bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Reverberations of Traumatized Primary Dentition: A Practitioner's Perspective
Authors: Singh Santosh K , Gupta Indra , Agarwal Rakesh K , Sharma Pranjal , Patil Raju U
Published: January 2012

The traumatized primary teeth have a great clinical significance because it not only have consequences on itself but also on its succedaneous developing permanent teeth due to its close anatomical relationship. The extent of severity is adjudged by the type of trauma and the age of the child at the time of trauma. For instance, avulsion and intrusive injuries present with high percentage of developmental disturbances in permanent teeth than subluxation and extrusive injuries. When considering the age of the child at the time of trauma, consequences are less severe in children over 4 years of age than in the younger age group.

Clinical significance

It highlights the sequelae of trauma to primary teeth with the aim of aiding in detection of probable alterations in the traumatized primary teeth and its succedaneous permanent teeth.

How to cite this article

Agarwal RK, Sharma P, Gupta I, Patil RU, Singh SK, Bharath KP. The Reverberations of Traumatized Primary Dentition: A Practitioner's Perspective. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(6):511-515.
The scale problem in quantifying aerosol indirect effects
Authors: McComiskey A. , Feingold G.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. A wide range of estimates exists for the radiative forcing of the aerosol effect on cloud albedo. We argue that a component of this uncertainty derives from the use of a wide range of observational scales and platforms. Aerosol influences cloud properties at the microphysical scale, or the "process scale", but observations are most often made of bulk properties over a wide range of resolutions, or "analysis scales". We show that differences between process and analysis scales incur biases in quantification of the albedo effect through the impact that data aggregation and computational approach have on statistical properties of the aerosol or cloud variable, and their covariance. Measures made within this range of scales are erroneously treated as equivalent, leading to a large uncertainty in associated radiative forcing estimates. Issues associated with the coarsening of observational resolution particular to quantifying the albedo effect are discussed. Specifically, the omission of the constraint on cloud liquid water path and the separation in space of cloud and aerosol properties from passive, space-based remote sensors dampen the measured strength of the albedo effect. We argue that, because of this lack of constraints, many of these values are in fact more representative of the full range of aerosol-cloud interactions and their associated feedbacks. Based on our understanding of these biases we propose a new observationally-based and process-model-constrained, method for estimating aerosol-cloud interactions that can be used for radiative forcing estimates as well as a better characterization of the uncertainties associated with those estimates.
The validity of the kinetic collection equation revisited – Part 3: Sol-gel transition under turbulent conditions
Authors: Alfonso L. , Raga G. B. , Baumgardner D.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. In a coagulating system, a sol-gel transition occurs when a single giant particle (a gel) arises under certain conditions and begins to consume the mass of smaller but higher populated fraction (the sol). This single giant particle (also known as a runaway particle) is detached from the continuous spectrum. Since the kinetic collection equation (KCE) only models the evolution of the continuous size of the spectrum, as the largest particle continue to grow by accretion of smaller ones, the liquid water content predicted by the KCE will decrease. In this paper, the sol-gel transition is proposed as the mechanism that forms the large droplets that are needed to trigger warm rain development in cumulus clouds. By using a collection kernel enhanced by turbulence and a stochastic simulation method, the formation of a runaway droplet is modeled through the turbulent collection process. The model results show that the sol-gel transition (also called gelation) leads to the formation of a droplet with mass comparable to the mass of the initial system. The time when the sol-gel transition occurs is estimated with a Monte Carlo method when the parameter ρ (the ratio of the standard deviation for the largest droplet mass over all the realizations to the averaged value) reaches its maximum value. Moreover, we show that without turbulence, the sol-gel transition will not occur. In the context of theoretical cloud microphysics, gelation can be interpreted as the formation of the "lucky droplet" that grows at a much faster rate than the rest of the droplet population and subsequently becomes the embryo for raindrops.
Changes in growth of pristine boreal North American forests from 1950 to 2005 driven by landscape demographics and species traits
Authors: Girardin M. P. , Guo X. J. , Bernier P. Y. , Raulier F. , Gauthier S.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. In spite of the many factors that are occurring and known for positively affecting the growth of forests, some boreal forests across North America have recently felt the adverse impacts of environmental changes. Knowledge of causes for productivity declines in North American boreal forests remains limited and this is owed to the large spatial and temporal scales involved, and the many plant processes affected. Here, the response of pristine eastern boreal North American (PEBNA) forests to ongoing climatic changes is examined using in situ data, community ecology statistics, and species-specific model simulations of carbon exchanges forced by contemporary climatic data. To examine trends in forest growth, we used a recently acquired collection of tree-ring width data from 252 sample plots distributed in PEBNA forests dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Results of linear trend analysis on the tree growth data highlight a dominating forest growth decline in overmature forests (age > 120 yr) from 1950 to 2005. In contrast, improving growth conditions are seen in jack pine and mature (70–120 yr) black spruce stands. Multivariate analysis of climate and growth relationships suggests that responses of PEBNA forests to climate are dependent on demographic and species traits via their mediation of temperature and water stress constraints. In support of this hypothesis, the simulation experiment suggests that in old-growth black spruce stands the benefit to growth brought on by a longer growing season may have been low in comparison with the increasing moisture stress and respiration losses caused by warmer summer temperatures. Predicted increases in wildfire frequency in PEBNA forests will likely enhance the positive response of landscape-level forest growth to climate change by shifting the forest distribution to younger age classes while also enhancing the jack pine component.
Detecting anthropogenic carbon dioxide uptake and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Bates N. R. , Best M. H. P. , Neely K. , Garley R. , Dickson A. G. , Johnson R. J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Fossil fuel use, cement manufacture and land-use changes are the primary sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere, with the ocean absorbing 30 %. Ocean uptake and chemical equilibration of anthropogenic CO2with seawater results in a gradual reduction in seawater pH and saturation states (Ω) for calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals in a process termed ocean acidification. Assessing the present and future impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems requires detection of the multi-decadal rate of change across ocean basins and at ocean time-series sites. Here, we show the longest continuous record of ocean CO2 changes and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre near Bermuda from 1983–2011. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) increased in surface seawater by ~40 μmol kg−1 and ~50 μatm (~20 %), respectively. Increasing Revelle factor (β) values imply that the capacity of North Atlantic surface waters to absorb CO2 has also diminished. As indicators of ocean acidification, seawater pH decreased by ~0.05 (0.0017 yr−1) and Ω values by ~7–8 %. Such data provide critically needed multi-decadal information for assessing the North Atlantic Ocean CO2sink and the pH changes that determine marine ecosystem responses to ocean acidification.
Coupling a groundwater model with a land surface model to improve water and energy cycle simulation
Authors: Tian W. , Li X. , Wang X.-S. , Hu B. X.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The water and energy cycles interact, making them generally closely related. Land surface models (LSMs) can describe the water and energy cycles of the land surface, but their description of the subsurface water processes is oversimplified, and lateral groundwater flow is ignored. Groundwater models (GWMs) well describe the dynamic movement of subsurface water flow, but they cannot depict the physical mechanism of the evapotranspiration (ET) process in detail. In this study, a coupled model of groundwater with simple biosphere (GWSiB) is developed based on the full coupling of a typical land surface model (SiB2) and a three-dimensional variably saturated groundwater model (AquiferFlow). In this model, the infiltration, ET and energy transfer are simulated by SiB2 via the soil moisture results given by the groundwater flow model. The infiltration and ET results are applied iteratively to drive the groundwater flow model. The developed model is then applied to study water cycle processes in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin in the northwest of China. The model is validated through data collected at three stations in the study area. The stations are located in a shallow groundwater depth zone, a deeper groundwater depth zone and an agricultural irrigation area. The study results show that the coupled model can well depict the land surface and groundwater interaction and can more comprehensively and accurately simulate the water and energy cycles compared with uncoupled models.
Transports and budgets in a 1/4° global ocean reanalysis 1989–2010
Authors: Haines K. , Valdivieso M. , Zuo H. , Stepanov V. N.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Large scale ocean transports of heat and freshwater have not been well monitored, and yet the regional budgets of these quantities are vital to understanding the role of the oceans in climate and climate change. In contrast atmospheric heat and freshwater transports are commonly assessed from atmospheric reanalysis products, despite the presence of non-conserving data assimilation based on the wealth of distributed atmospheric observations as constraints. The ability to carry out ocean reanalyses globally at eddy permitting resolutions of 1/4° or better, along with new global ocean observation programs, now make a similar approach viable for the ocean. In this paper we examine the budgets and transports within a global high resolution ocean model constrained by ocean data assimilation, and compare them with independent ocean and atmospheric estimates.
SCIENCE AND SERENDIPITY IN POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kresge Edward N.
Published: January 2012

Polyolefin elastomers based on ethylene, propylene, and isobutylene plus other monomers are now widely used in many diverse applications. Major research and development efforts have led to thermoplastic polyolefin soft automobile bumpers, modifiers for lubricating oils, and fast extrusion grades of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymers. These and other successful commercial innovations depend on the tools of the basic science of structure–property relationships, proper needs assessments, sound engineering, and good management. These tools have been largely provided by my colleagues at ExxonMobil Chemical, customers, and universities and I thank them profoundly. Several historical commercial developments are discussed, including thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers based on ethylene–propylene copolymer–isotactic–polypropylene blends, shear stable viscosity modifiers based on ethylene–propylene copolymers, bimodal molecular weight and compositional distribution EPDM to control rheological characteristics, and diene structure and interchain distribution. In addition, the ongoing research on nanocomposites for tire innerliners based on isobutylene polymers and clay is reviewed. The roles of polymer science, serendipity, and lost opportunity costs on innovation are also discussed.
CONFIGURATIONAL MECHANICS: A TOOL TO INVESTIGATE FRACTURE AND FATIGUE OF RUBBER
Authors: Verron Erwan
Published: January 2012

Our objective is twofold: (1) to offer a short state of the art on the framework of configurational mechanics to rubber researchers and engineers, and (2) to show that it is well adapted to rubber mechanics. The state of the art presents the general theory but also highlights the physical meaning of the Eshelby stress tensor and of its path integrals; then, we propose a list of recent applications involving configurational mechanics. Attention is then focused on rubber applications: recent work on the simulation of fracture in inelastic materials and on the development of predictors for fatigue crack initiation is presented.
PATENTS OF CHARLES GOODYEAR: HIS INTERNATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
Authors: Calzonetti Jo Ann , Laursen Christopher J.
Published: January 2012

Charles Goodyear is best known for a single patent, U.S. patent 3633, “Improvements in India Rubber Fabrics Vulcanization of Rubber” (1849). The story of Goodyear and his 1839 discovery of vulcanization, a method to increase the strength and resiliency of rubber, has been told in several well-researched accounts. What has not been accomplished is a compilation of the complete patents of Goodyear. Although many books and articles discuss the patents of Charles Goodyear, up to this point there was no single comprehensive and accurate list of his patents including all the information needed to retrieve the original documents from the issuing patent organizations. Librarians of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society and the University of Akron, using both print and online resources, were able to compile a complete list of Goodyear's patents issued in the 19th Century.
Experimental Characterization and Constitutive Modeling of the Mechanical Properties of Uncured Rubber
Authors: Kaliske M. , Zopf C. , Brüggemann C.
Published: January 2012

The properties of uncured rubber are characterized by a viscoelastic material formulation in order to develop a finite element method (FEM) to predict the deformation behavior of this material during processing. As material formulation, a viscoelastic material model is considered, which consists of a nonlinear Hooke spring connected in parallel to a finite number of Maxwell elements. To identify the material parameters, various tests have to be conducted. The chosen test procedure and data analysis strategy are presented. An evolutionary optimization procedure is used to fit the material parameters to the measurements by minimizing the mean square error of the approximation. At the end, the suitability of the chosen material model and the identified material parameters is shown. Finally, the result of a molding test is compared to the corresponding FEM simulation.
Characterization of Polyurethane Formulations by Direct Probe Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Whitson Sara E. , Wesdemiotis Chrys , Lattimer Robert P.
Published: January 2012

Complex, commercially available polyurethane polymers were heated at slowly increasing temperatures on a direct probe (DP) inserted into an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source of a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Slow heating of the probe allowed for temporal separation of the thermally desorbed components (such as additives) and thermal degradation products, based on their volatilities and bond stabilities. In situ analysis of the released desorption products and pyrolyzates was accomplished by APCI mass spectrometry. DP-APCI enabled the characterization of polyurethanes that cannot be analyzed directly by mass spectrometry. Distinctions could be made between polymer formulations with variable physical properties due to their different blends.
Morals in business organizations: an approach based on strategic value and strength for business management
Authors:   Departamento de Administración de Empresas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Avda. de los Alfares, 42, Ruiz Palomino Pablo ,   Cuenca, C.P.: 16071, España. Pablo.Ruiz@uclm.es, Bañón Gomis Alexis J. ,   IECO, Fundación COSO, Calle del Mar 26, 2º 4º, Valencia, C.P.: 46003, España, abg@icav.es, Ruiz Amaya Carmen ,   Departamento de Administración de Empresas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Avda. de los Alfares, 42; Cuenca, C.P.: 16071, España. Carmen.Ruiz@uclm.es
Published: January 2012

In the last decades, the topic of business ethics has attracted great interest at the academic and professional levels. Nowadays business ethics is being increasingly implemented as a necessary discipline in universities' study plans on business management. Moreover, its importance is also evident according to the worldwide increase of organizations and/or institutions that have implemented ethics systems. However, some approaches thoroughly do not consider the importance and the need of an ethical behaviour and are still guiding the actions and the way of thinking of many academics and professionals led to consider that the only responsibility of business is limited just to profit maximization. After analyzing and debating the postulates of this line of thought, this paper concludes that the companies bear the responsibility of behaving ethically. This responsibility does not exclusively imply serving and being fair to its shareholders as the only actors to care about. Its fulfilment requires the recognition of other actors in scene, its stakeholders, to constitute a consistent basis on which companies can satisfactorily operate in the market. The implementation of an ethical management system (from now on EMS) can contribute to the generation of an ethical culture and to the improvement of the moral quality of the whole organization. As a consequence, together with the achievement of the desired Top Managers "best place to work", the corporate reputation related to its stakeholders can be improved redounding in the value creation for the company.
Human resource management in local governments
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Facultad de Ciencias de la Empresa C/ Real nº 3 30203 Cartagena (Murcia), sesejo@upct.es, Serrano Segura José , Barba Aragón María Isabel ,   Universidad de Murcia Facultad de Economía y Empresa Campus de Espinardo 30100 Espinardo (Murcia), isabarba@um.es
Published: January 2012

Literature highlights the key role that organizations' workforce has in companies' performance. It is also emphasized that human resource management is a source of competitive advantage. However, although this topic has been widely studied in the private sector, little research has focused on public administration, particularly for local governments. In order to fill this gap, this research based on a case study of nine city councils sited in the Region of Murcia, analyses if an adequate employees management is related to better organizational-level outcomes, in individuals and services. Findings suggest that the local governments that develop recruitment and selection, training, performance appraisal and compensation practices taking into account the needs of the specific jobs to cover, employees' potential and their performances, improve their results.
Can knowledge management influence firms' performance?
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Departamento de organización de Empresas. Universidad de Alicante. Ap. Correos 99. 03080 Alicante. jj.tari@ua.es, Tarí Guilló Juan José , García-Fernández Mariano ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Departamento de organización de Empresas. Universidad de Alicante. Ap. Correos 99. 03080 Alicante. mgarcia.fernandez@ua.es
Published: January 2012

The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of knowledge management on business performance. First, a review of the literature has been made, in order to define the most common dimensions of knowledge management and results for subsequent measurement. The dimensions of knowledge management have been: creation, storage and transfer and the application and use of knowledge. Information acquisition, dissemination and interpretation have been used as measures for the creation of knowledge. Also, empowerment, teamwork and commitment to knowledge have been used as measures of implementation and use of knowledge. The dimensions of the results used have been: operating results, financial and innovation. The methodology used is based on case study, through primary and secondary data. The results show that knowledge management influences operating results, but also financial and innovation results. Thus, the companies studied which have a higher degree of knowledge management through teamwork, increased empowerment, flexibility in decision-making and a general view of the company, including practices, obtain better results regarding operation, but also financial and innovation results.
Protected indications of origin as differentiation cue of food products: the Spanish dry-cured ham case
Authors:   Universidad de Almería. Departamento de Dirección y Gestión de Empresas. Facultad de CC.EE. y Empresariales. Ctra.Sacramento s/n.La Cañada de San Urbano. 04120. Almería. jcgazque@ual.es, Gázquez Abad Juan Carlos , Martínez López Francisco J. ,   Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados. Facultad de CC.EE. y Empresariales. Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071. Granada. fjmlopez@ugr.es, Barrales Molina Vanesa ,   Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Organización de Empresas. Facultad de CC.EE. y Empresariales. Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071. Granada. vanesabm@ugr.es
Published: January 2012

The "country/region of origin" is a traditionally strategy used by food companies in order to differentiate their production from each other. In Spain, there are more than 140 EU recognised- Designations of Origin comprising several categories of food and drinks. From these, there are only six quality labels on Spanish dry-cured ham. In spite of this lower number of Designations, they suppose almost the 15% of the global economic value. From both a quantitative and a qualitative perspective -based on a SWOT analysis, this paper traits to analyse the role of origin as a marketing differentiation tool. In addition, interesting recommendations are offered in order to enhance the consumer's knowledge of Designations' main characteristics.
How can we distinguish ethical salespeople from those who are not?: Implications for the salespeople selection and training process
Authors:   Departamento de Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados. Facultad de Economía y Empresa. Universidad de Murcia. Campus de Espinardo. 30.100, Espinardo, Murcia. sroman@um.es, Román Nicolás Sergio , Rodríguez Herrera Rocío ,   Departamento de Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados. Facultad de Economía y Empresa. Universidad de Murcia. Campus de Espinardo. 30.100, Espinardo, Murcia. rrodriguez@um.es.
Published: January 2012

Nowadays organizations need to improve the image of their salespeople since they are aware of the influence of salespeople behaviors on the success or failure of the company as well as the bad image that society has traditionally had about the sales function, due in part to the use of sales ethically questionable practices. This article aims to analyze the effect of certain demographic variables (gender, formation and age) and personality traits (machiavellianism and materialism) on salespeople's evaluations of sales ethically questionable behaviors. Student t-test of difference of means is used on sample of 199 salespeople. The results reveal that all the variables considered, but gender, influenced a salesperson's ethical judgments. The key implications for the sales selection and training activities are discussed at the end of the article.
Brands and value delivery networks in the lamb sector of the Basque Country
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales (Unidad Delegada de San Sebastián) Plaza de Oñati, 1, Beristain Oñederra José Juan ,   20.018 Donostia-San Sebastián. josejuan.beristain@ehu.es, Mediano Serrano Lucía ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales (Unidad Delegada de San Sebastián) Plaza de Oñati, 1; 20.018 Donostia-San Sebastián. lucia.mediano@ehu.es, Mitxeo Grajirena Jone ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales (Unidad Delegada de San Sebastián) Plaza de Oñati, 1; 20.018 Donostia-San Sebastián. jone.mitxeo@ehu.es, Villalba Merlo Francisco ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales (Unidad Delegada de San Sebastián) Plaza de Oñati, 1; 20.018 Donostia-San Sebastián. javier.villalba@ehu.es
Published: January 2012

This work seeks to determine the potential of the brand as a tool that can create value for the lamb sector of the Basque Country, and analyzes to what extent the sector is taking advantage of that potential. To achieve this goal, we carry out a review of the literature related to perceived value, information signals, brands and value delivery networks. Subsequently, we conduct an empirical analysis of the Basque lamb sector based on primary and secondary sources of information. The results illustrate the possibilities for the brand to increase value for customers and enhance the competitiveness of the sector.
Middle managers service leadership
Authors:   CAME – Formación y Perfeccionamiento Directivo. Jr. Costa Rica 157 – Lima 11 – Lima – Perú. llescano@came.edu.pe, Lescano Duncan Lucio Roberto
Published: January 2012

A big challenge in modern service organization is to focus on customers and to forge their satisfaction and loyalty. Innovation, information technology and value added are decisive factors, however the main aspect to consider is the human factor. It is necessary to focus on people in order to improve the service capability within the organization. Middle manager is the link between the strategy designed by top management and the execution to deliver services, that is realized by employees guided by leaders of middle level. Our study is focused on middle manager service orientation as the pillar to get a customer focus and to forge the service employees' performance. We consider that middle managers have to asume a service leadership in order to foster the productivity and employees' commitment. In that sense we focus especially on middle managers' main roles. Those are the key aspect to deploy a service culture, and at the same time to promote employees' satisfaction that drives their performance and development.
Natural History of Upper Limb Arterio-Venous Fistulae for Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Suttie Stuart A. , Ponnuvelu Geeta , Henderson Nikola , Vint Ross , Ross Rose , Tootill Ruth , Howd Alison , Nagy Janos , Griffiths Gareth D.
Published: January 2012

Purpose

Arterio-venous fistulae (AVF) for hemodialysis are prone to problems, ultimately leading to failure of the fistulae. Our aim was to determine the site and time to first stenosis and time to and factors influencing AVF failure for radio-cephalic (RC), brachio-cephalic (BC), and transposed brachio-basilic (BB) AVF.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of native AVF constructed within a single vascular unit between January 2002–December 2008. Patients followed up to the end points of death, AVF failure or end of study period. Data collected included: age, sex, AVF type, time and site of first stenosis and time to failure. The relationship between fistula type, stenosis, and failure were examined.

Results

In total, 398 native AVF were included in the study (91 RC, 208 BC, and 99 BB), with a mean age of 66 years. A total of 215 (54%) AVF developed a flow limiting stenosis, and over time 151 (40%) AVF failed. Stenoses developed significantly earlier in RC AVF (median 113 days) compared to BC (median 277 days), compared to BB (median days 414), P=.029. There was no statistically significant difference in time to failure (RC median 1344 days; BC median 1576 days; BB median 1159 days), P=.673. The presence of stenosis was the only variable found to have a significant impact on AVF failure in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Type of upper limb fistula did not impact on failure rates. Flow limiting stenoses impacted on fistula failure.
Efficacy and Safety of Deracoxib for the Control of Postoperative Pain and Inflammation Associated with Dental Surgery in Dogs
Authors: Bienhoff Stephen E. , Smith Eric S. , Roycroft Linda M. , Roberts Elizabeth S. , Baker Larry D.
Published: January 2012

The efficacy and safety of deracoxib administered at 1-2 mg/kg/day for 3 days was assessed for the control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with dental surgery in dogs. Client-owned dogs scheduled for dental extractions were premedicated with butorphanol and randomly assigned to receive either deracoxib (n=31) or placebo (n=31) preoperatively and again once daily for 2 additional days. Dogs were evaluated prior to and after surgery using a modified Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (mGCPS). Dogs could be rescued at any time if they scored ≥4 on the mGCPS or in cases of obvious discomfort. Rescued dogs were considered treatment failures for determining treatment response and were removed from the study. Of the 62 dogs enrolled, 57 were usable for the efficacy analyses and all were assessed for safety. Four of 27 deracoxib-treated dogs (14.8%) were rescued compared to 20 of 30 placebo dogs (66.7%) (P=0.0006). Deracoxib-treated dogs also had numerically lower mGCPS scores. Eight of 31 deracoxib dogs (26%) had adverse events reported compared to 6 of 31 placebo dogs (19%). Results indicate perioperative administration of deracoxib to dogs at 1-2 mg/kg/day for 3 days significantly improves analgesia after dental surgery.
An Evaluation of the Aboistop Citronella-Spray Collar as a Treatment for Barking of Domestic Dogs
Authors: Sargisson Rebecca J. , Butler Rynae , Elliffe Douglas
Published: January 2012

The aim of our study was to investigate whether citronella-spray collars offer a humane alternative to electric-shock collars to reduce the barking of domestic dogs. The Aboistop collar was applied to seven dogs with problematic barking behaviour by the dogs’ owners in a series of case studies concurrently run. Vocalisation of the dogs was recorded in the problem context under baseline conditions, inactive collar conditions, and active collar conditions. The Aboistop collar was effective at reducing problem vocalization for only three of seven dogs and appeared to be most effective for dogs whose problem barking had developed more recently. The collar may be more humane than other punishment methods, but it did produce stress reactions which varied in severity across the dogs. Clinical Relevance. In our study, the collar was applied by the dogs’ owners in order to test whether the collar would be effective when used by members of the public. While the results here are preliminary, they suggest that the collar may be effective for some dogs, but not for others, when applied by dog owners for the treatment of problem vocalisation. Further research is required to determine whether the collar could be effective when administered by a trained professional.
WCST Performance in Schizophrenia and Severe Depression with Psychotic Features
Authors: Rady Ahmed , Elsheshai Adel , Abou el Wafa Heba , Elkholy Osama
Published: January 2012

Background. Differentiating between schizophrenia and major depression with psychotic features often reveals diagnostic dilemma. Both share psychotic features and severe impairment in occupational functions. Severe psychomotor retardation, not uncommon in psychotic depression, may simulate negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Our work aims at utilizing Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance as a potential differentiating neurocognitive tool.Subjects and Methods. 60 patients were recruited randomly from the outpatient service at Alexandria University Hospital: 30 patients with schizophrenia and 30 patients with chronic psychotic depression. They were subjected to Clinical Global Impression for Severity (CGI-S) scale and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) 128 card computerized version.Results. Both groups were balanced in terms of gender distribution, severity and duration of illness. The study compared all parameters of WCST. Only perseverative errors showed mild significant difference () that disappeared when applying Bonferroni adaptation, setting significance level at 0.01 instead of 0.05.Conclusion. Performance on WCST is similar in schizophrenia and severe depression with psychotic features in most of the measured parameters and hence could not serve as a supplementary tool differentiating between both diagnoses in our study.
Statistical Properties and Applications of Correlated Length Intervals of Some Stationary Random Point Processes
Authors: Bendjaballah Cherif
Published: January 2012

The point process, a sequence of random univariate random variables derived from correlated bivariate random variables as modeled by Arnold and Strauss, has been examined. Statistical properties of the time intervals between the points as well as the probability distributions of the number of points registered in a finite interval have been analyzed specifically in function of the coefficient of correlation. The results have been applied to binary detection and to the transmission of information. Both the probability of error and the cut-off rate have been bounded. Several simulations have been generated to illustrate the theoretical results.
Degradation of Phenol via Meta Cleavage Pathway byPseudomonas fluorescensPU1
Authors: Mahiudddin Md. , Fakhruddin A. N. M. , Abdullah-Al-Mahin
Published: January 2012

Degradation of phenolics by members of soil microflora is an important means by which these substances are removed from the environment thus reducing environmental pollution. Biodegradation by microorganisms offers unique opportunities to destroy or render phenolic compounds. A bacterium, PU1, identified asPseudomonas fluorescensPU1, was investigated for its ability to grow on and degrade phenols as sole carbon sources in aerobic shaking batch culture. The organism degraded up to 1000 ppm of phenol using meta cleavage pathway. The pathways for phenol degradation were proposed by the identification of metabolites and assay of ring cleavage enzymes in cell extracts. Phenol was degraded via catechol with subsequent metaring cleavage. Cell growth increased as the phenol concentrations increased up to 1000 ppm phenol. The biodegradation efficiency, degradation extent, and metabolic pathway of phenol were determined to provide useful clues for further application of this isolate in the engineered bioremediation systems. The paper's results suggest thatPseudomonas fluorescensPU1 strain could be a good candidate for remediation of phenol contaminants from heavily polluted sites.
Abbey of
S
aint
V
ictor
Authors: Coulter Dale M.
Published: January 2012

Founded in 1108 by William of Champeaux (d. 1122), the Abbey of Saint Victor quickly became a leading center of thought and ecclesiastical reform throughout the twelfth century. After leaving the cathedral school of Notre Dame, William and a group of canons (priests) began a new community at an abandoned hermitage on the left bank of the Seine that had been dedicated to St. Victor of Marseilles. Although he belonged to an order of canons regular (priests who shared a common life organized around the Rule of St. Augustine), William's reputation as a teacher led to the opening of a school in which those not belonging to the order could study. The ethos of the school reflected the general orientation of the abbey, which was to combine moral and spiritual development with pursuit of the life of the mind. This ethos not only inspired the community of Saint Victor as a whole to bring moral reform to monastic communities around Paris and ecclesiastical reform to the church in general, but also became an impetus for its members to systematize the abbey's commitments.
A
belard,
P
eter (1079–1142)
Authors: Woods Thomas E.
Published: January 2012

Peter Abelard was a controversial philosopher and theologian and an example of early Scholasticism. Abelard has often been remembered more for his tragic relationship with Heloise, the brilliant and lovely young student with whom he fell in love early in his career, than for his intellectual contributions. (Recent scholarly work on Abelard suggests that Heloise had a significant intellectual influence on him.) But he was an important thinker in his own right and a forerunner of 13th century dialectic.
Abolitionist Movement
Authors: Olabimtan Kehinde
Published: January 2012

British antislavery movement of the 18th and 19th centuries. The evangelical revival that resulted from John Wesley's religious activities in 18th century England created a groundswell of religious devotion in a country where indifference had been the stamp of religious life. With this development came a sharp ethical view of life and society, and the crusade for reforms in factories, prisons, and other public institutions. One of the most popular of these groups from the 18th century was the Abolitionist movement. Their roots can be found in the Pennsylvanian Quaker Anthony Benezet who, by his writings, influenced John Wesley and converted notable members of the movement to abolitionism. With their base in Clapham the Abolitionists were mainly Anglican lay people of upper and middle class.
Adoptionism
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: January 2012

The paucity of extant evidence makes an exact knowledge about the views of what modern scholars have dubbed “adoptionist” or “dynamic” monarchianism uncertain. No documents written by adherents to this strain of Christian theology have survived. As a result, we cannot say what constituted a purely adoptionist viewpoint or how closely associated it was with what is typically called “modalism.” True to its emphasis on divine monotheism, “adoptionism” opposed any substantial division within God when it came to the incarnation of Christ as the Logos of God. As a result, the Jesus of the Gospels was a man empowered by the one God.
A
frican Church Fathers
Authors: Djintcharadzé Anna
Published: January 2012

The African Church Fathers (Tertullian, Minucius Felix, Cyprian, Lactantius, Optatus of Milevi, Augustine) belonged to the rather short‐lived African Church of the first five centuries of Christianity. It was a soil mostly plowed by sufferings from persecutions and fertilized by heresies and threatening schisms. In fact, it was in the middle of all the turmoil of this particular region, where the heroism of numerous martyrs shone most gloriously, that the Latin patristic tradition, although about a hundred years younger than the Greek one, took its roots and flourished in a quite particular way, being both related to and distant from the Greek approach to Sacred Scripture as well as to the way it should be lived. Thus the Fathers originating from North Africa should be seen as the founders of the Latin Church and its proper spirituality.
African Prophet Movement
Authors: Kehinde Olabimtan
Published: January 2012

An intuitive and spontaneous appropriation of Christianity by African converts to Christianity. Indigenous appropriation of Christianity has been at the roots of the process of evangelization of Africa, beginning among Coptic Christians of 3rd century Egypt. It was also evident in Kongo in response to the Catholic Christianity introduced to medieval Africa by Portuguese missionaries. However, it was in the modern era, beginning in the 19th century, that the process intensified and flourished, and in the 20th century developed into a continent‐wide mass movement. The essential dynamics that gave rise to the movement were change and threat to the ordered universe of the people. In their bid to provide anchorage for societies in rapid transition African prophets commended to their followers prayer, penitence, and conversion from sinful practices. At other times they enjoined purification and ablution, proscribing stealing, prostitution, and witchcraft. In methodology the prophet fused the old religion with the new, and vice versa, to achieve a new synthesis of faith intelligible to the faithful and efficacious at transcending present challenges. The new communities they founded became Zion, Israel or Nazareth.
A
lbanian Christianity
Authors: Wendell Johnson
Published: January 2012

Albania, in the Balkans, is bordered by Serbia to the north, Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south, and it is across the Adriatic Sea from Italy. As of 2007, the population of Albania was 3.5 million.
A
lcuinus,
F
laccus
A
lbinus (c.735–804)
Authors: Schmidt Alvin J.
Published: January 2012

English‐speaking historians call him Alcuin. He was born of nobility in or near York, England, in about 735 and died in 804. He was a teacher, scholar, and poet of the church in York, and given that his father had founded and operated a monastery, he grew up as child of the church. In about 667, he became head of the cathedral school in York, a center of renowned learning, which excelled in religious education and the liberal arts. He believed that pagans should be converted to Christianity by love and persuasion, rather than by coercive means.
A
lexander of
N
eva (1220?–1263)
Authors: Hofmeister Kyle
Published: January 2012

Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky was a Russian ruler and an Eastern Orthodox saint, remembered by the Russian people for his military accomplishments and diplomacy, and by the Orthodox Church as a pious Christian ruler. Born in Pereiaslavl‐Zaleski, Russia, to Prince Yaroslav, Alexander Nevsky became the Prince of Novgorod in 1236 and then the Grand Prince of Suzdal‐Vladimir in 1252. As the young Prince of Novgorod, Alexander achieved great repute by successfully defending the city against the threat of invasion from the west by the Swedes, who had set up camp on the banks of the Neva River. It is from this victory that Alexander received his epithet, “Nevsky” or “of the Neva.” In 1242, he once again defended Novgorod from invaders from the west by defeating the army of the knights of the Teutonic Order on the frozen Lake Peipus, which Russian tradition remembers as a brilliant success, though this may be somewhat exaggerated. Alexander's rise to the ruling throne of medieval Russia occurred near the beginning of a 200‐year Mongol/Tartar occupation. In 1252, the Khan's army marched on the city of Vladimir in response to a threat of opposition from Grand Prince Andrei (Alexander's older brother), who was seeking alliance from the European states in order to stage a resistance. After the initial defeat of Andrei, Alexander traveled to the Golden Horde in hopes of preventing further military action on Vladimir, and upon his arrival, Alexander was appointed Grand Prince. During his tenure as Grand Prince, the natives of several Russian cities revolted against the Mongol tax collectors and census takers. But Alexander, refusing to solicit help from the western European powers whom he saw threatening the Orthodox Church, opposed these uprisings in favor of compliance with the occupancy. The decision to accommodate the Mongol regime was unenthusiastically received by the people of his day. However, Alexander's diplomacy with the Golden Horde is remembered with great reverence by the Orthodox Church, whose autonomy was tolerated under the “Mongol yoke,” while alliance with the Swedes and Teutonic knights of the Catholic West would likely have resulted in assimilation to Rome. On November 14, 1263, returning from a final diplomatic mission to the Mongol horde, Alexander Nevsky died in the town of Gorodets, after taking the monastic schema under the name Alexei.
A
lgardi,
A
lessandro (1598–1654)
Authors: Kurian George Thomas
Published: January 2012

Italian sculptor, the leading sculptor under Pope Innocent X. He moved to Rome in 1625. During the pontificate of Innocent X, when Bernini was out of papal favor, Algardi replaced him at the papal court. Cardinal Ludovici, a fellow Bolognese, was able to secure Algardi his first commission for two stucco statues of
Magdalene
and
St. John the Evangelist
in Silvestro al Quirinale. He became a prolific sculptor of portrait busts and ranks as the greatest portrait sculptor of all time. In 1634 he completed his
Three Martyr Saints
in terracotta for SS. Luca e Martina. His mastery of bronze is shown in his
Urn for the Magdalene
in St. Maximin in southern France and the relief
Ecstasy of St. Mary Magdalene
in the church of Santi Luca e Martina in Rome. His three finest commissions were the
Tomb of Leo XI
and the huge relief
Pope Leo Driving Attila from Rome
, both in St. Peter's, and the
Decapitation of St. Paul
in S. Paolo in Bologna. In 1635 he carved the marble
S. Philip Neri
with an Angel for Sta Maria in Vallicella. Working mainly in marble and stucco, Algardi did many carvings for tombs, such as the Mellini tombs (1633–1634), and the Frangipani tombs (1637).
All Saints
Authors: Johnson R. Kevin
Published: January 2012

The Feast of All Saints originated in 5th century Syria to commemorate martyrs of the church. Traditionally, it is taught that Pope Leo VI (886–911) expanded the recognition of Christian saints from martyrdom to all who died with a professing bind to their faith. Eastern traditions celebrate All Saints' Day on May 13, the date of the consecration by Pope Boniface IV of the Pantheon in Rome in 609, thereby placing the festival in closer proximity to the celebration of the Lord's resurrection. Western traditions choose to mark November 1 as the feast day that corresponds with the dedication of Saint Peter's Chapel by Pope Gregory III (731–741) to honor the faithful departed. In 835, the Feast of All Martyrs, Saints, and Our Lady (as it was previously known in the Western Church) was abbreviated to the Feast of All Saints.
A
llen,
R
oland (1868–1947)
Authors: Olabimtan Kehinde
Published: January 2012

Roland Allen was an English mission theorist and high churchman with evangelical spirituality. A second generation priest, he received his dual theological heritage from his mother's strong evangelical persuasion and the influence of the Oxford Movement. Having finished his secondary education at Bristol Grammar School in 1887 he proceeded to St. John's College, Oxford, where he studied Classics and History. At Oxford he came under the influence of the Anglo‐Catholic faculty at Pusey House. This “Liberal Catholic” institution left a lifelong impression on Allen's ecclesiology, which later shaped his thinking on mission. On leaving Oxford in 1890, he entered the High Anglican training school at Leeds. He was ordained a deacon by the Bishop of Durham in 1892 and, the following year, a priest. This assignment was but a prelude to the missionary vocation that would soon engage his passion and faculty. After an initial setback with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) because of his heart ailment, he applied to its associated mission, the independent Church of England mission to North China. This time he overcame doubts about his physical fitness with his resolute determination and was accepted by the mission.