bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Milk production and composition in Malagueña dairy goats. Effect of genotype for synthesis of αs1-casein on milk production and its interaction with dietary protein content
Authors: de la Torre Adarve Gloria , Morales Eva Ramos , Serradilla Manrique Juan Manuel , Extremera Francisca Gil , Sanz Sampelayo M Remedios
Published: January 2009

A study was carried out to analyse the production and composition of milk from Malagueña goats of different genotypes for the content of αs1-casein. Twenty goats were used, half of them with a high (HG) and half with a low (LG) genetic capability for αs1-casein synthesis. Among the ten HG goats, seven had BB and three had AB genotypes, whereas there were seven EF and three FF genotypes among the LG goats. The goats were fed a diet differing in crude protein content, 136 and 177 g/kg dry matter for diet 1 (D1) and diet 2 (D2), respectively. For each genotype group, a trial was conducted, with each of the two diets in a two-period balanced change-over design, in which the milk production and composition were analysed. The genotype was found to determine milk composition, with that produced by the HG goats being higher in total solids, protein, αs1-casein, αs2-casein and fat. Analysis of milk production values and, especially, those of the yields of the different components, revealed an interaction between the factors. HG goats that consumed D1 were more productive than LG goats, but this ceased to be so when the D1 diet was replaced by D2. However, LG goats, although less productive than HG ones when the D1 diet was consumed, showed increased productive capacity when D1 was replaced by D2. The main difference for the fatty acid profile of the dairy fat is that the milk fat produced by the HG goats contained higher levels of short and medium-chain fatty acids. From these results, it is concluded that, in terms of favouring production, the advantage of replacing animals with a low capacity for αs1-casein synthesis with those of a high capacity seems to depend on the protein level in the diet. Similarly, the advantage of changing to a diet of higher protein content depended on the animal's genotype.
Supplemental fish oil does not alter immune competence or the pathophysiological response to an intramammary infusion of endotoxin in peri-partum multiparous Holstein cows
Authors: Ballou Michael A , Gomes Rodrigo C , DePeters Edward J
Published: January 2009

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementing the diet with fish oil during the peri-partum period on the immune competence and the pathophysiological response to a lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis challenge. Multiparous Holstein cows (n=30) were completely randomized to one of two treatments at 3 weeks pre-partum. Treatments differed only in the source of supplemental lipid and included either Energy Booster® or fish oil. Treatment diets were fed from −21 d relative to expected date of parturition until 10 d post partum. Treatments were fed as a bolus prior to the a.m. feeding. The dose of lipid during the pre-partum period was 250 g/d, whereas the amount of lipid supplemented post partum was adjusted to the level of intake, approximately 0·92% of the previous day's dry matter intake. Ex-vivo analyses of immune competence were measured including the antimicrobial activity of whole blood againstEscherichia coli,Salmonella typhimuriumandCandida albicansas well as the production of interferon-γ by peripheral blood mononuclear cultures. At 7 days in milk cows were infused with 100 μg ofEsch. colilipopolysaccharide into one rear quarter. Supplementing fish oil increased plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, but had no affect on the proportions of arachidonic acid at calving. Fish oil did not influence the production of interferon-γ or the antimicrobial activity of whole blood against any of the microorganisms. Furthermore, fish oil had no ameliorative effect on either the local or the systemic acute phase response following an intramammary lipopolysaccharide challenge in early lactating Holstein cows. Supplementing fish oil in the diet of peri-partum cows will not protect them from deleterious effects of an excessive acute phase response.
ASL or contact signing: Issues of judgment
Authors: Lucas Ceil , Valli Clayton
Published: January 2009

This article reports on one aspect of an ongoing study of language contact in the American deaf community. A kind of signing that results from the contact between American Sign Language (ASL) and English exhibits features of both languages. The ultimate goal of the study is a linguistic description of contact signing and a reexamination of claims that it is a pidgin. Ten dyads and two triads of native ASL signers (6 white dyads, 4 black dyads, 2 black triads) were videotaped with a deaf interviewer, a hearing interviewer, and alone with each other. The different interview situations induced switching between ASL and contact signing. This article (1) reviews the pattern of language use during the interviews with the white dyads and describes the judgments of selected videotaped segments by 10 native signers; (2) examines the role of demographic information in judgments. For each segment, half of the judges were given one set of demographic information, and the other half were given another set. Indications are that this information does affect judgment, even though the linguistic forms viewed were identical. (American Sign Language, language contact, language judgments, deaf community)
Diffusion and focusing: Phonological variation and social networks In Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Authors: Salami L. Oladipo
Published: January 2009

This article reports on the application of the concept ofsocial networkto the process of language usage among Yoruba-speaking city dwellers in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria. The study, modeled on L. Milroy (1980), focuses mainly on phonetic/phonological variation within Common Spoken Yoruba (CmSpY). The analysis of the data gathered mainly within face-to-face interviews shows that, whereas we can claim that there is stratification within CmSpY on the basis of sociodemographic factors, the variable of social network manifests a powerful influence on variation in Yoruba language usage and potential change within CmSpY in Ile-Ife. (Linguistic variation, social networks, linguistic focusing)
The pragmatics of minority politics in Belgium
Authors: Blommaert Jan , Verschueren Jef
Published: January 2009

Newspaper reports, political policy papers, and investigations by social scientists concerning issues related to the presence of a community of migrant workers in Belgium are subjected to a systematic, pragmatic analysis. The analysis reveals an eminently coherent world of beliefs and attitudes with respect to (1) perceptions of the “other,” (2) the self-perception of majority members, (3) formulations of “the problem,” and (4) proposed solutions. This world of beliefs and attitudes is shown to be centered around stable – even if vague – notions of culture, nation and state, democracy and human rights, and around related recipes for “integration” that reveal a collective psyche profoundly troubled by the very idea of diversity in society (linguistic or otherwise). Homogeneity appears to be a strict norm for average members of Belgian society, irrespective of the specific political positions they take. (Minority politics, language and ideology, pragmatics, political rhetoric, news reporting, ethnicity)
Abstract categories or limited-scope formulae? The case of children's determiners
Authors: VALIAN VIRGINIA , SOLT STEPHANIE , STEWART JOHN
Published: January 2009

Six tests of the spontaneous speech of twenty-one English-speaking children (1 ; 10 to 2 ; 8; MLUs 1·53 to 4·38) demonstrate the presence of the syntactic category determiner from the start of combinatorial speech, supporting nativist accounts. Children use multiple determiners before a noun to the same extent as their mothers (1) when only a and the or (2) all determiners are analyzed, or (3) when children and mothers are matched on determiner and noun types and determiner+noun tokens. (4) Overlap increases as opportunity for overlap increases: children use multiple determiners with more than 50% of nouns used at least twice with a determiner and with 80% of nouns used at least six times with a determiner. (5) Formulae play a limited role in low-MLU children's determiner usage, increasing with MLU. (6) Less than 1% of determiner uses are errors. Prior results showing no overlap are likely a sampling artifact.
Climate Variability and Extremes During the Past 100 Years
Authors: Manton Michael
Published: January 2009

Although the Anthropocene is usually defined as the period since the late eighteenth century when humans started to influence global climate, the past 100 years is the period when the impact of humans on climate has led to a discernible signal above the noise of natural climate variability. Since 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has regularly documented the continuing increase of our knowledge of policy‐relevant scientific and technical issues associated with climate change, and the number of journal articles and books on the topic has grown rapidly. It is therefore difficult to write a book that brings new light to the science issues.

The eclectic nature of the areas covered by Climate Variability and Extremes During the Past 100 Years does produce an interesting set of snapshots on the state of our understanding of climate variability. The book, with 55 contributors and 24 chapters, is based on a workshop of the same name. The workshop was held in Switzerland in July 2006 and brought together climatologists, modelers, and chemists. Discussions at the workshop would have been extremely interesting, as modelers commented on the state of the observed climate record and those more focused on observation commented on the ability of models to simulate the climate system. However, the book only records formal papers prepared for the workshop.
Detection of natural oil slicks in the NW Gulf of Mexico using MODIS imagery
Authors: Hu Chuanmin , Li Xiaofeng , Pichel William G. , Muller‐Karger Frank E.
Published: January 2009

We demonstrate the unique capability of the MODIS instruments in detecting oil slicks in an open ocean environment. On 13 May 2006, in the NW Gulf of Mexico where water depth ranges from 50 to 2500 m, one 250‐m resolution MODIS image showed at least 164 surface slicks under sun glint (glint reflectance, Lg, ranged between 0.0001 and 0.06 sr−1). After discounting other possible causes, we believe these are the result of natural seeps. Our analysis showed total coverage of ∼1900 km2, with individual slicks varying in surface area (11.7 ± 14.8 km2) and length (19.2 ± 12.4 km). Concurrent SAR imagery showed similar area estimates to within 30%. This estimate, based on a single image, is higher than earlier estimates from a database of multi‐date SAR images for the same region. Inspection of >200 images for the month of May between 2000 and 2008 revealed similar slicks on at least 50 images. On 2 June 2005, slicks were detected under sun glint with both negative contrast (Lg < 0.05 sr−1) and positive contrast (Lg > 0.05 sr−1). These slicks could not be detected in glint‐free MODIS images collected on the same day. Because of the near‐daily revisit and wide sun glint coverage (e.g., >800 km E‐W between March and October at 25°N), systematic and global application of the MODIS 250‐m imagery can help locate natural seeps and improve estimates of seepage rates in the world's ocean.
Cosmic‐ray muon imaging of magma in a conduit: Degassing process of Satsuma‐Iwojima Volcano, Japan
Authors: Tanaka Hiroyuki K. M. , Uchida Tomohisa , Tanaka Manobu , Shinohara Hiroshi , Taira Hideaki
Published: January 2009

Muon radiography can provide essentially a cross section through the object parallel to the plane of the detector, on which the average density along all the muon paths is projected, somewhat like X‐ray radiography. Very recently the use of emulsion films has given us a clue for visualization of the interior of volcanoes. To image a larger volcano in shorter time, we need a larger detector to collect more muon events. However, the time required for imaging will be proportional to the detection area. In order to overcome this problem, we developed a portable assembly type cosmic‐ray muon telescope module to image the density distribution of magma in the conduit of Mt. Iwodake volcano, Japan. A muon detector with an area of 1 m2 was set up at the foot of the volcano. We mapped differentially absorbed cosmic‐ray muons, which depend on the varying thickness and density beneath the crater floor. We successfully imaged density distribution in the conduit as well as the conduit shape, assuming the density anomaly is localized in the vent area. The observed location of the magma head is consistent with the degassing model of rhyolitic systems proposed by K. Kazahaya et al. in 2002.
The Effects of Context on the Classroom Discourse Skills of Children With Language Impairment
Authors: Peets Kathleen F.
Published: January 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of context on the classroom discourse skills of children with language impairment (LI).

Method

Four classroom contexts were audiotaped among 11 children with LI: a journal-writing conference, a small-group lesson, a peer play session, and sharing time.

Results

Context affected the children’s performances on language productivity and complexity measures, self-monitoring strategies, and turn-taking patterns.

Clinical Implications

Classroom discourse as a set of discourse genres is critical in the assessment and intervention of LI. In order to be representative of a given child’s competence, several of such genres must be sampled in language assessment.
AGS's second decade: more precise experiments
Authors: Davis Harold L.
Published: January 2009

The 30-GeV Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory will remain the best place to study many kinds of particle reactions (such as those that test time reversal) even after the much higher energy Batavia accelerator comes into operation. This view was offered by Jack Sandweiss at a summer study held at Brookhaven to explore the future role of the AGS. Sandweiss mentioned that the AGS will continue to be this country's best K-meson factory for K-meson energies in the region less than 10 GeV. Although the 500-GeV machine due to turn on a year from now at Batavia will produce K-meson beams at much higher energies, the CP-violating decays (first observed with K mesons produced by the AGS) are most easily studied with the lower energy K's available at Brookhaven.
Antiproton found going 'round in strange circles
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

To the list of particles that have been Coulomb captured by a nucleus, add antiprotons and sigma minus particles. Gerhard Backenstoss and his collaborators from CERN, Karlsruhe and Heidelberg have observed x rays from atomic transitions of antiprotons bound in the Coulomb field of a thallium nucleus. Similarly they observed x rays from atomic transitions of Σ− particles orbiting sulfur, chlorine and zinc nuclei. Only very high values of angular momentum are observed; at lower levels the orbit is within the nucleus and the Σ− or antiproton is captured by a nucleon. The level at which transitions disappear is very sensitive to the arrangement of nuclear matter. As the particle works its way down to the nucleus its orbit becomes circular; so interaction with the nuclear surface is favored. The other exotic atoms previously observed contain pions, muons, and most recently, kaons.
Element 105: Flerov reiterates Dubna priority claim
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

The priority dispute over who first made element 105 continues. Georgi N. Flerov, director of the laboratory of nuclear reactions at Dubna, has pointed out to PHYSICS TODAY that results of his new experiment on element 105 appeared in February in a Dubna publication. He noted that his publication preceded both the announcement made by Albert Ghiorso and his collaborators and a statement issued by the AEC on 28 April that the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory group had discovered element 105 and was naming it “hahnium.” Ghiorso had told a press conference at the April APS meeting that he believed Flerov's first experiment on element 105 (PHYSICS TODAY, December 1967, page 61) was wrong but not necessarily the second experiment. He remarked that because the Soviet group did not propose a name they apparently did not feel their evidence was very strong.
Use of dry matter content as a rapid and low-cost estimate for ranking genotypic differences in water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the stem and leaf sheath of Triticum aestivum
Authors: Xue Gang-Ping , McIntyre C. Lynne , Rattey Allan R. , van Herwaarden Anthony F. , Shorter Ray
Published: January 2009

Stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) are an important source of temporary carbohydrate reserve in cool-season cereals. Genotypic variation in stem WSC concentration in wheat at anthesis is often positively associated with grain weight and yield in water-limited environments. In this study we have examined the relationship between dry matter content (DMC, dry weight per unit of fresh weight) and WSC concentration in field-grown bread wheat. Strong correlations (r = 0.92–0.95) were observed between DMC and WSC concentration in the stem and leaf sheath from the top two or three internodes of recombinant inbred lines from a cross between Seri M82 and Babax, at anthesis or 1 week after anthesis, in several field experiments. This strong correlation was also observed in diverse genotypes grown under rainfed or irrigated conditions. DMC and WSC concentration were also positively correlated in the whole above-ground biomass of wheat at anthesis (r = 0.74–0.91). Measurement of stem and leaf sheath DMC and WSC concentration in a small number of samples would allow the rapid prediction of WSC concentrations in a large number of field samples with reasonable accuracy, as demonstrated in a small dataset in this study. These data indicate that DMC can serve cereal breeding as a rapid and low-cost selection tool for genotypic ranking of WSC concentrations in breeding populations.
The adoptability of perennial-based farming systems for hydrologic and salinity control in dryland farming systems in Australia and the United States of America
Authors: Roberts Anna M. , Helmers Matthew J. , Fillery Ian R. P.
Published: January 2009

Dryland salinity and water quality problems occur in the Great Plains and cornbelt regions of the United States of America (USA) and southern Australia due to the replacement of native perennial systems by annual species. We outline the hydrological effects of selected farming systems in both countries and review progress towards development of new perennial systems with potential to reduce dryland salinity effects. In Australia, development and large-scale trialling are further advanced than in the USA. In both countries there are usually insufficient benefits to farmers to adopt perennials at the scale needed to reduce environmental effects. Perennials are generally more complex to manage and, for successful adoption, greater skills are often required than to manage annuals. Experience from the Conservation Reserve Program in the USA to encourage conversion of cropland to perennials indicates that the scale of landscape change achieved (in the order of 5%) is still low. Lessons learnt in both countries from experiences include: (1) careful thought as to where perennials are most needed (targeting); (2) plant development programs targeted at key environments; (3) involvement of farmers in research at the outset to ensure that systems developed are profitable and adoptable; (4) the need for a trialling and learning program; (5) appropriate choice of policy tools to maximise environmental outcomes.
Development of a model based on Bayesian networks to estimate the probability of sheep lice presence at shearing
Authors: Horton B. J. , Evans D. L. , James P. J. , Campbell N. J.
Published: January 2009

This paper describes the development of a model, based on Bayesian networks, to estimate the likelihood that sheep flocks are infested with lice at shearing and to assist farm managers or advisers to assess whether or not to apply a lousicide treatment. The risk of lice comes from three main sources: (i) lice may have been present at the previous shearing and not eradicated; (ii) lice may have been introduced with purchased sheep; and (iii) lice may have entered with strays. A Bayesian network is used to assess the probability of each of these events independently and combine them for an overall assessment. Rubbing is a common indicator of lice but there are other causes too. If rubbing has been observed, an additional Bayesian network is used to assess the probability that lice are the cause. The presence or absence of rubbing and its possible cause are combined with these networks to improve the overall risk assessment.
Estimation of genotype×environment interactions for growth, fatness and reproductive traits in Australian Angus cattle
Authors: Jeyaruban M. G. , Johnston D. J. , Graser H.-U.
Published: January 2009

The magnitude of genotype × environment interactions (G × E) were estimated for growth, real time ultrasound scanned carcass and reproductive traits in Angus cattle. Traits measured in the states of Victoria and Queensland were assumed as different traits and the genetic correlations between them were estimated. Estimated heritabilities across states were similar for all traits. However, additive genetic variances of fat depth at the P8 (rump) site for bulls (BP8), intramuscular fat percent at the 12/13th rib for bulls (BIMF) and heifers (HIMF) were significantly different between states. Estimated genetic correlations across states for direct genetic effects were high for growth traits and ranged from 0.89 to 1.00. For the maternal genetic effects the correlations across states ranged from 0.66 to 0.87. The across state correlations for scanned traits were also high. The exception was for BIMF (0.65), where measurement procedures were observed to influence the result. The genetic correlation between the states increased to 0.94 when the records of bulls with low IMF value were removed. For reproductive traits, the estimated genetic correlations ranged from 0.97 to 1.00. These results indicated little evidence of G × E for growth, ultrasound scanned carcass and reproductive traits of Angus cattle from Victoria and Queensland. Combining performance data across states in a national genetic evaluation is appropriate and it is expected that the progeny of Angus cattle would rank similarly across states.
Choosing the Sequence of dsRNA for RNAi in Mouse
Authors: Svoboda Petr
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

RNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing for a number of model systems. Here, we describe selection of the target sequence for efficient RNAi knockdown in mouse.
Screening for Transgenic Japanese Quail Offspring
Authors: Poynter Greg , Huss David , Lansford Rusty
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

After mosaic founder breeding pairs of Japanese quail start to produce fertile eggs, the hatchlings must be screened for germ-line transmission to the subsequent G1 generation. This article describes how to isolate hatchling genomic DNA from the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), which remains inside the egg after hatching. Collecting genomic DNA from the CAM decreases the hatchling’s stress during handling and eliminates the need for a blood draw. By following this protocol, the CAM of a single egg will provide 50 μg or more of high-quality genomic DNA. The article also describes how to screen the genomic DNA samples for the transgene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR genotyping should be used for screening hatchlings with a nonfluorescent transgene or with a fluorescently labeled transgene that does not lend itself well to phenotypic screening.
Culturing Lamprey Embryos: Figure 1.
Authors: Nikitina Natalya , Bronner-Fraser Marianne , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

Lampreys are one of the most basal animals in which many of the true vertebrate characteristics (e.g., neural crest, placodes, segmented brain, skull, paired sensory organs, pharyngeal skeleton) are present. Studying the molecular and developmental mechanisms responsible for the formation of these structures in lamprey and higher vertebrates can provide insight into how these vertebrate characteristics evolved. The relative ease of obtaining mature adults and embryos makes this animal an ideal model for investigations into early vertebrate evolution. In addition, studies of features that are unique to lampreys can provide insights into mechanisms of parallel evolution. This protocol describes how to produce lamprey embryos by collecting sperm and eggs from mature lampreys, performing fertilization, and culturing the embryos through to the desired developmental stage.
Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization on Lamprey Embryos
Authors: Nikitina Natalya , Bronner-Fraser Marianne , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

Lampreys are one of the most basal animals in which many of the true vertebrate characteristics (e.g., neural crest, placodes, segmented brain, skull, paired sensory organs, pharyngeal skeleton) are present. Studying the molecular and developmental mechanisms responsible for the formation of these structures in lamprey and higher vertebrates can provide insight into how these vertebrate characteristics evolved. The relative ease of obtaining mature adults and embryos makes this animal an ideal model for investigations into early vertebrate evolution. In addition, studies of features that are unique to lampreys can provide insights into mechanisms of parallel evolution. This protocol describes an optimized procedure for RNA in situ hybridization in lamprey embryos.
Microinjection of dsRNA into Fully-Grown Mouse Oocytes: Figure 1.
Authors: Stein Paula
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

RNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in a number of model systems. The following protocol describes delivery of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of choice into fully-grown, germinal vesicle-intact (GV) mouse oocytes by microinjection. Microinjected oocytes can be cultured for up to 2 d or they can be matured to metaphase II. The metaphase II eggs can be fertilized in vitro and cultured up to the blastocyst stage. The efficiency of knockdown by RNAi can be assayed by quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR (qPCR).
Microinjection of dsRNA into Mouse One-Cell Embryos: Figure 1.
Authors: Stein Paula
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

RNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in a number of model systems. The following protocol describes delivery of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of choice into mouse one-cell embryos by microinjection. Microinjected embryos can be cultured for up to 4 d, i.e., to the blastocyst stage. The efficiency of knockdown by RNAi can be assayed by quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR (qPCR).
Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) of whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) labelled haematopoietic cell populations in the zebrafish
Authors: Dobson Joseph T. , Da’as Sahar , McBride Eileen R. , Berman Jason N.
Published: January 2009

The zebrafish is a robust animal model for studying vertebrate haematopoiesis and immune cell interactions. However, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) has been limited due to a paucity of available functional zebrafish antibodies. We have developed a technique combining FACS with whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) that enables the sorting and examining of fixed zebrafish blood cell populations at different stages of embryonic development, providing the opportunity to correlate RNA expression data with cellular morphology.
Sampling inspection by variables: nonparametric setting
Authors: Steland Ansgar , Zähle Henryk
Published: January 2009

A classic statistical problem is the optimal construction of sampling plans to accept or reject a lot based on a small sample. We propose a new asymptotically optimal solution for acceptance sampling by variables setting where we allow for an arbitrary unknown underlying distribution. In the course of this, we assume that additional sampling information is available, which is often the case in real applications. That information is given by additional measurements which may be affected by a calibration error. Our results show that, first, the proposed decision rule is asymptotically valid under fairly general assumptions. Secondly, the estimated optimal sample size is asymptotically normal. Furthermore, we illustrate our method by a real data analysis and investigate to some extent its finite‐sample properties and the sharpness of our assumptions by simulations.
STRATEGIC PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS IN NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: Courtney Roger , Marnoch Gordon , Williamson Arthur
Published: January 2009

Based on qualitative data this paper explores the resons for the non‐profit housing sectors enthusiastic embrace of strategic planning practices. Evidence is presented on the use of specified techiniques by housing associations in Northeren Ireland and their impact on the performance of the assocaitions. Without dismissing rational goel seeking explanations for adoption, the study concludes the strategic planning is also a legimation seeking practice. Evidence suggest that the contested nature of performance in the non‐profit sector makes it hard for chief executives to sustain a rational goal based argument for adopting strategic planing.
DONORS, IDEOLOGUES, AND BUREAUCRATS: GOVERNMENT OBJECTIVES AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THE NONPROFIT SECTOR
Authors: Brown Eleanor , Caughlin Kaitlyn
Published: January 2009

Ideologically driven managers of non profits prefer to deal with donors whose ideologies match their own. Bureaucratic managers prefer to control large organizations. In this paper, we model the goverment's interest in nonprofit service provision and how it leads goverment toprefer larger firms then pure ideologues will choose, and smaller firms then pure bureaucrates choose. We explore the effect of population growth on the optimal than pure bureaucrates choose. We explore the effects of population growth on the optimal size of nonprofit organizations from the goverment's point of view, and review policy tools available to goverment to influence the attrictiveness of the nonprofit sector to managers with varying degrees of ideological and beureaucratic motivation.
Attitudes toward home‐based employment for mothers of young children: Australian evidence
Authors: Kelley C.G.E. , Kelley S.M.C. , Evans M.D.R. , Kelley J.
Published: January 2009

Kelley CGE, Kelley SMC, Evans MDR, Kelley J. Attitudes toward home‐based employment for mothers of young children: Australian evidence Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 33–44 © 2008 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

People have mixed feelings about paid employment for mothers with young children. This might reflect opposition to women's work per se or, instead, fear that children are harmed by the mother's absence from the home. To find out, we developed new questions differentiating support for or opposition to mothers working for pay depending on whether the employment is home‐based or outside the home. Data from a large representative national sample of Australia (n= 1,324) show that public support for employment is about 30 percentage points greater if the mother works at home. Structural equation analyses show social differences in levels of support. Thus work at home provides a way of increasing labour force participation and earnings for mothers (with the welfare benefits that implies), which is congruent with public opinion.
Effect of Adrenomedullin on the Cerebral Circulation: Relevance to Primary Headache Disorders
Authors: Petersen KA , Birk S , Kitamura K , Olesen J
Published: January 2009

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is closely related to calcitonin gene-related peptide, which has a known causative role in migraine. Animal studies have strongly suggested that ADM has a vasodilatory effect within the cerebral circulation. For these reasons, ADM is also likely to be involved in migraine. However, the hypothetical migraine-inducing property and effect on human cerebral circulation of ADM have not previously been investigated. Human ADM (0.08 µg kg−1 min−1) or placebo (saline 0.9%) was administered as a 20-min intravenous infusion to 12 patients suffering from migraine without aura in a crossover double-blind study. The occurrence of headache and associated symptoms were registered regularly 24 h post infusion. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by 133Xenon single-photon emission computed tomography, mean blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (VMCA) by transcranial Doppler and the diameter of peripheral arteries by transdermal ultrasound (C-scan). ADM did not induce significantly more headache or migraine compared with placebo ( P = 0.58). CBF was unaffected by ADM infusion (global CBF, P = 0.32 and rCBFMCA, P = 0.38) and the same applied for the VMCA ( P = 0.18). The superficial temporal artery dilated compared with placebo ( P < 0.001), and facial flushing was seen after ADM administration ( P = 0.001). In conclusion, intravenous ADM is not a mediator of migraine headache and does not dilate intracranial arteries.
The impact of discontinuation of 7‐day storage of apheresis platelets (PASSPORT) on recipient safety: an illustration of the need for proper risk assessments
Authors: Kleinman Steven , Dumont Larry J. , Tomasulo Peter , Bianco Celso , Katz Louis , Benjamin Richard J. , Gajic Ognjen , Brecher Mark E.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Seven‐day stored apheresis platelets (APs) were withdrawn from the US market after detection of two culture‐positive units from 2571 tested at outdate in the PASSPORT surveillance study. The impact of this discontinuation on recipient safety was explored using mathematical modeling.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Risk models for septic transfusion reactions (STRs) and transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) were developed. Key assumptions were 400,000 annual APs transfused, equivalent STR risk for platelets (PLTs) stored for 5 days or more and zero for PLTs stored for less than 5 days, whole blood–derived PLTs (WBplts) administered in 5‐unit pools, a 4.6‐fold higher risk of false‐negatives with surrogate versus culture‐based bacterial testing, an AP TRALI risk between 1 per 1000 and 1 per 10,000, and a delay in TRALI risk reduction implementation in some centers by 6 to 12 months due to limited PLT availability.

RESULTS: STR risk could increase, decrease, or remain the same depending on the percentage of inventory replaced by surrogate‐tested WBplts versus culture‐tested apheresis or whole blood PLTs. A delay in TRALI risk reduction implementation is likely to result in a comparable or greater risk during the delayed implementation period than the safety achieved with regard to STRs, even in the most favorable case scenario.

CONCLUSION: A comprehensive risk assessment should have been conducted before the decision to discontinue PASSPORT. Risk assessments using accepted methods (and actual data when available) should precede any major blood safety decisions.
Investigating Global and Local Categorical Map Configuration Comparisons Based on Coincidence Matrices
Authors: Remmel T. K.
Published: January 2009

The simple and intuitive nature of the coincidence matrix has not only made it the current “gold standard” for accuracy assessment (based on a sample of map pixels), but also a common tool for describing difference between two categorical maps (when all pixels are enumerated). It is this latter case of map comparison that this article explores. Coincidence matrices, although providing significant information regarding thematic agreement between two categorical maps (composition), can lack significantly in terms of conveying information about differences or similarities in the spatial arrangement (configuration) of those map categories in geographic space. This article introduces means for distilling the available configuration information from a coincidence matrix while demonstrating some simple categorical map comparisons. Specifically, while the coincidence matrix summarizes per‐pixel compositional persistence or change, the introduced technique further quantifies the global and local configurational uncertainty between compared maps. I demonstrate how this quantification of configurational uncertainty can be used to gauge which thematic mismatch types are most significant and how to measure/present local configurational uncertainty in a spatial context. Implementation is through a straightforward mathematical algorithm in R that is illustrated by several examples.
Maintenance of Cardiovascular Risk Goals in Veterans With Diabetes After Discharge from a Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Clinic
Authors: Pirraglia Paul A. , Taveira Tracey H. , Cohen Lisa B. , Dooley Andrea , Wu Wen‐Chih
Published: January 2009

The authors evaluated maintenance of achieved cardiovascular risk control after discharge from a pharmacist‐coordinated cardiovascular risk reduction clinic. Using data from 2001 to 2004 divided by financial quarters (ie, 3‐month periods), the authors performed survival analysis of diabetic patients who had attained at least one cardiovascular risk goal in the clinic. Mean times to failure were 7.1±0.21 quarters for hemoglobin A1c, 7.6±0.29 quarters for low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and 2.5±0.24 quarters for systolic blood pressure (SBP). Body mass index predicted glycemic control failure (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.15; P=.02), insulin use predicted LDL‐C control failure (HR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.15–8.22; P=.03), and baseline SBP predicted SBP control failure (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.03; P=.0003). The authors found good durability of effect for most cardiovascular risk targets. Worse control at entry predicted failure after successful attainment of a cardiovascular goal. More sustained attention or booster interventions for patients with worse control at entry may be necessary.
Isotope Ratio Determination in the Earth and Environmental Sciences: Developments and Applications in 2006–2007
Authors: Woodhead Jon D.
Published: January 2009

This review documents developments and applications in the field of isotope ratio determination, as reflected in the literature for the Earth and Environmental Sciences for the years 2006 and 2007. The emphasis is predominantly on applications, reflecting the enormous diversity of problems to which isotopic analysis can now be applied, but viewed in the context of rapid uptake of new analytical technologies and significant new drivers of research output.
THE TESTES: THEORETICAL LACUNAE AND CLINICAL IMPERATIVES
Authors: Winship Gary
Published: January 2009

abstract  In locating the testicles on the object relations map, their function (actual and symbolic) in Sophocles' three plays (Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone), is considered as a basis for a theory of the testes as transgenerational containers of pathology. Two clinical vignettes are presented where the testes were salient in the course of psychoanalytic psychotherapy; firstly, in the treatment of a manic depressive patient who had developed testicular cancer after the birth of his son, and secondly, in a male patient with gender dysphoria who was seen for psychotherapy prior to operative gender re‐assignment. It is argued that the psychobiological role of the testicles has been largely overlooked in psychoanalytic theory. Implications for future consideration of the testes are considered.
An Improvement of Cluster-Renewal Model for Estimation of Heat Transfer on the Water-Walls of Commercial CFB Boilers
Authors: Dutta Animesh , Basu Prabir
Published: January 2009

Even though cluster renewal model appears to hold the ground for calculating heat transfer coefficients on water walls of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler, there are certain parameters of this model including thickness of the gas-gap between the wall and the particle suspension, wall coverage, thermal boundary layer, cluster concentration, cluster velocity, dispersed phase convection are yet to be determined. Fractional wall coverage is the most important parameter among them. This paper presents a correlation of fractional wall coverage for commercial boilers based on the data from large CFB boilers where average solids concentration, size and height of the combustor were taken as variable. Data were deduced by applying cluster renewal model with recent findings on gas gap, thermal boundary layer, cluster concentration, cluster velocity to the reported heat transfer coefficients on four commercial CFB boilers. The improved cluster renewal model is validated against available data.
FB Combustion of a Biomass Fuel: Comparison Between Pilot Scale Experiments and Model Simulations
Authors: Miccio Francesco , Scala Fabrizio , Chirone Riccardo
Published: January 2009

In the present work the efficiency of the fluidized bed combustion of high-volatile fuels and the extent of volatile matter post-combustion in the splashing zone and freeboard are investigated. A typical Mediterranean biomass (pine-seed shells) has been burned in a pilot-scale bubbling FB combustor (200kWt) at different operating conditions. Both over- and under-bed fuel feeding options have been considered. A FBC model specifically developed for high-volatiles fuels has been also applied to provide a comparison with bed carbon loading, in-bed heat release and splashing region temperature experimental data. Experimental results showed that the biomass combustion efficiency is always very high as a consequence of the high reactivity of the fuel. Extensive volatiles post-combustion above the bed is observed, whose extent appears to be sensitive to the over/under bed feeding option and to the excess air. Approximately 80% of the total heat is released/recirculated in the bed, the remainder leading to appreciable overheating of the freeboard with respect to the nominal bed temperature. Very low bed carbon loadings have been found. Model results compare well with the experimental temperature, heat release and carbon loading trends. However, detailed prediction of the freeboard temperature profiles requires further improvements of the model.
Petcoke Co-Firing in a PowerFluid CFBC-Boiler Originally Designed for Coal: Effects on Operation, Efficiency and Desulfurization
Authors: Pallier Franz , Kaufmann Kurt
Published: January 2009

The paper presents the results of an industrial scale combustion test investigating the effects of firing petroleum coke in a CFB-boiler originally designed for bituminous coal. In stage 1 of the testing the petcoke portion was gradually increased up to 100%. As the testing focused on the effects to a CFB-boiler originally designed for a different fuel all relevant information as furnace temperature, material circulation, heat transfer and flue gas emissions were recorded, evaluated and compared to mere coal operation. The paper presents the test results featuring the aspects of boiler operation, boiler efficiency and desulfurization. In stage 2 of the testing the applicability of molded petcoke was investigated. This molded petcoke was prepared by granulating original petcoke and compressing a mixture of petcoke, flyash and limestone. Laboratory tests had indicated an advantegeous behaviour, but due to insufficient mixture in the make-up process the testing of this fuel had to be stopped in an untimely fashion. As the testing of the original petcoke showed quite promising results in operational aspects and efficiency as well, continous co-firing of petcoke at that plant where the testing was executed has been started in February 2002 with a petcoke heat input portion up to 70%.
NOx and N2O Emissions During Fluidized Bed Combustion of Leather Wastes
Authors: Bahillo Alberto , Armesto Lourdes , Cabanillas Andres , Otero Juan
Published: January 2009

Transformation of hide (animal skins) into leather is a complicated process during which a significant amounts of wastes are generated. Fluidized bed combustion has been extended to burn different wastes that have problems with their disposal showing its technical feasibility. Considering the characteristics of the leather waste, especially the heating value (12.5–21 MJ/kg), it is a fairly good fuel. Moreover, leather waste has a high volatile matter, 65%, similar to other biomasses and an unusual high nitrogen content, 14%. The first objective of this work is to study the fluidized bed combustion of leather wastes presenting experimental results regarding NOx and N2O emissions. A series of experiments have been carried out in a fluidized bed pilot plant to understand the importance of operating parameters such as furnace temperature, oxygen content in gases, staged combustion and residence time on the NOx and N2O emission level. Despite having high nitrogen content, low conversion of N-fuel to NOx and N2O was measured during the combustion of leather waste in BFB. Bed temperature and oxygen content were found as the most important single parameters on N2O emission and only oxygen content has a significant influence on NOx emission. Leather waste exhibits a great NOx/O2 trend; NOx decreases as the oxygen concentration decreases and the effect of the combustion temperature on NOx is insignificant. Staged combustion does not give a reduction in NOx.
NOx Emissions From Combustion of High Sulfur Lignite in an ABFBC Test Rig
Authors: Selc¸uk Nevin , Batu Aykan , Oymak Olcay
Published: January 2009

NOx emissions from fluidized bed combustion of various coals have extensively been investigated and well documented. However, NOx emissions from combustion of Turkish lignites with high ash, volatile matter and sulfur contents have not drawn much attention to date. Recent trend in utilization of indigenous lignites in fluidized bed boilers necessitated investigation of pollutant emissions and adaptation of fluidized bed combustion technology to these lignites. In this study, experimental results of various runs pertaining to the formation and emission of NOx from METU 0.3 MWt Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (ABFBC) test rig burning typical indigenous lignites; Aydin without limestone addition and Beypazari with and without limestone addition are presented. NOx profiles along the combustor show that concentrations are higher in bed compared to those in freeboard and that conditions leading to higher unburned volatiles in freeboard enhances NOx reduction in that region. Limestone addition results in higher concentrations of NOx in bed but lower concentrations in freeboard, albeit insignificantly.
Sintering Behavior of Coal Ash Build Up on Ceramic Filters in a Hot Gas Filtration System
Authors: Ninomiya Yoshihiko , Sato Atsushi
Published: January 2009

To understand agglomeration phenomena of ash particles in a hot gas ceramic filter system, actual tests were carried out on candle filters with a 4MWth pressurized internally circulating fluidized bed boiler (PICFB) pilot plant. Coal ashes build up on the ceramic filters were analyzed by computer controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) and thermomechanical analyzer (TMA). The dust cake taken at 750°C did not show any sign of bridging or cleaning difficulty, while those at 950°C showed some difficulty in cleaning because of ash bridging between the adjacent ceramic filters. The initial deformation temperatures of the non-bridge dust were about 750 to 800°C. The index of R2O/(Al2O3+SiO2) (R2O = Na2O or K2O) for the non-bridge dust cake showed in the range of 1 to 25wt%, and the particle size of the potassium rich particles was in the range of 0.5 to 2.2μm. However, the index for the bridge cake approached to below 5% and the particle size of the potassium rich particles shifted to the larger range of 2.2 to 10μm. It was observed that weak sintering takes place by the reaction of potassium rich particles and the ash particles that adjoins the particles.