bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Printability and hardening performance of three-dimensionally-printed geopolymer based on lunar regolith simulant for automated construction of lunar infrastructure
Authors: Li Feng , Zhang Rongrong , Zhou Siqi , Zhu Xingyi
Published: December 2023

Using an in situ lunar regolith as a construction material in combination with 3D printing not only reduces the weight of materials carried from the Earth but also improves the automation of lunar infrastructure construction. This study aims to improve the printability of a geopolymer based on a BH-1 lunar regolith simulant, including the extrudability, open time, and buildability, by controlling the temperature and adding admixtures. Rheological parameters were used to represent printability with different water-to-binder ratios, printing temperatures, and contents of additives. The mechanical properties of the hardening geopolymer with different filling paths and loading directions were tested. The results show that heating the printed filaments with a water-to-binder ratio of 0.32 at 80 °C can adjust the printability without adding any additive, which can reduce the construction cost of lunar infrastructure. The printability of the BH-1 geopolymer can also be improved by adding 0.3% Attagel-50 and 0.5% polypropylene fiber by mass at a temperature of 20 °C to cope with the changeable environmental conditions on the Moon. After curing under a simulated lunar environment, the 72-h flexural and compressive strengths of the geopolymer specimens reach 4.1 and 48.1 MPa, respectively, which are promising considering that the acceleration of gravity on the Moon is 1/6 of that on the Earth.
Experimental determination of the strength of toughened glass in the area of near-edge holes
Authors: Efferz Lena , Schuler Christian , Siebert Geralt
Published: December 2023

For tempered glass, edge distances for drilled holes in point-fixed glazing must be observed. For production reasons, the European product standard EN 12150 for thermally toughened safety glass requires a minimum edge distance of two times the thickness t. When transferring loads from the glass pane, it is necessary to consider whether and to what extent residual stresses of the tempering process are present in the remaining area between the edge and the hole. The German design standard DIN 18008-3 specifies a blanket distance to the edge of 80 mm for cylindrical holes, which is frequently undercut in construction practice. In this case, the strength of the tempered glass used may not be applied for structural analysis, and only the strength of annealed glass may be assumed instead. Because of this discrepancy, this study experimentally investigated the strength behavior of toughened glass with cylindrical near-edge holes via photoelasticity and destroying four-point bending test. The pre-stress zones of a glass pane are qualitatively compared using the monochrome wavelength photoelasticity method, and the surface compressive stress is measured at points near the hole. Then, the fracture stress of the drilled specimen is determined by four-point bending tests and the necessary numerical simulation using the finite element method of the bending test. The various test methods are intended to provide information on the distribution of the residual stresses and thus on the strength of the toughened glass when the edge distance is lower than the distance required in DIN 18008-3—and by this update the rules.
Institutional change in community-based management for organic labeling: a case study from a Participatory Guarantee System in France
Authors: Dorville Claire , Lemeilleur Sylvaine
Published: December 2023

This paper investigates how the process of institutional change shapes community-based organizations, by considering both formal and informal governance rules over several different periods. For this purpose, we examine how the community-based management of organic farming has changed in the past five decades. The French association, Nature & Progrès (N&P), adopted a “Participatory Guarantee System” (PGS) to monitor compliance with their organic standard, created in 1972. Yet, following the European regulation “Organic Agriculture” enforced in 1995, N&P was excluded from the public policy framework for organic farming, which was reserved for operators that were certified by a third party. Ostrom and Basurto’s (Journal of Institutional Economics, 7(3), 3, 2011) analytical tool is useful to describe the changes in collective rules. Drawing on original data collected from N&P, we examine how institutional changes in the European legislation have affected the governance of a community-based certification scheme. We focus on prescriptions that rely on internal or external sanction mechanisms and discuss the implications for enforcement. Our results show that the N&P structure has become an institutionalized PGS. N&P members have managed to build a complex governance system to certify organic products despite the European restriction on access to the organic label. However, the conformity system used by local groups is largely based on unwritten norms, which can cause confusion and conflicts between users, especially since PGS communities are “evolving communities.”
LEBESGUE MEASURE ZERO MODULO IDEALS ON THE NATURAL NUMBERS
Authors: GAVALOVÁ VIERA , MEJÍA DIEGO A.
Published: December 2023

We propose a reformulation of the ideal

$\mathcal {N}$

of Lebesgue measure zero sets of reals modulo an ideal J on

$\omega $

, which we denote by

$\mathcal {N}_J$

. In the same way, we reformulate the ideal

$\mathcal {E}$

generated by

$F_\sigma $

measure zero sets of reals modulo J, which we denote by

$\mathcal {N}^*_J$

. We show that these are

$\sigma $

-ideals and that

$\mathcal {N}_J=\mathcal {N}$

iff J has the Baire property, which in turn is equivalent to

$\mathcal {N}^*_J=\mathcal {E}$

. Moreover, we prove that

$\mathcal {N}_J$

does not contain co-meager sets and

$\mathcal {N}^*_J$

contains non-meager sets when J does not have the Baire property. We also prove a deep connection between these ideals modulo J and the notion of nearly coherence of filters (or ideals).

We also study the cardinal characteristics associated with

$\mathcal {N}_J$

and

$\mathcal {N}^*_J$

. We show their position with respect to Cichoń’s diagram and prove consistency results in connection with other very classical cardinal characteristics of the continuum, leaving just very few open questions. To achieve this, we discovered a new characterization of

$\mathrm {add}(\mathcal {N})$

and

$\mathrm {cof}(\mathcal {N})$

. We also show that, in Cohen model, we can obtain many different values to the cardinal characteristics associated with our new ideals.
A Simulation of Snow on Antarctic Sea Ice Based on Satellite Data and Climate Reanalyses
Authors: Lawrence Isobel R. , Ridout Andrew L. , Shepherd Andrew , Tilling Rachel
Published: December 2023

Although snow plays an important role in the energy and mass balance of sea ice, it is little studied in the Southern Ocean. We present a Lagrangian model of snow on sea ice, CASSIS, that simulates the daily creation and drift of floes. Drifting floes accumulate snow from the atmosphere and the Antarctic ice sheet, and lose snow to the ocean and snow‐ice formation. The depth of snow on Southern Ocean sea ice increases in all sectors between autumn and spring 1981–2021, reaching 40 cm in much of the Weddell Sea, coastal Amundsen Sea and south east Indian Ocean. The root mean square difference between seasonally‐averaged model and ship‐based snow depths is 13.1 cm, and between modeled and airborne snow depths from Operation IceBridge is 13.5 cm. Our model offers an alternative long‐term snow depth record to that from passive microwave (PM) radiometry, which does not capture the seasonal growth of the snow cover. We find that although the average circumpolar snow layer thickness has increased by 16 mm between 1981 and 2021 (P = 0.004), there has been a decrease of 13 mm in the Southern Pacific Ocean (P = 0.133, but significant in spring and autumn), driven by a reduction of summer sea ice extent in this region. Our model paves the way for improved satellite‐based estimates of Antarctic sea ice thickness.
Resolving Some Longstanding Issues in Far Ultraviolet Remote Sensing: A Self‐Consistent Analysis of the GUVI and SEE Observations on the TIMED Mission
Authors: Qin Jianqi
Published: December 2023

Far Ultraviolet (FUV) remote sensing has been used in aeronomy missions as a powerful means to measure the temperature and compositions in the upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets. However, despite decades of continual development, outstanding challenges remain in this field. Particularly, there is currently a lack of methods for the examination and improvement of the data products in FUV remote sensing. As a result, longstanding issues exist in many of those data products. Here we demonstrate that a self‐consistent analysis of multi‐band airglow observations in the spectral range of ∼120–180 nm can serve as a useful means for examination and improvement of the data products in FUV remote sensing. The Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) and Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) observations on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics mission are used for the demonstration. Through a self‐consistent analysis, we reconcile the thermospheric column O/N2 density ratios that are retrieved respectively from the GUVI limb and disk scans, by numerically correcting a systematic offset between those observations. We also reconcile the models with the observed 121.6 and 130.4 nm emission that have shown large discrepancies in the literature. The self‐consistent analysis indicates that the SEE measurements of the solar spectral irradiance below ∼45 nm need to be scaled down by ∼25%, whereas the SEE measurements of the solar 121.6 and 130.4 nm fluxes are highly accurate, with errors less than ∼3%. Our results achieve unprecedented agreement (better than ∼5%) between models and observations and provide a novel method for data examination and improvement in FUV remote sensing.
A Three‐Field Formulation for Two‐Phase Flow in Geodynamic Modeling: Toward the Zero‐Porosity Limit
Authors: Lu Gang , May Dave A. , Huismans Ritske S.
Published: December 2023

Two‐phase flow, a system where Stokes flow and Darcy flow are coupled, is of great importance in the Earth's interior, such as in subduction zones, mid‐ocean ridges, and hotspots. However, it remains challenging to solve the two‐phase equations accurately in the zero‐porosity limit, for example, when melt is fully frozen below solidus temperature. Here we propose a new three‐field formulation of the two‐phase system, with solid velocity (vs), total pressure (Pt), and fluid pressure (Pf) as unknowns, and present a robust finite‐element implementation, which can be used to solve problems in which domains of both zero porosity and non‐zero porosity are present. The reformulated equations include regularization to avoid singularities and exactly recover to the standard single‐phase incompressible Stokes problem at zero porosity. We verify the correctness of our implementation using the method of manufactured solutions and analytic solutions and demonstrate that we can obtain the expected convergence rates in both space and time. Example experiments, such as self‐compaction, falling block, and mid‐ocean ridge spreading show that this formulation can robustly resolve zero‐ and non‐zero‐porosity domains simultaneously, and can be used for a large range of applications in various geodynamic settings.
Recent progress in thermoelectric layered cobalt oxide thin films
Authors: Zhang Yuqiao , Ohta Hiromichi
Published: December 2023

Oxide-based thermoelectric materials that show a high figure of merit are promising because of their good chemical and thermal stabilities and their relative harmlessness compared with chalcogenide-based state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials. Although several high-ZT thermoelectric oxides (ZT > 1) have been reported thus far, their reliability levels are low due to the lack of careful observations of their stabilities at elevated temperatures. Herein, we review the epitaxial film growth and thermoelectric properties of representative p-type layered cobalt oxides: Na3/4CoO2, Ca1/3CoO2, Sr1/3CoO2, Ba1/3CoO2, and Ca3Co4O9. Among these specimens, Ba1/3CoO2 and Ca3Co4O9 are stable in air at elevated temperatures (~600 °C). The ZT of Ba1/3CoO2 reaches ~ 0.55 at 600 °C in air, which is reliable and the highest among thermoelectric oxides. Moreover, this value is comparable to those of p-type PbTe and p-type SiGe.
Carbazole-based artificial light-harvesting system for photocatalytic cross-coupling dehydrogenation reaction
Authors: Sun Guangping , Li Menghang , Cai Lijuan , Zhu Jinli , Tang Yanfeng , Yao Yong
Published: December 2023

A highly efficient carbazole-based artificial light-harvesting system was successfully fabricated for the photocatalytic cross-coupling reaction.
Tunable cyclic operation of dissipative molecular switches based on anion recognition
Authors: Zhang Xin , Mao Lijun , He Rongjing , Shi Yanting , Li Lingyi , Li Shuo , Zhu Chenghao , Zhang Yanjing , Ma Da
Published: December 2023

Chemical fuel-driven anion recognition-based dissipative molecular switches with tunable kinetics are designed and investigated.
Torsional flexibility in zinc–benzenedicarboxylate metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Meekel Emily G. , Nicholas Thomas C. , Slater Ben , Goodwin Andrew L.
Published: December 2023

An investigation of the impact of torsional flexibility of benzene dicarboxylate linkers in zinc metal–organic frameworks.
Network-motif delay differential analysis of brain activity during seizures
Authors: Lainscsek Claudia , Salami Pariya , Carvalho Vinícius Rezende , Mendes Eduardo M. A. M. , Fan Miaolin , Cash Sydney S. , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: December 2023

Delay Differential Analysis (DDA) is a nonlinear method for analyzing time series based on principles from nonlinear dynamical systems. DDA is extended here to incorporate network aspects to improve the dynamical characterization of complex systems. To demonstrate its effectiveness, DDA with network capabilities was first applied to the well-known Rössler system under different parameter regimes and noise conditions. Network-motif DDA, based on cortical regions, was then applied to invasive intracranial electroencephalographic data from drug-resistant epilepsy patients undergoing presurgical monitoring. The directional network motifs between brain areas that emerge from this analysis change dramatically before, during, and after seizures. Neural systems provide a rich source of complex data, arising from varying internal states generated by network interactions.
A magnetic-mechanical strong coupling FEM model and vibration characteristic analysis of transformer core under DC bias
Authors: Wang Yaqi , Li Lin , Sun Jia’an , Zhao Xiaojun
Published: December 2023

The vibration of a transformer core induced by magnetostriction is closely related to the environment and safety of devices. The DC bias excitation leads to the over saturation of the transformer core and causes more severe vibration. In this paper, a magnetic-mechanical strong coupling model based on a fixed-point time-periodic 2D finite element method with excitation voltage and DC bias current as the input is established in which the vector magnetic potential A, winding current I, and displacement in the core u are simultaneously taken as solution variables, and the fixed-point reluctivity is introduced to deal with the nonlinear problem of the core. In this model, the magnetic field and mechanical field are associated with the piezomagnetic equations and variational principle, and the circuit and magnetic fields are connected through the law of electromagnetic induction. The equivalent thickness of the core model and the determination of the initial value are discussed. A test transformer with a laminated core is made for experimental measurement. The accuracy and efficiency of the model proposed are verified by comparing the calculated results with the experimental results, and the influence of DC bias components on the magnetic characteristics and vibration of the transformer core is analyzed.
A review on smart strategies for active layer phase separation regulation of organic solar cells
Authors: Zhao Ling , Wang Haoran , Ji Hongzhu , Li Shuhong , Miao Xiao , Zhu Changqing , Wang Wenjun , Huang Di , Dong Xiaochen
Published: December 2023

Exciton dissociation and charge transport are important processes in the photoelectric conversion of organic solar cells (OSCs), directly affecting the performance of OSCs. In order to facilitate exciton dissociation, phase separation size should be as small as possible. However, for the sake of continuous charge transport, a large phase separation size is also necessary. To balance these two conflicting needs, it is of utmost importance to regulate the phase separation of the active layer. This Review mainly elaborated the smart tactics commonly adopted to phase separation optimization, aiming to understand how these treatments affect both the active layer phase separation and the performance of OSCs. Furthermore, we present an outlook on the new opportunities of phase separation regulation of the active layer. Finally, this Review may provide some reference for the researchers engaged in the research of OSCs.
The influence of anisotropy on the clinical target volume of brain tumor patients
Authors: Buti Gregory , Ajdari Ali , Hochreuter Kim , Shih Helen , Bridge Christopher P , Sharp Gregory C , Bortfeld Thomas
Published: December 2023

Objective. Current radiotherapy guidelines for glioma target volume definition recommend a uniform margin expansion from the gross tumor volume (GTV) to the clinical target volume (CTV), assuming uniform infiltration in the invaded brain tissue. However, glioma cells migrate preferentially along white matter tracts, suggesting that white matter directionality should be considered in an anisotropic CTV expansion. We investigate two models of anisotropic CTV expansion and evaluate their clinical feasibility. Approach. To incorporate white matter directionality into the CTV, a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) atlas is used. The DTI atlas consists of water diffusion tensors that are first spatially transformed into local tumor resistance tensors, also known as metric tensors, and secondly fed to a CTV expansion algorithm to generate anisotropic CTVs. Two models of spatial transformation are considered in the first step. The first model assumes that tumor cells experience reduced resistance parallel to the white matter fibers. The second model assumes that the anisotropy of tumor cell resistance is proportional to the anisotropy observed in DTI, with an ‘anisotropy weighting parameter’ controlling the proportionality. The models are evaluated in a cohort of ten brain tumor patients. Main results. To evaluate the sensitivity of the model, a library of model-generated CTVs was computed by varying the resistance and anisotropy parameters. Our results indicate that the resistance coefficient had the most significant effect on the global shape of the CTV expansion by redistributing the target volume from potentially less involved gray matter to white matter tissue. In addition, the anisotropy weighting parameter proved useful in locally increasing CTV expansion in regions characterized by strong tissue directionality, such as near the corpus callosum. Significance. By incorporating anisotropy into the CTV expansion, this study is a step toward an interactive CTV definition that can assist physicians in incorporating neuroanatomy into a clinically optimized CTV.
The use of microsatellite markers to analyze genetic diversity of ornamental chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) and their transferability to cross amplification
Authors: Nugroho K , Wartono  , Fatimah  , Mastur  , Lestari P
Published: December 2023

Ornamental chili peppers, as one of high economic value horticultural crops, present a high diversity which needs to be assessed. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of ornamental chili pepper genotypes using microsatellite markers and to analyze the transferability of these markers to cross-amplification to ornamental chili pepper species other than Capsicum annuum L. Two generated main clusters revealed in this study, that the first cluster consisted entirely of genotypes from C. annuum species while the second cluster consisted of a mixture from C. annuum, C. chinense, and C. baccatum species. The highest genetic similarity was identified between Nazla IPB and Violeta IPB, and Viola IPB with Triwarsana IPB, with a similarity of 96% for both. Polymorphism analysis showed that all of the microsatellite markers used were classified as highly informative (PIC >0.5). Total markers were able to cross-species amplify all of the ornamental chili pepper genotypes, with an overall average amplification percentage of 96.25%, with most of them showing 100% cross-amplification. Selected microsatellite markers from this study could be used in species differentiation, molecular identification of interspecific hybrids, and assessing the genetic resource on broad genotypes of ornamental chili peppers.
Flight activity, associative learning, and memory in Asian honey bee Apis cerana
Authors: Syuhada N I , Raffiudin R , Tisniasari H S , Ovianti L R , Yudhistiro M K , Harahap K K , Latif A , Sayusti T , Rustami E
Published: December 2023

Honey bees have an important role as pollinators and are able to learn the flowering patches during foraging. These experiments aimed to investigate the associative learning and memory abilities of Apis cerana to find sugar and to observe the flight activities of the bees. The bees were trained using sugar solution at several distances using red and green papers as the landmarks that were placed beneath the sugar. Associative learning and long-term memory tests were carried out on day four and eleven after the training, respectively. On day four, we changed the angle of the sugar solution position to learn the length of time bees can find the shifting sugar. Our results confirmed that A. cerana could performed the training, as shown by the increasing number of A. cerana to the sugar from day one to day three during the training due to the recruitment process of the recruiter bee. A. cerana succeeded in associating each color and angle of landmarks and find the sugar in 15 minutes given in the day four. However, A. cerana failed the long-term memory test. Temperature and humidity showed negative and positive correlations, respectively, with the increasing number of flight activities of the bees.
Preliminary study on variations in local varieties of bornean ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) based on vegetative characters
Authors: Dewi A P , Arifiani D , Wulansari T Y I , Senjaya S K , Wanda I F , Hutabarat P W K , Lisnawati Y , Sunardi  , Prawestri A D , Evana  , Satrio R D
Published: December 2023

Bornean Ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri), a monotypic species of Eusideroxylon, is threatened due to its rarity in its natural habitat. It is a Class I timber commodity in Indonesia and known with several local varieties determined by local people. This study aimed to described the local varieties of ironwood from Kalimantan by taxonomic study. Field exploration had been carried out during 2022 to 2023 in North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan provinces to collect herbarium specimens of ironwood local varieties. The specimens were then observed and characterized in Laboratory of Plant Biosystematics-BRIN. Observation was also done for ironwood collection available at Herbarium Bogoriense. Fourty one characters extracted from vegetative parts, such as stems, twigs and leaves were used to find clades within ironwood species. Phenetic analysis generated six clades in which hair characters on twigs and leaves and color variations of twigs and petiole were the main informative characters that differentiate between clades at an infraspecific level. Anatomical characters cannot be used as supporting characters in this study. Support from deeper morphological analysis involving more specimens and species groups affiliated with the genus Eusideroxylon, as well as molecular analysis is needed to strengthen the grouping at an infra-specific level.
Diversity of bee tree (sambit) for Apis dorsata conservation in Membalong, Belitung Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Hayati S D , Qayim I , Raffiudin R
Published: December 2023

The land transformation of forests to monoculture threatened the existence of biodiversity in Belitung, including the bee trees (local name: sambit) for Apis dorsata nesting. Bee farmers are having difficulty finding numerous kinds of bee trees. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify the species of bee trees, (2) to characterize the nesting branches of the bee tree, and (3) to identify the ecosystem of the bee trees in three villages in Membalong, Belitung Regency. Data were collected using: (1) interviewing bee farmers, (2) measurements of nesting branches, and (3) exploring the bee tree ecosystems. We discovered 22 species (13 families) of bee trees, with Myrtaceae was the most frequent. Syzygium cymosum (local name: mengkeling) was a common nesting tree of A. dorsata. The characteristics of bee trees were: height of the nesting branch: 7.85 ± 3.80 m above the ground, length of the branch: 2.74 ± 1.43 m, and the incline of the branch: 20.20° ± 2.57°. We found bee trees in terrestrial ecosystems (primary and secondary heath forests) and wetlands (swamps and mangroves). The last ecosystem was a new finding. We suggest local communities cultivate the native plants and reduce the area of forest land used.
Response of soybean and tomato plants under dual inoculation with Glomus sp. and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Chaerani  , Ginting R C B
Published: December 2023

The arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Glomus can increase plant’s water and nutrient uptake and provide protection against plant parasitic nematodes. This study aimed to determine the response of soybean and tomato plants under inoculation with Glomus sp. and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita at different application times in pot experiments. On soybean, Glomus sp. alone or in combination with M. incognita significantly increased plant height, while simultaneous inoculation of both microorganisms significantly increased the root dry weight. The total leaf P content of soybean however, significantly decreased in response to all inoculation methods. On tomato plants, Glomus alone significantly increased tomato shoot dry weight, total plant dry weight, and the total leaf P content. The final nematode population, the number of nematodes penetrating the root, and the root gall scores were not significantly impacted by either Glomus or M. incognita inoculation The inconsistent effect of Glomus inoculation on plant growth and total leaf P content as well as the inability of Glomus to reduce M. incognita infestation may be contributed by the extent of root colonization by Glomus and variability in the species of Glomus.
Diversity and ecological dynamics of ground and understory arachnid spiders from a lowland tropical forest in Sumber Pawon, Kediri, East Java
Authors: Trisnawati I , Muryono M , Prastyanto P I
Published: December 2023

Spiders have significantly contributed to the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems and play an essential role as appropriate bio-indicators to monitor habitat changes. We aim to determine the composition and local scale diversity of spiders in the understory and ground layers and to determine habitat preferences regarding the distribution of spiders in the interior forests and riparian forests. Sampling was conducted at a protected forest area in Sumber Pawon Kediri, covering an area of 12.45 Ha during the wet season (January-March). The study’s results found 340 individuals consisting of 15 families and 63 species. Family Araneidae and species Hamadruas superba are the most common taxa groups in the interior forests, while Hippasa holmerae are in riparian forests. More individuals and species are found understorey shrubs in forest interiors. Soil temperature, relative humidity, and litter thickness positively correlate with spider abundance. Resource partitioning observation showed that leaf litter and herbaceous plants contain more potential prey for spiders. Forest habitat management programs must consider the spatial variation of spiders between strata, as well as the response of the spiders to the seasons. A better understanding of spider ecological dynamics will support the sustainable management of forest ecosystems.
Effect of salinity on glandular trichomes density, phenolic and flavonoid contents of Morus spp. accessions leaves from Indonesia
Authors: Wulandari Y R E , Sulistyaningsih Y C , Suprayogi A , Rahminiwati M , Triadiati T
Published: December 2023

The density of glandular trichomes and metabolite compounds in plants can increase under salt stress. Information about the glandular trichomes density described tolerance to salt stress however, there is no information about it in mulberry. This study aimed to obtain accessions of mulberry that are tolerant to NaCl concentrations based on cystolith trichome density, glandular trichome density, and phenolic and flavonoid content. Mulberry stem cuttings were planted using a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The first treatment used was seven mulberry accessions, which come from 5 regions in Indonesia (Bali, Makassar, Pati, Situbondo, and Bogor), and the second was the NaCl concentration (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%). The results showed that the highest cystolith trichomes density was obtained in M2 accession (32.5 cells/mm2 from the highest NaCl concentration). The highest density of the glandular trichomes was obtained in the M4 accession (50 cells/mm2 from the highest NaCl concentration). The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were obtained in the M4 accession (154.6 mg GAE/g extract for 0.3% concentration of NaCl) and M2 accession (619.56 mg QE/g extract for the highest concentration of NaCl), respectively. The study concluded that the M2 (accession from Bogor) is tolerant to salt stress.
Identification of luciferase cDNA of Neonothopanus sp. (Agaricales: Omphalotaceae)
Authors: Ahda Y , Ningsih D U , Achyar A , Ratnawulan
Published: December 2023

Some fungi are capable of bioluminescence. One of the intriguing bioluminescent mushrooms is Neonothopanus. This mushroom has large fruity body and can produce light throughout their entire body. Light is produced by the reaction of luciferase enzyme to its substrate, luciferin. The information of Neonothopanus luciferase gene is still limited. The aim of this study is to characterize Neonothopanus sp. luciferase cDNA. Samples were collected in Pesisir Selatan West Sumatera. Total RNA and LuzF and LuzR primers were used to amplify 830 bp Neonothopanus sp luciferase cDNA. It was found that the query cover of the luciferase cDNA of Neonothopanus sp. to N. nambi is 93%, and 37% for N. gardnery. Neonothopanus sp and N. nambi have different nucleotides at position 320 – 369, while Neonothopanus sp and N. gardnery just have similar nucleotides at position 9 - 322 pb. Phylogenetic analysis shows bootstrap value of Neonothopanus sp cDNA sequences and Neonothopanus nambi 100% and 99.5% with N. gardneri. This suggests that Neonothopanus sp. luciferase cDNA is closely related to Neonothopanus nambi and N. gardneri.
Homegarden ethnobotany of three Malay Villages in Belitung District, Indonesia
Authors: Prasaja D , Chikmawati T , Sulistijorini  , Purwanto Y , Djuita N R
Published: December 2023

Ethnic culture influences the plant diversity in homegardens, automatically impacting socio-economic and ecological services. The Malay ethnic in the Belitung district uses many species of plants from their homegardens. However, ethnobotanical studies of the homegarden must be carried out for more efficient and sustainable use. This study aimed to describe the plant diversity and structure of the Malay homegarden in the Belitung district through an ethnobotanical perspective. Ethnobotanical data were collected using the participatory observation method in three villages from different sub-districts, Kembiri, Sijuk, and Suak Gual. The key and general respondents were selected using the purposive and the snowball sampling methods, and the plant diversity was identified using the inventory method. The structure of the Malay homegarden in Belitung consists of side, front, and back yards. The homegarden plants have four habitus types: trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas. The homegarden area in Sijuk villages was the most spacious (599.55 m2). Myrtaceae dominated the homegarden in Sijuk, while the Zingiberaceae dominated the Kembiri and Suak Gual villages. The highest Index of Cultural Significance value isCocos nuciferain Sijuk and Kembiri villages andCitrus macrocarpain Suak Gual Village. Malay ethnic uses most homegarden plants for food and medicine ingredients.
Assessing phytoremediation potentials of heavy metals on selected plants species in the restoration environments of Gold Mining Area
Authors: Anwar S , Dharsono M , Zaery F P , Subagya M , Ananto H , Lubis A , Susilowati A
Published: December 2023

Mining activity have impacts on the environment which potentially expose heavy metals. Therefore, it is necessary to design the reclamation in order to improve the restoration. This research aims to assess the phytoremediation of potential acid forming (PAF) reclamation area of Henny Dump. The research was carried out by identifying the plant species, and then measuring the plant vegetation index, and measuring the concentration of heavy metals. The research showed that Falcataria molucana (IVI: 150%) and Gmelina arborea (IVI: 150%) are species with the highest Important Value Index (IVI). The soil analysis result for total concentrations of ferrous (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and mangan (Mn) showed that the most significant decrease in the four-year period i.e., Ferrous. Falcataria molucanna and Gmelina arborea as the fast-growing species for restoring the reclamation area which can survive in low acidity concentrations and high of heavy metals ferrous concentrations. These fast-growing species are tolerant in high concentration of ferrous and low acidity of soil quality, as well have the potential to absorb the essential heavy metals of ferrous, where in 2019 the iron concentration was 39,575 ppm and in 2022 was 7,100 ppm
Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in interim storage of spent nuclear fuel
Authors: Rahayu D S , Ambarsari L , Shalsabilla S E , Fadilah A , Sanjaya M F , Sambari R R , Ramadhan F , Rijal M S , Nadyaputri I G , Sugoro I
Published: December 2023

Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel (ISSF) is an installation for temporarily storing spent nuclear fuels. Nuclear fuel storage pools must be free from contamination by corrosion-causing microorganisms such as Sulphate Reduction Bacteria (SRB). This research aims to detect SRB on the pool’s wall, floor, and spent nuclear fuel racks. The measured parameters consisted of physicochemical, total bacteria, total SRB, and detection of SRB on the wall, floor, and spent fuel rack in the pool using the SRB kit. The results showed that the quality of the water chemistry in the pool was within limits according to the provisions of the International Atomic Energy Agency, except for the total bacteria (> 1000 CFU/ml). In the water pools around the racks of spent fuels, SRB was also detected at 30 CFU/ml, while the level of SRB on the walls, floors, and spent nuclear fuel racks showed varied values from moderate to severe. This research is important especially to identify corrosion-causing microbes for water and biofilm samples. This is the first step in understanding the problem of biofilm formation and contamination of microorganisms in spent fuel storage pools.
The effect of essential oils nanoemulsion on the plant growth and suppression of basal stem rot disease in chili pepper
Authors: Wartono  , Noveriza R , Manohara D , Herawati H , Sondari D , Restu W K , Warman R
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of essential oils nanoemulsion on the growth and suppression of basal stem rot disease in chili pepper. The research was conducted in a controlled greenhouse environment using a completely randomized design consisting of eight treatments and three replications. The treatments involved varying concentrations of essential oils nanoemulsion formula and mancozeb, as well as a control group. The growth potential of chili seeds was assessed by soaking them in the treatment solutions and observing their growth after planting. Disease efficacy was determined by applying the formula around the planting media of 45-day-old plants and subsequently inoculating them with P. capsici zoospores. Disease observations were made starting from three days after inoculation until the control plants exhibited a score of 5. The results demonstrated that the formula effectively enhanced plant growth, with the best treatment showed by Na 0.5%. Furthermore, the nanoemulsion at all tested concentrations demonstrated significant suppression of the disease, with the most effective treatments were presented by Na 1.5%, Na 3.0%, and Na 2.0% in that order. These findings suggest that the formula is promosing to control the disease of basal stem rot in chili plants in field conditions.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of bacterial cellulose-based edible film from sago liquid waste incorporated with spices
Authors: Yanti N A , Ahmad S W , Ramadhan L O A N , Walhidayah T
Published: December 2023

Bacterial cellulose-based edible films from sago liquid waste incorporated with spice juices have been developed to obtain functional food packaging. The aim of this study is to assess the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of spice-fortified edible films, namely ginger, garlic and turmeric. The manufacture of edible films was carried out using the casting method. Antimicrobial activity was measured by disc diffusion using three indicator bacteria(Staphylococcus aureusATCC 25923,Escherichia coliATCC 35218, andBacillus cereusATCC 14579) and two indicator fungi(Aspergillus flavusATCC 10231 andCandida albicansIPBCC 88.030). Antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH method. The results showed that bacterial cellulose-based edible film fortified with spices (ginger, garlic and turmeric) could increase antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The edible film fortified with garlic had the best antimicrobial activity, while the edible film fortified with turmeric had the best antioxidant activity. Therefore, adding spice juices to edible films can increase its function as food packaging.
The antioxidant activity of endophytic fungal extract of nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) from Cimande West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Rahmi D , Praptiwi  , Simajuntak P , Ilyas M , Agusta A
Published: December 2023

The bioproduction of bioactive metabolites from nutmeg endophytic fungi from Cimande, Wesh Java Indonesia was successful. In this research, bioactive antioxidant metabolites were extracted from nutmeg endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi from nutmeg plant parts were grown on CMMA media. Each fungus was isolated by growing it on PDA media. A total of 21 endophytic fungi isolates were grown on PDB media before being extracted with ethyl acetate as a solvent. The morphology of 21 endophytic fungal isolates was identified based on morphological characteristics. There are 11 Phomopsis sp., 1 Fusarium oxysporum, 5 Colletotrichum sp., 1 Schizophyllum sp., 1 Dematiaceae sp., 1 Coelomycetes sp., and 1 Xylaria sp. The bioautographic TLC method and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity were used to determine antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity analysis showed that 14 of the 21 endophytic fungus extracts were active. One nutmeg pericarp endophytic fungus showed strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 30.0 g mL-1 and AAI of 1.04. Furthermore, the IC50 values for two fungal extracts from the leaf and pistil nutmeg were less than 100 g.mL-1. The three fungi with IC50 less than 100 g.mL-1 were identified as Phomopsis sp.
Isolation and characterization mercury-resistant bacteria from gold mining in Lebong, Bengkulu
Authors: Setiawan R , Wibowo R H , Sipriyadi  , Mashudi  , Wulandari G D
Published: December 2023

Lebong a regency in Bengkulu Province, possesses prominent potential in gold mining. This mining activity is conducted through amalgamation techniques, resulting in the deposition of mining residue containing mercury, subsequently leading to environmental pollution. Recognizing the hazards associated with such pollution, it becomes imperative to mitigate the presence of mercury through effective remediation strategies. Bioremediation, utilizing Mercury Resistant Bacteria (MRB), widely known as a viable method for mitigating mercury contamination. This study aims to isolate and characterize MRB to facilitate their potential application in addressing heavy metal pollution. This study involved the isolation and characterization of MRB through morphological observations, Gram staining, and biochemical tests (glucose, sucrose, fructose, citrate utilization, starch hydrolysis, urease activity, and catalase production). A total of 43 bacterial isolates were obtained from water, sediment, and soil samples collected from surrounding gold mining waste disposal. Among these isolates, bacteria resistant to mercury were selected on NA supplemented with various concentrations of mercury. Five potential candidates of MRB were identified, with the highest mercury concentration tested being 1000 ppm. Based on identification using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, it was determined that four out of the five isolates belonged was Pseudomonas, while another belonged to Staphylococcus.
Expression of human papillomavirus genotype 52 pseudovirus in HEK-293T cells
Authors: Kusumawati A , Septisetyani E P , Triratna L , Umami R N , Hertati A , Mustopa A Z
Published: December 2023

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the predominant cause of cervical cancer globally. HPV genotype 52 is categorized as a high-risk type and holds the highest prevalence in Indonesia (23.2 %). The HPV pseudovirus can be used to test the immunogenicity of HPV vaccine candidates and evaluate the neutralization efficiency of the antibodies against the virus. The aim of this study was to express the HPV52 L1 and L2 capsid protein into pseudovirion containing the GFP reporter plasmid (pfwB) in HEK-293T cells. HPV52 L1 and L2 coding plasmid (pVITRO52) along with pfwB were amplified in E. coli. The plasmids were extracted and co-transfected using polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based transfection method into the HEK-293T cells. The expression of HPV52 pseudoviruses were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and western blot method. Co-transfection of HPV52 L1 and L2 coding plasmid (pVITRO52) along with pfWB into the HEK-293T cells was successfully carried out. The co–transfected HEK-293T cells showed fluorescence. The western blot assay using HPV52 L1 protein primary antibody showed a band around ∼55 kDa. In the future, the results of this study will be used to evaluate the immunogenicity and neutralization assay of HPV vaccine candidates.
The cloning of ESAT-6, EspC and Rv2029c genes obtained from an Indonesian tuberculosis-infected patient
Authors: Hidayah N , Pambudi S , Widayanti T , Suryanggono J , Luqman M , Mulyawati L , Nurlaila I , Novianti T , Nie N
Published: December 2023

Early secreted antigenic target of 6-kDa protein (ESAT-6), a protein related to tuberculosis virulence (EspC) and latent antigen Rv2029c are important biomarkers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevention. Recent advances in subunit protein vaccines offer promising solutions to the inadequacies of existing BCG vaccines. In this study, these antigens were cloned into pET plasmid series to express the genes using the Escherichia coli expression system. Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to amplify the target genes from genome DNA isolated from Indonesia tuberculosis-infected patient’s sputum. A 309 bp of ESAT-6 fragment and a 337 bp of EspC fragment were inserted into pET-21b. Meanwhile, the 1038 bp of Rv2029c fragment was inserted into pET-32b. All constructs were transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10 and screened on Luria Bertani agar media containing ampicillin. The transformants were subjected to colony PCR using T7 universal primers followed by plasmid isolation to confirm the recombination. All genes were successfully cloned into the pET plasmid series. These results serve as a basis for further studies to express the recombinant protein as a booster vaccine.
Expression of VP1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O originated from Indonesia in mammalian cells as potential immunogen
Authors: Widayanti T , Suryanggono J , Pambudi S , Maryam R
Published: December 2023

In 2022, Indonesia experienced foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak resulting in the death of hundreds of cattle; after more than 30 years, the country maintained FMD-free status. The FMD viral polypeptides-1 (VP1) protein contains major antigenic sites, making the protein have an important role in diagnostic applications or vaccine development. In this study, a synthetic codon-optimized vp1 gene from FMD virus serotype O was integrated into pcDNA3.1 vector and transformed to Escherichia coli TOP10F’ for plasmid propagation. The pcDNA3.1-1D-VP1 FMDV plasmid was then verified using agarose gel, showing in 659 bp size of the DNA fragment. The VP1 recombinant plasmid was transfected into HEK293T cells in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Protein profiles were determined with SDS-PAGE showing target protein at 33KDa. Protein expression was confirmed by in-cell western assay using anti-VP1 type O polyclonal antibody and IRDye® 800CW goat anti-rabbit IgG as the secondary antibody. The result revealed a high-intensity fluorescence signal, indicating a strong interaction between expressed protein and anti-VP1 antibody. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the potential for VP1 protein to be used as an immunogen in vaccine or diagnostic development against FMD infection. Nonetheless, some additional studies should be conducted.
Enhanced tolerance of IPB CP1 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) transgenic expressing superoxide dismutase gene under high temperature stress
Authors: Musawira  , Miftahudin  , Tjahjoleksono A , Hamim
Published: December 2023

IPB CP1 potato potentially has high economic value as a raw material for potato chip industry. Unfortunately, potato is quite sensitive to abiotic stresses such as high temperature. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that detoxify Reactive Oxygen Species formed as a result of stress. The study aimed to determine the tolerance of CP1 transgenic potato and its production under high temperature stress. Potato was planted in Sentul, Bogor at the altitude of ±700 meters above sea level with a minimum and maximum average temperature ranges of 22.5-25.3 °C and 31.2-39.1 °C, respectively. The results showed that the transgenic plants have taller habitus, more leaves, and bigger stem diameter than that of non-transgenic plants. The transgenic plants had also higher chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic rate than that of non-transgenic plants. In addition, the activity of SOD and catalase enzymes in the transgenic plants were higher than that of non-transgenic plants. Conversely, the content of malondialdehyde in the transgenic plants was lower than that of the non-transgenic plants. The average tuber weight of the transgenic plants was 20.97 g per plant. The research shows that the transgenic plant demonstrates more tolerant to high temperature stress than non-transgenic plant.
‘Demon’ quasiparticle spotted
Authors: Cartlidge Edwin
Published: December 2023

Almost 70 years after it was first proposed, researchers have observed Pines’ demon unexpectedly after bombarding exotic metal with electrons, as Edwin Cartlidge reports
US funds $1.2bn pilot to remove CO2 from atmosphere
Authors: Gwynne Peter
Published: December 2023

The US Department of Energy (DOE) has announced plans to build two commercial-scale pilot plants that would remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through direct air capture.