bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous femoral capital physeal fractures in adult cats: 26 cases (1996–2001)
Authors: McNicholas Walter T. , Wilkens Brent E. , Blevins William E. , Snyder Paul W. , McCabe George P. , Applewhite Aric A. , Laverty Peter H. , Breur Gert J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine clinical, radiographic, and histologic abnormalities in adult cats > 1 year old with spontaneous (ie, nontraumatic) femoral capital physeal fractures.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—26 cats.

Procedure—Medical records of cats > 1 year old with femoral capital physeal fractures and no history of trauma were examined.

Results—Mean ± SD age of the cats was 22.5 ± 6.5 months. Twenty-five cats were neutered males. Mean weight of the cats was significantly greater than mean weight of a group of age- and sex-matched control cats. Of 16 cats for which age at the time of neutering was known, 14 had been neutered before 6 months of age. Nine cats had bilateral fractures. Severity of femoral neck osteolysis and sclerosis increased with increased duration of clinical signs. The contralateral femoral capital physis, distal femoral physes, and proximal tibial physes were radiographically open in 13 of 18, 19 of 24, and 24 of 24 cats, respectively. Histologically, the epiphysis contained normal articular cartilage and bone, but attached growth plate cartilage lacked the normal columnar arrangement of chondrocytes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that adult cats with spontaneous femoral capital physeal fractures were most likely to be heavier, neutered males with delayed physeal closure. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1731–1736)
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Escherichia coli strains from a turkey operation
Authors: Altekruse Sean F. , Elvinger François , Lee Kyung-Yul , Tollefson Linda K. , Pierson F. William , Eifert Joseph , Sriranganathan Nammalwar
Published: January 2006

Objective—To measure minimum inhibitory concentrations
(MIC) of 17 antimicrobials for Escherichia coli
isolates from a turkey operation and assess whether
small samples provide precise estimates of geometric
mean MIC.

Design—Prospective study.

Sample Population—105 clinical isolates from birds
and 1,104 fecal isolates from 20 flocks (poults and finisher
hens).

Procedure—A Mueller-Hinton broth dilution panel
was used to measure MIC, and MIC of fecal and
clinical isolates were compared. We drew random
samples of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 isolates
from each finisher flock and between 100 and
105 isolates from 5, 7, 10, and 20 flocks.
Antimicrobial usage was determined for enrolled
flocks.

Results—Six of 12 poult and 18 of 20 finisher
flocks had been treated with antimicrobials, often
for respiratory illnesses consistent with colibacillosis.
All birds received gentamicin at the hatchery.
More fecal than clinical isolates were resistant to
ampicillin; however, more clinical isolates were
resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and sulfamethoxazole.
Precise estimates of geometric
mean MIC for flocks were obtained when ≥ 15
fecal isolates were obtained per flock and, for the
operation, when 105 isolates were obtained from ≥
7 flocks.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Antimicrobial
usage was common and may have contributed to the
resistance patterns of isolates. With a modest allocation
of laboratory resources, producers can monitor
antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical and fecal E coli
to manage risks of antimicrobial usage and resistance.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:411–416)
Use of carbon dioxide laser for onychectomy in cats
Authors: Mison Michael B. , Bohart George H. , Walshaw Richard , Winters Cathy A. , Hauptman Joe G.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare postoperative signs of discomfort and complications associated with use of CO2laser for onychectomy with those of the scalpel technique in cats.

Design—Prospective, randomized, masked clinical trial.

Animals—20 client-owned cats.

Procedure—Forelimb feet (right, left) were randomly assigned to laser and scalpel treatment groups. Signs of discomfort (lameness and signs of pain) and complications (hemorrhage, swelling, and discharge) were assessed on days 0, 1, and 7. Surgeries were performed by 1 experienced surgeon. Evaluations were performed by 2 individuals without knowledge of treatment group. Signs of discomfort and complications were scored on scales of 0 to 8 and 0 to 9, respectively.

Results—Onychectomy did not result in high discomfort or complication scores 1 day after surgery, regardless of technique used, although the lasertreated group had significantly lower scores for signs of discomfort and complications. Seven days after surgery, significant differences were not detected between groups for signs of discomfort or complications.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The CO2laser can be an excellent tool for onychectomy in cats, with excellent hemostasis and minimal postoperative discomfort and complications. Differences in discomfort and complications between groups treated via scalpel versus CO2laser were not clinically relevant and were only observed 1 day after surgery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:651–653)
Potentially hazardous sulfur conditions on beef cattle ranches in the United States
Authors: Gould Daniel H. , Dargatz David A. , Garry Franklyn B. , Hamar Dwayne W. , Ross Paul F.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To analyze the sulfur content of water and forage samples from a geographically diverse sample of beef cow-calf operations in the United States and to estimate frequency and distribution of premises where forage and water resources could result in consumption of hazardous amounts of sulfur by cattle.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—709 forage samples from 678 beef cow-calf operations and individual water samples from 498 operations in 23 states.

Procedure—Sulfur content of forage samples and sulfate concentration of water samples were measured. Total sulfur intake was estimated for pairs of forage and water samples.

Results—Total sulfur intake was estimated for 454 pairs of forage and water samples. In general, highest forage sulfur contents did not coincide with highest water sulfate concentrations. Overall, 52 of the 454 (11.5%) sample pairs were estimated to yield total sulfur intake (as a percentage of dry matter) ≥ 0.4%, assuming water intake during conditions of high ambient temperature. Most of these premises were in north-central (n = 19) or western (19) states.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that on numerous beef cow-calf operations throughout the United States, consumption of forage and water could result in excessively high sulfur intake. All water sources and dietary components should be evaluated when assessing total sulfur intake. Knowledge of total sulfur intake may be useful in reducing the risk of sulfur-associated health and performance problems in beef cattle. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:673–677)
Predicted ages of dairy calves when colostrumderived bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies would no longer offer protection against disease or interfere with vaccination
Authors: Muñoz-Zanzi Claudia A. , Thurmond Mark C. , Johnson Wesley O. , Hietala Sharon K.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To develop models that could be used to predict, for dairy calves, the age at which colostrumderived bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibodies would no longer offer protection against infection or interfere with vaccination.

Design—Prospective observational field study.

Animals—466 calves in 2 California dairy herds.

Procedure—Serum BVDV neutralizing antibody titers were measured from birth through 300 days of age. The age by which colostrum-derived BVDV antibodies had decayed sufficiently that calves were considered susceptible to BVDV infection (ie, titer ≤ 1:16) or calves became seronegative was modeled with survival analysis methods. Mixed-effects regression analysis was used to model colostrum-derived BVDV antibody titer for any given age.

Results—Half the calves in both herds became seronegative for BVDV type I by 141 days of age and for BVDV type II by 114 days of age. Rate of antibody decay was significantly associated with antibody titer at 1 to 3 days of age and with whether calves were congenitally infected with BVDV. Three-month-old calves were predicted to have a mean BVDV type-I antibody titer of 1:32 and a mean BVDV type-II antibody titer of 1:16.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results provide an improved understanding of the decay of BVDV-specific colostrum-derived antibodies in dairy calves raised under typical field conditions. Knowledge of the age when the calf herd becomes susceptible can be useful when designing vaccination programs aimed at minimizing negative effects of colostrum-derived antibodies on vaccine efficacy while maximizing overall calf herd immunity. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:678–685)
Effect on fertility of uterine lavage performed immediately prior to insemination in mares
Authors: Vanderwall Dirk K. , Woods Gordon L.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the effect on fertility of
large-volume uterine lavage with lactated Ringer’s
solution (LRS) performed immediately prior to insemination
in mares.

Design—Prospective randomized controlled study.

Animals—20 mares.

Procedure—Control mares (n = 10) were inseminated
with 1 billion (estimated before cooling) progressively
motile spermatozoa that had been cooled in a
passive cooling unit for 24 hours. Mares (n = 10) in
the treatment group were inseminated with 1 billion
progressively motile spermatozoa (cooled as
described for control mares) immediately after uterine
lavage with 4 L of sterile LRS.

Results—There were no significant differences in
pregnancy rates or size of the embryonic vesicle on
days 12, 13, and 14 after ovulation between control
and treated mares.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate
that uterine lavage with LRS can be performed immediately
prior to insemination without adversely affecting
fertility in mares. This is clinically important, because
insemination may be necessary when a mare has
inflammation-associated fluid (detectable ultrasonographically)
in the uterus; removal of the fluid is desirable,
because it adversely affects spermatozoal motility
and fertility. This situation typically arises when mares
require rebreeding after they have developed persistent
mating-induced endometritis or are inseminated multiple
times in a 24-hour period (during the period of physiologic
mating-induced inflammation), which is a common
practice when using cooled or frozen-thawed
semen. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:1108–1110)
Evaluation of day-to-day variability of serial blood glucose concentration curves in diabetic dogs
Authors: Fleeman Linda M. , Rand Jacquie S.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate day-to-day variability of serial blood glucose concentration curves in dogs with diabetes mellitus.

Design—Prospective clinical study.

Animals—10 dogs with diabetes mellitus.

Procedure—Paired 12-hour serial blood glucose concentration curves performed during 2 consecutive days were obtained on 3 occasions from each dog. Dogs received the same dose of insulin and meal every 12 hours on both days. For each pair of curves, comparison was made between the results of days 1 and 2.

Results—Mean absolute difference (without regard to sign) between days 1 and 2 for each parameter was significantly > 0, disproving the hypothesis that there is minimal day-to-day variability of serial blood glucose concentration curves when insulin dose and meals are kept constant. Coefficient of variation of the absolute difference between days 1 and 2 for each parameter ranged from 68 to 103%. Evaluation of the paired curves led to an opposite recommendation for adjustment of the insulin dose on day 2, compared with day 1, on 27% of occasions. Disparity between dosage recommendations was more pronounced when glucose concentration nadir was < 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) on 1 or both days. In this subset of 20 paired curves, an opposite recommendation for dosage adjustment was made on 40% of occasions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—There is large day-to-day variation in parameters of serial blood glucose concentration curves in diabetic dogs. Day-to-day variability of serial blood glucose concentration curves has important clinical implications, particularly in dogs with good glycemic control. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:317–321)
Use of thermokeratoplasty for treatment of ulcerative keratitis and bullous keratopathy secondary to corneal endothelial disease in dogs: 13 cases (1994–2001)
Authors: Michau Tammy Miller , Gilger Brian C. , Maggio Federica , Davidson Michael G.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the outcome of thermokeratoplasty
for treatment of ulcerative keratitis and bullous
keratopathy secondary to corneal endothelial disease
in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—13 dogs.

Procedures—Medical records from 1994 to 2001 for
dogs evaluated because of ulcerative keratitis and
bullous keratopathy and treated with thermokeratoplasty
were reviewed.

Results—There were 7 spayed females, 5 castrated
males, and 1 sexually intact male, ranging from 6 to
16 years of age. Ten dogs had endothelial degeneration,
and 3 dogs had breed-related endothelial dystrophy.
All dogs had bullous keratopathy, characterized
by microbullae formation that was detected via biomicroscopy.
Recurrent or nonhealing corneal ulcers
were detected unilaterally in 5 dogs and bilaterally in
8 dogs. Mean ± SD duration from thermokeratoplasty
until ulcerations were healed for all dogs was 2.2 ±
1.1 weeks. All dogs that underwent thermokeratoplasty
for nonhealing corneal ulceration secondary to
endothelial disease and corneal edema had epithelial
wound healing and resolution of corneal ulceration.
Mean duration of treatment (ie, topical treatment
required until resolution of ulceration) was significantly
less after thermokeratoplasty than duration of
treatment (with multiple treatments) prior to referral.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—It may be
necessary to perform thermokeratoplasty of the
entire cornea to prevent recurrence of ulcerations
in areas that have not been treated with thermokeratoplasty.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:
607–612)
Effects of postoperative administration of ketoprofen or carprofen on short- and long-term results of femoral head and neck excision in dogs
Authors: Grisneaux Emmanuelle , Dupuis Jacques , Pibarot Philippe , Bonneau Norbert H. , Charette Benoît , Blais Diane
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether postoperative administration of ketoprofen or carprofen had any effects on short- or long-term results of femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) in dogs.

Design—Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Animals—40 client-owned, large-breed dogs undergoing FHNE and 15 healthy large-breed dogs used as controls for hip joint angle measurements and force plate analyses.

Procedure—Dogs undergoing FHNE were treated with ketoprofen, carprofen, or a placebo for 21 days after surgery. Hip joint abduction and extension angles were measured at the end of surgery and 120 days later. Lameness scores were assigned, and force plate analyses were performed on days 3, 15, and 120.

Results—There were no significant differences among treatment groups in regard to hip joint angles or lameness scores. Force plate analysis revealed that dogs in all 3 treatment groups bore consistently less weight on the operated limb than did control dogs for the duration of the study. Dogs receiving ketoprofen had greater peak propulsive force at a walk on day 3 and greater peak vertical force at a walk on day 15 than did dogs receiving the placebo. Treatment of an acute condition and preservation of the lesser trochanter, but not postoperative analgesic administration, were positively associated with ground reaction forces on day 120. Owners of 12 of 31 dogs indicated that the dog's gait worsened for a few days after discontinuation of analgesic administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of ketoprofen or carprofen after surgery was not associated with long-term results of FHNE, probably because of the impact of other factors. Because some owners noticed worsening of the lameness following cessation of analgesic administration in the present study, it is possible that longer administration would have improved long-term results. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:1006–1012)
Minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas
Authors: Grubb Tamara L. , Schlipf John W. , Riebold Thomas W. , Cebra Christopher K. , Poland Lisa , Zawadzkas Xenia , Mailhot Nicole
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—6 healthy adult llamas and 6 healthy adult alpacas.

Procedure—Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane delivered with oxygen through a mask. An endotracheal tube was inserted, and a port for continuous measurement of end-tidal and inspired sevoflurane concentrations was placed between the endotracheal tube and the breathing circuit. After equilibration at an end-tidal-to-inspired sevoflurane concentration ratio > 0.90 for 15 minutes, a 50-Hz, 80-mA electrical stimulus was applied to the antebrachium until a response was obtained (ie, gross purposeful movement) or for up to 1 minute. The vaporizer setting was increased or decreased to effect a 10 to 20% change in end-tidal sevoflurane concentration, and equilibration and stimulus were repeated. The MAC was defined as the mean of the lowest end-tidal sevoflurane concentration that prevented a positive response and the highest concentration that allowed a positive response.

Results—Mean ± SD MAC of sevoflurane was 2.29 ± 0.14% in llamas and 2.33 ± 0.09% in alpacas. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The MAC of sevoflurane in llamas and alpacas was similar to that reported for other species. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:1167–1169)
Comparison of injuries in sows housed in gestation stalls versus group pens with electronic sow feeders
Authors: Anil Leena , Bhend Kristy M. G. , Baidoo Samuel K. , Morrison Rebecca , Deen John
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare the location and severity of injuries in pregnant sows housed in individual gestation stalls with that in pregnant sows housed in dynamic groups in pens with electronic sow feeders.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—100 pregnant sows of parity 1 to 3 and various body weights.

Procedure—Fifty sows each were randomly allotted to gestation stalls or group pens with electronic sow feeders. Injuries were scored on the basis of location, number, and depth of wounds. Injury scores for sows in both housing systems were compared during a period of 90 days. The influence of factors such as duration of stay in the housing system, parity, and body weight on sow injuries was also examined.

Results—Injury scores were higher in group pens with electronic sow feeders. As body weight increased, injury scores decreased for sows housed in group pens with electronic sow feeders and increased for sows housed in gestation stalls. There was a significant negative association between second parity and total injury scores.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Modifications in housing system design and management procedures are needed to reduce injuries in pregnant sows. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:1334–1338)
Age-related variations in hematologic and plasma biochemical test results in Beagles and Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Harper E. Jean , Hackett Rachel M. , Wilkinson Joy , Heaton Paul R.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To investigate age-related variations in
results of hematologic and plasma biochemical tests
performed on dogs of 2 common breeds.

Design—Prospective cohort study.

Animals—34 Beagles and 44 Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure—Blood samples were collected throughout
the dogs' lives; 589 samples were collected from
the Beagles and 964 samples were collected from
the Labrador Retrievers (age at the time of sample
collection ranged from 22 days to 15 years). White
blood cell and RBC counts; hemoglobin concentration;
Hct; mean cell volume; mean cell hemoglobin
concentration; alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase,
and aspartate aminotransferase activities;
and calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, urea, protein,
and albumin concentrations were measured.

Results—For all tests, there were significant effects
of age on test results. There was a significant interaction
between age and breed for all tests except
hemoglobin, albumin, and phosphorus concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested
that there were age-related changes in hematologic
and plasma biochemical test results in these 2
breeds of dogs. Changes were most evident during
the first year of life, reflecting growth and maturation
of the puppies. In some instances, values for puppies
diverged markedly from those for adults, necessitating
the use of age-specific reference ranges for the
interpretation of clinical data. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:1436–1442)
Foal-related risk factors associated with development of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia on farms with endemic infection
Authors: Chaffin M. Keith , Cohen Noah D. , Martens Ronald J. , Edwards Ronnie F. , Nevill Mark
Published: January 2006

Objective—To identify foal-related risk factors associated with development ofRhodococcus equipneumonia among foals on farms with endemicR equiinfection.

Design—Prospective case-control study.

Animals—220 foals at 2 equine breeding farms in Texas during a 2-year period.

Procedure—Information collected for each dam included age, time housed on the farm prior to parturition, whether there were any peripartum illnesses, parity, and health of previous foals. Information collected for each foal included breed, sex, gestational age, month and year of birth, location of birth, type of flooring and bedding in stall, postpartum management and preventive health care, passive immunity status, supplementation of immunoglobulins, exposure to other farms or foals affected withR equipneumonia, stall and pasture exposure, commingling with other mare-foal pairs, age at weaning, and whether the foal developedR equipneumonia.

Results—32 of the 220 (15%) foals developedR equipneumonia, of which 4 (13%) died. Foals at 1 of the 2 farms and foals born during the second year of the study were more likely to developR equipneumonia. Foal-related factors that were examined were not significantly associated with risk ofR equipneumonia in multivariate analyses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that there are farm- and year-related effects on the risk that foals will developR equipneumonia. Other foal-related factors significantly associated withR equipneumonia were not identified. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:1791–1799)
Use of a three-drill-tract technique for arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints in horses with distal tarsal osteoarthritis: 54 cases (1990–1999)
Authors: Dechant Julie E. , Baxter Gary M. , Southwood Louise L. , Crawford William H. , Jackman Bradley R. , Stashak Ted S. , Trotter Gayle W. , Hendrickson Dean A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To assess the long-term clinical outcome of horses with distal tarsal osteoarthritis (OA) in which a 3-drill-tract technique was used to induce arthrodesis of the affected joints, identify any preoperative or operative factors associated with outcome, and describe any complications associated with the technique.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—54 horses.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, use, history, physical and lameness examination findings, surgical technique, and postoperative care. Radiographs were examined, and severity of OA was graded. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone interviews with owners at least 13 months after the procedure.

Results—32 (59%) horses had a successful outcome, 6 (11%) improved but were not sound after surgery, and 16 (30%) did not improve following surgery. Outcome was negatively associated with the previous use of intra-articular injections. Few postoperative complications were evident.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that distal tarsal OA in horses can be successfully treated by means of distal tarsal arthrodesis with a 3-drill-tract technique. Horses with advanced distal tarsal OA are likely to have poorer outcomes, and the procedure will likely be of minimal benefit in horses with concomitant causes of hind limb lameness prior to surgery and in horses with preexisting proximal intertarsal joint disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003; 223;1800–1805)
Efficacy and safety of topical administration of selamectin for treatment of ear mite infestation in rabbits
Authors: McTier Tom L. , Hair J. Alexander , Walstrom Douglas J. , Thompson Leland
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical administration of selamectin in rabbits naturally infested withPsoroptes cuniculi.

Design—Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—48 mixed-breed domestic rabbits with activeP cuniculimite populations and clinical ear lesions.

Procedures—Rabbits were randomly allocated to 1 of 6 treatment groups. On day 0, rabbits in groups 1 and 2 were given vehicle, rabbits in groups 3 and 4 were given selamectin at a dose of 6 mg/kg (2.7 mg/lb), and rabbits in groups 5 and 6 were given selamectin at a dose of 18 mg/kg (8.2 mg/lb). On day 28, rabbits in groups 2, 4, and 6 were given a second dose of vehicle or selamectin. Otoscopic examinations were performed and ear lesion size was measured weekly for 8 weeks. Quantitative viable mite counts were performed on day 56.

Results—On days 7 through 56, lesion sizes for all selamectin-treated groups were significantly lower than sizes for control groups; there were no significant differences in lesion sizes among selamectintreated groups. All rabbits in the 2 control groups had viable adultP cuniculimites for the duration of the study, as determined by otoscopic examination, whereas all rabbits in the 4 selamectin-treated groups were free fromP cuniculimites on days 7 through 56. No adverse reactions associated with selamectin treatment were observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that topical application of selamectin at a dose of 6 or 18 mg/kg can completely eliminate mites from rabbits naturally infested withP cuniculi. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:322–324)
Evaluation of prevalence and clinical implications of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in goats
Authors: Mortensen Lars L. , Williamson Lisa H. , Terrill Thomas H. , Kircher Robin A. , Larsen Michael , Kaplan Ray M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine prevalence of resistance to all anthelmintics that are commonly used to treat gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in goats.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—777 goats.

Procedure—On each farm, goats were assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups: untreated controls, albendazole (20 mg/kg [9.0 mg/lb], PO, once), ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg [0.18 mg/lb], PO, once), levamisole (12 mg/kg [5.4 mg/lb], PO, once), or moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg, PO, once), except on 3 farms where albendazole was omitted. Fecal samples were collected 2 weeks after treatment for determination of fecal egg counts (FECs), and percentage reductions were calculated by comparing data from anthelmintic-treated and control groups. Nematode populations were categorized as susceptible, suspected resistant, or resistant by use of guidelines published by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology.

Results—Resistance to albendazole was found on 14 of 15 farms, and resistance to ivermectin, levamisole, and moxidectin was found on 17, 6, and 1 of 18 farms, respectively. Suspected resistance to levamisole and moxidectin was found on 4 and 3 farms, respectively. Resistance to multiple anthelmintics (albendazole and ivermectin) was found on 14 of 15 farms and to albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole on 5 of 15 farms. Mean overall FEC reduction percentages for albendazole, ivermectin, levamisole, and moxidectin were 67, 54, 94, and 99%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Anthelmintic resistance in GINs of goats is highly prevalent in the southern United States. The high prevalence of resistance to multiple anthelmintics emphasizes the need for reexamination of nematode control practices. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:495–500)
Evaluation of association between retention in the home and attendance at puppy socialization classes
Authors: Duxbury Margaret M. , Jackson Julie A. , Line Scott W. , Anderson Robert K.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate associations between retention of dogs in their adoptive homes and attendance at puppy socialization classes and other factors.

Design—Epidemiologic survey.

Animals—248 adult dogs that were adopted as puppies from a humane society.

Procedure—Owners completed questionnaires regarding demographics, retention of the dogs in the homes, and the dogs' early learning events.

Results—Higher retention in the homes was reported for dogs that participated in humane society puppy socialization classes, were female, wore headcollars as puppies, were handled frequently as puppies, were more responsive to commands, slept on or near the owner's bed, or lived in homes without young children.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest several practices that veterinarians may recommend to enhance the likelihood that puppies will remain in their first homes, such as enrolling 7- to 12-week-old puppies in early learning and socialization classes. The lower rate of retention of dogs in homes with children emphasizes the importance of helping owners develop realistic expectations, knowledge, and effective tools to manage interactions between their children and dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003; 223:61–66)
Efficacy of selamectin in the treatment and control of clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis in dogs and cats experimentally infested with fleas
Authors: Dickin Sandy K. , McTier Tom L. , Murphy Martin G. , Bond Ross , Mason Ian S. , Payne-Johnson Mark , Smith David G. , Evans Nigel A. , Jernigan Ann D. , Rowan Tim G.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether treatment with
selamectin would reduce clinical signs of flea allergy
dermatitis (FAD) in dogs and cats housed in flea-infested
environments.

Design—Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—22 dogs and 17 cats confirmed to have FAD.

Procedure—Animals were housed in carpeted pens
capable of supporting the flea life cycle and infested
with 100 fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) on days –13 and
–2 and on alternate weeks with 10 to 20 fleas. On day
0, 11 dogs and 8 cats were treated with selamectin (6
mg/kg [2.7 mg/lb]). Dogs were retreated on day 30;
cats were retreated on days 30 and 60. All animals
were examined periodically for clinical signs of FAD.
Flea counts were conducted at weekly intervals.

Results—Throughout the study, geometric mean flea
counts exceeded 100 for control animals and were ≤ 11
for selamectin-treated animals. Selamectin-treated
cats had significant improvements in the severity of
miliary lesions and scaling or crusting on days 42 and
84, compared with conditions on day –8, and in severity
of excoriation on day 42. In contrast, control cats did
not have any significant improvements in any of the
clinical signs of FAD. Selamectin-treated dogs had significant
improvements in all clinical signs on days 28
and 61, but in control dogs, severity of clinical signs of
FAD was not significantly different from baseline severity
at any time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that topical administration of selamectin, even without
the use of supplementary environmental control
measures and with minimal therapeutic intervention,
can reduce the severity of clinical signs of FAD in dogs
and cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:639–644)
Case-control study of factors associated with fibrinous pericarditis among horses in central Kentucky during spring 2001
Authors: Seahorn Janyce L. , Slovis Nathan M. , Reimer Johanna M. , Carey Vincent J. , Donahue James G. , Cohen Noah D.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To identify factors significantly associated with an epidemic of fibrinous pericarditis during spring 2001 among horses in central Kentucky.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—38 horses with fibrinous pericarditis and 30 control horses examined for other reasons.

Procedure—A questionnaire was developed to solicit information regarding a wide range of management practices and environmental exposures from farm owners or managers.

Results—The following factors were found in bivariate analyses to be significantly associated with an increased risk of pericarditis: being from a farm with mares and foals affected by mare reproductive loss syndrome, exposure to Eastern tent caterpillars in or around horse pastures, younger age, shorter duration of residence in Kentucky and at the farm of current residence, being fed hay grown outside Kentucky, a lack of access to pond water, access to orchard grass for grazing, and a lack of direct contact with cattle. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, only variables related to caterpillar exposure and age were significantly associated with fibrinous pericarditis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that fibrinous pericarditis in horses may be associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome. Exposure to Eastern tent caterpillars was the greatest risk factor for development of fibrinous pericarditis. The distribution of times of diagnosis of fibrinous pericarditis was consistent with a point-source epidemic. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:832–838)
Retroperitoneal sarcomas in dogs: 14 cases (1992–2002)
Authors: Liptak Julius M. , Dernell William S. , Ehrhart Eugene J. , Rizzo Scott A. , Rooney Matthew B. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: January 2006

Objective–To describe the clinical features, surgical and histologic findings, biological behavior, and outcome of dogs with retroperitoneal sarcomas.

Design–Retrospective study.

Animals–14 dogs.

Procedures–Medical and pathology records from 1992 to 2002 of dogs with tumors originating in the retroperitoneal space were reviewed. Dogs with retroperitoneal tumors originating from the adrenal glands, kidneys, or ureters were excluded. Inclusion criteria included observation of a tumor arising from the retroperitoneal space during exploratory surgery or necropsy and histologic confirmation of tumor type. Details of clinical signs, diagnostic findings, surgical management, and outcome were determined from medical records and telephone interviews with veterinarians and owners.

Results–Retroperitoneal sarcoma was diagnosed in 14 dogs, 2 at necropsy and 12 during exploratory surgery. Hemangiosarcoma was the most common histologic diagnosis. Seven dogs had regional extension of the sarcoma into adjacent organs, and 4 dogs had metastatic disease. Grossly complete resection was possible in 6 dogs. Cytoreductive surgery or incisional biopsy was performed in the remaining dogs. Two dogs were treated with palliative radiation therapy (1 intraoperatively and 1 postoperatively). Three dogs received adjunctive chemotherapy, although none completed the targeted course because of development of local recurrence or metastatic disease. Local recurrence was reported in 2 of 12 dogs and metastasis in 10 of 14 dogs. Thirteen dogs died or were euthanatized as a result of the retroperitoneal sarcoma; 1 dog was alive and disease-free 410 days after surgery. Median survival time was 37.5 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance–In dogs, retroperitoneal sarcomas are aggressive tumors with a high rate of local recurrence and metastasis, and a poor survival time. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224: 1471–1477)
Effects of passive transfer of immunity on results of diagnostic tests for antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus in kittens born to vaccinated queens
Authors: MacDonald Kristin , Levy Julie K. , Tucker Sylvia J. , Crawford P. Cynda
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether passive transfer of immunity affects results of diagnostic tests for antibodies against FIV in kittens born to vaccinated queens.

Design—Experimental trial.

Animals—12 specific-pathogen-free queens and their 55 kittens.

Procedure—Queens were vaccinated with a wholevirus FIV vaccine prior to breeding. Serum was obtained from the queens on the day of parturition and from the kittens on days 2 and 7, then weekly until results of tests for antibodies against FIV were negative for 2 consecutive weeks. Milk was collected from the queens daily for the first week and then weekly. Serum and milk were tested for antibodies against FIV with 2 commercial assays.

Results—Antibodies against FIV were detected in serum obtained from the queens on the day of parturition and in the milk throughout lactation. All kittens tested positive for antibodies against FIV at 2 days of age. At 8 weeks of age, 30 (55%) kittens tested positive with 1 of the commercial assays, and 35 (64%) tested positive with the other. All kittens tested negative for antibodies against FIV by 12 weeks of age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that kittens readily absorb antibodies against FIV in colostrum from vaccinated queens and that these antibodies may interfere with results of commercially available tests for FIV infection past the age of weaning. Currently licensed diagnostic tests for FIV infection are unable to distinguish among kittens with antibodies against FIV as a result of infection, passive transfer from infected queens, and passive transfer from vaccinated queens. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1554–1557)
Evaluation of the effects of premedication on gastroduodenoscopy in cats
Authors: Smith Alison A. , Posner Lysa P. , Goldstein Richard E. , Ludders John W. , Erb Hollis N. , Simpson Kenneth W. , Gleed Robin D.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effects of hydromorphone, hydromorphone and glycopyrrolate, medetomidine, and butorphanol premedication on the difficulty and time required to pass an endoscope into the stomach and duodenum of cats anesthetized with ketamine and isoflurane.

Design—Randomized complete block crossover study.

Animals—8 purpose-bred adult female cats.

Procedures—Each cat was premedicated and anesthetized 4 times with an interval of at least 7 days between procedures. Cats were premedicated with hydromorphone, hydromorphone and glycopyrrolate, medetomidine, or butorphanol administered IM. Twenty minutes after premedication, sedation was assessed by use of a subjective ordinal scale. Cats received ketamine administered IM, and 10 minutes later a cuffed orotracheal tube was placed and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane. Cats breathed spontaneously throughout the procedure. When end-tidal isoflurane concentration was stable at 1.4% for 15 minutes, endoscopy was begun. The times required to pass the endoscope through the cardiac and pyloric sphincters were recorded, and the difficulty of endoscope passage was scored by use of a subjective ordinal scale.

Results—No significant differences in difficulty or time required to pass the endoscope through the cardiac and pyloric sphincters were found among premedicant groups. Premedication with medetomidine resulted in the greatest degree of sedation and longest time to return to sternal recumbency.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that hydromorphone, hydromorphone and glycopyrrolate, medetomidine, and butorphanol at the doses tested can be used satisfactorily to premedicate cats prior to general anesthesia for gastroduodenoscopy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:540–544)
Association of the PTPN22*R620W polymorphism with autoimmune myasthenia gravis
Authors: Vandiedonck Claire , Capdevielle Claire , Giraud Matthieu , Krumeich Sophie , Jais Jean‐Philippe , Eymard Bruno , Tranchant Christine , Gajdos Philippe , Garchon Henri‐Jean
Published: January 2006

Objective

Our objective was to investigate a role of the intracellular tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22*R620W variant in autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG), considering disease heterogeneity.

Methods

We used a case–control design, comparing 470 patients and 296 controls, all French whites. Patients were categorized depending on the presence of a thymoma and serum anti‐titin antibodies.

Results

The 620W risk allele was increased in 293 nonthymoma patients without anti‐titin antibodies (odds ratio, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.32–2.97, p = 0.00059) but not in nonthymoma patients with anti‐titin antibodies or in thymoma patients.

Interpretation

Our genetic findings strengthen the concept that these groups of patients correspond to etiologically distinct disease entities. Ann Neurol 2006;59:404–407
T118M PMP22 mutation causes partial loss of function and HNPP‐like neuropathy
Authors: Shy Michael E. , Scavina Mena T. , Clark Alisa , Krajewski Karen M. , Li Jun , Kamholz John , Kolodny Edwin , Szigeti Kinga , Fischer Richard A. , Mustafa Saifi Gulam , Scherer Steven S. , Lupski James R.
Published: January 2006

Objective

To determine the clinical consequences of the PMP22 point mutation, T118M, which has been previously considered to either cause an autosomal recessive form of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease or be a benign polymorphism.

Methods

We analyzed patients from five separate kindreds and characterized their peripheral nerve function by clinical and electrophysiological methods.

Results

All heterozygous patients had clinical and/or electrophysiological features of a neuropathy similar to hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPPs). The homozygous patient had a severe axonal neuropathy without features of demyelination.

Interpretation

These findings suggest that T118M PMP22 retains some normal PMP22 activity, allowing the formation of compact myelin and normal nerve conduction velocities in the homozygous state. Taken together, these findings suggest that T118M is a pathogenic mutation causing a dominantly inherited form of CMT by a partial loss of PMP22 function. Ann Neurol 2006;59:358–364
Cleavage of cystatin C in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Irani David N. , Anderson Caroline , Gundry Rebekah , Cotter Robert , Moore Stacy , Kerr Douglas A. , McArthur Justin C. , Sacktor Ned , Pardo Carlos A. , Jones Melina , Calabresi Peter A. , Nath Avindra
Published: January 2006

Objective

The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) can be challenging because of the lack of a specific diagnostic test. Recent advances in proteomics, however, offer new opportunities for biomarker discovery and the study of disease pathogenesis.

Methods

We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 29 patients with MS or clinically isolated syndromes (CIS), 27 patients with transverse myelitis (TM), 50 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and 27 patients with other neurological diseases (ONDs) by surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy.

Results

We found a unique protein of 12.5kDa that was 100% specific for MS/CIS compared with TM or OND. Low levels of this protein were found in some patients with HIV infection. Tandem mass spectroscopy of a tryptic digest of this 12.5kDa protein identified it as a cleavage product of full‐length cystatin C (13.4kDa), an important inhibitor of cysteine proteases including the cathepsins. Although total cystatin C levels in the MS patients was not different compared with controls, the patients with the highest 12.5/13.4 peak ratios also had the greatest cathepsin B inhibitory activity.

Interpretation

This suggests that cleavage of cystatin C may be an adaptive host response and may identify a subgroup of patients with MS. Ann Neurol 2006;59:237–247
Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Mixed Iridium—Ruthenium Triple Perovskites. Part 2. Ba3MRuIrO9 (M: Li, Na, Mg, Ni, Zn, Bi, In).
Authors: Lufaso Michael W. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Layered Zinc Phosphite (NH4) [{Zn(H2O)4}0.5Zn2 (HPO3)3].
Authors: Zeng Qing‐Xin , Ke Ren‐Rui , Xiang Yong , Zhang Xiang‐Wen
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Oxazoline‐1,3‐dithianes: New Effective Nitrogen—Sulfur Donating Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Capito Elena , Bernardi Luca , Comes‐Franchini Mauro , Fini Francesco , Fochi Mariafrancesca , Pollicino Salvatore , Ricci Alfredo
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Complex Ligands. Part 107. Quinoid BINOL‐Type Compounds as a Novel Class of Chiral Ligands.
Authors: Minatti Ana , Doetz Karl Heinz
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Anilinosilanes/TBAF Catalyst: Mild and Powerful Agent for the Silylation of Sterically Hindered Alcohols.
Authors: Iida Akira , Horii Atsushi , Misaki Tomonori , Tanabe Yoo
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Bacterial Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzochromenones, o‐Carboxyvinylnaphthoates, and o‐Substituted Aryl‐α‐oxobutenoates.
Authors: Keum Young‐Soo , Seo Jong‐Su , Li Qing X.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as a New, Highly Efficient, and Reusable Catalyst for Acylation of Alcohols, Phenols and Amines under Solvent Free Conditions.
Authors: Sarvari Mona Hosseini , Sharghi Hashem
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate Catalyzed One‐Pot Method for the Conversion of Aldehydes to Homoallyl Ethers in an Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Anzalone Peter W. , Mohan Ram S.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Green Procedure for the Synthesis of Cinnamate Esters Using Aliquat®336.
Authors: Mahapatra Tanusri , Patra Amarendra , Mitra Alok Kumar
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal‐Free Imination of Sulfoxides and Sulfides.
Authors: Cho Gae Young , Bolm Carsten
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Construction of Stereogenic Quaternary Centers via Rh‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Alkenylboronic Acids to α,β‐Unsaturated Pyridylsulfones.
Authors: Mauleon Pablo , Carretero Juan C.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.