bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Economy
Authors: Blake Kathleen
Published: September 2014

Victorian studies has long attended to money matters in literature, while on the subject of money it has long wrung its hands. We see now a ‘new economic criticism’ that is more tolerant or even capitalist-friendly. Appreciation of Adam Smith, founding expositor of political economy, is growing. More reluctance and distaste remain as concerns Thomas Malthus. Bias and neglect continue concerning Jeremy Bentham, their utilitarian ally. J. S. Mill as political economist is becoming better known, as is David Ricardo, with more needed on their utilitarian ties. Expanded attention to economic theory in relation to concrete practice will expand understanding of the ‘political’ in political economy, part and parcel of liberalism while also, paradoxically, of ‘liberal imperialism’. Reviewing political-economic principles that set themes of new economic criticism, this essay connects theory to historical specifics and assesses what has and can be done to place Victorian literature in this grand-scale context.
The Literature of Chartism
Authors: Haywood Ian
Published: September 2014

This chapter surveys and assesses the growing critical interest in the literature of Chartism. One of the most remarkable aspects of Britain’s first mass democratic movement was its significant output of creative literature. From the late 1830s to the early 1850s Chartist newspapers and periodicals published thousands of poems and a substantial amount of shorter and longer fiction. All this literature—whether written by anonymous and forgotten supporters or by more established Chartist authors such as Thomas Cooper, Ernest Jones and George W. M. Reynolds—combined a passionate commitment to political reform with a striving for new imaginative forms, voices, and narratives. Chartism mounted a direct challenge to the middle- and upper-class domination of both politics and literature, and it is this interweaving of radical politics and aesthetics that has continued to attract scholarly attention.
Information Structure in Asia
Authors: Michaud Alexis , Brunelle Marc
Published: September 2014

The languages of Asia are highly diverse. Rather than attempting a review about information structure (IS) in this huge linguistic area, this chapter provides observations about two languages that differ sharply in terms of how they convey IS. Yongning Na (Sino-Tibetan) is an example of a language with abundant morphemes expressing IS, which stand at different points along the grammaticalization path: some are exclusively used for the marking of IS, others (such as demonstratives) are equally common as IS markers and in another function, and others still are used secondarily to indicate IS, in particular particles indicating the relationship that a noun phrase bears to a verb. Vietnamese (Austroasiatic) makes little use of such morphemes, and relies greatly on word order and on a range of passive-like structures. Along with key morphosyntactic facts, this chapter addresses the issue of how intonation contributes to foregrounding and backgrounding strategies in these two tonal languages.
Voice Dysfunction and Recovery
Authors: Stadelman-Cohen Tara K. , Hillman Robert E.
Published: September 2014

Singing voice function depends upon the complex and ever-changing interaction of musculoskeletal alignment, respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation. Inefficiency in any of these areas can lead to vocal dysfunction, ranging from excessive muscle tension and fatigue to organic pathology of vocal fold tissue. As “vocal athletes,” singers require special diagnostic and treatment consideration when voice difficulty develops, as they must maintain higher-than-normal levels of phonatory agility, strength, and stamina to repeatedly execute intricate laryngeal maneuvers. This chapter highlights functional etiologies of vocal difficulties and gives greater attention and detail to those organic pathologies more common in the singing population. The specialized recovery process necessary in an injured singer is also discussed.
Contributions from Psychology
Authors: Callaghan Brendan
Published: September 2014

This chapter presents first a survey of some of the insights that have emerged from a number of theoretical approaches to psychological exploration, and situates them in their respective psychological traditions. This survey then serves as a resource for reflections on ‘what theologians need to know’ if theological work is to be grounded in a dialogue with what psychology has to offer.

Key observations include: the pervasiveness of sexuality in human experience (with ‘sexuality’ understood in its widest scope); the fundamentally relational (rather than biological) nature of sexual drive and motivation; the essentially developmental nature of human sexuality; and the great variety of experience and behaviour. It is proposed that theology can benefit from the descriptive work available, even if some of the interpretative and explanatory approaches do not sit easily with classic Christian understandings.
The Theological Study of Gender
Authors: Beattie Tina
Published: September 2014

This chapter traces the academic development of postmodern theology and gender studies, from the feminist theologies of the 1960s–1980s through the ‘linguistic turn’ to the emergence of the concept of ‘intersectionality’. Beattie argues that gender theory restores to theology the forgotten wisdom of its own tradition with regard to language and the interpretation of scripture. However, she cautions against the Manichaean seductions of postmodernism, arguing that the theology of gender must be rooted in the goodness of creation, including the human created male and female in the image of God. Analysing differences between Protestant and Catholic theologies in terms of grace and sacramentality, and with reference to Christian mysticism, she argues for a contemplative, sacramental theology of gender that is open to the divine mystery, animated by desire while remaining attentive to the distorting effects of sin on desire, and actively expressed in love of neighbour and of creation.
Pentecostal Churches and Homosexuality
Authors: Kay William K. , Hunt Stephen J.
Published: September 2014

Historically, the majority of Pentecostal churches stem from holiness and revivalistic streams of Christianity, while neo-Pentecostal churches are often indigenous plantings that broke away from congregations established by earlier Protestant mission. Given their stress on religious experience and their belief in the indwelling power of the Holy Spirit, Pentecostal churches have always stressed individual holiness, and this holiness is understood in terms of abstinence from drugs, alcohol, gambling, immodest dress, and sexual immorality as traditionally defined. This chapter describes adjustments and initiatives that indicate how new norms may emerge. The issue is essentially concerned with the interpretation of Scripture and variations in church government. Where these interpretations align with an LBGT-friendly hermeneutic, LBGT-friendly Pentecostal churches will and have emerged. Such changes tend to occur in new or split-off groups rather than in traditional Pentecostal denominations, especially when denominations are governed by large ministerial conferences where decisions are by secret ballot.
Africa’s New Economic Opportunities
Authors: Collier Paul
Published: September 2014

This article explores Africa’s new economic opportunities, paying particular attention to two economic prospects that are better than at any time since Africa gained independence. More specifically, it considers the exploitation of recent resource discoveries as a major source of revenues for Africa and the continent’s realistic chance at industrialization as China shifts its more labor-intensive manufacturing offshore. The article first assesses the implications of China’s economic growth both for middle-income countries globally and for low-income Africa, especially in terms of demand. It then looks at Africa’s distinctive geography and its important consequences, citing how resource endowment and location generate a simple but useful two-by-two categorization of Africa’s countries: coastal resource-scarce countries; landlocked resource-scarce countries; landlocked resource-rich countries; and coastal resource-rich countries. Finally, the article examines how Africa’s resource-rich and ethnically fragmented societies have influenced political allegiance.
European Sexualities in the Age of Total War
Authors: Herzog Dagmar
Published: September 2014

This chapter explores transformations in European sexual mores and practices in the era of the two world wars. It pays particular attention to the contradictory dynamics of the interwar era: on the one hand, a considerable loosening of sexual customs, especially for females; on the other, an unprecedented effort on the part of national and local governments to intervene in their citizens’ private lives. The phenomenon of increased state intervention in the intimate sphere—that of relationships, bedrooms, and bodies—would be true both for those nations that turned to fascism and those that remained democratic. But no changes would be as convulsive and consequential as those wrought by the slaughter unleashed in the Second World War, as sexuality also exploded out of the familial framework—a fact that explains a great deal about the renewed turns to conservatism and domesticity which would follow in that war’s wake.
Wartime Economies, 1939–1945
Authors: Land Jeremy , Eloranta Jari
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides an overview of European economies during the Second World War, showing that total war affected all economies, yet in different ways. Mobilization presented massive challenges, and often led to labour shortages in other sectors. Resources proved to be a decisive factor in determining the outcome of the war, since richer nations were able to get more out of their economies and populations for the war effort. This chapter first considers Great Britain and Germany as comparable great powers dealing with the exigencies of total war, and then puts the spotlight on Switzerland, as a case study of a neutral nation during wartime, and Finland, a small state that was forced into the war. The comparison of different states during this conflict highlights the connections between large and small states, a perspective that has not been emphasized in earlier literature.
The Memory of Europe’s Age of Catastrophe, 1914–2014
Authors: Mercer Ben
Published: September 2014

The enormous death toll of the twentieth-century world wars created a cultural struggle over their meaning. States, institutions, and individuals developed conflicting memories, which shifted with the political trends of the post-war eras. After the First World War nationalist narratives promoted by states did not automatically win unanimous adherence, but the apparently apolitical language of loss and mourning was most successful where the war was least controversial or where national narratives were unavailable. While memory of the Second World War and the Holocaust has often been discussed in terms of forgetting, there was no amnesia but rather a selective appropriation of the past. Myths of victimhood and resistance proved popular across Europe and persisted despite periodic engagements with the past. Germany’s acknowledgement of the Nazi past is the most thorough, while most Europeans states now more easily remember the Second World War than their colonial heritage.
Political Culture
Authors: Morone James A.
Published: September 2014

This chapter examines the role of culture in American politics. It begins by asking, is there a distinctive American political culture? and exploring three answers: Yes, the traditional American culture (known as the American creed) is still going strong; no, the American creed has faded; and, finally, traditional accounts of American political culture were myths conconted by the powerful. It then discusses four major, overlapping cultural traditions: individualism/liberalism, community, the ascriptive tradition, and morality. The article argues that the United States had, and still has, a vibrant political culture, courtesy of generations of immigrants who bring new perspectives and marginal groups striving for legitimacy. As a result, the American political culture is a perpetual work in progress, constantly contested and continuously evolving.
APD and Rational Choice
Authors: Jenkins Jeffery A.
Published: September 2014

Rational choice and American political development (APD) both emerged as responses to (perceived) limitations with the dominant behavioral tradition. While their critiques were based on very different research traditions, similarities were also present; in particular, both rational choice and APD approaches focused on the importance ofinstitutionsfor studying political outcomes. Over time, rational choice and APD research has converged to a significant degree, as scholars in both traditions have increasingly been exposed to different theoretical and methodological perspectives and thus become consumers of each other’s work. This chapter documents how and why rational choice research has moved in an APD direction.
The Presidency and American Political Development
Authors: Milkis Sidney M.
Published: September 2014

In contrast to mainstream presidential studies, American Political Development (APD) scholars have viewed presidents as critical agents of structural change. They have dedicated creative theorizing, archival research, process tracing, and thick description to the investigation of how presidents have been formative actors in state-building and in redefining regime norms and the terms of constitutional government throughout American history. This chapter explores how an APD approach to studying the presidency sheds light on critical questions such as how presidents have influenced the rise and fall of political orders in American history; how presidential power has been affected by the emergence of “big government” during the first six decades of the twentieth century; and how the establishment of a presidency-centered democracy forged on the New Deal political order has affected representative constitutional government. Continued attention to regime-level issues requires that APD maintain its traditional ties to political theory and the humanities.
Molecular Psychology
Authors: Canli Turhan
Published: September 2014

Molecular psychology is the study of behavior and its underlying brain systems using the tools of molecular biology. Although a variety of biological tools have been used to discover the relation of brain and behavior since the beginning of psychology, these have largely been confined to nonhuman animal models or brain-damaged patients. Technical advances in the past two decades in molecular genetics and in noninvasive brain imaging have transformed the field. These advances made it possible to conduct detailed examinations—across all species and subjects including healthy human volunteers—of the relation among genes, brains, and behavior; gene-by-environment (G×E) interactions; and the underlying regulatory mechanisms of gene expression through life experience and other environmental variables. This chapter provides a brief history of the major milestones of this field, along with updates from the contemporary literature, and introduces the reader to the contents of this volume.
Is Depression an Infectious Disease?
Authors: Canli Turhan
Published: September 2014

In molecular psychology, the tools of molecular biology and genomics are applied to study and better understand behavior. In this chapter, the author applies this approach to present a novel perspective on major depressive disorder (MDD). The treatment approach for MDD has not changed much in half a century, and—in general—today’s treatments are not more effective than earlier ones. The author suggests a new approach, one that conceptualizes MDD as an infectious disease. The author presents a set of four clues that are consistent with such a claim and lays out a molecular approach to how a search for a disease-causing agent could be conducted.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Wilde Elisabeth A. , Ayoub Kareem W. , Choudhri Asim F.
Published: September 2014

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a method of specifying and visualizing the functional integrity of white matter tracts that contribute to the functional and structural connectivity among different brain regions through the examination of water diffusion through tissue. It has gained rapid popularity in the past two decades, particularly for elucidating the process of normal white matter development and the effects of aging on it, as well as providing some insights into the possible neuroanatomical correlates of numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. This chapter outlines the instrumentation and the procedures employed in deriving estimates of the functional integrity of anatomical connections in the brain, and issues regarding the reliability and validity of the different DTI procedures are systematically addressed.
Job Loss, Unemployment, and Families
Authors: McKee-Ryan Frances , Maitoza Robyn
Published: September 2014

The detrimental effects of job loss and unemployment are not limited to the unemployed worker but ripple out to affect those closest to him or her. These ripple effects most notably impact the unemployed worker’s family, including a spouse or partner and/or children. In this chapter, we summarize previous research related to the impacts on marital or partner relationships and families and the particular effects of unemployment on children. For couples and families, we explore the financial or economic stressors and strain brought about by job loss; the direct, crossover, and relationship quality effects of stress and reduced mental health among unemployed workers and their spouses; protective resources for coping with job loss, such as social support and family resilience; and the social roles and identity of the unemployed worker. For children, we focus on mental health, child development, and educational/human capital attainment. We then offer suggestions for future research on families facing unemployment.
Ethnicity, Race, and Religion beyond Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish Whites
Authors: Warner R. Stephen
Published: September 2014

As argued by Will Herberg in the 1950s, religion remains a key to the incorporation of minority groups in America, notwithstanding—indeed, precisely because of—the fact that post-1965 immigrants to the United States have been overwhelmingly nonwhites of non-European origin. In contrast to the increasingly secular culture of Europe, the cultures of the Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African countries of origin of most of today’s immigrants remain highly religious (with the exception of China). In the face of racial prejudice, Hindus from India; Muslims from South Asia, the Middle East, and elsewhere; Protestants from Korea; and Catholics from Mexico are among the minorities who avail themselves of the constitutional rights and cultural status accorded to religious (more than to racial or ethnic) identities specifically in the United States to become accepted members of the community.
New Approaches in Teaching Immigration and Ethnic History
Authors: Bukowczyk John J.
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides a review of scholarly literature in the field of immigration and ethnic history that introduces readers to recent and major lines of research, problems, and themes. The literature discussed in this chapter and that appears in the notes provides both a basic and advanced graduate-level reading list for teaching and study.
About Doing the Right Thing as an Academic Economist
Authors: Dekker Erwin , Klamer Arjo
Published: September 2014

This chapter argues that the art of phronesis is central to doing the right thing as an economist. Phronesis, or practical wisdom, is what we practice when we deliberate, weigh values, take into account our feelings and those of others, consider the circumstances, and grope for the right thing to do. Central to phronesis is figuring out the goods to strive for and the appropriate means to realize those goods. We argue that the goods can be categorized into personal goods, social goods, societal goods, and transcendental goods. An important choice that any economist faces is which conversation to join, to which part of economics he wishes to contribute. We argue that situating ourselves in a university department, in the search for truth and truth only, is an important moral choice, with consequences for the goods we can realize.
Good, Evil, and Economic Practice
Authors: Sedlacek Tomas
Published: September 2014

In claiming to be a “positive” science devoid of normativity, economics ignores a complex operation that involves personal, moral, and ethical assumptions; this chapter critically examines these assumptions via analysis of economic language and practice. We find that there is no such thing as positive, value-free economics; that the normative components are embedded in explicit and implicit assumptions; that economics is consequently heavily value laden; and that these assumptions replace traditionally religious values and archetypes. This chapter also shows how economists use argumentation that appears egoistic, but is at base altruistic. Juxtaposing this treatment of economics with an economic view of ancient myths, we find that consumption and growth are fundamental human problems, and that today our focus and reliance on institutions undermines ethical thinking. In conclusion, suggestions are offered for helping economists to become aware of these dimensions of their work and for increasing cognitive awareness of economic values.
Ethics and Advances in Economic Science
Authors: Chen Jingnan , Christie Angelina , Houser Daniel
Published: September 2014

We argue the remarkable increase in the use of experimental methods in economics, and the consequent advances in economic science, rely on two key norms that guide the design, analysis, and reporting of economic experiments in the lab and field. We identify these two key norms as simplicity and availability of data and procedures, which both help to ensure adherence to the ethical standard of transparency. We review many prominent experimental contributions to economic science in personal exchange and market experiments, tracing the connection between the simplicity of design and subsequent developments that advance our knowledge. The norm of availability of data and procedures has been standardized as an official policy by leading academic economics journals. In conclusion, we stress the connection between a scholar’s reputation and the degree to which her results can be replicated by others.
Second-Order Language Contact
Authors: Mauranen Anna
Published: September 2014

This chapter discusses the nature of English as a lingua franca (ELF) as uniquely complex ‘second order language contact’, which arises from contact between ‘similects’ of speakers from given first language backgrounds. The data is drawn from speech in academic communities. ELF is best understood as operating on three levels: the macro-social, the micro-social, and the cognitive. English as a lingua franca is largely similar to English as a native language in comparable social circumstances, but it also manifests lexico-grammatical features that are clearly different: nonstandard grammatical and lexical forms are relatively common, together with lexical simplification in a statistical sense. As speakers make competent use of discourse phenomena for communicative success, it seems that lexico-grammatical accuracy may be less crucial to communication. The findings lend support to modelling language processes as discourse-driven, fuzzy and approximate, with a high level of tolerance for variability in form.
Severe Psychopathology During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Authors: Blackmore Emma Roberston , Heron Jessica , Jones Ian
Published: September 2014

Pregnancy and childbirth can represent a challenging time for women with severe mental illness. Psychotic episodes in the perinatal period can lead to multiple adverse maternal and infant outcomes. This chapter addresses a number of key questions in relation to episodes of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder during the perinatal period. The identification and management of postpartum or puerperal psychosis is detailed, along with prognosis and risk to further pregnancies. The authors present data on epidemiology, nosology, and etiology for severe perinatal episodes. In addition, the authors discuss clinical management, and in particular, ways to identify and manage women at risk.
Anxiety and Stress During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Authors: Matthey Stephen
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides an overview of the research into anxiety, stress, and worry during the perinatal period. It provides information on rates of disorders and of high levels of anxiety and their impact. Examples of the content of several anxiety disorders, both during pregnancy and the postpartum period, are given. Causes and risk factors for anxiety are discussed, together with its course over the perinatal period. Mention is made of specific perinatal studies looking at treatment for anxiety, and the author provides ideas on areas for future research. However, all of this information is tempered by an important caveat, in which the author suggests that much of the research that has been conducted in this area is, in fact, flawed.
Theories and Effects of Political Humor
Authors: Young Dannagal G.
Published: September 2014

As both an art form and a mode of persuasive discourse, the use of political humor dates back to ancient Greece and Rome. For centuries politicians, citizens, and elites have marveled at and even feared its powerful—and magical—influence on public opinion. By reflecting on various approaches to the study of political humor’s content, audience, and impact, this chapter offers scholars multiple ways to consider the effects of political humor on individuals and society. It culminates with a consideration of the latest advances in the study of political humor and humor theory and poses challenges to those in the field to better explicate micro-level processes that incorporate structural elements of the text and characteristics of the audience.
Theories of Media Bias
Authors: Lichter S. Robert
Published: September 2014

Ideological or partisan media bias is widely debated despite disagreement about its meaning, measurement, and impact. The assumption that news should be objective is itself the object of considerable debate. Assertions of a conservative or establishment bias in the news often draw on critical theory, which argues that news preserves the hegemony of society’s ruling interests. Assertions of liberal bias draw on surveys of journalists’ attitudes and content analyses of news coverage. This case has recently been bolstered by economic modeling. However, numerous content analytic studies have failed to find a liberal bias. This has led to efforts to explain public perceptions of liberal bias in terms of cognitive psychology and elite manipulation. Other explanations include structural biases and media negativism. Internet-driven changes in journalism, including an increase in partisan news, may force a rethinking of the entire debate or even render it irrelevant.
Broadcasting versus Narrowcasting
Authors: Metzger Miriam J.
Published: September 2014

This chapter explores the question of the continuing relevance of “mass media” due to recent technological changes in the media landscape. The chapter traces the history of media content production, distribution, and consumption from broadcasting to narrowcasting, and considers recent trends toward “hyperpersonalization” afforded by digital networked media. The chapter examines what these changes mean for politics and for political communication theory, and concludes by posing some questions about the future of mass media that serve as a call for research into the changing nature, circumstances, and effects of mass communication in the contemporary media environment.
Media Representations of Crime and Criminal Justice
Authors: Birkbeck Christopher
Published: September 2014

To date, criminologists have approached the media from a communications perspective that, directly or indirectly, treats them as a powerful social force. However, systematic research (conducted mainly outside but also within criminology) has failed to substantiate this image: the media may be an ubiquitous ingredient in daily life, but their influence is crucially mediated by social and psychological variables. Further progress in critically assessing the power of the media will depend on developments in media and communications theory rather than criminology. Meanwhile, criminologists could open up alternative lines of inquiry relating to the media’s quality of publicness and its location at the interface between revelation and concealment—an interface of considerable significance for crime and criminal justice. To do so would be to explore the media as a discourse, and materialization, of conventionality.
Youth Justice in Australia
Authors: Cunneen Chris
Published: September 2014

This essay provides an overview and analysis of juvenile justice in Australia. It describes the historical background to the establishment of a separate juvenile justice system and the contemporary legislative framework for juvenile justice. The essay examines the most prevalent offenses for which young people come into contact with juvenile justice agencies. the role of the police, the administration of diversionary schemes, and the role of the children’s court are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the sentencing of young people and the various sanctions available to the court, including community-based orders and detention. The longer-term trends in sentencing, particularly the use of detention, are also analyzed. The essay concludes with a consideration of key issues in juvenile justice, including policing and public order, the use of pretrial detention (remand), racialization and the overrepresentation of Indigenous youth, and the importance of human rights
Early Modern Socinianism and Unitarianism
Authors: Mortimer Sarah
Published: September 2014

This essay describes the version of Christianity set out by Faustus Socinus, including his critique of the Trinity and the atonement, and his understanding of Christian ethics. It shows how his theology was taken up and developed by later Socinians, and describes how the role of reason in Socinian theology changed. The challenges which Socinianism posed to mainstream theology, especially in a period when new philosophies were being explored, are outlined. From the middle of the seventeenth century, Arian and then Unitarian ideas were heard, but these then receded into the background in the eighteenth century. It is suggested that the anti-Trinitarians benefited from changing attitudes toward philosophy and human nature during the Enlightenment, but that the French Revolution ushered in a new era of conservatism and hostility toward Socinianism and Unitarianism, at least in Europe.
Early Modern Lutheran Ecclesiology
Authors: Tjørhom Ola
Published: September 2014

In this chapter, the ecclesiological implications of Lutheran orthodoxy, pietism, and Enlightenment theology are explored. The era between 1600 and 1800 was marked by confessionalization—on the Protestant as well as the Catholic side, the establishment of separate national churches, and major shifts in theological method. The doctrine of the church largely developed into a topic of controversy, externally and internally. Even if none of the main currents of the period had ecclesiology and sacramental theology as primary concerns, crucial changes occurred here: The objectivized and doctrinalized concept of orthodoxy was succeeded by individualizing pietism, which in turn was challenged by rationalizing approaches. Pietism and Enlightenment theology are examples of efforts to reflect ecclesiologically within a new context, responding to emerging “modern” ideas.
Early Modern Theology and Science
Authors: Henry John
Published: September 2014

This chapter surveys prominent aspects of historical relations between theology and science in the early modern period. It argues that the medieval “handmaiden tradition,” in which natural philosophy was seen as a support to theology, continued throughout the period but with apologetic complications caused by the fragmentation of religious authority, and the proliferation of alternative new philosophies. It considers the mechanical philosophy and the concomitant concept of laws of nature, and their impact on mind-body dualism, and the development of natural theology. It also considers the role of natural philosophy in the rise of atheism, arguing that it did not create atheists, but was appropriated by them. Devout natural philosophers played into the hands of atheists by arguing among themselves as to the best way to combat atheism, and by taking a naturalistic line in their arguments, relegating God to the role of a remote primary cause and increasingly denying Providence. Finally, it considers persistent suggestions that Protestantism played a greater role in the promotion of the natural sciences than Catholicism. We consider here claims about millennialism as a stimulus to science; the effect of Protestant attitudes to the Bible and how it should be read,; and the role of Augustinian post-lapsarian anthropology.
Bilateral Sequential Dacryocystitis in a Patient With Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Authors: Campbell Ashley A. , Jakobiec Frederick A. , Rashid Alia , Dana Reza , Yoon Michael K.
Published: September 2014

A 29-year-old woman with a history of 2 bone marrow transplants for acute myelogenous leukemia developed bilateral sequential dacryocystitis in the context of known ocular graft-versus-host disease. With each infection, the patient underwent uneventful dacryocystorhinostomy. Postoperatively, she developed severe dry eye disease requiring replacement of punctal plugs and use of a prosthetic replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem lens. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination of the lacrimal sac showed a dense diffuse nonfollicular lymphocytic subepithelial infiltrate in the lacrimal sac that contained moderately more T-cells than B-cells. This is the first report of acute dacryocystitis associated with graft-versus-host disease. The authors caution that similar patients may develop worsening of ocular surface dryness due to restoration of normal lacrimal outflow.
Survey of the bp/tee genes from clinical group A streptococcus isolates in New Zealand – implications for vaccine development
Authors: Steemson John D. , Moreland Nicole J. , Williamson Deborah , Morgan Julie , Carter Philip E. , Proft Thomas
Published: September 2014

Group A streptococcus (GAS) is responsible for a wide range of diseases ranging from superficial infections, such as pharyngitis and impetigo, to life-threatening diseases, such as toxic shock syndrome and acute rheumatic fever (ARF). GAS pili are hair-like extensions protruding from the cell surface and consist of highly immunogenic structural proteins: the backbone pilin (BP) and one or two accessory pilins (AP1 and AP2). The protease-resistant BP builds the pilus shaft and has been recognized as the T-antigen, which forms the basis of a major serological typing scheme that is often used as a supplement to M typing. A previous sequence analysis of the bp gene (tee gene) in 39 GAS isolates revealed 15 different bp/tee types. In this study, we sequenced the bp/tee gene from 100 GAS isolates obtained from patients with pharyngitis, ARF or invasive disease in New Zealand. We found 20 new bp/tee alleles and four new bp/tee types/subtypes. No association between bp/tee type and clinical outcome was observed. We confirmed earlier reports that the emm type and tee type are associated strongly, but we also found exceptions, where multiple tee types could be found in certain M/emm type strains, such as M/emm89. We also reported, for the first time, the existence of a chimeric bp/tee allele, which was assigned into a new subclade (bp/tee3.1). A strong sequence conservation of the bp/tee gene was observed within the individual bp/tee types/subtypes (>97 % sequence identity), as well as between historical and contemporary New Zealand and international GAS strains. This temporal and geographical sequence stability provided further evidence for the potential use of the BP/T-antigen as a vaccine target.
Employees’ organisational commitment and its impact on their actual turnover behaviour through behavioural intentions
Authors: Kaur Sahi Gurjeet , Mahajan Rupali
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to empirically test an integrated model incorporating the constructs of organisational commitment (OC), behavioural intentions (BI), actual turnover behaviour (ATB) and telecom work characteristics (WC) so as to examine the impact of commitment on employees’ BI, whereby they wish to dissolve their relationship with the employment provider.

Design/methodology/approach

– Structural equation modelling technique has been used to test the data collected through questionnaire from a sample of 139 employees including managers and executives across the hierarchy of an Indian telecom organisation named Aircel Dishnet Ltd from the Jammu and Kashmir circle head office in India.

Findings

– The theoretical constructs were validated before incorporating the hypothetical structural model. SEM results indicate a good fit to the empirical data. The findings confirmed that affective, continuance and normative commitments lay significant impact on employees’ OC. Also, commitment influence attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, thereby affecting the BI of the employees. An indirect significant impact of OC on the ATB was also revealed. A partial mediation of WC was also found between BI and ATB.

Research limitations/implications

– The generalisability of the study is limited as the sample concentrates to one organisation of a single industry in India.

Practical implications

– The study provides insights for the policy makers to create and develop mechanisms and programmes leading to the enhancement of affective OC for employee retention.

Originality/value

– The model clearly explains telecom employees’ OC and its impact on the ATB through their BI. Though the findings do not reveal any component of commitment to lay more impact on OC, it exhibits higher career commitment than OC among the telecom employees.
TV food advertising aimed at children: qualitative study of Pakistani fathers’ views
Authors: Kashif Muhammad , Ayyaz Mubashir , Basharat Sara
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– There is plethora of advertising research that has highlighted the mothers’ perspective to TV food advertising. However, the fathers’ perspective on children food advertising in societies that score high on masculinity is important but absent from literature. The purpose of this paper is to present opinions of respondents as fathers, concerning the impact of TV food advertisements on children buying and consumption habits.

Design/methodology/approach

– The qualitative data through semi-structured interviews has been collected from 32 males having at least one child between the ages of seven and 14 years. The respondents were purposefully selected from a private sector university located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The collected data have been analysed through thematic analysis.

Findings

– Thematic analysis revealed six themes; quantity of ads, negative impact of TV food ads, changing buying patterns, positive/productive impact on children, father's perceptions of TV advertising, and advertising changes to be incorporated. The findings have some social, cultural, and managerial implications for core advertising stakeholders.

Practical implications

– This study is useful for marketing managers whose job is to persuade children and their families into buying their products. They can benefit from the findings of this study to customize the brand communication strategies as per the expectations of respondents as fathers. Furthermore, the study proposes useful insights that will help in devising consumer-led advertising policies in Pakistan.

Originality/value

– The gender role of males while influencing family decision making with regards to food products marketing has been a new area of research. The study is pioneer in the field of consumer socialization in that it focuses upon the fathers’ perspective on TV advertising to children.
Can a socially responsible casino better retain its management staff? From an internal customer perspective
Authors: Liu Matthew , Anthony Wong IpKin , Chu Rongwei , James Shi Guicheng , L. Brock James , Tseng Ting-Hsiang
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives influence internal customers’ preference and turnover intention. The mediating effect of brand preference on the relationship between CSR initiatives and turnover intention has also been studied.

Design/methodology/approach

– A survey was conducted and questionnaires were distributed to a sample in Macau in 2012. Out of these, 138 valid samples were collected among casinos’ mid- and senior-level employees having managerial positions (hereafter “managers”). Regression tests were performed in order to validate the hypotheses.

Findings

– Managers’ preference for the casino brand of their employer can be enhanced by perceptions associated with CSR initiatives. Two CSR initiatives (CSR to stakeholders and to society) significantly decrease managers’ turnover intentions, with the impact of CSR directed at stakeholders exerting a stronger influence. Brand preference is a significant mediator of perceptions associated with CSR initiatives and turnover intention.

Originality/value

– The current study tries to not only investigate how perceptions associated with CSR initiatives influence an internal customer's turnover intention but is also aimed at understanding how brand preference as a mediator influences turnover intention. Extending the realm of study is important because multiple theories predict different benefits, and assessing the value of CSR therefore requires multiple approaches.
Corporate rebranding and brand preference
Authors: Nhat Hanh Le Angelina , Ming Sung Cheng Julian , Kuntjara Hadi , Ting-Jun Lin Christy
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating roles of brand name attitude and product expertise on the impact of different corporate rebranding strategies on consumer brand preference. Rebranding strategies include evolutionary and revolutionary rebranding strategies, while brand name attitude is consumer attitude towards a firm's original brand name and consumer product expertise refers to the consumer knowledge related to the brand's product or service.

Design/methodology/approach

– A 2×2 factorial experimental design is used to examine the proposed hypotheses. In total, 220 undergraduates from a public university in Taipei of Taiwan participate in the experiment.

Findings

– The findings indicate that given brand repositioning is preferable, the use of evolutionary rebranding strategies is superior in enhancing consumer brand preference in the case of pleasant original brand name attitude, while the use of revolutionary strategies is superior when consumers hold less pleasant attitude. In addition, expert consumers show similar responses towards the two rebranding strategies, whereas evolutionary strategies seem to be more effective than revolutionary ones in enhancing consumer brand preferences in the case of novice consumers.

Research limitations/implications

– A convenient sampling method was employed and undergraduate students were the research subjects. Besides, a fictitious brand was used in the experiment design. As a result, the generalisability and applicability of the current research findings should be considered and carried out with cautions.

Practical implications

– The findings of the research provide empirical understanding on the use of rebranding strategies to generate higher levels of brand preference under contingencies, thus helping brand managers apply a more appropriate type of rebranding strategies when necessary.

Originality/value

– The current study is the preliminary causal-oriented work to provide guidance with appropriate rebranding strategies under the contingencies of consumers’ original brand name attitude and product expertise.
Implications of life span variation within a leaf cohort for evaluation of the optimal timing of leaf shedding
Authors: Osada Noriyuki , Oikawa Shimpei , Kitajima Kaoru
Published: September 2014

Leaf life span (LLS) has been intensively studied as a key functional trait, and it is thought to have evolved and acclimates so as to optimize carbon balance or nitrogen use. However, empirical studies have produced inconsistent results in support of the theoretical predictions of optimalLLS.

How rapidly daily carbon gain declines with leaf age is a critical parameter in the theories of optimalLLS, and it is often estimated from empirical data on the mean daily carbon gain of surviving leaves at each age class. We predict that such statistical approach should result in overestimation of daily carbon gain at the meanLLS, especially whenLLSvariation is large in the leaf cohort.

This prediction is supported by simple simulations; daily carbon gain linearly declines to zero at the death of each individual leaf within a cohort (Case 1), and daily carbon gain linearly declines to zero at the cohort meanLLS(Case 2). In addition, variance in the initial carbon gain is considered, with the inverse relationship between the initial carbon gain andLLSbut other assumptions are same as in the Case 1 (Case 3). Under the Cases 1 and 3, the mean daily carbon gain of surviving leaves atis always positive, and it increases with increasingLLSvariance within a cohort. Under the Case 2, the mean daily carbon gain of surviving leaves atis zero regardless of variation inLLS, but this case is unrealistic as some leaves with negative carbon balance are assumed to survive for long‐time whenLLSvariability is large.

Published data on multiple species demonstrate a positive relationship of photosynthetic capacity atwithLLSvariability as predicted by our simulation under the Cases 1 and 3. This strongly suggests that the age‐related decline of carbon gain may be underestimated in many previous studies that neglect within‐cohort variation in LLS.

In conclusion, we call attention to the importance ofLLSvariations within a leaf cohort, which should be considered in empirical test of the theories of optimalLLS.