bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using groupware to improve the EH&S audit documentation and reporting process
Authors: Cahill Lawrence B. , Lenox Michael
Published: February 2007

According to Fortune, as of early 1995, some 4,000 companies have purchased Lotus Notes®, the premier entry in an emerging field of software known as groupware. For many companies making the commitment, installation of the software has meant significant capital expenditures as wide area and local area networks and client‐server hardware had to be installed to make effective use of Notes' capabilities nationwide and worldwide. A few companies are in the early stages of developing environmental, health, and safety management capabilities. At first blush, the EH&S audit document management process appears to be an ideal application for groupware. It is vitally important that audit tracking systems are put in place and operate effectively. This article shows how groupware can help to achieve this objective.
Environmental auditing at the crossroads: The environmental auditing roundtable's response to ISO 14000
Authors: Black Ronald F. , Johnson Curtis J. , Ruble Barbara Jo , McCreary Jean H.
Published: February 2007

The Environmental Auditing Roundtable (EAR) is the single largest professional organization in the world, representing over 900 members. Built on a tradition of promoting environmental auditing through openly sharing experiences in the field of safety, health, and environmental auditing, the organization in recent years has significantly expanded its influence on auditing practices both nationally and internationally by monitoring audit activities and participating in the development of audit policy, regulation, standardization, and the certification of environmental auditors. This article describes the origin and evolution of the organization from meeting the needs of the membership to addressing the needs of external national and international stakeholders.
Designing a sustainable facility to improve energy and environmental performance at the women's humane society
Authors: Maxman Susan A.
Published: February 2007

Susan Maxman Architects was selected to design a new facility for the Women's Humane Society. The project, located on a disturbed site in Bensalem, Pennsylvania, presented an environmental challenge as a large part of the site is wetlands and the site is home to a large PECO power line.

This case study describes the process of designing a facility that incorporates the concerns of environmental responsibility. It will show how the decisions in the design of the built environment can very much influence the well‐being of the natural environment. It describes the ways in which the client was convinced that it was of great benefit to create a facility that was energy‐efficient and environmentally sensitive. The article also explores the successes and failures of this process. It discusses barriers that exist in comprehensively incorporating sustainable design principles in these facilities and shows how it is applicable for the development of other facilities.
3M international environmental management system
Authors: Cysewski James B. , Howell Robert D.
Published: February 2007

To meet the changing needs of 3M's expanding worldwide operations, its International Environmental Operations group is striving to enhance and integrate a global environmental management system. When well‐designed, such systems not only can function to guarantee compliance with environmental regulations but also serve to help the company reap the benefits of going “beyond compliance.” They can also prepare facilities to meet the requirements of international standards, such as ISO 14000 or EMAS. An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a necessary step toward achieving sustainable development and gaining competitive advantage in the global marketplace. The challenge of constructing such a system can seem daunting to a multinational company confronted with the spectrum of regional environmental regulations/directives and its own diversity of business and social cultures. This article describes the development and implementation of the 3M International Environmental Operations global EMS initiative.
Implementing industrial ecology and design for environment practices: Lawrence livermore national laboratory
Authors: Allenby Braden R. , Gonzalez Marjorie A. , Raber Ellen
Published: February 2007

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), one of the nation's three national security laboratories, is initiating a major research effort in industrial ecology with the goal of increasing the economic and environmental efficiency of the U.S. and global economies. Closer to home, ongoing efforts to reduce LLNL's environmental impact on the surrounding community provide an example of how the environmental efficiency of a major research facility can be systematically improved. In the late 1980s, LLNL initiated its waste minimization and pollution prevention program, changing its focus from end‐of‐pipe waste management to a proactive and preventive strategy—total quality environmental management (TQEM). LLNL's success in integrating pollution prevention with R&D and operational activities is well illustrated by the waste reduction and energy and water conservation accomplishments described in this article. LLNL represents a model of how industrial ecology, design for environment, and pollution prevention can be incorporated into a comprehensive R&D and operational program. This article describes LLNL's developing industrial ecology program, gives some specific technical accomplishments that have application to many industrial facilities, and presents a case study of TQEM at LLNL's remote experimental test facility, Site 300. The integration of TQEM philosophy with LLNL's scientific capabilities holds much promise for new ideas and creative solutions to national and international industrial ecology concerns.
Using interactive multimedia training in TQEM systems and applications
Authors: Oktem Ulku G.
Published: February 2007

Corporate America will spend $52.2 billion on formal training in 1995,1 of which 72 percent will be spent on training staff salaries. The classroom has been the main training format for decades. Within the last decade, however, training videos and audio tapes have captured some of the training market. However, none of these tools has the capability to be as effective as interactive multimedia training.

Computer‐based interactive multimedia training (IMT) is emerging as a powerful tool in the training field. The ability to provide consistent delivery on a timely basis without impacting work schedules makes this tool very attractive. Although IMT is not a solution to all training problems, it has been shown to increase the effectiveness of training significantly when used appropriately. This article introduces the concept of IMT and its application to TQEM.
Engaging your networks
Authors: Wever Grace H.
Published: February 2007

The following is an excerpt form Grace Wever's new book Strategic Environment Management: Using TQEM and ISO 14000 for Competitive Advantage (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1996). In this chapter entitled “Engaging Your Networks,” she shows how companies can “design‐in” satisfaction through supply chain partnerships and join hands productively with customers and stakeholders to address EHS issues of mutual concern. Guidelines for value‐added partnering are included as well as many illustrative company samples.
Monitoring and measurement systems for implementing ISO 14001
Authors: Jackson Suzan L.
Published: February 2007

There is a lot of work involved in establishing an effective and useful monitoring and measurement system, but it can be a critical tool for business success. With reliable data based on important performance metrics, you can quantify environmental and business improvement; communicate success; provide valuable input to environmental objectives, targets, and programs; and make sound business decisions based on facts. This article details how companies can set up procedures, processes, and schedules using ISO 14001 to monitor regulatory compliance and help establish an integrated management system.
Universities, government, and industry: An international perspective on developing environmentally conscious technologies
Authors: Huang Ellen A. , Hunkeler David J. , Kawamura Kazuhiko
Published: February 2007

The educational and research roles of universities in environmentally conscious technologies are discussed from a historical perspective. The American university system, and in particular its interactions with government and industry, is compared with that of the United States' main trading partners including Japan, the NAFTA countries, and Western Europe. Examples of federally funded U.S. programs related to green design are also tabulated. The role of universities within the framework of society, politics, and economics is discussed in regard to emerging concepts such as sustainable development, life‐cycle analysis, and design for environment, as well as the functioning of local recycling infrastructures. The means by which universities can contribute to environmentally conscious technology are summarized, as are the demands placed on the next generation of engineers.
Applying outcome evaluation and measures to environmental management programs
Authors: Schene Michael G. , Salmon James T.
Published: February 2007

Environmental program and audit procedures primarily focus on solving perceived immediate problems and do not provide a context within which to evaluate the work and its importance for the decision maker. Outcome evaluation offers a theory‐based model for designing long‐term solutions based on stakeholder expectation and, ultimately, ownership of the performance changes. Problem identification as well as the development of actions and their measurement are done with the full participation of those responsible for the implementation of the changes. Ownership of the results is reinforced and, significantly, the decision maker and other interested parties can measure the value or the importance of the work. This article describes how outcome evaluation can be an important tool for federal environmental managers who must respond to the Government Performance and Results Act (1993) and privatesector companies. Used in combination with traditional environmental practices, outcome evaluation can contribute to both the design and the implementation of a successful environmental management program.
Using ISO 14000 for improved organizational learning and environmental management
Authors: Epstein Marc J. , Roy Marie‐Josée
Published: February 2007

Since the adoption of ISO 14001, companies have examined the standard and considered certification. Although the framework is useful and enhancing environmental management systems is beneficial, the adoption of ISO 14001 alone will not provide maximum company benefits. Companies must strive for an improvement in environmental performance and financial performance that can be accomplished only through significant changes in corporate culture, structure, and systems. By developing core capabilities such as skills and knowledge, physical technical systems, managerial systems, and values and norms, companies can develop organizational learning to increase sustainable competitive advantage. This article examines how the ISO 14000 series of standards can be used to improve organizational learning and environmental management.
The environmental quality business plan: A step‐by‐step guide
Authors: Lannuzzi Al
Published: February 2007

Companies that have the most effective environmental programs are those that have integrated environmental management into the business process. In order to take an environmental program to a higher level, we must determine a way to get business leaders to acknowledge the business benefit of environmental programs. Business integration becomes more likely when you speak the language of management and present tools that they regularly use. Most companies use business plans, therefore the use of an environmental quality business plan is a segue into the business.

To catch management's attention, we must present cost improvement projects that will be part of the environmental quality business plan that affect the bottom line. Examples of the types of projects that could potentially save the company millions of dollars are reducing the cost of remediation, or pollution‐prevention projects such as minimizing packaging and the elimination of chemical use and waste. Once we catch management's attention, we can get them involved in developing an environmental quality business plan and thus get more business integration and support.
Educating future leaders for a sustainable path
Authors: Johnson Dianna , Beloff Beth
Published: February 2007

The unprecedented population growth of recent years and the requisite economic activity to support that growth have heightened public awareness of the resultant environmental challenges we now face. Today it is widely acknowledged that we must change course to assure the same quality of life for future generations as has been experienced by those of the past. These changes in human behavior must occur in individuals, organizations, businesses, communities, and governments. The basis of this change will occur through education and leadership. Many initiatives have evolved to begin this movement toward sustainability, but the higher education sector, which prepares our leaders, has been slow to respond. The founders of one new initiative, BRIDGES, explore what needs to be done to drive this change, what is already being done, and how the BRIDGES program uses partnerships with these existing efforts to create a model of what higher education must offer in order to prepare effective leaders for tomorrow.
Managing Asia's environmental crisis: EQM opportunities for remediation and technology transfer
Authors: Pringle Joseph L. , Rondinelli Dennis A.
Published: February 2007

Conditions of environmental pollution and degradation in Asia are among the worst in the world. Rapid economic growth and industrialization over the past half century have accelerated the pollution of air, water, and land resources in a region with the world's largest concentration of population. As the economics of Asia recover from financial crisis in the late 1990s, they will face a more serious environmental crisis in the early years of the 21st century. Remediation of soil and water contamination will become a stronger concern in the region, as the human health impacts become more visible and widespread. Although environmental remediation is only beginning to emerge in Asia as a solution to problems of natural resource degradation, the authors show how U.S. firms with experience in quality environmental management and biological remediation technologies will find new opportunities for exports and technology transfer. Environmental technology and services firms interested in Asia must understand both the opportunities for and barriers to operating in Asia.
Demystifying public environmental concerns: Implementing community assessments
Authors: Forrest Carol J.
Published: February 2007

Failure to resolve environmental concerns raised by the public can be costly for both public and private sector organizations. Designing effective community relations programs to address such issues requires an intimate understanding of the community and the stakeholders within it. The community assessment process provides insights into the reasons behind stakeholders' environmental concerns and how best to address them. Moreover, the assessment process can provide predictive information, so that managers can anticipate both the emergence of environmental concerns and the likely response patterns of stakeholders.

The assessment process, which makes use of both qualitative information and quantitative data, tracks closely with the methodology used in industry analyses conducted by corporate strategic planners. Regrettably, many of the companies that have excellent skills in industry analysis fail to use their expertise to address environmental concerns involving their own plants. This article seeks to aid the reader in understanding how basic analytical skills can be used to understand and effectively address environmental concerns at the community level.
A forest and paper industry report comparing leading companies' key policy and expenditure issues
Authors: Levinson Jonathan
Published: February 2007

Environmental Information Services, Inc. (EIS) publishes detailed reports and offers custom research related to the full spectrum of environmental issues facing corporations. In this new article, EIS reports on the environmental performance, policies, and expenditures of the largest companies in the paper industry, focusing on toxic waste management, and a variety of key policy and expenditure issues. It is important to note that the following article does not contain data on hazardous waste management, penalties, spills, and Superfund sites. This, as well as additional policy and expenditure data, can be obtained from EIS. EIS reports help companies of all sizes benchmark their environmental performance and quality improvement efforts.
ISO 14001 in state regulatory offices: A survey of activities
Authors: Macarthur John , Bellen Gordon
Published: February 2007

Is ISO 14001 just for the private sector? The answer is definitely “No.” The survey in this article was conducted to better understand how ISO 14001/Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) was being addressed by state agencies around the country. The survey goals were to determine where the focus on ISO 14001/EMSs is within state government, what the level of interest is, and how far states have progressed toward some form of use or recognition of ISO 14001. During the months that this survey was conducted, the progress at the state and federal levels was remarkable. Many states are aggressively moving forward and encouraging the investigation of ISO 14001 implementation. There is a well coordinated effort between several states (the Multi‐State Working Group) to gather data on ISO 14001 effectiveness in a consistent manner. The cooperation between EPA and the states is beginning to solidify, with federal dollars going to state‐managed pilot programs, and EPA has stepped forward with a more organized effort led by the Office of Reinvention.
Calculating the cost of greenhouse gas emission reductions (heading into kyoto protocol negotiations in Buenos Aires)
Authors: Carr Donald A. , Thomas William L.
Published: February 2007

Negotiations toward an international regime to control anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases have been under way for more than a decade. The Kyoto Protocol1 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC)2 reflects a basic intergovernmental agreement that predicted warming and volatile weather events are sufficient threats to justify mandatory measures. Yet with climate change negotiations set to resume November 2 through 13, 1998, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, at the Fourth Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP‐4), many major industries continue to believe that the disproportionate costs of controls will precipitate severe economic consequences, and that mandatory measures may never actually be implemented, or at least will be deferred for many years. This article examines why some business decision makers and their environmental managers remain unwilling or unable to make concrete plans to achieve the significant reductions that the Kyoto Protocol facially requires. Indeed, there has been surprising inattention at the boardroom and plant levels to the concepts and details of the agreement. This is reinforced to some extent by the apparently dim prospects for ratification in the near term by the U.S. Senate, in which the treaty today would likely not gain a majority, much less the necessary two‐thirds support.
Case study: Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc.: Can lean production practices increase environmental performance?
Authors: Maxwell James , Briscoe Forrest , Schenk Brian , Rothenberg Sandra
Published: February 2007

This article covers the strategic, organizational, and operational decisions involved in one automobile manufacturer's efforts to balance its goals of productivity and high quality with the more elusive goal of environmental responsibility. The case material is based on the real‐life experiences of Honda of America's two manufacturing plants in East Liberty and Marysville, Ohio. The case unfolds as the environmental manager in charge of the two plants faces the pending visit of her corporate boss from Tokyo, who has made it clear that environmental issues are of growing importance in Honda's overall direction.

ISO 14000, the new environmental quality standards being adopted by some other manufacturers, serves as a focusing issue for the environmental manager's thinking, but this issue is really representative of a wider challenge facing the Ohio plants: balancing Honda's core mission of producing the best cars at the lowest cost possible, and being a responsible actor in the environmental arena.

Complicating this challenge, the environmental manager has to negotiate another tension common in global manufacturing firms today: balancing the influence of Honda's corporate headquarters in Japan with the local and regional context at its American plant sites.
Getting started with environmental cost accounting
Authors: Carrera Rosa Maria , Iannuzzi Al
Published: February 2007

Proactive corporations have been looking at methods to determine the real costs of doing business, including environmental costs using environmental cost accounting (ECA) methodology. Many companies do not track or measure environmental costs and therefore do not know their true environmental costs. Unfortunately, conventional accounting practices rarely tease out environmental costs, and the costs associated with environmental compliance remain hidden in general overhead accounts. ECA can bring the world of business and the environment closer. When we have a better handle on environmental costs, we can use this information to better prioritize environmental projects, identify cost improvement projects, and allocate environmental costs to products. In this article we explore how some companies approach ECA and show how to initiate an ECA program.
Controlling industrial pollution in the developing world
Authors: Shaman David , Wheeler David
Published: February 2007

Industrial pollution has become a serious problem in many developing countries during the past two decades. Support for regulation of industrial pollution has remained lukewarm from many policymakers, despite research suggesting large benefits from pollution reduction even in very poor countries. Since 1993, a World Bank research team on the environment has worked in collaboration with pollution control agencies to understand existing regulatory practices, industry's environmental performance, and pollution abatement costs in developing countries. The researchers'ongoing work has already produced a large number of publicly‐available research papers and datasets, and is providing the Bank team with considerable expertise and insights into the design of effective pollution control policies.
Managing environmental aspects associated with the development of domestic and international power projects
Authors: Stover‐Catha Peggy , Edgley Gerald , Cooper Laura
Published: February 2007

Increasingly, a key component in the financial success of developing and operating domestic and international energy projects is the management of environmental issues. This article outlines an environmental management system for developing and acquiring power projects. The specific issues addressed include the development and communication of an environmental policy and the development and use of environmental expectations. These expectations are designed to manage the environmental components of the dynamic development process and provide a framework for enhancing team effectiveness in addressing environmental issues. Examples of expectations for each development phase are provided. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Renewable energy: Biomass power and biofuels as alternative sustainable energy sources
Authors: Kolar Jim
Published: February 2007

This article describes biomass fuels as renewable and sustainable energy resources in Minnesota as well as across the United States. This country has long benefited from surplus supplies of diverse energy resources, while our dependency on foreign petroleum supplies and domestic coal reserves has only recently prompted Congress to recognize the importance of renewable and alternative fuels such as biomass energy. Our further utilization of biomass power and biofuels can be an important step in altering our dependency on both coal and petroleum while simultaneously reducing carbon dioxide emissions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solving variational problems in image processing via projections – a common view on TV denoising and wavelet shrinkage
Authors: Lorenz D.A.
Published: February 2007

In this paper we investigate a special class of minimization problems for image denoising and deblurring. We focus on problems with positively one homogeneous penalty terms and show that the minimizer can be given in terms of projections. Especially we apply the results to wavelet shrinkage and TV denoising. Furthermore we present an application to deblurring with a TV penalty term. The approach presented here provides a common view on TV denoising and wavelet shrinkage.
Studies on the selectivity of enzymes involved in platelet‐activating factor formation in stimulated cells
Authors: van den Bosch H. , Sturk A. , ten Cate J. W. , Aarsman A. J.
Published: February 2007

The present studies were undertaken to obtain further insight into the selectivities of the enzymes, i.e., phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase, involved in platelet‐activating factor (PAF) production upon stimulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and platelets. After appropriate stimulation of the cells in the presence of [3H]acetate the total PAF and analogs, i.e., 1‐alkyl‐2‐acetyl‐, 1‐alkenyl‐2‐acetyl‐, and 1‐acyl‐2‐acetyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography. The isolated mixture was subjected to treatment with phospholipase A1 to differentiate acetate incorporation into 1‐ether linked and 1‐ester linked species. The ratio of acetate incorporation into 1‐ether linked vs 1‐ester linked PAF analogs amounted to 13.8±1.0 and 1.3±0.1 for PMN and platelets, respectively. When compared to the ratio of 1‐ether linked and 1‐ester linked species in the diradylglycerophosphocholine precursors in each cell type, i.e., 1.13 for PMN and 0.22 for platelets, these data suggested a pronounced selectivity for the phospholipase A2 and/or acetyltransferase in the process of PAF production. When the experiments were repeated with cells that had been pretreated with phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF) to block the acetylhydrolase, the most dramatic effects were observed on acetate incorporation into 1‐acyl‐2‐acetyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine, which increased much more than that into 1‐alk(en)yl‐2‐acetyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine. Under these conditions, the ratio of acetate incorporation into 1‐ether linked vs 1‐ester linked PAF analogs became 1.4±0.2 and 0.17±0.02 for PMN and platelets, respectively. These values are very close to the 1‐ether linked vs 1‐ester linked species in the diradylglycerophosphocholine precursors for PAF in the respective cell type. These data suggested that the selectivities of phospholipase A2 and/or acetyl transferase for etherlinked species, as observed in non‐PMSF treated cells, are only apparent and caused by rapid degradation of the 1‐acyl analog either before or after acetylation. In line with this interpretation, we demonstrated that 1‐acyl‐2‐acetyl‐GPC can be deacylated to water‐soluble acetyl‐GPC and GPC by sonicated PMN and platelets and that this deacylation is completely blocked in sonicates from PMSF‐pretreated cells. In addition, evidence is presented which indicates that the enzyme responsible for deacylation may be a lysophospholipase.
Transmembrane signalling and paf‐acether biosynthesis
Authors: Ninio Ewa , Joly Francine
Published: February 2007

Expression of lyso paf‐acether (lyso paf):acetyl‐CoA acetyltransferase and its activation above basal levels by specific agonists controls the rate of paf biosynthesis in proinflammatory cells. Acetyltransferase activation in these cells is due to the rapid postranslational modification of an inactive precursor by phosphorylation, most probably catalyzed by a cAMP‐dependent kinase. However, the possibility exists that a calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase can be implicated as well. Unlike murine cultured mast cells, human neutrophils form paf when stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or diacylglycerol. In both cell types, acetyltransferase is activated by PMA. Controversy exists as to whether PMA activates the remodeling pathway,i.e. the activation of phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase, or thede novo route through CDPcholine cholinephosphotransferase action on alkylacetylglycerol. There is some indication that PKC might regulate paf biosynthesis. The implication of a GTP‐regulated protein has also been postulated in signal transduction leading to paf formation in endothelial cells, neutrophils, and mast cells. The topography of paf formation is discussed in light of the subcellular distribution of acetyltransferase in neutrophils and Krebs II cells.
Biotransformation of alkylglycerols in plant cell cultures: Production of platelet activating factor and other biologically active ether lipids,
Authors: Mangold Helmut K. , Apte Shashank S. , Weber Nikolaus
Published: February 2007

Plant cells in culture are capable of incorporating exogenous 1‐O‐alkyl‐sn‐glycerols into various neutral and ionic ether lipids. 1‐O‐Alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphocholines, the major class of compounds thus formed, are used for the preparation of platelet activating factor (PAF) in high yields. Similarly, the prochiral 2‐O‐alkyl‐sn‐glycerols are transformed to chiral 2‐O‐alkyl glycerophospholipids from which compounds can be obtained that exhibit antiviral activity in plant and animal cells. Reaction of 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphocholines with phospholipase D in the presence of ethanolamine leads to 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphoethanolamines, which serve as starting material, for the preparation of 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐(N‐acyl)ethanolamines, compounds known to have antitumor activity.
Effect of platelet‐activating factor on lipoprotein lipase and blood lipids
Authors: Mimura Keiji , Yukawa Susumu , Mori Yoshio , Okada Kazuya , Mune Masatoshi , Nishikawa Osamu , Hibino Akira , Sonobe Miyahiko , Goto Tetuya , Nomoto Hiroshi
Published: February 2007

We investigated the effect of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) and of the PAF specific antagonist CV‐6209 on plasma lipid metabolism, and particularly on post‐heparin plasma lipolytic activity in male Wistar rats. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was enhanced by intravenous injection of PAF before intravenous injection of heparin when the PAF dose was low (0.2 μg/kg). PAF activated hepatic triacylglycerol lipase (HTGL) activity dose‐dependently. Plasma triacylglycerols (TG) significantly decreased with the activation of LPL and/or HTGL. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipid (PL) levels decreased at a low dose of PAF (0.2 μg/kg), but increased when higher doses were used. The PAF antagonist CV‐6209 partially reversed the PAF induced effects on HTGL, TC and PL.
Tandem mass spectrometry of negative ions from choline phospholipid molecular species related to platelet activating factor
Authors: Zirrolli J. A. , Clay K. L. , Murphy R. C.
Published: February 2007

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of choline phospholipids produces negative ions characteristic of the intact molecule and tandem mass spectrometry of collision‐induced decomposition of M‐15 anions characterizes both the identity and substituent position of radyl groups. Certain choline phospholipid molecular species which may be of special interest in the generation of platelet activating factor contain a highly unsaturated fatty acyl substituent atsn‐2 and an ether radyl group atsn‐1; other choline phospholipid molecular species which contain esterified arachidonic acid are of interest as potential sources of arachidonate for eicosanoid biosynthesis. Collisional activated decomposition of 1‐hexadecanoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl‐sn‐glycerophosphocholine produce abundant carboxylate anions atm/z 303 (arachidonate) andm/z 255 (hexadecanoate) in a ratio of 3∶1, diagnostic for thesn‐2 arachidonoyl position. The ether analog, 1‐O‐hexadecyl‐2‐arachidonoyl glycerophosphocholine, produces only one collision‐induced dissociation ion atm/z 303 and no product ions corresponding to the ether substituent atsn‐1. Molecular weight information from the M‐15 ion combined with the CID generated carboxylate anions completely characterize these important phospholipids.

Precursor ion studies of M‐15 anions from glycerophosphocholine lipids indicate that this ion is derived directly from a unique adduct ion formed by attachment of the molecular species to a matrix alkoxide ion, neutralizing the positive charge of the quaternary choline nitrogen. Decomposition of this adduct ion yields a methylated matrix molecule and the nominal M‐15 ion.
Chemical and biochemical characterization of lignan analogs as novel PAF receptor antagonists
Authors: Shen T. Y.
Published: February 2007

Various derivatives and isosteres of neolignans of the 2,5‐diaryl tetrahydrofuran type have been synthesized as antagonists of platelet‐activating factor (PAF). A detailed analysis of their structure‐activity relationship (SAR) has revealed a clear preference for an asymmetrical molecular configuration with a high degree of stereo and chiral specificity associated with greater potency. Thetrans‐2S,5S enantiomers are generally 10–200 times more potentin vitro than their correspondingcis ortrans‐2R,5R isomers. A similar stereochemical preference is indicated by the recently reported PAF antagonist MK‐287 which has undergone clinical evaluation. An azido derivative L‐662,025 has been characterized as a photolabile irreversible antagonist of PAF for the investigation of solubilized and partially purified PAF binding proteins from cell membranes. The biological justification for concomitant inhibition of both PAF receptor and 5‐lipoxygenase in inflammation is well recognized. The feasibility of developing such dual‐functional agents has been demonstrated by a group of dithiolane analogs of neolignans and several derivatives of futoenone.
Studies on the role of platelet‐activating factor in blood pressure regulation
Authors: Sakaguchi Katsuhiko , Morimoto Shigeto , Masugi Fuminori , Saeki Shuichi , Ogihara Toshio , Yamada Kouji , Yamatsu Isao
Published: February 2007

Circulating levels of 1‐O‐hexadecyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (C16PAF) in human subjects were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using negative ion chemical ionization. The mean (±S.D.) circulating C16PAF levels in patients with essential hypertension (18.1±5.3 pg/mL, n=16) were not significantly different from those in normotensive subjects (17.2±7.2 pg/mL, n=14). During a salt balance study, high salt intake (20 g/day) significantly increased the circulating level of C16PAF, and changes in circulating C16PAF significantly and positively correlated with changes in mean arterial blood pressure (r=0.47, p<0.05). Changes in C16PAF also correlated with changes in creatinine clearance (r=0.55, p<0.05), but did not correlate with changes in plasma sodium concentration, plasma chloride concentration and plasma volume. An intravenous injection of 50 μg of human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP) decreased circulating C16PAF levels from 20.0±2.7 to 13.9±2.4 pg/mL of blood (n=10, p<0.01) in healthy subjects. The data appear to indicate that C16PAF levels are changed by salt intake‐induced mild increase in blood pressure, and that hANP may be an endogenous factor which lowers circulating C16PAF.
The effects of R‐75,317 on antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis in rats
Authors: Miyamoto Masaaki , Koike Hiroyuki , Sada Toshio , Ijima Yasuteru , Fukushige Junichiro , Nakamura Norio
Published: February 2007

Platelet‐activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator which is released by various inflammatory cells and produced by certain tissues, including the kidney. PAF has been shown to increase glomerular permeability to protein and to decrease glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by contracting mesangium. On the basis of these observations, it has been suspected that PAF may play a role as mediator of glomerular damage in glomerular nephritis. To examine this possibility, we studied the effects of a specific PAF antagonist, R‐75,317, on the development of an experimental model of anti‐glomerular basement membrane (anti‐GBM) glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis was initiated by injecting rabbit anti‐rat GBM serum into rats. Proteinuria gradually developed after serum injection, plateaued at week 2, and remained at the high level of week 2 throughout the experimental period (6 wk). Chronic treatment with R‐75,317 (10 mg/kg/day i.p.) tended to delay the onset of proteinuria and significantly accelerated the recovery phase. Creatinine clearance (Ccr) fell to 40% at week 3. R‐75,317 treatment completely prevented this decline of Ccr. Histological changes in this model (glomerular hypertrophy, proliferation of mesangial matrix and interstitial fibrosis) were also ameliorated by the R‐75,317 treatment. The results suggest that PAF may play a role in the development of glomerulonephritis and that PAF antagonists could be used in the treatment of human renal disease.
Platelet‐activating factor may mediate dexamethasone‐induced gastric damage in the rat
Authors: Filep János , Hermán Ferenc , Braquet Pierre
Published: February 2007

The possible role of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) in dexamethasone‐induced gastric mucosal damage was studied in rats. PAF was measured by a platelet aggregation assay. The identity of the PAF‐like product recovered from gastric tissues was ascertained by thin‐layer chromatography and high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Low levels of PAF were detected in the normal rat stomach, while in dexamethasone‐treated animals PAF levels were significantly higher. Pretreatment of the animals with BN 52021, a specific PAF receptor antagonist, significantly attenuated dexamethasone‐induced mucosal injury. These findings suggest that PAF may be a mediator of mucosal damage induced by glucocorticoids.
Stereospecific synthesis of antitumor active thioether PAF analogs
Authors: Bhatia Suresh K. , Hajdu Joseph
Published: February 2007

A novel stereospecific synthesis of antitumor active thioether analogs of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) is reported. The synthesis is based upon: i) the use ofD‐serine to provide the chiral center for the construction of the optically active phospholipid molecule; ii) development of thesn‐1‐thioalkyl function via thioacetate displacement of methanesulfonate‐activated primary hydroxyl group followed by alkylation of thesn‐1‐thiolate function; and iii) introduction of the phosphocholine moiety through the 2‐chloro‐2‐oxo‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane/trimethylamine sequence. The entire scheme relies on the use of a single protecting group. The synthetic thioether phospholipid 1‐S‐hexadecyl‐2‐N‐acetamidodeoxy‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine has been shown to be a potent antitumor active phospholipid, exhibiting tumor cytotoxicity against a lymphoblastoid lymphoma (Li‐A) cell line and a malignant histiocytic (DHL‐4) cell line of human origin at the same level of potency as ET‐18‐OMe and 1‐O‐octadecyl‐2‐N‐acetamidodeoxy‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine. The synthetic method described has a great deal of flexibility, providing a convenient general route to a wide range of thioether PAF analogs.
Helichrysum see oil. I. Separation and characterization of individual acids
Authors: Powell R. G. , Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: February 2007

Helichrysum bracteatum (family Compositae) seed oil contains a complex array of unusual fatty acids in addition to the usual palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. Its unusual constituents include 9.5% crepenynic acid; 14.0% epoxy acids, mainly coronaric; 4.4%cis,trans‐hydroxy conjugated dienoic acids; and 7.2% of a previously unknown hydroxyacetylenic acid for which the name helenynolic acid is proposed. A method for determining helenynolic acid in the presence of hydroxy‐conjugated dienes is described.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acid content and fatty acid composition of crude cottonseed oils from successive solvent extractions
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Pons W. A. , Skau E. L.
Published: February 2007

The fatty acid composition and properties of six fractions of oil successively extracted from cottonseed meats has been investigated. The cyclopropenoid fatty acid concn increased regularly from 0.30舑1.06%, a 3.5‐fold increase. This suggests that the cyclopropenoid constituents of the oil in the seed are less accessible to the solvent. The linoleic acid concn decreased from 56.3舑53.1% accounting for a slight reduction in iodine value (I.V.). The first two fractions had a markedly lower phosphatide content than the remaining fractions.
Evaluating detergents by a huck towel method
Authors: Mihalik W. B. , Cross H. D.
Published: February 2007

This paper describes a practical method of evaluating the performance of detergents by using huck towels soiled in plant mechanical shops and washed in a 5 gal semiautomatic washer. Detergency, redeposition and optical brightener intensity are evaluated by reflectance, yellowness, blueness and ultraviolet fluorescence measured on a Gardner Larger Area Colorimeter after six soil‐wash cycles. The precision of the method is determined statistically by analysis of variance. Significant differences to a 95% confidence level that can be expected by this method are given.
Modern techniques for the production of crude tall oil
Authors: Thrush R. E.
Published: February 2007

A short background of the methods for the production of crude tall oil is given.

A simplified flow sheet of the continuous acidulation proces is shown and a new type centrifuge is introduced for the continuous separation of the various components of the acidulated sulfate reaction mixture.

The separation section of the process is described with particular emphasis given to the operation of the centrifuge.

Performance of the process is discussed with respect to yield and quality of the crude tall oil.
Tall oil fatty acid‐formaldehyde derivatives and their application as vinyl plasticizers
Authors: DiBella E. P. , Green Richard , Kraft W. M. , Gottesman R. T.
Published: February 2007

Acid‐catalyzed condensations of tall oil fatty acid and related materials with formaldehyde, in the absence of a carboxylic acid solvent, led to acidic products, lower in unsaturation, but partially polymeric due to formation of interester linkages. Hydrolysis of these linkages furnished products lower in mol wt but higher in free hydroxyl content. Some modified esters of these materials were evaluated as primary plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride by comparison with dioctyl phthalate and, when applicable, to Monsanto S409.

In general, those plasticizer candidates in which free hydroxyl contents were lowered by acetylation exhibited a good overall balance of physical and permanence properties but possessed poor heat stability and borderline compatibility.

A preliminary study on the acid‐catalyzed reaction of ethyl tallate with anhydrous formaldehyde gave promise that an improved alternate route to fatty acid‐formaldehyde esters could be developed.
Omega‐formylalkanoates by ozonization of unsaturated fatty esters
Authors: Anders D. E. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: February 2007

Ozonization of the methyl esters of 11‐eicosenoic, linoleic, erucic and linolenic acids gave a number of different homologous methyl ३‐formylalkanoates. Complete ozonization of the monounsaturated esters formed C11 and C13 compounds with 90% conversion; partial ozonization of the polyunsaturated esters gave C12 and C15 products with maximum conversions at ca. 75% consumption of fatty ester. Thus, methyl linoleate gave 52 and 23% conversions to the 9‐ and 12‐carbon products, and methyl linolenate gave 29, 27 and 19% conversions to the 9‐, 12‐ and 15‐carbon products. Yields of aldehyde or acetal esters in distilled products were 70舑90% in preparative‐scale experiments. Kinetic analysis showed that ozone attack was essentially random. Methanol was used as a participating solvent.
Quantitative measure of selectivity of hydrogenation of triglycerides
Authors: Albright L. F.
Published: February 2007

Graphs have been prepared using a digital computer that allow the quantitative determination of the degree of selectivity for the hydrogenation of cottonseed, peanut, corn, soybean and linseed oils. Use of these graphs requires only a knowledge of the composition of the initial (unhydrogenated) oil and that of the hydrogenated oil plus simple calculations. If the exact composition of the initial oil is unknown, a typical composition can generally be assumed.
Polyunsaturated phosphatidylinositol and diacylglycerol substantially modify the fluidity and polymorphism of biomembranes: A solid‐state deuterium NMR study
Authors: Larijani Banafshé , Dufourc Erick J.
Published: February 2007

One of the main biological systems that can be used as a model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in membrane fusion is the formation of the nuclear envelope (NE). NE assembly to form the male pronucleus at fertilization occurs by binding of NE membrane precursor vesicles to chromatin and their fusion. MV1 is an NE precursor vesicle population of low density, highly enriched in {18∶0/20∶4}Pl. The modification of {18∶0/20∶4}Pl to {18∶0/20∶4}DAG leads to NE formation, and the depletion of MV1 from the total membrane precursors results in the inhibition of NE assembly. Here we show by2H NMR studies of various physiologically relevant model membranes made of {18∶0/20∶4}Pl, {18∶0/20∶4}DAG, and saturated and unsaturated PC that membranes of composition similar to MV1 exhibit dramatically enhanced fluidity and non‐lamellar structures, thus providing a possible explanation for the essential role of MV1 and the modification of Pl to DAG in membrane precursor vesicles during NE assembly.
Pilot‐scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil
Authors: Eisenmenger Michael , Dunford Nurhan T. , Eller Fred , Taylor Scott , Martinez Jose
Published: February 2007

There is a need for the development of new processing techniques to facilitate vegetable oil extraction and refining while sustaining the nutritional components naturally present in edible oils and reducing the adverse impact of oil processing on the environment. In this study supercritical carbon dioxide (SC−CO2) extraction and fractionation techniques were examined as alternative methods to obtain wheat germ oil (WGO) of high quality and purity. It was shown that the SC−CO2 extraction technique is effective in extraction of WGO. There was no significant difference in the FA composition of SC−CO2‐ and hexane‐extracted WGO. Both hexane‐and SC−CO2‐extracted WGO were rich in α‐tocopherol. Moisture content of the SC−CO2‐extracted oil was higher than that of the hexane‐extracted oil. Solvent/feed ratio had a significant effect on the SC−CO2 extraction yields. This study demonstrated that supercritical fluid fractionation was a viable process to remove FFA efficiently from both hexane‐and SC−CO2‐extracted WGO while retaining bioactive oil components in the final product.