bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical evaluation of rock strength with different sizes of circular opening
Authors: Al-Obaydi Moataz A , Al-Jobory Yussra H
Published: March 2020

The presence of opening in the rock may be natural or artificial. In such circumstances, the stability should be examined through studying the strength of the rock. In the present study, the effect of size of the circular opening on the compressive and flexural strengths of limestone rocks has been studied. Both, the compressive and flexural strengths under confining pressure have been examined numerically. Two types of 2D-rock models have been studied are (200×200 mm2) and (200×700 mm2), respectively, for compression and flexural states with three sizes of openings having diameters of 10, 25, and 40 mm. The results of compression state showed that the strength reduces with existing opening and the reduction increases with the size of opening. The unconfined rock exhibited higher reduction in the strength than that of confined one with exists of opening. In case of flexural state, both compressive and tensile strengths increase with the increasing confining pressure, while they decrease with the opening size. At higher confining pressure, the size of opening has insignificant effect on the tensile strength. The tensile strength of the unconfined rock remains unchanged with increase in the size of opening beyond certain limit.
Penetration of warm heavy fuel oil waste in gypseous soil
Authors: Al-Obaidi A A , Homemade R A , Thieban D Kh
Published: March 2020

Gas power plants are the most common power plants, due to lower construction costs, shorter construction, and operating times than other power plants. However, the growing demands for more electrical power requires the construction or expansion of many power plants. The using of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) in the gas power plants needs a sequence of treating processes in a special treating unit. The HFO treating processes produce large quantities of the wastewater. Before treatment, the wastewater accumulated commonly in a large lagoon. During the high summer temperature, the stored wastewater in the lagoon, also, the concrete channels transferring it is warmed to a temperature of (60°C) as it exposed to the sun. In this research, an experimental device was manufactured to estimate the periods for percolation of contaminated waste material into different gypseous soil samples. In addition to the effect of wastewater on the characteristics of these soils, the results showed that as HFO waste temperature increases the percolation speed in the early stages of the percolation increases rapidly, and the degree of saturation of soil decreases. Also, increase in the HFO waste temperature decreases the settlement for soils of high and medium gypsum content, whereas it increases for soils with a low gypsum content.
Collapsibility of gypseous soil under suction control
Authors: Al-Obaidi Q A , Karim H H , Al-Shamoosi A A
Published: March 2020

Many geotechnical problems and foundation failures in engineering structures were recorded due to the presence of unsaturated gypseous soils. One of the main reasons, which introduced large volume change and collapse behaviour is the variation of suction pressure and water potential within the gypseous soil mass. In this study, Sandy gypseous soil from Al-Ramadi city (west of Iraq) with gypsum content of more than 70 % is used. In order to investigate the collapse deformation of gypseous soil under suction control by multi-steps wetting procedure, also the effect of sensors positions and applied vertical stress, a special soil-model device is designed and manufactured. In this device, high accurate and sensitive Tensiometers and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) sensors with an assistance of high quality Data logger are used for measuring and monitoring of matric suction and gravimetric water content of the soil sample during the deformation processes. The test results indicated that a large volume change and collapse deformation occurred upon reduction of matric suction. The void ratio dramatically reduced stepwise with reducing of matric suction by multi-steps wetting irrespective the value of applied vertical stress.
Comparative study of theoretical methods for estimating pile capacity using 1-g model pile tests in cohesionless soil
Authors: Abdul-Husain Husain Ali
Published: March 2020

The behavior of single pile is considered as the base of the most pile foundation design procedures. There are many different theoretical methods used to estimate the capacity of single pile embedded in cohesionless soil. In order to select the most accurate and reasonable method, 1-g model tests have been performed in this study. Different five procedures have been used to interpret the test results in order to select the suitable procedure. The statistical analysis showed that all procedures give approximate results except Chin’s procedure which yields inaccurate results with respect to the average value. Then, the results of five theoretical methods have been compared with the measured pile capacity from model tests (average value). The rank index analysis was conducted based on statistical parameters and probability distributions. The results of the analysis yielded that Coyle and Casttelo method gave the most accurate and reasonable results than the other theoretical methods considered in this study (Berezantsev’s method, Meyerhof’s method and traditional bearing capacity equation with some modifications). Finally, the author recommended using the two tangents procedure in interpreting of the pile test results. Also, the method proposed by Coyle and Casttelo can be used to estimate the pile capacity based on soil properties with accurate results.
Study the behavior of square footing in clayey soil subjected to vertical loading
Authors: Waheed Mohanned Q , Khalid Awf A , Rahil Falah H
Published: March 2020

Foundation is a part of the structure that transmits the load applied from the super structure to the soil below. Estimation of the bearing capacity of foundation is one of the most complicated problems in geotechnical engineering, therefore it provides a number of theories to estimate the bearing capacity. The purpose of this paper to study the behavior of model square footing in clayey soil subjected to vertical axial loading. The tests are conducted at three grades of undrained shear strength (Cu) of clayey soil which are (20 or 40 or 60 kPa). It is found that, in general, the load settlement curves of raft tests are non-linear hyperbolic shape without a well-defined peak load and the mode of failure is local shear failure in this type of soil, i.e. the behavior of this type of soil is strain hardening. Moreover, the bearing capacity factor (Nc) is equal to (2.8) where this value is not within the acceptable range of the bearing capacity factor (Nc) which ranges from (4 to 6.18) for saturated clay at (φ = 0). The ultimate load may occur at settlement more than (10%) of the width of the foundation which leads to make the settlement criterion control the allowable bearing capacity in design of shallow foundation in this type of soils.
Enhancement of porous asphalt mixture for resisting environmental conditions using modified asphalt
Authors: Ahmed Miran Bahyam , Abed Alaa Hussein , Al-Badran Yasir Mawla Hammood
Published: March 2020

Open-graded-friction-course (OGFC) is a hot asphalt mixture usually utilized as a private purpose wearing course, because of open graded asphalt mixture and aggregates skeleton (stone-on-stone) contact, it contains a relatively high air voids percent, after compaction which are permeable to water. In this research one sort of gradation was used (9.5 mm) NMAS for preparing the OGFC asphalt mixtures, penetration grade 40/50, crushed aggregate, asphalt content prepared with 4 % and up to 6 % by weight of mixture with 0.5 % increments. Optimum asphalt content (OAC) was selected based on these criteria: air voids content, asphalt draindown, permeability, and abrasion resistance (aged and un-aged) condition. The mix performance had been investigated by indirect tensile strength and moisture sensitivity measured according to the (AASHTO T283-14). Results illustrate that the increasing of asphalt binder content leads to decrease in the air voids content, abrasion loss and permeability values, while with draindown increase, conversely, the indirect tensile strength test (ITS) had been meaningfully increased for both conditions and this is a perfect signal of resistance against humidity susceptibility. It can be resolved that the increasing of asphalt binder % in OGFC asphalt mixture, leads to increase the thickness of asphalt binder covering around the aggregates. On the other hand the outcome indicated that the addition of 4 % styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) to asphalt mixture gradation equaled to “9.5 mm NMAS” tends to improve the mix properties and exhibit higher TSR by (18.5, 16.4 and 13.7) % increases, as compared with original asphalt; at asphalt content (5.1, 5.6 and 6.1) %, respectively. Based on the above evaluation, the use of SBS gives the asphalt mixture better volumetric and performance properties which improved the adhesion between aggregate and asphalt that leads to reduced stripping of HMA, horizontal deformation, and increased the tensile stiffness modulus value.
Comparative study for safety performance measures of signalized intersection sites
Authors: Abdul Majeed Raghad Zeki , Ewadh Hussein A
Published: March 2020

The decision on which safety performance measure to use for diagnosis of sites with probable to profit from safety improvements is a major factor in making the right decision for the guidance of resources. This study concentrated on introducing a quantitative comparison of sites according to four crash-based methods suggested in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM). Archived crash data for three years are obtained to conduct a comparison course. As a case study, the analysis and measure of safety for 9 four-leg signalized intersections in Baghdad city have been done independently using Empirical Bayes method (EB-method), observed Crash Frequency (CF), Crash Rate (CR) and Empirical Bayes Adjustment (EB-adj.) as safety performance measures in HSM. In this paper the EB-method is used as a benchmark for comparison. The safety measures are evaluated through rank correlation analysis while hazard location identification results are compared through the use of values rank-based mean absolute error. Quantitative evaluation tests showed that each of EB-adj and observed CF correlated well with EB-method while CR method exhibited poor performance in comparison with EB-method and was the worst in hazard location identification. This result is quite confusing since many agencies still depend on the CR method in traffic safety analyses.
Evaluation of Warm Mix Asphalt Performance Involving Synthetic Zeolite
Authors: Mohammed Humam H. , Mustafa Ahmed Naji
Published: March 2020

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) blends at temperatures lower than those in conventional mixtures by 20-50 °C. Many additional advantages, such as a reduced susceptibility to permanent deformation, have exhibited when synthetic zeolites were used as a warm mix asphalt additive. In this research, the best gradation of aggregate was selected, and optimum asphalt content was determined for asphalt concrete layer (surface course) according to Superpave design system. All mixtures were evaluated with some tests which include Marshall characteristics, moisture damage of asphalt mixtures, Immersion–Compression, double punch shear and wheel tracking test. To compact asphalt mixtures with (100 and 150) mm in diameter, Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) was used. Five different percentages (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) of synthetic zeolite were used for preparation of warm mixes to compare with hot mixture for the effect of different percentage of synthetic zeolite on performance asphalt mixture in terms of water sensitivity. The experimental work’s results indicated that the mixture properties were affected by selected percentages of synthetic zeolite to the warm asphalt differently. The WMA mixture with 5 % of synthetic zeolite decreased the rut depths of the mixtures with increase in the punching strength of the mixtures and slight increase in the tensile strength ratio (TSR), compressive strength and index of retained strength (IRS).
Prediction models for distress noise generated due to tire-pavement surface interaction
Authors: Shubber Ammar A. M. , Al-Rubaee Rasha H. A. , Taher Mustafa Hadi
Published: March 2020

The major objective of this research is to assess the distress noise generated due to tire-pavement surface interaction for different modes and to evolve a noise prediction model for any manner taking into consideration the different factors impacting the distress noise generation. Seven flexible and four rigid pavement roads were chosen for the calculation of the noise in Baghdad city. Tire-pavement interaction noise was calculated using Onboard Sound Intensity (OBSI) Method by restricting the noise generated from the vehicle exhaust and the engine systems. Prediction models were developed for assessing tire pavement noise from vehicle speed, pavement age, wheel load, mean texture depth (MTD) and pavement distresses. Four statistical models were obtained from this research to assess the distress noise generated due to tire-pavement surface interaction using linear regression stepwise method. These models showed the effect of different types of distresses in addition to the factors that have been taken into consideration on tire pavement noise. Vehicle speed was the greatest considerable variable influencing the noise generated due to tire-pavement surface interaction. Some distresses and factors have been excluded from the models due to their poor relationship with tire-pavement noise. These models have been categorized based on the type of pavement surface (flexible or rigid) and the presence or absence of pavement distresses. The predicted statistical models were verified with calculation, by comparing the data estimated by the models and data form field tests. Therefore, it can be used as a method of detecting distresses rather than visual inspection.
Evaluation of rigid pavement using the Pavement Condition Index: A Case Study
Authors: Al-Rubaee Rasha H. A. , Shubber Ammar A. M. , Khaleefah Hussein Saad
Published: March 2020

The pavement is one of the most important components infrastructures of the transport, and so, that has a major and direct effect on the general levels of transportation safety, as well to providing transport services with high quality for movement of people and goods. It is difficult to keep the road on same current specifications that was it since the beginning of the opening of traffic. This requires periodic and preventive maintenance. A methodology was suggested to inspect the current pavement condition; this study focuses on concrete pavements only. A manual inspection has been done according to ASTM D 6433. Depending on two methods; the current pavement condition was calculated by manual calculations and Micro PAVER software method 5.2. The study area is divided into two sides and different sections. Each side or section is divided into sample units. The inspection includes the assessment of the distress type and severity which is assessed by visual inspection for each sample unit and the quantity measurement of each distress. Also, Arc Map 9.3 has been employed in this study for the selected roads in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to establish or implement an integrated maintenance system for each road in the presented study area, in addition to the establishment of such a system in the future to include all the main and important roads within the province of Baghdad using the GIS program). In this study, two major roads were surveyed; the pavement type is rigid. One of these roads is Salah Al-Deen Road with both sides and the other road is one segment of the Baghdad International Airport Road. The length for each side and section for these roads are 8Km, 7.25Km, respectively. The total length of study area is 23.25 km. Results indicated that the pavement condition index PCI for the two roads mentioned above using manual calculations were as follows; 64.3 and 61.5 for side1 & 2 of Salah Al-Deen Road, respectively, and 80.9 for the segment of Baghdad International Airport Road. While using Micro PAVER software the results were as follows; 62 and 61 for side 1& 2 of Salah Al-Deen Road, respectively, and 80 for segment of Baghdad International Airport Road. The priority of maintenance for the selected roads in the study were as follows; the first road to be maintenance is side 2 of Salah Al-Deen Road, then side 1 for the same road and finally the Baghdad International Airport Road segment.
Effect of laboratory aging on moisture susceptibility of polymer-modified bituminous mixtures
Authors: Helo K H Ibrahim Al , Qasim Z I , Abdulhussein M A.
Published: March 2020

The increase in heavy traffic load due to increasing number of vehicles and trucks with the effects of other exterior factors such air temperatures and moisture have caused distresses on pavement. In this study, the influence of laboratory aging on the mechanical properties of Polyethylene-modified concrete mixtures was studied utilizing different experiments. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) waste plastic bottles was used at different percentage i.e. 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% by weight of bitumen. The design bitumen content was obtained for dense mixture according to superpave system. Marshall Stability, Flow, indirect tensile strength, and tensile strength ratio at two aging levels are conducted to evaluate the performance change of asphalt mixtures. Mixtures were conditioned at shortterm aging temperature of 135°C for different time periods (2, 6 and 8 hrs). Long-term aging was completed after compaction of test specimens to the desired air void level of 4 ± 0.5% using Superpave gyratory compactor at three different temperatures (75, 85 and 95) °C and four aging periods (0, 2, 5, and 10 days. The results showed that adding PET polymer to paving blend has good significance; it improved stability, flow, HMA density in addition to moisture resistance because of great elastic ability provided by PET particles, it can be found that 4 and 5% of PET content gave the best results as compared with the control mixture.
Evaluating the rutting resistance for half warm bituminous emulsion mixtures comprising ordinary portland cement and polymer
Authors: AL-Kafaji Muna , Al-Busaltan Shakir , Ewadh Hussein A.
Published: March 2020

Comparison of Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) technology to traditional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) technology, reveals that the first has several advantages in terms of economic, eco-friendly, safety and sustainability. A promising development of CMA technology is Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures (CBEMs). Unfortunately, some characteristics of this technology are still in development need; namely high porosity, long curing time and low early strength. Half Warm Bitumen Emulsion Mixture (HWBEM) was introduced in previous attempt, as a treated CBEMs with optimum heating temperature being less than 100 °C. This work focuses on treating the CBEMs with low heat energy technique (i.e., microwave heating), plus two types of admixtures; Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and acrylic (AR) polymer. The effect of low energy heating (i.e., microwave heating) on developed CBEMs characteristics is tested. Acrylic (AR) polymer was utilized in percentages of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5% of the residual bitumen. The developed mixtures of HWBEM is tested statically by Marshall and dynamically by Wheel track parameters. The results reveal that the HWBEM with OPC and 1.25% AR, showed better deformation resistance roundly 81 times with vital development in its mechanical and volumetric properties comparable to traditional HMA. Therefore, low energy heating and polymer treatment sustain the new promising paving technology called HWBEM.
Measuring the Pavement Distress by Implementing the Tire Sound Noise
Authors: Shubber Ammar A.M. , Al-Rubaee Rasha H. A. , Jabar Hawraa Faisal
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study is to assess the pavement performance and to measure the pavement distress by implementing the sound noise using sound level meter with single probe at different constant speeds. Different site locations have been selected in Baghdad city. The sound level meter was used with the separate probe, RS-232 Sound level meter model: SL-4013 and measure the noise that is produced as a result of interaction between tire and pavement.

The vehicles utilized were: KIA Soul Model 2016 (gross vehicle weight 1820 kg, tire type KUMHO 235/45R18), Land Cruiser model 2015 (gross vehicle weight 2800 kg, tire type Dunlop 285/60R18), and Mercedes Benz truck 1993 (gross vehicle weight 9 ton, Cristone tire type 315/80R22.5. Tires used satisfied the tire criteria requirement. The single probe fixed on the right rear tire [5]. The sections at various distances tested were: Street 2 Locality 902, AL-Rubaee Street, Muhammad AL-Kassim Street parallel to the University of Technology, AL-Furat Street, and Al-Mahmodia Street. The results showed that the distress increases the noise level in case of present rutting or patching in the pavement surface. The noise level varies greatly depending on vehicle type and speed. The difference in noise level between two types of vehicle Land Crusier (Dunlop tire) and Soul Kumho tire about (1) dB) A) at speed (40, 60) km/h. While the difference in noise level for Soul car on the same section at speed 40 and 60 km/h is equal to (3) dB (A) similar to Land Crusier. The Truck recorded higher noise than passenger car due to tire width and heavy load carried. Street 2 Locality 902 shows that the noise level is very low when the pavement is in a good condition and the variability over distance compared to other streets. So, this approach can be used to identify priorities of pavement for maintenance.
Using Airport Geographic Information Systems (AGIS) to develop a comprehensive digital library for Erbil International Airport
Authors: Hammodat Waseem W , Ibraheem Asmaa Th , Demir Yusuf K
Published: March 2020

Based on the principle and general implementation process of GIS and the characteristics of airport pavement management, this paper describes the implementation process of GIS for Erbil Airport planning and design. To organize the spatial entities effectively, some layers are set according to the characteristics of spatial entities. The spatial database is established, and then the function design of GIS software is presented including map exploring, map locating, spatial query, rendering style of map and output of map. Airport mangers are finding that an integrated geographic information system (IGIS) can help them to better manage both air- and ground-side operations. In this paper the section on the ground was the case study, representng the AGIS in building infrastructure layers of Erbil international airport buildings and pavement. The results were a map includg multi layers; each layer has information that contains a comprehensive database. Even more the digital library for Erbil International Airport involves general information about aircraft noise pollution and studying its effect on the surrounding area of the flight track generating a noise pollution map. Digital library also helps in controlling pavement characteristics changes and determining airports’ future developments.
Water Hammer Analysis in the main pipe-line for the proposed Taq-Taq Dam irrigation project in Iraq
Authors: Karim I R , Sahib S A , Abdullah H H , Aziz R R
Published: March 2020

A water hammer is a common problem occurring in water distribution systems, such as water transport pipelines. Transient hydraulic occurs in the distribution system, which may cause system failure due to pipe collapse or bursting. In this paper, an irrigation pipeline system of the proposed Taq-Taq dam (north-eastern part of Iraq) is used to represent the common situation of lifting water from the dam reservoir to another higher reservoir (irrigation project reservoir) through a pipeline. The transmission line is subject to a potential water hammer where the water level in two main reservoirs is controlled at both ends. The hydraulic simulation model used in the design and analysis of hydraulic and transverse behaviour (water hammer) was adopted by a software named Bentley HAMMER through two scenarios (with and without control device). An operational control measure was proposed to be adopted by a surge tank for minimizing the probability of the occurrence of the water hammer, also to protect the dam from this problem. The results showed that using of surge tank protects the pipe network effectively from the effect of water hammer. Distribution profiles of velocities and pressures on the pipeline indicate that the water hammer on the pipeline was clearly reflected.
Dissipation energy of Flow by Stepped Type Gabion Weir
Authors: Al-Fawzy A M , Al-Mohammed F M , Al-Fatlawi Th J , Al-Zubaidy R Z
Published: March 2020

The energy of flow can be defined in general form as a measure of an object’s capability to perform work, and it can be done in many different forms. The present study aims to investigate the dissipated energy of flow in the stepped shape of gabion weir with three steps. A set of 25 laboratory experiments and 175 operation tests were carried out by using a laboratory flume channel with different discharges. The tested gabion weir has five different lengths, and the filling material used is natural quarry gravel with five different median diameter. The experimental data have been analyzed to correlate the energy dissipation with the independent dimensionless terms of the other variables. The results of analysis showed that the energy dissipation has a direct proportion with discharge, and an inverse proportion with both the ratio of length of the third step to total length of the weir, the diameter of the gravel sample, and the porosity in general form, respectively. The concluded equation of energy dissipation gives good agreement for comparison between measured and predicted values of energy dissipation.
Simulation of groundwater fluctuation for Baghdad City and its effect on soil properties
Authors: Irzooki R H , Al-Obaidi A A , Al-Dulaimy H F
Published: March 2020

Baghdad city is one of the most densely populated cities in the Middle East. The fluctuation of the groundwater in Baghdad city is due to leakage of water from distribution networks or sewage networks, as well as climate change and the existence of the Tigris River. The groundwater level in Baghdad city was simulated using the MODFLOW program, based on Tigris River as the main source of groundwater recharge by raising the water surface of this river to the maximum level, which reached 32.44 meters above sea level. In addition, soil properties of 262 sites were linked to the groundwater level fluctuation through the GIS program. It was found that the river fluctuation affects the groundwater level on both sides of the river for a distance about 500m from the riverbank in Al-Karkh side and about 550m in Al-Rusafa side. Also, from the simulation process, the study found that the soil on both sides of the Tigris River is divided into three zones; dry, partially saturated, and fully saturated in the areas near the river. A new relationship between the volumetric water content and shear strength parameters (Cu and ϕ) were developed for adjacent zones to the river.
Hydrological study and analysis for proposed Al-Arkhama Dam, Iraq
Authors: Sammen Saad Sh. , Jalut Qasim H. , Nama Ala Hassan
Published: March 2020

The hydrological study and analysis for the proposed Al-Arkhama Dam which is located 90 km south west of Kirkuk City is presented in this work. The main aim of this research is to estimate the probable maximum flood (PMF) to perform the main objective of constructing the proposed dam through designing the necessary hydraulic structures. For the analysis of the maximum annual rainfall, the asymptotic extreme distribution type I was adopted as theoretical model. The computed PMF discharge for return periods of 5, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 years for the proposed Al-Arkhama Dam catchment area were 48, 66, 112, 134 and 212 m3/s, respectively. The PMF hydrographs of the 25, 50, 100, and 1000 years return periods were computed. The results show that uncertainty of using the SCS-CN method for estimating PMF increases if the values of its parameters are not optimized. In addition, to determine the peak runoff in the study area, this method is better than the rational method, which is permissive in estimation of peak runoff. However, in the proposed location of the Al-Arkhama Dam, considerable amount of water can be harvested. Consequently, this quantity can contribute in solving the problem of water shortage within the region. Moreover, this dam could be very useful in mitigation of the drought and flood risks in the study area and Tigris River. However, assessment of the surface runoff and sediment yield spatiotemporal distribution and the method of mitigation of these yields should be investigated.
Hydrogeological characteristics of Dammam confined aquifer, West Razzaza Lake, Iraq
Authors: Al-Dabbas Moutaz , Al-Kubaisi Qusai , Hussain Tariq A. , Al-Qaraghuli Shahad
Published: March 2020

The Rahhalia to Ekhedhur area to the west of the Razzaza Lake in central Iraq is chosen due to its distinguished hydrogeological nature through the existing systems of the faults. The Dammam Formation confined aquifer is one of the important basins of groundwater in Iraqi western desert. The flow map of Dammam basin shows the groundwater flow from the west of the basin, towards Razzaza Lake to the east. The objectives of the current research are to define the hydraulic properties for the Dammam Basin, west Razzaza Lake. Recovery and Pumping experiments for three wells distributed in the area were evaluated to determine the hydraulic properties. The values of Transmissivity (T), Hydraulic conductivity (k), and Specific capacity (SC) are ranged from (392 to 600.25 m2/day), (13.06 to 20.0 m/day), and (88.61 to 215.1 m2/day), respectively. Highest transmissivity value was found in well W 2, while low values were found in well W 1. Most of the weak zones (fractures, joints, and bedding planes) composed of carbonate rocks that are very soluble. The variations of hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer depend on the inhomogeneity of the Dammam basin that shows differences within the studied area. As well as, these variations of values are due to the type of Dammam aquifer, which is a karst confined aquifer
A Rainfall-Runoff model for highly urbanized areas: A case study at Istanbul Technical University main campus
Authors: Samouei S , Özger M
Published: March 2020

Rapid urbanization and increasing impervious surfaces at the urban areas leads to serious reduction in infiltration rate of the surface and this causes several environmental problems and critical challenges in stormwater management. This research work dedicated to develop a Rainfall-Runoff and inundation model for a highly urbanized area using EPA SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). For this purpose, Istanbul Technical University main campus selected to model development and simulations under a rain storm event with 25-year return period and duration of 2 hours. This model developed based on the GIS data and infrastructure map of the study area. The peak runoff value and its occurring time have calculated through the model. Also, the number and location of flooded nodes of the study area’s drainage system at the peak runoff moment have determined in this study. According to the model results at the peak runoff moment there will be several flooded nodes in the study area. For reducing the number of flooded nodes and peak runoff value it is proposed to use LID (Low Impact Development) strategies at the university campus.
Location of the Outlet of the West Part of Al Hammar Marsh
Authors: Makki Jamal S. , Al Zubaidy Riyadh Z.
Published: March 2020

The brackish water of the Main Outfall Drain (MOD) is supplied to the west part of Al Hammar Marsh to overcome the shortage of water supply and prevent dryness of the marsh. However, salts started to accumulate in high concentrations in the marsh as the MOD water contains high salt concentrations. This study aims to find an optimal outlet location in the west part of Al Hammar Marsh to drain out the water of the marsh back to the (MOD). Hydrodynamic and water quality distribution mathematical models for the marsh were developed to specify the depths of water, flow velocity profiles, and the distribution of salt concentrations in the marsh. The obtained hydrodynamic properties and the quality of the water within the marsh area were used as indicators for selecting the optimal outlet location among five suggested locations at six operation conditions. Results showed that the water depth, velocity profiles, and concentration of the total dissolved solids (TDS) are affected by the location, discharge, the concentration of the TDS of the feeders, location of the outlet, the topographic characteristics at the upstream of outlet, and evapotranspiration. It is found that the third location of the outlet, located at E=699003 and N=3404760, gives the minimum deterioration in the concentration of the TDS, depending on the overall distribution of TDS concentrations.
Generation of rainfall for Mosul city using statistical downscaling method (SDSM)
Authors: Abbas A S , Abdulateef T M
Published: March 2020

This study deals with the application of statistical downscaling method for precipitation. Daily historical rainfall data for Mosul city during the period (1986 - 2014) and the National Centre for the Environmental Prediction (NCEP) re-analysis data are used to calibrate the model. The scatter plot and correlation matrix are used to investigate the degree of association between the selected predictors and predictand. Prior model calibration the fourth root power transform facility is selected for daily precipitation in order to produce none linear regression model. The results obtained from Statistical Downscaling Method (SDSM) model were compared with the observed data. The simulation from Hadly Centre climate model (Had-CM3) emission scenario have been used for future periods. The generation of future climate scenario used 10 years (2026-2035) of daily time scale under HadCM3 predictor data.
Definition of the best probability distribution functions for annual minimum flows in the rivers of the Upper Euphrates River Basin, Turkey
Authors: Tosunoglu Fatih , Kahya Ercan
Published: March 2020

In this study, it is aimed to define the most suitable probability distribution functions for modelling of annual minimum flows (AM7) data for the duration 7-day that obtained from daily streamflow data of the four gauge stations located in upper part of the Euphrates River. To achieve this purpose, ten widely used distributions, namely, Gamma, Gumbel, Generalized Extreme Value, two parameter Lognormal, three parameter Lognormal, Logistic, LogLogistic, Normal, Pearson type-III and Weibull were fitted and compared. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate parameters of the distributions. To select the most suitable distributions for AM7 series of the stations, five widely used model selection criterions (namely, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Anderson Darling (AD), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Cramér–von Mises (CvM) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) tests) were applied. Based on these tests/criteria, Gamma, Gumbel, Generalized Extreme Value, three parameter Lognormal, Pearson type-III were found to be the most suitable distributions for modelling data series. Finally, using the best fitted distributions that derived from these model selection methods, minimum flow estimates for various return periods (e.g. 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 years) were performed and results were discussed.
Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams containing waste plastic fibers
Authors: Al-Hadithi A.I. , Abdulrahman M.B. , Al-Rawi M. I.
Published: March 2020

This research was conducted to study the effect of adding waste plastic fibers (WPFs) on the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Fifteen simply supported RC beams with a cross section of (100 * 150) mm and a clear span of (1100) mm was tested under two-point loads until failure. Three beams of the total samples were made from the reference mix, and the twelve beams remaining were made from concrete mixes containing WPFs with volumetric percentage ratios (Vf) varying from (0.5% to 2%) of the total volume. These beams were divided into three main groups according to the longitudinal steel reinforcement area ratio (ρ), and these ratios were approximately equal to (ρ
max, 0.75 ρ
max, ρ
min). Test results established that the adding of WPFs, in addition, to decreasing the danger of PET wastes on the environment, leads to increasing the maximum applied load causing ultimate failure, an increment in ductility index and transformation of the mode of failure of the tested beams into a more ductile one for all beams contains such kind of fibers.
The Impact of the distribution of Fuel Stations on the Urban Environment Case Study Kut-Iraq
Authors: Ihsan A. J. , Mustafa A. E. , Akeel A. A.
Published: March 2020

The task of urban planning is to optimize use of land for competing activities in the city, so the successful planning is which maximizes benefits and reduces environmental, social and economic costs through determinants and standards. The use of gas stations is one of the uses of the land supposed to be distributed spatially achieve better efficiency of the city and improve its performance. The research attempts to assess the spatial distribution of the fuel station and how it serves of the Kut city of (within the masterplan border) and the impact of this distribution on the urban structure of the city. It was found that the distribution of stations was inefficient, lacked clear criteria and lacked social justice in distribution, As poor areas are less covered, It adds economic costs as a result of the increase in the number of trips, and length so thus increase pollution of all kinds due to increased traffic volume.
Improvement in demulsification of Iraqi crude oil with water removal demulsifiers in oil fields
Authors: Hadi Haider Ahmed , Mohammed Thamer Jasim
Published: March 2020

This study is targeted to present an overall survey on the most eminent techniques and methods that could be used in treating petroleum emulsions. Presently, the generally used way for handling petroleum emulsion is the process of chemical additives, known as demulsifers. Considered nanomaterials are materials used for boosting oil restoration. This project discusses whether the collection of demulsifiers and nanomaterials can supply a much stable emulsion than demulsifiers only to obtain the best method of removal of water phase from crude oil emulsion mixture. Previous studies carried out two sections of experiments in their search. First were performed utilizing three kinds of demulsifiers; non-ionic, ionic, and cationic demulsifier. Trade names of those demusifiers were Poly Ethylene glycol (PEG), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The other section utilized groups of self-same demulsifiers referred to at the top with nanomaterials were aluminium oxide (Al2O3) (60nm). These experiments were carried out using laboratory batch of homogenizer stirrer. These two sections were investigated with effect of different parameters such as; the kind of substance and the concentration or dosage of demulsifiers, various proportion of water to oil, stirring temperature, stirring speed of mixing, various of pH, TDS, on the efficiency of water removal. The sample test of case study used Iraqi crude oil (Basra & Kirkuk Oil fields.

The results reached efficiency water removal of (86%) by (SDS) at optimum operating parameters, so, it is better than other chemical demulsifiers reaching the efficiency water removal (84%) by (CTAB) and (67%) with (PEG). However, the maximum efficiency improved within the range 88-90% of water separation from oil was obtained with using a blend of SDS with non-materials of (Al2O3) at optimum values of parameters.
Reducing steel scrap in fabrication of steel storage tanks
Authors: Al-Kindi Luma A H , Al-Ghabban Wadood K K
Published: March 2020

This paper focuses on reducing steel scrap in the process of fabrication of steel storage tanks. Reducing steel scrap is important for society to decrease the environmental influence, save natural resources and to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions and energy usage associated with steelmaking that is considered as a valuable resource in industry. “4Rs” i.e. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Restoring the materials are being considered as strategies of solid waste management. Production of any product causes waste which has little economy for the main production process, but those waste products also have an economic value, which can be improved by processing. A methodology to reduce steel scrap is proposed and applied on a case study which is; a job order for manufacturing (17) storage tanks of capacity (55) m3in the Heavy Engineering Equipment State Company (HEESCO). Scrap evaluation for each area, volume and weight is calculated. The percentage of area, volume and weight of plates used in the current situation are (13.609%), (15.875%) and (15.875%), respectively. After applying the proposed method the percentage of area, volume and weight of plates used are (6.666%), (8.154%) and (8.153%), respectively. The amount of improvement rate in reducing steel scrap generated is (51.017%) of the area (48.636%) and volume (48.642%) of weight. This amount of improvement rate and the evaluation of the steel scrap generated are considered as a valuable resource in steel fabrication industry.
Creation and Operation of Recreational Footpath System
Authors: Romanov S M , Popov A A
Published: March 2020

The concept of “recreational footpath” is introduced as comfortable linear recreational facilities for mass pedestrian tourism, as element of path network of recreational areas. Proposals to improve the regulatory and methodological support for the creation and operation of a system of recreational footpaths have been developed. The definition of ecological footpath is proposed as a form of recreational footpath designed for eco-tourism. The classification of recreational footpath and their technical characteristics are proposed.
The pavements by precast concrete flags
Authors: Kawther Khawla K. , Hussien Rasha , Sabih Narjis
Published: March 2020

The construction units used in pavement reinforce the functional and aesthetic effects of sidewalks and public places in the city. The pavement can be carried out from paving of different materials, which can be used according to the location and the surrounding environment. There are a number of pavers, including prefabricated concrete, asphalt, stone, etc. The study will examine the precast concrete (flag) that is used in pavement of sidewalk. Research problem: Locally, there is a weakness in integrating the engineering standards of pavement with the standards of urban design to achieve the special and distinctive urban form, which is appropriate for use. The non-use of colours in the direction of movement and the realization of privacy and the definition of use leads to lack of care for the urban environment, and its components.

Research hypothesis: The integration of engineering and construction standards of precast concrete flags used in paving sidewalks and streets must be met with urban design standards to achieve the appropriate urban shape in the urban environment, needing to use colours to guide traffic and achieve privacy and definition of use.
MODIS and Landsat satellite images comparison for modeling near surface air temperature
Authors: Jasim O Z , AL-Anbari R H , Mohammed Z T
Published: March 2020

Near surface air temperature (T air) is a descriptor of terrestrial environment conditions and one of climatic variables that most widely used in climate change studies. In this search, the worker suggested a high-resolution air temperature estimation from integrating Iraqi Agrometeorological network daily (T air) and land surface temperature (LST) that derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) or from Landsat8. The objective of this search is to find model to estimate high spatial resolution air temperature for any region based on satellite images and climate datasets. The data of air temperature used for modelling is collected by four weather stations located in Babylon Governorate from December 2016 to March 2017. The standard error for MODIS winter model is 1.55 and RMSE for landsat8 winter model is 1.3.
Designing a building facility using GIS
Authors: Ismael Hameed Sarhan.
Published: March 2020

By using ArcGIS ArcMap and ArcScene software capabilities in building and facilities design to save the costs of errors that will happen in real establishment. GIS provides the ability to draw, import drawings and import information from other software, aerial images, satellite images & from hardcopies to add to the changes that happened and link it to the geographical coordinates system. All that in one or more geodatabase that provides full information to the user without the need of other software, or more hands to search for information in lesser time. This is what the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) has done to minimize the time and effort that is needed to find information. Easy to use by discovering the errors and finding a way to fix it. This procedure is most flexible for directly fixing and modifying things, such as incorrect length of the deigned electricity wires, incorrect shape & height of walls & the errors in designing the sewer. We can use the data that already exists in another building, that has the same information instead of entering it from the beginning, this ability saves time and money.
Optimal spatial distribution of fire stations using geographic information systems Baghdad case study
Authors: Shok Mufeed Ehsan
Published: March 2020

The significant growth of Baghdad city at the population and urban levels and the lack of control over the fires that cause human and material losses might be caused by the poor spatial distribution of the fire stations and the time the fire car spends from these stations towards the areas where the fires occur. Therefore, the research assumed that human and material losses are controlled when reducing the access time, and this depends on redistributing stations according to new standards, including dependence on population and urban densities. In addition to the hierarchical standard in dividing the city according to the standards of the locality, neighborhood, sector and city, and on reducing the time to reach less than four minutes. The study was relied on the program (arc GIs) by using one of the methods (buffer) to diagnose the coverage problem by located stations in a current location and then proposing to increase the stations number according to the areas not covered by adopting the standard of accessibility and reducing the arrival time. The concluded that the optimal location of fire extinguishing stations depends on the influence area around it, which ensures that vehicle arrive in less time and on the population density standard.