bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold Pressed Oil from Japanese Quince Seeds (Chaenomeles japonica). Characterization using DSC, Spectroscopic and Monolayer Data
Authors: Kamińska Wiktoria , Neunert Grażyna , Siejak Przemysław , Polewski Krzysztof , Tomaszewska-Gras Jolanta
Published: December 2024

The cold-pressed oil from Japanese quince seeds (JQSO) possesses a favorable fatty acid composi-tion profile, a low oxidation rate, and contains antioxidants, sterols, and carotenoids, as reported in numerous publications addressing these chemical properties. This work is intended to add more information on physical characterization on molecular level on JQSO and the minor components present in the oil, using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), monolayer studies, and spec-troscopic methods—including UV-Vis absorption, total fluorescence, and FTIR. DSC was used to investigate the transitions during cooling and heating and to obtain thermodynamic parameters related to the melting and crystallization profiles of triglycerides (TGA) present in JQSO. Deconvo-lution of the melting profile indicated the presence of five main TGA structures. Langmuir mono-layer studies on JQSO revealed its high compressibility, indicating its good emulsification proper-ties. Meanwhile, viscoelastic modulus values suggest stronger intermolecular interactions, imply-ing that the oil monolayer is more resilient and can maintain its structural integrity under stress—a property typically associated with oils rich in saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids. Pres-ence of strong peaks in UV range of absorption spectrum indicates presence of phenolic acids, to-copherols, phenolic and carotenoid molecules. Multicomponent presence of bioactive molecules was investigated using Total Fluorescence Spectra which provide a comprehensive overview of all fluorescent molecules, with the most intense regions observed at 290 nm/330 nm and 360 nm/440 nm. The Total Synchronous Fluorescence spectra revealed two strong intensity areas with Δλ/excitation-emission pairs at 10–50 nm/300 nm and 40–140 nm/360 nm, indicating the presence of tocopherols, phenols, polyphenols, flavones, carotenoids, and their derivatives. No spectroscop-ic evidence on the chlorophyll presence in JQSO was found. ATR-FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of groups characteristic for fatty acids and triacylglycerols, with special emphasizes on high degree of esterification of JQSO and indicating dominant presence of unsaturated fatty acids in this oil. The methods used provided the opportunity to perform a label-free, fast, and reliable determination of the properties of JQSO. Moreover, the presented data confirmed and visualized that crude, cold-pressed JQSO contains all the valuable ingredients reported elsewhere.
Autonomous Defense Based on Biogenic Nanoparticle Formation in Daunomycin-Producing Streptomyces
Authors: Beneš Karel , Čurn Vladislav , Pudhuvai Baveesh , Motis Jaroslav , Michalcova Zuzana , Bohata Andrea , Lencova Jana , Barta Jan , Rost Michael , Vilcinskas Andreas , Matha Vladimir
Published: December 2024

Daunomycin is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of leukemia, but its toxicity toward healthy dividing cells limits its clinical use and its production by fermentation. Here we describe the development of a specialized cultivation medium for daunomycin production, including a shift to oil rather than sugar as the primary carbon source. This achieved an almost threefold increase in daunomycin yields, reaching 5.5–6.0 g/L. Daunomycin produced in the oil-based medium was predominantly found in the solid sediment, whereas that produced in the sugar-based medium was mostly soluble. The oil-based medium thus induces an autonomous daunomycin-resistance mechanism involving biogenic nanoparticle formation. Characterization of the nanoparticles confirmed the incorporation of iron and daunomycin, indicating this approach has the potential to mitigate cytotoxicity while improving yields. The presence of proteins associated with iron homeostasis and oxidative stress responses revealed the ability of the production strain to adapt to high iron concentrations. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms of biogenic nanoparticle formation and the optimization of cultivation processes. Further investigation will help to refine microbial production systems for daunomycin and also broaden the application of similar strategies for the synthesis of other therapeutically important compounds.
Antiviral Activity and Underlying Mechanism of Moslae Herba Aqueous Extract for Treating SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Feng Yan , Ge Qiong , Gao Jian , Wu Zhuoying , Zhang Yunyi , Mao Haiyan , Wu Beibei , Xu Changping
Published: December 2024

Despite the widespread use of Covid-19 vaccines, there is still a global need to find effective therapeutics to deal with the variants of SARS-CoV-2. Moslae Herba (MH) is a herbal medicine crediting with antiviral effect. The study aims to investigate the antiviral effects and the underlying mechanism of aqueous extract from MH (AEMH) for treating SARS-CoV-2. The in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of AEMH was evaluated using cell viability and viral load. Component analysis was performed by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS. The connection between Covid-19 and AEMH was constructed by integrating network pharmacology and transcriptome profile to seek the core targets. The components with antiviral activities were analyze by molecular docking and in vitro pharmacological verification. AEMH exerted anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects through inhibiting viral replication and reducing cell death caused by infection (IC50 is 170 μg/mL for omicron strain). A total of 26 components were identified from AEMH. Through matching 119 intersection targets of ‘disease and drug’ with 1082 differentially expressed genes Covid-19 patients, nine genes were screened. Of the nine, PNP and TPI1 genes were identified as core targets as AEMH treatment significantly regulated the mRNA expression level of the two genes on infected cells. Three components, caffeic acid, luteolin, and rosmarinic acid displayed antiviral activities in verification. Molecular docking also demonstrated they could form stable bonds with the core targets. This study explored the antiviral activity and possible mechanism of AEMH for treating SARS-CoV-2, which could provide basic data and reference for clinical application of MH.
Antimicrobial Zn2+-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Cryogel for Controlled Loading and Release of Ciprofloxacin via Coordination Bonds
Authors: Bratskaya Svetlana , Boroda Andrey Victorovich , Bogomaz Tamara , Privar Yuliya , Maiorova Mariya , Malyshev Daniil , Shindina Anastasiia , Skatova Anna , Goncharuk Roman
Published: December 2024

Loading of antibiotics to the biodegradable polymers is a straightforward approach to design drug-delivery systems for prevention and treatment of infections, associated with surgical implants. Recently, composites containing Zn2+ ions and antibiotics in polymeric matrices have gained attention as multifunctional materials, which are capable to modulate antimicrobial activity and bioavailability of antibiotics and promote the vascular remodeling, and collagen deposition. Here we suggest a novel approach to fabrication of antimicrobial CMC-Zn-CIP cryogel via stepwise Zn2+ and ciprofloxacin (CIP) loading to supermacroporous carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) scaffolds cross-linked with diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol with inherent antifouling properties against biofilm formation. To find a balance between antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of CMC-Zn-CIP cryogels, cytotoxicity to the fibroblasts and antibacterial properties against clinically isolated strain of Klebsiella oxytoca were investigated in vitro for Zn2+, CIP, and cryogels with different loadings of Zn and CIP. Kinetics of CIP release from the composite cryogels was fitted with Korsmeyer–Peppas model, the release exponent value of 0.69-0.70 indicates non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Relatively fast initial release of CIP with the half-life time of 60-123 min and release of 78±1% of CIP after 72 h in PBS buffer at 37°C are potentially beneficial to prevent development of implant-associated infections.
Insights on Hydrogen Bond Network of Water in Phospholipid Membranes: an Infrared Study at Varying Hydration
Authors: Conti Nibali Valeria , Branca Caterina , Wanderlingh Ulderico , Verduci Rosaria , Bonaccorso Elisa , Ciccolo Andrea , D’Angelo Giovanna
Published: December 2024

Water at membrane interfaces is vital for the cellular biological functions, but despite its importance, the structure and function of biological water remain elusive. Here, by studying the OH stretching mode in partially hydrated lipid multilayers by FTIR measurements, relevant information on the water structure at the surface with lipid membranes has been gathered. The water hydrogen-bond network is highly perturbed in the first layers that are in contact with the lipid membrane, exhibiting strong deviations from tetrahedral symmetry and a significant number of defects, such as isolated water molecules and a large number of hydrogen-bonded water dimers in the interfacial region. These findings supports the hypothesis that in phospholipid membranes water chains are formed that are involved in the proton transfer across lipid bilayers by phosphate groups of opposing lipids. Furthermore, we have determined that even at very low hydration levels, a small amount of water is embedded within the confined spaces of the hydrocarbon region of phospholipid bilayers, which could potentially contribute to the structural stability of the lipid membrane.
Neuroleishmaniasis: A Comprehensive Review of the Neurologic Manifestations of Leishmania spp. Infection
Authors: Pitton Rissardo Jamir , Byroju Vishnu Vardhan , Fornari Caprara Ana Leticia
Published: December 2024

The clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus, ranges from cutaneous lesions to severe visceral disease. The present study is a comprehensive overview of the neurologic manifestations of Leishmania spp. infection, highlighting the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Also, epidemiological factors, including geographical distribution, vector species, and host susceptibility, influence the prevalence and distribution of neuroleishmaniasis. Clinical presentation of neuroleishmaniasis varies widely and may include meningoencephalitis, encephalopathy, myelitis, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, and cognitive impairment. The diversity of neurological manifestations reflects the complex interactions between the parasite, host immune response and neural tissues. Diagnostic challenges arise due to the nonspecific nature of symptoms, limited sensitivity of available tests, and difficulties in accessing CNS tissues for definitive diagnosis. Treatment of neuroleishmaniasis requires a multidisciplinary approach, with antiparasitic drugs such as liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine serving as the mainstays of therapy. Adjunctive therapies, including corticosteroids and anticonvulsants, may manage neurological complications and alleviate symptoms. However, challenges such as drug resistance, limited CNS penetration, and systemic toxicity pose significant obstacles to treatment success. Prevention of neuroleishmaniasis involves vector control measures, reservoir management, health education, and community engagement. Integrated control strategies to reduce human-vector contact and interrupt disease transmission are essential for mitigating the burden of neuroleishmaniasis and improving patient outcomes.
Advancing Knowledge of Wetland Vegetation for Plant Diversity Conservation: The Case of Small Lakes, Ponds and Pools in Maremma (Central Italy)
Authors: Lastrucci Lorenzo , Selvi Federico , Bajona Enrico , Sforzi Andrea , Viciani Daniele
Published: December 2024

Wetlands are among the most valuable ecosystems on the planet for biodiversity conservation, but also among the most threatened habitats in the world, strongly affected by human pressures and threats. The Mediterranean basin features numerous small lakes, ponds and pools, whose number and quality are decreasing at an alarming rate, and whose biodiversity is often little or not at all known. As a better knowledge of the biotic components of these minor water bodies is necessary, we carried out a phytosociological survey campaign in southern Tuscany (central Italy), an area with little information on the vegetation of aquatic and palustrine biotopes. Numerous previously unknown water bodies were localized and surveyed in this work, while the others already known were resurveyed. These investigations allowed us to identify 26 plant communities which can be classified into seven phytosociological classes. A new subassociation (Ranunculo ophioglossifolii-Callitrichetum stagnalis subass. ranunculetosum peltati) is newly described. The identification of the site-associated Natura2000 habitats led to the recognition of five habitats of conservation interest at national and European level. The results of these investigations allow to advance our knowledge of the flora and vegetation of these small but valuable natural sites, providing a basis for their preservation.
Teenagers and Young Adults with Cochlear Implants: a Multidisciplinary Follow-up Study Approach and Baseline Characteristics
Authors: Löfkvist Ulrika , Dahlby-Skoog Malin , Persson Anna , Asp Filip , Verrecchia Luca , Gripenberg Susanne , Karpeta Niki , Eklöf Martin , Karltorp Eva
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Early pediatric cochlear implantation positively impacts early language outcomes. The Teenager and Young Adults Cochlear Implant (TAYACI) study investigates long-term outcomes of early implantation and factors influencing variability among cochlear implant (CI) users. This article outlines participants’ background, early language outcomes, and multidisciplinary study protocol. Methods and Materials: Individuals aged 12-22 received CIs before 30 months of age, followed-up at the same hearing implant center, and adhered to a standard school curriculum were invited to participate. Out of 109 eligible CI users, 50 participated; 46 agreed to undergo clinical assessments, while four completed questionnaires only. Results: The mean age at 1st CI was 15.63 months (SD=6.0). All but one communicated with spoken language(s). Participants attended mainstream schools and had highly educated parents. Over half (56%) had received Auditory Verbal Therapy in early childhood. Earlier implantation correlated with better language understanding one year post-CI. Conclusions: Earlier implantation was associated with better early language outcomes, with parental education level and early family-centered intervention likely contributing. Future Sub-Studies will investigate multidisciplinary long-term effects of pediatric cochlear implantation in adolescents.
A Survey of Wild Indigenous Cryptostylis ovata Orchid Populations in Western Australia Reveals Spillover of Exotic Viruses
Authors: Wylie Steve John , Li Hua , Koh Shu Hui
Published: December 2024

Cryptostylis ovata is a terrestrial orchid endemic to southwestern Australia. The virus status of C. ovata has not been studied. Eighty-three C. ovata samples from 16 populations were collected, and sequencing was used to identify RNA viruses in them. In one population, all tested plants were co-infected with isolates of the exotic-to-Australia viruses Ornithogalum mosaic virus (OrMV) and bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). In another population, one plant was infected with BYMV. No viruses were detected in the remaining populations. The OrMV isolate shared 98–99% nucleotide identities with isolates identified from wild indigenous Lachenalia (Iridaceae) plants in South Africa. This suggests that the source of OrMV in C. ovata may be one or more of bulbous iridaceous flowering plants of southern African origin that were introduced to Western Australia as ornamentals and that have since become invasive weeds. One BYMV isolate from C. ovata also exhibited 99% nucleotide identity with strains isolated from exotic leguminous crops such as Lupinus angustifolius in Western Australia, suggesting spillover to indigenous species from these sources. This study with C. ovata highlights the probable role of invasive weeds and exotic crops as sources of exotic virus spillovers to indigenous plants.
Exploring Torsional Deformation Mechanics in Thin-Plate Open-Section Segments with Nonuniform Weight Distribution During Lifting
Authors: Jin Bowen , Zeng Ji , Gao Pan , Zhang He , Ge Shenwei
Published: December 2024

Stress and strain analysis in lifted segments has been a prominent subject, especially with the increasing use of thin plates and higher pre-outfitting rates, which has brought to light the previously overlooked issue of torsional deformation. This research focused on investigating the mechanics of torsional deformation in thin-plate open-section segments with nonuniform weight distributions during lifting. By simulating the effect of the pre-outfitting weight using offset weights, establishing reasonable lifting point constraints, and creating a typical segment lifting analysis model, the results obtained through nonlinear and linear finite element analyses were compared. Extensive data was employed to establish the relationship between the torsional deformation and offset weights, using the principle of energy and the linear regression method. This analysis uncovered substantial disparities between the linear and nonlinear methods, with the linear approach failing to provide accurate stress and strain for torsion. Furthermore, the stress distribution obtained from nonlinear finite element analysis adhered to contemporary torsional theory. This paper underscores the nonlinear nature of torsional deformation, elucidates the influence of the weight distribution, and establishes a functional relation between the torsional deformation and offset weights, offering a robust tool for optimizing outfitting design and construction schemes.
Duplication of a Type-P5B ATPase in Laverania and Avian Malaria Parasites and Implications About the Evolution of Plasmodium
Authors: Wiser Mark F.
Published: December 2024

Two related P-type ATPases designated as ATPase1 and ATPase3 have been identified in Plasmodium falciparum. These two ATPases exhibit very similar gene and protein structures and are most similar to P5B-ATPases. There are some differences in the predicted substrate-binding sites of ATPase1 and ATPase3 which suggest different functions for these two ATPases. Orthologues of ATPase3 were identified in all Plasmodium species including the related Hepatocystis and Haemoproteus. ATPase3 orthologues could also be identified in all apicomplexan species, but no clear orthologues were identified outside of the Apicomplexa. In contrast, ATPase1 orthologues were only found in the Laverania, avian Plasmodium species, and Haemoproteus. ATPase1 likely arose from a duplication of the ATPase3 gene early in the evolution of malaria parasites. These results support a model in which early malaria parasites split into two clades. One clade consists of mammalian malaria parasites and Hepatocystis but excludes P. falciparum and related Laverania. The other clade includes Haemoproteus, avian Plasmodium species, and Laverania. This contrasts to recent models which suggest all mammalian malaria parasites form a phylogenetic group and all avian malaria parasites form a separate phylogenetic group. ATPase1 may be a useful taxonomic/phylogenetic character for the phylogeny of Haemosporidia.
A Narrative Review of the Neurological Manifestations Associated with Echinococcosis
Authors: Pitton Rissardo Jamir , Byroju Vishnu Vardhan , Fornari Caprara Ana Leticia
Published: December 2024

Echinococcosis, caused by the larval stages of the tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus, remains a significant public health concern globally, particularly in regions where livestock farming and poor hygiene practices prevail. While hepatic and pulmonary involvement are most commonly reported, echinococcosis can also affect the central nervous system (CNS), leading to various neurological manifestations. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the neurological manifestations associated with echinococcosis, including pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and management strategies. Furthermore, the review discusses the mechanisms of CNS invasion by Echinococcus species, highlighting the parasite’s ability to infiltrate neural tissue and form cystic lesions within the brain and spinal cord. Clinical presentation varies widely and may include focal neurological deficits, seizures, raised intracranial pressure, and spinal cord compression, among others. Diagnostic evaluation relies on a combination of imaging studies, serological tests, and, in some cases, histopathological examination of cystic fluid or tissue specimens. We explore the diverse spectrum of CNS involvement, from intracranial to spinal cord lesions, and discuss the challenges in diagnosis and treatment. By synthesizing current literature and clinical evidence, this review emphasizes the importance of early recognition and multidisciplinary management approaches in improving outcomes for patients with neuro-echinococcosis.
Exploring The Neurological Manifestations of Leprosy: Clinical Insights and Implications
Authors: Pitton Rissardo Jamir , Byroju Vishnu Vardhan , Fornari Caprara Ana Leticia
Published: December 2024

Leprosy is one of the neglected tropical diseases, and its elimination is a public health problem globally. This manuscript comprehensively explores the neurological manifestations of leprosy, offering clinical insights and implications for diagnosis, management, and understanding of the disease. Beginning with a review of historical context, etiology, and epidemiology, we delve into the pathophysiology of leprosy neuropathy, highlighting mechanisms of nerve damage and immune response. Peripheral nerve involvement, including sensory and motor deficits, nerve enlargement, and deformities, is discussed in detail, along with challenges in diagnosis and management. Psychological and social implications of neurological deficits in leprosy are addressed, emphasizing the importance of holistic care and support. Emerging neuroimaging and molecular diagnostics trends offer promising avenues for improved diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. Novel therapeutic strategies are identified to enhance treatment efficacy and prevent disability in leprosy neuropathy by targeting immunomodulatory pathways, antibacterial agents, and personalized medicine approaches.
Fostering Cultural Harmony: Economic Empowerment of Ethnic Chinese within the Minangkabau Philosophical Framework in Padang City
Authors: Cahya Bayu Tri , Sukardi Agung Slamet , Andriasari Widi Savitri , Atieq Muhammad Qoes , Ali Nor Aishah Mohd
Published: December 2024

This study explores the intersection of cultural beliefs and spatial dynamics shaping the economic activities of the ethnic Chinese community in Padang City, focusing on their empowerment through Minangkabau traditional philosophy. The research highlights how cultural values deeply influence identity, social interactions, and economic opportunities within a pluralistic society. A qualitative ethnographic approach was used to gather insights from key community members, including Minangkabau and non-Minangkabau residents, as well as the Tungku Tigo Sajarangan, which consists of ninik mamak (tribal leaders), alim ulama (religious scholars), and cadiak pandai (intellectuals). Interviews centered on cultural and economic integration, exploring how traditional Minangkabau norms intersect with ethnic Chinese values. The research reveals that the Minangkabau traditional philosophy fosters an environment of coexistence, allowing the ethnic Chinese community to practice their cultural traditions without violating the overarching norms of "Adat Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah”. This cultural harmony supports economic engagement while respecting Confucian principles, which coexist with Minangkabau values. This study broadens the discourse on multiculturalism and economic interactions by highlighting how Minangkabau and Confucian values coexist within a shared economic and cultural space. The research provides new insights into the role of traditional philosophy in fostering economic inclusivity.
Venous Air Embolism During Lumbar Spine Surgery Leading to Cardiac Arrest Requiring Prone Chest Compressions
Authors: Nassar Joseph E. , Daher Mohammad , Singh Manjot , Knebel Ashley , Criddle Sarah L. , Diebo Bassel G. , Daniels Alan H.
Published: December 2024

Case report:

A 76-year-old female patient underwent revision T12-L4 decompression and fusion surgery. During the procedure, a large dural defect occurred associated with an abrupt drop in end-tidal CO2, severe hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiac arrest. Prone chest compressions were initiated, and the patient survived without postoperative comorbidities. The sudden hemodynamic instability was attributed to a venous air embolism (VAE) confirmed by findings on intraoperative capnography.

Conclusion:

Managing cardiac arrest caused by VAE in lumbar spine surgery is challenging. This case showcases that prone chest compressions may lead to better survival chances compared with waiting to initiate supine chest compressions.
Resolución directoral No. 079-DGIDI-CIENTIFICA-2024 Tesis patente o software 2025-1
Authors:   Universidad Científica del Sur
Published: December 2024

Resolución directoral No. 079 -DGIDI-CIENTIFICA-2024 - Beca Cabieses para tesis en la modalidad patentes o software para pregrado y posgrado 2025 - 1
Resolución directoral No. 076-DGIDI-CIENTIFICA-2024
Authors:   Universidad Científica del Sur
Published: December 2024

Resolución Directoral No. 076-DGIDI-CIENTIFICA-2024 Beca Cabieses - Fondos para proyectos de tesis de pregrado y posgrado 2025-1
Mural inpainting via two-stage generative adversarial network
Authors: Lyu Qiongshuai , Zhao Na , Song Junke , Yang Yu , Gong Yuehong
Published: December 2024

The digital restoration of Dunhuang murals is of extremely high value for the research and dissemination of mural culture and art. However, a large number of murals have been damaged to varying degrees due to factors such as climate change, sand erosion, and human destruction. Most of the existing digital mural restoration methods have problems such as insufficient feature extraction and loss of detail reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a two-stage coarse-to-fine digital mural restoration framework. The first stage is used to achieve coarse-grained semantic reconstruction, and the second stage is used to achieve fine-grained feature reconstruction. To improve the reconstruction performance of the model, we also designed a new building block that integrates the Swin transformer module (SwinT) and the multi-scale dilated convolution attention module. Meanwhile, the proposed loss function is to further empower the proposed model to repair damaged mural paintings. Extensive comparative experiments show that the proposed model can effectively restore the missing content of the mural and exceed the comparative methods in both quantitative and qualitative evaluation.
End-Anchored Externally Bonded BFRP Composites for Shear Strengthening of RC T-Beams
Authors: Kar S. , Biswal K. C.
Published: December 2024

This experimental study explores the behavior of shear-deficient reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams that are strengthened with externally bonded basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (EB-BFRP) composites. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the influence of various types of end-anchorage schemes on the efficacy of BFRP U-jackets. Six different anchorage schemes have been considered, varying in terms of their location and constitutive materials. Additionally, other investigative parameters include the types of strengthening schemes and the orientation of the BFRP composites. Ten RC T-beams were prepared and tested under a four-point loading system. The experimental outcomes showed that the load-carrying capacity of T-beams with EB-BFRP increased by 18–88%, and the end-anchorage schemes enhanced the performance of BFRP U-jackets by 12–44%. The rope-anchorage system located at the web-flange junction was the most effective, followed by the mechanical anchorage system, with the anchorage system comprising horizontal BFRP strips being the least effective. Finally, the test results were compared with the estimations made by ten widely considered design guidelines, revealing that the latter provided more conservative results.
Counterfactual GAN for Debiased Text-to-image Synthesis
Authors: KONG Xianghua , Xu Ning , Sun Zefang , Shen Zhewen , Zheng Bolun , Yan Chenggang , Cao Jinbo , Kang Rongbao , Liu An-An
Published: December 2024

Text-to-image generation (T2I) is a complex task to produce images that accurately reflect the content and meaning of the provided textual descriptions. Essentially, not every word in the sentence has a corresponding visual appearance. For example, the non-visual words “are” and “a” do not have corresponding visual regions, whereas the visual words “men" and “basketball" are crucial to generating visual regions. Existing methods treat all words equally to produce images, without distinguishing between visual and non-visual words. Gradients from non-visual words can introduce harmful bias that diminishes the total effect of textual guidance in generating image content. This paper presents a new debiased text-to-image synthesis method with a counterfactual learning scheme. First, we build a causal graph for text-to-image synthesis, which stands in the cause-effect interpretation of visual and non-visual words. Second, we treat the non-visual words as confounders that introduce misleading associations during the image generation process. To mitigate the influence of non-visual words, we conceptualize the process as calculating the Natural Direct Effect on the generated visual features and use the Total Indirect Effect to produce the final image for debiased text-to-image generation. By using our method on several existing models, significant improvements can be achieved in two prevailing datasets.
CCS Concepts: • Computing methodologies → Artificial intelligence; Machine learning.
The Perspectives of Healthcare Providers, Traditional Healers, and Other Key Informants on the Late Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Northern Tanzania: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Msoka Elizabeth F. , Abraham Mackenzie , Mulder Bob C. , Beavers Autumn , Gebremariam Alem , Bright Frank B. , Serventi Furaha , Cyril Perry M. , Kitali Brenda C. , Saria Vivian F. , Masenga Gileard G. , Kantelhardit Eva J. , Joffe Maureen , Gutnik Lily , Mmbaga Blandina T.
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women in Tanzania and has one of the highest mortality rates worldwide due to late-stage diagnosis and suboptimal treatment. However, the role of traditional healers in late-stage diagnosis has not been widely studied. We aimed to identify the barriers to early BC diagnosis in Tanzania and possible solutions by interviewing healthcare providers (HCPs), traditional healers (THs), and other key informants (KIs).
Methods: Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 HCPs (including 10 doctors and 10 nurses), 10 THs, and 9 KIs in community settings in the Kilimanjaro region. A focus group discussion with 8 THs was also conducted. Demographic data were collected from the participants, and the interview data were transcribed, translated, coded and analyzed using NVIVO 12 software to identify themes.
Results: The findings were synthesized into five themes to explain late diagnosis: 1) HCPs and THs have limited knowledge and misconceptions about the causes, signs, and symptoms of breast cancer; 2) patients experience stigma 3) treatment is expensive and difficult to access; 4) patients perceive barriers based on myths, misperceptions and spiritual beliefs; and 5) HCPs and THs often blame each other for ineffective treatment and delays in effective treatment. The participants also provided suggestions to reduce delays in diagnosis and treatment, including enhancing knowledge and awareness among THs and HCPs to help them recognize the signs and symptoms of BC through education campaigns, addressing the cost of access to care and treatment, addressing stigma associated with BC, and developing collaborative efforts between HCPs and THs.
Conclusion: In this study, we successfully identified several themes related to barriers to early BC diagnosis that help to explain the late diagnosis of BC from the perspective of various participants. Raising community awareness and improving understanding of breast cancer is crucial in reducing misconceptions and stigma. Collaboration between healthcare providers and traditional healers could be beneficial in the development of strategies to recognize the early signs and symptoms of BC.
From marine cold spells to heatwaves: Climatic impacts on a polar shallow-water ecosystem
Authors: Fischer Philipp , Brix Holger , Bussmann Ingeborg , Ködel Uta , Schwanitz Max , Schütze Claudia , Anselm Norbert , Brand Markus , Jenniges Yvonne , Kasten Sabine , Kraberg Alexandra , Lienkämper Miriam , Spotowitz Lisa , Weber Ute , Wiltshire Karen , Dietrich Peter
Published: December 2024

Global warming affects the Earth system in complex ways, often preventing a functional understanding of the underlying processes. Disentangling these processes between abiotic drivers and single species or entire communities is, however, essential for an in-depth understanding of climate change impacts on the ecosystem. Using a high-resolution time series on heatwaves and cold spells in an Arctic fjord system, we show that for analysing the effects of environmental stressors on biota, AI supported digital data processing based on state-of-the-art observatory technology can provide insights in habitat-community interactions which are not possible with classic expedition-based sampling methods. Furthermore, our study shows that short-term event-based anomalies in key ocean variables may have an even stronger impact on a communities structure than long-term climate change trends.
International Survey on Training of Residents in Dermatology in Supportive Oncodermatology: The Rescue Study
Authors: Ortiz-Brugués Ariadna , Fattore Davide , Boileau Marie , Forsea Ana-Maria , Apalla Zoe , Nikolaou Vasiliki , Stojkovic-Filipovic Jelena , Freites-Martinez Azael , Kaminska-Winciorek Grazyna , Elshot Yannick , Baltas Eszter , Torre Ana-Clara , Riganti Julia , Anadkat Milan , Bang Alexander , Fida Monika , Richert Bertrand , Kraehenbuehl Lukas , Avitan Emily , Preto-Gomes Nuno-Miguel , Hassel Jessica , Doolan Brent , Kluger Nicolas , Pagès Cécile , Guillon Benoit , Lacroix Noémie , Lacouture Mario , Sibaud Vincent
Published: December 2024

Purpose
Dermatologic management of cancer patients with cutaneous adverse events, acquired during and after oncologic treatments, is known as supportive oncodermatology. This subspecialty within dermatology includes the prevention, early identification, and mitigation of dermatologic toxicities affecting the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes resulting from chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, endocrine therapies and radiation therapy.
Methods
The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) Task Force “Dermatology for Cancer Patients,” in partnership with the US Oncodermatology Society conducted this international questionnaire-based study RESCUE (RESIDENTS SURVEY ON TRAINING OF DERMATOLOGY RESIDENTS IN SUPPORTIVE ONCODERMATOLOGY), aiming to evaluate the current state of knowledge and training in supportive oncodermatology.
Results
442 dermatology residents from 20 countries participated in the RESCUE study. Main results showed that dermatology residents declared to be less trained in supportive oncodermatology (only 41% received complete training) compared to immunodermatology (75%), cutaneous oncology (75%), dermoscopy (64%) and dermatologic surgery (50%). Only 17% of residents affirmed feeling comfortable dealing with dermatological toxicities of anticancer treatments. Residents stated being less educated in the management of dermatological toxicities of endocrine therapies (28%). They felt less qualified in nail, hair and oral toxicities. 98% of residents considered that improving training on dermatological toxicities of anticancer therapies is important during residency.
Conclusion
A specific dedicated residency program including a more practical approach, together with an extended training in endocrine therapies, as well as hair, nail and oral toxicities, would improve the skills of dermatology residents in the management of cutaneous adverse events of anticancer therapies.
Two-stage White Blood Cells Detection Combined with Semi-supervised Classification
Authors: SONG HUIHUI , WANG ZHENG
Published: December 2024

The classification and statistics of white blood cells (WBCs) are critical steps in the microscopic examination of blood smears. Traditional manual microscopy methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, while machine learning-based automated detection approaches require a substantial amount of labeled data for model training, leading to high costs. To address this issue, this paper proposes a two-stage semi-supervised deep learning method for WBC detection. In the first stage, a region proposal network (RPN) with ResNet50 as the backbone is employed for the localization and segmentation of white blood cell images. In the second stage, a semi-supervised learning framework is utilized to train the WBC classifier. The model is trained and tested using 1,510 labeled blood cell microscopy images with WBC localization boxes. The proposed semi-supervised model achieves a classification accuracy of 86%, which is 3.2% higher than that of the fully supervised model. Furthermore, this two-stage model is compared with two end-to-end models, FasterRCNN and RetinaNet. The results demonstrate that the proposed two-stage model achieves an accuracy of 83.7% and a recall of 85.1% in detection tasks, both exceeding those of the FasterRCNN and RetinaNet models. Compared to a one-stage WBC detection model, the two-stage detection method allows for more thorough training of the WBC classifier, thereby enhancing overall detection performance.
Evapotranspiration Dynamics in the Ribb Watershed Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia.
Authors: Kassie Gebrehiwot Getu , Atanaw Simir B. , Sinshaw Berhanu G. , Ayele Gebiaw T. , Kessie Kidia G. , Kidie Wassie Dessie
Published: December 2024

Assessment of the spatiotemporal distribution of evapotranspiration is crucial for efficient water resource management, especially in irrigation-dependent regions. This study evaluated actual evapotranspiration (AET) in the Ribb watershed, Ethiopia, via the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) with remote sensing and climate data. The analysis focuses on the temporal (daily, monthly, and seasonal) and spatial variability of AET under different land uses. The daily AET values ranged from 0 to 10.99 mm/day, with mean values between 1.97 and 5.15 mm/day. The highest AET (5.15 mm/day) occurred during the middle growth stage of irrigated crops in January, whereas the lowest values (1.94 mm/day) were observed during the initial and end growth stages in December and February. The forest areas and water bodies presented high daily and seasonal AET values, whereas the agricultural fields and bare lands, which were mostly dry during the study period, presented lower ET values. Validation against ground-based pan-ET measurements and the Penman-Monteith (PM) method revealed strong correlations (R² values of 0.86 and 0.81, respectively). A comparison with MOD16-ET products revealed lower correlations, particularly for agricultural and forestland use (R² values of 0.33 and 0.4, respectively). This study demonstrates that integrating the SEBAL model with remote sensing data provides a reliable method for estimating the spatiotemporal distribution of AET in various watersheds. This information is vital for optimizing water use, irrigation planning, and sustainable water resource management.
An Android malware detection based on reconstructed API with TextCNN
Authors: Yang Jiyun , Jiang Jingtian , Wang Jianhui , Fan Jiawen , Xiang Tao
Published: December 2024

Most of machine learning-based Android malware detection methods use the application programming interface (API) as features. However, the effectiveness of API-based methods are often compromised by API changes during the evolution of the Android system. At the same time, most of these methods only use system APIs, so they cannot detect malicious apps that realize malicious behavior through third-party APIs. To address this problem, we have proposed an API names reconstruction method and have developed a feature selection approach that leverages the weights of these reconstructed names. Following this, we constructed a TextCNN-based Android malware detection model. To validate the robustness of our method against API changes, we conducted a series of cross-validation experiments using samples from different years. Comparison test also has been conducted, demonstrating that our detection method archives superior performance.
Tsunami Height Estimation via Gaussian Process Regression Using Maximum Absolute Pressure Change and Time from Seafloor Sensors off the Kii Peninsula, Japan
Authors: Iwabuchi Yutaro , Baba Toshitaka , Hori Takane , Okada Masato , Igarashi Yasuhiko
Published: December 2024

The Dense Ocean-floor Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) was recently installed to monitor tsunamis in the Nankai Trough. In this study, an advanced tsunami prediction model using Gaussian process regression that is suitable for seafloor pressure observations is proposed. In traditional approaches, only the maximum absolute pressure change recorded by seafloor pressure sensors was used as an explanatory variable. The proposed method includes the time when the maximum absolute pressure change is recorded as an explanatory variable. Because tsunami data observed by ocean observatories are insufficient for constructing Gaussian regression relationships, numerical tsunami simulations are used for learning and validation. After a tsunami is detected by DONET, the tsunami height prediction accuracy along the coast is increased by considering the time of the maximum absolute pressure change at seafloor pressure sensors. The proposed model enables rapid and effective estimation of coastal tsunami heights.
Multi-dimensional study of Lactate Dehydrogenase A (LDHA) as a Prognostic Indicator and Therapeutic Target in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: He# Youya , Zhao Xuri , Gu Weiyan , Wang Peng , Sun Wang , Fan Wenxian , Jin Bei , Lin Haisheng
Published: December 2024

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive cancer type, showing a rising incidence worldwide. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), which is an essential enzyme involved in glycolysis, plays a significant role in the development of HNSCC, yet its clinical significance and therapeutic potential remain unclear.
Methods: We analyzed LDHA expression in HNSCC using multiple omics data, assessing diagnostic potential via ROC analysis and prognostic value through survival analysis. We explored LDHA-related biological pathways using GSEA and GO/KEGG analyses and investigated its impact on immune infiltration and associations with checkpoints.
Findings: There was a notable increase in LDHA expression in HNSCC, which was linked to a worse prognosis. Elevated levels of LDHA were associated with the infiltration of immune cells., particularly cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and was positively associated with PD-L1. In vitro, LDHA knockdown reduced HNSCC cell proliferation and invasion.
Conclusion: LDHA serves as a promising prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in HNSCC, highlighting its significance for immunotherapy. Additional studies are required to confirm these results and to investigate the function of LDHA in the biology of HNSCC.
Optimizing IoT Security: Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Algorithms Performance in Authentication and Authorization via Physical Layer Features
Authors: AHMED KAZI ISTIAQUE , TAHIR MOHAMMAD , LAU SIAN LUN , HABAEBI MOHAMED HADI , DABBAGH MOHAMMAD , SHEIKH MUHAMMAD AMAN , AHAD ABDUL
Published: December 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been widely investigated to enhance the security of IoT networks. This research study aims to compare the performance of different Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms for authentication and authorization (AA) in the Internet of Things (IoT). The analysis will specifically focus on utilizing physical layer (phy-layer) properties such as device temperature and device antenna orientation, as well as the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Link Quality Indicator (LQI). The study encompasses an evaluation of ten artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms. Several optimization algorithms were evaluated in this study, classical methods (BFGS Quasi-Newton, Levenberg-Marquardt, Fletcher-Powell Conjugate Gradient, One Step Secant), specialized algorithms (Scaled Conjugate Gradient, Bayesian Regularization), and more recent developments (Conjugate Gradient with Powell/Beale Restarts, Variable Learning Rate Backpropagation, Polak-Ribiére Conjugate Gradient). Each algorithm presents a unique approach to optimizing the training process of ANNs, aiming to improve convergence rates, minimize error, and enhance overall model performance. This analysis seeks to explain the comparative advantages and limitations of these algorithms, providing a comprehensive overview that aids in selecting the most appropriate method for specific ANN applications. The methods were evaluated for performance based on the convergence epochs, Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Regression (R) values. The research findings indicate that BR and LM had superior performance, as evidenced by their lowest MSE and higher R-values. In addition, the BFG, CGF, and SCG algorithms also exhibited significant performance in terms of MSE and R-values. In contrast, GDX exhibited comparatively higher MSE and poorer correlation coefficient values (R-value) in comparison to other algorithms. This study offers useful insights into the efficacy of different ANN algorithms for AA based on the features of the Phy-Layer in IoT networks. The findings can be utilized to improve the security of IoT systems, hence contributing to progress in the realm of IoT network security.
Crypsis in a polymorphic mammal along an urbanization gradient
Authors: Proctor Jessica , Bryan Alessandra , Cosentino Bradley J. , Gibbs James P.
Published: December 2024

Urbanization transforms landscapes and alters visual environments for polymorphic species that rely on cryptic coloration for survival, potentially generating urban-rural clines in pigmentation. Such clines are evident in eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) populations, for which a melanic morph is currently more prevalent in cities but was historically more prevalent in rural woodlands prior to urbanization. We compared the degree of crypsis between the two primary color morphs of gray squirrels – gray and melanic – among the suite of habitats that predominate along an urbanization gradient to test whether an altered visual environment may contribute to the maintenance of an urban-rural cline in morph prevalence. Crypsis was quantified using an online game with human observers and image pixel classification to measure detectability of taxidermic mounts of each morph against their backgrounds in replicate sites within each habitat. The melanic morph was more conspicuous than the gray morph in all habitat types and across seasons, as evidenced by greater detection probabilities by human observers and lower background matching. Coat color in gray squirrels likely mediates visual detection by predators, potentially resulting in selection against the more conspicuous, melanic morph in rural woodlands. Conversely, selection via road mortality may favor the melanic morph in urban areas if vehicular collisions with melanics are more easily avoided due to their visual conspicuity. We conclude that differential crypsis between color morphs across the habitat continuum of urban-rural gradients may play an important role in maintaining urban-rural clines in coat color.