bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pseudoxanthomonas wuyuanensis sp. nov., isolated from saline-alkali soil
Authors: Li Dai , Pang Huancheng , Sun Licui , Fan Jinping , Li Yuyi , Zhang Jianli
Published: November 2013

A bacterium, designated XC21-2T, was isolated from a saline-alkaline soil sample from China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and motile and grew optimally at 35–37 °C, pH 6.0–7.0 and in the presence of 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Growth occurred in the range pH 5.5–9.0 and in the presence of up to 4 % (w/v) NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an uncharacterized amino-group-containing polar lipid. The major quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain XC21-2T formed a tight phylogenetic lineage with

Pseudoxanthomonas dokdonensis

KCTC 12543T within the genus

Pseudoxanthomonas

and was most closely related to

P. dokdonensis

KCTC 12543T and

P. mexicana

ATCC 700993T, with 97.9 and 97.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively. On the basis of the unique physiological profile of the isolate and its phylogenetic divergence from known species, strain XC21-2T represents a novel species within the genus

Pseudoxanthomonas

, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas wuyuanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XC21-2T ( = CGMCC 1.10978T = KCTC 23877T).
Pelolinea submarina gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, filamentous bacterium of the phylum Chloroflexi isolated from subseafloor sediment
Authors: Imachi Hiroyuki , Sakai Sanae , Lipp Julius S. , Miyazaki Masayuki , Saito Yumi , Yamanaka Yuko , Hinrichs Kai-Uwe , Inagaki Fumio , Takai Ken
Published: November 2013

A novel, anaerobic filamentous bacterium, strain MO-CFX1T, was isolated from a methanogenic community, which was originally established from subseafloor sediments collected from off the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan. Cells were non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative and filamentous. The filaments were longer than 10 µm and 130–150 nm in width. Growth of the strain was observed at 10–37 °C (optimum 25–30 °C), at pH 5.5–8.5 (optimum pH 7.0) and in 0–50 g NaCl l−1(optimum 15 g NaCl l−1). The strain was able to grow with a number of carbohydrates in the presence of yeast extract. The major cellular fatty acids were monounsaturated C18 : 1ω9, C16 : 1ω7 and saturated C18 : 0and C16 : 0. The intact polar lipids of the strain were dominated by diacylglyceride and sphingolipid core lipid structures with monoglycosidic, mixed phosphomonoglycosidic and fatty-acid-modified monoglycosidic polar head groups. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 52.4 mol%. Based on the comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MO-CFX1Twas affiliated with the classAnaerolineaewithin the phylumChloroflexiand was most closely related toLeptolinea tardivitalisYMTK-2T(sequence identity of 91.0 %). Based on phenotypic and genetic properties of the novel isolate, we propose a novel species representing a new genusPelolinea submarinagen. nov., sp. nov., for strain MO-CFX1T( = JCM 17238T, = KCTC 5975T). This is the first formal description, to our knowledge, of an isolate of the phylumChloroflexifrom the deep-sea sedimentary environment.
Pore-forming pyocin S5 utilizes the FptA ferripyochelin receptor to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Elfarash Ameer , Dingemans Jozef , Ye Lumeng , Hassan Ahmed Amir , Craggs Michael , Reimmann Cornelia , Thomas Mark S. , Cornelis Pierre
Published: November 2013

Pyocins are toxic proteins produced by some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that are lethal for related strains of the same species. Some soluble pyocins (S2, S3 and S4) were previously shown to use the pyoverdine siderophore receptors to enter the cell. The P. aeruginosa PAO1 pore-forming pyocin S5 encoding gene (PAO985) was cloned into the expression vector pET15b, and the affinity-purified protein product tested for its killing activity against different P. aeruginosa strains. The results, however, did not show any correlation with a specific ferripyoverdine receptor. To further identify the S5 receptor, transposon mutants were generated. Pooled mutants were exposed to pyocin S5 and the resistant colonies growing in the killing zone were selected. The majority of S5-resistant mutants had an insertion in the fptA gene encoding the receptor for the siderophore pyochelin. Complementation of an fptA transposon mutant with the P. aeruginosa fptA gene in trans restored the sensitivity to S5. In order to define the receptor-binding domain of pyocin S5, two hybrid pyocins were constructed containing different regions from pyocin S5 fused to the C-terminal translocation and DNase killing domains of pyocin S2. Only the protein containing amino acid residues 151 to 300 from S5 showed toxicity, indicating that the pyocin S5 receptor-binding domain is not at the N-terminus of the protein as in other S-type pyocins. Pyocin S5 was, however, unable to kill Burkholderia cenocepacia strains producing a ferripyochelin FptA receptor, nor was the B. cenocepacia fptA gene able to restore the sensitivity of the resistant fptA mutant P. aeruginosa strain.
A monoclinic polymorph of 1-benzoyl-4-thiobiuret
Authors: Kim Namhun , Kim Haneol , Kang Sung Kwon
Published: November 2013

The title compound, C9H9N3O2S, is a monoclinic (C2/c) polymorph of the previously reported triclinic structure [Kang (2013).Acta Cryst.E69, o1327]. The molecule is almost planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.069 Å from the mean plane of all non-H atoms. The benzoyl and terminal thiourea fragments adopt atransoidconformation with respect to the central carbonyl O atom. Two intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds are present. In the crystal, N—H...O and N—H...S interactions link the molecules into zigzag chains extending along thec-axis direction.
[μ2-N2,N2′-Bis(3-methoxy-2-oxidobenzylidene)benzene-1,3-dicarbohydrazidato]bis[pyridinecopper(II)]
Authors: Tong Hai-Bin , Xiao Zi-Jing
Published: November 2013

In the centrosymmetric dinuclear title complex, [Cu2(C24H18N4O6)(C5H5N)2], the CuIIions is tetracoordinated by two O-atoms and one N-donor of the bridging terephthalohydrazonate ligand and by one pyridine N atom, resulting in a nearly square-planar N2O2coordination geometry with the CuIIion 0.044 (2) Å out of the mean plane (r.m.s. deviation of 0.0675 Å) of the coordinating atoms.
Ethyl 2-[1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl]-2-oxoacetate
Authors: Ahmed Muhammad Naeem , Yasin Khawaja Ansar , Tahir M. Nawaz , Hafeez Muhammad , Aziz Shahid
Published: November 2013

In the title compound, C17H21N3O3, the non-planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.212 Å) ethyl (oxo)acetate group is oriented towards the phenyl substituent. The triazole and benzene rings are twisted with respect to each other, making a dihedral angle of 41.69 (6)°. In the crystal, molecules are arranged into centrosymmetricR22(10) dimersviapairs of C—H...O interactions involving the ethyl (oxo)acetate groups. In addition, the triazole rings show π–π stacking interactions, with their centroids at a distance of 3.745 (2) Å.
catena-Poly[[aqualithium(I)]-μ-3-carboxy-5,6-dimethylpyrazine-2-carboxylato-κ4O2,N1:O3,N4]
Authors: Starosta Wojciech , Leciejewicz Janusz
Published: November 2013

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Li(C8H6N2O4)(H2O)]n, comprises three Li cations, two of which are located on a twofold rotation axis, two carboxylate anions and three water molecules, of which two are situated on the twofold rotation axis being aqua ligands. Both carboxylate anions are in μ2-bridging mode. All Li ions show a trigonal–bipyramidal coordination mode; the two located in special positions are bridged throughN,O-bonding sites generating a polymeric ribbon along thec-axis direction. The Li cation in a general position creates an independent polymeric ribbon throughN,O-bonding sites of the two symmetry-related ligands; the trigonal–bipyramidal coordination is completed by an aqua ligand. In both carboxylate anions, a carboxylate and a carboxylic acid group form an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The polymeric ribbons running along [001] are interconnected by hydrogen bonds in which the water molecules act as donors and carboxylate O atoms act as acceptors, giving rise to a three-dimensional architecture.
5-Acetyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-one–tris(hydroxymethyl)ammonium chloride (2/1)
Authors: Huq C. A. M. A. , Fouzia S. , NizamMohideen M.
Published: November 2013

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C13H14N2O3·C3H10NO3+·Cl−, contains two independent molecules (AandB) of the title pyrimidine derivative and one ion-pair of tris(hydroxymethyl)ammonium chloride. The pyrimidine ring in each pyrimidine derivative has a half-chair conformation. Its mean plane is inclined to the benzene ring by 87.2 (3)° in moleculeAand 85.7 (2)° in moleculeB. In the crystal, the pyrimidine derivatives are connected to each other by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along theb-axis direction. The chains are linkedviaO—H—Cl hydrogen bonds, forming corrugated sheets lying parallel to thebcplane. The sheets are linkedviaC—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework. The tris(hydroxymethyl)ammonium chloride molecules are located in the cages of the framework. There are also further C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions present in the three-dimensional framework structure. Both the cation and chloride anion of the tris(hydroxymethyl)ammonium chloride ion pair are disordered over two positions, with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.418 (8):0.582 (8) for the cation and 0.71 (4):0.29 (4) for the anion.
Three new basidiomycetous yeasts, Pseudozyma alboarmeniaca sp. nov., Pseudozyma crassa sp. nov. and Pseudozyma siamensis sp. nov. isolated from Thai patients
Authors: Mekha Nanthawan , Takashima Masako , Boon‐long Jotika , Cho Otomi , Sugita Takashi
Published: November 2013

We previously reported the first isolation of Pseudozyma species from the blood of Thai patients. In this study, three additional new Pseudozyma species were isolated from clinical specimens from Thai patients. The Pseudozyma species showed relatively low sensitivity to azole antifungal agents. The names proposed for these isolates are Pseudozyma alboarmeniaca (DMST 17135T = JCM 12454T = CBS 9961T), Pseudozyma crassa (DMST 17136T = JCM 12455T = CBS 9959T) and Pseudozyma siamensis (DMST 17137T = JCM 12456T CBS 9960T), where DMST is Department of Medical Sciences Culture Collection, JCM is Japan Collection of Microorganisms and CBS is Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
Human Rights, Universality and Sovereignty: The Irrelevance and Relevance of Sharia
Authors: An‐Naim Abdullahi Ahmed
Published: November 2013

In this article I argue that the paradoxes of universality and self‐regulation by the state are inherent to the human rights paradigm itself in its application to every cultural, religious and ideological context. By the paradox of universality I refer to the expectation of global agreement on universal human rights norms among peoples of radically different cultural (including religious and ideological) traditions around the world. The paradox of self‐regulation by the state is in expecting any state to adopt human rights norms to limit its own powers, and then to effectively enforce those limitations against the officials of the same state. This article focuses on the internal dimension of this process in relation to Islamic societies. The case of Sharia is examined here to illustrate how the paradoxes of universality and self‐regulation can be mediated through an internal discourse within Islamic societies. I examine the prospects of Islamic reform in light of the cultural relevance and the legal irrelevance of Sharia norms and the possibility of their internal transformation from an Islamic point of view.
A model‐based approach to studying changes in compositional heterogeneity
Authors: Baeten Lander , Warton David I. , Van Calster Hans , De Frenne Pieter , Verstraeten Gorik , Bonte Dries , Bernhardt‐Römermann Markus , Cornelis Johnny , Decocq Guillaume , Eriksson Ove , Hédl Radim , Heinken Thilo , Hermy Martin , Hommel Patrick , Kirby Keith , Naaf Tobias , Petřík Petr , Walther Gian‐Reto , Wulf Monica , Verheyen Kris
Published: November 2013

Non‐random species loss and gain in local communities change the compositional heterogeneity between communities over time, which is traditionally quantified with dissimilarity‐based approaches. Yet, dissimilarities summarize the multivariate species data into a univariate index and obscure the species‐level patterns of change, which are central to understand the causes and consequences of the community changes.

Here, we propose a model‐based approach that looks for species‐level effects of time period and construct a multiple‐site metric as a sum across species to test the consistency of the individual species responses. Species fall into different response types, showing how they influence the changes in community heterogeneity.

In a comparison with other multiple‐site metrics, we illustrate the properties of our method and the differences and similarities with other approaches. For instance, our metric estimates the total variation in a community data set based on species‐level contributions, not the compositional dissimilarities between particular sites. Similar to some other approaches, we can distinguish between heterogeneity derived from turnover or richness differences.

Our approach was applied to a set of 23 forest understorey resurvey studies spread across Europe. We show the species gains and losses may as well decrease or increase levels of community heterogeneity. Although species occurrences and communities have not changed in a consistent way along continental‐scale environmental gradients such as climatic conditions, several species shifted in a similar way across the different data sets.

Testing the significance of shifts in species prevalence over time to infer corresponding changes in the compositional heterogeneity among sites provides a very intuitive tool for community resurvey studies. The main strengths of our framework are the explicit consideration of the relative roles of species gains and losses and the straightforward generalization to different sets of hypotheses related to community changes.
Programming effects of FTO in the development of obesity
Authors: Sebert S. , Salonurmi T. , Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi S. , Savolainen M. , Herzig K.‐H. , Symonds M. E. , Järvelin M.‐R.
Published: November 2013

It is becoming increasingly recognized that early‐life nutritional, metabolic and environmental factors can have a long‐term impact on the early onset of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Numerous experimental and epidemiological observations support the concept that an individual's response to their adult lifestyle and nutritional environment depends not only on their genetic susceptibility but also on their previous early‐life experiences. The current research challenge is to determine the primary pathways contributing to ‘non‐ or epi‐genetic’ causes of excess adult weight gain and adiposity. Evidence from the fields of genetic epidemiology, life course modelling and diet‐induced foetal programming all support a role for the FTO gene in this complex biological interaction. It may provide a missing link in the developmental regulation of energy metabolism. Our review therefore considers the role of the FTO gene in the early‐life determination of body weight, body composition and energy balance. We will summarize current knowledge on FTO biology combining human genetic epidemiology, molecular models and findings from animal studies. Notably, we will focus on the role of FTO in energy balance in humans, the importance of FTO polymorphisms in childhood growth and the impact of foetal nutrition. Ultimately, we propose a new hypothesis for future research designed to understand the role of FTO in setting gene expression in metabolically active tissues.
Evaluation of pain scores after single‐incision and conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomized control trial in a rural Indian population
Authors: Borle Firoz R , Mehra Bhupendra K , Jain Sheelchand
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) is considered to be less invasive and have less morbidity than conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CLC). However, there is a relative paucity of data regarding postoperative pain scores in rural Indian populations following SILC. Also, data pertaining to the applicability of SILC in rural Indian population are scant.

Methods

In the present randomized control trial, pain scores after SILC and CLC were evaluated. Sixty patients with gallstone disease were randomly assigned to one of two groups with 30 patients each: the CLC group and the SILC group. Postoperative pain scores were recorded on the visual analog scale at 8 hours, 24 hours and 7 days after surgery.

Results

The patients were comparable with respect to age, sex and BMI. Operative time was longer for the SILC group (47.73 ± 5.57 min vs 69.53 ± 8.96 min; P < 0.0001).The pain scores were similar in both groups at 8 hours (3.61 ± 0.41 vs 3.50 ± 0.51; P = 0.36) and 24 hours (3.30 ± 0.59 vs 3.20 ± 0.40; P = 0.44) postoperatively. On day 7, the SILC group had lower pain scores than the CLC group (2.56 ± 0.56 vs 1.16 ± 0.37; P < 0.01).

Conclusion

There was no distinct advantage to SILC with regard to immediate postoperative pain. Pain was significantly less (P < 0.01) in the SILC group on postoperative day 7.
In vitro fragmentation efficiency of holmium: yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (YAG) laser lithotripsy – a comprehensive study encompassing different frequencies, pulse energies, total power levels and laser fibre diameters
Authors: Kronenberg Peter , Traxer Olivier
Published: November 2013

Objective

To assess the fragmentation (ablation) efficiency of laser lithotripsy along a wide range of pulse energies, frequencies, power settings and different laser fibres, in particular to compare high‐ with low‐frequency lithotripsy using a dynamic and innovative testing procedure free from any human interaction bias.

Materials and Methods

An automated laser fragmentation testing system was developed.

The unmoving laser fibres fired at the surface of an artificial stone while the stone was moved past at a constant velocity, thus creating a fissure.

The lithotripter settings were 0.2–1.2 J pulse energies, 5–40 Hz frequencies, 4–20 W power levels, and 200 and 550 μm core laser fibres.

Fissure width, depth, and volume were analysed and comparisons between laser settings, fibres and ablation rates were made.

Results

Low frequency‐high pulse energy (LoFr‐HiPE) settings were (up to six times) more ablative than high frequency‐low pulse energy (HiFr‐LoPE) at the same power levels (P < 0.001), as they produced deeper (P < 0.01) and wider (P < 0.001) fissures.

There were linear correlations between pulse energy and fragmentation volume, fissure width, and fissure depth (all P < 0.001).

Total power did not correlate with fragmentation measurements.

Laser fibre diameter did not affect fragmentation volume (P = 0.81), except at very low pulse energies (0.2 J), where the large fibre was less efficient (P = 0.015).

Conclusions

At the same total power level, LoFr‐HiPE lithotripsy was most efficient. Pulse energy was the key variable that drove fragmentation efficiency.

Attention must be paid to prevent the formation of time‐consuming bulky debris and adapt the lithotripter settings to one's needs.

As fibre diameter did not affect fragmentation efficiency, small fibres are preferable due to better scope irrigation and manoeuvrability.
A myelopoiesis gene signature during remission in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis does not predict relapses but seems to reflect ongoing prednisolone therapy
Authors: Kurz T , Weiner M , Skoglund C , Basnet S , Eriksson P , Segelmark M
Published: November 2013

A myelopoiesis gene signature in circulating leucocytes, exemplified by increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3) mRNA levels, has been reported in patients with active anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV), and to a lesser extent during remission. We hypothesized that this signature could predict disease relapse. mRNA levels of PR3, MPO, selected myelopoiesis transcription factors [CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (CEBP-α), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (CEBP-β), SPI1/PU.1-related transcription factor (SPIB), spleen focus forming virus proviral integration oncogene, PU.1 homologue (SPI1)] and microRNAs (miRNAs) from patient and control peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) were analysed and associated with clinical data. Patients in stable remission had higher mRNA levels for PR3 (PBMC, PMN) and MPO (PBMC). PR3 and SPIB mRNA correlated positively in controls but negatively in patient PBMC. Statistically significant correlations existed between PR3 mRNA and several miRNAs in controls, but not in patients. PR3/MPO mRNA levels were not associated with previous or future relapses, but correlated with steroid treatment. Prednisolone doses were negatively linked to SPIB and miR-155-5p, miR-339-5p (PBMC) and to miR-221, miR-361 and miR-505 (PMN). PR3 mRNA in PBMC correlated with time since last flare, blood leucocyte count and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Our results show that elevated leucocyte PR3 mRNA levels in AAV patients in remission do not predict relapse. The origin seems multi-factorial, but to an important extent explainable by prednisolone action. Gene signatures in patients with AAV undergoing steroid treatment should therefore be interpreted accordingly.
T helper type 17 pathway suppression by appendicitis and appendectomy protects against colitis
Authors: Cheluvappa R , Luo A S , Grimm M C
Published: November 2013

Appendicitis followed by appendectomy (AA) at a young age protects against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We wanted to characterize the role of the T helper type 17 (Th17) system involved in this protective effect. AA was performed on 5-week-old male BALB/c mice and distal-colon samples were harvested. Mice with two laparotomies each served as sham–sham (SS) controls. RNA was extracted from four individual colonic samples per group (AA and SS groups) and each sample microarray-analysed and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)-validated. Gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that the Th17 recruitment factor gene CCL20 was significantly suppressed at both 3 days post-AA and 28 days post-AA. Although Th17 cell development differentiation factor genes TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 were significantly up-regulated 3 days post-AA, GSEA 28 days post-AA showed that AA down-regulated 29 gene-sets associated with TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 in contrast to none up-regulated with any of these genes. GSEA showed substantial down-regulation of gene-sets associated with Th17 lymphocyte recruitment, differentiation, activation and cytokine expression in the AA group 28 days post-AA. We conclude that Th17-system cytokines are kept under control by AA via down-regulation of proinflammatory CCL20, a rapid down-regulation of pro-Th17 cell differentiation genes TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, suppression of RORC-associated gene-sets, increased protective STAT1 expression and suppression of 81 ‘pro-Th17’ system gene-sets. AA suppresses the Th17 pathway leading to colitis amelioration. Further characterization of Th17-associated genes and biological pathways will assist in the development of better therapeutic approaches in IBD management.
Language Helps Children Succeed on a Classic Analogy Task
Authors: Christie Stella , Gentner Dedre
Published: November 2013

Adult humans show exceptional relational ability relative to other species. In this research, we trace the development of this ability in young children. We used a task widely used in comparative research—the relational match‐to‐sample task, which requires participants to notice and match the identity relation: for example,AAshould matchBBinstead ofCD. Despite the simplicity of this relation, children under 4 years of age failed to pass this test (Experiment 1), and their performance did not improve even with initial feedback (Experiment 2). In Experiments 3 and 4, we found that two kinds of symbolic‐linguistic experience can facilitate relational reasoning in young children. Our findings suggest that children learn to become adept analogical thinkers, and that language fosters this learning in at least two distinct ways.
Cutaneous metastases as an initial manifestation of visceral well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumor: a report of four cases and a review of literature
Authors: Jedrych Jaroslaw , Busam Klaus , Klimstra David S. , Pulitzer Melissa
Published: November 2013

Well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumors metastasize to the skin uncommonly, and only 35 cases are reported in the literature. In only five of these patients, cutaneous metastases were the presenting symptom of malignancy; herein, we report four such cases. Two patients were female and two male, aged 50–74 years (mean: 64.5 years), each with a solitary painless, slowly enlarging, non‐ulcerated cutaneous nodule of 3–12 months duration (mean: 9 months). The lesions were on the scalp (n = 3) and trunk (n = 1), and ranged in greatest dimension from 0.5 to 2.5 cm. The distinction from other microscopically similar entities, and the interpretation of origination from gastrointestinal, pancreatic or respiratory system primaries, was made clinically, or was based on the morphological features and the immunohistochemical profile. One patient died of the disease progression after 36 months whereas two patients are alive with significant disease progression after 24 and 60 months. Metastatic neuroendocrine tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous tumors with neuroendocrine morphology even in patients with no known history of visceral malignancy.
Perception from the First‐Person Perspective
Authors: Howell Robert J.
Published: November 2013

This paper develops a view of the content of perceptual states that reflects the cognitive significance those states have for the subject. Perhaps the most important datum for such a theory is the intuition that experiences are ‘transparent’, an intuition promoted by philosophers as diverse as Sartre and Dretske. This paper distinguishes several different transparency theses, and considers which ones are truly supported by the phenomenological data. It is argued that the only thesis supported by the data is much weaker than those typically considered in the literature, and has no obvious implications for the existence of sensory intermediaries. It does, however, have implications for the content of perceptual experience. It is argued that combining the first personal project with the transparency intuition yields an error theory of perception. The counterintuitive implications of this error theory are mitigated, however, by an account of perceptual beliefs which allows for them to be true even if the perceptual states are non‐veridical.
Evolution of age and length at maturation of Alaskan salmon under size‐selective harvest
Authors: Kendall Neala W. , Dieckmann Ulf , Heino Mikko , Punt André E. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: November 2013

Spatial and temporal trends and variation in life‐history traits, including age and length at maturation, can be influenced by environmental and anthropogenic processes, including size‐selective exploitation. Spawning adults in many wild Alaskan sockeye salmon populations have become shorter at a given age over the past half‐century, but their age composition has not changed. These fish have been exploited by a gillnet fishery since the late 1800s that has tended to remove the larger fish. Using a rare, long‐term dataset, we estimated probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs) for males and females in nine populations in two basins and correlated these changes with fishery size selection and intensity to determine whether such selection contributed to microevolutionary changes in maturation length. PMRN midpoints decreased in six of nine populations for both sexes, consistent with the harvest. These results support the hypothesis that environmental changes in the ocean (likely from competition) combined with adaptive microevolution (decreased PMRNs) have produced the observed life‐history patterns. PMRNs did not decrease in all populations, and we documented differences in magnitude and consistency of size selection and exploitation rates among populations. Incorporating evolutionary considerations and tracking further changes in life‐history traits can support continued sustainable exploitation and productivity in these and other exploited natural resources.
Understanding polyspecificity within the substrate‐binding cavity of the human multidrug resistance P‐glycoprotein
Authors: Martinez Lorena , Arnaud Ophélie , Henin Emilie , Tao Houchao , Chaptal Vincent , Doshi Rupak , Andrieu Thibault , Dussurgey Sébastien , Tod Michel , Di Pietro Attilio , Zhang Qinghai , Chang Geoffrey , Falson Pierre
Published: November 2013

Human P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) controls drugs bioavailability by pumping structurally unrelated drugs out of cells. The X‐ray structure of the mouse P‐gp ortholog has been solved, with two SSS enantiomers or one RRR enantiomer of the selenohexapeptide inhibitor QZ59, found within the putative drug‐binding pocket (Aller SG, Yu J, Ward A, Weng Y, Chittaboina S, Zhuo R, Harrell PM, Trinh YT, Zhang Q, Urbatsch IL et al. (2009). Science 323, 1718–1722). This offered the first opportunity to localize the well‐known H and R drug‐binding sites with respect to the QZ59 inhibition mechanisms of Hoechst 33342 and daunorubicin transports, characterized here in cellulo. We found that QZ59‐SSS competes efficiently with both substrates, with KI,app values of 0.15 and 0.3 μm, which are 13 and 2 times lower, respectively, than the corresponding Km,app values. In contrast, QZ59‐RRR non‐competitively inhibited daunorubicin transport with moderate efficacy (KI,app = 1.9 μm); it also displayed a mixed‐type inhibition of the Hoechst 33342 transport, resulting from a main non‐competitive tendency (Ki2,app = 1.6 μm) and a limited competitive tendency (Ki1,app = 5 μm). These results suggest a positional overlap of QZ59 and drugs binding sites: full for the SSS enantiomer and partial for the RRR enantiomer. Crystal structure analysis suggests that the H site overlaps both QZ59‐SSS locations while the R site overlaps the most embedded location.
Risk factors of postoperative urinary retention after hip surgery for femoral neck fracture in elderly women
Authors: Tobu Shohei , Noguchi Mitsuru , Hashikawa Takeshi , Uozumi Jiro
Published: November 2013

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate risk factors for postoperative urinary retention (POUR) in female patients with femoral neck fractures.

Methods

We recruited 72 female patients (age 86.5 ± 6.7 years) from among 90 cases of hip surgery carried out between January and December 2011 at Goto Chuo Hospital. We evaluated the risk factors for POUR, including the administration of anticholinergic drugs, diabetes mellitus, preoperative dementia and/or delirium, neurological disorders, age, hypertension, overactive bladder, and the postoperative duration of the use of an indwelling urethral catheter using a multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

In the present study, POUR occurred in eight out of 72 cases (11.1%). The multivariate analysis showed that the indwelling period of the urethral catheter (per 1‐day increase; P = 0.04, OR 0.33 95% CI 0.11–0.96), and preoperative dementia and/or delirium (P = 0.03, OR10.4, 95%CI 1.21–89.2) correlated with the occurrence of POUR. Diabetes mellitus (P = 0.78), anticholinergic agents (P = 0.23), neurological disorders (P = 0.83), age (P = 0.86), hypertension (P = 0.76) and overactive bladder (P = 0.34) did not significantly correlate with the occurrence of POUR.

Conclusions

The present study showed that the early removal of the urethral catheter, and preoperative dementia and/or delirium had significant correlations with POUR. The femoral neck fractures and the surgical procedure used for the hip surgery do not induce damage to the bladder and nerve system related to the voiding function, and the voiding function in all of the patients recovered after short‐term intermittent catheterization. Physicians should not place permanent indwelling urethral catheters without carrying out urological assessments. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 636–639.
Different dynamic movements of wild‐type and pathogenic VCPs and their cofactors to damaged mitochondria in a Parkin‐mediated mitochondrial quality control system
Authors: Kimura Yoko , Fukushi Junpei , Hori Seiji , Matsuda Noriyuki , Okatsu Kei , Kakiyama Yukie , Kawawaki Junko , Kakizuka Akira , Tanaka Keiji
Published: November 2013

VCP/p97 is a hexameric ring‐shaped AAA+ ATPase that participates in various ubiquitin‐associated cellular functions. Mis‐sense mutations in VCP gene are associated with the pathogenesis of two inherited diseases: inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of the bone and front‐temporal dementia (IBMPFD) and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These pathogenic VCPs have higher affinities for several cofactors, including Npl4, Ufd1 and p47. In Parkin‐dependent mitochondrial quality control systems, VCP migrates to damaged mitochondria (e.g., those treated with uncouplers) to aid in the degradation of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins and to eliminate mitochondria. We showed that endogenous Npl4 and p47 also migrate to mitochondria after uncoupler treatment, and Npl4, Ufd1 or p47 silencing causes defective mitochondria clearance after uncoupler treatment. Moreover, pathogenic VCPs show impaired migration to mitochondria, and the exogenous pathogenic VCP expression partially inhibits Npl4 and p47 localization to mitochondria. These results suggest that the increased affinities of pathogenic VCPs for these cofactors cause the impaired movement of pathogenic VCPs. In adult flies, exogenous expression of wild‐type VCP, but not pathogenic VCPs, reduces the number of abnormal mitochondria in muscles. Failure of pathogenic VCPs to function on damaged mitochondria may be related to the pathogenesis of IBMPFD and ALS.
A Summary of Attack Methods and Confidentiality Protection Measures for Fully Automated Remote Analysis Systems
Authors: O'Keefe Christine M. , Chipperfield James O.
Published: November 2013

This paper presents a summary of the current state of research on reducing the risk of disclosure related to what may be called “non‐traditional” outputs for statistical agencies. Whereas traditional outputs include frequency tables, magnitude tables and public use microdata files, non‐traditional outputs include outputs associated with user‐defined exploratory data analysis and statistical modelling offered through a remote analysis system. In remote analysis, a system accepts a query from an analyst, runs it on data held in a secure environment, and then returns the results to the analyst. There is a considerable current interest in fully automated remote analysis systems, because these have the potential to enable agencies to respond to growing researcher demand for more and more detailed data. In practice, a range of protective measures is most effective in remote analysis, and the choice of this range depends heavily on the context including the regulatory environment, the dataset itself, and the purpose of the access.

This paper provides a summary of known attack methods on remote analysis system outputs, focussing on exploratory data analysis and linear regression. The paper also summarizes the associated suggested protective measures designed to prevent disclosures and thwart attacks in fully automated remote analysis systems. Some commentary on the attacks and measures is provided.
Influenza encephalopathy and related neuropsychiatric syndromes
Authors: Mizuguchi Masashi
Published: November 2013

Influenza is occasionally complicated by CNS disorders, in particular impairment of consciousness. Severe disorders encompass multiple, distinct syndromes manifesting acute encephalopathy, whereas mild disorders represent multiple, ill‐defined neuropsychiatric syndromes. Acute encephalopathy is manifested with seizures and coma, with or without multi‐organ involvement. The outcome varies from death or neurologic sequelae to recovery and differs among syndromes. Transient neuropsychiatric disorders are manifested with delirium and/or abnormal behavior. There also are multiple syndromes. The outcome is usually favorable, although occasional fatal accidents warrant caution.
Flood partnerships: a participatory approach to develop and implement the Flood Risk Management Plans
Authors: Cassel M.A. , Hinsberger M.
Published: November 2013

Flood risk management comprises a wide variety of aspects, ranging from the reduction of the probability of occurrence of a flood to the reduction of the potential damage. These aspects rest in the common responsibility of the official agencies at the state and community level, as well as the affected population. To facilitate an effective exchange between these actors, national and transnational flood partnerships (FPs) were initiated within the European INTERREG IV A – Project ‘Flood and Drought Management in the transnational Mosel and Saar Watershed’ (FLOW MS), spanning different regions in Germany, France and Luxembourg. The FPs are voluntary partnerships among communities, local authorities, emergency services, water management departments, professional associations, non‐governmental organisations and public action groups in a common watershed. The tools system dynamics and group model building are used in a set of workshops to establish an increased participation of relevant actor groups and the public to achieve a bottom‐up approach contributing to the Flood Risk Management Plans of the EU Floods Directive.
Paying the Price: The Pressing Need for Quality, Cost, and Outcomes Data to Improve Correctional Health Care for Older Prisoners
Authors: Ahalt Cyrus , Trestman Robert L. , Rich Josiah D. , Greifinger Robert B. , Williams Brie A.
Published: November 2013

Despite a recent decline in the U.S. prison population, the older prisoner population is growing rapidly. U.S. prisons are constitutionally required to provide health care to prisoners. As the population ages, healthcare costs rise, states are forced to cut spending, and many correctional agencies struggle to meet this legal standard of care. Failure to meet the healthcare needs of older prisoners, who now account for nearly 10% of the prison population, can cause avoidable suffering in a medically vulnerable population and violation of the constitutional mandate for timely access to an appropriate level of care while incarcerated. Older prisoners who cannot access adequate health care in prison also affect community healthcare systems because more than 95% of prisoners are eventually released, many to urban communities where healthcare disparities are common and acute healthcare resources are overused. A lack of uniform quality and cost data has significantly hampered innovations in policy and practice to improve value in correctional health care (achieving desired health outcomes at sustainable costs). With their unique knowledge of complex chronic disease management, experts in geriatrics are positioned to help address the aging crisis in correctional health care. This article delineates the basic health, cost, and outcomes data that geriatricians and gerontologists need to respond to this crisis, identifies gaps in the available data, and anticipates barriers to data collection that, if addressed, could enable clinicians and policy‐makers to evaluate and improve the value of geriatric prison health care.
Late‐stage orogenic loading revealed by contact metamorphism in the northern Appalachians, New York
Authors: Dorfler K. M. , Tracy R. J. , Caddick M. J.
Published: November 2013

Pelitic schists from contact aureoles surrounding mafic–ultramafic plutons in Westchester County, NY record a high‐P (~0.8 GPa) high‐T (~790 °C) contact overprint on a Taconic regional metamorphic assemblage (~0.5 GPa). The contact metamorphic assemblage of a pelitic sample in the innermost aureole of the Croton Falls pluton, a small (<10 km2) gabbroic body, consists of quartz–plagioclase–biotite–garnet–sillimanite–ilmenite–graphite–Zn‐rich Al‐spinel. Both K‐feldspar and muscovite are absent, and abundant biotite, plagioclase, sillimanite, quartz and ilmenite inclusions are found within subhedral garnet crystals. Unusually low bulk‐rock Na and K contents imply depletion of alkalic components and silica through anatexis and melt extraction during contact heating relative to typical metapelites outside the aureole. Thermobarometry on nearby samples lacking a contact overprint yields 620–640 °C and 0.5–0.6 GPa. In the aureole sample, WDS X‐ray chemical maps show distinct Ca‐enriched rims on both garnet and matrix plagioclase. Furthermore, biotite inclusions within garnet have significantly higher Mg concentration than matrix biotite. Thermobarometry using GASP and garnet–biotite Mg–Fe exchange equilibria on inclusions and adjacent garnet host interior to the high‐Ca rim zone yield ~0.5 ± 0.1 GPa and ~620 ± 50 °C. Pairs in the modified garnet rim zone yield ~0.9 ± 0.1 GPa and ~790 ± 50 °C. Thermocalc average P–T calculations yield similar results for core (~0.5 ± ~0.1 GPa, ~640 ± ~80 °C) and rim (~0.9 ± ~0.1 GPa, ~800 ± ~90 °C) equilibria. The core assemblages are interpreted to record the P–T conditions of peak metamorphism during the Taconic regional event whereas the rim compositions and matrix assemblages are interpreted to record the P–T conditions during the contact event. The high pressures deduced for this later event are interpreted to reflect loading due to the emplacement of Taconic allochthons in the northern Appalachians during the waning stages of regional metamorphism (after c. 465 Ma) and before contact metamorphism (c. 435 Ma). In the absence of contact metamorphism‐induced recrystallization, it is likely that this regional‐scale loading would remain cryptic or unrecorded.
Individual Differences in Social Dominance Orientation Predict Support for the Use of Cognitive Ability Tests
Authors: Kim Anita , Berry Christopher M.
Published: November 2013

This study investigates the personality processes involved in the debate surrounding the use of cognitive ability tests in college admissions. In Study 1, 108 undergraduates (Mage = 18.88 years, 60 women, 80 Whites) completed measures of social dominance orientation (SDO), testing self‐efficacy, and attitudes regarding the use of cognitive ability tests in college admissions; SAT/ACT scores were collected from the registrar. Sixty‐seven undergraduates (Mage = 19.06 years, 39 women, 49 Whites) completed the same measures in Study 2, along with measures of endorsement of commonly presented arguments about test use. In Study 3, 321 American adults (Mage = 35.58 years, 180 women, 251 Whites) completed the same measures used in Study 2; half were provided with facts about race and validity issues surrounding cognitive ability tests. Individual differences in SDO significantly predicted support for the use of cognitive ability tests in all samples, after controlling for SAT/ACT scores and test self‐efficacy and also among participants who read facts about cognitive ability tests. Moreover, arguments for and against test use mediated this effect. The present study sheds new light on an old debate by demonstrating that individual differences in beliefs about hierarchy play a key role in attitudes toward cognitive ability test use.
The Comfort Dimension; a Review of Perception in Clothing
Authors: Kamalha Edwin , Zeng Yongchun , Mwasiagi Josphat I. , Kyatuheire Salome
Published: November 2013

For a clothing system, comfort is a fundamental necessity. In this paper, basic definitions and elements of clothing comfort and the general research trends were reviewed. In particular, understanding comfort of textile materials, its relevance to clothing choice and some assessment methods have been discussed. The impact of fabric and clothing attributes on clothing comfort was explored. Psychological, physical and physiological perceptions of clothing comfort were reviewed, including subjective and objective modes of assessment. A thorough discussion of handle comfort was presented, including assessment methods. Statistical presentations from selected comfort studies were also reviewed. Other sensory comfort properties particularly acoustic and appearance were also mentioned. From the aforementioned reviews, it was noted that the main focus for most researchers has been on sensorial and thermal comfort.

Practical Applications

To comfort researchers, this review gives resourceful insights relevant to subject selection and the general research trend on clothing comfort. For clothing manufacturers, the compiled consumer feedbacks by wearers of particular clothing are tools for product improvement to enhance utility. Finally, this review informs consumers about clothing comfort, which will contribute to informed decision making during purchasing.
Gelation of Cross‐Linked Casein under Small and Large Shear Strain
Authors: Rohm Harald , Ullrich Franziska , Schmidt Carolin , Löbner Jürgen , Jaros Doris
Published: November 2013

The extent of cross‐linking by microbial transglutaminase of acid casein in phosphate buffer was varied, and its consequences on the rheology of chemically acidified gels were studied. Gel formation upon acidification was measured by dynamic rheometry and in rotational experiments at a shear rate of 0.002/s. Torque development during gelation under shear, and stiffness and fracture strain of the final gels was significantly affected by the amount of cross‐linked caseins. Moderately cross‐linked casein exhibited peculiar gelation behavior under shear as monitored with a perspex cylinder device and a video system. Macroscopically visible “threads” with a regular pattern were formed, which appeared to depend on amount and size of cross‐linked casein aggregates. From experiments with varying gelation temperature and acidulant concentration, it was observed that larger aggregates result in weaker gels when acidification rate is increased; in native systems, gelation rate did not show any effect.

Practical Applications

Texture and rheology are important quality parameters of acid milk gels that can be modified, among others, by cross‐linking milk proteins using microbial transglutaminase. The present results demonstrate that it is crucial to control both the intensity of cross‐linking and acidification conditions to obtain products with the desired texture.
CONNECTING LIVES: REFLECTIONS ON A SYNDEMIC APPROACH TO PREVENTION INVOLVING RESEARCH ON HOW PEOPLE RELATE TO PETS
Authors: Rock Melanie
Published: November 2013

This article elaborates on what could be meant by a syndemic approach to prevention. The main argument is that a syndemic approach to prevention comprises a set of practices intended to promote population health. These practices include research, team‐building, and developing partnerships with organizations with diverse mandates. Both infectious and noninfectious diseases may be targeted, in animal as well as human populations. By way of illustration, a research program on urban pets and population health is presented. While this research program has become highly interdisciplinary, theories and practices rooted in anthropology have driven its development.