrene microspheres of different sizes, nutritional content, surface charge, and hydrophobicity. We found that for both species, there was no effect of size on particle selection for particles 2–8 μm, but, surprisingly, these two congeners preferentially captured particles with different characteristics. Larvae of M. trossulus preferentially captured particles that were more hydrophilic and had a more negative surface charge, but there was no effect of nutritional content. The larvae of M. edulis showed a different pattern; they preferentially captured particles with low surface charge and greater food value, but hydrophobicity did not affect selection. Larvae of these two congeners are indeed selective in which particles they collect but appear to be using different rules for selection. More work is needed to determine whether there are any general patterns that govern particle selection for larvae and mechanisms that could produce the observed patterns. Such work is needed to help us to determine whether individual species use different rules or whether there are general patterns in the types of particles larvae select.
Exploring Bacillus thuringiensis as a model for endospore adhesion and its potential to investigate adhesins in Pasteuria penetrans
Authors: Srivastava Arohi , Mohan Sharad , Davies Keith G.
Published: March 2022

Aims

Phytonematodes are a constraint on crop production and have been controlled using nematicides; these are highly toxic and legislation in Europe and elsewhere is prohibiting their use and alternatives are being sought. Pasteuria penetrans is a hyperparasitic bacterium that form endospores and have potential to control root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), but their attachment to the nematode cuticle is host-specific. Understanding host specificity has relied upon endospore inhibition bioassays using immunological and biochemical approaches. Phylogenetic analysis of survey sequences has shown P. penetrans to be closely related to Bacillus and to have a diverse range of collagen-like fibres which we hypothesise to be involved in the endospore adhesion. However, due to the obligately hyperparasitic nature of Pasteuria species, identifying and characterizing these collagenous-like proteins through gain of function has proved difficult and new approaches are required.

Methods and Results

Using antibodies raised to synthetic peptides based on Pasteuria collagen-like genes we show similarities between P. penetrans and the more easily cultured bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and suggest it be used as a gain of function platform/model. Using immunological approaches similar proteins between P. penetrans and B. thuringiensis are identified and characterized, one >250 kDa and another ~72 kDa are glycosylated with N-acetylglucosamine and both of which are digested if treated with collagenase. These treatments also affected endospore attachment and suggest these proteins are involved in adhesion of endospores to nematode cuticle.

Conclusion

There are conserved similarities in the collagen-like proteins present on the surface of endospores of both P. penetrans and B. thuringiensis.

Significance and Impact of Study

As B. thuringiensis is relatively easy to culture and can be transformed, it could be developed as a platform for studying the role of the collagen-like adhesins from Pasteuria in endospore adhesion.
Profiles of adult people in a Spanish sample with chronic pain: Cluster analysis
Authors: Cáceres‐Matos Rocío , Gil‐García Eugenia , López‐Millán José Manuel , Martínez‐Navas Ángel , Peña Isaac , Cabrera‐León Andrés
Published: March 2022

Aim

To establish groups of people with chronic non‐cancer pain according to the impairment caused by pain and to identify factors associated with the group with a higher level of impairment.

Background

Knowing the profiles of people who suffer from chronic non‐cancer pain could make it possible to direct their treatment and to detect associated risks.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A sample of 395 people with chronic non‐cancer pain was collected in Pain Units and Primary Healthcare Centres in southern Spain (January to March 2020). A cluster analysis was performed to divide the population into groups and a binary logistic regression model was established to determine factors associated with the group with a higher level of impairment.

Results

Two groups were identified: lower level of impairment due to pain, characterized by being 45–65 years old, not medicated with opioids or anxiolytics, employed and with a mild level of impact on daily life; and higher level of impairment characterized by being older than 65 years old, medicated with opioids and anxiolytics, retired or on medical leave and with a severe impact on daily life. In addition, among women, being widowed, single or a smoker are risk factors for belonging to the group with a higher level of impairment; being smokers or consuming alcohol three or less times a week would be risk factors in men.

Conclusions

Age, chronic non‐cancer pain impact on daily life, work situation and the consumption of opioid drugs and/or anxiolytics are factors that appear to influence the level of impairment due to chronic pain.

Impact

These findings could help detect impairment due to pain in its early stages, determining the specific needs of each person.