bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Access to Preventive Health Care for Undocumented Migrants: A Comparative Study of Germany, The Netherlands and Spain from a Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Flegar Veronika , Dalli María , Toebes Brigit
Published: February 2016

The present study analyzes the preventive health care provisions for nationals and undocumented migrants in Germany, the Netherlands and Spain in light of four indicators derived from the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ General Comment 14 (GC 14). These indicators are (i) immunization; (ii) education and information; (iii) regular screening programs; and (iv) the promotion of the underlying determinants of health. It aims to answer the question of what preventive health care services for undocumented migrants are provided for in Germany, the Netherlands and Spain and how this should be evaluated from a human rights perspective. The study reveals that the access to preventive health care for undocumented migrants is largely insufficient in all three countries but most extensive in the Netherlands and least extensive in Germany. The paper concludes that a human rights-based approach to health law and policy can help to refine and concretize the individual rights and state obligations for the preventive health care of undocumented migrants. While the human rights framework is still insufficiently clear in some respects, the research concedes the added value of a rights-based approach as an evaluation tool, advocacy framework and moral principle to keep in mind when adopting or evaluating state policies in the health sector.
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Studies of n-i-p Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Based Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Karki Gautam Laxmi , Junda Maxwell , Haneef Hamna , Collins Robert , Podraza Nikolas
Published: February 2016

Optimization of thin film photovoltaics (PV) relies on characterizing the optoelectronic and structural properties of each layer and correlating these properties with device performance. Growth evolution diagrams have been used to guide production of materials with good optoelectronic properties in the full hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) PV device configuration. The nucleation and evolution of crystallites forming from the amorphous phase were studied using in situ near-infrared to ultraviolet spectroscopic ellipsometry during growth of films prepared as a function of hydrogen to reactive gas flow ratio R = [H2]/[SiH4]. In conjunction with higher photon energy measurements, the presence and relative absorption strength of silicon-hydrogen infrared modes were measured by infrared extended ellipsometry measurements to gain insight into chemical bonding. Structural and optical models have been developed for the back reflector (BR) structure consisting of sputtered undoped zinc oxide (ZnO) on top of silver (Ag) coated glass substrates. Characterization of the free-carrier absorption properties in Ag and the ZnO + Ag interface as well as phonon modes in ZnO were also studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Measurements ranging from 0.04 to 5 eV were used to extract layer thicknesses, composition, and optical response in the form of complex dielectric function spectra (ε = ε1 + iε2) for Ag, ZnO, the ZnO + Ag interface, and undoped a-Si:H layer in a substrate n-i-p a-Si:H based PV device structure.
Effect of Synthesizing Temperature on Microstructure and Electrochemical Property of the Hydrothermal Conversion Coating on Mg-2Zn-0.5Mn-Ca-Ce Alloy
Authors: Guo Guanghui , Song Dan , Jiang Jinghua , Ma Aibin , Zhang Liwen , Li Cheng
Published: February 2016

Mg(OH)2 conversion coatings were formed on an Mg-2Zn-0.5Mn-Ca-Ce alloy via hydrothermal method at three different synthesizing temperatures (160, 170 and 180 °C). The effect of synthesizing temperature on microstructure and electrochemical property of the coatings were systematically studied. With increasing synthesizing temperature, the coating became thicker due to the faster reaction and deposition of Mg(OH)2 on the α-Mg phase and secondary phases of the substrate Mg alloy. Internal micro-cracks were also generated in the higher-temperature synthesized coatings due to the increased shrinking stress, but the cross-cutting micro-cracks were suppressed. Benefiting from the improved barrier effect against penetration of corrosive medium, the higher-temperature synthesized thicker coating presented significantly enhanced electrochemical property and anti-corrosion efficiency in Hanks’ solution.
SIX NEW MILLISECOND PULSARS FROM ARECIBO SEARCHES OF FERMI GAMMA-RAY SOURCES
Authors: Cromartie H. T. , Camilo F. , Kerr M. , Deneva J. S. , Ransom S. M. , Ray P. S. , Ferrara E. C. , Michelson P. F. , Wood K. S.
Published: February 2016

We have discovered six radio millisecond pulsars (MSPs) in a search with the Arecibo telescope of 34 unidentified gamma-ray sources from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) four year point source catalog. Among the 34 sources, we also detected two MSPs previously discovered elsewhere. Each source was observed at a center frequency of 327 MHz, typically at three epochs with individual integration times of 15 minutes. The new MSP spin periods range from 1.99 to 4.66 ms. Five of the six pulsars are in interacting compact binaries (period ≤ 8.1 hr), while the sixth is a more typical neutron star-white dwarf binary with an 83 day orbital period. This is a higher proportion of interacting binaries than for equivalent Fermi-LAT searches elsewhere. The reason is that Arecibo's large gain afforded us the opportunity to limit integration times to 15 minutes, which significantly increased our sensitivity to these highly accelerated systems. Seventeen of the remaining 26 gamma-ray sources are still categorized as strong MSP candidates, and will be re-searched.
DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS
Authors: Pitňa A. , Šafránková J. , Němeček Z. , Goncharov O. , Němec F. , Přech L. , Chen C. H. K. , Zastenker G. N.
Published: February 2016

Interplanetary (IP) shocks as typical large-scale disturbances arising from processes such as stream–stream interactions or Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection (ICME) launching play a significant role in the energy redistribution, dissipation, particle heating, acceleration, etc. They can change the properties of the turbulent cascade on shorter scales. We focus on changes of the level and spectral properties of ion flux fluctuations upstream and downstream of fast forward oblique shocks. Although the fluctuation level increases by an order of magnitude across the shock, the spectral slope in the magnetohydrodynamic range is conserved. The frequency spectra upstream of IP shocks are the same as those in the solar wind (if not spoiled by foreshock waves). The spectral slopes downstream are roughly proportional to the corresponding slopes upstream, suggesting that the properties of the turbulent cascade are conserved across the shock; thus, the shock does not destroy the shape of the spectrum as turbulence passes through it. Frequency spectra downstream of IP shocks often exhibit “an exponential decay” in the ion kinetic range that was earlier reported at electron scales in the solar wind or at ion scales in the interstellar medium. We suggest that the exponential shape of ion flux spectra in this range is caused by stronger damping of the fluctuations in the downstream region.
FIRST LONG-TERM OPTICAL SPECTRAL MONITORING OF A BINARY BLACK HOLE CANDIDATE E1821+643. I. VARIABILITY OF SPECTRAL LINES AND CONTINUUM
Authors: Shapovalova A. I. , Popović L. Č. , Chavushyan V. H. , Burenkov A. N. , Ilić D. , Kollatschny W. , Kovačević A. , Valdés J. R. , Patiño-Álvarez V. , León-Tavares J. , Torrealba J. , Zhdanova V. E.
Published: February 2016

We report the results of the first long-term (1990–2014) optical spectrophotometric monitoring of a binary black hole candidate QSO E1821+643, a low-redshift, high-luminosity, radio-quiet quasar. In the monitored period, the continua and Hγ fluxes changed about two times, while the Hβ flux changed about 1.4 times. We found periodical variations in the photometric flux with periods of 1200, 1850, and 4000 days, and 4500-day periodicity in the spectroscopic variations. However, the periodicity of 4000–4500 days covers only one cycle of variation and should be confirmed with a longer monitoring campaign. There is an indication of the period around 1300 days in the spectroscopic light curves, buts with small significance level, while the 1850-day period could not be clearly identified in the spectroscopic light curves. The line profiles have not significantly changed, showing an important red asymmetry and broad line peak redshifted around +1000 km s−1. However, Hβ shows a broader mean profile and has a larger time lag (τ ∼ 120 days) than Hγ (τ ∼ 60 days). We estimate that the mass of the black hole is ∼2.6 × 109
M
⊙. The obtained results are discussed in the frame of the binary black hole hypothesis. To explain the periodicity in the flux variability and high redshift of the broad lines, we discuss a scenario where dense, gas-rich, cloudy-like structures are orbiting around a recoiling black hole.
Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma, Corticosteroid, and Placebo
Authors: Mahindra Pankaj , Yamin Mohammad , Selhi Harpal S. , Singla Sonia , Soni Ashwani
Published: February 2016

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain. It is a disabling disease in its chronic form. It is a degenerative tissue condition of the plantar fascia rather than an inflammation. Various treatment options are available, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections, orthosis, and physiotherapy. This study compared the effects of local platelet-rich plasma, corticosteroid, and placebo injections in the treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis. In this double-blind study, patients were divided randomly into 3 groups. Local injections of platelet-rich plasma, corticosteroid, or normal saline were given. Patients were assessed with the visual analog scale for pain and with the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle and Hindfoot score before injection, at 3 weeks, and at 3-month follow-up. Mean visual analog scale score in the platelet-rich plasma and corticosteroid groups decreased from 7.44 and 7.72 preinjection to 2.52 and 3.64 at final follow-up, respectively. Mean AOFAS score in the platelet-rich plasma and corticosteroid groups improved from 51.56 and 55.72 preinjection to 88.24 and 81.32 at final follow-up, respectively. There was a significant improvement in visual analog scale score and AOFAS score in the platelet-rich plasma and corticosteroid groups at 3 weeks and at 3-month follow-up. There was no significant improvement in visual analog scale score or AOFAS score in the placebo group at any stage of the study. The authors concluded that local injection of platelet-rich plasma or corticosteroid is an effective treatment option for chronic plantar fasciitis. Platelet-rich plasma injection is as effective as or more effective than corticosteroid injection in treating chronic plantar fasciitis. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(2):e285–e289.]
Comparison of Specific Femoral Short Stems and Conventional-Length Stems in Primary Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Shin Young-Soo , Suh Dong-Hun , Park Jong-Hoon , Kim Jeong-Lae , Han Seung-Beom
Published: February 2016

There are several reported disadvantages with conventional-length femoral stems in cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA). Therefore, various efforts have been made to develop a specific femoral short stem to improve physiologic bone remodeling at the femoral aspect of a cementless THA. However, there are potential disadvantages with specific femoral short stems, such as malalignment, inadvertent subsidence, and potential proximal femoral fracture. Therefore, the authors quantitatively compared radiographic and clinical outcomes as well as component-specific complications between 2 groups of patients following primary cementless THA. A matched comparison was made between specific femoral short stems (n=50) and conventional-length femoral stems (n=50) in cementless THA procedures performed between January 2008 and January 2012. Patients were matched for age, sex, body mass index, height, surgical approach, and surgeon. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in mean postoperative radiographic outcomes, functional outcomes, or complications. Both groups showed satisfactory performance at 5-year follow-up. Specific femoral short stems resulted in a higher incidence of malalignment and subsidence and a lower incidence of thigh pain and proximal bone resorption compared with conventional-length femoral stems. Although longer follow-up is required, specific femoral short stems may have clinical and radiographic advantages with equivalent perioperative complications relative to conventional-length femoral stems. However, this technique requires proper patient selection in combination with careful preoperative planning and meticulous surgical technique. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(2):e311–e317.]
Critical Role of Emotions in Media Events
Authors: Verbalytė Monika
Published: February 2016

This contribution relates recent theoretizations of media events with the emotion theory in order to get a better picture of what role emotions play in these events. Critical view toward media events helps to understand the limitations of the claims made by those who established this concept 30 years ago: Rather than instances magically integrating society, media events are seen as struggles over the meaning in the contested media field where by far not every winning meaning enhances societal integration. Additionally, psychology and sociology of emotion gives a necessary foundation for the concise theory of emotions in the media events and guides the empirical inquiry into the subject by suggesting that research should focus on the arousing rhetoric as well as narratives interpreting this arousal and turning it into the specific emotion. The analyzed media event – political scandal – very well exemplifies the theoretical argument made in regard to media events, demonstrates the power of emotions in establishing particular versions of reality and illustrates what I call the recursive logic of media events: the fact that their meaning is established at the very end of their occurrence, whereas their event-ness is implied at the beginning with the intensive arousal attracting everyone's attention.
Between Sports Event and Media Event
Authors: Spalletta Marica , Ugolini Lorenzo
Published: February 2016

Since its first edition (1896), modern Olympic Games have represented a far-reaching sport event, because they draw the attention of a wide audience and because their “festivity” breaks daily routines. According to Dayan and Katz (1992), Olympic Games are to be considered certainly as a sport event, but also as a media event. They also state that the affirmation of media events is strictly linked to their live broadcasting on TV. This chapter aims to understand if, referring to the Olympic Games, it is still possible to talk about “media events” in the shift between their representation in live broadcasting and their journalistic reports on printed news media. Through a qualitative media content analysis, the chapter examines the way in which two Italian significant newspapers (Corriere della Sera and La Gazzetta dello Sport) covered the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games. The research shows that the analysis of Sochi 2014 as a media event cannot abstract from the current main features of sports journalism, that are hybridization, mediatization and popularization. Therefore, Sochi has represented a break of journalistic daily routine because of a journalistic coverage strongly hybridized but, on the other hand, it can't be fully considered as a “media event” because of the lack of mediatization and popularization.
Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ESR1) Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Affect Malignant Melanoma Susceptibility and Disease Course
Authors: Glatthaar Hanna , Katto Judith , Vogt Thomas , Mahlknecht Ulrich
Published: February 2016

The incidence of malignant melanoma in the developed world is continuously increasing. We conducted a case–control study in order to evaluate the association between each of the four estrogen receptor alpha polymorphisms (ESR1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] +2464C/T, –4576A/C, +1619A/G, and +6362C/T) and malignant melanoma susceptibility and disease course. The study population consisted of 205 Caucasian patients who were diagnosed as having malignant melanoma and 208 healthy Caucasian controls. Through DNA genotyping, we identified a SNP-dependent malignant melanoma susceptibility as well as a SNP-dependent effect on the course of disease and response to therapy.
Inferring Orthologs: Open Questions and Perspectives
Authors: Tekaia Fredj
Published: February 2016

With the increasing number of sequenced genomes and their comparisons, the detection of orthologs is crucial for reliable functional annotation and evolutionary analyses of genes and species. Yet, the dynamic remodeling of genome content through gain, loss, transfer of genes, and segmental and whole-genome duplication hinders reliable orthology detection. Moreover, the lack of direct functional evidence and the questionable quality of some available genome sequences and annotations present additional difficulties to assess orthology. This article reviews the existing computational methods and their potential accuracy in the high-throughput era of genome sequencing and anticipates open questions in terms of methodology, reliability, and computation. Appropriate taxon sampling together with combination of methods based on similarity, phylogeny, synteny, and evolutionary knowledge that may help detecting speciation events appears to be the most accurate strategy. This review also raises perspectives on the potential determination of orthology throughout the whole species phylogeny.
Nonuniform dichotomic behavior: Lipschitz invariant manifolds for difference equations
Authors: Bento António J.G. , Silva César M.
Published: February 2016

We obtain global and local theorems on the existence of invariant manifolds for perturbations of non autonomous linear difference equations assuming a very general form of dichotomic behavior for the linear equation. The results are obtained using Banach fixed point theorem and include situations where the behavior is far from hyperbolic. We also give several new examples and show that our result includes as particular cases several previous theorems.
Creating a Framework for Medical Professionalism: An Initial Consensus Statement From an Arab Nation
Authors: Abdel-Razig Sawsan , Ibrahim Halah , Alameri Hatem , Hamdy Hossam , Haleeqa Khaled Abu , Qayed Khalil I , Obaid Laila O , Fahim Maha Al , Ezimokhai Mutairu , Sulaiman Nabil D , Fares Saleh , Darei Maitha Mohammed Al , Shahin Nhayan Qassim , Shamsi Noora Abdulla Omran Al , Alnooryani Rashed Arif , Falahi Salama Zayed Al
Published: February 2016

Medical professionalism has received increased worldwide attention, yet there is limited information on the applicability and utility of established Western professionalism frameworks in non-Western nations.Background

 We developed a locally derived consensus definition of medical professionalism for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which reflects the cultural and social constructs of the UAE and the Middle East.Objective

 We used a purposive sample of 14 physicians working in the UAE as clinical and education leaders. This expert panel used qualitative methods, including the world café, nominal group technique, the Delphi method, and an interpretive thematic analysis to develop the consensus statement.Methods

 The expert panel defined 9 attributes of medical professionalism. There was considerable overlap with accepted Western definitions, along with important differences in 3 aspects: (1) the primacy of social justice and societal rights; (2) the role of the physician's personal faith and spirituality in guiding professional practices; and (3) societal expectations for professional attributes of physicians that extend beyond the practice of medicine.Results

 Professionalism is a social construct influenced by cultural and religious contexts. It is imperative that definitions of professionalism used in the education of physicians in training and in the assessment of practicing physicians be formulated locally and encompass specific competencies relevant to the local, social, and cultural context for medical practice. Our goal was to develop a secular consensus statement that encompasses culture and values relevant to professionalism for the UAE and the Arab region.Conclusions
The evolution of shortcomings in Incident Command System: Revisions have allowed critical management functions to atrophy
Authors: Stambler, PhD, CEM Kimberly S. , Barbera, MD Joseph A.
Published: February 2016

The original Incident Command System (ICS) was created through the federally funded Firefighting Resources of Southern California Organized for Potential Emergencies (FIRESCOPE) program. Initially developed as one element of multiagency coordination for managing severe wildfires, the FIRESCOPE ICS guidance was adopted and evolved through increasingly routine wildland firefighting. It then was modified for all hazards for the fire service. Only later, through the National Incident Management System (NIMS), was ICS officially adopted for all hazards and all responders. Over this multidecade evolution, the current NIMS ICS version became simplified in several key areas compared to the original, robust FIRESCOPE ICS. NIMS ICS is now promulgated as guidance for managing today's novel, complex, and lengthy disasters involving multidisciplinary response but experiences recurrent problems in key functions. This article examines the history of the subtle, yet critical differences in current ICS compared to the original system design, and focuses on information dissemination and intermediate, long-range and contingency planning. ICS transitions resulted in simplification and consolidation of positions and functions, without recognizing and maintaining critical position tasks necessary for managing complex, extended incidents.
Risk management and disaster recovery planning for online libraries
Authors: Uzwyshyn, PhD, MLIS, MBA Ray
Published: February 2016

This article presents an overview of risk management and disaster recovery planning for online libraries. It is suitable for a broad audience interested in online libraries and research centers in universities and colleges. It outlines risk mitigation strategies, and disaster recover planning for online resource-centered information systems.
Racionalidade econômica e os acordos bilaterais de investimento
Authors: Hastreiter Michele Alessandra , Carta Winter Luís Alexandre
Published: February 2016

Este artigo analisa a decisão dos países de celebrar acordos internacionais de investimento sob o prisma da racionalidade econômica, com o objetivo de mensurar a adequação da postura brasileira sobre o tema. Através do método dedutivo de abordagem e utilizando-se do ferramental teórico da Análise Econômica do Direito (AED) e de referencial bibliográfico, o estudo conclui que a decisão racional dos estados de celebrarem acordos de investimento não pode mais ser mensurada sob um paradigma dicotômico, que opõe, de um lado, países desenvolvidos e exportadores de capital e, do outro, países em desenvolvimento e receptores do investimento externo. Em um novo cenário no qual a definição de país investidor e país receptor de investimento torna-se mais nebulosa, a perspectiva racional autointeressada pode demandar acordos de caráter mais equilibrados do que aqueles difundidos na década de 1990, sendo compatível, portanto, com a tendência observada de reformulação das principais disposições destes acordos – caminho este que parece estar sendo trilhado pelo Brasil ao engajar-se recentemente em negociações sobre o tema.
As execuções seletivas e a responsabilização de agentes terroristas
Authors: Guerreiro Alexandre
Published: February 2016

Com o presente artigo é proposta a análise à crescente prática, no âmbito da luta contra o terrorismo, de execuções seletivas por alguns Estados, no que diz respeito à sua legalidade e licitude. Para este efeito, é feito um enquadramento histórico-político genérico da evolução da adoção de condutas que visam a concretização de execuções seletivas e outro de âmbito jurídico alusivo às situações em que um Ser Humano pode ser privado da vida.

Deste modo, e com base na análise das normas internacionais em vigor, da jurisprudência mais relevante e também da doutrina que ou se pronuncia sobre o assunto ou contribui para a presente investigação, são dissecadas as duas atuais teses de conflitos armados e o terceiro modelo que tem vindo a ser reivindicado por um número residual de Estados como forma de legitimarem um quadro de supressão de todos os direitos básicos de pessoas de quem se suspeita estarem envolvidas em atos de terrorismo (concretizados ou a concretizar).

Assim, é desenvolvida uma análise crítica no decorrer do artigo que concluirá que as execuções seletivas em contexto de luta contra o terrorismo constituem práticas ilícitas e violam o Direito Internacional propondo-se, como alternativa, que os terroristas sejam integrados no conceito de civil, qualidade esta que perdem se estiverem preenchidos cinco requisitos.

(With the present article it is suggested an assessment to legality and lawfulness of the growing international practice of targeted killings, most of them justified within the context of the fight against terrorism by different countries. To this end, it is made a general historical and political framework regarding the evolution of the adoption of actions concerning targeted killings as well as the legal context according to which a person can be deprived of his/her life.

Thereby, and considering the standards laid down in international law rules currently in force and also the most relevant jurisprudence and doctrine that deal with the present subject or that, at some extent, provide important means to support the present research, the two current official models of armed conflicts are dissected on this article. The same goes to the third model which is supported by a minimum number of States and takes into account the elimination of all basic rights to persons suspect of being involved in terrorist acts (committed or to be committed).

Thus, a critical analysis is set along the present article which will come to the conclusion that targeted killings are unlawful and, consequently, contravene international law. Therefore, an alternative is suggested according to which terrorists shall be considered civilians unless five requirements are met.)
A influência da soft law na formação do direito ambiental
Authors: Souza Leonardo Da Rocha de , Leister Margareth Anne
Published: February 2016

Este artigo aborda a formação das normas de direito ambiental com destaque para as soft law, explorando as influências do direito internacional e da opinião pública na definição da legislação ambiental nacional. O objetivo específico é analisar os conceitos jurídicos aplicados à legislação ambiental no âmbito global, partindo da noção de que normas ambientais internacionais não são plenamente aplicáveis. O Direito Internacional do Ambiente tem como premissa a cooperação e a responsabilidade partilhada, é composto de sistemas jurídicos nacionais e internacionais, com vários níveis de interação e aplicação restrita pelos tribunais internacionais ou internos. Seu desenvolvimento se deu mediante princípios tais como o desenvolvimento sustentável, o princípio da precaução, a equidade e a diversidade cultural. Este texto pretende responder às perguntas: Qual é o conceito de soft law? Por qual razão Estados aprovam instrumentos com conteúdo indefinido e instrumentos brandos? Há instrumental ambiental internacional obrigatório e exequível? Como caracterizá-los e torná-los aplicáveis no direito interno? A abordagem metodológica é a fundamentação teórica realizada mediante levantamento e análise da literatura e fatos sobre o tema, sob enfoque jurídico.
The Effects of Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment on Air Transportation: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Kalayci Salih , Yanginlar Gozde
Published: February 2016

The major goal of this research paper is to investigate the relationship among Turkish Economic growth, airway transportation and FDI. Several research results consistent with this papers finding and it has been founded that the economic growth plays a crucial role in air transportation by implementing econometrical models including Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Johansen co-integration test and VAR model. The variables have been put into the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) and Johansen co-integration test. According to the test result of Johansen co-integration test there is a long-term relationship between the variables of GDP, FDI and air transportation. According to the both variance decomposition and Impulse Response analysis, the effect of GDP is found to increase air transportation more than the FDI. Finally, the contribution of Turkish economy to civil aviation seems significant which is consistent with this paper’s research results.
Understanding Small Water System Violations and Deficiencies
Authors: Oxenford Jeff L. , Barrett Joy M.
Published: February 2016

A 2014 study determined why small water systems were failing to comply with drinking water regulations; from the results, providers can target training and technical assistance to help small systems comply with the regulations.
Colloidal Hydroxyapatite/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hybrids Using Calcium Sucrate and Ammoniumdihydrogen Orthophosphate
Authors: Wijesinghe W.P.S.L. , Mantilaka M.M.M.G.P.G. , Weerasinghe A.M.C.P. , Silva K.M. Nalin de , Gamagedara T.P. , Rajapakse R.M.G.
Published: February 2016

This manuscript is concerned with a simple and novel method to synthesize hydroxyapatite-poly(acylic acid) hybrid materials for broad range of applications. In this method, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are synthesized using calcium sucrate and ammoniumdihydrogen orthophosphate in the presence of poly(acrylic acid). Increase in poly(acrylic acid) concentration in the synthesis medium results in the increase in the hydrodynamic radius of particle size allowing increased hydration. Poly(acylic acid) tends to control both crystallite size and colloidal stability. Increase in poly(acrylic acid) concentration decreases the crystallite size of the products but considerably increases their shelf life as stable colloidal solutions. Thermo gravimetric analysis shows that there are no combustible or volatile impurities present in these samples. This is further supported by FT-IR studies, which show three types of interactions between hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and poly(acrylic acid).
Absorption Wavelength Extension for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Varying the Substituents of Chiral Salen Cu(II) Complexes
Authors: Shoji Ryosuke , Shun Ikenomoto Shun Ikenomoto , Sunaga Nobumitsu , Sugiyama Mutsumi , Akitsu Takashiro
Published: February 2016

New chiral salen-type Cu(II) complexes (1-9) were prepared, and the effects of different substituent groups on their absorption spectra were evaluated using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Electron withdrawing groups resulted in a red-shift and an increase in the peak intensity. According to cyclic voltammetry analyses, the introduction of electron withdrawing groups brought the redox potentials (E0) in agreement with the orbital level energies determined via TD-DFT. The reduction potentials for 1-9 are less than âˆ’0.500 V, and therefore, it is electrochemically possible to dope electrons in TiO2. In addition, the oxidation potentials are greater than +0.200 V, indicating that it is electrochemically possible to regenerate the dyes. Preproduction dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated using compounds 1-9 generated electricity. In particular, the DSSC prepared using 2 (which has electron withdrawing groups and the largest maximum absorption) exceeded the power conversion efficiency of DSSC fabricated using N3, which is a commonly used Ru(II) complex.
Abstract Semantic Algebras!
Authors: Mosses Peter D.
Published: February 2016

A new approach to the formal description of programming language semantics is described and illustrated. ''Abstract semantic algebras'' are just algebraically-specified abstract data types whose operations correspond to fundamental concepts of programming languages. The values of abstract semantic algebras are taken as meanings of programs in Denotational (or Initial Algebra) Semantics, instead of using Scott domains. This leads to semantic descriptions that clearly exhibit the underlying conceptual analysis, and which are rather easy to modify and extend. Some basic abstract semantic algebras corresponding to fundamental concepts of programming languages are given; they could be used in the description of many different programming languages.
How Readers Annotate Textbooks and Manuals
Authors: Nielsen Jakob
Published: February 2016

An empirical investigation of how students annotate computer science textbooks and programming language manuals is reported. Also, a taxonomy of such annotations is presented. These results may be used when designing systems for online representation of either computer documentation or literature in general, including textbooks.
Parallel Product of Event Structures
Authors: Castellani Ilaria , Zhang Guo Qiang
Published: February 2016

The parallel product operator may be defined very easily on flow event structures. We show that, for flow event structures satisfying a particular constraint, which is preserved by ususal process operators, this product may be characterised as a categorical product.
Coloured Petri Nets: A High Level Language for System Design and Analysis
Authors: Jensen Kurt
Published: February 2016

This paper describes how Coloured Petri Nets (CP-nets) have been developed - from being a promising theoretical model to being a full-fledged language for the design, specification, simulation, validation and implementation of large software systems (and other systems in which human beings and/or computers communicate by means of some more or less formal rules). First CP-nets are introduced by means of a small example and a formal definition of their structure and behaviour is presented. Then we describe how to extend CP-nets by a set of hierarchy constructs (allowing a hierarchical CP-net to consist of many different subnets, which are related to each other in a formal way). Next we describe how to analyse CP-nets, how to support them by various computer tools, and we also describe some typical applications. Finally, a number of future extensions are discussed (of the net model and the supporting software).
Design, Analysis and Reasoning about Tools: Abstracts from the First Workshop (Aarhus, Danmark, 1991, September 16-17
Authors: Nielson Flemming
Published: February 2016

The first DART workshop took place on September 16th and September 17th at Aarhus University. It attracted some 26 attendees and 16 half-hour talks were given. This booklet gives a brief introduction, abstracts of all talks, and a detailed description of the goals of the DART project.
A Design of One's Own: Towards Participatory Design in the US
Authors: Greenbaum Joan
Published: February 2016

The Participatory design movement in the United States is, in many ways, growing out of the Scandinavian or worker-oriented design approach in Europe. This article discusses some of the roots of this movement and goes on to focus on ways that a 'home grown', or typically American brand of pragmatic system design can develop in the US.
Making Type Inference Practical
Authors: Oxhøj Nicholas , Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

We present the implementation of a type inference algorithm for untyped object-oriented programs with inheritance, assignments, and late binding.The algorithm significantly improves our previous one, presented at OOPSLA'91, since it can handle collection classes, such as {\bf List}, in a useful way. Also, the complexity has been dramatically improved, from exponential time to low polynomial time. The implementation uses the techniques of incremental graph construction and constraint template instantiation to avoid representing intermediate results, doing superfluous work, and recomputing type information. Experiments indicate that the implementation type checks as much as 100 lines pr. second. This results in a mature product, on which a number of tools can be based, for example a safety tool, an image compression tool, a code optimization tool, and an annotation tool. This may make type inference for object-oriented languages practical.
Distributed Provers and Verifiable Secret Sharing Based on the Discrete Logarithm Problem
Authors: Pedersen Torben Pryds
Published: February 2016

Secret sharing allows a secret key to be distributed among n persons, such that k(1 <= k <= n) of these must be present in order to recover it at a later time. This report first shows how this can be done such that every person can verify (by himself) that his part of the secret is correct even though fewer than k persons get no Shannon information about the secret. However, this high level of security is not needed in public key schemes, where the secret key is uniquely determined by a corresponding public key. It is therefore shown how such a secret key (which can be used to sign messages or decipher cipher texts) can be distributed. This scheme has the property, that even though everybody can verify his own part, sets of fewer than k persons cannot sign/decipher unless they could have done so given just the public key. This scheme has the additional property that more than k persons can use the key without compromising their parts of it. Hence, the key can be reused. This technique is further developed to be applied to undeniable signatures. These signatures differ from traditional signatures as they can only be verified with the signer's assistance. The report shows how the signer can authorize agents who can help verifying signatures, but they cannot sign (unless the signer permits it).
Models, Languages and Logics for Concurrent Distributed Systems: CEDISYS Workshop (Aarhus, 1991, May 21--24)
Authors: Engberg Uffe , Nielsen Mogens , Winskel Glynn
Published: February 2016

The EEC Esprit Basic Research Action No 3011, Models, Languages and Logics for Con current Distributed Systems, CEDISYS, held its second workshop at Aarhus University in May, l991, following the successful workshop in San Miniato in 1990.

The Aarhus Workshop was centered around CEDISYS research activities, and the selected themes of Applications and Automated Tools in the area of Distributed Systerns. The 24 participants were CEDISYS partners, and invited guests with expertise on the selected themes.

This booklet contains the program of the workshop, short abstracts for the talks presented, and a list of participants.
Partial Automata and Finitely Generated Congruences: An Extension of Nerode's Theorem
Authors: Kozen Dexter
Published: February 2016

Let T_Sigma be the set of ground terms over a finite ranked alphabet Sigma. We define  partial autornata on T_Sigma and prove that the finitely generated congruences on T_Sigma are in one-to one correspondence (up to isomorphism) with the finite partial automata on Sigma with no inaccessible and no inessential states. We give an application in term rewriting: every ground term rewrite system has a canonical equivalent system that can be constructed in polynomial time.
The Significance of Microprogramming
Authors: Rosin Robert F.
Published: February 2016

Three phenomena are considered first in the paper: the evolution of microprogramming, the use of interpretation, and the practice of computer architecture. In the latter instance the idea of ''reasonability'' is introduced with respect to machines. Based on these phenomena, five possible meanings of ''microprogramming'' are introduced and either totally or partially rejected before a new definition is finally put forth. To appear in the Proceedings of the International Computing Symposium (Davos, September 1973).
On Extentions of Algol-like Languages
Authors: Skyum Sven
Published: February 2016

In this paper we introduce the notion of a level grammar and a level language. We define an extension to the extended definable sets and we characterize ALGOL-like languages, extended definable sets, and extensions of those as languages generated by level grammars with different kinds of restrictions on the productions and the use of productions. Finally we investigate some relations between the families defined.
The Design of a Programmable Computer: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Manthey Michael J.
Published: February 2016

A survey is made of the contemporary state of program construction and subsequently the isolation of the areas where errors and programming difficulties creep in. A machine architecture which attacks these difficulties is then presented, first in its larger outlines, and then a more detaiIed exposition of its operation. FinalIy, this machine architecture, which is based on block structure, is quantitatively compared to two ''standard'' machines (the IBM S/360 and the DEC PDP-10). The results of this comparison is that one should expect superior performance from the block structured machine herein presented, perhaps by as much as a factor of two.
On Extended Context Free Grammars and LR-Parsing
Authors: Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Kristensen Bent Bruun
Published: February 2016

A dynamically microprogrammable processor called MATHILDA is described.MATHILDA has been designed to be used as a tool in interpreter and processor design research. It has a very general microinstruction sequencing scheme, sophisticated masking and shifting capability, high speed local storage, a 64-bit wide main data path, a partially encoded microinstruction, and other features which make it reasonably well suited for this purpose. Also, hardware modification is relatively easily undertaken to enhance the experimental nature of the machine.

Revised version (first version 1975).
A Model for and Discussion of Multi-Interpreter Systems
Authors: Manthey Michael J.
Published: February 2016

By a multi-interpreter system is meant a system in which programs execute by virtue of being interpreted by other programs, which themselves may either be interpreted (i.e. nested interpreters) or run directly on the host machine. The model reveals the anatomy of interpreters and how these differ from procedures, and exhibits links to protection domains and multi-processor architectures.
Systems Development and Trade Union Activities
Authors: Kyng Morten , Mathiassen Lars
Published: February 2016

Systems development is the process of constructing or modifying edp- based systems as a means of changing organizations. Since the early seventies Scandinavian trade unions have initiated a number of research projects within the field of edp-based systems and systems development as part of their endeavours to gain control over technological development. This paper contains a survey of these research activities. It describes the research methods applied. Edp- based systems and systems development are then discussed from a trade union point of view. Finally the research projects are related to other trade union activities and to activities within research and educational institutions.
Deposition characteristics of small-molecule CBP:PBD:TPD:Ir(mppy)3 organic thin films using a modified electrospray deposition method
Authors: Niinuma Yoshiki , Takatsuka Yusuke , Terada Ryo , Ueda Hiroyuki , Kikuchi Akihiko
Published: February 2016

The development of a solution-based technique for the deposition of small-molecule organic thin films is desirable for the advancement of organic devices. In this study, we investigated the deposition characteristics of an organic thin film deposited by modified electrospray deposition with three typical spraying modes: Taylor cone, convergent jet, and multijet. The results indicate that the multijet mode can generate the smallest droplets with the narrowest size distribution. Using the multijet mode, we deposited a pinhole-free, smooth CBP:PBD:TPD:Ir(mppy)3 small-molecule organic film with a root-mean-square surface roughness of 2.5 nm.
Sexual behaviour and risk of sexually transmitted infections in young female healthcare students in Spain
Authors: Navarro-Cremades Felipe , Palazón-Bru Antonio , Marhuenda-Amorós Dolores , Tomás-Rodríguez María Isabel , Antón-Ruiz Fina , Belda-Ibañez Josefina , Montejo Ángel Luis , Gil-Guillén Vicente Francisco
Published: February 2016

Background.Several authors have examined the risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI), but no study has yet analyzed it solely in relation with sexual behaviour in women. We analyzed the association of sexual behaviour with STI risk in female university students of healthcare sciences.

Methods.We designed a cross-sectional study assessing over three months vaginal intercourse with a man. The study involved 175 female university students, without a stable partner, studying healthcare sciences in Spain. Main outcome variable: STI risk (not always using male condoms). Secondary variables: sexual behaviour, method of orgasm, desire to increase the frequency of sexual relations, desire to have more variety in sexual relations, frequency of sexual intercourse with the partner, and age. The information was collected with an original questionnaire. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in order to analyze the association between the STI risk and the study variables.

Results.Of the 175 women, 52 were positive for STI risk (29.7%, 95% CI [22.9–36.5%]). Factors significantly associated with STI risk (p< 0.05) included: orgasm (not having orgasms →OR = 7.01, 95% CI [1.49–33.00]; several methods →OR = 0.77, 95% CI [0.31–1.90]; one single method →OR = 1;p= 0.008) and desiring an increased frequency of sexual activities (OR = 0.27, 95% CI [0.13–0.59],p< 0.001).

Conclusions.Women’s desire for sexual activities and their sexual function were significant predictors of their risk for STI. Information about sexual function is an intrinsic aspect of sexual behaviour and should be taken into consideration when seeking approaches to reduce risks for STI.
Do National Frameworks Help in Local Policy Development? Lessons from Yukon about the Evergreen Child and Youth Mental Health Framework
Authors: Mulvale Gillian , Kutcher Stanley , Randall Glen , Wakefield Patricia , Longo Christopher , Abelson Julia , Winkup Judi , Fast Marie
Published: February 2016

National frameworks are often put forward as a tool for local policy development, but little is known about their effectiveness. In this case study, the usefulness of Canada's Evergreen National Child and Youth Mental Health Framework (Evergreen) is examined in the development of a Yukon Child and Youth Mental Health and Addictions Framework (CYMHAF). Evergreen content and processes and the reflections of key informants and the research team are analyzed. The findings suggest that national frameworks can play important roles at the program and strategic levels, saving time and money in developing local frameworks, strengthening rigour, and helping to build consensus among local policy-makers.