bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micturitional Disturbance in Multiple System Atrophy
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Hattori Takamichi , Tojo Masaki , Yamanishi Tomonori , Yasuda Kosaku , Hirayama Keizo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Detailed micturitional histories and urodynamic studies were conducted to investigate the micturitional disturbance in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Eighty‐six patients with MSA comprised of 14 with striatonigral degeneration (SND), 42 with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) and 30 with Shy‐Drager syndrome (SDS). The results were as follows. Micturitional symptoms were noted in over 90% of patients with each type of MSA. Dominant symptoms were irritative ones in SND and OPCA, and a combination of irritative and obstructive ones in SDS. Micturitional symptoms in SDS appeared earlier than those in SND or OPCA. The degree of micturitional disturbance was severer in SDS than in SND or OPCA. Micturitional disturbance tended to become worse as the disease progressed. The responsible sites of lesions of micturitional disturbance seemed to be supra‐ as well as infranuclear lesions of the pelvic and pudendal nerves in MSA. Infranuclear lesions were more prominent in SDS than in SND or OPCA. Follow‐up studies of some of the patients with SDS and OPCA suggested that the responsible sites of pelvic nerve lesions changed from supra‐ to infranuclear lesions during the course of disease.
MELAS without Ragged Red Fibers or Lactic Acidosis Diagnosed by Mitochondrial DNA Testing
Authors: Ujike Hiroshi , Wakagi Toshio , Kohira Ichiro , Kuroda Shigetoshi , Otsuki Saburo , Sato Takeshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis, a stroke‐like episode (MELAS) without ragged red fiber, diagnosed by mitochondrial DNA testing, is reported. A 37‐year‐old woman experienced a sudden and recurrent headache with vomiting and stroke‐like episodes. Brain CT and MRI showed multiple infarction in the temporal lobes, not corresponding to artery distribution. However, the plasma levels of lactate and pyruvate were normal, and showed no increase after aerobic exercise. Biopsied muscle showed no evidence of ragged red fibers and deficient activity of mitochondrial enzymes in the respiratory chain. The final diagnosis was made by mitochondrial DNA testing. A southern blot analysis after Apa I digestion revealed the A‐to‐G mutation in the tRNALeu(UUR), which is specific to MELAS.
Transient Unilateral Catalepsy and Right Parietal Damage
Authors: Fukutake Toshio , Hirayama Keizo , Komatsu Takayuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We describe the appearance of transient catalepsy of the left upper extremity in a patient without previous psychiatric illness after a right parietal subcortical hemorrhage. This case, and five other available cases in the relevant literature, demonstrates that catalepsy can be produced by right parietal damage.
Classification of Senile Plaques by Three‐Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Kimura Takemi , Hisano Toshiyuki , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Ueda Keishi , Miyakawa Taihei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We evaluated the number of each senile plaque subtype in Alzheimer's brain by the usual two‐dimensional analysis using a single, methenamine silver stained section and three‐dimensional analysis using serial section reconstruction. The number of classic plaques was underestimated due to a lack of precision in the usual evaluating procedures (two‐dimensional analysis), while that of stellate deposits was overestimated. From these results, it was suggested that the three‐dimensional analysis by gapless serial sections was indispensable to examine and subclassify senile plaques.
Mental and Physical Health of Middle‐Aged and Elderly Women and Psychosocial Factors
Authors: Ohta Yasuyuki , Tsukahara Misako , Sugasaki Hiroyuki , Katsuno Kumiko , Uemura Maki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Middle‐aged and elderly women with no specific disabilities in their daily life were divided into two groups: those visiting clinics with mild physical symptoms and those not visiting clinics. Those visiting clinics showed significantly lower mental and physical health indices, but satisfaction and emotional support were similar. Although those visiting clinics had significantly more stressful events, no differences were seen in ways they were dealt with. For those not visiting clinics, mental and physical health indices were better in their 60s than in their 50s and got worse again in their 70s, while for those visiting clinics indices were consistently low. Somatic symptoms in the women visiting clinics could be somatic reactions to their life situation from their 50s to their 60s.
Prodromal Symptoms of Relapse in Schizophrenic Outpatients: Retrospective and Prospective Study
Authors: Henmi Yoshinosuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Of 61 schizophrenic outpatients in remission, 33 who had relapses within the past 20 months were retrospectively examined for prodromal symptoms of relapse. Four weeks prior to the relapse, 63.6% manifested 4 prodromal symptoms, which were somatic concern, feeling of tiredness, anxiety and depressive mood. Contrarily, with the GAS evaluation, no significant deterioration was recognized until one week before the relapse. Subsequently, a prospective observation of symptoms in 43 patients was conducted for 7 months to determine whether therapeutic intervention at the time of the manifestation of prodromal symptoms could be effective in the prevention of relapses and the improvement of outcome of relapses, and to consider the therapeutic use of this method.
Onset of Depressive Episodes in a Woman with Seasonal Affective Disorder of “Spring Type” Coincident with Atmospheric Temperature, but Not with Sunshine Duration
Authors: Fukuda Masato , Yoshinaga Chieko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report on the clinical symptoms and the longitudinal course in a woman with seasonal affective disorder of “spring type.” The woman experienced 10 atypical depressive episodes between the ages of 44 and 55. Nine of the 10 depressive episodes were confirmed by the medical chart, and were classified into three categories: two episodes with a psychological stressor, six episodes with the onset in February or March, and an episode starting in August. The onset of the six episodes did coincide with the time the atmospheric temperature rose to 8 degrees Centigrade in spring, but did not relate with the sunshine duration. These findings suggest that the change in atmospheric temperature played an important role in triggering off her depressive episodes.
Sex Differences in Schizophrenia: A Demographic, Symptomatic, Life History and Genetic Study
Authors: Kitamura Toshinori , Psych F.R.C. , Fujihara Shigeki , Yuzuriha Takefumi , Nakagawa Yasuaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Twenty‐one male and 32 female inpatients who met the criteria of schizophrenia according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria were compared for demographic, symptomatic, life history, and genetic variables. Female schizophrenics were marginally less likely to have auditory hallucinations; They were more likely to have early loss experiences (either bereavement or separation from a parent) before the age of 16. No other differences were found between the men and women.
Elevated Serum LH and Androgens in Affective Disorder Related to the Menstrual Cycle: With Reference to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Matsunaga Hidenori , Sarai Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal axis was studied in 12 young women with manic‐depressive or psychotic symptoms which obviously fluctuated in association with the menstrual cycle, and also in 36 psychiatric patients with other diagnoses. The hormonal features frequently observed among these 12 cases were elevated basal LH (8 of 12 cases), decreased basal FSH (6 of 12), elevated serum testosterone (6 of 12), androstenedione (5 of 12) and/or dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate (3 of 11). These abnormalities resemble those of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). An ultrasonographical study revealed polycystic changes in 8 out of the 12 cases. In 10 cases clomiphene citrate was administered, and was effective in 8. In comparison with the pathophysiology of PCOS, a possible relationship was suggested between the psychiatric problems and the PCOS‐like hormonal abnormalities in these cases.
Intracranial Self‐Stimulation and Locomotor Traces as Indicators for Evaluating the Homopantothenic Acid
Authors: Takigawa Morikuni , Ueyama Kenichi , Fukuzako Hiroshi , Maeda Hirohisa , Matsumoto Kei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Our paper compares the effect of homopantothenic acid (HOPA) and haloperidol (HAL), i.e., representative neuroleptics, on intracranial self‐stimulation (ICSS) and locomotor activity. These experiments showed that HOPA inhibited abnormal hyperactivity induced by methamphetamine (MAP) but did not inhibit ICSS which is considered with respect to physiological motivations. On the other hand, haloperidol (HAL) markedly inhibited both ICSS and abnormal hyperactivity induced by MAP. We propose that combined ICSS and locomotor traces can be chosen as indicators for evaluation and developing the new neuroleptics.
Typus Melancholicus Measured by a Questionnaire in Unipolar Depressive Patients: Age‐ and Sex‐Distribution, and Relationship to Clinical Characteristics of Depression
Authors: Sato Tetsuya , Sakado Kaoru , Sato Satoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We investigated the age‐ and sex‐distribution of Typus melancholicus (TM) score by Kasahara's scale and the relationship of that score to various clinical characteristics in 110 unipolar depressive outpatients. The following results were obtained: The TM score in depressives is always constant regardless of age or sex, and has no relationship to clinical characteristics such as age, onset age, severity of depression, previous episodes, stress of life events, existence of melancholia, and the 4‐month outcome. Patients with a higher TM score had no history of previous hypomanic episodes, while patients with a lower TM score had a significantly lower prevalence of early parental loss compared to those with moderate and higher TM scores. No difference in the prevalence of depressive family history was found between patients with different TM scores.
A Validation Study of the Parental Bonding Instrument in a Japanese Population
Authors: Kitamura Toshinori , Suzuki Tadaharu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Parker, Tupling & Brown's Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), a self‐rating scale for the measurement of perceived rearing attitudes of parents, was translated into Japanese and distributed to final‐year high school students and to their parents. For each PBI score, ratings of each parent, made independently by family members, were weakly but significantly correlated. The social desirability score showed only a modest correlation to PBI scores. A factor analysis of the data, limiting the number of the factors retained to two, resulted in factor loading patterns similar to those reported by Parker, Tupling & Brown.
Relationship between Clinical Symptoms and EEG Findings in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Ogiso Yozo , Moriya Naoki , Ikuta Norimasa , Maher‐Nishizono Aya , Takase Moriichiro , Miyake Yuko , Minakawa Kuninao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) was diagnosed in female patients (N=41) between the ages of 18 and 30 using the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients (DIB) and DSM‐III. Comparing the EEG findings of BPD (N=18) and non‐BPD (N=21) groups, there were no EEG findings characteristic of BPD. We also assessed the relationship between the EEG findings and DIB items. Positive spikes appeared in patients with high scores for Impulse Action Patterns, while wave and spike phantoms were observed in patients with high scores for Interpersonal Relations. Dividing the patients into BPD and non‐BPD groups, a similar tendency to that observed from an analysis of all patients was observed in the non‐BPD group, but no such tendency was observed in the BPD group. The results suggest that BPD patients include those in whom vulnerability of cerebral function plays an important role in the development of these two clinical symptoms as well as those in whom vulnerability of cerebral function plays almost no pathogenic role.
Schizophrenia with Pericentric Inversion of Chromosome 9: A Case Report
Authors: Nanko Shinichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case of schizophrenia according to the DSM‐III‐R criteria with pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 was reported. This case and the review of the literature indicate that the pericentric region of chromosome 9 might be one of the potential regions of interest for linkage analysis of psychiatric disorders.
Acutely Administered Haloperidol Has Little Effect on Steady‐State Visual Evoked Potentials from Pattern‐Reversal Stimulations in Treated Schizophrenics
Authors: Jibiki Itsuki , Kurokawa Kenzo , Fukushima Toshinbu , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The amplitude changes in steady‐state visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from pattern‐reversal stimulations at 30 min after an intramuscular injection of haloperidol were examined in 10 treated schizophrenics. The VEP amplitudes to hemi‐field or full‐field pattern‐reversal stimulations with a standard check size were almost unchanged after the haloperidol injection as compared with those before the injection. However, while the VEP amplitudes to the full‐field stimulations were significantly higher in the midline occipital portion than in the right occipital portion before the injection, no significant difference was observed after the injection. Further, the VEPs similarly responded to the change in the check sizes used in the full‐field stimulations before and after the injection, both showing significantly lower amplitudes only at the large check size of 4.1° in a visual angle than that of 1.0°. These results indicate that acutely administered haloperidol has little effect on steady‐state VEPs from pattern‐reversal stimulations in treated schizophrenics.
Differential Effects of Tight and Loose 2‐Hour Restraint Stress on Extracellular Concentrations of Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens and Anteromedial Frontal Cortex
Authors: Kurata Kouichi , Tanii Yasuyuki , Shibata Ryoko , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Changes in the extracellular dopamine (DA) concentrations were examined in the nucleus accumbens (NAS) and anteromedial frontal cortex (AMFCx) during either 2‐hr loose or tight restraint stress by means of a microdialysis method. Loose restraint induced significant 100% and 30% increases in DA release in the AMFCx and NAS, respectively, and the increased DA levels returned to the control values despite continued stress. Tight restraint induced an almost constant 100–130% increase during stressing in the AMFCx and a 30% reduction in the NAS. Transient increases in DA release were observed in both regions soon after the cessation of loose, but not tight, restraint.
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement Dysfunction as a Biological Marker for Prediction of Disease Courses of Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Matsue Yoshihiko , Sugawara Sachie , Oyama Kikubei , Osakabe Kazuhito , Awata Syuichi , Goto Yutaka , Sato Mitsumoto
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We investigated the relationship between a smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) dysfunction and long‐term disease courses of schizophrenia. Many schizophrenic patients without the SPEM dysfunction tended to show an acute onset of illness, undulating courses and relatively good outcomes. On the other hand, patients with cogwheel‐like SPEM dysfunction tended to show a chronic onset, simple courses, relatively severe outcomes and negative symptoms.
CNS Changes in DRPLA with Dementia and Personality Changes: CT, MR and SPECT Findings
Authors: Arai Tetsuaki , Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Matsuzaka Hisashi , Iwakuma Akihiro , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Koizumi Junze
Published: March 2008

Abstract: CNS changes in a case of DRPLA associated with dementia and personality changes were observed by CT, MR and SPECT. Brain CT and MR of the patient revealed progressive cortical atrophy which was recognized in parallel with the clinical course of the progression of dementia and personality changes. SPECT using 123I‐iodoamphetamine (IMP) disclosed a diffuse low perfusion of the cerebral cortex, especially in the frontal and temporal lobes. These findings suggest that the dementia and personality changes in this case might be concerned with a dysfunction of the cerebral cortex.
Complete Remission of Neuroleptic‐Induced Meige's Syndrome by Botulinum Toxin Treatment: A Case Report
Authors: Kurata Kouichi , Kuze Shouge , Shibata Ryoko , Hatakeyama Noboru , Masuda Akira , Ito Yusuke , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A botulinum A toxin injection has beneficial effects on patients suffering from facial and cervical spastic disorders. However, its effect almost completely disappears within three months. We have reported a case of a 23‐year‐old schizophrenic patient with severe neuroleptic‐induced Meige's syndrome in whom botulinum toxin treatment exerted a marked effect which lasted more than 15 months after the final injection of botulinum toxin in spite of continuous neuroleptic medication. It is concluded that botulinum can be recommended as a treatment of choice in neuroleptic‐induced Meige's syndrome.
Correlation between Event‐Related Potentials and MR Measurements in Chronic Alcoholic Patients
Authors: Kaseda Yumiko , Miyazato Yoshikazu , Ogura Chikara , Nakamoto Haruo , Uema Takeshi , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Ohta Ikuya
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Event‐related potentials were recorded in 25 abstinent alcoholics, and 25 gender‐and age‐matched controls during a two‐tone discrimination (odd ball) task. All the subjects were free from medication and dextral. MR images were examined in the alcoholics. The amplitudes of N100, N200 and P300 in the alcoholics were reduced compared with those of the controls. In order to identify morphological changes responsible for ERP abnormalities, linear regression analyses were performed between ERP measures and MRI parameters. The amplitude of N100 was inversely correlated with ventricular size. The amplitudes of P300 were inversely correlated with both ventricular size and width of cortical sulci. It was suggested that the N100 abnormality was related to subcortical structure, and P300 alteration was related to both subcortical and cortical structures in the alcoholics.
Long‐Term Follow‐Up Study of 10 Adolescent Patients with Sleep‐Wake Schedule Disorders
Authors: Ando Katsuhisa , Hayakawa Toshiji , Ohta Tatsuro , Kayukawa Yuhei , Ito Akinori , Iwata Tokihisa , Okada Tamotsu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Therapeutic trials for sleep‐wake schedule disorders have been described, but a long‐term follow‐up of adolescents with such disorders have not previously been reported. We investigated 10 adolescents with sleep‐wake schedule disorders who had formerly received intensive treatment. The investigation was carried out with detailed questionnaires about current sleep conditions and social state. The follow‐ups were obtained from 1.2 to 11.2 years after the initial treatment. Three cases have remitted, and six have improved in illness severity. All patients showed improvement in social adaptation. Improvement in the social adaptation level was greater than improvement in the illness severity level. More cases should be studied to learn what factors influence the prognosis of these disorders.
Cultural Anthropology Approach to Psychopathology of Muslim Murderer
Authors: Okada Takayuki , Satoh Shinji , Morita Nobuaki , Konishi Takako , Nakamura Toshinori , Tanaka Hayashi , Oda Susumu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We report a case involving a 31‐year‐old Islamic male who murdered his associate under particular circumstances. We took the opportunity to test psychiatrically this man who has been diagnosed in his mother country as a schizophrenic. He came to Japan and was working as a laborer. He is an earnest practicing Muslim. We took an interest in this case because of his bizarre behavior previous to the actual crime. We are interested in the actual method of the murder in relation to Mr. A's cultural and religious background. We demonstrated the significance of the religious cultural knowledge relative to the indigenous ritual for expelling satan and the Islamic pilgrimage to Mekka (Hajj). We conclude that a cultural anthropological and religious viewpoint is necessary in objectively understanding the sources of suffering in patients with mental illness who are from foreign countries.
Clinicopathological Study on a Case of Neuro‐Behçet's Disease: In Special Reference to MRI, SPECT and Neuropathological Findings
Authors: Arai Tetsuaki , Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Sasaki Megumi , Tanaka Yoshiro , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Horiguchi Hisashi , Ogata Takesaburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case of neuro‐Behçet's disease with dementia and personality changes is described with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and neuropathological findings. MRI disclosed high signal areas in the cerebral white matter and the brain stem. SPECT showed a marked reduction of blood flow in the frontal cortex. Neuropathologically, multifocal necrotizing lesions with perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and glial proliferation were detected mainly in the brain stem, namely the midbrain and the pons. From these findings, it is suggested that mental disorders of neuro‐Behçet's disease are related to the secondary dysfunction of the frontal cortex due to the damage of the subcortical structures, mainly the brain stem.
An Autopsy Case of PSP with Astrocytic Inclusions
Authors: Inagaki Takuji , Ishino Hiroshi , Seno Haruo , Yamamori Chikako , Iijima Masaaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Argyrophilic glial cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in astrocytes (Astrocytic Inclusions) in a case of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The inclusions were predominantly distributed in the lenticular nucleus and midbrain, but not in the cerebral cortex, white matter nor in the thalamus. When examined by double staining with Gallyas silver and GFAP, they resembled the neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and were tau positive. The distribution of these inclusions was not related to that of NFT. These inclusions indicate that astrocytes were involved in the same pathological changes as NFT. Argyrophilic inclusions were also observed in oligodendroglias on Gallyas silver staining. They appeared coiled and located mainly in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter.
Effects of the GABA Mimetic Drug, Sodium Valproate, on Event‐Related Potentials and Its Relation to the Law of Initial Value
Authors: Urasaki Masako , Ogura Chikara , Hirano Kiyoshi , Tomori Katsuya
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effects of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) mimetic drug sodium valproate (VPA) on event‐related potentials (ERPs) were investigated in 18 healthy volunteers during an auditory odd ball task. VPA (200 or 400 mg) or an inactive placebo was administered according to a completely randomized double‐blind, cross‐over design. ERPs were recorded one hour after medication was given. VPA did not affect the latencies of N100, P200, N200 and P300. Although on the whole VPA had no effect on the amplitudes of the ERP components in the subjects, it increased the P300 amplitude in the low P300 amplitude subjects and decreased it in the high P300 amplitude subjects. This tendency toward a bidirectional response was also seen in the P200 and N200 amplitudes. It was concluded that the response which takes place being dependent on the difference in the initial values was recognized on the effect of a single administration of 200 or 400 mg VPA to ERPs. The results of this study are discussed, especially in relation to the law of initial value.
The Direct Effect of Lithium and Carbamazepine on Protein Kinase C in Rat Brain
Authors: Morishita Shigeru , Watanabe Shosuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effect of carbamazepine on protein kinase C, which is believed to phosphorylate a number of proteins, was compared with that of lithium in vitro. Lithium did not significantly inhibit the protein kinase C activity in the rat cerebral cortex in vitro, and 0.01 mM of carbamazepine had no inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. However, inhibition did begin to appear at 1 mM. The Lineweaver‐Burk plot of carbamazepine was similar to the competitive inhibition pattern. The data suggest that lithium and carbamazepine as mood stabilizers have the same effect on the manic state, but their mechanism reducing mania may differ in the cell signal transduction pathways.
Intracranial Self‐Stimulation and Locomotor Traces as Indicators for Evaluating and Developing Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Takigawa Morikuni , Fukuzako Hiroshi , Ueyama Kenichi , Tominaga Hidefumi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: When chlorpromazine (CPZ) and lithium chloride (LiCl) are compared, the former suppresses both rat's intracranial self‐stimulation (ICSS) and methamphetamine (MAP)‐induced hyperactivity. On the other hand, the latter suppresses only MAP‐induced abnormal hyperactivity but hardly suppresses a purpose‐oriented ICSS associated with the reward system. Therefore, LiCl inhibits abnormal hyperactivity induced by MAP, but it does not suppress physiological motivation. Using the two types of antipsychotic drugs, the authors propose a method of combining the ICSS and locomotor activity together with its traces. These proposals are useful indicators for evaluating and developing the new antipsychotic drugs which are used clinically for psychotic patients and for understanding the drug‐induced akinesia and anhedonia.
Body Image Changes in Adolescents II Comparison among Patients with Eating Disorders and Controls with Thin, Normal and Obese Body Shapes
Authors: Tadai Toshiaki , Kanai Hideko , Nakamura Michihiko , Nakajima Teruo , Fujita Mitsue , Nakai Yoshihide
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The Self‐Rating Body Image (SRBI) test was used to determine whether the patients with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia showed their body image disturbance or not. The SRBI was completed by 120 subjects who consisted of 30 low weight (LW) controls, 30 normal weight (NW) controls, 30 high weight (HW) controls, 18 anorexic patients (AN) and 12 bulimic patients (BN). The AN group had a significantly greater dissatisfaction with the scales of the body shape, visceral organ and face image of the SRBI than the weight‐matched LW group. The BN group had a significantly greater dissatisfaction with the visceral organ image than the weight‐matched NW group. However, no significant difference in the body shape and face images between the BN and NW groups was found. Our results suggest that the anorexic patients may disturb more parts of the body image than the bulimic patients though both the anorexic and bulimic patients showed the disturbance of body image.
Serial Changes of n‐Isopropyl‐p‐Iodoamphetamine Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Two Epileptic Psychotics
Authors: Kan Rumiko , Watabe Manabu , Takahashi Ruriko , Hagiwara Mariko , Amanuma Ikuo , Takahashi Yukio , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Serial changes of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in two epileptic psychotics are reported. One patient had a decreased blood flow of the left temporal lobe with schizophrenia‐like symptoms, and the other patient had a decreased blood flow of the right temporal lobe with depressive symptoms. In each case, these abnormal findings disappeared following recovery from a psychotic state. It might be suggested that the psychotic state of an epileptic patient influences the SPECT findings.
A Case in which Diagnosis between Autism, Heller's Syndrome and Childhood Schizophrenia Is Difficult
Authors: Honjo Shuji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: At present, although autism has become accepted as a pervasive developmental disorder, renewed attention is being turned upon the relationship between autism and childhood schizophrenia in recent years. Likewise, the relationship among Heller's syndrome, autism, and childhood schizophrenia has also become a focus of clinical interest. The author presents a case in which discrimination among autism, Heller's syndrome, and childhood schizophrenia is difficult, supplementing discussion from the nosological standpoint. The subject is a male, who was 7 years old at first presentation. Early signs of disorder other than a delay in verbal development were not recognized. At around age 3, a tendency to become isolated at nursery school, and a rambling speech without cohesion was noted at home. Also around this time, the subject was seen to take an obsessive interest in written characters and maps. However, a drastic increase in the severity of symptoms occurred at about 1 week after entering 1st grade with the sudden appearance of hyperactive tendency, accompanied by anxiety at night and loss of control over both urinary and bowel functions. This was followed by the appearance of severe self‐injurious behavior, for which the subject came under the care of the author. Subsequently, the author has been involved with the subject therapeutically for about 10 years. In that interval, although a tendency of improvement has been noted in his condition, no substantial change has been recognized in terms of the fundamental disease picture.
Effects of Psychotropic Drugs on Impairment of Acquisition of Shuttle Avoidance Produced by Pretreatment with Pairs of Tone Signal and Shock in Mice
Authors: Kuribara Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The acquisition of discrete shuttle avoidance of mouse was significantly impaired by presentation of 120 pairs of a tone signal and an unavoidable/unescapable shock at 30 sec intervals for 3 consecutive days prior to the training session. Caffeine (3 and 10 mg/kg s. c.) reduced such an impairment of the avoidance acquisition, whereas diazepam (0.5‐2 mg/kg s. c.), imipramine (30 mg/kg i. p.) and chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg s. c.) enhanced it, when these drugs were administered 10 min before each shock‐presenting session. Ethanol (0.8‐2.4 g/kg p. o.), nicotine (0.1‐1 mg/kg s. c.), methamphetamine (0.1‐1 mg/kg s. c.) and morphine (1–10 mg/kg s. c.) did not modify the avoidance acquisition. These results indicate that the nature of impairment of the avoidance acquisition caused by this condition is different from learned helplessness, and elicits different responses to psychotropics.
Criminal Responsibility in Amphetamine Psychosis
Authors: Fukushima Akira
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Historical changes in forensic psychiatric evaluation on criminal responsibility and proceedings in psychopathological findings of amphetamine psychosis are reviewed at first. The classification of amphetamine related mental disorders are proposed in 6 types. Among them, the clinical characteristics and psychopathological features of “Anxiety‐situational reaction type” (Fukushima) are described. According to some reasonable grounds, offenders diagnosed as anxiety‐situational reaction type should be evaluated as diminished responsibility in place of irresponsibility. Finally, two cases of murder committed under the influence of amphetamine, are reported in detail.
Competence and Responsibility in Schizophrenia
Authors: Gross Gisela , Huber Gerd
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In a survey of the historical background it is shown that the classical doctrine on responsibility in schizophrenia has left its mark on the wordings of the psychiatric textbooks of the different countries. Closely combined with the imputation of enduring irresponsibility in schizophrenia was the opinion that civil rights are largely suspended if a person is given the diagnosis of schizophrenia. By the more recent research results of the studies of course and long‐term outcome of schizophrenia and related psychoses and the development of the basic symptom concept has shown that it is not justified on principle to summarily deprive a person, diagnosed as schizophrenia, of civil rights as well as of criminal responsibility. New directions and some guidelines for an adequate assessment of competence and responsibility in schizophrenia are described. The knowledge of the newer findings and the application and utilization of the concept of basic symptoms and non‐psychotic basic stages enable to overcome the doctrines of incurability, principle heterogeneity and numinous singularity and may lead to a rather appropriate and adequate social appreciation of the disease. Insight, freedom, responsibility, and competence of a person diagnosed as schizophrenia are in the postpsychotic pure residues and basic stages much more frequently preserved and available than hitherto assumed. After remission of the florid schizophrenic phase in the postpsychotic basic stages which are psychopathologically not schizophrenic competence as far as civil rights are concerned is usually not yet lost and criminal irresponsibility cannot be assumed immediately without a careful examination of the defendant: Not only the deed and the diagnosis, but also the psychopathological type and stage of the disorder and the individual behind the act including the psychological and social circumstances of the crime have to be taken into consideration. A dogmatizing either‐or‐principle: Irresponsibility of organic and endogenous psychoses, responsibility of psychic‐reactive, neurotic and psychopathic developments would be a formalism and show a lack of discrimination that could not do justice to the reality and the very different psychopathological and social types and stages in schizophrenia.
Visual Evoked Potentials in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Lacunar Infarction
Authors: Okuda Bungo , Tachibana Hisao , Takeda Masanaka , Kawabata Keita , Sugita Minoru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To clarify the underlying mechanism of abnormality in visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in Parkinson's disease (PD), pattern reversal VEPs were examined in PD as compared with multiple cerebral infarction in the subcortical regions (multiple lacunar infarction: MCI). In particular, the relationship between the VEPs and dementia was investigated. The patients with PD and MCI were divided into 4 groups; PD without dementia (nD‐PD: n=20), PD with dementia (D‐PD: n=13), MCI without dementia (nD‐MCI: n=18), and MCI with dementia (D‐MCI: n=12). Sixteen normal subjects were employed as control. There was no significant difference in age among the 5 groups. The D‐PD patients showed significantly longer P100 latencies compared to the other 4 groups (p<0.05). In the PD patients, the P100 latencies were significantly correlated with illness duration (p<0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between the P100 latencies and scores on Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the PD patients (p<0.01). The MMSE score did not correlate with illness duration (p>0.1). The MCI patients showed no significant difference in the VEPs findings compared to the control subjects. These findings suggest that the abnormal VEPs in the D‐PD patients may be related to the dementing process and that subcortical lesions make a little contribution to the VEPs delay.
A Comparative Study of Benzodiazepine Hypnotics and Zopiclone in Schizophrenia: Effects on Polysomnograms and BPRS Scores
Authors: Kajimura Naofumi , Kato Masaaki , Okuma Teruo , Sekimoto Masanori , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Takahashi Kiyohisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Sleep variables and psychiatric symptoms during benzodiazepine (BZD) hypnotic therapy and during zopiclone (ZPC) treatment were investigated in 6 male chronic schizophrenics. The amount of stage 1 was smaller and that of stage 2 was larger during treatment with ZPC than BZDs. However, no significant difference was shown in the amount of slow‐wave sleep (SWS) between the treatments. Both the total and negative‐symptom scores in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) were lower, and the soundness of sleep in the subjective sleep assessments was better evaluated during treatment with ZPC than BZDs. These results suggest that ZPC may be more beneficial in treating schizophrenic insomnia than BZDs.
Three year outcome of the residents in a special nursing home
Authors: OKURA MASAO , IKUTA TAKUMI
Published: March 2008

Abstract The 3 year outcome of 48 residents in a special nursing home was investigated, using Hasegawa's dementia rating scale (HDS) and activities of daily living (ADL). For all the residents, HDS score correlates well with age (P < 0.01) and ADL score (P < 0.001). Nineteen residents (40.4%) died during the period surveyed. Two‐thirds of the residents with low ADL score died during the period, whereas 70% of the residents with high ADL score are alive. Of these scales, ADL correlated well with the fatal prognosis, suggesting that ADL is a valuable prognostic tool. As for the causes of death, pulmonary disease was prominent (n= 12, 63.2%). Consequently, the prevention of pulmonary disease is needed to achieve a good outcome in the management of nursing home residents.
Effective anticonvulsant therapy in a patient with limb shaking: A case report
Authors: SHIMODA MASARU , NAKAYASU HIROYUKI , NAKASHIMA KENJI , SHIMOMURA TOKIO , TAKAHASHI KAZURO
Published: March 2008

Abstract A case is described of a patient with limb shaking in whom anticonvulsant therapy was effective for inhibiting attacks. A 70 year old female developed rhythmical involuntary limb shaking of the right upper and lower limb in April 1986. She was diagnosed as having transient ischemic attacks and was followed up under treatment with an antiplatelet drug. Subsequently, anticonvulsant therapy was also initiated on an outpatient basis. In August 1991, she was admitted with shaking of the right upper and lower limbs. Low molecular dextran was ineffective for inhibiting limb shaking attacks, but intravenous injection of diazepam was effective. Phenytoin and phenobarbital was used in combination. No limb shaking attacks occurred thereafter. The involuntary movement was the same as that observed at the onset of the disease. Though no changes were observed in the pattern of the involuntary movement, anticonvulsant therapy was effective in preventing and inhibiting attacks. This finding is inconsistent with previous reports. It is possible that epileptic factors are involved in the development of this condition.
Spinal tract degeneration confined to the bilateral posterior columns in malnutrition: Report of an autopsy case
Authors: FUKUTANI YUKEN , KATSUKAWA KAZUHIKO , ISHIZAKI KEIKO , TAKESHIMA TOSHIO , KOBAYASHI KATSUJI , YAMAGUCHI NARIYOSHI , NAKAMURA ICHIRO , WATANABE KISHICHIRO
Published: March 2008

Abstract An autopsy case of malnutrition with spinal tract degeneration confined to the bilateral posterior columns is reported. The patient had schizophrenia in adolescence, and suffered from aplastic anemia in late middle age. Subsequently, he took little food due to delusions for 18 months until his death. He had malnutrition resulting in severe hypoproteinemia. He developed gait disturbance, loss of deep tendon reflexes and paresthesia of limbs. Neuropathological examination disclosed tract degeneration confined to the bilateral spinal posterior columns, in addition to the findings of aplastic anemia and hypoxic encephalopathy in the cerebrum. The myelin and axons were severely affected throughout the spinal cord; status spongiosus with many fatty‐laden macrophages was seen in these lesions. Neurons in the posterior column nuclei were intact, while the dorsal roots and their ganglia were moderately affected. The unusual distribution and extension of the degeneration of the bilateral posterior columns in the poor nutritional state is discussed.
Antagonizing correlation between periodic synchronous discharges and photically induced giant evoked responses in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (Heidenhain type): A case study
Authors: JIBIKI ITSUKI , FUKUSHIMA TOSHINOBU , KOBAYASHI KATSUJI , AOKI TATSUYUKI , YAMAGUCHI NARIYOSHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract In a patient with Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (Heidenhain type), which was characterized by the initial onset of visual symptoms and proved by autopsy, there was an antagonizing correlation between spontaneously‐induced periodic synchronous discharges and photically induced giant evoked responses. In addition, the two electroencephalogram features appeared and disappeared in parallel with each other during the clinical course of the illness.
Japanese dreams: culture and cosmology
Authors: KOYAMA SHUZO
Published: March 2008

Abstract Attitudes to dream evaluation vary depending on culture. Dreams are considered important, real, and public in some cultures, but absurd, irrational and personal in others. Japan has its own history of dreaming, which can be well reconstructed due to rich sources of archeological and documentary material. In this paper dream evolution in Japan is described. Phase 1 is the prehistoric Jomon period, where people believed dreams were part of reality. From Phase 2, the sophisticated philosophies of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism were introduced and changed the social and mental system of Japan in phase 3. At phase 4, the amalgamation of local and alien cultures occurred and supernatural beliefs prevailed. In this society dreams played a very important role. Phase 5 is the period when the Samurai class ruled Japan. The pragmatic thinking of the Samurai succeeded in fostering good preconditions for the receipt of scientific Western culture in phase 6. The importance of dreams in Japan evolved in such a way. However, the elements of each phase continued and accumulated similar layers. Thus, a majority of the phases seemed to retain animism from the Jomon period.
The fourth state of consciousness: The Thuriya Avastha
Authors: RAMAMURTHI B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract Present day neurophysiology stops with attributing thinking processes as the highest level of function of the brain. It has been common knowledge to oriental thinkers for many centuries, that there are many further states of the human mind, culminating in the state of thoughtless awareness; the fourth state of consciousness. This state must have a physiological basis. The complicated structure of the brain, the extravagant abundance of neural and glial elements in the brain, the infinite possibilities of synaptic junctions and synaptic transmission, and the multitude of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators; all these point to the definite possibility of a much greater level of performance and achievement for the human brain than has been apparent so far. Not only the theories but also the experience of Eastern seers have shown that the brain can transcend the boundaries of logic and reason, and experience states of awareness, commonly unrecognized. In the past few decades, knowledge about the functioning of the human brain has been growing exponentially and scientists of diverse disciplines are concentrating on unraveling its mysteries. It is necessary for scientists to investigate this state with all available tools and find the neurophysiological basis of this state.
Sleep in Korea: A developmental perspective
Authors: JEONG DO‐UN
Published: March 2008

Abstract Sleep is an ubiquitous phenomenon. It is a developmental product, being subjected to the vicissitudes of human behavior and culture. The author will attempt to elaborate on sleep, sleep disorders, and sleep medicine in Korea from various developmental perspectives (i.e. personal, national and scientific).

Korea is a rapidly developing industrialized nation and is now experiencing immense cultural changes which force individuals to change their behavior and value systems. For example, shift working is becoming increasingly popular and early working hours are being adopted by more companies as a measure to win competitions in the international market. In the clinical setting it is observed very easily that patients develop and maintain disturbed sleep‐wake rhythm and its consequences. More obstructive sleep apnea, presumably due to obesity, are observed and studied in sleep clinics. The nuclear family system, an inevitable outcome of industrialization, produces some profound difference in sleeping arrangement such as children's earlier separation from parental or grandparental sleeping environment. The question is how these and other industrialization‐related changes may affect the incidence and the manifestation of sleep and sleep disorders. In the background there is emerging interest in healthy sleep and sleep disorders, exemplified by increasing coverage of the topics in the mass media and the publication business.

Development of sleep medicine/research per se also involves a developmental perspective. Interests in sleep and sleep disorders began sporadically decades ago in Korea and are now actively being organized mainly by the Korean Association of Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology as a unified developing force.

Understanding of sleep and of sleep disorders is not complete without in‐depth understanding of culture, philosophy, and tradition from developmental perspectives. Traditional ideas and wisdom from the past are the unavoidable resources for further understanding sleep and developing sleep researches/medicine in Korea as well as in Asia.
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale
Authors: NAKAJIMA TERUO , NAKAMURA MICHIHIKO , TAGA CHIAKI , YAMAGAMI SAKAE , KIRIIKE NOBUO , NAGATA TOSHIHIKO , SAITOH MASAMI , KINOSHITA TOSHIHIKO , OKAJIMA YOSHIYASU , HANADA MASANORI , TAZOE HIROYASU , YAMAGUCHI KENYA
Published: March 2008

Abstract The reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale (JY‐BOCS) were determined by 20 raters for 12 Japanese patients with obsessive compulsive disorder at four institutions. Interrater reliability for the total JY‐BOCS score was excellent, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was high (ICC = 0.960). Internal consistency was also excellent (Cronbach's α= 0.889). Concurrent and discriminant validity of the JY‐BOCS was examined by comparing the scores on the JY‐BOCS with those on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and scales for depression and anxiety. A slight correlation was found between scores on the JY‐BOCS and MOCI, but no significant correlations were found between scores on the JY‐BOCS and those on scales for depression or anxiety.
A case of primary hyperparathyroidism that had been treated under a diagnosis of depression for 10 years
Authors: SAKANE NAOKI , YOSHIDA TOSHIHIDE , UMEKAWA TUNEKAZU , KONDO MOTOHARU , NAGOSHI YASUHIDE
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 66 year old man who had been treated under a diagnosis of depression for 10 years was referred to the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto because of general fatigue and appetite loss. The patient was diagnosed as having primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) based on the increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum calcium levels. Computed tomography revealed solitary adenoma of parathyroid gland. The resection of this solitary adenoma improved the PTH and serum calcium concentrations to normal ranges, which resulted in an improvement in his depressive state. This case suggests that ionic calcium levels contribute to the mental symptoms associated with PHPT. As PHPT is curable, the possibility of PHPT should be taken into account when patients have depressive symptoms.
Genetic and clinical correlates of season of birth of schizophrenics
Authors: KITAMURA TOSHINORI , TAKAZAWA NOBORU , MORIDAIRA JUNKO , MACHIZAWA SHIZUO , NAKAGAWA YASUAKI
Published: March 2008

Abstract The genetic and clinical characteristics of 55 patients with schizophrenia and 138 control patients (with major psychiatric disorders), were studied in relation to the season of birth. The morbid risk (MR) of schizophrenia was significantly higher among relatives of the schizophrenic probands born in Spring than among those of the psychiatric controls born in the same season. The MR of schizophrenia was also significantly higher among relatives of schizophrenic probands born in Winter or Spring (6.9%) than in those of schizophrenic probands born in Summer or Autumn (0%). Among the schizophrenic cases, Winter births were marginally related to the paranoid subtype, whereas other clinical variables showed no clear relationship with the season of birth.