bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Indication of Molten Cellulose Produced in a Laser Beam
Authors: Nordin Soren B. , Nyren Jan O. , Back Ernst L.
Published: October 2007

A study has been made on the possibility of melting cellulose by a rapid heating and cooling technique, the basic idea being that the heating is carried out so rapidly that chemical reactions are minimized. In this study the rapid heating was carried out with'the heam from a continuous carbon dioxide laser. Immediately after heating, cooling took place in a stream of liquid nitrogen. The samples of condenser paper were analyzed by their ir spectra for a possible decrease in crystallinity. The ratio'of the absorption at 7.0 μm and 11.2 μm was taken as a measure of the degree of crystallinity. This crystallinity. index was 2.1 and 1.4 for untreated and irradiated condenser paper respectively. Model experiments at lower temperatures indicated that this decrease of crystallinity is not due to modification or degradation of the cellulose. Electron micrographs of these and other paper samples further substantiate that a melting of the cellulosic material has occurred.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Weigmann H.-D. , Ribnick A.S.
Published: October 2007

Despite the increasing importance of solvent-based textile processing, there is little systematic information available about the effects of various organic solvents on textile fibers. A recent program at TRI is designed to study the interactions between various nonaqueous solvents and different textile yarns, including polyamides, polyesters, polypropylene, cellulose acetate, and rayon. The interactions between the solvents and the fibers are described principally in terms of their effect on yarn mechanical properties. Furthermore, the interactions are systematized by application of the solubility parameter concept, and it is shown that this concept may be used as a first approximation to predict interactions between solvents and textile fibers.
Fiber Content of Blends of Cotton and Optically Brightened Polyester Determined by UV Fluorescence
Authors: Perkins Henry H.
Published: October 2007

A new method is described for measuring fiber content of blends of cotton and optically brightened polyester using uv fluorescence as measured by a special uv meter. The intensity of the fluorescence is proportional to polyester content of the blend. A calibration curve is prepared using known blends, and unknown blends are determined by measuring fluorescence and referring to the calibration curve. Stock can be tested in the form of raw stock, sliver, roving, or yarn. The method is accurate and is simpler and faster than existing wet chemical methods. Fiber contents of 18 blends from a full-scale spinning project were tested by the fluorescence method and by the method recommended by the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC). The coefficient of simple correlation of the results from the two methods was 0.997. Level difference between the methods was insignificant.
The Use of Light-Scattering Profiles of Single Fibers to Measure and Compare the Within-Fiber Diameter Variability of Wool Tops
Authors: Lynch L.J.
Published: October 2007

An optical scanning technique to measure within-fiber diameter variation of single wool fibers was used to obtain data for statistical comparison of two merino tops with almost identical means but differing variances in fiber diameter.
Some Structural and Physical Properties of Yarn Made on the Integrated Composite Spinning System
Authors: Mohamed M.H. , Rqchow T.G. , Heeralal R.
Published: October 2007

One of the most recent systems of yarn production is the Bototex Integrated Composite Spinning (ICS) process. The process is capable of producing spun-like yarn from a composite of two or three components. In the case of three-component yams, a filamerat feeder yarn is passed through the polymer extrusion spinnerette to pick up the molten polymer resin. Staple fibers are then deposited onto the surface of the yarn and the assembly is consolidated by twisting. Production by this system ranges between 1000 and 2000 ft/min (305-610 m/min). The yarn count ranges from 30-300 tex (20's-2's cotton count).

This paper presents a discussion of the capabilities of this system. A light-microscopical study of some yarn cross sections and some scanning electron micrographs of yarns and a double-knit fabric are presented. Some of the physical properties of yarn samples were investigated and the results are presented.
The Fate of a Monofunctional N-Methylol Reagent on Pad-Dry-Cure Reaction with Cotton
Authors: Rowland S.P. , Cirino V.O. , Bullock A.L. , Wade C.P. , Mason J.S.
Published: October 2007

Chemically modified cottons resulting from reactions of hydroxymethylmethylethyleneurea (HMEU) and methoxymeihylmethyletbyleneurea (MMEU) with cotton fabric at 160°C by zinc nitrate catalysis were studied. From these cottons modified with the monofunctional analog of dimethylolethyleneurea (DMEU) positive evidence was found for the presence of trapped dimer of HMEU and for oxymethylene linkages in addition to the expected methyleneethyleneurea substituents. The estimate is: for approximately 1% of bound nitrogen or 4% add-on of HMEU, half of the nitrogen is present as the methyleneethyleneurea substituents; the remaining nitrogen is primarily dimer of HMEU; and 0.1% formaldehyde (on weight of fabric) is present as oxymethylene linkages. This estimate corresponds to 0.2 mol of oxymethylene linkages and 1 mol of trapped ethyleneurea units per mole of covalently attached methyleneethyleneurea substituents. The results are discussed relative to structures developed when cotton is treated with DMEU.
The Reaction of Wool with Potassium Hexafluorozirconate
Authors: Gordon P.G. , Roberts G.A.
Published: October 2007

The fluorozirconate treatment of wool has been investigated. It appears that a negatively charged tetrafluorozirconium species is exhausted onto wool, the natural flame-resist properties of which are markedly improved. Even levels of the zirconium species can be obtained at room temperature by slowly reducing the pH of the dyebath. Observations are recorded concerning the location of the zirconium compound in the fiber and its mode of action in flame-retardation.
Measurement of Crease Recovery Properties of Yarns and Fibers1,2
Authors: Venkatesh G.M. , Dweltz N.E.
Published: October 2007

At present, no simple and satisfactory method exists to measure the crease recovery properties of fibers and yarns; consequently, this paper attempts to describe a simple method for this purpose. A thin parallelized bundle of fibers or yarns is creased for five minutes under a constant weight, and the crease recovery angles are measured on a Monsanto Wrinkle Recovery Tester. There is good correspondence between the crease recovery angles of the resin finished fabrics and of the yarns extracted from these fabrics.

In the case of fibers, a definite relationship has been found to exist between the bound formaldehyde expressed as a percentage and the corresponding increase in dry crease recovery or loss in tensile strength or the reduction in the work of rupture. A similar relationship also exists between the loss in tensile strength and increase in crease recovery angles. Significant differences exist between the crease recovery angles of different cottons after crosslinking.
The Distribution of Dye and Inorganic Ions Between Solid Polymers and Solutions Part III : C. I. Basic Blue 22 and Acrilan 16® Fibers
Authors: Guion T.H. , Mcgregor Ralph
Published: October 2007

A simple theoretical model of the ion sorption equilibria in cationic dyeing systems has been developed. This model accounts for several aspects of the behavior which cannot be handled by, the existing theories. The parameter values required to fit the model to the data are in agreement with direct independent measurements of these parameters. The selectivity coefficient KNaD shows a complex behavior which cannot be explained by conventional formulations of "ion-binding" processes in the fiber.
A Study of the Relationship Between Geometry and Light Scattering Profiles of Single Wool Fibers
Authors: Lynch L.J.
Published: October 2007

A study of relationship between fiber geometry and the light scattering profiles of single wool fibers, obtained by drawing the fibers through a light beam and continuously recording the far field interference pattern, has shown that the spacing of the first minimum in the profile can be closely related to the fiber diameter via the Fraunhofer far field diffraction equation for an opaque strap.
Photoinitiated Ctosslinking of Modified Cotton
Authors: Portnoy Norman A. , Nelson Marie C. , Margavio Matthew F. , Arth Jett C.
Published: October 2007

Cotton cellulose that had been chemically modified by reaction with acryloyl and methacryloyl chloride (degree of substitution 0.08-0.50) and then padded with various solvents was exposed to uv light (λmax3500 Å) in an inert atmosphere. Photolyzed, modified cotton fabrics (print cloth) exhibited wrinkle recovery angles as high as 331° (wet) and 285° (conditioned), compared with values of 174° and 160°, respectively, for control fabrics. These increases in wrinkle recovery angles were dependent on the degree of substitution of the modified cotton cellulose, the solvent used in padding, the presence of monomer during irradiation, and irradiation time. The breaking strengths of the fabrics decreased during chemical modification; however, these properties were not further changed during photolysis.
Fluorescent Whitening Agents
Authors: Holt Leo A. , Milligan Brian
Published: October 2007

Sulfonated aromatic aldehydes strongly sensitize the yellowing of wool by simulated sunlight, especially for exposure in the wet state. Compounds of this class are formed when stilbene-type fluorescent whitening agents are irradiated, either in solution or on wool. The possibility that these sulfonated benzaldehyde derivatives are responsible for the accelerated photoyellowing of fluorescently whitened wool is discussed. It is concluded that they may be important in the photoyellowing of whitened fabrics in the wet state, although they play little part in the photoyellowing of dry fabrics.
Comparative Study of the Titrating Methods of Acidic Groups in Acrylic Fibers
Authors: Cegarra J. , Puente P. , Valldeperas J.
Published: October 2007

The determination of the acid groups of three acrylic fibers has been carried out, using Dralon, Euroacril, and Courtelle, by means of potentiometry and dyeing. Values found are different in each case, not only in the total groups, but also in the strong and weak acid groups; the titration gives a lower number of total acid groups when using a dyeing method. An explanation of the causes that may give rise to this difference is discussed; the possibility of some dye being set on the fiber by the solution is likely. It has not been possible to determine the sequence of the combination of the dye with the acid groups of the fiber.
Flame Retardant Cellulose Acetate and Arnel Triacetate
Authors: Vandermaas J.K. , Holmes T.L. , Zybko W.C.
Published: October 2007

In order to provide a variety of fabrics and constructions which meet the Children's Sleepwear Standard, DOC FF-3-71, Celanese has developed flame retardant variants of two of its fibers. Acetate filament was developed for the warp knit segment of the sleepwear market and Arnel® triacetate for use in blends with polyester for circular knits and wovens. In the course of this development the effect of fabric construction on flammability performance was explored, as well as the influence of dyeing and finishing chemicals such as dyes and carriers.

A fabric bulk factor is derived which is of value in predicting the residual flame time behavior of single knit polyester or triacetate/polyester jersey. In addition an attempt is made to correlate dye structure with its effect on flammability performance of Arnel triacetate/polyester blends.
A Study of the Reaction Between Protein Monolayers and Wool-Reactive Dyes
Authors: Giles Charles H. , Mciver Norman
Published: October 2007

Monolayers of edestin, as a model for protein fibers, have been spread on water and on aqueous solutions of three wool-reactive dyes with and without the addition of urea. The film area, compressibility, and viscosity values were measured and interpreted. Surface tension measurements on aqueous solutions of the dyes agree qualitatively with the expected effects of their structural differences. The most surface-active dye, containing a single reactive group, penetrates the protein film rather slowly, slightly increasing the compressibility. On standing overnight, dye-protein reaction occurs, and the film becomes more rigid. A dye with two reactive groups causes a marked increase of rigidity of the film, and the dye-fiber reaction appears to be more rapid than the rate of dye penetration into the film. The third dye, with a single reactive group, is intermediate in effect on the film.

Urea expands the film and appears to open the protein structure without causing crosslinking. In presence of dye the more open protein structure appears to persist but on standing the film rigidity increases.
A Novel Method of Polymerizing Acrylic Monomers on Wool
Authors: Rattee I.D. , Singh G.S.
Published: October 2007

It has been found that acrylic monomers may be readily and selectively polymerized inside wool fibers in the presence of peroxydisulphates by the use of cupric and other transition metal ions in the higher valency state. The process has the advantage of producing high polymer "add on" values at any pH between 2 and 10 or higher without the need for oxygen exclusion or special reducing agents. Wool whiteness may be preserved by the addition of formaldehyde, while induction time effects can be controlled by the addition of sodium metabisulphite. The treated wool may be dyed with selected basic dyes suitable for dyeing acrylic fibers to give brilliant shades with a light fastness comparable with that obtained on such fibers.
Introduction to the Influence of Rotor Cleanliness on the Properties of Open-End Yarns
Authors: Barella A. , Vigo J.P.
Published: October 2007

The physico-mechanical properties of cotton and staple viscose open-end yarns were studied in connection with layer depth. It was observed that there are systematic trends, more visible for cotton yarns, for the parameters considered here, dependent on bobbin build. Thus, breaking strength and extension, resistance to repeated extensions, abrasion resistance, and short-term irregularity tend to deteriorate more or less as bobbin build increases.

These phenomena are related to both material and rotor cleanliness, the spectrograms of the yarns being a valuable index to the existence of certain zones in the bobbin where the yarn presents anomalies in the shape of transient periodic irregularities together with deterioration of mechanical properties, yarn irregularity, and yarn defect content. Such anomalies gradually appear in cotton bobbins from spinning rotors in which no end break has occurred, culminating in the outer layers (full bobbin). But in the staple viscose bobbins they appear in the central layers and then disappear, which is thought to be related to the accumulation of impurities in the rotor and to the eventual break of the yarn and subsequent cleaning operation. The fact that there should be less difference between the beginning and the end of the bobbin for staple viscose yarns is attributed to the greater cleanliness of this fiber as compared with cotton. Other yarn parameters such as diameter and hairiness are affected by the phenomena mentioned above, but the nature of the fiber can offset, to some 'extent, some of the observed effects.

The differences observed, while significant in some cases, are usually not great, but the existence of yarns with fluctuations in their irregularity, fault content, and hairiness, can originate defects and patterning in the woven fabric; it is thus concluded that the cleanliness of the rotor is a factor of major importance is open-end spinning.
Creasable Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea-Crosslinked Cotton Print Cloth
Authors: Hobart Stanley R. , Mack Charles H.
Published: October 2007

Creasable wrinkle-resistant cotton print cloths were prepared by crosslinking with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) in the presence of phosphorylating agents as catalysts and reactants. These fabrics were wrinkle resistant and, because of the catalytic action of the acidic phosphoryl groups present, could be given creases which were durable to laundering. The treatments were applied by a conventional laboratory pad-dry-cure technique. Fabric treated with the DMDHEU-sodium dihydrogen phosphate combination had a conditioned warp wrinkle recovery angle of 134° and retained 60% of its warp' breaking strength. Creases, which were excellent after five launderings, could be developed in this fabric after a mildly acidic rinse and ironing or pressing. A fabric treated with the DMDHEU-sodium hexametaphosphate combination had a warp conditioned wrinkle recovery angle of 136° and retained 55% of its breaking strength. Creases developed in this fabric also were excellent after laundering. Effects of process variables, such as concentration of phosphorylating agent, curing time and temperature, and added softener, are described, and creasing conditions and variables are discussed.
The Torsional Rigidity of Wool Fibers Extended in Water
Authors: Feughelman M. , Collins J.D.
Published: October 2007

When a wool fiber is extended in water, the concomitant values of the torsional modulus of the fiber remain relatively constant up to around 30% extension. Beyond this 30% longitudinal extension the torsional modulus of the wet wool fiber progressively increases with extension. This latter behavior, together with the observed relationship between the torsional modulus of the unextended wool fiber and the slope of the post-yield region of its longitudinal stress-strain curve, have been explained in terms of the series-zone model for keratin libers.
The Absorption of Certain Metal Ions by Wool Fibers
Authors: Brady P.R. , Freeland G.N. , Hine R.J. , Hoskinson R.M.
Published: October 2007

The absorption of mercuric ions by wool is strongly inhibited by sodium chloride. Complex metal ammines are readily sorbed from ammonia solutions and then desorbed from wool by acid. A technique suitable for removing low concentrations of copper from nickel solutions is described.
220-MHz Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Homogeneous High-Sulphur Fractions of Reduced Wool
Authors: Dale B.J. , Jones D.W.
Published: October 2007

High-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectra have been recorded at 220 MHz from aqueous solutions of the effectively homogeneous reduced wool fractions S-carboxymethyl keratein (SCMK) B-IIIB2 (the first keratin protein to have been sequenced) and SCMKB-IIIB4. Spectral assignments on the basis of amino acid composition and of known amino acid, peptide, and protein spectra are confirmed by simulation of the experimental spectrum of SCMKB-IIIB2. Absence of appreciable spectral change with temperature is consistent with predominance of unordered conformation. For spectra in trifluoracetic acid solution (which do not suffer from masking by solvent), small downfield shifts are attributed to protonation of side-chain groups.
A Continuum Mechanics Approach to Twisted Yarns
Authors: Cheng C.C. , White James L. , Duckett Kermit E.
Published: October 2007

A new formulation of the mechanics of deformation of continuous filament textile yarns has been carried out which utilizes the concepts of classical continuum mechanics, particularly the stress tensor. The stresses acting on a fiber are divided into a tensile stress T acting along its axial direction, and compressive stresses Pn and Pb acting in the direction of the normal and binormal vectors of the equivalent space curve. The resulting expressions for the stress distribution in the yarn and the applied tensile force and torque are more general than those derived by earlier researchers.
An Analysis of Carding Efficiency and Processing Performance of Cotton /Polyester Blends
Authors: Simpson Jack , Fiori Louis A.
Published: October 2007

The effect of various levels of cotton and polyester fibers blended during opening and picking on carding efficiency and processing performance was investigated. The cotton was middling grade, 1 1/16-in. staple length, and 4.2 micronaire reading; the polyester was high modulus, 1.5 in. long, and 1.5 denier.

As the percent polyester in the blend increased, compression recovery increased moderately and shear friction appreciably. The increase in friction offset the increase in compression recovery so that cylinder load, fiber hooks, and card sliver variability increased with greater polyester content. However, as the polyester content increased, the increase in fiber friction and length uniformity improved drafting efficiency so that second drawing sliver and yarn uniformity improved. Increasing the polyester content of a blend did not improve yarn grade; high cotton content blends had the same grade as high polyester content blends.

At constant end breakage, production in spinning increased rapidly to a 65c/35p blend; additional increases in polyster resulted in only slight improvements in spinning efficiency.

Very little polyester was lost in the carding waste even with close flat-to-cylinder settings (0.010 in.), which no doubt provided better carding action on the cotton component in the blend than do settings commonly used. However, it is possible that this close a setting for high percentage polyester blends might cause excessive cylinder loading under mill conditions.
Geometrical and Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Treated Jute Filaments
Authors: Samajpati S. , Mazumdar A. , Das Gupta P.C.
Published: October 2007

Well combed jute fibers of W2 grade were subjected to alkali treatment ( e. g. sodium hydroxide solution) at 10% (w/w) and 18% (w/w) concentrations at 30°C. The.loss in weight, the reduction in fiber fineness, the change in tensile properties, and the extent of longitudinal shrinkage were compared with raw jute. Fibers treated with 18% (w/w) alkali developed pronounced crimp, while those treated with 10% (w/w) alkali did not. It was further observed that though the crimp that developed was three-dimensional in nature, the two-dimensional approximation of crimp profile held well, presumably due to a low degree of tortuosity.
The Critical Surface Tension of Wool
Authors: Byrne K.M. , Roberts M.W. , Ross J.R.H.
Published: October 2007

A rapid method for the measurement of the critical surface tension γ c values of individual wool fibers is described. Using this method, a comprehensive study of the wettability of untreated wool fibers has been carried out, and subsequent changes in γ c after various chemical treatments have been monitored. It is shown that the value of γ c obtained depends on the liquid series used for the measurement; the use of aqueous alkanol solutions for such measurements is criticized. The value of γ c for Hcrcosset-57 has been measured, and the spreading coefficient S and work of adhesion WA for this polymer on wool have been re-evaluated.
The Effect of Tetrakis(hydrogymethyl)phosphonium Chloride (THPC) on Selected Properties of Fibers
Authors: Tai Anne , Needlfs Howard L.
Published: October 2007

The effect of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) on the physical and chemical properties of wool. cotton, rayon, nylon, and polyester was examined. THPC had the greatest effect on wool, reducing its flammability and decomposition temperature and increasing the extensibility and dyeability of the fiber. The effect of THPC on cotton and rayon differed, primarily due to the greater extent of reaction of THPC with rayon than with cotton. Both cellulosics became slightly more flame retardant, their decomposition temperatures decreased, and both became more weak and brittle. In addition, THPC-treated rayon showed improved wet wrinkle recovery and dyeabitrty with d rect dyes. THPC reacted with nylon to give a more flame retardant fiber of lower decomposition temperature and greater dyeability, but the treated nylon also exhibited inferior tensile properties. Polyester did not react significantly with THPC and showed only slight changes in properties. THPC treatment had a marked effect on the fibers, and this effect should be considered when preparing finishes containing this reagent.
SEM Studies of the Fracture Morphology of Single Cotton Fibers
Authors: Chauhan R.S. , Shah N.M. , Dweltz N.E.
Published: October 2007

The fractured ends of single cotton fibers ruptured as a result of tensile strain, as well as cyclic bending fatigue, were examined in the scanning electron microscope. Interesting differences in fracture patterns were observed for fibers broken by the two methods. The study includes raw cotton as well as slack-mercerized fibers, and differences brought about as a result of swelling are described.
Durable-Press, Wool/Cotton Blend, Double-Knitted Fabrics hrink-Resisted with Ozone
Authors: Thorsen Walter J. , Ash John F.
Published: October 2007

Treatment with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) reduces shrinkage in 70 30 and 50 50 wool cotton blend fabrics (a 74% reduction occurs in the latter), but an ozone pretreatment is necessary to confer an accetal le degree of shrink resistance to these fabrics. Ozone treatment of 100% cotton does not affect its laundering shrinkage, and the shrinkage resistance imparted to this fabric by DMDHEU is not altered by ozone pre or post treatment. Ozone treatment alone improves the durable-press (DP) properties of all fabrics, but creases are poor and fuzziness is high in all but the 100% cotton fabrics. DP properties are not improved by DMDHEU treatment alone in 100% wool fabric, but they are slightly improved in the 70/30 wool cotton, somewhat improved in the 50 50 wool cotton, and markedly improved with the 100% cotton fabric. With the 70/30 and 50/50 wool cotton fabrics there is marked improvement if the ozone and DMDHEU treatments are combined. Some improvement also occurs with 100% cotton. Ozone in creases the strength of 100% wool fabric and decreases the strength of DMDHEU treated 100% cotton. However, ozone does not significantly alter the strength of 100% cotton. However, ozone does not significantly alter the strength of 100% cotton (except with a long 150 s treatment) or the blend fabrics, whether or not they were treated with DMDHEU. Ozone increases the total reflectance (brightness) of fabrics increasingly with increased cotton content. DMDHEU increases the yellowness of the wool and wool blend fabrics due to HCHO release; the larger the percentage of wool in the blend, the greater the amount'of yellowing. The copper number of ozonated 100% cotton is 1.5, implying fission of some of the glucosidic inkages. Photomicrographs of the surface of ozone treated cotton fibers and Congo Red-stained fiber sections show that ozone reacts primarily at the fiber surface.
Interaction of Carbamates and Their N-Methylol Derivatives with Cotton and Sephadex, Measured by Gel Filtration
Authors: Stanonis David J. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: October 2007

During gel filtration from cotton or Sephadex columns, there was, with only one exception, an increase in sorption as the molecular weight of an unsubstituted n-alkyl carbamate was increased by the addition of methylene groups. When a given carbamate was converted to its monomcthylol derivative, sorption decreased progressively. The addition of the first formaldehyde molecule produced a more pronounced effect than did the addition of the second.
Effects of Chemical Processing on Shrinkage Behavior of Warp Yarns in Sodium Hydroxide Solution
Authors: Venkatesh G.M.
Published: October 2007

The shrinkage kinetics of warp yarns ravelled from poplin fabrics at different stages of wet processing namely: after desizing, scouring (subjected to solvent scouring, open soda boiling, and pressure boiling), bleaching (mild and severe conditions), and mercerization in 24% (w/w) sodium hydroxide solution have been studied. Yarns from the desized fabrics show the longest induction period and the lowest shrinkage rate. After scouring by any one of the three methods, the induction period decreases by almost an order of magnitude, while the rate of shrinkage increases from a value of 0.0014% per second for desized yarns to as much as 0.06% per second for solvent scoured yarns. Subsequent processes namely, bleaching under mild or severe conditions and mercerization have only minor effects on the shrinkage behavior of the scoured yarns. In the case of the desized sample, bleaching leads to a considerable reduction in the induction period and an increase in the shrinkage rate.
Influences of Fiber Geometry on the Performance of Nonwoven Air Filters
Authors: Lamb George E.R. , Costanza Peter A.
Published: October 2007

The effect, of fiber diameter and crimp frequency on the filtration performance of nonwoven fabrics were examined empirically. It was found that if fabric weight and density are kept constant, air permeability varies linearly with fiber diameter. When filtering a very dilute aerosol of submicron particles, the capture efficiency varies linearly with ln d s, where d is the effective particle diameter (taking Brownian motion into account) and s is the interfiber spacing. When a concentrated aerosol is filtered, penetration and specific cake resistance tend to limiting values as the fiber diameter approaches zero. As fiber crimp frequency is varied from zero, Frazier air permeability increases, but capture efficiency and specific cake resistance are affected only by a change from zero to a finite crimp frequency.
A Systematic Study of the Effects of Individual Constructional Components on the Flammability Characteristics of a Carpet
Authors: Day M. , Suprunchuk T. , Wiles D.M.
Published: October 2007

The role played by the indiyidual carpet components in the overall flammability performance of a carpet have been investigated. The equipment employed for the evaluation was the National Research Council of Canada's Carpet Flammability Apparatus, which measures relative values for ease of ignition, flame-spread rate, smoke evolution, and rate of heat release. The results obtained indicated that in the case of a nylon level-loop carpet the use of a conventional latex, a secondary jute backing, and the dyeing and finishing process each contribute to the flammability of the carpet. The method of installation also has a pronounced effect on the flammability behavior. Carpets that are glued to cement-asbestos board are less easy to ignite, burn at a slower rate, and give off less smoke and heat compared to carpets not glued down or mounted with an underpad.
Effects of Carbohydrazide on Volatiles Released During Finishing with THPOH-NH 3 and Attendant Decrease in Shade Changes of Reactive-Dyed Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Cashen Norton A.
Published: October 2007

Ammonia treatment of fabric impregnated with THPOH and a small amount of carbohydrazide produced a flame-retardant fabric that had higher weight gains and higher phosphorus, nitrogen, and formaldehyde contents than a treated fabric in which the carbohydrazide was absent. The carbohydrazide has ability to react with both the organophosphorus moieties as well as free formaldehyde, yielding products of relatively low volatility that are not lost during the drying and ammonia curing steps. The decreased formaldehyde released during drying lessens the change in shade of cotton fabrics dyed with reactive type dyes that is usually observed when they are treated for flame resistance with THPOH-NH3.
Identification of Bárré Sources in Circular Knits
Authors: Coryell J.W. , Phillips B.R.
Published: October 2007

Simple but precise test methods for measuring circular knit, course length, and textured yarn bull are presented. Fabric barré is shown in general to be caused by critical, additive, end to end differences in course length, yarn bulk, and relative dye content. The barré response in terms of course length, yarn bulk, and dye content is domonstrated for several common knitting and texturing process conditions.
Yarn-to-Yarn Friction in Relation to Some Properties of Fiber Materials
Authors: De Jong H.G.
Published: October 2007

Yarn-to-yarn friction is an important process because it affects the performance of yarn constructions. Correlations between yarn-to-yarn frictional data and, for example, the strength properties of constructions are mainly reported in a highly qualitative way. This paper presents a description of static yarn-to-yarn friction and examines the relation between stick-time and static friction force. An analysis of frictional data is proposed, which makes it possible to obtain parameters that can be directly correlated with the strength properties of constructions. This result makes it possible to assess the influence of yarn treatments on the strength properties of constructions on a laboratory scale without the necessity of expensive testing of constructions for every yarn specimen.
Microfluorometric Studies of the Distribution of Finishes on Fibers and Yarns
Authors: Kamath Y.K. , Ruetsch S.B. , Weigmann H.-D.
Published: October 2007

A microfluorometric method is presented for studying the distribution of finishes on textile substrates. The method is based on the effect of microenvironment (such as microviscosity and micropolarity ) in preserving the excited states of fluorescent tracer molecules introduced into the finish. Different methods for introducing tracers into finishes are described, with a critical appraisal of their merits. Fluorescence intensity is shown to be related to the thickness of the finish film up to about 3 μm. Above this, the intensity levels off due to autoquenching effects. Various microfluorometric scanning modes suitable for studying filaments, yarns, and fabrics are described, and their relevance to the nature of the distribution of finish is discussed in detail. The importance of selecting an appropriate tracer is illustrated by applying the method to an autofluorescent substrate.
Examining the Role of Cognitive and Affective Image in Predicting Choice Across Natural, Developed, and Theme-Park Destinations
Authors: Lin Chung-Hsien , Morais Duarte B. , Kerstetter Deborah L. , Hou Jing-Shoung
Published: October 2007

This study examines the role of cognitive and affective destination-image components in the formation of destination preferences from a multialternative/multiattribute perspective. In addition, the study examines the stability of those roles across three types of destinations. A total of 1,020 Taichung residents in Taiwan were administered an on-site questionnaire. The results indicated that cognitive and affective components of overall destination image influence tourists' destination preferences and that cognitive image impacts affective image. However, the importance of the two image components varied across natural, developed, and theme-park destinations. In addition, the findings confirmed that while some image attributes are universally important, other attributes are only important for specific types of destinations. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are provided.
Travel Agency Marketing Strategy: Insights from Switzerland
Authors: Dolnicar Sara , Laesser Christian
Published: October 2007

This article provides insight into alternative strategies for travel agencies in a matured travel market with a high Internet penetration. Discounting arguments that claim that there will be no need for travel agents in the future, two possible roles for travel agents can be derived from theory and prior studies in the field: travel agents can survive if they focus on specific specialized services, such as travel consultation (specialization; hypothesizing that systematic differences exist between the usage of travel agents for different travel contexts); and travel agents can survive if they focus on specific segments of the market, such as older travelers (segmentation; hypothesizing that systematic differences exist between the usage of travel agents depending on the personal characteristics of travelers).

Results indicate that the use of travel agencies is indeed associated with specific services related to package holidays, transport services, beach or city holidays, as well as destinations travelers are not familiar with. In contrast, no clear association between travel agent use and sociodemographic characteristics of travelers exists. Hence, the findings from this study support the notion that the most promising future for travel agents will lie in specializing in travel contexts and travel components where other booking channels and media are unlikely to be able to offer a full substitute for travel agent services.
Silver Lining on a Dark Cloud: The Impact of 9/11 on a Regional Tourist Destination
Authors: Gut Peter , Jarrell Stephen
Published: October 2007

Visitor counts at a regional tourist destination display an initial effect that is opposite that of nationally and internationally known destinations. They rise rather than fall after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States. The impact is temporary. It gradually subsides over several months, similar to findings of the gradual resumption of visitor counts to the more widely known destinations. These results emerge from two econometric models of daily visitor counts over a five-year period. An interaction term and an auto-regressive term assess the trend's rate of decline.
Estimating Benefits and Costs of Casino Gambling in Iowa, United States
Authors: Chhabra Deepak
Published: October 2007

This study estimates benefits and costs of casino gambling in the state of Iowa. The results indicate that the combined economic impacts of gambling and its ancillary activities are positive overall for Iowa. The measurable benefit–cost ratio for the state is estimated to be between 1.78:1 and 3.18:1. While the majority of Iowans participate responsibly in casino gambling, this study enumerates a prevalence rate of at-risk, problem, and pathological gamblers combined to be between 7.3% and 8.4% of the adult population. This percentage transforms to significant cost approximations. This study further reveals that statewide computation of net benefits is not universal. The differing benefit–cost ratios across casino counties show that not every region is situated to benefit from gambling. Several factors, such as location, resort nature of the casino facility, monopolistic situations, and competitors from out-of-state need to be taken into consideration to understand the benefit–cost dynamics of casino gambling and the viability of future expansion.
Measuring Experience Economy Concepts: Tourism Applications
Authors: Oh Haemoon , Fiore Ann Marie , Jeoung Miyoung
Published: October 2007

The authors develop a measurement scale tapping Pine and Gilmore's (1999) four realms of experience that is applicable to lodging and, potentially, tourism research across various destinations. Focusing on the bed-and-breakfast industry, the authors conducted preliminary qualitative studies and a subsequent field survey to collect data from bed-and-breakfast owners and guests to develop and test a proposed model of experience economy concepts. The proposed measurement model includes four realms of experience and four theoretically justifiable nomological consequences. The data supported the dimensional structure of the four realms of experience, providing empirical evidence for both face and nomological validities of these realms and a starting point for measuring emerging experience economy concepts and practices within lodging and tourism settings. The authors discuss ways the measurement scale can be further refined for adoption by destination marketers and directions for future research.
How Serious Is Nonresponse Bias in Advertising Conversion Research?
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Ronkainen Ilkka A.
Published: October 2007

The results from three advertising conversion studies are presented. Mail questionnaires were sent to advertising coupon inquirers in each study. Nonrespon dents of first and second questionnaire mailings were less likely to visit compared to the respondents of the first questionnaire mailings. Respondents from second and third compared to first mailings who did convert into visitors had different travel behavior patterns.
Marketing Travel in an Emerging Economy
Authors: Davidson Thomas Lea
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this section is to carry shorter articles and testing and implementation (2) serve as a communication short notes on pilot studies innovative or exploratory re vehicle for reader comments on various articles book reviews search It is hoped that this section will (1) introduce new etc and (3) wherever possible summarize the results of research techniques and result in greater experimentation other meetings which have dealt with tourism and recreation
Employing Nominal Variables, Induced Variables, and Block Variables in Path Analyses
Authors: Heise David R.
Published: October 2007

In a variety of problems, it is desirable to have a single coefficient summarize the causal effects of a set of variables when other variables are controlled. The "sheaf coefficient" presented here does this and can be employed meaningfully in the context of path analysis models.
Indirect Effects in Path Analysis
Authors: Finney John M.
Published: October 2007

The indirect effect in path analysis has been defined as equal to the difference between the correlation coefficient and the path coefficient. This definition has led to ambiguous and inconsistent interpretations of indirect effects across various applications. This paper shows that what was earlier defined as the indirect effect may, in fact, be composed of three parts: (1) the indirect effect, (2) spurious association due to joint dependence on a prior variable, and (3) association due to the correlation between predetermined variables. We argue for a redefinition of the indirect effect so that only those paths which can be traced through intervening variables are included in the indirect effect term. Indirect effects can then be interpreted consistently across all applications as being indirect causal effects.
Measuring the Concentration of Power in the International System
Authors: Ray James Lee , Singer J. David
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this paper is to examine some earlier efforts to measure the inequality of distribution within several different substantive contexts and to see how appropriate these different measures might be if they were applied to the distribution of "power potential" in the international system or any of its subsystems. We discuss several measures which we find would not be appropriate. We then present a measure which we find better suited for the purpose and go on to compare it to earlier measures of inequality. Several of these turn out to be very similar to the one we present, even though they were originally devised for quite different purposes, such as measuring the degree of economic differentiation in a society. We conclude with a demonstration of the essential similarities among most of the measures discussed.
Some Theoretical and Methodological Considerations for Measuring Intrasocietal Conflict
Authors: Jacobson Alvin L.
Published: October 2007

Among previous attempts to measure lntrasocietal conflict, the specification of the measurement model has remained implicit. This paper attempts to explicate the principal design considerations which enter into the construction of such a model (i.e., causal versus effect indicators, uni- versus multidimensions, single versus multiple indicators, correlated versus noncorrelated error terms, and additive versus multiplicative relationships). The statistical and theoretical implications of these alternative features are discussed in terms of the current literature dealing with the national measurement of conflict.
The Impact of Endorsements on Voting
Authors: Mason William M.
Published: October 2007

Newspaper endorsements played an important and measurable role in determining the outcome of the 1964 Illinois at-large election for state representatives. In this election, it was possible to vote for 177 candidates. To help the electorate cope with this major voting task, newspapers throughout Illinois provided information generally not available elsewhere, as well as recommendations which could be used compatibly with party loyalties. Localism and the endorsements of civic and special interest groups also affected voting in this election, but less so than newspaper endorsements. Aggregate statistics provide the basic and most appropriate data source for these conclusions.
A Measure of Sociometric Reciprocity
Authors: Doby John T.
Published: October 2007

A measure of reciprocal interpersonal acceptance is developed from the point of view of the mutual acceptance of the members of role sets. The model consists of the application of four basic notions in probability theory. These are: (1) the concept of probability space; (2) the binomial coefficient; (3) the assumption of independence of events; and (4) the binomial theorem. Acceptance is analyzed under two basic conditions: first, under the condition of independence of choice and where everyone in the set rates everyone else; second, under the condition of nonindependence of choice, where a designated number of persons is chosen by each. A general solution was found under the first condition and under the second condition when N/k, the ratio of the total number of persons, N, to the number of persons chosen plus 1, k, is an integer. A general solution was not found when N/k is a noninteger. An ad hoc solution was proposed for this case.
Interpreting Smallest Space Analysis
Authors: Bailey Kenneth D.
Published: October 2007

Two kinds of SSA (smallest space analysis) are distinguished: R-SSA, which uses as input a matrix of R-distance coefficients (distances among pairs of variables); and Q-SSA, which uses as input a matrix of Q-distance coefficients (distances among pairs of objects). While both types are common in the literature, only researchers using Q-SSA have attempted to interpret the coordinates of the space. It is shown that the coordinates can be interpreted in R-SSA, and that this interpretation yields valuable information that is otherwise lost. Also, SSA and factor analysis are compared from a facet analysis perspective. Finally, an R-SSA is compared with an R-factor analysis of the same data.
Goodman and Kruskal's Tau-b as Correlation Ratio
Authors: Southwood Kenneth E.
Published: October 2007

It is shown that Goodman and Kruskal's Tau-b, a PRE coefficient of association between two nominal variables, is a more general form of the correlation ratio. Deriving from this, it is shown that similar correlation ratios can be derived for relationships between independent ordinal and interval variables and a dependent nominal variable. It is suggested that this makes it possible to express the relationship between any variable at any level of measurement-nominal, ordinal, or interval-in terms of linear equations and correlation ratios, and that this provides a useful and conceptionally parsimonious technique for practitioners. It also opens the way to greater flexibility in multivariate analysis using variables at different levels of measurement.
Some Limitations On Generalizability From Social Psychological Experiments
Authors: Borgatta Edgar F. , Bohrnstedt George W.
Published: October 2007

The experimental model has severe limitations that often are ignored by experimenters. The limitations are likely to account for the low level of external validity of experiments. Placing the model in the context of requirements for measurement emphasizes the limitations and suggests alternatives for improvements in the future.