bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic profile after multiple deltoid or gluteal intramuscular injections of paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Rossenu Stefaan , Cleton Adriaan , Hough David , Crauwels Herta , Vandebosch An , Berwaerts Joris , Eerdekens Marielle , Herben Virginie , De Meulder Marc , Remmerie Bart , Francetic Igor
Published: July 2014

Paliperidone palmitate (PP) is a once‐monthly long‐acting injectable antipsychotic approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in many countries. To evaluate the different injection‐site options, we compared the pharmacokinetic profile of paliperidone after multiple injections of PP 100 mg eq. (156 mg of PP, equivalent to 100 mg of paliperidone) on days 1, 8, 36, and 64 into the deltoid (n = 24) or gluteal muscle (n = 25) in patients with schizophrenia. After four injections in the deltoid muscle, paliperidone exposure was higher for AUCτ and Cmax, compared with the gluteal muscle (geometric mean AUCτ‐based ratio: 120% [90% CI: 93.1–154.7%], and geometric mean Cmax‐based ratio: 130% [90% CI: 100.6–168.9%]). The mean [SD] fluctuation index was higher, with a larger interpatient variability, after deltoid‐injections (75.9% [30.9%]) than gluteal‐injections (58.5% [14.3%]). The median tmax was similar for both sites. PP was generally tolerable in patients, with more favorable local‐site tolerability for gluteal‐injection. In conclusion, to achieve therapeutic‐concentrations quickly, the first‐two injections of PP are best administered into the deltoid muscle, whereas thereafter maintenance‐injections can be administered either in the deltoid or gluteal muscle.
Failure‐resilient real‐time processing of health streams
Authors: Ericson Kathleen , Pallickara Shrideep , Anderson Charles W.
Published: July 2014

The ability to analyze streaming data in real time is vital in systems that process data from health sensors. These systems need to build and maintain state, as well as preserve this state during system failures. In this work, we introduce a fault‐tolerance scheme designed for the Granules stream processing system. We work with two distinct health stream datasets: thorax extension and electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis. We have developed a monitoring program to track trends in the thorax extension dataset and a classification system for the EEG dataset, which allows us to determine user intent from EEG signals. Using these two motivating applications, we have explored several approaches to fault tolerance through replication, developing a hybrid approach that is particularly suited to health streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sodium Vanadium Oxide: A New Material for High‐Performance Symmetric Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hartung Steffen , Bucher Nicolas , Nair Vivek Sahadevan , Ling Cheah Yan , Wang Yuxi , Hoster Harry E. , Srinivasan Madhavi
Published: July 2014

Room‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries have the potential to become the technology of choice for large‐scale electrochemical energy storage because of the high sodium abundance and low costs. However, not many materials meet the performance requirements for practical applications. Here, we report a novel sodium‐ion battery electrode material, Na2.55V6O16⋅0.6 H2O, that shows significant capacities and stabilities at high current rates up to 800 mA g−1. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements are carried out to better understand the underlying reactions. Moreover, due to the different oxidation states of vanadium, this material can also be employed in a symmetric full cell, which would decrease production costs even further. For these full cells, capacity and stability tests are conducted using various cathode:anode mass ratios.
Bottom‐Up Hybridization: A Strategy for the Preparation of a Thermostable Polyoxometalate–Polymer Hybrid with Hierarchical Hybrid Structures
Authors: Tang Jing , Yu Wei , Hu Min‐Biao , Xiao Yu , Wang Xiao‐Gang , Ren Li‐Jun , Zheng Ping , Zhu Wen , Chen Yongming , Wang Wei
Published: July 2014

A bottom‐up strategy for the preparation of hierarchical hybrid materials with good thermostability is reported. The hybrid molecule was constructed from a Wells–Dawson‐type polyoxometalate (POM) cluster and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain through covalent‐bond formation. The large distinction between the POM cluster and PEG chain results in a microphase separation to form POM and PEG layers that further alternatively arrange into hybrid lamellae with a sub‐20 nm thickness. Then the hybrid lamellae could simultaneously organize into spherulitic superstructures. Because of this hierarchical structuring, strong electrostatic interactions between POM clusters are maximized within the POM layers. This gives rise to thermostability. Structurally, the hybrid lamellae and the superstructures are unchanged, even at 160 °C, and indeed the shear storage modulus of the hybrid material remains nearly constant within this same temperature range. This study demonstrates the concept of bottom‐up hybridization, in which rationally selecting building blocks, designing the hybrid molecule, and then manipulating hierarchical structures can generate thermostable hybrid materials.
Global chaos synchronization of new chaotic system using linear active control
Authors: Ahmad Israr , Saaban Azizan Bin , Ibrahim Adyda Binti , Shahzad Mohammad
Published: July 2014

Chaos synchronization is a procedure where one chaotic oscillator is forced to adjust the properties of another chaotic oscillator for all future states. This research paper studies and investigates the global chaos synchronization problem of two identical chaotic systems and two non‐identical chaotic systems using the linear active control technique. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory and using the linear active control technique, the stabilizing controllers are designed for asymptotically global stability of the closed‐loop system for both identical and non‐identical synchronization. Numerical simulations and graphs are imparted to justify the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed scheme. All simulations have been done by using mathematica 9. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 379–386, 2015
Effect of Preparation Method and CuO Promotion in the Conversion of Ethanol into 1,3‐Butadiene over SiO2–MgO Catalysts
Authors: Angelici Carlo , Velthoen Marjolein E. Z. , Weckhuysen Bert M. , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A.
Published: July 2014

Silica–magnesia (Si/Mg=1:1) catalysts were studied in the one‐pot conversion of ethanol to butadiene. The catalyst synthesis method was found to greatly influence morphology and performance, with materials prepared through wet‐kneading performing best both in terms of ethanol conversion and butadiene yield. Detailed characterization of the catalysts synthesized through co‐precipitation or wet‐kneading allowed correlation of activity and selectivity with morphology, textural properties, crystallinity, and acidity/basicity. The higher yields achieved with the wet‐kneaded catalysts were attributed to a morphology consisting of SiO2 spheres embedded in a thin layer of MgO. The particle size of the SiO2 catalysts also influenced performance, with catalysts with smaller SiO2 spheres showing higher activity. Temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) measurements showed that best butadiene yields were obtained with SiO2–MgO catalysts characterized by an intermediate amount of acidic and basic sites. A Hammett indicator study showed the catalysts’ pKa value to be inversely correlated with the amount of dehydration by‐products formed. Butadiene yields could be further improved by the addition of 1 wt % of CuO as promoter to give butadiene yields and selectivities as high as 40 % and 53 %, respectively. The copper promoter boosts the production of the acetaldehyde intermediate changing the rate‐determining step of the process. TEM‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analyses showed CuO to be present on both the SiO2 and MgO components. UV/Vis spectra of promoted catalysts in turn pointed at the presence of cluster‐like CuO species, which are proposed to be responsible for the increased butadiene production.
A robust and efficient dynamic identity‐based multi‐server authentication scheme using smart cards
Authors: Chang Chin‐Chen , Cheng Ting‐Fang , Hsueh Wei‐Yuan
Published: July 2014

In single‐server architecture, one service is maintained by one server. If a user wants to employ multiple services from different servers, he/she needs to register with these servers and to memorize numerous pairs of identities and passwords corresponding to each server. In order to improve user convenience, many authentication schemes have been provided for multi‐server environment with the property of single registration. In 2013, Li et al. provided an efficient multi‐server authentication scheme, which they contended that it could resist several attacks. Nevertheless, we find that their scheme is sensitive to the forgery attack and has a design flaw. This paper presents a more secure dynamic identity‐based multi‐server authentication scheme in order to solve the problem in the scheme by Li et al. Analyses show that the proposed scheme can preclude several attacks and support the revocation of anonymity to handle the malicious behavior of a legal user. Furthermore, our proposed scheme has a lower computation and communication costs, which make it is more suitable for practical applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The double inhibition of endogenously produced BMP and Wnt factors synergistically triggers dorsal telencephalic differentiation of mouse ES cells
Authors: Bertacchi Michele , Pandolfini Luca , D'Onofrio Mara , Brandi Rossella , Cremisi Federico
Published: July 2014

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are becoming a popular model of in vitro neurogenesis, as they display intrinsic capability to generate neural progenitors that undergo the known steps of in vivo neural development. These include the acquisition of distinct regional fates, which depend on growth factors and signals that are present in the culture medium. The control of the intracellular signaling that is active at different steps of ES cell neuralization, even when cells are cultured in chemically defined medium, is complicated by the endogenous production of growth factors. However, this endogenous production has been poorly investigated so far. To address this point, we performed a high‐throughput analysis of the expression of morphogens during mouse ES cell neuralization in minimal medium. We found that during their neuralization, ES cells increased the expression of members of Wnt, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), and BMP families. Conversely, the expression of Activin/Nodal and Shh ligands was low in early steps of neuralization. In this experimental condition, neural progenitors and neurons generated by ES cells expressed a gene expression profile that was consistent with a midbrain identity. We found that endogenous BMP and Wnt signaling, but not FGF signaling, synergistically affected ES cell neural patterning, by turning off a profile of dorsal/telencephalic gene expression. Double BMP and Wnt inhibition allowed neuralized ES cells to sequentially activate key genes of cortical differentiation. Our findings are consistent with a novel synergistic effect of Wnt and BMP endogenous signaling of ES cells in inhibiting a cortical differentiation program. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 66–79, 2015
sox21a directs lateral line patterning by modulating FGF signaling
Authors: Ariza‐Cosano Ana , Bensimon‐Brito Anabela , Gómez‐Skarmeta José Luis , Bessa José
Published: July 2014

The development of organs composed by repeated functional units is, in many cases, accomplished by the transition of cells from a progenitor to a differentiation domain, triggering a reiterated developmental program. Yet, how these discrete fields are formed during development is still a largely unresolved question. The posterior lateral line (pLL), a sensory organ present in fish and amphibians, develops from a primordium that migrates along the flanks of the animal periodically depositing neuromasts, the pLL functional units. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), the developmental program of the pLL is triggered by the transit of progenitor cells from a Wnt to a Fgf signaling domain. It has been proposed that these two fields are defined by the antagonistic activity of these two signaling pathways, but how they are formed and maintained is still an open question in the development of the pLL. In this work, we show that sox21a, an HMG ‐box transcription factor, is expressed within the Fgf domain. We demonstrate that, while the Fgf signaling pathway do not control sox21a, knockdown of sox21a causes impairment of Fgf signaling, expansion of the Wnt signaling domain and disruption of neuromast development. These results suggest that sox21a is a key player in the pLL primordium patterning, fine‐tuning the border of the Fgf and Wnt signaling domains. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 80–92, 2015
Preparation and characterization of the ‘research chemical’ diphenidine, its pyrrolidine analogue, and their 2,2‐diphenylethyl isomers
Authors: Wallach Jason , Kavanagh Pierce V. , McLaughlin Gavin , Morris Noreen , Power John D. , Elliott Simon P. , Mercier Marion S. , Lodge David , Morris Hamilton , Dempster Nicola M. , Brandt Simon D.
Published: July 2014

Substances with the diphenylethylamine nucleus represent a recent addition to the product catalog of dissociative agents sold as ‘research chemicals’ on the Internet. Diphenidine, i.e. 1‐(1,2‐diphenylethyl)piperidine (1,2‐DEP), is such an example but detailed analytical data are less abundant. The present study describes the synthesis of diphenidine and its most obvious isomer, 1‐(2,2‐diphenylethyl)piperidine (2,2‐DEP), in order to assess the ability to differentiate between them. Preparation and characterization were also extended to the two corresponding pyrrolidine analogues 1‐(1,2‐diphenylethyl)‐ and 1‐(2,2‐diphenylethyl)pyrrolidine, respectively. Analytical characterizations included high‐resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (HR‐ESI‐MS), liquid chromatography ESI‐MS/MS, gas chromatography ion trap electron and chemical ionization MS, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and infrared spectroscopy. Differentiation between the two isomeric pairs was possible under GC‐(EI/CI)‐MS conditions and included the formation of distinct iminium ions, such as m/z 174 for 1,2‐DEP and m/z 98 for 2,2‐DEP, respectively. The pyrrolidine counterparts demonstrated similar phenomena including the expected mass difference of 14 Da due to the lack of one methylene unit in the ring. Two samples obtained from an Internet vendor provided confirmation that diphenidine was present in both samples, concurring with the product label. Finally, it was confirmed that diphenidine (30 μM) reduced N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (NMDA‐fEPSPs) to a similar extent to that of ketamine (30 μM) when using rat hippocampal slices. The appearance of 1,2‐ diphenylethylamines appears to reflect the exploration of alternatives to arylcyclohexylamine‐type substances, such as methoxetamine, PCP and PCPy‐based analogues that also show NMDA receptor activity as demonstrated here for diphenidine. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development, optimization, and validation of a novel extraction procedure for the removal of opiates from human hair's surface
Authors: Restolho José , Barroso Mário , Saramago Benilde , Dias Mário , Afonso Carlos A.M.
Published: July 2014

Room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have proved to be efficient extraction media for several systems, and their ability to capture volatile compounds from the atmosphere is well established. We report herein a contactless extraction procedure for the removal of opiate drugs from the surface of human hair. The compounds were chosen as a model drug, particularly due to their low volatility. Equal amounts of IL and hair (about 100 mg) were introduced in a customized Y‐shaped vial, and the process occurred simply by heating. After testing several ILs, some of them (e.g. 1‐methyl‐3‐ethanol‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, phenyl‐trimethyl‐ammonium triflate or bis(dimethyl) diheptylguanidinium iodide) showed extraction efficiencies higher than 80% for the two studied compounds, morphine and 6‐monoacetylmorphine. Using the design of experiments (DOE) approach as an optimization tool, and bearing in mind the hygroscopic properties of the ILs (in particular, 1‐methyl‐3‐ethanol‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborate), the process was optimized concerning the following variables: temperature (50–120 ºC), extraction time (8–24 h), IL amount (50–200 mg) and water content of the IL (0.01–60%). This study not only provided the optimum conditions for the process (120 ºC, 16 h, 100 mg of IL containing 40% of water), but has also showed that the water content of the IL represents the variable with the most significant effect on the extraction efficiency. Finally, we validated our method through the comparison of the results obtained by treating hair samples with the described procedure to those obtained using a standard washing method and criteria for positivity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasticity of the thermal requirements of exotherms and adaptation to environmental conditions
Authors: Honek Alois , Martinkova Zdenka , Lukas Jan , Dixon Anthony F. G.
Published: July 2014

In exothermal organisms, temperature is an important determinant of the rate of ecophysiological processes, which monotonically increase between the minimum (td min) and maximum (td max) temperatures typical for each species. In insects, td min and td max are correlated and there is a approximately 20°C interval (thermal window WT = td max − td min) between them over which insects can develop. We assumed that other exotherms have similar thermal windows because the thermal kinetics of their physiological processes are similar. In this study, we determined the thermal requirements for germination in plants. Seeds of 125 species of Central European wild herbaceous and crop plants were germinated at nine constant temperatures between 5 and 37°C, and the time to germination of 50% of the seeds D and rate of germination R (=1/D) were determined for each temperature and the Lactin model used to determine td min, td max, and WT. The average width of the thermal windows for seeds was significantly wider (mean 24°C, 95% CI 22.7–24.2°C), varied more (between 14.5 and 37.5°C) and development occurred at lower temperatures than recorded for insects. The limiting temperatures for germination, td min and td max, were not coupled, so the width of the thermal window increased with both a decrease in td min and/or increase in td max. Variation in WT was not associated with taxonomic affiliation, adult longevity, or domestication of the different species, but tends to vary with seed size. Plants are poor at regulating their temperature and cannot move to a more suitable location and as a consequence have to cope with wider ranges in temperatures than insects and possibly do this by having wider thermal windows. Synthesis: The study indicated specificity of WT in different exotherm taxa and/or their development stages.
The ecohydrology of ecosystem transitions: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Viglizzo Ernesto F. , Nosetto Marcelo D. , Jobbágy Esteban G. , Ricard M. Florencia , Frank Federico C.
Published: July 2014

A vast body of literature demonstrated that anthropogenic disturbances such as overgrazing and fire are key drivers of abrupt transition between vegetation types in ecosystems. In this study, we propose that the hydrological context (described in terms of rainfall, evapotranspiration and water yield) is a first‐order, primordial determinant of the propensity of ecosystems to undergo transition. This implies that the anthropogenic disturbance is a second‐order determinant that is strongly conditioned by the first one. Through the meta‐analysis of existing studies, a collection of 685 geo‐referenced study cases was organized to study the hydrological characteristics of three climatic regions and three ecosystems that vary in their relation between woody and grassy plants. Thus, humid, sub‐humid and dry climatic regions, respectively, receiving >1000, 500–1000 and <500 mm year−1, were studied, and possible transition mechanisms among grasslands/savannas, shrublands and forests were analysed. The results showed that the ecohydrological context determines the probabilities of ecosystems transitions in different climatic regions and the prevalence of alternative transition mechanisms. We showed that transition of forests into other ecosystems is highly improbable in high‐precipitation regions, more probable and likely subject to a bi‐stable and reversible regime in sub‐humid regions, and highly probable and irreversible in dry regions. Factors such as runoff, deep‐water drainage, fire, flammable/nonflammable biomass and overgrazing were considered as hypothetical transition mechanisms. As a novel finding, we demonstrate that ecohydrology, as a determinant of transition, is a factor that operates at a hierarchical level higher than that of the human‐driven disturbance. A synthetic graphical model was proposed to characterize resilience (the capacity of ecosystems to withstand transition) in the three study climatic regions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of woody vegetation on shallow soil moisture at a semiarid montane catchment
Authors: Traff Devin C. , Niemann Jeffrey D. , Middlekauff Stephen A. , Lehman Brandon M.
Published: July 2014

In semiarid montane regions, spatial patterns of shallow soil moisture (0–5 cm) are expected to depend on vegetation patterns and topographic attributes. In some cases, the vegetation patterns themselves depend on the topography, which makes the interaction of soil moisture, vegetation and topography especially complex. Such is the case in portions of the Colorado Front Range where many south‐facing and north‐facing slopes are primarily vegetated by mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) shrubs and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees, respectively. The objectives of this paper are the following: (1) to determine how the presence of a shrub or tree affects the shallow soil moisture on these distinct hillslopes and (2) to understand the main mechanisms through which the vegetation affects the shallow soil moisture. On opposing hillslopes in the Cache la Poudre catchment, soil moisture was monitored for intercanopy, shrub canopy and tree canopy locations. Throughfall, insolation, soil texture and hydrophobicity were also measured to understand the reasons for any soil moisture differences. The results suggest that the shallow soil moisture is more distinct between the canopy and intercanopy locations on the south‐facing slope than the north‐facing slope. On the south‐facing slope, intercanopy locations are less shaded by the nearby canopy because of the shorter stature of the shrubs and the orientation of this hillslope towards the sun. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual Life Prediction of Rotating Equipment in Thermal Power Plants Using Online Estimation with Forgetting Factor
Authors: Goto Satoru , Tsukamoto Kenta
Published: July 2014

In this paper, an online deterioration prediction and residual life prediction method is proposed for maintenance of rotating equipment in thermal power plants. The condition of rotating equipment is inspected by vibration measurement. A mathematical model for the deterioration of the rotating equipment is derived in order to predict the future condition of the rotating equipment. The residual life of the rotating equipment is predicted by deterioration prediction using online estimation of the model parameters with a forgetting factor. The effectiveness of the residual life prediction method is assured by applying it to actual vibration data of rotating equipment.
Coordinated Setting of Multiple PSSs for Actual Size Power Network
Authors: Murayama Dai , Mitsumoto Kenji , Takagi Yasuo , Uemura Yoichi , Sato Koji , Shirasaki Takashi , Sakamoto Kunio
Published: July 2014

The power system stabilizer (PSS) is a low‐cost method of stabilizing the intertie and local oscillations of a power network. The PSS parameters are usually adjusted based on the one‐machine infinite‐bus system model. In contrast, a real power system consists of multimachine systems. Thus, coordinated setting of the PSS parameters, with the real characteristics of the power system network taken into consideration, is expected to improve stability. For this purpose, the modal performance measure (MPM) method is used to adjust the PSS parameters. The power network mathematical model that is required for this calculation is given by the system identification method. Utilizing the MPM method characteristics, restrictions such as the damping coefficient and maximum gain, which constitute practical design specifications used for conventional controllers, are naturally introduced. Furthermore, radial basis function (RBF) frequency weighing is introduced in order to adjust the frequency responses. The expected favorable results were found in large‐scale power system simulations.
Interatrial differences of basal molecular set‐up and changes in tachycardia‐induced heart failure–a proteomic profiling study
Authors: Dietl Alexander , Winkel Ingrid , Deutzmann Rainer , Schröder Josef , Hupf Julian , Riegger Günter , Luchner Andreas , Birner Christoph
Published: July 2014

Aims

Left and right atria show compelling differences regarding organogenesis and specific clinical diseases. In congestive heart failure (CHF), remodelling of the atria occurs leading to increased arrhythmogenic susceptibility and deterioration of clinical symptoms. We aimed to assess the basal left and right atrial molecular set‐up and different chamber‐specific atrial changes in heart failure.

Methods and results

We combined an animal model of rapid ventricular pacing induced heart failure in the rabbit and a gel‐based proteomic screening of left and right atrial specimen. A gene ontology over‐representation analysis was performed for biological function. Ultrastructural adaptations were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Comparing left and right atria of healthy control animals (CTRL), 39 proteins displayed significant expression differences involving various biological functions. Upon further statistical analyses, four pathways of energy metabolism were confirmed to be significantly over‐represented beneath the other biological processes. Rapid ventricular pacing induced severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, symptomatic heart failure and a macroscopic atrial remodelling. In CHF versus CTRL, metabolic and antioxidative enzymes were differentially expressed and showed chamber‐specific bidirectional alterations. Transmission electron microscopy visualized a remarkable and again chamber‐specific ultrastructural disturbance of mitochondrial morphology.

Conclusions

Our data indicate a diverging basal left and right atrial molecular set‐up in the adult healthy heart. In addition, metabolic and antioxidative enzymes are profoundly and chamber‐specifically altered during atrial remodelling in progressive heart failure.
Symptoms of anxiety and depression and risk of heart failure: the HUNT Study
Authors: Gustad Lise T. , Laugsand Lars E. , Janszky Imre , Dalen Håvard , Bjerkeset Ottar
Published: July 2014

Aims

Symptoms of anxiety and depression often co‐exist with cardiovascular disease, yet little is known about the prospective risk for heart failure (HF) in people with symptoms of depression and anxiety. We aimed to study these prospective associations using self‐reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and mixed symptoms of anxiety and depression (MSAD) in a large population sample.

Methods and results

In the second wave of the Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 2, 1995–1997), Norway, baseline data on symptoms of anxiety and depression, socio‐demographic variables, health status including cardiovascular risk factors, and common chronic somatic diseases were registered for 62 567 adults, men and women, free of known HF. The cohort was followed for incident HF from baseline throughout 2008. A total of 1499 cases of HF occurred during a mean follow‐up of 11.3 years (SD = 2.9), identified either in hospital registers or by the National Cause of Death Registry. There was no excess risk for future HF associated with symptoms of anxiety or MSAD at baseline. For depression, the multi‐adjusted hazard ratios for HF were 1.07 (0.87–1.30) for moderate symptoms and 1.41 (1.07–1.87) for severe symptoms (P for trend 0.026). Established cardiovascular risk factors, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) prior to baseline, and adjustment for incident AMI as a time‐dependent covariate during follow‐up had little influence on the estimates.

Conclusion

Symptoms of depression, but not symptoms of anxiety or MSAD, were associated with increased risk for HF in a dose–response manner. The increased risk could not be fully explained by cardiovascular or socio‐economic risk factors, or by co‐morbid AMI.
Dendritic cell‐based therapeutic vaccine elicits polyfunctional HIV‐specific T‐cell immunity associated with control of viral load
Authors: Lévy Yves , Thiébaut Rodolphe , Montes Monica , Lacabaratz Christine , Sloan Louis , King Bryan , Pérusat Sophie , Harrod Carson , Cobb Amanda , Roberts Lee K. , Surenaud Mathieu , Boucherie Céline , Zurawski Sandra , Delaugerre Constance , Richert Laura , Chêne Geneviève , Banchereau Jacques , Palucka Karolina
Published: July 2014

Efforts aimed at restoring robust immune responses limiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 replication therapeutically are warranted. We report that vaccination with dendritic cells generated ex vivo and loaded with HIV lipopeptides in patients (n = 19) on antiretroviral therapy was well tolerated and immunogenic. Vaccination increased: (i) the breadth of the immune response from 1 (1–3) to 4 (2–5) peptide‐pool responses/patient (p = 0.009); (ii) the frequency of functional T cells (producing at least two cytokines among IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐2) from 0.026 to 0.32% (p = 0.002) and from 0.26 to 0.35% (p = 0.005) for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively; and (iii) the breadth of cytokines secreted by PBMCs upon antigen exposure, including IL‐2, IFN‐γ, IL‐21, IL‐17, and IL‐13. Fifty percent of patients experienced a maximum of viral load (VL) 1 log10 lower than the other half following antiretroviral treatment interruption. An inverse correlation was found between the maximum of VL and the frequency of polyfunctional CD4+ T cells (p = 0.007), production of IL‐2 (p = 0.006), IFN‐γ (p = 0.01), IL‐21 (p = 0.006), and IL‐13 (p = 0.001). These results suggest an association between vaccine responses and a better control of viral replication. These findings will help in the development of strategies for a functional cure for HIV infection.
How Counterions Affect the Solution Structure of Polyoxoaurates: Insights from UV/Vis Spectral Simulations and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kondinski Aleksandar , Vankova Nina , Schinle Florian , Jäger Patrick , Hampe Oliver , Kortz Ulrich , Heine Thomas
Published: July 2014

The solution structure of the two presently known polyoxoaurates, [Au4As4O20]8– (Au4As4) and [Au4Se4O16]4– (Au4Se4), was elucidated by a combination of time‐dependent density‐functional‐theory (TD‐DFT) calculations, experimental UV/Vis spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The TD‐DFT‐predicted electronic spectra for molecular models including different numbers of counterions, along with the main Au4As4 and Au4Se4 structural motifs, were analyzed and compared with the experimental UV/Vis spectra of the two polyanions. The performed analysis revealed important structural differences between the arsenate and the selenite derivatives in aqueous solution. For the selenite oxoaurate, the bare Au4Se4 polyanion itself shows very good agreement between predicted and experimental excitation energies. In contrast, the solution state of the arsenate oxoaurate appears to be best described by a dimeric assembly of the type [Na5Au8As8O40]11– (Na5Au8As8) with a stoichiometry and structure very similar to those reported for the solid state. Indirect experimental evidence that Na5Au8As8 is the dominant species in aqueous solution is provided by ESI‐MS measurements. Our work demonstrates that the combination of experimental UV/Vis spectroscopy and TD‐DFT calculations complemented with electrospray mass spectrometry may serve as an alternative strategy for rationalizing the solution chemistry of polyoxometalates, which cannot be studied by conventionally used spectroscopic techniques, such as NMR or EPR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated δ‐Lactones by Vinyl Acetate Mediated Asymmetric Cross‐Aldol Reaction of Acetaldehyde: Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Kumar Manjeet , Kumar Arvind , Rizvi Masood , Mane Manoj , Vanka Kumar , Taneja Subhash C. , Shah Bhahwal Ali
Published: July 2014

A tandem asymmetric cross‐aldol reaction involving the in situ generation of acetaldehyde from vinyl acetate has been developed that may resolve the challenges associated with the handling of acetaldehyde. The simple protocol, mild reaction conditions and unique harmony of an organocatalyst with a biocatalyst make this method a valuable tool for the synthesis of asymmetric β‐hydroxy aldehydes. By using this methodology we have accessed α,β‐unstaurated δ‐lactones as well as isochromenones with high enantioselectivities from both asymmetric β‐hydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Systemic density functional theory (DFT) studies were also performed to gain mechanistic insights into the role of hydrogen bonding in the asymmetric cross‐aldol reaction of acetaldehyde and in the key cis/trans isomerisation step in the synthesis of δ‐lactones.
Sieving properties of end group‐halogenated Pluronic polymer matrix in DNA separation under nondenaturing CE analysis
Authors: Hwang Hee Sung , Shin Gi Won , Cohen Aaron , Ryu Chang Yeol , Jung Gyoo Yeol
Published: July 2014

CE‐SSCP analysis is a well‐established DNA separation method that is based on variations in mobility caused by sequence‐induced differences in the conformation of single‐stranded DNA. The resolution of CE‐SSCP analysis was improved by using a Pluronic polymer matrix, and it has been successfully applied in various genetic analyses. Because the Pluronic polymer forms a micellar cubic structure in the capillary, it provides a stable internal structure for high‐resolution CE‐SSCP analysis. We hypothesized that formation of micellar cubic structure is influenced by the end hydroxyl group of the Pluronic polymer, which affords structural stability through hydrogen bonding. To test this hypothesis, the hydroxyl group was halogenated to eliminate the hydrogen bonding without disturbing the polarity of polymer matrix. CE‐SSCP resolution of two DNA fragments with a single base difference was significantly worse in the halogenated polymer matrices due to band broadening. The viscoelastic properties of control (which has hydroxyl group), chlorinated, and brominated F108 solution upon heating were also investigated by rheological experiments, and we found that gelation was significantly associated with resolution. In this series of experiments, the effect of the hydroxyl group in Pluronic polymer matrix on separation resolution of CE‐SSCP analysis was demonstrated.
Rapid PCR protocols for forensic DNA typing on six thermal cycling platforms
Authors: Butts Erica L. R. , Vallone Peter M.
Published: July 2014

Rapid PCR protocols for the amplification of typing STR multiplexes were evaluated on six different thermal cyclers. Through the use of a faster DNA polymerase coupled with the use of rapid thermal cyclers the amplification cycling times were reduced down to as little as 14 min using PCR primers from the commercially available multiplex STR typing kit Identifiler. Previously described two‐step and three‐step thermal cycling protocols were evaluated for the six thermal cyclers on 95 unique single‐source DNA extracts. CE characterization of the PCR products indicates good peak balance between loci (median values greater than 0.84), and N minus four stutter ratios on averages were 30 to 40% higher than for standard Identifiler PCR conditions. Nonspecific amplification artifacts were observed, but were not observed to migrate within the allele calling bins. With the exception of one locus (D18S51) in a single sample, genotyping results were concordant with manufacturer's recommended amplification conditions utilizing standard thermal cycling procedures. Assay conditions were robust enough to routinely amplify 250 to 500 pg of template DNA. This work describes the protocols for the rapid PCR amplification of STR multiplexes on various PCR thermal cyclers with the future intent to support validation for typing single‐source samples in a database laboratory.
Quantitative analysis of hindered amine light stabilizers by CZE with UV detection and quadrupole TOF mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Hintersteiner Ingrid , Schmid Thomas , Himmelsbach Markus , Klampfl Christian W. , Buchberger Wolfgang W.
Published: July 2014

The current work describes the development of a CZE method with quadrupole QTOF‐MS detection and UV detection for the quantitation of Cyasorb 3529, a common hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS), in polymer materials. Analysis of real polymer samples revealed that the oligomer composition of Cyasorb 3529 changes during processing, a fact hampering the development of a straightforward method for quantitation based on calibration with a Cyasorb 3529 standard. To overcome this obstacle in‐depth investigations of the oligomer composition of this HALS using QTOF‐MS and QTOF‐MS/MS had to be performed whereby 22 new oligomer structures, in addition to the ten structures already described, were identified. Finally, a CZE method for quantitative analysis of this HALS was developed starting with a comprehensive characterization of a Cyasorb 3529 standard using CZE‐QTOF‐MS, subsequently allowing the correct assignment of most Cyasorb 3529 oligomers in an electropherogram with UV detection. Employing the latter detection technique and hexamethyl‐melamine as internal standard, peak areas obtained for the melamine could be correlated with those from the triazine ring, the UV‐absorbing unit present in the HALS. This approach finally allowed proper quantitation of the single oligomers of Cyasorb 3529, an imperative for the quantitative assessment of this HALS in real polymer samples.
The effect of the biological variability of samples on Coomassie blue dye based fast staining for SDS‐PAGE in nonfixed gels
Authors: Májek Pavel , Pecankova Klara , Dyr Jan E.
Published: July 2014

Fast‐staining protocols based on the use of Coomassie blue dye for SDS‐PAGE separated proteins, represent a quick and simple solution for protein visualization. It has been shown however, that in some cases a phenomenon of missing spots or spot discoloration may be observed in the proteome pattern when the standard fast‐staining protocol is used. In this work, it is demonstrated that this occurrence is affected by the biological variability of samples, and therefore, cannot be observed in all samples. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the phenomenon is manifested exclusively in nonfixed gels, and that including a fixation step into the fast‐staining protocol prevented this phenomenon. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that standard Coomassie blue dye based fast staining for SDS‐PAGE resolved proteins is affected by the biological variability of samples in nonfixed gels.
Excitotoxic brain injury in adult zebrafish stimulates neurogenesis and long‐distance neuronal integration
Authors: Skaggs Kaia , Goldman Daniel , Parent Jack M.
Published: July 2014

Zebrafish maintain a greater capacity than mammals for central nervous system repair after injury. Understanding differences in regenerative responses between different vertebrate species may shed light on mechanisms to improve repair in humans. Quinolinic acid is an excitotoxin that has been used to induce brain injury in rodents for modeling Huntington's disease and stroke. When injected into the adult rodent striatum, this toxin stimulates subventricular zone neurogenesis and neuroblast migration to injury. However, most new neurons fail to survive and lesion repair is minimal. We used quinolinic acid to lesion the adult zebrafish telencephalon to study reparative processes. We also used conditional transgenic lineage mapping of adult radial glial stem cells to explore survival and integration of neurons generated after injury. Telencephalic lesioning with quinolinic acid, and to a lesser extent vehicle injection, produced cell death, microglial infiltration, increased cell proliferation, and enhanced neurogenesis in the injured hemisphere. Lesion repair was more complete with quinolinic acid injection than after vehicle injection. Fate mapping of her4‐expressing radial glia showed injury‐induced expansion of radial glial stem cells that gave rise to neurons which migrated to injury, survived at least 8 weeks and formed long‐distance projections that crossed the anterior commissure and synapsed in the contralateral hemisphere. These findings suggest that quinolinic acid lesioning of the zebrafish brain stimulates adult neural stem cells to produce robust regeneration with long‐distance integration of new neurons. This model should prove useful for elucidating reparative mechanisms that can be applied to restorative therapies for mammalian brain injury. GLIA 2014;62:2061–2079
The Vinylic SN Reactions of Nitrodienes with Heteroatom‐Substituted Nuchleophilies and Their Structural Studies
Authors: Deniz Nahide Gulsah , Ibis Cemil
Published: July 2014

Herein, we report the reactions of 1,1,2,4,4‐pentachloro‐3‐nitro‐1,3‐butadiene 1a and (1Z)‐1‐bromo‐1,2,4,4‐tetrachloro‐3‐nitro‐1,3‐butadiene 1b with nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing nucleophiles to obtain highly functionalized S‐, S,S‐, S,S,S‐, S,O‐ and N,S‐substituted‐polyhalodiene‐3‐nitro‐1,3‐butadiene derivatives. Most of these reactions turned out to be highly selective with good to very good yields. All new compounds have been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopic data. The molecular structures of the 3a and 21a due to its exceptional substitution pattern were evidenced by the X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction method.
Elevated serum levels of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive human Mac-2 binding protein predict the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C patients
Authors: Yamasaki Kazumi , Tateyama Masakuni , Abiru Seigo , Komori Atsumasa , Nagaoka Shinya , Saeki Akira , Hashimoto Satoru , Sasaki Ryu , Bekki Shigemune , Kugiyama Yuki , Miyazoe Yuri , Kuno Atsushi , Korenaga Masaaki , Togayachi Akira , Ocho Makoto , Mizokami Masashi , Narimatsu Hisashi , Yatsuhashi Hiroshi
Published: July 2014

The

Wisteria floribunda

agglutinin-positive human Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2BP) was recently shown to be a liver fibrosis glycobiomarker with a unique fibrosis-related glycoalteration. We evaluated the ability of WFA+-M2BP to predict the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients who were infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). A total of 707 patients who had been admitted to our hospital with chronic HCV infection without other potential risk factors were evaluated to determine the ability of WFA+-M2BP to predict the development of HCC; factors evaluated included age, sex, viral load, genotypes, fibrosis stage, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels, bilirubin, albumin, platelet count, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), WFA+-M2BP, and the response to interferon (IFN) therapy. Serum WFA+-M2BP levels were significantly increased according to the progression of liver fibrosis stage (

P

< 0.001). In each distinctive stage of fibrosis (F0-F1, F2, F3, and F4), the risk of development of HCC was increased according to the elevation of WFA+-M2BP. Multivariate analysis identified age

>

57 years, F4, AFP

>

20 ng/mL, WFA+-M2BP ≥4, and WFA+-M2BP 1-4 as well as the response to IFN (no therapy vs. sustained virological response) as independent risk factors for the development of HCC. The time-dependent areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated that the WFA+-M2BP assay predicted the development of HCC with higher diagnostic accuracy than AFP.

Conclusion

: WFA+-M2BP can be applied as a useful surrogate marker for the risk of HCC development, in addition to liver biopsy. (Hepatology 2014;60:1563–1570)
Eremophilane Glucosides from Petasites japonicus
Authors: Wang Guangyin , Zhang Junzeng , Kulka Marianna , Guo Fujiang , Li Yiming
Published: July 2014

Three new eremophilane glucosides, namely, petasitosides A–C, and seven known eremophilane‐type sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the roots of Petasites japonicus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. This is the first report on eremophilane glycosides from the genus Petasites.
Formation of Phosphorylated 3H‐Pyrroles from NefIsocyanidePerkow Adducts and Tosylmethyl Isocyanide
Authors: Yavari Issa , Ghanbari Ehsan , Hosseinpour Reza
Published: July 2014

Imidoyl chlorides, generated from isocyanides and acyl chlorides, react with trialkyl phosphites, in a Perkow‐type reaction, to afford 3‐(alkylimino)‐2‐[(dialkyloxyphosphoryl)oxy]acrylates, which undergo a smooth reaction with tosylmethyl isocyanide (TsMIC) to furnish 4‐(alkylamino)‐3‐[(dialkyloxyphosphoryl)oxy]‐5‐[(4‐methylphenyl)sulfonyl]‐3H‐pyrrole‐3‐carboxylates in moderate‐to‐good yields.
Tigliane Diterpene Esters from the Leaves of Croton tiglium
Authors: Ren Feng‐Xia , Ren Feng‐Zhi , Yang Yu , Yu Neng‐Jiang , Zhang Yang , Zhao Yi‐Min
Published: July 2014

Three new tigliane‐type diterpene esters, 1–3 with unusual 7‐oxo‐5‐ene or 7‐hydroxy‐5‐ene moieties in their skeletons, were isolated from the leaves of Croton tiglium. Their structures were unambiguously elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data.
Three New Prenylated Diketopiperazines from Neosartorya fischeri
Authors: Zheng Zhen‐Zhen , Shan Wei‐Guang , Wang Shi‐Lei , Ying You‐Min , Ma Lie‐Feng , Zhan Zha‐Jun
Published: July 2014

Three new prenylated 2,5‐diketopiperazines, namely neofipiperazines A–C (1–3, resp.), were isolated from the culture of Neosartorya fischeri CGMCC 3.5378, together with six known ones. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, especially HR‐ESI‐MS and NMR experiments. All the prenylated diketopiperazines, except 7, were isolated for the first time from the species.
Retrospective View on Recent Developments in Cyclobutane Synthesis via [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Unsaturated Ketones to Acyclic Dienes
Authors: Margaretha Paul
Published: July 2014

This synopsis addresses cyclobutane formation via light‐induced [2+2] cycloaddition from both cyclic and acyclic unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and 2,3‐dimethylbuta‐1,3‐diene
Phenylglycol Metabolites from Cultures of the Basidiomycete Mycena pruinosoviscida BCC 22723
Authors: Isaka Masahiko , Chinthanom Panida , Sappan Malipan , Supothina Sumalee , Boonpratuang Thitiya
Published: July 2014

Mycenadiols A–D (1–4, resp.), phenylglycols possessing an ethynyl or vinyl (ethenyl) group were isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Mycena pruinosoviscida BCC 22723. The structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR‐spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by synthesis. Compounds 1–4 are synthetically known, but, they have not been previously isolated from natural sources.