bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender expression associated with BMI in a prospective cohort study of US adolescents
Authors: Bryn Austin S. , Ziyadeh Najat J. , Calzo Jerel P. , Sonneville Kendrin R. , Kennedy Grace A. , Roberts Andrea L. , Haines Jess , Scherer Emily A.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To examine the relationship between gender expression (GE) and BMI in adolescence.

Methods

Repeated measures of weight‐related behaviors and BMI were collected from 1996 to 2011 via annual/biennial self‐report surveys from youth aged 10 to 23 years (6,693 females, 2,978 males) in the longitudinal Growing Up Today Study. GE (very conforming [referent], mostly conforming, nonconforming) was assessed in 2010/11. Sex‐stratified, multivariable linear models estimated GE group differences in BMI and the contribution of sexual orientation and weight‐related exposures to group differences. Models for males included interaction terms for GE with age.

Results

In females, mostly conforming youth had 0.53 kg m−2 and nonconforming had 1.23 kg m−2 higher BMI; when adding adjustment for sexual orientation and weight‐related exposures, GE group estimates were attenuated up to 8% and remained statistically significant. In males, mostly conforming youth had −0.67 kg m−2 and nonconforming had −1.99 kg m−2 lower BMI (age [in years]) interactions were between −0.09 and −0.14 kg m−2; when adding adjustment for sexual orientation and weight‐related exposures, GE group estimates were attenuated up to 11% and remained statistically significant.

Conclusions

GE is a strong independent predictor of BMI in adolescence. Obesity prevention and treatment interventions with youth must address ways that gender norms may reinforce or undermine healthful behaviors.
Influence of SOFTWOOD‐fillers content on the biodegradability and morphological properties of WOOD–polyethylene composites
Authors: Tazi M. , Erchiqui F. , Kaddami H.
Published: January 2016

In the present work, wood flour reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites, with and without coupling agents, were prepared by melt processing, and their mechanical and thermal behaviors were analyzed. For preparation of polymer composites, six different formulations were used. On the other side, the degradation of wood fillers up to 97 days and water uptake in composites up to 10 weeks was evaluated, respectively, using fungi specie (Gloephyllyllum trabeum) and water absorption tests. To study the morphological changes resulting from microorganism activity, scanning electron microscopy was used. The obtained results indicate that the addition of wood fillers to the polyethylene matrix increases the degree of crystallinity, and tensile strength. On the contrary, resistance to fungi decay and water absorption decrease as a function of the wood fillers content thus the composite becomes more vulnerable to moisture uptake and micro‐organism attack, which can change the morphological and mechanical strength of composite. Based on the obtained results, microorganisms mainly affect the surface of composite and the adhesion of wood and polymer matrix. An optimized amount of filler content can reinforce the polymeric matrix more efficiently while decrease the rate of degradation of wood fillers as well. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:29–37, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Elaboration of low viscosity and high impact polypropylene blends through reactive extrusion
Authors: Jossé Camille , Massardier Valérie , Khrouz Lhoussain , Cassagnau Philippe , Viot Frederic
Published: January 2016

In this work, a reactive high flow polypropylene, PP800 (η0 = 40 Pa s, 190°C), is extruded with a commercial compound of polypropylene and ethylene‐propylene random copolymer (η0 = 3000 Pa s, 190°C). On one hand, the fluidity of resulting blends is highly increased but, on the other hand, matrix degradation leads to a strong decrease of the impact behavior and tensile strain. Then, the addition of 10 wt% of propylene‐based copolymer (PBC) leads to a very interesting impact enhancement while keeping high fluidity. A study of morphological, thermal, and dynamical thermal mechanical properties reveal the anchoring of semi crystalline propylene segments of PBC droplets at the interface with the PP matrix. On the contrary, the addition of ethylene‐based copolymer (EBC) is not able to restore satisfactory impact properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:418–426, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
UV degradation of clay‐reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: Ben Hadj Salah Hend , Ben Daly Hachmi , Denault Johanne , Perrin Florence
Published: January 2016

The aim of this work is to experimentally characterize the UV‐degradation process at both the surface and at different layers across the thickness of injection‐molded polypropylene (PP) matrix containing different amounts of nanosized montmorillonite (MMT) clay particles. These nanocomposite materials have been exposed to UV irradiations (λ = 320 nm) at different preset temperatures (25, 45, and 65°C) in the presence of oxygen and during different exposure times. The extent of such process at these layers was determined using both the FTIR spectroscopy and the wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analyses. The micromechanical properties across the thickness have been characterized using the nanoindentation technique. The obtained results have indicated that the UV‐degradation process for the nanocomposite materials is much more intense than the one observed for the neat PP. Moreover, it has been noted that such degradation process is not uniform across the thickness of the exposed materials. Results obtained from the X‐ray analysis have shown an increase of the crystallinity of the polymer molecules at only the external surface of the exposed materials. This was confirmed using the nanoindentation test as an increase of the Young's modulus at this layer was noted. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:469–478, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Iterative Project Processes within Temporary Multi-Organizations in Construction: The Self-, Eco-, Re-Organizing Projects
Authors: de Blois Michel , Lizarralde Gonzalo , De Coninck Pierre
Published: January 2016

Theory-based studies claim that informal processes interfere with the formal mechanisms and structures of projects in the construction sector. These processes structure and transform multi-organizations. This four-year case study reveals empirical evidence about how processes effectively evolve over time and affect formal mechanisms and structures. The results show: (1) the significant differences between what is planned and what actually unfolds in project processes; (2) how iterative processes overshadow linear ones; (3) how informality and “iterativity” eventually end up as self-, eco-, and re-organizing projects and organizations, confirming that projects (re)create the very processes and structures that initiate them.
Biological function derived from predicted structures in CASP11
Authors: Huwe Peter J. , Xu Qifang , Shapovalov Maxim V. , Modi Vivek , Andrake Mark D. , Dunbrack Roland L.
Published: January 2016

In CASP11, the organizers sought to bring the biological inferences from predicted structures to the fore. To accomplish this, we assessed the models for their ability to perform quantifiable tasks related to biological function. First, for 10 targets that were probable homodimers, we measured the accuracy of docking the models into homodimers as a function of GDT‐TS of the monomers, which produced characteristic L‐shaped plots. At low GDT‐TS, none of the models could be docked correctly as homodimers. Above GDT‐TS of ∼60%, some models formed correct homodimers in one of the largest docked clusters, while many other models at the same values of GDT‐TS did not. Docking was more successful when many of the templates shared the same homodimer. Second, we docked a ligand from an experimental structure into each of the models of one of the targets. Docking to the models with two different programs produced poor ligand RMSDs with the experimental structure. Measures that evaluated similarity of contacts were reasonable for some of the models, although there was not a significant correlation with model accuracy. Finally, we assessed whether models would be useful in predicting the phenotypes of missense mutations in three human targets by comparing features calculated from the models with those calculated from the experimental structures. The models were successful in reproducing accessible surface areas but there was little correlation of model accuracy with calculation of FoldX evaluation of the change in free energy between the wild‐type and the mutant. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):370–391. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Room temperature PL efficiency of InGaN/GaN quantum well structures with prelayers as a function of number of quantum wells
Authors: Christian George M. , Hammersley Simon , Davies Matthew J. , Dawson Philip , Kappers Menno J. , Massabuau Fabien C.‐P. , Oliver Rachel A. , Humphreys Colin J.
Published: January 2016

We report on the effects of varying the number of quantum wells (QWs) in an InGaN/GaN multiple QW (MQW) structure containing a 23 nm thick In0.05Ga0.95N prelayer doped with Si. The calculated conduction and valence bands for the structures show an increasing total electric field across the QWs with increasing number of QWs. This is due to the reduced strength of the surface polarisation field, which opposes the built‐in field across the QWs, as its range is increased over thicker samples. Low temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements show a red shifted QW emission peak energy, which is attributed to the enhanced quantum confined Stark effect with increasing total field strength across the QWs. Low temperature PL time decay measurements and room temperature internal quantum efficiency (IQE) measurements show decreasing radiative recombination rates and decreasing IQE, respectively, with increasing number of QWs. These are attributed to the increased spatial separation of the electron and hole wavefunctions, consistent with the calculated band profiles. It is also shown that, for samples with fewer QWs, the reduction of the total field across the QWs makes the radiative recombination rate sufficiently fast that it is competitive with the efficiency losses associated with the thermal escape of carriers. (© 2016 The Authors. Phys. Status Solidi C published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical analysis of the influence of band tail defects on PIN InGaN solar cells
Authors: Wang Baozhu , Feng Yan , Meng Lizhi , Wang Min , Xiao Hongling , Wang Xiaoliang
Published: January 2016

InGaN solar cells have higher conversion efficiency than traditional Si based solar cells. However, efficiency of experimental InGaN solar cell is lower than expected. There are still several problems, such as the structure design of InGaN solar cells, the quality of InGaN materials, need to be discussed and solved. Thus, the researches of structure design and defect effects are important for the implications of InGaN solar cells. The performance of p‐GaN/i‐InxGa1–x/n‐GaN solar cells with different In content is simulated by AMPS‐1D. It is found that the optimum efficiency of p‐GaN/i‐InxGa1–xN/n‐GaN solar cells is 8.9% when the In content is 0.26. The p‐GaN/i‐In0.26Ga0.74/n‐GaN solar cells with band tail defects are simulated. The simulated results show the efficiency decreases with the increase of the E‐character. And the efficiency decreases sharply from 8.30% to 7.19% when the capture cross section is 10–14 cm–2. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of silicon, SiC and GaN power transistor technologies with breakdown voltage rating from 1.2 kV to 15 kV
Authors: Chowdhury Sauvik , Guo Zhibo , Liu Xueqing , Chow T. Paul
Published: January 2016

In recent years, different power transistors have been developed in silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) as replacements for silicon based IGBTs. This paper presents a simulation comparison of the static and dynamic performance of silicon IGBTs with different SiC and GaN based lateral and vertical power transistors (HEMT, MOSFET and IGBT) with breakdown voltage ratings between 1.2 kV to 15 kV. The strengths and weaknesses of different technologies which make them suitable at different voltage levels have been discussed. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Semi‐polar (11‐22) GaN grown on patterned (113) Si substrate
Authors: Yu Xiang , Hou Yaonan , Shen Shuoheng , Bai Jie , Gong Yipin , Zhang Yun , Wang Tao
Published: January 2016

An epitaxial growth technic has been developed to synthesize semi‐polar (11‐22) GaN on (113) Si substrate with inverted‐pyramid patterns. The reaction between Ga and Si substrate has been successfully solved by simply depositing a thin SiO2 layer on selective regions of the substrate before growth. High quality semi‐polar (11‐22) GaN‐on‐Si with a smooth surface has been obtained after delicately tuning growth conditions. Based on the scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction characterizations, a model has been well established to illuminate the growth process. Due to the very low density of defects confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, our sample demonstrates an excellent optical property, which is promising for efficient optoelectronic devices using GaN‐on‐Si configuration. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AD‐ASGKA – authenticated dynamic protocols for asymmetric group key agreement
Authors: Li Mingchu , Xu Xiaodong , Guo Cheng , Tan Xing
Published: January 2016

Asymmetric group key agreement is a cryptographic primitive allowing a group of users to negotiate a common public encryption key while each of them holds a different secret private decryption key. Anyone (including outsiders) with the public encryption key can send encrypted messages to the group members, and then the group members can decrypt the messages. Authenticated key agreement protocols authenticate the identities of users to ensure that only the intended group members can establish a session in which the group members can communicate with each other. Dynamic asymmetric group key agreement concerns about the scenarios such as ad hoc networks in which the group members may join or leave at any given time. In this paper, we propose a one‐round authenticated dynamic protocol for symmetric group key agreement. For efficiency reasons, we employ the identity‐based public‐key cryptography (IB‐PKC) to authenticate users rather than the public key infrastructure and the certificate‐less public‐key cryptography. Our analysis shows that the proposals in the paper can resist active attacks and meet many desirable security attributes. Besides, our protocol allows users to join or leave the group at the same time. Furthermore, our protocol is round‐optimal and has a quite good performance as compared with previous works. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A High‐Sensitivity and Low‐Power Theranostic Nanosystem for Cell SERS Imaging and Selectively Photothermal Therapy Using Anti‐EGFR‐Conjugated Reduced Graphene Oxide/Mesoporous Silica/AuNPs Nanosheets
Authors: Chen Yu‐Wei , Liu Ting‐Yu , Chen Po‐Jung , Chang Po‐Hsueh , Chen San‐Yuan
Published: January 2016

A high‐sensitivity and low‐power theranostic nanosystem that combines with synergistic photothermal therapy and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping is constructed by mesoporous silica self‐assembly on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets with nanogap‐aligned gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) encapsulated and arranged inside the nanochannels of the mesoporous silica layer. Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a Raman reporter is then encapsulated into the nanochannels and anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is conjugated on the nanocomposite surface, defined as anti‐EGFR‐PEG‐rGO@CPSS‐Au‐R6G, where PEG is polyethylene glycol and CPSS is carbon porous silica nanosheets. SERS spectra results show that rGO@CPSS‐Au‐R6G enhances 5 × 106 magnification of the Raman signals and thus can be applied in the noninvasive cell tracking. Furthermore, it displays high sensitivity (detection limits: 10−8m R6G solution) due to the “hot spots” effects by the arrangements of AuNPs in the nanochannels of mesoporous silica. The highly selective targeting of overexpressing EGFR lung cancer cells (A549) is observed in the anti‐EGFR‐PEG‐rGO@CPSS‐Au‐R6G, in contrast to normal cells (MRC‐5). High photothermal therapy efficiency with a low power density (0.5 W cm−2) of near‐infrared laser can be achieved because of the synergistic effect by conjugated AuNPs and rGO nanosheets. These results demonstrate that the anti‐EGFR‐PEG‐rGO@CPSS‐Au‐R6G is an excellent new theranostic nanosystem with cell targeting, cell tracking, and photothermal therapy capabilities.
Quantitative analysis of sulphides and sulphates by WD‐XRF: Capability and constraints
Authors: Uhlig S. , Möckel R. , Pleßow A.
Published: January 2016

In the course of geochemical characterisations, total sulphur analyses are common practice although a differentiated quantification of sulphur species could provide valuable additional information, particularly when samples from unclear or changing redox environments are investigated. Unfortunately, a likewise simple distinct determination of just sulphide and sulphate already requires considerable efforts as sample dissolution or extra equipment. Two comparatively convenient strategies based on extended routine wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry measurements were adapted and optimised for a reliable quantitative sulphur speciation whereupon the matrix influence can be neglected. About 100 synthetic samples with different concentration ratios of sulphides and sulphates have been prepared and analysed using a WD‐XRF spectrometer. The first approach to differentiate between oxidation states and their quantification takes advantage of the Kα1,2 doublet shift. Sulphide lines are located at 2309 eV, sulphate lines at 2310 eV, and mixtures can be quantified by a regression curve of fluorescence energy versus sulphide amount. Secondly, the amount of sulphide can be calculated by a regression curve based on the quotient Kβ′/Kβ of the sulphur peak heights or areas. In contrast to sulphides, sulphates show sulphur Kβ′ satellite peaks, and the intensity of S Kβ′ increases with the increasing sulphate content. However, the applicability of this second method is limited by the lower detection limit of sulphide (10 g kg−1 sulphide in the sample) and interferences with lead (Pb Mβ line). Both approaches are validated by an independent method, Electrothermal Vaporisation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, and already employed in investigations of ore‐containing mining dumps in Saxony/Germany. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correct-by-construction model driven engineering composition operators
Authors: Kezadri Hamiaz Mounira , Pantel Marc , Thirioux Xavier , Combemale Benoit
Published: January 2016

Model composition is a crucial activity in Model Driven Engineering both to reuse validated and verified model elements and to handle separately the various aspects in a complex system and then weave them while preserving their properties. Many research activities target this compositional validation and verification (V & V) strategy: allow the independent assessment of components and minimize the residual V & V activities at assembly time. However, there is a continuous and increasing need for the definition of new composition operators that allow the reconciliation of existing models to build new systems according to various requirements. These ones are usually built from scratch and must be systematically verified to assess that they preserve the properties of the assembled elements. This verification is usually tedious but is mandatory to avoid verifying the composite system for each use of the operators. Our work addresses these issues, we first target the use of proof assistants for specifying and verifying compositional verification frameworks relying on formal verification techniques instead of testing and proofreading. Then, using a divide and conquer approach, we focus on the development of elementary composition operators that are easy to verify and can be used to further define complex composition operators. In our approach, proofs for the complex operators are then obtained by assembling the proofs of the basic operators. To illustrate our proposal, we use the Coq proof assistant to formalize the language-independent elementary composition operators Union and Substitution and the proof that the conformance of models with respect to metamodels is preserved during composition. We show that more sophisticated composition operators that share parts of the implementation and have several properties in common (especially: aspect oriented modeling composition approach, invasive software composition, and package merge) can then be built from the basic ones, and that the proof of conformance preservation can also be built from the proofs of basic operators.
Anatomical Resection But Not Surgical Margin Width Influence Survival Following Resection for HCC, A Propensity Score Analysis
Authors: Lee Jung‐Woo , Lee Young‐Joo , Park Kwang‐Min , Hwang Dae‐Wook , Lee Jae Hoon , Song Ki Byung
Published: January 2016

Background

The effects of the surgical resection margin on the clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases remain controversial. The objective of this study was to further examine this issue.

Methods

The details of all HCC patients who underwent hepatectomy between December 1999 and December 2009 at the Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Asan Medical Center were analyzed retrospectively. We divided 1022 HCC patients into two groups according to the most significant surgical margin length. To overcome any bias due to differences in the distribution of covariates between the two groups, the patients were in a matched 1:1 ratio by propensity score analysis.

Results

A surgical margin ≤1 mm was identified as the most significant surgical margin in both disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.008 and p = 0.026, respectively). However, many clinicopathological factors were different between the resection margin ≤1 mm and >1 mm groups. To reduce these different clinicopathological factors, propensity score matching was performed using 21 selected factors. After matching, no significant difference was found in DFS and OS between the two groups (p = 0.688, p = 0.398). In addition, there was no significant difference in the intrahepatic recurrence rate and pattern between the resection margin groups. Except for the preoperative patient’s status and tumor stage, significant risk factors in OS were anatomical resection and postoperative morbidity (p = 0.002, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

We identified that the widths of the resection margin in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma did not influence the postoperative recurrence rates, overall survival, and recurrence pattern in multivariable analysis as well as propensity score match analysis.
Copyright exceptions for archivists and librarians in the UK
Authors: Stobo Victoria
Published: January 2016

Copyright legislation in the UK changed significantly in 2014, and this article provides an overview to some of the most relevant changes to the exceptions1 in copyright law that can be used by archivists and librarians. Subscribers to ALJ will have read Tim Padfield's excellent introduction to UK copyright law for art librarians in 2012, much of which is still relevant and will not be repeated here. Given the varied nature of art library and archive collections in the UK, and the complex nature of the law in this area, it is intended that the following general guidance to the 2014 legislative changes will highlight areas for further study: such basic guidance should not be used to inform internal policy or decision-making. The article also includes a list of sources for more detailed information on the law, in the references section.
Outset study at drawing room: the first year
Authors: Ravindran Yamuna
Published: January 2016

What led to the establishment of a new library space in London specializing in international contemporary drawing? Beyond providing access to collections, how will this research hub support artists practice and scholarship, and encourage deeper engagement from exhibition audiences? This article looks at the development of Outset Study's collections, audiences and events programme, and reflects on successes and challenges faced in the first year.
Canadian Experience with Fingolimod: Adherence to Treatment and Monitoring
Authors: Lapierre Yves , O’Connor Paul , Devonshire Virginia , Freedman Mark S , Kremenchutzky Marcelo , Yeung Michael , Schecter Robyn
Published: January 2016

Background: The Canadian GILENYA® Go ProgramTM provides education and support to people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis during fingolimod treatment. Methods: Data were collected and analyzed from the time of the first individual enrolled in March 2011 to March 31, 2014. Individuals were excluded if they withdrew from the program prior to receiving the first dose, or had not completed the first dose observation (FDO) at the time of data cut-off. Reports of adverse effects were validated with a database of adverse events reported to Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc. Results: A total of 2,399 individuals had completed FDO at the end of the three-year observation period. Mean age was 41.2 years; 75.2% were female. The most recent prior therapies reported were interferon-β agents (50.2%), glatiramer acetate (31.1%), natalizumab (14.2%), no prior therapy (3.3%), and other agent (1.1%). Reasons for switching to fingolimod were lack of efficacy (34.9%), side effects (34.6%), and dissatisfaction with injections/infusion (30.4%). Continuation rates with fingolimod at 12, 24 and 30 months were 80.7%, 76.6% and 76.0%, respectively. The discontinuation rate due to reported lack of efficacy during the three-year period was 1.3%. There was 94.4% adherence to the scheduled ophthalmic examination. Conclusions: The GILENYA® Go ProgramTM captures data for virtually all fingolimod-treated patients in Canada, enabling the evaluation of fingolimod use in routine practice. Ongoing patient support and reminders to take the medication, in conjunction with physicians’ and/or patients’ perception of the efficacy and tolerability of fingolimod, resulted in a high rate of continuation during longer-term therapy.
Springs and their offspring: the international consequences of domestic uprisings
Authors: Owen John M.
Published: January 2016

A politicalspringis an abrupt, broad, sustained increase in public dissent in a state that has prohibited it, as in Czechoslovakia in 1968 or Tunisia in early 2011. Some springs produce offspring – clusters of events within neighbouring states (civic unrest, increased state repression, co-option of dissent, revolution) and among those states (intensification of international rivalries, foreign interventions). An English Spring in 1558–9 produced such a cluster in Northwestern Europe. This article addresses the underlying causal mechanism connecting springs and their offspring, rather than the related correlational question (viz. under what conditions a spring is followed by offspring). That mechanism istransnational group polarisation, or the progressive separation of preferences across a population into pro- and anti-government groups. Transnational polarisation along a pro-versus-anti-government axis is an endogenous process triggered by exogenous events, such as violence or public demonstrations that raise the status of, or threat to, one of the groups. It presents powerful actors across states with new threats and opportunities and can help explain how the Tunisian Spring of early 2011 produced throughout the Arab Middle East infectious unrest, serial repressions and reforms, heightened international tensions, and foreign interventions.
Future arms, technologies, and international law: Preventive security governance
Authors: Garcia Denise
Published: January 2016

This article presents an initial discussion of the political and legal challenges associated with weaponised technologies in three interconnected areas that may impinge upon the ability to protect civilian populations during peace and war and imperil international security: armed unmanned combat aerial vehicles (commonly known as drones); autonomous weapons systems (known as ‘killer robots’); and the potential militarisation of cyberspace, or its use as a weapon, and the operation of drones and killer robots in the cyber domain. Supporting the argument that the world is ‘facing new methods of warfare’ and that international security governance and law are not keeping up, the article provides an overview and interpretation of three technologies in connection with aspects of five branches of law: state responsibility, use of force, international humanitarian law, human rights law, and law of the commons. I argue therefore that ‘preventive security governance’ could be a strategy to curtail uncertainty in the preservation of stability and international order. I define ‘preventive security governance’ as the codification of specific or new global norms, arising from existing international law that will clarify expectations and universally agreed behaviour on a given issue-area. This is essential for a peaceful future for humanity and for international order and stability.
Crisis-driven reforms and local discretion: an assessment of Italy and Spain
Authors: Bolgherini Silvia
Published: January 2016

The recent and still enduring global economic and financial crisis deeply impacted the institutional framework in Italy and Spain by prompting a series of reforms, which ultimately re-shaped the local government features. Based on a qualitative comparative analysis of recent reforms, the author shows that (directly and indirectly) crisis-driven provisions have significantly impacted the local levels and changed the central/local relations in both countries. During the years of crisis, a decrease in local discretion in its three main facets (fiscal, administrative, and political/functional) has taken place. This outcome could both allow for a better understanding of how central and local governments have interacted during the crisis and to contribute to the formulation of more general considerations on local discretion and central/local relations in Italy and Spain.
Hurt Feelings in Women: The Interaction of Social and Individual Difference Factors
Authors: Burchell Jodie L. , Gorelik Alexandra , Wilkinson Ross B.
Published: January 2016

Research into the causes of hurt feelings has generally examined the impact of single predictors. The current article builds on previous literature by examining the interactive effects of several key elements of hurtful events in predicting the intensity of hurt. Two studies using community samples of women examined interactions between the type of hurtful event, the importance of the perpetrator, and victim hurt-proneness in predicting variance in hurt intensity. Study 1 (n= 475) used a series of scenarios as the hurtful stimulus while Study 2 (n= 380) used a number of recalled hurtful events. Both studies replicated previous bivariate relationships between perpetrator importance and hurt-proneness and the intensity of hurt, while the first study also demonstrated a significant effect for type of hurtful event. Both studies also found a significant three-way interaction between these variables, indicating that victim hurt-proneness only predicted the intensity of hurt at lower levels of event severity and perpetrator importance. It is concluded that the experience of hurt is multidimensional and contextual. Future directions for research involving gender differences and interventions for individuals and couples are discussed.
Airy-like electron plasma wave
Authors: Li Hehe , Li Xinzhong , Wang Jingge
Published: January 2016

In this paper, an Airy-like electron plasma wave is investigated in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma consisting of inertial electrons and static ions. Just like the optical Airy beam, the Airy-like electron plasma wave also has two interesting propagation characteristics: it has transverse acceleration and is diffraction-free, which display that the Airy-like electron plasma wave propagates along a curved trajectory and retains the basic structure for longer distances in the propagation direction, respectively. We give a numerical simulation for the electrostatic potential of the Airy-like electron plasma wave and show that, with the increase of the propagation distance, the electrostatic potential decreases in the propagation direction but increases in the transverse direction.
AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR PARISIAN UP-AND-IN CALLS
Authors: LE NHAT-TAN , LU XIAOPING , ZHU SONG-PING
Published: January 2016

We derive an analytical solution for the value of Parisian up-and-in calls by using the “moving window” technique for pricing European-style Parisian up-and-out calls. Our pricing formula can be applied to both European-style and American-style Parisian up-and-in calls, due to the fact that with an “in” barrier, the option holder cannot do or decide on anything before the option is activated, and once the option is activated it is just a plain vanilla call, which could be of American style or European style.
Vertical Shear Instability in the Solar Nebula
Authors: Lin Min-Kai , Youdin Andrew N.
Published: January 2016

We quantify the thermodynamic requirement for the Vertical Shear Instability and evaluate its relevance to realistic protoplanetary disks as a potential route to hydrodynamic turbulence.
Radio Emission from Binary Stars in the AB Doradus Moving Group
Authors: Azulay R. , Guirado J.C. , Marcaide J.M. , Martí-Vidal I. , Ros E.
Published: January 2016

Precise determination of dynamical masses of pre-main-sequence stars is essential for calibrating stellar evolution models, that are widely used to derive theoretical masses of young low-mass objects. We have determined the individual masses of the pair AB Dor Ba/Bb using Australian Long Baseline Array observations and archive infrared data, as part of a larger program directed to monitor binary systems in the AB Doradus moving group. We have detected, for the first time, compact radio emission from both stars. This has allowed us to determine the orbital parameters of both the relative and absolute orbits and, consequently, their individual dynamical masses: 0.28±0.05 M⊙ and 0.25±0.05 M⊙. Comparisons of the dynamical masses with the prediction of pre-main-sequence (PMS) evolutionary models show that the models underpredict the dynamical masses of the binary components Ba and Bb by 10–30% and 10–40%, respectively.
Collisions of Planetesimals and Formation of Planets
Authors: Dvorak Rudolf , Maindl Thomas I. , Süli Áron , Schäfer Christoph M. , Speith Roland , Burger Christoph
Published: January 2016

We present preliminary results of models of terrestrial planet formation using on the one hand classical numerical integration of hundreds of small bodies on CPUs and on the other hand—for comparison—the results of our GPU code with thousands of small bodies which then merge to larger ones. To be able to determine the outcome of collision events we use our smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code which tracks how water is lost during such events.
On the Possibility to Identify a Companion in a Protoplanetary Disk
Authors: Zakhozhay O. V.
Published: January 2016

In this paper, I investigate a possibility to detect a brown dwarf companion in a protoplanetary disk based on spectral energy distribution (SED) profile analysis. I present synthetic spectral energy distributions of protoplanetary disks with and without an embedded companion that clears a gap. The computations are performed for a star (0.8 M⊙) and a substellar companion (30 MJ) at an age of 5 Myr embedded in a protoplanetary disk, located at a distance 100 pc from the Sun. Analysis of the SED profile shape indicates that the maximum difference between the fluxes of the systems with and without the companion is ≈ 0.43 Jy at 34 μm.
X-raying Circumstellar Material around Young Stars
Authors: Schneider P. C. , Günther H. M.
Published: January 2016

Young stars are surrounded by copious amounts of circumstellar material. Its composition, in particular its gas-to-dust ratio, is an important parameter. However, measuring this ratio is challenging, because gas mass estimates are often model dependent. X-ray absorption is sensitive to the gas along the line-of-sight while optical/near-IR extinction depends on the dust. Therefore, the absorber's gas-to-dust ratio is directly given by the ratio between X-ray and optical/near-IR extinction. We present three systems where we used X-ray and optical/near-IR data to constrain the gas-to-dust ratio of circumstellar material; from a dust rich debris disk to gaseous protoplanetary disks.
New Low-mass Accretors in the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association
Authors: Murphy Simon J. , Lawson Warrick A. , Bento Joao
Published: January 2016

We describe the serendipitous discovery of two new lithium-rich M5 members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association (Sco-Cen). Both stars exhibit large 12 and 22 μm excesses and strong, variable Hα emission which we attribute to accretion from circumstellar discs. Such stars are thought to be incredibly rare at the ~16 Myr median age of much of Sco-Cen. The serendipitous discovery of two accreting stars hosting large quantities of circumstellar material may be indicative of a sizeable age spread in Sco-Cen, or further evidence that disc dispersal and planet formation time-scales are longer around lower-mass stars.
Stellar Evolution Models of Young Stars: Progress and Limitations
Authors: Feiden Gregory A.
Published: January 2016

Stellar evolution models are a cornerstone of young star astrophysics, which necessitates that they yield accurate and reliable predictions of stellar properties. Here, I review the current performance of stellar evolution models against young astrophysical benchmarks and highlight recent progress incorporating non-standard physics, such as magnetic field and starspots, to explain observed deficiencies. While addition of these physical processes leads to improved agreement between models and observations, there are several fundamental limitations in our understanding about how these physical processes operate. These limitations inhibit our ability to form a coherent picture of the essential physics needed to accurately compute young stellar models, but provide rich avenues for further exploration.
Anomalous Spectral Types and Intrinsic Colors of Young Stars
Authors: Pecaut Mark J.
Published: January 2016

We highlight differences in spectral types and intrinsic colors observed in pre-main sequence (pre-MS) stars. Spectral types of pre-MS stars are wavelength-dependent, with near-infrared spectra being 3-5 spectral sub-classes later than the spectral types determined from optical spectra. In addition, the intrinsic colors of young stars differ from that of main-sequence stars at a given spectral type. We caution observers to adopt optical spectral types over near-infrared types, since Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram positions derived from optical spectral types provide consistency between dynamical masses and theoretical evolutionary tracks. We also urge observers to deredden pre-MS stars with tabulations of intrinsic colors specifically constructed for young stars, since their unreddened colors differ from that of main sequence dwarfs. Otherwise, V-band extinctions as much as ~0.6 mag erroneously higher than the true extinction may result, which would introduce systematic errors in the H-R diagram positions and thus bias the inferred ages.
ALMA and the Future of Millimeter Imaging Observations
Authors: Wilner David J.
Published: January 2016

The Nearby Young Moving Groups sample the critical age when primordial disks around stars complete their transformation into planetary systems with associated debris. Millimeter wavelengths provide direct access to cool material in these circumstellar disks. The high angular resolution of interferometry at these long wavelengths enables resolved observations of solids in an optically thin regime, as well as the thermal, chemical, and dynamical structure of gas, if present. In this contribution, I briefly review the evolving landscape of millimeter telescopes, with emphasis on the revolutionary capabilities of the new international Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and describe pertinent early science results.
The Impact of Starspots on Mass and Age Estimates for Pre-main Sequence Stars
Authors: Somers Garrett , Pinsonneault Marc H.
Published: January 2016

We investigate the impact of starspots on the evolution of late-type stars during the pre-main sequence (pre-MS). We find that heavy spot coverage increases the radii of stars by 4–10%, consistent with inflation factors in eclipsing binary systems, and suppresses the rate of pre-MS lithium depletion, leading to a dispersion in zero-age MS Li abundance (comparable to observed spreads) if a range of spot properties exist within clusters from 3-10 Myr. This concordance with data implies that spots induce a range of radii at fixed mass during the pre-MS. These spots decrease the luminosity and Teff of stars, leading to a displacement on the HR diagram. This displacement causes isochrone derived masses and ages to be systematically under-estimated, and can lead to the spurious appearance of an age spread in a co-eval population.
Near-infrared Spectroscopy of Brown Dwarf and Planetary-Mass Members in Upper Scorpius
Authors: Lodieu Nicolas
Published: January 2016

In these proceedings, I present new VLT/X-shooter near-infrared spectroscopy of brown dwarf and planetary-mass candidates with masses below 30 Jupiter masses identified in a deep VISTA ZYJ survey of 13.5 square degrees in the Upper Scorpius (USco) association. These spectra represent new benchmarks at 5–10 Myr to compare with known and future discoveries of members in nearby moving groups and other young regions.
A Pre-Gaia Census of Nearby Stellar Groups
Authors: Mamajek Eric E.
Published: January 2016

The nearest, youngest groups of stars to the Sun provide important samples of age-dated stars for studying circumstellar disk evolution, imaged exoplanets, and brown dwarfs. I briefly comment on the status of the known stellar groups within 100 pc: β Pic, AB Dor, UMa, Car-Near, Tuc-Hor and β Tuc nucleus, Hyades, Col, TW Hya, Car, Coma Ber, 32 Ori, η Cha, and χ1 For. I also discuss some poorly characterized groups and “non-groups.” Grades for 2015 of Pass, Satisfactory, or Fail are assigned to the groups for the purposes of age-dating stars and brown dwarfs. I speculate that Tuc-Hor could have provided a supernova ~60 pc away ~2.2 Myr ago which showered the Earth with traces of 60Fe-bearing dust.
The Age of Taurus: Environmental Effects on Disc Lifetimes
Authors: Rees J. M. , Wilson T. , Bell C. P. M. , Jeffries R. D. , Naylor T.
Published: January 2016

Using semi-empirical isochrones, we find the age of the Taurus star-forming region to be 3-4 Myr. Comparing the disc fraction in Taurus to young massive clusters suggests discs survive longer in this low density environment. We also present a method of photometrically de-reddening young stars using iZJH data.
Angular Momentum Evolution of Young Solar-type Stars
Authors: Amard Louis , Palacios Ana , Charbonnel Corinne
Published: January 2016

We present stellar evolution models of young solar-type stars including self consistent treatment of rotational mixing and extraction of angular momentum (AM) by magnetized wind including the most up-to-date physic of AM transport.
A Pan-STARRS1 Search for Substellar Young Moving Group Members
Authors: Aller Kimberly M. , Liu Michael C. , Magnier Eugene A.
Published: January 2016

Young moving groups (YMGs) are coeval, comoving groups of stars which have migrated from their birthsites after formation. In the substellar regime, YMG members are key benchmarks to empirically define brown dwarf evolution with age and to study the lowest mass end of the initial mass function. We have combined Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) proper motions with optical+IR photometry from PS1, 2MASS and WISE to perform a large-scale (≈30,000 deg2) systematic search for substellar members down to ≈10 MJup. We have obtained near-IR spectroscopy of a large sample of ultracool candidate YMG members to assess their youth via gravity-sensitive absorption features. We have identified several new intermediate-gravity candidate members of the AB Dor Moving Group, potentially greatly expanding the substellar membership. These new candidate members bridge the gap between the known low-mass stellar and planetary-mass members and yield valuable insight into the spectral characteristics of young brown dwarfs.
A Young Planetary Mass Companion to the Nearby M Dwarf VHS J125601.92-125723.9
Authors: Gauza B. , Béjar V. J. S. , Pérez-Garrido A. , Osorio M. R. Zapatero , Lodieu N. , Rebolo R. , Pallé E. , Nowak G.
Published: January 2016

We have recently identified a young, very red (J − Ks = 2.47 mag) late L-type companion at 8.06” ± 0.03” (~102 AU) from a previously unrecognized M dwarf. We determined the parallactic distance of the system to be 12.7±1.0 pc. Non-detection of lithium and the kinematics of the primary allowed us to constrain the age of the system in the range of 150–300 Myr. By comparison with theoretical evolutionary models we derived a mass of 73+20−15MJup for the primary, at around the substellar mass regime and 11.2+9.7−1.8MJup for the secondary, near the deuterium burning mass limit.
Young Stars and Planets Near the Sun: Explosive Phenomena from Falling Evaporating Bodies
Authors: Ibadov Subhon , Ibodov Firuz S.
Published: January 2016

Impacts of falling evaporating bodies (FEBs) with stars and planets at velocitiesV≳ 10 − 20 km/s will be accompanied, due to aerodynamic effects such as crushing and transversal expansion of the crushed mass, by the FEB's “explosion” and the generation of a strong “blast” wave, resulting in FEB-generated explosive/flare phenomena. Multiwavelength monitoring of nearby young stars (and exoplanets) with dense protoplanetary disks rich in FEB's is hence of interest for identifying such FEB-related mechanisms possibly underlying their variability.
Mapping the Distributions of Exoplanet Populations with NICI and GPI
Authors: Nielsen Eric L. , Liu Michael C. , Wahhaj Zahed , Biller Beth A. , Hayward Thomas L. , Close Laird M. ,   the Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign Team, Macintosh Bruce , Savransky Dmitry , Wang Jason J. , Graham James R. , De Rosa Robert J. , Rajan Abhijith ,   the GPIES Consortium
Published: January 2016

While more and more long-period giant planets are discovered by direct imaging, the distribution of planets at these separations (≳5 AU) has remained largely uncertain, especially compared to planets in the inner regions of solar systems probed by RV and transit techniques. The low frequency, the detection challenges, and heterogeneous samples make determining the mass and orbit distributions of directly imaged planets at the end of a survey difficult. By utilizing Monte Carlo methods that incorporate the age, distance, and spectral type of each target, we can use all stars in the survey, not just those with detected planets, to learn about the underlying population. We have produced upper limits and direct measurements of the frequency of these planets with the most recent generation of direct imaging surveys. The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign observed 220 young, nearby stars at a median H-band contrast of 14.5 magnitudes at 1”, representing the largest, deepest search for exoplanets by the completion of the survey. The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey is in the process of surveying 600 stars, pushing these contrasts to a few tenths of an arcsecond from the star. With the advent of large surveys (many hundreds of stars) using advanced planet-imagers we gain the ability to move beyond measuring the frequency of wide-separation giant planets and to simultaneously determine the distribution as a function of planet mass, semi-major axis, and stellar mass, and so directly test models of planet formation and evolution.