bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of magnetic and electrical resistivity surveys over simulated clandestine graves in contrasting burial environments
Authors: Juerges A. , Pringle J.K. , Jervis J.R. , Masters P.
Published: January 2011

Determining the effectiveness and limitations of near‐surface, non‐invasive geophysical techniques is imperative when attempting to locate clandestine burials. Unlike in archaeology, there has been limited forensic research with regard to optimum methodologies, with most emphasis to date being on metal detectors and ground‐penetrating radar. However, these techniques may not be suitable in certain soil types (e.g., conductive or highly magnetic) or for certain non‐metallic targets. Therefore, in this study, magnetic and electrical resistivity detection techniques have been utilized over different aged (0.25–1 year) simulated clandestine burials with no buried metal, in contrasting depositional environments. These environments included semi‐rural, urban, woodland and a parkland medieval grave site acting as an archaeological analogue.

The magnetic surveys showed mixed success in detecting clandestine burials. Elevated magnetic gradient readings, with respect to background values, were observed over very shallow burials, whereas deeper burials displayed a reduction in gradient and/or no associated magnetic anomalies. Magnetic anomalies were observed over surface‐burials and validated by simple 2D forward modelling. Magnetic anomalies were also observed in the control data set. Electrical resistivity surveys produced anomalies over all the simulated burial positions, including surface burials but did not produce anomalies at the archaeological analogue site.

Laboratory analysis of fluid retrieved from simulated graves showed an overall increase in iron levels over a year post‐burial, which may account for the observed magnetic anomaly variation. There was also a corresponding increase in grave ‘fluid’ conductivity, which was interpreted to be the cause of the observed low resistivity anomalies.

This research suggests that, as a technique for locating clandestine burials, bulk ground resistivity is more successful than the tested magnetic methods. Moreover, magnetic techniques are more effective when used as part of a multi‐technique study over rural and semi‐rural sites that are relatively low in magnetic and electrical ‘noise’. These results have important implications for the use of geophysical techniques when searching for clandestine burials. We emphasize that local depositional environment, soil type, likely style of burial and search area size should all be considered when choosing forensic geophysical detection techniques. We also provide evidence to show that geophysical data can assist in locating a primary deposition site even when no physical evidence remains.
Chemical speciation of nickel - glycinate complexation
Authors: Liyanage JA
Published: January 2011

Keywords: speciation; protonation; nickel; glycinate; formation constants; ESTADOI: 10.4038/josuk.v1i0.2751J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 1 (2003): 1-13
Roost selection of the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus spp. in Sri Lanka
Authors: Digana PMC Bandara , Yapa Wipula B , Randeniya Preethi V , Ratnasooriya WD
Published: January 2011

Keywords: Cynopterus; Chiroptera; day roosts; tents; Corypha umbraculiferaDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v1i0.2752J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 1 (2003): 15-21
An evaluation of the performance of undergraduate students at the university examinations in relation to selcetion criteria - a case study in statistics at the University of Kelaniya
Authors: Hewapathirana TK
Published: January 2011

Keywords: selection criteria; district basis; island wide merit; underprivileged districts; examination performanceDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v1i0.2755J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 1 (2003): 49-61
Success factors in Information Technology applications in small and medium scale industries - the Sri Lankan experience
Authors: Munasinghe L , Jayawardena DPW
Published: January 2011

Keywords: Information technology; management information systems, small and medium scale industriesDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v1i0.2756J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 1 (2003): 63-79
Harnessing Information Technology for national development: A policy framework for Sri Lanka
Authors: Munasinghe L , Jayawardena DPW
Published: January 2011

Keywords: Information Technology; IT application; software industry; IT policyDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v1i0.2757J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 1 (2003): 81-97
Serum levels of some biochemical constituents of captive Sri Lankan elephants (Elephas maximus maximus)
Authors: De Alwis GKH , Wijesekera RD , Vithana D , Neththasinghe N , Ratnasooriya WD
Published: January 2011

Keywords: Elephas maximus maximus; Sri Lankan elephant; blood constituentsDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v2i0.2749J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 2 (2005): 105-114
Cross-Talk between Programmed Death-1 and Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 in Inhibition of IL-12 Production by Monocytes/Macrophages in Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Zhang Ying , Ma Cheng J. , Ni Lei , Zhang Chun L. , Wu Xiao Y. , Kumaraguru Uday , Li Chuan F. , Moorman Jonathan P. , Yao Zhi Q.
Published: January 2011

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) dysregulates innate immune responses and induces persistent viral infection. We previously demonstrated that HCV core protein impairs IL-12 expression by monocytes/macrophages (M/MΦs) through interaction with a complement receptor gC1qR. Because HCV core-mediated lymphocyte dysregulation occurs through the negative immunomodulators programmed death-1 (PD-1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1), the aim of this study was to examine their role in HCV core-mediated IL-12 suppression in M/MΦs. We analyzed TLR-stimulated, primary CD14+ M/MΦs from chronically HCV-infected and healthy subjects or the THP-1 cell line for PD-1, SOCS-1, and IL-12 expression following HCV core treatment. M/MΦs from HCV-infected subjects at baseline exhibited comparatively increased PD-1 expression that significantly correlated with the degree of IL-12 inhibition. M/MΦs isolated from healthy and HCV-infected individuals and treated with HCV core protein displayed increased PD-1 and SOCS-1 expression and decreased IL-12 expression, an effect that was also observed in cells treated with gC1qR’s ligand, C1q. Blocking gC1qR rescued HCV core-induced PD-1 upregulation and IL-12 suppression, whereas blocking PD-1 signaling enhanced IL-12 production and decreased the expression of SOCS-1 induced by HCV core. Conversely, silencing SOCS-1 expression using small interfering RNAs increased IL-12 expression and inhibited PD-1 upregulation. PD-1 and SOCS-1 were found to associate by coimmunoprecipitation studies, and blocking PD-1 or silencing SOCS-1 in M/MΦ led to activation of STAT-1 during TLR-stimulated IL-12 production. These data suggested that HCV core/gC1qR engagement on M/MΦs triggers the expression of PD-1 and SOCS-1, which can associate to deliver negative signaling to TLR-mediated pathways controlling expression of IL-12, a key cytokine linking innate and adaptive immunity.
Septic Shock Is Associated with Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Ligation of LPS
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhiko , Harashima Ai , Saito Hidehito , Tsuneyama Koichi , Munesue Seiichi , Motoyoshi So , Han Dong , Watanabe Takuo , Asano Masahide , Takasawa Shin , Okamoto Hiroshi , Shimura Satoshi , Karasawa Tadahiro , Yonekura Hideto , Yamamoto Hiroshi
Published: January 2011

Septic shock is a severe systemic response to bacterial infection. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) plays a role in immune reactions to recognize specific molecular patterns as pathogen recognition receptors. However, the interaction between LPS, the bioactive component of bacterial cell walls, and RAGE is unclear. In this study, we found direct LPS binding to RAGE by a surface plasmon resonance assay, a plate competition assay, and flow cytometry. LPS increased TNF-α secretion from peritoneal macrophages and an NF-κB promoter-driven luciferase activity through RAGE. Blood neutrophils and monocytes expressed RAGE, and TLR2 was counterregulated in RAGE−/− mice. After LPS injection, RAGE+/+ mice showed a higher mortality, higher serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, high mobility group box 1, and endothelin-1, and severe lung and liver pathologies compared with RAGE−/− mice without significant differences in plasma LPS level. Administration of soluble RAGE significantly reduced the LPS-induced cytokine release and tissue damage and improved the LPS-induced lethality even in RAGE−/− as well as RAGE+/+ mice. The results thus suggest that RAGE can associate with LPS and that RAGE system can regulate inflammatory responses. Soluble RAGE would be a therapeutic tool for LPS-induced septic shock.
2B4 Engagement Mediates Rapid LFA-1 and Actin-Dependent NK Cell Adhesion to Tumor Cells as Measured by Single Cell Force Spectroscopy
Authors: Hoffmann Sabrina C. , Cohnen André , Ludwig Thomas , Watzl Carsten
Published: January 2011

Adhesion to tumor target cells is essential for initiation and execution of cellular cytotoxicity. In this study, we use single cell force spectroscopy to determine the exact biophysical values of the interaction forces between NK cells and tumor cells. We show that engagement of the activating NK cell receptor 2B4 can rapidly mediate an increase in the force necessary to separate NK cells from tumor cells, starting from 1 nN and increasing to 3 nN after only 120 s tumor cell contact. This early adhesion was mediated by the integrin LFA-1 and dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. The ability of NK cells to rapidly adhere to tumor target cells is consistent with their function in innate immune responses. Our data further suggest that a killing decision is already made within 120– 300 s of tumor cell contact, supporting the essential function of cell adhesion during the early phase of cellular cytotoxicity.
Host APCs Augment In Vivo Expansion of Donor Natural Regulatory T Cells via B7H1/B7.1 in Allogeneic Recipients
Authors: Yi Tangsheng , Li Xiaofan , Yao Sheng , Wang Lin , Chen Yuhong , Zhao Dongchang , Johnston Heather F. , Young James S. , Liu Hongjun , Todorov Ivan , Forman Stephen J. , Chen Lieping , Zeng Defu
Published: January 2011

Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells include thymic-derived natural Treg and conventional T-derived adaptive Treg cells. Both are proposed to play important roles in downregulating inflammatory immune responses. However, the mechanisms of Treg expansion in inflammatory environments remain unclear. In this study, we report that, in an autoimmune-like graft-versus-host disease model of DBA/2 (H-2d) donor to BALB/c (H-2d) recipients, donor Treg cells in the recipients predominantly originated from expansion of natural Treg cells and few originated from adaptive Treg cells. In vivo neutralization of IFN-γ resulted in a marked reduction of donor natural Treg expansion and exacerbation of graft-versus-host disease, which was associated with downregulation of host APC expression of B7H1. Furthermore, host APC expression of B7H1 was shown to augment donor Treg survival and expansion. Finally, donor Treg interactions with host APCs via B7.1/B7H1 but not PD-1/B7H1 were demonstrated to be critical in augmenting donor Treg survival and expansion. These studies have revealed a new immune regulation loop consisting of T cell-derived IFN-γ, B7H1 expression by APCs, and B7.1 expression by Treg cells.
Dysregulation of TIM-3–Galectin-9 Pathway in the Cystic Fibrosis Airways
Authors: Vega-Carrascal Isabel , Reeves Emer P. , Niki Toshiro , Arikawa Tomohiro , McNally Paul , O’Neill Shane J. , Hirashima Mitsuomi , McElvaney Noel G.
Published: January 2011

The T-cell Ig and mucin domain-containing molecules (TIMs) have emerged as promising therapeutic targets to correct abnormal immune function in several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions. It has been reported that proinflammatory cytokine dysregulation and neutrophil-dominated inflammation are the main causes of morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF). However, the role of TIM receptors in CF has not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that TIM-3 is constitutively overexpressed in the human CF airway, suggesting a link between CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function and TIM-3 expression. Blockade of CFTR function with the CFTR inhibitor-172 induced an upregulation of TIM-3 and its ligand galectin-9 in normal bronchial epithelial cells. We also established that TIM-3 serves as a functional receptor in bronchial epithelial cells, and physiologically relevant concentrations of galectin-9 induced TIM-3 phosphorylation, resulting in increased IL-8 production. In addition, we have demonstrated that both TIM-3 and galectin-9 undergo rapid proteolytic degradation in the CF lung, primarily because of neutrophil elastase and proteinase-3 activity. Our results suggest a novel intrinsic defect that may contribute to the neutrophil-dominated immune response in the CF airways.
IFN-α Directly Promotes Programmed Cell Death-1 Transcription and Limits the Duration of T Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Terawaki Seigo , Chikuma Shunsuke , Shibayama Shiro , Hayashi Tamon , Yoshida Takao , Okazaki Taku , Honjo Tasuku
Published: January 2011

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory coreceptor for T lymphocytes that provides feedback inhibition of T cell activation. Although PD-1’s expression on T cells is known to be activation dependent, the factors that determine the timing, intensity, and duration of PD-1 expression in immune reactions are not fully understood. To address this question, we performed a fine mapping analysis of a conserved 5′-flanking region of the PD-1 gene and identified a putative IFN stimulation response element, which was responsible for PD-1 transcription in the 2B4.11 T cell line. Consistent with this finding, activation by IFN-α enhanced both the induction and maintenance of PD-1 expression on TCR-engaged primary mouse T cells through an association IFN-responsive factor 9 (IRF9) to the IFN stimulation response element. Furthermore, PD-1 expression on Ag-specific CD8+ T cells was augmented by IFN-α in vivo. We propose that strong innate inflammatory responses promote primary T cell activation and their differentiation into effector cells, but also cause an attenuated T cell response in sustained immune reactions, at least partially through type I IFN-mediated PD-1 transcription. Based on this idea, we demonstrate that IFN-α administration in combination with PD-1 blockade in tumor-bearing mice effectively augments the antitumor immunity, and we propose this as a novel and rational approach for cancer immunotherapy.
Identification of Semaphorin 4B as a Negative Regulator of Basophil-Mediated Immune Responses
Authors: Nakagawa Yukinobu , Takamatsu Hyota , Okuno Tatsusada , Kang Sujin , Nojima Satoshi , Kimura Tetsuya , Kataoka Tatsuki R. , Ikawa Masahito , Toyofuku Toshihiko , Katayama Ichiro , Kumanogoh Atsushi
Published: January 2011

Basophils are strong mediators of Th2 responses during helminthic infections. Recently, basophils were shown to function as APCs and promote both Th2 skewing and humoral memory responses. However, the mechanisms that regulate basophils are still unclear. In this article, we show that a class IV semaphorin, Sema4B, negatively regulates basophil functions through T cell–basophil contacts. In a screen to identify semaphorins that function in the immune system, we determined that Sema4B is expressed in T and B cells. Interestingly, Sema4B−/− mice had considerably increased serum IgE levels despite normal lymphocyte and dendritic cell functions. Recombinant Sema4B significantly inhibited IL-4 and IL-6 production from basophils in response to various stimuli, including IL-3, papain, and FcεRI cross-linking. In addition, T cell-derived Sema4B, which accumulated at contact sites between basophils and CD4+ T cells, suppressed basophil-mediated Th2 skewing, suggesting that Sema4B regulates basophil responses through cognate cell–cell contacts. Furthermore, Sema4B−/− mice had enhanced basophil-mediated memory IgE production, which was abolished by treating with an anti-FcεRIα Ab. Collectively, these results indicate that Sema4B negatively regulates basophil-mediated Th2 and humoral memory responses.
Isolated Paralysis of the Adductor Pollicis: A Case Report
Authors: De Maio F. , Bisicchia S. , Farsetti P. , Ippolito E.
Published: January 2011

We report a case of isolated paralysis of the right adductor pollicis in a 30-year-old woman. Electromyographic study showed involvement of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve. A ganglion and an anomalous muscle were both ruled out clinically and by MRI as a possible cause of the paralysis. At surgical exploration, we found a fibrous band joining the pisiform and the hook of the hamate bone that compressed the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve. The fibrous band was excised, and a neurolysis of the motor branch of the ulnar nerve was performed. At followup, eight months later, the patient had fully recovered strength of the adductor muscle.
An Audit on Near-Miss Events in Transfusion Medicine: The Experience of the Teaching Hospital in Northeastern Malaysia
Authors: Noor Haslina M. N. , Shafini M. Y. , Rosnah B. , Marini R. , Salamah S. , Mohd Fakhri M. A.
Published: January 2011

The rate of near misses in transfusion is important as it indicates situations with the potential of adverse outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of mislabeled and miscollected samples received by our transfusion medicine unit. This study was conducted from January to December 2009 in Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The total number of near-miss events reported and analysed over the 1-year period was 178 (0.40%). All mislabeled and miscollected samples and its location cases were identified. Mislabeled and miscollected (WBIT) samples were 66.3% and 33.7%, respectively. The highest number of mislabeled and miscollected samples was from accident and emergency unit and medical ward, respectively. Continuous monitoring and analysis of near misses data should be mandatory in order to improve the safety of transfusion.
Roches et minéraux du collectionneur : Buckingham - Mont-Laurier - Grenville, Québec; Hawkesbury - Ottawa, Ontario
Authors: Sabina A P
Published: January 2011

Le présent ouvrage signale plus de 150 emplacements où le collectionneur peut trouver des échantillons intéressants de roches, de minéraux et de fossiles. Le secteur étudié s'étent depuis Buckingham jusqu'à
Mont-Laurier et depuis Mont-Laurier jusqu'à Grenville, au Québec, et depuis Hawkesbury jusqu'a Ottawa, en Ontario. On peut y découvrir une grande variété de spécimens dont certains, comme le feldspath, la serpentine, le marbre et le granite, peuvent avoir une valeur
décorative. La région la mieux connue, celle de la vallée de la rivière du Lièvre où on retrouve d'anciennes mines d'apatite, de mica, de feldspath et de graphite, témoigne de travaux miniers importants dont les débuts remontent à près de 100 ans.
Les terrils contiennent encore de beaux échantillons des minéraux exploites antérieurement, et une grande variété de minéraux accessoires. D'autres gisements de la région contiennent de l'hématite, de l'amiante, de la barytine, de la galène, etc ... Des
échantillons d'ilmenite, de graphite, de grenat, de serpentine, de kaolin, de marbre et de granite se trouvent, entre autres, dans les terrils des anciennes mines et carrières comprises entre Mont-Laurier, Saint-Jovite et Grenville. Seuls les spécimens de serpentine et de marbre sont
de dimensions suffisantes pour être utilisés par le lapidaire.
Entre Hawkesbury et Ottawa on remarque en bordure de la grand-route, le long du rivage et dans les carrières, des calcaires ordoviciens à fossiles. Ces roches sont pauvres en minéraux, exception faite de la calcite.
Aluminum-Based Barrier Development for Nuclear Fusion Applications
Authors: Konys J. , Krauss W. , Holstein N.
Published: January 2011

In the helium-cooled lead-lithium (HCLL) design concept for blanket structures of a future fusion power plant, the eutectic Pb-15.7Li alloy is used as a liquid tritium breeder and is in direct contact with the structural material, e.g., ferritic-martensitic steels. Compatibility tests showed that a high corrosion attack appears and that the dissolved steel elements like Fe and Cr form precipitates, with a high risk of system blockages. Therefore, coatings as corrosion barriers are required for a reliable plant operation. Because of safety reasons, a distinct permeation reduction of the tritium, produced in the Pb-Li alloy by nuclear reactions, into the environment has to be limited, too. Previous developments already showed that Al-based coatings can perform very well as anti-corrosion and tritium permeation (T-permeation) reduction barriers in a PbLi environment. However, industrially relevant coating technologies for fusion application are still missing and/or cannot fulfil low activation criteria. Electrochemical deposition processes are highly flexible and used widely for the production of functional coatings, e.g., for corrosion protection. Nevertheless, because of its unique electrochemistry, Al cannot be deposited from water-based systems. Therefore, the development of two different Al coating processes from nonaqueous systems was initiated and proofed by the successful generation of protective and reproducible scales after heat treatment.
Assessment of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and other anthropogenic trace gas emissions from airborne measurements over Sacramento, California in spring 2009
Authors: Turnbull J. C. , Karion A. , Fischer M. L. , Faloona I. , Guilderson T. , Lehman S. J. , Miller B. R. , Miller J. B. , Montzka S. , Sherwood T. , Saripalli S. , Sweeney C. , Tans P. P.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Direct quantification of fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) in atmospheric samples can be used to examine several carbon cycle and air quality questions. We collected in situ CO2, CO, and CH4 measurements and flask samples in the boundary layer and free troposphere over Sacramento, California, USA, during two aircraft flights over and downwind of this urban area during spring of 2009. The flask samples were analyzed for Δ14CO2 and CO2 to determine the recently added CO2ff mole fraction. A suite of greenhouse and other trace gases, including hydrocarbons and halocarbons, were measured in the same samples. Strong correlations were observed between CO2ff and numerous trace gases associated with urban emissions. From these correlations we estimate emission ratios between CO2ff and these species, and compare these with bottom-up inventory-derived estimates. Recent county level inventory estimates for carbon monoxide (CO) and benzene from the California Air Resources Board CEPAM database are in good agreement with our measured emission ratios, whereas older emissions inventories appear to overestimate emissions of these gases by a factor of two. For most other trace species, there are substantial differences (200–500%) between our measured emission ratios and those derived from available emission inventories. For the first flight, we combine in situ CO measurements with the measured CO:CO2ff emission ratio of 14 ± 2 ppbCO/ppmCO2 to derive an estimate of CO2ff mole fraction throughout this flight, and also estimate the biospheric CO2 mixing ratio (CO2bio) from the difference of total and fossil CO2. The resulting CO2bio varies dramatically from up to 8 ± 2 ppm in the urban plume to −6 ± 1 ppm in the surrounding boundary layer air. Finally, we use the in situ estimates of CO2ff mole fraction to infer total fossil fuel CO2 emissions from the Sacramento region, using a mass balance approach. The resulting emissions are uncertain to within a factor of two due to uncertainties in wind speed and boundary layer height. Nevertheless, this first attempt to estimate urban-scale CO2ff from atmospheric radiocarbon measurements shows that CO2ff can be used to verify and improve emission inventories for many poorly known anthropogenic species, separate biospheric CO2, and indicates the potential to constrain CO2ff emissions if transport uncertainties are reduced.
Intercomparisons of HIRDLS, COSMIC and SABER for the detection of stratospheric gravity waves
Authors: Wright C. J. , Belmonte Rivas M. , Gille J. C.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Colocated temperature profiles from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC), High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) and the Sounding of the Atmosphere by Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) mission are compared over the years 2006–2007 to assess their relative performances for the detection of stratospheric gravity waves. Two methods are used, one based on a simple comparison of the standard deviations and correlation coefficients of high-pass filtered profiles from each instrument, and the other based on Stockwell transform analyses of the profiles for vertical wavelength and temperature perturbation scales. It is concluded, when allowing for their different vertical resolution capabilites, that the three instruments reproduce each other's results for magnitude and vertical scale of perturbations to within their resolution limits in approximately 50% of cases, but with a positive frequency and temperature bias in the case of COSMIC. This is possibly indicative of a slightly higher vertical resolution being available to the constellation than estimated.
Spectral solar irradiance and its entropic effect on Earth's climate
Authors: Wu W. , Liu Y. , Wen G.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The high-resolution measurements of the spectral solar irradiance at the top of the Earth's atmosphere by the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite suggest significant deviation of solar radiation from the commonly assumed blackbody radiation. Here, we use these spectral irradiance measurements to estimate the Earth's incident solar radiation entropy flux, and examine the importance of a proper estimation approach. The Earth's incident solar radiation entropy flux estimated by directly applying the observed spectral solar irradiance into the most accurate Planck expression is compared with that estimated with a conventional approach that uses the Sun's brightness temperature under the assumption of a blackbody Sun. The globally averaged non-blackbody incident solar radiation entropy flux at the top of the Earth's atmosphere equals 0.31 W m−2 K−1. This value is about 4 times larger than that estimated from the conventional blackbody approach, with the difference comparable to the typical value of the entropy production rate associated with atmospheric latent heat process. Further analysis reveals that the decrease of spectral solar radiation entropy flux with radiation traveling distance, unlike the decrease of spectral solar radiation energy flux with radiation traveling distance, is wavelength dependent, and that the difference between the two estimates can be attributed to the fact that the conventional approach ignores the influence of radiation traveling distance on the spectral solar radiation entropy flux. Moreover, sensitivity study further shows that the distribution of top-of-atmosphere spectral solar irradiance could significantly impact the magnitude of the estimated Earth's incident solar radiation entropy flux. These results together suggest that the spectral distribution of incident solar radiation is critical for determining the Earth's incident solar radiation entropy flux, and thus the Earth's climate.
SMOKE for Europe – adaptation, modification and evaluation of a comprehensive emission model for Europe
Authors: Bieser J. , Aulinger A. , Matthias V. , Quante M. , Builtjes P.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The US EPA regional emission model SMOKE was adopted and modified to create temporally and spatially distributed emission for Europe and surrounding countries based on official reports and public domain data only. The aim is to develop a flexible model capable of creating consistent high resolution emission data for long-term runs of Chemical Transport Models (CTMs). This modified version of SMOKE, called SMOKE for EUROPE (SMOKE-EU) was successfully used to create hourly gridded emissions for the timespan 1970–2010. In this paper the SMOKE-EU model and the underlying European datasets are introduced. Emission data created by SMOKE-EU for the year 2000 are evaluated by comparison to data of three different state-of-the-art emission models. SMOKE-EU produced a range of values comparable to the other three datasets. Further, concentrations of criteria pollutants calculated by the CTM CMAQ using the four different emission datasets were compared against EMEP measurements with hourly and daily resolution. Using SMOKE-EU gave the most reliable modelling of O3, NO2 and SO42−. The amount of simulated concentrations within a factor of 2 (F2) of the observations for these species are: O3 (F2 = 0.79, N = 329 197), NO2 (F2 = 0.55, N = 11 465) and SO42− (F2 = 0.62, N = 17 536). The lowest values were found for NH4+ (F2 = 0.34, N = 7400) and NO3− (F2 = 0.25, N = 6184). NH4+ concentrations were generally overestimated, leading to a fractional bias (FB) averaged over 22 measurement stations of (FB = 0.83 ± 0.41) while better agreements with observations were found for SO42− (FB = 0.06 ± 0.38, 51 stations) and NO3− (FB = 0.13 ± 0.75, 18 stations). CMAQ simulations using the three other emission datasets were similar to those modelled using SMOKE-EU emissions. Highest differences where found for NH4+ while O3 concentrations were almost identical.
Impact of climate evolution and land use changes on water yield in the ebro basin
Authors: López-Moreno J. I. , Vicente-Serrano S. M. , Moran-Tejeda E. , Zabalza J. , Lorenzo-Lacruz J. , García-Ruiz J. M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. In this study the climatic and hydrological trends across 88 sub-basins of the Ebro River basin were analyzed for the period 1950–2006. A new database of climate information and river flows for the entire basin facilitated a spatially distributed assessment of climate-runoff relationships. It constitutes the first assessment of water yield evolution across the whole Ebro basin, a very representative example of large Mediterranean rivers. The results revealed a marked decrease in river discharges in most of the sub-basins. Moreover, a number of changes in the seasonality of the river regime was found, resulting from dam regulation and a decrease in snowpack in the headwaters. Significant and positive trends in temperature were observed across most of the basin, whereas most of the precipitation series showed negative coefficients, although the decrease in magnitude was low. The time evolution of the residuals from empirical models that relate climate and runoff in each sub-basin provided evidence that climate alone does not explain the observed decrease in river discharge. Thus, changes in water yield are associated with an increase in evapotranspiration rates in natural vegetation, growth of which has expanded as a consequence of land abandonment in areas where agricultural activities and livestock pressure have decreased. In the lowlands of the basin the decrease in water yield has been exacerbated by increased water consumption for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. Climate projections for the end of the 21st century suggest a reduced capacity for runoff generation because of increasing temperature and less precipitation. Thus, the maintenance of water supply under conditions of increasing demand presents a challenging issue requiring appropriate coordination amongst politicians and managers.
Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function
Authors: Michaelian K.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Darwinian theory depicts life as being overwhelmingly consumed by a fight for survival in a hostile environment. However, from a thermodynamic perspective, life is a dynamic out of equilibrium process, stabilizing and coevolving in concert with its abiotic environment. The living component of the biosphere on the surface of the Earth of greatest biomass, the plants and cyanobacteria, are involved in the transpiration of a vast amount of water. Transpiration is part of the global water cycle, and it is this cycle that distinguishes Earth from its apparently life barren neighboring planets, Venus and Mars. The dissipation of sunlight into heat by organic molecules in the biosphere and its coupling to the water cycle (as well as other abiotic processes), is by far the greatest entropy producing process occurring on Earth. Life, from this perspective, can be viewed as performing an important thermodynamic function; acting as a dynamic catalyst by aiding irreversible abiotic process such as the water cycle, hurricanes, and ocean and wind currents to produce entropy. The role of animals in this view is that of unwitting but dedicated servants of the plants and cyanobacteria, helping them to grow and to spread into initially inhospitable areas.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS UNDER STUART’S THEORY THE POINT OF VIEW: CLINICALS CASES REPORT
Authors: Cavalcanti Ana Márcia Tenório de Souza , Araújo Ednaldo Cavalcante de , Santos Cândida Maria Rodrigues dos , Sette Gabriela Cunha Schechtman , Monteiro Ana Maria de Carvalho
Published: January 2011

RESUMOForam selecionados três estudos de casos clínicos com o objetivo de identificar diagnósticos de enfermagem sob a ótica da Teoria de Stuart na área de Enfermagem em Saúde Mental, após 20 casos estudados por meio de visitas domiciliares realizadas à clientela da Equipe de Ação Avançada do Distrito Sanitário III vinculado a um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial do Recife. Como resultado da investigação foi possível identificar alguns diagnósticos de Enfermagem apresentados pela clientela: processos do pensamento alterados, desesperança e isolamento social; por outro lado, também foi possível planejar intervenções de Enfermagem em Saúde Mental, e por meio da Sistematização da Assistência, constatar resultados benéficos ao usuário e sua família. Descritores: Visita; Domicílio; Enfermagem; Saúde mental; Teoria. ABSTRACTThree clinicals cases report were selected with the objective of identifying nursing diagnoses under Stuart’s Theory the point of view in Mental Health Nursing, after 20 home visits were done by the Advanced Action Team in a period of two months at Recife. With the domiciliary visits investigation, it was possible to identify the most often nursing diagnostics: modified thinking process, hopelessness and social isolation. It was possible to plan specific nursing interventions in mental health and, with the assistance’s systematization, evidence the benefic results to the patient and his family.Descriptors: Visit; Home; Nursing; Mental health; Theory.  RESUMENFueron seleccionados tres casos clínicos con el objetivo de identificar los diagnósticos de enfermería bajo el punto de vista de la Teoría de Stuart en Enfermería en Salud Mental, después de 20 casos estudiados por medio de visitas domiciliarias realizadas por el Equipo de Acción Avanzada del Distrito Sanitario III, vinculado a un Centro de Atención Psicosocial de Recife. Como resultado de la investigación fue posible identificar algunos diagnósticos presentados por los clientes: procesos del pensamiento alterados, desesperanza y aislamiento social; por otro lado, fue posible planificar la asistencia específica de Enfermería en Salud Mental y, por medio de la Sistematización de la Asistencia constatar los resultados benéficos para el paciente y su familia.Descriptores: Visita; Domicilio; Enfermería; Salud mental; Teoría.
GREAT-GRANDFATHERS PERCEPTION OF ROLE PLAYED
Authors: Dias Cristina Maria de Souza Brito , Pinto Virgínia Cavalcanti
Published: January 2011

RESUMOEsta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral investigar como bisavôs percebem seu papel no seio da família e se relacionam com os bisnetos. Participaram 21 bisavôs, com média de idade de 77 anos, que foram entrevistados em suas residências. Foram objetos de estudo: significado e sentimentos experimentados no papel; ajuda prestada à família; dificuldades sentidas no relacionamento com os bisnetos; avaliação do relacionamento com a família; atividades desenvolvidas e freqüência do contato com os bisnetos; percepção das mudanças ao longo do tempo e significado de família. Pode-se constatar que o papel foi percebido de forma bastante positiva. Houve, por parte de alguns, dificuldades que podem ser atribuídas aos conflitos com os familiares, à distância geográfica e à difícil situação econômica.  Descritores: Bisavós; Quarta-geração; Interação familiar.  ABSTRACTThe aim at this research was to investigate the perceptions and feelings in great-grandfathers about the role play of them as great-grandfathers and the relationship with their great-grandchildren. The interviewers were 21 great-grandfathers with age average 77 years. They were interviewed in their own residences. It were subject of this research: feelings and meaning about their role play one; supporting given to the family; difficulties regards to the relationship with the great-grandchildren; how they see the relationships with the family; activities realized with the great-grandchildren; frequency of contact with them; perception about the changes over time and family’ meaning. The conclusion was that the role was seen as positive. They related difficulties regards to relationships familiar, geographic distance and poor economic situation by some of them.Descriptors: Great-grandfathers; Fourth-generation; Family interaction.  RESUMENLo objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar las opiniones y las sensaciones en los bisabuelos, sobre el papel que desempeñan y la relación con sus bisnietos. Participaron 21 bisabuelos, con 77 años como promedio de edad; fueron entrevistados en sus propias residencias. Los objetivos principales fueron: sensaciones y significado sobre su papel; ayuda a la familia; la relación con los bisnietos; cómo ven las relaciones con la familia; actividades desarrolladas y frecuencia de contactos con los bisnietos; percepción de los cambios observados y significado de la familia. Se pudo constatar que el papel fue percibido de forma bastante positiva. Por parte de algunos hubo dificultades que pueden ser atribuidas a los conflictos con familiares, distancia geográfica y la situación económica de algunos de ellos.Descriptores: Bisabuelos; Cuarta generación; Interacción de la familia.
IMPORTANCE OF THE FAMILIAR THERAPY AS TOOL AUXILIARY IN THE SUCCESSORY PROCESS OF FAMILIAR COMPANIES
Authors: Bastos Luís Othon , Lima Iana Bezerra
Published: January 2011

RESUMONeste estudo de revisão de literatura foi apresentada a importância da terapia familiar como ferramenta auxiliar no processo sucessório de empresas familiares, visando a redução dos conflitos interpessoais entre os membros da família e agregados, condição mister para a paz do clã e a perenidade da empresa mantenedora da família. Foi realizado um levantamento do acervo referente ao tema estudado e para tanto foram consultados livros, artigos científicos, anais de congressos e revistas especializadas que tratam do assunto. A análise apresentada tem como fonte de dados um total de 24 estudos. A escolha pautou-se na priorização dos textos que forneciam elementos satisfatórios para a compreensão da temática abordada. Por fim, ficou evidente a contribuição da terapia de família no sentido de unir esforços na redução dos conflitos de poder inerentes ao processo de sucessão das empresas familiares.Descritores: Empresa familiar; Sucessão; Terapia familiar; Mediação. ABSTRACTIn this study of review literature was presented the familiar therapy’s importance as tool auxiliary in the successory process of familiar companies, aiming at reduction of interpersonal conflicts between the family members and aggregates, condition necessary for the peace of the clan and the existence of the family company. A survey of the subject studied had been carried out in scientific books, articles, congress annals and journal specialized. It was presented the analysis of 24 studies. The criteria for choosing the texts that supplied this study, has elements satisfactory in the understanding of the thematic boarded. Finally, it was evident that the family therapy contributes in the power conflicts reduction inherent to the process of succession of the familiar companies. Descriptors: Familiar company; Succession; Familiar therapy; Mediation. RESUMENEste estudio de revisión de literatura exploró la importancia de la terapia familiar como herramienta auxiliar en el proceso sucesorio de compañías familiares, teniendo como objetivo la reducción de conflictos interpersonales entre los miembros de la familia y los allegados, la condición necesaria para la paz del clan y la existencia de la compañía de la familia. Fue realizado un relevamiento del acervo del tema estudiado, se consultaron libros, artículos, anales científicos de congresos y revistas especializadas. El análisis presentado está basado en 24 estudios. Los criterios para elegir los textos fueron que proporcionaran elementos satisfactorios para la comprensión de la temática investigada. Finalmente, quedó evidente que la terapia de la familia contribuye en la reducción de los conflictos de poder inherente al proceso de la sucesión de las compañías familiares.Descriptores: Compañía familiar; Sucesión; Terapia familiar; Mediación.
THE COPING STRATEGY AND ITS USE IN CARDIOLOGY NURSING — AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Carvalho Emilia Campos de , Rodrigues Cíntia Capucho
Published: January 2011

RESUMOFoi objetivo de esse estudo identificar as evidências do emprego de coping em Enfermagem Cardiológica, por meio de revisão integrativa. A busca nas bases de dados LILACS,  MEDLINE e CINAHL, empregando os termos coping, enfermagem e cardiologia, resultou em 18 artigos disponíveis. A maioria, de origem americana, foi divulgado nesta década. Avaliaram comportamentos de pacientes (4), familiares (1) e equipe (1), ou desenvolveram uma estratégia de coping (7) ou eram reflexão sobre o tema (5). As pesquisas (8) não propiciaram fortes evidências, mas favorecem conhecer a percepção da doença e das formas de lidar com ela por pacientes e familiares, os fatores estressantes para a equipe e modos de enfrentá-los; as intervenções propiciaram resultados positivos para elevar a qualidade de vida de pacientes e familiares, reduzindo o risco de mortalidade. Descritores: Adaptação Psicológica, Cuidados de Enfermagem, Cardiologia, Coping.ABSTRACTThis study aimed to identify evidence of using coping in Cardiology Nursing through an integrative literature review. The search in the databases LILACS, MEDLINE and CINAHL, using the terms coping, nursing and cardiology, resulted in 18 available articles. Most of them were of American origin and disseminated in the current decade. They assessed the behavior of patients (4), family members (1) and the team (1), or developed a coping strategy (7) or reflected on the theme (5). The studies (8) did not provide strong evidence, but favored knowledge about how patients and relatives perceived the disease and ways of dealing with it, stressing factors for the team and ways to face them; the interventions provided positive results to raise the quality of life of patients and relatives, reducing the risk of mortality.Descriptors: Psychological Adaptation, Nursing Care, Cardiology, Coping.RESUMENLa finalidad de ese estudió fue identificar las evidencias del uso de coping en Enfermería Cardiológica, mediante una revisión integradora. La búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y CINAHL, utilizando los términos coping, enfermería y cardiología, resultó en 18 artículos disponibles. La mayoría, de origen americana, fue divulgado en esta década. Evaluaron comportamientos de pacientes (4), familiares (1) y equipo (1), o desarrollaron una estrategia de coping (7) o eran reflexión sobre el tema (5). Las investigaciones (8) no proporcionan fuertes evidencias, pero permiten conocer la percepción de la enfermedad y de las formas de relacionarse ella que tienen pacientes y familiares, los factores estresantes para el equipo y modos de enfrentarlos; las intervenciones propiciaron resultados positivos para elevar la calidad de vida de pacientes y familiares, reduciendo el riesgo de mortalidad. Descriptores: Adaptación Psicológica, Cuidados de Enfermería, Cardiología, Coping.
TEACHING OF PSYCHIATRIC AND MENTAL HEALTH NURSING — A STUDY FROM THE SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION OF THE NURSING
Authors: Kantorski Luciane Prado , Pinho Leandro Barbosa de , Schrank Guisela
Published: January 2011

RESUMONo presente estudo propõe-se a investigar a abordagem da temática de ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica e saúde mental na produção científica da área do período compreendido entre 1980-2001. Das áreas temáticas levantadas, 13 artigos trabalham com a temática de ensino de graduação em enfermagem psiquiátrica e saúde mental, seis deles ressaltam as experiências e vivências dos alunos de graduação durante a disciplina de Enfermagem Psiquiátrica, três enfatizam a relevância da disciplina para a formação do enfermeiro e dão ênfase ao relacionamento terapêutico e quatro destacam especificamente as mudanças histórico-sociais no campo da assistência em saúde mental e suas influências no ensino na área.Descritores: Enfermagem Psiquiátrica; Educação em Enfermagem; Saúde Mental. ABSTRACTIn the present study is considered the investigation about the boarding of thematic of teaching of psychiatric and mental health nursing in the scientific production of the area of the period from 1980 to 2001. Of the raised thematic areas, 13 articles worked with the thematic of the under graduation teaching in psychiatric and mental health nursing, six of them stand out the experiences of the under graduation students during psychiatric nursing discipline, three emphasize the relevance of the discipline for the formation of the nurse and give emphasis to the therapeutical relationship and four specifically speaks the historic-social changes in the field of the mental health assistance and its influences in the teaching in the area.Descriptors: Education; Nursing; Psychiatric Nursing; Mental Health. RESUMENEl actual estudio se propuso investigar el abordaje de la temática de la enseñanza de enfermería psiquiátrica y salud mental en la producción científica del área entre 1980-2001. De las áreas temáticas mencionadas, 13 artículos trabajan con la temática de la enseñanza de graduación en enfermería psiquiátrica y salud mental, 6 se refieren a las experiencias y vivencias de los estudiantes de graduación en la disciplina de enfermería psiquiátrica, 3 acentúan la importancia de la disciplina para la formación del enfermero y dan énfasis a la relación terapéutica y 4 abordan específicamente los cambios histórico-sociales en el campo de la asistencia en salud mental y sus influencias en la enseñanza en el área.Descriptores: Enfermería Psiquiátrica; Enseñanza en Enfermería; Salud Mental.
Intravitreal Bevacizumab to Treat Choroidal Neovascularization following Photodynamic Therapy in Central Serous Choroidopathy
Authors: Montero Javier A. , Ruiz-Moreno José M. , Fernandez-Muñoz Marta
Published: January 2011

Purpose

TO report the anatomic and functional outcome of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) to treat choroidal neovascularization (CNV) following photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat recurrent central serous choroidopathy (CSC).

Methods

This was an interventional case report in which verteporfin PDT was performed in a case of recurrent CSC.

Results

Following PDT, the patient developed juxtafoveal CNV that was later treated by IVB, achieving CNV closure and recovery of visual acuity.

Conclusions

Photodynamic therapy is a useful therapy to treat recurrent CSC, though it may be associated with potentially severe complications such as CNV. Intravitreal bevacizumab seems a good alternative treatment in the management of this condition.
Avascular Necrosis following Fracture-Dislocation of the Hip and Spontaneous Relocation
Authors: Liska Franz , Von Eisenhart-Rothe Rüdiger , Waldt Simone , Toepfer Andreas , Schmitt-Sody Marcus , Gradinger Reiner , Kirchhoff Chlodwig
Published: January 2011

Injuries occurring during soccer tend to occur with lower energy transfer than in some other contact sports. Tibial and femoral shaft fractures occasionally occur, but pelvic fractures are rare. We report a case of a missed posterior acetabular rim fracture, caused by a low energy trauma playing soccer, complicated by the development of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head and subsequent osteoarthritis.