bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral Synthesis of the Integrated Spectrum of the Galactic Bulge
Authors: Delisle Sonya , Hardy Eduardo
Published: July 2016

We present preliminary results of the population synthesis of the Galactic Bulge using different techniques. The observations, taken with CTIO's 4m CS, cover the range 3600Å to 10000Å. The integrated spectrum includes light from stars in the line-of-sight. For the synthesis, we used first a program that we developed (Couture & Hardy (1993), and Hardy et al. (1994)) along with three libraries, one of composite population spectra, (Jablonka et al. (1990) and Bica (1988)), one of stellar spectra (Pickles (1985)), and one of equivalent widths measured on the integrated spectra of coeval populations (Bica and Alloin (1986a), (1986b) and (1987)). Results obtained with the spectra were inconclusive. With the equivalent widths, we found indication of the presence of a young and rich population (1 Myr and [Z/Z⊙]=+0.3), but no old population or poor globular cluster-like population. Further tests are needed to evaluate the extent of the contamination from disk giants and its impact on the synthesis results. We also used Bica and Alloin's optimization program (Bica (1988)) with their library of equivalent witdhs. The contributions are spread over many groups but mainly intermediate-age, above-solar metallicity groups and old and poor groups. In all cases, no old metal-rich population was detected.
Secular Evolution of the Sombrero Galaxy
Authors: Emsellem Eric
Published: July 2016

We present several pieces of evidence that there was an interaction between a bar, which is now dissolved (presumably by a small merger event - Emsellem 1995, A&A in press), and the interstellar medium (gas/dust) in the Sombrero Galaxy (M 104). This study has been achieved by combining new photometric and 2D spectroscopic data (HRCAM, TIGER - Fig. 1) with realistic models (a 3D spatial model of the dust distribution taking into account light scattering, and self consistent two-integral models). Such secular evolution of galaxies driven by bars may be a very common process (Friedli & Benz 1993, A&A 268, 65).
S0 Galaxy Line Strengths and Gradients
Authors: Fisher David , Franx Marijn , Illingworth Garth
Published: July 2016

Line strengths and their gradients in Mg, Fe, and Hβ have been determined for a sample of 20 S0 galaxies in order to study the stellar populations of their bulges and disks and to investigate their relationship to elliptical galaxies. The data were obtained with the Lick Observatory 3m telescope in the long-slit mode over the region 4215–5615 Å with resolution 3.1 Å.
Star and Globular Cluster Formation in Mergers
Authors: Fritze - v. Alvensleben Uta
Published: July 2016

The high burst strengths and star formation efficiencies found with spectrophotmetric and chemical evolutionary synthesis for mergers of gas-rich spirals led us to expect the formation of a secondary population of globular clusters (GC) with enhanced metallicity (F. – v. A. & Gerhard 1994, A&A 285, 751 u.775). HST imaging of NGC 7252, NGC 4038/39 and NGC 1275 revealed rich populations of bright young star clusters (YSC).
The Enrichment of the Intracluster Medium
Authors: Gibson B.K. , Matteucci F.
Published: July 2016

Recent observational evidence for steep dwarf galaxy luminosity functions in several rich clusters has led to speculation that their precursors, via supernovae (SNe)-driven galactic winds, may be the source of the majority of gas and metals inferred from intracluster medium (ICM) x-ray observations (Trentham 1994). Utilising a fully self-consistent photo-chemical evolution package (Gibson 1995), and insisting that the post-galactic wind dwarfs obey the observed colour-luminosity-metallicity relations, we demonstrate that the bulk of the ICM gas does not originate within their precursors (Gibson & Matteucci 1995).
Stellar Populations in Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies
Authors: Gorgas J. , Pedraz S. , Cardiel N. , Gonzalez J.J.
Published: July 2016

We present the results of a spectroscopic study in which we have measured line-strength indices in a sample of 5 dwarf and 2 compact elliptical galaxies (mostly from Virgo). Some conclusions about the stellar populations in dwarf E's are derived by comparing the sample with classical E galaxies. In the adjacent figure, we plot in the Hβ-[MgFe] plane the central indices of our sample of dwarf and compact E's together with data from González (1993, PhD Thesis). The grid represents the predictions of single-burst stellar population models from Worthey (1994, ApJS, 95, 107). The main conclusion is that, whilst the central regions of giant, intermediate and compact ellipticals span, according to stellar population models, a wide range in mean stellar ages, bright dwarf ellipticals are found to be old, compatible with a ∼ 10 Gyr old stellar population. This means that the dichotomy found in the Fundamental Plane between dwarf ellipticals and the gE-iE-cE sequence (Bender, Burstein & Faber 1992, ApJ, 399, 462) is also observed in the stellar populations.
Spatially-Resolved Internal Kinematics of 〈z〉 ≈ 0.3 Field Galaxies: Evidence for Rotation
Authors: Guhathakurta P. , Ing K. , Rix H.-W. , Colless M. , Williams T.
Published: July 2016

The nature of evolution in faint field galaxies remains a mystery. The Tully-Fisher relation, empirically relating the intrinsic luminosity of a spiral galaxy to its rotation speed, is an important tool for constraining the amount of luminosity evolution in distant field galaxies. Studying the luminosity-vs-linewidth relation for distant galaxies allows one to compare the luminosity of local and distant galaxies. The customary measure of a galaxy's rotation speed is the width of an emission line. It is important, however, to test whether the linewidth is a reliable measure of the galaxy's rotation speed or if it is dominated by turbulent motion within HII regions. In order to do this, we study the spatially-resolved kinematics and distribution of 0[III] gas in about ten 〈B〉∼21 field galaxies at 〈z〉≈0.3.
High-Resolution Imaging of BL LAC Host Galaxies
Authors: Heidt J. , Pursimo T. , Sillanpää A. , Takalo L.O. , Nilsson K.
Published: July 2016

We present high-resolution imaging of the BL Lac objects 1ES 0229+200 (z = 0.14), Markarian 421 (z = 0.031) and the prototype BL Lac (z = 0.069). Our goal is to study the properties of the host galaxies of this enigmatic sources and to compare them with their non-actice counterparts. The observations were carried out with the Nordical Optical Telescope (NOT) at La Palma under sub-arcsecond seeing conditions (FWHM < 0.″8). The surface brightness profiles of the host galaxies were analyzed as described in Bender and Möllenhoff (A&A, 177, 71 (1987)). After masking the disturbing field stars/galaxies isophotes were fitted by ellipses down to 20.5 mag/arccsec2 in Markarian 421, 23.5 mag/arcsec2 in BL Lac and 25.5 mag/arcsec2 in 1ES 0229+200. Additionally, we analyzed the surface brightness profile of the companion of Markarian 421.

The surface brightness profiles of the host galaxies were analyzed as described in Bender and Möllenhoff (A & A, 177, 71 (1987)). After masking the disturbing field stars/galaxies isophotes were fitted by ellipses down to 20.5 mag/arccsec2 in Markarian 421, 23.5 mag/arccsec2 in BL Lac and 25.5 mag/arccsec2 in 1ES 0229+200. Additionally, we analyzed the surface brightness profile of the companion of Markarian 421.
The Cold Gas Content of Elliptical Galaxies
Authors: Huchtmeier W.K. , Sage L.J. , Henkel C.
Published: July 2016

The 100m radiotelescope at Effelsberg has been used to observe two samples of elliptical galaxies in the 21cm line of neutral hydrogen. One sample is defined by the elliptical galaxies in the Revised-Shapely-Ames catalog (RSA) (Huchtmeier 1994, Astron.Astrophys 286, p.389); the other sample is defined by all elliptical galaxies with IRAS 100 μ fluxes ≥ 500mJy north of declination –310 (Huchtmeier, Sage, Henkel 1995 Astron.Astrophys. in press). Among the detected galaxies there are 23 (RSA) and 24 (IRAS) isolated elliptical galaxies free of confusion by nearby galaxies with similar radial velocities. Global properties of these two samples of elliptical galaxies are discussed: their HI-properties, optical and IR luminosities, their optical colors, their masses of dust and of molecular hydrogen.
The Clustering of Faint Galaxies: and the Evolution of ξ(R)
Authors: Hudon J.D. , Lilly S.J.
Published: July 2016

The two-point angular correlation function, ω(θ), is constructed from a catalog of 13,000 objects in 24 fields distributed over an area of 2 degrees square and complete to a limit of R = 23.5. The amplitude and slope of our correlation function on arcminute scales are in broad agreement with recent CCD results in the literature and decreases with depth. No evidence is found for a flattening of the slope of the correlation function away from δ ∼ 0.8. Using the redshift distribution from the recent I-band selected Canada-France Redshift Survey, the observed ω(θ) implies a value of the clustering length r0 = 1.86 ± 0.42h−1 Mpc (q0 = 0.5) at z = 0.48. This is consistent with the clustering of optically selected local galaxies, if clustering has developed with epoch. Specifically, clustering evolution to a CfA-like sample (with r0 = 5.5h−1 Mpc) would require growth in clustering stronger than the type seen in CDM-like models. Evolution to a less clustered IRAS-like sample (with r0 = 4h−1 Mpc) would require evolution represented by stable clusters of fixed physical size. If there was no growth in clustering (i.e galaxies are fixed in comoving space) then a local sample that is very weakly clustered (with r0 = 3h−1 Mpc) would result. These possibilities are discussed in the context of our understanding of the nature of the faint galaxy population.
Barred Galaxies: Intrinsic or Extrinsic?
Authors: Noguchi M.
Published: July 2016

A unified picture is presented of the formation of bar structures in disk galaxies of various morphological types. In order to discuss bar formation in the context of galactic disk formation, a simple analytic model is constructed of the growth of galactic disks by infall of primordial gas from haloes and subsequent star formation in the disks. It is monitored during the course of disk growth whether or not the condition for spontaneous bar formation (i.e., bar instability) is fulfilled for the stellar disk component.
The Large Range of Dark Matter content in Dwarf Galaxies and its Implications
Authors: Pustilnik S.A. , Lipovetsky V.A. , Martin J.-M. , Thuan T.X.
Published: July 2016

We present the analysis of a new set of radio and optical observations of a large sample of Byurakan Blue Compact Galaxies. HI spectra were obtained with the Nançay 300-m and Green Bank 43-m radio telescopes. CCD-images were taken with the KPNO 0.9-m and Whipple Observatory 1.2-m telescopes. Dark Matter (DM) to luminous mass ratios in these BCGs were found to vary from about less than 0.5 up to 14. Recent data taken from the literature indicate this same range. This result has important consequences on models of dwarf galaxy formation, indicating possibly different formation mechanisms. The standard CDM model of dwarfs formation requires large DM halos. However the formation of dwarfs as tidal debris resulting from strong interactions of massive spirals leads naturally to dwarfs with low content of DM. On Fig.1 we show DM to luminous mass ratio versus rotational velocity for our BCGs and some other galaxies.
Globular Cluster Systems in Fornax
Authors: Kissler-Patig M. , Kohle S. , Hilker M. , Richtler T. , Infante L. , Quintana H.
Published: July 2016

We present V and I photometry of the globular cluster systems of the early-type galaxies NGC 1374, NGC 1379, NGC 1387, NGC 1427, and NGC 1399, obtained with the 100 inch telescope of Las Campanas Observatory.
Near-IR Imaging Spectroscopy of CD Galaxy NGC1275
Authors: Sams B. J. , Genzel R. , Krabbe A. , Thatte N. , Kroker H.
Published: July 2016

H and K band imaging spectroscopy of the central 12″ (4.2 kpc) of NGC1275 using the Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik imaging spectrometer “3D” maps the gas density and temperature in the core and separates the contribution of Seyfert emission to the core light.
Number Density Predictions for Primeval Galaxies
Authors: Thommes E. , Meisenheimer K.
Published: July 2016

In the last two decades several methods have been employed to search for the ancestors of present day galaxies undergoing their first starburst at high redshift, the so-called “primeval galaxies” (PGs). According to predictions of the Ly-α flux from the PG phase current surveys for Ly-α bright PGs should have detected 101 − 103 PGs. Yet, no really good candidate has been found. One possible explanation for this discrepancy would be the presence of dust which could strongly suppress Ly-α. In fact, models of early galaxy formation are able to produce gas to dust ratios of about 1/10 solar after some 108 years. This would suppress the emerging Ly-α flux below current detection limits. Thus, to detect a PG in its Ly-α bright phase, one has to hit exactly the redshift of their first star formation. On the other hand, the epoch of galaxy formation is likely to extend over much longer time. So when searching a finite volume of the universe (given by the depth Δz and the field ΔΩ), the protogalaxies are not simultaniously in the Ly-α bright PG phase and only a fraction of them exceed the detection limit. Our new attempt to predict the expected number of PGs takes this reduced propability into account. Further contraints of the Ly-α luminosity were derived from recent observations and theoretical work (for details see E.Thommes & K.Meisenheimer in Galaxies in the Young Universe, Eds. H.Hippelein et al., Springer-Verlag, 1995, p.242). As expected, we find that the number density of Ly-α emitting PGs is drastically reduced in comparison to previous predictions. Thus previous surveys had no realistic chance to find them. Nevertheless, our calculations also show, that the detection of Ly-α bright PGs is in the scope of present day techniques. Specifically, we predict that the Calar-Alto-Deep-Imaging-Survey (see contribution of H. Hippelein et. al., these proc.) which will search for Ly-α in an area of ≈ 0.3□° down to a limiting line flux of 3 × 10−20W/m2 should detect 10 … 100 PGs in three redshift intervals Δz = 0.1. The uncertainty accounts for our ignorance of q0 and the unknown epoch of galaxy formation.
The Fundamental Plane at z = 0.4
Authors: van Dokkum Peter , Franx Marijn
Published: July 2016

Measurements of the mass-to-light ratios of galaxies are crucial to a proper understanding of galaxy dynamics, dark matter distributions, and the general matter content of the universe. We report on results of a program to measure the change of the M/L ratio with redshift. Since the evolution of the M/L can be parameterized as
An HI Study of Ursa Major Spirals
Authors: Verheijen M.A.W.
Published: July 2016

We investigate the scatter in the TF-relations and study the Dark Matter component of spiral galaxies as a function of luminosity, morphology, scale length etc. by means of a detailed kinematic and photometric study of individual galaxies in a cluster. Because all the galaxies are at the same distance there is no doubt about their relative masses and luminosities.
The Dynamical Evolution of Centaurus A
Authors: Vine S.G. , Thomson R.C.
Published: July 2016

Centaurus A (NGC 5128) is a nearby Giant Elliptical (3.5Mpc, 1012 Solar Masses). It has a prominent dust-lane which has an axis of rotation orientated differently from that of the underlying galaxy. Close to it are two galaxies: NGC 5237 – a dwarf elliptical, and Fourcade-Figueroa – a low surface brightness irregular. We are investigating whether these three objects are the resulting components of a grazing interaction between a Giant Elliptical and a less massive spiral galaxy. We have conducted n-body simulations, modelling all components of the two original interacting galaxies. Preliminary results show that Cen A, its dust-lane, and NGC 5237 are consistent with this simulation model. Centaurus A exhibits many other features which are also indicative of a past interaction.
The K-Band Luminosity Function
Authors: Wagner S.J. , Kümmel M.W.
Published: July 2016

Investigations of broad band energy distributions of specific classes of sources requires homogeneous samples of a sufficiently large number of objects. Deep and homogeneous surveys in those energy ranges which are accessible to satellites only are rare. One such a field in the north ecliptic pole (NEP). The ROSAT and IRAS whole sky surveys and deep additional observations by other satellites make the NEP the region of the deepest mid-IR and X-ray observations. We performed complete surveys in three optical/IR colors at 460nm, 700nm, and 2.1 μm (B, R, and K′) within a one square degree field around the NEP. Limiting magnitudes in the three bands are 23, 24, and 19, respectively. The optical bands are observed with sufficient spatial sampling to classify extended and point sources. Down to levels which still correspond to high completeness limits we detect 80.000, 240.000 and 25.000 sources in B, R, and K′, respectively.
Observable Properties of Passively-Evolving Galaxies at High Redshift
Authors: Yamada Toru , Arimoto Nobuo
Published: July 2016

There are evidenves which suggest that many of the early-type galaxies in rich cluster environment formed at fairly high redshift, z > 2. If the galaxies formed at such early epoch have experienced no intensive star-formation events, their photometric properties can be traced with less ambiguity by using the stellar evolutionary sinthesis models. Here we demonstrate what conspicuous feature can be observed for those passively-evolving galaxies at high redshift and how we can constrain the epoch and period of their formation.
Deep HST Imaging of a Galaxy Cluster at z = 2.40
Authors: Windhorst Rogier A. , Pascarelle Sam M. , Keel William C.
Published: July 2016

We present a 67-orbit HST/WFPC2 exposure on the weak radio galaxy 53W002 at z=2.390 and its surrounding cluster. Color Plate 1 shows 12 orbits in IF814W & VF606W, and 24 in BF450W. Potential cluster members were identified through 15 orbits in F410M, optimized for narrow-band searches for compact Lyα objects at z≃2.4 (P96), and confirmed through spectroscopy (W91, P96); 16 candidates were found with significant narrow-band emission in F410M: 4 out of 5 had a confirming MMT spectroscopic redshift at z≃2.40 (P96). All are located within 60″ from 53W002, or ∼ 0.24h–1100 Mpc (qo=0.5) at z ≃2.4, the physical scale of a group or small galaxy cluster. One object contains a weak (variable) AGN, another is a merger with two companions. Their underlying young stellar population is very compact, with rh.l. ≃0.2″ (≃ 0.8h–1100 kpc), and considerably fainter than the L∗-value at z∼2.4, implying sub-galactic sized objects. These results may explain why ground-based Lya searches for PG's have been largely unsuccessful. The narrow-line galaxy 53W002 was imaged in the PC at ∼0.07″ FWHM (WK95, see also W94). Its AGN component is ≤ 20±4% of the total continuum, surrounded by an extended r1/4-envelope with rh.l. ≃1.1″ (4.3 kpc), and has an SED of ∼0.3 Gyr in the center to ∼0.5-1.0 Gyr at ∼4 kpc. A one-sided cloud is seen ∼1.8 kpc West, ∼0.3 mag bluer than the SED, aligned with the radio source and its Ly-α cloud, presumably weak scattered AGN light, and/or jet-induced star-formation.
Present and Future CO Surveys
Authors: Thaddeus P.
Published: July 2016

Much of what is known about molecular clouds and their relation to star formation and galactic structure has been obtained from the large scale CO surveys. For several reasons, however, these have been done less systematically and less completely than the early 21 cm surveys; a great deal remains to be done. After a very brief general summary of what has been learned, I will emphasize the work now underway on the outer Galaxy and at high and intermediate latitudes. I will also briefly describe work in progress on M31. It will be argued in conclusion that a complete Galactic CO survey at an angular resolution of 1′ is quite feasible with a dedicated multiple-feed telescope.
Molecular Clouds Observed by the EGRET Gamma-Ray Telescope
Authors: Digel Seth. W. , Hunter Stanley D. , Mukherjee Reshmi , de Geus Eugéne J. , Grenier Isabelle A. , Heithausen Reas , Kanbach Gottfried , Thaddeus Patrick
Published: July 2016

EGRET, the high-energy γ-ray telescope on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, has the sensitivity, angular resolution, and background rejection necessary to study diffuse γ-ray emission from the interstellar medium (ISM). High-energy γ rays produced in cosmic-ray (CR) interactions in the ISM can be used to determine the CR density and calibrate the CO line as a tracer of molecular mass. Dominant production mechanisms for γ rays of energies ∼30 MeV–30 GeV are the decay of pions produced in collisions of CR protons with ambient matter and Bremsstrahlung scattering of CR electrons.
Preface
Authors: Newkirk Gordon
Published: July 2016

This Symposium was held at Surfer's Paradise, Queensland, Australia, from 7 to 11 September 1973. The Organizing Committee, chaired by J. P. Wild, consisted of A. Boischot, A. Bruzek, J. T. Jefferies, G. Newkirk, T. Takakura, and V. V. Zheleznyakov. We are indebted to the Local Organizing Commettee, chaired by S. F. Smerd and including R. G. Giovanelli, R. E. Loughhead, N. G. Seddon, K. V. Sheridan, and J. P. Wild, for advice in preparing this volume as well as for the smooth arrangement of the sessions. In addition, the session chairmen and reporters are to be thanked for their assistance in preparing the recorded discussions. It is a pleasure to thank Mrs R. Toevs and Mr A. Csoeke-Poeckh of High Altitude Observatory for assistance in editing these Proceedings. The financial aid for the Symposium afforded by the International Astronomical Union, the Ian Potter Foundation of Melbourne, and the Sunshine Foundation of Melbourne, as well as generous assistance of the CSIRO Divisions of Physics and Radiophysics is gratefully acknowledged.
Analysis of EUV Observations of a Coronal Active Region Made During the 7 March 1970 Eclipse
Authors: Gabriel A. H. , Jordan C.
Published: July 2016

(Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc.). Rocket observations of the EUV solar spectrum obtained during the total eclipse of 7 March 1970 showed the presence of a large coronal condensation on the NE limb (Gabriel et al., 1971). The condensation shows the existence of loop structure, which defines the local magnetic fields, and is apparent in forbidden lines including those of Si viii, Si ix, S xi, Fe ix, Fe xi and Fe xii which lie between 1200 Å and 2050 Å (Jordan, 1971). These lines are formed in the temperature range 9.3 × 105K to 2.0 × 106K. The photographic observations of the active region show clearly that the spatial distribution of material varies considerably with its temperature.
X-Ray Emission in Absence of Flares Related to Hα Activity and Type III Burst Production
Authors: Kane S. R. , Kreplin R. W. , Martres M. J. , Pick M. , Soru-Escaut I.
Published: July 2016

(Solar Phys.). The relationship between Hα absorption features, type III radio bursts and soft X-ray emission has been examined in order to determine the characteristics of the particle acceleration process operating when a Hα-flare may or may not be detectable. The Hα observations were made by Meudon Observatory with a Hα telescope fitted with a 0.75 Å band pass Lyot filter. During a 10 s period, three pictures were obtained – one at the Hα line center, one at Hα + 0.75 Å and one at Hα −0.75 Å. This sequence of three pictures was repeated every one minute. Each picture covered a rectangular area 18 × 24 mm2, the diameter of the complete solar image being 38 mm on this scale. In addition, Meudon Hα films of the whole solar disc were also used. The X-ray observations were made with the University of California (Berkeley) experiment aboard the OGO-5 satellite and the NRL experiment aboard Solrad-9. The wavelength range covered was 0.5–20 Å. The type III radio data was obtained from two sources: The 169 MHz radio-heliograph at Nancay which provided east–west position of the radio burst on the Sun with an accuracy of ~ 1′ and the radio spectra measured by various ground based observatories. The findings are as follows:

Transient Hα activity observed in the absence of reported flares is associated with production of type III radio and soft X-ray emission. Since such optical phenomena are much more frequent than flares themselves, we conclude that instabilities generating fast particles may be produced in the corona in a quasi-continuous way with coincident perturbations in the lower solar atmosphere.

The soft X-ray component is not necessarily the direct product of fast particles, but is probably associated with some type of heating since both the soft X-ray emission and the Hα features exhibit a comparable evolution. The type III bursts, when they are produced, occur near the maximum of this perturbation.

We identify the transient Hα activity (emission or absorption) with the existence of a metastable situation which may or may not lead to the triggering of a flare.
Solar Radio Bursts at Low Frequencies
Authors: Fainberg J.
Published: July 2016

Properties of solar radio bursts observed by spacecraft at frequencies below several MHz are reviewed. In this frequency range most of the observed bursts are type III events (associated with particles) but several cases of type II emission (associated with shocks) have been reported. The analyses which lead to emission levels of type III solar bursts out to beyond 1 AU from the Sun also indicate that the low frequency radiation is observed at the harmonic of the emission region plasma frequency. Simultaneous particle and radio measurements imply that the bursts are generated near the leading edge of impulsive streams of solar electrons with energies extending from several hundred keV to several keV. Recent experiments measuring the direction of arrival of the radio emission allow the exciter particles to be tracked along the interplanetary magnetic field from regions near the Sun out to 1 AU.
Unusual Absorption of a Solar Type II Burst by ‘Shadow’ Type III Bursts
Authors: Kai K.
Published: July 2016

(Proc. Astron. Soc. Australia). The Hα-flare on 1968 August 23d23h45m was followed by a short-lived type II burst. The radio spectrograph record obtained at Culgoora is shown in Figure 1. The type II burst was of split-band structure with unusual spectral features in each component of the split band. The most remarkable one is an absorption feature between 23h52m02s and 23h52m10s: suppression of the bright type II emission along an ‘inverted U’ (between 120 and 85 MHz).
High Resolution Observations of Generalized Fast Drift Bursts
Authors: Elgarøy Øystein , Rosenkilde Per H.
Published: July 2016

(Solar Phys.). During 1969 and 1970 groups of generalized fast drift bursts were observed on 21 days with a high resolution radio spectrograph at Oslo Solar Observatory. Totally 48 groups were detected in the frequency band 310–340 MHz. In the great majority of the cases the groups were accompanied by metre wave type III bursts at lower frequencies.
The Charge and Isotopic Composition of Solar Cosmic Rays
Authors: McDonald Frank B.
Published: July 2016

The charge and isotopic composition of solar cosmic rays potentially contain a wealth of information on the acceleration and confinment of energetic particles at the Sun. As the experimental techniques have improved and with the increasing number of measurements, this potential is now being realized. It is convenient to divide the composition studies into three areas: (a) helium-iron, with energies >10 MeV nuc−1; (b) helium-iron, and the trans-iron elements, with energies <2 MeV nuc−1; (c) the isotopic composition. In the first area at energies above 10 MeV nuc−1 the solar cosmic rays appear to provide a representative sample of the solar corona. At lower energies (b) complex enhancement effects are noted. These increase with Z and decrease with energy. This result as well as the high abundance of 3He suggest that the acceleration process is not a simple one and probably several stages are required.
Opening address
Authors: Alfvén H.
Published: July 2016

On behalf of the organizing committee and of the Royal Institute of Technology I wish you welcome to this symposium. I need not stress the importance of the subject which we are going to discuss—as participants in this symposium all of us are aware of it. You also know very well how this field has been opened by Birkeland and Störmer, by Chapman, Cowling and Ferraro, by Hale, Swann, and many others. However, it is not until the last decade that the interest in this subject has become more general. Many different research groups are active but their ideas differ very much, which gives a good reason for meeting and exchanging ideas.
19. Astrophysical applications of selective magnetic rotation
Authors: öhman Y.
Published: July 2016

When measuring the magnetic fields of sunspots the astronomer assumes that the magnetic field revealed by the inverse Zeeman effect is the same as if the splitting were produced by emission lines instead of absorption lines. No doubt this is in general a very fair approximation, but we have reason to remember sometimes that line absorption in the presence of magnetic fields is a very complicated process. In the immediate neighbourhood of absorption lines effects of magnetic rotation of the plane of polarization and magnetic double refraction may appear in the spectrum.
26. Photospheric magnetic fields
Authors: Babcock H. W. , Babcock H. D.
Published: July 2016

Since 1952 a total of 635 magnetograms of the sun have been obtained in a systematic investigation of weak magnetic fields in the photosphere. The frequent records give the location, polarity, and intensity of weak fields down to a fraction of 1 gauss, although with resolution limited to about 0·04 of the solar diameter.

Confirmation of previously reported results in 1954 comes from continuation of the series and from observations with a second, improved magnetograph on Mount Wilson. Three types of field pattern are found: (1) the poloidal field in high heliographic latitudes, consistently positive in the north, negative in the south, with intensity of the order of 1 gauss; (2) BM (bipolar magnetic) regions, often weak and extended, but which when strong are associated with plages, spots, flares, coronal emission, chromospheric fine structure, and filaments; and (3) UM (unipolar magnetic) regions, rather extended and weak, occurring in low latitudes, and associated in time with 27-day recurrent geomagnetic storms and cosmic-ray fluctuations. Attention is directed to the probable disposition of the magnetic flux in the high atmosphere and in interplanetary space, consistent with the observed magnetic areas and with the restriction div H = 0.

Alfvén has argued that the interpretation of the small Zeeman displacements is meaningless and irrelevant because the rather strong turbulent fields presumed to prevail in granules might be coupled systematically, in respect to magnetic polarity, with the intensity of the absorption lines used for measurement. But this would produce a bias, with a shift of zero point of magnetic intensity, for all observed fields on the disk, and no such bias is observed. The measurements, while limited in resolution, are on an absolute scale, and show, for the ‘quiet sun’, vast areas with only small random fields no greater than a few tenths of 1 gauss.
44. Electromagnetic acceleration of particles to cosmic ray energies
Authors: Swann W. F. G.
Published: July 2016

It has been demonstrated that if a particle is accelerated in an electromagnetic field between two points designated by subscripts (1) and (2), the particle will gain energy in passing from (1) to (2) provided that the quantity J defined by
is positive, where ds is an element of path, Us1 and Us2 are the initial and final values of the vector potential along the path, and t is the time. Moreover, if the particle is at rest at the point (1), its energy W2 at the point (2) is such that
here e is the charge on the particle.
The Devil in Nationalism: Indigenous Heritage and the Challenges of Decolonization
Authors: Bigenho Michelle , Stobart Henry
Published: July 2016

In 2006, Bolivians began living under their first indigenous president and undergoing an explicitly pro-indigenous “process of change,” alongside much rhetoric of indigenous autonomy and state “decolonization.” However, this article suggests that this same government’s twenty-first century policies regarding intangible heritage and “culture” hardly mark a departure from mid-twentieth-century mestizo-dominated liberal nationalist projects. Through the ethnography of disputed cultural claims to folklore, such as those with Peru involving the devil dance, this article examines how proprietary nationalism is experienced and expressed among certain Bolivians. For example, indignant internationally touring folklore workers imagine a hyperreal scarcity of specific expressions that have become framed as “cultural resources” for the nation. Indeed, it is common to hear propertied language employed when international disputes heat up, as cultural images circulate at high speeds through social networks and digital media. Within these media platforms, the visual sensory mode often overshadows aural and kinesthetic ones, as socially interwoven music and dance expressions fade into the background and stand-alone images of spectacular costumes move forward.
Variations in the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Concentration over the Past 1300 Years
Authors: Willis E. H. , Tauber H. , Münnich K. O.
Published: July 2016

Considerable attention has been focussed in recent years upon the validity of the radiocarbon dating method by papers whose authors have considered that one or other of the fundamental principles might either be in error or require serious modification (Crowe, 1958; Milojčić, 1957; Elsasser, Ney, and Winkler, 1957; Daniel, 1959). It has even been suggested that errors as great as 800 years might arise between datings on the same sample made in different laboratories (Crowe, 1958). In the light of such criticism, it is clearly of the utmost importance to investigate, and, if possible, justify the basic assumptions on which the validity of the method rests.
Bioreceptive design: a novel approach to biodigital materiality
Authors: Cruz Marcos , Beckett Richard
Published: July 2016

Today, at a time of unprecedented urban development, there is urgency to improve the environmental quality of cities. The present ‘greening’ of urban spaces is an ongoing response to a dirty industrial past and present, with a drive to transform cities to have better air and water, more tree-lined streets and open parks. But the amount of urban public green space varies massively between cities around the world and increasing this, or designing for it, is a particular challenge where there is pressure for space, resources, and development. The architectural fabric itself – building envelopes, roofs, and façades – has been targeted as an opportunity for additional greening. A number of strategies integrating vegetation and other photosynthetic systems onto buildings have been developed, which provide passive climatic control as well as aiding storm-water management and creating new ecological habitat, in addition to lowering atmospheric CO2. However, ‘green walls’, where plants and foliage are grown on the sides of buildings as a kind of secondary skin, have been less successful and have proven expensive to implement. Maintenance costs are significant due to the need to overcome gravity, primarily through mechanical irrigation.
The laboratory life of a designer at the intersection with algal biotechnology
Authors: Sawa Marin
Published: July 2016

Scientific laboratories are increasingly becoming a collaborative place to design in an emergent biodesign practice, yet there is very little literature on the actual place and practice. This paper describes an empirical account of a laboratory-based, interdisciplinary design research practice, exploring the intersection with algal biotechnology. Aimed at generating multiple applications of microalgae, the author spent 3 years (2012-2015) working in close collaboration with algal scientists in their research laboratories at Imperial College London. It expounds on the laboratory space and facilities and discusses collaborative experimentation with the intersectional outcome: Algae Printing. It reports that the sum of resultant biotechnological artefacts are scientific, aesthetic, and ecosophical with potential for the domestication of algal biotechnology. It reflects on the interdisciplinary collaborative practice with literature reviews and addresses suggestions for future practices. The main finding is that the integration of a designer into the laboratory life can lead to co-invention and that a role of designer in early stages of scientific research can be demonstrated.
The Next Best Thing to Getting Married: Partnerships among the Jewelry Manufacturers in the Providence/Attleboro Area during the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kim Duol
Published: July 2016

This study aims at enhancing our understanding of how industrial conditions affect the choice of a firm's ownership structure. The Providence/Attleboro area was a center of jewelry production during the nineteenth century. Because of the differentiated nature of the product, the Providence/Attleboro jewelers needed to promote their products among the wholesalers in distant markets. These geographical and industrial conditions motivated the entrepreneurs to organize partnerships for ameliorating informational asymmetries and for mobilizing the capital required to achieve economies of scale in sales and production.
“Trick or Treat?” The Misrepresentation of American Beef Exports in Britain during the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Higgins David M. , Gangjee Dev
Published: July 2016

This article examines the misrepresentation of American beef in the British market between c. 1890 and c. 1913. We examine the complaints voiced by British consumers, producers, and retailers and we discuss the response of the British government and the United States Department of Agriculture. A new dataset is employed to calculate the price premiums that could be earned from the misrepresentation of beef according to geographic origin. While considerable premiums could be earned by “passing-off” American beef as British in the 1890s, these premiums declined during the 1900s. Particular emphasis is placed on the inability of the British government to act unilaterally on meat marking. This article also considers origin as a means of distinguishing between categories of nonbranded goods. Yet “origin” has many dimensions. Not only does it indicate provenance, it sometimes signals quality associated with provenance while also serving as the basis for protectionist responses. This article therefore contributes to the broader debates surrounding origin marking as a commercial and legal phenomenon.
SUPERORBITS
Authors: Alldridge Alexander , Hilgert Joachim , Wurzbacher Tilmann
Published: July 2016

We study actions of Lie supergroups, in particular, the hitherto elusive notion of orbits through odd (or more general) points. Following categorical principles, we derive a conceptual framework for their treatment and therein prove general existence theorems for the isotropy (or stabiliser) supergroups and orbits through general points. In this setting, we show that the coadjoint orbits always admit a (relative) supersymplectic structure of Kirillov–Kostant–Souriau type. Applying a family version of Kirillov’s orbit method, we decompose the regular representation of an odd Abelian supergroup into an odd direct integral of characters and construct universal families of representations, parametrised by a supermanifold, for two different super variants of the Heisenberg group.
Twin Research and the Arts: Interconnections / Twin Research: Twin Studies of Sexual Orientation; A Historical Biological Twin Gem; GWAS Approach to Who Has Twins / Newsworthy: Twins on College Campuses; ‘Brainprint’: Personal Identification by Brain Waves
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: July 2016

The interrelatedness between twin research and the arts is explored via a new play about a famous case. In the 1960s, identical twin David Bruce Reimer was accidentally castrated as an infant during circumcision to correct a urinary problem. The decision to raise him as a girl, and the consequences of that decision, are explored in the new theatrical production of Boy. Other examples of the arts mirroring science, and vice versa, are described. Next, brief reviews and summaries of twin research on sexual orientation, 1860s’ knowledge of placental arrangements and twinning mechanisms, and genes underlying multiple birth conception and fertility related measures are provided. This article concludes with a look at twins on college campuses and the identification of individuals by their brain waves. A correction and clarification regarding my article on the Brazilian Twin Registry in the last issue of THG (Segal, 2016) is also provided.
Multiple capsid-stabilizing interactions revealed in a high-resolution structure of an emerging picornavirus causing neonatal sepsis
Authors: Shakeel Shabih , Westerhuis Brenda M. , Domanska Ausra , Koning Roman I. , Matadeen Rishi , Koster Abraham J. , Bakker Arjen Q. , Beaumont Tim , Wolthers Katja C. , Butcher Sarah J.
Published: July 2016

The poorly studied picornavirus, human parechovirus 3 (HPeV3) causes neonatal sepsis with no therapies available. Our 4.3-Å resolution structure of HPeV3 on its own and at 15 Å resolution in complex with human monoclonal antibody Fabs demonstrates the expected picornavirus capsid structure with three distinct features. First, 25% of the HPeV3 RNA genome in 60 sites is highly ordered as confirmed by asymmetric reconstruction, and interacts with conserved regions of the capsid proteins VP1 and VP3. Second, the VP0 N terminus stabilizes the capsid inner surface, in contrast to other picornaviruses where on expulsion as VP4, it forms an RNA translocation channel. Last, VP1’s hydrophobic pocket, the binding site for the antipicornaviral drug, pleconaril, is blocked and thus inappropriate for antiviral development. Together, these results suggest a direction for development of neutralizing antibodies, antiviral drugs based on targeting the RNA–protein interactions and dissection of virus assembly on the basis of RNA nucleation.
Optimizing laser-driven proton acceleration from overdense targets
Authors: Stockem Novo A. , Kaluza M. C. , Fonseca R. A. , Silva L. O.
Published: July 2016

We demonstrate how to tune the main ion acceleration mechanism in laser-plasma interactions to collisionless shock acceleration, thus achieving control over the final ion beam properties (e. g. maximum energy, divergence, number of accelerated ions). We investigate this technique with three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations and illustrate a possible experimental realisation. The setup consists of an isolated solid density target, which is preheated by a first laser pulse to initiate target expansion and a second one to trigger acceleration. The timing between the two laser pulses allows to access all ion acceleration regimes, ranging from target normal sheath acceleration, to hole boring and collisionless shock acceleration. We further demonstrate that the most energetic ions are produced by collisionless shock acceleration, if the target density is near-critical, ne ≈ 0.5 ncr. A scaling of the laser power shows that 100 MeV protons may be achieved in the PW range.
Deciphering the transcriptomic response of Fusarium verticillioides in relation to nitrogen availability and the development of sugarcane pokkah boeng disease
Authors: Lin Zhenyue , Wang Jihua , Bao Yixue , Guo Qiang , Powell Charles A. , Xu Shiqiang , Chen Baoshan , Zhang Muqing
Published: July 2016

Pokkah boeng, caused by Fusarium verticillioides, is a serious disease in sugarcane industry. The disease severity is related to the sugarcane genotype as well as environmental considerations, such as nitrogen application. The impact of the nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate, urea, or sodium nitrate) on sugarcane pokkah boeng disease and its pathogen was investigated in planta and fungal growth and sporulation production was measured in vitro. The results showed that ammonium and nitrate were beneficial to fungal mycelium growth, cell densities and sporulation, which enhanced the disease symptoms of sugarcane pokkah boeng compared to urea fertilization. A total of 1,779 transcripts out of 13,999 annotated genes identified from global transcriptomic analysis were differentially expressed in F. verticillioides CNO-1 grown in the different sources of nitrogen. These were found to be involved in nitrogen metabolism, transport and assimilation. Many of these genes were also associated with pathogenicity based on the PHI-base database. Several transcription factors were found to be associated with specific biological processes related to nitrogen utilization. Our results further demonstrated that nitrogen availability might play an important role in disease development by increasing fungal cell growth as well as influencing the expression of genes required for successful pathogenesis.
Andrographolide derivative AL-1 ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis in mice: involvement of NF-кB and PPAR-γ signaling pathways
Authors: Yang Yali , Yan Hui , Jing Mei , Zhang Zaijun , Zhang Gaoxiao , Sun Yewei , Shan Luchen , Yu Pei , Wang Yuqiang , Xu Lipeng
Published: July 2016

Andrographolide is a traditional herb medicine, widely used in Asia for conditions involving inflammation. The andrographlide-lipoic acid conjugate, AL-1, has been found being able to alleviate inflammation in our previous reports. Although the anti-inflammatory activity of AL-1 contributes to its cytoprotective effects, whether AL-1 can improve inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the underlying mechanisms of its action remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of AL-1 in C57BL/6 mice with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. The body weight loss and length change of colon after TNBS instillation were more severe than those in normal mice. AL-1 treatment led to significant reductions in disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic score and colon mucosa damage index (CMDI) associated with TNBS administration. AL-1 inhibited the inflammatory response via lowering the level of inflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. AL-1 attenuated the expression of p-p65, p-IκBα and COX-2 in the colitis mice. The alleviation of colon injury by AL-1 treatment was also evidenced by the increased expression of PPAR-γ. These results indicated that AL-1 could protect intestinal tract from the injury induced by TNBS in mice, suggesting that AL-1 may have potential in treatment for IBD.
Coral reef degradation is not correlated with local human population density
Authors: Bruno John F. , Valdivia Abel
Published: July 2016

The global decline of reef-building corals is understood to be due to a combination of local and global stressors. However, many reef scientists assume that local factors predominate and that isolated reefs, far from human activities, are generally healthier and more resilient. Here we show that coral reef degradation is not correlated with human population density. This suggests that local factors such as fishing and pollution are having minimal effects or that their impacts are masked by global drivers such as ocean warming. Our results also suggest that the effects of local and global stressors are antagonistic, rather than synergistic as widely assumed. These findings indicate that local management alone cannot restore coral populations or increase the resilience of reefs to large-scale impacts. They also highlight the truly global reach of anthropogenic warming and the immediate need for drastic and sustained cuts in carbon emissions.