bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Reflections Concerning Valence Variation and Atomic Structure
Authors: Gomberg M.
Published: October 2006

In bringing to a conclusion these few scattered reflections concerning valence variation and atomic structure, may I be permitted to say this: He who is experimentally inclined may henceforth take heart and he need not be quite so timid in interpreting strange chemical reactions on the assumption of possible anomaly in the valence of the reactants. The physicist has no hesitation in speaking of the temporary existence, at the higher temperature employed in spectroscopic work, of such molecules as BaCl, AlO, (HO), CH
+
, CH
2
, MgF, etc. Is it not possible that under the influence of surface forces somewhat similar valence variation may not be excluded even at lower temperatures? That these strange compounds are thermodynamically unstable may be true. Nevertheless, they may function as the mysterious catalysts, or as initiators of chain reactions.
Preferred Sites of Strand Scission in DNA Modified by
anti
-Diol Epoxide of Benzo[
a
]pyrene
Authors: Haseltine William A. , Lo Kwok Ming , D'Andrea Alan D.
Published: October 2006

The sites of DNA modification by the anti-diol epoxide of benzo[
a
]pyrene were investigated with the use of a DNA substrate of defined sequence. The modified DNA was labile to strand scission at alkaline and neutral
p
H at guanine, adenine, and cytosine positions.
Cells Isolated from the Embryonic Neural Retina Differ in Behavior in Vitro and Membrane Structure
Authors: Sheffield Joel B. , Pressman Deborah , Lynch Mark
Published: October 2006

Several subpopulations of cells were isolated from trypsin-dissociated embryonic (14 days) chick retinas. The cells of each subpopulation differed in associative behavior measured by cell aggregation and stationary culture assays and in glycoproteins that contain glucosamine. Freeze-fracture analysis showed that these populations also differed in intramembrane particle content.
Opposite Polarity of Filipin-Induced Deformations in the Membrane of Condensing Vacuoles and Zymogen Granules
Authors: Orci L. , Miller R. G. , Montesano R. , Perrelet A. , Amherdt M. , Vassalli P.
Published: October 2006

Filipin binding to membrane sterols induces deformations of the membrane that are detected by freeze-fracture either as 20- to 25-nanometer protuberances or as pits on the fracture faces. By using the filipin probe in pancreatic acinar cells, it was found that the polarity of filipin-induced deformations in the membrane limiting the Golgi condensing vacuoles is opposite that in the membrane limiting the mature zymogen granules. This asymmetry could be due to unequal partitioning of cholesterol between the membrane leaflets in these two compartments during the transformation of the condensing vacuole into the zymogen granule.
Retinal Tumor Induced in the Baboon by Human Adenovirus 12
Authors: Mukai Noritsugu , Kalter S. S. , Cummins Larry B. , Matthews Valerie A. , Nishida Teruo , Nakajima Takashi
Published: October 2006

Three of 21 newborn baboons injected intraocularly with human adenovirus type 12 developed an intravitreal mass 12 to 36 months later. Two of the masses were indistinguishable from human retinoblastoma, a retinal tumor that afflicts children. To our knowledge this is the first time a retinoblastoma-like tumor has been induced experimentally by adenovirus type 12 in a nonhuman primate.
Blood Lead Concentrations in a Remote Himalayan Population
Authors: Piomelli Sergio , Corash Laurence , Corash Michele Beigel , Seaman Carol , Mushak Paul , Glover Barbara , Padgett Richard
Published: October 2006

The lead content in the air at the foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal was found to be negligible. The concentration of lead in the blood of 103 children and adults living in this region was found to average 3.4 micrograms per deciliter, a level substantially lower than that found in industrialized populations.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Ethanol-Induced Sedation in Differentially Sensitive Lines of Mice
Authors: Sorensen Steve , Palmer Michael , Dunwiddie Thomas , Hoffer Barry
Published: October 2006

Acute electrophysiological effects of ethanol were studied in two lines of mice that differ markedly in their response to the soporific effects of systemic alcohol administration. Cerebellar Purkinje neurons from the genetic line that had long sleep times were one to two orders of magnitude more sensitive to the depressant effects of locally administered ethanol than those from the line that had short sleep times. The data suggest that there are genetically determined specificities in the acute effects of ethanol on central neurons and that such specificities might be used to determine which regions of the cerebellum participate in differences in behavioral responses to this substance.
Assessment of Pharmacological Treatment of Myocardial Infarction by Phosphorus-31 NMR with Surface Coils
Authors: Nunnally Ray L. , Bottomley Paul A.
Published: October 2006

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements with small surface coils have been used to observe phosphorus metabolism of perfused hearts within localized regions. The method allows for direct, noninvasive, sequential assessment of the altered regional metabolism resulting from myocardial infarction and its response to drug treatment, which cannot be observed by conventional techniques.
Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories
Authors: McKusick Blaine C.
Published: October 2006

A National Research Council report has recommended practices for safe handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals in laboratories. They are a practical alternative to detailed regulations on individual chemicals.
Tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate, a Mutagenic Flame Retardant: Frequent Occurrence in Human Seminal Plasma
Authors: Hudec Thomas , Thean James , Kuehl Douglas , Dougherty Ralph C.
Published: October 2006

Negative-chemical-ionization mass spectral screening of extracts of human seminal plasma has revealed a presence of a Cl
7
ion cluster at a mass-to-charge ratio (
m/z
) of 463 in a significant number of the samples examined (34 out of 123). Experiments with different gases used to generate the negative-chemical-ionization plasma indicated that the ion at
m/z
463 was a chloride adduca of a Cl6 molecule with a mass of 428 daltons. Negative-chemical-ionization mass measurement with ions from the iodoform mass spectrum used as reference peaks gave a mass of 427.882 daltons; C
9
H
15
O
4
PCl
6
has a molecular weight of 427.883. Extraction of polyurethane foam with toluene produced an extract that consistently gave a negative-chemical-ionization spectrum containing an intense Cl
7
ion at
m/z
463. The component producing this ion was isolated, and its proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum confirmed that it was tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant. The negative-chemical-ionization screening evidence suggests that this flame retardant or its isomer tris(2,3-dichloro-1-propyl)phosphate, or both, are absorbed into the body from formulations in which they are used as flame retardants. Remedial action seems indicated to reduce human exposure to these compounds.
Trisomic Hemopoietic Stem Cells of Fetal Origin Restore Hemopoiesis in Lethally Irradiated Mice
Authors: Herbst Eberhard W. , Pluznik Dov H. , Gropp Alfred , Uthgennant Hermann
Published: October 2006

Autosomal trisomy in the mouse is invariably associated with fetal or early postnatal death. Hemopoietic stem cells from fetuses trisomic for chromosome 12 or 19 can be rescued by transplantation into lethally irradiated mice. These trisomic cells restore hemopoiesis, including lymphopoiesis, in the irradiated mice and establish a permanent and almost complete engraftment. There is no evidence that hemopoietic cells with trisomy 12 or 19 are cytogenetically unstable.
Estrogen Receptors in the Nidatory Sites of the Rat Endometrium
Authors: Martel Dominique , Psychoyos Alexandre
Published: October 2006

In ovariectomized rats treated with progesterone, implantation was induced by a minute dose of 17β-estradiol. Twenty-four hours later, the concentrations of estradiol receptor in nuclear and cytosol fractions prepared from the endometrium surrounding the blastocyst and the inter-implantation areas remained very low. This indicates that estrogen was not secreted by the blastocyst. The higher receptor content in cytosol from inter-implantation sites may reflect modifications accompanying the decidual reaction since our results show that there is no translocation of the receptor to the nuclei. The choice of the dye used to reveal the implantation sites is critical, since Trypan blue but not Evans blue binds steroids and thereby interferes with receptor measurements.
Direct Evidence for a Bone Marrow Origin of the Alveolar Macrophage in Man
Authors: Thomas E. Donnall , Ramberg Robert E. , Sale George E. , Sparkes Robert S. , Golde David W.
Published: October 2006

Alveolar macrophages were obtained from 23 patients who had received marrow transplants for hematologic disorders. The presence of a Y body in macrophages of male origin was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. In those patients with a marrow donor of opposite sex the alveolar macrophages were shown to be of donor origin. The disappearance with time of host macrophages indicates a life-span, under the conditions, of approximately 81 days.
Induction of Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase in Adrenal Medulla: Role of Protein Kinase Activation and Translocation
Authors: Kurosawa A. , Guidotti A. , Costa E.
Published: October 2006

The transsynaptic induction of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (TH) in rat adrenal medulla is preceded by an early increase in the ratio of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate, an activation of cytosol cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and a subsequent translocation of protein kinase catalytic subunits from cytosol to subcellular particles. As a result of this translocation, nuclear protein kinase activity increases during the induction of TH. Transection of splanchnic nerve reverts these events and prevents the induction of TH. Thus, adrenal medulla activation and translocation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase may act as a long-range messenger for the genetic regulation of TH synthesis.
Development of Mature CD8
+
Thymocytes: Selection Rather Than Instruction?
Authors: van Meerwijk Joost P. M. , Germain Ronald N.
Published: October 2006

The role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in T cell differentiation was investigated by comparison of thymocyte subpopulations in wild-type mice and β
2
-microglobulin (β
2
M) mutant mice deficient in MHC class I expression and mature CD8
+
cells. On the basis of surface markers, glucocorticoid resistance, in vitro differentiation capacity, and absence in β
2
M
-/-
mice, CD4
intermediate
CD8
hi
cells with high expression of αβ T cell receptor (TCRαβ) were identified as having been positively selected by MHC class I for development into mature CD8
+
T cells. Activated CD4
int
CD8
hi
cells bearing intermediate rather than high amounts of TCR were present in both wild-type and β
2
M
-/-
animals. These data suggest that recognition of MHC class I molecules is required for full maturation to CD8
+
T cells, but not for receptor-initiated commitment to the CD8
+
lineage, consistent with a stochastic (selection) model of thymocyte development.
Measurement of an Inhibitory Zone
Authors: Mitchison G. J. , Wilcox Michael , Smith R. J.
Published: October 2006

An inhibitory zone mechanism generates the heterocyst pattern in Anabaena. These inhibitory zones can be measured; we find that they extend about five cells on either side of a heterocyst. We can use our observations to predict with reasonable accuracy which cells in the filaments will differentiate into heterocysts.
Formation of a Molten Globule Intermediate Early in the Kinetic Folding Pathway of Apomyoglobin
Authors: Jennings Patricia A. , Wright Peter E.
Published: October 2006

Hydrogen exchange pulse labeling and stopped-flow circular dichroism were used to establish that the structure of the earliest detectable intermediate formed during refolding of apomyoglobin corresponds closely to that of a previously characterized equilibrium molten globule. This compact, cooperatively folded intermediate was formed in less than 5 milliseconds and contained stable, hydrogen-bonded secondary structure localized in the A, G, and H helices and part of the B helix. The remainder of the B helix folded on a much slower time scale, followed by the C and E helices and the CD loop. The data indicate that a molten globule intermediate was formed on the kinetic folding pathway.
Endocrine-Dependent Rat Mammary Tumor Regression: Use of a Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analog
Authors: Johnson E. S. , Seely J. H. , White W. F. , DeSombre E. R.
Published: October 2006

Long-term administration of [D-Leu
6
, des-Gly-NH
2
10
, Pro-ethylamide
9
]-GnRH, an analog of gonadotropin releasing hormone, caused regression of neoplastic tissue in a rat bearing a spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma and in rats in which tumors had been induced by treatment with dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). During two separate treatment periods with the analog, the tumor in the single animal regressed although it had previously grown spontaneously. After a third period of growth, ovariectomy also induced regression, suggesting endocrine dependency of the tumor. These observations were confirmed in the DMBA-induced tumor system, where tumor regression in the analog-treated rats was comparable to that observed in the ovariectomized rats, and in both cases the tumor regression was significant when compared to untreated controls.
Plasma Alpha Amino-
n
-Butyric Acid to Leucine Ratio: An Empirical Biochemical Marker of Alcoholism
Authors: Shaw Spencer , Stimmel Barry , Lieber Charles S.
Published: October 2006

The plasma ratio of α-amino-
n
-butyric acid to leucine was elevated in ambulatory and hospitalized alcoholics as well as in baboons fed alcohol along with an adequate diet. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between this ratio and the degree of alcoholism assessed by three separate medical and psychological criteria in patients maintained on methadone.
Glial-Neural Interaction Demonstrated by the Injection of Na
+
and Li
+
into Cortical Glia
Authors: Grossman Robert G. , Seregin Aleksandr
Published: October 2006

Injection of Na
+
or Li
+
into cortical glia evokes glial depolarization, discharge of adjacent neurons, and vascular pulsation. The effects can be explained by the extrusion of K
+
from glia after cation injection, glial swelling, and the slow removal of the cation from glia. The data suggest that the reduced rate of reuptake of K
+
into Na
+
-loaded glia results in epileptiform firing of neurons, and support the hypothesis that glia function to buffer the environment of neurons.
Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase by G
iα
Authors: Taussig Ronald , Iñiguez-Lluhi Jorge A. , Gilman Alfred G.
Published: October 2006

Evidence suggests that both α and βγ subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Although type I adenylyl cyclase is inhibited directly by exogenous βγ, inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by G
iα
has not been convincingly demonstrated in vitro. Concentration-dependent inhibition of adenylyl cyclases by purified G
iα
subunits is described. Activated G
iα
but not G
oα
was effective, and myristoylation of G
iα
was required. The characteristics of the inhibitory effect were dependent on the type of adenylyl cyclase and the nature of the activator of the enzyme. The concentrations of G
iα
required to inhibit adenylyl cyclase were substantially higher than those normally thought to be relevant physiologically. However, analysis indicates that these concentrations may be relevant and reasonable.
Thymic Selection of Cytotoxic T Cells Independent of CD8 α-Lck Association
Authors: Chan Iris T. , Limmer Andreas , Louie Marjorie C. , Bullock Eric D. , Fung-Leung Wai-Ping , Mak Tak W. , Loh Dennis Y.
Published: October 2006

The CD8α cytoplasmic domain associates with p56

lck

, a nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase. The biological relevance of CD8α-Lck association in T cell development was tested with transgenic mice generated to express a CD8α molecule with two amino acid substitutions in its cytoplasmic domain, which abolishes the association of CD8α with Lck. The CD8α mutant was analyzed in a CD8
-/-
background and in the context of the transgenic 2C T cell receptor. The development and function of CD8
+
T cells in these mice were apparently normal. Thus, CD8α-Lck association is not necessary for positive selection, negative selection, or CD8-dependent cytotoxic function.
Inactivation of the Type II Receptor Reveals Two Receptor Pathways for the Diverse TGF-β Activities
Authors: Chen Ruey-Hwa , Ebner Reinhard , Derynck Rik
Published: October 2006

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional protein that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation and extracellular matrix production. Although two receptor types, the type I and type II receptors, have been implicated in TGF-β-induced signaling, it is unclear how the many activities of TGF-β are mediated through these receptors. With the use of cells overexpressing truncated type II receptors as dominant negative mutants to selectively block type II receptor signaling, the existence of two receptor pathways was shown. The type II receptors, possibly in conjunction with type I receptors, mediate the induction of growth inhibition and hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product pRB. The type I receptors are responsible for effects on extracellular matrix, such as the induction of fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor I, and for increased JunB expression. Selective inactivation of the type II receptors alters the TGF-β response in a similar manner to the functional inactivation of pRB, suggesting a role for pRB in the type II, but not the type I, receptor pathway.
Ecdysis: Neural Orchestration of a Complex Behavioral Performance
Authors: Carlson Joseph R. , Bentley David
Published: October 2006

Cricket ecdysis (molting) requires continuously changing output in hundreds of motoneurons over a period of several hours, and exhibits considerable plasticity. Despite this complexity, analysis of identified motor units reveals a highly organized three-layered infrastructure, and indicates that the "small systems" paradigm currently applied to simple invertebrate motor programs can be extended to much more sophisticated behavioral performances.
Morphologies of Cells from 1-Day Chick Embryos
Authors: Gingle Alan R. , Robertson Anthony
Published: October 2006

Cells disaggregated from 1-day chick embryos show three morphologies, two reminiscent of mammalian erythrocytes and one epithelial. The presence of intermediate forms suggests that the three morphologies are interconvertible.
Interspersion of Short Repetitive Sequences Studied in Cloned Sea Urchin DNA Fragments
Authors: Lee Amy S. , Britten Roy J. , Davidson Eric H.
Published: October 2006

The length and spacing of repetitive sequence elements were studied in several cloned sea urchin DNA fragments. Sequence organization in these fragments was found to be of the short interspersed form expected for sea urchin DNA, and for one clone the evidence shows that nearby repeats do not belong to the same repetitive sequence family.
Prehistoric Archeology, Past, Present and Future
Authors: Nelson N. C.
Published: October 2006

The attempt has been made in the foregoing paragraphs to outline the whole history of prehistoric archeology: its crude beginnings in ancient times, its steadily accelerating progress during the past two hundred years, and its present achievements. Special emphasis has been placed on the rôle played by the discovery of surviving primitive industries in America and elsewhere in bringing about a rational attitude towards Stone Age antiquities and a beginning of their systematic investigation. The creation and growth of the organization and personnel promoting and conducting this world-wide research must be left untouched except to say that to-day probably every civilized country has its museums and university teaching staffs. Public interest in man's prehistoric past was never greater than to-day and only financial support is necessary to afford opportunity for the increasing numbers of young men and women who are constantly pleading for a chance to take part in the work. Accordingly, though the task before us is still very great it is not so hopeless as in the case of some other purely natural sciences like astronomy and entomology. For not only is the earth spherical and therefore limited in extent but man's period of occupancy is relatively short. In other words, while prehistoric archeology of necessity was one of the last special branches of research to get really under way, it is likely to be the first to finish its task. Indeed, if archeological investigations, historic and prehistoric, continue to progress at the same accelerating rate as in the past, it would seem that the next hundred years or so might easily see us in possession of all the essential facts. Those more or less indestructible facts or documents once in hand and the spade set aside, archeologists may have to change their titles to those of curators or something even less high-sounding. At all events, those professionally concerned may then devote their entire time to the permanent arrangement and final interpretation of all the available material culture traits, with a view to offering a visible demonstration of how, step by step from small beginnings, things as they are in the human world actually came to be so. That accomplished, when every one has become familiar with our recreated past, we shall be more nearly free and in the best possible position to give our whole-hearted attention to the really major creative problems of the present and the future.
Virus-Induced Behavioral Alteration of Mice
Authors: Hotchin John , Seegal Richard
Published: October 2006

Neonatal mice were inoculated intracerebrally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM). These mice developed long-term persistent tolerant infections and when tested at 3.5 to 6.0 months of age they showed significant increases in behavioral latency when subjected to open-field tests, and significant decreases in the current level required to elicit a startle response and in locomotor activity in a running wheel. Comparable results were obtained with mice in which persistent infection was induced at 8 weeks of age and which were tested at 3.5 to 6.0 months of age. It was concluded that mice infected with LCM at birth or as adults exhibited long-lasting behavioral abnormalities.
Renewal of Multiple Precipitin Production on Injection of One Antigen in Rabbits Successively Immunized with Many Antigens
Authors: Hektoen Ludvig , Welker Wm. H.
Published: October 2006

Multiple precipitin formation may be induced in the rabbit by the successive introduction of different antigens, and many precipitins may exist simultaneously in the blood for some time. Precipitins no longer demonstrable in the blood of a rabbit subjected to multiple successive immunization may reappear on the injection of only one of the antigens previously injected. Whether an unused antigen would have the same effect has not been determined.
Evidence for Abnormal Heart Induction in Cardiac-Mutant Salamanders (
Ambystoma mexicanum
)
Authors: Lenmanski Larry F. , Marx Barry S. , Hill Craig S.
Published: October 2006

Homozygosity for simple recessive gene c in axolotl embryos results in the absence of a heartbeat. Gene
c
alters the morphology of the mutant anterior endoderm—the primary heart inductor.
Chloroxymorphamine, an Opioid Receptor Site-Directed Alkylating Agent Having Narcotic Agonist Activity
Authors: Caruso Thomas P. , Takemori A. E. , Larson Dennis L. , Portoghese Philip S.
Published: October 2006

Chloroxymorphamine, the 6β-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl) derivative of oxymorphone, is a potent nonequilibrium narcotic agonist in the longitudinal muscle preparation of guinea pig ileum. The corresponding naltrexone analog, chlornaltrexamine, is a potent nonequilibrium antagonist of morphine. These receptor site-directed alkylating agents possess considerable potential as pharmacologic and biochemical probes of opioid receptors.
Newly Evolved Repeated DNA Sequences in Primates
Authors: Gillespie David
Published: October 2006

Repeated DNA sequences in primates having identical or nearly identical members and exhibiting unusual phylogenetic specificity were analyzed. They appeared in repeated DNA sequences in each group of primates, probably within the last 10 to 15 million years, and are conserved to the same extent as unique DNA sequences. The finding allows a new approach to the construction of evolutionary trees.
Classical Nictitating Membrane Conditioning in the Awake, Normal, Restrained Cat
Authors: Patterson Michael M. , Olah Jolene , Clement James
Published: October 2006

Present knowledge of its central nervous system makes the cat a desirable subject for studies of brain-behavior relationships. Response frequencies and latency characteristics in conditioning and control groups indicate that the response of the nictitating membrane can be classically conditioned in a new restraint system in which detailed brain and behavior measures can be easily obtained.
Venous Gas Bubbles: Production by Transient, Deep Isobaric Counterdiffusion of Helium Against Nitrogen
Authors: D'Aoust Brian G. , Smith K. H. , Swanson H. T. , White R. , Harvey Claude A. , Hunter William L. , Neuman Tom S. , Goad Robert F.
Published: October 2006

When awake goats were subjected to isobaric gas switching from saturation (17 hours) on 4.7 atmospheres of nitrogen (0.3 atmosphere of oxygen) to 4.7 atmospheres of helium (0.3 atmosphere of oxygen), bubbles detected by 5-megahertz Doppler ultrasound in the posterior vena cava 20 to 60 minutes after the switch continued for 4 hours. Similar experiments carried out at 6.7 atmospheres of inert gas and 0.3 atmosphere of oxygen produced more bubbles for as long as 12 hours after the gas switch. This is believed to be the first objective demonstration of the phenomenon of deep isobaric supersaturation under transient operational diving conditions at relatively shallow diving depths. Detection of bubbles by Doppler ultrasound confirms the potential importance of the phenomenon to shallow saturation diving and holds promise for better quantification of its effects as well as those of its counterpart, isobaric undersaturation, which can confer a decompression advantage.
An Adenylate Cyclase of Brain Reflects Propensity for Breast Cancer in Mice
Authors: Cotzias George C. , Tang Lily C.
Published: October 2006

High propensity for breast cancer in mice was associated with low dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the brain, low spontaneous motorization, and low motor responses to injections of the catecholamine precursor, L-dopa.
Pathogenic Pleuropneumonia-Like Microorganisms from Acute Rheumatic Exudates and Tissues
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Brown Thomas McPherson
Published: October 2006

In suitable cell-free media it has been possible to cultivate pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms from the following materials, first, from chorioallantoic membranes in which lesions were apparently induced by exudates from patients with rheumatic fever; second, from pneumonic lungs of mice inoculated with similar exudates or with suspensions of the abovementioned abnormal membranes; and third, directly from the arthritic exudate of a patient with rheumatic fever, and also from an erythema nodosum nodule excised from a patient with this same disease. With three different subcultures from joint fluid, iritis has been induced in rabbits; and following intranasal inoculation with the same cultures there has developed in mice a pneumonia similar to that found in mice inoculated with rheumatic exudates and with suspensions of chorioallantoic membranes infected with rheumatic exudates. Therefore it seems probable that in all instances the pathogenic agent was derived from similar sources,
viz.
, patients with rheumatic fever. Further work will be required to demonstrate the etiologic significance of these pathogenic agents in rheumatic fever.
Impact of Federal Regulations at a University
Authors: Spriestersbach D. C. , Farrell William J.
Published: October 2006

Last year the University of Iowa conducted an in-house study of how federal regulations, executive orders, and agency administrative policies affected the day-to-day operations of the university on all levels. This article is an analysis and reassessment of the federal impact issue based on the information uncovered in the University of Iowa survey.
Metal Mutagens and Carcinogens Affect RNA Synthesis Rates in a Distinct Manner
Authors: Hoffman David J. , Niyogi Salil K.
Published: October 2006

Five metal salts (lead, cadmium, cobalt, copper, and manganese), which are mutagenic or carcinogenic, decreasing the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro, stimulated chain initiation of RNA synthesis at concentrations that inhibited overall RNA synthesis. In contrast, other metal salts (zinc, magnesium, lithium, sodium, and potassium) not in this category inhibited chain initiation of RNA synthesis at concentrations that inhibited overall RNA synthesis.
Screening for Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Jovanovic Lois , Landesman Robert , Saxena Brij B.
Published: October 2006

A group of 590 women who, 4 to 5 weeks after their last menstrual period, were confirmed to be pregnant, as measured by the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by radioreceptor assay. Nine of these women had serum hCG levels approximately twofold higher than the others and were suspected of having twin pregnancy. When these women were tested at 12 weeks of gestation, pelvic sonography confirmed twin pregnancies in all the nine cases. Serum hCG levels thus provide a simple, rapid, and easy method to detect twin pregnancy.
Interactions Between Rod and Cone Systems in the Goldfish Retina
Authors: Shefner Jeremy M. , Levine Michael W.
Published: October 2006

Signals from both the rod and the cone receptor systems converge upon the same retinal ganglion cell, but only one or the other of these systems appears to be effective at any particular level of adaptation. In this report we provide evidence that the change from one receptor system to the other is not simply due to the two systems having nonoverlapping dynamic ranges; rather, there is a distance-dependent interaction between the two systems.
Cell-Free Modulation of Proinsulin Synthesis
Authors: Lomedico Peter T. , Saunders Grady F.
Published: October 2006

In vivo, glucose preferentially stimulates proinsulin biosynthesis; at least part of this process is independent of new RNA synthesis and is accompanied by increases in the overall rate of polypeptide chain initiation. The cell-free translation of proinsulin messenger RNA is very sensitive to changes in the protein-synthesizing system. Proinsulin synthesis is preferentially inhibited by the addition of increasing quantities of polyadenylate-containing RNA from the fetal bovine pancreas or by the addition of the drug, aurintricarboxylic acid, which blocks polypeptide chain initiation. These results suggest that proinsulin messenger RNA competes less efficiently for rate controlling initiation factors. We propose that glucose stimulates proinsulin biosynthesis by allowing the less competitive proinsulin messenger RNA to be translated more efficiently.
Behavioral Choice: Neural Mechanisms in
Pleurobranchaea
Authors: Kovac Mark P. , Davis William J.
Published: October 2006

In the marine mollusk
Pleurobranchaea
, it is known that feeding occurs and withdrawal from tactile stimuli is suppressed when the sensory stimuli for feeding and withdrawal are presented simultaneously. This "dominance" of feeding behavior over withdrawal behavior occurs because the central nervous network controlling feeding inhibits the central nervous network controlling withdrawal. The inhibition is mediated by a bilaterally symmetrical pair of reidentifiable feeding neurons that are members of the "corollary discharge" population in the buccal ganglion. This study supports the hypothesis that inhibitory interactions between competing motor systems are responsible for the "singleness of action" that characterizes animal behavior.
Intergeneric Transfer of Genes Involved in the
Rhizobium
-Legume Symbiosis
Authors: Bishop Paul E. , Dazzo Frank B. , Appelbaum Edward R. , Maier Robert J. , Brill Winston J.
Published: October 2006

Genes that seem to be involved in the initial steps of infection of a legume by
Rhizobium
have been transferred, by transformation, to mutant strains of
Azotobacter vinelandii
that are unable to fix nitrogen. These genes code for a surface antigen that binds specifically to a protein from the host plant.
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes: Possible Mechanism of Accumulation in Psoriasis
Authors: Lazarus Gerald S. , Yost Fred J. , Thomas Charlotte A.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of involved and uninvolved skin from nine patients with untreated psoriasis were studied for chemotactic activity. Psoriatic plaque contains increased amounts of a complement-dependent chemotactic factor that is inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. This factor may be human skin serine proteinase.
A Note on Serum Cholinesterase Variability in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Beveridge J. M. R. , Lucas C. C.
Published: October 2006

(1) The serum cholinesterase activity of mature female rats is three to five times as great as that found in mature male rats. Mice sera exhibit similar sexual variations in activity, but to a lesser degree.

(2) Immature female rats and probably senile female rats possess a low serum cholinesterase activity, in the same range as that of the mature male rats.
Karyotype Conservation and Difference in DNA Amount in Anguilloid Fishes
Authors: Park Eun Ho , Kang Yung Sun
Published: October 2006

The two Pacific anguilloid fishes
Anguilla japonica
and
Astroconger myriaster
, belonging to the different families, appear to have identical chromosome numbers (2n = 38) and karyotypes, including one pair of conspicuous heteromorphic chromosomes in females. Cytophotometric measurements, however, indicate a considerable difference in DNA content between the two species.
Polyploid Amphibians: Three More Diploid-Tetraploid Cryptic Species of Frogs
Authors: Bogart James P. , Tandy Mills
Published: October 2006

The nominal African species
Pyxicephalus delalandii
and
Dicroglossus occipitalis
have diploid and tetraploid populations. There are also cryptic tetraploid and diploid species similar to
Bufo kerinyagae
. These represent the first bisexual polyploid "species" so far encountered in the major frog families Ranidae and Bufonidae. The contention that polyploidy is a widespread and important evolutionary phenomenon in anuran amphibians is supported.
A Syndrome In
Macacus rhesus
After Inoculation of Stool from Carriers of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: McClure George Y.
Published: October 2006

A mild clinical syndrome in
Macacus rhesus
, accompanied by pathologic changes in the sensory portions of the vagus ganglia, intervertebral ganglia, and sometimes in the Gasserian ganglia is described. This syndrome occurred following intraperitoneal inoculation of fecal material obtained from contacts and from patients with infantile paralysis in an epidemic in a rural community. When intranasal as well as intraperitoneal inoculation was practiced, the olfactory bulbs were sometimes involved.
Modulation of C3b Hemolytic Activity by a Plasma Protein Distinct from C3b Inactivator
Authors: Whaley Keith , Ruddy Shaun
Published: October 2006

A human plasma protein binds to cell-bound C3b, the major cleavage product of the third component of complement. Consequent upon this binding, C3b no longer functions in either the classical or alternative pathways. This C3b inhibitory activity is a property of a protein previously designated β1H on the basis of its electrophoretic mobility.
The Milk-Influence of Breast Tumors in Mice
Authors: Bittner John J.
Published: October 2006

Females of the fostered C3H strain and the BAF
1
hybrid generation, having a normal incidence of breast tumors of 1-2 per cent., were given, by mouth or injection, filtrates (Seitz filter) or extracts of glycerinated-treated tissue containing the active milk-influence for the development of spontaneous breast cancer. Sixty-three experimental mice were observed to have an incidence of 41 per cent. Thirty-six mice received unfiltered or untreated material and have had an incidence of 67 per cent. Many of the mice of each group are still living.

Previous studies indicated that the active milk-influence would not become inactive following desiccation. Following ultracentrifugation the active influence appeared in traces, if at all, in the fat fraction and in the final supernatant fluid, and it is possible that the active agent is a colloid of high molecular weight.
The Insertion of DNA into Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Morgan Councilman
Published: October 2006

Cells infected with vaccinia virus in the presence of hydroxyurea (HU), which blocks DNA replication, were examined in thin sections by electron microscopy at intervals after removal of HU. Dense, fibrillar material was observed at the orifice formed just before closure of the membrane constituting the envelope of the immature form of the virus. It is concluded that synchrony of assembly enabled stages in the condensation and insertion of viral deoxyribonucleoprotein to be observed. The mechanism appears to be similar to that encountered in morphologic studies of herpes simplex virus and in biochemical studies of poliovirus, adenovirus, and several bacteriophages.
The Chemical Composition of Liver Preparations
Authors: Erdos José
Published: October 2006

For the present we can entertain the following ideas regarding the chemical structure of the active fraction of liver in pernicious anemia: it is an amino acid complex with three free COOH groups, it contains sulfur and phosphorus, is soluble in water, acids and bases, precipitates in alcohol at concentration greater than 87 per cent., and has a molecular weight of 6,000.
Isolation of a New "Carotenoid" from Rat Liver
Authors: Carruthers Christopher , Urban Frank
Published: October 2006

A new carotenoid-like substance has been isolated from rat liver. A method for its separation and some of its properties are given.

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr. H. F. Seibert, of the S.M.A. Corporation, for the samples of the β carotene used in these studies.
Derepressed Alloantigen on Transplacentally Induced Lung Tumor Coded for By H-2 Linked Gene
Authors: Martin W. J. , Gipson T. G. , Martin S. E. , Rice J. M.
Published: October 2006

A transplacentally induced lung tumor of strain C3Hf mice grows progressively when transplanted to (C3Hf × A)F
1
hybrid mice but not when transplanted to C3Hf recipients. Progressive tumor growth occurs in [(C3Hf × A)F
1
× C3Hf] backcross mice inheriting the H-2
a
haplotype from the F
1
parent. Furthermore, radioresistant immunity to the lung tumor can be induced in C3Hf mice by immunization with normal tissue of B10.A and B10.A(2R) but not of B10 or B10.A(5R) strain mice.
Production and Treatment of Granulocytopenia and Anemia in Rats Fed Sulfonamides in Purified Diets
Authors: Kornberg Arthur , Daft Floyd S. , Sebrell W. H.
Published: October 2006

(1) A severe granulocytopenia or anemia, or both, have been produced in rats fed sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine or sulfanilamide at a 1 per cent. level in purified diets.

(2) Treatment with certain liver fractions orally has succeeded in correcting the granulocytopenia in four days and the anemia in about 10 days in spite of continued ingestion by these animals of the sulfonamide-containing diet.
Tail-Pinch Stimulation: Sufficient Motivation for Learning
Authors: Koob George F. , Fray Paul J. , Iversen Susan D.
Published: October 2006

A paper clip applied to the tails of rats induced gnawing and eating, which decreased in latency and increased in duration with experience. With sustained pressure to the tail, rats learned a new habit in order to gain access to wood chips on which to gnaw. That these are also properties of behavior elicited by electrical brain stimulation suggests that both manipulations may act through the same mechanism. These results support the hypothesis that a nonspecific arousing stimulus can be a sufficient condition for establishing learned habits.
Trypanosomiasis: An Approach to Chemotherapy by the Inhibition of Carbohydrate Catabolism
Authors: Clarkson Allen B. , Brohn Frederick H.
Published: October 2006

When the infected mammalian host of
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
is injected with a solution of the iron chelator salicyl hydroxamic acid and glycerol, the aerobic and anaerobic glucose catabolism of the parasite is blocked and the parasite is rapidly destroyed.
The Amnesia Gradient: Inadequate as Evidence for a Memory Consolidation Process
Authors: DeVietti Terry L. , Kirkpatrick Brian R.
Published: October 2006

Rats were conditioned to fear a tone paired with shock to the feet. Retention tests 4 days later showed that consolidation had occurred. Other animals were not tested for retention at 4 days, but the tone was presented in order to reactivate their memories of the conditioning. An amnesia gradient was generated by low-intensity electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex at different intervals after the tone, but stimulation was without effect either when given to rats not previously conditioned or when given to conditioned rats without preceding memory reactivation. Thus, stimulation of the amygdaloid complex can affect memory retrieval. Moreover, the data call into question the assumption that an amnesia gradient indicates that the memory consolidation process has been modified.
Immunotherapy of Cancer with Antibody
Authors: Shin Hyun S. , Pasternack Gary R. , Economou James S. , Johnson Robert J. , Hayden Michael L.
Published: October 2006

A long-term suppression of a transplanted solid tumor that has been growing in a syngeneic animal can be achieved by the administration of antibody against the tumor. The susceptibility of such growing tumor cells to antibody treatment is similar to that of a comparable number of freshly injected tumor cells.
The Romance and Engineering of Food Preservation
Authors: Woolrich W. R.
Published: October 2006

The engineering profession of the world can be expected to give more attention to the animal-plant food cycles in the years ahead and to determine new methods of preserving for complete utilization the critical and exhaustible supplies of plant foods for the generations yet to live. Coincidentally with this obligation which the engineer must assume, there is the romantic but very real task ahead of applying the same intensive interest in the ultimate preservation of foods as the agriculturists have displayed in producing them.

The food preservation arts and sciences have now progressed forward far enough that the engineering profession can well assure the world that diets can henceforth be determined on the basis of what is good for man. With the coordination of our implements of electrical power, internal-combustion engine, propelled transportation, excellent network of road. ways and mechanical inventions, and with the competent support of the food technologists, the bacteriologists and the chemists, the engineering profession should be able to assure the multitudes that the world's ability to preserve is now prepared to equal the world's capacity to produce food. When complete coordination is effected, and production, preservation and distribution become daily realities, then the profession will have reached new heights in engineering, achievement, statesmanship and service.
EFFECT OF FIELD DIRECTION AND FIELD INTENSITY ON DIRECTED SPIRAL PERCOLATION
Authors: SINHA SANTANU , SANTRA S. B.
Published: October 2006

Directed spiral percolation (DSP) is a new percolation model with crossed external bias fields. Since percolation is a model of disorder, the effect of external bias fields on the properties of disordered systems can be studied numerically using DSP. In DSP, the bias fields are an in-plane directional field (E) and a field of rotational nature (B) applied perpendicular to the plane of the lattice. The critical properties of DSP clusters are studied here varying the direction of E field and intensities of both E and B fields in two-dimensions. The system shows interesting and unusual critical behavior at the percolation threshold. Not only the DSP model is found to belong in a new universality class compared to that of other percolation models but also the universality class remains invariant under the variation of E field direction. Varying the intensities of the E and B fields, a crossover from DSP to other percolation models has been studied. A phase diagram of the percolation models is obtained as a function of intensities of the bias fields E and B.
ON SMOOTHNESS FOR A CLASS OF FRACTAL INTERPOLATION SURFACES
Authors: WANG HONG-YONG
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we consider a wide class of iterated function systems in R3, and show that their attractors are a class of fractal interpolation surfaces. Based on a refinement equation, we investigate the properties of smoothness of the fractal interpolation functions, and give the results of the smoothness in several cases.
Profilin is an effector for Daam1 in non-canonical Wnt signaling and is required for vertebrate gastrulation
Authors: Sato Akira , Khadka Deepak K. , Liu Wei , Bharti Ritu , Runnels Loren W. , Dawid Igor B. , Habas Raymond
Published: October 2006

Non-canonical Wnt signaling plays important roles during vertebrate embryogenesis and is required for cell motility during gastrulation. However,the molecular mechanisms of how Wnt signaling regulates modification of the actin cytoskeleton remain incompletely understood. We had previously identified the Formin homology protein Daam1 as an important link between Dishevelled and the Rho GTPase for cytoskeletal modulation. Here, we report that Profilin1 is an effector downstream of Daam1 required for cytoskeletal changes. Profilin1 interacted with the FH1 domain of Daam1 and was localized with Daam1 to actin stress fibers in response to Wnt signaling in mammalian cells. In addition, depletion of Profilin1 inhibited stress fiber formation induced by non-canonical Wnt signaling. Inhibition or depletion of Profilin1 in vivo specifically inhibited blastopore closure in Xenopus but did not affect convergent extension movements, tissue separation or neural fold closure. Our studies define a molecular pathway downstream of Daam1 that controls Wnt-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization for a specific morphogenetic process during vertebrate gastrulation.
France-India-Britain, (post)colonial triangles: Mauritius/India and Canada/India, (post)colonial tangents
Authors: Magedera Ian H.
Published: October 2006

This article argues for a thoroughgoing comparative approach in the study of French representations of India, which includes the British colonial hegemony. It tracks the discourses of the non-real which characterize French representations, including the rewriting of history, nostalgic
evocations of heroes and discussion of hypothetical situations. These discourses have their roots in 1763, a highly ambivalent situation, when the French were forced to disengage from an idea of an empire in India and yet continued to maintain five trading concessions there.
Review Article
Authors: Meneses Filipe Ribeiro de
Published: October 2006

Ana Mira (ed.) (2002), Actas das sesses secretas da Cmara dos Deputados e do Senado da Repblica sobre a participao de Portugal na I Grande Guerra, Lisbon: Assembleia da Repblica & Edies Afrontamento