bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aberrant Splicing of Estrogen Receptor, HER2, and CD44 Genes in Breast Cancer
Authors: Inoue Kazushi , Fry Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2015

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cause of cancer-related death among women under the age of 50 years. Established biomarkers, such as hormone receptors (estrogen receptor [ER]/progesterone receptor) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), play significant roles in the selection of patients for endocrine and trastuzumab therapies. However, the initial treatment response is often followed by tumor relapse with intrinsic resistance to the first-line therapy, so it has been expected to identify novel molecular markers to improve the survival and quality of life of patients. Alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNAs is a ubiquitous and flexible mechanism for the control of gene expression in mammalian cells. It provides cells with the opportunity to create protein isoforms with different, even opposing, functions from a single genomic locus. Aberrant alternative splicing is very common in cancer where emerging tumor cells take advantage of this flexibility to produce proteins that promote cell growth and survival. While a number of splicing alterations have been reported in human cancers, we focus on aberrant splicing of ER, HER2, and CD44 genes from the viewpoint of BC development. ERα36, a splice variant from the ER1 locus, governs nongenomic membrane signaling pathways triggered by estrogen and confers 4-hydroxytamoxifen resistance in BC therapy. The alternative spliced isoform of HER2 lacking exon 20 (Δ16HER2) has been reported in human BC; this isoform is associated with transforming ability than the wild-type HER2 and recapitulates the phenotypes of endocrine therapy-resistant BC. Although both CD44 splice isoforms ( CD44s, CD44v) play essential roles in BC development, CD44v is more associated with those with favorable prognosis, such as luminal A subtype, while CD44s is linked to those with poor prognosis, such as HER2 or basal cell subtypes that are often metastatic. Hence, the detection of splice variants from these loci will provide keys to understand the pathogenesis, predict the prognosis, and choose specific therapies for BC.
Free Function Theory Through Matrix Invariants
Authors: Klep Igor , Špenko Špela
Published: December 2015

This paper concerns free function theory. Freemaps are free analogs of
analytic functions in several complex variables and are defined in terms of freely
noncommuting variables. A function of g noncommuting
variables is a function on g-tuples of square matrices
of all sizes that respects direct sums and simultaneous conjugation. Examples of
such maps include noncommutative polynomials, noncommutative rational functions,
and convergent noncommutative power series.

In sharp contrast to the existing literature in free analysis, this article
investigates free maps with involution, free analogs of real analytic functions.
To get a grip on these, techniques and tools from invariant theory are developed
and applied to free analysis. Here is a sample of the results obtained. A
characterization of polynomial free maps via properties of their
finite-dimensional slices is presented and then used to establish power series
expansions for analytic free maps about scalar and non-scalar points; the latter
are series of generalized polynomials for which an invarianttheoretic
characterization is given. Furthermore, an inverse and implicit function theorem
for free maps with involution is obtained. Finally, with a selection of carefully
chosen examples it is shown that free maps with involution do not exhibit strong
rigidity properties enjoyed by their involutionfree counterparts.
Jóvenes y participación política desde la perspectiva del Participatório
Authors: De Quadros Claudia Irene , Bastos de Quadros Junior Itanel
Published: December 2015

El "Observatorio Participatório (Participativo) de la Juventud" es una red social lanzada en julio de 2013 por el gobierno brasileño para fomentar la colaboración de los jóvenes en los debates destinados a las políticas de juventud. Este entorno interactivo trabaja en la integración con las redes sociales digitales con el objetivo de conocer a los jóvenes y sus preocupaciones. La intención es que los debates puedan servir como apoyo a las políticas públicas, leyes y otros temas importantes para los jóvenes brasileños. El documento de presentación del "Observatorio Participatório de la Juventud" pone de relieve que los jóvenes siempre han estado pidiendo un espacio confiable para hablar con los investigadores, gestores y otros jóvenes sobre temas de su interés. En este artículo se describe el proceso de creación del Participatório y analizamos los intereses de los jóvenes que lo utilizan a través de los grupos creados.
Successful Implementation of Clinical Information Technology
Authors: Hill V. , Bruner K. , Maciaz G. , Saucedo L. , Catzoela L. , Ramirez R. , Jacobs W.J. , Nguyen P. , Patel L. , Webster S.L. , Gellert G.A.
Published: December 2015

Objectives: To identify and describe the most critical strategic and operational contributors to the successful implementation of clinical information technologies, as deployed within a moderate sized system of U.S. community hospitals.

Background and Setting: CHRISTUS Health is a multi-state system comprised of more than 350 services and 60 hospitals with over 9 000 physicians. The Santa Rosa region of CHRISTUS Health, located in greater San Antonio, Texas is comprised of three adult community hospital facilities and one Children’s hospital each with bed capacities of 142–180. Computerized Patient Order Entry (CPOE) was first implemented in 2012 within a complex market environment. The Santa Rosa region has 2 417 credentialed physicians and 263 mid-level allied health professionals.

Methods: This report focuses on the seven most valuable strategies deployed by the Health Informatics team in a large four hospital CHRISTUS region to achieve strong CPOE adoption and critical success lessons learned. The findings are placed within the context of the literature describing best practices in health information technology implementation.

Results: While the elements described involved discrete de novo process generation to support implementation and operations, collectively they represent the creation of a new customer-centric service culture in our Health Informatics team, which has served as a foundation for ensuring strong clinical information technology adoption beyond CPOE.

Conclusion: The seven success factors described are not limited in their value to and impact on CPOE adoption, but generalize to – and can advance success in – varied other clinical information technology implementations across diverse hospitals. A number of these factors are supported by reports in the literature of other institutions’ successful implementations of CPOE and other clinical information technologies, and while not prescriptive to other settings, may be adapted to yield value elsewhere.
Nonoperative Management of Blunt Renal Trauma
Authors: Azevedo Camila Issa , Souza Amanda Baraldi , Starling Sizenando Vieira , Franciscani Aparecida Andrade Ribeiro , Costa Maria Helena Almeida
Published: December 2015

Objective

To analyze patients with blunt renal trauma who were managed conservatively, with emphasis on clinical presentation, grade of injury, complication and failure rates.

Materials and methods

A prospective observational study was conducted in Hospital João XXIII, between January and December 2013. Patients with blunt renal trauma and nonoperative management (NOM) were analyzed during this period. Data were collected in respect to: age, gender, mechanism of trauma, grade of injury, clinical presentation, revised trauma score (RTS), associated abdominal injuries, length of hospital stay and failure, complication and mortality rates.

Results

During this period, 27 patients with blunt renal trauma were suitable for nonoperative approach. The most common mechanisms of trauma were motor vehicle accidents (59.2%) and falls (22.2%) and the mean length of hospital stay was 10.5 days. The majority of the patients had grade II (48.1%) and III (29.6%) injuries, with mean RTS of 6.93. The complication rate was 3.7% and the mortality rate was 7.4%. All deaths were related to associated injuries. One patient with grade II injury required nephrectomy. This patient had concurrent injuries.

Conclusion

Blunt renal trauma can be successfully managed conservatively, with low complication rates. Nonoperative management is safe in stable patients and in environments with appropriated protocol for this approach.

How to cite this article

Franciscani AAR, Azevedo CI, Souza AB, Costa MHA, Starling SV, Drumond DAF. Nonoperative Management of Blunt Renal Trauma. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2015;4(1):6-10.
Anemia y Traumatismo Craneoencefálico: Implicaciones Fisiopatologicas Para El Tratamiento Neurocritico
Authors: Alvis-Miranda Hernando Raphael , Alcalá-Cerra Gabriel , Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael , Pulido-Gutierrez Juan Camilo , Navas-Marrugo Sandy Zuleica , Cabeza-Morales Marticela , Duarte-Misol Dagoberto
Published: December 2015

El trauma craneoencefálico (TCE) es una entidad común a nivel mundial; en el organismo humano ocurren una serie de eventos en el contexto del TCE, algunos son inmediatos y otros se generan con la evolución de la lesión y son consecuencia a su vez de la gravedad de la misma. Dentro de este entorno, en esta revisión narrativa hablaremos sobre la anemia asociada a TCE, una alteración altamente descrita en estos pacientes.

How to cite this article

Moscote-Salazar LR, Pulido-Gutierrez JC, Navas-Marrugo SZ, Alvis-Miranda HR, Cabeza-Morales M, Duarte-Misol D, Alcala-Cerra G. Anemia y Traumatismo Craneoencefálico: Implicaciones Fisiopatologicas Para El Tratamiento Neurocritico. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2015;4(1):16-22.
Complete Appendiceal Intussusception induced by Primary Adenocarcinoma of the Vermiform Appendix: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Relevant Literature
Authors: Biswas Saptarshi , Ebaid Samer , Patel Prem
Published: December 2015

Appendicular intussusception is a rare entity. Although first reported in 1858 there are only 250 cases reported since. In a large autopsy series the incidence rate of only 0.01% was documented. The exact pathophysiology is unclear but several etiologies have been documented. Primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix is extremely uncommon, which in most cases arises from a pre-existing adenoma. The incidence according to a reported study was documented as 0.08%.

We report an uncommon case of a young female who presented with a 2-day history of abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting. Computed tomography scan suggested of ileocolic intussusception. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed followed by open laparotomy. An appendicular tumor confirmed as adenocarcinoma of the appendix on frozen section was noted to be the cause of the intussusception. A right hemicolectomy was performed.

We discuss the different anatomical and pathological factors causing appendicular intussusception with special emphasis on primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix, clinical features, classifications, preoperative diagnoses and treatment options of this rare disease entity along with review of relevant literature.

How to cite this article

Ebaid S, Biswas S, Patel P. Complete Appendiceal Intussusception induced by Primary Adenocarcinoma of the Vermiform Appendix: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Relevant Literature. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2015;4(1):36-38.
Recursos Educacionais Abertos como fontes de informação
Authors: Silva Daniela do Nascimento
Published: December 2015

Analisa os recursos educacionais abertos (REA) enquanto fontes de informação. A pesquisa bibliográfica levantou em periódicos, portais temáticos e livros, aspectos conceituais sobre recurso educacional aberto e fonte de informação, visando relacionar os dois temas traçando um paralelo entre ambos. Conclui-se, pelas vertentes apresentadas, que os recursos educacionais abertos constituem-se enquanto fontes de informação caracteristicamente alinhadas com a educação à distância, fomentando a aprendizagem e a apreensão de informações por mídias diversificadas como vídeos, artigos de pesquisa, bancos de dados, aplicativos e outros materiais de ensino.
La visibilidad de La ciudad letrada de Ángel Rama en la literatura de corriente principal (base WOS)
Authors: Fontans Alvarez Exequiel Aarón
Published: December 2015

Ángel Rama (1926-1986) es señalado por algunos autores especializados como uno de los precursores de la corriente de estudios culturales en Latinoamérica; La ciudad letrada es una de sus obras más citadas y se ha escrito señalando esta influencia. Sin embargo no se ha abordado desde los Estudios Métricos de la Información. El objetivo de este trabajo es poner de manifiesto la visibilidad de La ciudad letrada en la literatura de corriente principal recogida por la base Web of Science (WOS), de Thomson Reuters. Se realiza una breve introducción a los Estudios Culturales británicos (Escuela de Birmingham), en el entendido de que representan un antecedente de los Estudios Culturales latinoamericanos, en donde se enmarca esta obra. Se presentan las áreas, instituciones y fuentes en donde esta obra es más citada y los autores cocitados. Finalmente se señala la baja visibilidad reflejada en WOS de la producción latinoamericana considerando que “ciudad letrada” es un concepto teórico acuñado en la región.
O Olhar Recortado: considerações sobre o ponto de vista na adaptação cinematográfica de "Eu receberia as piores notícias dos seus lindos lábios"
Authors: Bulhões Ricardo Magalhães , Bulhões Marcelo
Published: December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7917.2015v20n2p25Avaliar a adaptação cinematográfica de Eu Receberia as Piores Notícias dos seus Lindos Lábios, filme dirigido por Beto Brant e Renato Ciasca, baseado no romance do mesmo título de Marçal Aquino, é o propósito deste artigo. Tanto no romance quanto no filme, a todo momento, o leitor/telespectador é convidado a lidar com a visão tensa de um narrador-personagem que conta sua própria história compondo espécies de flashes das suas traumáticas lembranças. Em um movimento de vaivém, quase sempre entrecortado pelas falas e relatos de personagens secundários, o protagonista encarna a figura de um narrador angustiado, que não consegue se livrar de conflitos que o assombram, sobretudo a lembrança de Lavínia, mulher sedutora e enigmática por quem se apaixonara. Neste nosso texto, o interesse recai sobre o problema do ponto de vista. No filme a natureza ótica do meio cinematográfico inscreve o olhar na estrutura da ação dramática. Assim, a questão do ponto de vista desponta como categoria decisiva reveladora das próprias especificidades da literatura e do cinema.
Reflexões sobre o trabalho de tradução e interpretação em línguas de sinais como prática ética e política no cuidado de si
Authors: Vieira-Machado Lucyenne Matos da Costa , Santana Jeferson Bruno Moreira
Published: December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2015v35nesp2p149Refletir sobre o trabalho do tradutor e intérprete de línguas de sinais (TILS) como prática ética e política no cuidado de si constitui-se uma questão urgente em nosso tempo e é o objetivo central deste texto. Com a constituição de saberes acadêmicos e especializados dos estudos da tradução e interpretação das línguas de sinais e sua afiliação com o campo dos Estudos da Tradução, o deslocamento do papel do TILS é emergente. Além da introdução e das considerações finais, o texto será dividido em três partes. Na primeira, serão abordadas as pesquisas e as questões políticas que hoje emergem acerca do TILS empreendidas pelos dispositivos governamentais, com o objetivo de localizar a relevância deste texto, que é discutir a ética como prática de vida para além de questões prescritivas. Na segunda parte do texto, serão problematizadas, atravessadas por uma inspiração foucaultiana, as questões que permeiam a prática do TILS a partir da compreensão de sua função como intelectual específico e a responsabilidade que assume na elaboração de sua própria subjetividade. Por fim, na terceira parte deste trabalho, será discutido o compromisso com o ato tradutório na relação com o texto e com o outro como posição ética.
Tradução e interpretação de língua de sinais no contexto da pós-graduação: problematizando posições
Authors: Dinarte Luiz Daniel Rodrigues , Russo Angela
Published: December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2015v35nesp2p174Este artigo tem como objetivo, a partir de pesquisas sobre tradução e interpretação de língua de sinais, e, paralelamente, inserindo discussões com inspiração nas teorias contemporâneas afinadas ao conceito de “desconstrução” (DERRIDA, 2004, DERRIDA E ROUDINESCO, 2004, ARROJO, 1993), refletir sobre alguns aspectos relativos à definição do papel e das atribuições dos tradutores e intérpretes. Concebemos que a desconstrução não consiste em um método a ser aplicado sobre os fenômenos linguísticos e sociais, mas um conjunto de estratégias políticas que partem de uma coletividade de falantes que traduzem textos, e, portanto, se entregam à tarefa tradutória efetuando uma leitura que insere a língua de sinais na multiplicidade linguística acadêmica.
A interpretação simultânea no contexto político
Authors: Machado Flávia Medeiros Alvaro , Feltes Heloisa Pedroso Moraes
Published: December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2015v35nesp2p236Resumo: Este artigo tem como foco as práticas interpretativas simultâneas e as possibilidades semântico-pragmáticas relacionadas às escolhas linguísticas (lexemáticas) dos discursos na ordem política das Casas Legislativas em que atuam o tradutor-intérprete de Libras e Português (TILSP). Uma análise ilustrativa é realizada a partir de um corpus constituído de transcrições, da fala de um parlamentar e da interpretação simultânea pelo TILSP em uma Sessão Ordinária da Tribuna Livre da Câmara Municipal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, utilizou-se o software ELAN. Analisam-se as escolhas linguísticas do TILSP, no ato interpretativo, de expressões e terminologias no contexto político. O objetivo foi o de discutir algumas competências e habilidades que o TILSP deve desenvolver para a prática nesse contexto específico (e.g. HURTADO ALBIR, 1999).
Análise enunciativa das marcas modais presentes em corpus de interpretação simultânea de libras-português.
Authors: Almeida-Silva Anderson , Carvalho Ana Paula Lima de
Published: December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2015v35nesp2p289Este texto centra-se nas questões do trabalho do Intérprete de Língua de Sinais na condição de segundo enunciador da produção discursiva. Esses profissionais, no momento da interpretação, buscam recriar [atualizar] os conceitos emanados da língua fonte para a língua alvo, instaurando, assim, uma segunda instância enunciativa. O quadro teórico mobilizado situa-se na perspectiva da Linguística Enunciativa (BENVENISTE, 1989; FLORES, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2010) e no estudo dos modais em línguas orais e na LIBRAS. Tem-se, por objetivos, buscar as marcas deixadas pelo segundo sujeito enunciador do texto, neste caso, o intérprete, quanto ao uso de modais especificamente e analisar as escolhas desse segundo sujeito enunciador por utilizar um ou outro tipo de modal (no texto alvo), que esteja explícito ou implícito na primeira situação de enunciação (no texto fonte). Para análise, a fala de uma pessoa surda, com tempo total de 40' (quarenta minutos),  que estava sendo interpretada para o Português oral, foi transcrita. Após a transcrição, 6 (seis) excertos da fala total, com ocorrências de modais na língua fonte ou alvo, foram analisados. Em função das análises empreendidas, pontua-se: 1. a tendência de que a modalidade deôntica seja quase sempre interpretada como na língua fonte; 2. as escolhas interpretativas são sempre guiadas por pistas enunciativas deixadas na fala do primeiro enunciador, para as quais o intérprete deve revelar domínio de aspectos pertinentes tanto à língua fonte quanto à língua alvo; 3. na ausência de marcas modais explícitas, os intérpretes são sensíveis às noções modais extravasadas por toda a superfície textual; 4. a omissão temporal na interpretação de modais epistêmicos de grande valor de aderência podendo funcionar como uma estratégia interpretativa e não como um falseamento da informação original; 5. a noção de “tempo de checagem”, sendo proposta para recobrir o tempo (não cronológico) no qual o intérprete, após receber a informação da língua fonte, realizasua interpretação.
Investigando a produção de construções de interface sintático-gestual na interpretação simultânea intermodal
Authors: Lourenço Guilherme
Published: December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2015v35nesp2p319O presente estudo investiga a produção de construções gesto-espaciais na interpretação simultânea intermodal. Assume-se que as construções espaciais nas línguas sinalizadas são estruturas de interface externa entre a sintaxe e o espaço gestual. Considerando-se ainda a Hipótese das Interfaces (SORACE, 2006, 2011), espera-se a ocorrência de opcionalidade residual na produção dessas construções em L2. Adicionalmente, argumenta-se aqui que o processo de interpretação simultânea é bastante demandante cognitivamente, o que resulta num aumento na ocorrência de opcionalidade residual na produção do intérprete de língua de sinais.  Assim, um estudo empírico é realizado de modo a comparar a produção de intérpretes de Libras em três tarefas distintas, a saber: uma tarefa de interpretação simultânea, uma tarefa de tradução e uma tarefa de tradução com o auxílio de um input visual. Verifica-se que a produção de construções espaciais é estatisticamente maior nas tarefas de tradução do que na tarefa de interpretação. Adicionalmente, tem-se que o input visual estimula a produção de construções espaciais. Por outro lado, observa-se um quantitativo estatisticamente maior de produção não-convergente na tarefa de interpretação do que nas tarefas de tradução. Não foi encontrado nenhum efeito do input visual sobre a ocorrência de produção não-convergente.
Reflexões sobre a tipologia da interpretação de línguas de sinais
Authors: Pires Pereira Maria Cristina
Published: December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2015v35nesp2p46Este texto parte de uma revisão bibliográfica com o objetivo de refletir sobre a tipologia aplicada, atualmente, à interpretação de língua de sinais. Ainda não chegamos a um consenso nem sobre os termos tradução e interpretação e somente a utilização de determinada terminologia, sem a consideração de outras possibilidades mais abrangentes de conceituação, não consegue alcançar a precisão que temos que perseguir para que consigamos intercâmbios de pesquisa que consigam dialogar.
Atuação do intérprete educacional: parceria com professores e autoria
Authors: Santos Lara Ferreira dos , Lacerda Cristina Broglia Feitosa de
Published: December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2015v35nesp2p505Este estudo visa analisar e discutir o fazer do Intérprete Educacional (IE), profissional recente no país no campo da educação de surdos e cujas pesquisas sobre sua atuação, em sala de aula, mostram-se incipientes. Nosso objetivo foi discutir, além do trabalho de interpretação de uma língua para outra (Língua Brasileira de Sinais/Português), a relação de parceria com o professor e de que forma esta pode influenciar práticas de interpretação, bem como possibilidades de criação e autoria discursiva do profissional IE. Para este propósito nos apoiamos, principalmente, nos pressupostos de Bakhtin (2009, 2010), e em autores da área da surdez, tradução e interpretação. Os dados selecionados para este estudo foram coletados a partir de videogravação, e posterior transcrição, de uma aula de História com a presença de intérprete, no 6º. ano do Ensino Fundamental, em uma escola que se pretende inclusiva bilíngue para surdos. As análises sobre o fazer do Intérprete Educacional indicam que este não se restringe à tradução e interpretação de enunciados: ele é coautor dos discursos proferidos pelo professor em sala de aula, e sua prática se atrela ao trabalho desenvolvido pelo professor.
Interpretar ensinando e ensinar interpretando: posições assumidas no ato interpretativo em contexto de inclusão para surdos
Authors: Gesser Audrei
Published: December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2015v35nesp2p534O objetivo desse artigo é descrever algumas passagens da atuação do intérprete educacional no contexto de uma escola regular, mais especificamente do 7º ano em que quatro alunos surdos estão incluídos, e que conta com a implementação de um projeto bilíngue. Partindo da premissa de que a situação inclusiva impõe aos intérpretes fazeres pedagógicos durante o ato interpretativo, interessou observar, por um lado, as construções de espaços temporais na sala de aula que suscitam vínculos e parcerias entre intérprete e professor para além da mera interpretação instrumentalizada; e por outro, a configuração das tomadas de decisões durante o ato interpretativo a partir de um acontecimento didático versado pelo professor regente. A análise dos registros gerados indica que há um trânsito entre a “posição-intérprete” e a “posição-mestre”, sendo esta última ativada pela vontade da intérprete de criar vínculos e conexões com os alunos surdos em seu processo de aprendizagem; e a primeira, como efeito próprio dos desafios individuais com os quais se depara cotidianamente, em termos linguísticos, cognitivos, físicos e referenciais.
Boundary layer new particle formation over East Antarctic sea ice – possible Hg-driven nucleation?
Authors: Humphries R. S. , Schofield R. , Keywood M. D. , Ward J. , Pierce J. R. , Gionfriddo C. M. , Tate M. T. , Krabbenhoft D. P. , Galbally I. E. , Molloy S. B. , Klekociuk A. R. , Johnston P. V. , Kreher K. , Thomas A. J. , Robinson A. D. , Harris N. R. P. , Johnson R. , Wilson S. R.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Aerosol observations above the Southern Ocean and Antarctic sea ice are scarce. Measurements of aerosols and atmospheric composition were made in East Antarctic pack ice on board the Australian icebreaker Aurora Australis during the spring of 2012. One particle formation event was observed during the 32 days of observations. This event occurred on the only day to exhibit extended periods of global irradiance in excess of 600 W m−2. Within the single air mass influencing the measurements, number concentrations of particles larger than 3 nm (CN3) reached almost 7700 cm−3 within a few hours of clouds clearing, and grew at rates of 5.6 nm h−1. Formation rates of 3 nm particles were in the range of those measured at other Antarctic locations at 0.2–1.1 ± 0.1 cm−3 s−1. Our investigations into the nucleation chemistry found that there were insufficient precursor concentrations for known halogen or organic chemistry to explain the nucleation event. Modelling studies utilising known sulfuric acid nucleation schemes could not simultaneously reproduce both particle formation or growth rates. Surprising correlations with total gaseous mercury (TGM) were found that, together with other data, suggest a mercury-driven photochemical nucleation mechanism may be responsible for aerosol nucleation. Given the very low vapour pressures of the mercury species involved, this nucleation chemistry is likely only possible where pre-existing aerosol concentrations are low and both TGM concentrations and solar radiation levels are relatively high (∼ 1.5 ng m−3 and ≥ 600 W m−2, respectively), such as those observed in the Antarctic sea ice boundary layer in this study or in the global free troposphere, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere.
The global impact of the transport sectors on atmospheric aerosol in 2030 – Part 2: Aviation
Authors: Righi M. , Hendricks J. , Sausen R.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. We use the EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) global climate-chemistry model coupled to the aerosol module MADE (Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe, adapted for global applications) to simulate the impact of aviation emissions on global atmospheric aerosol and climate in 2030. Emissions of short-lived gas and aerosol species follow the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) designed in support of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We compare our findings with the results of a previous study with the same model configuration focusing on year 2000 emissions. We also characterize the aviation results in the context of the other transport sectors presented in a companion paper. In spite of a relevant increase in aviation traffic volume and resulting emissions of aerosol (black carbon) and aerosol precursor species (nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide), the aviation effect on particle mass concentration in 2030 remains quite negligible (on the order of a few ng m-3), about one order of magnitude less than the increase in concentration due to other emission sources. Due to the relatively small size of the aviation-induced aerosol, however, the increase in particle number concentration is significant in all scenarios (about 1000 cm-3), mostly affecting the northern mid-latitudes at typical flight altitudes (7–12 km). This largely contributes to the overall change in particle number concentration between 2000 and 2030, which results also in significant climate effects due to aerosol-cloud interactions. Aviation is the only transport sector for which a larger impact on the Earth's radiation budget is simulated in the future: The aviation-induced RF in 2030 is more than doubled with respect to the year 2000 value of −15 mW m-2, with a maximum value of −63 mW m-2 simulated for RCP2.6.
A model inter-comparison study to examine limiting factors in modelling Australian tropical savannas
Authors: Whitley R. , Beringer J. , Hutley L. , Abramowitz G. , De Kauwe M. G. , Duursma R. , Evans B. , Haverd V. , Li L. , Ryu Y. , Smith B. , Wang Y.-P. , Williams M. , Yu Q.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Savanna ecosystems are one of the most dominant and complex terrestrial biomes that derives from a distinct vegetative surface comprised of co-dominant tree and grass populations. While these two vegetation types co-exist functionally, demographically they are not static, but are dynamically changing in response to environmental forces such as annual fire events and rainfall variability. Modelling savanna environments with the current generation of terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) has presented many problems, particularly describing fire frequency and intensity, phenology, leaf biochemistry of C3 and C4 photosynthesis vegetation, and root water uptake. In order to better understand why TBMs perform so poorly in savannas, we conducted a model inter-comparison of 6 TBMs and assessed their performance at simulating latent energy (LE) and gross primary productivity (GPP) for five savanna sites along a rainfall gradient in northern Australia. Performance in predicting LE and GPP was measured using an empirical benchmarking system, which ranks models by their ability to utilise meteorological driving information to predict the fluxes. On average, the TBMs performed as well as a multi-linear regression of the fluxes against solar radiation, temperature and vapour pressure deficit, but were outperformed by a more complicated nonlinear response model that also included the leaf area index (LAI). This identified that the TBMs are not fully utilising their input information effectively in determining savanna LE and GPP, and highlights that savanna dynamics cannot be calibrated into models and that there are problems in underlying model processes. We identified key weaknesses in a model's ability to simulate savanna fluxes and their seasonal variation, related to the representation of vegetation by the models and root water uptake. We underline these weaknesses in terms of three critical areas for development. First, prescribed tree-rooting depths must be deep enough, enabling the extraction of deep soil water stores to maintain photosynthesis and transpiration during the dry season. Second, models must treat grasses as a co-dominant interface for water and carbon exchange, rather than a secondary one to trees. Third, models need a dynamic representation of LAI that encompasses the dynamic phenology of savanna vegetation and its response to rainfall interannual variability. We believe this study is the first to assess how well TBMs simulate savanna ecosystems, and that these results will be used to improve the representation of savannas ecosystems in future global climate model studies.
The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations (Version 2.0)
Authors: Emde C. , Buras-Schnell R. , Kylling A. , Mayer B. , Gasteiger J. , Hamann U. , Kylling J. , Richter B. , Pause C. , Dowling T. , Bugliaro L.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. libRadtran is a widely used software package for radiative transfer calculations. It allows to compute (polarized) radiances, irradiances, and actinic fluxes in the solar and thermal spectral regions. libRadtran has been used for various applications, including remote sensing of clouds, aerosols and trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere, climate studies, e.g., for the calculation of radiative forcing due to different atmospheric components, for UV-forcasting, the calculation of photolysis frequencies, and for remote sensing of other planets in our solar system. The package has been described in Mayer and Kylling (2005).. Since then several new features have been included, for example polarization, Raman scattering, a new molecular gas absorption parameterization, and several new cloud and aerosol scattering parameterizations. Furthermore a graphical user interface is now available which greatly simplifies the usage of the model, especially for new users. This paper gives an overview of libRadtran version 2.0 with focus on new features. A complete description of libRadtran and all its input options is given in the user manual included in the libRadtran software package, which is freely available at http://www.libradtran.org.
Laboratory tests for the optimization of mesh size for flexible debris-flow barriers
Authors: Wendeler C. , Volkwein A.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Flexible barriers can be used within channelized riverbeds as an effective and efficient alternative to protect from debris flows. Their retention capability strongly depends on the size of the mesh openings and the gap between the lower barrier edge and the channel's floor. The question is now whether there is a relation between the grain size distribution of the debris material and the openings of a flexible barrier. Small-scale laboratory tests were performed to study these loading aspects of flexible debris-flow barriers for the Milibach river (Canton Berne, Switzerland). In situ debris material has been used to quantify the influence of different mesh sizes and the gap between the lower barrier edge and the riverbed compared to the d90 grain size and the flow height, where d90 is the maximum diameter of 90 % of the grains. It was possible to study the filling process and the retaining behaviour of the barriers as a function of the mesh size. A reasonable retention was reached with the net having a mesh size and a basal gap smaller than or equal to d90. These relations could be transferred to the field. A dimensional analysis reveals possible dimensionless numbers that can be used to scale the laboratory results. The findings are supported by the results of similar laboratory tests using debris material from different locations and by the available field measurements.
Predicting Stock Market Indexes, Two Days In Advance, Using NewsInn Algorithm
Authors: Nicoara Radu
Published: December 2015

NewsInn is an A.I. Driven Algorithm that processes and conglomerates news from major news publications. It uses an opinion extraction algorithm to do a sentiment analysis on every news article.

Considering that stock markets are heavily influenced be world news, we conducted a study to show the link between the detected sentiment inside the news, and the most used Stock Market Indexes: S&P 500, Dow Jones and NASDAQ. Results showed an almost 70.00% accuracy in predicting market fluctuation two days in advance.
Dealing with drought in irrigated agriculture through insurance schemes: an application to an irrigation district in Southern Spain
Authors: Ruiz Jorge , Bielza María , Garrido Alberto , Iglesias Ana
Published: December 2015

Hydrological drought is expected to have an increasing impact on both crop and fruit yields in arid and semi-arid regions. Some existing crop insurance schemes provide coverage against water deficits in rain-fed agriculture. The Prevented Planting Program in the USA covers against drought for irrigated agriculture. However, drought insurance for irrigated agriculture is still a challenge for companies and institutions because of the complexity of the design and implementation of this type of insurance. Few studies have attempted to evaluate the risk of loss due to irrigation water scarcity using both stand-alone production functions and crop simulation models. This paper’s contributions are that it evaluates the suitability of AquaCrop for calculating drought insurance premiums for irrigated agriculture and that it discusses contract conditions and insurance design for hydrological drought risk coverage as part of a traditional insurance product, with on-field loss assessment in combination with a trigger index. This method was applied to an irrigation district in southern Spain. Our insurance premium calculation showed that it is feasible to apply this method provided that its data requirements are met, such as a large enough set of reliable small-scale yield and irrigation time series data, especially soil data, to calibrate AquaCrop. The choice of a trigger index should not be underestimated because it proved to have a decisive influence on insurance premiums and indemnities. Our discussion of the contract conditions shows that hydrological drought insurance must comply with a series of constraints in order to avoid moral hazard and basis risk.
Is multifunctionality the future of mountain pastoralism? Lessons from the management of semi-natural grasslands in the Pyrenees
Authors: López-i-Gelats Feliu , Rivera-Ferre Marta G. , Madruga-Andreu Cristina , Bartolomé-Filella Jordi
Published: December 2015

Land abandonment is pervasive in mountainous Europe. In the present situation of price-cost squeeze on pastoral households and general shift in the role of farming, the development of farming abandonment risk regions is generally associated with adoption of new multifunctional rural development strategies, such as farm tourism, which in the end entail less time being devoted to farming practices. We explored the effects of such developmental scheme on the preservation of semi-natural grasslands, in particular, and on the sustainability of mountain pastoralism, in general. While the effects on the preservation of semi-natural grasslands of full abandonment have been extensively explored, this is not the case of partial abandonment. Results showed that the adoption of simplified and low-cost management regimes, associated with partial abandonment and the increased adoption of part-time farming, immerses semi-natural grasslands in processes of secondary succession that undermine both their conservation and pastoral functions. This points the need for caution when endorsing multifunctional developmental schemes in farming abandonment risk regions, particularly when those imply less labor being devoted to pastoral practices. In conclusion, we stress that in farming abandonment risk regions it is possible to guarantee both viable pastoralism and diversified rural economy. However, it is necessary to implement developmental strategies that are centered on stimulating synergies between pastoralism and other economic activities, rather than promoting activities that depend on additional farmers’ polyvalence.
Structural and parameter design of transverse multi-cylinders device on rice agronomic characteristics
Authors: Tang Zhong , Li Yaoming , Zhao Zhan , Sun Tao
Published: December 2015

Rice panicles which have reached a mature state must be harvested, requiring differently specialized threshing devices and operating parameters to achieve favorable threshing and separating results. The primary objective of this study is to design a transverse multi-cylinders device that operates under the most effective possible variables to harvest rice in different states of maturity. The attachment forces between the grain and pedicel on the panicle were measured at different moisture contents. Based on rice agronomic characteristics, a transverse multi-cylinders device test bench was developed to conduct threshing and separating experiments. The threshing and separating capability of each transverse cylinder was tested, and the operating parameters of each threshing cylinder were investigated. Results showed that detachment force decreased from the bottom to the top of the rice panicle. Optimal harvesting time was identified at moisture content of 29.69%, and the best operating parameters combination was cylinder speed of 600, 650 and 700 rpm, and concave clearances of 40, 35 and 40 mm. Combine harvester of transverse multi-cylinder device test results showed an un-threshed grain ratio of 0.64%, un-separated grain ratio of 0.35%, and broken grain ratio of 0.22%, at a feeding rate of 6 kg/s. This research can be used in the future to successfully design transverse multi-cylinders device for small and medium-sized rice combine harvesters.
Short communication: Production performance and plasma metabolites of dairy ewes in early lactation as affected by chitosan
Authors: Garcia-Rodriguez Aser , Arranz Josune , Mandaluniz Nerea , Beltrán-de-Heredia Ina , Ruiz Roberto , Goiri Idoia
Published: December 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan (CHI) supplementation on production performance and blood parameters in dairy ewes. Twenty-four multiparous Latxa dairy ewes at d 16 of lactation were divided into two groups of 12 ewes each. Ewes were fed one of two experimental concentrates (0.840 kg dry matter/d), control or supplemented with 1.2% CHI, on a dry matter basis. Ewes also had free access to tall fescue hay, water, and mineral salts. The experimental period lasted for 25 d, of which the first 14 d were for treatment adaptation and the last 11 d for measurements and samplings. Supplementation with CHI decreased total (p=0.043) and fescue (p=0.035) dry matter intake (DMI), but did not affect concentrate DMI. Supplementation with CHI, moreover, increased plasma glucose (p=0.013) and BUN concentrations (p=0.035), but did not affect those of non-esterified fatty acids. Dietary supplementation with CHI, however, did not affect milk yield, 6.5% FCM, milk composition, or BW, but it improved dietary apparent efficiency by increasing the milk yield-to-DMI (p=0.055) and 6.5% FCM-to-DMI (p=0.045) ratios. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of chitosan maintained ewe performance while reducing feed intake and improving dietary apparent efficiency.
Organic amendments conditions on the control of Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus caused by three Fusarium spp.
Authors: Borrego-Benjumea Ana I. , Melero-Vara José M. , Basallote-Ureba María J.
Published: December 2015

Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), F. proliferatum (Fp) and F. solani (Fs) are causal agents associated with roots of asparagus affected by crown and root rot, a disease inflicting serious losses worldwide. The propagule viability of Fusarium spp. was determined on substrate artificially infested with Fo5, Fp3 or Fs2 isolates, amended with either poultry manure (PM), its pellet (PPM), or olive residue compost (ORC) and, thereafter, incubated at 30 or 35°C for different periods. Inoculum viability was significantly affected by these organic amendments (OAs) in combination with temperature and incubation period. The greatest reduction in viability of Fo5 and Fs2 occurred with PPM and loss of viability achieved was higher at 35°C than at 30ºC, and longer incubation period (45 days). However, the viability of Fp3 did not decrease greatly in most of the treatments, as compared to the infested and un-amended control, when incubated at 30ºC. After incubation, seedlings of asparagus `Grande´ were transplanted into pots containing substrates infested with the different species of Fusarium. After three months in greenhouse, symptoms severity in roots showed highly significant decreases, but Fp3 caused lower severity than Fo5 and Fs2. Severity reduction was particularly high at 30ºC (by 15 days incubation for Fs2 and by 30-45 days for Fo5), after PPM treatment, as well as PM-2% for Fo5 and Fs2 incubated during 30 and 45 days at both temperatures, and with ORC (15-30 days incubation). Moreover, assessment of plants fresh weight showed significantly high increases in Fo5 and Fs2, with some rates of the three OAs tested, depending on incubation period and temperature.
Performance, behaviour and meat quality of beef heifers fed concentrate and straw offered as total mixed ration or free-choice
Authors: Iraira Sergio P. , Madruga Ana , Pérez-Juan María , Ruíz-de-la-Torre José L. , Rodríguez-Prado María , Calsamiglia Sergio , Manteca Xavier , Ferret Alfred
Published: December 2015

Eighteen Simmental heifers were fed concentrate and barley straw offered as a total mixed ration (TMR) or separately as a free choice (FCH) to compare performance, behaviour, and meat quality. The heifers were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design. Animals were allotted to roofed pens with 3 animals per pen, and 3 pens per treatment. Intake of concentrate, average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio were not different between diets, being on average 7.6 kg/day, 1.38 kg/day and 0.18 kg/kg, respectively. Straw intake was greater in TMR than in FCH treatment (0.7 vs 0.3 kg/day, respectively; p<0.001). Crude protein intake, neutral detergent fibre intake and water consumption did not differ between treatments. Time spent eating was longer in FCH than in TMR (p=0.001), whereas time spent ruminating and total chewing time were longer (p<0.01) in TMR than in FCH. The number of displacements resulting from competition for feed in the main feeder in TMR treatment tended to be greater than in FCH treatment. There were no differences in the carcass characteristics and quality of meat of animals assigned to the different feeding methods, but the percentage of 18:2 n-6 was higher in FCH treatment. In summary, these results suggest that the use of TMR as a feeding method in beef cattle fed high concentrate diets did not affect performance and increased time spent ruminating with a potential decrease of ruminal acidosis incidence.
Short communication: Predicting cation exchange capacity from hygroscopic moisture in agricultural soils of Western Europe
Authors: Torrent José , Del Campillo María C. , Barrón Vidal
Published: December 2015

Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) depends on the extent and negative charge density of surfaces of soil mineral and organic components. Soil water sorption also depends on the extent of such surfaces, giving thus way to significant relationships between CEC and hygroscopic moisture (HM) in many soils. In this work, we explored whether CEC could be accurately predicted from HM in agricultural soils of Mediterranean and humid temperate areas in Western Europe. For this purpose, we examined 243 soils across a wide variation range of their intrinsic properties. Soil CEC was determined using 1 M ammonium acetate at pH 7 and HM at an equilibrium air relative humidity (RH) of 43% (HM43). Most of the variation of soil CEC was explained by HM43 through a linear function (CEC = 1.4 + 0.78HM43; R2 = 0.962; standard deviation = 2.30 cmolc/kg). Coefficients of the regression equation were similar for subgroups of soils differing in moisture regime, clay mineralogy, carbonate content and organic carbon content. Therefore, soil hygroscopic moisture measurements at a fixed RH level provided a simple, robust, inexpensive method for predicting soil CEC.