bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substantially Enhanced Spin Polarization in Epitaxial CrTe2 Quantum Films
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , Lu Qiangsheng , Shen Zhen‐Xiong , Niu Wei , Liu Xiangrui , Lu Jiahua , Lin Wenting , Han Lulu , Weng Yakui , Shao Tianhao , Yan Pengfei , Ren Quan , Li Huayao , Chang Tay‐Rong , Singh David J. , He Lixin , He Liang , Liu Chang , Bian Guang , Miao Lin , Xu Yongbing
Published: November 2024

2D van der Waals (vdW) magnets, which extend to the monolayer (ML) limit, are rapidly gaining prominence in logic applications for low‐power electronics. To improve the performance of spintronic devices, such as vdW magnetic tunnel junctions, a large effective spin polarization of valence electrons is highly desired. Despite its considerable significance, direct probe of spin polarization in these 2D magnets has not been extensively explored. Here, using 2D vdW ferromagnet of CrTe2 as a prototype, the spin degrees of freedom in the thin films are directly probed using Mott polarimetry. The electronic band of 50 ML CrTe2 thin film, spanning the Brillouin zone, exhibits pronounced spin‐splitting with polarization peaking at 7.9% along the out‐of‐plane direction. Surprisingly, atomic‐layer‐dependent spin‐resolved measurements show a significantly enhanced spin polarization in a 3 ML CrTe2 film, achieving 23.4% polarization even in the absence of an external magnetic field. The demonstrated correlation between spin polarization and film thickness highlights the pivotal influence of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, interlayer interactions, and itinerant behavior on these properties, as corroborated by theoretical analysis. This groundbreaking experimental verification of intrinsic effective spin polarization in CrTe2 ultrathin films marks a significant advance in establishing 2D ferromagnetic atomic layers as a promising platform for innovative vdW‐based spintronic devices.
Boosting the Structural and Electrochemical Stability of Chloride‐Ion‐Conducting Perovskite Solid Electrolytes by Alkali Ion Doping
Authors: Xia Tianchen , Li Qiang , Xue Zhiyang , Miao Yingchun , Shen Xiaodong , Zhao Xiangyu
Published: November 2024

The use of chloride‐based solid electrolytes derived from Lewis acid‒base reactions enables the construction of various new rechargeable batteries, such as chloride ion batteries (CIBs). However, a critical problem with these electrolytes is their poor stability under low‐temperature, moist, or electrochemical conditions, which can lead to deterioration of the phase structure and a loss of ion conduction. Herein, the robust cubic structure of tin‐based perovskite chloride—a chloride ion conductor—is achieved by alkali ion doping at the tin site via direct mechanical milling. The as‐prepared cubic CsSn0.925Na0.075Cl2.925 (CSNC) electrolyte exhibits outstanding structural stability over a broad temperature range of 213−473 K or under a high relative humidity of up to 90%, at which the typical chloride electrolytes previously reported deteriorate because of moisture. Importantly, mild annealing can modify the microstructure of the CSNC, resulting in a two fold increase in ionic conductivity and an increase in electrochemical stability, which is superior to those of other chloride electrolytes reported in previous studies. The effective chloride‐ion transfer and wide electrochemical window of the CSNC are further demonstrated in different solid‐state CIBs.
Catalytic Biomaterials‐Activated In Situ Chemical Reactions: Strategic Modulation and Enhanced Disease Treatment
Authors: Wang Huijing , He Wenjin , Liao Jing , Wang Shuangshuang , Dai Xinyue , Yu Meihua , Xie Yujie , Chen Yu
Published: November 2024

Chemical reactions underpin biological processes, and imbalances in critical biochemical pathways within organisms can lead to the onset of severe diseases. Within this context, the emerging field of “Nanocatalytic Medicine” leverages nanomaterials as catalysts to modulate fundamental chemical reactions specific to the microenvironments of diseases. This approach is designed to facilitate the targeted synthesis and localized accumulation of therapeutic agents, thus enhancing treatment efficacy and precision while simultaneously reducing systemic side effects. The effectiveness of these nanocatalytic strategies critically hinges on a profound understanding of chemical kinetics and the intricate interplay of reactions within particular pathological microenvironments to ensure targeted and effective catalytic actions. This review methodically explores in situ catalytic reactions and their associated biomaterials, emphasizing regulatory strategies that control therapeutic responses. Furthermore, the discussion encapsulates the crucial elements‐reactants, catalysts, and reaction conditions/environments‐necessary for optimizing the thermodynamics and kinetics of these reactions, while rigorously addressing both the biochemical and biophysical dimensions of the disease microenvironments to enhance therapeutic outcomes. It seeks to clarify the mechanisms underpinning catalytic biomaterials and evaluate their potential to revolutionize treatment strategies across various pathological conditions.
Biomimetic Chlorosomes: Oxygen‐Independent Photocatalytic Nanoreactors for Efficient Combination Photoimmunotherapy
Authors: Chen Fangman , Huang Hanyao , Zhang Fan , Wang Ran , Wang Lei , Chang Zhimin , Cao Lei , Zhang Wensheng , Li Li , Chen Meiwan , Shao Dan , Yang Chao , Dong Wen‐fei , Sun Wen
Published: November 2024

Photocatalytic therapy for hypoxic tumors often suffers from inefficiencies due to its dependence on oxygen and the risk of uncontrolled activation. Inspired by the oxygen‐independent and precisely regulated photocatalytic functions of natural light‐harvesting chlorosomes, chlorosome‐mimetic nanoreactors, termed Ru‐Chlos, are engineered by confining the aggregation of photosensitive ruthenium‐polypyridyl‐silane monomers. These Ru‐Chlos exhibit markedly enhanced photocatalytic performance compared to their monomeric counterparts under acidic conditions, while notably bypassing the consumption of oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. The photocatalytic activity of Ru‐Chlos is finely tunable through light‐responsive disassembly of the Ru‐bridged matrix, with tunability governed by pre‐irradiation duration. Utilization of Ru‐Chlos loading prodrug [2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)] (ABTS) for phototherapy facilitates the generation of toxic radicals (oxABTS) and the photocatalytic conversion of endogenous NADH to NAD+, inducing oxidative stress in hypoxic cancer cells. Simultaneously, the light‐responsive degradation of Ru‐Chlos produces Ru‐based toxins that further contribute to the therapeutic effect. This dual‐action mechanism elicits potent immunogenic cell death effects and significantly enhances antitumor efficacy with the aid of a PD‐l blockade. These biomimetic chlorosomes highlight their potential to advance oxygen‐independent photocatalytic nanoreactors with controlled activity for novel cancer photoimmunotherapy strategies.
Pulmonary Flora‐Derived Lipopolysaccharide Mediates Lung‐Brain Axis through Activating Microglia Involved in Polystyrene Microplastic‐Induced Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Kang Huiwen , Huang Danyang , Zhang Wei , Wang JingYu , Liu Ziyan , Wang Ziyan , Jiang Guangyu , Gao Ai
Published: November 2024

Microplastics (MPs) have been detected in the atmospheric and the human respiratory system, indicating that the respiratory tract is a significant exposure route for MPs. However, the effect of inhaled MPs on cognitive function has not been adequately studied. Here, a C57BL/6 J mouse model of inhalation exposure to polystyrene MPs (PS‐MPs, 5 µm, 60 d) is established by intratracheal instillation. Interestingly, in vivo fluorescence imaging and transmission electron microscopy reveal that PS‐MPs do not accumulate in the brain. However, behavioral experiments shows that cognitive function of mice is impaired, accompanied by histopathological damage of lung and brain tissue. Transcriptomic studies in hippocampal and lung tissue have demonstrated key neuroplasticity factors as well as cognitive deficits linked to lung injury, respectively. Mechanistically, the lung‐brain axis plays a central role in PS‐MPs‐induced neurological damage, as demonstrated by pulmonary flora transplantation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intervention, and cell co‐culture experiments. Together, inhalation of PS‐MPs reduces cognitive function by altering the composition of pulmonary flora to produce more LPS and promoting M1 polarization of microglia, which provides new insights into the mechanism of nerve damage caused by inhaled MPs and also sheds new light on the prevention of neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants.
Thiocoumarin‐based Au(I) Complexes and Au(0) Systems over TiO2 as Hybrid Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation under UV–Vis Light
Authors: Agrelo‐Lestón Asier , Llorca Jordi , Martínez Elizabeth , Angurell Inmaculada , Rodríguez Laura , Soler Lluís
Published: November 2024

This work focuses on the photocatalytic production of hydrogen from the photodehydrogenation of ethanol using several gold(I) complexes and gold(0) systems over titanium dioxide (P90 TiO2) as hybrid photocatalysts. The photocatalytic systems are composed of at least one coumarin‐based ligand, which can enhance the photocatalytic activity by its photon‐absorbing capacity due to its chromophore properties. The photocatalytic behavior for hydrogen generation of the studied samples is compared under UV–vis light setting the total gold‐based co‐catalyst loading at 1 wt% onto the TiO2 photocatalysts and when the gold content is maintained at 0.25 wt%. The incorporation of gold co‐catalysts results in an enhancement of hydrogen production up to 2.7 times compared to a conventional Au/TiO2 reference sample. The results show an increase in the total hydrogen production under UV–vis light due to the combined presence of coumarin chromophore, gold‐based co‐catalysts, and gold plasmonic nanoparticles. A deep characterization of the samples from each group is performed by UV–vis spectroscopy, XPS, HRTEM, and HAADF‐STEM, observing the presence of plasmonic gold nanoparticles for sample “AuL1NPs” and the reduction of the gold present in sample “AuL1a,” which explains the highest observed hydrogen production rates of this study.
Drying of Soft Colloidal Films
Authors: Kuk Keumkyung , Ringling Julian , Gräff Kevin , Hänsch Sebastian , Carrasco‐Fadanelli Virginia , Rudov Andrey A. , Potemkin Igor I. , von Klitzing Regine , Buttinoni Ivo , Karg Matthias
Published: November 2024

Thin films made of deformable micro‐ and nano‐units, such as biological membranes, polymer interfaces, and particle‐laden liquid surfaces, exhibit a complex behavior during drying, with consequences for various applications like wound healing, coating technologies, and additive manufacturing. Studying the drying dynamics and structural changes of soft colloidal films thus holds the potential to yield valuable insights to achieve improvements for applications. In this study, interfacial monolayers of core‐shell (CS) microgels with varying degrees of softness are employed as model systems and to investigate their drying behavior on differently modified solid substrates (hydrophobic vs hydrophilic). By leveraging video microscopy, particle tracking, and thin film interference, this study shed light on the interplay between microgel adhesion to solid surfaces and the immersion capillary forces that arise in the thin liquid film. It is discovered that a dried replica of the interfacial microstructure can be more accurately achieved on a hydrophobic substrate relative to a hydrophilic one, particularly when employing softer colloids as opposed to harder counterparts. These observations are qualitatively supported by experiments with a thin film pressure balance which allows mimicking and controlling the drying process and by computer simulations with coarse‐grained models.
Deep Learning‐Assisted Label‐Free Parallel Cell Sorting with Digital Microfluidics
Authors: Guo Zongliang , Li Fenggang , Li Hang , Zhao Menglei , Liu Haobing , Wang Haopu , Hu Hanqi , Fu Rongxin , Lu Yao , Hu Siyi , Xie Huikai , Ma Hanbin , Zhang Shuailong
Published: November 2024

Sorting specific cells from heterogeneous samples is important for research and clinical applications. In this work, a novel label‐free cell sorting method is presented that integrates deep learning image recognition with microfluidic manipulation to differentiate cells based on morphology. Using an Active‐Matrix Digital Microfluidics (AM‐DMF) platform, the YOLOv8 object detection model ensures precise droplet classification, and the Safe Interval Path Planning algorithm manages multi‐target, collision‐free droplet path planning. Simulations and experiments revealed that detection model precision, concentration ratios, and sorting cycles significantly affect recovery rates and purity. With HeLa cells and polystyrene beads as samples, the method achieved 98.5% sorting precision, 96.49% purity, and an 80% recovery over three cycles. After a series of experimental validations, this method can also be used to sort HeLa cells from red blood cells, cancer cells from white blood cells (represented by HeLa and Jurkat cells), and differentiate white blood cell subtypes (represented by HL‐60 cells and Jurkat cells). Cells sorted using this method can be lysed directly on chip within their hosting droplets, ensuring minimal sample loss and suitability for downstream bioanalysis. This innovative AM‐DMF cell sorting technique holds significant potential to advance diagnostics, therapeutics, and fundamental research in cell biology.
Iodine/Chlorine Multi‐Electron Conversion Realizes High Energy Density Zinc‐Iodine Batteries
Authors: Zhao Jiajin , Chen Yan , Zhang Mengyan , An Ziqi , Nian Binbin , Wang Wenfeng , Wu Hao , Han Shumin , Li Yuan , Zhang Lu
Published: November 2024

Aqueous zinc‐iodine (Zn‐I2) batteries are promising energy storage devices; however, the conventional single‐electron reaction potential and energy density of iodine cathode are inadequate for practical applications. Activation of high‐valence iodine cathode reactions has evoked a compelling direction to developing high‐voltage zinc‐iodine batteries. Herein, ethylene glycol (EG) is proposed as a co‐solvent in a water‐in‐deep eutectic solvent (WiDES) electrolyte, enabling significant utilization of two‐electron‐transfer I+/I0/I− reactions and facilitating an additional reversibility of Cl0/Cl− redox reaction. Spectroscopic characterizations and calculations analyses reveal that EG integrates into the Zn2+ solvation structure as a hydrogen‐bond donor, competitively binding O atoms in H2O, which triggers a transition from water‐rich to water‐poor clusters of Zn2+, effectively disrupting the H2O hydrogen‐bond network. Consequently, the aqueous Zn‐I2 cell achieves an exceptional capacity of 987 mAh gI2−1 with an energy density of 1278 Wh kgI2−1, marking an enhancement of ≈300 mAh g−1 compared to electrolyte devoid of EG, and enhancing the Coulombic efficiency (CE) from 68.2% to 98.7%. Moreover, the pouch cell exhibits 3.72 mAh cm−2 capacity with an energy density of 4.52 mWh cm−2, exhibiting robust cycling stability. Overall, this work contributes to the further development of high‐valence and high‐capacity aqueous Zn‐I2 batteries.
How Do the Four Core Factors of High Entropy Affect the Electrochemical Properties of Energy‐Storage Materials?
Authors: Wang Wenze , Zhang Qian , Yang Liting , Liang Guisheng , Xiong Xuhui , Cheng Yifeng , Wu Limin , Lin Chunfu , Che Renchao
Published: November 2024

High‐entropy materials (HEMs) are extremely popular for electrochemical energy storage nowadays. However, the detailed effects of four core factors of high entropy on the electrochemical properties of HEMs are still unclear. Here, a high‐entropy La1/4Ce1/4Pr1/4Nd1/4Nb3O9 (HE‐LaNb3O9) oxide is prepared through multiple rare‐metal‐ion substitution in LaNb3O9, and uses HE‐LaNb3O9 as a model material to systematically study the effects of the four core factors of high entropy on electrochemical energy‐storage materials. The high‐entropy effect lowers the calcination temperature for obtaining pure HE‐LaNb3O9. The lattice distortion in HE‐LaNb3O9 leads to its decreased unit‐cell‐volume variations, which benefits its cyclability. Based on the restrained diffusion arising from the lattice distortion, the Li+ diffusivity of HE‐LaNb3O9 at room temperature (25 °C) is limited, which causes its lowered rate capability. However, the Li+ diffusivity of HE‐LaNb3O9 at high temperature (60 °C) becomes faster than that of LaNb3O9, which is attributed to the alleviated lattice distortion at the high‐temperature, resulting in higher rate capability. The cocktail effects in HE‐LaNb3O9 enable its larger electronic conductivity, better electrochemical activity, more intensive Nb5+ ↔ Nb3+ redox reaction, and larger reversible capacity. The insight gained here can provide a guide for the rational design of new HEMs with good energy‐storage properties.
2D Graphene‐Like Carbon Coated Solid Electrolyte for Reducing Inhomogeneous Reactions of All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Shin Hyeon‐Ji , Kim Jun‐Tae , Han Daseul , Kim Hyung‐Seok , Chung Kyung Yoon , Mun Junyoung , Kim Jongsoon , Nam Kyung‐Wan , Jung Hun‐Gi
Published: November 2024

Recent studies have identified an imbalance between the electronic and ionic conductivities as the drivers of inhomogeneous reactions in composite cathodes, which cause the rapid degradation of all‐solid‐state battery (ASSB). To mitigate localized overcharge and utilize isolated active materials, the study proposes the coating of an argyrodite‐type Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte (SE) with graphene‐like carbon (GLC@LPSCl), a 2D conductive material, to offer a continuous three‐dimensionally connected electron pathway within the composite cathode to facilitate ion mobility and promote homogeneous reactions. Despite reducing the content of the conducting agent, it is observed that the GLC@LPSCl cell exhibits high initial Coulombic efficiency and discharge capacity, reducing the inhomogeneous reactivity after 200 cycles compared with when ordinary conductive agents are deployed. Additionally, the presence of GLC@LPSCI surface suppresses the interfacial reaction between SE–cathode material, thus imparting the cell with excellent capacity retention (≈90%) after 200 cycles. Furthermore, the cell performance improves even after a fourfold increase in the cathode loading amount, demonstrating the criticality of a well‐developed continuous electron pathway to cell performance and highlighting the key role of ensuring a balance between the electron and ion conductivities in the development of high‐energy‐density and high‐power ASSBs.
Sodium‐Difluoro(oxalato)Borate‐Based Electrolytes for Long‐Term Cycle Life and Enhanced Low‐Temperature Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xia Miaomiao , Chen Hui , Zheng Zhenxu , Meng Qingfei , Zhao Along , Chen Xiaoyang , Ai Xinping , Fang Yongjin , Cao Yuliang
Published: November 2024

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a promising alternative for next‐generation energy storage solutions, driven by the economic and environmental benefits of abundant sodium resources. A pivotal aspect of SIB advancement is the development of advanced electrolytes, which remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a facile and scalable synthesis method for low‐cost sodium‐difluoro(oxalato)borate (NaDFOB) is reported and explored its application as a standalone electrolyte salt for SIBs. The NaDFOB‐based ether electrolyte demonstrates exceptional electrochemical stability, solvent compatibility, and the unique capacity to form a dense, robust solid‐electrolyte interphase layer on electrode surfaces. As a result, the Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 (NFPP) cathode with NaDFOB‐based electrolyte exhibits ultrahigh cycling stability with a remarkable capacity retention of 98.7% after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, an Ah‐level hard carbon (HC)//NFPP pouch cell using NaDFOB‐based ether electrolyte shows an impressive cycle life of 500 cycles, coupled with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%. The pouch cells also maintain superior electrochemical performance across a broad temperature range from −40 to 60 °C, showcasing the electrolyte's versatility. This work contributes significant insights into the strategic design and application of innovative salts, paving the way for longer‐lasting SIBs with enhanced electrochemical performance.
A Synergistic Zincophilic and Hydrophobic Supramolecule Shielding Layer for Actualizing Long‐Term Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tao Jingchen , Cai Xinxin , Li Yiran , Huang Liang , Zhang Xueying , Zhang Huiquan , Ma Dongmin , Ran Lianghong , Song Weixing
Published: November 2024

The zinc metal anodes are liable to experience detrimental dendrite growth and side reactions, thereby limiting the lifespan of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. Here, a readily available supramolecule, dimethoxypillar[5]arene (DP[5]), is utilized as a shielding layer to stabilize the Zn anode by exploiting its zincophilicity derived from the ─OCH3 functional groups and its hydrophobicity from the hydrophobic backbone. The DP[5] shielding layer regulates the solvation sheath of Zn2+ and facilitates uniform zinc deposition. Swelling and dendrite formation are obviously suppressed in both the symmetric and full cells. The DP[5]‐Zn symmetrical cell cycles stably for 5500 h, and achieves a coulombic efficiency of 99.76% in a DP[5]‐Zn||Cu half‐cell after 2200 cycles. The DP[5]‐Zn||V2O5 full cell maintains 92.03% of initial capacity after 6000 cycles. Given the cost‐effective fabrication and environmental friendliness of DP[5] films, this material may pave the way for practical applications of zinc anodes.
Climate Change Mitigation in the Dairy Sector: Uncovering Heterogeneity Through Eco‐Efficiency Clubs
Authors: Läpple Doris , Stetter Christian , Buckley Cathal
Published: November 2024

Combining climate change goals with economic targets is crucial for the dairy sector, which is a significant contributor to agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. In this paper, we assess economic and climate change implications of dairy production with panel data of Irish dairy farms from 2013 to 2021. We calculate transient, persistent, and overall eco‐efficiency with respect to GHG emissions by way of stochastic frontier analysis. The innovative component of our analysis is the application of club convergence analysis to explore heterogeneity in transient eco‐efficiency development over time. This offers a nuanced understanding of farm‐level responses to climate challenges. We then explore correlations between convergence clubs and GHG mitigation technology usage. Despite high overall eco‐efficiency, our results uncover significant variability across farms, with some showing improvement and others decline in eco‐efficiency over time. We also find that changes in milk yield and specialization are positively related to better eco‐efficiency development, while GHG mitigation technologies do not play an important role. These insights suggest that the average high eco‐efficiency masks considerable underlying heterogeneity, presenting opportunities for tailored policy interventions. Our study contributes to the literature by highlighting the complex dynamics of eco‐efficiency in the dairy sector and underscoring the need for policy frameworks that account for farm‐level diversity.
Proximal and distal minority stressors and mental health among young gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in Kisumu, Kenya
Authors: Harper Gary W. , Hong Chenglin , Jauregui Juan C. , Odhiambo Elijah Ochieng , Jadwin‐Cakmak Laura , Olango Kennedy , Rivet Amico K. , Tucker Heather M. , Lyons Myla , Odero Wilson , Graham Susan M.
Published: November 2024

Young gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in Kenya experience pervasive intersectional stigma and discrimination, contributing to elevated levels of negative mental health symptoms. Grounded in the Minority Stress Model, this paper explores associations of proximal and distal minority stressors with three types of negative mental health outcomes among young HIV‐negative GBMSM (n = 63) between the ages of 19–34 who participated in a pilot trial of a sexual health intervention. Using the PHQ‐9, GAD‐7, and PC‐PTSD‐5 screening measures, levels of clinically significant symptoms were reported as follows: 15.8% depressive symptoms, 12.7% anxiety symptoms, 31.7% posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results from stepwise linear regression analyses suggest that GBMSM‐related stigma (distal stressor) was the strongest correlate for all three mental health outcomes, and concealment motivation (proximal stressor) was an additional significant correlate only in the depressive symptoms model. These findings should be viewed with caution and seen as initial observations given the small sample which limits our interpretations of the findings. Structural‐level interventions are needed to decrease GBMSM's exposure to intersectional stigma and discrimination, such as decriminalization of same‐sex sexual activity, as well as individual and group‐level interventions that assist GBMSM with improving their adaptive coping strategies.
Ensemble automated approaches for producing high‐quality herbarium digital records
Authors: Guralnick Robert P. , LaFrance Raphael , Allen Julie M. , Denslow Michael W.
Published: November 2024

Premise

One of the slowest steps in digitizing natural history collections is converting labels associated with specimens into a digital data record usable for collections management and research. Here, we address how herbarium specimen labels can be converted into digital data records via extraction into standardized Darwin Core fields.

Methods

We first showcase the development of a rule‐based approach and compare outcomes with a large language model–based approach, in particular ChatGPT4. We next quantified omission and commission error rates across target fields for a set of labels transcribed using optical character recognition (OCR) for both approaches. For example, we find that ChatGPT4 often creates field names that are not Darwin Core compliant while rule‐based approaches often have high commission error rates.

Results

Our results suggest that these approaches each have different strengths and limitations. We therefore developed an ensemble approach that leverages the strengths of each individual method and documented that ensembling strongly reduced overall information extraction errors.

Discussion

This work shows that an ensemble approach has particular value for creating high‐quality digital data records, even for complicated label content. While human validation is still needed to ensure the best possible quality, automated approaches can speed digitization of herbarium specimen labels and are likely to be broadly usable for all natural history collection types.
Blazing Carbon Dots: Unfolding its Luminescence Mechanism to Photoinduced Biomedical Applications
Authors: Mate Nirmiti , Satwani Vinita , Pranav  , Mobin Shaikh M.
Published: November 2024

Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon‐based nanomaterials that have garnered immense attention owing to their exceptional photophysical and optoelectronic properties. They have been employed extensively for biomedical imaging and phototherapy due to their superb water dispersibility, low toxicity, outstanding biocompatibility, and exceptional tissue permeability. This review summarizes the structural classification of CDs, the classification of CDs according to precursor sources, and the luminescence mechanism of CDs. The modification in CDs via various doping routes is comprehensively reviewed, and the effect of such alterations on their photophysical properties, such as absorbance, photoluminescence (PL), and reactive oxygen species generation ability, is also highlighted. This review strives to summarize the role of CDs in cellular imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging for cellular metabolism. Subsequently, recent advancements and the future potential of CDs as nanotheranostic agents have been discussed. Herein, we have discussed the role of CDs in photothermal, photodynamic, and synergistic therapy of anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial applications. The overall summary of the review highlights the prospects of CD‐based research in bioimaging and biomedicine.
Oxygen Consumption in Filamentous Pellets of Aspergillus niger: Microelectrode Measurements and Modeling
Authors: Deffur Charlotte , Dinius Anna , Pagel Julian , Müller Henri , Schmideder Stefan , Briesen Heiko , Krull Rainer
Published: November 2024

Filamentous fungi cultivated as biopellets are well established in biotechnology industries. A distinctive feature of filamentous fungi is that hyphal growth and fungal morphology affect product titers and require tailored process conditions. Within the pellet, mass transfer, substrate consumption, and biomass formation are intricately linked to the local hyphal fraction and pellet size. This study combined oxygen concentration measurements with microelectrode profiling and three‐dimensional X‐ray microtomography measurements of the same fungal pellets for the first time. This allowed for the precise correlation of micromorphological information with local oxygen concentrations of two Aspergillus niger strains (hyperbranching and regular branching). The generated results showed that the identified oxygen‐penetrated outer pellet regions exhibited a depth of 90–290 µm, strain‐specific, with the active part percentage in the pellet ranging from 18% to 69%, without any difference between strains. Using a 1D continuum diffusion consumption model, the oxygen concentration in the pellets was computed depending on the local hyphal fraction. The best simulation results were achieved by individually estimating the oxygen‐related biomass yield coefficient of the consumption term within each examined pellet, with an average estimated value of 1.95 (± 0.72) kg biomass per kg oxygen. The study lays the foundation for understanding oxygen supply in fungal pellets and optimizing processes and pellet morphologies accordingly.
The Correlation Between the Natural Course, Pathologic Properties With Ki‐67 Expression in Lung Adenocarcinoma Presenting as Ground‐Glass Nodules
Authors: Huang Shaohui , Zhou Huanhuan , Lin Chenchen , Wang Ziqi , Shen Lijun , Sun Ya , Wei Meihui , Xu Zhiwei , Zhang Xiaoju
Published: November 2024

Background

With the increasing use of lung cancer screening, the detection of ground glass nodules (GGNs) has risen. However, the natural course of GGNs and their relationship to pathologic features remains unclear. Differentiating between invasive and pre‐invasive lesions based on GGN growth may improve clinical intervention timing. Ki‐67, a proliferation marker, holds value in assessing tumor malignancy. This study analyzes the association between GGN growth, pathology, and Ki‐67 expression to provide new insights into early‐stage lung cancer management.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 183 GGNs with at least two preoperative CT scans. Nodule location, type, natural course, and volume doubling time (VDT) were compared between invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC) and pre‐IAC groups. We also assessed differences in Ki‐67 expression and correlated VDT with Ki‐67 levels.

Results

A total of 183 nodules were finally included; gender, nodule location, smoking history, and duration of follow‐up did not differ between the IAC group and the pre‐IAC group, whereas age was statistically different between the two groups. Of the 183 nodules, 52 showed growth and the predominant pathologic type was IAC, these IACs showed more PSN in nodule type, while the IAC group showed more significant differences in nodule type, nodules growth, and VDT than the pre‐IAC group. There were also differences in pathologic type and VDT between different Ki‐67 expression groups, and Ki‐67 expression gradually increased as VDT decreased.

Conclusion

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) presenting as GGNs exhibit distinct natural courses among pathologic subtypes. VDT effectively distinguishes these growth characteristics, with IACs showing shorter VDT. The significant correlation between VDT and Ki‐67 expression suggests that combining these parameters may provide valuable insights into the biological behavior and invasiveness of LUAD.
A qualitative report on metacognitive training (MCT) for people with schizophrenia
Authors: Acuña Vanessa , Guerra María , Toledo Orlando , Cobaisse Matías , Silva Javier , Cavieres Álvaro
Published: November 2024

Objective

Metacognitive training (MCT) for psychosis is a psychological intervention that blends cognitive behavioural therapy and psychoeducation. Several published systematic reviews and meta‐analyses have provided robust evidence of its efficacy. However, patients' opinions regarding the intervention or their own perception of the changes achieved have been overlooked. This study synthesises the first‐person reports of people with schizophrenia who completed MCT at the Hospital Del Salvador de Valparaiso.

Methods

This study employed a qualitative methodology. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with patients who completed MCT. The interviews were reliably transcribed, and a content analysis was performed.

Results

All the participants interviewed were positive about MCT, highlighting improvements in various aspects and emphasising factors that contributed to the changes achieved. Four main themes emerged from the analysis: Sowing the seeds of doubt; Significant changes in MCT attendees; Community formation; and What the MCT needs to improve.

Conclusions

The results provide an in‐depth report on MCT from the users' perspective and allow reflection on new outcomes to be studied in the future, with quantitative and qualitative methods.
Bismuth Bound to Transition Metals: Visible‐Light‐Induced Olefin Coordination, Reductive Elimination, and Oxidative Addition
Authors: Ramler Jacqueline , Geist Felix , Mihm Cornelius , Lubczyk Lukas , Reith Sascha , Herok Christoph , Fantuzzi Felipe , Lichtenberg Crispin
Published: November 2024

A series of dibenzobismepinyl (C14H10Bi) substituted transition metal complexes of the type [(C14H10Bi)M(CO)x(L)] (M=Mn, Co, Fe) was prepared in salt elimination reactions from a halobismepine and sodium metallates. Irradiation of these complexes with visible light has been investigated, aiming at the elimination of one carbonyl ligand and the concomitant coordination of the bismepine's olefin moiety to the transition metal center. The resulting complexes of the type [{κ2C,κ1Bi‐(C14H10)Bi}M(CO)x−1(L)] (M=Co, Fe) have been isolated and fully characterized. When two dibenzobismepinyl units are positioned in the coordination sphere of an iron carbonyl complex fragment, reductive elimination/oxidative addition events of the dibismuthane (C14H10Bi)2 have been shown to be relevant. The analytical techniques applied in this work include (heteronuclear) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, UV/Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and (TD)‐DFT calculations.
Hybrid Particle Size Template Method for Controllable Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Doped Multilevel Porous Carbon as High‐Rate Zn‐Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor Cathode Materials
Authors: Gao Yanfeng , Jia Shaopei , Ma Xiaofei , Cao Yunfei , Huang Quan , Zhang Qian , Wang Yanjie , Song Meng , Wang Zhixin , Hu Haijiao , Chen Jingxuan , Mu Yunchao
Published: November 2024

Achieving high rate performance without compromising energy density has always been a critical objective for zinc‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs). The pore structure and surface properties of carbon cathode materials play a crucial role. We propose utilizing a hybrid particle size (20 and 40 nm) magnesium oxide templates to regulate the pore structure of nitrogen‐doped porous carbon derived from the soybean isolate. The multilevel pore structure enhanced ion transport efficiency while also improving the utilization of micropores. Nitrogen doping and oxygen‐containing functional groups enhanced the wettability of carbon materials with aqueous electrolytes and facilitated the chemisorption of Zn2+ on the carbon material surface. The nitrogen‐doped multilevel porous carbon material (HT‐NMPC‐1/1) prepared with a 1 : 1 mass ratio of the two templates exhibited a specific capacity of 146.65 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1. Moreover, the Swagelok cells assembled with HT‐NMPC‐1/1 and Zn foil achieved a high energy density of 121.5 W h kg−1, high power output of 166 W kg−1, and 93.09 % capacity retention after 8000 cycles at 2 A g−1. Therefore, HT‐NMPC‐1/1 is a highly promising candidate for ZHSCs cathode materials. Furthermore, the novel pore regulation strategy and straightforward preparation method offer valuable reference points for other porous carbon‐based functional materials.
Volatile Additive Assists Binary Layer‐by‐Layer Solution Processing Organic Solar Cells to Achieve 19% Efficiency
Authors: Cao Luye , Zhang Hengyuan , Du Xiaoyang , Li Xinrui , Lin Hui , Yang Gang , Zheng Caijun , Tao Silu
Published: November 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Layer‐by‐layer (LbL) solution processing is an efficient method to realize high performance organic solar cells (OSCs). One of the drawbacks of the LbL‐processed active layer is the large difference in the crystallinity of the donor and acceptor, which will lead to imbalance charge transfer and result in unfavorable charge recombination. Herein, we combined a novel volatile additive 3,5‐dichloro‐2,4,6‐ trifluorobenzotrifluoride (DTBF) with the LbL method to realize high‐efficiency OSCs. DTBF interacts with the non‐fullerene acceptor BTP‐4F by non‐covalent bonding, which enhances the crystallinity and compact stacking of BTP‐4F. DTBF doped OSC has balanced and efficient electron transport properties, longer carrier lifetime, higher exciton dissociation and charge collection efficiencies, lower energetic disorder than the control OSC without any additives. Benefiting from the optimization of charge dynamics and micro‐morphology by DTBF, the binary LbL‐processed OSC achieved synergistic improvements in open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current density and fill factor. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19% is realized for DTBF‐optimized OSC, which is superior to the control OSC (17.55%). This work demonstrates a promising approach to modulate active layer morphology and fabricate high performance OSCs.
PROTOCOL: Is the CEO/employee pay ratio related to firm performance in publicly traded companies?
Authors: Rousseau Denise M. , Velghe Cédric , Splenda Ryan , Kim Byeong Jo , Lee Jangbum
Published: November 2024

One goal of this systematic review is to assess whether the pay ratio, that is, the relative difference between the compensation a firm's CEO receives and that of its nonmanagerial employees, is related to subsequent firm performance. A second goal is to identify factors influencing this relationship across publicly traded firms, including the pay ratio's perceived fairness by employees, the firm's business strategy, and related factors.
The Grief Networks of Traumatic and Nontraumatic Deaths: Comparing Earthquake‐ and Illness‐Related Losses
Authors: Long Mengyuan , Gai Yihan , Li Jie , Li Mei , Shi Kan
Published: November 2024

Traumatic death is a risk factor for prolonged grief. Network analysis offers a perspective for understanding traumatic bereavement at a symptom interaction level. This study estimates regularized partial correlation grief networks for bereavement due to earthquake (n = 818) and illness (n = 237), using symptoms from the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) as the nodes. Difficulty in accepting death and loneliness were highly central nodes in both networks. Trust difficulties and longing for the deceased exhibited high centrality in the earthquake‐bereaved sample but not in the illness‐bereaved sample. The earthquake bereavement network was characterized by high connectivity and a diversity of central symptoms. These results provide insights into understanding the severity of grief after a traumatic loss. Although promoting the integration of the reality of loss and alleviating loneliness is important, it might also be worth considering the role of post‐loss interpersonal trust and the distress associated with longing for the deceased for traumatic bereavement.
Blended CBT Intervention vs. a Guided Web‐Based Intervention for Postpartum Depression: Results From a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Branquinho Mariana , Canavarro Maria Cristina , Fonseca Ana
Published: November 2024

Objectives

This pilot randomized controlled trial evaluated the acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of a blended cognitive behavioural intervention—combination of a web‐based program and sessions with a psychologist (intervention group)—compared to a guided web‐based intervention (active control group) for the treatment of postpartum depression.

Methods

Adult Portuguese women in the postpartum period (up to 12 months) presenting clinically relevant depressive symptoms were considered eligible. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 17) or the control group (n = 17) and completed self‐report questionnaires at baseline, post‐intervention and at 3‐month follow‐up.

Results

In both arms, dropout rates were low, and participants considered the treatment acceptable and useful. Mixed ANOVAs revealed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and improvements in secondary outcomes (anxiety, negative thoughts, emotion regulation, self‐compassion and psychological flexibility) from baseline to post‐intervention in both groups. No time × group interactions were found. A significant clinical change in depressive symptoms was observed in more than 80% of the participants in both groups. Significant associations were observed among therapeutic alliance and depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

The results of our study support the acceptability, usability and preliminary effects on postpartum depression of both interventions and highlight the important role of therapist support in blended and guided web‐based interventions.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04441879
Impulsiveness in Substance Users: Metacognitive Beliefs and Repetitive Negative Thinking as Potential Maintenance Factors
Authors: Mansueto Giovanni , Palmieri Sara , Caselli Gabriele , Spada Marcantonio M.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Using the self‐regulatory executive function model as a basis, this study explored whether, among substance users, metacognitive beliefs and repetitive negative thinking were associated with impulsiveness.

Methods

A total of 100 substance users were recruited. Impulsiveness, metacognitive beliefs, rumination and worry were assessed. Correlation and hierarchal regression analyses were run.

Results

Beliefs about the need to control thoughts, lower cognitive self‐consciousness and brooding rumination were found to be independent predictors of the total score on impulsiveness in the hierarchical regression analysis. Further regression analyses indicated that motor impulsiveness was predicted by a combination of beliefs about the need to control thoughts and brooding rumination, while non‐planning impulsiveness was predicted by beliefs about the need to control thoughts and lower cognitive self‐consciousness.

Conclusion

Among substance users, higher impulsiveness is associated with the tendency to endorse beliefs about the need to control thoughts and brooding rumination. Among substance users, beliefs about the need to control thoughts and brooding rumination (and potentially cognitive self‐consciousness) could be a suitable therapeutic targets to mitigate particularly motor impulsiveness and non‐planning impulsiveness.
Anticholinergic Burden and Dry Mouth Problems Among Older Adults (≥ 50 Years) Receiving Dental Care—A Retrospective, Cross‐Sectional Analysis
Authors: Schoppmeier Christoph Matthias , Deeg Isabel , Wicht Michael Jochen , Barbe Anna Greta
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Anticholinergics cause dry mouth and are highly relevant for dentists, but little is known about the relationships between intake and the occurrence of subjective and objective dry mouth with age. The German anticholinergic burden score (GACB) is a novel anticholinergic score that re‐evaluates medications, particularly, those with classification discrepancies.

Material and Methods

We retrospectively investigated the GACB in older patients receiving dental care, evaluated whether GACB is related to xerostomia and unstimulated salivary secretion, and determined the influence of increasing age (beginning at 50 years of age). The GACB score quantified cumulative anticholinergic effects: 0 for no effect, 1 for possible, 2 for moderate, and 3 for strong. Cross‐sectional data in patients ≥ 50 years were collected, including xerostomia with the visual analog scale, unstimulated salivary flow rates, and the GACB scores.

Results

Among 172 patients (mean age 65.67 ± 9.51 years), 23.8% had a GACB score ≥ 1. A moderate negative correlation was observed between GACB and unstimulated salivary flow rates ( = −0.51). Patients with GACB ≥ 1 had fewer teeth (mean 21.76 ± 5.41) than those with GACB = 0 (24.07 ± 5.57). Moreover, unstimulated hyposalivation was observed in 61.0% with GACB ≥ 1 versus 6.8% with GACB = 0 (p < 0.001). Escalating chronic systemic conditions and prescribed medications were recorded with increasing age; those aged 76–80 years had the highest burden.

Conclusions

The GACB quickly and reliably assesses anticholinergic exposure and risks for oral health in older patients. Routine use in those aged ≥ 50 years could enable early identification of risks and initiation of preventive dental measures.

Trial Registration

German Registry for Clinical Trials: DRKS00032877 (https://www.germanctr.de; date of registration: 17.10.2023).
Experimental Periodontitis Increases Anxious Behavior and Worsens Cognitive Aspects and Systemic Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats
Authors: de Castro Giselle B. , Pereira Ramona R. S. , Diniz e Magalhães Caíque O. , Costa Karine B. , Vieira Etel R. , Cassilhas Ricardo C. , Sampaio Kinulpe H. , Machado Alan R. T. , Carvalho Jaqueline do Carmo L. , Murata Ramiro M. , Pereira Luciano J. , Dias‐Peixoto Marco F. , Andrade Eric F. , Pardi Vanessa
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Periodontitis (PD) has the potential to induce systemic changes that affect both physical and behavioral aspects. These alterations may be associated with changes in both the inflammatory profile and the oxidative stress status of individuals with PD. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of PD on oxidative stress, as well as on behavioral parameters and cognitive impairment, in a preclinical model.

Material and Methods

Twenty‐four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to PD and sham groups. PD was induced by the ligature protocol for 14 days. Behavioral tests were initiated on the 9th day of the experiment to evaluate anxious behavior and cognition (learning and memory). After euthanasia, oxidative stress was evaluated in the gums, blood, hippocampus, and amygdala. Alveolar bone loss, bone microstructure, and elemental compositions of the mandibular bone were also assessed.

Results

PD increased alveolar bone loss, reduced the calcium and phosphorus content in the mandibular bone, and increased anxiety‐like behavior and cognitive decline (p < 0.05). Furthermore, PD significantly affected the redox balance, as evidenced by increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the gingiva and hippocampus (p < 0.05). It also led to increased lipid peroxidation in the gingiva and erythrocytes (p < 0.05), decreased antioxidant defenses in erythrocytes (superoxide dismutase) and the hippocampus (catalase), and increased antioxidant activity (catalase) in the amygdala (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

PD resulted in cognitive alterations, including impairments in spatial learning and memory, as well as increased anxious behavior, likely due to redox imbalance in rats.