bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of maximal expiratory flow and density dependence in normal humans
Authors: Castile R. G. , Hyatt R. E. , Rodarte J. R.
Published: December 2017

There is a large variability in maximal expiratory flow (V) and density dependence (DD) in normal humans. Lung mechanics and flow-volume curves were obtained in 40 normal males while they breathed air or helium-oxygen (80%-20%). Static lung recoil (Pst) at 50% vital capacity, total lung capacity, and pulmonary resistance each correlated (P < 0.05) with airflow at 50% vital capacity. The relationship of V and Pst was described by Pst = 1/2 p V2/A2 + RV, where p is gas density, A is the critical area at the flow-limiting site, and R is peripheral resistance. At constant Pst and R, this simplified equation predicts an inverse relation between DD and airflow, which was found at recoil pressures of 8 and 7 cmH2O (P < 0.05). If peripheral losses are small, subjects with smaller flow-limiting airways would have lower airflows but higher DD than subjects with larger airways. Our findings are consistent with concept of dysanaptic growth and suggest that the central airways play a significant role in determining V and DD in normal humans.
Pseudorandom testing of ventilatory response to inspired carbon dioxide in man
Authors: Sohrab S. , Yamashiro S. M.
Published: December 2017

A new method of testing the transient ventilatory response to inspired CO2 in humans has been developed in an attempt to improve the resolution and reproducibility of measures of peripheral chemoreceptor-mediated dynamics. The test input consisted of varying the level of inspired CO2 between 0 and 6-8% on a pseudorandom breath-by-breath basis. Cross-correlating this input with responses of end-tidal CO2, tidal volume, durations of inspiration and expiration, and respiratory rate yielded estimates of impulse responses. Computer simulation results and data collected in two subjects showed that reliable estimates of circulatory time lags and rapid dynamics are possible with this method. In one subject, the response dynamics observed were consistent with peripheral chemoreceptor rate sensitivity or adaptation. The rapid changes in inspiratory and expiratory durations also observed are probably mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors and appear to depend on the phase of the breathing cycle at which the CO2 stimulus arrives.
Evidence for alpha-adrenergic innervation of the isolated canine thoracic duct
Authors: Russell J. A. , Zimmerman K. , Middendorf W. F.
Published: December 2017

The excitatory innervation of isolated thoracic duct segments was studied using tissue bath techniques. No spontaneous activity was present in longitudinal or helical strips obtained from a portion of the thoracic duct cephalad to the hilum of the lung. Norepinephrine (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) and tyramine (3 x 10(-5) M) produced contractions that were antagonized by phentolamine (2 x 10(-5) M) and phenoxybenzamine (10(-7) M). Acetylcholine (10(-7) to 10(-4) M) produced contractions that were antagonized by atropine (5 x 10(-9) M). Thoracic duct strips also contracted in response to field electrical stimulation, and maximal responses were obtained with a stimulus of 15 V, 15 Hz, and 1-ms pulse duration. These electrically induced contractions were abolished by tetrodotoxin (5 x 10(-7) M), phentolamine (2 x 10(-5) M), phenoxybenzamine (10(-7) M), and guanethidine (3 x 10(-6) M), but not by atropine (10(-6) M). We conclude that smooth muscle of the canine thoracic duct contains alpha-adrenergic and acetylcholine receptors, both of which cause contraction when stimulated. However, only the alpha-receptors appear to be innervated.
Reactivity and contractility of rat main pulmonary artery to vasoactive agents
Authors: Chand N. , Altura B. M.
Published: December 2017

In vitro studies were undertaken to determine the reactivity and contractility of the rat main pulmonary artery (RPA) to some selected vasoactive agents. Oxytocin was found to be inactive RPA exhibited a poor responsiveness to vasopressin, acetylcholine, histamine, and bradykinin. Prostaglandins B2 and E2, K+, angiotensin, sympathomimetic agents (epinephrine and isoproterenol), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and [Ca2+]0 were found to produce, consistently, potent and concentration-related contractions of the RPA. Pulmonary arterial strips that were precontracted with 5-HT responded with relaxations to isoproterenol in low concentrations and with contractions in high concentrations. Blockade of isoproterenol-induced relaxation by propranolol provides evidence for the existence of specific beta-adrenoceptors in RPA. The selective antagonism of contractile responses induced by epinephrine, 5-HT, acetylcholine, and histamine by phentolamine, methysergide, atropine, and pyrilamine, respectively, provides evidence for the occurrence of specific alpha-adrenergic, "D"-serotonin as well as some cholinergic (muscarinic) and H1-histamine receptors in the RPA.
Function of respiratory muscles during partial curarization in humans
Authors: de Troyer A. , Bastenier J. , Delhez L.
Published: December 2017

The effects of submaximal neuromuscular blockade (SMNB) on the recruitment (or derecruitment) of the respiratory muscles during different types of respiratory maneuvers were studied in four healthy males infused slowly with pancuronium. The effects on lung mechanics were similar to those observed previously in that lung recoil pressure during inspiration did not change while the chest wall pressure-volume (PV) curve was shifted to the right (Rahn diagram). In each subject, SMNB produced a large increase in abdominal (gastric) and transdiaphragmatic pressures at any given lung volume during inspiration, reflecting greater diaphragmatic contribution to respiratory pressure swings. In addition, using concentric needle electrodes, we observed a marked fall in electrical (tonic and phasic) activity in the abdominal and in the intercostal/accessory muscles during SMNB but a slight increase in diaphragmatic activity. This pattern of changes was accentuated as ventilation increased. These findings indicate that the diaphragm is more resistant to curare than the other respiratory muscles in humans and that the transposition of the chest wall PV curve during SMNB is related to a loss of tonic activity in the intercostal musculature. The difference in sensitivity toward curare between the diaphragm and the other respiratory muscles is probably related to a difference in the safety margin at the neuromuscular synapses.
Pathophysiology of inner ear dysfunction in the squirrel monkey in rapid decompression
Authors: Landolt J. P. , Money K. E. , Topliff E. D. , Nicholas A. D. , Laufer J. , Johnson W. H.
Published: December 2017

More than 90 squirrel monkeys with bilateral myringotomies (a small hole in each ear drum) were rapidly decompressed in a hyperbaric chamber according to a special diving profile in which 35% of attempts produced disorders ("hits") confined to the inner ear. Monkeys receiving inner ear hits (as determined by the sudden onset of vigorous head or eye nystagmus during decompression) were tested and killed at times ranging from 1 h to more than 12 mo following the dive. Histologically, in monkeys killed 1 mo or less after the hit, hemorrhage and/or a deep purple-staining precipitated material were frequently found in the otic fluid spaces. In those monkeys killed more than 1 mo after a hit, ectopic new bone growth in the arms of the semicircular canals was a common sequela. New bone growth never appeared in the cochlea. In unaffected ears, and in both ears of control animals, the precipitated material was somewhat less than in ears damaged by decompression; and, furthermore, new bone growth did not occur. Behaviorally, the hit monkeys showed vestibular deficits that were consistent with the structural damage revealed by histology.
A pulse method of measuring respiratory system compliance
Authors: Suratt P. M. , Owens D. H. , Kilgore W. T. , Harry R. R. , Hsiao H. S.
Published: December 2017

We describe a new method of measuring respiratory system compliance (Crs) that appears to detect whether respiratory muscles are relaxed. A pulse airflow, 0.3/s, is blown into the mouth through a pneumotachograph. Mouth pressure is recorded on the abscissa of an oscilloscope. Inflated volume, integrated from the flow signal, is recorded on the ordinate. After an initial step shift of pressure related to the flow resistance of the subject, pressure increases linearly at a rate inversely proportional to Crs. Crs is calculated from the slope of the volume-pressure line. With relaxed subjects, repeated pulses yield straight lines with similar slopes (mean coef of variation = 4.8%). When subjects are not relaxed, the pulse produces irregular lines. In 15 normal subjects who could relax. Crs averaged 0.86 +/- 0.016 (SD) 1/cmH2O. When normalized for body size by dividing by the vital capacity, the mean value was 0.021 +/- 0.0024 cmH2O-1, which agrees with published values. We conclude that the pulse method accurately measures Crs and has the advantage of detecting respiratory muscle relaxation.
Extra-auditory responses to long-term intermittent noise stimulation in humans
Authors: Fruhstorfer B. , Hensel H.
Published: December 2017

Respiration, heart rate, cutaneous blood flow, and electroencephalogram (EEG) reactions to long-term intermittent noise exposure were recorded from 13 volunteers (20-29 yr) with normal hearing and vegetative reactivity. They received daily within 1 h 12 noise stimuli (16 s 100 dB (A) white noise) for 10 or 21 days, respectively. Most subjects reported partial subjective adaptation to the noise. Heart rate adapted within a session but did not change considerably during successive days. Vascular responses did not change during one session but diminished mainly during the first 10 days. Noise responses in the EEG remained constant, but a decrease in vigilance occurred during the whole experimental series. Respiration responses were unpredictable and showed no trend within the sessions. It was concluded that certain physiological responses adapt to loud noise but that the time course of adaptation is different. Therefore a general statement about physiological noise adaptation is not possible.
Uptake and metabolism of biogenic amines in the developing rabbit lung
Authors: Gewitz M. H. , Gillis C. N.
Published: December 2017

Uptake and metabolism of biogenic amines in developing lung were studied in a total of 62 New Zealand White rabbits aged 28 days of gestation to 28 days postnatal. Lungs were perfused in vitro with 5-[14C]hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or [14C]phenylethylamine (PEA) and coperfused with high-molecular-weight [3H]dextran to assess the vascular space perfused. Patterns of uptake and metabolism of PEA and 5-HT as functions of age were markedly different. PEA uptake and metabolism gradually increased with advancing age. No differences were observed in 5-HT uptake or metabolism within the postnatal age range studied, but the magnitude of each process for 5-HT was significantly lower in premature animals. Functional maturity for both uptake and metabolism of PEA was observed by 14-21 days of age. Inhibition of intrapulmonary monoamine oxidase by semicarbazide and pargyline showed that PEA metabolism was unaffected by the former and moderately reduced by the latter agent only in animals older than 1 wk. Thus the lung of the newborn rabbit effectively takes up and metabolizes PEA and 5-HT, but age-related differences are evident in the development of specific monoamine oxidase subtypes. Reduced 5-HT metabolism in lung of premature animals paralleled changes in the measured vascular space, possibly reflecting difficulty in perfusing premature lungs as well as immature functional status. This study emphasizes the importance of determining functional vascular perfusion (by coperfusion with intravascular markers) when studying the developing lung.
Augmentation of phrenic neural activity by increased rates of lung inflation
Authors: Pack A. I. , DeLaney R. G. , Fishman A. P.
Published: December 2017

Studies were conducted in anesthetized paralyzed dogs using a cycle-triggered constant-flow ventilator, which ventilated the animal in phase with the recorded phrenic neural activity. Intermittently tests were performed in which the animal was ventilated with a different airflow for a single breath. Increased airflows, within the range generated during spontaneous breathing, caused an increased rate of rise of the moving average phrenic neurogram and a shortening of the duration of the nerve burst. The magnitude of the increase in the rate of rise of the neurogram was related to the level of inspiratory airflow. Tests with brief pulses of airflow showed that an increase in the rate of rise of the phrenic neurogram could be produced without inflating the lung above the resting tidal volume of the animal. Similar results were obtained with negative-pressure ventilation and the effects were abolished by vagotomy. This vagally mediated augmentation of phrenic neural output may accelerate the inspiratory volume change in the lung during spontaneous breathing at hyperpneic levels.
Control of breathing during prolonged exercise
Authors: Martin B. J. , Morgan E. J. , Zwillich C. W. , Weil J. V.
Published: December 2017

Ventilation (VE) climbs steadily throughout prolonged heavy exercise. While this VE "drift" has implications for the adequacy of gas exchange in long-term exercise, its mechanism remains unknown. We examined the behavior of previously proposed mediators of VE drift during one hour of cycle ergometer exercise at constant work rate requiring 2/3 VO2 max in 10 subjects. VE increased 13% from 12 to 61 min of exercise (P less than 0.05). Although body core temperature rose as VE rose, equal elevation of core temperature by passive means failed to increase exercise VE. Rising VE during the hour of exercise occurred despite unchanged arterial pH, PCO2, and lactate and despite unchanged VCO2. Thus, all of the VE increase was calculated to be due to increased dead space ventilation (VD). Tidal volume (VT) was unchanged, while VD/VT rose from 0.16 to 0.24 from 12 to 61 min of work (P less than 0.05). These results show that increased body core temperature does not mediate VE drift, and that changes in previously proposed mediators (arterial pH, arterial lactate, and VCO2) are not necessary for a slow VE rise to occur in prolonged heavy exercise.
Airway closure in each lung of anesthetized human subjects
Authors: Hedenstierna G. , Bindslev L. , Santesson J. , Norlander O. P.
Published: December 2017

Airway closure and functional residual capacity (FRC) were assessed for each lung separately in the anesthetized subject by means of a double-lumen tracheal catheter. Airway closure was studied by argon-bolus and nitrogen-washout techniques, and FRC was calculated from single-breath nitrogen washout. Recordings were done with subjects in the supine and lateral postures. In the supine position, closing capacity (CC) exceeded FRC in each lung. Airway closure occurred synchronously in the two lungs. Argon CC was 0.05-0.1 liter larger than nitrogen CC of either lung. Minor gas trapping occurred during the vital capacity (VC) maneuver, so that inspired VC exceeded expired VC by 3%. In the left lateral posture, CC remained unaltered in either lung, whereas FRC was markedly increased in the nondependent and reduced in the dependent lung. Airway closure occurred asynchronously in the two lungs, and its distribution was discontinuous between them. Onset of airway closure in the dependent lung caused an early (60% VC) upstroke on the overall tracer gas recording (sampling of mixed expirate at the mouth), whereas onset of airway closure in the nondependent lung caused an additional upstroke at 10% VC. Gas trapping was more marked in the dependent lung than in the supine position, but some gas was released (expired VC greater than inspired VC) n the nondependent lung.
Responses to dry heat of men and women with similar aerobic capacities
Authors: Frye A. J. , Kamon E.
Published: December 2017

Four men and four women with similar VO2max (56.33 +/- 4.05 and 54.08 +/- 4.27 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively) exercised up to 3 h at 30% VO2max during heat stress tests (HST) before and after acclimation to dry heat [dry-bulb temperature (Tdb)/wet-bulb temperature (Twb) = 48/25 degrees C]. Rectal (Tre), tympanic sweat on the chest (msw), and total sweat rate (Msw) were recorded. There were no differences in the responses of the women between phases of the menstrual cycle. Tre, Tty, Tsk, and Tdb at the onset of sweating were similar in both sexes before and after acclimation. The nonacclimated men had significantly higher Msw and slower rise in Tre as compared to the nonacclimated women. Following acclimation these differences were no longer evident. Acclimation produced an increase in Msw in both sexes that was characterized by an increase in sweating sensitivity (delta msw/delta Tre). It was concluded that sex alone does not determine responses to heat stress. Consideration should also be given to the relative cardiovascular strain, state of acclimation, and the ambient conditions.
Time course of plasma growth hormone during exercise in humans at altitude
Authors: Raynaud J. , Drouet L. , Martineaud J. P. , Bordachar J. , Coudert J. , Durand J.
Published: December 2017

The effects of hypoxia on growth hormone release during submaximal exercise were studied 1) in eight highlanders (HL) at 3,800 m (La Paz, Bolivia); and 2) in five lowlanders (LL) at sea level, after 5 days' sojourn at 2,850 m, and while breathing a hypoxic gas mixture (FIO2 - 0.15 corresponding to PIO2 at 2,850 m) 1 mo after returning to sea level. Concentrations of immunoreactive human growth hormone ([IRHGH]), blood glucose ([G]), free fatty acids ([FFA]), and lactate ([LA]) were determined repeatedly at rest, during 1 h of exercise, and after 1 h of recovery. Compared with LL, in HL, the resting value of [IRHGH] is higher, the rate of increase at the beginning of exercise is faster and earlier, but the mean maximal value reached at the end of exercise is similar. The response pattern in LL during the early stages of exposure to hypoxia resembles that of HL. No correlation was found between peak values of [IRHGH] and maximal values of [LA] and [FFA] or minimal values of [G]. The possible causes of the different time sequence observed in growth hormone dynamics during hypoxia are suggested: an alteration of the clearance of the hormone through a more pronounced reduction of hepatic blood flow or a difference in the state of the pituitary gland before the exercise begins. The study emphasizes the importance of characterizing time sequence of [IRHGH] by parameters other than the maximal value, e.g., by mean concentration computed over exercise period.
Exercise and the cAMP system in rat adipose tissue. I. Lipid mobilization
Authors: Oscai L. B. , Caruso R. A. , Wergeles A. C. , Palmer W. K.
Published: December 2017

Protein kinase (PK) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) were measured at rest in adipose tissue of untrained male rats and in that of animals subjected to a strenuous program of treadmill running. Total amounts of PK activity (decreased from 860 +/- 104 to 474 +/- 53 pmol.min-1. (10(6) cells)-1 (P less than 0.01) as a result of exercise training. At the same time, binding capacity for adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) was elevated in the runners. These data suggest a functional loss in catalytic activity without a loss in binding capacity. In addition, the results provide evidence that the capacity of PK to activate HSL is reduced in adipocytes of physically trained rats. HSL activity was measured in both adipose tissue slices and isolated adipocytes. The results show that the levels of activity of HSL did not increase as a result of the running program. These results provide evidence that the lipolytic capacity of adipocytes of normal untrained male rats is sufficiently large to meet the increased demand for free fatty acids imposed by the exercise program without the need for an adaptive increase in HSL activity.
Tonic inspiratory muscle activity as a cause of hyperinflation in asthma
Authors: Muller N. , Bryan A. C. , Zamel N.
Published: December 2017

We studied tonic activity of the inspiratory muscles during exacerbation of asthma in five female and two male patients. Exacerbation was provoked by withholding bronchodilatory medication for 12 h prior to the study. Thoracic gas volume (TGV) at the end of resting expiration was determined before and after albuterol (salbutamol) inhalation with a body plethysmograph. Intercostal muscle electromyogram (EMG) was recorded with surface electrodes and diaphragmatic EMG with esophageal electrodes. Tonic activity was defined as electrical activity in the EMG present throughout expiration. After salbutamol the TGV decreased 13.4 +/- 2.9% (mean +/- SE) (P less than 0.01). This decrease in TGV was accompanied by a proportional reduction in tonic intercostal (r = 0.78, P less than 0.05) and diaphragmatic activity (r = 0.84, P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that the hyperinflation present during exacerbation of asthma is at least in part due to active inspiratory muscle activity present throughout expiration.
Effect of pneumococcal lobar pneumonia on canine lung mechanics
Authors: Mink S. N. , Light R. B. , Wood L. D.
Published: December 2017

We produced left lower lobe (LLL) pneumococcal pneumonia in seven dogs and measured lung volumes and pulmonary mechanics before (day 1) and 48 h after (day 3) development of the infection. Compared with seven control dogs, total lung capacity (TLC) and functional residual capacity (FRC) decreased 550 and 140 ml, respectively, representing a 15% reduction from the initial value in both cases. Compliance measured during tidal breathing decreased by 30%, and even when corrected for the smaller FRC on day 3, specific compliance (CLsp) was reduced. At autopsy, the infected LLL had an excess weight of 89 g, and its 50% reduction in gas volume accounted for the decrease in TLC from day 1 to day 3. Compared with control dogs, there were no changes in the deflation pressure-volume curves of the noninfected lung of the pneumonia dogs. These results indicate that the reduction in TLC in bacterial lobar pneumonia was small and resulted from the reduced gas volume of the infected lobe. Assuming that the increased weight gain in the LLL represented 89 ml of exudate that filled alveoli, we propose that bacterial pneumonia reduced gas volume at FRC by filling alveoli with inflammatory exudate and further decreased TLC by preventing these alveoli from inflating. The reduced CLsp suggested nonventilation of air spaces in addition to those that were liquid filled and was consistent with nonventilation of the entire LLL.
Influence of small mechanical loads of variability of breathing pattern
Authors: Daubenspeck J. A.
Published: December 2017

The effect of low-level mechanical loading on the variability of the human breathing pattern was examined using a small elastic (E) load (approximately 10 cmH2O/1) and a small flow-resistive (R) load (approximately 3 cmH2O.1(-1).s) to approximately halve and double the normal respiratory mechanical time constant. The pooled responses from six subjects showed 1) E loading increased the mean estimated work rate (W); 2) R loading increased the mean tidal volume (VT), inspiratory duration (TI), and estimated W, and decreased mean breathing frequency (f) and mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), while reducing the variabilities of f and VT/TI; 3) E loading significantly reduced the frequency of occurrence of large breaths from the control state, whereas the effect of R loading on this phenomenon was smaller and not significant; and 4) R loading tended to increase an E loading to decrease the significant VT:TI rank correlation seen in the nonloaded state. The influence of loading on the distributions of VT and f became apparent in the tendency of breath-by-breath values to cluster closer to the minimum of the W-VA-pattern parameter surface.
Change in human blood plasma pH with pressure
Authors: Morild E.
Published: December 2017

For the first time, the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the pH in human blood plasma was determined under well-defined conditions. By means of a colorimetric method the change in plasma pH was examined from 1 to 1,500 bar (atm). The change was -2.5 x 10(-4).bar-1, and it is then established that this effect is unimportant for physiologically tolerable pressures. A discussion of the gas-liquid equilibrium of CO2 is included, with a short consideration of the pressure effect on the hemoglobin system. x
Effects on body position and cholinergic blockade on mechanics of collateral ventilation
Authors: Batra G. , Traystman R. , Rudnick H. , Menkes H.
Published: December 2017

We studied the effects of position and cholinergic blockade on the mechanics of collateral ventilation in anesthetized paralyzed dogs. Resistance to collateral flow (Rcoll) is higher when an obstructed segment is dependent than when it is nondependent. Decreases of Rcoll in response to the local infusion of low oxygen mixtures are greater in dependent regions. We conclude that 1) changes in position affect Rcoll directly through local changes in lung volume related to the gradient of pleural pressure; 2) responses of collateral channels to local concentrations of CO2 and O2 are determined by ventilation perfusion relationships, which vary at different heights in the lung; and 3) resting cholinergic tone in the anesthetized dog varies at different heights in the lung.
Blood flow and oxygen consumption in avian skeletal muscle during hypoxia
Authors: Grubb B. R.
Published: December 2017

Birds are known to be much more tolerant than mammals to high altitude [low oxygen pressure (PO2)], and it is therefore of interest to know the responses of their muscles to low oxygen. We studied the influence of hypoxia on the rate of blood flow, oxygen extraction, and oxygen consumption (VO2) in resting hindlimb muscle of ducks. We found that during normoxia the VO2 in this muscle mass was similar to resting mammalian red muscle. However, blood flow rate (45 ml x 100 g-1 x min-1) and venous PO2 (70 Torr) were much higher than in resting red or white mammalian muscle. Hypoxia down to 35-40 Torr resulted in no change in blood flow, but oxygen extraction increased dramatically as arterial PO2 fell below 70 Torr. The resting VO2 was maintained even at the lowest arterial oxygen content (5 ml/100 ml). From these experiments it appears as though duck skeletal muscle has a "luxuriant" resting blood flow rate that is sufficient to supply skeletal muscle with adequate oxygen.
Motion sickness caused by rotations about Earth-horizontal and Earth-vertical axes
Authors: Leger A. , Money K. E. , Landolt J. P. , Cheung B. S. , Rodden B. E.
Published: December 2017

Rotation at constant angular velocity about the head's Z-axis, with the rotational axis horizontal (barbecue-spit rotation), causes motion sickness and illusory perceptions of bodily movement. To determine whether such rotations about the head's X- and Y-axes cause similar effects, and to test the validity of the mismatch theory of motion sickness, more than 200 tests (using vertical axes as well as horizontal axes) were administered to 14 subjects. Three different visual conditions were also investigated: normal external vision, vision of only the inside walls of the rotating capsule, and eyes closed in the dark. In Earth-horizontal rotation, the X- and Y-axis stimuli were found to be equally as effective in provoking sickness as was the original Z-axis stimulus, and a comparable loss of perception of gravity occurred for all three stimuli. The horizontal axis stimuli were found to be very effective in producing sickness in all the three visual conditions, but the external vision condition was significantly less effective than the other two conditions. The findings were generally inconsistent with the mismatch theory.
Influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and insulin on the functional capacity of rats
Authors: Murphy R. D. , Vailas A. C. , Tipton C. M. , Matthes R. D. , Edwards J. G.
Published: December 2017

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three groups designated as diabetic, diabetic-plus-insulin, and control and tested for maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximum heart rate on three different occasions during the 6- to 8-wk experimental period. Compared with the prediabetic values and the means of the other two groups, diabetic animals had significantly higher submaximum and lower maximum VO2 values. These relationships prevailed when the groups were evaluated in terms of ml.kg-1.min-1 or ml.(kg0.79-1).min-1. In addition, the diabetic animals had significantly lower submaximum and maximum heart rates and shorter run times. Daily injections of insulin (2 U.day-1.rat-1) restored VO2max to within the limits of the control animals but did not normalize heart rates or run-time values. The linear relationship between heart rates and VO2 was repeatedly demonstrated with normal animals. However, this relationship progressively declined with the time course of diabetes. These results indicate that, in untreated diabetes, functional capacity is markedly reduced with the progression of the disease and suggest that alterations in the autonomic nervous system, tissue metabolic capacity, and decreases in lean body mass are responsible for the changes noted.
Blood flow and metabolism during isometric contractions in cat skeletal muscle
Authors: Petrofsky J. S. , Phillips C. A. , Sawka M. N. , Hanpeter D. , Stafford D.
Published: December 2017

The muscle blood flow, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, muscle and blood lactate, muscle ATP, creatinine phosphate, glycogen, and venous pH were measured in the soleus (a slow-twitch muscle) and the medial gastrocnemius (a fast-twitch muscle) of the cat during fatiguing isometric exercise. Five tensions were examined: 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the initial strength of the muscles (tetanic tension of the unfatigued muscle). Contractions were either sustained to fatigue or, for tensions of 10 and 25% initial strength of the soleus muscle, were sustained for 3 min. Analysis of the blood flow and metabolites from these muscles showed that the soleus was heavily dependent on its blood supply, using aerobic metabolism as the predominant pathway, whereas the medial gastrocnemius muscle seemed to use anaerobic metabolism even at low isometric tensions.
Reanalysis of the refractory period in exertional asthma
Authors: Stearns D. R. , McFadden E. R. , Breslin F. J. , Ingram R. H.
Published: December 2017

In an effort to determine whether the refractory period in exercise-induced asthma derived from mediator consumption we had seven asthmatic subjects repeatedly perform both exercise and eucapnic hyperventilation at matched minute ventilations under precisely controlled inspired air conditions. We reasoned that, if airway cooling were causing an agent to be released whose depletion resulted in less responsiveness, we should be able to observe this phenomenon irrespective of how cooling was produced. Repetitive exercise at short intervals produced a diminution in the obstructive response that disappeared when the interval between challenges was extended to 2 h. However, the degree of obstruction that occurred after voluntary hyperventilation remained constant irrespective of when the provocations were performed and equaled that seen with the first and last exercise challenge. Because the thermal burdens were identical for each challenge and all time periods, these results are incompatible with mediator depletion and suggest that it may be the secondary sympathoadrenal consequences of repeated exercise that cause the airways to temporarily lose their responsivity.
Chronic chlorpromazine administration in rats: effects on ability to work in the heat
Authors: Francesconi R. , Mager M.
Published: December 2017

To identify and quantitate the effects of chronic chlorpromazine (CPZ) administration on the ability to work in the heat, 2 mg CPZ were administered by intraperitoneal injection daily for 14 days to rats weighing between 250 and 350 g at the time of experimentation. When these animals exercised in the heat (35 degrees C) to hyperthermic exhaustion (Tre = 42.5-43 degrees C), it was demonstrated that their endurance capacity was significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) when compared with saline-treated controls. Increments in rectal temperature while on the treadmill were significantly (P less than 0.02) elevated among th CPZ-treated rats. Exercise on the treadmill to hyperthermic exhaustion resulted in significantly (P less than 0.001) increased circulating levels of lactate and potassium when these were compared in blood samples taken immediately before and after exercise in the heat for both groups, but creatine phosphokinase levels were unaffected. Additionally, lactate levels were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in the postrun blood samples of CPZ-treated rats when compared with the appropriate saline-treated controls. We concluded from these studies that chronic administration of CPZ in rats reduces their ability to work in the heat. Further, their rate of heat gain while exercising in the heat is increased, and the combined effects of exercise in the heat and CPZ administration exacerbated the effects on the clinical chemical indices of heat-exercise injury.
Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on spermatozoan motility driven by mitochondrial respiration
Authors: Bar-Sagie D. , Mayevsky A. , Bartoov B.
Published: December 2017

The effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HPO) on ram sperm motility driven by mitochondrial respiration are described. Sperm motility was assessed by a multichannel optical objective technique (Reflectospermiography). Motility was simultaneously measured from four semen sample at various pH levels in room air atmosphere and compared with four other samples exposed to various high oxygen (100%) levels 1, 3, 5, and 7 atmospheres absolute (ATA). Two main effects were observed under HPO oxygen: 1) shortening of motility durations, and 2) abolishment of motility regulation by pH. These effects were found to be attributed to the hyperoxic conditions. Above 3 ATA the effects of HPO with regard to the above-described parameters were considered toxic. Below this pressure level the effect of HPO was found to be moderate. The exposure of sperm cells to HPO (7 ATA) did not cause morphological alterations. Also, exposure of seminal plasma to HPO (7 ATA) for 150 min did not cause any toxic effects when added to washed spermatozoa. The ram semen preparation seems to provide a useful model for studying the mechanisms underlying HPO effects.
Profiles of selected hormones during menstrual cycles of teenage athletes
Authors: Bonen A. , Belcastro A. N. , Ling W. Y. , Simpson A. A.
Published: December 2017

Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (P), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha OHP), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and prolactin (HPr) were monitored for one complete menstrual cycle in teenage swimmers, a gynecologically age-matched control group, and a group of fertile adult women. The swimmers experienced anovulatory menstrual cycles. The time from the LH surge to the onset of menses ("luteal" phase) was very short in the swimmers (4.5 +/- 0.6 days) in comparison with the lengths of these phases in the adults (13.4 +/- 1.7 days; P less than 0.05) and in the control group (7.8 +/- 3.0 days; P less than 0.05). In the follicular phase the swimmers' LH concentration was elevated and their FSH concentration was depressed in comparison with each of the other groups (P less than 0.05). Luteal phase FHS, P, E2, and 17 alpha OHP were also lower in the swimmers (P less than 0.05), as was HPr (0.05 greater than P less than 0.10). Gonadotropin concentrations and luteal phase P concentrations were not different (P greater than 0.05) in the adults and the control group. The present findings indicate that the corpora lutea in the swimmers were not functioning properly. It is likely that the swimmers' strenuous daily 2-4 h training regimen is implicated.
Blood volume and plasma protein responses to heat acclimatization in humans
Authors: Harrison M. H. , Edwards R. J. , Graveney M. J. , Cochrane L. A. , Davies J. A.
Published: December 2017

The effects of heat acclimatization on intravascular volume and protein responses to acute heat stress and exercise were studied in six male subjects. Absolute values for hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were lower after, than before, acclimatization, indicating hemodilution. Also, after acclimatization, the magnitude of the hemoconcentration response to exercise in the heat was significantly increased. There ws no change in the concentration of plasma protein during or after acclimatization compared with before acclimatization, but there was a net increase in the total intravascular protein content. It is suggested that the hemodilution associated with heat acclimatization may be explained in terms of an increase in the intravascular oncotic pressure following an exercise-induced augmentation of protein, occurring at the expense of the interstitial compartment. It is concluded that this hemodilution is unlikely to be primarily responsible for the cardiovascular adjustment accompanying heat acclimatization and that it should be regarded as a secondary feature of adaptation to heat.
Effect of saline loading during heat acclimatization on adrenocortical hormone levels
Authors: Davies J. A. , Harrison M. H. , Cochrane L. A. , Edwards R. J. , Gibson T. M.
Published: December 2017

Six male subjects were acclimatized to heat; once they were given sufficient 1% saline to prevent the occurrence of a salt deficit during acclimatization, and another time they were given no saline. Plasma aldosterone (PA), plasma cortisol (PC), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma electrolytes were measured before, during, and after and sweat electrolytes before and after the 11-day acclimatization program. PRA and PA were significantly increased by the acute stress of heat and exercise but were unaffected by acclimatization. These increases were attenuated, but not prevented, by drinking saline, whereas sweat [Na] and PC were reduced by acclimatization but were unaffected by saline. Thus adrenocortical activity has been shown not to be increased after heat acclimatization, and mineralocorticoid activity, although potentiated by a Na deficit, appears to be determined primarily by the acute stress of heat and of exercise. Hence, the increased Na conservation with acclimatization is likely to be a normal response to heat and exercise even in the absence of a negative Na balance.
Regional differences in airway surface liquid composition
Authors: Boucher R. C. , Stutts M. J. , Bromberg P. A. , Gatzy J. T.
Published: December 2017

Liquid from canine airway surfaces was absorbed onto filter paper strips and analyzed. In resting conditions, tracheal surface liquid was hyperosmolal (330 mosmol/kg H2O) compared to plasma with raised Na+ (158 meq/l), Cl- (134 meq/l), K+ (28 meq/l), and HCO3- (32 meq/l) concentrations. The volume collected was increased by repetitive sampling, a response blocked by atropine, or by methacholine injection. Compared to nose breathing, tracheal surface liquid osmolality was increased by 10 min of mouth breathing (410 mosmol/kg H2O). Surface liquid from 0.5-cm diameter bronchi was nearly isosmolal (304 mosmol/kg H2O) with plasma in resting conditions, with Na and Cl concentrations lower than plasma (120 and 106 meq/l, respectively), and K+ (52 meq/l), and HCO3- (50 meq/l) concentrations higher than those of plasma or tracheal liquid. Although the K+ in tracheal fluid approaches the value for electrochemical equilibrium, K+ in fluid from the bronchi and HCO3- in both regions cannot be accounted for by passive forces. The regional difference in osmolality supports the concept that the higher osmolality of tracheal liquid reflects evaporative water loss from this site. The transepithelial osmotic gradient generated by evaporative water loss may be a driving force for hydration of the tracheal surface.
Lung volume and pleural pressure effects on ventricular function
Authors: Culver B. H. , Marini J. J. , Butler J.
Published: December 2017

To investigate the changes in ventricular function that occur during continuous positive-pressure ventilation, we studied the effects of separate increases in lung volume, pleural pressure, and right ventricular afterload in 15 dogs. Isovolume increases of pleural pressure caused changes in right and left ventricular hemodynamics indistinguishable from those induced by preload reduction. Lung distension with the chest open to atmosphere caused both right and left atrial intracavitary pressures to rise as cardiac output fell, suggesting altered function of both ventricles. Raising right ventricular afterload by pulmonary artery constriction did not reproduce the hemodynamic changes observed during increases of lung volume. These data indicate that the apparent alteration of ventricular function that occurs during continuous positive-pressure ventilation is produced by the associated increase in lung volume and that a right ventricular afterload-ventricular interdependence effect is not the responsible mechanism.
Left ventricular function and volume during supine exercise in subjects with coronary artery disease
Authors: Manyari D. E. , Melendez L. J. , Driedger A. A. , Cradduck T. D. , Macdonald A. C. , Kostuk W. J.
Published: December 2017

Left ventricular function and volume changes during supine isotonic exercise were assessed in 32 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 12 normal subjects by electrocardiographically gated blood pool cardiac scintigraphy. Ejection fraction (EF) in normal subjects was 49 +/- 10% at rest, 54 +/- 10% during intermediate exercise (P less than 0.05 vs. rest), and 62 +/- 14% during maximal exercise (P less than 0.01 vs. rest). In patients with CAD the resting EF was 42 +/- 14%, 43 +/- 23% at intermediate exercise (P = nonsignificant vs. rest) and 36 +/- 11% at maximal exercise (P less than 0.01 vs. rest). Changes of average and maximal ejection rates from rest to exercise were similar to those of EF but had a lesser degree of statistical significance. End-diastolic volume index (EDVI) in patients with CAD, at intermediate exercise was equal to that at rest, but it increased during maximal exercise (P less than 0.01). In normal subjects EDVI did not change with exercise. Thus, during supine exercise the Frank-Starling mechanism is apparent in patients with CAD but not in normal subjects. Analysis of EF response to exercise is a highly sensitive technique to detect CAD provided that adequate exercise is achieved.
Ventilation in exercise studied with circulatory occlusion
Authors: Sargeant A. J. , Rouleau M. Y. , Sutton J. R. , Jones N. L.
Published: December 2017

Five male subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer (100 W) for 8 min; circulation to the legs was occluded by cuffs during the first 2 and last 2 min. Ventilation (VE), oxygen intake (VO2), and carbon dioxide output (VCO2) were measured breath by breath. Repeat studies were used to follow arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and rebreathing mixed venous PCO2 (PVCO2). The results were compared to studies without cuffing, but which were otherwise identical. The initial period of cuffing was associated with marked hyperpnea, high VE/VCO2 ratio, and low PaCO2 and PVCO2. Following release of occlusion at the end of the first 2 min, there was an immediate fall in VE, followed by an increase after an average of 12 s. VE/VCO2 fell and end-tidal PCO2 rose after 4-5 s and reached control values after 12 s. Studies during rebreathing established that CO2 reached the lungs from the legs 4-5 s after release of occlusion, and control PVCO2 was reached after 12 s. Repeated occlusion for the final 2 min of exercise was associated with hyperpnea of similar degree to the initial occlusion. An identical study performed in a patient with absent ventilatory response to CO2 and reduced ventilatory response to exercise showed normal hyperventilatory response to cuffing but did not show an increase in ventilation associated with the arrival of CO2 in the lungs, following release of occlusion. The studies confirmed the importance of CO2 in mediating rapid changes in ventilation during exercise.
Changes in acid-base balance of chick embryos exposed to a He or SF6 atmosphere
Authors: Tazawa H. , Piiper J. , Ar A. , Rahn H.
Published: December 2017

On day 16 of the chick embryo, a catheter was implanted in the allantoic vein carrying arterialized blood, and a syringe was attached to the blunt end of the shell connecting to the air cell. This technique allowed for repetitive sampling and analysis of air cell gas and arterialized blood when these eggs were exposed to a He-O2 or SF6-O2 atmosphere. Exposure to He-O2 reduced the arterial CO2 tension(PaCO2) from 36 to 17 Torr and increased pH by 0.17 units; exposure to SF6-O2 increased PaCO2 from 37 to 62 Torr and reduced the pH by 0.14 units. These responses were brought about by changes in the gas conductance of the shell, resulting in a diffusive hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis in He-O2 and a diffusive hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis in SF6-O2. During a 4-h exposure to these foreign gases the observed pH changes were smaller than predicted because of marked shifts of HCO3- into the blood (SF6-O2) or out of the blood (He-O2).
Prolonged central respiratory inhibition following reflex-induced apnea
Authors: Lawson E. E.
Published: December 2017

In newborn animals, apnea induced by superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) electrical stimulation is a potentially lethal respiratory reflex. To study the recovery respiratory patterns following cessation of an apnea-producing stimulus, without confounding blood gas changes, 12 anesthetized gallamine-paralyzed piglets (less than 8 days age) were ventilated, and end-tidal CO2 was kept constant (mean PETCO2 32.9 +/- 1.3 Torr). In addition, the vagus nerve of each piglet was sectioned bilaterally. Respiratory output was quantified by moving average of the rectified phrenic neurogram. Phrenic apnea was induced by stimulation of the central end of a SLN or cut vagus nerve for 2.5-4.5 s. SLN stimulation caused apnea that persisted for 1-48 s after stimulus cessation. The duration of poststimulus apnea was directly related to duration of SLN stimulation. Following a 10-s stimulus, respiratory output of the first recovery breath was reduced and required greater than 90 s to recover to control levels. Vagal stimulation also caused apnea but was not associated with either post stimulus apnea or prolonged respiratory inhibition. I conclude that SLN stimulation activates a central neural mechanism that inhibits respiratory output for a prolonged period after stimulus offset.
Hypoxia-induced changes in parasympathetic neurochemical markers in guinea pig heart
Authors: Crockatt L. H. , Lund D. D. , Schmid P. G. , Roskoski R.
Published: December 2017

Exposure of animals to hypoxia produces cardiovascular changes including right ventricular hypertrophy and alterations in heart rate. The activity of choline acetyltransferase, a neurochemical marker of parasympathetic innervation, and the density of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, measured by the binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, were analyzed in the hearts of guinea pigs exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. We found a significant increase in the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the sinoatrial node in response to hypoxia after 7 or 14 days. In addition, we found significant decreases in the muscarinic receptor density in several contractile and conducting regions. The decrease in receptor density may reflect regulation by the level of occupancy; an increased occupancy may produce a decrease in muscarinic receptor number.