bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autopolyploidy, Allopolyploidy, and Phylogenetic Networks with Horizontal Arcs
Authors: Huber K. T. , Maher L. J.
Published: April 2023

Polyploidization is an evolutionary process by which a species acquires multiple copies of its complete set of chromosomes. The reticulate nature of the signal left behind by it means that phylogenetic networks offer themselves as a framework to reconstruct the evolutionary past of species affected by it. The main strategy for doing this is to first construct a so-called multiple-labelled tree and to then somehow derive such a network from it. The following question therefore arises: How much can be said about that past if such a tree is not readily available? By viewing a polyploid dataset as a certain vector which we call a ploidy (level) profile, we show that among other results, there always exists a phylogenetic network in the form of a beaded phylogenetic tree with additional arcs that realizes a given ploidy profile. Intriguingly, the two end vertices of almost all of these additional arcs can be interpreted as having co-existed in time thereby adding biological realism to our network, a feature that is, in general, not enjoyed by phylogenetic networks. In addition, we show that our network may be viewed as a generator of ploidy profile space, a novel concept similar to phylogenetic tree space that we introduce to be able to compare phylogenetic networks that realize one and the same ploidy profile. We illustrate our findings in terms of a publicly available Viola dataset.
Investigation of oncolytic effect of recombinant Newcastle disease virus in primary and metastatic oral melanoma
Authors: Numpadit Supaporn , Ito Chiaki , Nakaya Takaaki , Hagiwara Katsuro
Published: April 2023

Malignant melanoma is aggressive cancer with a high rate of local invasiveness and metastasis. Currently, the treatment options for patients with advanced-stage and metastatic oral melanoma are limited. A promising treatment option is oncolytic viral therapy. This study aimed to evaluate novel therapies for malignant melanoma using a canine model. Oral melanoma, which frequently occurs in dogs is used as a model for human melanoma, was isolated and cultured and used for the evaluation of the tumor lytic effect induced by viral infection. We constructed a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) that promotes the extracellular release of IFNγ from the virus-infected melanoma. The expression of oncolytic and apoptosis-related genes, the immune response by lymphocytes, and IFNγ expression were evaluated in virus-infected melanoma cells. The results showed that the rate of rNDV infection varied according to the isolated melanoma cells and the oncolytic effect differed between melanoma cells owing to the infectivity of the virus. The oncolytic effect tended to be greater for the IFNγ-expressing virus than for the GFP-expressing prototype virus. Additionally, lymphocytes co-cultured with the virus showed induced expression of Th1 cytokines. Therefore, recombinant NDV expressing IFNγ is expected to induce cellular immunity and oncolytic activity. This oncolytic treatment shows promise as a therapeutic approach for melanoma treatment once evaluated using clinical samples from humans.
Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework
Authors: Coghlan Simon , Parker Christine
Published: April 2023

This paper provides a systematic account of how artificial intelligence (AI) technologies could harm nonhuman animals and explains why animal harms, often neglected in AI ethics, should be better recognised. After giving reasons for caring about animals and outlining the nature of animal harm, interests, and wellbeing, the paper develops a comprehensive ‘harms framework’ which draws on scientist David Fraser’s influential mapping of human activities that impact on sentient animals. The harms framework is fleshed out with examples inspired by both scholarly literature and media reports. This systematic account and framework should help inform ethical analyses of AI’s impact on animals and serve as a comprehensive and clear basis for the development and regulation of AI technologies to prevent and mitigate harm to nonhumans.
A simulation study for multifactorial genetic disorders to quantify the impact of polygenic risk scores on critical illness insurance
Authors: Zhao Jinbo , Salter-Townshend Michael , O’Hagan Adrian
Published: April 2023

With advances in genetic research, the understanding of the genetic structure of disease and the ability to predict disease risk have been enhanced. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have been developed to assess a person’s risk of developing any heritable disease. PRS has two primary utilities that make it particularly relevant for insurers: the ability to identify high-risk groups when using PRS independently or in combination with standard risk factors; and the ability to inform early interventions that may alter future morbidity and mortality. Using heart disease as a case study, a simulation-based model is designed that introduces polygenic risk scoring into the actuarial analysis framework and then quantifies the adverse selection due to information asymmetry introduced by PRS. Individual and parental disease liability as well as PRS were simulated under a liability threshold model. A series of validations were conducted to confirm the utility of our simulated data sets. We explored three scenarios describing how insurance applicants use their PRS results to guide their insurance purchasing decisions and calculated the increased premiums that insurers would need to change to counteract this. The accuracy of PRS has the most significant impact on premiums and the proportion of individuals who know their PRS also has a substantial impact.
The impact of early therapies for COVID-19 on death, hospitalization and persisting symptoms: a retrospective study
Authors: Bertuccio Paola , Degli Antoni Melania , Minisci Davide , Amadasi Silvia , Castelli Francesco , Odone Anna , Quiros-Roldan Eugenia
Published: April 2023

Purpose

Oral antivirals (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir), intravenous short treatment of remdesivir and anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used for early COVID-19 treatments in high risk of disease progression patients. The term long COVID has been used to refer to a range of new, returning, or ongoing symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Little is known about the impact of such therapies on long COVID.

Methods

This is a retrospective observational study, including all outpatients evaluated from April 2021 to March 2022 in Brescia, Lombardy, northern Italy. Patients were stratified in three groups: (a) treated with mAbs, (b) treated with antivirals drugs and (c) controls (patients eligible for a or b who refused treatment). Data were collected at baseline and at month 1 and 3 (data on self-reported symptoms were collected using a telephone-administered questionnaire). We assessed early COVID-19 therapies effectiveness in preventing hospitalization, death at 1 or 3 months and persisting symptoms at 3 months after the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Results

A total of 649 patients were included in the study, of which 242 (37.3%) were treated with mAbs, 197 (30.3%) with antiviral drugs and 210 (32.4%) were not treated. Patients most frequently reported cerebro-cardiovascular diseases (36.7%) followed by obesity (22%). Overall, 29 patients (4.5%) died or were hospitalized at 1 or 3-month follow-up. Death or hospitalization was positively associated with older ages, with a significant linear trend (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.16–8.06, for patients aged 80 or more years compared to those aged less than 65). Data on long COVID at 3 months were available for 323 (49.8%) patients. A positive association emerged for females compared to men, with an OR of 2.14 (95% CI 1.30–3.53) for any symptoms. Conversely, inverse associations were found for treatment groups as compared to the control one, with significant estimates among patients treated with antiviral drugs for any symptoms (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21–0.87) and patients treated with mAbs for any neuro-behavioral symptoms (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25–0.92).

Conclusions

We report beneficial effect of early use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals and mAbs on long COVID.
Arbeitsunfähigkeit bei präklinischen Rettungskräften in Deutschland
Authors: May Tobias , Arnold Christina , Klas Teresa , Möckel Christina , Maaß Leona , Hofmann Thomas , Möckel Luis
Published: April 2023

Hintergrund

Für Krankenstandanalysen ist die Ermittlung von Arbeitsunfähigkeit ein zentraler Ansatz. Dennoch liegen für Arbeitsunfähigkeit und damit assoziierte Faktoren im deutschen präklinischen Rettungsdienst bisher noch keine Daten vor.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieser Analyse war es, den Anteil der Rettungskräfte in Deutschland mit mindestens einer Arbeitsunfähigkeit in den letzten 12 Monaten und damit assoziierte Faktoren zu identifizieren.

Material und Methoden

Es handelt sich um eine bundesweite Befragungsstudie mit Rettungskräften. Assoziationen zwischen der Arbeitsunfähigkeit und soziodemografischen, gesundheitsbezogenen sowie berufsspezifischen Faktoren wurde mittels multivariabler logistischer Regression, unter Berechnung von Odds-Ratio (OR) und dazugehörigen 95 % Konfidenzintervallen (95 % KI) identifiziert.

Ergebnisse

In diese Analyse eingeschlossen wurden 2298 deutsche Rettungskräfte. 60,10 % der weiblichen sowie 58,98 % der männlichen Befragten gaben mindestens eine Arbeitsunfähigkeit in den letzten 12 Monaten an. Eine Arbeitsunfähigkeit war unter anderem signifikant mit dem Schulabschluss (Abitur: OR: 0,51 [95 % KI 0,30–0,88]; p = 0,016; Referenz: Hauptschulabschluss) und den wöchentlichen Arbeitsstunden (OR: 1,01 [95 % KI 1,00–1,02]; p = 0,003) assoziiert. Auch das Arbeitsumfeld, die Dienstjahre sowie verschiedene physische und psychische Beschwerden in den letzten 12 Monaten zeigten eine signifikante Assoziation mit einer Arbeitsunfähigkeit.

Diskussion

Diese Analyse weist darauf hin, dass unter anderem chronische Krankheiten, der Bildungsabschluss, das Einsatzgebiet sowie die Anzahl der Dienstjahre und wöchentlichen Arbeitsstunden bei den teilnehmenden Rettungskräften mit Arbeitsunfähigkeitstagen in den letzten 12 Monaten assoziiert waren.
STEM Teacher Professional Learning Through Immersive STEM Learning Placements in Industry: a Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Hurley Mairéad , Butler Deirdre , McLoughlin Eilish
Published: April 2023

Over the past two decades, there has been an increased focus on designing STEM learning experiences for primary and second-level students. We posit that for teachers to design rich learning experiences for their students, they must first have the opportunity to develop their own STEM knowledge and competences, either during their pre-service teacher education or as part of their professional learning as in-service teachers. This systematic review of literature examines programmes which offer either pre-service or in-service teachers immersive learning experiences through placements in STEM roles in business or industry. A total of nine papers were identified in this review, featuring three unique programmes—one in the UK for pre-service teachers, and two in the USA involving in-service teachers. The findings indicate a variation in motivation and structures across the three programmes. The influence on teachers’ personal and professional development, and their intentions to change their classroom practices or behaviours to incorporate more ‘real-world’ contexts into their STEM learning activities, inspired by their experiences in industry, is discussed. This study presents recommendations for the design and implementation of immersive learning placements in industry to support STEM teacher professional learning, as well as suggestions for further studies to examine the influence on their classroom practice.
Exploring the Potentials of Open-Source Big Data and Machine Learning in Shared Mobility Fleet Utilization Prediction
Authors: Abouelela Mohamed , Lyu Cheng , Antoniou Constantinos
Published: April 2023

The urban transportation landscape has been rapidly growing and dynamically changing in recent years, supported by the advancement of information and communication technologies (ICT). One of the new mobility trends supported by ICT is shared mobility, which has a positive potential to reduce car use externalities. These systems’ recent and sudden introduction was not adequately planned for, and their rapidly growing popularity was not expected, which resulted in the urgent need for different stakeholders’ intervention to ensure efficient services’ integration within the urban transportation networks and to grant an effective system operation. Several challenges face shared mobility, including fleet size management, vehicle distribution, demand balancing, and the definition of equitable prices. In this research, we developed a practical, straightforward methodology that utilizes big open-source data and different machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict the daily shared-e-scooter fleet utilization (the daily number of trips per vehicle) that could be used to drive the system’s operation policies. We used four ML algorithms with different levels of complexity, namely; Linear Regression, Support Vector Regression, Gradient Boosting Machine, and Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network, to predict the fleet utilization in Louisville, Kentucky, using the knowledge the models get from the training data in Austin, Texas. The Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) was the model with the best performance prediction based on the different evaluation measures. The most critical factors impacting daily fleet utilization prediction were temporal time series features, sociodemographics, meteorological data, and the built environment.
Weniger Demokratie wagen? Möglichkeiten und Grenzen liberaler Friedensstrategien nach der Zeitenwende
Authors: Hegemann Hendrik , Kahl Martin
Published: April 2023

Der Beitrag nimmt aktuelle Diskussionen um den Umgang mit Russlands Krieg in der Ukraine zum Anlass, um grundsätzlich die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen liberaler Friedensstrategien, die insbesondere in der deutschen Friedensforschung stark verankert sind, zu erörtern. Wir argumentieren, dass die Friedensforschung weiterhin an ihrem Anspruch festhalten sollte, Strategien für einen nachhaltigen Frieden aufzuzeigen, der über reine Abschreckung bzw. das Denken in Blöcken hinausreicht. Sie sollte deshalb ihre bisherigen Erkenntnisse zu Friedensbedingungen nicht vollends über Bord werfen und weiterhin auch die innere Verfasstheit der beteiligten Staaten und ihrer Gesellschaften im Blick behalten. Der russische Angriff auf die Ukraine verdeutlicht gerade, wie das Fehlen demokratischer Kontrollinstanzen und die Abschottung autokratischer Führungen die Eskalation militärischer Konflikte befördern und den Frieden unterminieren. Der Beitrag diskutiert, wie und inwieweit sich die Grundannahmen und zentralen empirischen Erkenntnisse liberaler Friedenstheorie weiterhin auf den Umgang mit Russland und anderen revanchistischen Autokratien anwenden lassen. Im Sinne einer kritischen Selbstreflexion der Friedensforschung erörtert er auch die Grenzen liberaler Friedensstrategien und bettet dies in Debatten über eine breitere Krise liberaler Ansätze und die Lehren internationaler Demokratieförderung der Vergangenheit ein.
A necessary considering factor for breeding: growth-defense tradeoff in plants
Authors: Zhang Hong , Liu Yuanming , Zhang Xiangyu , Ji Wanquan , Kang Zhensheng
Published: April 2023

Crop diseases cause enormous yield losses and threaten global food security. Deployment of resistant cultivars can effectively control the disease and to minimize crop losses. However, high level of genetic immunity to disease was often accompanied by an undesired reduction in crop growth and yield. Recently, literatures have been rapidly emerged in understanding the mechanism of disease resistance and development genes in crop plants. To determine how and why the costs and the likely benefit of resistance genes caused in crop varieties, we re-summarized the present knowledge about the crosstalk between plant development and disease resistance caused by those genes that function as plasma membrane residents, MAPK cassette, nuclear envelope (NE) channels components and pleiotropic regulators. Considering the growth-defense tradeoffs on the basis of current advances, finally, we try to understand and suggest that a reasonable balancing strategies based on the interplay between immunity with growth should be considered to enhance immunity capacity without yield penalty in future crop breeding.
Tuning the rheostat of immune gene translation
Authors: Huang Shuai
Published: April 2023

Biomolecular condensates assembled through phase transitions regulate diverse aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. How biomolecular condensates control plant immunity is poorly understood. In Nature Plants, a new study (Zhou et al., Nat Plants 9:289–301, 2023) reveals how plants assemble translational condensates to balance tissue health and disease resistance.
Does GPT-3 qualify as a co-author of a scientific paper publishable in peer-review journals according to the ICMJE criteria? A case study
Authors: Osmanovic-Thunström Almira , Steingrimsson Steinn
Published: April 2023

This paper explores the potential for a system to be a co-author on an academic paper based on the criteria proposed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). We used a third generation generative pretrained transformer (GPT-3) to write a review paper on the topic of its choice: The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Function. The system was asked to fulfill the four main criteria for co-authorship as recommended by ICMJE, which includes contributions to the conception or design of the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published; and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Our results showed that the system was able to fulfill the criteria, with significant difficulties with accurate and reliable referencing. We also explored the ethical implications of using AI systems for research and found that it is important to take a cautious approach when considering its use for scientific authorship. This case study provides a methodology for further investigations into the possibilities and limitations of automated writing.
How do patients select their sports medicine orthopedist? Cross sectional study
Authors: Masarwa Rawan , Yonai Yaniv , Steinfeld Yaniv , Ben Natan Merav , Berkovich Yaron
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objective

To explore factors that influence patient selection of a sports medicine orthopedist.

Study setting

A self-completion questionnaires were filled out by the patients independently at the entrance to the orthopedic clinic where they waited for their turn.

Study design

Cross sectional survey.

Data collection

Three hundred-and-eight patients that consulted a sports medicine orthopedist in the past year, whether in a private or a public sector, completed a questionnaire designed for the purposes of the present study.

Principal findings

Patient selection of a sports medicine orthopedist was primarily influenced by an orthopedist’s professional skills and recommendations from friends, family members, and other patients, while patients seemed to be less concerned about an orthopedist’s interpersonal skills, and less influenced by other physicians’ recommendations or advertisements. Variance has been observed in attribution of importance to certain factors across patient groups.

Conclusions

These findings may be used in designing of marketing strategies aimed to assist patient selection of a sports medicine orthopedist. Marketing strategies need to be tailored to specific patient groups for example athletes.

Highlights
Heresy and the Formation of Medieval Islamic Orthodoxy
Authors: Khan Ahmad
Published: April 2023

Between the eighth and eleventh centuries, many defining features of classical Sunni Islam began to take shape. Among these was the formation of medieval Sunnism around the belief in the unimpeachable orthodoxy of four eponymous founders and their schools of law. In this original study, Ahmad Khan explores the history and cultural memory of one of these eponymous founders, Abū Ḥanīfa. Showing how Abū Ḥanīfa evolved from being the object of intense religious exclusion to a pillar of Sunni orthodoxy, Khan examines the concepts of orthodoxy and heresy, and outlines their changing meanings over the course of four centuries. He demonstrates that orthodoxy and heresy were neither fixed theological categories, nor pious fictions, but instead were impacted by everything from law and politics, to society and culture. This book illuminates the significant yet often neglected transformations in Islamic social, political and religious thought during this vibrant period.
Contested Liberalization
Authors: Levy Jonah D.
Published: April 2023

Economic liberalization has been contested and defeated in France to an unparalleled extent in comparison to other leading political economies in Western Europe. Levy offers a historical explanation, centered on the legacies of France's postwar statist or dirigiste economic model. Although this model was dismantled decades ago, its policy, party-political, and institutional legacies continue to fuel the contestation of liberalizing reforms today. Contested Liberalization offers a comprehensive analysis of French economic and social policy since the 1980s, including the Macron administration. It also traces the implications of the French case for contestation in East Asia and Latin America. Levy concludes by identifying ways that French liberalizers could diminish contestation, notably by adopting a more inclusive process and more equitable allocation of the costs and benefits of liberalizing reform. This book will interest scholars and students of political economy and comparative politics, especially those working on economic liberalization, French politics, and the welfare state.
Late Romanticism and the End of Politics
Authors: Havard John
Published: April 2023

In the late Romantic age, demands for political change converged with thinking about the end of the world. This book examines writings by Lord Byron, Mary Shelley and their circle that imagined the end, from poems by Byron that pictured fallen empires, sinking islands, and dying stars to the making and unmaking of populations in Frankenstein and The Last Man. These works intersected with and enclosed reflections upon brewing political changes. By imagining political dynasties, slavery, parliament, and English law reaching an end, writers challenged liberal visions of the political future that viewed the basis of governance as permanently settled. The prospect of volcanic eruptions and biblical deluges, meanwhile, pointed towards new political worlds, forged in the ruins of this one. These visions of coming to an end acquire added resonance in our own time, as political and planetary end-times converge once again.
Transatlantic Jurisdictional Conflicts in Data Protection Law
Authors: Taylor Mistale
Published: April 2023

This book looks at transatlantic jurisdictional conflicts in data protection law and how the fundamental right to data protection conditions the EU's exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction. Governments, companies and individuals are handling ever more digitised personal data, so it is increasingly important to ensure this data is protected. Meanwhile, the Internet is changing how territory and jurisdiction are realised online. The EU promotes personal data protection as a fundamental right. Especially since the EU's General Data Protection Regulation started applying in 2018, its data protection laws have had strong effects beyond its territory. In contrast, similar US information privacy laws are rooted in the marketplace and carry less normative heft. This has provoked clashes with the EU when their values, interests and laws conflict. This research uses three case studies to suggest ways to mitigate transatlantic jurisdictional tensions over data protection and security, the free flow of information and trade.
Friendship in the Merovingian Kingdoms
Authors: Williard Hope
Published: April 2023

This book explores how one early medieval poet survived and thrived amidst the political turbulence of sixth century Gaul - with a little help from his friends. Born in northern Italy, Venantius Fortunatus made his career writing for and about members of the Merovingian elite. Although he is no longer dismissed as an opportunistic poetaster who wrote undistinguished flattery for undeserving kings and aristocrats, his work remains unduly neglected. This book reframes Fortunatus as a writer uniquely suited to his times, a professional poet who addressed his contemporaries' needs and wishes for the prestige and sophistication of Classical culture. His poems and letters enabled his aristocratic patrons to situate themselves in networks, which they made and maintained in order to navigate a post-imperial but not post-Roman world. It makes an important contribution to our understanding of friendship in the Middle Ages and offers a fresh look at the Frankish kingdoms of Merovingian Gaul.
Individuelle Meilensteine
Authors: Weninger Helmut
Published: April 2023

Mit einem Fallbeispiel wird die Arbeit der Pflegeexpert_innen bzw. Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs) in der Ambulanten Psychiatrischen Pflege mit dem Schwerpunkt „Alkohol und Emotionale Gesundheit“ exemplarisch beschrieben. Die Klientin leidet seit vielen Jahren an einem Alkoholproblem. Alle Versuche, davon loszukommen, blieben erfolglos. Die Form der Darstellung ist ungewöhnlich, fast patchworkartig. Der Text beschreibt auf einer zeitlichen Ebene mit Meilensteinen die Geschichte der Klientin. Auf einer fachlichen Ebene beschreibt er mit Originalzitaten die inneren Auseinandersetzungen und Kämpfe der Klientin, aber auch ihre persönliche Entwicklung. Ergänzt werden diese durch fachliche Reflexionen, klientenorientierte Ziele, Pflegeinterventionen und Anmerkungen.
Reactance to Uncivil Disagreement?
Authors: Lu Shuning , Liang Hai
Published: April 2023

Abstract: This study extends the psychological reactance theory by demonstrating that online political discussions, without explicit social influence attempts, can arouse psychological reactance by certain message features. Based on a 2 (stance: agreement vs. disagreement) × 2 (tone: civil vs. uncivil) × 2 (social endorsement: low vs. high) between-subjects online experiment in the United States ( N = 418), the present study found that both disagreement and uncivil comments led to psychological reactance directly and indirectly via perceived threat to freedom. Unexpectedly, uncivil disagreement had smaller effects on psychological reactance than civil disagreement. In addition, although social endorsement cues did not show any independent effects on psychological reactance, they were found to exacerbate the direct effect of uncivil disagreement on psychological reactance. Overall, our study develops important theoretical connections between political deliberation and psychological reactance literatures. It also yields practical implications for fostering an inclusive and healthy environment for online political discussion.
Development of Amphibole Crystal Preferred Orientations (CPOs) and Their Effects on Seismic Anisotropy in Deformed Amphibolites
Authors: Liu Jianhua , Cao Shuyun
Published: April 2023

Crystal preferred orientations and seismic anisotropy of amphibole play a crucial role in fingerprinting the rheological and physical properties of the deep crust. This study presents typical naturally deformed (banded, mylonitic, and ultramylonitic) amphibolites from the Ailao Shan‐Red River shear zone (ASRR‐SZ), southwestern China. In the banded amphibolite, coarse amphibole grains are highly elongated by dislocation creep and develop type I fabric of amphibole. In the mylonitic amphibolite, amphibole grains are characterized by porphyroclasts with core‐mantle structure and fine‐grained amphiboles in the matrix. Subgrain rotation recrystallization dominantly contribute to the grain size reduction process and display type III fabric of amphibole. In the ultramylonitic amphibolite, the fine‐grained amphiboles are mainly deformed by mechanical rotation of prismatic grains and develop type IV amphibole fabric. The seismic anisotropies are calculated from crystal preferred orientation (CPO) of naturally deformed amphiboles and model fabric. They both display that the transition of amphibole fabric from type III through type I to type IV also comes along with the transition of AVp patterns from Vp(X) ∼ Vp(Y) > Vp(Z) through Vp(X) > Vp(Y) > Vp(Z) to Vp(X) > Vp(Y) ∼ Vp(Z). Under the same texture strength, the strongest seismic anisotropy (both AVp and Max. AVs) occurs in the type III fabric of amphibole, the weakest seismic anisotropy is related to type IV fabric and a medium seismic anisotropy in type I fabric. This work indicates that the CPO types of amphiboles need be carefully considered in interpreting observed seismic anisotropy at the deep crustal level.
Martian Araneiforms: A Review
Authors: Mc Keown L. E. , Diniega S. , Portyankina G. , Hansen C. J. , Aye K.‐M. , Piqueux S. , Scully J. E. C.
Published: April 2023

Araneiforms are enigmatic dendritic negative topography features native to Mars. Found across a variety of substrates and exhibiting a range of scales, morphologies, and activity level, they are hypothesized to form via insolation‐induced basal sublimation of seasonal CO2 ice. With no direct Earth analog, araneiforms are an example of how our understanding of extant surface features can evolve through a multipronged approach using high resolution change‐detection imaging, conceptual and numerical modeling, and analog laboratory work. This review offers a primer on the current state of knowledge of Martian araneiforms. We outline the development of their driving conceptual hypothesis and the various methodologies used to study their formation. We furthermore present open questions and identify future laboratory and modeling work and mission objectives that may address these questions. Finally, this review highlights how the study of araneiforms may be used as a proxy for local conditions and perhaps even past seasonal dynamics on Mars. We also reflect on the lessons learnt from studying them and opportunities for comparative planetology that can be harnessed in understanding unusual features on icy worlds that have no Earth analog.
A Depth‐Averaged Description of Submarine Avalanche Flows and Induced Surface Waves
Authors: Sun W. , Meng X. , Wang Y. , Hsiau S. S. , You Z.
Published: April 2023

This paper develops a depth‐averaged theory to investigate submarine landslides and resulting water waves. The problems here consist of a pure fluid regime and a mixture regime of grains and fluid. Both regimes separate from one another by an interface, which is a material surface for grains. While the downslope velocities of the both phases are assumed to be identical in the mixture regime, the velocity shear causes a rearrangement of grains, which induces a vertical relative motion between the phases. The established theory consists of five coupled conservation equations, which describe the evolution of the pure fluid thickness, the mixture thickness, the solids volume fraction, and depth‐averaged velocities. To handle nonconservative products emerging in the equations, a new coordinate system is introduced to rewrite the equation system in an equivalent form, so that numerical solutions are insensitive to the choice of discretization of nonconservative products, which enables us to accurately characterize the dynamic behaviors of particles in the collapse experiments of underwater particles and describe free‐surface wave profiles. It is shown that the computed results are in good agreement with the experiments reported in previous literatures.
Shallow Sediment as a Phosphorus Reservoir in an Oligotrophic Lake
Authors: Brannon M. A. , Scholz C. A. , Driscoll C. T.
Published: April 2023

Lake sediment is an important reservoir for storage of phosphorus (P). Skaneateles Lake, a pristine oligotrophic, midsize lake in New York State, USA, is the primary unfiltered water source for the city of Syracuse and nearby communities. We conducted a lake‐wide survey of shallow sediments in Skaneateles Lake to inform understanding of the potential role of sediment in P storage and release into the water column. A total of 103 shallow samples of surface sediments were collected along 17 transects around the lake margin and analyzed for sediment and pore water elemental concentration, grain size, total organic carbon, nitrogen, carbonate content, stable isotopes of carbon, and mineral content. Reduction‐oxidation (redox) processes of Fe‐bound and Mn‐bound P appear to be a primary control of P storage and release. Sediment P concentrations are positively correlated with water depth and negatively correlated with Ca. Grain size and sediment P distributions around the lake are heterogeneous and patchy. Pore water concentrations reveal strong but variable partitioning of P, apparently controlled by sediment redox conditions. Pore water P concentrations (mean 90 μg L−1) are elevated compared with the oligotrophic water column (∼5 μg L−1) and may be an important source of nutrients to the water column of the lake.
A Portable Device for On‐Site Measurement of Sediment Concentration Through Volume‐Mass Replacement
Authors: Yue Qiuxing , Zhan Xiaoyun , Guo Minghang , Zhao Jun , Liu Baoyuan
Published: April 2023

To enable on‐site and near‐real‐time sediment concentration measurements, a novel type of portable device with a constant volume sampling bottle was developed in this study. The device consisted of a sampling bottle, a measuring assembly, and a platform for auxiliary data management. Five representative soils and eight sediment concentrations were used to validate the device accuracy and application. Moreover, a novel concept of sediment effective density (SED) was proposed. Under SED, a linear regression was fit between the measured and actual sediment concentrations. The results revealed that the slopes of the fitting line were close to 1, and the R2 values were greater than 0.999 for five soils. Moreover, for total samples, the root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) values were 5.59 g/L and 0.9996, respectively. Additionally, an average SED of 2.51 g/cm3 was calculated in this study. With an average soil SED of 2.51 g/cm3 and an average soil solid density of 2.65 g/cm3, the RMSE and NSE were 11.85 and 18.50 g/L and 0.9981 and 0.9954, respectively. This result demonstrated that the designed device accurately measured sediment concentration under various conditions. Furthermore, relative to the traditional oven‐drying method, the device could measure sediment concentration near‐real‐time and with high accuracy, which could be useful for researchers with excellent potential. It was recommended to measure the SED in a laboratory or runoff plot because the sediment sources could be identified and obtained. In a field or river, it was recommended to use 2.51 g/cm3 as the SED, which was more accurate than 2.65 g/cm3.
Spatiotemporal Variability of Current and Future Sub‐Daily Rainfall in Japan Using State‐Of‐The‐Art High‐Quality Data Sets
Authors: Zhao Wenpeng , Abhishek  , Takhellambam Bijoychandra S. , Zhang Jiantao , Zhao Yakun , Kinouchi Tsuyoshi
Published: April 2023

Using potentially best available rainfall data sets for the entire country of Japan (spatial scales of 1‐ and 20‐km), we analyze the 1–24 hr and city‐scale (1–400 km2) extreme rainfalls for both current (2006–2020) and future periods (2081–2109) at 1.5 K global warming scenario, complementing previous work that focuses on either coarse spatial and temporal scales or other warming scenarios (e.g., RCP and 2 K warming scenarios). A peak‐over‐threshold (POT)‐based approach is applied to compute areal reduction factor (ARF) for subsequently establishing intensity‐duration‐area‐frequency (IDAF) curves. Our results reveal that ARF values generally decrease with increasing area size and increase with longer duration and are affected by multiple underlying physical phenomena. Moreover, we find a greater increase in the rainfall intensities for shorter durations and higher return periods, ranging from 9.4% (1‐hr) to 6.2% (24‐hr), averaged for all return periods and 8.3% (25‐year) to 7.3% (2‐year), averaged for all rainfall durations. Spatially, extreme rainfall intensities are projected to increase by 8.9% in northern Japan (albeit with a less intense rainfall intensity in the current period), which is greater than the rest of the country (6.8%), underscoring the need to focus more on infrastructure designs in northern Japan. The projected IDAF curves further display an increase in the frequency of extreme events at city‐scale, for example, 25‐year extreme rainfall events in 2006–2020 would likely be 5‐10‐year events in 2081–2109. Our results with the state‐of‐the‐art data and implementable approach can be utilized for policymaking to reduce the warming‐induced risks in Japan and beyond.
Statistical Analysis of Concurrent Electron Cyclotron Harmonic and Whistler Waves Driven by ULF Waves
Authors: Waheed Abdul , Bashir M. Fraz , Artemyev Anton V. , Zhang Xiao‐Jia
Published: April 2023

Plasma sheet electron precipitation to the diffuse aurora is one of the primary mechanisms of magnetospheric energy transport to the Earth’s atmosphere. Such precipitation is provided by electron resonant interactions with electron cyclotron harmonics (ECH) and whistler‐mode waves in the near‐Earth plasma sheet. ECH and whistler‐mode wave generation is traditionally attributed to two main sources of free energy: the loss‐cone anisotropy and the temperature anisotropy due to transverse electron heating during earthward convection or plasma sheet injections. This paper considers a third free energy source for ECH and whistler‐mode wave generation—the electron distribution modulation by compressional ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) waves. We conduct statistics of ECH and whistler‐mode wave bursts associated with ULF waves and show that: (a) such bursts are mostly observed on the dawn flank, (b) 83% of events show a correlation between ECH and whistler‐mode bursts, and the rest 17% show anti‐correlation, (c) ECH and whistler‐mode wave intensities are comparable with those observed around the night‐side injection region. We investigate the main characteristics of ECH and whistler‐mode waves modulated by ULF waves and provide an empirical model for these characteristics. This model can be directly incorporated into simulation frameworks, so as to include these ULF‐modulated wave bursts in simulations of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling and radiation belt dynamics.
Direct high-resolution X-ray imaging exploiting pseudorandomness
Authors: Lee KyeoReh , Lim Jun , Lee Su Yong , Park YongKeun
Published: April 2023

Owing to its unique penetrating power and high-resolution capability, X-ray imaging has been an irreplaceable tool since its discovery. Despite the significance, the resolution of X-ray imaging has largely been limited by the technical difficulties on X-ray lens making. Various lensless imaging methods have been proposed, but are yet relying on multiple measurements or additional constraints on measurements or samples. Here we present coherent speckle-correlation imaging (CSI) using a designed X-ray diffuser. CSI has no prerequisites for samples or measurements. Instead, from a single shot measurement, the complex sample field is retrieved based on the pseudorandomness of the speckle intensity pattern, ensured through a diffuser. We achieve a spatial resolution of 13.9 nm at 5.46 keV, beating the feature size of the diffuser used (300 nm). The high-resolution imaging capability is theoretically explained based on fundamental and practical limits. We expect the CSI to be a versatile tool for navigating the unexplored world of nanometer.
Snapshot multispectral imaging using a diffractive optical network
Authors: Mengu Deniz , Tabassum Anika , Jarrahi Mona , Ozcan Aydogan
Published: April 2023

Multispectral imaging has been used for numerous applications in e.g., environmental monitoring, aerospace, defense, and biomedicine. Here, we present a diffractive optical network-based multispectral imaging system trained using deep learning to create a virtual spectral filter array at the output image field-of-view. This diffractive multispectral imager performs spatially-coherent imaging over a large spectrum, and at the same time, routes a pre-determined set of spectral channels onto an array of pixels at the output plane, converting a monochrome focal-plane array or image sensor into a multispectral imaging device without any spectral filters or image recovery algorithms. Furthermore, the spectral responsivity of this diffractive multispectral imager is not sensitive to input polarization states. Through numerical simulations, we present different diffractive network designs that achieve snapshot multispectral imaging with 4, 9 and 16 unique spectral bands within the visible spectrum, based on passive spatially-structured diffractive surfaces, with a compact design that axially spans ~72λm, whereλmis the mean wavelength of the spectral band of interest. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate a diffractive multispectral imager based on a 3D-printed diffractive network that creates at its output image plane a spatially repeating virtual spectral filter array with 2 × 2 = 4 unique bands at terahertz spectrum. Due to their compact form factor and computation-free, power-efficient and polarization-insensitive forward operation, diffractive multispectral imagers can be transformative for various imaging and sensing applications and be used at different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum where high-density and wide-area multispectral pixel arrays are not widely available.
A scalable, virtual weight management program tailored for adults with type 2 diabetes: effects on glycemic control
Authors: Apolzan John W. , LaRose Jessica Gokee , Anton Stephen D. , Beyl Robbie A. , Greenway Frank L. , Wickham Edmond P. , Lanoye Autumn , Harris Melissa N. , Martin Corby K. , Bullard Tiffany , Foster Gary D. , Cardel Michelle I.
Published: April 2023

Background

The objective was to test the efficacy of a scalable, virtually delivered, diabetes-tailored weight management program on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods

This was a single arm, three-site clinical trial. Participants had baseline HbA1c between 7–11% and BMI between 27–50 kg/m2. Primary outcome was change in HbA1c at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes were changes in body weight, waist circumference, the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), quality of life (IWQOL-L), and hunger (VAS). Generalized linear effects models were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Participants (n = 136) were 56.8 ± 0.8 y (Mean ± SEM), 36.9 ± 0.5 kg/m2, 80.2% female, 62.2% non-Hispanic white. Baseline HbA1c, weight, and total DDS score were 8.0 ± 0.09%, 101.10 ± 1.47 kg, and 2.35 ± 0.08, respectively. At week 24, HbA1c, body weight, and total DDS decreased by 0.75 ± 0.11%, 5.74 ± 0.50%, 0.33 ± 0.10 units, respectively (all p < 0.001). Also, at week 24, quality of life increased by 9.0 ± 1.2 units and hunger decreased by 14.3 ± 2.4 units, (both p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The scalable, virtually delivered T2D-tailored weight management program had favorable and clinically meaningful effects on glycemic control, body weight, and psychosocial outcomes.
Retinopathy of prematurity protection conferred by uteroplacental insufficiency through erythropoietin signaling in an experimental Murine Model
Authors: Fung Camille , Cung Thaonhi , Nelson Caroline , Wang Haibo , Bretz Colin , Ramshekar Aniket , Brown Ashley , Stoddard Gregory J. , Hartnett M. Elizabeth
Published: April 2023

Background

Recent clinical studies suggest that preeclampsia, characterized by uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI) and infant intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), may be protective against retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants. Experimental models of UPI/IUGR have found an association of erythropoietin (EPO) with less severe oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR); however, it is unclear if EPO/EPO receptor (EPOR) signaling was involved. We hypothesized that maternal UPI and resultant infant IUGR would protect against features of ROP through EPO/EPOR signaling.

Methods

We compared transgenic mice with hypoactive EPOR signaling (hWtEPOR) to littermate wild-type mice (mWtEpoR) in a novel combined model of IUGR and ROP. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) was infused into pregnant C57Bl/6J dams to produce UPI/IUGR; postnatal pups and their foster dams were subjected to a murine OIR model.

Results

Following hyperoxia, hematocrits were similar between littermate wild-type (mWtEpoR) TXA2/OIR and vehicle/OIR pups. mWtEpoR TXA2/OIR had increased serum EPO, retinal EPO and VEGF, and decreased avascular retinal area (AVA) compared to vehicle/OIR pups. In comparison to the mWtEpoR TXA2/OIR pups, AVA was not reduced in hWtEPOR TXA2/OIR pups.

Conclusion

Our findings provide biologic evidence that UPI/OIR-induced endogenous EPOR signaling confers protection against hyperoxia-induced vascular damage that may be related to pathophysiology in ROP.

Impact

Maternal preeclampsia and infant growth restriction confer retinovascular protection against high oxygen-induced damage through endogenous erythropoietin signaling.
DNA double-strand break end synapsis by DNA loop extrusion
Authors: Yang Jin H. , Brandão Hugo B. , Hansen Anders S.
Published: April 2023

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) occur every cell cycle and must be efficiently repaired. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the dominant pathway for DSB repair in G1-phase. The first step of NHEJ is to bring the two DSB ends back into proximity (synapsis). Although synapsis is generally assumed to occur through passive diffusion, we show that passive diffusion is unlikely to produce the synapsis speed observed in cells. Instead, we hypothesize that DNA loop extrusion facilitates synapsis. By combining experimentally constrained simulations and theory, we show that a simple loop extrusion model constrained by previous live-cell imaging data only modestly accelerates synapsis. Instead, an expanded loop extrusion model with targeted loading of loop extruding factors (LEFs), a small portion of long-lived LEFs, and LEF stabilization by boundary elements and DSB ends achieves fast synapsis with near 100% efficiency. We propose that loop extrusion contributes to DSB repair by mediating fast synapsis.
Tryptase β regulation of joint lubrication and inflammation via proteoglycan-4 in osteoarthritis
Authors: Das Nabangshu , de Almeida Luiz G. N. , Derakhshani Afshin , Young Daniel , Mehdinejadiani Kobra , Salo Paul , Rezansoff Alexander , Jay Gregory D. , Sommerhoff Christian P. , Schmidt Tannin A. , Krawetz Roman , Dufour Antoine
Published: April 2023

PRG4 is an extracellular matrix protein that maintains homeostasis through its boundary lubricating and anti-inflammatory properties. Altered expression and function of PRG4 have been associated with joint inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis. Here we show that mast cell tryptase β cleaves PRG4 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was confirmed by silver stain gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Tryptase-treated PRG4 results in a reduction of lubrication. Compared to full-length, cleaved PRG4 further activates NF-κB expression in cells overexpressing TLR2, −4, and −5. In the destabilization of the medial meniscus model of osteoarthritis in rat, tryptase β and PRG4 colocalize at the site of injury in knee cartilage and is associated with disease severity. When human primary synovial fibroblasts from male osteoarthritis patients or male healthy subjects treated with tryptase β and/or PRG4 are subjected to a quantitative shotgun proteomics and proteome changes are characterized, it further supports the role of NF-κB activation. Here we show that tryptase β as a modulator of joint lubrication in osteoarthritis via the cleavage of PRG4.