bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid Generation of Replication-Deficient Monovalent and Multivalent Vaccines for Bluetongue Virus: Protection against Virulent Virus Challenge in Cattle and Sheep
Authors: Celma Cristina C. P. , Boyce Mark , van Rijn Piet A. , Eschbaumer Michael , Wernike Kerstin , Hoffmann Bernd , Beer Martin , Haegeman Andy , De Clercq Kris , Roy Polly
Published: July 2013

Since 1998, 9 of the 26 serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) have spread throughout Europe, and serotype 8 has suddenly emerged in northern Europe, causing considerable economic losses, direct (mortality and morbidity) but also indirect, due to restriction in animal movements. Therefore, many new types of vaccines, particularly subunit vaccines, with improved safety and efficacy for a broad range of BTV serotypes are currently being developed by different laboratories. Here we exploited a reverse genetics-based replication-deficient BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1) (disabled infectious single cycle [DISC]) strain to generate a series of DISC vaccine strains. Cattle and sheep were vaccinated with these viruses either singly or in cocktail form as a multivalent vaccine candidate. All vaccinated animals were seroconverted and developed neutralizing antibody responses to their respective serotypes. After challenge with the virulent strains at 21 days postvaccination, vaccinated animals showed neither any clinical reaction nor viremia. Further, there was no interference with protection with a multivalent preparation of six distinct DISC viruses. These data indicate that a very-rapid-response vaccine could be developed based on which serotypes are circulating in the population at the time of an outbreak.
The 12-lead ECG in the emergency medical service setting: how electrode placement and paramedic gender are experienced by women
Authors: Wallen Rachael , Tunnage Bronwyn , Wells Susan
Published: July 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore women’s attitudes to precordial electrode placement and 12-lead ECG acquisition in the emergency medical service setting.

Method

Fifty participants were recruited from university campuses. Demographic data were collected and two ECGs were recorded: one with precordial electrodes positioned on the breast and one with the electrodes under the breast. Participants’ attitudes to electrode placement and ECG acquisition were explored in a second questionnaire.

Results

Twenty-six participants (52%) preferred to have the electrodes placed on their breast, 19 (38%) were indifferent between the two placements and 5 (10%) preferred siting under the breast. 94% of the participants stated they would consent to a prehospital ECG irrespective of the gender of the paramedic crew, and all reported they would have the investigation if it facilitated definitive treatment, even if the paramedic was male.

Conclusions

The majority of participants preferred electrode placement on the breast and would consent to ECG acquisition irrespective of the gender of the operator. It is possible that paramedics are more concerned with the acceptability of acquiring an ECG than women are themselves.
Medical students’ experiences and perception of support following the death of a patient in the UK, and while overseas during their elective period
Authors: Jones Rachel , Finlay Fiona
Published: July 2013

Aims

To investigate medical students’ experiences and perception of support following a patient’s death, contrasting their experiences in the UK, and while overseas during their elective period.

Methods

An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to all final year medical students at one UK medical school in November 2009.

Results

220 students were contacted, 60% responded. 72% (94) of medical students had been involved in end-of-life care at some point during their course; students on elective experiencing patient death across all ages. Some students saw many patients dying during their elective period. Students had mixed emotions following a patient’s death. In the UK, students reported feeling shocked, upset and sad. When overseas, many students were angry or frustrated, and many reported feelings of injustice. Following a death, students found talking to people beneficial, but when overseas they turned to friends and family using email and Facebook, rather than talking to local doctors and nurses. Only 13% (16) of medical students thought their medical training had prepared them sufficiently to deal with death. Of those who did feel prepared some said they had gained this knowledge through working as a healthcare assistant.

Conclusions

Students feel ill prepared for experiencing the death of a patient. Even though they may have ‘medical knowledge’ they are still lacking in emotional support and are often inadequately supported around the time of a patient’s death. Medical schools should consider their curricula so that students are aware of the possible experiences and emotions which they may face when involved with the death of a patient, and students should be given advice on whom to turn to for support.
FROM COMPUTING TO INTERACTION: ON THE EXPRESSIVENESS OF ASYNCHRONOUS PI-CALCULUS
Authors: YUE HOUGUANG
Published: July 2013

In line with the framework of Theory of Interaction proposed by Yuxi Fu, we formalize the asynchronous theory in model independent way. Borrowing the idea from Church-Turing Thesis, we introduce ℂ-calculus as a minimal interaction model. We give model independent characterization for asynchronous bisimulation equivalence which is generalized to subbisimilarity used as the criteria for Interaction Completeness of interaction models. We present an encoding from ℂ-calculus to asynchronous π-calculus and prove that it satisfies the subbisimilarity statements.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIGITIZED PICTURE ARRAYS AND PARIKH MATRICES
Authors: SUBRAMANIAN K. G. , MAHALINGAM KALPANA , ABDULLAH ROSNI , NAGAR ATULYA K.
Published: July 2013

Parikh matrix mapping or Parikh matrix of a word has been introduced in the literature to count the scattered subwords in the word. Several properties of a Parikh matrix have been extensively investigated. A picture array is a two-dimensional connected digitized rectangular array consisting of a finite number of pixels with each pixel in a cell having a label from a finite alphabet. Here we extend the notion of Parikh matrix of a word to a picture array and associate with it two kinds of Parikh matrices, called row Parikh matrix and column Parikh matrix. Two picture arrays A and B are defined to be M-equivalent if their row Parikh matrices are the same and their column Parikh matrices are the same. This enables to extend the notion of M-ambiguity to a picture array. In the binary and ternary cases, conditions that ensure M-ambiguity are then obtained.
BLACK BRANE SOLUTIONS OF EINSTEIN–MAXWELL-SCALAR THEORY WITH LIOUVILLE POTENTIAL
Authors: MIGNEMI S.
Published: July 2013

We investigate the global properties of black brane solutions of a three-parameter Einstein–Maxwell model nonminimally coupled to a scalar with exponential potential. The black brane solutions of this model have recently been investigated because of their relevance for holography and for the AdS/condensed matter correspondence. We classify all the possible regular solutions and show that they exist only for a limited range of values of the parameters and that their asymptotic behavior either breaks hyperscaling invariance or has the form of a domain wall. We also write down some exact solutions in Schwarzschild coordinates.
A CALORIMETRIC STUDY OF THE PRECIPITATION HARDENING MECHANISMS IN AN Al–Cu–Mg–Si ALLOY
Authors: HAYOUNE ABDELALI
Published: July 2013

The precipitation phenomena and the related hardening in an Al – Cu – Mg – Si alloy were studied by calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis and microhardness measurements. The main calorimetric peaks were identified to be due to β′′, θ′ and Q′ phases precipitation. The hardening during aging at room temperature and 160°C, was respectively, explained by atomic clusters and GP zones formation and by GP zones and β′′/θ′ phases coprecipitation. Although the mechanical properties variation during aging at 200°C is simple, the corresponding microstructural evolution is complex: on the basis of the DSC results, the increasing of microhardness values, is mainly due to the coprecipitation of GP zones and β′′/θ′ phases, however, the maximum hardening is explained by the coexistence of β′′/θ′ and θ′′ phases. Another important conclusion is that during aging at 160°C and 200°C, the θ′ phase is essentially developed from GP zones.
NONHOMOGENEOUS PATTERNS ON NUMERICAL SEMIGROUPS
Authors: BRAS-AMORÓS MARIA , GARCÍA-SÁNCHEZ PEDRO A. , VICO-OTON ALBERT
Published: July 2013

Patterns on numerical semigroups are multivariate linear polynomials, and they are said to admit a numerical semigroup if evaluating the pattern at any nonincreasing sequence of elements of the semigroup gives integers belonging to the semigroup. In a first approach, only homogeneous patterns were analyzed. In this contribution we study conditions for a nonhomogeneous pattern to admit a nontrivial numerical semigroup, and particularize this study to the case the independent term of the pattern is a multiple of the multiplicity of the semigroup. Moreover, for the so-called strongly admissible patterns, the set of numerical semigroups admitting these patterns with fixed multiplicity m forms an m-variety, which allows us to represent this set in a tree and to describe minimal sets of generators of the semigroups in the variety with respect to the pattern. Furthermore, we characterize strongly admissible patterns having a finite associated tree.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ALERTNESS AND PAYING ATTENTION
Authors: VALLIERE DAVE
Published: July 2013

This article uses theoretical approaches from cognitive psychology to examine the basis for entrepreneurial alertness and to connect it to existing theories of attention in strategic management and decision-making. It thereby provides a theoretical basis for understanding how entrepreneurial alertness leads the individual to pay attention to new opportunities. A model is developed to show how attention and entrepreneurial alertness work together to support the recognition or creation of opportunities. Entrepreneurial alertness is believed to be a manifestation of differences in the schemata and cognitive frameworks that individuals use to make sense of changes in the environment. This suggests that entrepreneurial alertness mediates the impact of observed phenomena upon the situated attention of individual decision-makers.
NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT, PERSONALITY AND ENTREPRENEURIAL POTENTIAL: A STUDY OF YOUNG ADULTS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: ZEFFANE RACHID
Published: July 2013

This paper examines the impact of motivation (i. e., "need for achievement") and, personality traits (i. e., "individualism/collectivism", "introversion/extraversion") on entrepreneurial potential (EP). The study draws on a sample of 503 students enrolled in business courses at a university in the United Arab Emirates. Statistical analysis reveals that need for achievement is the most significant determinant of entrepreneurial potential. Extraversion is also significantly related to entrepreneurial potential. Statistical examination of interactions (i. e., combined effects) of variables reveals that entrepreneurial potential is explained by the interactive effects of need for achievement, extraversion and collectivism. Surprisingly, and contrary to general expectations, greater entrepreneurial potential is not explained by individualistic aspirations, nor is it found to be gender-related. Practical and theoretical implications of the main findings are discussed.
ON DIRECT SUM DECOMPOSITIONS OF KRULL–SCHMIDT ARTINIAN MODULES
Authors: ORENDAIN JUAN
Published: July 2013

We study direct sum decompositions of modules satisfying the descending chain condition on direct summands. We call modules satisfying this condition Krull–Schmidt artinian. We prove that all direct sum decompositions of Krull–Schmidt artinian modules refine into finite indecomposable direct sum decompositions and we prove that this condition is strictly stronger than the condition of a module admitting finite indecomposable direct sum decompositions. We also study the problem of existence and uniqueness of direct sum decompositions of Krull–Schmidt artinian modules in terms of given classes of modules. We present also brief studies of direct sum decompositions of modules with deviation on direct summands and of modules with finite Krull–Schmidt length.
MOUFANG MAGMAS WITH INVERSES
Authors: PHILLIPS J. D.
Published: July 2013

There are four standard Moufang identities; call them (M1), (M2), (M3), and (M4) (their definitions are given below). In the variety of loops they are equivalent; that is, each of these identities implies the other three. It was shown in [Phillips and Vojtěchovský, A scoop from groups: New equational foundations for loops, Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin.49(2) (2008) 279–290] that magmas with inverses that satisfy either (M1) or (M2) are, in fact, loops, while magmas with inverses that satisfy either (M3) or (M4) need not be loops. We show here that 2-divisible magmas with inverses that satisfy either (M3) or (M4)are loops. We also establish all implications between (M1), (M2), (M3) and (M4) in the variety of magmas with inverses.
DYNAMIC FUZZY LOGIC ELEVATOR GROUP CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ENERGY OPTIMIZATION
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ JOAQUÍN , CORTÉS PABLO , GUADIX JOSÉ , MUÑUZURI JESÚS
Published: July 2013

High-rise buildings with a considerable number of elevators represent a major logistic problem concerning saving space and time due to economic reasons. For this reason, complex Elevator Group Control Systems are developed in order to manage the elevators properly. Furthermore, the subject of energy is acquiring more and more industrial relevance every day as far as sustainable development is concerned. In this paper, the first entirely dynamic Fuzzy Logic Elevator Group Control System to dispatch landing calls so as to minimize energy consumption, especially during interfloor traffic, is proposed. The fuzzy logic design described here constitutes not only an innovative solution that outperforms usual dispatchers but also an easy, cheap, feasible and reliable solution, which is possible to be implemented in real industry controllers.
BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING WITH COMBINED STATES UNDER IMPERFECT INFORMATION
Authors: ALIEV RAFIK A. , PEDRYCZ WITOLD , HUSEYNOV OLEG H.
Published: July 2013

Behavioral decision making is an area of multidisciplinary research attracting growing interest of scientists and practitioners, economists, and business people. A wide spectrum of successful theories is present now, including Prospect theory, multiple priors models, studies on altruism, trust and fairness. However, these theories are developed for precise and complete information, whereas real information concerning a decision maker's (DM) behavior and environment is imperfect, qualitative, and, as a result, often described in natural language (NL). We suggest an approach based on modeling a DM's behavior by a set of states. Each state represents a certain principal behavior. In our approach, states of nature and DM's states constitute a single space of combined states. For formalizing relevant information described in NL, we use fuzzy set theory. The utility model is based on Choquet-like integration over combined states. The investigations show that Expected Utility, Choquet Expected Utility and Cumulative Prospect Theory are special cases of the suggested approach. We apply the suggested approach to solving a benchmark and a real-life decision problem. The obtained results show validity of the suggested approach.
HAMILTON–JACOBI THEORY IN k-COSYMPLECTIC FIELD THEORIES
Authors: DE LEÓN MANUEL , VILARIÑO SILVIA
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we extend the geometric formalism of the Hamilton–Jacobi theory for time-dependent Mechanics to the case of classical field theories in the k-cosymplectic framework.
HIGHER-ORDER GEOMETRIC INTEGRATORS FOR A CLASS OF HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS
Authors: MUSHTAQ ASIF , KVÆRNØ ANNE , OLAUSSEN KÅRE
Published: July 2013

We discuss systematic extensions of the standard (Störmer–Verlet) method for integrating the differential equations of Hamiltonian mechanics. Our extensions preserve the symplectic geometry exactly, as well as all Nöether conservation laws caused by joint symmetries of the kinetic and potential energies (like angular momentum in rotation invariant systems). These extensions increase the accuracy of the integrator, which for the Störmer–Verlet method is of order τ2 for a timestep of length τ, to higher-orders in τ. The schemes presented have, in contrast to most previous proposals, all intermediate timesteps real and positive. The schemes increase the relative accuracy to order τN (for N = 4, 6 and 8) for a large class of Hamiltonian systems.
Synthesis, coordination chemistry, and physico-chemical properties of the 2-chloroethoxy-iron(III)(ethylthio) porphyrazine
Authors: Pietrangeli Daniela , Garramone Gaetano , Guascito Maria Rachele , Pepe Antonietta , Rosa Angela , Ricciardi Giampaolo
Published: July 2013

Reaction of octakis(ethylthio)porphyrazine ( H 2 OESPz ) with FeBr 2 in ClCH 2 CH 2 OH at 135 °C affords the 2-chloroethoxy-iron(III)-(ethylthio)porphyrazine, ( ClCH 2 CH 2 O ) Fe III OESPz , ( LFe III OESPz ) in good yield. The spectroscopic, redox, and coordination properties of the complex and its μ-oxo dimer derivative, [ Fe III OESPz ]2 O , are investigated and compared to those of the iron(III)porphyrin analogs.
ON MULTI AGENT SIMULATION FOR ESTIMATION OF HUMAN ACTION AGAINST EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
Authors: HORI M. , WIJERATHNE M. L. L. , ICHIMURA T. , TANAKA S.
Published: July 2013

This paper presents multi agent simulation (MAS) which is developed to evaluate two social actions against earthquake disasters, mass evacuation and lifeline recovery. Mathematical problems for the verification and validation of the MAS codes are posed. A differential equation of an agent's position is used for the mass evacuation, and the mechanism of slowing evacuation processed is modeled. The lifeline recovery is regarded as a resource allocation problem, which maximizes lifeline users' benefit, by suitably dispatching engineers who repair damaged network segments. Several example problems are solved for the verification and validation as well as for the demonstration of the usefulness of the developed MAS codes.
O-GlcNAc transferase inhibits LPS-mediated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase through an increased interaction with mSin3A in RAW264.7 cells
Authors: Hwang So-Young , Hwang Ji-Sun , Kim Song-Yi , Han Inn-Oc
Published: July 2013

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine ( O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which catalyzes the addition of a single β- N-GlcNAc unit to target proteins, has been shown to act as a transcriptional regulator. In the current study, we discovered that OGT exerted inhibitory effects on the LPS-driven activation of NF-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In response to LPS, OGT exhibited an increased interaction with the transcriptional corepressor mammalian Sin3A (mSin3A). Furthermore, mSin3A, histone deacetylase (HDAC)1, and HDAC2 displayed increased binding to the iNOS promoter in response to LPS. Treatment with GlcN, in contrast, inhibits LPS-induced inflammation and decreased LPS-mediated recruitment of OGT, mSin3A, and HDACs. LPS treatment also resulted in the hypo- O-GlcNAcylation of mSin3A, which was reversed by GlcN. When the effect of the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on LPS- and/or GlcN-mediated iNOS protein/mRNA induction was investigated, the results revealed that TSA dose dependently enhanced iNOS expression in response to LPS and/or GlcN. In addition, histone acetyltransferases, p300, and cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) enhanced LPS- and/or GlcN-induced iNOS protein expression. These results collectively suggest that OGT inhibits LPS-driven NF-κB activation and subsequent iNOS transcription by modulating histone acetylation either directly or indirectly.
Opposing actions of Per1 and Cry2 in the regulation of Per1 target gene expression in the liver and kidney
Authors: Richards Jacob , All Sean , Skopis George , Cheng Kit-Yan , Compton Brandy , Srialluri Nitya , Stow Lisa , Jeffers Lauren A. , Gumz Michelle L.
Published: July 2013

Mounting evidence suggests that the circadian clock plays an integral role in the regulation of many physiological processes including blood pressure, renal function, and metabolism. The canonical molecular clock functions via activation of circadian target genes by Clock/Bmal1 and repression of Clock/Bmal1 activity by Per1–3 and Cry1/2. However, we have previously shown that Per1 activates genes important for renal sodium reabsorption, which contradicts the canonical role of Per1 as a repressor. Moreover, Per1 knockout (KO) mice exhibit a lowered blood pressure and heavier body weight phenotype similar to Clock KO mice, and opposite that of Cry1/2 KO mice. Recent work has highlighted the potential role of Per1 in repression of Cry2. Therefore, we postulated that Per1 potentially activates target genes through a Cry2-Clock/Bmal1-dependent mechanism, in which Per1 antagonizes Cry2, preventing its repression of Clock/Bmal1. This hypothesis was tested in vitro and in vivo. The Per1 target genes αENaC and Fxyd5 were identified as Clock targets in mpkCCDc14cells, a model of the renal cortical collecting duct. We identified PPARα and DEC1 as novel Per1 targets in the mouse hepatocyte cell line, AML12, and in the liver in vivo. Per1 knockdown resulted in upregulation of Cry2 in vitro, and this result was confirmed in vivo in mice with reduced expression of Per1. Importantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Cry2 and Per1 demonstrated opposing actions for Cry2 and Per1 on Per1 target genes, supporting the potential Cry2-Clock/Bmal1-dependent mechanism underlying Per1 action in the liver and kidney.
Evaluation of cellular plasticity in the collecting duct during recovery from lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Authors: Trepiccione Francesco , Capasso Giovambattista , Nielsen Søren , Christensen Birgitte Mønster
Published: July 2013

The cellular morphology of the collecting duct is altered by chronic lithium treatment. We have previously shown that lithium increases the fraction of type-A intercalated cells and lowers the fraction of principal cells along the collecting duct. Moreover, type-A intercalated cells acquire a long-row distribution pattern along the tubules. In the present study, we show that these morphological changes reverse progressively after discontinuation of lithium and finally disappear after 19 days from lithium suspension. In this time frame we have identified for the first time, in vivo, a novel cellular type positive for both intercalated and principal cells functional markers, as recognized by colabeling with H+-ATPase/aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and anion exchanger-1 (AE-1)/AQP2 and Foxi1/AQP4. This cell type is mainly present after 6 days of lithium washout, and it disappears in parallel with the long-row pattern of the type-A intercalated cells. It usually localizes either in the middle or at the edge of the long-row pattern. Its ultrastructure resembles the intercalated cells as shown both by differential interference contrast and by electron microscopy. The time course of appearance, the localization along the collecting duct, and the ultrastructure suggest that the cells double labeled for principal and intercalated cells markers could represent a transition element driving the conversion of intercalated cells into principal cells.
Renal uptake of the antiapoptotic protein survivin is mediated by megalin at the apical membrane of the proximal tubule
Authors: Jobst-Schwan Tilman , Knaup Karl X. , Nielsen Rikke , Hackenbeck Thomas , Buettner-Herold Maike , Lechler Philipp , Kroening Sven , Goppelt-Struebe Margarethe , Schloetzer-Schrehardt Ursula , Fürnrohr Barbara G. , Voll Reinhard E. , Amann Kerstin , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Christensen Erik I. , Wiesener Michael S.
Published: July 2013

The inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin is a bifunctional molecule that regulates cellular division and survival. We have previously shown that survivin protein can be found at high concentrations in the adult kidney, particularly in the proximal tubules. Here, survivin is localized primarily at the apical membrane, a pattern that may indicate absorption of the protein. Several proteins in primary urine are internalized by megalin, an endocytosis receptor, which is in principle found in the same localization as survivin. Immunolabeling for survivin in different species confirmed survivin signal localizing to the apical membrane of the proximal tubule. Immunoelectron microscopy also showed apical localization of survivin in human kidneys. Furthermore, in polarized human primary tubular cells endogenous as well as external recombinant survivin is stored in the apical region of the cells. Costaining of survivin and megalin by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed colocalization. Finally, by surface plasmon resonance we were able to demonstrate that survivin binds megalin and cubilin and that megalin knockout mice lose survivin through the urine. Survivin accumulates at the apical membrane of the renal tubule by reuptake, which is achieved by the endocytic receptor megalin, collaborating with cubilin. For this to occur, survivin will have to circulate in the blood and be filtered into the primary urine. It is not known at this stage what the functional role of tubular survivin is. However, a small number of experimental and clinical reports implicate that renal survivin is important for functional integrity of the kidney.
Acute mountain sickness, chemosensitivity, and cardiorespiratory responses in humans exposed to hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia
Authors: Richard Normand A. , Sahota Inderjeet S. , Widmer Nadia , Ferguson Sherri , Sheel A. William , Koehle Michael S.
Published: July 2013

We examined the control of breathing, cardiorespiratory effects, and the incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) in humans exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH), and under two control conditions [hypobaric normoxia (HN) and normobaric normoxia (NN)]. Exposures were 6 h in duration, and separated by 2 wk between hypoxic exposures and 1 wk between normoxic exposures. Before and after exposures, subjects ( n = 11) underwent hyperoxic and hypoxic Duffin CO2rebreathing tests and a hypoxic ventilatory response test (HVR). Inside the environmental chamber, minute ventilation (V̇e), tidal volume (Vt), frequency of breathing ( fB), blood oxygenation, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured at 5 and 30 min and hourly until exit. Symptoms of AMS were evaluated using the Lake Louise score (LLS). Both the hyperoxic and hypoxic CO2thresholds were lower after HH and NH, whereas CO2sensitivity was increased after HH and NH in the hypoxic test and after NH in the hyperoxic test. Values for HVR were similar across the four exposures. No major differences were observed for V̇e or any other cardiorespiratory variables between NH and HH. The LLS was greater in AMS-susceptible than in AMS-resistant subjects; however, LLS was alike between HH and NH. In AMS-susceptible subjects, fBcorrelated positively and Vt negatively with the LLS. We conclude that 6 h of hypoxic exposure is sufficient to lower the peripheral and central CO2threshold but does not induce differences in cardiorespiratory variables or AMS incidence between HH and NH.
Regional changes in brain blood flow during severe passive hyperthermia: effects of PaCO2 and extracranial blood flow
Authors: Bain Anthony R. , Smith Kurt J. , Lewis Nia C. , Foster Glen E. , Wildfong Kevin W. , Willie Christopher K. , Hartley Geoffrey L. , Cheung Stephen S. , Ainslie Philip N.
Published: July 2013

We investigated 1) the regional distribution of cerebral blood flow (CBF), 2) the influence of end-tidal Pco2 (PetCO2) on CBF, and 3) the potential for an extracranial blood “steal” from the anterior brain region during passive hyperthermia. Nineteen (13 male) volunteers underwent supine passive heating until a steady-state esophageal temperature of 2°C above resting was established. Measurements were obtained 1) during normothermia (Normo), 2) during poikilocapnic hyperthermia (Hyper), and 3) during hyperthermia with PetCO2 and end-tidal Po2 clamped to Normo levels (Hyper-clamp). Blood flow in the internal carotid (Q̇ica), vertebral (Q̇VA), and external carotid (Q̇eca) arteries (Duplex ultrasound), blood velocity of the middle cerebral (MCAv) and posterior cerebral (PCAv) arteries (transcranial Doppler), and cutaneous vascular conductance on the cheek (cheek CVC; Doppler velocimetry) were measured at each stage. During Hyper, PetCO2 was lowered by 7.0 ± 5.2 mmHg, resulting in a reduction in Q̇ica (−18 ± 17%), Q̇va (−31 ± 21%), MCAv (−22 ± 13%), and PCAv (−18 ± 10%) compared with Normo ( P < 0.05). The reduction in Q̇VA was greater than that in Q̇ICA ( P = 0.017), MCAv ( P = 0.047), and PCAv ( P = 0.034). Blood flow/velocity was completely restored in each intracranial vessel (ICA, VA, MCA, and PCA) during Hyper-clamp. Despite a ∼250% increase in Q̇ECA and a subsequent increase in cheek CVC during Hyper compared with Normo, reductions in Q̇ICA were unrelated to changes in Q̇ECA. These data provide three novel findings: 1) hyperthermia attenuates Q̇VA to a greater extent than Q̇ICA, 2) reductions in CBF during hyperthermia are governed primarily by reductions in arterial Pco2, and 3) increased Q̇ECA is unlikely to compromise Q̇ICA during hyperthermia.
KEAP1-Dependent Synthetic Lethality Induced by AKT and TXNRD1 Inhibitors in Lung Cancer
Authors: Dai Bingbing , Yoo Suk-Young , Bartholomeusz Geoffrey , Graham Ryan A. , Majidi Mourad , Yan Shaoyu , Meng Jieru , Ji Lin , Coombes Kevin , Minna John D. , Fang Bingliang , Roth Jack A.
Published: July 2013

Intrinsic resistance to agents targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is one of the major challenges in cancer treatment with such agents. The objective of this study is to identify the genes or pathways that can be targeted to overcome the resistance of non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) to the AKT inhibitor MK2206, which is currently being evaluated in phase I and II clinical trials. Using a genome-wide siRNA library screening and biologic characterization, we identified that inhibition of thioredoxin reductase-1 (TXNRD1), one of the key antioxidant enzymes, with siRNAs or its inhibitor, auranofin, sensitized NSCLC cells to MK2206 treatment in vitro and in vivo. We found that simultaneous inhibition of TXNRD1 and AKT pathways induced robust reactive oxygen species production, which was involved in c-jun-NH2-kinase (JNK; MAPK8) activation and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that the synthetic lethality interaction between the TXNRD1 and AKT pathways occurred through the KEAP1/NRF2 cellular antioxidant pathway. Finally, we found that synthetic lethality induced by TXNRD1 and AKT inhibitors relied on wild-type KEAP1 function. Our study indicates that targeting the interaction between AKT and TXNRD1 antioxidant pathways with MK2206 and auranofin, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, is a rational strategy to treat lung cancer and that KEAP1 mutation status may offer a predicative biomarker for such combination approaches. Cancer Res; 73(17); 5532–43. ©2013 AACR.
Targeting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2 for the Treatment ofPTPN11-Associated Malignancies
Authors: Yu Bing , Liu Wei , Yu Wen-Mei , Loh Mignon L. , Alter Shawn , Guvench Olgun , MacKerell Alexander D. , Tang Li-Da , Qu Cheng-Kui
Published: July 2013

Activating mutations in PTPN11 (encoding SHP2), a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that plays an overall positive role in growth factor and cytokine signaling, are directly associated with the pathogenesis of Noonan syndrome and childhood leukemias. Identification of SHP2-selective inhibitors could lead to the development of new drugs that ultimately serve as treatments for PTPN11-associated diseases. As the catalytic core of SHP2 shares extremely high homology to those of SHP1 and other PTPs that play negative roles in cell signaling, to identify selective inhibitors of SHP2 using computer-aided drug design, we targeted a protein surface pocket that is adjacent to the catalytic site, is predicted to be important for binding to phosphopeptide substrates, and has structural features unique to SHP2. From computationally selected candidate compounds, #220–324 effectively inhibited SHP2 activity with an IC50 of 14 μmol/L. Fluorescence titration experiments confirmed its direct binding to SHP2. This active compound was further verified for its ability to inhibit SHP2-mediated cell signaling and cellular function with minimal off-target effects. Furthermore, mouse myeloid progenitors with the activating mutation (E76K) in PTPN11 and patient leukemic cells with the same mutation were more sensitive to this inhibitor than wild-type cells. This study provides evidence that SHP2 is a “druggable” target for the treatment of PTPN11-associated diseases. As the small-molecule SHP2 inhibitor identified has a simple chemical structure, it represents an ideal lead compound for the development of novel anti-SHP2 drugs. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(9); 1738–48. ©2013 AACR.
Demetrios Poliorketes, Son of Poseidon and Aphrodite. Cosmic and Memorial Significance in the Athenian Ithyphallic Hymn
Authors: Holton John Russell
Published: July 2013

This article offers understanding and reassessment of the parentage attributed to Demetrios Poliorketes in the ithyphallic hymn delivered to him at Athens in 291/0 BCE. This parentage, namely Poseidon and Aphrodite, and its significance have received only superficial or dismissive treatment in modern scholarship; the parentage is often argued as merely a reference to naval strength and personal attractiveness. This article argues for a stronger interpretation, that the reference to the two deities is connected to Demetrios’ interaction with Athens, to his own self-presentation, and to aspects of the hymn’s intellectual-historical context. Two complementary approaches are utilised. A unitary reading of the parentage indicates a reference to the battle of Salamis in 306, an event which had a significant role in Demetrios’ dealings with the Athenians and which engaged with the city’s memorial and political consciousness. A separative reading, treating both deities individually, reveals the strength of the parental association by illustrating the hymn’s connection to and exemplification of Demetrios’ symbolic divine power. Divine power, thalassic and uranic, was represented as extending to Demetrios from his parents.
Utilisation of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp., for the control of Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in China
Authors: Yan Xun , Wang Xiandong , Han Richou , Qiu Xuehong
Published: July 2013

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) have good application prospects for the control of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. In the present study, the effects of isolate, exposure rate, temperature and larval stage on EPN infectivity to A. ipsilon were evaluated. Results of in vitro tests showed that Steinernema carpocapsae Mex and Heterorhabditis indica LN2 were the most virulent and promising species, causing 80.0 and 83.3% mortality, respectively, to the third instar larvae at 25°C and 72 h after infection. Mortality of A. ipsilon caused by the nematodes was significantly affected by EPN exposure rate, temperature and the larval stage. Both S. carpocapsae and H. indica caused greater mortality to the third instar of A. ipsilon at 25°C than at 15, 20 and 30°C. Both EPN isolates also caused higher mortality to the second instar than to the third and fourth instar larvae of A. ipsilon. The field trials of EPN for the control of A. ipsilon also showed that S. carpocapsae Mex and H. indica LN2 reduced the damage caused by A. ipsilon and increased the cabbage yield when compared with the control. Both EPN isolates showed better control effects than cyfluthrin and Bacillus thuringiensis, indicating that these two EPN isolates could be used for sustainable control of A. ipsilon in vegetable fields in China.
Mother-Daughter Relationships and an Attitude against Premarital Sex: The Mediating Effect of Buddhist Five Precepts
Authors: Ariyabuddhiphongs Vanchai , Buaphoon Saowanee
Published: July 2013

Though premarital sex among Thai young adults resulted in a large number of abortions and child mothers, university students were less likely than vocational students and out-of-school adolescents to have premarital sex. The authors believe that the university students’ attitude against premarital sex is fostered through mother-daughter relationships and an observance of the Buddhist five precepts. To support this contention, the authors conducted a study among 198 female university undergraduate students and hypothesized that mother-daughter relationships were related to an attitude against premarital sex through the mediation effect of an observance of the five precepts. Results supported the research model, affirming the role of mother-daughter relationships in fostering an attitude against premarital sex, and suggesting that the five precepts have a protective effect in guarding against adverse health and life-changing risks among Thai adolescents.
Religious Involvement and Feelings of Connectedness with Others among Older Americans
Authors: Krause Neal , Hayward R. David
Published: July 2013

Some researchers maintain that one of the primary functions of religion is to help individuals develop a strong sense of connectedness with other people. However, there is little research on how a sense of connectedness arises. The purpose of this study is to examine this issue. A conceptual model is developed to test the following key hypotheses: (1) blacks are more likely than whites to affiliate with Conservative Christian denominations; (2) Conservative Christians attend worship services more often than individuals in other faith traditions; (3) people who go to church more often are more likely to receive informal spiritual support ( i.e., encouragement to adopt religious beliefs and practices); (4) individuals who receive more spiritual support are more likely to read religious literature and watch or listen to religious programs; and (5) people who engage in these private religious practices are more likely to feel a close sense of religiously based connectedness with others. Data from a nationwide longitudinal survey provides support for each hypothesis.
A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidole megacephala
Authors: FISCHER G. , FISHER B. L.
Published: July 2013

The myrmicine genus Pheidole Westwood is revised for the smaller islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean: Comoros, Juan de Nova Island, Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion, and the Seychelles. Descriptions and keys are provided for the thirteen spe-cies on these islands of which seven are newly described: P. decepticon sp. n., P. dodo sp. n., P. komori sp. n, P. loki sp. n., P. megatron sp. n., P. ragnax sp. n., P. vulcan sp. n.; and six were previously described: P. braueri Forel, P. fervens Smith, F., P. jonas Forel, P. megacephala (Fabricius), P. parva Forel, and P. teneriffana Forel. New synonymies (with the senior synonym listed first) include P. parva Mayr = P. flavens var. farquharensis Forel, P. parva Mayr = P. tarda Don-isthorpe, P. megacephala (Fabricius) = P. picata Forel, P. megacephala (Fabricius) = P. punctulata r. gietleni Forel, 1905, P. megacephala (Fabricius) = P. picata var. bernhardae Emery, 1915, P. megacephala (Fabricius) = P. megacephala r. scabrior Forel, and P. teneriffana Forel = P. voeltzkowii Forel. Furthermore, lectotypes are designated from the syntypes of P. braueri, P. fervens, P. jonas, P. parva, and P. teneriffana in order to provide a single name-bearing specimen and to facilitate future taxonomic studies. Finally, a neotype is provided for the untraceable or possibly lost type of the cosmo-politan and invasive P. megacephala, which was originally described by Fabricius from Mauritius (the former ‘Ile de France’).
Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov. , a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: CORIA RODOLFO A. , FILIPPI LEONARDO S. , CHIAPPE LUIS M. , GARCÍA RODOLFO , ARCUCCI ANDREA B.
Published: July 2013

A new lithostrotian sauropod, the small-sized Overosaurus paradasorum n. gen et sp. from the Anacleto Formation (Cam-panian, Late Cretaceous, Neuquén Group, Patagonia, Argentina) is here described. The specimen (MAU-Pv-CO-439) consists of a fully articulated vertebral series from the 10th cervical to the 20th caudal vertebra, the last cervical ribs, several dorsal ribs in articulation with their respective vertebrae, the complete right ilium and fragments of the left ilium. Overo-saurus paradasorum is diagnosed by a unique combination of characters that includes (1) posterior cervical vertebrae with long pre- and postzygapophyses that project beyond the anterior and posterior borders of the centrum, respectively, (2) postspinal lamina absent in all dorsal neural spines, (3) wide and massive 9th and 10th caudal centra that are slightly exca-vated laterally and have relatively flat ventral surfaces, (4) laminar projection on the posterior border of the second and third dorsal rib, (5) ilium proportionally shorter anteroposteriorly and taller dorsoventrally than in other lithostrotians, and (6) the preacetabular process of the ilium strongly deflected laterally and with a ventrolaterally tapering end. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of Overosaurus places it within the Aeolosaurini, as the sister taxon of a monophyletic group formed by Aeolosaurus rionegrinus, A. maximus, Gondwanatitan faustoi and Pitekunsaurus macayai. Overosaurus is a new representative of a highly diversified assemblage of Campanian lithostrotians from Patagonia that includes both Aeolosaurini and saltasaurids (e.g. Saltasaurus, Neuquensaurus)—this small new taxon falls within the low end of the size spectrum represented by these Late Cretaceous sauropods.
Redescription of Ceratothoa carinata (Bianconi, 1869) and Ceratothoa oxyrrhynchaena Koelbel, 1878 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae), buccal-attaching fish parasites new to Australia
Authors: MARTIN MELISSA B. , BRUCE NIEL L. , NOWAK BARBARA F.
Published: July 2013

Ceratothoa carinata (Bianconi, 1869) and Ceratothoa oxyrrhynchaena Koelbel, 1878 are recorded for the first time from Australia and redescribed. Ceratothoa curvicauda Nunomura, 2006 is synonymised with Ceratothoa carinata. Brief ac-counts are given on the distribution and hosts of these species.
Radiative Impacts of Free-Tropospheric Clouds on the Properties of Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: Christensen Matthew W. , Carrió Gustavo G. , Stephens Graeme L. , Cotton William R.
Published: July 2013

Observations from multiple satellites and large-eddy simulations (LESs) from the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) are used to determine the extent to which free-tropospheric clouds (FTCs) affect the properties of stratocumulus. Overlying FTCs decrease the cloud-top radiative cooling in stratocumulus by an amount that depends on the upper-cloud base altitude, cloud optical thickness, and abundance of moisture between the cloud layers. On average, FTCs increase the downward longwave radiative flux above stratocumulus clouds (at 3.5 km) by approximately 30 W m−2. As a consequence, this forcing translates to a relative decrease in stratocumulus cooling rates by about 20%. Overall, the reduced cloud-top radiative cooling decreases the turbulent mixing, vertical development, and precipitation rate in stratocumulus clouds at night. During the day these effects are greatly reduced because the overlying clouds shade the stratocumulus from strong solar radiation, thus reducing the net radiative effect by the upper cloud. Differences in liquid water path are also observed in stratocumulus; however, the response is tied to the diurnal cycle and the time scale of interaction between the FTCs and the stratocumulus. Radiative effects by FTCs tend to be largest in the midlatitudes where the clouds overlying stratocumulus tend to be more frequent, lower, and thicker on average. In conclusion, changes in net radiation and moisture brought about by FTCs can significantly affect the dynamics of marine stratocumulus and these processes should be considered when evaluating cloud feedbacks in the climate system.
Sensitivity of Convective Initiation Prediction to Near-Surface Moisture When Assimilating Radar Refractivity: Impact Tests Using OSSEs
Authors: Gasperoni Nicholas A. , Xue Ming , Palmer Robert D. , Gao Jidong
Published: July 2013

The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) system is enhanced to include the analysis of radar-derived refractivity measurements. These refractivity data are most sensitive to atmospheric moisture content and provide high-resolution information on near-surface moisture that is important to convective initiation (CI) and precipitation forecasting. Observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) are performed using simulated refractivity data. The impacts of refractivity on CI and subsequent forecasts are investigated in the presence of varying observation error, radar location, data coverage, and different uncertainties in the background field. Cycled refractivity assimilation and forecasts are performed and the results compared to the truth. In addition to the perfect model experiments, imperfect model experiments are performed where the forecasts use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model instead of the ARPS. A simulation for the 19 May 2010 central plain convection case is used for the OSSEs. It involves a large storm system, large convective available potential energy, and little convective inhibition, allowing for CI along a warm front in northern Oklahoma and ahead of a dryline later to the southwest. Emphasis is placed on the quality of moisture analyses and the subsequent forecasts of CI. Results show the ability of refractivity assimilation to correct low-level moisture errors, leading to improved CI forecasts. Equitable threat scores for reflectivity are generally higher when refractivity data are assimilated. Tests show small sensitivity to increased observational error or ground clutter coverage, and greater sensitivity to the limited data coverage of a single radar.
Reading and Constructing Utopias
Authors: Zvi Ehud Ben
Published: July 2013

This article is meant as an invitation to further the use of the concept of utopia as a heuristic tool among historians of ancient Israel for the purpose of reconstructing the world of ideas of the late Persian period Yehud. To do so, and given that the term “utopia” may be and has been used in different ways, it advances, first, general considerations about an heuristic, pragmatic understanding of “utopia” and “utopian images” that may be particularly helpful for these purposes. Then it advances a number of observations about utopia and utopian images that were evoked when the literati of the late Yehud read and reread their authoritative corpus of texts. These observations deal, among others, with matters of exploration and certainty in the relevant community, of hope, of restoration and restorative utopias; they deal with issues of temporality as past, present and future utopias were construed and with the existence of multiple memories of utopias and multiple utopias. They address the issue that utopianizing tendencies led to memorable vignettes but not to memorable road maps, they do not fail to mention matters of utopia and power, and they conclude with issues for further discussion. On the whole, this article illustrates how “utopia”-informed approaches may shed light on the intellectual discourse of this community, while at the same time noting crucial differences between utopias and utopianizing tendencies both now and then that must be taken into consideration.