bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Dependent Structural Changes in Hydrogen Bonds in Microcrystalline Cellulose Studied by Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Perturbation-Correlation Moving-Window Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis
Authors: Watanabe Akihiko , Morita Shigeaki , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: June 2006

Temperature-dependent structural changes in hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) in microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were investigated by infrared (IR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The O–H stretching fundamentals and their first overtone bands were employed to explore the structural changes. In order to analyze the overlapping OH bands due to various H-bonds, perturbation-correlation moving-window two-dimensional (PCMW2D) correlation spectroscopy was applied to the IR and NIR data. Typical spectral variation temperatures were visualized by the PCMW2D correlation analysis. Structural changes in the strong H-bonds in MCC gradually occur in the temperature region of 25–130 °C, and they become greater above 130 °C. Both OH groups with H-bonds of intermediate strength and very weak H-bonds arise from the structural change of strong H-bonds in the temperature region of 40–90 °C, whereas the appearance of the latter OH groups with very weak H-bonds gradually becomes dominant above 90 °C. It is revealed from the present study that the glass transition at 184 °C induces the changes in the H-bonds in the Iβ and the O3–H3…O5 intrachain H-bonds. Band assignments for the O–H stretching first overtone vibration region are proposed based on the results of the PCMW2D correlation analyses.
Determination of Mechanical Strength Properties of Hemp Fibers Using Near-Infrared Fourier Transform Raman Microspectroscopy
Authors: Peetla Padmaja , Schenzel Karla C. , Diepenbrock Wulf
Published: June 2006

Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) Raman microspectroscopy was adopted for analyzing the micro mechanical tensile deformation behavior of cellulosic plant fibers. Mechanical strength parameters such as tensile strength, failure strain, and Young's modulus of diversified hemp fibers were determined within the range of single fiber cells and fiber filaments. The analysis of fiber deformation at the molecular level was followed by the response of a characteristic Raman signal of fiber cellulose that is sensitive to the tensile load applied. The frequency shift of the Raman signal at 1095 cm−1 to lower wavenumbers was observed when the fibers were subjected to tensile strain. Microstructural investigations using electron microscopy under environmental conditions supported the discussion of mechanical properties of hemp fibers in relation to several fiber variabilities. Generally, mechanical strength properties of diversified hemp fibers were discussed at the molecular, microstructural, and macroscale level. It was observed that mechanical strength properties of the fibers can be controlled in a broad range by appropriate mercerization parameters such as alkali concentration, fiber shrinkage, and tensile stress applied to the fibers during the alkaline treatments.
Simplified Molecular Diagnosis of Fragile X Syndrome by Fluorescent Methylation-Specific PCR and GeneScan Analysis
Authors: Zhou Youyou , Lum Josephine MS , Yeo Gare-Hoon , Kiing Jennifer , Tay Stacey KH , Chong Samuel S
Published: June 2006

Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common cause of inherited mental impairment, is most commonly related to hyperexpansion and hypermethylation of a polymorphic CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of the FMR1 gene. Southern blot analysis is the most commonly used method for molecular diagnosis of FXS. We describe a simplified strategy based on fluorescent methylation-specific PCR (ms-PCR) and GeneScan™ analysis for molecular diagnosis of fragile X syndrome.

Methods: We used sodium bisulfite treatment to selectively modify genomic DNA from fragile X and normal lymphoblastoid cell lines and from patients. We then performed ms-PCR amplification using fluorescently-labeled primers complementary to modified methylated or unmethylated DNA. Amplification products were resolved by capillary electrophoresis. FMR1 mutational status was determined by a combination of fluorescent peak sizes and patterns on the GeneScan electropherogram.

Results: DNA samples from male and female persons with known NL, PM, and FM FMR1 CGG repeats were analyzed. Each FMR1 genotype produced a unique GeneScan electropherogram pattern, thus providing a way to identify the various disease states. The number of CGG repeats in all NL and PM alleles were determined accurately. Analysis by both the new assay and Southern blot of a family segregating with FXS showed complete concordance between both methods.

Conclusions: This simplified molecular diagnostic test, based on fluorescent methylation-specific PCR, may be a suitable alternative or complement to Southern blot analysis for the diagnosis of FXS.
Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Varieties Protection in Egypt: The new Sui Generis Regime, Public Interest and the TRIPs Agreement
Authors: El Farag Balat Mohamed Salem Abou
Published: June 2006

In accordance with Art.27 (3) (b) of the TRIPs Agreement, WTO Members are required to protect new plant varieties either by patents or by an effective

This article examines in depth the contents of the
Anti-Ikonizität an der Syntax-Semantik-Schnittstelle
Authors: Egg Markus
Published: June 2006

The syntax-semantics interface is iconic in that it maps syntactic asymmetries (in particular, unilateral c-command) onto semantic asymmetries (scope relations). But many modification structures seem to violate this iconicity: here the modifier has (optionally or obligatorily) semantic scope over only a part of the expression that it modifies syntactically.

First I will show that some well-known cases of syntax-semantics mismatch are instances of this phenomenon. Then I will specify an extremely flexible syntax-semantics interface to handle the apparent anti-iconicity. This interface crucially relies on the expressive power of a suitable underspecification formalism.

With the interface one can derive the semantic representations of the problematic examples from surface-oriented syntactic structures without giving up the iconicity between syntax and semantics.Apparent anti-iconicity eventually emerges as scope underspecification between a modifier and part of the expression that it modifies. The analysis is applied to German and Turkish data.
Topologische Felder: Nominalphrase und Satz im Deutschen
Authors: Ramers Karl Heinz
Published: June 2006

In this paper, the linear structures of clauses and nominal phrases are compared in a topological framework. The approach is based on the distinction between positions and fields: the first position is the functional core of the clause (C-position) and the NP (Def-position), the second is the semantic core of the clause (VK = verbal complex) and NP (Nom-position). The C- and Def-positions are restricted to one simple or complex constituent, whereas the VK- and Nom-positions can be filled by several syntactic elements. The VK/Nom-positions contain one head, which governs the other parts. Three fields are used to describe the word order in clauses and NPs: the „Vorfeld“ (K-field/Z-field), the „Mittelfeld“ (X-field) and the „Nachfeld“ (Z-field). The common characteristic of K-field and Z-field is the restriction to only one constituent. The middle fields of clauses and NPs are in part structured according to Behaghels law („semantic connection of constituents is mirrored in syntactic adjacency“). In „Nachfeld“ and Zfield complements are closer to the semantic core (VK resp. Nom) than adjuncts. In sum, there are correspondences between clauses and nominal phrases, but also several differences. This study is a first step to develop a common topological fields model for both.
Do Asian Values Deter Popular Support for Democracy in South Korea?
Authors: Park Chong-Min , Shin Doh Chull
Published: June 2006

This article examines whether Confucian Asian values are incompatible with liberal democracy. Analyses of the East Asia Barometer Survey conducted in South Korea reveal that attachment to those values makes it more difficult to reject authoritarian rule than to embrace democracy. These findings suggest that Asian values detract from cultural democratization primarily by keeping the mass public oriented toward the virtues of authoritarian politics.
Reading the Power of Spaces: Palestinian Israeli women at the Hebrew University
Authors: ERDREICH LAUREN , RAPOPORT TAMAR
Published: June 2006

Our ethnographic study of Palestinian Israeli women at the Hebrew University explores how these women construct space into place as they construct themselves. Tracing the women's experiences in the dormitories, Jerusalem, and Israel/Palestine, we show how the women acquire knowledge of the gendered and national organization of space and develop practices for using this knowledge to negotiate power relations. Using an analytical understanding of space as constituted of and by social relations, we expand on the work on space as text done by Lefebvre, de Certeau, and Moore. We show that it is the power to read places, or spatial literacy, which allows women and marginal groups to contest dominant power regimes.
Love in the City: Navigating multiple relationships in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: LEWINSON ANNE
Published: June 2006

While the vast majority of low‐level professionals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania would express a verbal commitment to modernist ideals of family structure, such as monogamy, in practice, a significant number have entered into mistress relationships which ultimately constitute second families. This reality demonstrates how Tanzanian urbanites have created hybrid conceptions of morality and codes for responsible conduct within romantic relationships, conceptions which draw upon both European and local African models. These practices provide insight into the contemporary historical and economic contexts of African city dwellers, as well as African urbanism as a whole.
Computational Modeling of Music Cognition: A Case Study on Model Selection
Authors: Honing Henkjan
Published: June 2006

While the most common way of evaluating a computational model is to see whether it shows a good fit with the empirical data, recent literature on theory testing and model selection criticizes the assumption that this is actually strong evidence for the validity of a model. This article presents a case study from music cognition (modeling the ritardandi in music performance) and compares two families of computational models (kinematic and perceptual) using three different model selection criteria: goodness-of-fit, model simplicity, and the degree of surprise in the predictions. In the light of what counts as strong evidence for a model’s validity—namely that it makes limited range, nonsmooth, and relatively surprising predictions—the perception-based model is preferred over the kinematic model.
The Mozart Effect in Rats: Response to Steele
Authors: Rauscher Frances H.
Published: June 2006

Steele (2003) raised several concerns regarding Rauscher, Robinson, and Jens’ (1998) study that found improved maze running following early music exposure in rats. Steele’s primary criticisms were that the rats in the Rauscher et al. study were only able to hear 31% of the notes and that a selection bias resulting in preexisting differences between groups could account for the disparity in their performance. Here we provide evidence that the rats heard a substantially higher percentage of notes than Steele reported and that there were no preexisting differences between groups. A recent replication is discussed that shows a neurophysiological basis for a Mozart effect in rats.
Surface Tension: Boundary Negotiations around Self, Society, and Nature in a Community Debate over Wildlife
Authors: Čapek Stella M.
Published: June 2006

This study draws on extensions of a Meadian framework to explore the possibility of nature as a “generalized other” that is experienced through a dialogical eco‐self. The author revisits Mead's work, tracing an emerging literature on the eco‐self, and investigates constructions of human–nature boundaries using interviews from a community reacting to the human destruction of a cattle egret nesting colony. She introduces the concept of “surface tension” to capture the fluid, negotiated, and often contradictory quality of narratives about nature and the self. The findings highlight the eco‐self as an emergent and ongoing accomplishment that is not reducible to any one formulation.
Are You Truly a Recovering Dope Fiend? Local Interpretive Practices at a Therapeutic Community Drug Treatment Program
Authors: Paik Leslie
Published: June 2006

Previous qualitative research on treatment programs for drug addiction/alcoholism has primarily focused on those processes whereby participants are expected to construct a new sense of self according to institutional parameters. The present article builds on that research and explores how contemporary programs attempt to resolve the problem that it is almost impossible to tell if someone has engaged in this self‐construction process. Informed by five months of ethnographic fieldwork at an adult residential drug treatment facility, the article asks: under what circumstances do program members call into doubt a client's efforts to create an institutional self, and how do they express this skepticism? The article reveals that staff and clients employ a set of local interpretive practices about community and emotions to assess whether clients are constructing the institutional self of a “recovering dope fiend.” It specifically considers how they interpret a client's emotional displays to represent that client's current self under construction. That is, a client's ability to control anger appropriately or to handle anxiety demonstrates s/he is effectively “doing the program” of self‐construction.
Dead Poets' Society: Teaching, Publish‐or‐Perish, and Professors' Experiences of Authenticity
Authors: Vannini Phillip
Published: June 2006

Within social psychology, the concept of authenticity of the self has traditionally suffered from lack of definitional clarity. In this article, after conceptualizing authenticity as the phenomenological emotional experience of feeling true to one's self, the author empirically examines the diversity of emotions associated with various degrees of authenticity and inauthenticity. Data for this study are from semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with forty‐six faculty members employed at a public research university in the United States. Professors' experiences of and dispositions toward teaching, and their experiences of authenticity and inauthenticity, are examined against the background of structural and cultural forces and changes in American higher education. Data interpretation shows that teaching is mostly a source of authenticity for professors in the humanities, and less for those professors who identify themselves primarily as researchers.
Diffusion and Translation: Business Groups in the New Israeli Corporate Law
Authors: Maman Daniel
Published: June 2006

Diffusion is one of the most broadly studied topics in the social science; yet, this concept is under-theorized because studies ignore what happens when institutional principles and practices that originated elsewhere arrive at an organization or society. Translation is the most important mechanism involved, and theorizing translation requires understanding to institutional conditions and the actors involved: Their motivation and interests and the relationships among them. This article focuses on corporate law reform in Israel, specifically questioning why the new corporate law does not refer to business groups, which form a salient part of the Israeli big-business economy. This article suggests that the Americanization of the Israeli legal culture was materialized via local actors who imported U.S. ideas while adapting them to existing legal culture. However, this process was not the result of a non-conflicting diffusion of ideas; rather, it was caused by manifest conflicts with non-state actors over desirable legal arrangements and economic and political interests.
Parental Influences on Children's Values and Aspirations: Bridging Two Theories of Social Class and Socialization
Authors: Hitlin Steven
Published: June 2006

The author establishes a framework for tying together two influential approaches linking family socioeconomic status (SES) to children's social psychological outcomes. Families shape children's occupational aspirations and values; however, these two phenomena have been studied in isolation. This article bridges these two literatures by suggesting that occupational aspirations stem, in part, from adolescents' value structures. The framework employs a wider range of values than previously studied so as to get a broader understanding of this relationship. This analysis finds qualified support for both the SES-values and the SES-aspirations literatures, and illustrates the potential of values as an additional explanatory mechanism for understanding family influences on adolescents' orientations during their transition to adulthood.
Conversational maxims in encounters with law enforcement officers
Authors: Linfoot-Ham Kerry
Published: June 2006

This paper analyses the use of spoken language by suspects and witnesses being questioned by law enforcement officers. The aim is to discover whether, and to what extent, Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle is in evidence, and how adherence to or breaking the conversational maxims helps or hinders the interrogation process.

Following conclusions derived from the analysis, possible explanations as to why some suspects are arrested or taken into custody, whereas others are allowed to go free are put forth. The possibility will be considered that successful manipulation of Grice’s Cooperative Principle (and the associated conversational maxims) may have some degree of subconscious influence on police officers’ decisions regarding a suspect’s guilt or innocence
Operational Communication: A paradigm for applied research into police call-handling
Authors: Garner Mark , Johnson Edward
Published: June 2006

Call-handlers’ work is pivotal in the day-to-day functioning of the police. They have to interpret the call and assess it in the light of procedures and current demands on resources. They thus set the agenda and act as gate-keepers to police assistance, help to shape relationships with the public and indirectly influence policy through their patterns of call classification. Despite this, there has been limited linguistic interest in call-handling, although some studies, particularly using conversation analysis, have been published. A much more applied approach to call-handling research is needed, however. In this paper, we attempt to answer the question, what would such an approach consist of? We suggest that a useful paradigm is provided by operational communication (OC) research, which is driven and informed by both theoretical linguistic considerations and practical institutional requirements. An outline of the recursive methodology of OC research is provided, which incorporates descriptive-analytical, prescriptive and evaluative phases. The intention is to provide both a stimulus and a possible method for further research in this important field.
Pulsed hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sambit , Morris Edward P
Published: June 2006

Physiological decline and subsequent cessation of ovarian function leads to oestrogen deficiency during the perimenopause and postmenopausal years. The beneficial effects of hormone replacement are well known. Hormone replacement is intended to be used for a prolonged period of time to correct the long‐term problems associated with oestrogen deficiency. Despite various routes of administration of oestrogen, nonadherence to treatment remains a problem. Pulsed oestrogen therapy administered nasally has been shown to improve climacteric symptoms and bone density and to affect metabolic markers of lipid and bone metabolism in the same way as conventional hormone replacement.
Maize Stem Tissues: Cell Wall Concentration and Composition during Development
Authors: Jung H. G. , Casler M. D.
Published: June 2006

Grass maturation results in reduced cell wall degradability by ruminant livestock. Using a specific internode of maize (Zea mays L.) stems as a model, the pattern of grass stem tissue and cell wall development was characterized. The fourth elongated internode above ground level from three maize hybrids was sampled at 10 stages of development beginning when the internode was about 10 mm in length through physiological maturity from a 2‐yr, replicated field trial at St. Paul, MN. Tissue development was characterized by light microscopy. Cell wall concentration and composition (polysaccharide sugar residues, lignin, ferulates, and p‐coumarates) were determined. Internode length and cross‐sectional area increased from Sampling Date 1 until the interval between Sampling Dates 5 and 6. During elongation only protoxylem vessels stained positive for lignin. After elongation, parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and metaxylem tissues lignified, but phloem did not. Cell wall concentration increased until shortly after elongation ended. Cell wall lignin concentration declined over the first four samples, with an increase in glucose and xylose polysaccharide residues, before rising sharply until after elongation was complete. Ferulate cross‐links of lignin to arabinoxylan increased 12‐fold during elongation. Our results indicated that post‐elongation development of sclerenchyma and rind‐region parenchyma accounted for the majority of cell wall accumulation and lignification in maize stems.
Modeling the Influence of Gene Flow and Selection Pressure on the Frequency of a GE Herbicide‐Tolerant Trait in Non‐GE Wheat and Wheat Volunteers
Authors: Bruˆl'‐Babel Anita L. , Willenborg Christian J. , Friesen Lyle F. , Van Acker Rene C.
Published: June 2006

Different types of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) will be ready for commercialization within the next decade, including varieties with higher yields, greater tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and resistance to herbicides. The release of genetically engineered (GE) wheat may require segregation of GE and non‐GE wheat to satisfy international markets. Before GE wheat is released, it is important to understand the movement of a GE trait within the agronomic production system. This study evaluated the effects of gene flow and selection pressure on the frequency of a GE trait (herbicide tolerance) in non‐GE wheat and wheat volunteers. Gene flow of GE traits to non‐GE wheat is inevitable through pollen or seed movement. When a GE trait does not confer a selective advantage in the production system, the frequency of the GE trait within non‐GE wheat will be a function of the rate of gene flow. Low rates of gene flow will lead to low levels of the GE trait in the non‐GE crop. With repeated gene flow events, the frequency of the GE trait may slowly increase in the non‐GE crop. When the GE trait has a selective advantage, the frequency of the GE trait will increase rapidly in volunteer populations of the non‐GE crop. Herbicide tolerance is an example of a GE trait that provides a high selective advantage when the herbicide is applied in the production system. Predictive models show that even with very low rates of initial gene flow, frequent applications of a highly effective herbicide will quickly increase the frequency of the herbicide‐tolerant (HT) GE trait in volunteer populations. This has negative implications for control of volunteers and the ability to maintain tolerance levels of GE traits in non‐GE wheat crops.
Children's Pattern Perception, Accuracy, and Preference in Three Response Modes
Authors: Bennett Peggy D.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the length of patterns children perceived from melodic contexts and their preference and accuracy in three response modes for demonstrating those patterns. Eighteen students, six each from Grades 4, 2, and kindergarten, participated in 10 videotaped sessions and were asked to demonstrate their perceptions in vocal, motor, and graphic response modes. Results indicated that students were not significantly more accurate in one response mode than in another, nor were age-groups significantly different from each other in accuracy of responses. The most frequently preferred response mode was the vocal mode, and mode preferences became more varied with increased age. Results also indicated that each age-group perceived patterns fitting a four-beat duration significantly more frequently than other pattern lengths. Also, with apparent focus on figural groupings, 16 of the 18 students accurately included anacruses in their response patterns more than 50% of the time.
Effect of Notational Values, Age, and Example Length on Tempo Performance Accuracy
Authors: Kuhn Terry Lee , Gates Edith E.
Published: June 2006

Seventy-two subjects drawn from six age groups clapped a notated rhythmic example while attempting to maintain a tempo given by metronome calibrated to 90 beats per minute. The example contained three sections that were counterbalanced to control for order. Section A of the example contained twelve beats of half notes, section B contained twelve beats of quarter notes, and section C contained twelve beats of eighth notes. Three forms of the example (ABC, BCA, and CAB) were randomly assigned to subjects. Dependent variable data consisted of the number of seconds required to perform each section of the rhythmic example. Seconds, measured to the nearest .01 second, were converted into beats per minute and expressed as deviation scores. No significant differences were produced among the three sections containing different notational values or among age groups of subjects. Significant differences were produced on order of presentation, indicating that performance tempo increased throughout the example. It was concluded that subjects evidenced a tendency to increase tempo during a clapped performance of a rhythmic example.
Music Computer Drill and Learning Styles at the Fourth-Grade Level
Authors: Willett Barbara E. , Netusil Anton J.
Published: June 2006

In this study, the author investigated the effectiveness and efficiency of computer drill versus classroom drill for learning bass clef notes. The scores of students classified as field dependent (F/D) and field independent (F/I) were grouped to study student responsiveness to computer drill versus classroom drill. Seventy-five fourth-grade students were administered the Group Embedded Figures Test. The 18 who scored highest were classified as F/I; the 18 lowest as F/D. The remaining students were not classified. The students in the three groups were equally and randomly assigned to the computer group, which used the program Clef Notes, and to the classroom group, which received drill by a teacher. The results of a posttest revealed that (a) the computer group scored significantly higher than the classroom group, (b) the F/I students scored significantly higher than the FID students on one part of the test, and (c) there was no interaction between F/I, F/D, and mode of instruction. An attitudinal questionnaire produced significantly positive responses toward using the computer and this program.
A Comparison of Verbal Instruction and Nonverbal Teacher-Student Modeling in Instrumental Ensembles
Authors: Dickey Marc R.
Published: June 2006

This study concerns the comparative effectiveness of verbal instruction and modeling instruction in instrumental music classrooms. The primary hypothesis maintains that modeling is more effective than verbal instruction. Four middle school band classes (N = 128), two taught for 10 weeks with verbal instruction and two with modeling instruction, were pretested and posttested for ear-to-hand skills, kinesthetic response skills, and music discrimination skills. Students in the two classes receiving modeling instruction achieved significantly higher scores on tests of ear-to-hand skills and kinesthetic skills than did those in the two classes receiving verbal instruction, although those in the modeling classes did not achieve significantly different scores in a test of general music discrimination skills. These findings suggest that the use of modeling strategies and devices such as melodic echoes and rhythmic movement to music can lead to increased ear-to-hand skills and kinesthetic response skills.
The Relationship Between Sightsinging Accuracy and Error Detection in Junior High Singers
Authors: Killian Janice N.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare junior high students' sightsinging accuracy with their ability to perceive errors in recorded examples. Junior high choir students ( N − 75) individually taped themselves while sightsinging counterbalanced examples of notation and solfege syllables. Subsequently, an error-detection task was designed based on the most common student errors and using the same examples. Students listened to the sung examples, then looked at the notation and circled any errors. Analyses of correct responses among high-scoring, medium-scoring, and low-scoring sightsingers revealed no significant differences between sightsinging from notation or syllables, although unskilled singers scored higher using syllables. The relationship between sightsinging (performance) and error detection (perception) was different for high- and medium-scoring sightsingers than for low-scoring | sightsingers. For high- and medium-scoring sightsingers, there were no significant differences between sightsinging and error detection, while low-scoring sightsingers were signifi-I canity more accurate on error-detection tasks. An analysis of data across specific intervals I revealed a trend toward more accurate descending patterns.
Personalized System of Instruction Versus the Lecture-Demonstration. Method in a Specific Area of a College Music Appreciation Course
Authors: Jumpeter Joseph
Published: June 2006

This study sought to determine (a) whether a Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) would have a different effect on student achievement than would the lecture-demonstration method, (b) how the experimental students would evaluate the PSI method as a mode of instruction, and (c) how PSI would affect music opinion. Results of the main study indicated that both methods of instruction produced statistically significant changes in achievement and in listening opinions, and that no significant differences occurred between the two methods. The experimental students gave a rating of slightly “above average” to the PSI method of instruction as a mode of instruction. It was concluded that PSI could be used as an effective teaching method in music appreciation courses.
The Effect of Timeout from Performance on Attentiveness and Attitude of University Band Students
Authors: Spradling Robert L.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of duration and frequency of timeout (with instruction) from performance on attentiveness and attitude of students in a university band. Timeout periods were of 15, 30, or 45 sec duration and varied in frequency from 3 to 18 randomly ordered stops during each of the six experimental ratios under investigation. The six experimental conditions ranged from 13% to 75% in the timeout condition. Although results indicated a significantly higher offtask rate during timeout periods than performance periods, no significant difference between 15, 30, or 45 sec durational periods was evident. Graphic analysis indicated offtask rates increased slightly as timeout frequency increased. Students expressed a preference for the experimental selections that required the fewest timeout periods.
A Comparison of Preferences for Instructional Objectives Between Teachers and Students
Authors: Murphy Mary Kotts , Browa Thomas S.
Published: June 2006

The preferences of a group of 92 fifth-grade students were compared with the preferences of a group of 14 music teachers for 20 common instructional objectives. Each objective was demonstrated for the students, who indicated on Likert-type scales how much they would like to achieve that objective. Teachers' responses on similar scales were obtained through written questionnaires. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests revealed significant disparities between students and teachers for 10 of the objectives. The students' most favored objectives included instrumental playing within a tune context. Teacher-preferred objectives for which students' attitudes were generally negative included those that required listening and knowledge of harmonic and melodic rhythm and formal structure. In order that achievement may be demonstrated through student-preferred activities, it seems that restatement of objectives low in preference is desirable.
Musical Style Preferences and Aural Discrimination Skills of Primary Grade School Children
Authors: May William V.
Published: June 2006

This study sought (a) to measure first-, second-, and third-grade students' preferential reactions to aurally presented musical stimuli representing various styles, (b) to determine the effects of grouping by grade level, gender, and race on music preferences, and (c) to determine the relationship between children's music preferences and their aural discrimination skills. Preferences of 577 Mississippi, Kansas, and Texas children were measured via the Music Preference Reaction Index (MPRI), a nonverbal, nonnumeric pictographic self-report form on which students recorded like/dislike responses to 24 musical stimuli. MPRI reliability estimates (coefficient a) ranged from .75 to .85. Validity was established through factor analytic means. Aural skills were measured via the Primary Measures of Music Audiation (PMMA). A 3 × 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance of MPRI scores yielded significant grade level, gender, and race main effects and nonsignificant interaction effects. Subanalysis revealed the particular musical stimuli that contributed to the main effects. Canonical correlation analysis of PMMA and MPRI variables produced two significant canonical variates accounting for only 26% of the total variance, thus indicating a small, positive, bidimensional relationship.
The Relationship of Grade Level and Sex Differences to Certain Rhythmic Responses of Primary Grade Children
Authors: Schleuter Stanley L. , Schleuter Lois J.
Published: June 2006

The purpose was to examine the relationship of grade level and sex differences with rhythmic responses of clapping, chanting, and stepping with K–3 children after one year of school music instruction. It was of interest to examine which type of response is most accurate within and among grades and between girls and boys. A Rhythm Response Test was constructed to collect data on clapping, chanting, and stepping responses. Data were analyzed within and among grade levels and between sexes. Verbal chanting was the most accurate response for kindergarten students and, along with clapping, for Grade 1 students. Clapping was most accurate for Grade 3 students and, along with chanting, for Grade 2 students. Overall, the stepping response appears to have been least accurate. All rhythm response tasks were more accurate as grade levels progressed. Girls in Grades 1,2, and 3 consistently received higher mean scores than boys.
The Application of Information Science Technology to Music Education Materials
Authors: Lane William S.
Published: June 2006

Techniques and procedures were developed for cataloging, indexing, and storing information concerning diverse music education materials in a computer-assisted information retrieval system. Indexing procedures and bibliographic file formats were developed, and a data base of 830 documents was created. One subject area was indexed for content and a thesaurus of descriptors developed for it. The subfile so indexed consisted of 107 documents. Searches were made of the data base, with completely accurate results demonstrating that many different types of music education materials can be efficiently manipulated in a computer-assisted information retrieval system.
Use of Standardized Tests of Musical Aptitude with University Freshmen Music Majors
Authors: Schleuter Stanley L.
Published: June 2006

This investigation compared the reliabilities, intercorrelations, and appropriateness of use of three standardized music tests when administered to entering university freshman music majors. The three tests compared were Aliferis Music Achievement Test, Musical Aptitude Profile, and Iowa Tests of Music Literacy, Levels 5 and 6.

All tests functioned with adequate reliability. Intercorrelations within and among tests revealed some overlapping between achievement tests, but little relationship with aptitude test content. Each test is basically multidimensional. It was concluded that a wide range of information could best be obtained by administering the Musical Aptitude Profile, and a music achievement test with suitable content. Although the Aliferis Test was the only one of the three tests originally designed for entering college music majors, the Musical Aptitude Test and the Iowa Test of Musical Literacy may also be appropriately employed.
Administrators' Ratings of Competencies for an Undergraduate Music Education Curriculum
Authors: Stegall Joel R. , Blackburn Jack E. , Coop Richard H.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to develop ratings by National Association of Schools of Music member institutions of competencies for an undergraduate curriculum in music education. Competencies were limited to the cognitive aspects of basic musicianship, applied music, and music education methods. Competencies in general education, professional education (including student teaching), music ensembles, and competencies in the affective and psychomotor domains were excluded. Testing conditions and criteria also were excluded. A questionnaire composed of 99 competencies was mailed to each of the NASM schools believed to offer undergraduate degrees in music education. The respondents were asked to indicate their opinion of the value of each competency by rating it on a scale from one (low) to five (high). The result of the study is a list of 84 competencies with a mean rating of 3.5 or higher.
Effects of Exposure to Classical Music on the Musical Preferences of Preschool Children
Authors: Peery J. Craig , Peery Irene W.
Published: June 2006

Musical preferences of 45 preschool children (mean age 4 years, 7 months) were assessed in a short-range longitudinal study incorporating a pre- and posttest experimental design. Six classical and two popular pieces were evaluated. All children liked all the pieces during the pretest. During the 10 months that elapsed between pre- and post-testing, an experimental group ( n = 21) received weekly 45-min classes in appreciation of classical music during which they listened to classical music, sang classical themes, played musical games, learned the names and sounds of the instruments of the orchestra, and so on. Posttest results indicate the experimental group preferred the classical selections significantly more than the control group. The control group experienced a decline in preference for the classical pieces during the 10-month interval. The experimental group maintained a liking for classical pieces used in the study with no pretest–posttest differences. The hypotheses that repetition, modeling, and social reinforcement can influence musical preference, proposed in research with older children, are basically supported. All groups liked popular music. There were no significant pretest–posttest differences or decreases in liking for popular music.
Motivation and Perceived Rewards for Research by Music Faculty
Authors: LeBlanc Albert , McCrary Jan
Published: June 2006

A questionnaire was sent to 90 publishing researchers who were members of college music faculties in the fields of music theory, music history, music education, and music therapy asking them why they engaged in research activity and what specific rewards they believe they obtained because of their own research. Among the 55 respondents, intellectual curiosity, enjoyment, self-improvement, and perceived duty were the main reasons for conducting research. Intrinsic motivators linked to the nature of the research process were the most important reward for these people, while salary increase was considered the most important external reward.
Effects of Rhythmic and Melodic Alterations and Selected Musical Experiences on Rhythmic Processing
Authors: Sink Patricia E.
Published: June 2006

This study investigated the psychological dimensions underlying auditory processing of monotonic and melodic-rhythmic patterns, and influences of musical experiences on the dimensionality of 38 university music students' rhythmic processing. Apparent alterations in tempo, duration and pitch characteristics, melodic and rhythmic phrase patterning, and monotony were shown to be organizers of rhythmic processing. Both major performing instrument and classification of major performing instrument significantly affected the dimensionality of subjects' rhythmic processing. Analyses of variance also showed slight effects of generic style music listening preference, music course experience, and hours music listening on rhythmic processing. The importance of each organizer for subjects depended in part on the objective ordering of the rhythmic and tonal information, and in part on past musical experiences.
Effects of Training in Conservation of Tonal and Rhythmic Patterns On Second-Grade Children
Authors: Foley Elspeth A.
Published: June 2006

This study dealt with the effects of training on the conservation of tonal patterns and rhythmic patterns. Six second-grade classes were used: three of the classes formed the experimental group, and three classes formed the control group. The training program was conducted by each class's regular music teacher during 10-minute portions of six consecutive music periods. During the experimental period the control group received regular music instruction. The experimental group exhibited a significant (.01 level) increase in scores on a conservation test devised for use in this study, while the control group's increase was not significant. The difference in gain between the groups was significant at the .05 level. There was no significant difference in scores among the three control classes or among the three experimental classes. There was no significant decrease in scores from the initial posttest to a delayed posttest administered two weeks later.
Effect of Music Via Television as Reinforcement for Correct Mathematics
Authors: Madsen Clifford K. , Dorow Laura G. , Moore Randall S. , Womble Jeana U.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine if music lessons presented via television could effect a subject matter music score gain while also functioning as reinforcement for correct academic responses. An entire first grade served as subjects divided in four groups: (1) Televised music lessons contingent upon correct math responses; (2) Partial contingency of televised music lessons for correct math responses; (3) Contact control; and (4) No-contact control. Results indicated that correct math scores increased as a function of the televised contingency for subjects who were reinforced for correct academic responses, while correct responses did not increase for the control groups. More importantly, subjects evidenced a significant music subject matter gain in direct relationship to their music lesson viewing participation. This study suggests that learning contingencies can be designed that offer a learning gain in both the subject matter used as reward and the subject matter that it is intended to reinforce.
Musicians' Perception of Beat in Monotonic Stimuli
Authors: Duke Robert A.
Published: June 2006

The perception of beat across a range of stimulus speeds was examined using monotonic stimuli. Fifty graduate and undergraduate music majors performed metric pulses in response to periodic stimulus tones. Nine sets of consecutive periodic 1046.5-Hz (C6) tones were presented at various speeds in random orders. Subjects' tasks were to listen to each example and to tap the perceived beat or pulse. Results revealed differential subject responses among the nine tempi presented ( p < .001). Rates greater than 120 tones per minute (tpm) were apparently “too fast” to be perceived as beat notes, and pulses slower than 60 tpm seemed “too slow.” In response to presentation rates slower than 60 tpm or faster than 120 tpm, subjects perceived either a subdivision of the stimulus tones as a beat tempo or perceived the stimulus tones as subdivisions of a slower beat. Thus, regardless of the speed of the stimulus tones, most subjects performed beat tempi between 60 and 120 beats per minute. The presentation rate of 80 tpm was identified most frequently as a perceived beat. The results, although defined within a limited context, indicate a relatively narrow range within which beats are perceived by trained musicians.
The Influence of Peer Imitation on Expressive Movement to Music
Authors: Flohr John W. , Brown Jacqueline
Published: June 2006

While seated in a circle, kindergarten children were asked to show the way four one-minute music excerpts sounded by moving their hands, arms, and head under two conditions. First, the children were asked to move to the music excerpts while wearing blindfolds so that each child could not see the other children. Second, the treatment was repeated by asking the children to move to the music excerpts with the blindfolds removed. A similar expressive movement score for each child was computed by comparing his or her type of movement during ten-second intervals to the movements of other children in the group. The experiment was replicated with preschool children. In both studies mean scores for the amount of similar expressive movement were significantly greater (p < .05) when the children moved without blindfolds. Results indicated that peer imitation significantly influences expressive movement in both preschool and kindergarten children.
The Effect of Three Methods of Supporting the Double Bass on Muscle Tension
Authors: Dennis Allan
Published: June 2006

This study focuses on the effect of three methods of supporting/holding the double (string) bass on muscle tension and performance quality. Although representatives of all three methods of support are accepted as outstanding performers, the choice of which method to teach is usually made because of familiarity rather than individual student characteristics. Forty volunteer double bass students from Indiana University, University of Michigan, Oberlin College, and Eastman School of Music performed the double bass recitative from Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9. Audio recordings of performances were rated. Muscle tension readings from the left arm, right arm, upper back, and lower back areas were taken using electromyography as the measurement tool. Results suggest nonsignificant differences in both performance quality and muscle tension.
A Time-Velocity Ratio Investigation
Authors: Bickel Frank
Published: June 2006

Piaget's investigations of children's conceptions of time included a conclusion that young children (ages 4–8) equate greater velocity with longer duration, even when they are passive listeners. This was verified through his metronome experiments. This study investigated the principle that older children (ages 10–12) will begin to recognize that there is an inverse relationship between time and velocity, and correctly estimate duration of musical fragments. Results of the study support the time-velocity ratio principle using a metronome stimulus; however, there was no support for the principle with musical fragments as stimuli. Children in grades 2, 4, and 6 tended to select the second fragment as longer, irrespective of velocity.