bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Constitutional Framework of the French Caribbean
Authors: Marrani David , Sydoryk Sacha
Published: August 2020

France is a unitary State. As such, it only has one unique parliament, one unique government, and one unique constitution, which lays down the framework for the governance of its territories around the world. Included amongst these territories are Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy, which are located in the Caribbean. This chapter focuses on the general framework of their functioning within the French Constitution. It begins by discussing the history of the French Caribbean. It then considers how the different territories are currently governed as an integral part of the State. It argues that the French Caribbean should not be regarded as a mere replica of the functioning of the administrative subdivisions of mainland France. The four French Caribbean territories are, to various degrees, more independent from the State’s interference than the other administrative subdivisions in mainland France.
The constitution of puerto rico
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel I.
Published: August 2020

This chapter seeks to provide an answer to the question of ‘What is the constitution of Puerto Rico?’ It traces the development of the Constitution of Puerto Rico since the establishment of a Western (that is, non-indigenous) legal system in the island. The chapter will show that although there is a document titled ‘Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico’ (Constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico), that document is far from containing all the written norms that have formal constitutional status in the island. This is a direct result of the evolution of Puerto Rico’s territorial relationship with its metropolis and was dramatically exemplified by the recent adoption of the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act, 2016 (PROMESA) by the U.S. Congress (and Act that altered in fundamental ways the functions and powers of the ordinary institutions of government in the island).
The Interpretation of Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutions
Authors: O’Brien Derek
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on the differing approaches of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Caribbean Court of Justice towards the interpretation of the independence Constitutions of the Commonwealth Caribbean. Critiquing the lack of autochthony and the lack of meaningful public participation in the drafting of the region’s independence Constitutions, a number of influential Caribbean constitutional scholars have advocated a much more judicially creative approach to the interpretation of the region’s constitutions than the more conservative approach that has dominated the JCPC’s more recent jurisprudence. I call the approach advocated by these scholars the holistic approach because it treats the constitution as a whole as greater than the sum of its parts. The Caribbean Court of Justice in two recent judgments on appeals from Barbados and Guyana respectively has now adopted this approach. Notwithstanding its undoubted attraction in terms of resolving some of the deficiencies and flaws in the region’s independence Constitutions, it will be argued that the holistic approach risks undermining not only the whole interpretive process, but also the whole constitutional order.
The Vestiges of Colonial Constitutionalism
Authors: Cross Jane E.
Published: August 2020

Post-colonial Caribbean constitutions have incorporated inherited political constructs. Using these legacies, Caribbean countries have struggled to adapt their constitutional components after independence. Notably, the pathways of post-colonial constitutions have distinct progressions in common law and civil law countries. In Commonwealth Caribbean countries, new nations adopted constitutions that incorporated the Westminster model. After decades of independence, these constitutions have remained relatively static even though there have been efforts to update and reform their outmoded features. In contrast, after independence, civil law countries have undergone numerous, significant modifications. Cuba provides a compelling example of how post-colonial constitutions have evolved due regime change and political ideology. In both legal systems, democratically reinforced political development remains an important vehicle for altering or eliminating the vestiges of colonial constitutionalism
Gravitational radiation by magnetic field: application to millisecond magnetars
Authors: Nazari Elham , Roshan Mahmood
Published: August 2020

We investigate the direct contribution of the magnetic field to the gravitational wave (GW) generation. To do so, we study the post-Newtonian (PN) energy–momentum tensor of the magnetized fluid and the PN expansion of the gravitational potential in the wave zone. We show that the magnetic field appears even in the first PN order of the multipole moment tensor. Then, we find an explicit relativistic correction containing the magnetic field contribution to the well-known quadrupole formula. As an application of this derivation, we find that the B-field part of the GWs released in the early stages of a millisecond magnetar’s life can be as much as one-hundredth of the signals due to the deformed rotating neutron stars. We show that although the event rate of this system is small, the signal would lie in the sensitivity range of the next generation of detectors.
The slow demise of the long-lived SN 2005ip
Authors: Fox Ori D , Fransson Claes , Smith Nathan , Andrews Jennifer , Azalee Bostroem K , Brink Thomas G , Bradley Cenko S , Clayton Geoffrey C , Filippenko Alexei V , Fong Wen-fai , Gallagher Joseph S , Kelly Patrick L , Kilpatrick Charles D , Mauerhan Jon C , Miller Adam M , Montiel Edward , Stritzinger Maximilian D , Szalai Tamás , Van Dyk Schuyler D
Published: August 2020

The Type IIn supernova (SN IIn) 2005ip is one of the most well-studied and long-lasting examples of an SN interacting with its circumstellar environment. The optical light curve plateaued at a nearly constant level for more than five years, suggesting ongoing shock interaction with an extended and clumpy circumstellar medium (CSM). Here, we present continued observations of the SN from ∼1000 to 5000 d post-explosion at all wavelengths, including X-ray, ultraviolet, near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared. The UV spectra probe the pre-explosion mass loss and show evidence for CNO processing. From the bolometric light curve, we find that the total radiated energy is in excess of 1050 erg, the progenitor star’s pre-explosion mass-loss rate was ${\gtrsim}1 \times 10^{-2}\, {\rm M_{\odot }~ yr}^{-1}$, and the total mass lost shortly before explosion was ${\gtrsim}1\, {\rm M_\odot }$, though the mass lost could have been considerably larger depending on the efficiency for the conversion of kinetic energy to radiation. The ultraviolet through NIR spectrum is characterized by two high-density components, one with narrow high-ionization lines, and one with broader low-ionization H i, He i, [O i], Mg ii, and Fe ii lines. The rich Fe ii spectrum is strongly affected by Lyα fluorescence, consistent with spectral modelling. Both the Balmer and He i lines indicate a decreasing CSM density during the late interaction period. We find similarities to SN 1988Z, which shows a comparable change in spectrum at around the same time during its very slow decline. These results suggest that, at long last, the shock interaction in SN 2005ip may finally be on the decline.
Shaping the structure of a GMC with radiation and winds
Authors: Decataldo D , Lupi A , Ferrara A , Pallottini A , Fumagalli M
Published: August 2020

We study the effect of stellar feedback (photodissociation/ionization, radiation pressure, and winds) on the evolution of a Giant Molecular Cloud (GMC), by means of a 3D radiative transfer, hydrosimulation implementing a complex chemical network featuring H2 formation and destruction. We track the formation of individual stars with mass $M\gt 1\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ with a stochastic recipe. Each star emits radiation according to its spectrum, sampled with 10 photon bins from near-infrared to extreme ultraviolet bands; winds are implemented by energy injection in the neighbouring cells. We run a simulation of a GMC with mass $M=10^5\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$, following the evolution of different gas phases. Thanks to the simultaneous inclusion of different stellar feedback mechanisms, we identify two stages in the cloud evolution: (1) radiation and winds carve ionized, low-density bubbles around massive stars, while FUV radiation dissociates most H2 in the cloud, apart from dense, self-shielded clumps; (2) rapid star formation (SFR$\simeq 0.1\, {\rm M}_{\odot }\, {\rm yr}^{-1}$) consumes molecular gas in the dense clumps, so that UV radiation escapes and ionizes the remaining $\mathrm{H\,{\small I}}$ gas in the GMC. H2 is exhausted in 1.6 Myr, yielding a final star formation efficiency of 36 per cent. The average intensity of FUV and ionizing fields increases almost steadily with time; by the end of the simulation (t = 2.5 Myr) we find 〈G0〉 ≃ 103 (in Habing units), and a ionization parameter 〈Uion〉 ≃ 102, respectively. The ionization field has also a more patchy distribution than the FUV one within the GMC. Throughout the evolution, the escape fraction of ionizing photons from the cloud is fion, esc ≲ 0.03.
A white dwarf bound to the transiting planetary system WASP-98
Authors: Southworth John , Tremblay Pier-Emmanuel , Gänsicke Boris T , Evans Daniel , Močnik Teo
Published: August 2020

WASP-98 is a planetary system containing a hot Jupiter transiting a late-G dwarf. A fainter star, 12 arcsec away, has previously been identified as a white dwarf, with a distance and proper motion consistent with a physical association with the planetary system. We present spectroscopy of the white dwarf, with the aim of determining its mass, radius, and temperature and hence the age of the system. However, the spectra show the featureless continuum and lack of spectral lines characteristic of the DC class of white dwarfs. We therefore fitted theoretical white dwarf spectra to the ugriz apparent magnitudes and Gaia DR2 parallax of this object in order to determine its physical properties and the age of the system. We find that the system is old, with a lower limit of 3.6 Gyr, but theoretical uncertainties preclude a precise determination of its age. Its kinematics are consistent with membership of the thick disc, but do not allow us to rule out the thin-disc alternative. The old age and low metallicity of the system suggest that it is subject to an age–metallicity relation, but analysis of the most metal-rich and metal-poor transiting planetary systems yields only insubstantial evidence of this. We conclude that the study of bound white dwarfs can yield independent ages to planetary systems, but such analysis may be better suited to DA and DB rather than DC white dwarfs.
The astrophysical odds of GW151216
Authors: Ashton Gregory , Thrane Eric
Published: August 2020

The gravitational-wave candidate GW151216 is a proposed binary black hole event from the first observing run of the Advanced LIGO detectors. Not identified as a bona fide signal by the LIGO–Virgo collaboration, there is disagreement as to its authenticity, which is quantified by pastro, the probability that the event is astrophysical in origin. Previous estimates of pastro from different groups range from 0.18 to 0.71, making it unclear whether this event should be included in population analyses, which typically require pastro > 0.5. Whether GW151216 is an astrophysical signal or not has implications for the population properties of stellar-mass black holes and hence the evolution of massive stars. Using the astrophysical odds, a Bayesian method that uses the signal coherence between detectors and a parametrized model of non-astrophysical detector noise, we find that pastro = 0.03, suggesting that GW151216 is unlikely to be a genuine signal. We also analyse GW150914 (the first gravitational-wave detection) and GW151012 (initially considered to be an ambiguous detection) and find pastro values of 1 and 0.997, respectively. We argue that the astrophysical odds presented here improve upon traditional methods for distinguishing signals from noise.
First 3D morpho-kinematic model of supernova remnants. The case of VRO 42.05.01 (G166.0+4.3)
Authors: Derlopa S , Boumis P , Chiotellis A , Steffen W , Akras S
Published: August 2020

We present the first three-dimensional (3D) morpho-kinematic (MK) model of a supernova remnant (SNR), using as a case study the Galactic SNR VRO 42.05.01. We employed the astrophysical code SHAPE in which wide field imaging and high-resolution spectroscopic data were utilized, to reconstruct its 3D morphology and kinematics. We found that the remnant consists of three basic distinctive components that we call: a ‘shell’, a ‘wing’, and a ‘hat’. With respect to their kinematical behaviour, we found that the ‘wing’  and the ‘shell’  have similar expansion velocities (Vexp = 115 ± 5 km s−1). The ‘hat’  presents the lowest expansion velocity of the remnant (Vexp = 90 ± 20 km s−1), while the upper part of the ‘shell’  presents the highest velocity with respect to the rest of the remnant (Vexp = 155 ± 15 km s−1). Furthermore, the whole nebula has an inclination of ∼3°–5° with respect to the plane of the sky and a systemic velocity of Vsys = −17 ± 3 km s−1. We discuss the interpretation of our model results regarding the origin and evolution of the SNR and we suggest that VRO 42.05.01 had an interaction history with an inhomogeneous ambient medium most likely shaped by the mass outflows of its progenitor star.
SDSS-IV MaNGA: Bayesian analysis of the star formation history of low-mass galaxies in the local Universe
Authors: Zhou Shuang , Mo H J , Li Cheng , Boquien Médéric , Rossi Graziano
Published: August 2020

We measure the star formation histories (SFHs) of a sample of low-mass galaxies with M* < 109 M⊙ from the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey. The large number of IFU spectra for each galaxy are either combined to reach a high signal to noise ratio or used to investigate spatial variations. We use Bayesian inferences based on full spectrum fitting. Our analysis based on Bayesian evidence ratio indicates a strong preference for a model that allows the presence of an old stellar population, and that an improper model for the SFH can significantly underestimate the old population in these galaxies. The addition of near-infrared photometry to the constraining data can further distinguish between different SFH model families and significantly tighten the constraints on the mass fraction in the old population. On average more than half of the stellar mass in present-day low-mass galaxies formed at least 8 Gyr ago, while about 30 per cent within the past 4 Gyr. Satellite galaxies on average have formed their stellar mass earlier than central galaxies. The radial dependence of the SFH is quite weak. Our results suggest that most of the low-mass galaxies have an early episode of active star formation that produces a large fraction of their present stellar mass.
Energy-dependent nebula extent and spatially resolved spectra of the pulsar wind nebula 3C 58
Authors: Lu Fang-Wu , Gao Quan-Gui , Zhang Li
Published: August 2020

3C 58 is a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) that shows an interesting energy-dependent nebula extent and spatial variations of the photon index and surface brightness in the X-ray band. These observations provide useful information with which to study the spatially dependent radiative cooling of electrons and the energy-dependent transport mechanisms within the nebula. In this paper, the energy-dependent nebula extent and spatially resolved spectra of this PWN are investigated in the framework of a spatially dependent particle transport model. The observations of the nebula, including the photon spectral energy distribution, spatial variations of the X-ray spectrum, and measurements of the nebula extent, can be naturally explained in this model. Our results show that the energy-dependent nebula extent favours an advection–diffusion scenario with advection-dominated transport, and the variations of the nebula extent with energy in the X-ray band can be attributed to the cooling losses of high-energy electrons affected by synchrotron burn-off. Particle diffusion plays an important role in modifying the spatial variations of the photon index and surface brightness in the X-ray band. The radial extents of the nebula at radio, GeV and TeV energies are predicted by the model, indicating that the nebula extent of 3C 58 varies with energy in these bands. The analyses show that the dependence of the adiabatic cooling rate and synchrotron radiation on the spectral index of injected particles is important for changing the nebula extent at different energies.
Does the structure of Population III supernova ejecta affect the elemental abundance of extremely metal-poor stars?
Authors: Chiaki Gen , Tominaga Nozomu
Published: August 2020

The first generation of metal-free (Population III) stars are crucial for the production of heavy elements in the earliest phase of structure formation. Their mass scale can be derived from the elemental abundance pattern of extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars, which are assumed to inherit the abundances of uniformly mixed supernova (SN) ejecta. If the expanding ejecta maintains its initial stratified structure, the elemental abundance pattern of EMP stars might be different from that from uniform ejecta. In this work, we perform numerical simulations of the metal enrichment from stratified ejecta for normal core-collapse SNe (CCSNe) with a progenitor mass $25 \ {\rm M_{\bigodot }}$ and explosion energies 0.7–10 B ($1 \ {\rm B} = 10^{51} \ \rm erg$). We find that SN shells fall back into the central minihalo in all models. In the recollapsing clouds, the abundance ratio [M/Fe] for stratified ejecta is different from the one for uniform ejecta only within ±0.4 dex for any element M. We also find that, for the largest explosion energy (10 B), a neighbouring halo is also enriched. Only the outer layers containing Ca or lighter elements reach the halo, where [C/Fe] = 1.49. This means that C-enhanced metal-poor stars can form from the CCSN even with an average abundance ratio [C/Fe] = −0.65.
A wide-area GMRT 610-MHz survey of ELAIS N1 field
Authors: Ishwara-Chandra C H , Taylor A R , Green D A , Stil J M , Vaccari M , Ocran E F
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we present a wide-area 610-MHz survey of the ELAIS N1 field with the GMRT, covering an area of 12.8 deg2 at a resolution of 6 arcsec and with an rms noise of ∼40 $\mu$Jy beam−1. This is equivalent to ∼20 $\mu$Jy beam−1 rms noise at 1.4 GHz for a spectral index of −0.75. The primary goal of the survey was to study the polarized sky at sub-mJy flux densities at < GHz frequencies, alongwith a range of other science goals such as investigations into the nature of the low-frequency $\mu$Jy source populations and alignments of radio jets. A total of 6400 sources were found in this region, the vast majority of them compact. The sample jointly detected by GMRT at 610 MHz and by VLA FIRST at 1.4 GHz has a median spectral index of −0.85 ± 0.05 and a median 610-MHz flux density of 4.5 mJy. This region has a wealth of ancillary data, which is useful to characterize the detected sources. The multiwavelength crossmatching resulted optical/IR counterparts to ∼90 per cent of the radio sources, with a significant fraction having at least photometric redshift. Due to the improved sensitivity of this survey over preceding ones, we have discovered six giant radio sources (GRSs), with three of them at z ∼ 1 or higher. This implies that the population of GRS may be more abundant and common than known to date and if true, this has implications for the luminosity function and the evolution of radio sources. We have also identified several candidate-extended relic sources.
The next-generation X-ray galaxy survey with eROSITA
Authors: Basu-Zych Antara R , Hornschemeier Ann E , Haberl Frank , Vulic Neven , Wilms Jörn , Zezas Andreas , Kovlakas Konstantinos , Ptak Andrew , Dauser Thomas
Published: August 2020

eROSITA, launched on 2019 July 13, will be completing the first all-sky survey in the soft and medium X-ray band in nearly three decades. This 4-yr survey, finishing in late 2023, will present a rich legacy for the entire astrophysics community and complement upcoming multiwavelength surveys (with, e.g. the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope and the Dark Energy Survey). Besides the major scientific aim to study active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and galaxy clusters, eROSITAwill contribute significantly to X-ray studies of normal (i.e. not AGN) galaxies. Starting from multiwavelength catalogues, we measure star formation rates and stellar masses for 60 212 galaxies constrained to distances of 50–200 Mpc. We chose this distance range to focus on the relatively unexplored volume outside the local Universe, where galaxies will be largely spatially unresolved and probe a range of X-ray luminosities that overlap with the low luminosity and/or highly obscured AGN population. We use the most recent X-ray scaling relations as well as the on-orbit eROSITA instrument performance to predict the X-ray emission from XRBs and diffuse hot gas and to perform both an analytic prediction and an end-to-end simulation using the mission simulation software, sixte. We consider potential contributions from hidden AGN and comment on the impact of normal galaxies on the measurement of the faint end of the AGN luminosity function. We predict that the eROSITA 4-yr survey, will detect ≳15 000 galaxies (3σ significance) at 50–200 Mpc, which is ∼100 × more normal galaxies than detected in any X-ray survey to date.
Early light curves of Type II supernovae interacting with a circumstellar disc
Authors: Nagao T , Maeda K , Ouchi R
Published: August 2020

Type II supernovae (SNe) interacting with disc-like circumstellar matter (CSM) have been suggested as an explanation of some unusual Type II SNe, e.g. the so-called impossible SN, iPTF14hls. There are some radiation hydrodynamic simulations for such SNe interacting with a CSM disc. However, such disc interaction models so far have not included the effect of the ionization and recombination processes in the SN ejecta, i.e. the fact that the photosphere of Type IIP SNe between ∼10 and ∼100 d is regulated by the hydrogen recombination front. We calculate light curves for Type IIP SNe interacting with a CSM disc viewed from the polar direction, and examine the effects of the disc density and opening angle on their bolometric light curves. This work embeds the shock interaction model of Moriya et al. within the Type IIP SN model of Kasen & Woosley, for taking into account the effects of the ionization and recombination in the SN ejecta. We demonstrate that such interacting SNe show three phases with different photometric and spectroscopic properties, following the change in the energy source: First few tens of days after explosion (phase 1), ∼10 to ∼100 d (phase 2), and days after that (phase 3). From the calculations, we conclude that such hidden CSM disc cannot account for overluminous Type IIP SNe. We find that the luminosity ratio between phase 1 and phase 2 has information on the opening angle of the CSM disc. We thus encourage early photometric and spectroscopic observations of interacting SNe for investigating their CSM geometry.
Type III-A CRISPR-associated protein Csm6 degrades cyclic hexa-adenylate activator using both CARF and HEPN domains
Authors: Smalakyte Dalia , Kazlauskiene Migle , F. Havelund Jesper , Rukšėnaitė Audronė , Rimaite Auguste , Tamulaitiene Giedre , Færgeman Nils J , Tamulaitis Gintautas , Siksnys Virginijus
Published: August 2020

The type III CRISPR–Cas systems provide immunity against invading nucleic acids through the coordinated transcription-dependent DNA targeting and cyclic adenylate (cAn)-activated RNA degradation. Here, we show that both these pathways contribute to the Streptococcus thermophilus (St) type III-A CRISPR–Cas immunity. HPLC-MS analysis revealed that in the heterologous Escherichia coli host the StCsm effector complex predominantly produces cA5 and cA6. cA6 acts as a signaling molecule that binds to the CARF domain of StCsm6 to activate non-specific RNA degradation by the HEPN domain. By dissecting StCsm6 domains we demonstrate that both CARF and HEPN domains act as ring nucleases that degrade cAns to switch signaling off. CARF ring nuclease converts cA6 to linear A6>p and to the final A3>p product. HEPN domain, which typically degrades RNA, also shows ring nuclease activity and indiscriminately degrades cA6 or other cAns down to A>p. We propose that concerted action of both ring nucleases enables self-regulation of the RNase activity in the HEPN domain and eliminates all cAn secondary messengers in the cell when viral infection is combated by a coordinated action of Csm effector and the cA6-activated Csm6 ribonuclease.
The crystal structure of human XPG, the xeroderma pigmentosum group G endonuclease, provides insight into nucleotide excision DNA repair
Authors: González-Corrochano Rocío , Ruiz Federico M , Taylor Nicholas M I , Huecas Sonia , Drakulic Srdja , Spínola-Amilibia Mercedes , Fernández-Tornero Carlos
Published: August 2020

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is an essential pathway to remove bulky lesions affecting one strand of DNA. Defects in components of this repair system are at the ground of genetic diseases such as xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne syndrome (CS). The XP complementation group G (XPG) endonuclease cleaves the damaged DNA strand on the 3′ side of the lesion coordinated with DNA re-synthesis. Here, we determined crystal structures of the XPG nuclease domain in the absence and presence of DNA. The overall fold exhibits similarities to other flap endonucleases but XPG harbors a dynamic helical arch that is uniquely oriented and defines a gateway. DNA binding through a helix-2-turn-helix motif, assisted by one flanking α-helix on each side, shows high plasticity, which is likely relevant for DNA scanning. A positively-charged canyon defined by the hydrophobic wedge and β-pin motifs provides an additional DNA-binding surface. Mutational analysis identifies helical arch residues that play critical roles in XPG function. A model for XPG participation in NER is proposed. Our structures and biochemical data represent a valuable tool to understand the atomic ground of XP and CS, and constitute a starting point for potential therapeutic applications.
Healthy lifestyle reduces incidence of trace/positive proteinuria and rapid kidney function decline after 2 years: from the Japan Ningen Dock study
Authors: Okada Rieko , Tsushita Kazuyo , Wakai Kenji , Kato Kiminori , Wada Takashi , Shinohara Yukito
Published: August 2020

Background

Lifestyle modification is recommended for subjects with trace proteinuria during health checkups. However, whether overall healthy lifestyle reduces the incidence of trace/positive proteinuria or rapid decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is not clarified.

Methods

A total of 451 534 people (277 494 men and 174 040 women) ages 20–79 years with negative proteinuria were included. The number of three healthy lifestyle factors (LFs) was assessed: noncurrent smoking, healthy eating habits (late dinner, snacking and skipping breakfast <3 times/week) and body mass index <25. The incidence of trace (±) and positive (≥1+) proteinuria by the dipstick method and eGFR decline ≥20% over 2 years were compared with the number of healthy LFs.

Results

The incidence of trace/positive proteinuria and rapid eGFR decline decreased with an increasing number of healthy LFs as follows: odds ratios (ORs) for trace proteinuria, 0.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86–0.96], 0.82 (0.78–0.87) and 0.72 (0.68–0.77); ORs for positive proteinuria, 0.76 (95% CI 0.67–0.86), 0.56 (0.50–0.63) and 0.46 (0.40–0.53); and ORs for an eGFR decline ≥20%, 0.93 (95% CI 0.82–1.05), 0.90 (0.79–1.02) and 0.81 (0.70–0.93) for those with one, two and three healthy LFs compared with those with none of the three healthy LFs, respectively. Overall, subjects with a healthy lifestyle showed 28, 54 and 19% reduced risk of developing trace proteinuria, positive proteinuria and eGFR decline ≥20%, respectively, compared with those with an unhealthy lifestyle after 2 years. This association was similarly observed even among subjects without hypertension (HT) or diabetes mellitus (DM).

Conclusions

Subjects with an overall healthy lifestyle showed a lower incidence of trace/positive proteinuria by dipstick test and rapid eGFR decline over 2 years in a nationwide general population. Thus lifestyle modification should be recommended for subjects with trace proteinuria during health checkups, even for subjects without HT or DM.
Buyer–Supplier Relationships and Embeddedness
Authors: Kim Yusoon , Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2020

This chapter begins with the observation that a supplier is embedded not only within the dyad (i.e., the buyer) but also within its own extended ties (i.e., its suppliers). Looking at the buyer–supplier relationships via the lens of embeddedness allows us to consider the duality of relational outcomes—the primary outcome contained in the dyad and the incidental outcome on the supplier’s part. The chapter conceptualizes dyadic embeddedness in the buyer–supplier context and demonstrates how that dyadic embeddedness is accountable for the diverse relational outcomes and helps resolve some puzzling observations that have been made in the literature. How a supplier relates to its buyer in the dyad constrains how it perceives and behaves outside the dyad, which in turn would have spillover effect on the buyer–supplier dyad. As such, taking the embeddedness view broadens our understanding of the dynamics of buyer–supplier relationships.
Organizational and Temporal Shifts in Procurement Analytics
Authors: Handfield Robert B. , Jeong Seongkyoon
Published: August 2020

Academic research in the early twenty-first century highlights the emerging role of analytics in all functions, including procurement and supply chain. Given the rapid shifts in technology that are under way in this field, academic research may struggle to keep up with the dynamic evolution of procurement platforms. This chapter assesses the current set of procurement analytics–based research and observes the organizational and temporal evolution of how procurement analytics is proceeding. Next, the chapter reviews a number of procurement platforms and interviews with procurement executives to suggest that academic research is at the same nascent stage as the evolution of the technology, which is often highly touted but is in the early stages of development. The analysis also highlights the importance of data integrity and quality as major roadblocks preventing the adoption of advanced procurement analytics. However, the analysis suggests that technologies will continue to propel the expansion of organizational and temporal shifts in procurement analytics, enabled by the emerging digital environment and evolving technologies such as data analytics and cognitive analytics. As a result, we will likely continue to witness massive changes in the procurement analytics environment in the next three to five years. The chapter concludes that although the current maturity of procurement analytics is low, supply management should adopt a leadership role in advancing the procurement analytics scope and scale.
Emerging Technologies in Supply Management
Authors: Prud’homme Andrea M. , Gray John V. , Barley Andrew C.
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks at emerging technologies and their use in supply management processes as a means to improve effectiveness through improved speed and accuracy, at a reduced cost. Many technologies are finding their way into supply management, with differing levels of penetration and application and with mixed results. It may be challenging for supply management professionals to understand how, when, and where these technologies are likely to yield positive results. This chapter reviews several technologies, including artificial intelligence/machine learning, big data/advanced analytics, blockchain, cloud computing, conversational things (e.g., chatbots), immersive technologies (e.g., virtual and augmented reality), and robotic process automation. Findings indicate that the primary advantages are achieved by improving current processes and workflows, rather than that these technologies are currently disrupting or will fundamentally change supply management. Another important finding is the importance of “clean data” inputs, something that artificial intelligence can help with and that is foundational for successful robotic process automation.
Learned Societies, Institutions, Associations, and Clubs
Authors: Dibble Jeremy
Published: August 2020

This chapter considers the ways in which music became the focus of organized bodies during the nineteenth century. One of the most significant outcomes of the French Revolution was the establishment of state institutions, and music was not immune from the secular mindset of utilité publique. State-financed “learned societies” and institutions, fueled by impulses of education, the public good, and most of all, a sense of prestige, became a national imperative, and music was an important part of the state-sponsored matrix. In a technologically innovative century which encouraged epistemological revolution, the need to share knowledge at all levels of society was inexorable. This is reflected in the proliferation of these “learned societies,” and how the need for differing organizational fora emerged throughout the century; the second part of this chapter focuses on how the concept of the “society” developed, with a particular emphasis on the nineteenth-century invention of musicology.
The Concert Series
Authors: McVeigh Simon
Published: August 2020

Traditional accounts of concert series have tended to emphasize the permanence and longevity of major institutions such as symphony orchestras and chamber-music societies, a status emphasized by ever more impressive concert halls in cities across the world. Yet in reality concert life was in a constant state of flux, the site of intense intellectual debate about the role of music in society. The rise of a popular concert culture, from cheap promenade concerts to massed amateur choir festivals, led to the familiar polarization of highbrow and lowbrow. But a broader understanding of the diverse venues at which different repertoires intermingled encourages a reassessment of this simple binary divide, recognizing how issues of class, commercialism and nationality, as well as attitudes towards new and early music, resist such neat alignments. The chapter advocates a more nuanced approach that more truly reflects the experience of audiences and musicians across the nineteenth century.
Music Scholarship and Disciplinarity
Authors: Duchesneau Michel
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines some of the leading figures in musicology’s development in a context when recognition of the humanities was developing intensively. Starting from a national point of view and moving progressively toward an international amalgam of thinking and tradition in the humanities at the turn of the century, the author shows that, despite its being acknowledged as a discipline and gradually receiving recognition from European academics, musicology during the second part of the nineteenth century was in reality a patchwork of knowledge areas (history, philosophy, literature, music, poetry, and new sociology). The chapter suggests how the inclusive and interdisciplinary tendencies of contemporary musicology have deep roots into the nineteenth century, when many of the disciplines that are regularly brought together today came into being. Study of acoustics, psychology, and sociology has contributed to the work of today’s musicologists and they owe much to pioneers of the nineteenth century.
Philosophy and Aesthetics
Authors: Kramer Lawrence
Published: August 2020

The philosophy and aesthetics of music in the nineteenth century recapitulated the change that overtook music (along with literature, psychology, and medicine) in the century before: the shift of concern from affectivity to subjectivity. Hegel epitomized this shift, and the limitation attached to it, when he posited that music presents the subject with the latter’s own subjectivity, but only in pre-reflective form. For Hegel, the power to articulate subjectivity rested with language, and language, even in song, remained external to music. The idea that this formulation crystallized became the default understanding. It gave rise to two corollaries that would long remain dominant. The first is the idea that music is a vehicle (among the arts, the primary vehicle) of the ineffable and the transcendent. The second—actually the first again negative form—is the idea that music is always fully immediate and cannot, therefore, convey ideas. The music of the era, however—for example in compositions by Mendelssohn, Liszt, Schumann, Nietzsche, and Mahler—often resists both ideas in favor of the possibility that music is capable of reflective understanding.
The Types of Non-Synoptic Wind Systems
Authors: Bluestein Howard B.
Published: August 2020

This is a brief summary of the names, characteristics, and dynamics and thermodynamics of subsynoptic-scale and smaller weather systems that can produce damaging surface winds in midlatitudes and wherever the damaging winds occur within the systems. Those systems associated with convective storms include tornadoes, gust fronts, and microbursts; those not associated with convective storms include downslope wind storms and, to a lesser extent, bores, katabatic winds, sting jets, dryline bulges, and the diurnal oscillation of the (nocturnal) low-level jet. Fundamental physical processes discussed include extreme positive or negative buoyancy, production of horizontal vorticity baroclinically, production of vertical vorticity through tilting and stretching, gravity-wave generation over orography and downstream propagation, and turbulent vertical mixing.
“Tell the Truth”: Truth in Music Advertising Post TAM
Authors: Linford Jake
Published: August 2020

When a music group breaks up, what happens to the trademark? The music industry is full of stories about bad breakups of bands at their best, as well as dispirited dissolutions after disappointing downturns. Sometimes, multiple parties claim the right to use the name of the band as a trademark for ongoing musical pursuits. This chapter considers how courts in the United States handle trademark fights over band names. It also analyzes largely forgotten state “Truth in Music” Acts that aim to keep legacy performing groups and their managers honest by requiring them to tour with at least one original recording musician—or identify themselves as tributes, rather than the genuine article. This commitment to “truth” about the origin of these bands seems consistent with the purpose of federal trademark protection to make “actionable the deceptive and misleading use of marks” and “to prevent fraud and deception” in commerce. But three recent US Supreme Court cases, United States v. Alvarez, Matal v. Tam, and Iancu v. Brunetti, indicate that courts might apply constitutional scrutiny to laws like Truth in Music acts that punish lies, even if those laws are consistent with standard justifications for trademark protection. Evaluating Truth in Music Acts in light of these cases may help us predict how much of the current trademark regime could be swept away on a rising tide of judicial scrutiny.
ESRC Review: Communities and Identities
Authors: Yates Simeon J. , Blejmar Jordana , Wessels Bridgette , Taylor Claire
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes the analyses and results for the ESRC Domain of Communities and Identities, guided by two main questions: How do we define and authenticate ourselves in a digital age? What new forms of communities and work emerge as a result of digital technologies? The chapter first provides an initial overview of the major insights from the literature review and analysis, the Delphi surveys, and workshop discussions about the relevant range of the concepts of community and identity in a digital age. The resulting focus is primarily on more civic or political aspects of online communities and identities. Eight main topics emerged, including online community (including group), mobile phone, children, migration and diaspora, identity (psychology/social), gender, education, and friendship network. The analyses also highlighted theory, methods, and approaches in the literature. The review provides examples of literature in the project’s time period that illustrate these topics. The chapter ends with a discussion of future research directions (e.g., digital community exclusion and inclusion) and research challenges (e.g., the need to include history and culture in studies of online communities).
ESRC Review: Methodology
Authors: Yates Simeon J. , Hine Iona C. , Pidd Michael , Fuselier Jerome , Watry Paul
Published: August 2020

This chapter summarizes and describes the methodology used to generate and analyze the literature for the ESRC Review Chapters (3, 8, 11, 14, 16, 18, and 22). A core goal of the project was to undertake a systematic literature review and synthesis to identify gaps in current research. This process included Delphi reviews, digital and manual coding of the literature to identify topics and trends, and stakeholder engagement. The first section describes the project team and its participants, what they contributed, and how other stakeholders were engaged. The second section identifies the initial scoping areas and how these were used to identify seven primary domains, to which separate project teams were assigned. These scoping areas included the use of theory and methods. The next section introduces the Delphi process, the eight administrations and six related workshops, based on the initial scoping areas. Key questions, topics, challenges, and literature identified through the Delphi and workshop activities were then used as comparisons to, and guidelines for, the literature reviews. The project developed narrative reviews from the database of over 6,000 publications, using a variety of digital humanities tools and manual content analysis (to code for theory, method, and population sample). The digital tools included concept mapping and topic analysis, and were used to identify the most frequent topics or concepts and related terms or themes. Manual content analysis was used to summarize main discipline, theories used in empirical work, theory development, empirical methods, population studies, and data analysis methods.
Governance and Accountability in Internet of Things (IoT) Networks
Authors: Jacobs Naomi , Edwards Peter , Cottrill Caitlin D. , Salt Karen
Published: August 2020

Societies and their underlying infrastructure are in the process of being transformed by digital technology, a change that requires updated legislation and governance structures to respond to new information contexts. One particular area of rapid growth is that of connected devices that are increasingly being deployed in the physical environment as part of the so-called Internet of Things (IoT). There has been significant attention by policymakers at both national and international levels as to the economic and social benefits these technologies can bring and how they can be effectively implemented, leading to a range of different governance models. Many of these models relate to larger scale deployments as part of “smart city” urban infrastructure programs. Unlike private sector Internet of Things devices, which require buy-in from individuals who voluntarily purchase technology and choose to use it, public space deployments can affect entire communities. They must therefore particularly include mechanisms by which citizens can be empowered. We present a thematic review of literature and policy pertaining to IoT governance models, and construct a framework of principles for IoT governance, highlighting emerging and remaining questions. Four emergent themes (Levels of Governance, Legitimacy and Representation, Accountability, and Transparency) are illustrated using case studies at two levels; national and supranational top-down governance models, and city-based context-specific implementation models.
A Digital Nexus
Authors: Green Nicola , Comber Rob , Kuznesof Sharron
Published: August 2020

Humans beings in the 21st century face significant social and global change. Ever-evolving digital technologies are increasingly embedded in the material, economic, and socio-cultural milieu; while global crises in climate change present challenges to human and global security and resilience. Social science and human-computer interaction research has investigated how digital systems might help to understand current environmental changes and intervene in the problematic human relationships to scarce resources of the natural world. This chapter reviews research contributions of sustainable human-computer interaction (HCI) and the social sciences on human consumption of resources most crucial to human life: water, energy, and food (WEF). Briefly outlining the current and ongoing evolution of digital technologies particularly concerned with embedded urban digital infrastructures in “smart” and automated technologies and the Internet of Things, it then touches on the scope and scale of the simultaneous environmental challenges posed by population growth and urbanization. It introduces sustainable HCI as one approach that directly addresses both trends. The chapter then outlines the most significant approaches that have informed the development of “sustainable HCI,” and reviews important empirical contributions underpinning the developing interdisciplinary research in the field. It outlines the current understanding of household resource use and considers how developing digital technologies might support domestic resource conservation and mitigate intensive domestically based resource consumption. The chapter closes with observations on the shifting relationships (and sustainable HCI research into them) that might constitute future ways of being in a sustainable digital age.
Adult Reading Strategies
Authors: Silvestri Julia A. , Ehrenberg Hannah A.
Published: August 2020

Research on literacy in deaf communities tends to concentrate on the literacy development and experiences of children and adolescents, overlooking the literacy practices that provide the foundation for effective and meaningful reading in adulthood. However, exploring the reading strategies that high-achieving deaf adults use can have a cascading impact on understandings of literacy through the lenses of neurobiology, culture, education, and beyond. This chapter synthesizes the body of research on effective reading strategies used by deaf adults, asking: What reading strategies do high-achieving deaf readers use? How do high-achieving deaf readers develop reading strategies? What do the reading strategies reveal about earlier stages of literacy development and the components of effective reading? After exploring these questions, the chapter concludes by identifying areas for future research and proposing applications of current research on adult reading strategies to improve reading experiences and instruction for deaf and hard-of-hearing children.