bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Switches and Multiple Logic Gates Based on 4‐(2‐Pyridylazo)resorcinol
Authors: Tao Zhanhui , Qin Yinan , Liu Yaqing , Xu Lei , Wang Erkang
Published: April 2013

A simple‐structured 4‐(2‐pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) system presents interesting properties with dual fluorescent outputs. Modulated by solution pH two kinds of reversible switch behaviors, "ON‐OFF" and "OFF‐ON", were realized with the PAR system. Stimulated by different combination of external stimulus, such as metal ions, UV irradiation and solution pH, the PAR system could perform multiple logic functions including three inputs AND, two inputs INHIBIT and combinatorial "NOR/AND" in parallel. The operation of the designed system is very simple and detected with a high sensitive fluorescent signal.
Multichannel Chromogenic and Chiral Anions Recognition by Imidazolium Functionalized BINOL Derivatives
Authors: Lu Qiaosen , Hou Jiting , Wang Jian , Xu Bangyu , Zhang Ji , Yu Xiaoqi
Published: April 2013

New imidazolium/benzimidazolium‐containing receptors (R)‐1–(R)‐6 were developed as multifunctional receptors for both chromogenic and chiral anion recognition through multichannel. The ?uorescence spectra of (R)‐1 showed a distinct and intense peak at 454, 474 nm with AcO− and F−, respectively, indicating that (R)‐1 can be applied to the detection of fluoride and acetate ions by naked eye. Receptor (R)‐5, containing a lipophilic dodecyl appendage at imidazolium nitrogen, exhibited larger fluorescent responses than (R)‐1. The ratio of fluorescence enhancement for (R)‐5 with AcO− (I460/I369=16) and F− (I485/I369=11) was 32‐fold and 18‐fold over (R)‐1 with AcO− (I454/I369=0.5) and F− (I474/I369=0.6), respectively. Less electron‐deficient benzimidazolium receptor (R)‐2 only gave fluorescence enhance at 555 nm for F−. Only chelation enhanced quenching (CHEQ) effect was obtained in the case of mono‐imidazolium receptor (R)‐4. Furthermore, (R)‐1 and (R)‐5 displayed a remarkable binding ability for the t‐Boc alanine anion with interesting enantioselectivity [KL/KD=4.5 for (R)‐1 and 4.1 for (R)‐5)], whereas only negligible enantioselectivity ability (KL/KD=1.1) was obtained by using C1 symmetric receptor (R)‐4.
Synthesis, Structure and H+/K+‐ATPase Inhibitory Activity of Novel Triazolyl Substituted Tetrahydrobenzofuran Derivatives via One‐pot Three‐component Click Reaction
Authors: Fang Hubiao , Jin Lei , Huang Nianyu , Wang Junzhi , Zou Kun , Luo Zaigang
Published: April 2013

Eleven triazolyl substituted tetrahydrobenzofuran derivatives were synthesized in high yields as novel H+/K+‐ATPase inhibitor via one‐pot CuI‐catalyzed three‐component click reaction of azide, secondary amine and 3‐bromopropyne under mild conditions in water. Their structures were characterized by NMR, IR, ESI‐MS, elemental analysis and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Most of the target compounds exhibited better H+/K+‐ATPase inhibitory activity than commercial omeprazole with IC50 values less than 15 µmol·L−1. The initial structure‐activity analysis suggested that the triazole substituted by cycloalkyl, aromatic ring or O‐containing side‐chain seemed to be beneficial for enhancing the activity.
Efficient Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Heteroaryl Ethers by a Transition Metal‐Free CO Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Activated and Unactivated Heteroaryl Chlorides with Alcohols and Phenols
Authors: Liu Quan , Lu Zhongxiang , Ren Wenfei , Shen Kaibo , Wang Yu , Xu Qing
Published: April 2013

By optimizing the reaction conditions via a careful screening of the bases and solvents, we developed an efficient transition metal‐free method for CO cross‐coupling of activated and unactivated heteroaryl chlorides with primary and secondary alcohols and phenols, providing a simple, efficient, and practical method for synthesis of the useful unsymmetrical heteroaryl alkyl and heteroaryl aryl ethers.
Drug Target Identification Using Affinity Core‐Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wei Yunhuan , Wang Tongdan , Liu Chao , Zhang Qianqian , Wang Lishun , Tang Gongli , Kang Jingwu
Published: April 2013

Affinity core‐shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared for identifying the target proteins of drugs in the cell lysate when used in combination with nano‐high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS)‐based shotgun proteomic analysis. A number of new potential targets of cyclosporine A (CsA) could be identified, owing to the high efficacy of the affinity MNPs in drug target identification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to reveal such an abundant target spectrum of CsA.
Complexation of Triptycene‐Derived Macrotricyclic Host with Bisparaquat Derivative and Self‐Folding Guest: A Switchable Process Controlled by K+ Ions
Authors: Han Ying , Guo Jiabin , Cao Jing , Chen Chuanfeng
Published: April 2013

Triptycene‐derived cylindrical macrotricyclic host with two dibenzo‐30‐crown‐10 cavities could form stable 1:1 complexes with not only polyether linked bisparaquat derivative but also a self‐folding A‐D‐A guest in solution and/or solid state. Moreover, it was found that switchable processes between the host and both the bisparaquat derivative and the self‐folding guest could be further controlled by potassium ions.
Stimulation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray modulates preinspiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla in the rat in vivo
Authors: Subramanian Hari H. , Holstege Gert
Published: April 2013

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is involved in many basic survival behaviors that affect respiration. We hypothesized that the PAG promotes these behaviors by changing the firing of preinspiratory (pre‐I) neurons in the pre‐Bötzinger complex, a cell group thought to be important in generating respiratory rhythm. We tested this hypothesis by recording single unit activity of pre‐Bötzinger pre‐I neurons during stimulation in different parts of the PAG. Stimulation in the dorsal PAG increased the firing of pre‐I neurons, resulting in tachypnea. Stimulation in the medial part of the lateral PAG converted the pre‐I neurons into inspiratory phase‐spanning cells, resulting in inspiratory apneusis. Stimulation in the lateral part of the lateral PAG generated an early onset of the pre‐I neuronal discharge, which continued throughout the inspiratory phase, while at the same time attenuating diaphragm contraction. Stimulation in the ventral part of the lateral PAG induced tachypnea but inhibited pre‐I cell firing, whereas stimulation in the ventrolateral PAG inhibited not only pre‐I cells but also the diaphragm, leading to apnea. These findings show that PAG stimulation changes the activity of the pre‐Bötzinger pre‐I neurons. These changes are in line with the different behaviors generated by the PAG, such as the dorsal PAG generating avoidance behavior, the lateral PAG generating fight and flight, and the ventrolateral PAG generating freezing and immobility. J. Comp. Neurol. 521: 3083–3098, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trajectory‐Based Nonadiabatic Dynamics with Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory
Authors: Curchod Basile F. E. , Rothlisberger Ursula , Tavernelli Ivano
Published: April 2013

Understanding the fate of an electronically excited molecule constitutes an important task for theoretical chemistry, and practical implications range from the interpretation of atto‐ and femtosecond spectroscopy to the development of light‐driven molecular machines, the control of photochemical reactions, and the possibility of capturing sunlight energy. However, many challenging conceptual and technical problems are involved in the description of these phenomena such as 1) the failure of the well‐known Born–Oppenheimer approximation; 2) the need for accurate electronic properties such as potential energy surfaces, excited nuclear forces, or nonadiabatic coupling terms; and 3) the necessity of describing the dynamics of the photoexcited nuclear wavepacket. This review provides an overview of the current methods to address points 1) and 3) and shows how time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and its linear‐response extension can be used for point 2). First, the derivation of Ehrenfest dynamics and nonadiabatic Bohmian dynamics is discussed and linked to Tully’s trajectory surface hopping. Second, the coupling of these trajectory‐based nonadiabatic schemes with TDDFT is described in detail with special emphasis on the derivation of the required electronic structure properties.
Pulse‐Train Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Electronic and Nuclear Dynamics in Molecules
Authors: Arasaki Yasuki , Takatsuka Kazuo
Published: April 2013

We theoretically study the application of a femtosecond pulse train to simultaneously probe the electronic excitation dynamics and nuclear vibrational motion in the excited‐state LiH molecule by means of time‐resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The step‐like population transfers caused by continual interaction with a sequence of pulses and refractory periods are shown to give rise to time evolution of the photoelectron kinetic energy distribution as the history of molecular electronic and vibrational states. Such a signal should lead to a novel and direct way to investigate electronic and nuclear simultaneous dynamics involving multiple excited states.
Evaluating the COSMO‐RS Method for Modeling Hydrogen Bonding in Solution
Authors: Tshepelevitsh Sofja , Oss Merit , Pung Astrid , Leito Ivo
Published: April 2013

The ability of the Conductor‐like Screening Model for Realistic Solvation (COSMO‐RS) computational method to model hydrogen bond (HB) formation in solution is examined by comparing computational data with experimental data from literature. This is the first study of this kind where mixed solvents are also involved. Hydrogen bond formation is examined between neutral molecules, between acids and their anions, and between various anion receptor molecules and different anions in a number of aprotic solvents. HB formation equilibrium constants, the corresponding Gibbs’ free energies and, when available from the literature, enthalpies were calculated. The supermolecule (SM) approach and the contact probability (CP) approach were used. Both in the case of the SM and CP approach, good to very good correlations between the experiment and computations are found for complexes formed from neutral species, enabling quantitative predictions. When the HB acceptor is an anion, the correlations are poor and in some cases even qualitative predictions fail.
Energy and spectral efficiency trade‐off for the downlink OFDM‐distributed antenna systems
Authors: He Chunlong , Sheng Bin , You Xiaohu
Published: April 2013

This paper investigates an energy efficient optimization scheme for the downlink multiuser OFDM‐distributed antenna systems. We adopt a multicriteria optimization method to offer a systematic study on the relationship between spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). First, we transform the energy efficient optimization problem with high complexity into a simpler downlink multiuser OFDM problem. Then, using the weighted sum method in multicriteria optimization, an optimal energy efficient scheme is presented to allocate the available power to balance the trade‐off between SE and EE efficiently. Simulation results demonstrate that the energy efficient scheme is effective, and there existed a trade‐off between SE and EE in the downlink multiuser OFDM‐distributed antenna systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paternal inheritance of growth in fish pursuing alternative reproductive tactics
Authors: Wirtz‐Ocaňa Sabine , Schütz Dolores , Pachler Gudrun , Taborsky Michael
Published: April 2013

In species with indeterminate growth, age‐related size variation of reproductive competitors within each sex is often high. This selects for divergence in reproductive tactics of same‐sex competitors, particularly in males. Where alternative tactics are fixed for life, the causality of tactic choice is often unclear. In theAfrican cichlidLamprologus callipterus, large nest males collect and present empty snail shells to females that use these shells for egg deposition and brood care. Small dwarf males attempt to fertilize eggs by entering shells in which females are spawning. The bourgeois nest males exceed parasitic dwarf males in size by nearly two orders of magnitude, which is likely to result from greatly diverging growth patterns. Here, we ask whether growth patterns are heritable in this species, or whether and to which extent they are determined by environmental factors. Standardized breeding experiments using unrelated offspring and maternal half‐sibs revealed highly divergent growth patterns of male young sired by nest or dwarf males, whereas the growth of female offspring of both male types did not differ. As expected, food had a significant modifying effect on growth, but neither the quantity of breeding substrate in the environment nor ambient temperature affected growth. None of the environmental factors tested influenced the choice of male life histories. We conclude that inL. callipterusgrowth rates of bourgeois and parasitic males are paternally inherited, and that male and female growth is phenotypically plastic to only a small degree.
Molecular approach to describing a seed‐based food web: the post‐dispersal granivore community of an invasive plant
Authors: Lundgren Jonathan G. , Saska Pavel , Honěk Alois
Published: April 2013

Communities of post‐dispersal granivores can shape the density and dispersion of exotic plants and invasive weeds, yet plant ecologists have a limited perception of the relative trophic linkages between a seed species and members of its granivore community. Dandelion seeds marked with Rabbit IgG were disseminated into replicated plots in the recipient habitat (South Dakota) and the native range (Czech Republic). Arthropods were collected in pitfall traps, and their guts were searched for the protein marker using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seed dishes were placed in each plot, and dandelion seed removal rates were measured. The entire experiment was repeated five times over the dandelion flowering period. Gut analysis revealed that approximately 22% of specimens tested positive for the seed marker. A more diverse granivore community had trophic linkages to seeds than has been previously realized under field conditions. This community included taxa such as isopods, millipedes, weevils, rove beetles, and caterpillars, in addition to the traditionally recognized ants, crickets, and carabid beetles. Rarefaction and Chao analysis estimated approximately 16 and 27 species in the granivore communities of the Czech Republic and South Dakota, respectively. Synthesis: Generalist granivore communities are diverse and polyphagous, and are clearly important as a form of biotic resistance to invasive and weedy plants. These granivore communities can be managed to limit population growth of these pests.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Near‐IR Luminescent Properties of Lanthanide Bis(β‐diketonate) Complexes
Authors: Hou Yanjun , Shi Jing , Chu Wenyi , Sun Zhizhong
Published: April 2013

A bis(β‐diketone), 1,3‐bis(4,4,4‐trifluoro‐1,3‐dioxobutyl)phenyl (BTP), which contains a trifluorinated alkyl group, has been exploited to obtain three series of visible‐light sensitive dinuclear rare‐earth complexes with the general formula [Ln2(BTP)3L2] [Ln = Nd, L = DME (1), bpy (2), and phen (3); Ln = Yb, L = DME (4), bpy (5), and phen (6); Ln = Er, L = DME (7); DME = ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline]. An X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed that complexes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 are triple‐stranded helical dinuclear structures that are formed by three bis(bidentate) ligands with two lanthanide ions. The room‐temperature near‐IR luminescent properties of complexes 1–6 show that this bis(β‐diketone) can effectively sensitize rare earths (Nd3+, Yb3+) and produce typical near‐infrared luminescence upon excitation with visible light of the corresponding Nd3+ and Yb3+ ions. Additionally, two bidentate nitrogen ancillary ligands, 2,2‐bipydine (bpy) and 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen), have been applied to enhance the NIR luminescent properties.
Endocrine disruption by di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)
Authors: Wang Xiaofang , Yang Yuanjin , Zhang Liping , Ma Yanbo , Han Jian , Yang Lihua , Zhou Bingsheng
Published: April 2013

Great concern has been raised over the potential impact of environmental contaminants on fish populations that inhabit the Three Gorge Reservoir. The present study investigated the endocrine-disrupting effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), an endemic fish distributed in upstream waters in the Yangtze River. Adult rare minnow were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DEHP (0 µg/L, 3.6 µg/L, 12.8 µg/L, 39.4 µg/L, and 117.6 µg/L) for a 21-d period. Then, concentrations of sex hormones in the plasma and relative transcription of various associated genes were measured in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis and liver of the fish. Exposure to DEHP resulted in greater circulating concentrations of testosterone (T) and lower concentrations of estradiol (E2), which were accompanied by upregulation of Cyp17 mRNA and downregulation of Cyp19a mRNA in the gonads of females. In males, increases of T and E2 levels were consistent with upregulation of Cyp17 and Cyp19a in the gonads. Furthermore, the T/E2 ratio was increased in females but reduced in males. A significant increase in the levels of hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) gene transcription was observed in both females and males. The present study showed that waterborne exposure to DEHP altered plasma sex hormone levels and modulated gene transcription profiles of associated genes in the HPG axis and liver, occurring mostly at higher concentrations (>39.4 µg/L), which suggests that environmental concentration of DEHP (5.4 µg/L) alone might not disturb the endocrine system of the rare minnow in the TGR. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1846–1854. © 2013 SETAC
Im Kampf gegen das Vergessen
Authors: Heneka Michael
Published: April 2013

Wenn erste Gedächtnislücken auftreten und die Orientierung schwer fällt, denken viele Betroffene an Alzheimer. Doch dann ist die Krankheit bereits weit fortgeschritten. Umso wichtiger ist es, sie möglichst früh zu diagnostizieren.
Verjüngungskur für Zellen
Authors: Geiger Hartmut
Published: April 2013

Gesund alt werden — ein Traum vieler Menschen. Damit er gelingt, untersuchen Forscher den Alterungsprozess auch auf zellulärer und molekularer Ebene. Bei Mäusen haben sie dabei bereits Erfolg: Hier konnten erstmals gealterte Blutstammzellen reorganisiert und so in ihrer Funktion verlängert werden.
Negotiating a Labyrinth: experiences of assessment and diagnostic journey in cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Samsi Kritika , Abley Clare , Campbell Sarah , Keady John , Manthorpe Jill , Robinson Louise , Watts Sue , Bond John
Published: April 2013

Objectives

There has been a global push towards the earlier diagnosis of dementia, but there is little understanding of the transitions along the assessment and diagnostic pathway from the perspective of people affected by memory problems, cognitive impairment and early dementia. This study explores the experience of the assessment and diagnostic pathway for people with cognitive impairment and their family carers.

Methods

Qualitative interviews with 27 people with cognitive impairment and 26 carers (20 dyads) using four memory services before and after diagnosis disclosure were conducted. Interview transcripts were subject to constant comparative analysis and interpretations subject to discussion at regular ‘analysis clinics’.

Results

Twelve sub‐themes were identified along four points on the assessment journey. Feelings of confusion, uncertainty and anxiety over interminable waiting times dominated. Participants often felt without support to manage their uncertainties, emotions and did not know where to turn for support. Some were highly critical of the systemic process of assessment and diagnosis disclosure but were generally positive of the practice of individual professionals.

Conclusions

Service providers should review the process of assessment and diagnosis disclosure for people with cognitive impairment and their carers. They should develop a process that is person centred and accommodates the individualised preferences. The development of service systems to provide continuous relevant information and clarity to service users needs to involve all stakeholders, including people with cognitive impairment and their carers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of life, health status and caregiver burden in Parkinson's disease: relationship to executive functioning
Authors: Kudlicka Aleksandra , Clare Linda , Hindle John V.
Published: April 2013

Objective

High‐quality person‐centred care for people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) and their families relies on identifying and addressing factors that specifically impact on quality of life (QoL). Deficits in executive functions (EF) are common in Parkinson's disease, but their impact on PwPD and their caregivers is not well understood. The present study evaluated how EF contributes to QoL and health status for the PwPD and caregiver burden.

Methods

Sixty‐five PwPD completed measures of QoL, health status and EF, and 50 caregivers rated the EF of the PwPD and their own burden. Multiple regression analyses examined predictors of QoL (general life, health and movement disorders domains), health status and caregiver burden.

Results

Quality of life in the health and movement disorders domains was best explained by caregiver‐rated EF, whereas QoL in the general life domain was best explained by level of depression. Health status was predicted by self‐rated EF, with an objective EF measure also included in the regression model. Caregiver burden was best explained by caregiver‐rated EF and disease severity, with general cognition and other factors also included in the regression model.

Conclusions

Executive functions‐related behavioural problems may contribute to QoL and health status in PwPD and affect caregiver burden. The findings support the view that the concepts of subjective QoL and self‐assessed health status are only partially related and should not be seen as identical. Adequate strategies to reduce the impact of EF deficits are needed as this may have the potential to improve QoL in PwPD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compressional and shear‐wave velocity structure of the continent‐ocean transition zone at the eastern Grand Banks, Newfoundland
Authors: Eddy Drew R. , Van Avendonk Harm J. A. , Shillington Donna J.
Published: April 2013

The seismic structure of the continent‐ocean transition (COT) at magma‐poor rifted margins can explain geological processes leading to continental breakup. At the Newfoundland‐Iberia rift, compressional seismic velocity (Vp) is interpreted with multichannel seismic reflections and drilling results to document continental crustal stretching and thinning, exhumation of the mantle, and incipient seafloor‐spreading. However, Vp cannot uniquely constrain COT geology. We present an updated 2‐D model for Vp and a new shear‐wave velocity model (Vs) for SCREECH Line 2 on the Newfoundland margin using multichannel seismic reflections and coincident ocean‐bottom seismometer refraction data. In shallow COT basement we find Vp / Vs ratios average 1.77, which is normally too high for upper continental crust and too low for serpentinized mantle. This observation can be explained by stretching of a mafic middle and/or lower continental crust into the COT. We further support the presence of hydrated mantle peridotites at depth during rifting.
Fluorescence Activation with Photochromic Auxochromes
Authors: Raymo Françisco M.
Published: April 2013

The inherent reversibility of photochromic transformations can be exploited to switch on and off the fluorescence of appropriate organic chromophores under optical control. In turn, the photoactivation of fluorescence permits the monitoring of dynamic processes in real time as well as the reconstruction of images with spatial resolution at the nanometer level. Thus, the identification of viable structural designs to construct and operate photoactivatable fluorophores on the basis of photochromic processes can translate into the realization of valuable analytical tools for biomedical research. In this context, a strategy was designed to connect a simple photochromic oxazine to essentially any fluorescent chromophore with a pendant formyl group. In the resulting fluorophorephotochrome dyads, the photoinduced interconversion of the photochromic component between its two states controls that ability of the fluorescent component to absorb exciting radiation and emit as a result. Under these conditions, the interplay of two illuminating beams, designed to operate the photochromic component and excite the fluorescent one, respectively, offers the opportunity to switch fluorescence reversibly for multiple cycles. Furthermore, the fluorophorephotochrome dyads described herein can be entrapped within the hydrophobic core of polymer micelles and operated under these conditions in aqueous solutions and within the intracellular environment.
LONG‐TERM GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND SALINE INTRUSION ASSESSMENT IN AN IRRIGATED ENVIRONMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE AQUIFER UNDER THE LBDC IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Authors: Basharat Muhammad , Tariq Ata‐Ur‐Rehman
Published: April 2013

Pakistan's irrigation system is more than a century old. Due to the increasing population and consequent intensifying agriculture, dependence on groundwater is successively increasing. The underground reservoir that was recharged during the first half of the twentieth century by the newly built irrigation system with low cropping intensities is now being overexploited. Groundwater quality is variable, both vertically and horizontally, with the exception of areas adjacent to rivers, where it is fresh. This paper describes groundwater quality in the Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) irrigation system based on 47 years of historic water quality data (TDS, SAR and RSC). Areas are delineated in the form of zones and depths. The tail end of the command is facing severe groundwater depletion, whereas in certain parts, groundwater quality deterioration with the passage of time has also been detected. Possible reasons and mechanisms of saline intrusion within the aquifer are described. Lateral saline intrusion is not a major issue due to very slow groundwater movement. But in areas with saline groundwater lying below the upper layer of irrigation leaked fresh water, mobilization of deeper saline water is taking place as a result of pumping by farmers. In addition, results of the solute transport model and MODPATH runs were evaluated in support of water quality analysis and groundwater flow rates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MULTIPLE TESTING AND HETEROGENEOUS TREATMENT EFFECTS: RE‐EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF PROGRESA ON SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
Authors: Lee Soohyung , Shaikh Azeem M.
Published: April 2013

The effect of a program or treatment may vary according to observed characteristics. In such a setting, it may not only be of interest to determine whether the program or treatment has an effect on some sub‐population defined by these observed characteristics, but also to determine for which sub‐populations, if any, there is an effect. This paper treats this problem as a multiple testing problem in which each null hypothesis in the family of null hypotheses specifies whether the program has an effect on the outcome of interest for a particular sub‐population. We develop our methodology in the context of PROGRESA, a large‐scale poverty‐reduction program in Mexico. In our application, the outcome of interest is the school enrollment rate and the sub‐populations are defined by gender and highest grade completed. Under weak assumptions, the testing procedure we construct controls the familywise error rate—the probability of even one false rejection—in finite samples. Similar to earlier studies, we find that the program has a significant effect on the school enrollment rate, but only for a much smaller number of sub‐populations when compared to results that do not adjust for multiple testing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of the influence of three pure titanium plates with different micro‐ and nanotopographic surfaces on preosteoblast behaviors
Authors: Zuo Jun , Huang Xunzhi , Zhong Xiaoxia , Zhu Bangshang , Sun Qiang , Jin Chengyu , Quan Hongzhi , Tang Zhangui , Chen Wantao
Published: April 2013

There is a great demand for dental implants with the ability to accelerate periimplant bone regeneration. Modification of surface micro‐ and nanotopographies has been revealed to affect bone cell metabolism. In this study, we utilized dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technology to modify commercially pure titanium (Ti‐tr) surfaces and then investigated the cytocompability of DBD‐modified Ti surface when compared with machined (Ti‐m) and polished (Ti‐p) Ti surfaces. These three kinds of Ti plates exhibited different surface energies and topographies at the micro‐ and nanoscale levels. The DBD‐treated pure Ti surface significantly enhances cell adhesion, spread, and proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 preosteoblast cells compared with the Ti‐p and Ti‐m surfaces, suggesting that Ti‐tr has better cytocompatibility compared with the other two surfaces. Preosteoblast cells on Ti‐m surface exhibited higher alkaline phosphatase activity than cells on Ti‐tr and Ti‐p surfaces 14 days after seeding. No significant difference in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed between cells grown on Ti‐tr and Ti‐p surfaces. Our study demonstrated that DBD modification significantly enhanced cell adhesion, spread, and proliferation of preosteoblasts with no negative effects on cell differentiation. Microtopography and nanotopography of the surfaces of different materials and chemical/energetic properties have a synergistic effect on cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 3278–3284, 2013.
Characterization of chondrocyte scaffold carriers for cell‐based gene therapy in articular cartilage repair
Authors: Shui Wei , Yin Liangjun , Luo Jeffrey , Li Ruidong , Zhang Wenwen , Zhang Jiye , Huang Wei , Hu Ning , Liang Xi , Deng Zhong‐Liang , Hu Zhenming , Shi Lewis L. , Luu Hue H. , Haydon Rex C. , He Tong‐Chuan , Ho Sherwin H.
Published: April 2013

Articular cartilage lesions in the knee are common injuries. Chondrocyte transplant represents a promising therapeutic modality for articular cartilage injuries. Here, we characterize the viability and transgene expression of articular chondrocytes cultured in three‐dimensional scaffolds provided by four types of carriers. Articular chondrocytes are isolated from rabbit knees and cultured in four types of scaffolds: type I collagen sponge, fibrin glue, hyaluronan, and open‐cell polylactic acid (OPLA). The cultured cells are transduced with adenovirus expressing green fluorescence protein (AdGFP) and luciferase (AdGL3‐Luc). The viability and gene expression in the chondrocytes are determined with fluorescence microscopy and luciferase assay. Cartilage matrix production is assessed by Alcian blue staining. Rabbit articular chondrocytes are effectively infected by AdGFP and exhibited sustained GFP expression. All tested scaffolds support the survival and gene expression of the infected chondrocytes. However, the highest transgene expression is observed in the OPLA carrier. At 4 weeks, Alcian blue‐positive matrix materials are readily detected in OPLA cultures. Thus, our results indicate that, while all tested carriers can support the survival of chondrocytes, OPLA supports the highest transgene expression and is the most conductive scaffold for matrix production, suggesting that OPLA may be a suitable scaffold for cell‐based gene therapy of articular cartilage repairs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 3542–3550, 2013.
Study of subcellular dynamics on cell–substrate interactions by live cell imaging
Authors: Lin Chuang‐Yu , Li Li‐Tzu , Su Wen‐Ta
Published: April 2013

Cellular adhesiveness to biomaterial is one of the important properties for the success of tissue engineering. The cell–biomaterial interactions involve close cooperation of adhesion proteins, plasma membrane, and cytoskeletons to form focal adhesions during the process of anchoring. Dynamic development of the plasma membrane in the process reflects the cellular biocompatibility and motility. The process of cell attachment beginning from seeding, contact, attachment, and spreading has not been investigated. In this study, we monitored the whole process of cells attaching to the substrate surface by time‐lapse confocal microscopy. We observed that the surface configuration of the substratum effects plasma membrane expansion and genomic materials distribution. In contrast to the cells grown on the plate, the cells attached on pillars are with rounded nuclei and with prominent lamellipodia spreading out. Membrane expansion is involved in dynamic development of the plasma membrane and lamellipodia formation for attachment, migration, or proliferation and reflects the cellular physiology status of the cells. This study provides a platform for investigation of cell behavior and dynamic development of subcellular structures regarding cell–biomaterial interactions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1149–1154, 2014.
Efficacy of a Cognitive‐Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia and Nightmares in Afghanistan and Iraq Veterans With PTSD
Authors: Margolies Skye Ochsner , Rybarczyk Bruce , Vrana Scott R. , Leszczyszyn David J. , Lynch John
Published: April 2013

Objective

Sleep disturbances are a core and salient feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Pilot studies have indicated that combined cognitive‐behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) and imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) for nightmares improves sleep as well as PTSD symptoms.

Method

The present study randomized 40 combat veterans (mean age 37.7 years; 90% male and 60% African American) who served in Afghanistan and/or Iraq (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF] / Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]) to 4 sessions of CBT‐I with adjunctive IRT or a waitlist control group. Two thirds of participants had nightmares at least once per week and received the optional IRT module.

Results

At posttreatment, veterans who participated in CBT‐I/IRT reported improved subjectively and objectively measured sleep, a reduction in PTSD symptom severity and PTSD‐related nighttime symptoms, and a reduction in depression and distressed mood compared to the waitlist control group.

Conclusion

The findings from this first controlled study with OEF/OIF veterans suggest that CBT‐I combined with adjunctive IRT may hold promise for reducing both insomnia and PTSD symptoms. Given the fact that only half of the patients with nightmares fully implemented the brief IRT protocol, future studies should determine if this supplement adds differential efficacy to CBT‐I alone.
Online Counseling: A Narrative and Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Richards Derek , Viganó Noemi
Published: April 2013

Objective

This article aimed to critically review the literature on online counseling.

Method

Database and hand‐searches were made using search terms and eligibility criteria, yielding a total of 123 studies.

Results

The review begins with what characterizes online counseling. Outcome and process research in online counseling is reviewed. Features and cyberbehaviors of online counseling such as anonymity and disinhibition, convenience, time‐delay, the loss of social signaling, and writing behavior in cyberspace are discussed. Ethical behavior, professional training, client suitability, and clients’ and therapists’ attitudes and experiences of online counseling are reviewed.

Conclusion

A growing body of knowledge to date is positive in showing that online counseling can have a similar impact and is capable of replicating the facilitative conditions as face‐to‐face encounters. A need remains for stronger empirical evidence to establish efficacy and effectiveness and to understand better the unique mediating and facilitative variables.
Functional and morphological impact of ER stress on mitochondria
Authors: Vannuvel Kayleen , Renard Patricia , Raes Martine , Arnould Thierry
Published: April 2013

Over the past years, knowledge and evidence about the existence of crosstalks between cellular organelles and their potential effects on survival or cell death have been constantly growing. More recently, evidence accumulated showing an intimate relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These close contacts not only establish extensive physical links allowing exchange of lipids and calcium but they can also coordinate pathways involved in cell life and death. It is now obvious that ER dysfunction/stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) as well as mitochondria play major roles in apoptosis. However, while the effects of major ER stress on cell death have been largely studied and reviewed, it becomes more and more evident that cells might regularly deal with sublethal ER stress, a condition that does not necessarily lead to cell death but might affect the function/activity of other organelles such as mitochondria. In this review, we will particularly focus on these new, interesting and intriguing metabolic and morphological events that occur during the early adaptative phase of the ER stress, before the onset of cell death, and that remain largely unknown. Relevance and implication of these mitochondrial changes in response to ER stress conditions for human diseases such as type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease will also be considered. J. Cell. Physiol. 9999: XX–XX, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1802–1818, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Mechanistic Action of Carbon Dioxide on a Neural Circuit and NMJ Communication
Authors: BIERBOWER SONYA M. , COOPER ROBIN L.
Published: April 2013

Previous studies examining behavioral responses to CO2 revealed that high [CO2] acts as a natural repellent in a concentration dependent manner for crayfish. Physiologically, CO2 can rapidly block the autonomic responses in heart rate, as well as, inhibit an escape tail flip reflex in crayfish. Here, we demonstrate that the behavioral observations can be mechanistically explained by CO2 blocking glutamate receptors at the neuromuscular junction and through inhibition of recruiting motor neurons within the CNS. The effects are not mimicked with a lower pH in the bathing solution. Since spontaneous and sensory‐evoked activities in the sensory root and motor neurons are reduced by CO2, this is an anesthetic effect. We propose this is due to blockage of electrical synapses, as well as, some of the central glutamatergic‐drive. We used agonists and antagonists (glutamate, nicotine, domoic acid, cadmium, heptanol) to various synaptic inputs, which are possibly present in the ventral nerve cord (VNC). Results from these chemicals supported the idea that there is electrical as well as chemical drive within the circuit that can modulate intrinsic as well as sensory evoked activity in the motor neurons. We have documented that CO2 has actions in the periphery as well as in the CNS, to account for the behavioral responses previously shown. Furthermore, we document that gap junctions as well as glutamatergic synapses are potential targets. This study also aids in the dissection of a neural circuitry within the VNC that drives spontaneous and sensory evoked activity of the superficial flexor motor neurons. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:340–354, 2013. © 2013 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatio‐temporal variations of double‐couple aftershock mechanisms and possible volumetric earthquake strain
Authors: Ross Z. E. , Ben‐Zion Y.
Published: April 2013

We analyze spatio‐temporal patterns in rotation angles of double‐couple–constrained mechanisms of aftershocks of the 1992 Landers earthquake. The rotation angles provide information on the distribution of source geometries in different regions of space and time with respect to the mainshock focal mechanism. The results indicate that the mechanisms of the early aftershocks are more scattered and less aligned with the mainshock than those of the long‐term events. This is most pronounced around the northern end of the Landers rupture, least pronounced around the central section, and intermediate around the southern end of the rupture. The relatively large scatter and misalignment of the mean rotation angles of the early focal mechanisms around the edges of the Landers rupture suggest possible volumetric earthquake strain in these regions. The results may reflect isotropic source terms produced by dynamic generation of rock damage. Synthetic tests indicate that the observed differences in the rotation distributions of the early and long‐term events around the end regions of the Landers rupture can result from neglecting in the inversion process isotropic components that are 0.03–0.15 of the total event moments.
Evolution of line charge density of steadily‐developing upward positive leaders in triggered lightning
Authors: Chen Mingli , Zheng Dong , Du Yaping , Zhang Yijun
Published: April 2013

We present an approach for retrieving the temporal and spatial evolution of the charge density and the current of a steadily‐developing upward leader based on ground observations of electrical fields and high speed camera images of two upward positive leaders initiated by a classical rocket‐triggered lightning before the wire disintegration. For a period of a few milliseconds, for the upward leader segments developing above altitude about 200 m, we obtained the leader speed, calculated the leader charge density and the leader current. For the two leaders, both the leader speed and the charge density, hence the leader current, showed a trend of increase as the leader propagated upward. There was a good consistency in the variation trend between the calculated leader current and the leader channel brightness. The leader current calculated agreed well with the current measured at the channel base, indicating that our proposed model for retrieving the leader charge density is effective and reliable.
Witness Vetting: What Determines Detectives' Perceptions of Witness Credibility?
Authors: McClure Kimberley A. , Myers Jill Joline , Keefauver Kyla M.
Published: April 2013

During the course of a criminal investigation witness vetting, a detective's process of determining the credibility and weight of witness information, can lead to errors in an investigation that can go virtually unchallenged. Witness confidence, opportunity to view, and type of information proffered were examined in relation to detective inferences about witness reliability, accuracy, and probable cause to arrest. Experiment 1 involved 39 sworn law enforcement officers, and experiment 2 involved 43 sworn law enforcement officers and 86 mock detectives. Participants viewed a digital recording depicting a witness describing a gas station robbery (Experiment 1) or a campus mugging (Experiment 2). Witness confidence and detectives' inferences about culprit information influenced the vetting process and lent credibility to a confident witness whose accuracy was objectively unknown. Furthermore, the evidence indicates that sworn law enforcement are comparable with untrained observers in their use of social inference cues (i.e. confidence) in determining witness credibility; however, social inference can be assuaged by the rational, rule‐governed, decision framework established for witness vetting. Social inference processes inherent in the detective‐witness dyad is influenced by legal procedures in vetting witness information. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sectioning the medial patellofemoral ligament alters patellofemoral joint kinematics and contact mechanics
Authors: Stephen Joanna M. , Kader Deiary , Lumpaopong Punyawan , Deehan David J. , Amis Andrew A.
Published: April 2013

Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) disruption may alter patellofemoral joint (PFJ) kinematics and contact mechanics, potentially causing pain and joint degeneration. In this controlled laboratory study, we investigated the hypothesis that MPFL transection would change patellar tracking and PFJ contact pressures and increase the distance between the attachment points of the MPFL. Eight fresh frozen dissected cadaveric knees were mounted in a rig with the quadriceps and ITB loaded to 205 N. An optical tracking system measured joint kinematics, and pressure sensitive film between the patella and trochlea measured PFJ contact pressures. Length patterns of the distance between the femoral and patellar attachments of the MPFL were measured using a suture led to a linear displacement transducer. Measurements were repeated with the MPFL intact and following MPFL transection. A significant increase in the distance between the patellar and femoral MPFL attachment points was noted following transection (p < 0.05). MPFL transection resulted in significantly increased lateral translation and lateral tilt of the patella in early flexion (p < 0.05). Peak and mean medial PFJ contact pressures were significantly reduced and peak lateral contact pressures significantly elevated in early knee flexion following MPFL transection (p < 0.05). MPFL transection resulted in significant alterations to PFJ tracking and contact pressures, which may affect articular cartilage health. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1423–1429, 2013
Single walled carbon nanotube composites for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Gupta Ashim , Woods Mia D. , Illingworth Kenneth David , Niemeier Ryan , Schafer Isaac , Cady Craig , Filip Peter , El‐Amin Saadiq F.
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and poly lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLAGA) composites for orthopedic applications and to evaluate the interaction of human stem cells (hBMSCs) and osteoblasts (MC3T3‐E1 cells) via cell growth, proliferation, gene expression, extracellular matrix production and mineralization. PLAGA and SWCNT/PLAGA composites were fabricated with various amounts of SWCNT (5, 10, 20, 40, and 100 mg), characterized and degradation studies were performed. Cells were seeded and cell adhesion/morphology, growth/survival, proliferation and gene expression analysis were performed to evaluate biocompatibility. Imaging studies demonstrated uniform incorporation of SWCNT into the PLAGA matrix and addition of SWCNT did not affect the degradation rate. Imaging studies revealed that MC3T3‐E1 and hBMSCs cells exhibited normal, non‐stressed morphology on the composites and all were biocompatible. Composites with 10 mg SWCNT resulted in highest rate of cell proliferation (p < 0.05) among all composites. Gene expression of alkaline phosphatase, collagen I, osteocalcin, osteopontin, Runx‐2, and Bone Sialoprotein was observed on all composites. In conclusion, SWCNT/PLAGA composites imparted beneficial cellular growth capabilities and gene expression, and mineralization abilities were well established. These results demonstrate the potential of SWCNT/PLAGA composites for musculoskeletal regeneration and bone tissue engineering (BTE) and are promising for orthopedic applications. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1374–1381, 2013