bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Forest Cover Loss on Land Surface Temperature Differs by Drivers in China
Authors: Lv Qiushuang , Liu Zhihua , Li Kaili , Guo Wenhua , Zhou Siyu , Guan Ruhong , Wang Wenjuan
Published: November 2024

Elucidating the climate feedback due to forest cover loss is critical for a comprehensive understanding of the role of forests in mitigating climate change. Current research studies predominantly focus on the impacts of permanent forest conversion, often overlooking the effects of recurrent disturbances such as fire and harvest. This study addresses this gap by examining the impact of forest cover loss caused by two distinct drivers in China over the period 2003–2020. Our analysis revealed that fire‐induced forest cover loss accounted for approximately 10% of total forest cover loss in China. The immediate (i.e., 1 year after disturbance) changes in land surface temperature (ΔLST) due to fire were higher (ΔLST = 0.11°C, interquartile range (IQR): [−0.02°C–0.23°C]) compared to those caused by harvest (ΔLST = 0.04°C, IQR: [−0.01°C–0.09°C]). This finding highlights the immediate warming effect of fire‐induced forest cover loss, was about triple as large as that caused by harvest. Our analysis also found that the warming effect post‐fire gradually lessened but still maintained approximately 0.02°C 5 years later. Change in evapotranspiration is a primary factor influencing surface temperature changes following forest disturbances. Our study provides comprehensive insights into the differential and persistent effects of LST responses to fire and harvest, underscoring the importance of understanding the climate feedback from forest dynamics from different drivers.
Astronomical Calibration of the Ocean Anoxic Event 1b and Its Implications for the Cause of Mid‐Cretaceous Events: A Multiproxy Record
Authors: Ramos J. M. F. , Savian J. F. , Franco D. R. , Figueiredo M. F. , Leandro C. G. , Frontalini F. , Coccioni R. , Casadei N. , Giorgioni M. , Vidal P. H. P. C. , Yokoyama E. , Fazio G. , Jovane L. , Sabatino N. , Trindade R. I. F. , Tedeschi L. R.
Published: November 2024

The timing and duration of oceanic disturbances linked to Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 1b, as well as the mechanisms driving anoxia and carbon burial during this period, remain subjects of debate. We conducted cyclostratigraphic analyses on magnetic susceptibility (MS) and elemental Ti and Fe series within the upper Aptian‐lower Albian interval of the Poggio le Guaine core in the Umbria‐Marche Basin, Italy. This interval provides a detailed sedimentary record, supported by variations in magnetic mineral content, Ti, Fe, and significant global shifts in the δ13C curve. Orbital control of MS, Ti, and Fe suggests a duration of 2.84 Myr for the OAE 1b event. Our chronostratigraphic analysis reveals ages of 114.07 ± 0.12 Ma for 113/Jacob, 113.28 ± 0.12 Ma for Kilian, 112.49 ± 0.12 Ma for the central age of the Monte Nerone cluster, 111.70 ± 0.12 Ma for Urbino, and 111.28 ± 0.12 Ma for Leenhardt sub‐events. Stable δ13C chemostratigraphy correlations enable the transfer of tiepoints across various sedimentary basins. Key features of the carbon isotope curves were identified, named, and dated using astrochronology. Our findings suggest that the organic‐rich layers associated with the OAE 1b event exhibit distinct characteristics influenced by several factors, including a warm climate driven by volcanic CO2 emissions, heightened precipitation, intense weathering, and marine transgressions. These factors amplify orbital forcings on paleoclimate changes, leading to oceanic‐atmospheric disturbances that promote deoxygenation and carbon burial during OAE 1b.
Carbon Cycle and Circulation Change in the North Pacific Ocean at the Initiation of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation Constrained by Boron‐Based Proxies in Diatoms
Authors: Donald H. K. , Swann G. E. A. , Rae J. W. B. , Foster G. L.
Published: November 2024

The intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (iNHG) at 2.73 Ma is associated with a reorganization of the subarctic Pacific Ocean and abrupt drop in opal mass accumulation rates. Uncertainty, however, remains around the extent to which these changes altered carbon dynamics and contributed to a reduction in atmospheric pCO2 and global temperatures. These issues are addressed here using the boron isotope (δ11B) proxy in diatom frustules to reconstruct past changes in the pH and pCO2 of ambient seawater. Diatom δ11B and [B] indicate a subarctic Pacific surface water increase of 0.3–0.5 pH units over the iNHG. This confirms that delivery of carbon and nutrients into surface waters was reduced at this time, explaining the drop in opal productivity and limiting CO2 outgassing from the ocean interior. We consider two hypotheses to explain this based on potential changes in circulation from the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene: “ventilation to stratification” or “stratification to ventilation.” The ventilation to stratification hypothesis, which posits a switch from vigorous Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Pliocene to stratification over iNHG, has received more attention in the literature. The stratification to ventilation hypothesis, which posits a modest increase in ventilation, is more consistent with modern and late Pleistocene analogs, the majority of models and δ13C data. These late Pliocene changes in the subarctic Pacific, in conjunction with other external and internal processes including those in the Southern Ocean, would have contributed to a lowering of atmospheric pCO2 and the long‐term expansion of ice‐sheets across the Northern Hemisphere.
Modeling PFAS Subsurface Transport in the Presence of Groundwater Table Fluctuations: The Impact on Source‐Zone Leaching and Exploration of Model Simplifications
Authors: Zeng Jicai , Brusseau Mark L. , Guo Bo
Published: November 2024

Air–water interfacial adsorption represents a major source of retention for many per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Therefore, transient hydrological fluxes that dynamically change the amount of air–water interfaces are expected to strongly influence PFAS retention in their source zones in the vadose zone. We employ mathematical modeling to study how seasonal groundwater table (GWT) fluctuations affect PFAS source‐zone leaching. The results suggest that, by periodically collapsing air–water interfaces, seasonal GWT fluctuations can lead to strong temporal variations in groundwater concentration and significantly enhance PFAS leaching in the vadose zone. The enhanced leaching is more pronounced for longer‐chain PFAS, coarser‐textured porous media, drier climates, and greater amplitudes of fluctuations. GWT fluctuations and lateral migration above the GWT introduce a downgradient persistent secondary source zone for longer‐chain PFAS. However, the enhanced leaching and the secondary source zone are greatly reduced when subsurface heterogeneity is present. In highly heterogeneous source zones, GWT fluctuations may even lead to overall slower leaching due to lateral flow (in the GWT fluctuation zone and above the GWT) moving PFAS into local regions with greater retention capacities. Model simplification analyses suggest that the enhanced source‐zone leaching due to GWT fluctuations may be approximated using a static but shallower GWT. Additionally, while vertical 1D models underestimate source‐zone leaching due to not representing lateral migration, they can be revised to account for lateral migration and provide lower‐ and upper‐bound estimates of PFAS source‐zone leaching under GWT fluctuations. Overall, our study suggests that representing GWT fluctuations is critical for quantifying source‐zone leaching of PFAS, especially the more interfacially active longer‐chain compounds.
Quantum sensing with optically accessible spin defects in van der Waals layered materials
Authors: Fang Hong-Hua , Wang Xiao-Jie , Marie Xavier , Sun Hong-Bo
Published: November 2024

Quantum sensing has emerged as a powerful technique to detect and measure physical and chemical parameters with exceptional precision. One of the methods is to use optically active spin defects within solid-state materials. These defects act as sensors and have made significant progress in recent years, particularly in the realm of two-dimensional (2D) spin defects. In this article, we focus on the latest trends in quantum sensing that use spin defects in van der Waals (vdW) materials. We discuss the benefits of combining optically addressable spin defects with 2D vdW materials while highlighting the challenges and opportunities to use these defects. To make quantum sensing practical and applicable, the article identifies some areas worth further exploration. These include identifying spin defects with properties suitable for quantum sensing, generating quantum defects on demand with control of their spatial localization, understanding the impact of layer thickness and interface on quantum sensing, and integrating spin defects with photonic structures for new functionalities and higher emission rates. The article explores the potential applications of quantum sensing in several fields, such as superconductivity, ferromagnetism, 2D nanoelectronics, and biology. For instance, combining nanoscale microfluidic technology with nanopore and quantum sensing may lead to a new platform for DNA sequencing. As materials technology continues to evolve, and with the advancement of defect engineering techniques, 2D spin defects are expected to play a vital role in quantum sensing.
Completely non-invasive prediction of IDH mutation status based on preoperative native CT images
Authors: Musigmann Manfred , Bilgin Melike , Bilgin Sabriye Sennur , Krähling Hermann , Heindel Walter , Mannil Manoj
Published: November 2024

The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status is one of the most important markers according to the 2021 WHO classification of CNS tumors. Preoperatively, this information is usually obtained based on invasive biopsies, contrast-enhanced MR images or PET images generated using radioactive tracers. However, the completely non-invasive determination of IDH mutation status using routinely acquired preoperative native CT images has hardly been investigated to date. In our study, we show that radiomics-based machine learning allows to determine IDH mutation status based on preoperative native CT images both with very high accuracy and completely non-invasively. Based on independent test data, we are able to correctly identify 91.1% of cases with an IDH mutation. Our final model, containing only six features, exhibits a high area under the curve of 0.847 and an excellent area under the precision-recall curve of 0.945. In the future, such models may be used for a completely non-invasive prediction of important genetic markers, potentially allowing treating physicians to reduce the number of biopsies and speed up further treatment planning.
An AI-driven approach for modeling the compressive strength of sustainable concrete incorporating waste marble as an industrial by-product
Authors: Kazemi Ramin , Mirjalili Seyedali
Published: November 2024

A key goal of environmental policies and circular economy strategies in the construction sector is to convert demolition and industrial wastes into reusable materials. As an industrial by-product, Waste marble (WM), has the potential to replace cement and fine aggregate in concrete which helps with saving natural resources and reducing environmental harm. While many studies have so far investigated the effect of WM on compressive strength (CS), it is undeniable that conducting experimental activities requires time, money, and re-testing with changing materials and conditions. Hence, this study seeks to move from traditional experimental approaches towards artificial intelligence-driven approaches by developing three models—artificial neural network (ANN) and hybrid ANN with ant colony optimization (ACO) and biogeography-based optimization (BBO) to predict the CS of WM concrete. For this purpose, a comprehensive dataset including 1135 data records is employed from the literature. The models’ performance is assessed using statistical metrics and error histograms, and a K-fold cross-validation analysis is applied to avoid overfitting problems, emphasize the models’ reliable predictive capabilities, and generalize them. The statistical metrics indicated that the ANN-BBO model performed best with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9950 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 1.2017 MPa. Besides, the error distribution results revealed that the ANN-BBO outperformed the ANN and ANN-ACO with a narrower range of errors so that 98% of the predicted data points in the training phase by the ANN-BBO model experienced errors in the range of [-10%, 10%], whereas for the ANN-ACO and ANN models, this percentage was 85% and 79%, respectively. Additionally, the study employed SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis to clarify the impact of input variables on prediction accuracy and found that the specimen’s age is the most influential variable. Eventually, to validate the ANN-BBO, a comparison was performed with the results of previous studies’ models.
Hematologic and biochemical reference values for anesthetized juvenile German crossbred farm pigs
Authors: Meissner Florian , Dinkelaker Johannes , Maier Alexander , Pooth Jan-Steffen , Costa Galbas Michelle , Schön Manuela , Boll David , Trummer Georg , Benk Christoph , Haberstroh Jörg , Cristina Schmitz Heidi Ramona , Förster Katharina , Hoppe Natalie , Büchsel Martin , Reiss Simon , Czerny Martin , Bothe Wolfgang , Brixius Sam
Published: November 2024

Juvenile crossbred pigs are widely used for acute and chronic animal testing due to their anatomical and physiological resemblance to humans. They are particularly prevalent in preclinical cardiovascular research, including studies investigating extracorporeal resuscitation and mechanical circulatory support devices. However, the availability of comprehensive laboratory reference values is limited. In a single-center study at the University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany, the hematologic and biochemical laboratory values of anesthetized healthy juvenile German crossbred farm pigs were determined. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of surgical procedures, either arterially or venously. Females and males were compared, and correlation with body weight was assessed. In total, 268 animals (weight 57.8 ± 12.4 kg) were included, thereof 180 castrated males (55.2 ± 7.7 kg) and 79 females (63.6 ± 18.3 kg). There were significant differences between males and females in 11 of 45 parameters and a moderate correlation between body weight and creatinine (R = 0.41, p < 0.001). The reference intervals and insights into sex and body weight correlations enhance the utility of healthy juvenile German crossbred farm pigs in translational research, providing a robust reference for future studies.
Sounds as taxonomic indicators in Holocentrid fishes
Authors: Banse Marine , Bertimes Estelle , Lecchini David , Donaldson Terry J. , Bertucci Frédéric , Parmentier Eric
Published: November 2024

The species-specific character of sounds in the animal kingdom has been extensively documented, yet research on fishes has predominantly focused on a limited number of species, overlooking the potential of acoustic signals to reflect broader taxonomic ranks. In this study, we analyzed acoustic data of hand-held sounds from 388 specimens spanning 5 genera and 33 species within the family Holocentridae, with the objective of evaluating the use of sound characteristics for taxonomic discrimination across various levels (subfamily, genus, species). Sounds could be indicative of grouping. Taxa discriminability depends on taxonomic level; the higher the taxonomic level, the better the discrimination of taxa based on sounds. Analogous to the role of morphological traits in taxonomic delineation, this research corroborates the utility of acoustic features in identifying fish taxa across multiple hierarchical levels. Remarkably, certain holocentrid species have evolved complex sound patterns characterized by unique temporal arrangements where pulses are not continuous but emitted in blocks, facilitating the exploitation of the acoustic space.
Correction: Improving the direct air capture capacity of grafted amines via thermal treatment
Authors: Jue Melinda L. , Ellebracht Nathan C. , Rasmussen Mathew J. , Hunter-Sellars Elwin , Marple Maxwell A. T. , Yung Matthew M. , Pang Simon H.
Published: November 2024

Correction for ‘Improving the direct air capture capacity of grafted amines via thermal treatment’ by Melinda L. Jue et al., Chem. Commun., 2024, 60, 7077–7080, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4CC01634C.
Doping-induced band-gap shrinkage to modify the electronic structure of MoS2 for organic wastewater management
Authors: Zhang Yuchen , Jia Yuehan , Li Yanjie , Xu Hongquan , Wang Jingsu , Wei Maobin , Zhang Yong , Yuan Hui , Gao Ming
Published: November 2024

MoS2, with its high specific surface area and tunable electronic structure, has received much interest in the fields of sensing and environmental remediation.
Exploring the influence of physical and chemical factors on new particle formation in a polluted megacity
Authors: Ali Umer , Singh Vikram , Faisal Mohd , Kumar Mayank , Gani Shahzad
Published: November 2024

In polluted environments, the condensation sink, along with relative humidity and aerosol liquid water content, plays a key role in suppressing new particle formation events, which appear largely unaffected by aerosol chemical composition.
Quantitative photoacoustic spectral transformations in theranostic solid lipid nanoparticles labelled with increasing concentrations of a photoacoustic NIR BODIPY
Authors: Linger Clément , Maccini Giulia , Clavier Gilles , Méallet Rachel , Tsapis Nicolas , Gateau Jérôme
Published: November 2024

Transformations of photoacoustic and absorption spectra with increasing BODIPY dye content in solid lipid nanoparticles reveal optical and photothermal phenomena.
A new material built with alternating Cu sulfide and (Al,Mg) hydroxide molecular sheets: hydrothermal synthesis and selected characteristics
Authors: Likhatski Maxim N. , Borisov Roman V. , Karpov Denis V. , Tomashevich Yevgeny V. , Vorobyev Sergey A. , Karacharov Anton A. , Zharkov Sergey M. , Tambasov Igor A. , Zolotovski Nikita A. , Nedelin Sergei V. , Krylov Alexander S. , Krylova Svetlana N. , Zhizhaev Anatoly M. , Fetisova Olga Yu. , Mikhlin Yuri L.
Published: November 2024

Two-dimensional materials with new physical features are gaining popularity due to their unique properties.
Symmetry breaking enhances the catalytic and electrocatalytic performance of core/shell tetrametallic porous nanoparticles
Authors: Omondi Apoko S. , Kovács Dávid , Radnóczi György Z. , Horváth Zsolt E. , Tolnai István , Deák András , Zámbó Dániel
Published: November 2024

Spherical and symmetry-broken Au core particles are used to synthesize tetrametallic (Au@mPdPtIr) porous nanocatalysts. Symmetry breaking of the core significantly improves the catalytic activity in various catalytic and electrocatalytic reactions.
Composition-dependent emission colors for biomass-based main-chain luminescent liquid crystalline copolyesters with excellent tensile properties
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Jing , Li Wenting , Liao Guangjian , Qiu Yuan , Yin Guochuan , Liao Yonggui , Xie Xiaolin
Published: November 2024

The emission colors of high-performance MCLCPs with biomass-based bifuran and AIE-active cyanostilbene units can be tuned by the composition from blue to cyan, and then to green. Upon UV exposure, the thin film can undergo an emission color change.
Aromatic vs. aliphatic linkers: impact on dye loading and stability in oligoglycerol-derived dendronized polymersomes
Authors: Roy Raj Kumar , Samanta Trisha , Saha Supriyo , Ramesh Aparna , Begum Naznin Ara , Ghosh Goutam , Dey Pradip
Published: November 2024

We report the synthesis and self-assembly of oligoglycerol-based dendronized polythiourethanes, which consist of an aliphatic or aromatic linker. Using FRET, the effect of the linker was understood and the dye exchange mechanism was unravelled.
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies of novel N-substituted-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-6-carboxamides as promising anticancer agents
Authors: Dastyafteh Navid , Negahdaripour Manica , Sayahi Mohammad Hosein , Emami Mina , Ghasemi Younes , Safaei Elham , Azizian Homa , Pakrouh Jahromi Zahra , Asadi Mehdi , Mohajeri-Tehrani Mohammad Reza , Zare Fateme , Shahidi Minoo , Pooraskari Zahra , Sajjadi-Jazi Sayed Mahmoud , Larijani Bagher , Mahdavi Mohammad , Ranjbar Sara
Published: November 2024

Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel benzimidazoles were explained. The most potent derivative was subjected to cell cycle, apoptosis, and in silico investigations. Compound 5o proved to be a promising anticancer agent.
Enhancing skin delivery of tranexamic acid via esterification: synthesis and evaluation of alkyl ester derivatives
Authors: Zeng Yutong , Ma Mengrui , Chen Yongfeng , Xie Huichao , Ding Pingtian , Zhang Keda
Published: November 2024

An alkyl esterification prodrug strategy enhances skin penetration and deposition of tranexamic acid.
Assessment of optimized FRET substrates as universal corona- and picornavirus main protease substrates for screening assays
Authors: Fischer Conrad , Van Oers Tayla J. , van Belkum Marco J. , Lamer Tess , Romney Aaron , Chen Pu , Lemieux M. Joanne , Vederas John C.
Published: November 2024

A short FRET peptide was identified as a universal substrate for selected coronavirus Mpros. Kinetic parameters, buffer stability and Z'-assay suggest this substrate as an excellent target for CoV-Mpro HT inhibitor screening assay development.
A mild and convenient protocol for the synthesis of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and benzimidazoles
Authors: Luo Zhenbiao , Wang Mingyuan , Jiang Guidong , Wang Xinye , Zhao Liang , Hu Zhihui , Li Honghe , Ji Qing
Published: November 2024

We present a mild and simple method for the cyclization of N-protected o-phenylenediamines with carbonyl compounds in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid.
Total synthesis of atropodiastereomers of heterodimeric Amaryllidaceae alkaloids: narcipavline and narcikachnine
Authors: Pal Souvik , Majumder Satyajit , Niyogi Sovan , Shyamal Pranay , Mondal Debabrata , Das Bishnu , Bisai Alakesh
Published: November 2024

The first asymmetric total synthesis of naturally occurring atropodiastereomers of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, such as narcipavlines A (1a) and B (1b) and narcikachnines A (2a) and B (2b), sharing a cis-dihydrobenzofuran structure is reported.
An interactive dual energy storage mechanism boosts high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries
Authors: Gong Shengen , Zhu Meihua , Zhou Yan , Li Runan , Zhang Jianhua , Jia Xiaoteng , Chao Danming , Wang Caiyun
Published: November 2024

A conductive polymer cathode with high redox potential is realized by pre-doping Mn2+ into PANI, which demonstrates an interactive dual energy storage mechanism of reversible doping of multiple cations and dissolution–deposition of Mn2+.
Cyclo[4]pyrrole with α–β direct linkages
Authors: Sun Yuhua , Kitahara Riku , Ichino Tomoya , Ide Yuki , Senboku Hisanori , Shimizu Soji , Tanaka Takayuki , Inokuma Yasuhide
Published: November 2024

A cyclo[4]pyrrole bearing pyrrole(α)–pyrrole(β) direct linkages was synthesized from an oligoketone precursor. Cyclo[4]pyrrole exhibited a non-planar macrocyclic structure whose global π-conjugation was altered depending on the dihedral angles.
Bioinspired and biomimetic nucleobase-containing polymers: the effect of selective multiple hydrogen bonds
Authors: Yao Nan , Wu Jiang , Liu Guangming , Hua Zan
Published: November 2024

Inspired by the selective multiple hydrogen bonds of complementary nucleobases in nucleic acids, robust nucleobase-containing polymers/materials have been developed through high-efficient and scalable step-growth or chain polymerizations.
Restriction of Ce-MOF growth within ZSM zeolite for robust three-proofing thermoplastic polyurethane
Authors: Bi Xue , Song Kunpeng , Li Qianlong , Lin Tao , Pan Ye-Tang , Wang Wei , He Jiyu , Yang Rongjie
Published: November 2024

A three-proofing TPU material with UV resistance, chemical resistance and fire resistance.
Illuminating cisplatin-induced ferroptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer with biothiol-activatable fluorescent/photoacoustic bimodal probes
Authors: Xu Li , Liu Hongwen , Kong Yi , Li Lingyun , Li Jia , Li Kang , Liang Shuzhi , Chen Bolin
Published: November 2024

Using activatable NIR fluorescent/PA bimodal probes, we successfully monitored real-time biothiol changes during ferroptosis in NSCLC cells and tumors, revealing enhanced ferroptosis with the combined use of erastin and cisplatin.
The origin and evolution of the [CII] deficit in HII regions and star-forming molecular clouds
Authors: Ebagezio S. , Seifried D. , Walch S. , Bisbas T. G.
Published: November 2024

Aims. We analyse synthetic emission maps of the [CII] 158 µm line and far-infrared (FIR) continuum of simulated molecular clouds (MCs) within the SILCC-Zoom project to study the origin of the observed [CII] deficit, that is, the drop in the [CII]/FIR intensity ratio caused by stellar activity.

Methods. All simulations include stellar radiative feedback and the on-the-fly chemical evolution of hydrogen species, CO, and C+. We also account for further ionisation of C+ into C2+ inside HII regions, which is crucial to obtain reliable results.

Results. Studying individual HII regions, we show that IFIR is initially high in the vicinity of newly born stars, and then moderately decreases over time as the gas is compressed into dense and cool shells. In contrast, there is a large drop in ICII over time, to which the second ionisation of C+ into C2+ contributes significantly. This leads to a large drop in I[CII] /IFIR inside HII regions, with I[CII] /IFIR decreasing from 10−3−10−2 at scales above 10 pc to around 10−6−10−4 at scales below 2 pc. However, projection effects can significantly affect the radial profile of I[CII]/IFIR, and their ratio, and can create apparent HII regions without any stars. Considering the evolution on MC scales, we show that the luminosity ratio, L[CII]/LFIR, decreases from values of ≳10−2 in MCs without star formation to values of around ~10−3 in MCs with star formation. We attribute this decrease and thus the origin of the [CII] deficit to two main contributors: (i) the saturation of the [CII] line and (ii) the conversion of C+ into C2+ by stellar radiation. The drop in the L[CII]/LFIR ratio can be divided into two phases: (i) During the early evolution of HII regions, the saturation of [CII] and the further ionisation of C+ limit the increase in L[CII], while LFIR increases rapidly, leading to the initial decline of L[CII]/LFIR. (ii) In more evolved HII regions, LCII stagnates and even partially drops over time due to the aforementioned reasons. LFIR also stagnates as the gas gets pushed into the cooler shells surrounding the HII region. In combination, this keeps the global L[CII]/LFIR ratio at low values of ~10−3.
The GAPS programme at TNG
Authors: Stangret M. , Fossati L. , D’Arpa M. C. , Borsa F. , Nascimbeni V. , Malavolta L. , Sicilia D. , Pino L. , Biassoni F. , Bonomo A. S. , Brogi M. , Claudi R. , Damasso M. , Di Maio C. , Giacobbe P. , Guilluy G. , Harutyunyan A. , Lanza A. F. , Martínez Fiorenzano A. F. , Mancini L. , Nardiello D. , Scandariato G. , Sozzetti A. , Zingales T.
Published: November 2024

Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are gas giant planets orbiting close to their host star, with equilibrium temperatures exceeding 2000 K, and among the most studied planets in terms of their atmospheric composition. Thanks to a new generation of ultra-stable high-resolution spectrographs, it is possible to detect the signal from the individual lines of the species in the exoplanetary atmospheres. We employed two techniques in this study. First, we used transmission spectroscopy, which involved examining the spectra around single lines of Fe II. Then we carried out a set of cross-correlation studies for two UHJs: KELT-9b and KELT-20b. Both planets orbit fast-rotating stars, which resulted in the detection of the strong Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect and center-to-limb variations in the transmission spectrum. These effects had to be corrected to ensure a precise analysis. Using the transmission spectroscopy method, we detected 21 single lines of Fe II in the atmosphere of KELT-9b. All of the detected lines are blue-shifted, suggesting strong day-to-night side atmospheric winds. The cross-correlation method leads to the detection of the blue-shifted signal with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 13.46. Our results are in agreement with models based on non-local thermodynamical equilibrium (NLTE) effects, with a mean micro-turbulence of νmic = 2.73 ± 1.5 km s−1 and macro-turbulence of νmac = 8.22 ± 3.85 km s−1. In the atmosphere of KELT-20b, we detected 17 single lines of Fe II. Considering different measurements of the systemic velocity of the system, we conclude that the existence of winds in the atmosphere of KELT-20b cannot be determined conclusively. The detected signal with the cross-correlation method presents a S/N of 11.51. The results are consistent with NLTE effects, including means of νmic = 3.04 ± 0.35 km s−1 and νmac = 6.76 ± 1.17 km s−1.
Surface dynamics of small fast-rotating asteroids: Analysis of possible regolith on asteroid 2016 HO3
Authors: Ren Jialong , Wu Bo , Hesse Marc A. , Li Hongliang , Liu Yi , Wang Xing
Published: November 2024

The Chinese Tianwen-2 mission is planned to explore and sample the near-Earth asteroid 2016 HO3, also named 469219 Kamo’oalewa. This paper intends to answer the question of whether 2016 HO3 has any regolith. A 3D model of an irregular shape was reconstructed from light curve data of 2016 HO3, with simulated impact craters embedded on its surface. We used numerical simulations to calculate the acceleration from gravity, fast rotation, and the van der Waals cohesive force. We found that the poles have a higher chance of hosting regolith, and the regolith may also rest on the walls of craters that face toward the rotation axis, making them potential sample collection sites. On the surface of 2016 HO3, the van der Waals force is strong enough to hold particles smaller than several centimeters against centrifugal force. Furthermore, we compare a pair of transient processes: thermal fatigue, which generates small particles, and micro-impacts, which remove the surface mass. Thermal fatigue is at least comparable to, and perhaps more efficient than, micro-impacts for 2016 HO3. Therefore, it is highly possible that regolith exists on the surface of 2016 HO3.
Detection of faculae in the transit and transmission spectrum of WASP-69b
Authors: Petit dit de la Roche D. J. M. , Chakraborty H. , Lendl M. , Kitzmann D. , Pietrow A. G. M. , Akinsanmi B. , Boffin H. M. J. , Cubillos Patricio E. , Deline A. , Ehrenreich D. , Fossati L. , Sedaghati E.
Published: November 2024

Context. Transmission spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding exoplanet atmospheres. At optical wavelengths, this technique makes it possible to infer the composition and the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere. However, unocculted stellar activity can result in contamination of atmospheric transmission spectra by introducing spurious slopes and molecular signals.

Aims. We aim to characterise the atmosphere of the transiting exoplanet WASP-69b, a hot Jupiter orbiting an active K star, and characterise the activity levels of the host star.

Methods. We obtained three nights of spectrophotometric data with the FORS2 instrument on the VLT, covering a wavelength range of 340–1100 nm. These were divided into 10 nm binned spectroscopic light curves, which were fit with a combination of Gaussian processes and parametric models to obtain a transmission spectrum. We performed retrievals on the full spectrum with combined stellar activity and planet atmosphere models.

Results. We directly detect a facula in the form of a hot-spot-crossing event in one of the transits and indirectly detect unocculted faculae through an apparently decreasing radius towards the blue end of the transmission spectrum. We determine a facula temperature of ΔT = + 644−263+427 K for the former and a stellar coverage fraction of around 30% with a temperature of ΔT = +231 ± 72 K for the latter. The planetary atmosphere is best fit with a high-altitude cloud deck at 1.4 mbar that mutes atomic and molecular features. We find indications of water and ammonia with log(H2O)=− 2.01−0.86+0.54 and log(NH3)=−3.4−5.20+0.96, respectively, and place 3σ upper limits on TiO (<10−7.65) and K (<10−7). We see a lack of evidence of Na, which we attribute to the presence of clouds.

Conclusions. The simultaneous multi-wavelength observations allow us to break the size–contrast degeneracy for facula crossings, meaning we can obtain temperatures for both the directly and indirectly detected faculae, which are consistent with each other.
Dust mass in protoplanetary disks with porous dust opacities
Authors: Liu Yao , Roussel Hélène , Linz Hendrik , Fang Min , Wolf Sebastian , Kirchschlager Florian , Henning Thomas , Yang Haifeng , Du Fujun , Flock Mario , Wang Hongchi
Published: November 2024

Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array surveys have suggested that protoplanetary disks are not massive enough to form the known exoplanet population, based on the assumption that the millimeter continuum emission is optically thin. In this work, we investigate how the mass determination is influenced when the porosity of dust grains is considered in radiative transfer models. The results show that disks with porous dust opacities yield similar dust temperatures, but systematically lower millimeter fluxes, as compared to disks that incorporate compact dust grains. Moreover, we have recalibrated the relation between dust temperature and stellar luminosity for a wide range of stellar parameters. We also calculated the dust masses of a large sample of disks using the traditionally analytic approach. The median dust mass from our calculation is about six times higher than the literature result, and this is mostly driven by the different opacities of porous and compact grains. A comparison of the cumulative distribution function between disk dust masses and exoplanet masses shows that the median exoplanet mass is about two times lower than the median dust mass when grains are assumed to be porous and there are no exoplanetary systems with masses higher than the most massive disks. Our analysis suggests that adopting porous dust opacities may alleviate the mass budget problem for planet formation. As an example illustrating the combined effects of optical depth and porous dust opacities on the mass estimation, we conducted new IRAM/NIKA-2 observations toward the IRAS 04370+2559 disk and performed a detailed radiative transfer modeling of the spectral energy distribution (SED). The best-fit dust mass is roughly 100 times higher than the value given by a traditionally analytic calculation. Future spatially resolved observations at various wavelengths are required to better constrain the dust mass.
La fraude scientifique. Le regard d’un mathématicien
Authors: Lobry Claude
Published: November 2024

Très régulièrement, nous sommes informés par la presse d’une affaire de fraude scientifique, principalement dans les sciences du vivant, curieusement, jamais en mathématiques. À la lumière de ce que je conçois comme une mauvaise conduite en mathématiques, je revisite une affaire de manipulation de données maintenant vieille de cinq ans. Je défends que la multiplication de ces entorses à la rigueur scientifique est moins due à une dérive de l’éthique des chercheurs qu’à la dégradation de leurs conditions de travail engendrée par une vision ultralibérale de la recherche. Seule une action citoyenne éclairée par un journalisme d’investigation scientifique puissant pourra créer un véritable contrôle démocratique de la science.
Participatory-action research leading to transformation of scientific disciplines’ interrelations, research paths, actors’ reasoning, and viticultural practices
Authors: Masson Jean Eugène
Published: November 2024

Scientific disciplines have been studying the impact of human activities on the planet since 1972 and have developed accurate scenarios. However, they have faced challenges in effecting timely changes. In their pursuit of excellence, these disciplines may have become excessively specialized, isolating themselves from one another and hindering their ability to tackle complex problems. As a solution we could envisage fostering interdisciplinary relationships between these disciplines, or involving society at large. However, both options would require dealing with different systems of evidence, languages, epistemologies, and temporalities. In the field of viticulture, despite numerous projects spanning more than two decades, the global use of harmful pesticides has persisted, leading us down a dead-end. Designing more environmentally friendly viticultural practices and extending beyond agriculture has consequently become an urgent and crucial issue. In this paper I compare the contributions of various disciplines and their relationships with one another in addressing this issue through a series of projects ranging from monodisciplinarity to interdisciplinarity. We also discuss their limitations in resolving the problem at hand. Drawing on ten years of experience in participatory-action research, we propose moving beyond interdisciplinary approaches and embracing a ‘transformative’ transdisciplinary path. This approach can profoundly transform all stages of research, from formulating questions to generating knowledge and implementing actions. Transformative participatory-action research also impacts relationships between disciplines and between researchers and societal actors, as well as the forms of reasoning involved. I suggest that such an epistemology, while better suited to dealing with complexity, can contribute to a much-anticipated sea change in the world.
Complex Nasal Reconstruction: A Methodical Approach to the Three-Stage Paramedian Forehead Flap
Authors: McAllister Lauren , Thornton James
Published: November 2024

Complex nasal reconstructions require adequate planning with an accurate estimation of the time necessary to perform each stage. Reconstructions of the entire nose, multiple subunits, or a substantial subunit typically require lining replacement and cartilage grafting. Securing the lining prior to a staged reconstruction is preferred, but options such as the Menick folded paramedian forehead flap (PMFF) allow for lining coverage at the time of the first stage. The free radial forearm flap and the PMFF remain the gold standard for the initial lining coverage. Cartilage grafting is fundamental to complex nasal reconstructions and can be secured in either the first or the second stage. Staged reconstructions require thorough patient education, patience from both the patient and the surgeon, and an understanding that final revisions may be necessary.
The Ongoing Development of Watch and Wait
Authors: Belkovsky Mikhael , Alipouriani Ali , Kanters Arielle E. , Sommovilla Joshua , Gorgun Emre , Liska David , Steele Scott R.
Published: November 2024

The nonoperative management of rectal cancer, known as watch and wait (W&W), has gained increasing acceptance in recent years. This approach is based on using complete clinical response (cCR) as a marker for complete pathological response (pCR) following neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT). Advances in nCRT regimens have resulted in higher tumor regression rates, making W&W a viable option for selected patients. This study presents the historical evolution and efficacy of the W&W strategy and offers modern recommendations based on recent clinical findings. Key findings include an 85 to 92% 5-year disease-free survival rate in patients achieving cCR, highlighting the potential for improved quality of life and reduced morbidity without compromising survival outcomes.
Non-Neoformans Cryptococcal Infections in the Post-Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) Era: Are We Ready to Face the Emerging Challenge?
Authors: Fatima Umayra , Ahmed Hina , Singh Gautam , Giri K.Y. , Azmi Md. Sania , Meenakshi Archana , Jandrajupalli Suresh Babu , Chandolu Swarnalatha , Nayyar Abhishek Singh
Published: November 2024

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that infect animals as well as humans, while it is also suggested that, rarely, coronaviruses that infect animals can evolve and infect humans. Current evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 leads to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), the respiratory illness responsible for COVID-19 pandemic, while it has a zoonotic origin, closely related to the bat-origin SARS-like coronavirus. Also, as per the current knowledge, the disease may induce significant and persistent lymphopenia which in turn may increase the risk for various opportunistic infections. Cryptococcus laurentii is one such rare, but serious fungal infection which has been reported in post-COVID-19 disease and is a rising cause of concern since it can turn out to be fatal. The infection is caused by a non-neoformans rare human pathogen. The present case report describes the case of a 45-years old male patient who reported to the Outpatient Department (OPD) for a routine dental complaint with a grossly destructed tooth in left lower back tooth region due to extensive carious involvement, while, simultaneously, presenting with fever since 5 days in the post-COVID-19 phase, and was later diagnosed as being positive for C. laurentii infection on urine culture sensitivity test.
The Tibial Tunnel Size Relative to the Proximal Tibia Affects the Tibial Tunnel Widening in Anatomical Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Murakami Ryo , Taketomi Shuji , Yamagami Ryota , Kono Kenichi , Kawaguchi Kohei , Kage Tomofumi , Arakawa Takahiro , Kobayashi Takashi , Tanaka Sakae
Published: November 2024

The impact of the bone tunnel size relative to body size on clinical results in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the morphological alteration of the tibial tunnel aperture and relationship between the tibial tunnel size relative to the proximal tibia among the tibial tunnel widening (TW) and clinical results following ACL reconstruction. This study comprised 131 patients who had undergone anatomical ACL reconstruction utilizing bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts. The morphology and enlargement of the tibial tunnel were examined via three-dimensional computed tomography 1 week and 1 year postoperatively. The anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) positions were determined as a percentage relative to the proximal AP and ML tibial dimensions, respectively. Clinical assessment was conducted 2 years postoperatively. The association between the primary tibial tunnel size among TW and clinical outcomes was examined. The tibial tunnel significantly migrated posterolaterally. The ML diameter significantly widened; however, the AP diameter did not exhibit widening. AP widening was associated with the AP diameter of the primary tibial tunnel (r = −0.482, p < 0.01), and ML widening correlated with the ML diameter of that tunnel (r = −0.478, p < 0.01). However, there was no significant correlation observed between the primary tibial tunnel size and clinical outcomes. The tibial tunnel migrated and enlarged laterally in the ML plane, but did not enlarge in the AP plane. The primary tibial tunnel diameter relative to the proximal tibia negatively correlated with the tibial TW in the AP and ML planes. Level of evidence: level IV.
Evaluating ChatGPT-4's Performance in Identifying Radiological Anatomy in FRCR Part 1 Examination Questions
Authors: Sarangi Pradosh Kumar , Datta Suvrankar , Panda Braja Behari , Panda Swaha , Mondal Himel
Published: November 2024

Background Radiology is critical for diagnosis and patient care, relying heavily on accurate image interpretation. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) have raised interest in the potential of AI models to support radiologists, although robust research on AI performance in this field is still emerging.

Objective This study aimed to assess the efficacy of ChatGPT-4 in answering radiological anatomy questions similar to those in the Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR) Part 1 Anatomy examination.

Methods We used 100 mock radiological anatomy questions from a free Web site patterned after the FRCR Part 1 Anatomy examination. ChatGPT-4 was tested under two conditions: with and without context regarding the examination instructions and question format. The main query posed was: “Identify the structure indicated by the arrow(s).” Responses were evaluated against correct answers, and two expert radiologists (>5 and 30 years of experience in radiology diagnostics and academics) rated the explanation of the answers. We calculated four scores: correctness, sidedness, modality identification, and approximation. The latter considers partial correctness if the identified structure is present but not the focus of the question.

Results Both testing conditions saw ChatGPT-4 underperform, with correctness scores of 4 and 7.5% for no context and with context, respectively. However, it identified the imaging modality with 100% accuracy. The model scored over 50% on the approximation metric, where it identified present structures not indicated by the arrow. However, it struggled with identifying the correct side of the structure, scoring approximately 42 and 40% in the no context and with context settings, respectively. Only 32% of the responses were similar across the two settings.

Conclusion Despite its ability to correctly recognize the imaging modality, ChatGPT-4 has significant limitations in interpreting normal radiological anatomy. This indicates the necessity for enhanced training in normal anatomy to better interpret abnormal radiological images. Identifying the correct side of structures in radiological images also remains a challenge for ChatGPT-4.
Investigating the Chinese cultural mind through Chinese-American cross-cultural films
Authors: Luo Han , Salvatore Georgia
Published: November 2024

The importance of teaching cultural perspectives or cultural mind is now widely recognized in the field of foreign
language education. Meanwhile, language teachers and scholars are also aware of the difficulty of implementing this aspect of
cultural instruction in the classroom because the cultural mind tends to be abstract, intangible, and invisible. As
Chinese-American cross-cultural films often foreground cultural differences and conflicts caused by underlying systems of values,
beliefs, and behaviors in Chinese and American societies, they serve as tangible discussion points for guiding students in
exploring the Chinese cultural mind. Therefore, this paper utilizes Chinese-American cross-cultural films as a springboard to
analyze four key themes reflective of the Chinese cultural mind as depicted in the films (i.e., collectivism vs individualism,
saving face, filial piety, and the role of women) and discusses pedagogical implications for cultural instruction, especially the
teaching of cultural perspectives or cultural mind in the Chinese language classroom.
Experimental investigation on in-situ laser-assisted mechanical ruling of single crystal silicon
Authors: Yao Dong , Shi Guangfeng , Meng Siwei
Published: November 2024

In this paper, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed as a robust and convenient predictive tool to establish the correlation between process parameters of in situ laser-assisted mechanical ruling and the ductile-to-brittle transition of single-crystal silicon. The interaction effects among three factors laser power, ruling speed, and negative rake angle on the ductile-to-brittle transition of single-crystal silicon were investigated. The optimal combination of process parameters was determined to be a laser power of 30W, a ruling speed of 0.25 mm s−1, and a negative rake angle of 58°. Utilizing a self-assembled setup and the optimal process parameters, multiple processing experiments were conducted. The average error between the experimental and predicted values was found to be 2.8%.