bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 in Cancer Patients
Authors: Joat Adwait H. , Kedia Anup , Dhotre Pawan D.
Published: February 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) spread in whole of the world and was declared as pandemic by the WHO [world health organization]. SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible to cause more severe symptoms in immunocompromised patients. Much effort is currently being put into researching COVID-19's pathophysiology and treatment, although there are various parameters which are not very well known to us; reasons are still unknown. The purpose of the review is to encourage research into prognoses of COVID-19 infections in cancer patients, allowing for better clinical management of these patients. These researches will further help professionals to get the exact prognosis and help treat patients. These all features which will be mentioned in the article will show impact of covid on patients with various type of cancer. There are various risks associated with cancer during corona as these people are having very less immunity. Diseases which are very communicable easily infect people with cancer. There is no difference in symptoms seen in normal person and immunocompromised patients. The main motive is to help doctors in assessing prognosis and treatment.
Neutrophil-lymphocyte Ratio as a Bio- Inflammatory Prognostic Marker of Fetomaternal Outcomes of Preeclampsia: A Narrative Review
Authors: Acharya Neema , Mohammad Shazia , Mohammad Shirin , Acharya Sourya , Shukla Samarth
Published: February 2022

Background: Preeclampsia & its related problems have potential contribution to maternal mortality & morbidity. Early diagnosis & appropriate management of preeclampsia can prevent antenatal, intranatal & postnatal complications associated with preeclampsia. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) which is derived from a complete blood count & dedifferentiation, is a straightforward inflammatory index (1). Pre-existing studies have shown that NLR is indicator of Preeclampsia.

Objective of this Narrative Review:  In this we summarized the evidence regarding the clinical utility of NLR in preeclampsia & its related complications.

Methods: A comprehensive systematic search from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, VIP database for relevant literature. Sensitivity, specificity & other measures of accuracy of NLR for the diagnosis of PE were pooled.
Three Dimensional (3D) Assesment of Clubfoot
Authors: Chaudhary Rahul , Samal Nitin , Chaudhary Sanjeev
Published: February 2022

Background: The congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) or clubfoot is one of the most common and complex congenital deformities and is a completely reversible condition with timely and appropriate treatment.  The aim of this study is to perform three dimensional assessments for clubfoot to evaluate the initial severity of the clubfoot and to monitor the structural changes in clubfoot after each casting intervention.

Methods:  A Comparative Experimental Prospective Study conducted from October 2019 to October 2021 for a period of 2 year in the Department of Orthopaedics, JNMC & AVBRH.  The 3D scanning using Kinect 3D scanner is performed weekly before each casting.  Pirani Score and 3D assessment at different time periods are considered as primary outcome variables.

Results: In this study we will get to know the severity of club foot after each casting interval and the structural changes can the evaluated in foot of patient to quantify the extent of disease and the improvement after treatment protocol

Conclusion: Our study primarily tries to evaluate clubfoot by using 3D scanner and get the quantification of the disease
Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Interleukin-18 in Periodontitis Patients with or without Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Chithralekha B. , Jeevitha M. , Jayaraman Selvaraj
Published: February 2022

Aim: The study was conducted to compare the salivary concentrations of interleukin-18 in periodontitis patients with or without diabetes mellitus

Materials and Methods: The sample size in the study was 30 and categorized into 3 groups, in each group 10 individuals were included in the respective category. The three groups are as follows: Group a- patients with clinically healthy gingiva, Group b- patients with periodontitis and diabetes mellitus, Group c- patients with periodontitis only.

Results: Salivary Interleukin-18 levels were found to be significantly higher (p<0.013) in periodontitis with diabetes mellitus (110±7.0 ng/L) when compared with periodontitis only (70.06±3.5 ng/L) and also when compared with healthy controls (66±5.6 ng/L).

Conclusion: From the study, diabetic patients with periodontitis have increased IL-18 levels than non-diabetic counterparts. Thus salivary IL-18 is an effective non-invasive biomarker associating periodontitis and diabetes mellitus.
Large‐Area Printing of Ferroelectric Surface and Super‐Domain for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Tian Yu , Wang Aiji , Wei Yaqing , Pei Minghui , Cao Rongrong , Gu Zhenao , Yuan Qi , Hu Yiwen , Wang Jing , Liu Kunhui , Shang Dashan , Niu Jiebin , An Xiaoqiang , Long Run , Zhang Jinxing
Published: February 2022

Surface electronic structures of the photoelectrodes determine the activity and efficiency of the photoelectrochemical water splitting, but the control of surface structures and interfacial chemical reactions remain challenging. Here, ferroelectric BiFeO3 is used as a model system to demonstrate a controllable water splitting reaction by large‐area constructing the hydroxyls‐bonded surface. The up‐shift of band edge positions at this ferroelectric surface enables and enhances the holes and electrons transfer through the hydroxyl‐active sites, leading to enhanced oxygen or hydrogen evolutions, respectively. Furthermore, the printing of ferroelectric super‐domain with microscale checkboard up/down electric fields enhances the photogenerated carriers separation and gives rise to an order of magnitude increase of the photocurrent. This large‐area printable ferroelectric surface and super‐domain offer an alternative platform for controllable and efficient photocatalysis.
Harmonizing Graphene Laminate Spacing and Zinc‐Ion Solvated Structure toward Efficient Compact Capacitive Charge Storage
Authors: Luo Jinrong , Xu Liang , Liu Haiming , Wang Yusong , Wang Qing , Shao Yanyan , Wang Menglei , Yang Dongzi , Li Shuo , Zhang Liang , Xia Zhou , Cheng Tao , Shao Yuanlong
Published: February 2022

Aqueous Zn‐ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) present prominent potentials in flexible wearable electronics application scenarios due to their inherent high safety and low cost. Simultaneously, volumetric energy density is one of the crucial parameters to determine the lifespan of the wearable electronics, in which lightweight and miniaturization is a cardinal prerequisite for realistic application. In this work, an aqueous ZIHC is constructed by harmonizing interlayer spacing of the laminate graphene film and Zn‐ion solvation structure to improve the electrode space utilization. Laminate graphene film interspacing has been customized in the range of 0.72–0.81 nm via regulating the ratio of crumple graphene mediator, thereby optimizing the transport kinetics of large size hydrated Zn ions. Zn‐ion solvation structure is further tailored by introducing ZnCl2 electrolyte salt to accouple such regulated laminar ionic transport channel. In a result, the thus‐derived ZIHC demonstrates an ultralong cycling lifespan of 100 000 cycles (93.9% capacitance retention), a preeminent volumetric capacitance (235.4 F cm−3), and a remarkable specific area capacitance contribution (Cssa ≈ 72 µF cm−2). Quasi‐solid‐state ZIHC is assembled with ZnCl2 solution‐filled polyacrylamide gel electrolyte to concurrently achieve a superior areal capacitance of 1227 mF cm−2 and great mechanical flexibility toward practical wearable application.
Plasmonic Nanozyme of Graphdiyne Nanowalls Wrapped Hollow Copper Sulfide Nanocubes for Rapid Bacteria‐Killing
Authors: Bai Qiang , Liang Manman , Wu Wenli , Zhang Chaohui , Li Xiang , Liu Manhong , Yang Dongqin , Yu William W. , Hu Qiongzheng , Wang Lina , Du Fanglin , Sui Ning , Zhu Zhiling
Published: February 2022

Plasmon stimulation represents an appealing way to modulate enzyme mimic functions, but utilization efficiency of plasmon excitation remains relatively low. To overcome this drawback, a heterojunction composite based on graphdiyne nanowalls wrapped hollow copper sulfide nanocubes (CuS@GDY) with strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) response in the near‐infrared (NIR) region is developed. This nanozyme can concurrently harvest LSPR induced hot carriers and produce photothermal effects, resulting in dramatically increased peroxidase‐like activity when exposed to 808 nm light. Both experimental results and theoretical calculations show that the remarkable catalytic performance of CuS@GDY is due to the unique hierarchical structure, narrow bandgap of GDY nanowalls, LSPR effect of CuS nanocages, fast interfacial electron transfer dynamics, and carbon vacancies on CuS@GDY. This plasmonic nanozyme exhibits rapid, efficient, broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity (>99.999%) against diverse pathogens (methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli). This study not only sheds light on the mechanism of the nanozyme‐/photocatalysis coupling process, but also opens up a new avenue for engineering plasmonic NIR light driven nanozymes for rapid synergistic photothermal and photo‐enhanced nanozyme therapy.
Bone Microenvironment‐Mimetic Scaffolds with Hierarchical Microstructure for Enhanced Vascularization and Bone Regeneration
Authors: Ha Yujie , Ma Xiaojun , Li Shikai , Li Tao , Li Zhihui , Qian Yuhan , Shafiq Muhammad , Wang Jinwu , Zhou Xiaojun , He Chuanglong
Published: February 2022

Microchannel networks within engineered 3D scaffold can allow nutrient exchange and rapid blood vessels formation. However, fabrication of a bone microenvironment‐mimicking scaffold with hierarchical micro/nanofibrous and microchannel structures is still a challenge. Herein, inspired by structural and functional cues of bone remodeling, a microchannel networks‐enriched nanofibrous scaffold by using 3D printing and thermally induced phase separation techniques, which can facilitate cells migration and nutrients transportation, is developed. The customizable vascular‐like structure of polycaprolactone within the nanofibrous gelatin‐silica scaffold is fabricated using 3D‐printed sacrificial templates, while dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG)‐loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) located on the scaffold surface and bone forming peptide‐1 (BFP)‐loaded MSNs embedded in the scaffold are implemented for sequential release of DMOG and BFP. The cell experiments show that dual‐drug delivery scaffold (DBM/GP) promotes angiogenesis by stimulating migration, tube formation, and angiogenesis‐related genes/protein expression of endothelial cells, and osteogenesis by promoting osteo‐related genes expression and mineral deposition of osteoblasts. Additionally, DBM/GP scaffold facilitates the angiogenic activity of osteoblasts by activating phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B/hypoxia inducible factor‐1α pathway. Furthermore, enhanced vascularization and bone regeneration of DBM/GP scaffold are demonstrated via subcutaneous and skull defect models. Overall, this study reveals that the bone microenvironment‐mimetic dual‐drug delivery scaffold provides a promising strategy for bone defects treatment.
A Flexible Aqueous Zinc–Iodine Microbattery with Unprecedented Energy Density
Authors: Jin Xuting , Song Li , Dai Chunlong , Xiao Yukun , Han Yuyang , Li Xiangyang , Wang Ying , Zhang Jiatao , Zhao Yang , Zhang Zhipan , Chen Nan , Jiang Lan , Qu Liangti
Published: February 2022

Currently, reported aqueous microbatteries (MBs) only show unsatisfactory electrochemical performance (≤120 mWh cm−3 volumetric energy density and <1000 μWh cm−2 areal energy density) and it remains challenging to develop durable aqueous MBs that can simultaneously offer both high volumetric and areal energy density. Herein, an in situ electrodeposition strategy is adopted to construct a flexible aqueous zinc–iodine MB (ZIDMB). Notably, the fabrication process well avoids the use of common additives (such as binders, conductive agents, and toxic solvent) and also bypasses subsequent time‐consuming procedures such as grinding, coating, drying, etc., thus greatly simplifying the manufacture of the ZIDMB. Meanwhile, owing to the suppression of the shuttle effect of triiodide ions and the high ionic conductivity of the polyelectrolyte, the ZIDMB can simultaneously deliver record‐high volumetric and areal energy densities of 1647.3 mWh cm−3 and 2339.1 μWh cm−2, thus achieving values at least 13.5‐ and 2.3‐fold better than those of best available aqueous MBs, respectively. This work affords an innovative strategy to construct an ideal micro‐power‐source for future miniaturized and integrated electronics.
Harnessing Plasma‐Assisted Doping Engineering to Stabilize Metallic Phase MoSe2for Fast and Durable Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: He Hanna , Zhang Hehe , Huang Dan , Kuang Wei , Li Xiaolong , Hao Junnan , Guo Zaiping , Zhang Chuhong
Published: February 2022

Metallic‐phase selenide molybdenum (1T‐MoSe2) has become a rising star for sodium storage in comparison with its semiconductor phase (2H‐MoSe2) owing to the intrinsic metallic electronic conductivity and unimpeded Na+diffusion structure. However, the thermodynamically unstable nature of 1T phase renders it an unprecedented challenge to realize its phase control and stabilization. Herein, a plasma‐assisted P‐doping‐triggered phase‐transition engineering is proposed to synthesize stabilized P‐doped 1T phase MoSe2nanoflower composites (P‐1T‐MoSe2NFs). Mechanism analysis reveals significantly decreased phase‐transition energy barriers of the plasma‐induced Se‐vacancy‐rich MoSe2from 2H to 1T owing to its low crystallinity and reduced structure stability. The vacancy‐rich structure promotes highly concentrated P doping, which manipulates the electronic structure of the MoSe2and urges its phase transition, acquiring a high transition efficiency of 91% accompanied with ultrahigh phase stability. As a result, the P‐1T‐MoSe2NFs deliver an exceptional high reversible capacity of 510.8 mAh g−1at 50 mA g−1with no capacity fading over 1000 cycles at 5000 mA g−1for sodium storage. The underlying mechanism of this phase‐transition engineering verified by profound analysis provides informative guide for designing advanced materials for next‐generation energy‐storage systems.
Wearable Respiration Sensor for Continuous Healthcare Monitoring Using a Micro‐Thermoelectric Generator with Rapid Response Time and Chip‐Level Design
Authors: Yu Yuedong , Zhu Wei , Zhou Jie , Guo Zhanpeng , Liu Yutong , Deng Yuan
Published: February 2022

Thermoelectric generators (TEG) serve as excellent passive wearable sensors for monitoring human body heat. However, a micro‐TEG (μTEG) with chip‐level size, rapid response, and high and stable responsivity is desired for real‐time and full‐time respiration monitoring to predict and diagnose breath‐related diseases. In this study, a thin‐film compact μTEG is elaborately designed by combining an ultrathin vertical structure for rapid heat conduction and a horizontal high‐integration density for transient response and a high filling rate. The device integrated with 28‐pair micro thermoelectric (TE) legs is fabricated on an aluminum nitride (AlN) substrate, which is patterned using ultrafast laser direct writing with embedded bottom contacts and TE legs. This unique design of the proposed μTEG provides a rapid response of 8 ms and chip‐level size of 1.9 mm × 2.7 mm × 400 μm for easy wearability. Additionally, application scenarios of real‐time respiration monitoring are demonstrated by mounting the μTEG under the nostril and near the mouth. The recorded airflow signals are displayed precisely with distinct features separating the nose and mouth breathing. Thus, the study presents a subtle and wearable respiration sensor for real‐time and full‐time human physiological signal acquisition.
Detection and Control of the Effective Magnetic Field in a Ca‐Doped Bi2Se3 Topological Insulator
Authors: Park Youn Ho , Kim Sung Jong , Park Tae‐Eon , Kim Kyoung‐Whan , Hruban Andrzej , Materna Andrzej , Strzelecka Stanislawa G. , Min Byoung‐Chul , Kim Hyung‐jun , Koo Hyun Cheol
Published: February 2022

Topological insulators with surface states are expected to possess perfect spin polarization. Despite the strong potential for spintronic devices, the exact value and gate tuning of spin polarization in topological insulators have not yet been clearly demonstrated. In this research, Ca is doped into the well‐established topological material Bi2Se3 to enhance the spin‐orbit interaction and gate tunability. From the anisotropic magnetoresistance of the Ca‐doped Bi2Se3 channel, an effective magnetic field of ≈10 T is extracted. Also, the carrier types, i.e., p‐ and n‐channels, as well as the spin polarization are modulated by applying an external gate voltage. This work not only suggests a measurement platform to quantitatively estimate the spin characteristics of a topological insulator but also opens a path to realize gate‐controlled pure spin current.
On‐Chip Batteries for Dust‐Sized Computers
Authors: Li Yang , Zhu Minshen , Bandari Vineeth Kumar , Karnaushenko Dmitriy D. , Karnaushenko Daniil , Zhu Feng , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: February 2022

Advances in microelectronics have enabled the use of miniaturized computers for autonomous intelligence at the size of a dust particle less than one square millimeter across and a few hundred micrometers thick, creating an environment for ubiquitous computing. However, the size mismatch between microbatteries and microelectronics has emerged as a fundamental barrier against the take‐off of tiny intelligent systems requiring power anytime anywhere. Mainstream microbattery structures include stacked thin films on the chip or electrode pillars and on‐chip interdigitated microelectrodes. Nevertheless, available technologies cannot shrink the footprint area of batteries while maintaining adequate energy storage. Alternatively, the on‐chip self‐assembly process known as micro‐origami is capable of winding stacked thin films into Swiss‐roll structures to reduce the footprint area, which exactly mimics the manufacture of the most successful full‐sized batteries—cylinder batteries. In addition to discussing in detail the technical difficulties of reducing the size of on‐chip microbatteries with various structures and potential solutions, this Perspective highlights the following two basic requirements for eventual integration in microcomputers: minimum energy density of 100 microwatt‐hour per square centimeter and monolithic integration with other functional electric circuits on the chip.
Efficient Ammonia Electrosynthesis and Energy Conversion through a Zn‐Nitrate Battery by Iron Doping Engineered Nickel Phosphide Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Rong , Guo Ying , Zhang Shaoce , Chen Dong , Zhao Yuwei , Huang Zhaodong , Ma Longtao , Li Pei , Yang Qi , Liang Guojin , Zhi Chunyi
Published: February 2022

The electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3‐RR) to ammonia (NH3) offers a promising alternative approach for NH3 production and nitrate‐based voltaic cells which can deliver both electricity and NH3 as products, are also highly attractive. However, nitrate‐to‐NH3 conversion involves a proton‐assisted multiple‐electron transfer process with considerable kinetic barrier, underlying the need for efficient catalysts for the NO3–RR. A Zn‐nitrate battery is reported to enable a “killing three birds with one stone” strategy for energy supply, ammonia production and removal of pollutants with the iron doped nickel phosphide (Fe/Ni2P) as a NO3–RR catalyst electrode. Iron doping induces a downshift of the d‐band center of Ni atoms to the Fermi level, allowing the optimization of Gibbs free energies for reaction intermediates. The Fe/Ni2P catalyst exhibits 94.3% NH3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) and nearly 100% nitrate conversion efficiency at –0.4 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Further applying this highly efficient NO3–RR electrocatalyst as the cathode material, a novel Zn‐nitrate battery exhibits a power density of 3.25 mW cm–2 and a FE of 85.0% for NH3 production. This work enriches the application of Zn‐based batteries in the field of electrocatalysis and highlights the promise of bimetal phosphide for the NO3–RR.
Transitional organic forage systems in the southeastern U.S.: Production and nutritive value
Authors: Kubesch Jonathan O. C. , Nave Renata L. G. , Cui Song , Bates Gary E. , Butler David M. , Pantalone Vince
Published: February 2022

Limited work has been done to develop organic forage programs in humid subtropical regions despite growing demand for high‐value forage and organic products. Alternative crops were compared for optimizing forage production and nutritive value under organic conditions in the southeastern United States. The study was conducted at the Middle Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center, in Spring Hill, Tennessee. Forage treatments consisted of (a) monoculture tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.], (b) monoculture bermudagrass [Cynodon dactlyon (L.) Pers.], (c) tall fescue and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixture, (d) bermudagrass and alfalfa mixture, and (e) an annual rotation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mixed with winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) followed by sorghum–sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench x S. sudanese (Piper) Stapf.] mixed with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] mixture. Perennial treatments were established during the 2017–2018 growing season. Monthly production was measured in the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 growing seasons. Botanical composition of forage mass fluctuated due to establishment dynamics and weed competition, affecting forage quantity and quality. The annual rotation was the highest‐yielding treatment, producing more than 6,000 kg−1, though each tall fescue and tall fescue–alfalfa treatments produced ∼4,000 kg ha−1. Nutritive value was sufficient for most livestock operations, with forage crude protein concentration averaging ∼150 g kg−1 across treatments and growing seasons. For transitioning organic producers, a perennial forage will likely favor long‐term sustainability, whereas the annual rotation may be useful during the transition period to reduce weed pressure before transitioning to a perennial forage system.
Reversibly Photoswitching Upconversion Nanoparticles for Super‐Sensitive Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging
Authors: Liu Cheng , Zheng Xianchuang , Dai Tingting , Wang Huiliang , Chen Xian , Chen Bing , Sun Tianying , Wang Feng , Chu Steven , Rao Jianghong
Published: February 2022

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging uses light excitation to generate the acoustic signal for detection and improves tissue penetration depth and spatial resolution in the clinically relevant depth of living subjects. However, strong background signals from blood and pigments have significantly compromised the sensitivity of PA imaging with exogenous contrast agents. Here we report a nanoparticle‐based probe design that uses light to reversibly modulate the PA emission to enable photoacoustic photoswitching imaging (PAPSI) in living mice. Such a nanoprobe is built with upconverting nanocrystals and photoswitchable small molecules and can be switched on by NIR light through upconversion to UV energy. Reversibly photoswitching of the nanoprobe reliably removed strong tissue background, increased the contrast‐to‐noise ratio, and thus improved imaging sensitivity. We have shown that PAPSI can image 0.05 nM of the nanoprobe in hemoglobin solutions and 104 labeled cancer cells after implantation in living mice using a commercial PA imager.
Carboxyl Methyltransferase Catalysed Formation of Mono‐ and Dimethyl Esters under Aqueous Conditions: Application in Cascade Biocatalysis
Authors: Ward Lucy C. , McCue Hannah V. , Rigden Daniel J. , Kershaw Neil M. , Ashbrook Chloe , Hatton Harry , Goulding Ellie , Johnson James R. , Carnell Andrew J.
Published: February 2022

Carboxyl methyltransferase (CMT) enzymes catalyse the biomethylation of carboxylic acids under aqueous conditions and have potential for use in synthetic enzyme cascades. Herein we report that the enzyme FtpM from Aspergillus fumigatus can methylate a broad range of aromatic mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids in good to excellent conversions. The enzyme shows high regioselectivity on its natural substrate fumaryl‐l‐tyrosine, trans, trans‐muconic acid and a number of the dicarboxylic acids tested. Dicarboxylic acids are generally better substrates than monocarboxylic acids, although some substituents are able to compensate for the absence of a second acid group. For dicarboxylic acids, the second methylation shows strong pH dependency with an optimum at pH 5.5–6. Potential for application in industrial biotechnology was demonstrated in a cascade for the production of a bioplastics precursor (FDME) from bioderived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).
A new‐type terephthalonitrile derivative flame retardant of bi‐DOPO compound with hydroxyl and amino groups on epoxy resin
Authors: Guo Yong , Chen Zhongwei , Yu Yuan , Chen Tingting , Zhang Qingwu , Li Changxin , Jiang Juncheng
Published: February 2022

A new‐type flame retardant DEZ of bi‐DOPO compound containing bi‐hydroxy and two amino groups, was synthesized from terephthalonitrile, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide, and used with curing agent 4,4′‐diamino‐diphenylmethane to prepare flame retard epoxy resin (EP) composites. 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectra have determined the chemical structure of DEZ. The properties of cured EP composites were explicitly evaluated by differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis, the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL‐94) test, cone calorimetry test, and flexural test. The 1 wt% addition of DEZ could improve the EP composites by almost 14.4% of flexural strength and 29.6% of flexural modulus, respectively. The LOI of EP composites with 5 wt% of DEZ was 29.7% and EP composites reached a V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 test, as well as total heat release was decreased by 11.2%. All EP modified by DEZ exhibited a blow‐out effect in the combustion process, which was due to the release of pyrolysis gases and incombustible gases containing phosphorus radicals and nitrogen compounds.
Morphological changes of polyamide 11 through the corrected inherent viscosity plateau
Authors: da Costa Danyelle R. , da Costa Marysilvia F. , Grytten Frode
Published: February 2022

The pressure barrier is one of the layers that compose flexible pipes used for oil and gas exploitation. It is made from a thermoplastic that must endure harsh operation conditions keeping its properties during the projected lifetime. Polyamide 11 is used when operating temperatures are below 80°C. Although polyamides' aging chemical mechanisms are well established in the literature, their mechanical behavior is defined by deformation processes that, in turn, depend on the polymer molecular structure. The dominant aging mechanism, hydrolysis, has been used by industry as a parameter for lifetime evaluation. Different morphological arrangements may occur following chain scission depending on the operating environment, leading to line failure or unnecessary substitution. The complex combination of parameters affects the aging processes, chain scission, morphological changes, and, consequently, mechanical behavior. Understanding the role of environmental parameters such as pH, acidic content, among others, is crucial to improving the model used. In this context, this work evaluates the aging of PA11 in two fluids with different acid concentrations but the same pH. The goal is to assess the impact of the amount of acid molecules on the polymer structure at 120°C and quantify the aging of PA11 using acceptance criteria methods.
Small monsters: Insect predation limits reproduction of yellow‐bellied toad Bombina variegata to ponds in their earliest successional stage
Authors: Łaciak Małgorzata , Zając Tadeusz , Adamski Paweł , Bielański Wojciech , Ćmiel Adam , Łaciak Tomasz , Lipińska Anna
Published: February 2022

The disappearance and deterioration of amphibian breeding habitats is a major cause of their global extinction. In Europe, this problem affects the yellow‐bellied toad Bombina variegata, which inhabits small ponds in the early stages of succession, where no predatory invertebrate species normally occur. Nonetheless, as habitats, small temporary ponds are highly endangered, a situation that is intensifying with urban spread.

A system of 13 pairs of artificial ponds was constructed in 2012 for the breeding of B. variegata with the aim of reconnecting disjunct populations. During the 2 years of the study, one of the twin ponds was regularly cleared of emergent vegetation and invertebrates. The survival rates of the tadpoles released in the cleared and uncleared ponds were analysed.

The survival rate of the tadpoles released into the cleared ponds was higher than of those introduced into the uncleared ones. Tadpole survival rates were also higher in new, single ponds, constructed in 2013.

The lower survival rates of the introduced tadpoles are best explained by the presence of predatory aquatic invertebrates, particularly the large diving beetle Dytiscus marginalis. Experimentally obtained consumption rates indicate that one Dytiscus larva is capable of destroying a typical clutch of B. variegata tadpoles within a few hours, much faster than any of the other insect predators tested.

The impact of freshwater invertebrates on tadpoles is frequently studied but rarely quantified. For conservation measures to be effective, quantitative standards need to be applied that describe the impact of predation in a predictable manner.

Construction of artificial small ponds is broadly accepted as an important conservation measure compensating for the disappearance of natural amphibian breeding sites. This function of artificial ponds may be substantially enhanced by the periodic removal of invertebrate predators.
First occurrence ofPsammophis(Serpentes) from Europe witnesses another Messinian herpetofaunal dispersal from Africa – biogeographic implications and a discussion of the vertebral morphology of psammophiid snakes
Authors: Georgalis Georgios L. , Szyndlar Zbigniew
Published: February 2022

We here describe abundant new snake material from the late Miocene (MN 13) of Salobreña, Spain. Vertebral morphology suggests a referral of the specimens to the extant psammophiidPsammophis, documenting the first occurrence of this genus in Europe. The diversity and disparity across the vertebral morphology of different psammophiid genera are discussed. We identify vertebral features that could diagnosePsammophisand therefore enable the recognition of the genus in the fossil record. A comparison of the new Spanish form with other taxa is conducted. We provide a detailed review of the psammophiid fossil record. Material previously described from the middle Miocene of Beni Mellal, Morocco is here tentatively referred to as ?Psammophissp., an action that renders that occurrence as the oldest (probable) record of the genus and Psammophiidae as a whole, providing thus a potential calibration point. On the other hand, Eastern European Pliocene material that had been previously supposedly referred toPsammophisis here discarded as being rather fragmentary, not affording any more precise determination. The two psammophiid generaPsammophisandMalpolonappear almost simultaneously in the European fossil record (MN 13), with the former achieving only a short‐lived and apparently geographically limited distribution in the continent, while the latter still exists in its modern herpetofauna. We assess biogeographic implications of the new find, suggesting a direct dispersal event from northwestern Africa to the Iberian Peninsula during the late Miocene, facilitated by the Messinian Salinity Crisis.
Heteroleptic Tripalladium(II) Cages
Authors: Findlay James A. , Patil Komal M. , Gardiner Michael G. , MacDermott‐Opeskin Hugo I. , O'Mara Megan L. , Kruger Paul E. , Preston Dan
Published: February 2022

There is a concerted attempt to develop self‐assembled metallo‐cages of greater structural complexity, and heteroleptic PdII cages are emerging as prime candidates in these efforts. Most of these are dinuclear: few examples of higher nuclearity have been reported. We demonstrate here a robust method for the formation of tripalladium(II) cages from the 2 : 3 : 3 combination of a tritopic ligand, PdII, and a selection of ditopic ligands of the correct size and geometry.
Towards a collaboration framework for circular economy: The role of dynamic capabilities and open innovation
Authors: Köhler Julia , Sönnichsen Sönnich Dahl , Beske‐Jansen Philip
Published: February 2022

Transitioning from linear to circular production systems requires interactions that include cross‐sectoral collaboration in networks. Understanding the role of collaboration within these networks can support the transition to a circular economy. To understand cross‐sectoral collaborative endeavors, this paper develops a collaboration framework for circular economy by combining and interlinking three theories: the relational view, open innovation, and dynamic capabilities. The framework is applied to the Circle‐House‐Project, a cross‐sectoral collaborative project aimed at scaling circular economy in the Danish construction sector. The explorative data included desk research and 15 semistructured interviews with expert project partners. The findings were transcribed, structured, coded, condensed, and categorized to provide an illustrative case based on a lighthouse project in the construction sector, affording a novel understanding of how cross‐sectoral collaboration can support advancing circular economy practices by developing knowledge‐sharing routines and ecocentric dynamic capabilities. The paper provides insights for academics and practitioners from a broad field by combining diverse interdisciplinary perspectives to unlock the potential of cross‐sectoral collaboration for advancing circular economy.
How engineering instructors supported students during emergency remote instruction: A case comparison
Authors: Douglas Kerrie A. , Johnston Amanda C. , Martin Julie P. , Short Taylor , Soto‐Pérez Rene A.
Published: February 2022

The rapid move to emergency remote teaching (ERT) during spring 2020 revealed many challenges for instructors, especially for the team and project‐based courses that previously relied on informal, in‐person interactions and laboratory equipment. The purpose of this case comparison study is to learn from this transition to identify ways that instructors can support the success of students in online, project‐based courses during times of crisis. We use data from student surveys, student and instructor interviews, and course documents to examine ways that student–student and student–instructor relationships changed during the move to ERT and how instructor decisions affected these relationships. We frame our work with social capital theory and social constructivism, specifically the community of inquiry framework. We examine two case studies: a first‐year engineering course and a junior‐/senior‐level engineering technology capstone course, both with large class sizes at a large research university. In both cases, students indicated that the shift to online learning decreased their access to relationships and supports from people who influenced their success and persistence. Although the instructors approached the transition differently, the data and analysis support recommendations for future moves to ERT in project‐based design courses. Recommendations include: Establishing mechanisms for informal conversations between students and between students and instructors; establishing a weekly routine that includes some level of real‐time, verbal communication; instructors being available for just‐in‐time feedback and questions as they arise; and establish a backup plan for ERT learning objectives, should the physical facilities no longer be accessible.
Practitioner responses to children and young people involved in forced marriage
Authors: Tarr Sukey , Gupta Anna
Published: February 2022

Forced marriage is recognised as a form of child abuse in the UK. Despite evidence that this is a growing problem, there is little current research concerning the responses of child protection practitioners. This article is based on a study that explored the views and experiences of a range of practitioners who had been involved with safeguarding children with respect to forced marriage. Ten semi‐structured interviews were carried out, followed by two focus groups (n = 13); these explored the challenges and best practice related to working with children at risk of or in forced marriage situations. The findings highlighted the complex nature of the work and the particular vulnerability of children affected by forced marriage. The study found that practitioners struggled to respond effectively when guidance was unclear or when they had limited knowledge and experience of forced marriage. Effective practice was associated with a high standard of interagency work locally and with practitioners who had confidence and experience and were able to work proactively and assertively.

Key Practitioner Messages

Effective practice responses to forced marriage require clearer national and local policy and guidance.

Knowledgeable, confident and proactive staff enable good‐quality risk assessments and service responses.

Practitioner training and development should include enhancing cultural competence and confidence when working with marginalised/BME families.

Forced marriage is a nuanced, complex and diverse issue affected by high levels of vulnerability in children and young people.
Transition Metal Catalyst Free Synthesis of Olefins from Organoboron Derivatives**
Authors: Bojaryn K. , Hirschhäuser C.
Published: February 2022

Stereoselective preparation of highly substituted olefins is still a severe challenge that requires well defined elimination precursors. Organoboron chemistry is particularly suited for the preparation of molecules with adjacent stereocenters. As organo boron substrates with leaving groups in β‐position can undergo stereospecificsyn‐ oranti‐elimination, this chemistry harbors great potential for the synthesis of complex olefins. In recent years three main strategies emerged, which differ in their approach to the β‐functionalized organoboron elimination precursor. (i) Stereoselective preparation of such elimination precursor can be achieved by addition of a boron‐stabilized anion (d1) to an aldehyde or ketone (a1) or diastereoselective 1,3‐rearrangement of suitable boron‐ate‐complexes. Stereospecific methods rely either on (ii) diastereospecific 1,2‐metalate rearrangement of boron‐ate‐complexes that involve opening of appropriate heterocycles or (iii) addition of chiral carbenoids (d1*) to chiral boronates (a1*) with a leaving group in α‐position.
A Unified Mechanism for the PhCOCOOH‐mediated Photochemical Reactions: Revisiting its Action and Comparison to Known Photoinitiators
Authors: Spiliopoulou Nikoleta , Gkizis Petros L. , Triandafillidi Ierasia , Nikitas Nikolaos F. , Batsika Charikleia S. , Bisticha Aikaterini , Kokotos Christoforos G.
Published: February 2022

Since 2014, we have introduced in literature the use of phenylglyoxylic acid (PhCOCOOH), a small and commercially available organic molecule, as a potent promoter in a variety of photochemical processes. Although PhCOCOOH has a broad scope of photochemical reactions that can promote, the understanding of its mode of action in our early contributions was moderate. Herein, we are restudying and revisiting the mechanism of action of PhCOCOOH in most of these early contributions, providing a unified mechanism of action. Furthermore, the understanding of its action as a photoinitiator opened a new comparison study with known and commercially available photoinitiators.
N‐Terminal Selective C−H Azidation of Proline‐Containing Peptides: a Platform for Late‐Stage Diversification
Authors: Allouche Emmanuelle M. D. , Simonet‐Davin Raphaël , Waser Jerome
Published: February 2022

A methodology for the C−H azidation of N‐terminal proline‐containing peptides was developed employing only commercially available reagents. Peptides bearing a broad range of functionalities and containing up to 6 amino acids were selectively azidated at the carbamate‐protected N‐terminal residue in presence of the numerous other functional groups present on the molecules. Post‐functionalizations of the obtained aminal compounds were achieved: cycloaddition reactions or C−C bond formations via a sequence of imine formation/nucleophilic addition were performed, offering an easy access to diversified peptides.
Developmental variability in advanced megagametogenesis and embryogenesis in cultivars of sunflower
Authors: Menéndez Agustín , Bianchi Marta Beatríz , Picardi Liliana Amelia , Nestares Graciela María , Ochogavía Ana Claudia
Published: February 2022

In the last few years, some research groups have reported the occurrence of low apospory levels and/or integumentary embryony in wild Helianthus species. Considering the potential impact of apomixis as a tool to optimize plant breeding programs, we aimed to characterize the reproductive development of nine self‐pollinated sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.) with diverse genetic backgrounds, in order to detect the possible occurrence of apospory features that would allow future harnessing of maternal reproduction into breeding. Cyto‐embryological studies were made by differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy on 1,224 clarified ovules from nine genotypes with divergent genetic backgrounds, and the seed set was evaluated in an experimental pollination assay. Biometrical parameters of the embryo sac and the endothelial layer were compared by multivariate statistical methods. Significant cytoembryological variability in the development of female gametophyte was detected and a genotype‐dependent shape index allowed three embryo sac categories to be recognized. After three seasons of experimental repetition, the qualitative analysis of the developing megagametophyte revealed genotype‐dependent endothelial alterations, multiple embryo sac formation possibly related to aposporous‐like development, and defective embryo growth during embryogenesis in self‐pollinated sunflower lines. Our analysis points to the potential occurrence of apospory and integumentary embryony in H. annuus inbred lines, which is in agreement with previous reports involving wild sunflower species and reveals four genotypes of cultivated sunflower expressing this ability. These results provide new insights for development of breakthrough breeding strategies in this crop.
How green investment drives sustainable business performance for food manufacturing small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises? Evidence from an emerging economy
Authors: Le Thanh Tiep , Ferasso Marcos
Published: February 2022

This study unfolds the nexus between green investment (GI), the sustainable business performance (SBP) of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises by exploring the mediating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and green innovation (GIN) in the context of an emerging economy. A well‐structured questionnaire was used for data collection. A total of 556 valid responses from directors and managers were received and used for data analysis. The Smart PLS version 3.3.2 was employed to analyse and investigate the relationships between the constructs and the latent variables. Our findings provide an insight into how GI can boost SBP in the context of CSR and GIN partially mediating this relationship. This research implies that, businesses, which implement GI, GIN and CSR to promote bringing long‐term and sustainable benefits to businesses and stakeholders for SBP to help businesses, develop sustainably in the new context.
Mechanochemical Transformations of Biomass into Functional Materials
Authors: Hajiali Faezeh , Jin Tony , Yang Galen , Santos Madison , Lam Edmond , Moores Audrey
Published: February 2022

Biomass is one of the promising alternatives to petroleum‐derived materials and plays a major role in our fight against climate change by providing renewable sources of chemicals and materials. Owing to its chemical and structural complexity, the transformation of biomass into value‐added products requires a profound understanding of its composition at different scales and innovative methods such as combining physical and chemical processes. In this context, the use of mechanochemistry in biomass valorization is currently growing owing to its potentials as an efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach. This review highlights the latest advances in the transformation of biomass (i. e., chitin, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and starch) to functional materials using mechanochemical‐assisted methods. We focused here on the methodology of biomass processing, influencing factors, and resulting properties with an emphasis on achieving functional materials rather than breaking down the biopolymer chains into smaller molecules. Opportunities and limitations associated this methodology were discussed accordingly for future directions.
Non‐isolated high step‐up DC/DC converter for low‐voltage distributed power systems based on the quadratic boost converter
Authors: Karimi Hajiabadi Mostafa , Lahooti Eshkevari Alireza , Mosallanejad Ali , Salemnia Ahmad
Published: February 2022

Distributed energy resources have been broadly developed in recent years for supporting DC and AC microgrids. Unfortunately, most of them produce low output DC or AC voltages, and interfacing converters are required. These are implemented either in single‐stage or dual‐stage configurations. Step‐up converters are the essential section in dual‐stage designs, which their producing gain is important. Improving the boost factor and efficiency as well as decreasing the number of required components and electrical stresses on power components are the most critical challenges in designing such topologies. Continuing past efforts, this paper proposes a new non‐isolated step‐up DC/DC converter that can be used in low‐voltage distributed power systems and many other applications requiring step‐up DC/DC conversion. The topology requires only one power switch located on the converter's low voltage (LV) side. Hence, it can be easily selected from LV ratings, low on‐resistance power semiconductors. Besides, the converter operates with a continuous input current, which is a valuable feature in connection with current‐sensitive voltage resources. Compared with the recently proposed topologies, the topology provides better conversion gain and efficiency. In this article, the operating principle of the introduced converter is comprehensively investigated. Also, in order to examine the converter performance, experimental results will be presented and analyzed. For this purpose, a 400 V/400 W prototype has been designed and built. Results confirm the above claims and show that the converter efficiency equals 96.1%, and it produces high output voltage gain about 12 times.