bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communicating attitudes: Ghanaian children’s expectations and experiences of Italian educational institutions
Authors: Fassetta Giovanna
Published: December 2013

When facing the prospect of moving to a new country to join their migrant parents, children’s expectations and imaginings revolve around entering a new school environment. While prospective young migrants show awareness of the challenges that learning a language may entail, the possibility of facing discrimination is seldom entertained. However, children who have recently moved relate that episodes of discrimination and even racism within the school walls are not rare, nor are they confined to other pupils. This article highlights the importance of non-verbal communication in shaping young migrants’ perceptions, and argues that children’s outward adaptation to school demands may mask sustained feelings of marginalisation and exclusion.
Laser shock peening and mechanical shot peening processes applicable for the surface treatment of technical grade ceramics: A review
Authors: Shukla Pratik P. , Swanson Philip T. , Page Colin J.
Published: December 2013

Laser shock peening and conventional mechanical shot peening are both comparable processes generally applicable to surface treat various metals and alloys. Commercial advantages offered by the laser systems such as flexibility, deep penetration of laser-induced shocks with precise control of the thermal pulses, shorter process times, high speeds, accuracy and aesthetics are attractive in comparison with the mechanical shot peening technique. Laser shock peening in the recent years has proved to be successful with steels, aluminium and titanium surfaces and metallic alloys in general. Nevertheless, minimal research has been conducted on laser shock peening and mechanical shot peening of technical grade ceramics. This article presents an update of the theory and to-date relevant literature within the two subject areas, as well as a comparison and a contrast between the mechanical and laser shock peening techniques. In addition, various gaps in knowledge are identified to propose further research for the development of both the techniques applicable to the surface treatment of technical grade ceramics.
Three-dimensional finite element modeling of high-speed end milling operations of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Wang Fuzeng , Zhao Jun , Li Anhai , Zhu Ningbo , Zhao Jiabang
Published: December 2013

This article presents the development of a three-dimensional finite element model to simulate the high-speed end milling of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy based on the commercial finite element package Abaqus/Explicit. The Johnson–Cook material constitutive model was employed to model the flow stress behavior of the workpiece. Zorev’s friction model was used to determine the frictional behavior of the tool–chip interface, and Johnson–Cook shear failure criterion was used to realize chip separation. Based on the three-dimensional finite element model, cutting forces in three directions were predicted under different cutting conditions, and chip evolution and morphologies of different cutting parameters were also analyzed. Corresponding high-speed end milling tests were conducted, and cutting forces were measured using a piezoelectric dynamometer in order to validate the finite element model. The simulation results demonstrate an acceptable agreement with experimental results in both the chip morphologies and cutting forces in the range of cutting speed and feed rates considered.
Simultaneous optimization of multiple responses in turning operations
Authors: Kaladhar M , Venkata Subbaiah K , Srinivasa Rao Ch
Published: December 2013

Making real-life decisions regarding selection of optimum parameters in machining of materials, especially when faced with conflicting objectives, is a tough task. Multi-objective methods are usually used to deal with such problems. This article applies grey relational analysis to the multi-responses that were obtained during turning of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steels on a computer numerical control lathe. The experiments were conducted using the Taguchi design of experiments technique. In grey relational theory, a grey relational grade is found such that it indicates an optimum level of machining parameters that produce smaller magnitudes of surface roughness, flank wear, tool vibrations and a higher magnitude of material removal rate. The combination of the following machining parameters produces a better turning performance: speed of 210 m/min, feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, depth of cut of 1.0 mm and a nose radius of 0.4 mm. The significant factors affecting the overall responses of turning process were evaluated by analysis of variance. Thereafter, optimum values of overall responses were predicted. Finally, a second-order multi-objective model was developed, which relates the machining parameters to the grey relational grade using response surface methodology.
Study of self-calibration and multilateration in machine tool volumetric verification for laser tracker error reduction
Authors: Aguado Sergio , Santolaria Jorge , Samper David , Aguilar Juan J
Published: December 2013

This article aims to present the influence of the measurement uncertainty of a commercial laser tracker on the volumetric verification of a machine tool through the study of verification procedures that are affected by measurement uncertainty, multilateration and laser tracker self-calibration. Self-calibration provides relative positioning between measuring coordinate systems (laser trackers) and the reference system from the measured points of the same mesh. The measured points are affected by the noise of each laser tracker; therefore, they provide positions that are different from the real positions of the laser trackers. By applying the technique of multilateration and by knowing the positions of the laser trackers, the measurement noise can be reduced. The range of the measurement noise reduction is influenced by the radial measurement noise of the laser tracker, the distance between the laser tracker and the measured point and the techniques that multilateration and laser tracker self-calibration employs. This article presents different laser tracker self-calibration procedures, a least squares adjustment, trilateration and quadrilateration as well as the scope and appropriateness of each method relative to the laser tracker measurement noise. Moreover, the influences of radial laser tracker noise on the trilateration and quadrilateration techniques are described as well as the influence of the distance between the laser tracker and the measured point on multilateration.
Optimization of cutting trajectory to improve manufacturing time in computer numerical control machine using ant colony algorithm
Authors: Kiani Kourosh , Sharifi Mostafa , Shakeri Majid
Published: December 2013

This article presents a novel method to construct an autonomous, intelligent computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing programming system for the cutting device controller (e.g. a computer numerical control laser cutting machine tool) based on ant colony algorithm. The computer numerical control cutting device should be able to optimize trajectory autonomously between cutting objects. In order to find the best sequence of operations that achieves the shortest trajectory, ant colony is proposed. The shortest cutting trajectory can be formulated as a special case of traveling salesman problem. The integration of ant colony algorithm and traveling salesman problem can be included in commercial computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing packages to optimize the cutting trajectory.
Emotion Strengthens High-Priority Memory Traces but Weakens Low-Priority Memory Traces
Authors: Sakaki Michiko , Fryer Kellie , Mather Mara
Published: December 2013

When people encounter emotional events, their memory for those events is typically enhanced. But it has been unclear how emotionally arousing events influence memory for preceding information. Does emotional arousal induce retrograde amnesia or retrograde enhancement? The current study revealed that this depends on the top-down goal relevance of the preceding information. Across three studies, we found that emotional arousal induced by one image facilitated memory for the preceding neutral item when people prioritized that neutral item. In contrast, an emotionally arousing image impaired memory for the preceding neutral item when people did not prioritize that neutral item. Emotional arousal elicited by both negative and positive pictures showed this pattern of enhancing or impairing memory for the preceding stimulus depending on its priority. These results indicate that emotional arousal amplifies the effects of top-down priority in memory formation.
Investigation of late-Holocene moraines in the western Southern Alps, New Zealand, applying Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating
Authors: Winkler Stefan
Published: December 2013

Chronological studies applying Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) were performed on six glacier forelands in the western part of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Although lithological heterogeneity prevented a regional age-calibration curve to be established, local age-calibration curves for La Perouse Glacier and Strauchon Glacier could be derived. They show similar linear equations and trends/slopes and enabled a preliminary assessment of the representativeness of individual 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating (TCND)-ages obtained from the other forelands. No mid- and early-Holocene advance periods were detected. Clusters of moraine ages date around 2800, 1850–1450, and 1100–900 years ago, followed by the ‘Little Ice Age’ commencing c. 500 years ago. There is no good agreement with earlier radiocarbon-based studies and recently published TCND-chronologies. As it will be outlined, this partly could be the result of different approaches to the palaeoclimatic interpretation of the dated samples. The results obtained from this recent study do not support an elsewhere proposed general asynchronous glacier behaviour between the mid-latitudinal Northern and Southern hemispheres.
‘Moral distress’ – time to abandon a flawed nursing construct?
Authors: Johnstone Megan-Jane , Hutchinson Alison
Published: December 2013

Moral distress has been characterised in the nursing literature as a major problem affecting nurses in all healthcare systems. It has been portrayed as threatening the integrity of nurses and ultimately the quality of patient care. However, nursing discourse on moral distress is not without controversy. The notion itself is conceptually flawed and suffers from both theoretical and practical difficulties. Nursing research investigating moral distress is also problematic on account of being methodologically weak and disparate. Moreover, the ultimate purpose and significance of the research is unclear. In light of these considerations, it is contended that the notion of moral distress ought to be abandoned and that concerted attention be given to advancing inquiries that are more conducive to improving the quality and safety of moral decision-making, moral conduct and moral outcomes in nursing and healthcare domains.
Migrant workers in small London hotels: Employment, recruitment and distribution
Authors: Markova Eugenia , Anna Paraskevopoulou , Williams Allan M , Shaw Gareth
Published: December 2013

Although migrants dominate employment in many major cities, the reasons for this, and the mechanisms by which they are recruited, are surprisingly under-researched. Focusing on the numerically dominant small hotel sub-sector in a global city, London, the paper first questions whether labour costs or competences are the main drivers of migrant employment, emphasising the difficulties of disentangling the relationships between these. Secondly, it analyses how migrant workers are recruited, and finds less evidence to support the concepts of ethnic queuing and co-ethnic recruitment as opposed to diversified migrant recruitment in the context of the super-diversity of migrant populations in a global city. Finally, it demonstrates that although there are compelling reasons for migrant employment in London’s small hotels, and that this is supported by a number of recruitment practices, they are unevenly distributed across establishments, reflecting the complex nature of migrant employment in a highly diverse sub-sector. The research utilises mixed methods, drawing on a survey of 155 hotel managers and 51 in-depth interviews.
Structure and agency in the Malaysian government’s policies for economic development
Authors: Akhir Md Nasrudin Md , Kim Keum Hyun , Suh Chung-Sok
Published: December 2013

This article examines the role of government in Malaysia’s history of economic development. In addressing two key challenges – inter-ethnic inequalities, conflicts and tensions, and exposure to global trade and economic relations – the Malaysian government has become directly involved in the economy. Strong government has played a role in Malaysia’s economic success in a range of ways, from 5-year plans to specific industry promotion and the creation of organisations for particular economic development purposes. Government has also been aware of environmental changes and in response has modified its strategies, established new organisations and invested in innovative ventures. Thus, while the drivers of economic development in Malaysia have been deeply embedded structural phenomena, the actual economic development path taken has been determined by the actions of the Malaysian government in concert with other stakeholders.
Beyond Word Meaning
Authors: Spies Tracy G. , Dema Alexandra A.
Published: December 2013

A well-developed academic vocabulary is foundational for understanding academic texts used in elementary and secondary classrooms. In-depth word knowledge is critical to understanding the abstract concepts and complex language structures of text. Students with learning disabilities and English language learners both characteristically have limited vocabularies, thus hindering their understanding of academic texts and ultimately their mastery of content material. These students are increasingly placed in general education classrooms, and content area teachers are tasked with developing their academic vocabulary with little training. This article explores the type of in-depth word knowledge (i.e., meaning, word structure, and grammatical placement) students with learning disabilities and English language learners need in order to understand and communicate in the content area classrooms. It also provides specific strategies for classroom implementation.
Strategies to Involve Families of Latino Students With Disabilities
Authors: Rodriguez Raymond Joseph , Blatz Erin Teresa , Elbaum Batya
Published: December 2013

Despite a growing literature on the value of family involvement for students with disabilities, there are ongoing misunderstandings about the reasons why culturally and linguistically diverse families of students with disabilities might be less involved with their child at school than other families. This article describes a project conducted with Latino families and with school personnel at schools serving predominantly Latino children that addresses why Latino families may become less involved. The authors describe school-level factors that may affect the initiative of Latino families to become involved at school, and suggest strategies school personnel can use to increase the involvement of Latino families.
Understanding Good Urban Governance
Authors: Hendriks Frank
Published: December 2013

Building on the relevant international literature, as well as empirical research on urban cases, this article determines and discusses five core values of good urban governance: responsiveness, effectiveness, procedural justice, resilience, and counterbalance. The quest for good governance can take various forms. This article focuses on urban governance, and identifies four different shifts, with increased emphasis on the real decision makers or the ordinary citizens, with increased attention to selective choice or integrative deliberation as modes of urban governance. Urban governance and good urban governance are not synonymous. This article advocates critical reflection, moving beyond the performance bias that tends to accompany governance reform.
A Model for Strengthening Collaborative Research Capacity
Authors: Rodgers Kirsten C. , Akintobi Tabia , Thompson Winifred Wilkins , Evans Donoria , Escoffery Cam , Kegler Michelle C.
Published: December 2013

Introduction. Community-engaged research is effective in addressing health disparities but may present challenges for both academic institutions and community partners. Therefore, the need to build capacity for conducting collaborative research exists. The purpose of this study is to present a model for building research capacity in academic–community partnerships. Method. The Building Collaborative Research Capacity Model was developed as part of the Community Engagement Research Program (CERP) of the Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute (ACTSI). Six domains of collaborative research capacity were identified and used to develop a model. Inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes of building collaborative research capacity are described. Results. To test this model, a competitive request for applications was widely distributed and four community-based organizations were funded to participate in a 2-year program with the aim of conducting a pilot study and submitting a research proposal for funding to National Institutes of Health or another major funding agency. During the first year, the community-based organization partners were trained on conducting collaborative research and matched with an academic partner from an ACTSI institution. Three of the academic–community partnerships submitted pilot study results and two submitted a grant proposal to a national agency. Discussion. The Building Collaborative Research Capacity Model is an innovative approach to strengthening academic–community partnerships. This model will help build needed research capacity, serve as a framework for academicians and community partners, and lead to sustainable partnerships that improve community health.
Towards simulation of subcellular calcium dynamics at nanometre resolution
Authors: Chai Jun , Hake Johan , Wu Nan , Wen Mei , Cai Xing , Lines Glenn T , Yang Jing , Su Huayou , Zhang Chunyuan , Liao Xiangke
Published: December 2013

Numerical simulation of subcellular [Formula: see text] dynamics with a resolution down to one nanometre can be an important tool for discovering the physiological cause of many heart diseases. The requirement of enormous computational power, however, has made such simulations prohibitive so far. By using up to 12,288 Intel Xeon Phi 31S1P coprocessors on the new hybrid cluster Tianhe-2, which is the new number one supercomputer of the world, we have achieved 1.27 Pflop/s in double precision, which brings us much closer to the nanometre resolution. This is the result of efficiently using the hardware on different levels: (1) a single Xeon Phi (2) a single compute node that consists of a host and three coprocessors, and (3) a huge number of interconnected nodes. To overcome the challenge of programming Intel’s new many-integrated core (MIC) architecture, we have adopted techniques such as vectorization, hierarchical data blocking, register data reuse, offloading computations to the coprocessors, and pipelining computations with intra-/inter-node communications.
Do you believe in magic? Symbol realism and magical practices
Authors: Watzlawik Meike
Published: December 2013

A symbol usually represents an object, concept or thought. In the case of ‘magic’ the word does not stand for something; it does not represent a certain object, but rather presents a certain meaning. The meaning itself may be manifold. Magic can be performed, and it can have consequences – if you believe in it. Individuals may have certain superstitions, or they might wear lucky charms. When did you last throw a penny into a fountain? Even if one does not believe in magic or has never performed magical practices, certain incidents may still lack a rational explanation. When falling in love, for example, one might feel as if one is under someone’s ‘spell’. If we actually believed that a spell was laid upon an individual, the articulation of linguistic forms would be ‘endow[ed] … with the potency of real objects or actions’. But do we really ‘believe’ in magic? Is it not only something for the ‘primitive’ mind? In this article, it will be shown that the belief in magic has not (yet) disappeared, and that it may even be of protective value for an individual’s well-being.
Symbol formation reconsidered: Moving forward by looking back
Authors: Wagoner Brady
Published: December 2013

Werner and Kaplan’s Symbol formation was published 50 years ago but its insights have yet to be adequately explored by psychology and other social sciences. This special issue aims to revisit this seminal work in search of concepts to work on key issues facing us today. This introductory article begins with a brief outline and contextualization of the book as well as of the articles that this special issue comprises. The first two articles were written by contributors who were part of the Werner era at Clark University. They explore the key concepts of the organismic and development, and situate them vis-à-vis other research at Clark and in American psychology more generally. The second two articles analyse Werner and Kaplan’s notions of ‘distancing’ and ‘physiognomic metaphor’, showing their roots in naturphilosophie and comparing them with contemporary theories. The last four articles apply the organismic-developmental approach to fields only touched in Symbol formation, such as magical practices, social structures, pictures and gesture.
Two world views: Perspectives on autistic behaviours
Authors: Mackay Sarah J , Parry Odette
Published: December 2013

This article reports on a study, utilising phenomenological methodology, which used interview and video narratives to collect data from 10 young people with autism and their parents. Data analysis employed multistage, primarily ethnomethodological methods in order to interpret and understand experiences of autism. The study found that parents, arguably influenced by the medical and psychological perspectives through which ‘autism’ has evolved, problematise what children with autism do as pathological. This article juxtaposes parents’ understandings against how children with autism, themselves, account for what they do, by exploring respective accounts of children’s obsessions and ritualistic behaviours.
A cross-sectional study of victimisation of bullying among schoolchildren in Sweden: Background factors and self-reported health complaints
Authors: Annerbäck Eva-Maria , Sahlqvist Lotta , Wingren Gun
Published: December 2013

Aim: To examine background factors for bullying and associations between bullying victimisation and health problems. Methods: A cross-sectional study on all pupils in grades 7 and 9 in a Swedish county was conducted in 2011 ( n=5248). Data have been analysed with bi- and multivariate models. Results: 14% of the children reported that they had been bullied during the past 2 months. Background factors for bullying were: gender (girls more often); age (younger students more often); disability/disease; high body mass index, and having parents born abroad. There were strong associations between being bullied and poor health and self-harm. Associations with poor general health for boys and girls and mental health problems for girls showed stronger associations with higher frequency of bullying than with lower. For boys, physical bullying had stronger correlations with poor general health than written-verbal bullying. Conclusions: Bullying is a serious public health problem among young people and healthcare professionals have an important task in identifying exposed children. Children who are “different” are more exposed to bullying, which implies that school personnel, parents, and other adults in these children’s social networks can play an important role in paying attention to and preventing the risk of bullying.
Cross-cultural validation of a simple self-report instrument of physical activity in immigrants from the Middle East and native Swedes
Authors: Arvidsson Daniel , Leijon Matti , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina , Lindblad Ulf , Bennet Louise
Published: December 2013

Aim: To investigate cross-cultural validity of a simple self-report instrument of physical activity intended to be used in Swedish health care. Methods: A validation study performed in 599 Iraqis (58% men) and 553 Swedes (53% men) aged 30–75 years living in the city of Malmö, Sweden. The self-report instrument by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare was compared to corresponding measures assessed from accelerometry as reference. Results: The agreement between the methods in assessing the participants as sufficiently/insufficiently physically active (cut-point 150 min/week) was 65% in the Iraqis and 52% in the Swedes ( p<0.001). The proportion disagreement where the self-reported physical activity was sufficient but insufficient according to the accelerometry was 26% and 45% in Iraqis and Swedes, respectively. Physical activity time (min/week) was overestimated by self-report compared to accelerometry by 71% in the Iraqis and 115% in the Swedes ( p<0.001). The smallest and largest overestimation was seen in Iraqi (57%) and Swedish (139%) women, respectively. The deviation of the self-report instrument compared to accelerometry was related to the physical activity level, as the overestimation mainly occurred at lower physical activity. Conclusions: The self-report instrument proposed by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare may overestimate the proportion sufficiently physically active, but to an extent depending on cultural background and gender.
Cross-cutting issues, intraparty dissent and party strategy: The issue of European integration in the House of Commons
Authors: Tzelgov Eitan
Published: December 2013

When do legislative opposition parties use wedge issues to attack the government? In this article, I focus on the issue of European integration and its impact on party strategy in the 1992–1997 British House of Commons. Utilizing both voting and rhetorical data, the analysis reveals that both government and opposition were split on the issue, and thus the opposition was not able to use it. This, I argue, stems from the complexity of the issue, i.e. the fact that it combines redistributive cleavages with pre- and post-material ones, which cannot be suppressed by party leaders. The results demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration both the government’s and the opposition’s cohesion in modeling party strategies. Further, the combination of voting and rhetorical data adds to our understanding of the dimensionality and structure of partisan ideologies in Europe. We have won more elections than any party in Britain because we are the most united and the most determined party in Britain. Over the same period Labour has been the most divided and the most undisciplined party. That is why they have lost, and lost, and lost, and lost again.   Sir Norman Fowler, Conservative Party Chairman, 1992 Party Conference.
‘Participatory’ visual research revisited: A critical-constructive assessment of epistemological, methodological and social activist tenets
Authors: Pauwels Luc
Published: December 2013

The current proliferation of often not so distinct ‘participatory’ approaches and labels (photo-voice, photo-novella, community video, auto-driven photo-elicitation) can be traced back to two distinct techniques or research approaches with a long history – namely the use of visual stimuli in an interview situation and the idea of stimulating the field to produce its own imagery with respect to a certain issue. This article aims to clarify the specific strengths and weaknesses of the different options in participatory research as well as interrogate their underlying goals (e.g. scientific knowledge production versus social action/awareness) and their largely undisclosed assumptions. To illustrate and explore the main techniques discussed in this article, excerpts and a brief discussion of a number of inspiring student projects in participatory visual research have been inserted throughout the text.
Soot formation and oxidation mechanisms during diesel combustion: Analysis and modeling impacts
Authors: Oppenauer Klaus S , Alberer Daniel
Published: December 2013

Soot dynamics during diesel combustion is a complex process and consists mainly of the competing mechanisms soot formation and soot oxidation. For future crank angle–based closed loop combustion control design it is not sufficient to focus only on the soot measured with standard sensors in the tailpipe, which is similar to the soot amount in the combustion chamber at exhaust valve opening, but to understand how soot is formed and oxidized during combustion. Hence, this article focuses on analyzing soot dynamics inside the combustion chamber with an optical sensor and how the analyzed effects can be captured with crank angle–based simulation models. An optical sensor was installed on the engine to measure the actual soot concentration and to analyze it together with the results of a thermodynamic engine process calculation based on the measured cylinder pressure. Based on the measured results, two observed effects are analyzed in detail and hypotheses to explain the behavior are sketched. First, it is shown that the soot formation after start of combustion must be subdivided into three phases. The second hypothesis shows that the impact of increased swirl level is mainly present during the soot oxidation phase and that it almost has no impact during the formation phase. As a main innovation, data-based methods were used to underline the formulated hypotheses. Additionally, the crank angle–based soot model equation structure according to Hiroyasu was extended with suitable inputs to capture these effects. Locally, the extended structure is able to catch the effects well with only one set of parameters.
Manipulating and controlling for personality effects on visualization tasks
Authors: Ottley Alvitta , Crouser R Jordan , Ziemkiewicz Caroline , Chang Remco
Published: December 2013

Researchers in human–computer interaction and visualization have recently been challenged to develop a better understanding of users’ underlying cognitive processes in order to improve system design and evaluation. While existing studies lay a critical foundation for understanding the role of cognitive processes and individual differences in visualization, concretizing the intuition that each user experiences a visual interface through an individual cognitive lens is only half the battle. In this article, we investigate the impact of manipulating users’ personality on observed behavior when using a visualization. In a targeted study, we demonstrate that personality priming can result in changes in behavior when interacting with visualizations. We then discuss how this and similar techniques could be used to control for personality effects when designing and evaluating visualizations systems.
Bad Mom(my) Litany
Authors: Faulkner Sandra L.
Published: December 2013

Through personal narrative, the author shows the experience of new motherhood by juxtaposing a social science relationship researcher role with middle-class cultural expectations of mothers. Autoethnographic scenes of the exhaustion of juggling expanding roles and cultural advice about what being a good mommy means with anxiety about being a bad mother help the author question (spank) entrenched mommy myths. The author uses poetic inquiry and personal narrative as forms to acknowledge, examine, and potentially alter the complex reality that although a mom might like and love her child, she might be anxious and abhor the prescribed role of being mommy.
Calcium Supplements and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Waldman Talya , Sarbaziha Raheleh , Merz C. Noel Bairey , Shufelt Chrisandra
Published: December 2013

Dietary or supplemental calcium intake has long been encouraged for optimal bone health. However, more recently, the safety of calcium supplementation has been questioned because of a possible association between supplemental calcium and cardiovascular risk. Whereas calcium may have a beneficial or neutral effect on cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol, weight, and diabetes, available evidence does not provide a definitive answer for an association with cardiovascular disease (CVD). To date, no calcium trials have studied cardiovascular disease as a primary end point, and larger trials with longer follow-up are needed. In this review, we present results from observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have evaluated calcium intake (dietary or supplemental) in relation to cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease as a secondary outcome. Results from RCTs are mixed regarding CVD risk in those using supplemental calcium with or without vitamin D, and more large-scale randomized trials designed specifically with CVD as the primary end point are needed. Evidence suggests that it is reasonable to encourage adequate dietary calcium intake, especially for postmenopausal women who are at greatest risk for osteoporotic fracture.
The ‘other participant’ in the room: The effect of significant adults in research with children
Authors: Pyer Michelle , Campbell Jackie
Published: December 2013

This article discusses the practical implications and ethical dilemmas of ‘other’ adults being present in a research setting where the participant is a child. The article focuses on three key issues in relation to this theme. First, the range of ways that ‘other’ adults (for example, parents or guardians, teachers or youth workers) may become involved in the process of research is discussed. Second, the article considers how the presence of ‘other’ adults may raise ethical challenges, impact on the research process, and ultimately affect the data collected. Finally, suggestions are offered for the range of strategies open to researchers in negotiating the involvement of ‘other’ adults within a research context.
We the People
Authors: van der Toorn Jojanneke , Napier Jaime L. , Dovidio John F.
Published: December 2013

Whereas much social psychological research has focused on the conditions that lead to political conservatism, the current research suggests that instilling a sense of intergroup interdependence can increase political liberalism and, in turn, foster concern for universal welfare. Using both correlational (Study 1) and experimental (Study 2) methodologies, we find convergent support for the novel hypothesis that perceived interdependence between groups in society increases people’s support for human rights because it increases liberalism. In addition to establishing the hypothesized effect, we empirically distinguished the effect of intergroup interdependence from that of intragroup (or “interpersonal”) interdependence, which was related to conservatism. This research presents a novel demonstration of the effect of intergroup interdependence on political attitudes and fills a gap in the literature on the conditions that lead to liberalism.
Does Travel Broaden the Mind? Breadth of Foreign Experiences Increases Generalized Trust
Authors: Cao Jiyin , Galinsky Adam D. , Maddux William W.
Published: December 2013

Five studies examined the effect of breadth and depth of foreign experiences on generalized trust. Study 1 found that the breadth (number of countries traveled) but not the depth (amount of time spent traveling) of foreign travel experiences predicted trust behavior in a decision-making game. Studies 2 and 3 established a causal effect on generalized trust by experimentally manipulating a focus on the breadth versus depth of foreign experiences. Study 4 used a longitudinal design to establish that broad foreign travel experiences increased generalized trust. Study 5 explored the underlying processes and found that a focus on the differences rather than the similarities among the countries visited was critical in producing greater generalized trust. Across five studies, using various methods (correlational, lab experiment, and longitudinal), samples (United States and Chinese) and operationalizations (trust game and generalized trust scale), we found a robust relationship between the breadth of foreign travel experiences and generalized trust.
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic macular edema
Authors: Boyer David S. , Hopkins J. Jill , Sorof Jonathan , Ehrlich Jason S.
Published: December 2013

Diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem that affects over 350 million individuals worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in working-aged adults. Diabetic macular edema (DME) is an advanced, vision-limiting complication of DR that affects nearly 30% of patients who have had diabetes for at least 20 years and is responsible for much of the vision loss due to DR. The historic standard of care for DME has been macular laser photocoagulation, which has been shown to stabilize vision and reduce the rate of further vision loss by 50%; however, macular laser leads to significant vision recovery in only 15% of treated patients. Mechanisms contributing to the microvascular damage in DR and DME include the direct toxic effects of hyperglycemia, sustained alterations in cell signaling pathways, and chronic microvascular inflammation with leukocyte-mediated injury. Chronic retinal microvascular damage results in elevation of intraocular levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), a potent, diffusible, endothelial-specific mitogen that mediates many important physiologic processes, including but not limited to the development and permeability of the vasculature. The identification of VEGF as an important pathophysiologic mediator of DME suggested that anti-VEGF therapy delivered to the eye might lead to improved visual outcomes in this disease. To date, four different inhibitors of VEGF, each administered by intraocular injection, have been tested in prospective, randomized phase II or phase III clinical trials in patients with DME. The results from these trials demonstrate that treatment with anti-VEGF agents results in substantially improved visual and anatomic outcomes compared with laser photocoagulation, and avoid the ocular side effects associated with laser treatment. Thus, anti-VEGF therapy has become the preferred treatment option for the management of DME in many patients.
Risk awareness in secondary stroke prevention: a review of the literature
Authors: Slark Julia , Sharma Pankaj
Published: December 2013

Despite improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease through medical advances, it remains the largest single cause of disability and the second leading cause of death on a global scale. Despite this, patient awareness of cardiovascular risk is low and adherence to secondary prevention measures is inadequate. This combined with an ageing population could have serious consequences for both personal and health care costs. Risk management has been used to design strategies to prevent both primary and secondary stroke. These strategies have largely relied upon health professionals providing information, support and monitoring of patients conditions and control of individual risk factors. However, these strategies have not always been successful in the long-term management and prevention of secondary cardiovascular disease. This review explores the literature surrounding risk awareness as a tool to improve patient adherence to medications and lifestyle behaviours to reduce risk of secondary stroke.
Well-Child Care Clinical Practice Redesign at a Community Health Center
Authors: Mooney Kelly , Moreno Candice , Chung Paul J. , Elijah Jacinta , Coker Tumaini R.
Published: December 2013

Background: Community health centers (CHCs) are a key element of the health care safety net for underserved children. They may be an ideal setting to create well-child care (WCC) clinical practice redesign to drastically improve WCC delivery. Objective: To examine the perspectives of clinical and administrative staff at a large, multisite urban CHC on alternative ways to deliver WCC services for low-income children aged 0 to 3 years. Methods: Eight semistructured interviews were conducted with 4 pediatric teams (each consisting of 1 pediatrician and 2 medical assistants) and 4 CHC executive/administrative staff (Medical Director, COO, CEO, and Nurse Supervisor). Discussions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the constant comparative method of qualitative analysis. Salient themes included WCC delivery challenges and endorsed WCC clinical practice redesign solutions. Results: The 3 main WCC delivery challenges included long wait times due to insurance verification and intake paperwork, lack of time for parent education and sick visits due to WCC visit volume, and absence of a system to encourage physicians to use non–face-to-face communication with parents. To address WCC delivery challenges, CHC providers and administrators endorsed several options for clinical practice redesign in their setting. These included use of a health educator in a team-based model of care, a previsit tool for screening and surveillance, Web site health education, a structured system for non–face-to-face (eg, phone) parent communication, and group visits. Conclusion: CHC-specific strategies for WCC clinical practice redesign endorsed by a large, multisite safety net clinic may lead to more efficient, effective, and family-centered WCC for low-income populations.
Factors Associated with Late Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy among Young HIV-Positive Men and Women Aged 18 to 29 Years in Canada
Authors: Palmer Alexis K. , Cescon Angela , Chan Keith , Cooper Curtis , Raboud Janet M. , Miller Caroline L. , Burchell Ann N. , Klein Marina B. , Machouf Nima , Montaner Julio S. G. , Tsoukas Chris , Hogg Robert S. , Loutfy Mona R. ,   the CANOC Collaboration
Published: December 2013

Initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with low CD4 counts or AIDS-defining illnesses (ADIs) increases risk of treatment failure and death. We examined factors associated with late initiation among 18- to 29-year-olds within the Canadian Observational Cohort (CANOC) collaboration, a multi-site study of HIV-positive persons who initiated HAART after 2000. Late initiation was defined as beginning HAART with a CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 and/or having a baseline ADI. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent correlates of late initiation. In total, 1026 individuals (422 from British Columbia, 400 from Ontario, and 204 from Quebec) met our age criteria. At HAART initiation, median age was 27 years (interquartile range, 24, 28 years). A total of 412 individuals (40%) identified as late initiators. Late initiation was associated with female gender, age >25 years at initiation, initiating treatment in earlier years, and having higher baseline viral load. The high number of young adults in our cohort starting HAART late indicates important target populations for specialized services, increased testing, and linkages to care.
Retrospective Study of the Prevalence, Predictors, and Consequences of Nonadherence With Lapatinib in Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer Who Were Previously Treated With Trastuzumab
Authors: Delea Thomas E. , Kartashov Alex , Sharma Puza P.
Published: December 2013

Background. Lapatinib is an oral small molecule dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been shown to improve time to progression versus capecitabine in women with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) previously treated with trastuzumab. Objective. To describe extent, predictors, and consequences of nonadherence with lapatinib in women with MBC who were previously treated with trastuzumab. Methods. This was a retrospective observational study using data from a large health insurance claims databases spanning January 2000 to March 2010. Measures of lapatinib adherence included medication possession ratio (MPR), time to discontinuation (end of supply), time to first treatment interruption (gap during treatment of 30 days without supply), and duration of continuous therapy (time to gap of 30 days without supply or end of supply). Predictors of nonadherence to lapatinib and the association between nonadherence and outcomes, utilization, and costs were examined using multiple regression analysis. Results. A total of 666 patients met all inclusion criteria. Mean initial lapatinib dosage was 1161 mg daily; 63% received index lapatinib in combination with capecitabine. Mean MPR was 87%; 22% of patients had MPR < 80%. Median time to lapatinib discontinuation was 9.1 months (95% confidence interval = 8.0-10.2). Twenty-seven percent of patients had one or more treatment interruptions during follow-up. Median duration of continuous therapy was 5.9 months (95% confidence interval = 5.1-6.1). Concomitant therapy with a taxane was a predictor of nonadherence (odds ratio for MPR < 80% = 10.30; P < .001). There was a statistically significant association between nonadherence to lapatinib and greater number of outpatient visits ( P = .028). Conclusions. In women with MBC who were previously treated with trastuzumab, mean adherence to lapatinib in typical clinical practice is relatively high overall, although there is a small group of patients with high nonadherence. Targeted efforts to improve adherence to lapatinib in this subgroup may be warranted.
Human herpesvirus-8: Kaposi sarcoma, multicentric Castleman disease, and primary effusion lymphoma
Authors: Kaplan Lawrence D.
Published: December 2013

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is a gamma herpesvirus associated with Kaposi sarcoma, multicentric Castleman disease, and primary effusion lymphoma, lymphoproliferative diseases that are most commonly observed in immunocompromised individuals. The viral genome expresses genes responsible for inhibition of apoptosis, cell cycle entry, and angiogenesis. Viral homologs of human regulatory genes are expressed, providing stimuli for angiogenesis, B-cell proliferation, and immune evasion. Variations in expression of these factors give rise to the 3 known HHV8-associated malignancies. Identification of these pathogenetic mechanisms has led to exploration of targeted treatment approaches for all 3 of these disorders with success in Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman disease; primary effusion lymphoma remains a clinical challenge.