bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criminal law treatment of deviant behavior in media and social networks
Authors: Gracheva Yulia , Malikov Sergey , Chuchaev Alexander
Published: December 2021

It would be difficult to imagine modern society without information and telecommunication networks, including media and social networks that promote the development of the economy, education, medicine, etc. Media and social networks are an important means of communication and especially so during the coronavirus lockdown; however, the more people are involved in cyberspace, the more crimes are committed there. The subject of this study is deviant behavior on media and social networks with the objectives of identifying the main types of deviant behavior, ascertaining the techniques used to impair public relations protected by criminal law, assessing the existing measures in criminal law that prevent deviant behavior on the internet, and proposing new measures that may be necessary. General scientific (dialectical, logical, systematic) and special legal (comparative legal, formal legal, legal modeling) methods are applied. More than 80% of cybercrime in Russia involves theft using modern social engineering technology for phishing. Although the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has recommended otherwise, these thefts are treated as a different class in the theory of criminal law and judicial practice. One of the ways to achieve uniformity in law enforcement is to exclude special types of fraud from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Another common way of taking possession of someone else’s property is to use a computer program to freeze a system until a certain amount of money has been transferred to a particular account. A gap in the treatment of such acts by criminal law is identified and ways to eliminate it are proposed. The 2020 pandemic highlighted the role of internet in spreading various pieces of fake news; Federal Law No. 100-FZ of April 1, 2020, which supplemented Articles 207.1 and 207.2 of the Criminal Code, was an effective and timely response. Media and social networks are often used as a platform forinciting, preparing and/or organizing the commission of a crime or other offenses.The study of cyberterrorism shows that there is no need to introduce an independentstandard for such acts. Cybercrime also includes attacks on privacy, and the articleexplores internet harassment in detail by delineating different types of it and the legalresponse to them. A proposal to amend the wording of Article 137 of the CriminalCode is judged sound.
Palingenesis of Criminal Law in the Conditions of Digital Reality
Authors: Russkevich Evgeny
Published: December 2021

The article proves that the influence of exponential and combinatorial technological changes has led to a crisis of criminal law, which is expressed in the inability to perform its basic functions due to the permanent and dynamic external environmental impact. The author identifies the following fundamental provisions that should be relied on when making decisions on the modernization of criminal law: the emergence of a new (informational) method of committing a crime does not a priori indicate that it is more dangerous than the traditional one, but in many respects indicates the problem of lag social control from the development of society and changes in crime; the adaptation of the norms of the criminal law to the conditions of the information society should not be associated with the construction of “digital twins” of traditional criminal law prohibitions; the introduction of appropriate amendments to the content of the norms is justified only in cases where the adaptive capacity of criminal legislation to manifestations of digital crime exhausts itself; the recognition of the use of information technologies as a qualifying feature of a crime in general must comply with the criteria for differentiating criminal liability justified in science. The article separately substantiates that the emergence of a “digital personality” will complete the beginning of the transition from the traditional criminal law of the industrial society of the 20th century towards the criminal law of the digital world of the 21th century (criminal law 2.0). First of all, this is due to the fact that artificial intelligence and “digital personality” will fundamentally change the scope of criminal law protection.
Quest of Data Colonialism and Cyber Sovereignty: India’s Strategic Position in Cyberspace
Authors: Gupta Shubh , Sony Reeta
Published: December 2021

The dawn of the neocolonial project has seen the emergence of a new space: data. Data is a raw material that can be stitched, processed and marketed in the same way as the East India Company (EIC) used to do with India’s cotton. EIC, which started as one of the world’s first joint-stock companies, turned into a wild beast, building a corporate lobby with the help of lawyers and MP shareholders to amend legislation in its favor. The EIC became a particularly atrocious and innovative colonial project that directly or indirectly controlled continents, thanks to an army larger than the army of any nation-state at the time. The Drain Theory of Dadabhai Naroji have opened India’s eyes to how the EIC was taking raw material from the country and converting it into a finished product that was marketed in India again in the same way as raw data is being processed outside India and then marketed here today. In today’s digital era, big corporations need not own big armies, as companies are protected by nation-states and bailed out when required. Today, one does not need to travel overseas to explore and conquer Gold, God and Glory; instead, they are a click away. The neocolonial project runs on digital platforms, while the popular narrative of bridging the digital divide and giving internet access to millions of people resembles the idea of the “white savior” liberating the “noble savage” through modern Western education. Facebook’s grand plan of providing free internet to all can be best understood as a neocolonial strategy to mine the data of billions by equating it with water and land. Similarly, the Cambridge Analytica scandal provides an example of how neocolonial forces can influence the fundamental democratic process of electing a government. Therefore, nations endorsing democratic values should be especially wary of the trap of neocolonialist forces, as such nations are particularly vulnerable to their project. This paper critically study the cyber security infrastructure and policies in India and analyze the India’s approach towards cyber sovereignty and data colonialism and thereafter examine the India’s strategic position in cyberspace and suggest policy recommendations.
On the Definition, Legal Essence and Classification of Electronic Information Used Within the Framework of International Cooperation in Criminal Matters
Authors: Klevtsov Kirill
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of such a complex and multifaceted legal phenomenon as „electronic information“. The aim of the research is to define the concept and legal nature of such information. The analysis is based on materialistic dialectics, legal hermeneutics, special and comparative legal methods, a sociological approach and a forecasting method. The study shows that the doctrine and practice lacks a unified approach to understanding electronic information in criminal cases, often the concept of „electronic information“ is confused with „electronic evidence“, while losing sight of its criminal procedural application. Author comes to the conclusion that there is no legislative definition of the concept of “electronic evidence” and it is still possible to operate with the term “electronic information” today, taking into account its cross-disciplinary purpose, respectively, the author’s definition of this concept is proposed. In addition, an attempt was made to determine the types of electronic information in criminal cases, including those requested in the framework of international cooperation, namely, the provision of mutual legal assistance. As an empirical basis for the study, we used the materials contained in the Practical Guide for Requesting Electronic Evidence from Other Countries, prepared jointly by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, the Executive Directorate of the UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee and the International Association of Prosecutors in collaboration with the EuroMed Justice programs and Euromed Police.
Understanding the Algorithm: Meaning, Socio-Legal Context and Concerns
Authors: Nabil Ahmad Afif  , Reeta Sony A.L.
Published: December 2021

At present, algorithms are becoming the heart of society by taking control over the decision-making process as societies are increasingly getting digitalised. There is a consistent theme that an unaccountable, black box technology has taken over the stage and is now making decisions for us, with us, and about us. But the contention around public participation in making decisions in science and technology needs to advance to a stage where there is a more direct conversation between the public and those developing the technologies. With the above mentioned conception of moderating emerging technologies’ development, primarily digital technology due to its overreaching effects on humans and what humans interpret it to be. Firstly, the research through a literature survey is aimed to understand the meaning and nuances of the word algorithm. Then the analysis based on case study is focused on the algorithmic questions, such as bias, privacy, design, transparency, and accountability. In a larger context, concerns over jobs, ways of social interactions, etc., had been discussed, since these concerns are the result of the application of algorithms. The analysis of academic literature pointed out the vital facet of multiple understanding of the word algorithm. Further, the research also emphasizes the meaning of philosophy and politics in technology and its non-neutral nature.
EFFECT OF MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE IN HEAT TREATED BEAMS RETROFITTED WITH CFRP
Authors: QARIZADA Abdul Majeed , SÜMER Yusuf
Published: December 2021

Aim: Locally deformed beams and girders could be temporarily repaired by heat treatment but this practice causes the decrease in the load capacity of the member. Besides, fiber reinforced polymer strips could be used to gain a permanent retrofitting solution for the deformed elements. Method: In this study initially the behavior of heat treated IPE-80 beam strengthened by Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips bonded with epoxy is observed. This practice causes a significant increase in the load capacity but it is also being observed that epoxy scatters earlier, which does not allow the CFRP to resist much more load. Scaled steel IPE80 beams are selected and they are subjected to three-point bending test. Load-deflection behavior is recorded for each test and conclusions are derived by comparing the results. Conclusion: Preliminary laboratory experiments on shell plates shows that using anchorage by employing bolt has better results compare to those observed by using anchorage made by CFRP fabric only. This study suggests implementation of anchorages through bolts or CFRP fabrics along with epoxy bonding to retrofit the heat treated elements.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY STEEL STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT METHODS IN 2018 EARTHQUAKE REGULATIONS
Authors: NOWBAHARI Fahım Ahmad , AĞCAKOCA Elif
Published: December 2021

Earthquake loads are the biggest obstacle to the design of multi-storey and irregular structures in countries located in the earthquake zone and with active earthquake faults. It is a dangerous natural disaster that can result in loss of life and property depending on the intensity of the earthquake. It is important to use comprehensive and up-to-date standards and regulations for the calculation of earthquake loads. In this study, considering TBDY-2018, dynamic behavior of multi-storey steel structure with irregularity called A1 Torsional Irregularity has been investigated. For seismic load calculations, mode combination method and equivalent earthquake load method, which are linear analysis methods, were used. In a 10-storey steel structure, central inverted V braces were used and the positions of these braces were changed and a total of 4 models were produced. Structural analyzes were made using the "Etabs" program. Then, the results obtained in the two methods used were compared, and in the structural analysis of the models used, it was seen that the internal forces and displacements gave greater results when the calculations were made with the Equivalent Earthquake Load Method. In addition, it has been stated that the torsional irregularity coefficient of the structure is effective in the horizontal displacement of the structure.
Medicinal Plants Preferences for the Treatment of COVID-19 Symptoms in Central and Eastern Anatolia
Authors: AKBULUT Sefa
Published: December 2021

Aim of study: This study aimed to determine the medicinal plant use preferences of herbalists’ customers against the COVID-19 symptoms during pandemic period.
Area of study: The study was carried out in nine provinces located in the Central and Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and the herbalists selling medicinal plants.
Material and methods: Data on 35 plants from 373 customers and 49 herbalists were collected between April 2020 and December 2020. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Fidelity Level (FL) quantitative indices were used to measure the use, cultural significance, and specificity of plants.
Main results: The highest RFC was found for Thymus spp. (0.59). It was followed by Ceratonia siliqua L. (0.56), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (0.56), and Mentha pulegium L. (0.50), respectively. The plants in the study area with a high FL were Zingiber officinale (84.83%) for cough, Thymus spp. (80.95%) for fever, Mentha pulegium (76.47%) for nausea-vomiting. Sambucus nigra L., Echinacea angustifolia DC., and Thymus spp. were the plants whose sales/demand increased the most during the pandemic period.
Highlights: It was understood that there was a significant increase in the sales of species such as Sambucus nigra, Echinacea angustifolia, and Thymus spp., during the pandemic period. This situation showed that there was a consensus among the public that these plants were effective against COVID-19 symptoms
[RETRACTED] Scam Alert! Dentitox Pro Reviews | REAL OR HOAX! v1
Authors: John not provided
Published: December 2021

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[RETRACTED] Label X Muscle Reviews! v1
Authors: X Muscle Lable
Published: December 2021

[RETRACTED]

Label X Muscle is a natural supplement that makes use of many dietary additions to give users a multitude of benefits
[RETRACTED] What Everyone Ought To Know About Label X Muscle v1
Authors: not provided promofloper
Published: December 2021

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[RETRACTED] protocRevivium Cream Reviews : Does It Works Or Fraud v1
Authors: not provided reviviumcreamfraud
Published: December 2021

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protocRevivium Cream Reviews : Does It Works Or Fraud
SFGR Isolation from Clinical Diagnostic Material: Small volume inoculum v1
Authors: Condit Marah
Published: December 2021

Rickettsiae are small obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria that are grown in a Biological Safety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory setting.This protocol uses antibiotic-free medium, and therefore cultures are susceptible to contamination by undesirable bacteria or fungi.This procedure provides guidance for the inoculation and growth of primary isolates derived from small volumes of clinical samples including blood and blood products in a small volume culture and includes topics of growth monitoring, changing media, freezing primary isolates, and troubleshooting in the event of contamination. This technique utilizes Vero E6 cells growth in small conical culture flasks.These flasks have a growth area of 10cm2 and can accommodate up to 5 mL of media.All techniques are to be performed in a biological safety cabinet (BSC) in a BSL-3 laboratory.Proper training and extreme caution is of the utmost importance when working with live rickettsial cultures.
К исследованию плановой экономики
Authors: Петухов В.А.
Published: December 2021

В истории человечества наиболее сложными из товарных отношений являются товарные отношения в плановой экономике. Для их анализа автор применяет свой прием, который позволяет легко определить, что является товаром в любой экономической системе. Далее, последовательно развивая этот прием, автор определяет, что в плановой экономике товарами являлись рабочая сила со стороны рядовых граждан и предметы потребления, необходимые для нормального восстановления этой рабочей силы, со стороны государства. На основе этого обмена возник мир наличного рубля, где деньги выполняли ряд определенных функций. Однако в плановой экономике средства производства не становились товарами и не вступали в сферу обмена. Благодаря этому возник мир безналичного рубля, где рубли выступали только как счетные, калькуляционные деньги для средств производства. Далее автор показывает, как разрешить такие сложные проблемы как «фиктивная» купля-продажа между государственными предприятиями и неконвертируемость национальных валют социалистических стран. Затем автор объясняет причины, по которым существовала четкая граница между миром наличного и миром безналичного рубля. Анализ относится, в первую очередь, к периоду 1970-х – начала 1980-х гг. В пятой части показано, что основы человеческой экономики исходят из принципов, заложенных уже в животном мире. Далее показывается, что плановая экономика вполне может рассматриваться как новый тип капитализма, который благодаря отсутствию внутренней конкуренции является экономически неэффективным по сравнению с развитыми капиталистическими странами.
История развития челюстно-лицевой травматологии. Часть 1
Authors: Столяренко П.Ю. , Байриков И.М. , Дедиков Д.Н. , Байриков А.И.
Published: December 2021

Первая отечественная монография, посвящённая истории возникновения и развития челюстно-лицевой травматологии ‒ от древних цивилизаций до начала третьего тысячелетия. Повреждения лицевого скелета сопровождали человека с незапамятных времен. Развитие цивилизации повлияло на частоту, характер и распространение таких травм. Первые упоминания о лечении пострадавших с переломами в клинописном подлиннике относятся к III тысячелетию до н. э. Древний врач Имхотеп уже в период 2691‒2621 гг. до н. э. подробно описал случаи переломов носа, скуловой кости, верхней и нижней челюсти, учитывая физический (телесный) осмотр, диагностику, лечение и прогноз. В последующие исторические периоды были разработаны методы лечения переломов челюстно-лицевой области, а также усовершенствована их диагностика. Динамичное развитие фундаментальных медицинских наук, таких как анатомия, биофизика и биомеханика, способствовало объяснению механизма переломов лицевого скелета, а достижения анестезиологии, хирургии, фармакологии и материаловедения повлияли на совершенствование методов лечения. Видные деятели мировой медицины: Уильям Г.Т. Мортон (1819‒1868), Николай Иванович Пирогов (1810‒1881), Вильгельм К. Рентген (1845‒1923), Александр Флеминг (1881‒1955), Годфри Н. Хаунсфилд (1919‒2004) и Пер-Ингвар Бранемарк (1929‒2014) ‒ благодаря своим открытиям, повысили уровень развитие челюстно-лицевой травматологии. В работе уточнены многие исторические факты, сообщаются интересные подробности, публикуются редкие документы и иллюстрации. В первой части представлены сведения в основном по консервативным методам лечения. В книге 305 иллюстраций, библиография ‒ 392 названия. Издание адресовано стоматологам, челюстно-лицевым хирургам, травматологам-ортопедам, историкам медицины, научным работникам, студентам медицинских вузов.
Linguacultural Interactions in Orenburg Region
Authors:   Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Bekasova Elena N.
Published: December 2021

The sub-dialects in the territories of later settling are of special research interest due to the specifics of interdialectal and foreign contacts and the influence of extralinguistic factors, which determine the relevance of lingua-cultural researches. In this regard, the Orenburg region, being established as a territorial district on a wide frontier area, makes it possible to trace the peculiarities of forming and intercrossing of numerous transmigratory sub-dialects, which were in an active contact with the Turkic and Finno-Ugrian languages. It is documented with the lexicographical material, presented in the dictionaries by V. I. Dahl, N. M. Malech and B. A. Moiseyev, as well as by the records of sub-dialectal speech from the 1950–1970s and up to the early XXI century, which makes it possible to trace the main parameters of the linguacultural interaction of social and ethnical groups, evaluate the limits of engaging dialectal systems for Turkic borrowings and determine their lexical sets, allowing to eliminate the lacunae in the traditional transmigratory culture which has undergone many changes. Being directed at a more prestigious social group, – primarily, the Orenburg Cossacks, the borrowings of cattle-breeding terminology and the words for foods show the stages of forming the relations which lead the consultants and scholars to understanding the unified commonality of the local population
The Linguistic Concept «Russians Are a Fighting Nation» as a Tool to Manage Chinese Social Consciousness
Authors:   Baikal School of BRICS, Evdokimov Aleksandr N. , Savkin Dmitrii A.
Published: December 2021

The study focuses on the concept of «Russians are a fighting nation» in the modern Chinese language, which emerged in 2013 and remains unknown to the vast majority of Russians. The concept has become a total synonym for the concept of «Russians» and has a positive connotation unusual for the Chinese language in the nomination of foreigners. The article is a comprehensive study of the «fighting nation» concept with consideration of its chronological, semantic and stylistic development as an instrument of influencing the worldview of the Chinese nation and the formation of its attitude towards other peoples. The study reveals that, initially, the concept of «the fighting nation» was artificially introduced and popularized by the Chinese authorities; then its internal structure was modified from the professional historical and cultural content to its further artificial transformation in 2016 into an Internet meme among the Chinese youth; and, finally, the loss of control over the dissemination of the concept led to the need for a campaign to discredit the «Russians are a fighting nation» concept, which has achieved only limited results. As a new and effective approach to managing the development of the concept, the Chinese authorities proposed to shift the positive features of the concept from the Russians to the Chinese and formulate a new postulate that «the Chinese are the real fighting nation», which has become the main development direction for the «fighting nation» concept for the next few years. The research findings can be applied in efficient international cultural communication, translation, as well as in a range of socio-cultural and linguistic studies
Where the Dialogue Ends: Problems of Reception of Russian Literature in China
Authors:   Sichuan University, Siue Chzhao , Govorukhina Iuliia А. ,   Baltic Naval Institute
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of the conflict of interpretations in the perception of the text by a foreign recipient. The study explores reasons for the difficulty of understanding unrealistic works in the Chinese readership and proposes a variant of improving the commentary as an intermediary text. The research is based on the methodological approaches and provisions of the theory of intercultural communication, discourse theory, receptive aesthetics and hermeneutics. As a result of the analysis of the judgments and assessments of Chinese students and specialists in Russian, we identified their main receptive difficulties: difficult understanding of the tropes, omission of allusions, lack of mastery of the language of a particular literary phenomenon. The reason for the latter is the absence of interpretive reading models, which have not been formed due to the long-term ignorance in China of Russian modernist literature. As a result, even today there are conflicts of interpretations, attempts to interpret an unrealistic text in a realistic paradigm. The outdated, ideologically «correct» intermediary texts should be replaced by a new type of commentary. Its model, proposed by the authors of this article, includes the following structural elements: information about the cultural and literary context; clarification of the semantics of words that are important for understanding the text; designation of national stereotypes that can lead to false interpretation and assessment of the text; step-by-step algorithm for working with text; list of references. Such a commentary will allow not only to remove lexical difficulties, but also to form interpretation skills
Linguocognitive Conflict of Digital and Pre-Digital Thinking in Online Educational Discourse During the Pandemic: Social Danger or a New Challenge?
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Karabulatova Irina S. , Aipova Ainash K. ,   Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Butt Saad Masood ,   Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Townsville, Amiridou Stefania ,   Democritis University
Published: December 2021

The authors analyze the problems of online educational discourse in the context of the linguocognitive conflict of the «pre-digital» and «digital generations» in connection with mediated communication during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Today, society has actualized hidden socio-cultural conflicts that have increased the disharmonious influence on the implementation of online educational discourse in a situation of prolonged self-isolation and lockdowns. The authors distinguish a separate subtype of educational discourse-online educational discourse, it is the result of an interactive process of interaction of subjects in an indirect educational space of an online format, within which intercultural, interpersonal communication, a diverse verbal-paraverbal exchange of information using digital means of communication is carried out. At the same time, the possibilities of the language of the participants of educational communication are evaluated in the context of expressing their communicative intentions. The situation of the pandemic has updated the features in the decoding of information in the «digital generation». The specifics of the speech-thinking activity of the «digital generation» are a pseudo-psychopatholinguistic phenomenon, which requires new approaches to online educational discourse in the formation of competencies. The new situation requires the allocation of other parameters for the psychodiagnostics of norm and pathology in the work of the language and brain. Humanity is looking for compromises for the full-fledged formation of various competencies based on language, using online educational dialogue as optimal in terms of survival during a pandemic. The specifics of the language behavior of the «digital generation» reflect a different type of thinking than that of the representatives of the «pre-digital generation». The article reflects the results of an international study on the formation of students ‘ communicative competence using online educational discourse during the COVID‑19 pandemic
The Semantics of Participation in the Russian Language as a Reflection of the Cultural Universal «Own/Foreign» Concept and the «West/East» Opposition
Authors:   Institute of Philology, SB RAS, Kim Igor
Published: December 2021

This paper deals with the issues of an important ethnic trait through the reflection in the Russian language and in the speech behavior of native speakers. This trait is focused around the need for actualization of «participation» or complicity in speech and social behavior as an invisible connection established in the inner world of the subject of the relationship of participation with other persons, animals, objects, spatial and social objects and even eras and ideas. The developed semantics of participation in the Russian language reflects the cultural universal concept of «own/foreign». L. Levy-Bruhl studied one member of that opposition theoretically and on the basis of extensive empirical material created the anthropological theory of participation. Russian linguists V. V. Ivanov, Yu. D. Apresyan, V. S. Khrakovsky and A. P. Volodin, I. I. Kovtunova studied concepts associated with the notion of participation in the mid‑1980s using the material of Russian deixis and the category of possessiveness. In the Russian language, the semantics of participation is expressed by various linguistic means: the means of verbal and pronominal deixis, diminutives, possessive syntactic constructions and affixes, words with the semantics of emotional attitude and assistance
Analyzing Social Meaning: How Words Matter in Social Contexts (Based on German Communicative Practice)
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University, Nefedov Sergei T. , Chernyavskaya Valeria E. ,   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Published: December 2021

The paper discusses the notion of social meaning that has become a central one in sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, metapragmatics. The study was informed by these research directions and the main outcomes. The term social meaning pinpoints what linguistic forms convey about the social identity of the users, about their personality, social features and ideologically, value-based orientations. We presume that this is a category of meaning that a linguistic unit (an utterance) obtains as a result of its usage in a certain context. Social meanings are fixed by social practice. It acts as an index to the context in which the linguistic unit is expected to be used and relevant. Indexical relations are open for re-evaluations that are mediated by speakers ideological views. The study is based on German socio-cultural practice and reveals how indexical relations arise between a linguistic unit and the socio-cultural environment, the social occasion of its usage. The analysis is conducted as corpus-assisted discourse analysis, based on the «Digital dictionary of the German language» / «Das Digitale Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache»
Legal Issues of Smart Contracts in Contract Law
Authors:   Novosibirsk State University, Zainutdinova Elizaveta V.
Published: December 2021

The research is carried out on some legal issues of smart contracts and their place in Russian and other countries’ contract law. By means of contract law such issues are analysed: 1) conclusion and performance of smart contracts’ obligations; 2) practical issues arising due to smart contracts’ use; 3) contract law provisions that might be applied to smart contracts; 4) issues that are not covered by the legislation but need to be addressed. A smart contract is considered to be a contract with the specific type of performance of obligations (automated performance). Smart contract is a contract concluded with an exchange of data (type of a written form). Smart contracts are performed with the help of automated performance and previously expressed consent of parties. It is proved that smart contracts could be modified and terminated giving a mechanism for that as well as provides for measures of defence and responsibility that could be applied for obligations out of smart contracts. As the result, provisions of smart contracts that reflect smart contracts’ place and peculiarities in contract law are formulated
Anti-Corruption Information Technologies
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Minbaleev Aleksey V. , Evsikov Kirill S.
Published: December 2021

Most countries are making significant efforts to combat corruption. International organizations have developed effective recommendations that have allowed many states to achieve success in the implementation of anti-corruption policies. Using these recommendations Russian Government has developed and implemented effective methods for combating this social phenomenon. Currently, the results obtained from anti-corruption activities are declining. Having considered the tendencies in the development of anti-corruption mechanisms in Russia and worldwide, the authors concluded that there is a delayed decrease in efficiency from the use of anti-corruption methods. In particular, the method of transparency in the long-term period leads to the complication of relations between the corruption interaction subjects, instead of corruption neutralization. To overcome the effect of the delayed decrease in efficiency, the authors put forward a hypothesis about the need to introduce big data processing technologies and artificial intelligence into the anti-corruption system. The work analyzes the foreign experience of using these tools. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors identified problems encountered by foreign specialists and gave recommendations on the organization of anti-corruption activity in Russia. The article proposes the author’s structure of an artificial intelligence system that carries out a comprehensive anti-c
Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Hatalardan Öğrenmeyi Sağlama Performansları İle Epistemolojik İnançları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
Authors: ŞAHİN Merve , BAŞAL Handan
Published: December 2021

Okul öncesi dönemde çocuklar merak içinde çevreyi ve olayları inceleyerek, denemeler yaparak yeni bilgi ve becerileri öğrenmeye çalışırlar. Bu denemeler sırasında çoğu zaman hata yaparlar. Bu araştırmanın amacı, okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin hatalardan öğrenmeyi sağlama performansları ile epistemolojik inançları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma nitel ve nicel yöntemin bir arada kullanıldığı yakınsayan karma yöntem paradigmasıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma, 2018-2019 eğitim-öğretim yılında Çanakkale il merkezi ve ilçelerinde görev yapan okul öncesi öğretmenleri ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın nitel boyutunda, 32 okul öncesi öğretmeninin hata ve epistemolojik inanç konusundaki görüşleri yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın nicel boyutunda, tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmiş 113 okul öncesi öğretmenine “Epistemolojik İnançlar Ölçeği” ve “Sınıf Hata Kültürü Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada görüşme sonucu ulaşılan veriler NVİVO programı ile çözümlenmiştir. “Epistemolojik İnançlar Ölçeği” ve “Sınıf Hata Kültürü Ölçeği”nden elde edilen veriler SPSS 21.0 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen nicel ve nitel incelemelerin benzeşen ve farklılaşan çıktıları doğrultusunda, epistemolojik inanç ile öğretme-öğrenme anlayışının anlamlı yordayıcılar olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın nicel sonuçları dikkate alındığında, geleneksel epistemolojik inanç, sınıf hata kültürünü olumsuz etkilerken, çağdaş epistemolojik inancın sınıf hata kültürü üzerinde herhangi bir etki yaratmadığı görülmüştür. Fakat nitel kapsamda gerçekleştirilen tekli durum çalışması sonucunda, geleneksel epistemolojik inanç ile hatalar engeldir yaklaşımı, çağdaş epistemolojik inanç ile hatalar fırsattır yaklaşımı arasında bir ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Carbon-Ion Beam Radiosensitivity Study and Biological Responses of High-Yielding Rice Line, MR219-PL-5
Authors: Asrapil Waitul Fifika , Asmuni Mohd Ikmal , Ahmad Faiz , Hasan Noraishah , Harun Abdul Rahim , Hussein Sobri , Abd Aziz Shamsudin Noraziyah
Published: December 2021

The carbon ion-beam has emerged as a novel physical mutagen for creating genetic variability and crop improvement. In this study, seeds of a high-yielding pyramided rice line MR219-PL-5 were exposed to carbon ion beam irradiation at 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy. The radiosensitivity test was conducted to determine the optimum dose of carbon ion beam irradiation based on the lethal dose 50% (LD50) using Sandwich Blotter Technique. The biological responses of carbon-ion beam irradiation were also observed in other characteristics such as germination rate (GeR), survival rate (SR), growth rate (GRoR), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), seedling height (SH), days to flowering (DTF), fertility rate (FR) and thousand-grains weight (TGW). Based on the polynomial curve of SR graph, the lethal dose 50% (LD50) value was 86.12 Gy. However, the optimum dose range of carbon ion-beam irradiation was between 40 and 60 Gy as these two doses recorded the highest SR, 63 and 67%, respectively. Furthermore, the shoulder dose in this study was 60 Gy since SR decreased significantly at higher doses. M1 individuals irradiated at 40 and 60 Gy had the best biological responses where significant differences were found for SR, SL, RL, GRoR, SH, DTF and FR at these two doses compared to the other doses. Further studies on M2 and M3 populations could help to identify potential individuals as well as to understand the inheritance of each trait of interest from one generation to the next.
Pengenalpastian Bakteria Tanah yang Mempunyai Aktiviti Antikulat terhadap Patogen Kelapa Sawit, Ganoderma boninense
Authors: Yusoff Aqilah , M. Ashaari Fatin Humairah , Abd Samad Muhammad Asyraff , Ab Wahab Anis Farhan Fatimi , Bharudin Izwan
Published: December 2021

Penyakit reput pangkal batang (BSR) yang berpunca daripada kulat fitopatogen Ganoderma boninense merupakan ancaman terbesar kepada tanaman kelapa sawit di Malaysia. BSR menyebabkan pengurangan hasil tandan sawit dan kematian terhadap pokok kelapa sawit terjangkit, seterusnya menyebabkan kerugian yang besar kepada ekonomi negara pengeluar. Penggunaan racun kimia juga telah diaplikasikan bagi menangani BSR, namun begitu, kaedah ini tidak mampu mengatasi serangan kulat ini. Beberapa kajian telah dilakukan untuk mengenal pasti potensi penggunaan agen kawalan biologi seperti mikroorganisma antagonis dalam mengawal penyakit BSR. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti mikroorganisma pencilan tempatan yang mempunyai kesan antagonistik terhadap G. boninense. Sebanyak 49 kultur bakteria tulen telah dipencilkan dari kawasan sekitar Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Tiga pencilan iaitu masing-masing dua strain daripada genus Burkholderia dan satu daripada Streptomyces menunjukkan aktiviti antagonistik yang kuat terhadap miselia dwikarion G. boninense strain PER71 dengan nilai Peratusan Perencatan Pertumbuhan Radius (PIRG) melebihi 70% dalam dua asai antikulat yang berbeza. Analisis jujukan DNA bagi semua pencilan telah menunjukkan spesies bakteria tersebut mempunyai kesamaan yang tinggi dengan jujukan nukleotida 16S rRNA daripada Burkholderia stagnalis, B. cepacia dan Streptomyces gelaticus. Bakteria yang digunakan di dalam kajian ini mempunyai potensi yang tinggi untuk digunakan sebagai agen kawalan biologi dalam menghalang penyebaran G. boninense terutamanya di dalam ladang kelapa sawit di Malaysia.
A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of VCO in Reducing Glucose and Body Weight in Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sh. Abdullah Sharifah Shafinaz binti , Chong Mei Chan , Abdullah Khatijah Lim , Zainal Abidin Imran , Yap Bee Wah
Published: December 2021

The aims of this paper were to determine the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on bodyweight and serum glucose level among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Various clinical trials on animal studies have found that the VCO has many beneficial effects on health. However, there have been limited published human studies on the pharmacological properties of VCO. Investigation on human subjects is extremely required in order to provide more empirical evidence to show the effect of VCO for ACS patients. Randomised single blind study conducted between March 2018 and April 2018. RCT was conducted among 70 ACS patients for 30 days. Participants in group A received their bottles containing 100 pieces of virgin coconut oil soft gels and were required to ingest 10 capsules per day (5 mL/5 gm) and continue routine treatment (diabetic diet and diabetic medication). Group B participants continued receiving routine treatment. Changes in serum fating blood sugar and body weight were identified using a paired t-test and independent t-test. A total of 70 patients participated with ages of 51 years old and older and were mostly male. The serum FBS and body weight of the intervention group that received VCO were reduced about 13.6% on day 30, from the baseline on day 1. They also had body weight reduction of about 2% with p value of less than 0.05. In contrast, the control group that only received routine treatment showed an increment of 12.1% in their serum FBS and had no changes in body weight. These reductions were noted within 30 days of consuming a daily dose of VCO (5 g every day). The properties of lauric acid and antioxidants present in the VCO composition were key players in the reduction of serum glucose levels and body weight. VCO can reduce serum glucose levels and body weight with 5 mL (5 g) of VCO per day for 30 days. Also, VCO may have a positive effect towards the glucose level and other cardiovascular risk factors.
Carbonization of Coconut Shell Biomass in a Downdraft Reactor: Effect of Temperature on the Charcoal Properties
Authors: Kabir Ahmad Rabi , Sulaiman Shaharin Anwar
Published: December 2021

Considering the value of coconut shell biomass as renewable fuels in homes and commercial industries, its effectiveness as a biomass resource has been overlooked by our rural citizens and researchers. Carbonization experiments of coconut shell biomass were conducted in a downdraft carbonization reactor (750 mm height and 67 mm diameter) to determine the effect of temperature (250 to 600 °C, in 50 °C intervals) on the charcoal properties. This was to address the problems of traditional charcoal production methods that include; low yield, environmental pollution, unregulated temperature, and poor quality properties. Yet the scarcity of this information hampers efforts for efficient commercial production. The coconut shell biomass was obtained from a local shop in Malaysia. It was heated in the reactor at a fixed residence time of 60 min and a particle size of 5 mm with nitrogen as a carrier gas. The relationship between temperature and the properties of coconut shell charcoal has been ascertained by the findings of this analysis. The relatively high the temperature, the better the charcoal quality, but the lowest the charcoal yields, since the secondary pyrolysis reaction expends charcoal. It was noted that, up to a final temperature of 500 °C, the yield reduction was rapid; after that, it was slower at 550 °C and almost stable at 600 °C. According to the charcoal’s proximate analysis, the calorific value, fixed carbon content, carbon content and ash content increased with temperature. Whereas, the charcoal density, volatile matter, moisture content, and conversion efficiencies decrease with temperature. The presence of nitrogen gas appears to have reduced combustion reactions that promote the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2). The methods produce the least amount of air pollutants (96 g carbon monoxide (CO), 167 g CO2, and 64 g methane (CH4) per 1 kg of charcoal production). The type of biomass and carbonization kiln has an impact on the production of CO, CO2, and CH4. Thus, the carbonization reactor used in this study has the potentials to produce an eco-friendly charcoal with superior quality properties that can assist in reducing environmental pollution, by proper selections of carbonization temperature.
Optimised Reduction of Surgical Gloves Pinholes using Forward Search Method
Authors: Ahmad Azimah , Mohamed @ A. Rahman Nur Anisah , Wahid Zaharah
Published: December 2021

This research investigates the factors that affect the existence of pinholes in surgical gloves during the manufacturing process. Since eight factors affect the existence of pinholes in surgical gloves, a two-level fractional factorial design 28-4 was used to study the main effects and the first-order interactions of the multiple variables. Multiple linear regressions are used to model the data. This paper also examines the presence of influential points in the data using the influential measures in linear regression such as Cook’s Distance, DFFITS, DFBETAS, Studentized Residual, Standardized Residual, Hadi's measure, and the robust forward search. The impact of influential points is further assessed through deletion of potential influential points and model selection using adjusted R2, information criterion, and stepwise selection to see whether these influential points significantly improved the existing model.
The Significance of Phytochemicals on Periodontal Health
Authors:   Periodontology Unit of Centre of Restorative Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Omar Nuzul Izwan
Published: December 2021

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disorder of tooth-supporting tissues that affects almost 90% of the population worldwide. The treatment of periodontal disease involved mechanical therapy, surgery, and administration of antibiotics. The high cost of the treatment and bacterial resistance to certain antibiotics regime has led to the search for the alternative treatment to overcome the disease at less cost and side effects. Natural products had been proven to be an important source in developing modern medicine to promote general health. Herbal plant extracts had been widely used in oral health particularly to prevent bacterial plaque adherence and dental caries. In periodontal disease, several studies and reviews have documented that herbal plant extracts had the potential to prevent and treat periodontitis through their active ingredients associated with antimicrobials, antiinflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. The sources to obtain the herbs are readily available and economical to produce in the market. Some of the herbs had been marketed for public uses in the form of toothpaste and mouth rinses. This review is an attempt to outline the importance of herbal medicine to provide potential effective and economical medicaments for periodontal disease and its significance for further clinical research in the future.