bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extended Stochastic Gradient Identification Method for Hammerstein Model Based on Approximate Least Absolute Deviation
Authors: Xu Bao-chang , Lin Zhong-hua , Zhang Ying-Dan , Xiao Yu-yue
Published: June 2016

In order to identify the parameters of nonlinear Hammerstein model which are contaminated by colored noise and peak noise, the least absolute deviation (LAD) is selected as the objective function to solve the problem of large residual square when the identification data is disturbed by the impulse noise which obeys symmetrical alpha stable (SαS) distribution. However, LAD cannot meet the need of differentiability required by most algorithms. To improve robustness and to solve the nondifferentiable problem, an approximate least absolute deviation (ALAD) objective function is established by introducing a deterministic function to replace absolute value under certain situations. The proposed method is derived from ALAD criterion and extended stochastic gradient method. Due to the differentiability of the objective function, we can get a recursive identification algorithm which is simple and easy to calculate compared with LAD. The convergence of the proposed identification method is also proved by Lyapunov stability theory, and the simulation experiments show that the proposed method has higher accuracy and stronger robustness than the least square (LS) method in the identification of Hammerstein model with colored noise and impulse noise. The impact of impulse noise can be restrained effectively.
Rescue Thrombectomy in Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes Leads to Better Outcomes than Intravenous Thrombolysis Alone: A ‘Real World' Applicability of the Recent Trials
Authors: Nogueira Raul G. , Zaidat Osama O. , Castonguay Alicia C. , Haussen Diogo C. , Martin Coleman O. , Holloway William E. , Mueller-Kronast Nils , English Joey , Linfante Italo , Dabus Guilherme , Malisch Tim W. , Marden Franklin A. , Bozorgchami Hormozd , Xavier Andrew , Rai Ansaar T. , Froehler Michael T. , Badruddin Aamir , Nguyen Thanh N. , Taqi M. Asif , Abraham Michael G. , Janardhan Vallabh , Yoo Albert J. , Shaltoni Hashem , Abou-Chebl Alex , Chen Peng R. , Britz Gavin W. , Novakovic Roberta , Nanda Ashish , Kaushal Ritesh , Issa Mohammad A. , Frankel Michael R. , Gupta Rishi
Published: June 2016

Background: The Interventional Management of Stroke III (IMS-III) trial demonstrated no benefit for intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rt-PA) followed by endovascular therapy versus IV rt-PA alone. However, IMS-III mostly included earlier generation devices. The recent thrombectomy trials have incorporated the stent-retriever technology, but their generalizability remains unknown. Methods: The North American Solitaire Acute Stroke (NASA) registry recruited patients treated with the Solitaire FR™ device between March 2012 and February 2013. The NASA-IMS-III-Like Group (NILG baseline NIHSS score ≥10 who received IV rt-PA) was compared to the IV rt-PA and IV + intra-arterial (IA)-IMS-III groups and the MR CLEAN, ESCAPE, SWIFT Prime, and REVASCAT trial controls to assess the stent-retriever treatment in the ‘real-world' setting. The NILG was also compared to non-IV rt-PA NASA patients to evaluate the impact of IV rt-PA on thrombectomy. Results: A total of 136 of the 354 NASA patients fulfilled criteria for the NILG. Baseline characteristics were well balanced across groups. Time from onset to puncture was higher in NILG than IV+IA-IMS-III patients (274 ± 112 vs. 208 ± 47 min, p < 0.0001). Occlusions involving the intracranial ICA, MCA-M1, or basilar arteries were more common in NILG than IV+IA-IMS-III patients (91.2 vs. 47.2%, p < 0.00001). Modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction ≥2b reperfusion was higher in NILG than IV+IA-IMS-III patients (74.3 vs. 39.6%, p < 0.00001). A 90-day modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 was more frequent in the NILG than IV+IA-IMS-III patients (51.9 vs. 40.8%, p = 0.03) and MR CLEAN (51.9 vs. 19.1%, p < 0.00001), ESCAPE (51.9 vs. 29.3%, p = 0.0002), SWIFT Prime (51.9 vs. 35.5%, p = 0.02), and REVASCAT (51.9 vs. 28.2%, p = 0.0003) controls. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage definitions varied across the different studies with rates ranging from 2.7% (ESCAPE) to 11.9% (NILG). The NILG 90-day mortality (24.4%) was higher than in SWIFT Prime but comparable to all other groups. IV rt-PA was an independent predictor of good outcome in NASA (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.7). Conclusion: Our results support the ‘real-world' applicability of the recent thrombectomy trials.
The Effect of a Diving Mask on Intraocular Pressure in a Healthy Population
Authors: Goenadi Catherina Josephine , Law David Zhiwei , Lee Jia Wen , Ong Ee Lin , Chee Wai Kitt , Cheng Jason
Published: June 2016

Purpose: Swimming goggles increase the intraocular pressure (IOP) via the periorbital frame pressure and suction effect. In comparison, diving masks have a larger frame rim and incorporate the nose. The exact effect(s) of diving masks on IOP is unknown. This study evaluates the influence of diving masks on IOP in normal, healthy subjects. Methods: Tonometry was performed in both eyes of all subjects with an AVIA®Tono-Pen by a single investigator. Measurements were taken at baseline without the diving mask and with the subjects wearing a small-volume, double-window diving mask, but with the mask lenses removed. Two IOP readings in each eye were measured, and an additional reading was measured if the difference between the initial 2 was ≥2 mm Hg. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was also measured in each eye, using a contact pachymeter (OcuScan®Alcon). Results: Forty eyes of 20 healthy volunteers (age 29.7 ± 9.3 years; range 21–52) were included. The mean CCT was 544.4 ± 43.5 µm. The mean IOP before the diving mask was worn had been 17.23 ± 2.18 mm Hg (n = 40). The IOP decreased by 0.43 mm Hg (p < 0.05) to 16.80 ± 2.57 mm Hg after the diving mask had been put on. There was no correlation between IOP change and age (r = 0.143, p = 0.337), gender (r = –0.174, p = 0.283) or CCT (r = –0.123, p = 0.445). Conclusion: There was no increase in IOP after the diving mask had been worn. A small but statistically significant decrease in IOP was observed. This study demonstrates that unlike swimming goggles, the strap tension and frame pressure on the periorbital tissue from a diving mask does not increase IOP. Diving masks may be a suitable alternative to swimming goggles for patients with advanced glaucoma or glaucoma filtration surgery.
Unusual False-Positive Mesenteric Lymph Nodes Detected by PET/CT in a Metastatic Survey of Lung Cancer
Authors: Kamiyama Hirohiko , Sakamoto Kazuhiro , Niwa Koichiro , Ishiyama Shun , Takahashi Makoto , Kojima Yutaka , Goto Michitoshi , Tomiki Yuichi , Nakamichi Itsuko , Oh Shiaki , Suzuki Kenji
Published: June 2016

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a credible diagnostic modality for detecting primary and metastatic malignancy. PET/CT sometimes shows false positives and negatives, which make clinical diagnosis difficult. A 42-year-old man who had undergone right upper lobectomy for lung cancer 1 year previously had PET/CT for a metastatic survey of the lung. The lung cancer was stage IB (pT2N0M0) bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. PET/CT showed massive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Because the mesentery is an unusual site of metastasis, the patient was under watchful observation. Another PET/CT after 6 months still showed FDG uptake in the same location, with a slightly increased standard uptake value. A systemic survey was performed, but it did not reveal any malignancies or inflammatory diseases. Eventually, the patient underwent probing laparoscopic surgery. For complete resection of the lymph nodes, laparoscopic ileocecal resection was performed. Histologically, the resected lymph nodes showed reactive lymphadenitis. Glucose transporter 1 immunostainings of the lung cancer and the lymph node were positive and partially positive, respectively. Although PET/CT is a powerful diagnostic modality, clinical interpretation of unusual results is difficult.
Bilateral Simultaneous Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment following Laser in situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Yumusak Erhan , Ornek Kemal , Ozkal Fatma
Published: June 2016

A 21-year-old woman developed simultaneous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in both eyes. She underwent pars plana vitrectomy surgery combined with endolaser photocoagulation and silicone oil tamponade in the right eye. A week later, pneumatic retinopexy was done in the left eye. As the retinal tear did not seal, 360° scleral buckling surgery was performed and retina was attached. Bilateral simultaneous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after LASIK for correction of myopia can be a serious complication. Patients should be informed about the possibility of this complication.
Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis
Authors: Grimaldi Antonio , Mocumbi Ana Olga , Freers Juergen , Lachaud Matthias , Mirabel Mariana , Ferreira Beatriz , Narayanan Kumar , Celermajer David S. , Sidi Daniel , Jouven Xavier , Marijon Eloi
Published: June 2016

Tropical endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a neglected disease of poverty that afflicts rural populations in tropical low-income countries, with some certain high-prevalence areas. Tropical EMF is characterized by the deposition of fibrous tissue in the endomyocardium, leading to restrictive physiology. Since the first descriptions in Uganda in 1948, high-frequency areas for EMF have included Africa, Asia, and South America. Although there is no clear consensus on a unified hypothesis, it seems likely that dietary, environmental, and infectious factors may combine in a susceptible individual to give rise to an inflammatory process leading to endomyocardial damage and scar formation. The natural history of EMF includes an active phase with recurrent flare-ups of inflammation evolving to a chronic phase leading to restrictive heart failure. In the chronic phase, biventricular involvement is the most common presentation, followed by isolated right-sided heart disease. Marked ascites out of proportion to peripheral edema usually develops as a typical feature of EMF. EMF carries a very poor prognosis. In addition to medical management of heart failure, early open heart surgery (endocardectomy and valve repair/replacement) appears to improve outcomes to some extent; however, surgery is technically challenging and not available in most endemic areas. Increased awareness among health workers and policy makers is the need of the hour for the unhindered development of efficient preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Origin of Aberrant Blood Pressure and Sympathetic Regulation in Diet-Induced Obesity
Authors: Lim Kyungjoon , Barzel Benjamin , Burke Sandra L. , Armitage James A. , Head Geoffrey A.
Published: June 2016

High fat diet (HFD)–induced hypertension in rabbits is neurogenic and caused by the central action of leptin, which is thought to be dependent on activation of α-melanocortin–stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and neuropeptide Y–positive neurons projecting to the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). However, leptin may act directly in these nuclei. Here, we assessed the contribution of leptin, α-MSH, and neuropeptide Y signaling in the DMH and VMH to diet-induced hypertension. Male New Zealand white rabbits were instrumented with a cannula for drug injections into the DMH or VMH and a renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) electrode. After 3 weeks of an HFD (13.3% fat; n=19), rabbits exhibited higher RSNA, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate compared with control diet–fed animals (4.2% fat; n=15). Intra-VMH injections of a leptin receptor antagonist or SHU9119, a melanocortin 3/4 receptor antagonist, decreased MAP, heart rate, and RSNA compared with vehicle in HFD rabbits (
P
<0.05) but not in control diet–fed animals. By contrast, α-MSH or neuropeptide Y injected into the VMH had no effect on MAP but produced sympathoexcitation in HFD rabbits (
P
<0.05) but not in control diet–fed rabbits. The effects of the leptin antagonist, α-MSH, or neuropeptide Y injections into the DMH on MAP or RSNA of HFD rabbits were not different from those after vehicle injection. α-MSH into the DMH of control diet–fed animals did increase MAP, heart rate, and RSNA. We conclude that the VMH is the likely origin of leptin-mediated sympathoexcitation and α-MSH hypersensitivity that contribute to obesity-related hypertension.
KCNK3
Variants Are Associated With Hyperaldosteronism and Hypertension
Authors: Manichaikul Ani , Rich Stephen S. , Allison Matthew A. , Guagliardo Nick A. , Bayliss Douglas A. , Carey Robert M. , Barrett Paula Q.
Published: June 2016

Blood pressure (BP) is a complex trait that is the consequence of an interaction between genetic and environmental determinants. Previous studies have demonstrated increased BP in mice with global deletion of TASK-1 channels contemporaneous with diverse dysregulation of aldosterone production. In humans, genome-wide association studies in ≈100 000 individuals of European, East Asian, and South Asian ancestry identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in
KCNK3
(the gene encoding TASK-1) associated with mean arterial pressure. The current study was motivated by the hypotheses that (1) association of
KCNK3
SNPs with BP and related traits extends to blacks and Hispanics, and (2)
KCNK3
SNPs exhibit associations with plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels. We examined baseline BP measurements for 7840 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), and aldosterone levels and plasma renin activity in a subset of 1653 MESA participants. We identified statistically significant association of the previously reported
KCNK3
SNP (rs1275988) with mean arterial pressure in MESA blacks (
P
=0.024) and a nearby SNP (rs13394970) in MESA Hispanics (
P
=0.031). We discovered additional
KCNK3
SNP associations with systolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and hypertension. We also identified statistically significant association of
KCNK3
rs2586886 with plasma aldosterone level in MESA and demonstrated that global deletion of TASK-1 channels in mice produces a mild-hyperaldosteronism, not associated with a decrease in renin. Our results suggest that genetic variation in the
KCNK3
gene may contribute to BP variation and less severe hypertensive disorders in which aldosterone may be one of several causative factors.
Drinking Water Sodium and Elevated Blood Pressure of Healthy Pregnant Women in Salinity-Affected Coastal Areas
Authors: Scheelbeek Pauline F.D. , Khan Aneire E. , Mojumder Sontosh , Elliott Paul , Vineis Paolo
Published: June 2016

Coastal areas in Southeast Asia are experiencing high sodium concentrations in drinking water sources that are commonly consumed by local populations. Salinity problems caused by episodic cyclones and subsequent seawater inundations are likely (partly) related to climate change and further exacerbated by changes in upstream river flow and local land-use activities. Dietary (food) sodium plays an important role in the global burden of hypertensive disease. It remains unknown, however, if sodium in drinking water—rather than food—has similar effects on blood pressure and disease risk. In this study, we examined the effect of drinking water sodium on blood pressure of pregnant women: increases in blood pressure in this group could severely affect maternal and fetal health. Data on blood pressure, drinking water source, and personal, lifestyle, and environmental confounders was obtained from 701 normotensive pregnant women residing in coastal Bangladesh. Generalized linear mixed regression models were used to investigate association of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of these—otherwise healthy—women with their water source. After adjustment for confounders, drinkers of tube well and pond water (high saline sources) were found to have significantly higher average systolic (+4.85 and +3.62 mm Hg) and diastolic (+2.30 and +1.72 mm Hg) blood pressures than rainwater drinkers. Drinking water salinity problems are expected to exacerbate in the future, putting millions of coastal people—including pregnant women—at increased risk of hypertension and associated diseases. There is an urgent need to further explore the health risks associated to this understudied environmental health problem and feasibility of possible adaptation strategies.
Monosialoganglioside‐Containing Nanoliposomes Restore Endothelial Function Impaired by AL Amyloidosis Light Chain Proteins
Authors: Franco Daniel A. , Truran Seth , Weissig Volkmar , Guzman‐Villanueva Diana , Karamanova Nina , Senapati Subhadip , Burciu Camelia , Ramirez‐Alvarado Marina , Blancas‐Mejia Luis M. , Lindsay Stuart , Hari Parameswaran , Migrino Raymond Q.
Published: June 2016

Background

Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is associated with high mortality, especially in patients with advanced cardiovascular involvement. It is caused by toxicity of misfolded light chain proteins (
LC
) in vascular, cardiac, and other tissues. There is no treatment to reverse
LC
tissue toxicity. We tested the hypothesis that nanoliposomes composed of monosialoganglioside, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol (GM1 ganglioside–containing nanoliposomes [
NLGM
1]) can protect against
LC
‐induced human microvascular dysfunction and assess mechanisms behind the protective effect.

Methods and Results

The dilator responses of ex vivo abdominal adipose arterioles from human participants without AL to acetylcholine and papaverine were measured before and after exposure to
LC
(20 μg/mL) with or without
NLGM
1 (1:10 ratio for
LC
:
NLGM
1 mass). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed for 18 to 20 hours to vehicle, LC with or without
NLGM
1, or
NLGM
1 and compared for oxidative and nitrative stress response and cellular viability. LC impaired arteriole dilator response to acetylcholine, which was restored by co‐treatment with
NLGM
1.
LC
decreased endothelial cell nitric oxide production and cell viability while increasing superoxide and peroxynitrite; these adverse effects were reversed by
NLGM
1.
NLGM
1 increased endothelial cell protein expression of antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase 1 and
NAD
(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 and increased nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf‐2) protein. Nrf‐2 gene knockdown reduced antioxidant stress response and reversed the protective effects of
NLGM
1.

Conclusions

NLGM1 protects against
LC
‐induced human microvascular endothelial dysfunction through increased nitric oxide bioavailability and reduced oxidative and nitrative stress mediated by Nrf‐2–dependent antioxidant stress response. These findings point to a potential novel therapeutic approach for light chain amyloidosis.
No Decline in the Risk of Stroke Following Incident Atrial Fibrillation Since 2000 in the Community: A Concerning Trend
Authors: Chamberlain Alanna M. , Brown Robert D. , Alonso Alvaro , Gersh Bernard J. , Killian Jill M. , Weston Susan A. , Roger Véronique L.
Published: June 2016

Background

While atrial fibrillation is a recognized risk factor for stroke, contemporary data on trends in stroke incidence after the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation are scarce.

Methods and Results

Olmsted County,
MN
residents with incident atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (collectively referred to as
AF
) from 2000 to 2010 were identified. Cox regression determined associations of year of
AF
diagnosis with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (
TIA
) occurring through 2013. Among 3247
AF
patients, 321 (10%) had an ischemic stroke/
TIA
over a mean of 4.6 years (incidence rate [95%
CI
] per 100 person‐years: 2.14 [1.91–2.38]). Two hundred thirty‐nine (7%) of 3265
AF
patients experienced an ischemic stroke (incidence rate: 1.54 [1.35–1.75]). The risk of both outcomes remained unchanged over time after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities (hazard ratio [95%
CI
] per year of
AF
diagnosis: 1.00 [0.96–1.04] for ischemic stroke/
TIA
; 1.01 [0.96–1.06] for ischemic stroke only). In analyses restricted to patients with prescription information, the rates of anticoagulation use did not change over time, reaching 50.8% at 1 year after
AF
diagnosis. Further adjustment for anticoagulation use did not alter the temporal trends in stroke incidence (hazard ratio [95%
CI
] per year of
AF
diagnosis: 1.06 [0.97–1.15] for ischemic stroke/
TIA
; 1.08 [0.98–1.20] for ischemic stroke only).

Conclusions

Strokes/
TIA
s are frequent after
AF
, occurring in 10% of patients after 5 years of follow‐up. The occurrence of stroke/
TIA
did not decline over the last decade, which may be influenced by a leveling off of anticoagulation use. This concerning trend has major public health implications.
ECG Criteria to Differentiate Between Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy and Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Frangieh Antonio H. , Obeid Slayman , Ghadri Jelena‐Rima , Imori Yoichi , D'Ascenzo Fabrizio , Kovac Marc , Ruschitzka Frank , Lüscher Thomas F. , Duru Firat , Templin Christian ,   the InterTAK Collaborators, Diekmann Johanna , Cammann Victoria L. , Jaguszewski Milosz , Dichtl Wolfgang , Franz Wolfgang M. , Fijalkowski Marcin , Opolski Grzegorz , Franke Jennifer , Katus Hugo A. , Michels Guido , Pfister Roman , Cuculi Florim
Published: June 2016

Background

ECG criteria differentiating Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) from mainly anterior myocardial infarction (MI) have been suggested; however, this was in small patient populations.

Methods and Results

Twelve‐lead admission ECGs of consecutive 200 TTC and 200 MI patients were compared in dichotomized groups based on the presence or absence of ST‐elevation MI (STEMI versus STE‐TTC and non‐ST elevation MI versus non ST‐elevation‐TTC). When comparing STEMI and STE‐TTC, ST‐elevation in –aVR was characteristic of STE‐TTC with a sensitivity/specificity of 43% and 95%, positive predictive value (PPV) 91%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) 62% (
P
<0.001); when ST‐elevation in –aVR is accompanied by ST‐elevation in inferior leads, sensitivity/specificity were 14% and 98% (PPV was 89% and NPV 52%) (
P
=0.001), and 12% and 100% when associated with ST‐elevation in anteroseptal leads (PPV 100%, NPV 52%) (
P
<0.001). On the other hand, STEMI was characterized by ST‐elevation in aVR (sensitivity/specificity of 31% and 95%
P
<0.001, PPV 85% and NPV 59%) and ST‐depression in V2‐V3‐V4 (sensitivity/specificity of 24% and 100%
P
<0.001, PPV 100% and NPV 76%). When comparing non‐ST elevation MI and non ST‐elevation‐TTC, T‐inversion in leads I‐aVL‐V5‐V6 had a sensitivity/specificity of 17% and 97% for non ST‐elevation‐TTC (PPV 83% and NPV 55%) (
P
<0.001), and ST‐elevation in –aVR with T‐inversion in any lead was also specific for non ST‐elevation‐TTC (sensitivity/specificity of 8% and 100%, PPV 100% and NPV 53%) (
P
=0.006). In non‐ST elevation MI patients, the presence of ST‐depression in V2‐V3 was specific (sensitivity/specificity of 11% and 99%, PPV 91% and NPV 51%) (
P
=0.01).

Conclusions

ECG on admission can differentiate between TTC and acute MI, with high specificity and positive predictive value.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
. Unique identifier:
NCT01947621
.
Effectiveness and Safety of Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, and Apixaban Versus Warfarin in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Yao Xiaoxi , Abraham Neena S. , Sangaralingham Lindsey R. , Bellolio M. Fernanda , McBane Robert D. , Shah Nilay D. , Noseworthy Peter A.
Published: June 2016

Background

The introduction of non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants has been a major advance for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation; however, outcomes achieved in clinical trials may not translate to routine practice. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban by comparing each agent with warfarin.

Methods and Results

Using a large US insurance database, we identified privately insured and Medicare Advantage patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who were users of apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or warfarin between October 1, 2010, and June 30, 2015. We created 3 matched cohorts using 1:1 propensity score matching: apixaban versus warfarin (n=15 390), dabigatran versus warfarin (n=28 614), and rivaroxaban versus warfarin (n=32 350). Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we found that for stroke or systemic embolism, apixaban was associated with lower risk (hazard ratio [
HR
] 0.67, 95% CI 0.46–0.98,
P
=0.04), but dabigatran and rivaroxaban were associated with a similar risk (dabigatran:
HR
0.98, 95% CI 0.76–1.26,
P
=0.98; rivaroxaban:
HR
0.93, 95% CI 0.72–1.19,
P
=0.56). For major bleeding, apixaban and dabigatran were associated with lower risk (apixaban:
HR
0.45, 95% CI 0.34–0.59,
P
<0.001; dabigatran:
HR
0.79, 95% CI 0.67–0.94,
P
<0.01), and rivaroxaban was associated with a similar risk (
HR
1.04, 95% CI 0.90–1.20],
P
=0.60). All non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants were associated with a lower risk of intracranial bleeding.

Conclusions

In patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, apixaban was associated with lower risks of both stroke and major bleeding, dabigatran was associated with similar risk of stroke but lower risk of major bleeding, and rivaroxaban was associated with similar risks of both stroke and major bleeding in comparison to warfarin.
What if We Got Rid of the Goy? Rereading Ancient Jewish Distinctions
Authors: Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: June 2016

The goy has been present in Jewish discourses since antiquity. Despite this, its birth and history have received almost no scholarly attention. In this paper we shift the focus from the various historical attitudes towards the goy, to the very constitution of the concept and the dichotomy it constructs. We claim that scholars have been anachronistically reading Jewish (or Judaean) texts from the centuries before the common era as if they contained the Jew/goy distinction. Through a series of readings in texts like Jubilees, Pseudo-Aristeas, Joseph and Aseneth, 1-4 Maccabees, the Damascus Document, we seek to demonstrate the plurality of options for separation that existed before the Jew/goy discourse took over.
From a Conflictual Coalition to a Social Movement? The Transformative Capacity of the Gezi Protests
Authors: Uncu Baran Alp
Published: June 2016

The sustainability of the current wave of Occupy protests, taking place in various parts of the world since 2011, is a major outstanding question that is of concern to both movement actors and social movement scholars. In this regard, collective identity construction is a key element, as it facilitates the transformation of multi-issue and multi-actor coalitional networks into sustained movement networks. This paper analyses the Gezi protest as an eventful protest that created free spaces of emotions and cognition. I show that the extended, intensified, and accelerated relations that the protestors have built among themselves in these free spaces lead to the construction of inclusive frames and a collective identity. Yet, based on the data collected through in-depth interviews, it is argued that the transformative impact of the Gezi protests on subsequent mobilizations is neither absolute nor linear.
NP COORDINATION IN MEDIEVAL CHINESE: A DISCOURSE APPROACH
Authors: Hongyin Tao
Published: June 2016

This paper deals with the historical development, from a discourse perspective, of nominal (NP) coordination from Early Medieval Chinese, as reflected in Shishuo Xinyu 世说新语 to Late Medieval Chinese, as reflected in Dunhuang Bianwen 敦煌变文

It is shown that simple juxtaposition (or zero form) is the basic device used throughout Medieval Chinese. Conjunctions are found to appear with conjuncts that are either non-specific, or specific but sub-dividable in terms of discourse context and conception. The distinction between coordination and comitatives is maintained through a comparison of a cluster of discourse properties such as anaphora, topicality and empathy, as exhibited in the NPs of the two constructions. We show that the most prominent development from Early Medieval Chinese to Late Medieval Chinese is the grammaticization of sub-dividability. Based on the observation that unitary NPs tend to be expressed with simple juxtaposition and distant NPs overt conjunction, we propose the iconicity principle to account for the grammar of NP coordination in Medieval Chinese.
The New Gold Standard? Empirically Situating the Trans-Pacific Partnership in the Investment Treaty Universe
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang , Skougarevskiy Dmitriy
Published: June 2016

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) has been labeled a ‘new, high-standard trade agreement’. But just how ‘new’ and ‘high’ are the standards it sets? To answer that question we combine traditional legal analysis with computational text comparisons situating the TPP in the universe of international investment agreements (IIAs). We find that the TPP investment chapter offers few truly novel features — 81% of its text is taken from prior American treaties. Compared to the majority of IIAs, however, the TPP goes beyond existing practice: it sets high levels of investment protection, explicitly safeguards host state sovereignty and establishes a sophisticated investment arbitration architecture. Nevertheless, the TPP is unlikely to revolutionize the IIA universe. Its innovations are open to circumvention given that older treaties remain in force parallel to the TPP. Moreover, as disagreement persists with Europe and BRICS countries, the TPP is unlikely to serve as a template for future multilateralization.
A new name and considerations on Spigelia multispica Steud. and its varieties
Authors: ZAPPI DANIELA C.
Published: June 2016

Upon examining material of Loganiaceae for the Brazilian state of Pará, available specimens of Spigelia multispica Steud. were reassessed. In the process, this name and one heterotypic variety were confirmed as synonyms of the older name Spigelia hamellioides Kunth, which had not previously been reported from Brazil, whereas a new name, Spigelia spruceana Zappi, is proposed for Spigelia multispica var. angustifolia Prog.
Euphorbia akmanii (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Turkey
Authors: GENÇ İLKER , KÜLTÜR ŞÜKRAN
Published: June 2016

Euphorbia akmanii, a new species of Euphorbiaceae (sect. Patellares) from Turkey (Osmaniye) is described on the basis of morphological characters. The species was found in the north-west part of the Amanus Mountains growing in open deciduous forests. It can be distinguished from E. erubescens by its longer stems, pubescent leaves and fruits, unicellular hairs, petiolate-subsessile second year cauline leaves and laciniate cyathial gland appendages. Diagnostic characters, a full description, and detailed illustrations are presented. These diagnostic characters and other observations concerning the new species are presented and compared with those from species of the sect. Patellares occurring in Turkey. The new species is the only one in sect. Patellares having laciniate gland appendages and unicellular hairs. Micromorphological structures of fruit and seed surfaces of E. akmanii and E. erubescens were examined by SEM. The geographical distribution of species of sect. Patellares in Turkey is mapped. An IUCN redlist category is proposed, and observations on the habitat are provided.
Reconsidering the phyllotaxy significance of seedlings in Clematis
Authors: CHENG JIN , YAN SHUANG-XI , LIU HUI-JIE , LIN LE-LE , LI JIN-YU , LIAO SHUAI , LI LIANG-QIAN , XIE LEI
Published: June 2016

The taxonomic significance of Clematis seedling morphology has been emphasized for decades. However, seedlings of almost 75% of Clematis spp. have not been observed directly. This study germinated achenes and described the seedlings of 14 Clematis taxa, 10 of which have not been reported. The results show that five species and one variety, such as C. acerifolia, C. acerifolia var. elobata, C. urophylla, C. repens, C. brevicaudata, and C. peterae, had typical type I seedlings and that C. integrifolia and C. hexapetala had type II seedlings. Six species showed atypical seedling morphology as defined in previous studies. Our results are the first to describe that species of sect. Naravelia and sect. Fruticella have seedlings with opposite leaves. However, they were different from type II seedlings. Suppressed or elongated hypocotyls are most likely determined by the habitat temperature of the Clematis. Our results suggest that it may be inappropriate to classify Clematis seedlings into two types, and that this classification trait should be used very carefully.
Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia: an introduction
Authors: WOLFF MARTA , NIHEI SILVIO S. , CARVALHO CLAUDIO J. B. DE
Published: June 2016

Colombia has an imposing natural wealth due to its topography has many unique characteristics as a consequence of having Caribbean and Pacific shores, as well as sharing part of the Amazon basin and northern Andes mountains. Thus, many natural and biological features are due to the convergence of three biogeographical regions: Pacific, Andes and Amazonia. The Andean uplift created a complex mosaic of mountains and isolated valleys, including eleven biogeographical provinces (Morrone 2006). The Andes dominate the Colombian topography and cross the country south to north. There are three mountain ranges (Western, Central, and Eastern) with a maximum elevation of 5,775 m, and an average elevation of 2,000 m. The Magdalena and Cauca River valleys separate these ranges, that along with the Putumayo and Caquetá Rivers, the Catatumbo watershed, the Darién, Pique Hill, the Orinoquia Region (with its savannas), the Amazon region (with tropical rainforests), and some lower mountain ranges (Macarena and Chiribiquete), have generated the conditions for very high levels of endemism. This variety of conditions has resulted in an extremely diverse plant and animal biota, and in which 48% of the nation remains unexplored.
Sensitivity of the Middle East–North African Tropical Rainbelt to Dust Shortwave Absorption: A High-Resolution AGCM Experiment
Authors: Bangalath Hamza Kunhu , Stenchikov Georgiy
Published: June 2016

Shortwave absorption is one of the most important, but the most uncertain, components of direct radiative effect by mineral dust. It has a broad range of estimates from different observational and modeling studies and there is no consensus on the strength of absorption. To elucidate the sensitivity of the Middle East–North African (MENA) tropical summer rainbelt to a plausible range of uncertainty in dust shortwave absorption, AMIP-style global high-resolution (25 km) simulations are conducted with and without dust, using the High-Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM). Simulations with dust comprise three different cases by assuming dust as a very efficient, as a standard, and as an inefficient absorber. Intercomparison of these simulations shows that the response of the MENA tropical rainbelt is extremely sensitive to the strength of shortwave absorption. Further analyses reveal that the sensitivity of the rainbelt stems from the sensitivity of the multiscale circulations that define the rainbelt. The maximum response and sensitivity are predicted over the northern edge of the rainbelt, geographically over the Sahel. The sensitivity of the responses over the Sahel, especially that of precipitation, is comparable to the mean state. Locally, the response in precipitation reaches up to 50% of the mean, while dust is assumed to be a very efficient absorber. Taking into account that the Sahel has a very high climate variability and is extremely vulnerable to changes in precipitation, the present study suggests the importance of reducing uncertainty in dust shortwave absorption for a better simulation and interpretation of the Sahel climate.
The Multibudget Soil, Vegetation, and Snow (SVS) Scheme for Land Surface Parameterization: Offline Warm Season Evaluation
Authors: Husain Syed Zahid , Alavi Nasim , Bélair Stéphane , Carrera Marco , Zhang Shunli , Fortin Vincent , Abrahamowicz Maria , Gauthier Nathalie
Published: June 2016

A new land surface parameterization scheme, named the Soil, Vegetation, and Snow (SVS) scheme, was recently developed at Environment and Climate Change Canada to replace the operationally used Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) scheme. The new scheme is designed to address a number of weaknesses and limitations of ISBA that have been identified over the last decade. Unlike ISBA, which calculates a single energy budget for the different land surface components, SVS introduces a new tiling approach that includes separate energy budgets for bare ground, vegetation, and two different snowpacks (over bare ground and low vegetation and under high vegetation). The inclusion of a photosynthesis module as an option to determine the surface stomatal resistance is another significant addition in SVS. The representation of vertical water transport through soil has also been substantially improved in SVS with the introduction of multiple soil layers. Overall, offline simulations conducted in the present study demonstrated clear improvements in warm season meteorological predictions with SVS compared to the ISBA scheme. The results also revealed considerable reduction of standard error in the SVS-predicted L-band brightness temperature. This demonstrates the scheme’s ability for better hydrological prediction and its potential for providing more accurate soil moisture analysis. The impact of the photosynthesis module within the current implementation of SVS is, however, found to be negligible on near-surface meteorological prediction and slightly negative for brightness temperature.
Warming and Weakening of the Abyssal Flow through Samoan Passage
Authors: Voet Gunnar , Alford Matthew H. , Girton James B. , Carter Glenn S. , Mickett John B. , Klymak Jody M.
Published: June 2016

The abyssal flow of water through the Samoan Passage accounts for the majority of the bottom water renewal in the North Pacific, thereby making it an important element of the meridional overturning circulation. Here the authors report recent measurements of the flow of dense waters of Antarctic and North Atlantic origin through the Samoan Passage. A 15-month long moored time series of velocity and temperature of the abyssal flow was recorded between 2012 and 2013. This allows for an update of the only prior volume transport time series from the Samoan Passage from WOCE moored measurements between 1992 and 1994. While highly variable on multiple time scales, the overall pattern of the abyssal flow through the Samoan Passage was remarkably steady. The time-mean northward volume transport of about 5.4 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) in 2012/13 was reduced compared to 6.0 Sv measured between 1992 and 1994. This volume transport reduction is significant within 68% confidence limits (±0.4 Sv) but not at 95% confidence limits (±0.6 Sv). In agreement with recent studies of the abyssal Pacific, the bottom flow through the Samoan Passage warmed significantly on average by 1 × 10−3°C yr−1 over the past two decades, as observed both in moored and shipboard hydrographic observations. While the warming reflects the recently observed increasing role of the deep oceans for heat uptake, decreasing flow through Samoan Passage may indicate a future weakening of this trend for the abyssal North Pacific.
Probing Intermolecular Interactions in Binary Liquid Mixtures Using Femtosecond Laser-Induced Self-Defocusing
Authors: Maurya Sandeep Kumar , Das Dhiman , Goswami Debabrata
Published: June 2016

Photothermal behavior of binary liquid mixtures has been studied using a high repetition rate (HRR) Z-scan technique with femtosecond laser pulses. Changes in the peak–valley difference in transmittance (ΔTP–V) for closed aperture Z-scan experiments are indicative of thermal effects induced by HRR femtosecond laser pulses. We show such indicative results can have a far-reaching impact on molecular properties and intermolecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures. Spectroscopic parameters derived from this experimental technique show that the combined effect of physical and molecular properties of the constituent binary liquids can be related to the components of the binary liquid.
Femtosecond Laser-Induced Plasma Spectrometry of Bimetallic Noble Metal Catalysts
Authors: Pandiyathuray Mathi , Khandu Sanap Kiran , Varma Salil , Kumar Singh Ajay , Narasingrao Jagatap Bhagwantrao
Published: June 2016

Femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a powerful and versatile multi-elemental analysis technique, is employed for quantification of noble metal catalysts (Pt–Pd) loaded on cordierite matrix. The laser-induced plasma was generated on the sample surface using 1 mJ energy from a 50 fs, 1 kHz, Ti–Sa laser system. The spectral emission of the cordierite matrix and noble metals are systematically studied to identify 270.23 nm and 340.42 nm lines for quantitative estimation of Pt and Pd, respectively. Quantification of the LIBS signal is further aided by measurement of excitation temperature and electron density of the laser-ablated plasma. Time-resolved LIBS is used under optimized conditions to evaluate the analytical predictive ability of the technique. Calibration curves for Pt and Pd exhibit good linearity. The limit of detection for Pt and Pd is estimated to be 55 µg/g and 17 µg/g, respectively, of the cordierite matrix.
Personal Care Participation Assessment and Resource Tool: Clinical utility for inpatient rehabilitation
Authors: Darzins Susan W. , Imms Christine , Stefano Marilyn Di , Radia-George Camilla A.
Published: June 2016

Background.

Evidence supports validity of the Personal Care Participation Assessment and Resource Tool (PC-PART), but clinical utility remains unverified.

Purpose.

This study aimed to investigate occupational therapists’ perceptions about the PC-PART’s clinical utility for inpatient rehabilitation.

Method.

Using mixed methods, occupational therapists who had used the PC-PART as part of a research study in an inpatient rehabilitation setting completed a questionnaire ( n = 9) and participated in a focus group ( n = 6) to explore their perspectives about its clinical utility. Quantitative data were summarized and qualitative data analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

Findings.

Quantitative data highlighted both positive and negative aspects of the PC-PART’s clinical utility. Five themes emerged from the qualitative data: nature of information gathered; familiarity with the instrument; perceived time and effort; item phrasing, interpretation, and presentation; and external influences on clinical use.

Implications.

The PC-PART was perceived to support gathering of clinically useful information, helpful to intervention and discharge planning. Recommendations for improving some item phrasing, operational definitions, and instructions were identified. Although standardized assessments were valued, use in routine practice was challenging, requiring a knowledge translation strategy.
Working memory and language learning: A review
Authors: Archibald Lisa MD
Published: June 2016

Children with speech, language, and communication needs (SLCN) form a highly heterogeneous group, including those with an unexplained delay in language development known as specific language impairment (SLI). There is growing recognition that multiple mechanisms underlie the range of profiles observed in these children. Broadly speaking, both the domain-general executive attentional system known as working memory and domain-specific linguistic processing have been implicated in children with SLI. It has been challenging to tease apart these influences, however, due to the symbiotic relationship between working memory and language learning. For example, working memory limits might constrain the linguistic detail encoded, whereas poor language knowledge would place greater demands on working memory for retaining unfamiliar phonological information. There is growing evidence for separable impairments in these processing resources leading to relative deficits in linguistic or working memory processes in different children. Such findings have important clinical implications for both the assessment and treatment of children with SLCN.
Differential associations between systemic markers of disease and white matter tissue health in middle-aged and older adults
Authors: Ryu Chang-Woo , Coutu Jean-Philippe , Greka Anna , Rosas H Diana , Jahng Geon-Ho , Rosen Bruce R , Salat David H
Published: June 2016

Age-associated cerebrovascular disease impacts brain tissue integrity, but other factors, including normal variation in blood markers of systemic health, may also influence the structural integrity of the brain. This cross-sectional study included 139 individuals between 40 to 86 years old who were physically healthy and cognitively intact. Eleven markers (total-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, insulin, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, total protein) and five derived indicators (estimated glomerular filtration rate, creatinine clearance rate, insulin-resistance, average glucose, and cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio) were obtained from blood sampling. Diffusion tensor imaging was used to evaluate white matter tissue health. Blood markers were clustered into five factors. The first factor (defined as insulin/high-density lipoprotein factor) was associated with markers of integrity in the deep white matter and projection fiber systems, while the third factor (defined as kidney function factor) was associated with different markers of integrity in the periventricular and watershed white matter regions. Differential segregated associations for insulin and high-density lipoprotein levels and serum markers of kidney function may provide information about distinct mechanisms of brain changes across the lifespan. These results emphasize the need to determine whether therapeutic modulation of systemic health and organ function may prevent decline in brain structural integrity.
Dialectical tensions
Authors: Gerber Damian , Brincat Shannon
Published: June 2016

There has been a resurgence of interest in the work of Raya Dunayevskaya and Herbert Marcuse, particularly regarding their shared concern with humanism and dialectics. Recent edited collections on Dunayevskaya’s correspondence have, however, drawn a sharp contrast between the conceptions of the dialectical method: Dunayesvkaya, who emphasized the need for ‘philosophic new beginnings’ to offer a new relationship between theory and practice, and Herbert Marcuse who, despite his piercing identification of the one-dimensionality of late capitalism, continued with a problematic basis in (orthodox) Marxist categories. In this review essay, we outline the latest of these two volumes and its distinct contributions before engaging in a critique of Marcuse’s restrictions on humanism and dialectics, via a comparison with Dunayevskaya’s dialectical approach that was premised on questioning ‘the problems of the age’ and emphasized the open and negative polarity of dialectical possibilities.