bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How far is enough? Prediction of the scale of effect for wild bees
Authors: Desaegher James , Ouin Annie , Sheeren David
Published: March 2022

A crucial issue for landscape ecologists is identifying the spatial extents at which a landscape affects species occurrence. Multi‐scale analyses are usually conducted to identify the ‘scale of effect', that is, the spatial extent associated with the best relationship between landscape variables and species occurrence, which is assumed to be related to species traits. However, few guidelines exist to determine the range of distances to be investigated.

Based on the foraging distances of wild bee species, our main goal was to estimate the maximum distance of effect, that is, the distance beyond which the scale of effect for wild bee species is unlikely to be detected.

Using the InVEST pollination model, we 1) modelled bee categories with distinct foraging distances and identified the scale of effecton their simulated abundance 2) defined an index, noted λ, that estimates the distance beyond which landscape composition has only negligible effects on simulated abundances. We validated our results by identifying the scale of effecton the abundances of 16 bee species collected in south‐western France.

We detected a significant positive relationship between the average foraging distance (α) of the modelled bees and their scale of effect. The λ index was linearly related to the average foraging distances of bees (λ = 5.4α + 253) and was above the identified scale of effect for the modelled bees. The λ was also found to be above the scale of effect for 93% of the observed bee species.

Our results suggest that the λ index is a good estimator of the upper limit of the scale of effect for wild bees. The λ index could be used to identify the minimum distance between sampling sites before setting up an experiment and the maximum buffer size required in multi‐scale analysis to detect the scale of effect.
Glass etching with gaseous hydrogen fluoride: Rapid management of surface nano‐roughness
Authors: Ono Yoshitaka , Hayashi Yasuo , Urashima Shu‐hei , Yui Hiroharu
Published: March 2022

Surface roughness of glass is desired to be arbitrary controlled because it affects a variety of properties such as tactile impression, optical properties, and contact chargeability. While the surface modification is currently achieved by wet etching of the glasses with hydrofluoric acid, there is still room for improvement because the wet etching cannot be simultaneously applied during flat glass production. We recently developed novel etching scheme, which uses gaseous hydrogen fluoride (HF) under high temperature. Because the flat glasses are kept hot during the production, our procedure can be introduced to the flat glass production process. Here, we demonstrate that surface nano‐roughness (1–20 nm of arithmetic mean roughness) of silicate glasses can be rapidly and reproducibly controlled by our method with changing the reaction temperature. It was found that the reaction with gaseous HF heterogeneously left metal fluorides on the glasses and that the fluorides partially masked the further reaction. High reaction temperature led the fluoride particles larger, resulting in rougher surface after removing the fluoride layer. It took only a few seconds for this reaction.
Development of organ‐specific autoimmunity by dysregulated Aire expression
Authors: Nishijima Hitoshi , Sugita Mizuki , Umezawa Natsuka , Kimura Naoki , Sasaki Hirokazu , Kawano Hiroshi , Nishioka Yasuhiko , Matsumoto Minoru , Oya Takeshi , Tsuneyama Koichi , Morimoto Junko , Matsumoto Mitsuru
Published: March 2022

Deficiency for AIRE/Aire in both humans and mice results in the development of organ‐specific autoimmune disease. We tested whether augmented and/or dysregulated AIRE/Aire expression might be also prone to the breakdown of self‐tolerance. To define the effect of augmented Aire expression on the development of autoimmunity, antigen‐specific clonal deletion and production of clonotypic regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the thymus were examined using mice expressing two additional copies of Aire in a heterozygous state (3xAire‐knockin mice: 3xAire‐KI). We found that both clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells and production of clonotypic Tregs in the thymus from 3xAire‐KI were impaired in a T‐cell receptor‐transgenic system. Furthermore, 3xAire‐KI females showed higher scores of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than wild‐type littermates, suggesting that augmented Aire expression exacerbates organ‐specific autoimmunity under disease‐prone conditions. In humans, we found that one patient with amyopathic dermatomyositis showed CD3–CD19– cells expressing AIRE in the peripheral blood before the treatment but not during the remission phase treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Thus, not only loss of function of AIRE/Aire but also augmented and/or dysregulated expression of AIRE/Aire should be considered for the pathogenesis of organ‐specific autoimmunity. We suggest that further analyses should be pursued to establish a novel link between organ‐specific autoimmune disease and dysregulated AIRE expression in clinical settings.
Cough as a clinical manifestation of large vessel vasculitis
Authors: Azzam Omar , Hubble Daniel , Prentice David
Published: March 2022

Cough is not a widely recognised symptom of large vessel vasculitides. If not promptly diagnosed and treated, large vessel vasculitis can have serious clinical consequences. We present the case of a 76‐year‐old man who presented with a subacute history of persistent dry cough, was found to have extensive aortitis on imaging, and experienced rapid resolution of symptoms with immunosuppression.
Chronic inflammatory back pain commencing late in life: a neglected concept
Authors: Rianon Nahid J. , Lee MinJae , des Bordes Jude K. , Rahbar Mohammad H. , Weisman Michael H. , Reveille John D.
Published: March 2022

Chronic inflammatory back pain (CIBP) occurs in up to one‐third of those with chronic back pain. Criteria for diagnosis of inflammatory back pain include an onset below 50 years. Using the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for 2009–2010, we showed that 3% of adults aged 50–69 years have features of CIBP with onset on or after 50 years. There is little information in the literature on CIBP of late onset. Patients with late onset CIBP may be falling through the cracks.
Nurses’ experiences of accompanying patients dying during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Castaldo Anna , Lusignani Maura , Papini Marzia , Eleuteri Stefano , Matarese Maria
Published: March 2022

Aims

The aim was to explore nurses’ experiences of caring for and accompanying patients dying without the presence of family during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design was used.

Methods

A purposive sample of registered nurses, caring for dying patients in Italian health‐care settings during the COVID‐19 pandemic, were selected. To capture a broad range of experiences, a maximum variety of participants about workplace, age, gender and work experience were included. A total of 31 nurses agreed to participate in the study; 28 participants were female; participants were aged 41 on average (range 25–63 years) and worked in hospitals and nursing homes in the Northern and Central Italian regions. Six focus groups were conducted from August to December 2020 through Microsoft Teams, reaching data saturation. The transcripts were analysed through inductive content analysis. The COREQ checklist was followed for study reporting.

Results

Four main categories emerged describing nurses’ experiences: hugely increased deaths in time of COVID‐19; ensuring physical, emotional, interpersonal and spiritual care for dying patients and supporting their families despite difficulties; ensuring care procedures of patients’ bodies after death and psychological consequences of caring for dying people during the pandemic.

Conclusion

Registered nurses provided physical, spiritual and emotional care to dying patients during the pandemic, despite limited resources and knowledge, standing in for relatives who were not allowed to visit them; the experiences of caring for dying patients in the absence of the family caused emotional distress in nurses.

Impact

Health‐care systems should develop guidelines aiming to meet the psychological needs of dying people in case of restrictions on patients’ family visits. Health‐care administrators should offer services to support the grieving process of relatives who cannot accompany dying patients and to reduce emotional distress in nurses caring for dying patients.
Nurses' perspective on their involvement in decision‐making about life‐prolonging treatments: A quantitative survey study
Authors: Arends Susanne A. M. , Thodé Maureen , De Veer Anke J. E. , Pasman H. Roeline W. , Francke Anneke L. , Jongerden Irene P.
Published: March 2022

Aims

In hospital settings, decisions about potentially life‐prolonging treatments are often made in a dialogue between a patient and their physician, with a focus on active treatment. Nurses can have a valuable contribution in this process, but it seems they are not always involved. Our aim was to explore how hospital nurses perceive their current role and preferred role in shared decision‐making about potentially life‐prolonging treatment in patients in the last phase of life.

Design

Cross‐sectional quantitative study conducted in the Netherlands in April and May 2019.

Methods

An online survey, using a questionnaire consisting of 12 statements on nurses' opinion about supporting patients in decisions about potentially life‐prolonging treatments, and 13 statements on nurses' actual involvement in these decisions.

Results

In total 179 hospital nurses from multiple institutions who care for adult patients in the last phase of life responded. Nurses agreed that they should have a role in shared decision‐making about potentially life‐prolonging treatments, indicating greatest agreement with ‘It is my task to speak up for my patient’ and ‘It is important that my role in supporting patients is clear’. However, nurses also said that in practice they were often not involved in shared decision‐making, with least involvement in ‘active participation in communication about treatment decisions’ and ‘supporting a patient with the decision’.

Conclusion

There is a discrepancy between nurses' preferred role in decision‐making about potentially life‐prolonging treatment and their actual role. More effort is needed to increase nurses' involvement.

Impact

Nurses' contribution to decision‐making is increasingly considered to be valuable by the nurses themselves, physicians and patients, though involvement is still not common. Future research should focus on strategies, such as training programs, that empower nurses to take an active role in decision‐making.
Make‐or‐buy decisions for industrial additive manufacturing
Authors: Friedrich Anne , Lange Anne , Elbert Ralf
Published: March 2022

Much of the potential of industrial additive manufacturing (AM) is said to lie in the digital specification of components that can be transmitted seamlessly and unambiguously to partners fostering flexible outsourcing. In industry, we observe nuanced AM supply chain governance structures that result from make‐or‐buy decisions, with a tendency to implement AM in‐house. Thus, there is a discrepancy between what is discussed in the literature and implemented in practice. We apply a multiple‐case study approach to investigate why and how AM impacts the make‐or‐buy decision of manufacturing firms. We identify four decision profiles demonstrating the spectrum of specific governance structures and develop a framework to explain the underlying rationales. We find strong arguments for in‐house AM including firms’ perceived need to protect their digitally encapsulated intellectual property, reevaluation of their core competencies, commitment to internal learning, and senior management's enthusiasm for AM. By using transaction cost economics and the resource‐based view, we contribute to the understanding of how arguments of these general theories are modified by the digital and emerging traits of AM. We reveal contradicting guidance in the theories’ argumentation for the case of AM and provide managers a clear perspective on alternative strategies for their AM implementation process.
Re‐viewing performance: Showing eye‐tracking data as feedback to improve performance monitoring in a complex visual task
Authors: Kok Ellen , Hormann Olle , Rou Jeroen , van Saase Evi , van der Schaaf Marieke , Kester Liesbeth , van Gog Tamara
Published: March 2022

Background

Performance monitoring plays a key role in self‐regulated learning, but is difficult, especially for complex visual tasks such as navigational map reading. Gaze displays (i.e. visualizations of participants' eye movements during a task) might serve as feedback to improve students' performance monitoring.

Objectives

We hypothesized that participants who review their performance based on screen recordings that also display their gaze would have a higher monitoring accuracy and increase in post‐test performance and would remember more executed actions than participants who review based on a screen recording only (i.e. control condition).

Methods

Sixty‐four higher education students were randomly assigned to a gaze‐display or control condition. After watching an instruction video, they practiced five navigational map‐reading tasks and then reviewed their performance while thinking aloud, either prompted by a screen recording with gaze display or a screen recording only. Before and after reviewing, participants estimated the number of correctly solved tasks and finally made a five‐item post‐test.

Results and conclusions

Analyses with frequentist and Bayesian statistics showed that gaze displays did not improve monitoring accuracy (i.e. estimated minus actual performance), post‐test performance, or the number of reported actions. It is concluded that scanpath gaze displays do not provide useful cues to improve monitoring accuracy in this task.

Takeaways

Gaze displays are a promising tool for education, but scanpath gaze displays did not help to enhance monitoring accuracy in a navigational map‐reading task.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 reverses high‐fat diet‐induced impairment of vascular function via the anti‐oxidative pathway in ApoE knockout mice
Authors: Huang Wen‐Pin , Chen Chi‐Yu , Lin Tzu‐Wen , Kuo Chin‐Sung , Huang Hsin‐Lei , Huang Po‐Hsun , Lin Shing‐Jong
Published: March 2022

Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which function in vascular repair, are the markers of endothelial dysfunction and vascular health. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a liver‐secreted protein, plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. FGF21 has been reported to attenuate the progression of atherosclerosis, but its impact on EPCs under high oxidative stress conditions remains unclear. In vitro studies showed that the β‐klotho protein was expressed in cultured EPCs and that its expression was upregulated by FGF21 treatment. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced oxidative stress impaired EPC function, including cell viability, migration and tube formation. Pretreatment with FGF21 restored the functions of EPCs after the exposure to H2O2. Administration of N(ω)‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, inhibited the effects of FGF21 in alleviating oxidative injury by suppressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In an in vivo study, the administration of FGF21 significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) and blood glucose levels in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)‐deficient mice that were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD). Endothelial function, as reflected by acetylcholine‐stimulated aortic relaxation, was improved after FGF21 treatment in ApoE‐deficient mice. Analysis of mRNA levels in the aorta indicated that FGF21 increased the mRNA expression of eNOS and upregulated the expression of the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase (SOD)1 and SOD2 in ApoE‐deficient mice. These data suggest that FGF21 improves EPC functions via the Akt/eNOS/nitric oxide (NO) pathway and reverses endothelial dysfunction under oxidative stress. Therefore, administration of FGF21 may ameliorate a HFD‐induced vascular injury in ApoE‐deficient mice.
The effect of pipe development length on flow characteristics in a larvae killing system: Screening the dilute phase by CFD
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Peyman , Shahgholi Gholamhossein , Rezvanivand Fanaei Adel , Rostampour Vahid
Published: March 2022

Optimal design of conveying path can be lead to decrease the reverse flow and blockage in the conveying processes. In the present study, the effects of four different initial pipe lengths of 190, 380, 570, and 760 mm in the larvae killing machine were evaluated, comprehensively. The numerical calculations were conducted by computational fluid dynamics. Also, the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) and Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) were utilized to model the solid–gas interactions and turbulence of the flow, respectively. According to the results, the minimum pressures drop resulted in configuration III with 159 Pa. A negative pressure field was created in the interior radius of the second elbow, which is due to the enhancement of velocity in this area and an enhancement in dynamic pressure. Moreover, the maximum and minimum vorticity magnitudes were obtained in configurations I and III, respectively. Finally, considering all conditions, configuration III was chosen as the best configuration.

Practical Application

The larvae killing machine is utilized to eliminate larvae from whet during conveying. The appropriate design of the piping system is a critical subject in this field. One of the powerful methods for designing the conveying system is computational fluid dynamics. The results of the study can reduce the pressure drop and increase the efficiency of the system and provide uniform conveying in this machine.
A personal and relational model of father identity construction
Authors: Kuscul G. Hilal , Adamsons Kari
Published: March 2022

Although extensive, the identity theory literature does little to explain how specific identities are constructed. Developmental and sociological work primarily have focused on either images of possible future selves in adolescence, or established identities in adulthood and their impacts on behavior. To date, little work has connected the two realms or proposed what processes occupy the “black box” of identity creation between adolescence and adulthood. To begin to address this gap, we use identity theory to propose a model of father identity construction, focusing on the influence of personal and relational characteristics. Specifically, we propose that the formation of men's status and role identities as fathers are shaped by paternal self‐efficacy and existing identity hierarchies, as well as their experiences with their own fathers and fathering role models and the views of their partners–coparents. Implications and additional applications of the model are elaborated.
Impact of the 24/7 nurse practitioner model on emergency department stay at a level 1 trauma center: A retrospective study
Authors: Hardway Jessica , Lucente Frank C , T Crawford Adam , Jarrouj Aous , Samanta Damayanti
Published: March 2022

Aims

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of 24/7 trauma nurse practitioner service model on the emergency department patient flow.

Background

Seamless transition of trauma patients through the emergency department to inpatient hospital care is crucial for coordination of care, clinical safety and positive health outcomes. A level 1 trauma centre located in Southern West Virginia, USA expanded their trauma nurse practitioner service covering the emergency department 24/7.

Design

Retrospective cohort study conducted in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology guidelines.

Methods

Patients admitted to the trauma centre between March 2019 and February 2020 were divided into two groups: trauma patients managed by trauma nurse practitioners versus the hospitalist service. The hospital service group was chosen as the comparator group because any admission prior to night coverage by the trauma nurse practitioners were managed by the hospitalist service.

Results

The emergency department length of stay was significantly lower in trauma nurse practitioners' patients by an average of 300 min (772.25 ± 831.91 vs. 471.44 ± 336.65, p = <.001). Similarly, time to place emergency department discharge order was shorter by 49 min (277.76 ± 159.69 vs. 228.27 ± 116.04, p = .001) for this group. Moreover, trauma nurse practitioners on an average placed one less consultation (1.06 ± 0.23 vs. 1.46 ± 0.74, p < .001).

Conclusion

The patient care provided by trauma nurse practitioners aided in the reduction of strain felt by their emergency department. They were able to help facilitate patient flow thus lessening the pressure of boarding in an overcrowded emergency department. The study institution hopes to sustain the current service model and continue to review outcomes and processes managed by trauma nurse practitioners to ensure consistency and quality.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Similar trauma centres should evaluate the structure of their trauma service that includes the role of trauma nurse practitioner service and work towards allowing them to manage patient care from the emergency department 24/7.
Choosing Wisely in clinical practice: Embracing critical thinking, striving for safer care
Authors: Furlan Ludovico , Francesco Pietro Di , Costantino Giorgio , Montano Nicola
Published: March 2022

In recent years, the Choosing Wisely and Less is More campaigns have gained growing attention in the medical scientific community. Several projects have been launched to facilitate confrontation among patients and physicians, to achieve better and harmless patient‐centered care. Such initiatives have paved the way to a new “way of thinking.” Embracing such a philosophy goes through a cognitive process that takes into account several issues. Medicine is a highly inaccurate science and physicians should deal with uncertainty. Evidence from the literature should not be accepted as it is but rather be translated into practice by medical practitioners who select treatment options for specific cases based on the best research, patient preferences, and individual patient characteristics. A wise choice requires active effort into minimizing the chance that potential biases may affect our clinical decisions. Potential harms and all consequences (both direct and indirect) of prescribing tests, procedures, or medications should be carefully evaluated, as well as patients’ needs and preferences. Through such a cognitive process, a patient management shift is needed, moving from being centered on establishing a diagnosis towards finding the best management strategy for the right patient at the right time. Finally, while “thinking wisely,” physicians should also “act wisely,” being among the leading actors in facing upcoming healthcare challenges related to environmental issues and social discrepancies.
Additive Manufacturing for Complete Denture Fabrication: A Narrative Review
Authors: Goodacre Brian J. , Goodacre Charles J.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To evaluate and compare the benefits and limitations of additive manufacturing for complete denture fabrication.

Methods

A PubMed and Google Scholar search for topics pertaining to additive manufacturing for complete dentures was performed. The resulting articles were then divided into topics to allow a narrative review.

Discussion

Determining how printing compares with conventional and milled dentures is critical for the widespread adoption of this fabrication technique. Physical properties, denture tooth bond strength, denture base adaptation and soft‐liner bond strength are discussed to establish how printing compares.

Conclusions

Printing offers many advantages over milled and conventionally processed dentures; however, many questions need to be answered by research. The advantages include reduced cost of most printers compared to milling machines, less material waste, ability to print multiple dentures simultaneously, and complex designs can be fabricated that otherwise could not be milled. Current research has shown flexural strength, fracture toughness, color stability, and denture base adaptation are reduced for printed dentures when compared with milled dentures. Print orientation has been shown to influence accuracy, strength, surface roughness and C. albicans adherence which is not seen with conventional or milled denture materials. These factors do not represent a criticism of printing but rather indicate the need for more research with this new and promising denture fabrication technique. Since printing offers numerous benefits to complete denture fabrication it is likely to have a more significant role in complete denture fabrication in years to come as knowledge increases and materials/techniques continue to advance.
Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Fabrication of Biomaterials for Surgical Procedures in Dentistry: A Narrative Review
Authors: Özcan Mutlu , Magini Eduarda Blasi , Volpato Guilherme Maziero , Cruz Ariadne , Volpato Claudia Angela Maziero
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To screen and critically appraise available literature regarding additive manufacturing technologies for bone graft material fabrication in dentistry.

Material and Methods

PubMed and Scopus were searched up to May 2021. Studies reporting the additive manufacturing techniques to manufacture scaffolds for intraoral bone defect reconstruction were considered eligible. A narrative review was synthesized to discuss the techniques for bone graft material fabrication in dentistry and the biomaterials used.

Results

The databases search resulted in 933 articles. After removing duplicate articles (128 articles), the titles and abstracts of the remaining articles (805 articles) were evaluated. A total of 89 articles were included in this review. Reading these articles, 5 categories of additive manufacturing techniques were identified: material jetting, powder bed fusion, vat photopolymerization, binder jetting, and material extrusion.

Conclusions

Additive manufacturing technologies for bone graft material fabrication in dentistry, especially 3D bioprinting approaches, have been successfully used to fabricate bone graft material with distinct compositions.
Evaluation of hybrid rice parental lines against bacterial blight disease and detection of resistant gene (s) by gene‐specific, linked markers
Authors: Akter Anowara , Nihad Sheikh Arafat Islam , Hasan Md. Jamil , Hassan Lutful , Robin Arif Hasan Khan , Quddus Md. Ruhul , Tabassum Anika , Latif Mohammad Abdul
Published: March 2022

Bacterial blight (BB) disease, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the major bottlenecks of rice (Oryza sativa) production. The present study was undertaken to identify BB‐resistant parental lines of hybrid rice based on pathogenicity tests and molecular screening. Three virulent races of Xoo, i.e. BXo93, BXo822 and BXo887 were used to evaluate the 66 maintainers and 200 elite restorer lines against BB. Based on the pathogenicity test, none of the maintainer lines was found resistant, whereas 16 restorers were resistant against the three races and 15 restorers were resistant to a single race (Bxo93). These 31 restorer lines were selected to detect the presence of major bacterial blight resistance genes, i.e. Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13, Xa21 and Xa23 using molecular markers. Thirteen restorer lines carried the Xa4 gene but were not resistant to all three races of BB. Fourteen restorers and one restorer had two (Xa4 + xa5; Xa4 + Xa7; Xa4 + Xa21 and Xa7 + Xa21) and three (Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7) BB resistance genes, respectively. Genotypes having Xa21, Xa7 + Xa21 or Xa4 + Xa21 had reduced lesion lengths that ranged from 1.4 cm (against BXo93)–3.0 cm (against BXo887), 1.6 cm (against BXo93)–2.0 cm (against BXo822 and BXo887) and 2.5 cm (against BXo887)–3 cm (against BXo822), respectively, and were found to be the most effective resistance genes against bacterial blight. The restorer lines having the Xa21, Xa7 + Xa21 or Xa4 + Xa21 could be used as parental lines for the development of bacterial blight‐resistant hybrid varieties.
The programming effect of parenteral obesity on the structural and mechanical properties of femora in female rats fed a varied calorie diet during puberty
Authors: Radzki Radosław P. , Bieńko Marek , Wolski Dariusz , Polak Paweł
Published: March 2022

The study was aimed to ascertain whether continuation or change in the offspring of the diet consumed by the parents modulates, in later life, the previously programmed bone metabolism. We used adult Wistar rats (16 males; 32 females), divided into groups that were fed either a standard (diet S) or a high‐energy (diet F). After 90 days of obesity induction, the rats were submitted to obtain female offspring from parents S and F. The offspring stayed with their mothers until 21 days of age (weaning day). Our previous studies have proved the programming effects of parental obesity on the skeletal system of their offspring at the age of 21 days. Weaned female offspring were divided into groups: S/S‐parents and offspring fed the S diet; S/F‐parents fed the S diet and offspring fed the F diet; F/S‐parents fed the diet F and offspring with the diet S; F/F‐parents and offspring fed the F diet (F/F). After sacrifice, isolated femurs were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and by a three‐point bending test. The bones were examined at 49 and 90 days of life. We found that nutritional programming has a significant influence on the development and metabolism of the skeletal system in females during growth and maturity. Moreover, the modification of nutrition alters the metabolism of bone tissue, and the osteotropic effects vary depending on the nature of the change, as well as the stage of development. Reducing the caloric content of the diet inhibits the mineralization and decreases the mechanical strength of the bones while increasing the caloric content of the diet has a beneficial osteotropic effect.
“Like Any Other Camp”: Experiences and lessons learned from an integrated day camp for children with heart disease
Authors: Blais Angelica , Longmuir Patricia E. , Messy Raquel , Messy Roland , Lai Lillian
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Summer camps for children living with heart disease can have a profound impact on well‐being. However, specialized camps often require extensive resources (i.e., 24‐h medical staff supervision) and may be located in far remote settings. Integrating children with heart disease into mainstream day camps may address these barriers. The purpose of this study is to describe the experience of attending an integrated day camp from the perspectives of children with heart disease and their parents.

Design and Methods

This study used a qualitative descriptive design. Among 25 eligible families, 9 participated in interviews which were held 3 months to 2 years after attending an integrated camp (mean age of children at camp was 7.3 ± 2.25 years). Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim for an inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Many parents chose the integrated camp as their child's first summer camp experience, citing trust in the local division of Cardiology's approval of the camp activities as an important reason for enrolling. All participants agreed the integrated camp was a valued opportunity which should continue, although not all described positive camp experiences. Participants' descriptions of the integrated camp were organized into two main themes: 1) overall expectations of the camp and 2) important opportunities afforded by the camp experience. Partaking in a typical camp experience, connecting to local children with heart disease, adequate safety precautions and activity adaptations were specific expectations held by participants. Important opportunities included greater independence and confidence, navigating disclosure of their diagnosis to peers on their own terms, and more diverse social connections. Improving communication with parents to ensure expectations match camp objectives would have enhanced the experience.

Practice Implications

Practitioners looking for an alternative to specialized camps for their patients with heart disease may use these results to guide the design and promotion of an integrated camp.
Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs with liver disease
Authors: O'Kell Allison L. , Gallagher Alexander E. , Cooke Kirsten L.
Published: March 2022

Background

Liver disease is frequently cited as a cause of gastroduodenal ulceration (GDU) in dogs but studies regarding GDU and liver disease are limited.

Objectives

To document the presence of GDU in dogs with liver disease.

Animals

Forty dogs that underwent liver biopsy, computed tomographic (CT) angiography or both at the University of Florida Small Animal Hospital to diagnose congenital or acquired liver disease.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study. Dogs had gastroduodenoscopy performed with photographic and video documentation in a standardized fashion. Lesions (hemorrhage, erosions, ulcers) in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum were scored based on a grading scale. Presence of esophageal varices was recorded. Dogs were categorized into 4 groups according to cause of liver disease (inflammatory disease, cirrhosis, congenital, other). Presence or absence of ulcers, erosions or both as well as total endoscopic scores were compared among groups.

Results

Forty dogs were enrolled with the following distribution: 13 congenital, 13 inflammatory, 3 cirrhosis, and 11 other. Four dogs had GDU (10%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3%‐24%) and 6 dogs had erosions (15%; 95% CI, 6%‐30%). No difference was found in total endoscopic score (P = .21) or in the proportion of dogs with ulcers, erosions or both versus those without (P = .25) among the groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Gastroduodenal ulceration was found in 10% of dogs with liver disease in this population. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these findings in larger numbers of dogs with specific disease etiologies.
Intentions for a third child: The role of parental sex composition preferences
Authors: Mishra Ankita , Parasnis Jaai
Published: March 2022

We investigate the effect of parents' sex composition preferences on intentions for a third child in India. Parents' preference for sex composition are balanced or mixed gender (a son and a daughter) or gender biased, commonly for a son, and are expected to change over time. Pooled sample of 22,290 couples with two children from the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS), conducted in 2005/6 and 2015/16 is used to analyze couples' sex composition preferences and its effect on third child intentions. Our results show that desire for a son dominates the preference for balanced sex composition over the ten‐year period, as couples with two daughters are 7 to 9 times more likely to intend to have a third child. This intention for third child is moderated by women's education and media exposure. Parental preference for a male child continues to be a significant driver for couples exceeding the two children norm in India. Policies promoting women's education will have spillover effects on fertility intentions but would not fully close the gap caused by preference for son. Purposeful policy efforts for changing these preferences need to work synchronously with the broader efforts to address gender inequality.
Workers' self‐selection into public sector employment: A tale of absenteeism
Authors: Ehlert Andree , García‐Morán Eva
Published: March 2022

This study investigated whether employees' career transitions from the private to the public sector are related to their previous absences, where absenteeism is a proxy for a preference for shirking (exerting low effort). The aim was to determine whether workers who shirk are more likely to select public sector jobs. We differentiated absenteeism by type, such as health problems or childcare obligations, versus a preference for low effort. Using 2004 to 2017 data from the German Socioeconomic Panel, which represented 50,565 person‐years, we estimated a duration model of private‐sector workers' exit into public employment, controlling for potential absenteeism drivers, and found a positive relationship between the probability of switching to public employment and absenteeism among workers who were in good health and had no children. This finding supports the conclusion that workers with a preference for low work effort tend to switch to public sector jobs. We further examined potential reverse causality and conducted various robustness checks. The policy implications and potential shortcomings of our results are discussed.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy to prevent hepatitis B virus vertical transmission—A review of maternal and infant outcomes
Authors: Samadi Kochaksaraei Golasa , Shaheen Abdel A. , Seow Cynthia H. , Barkema Herman W. , Coffin Carla S.
Published: March 2022

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health problem. Vertical transmission of HBV from HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive mothers to their infants is the most common cause of HBV infection worldwide. The use of passive–active immunoprophylaxis is >90% effective in reducing the risk of vertical transmission, but immunoprophylaxis failure can occur in infants born to mothers with high viraemia. Thus, it is recommended that pregnant women with HBV‐DNA level >200 000 IU/ml receive nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) treatment [i.e. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), lamivudine or telbivudine] during third trimester to prevent infant immunoprophylaxis failure. TDF is recommended as the first‐line therapy based on available data on efficacy, safety and resistance profile. However, maternal immunological reconstitution following parturition can increase immune‐mediated flares to viral antigens that is potentially exacerbated following TDF withdrawal. In this article, we review available data on the efficacy and safety of TDF administration to prevent HBV mother‐to‐child transmission. We also discuss changes in maternal viral markers [i.e. HBV‐DNA, HBV e antigen and HBsAg] and alanine aminotransferase during follow‐up post‐partum in mothers received NA to prevent HBV vertical transmission.
Risk factors for pharmacotherapy for storage symptoms after transurethral resection of the prostate in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Han , Fan Yu‐Hua , Lin Alex T. L. , Huang William J.
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Postoperative persistence of storage symptoms after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is bothersome, and evidence of its cause is sparse. We sought to analyze risk factors for using antimuscarinics or beta‐3 agonists after TURP in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients.

Methods

BPH patients who underwent TURP and were followed up for >6 months after surgery were retrospectively enrolled. Postoperative pharmacotherapy for storage symptoms was defined as the prescription of antimuscarinics or beta‐3 agonists within 3 months after TURP for >3 months. Preoperative and perioperative variables were evaluated for their effect on the postoperative prescription of antimuscarinics or beta‐3 agonists.

Results

Of the 376 patients, 45 (12.0%) received postoperative pharmacotherapy for storage symptoms. Patients who underwent bipolar TURP were significantly more likely to receive postoperative pharmacotherapy than those who underwent monopolar TURP (15.7% vs 6.9%; P = 0.01). Significantly more patients with intravesical prostatic protrusions >1 cm used postoperative pharmacotherapy than those with protrusions of ≤1 cm (14.4% vs 5.2% respectively; P = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed age >75 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.04; 95% CI 1.29‐7.16; P = 0.011), intravesical prostatic protrusion >1 cm (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.32‐9.15; P = 0.012), and bipolar transurethral resection (OR 4.25; 95% CI 1.53‐11.80; P = 0.005) as significant risk factors for postoperative pharmacotherapy.

Conclusions

Advanced age, intravesical prostatic protrusion, and bipolar TURP were significantly associated with postoperative pharmacotherapy for storage symptoms after TURP in BPH patients. Therefore, patients with these risk factors might be informed about the risk of postoperative storage symptoms that may require medications after TURP.
Low dietary diversity is associated with linear growth faltering and subsequent adverse child developmental outcomes in rural Democratic Republic of the Congo (REDUCE program)
Authors: George Christine Marie , Coglianese Nicole , Bauler Sarah , Perin Jamie , Kuhl Jennifer , Williams Camille , Kang Yunhee , Thomas Elizabeth D. , François Ruthly , Ng Angela , Presence Amani S. , Jean Claude Bisimwa R. , Tofail Fahmida , Mirindi Patrick , Cirhuza Lucien B.
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between dietary diversity, child growth and child developmental outcomes. This was a prospective cohort study. Developmental outcomes were assessed by communication, fine motor, gross motor, personal social, problem solving and combined developmental scores measured by the Extended Ages and Stages Questionnaire (EASQ) at a 6‐month follow‐up visit. Height and weight were measured at baseline and a 6‐month follow‐up. Baseline minimum dietary diversity (MDD) for children 6–23 months old was defined by consumption of five or more of the following food groups: (1) breast milk; (2) grains, roots and tubers; (3) legumes and nuts; (4) dairy products; (5) flesh foods; (6) eggs; (7) vitamin A‐rich fruits and vegetables and (8) other fruits and vegetables. Participants were 117 children 6–23 months of age. Linear growth faltering was defined as a significant decline (p < 0.05) in length‐for‐age Z‐scores (LAZ) between baseline and follow‐up. Regression models were performed. The study was conducted in rural eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). MDD was positively associated with change in LAZ (coefficient: 0.87 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.33, 1.40]), and a reduced odds of stunting (LAZ < −2) (odds ratio: 0.21 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.61]). MDD was also associated with a significantly higher combined EASQ‐Z‐scores (coefficient: 0.34 [95% CI: 0.003, 0.68], higher communication EASQ‐Z‐scores [0.50 {95% CI: 0.14, 0.85}], and higher personal social EASQ‐Z‐scores [0.46 {95% CI: 0.11, 0.82}]). This study provides further evidence demonstrating the need for interventions to improve dietary diversity among young children.
The population genetics of adaptation through copy number variation in a fungal plant pathogen
Authors: Stalder Luzia , Oggenfuss Ursula , Mohd‐Assaad Norfarhan , Croll Daniel
Published: March 2022

Microbial pathogens can adapt rapidly to changing environments such as the application of pesticides or host resistance. Copy number variations (CNVs) are a major source of adaptive genetic variation for recent adaptation. Here, we analyse how a major fungal pathogen of barley, Rhynchosporium commune, has adapted to the host environment and fungicide applications. We screen the genomes of 125 isolates sampled across a worldwide set of populations and identify a total of 7,879 gene duplications and 116 gene deletions. Most gene duplications result from segmental chromosomal duplications. Although CNVs are generally under negative selection, we find that genes affected by CNVs are enriched in functions related to host exploitation (i.e., effectors and cell‐wall‐degrading enzymes). We perform genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and identify a large segmental duplication of CYP51A that has contributed to the emergence of azole resistance and a duplication encompassing an effector gene affecting virulence. We show that the adaptive CNVs were probably created by recently active transposable element families. Moreover, we find that specific transposable element families are important drivers of recent gene CNV. Finally, we use a genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism data set to replicate the GWAS and contrast it with the CNV‐focused analysis. Together, our findings show how extensive segmental duplications create the raw material for recent adaptation in global populations of a fungal pathogen.
Economy of Tribulation: Translating Humanitarianism for an Islamic Counterpublic
Authors: Iqbal Basit Kareem
Published: March 2022

This paper addresses the theoretical problem of how to approach Islamic charity in a humanitarian world, without simultaneously reproducing a secularization narrative in the terms of analysis. First, I outline the economic theology of an Islamic reformist organization serving Syrian refugees in Jordan. I argue that it should be disarticulated from the interpretative frame of “neoliberal piety” to which the academic literature often refers modern Islamic charity. Second, I outline how the organization's director locates Islamic charity and international humanitarianism together within the same moral economy. I argue that his account, which relates but does not assimilate distinctive regimes of care, problematizes the acts of secular translation which generally mediate humanitarianism and religion. Taken together, these two arguments methodologically return us to the anthropological reclamation of historical difference.
Distinguishing the contributions of neuronal and mucosal serotonin in the regulation of colonic motility
Authors: Martin Alyce M. , Jones Lauren A. , Wei Lai , Spencer Nick J. , Sanders Kenton M. , Ro Seungil , Keating Damien J.
Published: March 2022

Background

Specialized enterochromaffin (EC) cells within the mucosal lining of the gut synthesize and secrete almost all serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) in the body. Significantly lower amounts of 5‐HT are made by other peripheral tissues and serotonergic neurons within the enteric nervous system (ENS). EC cells are in close proximity to 5‐HT receptors in the ENS, and the role of 5‐HT as a modulator of gut motility, particularly colonic motor complexes, has been well defined. However, the relative contribution of neuronal 5‐HT to this process under resting and stimulus‐evoked conditions is unclear.

Methods

In this study, we combined the use of the selective serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor, fluoxetine, with two models of mucosal 5‐HT depletion—surgical removal of the mucosa and our Tph1Cre/ERT2; Rosa26DTA mouse line—to determine the relative contribution of neuronal and mucosal 5‐HT to resting and distension‐evoked colonic motility.

Key results

Fluoxetine significantly reduced the frequency of colonic migrating complexes (CMCs) in flat‐sheet preparations with the mucosa present and in intact control Tph1‐DTA colons in which EC cells were present. No such effect was observed in mucosa‐free preparations or in intact Tph1‐DTA preparations lacking EC cell 5‐HT.

Conclusions and inferences

We demonstrate that mucosal 5‐HT release plays an important role in distension‐evoked colonic motility, and that SERT inhibition no longer alters gut motility when EC cells are absent, thus demonstrating that ENS 5‐HT does not play a role in regulating gut motility.