bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regímenes de Bienestar y gobiernos “progresistas” en América Latina: los casos de Venezuela, Ecuador y Bolivia
Authors: Minteguaga Analía , Ubasart-González Gemma
Published: December 2015

Varios han sido los autores que, a partir de los trabajos de Esping-Andersen (1993, 2000), han aplicado el concepto de Régimen de Bienestar para estudiar las políticas sociales en América Latina. Entre otros, Martínez Franzoni (2007) elabora una tipología, con trabajo de campo que se sitúa en el cambio de milenio, y que establece tres categorías comparativas: regímenes Estatal- productivistas, Estatal-proteccionistas y familiaristas. La mayoría de países de la región son ubicados en la última categoría. La hipótesis del presente artículo plantea que con la irrupción de gobiernos considerados de “izquierda” o “progresistas” en varios países de la región a partir de fi nes de los `90 y, más decididamente, en el 2000, el mapa de los modelos de bienestar parece haber mutado de manera substantiva. Las experiencias transformadoras a nivel nacional son distintas, en razón de las diversas realidades económico-sociales y de acción política en las que se asientan, pero éstas poseen varios puntos de contacto pudiendo resumirse en una mayor intervención del Estado en diferentes ámbitos antes vedados a su accionar y en la recuperación de importantes funciones de bienestar y cuidado de la población por parte de los poderes públicos. El documento analiza de forma exploratoria y descriptiva las características principales de los Regímenes de Bienestar que se estarían confi gurando en tres países que han constitucionalizado el cambio de rumbo alejándose (en grados diferentes) del paradigma neoliberal —Venezuela, Bolivia y Ecuador—, y que muestran las dinámicas antes apuntadas.
Programas de Transferencia Condicionada y Representaciones de la Pobreza en Bolivia y Perú
Authors: Nagels Nora
Published: December 2015

Bolivia y Perú adoptaron programas de transferencias condicionadas bajo regímenes políticos diferentes. Este artículo investiga las representaciones de la pobreza, de los pobres y del Estado construidas por actores claves de estos programas sociales. A partir de una metodología cualitativa de análisis de discurso, el estudio demuestra que los propios instrumentos de políticas sociales – los programas de transferencias condicionadas – vinculan opuestas representaciones sociales de la pobreza y del rol del Estado en cada país. La principal razón de estas diferencias se encuentra en la distinta trayectoria socio-política de cada régimen político.
Esfuerzo de bienestar y Pobreza desde el enfoque monetarista y de capacidades: Análisis trasnacional en América Latina y el Caribe (1990-2010)
Authors: Cruz-Martínez Gibrán
Published: December 2015

Existe una abundante evidencia empírica sobre la relación negativa entre el esfuerzo de bienestar y la pobreza. Sin embargo, los indicadores de pobreza tradicionalmente utilizados han sido representativos del enfoque monetarista, inhibiendo del análisis su realidad multidimensional. Además el análisis trasnacional en América Latina y el Caribe entre las variables ha excluido generalmente factores demográficos y cíclicos. Utilizando tres técnicas de regresión para el periodo 1990-2010 y controlando para la población en edad avanzada, población desempleada y el PIB per cápita, se evaluó la relación entre el gasto social per cápita –como indicador de esfuerzo de bienestar- y la pobreza en hasta 21 países de la región. La proporción de población con ingresos inferiores a la canasta básica de alimentos y servicios (PM1) y la proporción de población con ingresos inferiores al 50% de la mediana de ingresos per cápita (PM2) fueron los dos indicadores de la pobreza desde el enfoque monetarista. Desde el enfoque de capacidades se utilizó la proporción de población con insuficiencia alimentaria (PC1) y la proporción de la población sin acceso a agua potable ni facilidades sanitarias (PC2). Los resultados confirman que efectivamente el gasto social es útil para explicar las cambios en la pobreza (PM1, PC1 y PC2), ya que existe una alta correlación negativa y significativa entre las variables antes y después de controlar para factores demográficos y cíclicos. En dos de las técnicas de regresión, el gasto social per cápita no presentó una relación negativa con la PM2. Los países que presentaron un mayor esfuerzo de bienestar para el periodo 1990-2010 no fueron necesariamente los que ostentan un menor nivel de pobreza. Por último el gasto social per cápita fue mas útil para explicar los cambios en la pobreza desde el enfoque de capacidades.
Programa Bolsa Familia y frecuencia escolar: un análisis con el Censo Demográfico de Brasil de 2010
Authors: F. l. Amaral Ernesto , Q. Gonçalves Guilherme
Published: December 2015

El Programa Bolsa Familia tiene el objetivo de promover el desarrollo social y el alivio de la pobreza a través de la transferencia directa de ingresos, en combinación con otros programas sociales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar si el programa Bolsa Familia ha tenido una correlación con la escolarización de los niños de las familias perceptoras de las ayudas, que es una de las condiciones del programa. La hipótesis principal es que el niño residente en hogares benefi ciados por el programa Bolsa Familia tiene más posibilidades de asistir a la escuela. Los datos del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y de Lucha contra el Hambre corroboran esta hipótesis. Utilizando los microdatos del Censo de 2010 recogidos por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), en esta investigación se han realizado análisis descriptivos y modelos de regresión logística binaria para diferentes límites de ingreso per cápita del hogar. Estas estimaciones se han llevado a cabo mediante la comparación de los niños que formaban parte de los hogares benefi ciarios y los que no eran benefi ciarios del programa Bolsa Familia. Se han tenido en cuenta las características del hogar, de la madre y del niño. Los resultados han sido ponderados de acuerdo con el municipio de residencia del niño. En todos los límites de ingresos, los niños benefi ciarios del programa eran más propensos a estar escolarizados, en comparación con los niños no benefi ciarios del programa Bolsa Familia.
La formación ciudadana en la escuela desde la mirada de los futuros profesores de primaria
Authors: Cárcamo Vásquez Héctor
Published: December 2015

El trabajo que aquí se expone busca reconocer las imágenes que de la ciudadanía y la formación ciudadana en la escuela, poseen los futuros maestros de educación primaria. La metodología utilizada corresponde a la metodología cualitativa con enfoque etnográfico. Las técnicas usadas para la recolección de datos fueron la entrevista en profundidad de tipo etnográfico y  la revisión documental de carácter institucional que aporta a la interpretación de los discursos, por ejemplo planes de estudio, programas de asignaturas y perfil de egreso. El análisis de los discursos se efectúo a partir del paradigma de la codificación. Como hallazgos principales podemos señalar que el concepto de ciudadanía que destaca entre los futuros maestros de educación primaria se reduce al civismo, y que la formación ciudadana la reducen al espacio escolar, pues consideran que la promoción de la ciudadanía sirve para la incorporación de los niños a la sociedad, reproduciendo con ello una visión ‘propedéutica’ de la educación.
Mindfulness Therapies and Assessment Scales: A Brief Review
Authors: Nilsson Hakan , Kazemi Ali
Published: December 2015

Over the past 20 years or so, the uptake of mindfulness within psychology, neuroscience and medicine has been celebrated as a new exciting development. It is within the realm of an assessment and therapeutic framework that mindfulness training has proved itself effective in terms of bettering the lot of many individuals. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review but also to undertake a more critical examination of the most common and popular forms of Western mindfulness intervention methods and the various scales that have been devised to measure their success in this regard.
Air quality and health education to increase knowledge and encourage health protective behaviour among older adults in Hamilton, Canada
Authors: Radisic Sally , Newbold Bruce
Published: December 2015

Air pollution exposure is detrimental to population health and particularly to older adults (≥65 years of age) who are considered part of the “at-risk” population. The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) provides air quality and health information such that the public can implement health protective behaviour and decrease exposure to outdoor air pollution. The AQHI education session for older adults aims to increase knowledge, encourage use of the AQHI, and gain a better understanding of how at-risk populations self-identify. An AQHI education session was delivered face-to-face to older adults living independently in Hamilton, Canada. A pre- and post-test questionnaire with both quantitative and qualitative questions was administered to measure knowledge and intention to use AQHI. A total of 62 participants attended the education session and completed the pre- and post-test questionnaire. Results of a paired t test indicated a statistically significant difference in pre- and post-test knowledge (p <0.05). After the education session, 82% of participants indicated their intention to use AQHI. The benefit of using AQHI included health protection while the most relevant barrier was the inability to self-identify as belonging to the elderly at-risk population. An AQHI education session was effective in increasing AQHI knowledge and encouraging use of the AQHI. Consideration must be given to replacing the current terminology “elderly” with the use of chronological age (≥65 years) to describe the at-risk population and foster greater ability to self-identify and use AQHI. Extra attention must be given to engage older adults living in lower socioeconomic areas to address health disparities.
Routines of Riparian Women of the Amazon Region: Activities and Roles in the Family, at Work and in the Community
Authors: Pinto Neuzeli Maria de Almeida , Pontes Fernando Augusto Ramos , Silva Simone Souza da Costa
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of the routines of women who live in Amazon riverside communities, identifying the roles and activities related to domestic work, açaí gathering and actions in community associations. The participants were three women from two island communities in Belem, Ilha Grande and Combu, who earn their living solely from açaí gathering, work at home and in community associations. The instruments used were the sociodemographic schedule (ISD), the Inventory of Routine (IR) and Field Diary (DC). All activities are defined by gender. Although riparian women follow the rigid family concepts of gender division in regards to labor, the participation women in paid professional activities, in this case, açaí gathering, has increased. The woman’s place in riparian family structure is considered dynamic and encompasses a cluster of systems that maintain interdependent relationships. In this sense, the context acts as a facilitator for development, producing constancy and change in the characteristics of riverside women and during the course of her life, family and community.
‘The tropics make it difficult to mope’: The imaginative geography of Alexander Payne’s The Descendants (2011)
Authors: Sánchez-Palencia Carolina
Published: December 2015

This paper analyses the cinematic landscape of The Descendants (Payne, 2011) by engaging with Edward Said’s concept of “imaginative geographies” (Orientalism, 1978), a theoretical approach that addresses the interaction between the material and the symbolic in spatial representation. I also draw from Henri Lefebvre (The Production of Space, 1974) to explain how Alexander Payne renders space and subjectivity as mutually constitutive. The Descendants’ powerful analogies between family ties and land ties would illustrate this spatial-subjective system in interesting metaphoric parallels. In a similar vein, Lefebvre’s emphasis on the importance of capitalism in the social construction of spaces helps articulate the film’s discussion of Hawaiian land trade politics and the protagonists’ ambivalent relation to it. This reading of the film can be inserted into the context of contemporary revisitations of the Paradise mythology as inextricably bound to postcolonial questions of ecology, nation and globalization.
Ytterbium fiber-based, 270 fs, 100 W chirped pulse amplification laser system with 1 MHz repetition rate
Authors: Zhao Zhigang , Kobayashi Yohei
Published: December 2015

A 100 W Yb-doped, fiber-based, femtosecond, chirped pulse amplification laser system was developed with a repetition rate of 1 MHz, corresponding to a pulse energy of 100 µJ. Large-scale, fused-silica transmission gratings were used for both the pulse stretcher and compressor, with a compression throughput efficiency of ∼85%. A pulse duration of 270 fs was measured by second harmonic generation frequency-resolved optical gating (SHG-FROG). To the best of our knowledge, this is the shortest pulse duration ever achieved by a 100-W-level fiber chirped pulse amplification laser system at a repetition rate of few megahertz, without any special post-compression manipulation.
Mechanism for enhanced single-crystal GaN growth in the C-assisted Na-flux method
Authors: Kawamura Takahiro , Imabayashi Hiroki , Maruyama Mihoko , Imade Mamoru , Yoshimura Masashi , Mori Yusuke , Morikawa Yoshitada
Published: December 2015

First-principles molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the effect of C addition in Na-flux growth of GaN. The mechanism for suppression of polycrystalline growth and the enhancement of single-crystal growth was identified by systematically calculating activation free energies for the formation and dissociation of C–N bonds. The energy barrier for C–N dissociation in a Ga–Na melt is ≥3 eV; thus, dissociation is inhibited and the growth of polycrystals is suppressed. However, at kink sites at a Na/GaN interface with excess Ga atoms, the barrier is only ∼1.0 eV, allowing C–N dissociation and growth of GaN single crystals.
Effect of added silicon carbide nanowires and carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties of 0–3 natural rubber composites
Authors: Janyakunmongkol Khantichai , Nhuapeng Wim , Thamjaree Wandee
Published: December 2015

In this work, the mechanical properties of 0–3 nanocomposite materials containing silicon carbide nanowires (SiCNWs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and natural rubber were studied. The SiCNWs and CNTs were used as reinforcement fiber whereas natural rubber was used as the matrix phase. The chemical vapor depositions (CVD) was used for synthesizing the nanowire and nanotube phases. The volume fraction of reinforcement was varied from 0 to 10%. The nanophases were mixed in the natural rubber matrix and molded by the hand lay-up technique. The mechanical properties of the samples were examined and compared with those of neat natural rubber. From the results, it was found that the hardness and density of the samples increased with the quantities of nanophases. The nanocomposites with a volume fraction of 10% exhibited maximum hardness (50.5 SHORE A). The maximum tensile strength and extent of elongation at break of the samples were obtained from the 4% volume fraction sample, which were 16.13 MPa and 1,540%, respectively.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Nazário Roseli , Schmitt Rosinete , Lima Patrícia De Moraes
Published: December 2015

Apresentação dos artigos do Número Temático: narrativas de infância(s): cinema, litartura e fotografia
INFÂNCIA ROUBADA: MEMÓRIAS E POÉTICAS DA RESISTÊNCIA NO CINEMA LATINO-AMERICANO
Authors: Silva Adriana A.
Published: December 2015

A partir de uma tese de doutorado, o presente texto apresenta reflexões sobre a infância pelas lentes do cinema, com foco nas ditaduras militares latino americana. A metodologia utilizada articulou a estética da infância no cinema com o conceito de rememoração de Walter Benjamim, analisando entre outros, os filmes: “A História Oficial” e Infância Clandestina (Argentina), Machuca (Chile), O ano que meus pais saíram de férias (Brasil). Como “resultados” da pesquisa evidenciamos poéticas das resistências analisadas nas narrativas cinematográficas latino-americanas, destacando a cineasta argentina Albertina Carri, com seus filmes Los Rubios (2003) e La Rabia (2012).
Engaging youth in alcohol policy: The Lee Law Project
Authors: Mosher James F. , D’Andrea Maia E.
Published: December 2015

Mosher, J., & D’Andrea, M. (2015). Engaging youth in alcohol policy: The Lee Law Project. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 113-118. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.206Aims: (1) Conduct a pilot project to test the effectiveness of a youth development “toolkit” designed to reduce youth exposure tosignage on liquor store windows; (2) Highlight the disparity in violation rates of a state law limiting window signage on liquorstore windows between low income communities of color and higher income, predominantly Anglo communities.Design: Pilot project/case study. Participating young people, working with adult coaches, photographed liquor store windows inthree communities and determined level of compliance with state law limiting liquor store window signage to 33 percent of totalwindow area and requiring clear view of cash register area in the store.Setting: Three communities in Santa Cruz County, California, with diverse income and racial/ethnic compositions.Participants: 71 liquor stores.Measures: Compliance rates of participating liquor stores with state law limiting the amount and placement of window signage.Findings: Low income, predominantly Latino community had significantly lower compliance rates than two nearby higherincome, Anglo communities. Youth participants successfully engaged community organizations and policy makers in advocatingfor voluntary compliance.Conclusions: The toolkit provides a promising model for engaging youth in alcohol policy reform and reducing youth exposureto liquor store signage.
What is the role of roles? Exploring the link between social roles and women’s alcohol use in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Grittner Ulrike , Nemeth Zsofia , Kuntsche Sandra , Gaertner Beate , Bloomfield Kim
Published: December 2015

Grittner, U., Nemeth, Z., Kuntsche, S., Gaertner, B., & Bloomfield, K. (2015). What is the role of roles? Exploring the link between social roles and women’s alcohol use in low- and middle-income countries. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 139-149. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.211Aims: This paper investigates how social roles are related to alcohol use among women in low- and middle-income countries.Methods: Cross-sectional data were used from 25-49-years-old women in 11 low- and middle-income countries from the GenACIS project. Dependent variables were current drinking and risky drinking (10+gr/day). Information on partnership, parenthood and having paid labour were used as social role measures. Multiple and multilevel regression analyses were carried out to test whether holding several roles are related to current and risky drinking.Results: Having paid work was associated with current and risky drinking across countries. Having a partner and having children were associated with a higher likelihood of abstention. With regard to country level characteristics per capita consumption was significantly related to both current drinking and risky drinking among women, while gross national income was significantly associated only with current drinking. Gender equality within the country did not have a significant association with women’s drinking. Concerning differing role combinations, working single women without children were most likely to be risky drinkers, while women who were not working and had a partner and children were the least likely.Conclusions: Paid labour was a substantial singular factor positively associated with women’s drinking. In addition, with the exception of Argentina and Kazakhstan, high per capita consumption on country level was associated with higher prevalence of risky drinking among women.
Optimum interpolation analysis of Aquarius sea surface salinity
Authors: Melnichenko Oleg , Hacker Peter , Maximenko Nikolai , Lagerloef Gary , Potemra James
Published: December 2015

A new high‐resolution sea surface salinity (SSS) analysis has been produced using Aquarius satellite observations from September 2011 to June 2015. The motivation for the new product is twofold: to produce Level‐4 SSS analysis that is consistent with existing in situ observations such as from Argo profile data, and to reduce the large‐scale satellite biases that have existed in all versions of the standard Level‐3 Aquarius products. The new product is a weekly SSS analysis on a nearly global 0.5° grid. The analysis method is optimum interpolation (OI) that takes into account analyzed errors of the observations, specific to the Aquarius instrument. The method also includes a large‐scale correction for satellite biases, filtering of along‐track SSS data prior to OI, and the use of realistic correlation scales of SSS anomalies. All these features of the analysis are shown to result in more accurate SSS maps. In particular, the method reduces the effects of relative biases between the Aquarius beams and eliminates most of the large‐scale, space‐varying, and time‐varying satellite biases relative to in situ data, including spurious annual signals. Statistical comparison between the weekly OI SSS maps and concurrent buoy data demonstrates that the global root‐mean‐square error of the analysis is smaller than 0.2 pss for nearly all weeks over the ∼4 year period of comparison. The utility of the OI SSS analysis is also exemplified by the derived patterns of regional SSS variability.
Environmental controls on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in the high‐altitude arid western Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau permafrost region
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Zhao Lin , Fang Hongbing , Zhao Yuguo , Smoak Joseph M. , Pang Qiangqiang , Ding Yongjian
Published: December 2015

While permafrost in the circum‐Artic has great influence on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks, this might not be the case in low‐latitude arid permafrost regions. We test this hypothesis in the western Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) permafrost region. Fifty‐nine soil profiles were analyzed to examine the SOC and TN distribution and the controlling factors in western QTP, which is a desert steppe ecoregion. Mean stocks of SOC (5.29 kg m−2) and TN (0.56 kg m−2) for the top 200 cm in this area were lower than those of the east QTP and circum‐Arctic regions. The SOC and TN stocks under vegetative cover with permafrost conditions were significantly higher than those of desert conditions. The SOC and TN stocks for the layers of different depths were related to the content of clay, silt, and moisture. Although the active layer thickness (ALT) had a significant negative correlation to soil moisture, the ALT explained little or no variance in the SOC and TN stocks. The results showed that in the vast permafrost regions of the western QTP, the SOC and TN stocks are very low, and the main controlling factors for the SOC and TN are soil texture, moisture, and vegetation type. The SOC pool in this area may not be as vulnerable to degradation associated with climate warming and thus not emit greenhouse gases at the same rate as other permafrost regions. The different response of the SOC in this region should be considered in carbon cycling models.
Integer Programming
Authors: Balas Egon
Published: December 2015

Integer programming (IP) is optimization of a linear function subject to linear constraints in variables some or all of which are constrained to be integer. By far the most important special case of IP is 0–1 programming, in which the integer variables are restricted to 0 or 1. This is so because binary variables can be used to represent all kinds of situations not captured by linear or convex functions, like discontinuities, interruptions, implications, and other logical conditions that arise frequently in practice. The article outlines why and how this happens, discusses the scope and applicability of IP, and after introducing combinatorial optimization as the study of 0–1 programs defined on graphs, it reviews the relation of IP to statistics, in particular its applications to regression analysis, design of experiments and cluster analysis. Next, solution methods for IP's are outlined, the two principal ones being branch and bound (or implicit enumeration) and cutting planes (or convexification). The former one is relatively straightforward to implement and for 30 years was the only one used in practice, limiting the sphere of solvable IP's to no more than 30–40 integer variables. The latter one on the other hand generated a rich theory of cutting planes derived from several basic principles, but for 30 years could not be used in practice, mainly because of numerical problems. The article then outlines the revolution in the state of the art of IP that occurred roughly between 1990 and 2005. Namely, by embedding cutting planes into a branch‐and‐bound framework and using them in new ways, highly efficient algorithms were developed that can routinely solve instances with thousands of variables and constraints.
Financial Time Series
Authors: Tsay Ruey S.
Published: December 2015

Financial time series analysis is concerned with theory and practice of asset valuation over time. This article introduces key features and properties of financial time series and discusses econometric and statistical methods available for analyzing such series. It also discusses recent developments in financial time series analysis in the advent of high‐frequency transaction data and in estimation of stochastic diffusion equations for derivative pricing. Finally, the article provides methods for analyzing multiple asset returns.
Correlated Binary Data
Authors: Pendergast Jane F. , Gange Stephen J. , Lindstrom Mary J.
Published: December 2015

Correlated binary data may arise in longitudinal or spatial studies or through some other form of clustering of sampling units. The simplest setting, with clusters of size two and no covariates, leads to familiar methods of analysis. Models with covariates include response feature models, conditionally specified models, transitional models, marginal models, and cluster‐specific models. These may lead to different interpretations of the regression parameters.
Analysis of Complex Survey Data, Misuse of Standard Statistical Procedures
Authors: Brogan Donna J.
Published: December 2015

Many researchers conduct primary or secondary analyses with data from complex sample surveys but do not realize that specialized statistical procedures need to be used. This article compares analyses of complex survey data conducted with standard statistical procedures (which assume simple random sampling) and with appropriate survey statistical procedures. The numerical examples illustrate that the inappropriate use of standard statistical procedures for complex survey data typically result in (i) biased estimators of population parameters, (ii) underestimation of standard errors, (iii) confidence intervals that are too narrow, and (iv) tests of statistical significance with underestimated
p
‐values. Weighted analyses using standard statistical procedures with an expansion or normed sampling weight variable yield correct estimators of population parameters but still yield incorrect results for estimated standard errors, confidence intervals, and statistical tests of significance. Survey statistical procedures are available today in almost all statistical software packages and also available as standalone software packages. Data analysts are advised to use appropriate survey statistical procedures for the analysis of complex survey data.
Accident Proneness
Authors: Kemp Adrienne W. , Kemp C. D.
Published: December 2015

The entry reviews the development of both the concept of “accident proneness” as a possible personal cause of accidents and various statistical models that have been proposed to enable its detection and estimation (and hence to modify behavior in order to reduce the number of accidents). Unfortunately, a distribution derived in such a model can usually also be derived in a competing cause model. Attempts to apply this model approach in practice have proved largely ineffective. Since about 1985, attention has moved from model detection to risk evaluation and analysis.
Regression to the Mean: Introduction
Authors: Beach Michael L. , Baron John
Published: December 2015

Regression to the mean (RTM) (also called regression toward the mean or reversion toward the mean) can broadly be described as the tendency of observations that are extreme by chance to move closer to the mean when repeated. The importance of this in statistics is that causality (see Causation)—rather than RTM—may erroneously be inferred when there is improvement after, say, a treatment or change after an intervention. In an experiment in which before and after measurements are made in order to evaluate some intervention, regression to the mean can account for some and possibly all of the estimated treatment effect. The extent of confounding will depend on the actual treatment effect, the sampling procedure used for patient selection, and the correlation between the two measurements. Methods of analysis and sampling techniques are available to adjust for regression to the mean, although direct estimation of treatment effects in trials is probably best.
Admixture in Human Populations
Authors: Basu Analabha
Published: December 2015

When parental populations give rise to a hybrid population, it is possible to estimate the proportions of admixture from each parental population on the basis of known marker allele frequencies if there has been no genetic drift. Previous methods include generalized least squares and maximum likelihood. Subsequent popular methods use unsupervised Bayesian clustering using genotype data for many loci. With availability of dense genotype data, recent methods of inferring admixture employ various tools like efficient haplotyping of the data, machine learning tools like Random Forests and topological data analysis. These methods not only utilize the allele frequencies at various loci but simultaneously also take account of the linkage‐disequilibrium between the loci. Applications of these methods provide us with greater understanding of documented as well as undocumented admixture events, which are reconstructed and teased out in fine details.
Uniform Random Numbers
Authors: Deng Lih‐Yuan , Shiau Jyh‐Jen Horng
Published: December 2015

Pseudo‐random numbers, uniformly distributed on the interval , are widely used in the development of statistical methods when analytic methods are intractable. The following random number generators are described: linear congruential generators, MT19937, multiple recursive generators (MRGs), some special classes of MRGs such as DX, DL, DS, and DT. The merits of these generators are discussed. Designs and implementations of parallel random number generators are also discussed.
Birthweight
Authors: Macfarlane Alison J.
Published: December 2015

This article discusses definitions of birthweight, including extreme values of birthweight distributions, factors associated with differences in birthweight distributions and their associations with the outcome of pregnancy and the development of statistical approaches to compare birthweight distributions and to detect outliers to inform clinical practice.
Alternating Treatments Designs
Authors: Coffee Gina , Kratochwill Thomas R.
Published: December 2015

The alternating treatments design (ATD) is a type of single‐case research design that is commonly used to determine the effectiveness of two or more treatments. Conditions in the ATD are alternated rapidly and randomly/semirandomly, and effects can be analyzed by visual inspection and/or statistically (e.g., randomization tests). Using the ATD can be advantageous because treatment effects can be found rather quickly, and a withdrawal phase and baseline data are not always required.
Residuals in Structural Equation, Factor Analysis, and Path Analysis Models
Authors: Raykov Tenko
Published: December 2015

Residuals are defined for structural equation, factor analysis, and path analysis models. Their defining equations are given and it is pointed out how they can be obtained in empirical contexts. The different types of residuals are particularly useful when examining local goodness of fit for those models, including cases when model choice is to be carried out, and can be especially helpful with large samples.
Disease Mapping, Hierarchical Models for
Authors: Waller Lance A.
Published: December 2015

Hierarchical models for disease mapping. Hierarchical models provide a convenient framework to combine information across multiple observational units. Such models are particularly convenient for small area estimation of disease rates to improve statistical precision of estimates associated with small local sample sizes. We review the basic framework of model‐based approaches for combining information across small administrative units through the use of random effects. Varying definitions of the random effects distribution allows one to combine information from all locations, neighboring locations, or a combination of both.
np‐Charts for Attribute Control
Authors: Leiva Víctor , Oliveira Amilcar
Published: December 2015

In this article, we introduce charts for attribute control considering the number of defective items, namednp‐charts. These charts are preferable over charts for proportion (p) of defective items, namedp‐charts, when the sample size (n) remains constant for all subgroups. The benefits of usingnp‐charts overp‐charts are: an easier interpretation and the fact that no calculation is required for each sample result. We provide a review of the basic issues related tonp‐charts and some recent ideas on the topic based on life distributions. In addition, we discuss an implementation ofnp‐charts in theRsoftware by using examples with data on attributes and lifetimes.
Statistics in Musicology
Authors: Beran Jan
Published: December 2015

In the last few decades, music theory witnessed an increasing trend toward quantification. The quantification of musical data lead to a fast growing demand for statistical methods. Potentially, all areas of statistics can be useful for answering questions in musicology. Due to the complexity of music, often new statistical methods have to be developed. In the following, a brief overview is given, illustrated by a few examples.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Arylation of α‐Aryl‐α‐diazoacetates with Aniline Derivatives.
Authors: Xu Bin , Li Mao‐Lin , Zuo Xiao‐Dong , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: December 2015

The title reaction provides a new method for the synthesis of α‐diaryl acetates such as (III), (V), and (VII) in good yields and with high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Differentiated syn‐1,2‐Diol Derivatives by Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation—Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of α‐Alkoxy‐Substituted β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Monnereau Laure , Cartigny Damien , Scalone Michelangelo , Ayad Tahar , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie
Published: December 2015

Title compounds (II), (IV), and (VI) are formed in the presence of chiral Ru‐catalyst using a mixture of HCOOH and triethylamine as hydrogen source in high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Copper‐Catalyzed Group‐, Site‐, and Enantioselective Allylic Substitution with a Readily Accessible Propargyl(pinacolato)boron Reagent: Utility in Stereoselective Synthesis and Mechanistic Attributes.
Authors: Shi Ying , Jung Byunghyuck , Torker Sebastian , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: December 2015

The first examples of allylic substitution reaction of allyl diethylphosphates with propargylated (pinacolato)boron compounds (II) are reported to provide generally branched products.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetramethyleneethane Equivalents: Recursive Reagents for Serialized Cycloadditions.
Authors: Wender Paul A. , Jeffreys Matthew S. , Raub Andrew G.
Published: December 2015

A one‐pot procedure is developed consisting of a Diels—Alder reaction of the tetramethyleneethane equivalent (II) and dienophiles, subsequent elimination to give a second diene, captured in a subsequent [4 + 2] cycloaddition to afford compounds like (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Ynamide Carbopalladation: A Flexible Route to Mono‐, Bi‐ and Tricyclic Azacycles.
Authors: Campbell Craig D. , Greenaway Rebecca L. , Holton Oliver T. , Walker P. Ross , Chapman Helen A. , Russell C. Adam , Carr Greg , Thomson Amber L. , Anderson Edward A.
Published: December 2015

A plenty of azacycles is obtained by a cascade sequence of carbopalladation followed by cross‐coupling/electrocyclization, or reduction processes.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Dearomatization of Alkyne‐Tethered Indoles: Divergent Synthesis of Spirocyclic Indolenines and Carbazoles.
Authors: James Michael J. , Clubley Rosa E. , Palate Kleopas Y. , Procter Thomas J. , Wyton Anthony C. , O'Brien Peter , Taylor Richard J. K. , Unsworth William. P.
Published: December 2015

A common indole‐tethered propargyl alcohol precursor is converted efficiently into either spirocyclic indolenines or carbazoles by using different Ag(I) catalysts at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Superoxide Mediated Isomerization of 4‐Aryl‐but‐1‐ynes to 1‐Aryl‐1,3‐butadienes.
Authors: Khan Faiz Ahmed , Budanur Basavaraj M.
Published: December 2015

The title isomerizations of the substrates having disubstitution at benzylic position give different products depending on the nature of the substitution.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of N,N‐Disubstituted Hydroxylamines to Nitrones with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents.
Authors: Matassini Camilla , Parmeggiani Camilla , Cardona Francesca , Goti Andrea
Published: December 2015

IBX is proven as the reagent of choice for the preparation of aldonitrones from nonsymmetric hydroxylamines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Chemoselective Reduction of Nitro and Azo Compounds Catalyzed by a Well‐Defined Mo3S4 Cluster Bearing Diamine Ligands.
Authors: Pedrajas Elena , Sorribes Ivan , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias , Llusar Rosa
Published: December 2015

A novel molybdenum complex MSDB is prepared and successfully applied as a catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes (I) and azobenzene (III) to anilines with Ph2SiH2.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Chemoselective Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Enabled by Nucleophile Speciation Control.
Authors: Seath Ciaran P. , Fyfe James W. B. , Molloy John J. , Watson Allan J. B.
Published: December 2015

The reaction is applied in the synthesis of key intermediate (VII) for BET bromodomain inhibitor (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Amide and Peptide Bond Formation in Water at Room Temperature.
Authors: Gabriel Christopher M. , Keener Megan , Gallou Fabrice , Lipshutz Bruce H.
Published: December 2015

A general and environmentally benign method for the formation of amide/peptide bonds in aqueous medium is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Comprehensive Study of the Organic‐Solvent‐Free CDI‐Mediated Acylation of Various Nucleophiles by Mechanochemistry.
Authors: Metro Thomas‐Xavier , Bonnamour Julien , Reidon Thomas , Duprez Anthony , Sarpoulet Jordi , Martinez Jean , Lamaty Frederic
Published: December 2015

It is shown that the complete elimination of organic solvents for the synthesis, purification, and isolation of the products resulting from acylation reactions of amines and other nucleophiles is possible.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitriles Using a Defined Ruthenium PNP Pincer Catalyst.
Authors: Neumann Jacob , Bornschein Christoph , Jiao Haijun , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2015

This developed protocol for the efficient Ru‐catalyzed reduction of nitriles allows the conversion of aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic into the corresponding amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Diazocompounds with C70: Unprecedented Synthesis and Characterization of Isomeric [5,6]‐Fulleroids.
Authors: Vidal Sara , Izquierdo Marta , Filippone Salvatore , Brunetti Fulvio G. , Martin Nazario
Published: December 2015

The synthesis of a variety of PCBM‐type [5,6]‐fulleroids and their further highly selective photoisomerization to the respective [6,6]‐methanofullerenes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Indolizino[3,4,5‐ab]isoindoles by an Acid‐Induced Cyclization of 1,2‐Di(1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)benzenes.
Authors: Kuzuhara Daiki , Miyake Satoshi , Moriyama Hirotake , Tamura Yuto , Aratani Naoki , Yamada Hiroko
Published: December 2015

The two‐step synthesis of the substrates via Suzuki‐coupling of the corresponding 1,2‐dibromobenzene with N‐Boc‐pyrrole‐2‐boronic acid and subsequent N‐deprotection is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Formal Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reactions of Trifluoromethylated Enones Catalyzed by Chiral Primary Amines.
Authors: Lin Yong‐Jun , Du Li‐Na , Kang Tai‐Ran , Liu Quan‐Zhong , Chen Ze‐Qin , He Long
Published: December 2015

A set of enantiopure primary amine catalyzes the formal hetero‐Diels—Alder reaction of the carbonyl group in electron‐deficient trifluoromethylated enones (I) and enolizable acyclic aliphatic enones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Functionalized Derivatives of [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine and Pyrimido[2,1‐b][1,3,5]thiadiazine as Aromatase Inhibitors.
Authors: Gomha Sobhi M. , Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Abdulla Mohamed M.
Published: December 2015

A variety of new functionalized triazolopyrimidine derivatives (VI) and pyrimidothiadiazines (IV) are synthesized from thiobarbituric acid (I).
ChemInform Abstract: New Efficient Synthesis of 2,5,6‐Trisubstituted Oxazolo[5,4‐d]pyrimidi‐7(6H)‐ones via an Oxazolyliminophosphorane.
Authors: Zeng Guo‐Ping , Cai Chang‐Quan , Tan Fen , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: December 2015

Title compounds (VI) are synthesized in good overall yields by the new sequential three‐component reaction of oxazolyliminophosphorane (III), isocyanates, and amines in the presence of catalytic amount of EtONa.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Isomeric Indole Alkaloids from Nauclea officinalis.
Authors: Wang Hai‐Yang , Wang Ru‐Xia , Zhao Yan‐Xia , Liu Ke , Wang Feng‐Ling , Sun Jing‐Yong
Published: December 2015

isolation, structure determination and cytotoxic activities of three new indole alkaloids, naucleofficines I‐III
ChemInform Abstract: Rising Again: Opportunities and Challenges for Platinum‐Free Electrocatalysts
Authors: Abbas Muhammad A. , Bang Jin Ho
Published: December 2015

Review: for solar cells and water‐splitting systems; 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Transfer Activation of Transition Metal Catalysts
Authors: Tuba Robert , Xi Zhenxing , Bazzi Hassan S. , Gladysz John A.
Published: December 2015

Review: [historical antecedents and applications involving fluorous/organic and aqueous/organic liquid/liquid biphasic catalysis, and liquid/solid biphasic catalysis; 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Can We Beat the Biotin—Avidin Pair?: Cucurbit[7]uril‐Based Ultrahigh Affinity Host—Guest Complexes and Their Applications
Authors: Shetty Dinesh , Khedkar Jayshree K. , Park Kyeng Min , Kim Kimoon
Published: December 2015

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycan‐Based Diagnostic Devices: Current Progress, Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Wang Sheng‐Kai , Cheng Chao‐Min
Published: December 2015

Review: 136 refs.
Glykane mit hyperpolarisiertem Xenon entschlüsseln
Authors: Oltmanns Dörthe
Published: December 2015

Erstmals konnten die für viele zelluläre Funktionen besonders wichtigen Zelloberflächen‐Glykane mit Magnetresonanz‐Bildgebung detektiert werden. Dies wurde durch die Xenon‐Hyper‐CEST‐Methode ermöglicht, die hyperpolarisiertes Xenon verwendet.
Neue Lantibiotika mit fungizider Wirkung
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: December 2015

Lantibiotika sind von Mikroorganismen produzierte antimikrobielle Peptide mit mehreren, durch je eine Thioetherbindung geschlossenen, intramolekularen Ringstrukturen. Sie sind interessante Leitstrukturen für die Entwicklung neuer Wirkstoffe, da bislang kaum Resistenzen beobachtet wurden [1]. Die Isolierung zweier fungizid, gegen filamentöse Pilze und Hefen wirksamer Lantibiotika ist eine Neuheit, alle bislang bekannten Lantibiotika wirken gegen Gram‐positive Bakterien.
Using Spearman's correlation coefficients for exploratory data analysis on big dataset
Authors: Xiao Chengwei , Ye Jiaqi , Esteves Rui Máximo , Rong Chunming
Published: December 2015

Correlation analysis is both popular and useful in a number of social networking research, particularly in the exploratory data analysis. In this paper, three well‐known and often‐used correlation coefficients, Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient, Spearman, and Kendall rank correlation coefficients, are compared from definition to application domain. Based on the characteristics of the pump's vibration dataset, the nonparametric and distribution‐free Spearman rank correlation coefficient is introduced to analyze the relationship between the pump's working state and each of the 207′880 variables. The percentage of variables and exact variables' tables with high Spearman's correlation coefficients for states I and II, states I and III, states II and III, and three states in different files are obtained respectively, which has important valuation for the future research of the unsupervised machine learning system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FERC Sees Generally Low Prices, Good Availability in 2016
Authors:   FERC Staff
Published: December 2015

Natural gas and electric spot and futures prices are lower than last year, consistent with expectations that energy markets are well‐positioned to manage potential challenges this winter. The US natural gas market is well‐supplied, with ample production and storage. Record‐breaking production continues despite lower rig counts, increased exports, and the collapse of oil prices. New natural gas pipeline expansions and projects to reverse flows on some pipelines will also provide more transportation capacity from producing to market areas this winter, though no capacity additions have been made in New England.
Comparing the risk of tardive dyskinesia in older adults with first‐generation and second‐generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: O'Brien Angela
Published: December 2015

Objective

The advent of second‐generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in the 1990s brought optimism that neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) may become relegated to history. Whether or not this is the case remains inconclusive, and this review aims to compare the risk of TD in older adults treated with first‐generation antipsychotics (FGAs) versus SGAs.

Methods

Relevant papers were sourced via a range of electronic databases, with a date range from 1957 to January 2015. Included studies used both a validated rating scale and research diagnostic criteria to report on the prevalence or incidence of TD in older adults exposed to antipsychotic medications.

Results

For FGAs, the prevalence estimate was 53% (95% confidence interval [CI] [39.0, 68.4]) for mild TD and 38% (95% CI [25.9, 50.3]) for probable TD. Incidence estimates for probable TD with FGAs were 23% (95% CI [15.3, 30.6]) at 1 year, 42% (95% CI [24.8, 58.4]) at 2 years and 57% (95% CI [45.3, 69.1]) at 3 years. For SGAs, the incidence estimates at 1 year were 7% (95% CI [4.4, 10.2]) for probable TD and 3% (95% CI [1.5, 4.2]) for persistent TD.

Conclusions

The risk of probable TD is more than three times lower in older adults receiving SGAs in comparison with FGAs after 1 year of treatment (23% vs 7%). The risk of persistent TD at 1 year with SGAs is particularly low. Evidence is lacking in regard to the longer‐term risk of TD with SGAs, although the rates associated with the prolonged use of FGAs are high. Caution is therefore still required, particularly with the protracted use of both FGAs and SGAs.