bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New XPS Test Material for More Reliable Analysis of Microstructures
Authors: Stockmann Jörg M. , Radnik Jörg , Bütefisch Sebastian , Weimann Thomas , Hodoroaba Vasile‐Dan
Published: November 2024

A reference material is required for small‐area XPS because it has been used more frequently for surface control in recent years and many operators use incorrect field of views. To address this problem, we developed a test material starting in 2019. We optimised this XPS test material dedicated to the control of analysis position on the sample, with respect to the following factors: type of XPS instruments available on the market, the manufacturing process and sample handling. Test structures are now aligned along lines instead of on a circle radius, so that the individual structures can be accessed more quickly and easily. In addition, a larger test structure of 300 μm and another one in an intermediate size of 18 μm were added. Smaller test structures under 50 μm have been annotated with finder grids/arrows around them so that they are easier to find. Further, the manufacturing process was changed from e‐beam lithography to a mask process to be able to offer the test material at a favourable price. The use of masks also had to be adapted for the new manufacturing process so that the smallest square structures are also realised as such and do not show any distortion of the structure boundaries. The quality control using a metrological SEM confirmed a very reproducible manufacturing process. It is demonstrated that the test material can be successfully employed to find the most suitable beam size of the XPS system used for the analysis of small (μm range) surface features.
The Interaction of Polygenic Susceptibility to Stress and Childhood Adversity Dimensions Predicts Longitudinal Trajectories of Stress‐Sensitivity
Authors: Barrantes‐Vidal N. , Gizdic A. , Torrecilla P. , Mas‐Bermejo P. , Sheinbaum T. , Papiol S. , Lafit G. , Myin‐Germeys I. , Rosa A. , Kwapil T. R.
Published: November 2024

Stress‐sensitivity (SS) is considered a psychobiological trait possibly resulting from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors (GxE). This study examined whether the interaction of SS‐related genetic markers with interview‐based dimensions of childhood adversity predicted longitudinal trajectories of low versus high SS. Participants were nonclinically‐ascertained young adults comprising normative and elevated scores on schizotypy. SS trajectories were defined in a previous report based on three prospective assessments (23.5, 25, 28 years‐old) of both retrospective (Perceived Stress Scale; PSS) and momentary (Experience Sampling Methodology; ESM) stress ratings. A total of n = 177 and n = 165 participants with PSS and ESM stress‐sensitivity trajectories, respectively, as well as genetic data, were included in the study. GxE effects between a SS Polygenic Risk Score (PRS‐SS) and a Genetic Risk Score of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal axis (GRS‐HPA) with childhood adversity dimensions (Intrafamilial Adversity, Threat and Deprivation) on SS trajectories were examined. Threat was the most consistent predictor of persistently high SS. PRS‐SS moderated the association of Threat with high‐PSS. GRS‐HPA moderated the effects of all adversity dimensions on high‐PSS. The interaction of PRS‐SS with Deprivation and GRS‐HPA with Intrafamilial Adversity predicted trajectories of momentary social stress, but the effects were driven by those with lower genetic susceptibility. Genetic‐HPA‐axis moderates the effects of all adversity dimensions on persistent SS trajectories, as well as PRS‐SS and Threat, particularly for retrospective stress measure. The findings highlight the complex interplay between GxE factors and suggest that PSS may better capture SS trait. Including biologically‐meaningful GRS indexing SS and adversity dimensions in future studies using comprehensive stress measures would enhance our knowledge on high SS susceptibility and its relationship with diverse psychopathological outcomes.
A novel deep learning‐based technique for efficient characterization of engineered cementitious composites cracks for durability assessment
Authors: Das Avik Kumar , Leung Christopher K. Y.
Published: November 2024

Engineered Cementitious Composites also known as Strain‐hardening cementitious composites (SHCCs) has unique cracking patterns like cracks that have tiny widths and showcase high density. All of this makes it difficult and laborious to compute crack parameters from crack patterns. Unfortunately, this is an essential part of assessing durability and micromechanical modeling. SHSnet is developed to perform end‐to‐end semantic segmentation of SHCC cracks. SHSnet is efficient, attention based deep encoder‐decoder network with large receptive field. Loss function based on Tversky function were used for training the model. SHSnet with loss function shows promising result with mPrecision, mF1Score and mIoU of 0.87, 0.84 and 0.83 respectively for complex SHCC cracks while requiring at least an order of fewer computational parameters than those in the literature. An image processing unit is then used to estimate the width, number, and length of the cracks from the segmentation mask. Test results show that the computed crack parameters with SHSnet are exactly the same as that computed with an optical microscope but require ~100× less time. Results demonstrate that SHSnet works equally well in SHCCs with different surface textures, crack density, and widths; the final result was far superior to a conventional technique. This technique also shows promising results in an automatic evaluation of crack parameters relevant to durability and visualizing crack patterns even in the presence of artifacts during progressive testing. The results also demonstrate the necessity to accurately and densely calculate crack length and maximum crack width; else the durability results are expected to be significantly more conservative than the actual value.
Translanguaging in US K–12 science and engineering education: A review of the literature through the lens of equity
Authors: Grapin Scott E. , Ramos Borrego Marisleydi , Navarro Vijay Gallardo
Published: November 2024

Research on translanguaging in science and engineering education has grown rapidly. Studies carried out across diverse contexts converge in their commitment to fostering equity in science and engineering learning for linguistically marginalized learners. However, the rapid growth of this research area has exposed different approaches to conceptualizing “equity” itself. The purpose of this review of literature was to examine what equity approaches have undergirded research on translanguaging in US K–12 science and engineering education and whether these approaches vary over time and across contexts. We systematically analyzed studies (N = 15) using the four equity approaches articulated in a recent report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2022). Findings of our review indicate that, while studies aimed at increasing opportunity and access to high‐quality science and engineering learning (Approach 1) and, to a lesser extent, identification and representation with science and engineering (Approach 2) were the two most prevalent equity approaches, studies focused on expanding what constitutes science and engineering (Approach 3) and seeing science and engineering as part of justice movements (Approach 4) were somewhat less common. Furthermore, justice‐oriented approaches to equity (Approaches 3 and 4) were increasingly visible in the literature since 2020 as well as in research carried out in nontraditional educational contexts (e.g., out‐of‐school programs, classes outside of the core school subjects). Based on these findings, we propose the need for future research that (a) explicitly conceptualizes and operationalizes constructs related to equity (e.g., what is meant by “achievement” and how it is measured), (b) examines the possibilities and tensions associated with expanding what constitutes science and engineering in traditional educational contexts, (c) leverages the affordances of multiple STEM subjects for addressing justice issues impacting linguistically marginalized communities, and (d) iterates on the equity approaches themselves.
Electrochemical Nanosensor‐Based Emerging Point‐Of‐Care Tools: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Pena‐Zacarias Jaqueline , Zahid Md Ikhtiar , Nurunnabi Md
Published: November 2024

Early detection of disease remains a crucial challenge in medicine. Delayed diagnosis often leads to limited treatment options, increased disease progression, and unfortunately, even death in some cases. To address this, the need for rapid, cost‐effective, and noninvasive diagnostic tools is paramount. In recent years, electrochemical nanosensor‐based point‐of‐care diagnostic tools have emerged as promising tools for various fields, with significant interest in their biological and chemical applications. These tiny sensors, utilizing nanoparticles and chemical agents, can detect and monitor physical components like disease biomarkers at the nanoscale, offering a unique advantage rarely found in other diagnostic methods. This unprecedented sensitivity has made them highly sought‐after tools for biological applications, particularly in disease diagnosis. This review focuses specifically on electrochemical nanosensors and their potential as diagnostic tools in medicine. We will delve into their properties, applications, current advancements, and existing limitations.
Better, Faster, Stronger: Accelerating mRNA‐Based Immunotherapies With Nanocarriers
Authors: Carvalho Henrique M. B. , Fidalgo Tiago A. S. , Acúrcio Rita C. , Matos Ana I. , Satchi‐Fainaro Ronit , Florindo Helena F.
Published: November 2024

Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) therapeutics are attracting attention as promising tools in cancer immunotherapy due to their ability to leverage the in vivo expression of all known protein sequences. Even small amounts of mRNA can have a powerful effect on cancer vaccines by promoting the synthesis of tumor‐specific antigens (TSA) or tumor‐associated antigens (TAA) by antigen‐presenting cells (APC). These antigens are then presented to T cells, eliciting strong antitumor immune stimulation. The potential of mRNA can be further enhanced by expressing immunomodulatory agents, such as cytokines, antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), enhancing tumor immunity. Recent research also explores mRNA‐encoded tumor death inducers or tumor microenvironment (TME) modulators. Despite its promise, the clinical translation of mRNA‐based anticancer strategies faces challenges, including inefficient targeted delivery in vivo, failure of endosomal escape, and inadequate intracellular mRNA release, resulting in poor transfection efficiencies. Inspired by the approval of lipid nanoparticle‐loaded mRNA vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and the encouraging outcomes of mRNA‐based cancer therapies in trials, innovative nonviral nanotechnology delivery systems have been engineered. These aim to advance mRNA‐based cancer immunotherapies from research to clinical application. This review summarizes recent preclinical and clinical progress in lipid and polymeric nanomedicines for delivering mRNA‐encoded antitumor therapeutics, including cytokines and antibody‐based immunotherapies, cancer vaccines, and CAR therapies. It also addresses advanced delivery systems for direct oncolysis or TME reprogramming and highlights key challenges in translating these therapies to clinical use, exploring future perspectives, including the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in their development.
History of Nonlinear Acoustics: 1750s–1930s
Authors: Blackstock David T.
Published: November 2024

The history of nonlinear acoustics is reviewed, starting with Euler in the 1750s and continuing into the 1930s with contributions from Earnshaw, Fay, Fubini, Hugoniot, Lagrange, Langevin, Laplace, Poisson, Rankine, Rayleigh, Riemann, Stokes, and Taylor. This era produced the exact implicit Poisson and Riemann solutions for progressive and counterpropagating plane waves in an ideal fluid, respectively, Earnshaw’s extension of Poisson’s solution that accounts for finite motion of the source, the Rankine-Hugoniot conservation equations across a shock, Fubini’s solution for harmonic generation in the preshock region, Fay’s solution for the harmonics following shock formation, and the Taylor shock thickness.
Perturbation Methods
Authors: Ginsberg Jerry H.
Published: November 2024

Perturbation methods yield approximate analytical solutions that provide physical insight into finite-amplitude sound and benchmarks for computational methods. The acoustic Mach number is employed as the small parameter for the perturbation expansions. The first method presented is the regular perturbation technique leading to a straightforward expansion of the solution in powers of the small parameter, but which is not uniformly valid. Two methods are presented for rendering the solutions uniformly valid, the method of multiple scales and the method of renormalization. Analysis of radiation from a vibrating plate is provided as an example of a multidimensional problem solved by perturbation.
Computational Methods
Authors: Ginsberg Jerry H. , Hamilton Mark F.
Published: November 2024

Computational methods covered in this chapter apply primarily to finite-amplitude sound propagating in predominantly a single coordinate direction. Methods for solving the Burgers, KZK, and NPE equations in either the frequency or time domain are described. The combined effects of nonlinearity, absorption, dispersion, and diffraction in the model equations are taken into account by employing operator splitting. A frequency-domain algorithm is discussed that employs a spatial Fourier transform to account for diffraction without resorting to the parabolic approximation inherent in the KZK and NPE equations. A general time-domain algorithm is described that is not restricted to progressive waves.
Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media (Ray Theory)
Authors: Morfey Christopher L. , Cotaras Frederick D.
Published: November 2024

This chapter describes how ray theory may be extended to allow for nonlinear waveform distortion in inhomogeneous media. Considered first are stationary media, and examples related mainly to underwater sound are presented. The theory is generalized to account for moving media, for which a distinction between ray and wavenormal directions becomes necessary. Examples with moving media are presented in relation to aeroacoustics and sonic boom propagation. The theory is restricted to weakly nonlinear acoustic waves in a slowly varying medium that is not strongly dispersive. The chapter concludes with a discussion of relevant acoustical properties of water and seawater.
Radiation Pressure and Acoustic Levitation
Authors: Wang Taylor G. , Lee Chun P.
Published: November 2024

The first half of the chapter develops the underlying theory for acoustic radiation pressure. Time-averaging the momentum equation leads to a compact general expression for radiation pressure in terms of the kinetic and potential energy densities. Distinctions between Eulerian, Lagrangian, Rayleigh, and Langevin radiation pressures are discussed. Solutions are derived for plane waves incident on perfectly reflecting and absorbing walls, and for sound beams incident on partially reflecting interfaces. The second half of the chapter is devoted to acoustic levitation, with derivations of acoustic radiation force on rigid and compressible spheres, and on gas bubbles in liquids.
Finite-Amplitude Waves in Solids
Authors: Norris Andrew N.
Published: November 2024

The theoretical foundation for weakly nonlinear elastic waves in isotropic solids is developed. Lagrangian coordinates are used to obtain the equation of motion in terms of the Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, which is a function of the strain energy density. Notations employed for elastic constants in different expansions of the strain energy density are related to those introduced by Landau and Lifshitz. Use of the acoustoelastic effect to determine the third-order elastic constants is described. Solutions are presented for second-harmonic generation in a longitudinal plane wave. Finally, the nonlinear parabolic (KZK) equation for longitudinal elastic wave beams is derived.
Sustainability and Governance of the mGov4EU Project
Authors: Schmidt Carsten , Dedovic Stefan
Published: November 2024

Sustainability and governance of the mGov4EU project are critical for its long-term success, particularly in transforming public services and streamlining administrative processes. The mGov4EU project, aiming to design user-centric solutions and enhance cross-border digital public services, places sustainability and governance at the forefront. This involves meticulous outcomes analysis, focusing on pilots and architecture, considering legal frameworks, stakeholder involvement, financial models, and developmental status. The exploration of cross-border mobile government factors reveals consistent determinants across various typologies, encompassing technology, innovation, public officials, citizens, organisations, institutions, public sector context, and broader environmental factors. The multifaceted influences on digital governance initiatives underscore the complex nature of the mGov4EU project. This chapter delves into the piloting impact assessment, analysing design and execution phases. The assessment is crucial for shaping a sustainability plan, recognising core results requiring sustained focus, and identifying areas for improvement. The GOFA model (Governance, Operations, Finance, and Architecture) and Objectives and Key Results (OKR) methodology are applied for a detailed analysis of project outcomes, ensuring a thorough understanding of challenges and requirements for long-term success. The goal is to establish a robust foundation for sustainability and governance, introducing the GOFA model and OKR analysis to navigate the complex landscape of mGov4EU outcomes. The integrated approach ensures a thorough understanding of challenges and requirements essential for long-term success. Challenges across pilots and architecture are addressed, focusing on stakeholder involvement, take-up, flexibility, and continuity. Co-creation principles are integrated into different project stages, fostering collaboration and engagement with various stakeholders. A transdisciplinary context is integrated into the impact assessment, and the GOFA model is employed for sustainability and governance. The co-creation principle is a recurring theme, engaging stakeholders in ongoing project development and execution. In general, the mGov4EU project, emphasising sustainability and governance, presents a holistic approach to address the complexities of cross-border digital public services, ensuring long-term success and impactful outcomes.
Electromagnetic duality for line defect correlators in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super Yang-Mills theory
Authors: Dorigoni Daniele , Duan Zhihao , Pavarini Daniele R. , Wen Congkao , Xie Haitian
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We study particular integrated correlation functions of two superconformal primary operators of the stress tensor multiplet in the presence of a half-BPS line defect labelled by electromagnetic charges (p, q) in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (SYM) with gauge group SU(N). An important consequence of SL(2, ℤ) electromagnetic duality in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM is that correlators of line defect operators with different charges (p, q) must be related in a non-trivial manner when the complex coupling τ = θ/(2π) + $$ 4\pi i/{g}_{\textrm{YM}}^2 $$
4
πi
/

g
YM
2

is transformed appropriately. In this work we introduce a novel class of real-analytic functions whose automorphic properties with respect to SL(2, ℤ) match the expected transformations of line defect operators in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM under electromagnetic duality. At large N and fixed τ, the correlation functions we consider are related to scattering amplitudes of two gravitons from extended (p, q)-strings in the holographic dual type IIB superstring theory. We show that the large-N expansion coefficients of the integrated two-point line defect correlators are given by finite linear combinations with rational coefficients of elements belonging to this class of automorphic functions. On the other hand, for any fixed value of N we conjecture that the line defect integrated correlators can be expressed as formal infinite series over such automorphic functions. The resummation of this series produces a simple lattice sum representation for the integrated line defect correlator that manifests its automorphic properties. We explicitly demonstrate this construction for the cases with gauge group SU(2) and SU(3). Our results give direct access to non-perturbative integrated correlators in the presence of an ’t Hooft-line defect, observables otherwise very difficult to compute by other means.
Spin-charge separation for paired Dirac fermions in (1 + 1) dimensions
Authors: Haddad Laith H.
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We study Dirac fermions at finite density coupled to a complex pairing field assumed to obey scalar field theory with quartic self-repulsion. The bulk of our work develops the mathematics that elucidates the propagation of fermionic excitations in such systems as independent spin (boosts) and charge (fermion number) degrees of freedom. A necessary ingredient is the presence of broken U(1) symmetry in the pairing field and decoupling of its density and phase. In the fermion sector, these elements give rise to an emergent spin-dependent gauge coupling which binds in-vacuum spin and charge into elementary fermions, while driving proliferation of unbound spin and charge for finite condensation in the pairing field. Notably, the onset of spin-charge separation is signaled by $$ \mathcal{PT} $$
PT
-symmetry breaking and decoupling of spin components under Lorentz transformations. Our investigation concludes with two theorems that identify generic features of spin-charge separation in such systems.
Statistics of three-dimensional black holes from Liouville line defects
Authors: Chandra Jeevan , Hartman Thomas , Meruliya Viraj
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Black holes and wormholes in the gravitational path integral can be used to calculate the statistics of heavy operators. An explicit example in higher dimensions is provided by thin shells of matter. We study these solutions in 3D gravity, and reproduce the behavior of black holes and wormholes from the dual CFT using the large-c conformal bootstrap. The CFT operator that creates a thin shell black hole is a line defect, so we begin by using the bootstrap to study the statistics of line defects, both at finite c and in the holographic large-c limit. The crossing equation leads to a universal formula for the average high-energy matrix elements of the line defect in any compact, unitary 2d CFT with c > 1. The asymptotics are controlled by a line defect in Liouville CFT at the same value of the central charge. At large c, three distinct quantities are related: the statistics of line defects in holographic CFTs, the individual matrix elements of a line defect in Liouville CFT, and the on-shell action of black holes and wormholes in 3D gravity. The three calculations match for black holes, and if the statistics of the line defects are assumed to be approximately Gaussian, then a class of wormholes is also reproduced by the dual CFT.
Janus deformation of de Sitter space and transitions in gravitational algebras
Authors: Bak Dongsu , Kim Chanju , Yi Sang-Heon
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We consider a time-dependent $$ \mathcal{O}\left(1/G\right) $$
O

1
/
G

deformation of pure de Sitter (dS) space in dS gravity coupled to a massless scalar field. It is the dS counterpart of the AdS Janus deformation and interpolates two asymptotically dS spaces in the far past and the far future with a single deformation parameter. The Penrose diagram can be elongated along the time direction indefinitely as the deformation becomes large. After studying the classical properties of the geometry such as the area theorem and the fluctuation by a matter field, we explore the algebraic structure of the field operators on the deformed spacetime. We argue that the algebra is a von Neumann factor of type II∞ for small deformations, but there occurs a transition to type I∞ as the deformation increases so that the neck region of the deformed space becomes a Lorentzian cylinder.
SPOP-mediated RIPK3 destabilization desensitizes LPS/sMAC/zVAD-induced necroptotic cell death
Authors: Lee Ga-Eun , Bang Geul , Byun Jiin , Chen Weidong , Jeung Dohyun , Cho Hana , Lee Joo Young , Kang Han Chang , Lee Hye Suk , Kim Jin Young , Kim Kwang Dong , Wu Juan , Nam Soo-Bin , Kwon Young Jik , Lee Cheol-Jung , Cho Yong-Yeon
Published: November 2024

RIPK1/RIPK3-MLKL signaling molecules are fundamental in initiating necroptotic cell death, but their roles in the development of colon cancer are unclear. This study reports that RIPK3 interacted with SPOP, a component of the E3 ligase within the Cul3 complex. This interaction leads to K48-linked ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of RIPK3. Two distinct degron motifs, PETST and SPTST, were identified within the linker domain of RIPK3 for SPOP. RIPK3 phosphorylations at Thr403 by PIM2 and at Thr412/Ser413 by ERK2 are essential to facilitate its interaction with SPOP. Computational docking studies and immunoprecipitation analyses showed that these PIM2 and ERK2 phosphorylations bolster the stability of the RIPK3-SPOP interaction. In particular, mutations of RIPK3 at the degron motifs extended the half-life of RIPK3 by preventing its phosphorylation and subsequent ubiquitination. The deletion of SPOP, which led to increased stability of the RIPK3 protein, intensified LPS/sMAC/zVAD-induced necroptotic cell death in colon cancer cells. These findings underscore the critical role of the SPOP-mediated RIPK3 stability regulation pathway in controlling necroptotic cell death.
A novel mutation in FNIP1 associated with a syndromic immunodeficiency and cardiomyopathy
Authors: Spivak Ilia , Lev Atar , Simon Amos J. , Barel Ortal , Somekh Ido , Somech Raz
Published: November 2024

Genetic variants in Folliculin interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) were recently discovered as monogenic causes for immunodeficiency and cardiomyopathy, with only a few patients diagnosed thus far. In this study, we describe a patient harboring a novel genetic variant in FNIP1 causing immunodeficiency with cardiac involvement. Clinical and immunological workups were performed. Genetic evaluation utilizing whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing was conducted. The index patient (subject II-4) presented with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, recurrent infections, and chronic diarrhea during infancy. Immune workup revealed agammaglobulinemia and a lack of B lymphocytes. Genetic evaluation identified a homozygous 13-bp duplication variant in FNIP1 (c.52_64dupGCGCCCGGCCGCG, p. Asp22GlyfsTer21) resulting in a frameshift in exon 1/18. She was treated with supplemental intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) with good control of sinopulmonary and gastrointestinal manifestations. Her sibling (subject II-1) had similar clinical features, along with dysmorphic facial features and hypotony, and succumbed to cardiogenic shock at the age of 2 months, prior to genetic evaluation. Diagnosis of novel immunodeficiencies promotes our understanding of the immune system, enabling genetic counseling as herein, and may assist in the development of novel medical therapies in the future. FNIP1 loss-of-function should be considered in patients presenting in infancy with cardiac manifestations along with agammaglobulinemia (and B-cell lymphopenia).
New emerging materials with potential antibacterial activities
Authors: Bedair Hadeer M. , Hamed Mahmoud , Mansour Fotouh R.
Published: November 2024

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens is a critical public health issue, necessitating the development of alternative antibacterial agents. Examples of these pathogens are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the emergence of “pan-resistant” Gram-negative strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, which occurred more recently. This review examines various emerging materials with significant antibacterial activities. Among these are nanomaterials such as quantum dots, carbon quantum dots, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and layered double hydroxides, all of which demonstrate excellent antibacterial properties. Interestingly, including antibacterial agents within the structure of these materials can help avoid bacterial resistance and improve the long-term efficacy of the materials. Additionally, the antibacterial potential of liquid solvents, including ionic liquids and both deep eutectic solvents and natural deep eutectic solvents, is explored. The review discusses the synthesis methods, advantages, and antibacterial efficacy of these new materials. By providing a comprehensive overview of these innovative materials, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing search for effective solutions to combat antibiotic resistance. Key studies demonstrating antibacterial effects against pathogens like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and multidrug-resistant strains are summarized. MOFs have exhibited antibacterial properties through controlled ion release and surface interactions. COFs have enhanced the efficacy of encapsulated antibiotics and displayed intrinsic antibacterial activity. Other nanomaterials, such as quantum dots, have generated reactive oxygen species, leading to microbial inactivation. This review aims to provide insights into these new classes of antibacterial materials and highlight them for addressing the global crisis of antibiotic resistance.

Key points

• Nanomaterials show strong antibacterial effects against drug-resistant bacteria

• Emerging solvents like ionic liquids offer novel solutions for bacterial resistance

• MOFs and COFs enhance antibiotic efficacy, showing promise in combating resistance
Use of transanal irrigation (TAI) in the treatment of persistent bowel disorders in patients with endometriosis: A retrospective study
Authors: Orlandi Simone , Bocus Paolo , Geccherle Andrea , Ruffo Giacomo , Ceccaroni Marcello
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Endometriosis has a strong impact on women’s quality of life (QoL). Pain is the main symptom of the disease, but bowel dysfunctions such as fecal incontinence, constipation and voiding difficulties are also reported. Patients could suffer from a Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS)-like syndrome. Transanal irrigation (TAI), known to alleviate LARS-related symptoms, has been suggested to aid bowel dysfunction in endometriosis patients, potentially facilitating pelvic floor rehabilitation.

Methods

We retrospectively collected data from 60 patients with endometriosis and bowel dysfunction who had been prescribed with the Peristeen® Plus TAI system. Patient satisfaction, pain, QoL and LARS score were evaluated before (baseline) and after TAI treatment (follow-up of approximately 12 months).

Results

Of the 60 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, 12 patients did not complete the questionnaires at follow-up and 16 patients discontinued treatment. Data analysis performed on 32 patients showed a mean increase of 3.6 points in patient satisfaction after TAI treatment and a mean pain reduction of 1.8 points (both, p-value < 0.001). LARS score decreased from a mean of 21.9 at baseline to a mean of 12.7 (p-value < 0.001). Accordingly, there was a notable improvement in patients’ QoL.

Conclusion

TAI is a useful treatment for bowel dysfunctions in patients with endometriosis. When offered to these patients, TAI seems to represent a valuable strategy to reduce pelvic floor stress. This study confirms that TAI was associated to a significantly higher patients’ satisfaction, as well as to a reduction of pain and LARS-like symptoms.
Effect of experimental knee pain location on gait kinematics
Authors: Gallina Alessio , Adamo Paola , Marino Giorgia , Cescon Corrado , Bolzoni Francesco , Barbero Marco , Temporiti Federico , Gatti Roberto
Published: November 2024

Purpose

In this study, we investigated whether experimental knee pain alters lower limb kinematics and knee arthrokinematics during gait, and if this motor adaptation depends on the spatial characteristics of the painful stimulus.

Methods

Twenty-one participants walked on a treadmill for 60-s trials, either without stimulation or while experiencing painful electrical stimulation in the medial, lateral or anterior region of the knee. Perceived pain location was analyzed using pain drawing. Gait spatiotemporal parameters, lower limb kinematics, and dispersion of the knee helical axes on the sagittal plane were quantified for each trial and compared between conditions using ANOVAs with repeated measures or Friedman tests.

Results

Pain perception was localized in the area the stimulation was applied to. Compared to walking without pain, participants demonstrated reduced knee extension (1.5 ± 1.5 degrees, p = 0.002) and reduced hip extension (0.8 ± 1.1 degrees, p = 0.037) when pain was induced in the anterior region, but not medially or laterally. Anterior knee pain increased the mean distance of the helical axes during late stance (0.7 [0.3, 1.4], p = 0.010), while medial pain increased both mean distance (0.3 [0.1, 0.5], p = 0.037) and mean angle (1.2 ± 1.4, p = 0.010) during early swing.

Conclusion

Acute, experimental knee pain alters gait kinematics and increases the dispersion of the helical axis. These adaptations depend on the spatial characteristics of the painful stimulus. These adaptations may reflect an attempt of the central nervous system to protect the painful tissue while searching for a less painful movement strategy.
Acute exercise impacts heart rate variability but not cognitive flexibility during subsequent simulated firefighter occupational tasks
Authors: Agostinelli Philip J. , Bordonie Nicholas C. , Linder Braxton A. , Robbins Ann M. , Jones Parker L. , Reagan Lee F. , Mobley C. Brooks , Miller Matthew W. , Murrah William M. , Sefton JoEllen M.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Acute exercise can transiently enhance cognitive flexibility. The cognitive demand of firefighters makes it relevant to understand if on-shift exercise could produce similar improvements in cognitive performance during subsequent occupational tasks. Metrics of heart rate variability (HRV), such as time- and frequency-domain outcomes, may shed light upon the influence exercise has on cognition, as they discern information related to cardiac autonomic (sympathetic/parasympathetic) function. We aimed to determine if acute resistance and aerobic exercise impact cognitive flexibility during occupational tasks and its relation to HRV.

Methods

32 participants completed a baseline Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) and three experimental trials: resistance exercise (RE), aerobic exercise (AE), or a rested control (CON). An occupational task assessment (OTA) including four rounds of 10 deadlifts and a 0.15-mile sandbag carry in an environmental chamber (35 °C/50% humidity) was completed after each trial. The second round was followed by the WCST. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze differences by condition.

Results

For the WCST, total, perseverative, and non-perseverative errors did not differ (ps > 0.39). Time-domain HRV metrics were not different (ps > 0.05). All frequency-domain metrics, other than low-frequency power, were not different (ps > 0.24). Low-frequency power was lower based on condition (p = 0.03). Post hoc analysis showed low-frequency power was lower following AE compared to RE and CON.

Conclusion

Results suggest an acute bout of on-shift aerobic or resistance exercise may not impact cognitive flexibility during subsequent simulated occupational tasks, despite depressed metrics of heart rate variability following aerobic exercise.
Sensitive and reliable detection of KIT p.D816V mutation in decalcified archival bone marrow trephines
Authors: Odensass Miriam , Bartels Stephan , Schlue Jerome , Büsche Guntram , Kreipe Hans H. , Lehmann Ulrich
Published: November 2024

The majority of mastocytosis cases are characterized by an activating mutation in the KIT gene in codon 816. The detection of this alteration is of importance for proper diagnostic workup. Therefore, reliable and sensitive methods for the detection of KIT Codon 816 hotspot mutations in various types of patient samples are required. Since mutated cancer genes are often overexpressed, we evaluated the feasibility and sensitivity of KIT p.D816V detection by analysing mRNA/cDNA instead of genomic DNA. From 80 bone marrow trephines harboring a KIT p.D816 mutation, seven were only mutated by mRNA/cDNA pyrosequencing and 11 only by digital PCR analysis of genomic DNA. These results clearly demonstrate that detection of clinically relevant mutations in mRNA extracted from routinely processed decalcified archival bone marrow trephines is not only possible in a reliable fashion but under many circumstances advantageous. This enables the direct correlation of genomic data with high-quality morphological evaluation.
Definition of reproductive structures in Eucalyptus for phenological data collection
Authors: Giraldo Escobar Claudia Helena , Keatley Marie R. , Kasel Sabine , Di Stefano Julian , Nitschke Craig R.
Published: November 2024

In an era where global climate change is shifting plant phenology, global meta-analyses of multiple species are required more than ever. Common language or references for enhanced data compatibility are key for such analyses. Although the Plant Phenology Ontology (PPO) addresses this challenge, it does not capture several relevant reproductive structures that are critical in species with long reproductive cycles, like many Eucalyptus species. We reviewed the terminology and concepts that describe reproductive structures in eucalypts and compared them with the existing classes of the PPO to explore the PPO’s potential for harmonizing disparate eucalypt datasets. We identified incongruencies within and between eucalypt terminology and the PPO. We tested the sensitivity of the PPO for capturing key eucalypt phenological structures and found it sensitive to classification of certain structures. To address these limitations, we developed the Eucalyptus Phenology Ontology (EPO), a new ontology that builds on the PPO and captures key reproductive structures using a more refined classification. The EPO integrates the relationships between reproductive structures, phenological stages, and phenological traits. The vocabulary is species-neutral so it can be applied to other taxa but specifies the synonyms and descriptions required to capture the complexity of eucalypt phenology.
Physicians’ perspectives on cancer-related fatigue management and their suggestions for improvements in medical training: a cross-sectional survey study in Germany
Authors: Wagner Anna S. , Wehlen L. , Milzer Marlena , Schmidt Martina E. , Kiermeier Senta , Maatouk Imad , Steindorf Karen
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Contrary to guidelines, many cancer patients are not screened for cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and do not receive information or adequate treatment. As physicians play a key role in cancer therapy, their knowledge of this common sequela and perspectives on its management are of major interest.

Methods

For an online survey, physicians working in oncology in Germany were systematically drawn from registers and invited by using institutional newsletters or colleagues. Descriptive analyses, logistic regression analysis of physicians’ knowledge, and Mann‒Whitney U tests were performed.

Results

Two-thirds of the 148 surveyed physicians felt (rather) well informed about CRF and capable of counseling patients. Only 32% of the sample were aware of CRF-specific guidelines. Despite of this, participants rated the scientific evidence for recommending physical activity, exercise programs, and psychotherapeutic interventions in accordance with guidelines as being mostly (very) strong. However, despite 82.4% of the physicians being (rather) aware of its evidence, only 56.1% often to almost always recommended psychotherapeutic interventions. CRF was rarely covered in medical studies and medical specialist training. The completion of advanced training for palliative care increased the likelihood of knowing guidelines (OR = 2.6, 95% CI [1.1–6.0], p < 0.05). Suggestions for improving training included the mandatory coverage of CRF in medical training or its consideration in interprofessional supportive care workshops.

Conclusion

Although awareness and recommendation rates were adequate for some interventions in CRF treatment (such as physical activity), there were lower recommendation rates for others, including psychotherapy. Studies are required assessing for the reasons of this knowledge-to-practice gap. Moreover, training is needed among physicians in order to enhance knowledge of CRF guidelines.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT04921644. Registered in June 2021.
Benefits of applying standardized frameworks to implement psychosocial tools such as the ‘My Logbook’
Authors: Weiler-Wichtl Liesa J. , Fohn-Erhold Verena , Rosenmayr Verena , Hansl Rita , Hopfgartner Maximilian , Pal-Handl Katharina , Wasinger-Brandweiner Verena , Herzog Kristina , Neumann Kirsten , Schellenberg Tobias , Schönenberger-Loppacher Dorothee , Faist-Schweika Christiane , Schönthaler Barbara , Budich Mihaela , Stember Nicole , Wiegele Karin , Reddig Maike , Paduch Anne , Lein-Köhler Iris , Görgen Sonja , Wienands Heike , Gauf Hiltrud , Hoffmann Rahel , Kollmann Alina , Just Ulrike , Salzmann Nicole , Neunsinger Petra , Gerhardt Marina , Essl Stefanie , Borbely Janina , Köpper Manuel , Rinner Sarah , Schubert Lisa , Leiss Ulrike
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Evidence-based interventions (EBIs) are essential to improve the well-being and neurocognitive outcomes of pediatric cancer patients; however, considerable barriers hamper the implementation of these tools. The present study assessed health care professionals’ (HCP) perceived barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a specific EBI for pediatric oncology in a standardized manner to define effective solutions and practical recommendations.

Methods

An adapted version of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) questionnaire was applied to inquire n = 31 HCPs in pediatric oncology about the five domains of implementation.

Results

While most ‘intervention characteristics’ were considered beneficial for implementation, various aspects of the ‘inner’ and ‘outer setting’ were considered problematic. The most prevalent barriers included a shortage in resources, poor integration of EBIs into policies and lacking incentives such as user benefits. Concrete proposed and realized steps to facilitate effective implementation include a patient-focused design and continuous evaluation and adaption of the tool, a detailed EBI user manual and application workshops, as well as regular interdisciplinary meetings to improve communication. Regarding the internal and external settings, involving policy makers, establishing psychosocial care in the insurance system and increasing awareness by sharing evidence are essential steps for improved implementation.

Conclusion

Based on standardized implementation evaluation, various targeted actions could be defined and implemented to facilitate successful implementation of EBIs in pediatric oncology. The results emphasize that psychosocial care must become an integral part of treatment standards and public health policies to ensure that effective psychosocial interventions for improved wellbeing and neurocognitive skills successfully reach pediatric cancer patients.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04474678 (July 17th 2020).
Effect of therapeutic exercise on peak oxygen consumption in oncological population: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: del-Rosal-Jurado Alicia , González-Sánchez Manuel , Cuesta-Vargas Antonio Ignacio
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Cancer is amongst the leading causes of death worldwide. A total of 19.3 million new cases were diagnosed in 2020. Cardiovascular impairment is the second leading cause of death in patients undergoing cancer treatment. By measuring the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) in cancer patients, it is possible to estimate their cardiorespiratory health. This study aims to show how participants’ VO2max increases with a therapeutic physical exercise programme.

Methods

Four databases were used for the literature search. Twenty-eight studies were analysed using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of these studies was analysed with the PEDRO scale. The structural characteristics of the articles and the study variable (VO2max) were studied.

Results

The VO2max of the 2558 patients studied presents some variations by gender, intervention and moment of measurement. For male-associated cancer, the increased VO2max ranged between 1.5 and 4.2% after the intervention. The increase in the maximum VO2max in female-associated cancer was between 0.3 and 53%. Different types of cancer for both genders presented an oscillation between 0.5 and 3.47%.

Conclusions

Therapeutic physical exercise is an efficient intervention to improve the VO2max in oncology patients. The results show that a therapeutic physical exercise intervention lasting 12 weeks, 3 days per week with a moderate-vigorous intensity, increases the VO2max in oncology patients.
Learning curve of consolers and bedside surgeons fused robotic-assisted thoracoscopic segmentectomy: insights from the initial 100 cases
Authors: Uno Yuki , Tane Shinya , Tanaka Yugo , Takanashi Midori , Doi Takefumi , Ogawa Hiroyuki , Hokka Daisuke , Maniwa Yoshimasa
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study examined the learning curve of segmentectomy using the “fused surgery” approach.

Methods

We retrospectively collected data from 100 patients who underwent segmentectomy via fused robot-assisted thoracoscopy at our institution between September 2020 and February 2024. The learning curve was evaluated using the cumulative sum of the operative times in all cases and was analyzed separately for simple and complex segmentectomies.

Results

After applying the cumulative sum method to all cases, we obtained a graph of the operative time that showed three well-differentiated phases: phase 1 (n = 23), the initial learning phase; phase 2 (n = 28), the increased competence phase; and phase 3 (n = 49), the highest skill phase. Comparing phases 1 and 2 with phase 3, we found significant differences in operative time (P < 0.001); however, no significant differences were observed in bleeding or rate of postoperative complications. We observed a significant reduction in operative time after 25 simple segmentectomies and 22 complex segmentectomies.

Conclusions

The data suggested that the inflection point of the learning curve was achieved in 51 cases. Complex segmentectomy requires the same cases to achieve the same level of competence as simple segmentectomy.