bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Piston of a Marine Low Speed Engine Based on Fluid-Thermal-Structure Coupling
Authors: Gao Wenxiang , Wang Guixin , Cao Yilong , Zhu Jialiang , Jia Sensen , Li Xiaobo
Published: November 2022

The piston of low speed diesel engine works in bad environment and bears large thermal and mechanical load, so it is necessary to study the piston. In this paper, a Marine low-speed diesel engine piston as the research object, builds the piston component - crosshead assembly - connecting rod - crankshaft model, simulation of the piston in the working process of the actual working condition, through professional simulation software for fluid-thermal-structure coupling calculation, the temperature field and coupling stress field of piston assembly are obtained. In this paper, the convective heat transfer coefficient and fluid temperature on the surface of the piston cooling oil chamber are obtained by CFD simulation, the temperature field of the piston assembly is obtained by fluid-thermal coupling, and the coupling stress field and deformation of the piston assembly are obtained by fluid-thermo-solid coupling. Finally, the maximum temperature of the piston is 313.9°C, the maximum deformation is 1.03mm, and the maximum stress is 347.4Mpa, which meet the requirements.
Development of Ni-B electroless coating from stabilizer free bath and characterization of high temperature tribological behaviour, scratch and corrosion resistance
Authors: Agrawal Rohit , Mukhopadhyay Arkadeb
Published: November 2022

The current work investigates the effects of variation of coating bath temperature on friction and wear behaviour of electroless Ni–B (ENB) coatings developed from stabilizer free bath. Coating is applied to specimens made up of AISI 1040 steel. Coatings were deposited at three different coating bath temperatures (85 °C, 90 °C and 95 °C). Field emission scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer, and x-ray diffraction were used to characterize the coating for surface morphology, chemical composition, and phase structure respectively. Pin-on-disc tribo-tester was used to estimate the friction and wear behaviour of ENB coatings at room temperature (25 °C), 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C. The coefficient of friction was higher at high temperature due to higher roughness of the coatings obtained from stabilizer free bath, adhesion and ploughing. The wear rate at 200 °C or 300 °C was lower compared to 100 °C. Additionally, the ENB coatings were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis which reveals higher thermal stability of coatings obtained at 95 °C. A scratch tester at constant (6 N) and progressive load (5–24 N) was used to estimate the coatings scratch hardness and adhesion. The corrosion behaviour of ENB coatings in 3.5% NaCl was studied using potentiodynamic polarization tests. The Ni-B coated specimens could efficiently provide barrier protection to steel substrate. But the corrosion potential was lower compared to lead stabilized bath.
Theoretical study of nickel-doped zinc oxide interaction with methylene blue and methyl orange using DFT methods
Authors: Oktavianti Nanik Ismi , Anindika Garcelina Rizky , Ivansyah Atthar Luqman , Kusumawati Yuly
Published: November 2022

In this research, the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) on ZnO and nickel-doped ZnO (Ni-ZnO) clusters was investigated through the density functional theory (DFT). The study included the interaction with ionized MB, neutral MB, ionized MO and neutral MO. In the case of Ni-doped ZnO, the two probabilities of nickel multiplicities (1 and 3) have been included in the investigation. The interaction between water and ZnO cluster as well as water with Ni-ZnO multiplicity 1 and multiplicity 3 was also studied. The results showed that nickel doping can decrease the bandgap 25.38% which is promising to shift the UV source to the visible range in the photocatalytic process. For photocatalyst application it will bring the more benefit because it requires the lower energy. Moreover, the nickel doped induce the dye adsorp stronger when the dye attached to dircetly the zinc ion. This guide to design the N-doped ZnO photocatalyst with no nickel atoms on the surface of the photocatalyst.
Combined leaching of Carlin-type gold deposit in Guizhou by potassium chlorate and bleaching powder
Authors: Yuan Xin , Tang Dao-wen , Zou Tao , Xu Cai-wu , Qiu Yang
Published: November 2022

Cyanidation has been considered an effective process for extracting gold from gold-bearing ores for over 100 years. However, this process also has several disadvantages including it being toxic, inefficient, and unsuitable for leaching gold from carbonaceous gold ores containing organic and inorganic carbons. Moreover, it is not feasible for the extraction of gold from refractory gold ores , which are increasingly being used.Therefore, there is an urgent need to find an environmentally friendly and efficient leaching method to improve the extraction rate of gold from refractory gold ores. This study discusses using potassium chlorate and bleaching powder for combined leaching of refractory gold ore. Compared with other leaching methods, this method does not require the pre-oxidizing of the refractory gold ore. Moreover, the optimal reaction temperature required for the reaction is lower, thus achieving efficient and environmentally friendly leaching of refractory gold ore. To improve on the method, we used response surface methodology (RSM). RSM can quickly determine the quadratic function connection between the response value and each component and optimize the experimental settings to precisely forecast the experimental findings, saving a significant amount of time and money.This study presents a response surface approach based on a thermodynamic analysis of gold-bearing mineral oxidation to analyze the primary composite design experiment. The response surface model uses four components and three levels of potassium chlorate concentration, bleaching powder addition, reaction temperature, and reaction pH. The model gives 0.16 mol l−1 potassium chlorate, 37.5 g bleaching powder, 25 °C reaction temperature, and reaction pH of 13 as the optimal conditions for leaching gold using potassium chlorate and bleaching powder. Under these conditions, the gold leaching rate can reach 90.84%. In addition, the following parameters influence combined gold leaching in decreasing order: bleaching powder dose, reaction temperature, potassium chlorate concentration, and reaction pH.The results show that potassium chlorate and bleaching powder combined is advantageous for leaching of Carlin-type gold ore in Guizhou. It provides a high leaching rate. There is no need for pre-oxidation of gold ore. It is a simple inexpensive process that can be operated at a low optimum reaction temperature. Thus, it is a feasible method in industrial applications and provides a new way for gold leaching.
A molecular dynamics study on water lubrication of amorphous cotton fiber sliding against chromium
Authors: Fan Pengwei , Geng Liuyuan , Jiang Kaixiang , Fang Wenjuan , Zhang Youqiang
Published: November 2022

This study investigates the influence of sliding velocity and loading on the friction of chromium and amorphous cotton fibers using water molecules act as lubricants via molecular dynamics simulation. It is found that the movement of water molecules between the contact interfaces is mainly along the sliding-direction not than the loading-direction during the sliding process. The high sliding velocity or large loading will reduce the lubricating properties of water molecules and increase the average coefficient of friction in the stabilization. The sliding time before the stabilization increase with sliding velocity while decreases with loading. Moreover, the water-lubricants can reduce the damage to chromium, and the increase of sliding velocity is more easy to cause the damage than loading, so it is more important to choose a right sliding velocity.
Stochastic entropy production for continuous measurements of an open quantum system
Authors: Matos D , Kantorovich L , Ford I J
Published: November 2022

We investigate the total stochastic entropy production of a two-level bosonic open quantum system under protocols of time dependent coupling to a harmonic environment. These processes are intended to represent the measurement of a system observable, and consequent selection of an eigenstate, whilst the system is also subjected to thermalising environmental noise. The entropy production depends on the evolution of the system variables and their probability density function, and is expressed through system and environmental contributions. The continuous stochastic dynamics of the open system is based on the Markovian approximation to the exact, noise-averaged stochastic Liouville-von Neumann equation, unravelled through the addition of stochastic environmental disturbance mimicking a measuring device. Under the thermalising influence of time independent coupling to the environment, the mean rate of entropy production vanishes asymptotically, indicating equilibrium. In contrast, a positive mean production of entropy as the system responds to time dependent coupling characterises the irreversibility of quantum measurement, and a comparison of its production for two coupling protocols, representing connection to and disconnection from the external measuring device, satisfies a detailed fluctuation theorem.
Two-neutron drip lines of a few single lambda hypernuclei
Authors: Meoto E F
Published: November 2022

Two-neutron drip lines of a few single lambda hypernuclei are studied through a phenomenological binding energy model. This model, which is built from the Bethe-Weizsäcker formula, explicitly takes into account hyperon mass and strangeness. For the hypernuclear isotopic chains of the elements C—Mn, the heaviest isotope in each chain that is stable with respect to two-neutron decay is located.
The effect of flood experience on public preferences for land preservation: evidence from referendum votes
Authors: Liu Xian
Published: November 2022

In response to losses of open space, local open space referenda have become a popular means for land preservation in the U.S. This study is the first to empirically examine the relationship between flood experience and voter support for open space referenda. We collect data on open space referenda between 2001 to 2015 from the Trust for Public Land’s (TPL) LandVote database. Flood occurrence and damage data are derived from the Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States (SHELDUS) database. Our findings suggest that voters become less supportive of subsequent open space ballot measures if their communities recently experienced a flood event. Our preferred specification indicates that a flood would decrease the odds of a ‘yes’ vote by about 7.5%. If we use flood damage data to measure disaster impacts, our results show that a 10% increase in flood damage is expected to decrease the odds of a ‘yes’ vote by about 6%. These findings are consistent with recent experimental research showing that disaster exposure has a negative effect on preferences for local public good investments.
Critical dopant concentrations govern integer and fractional charge-transfer phases in doped P3HT
Authors: Hase Hannes , Berteau-Rainville Melissa , Charoughchi Somaiyeh , Bodlos Wolfgang , Orgiu Emanuele , Salzmann Ingo
Published: November 2022

The conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) p-doped with the strong acceptor tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) is known to undergo ion-pair (IPA) formation, i.e. integer-charge transfer, and, as only recently reported, can form ground state charge-transfer complexes (CPXs) as a competing process, yielding fractional charge transfer. As these fundamental charge-transfer phenomena differently affect doping efficiency and, thus, organic-semiconductor device performance, possible factors governing their occurrence have been under investigation ever since. Here, we focus on the role of a critical dopant concentration deciding over IPA- or CPX-dominated regimes. Employing a broad, multi-technique approach, we compare the doping of P3HT by F4TCNQ and its weaker derivatives F2TCNQ, FTCNQ, and TCNQ, combining experiments with semi-classical modeling. IPA, CPX, and neutral-dopant ratios (estimated from vibrational absorption spectroscopy) together with electron affinity and ionization energy values (deduced from cyclic voltammetry) allow calculating the width of a Gaussian density of states (DOS) relating to the highest occupied molecular orbital in P3HT. While a broader DOS indicates energetic disorder, we use grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction to assess spatial order. Our findings consider the proposal of nucleation driving IPA formation and we hypothesize a certain host-dopant stoichiometry to be key for the formation of a crystalline CPX phase.
Tits-type alternative for certain groups acting on algebraic surfaces
Authors: Arzhantsev Ivan , Zaidenberg Mikhail
Published: November 2022

According to a theorem of Cantat [Ann. of Math. (2) 174 (2011), pp. 299–340] and Urech [J. Reine Angew. Math. 770 (2021), pp. 27–57], an analog of the classical Tits alternative holds for the group of birational automorphisms of a compact complex Kähler surface. We established in Arzhantsev and Zaidenberg [Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN 2022 (2022), pp. 8162–8195] the following Tits-type alternative: if

X
X

is a toric affine variety and

G
⊂
Aut
⁡
(
X
)

G\subset \operatorname {Aut}(X)

is a subgroup generated by a finite set of unipotent subgroups normalized by the acting torus then either

G
G

contains a nonabelian free subgroup or

G
G

is a unipotent affine algebraic group. In the present paper we extend the latter result to any group

G
G

of automorphisms of a complex affine surface generated by a finite collection of unipotent algebraic subgroups. It occurs that either

G
G

contains a nonabelian free subgroup or

G
G

is a metabelian unipotent algebraic group.
Thrice-punctured sphere groups in hyperbolic 4-space
Authors: Kim Youngju
Published: November 2022

A thrice-punctured sphere group is a non-elementary group generated by two parabolic isometries whose product is a parabolic isometry. We prove that the deformation space of a thrice-punctured sphere group acting on hyperbolic

4
4

-space is

7
7

-dimensional. Among them, there is a

5
5

-dimensional parameter space of linked thrice-punctured sphere groups. In particular, there is a

1
1

-parameter family of discrete linked thrice-punctured sphere groups such that the rotation angles of the two parabolic generators and the product of the generators are fixed.
Geometric and isometric properties of two classes of sequence spaces
Authors: Botelho Fernanda , Kazemi Sana
Published: November 2022

We study geometric and isometric properties of two classes of sequence spaces. First, we consider the Banach sequence space

X
n

X_n

, the completion of

c

00

c_{00}

relatively to the norm
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-vertical-bar x double-vertical-bar Subscript n Baseline equals sup left-brace right-brace comma comma sigma-summation sigma-summation element-of element-of iF vertical-bar vertical-bar xi comma with comma separator separator Fof cardinality at mostn period">

‖
x

‖
n

=
sup

{

∑

i
∈
F

|

x
i

|

,
 with 
,
F
 of cardinality at most 
n
}

.

\|x\|_n = \sup \left \{\sum _{i \in F}|x_i|, \text { with }, F \text { of cardinality at most } n\right \}.

\]
For this space, we show that the isometry group of

X
n

X_n

consists of standard isometries. Second, we consider a Tsirelson-type space,

T
[
θ
,

A
n

]

T[\theta , A_n]

(

0
>
θ
>
1

0>\theta >1

) associated with the regular family

A
n

A_n

, comprised of all subsets of

N

\mathbb {N}

with at most

n
n

elements. For this space, we characterize the extreme points and show that for

θ
≤

1
n

\theta \leq \frac {1}{n}

,

T
[
θ
,

A
n

]

T[\theta , A_n]

supports standard isometries. We also derive the form for the surjective isometries of

T
[
θ
,

A
3

]

T[\theta , A_3]

.
Quasipositive surfaces and decomposable Lagrangians
Authors: Tovstopyat-Nelip Lev
Published: November 2022

We show that a quasipositive surface with disconnected boundary induces a map between the knot Floer homology groups of its boundary components preserving the transverse invariant. As an application, we show that this invariant can be used to obstruct decomposable Lagrangian cobordisms of arbitrary genus within Weinstein cobordisms. The construction of our maps rely on the comultiplicativity of the transverse invariant. Along the way, we also recover various naturality statements for the invariant under contact +1 surgery.
GPU-accelerated and pipelined methylation calling
Authors: Feng Yilin , Gudukbay Akbulut Gulsum , Tang Xulong , Gunasekaran Jashwant Raj , Rahman Amatur , Medvedev Paul , Kandemir Mahmut
Published: November 2022

Motivation

The third-generation DNA sequencing technologies, such as Nanopore Sequencing, can operate at very high speeds and produce longer reads, which in turn results in a challenge for the computational analysis of such massive data. Nanopolish is a software package for signal-level analysis of Oxford Nanopore sequencing data. Call-methylation module of Nanopolish can detect methylation based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM). However, Nanopolish is limited by the long running time of some serial and computationally expensive processes. Among these, Adaptive Banded Event Alignment (ABEA) is the most time-consuming step, and the prior work, f5c, has already parallelized and optimized ABEA on GPU. As a result, the remaining methylation score calculation part, which uses HMM to identify if a given base is methylated or not, has become the new performance bottleneck.

Results

This article focuses on the call-methylation module that resides in the Nanopolish package. We propose Galaxy-methyl, which parallelizes and optimizes the methylation score calculation step on GPU and then pipelines the four steps of the call-methylation module. Galaxy-methyl increases the execution concurrency across CPUs and GPUs as well as hardware resource utilization for both. The experimental results collected indicate that Galaxy-methyl can achieve 3×–5× speedup compared with Nanopolish, and reduce the total execution time by 35% compared with f5c, on average.

Availability and implementation

The source code of Galaxy-methyl is available at https://github.com/fengyilin118/.
SCExecute: custom cell barcode-stratified analyses of scRNA-seq data
Authors: Edwards Nathan , Dillard Christian , Prashant N M , Hongyu Liu , Yang Mia , Ulianova Evgenia , Horvath Anelia
Published: November 2022

Motivation

In single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, stratification of sequencing reads by cellular barcode is necessary to study cell-specific features. However, apart from gene expression, the analyses of cell-specific features are not sufficiently supported by available tools designed for high-throughput sequencing data.

Results

We introduce SCExecute, which executes a user-provided command on barcode-stratified, extracted on-the-fly, single-cell binary alignment map (scBAM) files. SCExecute extracts the alignments with each cell barcode from aligned, pooled single-cell sequencing data. Simple commands, monolithic programs, multi-command shell scripts or complex shell-based pipelines are then executed on each scBAM file. scBAM files can be restricted to specific barcodes and/or genomic regions of interest. We demonstrate SCExecute with two popular variant callers—GATK and Strelka2—executed in shell-scripts together with commands for BAM file manipulation and variant filtering, to detect single-cell-specific expressed single nucleotide variants from droplet scRNA-seq data (10X Genomics Chromium System).

In conclusion, SCExecute facilitates custom cell-level analyses on barcoded scRNA-seq data using currently available tools and provides an effective solution for studying low (cellular) frequency transcriptome features.

Availability and implementation

SCExecute is implemented in Python3 using the Pysam package and distributed for Linux, MacOS and Python environments from https://horvathlab.github.io/NGS/SCExecute.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Biotechnology Immersion Program: professional development where the participants do the preparation, teaching, and outreach to maximize learning gains
Authors: Bates Katherine L , Hung Chia , Steel J Jordan
Published: November 2022

Professional development for teachers of primary, intermediate, and secondary schools (Kindergarten to Grade 12; K-12), especially for highly technical subjects such as Microbial Biotechnology, can involve arduous and ineffective training methods prioritizing content delivery over sound pedagogical techniques. Teachers are learning complex content, techniques, and pedagogies but have little time to practice or gain experience and confidence in their newly acquired skills. The Biotechnology Immersion Program (BiP) sought to overcome this challenge by incorporating an intentional immersive experiential system into professional development; teachers learn new content, experience hands-on activities, and work through assessments in the role of a student while experienced subject matter expert faculty run the teaching and activities. Afterwards, the teachers get the opportunity to switch roles and practice teaching, running, and managing the same learning activities that they just experienced. The faculty experts are available to mentor, guide, and direct the teachers as they try out teaching and implementing novel biotechnology classroom activities. BiP focused on three critical aspects of successful professional development: time, personal experience, and connection. This mentored teaching and implementation practice system provided a robust professional development platform, where educators felt prepared and confident to run new biotechnology lab activities in their own classrooms.
Strategies for change: thriving as an individual with a disabilty in STEMM
Authors: Crabtree Amber , Neikirk Kit , Marshall Andrea , Barongan Taylor , Beasley Heather K , Lopez Edgar Garza , Stephens Dominique , Murray Sandra , Spencer Elsie C , Martinez Denise , Vang Chia , Jenkins Felysha , Damo Steven , Vue Zer
Published: November 2022

Disability remains an underacknowledged and underdiscussed topic in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). Social stigma and fear of negative outcomes have resulted in a consistent lack of disclosure. Disabilities cause social and professional difficulties for those that have them. While some faculty can be allies, past literature shows that steps must be taken to make disabilities visible in STEMM at both student and faculty levels. Here, we offer suggestions to better support faculty and students in enhancing the outcomes of individuals who have invisible disabilities. Critically, techniques such as abolishing stigma, universal learning, and better mentoring may improve the challenges faced by those who self-identify as an individual with a disability.
Early-life starvation alters lipid metabolism in adults to cause developmental pathology in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Jordan James M , Webster Amy K , Chen Jingxian , Chitrakar Rojin , Ryan Baugh L
Published: November 2022

Early-life malnutrition increases adult disease risk in humans, but the causal changes in gene regulation, signaling, and metabolism are unclear. In the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, early-life starvation causes well-fed larvae to develop germline tumors and other gonad abnormalities as adults. Furthermore, reduced insulin/IGF signaling during larval development suppresses these starvation-induced abnormalities. How early-life starvation and insulin/IGF signaling affect adult pathology is unknown. We show that early-life starvation has pervasive effects on adult gene expression which are largely reversed by reduced insulin/IGF signaling following recovery from starvation. Early-life starvation increases adult fatty-acid synthetase fasn-1 expression in daf-2 insulin/IGF signaling receptor-dependent fashion, and fasn-1/FASN promotes starvation-induced abnormalities. Lipidomic analysis reveals increased levels of phosphatidylcholine in adults subjected to early-life starvation, and supplementation with unsaturated phosphatidylcholine during development suppresses starvation-induced abnormalities. Genetic analysis of fatty-acid desaturases reveals positive and negative effects of desaturation on development of starvation-induced abnormalities. In particular, the ω3 fatty-acid desaturase fat-1 and the Δ5 fatty-acid desaturase fat-4 inhibit and promote development of abnormalities, respectively. fat-4 is epistatic to fat-1, suggesting that arachidonic acid–containing lipids promote development of starvation-induced abnormalities, and supplementation with ARA enhanced development of abnormalities. This work shows that early-life starvation and insulin/IGF signaling converge on regulation of adult lipid metabolism, affecting stem-cell proliferation and tumor formation.
Enigmatic doubly scattered tube waves at a crosswell seismic survey
Authors: Nakata Nori , Nakata Rie , Kato Ayato , Xue Ziqiu , White Malcolm C A
Published: November 2022

Enigmatically strong tube waves continue to exist long after the direct wave during repeat crosswell-monitoring surveys at the Nagaoka CO2 injection site in Japan. The tube waves, which have linear moveouts with velocities of 1.29 and 1.41 km s−1 at plastic and steel casings, respectively, are generated by double scattering on the shallow side of the wells. We characterize wavefields to confirm that these late coda waves are tube waves that are excited at the source well, propagate upward, then travel to a receiver well as a body wave, and finally propagate downward along the receiver well. Even though these tube waves result from second-order scattering, they have large amplitudes because of the relatively short distance between source and receiver wells. Because these waves propagate along both wells many times, we can extract detailed information of wave propagation by averaging them to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. We first use the tube waves to relocate sources and receivers between multiple monitoring surveys, demonstrating our ability to correct the severe noise caused by location errors that frequently degrades the repeatability of time-lapse surveys. Then, we apply an inversion based on the physics of tube waves to estimate the location and strength of the scatterers and find that they are predominantly located in the shallow segment of the wells, above the sources, and infer that they are related to local fractures and/or wellbore conditions because their locations do not correspond to the well geometry. Lastly, we use the tube waves to accurately estimate subsurface velocities along the wells. The estimation is stable and robust, and the velocities follow the general trend of subsurface structure seen in the well log data. Due to the receiver spacing, tube-wave analysis cannot resolve a thin, high-velocity layer at the CO2 reservoir. By combining tube waves observed during different stages of the monitoring survey, we can estimate the time-lapse changes of the subsurface velocities.
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
Authors: Klein Natalie , Parlett Kate
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the judicial decisions relating to subject matter jurisdiction in cases arising under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It analyses the characterisation of disputes to determine if they concern the interpretation or application of UNCLOS, particularly asking whether territorial sovereignty disputes may be resolved in UNCLOS dispute settlement. Questions of incidental jurisdiction are considered. The chapter addresses possible jurisdictional limitations in relation to disputes concerning fishing and the marine environment. The discussion also assesses the optional exceptions to compulsory jurisdiction under UNCLOS, which include maritime boundary delimitation disputes, historic bays, and historic title disputes, as well as disputes concerning military activities and certain law enforcement activities. The final part of the chapter examines the difference between applicable law and subject matter jurisdiction, and the relevance of renvoi and rules of reference in UNCLOS for jurisdiction.
Maritime Space
Authors: Klein Natalie , Parlett Kate
Published: November 2022

This chapter analyses judicial decisions arising under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that have been concerned with rights and duties in different maritime zones and the baselines from which those zones are measured. The chapter examines the definitions of low-tide elevations, rocks, and islands in light of the different maritime entitlements of these features. Cases that have assessed the drawing of baselines and designation of basepoints for asserting maritime zones are considered. This chapter further considers judicial decisions on the nature of the different maritime zones, such as internal waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf, as a way to explore the core rights and duties of States within these zones. This discussion is developed in later chapters in Judging the Law of the Sea.
Fisheries
Authors: Klein Natalie , Parlett Kate
Published: November 2022

This chapter analyses judicial decisions that have bearing on international fisheries and their regulation under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The chapter first assesses decisions relating to traditional fishing and then turns to fishing in the territorial sea. Despite jurisdictional limitations, there have been several notable judicial proceedings examining rights and obligations relating to fishing in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The chapter considers the scope of sovereign rights over fishing in the EEZ, the content of obligations relating to the conservation and utilisation of living resources in the EEZ, and due diligence standards. Disputes have also emerged in relation to law enforcement of fisheries regulations in the EEZ and have been addressed on the merits as well as in the context of prompt release proceedings under Article 292 of UNCLOS. The chapter discusses the small amount of case law on straddling stocks and highly migratory species before turning to fisheries disputes on the high seas and what judicial consideration has emerged in relation to the UNCLOS provisions dealing with the conservation and management of high seas fisheries.
A multidisciplinary management algorithm for brain metastases
Authors: Ramos Alexander , Giantini-Larsen Alexandra , Pannullo Susan C , Brandmaier Andrew , Knisely Jonathan , Magge Rajiv , Wilcox Jessica A , Pavlick Anna C , Ma Barbara , Pisapia David , Ashamalla Hani , Ramakrishna Rohan
Published: November 2022

The incidence of brain metastases continues to present a management issue despite the advent of improved systemic control and overall survival. While the management of oligometastatic disease (ie, 1–4 brain metastases) with surgery and radiation has become fairly straightforward in the era of radiosurgery, the management of patients with multiple metastatic brain lesions can be challenging. Here we review the available evidence and provide a multidisciplinary management algorithm for brain metastases that incorporates the latest advances in surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapy while taking into account the latest in precision medicine-guided therapies. In particular, we argue that whole-brain radiation therapy can likely be omitted in most patients as up-front therapy.
The temporal dynamics of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica and predominant serovars in China
Authors: Wang Yanan , Liu Yue , Lyu Na , Li Zhiyuan , Ma Sufang , Cao Demin , Pan Yuanlong , Hu Yongfei , Huang Hua , Gao George F , Xu Xuebin ,   the Bacterium-learning Union, Zhu Baoli
Published: November 2022

Salmonella enterica is one of the most common bacterial pathogens in humans and animals. Systematic studies on the trends and geographical distribution of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella and dominant serovars have been well studied in European and American countries while not in China. Here, taking the One-Health strategy, we used >35 000 Salmonella enterica isolates to explore the temporal and spatial dynamics of dominant serovars in China. We found that Salmonella Typhimurium was the dominant serovar causing human infection in China, which was consistent with Australia but inconsistent with North American and European countries. The proportion of Salmonella serovars Typhimurium, London, Rissen, Corvallis, Meleagridis, Kentucky, and Goldcoast showed an increasing trend during 2006–2019. We randomly selected 1962 isolates for comparative genomics and antimicrobial resistance studies and found that the number of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) per isolate increased 1.84 and 2.69 times of human and non-human origins, respectively, spanning 14 years. The proportion of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella isolates had an increasing trend during 2006–2019, especially beta-lactam, quinolone, tetracycline, and rifampicin resistance. Moreover, we found that higher diversity of sequence types (STs) in S. Typhimurium than in other serovars, ST34 from pig and ST19 from chicken origin, were mainly associated with isolates causing child and adult gastro-infection, respectively. Our results fill in the data gap on the trends of dominant serovars and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica in China. These data provide useful information for public health decision-makers prioritizing interventions for foodborne diseases and food safety.
The ultracompact regions G40.54+2.59 and G34.13+0.47: A new detection of compact radio sources
Authors: Viveros Harold E , Masque Josep M , Trinidad Miguel A , de la Fuente Eduardo
Published: November 2022

We report the detection of three compact (<0.001 pc) radio sources (CRSs) at the Ka-band (0.9 cm) in the ultra-compact (UC) H ii regions G040.54+2.59 (two CRSs) and G034.13+0.47 (one CRS). These CRSs have weak flux densities and are located at the center of their respective UC H ii regions. We found no clear association between massive ionizing stars and CRSs but some radiative influence on the latter, as suggested by their large emission measures (>107 cm−6 pc), typical of photo-evaporating neutral objects close to or associated with massive stars. Our modelling of G40.54+2.59 shows that its CRSs supply enough ionized material to shape its morphology while significantly extending its observable lifetime. On the other hand, despite the possible relation of the CRS with the large-scale outflow signatures observed in G034.13+0.47, the influence of this CRS on the evolution of the UC H ii region is unlikely. Our results show that the presence of CRSs can alleviate the so-called lifetime problem of UC H ii regions. Still, to address the dynamical evolution of these regions adequately, the scenario must include additional mechanisms like ambient confinement, or the role of the kinematics of their associated stellar objects.
The classification of kleinian groups of hausdorff dimension at most one
Authors: Hou Yong
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we provide the complete classification of Kleinian group of Hausdorff dimensions less than 1. In particular, we prove that every convex cocompact Kleinian group of Hausdorff dimension < 1 is a classical Schottky group. This upper bound is sharp. The result implies that the converse of Burside’s conjecture [4] is true: all non-classical Schottky groups must have Hausdorff dimension $\ge1$. The upper bounds of Hausdorff dimensions of classical Schottky groups has long been established by Phillips–Sarnak [14] and Doyle [8]. The proof of the theorem relies on the result of Bowen [3] and Hou [10].
Dynamics of recovery sleep from chronic sleep restriction
Authors: Guzzetti Jacob R , Banks Siobhan
Published: November 2022

Sleep loss is common in our 24/7 society with many people routinely sleeping less than they need. Sleep debt is a term describing the difference between the amount of sleep needed, and the amount of sleep obtained. Sleep debt can accumulate over time, resulting in poor cognitive performance, increased sleepiness, poor mood, and a higher risk for accidents. Over the last 30 years, the sleep field has increasingly focused attention on recovery sleep and the ways we can recover from a sleep debt faster and more effectively. While there are still many unanswered questions and debates about the nature of recovery sleep, such as the exact components of sleep important for recovery of function, the amount of sleep needed to recover and the impacts of prior sleep history on recovery, recent research has revealed several important attributes about recovery sleep: (1) the dynamics of the recovery process is impacted by the type of sleep loss (acute versus chronic), (2) mood, sleepiness, and other aspects of cognitive performance recover at different rates, and (3) the recovery process is complex and dependent on the length of recovery sleep and the number of recovery opportunities available. This review will summarize the current state of the literature on recovery sleep, from specific studies of recovery sleep dynamics to napping, “banking” sleep and shiftwork, and will suggest the next steps for research in this field.

This paper is part of the David F. Dinges Festschrift Collection. This collection is sponsored by Pulsar Informatics and the Department of Psychiatry in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
Antecedents to COVID-19 vaccine uptake among patients and employees in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: LoBrutto Lara R , Elwy A Rani , Miano Danielle , Ann Petrakis Beth , Kyrish Angela , Javier Sarah , Erhardt Taryn , Midboe Amanda M , Carbonaro Richard , Jasuja Guneet K , McInnes D Keith , Maguire Elizabeth M , Asch Steven M , Gifford Allen L , Clayman Marla L
Published: November 2022

The present study sought to understand the antecedents to COVID-19 vaccination among those reporting a change in vaccine intention in order to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the United States. We employed semi-structured interviews and one focus group discussion with vaccinated and unvaccinated Veterans Health Administration (VHA) employees and Veterans at three Veterans’ Affairs medical centers between January and June 2021. A subset of these participants (n=21) self-reported a change in COVID-19 vaccine intention and were selected for additional analysis. We combined thematic analysis using the 5C scale (confidence, collective responsibility, complacency, calculation, constraints) as our theoretical framework with a constant comparative method from codes based on the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. We generated 13 themes distributed across the 5C constructs that appeared to be associated with a change in COVID-19 vaccine intention. Themes included a trusted family member, friend or colleague in a healthcare field, a trusted healthcare professional, distrust of government or politics (confidence); duty to family and protection of others (collective responsibility); perceived health status and normative beliefs (complacency); perceived vaccine safety, perceived risk-benefit, and orientation towards deliberation (calculation); and ease of process (constraints). Key factors in promoting vaccine uptake included a desire to protect family; and conversations with as key factors in promoting vaccine uptake. Constructs from the 5C scale are useful in understanding intrapersonal changes in vaccine intentions over time, which may help public health practitioners improve future vaccine uptake.
A new species ofChrysemys(Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles
Authors: Jasinski Steven E
Published: November 2022

Chrysemys, commonly known as painted turtles, have the largest native biogeographic range of all North American turtles. The presence of a new species, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov., in the Late Hemphillian-Early Blancan North American Land Mammal Age (latest Miocene-Early Pliocene) of Tennessee provides further data on the evolution of Chrysemys, deirochelyines and emydids. The new fossil species lies basally in Deirochelyinae and suggests that either Chrysemys represents a basal deirochelyine morphology and is one of the oldest genera in the family, or that similar basal morphologies have evolved multiple times throughout deirochelyine evolution. Its occurrence at the same time as Chrysemys picta, during the Hemphillian-Early Blancan, a time of high biodiversity in emydid turtles, suggests either multiple species of Chrysemys during the Late Hemphillian-Early Blancan (at least one in the mid-west and one farther east), or multiple lineages with basal morphologies during this time. Early fossil deirochelyines occur after the greenhouse conditions of the Eocene and the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. Vicariance led to deirochelyines becoming more speciose, including the occurrence of C. corniculata, after the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, potentially suggesting cooler temperatures aided in the evolution of the subfamily and their speciation during the Hemphillian and into the Early Blancan.
The Sensitivity and Specificity of Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to Detect Coagulopathy During Moderate and Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Bell S.F. , Roberts T.C.D. , Freyer Martins Pereira J. , De Lloyd L. , Amir Z. , James D. , Jenkins P.V. , Collis R.E. , Collins P.W.
Published: November 2022

(Int J Obstet Anes. 2022;49:103238)

Viscoelastometric hemostatic assays, such as rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), offer rapid, point-of-care identification of coagulopathy during postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Previous studies investigating the use of ROTEM have used a Delta ROTEM device. This study investigates the use of the ROTEM Sigma device, identifying the sensitivity, specificity, and positive or negative predictive values in patients with PPH.
Update on Developmental Anesthesia Neurotoxicity
Authors: Vutskits L. , Davidson A.
Published: November 2022

(Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2017;30:337–342. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000461)

For more than 60 years, the controversial association between anesthesia exposure in early postnatal life and behavioral or neurocognitive deficiency have been studied. Despite past and ongoing studies, there is no definitive answer as to whether general anesthesia impairs brain development and, if it does, to what extent. While research is still required, a few important recent studies have appeared. This paper aimed to review clinical and experimental developmental anesthesia neurotoxicity findings over the past 2 years.
Nasal High-flow Therapy during Neonatal Endotracheal Intubation
Authors: Hodgson D. , Owen L. , Kamlin C. , Roberts C. , Newman S. , Francis K. , Donath S. , Davis P. , Manley B.
Published: November 2022

(N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1627–1637)

Fetal intubation attempts frequently have low success rates and take longer versus international guidelines, especially when performed by inexperienced operators. This results in increased rates of intraventricular hemorrhage and airway injury in vulnerable neonatal patients. Transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange, the use of nasal high-flow therapy (HFT) to aid respiratory support, is a proven useful aid in older children and adult intubation in a variety of circumstances. However, the relationship between neonates and nasal HFT during intubation was previously untested. This study examined the success rates of nasal HFT use during intubation against those not receiving HFTs. This study defined initial intubation attempt as the insertion length past the infant’s lips of the laryngoscope blade and successful intubation as the presence of carbon dioxide expiration after the placement of an endotracheal tube.
Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy (CHAP) Trial Consortium. Treatment for Mild Chronic Hypertension During Pregnancy
Authors: Tita A.T. , Szychowski J.M. , Boggess K. , Dugoff L. , Sibai B. ,   et al
Published: November 2022

(N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1781–1792. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2201295)

More than 2% of pregnancies are impacted by chronic hypertension (HTN), specifically among black women. Chronic HTN has been correlated with risk for preeclampsia, placental abruption, preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, perinatal death, maternal death, heart failure, stroke, pulmonary edema, and acute kidney injury. International organizations recommend extending antihypertensive treatment to patients with severe HTN, but they differ in their recommendations for treating mild HTN because of increased risk of small birth weight neonates. This study identifies the impact of mild hypertensive treatment on adverse pregnancy events up to 2 weeks after birth, placental abruption, and negative perinatal outcomes including birth weight through a randomized assignment to either the mild HTN treatment group or the nontreatment group.
Incidence and Predictors of Surgical Site Infection in Women Who Are Obese and Give Birth by Elective Cesarean Section: A Secondary Analysis
Authors: Chaboyer W. , Ellwood D. , Thalib L. , Kumar S. , Mahomed K. , Kang E. , Gillespie B.M.
Published: November 2022

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;62:234–240. doi: 10.1111/ajo.13428)

Risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) following cesarean delivery (CD) are numerous and include maternal obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). The interaction of high BMI with other risk factors for SSI (advanced maternal age, smoking, diabetes, emergency procedures, nontransverse incision, previous CD, premature membrane rupture, etc.) is not well understood and may interplay variably among individuals, making it difficult to predict risk for individual women. The authors analyzed the incidence of SSI in women with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 undergoing elective CD to identify specific predictive risk factors.
Proposed Domains for Assessing Postpartum Recovery: A Concept Elicitation Study
Authors: Sultan P. , Jensen S.E. , Taylor J. , El-Sayed Y. , Carmichael S. , Cella D. , Angst M.S. , Gaudilliere B. , Lyell D.J. , Carvalho B.
Published: November 2022

(BJOG. 2022;129:9–20)

Although ~3.8 million people have children per year, few people have researched postpartum recovery. This may be because tools developed to measure postpartum recovery, such as the Obstetric Quality of Recovery instrument, have not been used, validated, or developed sufficiently. The authors of this study previously created a list of domains they considered valuable to postpartum recovery, but had not determined which are important to stakeholders, postpartum individuals, obstetricians, maternal and fetal medicine specialists, nurses, and obstetric anesthetists. This study aimed to identify and propose a list of domains, rank these domains based on perspectives and feedback from stakeholders, identify factors that positively and negatively impact postpartum recovery, and establish the greatest difficulties individuals face after childbirth through concept elicitation interviews and focus group meetings.
Management of Placental Transfusion to Neonates After Delivery
Authors: McAdams R.M. , Lakshminrusimha S.
Published: November 2022

(Obstet Gynecol. 2022;139:121–137. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004625)

Delayed cord clamping allows continued placental flow from mother to baby for a short amount of time following delivery. Evidence-based research shows preterm neonates before 37 weeks gestation particularly benefit from delayed cord clamping due to their increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Positive outcomes of lengthened placental transfusion after delivery include decreased need for blood transfusions and reduced mortality. Term neonates benefit as well, so the updated recommendation is to delay clamping by 30 to 60 seconds if appropriate at all deliveries.