bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic resistance and detection of the sul2 gene in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli in patients from Brazil
Authors: Teichmann Aline , Agra Homero Neto de Cunha , Nunes Luciana de Souza , Rocha Marion Pereira da , Renner Jane Dagmar Pollo , Possuelo Lia Gonçalves , Carneiro Marcelo , Rieger Alexandre , Benitez Lisianne Brittes , Valim Andréia Rosane de Moura
Published: January 2014

Introduction: The present study aimed to assess the antibiotic resistance profiles and detect the presence of the sul2 gene in sulfamethoxazole-susceptible and resistant isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from outpatients and inpatients with urinary tract infections. Methodology: The resistance profiles of 739 strains were assessed and the presence of the sul2 gene in 100 isolates was tested. Results: The antibiotics with the highest resistance rates were ampicillin (57.4%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (44.7%). The presence of the gene sul2 was detected in 66.7% of outpatient samples and 67.9% of inpatient samples. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that E. coli isolates exhibit high resistance to various classes of antibiotics, highlighting the need for developing strategies to help in prescribing antibiotics.
Reliability and Clinically Important Improvement Thresholds for Osteoarthritis Pain and Function Scales: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Singh Jasvinder A. , Luo Ruili , Landon Glenn C. , Suarez-Almazor Maria
Published: January 2014

Objective.

To assess the reliability and clinically meaningful thresholds of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (ICOAP) score, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical function Short-form (KOOS-PS), the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical function Short-form (HOOS-PS), and the Quality of life subscales of HOOS/KOOS (HOOS-QOL/KOOS-QOL) in patients with knee or hip arthritis.

Methods.

One hundred and ninety-five patients (141 knee, 54 hip) seen at 2 orthopedic outpatient clinics with a diagnosis of knee or hip OA completed patient-reported questionnaires (ICOAP pain scale, KOOS-PS, HOOS-PS, KOOS-QOL, HOOS-QOL) at baseline and 2-week followup. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). We calculated minimum clinically important difference (MCID) and moderate improvement in the subgroup that reported change in the status of their affected joint.

Results.

The reliability as assessed by ICC was as follows: ICOAP pain scale, 0.63 (0.48, 0.74) in patients with knee arthritis, and 0.86 (0.73, 0.93) for hip arthritis; KOOS-PS, 0.66 (0.52, 0.77); HOOS-PS, 0.82 (0.66, 0.91); KOOS-QOL, 0.79 (0.69, 0.86); and HOOS-QOL, 0.67 (0.42, 0.83). MCID and moderate improvement estimates in patients with knee arthritis were ICOAP pain scale, 18.5 and 26.7; KOOS-PS, 2.2 and 15.0; and KOOS-QOL, 8.0 and 15.6. A smaller sample in patients with hip arthritis precluded MCID and moderate improvement estimates.

Conclusion.

We found that ICOAP pain and KOOS-PS/HOOS-PS scales were reasonably reliable in patients with hip OA. Reliability of these scales was much lower in patients with knee arthritis. Thresholds for clinically meaningful change in pain or function on these scales were estimated for patients with knee arthritis.
Du champion au poilu sportif. Représentations et expériences du sport de guerre
Authors: Dietschy Paul
Published: January 2014

Durant le premier conflit mondial, le sport a constitué une manière de représenter la guerre et de la vivre. Dès le début du conflit, la presse sportive a mobilisé sa rhétorique emphatique pour décrire la guerre comme un grand match à des fins tout à la fois patriotiques et économiques. Derrière ces discours exaltant le soldat sportif, se cachent souvent les luttes de pouvoir opposant les organisations sportives. Sur le front, la pratique du sport a pu prendre plusieurs formes. S’ils ont été exposés par la presse à la chasse à l’embusqué, les champions ont pu saisir dans le développement de l’aviation de guerre l’opportunité de retrouver un environnement compétitif et athlétique. Plus près des tranchées, l’existence d’un « sport de guerre » incluant boxe, football et athlétisme a été compris, d’après les témoignages de soldats, comme un moyen d’échapper à la contrainte militaire et à la violence de guerre. Loin d’être un adjuvant à l’agressivité du guerrier, le sport a d’abord symbolisé la vie face à une mort omniprésente.
Les sports aériens : de la compétition sportive à la violence de guerre
Authors: Robène Luc
Published: January 2014

À la veille du premier conflit mondial, l’aviation est encore largement considérée comme un sport. Depuis la fin du xix e  siècle, l’armée française observe toutefois avec un intérêt prudent le développement de cette pratique. Le déclenchement des hostilités amène toutefois à reconsidérer l’utilisation de l’aviation dans les opérations militaires. L’image de l’aviation, sport élitiste en voie de professionnalisation, confère tout d’abord une dimension particulière au combat aérien. La persistance d’une représentation « sportive » de l’aviateur en temps de guerre conduit à la création de la catégorie de l’« as ». Mais si cette nouvelle distinction militaire permet de donner un visage aux héros de la patrie en guerre, le combat aérien se révèle vite fort éloigné de la compétition sportive. De fait, la violence et la mort de masse l’emportent progressivement sur le fair-play sportif, alors que la presse se plaît à propager le mythe de la guerre comme le « grand match ».
Entre solidarité et défi. Le sport, la guerre, la grande presse
Authors: Tétart Philippe
Published: January 2014

À la Belle Époque, le sport est déjà très présent dans les colonnes de la grande presse française. Dès l’automne 1914, à l’instar des périodiques sportifs, les grands quotidiens relancent leurs rubriques spécialisées, érigent les champions en héros de guerre et organisent des collectes pour envoyer des ballons aux poilus. Toutefois, même s’ils font l’éloge de l’éducation physique et du sport comme propédeutiques à la guerre, les rédactions reviennent vite au tropisme de la compétition, l’un de leurs fonds de commerce d’avant-guerre. Il s’agit pour elles de faire renaître le sport de l’arrière, quitte à oublier parfois l’impératif patriotique. Par-delà la portion congrue réservée à l’information sportive en temps de guerre, l’étude de la presse quotidienne rend bien compte des permanences – l’hégémonie du turf notamment – et des transformations de l’espace sportif pendant le conflit avec, en particulier, le triomphe du football association.
Culture de paix et culture de guerre. Pierre de Coubertin et le Comité International olympique de 1910 à 1920
Authors: Clastres Patrick
Published: January 2014

S’il a eu pour projet de reviriliser les jeunes Français, Pierre de Coubertin n’a pas pensé le sport comme un instrument du bellicisme. Bien au contraire, les compétitions sportives doivent aider selon lui à pacifier les relations internationales. Cela ne l’empêche pas de faire preuve d’activisme dès la déclaration de guerre. S’il loue le patriotisme en acte du peuple français, il dénonce le sectarisme de la participation du « camp clérical » à l’union sacrée. Les articles qu’il publie dans la presse sur l’éducation physique et la guerre, l’écriture d’un décalogue patriotique à l’adresse de la jeunesse française doivent contribuer à la victoire finale. C’est la victoire des sports qu’il célèbre en 1918. Des sports qui, à condition d’être diffusés dans les classes populaires, doivent servir de barrière à l’expansion du communisme. Si les premiers jeux Olympiques d’après-guerre (Anvers, 1920) doivent être pour lui ceux de la paix, il n’accepte pas moins l’exclusion provisoire des puissances centrales en prenant bien soin de distinguer le pouvoir impérial de Guillaume II de l’Allemagne et de ses alliés.
A C++ App for Demonstration of Sorting Algorithms on Mobile Platforms
Authors: Meolic Robert , Dogša Tomaž
Published: January 2014

This paper presents a systematic approach for designing a C++ app for demonstrating sorting algorithms on smartphones and tablets. It is part of an on-going project on the usages of new technologies in education. The general properties of mobile platforms are discussed together with details specific to demonstrating sorting algorithms. The implementation of Insertion Sort is given as an example. The obtained results (e.g. design rules and algorithms) have been tested within a prototype application.
Growth chart: passport to child health care in low-resource settings
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh R. , Shrivastava Prateek S. , Ramasamy Jegadeesh
Published: January 2014

Not available.
Agenda y marcos en las webs de PP y PSOE en la cibercampaña de 2011
Authors: Valera Ordaz Lidia , López García Guillermo
Published: January 2014

Introducción: El impacto de las TIC sobre el modelo de comunicación política mediática ha otorgado una creciente centralidad a las webs partidistas en la estrategia de los partidos políticos, desde donde tratan de imponer su agenda en el espacio público. Objetivos y metodología: Este estudio propone un análisis integrado de a) la construcción de la agenda temática, b) el ataque al rival político y c) los frames de PP y PSOE en la campaña de 2011 a través de las noticias publicadas diariamente en sus sitios web. La metodología combina el análisis de contenido clásico, incorporando variables relativas al ataque al rival político, con una doble propuesta cuantitativa-cualitativa de análisis de los procesos de enmarcado. Conclusiones: El análisis pondrá de manifiesto el impacto de la crisis económica sobre la selección temática efectuada por parte de ambos partidos, así como en los encuadres que ambos buscan privilegiar.
The Relationship between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Health: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Bagis Nilsun , Bostanci Hamit Selim
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is carbohydrate intolerance of various degrees occurring or being observed during pregnancy for the first time. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between periodontal health and GDM, which is one of the most important medical complications of pregnancy.

Materials and methods

One hundred and sixty-five pregnant women, 80 healthy and 85 with gestational diabetes, between the ages of 18 and 30, with a mean age of 25.85 ± 2.96 were included in the study. It was first pregnancy of all individuals and none of them received periodontal treatment 6 months prior to the study.

Clinical evaluations were made by using plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing (BOP) index.

Results

The results of our study revealed that, compared to healthy pregnant women, the values of body mass index, weight, GI and BOP were significantly higher for women with GDM.

How to cite this article

Bagis N, Bostanci HS. The Relationship between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Health: A Case-control Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):71-75.
Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia in Two Siblings with Missing Teeth: A Dental Perspective
Authors: Khurana Pankaj , Singhal Kamal Kumar
Published: January 2014

Hereditary ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a rare inherited disorder involving skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and teeth. Different combination of defects may give rise to variable phenotypes. ED is divided into two common types depending whether sweat glands are involved: hypohidrotic form and hidrotic form.

Hypohidrotic ED in two brothers aged 12 and 9 years is being reported. The importance of early prosthetic management in restoring function, esthetics and facilitating social interaction has been discussed.

How to cite this article

Khurana P, Talwar M, Singhal KK. Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia in Two Siblings with Missing Teeth: A Dental Perspective. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013; 2(2):130-133.
The Pedagogical Implications of Coherence in English Argumentative Discourse by Indonesian Professionals
Authors: Rustipa Katharina
Published: January 2014

In this global era, all educated people, such as professionals and college students, need to have English writing skills. Writing competence will facilitate professionals’ success in their careers and students’ success in their studies. However, coherent writing is a complex task that requires complex skills and is therefore not easy. For manyIndonesian scientists, English scientific writing for international seminars or journals is likely still the hardest work (Suharno 2012). Based on the background above, this study investigated the coherence of English articles, such as argumentative discourses by Indonesian professionals. The study is descriptive and qualitative in nature. It applies both topical and paradigmatic analyses. The data of the study include 14 English articles found in the “Opinion Forum” of The Jakarta Post. The research results reveal that, for the most part, English argumentative discourses by Indonesian writers are developed only partly coherently.
Book Review: Higher Education and National Development: Universities and Societies in Transition
Authors: Tremonte Ada Mary , Storen Inga
Published: January 2014

Not applicable.
Designing and Evaluation of Skin Extract Agar for Isolation of Microflora from Raw Buffalo Hide
Authors: Polkade Ashish , Shede Prafulla , Kanekar Pradhnya , Dhakephalkar Prashant , Sarnaik Seema
Published: January 2014

Abstract Present study was aimed to design nutrient medium most suitable for isolation and enumeration of microbial flora associated with raw buffalo hide. Skin extract agar (SEA) was designed and standardized on the basis of its chemical analysis. SEA and nutrient medium supplemented with skin extract was inoculated with buffalo hide wash. Total viable count as well as diversity of microbial colonies were enumerated on SEA as well as on nutrient agar and standard plate count agar both supplemented with skin extract (1% v/v). Bacterial strains forming diverse types of colonies on the media tested were identified on the basis of their 16S rRNA  gene sequences. The SEA was found to yield higher number of bacteria and to support growth of Acinetobacter, Exiguobacterium and Stenotrophomonas which otherwise difficult to selectively isolate from buffalo hide using nutrient agar and standard plate count agar. Diversity of microbial colonies formed on SEA was significantly higher than that observed on nutrient agar or standard plate count agar. Feasibility of utilizing SEA as a microbiological medium for isolation and identification of microflora from raw buffalo hide was successfully demonstrated. Use of skin extract medium can maximize recovery of taxonomically distinct bacteria from raw buffalo hide. This basic study, with proper manipulations could lead to development of product for enumeration and isolation of bacteria from buffalo hides especially cattle pathogens related to skin diseases.
Mechanical Aesthetics:
Authors: Mackintosh Will B.
Published: January 2014

In the 1830s, Pennsylvania's Main Line of Public Works was at the cutting edge of the transportation revolution. Travelers embraced the speed and convenience of the line, but struggled to articulate the aesthetic experience of new forms of travel. This article uses the narratives of John Alonzo Clark, a Philadelphia minister, to explore the ways in which Pennsylvania travelers applied existing categories of the beautiful, the sublime, and the picturesque to innovative technological experiences. Clark and travelers like him found that mechanized transportation on the Main Line of Public Works heightened their experience of the landscape and distilled the older categories to their essence. Far from perceiving a tension between modern technology and landscape appreciation, these travelers found that together the two created novel and pleasurable aesthetic experiences.
Era Platão um pragmatista?
Authors: Graniço Frederico
Published: January 2014

Através de um olhar pragmatista sobre ‘A República’ de Platão e a ‘Carta VII’, analiso a pertinência ou não das críticas anti-essencialistas lançadas por Nietzsche e Rorty; procurando uma redescrição pragmatista do próprio Platão. Concluo salientando as vantagens de um pragmatismo democrático em relação à tradição teórica platônica.
Disputa entre falo e fala em A hora da estrela, de Clarice Lispector
Authors: Ribeiro Aída Maria Jorge
Published: January 2014

A dominação de gênero está nas formas do cotidiano. Em meio às nossas atividades mais triviais, a situação privilegiada do homem aparece como algo natural, desde o salário inferior concedido à mulher por trabalho igual a regras morais severas abrigadas atrás de “doces” normas que dizem o que convém ou não a uma “dama” ou a uma “moça de bem.” Este artigo pretende observar de que modo o corpo feminino está frequentemente associado a visões de imperfeição e subalternidade sociais, partindo da análise sobre a escolha da voz narrativa do livro A hora da estrela (1977), da escritora Clarice Lispector.
Índice de cone após colheitas mecanizadas de cana-de-açúcar no Norte Fluminense
Authors: Manhães Carmen Maria Coimbra , Garcia Ricardo Ferreira , Corrêa Júnior Delorme , Francelino Francisco Maurício Alves , Francelino Helenilson Oliveira
Published: January 2014

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o índice de cone, nas profundidades de 0 a 0,3 m após colheitas mecanizadas de cana-de-açúcar crua, utilizando as colhedoras Case A8800 e Case A4000 na região Norte Fluminense. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva, análise de variância e teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O índice de cone mostrou que a área 2 está mais compactada que a 1. Na área 1, as camadas subsuperficiais do solo estão mais compactadas que a camada superficial. Na área 2, as diferentes profundidades estão igualmente compactadas, recomendando-se uma subsolagem nas duas áreas.
O “mundo offshore” como um campo: trabalho e dominação a bordo de plataformas da Bacia de Campos
Authors: Sousa Rodinele Ribeiro de
Published: January 2014

O presente trabalho problematizando uma dominação simbólica exercida pelos empregados da Petrobrás sobre os trabalhadores terceirizados a bordo das Unidades Marítimas de Produção de óleo e gás instaladas na Bacia de Campos. Vislumbra-se a legitimação desse fenômeno mediante consenso em torno de uma ideologia construída e reproduzida pelo discurso corporativo da Petrobrás. Embora com raízes na história das dificuldades efetivamente enfrentadas para tornar a Bacia de Campos um locus de afirmação simbólica da empresa, tal ideologia – caracterizada como “triunfalista” – é o que acalenta as aspirações de muitos trabalhadores a ingressarem no “mundo offshore”, assim reforçando-a.
Bisphenol, Diethylstilbestrol, Polycarbonate and the Thermomechanical Properties of Epoxy–Silica Nanostructured Composites
Authors: Torrens Francisco , Castellano Gloria
Published: January 2014

The report has a double character: it deals with the synthesis and preparation of a series of polymers based on bisphenol-A (BPA) monomer; a series of physical and thermomechanical properties are examined for one type (diglycidyl ether of BPA, DGEBA with nanosilica) of the prepared materials. The reactions involved in diepoxy curing with a diamine, functional group modelling for cross-linked polymers, formation of a polymer DGEBA, BPA polyaddition to DGEBA forming a polyether, DGEBA curing with Jeffamine and cross-linking to form a resin are analyzed. Nanocomposites of silica, coated with cross-linked epoxy–amine, are synthesized and examined by 29Si-magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies, thermogravimetric and dynamic mechanical analyses, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Epoxy matrix is filled with nanosilica to design materials with defined properties. A low weight percentage of filler results in matrix improvement.
Electromagnetic Modeling of Dielectric Mixtures
Authors: Spada Luigi La , Iovine Renato , Vegni Lucio
Published: January 2014

Electromagnetic modeling of dielectric materials allows us to study the effects of electromagnetic wave propagation and how such electromagnetic fields influence and interact with them.
Dielectric materials are composites or mixtures, which often are made up of at least two constituents or phases. Modelling the electromagnetic behaviour of dielectric mixtures is crucial to understand how geometrical factors (shape and concentration), electromagnetic properties of inclusions and background medium, influence the permittivity of the overall material.
The aim of this work is to develop new analytical models for dielectric mixtures, in order to describe their electromagnetic behaviour and design them with desired electromagnetic properties, for specific required applications. In particular, in this paper a new general expression for the effective permittivity of dielectric mixture is presented. The mixtures consist of inclusions, with arbitrary shapes, embedded in a surrounding dielectric environment. We consider the hosting environment and the hosted material as real dielectrics, both of them as dispersive dielectrics.
The proposed analytical models simplify practical design tasks for dielectric mixtures and allow us to understand their physical phenomena and electromagnetic behaviours.
The Garden Suburb of Lindenlea, Ottawa
Authors: Delaney Jill
Published: January 2014

The garden suburb o/Lindenlea in Ottawa was designed by Thomas Adams and built by the Ottawa Housing commission to provide a model of low-income housing to municipalities across Canada in the post-World War One period. The planning of the suburb and the design of its houses reveal many of the ideological premises of the urban reform movement in Canada, and of the federal government's attitude toward publicly subsidized housing, in this early period of social welfare. Modern theories of rationalization, efficiency, and standardization, combined with late Victorian notions about physical, social and moral health, to produce housing designs that were technologically modern yet ideologically traditional.
The development of an early suburban industrial district
Authors: Lewis Robert D.
Published: January 2014

The conventional description and explanation of industrial location in the nineteenth century emphasizes the concentration of production in the city core. In contrast this paper finds that for mid-nineteenth century Montreal a significant number of firms were locating on the urban fringe. In a case study of Saint-Ann ward between 1851 and 1871, it is shown that the Lachine canal was a powerful magnet attracting large-scale, technologically-advance industries. Other factors accounting for the development of this peripheral industrial district were cyclical change, new technologies, large capital investments, inter-industry linkages, and changes in the organizational structure of firms.
The Growth of Toronto, 1861-1941
Authors: Harris Richard , Luymes Martin
Published: January 2014

Introduction The built-up area of the city rarely corresponds to the municipal boundary. As the city expands, its political limits usually change more slowly, if at all. This has been especially true in the twentieth century, when the typical pattern has been for fringe districts to incorporate as separate municipalities.1 The result is that central city residents have come to be an ever-decreasing proportion of the total urban population. Toronto is a case in point. In 1901 the City of Toronto contained over 95 percent of the population in the Toronto urban area. By 1941 this proportion had declined to about 75 percent and by 1986 to 19 percent.
No Parking Here to Corner
Authors: Bloomfield Gerald T.
Published: January 2014

The motor vehicle has been a powerful force reshaping cities in the 20th century. This study, with a focus on London, Ont., examines the role of the automobile in urban areas. Motorization, highway development, and the growth of the automotive business sector are considered in three phases of growth. Until the late 1930s the automobile could be accommodated within the existing urban structure with only comparatively minor changes. The increase of traffic congestion after this period, however, was a compelling force in the decentralization of activities to a new suburban zone. Wider ownership of automobiles in the 1950s resulted in greater consumer mobility, which in turn was a major contributor to the development of a new physical layout for London.
L’automobile et l’expansion des banlieues
Authors: Bussière Yves
Published: January 2014

The Automobile and suburbanization: the Montréal case 1901-2001. The predominance of the automobile as a mode of transportation in the Montreal metropolitan area is the result of a long evolution The constant progression in the number of cars since the beginning of the century is analysed in relation to population growth and suburbanization which has tended to favour the automobile to the detriment of public transit. Still in the 80s the progression of the automobile continues and public transit stagnates. This is due partly to the continuance of suburbanization and to the aging of population In the year 2001 and after, these long term trends may be expected to continue.
Town and Country in John Galt: A Literary Perspective
Authors: Waterston Elizabeth
Published: January 2014

L'urbaniste et romancier John Galt diffère des écrivains de son époque, tel William Wordsworth, dans sa façon d'envisager la nature et la vie urbaine. En 1827, comme agent de la Canada Company, il a la chance de mettre en pratique quelques-unes de ses théories sur la construction d'une ville. Quatre ans plus tard, il publie Bogle Corbet, une version romancée de cette expérience en urbanisme. Tous les textes de Galt traitant de la fondation d'une ville insistent particulièrement sur les rituels de la communauté et sur l'unité. Il souhaite que l'établissement évolue selon un ordre ascendant : d'abord village, puis petite ville, puis garnison et enfin cité. La ville de Guelph n'est évidemment pas dans la réalité en mesure de correspondre à son idéal et, dans Bogle Corbet il adopte un ton ironique aux dépends de celle-ci. Mais Bogle Corbet est important pour une autre raison : aussi bien par sa forme fortuite que par son style l'ouvrage met en relief la discontinuité. Ce traitement spécifique, qui a des antécédents dans la littérature anglaise et écossaise, servira de modèle par la suite pour décrire la vie dans les petites villes. Depuis l'époque de Galt, la succession de sketches humoristiques démontre que ce genre littéraire est très approprié pour refléter la discordance des petites villes canadiennes.
Flightless Phoenix: Fire Risk and Fire Insurance in Urban Canada, 1882-1886
Authors: Norris Darrell A.
Published: January 2014

Vassurance comme moyen d'adaptation au risque d'incendie urbain, précède les mesures effectives destinées à maîtriser les incendies dans les cités, villes et villages au Canada. Le danger d'incendie est plus aigu dans les petites localités que dans les grands centres, cependant les premières sont moins enclines à se protéger avec une assurance comportant une couverture adéquate. Cet article examine l'industrie canadienne des assurances contre l'incendie à la fin du 19esiècle, et analyse les implications de 494 incendies majeurs survenus durant les années 1880. Il semble évident que ces incendies majeurs ont contribué à restreindre la participation des petites localités dans l'édification commerciale et industrielle de la société urbaine proto-moderne au Canada.
Clarence Street, Ottawa: Contemporary Change in an Inner City 'Zone of Discard'
Authors: Tunbridge John E.
Published: January 2014

Le coeur de l'agglomération de Bytown, avant que celle-ci ne devienne la ville d'Ottawa et la capitale du Canada, constitue le quartier que l'on connaît actuellement sous le nom de Basse Ville. A mesure que la ville gagne en importance, le développement se déplace vers le quartier du centre-ville, au sud de la Colline parlementaire, et la Basse Ville périclite pour devenir une classique «zone grise». Ces dernières années, les quartiers anciens laissés à l'abandon dans de nombreuses villes de l'Amérique du Nord subissent des mutations profondes: c'est généralement là que l'on trouve les plus anciens édifices de la ville, qui constituent de précieuses ressources. Ce texte traite de l'évolution de la rue Clarence et permet de mettre en perspective les transformations qu'elle a subies à l'époque contemporaine; principalement par l'examen du tronçon à vocation commerciale. La thèse principale de l'article indique que les mutations fonctionnelles attribuables à l'actuel réaménagement de ces zones grises n'entraînent pas nécessairement une transformation absolue de leur environnement socio-économique et, en particulier, de leur structure de contrôle socio-économique.
Montréal au 19e siècle : bilan d’une recherche
Authors: Linteau Paul-André , Robert Jean-Claude
Published: January 2014

Ce texte présente un bilan des travaux réalisés depuis 1972 par le Groupe de recherche sur la société montréalaise au 19e siècle. Les résultats sont présentés sous quatre thèmes principaux: l'industrialisation, la formation et la mobilité de la population, les classes et les ethnies, l'organisation spatiale. Les auteurs situent les enquêtes du groupe dans leur contexte historiographique et livrent quelques réflexions méthodologiques.
The Crisis in Urban Documentation: "The Shame of the Cities" Revisited
Authors: Baskerville Peter A. , Gaffield Chad M.
Published: January 2014

Malgré le fait que les archives publiques locales constituent une ressource importante pour les chercheurs de plusieurs disciplines, bien peu d'efforts sont faits pour garantir à la fois la préservation et l'utilisation présente et future de ces documents. Si cette lacune n'est pas comblée dans un avenir rapproché, les documents produits localement deviendront une ressource perdue. La confiance traditionnellement accordée aux archivistes pour le soin et la préservation de ces documents pose problème, étant donné les difficultés qui assaillent actuellement cette profession. Il faut plutôt recourir à des interventions de nature interdisciplinaire pour faire face à la crise des archives gouvernementales locales. Dans l'espoir d'en susciter d'autres, ce texte relate une de ces initiatives. Le «Vancouver Island Project» vise à faire un inventaire systématique de toutes les archives publiques locales existant sur l'Ile de Vancouver. Quant cette étape sera complétée, le projet offrira un instrument informatisé, pouvant être mis à jour, donnant une description et une évaluation de ce matériel. Par la même occasion, on tentera défavoriser une meilleure conservation par les responsables locaux. Le projet fournira une structure permettant l'émergence de programmes de classification et de conservation.
In Visioning the City: Urban History Techniques Through Historical Photographs
Authors: Mattison David
Published: January 2014

Le passé est toujours présent grâce aux photographies. Elles aident à reconstruire le passé par la transmission d'informations visuelles uniques, faciles à reproduire. Un des plus importants champs d'étude, quoique souvent négligé, est celui de la photographie documentaire représentant certains lieux ou événements historiques. A condition d'en déterminer le contexte et d'en vérifier l'exactitude, la photographie constitue une source primaire qui, utilisée judicieusement par les historiens, peut transmettre l'information non disponible dans d'autres types de sources.
Distress, Dissent and Alienation
Authors: Archibald W. Peter
Published: January 2014

Contrary to most accounts of Canadian workers' responses to the Great Depression of the 1930s, this article portrays the majority of Hamilton workers as neither severely distressed nor especially prone to dissent. Much of the relative absence of dissent can be attributed to workers' powerlessness in very poor market conditions, but workers' quiescence should not be seen simply as a temporary, class-conscious strategy. Rather, many, perhaps most, workers either regarded dissent as illegitimate to begin with, or/and lowered their aspirations for secure and self-controlled work in the prevailing labour market and other conditions. In other words, they became psychically "alienated". These findings have important implications for most theorizing on these issues, which implicitly employs a "frustration-aggression " model; for popular conceptions of workers as highly class-conscious and epically heroic; and for organizing workers during most economic crises.
Avaliação da eficácia de uma atividade educativopreventiva com pré-escolares: estudo piloto de um ensaio clínico randomizado
Authors: Barreto Débora Magalhães , Paiva Saul Martins , Jorge Maria Letícia Ramos- , Ferreira Meire Coelho
Published: January 2014

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de uma atividade educativo-preventiva em saúde bucal com pré-escolares. Materiais e Métodos: Trinta e oito crianças, entre 3 e 5 anos, foram, aleatoriamente, designadas para um dos dois grupos: experimental (E) e controle (C). Índice de placa visível inicial (IPV inicial), de sangramento gengival inicial (ISG inicial), e ceo-d foram determinados, e um questionário foi preenchido pelos pais. As crianças do grupo E participaram de atividade educativo-preventiva (AEP) e as do grupo C não participaramde AEP. A AEP contemplou educação em saúde bucal e escovação supervisionada. Os desfechos índice de placa visível final (IPV final) e índice de sangramento gengival final (ISG final) foram medidos após a 4ªsemana do estudo. Estatística descritiva e inferencial foi realizada, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. A magnitude de efeito foi calculada para comparação de grupos e de momentos distintos. Resultados:Houve uma diferença significativa entre os grupos C e E para placa visível e sangramento gengival final (p = 0,005; 0,004, respectivamente), o que foi confirmado por uma magnitude de efeito elevada para placa visívelfinal. Diminuição significativa para placa visível foi observada ao final do estudo para o grupo E (p = 0,001), confirmado por uma magnitude de efeito elevada. Para o grupo C houve um aumento significativo de placavisível e sangramento gengival ao final do estudo (p < 0,001; p = 0,043, respectivamente). Conclusão: A atividade educativo-preventiva na escola mostrou ser eficaz na redução da placa visível e do sangramentogengival. No entanto, reforços motivacionais em base regular devem ser realizados objetivando a manutenção da saúde bucal obtida. A participação dos pais, além de reforçar o trabalho realizado junto às crianças, permitiráque todo o núcleo familiar seja favorecido com as ações.Descritores: Assitência odontológica para crianças. Índice de placa dentária. Índice periodontal.
Hábitos relacionados à saúde bucal em crianças nascidas prematuras: uma preocupação para equipes multiprofissionais de saúde
Authors: Viana Karolline Alves , Euzébio Ludmilla Ferreira , Cortines Andréa Araujo de Oliveira , Costa Luciane Rezende
Published: January 2014

Objetivo: Identificar hábitos alimentares, de sucção não nutritiva e de higiene bucal nos primeiros três anos de vida de crianças nascidas prematuras. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo descritivo retrospectivo baseado em dados secundários obtidos de prontuários odontológicos das 109 crianças com história de nascimento prematuro, acompanhadas no Ambulatório Odontológico de Prematuridade do Hospital das Clínicas daUniversidade Federal de Goiás, de fevereiro de 2011 a julho de 2012. Consideraram-se informações da primeira consulta odontológica: idade atual, sexo, idade gestacional, hábitos alimentares (tipo de aleitamento,ingestão de açúcar extrínseco), hábitos bucais não nutritivos (sucção de chupeta e sucção digital) e hábitos de higiene bucal. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva com auxílio do software IBM SPSS versão20.0. Resultados: No primeiro exame odontológico, as crianças nascidas prematuras tinham de 1 a 33 meses de idade (média de 8,6±7,2), sendo 49 (45,0%) meninas e 60 (55,0%) meninos. A ocorrência de aleitamentonatural em menores de 6 meses foi de 22,8%, com predominância de aleitamento artificial (45,6%). Do total de nascidos prematuros, 79,8% utilizavam mamadeira e 58,7% realizavam sucção de chupeta. Em relação à higiene bucal, 73,4% da amostra realizava higiene bucal e 44,4% utilizava a fralda como instrumento. Conclusão: Os percentuais de aleitamento materno exclusivo foram baixos. A maioria das crianças apresentou algum hábitode sucção não nutritiva. A prática de higiene bucal mostrou-se insatisfatória. Assim, o estabelecimento de programas educativo-preventivos é essencial no apoio às famílias para os cuidados bucais a essas crianças,visando à promoção de saúde e prevenção de alterações no sistema estomatognático.Descritores: Nascimento prematuro. Saúde bucal. Hábitos.
Using Item Response Theory to Model Multiple Phenotypes and Their Joint Heritability in Family Data
Authors: Fragoso Tiago M. , Giolo Suely R. , Pereira Alexandre C. , de Andrade Mariza , Soler Julia M. P.
Published: January 2014

Many important complex diseases are composed of a series of phenotypes, which makes the disease diagnosis and its genetic dissection difficult. The standard procedures to determine heritability in such complex diseases are either applied for single phenotype analyses or to compare findings across phenotypes or multidimensional reduction procedures, such as principal components analysis using all phenotypes. However each method has its own problems and the challenges are even more complex for extended family data and categorical phenotypes. In this paper, we propose a methodology to determine a scale for complex outcomes involving multiple categorical phenotypes in extended pedigrees using item response theory (IRT) models that take all categorical phenotypes into account, allowing informative comparison among individuals. An advantage of the IRT framework is that a straightforward joint heritability parameter can be estimated for categorical phenotypes. Furthermore, our methodology allows many possible extensions such as the inclusion of covariates and multiple variance components. We use Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm for the parameter estimation and validate our method through simulated data. As an application we consider the metabolic syndrome as the multiple phenotype disease using data from the Baependi Heart Study consisting of 1,696 individuals in 95 families. We adjust IRT models without covariates and include age and age squared as covariates. The results showed that adjusting for covariates yields a higher joint heritability () than without co variates () indicating that the covariates absorbed some of the error variance.
Is Motor‐Imagery Brain‐Computer Interface Feasible in Stroke Rehabilitation?
Authors: Teo Wei‐Peng , Chew Effie
Published: January 2014

In the past 3 decades, interest has increased in brain‐computer interface (BCI) technology as a tool for assisting, augmenting, and rehabilitating sensorimotor functions in clinical populations. Initially designed as an assistive device for partial or total body impairments, BCI systems have since been explored as a possible adjuvant therapy in the rehabilitation of patients who have had a stroke. In particular, BCI systems incorporating a robotic manipulanda to passively manipulate affected limbs have been studied. These systems can use a range of invasive (ie, intracranial implanted electrodes) or noninvasive neurophysiologic recording techniques (ie, electroencephalography [EEG], near‐infrared spectroscopy, and magnetoencephalography) to establish communication links between the brain and the BCI system. Trials are most commonly performed on EEG‐based BCI in comparison with the other techniques because of its high temporal resolution, relatively low setup costs, portability, and noninvasive nature. EEG‐based BCI detects event‐related desynchronization/synchronization in sensorimotor oscillatory rhythms associated with motor imagery (MI), which in turn drives the BCI. Previous evidence suggests that the process of MI preferentially activates sensorimotor regions similar to actual task performance and that repeated practice of MI can induce plasticity changes in the brain. It is therefore postulated that the combination of MI and BCI may augment rehabilitation gains in patients who have had a stroke by activating corticomotor networks via MI and providing sensory feedback from the affected limb using end‐effector robots. In this review we examine the current literature surrounding the feasibility of EEG‐based MI‐BCI systems in stroke rehabilitation. We also discuss the limitations of using EEG‐based MI‐BCI in patients who have had a stroke and suggest possible solutions to overcome these limitations.
On the relationship between C and N fixation and amino acid synthesis in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Molero Gemma , Tcherkez Guillaume , Araus Jose Luis , Nogués Salvador , Aranjuelo Iker
Published: January 2014

Legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are vital N2-fixing crops accounting for a global N2 fixation of ~35 Mt N year–1. Although enzymatic and molecular mechanisms of nodule N2 fixation are now well documented, some uncertainty remains as to whether N2 fixation is strictly coupled with photosynthetic carbon fixation. That is, the metabolic origin and redistribution of carbon skeletons used to incorporate nitrogen are still relatively undefined. Here, we conducted isotopic labelling with both 15N2 and 13C-depleted CO2 on alfalfa plants grown under controlled conditions and took advantage of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to investigate the relationship between carbon and nitrogen turn-over in respired CO2, total organic matter and amino acids. Our results indicate that CO2 evolved by respiration had an isotopic composition similar to that in organic matter regardless of the organ considered, suggesting that the turn-over of respiratory pools strictly followed photosynthetic input. However, carbon turn-over was nearly three times greater than N turn-over in total organic matter, suggesting that new organic material synthesised was less N-rich than pre-existing organic material (due to progressive nitrogen elemental dilution) or that N remobilisation occurred to sustain growth. This pattern was not consistent with the total commitment into free amino acids where the input of new C and N appeared to be stoichiometric. The labelling pattern in Asn was complex, with contrasted C and N commitments in different organs, suggesting that neosynthesis and redistribution of new Asn molecules required metabolic remobilisation. We conclude that the production of new organic material during alfalfa growth depends on both C and N remobilisation in different organs. At the plant level, this remobilisation is complicated by allocation and metabolism in the different organs.
Vapour pressure deficit aids the interpretation of cotton canopy temperature response to water deficit
Authors: Conaty Warren C. , Mahan James R. , Neilsen James E. , Constable Greg A.
Published: January 2014

Crop canopy temperature (Tc) is coupled with transpiration, which is a function of soil and atmospheric conditions and plant water status. Thus, Tc has been identified as a real-time, plant-based tool for crop water stress detection. Such plant-based methods theoretically integrate the water status of both the plant and its environment. However, previous studies have highlighted the limitations and difficulty of interpreting the Tc response to plant and soil water stress. This study investigates the links between cotton Tc, established measures of plant water relations and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPDa). Concurrent measures of carbon assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water potential (Ψl), soil water (fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW)) and Tc were conducted in surface drip irrigated cotton over two growing seasons. Associations between A, gs, Ψl, FTSW and Tc are presented, which are significantly improved with the inclusion of VPDa. It was concluded that utilising the strong associations between Ψl, VPDa and Tc, an adjustment of 1.8°C for each unit of VPDa should be made to the critical Tc for irrigation. This will improve the precision of irrigation in Tc based irrigation scheduling protocols. Improved accuracy in water stress detection with Tc, and an understanding of the interaction the environment plays in this response, can potentially improve the efficiency of irrigation.
Oqtans: the RNA-seq workbench in the cloud for complete and reproducible quantitative transcriptome analysis
Authors: Sreedharan Vipin T. , Schultheiss Sebastian J. , Jean Géraldine , Kahles André , Bohnert Regina , Drewe Philipp , Mudrakarta Pramod , Görnitz Nico , Zeller Georg , Rätsch Gunnar
Published: January 2014

We present Oqtans, an open-source workbench for quantitative transcriptome analysis, that is integrated in Galaxy. Its distinguishing features include customizable computational workflows and a modular pipeline architecture that facilitates comparative assessment of tool and data quality. Oqtans integrates an assortment of machine learning-powered tools into Galaxy, which show superior or equal performance to state-of-the-art tools. Implemented tools comprise a complete transcriptome analysis workflow: short-read alignment, transcript identification/quantification and differential expression analysis. Oqtans and Galaxy facilitate persistent storage, data exchange and documentation of intermediate results and analysis workflows. We illustrate how Oqtans aids the interpretation of data from different experiments in easy to understand use cases. Users can easily create their own workflows and extend Oqtans by integrating specific tools. Oqtans is available as (i) a cloud machine image with a demo instance at cloud.oqtans.org, (ii) a public Galaxy instance at galaxy.cbio.mskcc.org, (iii) a git repository containing all installed software (oqtans.org/git); most of which is also available from (iv) the Galaxy Toolshed and (v) a share string to use along with Galaxy CloudMan.

Contact:  vipin@cbio.mskcc.org, ratschg@mskcc.org

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PANOGA: a web server for identification of SNP-targeted pathways from genome-wide association study data
Authors: Bakir-Gungor Burcu , Egemen Ece , Sezerman Osman Ugur
Published: January 2014

Summary: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionized the search for the variants underlying human complex diseases. However, in a typical GWAS, only a minority of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the strongest evidence of association is explained. One possible reason of complex diseases is the alterations in the activity of several biological pathways. Here we present a web server called Pathway and Network-Oriented GWAS Analysis to devise functionally important pathways through the identification of SNP-targeted genes within these pathways. The strength of our methodology stems from its multidimensional perspective, where we combine evidence from the following five resources: (i) genetic association information obtained through GWAS, (ii) SNP functional information, (iii) protein–protein interaction network, (iv) linkage disequilibrium and (v) biochemical pathways.

Availability: PANOGA web server is freely available at: http://panoga.sabanciuniv.edu/. The source code is available to academic users ‘as is’ on request.

Contact:  burcub@gatech.edu

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.