bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Nano-Scale Rotors and Motors at Static Condition
Authors: Liu Zhen , Dong Longlei , Moschetta Jean-Marc , Zhao Jianping , Yan Guirong
Published: October 2013

The static performance of nano-scale rotor and the mechanical efficiency of micro rotors are important factors to evaluate rotary-wing NAVs. In this paper, two pairs of nano-scale rotors, which were formed with the same airfoil section for each pair, were compared to find the influence of chord distribution and twist distribution to rotor performance. A test bench was designed with highly sensitive mechanism systems in order to be able to measure the thrust and torque of nano-rotors accurately. The static performance of nano-scale rotors was evaluated experimentally with the test bench at ultra-low Re. And computations based on 3D unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes solver with artificial compressibility were carried out as well to obtain the detailed flow field of nano rotor. It was found that the rotor figure of merit degraded a lot with size reduction. And the rotor solidity determined by chord distribution has a positive effect on the rotor thrust coefficient while pitch angle distribution influences the power coefficient. Flow field analysis indicated that the state of leading edge vortex might be the inherent reason of the difference of performance between rotors. The mechanical efficiency of several small motors were also compared which showed that the performance of small rotors decline with the reduction of size.
Response of Cylindrical Shells to Lateral Blast Load
Authors: Yuen Steeve Chung Kim , Nurick Gerald N. , Brinckmann Hugh B. , Blakemore Dylan
Published: October 2013

This paper presents a series of experimental and numerical results on cylindrical shells subjected to external localised blast loads. The cylindrical shells are laterally loaded in the mid span using varying masses of plastic explosive (PE4) over a prescribed load diameter of 22.5 mm, 30 mm and 45 mm detonated at a stand-off distance of 13 mm. Another series of tests is also carried out at a load diameter of 30 mm and charge mass of 16 g but with varying stand-off distance. The specimen and explosive are mounted on a ballistic pendulum which is used to determine the impulsive load imparted onto the cylindrical shells. The resultant impulses produce failures ranging from large inelastic deformation of the cylindrical shell to tearing of the structure associated with large inelastic deformation. The results are compared with analytical solution developed by Wierzbicki and Hoo Fatt[1] and numerical simulations carried out in ANSYS/AutoDYN v12.1. While the analytical solutions underestimate the permanent midpoint deflection there are good correlations with the numerical simulations.
Application of Computational Modeling for Explosive Hazard Assessments
Authors: Clutter J. Keith
Published: October 2013

Computational modeling is routinely used in the design and development of explosive systems but is not typically applied in performing hazard assessments related to explosives. Typically simplified models are used to perform analysis related to safety and security applications involving explosives. These models can misrepresent the destructive output from explosive devices because they do not resolve many of the aspects of the scenarios such as wave reflection, channeling and focusing of blast waves. Here a computational model developed specifically for explosive hazard assessments is reviewed and the advantages as compared to simple models are highlighted. Some of the obstacle to applying computational modeling to routine explosive hazard assessment problems is the ability to perform analysis in a timely manner and address the wide range of explosives encountered. Here techniques being developed to increase flexibility in application and increase efficiency are presented.
The Importance of Shear-Dilatancy Behaviors in RC Columns
Authors: Crawford John E. , Wu Youcai , Magallanes Joseph M. , Choi Hyung-Jin
Published: October 2013

A recent examination of concrete material models embedded in LS-DYNA revealed that almost all of these models fail to adequately incorporate shear-dilatancy behaviors into their formulations. Shear-dilatancy is particularly important to correctly capturing the resistance exhibited by RC (reinforced concrete) columns that are subjected to lateral loadings, especially if retrofitted with FRP (fiber reinforced plastic). The ramifications of this concern when using LS-DYNA to perform analyses of RC columns retrofitted with FRP are demonstrated in the paper, particularly related to predicting the enhanced lateral resistance afforded by the FRP and the magnitude of lateral deformation associated with its rupture. This paper presents results from tests and high-fidelity physics-based simulations with LS-DYNA to illustrate the importance of capturing shear-dilatancy behaviors when analyzing RC columns, especially ones retrofitted with FRP, where the FRP's tension failure capacity is a major design constraint.
HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND THE PLACE OF PRIVATE-OWNED UNIVERSITIES IN THIS SYSTEM: THE CASE STUDY OF COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT (VSEM)
Authors: STRIELKOWSKI WADIM
Published: October 2013

The article brings a concise overview of the higher education system in the Czech Republic providing the breakdown of the organization of studies, awarded degrees and types of programmes. Further, it concentrates on the distinction between public and private higher education institutions and provides the case study of the College of Economics and Management in Prague, one of the leading private-owned universities in the Czech Republic.
MANAGING E-GOVERNMENT CHANGE IN EDUCATION SECTOR IN LIBYA
Authors: HAMMAD FARHAT
Published: October 2013

All over the world, businesses and governments are putting critical information online, automating processes and interacting electronically with their customers and citizens. The main advantage of e-government is increasing availability of government services beyond the traditional working days. It provides quicker delivery of government services and easier access by citizens and businesses. These significant improvements will not necessarily lead to immediate, realizable cost savings.
LOSSES ASSESSMENT FROM PROFESSIONAL DISEASES AND TRAUMATISM AT ENTERPRISES: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECT
Authors: ABDURAKHMANOV ODIL
Published: October 2013

The aim of the article is to assess and evaluate losses from professional diseases and traumatism at enterprises from social and economic aspects.
EFFECT OF THE WORLD FINANCIAL CRISIS ON REAL ESTATE MARKET IN TERMS OF POLAND AND UKRAINE
Authors: RYBAK JANUSZ , SHAPOVAL VALENTINA
Published: October 2013

The article studies the world financial crisis effect on real estate markets in Poland and Ukraine. It will help to deepen learning laws and peculiarities of real estate markets performance in the countries and to develop events which foster both stabilizing and their future progress.
THE TENDENCIES AND OBSTACLES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECURITIES MARKET OF UZBEKISTAN BEYOND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND GOVERNMENTAL MACROECONOMIC POLICIES
Authors: SHOHMANSUR SHOHA’ZAMIY
Published: October 2013

The article is dedicated to analysis of the condition, trend and problems of the development bond market Uzbekistan in collation with 76 developing countries of the world. On base of the system analysis between countries are given useful for Uzbekistan findings and recommendations on the further development bond market.
ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION IS THE WAY AWAY DUMMY TO REAL ECONOMY
Authors: SEYTMURATOV REFAT
Published: October 2013

The paper is dedicated to analysis of economic modernization on the base of innovations to reach high living standard on the ground productivity increasing. Resource productivity is the most important indicator of economic effectiveness. Economic modernization is the most effective way to productivity increasing and overcome the global financial-economic crisis, because it provides to construct real economy, but no dummy one. Moreover, key reason of the world financial-economic crisis is over reflection, but not overproduction.
Prosperity Of The Population As A Prior Direction In The Choice Of Innovation Projects
Authors: Grosheva Nadegda
Published: October 2013

In Russia innovations are declared as a priority of regional development. At the level of the federal authority it is declared that a considerable number of projects are an indicator of qualitative development of region. As a result, many regions welcome any innovative projects which are offered to implementation. However the question of utility of the project for the territory isn't estimated. Prosperity of the population should become a priority at the choice of projects. It is offered to consider operative and strategic prospects of prosperity for the project selection.
Innovative Clusters In Regional Economy And Strategy Of Development Of Innovative Activity
Authors: Almatova Diloromkhon
Published: October 2013

In this study we investigate the principal factors for regional innovative clusters on the base of large scale technology companies. We determine that the priority task of strategic planning of regional innovative system is search and balance between objective, design, process, and environmental characteristics of cluster as a whole and its organizations-participants. Also, In the article are presented the results of science and technological policy ofUzbekistan. It is known, thatUzbekistanscientists carry out fundamental and applied researches on major directions of modern science, scientific schools of a world level were created. It has researched the strategy of development of innovative activityUzbekistan.
Trends In Concentration Of Production And The Capital By Means Of Mergers And Absorptions In The Post-Crisis Market Environment
Authors: Belyaeva Daria
Published: October 2013

Processes of technological production concentration basis and capital centralization become the characteristic feature of general economic dynamics of the postcrisis period and transformation of the market sphere. Such processes dynamically develop in all developed countries of the world. Their trend depends on a lot of circumstances: market conditions, the constructive help of the state (state corporation), development of financially-bank system and etc. The author considers only the mechanism of processes of merge and absorption among all this system of concentration and characterizing their positive and negative influence on the general market conditions.
Impact Of Insurance On Economic Growth: The Case Of Republic Of Macedonia
Authors: Kjosevski Jordan
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of insurance and economic growth, with empirical analysis for the Republic of Macedonia. We apply multiple regression and control for other relevant determinants of economic growth. The analysis used data for the period 1995 - 2010. In order to solve the model in the analysis will use the technique of least squares, followed by analysis of variability in order to identify the effects of each variable. Insurance development is measured by insurance penetration (insurance premiums in percentage of GDP). We used three different insurance variables - life insurance, non-life insurance and total insurance penetration. According to our findings, insurance sector development positively and significantly affects economic growth. The results are confirmed in terms of non-life insurance, and, total insurance, while the results show that life insurance negatively affect economic growth.
Perspective Directions Of Innovative Management In The Conditions Of The Russian Economy
Authors: Golubetskaya Natalia Petrovna
Published: October 2013

Innovative development of economy is a necessary condition for increase of competitiveness ofRussia. Organization change should pass consistently taking into account a strategic target of development of the Russian economy as a whole. The analysis of work of the large innovatively focused corporations has shown that an important direction of formation of system of innovative activity inRussiais development of interaction, integration of large, small enterprise structures and educational institutions. Stopping development threatens the organization with the stagnation, therefore each organization the plans for development directed on formation of competitive advantages of the organization – strategy are developed. The author analyzes advantages of working out of strategy, the criteria necessary at an estimation of projects within the limits of innovative programs which differ depending on specificity of organizational structure, a skill level of the personnel and efficiency of production as a whole.
Formation of Intellectual Potential and Sustainable Development of Society
Authors: Gus'kova Nadezhda , Neretina Evgenija , Erastova Alexandra
Published: October 2013

The article justifies the place and role of intellectual potential for the sustainable development of society. The intellectual potential is regarded as the most valuable strategic resource, and the main source of competitive advantage. The basis of intellectual potential is the knowledge, formed in the processes of learning, intellectual activity, awareness of gained personal experience and universal values. The formation of intellectual potential is connected with the establishment of new models of human behavior and system of values.
An Evaluation Of The Supplier Selection And Evaluation Process In Zimbabwean Universities
Authors: Mushanyuri Bongani
Published: October 2013

Supplier  selection  and  evaluation  is  fast  becoming  animportant strategic consideration in purchasing and supply.Suppliers  play  an  influential  role  to  the  overall  success  of the  buying  organisation.  Nowadays,  supplier  selection  is firmly  positioned  as  an  alternative  source  for  competitive advantage  for  organisations  with  regards  to  offering  low cost,  high  quality  products  and  services  or  achieving reliability  to  customers.  As  organisations  become  more dependent  on  suppliers,  the  direct  and  indirect consequences of poor decision making on supplier selection will  become  more  critical.  With  the  increasingly  important role of suppliers in supply chain management, the selection process strategy has changed; other than scanning a series of pricelists only, qualitative, quantitative and environmental criteria have now been incorporated into the process.
Areas Of Priority Development And Technological Changes In The Russian Economy
Authors: Prigulnyy Andrey
Published: October 2013

To confirm the status of the post-industrial power, Russia must ensure faster growth of the economy based on razvivitiya scientific and technological capacity. The author of the opinion, according to which Russia should pursue a strategy that takes into account the possibility of commercialization of scientific and technological achievements of world level. Own results in the field of research and development activities are open, according to the author, the term technological cooperation with foreign companies, including in the area of commercialization of belonging to different parties, but complementary discoveries. To solve the problem of advanced development proposed strategies: leadership, catch-up, ahead of commercialization. According to the author, the greatest realism is different anticipatory strategy for commercialization of scientific and technical developments. This strategy can be implemented on the basis of public-private partnerships with innovative companies, mastering the "breakthrough" technology with state support. This will reduce the risk of private investment in the new production, increase the participation of private capital in the development of research and development, strengthen the links between science and industry, state action to shift towards support for projects involving the leadership of the domestic manufacturer of innovative products.
POLICY MATTERS: TAX INCENTIVES FOR BUSINESS INVESTMENT
Authors: Yakubova Nargiza
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of the use of tax incentives on business investment performance in developing and transitional countries based in best international practices and some empirical evidence. The reasons are overviewed and, the costs and benefits of introduction of tax incentives are examined. The empirical evidence of effectiveness of tax investment incentives is studied in countries such as China, India, Russia, Uzbekistan. The conclusions are drawn, and recommendations are given on further implication of tax investment incentives in countries with transition economy.
An Intricate Multiple-Factor Approach To Evaluate Performance Of Indian Mutual Fund
Authors: Bhatt Suyash
Published: October 2013

This research paper examines performance of top twelve Indian mutual funds by Asset Under Management (AUM).  We use seven portfolio performance measurement parameters like Alpha, Beta, Standard Deviation, R Squared, Sharpe Ratio, Treynor Ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. The study reveals which amongst these mutual fund is the best performer based on all these parameters and the benchmark taken for this is NIFTY Index. The mutual funds selected are HDFC Top 200 Fund, Franklin India Bluechip Fund, ICICI Prudential Focused Bluechip Equity Fund, DSPBR Top 100  Equity Fund, Birla Sun Life Equity Fund, DSPBR Top 100  Equity Fund, UTI Mastershare Fund, Reliance Equity Opportunity Fund, SBI Magnum Equity, Reliance Top 200 Fund, SBI Bluechip Fund, ICICI Prudential Top 200 Fund, Principal Large Cap Fund. This study is primarily done to evaluate performance of the select mutual funds over a period of five years.
Reserves In Traditional And Contemporary Accounting
Authors: Klimczak Katarzyna
Published: October 2013

The main aim of the article is to analyse concepts of reserves in traditional accounting models and the characteristics  of the area of reserves in contemporary global accounting standards. Concepts of reserves in different countries are deeply rooted in the socio-economic environment of accounting. The differences in the significance, role and the scale of creation of reserves are especially evident in the Anglo-Saxon and continental accountingReserves play a very important role in the accounting system of IFRSs– they provide a specific control mechanism which enables companies to verify economic benefits embodied in their net assets.The analysis of the IFRSs rules concerning the creation of valuation reserves and provisions may lead to the conclusion that they are- above all – subject to true and fair view concept. The only purpose of reserves is to present faithfully the estimated loss in value of net assets. There are many requirements which are intended to prevent the undue use of reserves.The area of reserves is becoming more and more complex. The sources of complexity of reserves go beyond their inherent features and stem from the general orientation of contemporary accounting towards a model of anticipated losses/gains  in net assets.
The Instant Results Of Preoperative Hepatic Artery Chemoembolization In Hepatocellular Carcinoma Developed On The Background Of Cirrhosis.
Authors: Juraev M , Nematov O , Yusupbekov A
Published: October 2013

Importance: Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma remains a topical issue of Clinical Oncology. More than 80% of cases hepatocellular carcinoma develops in the presence of liver cirrhosis. These patients are doomed, many clinics they held only symptomatic treatment and life expectancy of patients is not more than 6 months. The main reason for the refusal of surgeons and Chemotherapeutists of treatment is associated cirrhosis.Purpose: To improve results of surgical treatment of liver cancer developed on cirrhosisMaterials and methods: We analyzed the immediate results of treatment of 12 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma developed on a background of liver cirrhosis. From - the large size of the tumor and associated liver cirrhosis, these patients the first stage of oil produced by hepatic artery chemoembolization of the affected lobe of the liver tumor. After 2 - 3 weeks performed liver resection.Results: After analyzing the results, we concluded: chemoembolization reduces tumor volume and weight, increases the physiological regeneration of hepatocytes unaffected tumor fraction, improves functional performance of the liver and does not affect the frequency and severity of postoperative complications.
Human Health Resources In Kazakhstan
Authors: Аkanov Aikan , Меimanaliev Тilek , Кyzayeva Аizhan , Кumar Ainur , Kashafutdinova Gulzhakhan
Published: October 2013

We have analyzed human resources in healthcare of Kazakhstan over 1985-2011, and determined general trends and regularities. By the level of provision with physicians, Kazakhstan ranks as one of the leaders in the world, at the same time there have been a deficit of physicians in the Republic over the last 20 years, particularly in rural areas. As per its regions, there is an irregularity in the physicians provision rate: the most part of specialists is concentrated in cities – Almaty and Astana, there is a deficit of physicians in the Almaty, Коstanai, North-Kazakhstan and Jambyl Oblasts. The effective use of human resources will enable to optimize expenditure for the public health and to improve the medical service quality.
The Health Competency Determinant Factors Of Latvian Population
Authors: Upmale Inara , Geske Andrejs
Published: October 2013

Competencies develop and changes throughout a person’s life, they can gain or lose, going through various age stages. Their development does not end in youth, but continue on through the adult life. The ability to thing and reflect those thoughts specifically come forward in the center of structure of competency, which grows at the same time as the individual matures. One of the competency types is health competency. Health competency is a relatively new concept; it is not sufficiently researched. Aim of the study was to determine the factors of an adult individual health competency. 827 respondents participated in the study, in the processing of data was used SPSS. Was used factor analysis, analysis of variance with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearsons correlation. It was found that health competency is affected by several factors. These are: health education, health behavior, and the value of the environment. Each of the sets was distributed to key factors. It is the main factors affecting the health competence, but additional factors are: gender, education and income.
PROBLEMS AND OUTLOOK OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Turdalieva Botagoz , Izekenova Aigulsum , Aimbetova Gulshara , Abdraimova Elmira , Raushanova Aizhan , Ramazanova Manshuk , Igissenova Alfiya , Sagyndykova Zarina , Kenessary Dinara , Zhanturiev Bolat
Published: October 2013

Performance evaluation of scientific work on regional and individual levels can be achieved by the using scientometric methods of a quantitative analysis of bibliographic information available in such databases as Science Citation Index (SCI). Unfortunately, Kazakhstan scientific journals have not been included yet in the Thomson Reuters Corp. register of periodicals, that substantially distorts the actual national scientometric indexes. The analysis of Database “National Citation Reports” (Kazakhstan), which correlated with a contribution of Kazakhstan into the world science development, has shown the low level of research activities of Kazakhstan scientists on international arena. So, the share of international publications of Kazakhstan in the global flow is equal to 0,021 % (1044 doc.) that corresponds to the 87th place in the general list of countries of 177 names. Subject to the ranking of countries into groups by the number of the published works, Kazakhstan is referring to the group of 46 countries having 1000-10000 publications over 5 years, of which 8,6% in  medicine. In this article the use of statistics and appropriate software by the authors of original articles in such journals as recommended by the Kazakh National Centre for Scientific & Technical Expertise (NCSTE) and included in the Database еlibrary.kz was evaluated. Research was conducted according to Research Report, due to which a research design and statistical analysis methods were estimated.  In the rating of the research design, the authors of articles mostly used as follows: description of a series of cases–63,2%, description of the individual cases -27,1%, and description of specific cases–9,1%. A scope of selection in Section “Research Methods” was only calculated in 21,8% of cases, and in 63,9% of cases there was no description how the selection was carried out. Methods of analytical statistics were used in the 46,0% of cases. And there were references to the program package in use only in 17,5% of works. Thus shown that non-compliance with international standards in the preparation of scientific papers, primarily statistical requirements directly affect the quality and ratings of domestic articles.
Methods Of Geological Risks Assessment During Conduction Of Exploration Works
Authors: Turdiev D
Published: October 2013

Oil and gas industry, being complex manufacturing system, is characterized by a number of specific peculiarities distinguishing it from other productive industries.The most significant of these peculiarities characterize oil and gas industry as complex, multi-staged, dynamic and semi-structured object and precondition occurrence of different risks at corresponding stagesof operational lifetime. Initial stage of lifetime of examined industry is geological exploration – geological and geophysical surveys and accuracy and reliability degree of explorationdefines reasonability and efficiency of subsequent stages conduction in decisive manner [1]. Therefore, identification, analysis and assessment of risk related to geological and geophysical surveys (referred to as geological risks) as well as its management in order to decrease risk extent to minimally possible and acceptable becomes extremely important and urgent [2].
Nord Stream Project: Ecopolitical, Economical And Security Field Considerations
Authors: Värk J , Nutt M , Martin J
Published: October 2013

Current article describes shortly about formation of the Nord Stream project and shows clearly economical, financial and other weaknesses of this project. Authors deal with supply sources of Nord Stream project and show that despite to several ecological risks and high cost of this project, several European states inspirited from interests of their good energetic supply, agreed to participate in it under the factual leadership of Russian state concern Gazprom. Authors turn attention to the decision of the Estonian leadership not to participate in this project, taking into the consideration not only ecological aspects, but some security and military aspects also. Unfortunately Estonian parliament (Riigikogu) decided to discuss seriously about influences of the Nord Stream project too late, when Finland, Sweden, Denmark and other participator-countries were given from their governments “green line” for needful to Nord Stream project sea-bottom researches and other operations. Authors show, that for Russian leadership this project has strategic importance, because it increases drastically Russian influence to the states near the Baltic Sea.
Some Trends in Energy Policy of Kazakhstan
Authors: Ismailova Diana
Published: October 2013

This research first deals with the states of affairsKazakhstanfaces nowadays in the field of energy security. Energy security is a declared priority forKazakhstangovernment. The article explores the diverse risks that may arise from conditions of increasing economic competition and resource scarcity, and the full range of problems that may follow if major producers or consumers of energy lose confidence to secure access to energy. It surveys the strategic outlook of both producer and consumer states. Oil, which sits in the foreground of the global energy picture, is a finite resource. Much remains to be discovered about the ultimate extent of global petroleum reserves, and about the economics of their exploitation. [1]
On The Theory Of Bending Of A Thick Orthotropic Plate Without Consideration Of Simplifying Hypothesis
Authors: Usarov Makhamatali Koraboyevich
Published: October 2013

The problem of bending of a thick orthotropic plate is considered as a three-dimensional problem of the theory ofelasticity. On the basic of the method of expansion of thesolution into the series, a three-dimensional problem isreduced to two independent two –dimensional problems.The theory of thick orthotropic plates free from simplifiedhypothesis is developed: An analytical solution of equationis given. Maximum values of displacements and stressesfor upper, middle and lower surfaces of the plate are calculated.
Ways Of Professional Training Of Children With The Limited Opportunities
Authors: Fayzievna Hakimova Muhabbat
Published: October 2013

This article is devoted to the ways of professional training of children with the limited opportunities .Children requiring for the special help, since small years take part in household, intellectual, physical and public work. The success of labour education of the pupils with lacks of physical and intellectual development is provided, first of all under condition of their psychological and practical preparation for work. Proceeding from this, it is necessary to involve them in performance of the appropriate kinds of work, in view of their age and opportunities. Children with lacks of physical and intellectual development receive in educational process initial knowledge and representations about a trade, realize, that the study is also labour. At lessons of work entered into the educational program, they take possession of labour skills, take pleasure in results of the work and try to work even better.
Innovative Development Of The Resources Framework As A Factor In Gas Chemical Complex Environmental Safety Improvement
Authors: Kachalov Sergey Ivanovich
Published: October 2013

In the article the influence innovative development of the resources framework on the efficiency growth of operating effectiveness of the system environmental safety of the gas chemical complex is investigated. Conceptual positions of rational functioning of gearing of the resources framework under present-day conditions are grounded. The estimation set of resource-saving systems generating, as a factor of perfecting the company expenses’ management is presented.
Specifics Of Educational Programs’ Design In Andragogic Practice
Authors: Evarovich Svetlana
Published: October 2013

Being  an  adult  is  an  ontogenetic  status  whose  qualitative characteristics  define  possibility  of  subject  position  display by  a  person  in  a  role  of  a  learner.  Therefore,  developing personal  characteristics  of  adults  through  the  channeled process  of  educational  activities  becomes  a crucial necessity that stands before the educational sector of today.Nowadays, adults in Russia see the high value of educationas  a  factor  of  professional  and  personal  success  andnumerous  efforts  are  extorted  by  the  Russian  system  ofhigher education to utilize these potentials.This  paper  presents  an  analysis  of  theoretical  approaches to  adult  educations  organization  in  Russia  and  describes the  key  principles  of  andragogy  as  pedagogic  conception.Our  empirical  analysis  is  based  on  expert  face­to­faceinterviews.  The  purpose  of  the  interviews  was  to  revealrestrictions  in  andragogic  principles  implementation  inelaborating educational programs for adults. The results ofour empirical exercise enable us to come up with the numberof  unique  characteristics  of  adult  educational  programsdesigning process in Russia as well as abroad.
Attitudes Towards The Governmental Authorities And Specific Features Of Self-Identification Of Business Support Programme Participants
Authors: Litvina Svetlana
Published: October 2013

The article presents the results of empirical research on the Russian  mentality. A regional  sampling  (inhabitants  of Tomsk region of the Russian Federation) provided the basisfor  investigating  the  attitude  towards  paternalism as concerning the governmental authorities and describing the psychological  profiles  of  its  two  empirical  types,  such  as"agreement paternalism" and "obedience paternalism". The interconnections  of  the  paternalistic  attitude, the Russian self­identity  structure,  and  certain  social­ demographic characteristics  have  been  analysed. The article describes specific  features  of  the paternalistic attitude and the self­identity  structure  of  the participants of a business support programme in the Russian Federation.
Dynamics Of Growth In Human Population: The Effect Of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Strielkowskii Wadim , Lisinii Evgeny , Welkinsiii Emily
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we present a new approach to modeling and analyzing the dynamics of growth in human population. Our analysis clearly shows that by now human population should have long  reached and surpassed the 7 billion mark. The analysis also suggests that there possibly a whole array of factors hampering the growth of  human population with infectious diseases being probably the most important one. The  paper  describes  the  most  dangerous  infectious diseases in human history and hypothesizes that they might be regarded as the “hidden factor” behind slowing down  the exponential growth of human population. We  conclude by proclaiming that infectious diseases might  act as a natural mechanism of clearing out human population and therefore perform the role of the cleaning mechanism
The Most Important Directions Of Development Of Technology Convergence And The Basic Scope Of Nanoproducts
Authors: Prigulnyy Andrey
Published: October 2013

The author investigated the evolution of the process of production in a nanosphere, analyzes the features and achievements of production units of nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nano-products in various sectors of the Russian economy: electronics, medical and pharmacological industry, genetic engineering, production of construction materials, electric power industry. Considered sectoral and regional distribution of particular nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. Allocated Rupp leading countries of the nanospheres. As the proliferation of nanotechnology leaders selected USA, Japan, Germany and South Korea. In the next group of countries with high development of nanotechnology, with a lower level of activity states - Israel, Singapore, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. The next group consists of France, Britain and China, where the level exceeds the level of real nanoaktivnosti nanotechnology. Based on the Letter of the world and practice, the author of the nanotechnology sector is estimated to be the most attractive to venture capital. The problem lies in the expansion of the Russian practice of attracting foreign venture capital to fund research. One of the most realistic solution to this problem is in the framework of the strategy of cooperation between science, business and government, to accelerate the transition of technologies from laboratory to industrial nanomaterials from fragmentary studies to design innovation.
Activation of Synaptic Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Induces Long-Term Depression at GABAergic Synapses in CNS Neurons
Authors: Tang Zheng-Quan , Liu Yu-Wei , Shi Wei , Dinh Emilie Hoang , Hamlet William R. , Curry Rebecca J. , Lu Yong
Published: October 2013

Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-dependent homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) has been studied extensively at glutamatergic synapses in the CNS. However, much less is known about heterosynaptic long-term plasticity induced by mGluRs at inhibitory synapses. Here we report that pharmacological or synaptic activation of group II mGluRs (mGluR II) induces LTD at GABAergic synapses without affecting the excitatory glutamatergic transmission in neurons of the chicken cochlear nucleus. Coefficient of variation and failure rate analysis suggested that the LTD was expressed presynaptically. The LTD requires presynaptic spike activity, but does not require the activation of NMDA receptors. The classic cAMP-dependent protein kinase A signaling is involved in the transduction pathway. Remarkably, blocking mGluR II increased spontaneous GABA release, indicating the presence of tonic activation of mGluR II by ambient glutamate. Furthermore, synaptically released glutamate induced by electrical stimulations that concurrently activated both the glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways resulted in significant and constant suppression of GABA release at various stimulus frequencies (3.3, 100, and 300 Hz). Strikingly, low-frequency stimulation (1 Hz, 15 min) of the glutamatergic synapses induced heterosynaptic LTD of GABAergic transmission, and the LTD was blocked by mGluR II antagonist, indicating that synaptic activation of mGluR II induced the LTD. This novel form of long-term plasticity in the avian auditory brainstem may play a role in the development as well as in temporal processing in the sound localization circuit.
Frontoparietal Cortex Mediates Perceptual Transitions in Bistable Perception
Authors: Weilnhammer Veith A. , Ludwig Karin , Hesselmann Guido , Sterzer Philipp
Published: October 2013

During bistable vision, perception oscillates between two mutually exclusive percepts despite constant sensory input. Greater BOLD responses in frontoparietal cortex have been shown to be associated with endogenous perceptual transitions compared with “replay” transitions designed to closely match bistability in both perceptual quality and timing. It has remained controversial, however, whether this enhanced activity reflects causal influences of these regions on processing at the sensory level or, alternatively, an effect of stimulus differences that result in, for example, longer durations of perceptual transitions in bistable perception compared with replay conditions. Using a rotating Lissajous figure in an fMRI experiment on 15 human participants, we controlled for potential confounds of differences in transition duration and confirmed previous findings of greater activity in frontoparietal areas for transitions during bistable perception. In addition, we applied dynamic causal modeling to identify the neural model that best explains the observed BOLD signals in terms of effective connectivity. We found that enhanced activity for perceptual transitions is associated with a modulation of top-down connectivity from frontal to visual cortex, thus arguing for a crucial role of frontoparietal cortex in perceptual transitions during bistable perception.
Oscillatory Phase Dynamics in Neural Entrainment Underpin Illusory Percepts of Time
Authors: Herrmann Björn , Henry Molly J. , Grigutsch Maren , Obleser Jonas
Published: October 2013

Neural oscillatory dynamics are a candidate mechanism to steer perception of time and temporal rate change. While oscillator models of time perception are strongly supported by behavioral evidence, a direct link to neural oscillations and oscillatory entrainment has not yet been provided. In addition, it has thus far remained unaddressed how context-induced illusory percepts of time are coded for in oscillator models of time perception. To investigate these questions, we used magnetoencephalography and examined the neural oscillatory dynamics that underpin pitch-induced illusory percepts of temporal rate change. Human participants listened to frequency-modulated sounds that varied over time in both modulation rate and pitch, and judged the direction of rate change (decrease vs increase). Our results demonstrate distinct neural mechanisms of rate perception: Modulation rate changes directly affected listeners' rate percept as well as the exact frequency of the neural oscillation. However, pitch-induced illusory rate changes were unrelated to the exact frequency of the neural responses. The rate change illusion was instead linked to changes in neural phase patterns, which allowed for single-trial decoding of percepts. That is, illusory underestimations or overestimations of perceived rate change were tightly coupled to increased intertrial phase coherence and changes in cerebro-acoustic phase lag. The results provide insight on how illusory percepts of time are coded for by neural oscillatory dynamics.
Zebrafish Embryonic Neurons Transport Messenger RNA to Axons and Growth ConesIn Vivo
Authors: Baraban Marion , Anselme Isabelle , Schneider-Maunoury Sylvie , Giudicelli François
Published: October 2013

Although mRNA was once thought to be excluded from the axonal compartment, the existence of protein synthesis in growing or regenerating axons in culture is now generally accepted. However, its extent and functional importance remain a subject of intense investigation. Furthermore, unambiguous evidence of mRNA axonal transport and local translationin vivo, in the context of a whole developing organism is still lacking. Here, we provide direct evidence of the presence of mRNAs of thetubb5,nefma, andstmnb2genes in several types of axons in the developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo, with frequent accumulation at the growth cone. We further show that axonal localization of mRNA is a specific property of a subset of genes, as mRNAs of thehucandneurodgenes, abundantly expressed in neurons, were not found in axons. We set up a reporter system in which the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of candidate mRNA, fused to a fluorescent protein coding sequence, was expressed in isolated neurons of the zebrafish embryo. Using this reporter, we identified in the 3′UTR oftubb5mRNA a motif necessary and sufficient for axonal localization. Our work thus establishes the zebrafish as a model system to study axonal transport in a whole developing vertebrate organism, provides an experimental frame to assay this transportin vivoand to study its mechanisms, and identifies a new zipcode involved in axonal mRNA localization.
Decoding Sound Source Location and Separation Using Neural Population Activity Patterns
Authors: Day Mitchell L. , Delgutte Bertrand
Published: October 2013

The strategies by which the central nervous system decodes the properties of sensory stimuli, such as sound source location, from the responses of a population of neurons are a matter of debate. We show, using the average firing rates of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of awake rabbits, that prevailing decoding models of sound localization (summed population activity and the population vector) fail to localize sources accurately due to heterogeneity in azimuth tuning across the population. In contrast, a maximum-likelihood decoder operating on the pattern of activity across the population of neurons in one IC accurately localized sound sources in the contralateral hemifield, consistent with lesion studies, and did so with a precision consistent with rabbit psychophysical performance. The pattern decoder also predicts behavior in response to incongruent localization cues consistent with the long-standing “duplex” theory of sound localization. We further show that the pattern decoder accurately distinguishes two concurrent, spatially separated sources from a single source, consistent with human behavior. Decoder detection of small amounts of source separation directly in front is due to neural sensitivity to the interaural decorrelation of sound, at both low and high frequencies. The distinct patterns of IC activity between single and separated sound sources thereby provide a neural correlate for the ability to segregate and localize sources in everyday, multisource environments.
Linking Redox Regulation of NMDAR Synaptic Function to Cognitive Decline during Aging
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Foster Thomas C.
Published: October 2013

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in learning and memory; however, there is a lack of evidence for a direct relationship between a well characterized decline in NMDAR function and impaired cognition during aging. The present study was designed to test the idea that a redox-mediated decrease in the NMDAR component of synaptic transmission during aging is related to a specific cognitive phenotype: impaired memory for rapidly acquired novel spatial information. Young and middle-aged male F344 rats were provided 1 d of training on the spatial version of the water maze, and retention was examined 24 h later. The performance of young rats was used as a criterion for classifying middle-aged rats as impaired and unimpaired on the task. Subsequent construction of CA3–CA1 synaptic input–output curves in hippocampal slices confirmed an age-related decrease in synaptic responses, including the NMDAR component of synaptic transmission. Examination of synaptic transmission according to behavioral classification revealed that animals classified as impaired exhibited a decrease in the total and the NMDAR component of the synaptic response relative to unimpaired animals. Furthermore, bath application of the reducing agent dithiothreitol increased the NMDAR component of the synaptic response to a greater extent in impaired animals relative to unimpaired and young rats. These results provide evidence for a link between the redox-mediated decline in NMDAR function and emergence of an age-related cognitive phenotype, impairment in the rapid acquisition and retention of novel spatial information.
Chronic Stress Induces a Selective Decrease in AMPA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Excitation at Hippocampal Temporoammonic-CA1 Synapses
Authors: Kallarackal Angy J. , Kvarta Mark D. , Cammarata Erin , Jaberi Leelah , Cai Xiang , Bailey Aileen M. , Thompson Scott M.
Published: October 2013

Chronic stress promotes depression, but how it disrupts cognition and mood remains unknown. Chronic stress causes atrophy of pyramidal cell dendrites in the hippocampus and cortex in human and animal models, and a depressive-like behavioral state. We now test the hypothesis that excitatory temporoammonic (TA) synapses in the distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in rats are altered by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and restored by chronic antidepressant treatment, in conjunction with the behavioral consequences of CUS. We observed a decrease in AMPAR-mediated excitation at TA-CA1 synapses, but not Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses, after CUS, with a corresponding layer-specific decrease in GluA1 expression. Both changes were reversed by chronic fluoxetine. CUS also disrupted long-term memory consolidation in the Morris water maze, a function of TA-CA1 synapses. The decreases in TA-CA1 AMPAR-mediated excitation and performance in the consolidation test were correlated positively with decreases in sucrose preference, a measure of anhedonia. We conclude that chronic stress selectively decreases AMPAR number and function at specific synapses and suggest that this underlies various depressive endophenotypes. Our findings provide evidence that glutamatergic dysfunction is an underlying cause of depression and that current first-line antidepressant drugs act by restoring excitatory synaptic strength. Our findings suggest novel therapeutic targets for this debilitating disease.