bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The oceanic anthropogenic CO2 sink: Storage, air‐sea fluxes, and transports over the industrial era
Authors: DeVries Tim
Published: June 2014

This study presents a new estimate of the oceanic anthropogenic CO2(Cant) sink over the industrial era (1780 to present), from assimilation of potential temperature, salinity, radiocarbon, and CFC‐11 observations in a global steady state ocean circulation inverse model (OCIM). This study differs from previous data‐based estimates of the oceanic Cant sink in that dynamical constraints on ocean circulation are accounted for, and the ocean circulation is explicitly modeled, allowing the calculation of oceanic Cant storage, air‐sea fluxes, and transports in a consistent manner. The resulting uncertainty of the OCIM‐estimated Cant uptake, transport, and storage is significantly smaller than the comparable uncertainty from purely data‐based or model‐based estimates. The OCIM‐estimated oceanic Cant storage is 160–166 PgC in 2012, and the oceanic Cant uptake rate averaged over the period 2000–2010 is 2.6 PgC yr−1 or about 30% of current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This result implies a residual (primarily terrestrial) Cant sink of about 1.6 PgC yr−1 for the same period. The Southern Ocean is the primary conduit for Cant entering the ocean, taking up about 1.1 PgC yr−1 in 2012, which represents about 40% of the contemporary oceanic Cant uptake. It is suggested that the most significant source of remaining uncertainty in the oceanic Cant sink is due to potential variability in the ocean circulation over the industrial era.
The impact of vertical measurement depth on the information content of soil moisture times series data
Authors: Qiu Jianxiu , Crow Wade T. , Nearing Grey S. , Mo Xingguo , Liu Suxia
Published: June 2014

Using a decade of ground‐based soil moisture observations acquired from the United States Department of Agriculture's Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN), we calculate the mutual information (MI) content between multiple soil moisture variables and near‐future vegetation condition to examine the existence of emergent drought information in vertically integrated (surface to 60 cm) soil moisture observations (θ0–60 [cm]) not present in either superficial soil moisture observations (θ5 [cm]) or a simple low‐pass transformation of θ5. Results suggest that while θ0–60 is indeed more valuable than θ5 for predicting near‐future vegetation anomalies, the enhanced information content in θ0–60 soil moisture can be effectively duplicated by the low‐pass transformation of θ5. This implies that, for drought monitoring applications, the shallow vertical penetration depth of microwave‐based θ5 retrievals does not represent as large a practical limitation as commonly perceived.
Protein Targeting
Authors: Weisz Ora A
Published: June 2014

Protein sorting is the process by which cellular proteins, both newly synthesised and recycling, are directed to the appropriate intracellular compartments in which they will perform their function. This process relies upon the targeting signals that are found within each protein. These specific signals can be integrally encoded within the polypeptide sequence or require post‐translational modification of the protein. Targeting signals direct the interaction of proteins with a multitude of accessory factors to ensure the correct delivery of proteins to their appropriate destinations within each cell. Many proteins have multiple targeting signals that are interpreted hierarchically in cellular compartments. Changes in the expression of either the targeting signals or their recognition factors alter the targeting of proteins in different cell types or in response to physiological cues.

Key Concepts:

Protein targeting signals can be encoded within the polypeptide chain or can be post‐translational modifications or patches.

Targeting signals are recognised by cellular factors that direct proteins to their proper site of function.

Many proteins have multiple targeting signals.

The relative strength of targeting signals can change based on post‐translational modifications such as phosphorylation or accessibility to recognition factors at different locations within cells.

Differences in the expression of targeting signals or recognition factors can result in cell‐type dependent, developmental, or acute changes in protein targeting.
Investigation of Pollution in Rivers and Groundwater by Fluorescence
Authors: Baker Andy , Andersen Martin S. , Marjo Christopher E. , Zainuddin Nur S. , Rutlidge Helen , Graham Peter W. , Henderson Rita K.
Published: June 2014

Organic molecules that contain conjugated aromatic constituents have the potential to fluoresce. Both natural and anthropogenic organic matters may contain fluorescent molecules, and river and groundwater organic matters can be understood as a complex mixture of fluorescent and non‐fluorescent organic molecules. The investigation of pollution in rivers and groundwaters therefore requires the differentiation of multiple fluorescent molecules from multiple sources. The fluorescence spectra of both natural and pollutant organic matters are increasingly well known. Fluorescent pollutants in rivers and groundwaters are typically identified by high levels of fluorescence in the shortwave ultraviolet spectra associated with high levels of microbiological activity and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from landfill leachates or petroleum products; or the presence of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) from industrial, landfill, or sewerage pollution. These fluorescence signals can be distinguished from natural organic matter fluorescence by analyzing either of the differences in spectral properties, often using multiway analysis such as parallel factor analysis, or the investigation of their sensitivity to microbial or photodegradation. Examples of the investigation of pollution in rivers and groundwaters by fluorescence using both laboratory instrumentation and in situ probes are discussed.
Advances in Fiber Diffraction of Macromolecular Assembles
Authors: Orgel Joseph P.R.O. , Irving Thomas C.
Published: June 2014

X‐ray fiber diffraction is often the only means available to study fibrous macromolecular protein assemblies in their natural context. The structure of complex assemblies such as connective tissues, muscle, and amyloid systems, which may be very sensitive to environmental conditions or to the disassembly required for study by crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), may particularly benefit from a fiber diffraction approach. Even in instances where a fibrous system can be studied straightforwardly with atomistic or microscopic methods, it may benefit from fiber diffraction because of its potential ability to obtain large‐ to small‐scale structural details while maintaining the item of interest in situ within its host tissue, organ, or organism. In this article, we describe recent advances in macromolecular fiber diffraction in the context of its historical significance in this, the hundredth year of X‐ray diffraction of crystalline biological substances. We limit our discussion to cover the advances made in X‐ray sources in terms of experimental benefits to X‐ray imaging and scanning experiments and to technical advances leading to strides in our understanding of biological systems such as collagen, muscle, and amyloid that have evaded definition for much of the last century.
Biometrics—Developments and Potential
Authors: Meuwly Didier , Veldhuis Raymond
Published: June 2014

This article describes the use of biometric technology in forensic science, for the development of new methods and tools, improving the current forensic biometric applications, and allowing for the creation of new ones. The article begins with a definition and a summary of the development of this field. It then describes the data and automated biometric modalities of interest in forensic science and the forensic applications embedding biometric technology. On this basis, it describes the solutions and limitations of the current practice regarding the data, the technology, and the inference models. Finally, it proposes research orientations for the improvement of the current forensic biometric applications and suggests some ideas for the development of some new forensic biometric applications.
Ethics: The Prosecutors' Role as Gatekeepers for Scientific Evidence
Authors: Melson Kenneth E.
Published: June 2014

Lawyers have been blamed for introducing junk science into the courtroom. To combat the proliferation of junk science, the Supreme Court took the responsibility for screening scientific evidence from the lawyers and put it in the hands of judges who now act as gatekeepers for its evidentiary reliability. That does not mean, however, that lawyers are immune from responsibility for presenting valid and reliable scientific evidence. Particularly in criminal cases where the goal is justice, not just winning, prosecutors have a moral responsibility to understand the science and its methodologies before sponsoring expert witnesses. They should be gatekeepers themselves of scientific evidence they propose to use. An appropriate test for the prosecutor as a gatekeeper might be a good faith basis based on personal investigation to believe the scientific evidence is valid and that the methodologies used in testing are conducted properly. To this end, prosecutors must be trained in forensic sciences and professional responsibility associated with the proffer of scientific evidence. The Department of Justice (DOJ) has failed to adequately train its prosecutors in forensic sciences and to provide them with an acceptable level of professional responsibility training. With three major crime laboratories under its purview, Federal Bureau of Investigation (
FBI
), Drug Enforcement Administration (
DEA
), and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (
ATF
), the DOJ must enforce its draft Scientific and Research Integrity Policy required by the Executive Office of the President. The DOJ attorneys are generally ill‐equipped to be the initial gatekeepers of sound scientific evidence used in criminal prosecutions. With the emergence of more complex forensic science, the DOJ, and other prosecution authorities, can wait no longer to clarify the parameters of their responsibilities governing conduct regarding scientific evidence.
Genetics and Epigenetics of Mental Illness: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: O'Day Jennifer A. , Dardashti Laura J. , Delgado Darci M. , Schwartz Eric H. , Broderick Charles L. , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: June 2014

Epigenetics encompasses environmental and experiential processes in gene expression that determine when and whether a gene product is produced. However, there is no known gene for any psychiatric disorder, nor is there ever expected to be one. Genes do not code for psychiatric disorders or psychiatric symptoms, they code for proteins and epigenetic regulators that regulate the efficiency of information processing in brain circuitry. These brain circuits can be visualized utilizing various neuroimaging techniques. Every abnormal symptom has an abnormal circuit associated with it, but not every abnormal circuit has an abnormal symptom associated with it. Currently, psychiatric disorders are categorical collections of symptoms chosen by a committee of experts. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) created by the National Institute of Mental Health, proposes a dimensional approach for classifying psychiatric symptoms and behaviors related to various brain circuits. This diagnostic strategy is an attempt to link symptom domains that cut across multiple psychiatric disorders first to inefficient information processing in specific brain circuits and eventually to genes regulating those circuits. These advances in understanding the role of genetics may help mental health clinicians improve the understanding of mental illness and subsequent treatment outcomes.
Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites for Aero Engines
Authors: Morscher G.N.
Published: June 2014

Ceramic matrix composites have become viable materials for jet engine applications. In particular, SiC fiber‐reinforced SiC matrix composites are being developed for hot section components of jet engine in order to reduce weight and increase temperature capability its of hot section. SiC/SiC composites can be fabricated by a variety of methods, including melt infiltration (MI), chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), and polymer infiltration pyrolysis. Composite properties vary significantly, depending on the processing approach, constituent content, and fiber architecture. Ultimately, for SiC/SiC composite performance, long‐time load‐carrying capability in oxidizing environments requires composites that have high matrix‐cracking stresses. The melt‐infiltrated composite system is the most developed SiC/SiC composite, can produce the highest matrix‐cracking stresses, and is expected to be inserted into a commercial jet engine application in the next few years. The critical factors for design associated with matrix crack formation are discussed with respect to possible composite variations within the melt‐infiltrated composite system; however, some of the trends observed should be transferable to the other composite systems described as well. In addition, current challenges for use of these materials in aero applications are discussed.
Flight Test Reports
Authors: Gratton G.B.
Published: June 2014

All flight testing require reports, usually in addition to whatever automated data gathering is available. Flight test reports can be broadly divided into three categories: level 1 that is prepared immediately post flight, level 2 that contains substantial detailed data and analysis, and level 3 that is a brief summary report for final user consumption. Not all three categories are required for all flight testing. The presentation of data within reports is extremely important, and key approaches to clarity and thoroughness of data presentation are shown. There are key features likely to be required in a complete flight test report: conditions, results, analysis, role relation, conclusions, recommendations, and standards compliance – although not all of these will be required in all reports. In all reports, narrative flow is essential through to supportable and classified conclusions, and any recommendations must also be supported by evidence within the report as well as being classified – opinion alone is never sufficient. Finally, the importance of key documents is highlighted, and methods for doing this clearly and precisely are explained and emphasized.
Aircraft Gas Turbine Electronic Engine Controllers (
EEC
)
Authors: Lightbody John E. , Farzana Jihan , Schulz Christian , Castaneda Hector , King Daniel , Isa Fadl , Rana Antriksh , Day Ashley , Molagean Sezen , Carrington Thomas
Published: June 2014

The Electronic Engine Controller (EEC) has been part of the aviation industry for almost half a century. During this period, technological advancements led the way for automation and implementation of complex control laws, as well as offering high reliability, safety, and maintainability, which is the mantra of today's aviation industry. In this chapter, the design and operation of the EEC, which is the main component of the Full Authority Digital Engine control, is discussed. It should be noted that discussion is limited to civil

aviation engine applications only; military engines will need to incorporate carefree handling and aspects of reheat control and management as well as intake ramps. The primary function of the EEC is fuel flow regulation and thrust management for optimization of flight performance at all times while protecting the engine against hazards. The engine is monitored continuously by two independent safety channels or lanes that are capable of processing numerous engine parameters to safeguard the aircraft and regulate fuel flow among other activities. Engine signals are processed inside the EEC that interfaces with the airframe, engine, and pilot via dedicated communication networks. Output signals from the EEC actuate the drives, valves, and pumps that control the engine. Hardware and software within the EEC have been designed to meet European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) certification through high‐standard manufacturing processes and certified software build.
Borates: Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Huppertz Hubert , Keszler Douglas A.
Published: June 2014

This chapter presents the basic principles of borate crystal chemistry including the electronic structure of the basicBO3andBO4groups. Several typical examples for the combination of these groups to complex crystal structures with an additional view into glass‐forming systems are presented. Next to an introduction into the synthesis of borates, special examples of technologically important borates are described.
Borides: Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Fokwa Boniface P. T.
Published: June 2014

Boron forms compounds with most other elements. In addition to numerous binary and ternary compounds with metals—the true borides—boron forms related compounds with carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium. These related compounds are formed by elements more electronegative than boron and cannot therefore be denoted as borides. They display, however, similar properties and structures as borides, and are, therefore, included in this article.

Borides are to some extent related to carbides and nitrides. All three groups of compounds are compounds between small nonmetal and larger metal atoms. They are occasionally denoted interstitial compounds, as the small nonmetal atoms often occupy the interstices between the metal atoms in metal‐rich compounds. In boron‐rich compounds, however, boron octahedra or icosahedra form a continuous three‐dimensional network. Most borides are characterized by high melting points, extreme hardness, brittleness, high chemical stability, and high inertness toward reactive metals.

The borides are nonmolecular compounds and knowledge of the crystal structure is consequently of very high importance to characterize a boride phase. The structural principles of mainly the binary and ternary borides are described in this article. There are a total number of at least 1000 binary and ternary borides known at present.

The chemical bonding in borides has evident contributions from covalent, ionic as well as metallic bonding, which explains some of the unique properties of the borides. As a rule, phases containing a large proportion of boron are semiconductors, whereas those with a lower proportion of boron are metallic conductors. TiB2and MgB2(superconductor below 39 K) are good metallic conductors, whereas MeB6phases are either semiconductors or metallic conductors depending on the metal. Many theoretical calculations are available, in particular of diborides, including the superconductor MgB2.

The uses of borides and related compounds are mainly based on their hardness, chemical inertness, and magnetic and electrical properties. A few examples may be mentioned. B4C and cubic BN are used as abrasives, B4C and hexaborides as surface coatings, and CaB6as deoxidation agent in some metallurgical processes. TiB2is used in the production of vaporization boats for aluminum. It is also used in the industrial production process for aluminum owing to its high electrical conductivity and inertness toward liquid aluminum. Nd2Fe14B is, at room temperature, the strongest permanent magnetic material known. Large single crystals of YB66are used for monochromating synchrotron radiation.
Carbon: Fullerenes
Authors: Liu Fupin , Yang Shangfeng
Published: June 2014

The discovery of the fullerenes has revolutionalized the chemistry of carbon. For the first time, a molecular form of the element carbon is available that can be manipulated and functionalized by the wide range of techniques available to chemists and materials scientists. In a very short span of time, fullerenes and their derivatives have been found to display many fascinating physical and chemical properties, and the astonishing pace of development in fullerene research is ample testimony to their great potential in diverse fields.
Selenium: Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Midura Wanda H. , Midura Mateusz
Published: June 2014

Selenium is the first member of the group 16 elements O, S, Se, Te, and Po that shows some metallic character. The increasing metallic character in the series O, S, Se, Te, Po is reflected also in the lower electronegativity, in the less acid character of the oxides, and in the lower stability of the oxidation number +VI for selenium compared to sulfur. There is a large variety of compounds of SeII, SeIV, and SeVI with the electronegative elements N, O, F, Cl, and Br. Thus, there are several types of compounds containing those elements in one molecule. The review will describe the diverse range of cations, oxo‐ and halo‐compounds that selenium forms and their relative structures as haloselenates, selenates, and oxohaloselenates as well as their analogous compounds containing nitrogen and selenium bonded together. Selenides, where selenium as an anion with −2 oxidation number, are presented very briefly, just to underline their properties and wide applications as photoconductors.
Hydrogenase Models
Authors: Lansing James C. , Manor Brian C. , Rauchfuss Thomas B.
Published: June 2014

This review will highlight major advances in the synthesis and study of active site analogs for the [NiFe]‐, [FeFe]‐, and [Fe]‐hydrogenases (H
2
ases). In their biological role, the [NiFe]‐ and [FeFe]‐

H
2

ases utilize a combination of redox and acid–base reactions for the activation and formation of H
2
. Both reactions have been demonstrated in models. Relevant to the [NiFe]‐H
2
ases, models have been developed that form hydrides via the biologically relevant pathways of protonation or activation of H
2
. These hydrides serve as catalysts for the reduction of protons or oxidation of H
2
via mixed‐valence intermediates. These studies suggest that the hydride bridges the two metals unsymmetrically, and the Fe–
H
…
Ni center engages in dihydrogen bonding to protic reagents as an intermediate in the formation and activation of H
2
. For the [FeFe]‐H
2
ases, the most informative models feature both an azadithiolate cofactor, which serves as a proton relay, and a terminal hydride ligand. Diiron species undergo oxidation to mixed‐valence Fe(I)Fe(
II
) cations, several of which are capable of oxidizing H
2
. The Fe(I)Fe(I) species catalyze hydrogen evolution via the formation of iron hydrides. Catalysis is faster when the hydride is a terminal ligand, but also proceeds for isomeric species with a bridging hydride ligand. Models for [Fe]‐H
2
ases feature biomimetic coordination spheres consisting of acyl, thiolate, and 2‐substituted pyridine ligands bound to a redox‐inactive ferrous center.
FromCO2to Chemicals, Materials, and Fuels: The Role of Catalysis
Authors: Aresta Michele , Dibenedetto Angela , Angelini Antonella
Published: June 2014

This article summarizes a number of applications of CO2in the synthesis of molecular compounds, materials and fuels. The actual and perspective amount of used CO2is given for 2016 and 2030. Barriers to a full exploitation are discussed and future areas of major interest are highlighted.
Involvement ofSbsBinCa2+‐triggeredS‐layer Assembly
Authors: Madhurantakam Chaithanya , Howorka Stefan , Remaut Han
Published: June 2014

Surface layers or S‐layers are monomolecular, paracrystalline surface structures on archaea and bacteria that function as a protective exoskeleton, molecular sieves, and/or as attachment sites for exoenzymes. The intrinsic feature of self‐assembly into isoporous arrays has raised interest in the application of S‐layer proteins in biomolecular nanotechnology. SbsB is a model surface layer protein fromGeobacillus stearothermophilusPV72/p2 and contains seven consecutive immunoglobulin‐like domains that arrange as a discoid ϕ‐shaped monomeric assembly unit. The SbsB S‐layer is an oblique two‐dimensional lattice with unit cell vectorsa = 104 Å andb = 79 Å and a base angle γ = 109°. The assembly‐competent conformation of the protomers comprises domainsII–VIIand is stabilized by four structural Ca2+ions. Interdomain coordination of Ca2+triggers a domain condensation into the looped ϕ‐shaped quaternary structure and results in the prepositioning of key interaction sites for self‐assembly.
The 11‐Heme Cell‐Surface Cytochrome
UndA
of
Shewanella
sp.
HRCR
‐6
Authors: Edwards Marcus J , Shi Liang , Butt Julea N , Richardson David J , Clarke Thomas A
Published: June 2014

UndA is an 11‐heme membrane‐associated cytochrome that is transported to the cell surface via the type
II
secretion pathway. UndA is found within several stains of
Shewanella
where it functions as a terminal reductase that supports cellular respiration in anoxic environments through the reduction of soluble and solid‐phase extracellular electron acceptors such as Fe(
III
) and Mn(
IV
) oxides.
LipidII‐DegradingM‐Class Bacteriocins
Authors: Grinter Rhys , Walker Daniel
Published: June 2014

LipidII‐degrading M‐class bacteriocins are protein antibiotics that kill a narrow spectrum of bacterial strains through cleavage of lipidII, thereby leading to an arrest of cell wall synthesis and cell lysis. A number of M‐class bacteriocins have been structurally and functionally characterized, which include colicin M fromEscherichia coli, syringacin M fromPseudomonas syringae, and pyocin M (PaeM) fromP. aeruginosa. In each case, these bacteriocins have been shown to kill bacteria closely related to the producing strain, with selectivity mediated through the presence of a specific outer membrane receptor. Cell killing requires uptake of the bacteriocin into the periplasm where it is able to cleave lipidIIin a metal‐dependent manner. Calcium and magnesium have been shown to support enzymatic activity, and X‐ray crystal structures of syringacin M and PaeM, respectively, show these ions bound at the putative active site. Extensive structural and mutagenesis studies have enabled delineation of the functional domains of the M‐class bacteriocins that mediate receptor binding, translocation across the outer membrane, and cytotoxic activity.
Flipping the Switch on Clathrin‐Mediated Endocytosis using Thermally Responsive Protein Microdomains
Authors: Pastuszka Martha K. , Okamoto Curtis T. , Hamm‐Alvarez Sarah F. , MacKay J. Andrew
Published: June 2014

A ubiquitous approach to studying protein function is to knock down activity (gene deletions, siRNA, small molecule inhibitors, etc.) and to study the cellular effects. Using a new methodology, this article describes how to rapidly and specifically switch off cellular pathways using thermally responsive protein polymers. A small increase in temperature stimulates cytosolic elastin‐like polypeptides (ELPs) to assemble microdomains. It is hypothesized that ELPs fused to a key effector in a target macromolecular complex will sequester the complex within these microdomains, which will bring the pathway to a halt. To test this hypothesis, ELPs are fused to clathrin‐light chain (CLC), a protein associated with clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. Prior to thermal stimulation, the ELP fusion is soluble and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis remains “on”. Increasing the temperature induces the assembly of ELP fusion proteins into organelle‐sized microdomains that switches clathrin‐mediated endocytosis “off”. These microdomains can be thermally activated and inactivated within minutes, are reversible, do not require exogenous chemical stimulation, and are specific for components trafficked within the clathrin‐mediated endocytosis pathway. This temperature‐triggered cell switch system represents a new platform for the temporal manipulation of trafficking mechanisms in normal and disease cell models and has applications for manipulating other intracellular pathways.
Cell‐surface central nervous system autoantibodies: Clinical relevance and emerging paradigms
Authors: Irani Sarosh R. , Gelfand Jeffrey M. , Al‐Diwani Adam , Vincent Angela
Published: June 2014

The recent discovery of several potentially pathogenic autoantibodies has helped identify patients with clinically distinctive central nervous system diseases that appear to benefit from immunotherapy. The associated autoantibodies are directed against the extracellular domains of cell‐surface–expressed neuronal or glial proteins such as LGI1, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor, and aquaporin‐4. The original descriptions of the associated clinical syndromes were phenotypically well circumscribed. However, as availability of antibody testing has increased, the range of associated patient phenotypes and demographics has expanded. This in turn has led to the recognition of more immunotherapy‐responsive syndromes in patients presenting with cognitive and behavioral problems, seizures, movement disorders, psychiatric features, and demyelinating disease. Although antibody detection remains diagnostically important, clinical recognition of these distinctive syndromes should ensure early and appropriate immunotherapy administration. We review the emerging paradigm of cell‐surface–directed antibody–mediated neurological diseases, describe how the associated disease spectrums have broadened since the original descriptions, discuss some of the methodological issues regarding techniques for antibody detection and emphasize considerations surrounding immunotherapy administration. As these disorders continue to reach mainstream neurology and even psychiatry, more cell‐surface–directed antibodies will be discovered, and their possible relevance to other more common disease presentations should become more clearly defined. Ann Neurol 2014;76:168–184
Constraining chameleon models with cosmology
Authors: Lombriser Lucas
Published: June 2014

Chameleon fields may modify gravity on cluster scales while recovering general relativity locally. This article reviews signatures of chameleon modifications in the nonlinear cosmological structure, comparing different techniques to model them, summarising the current state of observational constraints, and concluding with an outlook on prospective constraints from future observations and applications of the analytic tools developed in the process to more general scalar‐tensor theories. Particular focus is given to the Hu‐Sawicki and designer models of gravity.
Formation and diffusion characteristics of Pt clusters on Graphene, 1H‐MoS2and 1T‐TaS2
Authors: Ozaydin H. Duygu , Sahin Hasan , Senger R. Tugrul , Peeters Francois M.
Published: June 2014

Many experiments have revealed that the surfaces of graphene and graphene‐like structures can play an active role as a host surface for clusterization of transition metal atoms. Motivated by these observations, we investigate theoretically the adsorption, diffusion and magnetic properties of Pt clusters on three different two‐dimensional atomic crystals using first principles density functional theory. We found that monolayers of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (1H‐MoS2) and tantalum disulfide (1T‐TaS2) provide different nucleation characteristics for Pt cluster formation. At low temperatures, while the bridge site is the most favorable site where the growth of a Pt cluster starts on graphene, top‐Mo and top‐Ta sites are preferred on 1H‐MoS2and 1T‐TaS2, respectively. Ground state structures and magnetic properties of Ptnclusters (2,3,4) on three different monolayer crystal structures are obtained. We found that the formation of Pt2dimer and a triangle‐shaped Pt3cluster perpendicular to the surface are favored over the three different surfaces. While bent rhombus shaped Pt4is formed on graphene, the formation of tetrahedral shaped clusters are more favorable on 1H‐MoS2and 1T‐TaS2. Our study of the formation of Ptnclusters on three different monolayers provides a gateway for further exploration of nanocluster formations on various surfaces.
Single‐Molecule Mechanochemical Sensing Using DNA Origami Nanostructures
Authors: Koirala Deepak , Shrestha Prakash , Emura Tomoko , Hidaka Kumi , Mandal Shankar , Endo Masayuki , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Mao Hanbin
Published: June 2014

While single‐molecule sensing offers the ultimate detection limit, its throughput is often restricted as sensing events are carried out one at a time in most cases. 2D and 3D DNA origami nanostructures are used as expanded single‐molecule platforms in a new mechanochemical sensing strategy. As a proof of concept, six sensing probes are incorporated in a 7‐tile DNA origami nanoassembly, wherein binding of a target molecule to any of these probes leads to mechanochemical rearrangement of the origami nanostructure, which is monitored in real time by optical tweezers. Using these platforms, 10 pM platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) are detected within 10 minutes, while demonstrating multiplex sensing of the PDGF and a target DNA in the same solution. By tapping into the rapid development of versatile DNA origami nanostructures, this mechanochemical platform is anticipated to offer a long sought solution for single‐molecule sensing with improved throughput.
Photodegradable Hydrogels for Capture, Detection, and Release of Live Cells
Authors: Shin Dong‐Sik , You Jungmok , Rahimian Ali , Vu Tam , Siltanen Christian , Ehsanipour Arshia , Stybayeva Gulnaz , Sutcliffe Julie , Revzin Alexander
Published: June 2014

Cells may be captured and released using a photodegradable hydrogel (photogel) functionalized with antibodies. Photogel substrates were used to first isolate human CD4 or CD8 T‐cells from a heterogeneous cell suspension and then to release desired cells or groups of cells by UV‐induced photodegradation. Flow cytometry analysis of the retrieved cells revealed approximately 95 % purity of CD4 and CD8 T‐cells, suggesting that this substrate had excellent specificity. To demonstrate the possibility of sorting cells according to their function, photogel substrates that were functionalized with anti‐CD4 and anti‐TNF‐α antibodies were prepared. Single cells captured and stimulated on such substrates were identified by the fluorescence “halo” after immunofluorescent staining and could be retrieved by site‐specific exposure to UV light through a microscope objective. Overall, it was demonstrated that functional photodegradable hydrogels enable the capture, analysis, and sorting of live cells.
A Strap Strategy for Construction of an Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) System with Dual Fluorescence
Authors: Suzuki Naoya , Fukazawa Aiko , Nagura Kazuhiko , Saito Shohei , Kitoh‐Nishioka Hirotaka , Yokogawa Daisuke , Irle Stephan , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: June 2014

An amine‐embedded flexible alkyl strap has been incorporated into an emissive boryl‐substituted dithienylpyrrole skeleton as a new entity of excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) chromophores. The π‐electron system shows a dual emission, which covers a wide range of the visible region depending on the solvent polarity. The incorporation of the aminoalkyl strap as well as the terminal boryl groups efficiently stabilize the zwitterionic excited‐state species resulting from the ESIPT even in an aqueous medium.
Rational Design and Identification of a Non‐Peptidic Aggregation Inhibitor of Amyloid‐β Based on a Pharmacophore Motif Obtained from cyclo[‐Lys‐Leu‐Val‐Phe‐Phe‐]
Authors: Arai Tadamasa , Araya Takushi , Sasaki Daisuke , Taniguchi Atsuhiko , Sato Takeshi , Sohma Youhei , Kanai Motomu
Published: June 2014

Inhibition of pathogenic protein aggregation may be an important and straightforward therapeutic strategy for curing amyloid diseases. Small‐molecule aggregation inhibitors of Alzheimer’s amyloid‐β (Aβ) are extremely scarce, however, and are mainly restricted to dye‐ and polyphenol‐type compounds that lack drug‐likeness. Based on the structure‐activity relationship of cyclic Aβ16–20 (cyclo‐[KLVFF]), we identified unique pharmacophore motifs comprising side‐chains of Leu2, Val3, Phe4, and Phe5 residues without involvement of the backbone amide bonds to inhibit Aβ aggregation. This finding allowed us to design non‐peptidic, small‐molecule aggregation inhibitors that possess potent activity. These molecules are the first successful non‐peptidic, small‐molecule aggregation inhibitors of amyloids based on rational molecular design.
Osmotically Driven Formation of Double Emulsions Stabilized by Amphiphilic Block Copolymers
Authors: Bae Jinhye , Russell Thomas P. , Hayward Ryan C.
Published: June 2014

Double emulsions are valuable for the formation of multi‐compartmental structures. A variety of pathways to prepare double emulsions have been developed, but high‐throughput routes to droplets of controlled size and architecture remain scarce. A new single‐step process is introduced for preparation of water‐in‐oil‐in‐water double emulsions by a previously unexplained process of self‐emulsification. We show that the origin of this process is the osmotic stress resulting from the presence of salt impurities within the amphiphilic block copolymers used for emulsion stabilization. Further, we utilize osmotically driven emulsification to tailor the structures of multiple emulsions, which upon solvent evaporation can yield multi‐compartmental capsules or hierarchically structured porous films.
Intraframework Migration of Tetrahedral Atoms in a Zeolite
Authors: Shin Jiho , Ahn Nak Ho , Camblor Miguel A. , Cho Sung June , Hong Suk Bong
Published: June 2014

The transformation from a disordered into an ordered version of the zeolite natrolite occurs on prolonged heating of this material in the crystallizing medium, but not if the mother liquor is replaced by water or an alkaline solution. This process occurs for both aluminosilicate and gallosilicate analogues of natrolite. In cross experiments, the disordered Al‐containing (or Ga‐containing) analogue is heated while in contact with the mother liquor of the opposite analogue, that is, the Ga‐containing (or Al‐containing) liquor. Therefore, strong evidence for the mechanism of the ordering process was obtained, which was thus proposed to proceed by intraframework migration of tetrahedral atoms without diffusion along the pores. Migration is first triggered, then fuelled by surface rearrangement through reactions with the mother liquor, and stops when an almost fully ordered state is attained. Classical dissolution–recrystallization and Ostwald ripening processes do not appear to be relevant for this phase transformation.
Preparation, characterization, and potential biomedical application of composite sponges based on collagen from silver carp skin
Authors: Chen Ming‐Mao , Huang Yu‐Qing , Guo Hao , Liu Yan , Wang Jian‐Hua , Wu Jiu‐Lin , Zhang Qi‐Qing
Published: June 2014

To reuse fish processing waste for biomedical materials, collagen (Col) was extracted from silver carp skin, and Col–chitosan (Ch) composite sponges were prepared by a freeze‐drying method. The atomic force microscopy and electrophoresis results suggest the Col might have been type I. To obtain the optimum conditions for the manufacture of the Col–Ch sponges, the characteristics of sponges composed of different ratios of Col to Ch with different crosslinkers were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the sponges had an interconnected network structure with porosity. Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that intermolecular crosslinkages between Col and Ch occurred. The swelling measurements implied that all of the sponges could bind an 18‐ to 36‐fold amount of distilled water and still maintain their form and stability. When the ratio of Col to Ch was higher than 1:0.25, the swelling and degradation rate decreased with increasing Ch. Cell proliferation, hemolysis, and hemostasis assay indicated that the sponges exhibited noncytotoxicity, biocompatibility, nonhemolysis, and hemostatic efficacy. Overall, we concluded that the optimal ratio of Col and Ch for the sponges was 1:0.25, and glutaraldehyde crosslinking was more suitable than 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. These results demonstrate the potential application of silver carp skin Col–Ch sponges for tissue engineering and wound dressing in non‐weight‐bearing tissue. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40998.
Matched‐dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses, using new cathodically coloring conducting polymers, with exceptional performance and incorporated into automated sunglasses
Authors: Chandrasekhar Prasanna , Zay Brian J. , Cai Chunming , Chai Yanjie , Lawrence David
Published: June 2014

Reported are syntheses of several new monomer precursors of cathodically coloring conducting polymers (CPs), based on a propylene dioxythiophene skeleton. These are shown to yield CPs—both as homopolymers and as copolymers—that are nearly “perfectly” matched electrochemically and electrochromically with a set of anodically coloring poly(aromatic amines), for use in dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses. Resulting dual‐polymer electrochromic lenses display very high light/dark contrast (typically up to 70/7% or 50/0.5% Transmission (integrated over visible spectrum, vs. air reference), Haze < 2%, very high cyclability (> 10 K cycles), multiyear shelf life, appealing transparent to dark‐blue‐black transition, and excellent optical memory. Dramatic lowering of switching time, from 8 to < 1 s, is demonstrated using unique applied‐potential algorithm resident on inexpensive Microcontroller chip. Working, practical dual‐polymer electrochromic spectacles are demonstrated with electrochromic lenses retrofitted to spectacles meeting ANSI Z87.1, GL‐PD 10–12 (U.S. military) specifications. These incorporate photosensor, rechargeable Li battery, Microcontroller, allow for automated operation. Ab‐initio‐design spectacles, also conforming to above specifications, are also demonstrated, with components seamlessly hidden within frame. To the best of our knowledge, the electrochromic lenses and sunglasses reported herein represent the best visible‐region electrochromic performance for dual‐polymer CP electrochromic systems to date and the first practical implementation in working sunglasses. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41043.
“The Economy's Favored Children”: The Narcissistic Relation and the Financial Crisis
Authors: Shulman Michael E.
Published: June 2014

The financial crisis that began in 2008 was rooted in an ideology of business deregulation and free markets. Deregulation was accompanied by explosive increases in the use of financial leverage by US banking institutions and in their use of complex credit derivatives presumed, or imagined, to restrain and to manage risk, but which failed to do so. Despite its age, Freud's theorizing narcissism holds unappreciated value for understanding psychological components of the crisis. Centered on a scene of wishful onlooker as audience to idealized child, narcissism describes a relational and intergenerational phenomenon. Accounts of the acts and words of ambitious banking players in the crisis, read through the lens of the narcissistic relation, suggest that their actions were fueled both by self‐idealization and by an idealizing external audience willing to grant them unprecedented freedom from external restraint and to trust in their special genius. Observing the operation within this crisis of narcissistic dynamics, idealizations and failures of self‐restraint permits better understanding of the relationship of the public to the exalted social figure of the entrepreneurial businessperson at our historical juncture, illuminates aspects of a large‐scale American denigration of government accompanying idealization of this figure, and suggests the utility for North American psychoanalysis of revisiting longstanding assumptions of “normative” superego functioning. Recent work considering the origins of the crisis in Kleinian and Lacanian conceptual frames will be reviewed, critically considered, and integrated, where possible, with this perspective on the narcissistic relation and its place in accounting for the financial crisis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparisons of five Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for ethanol production from SPORL‐pretreated lodgepole pine
Authors: Zhou Haifeng , Lan Tianqing , Dien Bruce S. , Hector Ronald E. , Zhu J. Y.
Published: June 2014

The performances of five yeast strains under three levels of toxicity were evaluated using hydrolysates from lodgepole pine pretreated by Sulfite Pretreatment to Overcome the Recalcitrance of Lignocelluloses (SPORL). The highest level of toxicity was represented by the whole pretreated biomass slurry, while intermediate toxicity was represented by the hydrolysate with partial loading of pretreatment spent liquor. The zero toxicity was represented using the enzymatic hydrolysate produced from thoroughly washed SPORL lodgepole pine solids. The results indicate that strains D5A and YRH400 can tolerate the whole pretreated biomass slurry to produce 90.1 and 73.5% theoretical ethanol yield. Strains Y1528, YRH403, and FPL450 did not grow in whole hydrolysate cultures and were observed to have lower ethanol productivities than D5A and YRH400 on the hydrolysate with intermediate toxicity. Both YRH400 and YRH403 were genetically engineered for xylose fermentation but were not able to consume xylose efficiently in hydrolysate. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1076–1083, 2014
Measurement of cooling and warming rates in vitrification‐based plant cryopreservation protocols
Authors: Teixeira Aline S. , González‐Benito M. Elena , Molina‐García Antonio D.
Published: June 2014

Cryopreservation protocols include the use of additives and pretreatments aimed to reduce the probability of ice nucleation at all temperatures, mainly through micro‐viscosity increase. Still, there is a risk of ice formation in the temperature region comprised between the equilibrium freezing (Tf) and the glass transition (TG) temperatures. Consequently, fast cooling and warming, especially in this region, is a must to avoid ice‐derived damage. Vitrification and droplet‐vitrification techniques, frequently used cryopreservation protocols based in fast cooling, were studied, alongside with the corresponding warming procedures. A very fast data acquisition system, able to read very low temperatures, down to that of liquid nitrogen, was employed. Cooling rates, measured between −20°C and −120°C, ranged from ca. 5°C s−1 to 400°C s−1, while warming rates spanned from ca. 2°C s−1 to 280°C s−1, for the different protocols and conditions studied. A wider measuring window (0°C to −150°C) produced lower rates for all cases. The cooling and warming rates were also related to the survival observed after the different procedures. Those protocols with the faster rates yielded the highest survival percentages. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1177–1184, 2014
Light Control of Stoichiometry and Motion in Pseudorotaxanes Comprising a Cucurbit[7]uril Wheel and an Azobenzene‐Bipyridinium Axle
Authors: Baroncini Massimo , Gao Chao , Carboni Valentina , Credi Alberto , Previtera Elia , Semeraro Monica , Venturi Margherita , Silvi Serena
Published: June 2014

Pseudorotaxanes are the simplest prototypes for the construction of molecular machines based on threaded species. Investigation on molecular motions in these model systems is a necessary action for an efficient design of working molecular machines and motors. Herein we report on photoactive pseudorotaxanes based on the interaction between bipyridinium and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7). The molecular axle is composed of a central bipyridinium unit and two azobenzene moieties at the extremities. CB7 can form two different complexes with this molecule: a [2]pseudorotaxane, in which the macrocycle shuttles fast along the length of the axle, and a [3]pseudorotaxane, in which two CB7 s are confined at the extremities of the axle. Upon trans to cis isomerization of the azobenzene moieties, the [3]pseudorotaxane is destabilized, and only one CB7 resides on the axle, surrounding the bipyridinium unit. The system was successfully inserted into the core of liposomes, and preliminary investigations confirmed that it maintains its switching ability.