bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Microescala o reducción de escala? Perspectivas en Química Inorgánica
Authors: Berry David E.
Published: September 2018

Éste es un breve resumen de la presentación dada en el Quinto Congreso de Química de América del Norte, celebrado en Cancún, Quintana Roo, México, en noviembre 1997. Se presentan varias alternativas posibles para la reducción de escala en experimentos de química inorgánica, y como ejemplo, un par de experimentos específicos con sus detalles prácticos.
Leer
Authors: Valiente Barderas Antonio
Published: September 2018

Los cursos de apoyo a la enseñanza o extracurriculares se han puesto de moda debido a las necesidades de homologación. De allí que se haya pensado en un sinnúmero de cursos posibles, desde filosofía, historia, arte, pasando por idiomas y cursos de redacción. En este artículo mi propuesta es la de sugerir un curso extracurricular que creo indispensable que es el de lectura rápida y comprensión de la lectura.
Un nuevo documento sobre Educación Superior del Banco Mundial
Authors: Garritz Andoni
Published: September 2018

Recientemente, la educación superior (ES) se ha vuelto un objeto de atención por parte de los más diversos gobiernos del mundo, como un tema de política pública. Sin embargo, esta tendencia no ha sido uniforme. En los países desarrollados, cuyos sistemas nacionales de educación básica se consolidaron desde finales del siglo XIX o, a más tardar, a principios del XX, el interés por la ES se manifestó más pronto, por lo menos desde los años inmediatamente posteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por contraste, en el llamado Tercer Mundo, sobre todo en los países más pobres, la preocupación por el desarrollo de la educación básica ha sido la prioritaria (Martínez-Rizo, 2001).
Las concepciones de los profesores de ciencias mexicanos sobre la situación y futuro del mundo. Una llamada de atención
Authors: Vilches Amparo , Rueda Alvarado Cristina , Gil Pérez Daniel , Edwards Mónica
Published: September 2018

Durante la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente, celebrada en Río en 1992, se reclamó una decidida acción de los educadores de todas las áreas para que los ciudadanos y ciudadanas adquieran una correcta percepción de la situación de crisis planetaria y sus posibles soluciones y puedan participar en la toma fundamentada de decisiones. Nuestro propósito en este trabajo es realizar un primer estudio de cuáles son las concepciones de los profesores mexicanos a este respecto, porque sin una correcta percepción de los problemas que afectan a la sostenibilidad la vida humana no podemos esperar una implicación efectiva en esta dimensión de la educación.
Francisco Giral González. Un verdadero maestro
Authors: Garritz Andoni
Published: September 2018

El pasado mes de enero perdimos a un verdadero maestro. Falleció Francisco Giral González, alguien a quien, ya lo creo, mucho nos esforzaremos por emular, pero nunca lo - graremos sustituir. Dice Jaime Kravzov (1996) que poseía don Francisco esa cualidad que es síntesis de generosidad, sabiduría y amplitud de criterio, capaz de contagiar en quienes le rodean la pasión por el conocimiento, que hace qu esos otros se interesen por el camino del saber, dándole continuidad a su búsqueda de una aplicación más humana de la ciencia. Nada, un verdadero maestro.
Una revisión sobre las concepciones alternativas de los estudiantes en relación con el equilibrio químico. Clasificación y síntesis de sugerencias didácticas
Authors: Raviolo Andrés , Martínez Aznar Mercedes
Published: September 2018

Se presenta una revisión exhaustiva de las investigaciones empíricas llevadas a cabo sobre las concepciones alternativas de los estudiantes acerca del equilibrio químico publicadas en revistas y libros de investigación. A partir de esta revisión se realiza un esfuerzo de sistematizar y categorizar las dificultades y concepciones alternativas halladas. También para cada una de estas categorías se incorporan las sugerencias didácticas propuestas por los investigadores para la enseñanza de este tema central de la química. Se considera que la información brindada es de gran utilidad para profesores de nivel medio y universitario que pretendan llevar adelante propuestas innovadoras de enseñanza sobre el equilibrio químico.
Formación docente ¿Qué conocimiento distingue a los buenos maestros de química?
Authors: Talanquer Vicente
Published: September 2018

Los resultados de la investigación educativa desarrollada en los últimos treinta años han transformado nuestras concepciones más elementales sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Las teorías constructivistas del aprendizaje, que enfatizan el rol central de los alumnos en la construcción del conocimiento en el aula, se han convertido en el paradigma dominante ( Jenkins, 2000; Gil-Pérez et al., 2002), y su influencia se ha extendido al proceso mismo de formación del profesorado. Los planteamientos constructivistas no sólo han puesto en la mesa del debate el qué deben saber y saber hacer los profesores de ciencia (Brooks, 1999), sino también el cómo crear las condiciones para preparar buenos docentes (Richardson, 1997.)
La enseñanza de la química. Tercera parte. Evaluación de los conocimientos de química desde secundaria hasta licenciatura
Authors: Nieto Calleja Elizabeth , Chamizo José Antonio , Sosa Fernández Plinio
Published: September 2018

En diferentes lugares del país, cerca de 2,500 alumnos, con estudios concluidos de primaria, secundaria, bachillerato y licenciatura respondieron un cuestionario de química construido alrededor de los siguientes conceptos: mezcla, aire, vacío, compuesto, elemento, evaporación, átomo, protón, neutrón, electrón y fórmula química. Esta prueba de criterio, retoma preguntas, que siendo de nivel preuniversitario, se habían aplicado en exámenes de diagnóstico y de admisión a la licenciatura y al posgrado en química de la UNAM. De los resultados obtenidos se identifica que...
El interés de los estudiantes hacia la Química
Authors: Vázquez-Alonso Ángel , Manassero-Mas María Antonia
Published: September 2018

El investigador australiano en didáctica de la ciencia Peter Fensham ha escrito recientemente que hoy día el principal problema de la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la ciencia es la falta de interés de los estudiantes, y cuya solución requiere una especial y vigorosa atención a los aspectos actitudinales, afectivos y emocionales del currículo de ciencias. En consecuencia, el objetivo prioritario de la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la ciencia debería ser promover una actitud positiva de los estudiantes hacia la ciencia escolar que mantenga la curiosidad y mejore la motivación con el fin de generar apego y vinculación hacia la educación científica, no sólo a lo largo del período escolar, sino también a lo largo de toda la vida (Fensham, 2004).
El cambio climático a través del discurso religioso y del discurso políticamente incorrecto
Authors: Garritz Andoni , Arjonilla Elia
Published: September 2018

En los inicios de este siglo la preservación de la naturaleza se ha vuelto una preocupación prioritaria para muchas personas. Este hecho no es trivial, ya que conlleva un cambio radical de la imagen que tenemos del mundo. Hasta casi finales del siglo XX la visión dominante presentaba un futuro relativamente optimista, con más longevidad y mejor calidad de vida. Sin embargo, la concepción actual de la crisis ambiental ha frenado en seco esa dulce creencia. Ahora el futuro lo vemos como algo incierto, más bien negativo, donde nuevos problemas, que nos atemorizan, alejan esa visión con la que nos sentíamos a gusto. Cada vez más personas en el mundo no sólo oyen hablar y hablan de la preocupación ambiental sino que ven afectadas sus vidas cotidianas, en mayor o menor medida, por iniciativas que pretenden paliar los problemas del ambiente (ahorrar energía, cuidar el agua, separar la basura, reciclar, entre otros).
La equivalencia entre las paridades de los intercambios de dos sustituyentes y las reflexiones especulares, en la determinación de la quiralidad de átomos tetraédricos: ¡Una demostración con espejos!
Authors: Pérez-Benítez Aarón
Published: September 2018

La quiralidad, de la palabra griega cheir que significa mano, es la propiedad de un objeto de no poder superponerse con su objeto imagen en el espejo. En las moléculas orgánicas esta propiedad se debe, en algunos casos, a la presencia de un carbono quiral (llamado también centro quiral, centro estereogénico o carbono asimétrico), un carbono tetraédrico que soporta cuatro sustituyentes diferentes (Eliel, 1994a). Los sustituyentes enlazados a ese átomo de carbono solamente pueden ser arreglados en el espacio de dos maneras diferentes (figura 1). Con el fin de distinguirlas, en 1956, Cahn, Ingold y Prelog propusieron un sistema de nomenclatura (conocido como nomenclatura absoluta)
Optimasi produksi enzim ligninolitik dari medium limbah produksi Pleurotus ostreatus menggunakan metode respons permukaan (Optimization of ligninolytic enzyme production from Pleurotus ostreatus medium waste production using surface response methodology
Authors: PERWITASARI Urip , DIMAWARNITA Firda , RATNAKOMALA Shanti
Published: September 2018

White rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus has long been produced on a large scale for human consumption. This fungi is known to produce ligninolytic enzymes. The aim of this study was to utilize waste fungal medium from empty fruit bunch oil palm (EFBOP) for production of ligninolytic enzymes. Determination of the optimal conditions in this study used the design of statistical experiments Response Surface Method (RSM) with Design Expert® 10 software. Variables used in this research were EFBOP composition (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 %), part baglog (top, middle, bottom), and time of incubation (1, 2, and 3 month). The highest lignin peroxidase activity was 1.72 U/mL obtained on baglog composition with 50% EFBOP the top past of baglog after 2 months incubation. The highest manganese peroxidase activity was 23.00 U/mL obtained on baglog composition with 100% EFBOP at the bottom of baglog after 3 months incubation and the highest laccase activity was 0.14 U/mL on baglog composition with 100% EFBOP the top past of baglog after 1 month.[Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, ligninolytic enzyme, fungal medium waste, response surface methodology]. AbstrakJamur pelapuk putih Pleurotus ostreatus telah lama diproduksi skala besar untuk dikonsumsi. Jamur ini diketahui mampu menghasilkan enzim ligninolitik. Selama ini medium limbah produksi P. ostreatus belum dimanfaatkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan medium limbah produksi jamur tiram yang berbahan dasar tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) untuk produksi enzim ligninolitik. Penentuan kondisi optimal pada penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimen statistika Metode Respons Permukaan (Response Surface Method (RSM)) dengan software Design Expert® 10. Variabel yang digunakan dalam riset ini adalah konsentrasi TKKS (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 %), bagian baglog (atas, tengah, dan bawah), dan waktu inkubasi (1, 2, dan 3 bulan). Aktivitas lignin peroksidase tertinggi diperoleh pada medium dengan komposisi 50% medium pada bagian atas baglog setelah 2 bulan inkubasi dengan aktivitas sebesar 1,72 U/mL. Aktivitas mangan peroksidase tertinggi diperoleh pada medium komposisi 100% TKKS pada bagian bawah baglog setelah 3 bulan inkubasi sebesar 23,00 U/mL, dan lakase tertinggi pada medium komposisi 100% TKKS pada bagian atas baglog setelah 1 bulan inkubasi, yaitu sebesar 0,14 U/mL.[Kata kunci: Pleurotus ostreatus, enzim ligninolitik, limbah media jamur, Metode Respons Permukaan]
Identifikasi isolat Phytophthora asal kakao Identification of isolates of Phytophthora from cocoa
Authors: UMAYAH Abu , PURWANTARA Agus
Published: September 2018

Summary Phytophthora spp. are responsible for some serious diseases of cocoa including pod rot, stem canker, leaf blight, seedling blight, and chupon wilt. Eight species of Phytophthora have been isolated from diseased cocoa worldwide, even though only three species cause most losses in cocoa production.  Twenty isolates of  Phytophthora sp. were isolated from various parts of the cocoa tree collected from six cocoa producing provinces in Indonesia, viz. North Sumatera, Lampung, West Java, East Java, South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi.  All isolates were then identified using their morphological charac-teristics and it was concluded that all of the isolates are Phytophthora palmivora. This identification was then confirmed with molecular identification by amplification of ITS of rDNA of the isolates with primers ITS 4 and ITS 5, followed by restriction of the amplicon with enzymes.  The molecular identification confirmed that all isolates are P. palmivora. Ringkasan Phytophthora spp. merupakan penyebab beberapa penyakit penting pada kakao, termasuk busuk buah, kanker batang, hawar daun, hawar bibit, dan layu tunas air.  Delapan spesies Phytophthora telah berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman kakao sakit di seluruh dunia, meskipun hanya tiga spesies yang meng-akibatkan kehilangan produksi kakao yang nyata.  Dua puluh isolat Phytophthora sp. telah diisolasi dari berbagai bagian tanaman kakao yang dikumpulkan dari enam provinsi sentra produksi kakao di Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara.  Semua isolat diidentifikasi berdasarkan sifat-sifat morfologi dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa semua isolat adalah Phytophthora palmivora.  Identifikasi selanjutnya dilakukan secara molekuler dengan amplifikasi daerah ITS dari rDNA isolat menggunakan pasangan primer ITS 4 dan ITS 5, kemudian diikuti dengan pemotongan amplikon menggunakan enzim restriksi. Identifikasi molekuler juga menun-jukkan bahwa semua isolat Phytophthora penyebab penyakit pada kakao adalah P. palmivora.
Potensi fungi pelapuk putih asal lingkungan tropik untuk bioremediasi herbisida The potential white-rot fungi native of tropical environment for herbicides bioremediation
Authors: Prima SANTI Laksmita , SUDIRMAN Lisdar Idwan , GOENADI Didiek Hadjar
Published: September 2018

SummaryFungal treatment by using white-rot fungito reduce a wide variety of herbicide com-pounds is a specialized bioremediation pro-cess. A laboratory experiment was conductedto determine the ability of Phanerochaetechrysosporium, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora,and Pleurocybella porrigens and seven white-rot fungi isolated from a native of tropicalenvironment to grow on yeast malt extractglucose (YMG) agar containing highconcentration of (I) 2,4-dichlorophenoxy aceticacid, (R) glyphosate, and (G) paraquat. Thedata indicated that P. chrysosporium couldgrow on YMG media containing 5000 ppm of(I) 2,4-D, whereas BPBPI 02/04 isolate onYMG 250 ppm of (R) glyphosate or (G)paraquat. Relative values of growth inhibitionof these fungi are 81.1; 27.8; and 50.0%respectively. Biodegradation capability ofherbicides by candidate inoculants in soil-sandmedia was also determined in greenhouseexperiment by using peanut, sorghum, corn,and Borreria alata as bio-indicators. Peanutand B. alata were found to be the bestresponsive seedlings as bio-indicator on thepresence of (I) 2,4-D herbicide in soil-sandmedia.RingkasanTeknologi bioremediasi dengan fungipelapuk putih (FPP) digunakan untuk me-reduksi sejumlah senyawa herbisida. Kegiatanpenelitian yang dilakukan di laboratoriumbertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan tum-buh Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Ceripo-riopsis subvermispora, dan Pleurocybellaporrigens serta tujuh isolat FPP yang diperolehdari lingkungan tropik secara in vitro padamedium agar yeast malt extract glucose(YMG) yang mengandung (I) 2,4-dikloro-fenoksi asam asetat, (R) glifosat, dan (G)parakuat konsentrasi tinggi. Dari data yangdiperoleh, diketahui bahwa Ph. chrysosporiummemiliki kemampuan tumbuh dalam mediumpadat YMG yang mengandung 5000 ppm (I)2,4-D dan isolat BPBPI 02/04 pada 250 ppm(R) glifosat dan (G) parakuat dengan nilaihambatan pertumbuhan relatif terhadap kontrol(HPR) masing-masing 81,1; 27,8; dan 50,0%.Pengujian isolat terpilih terhadap kemampuanmendegradasi herbisida di dalam mediumtanah dan pasir juga dilakukan di rumah kacadengan menggunakan kacang tanah, sorgum,jagung, dan Boreria alata sebagai bioindikator.Kacang tanah dan B. alata memberikan responterbaik terhadap keberadaan herbisida (I) 2,4-Ddi dalam medium tanah dan pasir .
Molecular markers and their application for DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity studies in Coffea species Marka molekuler dan penerapannya untuk studi sidik jari DNA dan keragaman genetik pada spesies Coffea
Authors: PRIYONO . , PUTRANTO Riza Arief
Published: September 2018

AbstrakStrategi klasik yang meliputi perbandingan anatomi, fisiologi dan sitogenetika telah banyak diterapkan untuk mengidentifikasi karakter tertentu serta untuk menentukan keragaman dan hubungan antar dan intra spesies. Namun, saat ini penanda molekuler telah melengkapi strategi sebelumnya dengan sangat cepat. Berbagai jenis penanda molekuler digunakan untuk menilai tingkat polimorfisme DNA. Penanda molekuler ini diklasifikasikan sebagai penanda berbasis hibridisasi dan berbasis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, sistem penanda DNA yang berbeda seperti Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Random Amplied Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) yang juga disebut Mikrosatelit, Single Nucleotide Polymorphims (SNPs) dan lain-lain telah dikembangkan dan diterapkan pada berbagai spesies tanaman. Penanda molekuler ini dapat digunakan untuk sidik jari DNA dan studi keragaman genetik. Sidik jari berdasarkan DNA telah banyak digunakan dalam ilmu forensik, juga memiliki berbagai aplikasi dalam pemuliaan tanaman. Tulisan ini memberikan overview tentang berbagai penanda molekuler dan aplikasinya untuk sidik jari dan kajian keragaman genetik tanaman berdasarkan DNA pada berbagai spesies tanaman, dan secara khusus pada Coffea sp.AbstractConventional strategies including comparative anatomy, physiology and cytogenetics were applied to identify the certain character as well as to determine inter- and intra-species diversity and relationships. However, more recently molecular markers have very rapidly complemented the previous strategies. Various types of molecular markers are used to assess DNA polymorphism. They are classified as hybridization-based markers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based markers. In recent years, different DNA marker systems such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Random Amplied Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which also called as microsatellites, Single Nucleotide  Polymorphims  (SNPs)  and  others  have been developed and applied to a range of plant species. These molecular markers can be used for DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity study. DNA fingerprinting has been widely used in forensic science, but is has also a variety of application in plant breeding. This paper provides an overview about various molecular markers and their application for DNA plant fingerprinting and genetic diversity, especially in Coffea sp.
Identifikasi dan pencegahan kontaminasi pada kultur cair sistem perendaman sesaat Identification and prevention of contamination in liquid culture of temporary immersion system
Authors: SINTA Masna Maya , RIYADI Imron , SUMARYONO .
Published: September 2018

AbstractLiquid culture is commonly used to scale up in vitro culture production as well as to optimize the developmental phase of plant in vitro culture. One of the liquid cultures that has been used widely is temporary immersion system (TIS). The main problem of liquid culture is contamination. The use of antibiotics sometimes controls the contaminants less effectively and hinders the growth of plant culture. The purpose of this research was to determine sources of contaminant on whole sequence of TIS to identify and to prevent the emergence of the contaminants. Sampling method was applied to each section and stage of TIS culture and the contaminants found were identified. The results revealed that compartment of TIS was the main source of contaminant (100%). Furthermore, from all components of TIS compartment, washer (a small ring seal connecting screen disc and basket) was the main source of TIS contaminant (41.2%). Four contaminants found were identified as Bacillus macerans, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus firmus. Two times sterilization of washer in an autoclave at temperature of 121 oC and air pressure of 1 kg/cm2 for 20 minutes before and after being installed reduced the contamination level on TIS culture significantly.AbstrakKultur cair umumnya digunakan untuk meningkatkan skala produksi dan mengoptimalkan fase perkembangan kultur in vitro tanaman. Salah satu jenis kultur cair yang banyak digunakan adalah sistem perendaman sesaat (SPS). Masalah utama dalam kultur cair adalah kontaminasi. Penggunaan antibiotika terkadang kurang efektif dalam me-ngendalikan kontaminan dan menghambat pertumbuhan kultur tanaman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sumber kontaminan pada seluruh rangkaian kultur SPS serta mengidentifikasi dan mencegah munculnya kontaminan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah  pengambilan contoh pada tiap bagian dan fase kultur SPS, serta kontaminan yang ditemukan kemudian diidentifikasi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kompartemen SPS merupakan sumber utama kontaminan (100%). Selanjutnya, dari seluruh komponen kompartemen SPS, washer (cincin penutup yang menghubungkan penyaring dan keranjang) di dalam rangkaian SPS merupakan sumber utama kontaminan (41,2%).  Empat  kontaminan yang ditemukan diidentifikasi sebagai Bacillus macerans, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus sphaericus dan Bacillus firmus. Sterilisasi cincin penutup sebanyak  dua  kali  dalam  autoklaf pada suhu 121 oC dan tekanan udara 1 kg/cm2selama 20 menit sebelum dan sesudah dirangkai secara nyata menurunkan tingkat konta-minasi pada kultur SPS.
Genetic mapping studies in Coffea sp using molecular marker methods Studi peta genetik pada Coffea sp. menggunakan metode penanda molekuler
Authors: PRIYONO . , PUTRANTO Riza Arief
Published: September 2018

AbstrakAnalisis genetik telah  menjadi alat yang penting  dalam  pemuliaan  tanaman untuk perbaikan sifat penting tanaman. Salah satu potensi terbesar dari analisis tersebut adalah identifikasi penanda molekuler yang berguna untuk pemetaan genetik. Pemetaan genetik  merupakan  salah satu langkah penting dari analisis  genetik.  Intisari  dari   semua pemetaan genetik adalah  menempatkan  koleksi  pe- nanda molekuler pada posisi tertentu dalam genom. Hal tersebut dapat kemudian digunakan untuk meng- identifikasi lokus sifat kuantitatif (QTLs) dengan memanfaatan keragaman genetik alami yang tersedia dan meningkatkan sifat-sifat penting serta berharga. Sampai saat ini, tiga belas peta genetik telah dipublikasi dan tersedia pada Coffea sp. yang menciptakan database besar untuk kerangka genetik. Sebuah peta genetik terbaru dengan akses terbuka dan berfungsi sebagai referensi telah dibangun oleh International Coffee Genomics Network (ICGN). Peta tersebut tediri dari 3230 lokus, dengan panjang peta 1471 cM (1cm ~ 500 Kb) serta kepadatan satu penanda setiap 220 Kb. Peta-peta genetik pada tanaman kopi telah digunakan dari karakterisasi gen hingga analisis komparatif genom dengan spesies tanaman yang berbeda. Saat ini, pesatnya kemajuan teknologi New Genome Sequencing (NGS) untuk sekuensing DNA dan RNA memungkinkan validasi dari peta-peta genetik untuk prediksi QTLs serta gen-gen yang membawa sifat penting Coffea sp.AbstractGenetic analysis has become an important tool in plant breeding for crop improvement. One of their greatest potential appears to be the identification of molecular markers useful for genetic mapping. Genetic mapping is one of important steps in genetic analysis. The essence of all genetic mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto their respective positions on the genome. Thus, it leads to identification of new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by making benefits of natural available genetic diversity.and to improve important and valuable traits. Until present, thirteen genetic maps were published and available in Coffea sp. creating a huge database for genetic framework. One most recent and open reference genetic map for robusta coffee has been generated by the International Coffee Genomics Network (ICGN) comprising 3230 loci, genetic size 1471 cM (1cM ~500 Kb), with an average density close to one marker every 220 Kb. The Coffea genetic maps have been utilized from gene characterization to genomic comparative analysis with different plant species. Nowadays, the feasibility of NGS for DNA and RNA sequencing allow the validation of genetic map related to the prediction of QTLs and adjacent genes related to important traits for Coffea sp.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Bile Acids and Intestinal Microbiota
Authors: Maslennikov R. V. , Evsyutina Yu. V.
Published: September 2018

Aim.  The aim of the review is to present current data on the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with the metabolic disorders of bile acids (BA) and changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota.

Background.  NAFLD is accompanied by a change in the intestinal microbiotic composition: the proportion of taxa deconjugating BAs increases, while the proportion of taxa converting primary BAs to secondary ones decreases. The number of bacteria forming lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also increases. LPS, entering the liver with the portal vein blood, promotes the development of its inflammation and insulin resistance. The disturbance of bile acid metabolism through the effect on the FXR and TGR5 receptors also leads to insulin resistance and liver steatosis. FXR probiotics and agonists are promising drugs for the NAFLD treatment.

Conclusion.  In the course of NAFLD, a change in the composition of the intestinal microbiota is observed, which contributes to the development of inflammation in the liver and disrupts the metabolism of bile acids, leading to insulin resistance.
Late Saalian and Eemian Interglacial at the Struga site (Garwolin Plain, central Poland)
Authors: Bober Aleksandra , Pidek Irena Agnieszka , Żarski Marcin
Published: September 2018

The paper reports pollen analyses of 47 samples from palaeolake sediments at WH-15 Struga near Puznówka on the Garwolin Plain in central Poland. The pollen succession covers Late Saalian (MIS-6) and fully developed Eemian (MIS-5e) successions. The Late Saalian section is well developed (more than 2 m thick) and contains sub-zones reflecting the alternating dominance of steppe-tundra and boreal forest communities. The analysed Eemian succession is an uncommon succession described as a variant with early appearance and culmination of Tilia. In these terms, the successions of WH-15 Struga resemble those of sites of the Eemian interglacial known from the vicinity of Warsaw: Błonie, Warszawa-Żoliborz and Warszawa-Wola. The WH-15 Struga site is one of several recently discovered fossil sites of Eemian lakes on the Garwolin Plain, constituting the southern fragment of the extensive Eemian lakeland in the Polish Lowland.
Bird communities and vegetation composition in natural and semi-natural forests of megalopolis: correlations and comparisons of diversity indices (Kyiv city, Ukraine)
Authors: Blinkova Olena , Shupova Tetyana
Published: September 2018

Assessment of correlations and comparisons of diversity indices between birds communities and vegetation composition of the forest ecosystem is an important subject of synecological research to identify the intensity of human impact on the flora and fauna in megalopolis. Urban recreation is one of the major causes of violation of the structural and functional integrity of the forest ecosystem. Studies on avian complex and phytocoenosis have focused on the impact of urban recreation on the soil surface, compositions of trees, shrub and herbaceous layers and species, trophic and ecological compositions of nesting-birds and feeding-birds communities. This article compares the measurement of the diversity of bird communities and forestry vegetation (diversity indices, dominance indices, evenness indices) in the natural and semi-natural forests of the Kyiv city on a gradient of recreational transformation. The stands formed consist of Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L., Acer platanoides L., Tilia cordata L., Ulmus glabra Huds., Fraxinus excelsior L. and Prunus avium L. The floristic list comprised 65 grass species. A total of 49 species of avifauna were found, including 44 species that were protected by the Bern, Bonn and Washington Conventions. There were significant correlations between vertical and horizontal heterogeneities of tree distribution and abundance, species richness and nesting density of birds. The interrelationship between species diversity of birds and floristic richness was also confirmed.
Underlying causes and the impacts of disaster events (floods) on fertility decision in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Haq Shah Md. Atiqul
Published: September 2018

The study attempts to uncover how people living in vulnerable areas address the relationship between the impacts of extreme weather events (floods) and fertility preference. The study selected a village, Sharat Pur from Sunamganj District, which is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of flooding. The study gathered information from 158 respondents by using a semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews. With the small sample size the study used descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis. Findings show that there is still a preference for more sons to recover the damage caused from the impacts of floods. However, people think having a large family is a burden. They emphasize controlling family size through family planning programs and do not take into account the risk of children dying affecting their desire to have additional children. Therefore they consider having more children especially sons as a gift from God and the occurrence of flood events as the wish of God. The intention of the study is not to generalize findings but to comprehend the underlying mechanism between disaster events and fertility behavior. The study collected information from a very small sample size. Future studies might consider a large sample size and explore more deeply the mechanism between the different disaster events and fertility decisions by using a comparative analysis between regions vulnerable to different extreme weather events and not vulnerable to extreme weather events within Bangladesh, and comparing Bangladesh with other South Asian countries.
Two-dimensional Kagome Lattices Made of Hetero Triangulenes are Dirac Semimetals or Single-Band Semiconductors
Authors: Jing Yu , Heine Thomas
Published: September 2018

In two dimensions, 11 lattice types are mathematically possible, the Kepler nets, but nature offers only few of them in dense crystals. Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) offer to overcome this limitation and to provide nets that are to date only possible as photonic lattices or atom-by-atom engineered surface structures. Here we discuss, based on first-principles calculations, 2D kagome lattices composed of polymerized hetero-triangulene units, planar molecules with D3h point group containing a B, C or N center atom and CH2, O or CO bridges. We explore the design principles for a functional lattice made of COFs, which involves control of π-conjugation and electronic structure of the knots. The former is achieved by the chemical potential of the bridge groups, while the latter is controlled by the heteroatom. The resulting 2D kagome COFs have a characteristic electronic structure with a Dirac band sandwiched by two flat bands and are either Dirac semimetals (C center), or single-band semiconductors - materials with either exclusively electrons (B center) or holes (N center) as charge carriers of very high mobility, reaching values of up to ~8×103 cm2V-1s-1, which is comparable to crystalline silicon. The flat bands show a delocalized electronic structure with no contribution from the center atoms, and their curvature is modulated by the bridge atoms. This suggests that the flat bands are inherent features of the kagome lattice.
Role of Growth and Inequality in Explaining Changes in Poverty in Pakistan
Authors: Talat Anwar
Published: September 2018

Changes in the extent of poverty are affected not only by growth in the mean income but also by changes in the distribution of income. The effect of these two factors can be separately measured by decomposing the total change in poverty. In this context, this paper uses new tools to quantify relative contribution of growth and inequality using the latest available household survey data. The findings of this paper suggest that the role of inequality remained important in mitigating the adverse effects of growth on poverty during the first period, 1998- 99 to 2001-02. Alternatively, the role of growth has been fundamental in reducing absolute poverty in the second period, 2001-02 to 2004-05. Poverty would have been further reduced, had the distribution not worsened during this period. The policy implication is that while pursuit of growth as a strategy is important for poverty reduction in Pakistan, the contribution of redistribution in favour of the poor should not be ignored if the effect of growth on poverty reduction is to be enhanced. Thus, the major challenge is to pursue a poverty reduction strategy that is based on growth with redistribution. JEL classification: I300, I320, O150, O400 Keywords: Poverty, Inequality, Economic Growth, Pakistan
Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi. The Evolution of Development Policy: A Reinterpretation. Oxford University Press, 2010. 442 pages. Hardbound. Pak. Rs 995.00.
Authors: Uzma Zia
Published: September 2018

‘The Evolution of Development Policy: A Reinterpretation’ by S. N. Haider Naqvi is an excellent and timely discourse on development paradigms. The author lucidly traces evolution of different development paradigms and in the process not only thoroughly explains, what each paradigm stands but also critically evaluates each paradigm. The book is organised into seven parts. Part I, comprising ‘preliminaries’ gives an overview of the evolution of thinking on development policy. The analytical framework highlights the faults in the structure of development policy. To set the framework for analysing development policy, the book argues that an evolutionary perspective on development policy should be examined under three paradigms: traditional development paradigm; the liberalist paradigm and the human development paradigm. The author takes pains to describe various important aspects of this framework. The author also argues that some aspects of the traditional development paradigm have been misunderstood and in the process elucidate the subject.
FDI, Unemployment, and Welfare in the Presence of Agricultural Dualism: A Three-Sector General Equilibrium Model
Authors: Rakhi Banerjee  , Ranjanendra Narayan Nag
Published: September 2018

The present paper uses a three-sector general equilibrium framework to examine the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on unemployment and welfare in laboursurplus economies in the post-globalisation era. We show that the expansion of landhungry export-oriented agricultural sector through FDI accentuates the problem of urban unemployment in the presence of sticky urban wage and agricultural dualism. We also note that multiple cross-effects and factor specificity play an important role in determining change in output composition and welfare in the wake of the inflow of foreign capital. JEL classification: F16, F21 Keywords: Agricultural Dualism, FDI, Unemployment, Welfare
Pakistani Bureaucracy and Political Neutrality: A Mutually Exclusive Phenomenon?
Authors: Maryam Tanwir  , Shailaja Fennell
Published: September 2018

This paper examines the reasons for the early dominance of the bureaucratic élite in Pakistan and the downsizing that was brought about by the administrative reforms of 1973. The perceptions of bureaucrats and ministers indicate that loyalty to political establishment is now regarded a crucial requirement in a bureaucrat. This shift from the principle of political neutrality to the practice of political allegiance has affected both the development agenda as well as the institutions of the country.
Naomi Klein. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Henry Holt and Metropolitan Books. 2007. 500 pages. Hardcover. US$18.11.
Authors: Mohsin M. Zahid
Published: September 2018

Naomi Klein is an award-winning journalist, and his book The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism is a bestseller. Klein argues that free market philosophy professed by the Nobel laureate Milton Friedman and may others and adopted by the international financial institutions faced a hard time while being put to practice. Accordingly, crises were engineered in some countries to provide an environment in which unpopular reforms could be carried through. In some countries natural disasters were used as an occasion to push through the free market reform agenda. Klein’s basic thesis is that unpopular market reforms have typically been carried out at a time when the shock-stricken people were too disoriented to take even a clear stand on the reforms, much less to put up a stiff resistance to these. Policy changes that followed the Falklands war of 1982, the Tiananmen square event of 1989, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, and of course the more recent Global Financial Crisis are all examples of pushing through the liberal reform agenda after the man-made crises had disoriented the public at large or had softened their stand on the free market.
Parvez Hasan. My Life, My Country: Memoirs of a Pakistani Economist. 2011. Lahore: Ferozsons (Pvt.) Ltd. 472 pages. Hard cover. $25.00.
Authors: Shahid Javed Burki
Published: September 2018

This is a timely book. It comes out at an extraordinarily difficult time for the Pakistani economy. The country has seen many ups and downs in its turbulent history of 64 years. In the second half of the 1960s, many economists—some of them from the West1—saw Pakistan as a model of economic success which other developing nations could follow. Some scholars even viewed Ayub Khan’s political model as a success, able to address the problem the Nobel Prize winning economist Gunnar Myrdal had identified as the “soft Asian state”.2 Now, half a century later, the country is viewed as a highly troubled and stressed state.3 It faces numerous problems that could conceivably result in the collapse of the economy. Parvez Hasan’s book traces some of these ups and downs in Pakistan’s economic history. He presents them as a part of his life story.
Elektrik Enerjisi Başarı Testinin Geliştirilmesi
Authors: DUMANOĞLU Feyza , AKÇAY Behiye
Published: September 2018

Bu araştırmanın amacı ortaokul
yedinci sınıf fen bilimleri dersi elektrik enerjisi ünitesi kazanımlarına
yönelik öğrencilerin akademik başarılarını ölçmeye elverişli bir başarı testi
geliştirmektir. Öncelikle literatür taraması yapılmış, merkezi sınavlarda
sorulan sorular bir araya getirilmiş ve 39 sorudan oluşan bir soru havuzu oluşturulmuştur.
Benzer özellikteki sorular testten çıkarılmış ve soru sayısı 27’ye
düşürülmüştür. Uzman görüşleri alınıp, gerekli düzenlemeler yapıldıktan sonra
27 sorudan oluşan Elektrik Enerjisi Başarı testi (EEBT) 255 sekizinci sınıf
öğrencine uygulanmıştır. Test sonuçlarından elde edilen veriler SPSS 24 ve
LISREL programları kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Madde analizi ve doğrulayıcı
faktör analizi sonunda iki madde testten çıkarılmıştır. 25 sorudan oluşan testin
güvenirlik kat sayısı 0.787 ve test-tekrar test güvenirliği 0.804 olarak
hesaplanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapıldığında soruların “Ampulleri Bağlama Şekilleri” ve “Elektrik Enerjisinin Dönüşümü” faktörlerine
dağıldığı ispatlanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda yedinci sınıf öğrencileri
için geliştirilen 25 maddeden oluşan Elektrik Enerjisi Başarı Testinin (EEBT)
geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Factors (Benefits, Trust, Self-Efficacy, Ease of Use, Security) Affecting Consumer’s Perception on E-Money in Indonesia
Authors: Pratiwi Dinna Fatmy , Dewi Citra Kusuma
Published: September 2018

This research based on the developments of technology on payment system which replaced the use of cash as a medium of exchange into the non-cash system. The use of e-money as a non-cash system was made to actualize less cash society by the increase of the use of instrument and non-cash channel. However, the government had made a rule by required various costs to use e-money. As the used of e-money seemed forced by a rule, therefore, costumers might have a bad perception toward it. Hence, this research made to know the factors that affected costumers’ perception toward e-money in Indonesia. The method used in this research was quantitative method with type of descriptive and causal research. The variables used in this research are benefits (X1), trust (X2), self-efficacy (X3), ease of use (X4), security (X5), and consumers’ perception (Y). The samples are 400 respondents and using the technique of non-probability sampling which covered purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The data analysis was using multiple linear regressions. The research showed that the factor of self-efficacy and security in partial didn’t significantly affect the consumers’ perception toward e-money in Indonesia, while the factors that significantly affected partially are factors of benefits, ease of use, and trust. However, simultaneously, all factors of Benefits (X1), Trust (X2), Self-efficacy (X3), Ease of Use (X4), and Security (X5) significantly affected consumers’ perception (Y) toward e-money in Indonesia.
Klassentheorien – Die letzten 50 Jahre
Authors: Thien Hans-Günter
Published: September 2018

When at the latest with the crises of the financial markets a new focus on class issues was set on Marxian theorists’ agenda, there is the question, how to cope with it. The idea of class is central for Marxian theories, but enigmatic and controversal at the same time. Reason enough to review and to reconsider as well the dynamics of the discussions within the last 50 years and to focus the sets of problems and unanswered questions.
How Sea Fog Influences Inland Visibility on the Southern China Coast
Authors: Sun Jianxiang , Huang Huijun , Zhang Suping , Mao Weikang
Published: September 2018

Sea fog can lead to inland fog on the southern China coast, affecting visibility on land. To better understand how such fog influences inland visibility, we observed two sea-fog cases at three sites (over sea, at coast, and inland) and analyzed the results here. Our analysis suggests four factors may be key: (1) The synoptic pattern is the decisive factor determining whether fog forms inland. First, sea fog and low clouds form when the synoptic pattern involves warm, moist air moving from a warmer sea-surface temperature (SST) region to a colder SST region near the coast. Then, inland fog tends to occur under this low-cloud background with relatively large horizontal-vapor transport. A greater horizontal-vapor transport results in denser fog with higher liquid-water content. Conversely, a strong horizontal advection of temperature with less horizontal-vapor transport can hinder inland-fog formation. (2) Local cooling (including ground radiative cooling) helps promote inland fog formation. (3) Fog formation requires low wind speed and small turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). The small TKE helps the vapor accumulate close to the surface and maintain the local cooling effect. (4) Fog formation is promoted by having the energy flux downward at night with the land surface cooling the atmosphere as well as having lower soil temperature and higher soil humidity.
Cross Sections and Rate Coefficients for Rotational Excitation of HeH+ Molecule by Electron Impact
Authors: Khamesian Marjan , Ayouz Mehdi , Singh Jasmeet , Kokoouline Viatcheslav
Published: September 2018

Cross sections for rotational excitation and de-excitation of the HeH+ ion by an electron impact are computed using a theoretical approach that combines the UK R-matrix code and the multi-channel quantum defect theory. The thermally-averaged rate coefficients derived from the obtained cross sections are fitted to an analytical formula valid for a wide range of temperatures.
A Numerical Study on the Effect of Position and Number of Openings on the Performance of Composite Steel Shear Walls
Authors: Badarloo Baitollah , Jafari Faezeh
Published: September 2018

Use of composite steel shear walls (CSSW) in earthquake-resistant structures has grown in recent years. However, no thorough information exists on their performance, especially in cases where openings are present. In the present study, in order to first validate the analysis method, ABAQUS was used to model the studied composite shear wall with gap at UC-Berkeley, according to the results of which, a good agreement between the experimental and analytical models was observed. Then, the effect of the position and number of the openings on the performance of the walls was addressed. To this end, models with various openings, including openings close to the beam/column, horizontal/vertical openings and distributing opening, were prepared and analyzed. The results indicate that the maximum reduction in stiffness and strength occurred in walls with single openings. The size of opening and the opening’s area significantly affect shear wall performance. Ultimately, artificial neural network and fitness function tools were employed to obtain predictive models for shear wall performance. A neural network has proven an appropriate alternative method for predicting the displacement, stress, and strength of the composite shear wall.
Regulation of Ovarian Cancer Prognosis by Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Drakes Maureen L. , Stiff Patrick J.
Published: September 2018

It is estimated that in the United States in 2018 there will be 22,240 new cases of ovarian cancer and 14,070 deaths due to this malignancy. The most common subgroup of this disease is high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), which is known for its aggressiveness, high recurrence rate, metastasis to other sites, and the development of resistance to conventional therapy. It is important to understand the ovarian cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) from the viewpoint of the function of pre-existing immune cells, as immunocompetent cells are crucial to mounting robust antitumor responses to prevent visible tumor lesions, disease progression, or recurrence. Networks consisting of innate and adaptive immune cells, metabolic pathways, intracellular signaling molecules, and a vast array of soluble factors, shape the pathogenic nature of the TME and are useful prognostic indicators of responses to conventional therapy and immunotherapy, and subsequent survival rates. This review highlights key immune cells and soluble molecules in the TME of ovarian cancer, which are important in the development of effective antitumor immunity, as well as those that impair effector T cell activity. A more insightful knowledge of the HGSOC TME will reveal potential immune biomarkers to aid in the early detection of this disease, as well as biomarkers that may be targeted to advance the design of novel therapies that induce potent antitumor immunity and survival benefit.