bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transbronchial Biopsy Using an Ultrathin Bronchoscope Guided by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Virtual Bronchoscopic Navigation in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodules
Authors: Ali Eman A.A. , Takizawa Hiromitsu , Kawakita Naoya , Sawada Toru , Tsuboi Mitsuhiro , Toba Hiroaki , Takashima Mika , Matsumoto Daisuke , Yoshida Mitsuteru , Kawakami Yukikiyo , Kondo Kazuya , Khairy El-Badrawy Mohammad , Tangoku Akira
Published: May 2019

Background: Transbronchial biopsy is a safe diagnostic approach for patients with peripheral pulmonary lesions; however, the diagnostic yield is low. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsy using the combination of an ultrathin bronchoscope, virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN), and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Patients with peripheral pulmonary lesions, no >30 mm, with the responsible bronchus, were prospectively included. An ultrathin bronchoscope and biopsy forceps were advanced to the target bronchus under VBN, 2D-fluoroscopy, and CBCT. We categorized the CBCT findings before biopsy into 3 types according to positions of the target lesion and forceps (CBCT target-forceps sign). In type A, the forceps reached the inside of the target lesion. In type C, the forceps could not reach the lesion. When the CBCT findings could not be categorized into either type A or C, the sign was categorized as type B. Results: Although the target lesions were invisible by conventional C-arm fluoroscopy in 29 patients, CBCT visualized all 40 lesions. The overall diagnostic yield was 90.0%, and diagnostic yields for malignant and benign lesions were 92.0 and 86.7%, respectively. Diagnostic yields for CBCT target-forceps sign types A, B, and C were 100, 75.0, and 0%, respectively. Four undiagnosed patients proceeded to other diagnostic procedures based on the CBCT target-forceps sign (type B: n = 2, type C: n = 2) and were correctly diagnosed without delay. Conclusions: Transbronchial biopsy using an ultrathin bronchoscope guided by CBCT and VBN showed a very high yield in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.
Regulation and Function of Activity-Dependent Homer in Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Clifton Nicholas E. , Trent Simon , Thomas Kerrie L. , Hall Jeremy
Published: May 2019

Alterations in synaptic signaling and plasticity occur during the refinement of neural circuits over the course of development and the adult processes of learning and memory. Synaptic plasticity requires the rearrangement of protein complexes in the postsynaptic density (PSD), trafficking of receptors and ion channels and the synthesis of new proteins. Activity-induced short Homer proteins, Homer1a and Ania-3, are recruited to active excitatory synapses, where they act as dominant negative regulators of constitutively expressed, longer Homer isoforms. The expression of Homer1a and Ania-3 initiates critical processes of PSD remodeling, the modulation of glutamate receptor-mediated functions, and the regulation of calcium signaling. Together, available data support the view that Homer1a and Ania-3 are responsible for the selective, transient destabilization of postsynaptic signaling complexes to facilitate plasticity of the excitatory synapse. The interruption of activity-dependent Homer proteins disrupts disease-relevant processes and leads to memory impairments, reflecting their likely contribution to neurological disorders.
N-Glycosylation Defects in Humans Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Through Increased Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Expression
Authors: van den Boogert Marjolein A.W. , Larsen Lars E. , Ali Lubna , Kuil Sacha D. , Chong Patrick L.W. , Loregger Anke , Kroon Jeffrey , Schnitzler Johan G. , Schimmel Alinda W.M. , Peter Jorge , Levels Johannes H.M. , Steenbergen Gerry , Morava Eva , Dallinga-Thie Geesje M. , Wevers Ron A. , Kuivenhoven Jan Albert , Hand Nicholas J. , Zelcer Noam , Rader Daniel J. , Stroes Erik S.G. , Lefeber Dirk J. , Holleboom Adriaan G.
Published: May 2019

Background:

The importance of protein glycosylation in regulating lipid metabolism is becoming increasingly apparent. We set out to further investigate this by studying patients with type I congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) with defective N-glycosylation.

Methods:

We studied 29 patients with the 2 most prevalent types of type I CDG, ALG6 (asparagine-linked glycosylation protein 6)–deficiency CDG and PMM2 (phosphomannomutase 2)–deficiency CDG, and 23 first- and second-degree relatives with a heterozygous mutation and measured plasma cholesterol levels. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism was studied in 3 cell models—gene silencing in HepG2 cells, patient fibroblasts, and patient hepatocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells—by measuring apolipoprotein B production and secretion, LDL receptor expression and membrane abundance, and LDL particle uptake. Furthermore, SREBP2 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2) protein expression and activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers were studied.

Results:

We report hypobetalipoproteinemia (LDL cholesterol [LDL-C] and apolipoprotein B below the fifth percentile) in a large cohort of patients with type I CDG (mean age, 9 years), together with reduced LDL-C and apolipoprotein B in clinically unaffected heterozygous relatives (mean age, 46 years), compared with 2 separate sets of age- and sex-matched control subjects. ALG6 and PMM2 deficiency led to markedly increased LDL uptake as a result of increased cell surface LDL receptor abundance. Mechanistically, this outcome was driven by increased SREBP2 protein expression accompanied by amplified target gene expression, resulting in higher LDL receptor protein levels. Endoplasmic reticulum stress was not found to be a major mediator.

Conclusions:

Our study establishes N-glycosylation as an important regulator of LDL metabolism. Given that LDL-C was also reduced in a group of clinically unaffected heterozygotes, we propose that increasing LDL receptor–mediated cholesterol clearance by targeting N-glycosylation in the LDL pathway may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular disease.
A review of the Nemacheilinae genus Oreonectes Gunther with descriptions of two new species (Teleostei: Balitoridae)
Authors: DU LI-NA , CHEN XIAO-YONG , YANG JUN-XING
Published: May 2019

The loach genus Oreonectes is reviewed in this study. Six valid species are recognized, including two new species. Oreonectes polystigmus sp. nov., and Oreonectes microphthalmus sp. nov. are described from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Among its congeners, O. polystigmus is most similar to O. platycephalus in morphology. It can be distinguished from all its congeners by an incomplete lateral line with 6–8 pores; a cephalic lateral-line system with 7 supraorbital and 4+7 infraorbital pores; sexual dimorphism (males have a genital papilla located immediately posterior of the anus, and the gonad is opened at the end of a fleshy prominence); and a body with many differently shaped spots. Oreonectes microphthalmus is most similar to O. furcocaudalis in morphology. It can be distinguished from all congeners by its degenerate eyes, which only have black pigment; a cephalic lateral-line system with 2+2 supratemporal, 7 supraorbital, 3+0 infraorbital and 8 preoperculomandibular pores; and an incomplete lateral line with 3 pores. A key to all valid Oreonectes species is provided. The validity of some related species is discussed. Nemacheilus liboensis, Oreonectes liboensis and Oreonectes translucens are all proved to be synonyms of Paracobitis longibarbatus, and Paracobitis longibarbatus is actually a species of Triplophysa.
Four new species of Australian velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Aglaotilla) reared from bee and wasp nests, with a review of Australian mutillid host records
Authors: TAYLOR CHRISTOPHER K. , MURPHY MARK V. , HITCHEN YVETTE , BROTHERS DENIS J.
Published: May 2019

Four species of velvet ants (Mutillidae) were reared from nests of solitary bees and wasps collected using trap nests in southwest Australia and identified using morphological and DNA barcoding approaches. All four species, Aglaotilla micra sp. nov., A. lathronymphos sp. nov., A. chalcea sp. nov. and A. schadophaga sp. nov., are described as new, the last three from both sexes. A. micra, A. lathronymphos and A. chalcea are parasitoids of wasps in the genera Pison and Aulacophilinus (Crabronidae), with A. chalcea also recorded from Paralastor (Vespidae). Aglaotilla schadophaga is a parasitoid of bees in the genus Megachile (Megachilidae). The biologies and known hosts of Australian Mutillidae are reviewed. Photographs are also provided of type material for Ephutomorpha aeneidorsis Turner, 1914 (=Aglaotilla discolor Brothers, 2018), Mutilla metallica Smith, 1855 and Ephutomorpha subelegans Rayment, 1933. The lectotype of E. subelegans is formally designated.
An extraordinary new genus and species of Pseudachorutinae (Collembola: Neanuridae) from Colombia
Authors: PALACIOS-VARGAS JOSÉ G.
Published: May 2019

A new genus of springtail, Sernatropiella gen. nov., from Cundinamarca province, Colombia, was found at an altitude close to 3.000 m above sea level. It is the largest Neanuridae known in the Northern part of the South American Transition Zone. It is characterized by the presence of a strong hypertrichosis, five eyes per side, very small moruliform postantennal organ and a long buccal beak. Mouth parts very thin and slender. Body with paratergal areas different from other Pseudachorutinae of the region. Thorax and abdominal segments I and II with pre- and post-segmental tergites with setae, and most remarkable is the presence of pseudocelli on head, thorax and abdomen of the type species Sernatropiella pinzonae gen. et sp. nov. A new combination for Neotropiella malkini Arlé, 1981 as Sernatropiella malkini (Arlé, 1981) comb. nov. is given and is considered as a member of the new genus.
New and little known species of Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Northern Vietnam
Authors: ROMANTSOV PAVEL V. , MOSEYKO ALEXEY G.
Published: May 2019

Three species (Demotina sapensis sp. nov., Parascela filimonovi sp. nov., Colaspoides pseudofemoralis sp. nov.) are described as new to science. A key to the species of Parascela and partial key to the species of Demotina are given. Color photographs of the habitus and of both male and female genitalia are presented. New synonymies and generic transfers are proposed: Leprotes rufonotatus Pic, 1924 is resurrected as a distinct species and transferred to the genus Demotina as Demotina rufonotata (comb. and stat. nov); Parascela tuberosa (Jacoby, 1887) (comb. nov) and Parascela rugipennis (Tan, 1988) (comb. nov) are transferred from the genus Basilepta; Parascela tuberosa Tan & Wang, 1983 is a new synonym of Parascela rugipennis (Tan, 1988) because of homonymy with Parascela tuberosa (Jacoby, 1887). Clisiterella Chen, 1940 is resurrected from synonyms of Iphimoides Jacoby, 1883 and considered as its subgenus. Iphimoides (Clisitherella) suturalis (Pic, 1928) (stat.nov.) is resurrected from synonyms of I. pallidulus (Jacoby, 1889) and transferred to subgenus Clisitherella, and the following names are considered as its synonyms: Clisitherella fukienensis Tan, 1983 (syn. nov), Clisitherella suturalis Chen, 1940 (syn. nov.), Iphimoides cheni L. Medvedev, 2001 (syn. nov.).
Taxonomic study of the genus Hypatopa Walsingham, 1907 (Lepidoptera: Blastobasidae) in China, with descriptions of five new species
Authors: TENG KAIJIAN , WANG SHUXIA
Published: May 2019

The eight species of the genus Hypatopa Walsingham, 1907 recorded from China are reviewed, five of which are described as new: H. biprojecta, sp. nov.; H. weibaoshana, sp. nov.; H. apicirecta, sp. nov.; H. huayingshana, sp. nov.; and H. orthocera, sp. nov. Hypatopa moriutiella Sinev, 1986 and H. binotella (Thunberg, 1794) are recorded for the first time from China. Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided. A key to the Chinese species and a map showing the distribution of these species are included.
Hostile Media Perceptions of Friendly Media Do Reinforce Partisanship
Authors: Kleinnijenhuis Jan , Hartmann Tilo , Tanis Martin , van Hoof Anita M. J.
Published: May 2019

The hostile media effect (HME) entails that partisanship incites hostile perceptions of media content. However, other research underscores that partisans selectively turn to like-minded media, resulting in a friendly media phenomenon (FMP). The present study suggests that the HME and FMP co-exist, and, furthermore, jointly affect people’s voting behavior. More specifically, based on a media content analysis and a long-term panel survey surrounding the 2014 election for the European Parliament in the Netherlands, we find that people selectively turn to like-minded friendly media (FMP), but perceive coverage about the EU (European Union) in these media as relatively unsupportive of their own position (HME). In this context, the FMP and HME appear to jointly influence voting behavior. People cast votes in line with the objectively partisan-friendly media tone of their self-selected media. However, to a certain extent they do so, because they seem motivated to counteract the seemingly unfair or insufficient coverage about the EU.
Teaching integrity in the public sector: Evaluating and reporting anti-corruption commissions’ education function
Authors: Cochrane Catherine
Published: May 2019

Australia’s state-based public sector standing anti-corruption commissions each have an education function. The function is underpinned by a largely unquestioned assumption that integrity education will reduce levels of misconduct and corruption in the public sector. This study explores how these commissions undertake evaluations and publicly report on the effectiveness of their education events to demonstrate a contribution to this purpose. It acknowledges that well-designed and executed education events may deliver public value outcomes, but finds that the evaluative and reporting approaches used by commissions are insufficient to reliably demonstrate whether or not the function actually achieves this purpose. The dominance of exposure-as-success attendance statistics revealed in this study is particularly concerning as they offer no insights that are directly relevant to this purpose. Consistent with the findings of previous studies, there is also a heavy reliance on reaction-based satisfaction surveys that primarily reflect participants’ enjoyment of an education event, but do not provide meaningful evidence of learning, application of learning, organizational impact, or the overall delivery of public value. As such, it is argued that commissions need to transition from largely superficial appraisals to more robust and strategic assessments that measure actual attitudinal and behavioral change in the public sector. This study also raises questions of broader relevance to the evaluation of other types of workplace education, particularly that requiring affective and behavioral learning.
Caregiver outcomes of the REACH-HF multicentre randomized controlled trial of home-based rehabilitation for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Wingham Jennifer , Frost Julia , Britten Nicky , Greaves Colin , Abraham Charles , Warren Fiona C , Jolly Kate , Miles Jackie , Paul Kevin , Doherty Patrick J , Singh Sally , Davies Russell , Noonan Miriam , Dalal Hasnain , Taylor Rod S
Published: May 2019

Background:

Caregivers frequently provide support to people living with long-term conditions. However, there is paucity of evidence of interventions that support caregivers in their role. Rehabilitation EnAblement in Chronic Heart Failure (REACH-HF) is a novel home-based, health-professional-facilitated, self-management programme for patients with heart failure (HF) and their caregivers.

Methods:

Based on the random allocation of individual adult patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and left ventricular ejection fraction <45% within the past five years, the caregiver of patients was allocated to receive the REACH-HF intervention over 12 weeks (REACH-HF group) or not (control group). Caregiver outcomes were generic health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), Family Caregiver Quality of Life Scale questionnaire (FamQol), Caregiver Burden Questionnaire HF (CBQ-HF), Caregiver Contribution to Self-care of HF Index questionnaire (CC-SCHFI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Outcomes were compared between groups at 4, 6 and 12 months follow-up. Twenty caregivers receiving REACH-HF were purposively selected for qualitative interviews at 4 and 12 months.

Results:

Compared with controls (44 caregivers), the REACH-HF group (53 caregivers) had a higher mean CC-SCHFI confidence score at 12 months (57.5 vs 62.8, adjusted mean difference: 9.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.8–16.8, p = 0.016). No significant between group differences were seen in other caregiver outcomes. Qualitative interviews showed that most caregivers who received the REACH-HF intervention made positive changes to how they supported the HF patient they were caring for, and perceived that they had increased their confidence in the caregiver role over time.

Conclusion:

Provision of the REACH-HF intervention for caregivers of HF patients improved their confidence of self-management and was perceived for some to be helpful in supporting their caregiver role.
Friction and wear behaviours of YG8 sliding against austempered ductile iron under dry, chilled air and minimal quantity lubrication conditions
Authors: Li Baodong , Rui Zhiyuan
Published: May 2019

In this study, to investigate the friction and wear behaviours of cutting tools made of YG8-cemented carbide in the process of cutting austempered ductile iron, friction and wear tests at different applied loads (100–500 N) and sliding speeds (40–120 m/min) under conditions of dry, chilled air and minimal quantity lubrication were carried out using a tribometer and a composite spray cooling device. In addition, the morphology and material transmission of the worn surfaces were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the wear rates of the YG8 pins increased with increasing applied loads; however, the sliding speed exerted no significant influence on wear of the YG8 pins. Under dry conditions, the worn surface was mainly found to exhibit abrasive wear under a low load. With increasing loads, the transfer films were formed, and then led to fracturing and spalling of the frictional surfaces. Under chilled air and minimal quantity lubrication conditions, the worn surface was smoother than that under dry conditions. The most favourable results were obtained under minimal quantity lubrication condition due to the oil film formed on the surface of the frictional pairs.
Edmund Gosse
Authors: Freeman Hugh L.
Published: May 2019

It has often been said—though sometimes tongue-in-cheek—that there is as much to be learnt from great works of literature about the malfunctioning of human thoughts and feelings as from the standard textbooks of psychiatry. This obviously over-simplifies the situation; very much more of psychiatric interest will be found in classic writings by one who knows what he is looking for, through knowledge of the discipline's basic texts. But it is true enough to make the ever-increasing emphasis on scientific and technical information in psychiatric training a matter of some regret. What shall it profit us, in trying to help patients, if we know more and more biochemistry and pharmacology, but at the same time lose the insight that artists and writers have recorded over centuries about the human condition?
Adolescence
Authors: Berg Ian
Published: May 2019

Adolescence is a stage in the development of an individual which links childhood and adult life. Nowadays in Western society adolescence lasts from the early teens, about the time that puberty normally begins, until the early twenties. The main feature of this period is the adoption of adult ways of behaving. There are a number of obvious milestones, the end of compulsory education in the mid-teens and the start of work or further education, the possibility of living independently away from the family and of marriage, as well as the right to drive a car and to vote. Adolescence is accompanied by accelerated physical growth, the development of secondary sexual characteristics, increased emotional maturity, the emergence of a new way of thinking and the formation of a particular identity. A glance at Boorer and Murgatroyd's selected bibliography published in 1972 and the list of references in Rutter's Rock Carling Fellowship Monograph: Changing Youth in a Changing Society (1979) shows the enormous number of books and papers which have been devoted to this period of life. For anyone wanting a readable introduction to the subject of Adolescence, the two relevant chapters of Mussen, Conger and Kagen's (1974) Child Development and Personality can be confidently recommended.
Persuasion and Healing: J. D. Frank
Authors: Aveline Mark
Published: May 2019

Jerome Frank, notable psychotherapy researcher, emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins and persistent campaigner for nuclear disarmament published the first edition of Persuasion and Healing in 1961. The revised edition, extensively re-written, and the focus of this appraisal, came out in 1973.
Graft-Versus-Host Disease–Free Antitumoral Signature After Allogeneic Donor Lymphocyte Injection Identified by Proteomics and Systems Biology
Authors: Liu Xiaowen , Yue Zongliang , Cao Yimou , Taylor Lauren , Zhang Qing , Choi Sung W. , Hanash Samir , Ito Sawa , Chen Jake Y. , Wu Huanmei , Paczesny Sophie
Published: May 2019

PURPOSE

As a tumor immunotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with subsequent donor lymphocyte injection (DLI) aims to induce the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect but often also leads to acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Plasma tests that can predict the likelihood of GVT without GVHD are still needed.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We first used an intact-protein analysis system to profile the plasma proteome post-DLI of patients who experienced GVT and acute GVHD for comparison with the proteome of patients who experienced GVT without GVHD in a training set. Our novel six-step systems biology analysis involved removing common proteins and GVHD-specific proteins, creating a protein-protein interaction network, calculating relevance and penalty scores, and visualizing candidate biomarkers in gene networks. We then performed a second proteomics experiment in a validation set of patients who experienced GVT without acute GVHD after DLI for comparison with the proteome of patients before DLI. We next combined the two experiments to define a biologically relevant signature of GVT without GVHD. An independent experiment with single-cell profiling in tumor antigen–activated T cells from a patient with post–hematopoietic cell transplantation relapse was performed.

RESULTS

The approach provided a list of 46 proteins in the training set, and 30 proteins in the validation set were associated with GVT without GVHD. The combination of the two experiments defined a unique 61-protein signature of GVT without GVHD. Finally, the single-cell profiling in activated T cells found 43 of the 61 genes. Novel markers, such as RPL23, ILF2, CD58, and CRTAM, were identified and could be extended to other antitumoral responses.

CONCLUSION

Our multiomic analysis provides, to our knowledge, the first human plasma signature for GVT without GVHD. Risk stratification on the basis of this signature would allow for customized treatment plans.
RETRACTED: Enhanced conventional method is as precise as navigation for distal femur resection during total knee replacement: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bhimani Rohan , Bhimani Fardeen , Singh Rohan Bir , Singh Preeti
Published: May 2019

At the request of authors Rohan Bhimani, Fardeen Bhimani, Rohan Bir Singh, and Preeti Singh, the article titled “Enhanced conventional method is as precise as navigation for distal femur resection during total knee replacement: a randomized controlled trial [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]” (doi: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18154.1) has been retracted from F1000Research.

Since publication, it has come to the attention of the authors that the data collected for the two trial groups were combined; therefore, the study findings and conclusions cannot be relied upon. The authors apologise for this honest error.

F1000Research has also become aware of the clinical trial registration data being obscured due to this error. Please note that this is not standard practice, and the editorial office are seeking to restore these data in order to maintain the integrity of the scientific record.
On the Possibilities of Using BYOD Technology in Computer Science Lessons in 7–8 Grades
Authors: Пичурина С. , Pichurina S. , Шаронова О. , Sharonova O.
Published: May 2019

The article is devoted to the use of BYOD technology in computer science lessons in grades 7-8. The essence of the technology BYOD, the application form is given. Examples of the use of technology and the experience of using this technology in a computer science class at school are given.
Information Culture in the Structure of the Activity and the Individual of the Educator
Authors: Горовая В. , Gorovaya V. , Худовердова С. , Khudoverdova S.
Published: May 2019

Pedagogical activity is considered in the context of its cultural signifi cance, provides the author’s interpretation of pedagogical activities. Three main approaches to the study of structural and substantive organization of pedagogical activity-system-functional, cultural and competence are given. On the basis of systemic-functional approach comparative-comparative analysis of the structure and content of educational activities was carried out presented in the writings of some domestic authors. The article shows the relevance of studying professionally important qualities of a teacher, highlights the personality system, composable around professional-pedagogical orientation. Special attention is given to the quality of the article of the teacher as information culture. On the basis of the cultural approach the composition of professional-pedagogical culture and the place in the information culture was considered. The intrinsic features of the concept of “information culture of the teacher” are given, an attempt was made to designate its complex composition. The factors are highlighted contributing to the need for raising and resolving problems of formation of information culture of the teacher in higher educational practice.
Value Aspect of Communication
Authors: Кошлякова М. , Koshlyakova M.
Published: May 2019

The nature, forms and results of the impact of communication on social life can be of significant value to various social groups and individuals. The concept to describe the value identity of different social and other groups is correlated with the criteria of communication. Professional communication is included in a person’s professional activity and creates, directly or indirectly, tangible and intangible values. The value of communication is determined by the hierarchy of professional and role statuses, the system of contexts and markers.
Communicative Behavior of a Priest in the Situation of Consoling
Authors: Шалина И. , Shalina I.
Published: May 2019

The article describes the communicative behavior of a priest in the situation of consoling. The materials were taken from the Internet and from the conversations of Metropolitan Anthony (Surozhsky). The speech-activity approach allows to reveal speech formulas of consolation together with effective communicative strategies and tactics of the priest, and to interpret communicative failures. The ability to console is supposed to be an integral part of the communicative competence of everyone who bears Orthodox culture.
Physical Education Professionals in the Unified Health System: an analysis of the brazilian registry of health institutions between 2013 and 2017
Authors: Silva Paulo Sergio Cardoso da
Published: May 2019

The objective this study was to describe the distribution of Physical Education Professionals (PEP) registered in the Unified Health System (UHS) between 2013 and 2017 in Brazil. A descriptive study was carried out, based on data from the Brazilian Registry of Health Institutions (BRHI) and from the 2010 Demographic Census. The distribution was analyzed according to Brazilian macro-regions and states, considering the Brazilian Occupational Classification (BOC). A total of 6,797 PEP records were identified, distributed in eight BOC categories, of which 89.0% were registered Physical Education Professionals in Health (PEPH). There was an increase of 140.8% in the number of PEPH in the period analyzed. The largest increase was in the Southern region of the country (229.2%). The most favorable ratio between number of inhabitants and PEPH in 2017 was in the Northeastern region (24,300 inhab/PEPH) and the least favorable one was in the Northern region (46,100 inhab/PEHS). When the same ratio is analyzed according to state, Piauí showed the most favorable figure (16,341 inhab/PEHS) and the Federal District was the least favorable one (303,944 inhab/PEHS). Although the PEP is responsible for the adequate guidance of physical activity practice, clearly beneficial to health when well oriented, the results of this study pointed to an unequal distribution in the different regions and states of Brazil, although an absolute increase was observed in the registry of professionals in the period.
Advocacy Service: perceptions of kidney health, distress, resilience
Authors: Palmer Nicholas
Published: May 2019

Kidney care patients experience difficulties in many areas of their life as a result of their condition and treatment. In this article, Nicholas Palmer provides an update from Kidney Care UK's Patient Support and Advocacy Service, in which he outlines some of the challenges that these patients face, and what the Patient Support and Advocacy Service is doing to tackle these issues
Colonial Law, 1600s–1770s
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the sources and techniques useful for finding information about the legal culture and law of individual colonies. While the rights and laws of England were the primary source of the laws of the colonies, local laws also governed. Indeed, each of the thirteen North American colonies had different fundamental laws, charters, and local legislation and courts. Publication of American law books came slowly from the earliest American printing presses. Not surprisingly, these first books were not carefully written legal treatises. They were instead publications of the colonial governments—often statutory—and “how-to” manuals and formbooks primarily designed for justices of the peace, law officers, and town officials. Other sources of information on colonial law include colonial charters and legislation, royal proclamations, colonial court decisions, and colonial court records.
Archives and Practice Materials
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on archives and special collections. Archival collections are diverse, ranging in size, scope, creator, and format. As such, there are two parts to an archival research project: (1) determine which archive holds the needed materials, and (2) determine, as much as possible, where in a collection relevant materials might be found. Several widely available resources can help a researcher determine which archives to consult. Many archival collections have finding aids, and a finding aid is the first thing that researchers should look for. A finding aid should provide an overview of the collection, including the provenance and information about access; perhaps a brief biography and/or description of the collection; and a list of the contents of the collection that describes the contents as specifically as the name of each box or folder. The chapter also looks at practice books or manuals, which are one of the most long-lived type of legal material.
International and Civil Law in the United States
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses sources of information about international law and civil law in the United States. In beginning to look at U.S. practice in international law, a researcher needs to consider the sources of the law. The most important sources that may impose requirements or restrictions are treaties, which are agreements entered into between states. When approaching treaty research, researchers must consider three major steps. First, they must identify and locate the treaty; second, they must determine whether the treaty is “in force” and against whom; and third, they must consider how the terms of the treaty will be interpreted. In addition to treaties, the main sources of international law included in the Statute of the International Court of Justice are customary law, general principles of law, judicial decisions, and the writings of scholars or other publicists. The chapter then considers the place civil law had in the historical development of American law.
Language and Biography
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses the role of language in legal history research. When trying to determine what a law means, researchers must understand what the terminology meant at the time the law was crafted. Researchers have three avenues to attack the problem. First, they can find dictionaries published at the time under consideration. Second, they can use a modern dictionary that provides guidance to a word's historical use. Finally, they can find the word in documents from the time of interest and try to work out the meaning from context. Since the law is a specialized field, terms may be used in a way that a general dictionary might not offer; therefore, specialized legal dictionaries should be consulted when possible. The chapter then looks at three types of biographical sources: book-length biographies, directory-type resources that provide brief biographical data, and encyclopedic biographical sets.
Masters / Servants: Everyone Is a Subaltern
Authors: Krajewski Markus
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides a brief history of service, accompanied by a systematic effort to find what distinguishes the servant from related figures like the slave, the bondsman, the apprentice, or the assistant, in order to define what a servant actually is. Based on various external markers of distinction like the livery, subalterns can be classified into hierarchies whose logic and spatial organization will be discussed using the examples of baroque palaces and English manors. The chapter also analyzes the figure of the valet de chambre, as well as the relation of subalternity as a general structure that runs through all social ranks.
Agents: The Lord of (the) Things
Authors: Krajewski Markus
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the forms subalterns assume under the conditions of advanced technology. As servers, demons, or other virtual creatures, they work without being seen or ever taking a break. By means of a comparative analysis of early computing systems, the mainframes, and the first machines from the age of personal computers, the discussion focuses on the conceptual and historical transfer from servant to server. The analysis is based on fieldwork conducted in California in the 1970s, when researchers at the legendary Xerox PARC center took a closer look at the conditions of formation of electronic services. What defines the communicative structure of the Internet was a specific informational architecture, the so-called client-server principle, developed in Silicon Valley after 1973.
“Prask That Was Wife to John Wompas”
Authors: Pulsipher Jenny Hale
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on John Wompas's wife, Ann Prask. Like Wompas, Prask came from a Native community and was raised in an English one, and like him she lost her mother and father at an early age. The first loss came through her mother's premature death. The second came through her violent separation from her father as a captive in the Pequot War, the first major Indian–English clash following colonization of the land of the Ninnimissinuok. In contrast to Wompas's privileged position as an Indian scholar, Prask entered English society as a common slave. Nevertheless, the enslaved girl would marry the Native scholar, bringing him an endowment of land and her experience of war and Indian slavery. Although the impact of these experiences is more difficult to trace, it must have informed Wompas's attitude toward the English, particularly after both scourges resurfaced during King Philip's War of 1675–1678.
The Tempest; or, The Disenchanted Island
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on William Shakespeare's The Tempest as political theater, a play that is not a particular favorite with eighteenth-century graphic satirists. In their 1667 adaptation The Tempest, or The Enchanted Island, John Dryden and William Davenant took up Shakespeare's drama as a performative laboratory for their post-interregnum exploration of patriarchal power, casting Prospero as a father-king and Caliban and company as parodic, stridently plebeian figurations of the 1640s parliamentarians. Ultimately, the political appeal of The Tempest resides largely in its dramatic elaboration of “islandness.” As Kathleen Wilson argues, the trope of the island—although long powerful in imaginary literature and material policies—began to serve not only as metaphor but also as explanation for English dominance and superiority in arts and arms.
Introduction
Authors: Van Kley Dale K.
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter argues that it was Reform Catholicism that gave coherence to the accumulated but otherwise disparate gripes and grievances of those on whose toes the Jesuits had stepped, while the matter is the characteristics of that eighteenth-century reformist Catholicism and the role it played in motivating—or at least legitimizing the motives of—those who effected the national expulsions between 1759 and 1768, followed by forced papal suppression in 1773. The concept of Reform Catholicism is therefore used to show the interrelation between the various national expulsions and suppressions while telling the story of each in its own terms and as best as the existing literature now permits.
Vladimir Jabotinsky
Authors: Shumsky Dmitry
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the political approaches toward self-determination, the nation, and the state by the founder of the right-wing revisionist movement, Vladimir Ze'ev Jabotinsky (1880–1940). According to Jabotinsky, every nation aspires to “social self-determination,” meaning an optimal demographic concentration in one region that is understood to be its historical homeland. Politically speaking, however, those same nations are also interested in becoming a part of a larger multinational federative state that would serve as an organizing political framework that includes all citizens. Each citizen's national districts/communities would have the critical role of mediating their inclusion as subjects of the governmental sovereignty of the multinational federative state.
Machines for Selling
Authors: Hamilton Shane
Published: May 2019

The first chapter maps out the power structures of midcentury American supermarketing, exposing the essential lie of the notion that supermarkets were mere products of “free enterprise.” The focus is on the world’s largest supermarket chain at the time, the Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P). After a brief summary of the rise of the supermarket business model—a model at first rejected by A&P’s executives but then fully embraced by the end of the 1930s—the chapter illustrates the ways in which consolidated food retailers relied upon government support of industrialized agriculture to transform the nation’s food economy by the late 1940s.
The Antique, the Noble and the Stupendous
Authors: Holland Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores British cultural orientation towards the broader Mediterranean from 1740 to 1800. This did not pivot on the intrinsic significance of the Mediterranean countries themselves; rather it was that ‘the warm South’, ancient and modern, lent itself as a laboratory or theatre for articulating cultural change in Britain when increasing wealth and power were transforming society. Much of this is bound up with an Age of Romanticism emerging in the last third or so of the eighteenth century, though in fact the term ‘Romantic’ to denote retrospectively a huge array of tendencies and heightened sensibilities did not become current until the 1860s.
The Distorted Mirror
Authors: Holland Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter details British engagement with the Mediterranean from 1800 to 1830. As Napoleon's grip extended across Continental Europe, the restrictions on Continental travel for British citizens led to an enhanced bias towards the Mediterranean, circuitously approached through northern routes such as the German states or even Russia, or by sea via Gibraltar. Once Napoleon took control of Corfu from a Russo-Turkish occupation of that island as a springboard for further French expansion, the British tentatively began to experiment with a counter-stake of their own in western Greece. This meant establishing a relationship with Ali Pasha, the warlord with a local empire based in Yannina in northwestern Greece. From this flowed the sinuous part played by the British government in the fate of the Orthodox Christian community of the Souliotes in Epirus.
The post-Marxist Gramsci: a reply to James Martin
Authors: Van Den Abbeele Georges
Published: May 2019

James Martin astutely reads the haloed place Gramsci holds in the post-war Western Marxist tradition as exactly where strident divergences in that tradition have emerged, most particularly between those who, according to him, remain mired in varying modes of left melancholia and those who have successfully mourned the loss of what we used to call the socialist alternative. My response questions the validity of this alternative by reconsidering Traverso's arguments in defence of left melancholia as a call to action, on the one hand, and by questioning why we should mourn the loss of real world socialism rather than seizing upon Gramsci's pessimistic utopianism as a way to reenergise socialist strategy in an era of escalating inequality and populist authoritarianisms.
Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe: the evolution of post-Marxism
Authors: Goldstein Philip
Published: May 2019

In their groundbreaking Hegemony and socialist strategy (1985), Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe develop a new account of radical politics in which the subjective construction of hegemony establishes political conditions, not the objective historical stages and class contexts of traditional Hegelian Marxism. On this basis, they forcefully justify the ‘identity politics’ of contemporary women’s, African-American, gay, and working class groups and organisations and oppose both the hegemony of the new right and the ‘classism’ and revolutionary orientation of the radical left. In their later work, they elaborate their accounts of hegemony and move in new directions. In On populist reason (2005) and The rhetorical foundations of society (2014), Laclau draws on poststructuralist discourse or rhetoric as well as notions of populism or the masses to show that hegemony involves what he terms antagonism, frontiers or we/they oppositions, equivalential logics, and other elements. By contrast, in On the political (2005) and Agonistics: thinking the world politically (with Wagner, 2013), Mouffe elaborates the notion of the fissured subject which, as she and Laclau argued in Hegemony, was constituted by the antagonisms of diverse social movements or the dislocation of social structures; however, her new accounts of the antagonisms or, as she says, ‘agonisms’ dividing the political field forcefully oppose universal norms of rationality or democracy in order to establish a genuine pluralism on a national and a global scale.
Enriching discourse theory: the discursivematerial knot as a non-hierarchical ontology
Authors: Carpentier Nico
Published: May 2019

Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory has played a significant role in thinking through the political role of knowledge and ideology, without ignoring the significance of the material, also in relation to its post-Marxist agenda and the de-essentialisation of class relations. At the same time, there is a need to enrich discourse theory, by finding a better balance between the discursive and the material, and by providing a better theoretisation of the entanglement of the discursive and the material. This article remains grounded in, and loyal to, discourse theory, but aims to learn from new materialism in order to develop a non-hierarchical theory of entanglement, as a discursive-material knot. In particular, it investigates the theoreticalconceptual potential of three concepts, namely the assemblage, the invitation and the investment. This theoretical development also has strategic importance, in that it facilitates a better and more constructive dialogue between different (critical) fields, for instance, between those that are explicitly engaged with discourse theory and new materialism, but also between the emancipatory project(s) that post-Marxism advocates, namely cultural studies and (critical) political economy.
Enriching discourse theory: the discursive-material knot as a non-hierarchical ontology: a reply to Nico Carpentier
Authors: Ejsing Mads , Tønder Lars
Published: May 2019

In this reply, we question whether ‘the knot’ is the best way to describe the relationship between the discursive and the material. Our main objective is to show that the discursive and material are co-extensive and therefore emerge from within the same assemblage, prior to any ‘knot’ between them. To develop this idea, we draw on the new materialism of Karen Barad and Jane Bennett, especially their argument for how and why it makes sense to approach the discursive and the material as hyphenated (‘discursive-material’) as well as performatively constituted.
Trouble ahead? Contending discourses in child protection
Authors: Featherstone Brid , Gupta Anna , Morris Kate , White Sue
Published: May 2019

This chapter traces the history of attempts to improve the way families look after children using the UK system as an exemplar. As part of an increasingly residual role, the child protection system has become narrowly focused on an atomised child, severed from family, relationships, and social circumstances: a precarious object of ‘prevention’, or rescue. As its categories and definitions have gradually grown, the gap between child protection services and family support has widened. This has a number of antecedents. First, with the exception of a few decades of the 20th century, history shows a strong tendency towards individual social engineering to produce model citizens, with parenting practices the primary focus of state attention. Second, the post-war welfare consensus has withered in the face of market enchantment and a burgeoning commissioning paradigm.
Managing the dynamics of shame in breastfeeding support
Authors: Leeming Dawn
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines research on women's experiences of breastfeeding which explores how shame might arise where they face challenges with this. It then considers what might be learned about breastfeeding support from a body of literature that has previously been overlooked in relation to infant feeding: the literature on shame and shame resilience. Exploring the differences between shame (feeling lesser in some way and unworthy of acceptance) and guilt (the sense that one has done something wrong), the chapter explains why shame is more likely than guilt to lead to interpersonal problems, including difficulties in receiving support. The key argument in this chapter is that it is important to broaden the discussion of the emotional impact of not meeting breastfeeding expectations beyond the consideration of guilt. In doing so, those supporting and promoting breastfeeding can become attuned to the trickier interpersonal dynamics of shame and the sociocultural contexts which produce it.