bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobility Analysis for Passive Reservations in Vehicular Cellular Networks Based on Dynamic Programming and Roads Compression
Authors: Fazio Peppino , Tropea Mauro , Voznak Miroslav , Lupia Andrea
Published: August 2016

The employment of an appropriate Bandwidth Management Scheme (BMS) is needed in wireless networking, given that the main desire of end-users is to take advantage of satisfactory services, in terms of Quality of Service (QoS), especially when a particular charge is paid to meet the requirement. In this paper the authors are interested in investigating how the continuity of services can be guaranteed in QoS networks, when users move from a cell to another one, under an infrastructure cellular coverage. The only way to face this issue is represented by the employment of in-advance bandwidth reservations, although it leads the system to waste bandwidth resources, since they are not used until the mobile host enters the coverage cell where the passive request has been made. A new scheme for predicting user movements is proposed, taking the advantage of the dynamic programming approach, that is able to reduce the number of possible roads to be considered and thereby increasing/decreasing the accuracy/redundancy of the proposed model. Several simulation runs have been carried out in order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed idea.
Social and Location Analysis for Similarity Assessment
Authors: Asmaryan Albert , Levanov Alexey , Borovik Irina
Published: August 2016

This article introduces the method to assess similarity based on Facebook Graph API and users' movements. All movements of users are collected and analyzed. This paper presents a two-step multiparameter algorithm that generates recommendations based on users' social activity and movements. A flexible mechanism for the calculations of time that one spends on a variety of social activities to more accurately identify the relationships between users is presented. To reduce the load on the application the algorithms of data analysis and transfer optimization are proposed. The ultimate result of the study is to build a platform based on the “client-server” model and includes a mobile app on the iOS platform and server, which would be set up on the “LAMP” platform. The given result can be used and applied in various spheres of our lives to identify different relationships between people.
Dynamic Behaviour and Crack Detection of a Multi Cracked Rotating Shaft using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy-Inference System
Authors: Ranjan Rajeev
Published: August 2016

The presence of crack changes the physical characteristics of a structure which in turn alter its dynamic response characteristics. So it is important to understand dynamics of cracked structures. Crack depth and location are the main parameters influencing the vibration characteristics of the rotating shaft. In the present study, a technique based on the measurement of change of natural frequencies has been employed to detect the multiple cracks in rotating shaft. The model of shaft was generated using Finite Element Method. In Finite Element Analysis, the natural frequency of the shaft was calculated by modal analysis using the software ANSYS. The Numerical data were obtained from FEA, then used to train through Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy-Inference System. Then simulations were carried out to test the performance and accuracy of the trained networks. The simulation results show that the proposed ANFIS estimate the locations and depth of cracks precisely.
Experience Teaching Introductory Programming Courses
Authors: Yu Liguo
Published: August 2016

This paper describes the teaching methods and teaching experiences of an instructor who has been teaching computer science freshmen for more than ten years. Problem-based learning has been used in introductory programming courses to enhance the quality of learning. The common problem in introductory programming courses is that instructors quite often focus mainly on programming language syntax and usage but ignore the real world applications of these language features. Accordingly, students are likely to find out that it is difficult to apply their programming skills on solving complex problems in their high level courses. Through introducing problem-based learning in introductory programming courses, students not only could obtain experience of dealing with complex problems, but also could practice other soft skills, such as team working skills, which could better prepare them for junior and senior level coursework and capstone projects. In addition, other philosophy issues related to teaching introductory courses are discussed and tentative solutions are presented.
Investigation on Mechanical Performance of Slender Cold-Formed Steel Channel Column
Authors: Mohd Sani Mohd Syahrul Hisyam , Muftah Fadhluhartini , Tan Cher Siang
Published: August 2016

Cold-formed steel (CFS) is steel based material that has been used broadly in construction and building as non-structural or structural element. Many researchers are studying the CFS as structural element, such as column, beam and roof truss. With a lot of advantages, CFS becoming more popular when distinguished by other material. CFS also owned the unstable and unsafe circumstances when the section in a slender or long column. The main issue that influenced the unstable circumstances for slender column is recognised as local, distortional and global buckling. As a result, the study of the mechanical performance of slender column must be investigated to get some important information for design and analysis intention. Three samples of CFS channel column with a height of 1000, 1500 and 2000 mm are determined. From the testing, the ultimate load of the slender CFS column decreases with increasing of the height of the column. All columns are illustrated having the global buckling when subjected to load. The flange and web deformation of the column is becoming not stiff when the height of the column is increased.
Mechanical Behaviour under Quasi-Static Loading of Open-Cell Foams of 6061-T6 Al Alloys Processed by Pressurized Salt Infiltration Technique
Authors: Soni Bhasker , Biswas Somnath
Published: August 2016

Here, we report the mechanical behaviour of open-cell foams of 6061-T6 Al-alloys under quasi-static loading. The foams were processed by pressurized salt infiltration technique with efficient control over pore size and distribution. Spherical salt beads of NaCl of required size distribution were used as preforms. The molten alloy was infiltrated into the preforms under an inert gas pressure of 2 bar followed by cooling and leaching of the salt pattern in a suitable aqueous medium. The pressurized infiltration process is convenient to overcome the capillary forces arising from the non-wetting conditions between salt beads and molten alloys and offers a versatile and economical route for the production of open-cell foams. The shape, size and distribution of the pores were studied with optical microscope and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). The developed foam samples were cut into required dimensions following ASTM E9-09 standard and their mechanical properties were analyzed under quasi-static compressive loading.
Microstructure Analysis and Low Temperature Degradation Resistance of Doped 3Y-TZP Ceramics for Hip Implant Application
Authors: Ragurajan Dinesh , Golieskardi Mohsen , Satgunam Meenaloshini , Ng Angela Min Hwei
Published: August 2016

The effect of manganese oxide (MnO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) addition of up to 1 wt% in yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP), sintered in air at 1450oC, was examined. The low temperature degradation resistance was observed by immersing the sample in Ringer solution at 37oC over a period of 8 weeks, whereby the weight loss and the SEM image of sample was analyzed to generate the degradation pattern of the sample. Additions of 0.6wt% Al2O3/ 0.4wt% MnO2 were found to be beneficial in retarding the ageing of the ceramics sample. Therefore the sample was deemed beneficial in the use of orthopedic applications.
A Model for Neutron Radiation Damage in Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Structures
Authors: Abdul Amir Haider F. , Husin Abu Hassan , Salleh Saafie , Chee Fuei Pien
Published: August 2016

Neutron bombardment on semiconductor material causes defects, one such primary physical effect is the formation of displacement defects within the crystal lattice structure, and such defects effectively decrease the mean free path and thus shorten the recombination time. Ionizing radiation causes creation of electron-hole pair in the gate oxide and in parasitic insulating layers of the MOS devices. Calculations show increase of the dark current in depletion region caused by a single neutron. Determination of energy and angular distribution of primary knock on atoms, with 14 MeV neutron irradiation in silicon are presented.
Patterning Method of IPMC Actuator Using a Milling Machining
Authors: Shin Bu Hyun , Kim Young Shik , Lee Seung Yop
Published: August 2016

A simple and low-cost patterning method is proposed for arbitrary undulatory motion of IPMC actuator. A commercial milling machine is used to provide desired pattern width and depth on surfaces of IPMC actuator. The copper tape is then used to connect electricity to electrode of patterned surfaces. The 2-segment patterned IPMC actuators are fabricated by combining electroless plating and milling machining which can provide precise patterning and control thickness of Platinum electrode layer. It is experimentally confirmed that the proposed patterned IPMC actuator produces undulatory motion as expected. The suggested method can easily be implemented into the IPMC actuator for various applications.
Peculiarities of Fatliquor Emulsion Preparation Adding Essential Oils and the Fatliquoring Effect on Leather Properties
Authors: Jucyte Agne , Valeika Virgilijus , Sirvaityte Justa , Beleska Kestutis , Valeikiene Violeta
Published: August 2016

Attempts were made to produce emulsions suitable for leather fatliquoring by using technical fatliquoring materials and essential oils. An investigation has shown that essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus or Lavandulae officinalis can be mixed with technical fatliquor materials resulting in stable fatliquoring emulsions, which can be disintegrated by adding electrolytes. The stability of emulsions depends on the sort of essential oil and technical fatliquoring product. The use of essential oil for leather fatliquoring did not disimprove properties of the finished leather.
Comparative Study of Palm Oil and Corn Oil as Corrosion Inhibitor for Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Khalim Nadhirah A. , Hamzah Esah
Published: August 2016

Corrosion can lead to failures in plant infrastructure and machines which are usually costly to repair, contaminating the product and causes environmental damage. Green inhibitor is a corrosion inhibitor which normally comes from the extract of plants and can inhibit corrosion by using chemisorption and/or physisorption mechanism on the metal surface or reacting with metal ions and forming a barrier-type precipitate on its surface. This paper discusses the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel by addition of palm oil and corn oil as green inhibitors. We also compared the effect of these inhibitors in water and salt water environment. The corrosion behaviour of the low carbon steel was determined by immersion and electrochemical tests. The immersion test was carried out by immersing the samples in distilled water and 3.5% NaCl solution with and without the inhibitors for 1,2,4,6 and 8 weeks. The concentration of the inhibitors used was 100 g/L for both corn oil and palm oil. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and X-Ray diffractometer were used to analyse the results. Immersion test results show that there is a slight weight gain for low carbon steel immersed in the presence of inhibitors suggesting that there is a thin protective layer formed which act as a barrier towards corrosion. Corn oil inhibitor in distilled water shows the highest inhibition efficiency. Its inhibition efficiency is 93.9%, which is slightly higher than palm oil (91.5%) in similar environment.
Elevated myocardial oxygen consumption during cutaneous cold stress in young adult overweight and obese Africans
Authors: Olaniyan Toyib , Olatunji Lawrence A.
Published: August 2016

Exaggerated sympathetic-mediated cardiovascular responses to stressful stimuli (such as cold exposure) has been linked to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, which in turn has been demonstrated to predict the development of future hypertension. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that enhanced change in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) to cutaneous cold stress may be one potential mechanism that predisposes overweight/obese individuals in Africa to developing hypertension. The Rate-Pressure-Product (a non-invasive determinant of MVO2) was measured in normotensive young individuals aged between 18 and 25 years at baseline and during sympathetic activation elicited by cutaneous cold stimulation (CCS). Following CCS, there was a significant enhanced rate pressure product (RPP) change in overweight individuals (P=0.019). Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis showed that body mass index, but not body weight had a significant influence on RPP variation following CCS. Thus, it can be concluded that normotensive overweight or obese individuals have an exaggerated RPP response to the CCS. However, exposure to cold may augment sympathetic reactivity in overweight/obese individuals, which may contribute to increased risk of developing myocardial dysfunction, even in young normotensive individuals.
The baseline assessment of Grade 1 learners’ literacy skills in a socio-economically disadvantaged school setting
Authors: Wildschut Zelda , Moodley Trevor , Aronstam Shelley
Published: August 2016

Research has revealed that the academic performances of learners in South Africa are below the required level. The Western Cape Education Department (WCED) launched the literacy and numeracy strategy 2006–2016 in response to the low literacy and numeracy levels. In addition, the WCED introduced the Grade 1 baseline assessment in 2006, as part of the literacy and numeracy strategy. The purpose of this study was to observe the implementation of the Grade 1 literacy baseline assessment programme of the WCED. This study aimed to determine what literacy barriers, if any, the learners were experiencing and to recommend literacy support strategies, in order to inform teaching practices. Purposive sampling was used for the selection of a Grade 1 class, with English as the language of learning and teaching Thirty-seven Grade 1 learners participated in the study. A mixed-methods research design was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The data collection strategies employed
included documentary analysis, by examining participants’ school admission forms to provide biographical information as well as their written baseline assessment scripts. The baseline assessment process was also observed as it was being conducted. The findings suggest that some of the learners experienced literacy barriers in terms of receptive and expressive language, perceptual skills and fine motor development. The data were summarised, and the information was used to describe the literacy barriers in terms of the biographical variables and to recommend learning support strategies for literacy development.
Do high sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosuspatients?
Authors: Umare V , Nadkarni A , Nadkar M , Rajadhyksha A , Khadilkar P , Ghosh K , Pradhan VD
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease where an interplay between acute phase proteins and cytokines are involved in disease activation.

Aim and Objectives:

This case control study was performed to investigate interrelationship between high sensitivity C-reactive proteins (hs-CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and disease activity among SLE patients.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred forty one clinically diagnosed SLE cases were included and disease activity was noted by SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Serum IL-6 levels were measure by cytokine multiplex assay. Serum hs-CRP, C3 and C4 levels were measure by nephelometer. The Pearson correlation test was used for correlation between hs-CRP, Il-6 and SLEDAI.

Results:

Based on SLEDAI, 126 patients (89.4 %) had active disease and 15 patients (10.6%) had inactive disease. Mean hs-CRP levels in SLE patients were significantly higher (12.1+ 11.5 mg/L) than controls (2.41+ 1.37 mg/L) (P < 0.0001). Hs-CRP levels among active SLE were significantly higher (13.5+ 11.4 mg/L) as compared with inactive SLE (4.4 + 2.9 mg/L) (P=0.0002). Similarly, IL-6 levels in SLE patients were significantly higher among active SLE (26.9 + 15.5 pg/ml) as compared with inactive SLE (13.9+ 10.2 pg/ml) (P=0.0001). An inverse correlation between Il-6 and hemoglobin levels between active and inactive SLE was noted (r=-0.46, P <0.0001).

Conclusion:

This study suggests a good correlation between hs-CRP, IL-6 and SLE disease activity indicating their direct involvement in inflammatory conditions associated with disease.
A case–control study of epidemiological factors associated with leptospirosis in South Gujarat region
Authors: Desai KT , Patel F , Patel PB , Nayak S , Patel NB , Bansal RK
Published: August 2016

Background:

The current study was planned to identify the epidemiological factors associated with leptospirosis in South Gujarat region using neighborhood controls.

Methods:

A total of 100 cases of leptospirosis occurred in South Gujarat region during the year 2012 were selected using simple random sampling. Three neighbors of the selected cases formed the controls (n = 300). A pretested structured questionnaire was used for data collection and data were analyzed using Epi Info 2007.

Results:

There was significant association of illiteracy (odds ratio [OR] =1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.14–2.89), working in waterlogged fields during the reference season (OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.6–17.9), swimming/bathing in canals, open air defecation practices, storage of cow dung in or surrounding house, residence in the house made up of cow dung walls, households with access of food to rodents, injuries over hands/foot during the endemic season (OR = 3, 95% CI = 1.8–4.8), and history of skin disease during the endemic season (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 2–8.5), with leptospirosis. Only 10% of individuals had gumboots for protection. A total of 83 (83%) cases and 240 (80%) controls had taken oral doxycycline chemoprophylaxis (P > 0.05). Cases had taken chemoprophylaxis for a median 4 weeks (range: 1–8) while controls had taken the same for median 8 weeks (range = 1–8) (P < 0.002).

Conclusions:

Although the commonly established factors appear to be associated with leptospirosis, the role of host factors seems to play a more important role in determining susceptibility to leptospirosis in exposed individuals.
Genomic Changes in Normal Breast Tissue in Women at Normal Risk or at High Risk for Breast Cancer
Authors: Danforth David N.
Published: August 2016

Sporadic breast cancer develops through the accumulation of molecular abnormalities in normal breast tissue, resulting from exposure to estrogens and other carcinogens beginning at adolescence and continuing throughout life. These molecular changes may take a variety of forms, including numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, epigenetic changes, and gene expression alterations. To characterize these abnormalities, a review of the literature has been conducted to define the molecular changes in each of the above major genomic categories in normal breast tissue considered to be either at normal risk or at high risk for sporadic breast cancer. This review indicates that normal risk breast tissues (such as reduction mammoplasty) contain evidence of early breast carcinogenesis including loss of heterozygosity, DNA methylation of tumor suppressor and other genes, and telomere shortening. In normal tissues at high risk for breast cancer (such as normal breast tissue adjacent to breast cancer or the contralateral breast), these changes persist, and are increased and accompanied by aneuploidy, increased genomic instability, a wide range of gene expression differences, development of large cancerized fields, and increased proliferation. These changes are consistent with early and long-standing exposure to carcinogens, especially estrogens. A model for the breast carcinogenic pathway in normal risk and high-risk breast tissues is proposed. These findings should clarify our understanding of breast carcinogenesis in normal breast tissue and promote development of improved methods for risk assessment and breast cancer prevention in women.
Anthropogenic influences on the physical state of submicron particulate
matter over a tropical forest
Authors: Bateman Adam P. , Gong Zhaoheng , Harder Tristan H. , de Sá Suzane S , Wang Bingbing , Castillo Paulo , China Swarup , Liu Yingjun , O'Brien Rachel E. , Palm Brett , Shiu Hung-Wei , da Silva Glauber , Thalman Ryan , Adachi Kouji , Alexander M. Lizabeth , Artaxo Paulo , Bertram Allan K. , Buseck Peter R. , Gilles Mary K. , Jimenez Jose L. , Laskin Alexander , Manzi Antonio O. , Sedlacek Arthur , Souza Rodrigo A. F. , Wang Jian , Zaveri Rahul , Martin Scot T.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The occurrence of non-liquid and liquid physical states of submicron atmospheric particulate matter (PM) downwind of an urban region in central Amazonia was investigated. Measurements were conducted during two Intensive Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) that took place during the wet and dry seasons, respectively, of the GoAmazon2014/5 campaign. Air masses representing variable influences of background conditions, urban pollution, and regional and continental scale biomass burning passed over the research site. As the air masses varied, particle rebound fraction, which is an indicator of the mix of physical states in a sampled particle population, was measured in real time at ground level using an impactor apparatus. Micrographs collected by transmission electron microscopy confirmed that liquid particles adhered while non-liquid particles rebounded. Relative humidity (RH) was scanned to collect rebound curves. When the apparatus RH matched ambient RH, 95 % of the particles were liquid as a campaign average, although this percentage dropped to as low as 60 % during periods of anthropogenic influence. Secondary organic material, produced for the most part by the oxidation of volatile organic compounds emitted from the forest, was the largest source of liquid PM. Analyses of the mass spectra of the atmospheric PM by positive-matrix factorization (PMF) and of concentrations of carbon monoxide, total particle number, and oxides of nitrogen were used to identify time periods affected by anthropogenic influences, including both urban pollution and biomass burning. The occurrence of non-liquid PM correlated with these indicators of anthropogenic influence. A linear model having as output the rebound fraction and as input the PMF factor loadings explained up to 70 % of the variance in the observed rebound fractions. Anthropogenic influences appear to favor non-liquid PM by providing molecular species that increase viscosity when internally mixed with background PM, by contributing non-liquid particles in external mixtures of PM, and a by combination of these effects under real-world conditions.
Dissolution and precipitation of fractures in soluble rock
Authors: Kaufmann Georg , Gabrovšek Franci , Romanov Douchko
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Soluble rocks such as limestone, anhydrite, and gypsum are characterised by their large secondary permeability, which results from the interaction of water circulating through the rock and dissolving the soluble fracture walls. This highly selective dissolution process enlarges the fractures to voids and eventually cavities, which then carry the majority of flow through an aquifer along preferential flow paths. We employ a numerical model describing the evolution of secondary porosity in a soluble rock to study the evolution of isolated fractures in different rock types. Our main focus is three-fold: The identification of shallow versus deep flow paths and their evolution for different rock types; the effect of precipitation of the dissolved material in the fracture; and finally the complication of fracture enlargement in fractures composed of several different soluble materials. Our results show that the evolution of fractures composed of limestone and gypsum is comparable, but the evolution time scale is drastically different. For anhydrite, owing to its difference in the kinetical rate law describing the removal of soluble rock, when compared to limestone and anhydrite, the evolution is even faster. Precipitation of the dissolved rock due to changes in the hydrochemical conditions can clog fractures fairly fast, thus changing the pattern of preferential pathways in the soluble aquifer, especially with depth. Finally, limestone fracture coated with gypsum, as frequently observed in caves, will result in a substantial increase in fracture enlargement with time, thus giving these fractures a hydraulic advantage over pure limestone fractures in their competition for capturing flow.
Lava flow hazard at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde, before and after the 2014–2015
eruption
Authors: Richter Nicole , Favalli Massimiliano , de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen Elske , Fornaciai Alessandro , da Silva Fernandes Rui Manuel , Pérez Nemesio M. , Levy Judith , Victória Sónia Silva , Walter Thomas R.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Lava flow simulations help to better understand volcanic hazards and may assist emergency preparedness at active volcanoes. We demonstrate that at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde, such simulations can explain the 2014–2015 lava flow crisis and therefore provide a valuable base to better prepare for the next inevitable eruption. We conducted topographic mapping in the field and a satellite-based remote sensing analysis. We produced the first topographic model of the 2014–2015 lava flow from combined terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and photogrammetric data. This high-resolution topographic information facilitates lava flow volume estimates of 43.7 ± 5.2 × 106 m3 from the vertical difference between pre- and posteruptive topographies. Both the pre-eruptive and updated digital elevation models (DEMs) serve as the fundamental input data for lava flow simulations using the well-established DOWNFLOW algorithm. Based on thousands of simulations, we assess the lava flow hazard before and after the 2014–2015 eruption. We find that, although the lava flow hazard has changed significantly, it remains high at the locations of two villages that were destroyed during this eruption. This result is of particular importance as villagers have already started to rebuild the settlements. We also analysed satellite radar imagery acquired by the German TerraSAR-X (TSX) satellite to map lava flow emplacement over time. We obtain the lava flow boundaries every 6 to 11 days during the eruption, which assists the interpretation and evaluation of the lava flow model performance. Our results highlight the fact that lava flow hazards change as a result of modifications of the local topography due to lava flow emplacement. This implies the need for up-to-date topographic information in order to assess lava flow hazards. We also emphasize that areas that were once overrun by lava flows are not necessarily safer, even if local lava flow thicknesses exceed the average lava flow thickness. Our observations will be important for the next eruption of Fogo Volcano and have implications for future lava flow crises and disaster response efforts at basaltic volcanoes elsewhere in the world.
Linking snow depth to avalanche release area size: measurements from the Vallée de la Sionne field site
Authors: Veitinger Jochen , Sovilla Betty
Published: August 2016

Abstract. One of the major challenges in avalanche hazard assessment is the correct estimation of avalanche release area size, which is of crucial importance to evaluate the potential danger that avalanches pose to roads, railways or infrastructure. Terrain analysis plays an important role in assessing the potential size of avalanche releases areas and is commonly based on digital terrain models (DTMs) of a snow-free summer terrain. However, a snow-covered winter terrain can significantly differ from its underlying, snow-free terrain. This may lead to different, and/or potentially larger release areas. To investigate this hypothesis, the relation between avalanche release area size, snow depth and surface roughness was investigated using avalanche observations of artificially triggered slab avalanches over a period of 15 years in a high-alpine field site. High-resolution, continuous snow depth measurements at times of avalanche release showed a decrease of mean surface roughness with increasing release area size, both for the bed surface and the snow surface before avalanche release. Further, surface roughness patterns in snow-covered winter terrain appeared to be well suited to demarcate release areas, suggesting an increase of potential release area size with greater snow depth. In this context, snow depth around terrain features that serve as potential delineation borders, such as ridges or trenches, appeared to be particularly relevant for release area size. Furthermore, snow depth measured at a nearby weather station was, to a considerable extent, related to potential release area size, as it was often representative of snow depth around those critical features where snow can accumulate over a long period before becoming susceptible to avalanche release. Snow depth – due to its link to surface roughness – could therefore serve as a highly useful variable with regard to potential release area definition for varying snow cover scenarios, as, for example, the avalanche hazard assessment for transport routes or ski resorts.
Similitude of ice dynamics against scaling of geometry and physical parameters
Authors: Feldmann Johannes , Levermann Anders
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The concept of similitude is commonly employed in the fields of fluid dynamics and engineering but rarely used in cryospheric research. Here we apply this method to the problem of ice flow to examine the dynamic similitude of isothermal ice sheets in shallow-shelf approximation against the scaling of their geometry and physical parameters. Carrying out a dimensional analysis of the stress balance we obtain dimensionless numbers that characterize the flow. Requiring that these numbers remain the same under scaling we obtain conditions that relate the geometric scaling factors, the parameters for the ice softness, surface mass balance and basal friction as well as the ice-sheet intrinsic response time to each other. We demonstrate that these scaling laws are the same for both the (two-dimensional) flow-line case and the three-dimensional case. The theoretically predicted ice-sheet scaling behavior agrees with results from numerical simulations that we conduct in flow-line and three-dimensional conceptual setups. We further investigate analytically the implications of geometric scaling of ice sheets for their response time. With this study we provide a framework which, under several assumptions, allows for a fundamental comparison of the ice-dynamic behavior across different scales. It proves to be useful in the design of conceptual numerical model setups and could also be helpful for designing laboratory glacier experiments. The concept might also be applied to real-world systems, e.g., to examine the response times of glaciers, ice streams or ice sheets to climatic perturbations.
Anisotropy of seasonal snow measured by polarimetric phase differences in radar time series
Authors: Leinss Silvan , Löwe Henning , Proksch Martin , Lemmetyinen Juha , Wiesmann Andreas , Hajnsek Irena
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The snow microstructure, i.e., the spatial distribution of ice and pores, generally shows an anisotropy which is driven by gravity and temperature gradients and commonly determined from stereology or computer tomography. This structural anisotropy induces anisotropic mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties. We present a method based on radio-wave birefringence to determine the depth-averaged, dielectric anisotropy of seasonal snow with radar instruments from space, air, or ground. For known snow depth and density, the birefringence allows determination of the dielectric anisotropy by measuring the copolar phase difference (CPD) between linearly polarized microwaves propagating obliquely through the snowpack. The dielectric and structural anisotropy are linked by Maxwell–Garnett-type mixing formulas. The anisotropy evolution of a natural snowpack in Northern Finland was observed over four winters (2009–2013) with the ground-based radar instrument "SnowScat". The radar measurements indicate horizontal structures for fresh snow and vertical structures in old snow which is confirmed by computer tomographic in situ measurements. The temporal evolution of the CPD agreed in ground-based data compared to space-borne measurements from the satellite TerraSAR-X. The presented dataset provides a valuable basis for the development of new snow metamorphism models which include the anisotropy of the snow microstructure.
Domestic Incorporation of International Criminal Procedure
Authors: Jørgensen Nina H. B.
Published: August 2016

Rules of procedure define the relationship between the needs of effective enforcement of international criminal law—grounded in the interest of combating impunity—and the individual rights of those affected by the process. It has been said that criminal procedure is the “most vulnerable part of a liberal legal system.” It is vulnerable in part because it is adaptable. It can be adapted to promote fairness in the interactions between an individual and the state, or it can be manipulated to facilitate abuses by those in power. A fair system charts a course for the discovery of the truth but recognizes that this destination cannot be reached at all costs. For example, confessions obtained under torture are inadmissible under international rules of procedure and evidence.
Coronelismo eletrônico: a concentração do poder midiático nacional e no Paraná
Authors: Pierone Geraldo Magela , Zapani Andre Kron Marques
Published: August 2016

Este artigo objetiva analisar o campo midiático brasileiro, particularmente o espaço paranaense, e suas práticas dominadas pelo clientelismo e concentração do poder. Trataremos das origens institucionais das relações de poder na esfera social e midiática e do surgimento do protagonista indissociável deste campo – o “coronel eletrônico” – bem como da sua importância no contexto da proposta deste artigo (concentração do poder da mídia). Partindo desta premissa será estudada a convergência conflituosa e tendência do poder político e meios de comunicação sociais, tomando por base pesquisas quantitativas que evidenciam a ilegal direção/posse de empresas radiofônicas em nome de parlamentares federais e estaduais. Observaremos, também, outra característica controversa presente no campo comunicacional nacional – a propriedade cruzada – que é responsável pela retração da globalização das mídias, pelo soterramento reiterado da informação e relevante fomentadora desta aglutinação dos órgãos de comunicação.
Um olhar sobre o passado: tensionamentos na pesquisa em História do Jornalismo
Authors: Anunciação Cristiano
Published: August 2016

O entrecruzamento entre história e jornalismo gera uma série de tensionamentos na pesquisa em história do jornalismo. No vínculo entre esses dois campos, identificamos, primeiramente, o problema de identidade que pode viver o pesquisador do jornalismo. Afinal, ao debruçar-se sobre o passado, faria ele uma historiografia ou efetivamente uma pesquisa nesta subárea da Comunicação? O modo como o pesquisador lida com tal questionamento interfere na sua relação com o objeto de estudo. Daí, como evidenciar as diversas formas de fazer jornalismo (processos jornalísticos) e as características do contexto analisado (processos históricos)? Este trabalho visa, portanto, discutir essas questões e buscar pistas que possam auxiliar o pesquisador que realiza uma história do jornalismo. Uma hipótese que aparece aqui é que os produtos jornalísticos têm muito a dizer sobre os processos jornalísticos, bem como os processos históricos.
Mídia pública no Brasil: do estatal ao não-comercial
Authors: Carvalho Guilherme Gonçalves
Published: August 2016

Propõe-se uma releitura conceitual de “mídia pública” no Brasil, considerando três elementos preliminares para a construção desse artigo: a produção acadêmica ligada diretamente ao tema considerando as análises de diferentes casos nacionais, o “empréstimo” da teoria sobre a esfera pública e a esfera privada de Habermas. Consideramos como terceiro elemento as leituras sobre a realidade política brasileira. A partir da revisão bibliográfica e da teorização do tema, elaboramos o que consideramos como uma proposta conceitual para mídia pública no Brasil que procura uma definição mais abrangente, partindo de questões estruturais.
A máquina do tempo/The time's machine
Authors: De Camargo Hertz Wendel
Published: August 2016

Para nossa capa, escolhemos o trabalho do fotógrafo alemão Florian Klauer. Ao virarmos a página, a máquina de escrever – representação de infinitas possibilidades de discursos e ideias, do devir criativo, símbolo do ato comunicativo – surge em outra imagem, desta vez, decomposta, dissecada. Sua força visual está na conexão com o papel do pesquisador: compreender o todo, analisar as partes, ou vice-versa, ou reconfigurar as peças criando outras coisas que ali estavam dormentes.
Is patient safety sufficient in Japan? Differences in patient safety between Japan and the United States – Learning from the United States
Authors: Hirose Masahiro
Published: August 2016

In Japan, patient safety has been promoted at all levels since the 1999 landmark adverse medical event at Yokohama City University Hospital (YCUH). However, patients do not believe that health care is becoming safer. Furthermore, two university hospitals (UHs) that were designated as “advanced treatment hospitals” had their status revoked by the Health Ministry as of June 1, 2015 due to patient safety problems. The history of patient safety in Japan can be roughly divided into two terms: 1999-2009 and since 2010. In the first term, a basic patient safety system was established that included the creation of a patient safety division and an incident-reporting system from the perspective of systems error rather than individual responsibility. Additionally, many companies have promoted the improvement and development of drugs and medical devices in collaboration with health care providers. The two recent serious medical errors at UHs seemed to occur partially due to a lack of medical ethics. Unlike in the United States (US), in Japan, there is no medical license renewal system, the organizations that govern physicians are weak, and the framework of lifelong education is inadequate. Therefore, the second term involves a mindset of quality-driven patient safety. It requires health care providers and policy makers to change their mindset toward medical ethics and patient safety by learning from the US and demands a strong organization and framework to govern physicians in Japan.
Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership Style Empirical Research on Public Schools in Jordan
Authors: Hunitie Mohammad
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and transformational leadership (TL) style in public schools in Amman, Jordan. A sample consisting of 250 teachers was randomly selected to collect data on their managers’ EI competencies, which are self-awareness (SEA), self-management (SEM), social awareness (SOA), and relationship management (REM), and their TL behaviours using a questionnaire developed based on the literature for the purpose of the current study. All the questionnaires were returned completed and valid for statistical analysis. Four hypotheses were put forward by the study, in which EI was postulated to exert an impact on four dimensions of TL style, namely idealized influence (IDI), inspirational motivation (INM), intellectual stimulation (INS), and individualized consideration (INC). The study deduced a significant and positive effect of EI on all the dimensions of TL. A key contribution of this study is the finding that leaders need not only competencies to transform their subordinates but also a sense of emotional intelligence. Following these results, the implications of the study were derived. One of the most important recommendations indicated that managers have to be trained to acquire emotional intelligence skills.
Navigeren door het labyrint van grensoverschrijdende detachering
Authors: Laagland Femke
Published: August 2016

Navigeren door het labyrint van grensoverschrijdende detachering

De vraag hoeveel werknemersbescherming lidstaten aan uit het buitenland gedetacheerde werknemers kunnen toekennen, heeft de gemoederen lange tijd bezig gehouden. De zaak Laval bracht duidelijkheid, maar heeft ook tot nieuwe uitdagingen geleid. Verschillende constructies zijn ingezet om de loonkosten zo laag mogelijk te houden. Denk aan het vermijden van permanente detachering, maar ook aan het oprichten van buitenlandse bv’s die werknemers naar Nederlandse concernonderdelen detacheren. De constructies zijn lucratief omdat de juridische status bepaalt waarop de buitenlandse werknemer recht heeft. De ene keer bestaat recht op de hardekern-arbeidsvoorwaarden en de andere keer op alle (dwingende) arbeidsrechtelijke bepalingen uit het werkland. Bovendien kennen de verschillende typen detachering uit de Detacheringsrichtlijn – contracting, intra-concernuitlening en uitzending – ook elk hun eigen arbeidsrechtelijke regime. In dit artikel staat centraal wanneer nu welk arbeidsrechtelijk regime geldt en waarom. De auteur beantwoordt deze vraag aan de hand van de fundamentele verkeersvrijheden, het internationaal privaatrecht en het Nederlandse nationale arbeidsrecht. Ook is er aandacht voor het voorstel tot aanpassing van de Detacheringsrichtlijn van maart dit jaar.
Forecasting Water Demand in Phoenix, Ariz.
Authors: Fullerton Thomas M. , Cárdenas Juan P.
Published: August 2016

Short‐term water demand forecasts support water utility planning efforts. This study applies a linear transfer function (LTF) approach to model and forecast water demand for single‐family residential, multi‐family residential, and nonresidential customer categories in Phoenix, Ariz. Among other things, nonresidential water usage is found to be somewhat more price‐responsive than residential usage. Variations in responses to weather and economic variables are also documented for the various customer categories. Out‐of‐sample demand simulations are generated for periods when actual demand is known. Descriptive accuracy metrics and two formal tests are used to analyze the accuracy of LTF projections against two random‐walk benchmarks. The descriptive accuracy results for per‐customer water usage forecasts in most cases favor the LTF model, but the improvements in accuracy with respect to the benchmarks are statistically insignificant in most cases. Mixed accuracy results are obtained from an analysis of the LTF customer base forecasts.
Monitoring‐Based Framework to Detect and Manage Lead Water Service Lines
Authors: Deshommes Elise , Bannier Alicia , Laroche Laurent , Nour Shokoufeh , Prévost Michèle
Published: August 2016

Profile sampling was conducted using 112 dwellings of various types and configurations of water pipes consisting of lead service lines (LSLs). A detailed investigation of plumbing volumes was conducted in 44 of these homes. Results revealed a wide range of piping volume and associated lead profiling trends. These differences are critical for exposure assessment and interpretation of regulatory sampling results that most often use first draw results after stagnation. Moreover, while peak lead levels in the profiles were comparable between households, the volume in which these elevated lead levels occurred varied with dwelling type and LSL configuration. Mean profile concentrations were successfully correlated to concentrations after flushing, suggesting that a simplified LSL detection protocol could be applied on a large scale. A framework is proposed on the basis of these results to screen for LSLs, validate lead reduction strategies, identify sites at risk of elevated exposure, and support public health actions.
Harvested Rainwater Quality Before and After Treatment and Distribution in Residential Systems
Authors: Kim Taegyu , Lye Dennis , Donohue Maura , Mistry Jatin H. , Pfaller Stacy , Vesper Stephen , Kirisits Mary Jo
Published: August 2016

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is an alternative method of providing water for indoor domestic use, but the water quality after treatment and distribution at individual residences is not well documented. In this study, water quality parameters were measured at the cistern and indoor cold‐water taps of six residential RWH systems that use various treatment processes. Potential human pathogens (Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger) were found frequently in cisterns and in treated rainwater delivered at the tap; Legionella pneumophila was not detected as frequently, but it persisted in a system after its first detection. The observed decreases in bacterial concentrations from the cistern to the tap after filtration/ultraviolet (UV) treatment and distribution were less than expected; this suggests deficiencies in the effectiveness of the filtration/UV processes employed and/or degradation in water quality in the distribution system due to the absence of a disinfectant residual.
Unveiling the Unpredicted and Uncontrolled Metastasis of Cancer Cells: A Minireview
Authors: Pravin K. Naoghare  , Ajam Shekh  , Amit Bafana  , Kannan Krishnamurthi  , Saravanadevi Sivanesan
Published: August 2016

Cancer as an historical disease is known to occur since several hundred years and still prevails till date as one of the most feared diseases. Its occurrence and/or progression are considered as the outcome of the series of accumulated ocogenic changes in the cell those transform it from benign to invasive or metastatic. It has been observed that most of the metastatic cancers are not curable and the available drugs focus on steadying the tumour growth to prevent further metastasis. Metastasis remains the cause of around 90% of the cancer deaths. Fundamental understanding of metastasis and recent advancements in metastasis driven cancer research may help to strengthen and bring in practice the new and advanced approaches for cancer treatment. In view of this, we review in detail the molecular mechanism of metastasis, problems in diagnosing and treating metastasis, and recent developments in cancer biology. Future efforts in order to unveil the unpredicted and uncontrolled metastasis of cancer cells have also been summarised.