bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human EEG and artificial neural networks reveal disentangled representations of object real-world size in natural images
Authors: Lu Zitong , Golomb Julie D
Published: July 2024

Remarkably, human brains have the ability to accurately perceive and process the real-world size of objects, despite vast differences in distance and perspective. While previous studies have delved into this phenomenon, distinguishing this ability from other visual perceptions, like depth, has been challenging. Using the THINGS EEG2 dataset with high time-resolution human brain recordings and more ecologically valid naturalistic stimuli, our study uses an innovative approach to disentangle neural representations of object real-world size from retinal size and perceived real-world depth in a way that was not previously possible. Leveraging this state-of-the-art dataset, our EEG representational similarity results reveal a pure representation of object real-world size in human brains. We report a representational timeline of visual object processing: object real-world depth appeared first, then retinal size, and finally, real-world size. Additionally, we input both these naturalistic images and object-only images without natural background into artificial neural networks. Consistent with the human EEG findings, we also successfully disentangled representation of object real-world size from retinal size and real-world depth in all three types of artificial neural networks (visual-only ResNet, visual-language CLIP, and language-only Word2Vec). Moreover, our multi-modal representational comparison framework across human EEG and artificial neural networks reveals real-world size as a stable and higher-level dimension in object space incorporating both visual and semantic information. Our research provides a detailed and clear characterization of the object processing process, which offers further advances and insights into our understanding of object space and the construction of more brain-like visual models.
Ih Block Reveals Separation of Timescales in Pyloric Rhythm Response to Temperature Changes in Cancer borealis
Authors: Schapiro Kyra A , Rittenberg JD , Kenngott Max , Marder Eve
Published: July 2024

Motor systems operate over a range of frequencies and relative timing (phase). We studied the contribution of the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (I
h
) to frequency and phase in the pyloric rhythm of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crab,
Cancer borealis
as temperature was altered from 11°C to 21°C. Under control conditions, the frequency of the rhythm increased monotonically with temperature, while the phases of the pyloric dilator (PD), lateral pyloric (LP), and pyloric (PY) neurons remained constant. When we blocked I
h
with cesium (Cs
+
) PD offset, LP onset, and LP offset were all phase advanced in Cs
+
at 11°C, and the latter two further advanced as temperature increased. In Cs
+
the steady state increase in pyloric frequency with temperature diminished and the Q
10
of the pyloric frequency dropped from ∼1.75 to ∼1.35. Unexpectedly in Cs
+
, the frequency displayed non-monotonic dynamics during temperature transitions; the frequency initially dropped as temperature increased, then rose once temperature stabilized, creating a characteristic “jag”. Interestingly, these jags were still present during temperature transitions in Cs
+
when the pacemaker was isolated by picrotoxin, although the temperature-induced change in frequency recovered to control levels. Overall, these data suggest that I
h
plays an important role in the ability of this circuit to produce smooth transitory responses and persistent frequency increases by different mechanisms during temperature fluctuations.
A Kv2 inhibitor combination reveals native neuronal conductances consistent with Kv2/KvS heteromers
Authors: Stewart Robert G , Marquis Matthew James , Jo Sooyeon , Aberra Aman , Cook Verity , Whiddon Zachary , Ferns Michael , Sack Jon T
Published: July 2024

KvS proteins are voltage-gated potassium channel subunits that form functional channels when assembled into heterotetramers with Kv2.1 (
KCNB1
) or Kv2.2 (
KCNB2
). Mammals have 10 KvS subunits: Kv5.1 (
KCNF1
), Kv6.1 (
KCNG1
), Kv6.2 (
KCNG2
), Kv6.3 (
KCNG3
), Kv6.4 (
KCNG4
), Kv8.1 (
KCNV1
), Kv8.2 (
KCNV2
), Kv9.1 (
KCNS1
), Kv9.2 (
KCNS2
), and Kv9.3 (
KCNS3
). Electrically excitable cells broadly express channels containing Kv2 subunits and most neurons have substantial Kv2 conductance. However, whether KvS subunits contribute to these conductances has not been clear, leaving the physiological roles of KvS subunits poorly understood. Here, we identify that two potent Kv2 inhibitors, used in combination, can distinguish conductances of Kv2/KvS channels and Kv2-only channels. We find that Kv5, Kv6, Kv8, or Kv9-containing channels are resistant to the Kv2-selective pore-blocker RY785 yet remain sensitive to the Kv2-selective voltage sensor modulator guangxitoxin-1E (GxTX). Using these inhibitors in mouse superior cervical ganglion neurons, we find that little of the Kv2 conductance is carried by KvS-containing channels. In contrast, conductances consistent with KvS-containing channels predominate over Kv2-only channels in mouse and human dorsal root ganglion neurons. These results establish an approach to pharmacologically distinguish conductances of Kv2/KvS heteromers from Kv2-only channels, enabling investigation of the physiological roles of endogenous KvS subunits. These findings suggest that drugs targeting KvS subunits could modulate electrical activity of subsets of Kv2-expressing cell types.
Gut microbiome-immune interactions and their role in rheumatoid arthritis development
Authors: Nurgaziyev Madiyar , Issilbayeva Argul , Bersimbaev Rakhmetkazhi , Ilderbayev Oralbek , Vinogradova Elizaveta , Jarmukhanov Zharkyn , Nurgozhina Ayaulym , Sergazy Shynggys , Kozhabergen Nuray , Akhmetova Zhanar , Meiramova Assel , Chulenbayeva Laura , Ibrayeva Aigerim , Mukhanbetzhanov Nurislam , Mukhanbetzhanova Zhanel , Kozhakhmetov Samat , Ainabekova Bayan , Kushugulova Almagul
Published: July 2024

Objective

The primary objective is to study the impact of gut microbiota and their interactions with diverse immunological markers on the development of rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods

This study was performed in Astana, Kazakhstan, and included 77 Kazakh female patients older than 18 years, who met the American College of Rheumatology 2010 classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 113 healthy controls. The DNA was extracted from fecal samples obtained from all study participants for subsequent sequencing at the 16S rRNA gene V1-V3 locus, facilitating the analysis of the gut microbiome. The Multiplex immunoassay was employed to measure the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immunoglobulins in both fecal and plasma samples.

Results

Our taxonomic analysis revealed significant differences in the composition of the gut microbiota between the healthy control cohort and the cohort with rheumatoid arthritis RA. Alpha diversity was significantly lower in the RA group. Lachnospiraceae were the most abundant taxon and found to be crucial, showing correlations with immunological markers such as IL5. Additionally, Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae exhibited the most predictable power and distinguished the composition of both study groups.

Conclusion

Our study identifies key differences in the gut microbiome of RA patients, revealing distinct microbial patterns and specific taxa abundance. We highlight potential biomarkers in immunological and bacterial pathways, offering insights into RA development and indicating possibilities for personalized treatment.
Cancer prevention recommendations: awareness in a Mexican public hospital
Authors: Trujillo Rivera Alejandro , Sampieri Clara Luz , Trujillo Rivera Eduardo Antonio , Gómez Cruz José Roberto
Published: July 2024

Background

The recommendations of both the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) for the prevention of cancer are important public health tools. These recommendations for the prevention of specific cancers are related to body weight maintenance; physical activity; foods and drinks that promote weight gain; plant foods; foods of animal origin; alcoholic beverages; preservation, processing, and preparation of food; food supplements; and breastfeeding.

Methods

This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study. All patients provided written informed consent prior to enrollment in the study. Stratified random sampling was carried out with a convenience sample size of ≥280 participants. The characteristics of the participants were investigated using validated questions. Knowledge about the WCRF/AICR recommendations for the primary prevention of cancer was determined using 14 multiple choice questions validated in this study. Group A included participants who answered that cancer can be prevented and that lifestyle is the main factor related to the onset of cancer; the remaining participants were assigned to Group B. The χ2 test and Mann‒Whitney U test were used to determine differences in the groups. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. A multiple linear regression analysis with gamma response was performed to assess the knowledge score.

Results

A total of 289 participants were included; 168 (58%) participants were in group A, and 121 (42%) participants were in group B. Using a 0 to 14 scale, the median (P25, P75) number of correct answers was 11 (10, 12). There was no evidence of a difference between groups in sex, relationship status, literacy skills, years of education, occupation, monthly income per person, and BMI. Most of the participants reported that they did not consume tobacco (n = 259/289) or alcohol (n = 261/289) in the week prior to completing the survey.

Discussion

Most of the participants (58%) considered cancer preventable and agreed that lifestyle factors were the most important factors in cancer development. The results also showed a high level of public awareness of some evidence-based associations between cancer and lifestyle factors, such as tobacco use. Some confusion among the public on other risk factors was also identified: waist circumference, a variable related to excess weight, was not identified as a risk factor for cancer by most of the participants, but the consumption of foods and beverages high in calories was identified as a risk factor by the majority of participants. Awareness of cancer protective and risk factors may lead to positive behavioral changes and eventually reduce the burden of cancer.
La casa en altura: Adaptación de Edificios de Oficina de planta libre a Viviendas en el Edificio Endesa
Authors:   , Guzmán Allende Jacinta
Published: July 2024

La investigación se centra en la transformación de edificios de oficinas en viviendas, particularmente en el caso del edificio Endesa en el centro de Santiago. Se destaca la importancia de esta tendencia global como una solución sostenible para abordar desafíos urbanos y aumentar la disponibilidad de viviendas en áreas urbanas densas. A través del estudio de casos internacionales y la evaluación de la viabilidad en el contexto chileno, se busca comprender los beneficios y obstáculos de esta conversión. Se enfoca el problema en la falta de vivienda en áreas urbanas y la vacancia de edificios de oficinas, como el caso de Endesa, que están en buen estado pero en desuso. Se plantean preguntas disciplinarias sobre la transformación de edificios, el potencial de los espacios de planta libre y la influencia de la infraestructura en el diseño habitacional. Por esto se propone que la reconversión de edificios de oficinas en viviendas puede ser beneficiosa tanto para la población como para la ciudad, ofreciendo una solución sostenible al déficit habitacional y revitalizando áreas urbanas. Se argumenta que la estructura de planta libre de estos edificios permite una adaptación flexible para diferentes usos y necesidades. El problema del proyecto se centra en el edificio Endesa, que enfrenta desafíos de obsolescencia en sus circulaciones. Se plantean preguntas sobre cómo corregir normativamente el edificio, aprovechar la obsolescencia de las circulaciones y diseñar un núcleo de servicios adecuado para viviendas. La metodología propuesta incluye un estudio detallado de casos de transformación, levantamiento planimétrico del edificio Endesa y análisis de antecedentes para comprender las tendencias y desafíos en la reconversión de edificios. Además, se propone un enfoque metodológico específico para definir el programa habitacional y aplicar conocimientos adquiridos de casos de estudio.
A utilização do marketing esportivo para melhorar a imagem e o posicionamento de mercado de uma instituição de ensino superior
Authors: Moraes Luciana Braga de , Freitas Leninne Guimarães , Milan Gabriel Sperandio , Machado Marcelo André
Published: July 2024

Esta pesquisa buscou demonstrar a relevância do marketing esportivo para o fortalecimento da marca de uma IES – Instituição de Ensino Superior. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, operacionalizada por meio de entrevistas individuais em profundidade, com uma abordagem semiestruturada, com gestores, alunos e ex-alunos da Instituição. Para a análise dos dados, foi empregada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciam que investir no marketing esportivo e no estímulo à pratica esportiva oferece uma oportunidade para promover a marca e a imagem da Instituição em comento, agregando valor e reforçando o seu posicionamento de mercado. Alinhar a marca e a imagem da IES ao contexto esportivo foi uma estratégia que se mostrou particularmente atrativa para os acadêmicos. Assim, percebe-se que essa é uma iniciativa que tende a fortalecer o posicionamento de mercado da IES no mercado em que ela atua. Além disso, a pesquisa revelou a relação entre o marketing esportivo e a identidade institucional, impulsionando o engajamento dos alunos, promovendo a inclusão social e estimulando o desenvolvimento de talentos ligados ao esporte.
Dose-response Curves of Herbicides Applied in Pre-Emergency of Euphorbia hyssopifolia L.
Authors: Santos Hilda Rafaella da Silva , Oliveira Gabrielle Pereira de , Souza Renan Cantalice de , Farias Ana Rosa de Oliveira , Santos Leandro Lima Casado dos , Sousa Júnior Bartolomeu Silva de , Souza Ramon da Silva , Cunha Jorge Luiz Xavier Lins , Oliveira Gabriela Castelo Branco , Soares Natália Helena Malta , Silva Rafaela Ferreira da
Published: July 2024

The species Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, and occurs in pasture areas, roads and sugarcane fields. Therefore, it can interfere with agricultural production and thus needs to be managed. The key to solving this problem is the construction of dose-response curves with herbicides commonly registered for crops. Thus, the present work aims to use dose-response curves with herbicides widely used in sugarcane cultivation belonging to the mechanisms of action of ALS inhibitors (acetolactate synthase enzyme), carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, photosystem II (PS II), cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, protox inhibitors (protoporphyrinogen oxidase enzyme) and VLCFA inhibitors (very long chain fatty acids), for the control of E. hyssopifolia. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the Engineering and Agricultural Sciences Campus of the Federal University of Alagoas, with pre-emergence application of weeds, the herbicides diclosulam, imazapic, metsulfuron-methyl, clomazone, isoxaflutole, indaziflam, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, amicarbazone, flumioxazin, oxyfluorfen, sulfentrazone, s-metolachlor and pyroxasulfone in increasing doses of: 0; 12.5; 25; 50; 100; 200 and 400% at the recommended dose for sugar cane. As a result of the study, E. hyssopifolia showed greater sensitivity to the herbicides diclosulam, imazapic, metsulfuron-methyl, clomazone, hexazinone, indaziflam, flumioxazin, oxyfluorfen and pyroxasulfone, as the lethality of their doses occurred below 20% of the commercial dose indicated for sugar cane crops. As for the herbicides isoxaflutole, tebuthiuron, amicarbazone, sulfentrazone and s-metolachlor, the species exhibited lower sensitivity, with a lethal dose recorded above 50% of the respective recommended commercial dose.
A Study on the Prevalence of Canine Endocarditis
Authors: Kumar Sawan , Singh J. L. , Goswami Rashmi , Siddiqui Rukkiya , Arya Damini
Published: July 2024

Background: Canine cardiac ailments are disease associated with cardiovascular system of dogs. Congenital and acquired heart diseases are the two main categories of cardiac ailments. Congenital cardiovascular lesions includes patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, persistent right aortic arch, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of fallot, atrial septal defect, persistent left cranial vena cava and mitral insufficiency which accounts for only 5% of all canine heart diseases and are generally diagnosed in puppies On the other hand, acquired diseases of the heart are those which a dog picks naturally during its lifetime usually as a result of infection, injury, or normal wear and tear and includes cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension disease, heartworm disease, congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis.
Methods: A prevalence study of canine cardiac ailments was carried out by conducting the retrospective study and routine heart health screening at different veterinary polyclinics, of Dehradun, Haldwani and Rudrapur of Uttarakhand & nearby Veterinary Institutions (NDVSU, Jabalpur and DUVASU, Mathura).
Results: A total of 51655 cases were taken in the present study and it was found that 5.91% of canine population had clinical evidence of cardiac problems out of which 0.11% were found positive for endocarditis. Out of the screened areas maximum prevalence of endocarditis was found in Mathura (0.137%) and least in Jabalpur (0.070%). Out of positive endocarditis cases, the males were more affected as compared to the females. The highest prevalence of endocarditis was found in the 7-9 year age group (33.33%) and least in 2-4 year age group (15.78%). Endocarditis was found to be most prevalent in Labrador and least in Dalmantian.
Conclusion: On the basis of results of the present study, endocarditis showed variations in prevalence based on geographical location, gender, age, and breed, with middle-aged to older male Labradors being at higher risk.
An Overview of the Species and Ecological Diversity of Ants
Authors: Guénard Benoit
Published: May 2013

Since their appearance during the Cretaceous, ants have diversified to become today the most diverse group of social insects and one of the most influential groups of organisms on the planet. More than 12 500 species of ants are presently described, distributed within 21 subfamilies, with a large majority of the species belonging to only four subfamilies. Ants are present in almost all terrestrial ecosystems, their peak of diversity is found within the tropical regions, and ant richness tends to decline both with increasing latitude and altitude. In most ecosystems the ecological importance of ants, involved in numerous interactions with organisms ranging from bacteria, plants, fungi, arthropods to vertebrates, plays a critical role in the survival or control of many species. Finally, despite the tremendous efforts to understand ant biology over the past decades, the ecology of most species is still poorly understood and many new species are expected to be discovered.

Key Concepts:

Ants, Formicidae, appeared during the Cretaceous period.

Modern ants arise during the Eocene period and then became an important part of insect communities.

More than 12 500 species of ants are known today, with many species still unknown, and most of the current species belong to four subfamilies: the Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Ponerinae and Dolichoderinae.

Like many other organisms, ants present a latitudinal gradient of species richness, with the highest richness found within the tropical regions.

Ant species richness tends to decrease with elevation, and become extremely scarce for an elevation above 2500 m, but can be present up to 4800 m.

Through herbivory, predation or mutualistic interactions, ants contribute to the regulation and survival of many organisms.

The modifications of the abiotic conditions within and around the nest ants occupy create favourable habitats for many organisms and as such ants can be perceived as ecosystem engineers.

Much work, especially in taxonomy, ecology and biogeography of ants is still needed to fully address questions related to large‐scale patterns and processes by which ants became and are still successful.
Identifying New Targets for Personalised Cancer Therapy
Authors: Link W , Madureira PA , Hill R
Published: May 2013

Personalised medicine requires the use of patient‐specific information to predict individual responses to disease treatment. Consequently, this approach requires the diagnostic ability to stratify patients based on their potential to benefit from a specific treatment (as opposed to an alternative) and the availability of molecularly targeted therapies. On the basis of the heterogeneity of the disease, cancer diagnosis and therapy is currently at the forefront of personalised medicine. Cancer therapy is currently undergoing a significant paradigm change, from nonspecific cytotoxic agents to considerably more specific approaches based on the unique molecular features of cancer cells. The identification and validation of disease relevant targets is crucial for the development of molecularly targeted anticancer therapies. Our advancing understanding of the molecular basis of cancer in tandem with novel approaches to interfere with signal transduction pathways have opened new horizons for anticancer target discovery. Specifically, the image‐based large‐scale analysis of cellular phenotypes that arise from genetic or chemical perturbations paved the way for the identification and validation of disease relevant molecular targets independent of preconceived notions of mechanistic relationships.

Key Concepts:

Cancer therapy is undergoing a change from nonspecific cytotoxic to molecularly targeted treatment.

Targeted cancer therapies need new relevant targets.

A good therapeutic target is essential and specific.

Targeting specific molecular targets are expected to be beneficial only for a subset of patients.

Companion diagnostics based on specific biomarkers is essential to guide treatment decisions.

Targeted treatment has to be intimately linked to the causal changes for each neoplasm.

The selection of appropriate combinations of molecular targets specific for different cancers will be essential to develop successful anticancer therapies.

Image‐based high content screening allows for the identification of disease relevant molecular targets independent of preconceived notions of mechanistic relationships.
Platinum on Carbon‐Catalyzed H–D Exchange Reaction of Aromatic Nuclei due to Isopropyl Alcohol‐Mediated Self‐ Activation of Platinum Metal in Deuterium Oxide
Authors: Sawama Yoshinari , Yamada Tsuyoshi , Yabe Yuki , Morita Kosuke , Shibata Kyoshiro , Shigetsura Masahiro , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: May 2013

An efficient and simple deuteration method of arenes using the platinum on carbon‐isopropyl alcohol‐cyclohexane‐deuterium oxide combination under hydrogen gas‐free conditions was accomplished. Since the hydrogen–deuterium exchange reaction cannot be promoted without isopropyl alcohol, zerovalent platinum metal (on carbon) is self‐activated by the in situ‐generated very low amount of hydrogen or hydrogen–deuterium gas derived from isopropyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol‐d1. Deuterium‐labeled compounds with high deuterium contents can be easily isolated by the filtration of platinum on carbon and simple extraction. The present hydrogen gas‐free method is safe from the viewpoint of process chemistry and various arenes possessing a variety of reducible functionalities within the molecule could be effectively and directly deuterium‐labeled without undesired reduction.
Superbase‐Catalyzed [4+2] Cycloaddition of Acetylenes to 3,6‐Di(pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine: A Facile Synthesis of 3,6‐Di(pyrrol‐2‐yl)pyridazines
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Glotova Tatyana E. , Shabalin Dmitrii A. , Dvorko Marina Yu. , Ushakov Igor A. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Kuzmin Anton V. , Mikhaleva Al'bina I.
Published: May 2013

Acetylenes undergo the [4+2] cycloaddition to 3,6‐di(pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine in the potassium hydroxide/dimethyl sulfoxide or potassium tert‐butoxide/dimethyl sulfoxide systems (80 °C, 2.5–4 h) to afford (after extrusion of the nitrogen molecule from the intermediate) 3,6‐di(pyrrol‐2‐yl)pyridazines in up to 73% yield, while under non‐catalytic conditions this reaction does not take place. This unusual result substantially extends the scope of synthetic application and mechanistic diversity of the Diels–Alder reaction. The step‐wise mechanisms involving the formation of [OH/tetrazine]− or [t‐BuO/tetrazine]− anionic intermediate complexes or cycloaddition of tetrazine to the acetylide anion are considered.
Efficient and Green Route to γ‐Lactams by Copper‐Catalysed Reversed Atom Transfer Radical Cyclisation of α‐Polychloro‐N‐allylamides, using a Low Load of Metal (0.5 mol%)
Authors: Bellesia Franco , Clark Andrew J. , Felluga Fulvia , Gennaro Armando , Isse Abdirisak A. , Roncaglia Fabrizio , Ghelfi Franco
Published: May 2013

The cyclisation of N‐allyl‐N‐substituted‐α‐polychloroamides is efficiently obtained through a copper‐catalysed activators regenerated by electron transfer–atom transfer radical cyclisation process, with a metal load of only 0.5 mol%. The redox catalyst is introduced in its inactive form as copper(II) chloride/[nitrogen ligand] complex, and continuously regenerated to the active copper(I) chloride/[nitrogen ligand] species by ascorbic acid. To preserve the catalyst integrity, the hydrochloric acid, released after each regeneration cycle, has been quenched by carbonate. The choice of the solvent is critical, the best performance being observed in ethyl acetate‐ethanol (3:1).
Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Arylcyclohexanones and Total Synthesis of (−)‐α‐Lycorane
Authors: Li Gang , Xie Jian‐Hua , Hou Jing , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: May 2013

An efficient catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic α‐arylcyclohexanones with an ethylene ketal group at the 5‐position of the cyclohexane ring via dynamic kinetic resolution has been developed, giving chiral α‐arylcyclohexanols with two contiguous stereocenters with up to 99% ee and >99:1 cis/trans‐selectivity. Using this highly efficient asymmetric hydrogenation reaction as a key step, (−)‐α‐lycorane was synthesized in 19.6% overall yield over 13 steps from commercially available starting material.
Visible Light‐Induced Aerobic Oxyamidation of Indoles: A Photocatalytic Strategy for the Preparation of Tetrahydro‐5H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinolinols
Authors: An Jing , Zou You‐Quan , Yang Qing‐Qing , Wang Qiang , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: May 2013

A visible light‐induced, aerobic oxyamidation reaction of indoles, using air as the sole oxidant, has been developed. This process serves as a photocatalytic strategy to generate efficiently tetrahydro‐5H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinolinols, which may have interesting biological and pharmacological activities owing to their privileged indoline structure.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective and Stereoselective Oxidative Heck Arylation of Allylamines with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Zhang Lingjuan , Dong Chaonan , Ding Chenjun , Chen Jing , Tang Weijun , Li Huanrong , Xu Lijin , Xiao Jianliang
Published: May 2013

A general and convenient palladium‐catalyzed oxidative Heck arylation of both N‐protected and N,N‐diprotected allylic amines with arylboronic acids under mild conditions has been developed. The catalyst system, consisting of Pd(OAc)2 (palladium acetate), AgOAc (silver acetate) and KHF2 (potassium hydrogen fluoride), could efficiently catalyze the coupling reaction in acetone without the aid of any ligand, leading exclusively to the γ‐arylated allylic amine products in good to excellent yields. This method is highlighted with excellent regio‐ and stereocontrol and remarkable functional group tolerance. The carbamate moiety in allylic amine substrates is of crucial importance to the catalytic performance, and the chelation between the carbonyl O (oxygen) and Pd (palladium) atoms is believed to be responsible for the high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity observed.
Ethynylbenziodoxolones (EBX) as Reagents for the Ethynylation of Stabilized Enolates
Authors: Fernández González Davinia , Brand Jonathan P. , Mondière Régis , Waser Jérôme
Published: May 2013

Herein, we report a detailed study on the electrophilic alkynylation of cyclic keto esters and amides with ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents. The structure and stability of this class of reagents is first described more in details. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments showed a strong exothermic decomposition with EBX reagents, leading to guidelines for the safe use of these compounds. The extension of the method to aromatic alkynes and a broad range of benziodoxol(on)e reagents is then reported. Based on our preliminary results using Cinchona‐based phase‐transfer catalysts, the enantioselective alkynylation of cyclic keto esters could be achieved. Binaphthyl‐derived ammonium catalysts developed by Maruoka and co‐workers gave the highest asymmetric induction with up to 79% ee for an indanone‐derived keto ester. Throughout this work, asymmetric induction was observed only in the case of benziodoxolone reagents, demonstrating their superiority over conventional alkynyliodonium salts. The deeper understanding gained about the factors leading to higher asymmetric induction will be very useful in the future to develop a truly general and highly enantioselective alkynylation method.
Microfluidic analysis of cellular deformability of normal and oxidatively damaged red blood cells
Authors: Kwan Joanne M. , Guo Quan , Kyluik‐Price Dana L. , Ma Hongshen , Scott Mark D.
Published: May 2013

Microfluidic analysis of blood has potential clinical value for determining normal and abnormal erythrocyte deformability. To determine if a microfluidic device could reliably measure intra‐ and inter‐personal variations of normal and oxidized human red blood cell (RBC), venous blood samples were collected from repeat donors over time. RBC deformability was defined by the cortical tension (pN/µm), as determined from the threshold pressure required to deform RBC through 2–2.5 μm funnel‐shaped constrictions. Oxidized RBC were prepared by treatment with phenazine methosulphate (PMS; 50 µM). Analysis of the control and oxidized RBC demonstrated that the microfluidic device could clearly differentiate between normal and mildly oxidized (20.13 ± 1.47 versus 27.51 ± 3.64 pN/µm) RBC. In vivo murine studies further established that the PMS‐mediated loss of deformability correlated with premature clearance. Deformability variation within an individual over three independent samplings (over 21 days) demonstrated minimal changes in the mean pN/µm. Moreover, inter‐individual variation in mean control RBC deformability was similarly small (range: 19.37–21.40 pN/µm). In contrast, PMS‐oxidized cells demonstrated a greater inter‐individual range (range: 25.97–29.90 pN/µm) reflecting the differential oxidant sensitivity of an individual's RBC. Importantly, similar deformability profiles (mean and distribution width; 20.49 ± 1.67 pN/µm) were obtained from whole blood via finger prick sampling. These studies demonstrated that a low cost microfluidic device could be used to reproducibly discriminate between normal and oxidized RBC. Advanced microfluidic devices could be of clinical value in analyzing populations for hemoglobinopathies or in evaluating donor RBC products post‐storage to assess transfusion suitability. Am. J. Hematol. 88:682–689, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Testing for post‐copulatory selection for major histocompatibility complex genotype in a semi‐free‐ranging primate population
Authors: Setchell Joanna M. , Abbott Kristin M. , Gonzalez Jean‐Paul , Knapp Leslie A.
Published: May 2013

A large body of evidence suggests that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotype influences mate choice. However, few studies have investigated MHC‐mediated post‐copulatory mate choice under natural, or even semi‐natural, conditions. We set out to explore this question in a large semi‐free‐ranging population of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) using MHC‐DRB genotypes for 127 parent–offspring triads. First, we showed that offspring MHC heterozygosity correlates positively with parental MHC dissimilarity suggesting that mating among MHC dissimilar mates is efficient in increasing offspring MHC diversity. Second, we compared the haplotypes of the parental dyad with those of the offspring to test whether post‐copulatory sexual selection favored offspring with two different MHC haplotypes, more diverse gamete combinations, or greater within‐haplotype diversity. Limited statistical power meant that we could only detect medium or large effect sizes. Nevertheless, we found no evidence for selection for heterozygous offspring when parents share a haplotype (large effect size), genetic dissimilarity between parental haplotypes (we could detect an odds ratio of ≥1.86), or within‐haplotype diversity (medium‐large effect). These findings suggest that comparing parental and offspring haplotypes may be a useful approach to test for post‐copulatory selection when matings cannot be observed, as is the case in many study systems. However, it will be extremely difficult to determine conclusively whether post‐copulatory selection mechanisms for MHC genotype exist, particularly if the effect sizes are small, due to the difficulty in obtaining a sufficiently large sample. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1021–1031, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetics of the dissolution of ilmenite in oxalic and sulfuric acid solutions
Authors: Jonglertjunya Woranart , Rattanaphan Santita , Tipsak Pitchayawadee
Published: May 2013

In this study, the effects of particle size, type and concentration of acid solution on dissolution kinetics of ilmenite are investigated. The results showed that both oxalic and sulfuric acid and their concentrations had relatively high effects on the dissolution rate of titanium, which increased with an increase in acid concentration. About 86.4% of titanium could be leached in 10 h when using 4 M oxalic acid, 1 : 20 solid/liquid ratio, 90 °C temperature and particle size less than 45 µm. Under similar experimental conditions with the exception of sulfuric acid concentrations of 4, 8 and 12 M, the titanium solubilization was 16.1%, 48.2% and 52.0%, respectively. The experimental data followed reaction kinetics and indicated that the shrinking particle model controlled the chemical reaction. The observed titanium dissolution rates could be expressed as 1 − (1 − x)1/3 = 0.0092C1.2022t for oxalic acid for concentration varying between 1 and 4 M and 1 − (1 − x)1/3 = 0.0006C1.5977t for sulfuric acid for concentration varying between 2 and 12 M, respectively. The fitted models for estimating the titanium dissolution rate from the experimental data indicated good accuracy with coefficient of determination (R2) higher than 0.96. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ALOS PALSAR Analysis of the Archaeological Site of Pelusium
Authors: Stewart Christopher , Lasaponara Rosa , Schiavon Giovanni
Published: May 2013

An analysis of the archaeological site of Pelusium on the northeastern edge of the Nile Delta, Egypt, was carried out using phased array type L‐band synthetic aperture radar (PALSAR) data. The aim was to assess the potential of PALSAR to identify buried archaeological structures. The 18 PALSAR images acquired in various polarimetric modes were obtained for the analysis through a European Space Agency Category‐1 project. Processing included co‐registration and summation of images for each polarimetric mode in order to reduce speckle. The summed images were then compared with each other and with optical imagery to identify any features that may be of archaeological interest. Features identified on the summed images were also viewed in the individual images to assess their ephemeral nature. One image was available in quadrupole polarization (quad‐pol) mode with which polarimetric analysis was undertaken, including extraction of target decompositions and analysis of the scattering characteristics of the study area. Linear and geometric features that may be archaeological structures were visible in the processed SAR imagery. Possible palaeolandscape features were also identified. Some of these are visible in the optical imagery, but not clearly delineated. The results of the polarimetric analysis show that single‐bounce scattering dominates over the study area, and that over the sandy regions the signal is much weaker in all polarizations, with mixed scattering. Although the spatial resolution did not enable clear identification and characterization of the physical scattering properties of small‐scale features, the PALSAR data demonstrate a capability to highlight features that become almost invisible in optical imagery at the synoptic scale (even if they are visible up close) leading to the conclusion that PALSAR may be a useful tool in the first stages of archaeological surveys to analyse the spatial pattern of features, and identify where to focus smaller scale surveys in areas with land cover similar to that of the study area. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot, Template‐Free Synthesis of PdPt Single‐Crystalline Hollow Cubes with Enhanced Catalytic Activity
Authors: Sun Long , Zhang Zhicheng , Xu Biao , Wang Xun
Published: May 2013

Hollow structures have attracted ever‐growing interest owing to their various excellent properties. However, a facile strategy for their fabrication is still desired. Herein, PdPt alloy with three different morphologies, that is, cubes, hollow cubes, and truncated octahedrons, is synthesized by using a one‐pot, template‐free method. The mechanism and dynamics of this system is also studied in detail. In particular, the hollow cubic structure represents enhanced catalytic activity in both coupling reactions and in the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid.
The politics of Britishness: multiculturalism, schooling and social cohesion
Authors: Keddie Amanda
Published: May 2013

This paper is set against a backdrop of contemporary concerns about Britishness. It explores the dominant view that unprecedented levels of cultural diversity within western contexts such as the UK are undermining social cohesion and are attributable to minority groups’ failure to connect or assimilate with mainstream ‘British’ (read White Anglo) culture. The paper focuses on how these issues play out for several of the key teachers at ‘Hamilton Court’, a large English comprehensive multicultural school. Despite the school being a socially cohesive space, these teachers were concerned with students’ lack of affiliation with ‘British’ culture. The paper examines these concerns through critical lenses that problematise reductionist and racialised understandings of Britishness and assumptions that associate an affiliation with Britishness with generating social cohesion. Against this backdrop, the paper provides further warrant for continued critical discussion about issues of Britishness, multiculturalism and schooling.
Predictors of numeracy performance in national testing programs: insights from the longitudinal study of Australian children
Authors: Carmichael Colin , MacDonald Amy , McFarland‐Piazza Laura
Published: May 2013

This article is based on an exploratory study that examines factors which predict children's performance on the numeracy component of the Australian National Assessment Program—Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN). Utilizing an ecological theoretical model, this study examines child, home and school variables which may enable or constrainNAPLANnumeracy performance. Data are presented from a nationally‐representative sample of 2450 children participating in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). Twenty‐four children, home and school variables are tested as predictors of performance on the Year 3NAPLANnumeracy assessment. The analysis includes an investigation of bivariate relationships between the outcome variable and each of the predictor variables. Following this a series of linear regression models are used to analyse the relation between child, home and school‐related variables andNAPLANnumeracy performance. The results support the ecological model and point to the importance of a supportive home–school relationship on children's numeracy performance.
Biological implants in abdominal wall repair
Authors: Petter-Puchner A H , Dietz U A
Published: May 2013

Research needed to find out how they work and why they fail
Probing the Coordination Environment of the Human Copper Chaperone HAH1: Characterization of HgII‐Bridged Homodimeric Species in Solution
Authors: Łuczkowski Marek , Zeider Brian A. , Hinz Alia V. H. , Stachura Monika , Chakraborty Saumen , Hemmingsen Lars , Huffman David L. , Pecoraro Vincent L.
Published: May 2013

Although metal ion homeostasis in cells is often mediated through metallochaperones, there are opportunities for toxic metals to be sequestered through the existing transport apparatus. Proper trafficking of CuI in human cells is partially achieved through complexation by HAH1, the human metallochaperone responsible for copper delivery to the Wilson and Menkes ATPase located in the trans‐Golgi apparatus. In addition to binding copper, HAH1 strongly complexes HgII, with the X‐ray structure of this complex previously described. It is important to clarify the solution behavior of these systems and, therefore, the binding of HgII to HAH1 was probed over the pH range 7.5 to 9.4 using 199Hg NMR, 199mHg PAC and UV–visible spectroscopies. The metal‐dependent protein association over this pH range was examined using analytical gel‐filtration. It can be concluded that at pH 7.5, HgII is bound to a monomeric HAH1 as a two coordinate, linear complex (HgS2), like the HgII–Atx1 X‐ray structure (PDB ID: 1CC8). At pH 9.4, HgII promotes HAH1 association, leading to formation of HgS3 and HgS4 complexes, which are in exchange on the μs–ns time scale. Thus, structures that may represent central intermediates in the process of metal ion transfer, as well as their exchange kinetics have been characterized.
Changes in the Structural Dimensionality of Selenidostannates in Ionic Liquids: Formation, Structures, Stability, and Photoconductivity
Authors: Lin Yumei , Xie Dewang , Massa Werner , Mayrhofer Leonhard , Lippert Sina , Ewers Benjamin , Chernikov Alexey , Koch Martin , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: May 2013

In situ transformations of selenidostannate frameworks in ionic liquids (ILs) were initiated by treatment of the starting phase K2[Sn2Se5] and the consecutive reaction products by means of temperature increase and/or amine addition. Along the reaction pathway, the framework dimensionalities of the five involved selenidostannate anions develop from 3D to 1D and back, both in top‐down and bottom‐up style. Addition of ethane‐1,2‐diamine (en) led to the reversion of the 2D→1D step from 2D‐{[Sn24Se56]16−} to 1D‐{[Sn6Se14]4−}. As rationalized by DFT investigations, the 2D anion is thermodynamically favored. Photoconductivity measurements reveal that all samples show Schottky contact behavior with absolute thresholds below 10 V. One of the samples exhibits conductive states within the energy range of visible photons.
Investigation of Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Rivaroxaban and Enoxaparin in Healthy Male Subjects
Authors: Kubitza Dagmar , Becka Michael , Schwers Stephan , Voith Barbara
Published: May 2013

Rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, is currently used in clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. This single‐center, three‐way crossover study was designed to investigate the pharmacodynamic effects of rivaroxaban (10 mg) and enoxaparin (40 mg) alone and in combination as well as the influence of enoxaparin on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban in healthy male subjects. When given alone, both drugs exhibited similar, rapid anti‐factor Xa activity. Combined administration resulted in an increase of ∼50% in anti‐factor Xa activity and a lesser increase in activated partial thromboplastin time, compared with either drug alone. Enoxaparin had no additional effect on prolongation of the prothrombin time induced by rivaroxaban and did not affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of rivaroxaban. The results showed that rivaroxaban (10 mg) and enoxaparin (40 mg) had a similar and rapid onset of action, as indicated by the similar anti‐factor Xa activity–time curves, suggesting that both drugs have a similar duration of pharmacological activity at the factor X site. Co‐administration of rivaroxaban and enoxaparin is associated with enhanced pharmacodynamic effects.
Nurse induced respiratory depression by succinylcholine – the ‘hero syndrome’
Authors: Musshoff F. , Kuepper U. , Madea B.
Published: May 2013

A nurse administered the neuromuscular blocking agent succinylcholine (SUX) to at least one patient and gave first aid in the therapy of unexpected respiratory depression. SUX is regarded as an undetectable and thus perfect poison due to its short half‐life and degradation to the endogenous compounds choline and succinic acid. However, SUX and especially its metabolite succinylmonocholine (SMC) were found in plasma and urine a few hours after administration by means of high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS). Compared to clinical studies, the window of detection was sufficient to gain definite proof; in other cases no samples were collected. The nurse enjoyed high reputation with the doctors. According to the court she wanted to present herself spectacularly as the first and decisive rescuer to demonstrate her special abilities and capacities, perhaps to receive a better job in the hospital. Considering the actual case, the hero syndrome is not limited to fire‐fighters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational Design and Synthesis of Cyano‐Bridged Coordination Polymers with Precise­ Control of Particle Size from 20 to 500 nm
Authors: Chiang Ya‐Dong , Hu Ming , Kamachi Yuichiro , Ishihara Shinsuke , Takai Kimiko , Tsujimoto Yoshihiro , Ariga Katsuhiko , Wu Kevin C.‐W. , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: May 2013

We demonstrate that the particle sizes in cyano‐bridged coordination polymers consisting of NiII–C≡N–FeII units are precisely controlled by changing the amount of chelating agent, sodium citrate. With an increase in the amount of chelating agent added, the average size of the particles gradually increases from 20 to 350 nm with retention of a well‐defined cubic shape. Furthermore, the use of different Fe sources expands the possible control range up to 500 nm.