bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As Mulheres Entram na Filosofia
Authors: Ribeiro Ferreira Maria Luísa ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Quand Socrate, dans Phédon, ordonne aux femmes de sortir de sa chambre, pour qu’il puisse mourir entouré de ses disciples, il a marqué la place des femmes dans la philosophie - l ’absence. Cette situation commence à être contestée au XXème siècle. Après l’éclaircissement des concepts de “philosophie féministe” et de “philosophie au féminin”, ce texte se propose analyser les différentes orientations philosophiques contemporaines qui considèrent la femme et le féminin comme des philosophèmes légitimes. Il termine avec la discussion de quelques questions inévitables pour qui se penche sur la place des femmes en philosophie: la spécificité d’une philosophie au féminin, la validité d ’une nature féminine, la possibilité d’une éthique de la différence.
A Filosofia da Arte, a Filosofia da Arte de Massas, e o Exílio da Avaliação
Authors: Gonçalves Carlos ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

The aim of this paper is to elucidate confusions that are as frequent in the common language as in philosophical writing. The first part of it examines the concept of “mass art” involved in my heading. After showing that it is art in the descriptive sense of the word, on the second part I proceed to the explanation of how the honorific use of this concept induces confusion between criticism and philosophy of art. Interested in the consequences of these confusions, I advocate that the lack of attention to mass art encourages the exile of evaluation from the philosophy of art and compromises the progress in the understanding of the problem.
Waterfront in Despair
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explains how the twenty-first-century floating pool became an idée fixe for the author. It reviews records and historic newspaper articles that were leading to the demise of the public and private floating baths. It also discusses the pollution in 1907 that had become the major topic for concern as the baths that were founded to clean the great unwashed became a place of accumulating filth. The chapter refers to the Merchants Association of the City of New York that added its voice against polluted baths as it was bothered by any conditions at the commercial waterfront that might deter trade. It mentions the publication of the report “Pollution of New York Harbor as a Menace to Health by the Dissemination of Intestinal Diseases through the Agency of the Common Housefly,” which provided graphic details of what it must have been like to swim in the floating baths.
Contracts and Crawfish
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the author's description of how the Floating Pool Lady from an ugly duckling turned into a swan as its body was sleek and resplendent in her deep-blue paint and her pavilion roof's red, yellow, gray, and orange. It cites the Sharp Communications, Inc., which the author hired to help generate media attention for the floating pool's arrival at the East River. It also highlights the author's experiences that point out changes in the way bureaucracy works or fails to work. The chapter elaborates the need to change the culture to give bureaucrats more of a say, let them own the project, and be rewarded for finding solutions instead of putting up obstacles. It talks about a vessel called the Lila, which is under the auspices of the Floating Hospital that was built in 1876 following the tenets of nineteenth-century Progressives.
The Lady Moves to the Bronx
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about the Parks Department chief engineer John Natoli, who was tasked to move the barge from the Bayonne shipyard to the Bronx. It notes Natoli's announcement on May 29, 2008 that his men have loaded the work barge with the anchors, gangways, platforms, and chains to accompany the Floating Pool Lady to the Bronx. It also recounts the soft opening of the floating pool at Barretto Point Park to guarantee that the arrival was incident-free. The chapter refers to Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who presided the ribbon-cutting event that gave evidence to the public of his commitment to opening up the waterfront. It details how the author focused on the children that piled up at the edge of the pool as they waited for the dignitaries to join them in the jump.
Lady Andrea Raymon and the Great Companies, 1361
Authors: Archambeau Nicole
Published: September 2021

This chapter cites Countess Delphine’s death on November 26, 1360 at the age of seventy-five, which was considered a momentous event for her close associates, the city of Apt, and the Agoult and Sabran families. It refers to witnesses that recalled many miracles that took place during Delphine’s vigil, proving her sanctity. It also recounts a familiar mark of sanctity that was witnessed by medical doctor and confessor, Master Durand Andree, when he stated that Delphine’s feet stayed pliable after her death as if she was still living. The chapter focuses on Lady Andrea Raymon, a fifty-one-year-old noblewoman living in Ansouis, who gained courage after a prayer to Delphine when she was ambushed by mercenaries. It also delves into Lady Andrea’s testimony of the miraculous healing of the brother of the prior of St. Peter’s church in Ansouis from a deadly fever.
Disaffected
Authors: Agathocleous Tanya
Published: September 2021

This book examines the effects of antisedition law on the overlapping public spheres of India and Britain under empire. After 1857, the British government began censoring the press in India, culminating in 1870 with the passage of Section 124a, a law that used the term “disaffection” to target the emotional tenor of writing deemed threatening to imperial rule. As a result, the book shows, Indian journalists adopted modes of writing that appeared to mimic properly British styles of prose even as they wrote against empire. The book argues that Section 124a, which is still used to quell political dissent in present-day India, both irrevocably shaped conversations and critiques in the colonial public sphere and continues to influence anticolonialism and postcolonial relationships between the state and the public. The book draws out the coercive and emotional subtexts of law, literature, and cultural relationships, demonstrating how the criminalization of political alienation and dissent has shaped literary form and the political imagination.
Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue
Authors: He Jianjun
Published: September 2021

This book is the first complete English translation of Wu Yue Chunqiu, a chronicle of two neighboring states during China's Spring and Autumn period. This collection of political history, philosophy, and fictional accounts depicts the rise and fall of Wu and Yue and the rivalry between them, the inspiration for centuries of poetry, vernacular fiction, and drama. Wu Yue Chunqiu makes use of rich sources from the past, carefully adapting and developing them into complex stories. Historical figures are transformed into distinctive characters; simple records of events are fleshed out and made tangible. The result is a nuanced record that is both a compelling narrative and a valuable historical text. As one of the earliest examples of a regional history, Wu Yue Chunqiu is also an important source for the history of what is now Zhejiang and Jiangsu. This engaging translation and the extensive annotations make this significant historical and literary work accessible to an English-speaking audience for the first time.
Introduction
Authors: He Jianjun
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the rise and fall of Wu and Yue, two rival states located in southeastern China during the late Spring and Autumn period from 771 to 475 BCE. It draws inspiration from several poems, vernacular stories, and dramas that marked influence on Chinese literature. It also contains a mixture of historical accounts and fictional tales focusing on anomalies and supernatural events that are subjects of criticism in the Analects and often celebrate revenge and intrigues. The chapter looks at materials that are unredacted reflections of the thoughts and intellectual interests of the Eastern Han. It explains the dynamic period of the Eastern Han when jinwen, guwen, chenwei, apocryphal doctrines, and other religions and philosophies vied for dominance in the marketplace of ideas.
The Tradition of the Great Earl of Wu
Authors: He Jianjun
Published: September 2021

This chapter accounts for the origin and lineage of the Wu royal family, which begins with the legendary Houji, the Zhou ancestor and cultural hero who, according to Chinese mythology, started agriculture. It introduces Gongliu and Gugong Danfu in the narrative as two other heroes in early Zhou history, emphasizing their kind deeds and noble characters. It also recounts how the two heroes Gongliu and Gugong Danfu are praised for being able to transform people with their virtue, which caused the people to render homage to them even though the time and environment in which they lived were difficult and hostile. The chapter explores the story of Taibo and Zhongyong, the legitimate successors of the Zhou state that continues the theme of the true ruler of yielding power and being served by people. It highlights how Taibo and Zhongyong returned to Zhou to attend their father's funeral and Taibo's explanation of the title of the state of Wu.
The Tradition of King Shoumeng of Wu
Authors: He Jianjun
Published: September 2021

This chapter covers the time during the reign of King Shoumeng and the reigns of his three sons, emphasizing the difference between Wu culture and the culture of the central states that is represented by Zhou ritual. It recounts the succession among King Shoumeng's sons and highlights the narrative of the rivalry between Wu and Chu. It also discusses King Shoumeng's will in passing down the throne to Jizha, Zhufan's attempt to yield the position to his brother, and his suicidal behaviors that were intended to shorten his rule and hasten the process of Jizha's accession. The chapter analyzes accounts in Sima Qian's Shiji concerning the time that describes King Shoumeng's admiration of Zhou ritual and music. It reviews the Zuozhuan and Shiji accounts, wherein Jizha was portrayed simply as a master of Zhou culture.
Regrouping after the Loss
Authors: Garodnick Daniel R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with Charles Bagli, a real-estate reporter for the New York Times who wrote the piece announcing the MetLife auction. It mentions the Lehman Brothers, Ramus Capital with Apollo Real Estate, Tishman Speyer, and, to everyone's surprise, the Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village Tenants Association as the top bidders for the two complexes. It also talks about how MetLife brushed aside arguments about equity, made no mention of history, and rejected any suggestion that it had on any continuing obligations to provide below-market housing in Stuy Town. The chapter discusses MetLife's CEO C. Robert Henrikson, who challenged the notion that Stuy Town could even be considered affordable housing. It highlights MetLife's sudden request to the remaining group of bidders to submit a plan for protecting the residents of the 11,000-apartment housing complex.
Pushing Back against a New Owner
Authors: Garodnick Daniel R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about the huge advertising banners down the sides of the plain redbrick buildings on First Avenue and Avenue C that loudly proclaimed “Luxury Rentals” within weeks of Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village's closing. It notes that the improvements made by Tishman Speyer to the two complexes depicted a different vision of the type of residents who they hoped would be populating Stuy Town. It also describes the concert series that was opened to the public, which provided an opportunity to showcase Stuy Town's new flowers, its “luxury” buildings, and its lifestyle offerings. The chapter explores Daniel Garodnick's continuing concern after Tishman Speyer won the auction, about the lack of an affordable-housing plan. It discusses how Tishman Speyer was allowed to make a claim based on its own “information and belief” that tenants were not legally living in their units.
Preparing for an Uncertain Future
Authors: Garodnick Daniel R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the report of the Wall Street Journal about Stuyvesant Town, one of the biggest, most high-profile deals of the commercial real-estate boom, being in danger of imminent default. It explains how Tishman Speyer was stuck at $139 million rather than raising the net operating income up to $252 million by 2009, which MetLife had promised could be done. It also mentions RealPoint LLC, a credit-rating agency that estimated the property to only be worth $2.1 billion — less than half the purchase price from the time it has been purchased in 2006. The chapter focuses on the impacts of the recession to Tishman Speyer and all owners of real-estate, which had been precipitated by a collapse in the inflated housing market. It refers to apartment prices in Manhattan that had fallen sharply as 2009 wore on and prices that went down by 25 percent compared to 2008.
Defense 101
Authors: O'Hanlon Michael E.
Published: September 2021

This book, a concise primer for understanding the US defense budget ($700 billion plus) and rapidly changing military technologies, provides a deeply informed yet accessible analysis of American military power. After an introduction which surveys today's international security environment, provides a brief sketch of the history of the US military, its command structure, the organization of its three million personnel, and a review of its domestic basing and global reach, the book provides in-depth coverage of four critical areas in military affairs. For policy makers and experts, military professionals, students, and citizens alike, the book helps make sense of the US Department of Defense, the basics of war and the future of armed conflict, and the most important characteristics of the American military.
Gaming and Modeling Combat
Authors: O’Hanlon Michael E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses wargaming, combat modeling, and simulation, as well as force sizing and other issues related to military operations and warfighting scenarios. It argues that the ultimate purpose of wargaming and modeling is to help a country like the United States decide what kind of military, and military budget, it needs — as well as when and how to decide to use force. The chapter examines simple models of combat, starting with Lanchester equations, derived by a British engineer early in the twentieth century. However, they do not account well for most types of modern warfare, so the chapter shifts to other models and emphasizes an approach modified from that of the late Trevor Dupuy, focused on air-ground combat. The chapter also studies naval combat, including amphibious assault, blockade operations, and nuclear exchange calculations. Ultimately, it concludes with a framework for analyzing progress, or the lack thereof, in counterinsurgency operations like those in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Private Regulation of Labor Standards in Global Supply Chains
Authors: Kuruvilla Sarosh
Published: September 2021

This book examines the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility on improving labor standards in global supply chains. The book charts the development and effectiveness of corporate codes of conduct to ameliorate “sweatshop” conditions in global supply chains. This form of private voluntary regulation, spearheaded by Nike and Reebok, became necessary given the inability of third world countries to enforce their own laws and the absence of a global regulatory system for labor standards. Although private regulation programs have been adopted by other companies in many different industries, we know relatively little regarding the effectiveness of these programs because companies don't disclose information about their efforts and outcomes in regulating labor conditions in their supply chains. The book presents data from companies, multi-stakeholder institutions, and auditing firms in a comprehensive, investigative dive into the world of private voluntary regulation of labor conditions. The picture painted is wholistic and raw, but it considers several ways in which this private voluntary system can be improved to improve the lives of workers in global supply chains.
Dragonslayer
Authors: Lockenour Jay
Published: September 2021

In this biography of the infamous ideologue Erich Ludendorff, the author complicates the classic depiction of this German World War I hero. Erich Ludendorff created for himself a persona that secured his place as one of the most prominent (and despicable) Germans of the twentieth century. With boundless energy and an obsession with detail, Ludendorff ascended to power and solidified a stable, public position among Germany’s most influential. Between 1914 and his death in 1937, he was a war hero, a dictator, a right-wing activist, a failed putschist, a presidential candidate, a publisher, and a would-be prophet. He guided Germany’s effort in the Great War between 1916 and 1918 and, importantly, set the tone for a politics of victimhood and revenge in the postwar era. This book explores Ludendorff’s life after 1918, arguing that the strange or unhinged personal traits most historians attribute to mental collapse were, in fact, integral to Ludendorff’s political strategy. The book asserts that Ludendorff patterned himself, sometimes consciously and sometimes unconsciously, on the dragonslayer of Germanic mythology, Siegfried — hero of the epic poem The Nibelungenlied and much admired by German nationalists. The symbolic power of this myth allowed Ludendorff to embody many Germans’ fantasies of revenge after their defeat in 1918, keeping him relevant to political discourse despite his failure to hold high office or cultivate a mass following after World War I. The book reveals the influence that Ludendorff’s postwar career had on Germany’s political culture and radical right during this tumultuous era.
Mythic Life
Authors: Lockenour Jay
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter discusses Erich Ludendorff’s postwar political machinations, his publications, his conspiracy theories and his spiritual quest. It illustrates how the German World War I hero played a significant role in the country’s crucial moment when they sought to build a new Germany out of the ruins of the Empire and the Great War. In order to achieve a more complete understanding of Ludendorff’s place in German history after 1918 (including the post-1945 history of the Federal Republic of Germany), the chapter takes a biographical approach that differs from traditional biography and focuses on the two battles from 1914, Liège and Tannenberg, which appear out of all proportion in Ludendorff’s postwar writings. These battles establish characteristics — bold, courageous action and operational genius in defense of Germany — that Ludendorff wanted to associate with his mythos. It then examines Ludendorff’s struggles to create a “mythos.” That mythos allowed Ludendorff to tap into deep wellsprings of cultural power and symbolism. Ultimately, the chapter gives significant attention to Ludendorff’s importance as a prolific writer — of autobiography, political commentary, pseudo philosophy and history, and prophecy.
Putschist
Authors: Lockenour Jay
Published: September 2021

This chapter assesses the impact on Erich Ludendorff postwar life of Germany’s defeat. Ludendorff found himself without occupation, embittered by the perceived betrayal of his colleagues, defamed by much of the increasingly vocal revolutionary and antiwar forces in Germany, and driven almost to distraction by the unaccustomed inactivity. It discusses Ludendorff’s travel to Berlin and his stay in the Keithstrasse after his dismissal. The chapter then looks at the revolutionary occurrences in Berlin, prompting Ludendorff to fled briefly to Potsdam and return to the Berlin residence of an officer acquaintance, Captain Wilhelm Breucker. Ultimately, it analyses how the Beer Hall Putsch, the subsequent struggle for control of the remnants of the Nazi party, and the failed presidential bid affected Ludendorff’s political adroitness.
Ludendorff in the Third Reich
Authors: Lockenour Jay
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines Erich Ludendorff’s attacks, written in his paper, Ludendorffs Volkswarte, on Adolf Hitler, the National Socialists, and their new cabinet allies after the political party consolidated their power in the summer of 1933. It discusses the relations between Hitler and Ludendorff throughout the first two years of the Third Reich. Despite the many ideological similarities with Nazism, the chapter reveals how Ludendorff’s followers experienced persecution, including their lectures being banned at the last minute or disrupted by Sturmabteilung (SA) rowdies. Some Ludendorffers lost their jobs or chances for promotion because of their championing the Feldherr’s cause. Some spent time in jail or concentration camps because of their “subversive” belief in Deutsche Gotterkenntnis. The chapter then discusses Ludendorff’s Volkswarte as a “purely religious” journal after the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) banned his paper and the Tannenbergbund. The chapter also mentions Ludendorff’s refusal to attend the festivities commemorating the Battle of Tannenberg. Ultimately, the chapter assesses the impact of Hitler and Ludendorff’s reconciliation on Germany.
A Theory of Secessionist Strategy and Tactical Variation
Authors: Griffiths Ryan D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter advances the theory of secessionist strategy and tactical variation, arguing that the strategy and tactics of secession are shaped by the international recognition regime and further contextualized by the setting in which any given secessionist movement operates. The chapter explains how secessionist movements need to compel and persuade their home state to give consent and/or bring the international community into the contest. The chapter uses information drawn from interviews to show that secessionists are well informed about the dynamics of secession. By explaining the logics of compellence and normative appeal, the chapter explicates the different tactics within these two logics. It asserts that the choice of tactics depends on local conditions that cluster around six kinds of movements (democratized, indigenous legal, weak combative, strong combative, decolonial, and de facto). Ultimately, the chapter discusses a prominent hybrid case, Iraqi Kurdistan, and examines the counter-strategy of states.
The Future of the Sovereignty Game
Authors: Griffiths Ryan D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter concludes with a theoretical and prescriptive analysis of the future of the sovereignty game. It highlights several past configurations of the international recognition regime, and identifies three potential future configurations that focus on remedial rights, primary rights, and state consent. The chapter also discusses the comparative statics of each configuration — that is, the expected frequency of secession, conflict, and the fitness of new states as a result of the regime. The chapter then shifts to a more prescriptive analysis of how the game might be improved. It argues, with caution, for the merits of a regime that emphasizes consent-based democratized secession, in which independence movements have formal institutional access but where the conditions for political exit are nevertheless hard to reach. The resulting benefits for the sovereignty game are that conflict would be reduced both within and between states. Ultimately, the chapter details the potential critiques of the study, noting that the proposal says nothing about the importance of a remedial right and maintained that it is quite difficult to implement.
A New Laboratory
Authors: Hazelton Jacqueline L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses how the British-led counterinsurgency campaign in Dhofar, Oman, which ran from 1965 to 1976, provides support for the compellence theory. The sultan of Oman, Sa'id bin Taimur, faced a popular nationalist and Communist insurgency in its remote southwestern corner. His British backers pressed reforms on him, which he resisted, but he welcomed the buildup of his military. In a palace coup in 1970, the sultan's son replaced him and gained additional British and regional support for the campaign. Accommodations took place in the form of empowering warlords and others, including insurgent defectors and tribal leaders. The British-formed militias led by these men were better able to fight the insurgents and gain information from the populace than was the regular army. Ultimately, the British-led military, the Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF), defeated the insurgent threat by controlling civilians to cut the flow of resources to insurgents, physically blocking the flow of resources from the insurgents' safe haven across the border with Yemen, and controlling the populace in the guerrilla-ridden mountains. Limited political reforms such as construction of clinics followed the military's success against the insurgency rather than causing insurgent defeat.
High Cost Success
Authors: Hazelton Jacqueline L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter evaluates how the counterinsurgency campaign during the Salvadoran civil war provides support for the compellence theory. In El Salvador from 1979 to 1992, the U.S.-backed government fought the Communist and nationalist insurgency to a draw, preserving the government from an insurgent takeover. Elite accommodation took place largely among civilian and military officers in the government as hard-liners and slightly more liberal political and military entrepreneurs jockeyed for influence. The Salvadoran government resisted U.S.-pressed reforms but accepted U.S. efforts to strengthen its security forces. It used its increased fighting ability to clear civilian areas, creating vast refugee flows that reduced provision of material support to the insurgency. It also used U.S.-provided air power to break down the insurgency's conventional formations but was never able to successfully pursue and destroy the smaller bands of insurgents or gain more popular support than it began the war with. Continued insurgent political and military strength, along with the end of the Cold War, forced the United States and the hard-liners within the military to accept peace talks and a political settlement to the war rather than the military victory they had pressed for.
The Tsar's Happy Occasion
Authors: Martin Russell E.
Published: September 2021

This book shows how the vast, ornate affairs that were royal weddings in early modern Russia were choreographed to broadcast powerful images of monarchy and dynasty. Processions and speeches emphasized dynastic continuity and legitimacy. Fertility rites blended Christian and pre-Christian symbols to assure the birth of heirs. Gift exchanges created and affirmed social solidarity among the elite. The bride performed rituals that integrated herself and her family into the inner circle of the court. This book demonstrates how royal weddings reflected and shaped court politics during a time of dramatic cultural and dynastic change. As the book shows, the rites of passage in these ceremonies were dazzling displays of monarchical power unlike any other ritual at the Muscovite court. And as dynasties came and went and the political culture evolved, so too did wedding rituals. The book relates how Peter the Great first mocked, then remade wedding rituals to symbolize and empower his efforts to westernize Russia. After Peter, the two branches of the Romanov dynasty used weddings to solidify their claims to the throne. The book offers a sweeping, yet penetrating cultural history of the power of rituals and the rituals of power in early modern Russia.
“To Live Together in Holy Matrimony”
Authors: Martin Russell E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the question of religion in the royal wedding ceremony by examining the few times when there was a mixed marriage: an orthodox dynast marrying a heterodox foreigner. The chapter notes that these instances were very rare and required such modification to the usual rubrics that we can more clearly apprehend what the Muscovites themselves saw as essential (or dispensable) elements of wedding rites. The chapter also presents an expanded view of the goings on inside the churches where these mixed marriages were solemnized. It then analyses how the Muscovites viewed the symbols and rituals they employed in their weddings, and how both pagan and Christian elements were unproblematic to them until Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich decided he had a problem with them at his own weddings. Ultimately, the chapter takes up the question of religious symbolism in royal weddings, comparing in detail three interfaith dynastic marriages: Elena Ivanovna, daughter of Grand Prince Ivan III, and Alexander of Lithuania (1495); Mariia Staritskaia, a cousin of Tsar Ivan IV, and Magnus of Denmark (1573); and the First False Dmitrii and Marina Mniszech (1605 and 1606). The three case studies reveal how religious attitudes were evolving, and how those attitudes produced liturgical and ritual adjustments to wedding rites over time.
“To Serve without Regard for Place”
Authors: Martin Russell E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the choreography of Muscovite royal wedding rituals, focusing on the appointments to the honorific duties typically performed at them. It focuses on the three categories of guests: royal relatives, courtiers and servitors of various ranks, and the bride's kin — the new royal in-laws. The chapter then explores the place of royal in-laws at weddings, whose presence was essential yet potentially disruptive to the very peace and harmony at court that the wedding was to symbolize and assure. It argues that the wedding served as a ritualized introduction of the bride's family into the inner circle of the Kremlin in a way that was acceptable to everyone else already living there. Ultimately, the chapter charts the evolving history of the precedence system (mestnichestvo) at weddings, the system of assigning honors and tasks to courtiers by rank. Mingling so many guests with such different social ranks eventually prompted the creation of a wedding exemption to the system of precedence, to avoid disputes over appointments. How that exemption evolved tells us a lot about the relationship between tsars and courtiers, and about monarchical power in Muscovy generally.
“There Will Not Be Any Direful Reversions”
Authors: Martin Russell E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the royal weddings in the two branches of the Romanov dynasty from 1725 to 1745 — the Miloslavskii line (descended from Ivan V) and the Naryshkin line (descended from Peter I). It analyzes the ceremonies held for Peter I's daughter Anna Petrovna in 1725; his grand-niece Anna Leopol'dovna in 1739; and his grandson Peter Fedorovich (the future Peter III), who married Catherine Alekseevna (the future Catherine II) in 1745. The chapter then argues that each swing of the pendulum between the Miloslavskii and Naryshkin lines was marked by a wedding designed to keep the succession in one or the other, once and for all. Only when Lomonosov's exalted Peter and Catherine — the refounders of the Romanov dynasty — married in 1745 did the story of the tsar's happy occasion, a story that stretches back to the end of the fifteenth century, arrive at its denouement. Ultimately, it traces the intertwining narrative of dynasty and weddings down to the wedding of Peter and Catherine in 1745, about which Lomonosov wrote his effusive ode.
Doing Grandparenthood
Authors: Sun Ken Chih-Yan
Published: September 2021

This chapter reveals older immigrants' strategies for grandparenthood that testify to the significance of temporalities of migration. It analyzes the interplay between the time aging immigrants spent in the United States and their observations of the changing global economy, which leads them to assign new meanings to intimate relations with their grandchildren. It also talks about how older immigrants developed new rights, responsibilities, obligations, and entitlements after welcoming grandchildren to the world. The chapter underscores gender as an organizing principle that informs the division of labor between grandfathers and grandmothers. It points out how older migrant women and men interpret their responsibilities, obligations, and commitments to a third generation in gender-specific ways, even if both value grandparenting.
Introduction
Authors: Henry Eric S.
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter provides a brief history of the English language in China. At the end of the 1970s, as China was emerging from the political maelstrom of the Cultural Revolution, English was spoken by only a relative handful of academics, foreigners, translators, and interpreters. English became a required subject when university entrance examinations were reinstated in 1978, and foreign language education began to take off again in the early 1980s at the beginning of the “reform and opening up” (gaige kaifang) period, a time when the socialist ethos of state, economy, and society was gradually dismantled in favor of a model of explosive economic growth and private individualism. Ultimately, the prominence of English in China today is the result of historical relations of colonialism and power that forged its global presence and the hierarchical ordering of linguistic inequality. The chapter then presents an overview of contemporary speech practices and English language learning in the northeastern Chinese city of Shenyang. It also considers two of the concepts that Russian literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin pioneered: heteroglossia and the chronotope.
Raciolinguistic Identities
Authors: Henry Eric S.
Published: September 2021

This chapter reflects on the role that foreigners play in Chinese modernism. In numerous interactions, Chinese people drew on circulating images and discourses as models of identity defining the nature of both these foreign others and themselves. No longer simply a national outsider, the “foreigner” is perceived as a particular racialized, gendered, and classed figure in a process called “erasure.” This erasure is significant for two reasons. First, emptying foreigners of agentive individuality makes them complicit within the discursive formation of chronotopic modernity. Foreigners are necessary to the English language enterprise in Shenyang not merely because they are native speakers but, even more importantly, because they are catalytic intermediaries. The path to modernity exists through them and the template established by the West, and their presence (or absence) authenticates (or delegitimates) the actions of Shenyangers who engage with this discourse. Second, however, such erasures also make them ripe for appropriation. Without individuality, the foreigner is a caricature of the semiotic values attributable to “the West,” allowing a subject position called “the otherness of self.”
Unions as the Solution
Authors: Madland David
Published: September 2021

This chapter steps back from policy reform to provide the building blocks to support the book's claim that unions can help address the economic and political challenges facing the United States. It highlights America's troubles — stagnant wages, extreme inequality, low trust, racism, and a weakened democracy — and the reasons why unions might be expected to help solve them. It then presents theory and evidence showing what unions do to raise wages, reduce economic inequality, increase political participation, and make politicians more responsive to ordinary citizens, as well as how they help reduce racial and gender discrimination and rebuild societal trust. It also discusses how unions achieve these goals with little to no harm to the overall economy.
Lessons from Canada, Britain, and Australia
Authors: Madland David
Published: September 2021

This chapter reinforces the lessons from the preceding chapter by presenting case studies from Canada, Britain, and Australia — the three countries most similar to the United States. The case studies highlight the importance of broad-based bargaining and strong incentives for union membership. Canada has the kinds of traditional labor policies that most union supporters wish for in the United States, including stronger strike rights and no “right-to-work” laws, but unions in Canada continue to lose density, and workplace-level bargaining is not working very well there either. Both Britain and Australia are suffering the consequences of moving toward US-style law and dismantling their systems that promoted higher-level bargaining and robust union membership. Importantly, major elements of the left in all three countries have begun working to promote the kinds of changes called for in this book. Comparisons with countries similar to the United States reinforce the need for a new US labor system.
Answering Skeptics
Authors: Madland David
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers whether the new labor system could work as intended in the United States and whether alternative policies could better address the country's economic and political problems. It reviews some of the likely implementation challenges the new system would face, including determining the appropriate bargaining unit in a broad-based system and relationship friction between national and local unions, and finds, based on the US historical experience, that the challenges are likely manageable. It also reviews alternatives to the new labor system and argues that while most would be helpful, all have limitations. Other strategies to strengthen labor, such as increased organizing by unions and banning right-to-work laws, are necessary but on their own would not sufficiently increase union density or dramatically increase collective bargaining coverage. Non-union policies — from increased training to a jobs guarantee to campaign finance reform — would do less to raise wages, reduce inequality, or increase political voice. These often rely on strong labor unions to work best. All told, the new labor system is practical and necessary.
Unnecessary Bureaucratic Barriers or Appropriate Patient Protection?
Authors: Gershun Martha , Lantos John D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter asserts that transplant centers have very strong motivations to encourage people to become living kidney donors. It analyzes the average age of transplant recipients today, the surgical and postsurgical complications when an organ finally becomes available, and the hospitals' financial incentive to help kidney patients get transplants. The chapter also discusses the importance of donors' physical and psychological health in order to make sure that they are not harmed by either the operation, and competent to make the very serious decision. Following the author's lengthy evaluation process that she described, the chapter illustrates the frustrating barriers to donation, and presents a program to evaluate donors more quickly and efficiently. The chapter cites Belfast City Hospital in Ireland, which recently instituted a one-day evaluation, as an example. Ultimately, the chapter argues that transplant centers should have an approach that might increase the efficiency of donor evaluation, decrease wait times, and increase the number of donors without sacrificing the benefits that come with careful and rigorous screening.
The Endgame
Authors: Gershun Martha , Lantos John D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with detailing the author's final results following her three-day grueling tests for glucose tolerance, psychological screening, kidney function, EKG, and a chest X-ray. The author found out that there was an issue with her blood pressure. It then outlines the four available choices she could take: to end the process, to lose some weight and reduce salt intake and retest in a few months, to start on a very low dose of antihypertensive medication and retest in two weeks, and finally, to take her current results to the Transplant Selection Committee and hope for the best. Ultimately, the chapter presents an alternative plan, to become part of the Kidney Paired Donation program, if the new blood tests ruled the author unable to donate directly to the intended recipient.
The Odyssey Continues
Authors: Gershun Martha , Lantos John D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter chronicles the author's narrative following her new hypertension medication routine until her blood pressure met Mayo standards. It details the costs, the hassles, and the barriers to donating a kidney that the author experienced, notably the blood kit shipping glitch, the early arrival of the blood pressure cuff, and having to return the blood pressure apparatus and submit her PAP smear, colonoscopy, and mammogram results. The chapter then shifts to illustrate the results of the committee deliberation after the rigorous process and evaluation the author went through. Finally, the chapter presents the possibility of entering the Kidney Paired Donation program after the author and Deb Porter Gill obtained the results.
“It was like breathing dirt.”
Authors: DuLong Jessica
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses how, in the instant the South Tower collapsed, the scale of the disaster had magnified, transforming the evacuation-in-progress into a full-blown rescue effort. The cloud rolling past the seawall blanketed the river's surface and blinded boat captains, forcing them to navigate by radar alone. But sometimes even the radar could not penetrate the particle-filled air. Nevertheless, ferry crews did not stop rescuing people: approximately 200 injured would end up transported aboard New York Waterway ferries by day's end. Despite the unprecedented scale of this disaster, mariners' “jack of all trades” capabilities proved essential in the aftermath of the attacks. Although the specific prerequisites have changed over time, attaining a Coast Guard “ticket” requires merchant mariners to complete training and earn certifications in first aid, CPR, and shipboard firefighting, among other specialized areas. On that morning, all that training was put to the test.
“Gray ghosts”
Authors: DuLong Jessica
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on events after the collapse of the North Tower. Minutes after the pulverized remnants of 1 World Trade Center settled out of the air along Manhattan's western shore, mariners started evacuating people. Many people caught up in the unfolding catastrophe also had the duty of protecting children. Parents, teachers, daycare workers, and sitters were all forced to navigate their way through the danger while simultaneously soothing their frightened charges. Although they could not stop the planes from crashing or buildings from falling, people from all quarters rose up and stepped forward to provide whatever assistance they could. All along New Jersey's North River waterfront, emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics, administrators and doctors, firefighters and police were working to establish and supply triage centers. Instrumental to their efforts were ordinary citizens helping every way they could. Personnel from nearby hospitals, medical centers, and emergency management offices worked with fire department and hazmat crews to establish makeshift facilities to decontaminate, assess, treat, and direct evacuees to different transit options. Their efforts were supported by the contributions made by employees of local businesses, among others.
September 11, 2016
Authors: DuLong Jessica
Published: September 2021

This chapter assesses the overwhelming task of building up Coast Guard security operations after the 9/11 attacks. A decade and a half later, the new captain of the port, Captain Michael Day said that the current culture of vigilance combined with an even stronger “unity of purpose and effort” than that which he extolled in 2001 have created a far safer port. Today's security systems are much more integrated across agencies than they were before. These important, although somewhat intangible, differences between then and now have also been reinforced by the very tangible reality of infrastructure. The Port of New York and New Jersey has received what Day called the “enabling mechanism of fairly robust port security grants.” Not only does the Coast Guard have better tools and equipment, it also has better systems in place for addressing security issues with a multiagency approach. And now, for the first time, there is an actual maritime evacuation plan.
Dietary effects on fitness in captive-reared Hawaiian tree snails
Authors: Strouse Evan , Price Melissa R. , Sischo David R.
Published: September 2021

The native terrestrial snail fauna of the Hawaiian Islands faces numerous threats that have led to severe range reductions, population declines, and extinction of species. With the continued declines of many wild populations, a crucial component of preserving Hawaiian terrestrial snail biodiversity is through captive rearing programs, like that implemented by the Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources Snail Extinction Prevention Program. Rare and endangered tree snails in the family Achatinellidae, which feed on epiphytic microbial communities, are maintained in captivity with a diet that includes native vegetation brought in from nearby forests, as well as a cultured fungus originally isolated from native host trees. Recent mortality events in lab populations have been attributed to wild-gathered vegetation. These events have increased interest in developing a completely manufactured or cultured diet that would eliminate the need for exposure to wild-gathered plants. This study compared survival and egg production in Auriculella diaphana provided with lab-cultured fungus, and those provided with wild vegetation. We compared the number of eggs laid and number of deaths among three treatments: (1) wild collected vegetation only; (2) wild vegetation supplemented with laboratory-cultured fungus; and (3) laboratory cultured fungus only. Mortality did not significantly differ among treatments, but the number of eggs laid was significantly higher in snails provided wild vegetation and cultured fungus (F = 24.998; P < 0.001), compared with those provided with only wild vegetation (t = 1.88, P = 0.032) or only cultured fungus (t = 4.530, P = 0.004). Our results suggest: (1) the existing strain of cultured fungus alone is not sufficient to maintain captive-reared snail populations; (2) the additional energy or calcium provided by the cultured fungus appears to enhance egg reproduction in captive-reared populations; (3) the presence or absence of live vegetation influences snail behavior, including aestivation and egg laying. These results highlight the importance of ongoing research to culture additional species of fungi at a rate that could support captive-reared populations, as the diversity of fungi present in wild epiphytic microbial communities may be important for snail reproductive health.
Pristimantis achupalla sp. n., a new minute species of direct-developing frog (Amphibia, Anura, Strabomantidae) inhabiting bromeliads of the montane forest of the Amazonian Andes of Puno, Peru
Authors: Ttito Alex , Catenazzi Alessandro
Published: September 2021

We describe a new species of bromeliad-dwelling Pristimantis from primary montane forest (2,225 m a.s.l.) in southern Peru. The type locality is near Thiuni, in the Department of Puno (province of Carabaya) in the upper watershed of a tributary of the Inambari River. Pristimantis achupalla sp. n. is characterized by a snout-vent length of 10.0–12.8 mm in adult males (n = 4), unknown in adult females, and is compared morphologically and genetically with species in the Pristimantis lacrimosus group, and with other similar species of Pristimantis. The new species is characterized by having skin on dorsum and flanks rugose, green brownish color, distinctive scapular folds, subacuminate or acuminate snout profile, upper eyelid bearing two or three subconical tubercles and some rounded tubercles, rostral papilla, flanks light brown to brown, with irregular dark brown marks.