bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Indeterminacy: George Maciunas and the Mail
Authors: Chamberlain Colby
Published: November 2018

The term “network” has often been used to characterize Fluxus's internationalism and to identify its membership. This has led a number of scholars to argue that Fluxus anticipated forms of artistic exchange now associated with Internet-based art. More recently, it has cast Fluxus as a precedent for applying a network model to other transcontinental avant-gardes, particularly in curatorial practice. Yet in the rush to relate Fluxus to contemporary discourses on global connectivity, insufficient attention has been paid to the specific apparatuses that facilitated its cohesion. This article stages an intervention into Fluxus studies (and by extension Conceptual art, mail art, and other transnational movements associated with communication and the “dematerialization” of the art object) by drawing on the field of German media theory to analyze the “paperwork” that makes up much of the movement's material production. Specifically, it focuses on how the artist George Maciunas's engaged the postal system in order to facilitate Fluxus's collectivity, as well to insinuate Fluxus's methods of experimental composition into larger power structures. After an opening discussion of Maciunas's important diagrammatic history of Fluxus's development (a.k.a. the John Cage chart), the article tracks Maciunas's deployment of newsletters to organize Fluxus activities, his infamous mail-based sabotage proposals, his collaborations with Mieko Shiomi and Ben Vautier, and his “Flux Combat” with the New York State Attorney General.
Introduction to Eduardo Viveiros de Castro's “The Equal and
the Different”
Authors: Small Irene V.
Published: November 2018

Eduardo Viveiros de Castro's text, “The Equal and the Different,” was written circa 1975 at the request of the Brazilian artist Carlos Vergara, who had recently completed a series of photographs devoted the Rio de Janeiro-based carnival group, Cacique de Ramos. Viveiros de Castro, then an anthropology student at the Museu Nacional, locates in Cacique de Ramos a unique model of individual-group dynamics, one based neither on social hierarchy nor conformity, but mimesis and ecstatic deindividualization: a “passion of the same,” as he writes, that emerges from deep within Western society.
New and noteworthy Melastomataceae from the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park and surrounding areas in Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
Authors: MICHELANGELI FABIÁN A. , GOLDENBERG RENATO
Published: November 2018

We describe six new species of Melastomataceae from the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park and surrounding areas from the Department of Pasco, Province of Oxapampa in Central Peru. Macrocentrum andinum is the first species of the genus described from the Andes, found along creeks at 400–500 m elev. and characterized by its anysophyllous leaves, pubescent stems and four-merous flowers. Meriania rubriflora is found in forests above 2200 m elev. and it is characterized by stem nodes with stipular flaps, leaves with an acute base and four merous, deep red flowers. Miconia palcazuana is found along rivers and streams at 300–400 m on the eastern flank of the park, and it can be distinguished by its flowers with pink anthers with glands on the connective and narrowly oblanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate leaves. Miconia yanachagaensis grows in the dwarf-sclerophyllous forests at the top of ridges and grasslands over 2800 m elev. and it is characterized by its long dendritic-pedicellate trichomes on the abaxial leaf surface, the stems flattened to terete and the presence of a conspicuous annular nodal line. Triolena rojasae is found growing on rocks along the Palcazú River and its tributaries, and it is characterized by its lanceolate-crenate leaves. Triolena vasquezii grows on the northern end of the Huancabamba canyon and the North East portion of the park and can be distinguished by its pustulate leaves with purple abaxial surface and anthers with two ventral appendages. We also present the first report of the genus Wurdastom for Peru.
Triadelphia fusiformis sp. nov. from a freshwater habitat in Thailand
Authors: LU YONG-ZHONG , FAN CUI , KANG JI-CHUAN , LIU JIAN-KUI (JACK) , HYDE KEVIN D. , BOONMEE SARANYAPHAT , EUNGWANICHAYAPANT PRAPASSORN DAMRONGKOOL
Published: November 2018

Triadelphia fusiformis sp. nov. was collected during an investigation of freshwater fungi along a north-south latitudinal gradient in the Asian region. It differs from previously described Triadelphia species in having only one form of fusiform conidia. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined ITS and LSU sequence data indicate that T. fusiformis formed a distinct subclade among the species of Triadelphia. A detailed description and illustration are provided, as well as the comparisons with similar taxa. A checklist of accepted Triadelphia species is provided.
On the taxonomy and phylogeny of the rare Selangor Mud Snake (Raclitia indica) Gray (Serpentes, Homalopsidae) from Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: QUAH EVAN S.H. , WOOD PERRY L. Jr. , GRISMER L. LEE , SAH SHAHRUL ANUAR MOHD
Published: November 2018

The taxonomic position of the rare Selangor Mud Snake (Raclitia indica) Gray to other species of homalopsids has remained uncertain due to the scarcity of specimens in collections and the lack of genetic material for comparison. Here we report the first molecular phylogenetic examination of this species based on recently acquired material. The study recovered R. indica nested within the clade of advanced, fanged homalopsids and the sister species to Erpeton tentaculatus Lácèpede. We also present notes on variation observed in the new specimens as well as range extensions for the species.
Moenkhausia goya (Characiformes: Characidae): a new species from the upper rio Tocantins basin, Central Brazil
Authors: DEPRÁ GABRIEL DE CARVALHO , AZEVEDO-SANTOS VALTER M. , VITORINO OSCAR BARROSO  JÚNIOR , DAGOSTA FERNANDO CESAR PAIVA , MARINHO MANOELA MARIA FERREIRA , BENINE RICARDO C.
Published: November 2018

A new species of Moenkhausia is described from the upper rio Tocantins basin, States of Goiás and Tocantins, Brazil. Moenkhausia goya, new species, can be distinguished from its congeners by the shape of the humeral blotch in combination with a uniform dark pigmentation covering the interradial membranes of the dorsal and anal fins. Among congeners, the new species is most similar to M. britskii Azevedo-Santos & Benine, M. grandisquamis (Müller & Troschel) and M. xinguensis Steindachner by presenting a deep body, a large, round humeral blotch and fins without discrete patches of dark pigmentation (i.e., without well-defined blotches or stripes). With the description of M. goya, the number of species endemic to the upper rio Tocantins basin (considered upstream from the mouth of the rio Paranã) is raised to 51. Of these, some are widespread in the upper rio Tocantins basin, while others seem to be restricted to one of its sub-basins.
First record of Polycystididae (Platyhelminthes, Kalyptorhynchia) from Cuba, with the description of a new genus and five new species, and remarks and the description of one new species from Panama
Authors: DIEZ YANDER L. , HERNÁNDEZ CLAUDIA SANJUAN , REYGEL PATRICK , ROOSEN PAULIEN , ARTOIS TOM
Published: November 2018

The first records of Polycystididae from Cuba are provided and discussed. In total nine species have been collected, five of which are new to science, one representing a new genus. Polycydora intermedia gen. n. sp. n. shows intermediate features between Polycystis Kölliker, 1845 and Paulodora Marcus, 1948. The ovaries are kidney shaped, with the oocytes arranged in a row, and lack the hard “nozzles” of Paulodora. A female bursa as in Polycystis is present. In P. intermedia gen. n. sp. n. lacks the strong muscle bulb at the male bursa and the accessory glands type I in the male atrium, which are present in Polycystis. The male atrial organs include a prostate stylet type II connected to a free prostate vesicle type II. The four new species (Phonorhynchoides minor sp. n., Phonorhynchopsis capillaris sp. n., Phonorhynchopsis sublinguatus sp. n., Myobulla armenterosi sp. n.) are distinguished from their congeners by the specific shape and length of the male hard copulatory structures. Phonorhynchoides minor sp. n. has the smallest stylets within the genus, and these stylets are more straight than those of the other species of the genus. In Phonorhynchopsis capillaris sp. n. the prostate stylet type IV is only 20% of the length of the accessory stylet type IV, the lowest relative length within the genus. The accessory stylet in this species is extremely thin; it is only 2 µm wide. Phonorhynchopsis sublinguatus sp. n. has a prostate stylet widened in the distal half, ending in a rounded tip, not twisted in the middle. Because of its strong resemblance to M. armenterosi sp. n., M. berti sp. n., a new species of Myobulla Artois & Schockaert, 2000 collected at the Atlantic coast of Panama is described here too. Both species of Myobulla have a prostate stylet type III that shows a 90° turn at some point, as is the case in some other species of Myobulla. In M. berti sp. n. the stylet is smaller overall and is bent in the middle; in M. armenterosi sp. n. the stylet is larger and it is bent more distally. All of the four known species have a very wide geographical distribution: Phonorhynchopsis haegheni, Alcha evelinae, Paraustrorhynchus elixus, and Gyratrix hermaphroditus.
Preparation, Characterization, and Implantation of Porous Fibroin/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Xu Shui , Xia Ju , Wu Tingfang , Gao Baodong , Zhang Yan , Wang Xin , Cheng Guotao , Zhu Yong
Published: November 2018

Hydroxyapatite can combine with the bone tissue to promote bone growth; however, it displays low strength and poor toughness. On the other hand, silk fibroin possesses superior mechanical strength and has been used widely in tissue engineering. In the present study, three porous scaffold
materials, composed of different ratios of silk fibroin and hydroxyapatite, were synthesized via UV cross-linking. Characterization of these scaffolds was performed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The compressive strength
and elastic modulus of the fibroin/hydroxyapatite (6:4) scaffold was 4.79 and 50.3 MPa, respectively, and its porosity was ∼68%. In rabbits, implantation of the fibroin/hydroxyapatite scaffold promoted repair of the femoral bone defect, eight weeks after implantation. Hence, the silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite
scaffold is a promising material for bone tissue engineering.
Attapulgite Clay and Its Application in Radionuclide Treatment: A Review
Authors: Liu Dong Bin , Li Ye , Xiao Hua Feng , Xu Li Dong , Zhou Yu Zhi , Han Wei Yi , Li Hao Rui , Jiang Yu Meng , Qiu Yang Shuai
Published: November 2018

This article mainly describes the chemical and crystal structure of attapulgite as its unique crystal structure possess special physicochemical properties such as large specific surface area, adsorption performance, and cation exchangeability. By modification of attapulgite, such as
purification, high temperature roasting and other physical modification or acid–base salt modification, organic modification, surfactant modification and other chemical modification can further improve its physicochemical properties. In this article, the modification methods of two aspects
of physical modification and chemical modification are summarized, at the same time, the research progress and achievements of many scholars in attapulgite modification are reviewed. Through modified attapulgite the number of pores increased, channel become loose, pore diameter increases,
pore volume increases, interlayer spacing increases, specific surface area increases, chargeability and adsorption activity change, and the adsorption performance of attapulgite is greatly improved. Many scholars have applied modified attapulgite to the treatment of radionuclides, and achieved
remarkable results. It has been found that modified attapulgite has U(VI), Eu(III), Cs(III), Th(IV), both Eu(III) and Sr(II) have good adsorption properties, and the adsorption rate and adsorption capacity are greatly improved compared with the original soil. Based on the Summary of the attapulgite
modification method and its application in the treatment of radionuclide, some suggestions on the research and application of attapulgite modification and the possible key research directions in the future are further proposed.
Stochastically Perturbed Parameterizations in an HRRR-Based Ensemble
Authors: Jankov Isidora , Beck Jeffrey , Wolff Jamie , Harrold Michelle , Olson Joseph B. , Smirnova Tatiana , Alexander Curtis , Berner Judith
Published: November 2018

A stochastically perturbed parameterization (SPP) approach that spatially and temporally perturbs parameters and variables in the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino planetary boundary layer scheme (PBL) and introduces initialization perturbations to soil moisture in the Rapid Update Cycle land surface model was developed within the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh convection-allowing ensemble. This work is a follow-up study to a work performed using the Rapid Refresh (RAP)-based ensemble. In the present study, the SPP approach was used to target the performance of precipitation and low-level variables (e.g., 2-m temperature and dewpoint, and 10-m wind). The stochastic kinetic energy backscatter scheme and the stochastic perturbation of physics tendencies scheme were combined with the SPP approach and applied to the PBL to target upper-level variable performance (e.g., improved skill and reliability). The three stochastic experiments (SPP applied to PBL only, SPP applied to PBL combined with SKEB and SPPT, and stochastically perturbed soil moisture initial conditions) were compared to a mixed-physics ensemble. The results showed a positive impact from initial condition soil moisture perturbations on precipitation forecasts; however, it resulted in an increase in 2-m dewpoint RMSE. The experiment with perturbed parameters within the PBL showed an improvement in low-level wind forecasts for some verification metrics. The experiment that combined the three stochastic approaches together exhibited improved RMSE and spread for upper-level variables. Our study demonstrated that, by using the SPP approach, forecasts of specific variables can be improved. Also, the results showed that using a single-physics suite ensemble with stochastic methods is potentially an attractive alternative to using multiphysics for convection allowing ensembles.
Différencier l’indifférencié: Culture et religion. Une réflexion appliquée au cas du monachisme primitif1
Authors: Vecoli Fabrizio
Published: November 2018

Cet article se propose d’investiguer la relation entre culture et religion dans le contexte du monachisme chrétien des origines (à partir du IVème siècle). L’exercice d’analyse a pour but de mieux comprendre les problèmes posés par l’emploi de ces deux concepts en référence à des réalités éloignées dans le temps et dans l’espace, mais aussi de rendre compte de la nature complexe du monachisme lui-même, observable comme phénomène éminemment religieux et pourtant également culturel. On pourrait espérer qu’en focalisant le regard sur leurs extrêmes il soit possible d’augmenter la netteté du contraste entre ces dimensions supposément différentiées de l’humain, de sorte à les rendre plus visibles : en ce sens, afin de mieux déceler la distinction culture / religion dans sa récurrence historique, il est sans doute utile d’analyser l’expérience monastique, qui constitue une réalité de l’antiquité méditerranéenne où la tension religieuse se manifeste avec une perspicuité toute particulière. L’enjeu – et donc l’utilité – d’une telle démarche serait de vérifier si la différentiation entre culture et religion – supposons qu’elle ait un sens aujourd’hui – résiste à une rétrospection de ce type, ou à tout le moins de voir comment elle se conçoit dans un passé relativement lointain et dans un milieu où le religieux est aussi régime de vie prétendument « total » : car, on le sait, plus on remonte en arrière dans le temps, plus la ligne de division entre les deux notions (quelle que soit la définition adoptée) devient floue.
Emerging Technologies for the Diagnosis of Otitis Media
Authors: Marom Tal , Kraus Oded , Habashi Nadeem , Tamir Sharon Ovnat
Published: November 2018

Objective

To review new experimental techniques for the diagnosis of otitis media (OM).

Data Sources

Literature search in English in the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Ovid Medline, Google Scholar, and Clinical Evidence (BMJ Publishing) between January 1, 2005, and April 30, 2018. Subsequently, articles were reviewed and included only if relevant.

Review Methods

MeSH terms: [“diagnosis”] AND [all forms of OM] AND [“human”] AND [“ear”] and [“tympanic membrane”]. The retrieved innovative diagnostic techniques rely on and take advantage of the physical properties of the tympanomastoid cavity components: tympanic membrane (TM) thickness, its translucency and compliance; middle ear fluid characteristics; biofilm presence; increased tissue metabolic activity in OM states; and fluid presence in the mastoid cavity. These parameters are taken into account to establish OM diagnosis objectively. We review spectral gradient acoustic reflectometry, digital otoscopy, TM image analysis, multicolor reflectance imaging, anticonfocal middle ear assessment, optical coherence tomography, quantitative pneumatic otoscopy, transmastoid ultrasound, wideband measurements, TM thickness mapping, shortwave infrared imaging, and wideband acoustic transfer functions.

Conclusions

New experimental techniques are gradually introduced to overcome the limitations of standard otoscopy. The aforementioned techniques are still under investigation and are pending widespread clinical use. The implementation of these techniques in the market is dependent on their success in clinical trials, as well as on their future cost.

Implication for Practice

New techniques for the diagnosis of OM can objectively evaluate the morphology of the TM, determine the presence of middle ear fluid and evaluate its content, and thus potentially replace standard otoscopy.
Accuracy of Self‐reported Diagnosis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Workman Alan D. , Parasher Arjun K. , Blasetti Mariel T. , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. , Glicksman Jordan T.
Published: November 2018

Large cohort studies of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) prevalence often include patients who have been inappropriately diagnosed with the disease. In this investigation, new patients presenting to a tertiary rhinology practice completed a screening questionnaire that included questions about self‐reported CRS status, demographic information, and symptomatology. Treating rhinologists evaluated patients according to clinical practice guideline criteria for CRS; 91 patients were ultimately diagnosed with CRS. The sensitivity of self‐report for CRS was 84%; the specificity was 82%; and the estimated negative predictive value ranged from 97% to 99%. Prior sinus surgery or oral steroid use correlated with CRS self‐report, and a concurrent self‐report of nasal polyps or nasal steroid use improved the positive predictive value of CRS self‐report. Self‐report of CRS status may represent an effective and relatively inexpensive screening mechanism for CRS in large cohort studies, particularly when combined with other associated diagnostic features that improve performance parameters of self‐report.
How Trains Became People: Southern Pacific Railroad Co.’s Networked Rhetorical Culture and the Dawn of Corporate Personhood
Authors: Paliewicz Nicholas S.
Published: November 2018

This essay analyzes how a rhetorical culture emerged in which the Supreme Court of the United States assumed corporations were constitutional persons under the Fourteenth Amendment. Approaching rhetorical culture from a networked standpoint, I argue that corporate personhood emerged from Southern Pacific Railroad Co.’s networks and alliances with environmental preservationists, politicians, publics, lawyers, judges, and immigrants in the late 19th century. Contributing to literatures on rhetorical culture and agency, this study shows how Southern Pacific Railroad Co., through networks of influence and force, was a rhetorical subject that shaped a networked rhetorical culture that expanded the boundaries of the Fourteenth Amendment even though the Supreme Court of the United States had not worked out the philosophical underpinnings of corporate personhood. Corporate personhood remains theoretically restrained by legal discourses that reduce subjectivity to a singular, speaking, human subject.
The effect of hyperglycemia on neurovascular coupling and cerebrovascular patterning in zebrafish
Authors: Chhabria Karishma , Plant Karen , Bandmann Oliver , Wilkinson Robert N , Martin Chris , Kugler Elisabeth , Armitage Paul A , Santoscoy Paola LM , Cunliffe Vincent T , Huisken Jan , McGown Alexander , Ramesh Tennore , Chico Tim JA , Howarth Clare
Published: November 2018

Neurovascular coupling (through which local cerebral blood flow changes in response to neural activation are mediated) is impaired in many diseases including diabetes. Current preclinical rodent models of neurovascular coupling rely on invasive surgery and instrumentation, but transgenic zebrafish coupled with advances in imaging techniques allow non-invasive quantification of cerebrovascular anatomy, neural activation, and cerebral vessel haemodynamics. We therefore established a novel non-invasive, non-anaesthetised zebrafish larval model of neurovascular coupling, in which visual stimulus evokes neuronal activation in the optic tectum that is associated with a specific increase in red blood cell speed in tectal blood vessels. We applied this model to the examination of the effect of glucose exposure on cerebrovascular patterning and neurovascular coupling. We found that chronic exposure of zebrafish to glucose impaired tectal blood vessel patterning and neurovascular coupling. The nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside rescued all these adverse effects of glucose exposure on cerebrovascular patterning and function. Our results establish the first non-mammalian model of neurovascular coupling, offering the potential to perform more rapid genetic modifications and high-throughput screening than is currently possible using rodents. Furthermore, using this zebrafish model, we reveal a potential strategy to ameliorate the effects of hyperglycemia on cerebrovascular function.
Hospital Nurses in Comparison to Community Nurses: Motivation, Empathy, and the Mediating Role of Burnout
Authors: Dor Asnat , Mashiach Eizenberg Michal , Halperin Ofra
Published: November 2018

Background

Hospital nurses’ experience of their profession differs from that of community clinic nurses due to different working conditions and settings.

Purpose

To compare hospital nurses and community clinic nurses as to the mediating role of burnout on motivation and empathy.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 457 nurses completed four questionnaires: Demographic, Motivation Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire.

Results

Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization among hospital nurses were significantly higher than among community nurses. No significant differences were found in personal accomplishment, empathy, and motivation between the groups. Empathy and motivation were more strongly correlated among hospital nurses than among community nurses. Burnout was found to be a significant mediator between empathy and motivation in both groups but in each group by different burnout subscales.

Conclusions

To reduce burnout, leaders in the nursing field must enhance conditions in the hospital nurses’ work environment to lower levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization; community nurses should be guided to improve their attitudes toward their on-the-job performance to promote their personal accomplishment. Understanding the differences could direct policy makers’ desire toward enacting policies that accommodate these differences and focus on the needs of both groups of professionals.
Design principle-based stimuli for improving creativity during ideation
Authors: Perez Blake , Hilburn Skyler , Jensen Dan , Wood Kristin L
Published: November 2018

The conceptualization of new designs involves several phenomena. Research indicates that new ideas are rarely, if ever, wholly novel ideas. Instead, new ideas are formed from combinations of existing ideas, supported by synthesis, transformation, analogy, morphing, and replacement. Moreover, while much research has explored the negative implications of fixation from examples and stimuli, there exists an emerging need to study potentially positive effects of inspirational cases. Many works have studied designers' exploratory practices of solution spaces revealing active discovery and investigation of similar solutions as analogies. These exploratory practices enable designers to better understand a problem and inspire new solutions. In this work, the authors demonstrate directed use of design principles as design inspiration to improve outputs of the ideation process. Specifically, this work focuses on design principles for the particular domain of additive manufacturing, but the results suggest avenues to generalize the process with design principles from different areas. In this study, the authors created a set of physical cards to communicate a derived set of design principles. Each card is comprised of three main elements: (i) a textual description of the principle, (ii) a simplified visual representation of the principle, and (iii) an example of a real world application of the principle. Participants (N = 61) were allotted two equally timed rounds to ideate solutions for a standard design problem and given a set of the design principle cards as an intervention between the first and second rounds. Idea quantity, quality, and novelty were measured per round. Results showed no significant change in quantity—an improvement over the established trend of a decline over consecutive sessions without stimulus. Significant improvements in quality and novelty, however, were measured, indicating that the cards did assist designers in ideation. The results demonstrate that the principles, formatted as discussed, provide real avenues to arrive at innovative solutions.
Burden of genital warts in Peru: an observational study
Authors: García Patricia J , Carcamo Cesar P , Valderrama Maria , La Rosa Sayda , James Cerise , Gutiérrez Raul , Lindsay Brianna R
Published: November 2018

Genital warts (GW) are mucosal or skin lesions caused by sexual transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV). This study estimates the frequency of GW cases in physicians’ clinics and physicians’ usual practices of GW referral and diagnosis in Peru. Participants in this study were a convenience sample of 100 physicians in five specialties: primary care (17), gynecology (37), urology (10), dermatology (31), and infectious diseases (5). Physicians completed a survey and daily log of all patients aged 18–60 years seen over ten days in their offices located in Peru. The survey recorded GW referral patterns and the daily log recorded patient demographic information and GW diagnosis. Among 12,058 patients, the annual GW prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 2.28% (2.02–2.56) and cumulative incidence (95% CI) was 1.60% (1.38–1.84). Physicians reported that most GW patients were direct consult (73.5% of male and 67.9% of females) and physicians treated most GW patients themselves (73.4% of males and 76.7% of females). As reported, the most common reasons for referring were ‘serious cases requiring more specialized treatment’ (73.2% of male and 72.2% of female) and ‘lack of resources to treat’ (26.8% of male and 27.8% of female). We conclude that GW cases are commonly seen by physicians in Peru.
Can they do that? Critical thinking when your wagon train is surrounded
Authors: Raitt George
Published: November 2018

In this article, I examine some hurdles typically encountered by law students in developing critical thinking skills, such as reticence to question the authority of judicial opinions and lack of normative frameworks to assess laws and judicial decisions. I argue that critical thinking requires ‘healthy disrespect for authority’ and ‘normative engagement’ with laws and judicial decisions, and offer some techniques for developing skills of critical analysis and opinion.
Response variations of a cantilever beam–tip mass system with nonlinear and linearized boundary conditions
Authors: Meesala Vamsi C. , Hajj Muhammad R.
Published: November 2018

The distributed parameter governing equations of a cantilever beam with a tip mass subjected to principal parametric excitation are developed using a generalized Hamilton's principle. Using a Galerkin's discretization scheme, the discretized equation for the first mode is developed for simpler representation assuming linear and nonlinear boundary conditions. The discretized governing equation considering the nonlinear boundary conditions assumes a simpler form. We solve the distributed parameter and discretized equations separately using the method of multiple scales. Through comparison with the direct approach, we show that accounting for the nonlinear boundary conditions boundary conditions is important for accurate prediction in terms of type of bifurcation and response amplitude.
Regional variations in care planning in Northern Ireland: Proposing an ecological model of decision-making
Authors: Fargas-Malet Montserrat , McSherry Dominic
Published: November 2018

Care planning for children who enter care can be influenced by a range of factors. In Northern Ireland, there are differences in the proportions of children in different types of placements across the five Health and Social Care Trusts (equivalent to local authorities in England and Wales). The aim of the study was to identify the reasons for these differences. In order to do that, focus groups in each of the Trusts were conducted with social work professionals involved in care planning. Based on the study findings, an ecological model of decision-making in care planning is postulated. Differences among all of the Trusts were found within the model’s three levels, despite all of the Trusts operating under the same broad policy framework for care planning. For instance, different mindsets were evident, as participants in some of the Trusts clearly equated the notion that children should be provided with a permanent home with adoption, while in focus groups in other Trusts, this mindset did not prevail. In addition, the Trust structures and initiatives differed slightly and there were differences in the global context factors influencing decision-making. Based on these findings, we believe regional practical guidance and policies should be developed collectively by the five Trusts, so as to avoid the possibility of children facing a postcode lottery regarding the placements offered to them.
Health and Nutrition Considerations in Education Planning. 1. Educational Consequences of Health Problems among School-Age Children
Authors: Leslie Joanne , Jamison Dean T.
Published: November 2018

This paper utilizes recent findings to address, from the perspective of an educational planner, the question of how educational systems can intervene to improve the health and nutritional status of school-age children. Evidence is reviewed on the linkages between health conditions and three of the most important educational problems in developing countries-children who are unprepared to begin school at the usual age, the failure of many students to learn adequately in school, and the unequal participation in schooling by girls. It is clear that although less attention has been paid to the health and nutrition status of school-age children than to that of children of preschool age or of adults, existing data are adequate to identify several widespread problems among school-age children that have well established negative consequences for school participation and performance. These problems include chronic protein-energy malnutrition, iron-deficiency anaemia, iodine deficiency and intestinal helminth infection. It was also observed that a number of other infectious diseases, as well as disability, premature fertility, and substance abuse, are also likely to undermine the health and educational success of many school-age children.
Health and Nutrition Considerations in Education Planning. 2. the Cost and Effectiveness of School-Based Interventions
Authors: Jamison Dean T. , Leslie Joanne
Published: November 2018

This paper discusses intervention packages and their costs, and then briefly overviews, from an economic perspective, the strength of the claim of health and nutrition interventions for school-age children on scarce resources. The authors conclude that, given what is known about the probable effect of health and nutrition interventions for learning and attendance, and given the relatively modest cost of a carefully designed, carefully targeted programme, the implication for educational planners is clear: more investment in child health and nutrition will pay off well for education. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that appropriate health and nutrition interventions in the schools are likely to prove to be very high-yield investments.
Problems of Land Tenure and Food Production in Northwestern Mexico
Authors: Baer Roberta D.
Published: November 2018

Much recent attention has been focused on the effects of the shift from subsistence to market production, with some research pointing to declines in food consumption and nutritional status, and other data suggesting the contrary. A region in north-western Mexico tried to dedicate itself to production for the market. The outcome of this project illustrates why people in this area do not either grow more food for their own consumption or produce more to sell so they can purchase more food. The data discussed point to the importance of unresolved problems over land tenure and resulting agricultural strategies as constraints on food production.
Current Concepts concerning Indispensable Amino Acid Needs in Adults and Their Implications for International Nutrition Planning
Authors: Young Vernon R. , Pellett Peter L.
Published: November 2018

Using a newly proposed amino acid scoring pattern, an assessment is made of the capacity of diets in developed and developing countries to satisfy human amino acid needs. The new adult pattern differs from that proposed by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) for the adult but is similar to that for two- to five-year-old children. FAO food availability data were used to evaluate the dietary patterns in selected countries, including those of Africa, the Far East, and the Near East. Lysine appears to be the limiting amino acid in diets heavily dependent on cereals, characteristic of those in poor countries; the analysis reveals that for these countries the mean lysine supply is below the newly estimated requirements, implying that adults could be at risk of an inadequate intake, especially when total protein availability is low. Further, this analysis reveals that when animal foods contribute about one-third of the total protein supply or when animal foods together with pulses and soybeans account for about 40% of the total protein supply, the lysine requirement for the population will be met. For the US diet, the high proportion of the total protein contributed by animal foods, about 68%, provides a lysine intake that is well above the estimated requirement and that is almost constant across all age and sex groups. This reassessment leads to the recommendation that, especially in countries whose diet is mainly dependent on cereals, complementation to improve dietary protein quality should remain a consideration in the design and implementation of food, nutrition, and agricultural programmes and policies.
Jardim Primavera: Applications of Anthropological Procedures to the Assessment of Programmes of Nutrition and Primary Health Care in a Suburban Community of Rio de Janeiro
Authors: da Mota Clarice Novaes , Neiva Venusia Cardoso
Published: November 2018

This paper reports on an anthropological investigation in Jardim Primavera, a low-income suburban and semi-rural community in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The RAP (rapid assessment procedures) methodology was employed to assess the primary health care systems being used in an attempt to understand their functions and logic and to assess the impact of primary health care in the community. Survey questions and open-ended questions of structured interviews were used to develop an ethnographic overview of the community, focusing on health problems, health-seeking behaviour, and the various healing processes known to and used by the community. Three groups were targeted: primary health care providers, households, and the community. In a community such as Jardim Primavera, a rapid assessment could give the impression that a lack of resources and the transition from a rural to an urban setting are basic problems that could be alleviated by education, project planning, and funds. As is pointed out, however, the problems are greater and much more complex.
Maternal Perceptions of Gastro-Intestinal Problems in the Feeding of Cowpeas (Vigna Unguiculata) to Young Children in Rural Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Hussain M. A. , Akinyele I. O. , Omololu A.
Published: November 2018

A total of 880 questionnaires were completed and analysed to ascertain the perception of mothers as to the problems encountered by children consuming cowpeas. Over 90% of all mothers surveyed reported no problems attributable to the feeding of cowpeas. However, 9.9% (87) of the mothers reported that their children had problems after the consumption of cowpea foods.

Of all the mothers, 101 introduced cowpea foods for the first time at an age below six months, 470 between six and twelve months, 278 between one and two years, and 31 above two years. Of the 87 mothers reporting discomfort in their children, about 74.7 % (65) mentioned diarrhoea, 3.4% vomiting, 5.7% offensive stool, 1.2% abdominal pain, 6.9% bad breath, abdominal distension, and gas, and 1.2% both vomiting and diarrhoea. Only 18.4% of mothers of the affected children indicated that one or more of their children had stopped eating cowpeas. Problems with the consumption of cowpeas were reported to disappear later in life
The Relationship between Energy Intake and Diarrhoeal Disease in Their Effects on Child Growth: Biological Model, Evidence, and Implications for Public Health Policy
Authors: Lutter Chessa K. , Habicht Jean-Pierre , Rivera Juan A. , Martorell Reynaldo
Published: November 2018

The effects of both inadequate energy intake and diarrhoeal disease in the aetiology of childhood malnutrition are well established. Their relative importance is still debated, however, and the resultant uncertainty affects public health policies designed to improve child nutrition. This paper summarizes several earlier publications, and presents the results graphically to show that the same synergistic relationship holds across both urban and rural populations as well as across populations with differing levels of diarrhoea and malnutrition. The results show that the effect of inadequate energy intake on nutrition status depends on the level of diarrhoea, just as the negative effect of diarrhoea on nutrition status depends on the level of energy intake.

The public health implications of these findings are threefold. First, an immediate strategy to improve child nutrition should focus on mechanisms to improve energy intake and dietary quality in general, and in and around the diarrhoeal episode in particular. Second, concurrently and as a long-term strategy, environmental conditions that put young children at risk for diarrhoea have to be improved. Finally, inasmuch as diarrhoea does not have a negative effect on growth among infants receiving the major part of their energy from breast milk, breast-feeding has a special and previously unrecognized role in the relationship between energy intake and diarrhoea as they affect nutrition status. Thus, efforts to promote increased energy intake and dietary quality among infants and young children should be coupled with efforts to promote breastfeeding exclusively through at least the first 4 months of life and partially through 24 months, when children are most at risk for diarrhoea.
Milk, Curd, and Yoghurt from Glandless and Degossypolized Glanded Cottonseed Protein
Authors: Abu-Foul N.S. , Youssef Ayyat M. , Moharram Y.G.
Published: November 2018

The use of defatted glandless and defatted, degossypolized glanded cottonseed flour for the preparation of different types of dairy products was studied. It was found that acceptable products could be obtained by mixing cottonseed milk, particularly that from glandless flour, with a reconstituted commercial/powdered fullcream cow's milk in proportions ranging from 1:3 to 1:1. These mixed milks were comparable in their physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics with the 100% reconstituted powdered cow's milk.
Technology for An Instant Almond Gruel
Authors: Hosseini Z. , Kabir G. H.
Published: November 2018

This paper describes methods for processing an instant baby food made from rice and almonds. Commercial production of ready-to-serve baby foods in Iran is limited, and imported baby foods are expensive. Since home preparation is time-consuming and often neglected, a ready-to-serve local product is desirable. The resultant product was acceptable and caused no digestive disturbance when fed to children for three months.
Growth Monitoring: Experience from Ghana
Authors: Owusu W. Bruce , Lartey Anna
Published: November 2018

Mothers’ understanding of growth charts is an essential component of growth-monitoring programmes. This study investigated mothers’ interpretation of growth charts as they attended child welfare clinics in the greater Accra region of Ghana. Eight hundred seventy-five mothers were interviewed using questionnaires and sample growth charts. Factors impeding attendance at the clinics included business, forgetting, travel, and lack of knowledge. Nearly 40% of the mothers had no idea of the meaning or purpose of growth charts. Efforts to enhance the awareness of mothers and children's caretakers must be intensified.
Focus Groups in Rapid Assessment Procedures
Authors: Khan M. E. , Manderson Lenore
Published: November 2018

Focus groups are an instrument designed to gather information primarily about beliefs, values, and understanding. The participants are specifically selected to explore the range of these beliefs in a study population. Croup dynamics facilitate the collection of relatively detailed information on prevalent attitudes and ideas, conflicts and contradictions. Focus groups are guided by relatively strict rules of structure and procedure. This paper examines the need for flexibility in the conduct of these groups in developing-country settings and argues for their applicability in research on tropical diseases.
Patterns and Predictors of Participation and Consumption of Supplement in An Intervention Study in Rural Guatemala
Authors: Schroeder Dirk G. , Kaplowitz Haley , Martorell Reynaldo
Published: November 2018

Children's participation and supplement intake patterns in an eight-year, community-based intervention trial in Guatemala are presented. The supplements were either high-energy, high-protein atole or low-energy, no-protein fresco.

Participation rates were between 65% and 85%, with few differences by village (N = 4) or child age (0–7 years). The percentage of days of attendance at the supplementation centre and the volume of supplement consumed, however, were significantly higher in villages that were given atole for children under flour years old. After the age of four, children who received fresco consumed more volume. Supplement energy was significantly greater for children receiving atole at all ages. Proximity to the supplementation centre and larger family size were significant predictors of attendance for both supplements. Low socio-economic status was highly associated with increased attendance for children consuming atole, but not fresco.

Analyses using these data should consider the possible biases introduced by differential self-selection between supplement types, particularly those that were potentially confounded by attendance or socioeconomic status.
Infant and Preschool Psychological Development
Authors: Engle Patrice L. , Gorman Kathleen , Martorell Reynaldo , Pollitt Ernesto
Published: November 2018

The INCAP longitudinal study (1969–1977) was designed to test the hypothesis that nutrition supplementation improves the cognitive test performance of infant and preschool children. The hypothesis was based on a series of arguments about effects of supplementation on brain development that have not been supported by subsequent research. Both early reports of these studies and current re-examination of the data suggest effects during the preschool years, but of modest magnitude.
Social and Economic Development in Four Ladino Communities of Eastern Guatemala: A Comparative Description
Authors: Bergeron Gilles
Published: November 2018

This paper puts the four INCAP longitudinal study villages in their economic and social setting. Beginning with a short historical account of the formation of Ladino peasantries in Guatemala, it then recounts the particular history of each of the villages, describes their basic ecological features, and gives a more detailed description of the systems of production now found in each village. Differences related to the income-earning strategies available, to the allocation of household labour, and to the participation of women in income-earning activities are particularly examined. Differences are also noted in the infrastructures of the communities and their demographic features. All these differences may have important effects, either individually or interactively, on the nutrition of individuals. Additional research is needed to assess the magnitude of these effects on the nutrition status of the study participants.
Overview of Long-Term Nutrition Intervention Studies in Guatemala, 1968–1989
Authors: Martorell Reynaldo
Published: November 2018

This is an overview of ten papers published in this issue of the Food and Nutrition Bulletin dealing with two components of a nutrition intervention study: the INCAP longitudinal study, 1969–1977, and the follow-up study, 1988–1989. The latter is a continuation of the former and seeks to test the hypothesis that nutritional improvements in early childhood lead to improved human capital formation in adolescents and young adults. Beneficial outcomes have been found to include greater body size and fat-free mass (particularly in females), improved working capacity in males, and enhanced intellectual performance in bath sexes.
History of the Incap Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Early Nutrition Supplementation in Child Growth and Development
Authors: Read Merrill S. , Habicht Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2018

In the mid-1960s a longitudinal, multidisciplinary nutrition intervention study was undertaken in rural Guatemala by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama in conjunction with the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The goal was to elucidate the relationship between undernutrition in pregnancy and early childhood, health, and subsequent behavioural development in infants and young children. Extensive detailed planning coupled with three years of pilot studies in the field preceded the initiation of the longitudinal study in 1969. This article outlines the problems encountered in planning and implementing the study, and their resolution. Many of these experiences will be helpful to others considering community-based intervention studies.