bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body Mass Index and the Risk of Adult-Onset Asthma: A Prospective Observational Study among 59,668 Middle-Aged Men and Women in Finland
Authors: Vartiainen Ville A. , Jousilahti Pekka , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Laatikainen Tiina , Vartiainen Erkki
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Obesity, in addition to many other negative health consequences, affects pulmonary function and is a potential risk factor for asthma. Methods: We analyzed the association of body mass index (BMI) with incident asthma among 60,639 Finnish men and women aged 25 to 74 years who participated in a population-based chronic disease risk factor survey in 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, or 2012. Data on lifestyle factors such as smoking and physical activity, as well as medical history, were obtained, and various physical measurements, including height and weight, were taken at baseline. Incident asthma events were ascertained from the National Social Insurance Institution’s register data. The study cohorts were followed-up until the end of 2017 through registers. Results: During the follow-up, 4612 (14%) women and 2578 (9.3%) men developed asthma. The risk of asthma was analyzed in the following three BMI categories: <24.9 (reference category), 25–29.9 (overweight) and ≥30 kg/m2 (obesity). Hazard ratios (95% CI) were 1.34 (1.24–1.43) and 1.57 (1.44–1.71) in women and 1.25 (1.14–1.37) and 1.63 (1.44–1.83) in men. The observed association was independent of smoking, height and leisure-time physical activity. In women, 30.8% (19.2% in men) of the total asthma incidence was attributed to overweight and obesity. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are important risk factors for asthma.
A Systematic Review of the Gene–Lifestyle Interactions on Metabolic Disease-Related Outcomes in Arab Populations
Authors: AlAnazi Maria M. , Ventura Eduard Flores , Lovegrove Julie A. , Vimaleswaran Karani Santhanakrishnan
Published: August 2024

The increased prevalence of metabolic diseases in the Arab countries is mainly associated with genetic susceptibility, lifestyle behaviours, such as physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet. The objective of this review was to investigate and summarise the findings of the gene–lifestyle interaction studies on metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes in Arab populations. Relevant articles were retrieved from a literature search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar starting at the earliest indexing date through to January 2024. Articles that reported an interaction between gene variants and diet or physical activity were included and excluded if no interaction was investigated or if they were conducted among a non-Arab population. In total, five articles were included in this review. To date, among three out of twenty-two Arab populations, fourteen interactions have been found between the FTO rs9939609, TCF7L2 rs7903146, MC4R rs17782313, and MTHFR rs1801133 polymorphisms and diet or physical activity on obesity and type 2 diabetes outcomes. The majority of the reported gene–diet/ gene–physical activity interactions (twelve) appeared only once in the review. Consequently, replication, comparisons, and generalisation of the findings are limited due to the sample size, study designs, dietary assessment tools, statistical analysis, and genetic heterogeneity of the studied sample.
Unveiling the Relationship between Structure and Anticancer Properties of Permethylated Anigopreissin A: A Study with Thirteen Analogues
Authors: Caivano Ilaria , Santarsiere Alessandro , Amati Mario , Convertini Paolo , Funicello Maria , Lupattelli Paolo , Chiummiento Lucia , Santarsiero Anna
Published: August 2024

Permethylated anigopreissin A (PAA), a fully protected form of the natural anigopreissin A, was found in our previous study to be active against several cancer cells, up to IC50 0.24 μM for HepG2 cells. Herein, a total of thirteen PAA analogues with variations in the number, position of substituents and unsaturation were synthesised starting from a common precursor, and their ability to induce cell growth inhibition was tested. By comparing the antiproliferative effect of the analogues with PAA and with the help of computational studies, we have gained valuable insights into both the biological activity and structure of this natural class of compounds. Indeed, we discovered the importance of the C-3 ring in modulating the biological activity of PAA, as well as the crucial role of the trans configuration of the styryl double bond and the significance of substitutions on the other parts of the molecule.
Synthesis and Properties of 3,8-Diaryl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones
Authors: Shoji Taku , Ando Daichi , Iwabuchi Masayuki , Okujima Tetsuo , Sekiguchi Ryuta , Ito Shunji
Published: August 2024

Synthesis of 3,8-diaryl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones was accomplished by the one-pot procedure involving sequential iodation and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. The optical and structural characteristics of 3,8-diaryl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones prepared were scrutinized using UV/Vis spectroscopy, theoretical calculations, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The redox properties of the compounds were also evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The findings reveal that the introduction of aryl groups at both the 3- and 8-positions significantly influences the electronic properties of the CHFs, resulting in distinct optical and electrochemical characteristics.
Aromatic Functionalized Indanones and Indanols: Broad Spectrum Intermediates for Drug Candidate Diversification
Authors: Nugent Thomas C. , Shitole Nilesh N.
Published: August 2024

A series of new aromatic substituted indanone and indanol building blocks have been prepared and are anticipated to aid future drug discovery studies. In total, seven compounds (7, 12–17) are expounded on, and all have been fully characterized. In doing so, we have shown multiple examples of highly chemoselective reactions. One example employed an adaptation of Fujioka’s chemoselective reduction methodology, allowing an ester to be reduced in the presence of a ketone. In another example, an uncommon benzylic methyl group to aldehyde oxidation was demonstrated for two different compounds. These and other chemoselective interconversions allowed us to identify compound (12) as a remarkably flexible springboard for accessing a diverse array of indan-based building blocks (13–17).
Autistic Children/Adolescents Have Lower Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Higher Salivary IL-6 Concentration: Potential Diet–Inflammation Links?
Authors: Fuentes-Albero Milagros , Mafla-España Mayra Alejandra , Martínez-Raga José , Cauli Omar
Published: August 2024

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders. Many patients with ASD often show behavioral problems at mealtimes, including food selectivity and atypical feeding behaviors. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has a beneficial effect on mental health for the general population across different ages. There is evidence that good adherence to the MD is effective in reducing peripheral inflammatory markers, such as the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). The present study was designed to evaluate adherence to the MD in children with ASD using age- and sex-matched, typically developing individuals (TDs) as a control group and to determine whether differences in adherence to the MD are associated with salivary IL-6 and IL-6 receptor concentration. Methods: Twenty children and adolescents with ASD (mean age 9.95 ± 0.65 years) and twenty TDs (mean age: 9.85 ± 0.59 years) participated in this study (N = 16 males and N = 4 females in each group). Participants with ASD were enrolled in a psychiatric consultation in Valencia (Spain), and TDs were recruited from two public schools in Valencia. The parents of both ASD and TD groups answered the items in a validated Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and adolescents (KIDMED) questionnaire on their children’s adherence to the MD. Results: The mean adherence to MD score was significantly lower in the ASD group (9.10 ± 0.42) (range 6–12) than in the TD group (10.35 ± 0.31) (range 8–12) (p = 0.02, Mann–Whitney U test). There was no statistically significant association between adherence to the MD and age or sex in both groups, but there was a significant correlation between the total KIDMED score and body mass index (BMI) in the ASD group. Regarding the concentration of Il-6 and the Il-6 receptor in saliva samples, there were no significant differences between the two groups; however, linear regression analysis by group revealed significant associations between the adherence to MD score and the concentration of IL-6 and its receptor in saliva in the ASD group (p = 0.003, OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.007 to −0.02; p = 0.009, OR = −0.64, 95% CI −0.01 to −0.00). In contrast, no significant associations were observed between the adherence to MD score and the concentration of IL-6 and its receptor in saliva in the TD group. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with ASD showed significantly lower adherence to the MD, which can contribute to nutritional deficits described in ASD, and the role of BMI composition (fat versus lean mass) needs to be further investigated in this group. The concentration of IL-6 and its receptor in saliva is associated with adherence to the MD, suggesting a possible link between IL-6 and diet in ASD. Further studies to clarify the associations between IL-6, psychiatric alterations, and diet in ASD are needed.
Distraction Enterogenesis in Rats: A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: O’Quin Collyn , Clayton Sean D. , Trosclair Lexus , Meyer Hannah , Dao Nhi H. , Minagar Andrew , White Luke , Welch Valerie , Solitro Giovanni , Alexander Jonathan Steven , Sorrells Donald
Published: August 2024

Background: Surgeons often encounter patients with intestinal failure due to inadequate intestinal length (“short bowel syndrome”/SBS). Treatment in these patients remains challenging and the process of physiologic adaptation may take years to complete, which frequently requires parenteral nutrition. We propose a proof-of-concept mechanical bowel elongation approach using a self-expanding prototype of an intestinal expansion sleeve (IES) for use in SBS to accelerate the adaptation process. Methods: IESs were deployed in the small intestines of Sprague Dawley rats. Mechanical characterization of these prototypes was performed. IES length–tension relationships and post-implant bowel expansion were measured ex vivo. Bowel histology before and after implantation was evaluated. Results: IES mechanical studies demonstrated decreasing expansive force with elongation. The deployment of IES devices produced an immediate 21 ± 8% increase in bowel length (p < 0.001, n = 11). Mechanical load testing data showed that the IESs expressed maximum expansive forces at 50% compression of the initial pre-contracted length. The small-intestine failure load in the rats was 1.88 ± 21 N. Intestinal histology post deployment of the IES showed significant expansive changes compared to unstretched bowel tissue. Conclusions: IES devices were scalable to the rat intestinal model in our study. The failure load of the rat small intestine was many times higher than the force exerted by the contraction of the IES. Histology demonstrated preservation of intestinal structure with some mucosal erosion. Future in vivo rat studies on distraction enterogenesis with this IES should help to define this organogenesis phenomenon.
Attitudes and Skills in Basic Life Support after Two Types of Training: Traditional vs. Gamification, of Compulsory Secondary Education Students: A Simulation Study
Authors: Rodríguez-García Adrián , Ruiz-García Giovanna , Navarro-Patón Rubén , Mecías-Calvo Marcos
Published: August 2024

It is recommended to implement the teaching of Basic Life Support (BLS) in schools; however, studies on the best training method are limited and have been a priority in recent years. The objective of this study was to analyze the attitudes and practical skills learned during BLS training using a gamified proposal. A comparative study was carried out, consisting of Compulsory Secondary Education students [control group (CG; classical teaching) and experimental group (EG; gamified proposal)]. The instruments used were the CPR and AED action sequence observation sheet, data from the Laerdal Resusci Anne manikin and AED and Attitude Questionnaire towards Basic Life Support and the Use of the Automated External Defibrillator. Sixty-eight students (33 girls) with a mean age of 13.91 ± 0.70 years were recruited. Results were significantly better in the EG (n = 37) [i.e., breathing control (p = 0.037); call to emergency services (p = 0.049); mean compression depth (p = 0.001); self-confidence (p = 0.006); intention to perform BLS and AED (p = 0.002)]; and significantly better in the CG (n = 31) [Total percentage of CPR (p < 0.001); percentage of correct compression (p < 0.001); time to apply effective shock with AED (p < 0.001); demotivation (p = 0.005). We can conclude that the group that was trained with the training method through the gamified proposal presents better intentions and attitudes to act in the event of cardiac arrest than those of the classic method. This training method allows for similar results in terms of CPR and AED skills to classical teaching, so it should be taken into account as a method for teaching BLS to secondary education students.
Body Mass Index Changes at 1.5 and 3 Years of Age Affect Adult Body Composition
Authors: Miyayama Chiharu , Shoji Hiromichi , Murano Yayoi , Ito Kanami , Saita Mizue , Naito Toshio , Fukuda Hiroshi , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: August 2024

Early childhood lays the foundation for many outcomes in later life. Recent studies suggest that early childhood development may contribute to lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood; however, there have been few investigations on this association among adults in Japan. Therefore, we examined the relationship between recent physical measurements in adults who underwent health checkups at our university and their physical measurements at birth and during infancy recorded in the Maternal and Child Health Handbook. The median age and body mass index (BMI) of the participants were 36 years and 20.4 kg/m2, respectively. BMI at the time of health checkup in adults did not correlate with physical measurements at birth, but it was found to be associated with BMI at 1.5 (regression coefficient (β) 0.53, p < 0.05) and 3 (β 0.7, p < 0.01) years of age. In addition, the waist-to-height ratio in adulthood was also associated with BMI at 1.5 (β 0.01, p < 0.05) and 3 (β 0.01, p < 0.05) years of age. These findings suggest that it is critical to provide appropriate guidance to children with high BMI and their parents during health checkups to prevent lifestyle-related disorders in adulthood.
A Mitochondria-Targeted Heptamethine Indocyanine Small Molecular Chelator for Attenuating Uranium Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Du Zaizhi , Huang Xie , Wu Zifei , Gao Mingquan , Li Rong , Luo Shenglin
Published: August 2024

Radionuclide uranium has both a chemical and radioactive toxicity, leading to severe nephrotoxicity as it predominantly deposits itself in the kidneys after entering into human bodies. It crosses renal cell membranes, accumulates in mitochondria and causes mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction. In this study, a mitochondria-targeted heptamethine indocyanine small molecule chelator modified with gallic acid (IR-82) is synthesized for uranium detoxication. Both gallic acid and sulfonic acid, as two hydrophilic endings, make IR-82, being excreted feasibly through kidneys. Gallic acid with polyphenol groups has a steady metal chelation effect and potent antioxidant ability, which may facilitate IR-82-alleviated uranium nephrotoxicity simultaneously by enhancing uranium decorporation from the kidneys and reducing mitochondrial oxidative damage. Cell viability assays demonstrate that IR-82 can significantly improve the cell viability of uranium-exposed human renal (HK-2) cells. It is also demonstrated to accumulate in mitochondria and reduce mitochondrial ROS and total intracellular ROS, as well as intracellular uranium content. In vivo imaging experiments in mice show that IR-82 could be excreted out through kidneys. ICP-MS tests further reveal that IR-82 can efficiently decrease the uranium deposition in mouse kidneys. IR-82 treatment improves the animal survival rate and renal function of experimental mice after high-dose uranium exposure. Collectively, our study may evidence that the development of uranium decorporation agents with kidney–mitochondrion dual targeting abilities is a promising strategy for attenuating uranium-induced nephrotoxicity.
Bacteroides uniformis Ameliorates Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Diabetic Mice by Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism via the Gut–Liver Axis
Authors: Zhu Xue-Xue , Zhao Chen-Yang , Meng Xin-Yu , Yu Xiao-Yi , Ma Lin-Chun , Chen Tian-Xiao , Chang Chang , Chen Xin-Yu , Zhang Yuan , Hou Bao , Cai Wei-Wei , Du Bin , Han Zhi-Jun , Qiu Li-Ying , Sun Hai-Jian
Published: August 2024

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic syndrome characterized by chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and islet cell damage. The prevention of T2DM and its associated complications is an urgent public health issue that affects hundreds of millions of people globally. Numerous studies suggest that disturbances in gut metabolites are important driving forces for the pathogenesis of diabetes. However, the functions and mechanisms of action of most commensal bacteria in T2DM remain largely unknown. Methods: The quantification of bile acids (BAs) in fecal samples was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). The anti-diabetic effects of Bacteroides uniformis (B. uniformis) and its metabolites cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were assessed in T2DM mice induced by streptozocin (STZ) plus high-fat diet (HFD). Results: We found that the abundance of B. uniformis in the feces and the contents of CA and CDCA were significantly downregulated in T2DM mice. B. uniformis was diminished in diabetic individuals and this bacterium was sufficient to promote the production of BAs. Colonization of B. uniformis and intragastric gavage of CA and CDCA effectively improved the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM mice by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis in the liver. CA and CDCA improved hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by acting on the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5)/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway since knockdown of TGR5 minimized the benefit of CA and CDCA. Furthermore, we screened a natural product—vaccarin (VAC)—that exhibited anti-diabetic effects by promoting the growth of B. uniformis in vitro and in vivo. Gut microbiota pre-depletion abolished the favorable effects of VAC in diabetic mice. Conclusions: These data suggest that supplementation of B. uniformis may be a promising avenue to ameliorate T2DM by linking the gut and liver.
Prediction of Protein Targets in Ovarian Cancer Using a Ru-Complex and Carbon Dot Drug Delivery Therapeutic Nanosystems: A Bioinformatics and µ-FTIR Spectroscopy Approach
Authors: Nešić Maja D. , Dučić Tanja , Gemović Branislava , Senćanski Milan , Algarra Manuel , Gonçalves Mara , Stepić Milutin , Popović Iva A. , Kapuran Đorđe , Petković Marijana
Published: August 2024

We predicted the protein therapeutic targets specific to a Ru-based potential drug and its combination with pristine and N-doped carbon dot drug delivery systems, denoted as RuCN/CDs and RuCN/N-CDs. Synchrotron-based FTIR microspectroscopy (µFTIR) in addition to bioinformatics data on drug structures and protein sequences were applied to assess changes in the protein secondary structure of A2780 cancer cells. µFTIR revealed the moieties of the target proteins’ secondary structure changes only after the treatment with RuCN and RuCN/N-CDs. A higher content of α-helices and a lower content of β-sheets appeared in A2780 cells after RuCN treatment. Treatment with RuCN/N-CDs caused a substantial increase in parallel β-sheet numbers, random coil content, and tyrosine residue numbers. The results obtained suggest that the mitochondrion-related proteins NDUFA1 and NDUFB5 are affected by RuCN either via overexpression or stabilisation of helical structures. RuCN/N-CDs either induce overexpression of the β-sheet-rich protein NDUFS1 and affect its random coil structure or interact and stabilise its structure via hydrogen bonding between -NH2 groups from N-CDs with protein C=O groups and –OH groups of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. The N-CD nanocarrier tunes this drug’s action by directing it toward a specific protein target, changing this drug’s coordination ability and inducing changes in the protein’s secondary structures and function.
Pulmonary Inhalation of Biotherapeutics: A Systematic Approach to Understanding the Effects of Atomisation Gas Flow Rate on Particle Physiochemical Properties and Retained Bioactivity
Authors: Foley Laura , Ziaee Ahmad , Walker Gavin , O’Reilly Emmet
Published: August 2024

The identification of spray-drying processing parameters capable of producing particles suitable for pulmonary inhalation with retained bioactivity underpins the development of inhalable biotherapeutics. Effective delivery of biopharmaceuticals via pulmonary delivery routes such as dry powder inhalation (DPI) requires developing techniques that engineer particles to well-defined target profiles while simultaneously minimising protein denaturation. This study examines the simultaneous effects of atomisation gas flow rate on particle properties and retained bioactivity for the model biopharmaceutical lysozyme. The results show that optimising the interplay between atomisation gas flow rate and excipient concentration enables the production of free-flowing powder with retained bioactivity approaching 100%, moisture content below 4%, and D50 < 4 µm, at yields exceeding 50%. The developed methodologies inform the future design of protein-specific spray-drying parameters for inhalable biotherapeutics.
Comparative Analysis of Free-Running and Gating Imaging Modes of SPAD Sensors
Authors: Sun Xin , Yan Hu , He Hongcun , Kong Xiangshun , Mao Chen , Yan Feng
Published: August 2024

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a photon-counting sensor renowned for its exceptional single-photon sensitivity. One significant feature of SPADs is their non-linear response to light, making them ideal for high-dynamic range imaging applications. In SPAD imaging, the photon detection mode, which depends on the quenching method employed, is crucial for optimizing image quality and dynamic range. This paper examines the free-running and gating imaging modes, evaluating their impacts on photon capture and saturation limits. Given that the number of incident photons follows a Poisson distribution, we introduce an innovative imaging-quenching model based on statistical mathematics. We designed and fabricated two SPAD imaging sensors using 180 nm CMOS technology. Image processing and evaluation were conducted using a mapping method. Our results show that in low-light conditions, the gating mode surpasses the free-running mode in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, the free-running mode exhibits a saturation limit of more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the gating mode, demonstrating its superior capability to handle a broader range of light intensities. This paper provides a thorough analysis of the differences between the two imaging methods, incorporating the theoretical mathematical model, circuit characteristics, and computed imaging quality.
Improved Structured Light Centerline Extraction Algorithm Based on Unilateral Tracing
Authors: Huang Yu , Kang Wenjing , Lu Zhengang
Published: August 2024

The measurement precision of a line-structured light measurement system is directly affected by the accuracy of extracting the center points of the laser stripes. When the measured object’s surface has significant undulations and severe reflections, existing algorithms are prone to issues such as significant susceptibility to noise and the extraction of false center points. To address these issues, an improved unilateral tracing-based structured light centerline extraction algorithm is proposed. The algorithm first performs unilateral and bidirectional tracing on the upper boundary of the preprocessed laser stripes, then uses the grayscale centroid method to extract the initial coordinates of the center points, and finally corrects them by calculating the stripe’s normal direction using the Hessian matrix. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can still extract the stripe center points well under strong interference, with the RMSE reduced by 37% compared to the Steger method and the running speed increased by almost 4 times compared to the grayscale centroid method. The algorithm’s strong robustness, high accuracy, and efficiency provide a viable solution for real-time measurement of line-structured light and high-precision three-dimensional reconstruction.
Studies on the Comparative Response of Fibers Obtained from the Pastazzo of Citrus bergamia and Cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica on In Vitro Model of Neuroinflammation
Authors: Maiuolo Jessica , Liuzzi Federico , Spagnoletta Anna , Oppedisano Francesca , Macrì Roberta , Scarano Federica , Caminiti Rosamaria , Nucera Saverio , Serra Maria , Palma Ernesto , Muscoli Carolina , Mollace Vincenzo
Published: August 2024

Adhering to a healthy diet has a protective effect on human health, including a decrease in inflammatory diseases due to consuming fiber. The purpose of this manuscript was to obtain and compare two extracts based on fiber (BF and IF-C), derived from two plants particularly present in the Mediterranean region: bergamot (Citrus bergamia) and prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica). The parts used by these plants have been the “pastazzo” for the bergamot and the cladodes for the prickly pear. In addition to in vitro evaluations, the antioxidant activity was also measured on human neurons under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, the extracts of interest were examined for their effects on the cell cycle and the regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, caspase 9 and 3, induced by LPS. The results indicated that both extracts had a protective effect against LPS-induced damage, with BF consistently exhibiting superior functionality compared to IF-C. Moreover, the extracts can reduce inflammation, which is a common process of disease. By exploring this avenue, studying the consumption of dietary fiber could enhance our understanding of its positive effects, but additional experiments are needed to confirm this.
Association Mapping of Seed Coat Color Characteristics for Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
Authors: Heo Tae Hyeon , Park Hyeon , Kim Nam-Wook , Cho Jungeun , Mo Changyeun , Ryu Si-Hwan , Choi Jae-Keun , Park Ki Jin , Sa Kyu Jin , Lee Ju Kyong
Published: August 2024

Waxy maize is mainly cultivated in South Korea for the production of food and snacks, and colored maize with increased anthocyanin content is used in the production of functional foods and medicinal products. Association mapping analysis (AMA) is supported as the preferred method for identifying genetic markers associated with complex traits. Our study aimed to identify molecular markers associated with two anthocyanin content and six seed coat color traits in near-isogenic lines (NILs) of colored waxy maize assessed through AMA. We performed AMA for 285 SSR loci and two anthocyanin content and six seed coat color traits in 10 NILs of colored waxy maize. In the analysis of population structure and cluster formation, the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2ho” variety waxy maize and the 10 NILs were clearly divided into two groups, with each group containing one of the two parental inbred lines. In the AMA, 62 SSR markers were associated with two seed anthocyanin content and six seed coat color traits in the 10 NILs. All the anthocyanin content and seed coat color traits were associated with SSR markers, ranging from 2 to 12 SSR markers per characteristic. The 12 SSR markers were together associated with both of the two anthocyanin content (kuromanin and peonidin) traits. Our current results demonstrate the effectiveness of SSR analysis for the examination of genetic diversity, relationships, and population structure and AMA in 10 NILs of colored waxy maize and the two parental lines of the “Mibaek 2ho” variety waxy maize.
Evaluation of the Antigenotoxic Potential of Two Types of Chayote (Sechium edule) Juices
Authors: Madrigal-Santillán Eduardo , Portillo-Reyes Jacqueline , Morales-González José A. , Garcia-Melo Luis F. , Serra-Pérez Estrella , Vidović Kristijan , Sánchez-Gutiérrez Manuel , Álvarez-González Isela , Madrigal-Bujaidar Eduardo
Published: August 2024

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz is a perennial herbaceous climbing plant with tendrils and tuberous roots belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family. Its fruits (“chayote”), stems, roots, and leaves are edible and are commonly ingested by humans. It has shown medicinal properties attributed to its bioactive compounds (vitamins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolic compounds, phytosterols, and cucurbitacins), which together have been associated with the control and prevention of chronic and infectious diseases, highlighting its antibacterial, anti-cardiovascular/antihypertensive, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiproliferative, and antioxidant activities. The objective of the study was to determine the antigenotoxic potential of two types of fresh chayote juice (filtered (FChJ) and unfiltered (UFChJ)) against DNA damage produced by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) using an in vivo mouse peripheral blood micronucleus assay (MN). The juices were consumed freely for 2 weeks. A negative control, a control group of each juice, a positive batch [B[a]P], and two combined batches (B[a]P plus FChJ or UFChJ) were included. Blood smears were stained and observed under a microscope to quantify the number of micronucleated normochromic erythrocytes (MNNEs). The results indicate: (a) B[a]P increased the frequency of MNNEs and reduced the rate of PEs; and (b) no juice produced toxic effects or induced MN. On the contrary, both juices were genoprotective. However, the most significant effect was presented by UFChJ at the end of the experiment (70%). It is suggested that UFChJ has a greater amount of fiber and/or phytochemicals that favor the therapeutic effect. Possibly, the genoprotection is also related to its antioxidant capacity.
Innovative Strategies for Upcycling Agricultural Residues and Their Various Pharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Bejenaru Ludovic Everard , Radu Antonia , Segneanu Adina-Elena , Biţă Andrei , Manda Costel-Valentin , Mogoşanu George Dan , Bejenaru Cornelia
Published: August 2024

This review investigates innovative strategies for upcycling agricultural residues into valuable pharmaceutical compounds. The improper disposal of agricultural residues contributes to significant environmental issues, including increased greenhouse gas emissions and ecosystem degradation. Upcycling offers a sustainable solution, transforming these residues into high-value bioproducts (antioxidants, antitumor agents, antidiabetic compounds, anti-inflammatory agents, and antiviral drugs). Nanotechnology and microbial biotechnology have a crucial role in enhancing bioavailability and targeted delivery of bioactive compounds. Advanced techniques like enzymatic hydrolysis, green solvents, microwave processing, pyrolysis, ultrasonic processing, acid and alkaline hydrolysis, ozonolysis, and organosolv processes are explored for their effectiveness in breaking down agricultural waste and extracting valuable compounds. Despite the promising potential, challenges such as variability in residue composition, scalability, and high costs persist. The review emphasizes the need for future research on cost-effective extraction techniques and robust regulatory frameworks to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of bioproducts. The upcycling of agricultural residues represents a viable path towards sustainable waste management and production of pharmaceutical compounds, contributing to environmental conservation and public health improvements. This review provides an analysis of the current literature and identifies knowledge gaps, offering recommendations for future studies to optimize the use of agricultural residues in the drug industry.
Systemic Analyses of Anti-Cell-Senescence Active Compounds in Camellia Sect. Chrysantha Chang and Their Mechanisms
Authors: Wu Jiacheng , Bai Quanzi , Chen Jianghua , Yang Zhenbiao , Zhu Xiaoyue
Published: August 2024

Aging is an irreversible pathophysiological process for all organisms. The accumulation of senescent cells in pathological sites or tissues is recognized as the major cause of diseases and disorders during the aging process. Small molecules that reduce senescent cell burdens have gained increasing attention as promising intervention therapeutics against aging, but effective anti-senescence agents remain rare. Camellia Sect. Chrysantha Chang is documented as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used by ethnic groups for many medical and health benefits, but its effect on aging is unclear. Here, we investigated the anti-senescence potential of eight C. Sect. Chrysantha Chang species. The results show that ethyl acetate fractions from these C. Sect. Chrysantha Chang species were able to delay the senescence of H9c2 cardiomyocytes except for C. pingguoensis (CPg). N-butanol fractions of C. multipetala (CM), C. petelotii var. grandiflora (CPt), and C. longzhouensis (CL) showed a senescent cell clearance effect by altering the expression levels of senescent-associated marker genes in the DNA-damage response (DDR) pathway and the senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathway (SCAPs). By using UPLC-QTOF-MS-based non-targeted metabolomics analyses, 27 metabolites from Sect. Chrysantha species were putatively identified. Among them, high levels of sanchakasaponin C and D in CM, CPt, and CL were recognized as the key bioactive compounds responsible for senescent cell clearance. This study is the first to disclose and compare the anti-cell-senescence effect of a group of C. Sect. Chrysantha Chang, including some rare species. The combination of senescent markers and metabolomics analyses helped us to reveal the differences in chemical constituents that target senescent cells. Significantly, contrary to the C. chrysantha var. longistyla (CCL), which is widely cultivated and commercialized for tea drinks, CM, CPt, and CL contain unique chemicals for managing aging and aging-related diseases. The results from this study provide a foundation for species selection in developing small-molecule-based drugs to alleviate diseases and age-related dysfunctions and may potentially be useful for advancing geroscience research.
A Simple and User-Friendly Method for High-Quality Preparation of Pollen Grains for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Authors: Ermolaev Aleksey , Mardini Majd , Buravkov Sergey , Kudryavtseva Natalya , Khrustaleva Ludmila
Published: August 2024

Pollen is becoming an increasingly important subject for molecular researchers in genetic engineering, plant breeding, and environmental monitoring. To broaden the scope of these studies, it is essential to develop accessible methods for scientists who are not specialized in palynology. The article presents a simplified technical procedure for preparing pollen grains for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The protocol is convenient for any molecular laboratory due to its small set of reagents, ease of execution, low cost, does not require special equipment, and takes only one hour to complete. The high penetrating ability of formaldehyde and the final delicate dehydration using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) instead of critical point drying allow for sufficient preservation of the architecture of the aperture, which is considered a gateway for the passage of biomolecules. The method was successfully applied to pollen grains of representatives of dicotyledons (beetroot, petunia, radish, tomato and tobacco) and monocotyledons (lily, onion, corn, rye and wheat). Species studied included insect-pollinated (entomophilous) and wind-pollinated (anemophilous) species. A comparative analysis of the sizes of fresh living pollen grains under a light microscope and those prepared for SEM showed some shrinkage. Quantitative analysis of the degree of pollen grain shrinkage showed that this process depends on the initial shape of dry pollen grains, and the number and structure of apertures. The results support the theoretical model of the folding/unfolding pathways of pollen grains.
Application of CO2-Soluble Polymer-Based Blowing Agent to Improve Supercritical CO2 Replacement in Low-Permeability Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Liu Mingxi , Song Kaoping , Wang Longxin , Fu Hong , Zhu Jiayi
Published: August 2024

Since reservoirs with permeability less than 10 mD are characterized by high injection difficulty, high-pressure drop loss, and low pore throat mobilization during the water drive process, CO2 is often used for development in actual production to reduce the injection difficulty and carbon emission simultaneously. However, microfractures are usually developed in low-permeability reservoirs, which further reduces the injection difficulty of the driving medium. At the same time, this makes the injected gas flow very fast, while the gas utilization rate is low, resulting in a low degree of recovery. This paper conducted a series of studies on the displacement effect of CO2-soluble foaming systems in low-permeability fractured reservoirs (the permeability of the core matrix is about 0.25 mD). For the two CO2-soluble blowing agents CG-1 and CG-2, the effects of the CO2 phase state, water content, and oil content on static foaming performance were first investigated; then, a more effective blowing agent was preferred for the replacement experiments according to the foaming results; and finally, the effects of the blowing agents on sealing and improving the recovery degree of a fully open fractured core were investigated at different injection rates and concentrations, and the injection parameters were optimized. The results show that CG-1 still has good foaming performance under low water volume and various oil contents and can be used in subsequent fractured core replacement experiments. After selecting the injection rate and concentration, the blowing agent can be used in subsequent fractured cores under injection conditions of 0.6 mL/min and 2.80%. In injection conditions, the foaming agent can achieve an 83.7% blocking rate and improve the extraction degree by 12.02%. The research content of this paper can provide data support for the application effect of a CO2-soluble blowing agent in a fractured core.
Influence of Carbonyl Iron Particles (CIP) and Glass Microspheres on Thermal Properties of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Authors: Thornell Travis L. , Wedgeworth Dane N. , Antwine Mark D. , Burroughs Jedadiah F.
Published: August 2024

In this investigation, composite poly(lactic acid) (PLA) systems of hollow glass microspheres (MS) and carbonyl iron particles (CIP) were processed and characterized to investigate the effects of using conductive and insulating particles as additives in a polymer system. PLA-MS and PLA-CIP were set at the two levels of 3.94 and 7.77 vol.% for each particle type to study the effects of the particle material type and loading on neat PLA’s thermal properties. It was observed during the twin-screw extrusion that the addition of CIP greatly decreased the viscosity of the PLA melt during processing. Correlations determined using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal conductivity, and shear rheology provided insights into how thermal stability was affected. The incorporation of MS and CIP altered thermal properties such as the glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), and cold crystallization temperature (Tcc). The metal CIP-filled systems had large increases in their thermal conductivity values and viscoelastic transitions compared to those with PLA that were correlated with the observed overheating during extrusion.
A Powerful Strategy for Carbon Reduction: Recyclable Mono-Material Polyethylene Functional Film
Authors: Wei Liming , Zhan Shengqi , Zhou Mingyu , Xu Xuerong , You Feng , Zheng Huaming
Published: August 2024

Given the abundant plastics produced globally, and the negative environmental impacts of disposable plastic products throughout their life cycle, there has been significant attention drawn by the general public and governments worldwide. Mono-material multilayer packaging is a potent strategy to address the challenge of carbon emissions as it offers specific functionalities (such as strength and barrier properties) through its layers and facilitates recycling. In this study, a five-layer co-extruded polyethylene composite film LLDPE/mPE/PVA/mPE/LLDPE was taken as a model to investigate its mechanical properties and barrier properties after four recycling cycles. The result revealed that the longitudinal tensile strength and transvers tensile were, respectively, dropped from 29.66 MPa and 24.9 MPa to 21.972 MPa and 19.222 MPa after the recycling; it is shown that the film still has good mechanical properties after the recycling cycle. However, a noticeable decline in the barrier properties was observed after the second recycling. In contrast to traditional plastics, a mono-material film with a 10 wt.% circulating mass could reduce CO2 emissions by 3692.25 kg for every 1.0 ton of plastic products after four recycling cycles.
Parents’ Experiences after Their Child’s Autism Diagnosis: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis
Authors: Hughes Robert , Curley Kenneth , Kotera Yasuhiro
Published: August 2024

A child’s autism diagnosis is life-changing for their parents, due to the complex and long-term nature of the condition. Furthermore, research about the increased prevalence of autism suggests that more parents are being affected globally. However, limited studies have investigated parents’ lived experience of their child being diagnosed with autism. This study aimed to explore the first-hand experience and concerns of parents when their child has been diagnosed with autism. The study employed a qualitative, exploratory design. Parents of a child who had received an autism diagnosis at least 12 months prior were invited to a video interview. Eleven parents participated in an hour-long interview. The interviews were transcribed, and an inductive reflexive thematic analysis was performed. The analysis resulted in four main themes: “Shock and control”, “A thousand little conversations”, “Put your own oxygen mask on first”, and “Reforged identities”, orientating around the period surrounding diagnosis, ongoing communication requirements, the need for self-care and reorientation of identity. These findings identify areas of heightened concern for parents and provide professionals with practical insight when evaluating their engagement approaches with these groups of parents. Findings can help psychologists, therapists, educators and parents themselves to identify strategies to support the well-being of parents who have an autistic child.
No Money, Poor Mental Health, and High Counterproductive Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Stress on Financial Threats and Job Performance
Authors: Tan Chee-Seng , Tan Soon-Aun , Ooh Seow-Ling , Teoh Xi-Yao , Muthu Kavitha Nalla
Published: August 2024

Financial threat refers to fear, unease, and uncertainty regarding an individual’s present or forthcoming financial state. Despite consistent findings indicating that financial threats are harmful to individuals’ behaviors and mental health, their impacts remain largely unexplored in the context of organizational behaviors. This study examined whether and how financial threats are detrimental to various aspects of employees’ performance, including task, contextual, and counterproductive performance. A sample of 165 working adults in Malaysia responded to an online survey consisting of the Financial Threat Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and Individual Work Performance Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the structure of the measurements, although some items were eliminated. Pearson correlation analysis showed that financial threats had a positive relationship with perceived stress and counterproductive performance. Meanwhile, perceived stress was negatively related to task performance and positively associated with counterproductive performance. Finally, structural equation modeling revealed that perceived stress mediates the relationship between financial threats and counterproductive performance. These findings illuminate the underlying mechanisms by which financial threats impact employees’ job performance. They also highlight the importance of addressing resource depletion’s effects on the mental health of working adults. The implications of these findings for organizational management and employee well-being are discussed.
Fine-Tuning of Sub-Annual Resolution Spectral Index Time Series from Eifel Maar Sediments, Western Germany, to the NGRIP δ18O Chronology, 26–60 ka
Authors: Albert Johannes , Zander Paul D. , Grosjean Martin , Sirocko Frank
Published: August 2024

Recent technological advancements in spectral imaging core-scanning techniques have proved to be a promising tool to study lake sediments at extremely high resolution. We used this novel analytical approach to scan core AU3 of the Pleistocene Auel maar, Western Germany. The resulting ultra-high-resolution RABD670 spectral index, a proxy for the lake’s primary production, shows an almost complete succession of Greenland Interstadials of the NGRIP ice core chronology back to around 60,000 years. Using the ELSA-20 chronology and its anchor points to the NGRIP record as a stratigraphic basis, we were able to compare and fine-tune prominent climate signals occurring in both regions. This in-depth correlation yields strong evidence that the climates of Greenland and Central Europe were not only strongly coupled on timescales of stadials and interstadials but even on multidecadal scales, showing prominent climate cycles between 20 and 125 years. As climate changes in these regions were ultimately driven by variations in the North Atlantic meridional heat transport, their strong coupling becomes most apparent during cold and arid intervals. In contrast, longer-lasting warmer and more humid phases caused the activation of various regional feedback mechanisms (e.g., soil formation, forest growth), resulting in more complex patterns in the proxy records.