bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Alginate Gel Beads with Embedded Zeolite Structures as Carriers of Hydrophobic Curcumin
Authors: Ciarleglio Gianluca , Cinti Federica , Toto Elisa , Santonicola Maria Gabriella
Published: September 2023

Alginate-based beads containing a porous zeolite filler were developed as carriers of bioactive compounds with a hydrophobic nature, such as curcumin (Cur). Curcumin, a natural pigment extracted from the turmeric (Curcuma longa) plant, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antiviral properties. To enhance the bioavailability of the drug, curcumin needs to be encapsulated in a suitable carrier that improves its dispersibility and solubility. Commercial A-type zeolites (Z5A) were used as curcumin-binding agents and they were immobilized within the alginate gel beads by cross-linking in calcium chloride solution during an extrusion dripping process. The process parameters (alginate and CaCl2 concentrations, needle gauge, collecting distance) were optimized to fabricate beads with good sphericity factor and 1.5–1.7 mm diameter in their hydrated state. The chemical structure of the gel beads was assessed using FTIR spectroscopy, while their thermal stability was evaluated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Due to the alginate matrix, the composite Alg/ZA5-Cur beads possess pH-responsive properties. In addition, the gel beads were modified by chitosan (CS) to enhance the stability and control the degradation behavior of the gel matrix. The swelling behavior and the degradation of the beads were analyzed in physiological solutions with different pH values. Results demonstrate the stabilizing and protective effect of the chitosan coating, as well as the reinforcing effect of the zeolite filler. This makes the pH-responsive alginate gel beads good candidates for the delivery of lipophilic drugs to specific inflammatory sites.
Advancements in Nanogels for Enhanced Ocular Drug Delivery: Cutting-Edge Strategies to Overcome Eye Barriers
Authors: Lee Hyeonah , Noh Hyeran
Published: September 2023

Nanomedicine in gel or particle formation holds considerable potential for enhancing passive and active targeting within ocular drug delivery systems. The complex barriers of the eye, exemplified by the intricate network of closely connected tissue structures, pose significant challenges for drug administration. Leveraging the capability of engineered nanomedicine offers a promising approach to enhance drug penetration, particularly through active targeting agents such as protein peptides and aptamers, which facilitate targeted release and heightened bioavailability. Simultaneously, DNA carriers have emerged as a cutting-edge class of active-targeting structures, connecting active targeting agents and illustrating their potential in ocular drug delivery applications. This review aims to consolidate recent findings regarding the optimization of various nanoparticles, i.e., hydrogel-based systems, incorporating both passive and active targeting agents for ocular drug delivery, thereby identifying novel mechanisms and strategies. Furthermore, the review delves into the potential application of DNA nanostructures, exploring their role in the development of targeted drug delivery approaches within the field of ocular therapy.
Genetics and Genomics of Addiction
Authors: Bubier Jason A.
Published: September 2023

Substance use disorders (SUD), like many neuropsychiatric conditions, are a heterogeneous group of disorders with similar symptomatology but often different pathoetiology [...]
Flood-Prone Zones of Meandering Rivers: Machine Learning Approach and Considering the Role of Morphology (Kashkan River, Western Iran)
Authors: Ghahraman Kaveh , Nagy Balázs , Nooshin Nokhandan Fatemeh
Published: September 2023

We utilized the random forest (RF) machine learning algorithm, along with nine topographical/morphological factors, namely aspect, slope, geomorphons, plan curvature, profile curvature, terrain roughness index, surface texture, topographic wetness index (TWI), and elevation. Our objective was to identify flood-prone areas along the meandering Kashkan River and investigate the role of topography in riverbank inundation. To validate the flood susceptibility map generated by the random forest algorithm, we employed Sentinel-1 GRDH SAR imagery from the March 2019 flooding event in the Kashkan river. The SNAP software and the OTSU thresholding method were utilized to extract the flooded/inundated areas from the SAR imagery. The results showed that the random forest model accurately pinpointed areas with a “very high” and “high” risk of flooding. Through analysis of the cross-sections and SAR-based flood maps, we discovered that the topographical confinement of the meander played a crucial role in the extent of inundation along the meandering path. Moreover, the findings indicated that the inner banks along the Kashkan river were more prone to flooding compared to the outer banks.
Symbiotic Relations at Ca’ Inua: Farming, Exhibitions, and Social Engagement. A Conversation with the Artist Collective Panem et Circenses (Ludovico Pensato and Alessandra Ivul)
Authors: Bottinelli Silvia , d’Ayala Valva Margherita
Published: September 2023

Our contribution discusses the practice of Panem et Circenses (Alessandra Ivul and Ludovico Pensato), an art collective whose work revolves around food and agriculture. After founding Panem et Circenses in Berlin, Ivul and Pensato opened an artist-run exhibition space devoted to food-based practices in Bologna. Since 2017, they have lived at Ca’ Inua, a farm in Marzabotto, on the Bologna Apennines. Ivul and Pensato see their experimentation with regenerative and sustainable farming as a form of performance art, an embodiment of their engagement with philosophy and theory. Their work participates in discourses—with a range of variations that build on Indigenous sciences/knowledges, posthumanist and new materialist philosophies, and environmental arts and humanities—that recenter symbiosis, relationality, and human/more-than-human entanglements. Our methodological approach relies on critical, art historical, and visual studies tools and is informed by ethnographic observations on site as well as an interview with the artists published here. We begin to address the specificity of Panem et Circenses’ relationship with the lands that they care for and locate their experience in the larger landscape of Art Farming practices. Panem et Circenses translate theoretical frameworks into everyday interactions, hands-on activities, community-building, and long-term planning for the ecology of Ca’ Inua.
Exploring Gut Microbiota and the Influence of Physical Activity Interventions on Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Authors: Morgado Micaela C. , Sousa Mónica , Coelho André B. , Costa Júlio A. , Seabra André
Published: September 2023

The recognition that the gut microbiota of obese children differs from lean children has grown, and some studies suggest that physical activity positively influences the gut microbiota. This systematic review explores the changes in the gut microbiota composition of obese and non-obese children and adolescents and provides an understanding of the effects of physical activity interventions in modulating their microbiota. The PRISMA protocol was used across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Overall, twenty-four research papers were included in accordance with the chosen inclusion and exclusion criteria, eighteen studies compared the gut microbiota of obese and normal-weight children and adolescents, and six studies explored the effect of physical activity interventions on the gut microbiota. The analysis indicated that obese gut microbiota is reduced in Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium and alpha diversity but enriched in Proteobacteria and Lactobacillus. Interventions with physical activity seem to improve the alpha diversity and beneficial bacteria linked to body weight loss in children and adolescents. The gut microbiota of obese children exhibited a remarkably individual variation. More interventions are needed to clearly and accurately explore the relationships between child obesity, gut microbiota, and physical activity and to develop approaches to decrease the incidence of paediatric obesity.
Reducing Antibiotic Misuse through the Use of Point-of-Care Tests in Germany: A Survey of 1257 Medical Practices
Authors: Peiter Tina , Haering Monika , Bradic Spasenija , Coutinho Graça , Kostev Karel
Published: September 2023

Though more than 80% of acute pharyngitis (AP) cases have a viral etiology, it remains one of the most common causes for the unnecessary prescription of antibiotics (ABs). Half of patients receive antibiotics in general practice. Point-of-Care Tests (POCTs) distinguish between bacterial and viral pharyngitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of POCTs using throat swabs to detect β-Streptococcus pyogenes Group A (strep A) infection among patients with sore throat/acute pharyngitis in primary care practices across Germany. A study was conducted in 1257 primary care practices. Two questionnaires were administered concerning frequency, POCT results and whether antibiotics were prescribed. Of the 1257 physicians, 60% used POCTs. Of these, 25% used a POCT before prescribing an antibiotic, 39% in cases of severe sore throat, 40% in cases of long-lasting pharyngitis and 25% in other cases. In total, 83% considered the adoption of POCTs in everyday practice to be important or very important for the diagnosis of strep A, 90% considered it important or very important for achieving a more sensible use of antibiotics and the prevention of bacterial resistance and 80% considered it important or very important for justifying to patients whether or not an antibiotic is needed. POCT results and information on AB prescriptions were available for 583 patients. Of these, 22.5% tested positive for strep A, and 21.8% were prescribed antibiotics. Our study shows that the use of swab tests in patients with sore throat in primary care practices results in high levels of physician satisfaction and can strongly reduce the misuse of antibiotics in clinical practice.
Finding the Lost 16th-Century Monastery of Madre de Deus: A Pedagogical Approach to Virtual Reconstruction Research
Authors: Rafeiro Jesse , Tomé Ana
Published: September 2023

This article outlines a pedagogical approach to the virtual reconstruction of the 16th-century Monastery of Madre de Deus, Lisbon, Portugal. The monastery was built upon a former palace in 1509 by Queen D. Leonor. After her death, it underwent several modifications until its present function as the National Tile Museum. These modifications have obscured its history as one of the most significant religious buildings of the Portuguese Renaissance. To recover this lost history, the research uses a pedagogical approach combining previous scholarship, a laser scanning survey, archaeological survey data, written and graphic historical descriptions, and discussions with historians. The article has two principal aims: firstly, to concretize the results of the eight reconstruction projects produced by students using a Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) methodology. Secondly, to present an alternative model of teaching history and digital technologies. Our research suggests that extending virtual reconstruction research into pedagogy can provide highly original interpretations of complex and contradictory architecture. The approach promotes meaningful collaborations between researchers and cultural institutions while immersing young professionals in the digital tools and current philosophies of architectural heritage.
Wild Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (C.C. Gmelin) Hegi)—Novel Species to the Israeli Flora
Authors: Rahimi Oshrit , Berger Jotham Ziffer , Shtein Ilana , Kher Mafatlal M. , Frumin Suembikya , Hübner Sariel , Weiss Ehud , Drori Elyashiv
Published: September 2023

The wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris, grows naturally throughout the northern hemisphere, including the Mediterranean region. Wild grapevines have also been observed sporadically across the southern Levant and are considered a non-native feral plant. Nevertheless, no formal characterization has been conducted for wild grapevines in this region; thus, its taxonomical assignment remains elusive. Previously, we have shown that the wild grapevine populations growing in northern Israel are genetically separated from the feral domesticated forms. This work aimed to comprehensively describe the morphological, anatomical, and ecological traits of wild grapevines naturally thriving in two distinct habitats in Israel. The dioicous nature of the wild grapevine, the flower and pollen morphology, and the characteristic Sylvestris fruit and seed morphology, in addition to the occurrence of the natural germination of seeds in close vicinity of the mother plant, have all led to the conclusion that these plants belong to Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris and should be included in the Flora Palaestina. These findings, combined with the recently published genetic evidence for these populations, significantly advance our understanding of the species’ ecology and the importance of its preservation.
Anthocyanin Accumulation and Its Corresponding Gene Expression, Total Phenol, Antioxidant Capacity, and Fruit Quality of ‘Crimson Seedless’ Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in Response to Grafting and Pre-Harvest Applications
Authors: Salama Abdel-Moety , Abdelsalam Mohamed A. , Rehan Medhat , Elansary Mohamed , El-Shereif Ali
Published: September 2023

The color of grapevine berries is one of the most important quality parameters that define the appearance, attracts the consumer, and determines the price, especially in red grape cultivars. Some grape varieties show less color development due to many factors such as temperature, light intensity, and agricultural management. The present study aimed to evaluate diverse phytohormones coupled with grafting on quality and fruit coloration of ’Crimson Seedless‘ grapes. Pre-harvest foliar treatments of abscisic acid (ABA) at 400 mg L−1, methyl jasmonate (MeJ) at 1 mM L−1, ethephon (Eth) at 480 mg L−1, and melatonin (Mel) at 100 μmol were applied after 7 days and repeated after 21 days of ‘Veraison’ (beginning of the coloring phase). The results exposed that the ABA application provided the best anthocyanin accumulation with grafted grapevines whereas Eth displayed the maximum anthocyanin accumulation with ungrafted grapevines. Moreover, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and flavanol 3-O-glucosyl transferase (UFGT)) was consistent with the anthocyanin concentration in berry peel. Moreover, Eth treatment revealed the highest total phenols and antioxidant capacity for both grafted and ungrafted grapevines. MeJ phytohormone exhibited the largest total yield, whereas the treatment of Eth increased the weight of 50 berries and the bunch. Furthermore, ABA induced the uppermost firmness and removal force. Regarding the chemical attributes, the Mel treatment revealed the minimum value of titratable acidity (TA) and the highest polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, while the MeJ treatment recorded the superior soluble solids content (SSC), in addition to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) enzymes activities. Eth treatment produced the highest activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme. Finally, the grafting treatment improved most of the studied fruit attributes.
Dynamic Groundwater Contamination Vulnerability Assessment Techniques: A Systematic Review
Authors: Banerjee Arghadyuti , Creedon Leo , Jones Noelle , Gill Laurence , Gharbia Salem
Published: September 2023

Assuring the quantity and quality of groundwater resources is essential for the well-being of human and ecological health, society, and the economy. For the last few decades, groundwater vulnerability modeling techniques have become essential for groundwater protection and management. Groundwater contamination is highly dynamic due to its dependency on recharge, which is a function of time-dependent parameters such as precipitation and evapotranspiration. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the time-series analysis in the “approximation” process to model the dynamic vulnerability of groundwater contamination. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to critically review the methods used to evaluate the spatiotemporal assessment of groundwater vulnerability. The PRISMA method was employed to search web platforms and refine the collected research articles by applying certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Despite the enormous growth in this field in recent years, spatiotemporal variations in precipitation and evapotranspiration were not considered considerably. Groundwater contamination vulnerability assessment needs to integrate the multicriteria decision support tools for better analysis of the subsurface flow, residence time, and groundwater recharge. Holistic approaches need to be formulated to evaluate the groundwater contamination in changing climatic scenarios and uncertainties, which can provide knowledge and tools with which to prepare sustainable groundwater management strategies.
Definition and Classification of Dental Hygiene Interventions Based on the Dental Hygiene Process of Care: A Delphi Study
Authors: Kwak Seon-Hui , Bae Soo-Myoung , Shin Sun-Jung , Shin Bo-Mi
Published: September 2023

This study aimed to conceptualize the dental hygiene intervention performed by dental hygienists based on the dental hygiene process of care. The dental hygiene intervention classification was conducted on the qualitative content analysis method. The contents of the primary dental hygiene intervention classification were refined after review by three internal experts. The final classification of dental hygiene interventions was derived through an expert Delphi survey conducted twice with 15 professors in charge of clinical dental hygiene. In the Delphi survey, the content validity and clarity were evaluated. As a result of the first and second expert Delphi surveys, the content validity ratio for all dental hygiene interventions and definitions was ≥0.60, and the content validity index was ≥0.80. The degree of agreement was a minimum of 0.80 and a maximum of 1.00. Thirty-eight dental hygiene interventions were conceptualized, and the essence of the dental hygienist was confirmed. Dental hygienists are oral health experts who help in preventing oral diseases and promoting oral health by providing evidence-based comprehensive preventive management through interaction with their clients, and they are a primary care worker who could contribute to health promotion. In the future, dental hygienists are expected to be actively involved in the primary care system and dental clinical sites and contribute to health promotion through practical discussions for this purpose.
Development of a Culturally Adapted Dietary Intervention to Reduce Alzheimer’s Disease Risk among Older Black Adults
Authors: Shaw Ashley R. , Key Mickeal N. , Fikru Samantha , Lofton Saria , Sullivan Debra K. , Berkley-Patton Jannette , Glover Crystal M. , Burns Jeffrey M. , Vidoni Eric D.
Published: September 2023

The objective of this study is to identify and understand knowledge and attitudes that influence dietary practices among older Black adults using a community-engaged approach. This is a non-interventional mixed methods study designed to inform the development of an adapted brain-healthy soul food diet intervention. A purposive sampling approach was used to conduct seven semi-structured focus group discussions and an online quantitative survey. In total, 39 participants who self-identified as Black, aged 55 years and older, English speaking, and who were cognitively normal with an AD8 < 2; (25.6% men; 74.4% women) participated in the online survey and one of the seven 60 min virtual focus group discussions (5–7 per focus group). Quantitative frequency data from the online surveys were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative focus group data were analyzed using a 6-step thematic analysis process. Five themes emerged: dementia awareness; practices shaping food choices and consumption; barriers to eating healthy; instrumental support; and elements of a culturally adapted brain-healthy dietary intervention. Older Black adults perceived an adapted MIND dietary model as the most acceptable with the incorporation of salient cultural characteristics and strategies within both the design and delivery phases.
Assessing Potable Water Access and Its Implications for Households’ Livelihoods: The Case of Sibi in the Nkwanta North District, Ghana
Authors: Kanjin Kingsley , Adade Richard , Quaicoe Julia , Lan Minxuan
Published: September 2023

Despite water being a basic human need, the residents of Sibi in Ghana’s Nkwanta North District struggle to obtain potable water, which negatively influences their livelihoods. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts on households’ livelihoods due to difficulties in accessing potable water and accordingly give policy recommendations. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, interviews, geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing (RS) techniques. Questionnaire surveys were administered to 314 randomly selected household heads. The results indicated that the water sources available in Sibi were not sufficient; the boreholes and public tabs/standpipes in the communities were not dependable for regular access. As a result, households needed to depend on distant streams and dams for water. The households generally spent more than two hours at the water sources to collect water. Evidently, the Sibi residents did not have sufficient access to potable water, which severely affected their livelihoods. It is recommended that government agencies collaborate with related non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to help expand potable water projects in Sibi, Ghana.
Tetrahydrobiopterin as a Trigger for Vitiligo: Phototransformation during UV Irradiation
Authors: Telegina Taisiya A. , Vechtomova Yuliya L. , Borzova Vera A. , Buglak Andrey A.
Published: September 2023

Vitiligo is a type of hypomelanosis. Tetrahydrobiopterin (H4Bip), the coenzyme of the initial stage of melanogenesis, appears to be a trigger for vitiligo. H4Bip is present in vitiligo in 3–5-fold excess and causes oxidative stress by triggering an autocatalytic cycle of excess hydrogen peroxide synthesis. Using quantum-chemical calculations, we have evaluated the possibility of H4Bip reactions occurring in the dark and under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, including the formation of dihydropterin dimers. In order to simulate the oxidative stress, oxidative modification of human serum albumin (HSA) has been carried out in the presence of excessive H4Bip using the fluorescence method. The fraction of oxidized protein (FOP) has been calculated. It has been established that there is a strong oxidative modification of amino acids chromophores (tryptophan and tyrosine) in the protein (FOP 0.64). Under UV irradiation of the system (HSA + H4Bip), FOP is reduced to 0.39. Apparently, a part of H4Bip transforms into dihydropterin dimers and does not participate in the oxidative modification of the protein. The data on oxidative modification of HSA are consistent with dynamic light scattering: H4Bip promotes HSA aggregation with the formation of particles with a hydrodynamic radius Rh ≥ 2000 nm, which can become immunogenic.
Astrocytic GPCR-Induced Ca2+ Signaling Is Not Causally Related to Local Cerebral Blood Flow Changes
Authors: Ozawa Katsuya , Nagao Masaki , Konno Ayumu , Iwai Youichi , Vittani Marta , Kusk Peter , Mishima Tsuneko , Hirai Hirokazu , Nedergaard Maiken , Hirase Hajime
Published: September 2023

Activation of Gq-type G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) gives rise to large cytosolic Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that astrocytic Ca2+ elevations are closely associated with diameter changes in the nearby blood vessels, which astrocytes enwrap with their endfeet. However, the causal relationship between astrocytic Ca2+ elevations and blood vessel diameter changes has been questioned, as mice with diminished astrocytic Ca2+ signaling show normal sensory hyperemia. We addressed this controversy by imaging cortical vasculature while optogenetically elevating astrocyte Ca2+ in a novel transgenic mouse line, expressing Opto-Gq-type GPCR Optoα1AR (Astro-Optoα1AR) in astrocytes. Blue light illumination on the surface of the somatosensory cortex induced Ca2+ elevations in cortical astrocytes and their endfeet in mice under anesthesia. Blood vessel diameter did not change significantly with Optoα1AR-induced Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes, while it was increased by forelimb stimulation. Next, we labeled blood plasma with red fluorescence using AAV8-P3-Alb-mScarlet in Astro-Optoα1AR mice. We were able to identify arterioles that display diameter changes in superficial areas of the somatosensory cortex through the thinned skull. Photo-stimulation of astrocytes in the cortical area did not result in noticeable changes in the arteriole diameters compared with their background strain C57BL/6. Together, compelling evidence for astrocytic Gq pathway-induced vasodiameter changes was not observed. Our results support the notion that short-term (<10 s) hyperemia is not mediated by GPCR-induced astrocytic Ca2+ signaling.
Lymph Vessels Associate with Cancer Stem Cells from Initiation to Malignant Stages of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Cazzola Anna , Calzón Lozano David , Menne Dennis Hirsch , Dávila Pedrera Raquel , Liu Jingcheng , Peña-Jiménez Daniel , Fontenete Silvia , Halin Cornelia , Perez-Moreno Mirna
Published: September 2023

Tumor-associated lymph vessels and lymph node involvement are critical staging criteria in several cancers. In skin squamous cell carcinoma, lymph vessels play a role in cancer development and metastatic spread. However, their relationship with the cancer stem cell niche at early tumor stages remains unclear. To address this gap, we studied the lymph vessel localization at the cancer stem cell niche and observed an association from benign skin lesions to malignant stages of skin squamous cell carcinoma. By co-culturing lymphatic endothelial cells with cancer cell lines representing the initiation and promotion stages, and conducting RNA profiling, we observed a reciprocal induction of cell adhesion, immunity regulation, and vessel remodeling genes, suggesting dynamic interactions between lymphatic and cancer cells. Additionally, imaging analyses of the cultured cells revealed the establishment of heterotypic contacts between cancer cells and lymph endothelial cells, potentially contributing to the observed distribution and maintenance at the cancer stem cell niche, inducing downstream cellular responses. Our data provide evidence for an association of lymph vessels from the early stages of skin squamous cell carcinoma development, opening new avenues for better comprehending their involvement in cancer progression.
Characterization of a Human Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cell Line Established by SV40LT-Mediated Immortalization
Authors: Hu Xiangchen , Su Peng , Liu Bo , Guo Jingwei , Wang Zitong , He Cai , Wang Zhe , Kou Youwei
Published: September 2023

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the digestive tract and originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which is the pacemaker for peristaltic movement in the gastrointestinal tract. Existing GIST cell lines are widely used as cell models for in vitro experimental studies because the mutation sites are known. However, the immortalization methods of these cell lines are unknown, and no Chinese patient-derived GIST cell lines have been documented. Here, we transfected simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT) into primary GIST cells to establish an immortalized human GIST cell line (ImGIST) for the first time. The ImGIST cells had neuronal cell-like irregular radioactive growth and retained the fusion growth characteristics of GIST cells. They stably expressed signature proteins, maintained the biological and genomic characteristics of normal primary GIST cells, and responded well to imatinib, suggesting that ImGIST could be a potential in vitro model for research in GIST to explore the molecular pathogenesis, drug resistance mechanisms, and the development of new adjuvant therapeutic options.
Increased COVID-19 Mortality and Deficient SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Are Not Associated with Higher Levels of Endemic Coronavirus Antibodies
Authors: Adhikari Bindu , Oltz Eugene M. , Bednash Joseph S. , Horowitz Jeffrey C. , Amimo Joshua O. , Raev Sergei A. , Fernández Soledad , Anghelina Mirela , Liu Shan-Lu , Rubinstein Mark P. , Jones Daniel M. , Saif Linda J. , Vlasova Anastasia N.
Published: September 2023

The impact of pre-existing common cold coronavirus (CCCoV) antibodies (Abs) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immune responses and pathogenesis remains poorly defined. We evaluated these associations in a cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and respiratory failure of varying severity. Patients with respiratory failure from other causes (non-COVID-19) were evaluated as controls. We demonstrated a positive correlation between levels of CCCoV and SARS-CoV-2 Abs using CCCoV and SARS-CoV-2 N and S protein peptide-specific ELISA. Consistent with the above, moderately increased levels of CCCoV-specific Abs in non-COVID-19 vs. COVID-19 patients suggest potential protective effects. Further, higher SARS-CoV-2 N protein-specific and CCCoV Ab levels were observed among surviving vs. non-surviving COVID-19 positive patients. However, the highest SARS-CoV-2 N and S protein-specific IgG and IgA Ab levels were noted in the patients with the most severe clinical disease. Finally, advanced age, cancer and immunosuppression were associated with significantly higher mortality and reduced SARS-CoV-2 and CCCoV Ab levels. Thus, our data highlight that sufficient SARS-CoV-2 N protein-specific Ab responses improve clinical outcomes in severely ill COVID-19 patients. We also confirmed that pre-existing CCCoV-specific Abs do not inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 Ab response and may further reduce the prevalence and/or severity of COVID-19.
Interpreting Disentangled Representations of Person-Specific Convolutional Variational Autoencoders of Spatially Preserving EEG Topographic Maps via Clustering and Visual Plausibility
Authors: Ahmed Taufique , Longo Luca
Published: September 2023

Dimensionality reduction and producing simple representations of electroencephalography (EEG) signals are challenging problems. Variational autoencoders (VAEs) have been employed for EEG data creation, augmentation, and automatic feature extraction. In most of the studies, VAE latent space interpretation is used to detect only the out-of-order distribution latent variable for anomaly detection. However, the interpretation and visualisation of all latent space components disclose information about how the model arrives at its conclusion. The main contribution of this study is interpreting the disentangled representation of VAE by activating only one latent component at a time, whereas the values for the remaining components are set to zero because it is the mean of the distribution. The results show that CNN-VAE works well, as indicated by matrices such as SSIM, MSE, MAE, and MAPE, along with SNR and correlation coefficient values throughout the architecture’s input and output. Furthermore, visual plausibility and clustering demonstrate that each component contributes differently to capturing the generative factors in topographic maps. Our proposed pipeline adds to the body of knowledge by delivering a CNN-VAE-based latent space interpretation model. This helps us learn the model’s decision and the importance of each component of latent space responsible for activating parts of the brain.
Sp2PS: Pruning Score by Spectral and Spatial Evaluation of CAM Images
Authors: Renza Diego , Ballesteros Dora
Published: September 2023

CNN models can have millions of parameters, which makes them unattractive for some applications that require fast inference times or small memory footprints. To overcome this problem, one alternative is to identify and remove weights that have a small impact on the loss function of the algorithm, which is known as pruning. Typically, pruning methods are compared in terms of performance (e.g., accuracy), model size and inference speed. However, it is unusual to evaluate whether a pruned model preserves regions of importance in an image when performing inference. Consequently, we propose a metric to assess the impact of a pruning method based on images obtained by model interpretation (specifically, class activation maps). These images are spatially and spectrally compared and integrated by the harmonic mean for all samples in the test dataset. The results show that although the accuracy in a pruned model may remain relatively constant, the areas of attention for decision making are not necessarily preserved. Furthermore, the performance of pruning methods can be easily compared as a function of the proposed metric.
A Review of the Effect of Nano-Silica on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Cementitious Composites
Authors: AlTawaiha Haneen , Alhomaidat Fadi , Eljufout Tamer
Published: September 2023

The incorporation of nanotechnology has led to significant strides in the concrete industry, ushering in innovative construction methodologies. Various nanomaterials, including nano-silica (NS), have undergone comprehensive scrutiny as potential partial substitutes for cement in concrete formulations. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the impacts of NS on several mechanical properties of concrete, encompassing compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. Additionally, the review delves into the influence of NS on the concrete’s durability, including microstructural characterization and the eradication of structural micropores. NS has demonstrated the capacity to bolster both strength and durability while concurrently diminishing structural micropores. Moreover, this review explores the contemporary status of NS application in cement concrete and presents avenues for prospective research. The assessment of engineering attributes becomes imperative for concrete infused with nano-silica. This encompasses aspects like bond strength, creep, shrinkage, and more. A rigorous evaluation of fresh and hardened properties is necessary to discern the material’s thermal and acoustical characteristics. Such a comprehensive understanding contributes to a holistic evaluation of the material’s adaptability across diverse applications.
Ce0.8Y0.2O2-δ-BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ Dual-Phase Hollow Fiber Membranes for Hydrogen Separation
Authors: Hei Yuepeng , Lu Zuojun , Li Claudia , Song Jian , Meng Bo , Yang Naitao , Kawi Sibudjing , Sunarso Jaka , Tan Xiaoyao , Liu Shaomin
Published: September 2023

Partial oxidation of methane (POM) is a prominent pathway for syngas production, wherein the hydrogen in syngas product can be recovered directly from the reaction system using a hydrogen (H2)-permeable membrane. Enhancing the efficiency of this H2 separation process is a current major challenge. In this study, Ce0.8Y0.2O2-δ-BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ (YDC-BCY) hollow fiber (HF) membranes were developed and characterized for their H2 permeation fluxes. Firstly, YDC and BCY ceramic powders were synthesized using the sol-gel method, followed by the fabrication of YDC-BCY dual-phase ceramic HF membranes using a combined phase inversion–sintering process. Characterization using SEM, powder XRD, EDS, and electrical conductivity tests confirmed the phases of the prepared powders and HF membranes. Well-structured YDC and BCY powders with uniform particle sizes were obtained after calcination at 900 °C. With the addition of 1 wt.% Co2O3 as a sintering aid, the YDC-BCY dual-phase HF membrane achieved densification after sintering at 1500 °C. Subsequently, the influences of sweep gas composition and temperature on the hydrogen permeation of the YDC-BCY HF membranes with YDC/BCY molar ratios of 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 were investigated. At 1000 °C and a sweep-gas flow rate of 120 mL·min−1, the YDC-BCY HF membrane with a YDC/BCY molar ratio of 4:1 exhibited a peak hydrogen flux of 0.30 mL·min−1 cm−2. There is significant potential for improving the hydrogen permeation of dual-phase ceramic membranes, with future efforts aimed at reducing dense layer thickness and enhancing the membrane material’s electronic and proton conductivities.
Symbiotic Bacteria Regulating Insect–Insect/Fungus/Virus Mutualism
Authors: Chen Siqi , Zhou Aiming , Xu Yijuan
Published: September 2023

Bacteria associated with insects potentially provide many beneficial services and have been well documented. Mutualism that relates to insects is widespread in ecosystems. However, the interrelation between “symbiotic bacteria” and “mutualism” has rarely been studied. We introduce three systems of mutualism that relate to insects (ants and honeydew-producing Hemiptera, fungus-growing insects and fungi, and plant persistent viruses and vector insects) and review the species of symbiotic bacteria in host insects, as well as their functions in host insects and the mechanisms underlying mutualism regulation. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and role of symbiotic bacteria, based on metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiology, will be required for describing the entire interaction network.
Mapping the Auditory Space of Culex pipiens Female Mosquitoes in 3D
Authors: Lapshin Dmitry N. , Vorontsov Dmitry D.
Published: September 2023

The task of directional hearing faces most animals that possess ears. They approach this task in different ways, but a common trait is the use of binaural cues to find the direction to the source of sound. In insects, the task is further complicated by their small size and, hence, minute temporal and level differences between two ears. A single symmetric flagellar particle velocity receiver, such as the antenna of a mosquito, should not be able to discriminate between the two opposite directions along the vector of the sound wave. Paired antennae of mosquitoes presume the usage of binaural hearing, but its mechanisms are expected to be significantly different from the ones typical for the pressure receivers. However, the directionality of flagellar auditory organs has received little attention. Here, we measured the in-flight orientation of antennae in female Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes and obtained a detailed physiological mapping of the Johnston’s organ directionality at the level of individual sensory units. By combining these data, we created a three-dimensional model of the mosquito’s auditory space. The orientation of the antennae was found to be coordinated with the neuronal asymmetry of the Johnston’s organs to maintain a uniformly shaped auditory space, symmetric relative to a flying mosquito. The overlap of the directional characteristics of the left and right sensory units was found to be optimal for binaural hearing focused primarily in front of, above and below a flying mosquito.
Circadian Urinary Excretion of Water, and Not Salt, Is Affected by the White Coat Effect
Authors: Moretti Fabio , Gianini Jvan , Del Giorno Rosaria , Gabutti Luca
Published: September 2023

Hypertension is an important morbidity factor. The prognostic consequences of the white-coat effect have been studied extensively. The repercussion on the circadian rhythm of urinary water and salt excretion in the same subgroup remain, conversely, among the open topics. Postulating an impaired diurnal sodium and volume excretion we decided to investigate both, in subjects with or without a white-coat effect, in the general population. A sample of 1023 subjects, has been considered. We collected 24-h urine samples, divided in day and night, and we measured the blood pressure with an Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM). ABPM values were then compared with physician collected in-office values to assign subjects to the group with or without the white-coat effect. Concerning the circadian pattern of urinary sodium excretion, we found no significant differences between the groups. There was instead in the white-coat effect group a higher night/day ratio of urinary water excretion. The white-coat effect, has been considered a potential hypertension precursor, and its consequent handling could be prospectively relevant in hypertension prevention. The absence of repercussions on the urinary circadian sodium excretion pattern and on the potentially related risk factors in subjects with a white coat effect is reassuring. The clinical significance of the impact on the night/day ratio of water excretion needs to be further investigated.
Prognostic Implications of Clinical, Laboratory and Echocardiographic Biomarkers in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction—Rationale and Design of the ‘‘CLEAR-AMI Study’’
Authors: Daios Stylianos , Anastasiou Vasileios , Moysidis Dimitrios , Didagelos Matthaios , Papazoglou Andreas , Stalikas Nikolaos , Zegkos Thomas , Karagiannidis Efstratios , Skoura Lemonia , Kaiafa Georgia , Makedou Kali , Ziakas Antonios , Savopoulos Christos , Kamperidis Vasileios
Published: September 2023

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a major cause of death worldwide. Survivors of AMI are particularly at high risk for additional cardiovascular events. Consequently, a comprehensive approach to secondary prevention is necessary to mitigate the occurrence of downstream complications. This may be achieved through a multiparametric tailored risk stratification by incorporating clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters. Methods: The ‘‘CLEAR-AMI Study’’ (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05791916) is a non-interventional, prospective study including consecutive patients with AMI without a known history of coronary artery disease. All patients satisfying these inclusion criteria are enrolled in the present study. The rationale of this study is to refine risk stratification by using clinical, laboratory and novel echocardiographic biomarkers. All the patients undergo a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic assessment, including strain and myocardial work analysis of the left and right heart chambers, within 48 h of admission after coronary angiography. Their laboratory profile focusing on systemic inflammation is captured during the first 24 h upon admission, and their demographic characteristics, past medical history, and therapeutic management are recorded. The angioplasty details are documented, the non-culprit coronary lesions are archived, and the SYNTAX score is employed to evaluate the complexity of coronary artery disease. A 24-month follow-up period will be recorded for all patients recruited. Conclusion: The ‘‘CLEAR-AMI” study is an ongoing prospective registry endeavoring to refine risk assessment in patients with AMI without a known history of coronary artery disease, by incorporating echocardiographic parameters, biochemical indices, and clinical and coronary characteristics in the acute phase of AMI.
Long-Term Surgical Outcomes and Pathological Analysis of Proctectomy Specimens after Subtotal Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study from a Tertiary Centre
Authors: Prathivadi Bhayankaram Kethaki , Meyer Jeremy , Sebastian Boby , Davies Justin , Wheeler James
Published: September 2023

Background: Reconstruction techniques after subtotal colectomy (STC) and end ileostomy for ulcerative colitis (UC), include ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) and continent ileostomy. Aim: To assess surgical strategies and outcomes after subtotal colectomy for UC by calculating the proportions of patients who had further surgery 10 years post-STC and those who did not undergo surgery but who were under surveillance, and histological analysis of pathology specimens from STC and proctectomy. Methods: Patients who had STC for UC from 2002 to 2018 were identified. Variables of interest were extracted from electronic records. Survival analysis on reconstruction surgery was performed using Kaplan–Meier curves. Curves were censored for loss from follow-up and death. Subtotal colectomy and proctectomy specimens were assessed by a pathologist for acute inflammation at the distal resection margin and within the resected bowel, and for dysplasia or cancer. Results: One hundred and ninety-two patients were included. Eighty-nine (46.3%) underwent proctectomy: eight had panproctocolectomy; thirty had completion proctectomy and the remaining fifty-one of the eighty-nine patients (27%) had IPAA. One patient who did not undergo a proctectomy had an ileorectal anastomosis. Sixty-one (69%) proctectomy specimens had active inflammation, with 29 (48%) including the resection margins. Of the 103 patients who did not have completion surgery, 72 (69%) were under surveillance as of August 2021. No patients in this non-operative group had developed cancer of the residual rectum at follow up. Conclusions: At 10 years after STC for UC, eighty-nine (46.4%) patients had proctectomy, of which fifty-two had IPAA (27%). However, no inflammation was found in the proctectomy specimen in one third of these patients. Therefore, it is possible that IRA may still have a role in the occasional patient with UC.
Safety and Outcomes of Peripherally Administered Vasopressor Infusion in Patients Admitted with Shock to an Intensive Cardiac Care Unit—A Single-Center Prospective Study
Authors: Asher Elad , Karameh Hani , Nassar Hamed , Yosefy Chaim , Marmor David , Perel Nimrod , Taha Louay , Tabi Meir , Braver Omri , Shuvy Mony , Wiener-Well Yonit , Glikson Michael , Bruoha Sharon
Published: September 2023

Background: Vasopressors are frequently utilized for blood pressure stabilization in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS), although with a questionable benefit. Obtaining central venous access is time consuming and may be associated with serious complications. Hence, we thought to evaluate whether the administration of vasopressors through a peripheral venous catheter (PVC) is a safe and effective alternative for the management of patients with CS presenting to the intensive cardiovascular care unit (ICCU). Methods: A prospective single-center study was conducted to compare the safety and outcomes of vasopressors administered via a PVC vs. a central venous catheter (CVC) in patients presenting with CS over a 12-month period. Results: A total of 1100 patients were included; of them, 139 (12.6%) required a vasopressor treatment due to shock, with 108 (78%) treated via a PVC and 31 (22%) treated via a CVC according to the discretion of the treating physician. The duration of the vasopressor administration was shorter in the PVC group compared with the CVC group (2.5 days vs. 4.2 days, respectively, p < 0.05). Phlebitis and the extravasation of vasopressors occurred at similar rates in the PVC and CVC groups (5.7% vs. 3.3%, respectively, p = 0.33; 0.9% vs. 3.3%, respectively, p = 0.17). Nevertheless, the bleeding rate was higher in the CVC group compared with the PVC group (3% vs. 0%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: The administration of vasopressor infusions via PVC for the management of patients with CS is feasible and safe in patients with cardiogenic shock. Further studies are needed to establish this method of treatment.