bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cranial Morphometrics of a Stranded Common Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) in Mersin Bay (Northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey)
Authors: Ayas Deniz , Ergüden Deniz , Çiftçi Nuray , Dogangün Mustafa , Akbora Hasan Deniz , Bakan Mısra
Published: February 2020

On 10 November 2017, a young male common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821), 185 cm in total length (TL), was found dead on the Mersin Marina (36°46'065"N, 34°34'212"E) in Northeastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Measurements of the sample performed and documented. The specimen buried to obtain the skeleton of the individual. At the end of this process, the sample was deposited in the Museum of the Systematic, Faculty of Fisheries, Mersin University, (Catalogue no: MEUMC-17- 11-001). The morphometric measurements can contribute to ongoing fisheries biology and taxonomic studies of T. truncatus from Mediterranean Sea waters. During routine fishing activities, common bottlenose dolphins can be caught in fishing nets and drowned. This issue leads to an extra population loss in addition to environmental factors that cause dolphin deaths. At the national level, measures should be implemented to protect dolphins and other marine species caught off -target.
Treatments for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Inoculated Bean Seeds and Effects on Health and Physiological Quality
Authors: Tortelli Brenda , Cappellaro Suelen , Andrade Júlia , Mezomo Márcio Paulo , Steffen Péricles Roberto , Neumann Silva Vanessa , Mendes Milanesi Paola
Published: February 2020

Considering the importance of bean cultivation, the objective was to prove the effectiveness of the seed microbiolization method in the control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss) on black bean seeds (cv. IPR Tuiuiú), inoculated by the water restriction method. The treatments were fungicide methyl thiophanate + fluazinam (350.0 g L-1 + 52.5 g L-1); Trichoderma asperellum BV-10 (1.0 x 1010 viable conidia mL-1); T. harzianum strain CCT 7589 (1 x 109 CFUs L-1); Bacillus subtilis BV-02 (minimum 3.0 x 109 CFU mL-1); B. amyloliquefaciens isolated BV03 (minimum 3.0 x 109 CFU L-1); Positive control (seeds exposed to Ss); Negative control (NC) + fungicide; NC + T. asperellum; NC + T. harzianum; NC + B. subtilis; NC + B. subtilis; and NC (PDA medium plus restricting). To verify the effects on germination, vigor, and the health of bean seeds, and seedling emergence in the field. Microbiolization with T. asperellum and T. harzianum, provides improvement in germination, vigor, and health, but is not superior to fungicide treatment. Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens, in seeds not inoculated with the pathogen, produce the best results for green and dry mass (g). These may be used in the integrated management of white bean mold.
Is Human Capital Related to Voluntary Turnover in U.S. State Governments? Evidence from the State of Oklahoma
Authors: Wesemann Andrew
Published: February 2020

Building and retaining human capital stock is critical for organizational success and survival. These two practices, however, may inadvertently be at odds with one another. That is, as organizations seek to increase their human capital stock, through both internal and external strategies, they may also unintentionally increase their risk of voluntary turnover. Research has found support for this relationship in the private sector, yet empirical evidence for such a correlation among public sector organizations is nonexistent. This article, therefore, contributes to the understanding of whether the postulated relationship between human capital and voluntary turnover is generalizable to public sector entities, specifically focusing on U.S. state government. Using longitudinal workforce data from the State of Oklahoma, results of econometric analysis demonstrate that this organizational phenomenon transcends sector boundaries.
Examining the Relation Between the Physical Features of 10–12 Year-Old Male Tennis Players and the Speeds of the Service Strikes
Authors: BAGIS Yunus Emre
Published: February 2020

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between the physical characteristics of male tennis players who were aged 10–12 and their service strike speeds. A total of 13 licensed male tennis players (mean age 10.1±0.1 years, mean height 1.46±.06 m, mean body weight 38.7±1.8 kg, mean sporting age 4.7±0.3 years) who played at Middle East Technical University Tennis Club participated in the study. The demographic, anthropometric, (width, length, circumference, and subcutaneous fat) and ball speed measurements of the tennis players were taken and recorded. The data were analyzed by using the “Descriptive Statistics” and “Pearson Correlation” in the Statistical Package Program. When length measurements were examined, it was determined that although there was a positive relation between ball speeds and hand length (p<0.05); a negative relation was detected between the other measurements (p>0.05). When the width measurements were evaluated, it was determined that although there was a positive relation between ball speeds and chest, elbow and wrist widths (p<0.05); a negative relation was detected between the other measurements (p>0.05). In terms of the circumferences, although a positive relation was detected between ball speeds and arm contraction, chest, chest inspiration, and chest expiration circumference (p<0.05); a negative relation was detected between the other circumference measurements (p>0.05). When subcutaneous fat measurements were examined, it was determined that there was a negative relation between ball speeds (p>0.05). As a result, when previous studies and literature were examined, it was determined that many studies emphasized that the factors that affect the service speed of young tennis players have a positive relationship with age. It is obvious that the strength features, and depending on this, anthropometric properties improve with age. It is considered that special force and technical training drills, regardless of the age category, may affect the speed and accuracy of the service strike in tennis. Our study offers a different perspective to coaches on this subject.
The Reality of Married Female Students in the Bachelor’s Degree at the World Islamic Science & Education University W.I.S. E/ Jordan
Authors: Smadi Entisar Yousef
Published: February 2020

The study aimed to identify the difficulties faced married female students, according to the variables: age, number of children, family income, educational level of the husband at the World Islamic Science & Education University, during the second semester of the academic year 2018/2019, the sample of the study consisted of 64 married students, a scale was built that aims to measure the difficulties faced female students as a result of enrollment the university, the scale consists of twenty paragraphs. After conducting the study and result extraction, it appears that married females are enrolled in university studies based on mature decisions, these students were able to adapt well and this was demonstrated by the medium level of difficulties they suffer, and that the most level of difficulties faced female students has to do with the overlap and the increase in household burdens and university assignments, also, most married female students who suffer from difficulties are in the age group 31-40, with no trace of difficulties based on the family’s income, the number of children, or the husband’s educational level. The study recommended providing psychological and educational counseling services for married students in the age group of 31-40 years and create community awareness about the difficulties faced by married students and provide facilities and support for them and amending university study instructions to help contain the special situation of married students.
Problemy związane z centralizacją rozliczeń VAT
w samorządach. Omówienie kwestii spornych
z uwzględnieniem orzecznictwa sądów administracyjnych
Authors: Czerwińska-Sabała Katarzyna
Published: February 2020

Mijają ponad 2 lata od wejścia w życie ustawy z dnia 5 września 2016 r. o szczególnych zasadach rozliczeń podatku
od towarów i usług oraz dokonywania zwrotu środków publicznych przeznaczonych na realizację projektów
finansowanych z udziałem środków pochodzących z budżetu Unii Europejskiej lub od państw członkowskich
Europejskiego Porozumienia o Wolnym Handlu przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego, czyli tzw. ustawy centralizacyjnej
[1, dalej „ustawa z dnia 5 września 2016 r.”]. W konsekwencji samorządy musiały scalić swoje rozliczenia
podatku VAT z rozliczeniami jednostek organizacyjnych. Do dziś mają problemy z poprawnym rozliczeniem
tego podatku i gubią się w gąszczu sprzecznych interpretacji. W niniejszym artykule omówione zostały wybrane
kwestie sporne z uwzględnieniem aktualnego orzecznictwa sądów administracyjnych
Hva er religionspedagogikk? Internasjonale perspektiver på den norske konteksten
Authors: Bråten Oddrun
Published: February 2020

The Norwegian discourse about definition and use of core concepts, pedagogy of religious education (RE) and religion didactics will be discussed in an international perspective. A comparison of RE in Belgium, France and Scotland will be part of the analysis, together with a discussion of what the increasing numbers who tick the box “no religion” in European censuses means for the field, before I return to the question: what is pedagogy of religious education?Keywords: pedagogy of religious education, secularity, plurality, globalisation, Norwegian debateNøkkelord: Religionspedagogikk, sekularitet, flertall, globalisering, norsk debatt
"Ought" and Error
Authors: Tiefensee Christine ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: February 2020

The moral error theory generally does not receive good press in metaethics. This paper adds to the bad news. In contrast to other critics, though, I do not attack error theorists’ characteristic thesis that no moral assertion is ever true. Instead, I develop a new counter-argument which questions error theorists’ ability to defend their claim that moral utterances are (typically) meaningful assertions. More precisely: Moral error theorists lack a convincing account of the meaning of deontic moral assertions, or so I will argue.
Updates in Histologic Grading of Urologic Neoplasms
Authors: Rice-Stitt Travis , Valencia-Guerrero Aida , Cornejo Kristine M. , Wu Chin-Lee
Published: February 2020

Context.—

Tumor histology offers a composite view of the genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and microenvironmental determinants of tumor biology. As a marker of tumor histology, histologic grading has persisted as a highly relevant factor in risk stratification and management of urologic neoplasms (ie, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma). Ongoing research and consensus meetings have attempted to improve the accuracy, consistency, and biologic relevance of histologic grading, as well as provide guidance for many challenging scenarios.

Objective.—

To review the most recent updates to the grading system of urologic neoplasms, including those in the 2016 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Bluebook, with emphasis on issues encountered in routine practice.

Data Sources.—

Peer-reviewed publications and the 4th edition of the WHO Bluebook on the pathology and genetics of the urinary system and male genital organs.

Conclusions.—

This article summarizes the recently updated grading schemes for renal cell carcinoma, prostate adenocarcinomas, and bladder neoplasms of the genitourinary tract.
Experience shapes activity dynamics and stimulus coding of VIP inhibitory cells
Authors: Garrett Marina , Manavi Sahar , Roll Kate , Ollerenshaw Douglas R , Groblewski Peter A , Ponvert Nicholas D , Kiggins Justin T , Casal Linzy , Mace Kyla , Williford Ali , Leon Arielle , Jia Xiaoxuan , Ledochowitsch Peter , Buice Michael A , Wakeman Wayne , Mihalas Stefan , Olsen Shawn R
Published: February 2020

Cortical circuits can flexibly change with experience and learning, but the effects on specific cell types, including distinct inhibitory types, are not well understood. Here we investigated how excitatory and VIP inhibitory cells in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex were impacted by visual experience in the context of a behavioral task. Mice learned a visual change detection task with a set of eight natural scene images. Subsequently, during 2-photon imaging experiments, mice performed the task with these familiar images and three sets of novel images. Strikingly, the temporal dynamics of VIP activity differed markedly between novel and familiar images: VIP cells were stimulus-driven by novel images but were suppressed by familiar stimuli and showed ramping activity when expected stimuli were omitted from a temporally predictable sequence. This prominent change in VIP activity suggests that these cells may adopt different modes of processing under novel versus familiar conditions.
Biallelic TANGO1 mutations cause a novel syndromal disease due to hampered cellular collagen secretion
Authors: Lekszas Caroline , Foresti Ombretta , Raote Ishier , Liedtke Daniel , König Eva-Maria , Nanda Indrajit , Vona Barbara , De Coster Peter , Cauwels Rita , Malhotra Vivek , Haaf Thomas
Published: February 2020

The transport and Golgi organization 1 (TANGO1) proteins play pivotal roles in the secretory pathway. Full length TANGO1 is a transmembrane protein localised at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites, where it binds bulky cargo within the ER lumen and recruits membranes from the ER Golgi intermediate compartment to create an exit route for their export. Here we report the first TANGO1-associated syndrome in humans. A synonymous substitution that results in exon eight skipping in most mRNA molecules, ultimately leading to a truncated TANGO1 protein was identified as disease-causing mutation. The four homozygously affected sons of a consanguineous family display severe dentinogenesis imperfecta, short stature, various skeletal abnormalities, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, sensorineural hearing loss, and mild intellectual disability. Functional studies in HeLa and U2OS cells revealed that the corresponding truncated TANGO1 protein is dispersed in the ER and its expression in cells with intact endogenous TANGO1 impairs cellular collagen I secretion.
Highly regulated, diversifying NTP-dependent biological conflict systems with implications for the emergence of multicellularity
Authors: Kaur Gurmeet , Burroughs A Maxwell , Iyer Lakshminarayan M , Aravind L
Published: February 2020

Social cellular aggregation or multicellular organization pose increased risk of transmission of infections through the system upon infection of a single cell. The generality of the evolutionary responses to this outside of Metazoa remains unclear. We report the discovery of several thematically unified, remarkable biological conflict systems preponderantly present in multicellular prokaryotes. These combine thresholding mechanisms utilizing NTPase chaperones (the MoxR-vWA couple), GTPases and proteolytic cascades with hypervariable effectors, which vary either by using a reverse transcriptase-dependent diversity-generating system or through a system of acquisition of diverse protein modules, typically in inactive form, from various cellular subsystems. Conciliant lines of evidence indicate their deployment against invasive entities, like viruses, to limit their spread in multicellular/social contexts via physical containment, dominant-negative interactions or apoptosis. These findings argue for both a similar operational ‘grammar’ and shared protein domains in the sensing and limiting of infections during the multiple emergences of multicellularity.
Ordered patterning of the sensory system is susceptible to stochastic features of gene expression
Authors: Giri Ritika , Papadopoulos Dimitrios K , Posadas Diana M , Potluri Hemanth K , Tomancak Pavel , Mani Madhav , Carthew Richard W
Published: February 2020

Sensory neuron numbers and positions are precisely organized to accurately map environmental signals in the brain. This precision emerges from biochemical processes within and between cells that are inherently stochastic. We investigated impact of stochastic gene expression on pattern formation, focusing on senseless (sens), a key determinant of sensory fate in Drosophila. Perturbing microRNA regulation or genomic location of sens produced distinct noise signatures. Noise was greatly enhanced when both sens alleles were present in homologous loci such that each allele was regulated in trans by the other allele. This led to disordered patterning. In contrast, loss of microRNA repression of sens increased protein abundance but not sensory pattern disorder. This suggests that gene expression stochasticity is a critical feature that must be constrained during development to allow rapid yet accurate cell fate resolution.
Human RPA activates BLM’s bidirectional DNA unwinding from a nick
Authors: Qin Zhenheng , Bi Lulu , Hou Xi-Miao , Zhang Siqi , Zhang Xia , Lu Ying , Li Ming , Modesti Mauro , Xi Xu-Guang , Sun Bo
Published: February 2020

BLM is a multifunctional helicase that plays critical roles in maintaining genome stability. It processes distinct DNA substrates, but not nicked DNA, during many steps in DNA replication and repair. However, how BLM prepares itself for diverse functions remains elusive. Here, using a combined single-molecule approach, we find that a high abundance of BLMs can indeed unidirectionally unwind dsDNA from a nick when an external destabilizing force is applied. Strikingly, human replication protein A (hRPA) not only ensures that limited quantities of BLMs processively unwind nicked dsDNA under a reduced force but also permits the translocation of BLMs on both intact and nicked ssDNAs, resulting in a bidirectional unwinding mode. This activation necessitates BLM targeting on the nick and the presence of free hRPAs in solution whereas direct interactions between them are dispensable. Our findings present novel DNA unwinding activities of BLM that potentially facilitate its function switching in DNA repair.
Enforcing perceptual consistency on Generative Adversarial Networks by using the Normalised Laplacian Pyramid Distance
Authors: Hepburn Alexander , Laparra Valero , McConville Ryan , Santos-Rodriguez Raul
Published: February 2020

In recent years there has been a growing interest in image generation through deep learning. While an important part of the evaluation of the generated images usually involves visual inspection, the inclusion of human perception as a factor in the training process is often overlooked. In this paper we propose an alternative perceptual regulariser for image-to-image translation using conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs). To do so automatically (avoiding visual inspection), we use the Normalised Laplacian Pyramid Distance (NLPD) to measure the perceptual similarity between the generated image and the original image. The NLPD is based on the principle of normalising the value of coefficients with respect to a local estimate of mean energy at different scales and has already been successfully tested in different experiments involving human perception. We compare this regulariser with the originally proposed L1 distance and note that when using NLPD the generated images contain more realistic values for both local and global contrast.
Size of company of the longest-held job and mortality in older Japanese adults: A 6-year follow-up study from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study
Authors: Kanamori Satoru , Tsuji Taishi , Takamiya Tomoko , Kikuchi Hiroyuki , Inoue Shigeru , Takagi Daisuke , Kai Yuko , Yamakita Mitsuya , Kameda Yoshito , Kondo Katsunori
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Very few longitudinal studies have investigated the question of whether differences in company size may give rise to health inequalities. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between company size of the longest-held job and mortality in older Japanese adults.

Methods

This study used longitudinal data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. Surveys were sent to functionally independent individuals aged 65 or older who were randomly sampled from 13 municipalities in Japan. Respondents were followed for a maximum of 6.6 years. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for men and for women. Analysis was carried out on 35 418 participants (197 514 person-years).

Results

A total of 3935 deaths occurred during the 6-year follow-up period. Among men, in Model 1 that adjusted for age, educational attainment, type of longest-held job, and municipalities, mortality HRs decreased significantly with increasing size of company (P for trend = .002). Compared to companies with 1-9 employees, the mortality HR (0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.68-0.90) was significantly lower for companies with 10 000 or more employees. However, there were no significant differences among women (P for trend = .41).

Conclusions

In men, mortality in old age may decrease with increasing size of company of the longest-held job. To reduce health inequalities in old age due to differences in size of company, studies should be conducted to determine the underlying mechanisms and moderating factors and those findings should be reflected in labor policies and occupational health systems.
Forensic interviews with preschool children: An analysis of extended interviews in Norway (2015–2017)
Authors: Baugerud Gunn‐Astrid , Johnson Miriam S. , Hansen Helle B. G. , Magnussen Svein , Lamb Michael E.
Published: February 2020

This study examined the quality of forensic interviews conducted by specially trained police officers in the Norwegian Barnahus between 2015 and 2017, using the sequential interview (SI) model, a Norwegian version of the extended interview model that has not previously been studied. Two hundred and seven interviews of alleged abused preschool children (3–7 years old) were selected from around the country. Developmental trends in interview dynamics and the pattern of disclosure were analyzed. Analyses showed that the interviews were long but involved few open‐ended and many suggestive questions, especially in interviews with the youngest children who did not disclose. Because similar findings were obtained in previous studies of Norwegian interviews not using this model, the findings suggest that the SI interview model does little to improve the formal quality of forensic interviews with very young children, and show the need to develop new forms of interviewer training which are more intensive than those currently employed.
“The Financial Impact Is Depressing and Anxiety Inducing”: A Qualitative Exploration of the Personal Financial Toll of Arthritis
Authors: Berkovic Danielle , Ayton Darshini , Briggs Andrew M. , Ackerman Ilana N.
Published: February 2020

Objective

The financial experience faced by working‐age people with arthritis includes living below the poverty line for many. Financial distress among people with arthritis is known to contribute to poorer health outcomes, including high psychological distress and more severe pain. Despite the demonstrated societal cost of arthritis care and management, the personal costs borne by the individual are not well understood. The aim of this study was to explore the perceived financial impacts of living with arthritis among younger adults (defined as those ages 18–50 years).

Methods

A qualitative descriptive study design was used. Participants with inflammatory arthritis or osteoarthritis were recruited from the community, including urban and rural settings. An interview schedule was developed, informed by existing literature, which was piloted prior to data collection. Deductive and inductive coding techniques were used to identify financial‐related themes arising from the data.

Results

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 21 adults (90% female) with a mix of arthritis conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. Four themes were identified: direct arthritis‐attributable medical costs, indirect arthritis‐attributable costs, insurance and pension costs, and broader financial impacts on the family. Nonsubsidized costs were frequently referenced by participants as burdensome and existed even within the publicly funded Australian health care system.

Conclusion

Adults with arthritis experience significant arthritis‐attributable financial burden and related distress. Financial concerns should be actively identified and considered within shared clinical decision‐making to provide more patient‐centered care for these individuals.
Enzyme‐Mediated Tumor Starvation and Phototherapy Enhance Mild‐Temperature Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Gao Ge , Jiang Yao‐Wen , Guo Yuxin , Jia Hao‐Ran , Cheng Xiaotong , Deng Yu , Yu Xin‐Wang , Zhu Ya‐Xuan , Guo Hao‐Yue , Sun Wei , Liu Xiaoyang , Zhao Jing , Yang Shihe , Yu Zhi‐Wu , Raya Fatima Maria Sierra , Liang Gaolin , Wu Fu‐Gen
Published: February 2020

Compared with conventional tumor photothermal therapy (PTT), mild‐temperature PTT brings less damage to normal tissues, but also tumor thermoresistance, introduced by the overexpressed heat shock protein (HSP). A high dose of HSP inhibitor during mild‐temperature PTT might lead to toxic side effects. Glucose oxidase (GOx) consumes glucose, leading to adenosine triphosphate supply restriction and consequent HSP inhibition. Therefore, a combinational use of an HSP inhibitor and GOx not only enhances mild‐temperature PTT but also minimizes the toxicity of the inhibitor. However, a GOx and HSP inhibitor‐encapsulating nanostructure, designed for enhancing its mild‐temperature tumor PTT efficiency, has not been reported. Thermosensitive GOx/indocyanine green/gambogic acid (GA) liposomes (GOIGLs) are reported to enhance the efficiency of mild‐temperature PTT of tumors via synergistic inhibition of tumor HSP by the released GA and GOx, together with another enzyme‐enhanced phototherapy effect. In vitro and in vivo results indicate that this strategy of tumor starvation and phototherapy significantly enhances mild‐temperature tumor PTT efficiency. This strategy could inspire people to design more delicate platforms combining mild‐temperature PTT with other therapeutic methods for more efficient cancer treatment.
Synthesis of 2H‐1T′ WS2‐ReS2 Heterophase Structures with Atomically Sharp Interface via Hydrogen‐Triggered One‐Pot Growth
Authors: Liu Dongyan , Hong Jinhua , Li Xiaobo , Zhou Xing , Jin Bao , Cui Qiannan , Chen Jinping , Feng Qingliang , Xu Chunxiang , Zhai Tianyou , Suenaga Kazu , Xu Hua
Published: February 2020

2D transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) with different compositions, phase structures, and properties offer giant opportunities for building novel 2D lateral heterostructures. However, the studies to date have been largely limited to homophase TMD heterostructures, while the construction of heterophase TMD heterostructures remains a challenge. Herein, the synthesis of 2H‐1T′ WS2‐ReS2 heterophase junctions with high‐quality interface structure via a hydrogen‐triggered one‐pot growth approach is reported. Sequential introduction of hydrogen during growth system, which acts as a “switch” to selectively turn off the growth of ReS2 while turning on the growth of WS2, allows WS2 to seamlessly grow around ReS2 to form the WS2‐ReS2 heterojunction. Moreover, WS2 prefers to nucleate at the vertices of ReS2 grain with fixed lattice orientation, which makes the surrounding WS2 grains merge into single crystal. Scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals high crystal quality of the heterojunction with an atomically sharp 2H‐1T′ heterophase interface. Transient absorption spectroscopy indicates that the photocarriers can effectively separate at the heterophase interface. Based on the high quality heterophase junction, prominent rectification characteristics and polarization‐dependent photodiode properties are achieved. This study provides a robust way for the controlled synthesis of 2D heterophase structures, which is essential for their fundamental studies and device applications.
Highly Efficient and Stable GABr‐Modified Ideal‐Bandgap (1.35 eV) Sn/Pb Perovskite Solar Cells Achieve 20.63% Efficiency with a Record Small Voc Deficit of 0.33 V
Authors: Zhou Xianyong , Zhang Luozheng , Wang Xingzhu , Liu Chang , Chen Shi , Zhang Meiqing , Li Xiangnan , Yi Wendi , Xu Baomin
Published: February 2020

1.5–1.6 eV bandgap Pb‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with 30–31% theoretical efficiency limit by the Shockley–Queisser model achieve 21–24% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, the best PCEs of reported ideal‐bandgap (1.3–1.4 eV) Sn–Pb PSCs with a higher 33% theoretical efficiency limit are <18%, mainly because of their large open‐circuit voltage (Voc) deficits (>0.4 V). Herein, it is found that the addition of guanidinium bromide (GABr) can significantly improve the structural and photoelectric characteristics of ideal‐bandgap (≈1.34 eV) Sn–Pb perovskite films. GABr introduced in the perovskite films can efficiently reduce the high defect density caused by Sn2+ oxidation in the perovskite, which is favorable for facilitating hole transport, decreasing charge‐carrier recombination, and reducing the Voc deficit. Therefore, the best PCE of 20.63% with a certificated efficiency of 19.8% is achieved in 1.35 eV PSCs, along with a record small Voc deficit of 0.33 V, which is the highest PCE among all values reported to date for ideal‐bandgap Sn–Pb PSCs. Moreover, the GABr‐modified PSCs exhibit significantly improved environmental and thermal stability. This work represents a noteworthy step toward the fabrication of efficient and stable ideal‐bandgap PSCs.
Paper Robotics: Self‐Folding, Gripping, and Locomotion
Authors: Ryu Jihyun , Mohammadifar Maedeh , Tahernia Mehdi , Chun Ha‐ill , Gao Yang , Choi Seokheun
Published: February 2020

Soft robotics driven by origami can fundamentally advance robotic functionalities by significantly improving continuum, compliance, and configurability. Here, a new field is proposed, “paper robotics,” which is based on moisture‐responsive self‐folding of paper substrates into functional 3D machines using origami‐inspired techniques. By properly designing a hydrophobic wax layer and a hygro‐expandable hydrophilic layer, printed bilayer paper will fold automatically into desired shapes through anisotropic swelling that occurs when water is sprayed on the structure. The bilayer actuators can be readily fabricated on paper by the asymmetrical penetration of wax that is printed on both sides of the paper. The patterned paper automatically folds when water is added and unfolds as the water evaporates. The structure can perform various mechanical functions, including gripping and biomimetic locomotion. One of the practical applications, a kirigami paper robotic finger as an electrical switch, is also demonstrated. The functional mechanism based on the swelling and shrinking properties of paper is modeled and critical parameters for the design of the bilayer actuation are thoroughly characterized. This work will be a starting point for paper robotics and open new avenues to merge soft robotics and origami techniques.
Highly Sensitive, Selective, Stable, and Flexible NO2 Sensor Based on GaSe
Authors: Zhao Yan‐Feng , Fuh Huei‐Ru , Coileáin Cormac Ó , Cullen Conor P. , Stimpel‐Lindner Tanja , Duesberg Georg S. , Leonardo Camargo Moreira Óscar , Zhang Duan , Cho Jiung , Choi Miri , Chun Byong Sun , Chang Ching‐Ray , Wu Han‐Chun
Published: February 2020

Air pollution is a global problem, which poses serious environmental concerns and health risks. In light of this, a key aspect of the challenge of managing air pollution is effective monitoring, which requires reliable high‐sensitivity sensors with strong selectivity and long‐term stability. Layered materials represent an emergent class of materials with extraordinary electronic properties and physicochemical properties, and, therefore, are a highly attractive prospect for this field. Here, such a sensor for NO2 based on GaSe is presented. An ultrahigh sensitivity of 0.5 part per billion (p.p.b.) is achieved at room temperature, and the NO2 selectivity ratios with respect to other likely interfering environmental gases are larger than 100. Moreover, no great degradation is observed after 10 days of air exposure. As a practical demonstration, the GaSe‐based sensors are also used to detect vehicle exhaust emission, and wearable GaSe‐based NO2 sensors are presented and tested. Based on the results obtained in this work, it is believed that GaSe‐based sensors can be used for the detection of NO2 in real‐world applications.
Supramolecular Prodrug Nanovectors for Active Tumor Targeting and Combination Immunotherapy of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hu Xianli , Hou Bo , Xu Zhiai , Saeed Madiha , Sun Fang , Gao Zhenmei , Lai Yi , Zhu Tong , Zhang Fan , Zhang Wen , Yu Haijun
Published: February 2020

Immunotherapy aiming to harness the exquisite power of the immune system has emerged as a crucial part of clinical cancer management. However, only a subset of cancer patients responds to current immunotherapy because of low immunogenicity of the tumor cells and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Herein, host–guest prodrug nanovectors are reported for active tumor targeting and combating immune tolerance in tumors. The prodrug nanovectors are designed by integrating hyaluronic acid (HA) and reduction‐labile heterodimer of Pheophorbide A (PPa) and NLG919 into the supramolecular nanocomplexes, where PPa and NLG919 act as a photosensitizer and potent inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO‐1), respectively. Meanwhile, HA is employed to achieve active tumor targeting by recognizing CD44 overexpressed on the surface of tumor cell membranes. Near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation triggers the release of reactive oxygen species to provoke antitumor immunogenicity and intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Meanwhile, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM) is reversed by NLG919‐mediated IDO‐1 inhibition. Combination of photodynamic immunotherapy and IDO‐1 blockade efficiently eradicates CT26 colorectal tumors in the immunocompetent mice. The host–guest nanoplatform capable of eliciting effective antitumor immunity by inactivating inhibitory immune response can be applied to other immune modulators for improved cancer immunotherapy.
Green and animal manure use in organic field crop systems
Authors: Carr Patrick M. , Cavigelli Michel A. , Darby Heather , Delate Kathleen , Eberly Jed O. , Fryer Heather K. , Gramig Greta G. , Heckman Joseph R. , Mallory Ellen B. , Reeve Jennifer R. , Silva Erin M. , Suchoff David H. , Woodley Alex L.
Published: February 2020

Dual‐use cover/green manure (CGM) crops and animal manure are used to supply nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to organically grown field crops. A comprehensive review of previous research was conducted to identify how CGM crops and animal manure have been used to meet N and P needs of organic field crops, and to identify knowledge gaps to direct future research efforts. Results indicate that: (a) CGM crops are used to provide N to subsequent cash crops in rotations; (b) CGM‐supplied N generally can meet field crop needs in warm, humid regions but is insufficient for organic grain crops grown in cool and sub‐humid regions; (c) adoption of conservation tillage practices can create or exacerbate N deficiencies; (d) excess N and P can result where animal manures are accessible if application rates are not carefully managed; and (e) integrating animal grazing into organic field crop systems has potential benefits but is generally not practiced. Work is needed to better understand the mechanisms governing the release of N by CGM crops to subsequent cash crops, and the legacy effects of animal manure applications in cool and sub‐humid regions. The benefits and synergies that can occur by combining targeted animal grazing and CGMs on soil N, P, and other nutrients should be investigated. Improved communication and networking among researchers can aid efforts to solve soil fertility challenges faced by organic farmers when growing field crops in North America and elsewhere.
Yield and potassium uptake of rice as affected by potassium rate in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China
Authors: Ye Tinghong , Xue Xinxin , Lu Jianwei , Hou Wenfeng , Ren Tao , Cong Rihuan , Li Xiaokun
Published: February 2020

Potassium is an essential macroelement for rice (Oryza sativa L.), but K deficiency in paddy ecosystems has increased widely and limited sustainable rice production in China. Two‐year field trials were conducted with five K levels (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg K2O ha–1, designated as K0, K60, K120, K180, and K240) in Qichun county, Hubei Province, to investigate grain yield, K uptake characteristics, and K use efficiencies of rice. The results showed that application of K increased rice yield by 9.8–29.3%, compared to K0. No significant differences were observed in rice yield among the K120, K180, and K240 treatments. The K uptake in aboveground biomass increased linearly with the K rate, while K harvest index decreased. As K uptake increased, rice yield increased linearly at first and then stabilized, showing the phenomenon of luxury consumption of K. The growth period for fast K uptake in different rice varieties and K levels was 29–67 d after transplanting, and sufficient nutrient supply is needed to ensure the increase of rice yield and growth during this period. Internal use efficiency (IUE), agronomic efficiency (AE), and physiological efficiency (PE) declined as the application rate of K increased. These results indicated that absorption and utilization of K in rice were affected by the K supply rates, and that luxury consumption occurred when K application was excessive. The luxury consumption of K by rice was mainly stored in straw.
Three‐dimensional facial morphology in Cantú syndrome
Authors: Roessler Helen I. , Shields Kathleen , Grange Dorothy K. , Knoers Nine V.A.M. , van Haaften Gijs , Hammond Peter , van Haelst Mieke M.
Published: February 2020

Cantú syndrome (CS) was first described in 1982, and is caused by pathogenic variants in ABCC9 and KCNJ8 encoding regulatory and pore forming subunits of ATP‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, respectively. It is characterized by congenital hypertrichosis, osteochondrodysplasia, extensive cardiovascular abnormalities and distinctive facial anomalies including a broad nasal bridge, long philtrum, epicanthal folds, and prominent lips. Many genetic syndromes, such as CS, involve facial anomalies that serve as a significant clue in the initial identification of the respective disorder before clinical or molecular diagnosis are undertaken. However, an overwhelming number of CS patients receive misdiagnoses based on an evaluation of coarse facial features. By analyzing three‐dimensional images of CS faces, we quantified facial dysmorphology in a cohort of both male and female CS patients with confirmed ABCC9 variants. Morphometric analysis of different regions of the face revealed gender‐specific significant differences in face shape. Moreover, we show that 3D facial photographs can distinguish between CS and other genetic disorders with specific facial dysmorphologies that have been mistaken for CS‐associated anomalies in the past, hence assisting in an earlier clinical and molecular diagnosis. This optimizes genetic counseling and reduces stress for patients and parents by avoiding unnecessary misdiagnosis.
Synthesis and Photophysical Studies of Novel V‐Shaped 2,3‐Bis{5‐aryl‐2‐thienyl}(dibenzo[f,h])quinoxalines
Authors: Moshkina Tatyana N. , Nosova Emiliya V. , Kopotilova Alexandra E. , Lipunova Galina N. , Valova Marina S. , Sadieva Leila K. , Kopchuk Dmitry S. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Zaleśny Robert , Ośmiałowski Borys , Charushin Valery N.
Published: February 2020

A series of novel V‐shaped luminophores containing electron‐withdrawing dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline core and arylthienyl donor fragments at positions 2 and 3 has been synthesized. The absorption spectra (UV/vis) were recorded in several solvents, whereas emission spectra were recorded in solutions and powders. The solvatochromism as well as halochromism of obtained compounds was also explored. Electronic‐structure calculations using quantum‐chemistry methods were performed to further analyse experimental results. All characteristics were compared with that of 2,3‐bis(arylthienyl)quinoxaline counterparts. The halochromic effect studies showed that upon gradual addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to the toluene solution of diethylaminophenyl‐substituted dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline chromophore, absorption and emission changed. Observed band shifts were more distinct in the case of mentioned quinoxaline than for other derivatives. All of the (dibenzo[f,h])quinoxaline chromophores exhibited good sensitivity toward nitro‐containing explosives with high Stern‐Volmer constants up to 57800 M−1, these results are remarkable for such heterocyclic systems.
Counter‐Intuitive Gas‐Phase Reactivities of [V2]+ and [V2O]+ towards CO2 Reduction: Insight from Electronic Structure Calculations
Authors: Li Jilai , Geng Caiyun , Weiske Thomas , Schwarz Helmut
Published: February 2020

[V2O]+ remains “invisible” in the thermal gas‐phase reaction of bare [V2]+ with CO2 giving rise to [V2O2]+; this is because the [V2O]+ intermediate is being consumed more than 230 times faster than it is generated. However, the fleeting existence of [V2O]+ and its involvement in the [V2]+ → [V2O2]+ chemistry are demonstrated by a cross‐over labeling experiment with a 1:1 mixture of C16O2/C18O2, generating the product ions [V216O2]+, [V216O18O]+, and [V218O2]+ in a 1:2:1 ratio. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations help to understand the remarkable and unexpected reactivity differences of [V2]+ versus [V2O]+ towards CO2.
The application of copolymer‐coated graphene oxide‐Fe3O4 in the highly efficient synthesis of 2′‐aminospiro[indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxaline‐11,4′‐[4'H] pyran]‐3′‐carbonitrile and 2′‐aminospiro[indeno‐2,4′‐[4'H]pyran]‐3′‐carbonitrile
Authors: Hojati Seyedeh Fatemeh , Amiri Amirhassan , Fardi Elham
Published: February 2020

A magnetic nanocomposite based on graphene oxide was prepared. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were loaded on graphene oxide sheets and GO‐Fe3O4 was covered by aniline‐pyrrole copolymer to afford poly(Py‐co‐Ani)@GO‐Fe3O4. This nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques, and its catalytic activity was evaluated in the multicomponent synthesis of 2′‐aminospiro[indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxaline‐11,4′‐[4'H]pyran]‐3′‐carbonitrile and 2′‐aminospiro[indeno‐2,4′‐[4'H]pyran]‐3′‐carbonitrile derivatives. This magnetically separable catalyst is heterogeneous noncorrosive, highly efficient, and reusable.
A pseudo trinuclear nickel–sodium complex containing tris(8‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐quinolidineamino ethylamine): Synthesis, spectral characterization, X‐ray crystallography and in vitro biological evaluations
Authors: Naveen P. , Vijaya Pandiyan B. , Anu D. , Dallemer F. , Kolandaivel P. , Prabhakaran R.
Published: February 2020

A new mixed nickel–sodium complex has been synthesized from Ni(ClO4)2 and tris(8‐methyl 2‐oxo‐quinolidine amino ethylamine) with a 1:1 molar ratio in methanol and has been characterized by various analytical, spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction studies which confirmed an octahedral geometry around the nickel ion. Further, structural optimization of the complex was performed using DFT calculations. The ligand and complex were evaluated for their binding affinity with CT‐DNA and an intercalative type of binding interaction was proposed from the absorption and fluorescence titration experiments. Albumin binding interaction of the ligand and complex was determined by absorption, fluorescence and synchronous spectral techniques at room temperature, suggesting the static quenching mechanism of BSA with the compounds. Antioxidant studies revealed the radical scavenging potential of Ni(II) complex. The anticancer activity of the ligand and complex was probed via in vitro cytotoxicity against human breast (MCF7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Further, cytological changes observed in acridine orange/ethidium bromide and DAPI staining methods validated the cytotoxic potential of the complex.
Macroscale modelling of pressure drop for a moulded cylindrical filter within a vacuum pump to predict aerosol loading
Authors: Basha Nausheen , Cochrane Lloyd , Hamad Faik
Published: February 2020

Computational fluid dynamics is used as a tool to predict the oil aerosol loading on filters moulded through ARTm® and are used in an oil‐injected vacuum pump. These filters are essential for reducing exhaust emissions, which, when suspended can cause great harm to the environment, climate, equipment life, and public health. However, flow characteristics in a coalescing filter are quite complex to solve using limited computational power. Therefore, an economically viable model is developed in ANSYS FLUENT with a customised algorithm to determine pressure drop and loading profile across a filter. Oil droplets entering the filter are treated as Rosin–Rammler distribution and are solved through Euler–Lagrangian approach. The developed algorithm is capable of predicting pressure drop with a lower discrepancy of 15% when compared with experimental data for two different flow rates. This model is then used to understand effect of flow characteristics on aerosol loading with resulting velocity ratio of 0.2 that will lead to even aerosol loading on filter media. © 2020 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of sugarcane bagasse cellulose‐capped silver nanoparticle using ultrasonic irradiation for the adsorption of heavy metal
Authors: Yong Bin Chin , Abdul Raman Abdul Aziz , Buthiyappan Archina , Zainal Abidin Mohd Izzudin Izzat
Published: February 2020

Metal nanoparticles are often used as an alternative to conventional adsorbents for water purification. They have higher adsorptive capabilities and affinity towards pollutants while being required in lower amounts than conventional adsorbents. Nano‐adsorbents have shown superior adsorption efficiencies towards trace heavy metals in water, which are a significant pollutant in industrial wastewaters. It is desirable to synthesize the nano‐adsorbents in a rapid, controlled, eco‐friendly, and low‐cost manner, using agro‐industrial residues and size‐controllable irradiation methods. In this work, silver nanoparticles were synthesized through ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of cellulose derived from sugarcane bagasse. The cellulose functioned as the capping agent to promote the synthesis of uniform, monodisperse silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The result indicates that the newly developed cellulose‐based adsorbent can be used as a potential heavy metal adsorbent. The adsorptive capability of the nano‐adsorbent solution towards trace amounts of lead was then tested using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It can be concluded that the newly developed biomass‐based silver nanoparticle has significant potential as a versatile heavy metal adsorbent for effective remediation.