bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the detection of chronic migraine: Development and validation of Identify Chronic Migraine (ID-CM)
Authors: Lipton Richard B , Serrano Daniel , Buse Dawn C , Pavlovic Jelena M , Blumenfeld Andrew M , Dodick David W , Aurora Sheena K , Becker Werner J , Diener Hans-Christoph , Wang Shuu-Jiun , Vincent Maurice B , Hindiyeh Nada A , Starling Amaal J , Gillard Patrick J , Varon Sepideh F , Reed Michael L
Published: May 2015

Background

Migraine, particularly chronic migraine (CM), is underdiagnosed and undertreated worldwide. Our objective was to develop and validate a self-administered tool (ID-CM) to identify migraine and CM.

Methods

ID-CM was developed in four stages. (1) Expert clinicians suggested candidate items from existing instruments and experience (Delphi Panel method). (2) Candidate items were reviewed by people with CM during cognitive debriefing interviews. (3) Items were administered to a Web panel of people with severe headache to assess psychometric properties and refine ID-CM. (4) Classification accuracy was assessed using an ICHD-3β gold-standard clinician diagnosis.

Results

Stages 1 and 2 identified 20 items selected for psychometric validation in stage 3 ( n = 1562). The 12 psychometrically robust items from stage 3 underwent validity testing in stage 4. A scoring algorithm applied to four symptom items (moderate/severe pain intensity, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea) accurately classified most migraine cases among 111 people (sensitivity = 83.5%, specificity = 88.5%). Augmenting this algorithm with eight items assessing headache frequency, disability, medication use, and planning disruption correctly classified most CM cases (sensitivity = 80.6%, specificity = 88.6%).

Discussion

ID-CM is a simple yet accurate tool that correctly classifies most individuals with migraine and CM. Further testing in other settings will also be valuable.
Volumetric differences suggest involvement of cerebellum and brainstem in chronic migraine
Authors: Bilgiç Başar , Kocaman Gülşen , Arslan Ali Bilgin , Noyan Handan , Sherifov Resul , Alkan Alpay , Asil Talip , Parman Yeşim , Baykan Betül
Published: May 2015

Background

Chronic migraine (CM) is a disabling neurologic condition that often evolves from episodic migraine. There has been mounting evidence on the volumetric changes detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique in migraineurs. These studies mainly focused on episodic migraine patients and less is known about the differences in CM patients.

Method

A total of 24 CM patients and 24 healthy control individuals (all females) were included in this study. All participants underwent neurological examination and MRI. High-resolution anatomical MRI images were processed with an automated segmentation method (FreeSurfer). White-matter abnormalities of the brain were also evaluated with the Age-Related White-Matter-Changes Scale.

Results

The volumes of the cerebellum and brainstem were found to be smaller in CM patients compared to healthy controls. White-matter abnormalities were also found in CM patients, speciﬁcally in the bilateral parieto-occipital areas. There was no correlation between the clinical variables and volume decrease in these regions.

Conclusion

CM patients showed significant volume differences in infratentorial areas and white-matter abnormalities in the posterior part of the brain. It is currently unclear whether the structural brain changes seen in migraine patients are the cause or the result of headaches. Longitudinal volumetric neuroimaging studies with larger groups, especially on the chronification of migraine, are needed to shed light on this topic.
The prevalence rate of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its association with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sayehmiri F , Sayehmiri K , Asadollahi K , Soroush S , Bogdanovic L , Jalilian F Azizi , Emaneini M , Taherikalani M
Published: May 2015

It seems that Porphyromanas gingivalis is carcinogenic, because it activates a number of inflammatory immune responses in the host and causes disorders in bacterial clearance mechanisms. There is little information on the prevalence of this bacterium in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the prevalence of P. gingivalis in cancer patients by meta-analysis methods.

Different databases including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ISI web of Knowledge were investigated and eight relevant articles published in 2000–2013 were finally analyzed. Data were analyzed by meta-analysis method, fixed effect model. I² statistics were calculated to examine the heterogeneity of papers. The information was analyzed by R and STATA Ver 12.2.

A total of 711 people infected with P. gingivalis were included in this study. In total, the prevalence of P. gingivalis was 40.7% (95% CI, 19.3–62.1). The prevalence of P. gingivalis was evaluated in four case-control studies. The results of this study showed that P. gingivalis increased the chance of cancer development and periodontal disease as much as 1.36 times (OR, 1.36; 95%CI, 0.47–3.97).

Although there was no significant correlation between P. gingivalis and cancer, this bacterium increased the chance of cancer and periodontal disease and could be considered as a main potential risk factor.
Re-centering Class in Critical Theory
Authors: Bhattacharya Rajesh , Seda-Irizarry Ian J.
Published: May 2015

In this paper we pay tribute to Stephen Resnick (1938-2013), a major contributor to the Marxian theoretical tradition. We present a brief introduction to the works of Stephen Resnick and trace his intellectual journey to highlight the factors that had major influence on his work, in particular the influence of Louis Althusser. We note the emphasis on epistemological considerations and class exploitation in Resnick’s Marxist works.
Is Over-investment the Cause of the Post-2007 U.S. Economic Crisis?
Authors: Bakir Erdogan , Campbell Al
Published: May 2015

A significant number of left political economists hold that the U.S. Great Recession and subsequent lethargic performance are a crisis of over-capacity that resulted from over-investment. Kotz (2011, 2013) has recently attempted to provide empirical support for this position. Despite sharing an understanding of the crisis very similar to his, the authors find in this paper that a careful examination of his evidence does not support considering this to be a crisis of over-investment.
Piketty on Capitalism and Inequality
Authors: Mongiovi Gary
Published: May 2015

Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-first Century has focused attention on the dramatic rise in economic inequality that has occurred in the United States and Europe over the past four decades. This paper argues that his account of the mechanisms that determine the distribution of income and wealth in a capitalist economy is unconvincing, for it rests on a tautology and on a spurious hypothesis about how the savings rate, the growth rate, and the capital/income ratio are connected.
Complicating the Labor Market as a Social Institution
Authors: Zweig Michael
Published: May 2015

Economic analyses of labor markets in the URPE tradition developed several key observations that have challenged mainstream analysis. First was the recognition that production is a social process that enmeshes its participants in conflicted social relationships based on power. Workers and employers meet in labor markets not simply as individuals but as classes. Furthermore, labor markets are segmented systematically by race and gender. The labor process is also divided between productive and unproductive labor. In the context of social structures of accumulation, the labor process and labor markets undergo periodic qualitative changes as capitalism resolves deep crises. These understandings have contributed to challenges to the supposed link between labor productivity and wages and the claimed power of education as a force to dissolve class differences. The paper concludes with a consideration of the role of anti-communism in shaping labor studies in the United States after World War II and a critique of the supposed sharp distinction between positive and normative economics.
Matrix and fibre stress and strain magnification using strain energy equivalence and the Halpin–Tsai equations
Authors: Maringa Maina , Masu LM
Published: May 2015

Derivations for the transverse matrix strain magnification and fibre strain reduction, based on the principle of strain energy applied to a representative volume element and using the semi-empirical model of Halpin–Tsai are presented here. The arising values of fibre/matrix strain reductions/magnifications decrease/increase with increasing volume fractions of the reinforcing fibre. Significant differences are seen between the transverse, matrix/fibre strain magnification/reduction for the present case where no assumptions are made about the existence of the iso-stress state and others where the assumption applies. The transverse stresses in the composite, matrix and fibre are shown here to be different, which implies that the assumption of transverse iso-stress that is normally made in the study of composite materials is wrong. The fibre stresses are found to be greater in magnitude than the matrix stresses for all volume fractions and up till 71% reinforcing volume fraction for the hexagonal and square arrays, respectively. The fibre/matrix strain reduction/magnification, fibre and matrix/central sub-region stress ratios are all shown here to be dependent on the fibre geometry for all volume fractions of reinforcing fibre, with the exception of the fibre/central sub-region stress ratio where this characteristic only prevails below 76% reinforcing volume fraction.
Workplace Bullying in the Finnish Public Sector
Authors: Venetoklis Takis , Kettunen Pekka
Published: May 2015

We examine incidents of workplace bullying by using an Internet-based survey. Our unique sample consists of 1,072 public-sector employees working in 12 Finnish ministries. Of those surveyed, 20.3% reported experiencing work task–related bullying multiple times per month, whereas 11.3% reported experiencing personal-level bullying. Supervisors were less likely to be bullied than subordinates, and women were more likely to experience bullying than men. Among victims who had experienced bullying during the past 12 months, nearly 60% reported that their problem had yet to be solved. To combat workplace bullying in public-sector organizations, we propose a proactive punitive strategy that includes stricter rules and severe administrative penalties to those who breach them.
The Personal Is Professional
Authors: Koncikowski Jeanette , Chambers Kristin
Published: May 2015

Most frontline child welfare workers are female, as are most adult clients. The authors posit that caseworkers who are themselves mothers bring valuable perspectives and expertise to their work; however, their experience and wisdom as mothers is essentially invisible within the profession or at least within the professional literature. This mixed-methods study investigated how the experience of being a mother affects caseworkers’ relationships with client–mothers as well as whether they perceive the child welfare system valuing their unique perspective. Twenty-four participants from diverse positions within the child welfare field completed an interview protocol. Participants overwhelmingly responded that their parenting was informed by their work with families, that their experiences and wisdom as mothers was largely ignored by their agencies, and that their employers’ practices were often not family-friendly. There was variance in participants’ beliefs about whether the client–mothers experienced bias or empowerment within the system. Half of participants identified as feminist. Maternal ambivalence appeared not to be an area of shared experience between workers and clients.
Toward a Clinically Meaningful Taxonomy of Violent Offenders
Authors: Low Kyra , Day Andrew
Published: May 2015

Violent offender rehabilitation programs aim to reduce the risk of re-offending in known offenders by addressing a range of different treatments needs, often with core intervention targets of improving anger regulation and altering antisocial beliefs and thinking styles. Such programs have proven efficacy in reducing recidivism for some, but not all, violent offenders, and little is known about the effects of these programs on different offender types. This study investigates whether subtypes of violent offenders can be meaningfully identified and considers how this influences short-term treatment outcomes. Cluster analysis identified three distinctive violent offender groups within a sample of 305 male offenders who had been assessed for participation in a violent offender rehabilitation program. An “unregulated” group had high levels of anger experience and expression and low levels of anger control, and held beliefs that were strongly supportive of a criminal lifestyle. A “regulated” group demonstrated levels of anger and beliefs supporting criminal activity that were not in a range that warranted treatment. Finally, an “overregulated” group was assessed as the group at highest risk of violent re-offending and had low levels of anger experience and expression and an absence of beliefs supporting criminal activity. The unregulated group appeared to gain the most benefit from treatment, although it had the highest levels of criminal thinking and problematic anger. These findings nonetheless offer support for the hypothesis that violent offender treatment programs may be optimally effective when targeted at particular types of offenders.
Developing an Integrated Violence Prevention for Men and Women in Treatment for Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Chermack Stephen T. , Bonar Erin E. , Ilgen Mark A. , Walton Maureen A. , Cunningham Rebecca M. , Booth Brenda M. , Blow Frederic C.
Published: May 2015

Rates of past-year partner and non-partner violence perpetration (VP) in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment samples exceed 50%, with studies showing rates of past-year VP exceeding 70% when considering violence occurring with either intimate partners or non-partners. However, SUD treatment programs typically do not include VP prevention interventions, and the few studies examining the impact of SUD interventions on VP have focused exclusively on partner VP. This study summarizes results of a randomized controlled pilot study of an Integrated Violence Prevention Treatment (IVPT) designed to address VP across partner and non-partner relationships as well as predictors of post-treatment VP. Participants were men (70%) and women (30%) in SUD treatment reporting past-year VP who were randomized to either IVPT or a control condition. The IVPT involved a Motivational Interviewing session targeting interpersonal conflicts, followed by five cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions focusing on VP prevention skills. The control condition included a session including a videotape and discussion of anger management, followed by five psycho-educational sessions common for SUD settings. Results showed that VP (total, partner, and non-partner) and cocaine use significantly decreased between baseline and 3-month follow-up for both conditions, and the IVPT group showed a significant decline in alcohol use. Analyses focusing on VP during follow-up revealed that baseline cocaine use and drinking during the follow-up predicted post-treatment VP. Together, these findings suggest that IVPT is a promising intervention (feasible, appears to impact drinking, an important factor related to violence) but that additional continuing care approaches may be indicated to sustain positive outcomes.
Heavy Episodic Drinking and Sexual Aggression Among Male College Students
Authors: Kingree J. B. , Thompson Martie , Ruetz Emily
Published: May 2015

Much research has examined personal characteristics that increase the risk of men engaging in sexual aggression. Heavy episodic drinking, typically operationalized for males as consuming five or more standard drinks of alcohol in a 2-hr period, is one factor that has been found in most studies to be associated with higher risk for sexual aggression. Although relatively little empirical attention has been given to personal characteristics that can protect men from perpetrating sexual aggression, research on factors that are tied to less alcohol use may be fruitful in this regard. Accordingly, the current study examined if church attendance protected against sexual aggression perpetration by reducing heavy episodic drinking among male students who completed survey questionnaires during their first, second, and third years of college. The results showed increased church attendance over the first and second years of college was associated with lower levels of subsequent, heavy episodic drinking and sexual aggression. Moreover, the results indicated lower levels of heavy episodic drinking mediated the protective effect of church attendance on sexual aggression. These findings can inform sexual aggression prevention efforts in the male, college student population.
Effectiveness of the IDAP Treatment Program for Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Haggård Ulrika , Freij Ingrid , Danielsson Maria , Wenander Diana , Långström Niklas
Published: May 2015

Despite substantial problems with intimate partner violence (IPV) worldwide, the empirical support remains weak for the effectiveness of recidivism-reducing interventions for IPV perpetrators. We conducted a controlled study of the effectiveness of the Integrated Domestic Abuse Program (IDAP), a manual-based group intervention for adult male IPV offenders. A consecutive series of 340 convicted male IPV offenders who began IDAP in the Swedish Prison and Probation Services 2004 to 2007 were compared with 452 contemporary, convicted male IPV offender controls. We obtained follow-up reconviction data from the National Crime Register and used Cox regression to model the effectiveness of IDAP versus regular treatment. Treated and control subjects were all followed until March 2, 2011, for an average time-at-risk of 4.6 years (median 4.4, SD = 1.0). Twenty-five percent ( n = 84) of IDAP participants recidivated in any violence versus 23% of controls ( n = 104); corresponding figures for IPV specifically were 19% ( n = 65) and 19% ( n = 84), respectively. Intention-to-treat analyses adjusted for individual baseline risk and follow-up time suggested marginally and non-significantly lower reconviction rates in IDAP participants versus controls (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.69, 1.23] for any violence and HR = 0.92, 95% CI = [0.66, 1.28] for IPV, respectively). Hence, possible recidivism-reducing effects of IDAP in this cross-cultural validation were small and impossible to secure statistically. To remedy the frustrating lack of proven effective treatments for IPV offenders, better interventions should be developed and tested. Such efforts could benefit from improved knowledge about IPV-specific, causal risk factors and more powerful treatment combinations.
Tensions and Ambivalent Feelings
Authors: Zijlstra Elza , van de Laar Rik , Moors Marie Louise , Lo Fo Wong Sylvie , Lagro-Janssen Antoine
Published: May 2015

The objective of this study was to examine factors facilitating and constraining the identification and management of intimate partner violence (IPV) at an emergency department (ED). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 ED employees of a university hospital in the Netherlands. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed by using qualitative content analysis in Atlas.ti. Constraining factors were lack of knowledge, awareness, and resources at the ED. ED employees felt many barriers to bringing up IPV. Facilitating factors were good cooperation among staff, the involvement of one team member in producing an IPV protocol, having received training on child abuse, and private consulting rooms. The ED setting and the ED employees’ task perception and attitude contained both constraining and facilitating factors: ED employees saw it as their task and responsibility to help IPV victims, but their priorities were to secure a high turnover and treat acute physical problems. Although ED employees expressed openness and willingness to help, they also took the view that victims had a considerable responsibility of their own in disclosing and managing IPV, which led to ambivalent feelings. In conclusion, ED employees faced tensions in IPV identification and management caused by lack of awareness, knowledge and resources, conflicting priorities at the ED, and ambivalent feelings. Improvements can be made by supporting ED employees with guidelines in the form of a protocol and with training that also addresses the tensions ED employees face.
Parental Support Buffering the Effect of Violence on Adolescents’ Depression
Authors: Quiroga Angélica , López-Rodríguez Lucía , Willis Guillermo B.
Published: May 2015

In Mexico violence across the country has increased in recent years and has become a social problem of great importance. The continuous exposure to all types of interpersonal violence leads adolescents to cope with experiences and challenges of great risk of development deviations. Trying to find a more comprehensive understanding of violence outcomes on Mexican adolescents and its moderators, the present quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional correlation study was performed. Parental support ( vs. other sort of social support) was proposed to be a relevant moderator factor for decreasing the negative outcomes of violence exposure on depression, and gender was predicted to play a role in this process. A two-way interaction between violence exposure and parental support was only significant in the case of adolescent girls, whereas there was no evidence of such moderation for adolescent boys. The effect of exposure to violence on girls’ depression was stronger when their parental support was relatively low than when their parental support was relatively high. Parental support may serve as a protective factor of depression after violence exposure especially for girls, whereas more research should be conducted in order to detect an efficient protective mechanism for boys who are exposed to violence.
Preventing Interpersonal Violence on College Campuses
Authors: Alegría-Flores Kei , Raker Kelli , Pleasants Robert K. , Weaver Mark A. , Weinberger Morris
Published: May 2015

Sexual assault, stalking, dating violence, and intimate partner violence, herein collectively termed interpersonal violence (IV), are public health problems affecting 20% to 25% of female college students. Currently, One Act is one of the few IV prevention training programs at universities that teach students bystander skills to intervene in low- and high-risk IV situations. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate One Act’s effects on date rape attitudes and behaviors, and bystanders’ confidence, willingness to help, and behavior, and 2) to compare the effects on bystander skills between One Act and Helping Advocates for Violence Ending Now (HAVEN), an IV response training program with similar participants. Data were collected over 2 years, before and after One Act and HAVEN trainings. We measured outcomes with four scales: College Date Rape Attitudes and Behaviors, Bystander Confidence, Willingness to Help, and Bystander Behavior. The analysis compared within- and between-group mean differences in scale scores pre- and post-trainings using linear mixed models. One Act showed improvements for date rape attitudes and behaviors ( p < .001), bystander’s confidence ( p < .001), and willingness to help ( p < .001). One Act participants’ bystander confidence improved more ( p = .006), on average, than HAVEN’s. The differences in the two trainings’ effects on bystander willingness to help and behavior had similar patterns but were not statistically significant. We found a larger positive impact on bystander confidence among students who participated in the bystander prevention training compared with the response training. Further research is needed to improve the measures for bystander behavior and measure the bystander trainings’ larger impact on the community.
Being a Minority
Authors: Karpova Elena , Garrin Ashley R. , Lee Juyoung
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this research was to understand male college students’ experiences in a traditionally female academic major, such as apparel. Based on the analyses and interpretation of interviews with 22 male students from an apparel program, two topical areas emerged: (a) attitudes of toward male apparel students; and (b) experiences of male students in an apparel program. The first topical area describes what male apparel students encounter when they inform parents, friends, and people around them about their academic major. The second topical area portrays male student experiences in a major with an overwhelming majority of peers being women. The study contributes to the literature on men in non-traditional occupations. Such understanding is a precursor for minimizing gender-stereotypic career boundaries. Implications and recommendations for apparel program instructors, advisors, administrators, and career counselors are presented.
Analyzing the Perceived Benefits of LEED-Certified and Energy Star–Certified Buildings in the Realm of Local Economic Development
Authors: Leland Suzanne M. , Read Dustin C. , Wittry Michael
Published: May 2015

Data collected from a national survey of economic development professionals are used in this study to examine the perceived role of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design–certified and Energy Star–certified buildings in the business recruitment process. A series of ordinal logistic regression models are estimated to examine economic developers’ attitudes toward these buildings after controlling for their personal characteristics and the characteristics of the communities where they work. The results suggest less favorable perceptions about this form of sustainable real estate development in smaller communities and those with weaker economic fundamentals. Furthermore, women employed in economic development are found to have more favorable attitudes toward these buildings than their male counterparts. Increasing support for sustainable real estate development among economic developers working in local government may therefore require a combination of thoughtful policy making, executive education, and greater gender diversity in the profession.
Teachers’ Grade-Level Reassignments
Authors: Brummet Quentin , Gershenson Seth , Hayes Michael S.
Published: May 2015

Teacher churning likely harms student achievement. However, the phenomenon of within-school grade-level teacher reassignments is understudied. The current study provides descriptive evidence on the frequency and predictors of within-school teacher grade switching using both longitudinal administrative data from Michigan and nationally representative survey data. About 7% of self-contained classroom teachers change grades following any given school year. Inexperienced teachers are relatively more likely to switch grades, and grade-level reassignments are inequitably distributed across both schools and students. For example, urban schools experience significantly higher rates of grade switching. Charter schools experience significantly less grade switching than traditional public schools.
Fundraising in an Interactive Online Environment
Authors: Panic Katarina , Hudders Liselot , Cauberghe Veroline
Published: May 2015

This study investigates how nonprofit organizations could develop their websites to elicit positive evaluations and increase fundraising. More specifically, it focuses on the use of celebrity endorsements in an online context. The interaction between perceived congruence of the celebrity with the nonprofit organization and the level of interactivity induced by the website is examined on website experience, which is an important predictor of the attitude toward—and donation intentions for—a (fictitious) nonprofit organization. Using a 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design ( N = 122), the level of website interactivity and the (in)congruence between the celebrity and the organization are manipulated. The results show that an incongruent celebrity endorser incites a more favorable website experience than a congruent endorser on an interactive website. This, in turn, leads to a more positive attitude and a higher donation intention for the charity. In a non-interactive context, a congruent versus incongruent endorser has no differential impact on people’s responses.
Gender and the achievement of skilled status in the workplace: the case of women leaders in the UK Fire and Rescue Service
Authors: Woodfield Ruth
Published: May 2015

This article focuses on a hitherto un-researched group: women leaders within the UK Fire and Rescue Service. The process of modernizing the Fire and Rescue Service has increased expectations of workforce diversification and of women more easily entering and progressing within the organization. However, participants’ commentary testified to the difficulties faced when seeking recognition as a skilled woman in this context given the persistence of firefighter men as the occupational ideal type. Achieving recognition for both physical and non-physical skills remained an embodied, gendered and contested process and one that was not eased by promotion. Participants identified the heightened visibility that accompanied leadership as especially problematic. The findings suggest that some new elements of the modernized UK Fire and Rescue Service culture are less successful than they might be at supporting women in leadership roles.
Trade unions, special structures and the inclusion of migrant workers: on the role of union democracy
Authors: Marino Stefania
Published: May 2015

The article compares migrant structures established in two trade unions in Italy and the Netherlands. The study relies on qualitative data to analyse the extent to and circumstances under which these structures promote the organizational inclusion of migrant workers. The analysis suggests that union procedures based on participatory democracy have a positive effect on organizational inclusion as compared to top-down and centrally driven procedures. The findings underline the importance of trade union support in the functioning of special structures and the relevance of union identity and organizational structure in explaining the differences across these two national cases. The findings also highlight the significance of internally generated resources in balancing the legitimacy and recognition of migrant structures.
Labour market outcomes of immigrants in a South European country: do race and religion matter?
Authors: Fullin Giovanna
Published: May 2015

In the late 1980s and early 1990s Southern European countries rapidly became magnets for a growing number of migrants from dozens of developing and East European countries. The performance of immigrants in the host labour markets strongly differ by country of origin in terms of unemployment risk and access to highly qualified jobs. This article focuses on these differences and highlights whether and to what extent they are linked to diversities in country of origin religion and race. The analysis concerns Italy, a country where the population was highly homogeneous in terms of religion and ‘racial’ characteristics until 25 years ago. The estimates show that religion plays a role in explaining differences in terms of unemployment rate only for women, while the white/non-white divide matters for both sexes. Neither race nor religion have a significant impact in terms of occupational attainment of migrants in the Italian labour market.
Exploring the private pension gender gap and occupation in later working life
Authors: Gardiner Jean , Robinson Andrew M , Fakhfakh Fathi
Published: May 2015

This article investigates the gender gap in private pension (PP) membership and wealth across different occupations among a cohort of employees using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Using a Heckman selection model to correct for selection bias the results show that gender has a stronger effect than occupation on PP membership and that it is female employees’ lower rate of PP membership that has the greatest impact on their ability to accumulate PP wealth, rather than their ability to save once a member. The size of the gender gap in PP wealth is also conditioned by occupation. Analysis of the interaction of these two variables provides new insights into the heterogeneity of women’s private pension experience and the emergence of a ‘privileged pole’ among professional women.
An investigation into the effect of nozzle shape and jet pressure in profile creepfeed grinding
Authors: Rouly Etienne , Bauer Robert J , Warkentin Andrew
Published: May 2015

An experimental comparison of cutting fluid delivery nozzles was carried out with application to profile creepfeed grinding. A novel method of nozzle design and development involving rapid-prototyping enabled an exhaustive experimental approach. Circular, rectangular, and elliptical orifice nozzles were compared in terms of workpiece profile error, workpiece surface roughness, and grinding power over a variety of workpiece feedrates and cutting fluid jet pressures. For the grinding conditions used in this research, it was observed that, although the circular nozzle performed best, higher nozzle inlet pressures yielded smoother workpiece surface finishes.
Generation of spherical non-uniform rational basis spline curves and its application in five-axis machining
Authors: Huang Kun-Tao , Gong Hu , Fang FZ , Li ZJ
Published: May 2015

A method of generating spherical non-uniform rational basis spline curves based on De Boor’s algorithm is presented in this article. The spherical curve preserves many good properties from non-uniform rational basis spline curves in Euclidean space, such as local modification property, convex hull property, rotation invariant property, knot insertion property, and so on. Construction of closed spherical non-uniform rational basis spline curve will be discussed too. Furthermore, a progressive iterative approximation scheme is proposed to approximate the given points on unit sphere using spherical non-uniform rational basis spline curves. The convergence and curve continuity will be discussed. Since the analytical expression of the spherical non-uniform rational basis spline curve is messy, numerical differentiation is used to test its continuity at interior knots. Finally, several examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method is applied on tool path generation of five-axis machining to avoid interference by adjusting fewer directions and obtain smooth tool path simultaneously.
Everyday practices of sanitation under uneven urban development in contemporary Shanghai
Authors: Iossifova Deljana
Published: May 2015

China has seen rapid economic development and urbanization, and this has included the upgrading of traditional sanitation systems. But the speed of this transition raises concerns about the coexistence of diverging sanitation practices and their impact. This paper asks how this coexistence is experienced by low-income urban residents in Shanghai. It is based on field research during four weeks in July 2013, which involved in-depth, open-ended interviews with 20 low-income urban residents. The article concludes that these diverging everyday practices are situated at the core of urban socio-spatial differentiation, inequality, exclusion and discrimination. Particularly affected are rural-to-urban migrants and ageing working-class residents, for whom the lack of access to improved sanitation may be associated with stigmatization and social isolation. Future research should examine how changing sanitation cultures under urban development and diverging sanitation practices in different contexts can affect family ties, social relations and socio-spatial integration. To view an animated video that illustrates the ideas discussed in this paper, please visit https://youtu.be/BPEU_apfoLo
The role of power, politics and history in achieving sanitation service provision in informal urban environments: a case study of Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Kennedy-Walker Ruth , Amezaga Jaime M , Paterson Charlotte A
Published: May 2015

Many theoretical urban sanitation planning approaches exist, but there is limited evidence of the successful implementation of these approaches, prompting questions about their suitability, especially in complex urban environments in low-income countries. Using primary and secondary data from Lusaka, Zambia, we explore possible limitations of these theoretical planning approaches in informal peri-urban areas. The findings show that while the “enabling environment” aspects stressed by the literature are weak here, these limiting factors are significantly affected by a poor planning culture and inherent dynamics of power, politics and history. A fuller understanding of the local situation is needed to support the transition of planning approaches from theory to reality, so that real progress in sanitation service delivery can be achieved in complex urban environments.
Present-day capitalist urbanization and unequal disaster risk production: the case of Tigre, Buenos Aires
Authors: Ríos Diego
Published: May 2015

This paper describes recent urban transformations in flood-prone areas on the outskirts of Buenos Aires that, prompted by a convergence of public–private interests, ignore the adverse consequences they generate and produce deeply unequal exposure to disaster risks. To illustrate these processes and their spatial results, the paper looks at the case of the municipality of Tigre, located to the north of the metropolis. I analyse the most substantive changes in public urban management and implementation of water management projects that have tended over recent decades to facilitate the operation of real estate/financial capital, through the development of degraded flood-prone risk areas that has made these the subject of dispute between antagonistic social groups.
2015 UK National Guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis
Authors: Horner P , Blee K , O’Mahony C , Muir P , Evans C , Radcliffe K
Published: May 2015

We present the updated British Association for Sexual Health and HIV guideline for the management of non-gonococcal urethritis in men. This document includes a review of the current literature on its aetiology, diagnosis and management. In particular it highlights the emerging evidence that azithromycin 1 g may result in the development of antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium and that neither azithromycin 1 g nor doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for seven days achieves a cure rate of >90% for this micro-organism. Evidence-based diagnostic and management strategies for men presenting with symptoms suggestive of urethritis, those confirmed to have non-gonococcal urethritis and those with persistent symptoms following first-line treatment are detailed.
Prevalence and concordance of human papillomavirus infection at multiple anatomic sites among HIV-infected women from Chennai, India
Authors: Menezes Lynette J , Poongulali Selvamuthu , Tommasino Massimo , Lin Hui-Yi , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Fisher Kate J , Saravanan Shanmugam , Gheit Tarik , Ezhilarasi Chandrasekaran , Jeeva Arumugham , Lu Beibei , Giuliano Anna R
Published: May 2015

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection at the cervix, anus and oropharynx has been rarely concurrently estimated among HIV-infected women. Using multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing, we prospectively evaluated HPV genotype distribution across three anatomic sites among 50 eligible HIV-infected women from Chennai, India, who provided biological specimens and answered a sexual behaviour questionnaire. We also assessed clinical and behavioural factors related to HPV prevalence. Oncogenic HPV prevalence was comparable between the anus and cervix at 52.2% and 52.0% and lower at the oropharynx at 13.2%; 78% of women with a cervical HPV infection had the same type in the anus. Newly acquired oncogenic HPV infections were lower at cervix (24%) than anus (35%) at three months. ‘Any type’ cervical HPV prevalence was higher among women with low education and less than five years since HIV diagnosis. CD4+ count and antiretroviral therapy status were not associated with HPV prevalence at the three anatomic sites; however, enrolment cervical HPV16 prevalence was elevated among women with nadir CD4+ <200 cells/µL and enrolment CD4+ <350 cells/µL. Regular cervical screening is essential in HIV-infected Indian women irrespective of CD4+ count and antiretroviral therapy status. Additional research clarifying the natural history of anal HPV infection is also needed in this population.
Uveitis secondary to leishmaniasis immune reconstitution syndrome in a HIV-positive patient
Authors: Davies Olubanke , Allen Felicity , Gruener Anna M , Simons Rebecca , Graham Elizabeth M , Larbalestier Nick
Published: May 2015

We describe the case of a HIV-positive patient treated for visceral leishmaniasis who developed uveitis as part of a leishmaniasis immune reconstitution syndrome. Visceral leishmaniasis is increasingly found in HIV-positive adults. Its ophthalmic manifestations can range from relatively minor to complicated anterior uveitis, leading to secondary glaucoma and loss of vision. Clinicians caring for people living with HIV should be alert to the complications of leishmaniasis that can occur before and during treatment.
Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Prejudice Formation
Authors: Enge Luke R. , Lupo Amber K. , Zárate Michael A.
Published: May 2015

Prejudice is generally thought to derive from learned, emotion-laden experiences. The mechanisms underlying the formation of prejudice over time, however, remain unknown. In the present research, we proposed and tested hypotheses regarding prejudice formation derived from research on memory consolidation and social perception. We hypothesized that time-dependent memory consolidation would produce better implicit memory for negative out-group information and positive in-group information, compared with negative in-group information and positive out-group information. Fifty undergraduates learned positive and negative information about racial in-group (Latino) and out-group (African American) targets. Participants returned after both a short time delay (2–6 hr after the learning session) and a long time delay (48 hr after the learning session) to complete a lexical decision task. Results demonstrated that participants responded to information consistent with an in-group bias faster after a long time delay than after a short time delay. Our findings have important implications for the study of social perception and memory consolidation.
Suppressing Unwanted Autobiographical Memories Reduces Their Automatic Influences
Authors: Hu Xiaoqing , Bergström Zara M. , Bodenhausen Galen V. , Rosenfeld J. Peter
Published: May 2015

The present study investigated the extent to which people can suppress unwanted autobiographical memories in a memory-detection context involving a mock crime. Participants encoded sensorimotor-rich memories by enacting a lab-based crime (stealing a ring) and received instructions to suppress memory of the crime in order to evade guilt detection in a brain-wave-based concealed-information test. Aftereffects of suppression on automatic memory processes were measured in an autobiographical Implicit Association Test. Results showed that suppression attenuated brain-wave activity (the P300) associated with crime-relevant memory retrieval, which rendered waveforms from innocent and guilty participants indistinguishable. However, the two groups could nevertheless be discriminated via the late-posterior-negative slow wave, which may reflect the need to monitor response conflict arising between voluntary suppression and automatic recognition processes. Finally, extending recent findings that suppression can impair implicit memory processes, we provide novel evidence that suppression reduces automatic cognitive biases often associated with actual autobiographical memories.
Retrieval-Induced Inhibition in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Kang Min-Suk , Choi Joongrul
Published: May 2015

We used a visual illusion called motion repulsion as a model system for investigating competition between two mental representations. Subjects were asked to remember two random-dot-motion displays presented in sequence and then to report the motion directions for each. Remembered motion directions were shifted away from the actual motion directions, an effect similar to the motion repulsion observed during perception. More important, the item retrieved second showed greater repulsion than the item retrieved first. This suggests that earlier retrieval exerted greater inhibition on the other item being held in short-term memory. This retrieval-induced motion repulsion could be explained neither by reduced cognitive resources for maintaining short-term memory nor by continued inhibition between short-term memory representations. These results indicate that retrieval of memory representations inhibits other representations in short-term memory. We discuss mechanisms of retrieval-induced inhibition and their implications for the structure of memory.
Changes in Holocene relative sea-level and coastal morphology: A study of a raised beach ridge system on Samsø, southwest Scandinavia
Authors: Hede Mikkel U , Sander Lasse , Clemmensen Lars B , Kroon Aart , Pejrup Morten , Nielsen Lars
Published: May 2015

Changes in relative sea-level (RSL) during the Holocene are reconstructed based on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data collected across a raised beach ridge system on the island of Samsø, Denmark. The internal architecture of the beach ridge and swale deposits is divided into characteristic radar facies. We identify downlap points interpreted to mark the transition from the beachface to the upper shoreface and, thus, sea-level at the time of deposition. This new data set shows that beach steps can be preserved and resolved in GPR reflection data. This is important, as downlap points identified at the base of the beach steps should be corrected for beach step height in order to be used as a marker of sea-level. Identification of beach steps in combination with observed changes in dips of the interpreted beachface reflections can give information about changes in the morphodynamic conditions of beach ridge progradation through time. The vertical levels of identified downlap points are combined with an age model based on optically stimulated luminescence-dated samples to reconstruct RSL for the past c. 5000 years. Overall, the reconstruction shows that the period between c. 4800 and 3800 yr BP was characterized by relatively high RSL values around 2.3 m above DVR90 (Danish Vertical Reference 1990). A marked decrease in RSL of c. 1.3 m occurred between c. 3800 and 3600 yr BP at a rate of c. 5 mm/yr. After c. 3500 yr BP, the RSL curve shows a gradual decrease at a rate of c. 0.6 mm/yr.