bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Particle-induced indentation of the alveolar epithelium caused by surface tension forces
Authors: Mijailovich S. M. , Kojic M. , Tsuda A.
Published: July 2010

Physical contact between an inhaled particle and alveolar epithelium at the moment of particle deposition must have substantial effects on subsequent cellular functions of neighboring cells, such as alveolar type-I, type-II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophage, as well as afferent sensory nerve cells, extending their dendrites toward the alveolar septal surface. The forces driving this physical insult are born at the surface of the alveolar air-liquid layer. The role of alveolar surfactant submerging a hydrophilic particle has been suggested by Gehr and Schürch's group (e.g., Respir Physiol 80: 17–32, 1990). In this paper, we extended their studies by developing a further comprehensive and mechanistic analysis. The analysis reveals that the mechanics operating in the particle-tissue interaction phenomena can be explained on the basis of a balance between surface tension force and tissue resistance force; the former tend to move a particle toward alveolar epithelial cell surface, the latter to resist the cell deformation. As a result, the submerged particle deforms the tissue and makes a noticeable indentation, which creates unphysiological stress and strain fields in tissue around the particle. This particle-induced microdeformation could likely trigger adverse mechanotransduction and mechanosensing pathways, as well as potentially enhancing particle uptake by the cells.
Sex-specific lung remodeling and inflammation changes in experimental allergic asthma
Authors: Antunes Mariana A. , Abreu Soraia C. , Silva Adriana L. , Parra-Cuentas Edwin R. , Ab'Saber Alexandre M. , Capelozzi Vera L. , Ferreira Tatiana P. T. , Martins Marco A. , Silva Patricia M. R. , Rocco Patricia R. M.
Published: July 2010

There is evidence that sex and sex hormones influence the severity of asthma. Airway and lung parenchyma remodeling and the relationship of ultrastructural changes to airway responsiveness and inflammation in male, female, and oophorectomized mice (OVX) were analyzed in experimental chronic allergic asthma. Seventy-two BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups ( n = 24/each): male, female, and OVX mice, whose ovaries were removed 7 days before the start of sensitization. Each group was further randomized to be sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) or saline. Twenty-four hours after the last challenge, collagen fiber content in airways and lung parenchyma, the volume proportion of smooth muscle-specific actin in alveolar ducts and terminal bronchiole, the amount of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, and the number of eosinophils and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were higher in female than male OVA mice. The response of OVX mice was similar to that of males, except that IL-5 remained higher. Nevertheless, after OVA provocation, airway responsiveness to methacholine was higher in males compared with females and OVX mice. In conclusion, sex influenced the remodeling process, but the mechanisms responsible for airway hyperresponsiveness seemed to differ from those related to remodeling.
Episodes of Overtreatment during the First Six Months in Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism and Their Relationships with Sustained Attention and Inhibitory Control at School Age
Authors: Álvarez M. , Iglesias Fernández C. , Rodríguez Sánchez A. , Dulín ĺñiguez E. , Rodríguez Arnao M.D.
Published: July 2010

Background/Aims: Contradictory results regarding the optimal initial dose of levothyroxine in children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) hamper the clinical management of these children during their early infancy. We explore the relationships between the initial dose of levothyroxine and endocrine control during the first 6 months and cognition at school age. Subjects and Methods: Fifty children with CH, 14 boys (10 ± 3.1 years) and 36 girls (9.7 ± 2.6 years), at the Pediatric Endocrine Unit of the Hospital Gregorio Marañón in Madrid were studied. Neurocognitive evaluation was carried out exploring alertness and inhibitory control. The number of episodes of overtreatment during the first 6 months, the initial dose of levothyroxine, etiology and sex were the predictor variables. Results: Inhibitory control was significantly lower in children with CH than in controls. An interaction with gender and etiology was obtained. Alertness had an inverse relationship with the number of episodes of overtreatment with no interaction with gender or etiology. Conclusion: Episodes of overtreatment and not the initial dose of levothyroxine are a risk factor for deficit in alertness whereas subtle inhibitory control deficit seems to be a permanent problem with the current therapeutic approach.
A Hybrid Approach in the Treatment of Post-Myocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect
Authors: Gulkarov Iosif M. , Anez-Bustillos Lorenzo , Wong S. Chiu , Salemi Arash
Published: July 2010

Development of ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare but serious complication of transmural myocardial infarction (MI). The incidence of post-MI VSDs is reduced significantly with thrombolytic therapy, yet mortality remains high. Surgical repair is difficult and can be complicated by a recurrent VSD in some cases. Percutaneous catheter-based closure techniques can be used to treat these patients. This case report demonstrates the successful application of a hybrid approach utilizing initial surgical and subsequent percutaneous techniques for the recurrence in the treatment of a post-MI VSD.
Hypertension: Detection and Management in South Africa
Authors: Rayner Brian
Published: July 2010

High blood pressure in South Africa is estimated to have caused 46,888 deaths and 390,860 disability-adjusted life years in 2000. Detection and management of hypertension remains suboptimal due to inadequate public health care facilities. Mass migration of rural blacks to urban areas and rapid changes in lifestyle and risk factors account for the rising prevalence of hypertension, but genetic factors may also play an important contributory role. Black South Africans also appear to be more prone to complications of hypertension, particularly stroke, heart failure, and hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and respond poorly to ACE inhibitors as monotherapy. Proactive public health interventions at a population level need to be introduced to control this growing epidemic.
Outcome of Hemodialysis Patients Who Had Failed Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Szeto Cheuk-Chun , Kwan Bonnie Ching-Ha , Chow Kai-Ming , Pang Wing-Fai , Kwong Vickie Wai-Ki , Leung Chi-Bon , Li Philip Kam-Tao
Published: July 2010

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) are often regarded as equivalent choices of renal replacement therapy. However, little is known about the outcome of patients who failed PD and converted to long-term HD. Methods: We reviewed 197 patients who received long-term HD after failed PD in a University hospital from 1994 to 2008 (the PD-first group) and 140 patients who received long-term HD as their initial therapy during that period (the primary-HD group). Their survival rates are compared. Results: The two groups are highly comparable in terms of baseline demographic data. The PD-first group required more temporary dialysis catheters than the primary-HD group (3.1 ± 3.4 vs. 1.5 ± 1.8, p < 0.0001). At 5 years, the actuarial survival of the PD-first group was significantly lower than that of the primary-HD group (39.9 vs. 59.7%, p < 0.0001), while technique survival was similar (30.4 vs. 30.1%, p = 0.7). When analysis on actuarial survival was performed for patients who survived the first 12 months on HD, the 5-year survival became similar (65.2 vs. 68.8%, p = 0.5). During the first 12 months on HD, independent predictors of actuarial survival of the PD-first group were duration of PD, Charlson’s comorbidity score, type of permanent access and serum albumin before conversion; after 12 months, independent predictors of actuarial survival were Charlson’s comorbidity score, total Kt/V, residual renal function, fat-free edema-free body mass before conversion and baseline peritoneal transport. Conclusion: Patients who were converted to long-term HD after failed PD had a higher mortality than patients who used HD as the primary modality of renal replacement therapy. The excessive mortality, however, was limited to the first 12 months after conversion, and the technique survival was similar between the two groups. Vascular access is a common problem in patients who failed PD.
Native Low-Density Lipoprotein Uptake by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor–Differentiated Human Macrophages Is Mediated by Macropinocytosis and Micropinocytosis
Authors: Anzinger Joshua J. , Chang Janet , Xu Qing , Buono Chiara , Li Yifu , Leyva Francisco J. , Park Bum-Chan , Greene Lois E. , Kruth Howard S.
Published: July 2010

Objective—

To examine the pinocytotic pathways mediating native low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake by human macrophage colony-stimulating factor–differentiated macrophages (the predominant macrophage phenotype in human atherosclerotic plaques).

Methods and Results—

We identified the kinase inhibitor SU6656 and the Rho GTPase inhibitor toxin B as inhibitors of macrophage fluid-phase pinocytosis of LDL. Assessment of macropinocytosis by time-lapse microscopy revealed that both drugs almost completely inhibited macropinocytosis, although LDL uptake and cholesterol accumulation by macrophages were only partially inhibited (approximately 40%) by these agents. Therefore, we investigated the role of micropinocytosis in mediating LDL uptake in macrophages and identified bafilomycin A1 as an additional partial inhibitor (approximately 40%) of macrophage LDL uptake that targeted micropinocytosis. When macrophages were incubated with both bafilomycin A1 and SU6656, inhibition of LDL uptake was additive (reaching 80%), showing that these inhibitors target different pathways. Microscopic analysis of fluid-phase uptake pathways in these macrophages confirmed that LDL uptake occurs through both macropinocytosis and micropinocytosis.

Conclusion—

Our findings show that human macrophage colony-stimulating factor–differentiated macrophages take up native LDL by macropinocytosis and micropinocytosis, underscoring the importance of both pathways in mediating LDL uptake by these cells.
Comparison of Medical Therapy Dosing in Outpatients Cared for in Cardiology Practices With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction With and Without Device Therapy
Authors: Heywood J. Thomas , Fonarow Gregg C. , Yancy Clyde W. , Albert Nancy M. , Curtis Anne B. , Gheorghiade Mihai , Inge Patches Johnson , McBride Mark L. , Mehra Mandeep R. , O'Connor Christopher M. , Reynolds Dwight , Walsh Mary Norine
Published: July 2010

Background—

Few data exist to characterize the delivery of evidence-based medical therapy for outpatients with heart failure who have received implantable cardioverter-defibrillators or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for systolic dysfunction.

Methods and Results—

IMPROVE HF is a prospective study characterizing the management of 15 381 outpatients with systolic heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%) enrolled from 167 US cardiology practices. Data were abstracted for dose, type, and daily frequency for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists. Target doses for each medication class were based on current guidelines. Patients with devices (implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, CRT with defibrillators, or CRT with pacemakers) more frequently received evidence-based medical therapy than did those without such devices, although treatment at or above target doses was low for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (implantable cardioverter-defibrillators 32.6%, CRT with pacemaker 30.7%, CRT with defibrillator 32.0%, no device 34.6%) and β-blockers (20.2%, 17.4%, 20.4%, and 15.3%, respectively). Fewer patients received aldosterone antagonists, although when used, doses were more frequently within the target dosing range (70.1%, 72.1%, 72.7%, and 76.5%, respectively). Multivariable models showed that use of CRT with defibrillators and CRT with pacemakers was significantly associated with delivery of β-blockers at or above target doses, but no device therapies were associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker or aldosterone antagonist dosing.

Conclusions—

Patients treated with heart failure devices received evidence-based medical therapy at similar or greater frequency than did those without such devices. Patients with CRT with defibrillator or CRT with pacemaker devices were more likely to be treated with target doses of β-blockers than were patients not treated with device therapy. Doses of evidenced-based therapies remain significantly lower in clinical practice than in clinical trials.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00303979.
Addition of Brain Infarction to the ABCD
2
Score (ABCD
2
I)
Authors: Giles Matthew F. , Albers Greg W. , Amarenco Pierre , Arsava Murat M. , Asimos Andrew , Ay Hakan , Calvet David , Coutts Shelagh , Cucchiara Brett L. , Demchuk Andrew M. , Johnston S. Claiborne , Kelly Peter J. , Kim Anthony S. , Labreuche Julien , Lavallee Philippa C. , Mas Jean-Louis , Merwick Aine , Olivot Jean Marc , Purroy Francisco , Rosamond Wayne D. , Sciolla Rossella , Rothwell Peter M.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

The ABCD system was developed to predict early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Incorporation of brain imaging findings has been suggested, but reports have used inconsistent methods and been underpowered. We therefore performed an international, multicenter collaborative study of the prognostic performance of the ABCD
2
score and brain infarction on imaging to determine the optimal weighting of infarction in the score (ABCD
2
I).

Methods—

Twelve centers provided unpublished data on ABCD
2
scores, presence of brain infarction on either diffusion-weighted imaging or CT, and follow-up in cohorts of patients with transient ischemic attack diagnosed by World Health Organization criteria. Optimal weighting of infarction in the ABCD
2
I score was determined using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses and random effects meta-analysis.

Results—

Among 4574 patients with TIA, acute infarction was present in 884 (27.6%) of 3206 imaged with diffusion-weighted imaging and new or old infarction was present in 327 (23.9%) of 1368 imaged with CT. ABCD
2
score and presence of infarction on diffusion-weighted imaging or CT were both independently predictive of stroke (n=145) at 7 days (after adjustment for ABCD
2
score, OR for infarction=6.2, 95% CI=4.2 to 9.0, overall; 14.9, 7.4 to 30.2, for diffusion-weighted imaging; 4.2, 2.6 to 6.9, for CT; all
P
<0.001). Incorporation of infarction in the ABCD
2
I score improved predictive power with an optimal weighting of 3 points for infarction on CT or diffusion-weighted imaging. Pooled areas under the curve increased from 0.66 (0.53 to 0.78) for the ABCD
2
score to 0.78 (0.72 to 0.85) for the ABCD
2
I score.

Conclusions—

In secondary care, incorporation of brain infarction into the ABCD system (ABCD
2
I score) improves prediction of stroke in the acute phase after transient ischemic attack.
The Immediacy of the Artist's Mark in Shape Computation
Authors: Martino Jacquelyn A.
Published: July 2010

This paper contributes to the area of computation in the production of artistic form. The author-artist describes a computational system in the form of a curvilinear, parametric shape grammar. Based on an analysis of over 3,000 entries in her traditionally hand-drawn sketchbooks, she describes the grammar that synthesizes drawings in the design language of her evolving style and serves as a tool for self-understanding of her artistic process.
Perceived Best Ages for Cats, Dogs, and Humans: Comparisons across Species, Human Age, and Human Gender
Authors: Anderson Tara , Miller Debby , Staats Sara , Wallace Heidi
Published: July 2010

In addition to chronological age, humans perceive themselves and others as possessing several different functional ages. We extended the boundaries of research on perceived age concepts to cats and dogs, asking people to report on the best physical, mental, emotional, and social ages for cats and dogs. We found that emotional age was the oldest of the best ages and that physical best age was the youngest perceived best age for humans, cats, and dogs. Subjective age concepts extend across species to cats and dogs, and humans’ subjective self age estimates correlate with their estimates of nonhuman animal subjective ages. Human estimates of animal ages may influence variables such as adoption and animal care.
The State of Human-Animal Studies
Authors: DeMello Margo , Shapiro Kenneth
Published: July 2010

The growth of human-animal studies (HAS) over the past twenty years can be seen in the explosion of new books, journals, conferences, organizations, college programs, listserves, and courses, both in the United States and throughout Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. We look as well at trends in the field, including the increasing popularity of animal-assisted therapy programs, the rise of new fields like transspecies psychology and critical animal studies, and the importance of animal welfare science. We also discuss the problems continuing to face the field, including the conservative culture of universities, the interdisciplinary nature of the field, the current economic crisis, and general anthropocentrism within academia. We end with a discussion of the tension between the scholarly role and the role of animal advocate, and offer some suggestions for HAS to continue to grow.
Karyological divergence of a Moldovan population of Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1838
Authors: Picariello Orfeo , Odierna Gaetano , Balletto Emilio , Giacoma Cristina , Petraccioli Agnese
Published: July 2010

A karyological study conducted by both conventional and banding staining methods (Ag-NOR-, CMA3, and C-banding) evidenced a peculiar heterochromatin pattern on chromosomes of Moldovan specimens of the agile frog, Rana dalmatina. As is normal for all agile frogs, the Moldovan population presented 2n = 26 chromosomes, with NOR loci on the short arms of the third chromosome pair, but differed in showing heavy centromeric, CMA3 positive C-bands on the seventh chromosome pair, and light centromeric, DAPI positive C-bands on five chromosome pairs. In contrast, Moldovan specimens showed no significant difference in two segments of the 16S mitochondrial rRNA gene and in the S1 satellite DNA sequence and organization, in comparison with the GenBank deposited 16S rDNA and S1 DNA satellite sequences of R. dalmatina. Molecular similarity and chromosomal differences between agile frogs from Moldovan and extra-Moldovan populations are discussed.
Distribution of the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) and landscape favourability for the species in Northern Ireland
Authors: Farren Aodan , Prodöhl Paulo , Laming Peter , Reid Neil
Published: July 2010

The common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) is Ireland's only native reptile, forming a key part of the island's biodiversity. However, there is a general paucity of distributional and abundance data for the species. In this study, we collated incidental records for common lizard sightings to define the distribution of the species in Northern Ireland. Maximum entropy modelling was employed to describe species-habitat associations. The resulting predicted landscape favourability was used to evaluate the current status of the species based on the distribution of its maximum potential range in relation to the degree of fragmentation of remaining suitable habitat. In common with previous studies in the Republic of Ireland, sightings were highly clustered indicating under-recording, observer bias, and fragmentation of suitable habitat. A total of 98 records were collated from 1905 to 2009. The species was recorded in 63 (ca. 34%) of 186 × 10 km Northern Irish grid squares. Lizard occurrence was strongly and positively associated with landscapes dominated by heathland, bog and coastal habitats. The single best approximating model correctly classified the presence of lizards in 84.2% of cases. Upland heath, lowland raised bog and sand dune systems are all subject to Habitat Action Plans in Northern Ireland and are threatened by conversion to agriculture, afforestation, invasive species encroachment and infrastructural development. Consequently, remaining common lizard populations are likely to be small, isolated and highly fragmented. Establishment of an ecological network to preserve connectivity of remaining heath and bog will not only benefit remaining common lizard populations but biodiversity in general.
On the presence of taste buds close to the vomeronasal organs in Gekkonidae
Authors: Wöhrmann-Repenning  , Nowack Christine , Schmidt Maria
Published: July 2010

Examination of four different species of the squamate family Gekkonidae revealed a well developed paired vomeronasal organ (VNO) in each of them. The organs display a globular or ovoid shape and are situated underneath the nasal cavity within the rostral palate. They are in contact with the oral cavity by short, laterally curved vomeronasal ducts. In all species investigated in this study taste buds were found close to the oral orifices of the ducts, embedded into the epithelium of the area in between them. These taste buds are very likely to be involved in the function of the VNO. This conclusion is supported by similar findings in various mammals.
Multiple paternity in Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) clutches during a reproductive season at Xuanzhou Nature Reserve
Authors: Wu Xiao-Bing , Hu Yun
Published: July 2010

Paternity testing was determined in Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) clutches during a reproductive season at Xuanzhou Nature Reserve, using five microsatellite loci. DNA from ten mother and offspring clutches was analysed to identify paternal alleles. Three or four paternal alleles were observed among three of ten clutches. These clutches were sired by at least two different males. This present study confirmed the effectiveness of microsatellite DNA markers in detecting multiple paternity within natural populations of Chinese alligator. However, to reduce the confounding effects of mutations and null alleles on allele assignment and to increase power to monitor individual's genetic contribution, we need additional variable genetic markers.
A new species of small Scinax Wagler, 1830 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) of the Scinax ruber clade from Cerrado of central Brazil
Authors: Pombal Jr. José , Cardoso Manoela Woitovicz
Published: July 2010

A new species of the Scinax ruber clade from the Brazilian Cerrado Domain similar to Scinax fuscomarginatus, S. parkeri, S. trilineatus and S. wandae is described. It is characterized by small snout-vent lenght, body slender, head approximately as long as wide and slightly wider than body, subovoid snout in dorsal view, protruding snout in lateral view, a developed supratympanic fold, absence of flash colour on the posterior surfaces of thighs, hidden portions of shanks and groin, and large vocal sac. Scinax lutzorum sp. nov. differs from S. fuscomarginatus, S. parkeri and S. trilineatus by its slightly larger SVL; from Scinax fuscomarginatus and S. parkeri it differs by its more slender body; from Scinax fuscomarginatus and S. trilineatus the new species differs by its wider head and more protruding eyes; and it differs from Scinax parkeri and S. wandae by its shorter snout. Comments on the type specimens of S. fuscomarginatus are presented and a lectotype is designated for this species.
A new Scinax Wagler (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Rain Forest remains of southern State of Bahia, North-eastern Brazil
Authors: Pombal Jr. José , Nunes Ivan
Published: July 2010

A new species of Scinax from the lowlands of the Atlantic Rain Forest remains in the southern region of the State of Bahia, North-eastern Brazil, similar to the S. auratus Wied-Neuwied, is described. This species is characterized by the following combination of characters: moderate size (males 23.0-27.1 mm SVL); snout rounded in dorsal view; dorsal colour pattern with dorsolateral yellowish stripe above greenish-brown background, with an interocular yellow transversal bar; vocal sac smooth; presence of a tubercle and dermal fold on tarsus advertisement call with four to five notes; call duration 0.17-0.24 s, dominant frequency 2.07-3.79 kHz. The advertisement call description and informations on natural history are provided.
Redescription of the southernmost snake species, Bothrops ammodytoides (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Authors: Carrasco Paola , Scrocchi Gustavo , Leynaud Gerardo
Published: July 2010

Bothrops ammodytoides is a pitviper species endemic to Argentina that inhabits arid and semiarid areas from sea level to more than 3000 m, reaching the southernmost latitude for snakes. According to previous studies, the species is placed in the Bothrops alternatus group. We redescribe Bothrops ammodytoides based on examination of 101 specimens and provide new data on lepidosis, hemipenial morphology, cranial osteology, variation in coloration, and distribution. We compare Bothrops ammodytoides with representative species of the genus and related genera. Morphological comparisons reveal considerable affinities between Bothrops ammodytoides, Bothrops pictus, Bothrops andianus, and Bothrocophias microphthalmus, suggesting that the current taxonomy for Bothrops ammodytoides requires to be reassessed.
Where to draw the line? A nuclear genetic perspective on proposed range boundaries of the crested newts Triturus karelinii and T. arntzeni
Authors: Wielstra Ben , Arntzen
Published: July 2010

The group of crested newts distributed from the southern Balkans to the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, Triturus karelinii sensu lato, comprises two species, T. karelinii in the east and T. arntzeni in the west. Three hypotheses have been forwarded defining the range of T. arntzeni, namely from northern Serbia eastwards i) in to Thrace, ii) up to the Aegean-Black Sea waterway including the Bosporus, or iii) into western Anatolia. We study 130 newts from 22 populations across this area with a panel of 40 enzyme nuclear genes. A combined analysis with the computer programs Structure and NewHybrids reveals the existence of two groups with admixture at two localities. The 'western group' comprises all European populations and a population at the southern shore of the Sea of Marmara in Asiatic Turkey, whereas the 'eastern group' is found at the Sakarya river valley in northern Anatolia, Asiatic Turkey. The admixed populations are also located in northern Anatolia. An analysis with the computer program BAPS resolves six genetic clusters, of which three represent the 'western group' and the other three coincide with the 'eastern group' and the two admixed populations. These analyses indicate that the species transition from T. arntzeni to T. karelinii is not in Thrace but in northern Anatolia. The presence of 'western' T. arntzeni to the east of 'eastern' T. karelinii indicates that the species' contact zone has a convoluted shape. Moreover, the spatial distribution of diagnostic allozymes only roughly coincides with that of two deeply divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. A more detailed survey on the crested newt distribution in Anatolia is required to elucidate the picture further.
Mitochondrial diversity of Western spadefoot toads, Pelobates cultripes, in northwestern Spain
Authors: Crottini Angelica , Galán Pedro , Vences Miguel
Published: July 2010

We analysed the DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for 49 specimens of the Western spadefoot toad, Pelobates cultripes, from Spain, and one sample from France, with a focus on populations from Galicia in northwestern Spain. Our results point to a generally low mitochondrial differentiation of the species across its distributional range although some phylogeographic structure was detected. Galician populations from coastal localities, from the A Limia region, and from Monforte appeared to be closely related, whereas the only available sample from the relict Galician population from near O Barco de Valdeorras has the same haplotype as the samples from Burgos, in central Spain.
On the Changing Structure of International Investment Law: The Human Right to Water and ICSID Arbitration
Authors: Marrella Fabrizio
Published: July 2010

Water is the world’s third largest industry after oil and energy power. Although clean drinking water and sanitation are necessary for the health and development of individuals and communities, even today, billions of people lack access to either. In response to these concerns, the international community has set a Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of providing, by 2015, clean water and improved sanitation to at least half of the people worldwide who now lack these services. Water is treated both as a public good and an economic good. In the last decade, we have witnessed the commoditisation through privatization and liberalisation of an essential good for each individual’s life. Transnational corporations may encounter water issues in at least three different contexts: a) as enablers of access to water; b) as providers or distributors of water and c) as a user or consumer of water. Many initiatives have been developed within the United Nations such as the Global Compact and the appointment of both an independent expert on human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation and a Special Representative of the Secretary General on business and human rights. Both of them are mainstreaming human rights in the business sector reconciling different forms of regulations. The right to water has come into discussion in a number of ICSID arbitrations and other cases are still pending. The purpose of this article is to discuss the advancement of the thinking in this field so that it could be applied in arbitration practice.
Perspectives: Group Cognition Factors in Sociotechnical Systems
Authors: Stahl Gerry
Published: July 2010

Objective: This commentary on the special issue suggests a focus on group cognition factors in investigations of teamwork involving sociotechnical systems. Background: The author has conducted research in computer-supported collaborative learning and has found the need to rethink the theory and methodology of that field to take account of its defining characteristics of small-group interaction and sociotechnical mediation. Method: A brief literature review is undertaken of major findings in postcognitive theory and conversation analysis. This suggests a methodological priority to group phenomena as sources for the genesis of individual phenomena and for understanding of processes of coordination and communication in small groups. Results: It is seen that many recent studies of teams take place within traditional disciplinary frameworks that analyze phenomena primarily at the individual unit of analysis, reducing group phenomena to additive sums of individual phenomena. For instance, processes of coordination and communication are treated as secondary to the expression of individuals’ mental models or external expressions of internal representations. Conclusion: The commentary calls for development of a new science of groups, with the development of appropriate theory, conceptualizations of core phenomena, experimental methods, analytic analyses, and presentational formats. Examples are focus on discourse analysis, use of design-based research, conceptualization of mediation rather than causation, and publication of case studies. Application: A focus on the group unit of analysis can shed new light on the topics addressed in this special issue.
William James and the Fight for Science
Authors: Hoffman Louis , Thelen Matt
Published: July 2010

William James, the foremost psychologist in American history, contributed broadly to the field of psychology across various specializations. Of prime importance are his contributions to the neglected field of the philosophy of science in psychology. The field of psychology, in ignoring its philosophical foundations, has developed a number of problems to which a Jamesian psychology speaks. In particular, professional psychology is in the midst of a renewed debate over measuring the effectiveness of therapy. Although this debate emerged long after James’s death, many problems that surfaced with this controversy are directly relevant to the philosophical and metaphysical foundations central to James’s contributions. Through applying James’s ideas, it is demonstrated that the approaches to evaluating therapy outcomes rooted solely in a narrowly defined science reflect regression, not progress, in the development of the field of psychology. Furthermore, evidence-based practice in psychology, when defined in a broad and inclusive manner, is more in line with what James viewed as a mature academic discipline.
Evaluation of the ACT Intervention to Improve Nurses’ Cardiac Triage Decisions
Authors: Arslanian-Engoren Cynthia , Hagerty Bonnie , Eagle Kim A.
Published: July 2010

Emergency department (ED) nurses are in a key position to initiate life-saving recommendations for myocardial infarction, which include a physician-read electrocardiogram (ECG) within 10 min of ED arrival. Using a quasi-experimental, one-group pretest—posttest design, the authors evaluated the preliminary effectiveness of the Aid to Cardiac Triage (ACT) intervention to improve ED nurses’ cardiac triage decisions. Charts of all women who received an ED ECG 3 months before ( n = 171) and after ( n = 184) the intervention and who were at least 18 years of age were reviewed. A 1-hr educational session was conducted to improve nurses’ ( n = 23) cardiac triage decisions. Postintervention, the proportion of women receiving an ECG within 10 min of ED arrival improved, as did the odds of women receiving a timely ECG. Preliminary evaluation of the ACT intervention indicates its effectiveness at improving ED nurses’ cardiac triage decisions and obtaining a 10-min physician-read ECG.
Association of dopamine DA-D2 receptor in rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells
Authors: Siddiqui MA , Kashyap MP , Khanna VK , Yadav S. , Al-Khedhairy AA , Musarrat J. , Pant AB
Published: July 2010

The investigations were aimed to study the possible association of dopamine DA-D2 receptor in rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells, one among the most studied cell line in neurotoxicity studies. PC12 cells were subjected to receive an exposure of rotenone (10-6 to 10-4 M) for 24 and 48 hours. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out using standard end points including, (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and neutral red uptake (NRU). Cells were found to be vulnerable to rotenone in dose-dependent manner. In general, 10-4 and 10-5 M concentrations were found to be cytotoxic, whereas 10-6 M and lower concentrations used have shown nonsignificant effect on cell viability. Further, studies were extended to study the rotenone-induced alterations in cellular glutathione (GSH) level and dopamine DA-D2 receptor expression. Significant (p < 0.001) chronological depletion in GSH levels were recorded following rotenone exposure. Expression of dopamine DA-D2 receptor was also found to be effected significantly (p < 0.001) at 24 hours of rotenone exposure (10-4 and 10-5). However, no further depletion in the expression of dopamine DA-D2 receptor could be recorded with extended exposure period, that is, 48 hours. Rotenone at 10-6 M and lower concentrations was found to be ineffective in PC12 cells. Data suggest the vulnerability of PC12 cells against experimental exposure of rotenone, which possibly routed through dopamine DA-D2 receptor and oxidative stress machinery.
Climate influence on rockfalls in high-Alpine steep rockwalls: The north side of the Aiguilles de Chamonix (Mont Blanc massif) since the end of the ‘Little Ice Age’
Authors: Ravanel Ludovic , Deline Philip
Published: July 2010

Rockfalls fundamentally affect the morphodynamics of high mountain rockwalls, and represent a great danger for both people and infrastructures, but still are poorly known. By comparing old, recent and new photographs, in addition to geomorphological field data, we propose an inventory of the rockfalls that occurred since the end of the ‘Little Ice Age’ on the north side of the Aiguilles de Chamonix (Mont Blanc massif), ranging in volume from 500 to 65 000 m 3. These 42 rockfalls occurred after 1947, of which > 70% during the last two decades, with a maximal frequency during the warm summers, especially in 2003. Average elevation of scars (3130 m a.s.l.) close to the lower modelled permafrost limit, and the topography (e.g. spurs) of the affected rock faces enhancing lateral heat fluxes, suggest that a climatically driven permafrost degradation has triggered many of the recent rockfalls in high-Alpine steep rockwalls.
Reconciling Pragmatism and Scientific Rigor
Authors: Schultz Majken
Published: July 2010

Seen through European lenses, American academia is struggling with a disconnection between scientific rigor and pragmatic relevance that has taken hold during the last decades within management and organization studies. The implications are serious: a potential loss of relevance to business and society; a domination of stand-alone-constructs that neglect their intellectual heritage; a limited dissemination of research findings to a relatively small audience; and the institutionalization of intellectual homogeneity within a self-supporting academic community. I explore some of the reasons behind this development and argue that change can only emerge from within academia itself. My hope is that current developments within leading journals and academic institutions might lead to a different future where new voices and a more global outlook will encourage a redoing of American pragmatism at its best.
Heartwarming as the Other Side of Heartbreaking Experiences in Research
Authors: Dutton Jane , Morhart Felicitas
Published: July 2010

Research can provide heartwarming experiences which uplift researchers and participants, providing occasions for personal growth and change . Our article makes this case and illustrates heartwarming research experiences using examples from our own research.
Proton therapy for cancer treatment
Authors: Dinesh Mayani Devanshi
Published: July 2010

Proton beam therapy is the latest advancement in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is a precise form of radiotherapy. It uses a beam of protons to target the cancer cells and destroys them. It scores high on precision and effectiveness when compared to other conventional cancer treatments like surgery, chemotherapy and xray radiotherapy. Proton beam therapy destroys the cancerous cells without harming the healthy cells. Thus it considerably reduces the side-effects that accompany conventional cancer treatments. Supporters say the technology allows physicians to treat a broad spectrum of cancers with few adverse effects, while more precisely targeting tumor cells with higher doses of radiation. Detractors say proton beam therapy is hugely expensive and has not been shown to be superior to conventional radiation treatment. With proton beam therapy, physicians use a cyclotron to accelerate protons and fire them directly into tumor cells with submillimeter precision. Because healthy tissue is largely spared, oncologists can, in theory, deliver much higher doses of radiation, while improving local control and reducing the risk for recurrence and morbidities.
Customer Focused System for Pre-sale Housing Customisation Using Case-based Reasoning and Feng Shui Theory
Authors: Juan Yi-Kai , Chien Sheng-Fen , Li Yi-Jhen
Published: July 2010

Customisation and Feng Shui principles have been increasingly emphasized in many Asian countries. The traditional housing customisation approach is indefinite, and the judgment on using Feng Shui for housing is costly and time-consuming. This study presents a customer-focused system to support decision making in pre-sale housing customisation using a case-based reasoning (CBR) approach combining important Feng Shui theories. Two prevalent Feng Shui schools, Form school and Compass school, are applied to assess external built environments and judge indoor auspicious orientations respectively. With this system, customers are able to participate in the design process by customising the house according to their specific needs and Feng Shui considerations without complicated communication with professional designers and Feng Shui experts.
CD34+ cells from AML with mutated NPM1 harbor cytoplasmic mutated nucleophosmin and generate leukemia in immunocompromised mice
Authors: Martelli Maria Paola , Pettirossi Valentina , Thiede Christian , Bonifacio Elisabetta , Mezzasoma Federica , Cecchini Debora , Pacini Roberta , Tabarrini Alessia , Ciurnelli Raffaella , Gionfriddo Ilaria , Manes Nicla , Rossi Roberta , Giunchi Linda , Oelschlägel Uta , Brunetti Lorenzo , Gemei Marica , Delia Mario , Specchia Giorgina , Liso Arcangelo , Di Ianni Mauro , Di Raimondo Francesco , Falzetti Franca , Del Vecchio Luigi , Martelli Massimo F. , Falini Brunangelo
Published: July 2010

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mutated NPM1 shows distinctive biologic and clinical features, including absent/low CD34 expression, the significance of which remains unclear. Therefore, we analyzed CD34+ cells from 41 NPM1-mutated AML. At flow cytometry, 31 of 41 samples contained less than 10% cells showing low intensity CD34 positivity and variable expression of CD38. Mutational analysis and/or Western blotting of purified CD34+ cells from 17 patients revealed NPM1-mutated gene and/or protein in all. Immunohistochemistry of trephine bone marrow biopsies and/or flow cytometry proved CD34+ leukemia cells from NPM1-mutated AML had aberrant nucleophosmin expression in cytoplasm. NPM1-mutated gene and/or protein was also confirmed in a CD34+ subfraction exhibiting the phenotype (CD34+/CD38−/CD123+/CD33+/CD90−) of leukemic stem cells. When transplanted into immunocompromised mice, CD34+ cells generated a leukemia recapitulating, both morphologically and immunohistochemically (aberrant cytoplasmic nucleophosmin, CD34 negativity), the original patient's disease. These results indicate that the CD34+ fraction in NPM1-mutated AML belongs to the leukemic clone and contains NPM1-mutated cells exhibiting properties typical of leukemia-initiating cells. CD34− cells from few cases (2/15) also showed significant leukemia-initiating cell potential in immunocompromised mice. This study provides further evidence that NPM1 mutation is a founder genetic lesion and has potential implications for the cell-of-origin and targeted therapy of NPM1-mutated AML.
A role for factor XIIa–mediated factor XI activation in thrombus formation in vivo
Authors: Cheng Qiufang , Tucker Erik I. , Pine Meghann S. , Sisler India , Matafonov Anton , Sun Mao-fu , White-Adams Tara C. , Smith Stephanie A. , Hanson Stephen R. , McCarty Owen J. T. , Renné Thomas , Gruber András , Gailani David
Published: July 2010

Mice lacking factor XII (fXII) or factor XI (fXI) are resistant to experimentally–induced thrombosis, suggesting fXIIa activation of fXI contributes to thrombus formation in vivo. It is not clear whether this reaction has relevance for thrombosis in pri mates. In 2 carotid artery injury models (FeCl3 and Rose Bengal/laser), fXII-deficient mice are more resistant to thrombosis than fXI- or factor IX (fIX)–deficient mice, raising the possibility that fXII and fXI function in distinct pathways. Antibody 14E11 binds fXI from a variety of mammals and interferes with fXI activation by fXIIa in vitro. In mice, 14E11 prevented arterial occlusion induced by FeCl3 to a similar degree to total fXI deficiency. 14E11 also had a modest beneficial effect in a tissue factor–induced pulmonary embolism model, indicating fXI and fXII contribute to thrombus formation even when factor VIIa/tissue factor initiates thrombosis. In baboons, 14E11 reduced platelet-rich thrombus growth in collagen-coated grafts inserted into an arteriovenous shunt. These data support the hypothesis that fXIIa-mediated fXI activation contributes to thrombus formation in rodents and primates. Since fXII deficiency does not impair hemostasis, targeted inhibition of fXI activation by fXIIa may be a useful antithrombotic strategy associated with a low risk of bleeding complications.
Exhaled nitric oxide, susceptibility and new-onset asthma in the Children’s Health Study
Authors: Bastain T.M. , Islam T. , Berhane K.T. , McConnell R.S. , Rappaport E.B. , Salam M.T. , Linn W.S. , Avol E.L. , Zhang Y. , Gilliland F.D.
Published: July 2010

A substantial body of evidence suggests an aetiological role of inflammation, and oxidative and nitrosative stress in asthma pathogenesis. Exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO) may provide a noninvasive marker of oxidative and nitrosative stress, and aspects of airway inflammation. We examined whether children with elevatedFeNOare at increased risk for new-onset asthma.

We prospectively followed 2,206 asthma-free children (age 7–10 yrs) who participated in the Children’s Health Study. We measuredFeNOand followed these children for 3 yrs to ascertain incident asthma cases. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted to examine the association betweenFeNOand new-onset asthma.

We found thatFeNOwas associated with increased risk of new-onset asthma. Children in the highestFeNOquartile had more than a two-fold increased risk of new-onset asthma compared to those with the lowest quartile (hazard ratio 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.5). This effect did not vary with the child’s history of respiratory allergic symptoms. However, the effect of elevatedFeNOon new-onset asthma was most apparent among those without a parental history of asthma.

Our results indicate that children with elevatedFeNOare at increased risk for new-onset asthma, especially if they have no parental history of asthma.