bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music Encoding Initiative (MEI), un estándar para la edición, codificación y la descripción de documentos musicales en el entorno digital: características, prestaciones y ámbitos de aplicación
Authors: Merchán Sánchez-jara Javier
Published: January 2020

El estándar MEI es un estándar XML exhaustivo y extensible para el marcado semántico de textos musicales en el ámbito digital. Su versatilidad lo ha convertido en el estándar más consolidado para la edición de música en el ámbito académico, gracias a la integración de recursos para la representación de cualquier tipo de obra, estilo, o época. Su carácter flexible y extensible, junto con la inclusión de elementos para la descripción bibliográfica y la posibilidad de integrar de manera unitaria tanto el texto marcado, como los metadatos que lo describen, lo convierten en un referente para la gestión de la documentación musical en el entorno digital. El presente trabajo constituye acercamiento al estándar MEI a través del análisis de su estructura, de sus elementos constitutivos, y su aplicación en el ámbito de la gestión de la documentación musical en archivos digitales y bases de datos.
Editorial
Authors: Santos Pérez José Manuel , Beçak Rubens
Published: January 2020

Presentación de los Directores. Texto de presentación del número 13 (volumen 6) de la Revista de Estudios Brasileños.
Presentación
Authors: Rodrigues-Silveira Rodrigo , Terron Sonia , Urizzi Cervi Emerson
Published: January 2020

Texto de presentación del Dossier "Elecciones 2018 en Brasil".
Ataques y defensas en los debates electorales televisivos: las estrategias de los candidatos brasileños a la Presidencia de la República en 2018
Authors: Cavassana De Carvalho Fernanda , Butture Kniess Andressa , Mazurechen Sinderski Rafaela
Published: January 2020

Este artículo presenta un estudio de las estrategias adoptadas por los candidatos a la Presidencia de la República en los debates televisivos durante las elecciones brasileñas de 2018, considerando la relevancia histórica de este objeto de estudio para las disputas mayoritarias en Brasil. Para ello, se analizan los aspectos simbólicos de la participación de los candidatos, observando tres características principales: estrategias discursivas, orientación de la estrategia y atributo predominante del discurso. La metodología utilizada es el Análisis de Contenido Cuantitativo, basado en un conjunto de 795 participaciones de los candidatos en siete debates transmitidos por los canales de televisión durante la primera vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales de 2018. Los resultados apuntan que los candidatos lanzaron ataques principalmente a los atributos políticos de sus oponentes. Los ataques procedieron mayoritariamente de candidatos desafiantes y estuvieron dirigidos sobre todo a los candidatos del PT y del MDB, los dos últimos partidos que estuvieron al frente del Gobierno Federal. Además, se observa cómo, comparativamente, Haddad fue el que más recurrió la defensa como estrategia discursiva.
El caso Herzog. La sentencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos de 15 de marzo de 2018
Authors: Berdugo Gómez De La Torre Ignacio
Published: January 2020

El artículo lleva a cabo un análisis del contenido de la sentencia de la Corte Interamericana en la que condena a Brasil por el conocido caso Herzog, lo que lleva a analizar cuestiones importantes de la justicia transicional muy especialmente las consecuencias de su consideración como delito de lesa humanidad. En concreto se abordan los obstáculos jurídicos que han planteado los tribunales brasileños para no investigar los hechos y juzgar a los responsables. El trabajo finalmente se cierra con la exposición del control de convencionalidad exigido por la Corte a los tribunales de los distintos países y no llevado a cabo en este caso por los tribunales brasileños.
El fin de la história para ninar gente grande . La obra Plaza del Mundo. Historia informal de Brasil
Authors: Santos Pérez José Manuel
Published: January 2020

Carlos Sixirei acaba de publicar Plaza del Mundo. Historia informal de Brasil, primera historia integral de Brasil escrita por un historiador español. En sus muchas páginas el libro examina la historia de la primera potencia de América Latina desde la prehistoria hasta el impeachement de Dilma Rousseff en 2016. Un completo análisis de la realidad económica, política, social y cultural de Brasil en perspectiva histórica, que ayuda a descifrar la gran complejidad de este país de tamaño continental.
Performance of New and Old Short-Seasoned Arachis Hypogea (Groundnut) Varieties Under Same Agronomic Practices
Authors: Parwada Cosmas , Zhuwao Sandra , Mandumbu Ronald , Tibugari Handsen , Ngirazi Savemore
Published: January 2020

Performance of three newly released short-seasoned (Nsinjiro, Chitala and JL11) were evaluated against old (Nyanda, Illanda and Tern) groundnuts varieties under same agronomic practices. A field experiment laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was done. Varieties were evaluated for days to 50% emergence, 50% flowering, days to physiological maturity, pod and seed yield, and shelling percentage. There were no significant difference in the days to 50% emergence among all varieties but significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) were observed on days to 50% flowering. JL11 and Tern took shortest (90 days) and longest (120 days) time to physiological maturity respectively. Chitala had highest (3.804t/ha) and Tern had lowest (3.020t/ha) seed yield. Jl11 had highest (83%) and Nyanda least (68%) shelling percentage. Results showed that the new varieties out-performed the old varieties in all measured parameters. Therefore, resource constrained farmers may safely opt for the new short-seasoned varieties over the old ones.
Bumpy Road
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

In meticulous detail, the book describes the filming, release, and influence of the 1971 film Two-Lane Blacktop. In 1970 the urbane producer Michael Laughlin asked the hippy filmmaker Monte Hellman to direct a script called Two-Lane Blacktop. The cult author Rudy Wurlitzer rewrote the script, the story of two scruffy hot rodders who pick up a girl hitchhiker and race their classic ’55 Chevy against a rich guy’s “factory –made hot rod,” a ’70 GTO Judge. In three of the four lead roles Hellman cast nonactors – the rock stars James Taylor and Dennis Wilson, and the director’s girlfriend, Laurie Bird.
Hellman made an existentialist car-racing movie; nobody wins or even finishes the race, the protagonists are doomed to drive around endlessly. The film was slow-paced, the rock stars didn’t sing (and barely spoke), the movie had little music, and Hellman ignored other traditional crowd-pleasing conventions. When he resisted studio pressure to make the movie more conventional and commercial, it flopped at the box office.
Universal failed to release the film on video, making it scarce and sought-after, and three of the four lead actors – Wilson Bird and Warren Oates, had untimely deaths, conferring mystique on the film. Many years after its release, the film gained wide acclaim, was released by the prestigious Criterion Collection and was preserved in the National Film Registry. In the book, the directors Wes Anderson, Richard Linklater and others tell how the movie influenced their work.
Although Two-Lane Blacktop was a harbinger of the demise of New Hollywood films, brought about by the financial costs to Hollywood studios that allowed auteur directors to make non-commercial movies, had Hellman caved in to pressure to make the movie commercial, it would not have become a classic.
Stalled
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

This chapter relates how CBS Cinema Center Films agreed to make Two-Lane Blacktop and Monte Hellman chose cinematographer Gregory Sandor to shoot the film using wide-screen Techniscope. Over the objections of casting director Fred Roos, who brought in dozens of young, trained actors, Hellman chose rock stars for the two lead roles.: James Taylor, then a heroin addict who nevertheless was not using during the shoot, would play the Driver and Dennis Wilson, the Beach Boys’ drummer, a juvenile, drug-taking, erratic young man who had befriended the cult murderer Charles Manson, would play the Mechanic. Hellman’s girlfriend Laurie Bird would play the Girl, and Warren Oates would portray GTO. Hellman and associate producer Gary Kurtztravelled across the country scouting locations that they would use with minimal set dressing, since they had only a $1 million budget and no production designer. Then CBS dropped the film.
Potholes
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

The film company finishes shooting the picture in this chapter.In Boswell, Oklahoma they use up the town’s water supply and two locals with a shotgun in a pickup truck run them out of town. The Universal executive Ned Tanen visits the set and becomes convinced the film will be a hit. James Taylor’s first hit song, “Fire and Rain,” climbs to the top of the charts, making him famous. Taylor’s newfound celebrity helps attract journalists to the travelling set, and all the publicity raises expectations for the low-budget existentialist car-racing movie. After Jaclyn Hellman’s sense memory exercises, which became fierce and antagonistic due to her distress over her husband’s mistress being along on the shoot, and Hellman’s withdrawal of the script and hands-off directing style, Taylor vows never to make another movie, and he never has.
A Restoration
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

This chapter tells how Two-Lane Blacktop gained recognition years after its release.Warren Oates and two other lead actors die, giving the film an aura of poignancy—Laurie Bird from a drug overdose and Dennis Wilson from drowning while drunk. The movie becomes an example of the risk of profit-driven studios empowering auteur directors. As years pass, Monte Hellman gains accolades and esteem, and Two-Lane is considered his masterpiece. The movie has several themes in common with his other films, such as a voyage, references to death, and outsiders in an unpopulated area and living on the fringes of society. Like his other works it ignores genre conventions. It also exhibits his visual style, most notably in the gas station scene, with the camera focusing on one spot as characters come and go, with simultaneous action in the background, and not much camera movement.
Picking up Speed
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, Monte Hellman goes to Seattle for a retrospective of his films, mounted by Scarecrow Video. The store draws up a petition, ultimately with more than 2,000 signatures, to request Universal to put Two-Lane Blacktop out on video, but it is not until several years later, in 1999, that Anchor Bay Entertainment releases the film for home viewing, and the videos sell many copies. New Hollywood, the ear in the late ‘60s to early ‘80s when studios empowered auteur directors, has now gained cachet and is regarded nostalgically, and the reviews for the video are much more favourable than those for the theatrical release years earlier. The film’s timelessness due to its lack of trendy clothes, hairstyles and set dressing, or prominent musical score that would date the film, add to its appeal.
Into the Future
Authors: Ryan Tom
Published: January 2020

Sirk died in 1987. His films are his legacy, and they’ve already influenced several generations of cineastes. Among them are film critics in Europe, America and beyond and filmmakers such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Todd Haynes, Kathryn Bigelow and, more recently, Luca Guadagnino and Guillermo Del Toro. This chapter examines the legacy and the reasons particular films have been described as “Sirkian”.
Faulkner Didn’t Invent Yoknapatawpha, Everybody Knows That
Authors: Howe LeAnne
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the reader to some of the Indigenous ways of knowing that inform the methodology of Native South studies. It illustrates how Choctaws and other Southeastern nations have turned to “core narratives as a survival strategy over millennia” of challenges posed both by the natural environment and by the “tired, hungry foreigners” who have sought refuge in Native homelands. Turning to the subject of weather prediction, Howe cites a range of writings—from Bienville’s correspondence of the early 1700s to Choctaw chief Ben Dwight’s inquiries among leaders of other tribal nations in the 1950s—as evidence not only that the tribes possessed a diversity of Indigenous knowledge “about long-term weather processes” but that they shared this knowledge intertribally, helping each other weather the threat of ecodisaster. The chapter faults Faulkner for Native characterizations that trade on stereotype, but also also, finds his imagination to be “driven” and “enlivened” by Native stories. His own ways of knowing were in some respects compatible with the story-centered epistemologies that are explored.
Dressing the Part: Evolution of Indian Dress in Faulkner
Authors: Galloway Patricia
Published: January 2020

Charles Betts Galloway’s first charge as Methodist bishop in 1886 was Indian Territory. The bishop’s grandfather had held slaves and taken up Indian land; his father had served in the Civil War; he overlapped with Faulkner’s first twelve years; and his daughter’s son shared a desk with Faulkner in elementary school. Galloway’s hope for Indian people was that they would be converted to Christianity. He saw the Indian people he met as dignified and thoughtful in his accounts of visits and meetings with them. In addition to his observations, we have the testimony of Charles Dickens, who met Choctaw Peter Pitchlynn, and a businessman who witnessed the Chickasaw crossing the Mississippi going westward. Indian dress in Faulkner’s works has been seen as symbolic; The chapter explores this theme through the observation of men contemporaneous with the middle times of the fictional Yoknapatawpha.
“Brother: Is This Truth?”
Authors: Osburn Katherine M. B.
Published: January 2020

This essay approaches Faulkner’s stories about Mississippi Indians from the perspective of a historian of the Native South. It discusses shifting ideas about the role of narrative in historical analysis and reviews what other scholars have said about Faulkner’s Indigenous peoples. It demonstrates the importance of stories crafted from historical documentation to understanding Faulkner’s Mississippi. At the time that Faulkner was writing, Choctaws were engaged in their own storytelling. The tales Mississippi Choctaws spun over the course of Faulkner’s life demonstrate how subaltern peoples use historical narratives, even painful ones, for powerful political purposes. Considering the actions of Mississippi’s actual Indigenous peoples locates Faulkner’s imaginary Indigenous peoples in a critical historical context of colonialism. The stories that Mississippi Choctaws crafted about themselves, excavated from the archives, deserve a place alongside Faulkner’s work as a way to think about Native Southerners and that elusive and contingent thing we call truth
The Wild and the Tame
Authors: Ethridge Robbie
Published: January 2020

William Faulkner’s portraits of American Indians, rooted in popular stereotypes and misconceptions about Native people, range from the degraded, “white man’s” Indian to the Noble Savage. One stereotype that Faulkner draws on is the EuroAmerican idea that American Indians have an essential connection to the natural world, a stereotype that is certainly as old as Rousseau’s ruminations on the Noble Savage. This concept, dubbed the “ecological Indian” by anthropologist Shepard Krech, has been the focus of much debate and discussion. This paper explores the character of Sam Fathers in William Faulkner’s Go Down, Moses as “ecological Indian” and the continued use of Faulkner’s rendering in contemporary Native literature and social justice issues.
Welcome to the Island: The Lewis Fishery in Context
Authors: Groth Charlie
Published: January 2020

This chapter is a thick description which introduces readers to the cultural and historical context of the Lewis Fishery, and the basics of the traditional haul seine method of fishing. The introduction gives the feel of the island, a sketch of the fishing method, and a barebones outline of the fishery’s history. Chapter sections include a description of the landscape of the island and surrounding river towns; the process, history, economics, and environmental aspects of haul seine shad fishing in the Delaware River Valley region; a description of what makes the shad unique and shad foodways; the fishery’s and island’s material culture; a history of Lambertville and its relationship to neighboring New Hope; a description of the annual Shad Festival and its relationship with the Lewis Fishery; and an overview of the groups of people that visit the fishery (family members, crew, customers, and other visitors) and their ethnic diversity.
“Were You There When … ?”: Microlegends
Authors: Groth Charlie
Published: January 2020

This chapter starts by defining “microlegend,” comparing the term to the usual uses of “legend,” and emphasizing the emergent and quotidian nature of this story type, which functions both to teach and entertain. At the Lewis Fishery, microlegend has two main subgroups: wonder stories and surveillance stories. The wonder story category mainly includes specific incidents that happened at the fishery that are remarkable for being unusual or extreme, mostly unusual catches or difficult hauls. Surveillance stories highlight the fishery family’s stewardship role, and also include two basic subcategories: stories about flooding and stories about people vandalizing the fishery or interfering with the fishing tradition. Microlegends at Lewis Fishery are contrasted with the common term “fish tale,” which also refers to stories about extreme catches; however, where the point of fish tales is generally overt self-aggrandizement or creative falsehood, the point of microlegends is to inspire stewardship or call attention to how wonderous real life is.
Fishing in the Mainstream: Anomie, Sustainability, and Narrative Stewardship1
Authors: Groth Charlie
Published: January 2020

Chapter 9 seeks to apply what was learned at the Lewis Fishery and on Lewis Island to help solve social problems in this historic moment. It follows the trajectory Casey’s work starts, considering what place means in an era of large scale dis-placement through electronic technologies. The chapter argues that powerful forces in this rapidly changing digital age have brought on another era of anomie, including negative psychological symptoms similar to those that accompanied industrialism. In opposition to the myths of perpetual, technological, and material progress, a sustainability model is considered. Jonathan Hawke’s concepts of the “four pillars” of sustainability are applied to Lewis Island culture, using theory and community members’ interpretations, and focusing on cultural sustainability. Narrative stewardship is suggested as one strategy for staving off anomie, using of technologies while not losing the powers of community and place.
The Co-creation of Krokodil Magazine
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

This chapter problematizes the notion that Krokodil was subject to total political supervision by considering the roles of three groups of producers-professional, amateur, and "prosumer" (producer-consumer) contributors-and by exploring evidence in the text that the journal was subject to direct political supervision. Krokodil's Editorial Board's peculiar production processes have not been accounted for in previous works, but this chapter explores the dynamics of Krokodil's publishing schedule and creative and censorship practices, providing a nuanced picture of the influences on production processes, in order to answer questions about how the USSR provided artists with a creative space in which to explore the boundaries of permissible discourse in Soviet satire. The previous literature provides only a very limited theoretical basis for understanding the contributions of non-professionals, but this chapter explores how the magazine's professional staff, regular freelance contributors and irregular "prosumers" meaningfully "co-created" content for the journal.
A Good Life: The Julie Doucet Interview
Authors: Nadel Dan
Published: January 2020

Not so long ago, Julie Doucet sent me a Big Nose. As we all know, nothing is funnier than a big nose. Nothing, that is, except a big nose and glasses. But her “Le Big Nose” is enough. It is a bulbous papier mache object packaged in a vibrant box with a loopy drawing on the front and circuitous text running along its surface. It, like so much of her recent work, makes hugely entertaining art out of rather neglected subjects. Her series of limited edition artists books, ...
A Talk with Gabrielle Bell
Authors: Mok Annie
Published: January 2020

Everything Is Flammable, cartoonist Gabrielle Bell’s latest graphic novel for the Minneapolis publisher Uncivilized Books, follows Bell as she helps her mother rebuild a life and a support system after losing her Northern California home to a fire. Bell treks from her house in upstate New York to the California woods, encountering many human and animal characters along the way. I spoke to Gabrielle about diaries, metacognition, and more, over the phone from her apartment in Brooklyn....
Funny Girls
Authors: Abate Michelle Ann
Published: January 2020

Funny Girls: Guffaws, Guts, and Gender in Classic American Comics is the first full-length critical study to examine the important cadre of young female protagonists that permeated US newspapers strips and comics books during the first half of the twentieth century.Many of the earliest, most successful, and most influential titles from this era featured elementary-aged girls as their central characters, such as Little Orphan Annie, Nancy, and Little Lulu. Far from embodying a now-forgotten facet of twentieth century print culture, these figures remain icons ofUS popular and material culture.
Recognizing the cadre of Funny Girls who played such a significant role in the popular appeal and commercial success of American comics during the first half of the twentieth century challenges longstanding perceptions about the gender dynamics operating during this era.In addition, they provide information about a wide range of socio-political issues, including the popular perceptions about children, mainstream representations of girlhood, and changing national attitudes regarding youth and youth culture.Finally, but just as importantly, strips like Little Lulu, Little Orphan Annie, and Nancy also shed light on another major phenomenon within comics:branding, licensing, and merchandising.
In discussing these are other issues, Funny Girls gives much needed attention to an influential, but long neglected, aspect of comics history in the United
States.
“I Slant My Gags to the Lawrence Welk Gum Chewers”
Authors: Abate Michelle Ann
Published: January 2020

Chapter Two explores Ernie Bushmiller'sNancy.In what embodies an overlooked facet of the strip, many of its signature traits, central characters, and core qualities can be traced back to one the most popular modes of entertainment in the United States during the early twentieth century: vaudeville.From the gag humor employed throughout the comic and Nancy's penchant for linguistic misunderstandings to Sluggo's use of working-class dialect and the comedic exchanges that take place between him and Nancy, the strip is an amalgamation of vaudevillian elements. An understanding of the way in which vaudeville permeates Nancy helps to account for the tremendous appeal of the strip along with its longstanding low cultural esteem. At the same time, the elements of vaudeville that can be located within Nancy add a new facet to discussions of class, ethnicity, and race within the comic.
In Your Dreams
Authors: Abate Michelle Ann
Published: January 2020

Chapter Four features the cartoon-character-turned-comic-book-star Little Audrey.Appearing in her first issue in 1948, the spunky little character would become one of the most beloved and most widely recognized personalities in comics over the next quarter of a century.While the Little Audrey comic books were a wholly separate commercial and creative endeavor from cartoon movie shorts, they retained one powerful link to the version on the big screen:the title character's penchant for dreaming.In numerous issues of the comic book, Little Audrey falls asleep and embarks on an imaginative adventure that constitutes the bulk of the storyline.This chapter places the Little Audrey comic books in general and the dream sequences that occur within them in particular back within their original postwar setting that was fascinated with Freudian psychology.As this discussion contends, these features do far more than simply expand the postwar reach of pop psychology.In an arguably even more important implication, they also challenge the era's prevailing views about child psychology.Accordingly, this chapter explores what Freudian theory can reveal about the dream sequences in Little Audrey and, in turn, what the series' traffic in postwar psychoanalysis can tell us about the role that comics storytelling for young people played in efforts to question, resist, and challenge this climate.
Labor Pains
Authors: Taylor Christin Marie
Published: January 2020

Labor Pains: New Deal Fictions of Race, Work and Sex in the South is about southern modernist fictions centered on the imagined lives of black folk workers from the 1930s to the 1960s. This period encompasses the clashes surrounding New Deal-era policy reforms and their legacies as well as a surge in Popular Front artistic expressions from the Depression, to World War II, to the Civil Rights era and following. Labor Pains sets out to show that black working-class representations of the Popular Front have not only been about the stakes of race and labor but also call upon an imagined black folk to do other work. The book considers tropes of black folk workers across genres of southern literature to demonstrate the reach of black radicalism and how the black folk worker was used to engage the representative feelings we think we know and the affective feelings that remained unsaid. Labor Pains emphasizes feeling, namely the sensual and the sexual, imbued in narratives by George Wylie Henderson, William Attaway, Eudora Welty, and Sarah Elizabeth Wright. Each employs tropes of black folk workers to get a fuller picture of gender and desire during this time. As a result, a glimpse into feminist and gender-aware aspects of the outgrowths of black radicalism come into view.
Cultivating Feeling
Authors: Taylor Christin Marie
Published: January 2020

Ollie Miss brings together the labor politics of Alabama, reflecting George Wylie Henderson’s personal connections to the state. With this unique perspective, Henderson subtly intervenes in a labor crisis brought on by the Depression and the New Deal-era Agricultural Adjustment Act. What’s more, Henderson shifts from the focus on male workers that dominated the period, suggesting black women workers’ feeling as a central issue of his day. Setting the affect of a single migrant woman’s erotic stirrings in tension with agricultural toil, Henderson rethinks dominant labor narratives. Ollie’s real work —transcending confining labor circumstances by cultivating the pangs of erotic feeling —generates what we may call “cultivated desire.”
The Comics of Rutu Modan
Authors: Haworth Kevin
Published: January 2020

The Comics of Rutu Modan: War, Love, and Secrets is a biography and analysis of the work of Rutu Modan, a groundbreaking female graphic novelist from Israel. Modan is best known for her two graphic novels, Exit Wounds and The Property. Modan’s work depicts the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Holocaust, and most significantly, the effects of war and trauma on individuals. This book begins with a history of Israeli cartooning from its roots in early Zionism. It provides an in-depth look at the female Israeli cartoonists who preceded Modan, as well as the counter-culture Israeli comics of the 1970s and the art comics boom of the 1990s. The book explores Modan's comics within the Israeli historical, political, sociological and literary background. It offers a history of the comics collective Actus Tragicus, of which Modan was a founder, and shows how the collective paved the way for modern comics to take root in Israel. Using the recurring themes of absence and presence, the book analyzes Modan's strong female characters, the role of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in her work, and the lingering effects of the Holocaust on Israeli society. The book also explores Modan's lesser-known but still important projects, including her comics journalism, her family narratives, and her line of children's comics that revitalizes Israeli classics.
Introduction
Authors: Haworth Kevin
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the reader to Rutu Modan and her home city of Tel Aviv. It provides a quick overview of Modan's work and to Israeli comics, and argues that Israeli comics provide essential insight into contemporary Israeli culture and society. It shows how most comics about the Middle East are written from an American or European perspective, and argues for more scholarly attention to comics that originate from Middle Eastern countries themselves. It also shows that most of the focus on Jewish comics focuses on American creators, rather than Israelis.
Organized Action Colorized White Radio in the Crescent City
Authors: Baptiste Bala J.
Published: January 2020

Black voices on radio provided community building opportunities for African Americans. As such, blacks created an alternative public sphere which allowed them to engage in discourse that unifies people into a collective. The Urban League on the national and local levels aided community building by organizing its members to approach radio station managers beginning in 1941. The organization's directives led to the establishment of the “Negro Forum,” an Afrocentric talk show that integrated the airways in New Orleans in 1946. WNOE station owner James Noe provided O. C. W. Taylor 15 minutes of free airtime on Sundays from 10 a.m. to 10:15 a.m. Noe's decision to accept the “Religious Forum” was also influenced by his interest in gaining Federal Communications Commission approval to change his position on the dial and increase the station's broadcast power from 250 watts to 50,000 watts.
The Pioneer Mixed a “Batch of ‘Congrats’”
Authors: Baptiste Bala J.
Published: January 2020

In 1949, after WJMR fired Vernon Winslow, the black paper the Louisiana Weekly hired him as an advertising agent. He also wrote a nightlife gossip column called “Boogie-beat Jive.” In 1950 WMRY was the first local radio station to revamp its programming from white-oriented to exclusively black content. In his column, Winslow critiqued the on-air presentations of the new black DJs whom WMRY hired. He chimed about the good and the bad. George "Tex" Stephens was one of them whom he criticized and later praised. In 1957 WMRY phased out and morphed into WYLD. A year later, WBOK emerged as the city's first racially mixed station playing hillbilly music along with popular black music.
Epilogue
Authors: Baptiste Bala J.
Published: January 2020

O. C. W. Taylor was a visionary. He saw the slings and arrows piercing the minds and souls of black folk in the city and offered broadcast programming that obliterated negative stereotypes. In 1966, he became the first black television announcer and producer. Later Vernon Winslow transitioned from disc jockeying popular music and moved to gospel, a genre within which he had a signature voice. Before supremacists allowed Taylor and Winslow into their broadcast studios, Cosimo Matassa, who operated a small recording studio, ran a phone line from the building and connected it to the transmitter at WNOE and WWEZ. He allowed the pioneers to broadcast live from his business, J&M Recording Studio. Among the last pioneer unfolded herein is Larry McKinney who worked at WMRY, WYLD, and WNNR in 1975.
“Bookless Mississippi”
Authors: Gardner Sarah E.
Published: January 2020

This essay examines the ways in which academics along with book industry insiders understood depressed rates of book buying and borrowing in the South. These were no idle concerns. During the 1930s, the south accounted for a little more than 7 percent of the nation's book purchases. High rates of poverty and illiteracy accounted for much of the problem, but not all. Those with a vested interest in fostering "book consciousness" in the region, including sociologist Howard Odum, librarian Louis Round Wilson, and editor William Couch, devised creative schemes to promote reading in the region. Not surprisingly, their efforts proved largely unsuccessful. As they quickly learned, those concerned solely with the bottom line were content to write the south off. The implications were considerable. As newspaper editor Jonathan Daniels ruefully observed, "books in the South, like cotton in the South, are produced for the export trade."
Financialization and Neoliberalism: A Snopes Genealogy
Authors: Matthews John T.
Published: January 2020

Faulkner charts Flem Snopes's career against the economic environments he exploits serially.If in The HamletFlem calculates the shift from agricultural labor to finance capitalism around the turn of the twentieth century, in The Town, set in the 1920s, Flem seizes on what appears to be a different kind of financialism.Unlike finance capitalism, in which lenders underwrite the production of goods by extending credit, financialization operates as if finance can be separated from nonfinancial activity.The ability to profit from intangible financial activities typifies many of the money-making ventures in The Town, from the machinations of insurance companies and banks, to opportunistic trade in social information.Writing in the 1950s, however, Faulkner suggests a longer genealogy for modern financialization, one that traces its origins to slave capitalism, and that exposes the roots of contemporary neoliberalism in illiberal exploitation.
Too Small to Fail: Jason Compson’s Precarious Self-Worth
Authors: Atkinson Ted
Published: January 2020

This essay performs a character analysis of Jason Compson IV in The Sound and the Fury. The main focus is on Jason's inability to confront the reality of impending financial ruin because of heavy investment in the self-styled fantasy that he is a capable financier thwarted by forces beyond his control. Jason's aggrieved disposition and cruelty make him easy to write off as despicable, but understanding his inflated ego as an attempt to compensate for emotional as well as financial losses affords him some measure of sympathy. References to popular economics from the 1930s and to Marx's theory of money as a powerful symbolic currency enhance a psychoanalytic approach to Faulkner's rendering of Jason. The conclusion holds that Faulkner offers a finely observed portrait of the damage done to the individual psyche and to familial and social relations by betting on money as a means of increasing self-worth.
Faulkner’s Stores: Microfinance and Economic Power in the Postbellum South
Authors: Davis David A.
Published: January 2020

After the Civil War, stores played a crucial role in the redevelopment of the South's economy. Landowner-merchants used crop liens, loans against the value of a crop, as contracts to bind laborers to the land through debt and dependency. The landowner-merchants provided food, seeds, fertilizer, and all of the other items necessary to live and raise a crop for a season, but they charged exorbitant interest on the items, and the cost of the charges was deducted from the value of their share of the crop. Faulkner depicts the stores as a system of coercive microfinance in several of his novels. In Absalom, Absalom, Thomas Sutpen opens a store when he returns from the war to rebuild his plantation. In The Hamlet, Flem Snopes uses Jody Varner's store as the vehicle for his social mobility, and in The Sound and the Fury, Jason Compson works in a store while investing in the cotton commodities market.
The Gifted Presence of Intruder in the Dust
Authors: Wainwright Michael
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on Intruder in the Dust (1948), which reasserted Faulkner's literary presence, helping to secure him the Nobel Prize for Literature. In addition to the esteem of this award, the prize carried a substantial honorarium, which secured Faulkner's financial future. As Intruder in the Dust suggests, however, this combination of rewards is unstable: while the conferral of esteem engages the economy of the gift, the transfer of capital engages the economy of money. Jacques Derrida, whose Given Time (1992) capitalizes on the notion and possibilities of the gift, confirms this instability: each economy describes a figure of circulation, but unlike the economy of money, the economy of the gift demands neither exchange nor reimbursement; indeed, the attempted transference of the gift seems to annul that very gift. Intriguingly, when analyzed from this Derridean perspective, Intruder in the Dust sees beyond Derrida's reductive fixation with the horizon of exchange.
Prescribed Spheres: The Legal Path of Slavery in Mississippi
Authors: Ranney Joseph A.
Published: January 2020

Slavery was a cornerstone of antebellum Mississippi life, and legal controversies over slavery regularly roiled the state. In the 1840s, planter Isaac Ross’s desire to free his slaves sparked a dispute between Mississippi’s legislature and supreme court whether slave owners should be allowed to manumit (free) their slaves at all. The court held that Mississippi law preserved a small opening for freedom but as war approached in the late 1850s the court changed its mind. Mississippi slave law was harsh: it allowed slaves small personal and economic liberties and the right to a trial if they were accused of crime, but it was highly effective in preserving black subservience and white control. The chapter provides a fascinating glimpse into the lives of the planters, slaves and free black Mississippians who helped shape slave law.
Practice Theory in Folklore and Folklife Studies
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter identifies a difference between European and American approaches to folklore around ideas of practice and performance, respectively. It evaluatesthe different forms of practice and performance theory in social sciences and proposes that an Aristotlean concept of praxis is most appropriate for folklore and folklife studies.
“Who’s That Knocking at My Door?”
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2020

Barnacle Bill, also known as Bollicky or Rollicking Bill, is a comic folktype who is the main protagonist in the most persistent narrative folk song with a seamen's image. Although a few studies have raised questions about his origins in British tradition, this practice-centered study evaluates his persistence in twenty-first centuryadolescent male groups and the feminist response. This chapter finds the song to be significant in a discourse on gendered coming-of-age issues.
>From Farm to … Farmers’ Markets
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2020

The emergence of "fast capitalism" in the twenty-first century that coincided with the rise of online retailing and"prosumer" commerce threatened to destroy the agricultural livelihood of many tradition-centered Amish communities. A response that has raised controversy within those communities is turning to more engagement with the "English" in farmers' markets. Folklorists have played a pivotal role in mediating the relationship between the Amish as a folk society andtouristic consumers. This chapter evaluates the consequences of this intervention meant to sustain the ability of the Amish to live in community.
Revelry: Shirley Jackson and Stanley Edgar Hyman
Authors: Ingram Shelley
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the role of folklore in the life and work of writer Shirley Jackson and her husband, literary critic and folklorist Stanley Edgar Hyman. It focuses particularly on their differing relationships with folklore and folklore studies and argues that reading Jackson and Hyman both and together gives us new understandings of her fictions and new insights into his particular brand of myth-ritual criticism.
The #Landmass between New Orleans and Mobile: Neglect, Race, and the Cost of Invisibility
Authors: Ingram Shelley
Published: January 2020

In 2012, a forecaster on The Weather Channel allegedly reported that an incoming hurricane was a threat to “the landmass between New Orleans and Mobile.” The folklore of the “landmass” internet meme cycle that followed, in which residents of the Mississippi Gulf Coast mocked their own invisibility from mainstream consciousness, could easily be dismissed as an inconsequential bit of fun. However, this chapter argues that the meme is part of a larger pattern of expressive culture that, when examined, reveals lingering trauma from Hurricane Katrina and the disturbing systems of oppression—racial, economic, cultural—still at work in the region and, consequently, the nation.
The Drama Begins
Authors: Naithani Sadhana
Published: January 2020

This chapter is about the start of the Soviet occupation of the Baltic countries after WWII in 1945. The escape of folklorists, the censorship of folklore archives and the new rules and regulations that were to define the life and scholarship henceforth.
The Resurgence
Authors: Naithani Sadhana
Published: January 2020

This chapter is about the moment of the fall of the Soviet Union in the Baltic countries and role of folksongs therein. It carries on to discuss how folklore has again been at the centre of resurgence of national and cultural identity.
Conclusion
Authors: Naithani Sadhana
Published: January 2020

This concluding chapter highlights the symbolic value of the history of Baltic folkloristics for the international context of the discipline. It also discusses what specific features of the Baltic folkloristics allowed it to play such an important role in the history of the three nations.
Peculiar Rhetoric
Authors: Stillion Southard Bjørn F.
Published: January 2020

The African colonization movement plays a peculiar role in the study of racial equality in the United States. For white colonizationists, the movement was positioned as a compromise between slavery and abolition. For free blacks, colonization offered the hope of freedom, but not within America’s borders. Bjørn F. Stillion Southard shows how politics and identity were negotiated in middle of the public discourse on race, slavery, and freedom in America.
Operating from a position of relative power, white advocates argued that colonization was worthy of support from the federal government. Stillion Southard analyzes the speeches of Henry Clay, Elias B. Caldwell, and Abraham Lincoln as efforts to engage with colonization at the level of deliberation.
Between Clay and Caldwell’s speeches at the founding of the American Colonization Society in 1816 and Lincoln’s final public effort to encourage colonization in 1862, Stillion Southard explores the speeches and writings of free blacks who grappled with colonization’s conditional promises of freedom. The book examines an array of discourses to explore the complex issues of identity facing free blacks who attempted to meaningfully engage in colonization efforts. From a peculiarly voiced Counter Memorial against the ACS, to the letters of wealthy black merchant Louis Sheridan negotiating for his passage to Liberia, to the civically-minded orations of Hilary Teage in Liberia, Peculiar Rhetoric brings into light the intricacies of blacks who attempted to meaningfully engage in colonization.
Introduction
Authors: Stillion Southard Bjørn F.
Published: January 2020

This chapter establishes the historical and scholarly context of Peculiar Rhetoric. Colonizationists sought to provide a middle ground between abolition and the status quo practice of slavery. The discourse that emerged provides insights into the nuances and fissures of racial identity in antebellum America. The concept of peculiar rhetoric draws from the scholarship on African American rhetoric, diaspora, and deliberation.
Peculiar Argumentation
Authors: Stillion Southard Bjørn F.
Published: January 2020

The creation of the American Colonization Society (ACS) marked the beginning of a concentrated effort to gain federal support for colonization. Examination of the context surrounding the formation of ACS and the speeches delivered at its founding reveals the peculiar argumentation of the group. Such argumentation was marked by its inability to resolve central tensions between many of the key audiences.
“Peculiar Obligations”
Authors: Stillion Southard Bjørn F.
Published: January 2020

Hilary Teage played a crucial role in the development of civic identity in Liberia. Teage argued for the centrality of debate and the importance of memory in the creation of a civic identity. This chapter understands how Teage balanced American and colonial norms and experiences to build a new civic identity among Liberians.
Conclusion
Authors: Stillion Southard Bjørn F.
Published: January 2020

This chapter traces the legacy of the peculiar rhetorics of colonization in the advocacy of Henry McNeal Turner, Marcus Garvey, and W.E.B. Du Bois. Black-led emigrationists movements emerged and grappled with the vestiges of white-led colonization advocacy. Although slavery was abolished and colonization’s position between the extremes no longer existed, the difficult negotiation of identity and belonging through peculiar rhetoric endured.
Downtown Mardi Gras
Authors: Wade Leslie A. , Roberts Robin , de Caro Frank
Published: January 2020

After Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and the surrounding region in 2005, the city debated whether to press on with Mardi Gras or cancel the parades. Ultimately, they decided to proceed. New Orleans’s recovery certainly has resulted from a complex of factors, but the city’s unique cultural life—perhaps its greatest capital—has been instrumental in bringing the city back from the brink of extinction. Voicing a civic fervor, local writer Chris Rose spoke for the importance of Carnival when he argued to carry on with the celebration of Mardi Gras following Katrina: “We are still New Orleans. We are the soul of America. We embody the triumph of the human spirit. Hell. We ARE Mardi Gras”. Since 2006, a number of new Mardi Gras practices have gained prominence. The new parade organizations or krewes, as they are called, interpret and revise the city’s Carnival traditions but bring innovative practices to Mardi Gras. The history of each parade reveals the convergence of race, class, age, and gender dynamics in these new Carnival organizations. Downtown Mardi Gras: New Carnival Practices in Post-Katrina New Orleans examines six unique, offbeat, Downtown celebrations. Using ethnography, folklore, cultural, and performance studies, the authors analyze new Mardi Gras’s connection to traditional Mardi Gras. The narrative of each krewe’s development is fascinating and unique, illustrating participants’ shared desire to contribute to New Orleans’s rich and vibrant culture.
Skeletons Rising in Skinz n Bonez
Authors: Wade Leslie A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter highlights a new invocation of the skull and bones tradition—the Downtown women’s group Skinz n Bonez, who recast elements of a traditionally African-American, all-male practice in their performance of female solidarity. The chapter surveys the bone gang history, focusing on the lineage and enactments of the North Side Skull and Bone Gang, the inheritor of this practice. The chapter then examines the emergence of the all-female group, chiefly white in membership, and how it has advanced its own style and identity.