bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design de Pré-Roteiros para Jogos Digitais Baseados em Processos de Negócios
Authors: Ferreira Márcio Rocha , Classe Tadeu Moreira de
Published: July 2022

As narrativas são essenciais para jogos e para modelos de processos de negócio por serem uma forma de comunicação mais próxima da linguagem das pessoas, facilitando a transmissão e entendimento de contextos. Em Jogos Digitais Baseados em Processos de Negócio (JDBPN) as narrativas auxiliam no entendimento e ambientação dos jogadores, apresentando o processo de negócio de maneira lúdica. No entanto, projetar narrativas para JDBPN não é simples. É necessário que os responsáveis por elas saibam traduzir os elementos do modelo do processo para elementos narrativos para que ambos sejam coerentes. Desta maneira, o objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar o método Scripting Your Process (SYP), criado para fornecer suporte ao projeto de narrativas a partir modelos de processo de negócio de forma fácil, viável e replicável. O método SYP é um artefato científico concebido por meio da Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM). Como previsto nessa metodologia, o SYP foi demonstrado e avaliado e os dados coletados na avaliação foram analisados por abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas. Assim, os resultados dão indícios que o método SYP cumpre os objetivos da pesquisa, contribuindo com lacunas identificadas para o design de JDBPN, além de ser uma possibilidade alternativa de apresentar e representar modelos de processo de negócio em formato narrativo.
The First 1000 Days of Life and the Risk of Future Drug Consumption
Authors: Mirzaei Saeid , Oroomiei Nadia , Nakhaee Nouzar
Published: July 2022

Context: The first 1000 days of life last from the beginning of pregnancy to the age of two, a unique step that shapes the basis for a person’s health over their lifetime. Numerous studies have indicated the relationship between one’s first 1000 days of life and the consequent adverse outcomes in adulthood. However, to the extent that we have reviewed it, not a single study has shown the relationship between various aspects of an individual’s first 1000 days of life and the probability of drug consumption in adult life. Hence, the primary purpose of this narrative review was to understand the role of the first 1000 days of life on vulnerability to drug abuse later in life. Evidence Acquisition: This article is a narrative review that has identified the role of the first 1000 days of life on susceptibility to substance abuse later in life. The articles were extracted from valid databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Embase. Results: Various significant research has pointed to the mother’s distress and anxiety during pregnancy through embryonic planning, influencing the planning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and epigenetic changes. The intestinal microbiota is a part of a complex link named the microbiota-gut-brain axis that can affect drug abuse through the variety and number of intestinal microbiota. On the other hand, a mother’s drug consumption during pregnancy can function as chronic stress by affecting the enteric nervous system (ENS), which activates the concurrent axis of HPA and dopamine pathways by changing the reward circuit and the subsequent increase in drug abuse. The results indicated that various factors, such as exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), parental separation, and attachment insecurity, increase the probability of drug abuse in adulthood. Nevertheless, the quality of nurturing care during the first 1000 days of life and the mother’s warm relationship with children may hinder the increase in addiction in society. Conclusions: The first 1000 days of one's life are a crucial and delicate stage. If these days are tainted with unpleasant events, the various mechanisms can reduce a person's resilience to drug abuse in later life. How the first 1000 days of an infant’s life and the quality of this period, such as prenatal stress, substance use during pregnancy, ACEs, maternal-infant bonding, maternal separation (MS), and intestinal microbiota, can affect drug abuse in the future. As a result, focusing on the first 1000 days of life is critical to adapting prevention strategies. Health policymakers can design suitable entries during pregnancy and early childhood to reduce the probability of drug abuse.
Effects of the COVID -19 Pandemic on Physical Activity, Mood Status, and Eating Patterns of Iranian Elite Athletes and Non-Athletes
Authors: Shokri Fatemeh , Taheri Morteza , Irandoust Khadijeh , Mirmoezzi Masoud
Published: July 2022

Background: Suspension of sports activities during the covid-19 pandemic led to unhealthy lifestyles such as harmful eating habits, low physical activity levels, and mood changes. Objectives: We examined the effects of the covid-19 pandemic on the mood states, physical activity levels, and eating habits of athletes and non-athletes during the pandemic in Iran. Methods: A total of 257 elite athletes (n = 82) and non-athletes (n = 175) (29.95 ± 9.1 years) voluntarily participated in a web-based survey. Eating disorder symptoms and physical activity levels were evaluated using the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was used to evaluate the mood status of the participants. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences between groups. The significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: It was demonstrated that the physical activity levels of athletes were superior to that of the non-athlete controls (P = 0.001), but non-athletes revealed healthier dietary habits than elite athletes (P = 0.049). It was also observed that the mood status of elite athletes was not significantly different from non-athletes (P = 0.71). Conclusions: As shown in the results section, athletes had more favorable levels of physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic than their fellow non-athletes, but this superiority had no positive effect on their moods. Moreover, non-athletes had healthier dietary habits than non-athletes.
Investigation into the biocompatibility and antibacterial performance of TiO2 silicone nanocomposites
Authors: Quinn James , Guimier Eugénie , Carson Louise , Malcolm Karl
Published: July 2022

Incorporationof nanoparticles into silicone elastomers to form silicone nanocomposites is anarea of ongoing research, with a broad range of biomedical applications. Addition-curesilicone nanocomposite dispersions were prepared, containing TiO2 ofvarying nanoparticle sizes and concentrations. All TiO2 silicone nanocompositesremained biocompatible (cell viability >70% relative to control silicone) whenassessed via direct contact MTT assay. However, results from bacterialadherence studies demonstrated that 1000 nm and 200 nm TiO2 nanocompositesdisplayed a greater antibacterial effect in comparison to 100 nm and 20 nm TiO2nanocomposites. The data suggests TiO2 silicone nanocompositespossess antibacterial properties (that is dependent on particle size) andare cytocompatible, warranting further research into potential uses forbiomedical applications.
Preparation of liposomes via 3D printed microfluidics arrays
Authors: Rahali kanza , Ghanizadeh Tabriz Atabak , Douroumis Dennis
Published: July 2022

Microfluidics is a technology that allows handling small volumes and mixing them in narrow channels. In this study, we used three different 3D printed microfluidics arrays to prepare liposomes by mixing an aqueous phase with an organic phase made of S75 and Cholesterol at ratios of 8:2 and 6:4 respectively. Liposomes were collected at Total Flow Rates of 3, 5 and 10 ml/min.All arrays produced liposomes varying from 40 to 70 nm, the particle size decreases with increasing TFR from 3 to 10 ml/min for all arrays and both FRRs. Zeta values varies from -40.5 to -86.6 mV indicating excellent stability for all nano dispersions. After 4 weeks storage at 4°C, a slight increase in the particle size was observed for both FRRs. Our study demonstrates the successful use of 3D printed microfluidic arrays for the design and development of liposomes.
A Microneedle-Microplate Platform to Detect Biomarkers in the Skin
Authors: Dixon Rachael Victoria , Lau Wing Man , Ng Keng Wooi
Published: July 2022

This research aimed to integrate an established signalquantification technique with immunocapture microneedle arrays (MNAs) to improvebiomarker-based disease diagnostics in the skin. In this miniaturized sandwichenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) platform, the capture antibody wasimmobilised onto the surface of microneedles which, when inserted superficiallyinto porcine skin, captured endogenous porcine immunoglobulin G (IgG) intradermally. Signal development was achieved by incubating the microneedles ino-phenylenediamine (OPD) solution in a 384-well microplate and measuring theabsorbance in a microplate spectrophotometer at 450 nm. This technique allowsfor rapid biomarker detection with high-throughput processing. Immunocapture microneedledevices such as these can be easily adapted for targeting different biomarkersor multiplexed leaving plenty of scope for future work and assay optimisation. 
Contemporary film in the function of history revision
Authors: Dašić Dejan
Published: July 2022

The subject of this paper is the influence of cinema on the creation of the past different from that provided by written history. The goal is to show how films, especially documentaries and war spectacles, have a role to play in creating a desirable history. Revisionism on film is not based on new sources or new knowledge that has been obtained in a scientifically based way, but interpretations that are contrary to established historical facts are loaded with partial and unscientific methods. Using the method of content analysis, we will present the topic through, two Kosovo, one Croatian and one French film, of different genres, created in the second decade of the 21st century.
Post-polypectomy surveillance: the present and the future
Authors: Sekiguchi Masau , Matsuda Takahisa , Hotta Kinichi , Saito Yutaka
Published: July 2022

An appropriate post-polypectomy surveillance program requires the effectiveness of reducing colorectal cancer and safety. In addition, the post-polypectomy surveillance program should consider the burden of limited medical resource capacity, cost-effectiveness, and patient adherence. In this sense, a risk-stratified surveillance program based on baseline colonoscopy results is ideal. Major international guidelines for post-polypectomy surveillance, such as those from the European Union and the United States, have recommended risk-stratified surveillance programs. Both guidelines have recently been updated to better differentiate between high- and low-risk individuals. In both updated guidelines, more individuals have been downgraded to lower-risk groups that require less frequent or no surveillance. Furthermore, increased attention has been paid to the surveillance of patients who undergo serrated polyp removal. Previous guidelines in Japan did not clearly outline the risk stratification in post-polypectomy surveillance. However, the new colonoscopy screening and surveillance guidelines presented by the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society include a risk-stratified post-polypectomy surveillance program. Further discussion and analysis of unresolved issues in this field, such as the optimal follow-up after the first surveillance, the upper age limit for surveillance, and the ideal method for improving adherence to surveillance guidelines, are warranted.
Zur Validität von Musikgenres als Test-Items in der empirischen Musikgeschmackforschung
Authors: Eggert Jan
Published: July 2022

Das Feld der empirischen Musikgeschmackforschung wird seit Jahrzehnten von Methoden aus den sozialpsychologischen Disziplinen dominiert. Für das Bestreben, Musikgeschmack messbar zu machen, gehört es zum festen Methodeninventar, im Rahmen quantitativer Studien den Teilnehmer*innen Genrebegriffe zur Bewertung vorzulegen. Die dabei hingegen kaum berücksichtigten musikwissenschaftlichen Theorien und Erklärungsansätze zeigen auf, dass Genrebegriffe starke soziale Konnotationen und eine fluide Bedeutungsebene aufweisen, was sich im Kontext empirischer Studien zu Musikgeschmack hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als valide Test-Items als impraktikabel erweisen kann. Richtet sich das Forschungsinteresse auf individuelle Aspekte des Musikgeschmacks, können Kategorisierungen von Musik, die vordergründig sozial konnotiert sind, nicht die dezidierte musikalische Analyse des beurteilten Gegenstandes ersetzen. Dieser Artikel stellt kritische Standpunkte gegenüber der Anwendung von Musikgenres in empirisch ausgerichteten Forschungsarbeiten vor. Zugleich werden einschlägige Theorien zum Genrebegriff zusammengefasst, um dessen Eignung für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten jeweils methodisch abwägen zu können.
Bolle Willum Luxdorphs samling af trykkefrihedens skrifter 1770-1773
Authors: Horstbøll Henrik
Published: July 2022

Bibliografi over samlingens 46 bind:1. række: 20 bind fra 14. september 1770 frem til 17. januar 17722. række: 25 bind fra tiden efter Struensees fald 17. Januar 1772, samt et enkelt bind i kvart-format.Samlingen er præsenteret i Fund og Forskning, bd. 44, 2005, s. 397-440.
European Gender Structures in a Global Perspective
Authors: Wiesner-Hanks Merry
Published: July 2022

For many historians, this conference is already extremely large in its scope—ranging over five centuries and across all of Europe, which in the case of the conference actually means all of Europe and not just England, France and Italy. I would like in these opening remarks to do something even broader: to place issues involving gender, power, and authority in Europe during these centuries, especially those issues that set out categories of less favored and more favored, within a global context.
Marrying Off Sons and Daughters: Attitudes towards the Consent of Parents and Guardians in Early Modern Sweden
Authors: Korpiola Mia
Published: July 2022

Curate Samuel Josephi Lithovius of Limingå (Liminka) in Ostrobothnia was one of the six representatives of the clergy of the diocese of Åbo (Turku) at the diet of Stockholm in 1647. At the diet, however, he was accused by his fellow clergymen of having performed an irregular solemnization (på oordentligit wijs - - hadhe sammanwigdt) at the manor of Åhrsta outside the city of Stockholm. By doing this, he had usurped the authority of another priest and ‘confirmed the madness (galenskap) and disorder with which the parties had commenced their marriage’ for a sum of money. By his actions, he had compromised the whole estate (uppålagdt heela ministerio - - een elack notam).
“Et vedoando sia donna et madonna”: Guardianship and Remarriage in Sixteenth-Century Venice
Authors: Bellavitis Anna
Published: July 2022

Widowhood and GuardianshipThe Roman law was very clear: widows couldn’t have guardianship of their minor children, because, according to Yan Thomas’ interpretation, the juridical capacity of women was limited to their own person. In fact, in most cases, Roman widows or divorced women kept their children with them, to bring them up and to educate them, but there was always a male guardian, to whom accounts could be asked.
The Female Consort as Intercessor in Sixteenth-Century Saxony
Authors: Arenfeldt Pernille
Published: July 2022

During the past ten to fifteen years the research interest in queens, female regents and consorts has grown rapidly. Continuing the approach advocated by gender and court historians alike, the analyses of women at the early modern courts have generally focused on informal forms of power. Although the increased emphasis on informal power has proved immensely productive in many respects, it has also resulted in oversimplifications and misleading anal-ogies; for example, in one study the agency of the female consort is reduced to a function of her marital relation and another historian concludes that the position of the female consort resem-bled that of the maîtresse or the court favorite. These conclusions also represent a conceptual – and highly political – problem because power is defined as access to the ruler. This implies that the ruler and other decision-makers are viewed as the “real” authorities. Unwittingly, the narrow view of politics and authority that gender historians persistently have striven to chal-lenge is thereby reconfirmed.
Empress Agnes of Poitou (1043-1077). Reflections on the Legal Basis of Her Regency
Authors: Butz Eva-Maria
Published: July 2022

During the 10th and 11th century Ottonian and Salian queens and empresses became more influential than ever before in the East-Frankish and German Empire. Evidence of female participation in governance is documented by the large number of interventions in royal charters, in addition to the designation of the empress as consors regni, as the co-partner in the reign. However, female rulers were not accepted on an equal footing with male rulers. Agobard of Lyon described already in the 9th century the empress as an essential assistant to the ruler, helping him in ruling and managing the court and empire.. At the beginning of the 11th century, Wipo, a writer at the royal court, denoted queen Gisela as necessaria comes, an indispensable companion of Conrad II. In her role as necessaria comes she was first and foremost the wife who proved to be an eminently efficient counsellor. To her 11th century contemporaries, a queen not only had the right but also the duty to be involved in ruling. However, she could not legally claim her share in power.
Frederik Schybergs teaterkritik (1924-1950)
Authors: Jürgensen Knud Arne
Published: July 2022

Dette er et online særnummer. Netbibliografien er ordnet kronologisk efter udgivelsesåret/ dagen/måneden/årgangsbindet og medtager Frederik Schybergs (4.12.1905-10.8.1950) udgivne såvel som utrykte skribent-virksomhed i Danmark, Norge, Sverige og Tyskland, der omhandler emnet scenisk kunst i bredeste betydning (forestillingsanmeldelser, dramatiske værker, teaterhistoriske og dramaturgiske arbejder, skuespilbearbejdelser og -oversættelser). Posthume førsteudgaver er placeret samlet og til sidst i kronologien. Ligeledes er alle udaterede trykte og utrykte arbejder og artikler placeret samlet i en fælles gruppe til slut i netbibliografien og så vidt muligt i kronologisk orden.
Hans Christian Lumbyes kompositioner
Authors: Jürgensen Knud Arne
Published: July 2022

Dette er et online særnummer. Værkfortegnelsen er ordnet alfabetisk efter første ord i titlen. Værker med tal som første ord i titlen er ordnet numerisk efter den alfabetiske del. Uidentificerede værker er anført alfabetisk til slut i katalogen.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Clubhouse Model
Authors: McKay Colleen E. , Corcoran Joel D.
Published: July 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic posed challenges to the traditional Clubhouse Model of Psychosocial Rehabilitation (Clubhouse). The COVID-19 pandemic forced many Clubhouses around the world to rapidly pivot from face-to-face services and support programs at the Clubhouse to hybrid or virtual services. The Clubhouse community quickly mobilized to establish new structures to maintain connections with Clubhouse members and provide them with essential supports. This brief describes adaptations that Clubhouses made during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also describe supports offered by Clubhouse International to inform their international network about innovative approaches and best practices for Clubhouses during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Benefits of spirituality in the workplace
Authors: Ríos-Pérez Elimari , Castro-Gonzáles Segundo , Picón-García Nora
Published: July 2022

Purpose: Existing literature has uncovered many benefits of spirituality in the workplace. However, building a sound theory of spirituality in the workplace requires testing its benefits in narrower contexts. We test spirituality’s effects on employees’ well-being and the company’s relationship with customers in the context of the retail industry in Puerto Rico.

Design / methodology / approach: We developed a model using Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square. Then, we use the expert debriefing triangulation technique to assess the validity and reliability of our sample of 131 employees.

Findings: This research shows spirituality in the workplace has positive effects on employees’ well-being and the company’s relationship with its customers in the retail industry of Puerto Rico.

Originality: Our model links spirituality in the workplace with two variables of (Heskett et al., 1994) Profit Chain Value. Although our subject has been widely studied, literature in narrow contexts is needed to develop a unified theory. We contribute insight into spirituality in a narrow context plus a quantitative model to be used when large samples are unfeasible.
Indirect Determination of Soil Young’s Modulus in Lithuania Using Cone Penetration Test Data
Authors: Tamošiūnas Tadas , Žaržojus Gintaras , Skuodis Šarūnas
Published: July 2022

Simplified methods based on cone penetration test results are commonly used to determine soil deformation modulus, depending on the engineering geological and geotechnical conditions and the complexity of the computational approach. This paper reviews some empirical equations based on the results of the cone penetration test and gives recommendations for the assessment of Young’s modulus, oedometric modulus and residual modulus from the cone penetration test result, according to the Lithuanian technical requirements and other standards. Theoretical interpretations of results are presented together with practical examples for coarse and fine soils, limits of empirical equations application are explained.
Laboratory Evaluation of the Properties of Dense Graded Asphalt Mixtures Containing Waste Glass Fibre and Crumb Rubber
Authors: Izaks Rolands , Gebauere Liga , Kornisovs Romans , Haritonovs Viktors
Published: July 2022

Due to environmental issues and rising costs of construction materials, there is an increasing desire to use reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material in road construction. However, using too much of this material may lead to impairment of fundamental properties of asphalt mix. Glass fibre material is a well-known modifier and could be used to compensate possible downgrade of properties. Research articles and theoretical material have shown that adding too much fibre glass reinforcement could cause damage to asphalt mixture. Therefore, in this research, reference mixture has been compared to three projected AC 11 surface mixtures with different amount of fibre glass. The same has been done to HMAC mixtures, but in this case, there is crumb rubber used as mixture modifier. Experimental part has shown that using fibre glass in asphalt mixtures for both construction layers may have positive influence on fundamental parameters of HMAC and AC asphalt mixes, which can be a good solvation for using waste glass fibre in road construction.
Wearable Applications in Rugby for Performance Quantification and Player Health Assessment: A Brief Review
Authors: Lehra Colbert , Omalekb Othmane , Osborne Sam , Warren Zachary , Saucier David , F. Burch V Reuben , Ball John , Chanderd Harish
Published: July 2022

Background: Wearable technology use in sports has amassed increased attention in recent years. Technological advancements have provided less labor-intensive methods for practitioners and athletes to track kinematic movements, workload metrics, and biometric markers to assess performance and safety. As such, wearables research has spread to a variety of sports; however, the specific wearable technologies used in the rugby codes—rugby league and rugby union—have not been reviewed. Objective: Herein, we present a review that aims to understand the use of wearable technology for performance demand quantification and player health assessment in rugby league and rugby union. Method: We classify extant scientific wearable literature into four research categories: Prehabilitation (preventative rehabilitation), Performance, Rehabilitation, and Data Analysis. Results: Eighteen articles were found using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and were grouped into these four research categories. Through this review process, Global Positioning System or GPS-based wearables were found to be utilized more when compared to all other wearable devices associated with peer-reviewed studies for the sport of rugby. In general, wearables were found to be used to support player and practitioner efforts to promote health and ensure peak performance prior to competition. Wearables were also used to determine injury severity and mitigation strategies—such as collision monitoring—and to develop positional activity profiles. Conclusion: Data collected through wearable technology may enhance rugby conditioning programs by enabling the tracking of numerous aspects of training performance and safety in competitive match play. Future research is warranted for standardization of player evaluation and injury predictive modeling.
The Use of Wearable Technology to Quantify Power and Muscle Load Differences During Running Against Varying Wind Resistances
Authors: Bello Marissa L. , Anglin Derick A. , M. Gillen Zachary , Smith JohnEric W.
Published: July 2022

Background: Wearable technology has increased in popularity due to its live feedback and ability to adjust within training sessions. In addition to heart rate (HR) monitoring, measuring power and internal load may provide useful insight and a more comprehensive view of training differences. Objectives: Assess the efficacy of wearable technology in endurance runners to determine changes in performance variables with varying wind resistance. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was designed and recruited twelve endurance-trained runners currently running ≥120 min/week for the past 3 months. Participants completed two sessions: V̇O2peak testing, and a 20-min run at 70% V̇O2peak. The run was evenly divided into no wind resistance (W0) and 16.1 km/h wind resistance (W16). Power was assessed via a power meter and internal/external load measured via surface EMG sensor-embedded compression shorts. A HR sensor was used and V̇O2 and RER were monitored using a metabolic cart. Paired t-tests were used to compare differences and Pearson correlations were conducted for each segment. Significance was set a priori at p0.05. Results: There were significant differences in power (W16 W0; p=0.002), as well as a strong positive correlation between power and internal load for W0 (r=0.692; p=0.013) and W16 (r=0.657; p=0.02). Conclusions: The lack of significance changes in HR, V̇O2, and RER demonstrates a sustained similar physiological response. The significant increase observed in power suggests the power meter can be useful in differentiating wind resistance, and the positive correlations suggest a combination of these devices may be beneficial in distinguishing performance changes during fluctuating conditions.
A Thousand Vacuous Observances
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter turns to superstition. As missionary and pastoral work expanded in the fourth and fifth centuries, the mundane habits of the Christian flock came under the microscope, and in that process superstition became a central focus. Discussions of it were nowhere clearer than in the writings of Augustine. The challenge was to determine where demons were at work fostering idolatry behind ostensibly innocuous observances, some of which, such as healing, were benevolent. Identifying and then rooting out demonic superstitions was a tricky and delicate business, first, because they were integral to the ritual discourse of all segments of the population. Many of the acts that the Christian upper strata saw as devilish and superstitious were, in the view of new converts beneficial and pious. Second, appearances could be deceptive, and demonic agency might be at the core of a wide range of activities that looked innocent enough.
Maleficium and Traffic with the Dead
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on maleficium. Maleficium referred to the misuse of occult powers, generally for personal advantage or gain, which required the employment of ominous beings or demons and was therefore always transgressive. For pagans, maleficium was, at best, shady, and for Christians it was unequivocally wicked. Virtually all its expressions required special skills and accoutrements, such as spells, potions, or curse tablets. It often depended on inherent traits or predispositions of the type inhering in women. Maleficium emerged out of the classical paradigm into the Christian worldview almost unchanged. It was never fully sanctioned or respected by pagans, who also understood it to be the sacrilegious work of demons of the lower air.
The Screech Owl, the Vampire, the Moon, and the Woman
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter reveals the gendered nature of magic in the ancient world. Here, women were thought to be prisoners of their physicality and sexual passions. And magic, particularly maleficium, played a role in this perception. Female activities were largely domestic and private, and because gender identity and domestic space were co-constitutive, it made sense that women's use of magic would be guarded. Clandestine activities could be read as sly, and secrecy of all sorts was highly charged in Roman culture. Because women were thought to be libidnous, it followed that love magic was in their remit, and because they bore children, it followed that birth magic was their concern. The combination of gender, secrecy, and domesticity shaped the Roman vision of women's magic. Meanwhile, members of the primitive church did not initially emulate pagans in their assessment of women—at least, not at first.
Placemaking and the Natural World
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter describes how idolatry manifested itself during the Carolingian period in many ways, and all of them had in common the natural world: all idolatrous activities took place outside the four walls of the church. Christian sacred spaces were “emplaced”—meaning they were encoded. Churches were enclosed, creating a zone where behaviors were sculpted by the long traditions of hallowed ritual and supervised by the clergy. On the margins of the Carolingian and Anglo-Saxon polities in areas such as Saxony, Frisia, and Northumbria, overtly pagan communities flourished in the early Carolingian period. Methods for evangelizing pagan peoples from these regions were much as they had been for centuries. In the core lands of Christian England and Europe, polytheistic cults, as such, no longer existed, but certain behaviors and rituals were so like those that defined the worship of demon deities that, for the ministers, they amounted to latent idolatry.
Women’s Magic Challenged
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter considers how the view of dangerous, preternatural females of the stria/lamia type underwent significant evolution over the first millennium. In classical antiquity and the first centuries of the early Middle Ages, they and the goddess Diana were forces to be reckoned with. By the mid-eighth century, legal documents call into question the very existence of the stria and lamia, and Charlemagne's sweeping programmatic capitularies do not refer to them at all. Tenth-century penitentials strip Diana of the power that “misguided” women had ascribed to her. In the worldview of the elite, the insidious, malevolent, and dominating females had become silly but troublesome fictions. The aim here reached further than prohibiting deluded women from trafficking with demons; the writers of the time also sought to debunk myths enshrouding symbols of female magical power.
Magic and Materia Medica
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at several aspects of healing, women, magic, and ritual. The herbal materia medica enshrines images of female strength, both positive and negative. On the one hand, female entities are bellicose bringers of disease, piercing human bodies like spears. On the other hand, personified female herbs such as Artemisia effectively combat disease and bring comfort to those who are sick, or weary, or fearful. Female imagery is particularly evident in arcane cures. The powerful “feminine” portrayed in the herbals is not evident in other Carolingian writings, and that is doubtless because herbal literature was never subjected to the Carolingians' comprehensive emendation of texts that might have brought the herbals in line with orthodox thinking both on the nature of medicine and the power of the cosmic feminine.
Enslavement and the Dual Nature of the Home
Authors: Mosterman Andrea C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter reveals that over the course of the eighteenth century, Dutch American architecture began to include a more intentional ordering of domestic spaces to house enslaved men, women, and children and their labor in these homes. It examines slavery and the lives of the enslaved in these Dutch American houses, considering the home a physical, social, and emotional space. Over the course of the eighteenth century, Dutch American enslavers increasingly considered where to house the people they held in bondage as they began to spatially segregate the work and living spaces of these enslaved people from the main living quarters. The chapter further investigates the rival geographies enslaved people created in these spaces, and reviews the dual nature of these homes, as these buildings had very different meanings to their free and enslaved inhabitants. Through analysis of these different meanings, the chapter shows that for their enslaved inhabitants these buildings could never be a true home.
Conclusion
Authors: Mosterman Andrea C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter shows how considerations of geography and space can contribute to our understanding of slavery. Such analysis requires an interdisciplinary approach, but the chapter relies on a wide array of archival sources, from account books to church records, located in multiple archives across the United States and The Netherlands. The chapter also reiterates that although enslaved New Yorkers often lived in the same houses as the people who claimed to own them, they were certainly not inhabiting the same parts of the home or treated as members of the family. Through spatial analysis, the chapter reveals that even enslaved people inhabited or frequented the same places as their enslavers, their experiences within these spaces were inherently different. Ultimately, the chapter recalls how enslaved New Yorkers created alternative ways of knowing and navigating the spaces they inhabited and frequented. Regardless of their enslavers' efforts, their movements and activities could not be controlled.
The Case of Marin le Marcis
Authors: Long Kathleen Perry
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the case of Marin le Marcis. Jacques Duval was brought in to examine Marin after he and his partner were arrested and sentenced to death for alleged sodomy. The trials of Marin represent the first well-documented case of intersex individuals taken for the purpose of legally defining their gender. Duval's treatise on hermaphroditism is a material questioning the distinction between biological sex and binary gender. The defendant and Duval use established medical and linguistic discourses concerning gender designation in order to legitimize Marin's choice. The chapter highlights Duval's studies of sex using Ambroise Paré as a model.
Wojciech of Poznań and the Trans Archive, Poland, 1550–1561
Authors: Kłosowska Anna
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the trans archive in Poland in line with Wojciech of Poznań. It expounds on the vague sense of Wojciech's gender, especially after three marriages with men and more sexual activities with women. The chapter notes Wojciech's varying gendered pronouns. While Wojciech was publicly forced to work and conform to a single gender, they lived a trans or genderqueer life prior to their arrest and execution. The court deposition of Wojciech of Poznań can play a positive proof of the existence of premodern trans and queer communities in Poland. Moreover, Wojciech's deposition offers today's LGBTQ people a positive way to participate in national mythmaking and includes them in our stories of origins.
Performing and Desiring Gender Variance in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire
Authors: Arvas Abdulhamit
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses performing and desiring gender variance in the early modern Ottoman Empire. Popular Ottoman poet Enderunlu Fazil is known for cataloging famous androgynous dancers of late eighteenth-century Istanbul in his Çenginame. The chapter notes the various transfigurations of köçek as a distinct gender category in urban settings in both Fazil's narrative and its early modern precedents. Köçek refers to young dancers assigned male at birth trained to perform for an exclusively male audience in feminine attires. Within the imperial hierarchy, permissible and disallowed forms of gender expression were accordingly determined by religion and imperial status. The köçek history challenges modern transphobia in today's Turkey and other Islamicate contexts.
Transgender Translation, Humanism, and Periodization
Authors: Stahuljak Zrinka
Published: July 2022

This chapter explicates Vasco da Lucena's Deeds of Alexander the Great in terms of transgender translation, humanism, and periodization. In addition, it looks into how the copy of the book recorded vandalism, censorship, and theft. The heritage of periodization may have obfuscated the writing of the history of sexuality. Lucena's modification and translation of the gender of historical characters in the text open new pathways to transgender history and spaces of trans identification. Moreover, Lucena was influenced by philological humanism in his choice of sources and translation methods. The chapter explains how transgender history also changes traditional notions of periodization.
Visualizing the Trans-Animal Body
Authors: Campbell Emma
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the visualization of the trans-animal body. Medieval bestiary texts ultimately derive from the Greek Physiologus. Despite its temporal distance from the understandings of sex and gender, the medieval bestiary tradition offers an important resource for histories of gender and sexuality, including transgender histories. Hyena shows an interesting point of connection between medieval engagements with the trans-animal body as it was initially alleged to change its sex nature. The chapter investigates the representation of hyena's trans-animality in Latin and French bestiary records. It mentions how the depiction of hyenas could be discussed in line with the alleged unnaturalness of sex and gender norms.
“Sluttish, Careless, Rotting Abundance”
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the dystopic imaginary of Bangladesh before the adaptation regime took place. It then focuses on the historical foundations of the adaptation regime by tracing its elements of imagination, experimentation, and dispossession over time. Bangladesh's contemporary climate vulnerability shares parallels with ecological vulnerability and attempts to address it in prior historical moments. Additionally, prior regimes of landscape management have shaped the region's cotemporary social and physical geography. The region's unique physical geography has influenced this dystopic imaginary. The chapter also notes that human intervention and social structures in the Sundarbans region and communities shaped the southwestern Bangladesh.
Threatening Dystopias
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the development of the adaptation regime as a mode of governing people and landscapes in Khulna. After the Cold War, the role of Bangladesh as ground zero for climate change adaptation grew out of its status as ground zero for development and colonization. The dynamics of agrarian change in Khulna are used to investigate the adaptation regime in its concrete manifestations. Numerous development strategies promoted under the regime have been drivers of agrarian dispossession entirely independent of their use as climate change adaptation strategies. The adaptation regime reshapes Khulna's social and physical landscape through a dialectical exchange between material interventions in the landscape, and the epistemic construction of the limits of possibility for its future.
The Social Life of Climate Science
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the politics of uncertainty embedded in the production of scientific knowledge about ecological change and the development interventions that respond to and produce changes in Bangladesh. It also examines the politics in the context of three key development discourses and planning processes: interventions surrounding waterlogging, the promotion of climate migration, and land-use zoning practices in the coastal region. The chapter includes how the scientific knowledge about environmental change in Bangladesh is socially constructed. Moreover, the discourses and practices of uncertainty concerning climate change are often associated with inevitability. The chapter also notes the uncertainty over the interface between the ecological impacts of shrimp aquaculture and rice production.
“We Have Come This Far—We Cannot Retreat”
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: July 2022

This chapter tackles narratives of adaptation, resistance, and completing visions of transformed futures in Bangladesh. Amidst the rise of shrimp cultivation, homestead gardening and livestock rearing had become increasingly impossible because rising salinity crept into the soil of the homesteads from the surrounding shrimp ghers. Residents of Tilokpur struggled as they attempted to return to rice cultivation in response to the environmental degradation in the midst of displacement and personal economic difficulties. The chapter differentiates the difference between incremental adaptation and transformational adaptation. Moreover, the chapter acknowledges that the adaptation regime does not articulate demands as a desire for climate justice.
Removing Unnecessary And Artificial Divisions
Authors: Polk Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses how Franklin D. Roosevelt worked hard to rally religious groups in support of his goals and insisted that they eliminate their religious divisions, which he portrayed as a reflection of America's general disunity. Through appeals to religious organizations and then directly to the American people, Roosevelt attempted to eliminate religious discord as a means to unite the country in support of his policies and plans, particularly as he prepared the country for a war he deemed inevitable. However, Roosevelt misunderstood the current state of American Protestantism. A split over the proper response to modernity and the nature of biblical authority had polarized Protestantism in the preceding years. In addition, opposing interpretations of the New Deal in the 1930s further divided American Protestants along political and economic, as well as religious, lines. These divisions undermined Roosevelt's efforts, especially since his calls for religious cooperation were matched by offers of political access. America's fragmented Protestants had little interest in sharing political or cultural power with each other, much less with American Catholics or Jews.
Creating the Space between Church and State
Authors: Polk Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

This chapter assesses how Dwight D. Eisenhower genuinely embraced his predecessors' religious propaganda; yet he also advanced that propaganda for his own purposes. He chose to adopt Truman's later construction of religious patriotism as a bulwark of national security. Eisenhower also differed from his predecessors in his refusal to woo religious organizations. He instead found allies like the American Legion and the Ad Council that existed outside of the institutional categories of church and state and which he hoped could bridge the two spheres in ways the established institutions could not. When they did not fully serve his purposes, he helped create the Foundation for Religious Action in the Social and Civil Order (FRASCO), an organization that explicitly existed to work in the space between religion and politics and beyond the limitations of the institutions that controlled them. By identifying issues such as national defense, free market economics, and anticommunism as social rather than political or religious issues, FRASCO, the American Legion, and the Ad Council were able to normalize much of the period's religious propaganda, while still claiming to uphold the nation's traditional separation of church and state.
Conclusion
Authors: Polk Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter describes how, from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Dwight D. Eisenhower, it took many years and great effort before the religious propaganda became institutionalized in the Pledge of Allegiance, on American currency, and as the national motto. America's military establishment had become commonplace, and Americans on both sides of the aisle saw consumer economics as a vital part of the economy. More importantly, by the close of the 1950s, public disputes over what was good and right for America became defined in ways that either embraced or rejected the definition of American freedom and the legacy of America's religious heritage that civic leaders had carefully constructed over the preceding decades. To embrace free market economics meant that one also supported the troops and loved God. To reject any of those three pillars meant one rejected them all. As civic leaders constructed and adapted their preferred national religion, a willful ignorance or public denial of America's racial divide became the fourth pillar of the construction.
Introduction
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter briefly explores antifascism as a pervasive ideological force. It examines the rising alarm throughout the Western world about the resurgence of fascism, together with the changing definitions assigned to that term. The chapter studies the shifting meaning of fascism and tries to put it in historical perspective. A preoccupation with fascism has resulted, not least of all, from its emotive value for those who are already in positions of political, journalistic, and educational power. However else it may operate, arousing a fear of fascism serves the interests of the powerful. It also involves associating fascism almost exclusively for rhetorical purposes with Hitler and the destruction of European Jewry.
Origins of Antifascism
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter moves back in time to examine three types of critical responses to the emergence of fascism in interwar Europe. One was the response from Italian antifascists and from German and Austrian Marxists. According to the criticism that arose on the Marxist Left, fascism embraced the concepts of a corporate state and organic nationalism as a counterrevolutionary strategy. Fascists allegedly worked at the behest of anxious capitalists to defuse a growing economic crisis by diverting attention from real social ills with their bogus cures and calls for national solidarity. Another noteworthy response to the creation of a fascist state in Italy came from the classical liberal economist Ludwig von Mises, who stressed the almost natural transition from an elaborate administrative state to a fascist regime. According to Mises, the unchecked growth of the modern state paved the way for the authoritarian nationalism that gave birth to fascism.