bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specific Antibodies for Desialized M and N Blood group Antigens1
Authors: Lisowska Elwira , Kordowicz Maria
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antisera obtained by immunizing rabbits with desialized M and N blood group glycoproteins (M' and N' glycoproteins) agglutinate desialized erythrocytes and precipitate desialized glycoproteins, but they do not react with sialic acid containing erythrocytes or glycoproteins. By absorption of anti‐M' serum with N' glycoprotein, and of anti‐N' serum with M' glycoprotein, reagents specifically agglutinating M' or N' erythrocytes were obtained. The absorbed anti‐M' and anti‐N' sera were specifically inhibited by M' or N' glycoproteins, respectively. The results show that sialic acid residues of red cell glycoproteins are not essential for the differentiation of M and N blood group determinants.
Observations on the Number of Available C Antigen Sites on Red Cells
Authors: Skov F. , Hughes‐Jones N.C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The number of available C (rh', Rh 2) antigen sites within the Rh system was estimated using trace‐labelled antibody. The results, as available sites per red cell, were as follows: CDe/CDe: 45,700‐56,400; Cde/Cde: 42,200; CDe/cDE: 25,500‐39,700; CwDe/cde: 21,50‐40,000; Cde/cde: 31,100; CDE/cDE: 8,500‐9,800; Cde/cde: 7,200. The average equilibrium constant of the anti4 was 0.5 × 107 M‐1
Development of Hemagglutination Assays
Authors: Horowitz Bernard , Woods Kenneth R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Conditions favoring the coupling of antibody to human erythrocytes stabilized by a variety of reagents were studied with the use of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. Functional anti‐HBs bound to erythrocytes was measured by radioimmune assay using 125 I‐HBsAg. The attachment of anti‐HBs to aldehyde‐stabilized cells is favored by low pH and low ionic strength. The extent of antibody binding is both concentration and time dependent. Development of spontaneous agglutination of the coated erythrocytes occurs with the attachment of increasing quantities of anti‐HBs.

Although antibody was rapidly taken up by aldehyde‐stabilized erythrocytes, it was initially readily dissociable, but after longer exposure became firmly bound.

Experiments pertaining to the chemical nature of the more stable antibody‐erythrocyte complex gave results consistent with covalent bond formation, though rigorous proof was not developed.
Granulocyte Transfusion Therapy
Authors: Hershko C. , Naparstek E. , Eldor A. , Izak G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.The effect of granulocyte transfusions on the course of infection in patients under treatment for acute leukemia was evaluated by comparing 19 febrile episodes in 15 patients receiving antibiotics alone with 18 febrile episodes in 13 patients receiving antibiotics in combination with granulocyte transfusions from ABO‐matched donors. Both groups had a similar age, sex distribution and duration of disease prior to the febrile episode. About two‐thirds of the patients in both groups had acute myeloblasts leukemia. 94% of the patients in the transfused group and 74% of the control group survived the febrile episode. In patients with positive blood cultures all transfused patients survived as compared to only 57% in the control group (p=0.05). In patients with persistent bone marrow failure 92% of the transfused patients survived as compared to 73% in the control group. Granulocyte transfusions had no effect on the outcome of febrile episodes in patients with negative blood cultures or early recovery of marrow function. These data appear to support the contention that granulocyte transfusions are beneficial in patients with blood culture‐proved sepsis with persistent neutropenia.
Serological Inhibition of Blast Transformation to Purified Streptococcal Antigens by Planned Immunization in HLA (A, B) Compatible Unrelated Individuals1
Authors: Greenberg Leonard J. , Chopyk Ricki‐Lahn , Noreen Harriet , Gray Ernest D. , Yunis Edmond J. , Ferrara G. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera obtained from planned immunizations between unrelated donors and recipients, identical or compatible at HLA‐A and B, were assessed for their capacity to alter the in vitro response of a test panel of lymphocytes to PHA and a purified streptococcal antigen (PSA). In the case of PHA, no serum effects were apparent. The response to PSA, however, significantly inhibited by two sera. When tested for their complement‐dependent cytotoxicity on enriched populations of T and B lymphocytes, none of the sera manifested cytotoxicity against T cells nor did serological inhibition correlate with the capacity to lyze B cells. The data suggest that inhibition of the PSA response is mediated by blocking antibodies specific for a subset of lymphocytes, possibly T cells. While the precise mechanism governing the response to PSA is not known, the data are compatible with the idea that an HLA‐linked Ir gene, expressed on a subset of T lymphocytes, controls immune responsiveness to PSA.
Intravenous γ‐Globulin Infusions in Patients with Hypo‐γ‐Globulinemia1
Authors: Gislason D. , Hanson L. Å. , Kjellman H. , Ljunggren C. , Malmberg R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A γ‐globulin preparation for intravenous use was given to 11 patients with antibody deficiency syndromes. Most of them had reacted earlier to intramuscular injections of normal γ‐globulin. The γ‐globulin employed produced adverse reactions, often quite severe in 8 of 9 intravenous infusions in three patients. After premedication with hydrocortisone, side effects appeared on 18 of 48 occasions in 10 patients, but only twice were they so severe that the infusions had to be interrupted. Thus, it seems that hydrocortisone diminishes the risk of side effects. The intravenously administered γ‐globulin seemed to be just as effective as the preparations for intramuscular use, and no severe infections appeared during the period of observation. There was no indication that the single hydrocortisone injections, usually 200 mg, increased the risk of contracting infections, but still such medication should be used with great caution in antibody‐deficient patients.
Change of Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin in Different Conditions of Blood Preservation
Authors: Sasakawa Shigeru , Honda Kenji , Miyamoto Masaki , Tokunaga Eiichi
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Changes of oxygen affinity of hemoglobin were studied in blood preserved in different conditions. Changes in hemoglobin function were least in CPD blood in plastic bags, and more extensive in ACD blood in plastic bags, ACD packed red blood cells in plastic bags and ACD blood in glass bottles, respectively. These decreases are consistent with the changes of organic phosphates levels during storage found in earlier studies. When old erythrocytes were incubated with inosine, pyruvate and phosphate, defective oxygen transport function was completely restored even after 7 weeks storage in ACD.
Antisera with la Specificity Selected by Lymphocytes from Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Lawler Sylvia D. , Dewar P. J. , Mrazek Ivanka , Jones Elizabeth H. , Hockley A. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) have been used to screen the sera of pregnant women for antibodies specific for B lymphocytes. The sera have been divided into groups showing la specificity: group I (UK 3) had a positive association with HLA‐B8 and DW 3, and group II (UK 2) with HLA‐B7 and DW2. Groups III, IV and X were independent of each other and of HLA‐A, B and C locus antigens.

Certain sera with B‐cell activity showed specific blocking activity in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and this activity was dependent on the la specificities and DW specificities of cells used in the MLR. Some sera specifically blocked the responding cells, others the stimulating cells.
Two Melanesian Antisera Reacting with SsU Components
Authors: Booth P. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two different Melanesian antibodies demonstrated, by blocking tests and their reaction patterns, steric interaction of S, s and U components. The antigen (s) detected, designated Ux and Uz, may represent differing conformations, genetically determined, of certain U, S and s structures.

Of 1,000 Caucasian bloods, 3 had very marked enhancement of Ux. Family studies are presented. In one such blood, abnormal steric interation of D with s and U was indicated. Melanesian population studies show that Ux and Uz are among the antigens depressed in recessive ovalocytosis. The linkage disequilibria affecting MNSs and SsUz are inter‐related, the associations being of SUz with Caucasian M and Melanesian N.
The Use of Low Ionic Strength Solution (LISS) in Elution Experiments and in Combination with Papain‐Treated Cells for the Titration of Various Antibodies, Including Eluted Antibody
Authors: Lincoln P. J. , Dodd B. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The investigation presents evidence for the value of suspending red cells in a low ionic strength medium for elution experiments since this has the effect of increasing the uptake of antibodies by the red cells. In addition it has been shown that for the titration of low affinity antibodies, and also of eluted antibodies, the combining capacity of which may be impaired through the elution process, it is an advantage to use a LISS‐enzyme (papain) technique.
Red Cells and Gelatin as the Core of a Unified Program for the National Procurement of Blood Components and Derivatives
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen P. , Bucher U. , Tschirren B. , Haase S. , Kuske B. , Lüdi H. , Stankiewicz L. A. , Hässig A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The use of a gelatin plasma substitute as an integral part of a unified national program for the procurement of blood components and derivatives paves the way for the extensive use of red cell concentrates in the treatment of hemorrhage, the plasma from the original donations being partly diverted to the fractionation program of a national transfusion service. We estimated the potential of such a system paced by the demand for red cells and predicted that the use of 20% of fresh whole blood and 80% concentrates would not increase the demand for albumin, the yield of which would suffice to cover three‐quarters of current needs in our country. The actual performance of a program using 85% of red cell concentrates in a university hospital with an exceptionally high incidence of major hemorrhage was analyzed in detail. The use of albumin per unit of transfused red cells rose by 9%. With a nationwide increase of this magnitude, 67% of the demand in our country could still be met and the estimated true need for albumin of 200 kg per million inhabitants and year would be fully covered. The yield of factor VIII is 200–300% of the demand. The determinants of the effects of such a system vary from country to country, but its fundamental potential is obviously considerable.
Filter Columns for Preparation of Leukocyte‐Poor Blood for Transfusion
Authors: Kikugawa K. , Minoshima K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Filter columns (Imugard® filters) packed with cotton wool prepared from Gossypium barbadense cotton removed 95–100% of leukocytes from packed red cell suspensions. Recovery of red cells was about 95%. The efficacy was similar for ACD and heparinized blood. Blood was filtered below 10°C within 30 min under pressures of less than 0.2 kg/cm2. The shape and functions of the red cells were not altered by filtration. No pyrogenic or toxic substances, and little particulate matter were eluted from the filters.
The Antigen Duclos
Authors: Habibi B. , Fouillade M. T. , Duedari N. , Issitt P. D. , Tippett P. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody is described which defines a new high frequency red cell antigen, Duclos, whose expression seems to require the presence of both U and Rh fundamental antigens. Apart from the antibody maker's own red cells the only nonreactive samples were from Rhnull U impaired individuals, one example of which was shown however to yield very slight amounts of antibody through absorption‐elution tests. Rhmod U weak cells gave very depressed and Rhnull U positive or Rh common U negative cells moderately depressed reactions. The proposita's red cells had an apparently normal Rh‐LW condition but their U antigen was significantly decreased. No further Duclos negative individual was found by screening 8,500 blood donors in the Paris area.
Human Blood‐Group A‐ and H‐Specified Glycosyltransferase Levels in the Sera of Newborn Infants and their Mothers
Authors: Tilley C. A. , Crookston M. C. , Crookston J. H. , Shindman J. , Schachter H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The level of blood‐group A1‐specified α, 3′‐N‐acetyl‐D‐gaIactosaminyl‐transferase in the serum of recently‐delivered women was found to be appreciably lower than the level of this enzyme in the serum of non‐pregnant adults and of newborn infants; a similar but less striking decrease was observed in the levels of the A2‐specified α, 3′‐N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosaminyl‐transferase and the H‐specified α, 2′‐L‐fucosyltransferase. Although the red cells of newborn infants are known to have relatively few A and H antigen sites, the serum of neonates was found to have a level of A1‐ and A2‐dependent N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferases and H‐dependent fucosyltransferase as high as, if not higher than, the serum of non‐pregnant adults. This finding is compatible with the fact that the haemopoietic tissue contributes only about 20% of the serum transferase level.
Discovery of a Lectin with Affinity for the HBs Antigen
Authors: Ikemoto Shigenori , Yoshida Haruhiro , Shimizu Masaru , Mayumi Makoto , Tomita Koichi
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An extract of marguerite leaves was found to contain an agglutinin which has affinity for HBs (adr type) antigen‐sensitized sheep erythrocytes and for pure HBs antigen. This agglutinin activity was inhibited by the plasma of hepatitis patients who were known to have circulating HBs antigen. The agglutinin activity was also inhibited by 0.03M N‐acetylneuraminic acid.
Hepatitis B Antigen and Antibody among Staff Members of an Israeli Hospital and a Kibbutz Population
Authors: Sikuler E. , Dvilansky A. , Skibin A. , Quastel M. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Until recently, hepatitis type B was thought to be transmitted parenterally. However, much evidence has appeared regarding non‐parenteral transmission. Hospital personnel are exposed both ways to this disease. We compared the incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti‐HBs) among 388 workers at a major medical center in Israel with 203 kibbutz residents, using radioimmunoassay procedures.

Of the hospital personnel, 1.8% were found to carry the antigen and 23.9% the antibody. In contrast, 0.5% of kibbutz personnel were antigen‐positive and 11.8% carried the antibody. The highest incidence of antibody was found among people born in middle‐eastern countries outside of Israel. These results show a significant increase in the exposure of hospital personnel to hepatitis B virus. A marked increase in the frequency of sera positive for anti‐HBs occurred after the first year of hospital work.
Complement Binding Anti‐D Made in a Du Variant Woman
Authors: Ayland Judith , Horton M. A. , Tippett Patricia , Waters A. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A Du variant negro woman developed, during pregnancy, an anti‐D that was unusual in that it bound complement. The Rh groups of the propositus and other members of her family were also unusual.
GcT (Toulouse): A Fast Variant of the Group‐Specific System in an Pyrenean Family
Authors: Constans J. , Cleve H. , Viau M. , Gouaillard C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In the course of a genetic investigation carried out in a Pyrenean population, a family with a new allele of the Gc system was found. Electrophoretic analysis revealed a faster migrating variant with a double band pattern. Presumably, this variant represents a mutant of the Gc1 allele. The variant is transmitted as an autosomal codominant trait. This additional allele at the Gc locus is named GcT (GcToulouse).
Serum Pregnancy‐Associated α2‐Glycoprotein Levels in Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Horne C. H. W. , von Schoultz B. , Towler C.M. , Damber M.‐G. , Stigbrand T. , Gibb Lillian M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum pregnancy‐associated α2‐glycoprotein (α2‐PAG) levels have been measured in patients with a variety of proven non‐organ specific and organ‐specific autoimmune diseases and in age and sex‐matched hospital outpatient and inpatient controls. Significantly lower α2‐PAG levels were only observed in patients with thyrotoxicosis and in patients with atrophic gastritis accompanied by megaloblastic anaemia. In the latter case a significant inverse correlation between α2‐PAG and haemoglobin levels was noted.
Studies on Blood from the Original RhnullProposita and Relatives
Authors: Boettcher B. , Watts Susan
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A relative of the original Rh proposita, of group R1R2, shows weak expression of his Rh antigens, and is thought to be an Rhnull heterozygote. His wife and 3 of their 4 children show normal Rh antigen expression, but one daughter showed weak Rh antigen expression, as determined by quantitative haemagglutination. The observations support the proposition that the father is heterozygous for an unlinked modifier of Rh antigen expression. Stomatocytosis, observed in the Rhnull proposita and other Rhnull individuals, was also observed, but to a lesser degree, in the blood of an other individual thought to be an Rhnull heterozygote. This observation also supports the earlier conclusion that the Rhnull phenotype of the proposita is due to homozygosity for inactive alleles at a locus which controls the biosynthesis of precursor for Rh and LW antigens. Osmotic fragility tests showed that the Rhnull cells were more fragile than cells with normal Rh antigen expression, and cells from Rhnull heterozygotes had intermediate fragility. This is consistent with the proposition that Rh antigens are normal structural components of the red cell membrane, and the Rhnull heterozygotes show a deficiency of the Rh antigenic structures.
Inherited Lack of Ss Antigens with Weak Expression of U in a Caucasian Family
Authors: Austin Roger J. , Riches Gregory
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Members of a New Zealand family showing inherited lack of Ss antigens appear to be heterozygous for U.
The Properdin System: Composition and Function
Authors: Brade Volker
Published: March 2009

Abstract.This article summarizes the physicochemical data on the factors which compose the properdin system in guinea pig and man. The following other topics are discussed: (1) Activation of the properdin system; (2) Formation of the initiating and amplification C3 convertases; (3) Formation of the C5 convertase, and (4) Regulatory control mechanisms of the properdin system.
Anti‐D Immunoglobulin Preparations: the Stability of Anti‐D Concentrations and the Error of the Assay of Anti‐D
Authors: Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Hunt Valerie A. , Maycock W. d'A. , Wesley E. D. , Vallet L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An analysis of the assay of 28 preparations of anti‐D immunoglobulin using a radioisotope method carried out at 6‐monthly intervals for 2–4.5 years showed an average fall in anti‐D concentration ot 10.6% each year, with 99% confidence limits ot 6.8–14.7%. The fall in anti‐D concentration after storage at 37°C for 1 month was less than 8%, the minimum change that could be detected. No significant change in physical characteristics of the immunoglobulin were detected.

The error of a single estimate of anti‐D by the radioisotope method (125I‐labelled anti‐IgG) used here was calculated to be such that the true value probably (p = 0.95) lay between 66 and 150% of the estimated value.
Different Fates of Hepatitis B Virus Markers during Plasma Fractionation
Authors: Trepo C. , Hantz O. , Jacquier M. F. , Nemoz G. , Cappel R. , Trepo D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) and associated particles, e antigen (e Ag) and DNA polymerase are unevenly distributed during Cohn's cold ethanol fractionation of plasmas positive for these markers of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Most of the e Ag, Dane particles and DNA polymerase are retained in fraction III whereas the bulk of HBs Ag is recovered in fraction IV where only 22 nm spheres and short filaments are still identified. These results suggest that differences in quantitative distribution of HB virions together with alteration of infectious particles during the fractionation process may in addition to heat inactivation account for the relative hepatitis risk of the various plasma derivatives.
Red Cell ABH Antigens in Leukaemias and Lymphomas
Authors: Saichua Supinun , Chiewsilp Pimol
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The qualitative and quantitative determinations of A, B, and H antigens were studied in blood samples of 509 normal subjects and 114 patients. 11 of 53 (20.75%), 3 of 27 (11.11 %), and 4 of 34 (11.76%) of adults with leukaemia, children with leukaemia and adults with lymphomas, respectively, show significantly lower antigenic scores than normal controls. Since all A, B and H antigens were found to be independently affected, the destruction of well‐developed ABH antigens by a certain substance produced during the course of the disease was suspected.
Unusual Inheritance in the ABO Blood Group System: A Group O Child from A Group A2B Mother
Authors: Valdes Maria Dolores , Zoes Caroline , Froker Alice
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A serologically typical group A2B mother with no unusual anti‐A or anti‐B agglutinins delivered a normal group O infant with no demonstrable A or B antigens. By the age of 1 year the child had developed anti‐A and anti‐B agglutinins. He had H antigen and secreted H substance in his saliva. A second group Ochild has since been born. Although family studies were inconclusive, the most likely explanation is that the mother is a cis‐AB. If this is the case, she differs from other reported cis‐ABs in her apparently normal B antigen and the lack of anti‐B antibodies in her serum.
Fetal Human Hemolytic Plaque‐Forming Cells
Authors: Koros A. M. C. , Szulman A. E. , Hamill E. C. , Merchant B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lymphoid tissues from 24 human fetuses were assayed for hemolytic plaque‐forming cells (PFC) against a variety of erythrocyte targets. PFC against maternal and other erythrocyte antigens were commonly detected in human fetal liver, lymph nodes, spleen, or thymus as early as 16 weeks gestation and were usually more abundant in liver than in spleen after 16 weeks gestation. These data corroborate studies from other laboratories which indicate that human fetuses develop some forms of immunocompetence very early during gestation.
Automated Screening of Red Cells for the Detection of Autoantibodies
Authors: Górska Barbara , Michael‐Araszkiewicz Panayiota , Seyfried Halina , żupańska Barbara
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The AutoAnalyser Technicon II system was adapted for screening red cells for the presence of warm‐type autoantibodies. A significant decrease in optical density was recorded when the red cells of 38 patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia were tested using the bromelin‐methylcellulose method. This was never seen with the red cells of 226 patients with other diseases or of healthy blood donors. The method is very simple and more sensitive than the manual direct antiglobulin test.
A ‘New’ Blood Group Antigen Fra: Incidence, Inheritance and Genetic Linkage Analysis1
Authors: Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko , McAlpine Phyllis J. , Fletcher June , Moulds J. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Investigation of the inheritance of a ‘new’ low‐incidence red cell antigen (Fra) indicates that it is an autosomal dominant marker and not part of the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Kell, Lutheran, Duffy, Kidd, Dombrock or Scianna blood group systems. No genetic linkage was established between 3Fr, the locus governing production of Fra, and any of 21 other markers.
An Economical Method for the Recovery of Albumin from Outdated Packed Cells using Polyethylene Glycol and Heat‐Fractionation
Authors: Viljoen Mike
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Outdated packed cells were pooled and the red cells, together with a large fraction of unwanted globulins, were precipitated with polyethylene glycol. The albumin was then precipitated from the supernatant fluid as a crude paste containing about 85% albumin which was further fractionated using standard techniques.
Association between H LA and Red Cell Antigens
Authors: Nordhagen R. , Aas M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum from a mullitransfused patient with bladder papilloma was examined. The serum contained anti‐Kell as well as polyspecific, cytotoxic HLA antibodies and HLA‐asso‐ciated haemagglutinins. The HLA haemagglutinins were demonstrated by the Auto Analyzer method and reacted predominantly with red blood cells (RBC) from HLA‐A28‐positive individuals, and were distinctly weaker with all other test cells. Survival studies with 51Cr‐RBC from an HLA‐A28‐positive, Kell‐negative donor with strong A28 RBC reactivity were performed. A small component of the RBC showed clearly reduced survival time, while the main component showed nearly normal survival.
Redistribution of Platelets During Discontinous Flow Platelet Pheresis
Authors: Katz Alfred J. , Reiss Robert F. , Houx Judith A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Greater numbers of platelets are recovered during discontinuous flow centri‐fugation than can be simply accounted for by the decrease in total circulating platelets in the donor. There is a linear relationship between the logarithm of the circulating platelet count and the number of plateletpheresis bowls filled. The disappearance of platelets from the peripheral circulation occurs at a greater rate in splenectomized donors than in normal donors, and the rate of platelet disappearance in normal donors is less than what would be expected if there were no in vivo platelet storage pools. The data suggest the redistribution of platelets from the spleen in normal donors during the time course of the procedure.
Detection of Platelet Autoantibodies by a Radioactive Anti‐Immunoglobulin Test
Authors: Mueller‐Eckhardt C. , Mahn I. , Schulz G. , Mueller‐Eckhardt Gertrud
Published: March 2009

Abstract.A direct and an indirect version of a platelet radioactive anti‐immunoglobulin test (PRAT) has been developed. It is shown that this assay is sensitive, reproducible and quantitative for the demonstration of HLA as well as incomplete P1A1 antibodies. Furthermore, platelet autoantibodies were searched for in sera of 105 thrombocytopenic patients. Positive results were obtained in 15 out of 45 patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), in 1 of 17 cases with acute ITP and in 3 of 4 patients with ITP‐like syndrome of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The platelet autoantibodies mostly had low titers, reacted with autologous platelets and did not show any specificity. An elevated concentration of IgG on autologous platelets was detected by the direct PRAT in 11 of 18 patients with ITP and in 4 of 5 patients with thrombocytopenia and suspected SLE. 4 of the 7 negative ITP cases were in clinical remission or had platelet counts of over 50,000/μl. There appeared to be an inverse correlation between the concentration of surface‐bound IgG and the platelet number in patients with ITP and SLE. It is concluded that the PRAT is a new and valuable tool for the detection of various types of platelet antibodies and therefore a true alternative to existing serological techniques in platelet immunology.
The Redelberger Antigen Rba
Authors: Contreras Marcela , Stebbing Birgit , Mallory Delores McGuire , Bare Joan , Poole Joyce , Hammond Walter
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new low frequency antigen, Rba, has been found in three blood donors. Studies on their families show that the antigen is inherited as a Mendelian autosomal dominant character. Rba segregates independently from ABO, MNSs, P1 Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, ACP1 and PGM1. Anti‐Rba is not uncommon in sera containing multiple antibodies to low frequency antigens.
Fy(a‐b‐) Phenotype in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Libich M. , Kout M. , Giles C. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family of gypsy origin, with 5 Fy(a–b‐) members was found in Czechoslovakia. The involvement of the silent allele, Fy, in paternity testing is discussed.
Serum Ferritin Levels in Male Blood Donors
Authors: Birgegård Gunnar , Högman Claes , Killander Andreas , Wide Leif
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum ferritin estimation has been shown to be a reliable test to reveal iron deficiency. Such estimations have been made in groups of male blood donors with a varying number of previous phlebotomies and a mean interval between donations of 9.9±1.7 SD weeks. It was found that the mean ferritin level was significantly (p<0.001) lower in the blood donors than in nondonors. After 6–8 phlebotomies it was about 40% lower. Subnormal ferritin values were found in 10% of the donors, almost exclusively among those who had taken less than 1,000 mg of iron supplementation since the last donation. It is concluded that with a donation interval of about 10 weeks, there is a considerable risk for iron deficiency after about 6 donations. This risk is far less if more than 1,000 mg of iron supplementation is taken between phlebotomies. A role for serum ferritin estimation in monitoring donation intervals and/or iron therapy is suggested.
Anticore Antibody Screening of Transfused Blood
Authors: Lander J. J. , Gitnick G. L. , Gelb L. H. , Aach R. D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Aliquots of 130 HBsAg negative units of blood which were administered to 26 recipients were tested under code for anti‐HBc by a solid phase radioimmunoassay technique. 14 of the 26 recipients developed posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH), including 6 cases of hepatitis B. Anti‐HBc was detected in 7 or 5.3% of 130 donor units. Of the 14 patients acquiring PTH, 6 received a unit of anti‐HBc‐positive blood. Type B hepatitis occurred in 4 of the 7 anti‐HBc recipients, and non‐type B hepatitis in 2. Only 1 of 12 recipients who failed to develop PTH had received a unit containing anti‐HBc.
Di‐2–ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) Content of Blood or Blood Components Stored in Plastic Bags
Authors: Sasakawa Shigeru , Mitomi Yoshitada
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Di‐2‐ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer used in the manufacture of plastic bags for blood products, which may be toxic. No more than a trace (less than 0.1 μg/ml) could be detected in anticoagulants in blood bags, or in the blood of healthy untransfused subjects. A mean of 23 μg/ml was found in ACD whole blood after 2 weeks storage, and 46 μg/ml after 3 weeks; the corresponding figures for packed cells were 39 and 45 μg/ml. The level in CPD whole blood was similar. Fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate contained 7 μg/ml, while levels of 1.0 and 0.7 μg/ml of DEHP were found in the blood of two patients who had received massive transfusions. Most DEHP in stored blood was associated with plasma lipoproteins.
Cellular and Plasma‐Associated Phagocytic Defects Amongst Iranian Blood Donors
Authors: Foroozanfar Nooshin , Nejad A. Ghavami , Harbour C. , Ala F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Peripheral blood leucocytes from 30 grossly anaemic professional blood donors were investigated for phagocytosis, intracellular killing and chemotaxis. The nitro‐blue tetra‐zolium test was positive in 29 donors and negative in 1. Professional donors' cells in the presence of normal plasma were unable to phagocytose successfully and Candida killing and opsonization were defective when donors' plasma was used in the presence of normal cells Chemotaxis of professional donors' cells to Ag/Ab‐treated normal plasma was reduced as was chemotactic activity of normal cells in both Ag/Ab‐ and LPS‐treated professional donors' plasma.
The Day Blood Group System in Israeli Jews and Arabs
Authors: Sandler S. Gerald , Kravitz Chaim , Sharon Raphael , Hermoni David , Ezekiel Eric , Cohen Tirza
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The distribution of the Fy gene was studied in 1,207 Israeli Jews and 509 Arabs. The Fy(a‐b‐) phenotype (FyFy) was observed in Moslem, Christian and Druze Arabs, and in Jewish immigrants from Yemen and Iraq, but not in Sephardi or Ashkenazi Jews. The Fy gene frequencies in Arabs and Jews were compatible with historical evidence of interactions with native African and admixed regional populations. Compared with Rho (cDe) and Jsa, Fy(a‐b‐) is a more useful genetic marker for recognizing African admixture in Middle Eastern populations.
Red Cell Antibody Screening with the Groupamatic System
Authors: Garretta M. , Gener J. , de Jerphanion I. , Jacquet D. , Muller A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. These data comprise 1,231,024 routine tests carried out over a 5‐year period on voluntary blood donors. The percentage of positive results on the machines varies from 1 to 3% of the total number of samples tested. Antibodies identified either by manual or automated techniques make up 15–20% of the positive screening reactions. Rhesus, Lewis and P systems prevail, whilst Duffy, Kidd and Lutheran systems are absent.

This screening has three main advantages: the supply of plasma for our production of test sera, or therapeutic immunoglobulins; protection of the recipient; partial information on the donor's immunohaematological state, especially for the risk of giving him incompatible blood sometimes in the future.
Changes in the Inhibition of Specific Agglutination by Plasma Due to Microvesicles Released from Human Red Cells during Storage for Transfusion
Authors: Cole Wendy F. , Rumsby Martin G. , Longster George H. , Tovey L. A. Derrick
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The progressive appearance of erythrocyte antigenic activity in plasma from donations of human blood taken into acid citrate‐dextrose (ACD) and stored at 4°C for transfusion has been studied. It has been shown by specific inhibition tests that A, B, H and P1 activities are associated with membrane‐bounded microvesicles which are released from the red cell membrane during the disc‐echinocyte‐spherocyte shape transformation. Although M group activity appears to be lost from the red cell membrane during storage, significant recovery on the microvesicles is not obtained even though these seem to contain the M and N group intrinsic protein, glycophorin.
Rhesus Haplotypes in Familial Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Newton R.M. , Buehler S.K. , Crumley J. , Marshall W.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Previous reports of increased numbers of rhesus‐negative individuals in series of Hodgkin's disease (HD) patients have received a unique type of confirmation. In an extended family of over 1,200 people in which an aggregate of 7 cases of HD has occurred, there were twice the usual number of rhesus‐negative individuals. Thus, these HD patients also arose in a population containing an excess of rhesus negatives. Detailed analysis of rhesus antigens and haplotypes with the aid of five antisera and blood samples from 1,133 community members revealed that the patients and their families carried R1 and r but that there was exclusion from those groups of Ro and ra. Ra may have been excluded from the patients but was found in members of their immediate families. No other haplotypes were identified. The differences between HD families and members of the remainder of the extended family are statistically significant (p < 0.0005). The data are consistent with two interpretations which are not mutually exclusive. First, certain rhesus complexes, notably r, may confer susceptibility to the development of HD, probably by virtue of a closely linked gene, conversely other complexes such as Ro may confer resistance. The second interpretation is that the postulated HD agent may flourish better in populations of certain rhesus make‐up than it does in others. Individuals of a particular rhesus genotype may be ‘carriers’ or ‘spreaders’. Further investigations are suggested which should contribute to the solution of this epidemiological puzzle.
Long‐Term Support of a Patient with Aplastic Anemia by Platelets and Granulocytes from Donors of a HLA‐A, B Identical Family1
Authors: Kretschmer V. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C. , Pralle H. , Mueller‐Eckhardt Gertrud , Grosse‐Wilde H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The case of an 18‐year‐old male patient with aplastic anemia is reported who was successfully treated by platelets from his father, mother and uncle over a period of 8 months because of the very rare constellation of HLA‐A,B identity in the family. The patient deceased from uncontrollable septicemia.
The Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Its Antibody in Blood Donors and High Risk Groups in Iran
Authors: Farzadegan H. , Harbour C. , Ala F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The prevalence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs among voluntary blood donors, professional blood donors, INBTS laboratory staff, haemophiliacs and the patients and medical personnel of three haemodialysis centres was compared. The 3.4% incidence of HBsAg found among 168,890 voluntary donors was significantly less than the 8.4% found among 378 professional blood donors. The prevalence of HBsAg was higher in male than in female donors, and also higher in single than in married donors. Prevalence of HBsAg was unrelated to ABO‐Rh blood group but was related to age. Anti‐HBs was found in 30% of voluntary blood donors, 67% of professional donors, 68% of haemodialysis patients, 39% of haemodialysis staff, 86% of haemophiliacs and in only 4.8% of HBsAg carriers. Subtyping of HBsAg found in 100 voluntary donors showed 65 were ay; 5 ad; 10 ad + ay and 20 were untypable.
A Large‐Scale Survey on the Prevalence of HBeAg and Anti‐HBe among Asymptomatic Carriers of HBV
Authors: Sasuki Takemichi , Hattori Tatsutaro , Muyumi Makoto
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During September and October of 1977, a total of 342,407 apparently healthy blood donors were screened for HBsAg by reversed PHA, and 6,342 (1.9%) asymptomatic carriers of HBV were identified. Prevalence of HBeAg and anti‐HBe among HBV carriers was tested by our immunodiffusion method after serum samples had been concentrated threefold. The results were evaluated with reference to sex and age of donors, as well as HBsAg titre and s‐GPT level in the serum. HBeAg was found slightly but significantly more often in male donors than in female donors (19.1 vs. 16.7%). In contrast, anti‐HBe was found less frequently in males than in females (49.6 vs. 53.1%). Frequency of HBeAg decreased, while frequency of anti‐HB, increased with age both in male and female carriers. The prevalence of HBeAg increased in parallel with the titre of HBsAg, whereas the prevalence of anti‐HBe was approximately reciprocal to it. An abnormally high value of s‐GPT (41 Karmen U/ml or more) was found in 10.0% of the carriers with HBeAg, contrasting with 3.4% of those with anti‐HBe.
Changes in 2,3‐DPG Content and Oxygen Affinity in Erythrocytes Stored at 4°C
Authors: Honda Kenji , Miyamoto Masaki , Sasakawa Shigeru
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The 2,3‐DPG content of red blood cells increased within the first 24 h when fresh erythrocytes or whole blood were stored at 4°C. This phenomenon was strongly pH dependent. The temporary increase in 2,3‐DPG was scarcely observed below pH 7.4 or above pH 7.8. In the case of whole blood, the increase was observed in CPD blood but not in ACD blood. Similar results were obtained with erythrocytes suspended in saline, when its pH was adjusted to approximately 7.6. Plasma proteins were not essential for the increase in 2,3‐DPG content. Extracellular oxygen levels were continually measured in erythrocyte suspensions in order to check the changes in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin without damaging the cells. Both extracellular oxygen levels and 2,3‐DPG contents were simultaneously increased by keeping fresh erythrocytes at 4°C. Inhibition of glycolysis with sodium fluoride and monoiodoacetic acid indicated that the in vivo steady state of glycolysis in erythrocytes might be altered by chilling to make the rate of 2,3‐DPG synthesis faster than that of 2,3‐DPG decomposition.
An Electronic Method for Counting Human T and B Cell Rosettes1
Authors: Denny Thomas N. , Kinsley Kim M. , Benson Jack W. , Bull Robert W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This study reports the adaptation of an electronic particle‐counting method for the enumeration of T cell and B cell rosettes of human lymphocytes. This method and the conventional hemocytometer method were compared in parallel on seventeen T cell and seven B cell rosette enumerations in a blind study design. All data were analyzed for statistical significance; correlation coefficients were calculated. There was significant agreement between both methods for Tcells at p<0.001 (mean particle counter 80.6% ±11.3, mean hemocytometer 76.7 ± 8.2%) and for the B cells at p<0.002 (mean particle counter 22.5±9.7, mean hemocytometer 23.4±5.12). These results demonstrate that the electronic particle counter is useful as a rapid, convenient, semi‐automated method for the enumeration of T cell and B cell rosettes.
In vitro Comparison of the Erythrocyte Sedimenting Properties of Dextran, Hydroxyethyl Starch and a New Low‐Molecular‐Weight Hydroxyethyl Starch
Authors: Strauss Ronald G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A low‐molecular‐weight preparation of hydroxyethyl starch (LMW‐HES) may serve as a desirable substitute for the erythrocyte sedimenting agents presently employed to improve neutrophil yields in centrifugation and gravity leukapheresis. The cell‐separating and erythrocyte‐sedimenting properties of LMW‐HES, assessed in vitro by the recovery of various blood cells in plasma supernatant fluids, were similar to those of the higher‐molecular‐weight hydroxyethyl starch in current use and to dextran under a variety of conditions. These data predict success for LMW‐HES as a sedimenting agent in leukapheresis and recommend that it be evaluated in clinical trials.
Genetic Linkage between the Radin and Rh Blood Group Loci1
Authors: Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lods of +3.89 at a recombination fraction (Θ) of 0.10 and recombinant: non‐recombinant counts of 2:16 indicate linkage between the Rd and Rh blood group loci. The possibility that Rd is the same as Sc is discussed.
Linkage Relationship of C2 Deficiency, HLA and Glyoxalase I Loci1
Authors: Mahowald Maren L. , Dalmasso Agustin P. , Petzel Robert A. , Yunis Edmond J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Immunogenetic analysis of a homozygous C2‐deficient individual and family members demonstrated linkage of HLA‐A25, B18 and C2°. HLA‐D typing showed that 5 members typed with homozygous Dw2 typing cells from an individual with C2 deficiency but not with Dw2 typing cells from 2 individuals with normal C2. The homozygous C2‐deficient propositus and brother were HLA‐A and B homozygous but heterozygous at the HLA‐D and glyoxalase I loci. Therefore, in this family, the C2° gene is linked with two distinct haplotypes: HLA‐A25, B18, Dw2, GLO1 and HLA‐A25, B18, D unknown, GL02. These results could be explained by an ancestral recombinant event, which occurred between the C2° locus and HLA‐D locus in which C2° segregated with HLA‐B. This would suggest that the locus for the C2° gene maps between HLA‐B and HLA‐D on the sixth chromosome.
Studies of Factors Regulating the Ageing of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Pessina G.P , Paulesu L. , Bocci V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Erythrocytes from human blood stored at 5°C in anticoagulant‐preservative solutions are considered, after a period from 21 to 24 days, unsuitable for transfusion. The nonviability of the cells appears due to metabolic impairment accompanied by a change of the biophysical properties of the cell but surprisingly not to a decrease of sialic acid of the membrane. The absence of proteolysis can be attributed to calcium chelation and to the stable levels of plasma protease inhibitors throughout the storage period. In fact, when erythrocytes are incubated for several days at 5°C in protein‐free media, release of sialopeptides from the membrane increases slowly and steadily, particularly if the medium is without glucose and adenine but contains divalent cations. Moreover, this phenomenon is strikingly amplified when incubation in protein‐free media is carried out at 37°C and once the ATP level has fallen below 5% of its initial value.
Auto‐Immune Haemolytic Anaemia in Childhood
Authors: de Luca E. Carapella , Casadei A. M. , DiPiero G. , Midulla M. , Bisdomini C. , Purpura M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We describe 29 children with auto‐immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA). The patients could be followed up for long periods of time. The auto‐antibodies, responsible for the AIHA, are described as well as the associated diseases that could be diagnosed, the clinical course and some clinical aspects of special importance. Finally, the treatment given to these patients and its results are discussed.
Doa (Dombrock) Blood Group Antigen in the Japanese
Authors: Nakajima H. , Skradski Kathy , Moulds J. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood samples from 100 unrelated Japanese were tested for Doa antigen. It was found that the frequency of the antigen in the Japanese (18%) is lower by far than in Caucasians, Negroes or American Indians.
Anti‐HBe and Subtypes of HBsAg among Asymptomatic HBsAg Carriers
Authors: Ukkonen P. , Koistinen V. , Penttinen K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Finnish HBsAg positive blood donors were analyzed for the HBsAg subtype distribution and the presence of e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to e (anti‐HBe). 88% (159 of 180) of the donors had subtype ad and 12% (21 of 180) had ay. HBeAg was found in 1% (2 of 180) and anti‐HBe in 74% (133 of 180) of the donors. Anti‐HBe was significantly (p < 0.0001) more common among donors with subtype ad than with ay: 80 and 29%, respectively. The mean age of donors with both subtype ad and anti‐HBe was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than that of the other donor categories.
Freedom from Transmission of Hepatitis‐B of Gamma‐Globulin and Heat‐Inactivated Plasma Protein Fraction Prepared from Contaminated Human Plasma by Fractionation with Solid‐Phase Polyelectrolytes1
Authors: Harris Robert B. , Johnson Alan J. , Semar Martin , Detente Jacques , Fields Joseph E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasma contaminated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and shown by others to be infectious when injected in a dilution of 1:1,000,000 in chimpanzees, was fractionated by a solid‐phase polyelectrolyte (PE) procedure for its content of plasma protein fraction (PPF) and δ–globulin (immune serum globulin; ISG). Quantitative Ausria II radioimmunoassays showed that nearly half the HBsAg was bound by the PE and could be eluted at low pH, while the rest was found in the heat‐inactivated PPF. When the ISG was concentrated to 16%, the 13 mg/kg (comparable to a human dose) was injected intramuscularly in 6 chimpanzees, or when the PPF was heated at 60°C for 10 h and injected intravenously in 2 chimpanzees, there was no clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatitis B infection after 12 months, although 1 chimp of 2 who received the same material showed a borderline positive anti‐HBsAg antibody result on one of 52 weekly serum samples. Since the new PE fractionation method is essentially nondenaturing, and simpler than the classical ethanol procedures, it was important to establish the noninfectivity of the final products.
Sensitivities of Radioimmunoassay and Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Hyland C. A. , Mason E. C. , Harden P. A. , Shaw A. E. , Maurer D. , Hope S. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Radioimmunossay (RIA) using Ausria II (Abbott) was found to be more sensitive for the detection of HBsAg than the Hepanostika Micro‐Elisa system (Organon Teknika), by a factor of 5– to 20–fold for subtype ‘ad’ (with one exception), and 2– to 5–fold for subtype ‘ay’. The sensitivities of RIA and the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) have also been evaluated in the screening of 178 selected serum samples contributed by 7 different laboratories. Of these, 149 were found to be positive for HBsAg by RIA, 142 were positive by Elisa and 36 were positive by CEP.