bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contested Sexualities and Shared Concerns
Authors: Bartelink Brenda , Meinema Erik
Published: February 2015

This chapter analyses how contested understandings of sexuality and sex education for young people are put into practice in the transnational social field of development. It does so by focusing on the Educaids network, a transnational network of Dutch and East African faith-based organisations (FBOs) focused on the prevention of AIDS through education. This case study shows that the contestations over sexuality, and the strategies employed to overcome these contestations, are based on conflicting power claims as well as shared concerns. It is argued that a narrow focus on the colliding liberal and conservative views on sexuality in the field of development fails to contribute to a better understanding of the complex nature of transnational linkages between FBOs, in particular when it concerns sexuality and the prevention of AIDS.
‘I Don’t Want to Hear’
Authors: Niehaus Isak
Published: February 2015

In recent years confessional technologies have become an important means of confronting the HIV/AIDS pandemic. These include ‘coming out’ with HIV positivity, and providing public testimony about sickness and the transformative effects of antiretroviral medication. In South Africa, the urban-based Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) has effectively deployed speech as a means of overcoming pathos. Drawing upon ongoing fieldwork in Bushbuckridge, I point to various forms of resistance against the imported cosmopolitan practice of confession, and show how silence is frequently a more prominent response to the pandemic. Residents of Bushbuckridge have refrained from undergoing testing for HIV antibodies and hardly ever speak about their condition in public domains. I argue that silence was not merely a means of avoiding stigma, but also reflected a fear of hearing potentially dangerous and deadly words. In local knowledge, pronouncements that one is ‘HIV-positive’ could crystallise sickness, invoke negative emotions associated with pending death, and thereby worsen suffering.
‘If You Cannot Control Yourself’
Authors: Bertrand-Dansereau Anaïs
Published: February 2015

In Malawi, as elsewhere in southern Africa, faith-based organisations (FBOs) have been integrated in the official response to HIV/AIDS. This new role, and the funding that accompanies it, has professionalised their traditional care activities around AIDS patients, widows and orphans, and it has also put them in charge of HIV prevention. As HIV preventers, they are asked to bridge epistemic differences between conflicting notions of sexuality and morality by reconciling public health messages, Christian teachings and local cosmologies. This becomes challenging when it comes to the question of sexuality education, specifically the promotion of abstinence, and condom use. Many FBO leaders’ response to this challenge is nuanced and defies stereotypes, as they try to balance their concern for young people, the demands of donors and the moral imperatives of their faith.
Let’s Talk About Sex
Authors: Svensson Jonas
Published: February 2015

The chapter constitutes a critical analysis of how the theme of sexuality is addressed within the framework of a ‘theology of compassion’ put forward by the South African organisation Positive Muslims. The organisation’s explicit aim with this theology is to provide an ideological underpinning to HIV/AIDS activism in order to combat both the spread of the disease and the stigmatisation of those affected. The chapter argues that the specific features of the ‘theology of compassion’, and the manner in which sexuality is approached, cannot be fully understood if it is seen merely as a local African ‘faith-based’ response to HIV/AIDS. A set of factors of a transnational character, outlined and discussed in the text, influence and shape it. Of particular relevance are the connections between Positive Muslims and the contemporary hermeneutical transnational network of Progressive Islam.
Epilogue
Authors: van Dijk Rijk
Published: February 2015

The chapters in this book demonstrate how transnational connections in Africa often appear as a source of ambiguity in formations that otherwise are ideologically perceived as bounded, autonomous entities. The experience of the transnational is often fraught with sentiments, ranging from fear to fascination, from anxiety to hope and aspiration. Given this dynamic of both anxiety about and eagerness for engaging in transnational relations, the Epilogue argues that there is a socially felt need among religious groups in many African societies for developing a transnational competence, especially in the sensitive field of HIV/AIDS, in order to successfully manage engagement with transnational relations and connections. This is grounded in the experience that, on the one hand, transnational connections have indeed allowed local people, organisations and institutions to make big steps forward in using religious linkages in the fight against AIDS and in changing notions of sexuality. Yet, on the other hand, while these connections are often being celebrated locally, the Epilogue argues that the enormous strains transnational relations can create for the local communities and organisations to live up to the expectations of external partners, donors and policies, should not be overlooked.
What were the lasting effects of Thatcher’s legacy for social security? The burial of Beveridge?
Authors: Hill Michael , Walker Alan
Published: February 2015

This chapter examines the sustained attack on the social benefits, increasing in intensity across the period of Thatcher’s premiership. These undermined social insurance and (in interaction with other policies) contributed to the increase of poverty. They were supported by a sustained cluster of arguments—that poverty is not a problem, that people must do more to help themselves, and that in the long run a successful economy will bring income gains for all—which have created an ideological legacy (sustained by her successors, and not only her Conservative ones), which has muted the role concerns about poverty and inequality play on the political agenda.
Commentary
Authors: Kemp Peter A.
Published: February 2015

This commentary argues that there were two main waves of housing policy innovation under Mrs Thatcher. The first focused on extending home ownership, particularly via the new right to buy that enabled council tenants to buy their home at a large discount from its market value. For Thatcherism, home ownership was self-evidently an unalloyed good and an almost virtuous state; and, as such, was in sharp contrast to the perceived serfdom of council tenancies. But if some tenants could not afford, or did not want, to buy their home, other buyers would have to be found. Accordingly, the second wave of policy innovation centred on the demunicipalization of rental housing. This mainly took place via large-scale stock transfers of council housing to new housing associations. The transfer of large swathes of council housing to new landlords ranks alongside the right to buy as Thatcherism’s most lasting achievements in housing policy.
Thatcherism and Crime: The Beast That Never Roared?
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Jennings Will
Published: February 2015

This chapter explores the Thatcherite legacy for crime and the criminal justice system. We argue that, despite much of Thatcher’s rhetoric on ‘law and order’, most criminal justice activity during her period in office was essentially liberal (that is, progressive) in nature. Nevertheless, the social and economic policies pursued in the early to mid-1980s were, we argue, associated with rises in the crime rate, which in turn shifted public attitudes towards crime and the treatment of offenders. Coupled with the Labour party’s shift rightwards from the early 1990s and Blair’s focus on crime as a topic Labour ‘owned’ meant that both the Conservative and Labour parties were engaged in a crime ‘arms race’ towards policies which were in tune with the Thatcherite instinct on crime.
Commentary
Authors: Downes David
Published: February 2015

The problems posed by the time-lag of a Thatcherite response to crime are well conveyed by Farrall and Jennings. Neo-liberal policies fuelled, and neo-conservative rhetoric narrowed the blame for steadily, then steeply, rising crime rates throughout the 1980s. But actual criminal justice policies were on balance a liberal-minded pursuit of community rather than penal measures by Home Secretaries, especially Douglas Hurd, who were left alone to ‘get on with it’. More emphasis is needed on the extent to which Labour’s disarray allowed the breathing space for decarcerationist policies to be developed by Home Office custodians of a liberal approach, along with Labour berating the government, not for being ‘soft on crime’, but for not pursuing penal moderation more vigorously. Following Labour’s fourth successive electoral defeat, in 1992, the Thatcherite U-turn towards more punitive policies was, if anything, sparked by Tony Blair’s Clintonesque rebranding of ‘New’ Labour as ‘tough on crime’.
Commentary
Authors: Philo Chris
Published: February 2015

This chapter reflects upon Danny Dorling’s ‘forensic’ analysis of the spatial dynamics underlying Mrs Thatcher’s impact upon UK society. His innovative cartography, coupled to a remarkable facility with complex datasets, conclusively captures the deepening of socio-spatial inequalities that was integral (not incidental) to the Thatcherite project. The chapter also offers a thumbnail critical appraisal of Mrs Thatcher’s own understanding of ‘geography’. In one register, her approach might be cast as a ‘denying’ of the UK’s overall social geography, but in another it was envisioning a ‘tapestry’ of largely disconnected local social environments admonished constantly to compare and compete. Dorling claims that things could have been otherwise, since many regions of the world did not follow this path of ever-widening internal socio-spatial inequalities. Quite other, alternative visions of more equal and just geographies of the UK, antithetical to Mrs Thatcher’s geographical vision, should continue to feature on a progressive political agenda.
Don’t Cut Down the Tall Poppies’: Thatcherism and the Strategy of Inequality
Authors: Walker Carol
Published: February 2015

This chapter looks at the impact of the range of polices on taxation and incomes, social security, and the social wage, which contributed to the unprecedented growth in poverty and inequality under the Thatcher administrations. It finds that despite the growth both in levels of poverty and in the gap between the rich and the poor, which occurred during her period office, key elements of the philosophy underpinning her strategy of inequality survived both through John Major’s premiership and, despite its commitment to reducing poverty, through the New Labour administrations. Her legacy can also be seen in the policies of the 2010 Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition government, which looks set to preside again over both a growth in poverty and a growing gap between the rich and the poor.
Commentary
Authors: Sinfield Adrian
Published: February 2015

Increasing inequality was a deliberate policy of the Thatcher governments, marking a significant shift in UK policy-making. The strategy was supported by strong vested interests and active myth-making that stigmatized both social spending and its recipients. The legacy of Thatcherism has been powerful and persistent, leading to an acceptance of the increased inequality and a lack of challenge to its proponents and beneficiaries. There now appears to be a growing challenge to this acquiescence from many quarters including the churches and, surprisingly, the IMF, as well as many more detailed analyses of the wide differences in income and wealth. The arguments against increased inequality have strengthened again, bolstered by growing evidence of exploitation of the tax system, but is the political will strong enough to bring about significant changes?
Induced Genotoxicity in Nitrate‐Rich Water Treated With Medium‐Pressure Ultraviolet Processes
Authors: Martijn Bram J. , Kruithof Joop C. , Hughes Raeanna M. , Mastan Raul A. , Van Rompay R. , Malley James P.
Published: February 2015

Just as with chlorination, medium‐pressure (MP) ultraviolet (UV) treatment applied for disinfection purposes has been found to cause formation of genotoxic compounds, measured by the Ames test. By lowering the nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, the Ames test response was reduced substantially. The impact of nitrate photolysis on formation of genotoxic compounds was confirmed. A representative organic micro pollutant selection had no significant impact on the Ames test response. Formation of genotoxic compounds was found after MP UV disinfection, photolysis, and advanced oxidation of pretreated groundwater. In addition to nitrate and DOC content, aromaticity of organic matter had a strong impact. Ames test responses were converted into 4‐nitroquinoline oxide (4‐NQO) equivalent concentrations to enable quantitative comparison and to apply simple risk assessment. Based on the threshold for toxicological concern, already at doses applied for MP UV disinfection, the 4‐NQO equivalent concentration of formed genotoxic compounds in nitrate‐rich water exceeded the limit of no risk.
Traduction (en)volée ? La traduction américaine de Journal du voleur de Jean Genet
Authors: Uvsløkk Geir
Published: February 2015

Dans cet article, je rends compte de l’histoire de la publication de la traduction américaine de Journal du voleur de Jean Genet et je commente quelques différences entre l’édition qui a servi de base pour cette traduction (l’édition Skira) et l’édition qui est actuellement en vente en France (l’édition Gallimard). La première traduction en anglais de Journal du voleur (traduit par Bernard Frechtman) fut publiée à Paris, chez Olympia Press, en 1954. Sur la quatrième de couverture se trouvait la notice suivante : « Ne peut être vendu aux États-Unis, ni au Royaume-Uni. » Dix ans plus tard, en 1964, The Thief’s Journal parut cependant aux États-Unis, chez Grove Press. Si l’on regarde les péritextes de ces deux éditions anglophones, il semble s’agir de deux textes différents : le premier est traduit d’après la première édition publiée de Journal du voleur en France, l’édition Skira, tandis que le deuxième se baserait, selon la notice de droits d’auteur, sur l’édition Gallimard, qui a été remaniée par Genet. En réalité, il n’en est rien : la traduction publiée chez Grove Press est identique à celle publiée chez Olympia Press. L’histoire de la publication de Journal du voleur en anglais soulève plusieurs questions auxquelles je propose ici des réponses : pourquoi l’édition Olympia ne pouvait-elle être vendue aux États-Unis ? Pourquoi l’édition Skira n’est-elle pas mentionnée comme source pour l’édition Grove ? Et quelles sont les différences entre les deux éditions françaises ? S’ajoute à ces questions un événement curieux, dont je rends également compte : en 1965, le texte de l’édition Olympia est republié aux États-Unis chez Greenleaf Publishing company, qui est rapidement poursuivi en justice par Grove Press, Gallimard, Frechtman et Genet. Et pour une fois, Genet ne se trouve pas sur le banc des accusés, mais parmi les plaignants.
« Blesser » le spectateur blanc américain : Les Nègres aux États-Unis, 1961-1964 et 20031
Authors: Amin Kadji
Published: February 2015

Cette étude propose de revenir sur la représentation aux États-Unis des Nègres, pièce anti-impérialiste de Jean Genet, à deux moments historiques très différents : les années 1960, marquées par le mouvement noir américain des droits civiques, et les années 2000, « post-raciales » selon certains. Elle s’attache à évaluer la synergie de la pièce avec son contexte racialisé de performance à chacun de ces deux moments historiques. En m’appuyant sur une lecture de sa préface de 1956-1957, restée longtemps inédite, je soutiens que, paradoxalement, c’est la représentation de la pièce en 2003 par le Harlem Classical Theatre qui joue le plus habilement sur son contexte social afin d’atteindre l’objectif de Genet de « blesser » le spectateur blanc. Il semble en effet que si Les Nègres n’a pas su atteindre le spectateur blanc new-yorkais des années 1960 autant que Genet l’aurait souhaité, c’est parce qu’alors le mouvement des droits civiques mettait justement sous le feu des projecteurs la violence de la suprématie blanche et l’injustice de l’inégalité raciale aux États-Unis. Au contraire, en 2003, la mise en scène de Christopher McElroen est parvenue à jouer sur de surprenants échos entre le Paris de la fin de l’époque impérialiste et les États-Unis prétendument « post-raciaux » de la première décennie du xxie siècle et, ainsi, à perpétrer l’agression symbolique à laquelle Genet vouait sa pièce.
André Brassard ou la communauté des Paravents
Authors: Jubinville Yves
Published: February 2015

Cet article se propose d’examiner, en prenant appui sur un document déposé dans le fonds d’archives André Brassard à Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, les enjeux artistiques, culturels, idéologiques et historiques de la production des Paravents présentée à Ottawa et à Montréal en 1987. Le journal de bord de cette production, rédigé par l’assistante de Brassard, Claire Faubert, révèle en effet le fonctionnement quotidien d’une troupe et son travail d’interprétation sur un texte, celui de Jean Genet, mais également les articulations de ce travail avec les modes de production en vigueur dans le milieu du théâtre québécois de cette époque. Partant de la « conscience collective » du metteur en scène et de sa troupe de se trouver à un moment charnière de la vie théâtrale québécoise, nous souhaitons faire émerger la signification historique de cet événement théâtral.
Une tragédie possible : Corinne, ou l’Italie et Roméo et
Juliette
Authors: Harriman-Smith James
Published: February 2015

Le jeu de Corinne dans le rôle de Juliette constitue un épisode important dans le
développement du roman de Germaine de Staël. La présentation de la pièce de Shakespeare
souligne le caractère italien, l’intimité et le rôle du destin dans la pièce, trois thèmes
qui sont repris tout au long de l’oeuvre et à l’aune desquels il est possible de mesurer le
déclin du rapport entre Corinne et Oswald ainsi que celui d’un esprit italien. À la fin du
roman, les deux portraits du Prince Castel-Forte, montrant Corinne lors de la représentation
de Roméo et Juliette à côté de son état actuel, invitent à cette lecture
rétrospective du roman ; en revanche, l’intertexte shakespearien est devenu ici un moyen
d’exprimer la détresse de l’héroïne et ne suffit pas à la compréhension des événements de
l’histoire. Corinne, ou l’Italie s’intéresse surtout aux limites du travail
artistique, que ce soit celui de Shakespeare ou de l’héroïne elle-même.
Dynamic perennial firn aquifer on an Arctic glacier
Authors: Christianson Knut , Kohler Jack , Alley Richard B. , Nuth Christopher , van Pelt Ward J. J.
Published: February 2015

Ice‐penetrating radar and GPS observations reveal a perennial firn aquifer (PFA) on a Svalbard ice field, similar to those recently discovered in southeastern Greenland. A bright, widespread radar reflector separates relatively dry and water‐saturated firn. This surface, the phreatic firn water table, is deeper beneath local surface elevation maxima, shallower in surface lows, and steeper where the surface is steep. The reflector crosscuts snow stratigraphy; we use the apparent deflection of accumulation layers due to the higher dielectric permittivity below the water table to infer that the firn pore space becomes progressively more saturated as depth increases. Our observations indicate that PFAs respond rapidly (subannually) to surface forcing, and are capable of providing significant input to the englacial hydrology system.
Geomagnetically conjugate observation of plasma bubbles and thermospheric neutral winds at low latitudes
Authors: Fukushima D. , Shiokawa K. , Otsuka Y. , Nishioka M. , Kubota M. , Tsugawa T. , Nagatsuma T. , Komonjinda S. , Yatini C. Y.
Published: February 2015

This is the first paper that reports simultaneous observations of zonal drift of plasma bubbles and the thermospheric neutral winds at geomagnetically conjugate points in both hemispheres. The plasma bubbles were observed in the 630 nm nighttime airglow images taken by using highly sensitive all‐sky airglow imagers at Kototabang, Indonesia (geomagnetic latitude (MLAT): 10.0°S), and Chiang Mai, Thailand (MLAT: 8.9°N), which are nearly geomagnetically conjugate stations, for 7 h from 13 to 20 UT (from 20 to 03 LT) on 5 April 2011. The bubbles continuously propagated eastward with velocities of 100–125 m/s. The 630 nm images at Chiang Mai and those mapped to the conjugate point of Kototabang fit very well, which indicates that the observed plasma bubbles were geomagnetically connected. The eastward thermospheric neutral winds measured by two Fabry‐Perot interferometers were 70–130 m/s at Kototabang and 50–90 m/s at Chiang Mai. We compared the observed plasma bubble drift velocity with the velocity calculated from the observed neutral winds and the model conductivity, to investigate the F region dynamo contribution to the bubble drift velocity. The estimated drift velocities were 60–90% of the observed velocities of the plasma bubbles, suggesting that most of the plasma bubble velocity can be explained by the F region dynamo effect.
Westward shift of western North Pacific tropical cyclogenesis
Authors: Wu Liguang , Wang Chao , Wang Bin
Published: February 2015

Tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific or typhoons account for one third of all TCs in the world and the change of the mean TC genesis location can affect billions of people in Pacific islands and Asian countries. The annual mean TC genesis longitude is generally controlled by the east‐west shift of the tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT). A pronounced westward shift in the TUTT is found in all of the available reanalysis data sets during 1979–2012, suppressing TC genesis in the eastern portion (east of 145°E) of the western North Pacific basin due to the enhanced vertical wind shear associated with the TUTT shift. As a result, the annual mean TC genesis longitude has significantly shifted westward since 1979. The westward shifting trends in the TUTT and TC genesis are associated with the enhanced tropical tropospheric warming, which is consistent with the response of the tropospheric temperature to global warming.
Freeze‐drying of aqueous solution frozen with prebuilt pores
Authors: Wang Wei , Hu Dapeng , Pan Yanqiu , Zhao Yanqiang , Chen Guohua
Published: February 2015

To save drying time and increase productivity, a novel idea was proposed for freeze‐drying of liquid materials by creating an initially unsaturated frozen structure. An experimental investigation was carried out aiming at verifying the idea using a multifunctional freeze‐drying apparatus. Mannitol was selected as the primary solute in aqueous solution. Liquid nitrogen ice‐cream making method was used to prepare the frozen materials with different initial porosities. Results show that freeze‐drying can be significantly enhanced with the initially unsaturated frozen material, and substantial drying time can be saved compared with conventional freeze‐drying of the initially saturated one. Drying time was found to decrease with the decrease in the initial saturation. The drying time for the initially unsaturated frozen sample (S0 = 0.28 or 0.69 of initial porosity) can be at best 32% shorter than that required for the saturated one (S0 = 1.00 or zero porosity). This unique technique is easy to implement and improves the freeze‐drying performance of liquid materials. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2048–2057, 2015
Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981–2010
Authors: Masterson Elizabeth A. , Deddens James A. , Themann Christa L. , Bertke Stephen , Calvert Geoffrey M.
Published: February 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of hearing loss for noise‐exposed U.S. workers by industry sector and 5‐year time period, covering 30 years.

Methods

Audiograms for 1.8 million workers from 1981–2010 were examined. Incidence and prevalence were estimated by industry sector and time period. The adjusted risk of incident hearing loss within each time period and industry sector as compared with a reference time period was also estimated.

Results

The adjusted risk for incident hearing loss decreased over time when all industry sectors were combined. However, the risk remained high for workers in Healthcare and Social Assistance, and the prevalence was consistently high for Mining and Construction workers.

Conclusions

While progress has been made in reducing the risk of incident hearing loss within most industry sectors, additional efforts are needed within Mining, Construction and Healthcare and Social Assistance. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:392–401, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hidden unilateral aplasia of the frontal sinus: a radioanatomic study
Authors: Gotlib Tomasz , Kuźmińska Magdalena , Held‐Ziółkowska Marta , Osuch‐Wójcikiewicz Ewa , Niemczyk Kazimierz
Published: February 2015

Background

Hidden unilateral frontal sinus aplasia is the absence of 1 frontal sinus with increased pneumatization of contralateral sinus toward the aplastic side. It may give the false impression of the presence of 2 separate frontal sinuses, creating potential for complications during the surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and morphology of this anatomical variation using multiplanar reconstruction of computed tomography (CT) results.

Methods

A total of 305 CT examinations were analyzed. Hidden unilateral frontal sinus aplasia was defined as lack of pneumatization of 1 frontal sinus beyond the level of the orbital roof, with increased pneumatization of the contralateral sinus, extending to the sagittal plane, crossing the lamina papyracea on the side of the aplastic sinus.

Results

Eleven patients (3.6%) with hidden unilateral frontal sinus aplasia were identified, 5 on the left and 6 on the right side, in 5 female and 6 male patients. Twenty‐four (7.8%) patients with “regular” frontal sinus aplasia (without hyperplastic contralateral frontal sinus) were found, 4 with bilateral aplasia and 20 with unilateral aplasia.

Conclusion

Hidden unilateral aplasia of the frontal sinus is a relatively uncommon anatomical variation. Its presence should be considered during routine preoperative CT evaluation because it poses the risk of intraoperative complications.
Identification of chronic rhinosinusitis phenotypes using cluster analysis
Authors: Soler Zachary M. , Hyer J. Madison , Ramakrishnan Viswanathan , Smith Timothy L. , Mace Jess , Rudmik Luke , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: February 2015

Background

Current clinical classifications of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been largely defined based upon preconceived notions of factors thought to be important, such as polyp or eosinophil status. Unfortunately, these classification systems have little correlation with symptom severity or treatment outcomes. Unsupervised clustering can be used to identify phenotypic subgroups of CRS patients, describe clinical differences in these clusters and define simple algorithms for classification.

Methods

A multi‐institutional, prospective study of 382 patients with CRS who had failed initial medical therapy completed the Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22), Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI), Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐12 (SF‐12), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐2). Objective measures of CRS severity included Brief Smell Identification Test (B‐SIT), CT, and endoscopy scoring. All variables were reduced and unsupervised hierarchical clustering was performed. After clusters were defined, variations in medication usage were analyzed. Discriminant analysis was performed to develop a simplified, clinically useful algorithm for clustering.

Results

Clustering was largely determined by age, severity of patient reported outcome measures, depression, and fibromyalgia. CT and endoscopy varied somewhat among clusters. Traditional clinical measures, including polyp/atopic status, prior surgery, B‐SIT and asthma, did not vary among clusters. A simplified algorithm based upon productivity loss, SNOT‐22 score, and age predicted clustering with 89% accuracy. Medication usage among clusters did vary significantly.

Conclusion

A simplified algorithm based upon hierarchical clustering is able to classify CRS patients and predict medication usage. Further studies are warranted to determine if such clustering predicts treatment outcomes.
Changes in pre‐ and in‐hospital management and outcomes for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest between 2002 and 2012 in Kanto, Japan: the SOS‐KANTO 2012 Study
Authors:   SOS‐KANTO 2012 Study Group
Published: February 2015

Aim

The current study compares pre‐ and in‐hospital management and outcomes of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest cases between 2002 and 2012 in the Kanto region of Japan.

Methods

We compared the data collected for the SOS‐KANTO study project in 2002 and 2012. We included adult patients (aged >18 years) who experienced bystander‐witnessed out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac etiology. The outcomes were as follows: proportion of favorable neurological outcomes at 1 month, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation provision, and pre‐ and postresuscitation treatment administration.

Results

Of 4,171 patients (1,982 in SOS‐KANTO in 2002 and 2,189 in 2012), the proportion of those with favorable neurological outcomes at 1 month (4.8% versus 9.0%, P < 0.001), and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates increased significantly between 2002 and 2012 (24.5% versus 38.9%, P < 0.001). Although none were documented in 2002, 118 cases (5.4%) of layperson use of an automated external defibrillator were recorded in 2012. Relative to 2002, use of an i.v. line to provide fluid was more frequently attempted and carried out successfully by emergency medical service providers in 2012. Among cases in which return of spontaneous circulation was achieved, more postresuscitation treatment was provided in 2012 (13.3% versus 43.8%, P < 0.001) relative to that provided in 2002.

Conclusions

Proportions of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, layperson use of automated external defibrillator, provision of prehospital adrenaline and postresuscitation treatment, and favorable neurological outcomes at 1 month increased significantly over 10 years in the Kanto region of Japan.
Von einem elektronenreichen Bis(boraketenimin) zu einem elektronenarmen Diboren
Authors: Böhnke Julian , Braunschweig Holger , Dellermann Theresa , Ewing William C. , Kramer Thomas , Krummenacher Ivo , Vargas Alfredo
Published: February 2015

Die Reaktion des Diboracumulens (CAAC)2B2 (CAAC=1‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐3,3,5,5‐tetramethylpyrrolidin‐2‐yliden) mit einem Überschuss an tert‐Butylisonitril führte zur Koordination des Isonitrils an das Bor. Die Verbindung kann formal mit einem freien Elektronenpaar am Bor dargestellt werden, doch sind diese Elektronen weit über das konjugierte π‐Netzwerk der π‐aziden CAAC‐ und Isonitrilliganden delokalisiert. Das Erhitzen auf 110 °C führte unter Bildung des ersten Dicyandiborens zum Verlust der organischen Substituenten beider Isonitrilliganden. Während alle bislang bekannten Diborene starke Reduktionsmittel sind, zeigt dieses Diboren im Cyclovoltammogramm Reduktionswellen.
Green Waste and Archaeological Geophysics
Authors: Gerrard James , Caldwell Liz , Kennedy Alisa
Published: February 2015

Environmental concerns, supported by regulatory frameworks, have encouraged the conversion of organic and biological waste into fertilizers and soil conditioners (so‐called green waste) that are being increasingly used on arable fields. Recent work has shown that the level of ferrous contaminants within this waste can have a detrimental impact on shallow geophysical prospection methods that use the principles of magnetism. This paper highlights the negative impact of this new agricultural practice on the historic environment and calls for tighter regulation of green waste. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Conflict Resolution Model for Multi‐Uav Based on Cpn and 4d Trajectories
Authors: Fan Linjun , Tang Jun , Ling Yunxiang , Liu Gang , Li Benxian
Published: February 2015

This paper presents a conflict resolution (CR) model in colored Petri net (CPN) formalism for 4D (three‐dimensional + time) planned trajectories of cooperating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The CR model is integrated with the conflict detection algorithm using spatial data structure to detect time‐based separation infringements among UAVs and to generate an intuitionistic representation of 4D conflict information. The main contribution of this paper is the proposed CR model, which is based on the logic of cause‐and‐effect analysis. This model not only chooses a preferred trajectory according to the priority for solving the current conflict but also considers the follow‐up influence (domino effect) to update segments and conflicts. The novel causal model exploits the state space to achieve the solution using CPN. The model is validated with the experimental results of a scenario involving multiple UAVs (composed of clusters) cruising in a bounded region and exhibits the main advantages of scalability, efficiency, and short execution time.
Catalytic Conversion of Glucose to 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐furfural with a Phosphated TiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Atanda Luqman , Mukundan Swathi , Shrotri Abhijit , Ma Qing , Beltramini Jorge
Published: February 2015

Nanosized phosphated TiO2 catalysts with different phosphate contents were synthesized and tested for the conversion of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. The resulting materials were characterized by using N2‐adsorption, XRD, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, X‐ray spectroscopy, TEM, temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia, and FTIR spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption techniques to determine their structural, bulk, surface, and acid properties. We found that TiO2 nanoparticles catalyzed this reaction under mild conditions in a water–butanol biphasic system. The incorporation of phosphorus into the TiO2 framework remarkably enhances the target product selectivity, which is ascribed to increased surface area, enhanced acidity, as well as thermal stability resulting from the TiOP bond formation. Under optimal reaction conditions, phosphated TiO2 was found to exhibit excellent catalytic performance, which resulted in 97 % glucose conversion and 81 % HMF yield after 3 h of reaction at 175 °C. More importantly, the catalyst showed good stability and could be reused for several reaction cycles.
Contrasts between Single nanoparticle and Ensemble Electron Transfer: Oxidation and Reduction of DPPH Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media
Authors: Zhou Xiaofei , Cheng Wei , Compton Richard G.
Published: February 2015

The oxidative and reductive electrochemistry of DPPH nanoparticles is studied via the nanoimpacts method and with drop‐casted layers used to modify an electrode surface. In the former case the currents associated with single NP impacts are used to measure the electron transfer kinetics, whereas in contrast it is shown that the reduced diffusion caused by the overlap of adjacent diffusion layers in the latter case leads to more electrochemically reversible behaviour.
Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies
Authors: Klaassen Zachary , Jen Rita P. , DiBianco John M. , Reinstatler Lael , Li Qiang , Madi Rabii , Lewis Ronald W. , Smith Arthur M. , Neal Durwood E. , Moses Kelvin A. , Terris Martha K.
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

Approximately 70% of all suicides in patients aged >60 years are attributed to physical illness, with higher rates noted in patients with cancer. The purpose of the current study was to characterize suicide rates among patients with genitourinary cancers and identify factors associated with suicide in this specific cohort.

METHODS

Patients with prostate, bladder, kidney, testis, and penile cancer were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1988‐2010). Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for each anatomic site. Multivariable logistic regression models generated odds ratios (ORs) for the identification of factors associated with suicide for each malignancy.

RESULTS

There were 2268 suicides identified among 1,239,522 individuals with genitourinary malignancies observed for 7,307,377 person‐years. The SMRs for patients with cancer were 1.37 for prostate cancer (95% CI, 0.99‐1.86), 2.71 for bladder cancer (95% CI, 2.02‐3.62), 1.86 for kidney cancer (95% CI, 1.32‐2.62), 1.23 for testis cancer (95% CI, 0.88‐1.73), and 0.95 for penile cancer (95% CI, 0.65‐1.35). On multivariable analysis, male sex was found to be associated with odds of suicide among patients with bladder cancer (OR, 6.63) and kidney cancer (OR, 4.98). Increasing age was associated with suicide for patients with prostate, bladder, and testis cancer (OR range, 1.03‐1.06). Distant disease was associated with suicide in patients with prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer (OR range, 2.82‐5.43). Among patients with prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer, African American patients were less likely to commit suicide compared with white individuals (OR range, 0.26‐0.46).

CONCLUSIONS

Suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies poses a public health dilemma, especially among men, the elderly, and those with aggressive disease. Clinicians should be aware of risk factors for suicide in these patients. Cancer 2015;121:1864–1872. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Vesicular stomatitis virus enables gene transfer and transsynaptic tracing in a wide range of organisms
Authors: Mundell Nathan A. , Beier Kevin T. , Pan Y. Albert , Lapan Sylvain W. , Göz Aytürk Didem , Berezovskii Vladimir K. , Wark Abigail R. , Drokhlyansky Eugene , Bielecki Jan , Born Richard T. , Schier Alexander F. , Cepko Constance L.
Published: February 2015

Current limitations in technology have prevented an extensive analysis of the connections among neurons, particularly within nonmammalian organisms. We developed a transsynaptic viral tracer originally for use in mice, and then tested its utility in a broader range of organisms. By engineering the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to encode a fluorophore and either the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV‐G) or its own glycoprotein (VSV‐G), we created viruses that can transsynaptically label neuronal circuits in either the retrograde or anterograde direction, respectively. The vectors were investigated for their utility as polysynaptic tracers of chicken and zebrafish visual pathways. They showed patterns of connectivity consistent with previously characterized visual system connections, and revealed several potentially novel connections. Further, these vectors were shown to infect neurons in several other vertebrates, including Old and New World monkeys, seahorses, axolotls, and Xenopus. They were also shown to infect two invertebrates, Drosophila melanogaster, and the box jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora, a species previously intractable for gene transfer, although no clear evidence of transsynaptic spread was observed in these species. These vectors provide a starting point for transsynaptic tracing in most vertebrates, and are also excellent candidates for gene transfer in organisms that have been refractory to other methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1639–1663, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast, Direct, Low‐Cost Route to Scalable, Conductive, and Multipurpose Poly(3,4‐ethylenedixoythiophene)‐Coated Plastic Electrodes
Authors: Sydam Rambabu , Kokal Ramesh K. , Deepa Melepurath
Published: February 2015

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films are deposited, using an electroless method, onto flexible plastic poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates of approximately 20×6 cm2. The sheet resistance of a PEDOT–PET film is approximately 600 Ω per square, and the nanoscale conductivity is 0.103 S cm−1. A plastic electrochromic PEDOT–Prussian blue device is constructed. The device undergoes a color change of pale blue to deep violet–blue reversibly over 1000 cycles, thus demonstrating its use as a light‐modulating smart window. The PEDOT–PET film is also used in a quantum dot solar cell, and the resulting photoelectrochemical performance and work function indicate that it is also promising for photovoltaic cells. The high homogeneity of the PEDOT deposit on PET, the optimal balance between conductivity and optical transparency, and the demonstration of its use in an electro‐optical device and a solar cell, offer the opportunity to use this electrode material in a variety of low‐cost optoelectronic devices.
New Iron Pyridylamino‐Bis(Phenolate) Catalyst for Converting CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates and Cross‐Linked Polycarbonates
Authors: Taherimehr Masoumeh , Sertã João Paulo Cardoso Costa , Kleij Arjan W. , Whiteoak Christopher J. , Pescarmona Paolo P.
Published: February 2015

The atom‐efficient reaction of CO2 with a variety of epoxides has been efficiently achieved employing iron pyridylamino‐bis(phenolate) complexes as bifunctional catalysts. The addition of a Lewis base co‐catalyst allowed significant reduction in the amount of iron complex needed to achieve high epoxide conversions. The possibility of controlling the selectivity of the reaction towards either cyclic carbonate or polycarbonate was evaluated. An efficient switch in selectivity could be achieved when cyclic epoxides such as cyclohexene oxide and the seldom explored 1,2‐epoxy‐4‐vinylcyclohexane were used as substrates. The obtained poly(vinylcyclohexene carbonate) presents pending vinyl groups, which allowed post‐synthetic cross‐linking by reaction with 1,3‐propanedithiol. The cross‐linked polycarbonate displayed a substantial increase in the glass transition temperature and chemical resistance, thus opening new opportunities for the application of these green polymers.
Heterogeneity in recent‐onset type 1 diabetes – a clinical trial perspective
Authors: Bollyky Jennifer B. , Xu Ping , Butte Atul J. , Wilson Darrell M. , Beam Craig A. , Greenbaum Carla J. ,   Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group
Published: February 2015

Background

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) TrialNet is a National Institutes of Health‐sponsored clinical trial network aimed at altering the disease course of T1D. The purpose of this study is to evaluate age‐dependent heterogeneity in clinical, metabolic and immunologic characteristics of individuals with recent‐onset T1D, to identify cohorts of interest and to aid in planning of future studies.

Methods

Eight hundred eighty‐three individuals with recent‐onset T1D involved in five TrialNet studies were categorized by age as follows: ≥18 years, 12–17 years, 8–12 years and <8 years. Data were compared with healthy age‐matched subjects in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Results

Only 2.0% of the individuals overall were excluded from trial participation because of insufficient C‐peptide values (<0.2 pmol/mL). A disproportionate number of these subjects were <8 years old. Leukopenia was present in 21.2% of individuals and lymphopenia in 11.6%; these frequencies were markedly higher than age‐matched healthy National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey population. Of the cohort, 24.5% were overweight or obese. Neither high‐risk human leukocyte antigen type DR3 nor DR4 was present in 31% of adults and 21% of children.

Conclusions

The ability of recent‐onset T1D patients to meet key entry criteria for TrialNet studies, including C‐peptide >0.2 pmol/mL, varies by age. Lower C‐peptide level requirements for younger participants and other aspects of heterogeneity of recent‐onset T1D patients, such as white blood cell count abnormalities and body mass index should be considered in the design of future clinical studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on coadsorption of SO2, NO, and CO2 over copper‐supported activated carbon sorbent in different operating conditions
Authors: Yi Honghong , Zuo Yanran , Liu Haiyan , Tang Xiaolong , Zhao Shunzheng , Zhang Bowen , Wang Zhixiang , Gao Fengyu
Published: February 2015

Copper‐supported activated carbon (Cu‐SAC) was studied for the simultaneous removal of SO2, NO, and CO2 in different operating conditions. The effects of Cu loading, adsorption temperature, O2 concentration, and relative humidity (RH) were studied. The experimental results showed that Cu‐SAC containing 9.8% of Cu had the best removal activity of SO2, NO, and CO2. The activity dropped with the further increase of Cu loading. Higher temperatures were not in favor of simultaneous adsorption of SO2, NO, and CO2. The performances of the removal of SO2 and NO improved obviously in the presence of O2. Water vapor could improve the adsorption performance of SO2, but higher RH was bad for the adsorption performance of SO2. The adsorption of NO and CO2 was deterred in the presence of water vapor. Cu‐SAC was shown to be a potential sorbent for simultaneous adsorption of SO2, NO, and CO2. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1044–1049, 2015
Experimental study on the oxidation reaction parameters of different carbon structure particles
Authors: Zhao Yang , Wang Zhong , Liu Shuai , Li Rui‐Na , Li Ming‐Di
Published: February 2015

This study explores the effect of the difference in the carbon structure of particles on their reactivity towards O2. Particles with three types of carbon structures were captured in the exhaust of a diesel engine fueled with blends of diesel with 0, 5, and 15 vol % methanol (designated here as M0, M5, and M15). The Raman spectra were used to designate the particles as a high graphitization structure (L1), a secondary graphitization structure (L2), or a low graphitization structure (L3) according to the carbon cluster content, degree of graphitization, and degree of graphite structure disorder. Additional parameters were measured by thermo‐gravimetric analysis, including the conversion rates, activation energies, ignition temperatures, and combustion and burnout characteristic indices of L1, L2, and L3. The results indicate that the particle conversion differed minimally in the low‐temperature region; however, when the temperature rose to 350°C, the conversion of L3 was much higher than that of L1 or L2. The conversion rates of L1, L2, and L3 each showed a single peak, with corresponding temperatures of 452°C, 427°C, and 400°C, respectively. The conversion rate of L3 was significantly higher than that of L1 or L2. The average activation energy of L3 particles was found to be lower than that of L1 particles by 34 kJ/mol. The ignition temperature of L3 particles was found to be lower than that of L1 particles by 82°C. The combustion and burnout characteristic indices were higher for L3 particles than for L1 and L2. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1063–1071, 2015
A new bisphenol A derivative for estrogen receptor binding studies with surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Wong Wing-Leung , Chow Cheuk-Fai
Published: February 2015

A new bisphenol A (BPA) derivative was synthesized and immobilized onto the surface of a CM5 sensor chip for a binding study with orphan estrogen-related receptor γ using the surface plasmon resonance technique. The kinetic parameters, including dissociation and association constants and dissociation and association rate constants, were investigated. Moreover, a competitive inhibition assay was conducted to understand the competition relationship between the free BPA molecules in solution and the immobilized BPA molecules on the sensor chip surface. The CM5 sensor chip immobilized with the BPA derivative can be regenerated by using a high-concentration running buffer for repeated use more than 150 times without any adverse effect on its performance in the binding studies. The results indicate that the system has potential for further development as a sensitive surface plasmon resonance–based biosensor for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1390–1396. © 2015 SETAC