bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of small carbon fiber-reinforced polymers for X-ray imaging simulation
Authors: Bliznakova K , Dermitzakis A , Bliznakov Z , Kamarianakis Z , Buliev I , Pallikarakis N
Published: September 2014

A methodology for generation of realistic three-dimensional software models of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) structures, dedicated for use in simulation studies of advanced X-ray imaging techniques for non-destructive testing (NDT), has been developed, implemented, and evaluated. Two CFRP models are presented in this paper, one built as a set of stacked layers that contain continuous carbon bundles and a second as a braided textile from woven carbon bundles. The following CFRP defects were modeled: porosity, missing carbon bundles, and non-carbon inclusions. X-ray projection images were generated using an in-house developed X-ray imaging simulator. The obtained preliminary visual and quantitative validation results showed an overall good correlation of characteristics between synthetic and experimental data radiographs and justify the use of this model for research in CFRP X-ray imaging. The application of the CFRP model is demonstrated in a feasibility study that aims to computationally evaluate the appropriateness of two advanced X-ray imaging techniques: cone-beam CT (CBCT) and tomosynthesis (limited arc tomography), as inspection techniques for NDT of CFRP parts. The simulation showed that in all cases the CBCT approach outperformed both conventional radiography and tomosynthesis in terms of defect characterization and visualization.
Let Our Students Be Our Guides
Authors: Jett Christopher C. , McNeal Curry Kezia , Vernon-Jackson Sandra
Published: September 2014

This case study examines the PreK-16 schooling experiences of nine McNair Post-Baccalaureate Achievement Program Scholars from a large, urban university in the southeast with respect to culturally relevant teaching. This study highlights the experiences of the McNair Scholars in an effort to assist educators in creating spaces that allow culturally diverse learners to thrive. Using students’ experiences to guide this study, the authors discover that the McNair Scholars were successful in their educational pursuits despite some barriers. Furthermore, the authors discuss implications at the micro- and macro-levels concerning culturally responsive learning environments for ethnically diverse students.
Trends in labour force participation of older men: Examining the influence of policy reforms, normative change and deindustrialization in the Netherlands, 1992–2009
Authors: Visser Mark , Gesthuizen Maurice , Kraaykamp Gerbert , Wolbers Maarten HJ
Published: September 2014

This study examines trends in labour force participation of older men (55–64 years) in the Netherlands between 1992 and 2009 using Dutch Labour Force Survey data. In this period, the share of early retirees and disability recipients steadily decreased, while labour force participation of Dutch older men increased. The authors characterize these developments both theoretically and empirically in terms of policy reforms, normative change and deindustrialization. More specifically, institutional early retirement arrangements were abolished due to the rising costs associated with the ageing of the Dutch population. Older men, therefore, became more likely to be employed, unemployed or disabled compared to early retired between 1992 and 2009. The authors also find that deindustrialization increases the chances of employment for older men with a university degree. Moreover, a shrinking industry sector is particularly harmful for the lowest educated older men, as their likelihood to be in unemployment increases compared to early retirement.
“When We Do Sit Down Together”
Authors: Jarrett Robin L. , Bahar Ozge Sensoy , Kersh Renique T.
Published: September 2014

Regular family meal times have been associated with enhanced family cohesion and positive developmental outcomes for children–youth, especially in White and/or middle-class families. Less is known about the meal time experiences of low-income African American families. Guided by a family resilience perspective, this study examines meal times among a sample of low-income African American caregivers of preschoolers in an inner-city neighborhood. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews and a photo elicitation interview with 11 low-income African American caregivers about their family meal time experiences. We found that caregivers valued family meal times and acknowledged their benefits for family life. However, competing demands such as family schedules, household configurations, chores, time pressures, fast food restaurants, and low-wage work affected the schedule and structure of meal times. This study adds to discussions of family meal times among low-income African American families and provides suggestions for enhancing mealtimes through culturally and developmentally appropriate interventions.
Predictors of paraplegia with current thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Authors: Wongkornrat Wanchai , Yamamoto Shin , Sekine Yuji , Ono Makoto , Fujikawa Takuya , Oshima Susumu , Sasaguri Shiro
Published: September 2014

Background

Although the results of surgical repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm continue to improve, the incidence of paraplegia remains within a wide range depending on each institution. The purpose of this study was to find predictors of paraplegia following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair in our institute, using the current spinal cord protection strategies.

Methods

From January 2007 to December 2011, 200 consecutive patients underwent thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Of these, 24 (12%) had Crawford extent I repair, 82 (41%) had extent II, 51 (25.5%) had extent III, 10 (5%) had extent IV, and 33 (16.5%) had extent V (modified by Safi). Aortic dissection was present in 101 (50.5%) patients. Adjuncts used during the procedures included left heart bypass in all patients, cerebrospinal fluid drainage in 164 (82%), and intercostal artery reimplantation in 76 (38%).

Results

There were 20 (10%) hospital deaths including 6 (3%) within 30 days; hospital mortality was 8.8% in elective operations. Postoperative complications included paraplegia in 17 (8.5%) patients, stroke in 5 (2.5%), and acute renal failure requiring dialysis in 5 (2.5%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that significant factors for the development of paraplegia were preoperative hypotension ( p = 0.005, odds ratio 18.5), intraoperative hypotension ( p = 0.001, odds ratio 77.6), and an open distal anastomosis technique ( p = 0.012, odds ratio 4.6).

Conclusions

The predictors of postoperative paraplegia in our institution were perioperative hypotension and an open distal anastomosis technique. Avoidance of these risk factors might diminish the incidence of postoperative paraplegia.
A Multi-Sample Investigation of the Assessment and Locomotion Scales in a Population of Secondary School Students
Authors: Hodis Flaviu A.
Published: September 2014

Understanding human motivation requires gauging individuals’ strivings to be effective in controlling goal pursuits and establishing the truth about themselves and their experiences. Two constructs, assessment and locomotion, capture well truth and control strivings, respectively. The validation process of the instruments measuring assessment and locomotion involved university students and army personnel. As a result, it is currently unknown whether these instruments offer reliable and valid measurements of the constructs for younger respondents. To bridge this important gap, this study used data from two independent large samples of secondary school students. Findings show that slight modifications of the original locomotion scale made it appropriate for use with this population. Although the assessment instrument required more alterations, the changes needed are simple, straightforward to implement, and unlikely to affect significantly the conceptual breadth of the measured construct.
A comparative mechanical and biocompatibility study of poly(ε-caprolactone), hybrid poly(ε-caprolactone)–silk, and silk nanofibers by colloidal electrospinning technique for tissue engineering
Authors: Sheikh Faheem A , Ju Hyung Woo , Moon Bo Mi , Park Hyun Jung , Kim Jung-Ho , Kim Soo Hyeon , Lee Ok Joo , Park Chan Hum
Published: September 2014

Poly(ε-caprolactone) is an established polymer used in the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Poly(ε-caprolactone)’s intrinsic hydrophobicity and toxicity, however, is greater than other natural polymers which limits its applicability. In this study, these problems were addressed by the modification of poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers with nanoparticles made from natural polymers, such as silk fibroin. Silk fibroin nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation and blended with poly(ε-caprolactone) to form a colloidal solution capable of forming nanofibers by electrospinning. Fabricated silk fibroin nanoparticles and three different nanofibers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, variable pressure field emission scanning electron microscope, contact angle, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, as well as an evaluation of their mechanical properties. The hybrid nanofibers incorporated with silk nanoparticles improved water absorbability compared to pure poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers and had much better mechanical properties than the silk fibroin nanofibers. The cytotoxicity and cell attachment tests were carried by culturing NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with the nanofibers. The hybrid nanofibers exhibited better cell viability and cell attachment than the pure poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers. Furthermore, the silk fibroin nanoparticles improved the water contact angle and enhanced cell interaction compared to the unmodified poly(ε-caprolactone). Based on these results, the modification of poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers with silk nanoparticles is a promising strategy for the improvement of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based nanofibers for future tissue engineering applications.
Accuracy of Parent‐Reported Energy Intake and Physical Activity Levels in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Elliott Sarah A. , Davidson Zoe E. , Davies Peter S. W. , Truby Helen
Published: September 2014

Background: In a clinical setting, collecting information on dietary intake and physical activity is an essential component of nutrition assessment. Parent‐ or self‐reported measures may be an acceptable method to ascertain important information on dietary habits and physical activity levels (PALs). This article aims to investigate whether parents can accurately report physical activity and dietary energy intake (EI) in ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods: Four‐day parent‐reported physical activity diaries were used for estimated PALs. Estimated EI was measured (by parents) concurrently using a 3‐day food and drink diary. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using doubly labeled water over 10 days. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using indirect calorimetry. Measured PALs were derived from TEE/REE. Results: Dietary intake and energy expenditure assessments were completed for 14 boys with a mean age of 8.44 ± 1.90 years. No statistical difference was detected between mean parental estimated EI (1645 kcal/d) and TEE (1785 kcal/d). PALs were measured and estimated in 6 of the boys. Again, there was no statistically significant difference between measured (1.37) and parental estimated (1.45) PALs. Bland‐Altman analysis demonstrated that the bias between the measurement instruments was consistent across a range of EI and PAL values. Conclusions: Parent‐reported dietary intake and physical activity diaries could provide a simple and cost‐effective assessment of EI and habitual physical activity in groups of boys with DMD.
Effects of bioactive cements incorporating zinc-bioglass nanoparticles on odontogenic and angiogenic potential of human dental pulp cells
Authors: Zhang Jun , Park Yong-Duk , Bae Won-Jung , El-Fiqi Ahmed , Shin Song-Hee , Lee Eun-Jung , Kim Hae-Won , Kim Eun-Cheol
Published: September 2014

Background

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of bioactive calcium phosphate cements (CPC, α-tricalcium phosphate-based) incorporating zinc-bioglass (ZnBG) on the odontogenic differentiation and angiogenesis of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).

Methods

BGs with varying concentrations of Zn (0, 2.5 and 5%) were produced via a sol-gel process. The proliferation of HDPCs on CPC/BGs was determined by MTS assay. Alizarin red staining, RT-PCR, and ALP activity were used to assess odontogenic differentiation, and western blot analysis was used to asses signaling pathways. In vitro angiogenesis was examined via mRNA expression of angiogenic genes and tubule formation.

Results

All cement formulations showed no cytotoxicity. The CPCs with ZnBG showed increased ALP activity, enhanced formation of mineralized nodules, and upregulated mRNA expression of DMP-1, DSPP, Runx2, and osterix in a time- and dose-dependent manner, relative to CPCs without Zn. ZnBG upregulated integrins α1, α2, β1, and β3 and activated integrin downstream signal pathways, such as p-FAK, p-Akt, p-paxillin, RhoA, MAPK, and NF-κB, as well as canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling. In addition, ZnBG upregulated VEGF mRNA in HDPCs and increased the tubular structure in endothelial cells.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that ZnBG incorporated within CPCs activates odontogenic differentiation and promotes angiogenesis in vitro through integrin, Wnt, MAPK, and NF-κB pathways. Thus, CPCs incorporating ZnBG are promising matrices in tissue engineering to stimulate endodontic regeneration.
Beyond the Blind Date
Authors: Weiss Margaret P. , Pellegrino Anthony , Regan Kelley , Mann Linda
Published: September 2014

Given the current climate of accountability, teachers must collaborate across disciplines to meet the diverse needs of students. Few, however, are prepared to collaborate in school settings upon completing teacher preparation programs. In this article, a participatory action research study undertaken by teacher educators who approached the lack of cross-disciplinary collaborations in two teacher preparation programs by developing and implementing a co-taught course on collaboration for general and special education teachers is presented. The described process was informed by interviews, observations, and analysis of course materials. Results contribute to the development of a framework for educator collaborations in higher education.
Aerofoil behaviour at high angles of attack and at Reynolds numbers appropriate for small wind turbines
Authors: Du Longhuan , Berson Arganthaël , Dominy Robert G
Published: September 2014

The aerodynamic characteristics of a NACA0018 aerofoil have been investigated experimentally for incidence angles ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] in closed-jet and open-jet wind tunnels with different blockage coefficients at Reynolds numbers from 60,000 to 140,000. The results provide a comprehensive data set for studying the performance of typical, small-scale Darrieus wind turbine blades which mainly operate at relatively low Reynolds number and experience extreme angles of attack, particularly during start-up. Measurements in both very high and very low blockage, open-jet wind tunnels capture a “second-stall” phenomenon at high angles of attack, but this behaviour is not observed in the closed-jet wind tunnel confirming the sensitivity of aerofoil performance at extreme incidence to wind tunnel configuration. Surface flow visualisation suggests that the “second-stall” occurs when the flow separation point near the leading edge of the aerofoil moves from the suction side to the pressure side which leads to a sudden change of wake structure. In the closed-jet wind tunnel, the tunnel walls constrain the wake and prevent the flow from switching from one regime to another. The measured data are also used to demonstrate that established wind tunnel blockage corrections break down under these extreme, post-stall angles of attack.
Residual stress in geometric features subjected to laser shock peening
Authors: Achintha M , Nowell D
Published: September 2014

This article reports selected findings from a collaborative research study into the fundamental understanding of laser shock peening (LSP), when applied to key airframe and aero-engine alloys. The analyses developed include explicit simulations of the peening process together with a simpler eigenstrain approach, which may be used to provide an approximation to the residual stress field in a number of geometries. These are chosen to represent parts of structural components under conditions relevant to service applications. The article shows that the eigenstrain approach can provide good approximations to the stress field in most circumstances and may provide a computationally efficient tool for exploring different peening strategies. Both explicit and eigenstrain results demonstrate that the interaction between the LSP process and geometric features is important for understanding the subsequent performance of components. Particularly relevant for engineering applications is that not all instances of LSP application may provide an improvement in structural integrity.
Potential persons and the welfare of the (potential) child test
Authors: Walker Samuel E. P.
Published: September 2014

This article considers and critiques the theoretical basis of section 13(5) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (HFE Act),1 which requires the welfare of the potential child to be taken into account when considering whether parents should be given access to fertility treatment. It will be argued that potential persons, that is, persons who do not yet exist, have no claims, interests or standing that can restrict the actions of actual persons. This claim will be based upon the necessity of existence before things can be said to affect a person. As persons are the subjects for whom ‘good’ and ‘bad’ outcomes apply, actions which establish the preconditions for their existence cannot be subjected to considerations of the effect on the potential person. This is because potential persons are not affected by actions, but are the consequence of actions. Prospective parents, for example, should not be prohibited from having disabled offspring on the basis of the effect on the child, as different decisions relating to that child will change which persons exist, and thus the necessary preconditions for value will change. Based upon this existential framework, it will be argued that only the interests of actual persons can constrain the actions of those involved in reproduction. Thus, the HFE Act’s formulation of the welfare test must be repealed and only the interests of prospective parents and other actually existing people should be capable of constraining reproduction.
Meshless analysis of piezoelectric sensor embedded in composite floor panel
Authors: Stanak Peter , Tadeu António , Sladek Jan , Sladek Vladimir
Published: September 2014

Piezoelectric materials are the key element in various sensors and sensory devices used in industry and research. In this article, we use the meshless local Petrov–Galerkin method to analyze a three-dimensional piezoelectric sensor that is embedded in a composite floor panel. Temporal variation of panel deformation is determined analytically and then prescribed as a boundary condition for the sensor. In the proposed formulation, quasi-static governing equations for the electric field and elastodynamic equations for mechanical fields are coupled together. Local integral equations are derived from the local weak form of the governing equations, using a Heaviside step function as the test function. Nodal points are distributed in the analyzed domain, and each node is the center of a small subdomain of spherical shape. The spatial variations of the displacement and electric potential are approximated by the moving least squares scheme. A system of ordinary differential equations is obtained after evaluation of all spatial integrals. The Houbolt finite-difference scheme is applied to solve this system of ordinary differential equations as a time-stepping method. The temporal variation of the induced electric field is finally obtained. It is shown that significant peak amplitudes of the electric field are detected at the top of the sensor.
Diagnostic Technologies in Practice
Authors: Grace Daniel , Steinberg Malcolm , Kwag Michael , Chown Sarah A. , Doupe Glenn , Trussler Terry , Rekart Michael , Gilbert Mark
Published: September 2014

Diagnosing HIV-positive gay men through enhanced testing technologies that detect acute HIV infection (AHI) or recent HIV infection provides opportunities for individual and population health benefits. We recruited 25 men in British Columbia who received an acute ( n = 13) or recent ( n = 12) HIV diagnosis to engage in a longitudinal multiple-methods study over one year or longer. Our thematic analysis of baseline qualitative interviews revealed insights within men’s accounts of technologically mediated processes of HIV discovery and diagnosis. Our analysis illuminated the dialectic of new HIV technologies in practice by considering the relationship between advances in diagnostics (e.g., nucleic acid amplification tests) and the users of these medical technologies in clinical settings (e.g., clients and practitioners). Technological innovations and testing protocols have shifted experiences of learning of one’s HIV-positive status; these innovations have created new diagnostic categories that require successful interpretation and translation to be rendered meaningful, to alleviate uncertainty, and to support public health objectives.
Donepezil-Induced Myoclonus in a Patient With Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Bougea Anastasia , Gerakoulis Stathis , Anagnostou Evangelos , Paraskevas George , Kapaki Elisabeth , Kararizou Evangelia
Published: September 2014

Objective: To report an uncommon adverse event in an elderly patient related to the cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil. Case Summary: An 80-year-old Greek woman with Alzheimer disease was admitted to the hospital with a sudden onset of myoclonus in both upper and lower extremities after receiving 30 mg of donepezil daily for 25 days. After 36 hours of donepezil remission, the frequency of the myoclonic jerks was sharply reduced. The patient remains asymptomatic after 6 months of follow-up. Discussion: Our literature search yielded only 2 cases of myoclonus in relation to memantine, which has a different action with donepezil; to our knowledge, this is the first report of generalized myoclonus induced by donepezil overdosing. Based on the Naranjo probability scale it was probable that the patient’s myoclonus was related to donepezil because of clear temporal proximity and lack of alternative explanations. Conclusions: Clinicians should take into consideration therapeutic drug monitoring in the event of a potentially rare serious adverse reaction. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible role of donepezil in the pathophysiology of myoclonus.
Effect of Pathology on Union of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis
Authors: Korim Muhammad Tawfiq , Allen Patricia E.
Published: September 2014

Background:

Arthrodesis is an established treatment for symptomatic degeneration of the first metatarsophalangeal (MP) joint. The published case series have often been small with different surgeons using a variety of joint preparation and fixation methods. The nonunion frequency comparing the different pathologies has not been described. We describe the senior author’s results comparing the union of an MP arthrodesis in hallux valgus, hallux rigidus, inflammatory arthropathy, and salvage surgery with identical joint preparation and fixation methods.

Methods:

The logbook of the senior author was used to identify the first MP joint arthrodeses from 2003 to 2011. The radiographic data were reviewed on the Picture Archiving and Communication system to assess the severity of deformity, radiographic union, type of fixation, and need for revision surgery. If there was no definite radiographic union of the last radiograph, the medical notes were reviewed. In all, 134 MP joint arthrodeses were performed in 78 females and 38 males, with a mean age of 65 ± 12 years (range, 20-94). Fixation was achieved by crossed screws (124) and dorsal plate (10). The primary diagnoses were hallux valgus in 49 joints (36.6%), hallux rigidus in 46 joints (34%), inflammatory arthropathy in 34 joints (25.4%), and salvage surgery in 5 joints (3.7%).

Results:

The overall radiographic union rate was 91.8% (123/134). There were significantly more nonunions in the hallux valgus group (14.3% vs 0%, OR 16, P = .05).

Conclusion:

Biplanar cuts and crossed screw fixation gave similar union frequencies to published case series. Hallux valgus was associated with higher nonunion frequencies in this single surgeon series. It may be that the hallux valgus group needs a stronger construct to achieve comparable union frequencies to the hallux rigidus group.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Children’s Executive Function and High-Calorie, Low-Nutrient Food Intake
Authors: Tate Eleanor B. , Unger Jennifer B. , Chou Chih-Ping , Spruijt-Metz Donna , Pentz Mary Ann , Riggs Nathaniel R.
Published: September 2014

Objective. This study tested the relationships among child executive function (EF), child-perceived parent fast food intake, and child self-reported subsequent consumption of high-calorie, low-nutrient (HCLN) food. Design. One year and 6-month longitudinal observation from a larger randomized controlled trial. Setting. Southern California elementary schools. Participants. Fourth- and fifth-grade children ( N = 1,005) participating in the Pathways to Health obesity prevention program. Results. Child EF problems were associated with higher concurrent HCLN intake (B = 0.29, SE = 0.10, p < .001) and had a significant indirect effect through higher perceived frequency of parent fast food intake ( indirect effect = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.11, 0.25], p < .001). Longitudinally, child EF problems did not significantly predict higher HCLN intake a year and a half later (B = 0.01, SE = 0.10, p = .92, n = 848) but did have a significant indirect effect through higher perceived parent fast food intake ( indirect effect = 0.05, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.10], p < .001). Conclusions. Children’s EF difficulties may increase their perception of parent concurrent fast food intake, contributing to their own unhealthy food intake. However, EF problems may not directly affect HCLN intake across time, except when problems are associated with child perception of more frequent parent consumption of convenience foods. Future research is needed to investigate the possibility that helping children perceive and understand role models’ convenience food consumption may improve child dietary consumption patterns.
Exploring Caregiver Behavior and Knowledge About Unsafe Sleep Surfaces in Infant Injury Death Cases
Authors: Chu Tracy , Hackett Martine , Kaur Navpreet
Published: September 2014

Objectives. In the United States, infant deaths due to sleep-related injuries have quadrupled over the past two decades. One of the major risk factors is the placement of an infant to sleep on a surface other than a crib or bassinet. This study examines contextual circumstances and knowledge and behaviors that may contribute to the placement of infants on an unsafe sleep surface in infant injury death cases. Method. This study employed a retrospective review of 255 sleep-related injury death cases in New York City from 2004 to 2010 where an infant was found sleeping on an unsafe sleep surface. Mixed-methods analyses, employing both quantitative analysis of vital statistics data and risk variables extracted from the medical examiner files and qualitative analysis of the narrative content of the files, were conducted. Results. In 48% of cases, a crib or bassinet was identified in the home. Quantitative analysis revealed no significant differences in demographic or risk factor characteristics between infants who had a crib or bassinet and those who did not. Qualitative analysis highlighted factors in caregivers’ decision making related to situational convenience, preference, and misconceptions concerning safe infant sleep. The health belief model (HBM), specifically the constructs of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers, was used as a lens to understand factors associated with caregiver behavior. Conclusions. This study provides evidence that infants are at risk of sleep-related injury death even when a crib or bassinet is present. Understanding the factors that may influence safe sleep behaviors can help produce more appropriate interventions.
The long struggle: An agonistic perspective on penal development
Authors: Goodman Philip , Page Joshua , Phelps Michelle
Published: September 2014

Bringing together insights from macro-level theory about “mass imprisonment” and micro-level case studies of contemporary punishment, this article presents a mid-level agonistic perspective on penal change in the USA. Using the case of the “rise and fall” of the rehabilitative ideal in California, we spotlight struggle as a central mechanism that intensifies the variegated (and sometimes contradictory) nature of punishment and drives penal development. The agonistic perspective posits that penal development is fueled by ongoing, low-level struggle among actors with varying amounts and types of resources. Like plate tectonics, friction among those with a stake in punishment periodically escalates to seismic events and long-term shifts in penal orientations, pushing one perspective or another to the fore over time. These conflicts do not occur in a vacuum; rather, large-scale trends in the economy, politics, social sentiments, inter-group relations, demographics, and crime affect—but do not fully determine—struggles over punishment and penal outcomes.
Family quality of life and child psychological well-being in Palestine: A pilot case study
Authors: Veronese Guido , Fiore Francesca , Castiglioni Marco , Natour Miras
Published: September 2014

Bringing to bear an ecological perspective on functioning and well-being, the present work investigated the relationship between impact of trauma in children living in war-like conditions and their parents’ quality of life (QoL). Seventy-four school-aged children completed self-report measures assessing their personal life satisfaction and perceptions of parental support. Fifty-three parents completed self-report measures assessing their own quality of life.

Findings

Although these Palestinian children presented a moderate degree of traumatization, they nonetheless continued to display considerable resources and functioning factors in terms of satisfaction with their families, school and environment. However, ‘social suffering’ on the part of families, which impacts on economic, social, political, and cultural aspects of health and well-being, may undermine the resources that children can draw on in adjusting to trauma.

Applications

Clinical and social work interventions should be targeted at strengthening aspects of positive functioning, rather than at ‘correcting’ symptoms protecting Palestinian social capital, in terms of cohesion at the levels of clan, family and community networks.
The Big Tent Effect
Authors: Stout Christopher T. , Garcia Jennifer R.
Published: September 2014

In this study, we assess whether Blacks and/or Latinos are more likely to identify with political parties that nominate a U.S. House candidate who shares their race/ethnicity using the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES). Our results indicate that Blacks are more likely to identify with both the Democratic and Republican Party when they nominate successful Black candidates for the House of Representatives. To assess the temporal order of the relationship, we examine the differences in Black Democratic partisanship before and after Obama’s election to the White House and changes in Republican partisanship among Blacks in districts before and after the nomination of a successful Black Republican candidate. In combination, we find that both political parties can make gains in the Black community through the nomination of co-racial candidates. While descriptive candidates consistently influence Black partisanship, we find that Latino partisanship is not significantly affected by the presence of co-ethnic candidates.
Surviving mechanisms of power in immigration strategies: embracing Otherness and pluralisms
Authors: Marino Sara
Published: September 2014

The recent waves of immigration towards Europe are questioning our capacity to embrace Otherness, despite the well-acclaimed multiculturalism and hybridisation upon which Western societies have been built. Tension is building fast along the perceived ‘explosion’ of borders, and many immigrants are excluded from civic and political participation through discrimination, racism and xenophobia. The marginal positions of such minorities render them easily identifiable as scapegoats, susceptible to blame for problems that are, in fact, domestic. This article will investigate the mechanisms of power that still inform and redirect our immigration policies by looking at how the idea of ‘Otherness’ is embraced and understood. Desired outcomes include the opportunity to critically debate the relationship between citizenship and multiculturalism from a transnational perspective that privileges the practices of hybridisation and permeability against the ethnically oriented preservation of cultures.
Treatment strategies for radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Worden Francis
Published: September 2014

Until recently, no truly effective treatment options have existed for patients with radioactive iodine (RAI)-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), a serious disease with poor prognosis. In November 2013, the targeted multikinase inhibitor, sorafenib, was approved for use in these patients based on substantially improved progression-free survival compared with placebo. A number of other targeted agents, including lenvatinib, are being investigated in phase II and phase III trials. With the advent of these new treatment options, practitioners are faced with making important decisions in determining which patients are candidates for systemic treatment and the optimal timing for treatment initiation. Since patients may remain asymptomatic for a protracted period of time, tumor size and growth rate are the primary considerations for making these choices. Proactive management of side effects is also critical in optimizing the effectiveness of treatment. Here we review targeted systemic agents that are either in use or are under investigation for RAI-refractory DTC and provide recommendations on the rationale for initiating systemic treatment and on managing adverse events. Four illustrative case studies are provided.
The Influence of Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment in Portugal’s Hotel Industry
Authors: López-Cabarcos M. Ángeles , Machado-Lopes-Sampaio-de Pinho Ana Isabel , Vázquez-Rodríguez Paula
Published: September 2014

A survey of employees at four- and five-star hotels in the north of Portugal found that employees who feel they are treated fairly may develop higher levels of job satisfaction, and, in turn, higher levels of organizational commitment. A key variable in this context is the influence of employees’ perceptions of workplace fairness. The study tested three forms of organizational justice—distributive justice, interactional justice, and procedural justice—as they influence three types of organizational commitment: affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment. Of the three types of justice, procedural justice is related to all organizational commitment components, distributive justice is not related to any of them, and interactional justice is not related to affective commitment, and is actually negatively related to normative and continuance commitment. The study also tested the relationship of job satisfaction with the other variables. The results indicate tha job satisfaction significantly influences affective and normative commitment, while distributive justice and interactional justice do in fact influence job satisfaction.
Pain services and palliative medicine – an integrated approach to pain management in the cancer patient
Authors: O’Brien Tony , Kane Christopher M
Published: September 2014

The vast majority of cancer patients will experience pain during the course of their illness. Thankfully, in most instances, the consistent application of analgesic guidelines, tailored to the unique needs of each individual patient, will deliver a satisfactory outcome. These guidelines recommend the skilled use of analgesic medications, often in conjunction with a range of adjuvant therapies as may be required. Despite the consistent and rational application of such strategies, it is recognised that a small but significant proportion of cancer patients continue to experience more refractory pain. In addition, these patients may experience a plethora of unwanted dose-limiting side effects associated with their analgesic medication, sometimes even at low dose. All such patients with more complex and refractory pain syndromes require a more comprehensive review and many will require interventional therapy and/or adjuvant approaches. Unfortunately, the availability and accessibility of such services are variable. Even in circumstances in which palliative medicine and pain services co-exist in the same region, there may be poor integration between the two services. Each specialty area holds a unique set of skills and competencies, yet there is considerable overlap. Patient care and outcomes will be enhanced by establishing more formal relationships between these two specialty areas.
What is care coordination?
Authors: Schultz Ellen M , McDonald Kathryn M
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Care coordination is a high-priority area for improvement across healthcare systems, but no consensus definition of care coordination exists.

Methods

This article reviews published definitions of the term “care coordination,” identifies common themes among them, and presents a broad working definition of care coordination.

Results

The review identified 57 unique definitions of care coordination, ranging widely in the scope of participants, settings, and care processes included. Five major themes emerged from the definitions: care coordination involves numerous participants, is necessitated by interdependence among participants and activities, requires knowledge of others’ roles and resources, relies on information exchange, and aims to facilitate appropriate healthcare delivery. Only one definition identified included all five themes, and no one theme was found in a clear majority of definitions. The synthesized themes were incorporated into a broad working definition of care coordination, which has resulted in numerous uses (e.g. guide for systematic review of interventions, development of a measures repository, reference for this journal’s recast focus on the subject).

Discussion

Some ambiguity remains about the definition of care coordination, but the breadth of definitions in use underscores its widespread recognition as important for high-quality care. Even as understanding of care coordination continues to evolve, broad and flexible definitions can help guide the iterative process of developing conceptual models, testing them empirically, refining models, generating evidence about what works best, and ultimately improving the quality of care.
Narrowing the gap between organisational demands and the quest for patient involvement: The case for coordinated care pathways
Authors: Faber Marjan J , Grande Stuart , Wollersheim Hub , Hermens Rosella , Elwyn Glyn
Published: September 2014

To improve healthcare, we currently observe two major developments. On the one hand, there is an increasing emphasis on including the patients’ perspective, for example in treatment decision making, during development of clinical guidelines and evaluation of care delivery services. On the other hand, healthcare providers are moving towards evidence-based care and standardising operating procedures, exemplified by the development of documented coordinated care pathways. These pathways typically focus on organisational and system requirements, which usually do not refer to patient involvement, nor indicate the need to be sensitive to differing patient needs. As a result, the structured process of developing and documenting care pathways seems to be at odds with the call to personalise care around the needs and preferences of the individual patient. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the conspicuous mismatch and show promising opportunities to address it.
Treatment Outcomes Among People Living With HIV Who Are Food Insecure and Prescribed Antiretrovirals Taken With Food
Authors: Kalichman Seth C. , Washington Christopher , Grebler Tamar , Hoyt Ginger , Welles Brandi , Merely Cindy , Kegler Christopher , Kalichman Moira O. , Cherry Chauncey
Published: September 2014

Background: Food insecurity is a known barrier to medication adherence among people living with HIV. Antiretroviral therapies (ART) that require food likely pose added challenges to patients who do not have reliable access to food. This study examines the health implications of prescribing ART that requires food to patients who are food insecure. Method: A community sample of 538 men and 221 women currently taking ART to treat their HIV infection completed computerized interviews, biweekly unannounced pill count adherence assessments, and obtained their HIV RNA (viral load) and CD4 cell count from medical records. Results: Sixty-three percent of participants experienced at least 1 indicator of food insecurity during the previous month, of which 274 (57%) were prescribed an ART regimen that requires food. Among participants who were food insecure, individuals taking ART requiring food indicated significantly greater HIV symptoms, had lower CD4 cell counts, and poorer HIV suppression. For participants who were food secure, those taking ART that requires food were significantly less adherent than those whose ART regimen does not require food. Conclusions: People living with HIV who experience food insecurity are significantly more likely to be prescribed ART regimens that require food and experience poorer treatment outcomes. Determination of optimal ART regimens should take patient access to food into account and treatment guidelines should explicitly highlight the importance of food access in selecting ART regimens.
Engaging With Patient Online Health Information Use
Authors: Gilmour Jean , Hanna Sue , Chan Helen , Strong Alison , Huntington Annette
Published: September 2014

Internet health information is used by patients for health care decision making. Research indicates this information is not necessarily disclosed in interactions with health professionals. This study investigated primary health care nurses’ engagement with patient online health information use along with the respondents’ disclosure of online sources to their personal health care provider. A questionnaire was posted to a random sample of 1,000 New Zealand nurses with 630 responses. Half the respondents assessed patients’ online use ( n = 324) and had encountered patients who had wrongly interpreted information. Health information quality evaluation activities with patients indicated the need for nursing information literacy skills. A majority of respondents (71%, n = 443) used online sources for personal health information needs; 36.3% ( n = 155) of the respondents using online sources did not tell their personal health care provider about information obtained. This study identifies that there are gaps in supporting patient use but more nursing engagement with online sources when compared with earlier studies.
Factors influencing treatment outcome in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: outcome of a prospective pragmatic trial in Asian patients
Authors: Goh Khean Lee , Choi Kee Don , Choi Myung-Gyu , Hsieh Tsai-Yuan , Jung Hwoon-Yong , Lien Han-Chung , Menon Jayaram , Mesenas Steven , Park Hyojin , Sheu Bor-Shyang , Wu Justin CY
Published: September 2014

Background

Predicting response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment can aid the effective management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The aim was to investigate the predictors of symptomatic response to pantoprazole in Asian patients with GERD; the first study of its kind in Asian patients.

Methods

Asian patients with GERD symptoms (N = 209) received pantoprazole 40 mg daily for 8 weeks in a multinational, prospective, open-label study. Response was assessed using ReQuest™. Baseline and demographic factors were examined using logistic regression to determine if they were related to treatment response.

Results

Response rates were 44.3% (Week 4) and 63.6% (Week 8) in Asian patients versus 60.7% (P < 0.001) and 72.2% (P = 0.010) for the rest of the world. Higher response rates at 8 weeks occurred in patients with erosive reflux disease (ERD; 71.3%) versus those with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) at baseline (48.5%). The presence of ERD (P = 0.0143) and lower ReQuest™-GI scores at baseline (P = 0.0222) were associated with response. Improvements in quality of life (QoL) and anxiety and depression at 4 and 8 weeks were associated with treatment response (bothP < 0.0001). Patient satisfaction correlated with treatment response (P < 0.0001), and improvement in anxiety and depression (P < 0.0001) and QoL (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Asian patients with GERD, especially those with NERD, may have lower response rates to PPIs than Western populations. ERD and less severe gastrointestinal symptoms may help to predict symptomatic responses to PPIs in Asian patients.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrial.gov identifier:NCT00312806.
Enhanced sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance phase-interrogation biosensor by using oblique deposited silver nanorods
Authors: Chung Hung-Yi , Chen Chih-Chia , Wu Pin Chieh , Tseng Ming Lun , Lin Wen-Chi , Chen Chih-Wei , Chiang Hai-Pang
Published: September 2014

Sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance phase-interrogation biosensor is demonstrated to be enhanced by oblique deposited silver nanorods. Silver nanorods are thermally deposited on silver nanothin film by oblique angle deposition (OAD). The length of the nanorods can be tuned by controlling the deposition parameters of thermal deposition. By measuring the phase difference between the p and s waves of surface plasmon resonance heterodyne interferometer with different wavelength of incident light, we have demonstrated that maximum sensitivity of glucose detection down to 7.1 × 10-8 refractive index units could be achieved with optimal deposition parameters of silver nanorods.
Multiple periodic solutions for resonant difference equations
Authors: Zhang Jianming , Wang Shuli , Liu Jinsheng , Cheng Yurong
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we study the existence of multiple periodic solutions for nonlinear second-order difference equations with resonance at origin. The approach is based on critical point theory, minimax methods, homological linking and Morse theory.