bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Impact of Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) on the Acoustic Performance of an Absorptive Muffler of Automobiles
Authors: Vineeth S. , Mishra Manish , Tripathi Manas
Published: May 2023

Automobile exhaust systems help to attenuate the engine combustion noise as well as the high frequency flow noises which are generated as the gas expands and contracts through various ducts and orifices of muffler system. One of the solutions to mitigate the noise generated due to the latter is by means of an absorptive muffler, comprising a fibrous acoustic medium which helps to absorb noise of certain frequencies which are sensitive to the human ear. Typically, the construction of such a system consists of the fibrous acoustic medium encompassing a perforated inner pipe on the inside and enclosed by an outer metal case on the outside. The temperature limitations of the acoustic medium sometimes necessitate the placement of the fibrous acoustic system away from the engine source in order to prevent any damage to the fibers upon direct contact with the flue gas. However, this results in a potential for condensation of engine out gas in and around the inner pipe – fibrous system interface leading to a corrosive environment. This eventually leads to the formation of rust on the inner pipe a condition commonly known as corrosion under insulation (CUI). The corrosion over a period of time causes deposits to generate on the perforations causing them to partially or fully close which subsequently results in the deterioration of the acoustic performance of the absorptive muffler.

This paper deals with the various factors that promote CUI conditions in a typical absorptive muffler of an automobile by means of a market case study. It also dwells on various guidelines for mitigating the impact of rust formation which can lead to noise deterioration, from both design and manufacturing perspectives.
Tire Noise and In-Wheel Motor Noise in FE Simulations for Pass-By Noise Predictions
Authors: Lysak Alina , Kocsis Attila , Xavier Robin
Published: May 2023

Pass-by noise measurement is mandatory for automotive manufacturers for conformity of production. With evolving of pass-by noise requirements (under 68 dB in 2024), all the stakeholders should be able to comply with this criterion. OEMs, suppliers of passive acoustic treatments, road manufacturers and tire manufacturers are concerned and should deploy efforts to provide solutions for control of exterior noise. In this regard, simulations are preferable over measurement campaigns as they can provide fast feedback on passive exterior treatments for exterior noise control. In the particular case of Lightyear vehicles, the main contributors to pass-by noise are tires and in-wheel motors. Considering that, a contribution of each of these two sources of noise to pass-by noise will be described. Tire noise sources and motor noise sources will be replaced by simple monopole sources. The best monopole source location for both tires and motors is discussed. Actran vibro-acoustic Finite Element software is used to predict the noise at pass-by microphones. The calculation process takes advantage of advanced techniques to optimize the process. The acoustic transfer functions (TFs) from monopole sources to microphones are calculated first. The TFs are computed in different conditions considering acoustic treatments in different areas. Finally, these transfer functions are recombined with source strengths from tire and motor monopole sources. The pass-by noise simulation results are compared to the pass-by noise test results to conclude on the simulation accurateness.
Robust EV Suspension Based on Compounded Motor Inerter Absorption
Authors: Ouyang Qianyu , Jia Xianzhe
Published: May 2023

With a view to promote mobility electrification, improved comfort and handling with lower cost are crucial factors in next generation of EV and HEV design. In contrast to ICE platform, electrified counterparts displays distinct NVH characteristics that present challenges in terms of weight transfer, steering, motor vibrations, etc. From a holistic perspective, this paper proposes a compounded suspension system serving dual purpose of dynamic damping and power rejuvenation utilizing electric motor as part of the tuned mass damper inertia system. A variable inertance mechanism is developed in form of geartrain while motor vibration itself receives calculated harness through tuned mass damping. Furthermore, suspension deformation undergoes desirable mitigation as a result of effective simulated annealing optimization focused on shifting objective value according to input tradeoff prediction. Nonlinear system dynamics are considered as a means to broaden the damping bandwidth. Besides power regeneration through storage medium, this paper proposes an alternative method of direct energy transition from collection port to shaft, which provides robust torque assist and response. Utilizing tuned motor suspension, vehicle body movements are counteracted by collaborative motor damping and adjustable in-situ shock absorbers, in return improving maneuver stability. The suspension system is validated through numerical simulation in a full car model. The simulation results indicate that the studied model is capable of vertical acceleration attenuation of 27% and harvesting efficiency of 58% in regeneration mode while producing lower wheel chassis oscillation by 31%. The results show that, owing to the presence of coupled motor activation, the proposed suspension outperforms the existing control methods in terms of both passenger comfort and tire grip.
Analysis and Optimization of Abnormal Noise of Commercial Electric Drive Axle
Authors: Lun Wang , Qingshuang Chen , Chengping Zhong , Guo Feng , Deng Xin
Published: May 2023

NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) of the electric drive axle (EDA) is a key attribute in electric-vehicle development. The NVH attributes of the EDA directly determines the driving comfort and customer feeling of the vehicle. Especially in pure electric working condition, the EDA noise is more perceptible by people without the engine noise masking. This paper investigates the abnormal noise in the vehicle caused by EDA. First, the filtered playback method is used to identify abnormal noise frequency between 330Hz and 430Hz.Adopted modal analysis, MASTA simulation, modulation noise analysis to identify problematic critical parts. The validity of the results is verified using the DOE method by part exchange, and finally locked to the source of gear parameters Rs and Fr. By adjusting the production process of gear and the second shaft, the assembly process error was avoided, and the gear parameter targets are formulated. The verification results of the whole vehicle assembly of small batch EDA showed that the optimized production process reduced the vibration and the interior noise of the EDA, and effectively optimized the abnormal noise problem of the EDA of commercial vehicles. The diagnostic ideas, test methods and optimization schemes for the abnormal noise of the EDA in this paper have important reference significance and value for the design of electric drive systems for passenger cars and commercial vehicles.
Noise Footprint Assessment at a Vertiport for Different Approach and Departure Procedures of a Tilt-Wing Air-Taxi
Authors: Bauer Michael
Published: May 2023

Community noise at vertiports is one of the most important questions related to upcoming urban air mobility (UAM) operations. While fixed-wing and/or fixed-rotor aircraft can mainly be treated by their changing operational parameters, such as rotor or propeller rpm, tilt-wing or tilt-engine configurations are more difficult to simulate because of their constantly changing noise emission and spatial radiation characteristics. The work presented in this paper is providing an overview of the noise situation at a virtual vertiport which is being approached and departed by a tilt-wing air-taxi in different ways. Several different departure procedures are simulated with the same generic air-taxi. For the noise emission semi-empiric methods were used. During the air-taxi’s descent and climb, different tilt configurations are included, mainly defined by the time dependent engine’s tilt-angle, but also related to different approach paths. Each approach or departure procedure is generating individually time dependent changing noise emission characteristics which are used for noise footprint mapping around the touch-down or lift-off point. Different noise metrics are computed, including some which are representative to indicate noise annoyance among the vertiport’s neighborhood. It is expected that each procedure will generate its own specific community noise situation in the vicinity of the vertiport, and thus may provide an early recommenddation for later operations. The results are compared towards each other. Additionally, a simulated certification flyover according to ICAO Chapter 13 - which is about the noise certification of tilt-rotor aircraft - is set into relation to the vertiport’s community noise.
Tonality Perception Lessons Learned
Authors: Oppenheimer Charles H.
Published: May 2023

The future is expected to bring Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) vehicles, including small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS), urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles and regional air mobility (RAM) vehicles. These manned and unmanned vehicles are propelled by rotors. Rotors tend to generate tonal sound as their blades interact periodically with airflow features. Since people are more sensitive to tonality, including tones, than broad band sound, AAM generated tonality is expected to be an important consideration for design. In this paper several tonality metrics are examined for their ability to explain perceived annoyance of AAM flyover noise as measured by NASA’s Rotorcraft Sound Quality Metric 1 (RoQM-1) test. The various investigated metrics use one-third octave band, narrow band, and autocorrelation analysis. It is observed that tonality influences but does not control perceived flyover noise annoyance due to other sound qualities like roughness, consistent with previous work. The metrics are also examined for their ability to explain perceived tonality of sounds generated by IT equipment. The metrics based on autocorrelation are observed to best explain perceived tonality while also being among the best for explaining flyover annoyance. The plausibility of the auditory nervous system as a physiological auto-correlator is discussed.
A Reduced Order Model for Prediction of the Noise Radiated by a High-Speed EV Transmission using Statistical Energy Analysis
Authors: Rastogi Sarthak , Milind T. R. , Marsh Kevin
Published: May 2023

The transmission is an integral part of the driveline in an automotive vehicle. Global vehicle pass-by noise regulations are becoming more stringent and transmissions are expected to be very quiet. Typically for an automotive system, engine is the most dominant noise source and transmissions have been considered a secondary noise source but as the trend is shifting towards more electric vehicles where engine noise is absent and overall vehicle is becoming quieter, the transmission can be more of a significant noise contributor. Gear whine is the major concern for sound radiation from the transmission. The gear whine simulation and acoustic radiation analysis of the transmission using traditional methods (FEM and BEM) is a crucial but very time-consuming part of the product development cycle. On top of that, electric vehicle transmissions operate at higher RPM which in turn increases the excitation frequency arising from the gear whine phenomenon. Hence present work focuses on the development of system level reduced order model using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) which could take fraction of computational time compared to FEM and BEM and can provide quick design solutions such as changes in ribbing pattern, enclosure thickness etc and hence making entire transmission product development process leaner and more efficient. The entire geometry of the enclosure is divided into SEA subsystems, such as flat plates, curved plates and beams. The gear whine force is provided as excitation to the SEA model. This work includes the sensitivity analysis of all the parameters influencing the SPL. The results from the SEA method are compared with actual test data for final validation. The obtained results are within the limits of +/- 3 dB with respect to test data. On top of that, computational time taken by SEA is 1500 times lesser than deterministic methods (BEM).
NVH Simulation and Validation of a Coaxial eBeam Axle
Authors: Zhang Fulong , Lin Zhihong , Liu Jianhua
Published: May 2023

This paper describes the characteristics and advantages of a coaxial eBeam axle and its NVH performance under various noise excitations including both motor and gearing system. The NVH CAE model of the eBeam axle is established to assess the NVH performance and conduct optimization upfront. The physical test data of the eBeam axle that is incorporated with the proposed optimization solutions is presented, showing that the eBeam axle vibration and noise levels are well below the internal stringent targets.
Tonal Component Separation of e-Vehicles Using the High-Resolution Spectral Analysis (HSA)
Authors: Sottek Roland , Gomes Lobato Thiago Henrique
Published: May 2023

E-vehicles can generate strong tonal components that may disturb people inside the vehicle. However, such components, deliberately generated, may be necessary to meet audibility standards that ensure the safety of pedestrians outside the vehicle. A tradeoff must be made between pedestrian audibility and internal sound quality, but any iteration that requires additional measurements is costly. One solution to this problem is to modify the recorded signals to find the variant with the best sound quality that complies with regulations. This is only possible if there is a good separation of the tonal components of the signal. In this work, a method is proposed that uses the High-resolution Spectral Analysis (HSA) to extract the tonal components of the signal, which can then be recombined to optimize any sound quality metric, such as the tonality using the Sottek Hearing Model (standardized in ECMA 418-2).
Analysis of Noise of Hydraulic Mounts from Decoupler-Cage Hitting
Authors: Zong Kaihua , Zhao Kegang , Shen Dongming , Tu Xiaofeng , Shangguan Wenbin , Ren Yan
Published: May 2023

In this paper, the influence of the decoupler-cage structure on the hitting noise of the hydraulic mount is studied, the abnormal noise of the hydraulic mount is mainly caused by the collision impact between the decoupler and the cage, the hitting noise was simulated and evaluated using calculation and experiment. a finite element model of the collision impact between the decoupler and the cage is developed, and an explicit finite element analysis is performed to obtain the time history of the vibration acceleration of the model, which is used as the boundary condition of the noise analysis. The acoustic boundary element method is used to analyze the impact noise of the decoupler-cage, and the frequency domain distribution characteristics of the impact sound pressure are obtained. The influence of different decoupler structure on the hitting noise is studied, and the recommended values for each parameter for a structure are given. The structure of a decoupler with hitting noise is improved, and the design is validated to solve the problem of abnormal noise of the hydraulic mount.
Behavioural Investigation of Hardness Profile for Dissimilar TIG-Weldment between P22 and P91 Steels
Authors: Singh Bikram Jit , Palli Srihari , Kumar Parmod , Bahl Shashi
Published: May 2023

The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is now commonly being used to join condenser pipes of railway locomotives, beside boiler and super heater tubes, generally made from dissimilar steel-alloys like P22 (2.25Cr-1Mo) and P91 (9Cr-1Mo). After welding, excessive hardness values of the Heat Affected Zones (HAZs) of those dissimilar weld joints are certainly obtained due to uneven and uncontrolled cooling rates, which resulted in an eruption of abrupt martensitic transformations. This ultimately leads to cracking and failure while operating at elevated temperatures. Therefore, there is a dire need to establish an appropriately optimized post-weld heat treatment process to eliminate this hazardous nuisance. The present work statistically studies the hardness profile of these critical material zones, before and after GTAW.
Thermogravimetric Analysis and Microwave Gain Determination of Graphite Filled Glass Fibre Epoxy for Nanosatellite Applications
Authors: Rajendran Ajith Raj , Mehdi Misba , Patil Ishwaragowda V. , Samuel Diju G. , Balguri Praveen Kumar
Published: May 2023

The demand for space research is increasing day to day. nano satellites play a vital role in space research. The materials used for space missions especially for satellites are challenging and many research have been concentrated in this area. The strength, thermos-gravity, lightweight, surface hardness, gain determination and the cost effectiveness are the few important properties that are expected by aerospace engineers. The faces of nano satellites exposed to the earth are made up of materials that can absorb microwaves of radar. An attempt is executed by adding graphite fillers to epoxy glass fibre composites and its stealth properties are determined through gain determination. The thermal strength of the said composite is also analysed.
Hot Tensile Properties of SMA Welded Similar and Dissimilar Joint of P91 and SS304 Grade Steels
Authors: Vinothkumar M. , Hariram V. , Christu Paul R. , Selvakumar R. , Ramanathan V. , Sai Shreekanth P. , Balachandar M. , Calvin Eddgar J.
Published: May 2023

P91 martensitic and SS304 austenitic stainless steel is identified as the steels for use in high temperature areas of ultra-super critical boilers. The boiler piping involves similar and dissimilar weld joints of P91 and SS304 grade steels. The welded joints are exposed to high temperature in service and it is therefore required to evaluate the high temperature behaviour of such joints. Hot tensile test is a short-term high temperature test which is a useful tool to study the high temperature behaviour of the welds. In this investigation, shielded metal arc welded (SMAW) similar joints of P91/P91 martensitic steel, SS304/SS304 austenitic steels joined using matching weld metal and dissimilar joints of P91/SS304 welded using Inconel weld metal are subjected to hot tensile test at temperatures of 550 deg C, 600 deg C and 650 deg C. The stress-strain behaviour of the weld joints at elevated temperature was studied.
Optimization of Coating Parameters on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Ni-Al2O3 Composite Coatings using Taguchi Method
Authors: Vatnalmath Manjunath , Raghavendra C.R. , Auradi V. , Bharath V. , Nagaraj N. , Nagaral Madeva
Published: May 2023

Recent advancements in the field of coating have shown that the Ni-Al2O3 electrodeposited coatings are of excellent wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant. In this study, Ni-Al2O3 composite coating is produced by electrodeposition process by using standard watts bath due to the advantage over other coating techniques. Al2O3 nanoparticles are co-deposited on AA6061 with Nickel. There are many parameters that influence the coating characteristics, however, in this study temperature, current density and percentage of nanoparticle loading are considered as significant parameters. Optimization of the coating parameters is examined by using the Taguchi method. The coating morphology and microstructure are studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The dry sliding wear behaviour of composite coatings is tested on a pin-on-disc wear test rig.
Combustion Instabilities and its Control Techniques for Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine
Authors: Siva V. , Sivakumar R. , Dinesh Prasaad L.
Published: May 2023

It is a great challenge for us to understand and to predict the concept of liquid propellant rocket engines combustion instability due to high complex turbulent combustion process. Traditional methods have been adopted to eliminate the combustion instabilities which will increase system damping. Such methods usually suffer deficiencies with lack of study on fundamental mechanism. Difficulties have been faced during the process of various phenomena such include spray formation process, turbulent multiphase flow conditions, hydrodynamics of injection and transport characteristics of individual droplets. The ultimate aim of every engine design is to prevent occurrence of this combustion instability and to maintain reliable operation during entire span of the combustion process. This article is focused on occurrence of various type of combustion instabilities in liquid propellant rocket engine and its preventing methods in detail.
Social Studies and Social Media: Status Among K-12 Tennessee Teachers Before COVID
Authors: Kenna Joshua , Hensley Matthew
Published: May 2023

Technology integration has received a significant amount of money from the budgets of schools in the United States, even prior to COVID-19. Social media as an instructional tool was also receiving growing attention. However, since COVID-19 it seems that there is an even larger shift in the calls to use social media. The purpose of this study was to report K-12 Tennessee social studies teachers’ self-reported social media use just prior to the COVID-19. Moreover, we compared teachers’ use of social media based on geography, grade level and teaching experience. Statistically significant findings were discovered.
Studi Eksegesis 2 Korintus 11:4 Mengenai “Yesus yang Lain” dan Implikasinya terhadap Pembinaan Iman Jemaat
Authors: Prianto Robi , Rusliadi Rusliadi , Tampubolon Yohanes Hasiholan
Published: May 2023

Another Jesus was a false doctrine taught by the false apostles to the Corinthians to lead astray the Lord’s congregation in Corinth. The teachings of the false apostles concerning another Jesus are those that are easy to understand and reasonable. When they believe in “another Jesus," they will be blessed and experience no shortage and no suffering. That is why the apostle emphasized to the Corinthians the when he became a believer in Christ of weakness, the suffering of even death and humiliation was yet to be experienced.  The method used is qualitative research with an exegetical approach through grammatical-historical analysis. The study found that salvation was god’s initiative to rescue mankind trough his sacrifice on the cross. Only Jesus Christ who died on the cross and rose from the dead became the savior of man, not “the other Jesus.” That is why it is important to know Jesus Christ properly and prayerfully. Became through Jesus Christ mankind has gained the gift of salvation and not “another Jesus” as taught by the false apostle. AbstrakYesus yang lain adalah doktrin palsu yang diajarkan oleh para rasul palsu kepada jemaat Korintus untuk menyesatkan jemaat Tuhan di Korintus. Ajaran para rasul palsu tentang Yesus yang lain adalah ajaran yang mudah dimengerti dan masuk akal. Ketika mereka percaya pada “Yesus yang lain”, maka mereka akan diberkati dan tidak mengalami kekurangan dan segala macam penderitaan. Itulah sebabnya, rasul Paulus menekankan kepada orang-orang Korintus bahwa ketika dia menjadi percaya kepada Kristus yang lemah, penderitaan bahkan kematian dan penghinaan belum dialami. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan eksegese melalui analisis gramatikal-historis. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa keselamatan itu adalah inisiatif Tuhan untuk menyelamatkan umat manusia melalui pengorbanannya di kayu salib. Hanya Yesus Kristus yang mati di kayu salib dan bangkit dari kematian menjadi penyelamat manusia, bukan “Yesus yang lain.” Itulah mengapa penting untuk mengenal Yesus Kristus dengan benar dan dengan doa. Menjadi melalui Yesus Kristus umat manusia telah memperoleh karunia keselamatan dan bukan “Yesus yang lain” seperti yang diajarkan oleh rasul palsu.
Peran Allah Tritunggal dalam Karya Keselamatan: Sebuah Refleksi Teologis Efesus 1:3–14
Authors: Daliman Muner
Published: May 2023

The work of salvation is often something that is discussed and debated by believers, and the main points often focus on Christ's work on Golgotha. But the work of salvation is actually the role of the Triune God. This is stated in Paul's teachings, especially the book of Ephesians. This article will take a study from the Book of Ephesians to detail the work of each person of the Triune God in bringing about the salvation of believers. Exegetical methods and literature studies are used to interpret the passage of Ephesians 1:3-14. The research results show the work of each of the Persons of the Triune God in realizing salvation for humans as a soteriology that is trinitarian, christocentric and pneumatic-eschatological. AbstrakKarya keselamatan sering menjadi hal yang dibicarakan dan diperdebatkan oleh orang percaya, dan poin utamanya sering menitikberatkan karya Kristus di Golgota.  Namun karya keselamatan sesungguhnya merupakan peran dari Allah Tritunggal.  Hal ini tertuang dalam ajaran Paulus, khususnya kitab Efesus.  Artikel ini akan mengambil kajian dari Kitab Efesus untuk memerinci karya dari setiap pribadi dari Allah Tritunggal dalam mewujudkan keselamatan orang percaya. Metode eksegetis dan studi pustaka digunakan untuk menafsirkan bagian nats Efesus 1:3-14. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karya dari masing-masing Pribadi dari Allah Tritunggal tersebut dalam mewujudkan keselamatan bagi manusia sebagai sebuah soteriologi yang bersifat trinitarian, kristosentris dan pneumatis-eskatologis.
Development of Core Competency Assessment Tools in Basic SW⋅AI Education
Authors: Jang Eun-Sill , Oh Kyung-Sun
Published: May 2023

As a result of current trends, a level of SW⋅AI competency for digital innovation has become a necessity, not a choice, SW-AI competency has also developed as a purpose not only for training specialist personnel, but also for providing universal SW⋅AI basic education. However, to increase the effectiveness of universal SW⋅AI basic education, it is advisable that we systematically educate SW⋅AI basic education in stages. A university offers various elective courses related to SW⋅AI for all students. Schools have expanded the opportunities for students to participate in SW⋅AI basic education after they have completed the required elective courses. However, expanding the opportunities for SW⋅AI basic education does not automatically strengthen their skills. Therefore, educators are aiming to strengthen the learners’ problem-solving skills by developing evaluation tools for core competencies in SW⋅AI elective courses and by applying these skills in algorithm courses. A performance assessment tool was developed in SW⋅AI basic education to enhance the core competencies of higher-order thinking and for the utilization of information and technology. The tool was developed through the following stages: clarifying class goals, developing core challenges, developing evaluation criteria, developing and applying assessment tools, and analyzing the evaluation results. The tool was applied in an algorithm course for problem solving and helped learners understand what to focus on when performing challenges. It also provided them with guidance for learning to enhance their various competencies through feedback. Indeed, a survey of self-assessment by learners at the beginning and end of the semester showed that the necessary competencies for solving core challenges had improved. On the other hand, students who were not majoring in SW⋅AI basic education stated that having to program in order to solve problems and being responsible for programming in team projects was a burden for them. In this study, we found that if the learner’s ultimate competencies are concretely embodied as behavioral indicators and challenges are set based on this criterion, the learner can concentrate more on practical competency enhancement. However, in regards to the SW⋅AI basic education subject, we confirmed that there is a need for us to clarify the core challenges and evaluation criteria for evaluating core competencies. In the future, we will apply various core competency performance evaluation tools to various SW⋅AI basic education subjects to identify areas for improvement. Through this process, we will continuously improve the effectiveness of SW⋅AI basic education and systematically enhance competencies thereby.
A brief review of industrial fluorosis in domesticated bovines in India: Focus on its socio-economic impacts on livestock farmers
Authors: Choubisa Shanti Lal
Published: May 2023

An excessive and repeated high fluoride exposure over a long period of time is harmful to the health of humans and domestic animals and causes several toxic effects in the form of fluorosis disease. If fluoride exposure is due to industrial fluoride, the disease is known as industrial fluorosis. In recent years, due to rapid industrialization in India, various health problems are increasing continuously among domesticated bovine animals, cattle (Bos taurus) feed and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) living and grazing in industrial areas due to industrial fluoride pollution. In fact, many coal-burning and industrial activities, such as power generating stations and the manufacturing of steel, iron, aluminum, zinc, phosphorus, chemical fertilizers, bricks, cement, hydrofluoric acid, etc are generally discharging fluoride into their surrounding areas which create industrial fluoride pollution. An industrially emitted fluoride not only contaminates the surrounding environment including soil, air and fresh water reservoirs, but also contaminates vegetation, agricultural crops, and many other biological communities on which bovines generally survive. These animals develop a number of toxic effects on their teeth (dental fluorosis), bones (skeletal fluorosis) and soft organs (non-skeletal fluorosis) due to chronic industrial fluoride intoxication. Due to industrial fluorosis, bovine animals become physically weak and lame, and diverse health problems, such as anemia, gastrointestinal discomforts, polyuria, polydipsia, impaired reproduction, etc. are also found in them. In the country, many domesticated bovines are suffering with industrial fluorosis. In these animals, the maximum prevalence, 84.11% of industrial dental fluorosis and 72.0% of skeletal fluorosis has been reported. In the country, the research works done so far on industrial fluorosis in bovines are briefly and critically reviewed in the present communication. Along with this, the focus has also been on the adverse socio-economic impacts of industrial fluorosis on livestock farmers and how to prevent this disease in these animals.
Recent advances in pediatric telemedicine
Authors: S Bittmann , E Luchter , L Bittmann , E Moschüring-Alieva , G Villalon
Published: May 2023

Telemedicine is a medical service, which is offered across a spatial distance. Doctors and patients use digital tools such as apps, teleconsultation platforms or video technology. There is currently no uniform and generally applicable definition of telemedicine. In the broadest sense it is understood to mean the overcoming of temporal and spatial distances in the context of medical issues. This mainly includes the measurement, recording and transmission of information or the application of medical procedures with the help of information and communication technology between physicians, or between physicians and patients, possibly with the involvement of non-medical personnel. Pediatric telemedicine was performed yet in different pediatric subspecialties. The focus of this manuscript is based on pediatric telemedicine performed in general by two persons, the virtual acting doctor and an experienced telemedical assistant in the pediatric emergency department. The telemedical examination technique will be presented in children and discussed with special relation to current knowledge in medical literature.
Digital workflow for high-risk, low-volume procedure simulation
Authors: Jacobson Nicholas , McClain Hayden , New Melissa L
Published: May 2023

Introduction: The effectiveness of simulation in medicine for teaching and assessing procedural skills is well documented; however, simulation technologies are not always available due to the high cost of simulators and lack of specific training. With the advances in digital modeling and 3D printing, we can create less expensive, more specific, and more readily available models to represent these tricky procedures, allowing for more robust training of our medical professionals.

Methods: The process begins with a radiological scan that is segmented to capture the anatomies associated with the desired condition. We tested two different methods for fabrication; one made on a multi-material poly jet printer and the other using a selective laser sintering (SLS) TPU printer.

Results: Our first method produced a model that was not adequate for our use case. The second method produced a model that worked for our use case and captured the geometry well. The SLS printer proved more durable, mechanically accurate, and feasible for simulating massive hemoptysis than method 1. This model was used in the airway management simulations with the PCCM Fellows and was deemed exempt by COMIRB 21-3067, the institutional review board of the University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus.

Conclusion: Our method proved to be successful in producing models that are high-detailed, inexpensive, and reproducible to teach specific medical procedures.
Tumor grade as a novel predictor of outcomes in medullary thyroid cancer
Authors: Nigam Aradhya , Untch Brian R , Shaha Ashok R
Published: May 2023

The recent development of the International Medullary Thyroid Cancer Grading System (IMTCGS) provided clinicians with a tool to predict for disease outcomes after undergoing resection based on histologic features. However, its impact on the clinical management of patients is still under investigation. Utilizing the IMTCGS, we evaluated the association of grade with postoperative surveillance markers. High-grade tumors, when compared to low-grade, had a significantly more rapid calcitonin doubling time with a vast majority of high-grade patients having doubling times <2 years. While these findings reaffirmed the poor recurrence and mortality outcomes observed in high-grade patients, we found that high-grade patients with rapid calcitonin doubling times were particularly at risk for poor local control and survival outcomes.These findings demonstrate the importance of close clinical follow-up of patients with high-grade disease and further support the determination tumor grade and calcitonin doubling times in MTC patients after resection. In addition, the study supports the use of MTC grading as an important variable for future management of MTC patients. This could lay the foundation for better understanding of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast.
Evaluation of the effects of bracing on correction of Pectus Carniatum, A review of literature
Authors: Karimi Mohammad Taghi
Published: May 2023

Background: Pectus Carniatum (PC) is a term used for ranges of different chest wall deformities. Compressive bracing is one of the treatment approaches recommended for this group of the subjects. The aim of this review was to determine the efficiency of bracing on PC deformity based on available literature.

Method: A search was done in some data bases include ISI web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed and Medline. Pectus Carniatum was used with in combination with brace and orthosis. The quality assessment of the selected papers was done by use of Down and Black tool.

Result: 25 papers was obtained based on the mentioned key words. 6 papers were selected for final analysis. The quality of the selected studies varied between 4 and 18. The results of the studies confirmed that compressive orthosis is a safe and effective method which can be used instead of surgery in treatment of PC.

Conclusion: It is recommended to use braces in treatment of PC deformities. It is recommended to do a big study with more number of subjects, with long follow up period and also evaluate the effects of brace on deformity correction and quality of life.
APPLICATION OF DIGITAL TOOLS TO MAGNIFY LEARNING: PAKISTANI PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Muhammad Hussain Batool , Baig Umair , Hussain Muddasir
Published: May 2023

Digital integration facilitates to enhance learning and stimulates students to attain success in their academics as well as enriches the quality of education. This enhanced learning process employed a questionnaire to survey the teaching staff and the students of Pakistan Private High Schools respectively. Digital approaches were extensively used by both the respondents and their responses divulged utilization, motivations or discontinuation of digital tools. The teaching staff used textbooks, and other media to enhance the learning process. On contrary, student survey demonstrated their perceptions regarding digitalized education that influenced their learning, their preferred digital tool, and their progress. Eighty-one percent students agreed that digital integration enhanced their learning. Moreover, their use and inclination for digital tools proposed that students are in favour of resources that are used by teaching staff to enhance learning. Interestingly, the outcomes revealed that technology facilitated student’s learning because it increases communication skills, accessibility and inclusion to learn independently. Digital integration, monitoring and evaluation will offer a strategic planning process and help in developing institutions prevailing learning procedures.
THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF COVID-19 ON PAKISTANI WOMEN: A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Shah Nasreen Aslam , Bilgrami Aliyah Ali , Rauf Samina
Published: May 2023

The impact of COVID-19 across the globe women have been profound because emerging evidence on the impact of COVID-19 shows that women’s lives have been affected disproportionately and differently. Presently, the epidemic of COVID-19 has had a major impact on every sphere of human life. All aspects of human life (social, economic, political) were directly or indirectly affected by the outbreak of the novel Coronavirus. Women are greatly affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 as compared to men. Women are half of the population of the world. They are involved in every sphere of life. A large number of women are working in the health, economy, security, hospitality, social protection, and education sectors all over the globe. Furthermore, the workload on women is higher than men in all fields (domestic and economic) of their lives. In COVID-19 women are not able to fulfil their socioeconomic responsibilities so the level of depression is increased in them. Due to COVID-19, the percentage of unemployed and depressed women has increased throughout the world as well in Pakistan. The aim of this research study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on Pakistani women. To achieve the target, Data is collected through the non-probability snowball and convenient sampling technique. A total of 60 women were interviewed from different segments of society for the collection of primary data. The clinical studies, international reports, working papers along peer-reviewed articles as secondary data. The results of this research highlight that COVID-19 has harmed women in all areas of their lives. Furthermore, results point out that working women are more probable to spend their incomes on their families as compared to men. Therefore, in the present situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, women are fired from their jobs and livelihoods and facing vulnerable situations which created unbelievable depression, panic, and anxiety in them.
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS AND COOPERATIVES: UNEXPLOITED BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY FOR GROWTH OF MSMES IN KENYA
Authors: Karitu Beatrice , Muathe Stephen
Published: May 2023

In Kenya MSMEs employ over 15 million people and contribute about 30% to the national value-added. However, it has been established that on average Kenyan establishments have an average age of 3.8 years at closure with about 80 percent of them shutting down before their 5th year of operation and 46.3 percent closing during their first year of establishment. Mostly this can be attributed to lack of access to finances. However, Microfinance institutions and can be critical to MSMES scale up, since they provide financial services to low cadre people in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Microfinance Institutions and Cooperatives as an unexploited Blue Ocean Strategy for growth of Micro and Small Medium Enterprise in Kenya. The study was anchored on; Enterprise Theory, Resource Based Theory, Credit Theory, Game Theory and Value-Added Theory. The study based on literature analysis of the available documents. The study found that microfinance and cooperatives affect the MSEMEs development. It also found that microfinance and cooperatives have the friendliest policies in the financial sector for the MSMEs. However, these two institutions remain unexploited blue ocean strategy which can provide the necessary needed finance to foster growth of MSMEs in Kenya. The study recommends that given Microfinance institutions and cooperatives have the friendliest policies in the financial sector MSMEs should take advantage of these and try to access the needed finances for their scaling up. Government should support or guarantee these institutions to increase their capital base from donors and other organizations in order to have more money to advance to the MSMEs.
HUSTLERS’ FUND: A DISRUPTIVE MODEL IN THE FINANCIAL CONTEXT IN KENYA: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Authors: Karitu Beatrice , Wangondu Wanja , Muathe Stephen
Published: May 2023

Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises are regarded as a crucial component of economic growth, therefore, they are acknowledged as essential generators of productivity, employment, and innovation. Although MSMEs have received a lot of attention recently, many of them fail to live long to celebrate their first birthday while others stagnate in growth. This could be attributed to many factors key among them lack of finances due to lack of collaterals and high interest rate. The Kenyan Government in December 2022 launched MSMEs fund commonly known as ‘Hustler fund’ which is a disruptive financial innovation model that is changing the financial and scape in in Kenya. However, scanty research has been done on the implication of financial innovation in Kenyan context. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Hustler fund on the Kenyan financial sector. The study was grounded on the following theories: resource-based theory, constraint-induced financial theory, financial inclusion theory, and disruptive innovation theory. Exploratory research design was used and data was collected through literature analysis of the available documents. The study found out that hustler fund is a disruptive innovation model in the financial sector due to its low interest rate, lack of requirement of clearance from Credit reference bureau and absence of threats. Hence the other players in the financial sector in order to remain competitive and relevant they should develop strategies aimed at financial deepening by making loans affordable to most Kenyans and with improved ease of access.
Implementation of Solar Powered Autonomous Fire Fighting Robot
Authors: Bhange Priti , Gulhane Dolly , Chavhan Payal , Ramteke Pradnya , Ishwarkar Yamini , Katre Chirag , Bawankule Dipak
Published: May 2023

The creation of a remote-controlled fire robot is the primary objective of this project. The water tank and wireless pump on this robot both spray water. A Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) microcontroller performs the functionality offered. The transmitter button sends instructions to the receiver, telling it to move the robot in front, back, left, and right. To run the DC motor through the motor controller Integrated Circuit (IC) for the necessary duty, the decoder decodes the data before sending it to another microcontroller. The remote control has a decent range of up to 100 metres with the right antenna. The water tank and water pump linked to the robot body are operated by the microcontroller's output in conjunction with the appropriate signal from the transmitter. An Arduino Uno series microprocessor controls the entire operation.
A Qualitative Study of the Process Undergraduate Health Professions Students Utilize while Conducting a Scoping Review
Authors: De Vries Dawn , Williams Betsy
Published: May 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this research study was to inform pedagogy on the effectiveness of journaling as a tool to gauge synthesis and application of course content to a scoping review. The research question asked is “Is reflective journaling effective in helping undergraduate health profession students understand and apply course research concepts and ideas directly to an academic project?” The researchers used a reflective journaling activity to enhance student learning and to explore student application of course lectures to a scoping literature review. Method: Students were required to complete the journaling activities as a class assignment. Four journal entries were aimed at understanding student application of steps of scoping review and how students applied course content to a specific project; a final journal entry was reflective on lessons learned through the process. Results: Student journal entries provided detail on synthesis and application of course lectures to a student specific scoping literature review. Students identified challenges experienced such as trouble in finding literature; selecting and using the most appropriate keywords; lack of evidence-based, discipline specific research; finding recent research (i.e., within the last 10 years); and narrowing the topic to a manageable size. Successes include demonstrating student understanding of areas such as writing the research question and collaboration. As the project progressed, concerns shifted to writing barriers, team issues, the “choppiness” of writing with multiple authors, and organizing the flow of the paper. In the final journal entry, students reported that the project helped them learn how to apply research to practice, increased their skill and comfort in presenting research and education to others, and improved their skills in doing more effective literature searches and using keywords. Course lectures were adapted based on student journal entries to increase student comprehension and application, which were effective in improving student work as the project progressed. Conclusions: The student journal entries were effective in demonstrating their learning and application of course content to a specific project. Students benefitted from the opportunity to reflect on their process, problems, and strategies. For the instructor, journal entries provided an opportunity to see where students were at in the process, identified barriers, and allowed adaptations to instruction to provide feedback or further guidance. Other findings from this study reinforced previous studies on journaling outside of health professions, such as the value of having direct access to the librarian for guidance, the opportunity journaling provides for in-the-moment lessons and learning from students’ reflections, and that journaling activities provide for accountability with timely completion of assignments.