bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dampak kenaikan Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) Terhadap Inflasi dan Implikasinya Terhadap Makroekonomi di Indonesia
Authors: Wardani Widia , Suriana Suriana , Arfah Siti Ummi , Zulaili Zulaili , Lubis Porkas Sojuangon
Published: February 2023

Terjadinya lonjakan harga minyak dunia disebabkan oleh imbas dari peperangan yang terjadi di Eropa antara Rusia dan Ukraina menyebabkan kegoncangan ekonomi secara signifikan terhadap perekonomian dunia. Akibat perang ini berimbas pada kenaikan harga minyak bumi hampir di seluruh dunia. Adanya lonjakan minyak dunia dinilai berpengaruh nyata terhadap kondisi perekonomian di Indonesia. Harga minyak yang tinggi ternyata tidak menguntungkan negara manapun termasuk dibelahan bumi manapun juga di Asia khususnya di negara kita. Kenaikan harga BBM disebabkan oleh tingginya harga minyak dunia juga dikarenakan adanya under supplay dalam negeri dibandingkan dengan demandnya. Besarnya subsidi BBM senilai hampir 520 Trilyun sangat membebani dan menguras APBN sehingga dengan hal ini Pemerintah menilai sangat urgent untuk menaikkan harga BBM bersubsidi dan non subsidi. melakukan perhitungan yang sangat hati–hati dan akurat dalam menghitung besaran kenaikan BBM di dalam negeri. Dengan kenaikan imbas kenaikan BBM akan berimplikasi terhadap inflasi harga secara simultan dan secara eksponensial akan berpengaruh terhadap fundamental makro ekonomi Indonesia.

Kata Kunci : Kenaikan BBM, Inflasi, Perekonomian Indonesia
BID e as recomendações para o Ensino Médio: a educação a que distância?
Authors: Mello Cecilia Carmanini de , Hollerbach Joana D'Arc Germano
Published: February 2023

Este artigo pretende analisar o documento “Reforma de la educación primaria y secundaria en América Latina”, publicado pelo Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (BID), em junho de 2000. Objetiva-se perceber a influência de órgãos internacionais nas políticas educacionais no Brasil a partir da análise do documento, valendo-se também de pesquisas que estudaram outras agências de financiamento. Dessa forma, emprega-se uma análise do documento do BID com a identificação de tópicos relacionados ao ensino médio e à concepção presente no documento para esse nível de ensino. Para tanto, a análise tem caráter documental, acrescida de pesquisa bibliográfica, no esforço por compreender o campo de pesquisa e por aprofundar nas discussões realizadas por outros pesquisadores. No documento, a tecnologia aparece como uma forma de melhorar a qualidade do ensino, sem que, contudo, seja explicitado como se fará isso. Conclui-se que, diante da desigualdade que marca a educação brasileira, apenas os jovens pobres seriam submetidos à Educação a Distância (EaD). Como tentativa de dirimir essas desigualdades, o BID defende parcerias público-privadas e a extensão da EaD para os menos privilegiados ou para aqueles que vivem em regiões de difícil acesso. Diante de todo o aparato técnico necessário à produção de materiais e o acesso às Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação, o recurso seria mal implementado, não possibilitando uma correta expansão da escolarização, mas talvez a diminuição do número de matrículas e o aumento da evasão. Nessas condições, a dualidade histórica persiste e a exclusão se agiganta.
Educação Especial nos 25 anos da LDBEN/1996: avanços e retrocessos
Authors: Andrade Edson Francisco
Published: February 2023

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o movimento de marcha e de contramarcha na Política, nas Diretrizes e nas Bases da Educação Especial no Brasil, na intenção de realçarmos conquistas históricas ainda vigentes e que merecerem ampla defesa, assim como os riscos iminentes de perdas de direitos presentes nesse início da terceira década do milênio. Apreciam-se, com respaldo metodológico na Análise de Conteúdo, as alterações realizadas na Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDBEN/1996), à luz do contributo da Política Nacional de Educação Especial na perspectiva da educação inclusiva (2008). A análise tem prosseguimento com a abordagem dos efeitos decorrentes do advento da “Política Nacional de Educação Especial: Equitativa, Inclusiva e com Aprendizado ao Longo da Vida” (2020). Nas conclusões, constata-se evidente retrocesso no tocante às orientações de oferta da Educação Especial. Em face desse dado da realidade, assume-se a defesa do que já foi conquistado formalmente, destacando-se a instituição da perspectiva inclusiva como um princípio orientador das práticas que se desenvolvem nos ambientes educacionais, mas, sobretudo, como um postulado legal a ser cumprido. Afinal, ainda que as leis não bastem, nem delas nasçam os lírios, é preciso concebê-las de fato como instrumentos relevantes para a reflexão na política educacional, sobretudo para fazer valer os avanços alcançados na forma da lei, quando da utilização destes como ferramentas imprescindíveis à consolidação do direito a uma educação inclusiva.
In Vitro Study on the Bond Strength Between 3D-Printed Resin and Resin Cement for Pediatric Crown Restoration
Authors: Kim So Yung , Shin Yoosoek , Kim Ik-Hwan , Song Je Seon
Published: February 2023

A 3D-printed resin crown is a novel option for esthetic crown restoration for primary teeth, which are typically bonded with resin cement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bonding ability of a 3D printing resin and compare it with other indirect resin materials for crown fabrication. The shear bond strengths of two 3D printing resin materials, Graphy (GP) and NextDent (NXT), and two indirect resin materials, VIPI Block (VIPI) and MAZIC Duro (MZ), were compared in the study. For all materials, the shear bond strength at the interface between the surface of the resin material and resin cement was measured. The mean shear bond strength values of GP, NXT, MZ, and VIPI were 23.29 ± 3.88, 26.14 ± 4.67, 25.41 ± 4.03, and 18.79 ± 4.26 MPa, respectively. There was no significant difference among the SBSs of GP, NXT and MZ except for VIPI. The result of this study indicates that the 3D printing resin meets the essential requirement for clinical use by showing clinically adequate bond strength.
Eruption Guidance of Multiple Permanent Teeth Associated with Expansive Large Cyst in Maxillary Anterior Region: Two Case Reports
Authors: Son Hyeji , Lee Jaesik
Published: February 2023

In children, large odontogenic cysts affect adjacent anatomical structures as well as displace developing permanent teeth. Odontogenic cysts are treated via enucleation or marsupialization. This case reports a 5-year-old boy and a 10-year-old boy who have not only displaced 3 or more permanent teeth but also elevated the maxillary sinus floor due to the large size of the cyst in the maxillary anterior region. In both cases, marsupialization was selected to minimize complications. After marsupialization, a customized acrylic obturator, window opening, and orthodontic traction for eruption guidance were gradually attempted, and it showed a good prognosis, so we report these cases.
Stem Cells and their Extensive uses in Multiple Medical Fields and Especially in Neurological Diseases
Authors: Sarnataro Lidia
Published: February 2023

Since they were first discovered and used in animal models in the 1950th, stem cells are assuming a key role in the research field. These types of cells are undifferentiated cells deriving from a single cell that is able of a clonal proliferation differentiating into different cells and tissues. It is possible to classify them into two main groups considering their main features. Moreover, speaking about stem cells, it is important to mention the key role of some small non-coding RNA molecules also known MiRNAs (microRNAs) in the cell cycle regulation. Generally, stem cells are very useful in cellular therapy helping the regeneration of entire organs. They also allow a deep understanding of development and pathogenesis of many diseases and are useful in drug development. In general, the aim of this article is to talk about stem cells and their uses in multiple medical fields and especially in neurological diseases. A comprehensive explanation of stem cell classification and miRNAs role in the cell cycle regulation of these cells in clinical application as well as gene alterations in some diseases is included. And finally, very interesting stem cell research will be also discussed. Unfortunately, studies on adhesive arachnoiditis, a rare neurological disease mostly associated to Tarlov cysts (TC), are still few. In addition, other associations between arachnoiditis and Chiari malformation, as well as syringomyelia and ACM, have been found. And, finally, association between idiopathic intracerebral hypertension and arachnoiditis granulations (AGs) were also demonstrated.
Coccygectomy: Is it Necessary for Coccydynia? About a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mokhchani Youness , Rachdi Abderrafia , Rabbah Abdelhay , Boukhriss Jalal , Chafry Bouchaib , Boussouga Mustapha
Published: February 2023

Coccydynia is localized pain in the coccyx, exacerbated when sitting and getting up. The diagnosis is essentially clinical, the interrogation must always seek the notion of trauma in the history. Digital rectal examination is painful when mobilizing the coccyx. Standard X-rays, dynamic X-rays, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are quite important for both positive diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Therapeutic management is multidisciplinary, starting with hygiene measures, medical treatment and manipulation and massage techniques. Coccygectomy is proposed after failure of conservative treatments. Its results are generally good. Its main complication is infection.
Revisions of Total Hip Prostheses: About 03 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mokhchani Youness , Abderrafia Rachdi , Rabbah Abdelhay , Boukhriss Jalal , Chafry Bouchaib , Boussouga Mustapha
Published: February 2023

Hip arthroplasty is a reliable means in the treatment of hip conditions. By restoring its mobility, stability and indolence. However, this prosthetic surgery exposes to the risk of the occurrence of complications that can affect the functional prognosis. The most common complications are dislocations, fractures, loosening, and infections. These complications may require surgical revision of the total hip prosthesis (THA). We present three cases of patients who required revision THA, and we present the therapeutic recommendations for each of the complications in the literature, to ensure adequate management, and the recovery of a painless, mobile and functional hip.
Ring Avulsion Injuries: About Three Cases And Review of the Literature
Authors: El Ghoul Naoufal , Salah Rhita , Zaddoug Omar , Bennis Azzelarab , Zine Ali , Benchakroun Mohamed , Tanane Mansour , Bouabid Salim
Published: February 2023

Ring avulsions are rare and represent a wide variety of soft tissue and bone injuries, ranging from circumferential lacerations with or without vascular involvement to complete amputations. Treatment options are variable and depend on the injury pattern as well as functional and aesthetic requirements. We hereby report three cases of ring avulsions in three young males; all classified Urbaniak III, two treated with a revision amputation and the other with intrapalmar ray resection. In last follow-up of 12 months, the three patients were satisfied with cosmetic as well as functional results.
Investigation of the Relations between Personal Values and Self-Efficacy Perceptions of Adolescents
Authors: Akça Figen , Alabay Gizem Günçavdı
Published: February 2023

Perception of self-efficacy is the judgment of ability, while self-esteem is judgment about self-worth (Bandura, 1993). Self-efficacy beliefs play a key role in shaping one’s life by influencing the environment and activities in which a person wishes to enter. This study tests the relationship between the personal values of adolescents and their self-efficacy levels. In addition, the predictive power of self-efficacy on personal values is also investigated. In the study, the Personal Values Scale and the Self-Efficacy Scale for Children were administered to 390 high school adolescents. Hierarchical regression analysis, t-test, and ANOVA were used in the study. As a result, positive correlations were found between self-efficacy and the sub-dimensions of personal values. It is seen that these relations are between academic and social self-efficacy and discipline-responsibility, honesty-sharing, respect-accuracy, and sharing-respect values. On the other hand, significant relationships were found between personal values and self-efficacy, and it was seen that self-efficacy predicted personal values positively. In addition, it showed that self-efficacy and personal values differed in terms of gender, perception of academic achievement, class, and parental attitudes. These versatile results obtained from the study serve as a guide for psychological counselors to reach more descriptive data for adolescents in cooperation with their colleagues and management.
How School Closures Affected the Teaching and Learning of English During The COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mukhari Shirley S. , Sanders Debbie A.
Published: February 2023

The forced closure of South African schools left learners with many challenges, especially in language learning. This study aims to explore the perceptions of teachers teaching the same subject to the same grade during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose is to analyse learning losses and changes in the scholastic achievement of primary school learners during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative research design was chosen for this study because of its exploratory nature. Semi-structured open-ended interviews rendered data on the teachers’ perceptions of academic losses as a result of the “COVID-19” pandemic. Homogenous purposeful sampling and semi-structured open-ended interviews were used to gather data, which were coded using the induction method to reveal codes, categories and subcategories within participant voices. This study reports on the challenges faced by teachers and learners, which include a lack of parental support, inadequate technological knowledge, and neglect of schoolwork. The findings and their relevance to teaching post-COVID-19 to mitigate academic losses are discussed. The conclusion is that different forms of support are needed to mitigate the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on learners’ scholastic performance.
Reflections of Bilingualism on the News Headlines
Authors: Fakiroğlu Gözde Demirel , Topraksoy Abdullah
Published: February 2023

Bilingualism has been the subject of a lot of research in the last century. Bilingualism is having the competence to speak two languages. The reasons for bilingualism of individuals may differ. Some of them may have parents from different languages, some may be children of ethnic minority or immigrants. In daily life it is possible to encounter more bilinguals than monolinguals. Bilingualism is not a new phenomenon, and it takes place in the media and news in different ways under different titles related to it. In this study, the news about bilingualism in the newspapers of the USA, the UK, France, Germany, and the Netherlands is analyzed in terms of content which is named as discourse analysis. The contents are categorized under five different titles which are neurological, social-cultural, psychological, educational, national categories. It has been found that majority of news related to bilingualism belong to educational category which shows that bilingualism draws attention and is given importance in educational contexts. Another categorization in this study is implemented for speech act categories. Each headline is categorized according to the speech acts which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives. In this study it was found that majority of headlines belong to representative category of speech acts.
An Examination of Story Narration by Monolingual and Bilingual Turkish Children
Authors: Salihoğlu Umut M. , Öğüt Filiz Şermet
Published: February 2023

In the present case study, we aimed to explore whether there were any differences between monolingual Turkish and Turkish-Italian bilingual children in terms of their use of language structures in Turkish while narrating a story from a picture book titled “Frog, where are you?” by Mayer (1969). Four monolingual Turkish and three Turkish-Italian bilingual children narrated the story. The data from the recordings indicated some differences in terms of preference for certain language features like tense differences in their story narration. While younger monolinguals reported the events in the story with past tense markers like –mIş and –Iyor, bilingual children displayed a marked tendency for the past tense –mIş marker. The older children in both groups chose to use the –Iyor marker used by monolingual teenagers and adults. We argued that such differences in preferences might indicate an effect of Italian, or the interlanguage varieties might be responsible for the discrepancies. Explanations as to why these differences might have occurred and some practical suggestions for educators are provided in the study.
Social Media and Literacy Education: An Evaluation of Turkish Teaching Accounts on Instagram
Authors: Şi̇mşek Tuğba
Published: February 2023

Along with the developments in technology, education and training activities have been moved to different channels. Social media, used by young and old alike, are also seen as educational tools. When we searched Instagram for Turkish language teaching accounts with the highest number of users, we found eight active and effective accounts. The aim of this study is to examine these accounts that were opened to teach Turkish, to examine their shares and their effects on followers, and to reveal their contributions to literacy education. For this purpose, document analysis and discourse analysis were used. The accounts were examined in terms of page layout, content, frequency of posts, way of handling Turkish, and methods used in teaching the language. In addition, the interaction with the followers, the number of likes, comments, the frequency responses was discussed and the effect values of the commented accounts on the followers were explored. As a result, it has been determined that there is no certain standard in the analyzed accounts. It was observed that the most followed pages shared posts about the exams held throughout the country, giving summary information, and explaining the answers to the questions. Since all these posts are mostly aimed at reading skills, it can be concluded that the followers improve their reading skills. As evident from followers’ comments, they develop literacy skills by reading the information given in these accounts and writing them in the comments. In addition, it is seen that these pages, which were opened to teach Turkish, were mostly opened by Turkish language and Turkish literature teachers. Considering that the use of technology is increasing, we believe that the study will contribute to the field of language education and literacy.
Being a Social Studies Teacher and Student in the COVID-19 Period
Authors: Yıldırım Münevver , Şimşek Ufuk
Published: February 2023

This study aimed to investigate the views of social studies teachers and their students about the education offered during the pandemic period, as well as their problems, if any, and their suggestions for that education in particular. The study sample consisted of 10 social studies teachers working in schools affiliated to Erzurum Provincial Directorate of National Education and a total of 30 students taking the classes of those teachers. The data required in the study were obtained with semi-structured interview questions prepared by the researcher, upon which the available data were analysed by content analysis. As a result of the data analysis, all teachers and students were found to have stated that they had experienced certain problems during the pandemic. Some problems experienced during distance education included the issues of students’ absenteeism in online classes and technical problems. Behavioural problems of students, ineffective lessons, and lack of communication with students appeared to be among the outcomes recently specified in the face-to-face education period. Nevertheless, this study also concluded that social studies teachers had improved their digital literacy skills during the pandemic.
The Effect of Retro Walking Training on Dynamic Balance in Sedentary Individuals with Hearing Impairment
Authors: Korkmaz Cihat , Toy Ali Burak
Published: February 2023

The study analyzed the possible effects of retro walking exercise techniques on the skill of balance in hearing impaired individuals. The study is a quasi-experimental study and the single group pretest-post-test design among the experiment models was used. The study groups was applied a retro walking exercise for eight weeks. 25 hearing impaired students participated in the study, who had not engaged in any sports branches previously, in the 13-17 age group and did not have any neurological and orthopedical diseases in the last 6 months as the study group. In order to measure dynamic balance, the ‘Techno Body ProKin Balance Measurement Device’ was used. At the end of the eight week exercise program, the same measurements were taken again and the development level within the group was assessed. The descriptive statistics, arithmetic averages and standard deviation values of the participants’ age, height, weight and hearing impairment percentages were determined. It was analyzed whether the data displayed normal distribution. Since it was seen that the data displayed normal distribution, the Paired Sample t-test was done. As a result of the study, it was seen that there was a significant difference between the pretest, post-test mean ranks of the participants’ both feet, right and left feet perimeter length (PL) (p.05). It was seen that this difference was in favor of the post-test when the mean ranks and totals of the scores were taken into consideration. It was seen that there was a significant difference between left foot MECAP pretest and post-test mean ranks as well (p.05). In addition a significant difference was also found between both feet and right foot MECML values’ pretest, post-test mean ranks (p.05). The results of the study showed that the retro walking exercise program is effective in hearing impaired individuals in terms of improving their dynamic balance skill. Through the findings, it can be said that the use of different, efficient and safe exercise methods such as retro walking should be given importance to for hearing impaired individuals to be more active and do efficient and safe exercises.
The Relationship between School Administrators’ Agile Leadership and their Innovation Management Competencies
Authors: Özdemi̇r Gökçe
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between school principals’ agile leadership and innovation management competencies according to teacher perceptions. The research is in the scanning model, which is one of the descriptive research methods. The study group of the research consists of primary school teachers working in Şahinbey district of Gaziantep province. The sample of the study consists of 375 teachers who were determined by the “Simple Random Sampling” method from the population. Research data were collected with “Agile Leadership” and “Innovation Management” scales. In the study, correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the variables, and multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between agile leadership competancy on innovation management competency. When the research findings were examined, it was concluded that there was a positive and highly significant relationship between teachers’ perceptions of school principals’ agile leadership and their perceptions of innovation management competencies (r=.61; p=.000; p.05). According to the results of the regression analysis, teachers’ agile leadership perceptions significantly predict their perceptions on innovation management competency (ΔR2change =.615, p.001). Based on the research data, it was concluded that the increase in teachers’ agile leadership perception increased their perception of innovation management competence. In addition, school principals can create the organizational culture and structure necessary for agile leadership by increasing their ability to share responsibility and be effective, and thus increase teachers’ perceptions of agile leadership and innovation management competencies.
Evaluation of Students’ Cognitive and Conceptual Learning Levels in Middle School Music Lessons
Authors: Gök Murat
Published: February 2023

This research aims to reveal secondary school students’ cognitive and conceptual learning levels in music lessons. In the research, cognitive and conceptual learning competencies in music lessons were discussed in line with students’ musical literacy and other musical learning contexts. In this direction, the musical symbol, term, and concept achievement test (MSTCA) were applied to 206 students in a sample group of 12-year-old students from three different schools. The data obtained in the test were categorized and tabulated according to subheadings “duration of the note values, musical expressions, measure indicator.” As a result of the research, it was revealed that most students could not conceptualize symbols, terms and concepts especially those related to note duration values. According to the results of the research, it is seen that secondary school students do not understand the musical symbols, terms, and concepts they encounter in the music lesson to a large extent, they have misconceptions, and their learning levels in this field are not at the desired level. Similarly, it is observed that the students need help to fully embody the terms and concepts such as unit beat, tempo, staff, and measure indicator in music. It has been determined that the 6th grade students are not at the level of essential preparedness required for music literacy.
“Flexibility, Compassion, and Support” – A Study on Multilayer Mitigation Effects on Pedagogy and Resilience in Thai Classroom, June-September 2022
Authors: Loima Jyrki
Published: February 2023

This qualitative study analyzed pedagogical effects of multilayer mitigation in a Thai classroom. The triangulated data set were confidential, comprising teachers’ voluntary anonymous information, pedagogical views and opinions, respectively. First, pupils’ low absence rates enabled pedagogical focus on learning losses, which were mainly skills. The second effect was related to assessment. None of the teachers mentioned test results as learning loss indicators but regarded learning and qualified assessment as dynamic processes. An interesting dilemma was the learning loss measurements by non-pedagogical experts. Mostly those were presented as test scores, working hour counts, or annual formalities. However, optimized learning strategies’ research had existed for decades, being responded better by these pupils. The third effect was the improved resilience of pupils and caretakers. Initially worried parents turned relieved. Resilience fostered the intrinsic motivation of all. When compared to some countries, firmer resilience made the difference in learning loss endurance for this group. “All-inclusive” mitigation had given families meaningful support. They shared visions of community roles, mediated by teachers and school management. The latter were backed by epidemiologists and medical experts. Further studies should discuss schools in a longer timeframe. External, quantified test scores without in-depth pedagogical analyses seem outdated by the early fourth pandemic year.
Evaluation of 1998, 2006 and 2018 Music Teaching Undergraduate Programs in Terms of Program Elements
Authors: Gürer Mert , Üçer Ömer , Yılmaz Gülce , Sonsel Ömer Bilgehan
Published: February 2023

Teacher training undergraduate programs are of great importance in the training of qualified and well-equipped teachers. Within the scope of this research, 1998, 2006 and 2018 music education undergraduate programs were examined in line with the content of the field education, vocational knowledge, general culture courses and the opinions of the instructors. In this research, which aims to examine the 1998, 2006 and 2018 Council of Higher Education (YÖK) music teaching programs, qualitative method was followed and case study model was used. The study group of the research consists of academicians who provide education within the 1998, 2006 and 2018 YÖK music education programs and have a command of all three programs. Of these academics, 20 were contacted via e-mail and phone, and 11 academicians volunteered to participate in the study. The data obtained in terms of instructor opinions were analyzed by content analysis technique. Based on the findings of the research, it was concluded that the content knowledge, vocational knowledge and general culture courses of the 1998, 2006 and 2018 curricula differed in terms of course hours, course periods and number of courses, and that the 2018 curriculum was insufficient in terms of field education courses compared to the 1998 and 2006 curriculum.
A Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Analysis of Philosophical and Somaesthetics Approaches in Music and Performance Education
Authors: Okan Hepşen
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTThe aesthetic experience of the body in music and performance education offers a remarkable perspective in terms of musical understanding. Somatic approaches and practices for mind-body integrity play a facilitating role in this process. The aim of this conceptual article is to examine theoretical and practical applications within the conceptual framework of somaesthetics in music and performance education. Accordingly, the aim of this research is (i) to define the elements of somaesthetics in music and performance education, and (ii) to explore the unity of body and mind in music and performance education. In this context, examples of applications based on somaesthetics in music and performance education will be included. As a result of this review, practical recommendations are provided for music and instrument educators. These recommendations cover physical and mental practices with a reflective perspective. Through this study, the contributions of somatic approaches and practices in music and performance education are discussed and practical suggestions are made.
Metaphoric Perceptions of Pre-service Primary School Teachers on Reading and Reading Disability
Authors: Gül Metin , Özdemir Olcay
Published: February 2023

There is widespread acknowledgement that importance of reading skill is increasing day by day. Reading is the first step to learning and revealing something new. Beyond the primary grades, it plays a vital role in keeping up with the requirements of the age. Individuals who read, understand, question, think and produce develop societies. Thus, it is inevitable that individuals who have difficulties in acquiring reading skill will encounter difficulties both in school life and in society. To remove barriers of people presence in academic and daily life, students with these difficulties should be identified as early as possible and the difficulties they experience should be eliminated. The proficiency of primary school pre-service teachers regarding the concepts of “reading’’ and “reading difficulty’’ gives clues for identifying and remedying individuals with reading disabilities. It is aimed to determine the metaphorical perceptions of primary school pre-service teachers towards the concepts of “reading’’ and “reading disability’’ in order to help address this issue. The study group of the research consists of 89 4thgrade primary school pre-service teachers who continue their education at a state university in the Black Sea Region in Turkey in the fall semester of the 2017-2018 academic year. The model of this research is phenomenology which is one of the qualitative research methods. A questionnaire developed by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. Content analysis method was used in the analysis of the data. Five different categories related to reading skills and reading disabilities emerged as a result of the analysis of the data. Categories related to the concept of reading skills are 'Discovering Something New', 'Fun Source', 'Embarking on Adventure', 'Decoding' and 'Other'. The categories related to the concept of reading disability are 'Difficulty', 'A problem in itself', 'Visual impairment', 'Deficiencies' and 'An insurmountable problem'.
Effect of Peer-Assisted and Learning Together Techniques on 6th Grade Students’ Reading Comprehension Achievement and Attitudes towards Reading
Authors: Yı̇ğı̇t Fadime , Durukan Erhan 
Published: February 2023

The  research  aims  to  examine  the  effect  of  peer assisted learning and learning together techniques  on  6th grade female students’ reading comprehension achievements and attitudes towards  reading. The  research  employed  a  quasi-experimental  model  with  pretest  –  post-test  control group. Data collection tools of the research were Reading Attitude Scale, Reading Comprehension Achievement Test, Reading Habit Questionnaire, student interview forms and student journals. Results suggested that peer assisted learning affected 6th grade female students’ reading comprehension achievement positively at a high level, learning together positively at a moderate level, but the current practices in Turkish course did not make a significant difference in reading comprehension achievement. Learning together and current practices were observed to be effective in ensuring the permanence of students’ reading comprehension achievements, while peer assisted learning was not. No significant difference was found between the effects  of techniques used in the research on the students’ reading comprehension achievements or on the  permanence  of  their  reading  comprehension  achievements.  No  significant  difference  was  found between the effects of peer assisted learning, learning together and current practices on students’ attitudes towards reading; while a significant difference was found in the permanence of students’ attitudes towards reading resulting from (against) learning together technique. The students expressed generally positive opinions on peer assisted learning and learning together techniques.
Vocabulary Learning Strategies Used by Saudi University Students in Pair Work
Authors: Altalhab Sultan
Published: February 2023

Although there is robust research on vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs), little is known about the strategies that learners use in pair work. Therefore, this study examines the VLSs employed by 40 Saudi undergraduate students whilst working in pair tasks. This study also investigates whether there is a relationship between using certain strategies and the type of task undertaken. Two tasks were used: reading comprehension with multiple-choice questions and reading comprehension with ‘filling in the gaps’. All the pairs’ conversations were audio recorded. The results showed that there were mainly three VLSs used in the pair tasks: “asking for help from the other student”, “guessing the meaning from context” and “using a dictionary”. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between the task type and certain strategies including asking for help and guessing the meaning from context strategies.
Expert Opinions on Improving Informative Text Writing Skills Through Descriptive Writing Practices
Authors: Şaşmaz Emel , Çifci Selcen
Published: February 2023

This current study aimed to reveal expert opinions on the development of informative text-writing skills through descriptive writing practices. The methodological design of this study is a case study that is one of the qualitative research types. In the process of data collection, 65 expert opinions were sought, 55 of whom were Turkish Language teachers, 5 English Language teachers, 3 Turkish Literature teachers, and 2 Primary-School teachers. In the formation of the study group, it was ensured that the participants were either Turkish Language teachers or had a master’s degree or doctorate in the field of Turkish Language Education. In the data collection phase, expert opinions were obtained on the development of informative text-writing skills through descriptive writing practices via the expert opinion form and then the data obtained were thematized and divided into categories and codes. As a result of the study, the first five informative text types recommended by the experts were essays, autobiographies, petitions, travel writing, and diaries, respectively. Among the activity suggestions of the experts for the development of informative text writing skills are the use of appropriate materials, frequent writing activities, asking students to do research before the writing activity, and paying attention to the principles of writing. Based on the findings obtained from this study, it was seen that the first five themes chosen by the participants for descriptive writing practices were nature, books, culture, travel, and friendship, respectively. According to the expert opinions, it is recommended to organize trips for descriptive writing practices, to describe the places visited, to have students write travel essays, and to create descriptive writing activities by using objects. In addition, it is also suggested to have a description of people, characters, or anyone else in the class.
Effect of Theatre and Drama Practices Course on Social Anxiety
Authors: Kaplan Kadir
Published: February 2023

Individuals who make up society interact and communicate with their social environment. While the healthy realization of this communication enables the individual to live in harmony with the community, in the opposite case, the individual cannot communicate with their environment and may face many problems in both professional and daily life. This situation can turn into social anxiety. In this work, which aims to analyze the impact of the “Theatre and Drama Practices” course on reducing social anxiety, experimental research design, one of the quantitative research designs, was used, and a one-group pretest-posttest model was used in the experimental design. In the work, which was implement on 45 4th-grade university students who study at Bayburt University School of Education, Department of Turkish Education autumn semester of the 2022-2023 academic year, data were collected with the 12-item Social Anxiety Scale Short Form. In the examination of the data obtained, the data were entered into the computer system and analyzed with the SPSS 18 program. Mean scores and standard deviation values of Turkish teacher candidates were calculated. To compare the data, the t-test for dependent group and t-test for independent group were used. Before the “Theatre and Drama Practices” course, Turkish teacher candidates had moderate social anxiety, and their social anxiety levels didn’t differ significantly by gender; after the “Theatre and Drama Practices” course, Turkish teacher candidates had low social anxiety, and their social anxiety levels didn’t differ significantly by gender. A statistically significant difference was obtained between Turkish teacher candidates’ pre-test and post-test scores in terms of social anxiety. It was defined that the “Theatre and Drama Practices” course effectively reduced the social anxiety levels of teacher candidates.
Examining the 2019 Turkish Language Curriculum and PISA 2018 Reading Skills Test in Terms of Main Idea Teaching
Authors: Ulutaş Mustafa , Kaya Mehmet Fatih
Published: February 2023

This study aimed to examine the achievements of 2019 Turkish Language Curriculum regarding main idea teaching in terms of PISA 2018 Reading Skills Test. In this regard, the overlap of the achievements in 2019 Turkish Language Curriculum in Turkey and the proficiency levels in PISA 2018 Reading Test were examined in the context of main idea teaching. The study used the qualitative research approach. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data gathered from the documents. Considering the aims of this study, first, the reading skills proficiency levels presented in detail in PISA 2018 were discussed considering main idea skills. It was concluded that the skill of “identifying the main idea” was used directly at all levels of reading skills consisting of levels 1c, 1b, 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in PISA 2018, and main idea skills were employed in understanding the text. In addition, Turkey’s performance in the PISA 2018 Reading Skills Test was discussed considering the study’s other sub-goals. Accordingly, it was concluded that students who participated in the PISA 2018 test were mostly successful at lower levels (levels 1, 2 and 3). The number of students at low levels was high, while the number of students with these skills decreased significantly at higher levels. The inclusion of main idea teaching in 2019 Turkish Language Curriculum was examined considering the final purpose of the study. In this context, several achievements were observed for the development of learning skills such as guessing the subject, determining the subject, determining the auxiliary ideas, determining the main idea, summarizing the subject and determining the title. However, the achievements of main idea in the 2019 Turkish Language Curriculum did not follow the order required in the reading comprehension process. In addition, the achievements of auxiliary ideas, which form the basis for determining the main idea of a text, were only available at the 7th and 8th grade levels, and any skills related to auxiliary ideas were not included at other grade levels. In this context, the main idea teaching should be handled in a detailed and systematic way in the context of theoretical structure and application processes, and the relevant curricula should be arranged accordingly.
Teachers’ Opinions on the Competencies of School Administrators During COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Kesik Fatma , Önen Zerrin
Published: February 2023

The aim of this qualitative-case study was to determine the competencies that school administrators have during the COVID-19 process and the competencies they should have in the post-COVID-19 process according to the opinions of teachers. Using maximum diversity sampling method, the researcher selected 10 teachers working in Izmir in the 2021-2022 academic year. The obtained data by using a semi-structured interview form were analyzed through the content analysis method. Research findings show that administrators mainly carry out technical work and operations related to the smooth execution of the distance education during the COVID-19 process. It also reveals that the majority of administrators are successful in technical competencies that include knowledge and skills related to their field of expertise. Based on the research findings, it can be said that both in the COVID-19 process and in the post-COVID-19 process, administrators should improve themselves not only in technical competencies, but also in humane and conceptual competencies and they should have information, technology and emotional literacy skills. Further conclusions and implications were also discussed.
Machine Learning Algorithms and Its Applications: A Survey
Authors: Priyadharshini A , Mathew Dr. Saju
Published: February 2023

In today’s world, many microcomputers are being developed in every field. The data we receive contains valuable information for predicting the future. Due to its enormous size, physical forecasting presents a complex task for humans. To overcome this problem, a data model is developed to predict the future by scenario with the help of training data and test datasets. There are many types of machine learning algorithms and tools to train a machine or data model. This paper will emphasize a comprehensive review of some machine learning algorithms (ML) and methods used in several applications and domains.
Exposure to Air Pollution and Emergency Department Visits During the First Year of Life Among Preterm and Full-term Infants
Authors: Teyton Anaïs , Baer Rebecca J. , Benmarhnia Tarik , Bandoli Gretchen
Published: February 2023

Importance

Previous studies have focused on exposure to fine particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5) and on birth outcome risks; however, few studies have evaluated the health consequences of PM2.5 exposure on infants during their first year of life and whether prematurity could exacerbate such risks.

Objective

To assess the association of PM2.5 exposure with emergency department (ED) visits during the first year of life and determine whether preterm birth status modifies the association.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This individual-level cohort study used data from the Study of Outcomes in Mothers and Infants cohort, which includes all live-born, singleton deliveries in California. Data from infants’ health records through their first birthday were included. Participants included 2 175 180 infants born between 2014 and 2018, and complete data were included for an analytic sample of 1 983 700 (91.2%). Analysis was conducted from October 2021 to September 2022.

Exposures

Weekly PM2.5 exposure at the residential ZIP code at birth was estimated from an ensemble model combining multiple machine learning algorithms and several potentially associated variables.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Main outcomes included the first all-cause ED visit and the first infection- and respiratory-related visits separately. Hypotheses were generated after data collection and prior to analysis. Pooled logistic regression models with a discrete time approach assessed PM2.5 exposure and time to ED visits during each week of the first year of life and across the entire year. Preterm birth status, sex, and payment type for delivery were assessed as effect modifiers.

Results

Of the 1 983 700 infants, 979 038 (49.4%) were female, 966 349 (48.7%) were Hispanic, and 142 081 (7.2%) were preterm. Across the first year of life, the odds of an ED visit for any cause were greater among both preterm (AOR, 1.056; 95% CI, 1.048-1.064) and full-term (AOR, 1.051; 95% CI, 1.049-1.053) infants for each 5-μg/m3 increase in exposure to PM2.5. Elevated odds were also observed for infection-related ED visit (preterm: AOR, 1.035; 95% CI, 1.001-1.069; full-term: AOR, 1.053; 95% CI, 1.044-1.062) and first respiratory-related ED visit (preterm: AOR, 1.080; 95% CI, 1.067-1.093; full-term: AOR,1.065; 95% CI, 1.061-1.069). For both preterm and full-term infants, ages 18 to 23 weeks were associated with the greatest odds of all-cause ED visits (AORs ranged from 1.034; 95% CI, 0.976-1.094 to 1.077; 95% CI, 1.022-1.135).

Conclusions and Relevance

Increasing PM2.5 exposure was associated with an increased ED visit risk for both preterm and full-term infants during the first year of life, which may have implications for interventions aimed at minimizing air pollution.