bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
أصلاح نظام الموازنة الموازنة العامة المعدة بالأهداف
Authors: شكارة موفق عباس
Published: December 2018

تحتاج الادارة العليا للدوله عند وضع  ستراتيجية الموازنة العامة الى وضوح في الاسباب التي تستند عليها الوزارات عند اعداد تقديرات المصروفات للعام المقبل لتبرير حجم الانفاق ، وفي حالة غياب الاهداف فأن الوزارة او الوحدة الحكومية لن يكون امامها الا الاسترشاد بحجم المصروفات للعام الماضي اضافة الى نسبة مئوية منها ممثلة بزيادة الاعتمادات المطلوبة للعام القادم في ضوء السياسة المالية العامة للدولة، فتكون الزيادة المطلوبة في الاعتمادات لمقابلة الزيادة المرغوبة في بعض انشطتها ولمواجهة الزيادة في الرواتب والاسعار. لذا يجب ان يتوفر للوزارة المعايير التي يمكن الاعتماد عليها لتحديد الزيادة المقدرة في الانفاق نتيجة للزيادة المخططة في بعض انشطتها .

ويتضح من ذلك ان الموازنة تعتبر محصلة الدراسات الاقتصادية السابقة ويتم بموجبها اقرار خطة طويلة الاجل على ضوء الاهداف الوطنية المطلوب انجازها بواسطة الوزارات ويعني ذلك ان تقديرات الموازنة يتم اشتقاقها من بيانات تتدفق من المستويات الادارية العليا وذلك على العكس من الاسلوب التقليدي حيث يبدأ تقدير الموازنة من المستويات الادارية الدنيا ثم تصعد الى المستويات الادارية العليا فضلاً عن ذلك فان برمجة الاهداف جعلت البرامج محورا اساسيا للتقدير والمفاضلة واتخاذ القرارات بصرف النظر عن المستويات الادارية التي تهتم في تنفيذ البرنامج وقد هيأ هذا الاسلوب الفرصة للربط بين المدخلات (التكاليف) والمخرجات (الانجازات او المنافع) لكل برنامج.

يعتمد النموذج المقترح لهذا النظام في تحقيق  ربط البرامج الحكومية بالاهداف العامة للدولة وتقييم مساهمتها على المستوى الاقتصاد الكلي والاجتماعي على عدد من المقومات الاساسية التي تمثل المتطلبات الحدية لنجاح هذا النظام. وتتلخص المقومات الاساسية لهذا النظام بالاتي:

صياغة الاهداف الرئيسية والفرعية والنوعية كميا وزمنيا

تحديد المسؤوليات عن التخطيط والتنفيذ والرقابة

وضع مؤشرات قياسية معيارية لتحقيق الاهداف

التقويم الدوري للأداء
دور الذكاء التنافسي والهندسة العكسية في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية(*)
Authors: سرور منال جبار , محمد حسام احمد
Published: December 2018

المستخلص: 

في ظل التطور التكنولوجي الكبير وظهور العولمة زادت المنافسة العالمية ,حيث أصبحت فيها المنافسة تمارس ضغطها على جميع القطاعات. وفي ظل هذا المحيط لابد من الشركات إن تعتمد على الوسائل التي تحافظ فيها على وضعها التنافسي من خلال الحصول على معلومات عن المنافسين تساعدها على رسم إستراتيجيتها التي تحقق لها قدرة تنافسية سواء عن طريق التميز أو تخفيض تكاليف منتجاتها ومن هذه الوسائل الذكاء التنافسي والهندسة العكسية التي تساعد على اكتساب معلومات عن المنافسين وتحليلها ووضعها إمام متخذ القرار ومن هذا المنطلق تكونت فكرة البحث في بيان دور الذكاء التنافسي والهندسة العكسية في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية لذا جاءت مشكلة البحث في تساؤلات عدة:

* ما هو الذكاء التنافسي وكيف يؤثر في الميزة التنافسية؟

* كيف تساعد الهندسة العكسية الذكاء التنافسي على تحقيق ميزة تنافسية؟

يهدف البحث إلى بيان المرتكزات المعرفية للذكاء التنافسي والهندسة العكسية ودورها في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية من خلال تحقيق إستراتيجية الشركة وهي التكلفة الأقل أو التميز.

 ولأجل تحقيق هدف البحث تمت صياغة فرضية أساسية واحدة مفادها: يساعد الذكاء التنافسي والهندسة العكسية على تحقيق الميزة التنافسية. ولتحقيق هدف البحث واختبار فرضيته تم تقسيمه على ثلاث مباحث اختص المبحثان الأول والثاني بعرض منهجية البحث وإطاره النظري، بينما تناول المبحث الثالث والاخير أهم الاستنتاجات والتوصيات.
استخدام نماذج الاستبدال في تحديد الزمن الامثل للاستبدال
Authors: ابراهيم سميرة خليل
Published: December 2018

المستخلص

      يعد اسلوب الصيانة والاستبدال احد اساليب بحوث العمليات والذي يهتم بالعطلات التي تتعرض لها الكثير من خطوط الانتاج والتي تتكون من مجموعة من المكائن والمعدات، والتي بدورها تتعرض الى العطل او التوقف عن العمل على امتداد عمرها الزمني، الامر الذي يتطلب تقليص وقت عمل هذه المكائن او المعدات الى اقل ما يمكن او اجراء عملية الصيانة بين مدة واخرى او اجراء عملية الاستبدال لاحد اجزاء الماكنة او استبدال احدى المكائن في خطوط الانتاج. في هذا البحث يتم دراسة العطلات التي تحدث في بعض اجزاء احدى المكائن للشركة العامة للزيوت النباتية خلال عام 2010 (العطلات التي تحدث خلال اشهر السنة)، وبحث امكانية استخدام احدى نماذج الاستبدال في تحديد الزمن الامثل لاجراء عملية الاستبدال (الشهر الذي يكون فية معدل الكلفة الكلية اقل ما يمكن ) ، وقد تم استخدام نموذج الاستبدال الاول والذي يهتم بحساب معدل الكلفة الكلية للاجزاء التي تتوقف عن العمل بين مدة واخرى (التي تتعطل) خلال عام 2010 والهدف منه زيادة كفاءة الماكنة او كفاءة خطوط الانتاج ومن ثم زيادة الانتاج وباقل كلفة ممكنة .
تحليل التجارب العامليه غير المتزنة لمحصول الرز
Authors: خلف كمال علوان , احمد احمد شهاب , حسن زينة ابراهيم
Published: December 2018

مستخلص 

ان الاهمية الكبيرة التي تميز التجارب العامليه جعلت منها موضوعا مرغوبا للاستخدام والتطبيق في مجالات كثيرة وبخاصة في المجال الزراعي الذي يعتبر الرحم الواسع لتطبيقات التصاميم التجريبية .

وان الحالة الثانية للتجارب العامليه والتي يواجه الباحثون صعوبة كبيرة في التعامل معها حالة عدم الاتزان نعني بذلك أن تكرارات المعالجات العامليه تكون غير متساوية بمعنى (أن يتم تخصيص عدد غير متساوي من القطع أو الوحدات التجريبية لكل معالجة) .

لقد تم اعتماد طريقتين في التحليل (الطريقة الاولى التكرارات المتوقعة للخلية والطريقة الثانية الوسط التوافقي) وتم تطبيقها على النباتات التي تمت زراعتها وهي محصول الرز في منطقه المشخاب .

وقد تضمنت التجربة الزراعية لمحصول الرز التي تم زراعتها كلا النوعين من التجارب المتزنة وغير المتزنة وسوف يتم اعتماد الطرائق المستخدمه في البحث في تحليل التجارب العامليه غير المتزنة ومعرفة ايهما افضل في التحليل لمعالجة مشكلة عدم الاتزان للتجارب العامليه  و بيان كيفية تحليلها .
متطلبات منظومة عمل الاداء العالي لتحقيق الريادية في العمل الجامعي / بحث تحليلي في كلية الادارة والاقتصاد / جامعة بغداد
Authors: ابراهيم نور خليل
Published: December 2018

يهتم المدخل المستند إلى الموارد في دراسة منظمات الاعمال بصورة متزايده في دراسة القابليات البشرية وكيفية تطويرها وبالتالي جعل قدرات المنظمة جوهرية تنافسية لمواجهة تحديات الأعمال، حيث تحتاج منظمات اليوم إلى  ممارسات حاسمة لمواجهة التحديات وضغوطات تلك الممارسات التي تأخذ بالاعتبار اهمية تطوير ريادية الاعمال داخل المنظمة ويطلق على هذه الممارسات نظم عمل الأداء العالي (High Performance work Systems)  أو نظم الأداء العالي والتي يرمز لها اختصاراً (HPWS) ، والتي تعرف بأنها مجموعة من ممارسات إدارة الموارد البشرية المترابطة التي تساعد في الحصول على مخرجات عمل وظيفية سواء أكانت على مستوى الفرد أم المنظمة وبالتالي تحقيق الأهداف .

 عليه فأن هذا البحث يهدف الى تحديد دور انظمة عمل الاداء العالي في تحقيق ريادية الاعمال لأعضاء الهيئة التدريسية في كلية الادارة والاقتصاد / جامعة بغداد ، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف توصل الباحث من خلال الفكر الاداري النظري والبحوث والدراسات ذات العلاقة الى بناء فرضيات توضح العلاقة بين المتغيرات المدروسة ، اذ اعتمد البحث على دراسة انظمة عمل الاداء العالي كمتغير مستقل موزع الى اربع ابعاد مهمة هي (التوظيف الكفوء ، التدريب المعّمق، تقييم الاداء ، مشاركة العاملين) بالاضافة الى اربعة ابعاد تمثل المتغير المعتمد لريادية الاعمال هي (الاجراءات الاستباقية ، الابداع ، تبني المخاطرة ، حدة المنافسة) ولقد تكونت العينة من 36 تدريسي في كلية الادارة والاقتصاد وزعت عليهم عينة البحث بعد التحقق من صدقه الظاهري وثباته وفقاً لطريقة آلفا- كرونباخ  حيث بلغ 0.87 وقد تم تحليل بيانات البحث باستخدام برنامج spss واظهرت النتائج اتفاق جميع اعضاء عينة البحث على اهمية انظمة عمل الاداء العالي في قياس ريادية الاعمال وفي ضوء نتائج البحث والمتمثلة بضرورة اهتمام الكلية عينة البحث بانظمة عمل الاداء العالي لانها تؤدي الى تحسين ريادية الاعمال من خلال ما تمتلكه من معرفة حول صيغة العمل وبالتالي تحقيق ميزة تنافسية للمنظمة .
APLIKASI PEMBELAJARAN SMART HIJAIYYAH BERBASIS AUGMENTED REALITY
Authors: Jumarlis Mila
Published: December 2018

Pengaruh teknologi memberikan dampak yang sangat kuat terhadap minat belajar anak-anak maupun remaja karena lebih banyak menghabiskan waktu untuk  memainkan smartphone. Proses pembelajaran huruf hijaiyyah yang menarik dan menyenangkan kini dibutuhkan bagi anak-anak, salah satu caranya adalah membuatnya dalam bentuk aplikasi mobile sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang huruf hijaiyyah berbasis Augmented Reality, Untuk mengimplementasikan huruf hijaiyyah berbasis Augmented Reality. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah UML yang didesain secara terstruktur yang terdiri dari flowchart perancangan sistem dan rancangan model use case diagram. Software yang digunakan dalam membangun sistem ini adalah unity, vuforia SDK dan Android yang menggunakan teknologi Augmented Reality dengan metode marker. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah aplikasi berbasis android yang menampilkan penjelasan huruf hijaiyyah, dimana marker yang diidentifikasi oleh kamera akan menampilkan button suara huruf, button informasi huruf dan cara penulisan huruf hijaiyyah.
KOLABORASI FISH-NET DAN TECHNOLOGY UNTUK OPTIMALISASI ALAT TANGKAP IKAN
Authors: Irwan Irwan , Fikar Sul , Surachmad Winarto , Hayati Lilis Nur
Published: December 2018

AbstractKelurahan Untia is one of the areas occupied by the fishermen and also the majority of the population work as fishermen catch fishermen. The dominant fishing gear used by fishermen in the village of Untia is surface gill net. But the use of surface gill net capture device is considered not effective and efficient because it has constraints on the process of checking the net, the old fishing process, the net tends to disappear, and the catch is considered less. So from that problem, we encourage us to create a technological innovation called FiNe-Tech (Fish Net Technology). FiNe-Tech is designed to be able to monitor fish trapped in surface gill net captures, simplify the process of catching fish in the sea, tracking the position of the jarring, speeding up the fishing process, and increasing the net catch through a smartphone application at close range and distance from the position nets even though we are at home though.
Tradicionalna poljoprivreda u Nacionalnom parku Paklenica
Authors: Franin Kristijan , Bušljeta Božena , Marcelić Šime , Maričić Branka , Šikić Zoran
Published: December 2018

Na području Nacionalnog parka Paklenica kao i na velikom broju ostalih zaštićenih područja ljudska aktivnost u obliku poljoprivredne proizvodnje je ograničena i mora se odvijati sukladno uvjetima zaštite prirode. Budući da je upravo poljoprivreda jedna od osnovnih djelatnosti vezanih za opstanak stanovništva na takvim je područjima trebalo pronaći model između proizvodnje i očuvanja prirode i okoliša. Tradicionalna, ekološki prihvatljiva poljoprivreda omogućuje proizvodnju namirnica po ekološkim načelima, pridonosi očuvanju biološke raznolikosti, te očuvanju autohtonih kultura i pasmina. U radu su opisane osnovne značajke NP Paklenica (smještaj, geografski položaj, te geološke klimatske i hidrološke značajke). Tijekom ovog istraživanja zabilježen je sveukupno 41 vrt koji se nekada koristio ili se još uvijek koristi za proizvodnju osnovnih poljoprivrednih kultura. Prikazani su najznačajnije biljne i životinjske vrste, te tradicionalan načini proizvodnje. Prikazana je organizacija plodoreda, agrotehnika (obrada, gnojidba i navodnjavanje), te metode njege biljaka. Ovakav način proizvodnje temelji se na ekološki prihvatljivim mjerama čija je svrha smanjiti onečišćenje okoliša i očuvati biološku raznolikost. Premda okarakterizirano kao tradicionalni, neki od navedenih načina proizvodnje predstavljaju okosnicu suvremene ekološke poljoprivrede. Osim toga takva proizvodnja ima izuzetnu vrijednost u etnološkom smislu ali i u obogaćivanju turističke ponude podvelebitskog dijela Zadarske županije.
History of Thai maritime trade
Authors: Krailassuwan Somchart
Published: December 2018

The Thai commercial fleet can carry about 10 % of the volume of imports and exports. The history of Thai maritime trade is divided into 4 periods: 1) the Sukhothai period (1238-1438); 2) the Ayutthaya (1350-1767) and Thonburi (1767-1782) periods; 3) the early Rattanakosin period (c. 1782-1910), and 4) the first of the national fleet period (1918-1925). The Sukhothai period era involved trade with various foreign countries. In the King Ramkhamhaeng era (1279-1299), trade was prosperous from China via the Gulf of Thailand, and from India via the Indian Ocean. During the Ayutthaya and Thonburi periods, traders of various nationalities came to trade via both the Gulf of Thailand (the South China Sea) and the Indian Ocean. Trading in the Ayutthaya period was a monopoly trade, operated by monarchs and noblemen, and all ships used were Chinese and Southeast Asia (South China Sea) junks. The Rattanakosin period had Siam (now Thailand) enter into the Burney Treaty; the outcome of the agreement was that the country had to cancel its monopoly trade and end trade by the government. The growth of trade increased. The old production structure was self-transformed into production for export. The first of the national fleet period took place during 1918-1925. After World War I (1914-1918), King Rama VI (1910-1925) established a Thai merchant fleet, named “Siam Commercial Maritime Company Limited”, in April, 1918. It was terminated in 1925. On June 22, 1940, the Thai cabinet approved the establishment of Thai Maritime Navigation Company Limited for international maritime shipping. The Thai cabinet terminated this in 2011. The merchant fleet was not growing; because of this lack of a sizeable Thai merchant fleet, there is a lack of negotiating power with foreign merchant fleets. The government must set up a policy to promote the merchant fleet.
From the Desk of Editor in Chief Vol.37(1)
Authors: Islam Ferdousi
Published: December 2018

Abstract not available

J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2019; 37(1): 49
Thunderstorm neutrons
Authors: Babich L P
Published: December 2018

To assess the current state of studies of nuclear reactions in thunderstorms, observational data are reviewed on the neutron flux enhancement in thunderclouds and during thunderstorms related to photonuclear reactions because of the bremsstrahlung of the avalanches of high-energy runaway electrons that can develop in thunderstorm electric fields. Selecting thunderstorm neutrons is a challenging problem, since detectors are affected by a mixed field of various penetrating radiations that also includes, apart from neutrons, primary high-energy electrons and their bremsstrahlung. Special attention is given to the discovery of the electron–positron annihilation line with the photon energy of 0.511 MeV in a thundercloud and on Earth’s surface during thunderstorms, providing trustworthy evidence of neutron production by thunderstorms and the photonuclear origin of thunderstorm neutrons. The consequences of this discovery are discussed.

“New is a carefully forgotten old.” Favorite proverb of Dr L V Tarasova from VNIIEF, who was the first to detect high-energy runaway electrons and their bremsstrahlung in electric discharges in the open atmosphere [1, 2].
Applicability of Acoustic Concentration Measurements in Suspensions of Artificial and Natural Sediments Using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter
Authors: Chmiel Oliver , Baselt Ivo , Malcherek Andreas
Published: December 2018

For the investigation of turbulence and particles, interaction measurement systems are required, which are able to measure velocity and concentration fluctuations simultaneously. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (ADV) are widely used for velocity and turbulence measurements in natural and artificial flows. Based on the acoustic sonar theory, a model is presented that correlates the ADV’s Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and the suspended solids concentration of several natural (Ems Estuary, Lake Eixendorf, Lake Altmühl) and artificial sediments (Chinafill, quartz powder, bentonite, metakaolin) for the range 0.001 g/L–50 g/L. Within the presented method, the sound absorption in water and on particles is considered in a continuous approach for sampling frequencies up to 100 Hz. The widely-used log-linear relation between the SNR and the concentration, which is only valid for low concentrations, was extended for the high concentration regime. Measurement results show a similar behavior of the SNR with respect to varying suspended solid concentrations for different sediments. However, the analysis of the fit parameters shows systematic differences depending on the type of sediment. It is concluded that the proposed model is applicable as well for laboratory use as for measurements in rivers and estuaries. Finally, we discuss the reliability of the results and the methodology with regard to measurements in rivers, lakes, and estuaries.
Hydraulic Redistribution in Slender Wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus Link Malte) and Yellow Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis L.): Potential Benefits for Land Reclamation
Authors: Zhang Wen-Qing , Zwiazek Janusz J.
Published: December 2018

Hydraulic redistribution (HR) by plant roots can increase moisture content in the dry, mostly upper, parts of the soil. HR helps maintain the viability of fine roots, root hydraulic conductivity, microbial activity and facilitate nutrient uptake. Plants can supply water to other surrounding plants by HR under drought conditions. In oil sands reclamation areas in Northeastern Alberta, Canada, reconstructed soils commonly suffer from the problems of drought, high pH, salinity, and compaction, which often impact revegetation success. In this study, we investigated the HR potential of two herbaceous plants that are frequently present in oil sands reclamation sites: slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus Link Malte) and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis L.), using a vertically split-root growth setup and treatments with deuterium-enriched water. Our objective was to test the potential benefits of HR on drought responses of seedlings of the commonly used plant species for oil sand reclamation, balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), when these plants were grown together under controlled environment conditions. We found that both wheatgrass and yellow sweet clover could redistribute water in the upward and downward directions. However, the amount of water released by the roots was not sufficient to alleviate the effects of drought stress on the associated balsam poplar seedlings. Longer-term field studies should be carried out in order to examine, under different environmental conditions, the potential benefits of HR in these herbaceous plants to the establishment and growth of other plant species that are used for land reclamation.
Variability for Nitrogen Management in Genetically-Distant Maize (Zea mays L.) Lines: Impact of Post-Silking Nitrogen Limiting Conditions
Authors: Quilleré Isabelle , Dargel-Graffin Céline , Lea Peter J. , Hirel Bertrand
Published: December 2018

The impact of nitrogen (N)-limiting conditions after silking on kernel yield (KY)-related traits and whole plant N management was investigated using fifteen maize lines representative of plant genetic diversity in Europe and America. A large level of genetic variability of these traits was observed in the different lines when post-silking fertilization of N was strongly reduced. Under such N-fertilization conditions, four different groups of lines were identified on the basis of KY and kernel N content. Although the pattern of N management, including N uptake and N use was variable in the four groups of lines, a number of them were able to maintain both a high yield and a high kernel N content by increasing shoot N remobilization. No obvious relationship between the genetic background of the lines and their mode of N management was found. When N was limiting after silking, N remobilization appeared to be a good predictive marker for identifying maize lines that were able to maintain a high yield and a high kernel N content irrespective of their female flowering date. The use of N remobilization as a trait to select maize genotypes adapted to low N input is discussed.
Is Silver the Ultimate Antimicrobial Bullet?
Authors: Turner Raymond J
Published: December 2018

The use of metal compounds as antimicrobial agents has been around since antiquity, only to be replaced by the introduction of organic antibiotics and antiseptics in the mid-20th century. [...]
Control Requirements for Future Gas Turbine-Powered Unmanned Drones: JetQuads
Authors: Jafari Soheil , Miran Fashandi Seyed Alireza , Nikolaidis Theoklis
Published: December 2018

The next generation of aerial robots will be utilized extensively in real-world applications for different purposes: Delivery, entertainment, inspection, health and safety, photography, search and rescue operations, fire detection, and use in hazardous and unreachable environments. Thus, dynamic modeling and control of drones will play a vital role in the growth phase of this cutting-edge technology. This paper presents a systematic approach for control mode identification of JetQuads (gas turbine-powered quads) that should be satisfied simultaneously to achieve a safe and optimal operation of the JetQuad. Using bond graphs as a powerful mechatronic tool, a modular model of a JetQuad including the gas turbine, electric starter, and the main body was developed and validated against publicly available data. Two practical scenarios for thrust variation as a function of time were defined to investigate the compatibility and robustness of the JetQuad. The simulation results of these scenarios confirmed the necessity of designing a compatibility control loop, a stability control loop, and physical limitation control loops for the safe and errorless operation of the system. A control structure with its associated control algorithm is also proposed to deal with future challenges in JetQuad control problems.
Modeling Sea Bottom Hyperspectral Reflectance
Authors: Fournier Georges , Ardouin Jean-Pierre , Levesque Martin
Published: December 2018

Over the near-ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectrum the reflectance from mineral compounds and vegetation is predominantly due to absorption and scattering in the bulk material. Except for a factor of scale, the radiative transfer mechanism is similar to that seen in murky optically complex waters. We therefore adapted a semi-empirical algebraic irradiance model developed by Albert and Mobley to calculate the irradiance reflectance from both mineral compounds and vegetation commonly found on the sea bottom. This approach can be used to accurately predict the immersed reflectance spectra given the reflectance measured in air. When applied to mineral-based compounds or various types of marine vegetation, we obtain a simple two-parameter fit that accurately describes the key features of the reflectance spectra. The non-linear spectral combination effect as a function of the thickness of vegetation growing on a mineral substrate is then accounted for by a third parameter.
Measuring and Modeling the Polarized Upwelling Radiance Distribution in Clear and Coastal Waters
Authors: Gleason Arthur C. R. , Voss Kenneth J. , Gordon Howard R. , Twardowski Michael S. , Berthon Jean-François
Published: December 2018

The upwelling spectral radiance distribution is polarized, and this polarization varies with the optical properties of the water body. Knowledge of the polarized, upwelling, bidirectional radiance distribution function (BRDF) is important for generating consistent, long-term data records for ocean color because the satellite sensors from which the data are derived are sensitive to polarization. In addition, various studies have indicated that measurement of the polarization of the radiance leaving the ocean can used to determine particle characteristics (Tonizzo et al., 2007; Ibrahim et al., 2016; Chami et al., 2001). Models for the unpolarized BRDF (Morel et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2011) have been validated (Voss et al., 2007; Gleason et al., 2012), but variations in the polarization of the upwelling radiance due to the sun angle, viewing geometry, dissolved material, and suspended particles have not been systematically documented. In this work, we simulated the upwelling radiance distribution using a Monte Carlo-based radiative transfer code and measured it using a set of fish-eye cameras with linear polarizing filters. The results of model-data comparisons from three field experiments in clear and turbid coastal conditions showed that the degree of linear polarization (DOLP) of the upwelling light field could be determined by the model with an absolute error of ±0.05 (or 5% when the DOLP was expressed in %). This agreement was achieved even with a fixed scattering Mueller matrix, but did require in situ measurements of the other inherent optical properties, e.g., scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, etc. This underscores the difficulty that is likely to be encountered using the particle scattering Mueller matrix (as indicated through the remote measurement of the polarized radiance) to provide a signature relating to the properties of marine particles beyond the attenuation/absorption coefficient.
A Brief Review of Mueller Matrix Calculations Associated with Oceanic Particles
Authors: Sun Bingqiang , Kattawar George , Yang Ping , Zhang Xiaodong
Published: December 2018

The complete Stokes vector contains much more information than the radiance of light for the remote sensing of the ocean. Unlike the conventional radiance-only radiative transfer simulations, a full Mueller matrix-Stokes vector treatment provides a rigorous and correct approach for solving the transfer of radiation in a scattering medium, such as the atmosphere-ocean system. In fact, radiative transfer simulation without considering the polarization state always gives incorrect results and the extent of the errors induced depends on a particular application being considered. However, the rigorous approach that fully takes the polarization state into account requires the knowledge of the complete single-scattering properties of oceanic particles with various sizes, morphologies, and refractive indices. For most oceanic particles, the comparisons between simulations and observations have demonstrated that the “equivalent-spherical” approximation is inadequate. We will therefore briefly summarize the advantages and disadvantages of a number of light scattering methods for non-spherical particles. Furthermore, examples for canonical cases with specifically oriented particles and randomly oriented particles will be illustrated.
Remote Sensing of CDOM, CDOM Spectral Slope, and Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Global Ocean
Authors: Aurin Dirk , Mannino Antonio , Lary David J.
Published: December 2018

A Global Ocean Carbon Algorithm Database (GOCAD) has been developed from over 500 oceanographic field campaigns conducted worldwide over the past 30 years including in situ reflectances and coincident satellite imagery, multi- and hyperspectral Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) absorption coefficients from 245–715 nm, CDOM spectral slopes in eight visible and ultraviolet wavebands, dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC, respectively), and inherent optical, physical, and biogeochemical properties. From field optical and radiometric data and satellite measurements, several semi-analytical, empirical, and machine learning algorithms for retrieving global DOC, CDOM, and CDOM slope were developed, optimized for global retrieval, and validated. Global climatologies of satellite-retrieved CDOM absorption coefficient and spectral slope based on the most robust of these algorithms lag seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass belying Case 1 assumptions, and track terrestrial runoff on ocean basin scales. Variability in satellite retrievals of CDOM absorption and spectral slope anomalies are tightly coupled to changes in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), strongly covary with the multivariate ENSO index in a large region of the tropical Pacific, and provide insights into the potential evolution and feedbacks related to sea surface dissolved carbon in a warming climate. Further validation of the DOC algorithm developed here is warranted to better characterize its limitations, particularly in mid-ocean gyres and the southern oceans.
Advantages and Limitations to the Use of Optical Measurements to Study Sediment Properties
Authors: Boss Emmanuel , Sherwood Christopher R. , Hill Paul , Milligan Tim
Published: December 2018

Measurements of optical properties have been used for decades to study particle distributions in the ocean. They are useful for estimating suspended mass concentration as well as particle-related properties such as size, composition, packing (particle porosity or density), and settling velocity. Measurements of optical properties are, however, biased, as certain particles, because of their size, composition, shape, or packing, contribute to a specific property more than others. Here, we study this issue both theoretically and practically, and we examine different optical properties collected simultaneously in a bottom boundary layer to highlight the utility of such measurements. We show that the biases we are likely to encounter using different optical properties can aid our studies of suspended sediment. In particular, we investigate inferences of settling velocity from vertical profiles of optical measurements, finding that the effects of aggregation dynamics can seldom be ignored.
Comparative Analysis of Current Control Techniques to Support Virtual Inertia Applications
Authors: Tamrakar Ujjwol , Shrestha Dipesh , Malla Naresh , Ni Zhen , Hansen Timothy M. , Tamrakar Indraman , Tonkoski Reinaldo
Published: December 2018

The rapid transition towards an inverter-dominated power system has reduced the inertial response capability of modern power systems. As a solution, inverters are equipped with control strategies, which can emulate inertia by exchanging power with the grid based on frequency changes. This paper discusses the various current control techniques for application in these systems, known as virtual inertia systems. Some classic control techniques like the proportional-integral, the proportional-resonant, and the hysteresis control are presented first, followed by the design and discussion of two more advanced control techniques based on model prediction and machine learning, respectively. MATLAB/Simulink-based simulations are performed, and results are presented to compare these control techniques in terms of harmonic performance, switching frequency, and transient response.
Analytical Method for Measurement of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in E-Cigarette Liquid and Aerosol
Authors: Lee Yoon-Seo , Kim Ki-Hyun , Lee Sang Soo , Brown Richard J. C. , Jo Sang-Hee
Published: December 2018

An experimental method was developed and validated for the collection and analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) that are present in electronic cigarette (EC) liquid or are released from aerosol samples using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. As part of this study, the relative recovery of four target TSNAs was assessed by spiking standards in a mixture of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin. Recovery was assessed against two major variables: (1) the chemical media (solution) selected for sample dilution (acetonitrile [ACN] vs. ammonium acetate [AA]) and (2) the type of sampling filter used (Cambridge filter pad [CFP] vs. quartz wool [QW] tube). The average recovery of TSNAs in terms of variable 1 was 134 ± 22.1% for ACN and 92.6 ± 8.27% for AA. The average recovery in terms of variable 2 was 83.4 ± 7.33% for QW and 58.5 ± 12.9% for CFP. Based on these conditions, the detection limits of N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were calculated as 4.40, 4.47, 3.71, and 3.28 ng mL−1, respectively. The concentration of TSNAs in liquid and aerosol samples of six commercial EC solutions was measured as below the detection limit.
Resistance of L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium towards Cold Atmospheric Plasma as Function of Biofilm Age
Authors: Govaert Marlies , Smet Cindy , Baka Maria , Ećimović Branimir , Walsh James L. , Van Impe Jan
Published: December 2018

The biofilm mode of growth protects bacterial cells against currently applied disinfection methods for abiotic (food) contact surfaces. Therefore, innovative methods, such as Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP), should be investigated for biofilm inactivation. However, more knowledge is required concerning the influence of the biofilm age on the inactivation efficacy in order to comment on a possible application of CAP in the (food) processing industry. L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium biofilms with five different ages (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 7, and 10 days) were developed. For the untreated biofilms, the total biofilm mass and the cell density were determined. To investigate the biofilm resistance towards CAP treatment, biofilms with different ages were treated for 10 min and the remaining cell density was determined. Finally, for the one-day old reference biofilms and the most resistant biofilm age, complete inactivation curves were developed to examine the influence of the biofilm age on the inactivation kinetics. For L. monocytogenes, an increased biofilm age resulted in (i) an increased biomass, (ii) a decreased cell density prior to CAP treatment, and (iii) an increased resistance towards CAP treatment. For S. Typhimurium, similar results were obtained, except for the biomass, which was here independent of the biofilm age.
Application Communities Detection in Network
Authors: Zhang Shuzhuang , Qiu Yingjun , Luo Hao , Wu Zhigang
Published: December 2018

The continuous growth of Internet traffic and its applications causes more difficulties for analyzing Internet communications. It has become an increasingly challenging task to discover latent community structure and find abnormal behavior patterns in network communication. In this paper, we propose a new type of network community—the application community—which can help understand large network structure and find anomaly network behavior. To detect such a community, a method is proposed whose first step is aggregating the nodes according to their topological relationships of the communication. It then clusters different application nodes according to the communication behavior modes in the same topological partition. Empirical results show that this method can accurately detect communities of different applications without any prior knowledge. In addition, it can identify the communities more accurately than other methods. Thus, this research greatly benefits the administration of IoT and cyber security.
Collaboration Enables Innovative Timber Structure Adoption in Construction
Authors: Gosselin Annie , Blanchet Pierre , Lehoux Nadia , Cimon Yan
Published: December 2018

Timber structures in construction have become more popular in recent years. Nevertheless, besides the complexity of designing, contracting and building these structures, a barrier to their market growth is the complexity of their supply chain relationships encompassing architects, engineers, builders and suppliers. The objective of this study is therefore to identify and characterize the supply chain relationships shared by these stakeholders within a massive timber construction project. Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews with architects, structural engineers, builders and timber element suppliers from nine countries, participant observations and secondary data were used to study the various relationship levels involved in timber construction projects. Triangulation and qualitative data analysis were also conducted. Three levels of relationships were then identified: “Contractual,” “Massive timber construction project” and “Massive timber construction industry development.” Results showed that timber structures involve value-added stakeholder relationships rather than linear relationships. These relationships appeared closer and more frequent and involved knowledge and information sharing. Furthermore, prefabricated systems allow for smoother relationships by limiting the number of stakeholders while promoting innovative thinking.
CBP/β-Catenin/FOXM1 Is a Novel Therapeutic Target in Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Ring Alexander , Nguyen Cu , Smbatyan Goar , Tripathy Debu , Yu Min , Press Michael , Kahn Michael , Lang Julie E.
Published: December 2018

Background: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are an aggressive BC subtype, characterized by high rates of drug resistance and a high proportion of cancer stem cells (CSC). CSCs are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation and drug resistance. cAMP-response element-binding (CREB) binding protein (CREBBP or CBP) has been implicated in CSC biology and may provide a novel therapeutic target in TNBC. Methods: RNA Seq pre- and post treatment with the CBP-binding small molecule ICG-001 was used to characterize CBP-driven gene expression in TNBC cells. In vitro and in vivo TNBC models were used to determine the therapeutic effect of CBP inhibition via ICG-001. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were used to investigate the potential of CBP and associated proteins as biomarkers in TNBC. Results: The CBP/ß-catenin/FOXM1 transcriptional complex drives gene expression in TNBC and is associated with increased CSC numbers, drug resistance and poor survival outcome. Targeting of CBP/β-catenin/FOXM1 with ICG-001 eliminated CSCs and sensitized TNBC tumors to chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry of TMAs demonstrated a significant correlation between FOXM1 expression and TNBC subtype. Conclusion: CBP/β-catenin/FOXM1 transcriptional activity plays an important role in TNBC drug resistance and CSC phenotype. CBP/β-catenin/FOXM1 provides a molecular target for precision therapy in triple negative breast cancer and could form a rationale for potential clinical trials.
Photocatalyzed Transformation of Free Carbohydrates
Authors: Omri Mehdi , Sauvage Frédéric , Golonu Séma , Wadouachi Anne , Pourceau Gwladys
Published: December 2018

In the growing context of sustainable chemistry, one of the challenges of organic chemists is to develop efficient and environmentally friendly methods for the synthesis of high-added-value products. Heterogeneous photocatalytic transformations have brought revolution in this regard, as they take advantage of an unlimited source of energy (solar light) or artificial UV light to onset organic chemical modifications. The abundance of free carbohydrates as chemical platform feedstock offers a great opportunity to obtain a variety of industrial interest compounds from biomass. Due to their chirality and polyfunctionality, the conversion of sugars generally requires multi-step protocols with protection/deprotection steps and hazardous chemical needs. In this context, several selective and eco-friendly methodologies are currently under development. This review presents a state of art of the recent accomplishments concerning the use of photocatalysts for the transformation and valorization of free carbohydrates. It discusses the approaches leading to the selective oxidation of free sugars, their degradation into organic chemicals, or their use for hydrogen production.
Gi Protein Modulation of the Potassium Channel TASK-2 Mediates Vesicle Osmotic Swelling to Facilitate the Fusion of Aquaporin-2 Water Channel Containing Vesicles
Authors: Centrone Mariangela , De Santo Maria Penelope , Nicotera Isabella , Labate Cristina , Ranieri Marianna , Di Mise Annarita , Mola Maria Grazia , Mastrodonato Maria , Elliani Rosangela , Barberi Riccardo , Formoso Vincenzo , Tamma Grazia , Valenti Giovanna
Published: December 2018

Vesicle fusion is a fundamental cell biological process similar from yeasts to humans. For secretory vesicles, swelling is considered a step required for the expulsion of intravesicular content. Here this concept is revisited providing evidence that it may instead represent a general mechanism. We report the first example that non-secretory vesicles, committed to insert the Aquaporin-2 water channel into the plasma membrane, swell and this phenomenon is required for fusion to plasma membrane. Through an interdisciplinary approach, using atomic force microscope (AFM), a fluorescence-based assay of vesicle volume changes and NMR spectroscopy to measure water self-diffusion coefficient, we provide evidence that Gi protein modulation of potassium channel TASK-2 localized in AQP2 vesicles, is required for vesicle swelling. Estimated intravesicular K+ concentration in AQP2 vesicles, as measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, was 5.3 mM, demonstrating the existence of an inwardly K+ chemical gradient likely generating an osmotic gradient causing vesicle swelling upon TASK-2 gating. Of note, abrogation of K+ gradient significantly impaired fusion between vesicles and plasma membrane. We conclude that vesicle swelling is a potentially important prerequisite for vesicle fusion to the plasma membrane and may be required also for other non-secretory vesicles, depicting a general mechanism for vesicle fusion.
Inter-Correlation among the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, Surfactant System, Viscosity, Particle Size, and Stability of Candelilla Wax-Based Dispersions
Authors: Lindner Martina , Bäumler Magdalena , Stäbler Andreas
Published: December 2018

Owing to a decrease in mineral oil resources, it is crucial to develop packaging materials based on renewable resources. Hence, a water vapor-barrier coating is developed as a natural wax-based dispersion. This dispersion should be stable over the storage time. In this study, the physical stability of a wax-based melt dispersion was analyzed (24 h and 21 days after production), and instability phenomena such as agglomeration, coalescence, and flotation were identified. Furthermore, the inter-correlations among the particle size, viscosity of the continuous phase, physical stability, surfactant chemistry, and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value were characterized. Particle sizes were described by volume/surface mean d3,2, volume moment mean d4,3, and number mean d1,0 diameter, as well as the span of the volume and number distribution. Stability was characterized by the flotation rate, emulsion stability index, and Turbiscan stability index. Coalescence and agglomeration were not observed after the solidification of the wax particles. A significant correlation was observed for the emulsion stability index, with d3,2, and for flotation rate, with d1,0, d4,3, and viscosity as well, with d1,0, d3,2. Surfactants with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance values of 11–13.5 seem to be the most suitable for stabilizing candelilla wax-in-water suspensions. Particles were smaller, and wax suspensions were better stabilized using Tween 20 and Span 20, compared with Tween 80 and Span 80.
Three-Dimensional Thermoelastic Contact Model of Coated Solids with Frictional Heat Partition Considered
Authors: Wang Tingjian , Ma Xinxin , Wang Liqin , Gu Le , Yin Longcheng , Zhang Jingjing , Zhan Liwei , Sun Dong
Published: December 2018

In this paper, a three-dimensional thermoelastic contact model of coated solids with the frictional heat partition considered is developed by introducing a frictional heat partition model. The influence coefficients of the temperature rise, normal displacement and stress components in the three-dimensional thermoelastic contact model are converted from their corresponding frequency response functions (FRFs) with a conversion method based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), and the FRFs of solids coated with a homogeneous coating subjected to a coupled action of the mechanical loading and the frictional heat flux on its surface are deduced in the frequency domain by introducing a two-dimensional Fourier integral transform. The contact pressure and the frictional heat partition between the two bodies are solved by employing a fast numerical algorithm based on the conjugate gradient method (CGM) and a discrete convolution fast Fourier transformation (DC-FFT). Comparison between the solutions of the present model and those of a thermoelastic contact model in literature is conducted in order to validate the present model. Several specific conclusions on the effect of the sliding speed, thermoelastic properties and thickness of the coating are drawn based on the result of numerical investigation by utilizing the present model.
Optimised Performance of Non-Dispersive Infrared Gas Sensors Using Multilayer Thin Film Bandpass Filters
Authors: Wang Pinggui , Fu Xiuhua , Gibson Des , Fleming Lewis , Ahmadzadeh Sam , Li Cheng , Muhiyudin Manu , Song Shigeng , Hutson David , Moodie David , MacGregor Calum , Steer Matthew
Published: December 2018

In this work, performance improvements are described for a low-power consumption non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) methane (CH4) gas sensor using customised optical thin film bandpass filters (BPFs) centered at 3300 nm. BPFs shape the spectral characteristics of the combined mid-infrared III–V based light emitting diode (LED)/photodiode (PD) light source/detector optopair, enhancing the NDIR CH4 sensor performance. The BPFs, deposited using a novel microwave plasma-assisted pulsed DC sputter deposition process, provide room temperature deposition directly onto the temperature-sensitive PD heterostructure. BPFs comprise germanium (Ge) and niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) alternating high and low refractive index layers, respectively. Two different optical filter designs are progressed with BPF bandwidths (BWs) of 160 and 300 nm. A comparison of the modelled and measured NDIR sensor performance is described, highlighting the maximised signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the minimised cross-talk performance benefits. The BPF spectral stability for various environmental temperature and humidity conditions is demonstrated.
Medi-Test: Generating Tests from Medical Reference Texts
Authors: Pistol Ionuț , Trandabăț Diana , Răschip Mădălina
Published: December 2018

The Medi-test system we developed was motivated by the large number of resources available for the medical domain, as well as the number of tests needed in this field (during and after the medical school) for evaluation, promotion, certification, etc. Generating questions to support learning and user interactivity has been an interesting and dynamic topic in NLP since the availability of e-book curricula and e-learning platforms. Current e-learning platforms offer increased support for student evaluation, with an emphasis in exploiting automation in both test generation and evaluation. In this context, our system is able to evaluate a student’s academic performance for the medical domain. Using medical reference texts as input and supported by a specially designed medical ontology, Medi-test generates different types of questionnaires for Romanian language. The evaluation includes 4 types of questions (multiple-choice, fill in the blanks, true/false, and match), can have customizable length and difficulty, and can be automatically graded. A recent extension of our system also allows for the generation of tests which include images. We evaluated our system with a local testing team, but also with a set of medicine students, and user satisfaction questionnaires showed that the system can be used to enhance learning.
Uniform Convergence of Cesaro Averages for Uniquely Ergodic C*-Dynamical Systems
Authors: Fidaleo Francesco
Published: December 2018

Consider a uniquely ergodic C * -dynamical system based on a unital *-endomorphism Φ of a C * -algebra. We prove the uniform convergence of Cesaro averages 1 n ∑ k = 0 n − 1 λ − n Φ ( a ) for all values λ in the unit circle, which are not eigenvalues corresponding to “measurable non-continuous” eigenfunctions. This result generalizes an analogous one, known in commutative ergodic theory, which turns out to be a combination of the Wiener–Wintner theorem and the uniformly convergent ergodic theorem of Krylov and Bogolioubov.
Description of Transfer Processes in a Locally Nonequilibrium Medium
Authors: Morozov Andrey N.
Published: December 2018

This paper presents a description of the fluctuations in transfer processes in a locally nonequilibrium medium. We obtained equations which allow the fluctuations range to be determined for a transferred physical value. It was shown that the general method of describing fluctuations for the processes of diffusion, heat transfer, and viscous fluid flow can be applied. It was established that the fluctuation spectrum during the transfer processes has the character of flicker noise in the low-frequency spectral range.