bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIGESTIVE EFFICIENCY IN A WILD GOAT: THE NUBIAN IBEX
Authors: CHOSHNIAK I. , ARNON H. , SHKOLNIK A.
Published: March 2010

The ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) is a wild goat indigenous to the extreme desert area adjacent to the Red Sea. The animals' capacity to cope with adverse nutritional conditions was tested on feeds of different quality and was compared to that of other breeds of goats. A low caloric demand 1135 kj/(day∙kg0.75) on alfalfa hay and half this value on wheat straw, high digestibility of dry matter 68%, 60% and 46% on alfalfa hay, Rhodes grass and wheat straw, respectively, and a low metabolic rate was demonstrated in these animals. Urea recycling amounted to 14% the entry rate on alfalfa hay. On grass and wheat straw it was 64% and 74%, respectively. Key words: Ibex, goat, energy metabolism, N-metabolism, digestibility
CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA ESTABLISHMENT AND RUMEN DIGESTION IN LAMBS ISOLATED AFTER BIRTH
Authors: GOUET Ph. , NEBOUT J. M. , FONTY G. , JOUANY J. P.
Published: March 2010

Conventionally-born lambs were placed in sterile isolators a few days after birth. Their rumen microflora allowed both the establishment of cellulolytic bacteria at a high level and considerable cellulose degradation, which was higher in lambs harbouring Bacteroïdes succinogenes as the only cellulolytic species. Key words: Young lambs, cellulolytic bacteria, cellulose digestion
ABSORPTION OF DISSOCIATED VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS THROUGH THE RUMEN WALL OF SHEEP
Authors: OSHIO S. , TAHATA I.
Published: March 2010

The fractional absorption rate of VFA, which was in the order of caproic > valeric > butyric = propionic = acetic > isovaleric > isobutyric acid at high pH level, was promoted in hypotonic solution. Conversely in hypertonic solution or long-term isolated rumen pouch, the absorption of lower acids such as acetic or propionic acid was depressed. Key words: VFA, absorption, osmolality, rumen, sheep
COMPARATIVE DIGESTION AND DIGESTA KINETICS IN SHEEP AND CATTLE
Authors: COLUCCI P. E. , MACLEOD G. K. , McMILLAN I. , GROVUM W. L.
Published: March 2010

Increasing the level of intake increased the rate of passage of fluid and particulate markers in cows and sheep. At high intake levels cows had lower digestion values and faster liquid turnover rates than sheep. Rumen liquid volume did not change with increasing intake in a high concentrate diet. Key words: Cattle, sheep, digestion, markers kinetics
COMPARATIVE DIGESTIBILITY BY SHEEP AND COWS AND CONSEQUENCES ON ENERGY VALUE
Authors: BOEVER J. L. DE , COTTYN B. G. , BOUCQUE Ch. V. , AERTS J. V. , BUYSSE F. X.
Published: March 2010

Sheep and cows did not differ systematically in digesting maize silage, grass silage and grass hay of moderate and good quality, ensiled whole crop cereals, root- and tubercrops and concentrates. Herbage products of low quality were better digested by cows, while sheep showed a superior digestive capacity for maize grain. Key words: Sheep, cows, digestibility
THE ROLE OF CONDENSED TANNINS IN THE DIGESTION OF FRESH Lotus pedunculatus BY SHEEP
Authors: BARRY T. N.
Published: March 2010

Relative to non-tannin-containing fresh forages, condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus increased duodenal N flow and calculated absorption of amino acids from the small intestine, but depressed ruminal digestion of soluble carbohydrate and hemicellulose. Plasma growth hormone concentration was positively and linearly related to forage condensed tannin concentration. Key words: Condensed tannin, nitrogen digestion, growth hormone
IMMUNOGLOBULIN ABSORPTION IN CALVES AS INFLUENCED BY DIETARY PROTEIN INTAKES OF THEIR DAMS
Authors: BURTON J. H. , HOSEIN A. A. , MCMILLAN I. , GRIEVE D. G. , WILKIE B. N.
Published: March 2010

Protein intake restricted to 66% of NRC requirement during the last trimester of pregnancy in first calf Holstein heifers resulted in a significant reduction in the absorption of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA by calves fed their dam's colostrum. No treatment effect on colostral Ig levels was noted. Key words: Protein restriction, immunoglobulin absorption, colostrum, calves
THE EFFECT OF A MIXED NEMATODE INFECTION ON THE SITE OF PLASMA PROTEIN ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: BOWN M. D. , POPPI D. P. , SYKES A. R.
Published: March 2010

Absorption of albumin across the whole small intestine was high (0.87) and occurred mostly distal to the site of intestinal parasitism in both parasitized and control animals. This helps to explain why intestinal parasitism has no effect on protein absorption from the small intestine. Key words: Sheep, nematode, plasma loss, albumin absorption
FUNDIC GLAND DEVELOPMENT IN HERBIVORES: AN OPTION IN RUMINANTS
Authors: TAMATE H. , SUZUKI K.
Published: March 2010

Correlation of fundic gland development to herbivory rating was examined with 23 mammalian species. A positive correlation was found in large herbivores, but not in smaller animals. Ruminants had undeveloped fundic glands in contrast to other large ungulates possibly due to abomasal folds which increased the gland numbers. Key words: Hindstomach, fundic gland, histology, herbivores, abomasum
PROTEIN INTAKE AND WATER TURNOVER: A COMPARISON OF TWO EQUIVALENTLY SIZED AFRICAN ANTELOPE THE BLESBOK Damaliscus dorcas AND IMPALA Aepyceros melampus
Authors: FAIRALL N. , KLEIN D. R.
Published: March 2010

Water turnover in blesbok and impala was studied in the field. Water turnover of the impala was double that of blesbok, this difference was related to crude protein values in the diet. These facts are related to the evolutionary adaptations of the species. Key words: Water turnover, protein intake, impala, blesbok
CALCIUM SOAPS OF FATTY ACIDS WITH VARYING UNSATURATION AS FAT SUPPLEMENTS FOR LACTATING COWS
Authors: PALMQUIST DONALD L.
Published: March 2010

Calcium salts of fatty acids with varying unsaturation were fed to lactating cows. Low rumen pH depressed milk fat percent; low linoleic acid in milk fat with dietary soya soap suggested rumen dissociation and biohydrogenation of the soap fatty acids. Calcium soaps may require maintenance of rumen pH above 6. Key words: Calcium soaps, unsaturated fatty acids, milk fat, biohydrogenation
ACETATE AND FREE FATTY ACID METABOLISM IN THE FAT-TAILLED SHEEP
Authors: WALT J. G. VAN DER , MARAIS A. , CAMPBELL S. , GOODEN J. M.
Published: March 2010

Two-thirds of all acetate to FFA conversion takes place in the hindquarter of Karakul lambs fed ad libitum. An amount equivalent to two-thirds of this net FFA production is taken up by the hind-quarter. Half ad libitum feeding resulted in halving the whole-body acteate turnover, reversing the direction of carbon flow from FFA to acetate and doubling the FFA turnover, chiefly by mobilizing tail fat. Resumption of ad libitum feeding reversed the process, without synthesizing FFA from acetate. Key words: Sheep, growth, fat-tail, FFA, acetate, turnover
SALT-RESISTANT TRIGLYCERIDE LIPASE RELATED TO POSTPARTUM DISEASE
Authors: LIESMAN J. , EMERY R. S. , GERLOFF B. , HERDT T.
Published: March 2010

Salt-resistant postheparin plasma lipase in recently parturient cows increased with increasing serum lipids and faster recovery from surgery. This lipase activity was decreased by fasting and excess liver fat. It seemed predominantly extrahepatic although a lipase with characteristics similar to hepatic triglyceride lipase was detected. Key words: Postheparin lipase, lipoprotein lipase, fatty liver, serum lipids
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATE-TERM OVINE FETAL SMALL INTESTINE AND THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: TRAHAIR J. F. , ROBINSON P. M. , SILVER MARIAN
Published: March 2010

In the fetal sheep small intestine, enterocytes divide in the crypts before migrating up the villus. Adrenalectomy results in reduced villus height, migration rate and altered cytology. Key words: Sheep, intestine, fetus, normal development, adrenalectomy
EFFECT OF COLD EXPOSURE ON INSULIN RESPONSE TO FEEDING IN SHEEP
Authors: SASAKI Y. , HIRATSUKA H. , ISHIDA M.
Published: March 2010

Cold exposure markedly suppressed the increase in insulin secretion in response to feeding in sheep, while environmental temperature had no significant effect on basal levels of plasma insulin before feeding. Key words: Sheep, insulin, feeding, cold
BRANCHED-CHAIN ALPHA-KETO ACID EXCHANGE ACROSS THE PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA AND HINDLIMB OF FED AND FASTED STEERS
Authors: EARLY R. J. , THOMPSON J. R. , CHRISTOPHERSON R. J. , SEDGWICK G. W.
Published: March 2010

Fasting (6 day) steers increased (P < 0.05) arterial alpha-ketoisocaproate concentration and decreased (P < 0.05) the net release of alpha-ketoisovalerate from the portal-drained viscera. The net release of all three branched-chain alpha-keto acids from the hindlimb was decreased (P < 0.05) after fasting. Key words: Branched-chain, alpha-keto acids, steers
BIOTRANSFORMATIONS OF XENOBIOTICS IN TISSUES OF CATTLE AND SHEEP
Authors: SMITH G. STANLEY , WATKINS JOHN B.
Published: March 2010

Cytochrome P-450 and activities of mixed-function oxidase, epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase were measured in liver, kidney and ileal tissue of cattle and sheep and in rumen wall of sheep, using multiple substrates for each enzyme system. Cattle and sheep are thus characterized for metabolism of xenobiotics. Hepatic activities are directly comparable with similar data for swine and eight species of lab animals commonly used in toxicity testing. Key words: Enzymes, xenobiotics, biotransformations, cattle, sheep
THE EFFECT OF ACETATE ON THE UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE BY SKELETAL MUSCLE OF THE SHEEP HINDLIMB
Authors: PETHICK D. W. , VERNAU B.
Published: March 2010

Acetate was infused into the rumen of fed sheep at a rate of 280 mmoles/h. The utilization of acetate by skeletal muscle increased threefold, glucose utilization remained unchanged and lactate output increased 11-fold. Consequently an increased availability of acetate spares glucose from oxidation in skeletal muscle. Key words: Sheep, glucose, lactate, acetate, skeletal muscle
EFFECT OF INTRARUMINAL INFUSION OF PROPIONIC ACID ON PLASMA METABOLITES IN GOATS
Authors: EMMANUEL B. , KENNELLY J. J.
Published: March 2010

Effects of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid at 5.5 and 13.7 g/h on plasma metabolites have been investigated in goats fed a concentrate-roughage ration at 2-h intervals. Propionic acid increased plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, but did not change those of lactate, D(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate and prolactin. Data support the glucogenic theory in relation to low milk fat syndrome. Key words: Metabolites, plasma, goats, propionic acid
REGULATION OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN TISSUES OF THE SHEEP HIND-LIMB: RESPONSE TO LACTATION
Authors: VERNON R. G. , TAYLOR E. , FAULKNER A.
Published: March 2010

Decreased rates of glucose utilization by peripheral tissues of sheep during lactation are probably due to a fall in the activity of key glycolytic enzymes of skeletal muscle, while the increase in lactate output by the hind-limb during lactation is probably due to a fall in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in both muscle and adipose tissue. Key words: Sheep, glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, lactation
RESPONSES TO INFUSION OF GROWTH HORMONE INTO THE MAMMARY ARTERIES OF LACTATING SHEEP
Authors: McDOWELL G. H. , HART I. C.
Published: March 2010

Local infusion of growth hormone, at doses ranging from 400 to 3200 μg/day, into the mammary arteries of lactating sheep failed to affect milk yield and composition. There were no changes in concentrations of major metabolites in peripheral plasma. Key words: Lactating sheep, local application of growth hormone
THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONE ADMINISTRATION ON THE KINETICS OF PLASMA NONESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS IN GROWING HEREFORD HEIFERS
Authors: EISEMANN J. H. , BAUMAN D. E. , HAMMOND A. C. , REYNOLDS P. J. , TYRRELL H. F. , HAALAND G. L.
Published: March 2010

The influence of bovine growth hormone (bGH) on the irreversible loss and oxidation rate of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) was evaluated in six Hereford heifers fed at near-maintenance energy intake. Subcutaneous injection of bGH increased both the concentration (P < 0.05) and irreversible loss (P < 0.001) of plasma NEFA. Key words: Growth hormone, nonesterified fatty acids, cattle
SOMATOSTATIN IMMUNIZATION AND GROWTH IN LAMBS
Authors: CHAPLIN R. K. , KERR D. E. , LAARVELD B.
Published: March 2010

Somatostatin immunization of lambs resulted in a 16% higher rate of gain (P < 0.05). Glucose, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and arginine infusions showed no difference between treated and control animals in growth hormone response or in glucose tolerance. Key words: Somatostatin immunization, growth, growth hormone, lambs
INFLUENCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE AND OF FASTING ON AMINO ACID UPTAKE BY INTESTINAL TISSUE OF CATTLE
Authors: HA J. K. , KENNELLY J. J.
Published: March 2010

Leucine and lysine uptake by duodenal mucosal tissue of cows were increased during early lactation compared to the final 2 wk of gestation. The uptake of leucine appeared to be higher than that of lysine at both physiological stages. Fasting steers for 5 days did not significantly affect leucine uptake. Key words: Amino acid uptake, intestinal tissue, cattle
EFFECTS OF OLEIC ACID ESTERS ON FOOD INTAKE IN SHEEP
Authors: PAQUAY R. , VERNAILLEN F.
Published: March 2010

Oleic acid esters, continously infused intravenously into adult sheep induced a decrease of the voluntary food intake. Plasma free fatty acid concentration and oleic acid content in free fatty acids increased. Key words: Sheep, food intake, oleic acid esters
FOOD INTAKE CONTROL IN SUCKLING LAMBS
Authors: BOĎA K. , KOPPEL J. , KUCHAR S. , MOZEŠ S.
Published: March 2010

The increased fat content of milk diet diminished food intake in suckling lambs. A singificant inhibitory effect on food intake was also observed after the administration of glucose and lactose per os. It is supposed that food intake is regulated through peripheral lipostatic and glucostatic mechanisms. Key words: Lambs, food intake, fat, glucose, lactose
THE MOVEMENT OF UNDIGESTED PLANT PARTICLE FRACTIONS THROUGH THE STOMACH OF ROUGHAGE-FED YOUNG SHEEP
Authors: WESTON R. H. , CANTLE JULIE A.
Published: March 2010

In young sheep fed roughage diets at near ad libitum, plant fractions of small particle size passed more rapidly through the stomach than their larger counterparts. Ruminal clearance rates for similar particle fractions differed markedly between diets. Rumen and omasal digesta loads were positively related. Key words: Particle clearance, rumen digesta, omasal digesta
NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR IN CATTLE
Authors: BELL F. R.
Published: March 2010

Innate and evoked behavior in dehydrated and sodium deficient cattle has been examined for neuroendocrine response concurrently with psychophysical measurement. Learning and memory may be established centrally through neural and neurochemical processes rather than endocrine influences caused by the severe constraints of water and electrolyte metabolism in cattle. Key words: Cattle, ingestive behavior, learning, neuroendocrine influence
LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACID DIGESTION IN LACTATING COWS FED FRESH GRASS FROM SPRING TO AUTUMN
Authors: BAUCHART D. , VERITE R. , REMOND B.
Published: March 2010

Lactating cows were fed fresh ryegrass. The long-chain fatty acid balance in the rumen was negative (− 15.7–32.6% of intake) in primary growth and leafy regrowths, and positive (+ 11.2–20.2%) in stemmy regrowth (P < 0.05). Their apparent intestinal absorption rose during the grazing season from 59.3 to 89.9% (P < 0.05). Key words: Fatty acids, digestion, cows, ryegrass, season
COMPARED SIZE AND STRUCTURE OF PLANT PARTICLES IN THE HORSE AND THE SHEEP FECES
Authors: GRENET ELIZABETH , CHENOST M. , MARTIN-ROSSET W.
Published: March 2010

The horse fecal particle size is small but is larger than that of the sheep: 1.8 and 0.3 mm, respectively (n = 17). The size depends on the forage composition and digestibility. The particle lignification is lower in horse than in sheep feces because the cellulosic cell walls are less digested. Key words: Horse, sheep, fecal particle size, fecal particle lignification
ABSORPTION AND UTILIZATION OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS IN RUMINANTS
Authors: MacLEOD N. A. , ØRSKOV E. R.
Published: March 2010

VFA absorption was investigated in sheep and cattle nourished by intragastric infusions. No differences in absorption were observed between the mixtures of VFA studied. However, unlike osmotic pressure, pH affected the relative proportions of VFA found in the rumen. At pH 7.0 the proportions found resembled those infused; at pH 5.3 acetic acid was 10 molar percent higher. Key words: Ruminant, intragastric volatile fatty acid utilization
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO BULLS AND BODY WEIGHT ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN BEEF HEIFERS
Authors: MAKARECHIAN M. , FARID A. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

Calving records of 174 2-yr-old heifers from four breed groups; Hereford (HE), Beef Synthetic (SY), Dairy Synthetic (SD) and Crossbred Hereford (HX) were used in this study. Half of the heifers were exposed to three epididymectomized bulls for 6 wk before the start of the breeding season. While exposure to bulls had little influence (P = 0.51) on pregnancy rate, it advanced the calving date by 5.5 days compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Calving season in the exposed heifers was 2 wk shorter than that in the control group. Effect of heifer body weight at the start of breeding season on pregnancy rate differed (P < 0.05) among the four breed groups. Low body weight at mating was associated with lowered fertility in SY, SD and HE while very heavy body weight resulted in lowered fertility in SY and SD breed groups. Increase in body weight advanced calving date in the HX breed group only. Key words: Beef cattle, heifer reproduction, bull exposure, body weight
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE DURING LATE GESTATION AND SOON AFTER BIRTH ON IgG ABSORPTION BY NEWBORN PIGLETS
Authors: BATE L. A. , HACKER R. R.
Published: March 2010

The possibility that environmental temperature, in late gestation or soon after birth, can modify the ability of the newborn piglet to absorb immunoglobulin G (IgG) was studied. Fifteen pregnant Yorkshire sows were exposed to either 5 or 18 °C from day 104 postbreeding until 6 h postpartum, at which time they were moved to a normal 18 °C farrowing room. All sows were bled to determine serum concentration of cortisol. At birth, the piglets were assigned to either a 14 or 35 °C environment for 6 h. The piglets were force-fed bovine colostrum four times during the first 6 h of life and bled nine times between birth and day 21 to determine the concentrations of serum porcine and bovine IgG. The concentration of serum cortisol, in the sows subjected to the 5 °C environment, increased in response to treatment. Cortisol concentrations remained elevated until the sows returned to the 18 °C environment. Piglets from sows maintained at 5 °C had marginally higher concentrations of serum bovine IgG than piglets from control sows. Exposure of piglets to 14 °C at birth reduced absorption of IgG; however, they continued to absorb IgG after they were moved to a thermoneutral environment. By 21 days, only those piglets from sows exposed to 5 °C showed a significant productionof IgG. Piglets from sows exposed to 5 °C and maintained at 35 °C after birth had the highest serum concentration of IgG. These results indicate that environmental temperature during late pregnancy can modify IgG absorption by newborn piglets. Key words: Immunoglobulins, colostrum, absorption, Cortisol, piglet
EFFECTS OF DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE AND 5α-ANDROSTANE-3α, 17β-DIOL ON SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF LH AND FSH IN THE PREPUBERTAL BULL
Authors: KENNEDY R. I. , RAWLINGS N. C. , COOK S. J.
Published: March 2010

Administration of silastic implants releasing dihydrotestosterone or 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol to 4-, 14- and 20-wk-old bull calves depressed serum concentrations of LH and FSH, both prior to and following castration. The results suggest that 5α-reduced androgens may be involved in the establishment of negative feedback control of gonadotropins, prior to significant testicular testosterone production. Key words: Bull calves, puberty, androgens, gonadotropins
EFFECT OF CHOLINE IN ALL-CONCENTRATE DIETS OF FEEDLOT STEERS AND ON RUMINAL ACIDOSIS
Authors: RUMSEY T. S.
Published: March 2010

Four trials with beef steers were conducted to determine if choline supplementation of an all-concentrate diet improved performance and affected ruminal lactic acidosis. Trial 1 was a preliminary feeding trial with 12 individually fed steers averaging 356 kg initial body weight. Trials 2 and 3 were feedlot trials with 64 and 80 steers averaging 359 and 320 kg initial body weights, respectively. Trial 4 was an intensive trial with three ruminal-fistulated steers in a 3 × 3 Latin square design in which subacute ruminal acidosis was produced. Choline supplementation neither consistently affected feedlot performance and carcass merit measurements in the feeding trials, nor consistently affected end products of ruminal fermentation. Choline appeared to reduce total plasma amino acids and increase plasma urea (measurements made in Trials 2 and 3) and reduce serum glucose, triglycerides and glutamic pyruvic transaminase while increasing serum total lipids and cholesterol (measurements made in Trial 3). Choline did not affect ruminal volatile fatty acid, pH, ammonia and lactic acid isomer changes associated with subacute lactic acidosis. The results indicate that the levels of choline supplementation of an all-concentrate diet for beef steers used in this study did not affect ruminal acidosis and did not improve performance of feedlot steers. Key words: Choline, acidosis, lactic acid, rumen, steer, beef cattle
CHLOROPHYLL AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN BOVINE RUMEN FLUID IN RELATION TO ALFALFA PASTURE BLOAT
Authors: MAJAK W. , HOWARTH R. E. , NARASIMHALU P.
Published: March 2010

Rumen-fistulated cattle were fed fresh alfalfa herbage daily during three growing seasons. Two hours after feeding the incidence of bloat and of ruminal frothiness was recorded and samples of feed and rumen fluid were collected for analyses of chlorophyll and soluble protein. These constituents were examined in relation to the bloat-causing potential of the alfalfa and in relation to the occurrence of froth in rumen contents. Chlorophyll in rumen fluid was higher on days when the alfalfa caused bloat, compared to days when bloat did not occur (P < 0.01). Chlorophyll was also higher in frothy rumen fluid than in normal rumen fluid (P < 0.01). Soluble protein concentrations in rumen fluid were adequate to stabilize foams in vitro but did not show any daily changes related to the frothiness of rumen contents. The soluble proteins could be involved in froth formation but another factor, perhaps a component of the chloroplast membranes, appears to be responsible for the immediate onset of frothiness. Key words: Chlorophyll, protein, cattle, alfalfa, bloat, rumen
EFFECTS OF DIETARY CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS AND INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS OF VITAMIN D3 ON GROWTH AND SERUM PARAMETERS OF LAMBS REARED IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: HEANEY D. P. , HIDIROGLOU M. , SHRESTHA J. N. B. , HO S. K.
Published: March 2010

Three hundred and sixty-four artificially reared lambs were weaned at 21 days of age, assigned to four treatments and raised in a controlled environment. The 2 × 2 factorial experiment involved two diets containing 0.53% calcium (Ca) and 0.70% phosphorus (P) or 1.43% Ca and 0.50% P, respectively, with half of the lambs on each diet receiving two intramuscular injections (IMD) of vitamin D3 (250 000 IU at weaning and 500 000 IU at 70 days of age). The diets with the high Ca:P ratio produced higher rates of gain. Those lambs receiving IMD had slower growth rates compared to those receiving only dietary vitamin D. In all treatments, serum Ca levels were within normal ranges while serum P levels were higher than normal. Treatment differences in serum Ca were similar, though less consistent, to those observed for growth, whereas only inconsistent treatment differences occurred for P or alkaline phosphatase activity (AP). Although a few positive correlations were noted among serum parameters per se irrespective of treatment, they were without a general pattern. There were, however, positive correlations between growth rates and both serum AP and serum Ca activities, particularly at later stages of growth. The results indicated that a dietary Ca:P ratio of 2.9 was conducive to satisfactory growth, that high levels of vitamin D via injection were not beneficial and that measuring serum Ca, P and AP as indices of nutritional status is of little use as a practical management tool. Key words: Calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D, lambs
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FAT LEVEL ON GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF THE NEONATAL PIG
Authors: SARKAR N. K. , KRAMER J. K. G. , ELLIOT J. I. , WOLYNETZ M. S.
Published: March 2010

Four Yorkshire piglets, from each of 18 litters, were randomly allotted within litters, to four treatment groups 12 h after birth. Group 1 (Control) continued to be suckled by sows; the remaining piglets were reared artificially on a semi-synthetic liquid diet containing either 25% soybean oil (SBO) (group 2) or 3% SBO plus 22% lactose (groups 3 and 4). At 7, 14 and 21 days of age, 24 pigs from six litters were killed. Piglets on the 25% SBO diet grew faster (P < 0.05) than those on the 3% SBO diet while the growth rate of the suckled piglets tended to be between the growth rates of those on the two SBO diets. Body fat content increased with the fat content in the diet and with age. The protein:fat ratio was greatest in the piglets on the 3% SBO diet and least in the suckled piglets. The fatty acid composition of backfat changed, primarily during the first week of life, towards that of the dietary fat. This was evident even in piglets on the low fat-high carbohydrate (3% SBO) diet. The composition of the fat deposited in piglets on the 3% SBO group indicated preferential utilization of essential fatty acids and little de novo synthesis of fatty acids. The amount and type of fat deposited by piglets fed the 3% SBO diet, together with preliminary evidence of low incorporation of radioactivity from (U14C) glucose with adipose tissue fatty acids in vivo, suggest that the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in adipose tissue of piglets is not as high as previously reported (Mersmann et al. 1973). Key words: Neonatal pigs, fat deposition, fatty acid biosynthesis.
UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN AND AMINO ACIDS IN CANOLA MEAL BY STARTER PIGS
Authors: McINTOSH M. K. , AHERNE F. X.
Published: March 2010

The utilization of nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) was determined in four canola meal (CM) supplemented diets containing either 7.8, 13.2, 17.0 or 23.8% crude protein. Eight crossbred barrows with average initial weight of 9.0 ± 0.9 kg were allotted to one of four isoenergetic diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Endogenous levels of N and AA in feces were determined by the regression analysis method. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the level of CM in the diet increased. True N balance increased (P < 0.05) with increasing CM levels. True N digestibility and true availabilities among all AA were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Key words: Starter pig, canola meal, nitrogen balance, amino acids
CHOLINE, NIACIN AND THIAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION OF CANOLA AND SOYBEAN PROTEIN DIETS FED TO BROILERS TO 6 WK OF AGE
Authors: SUMMERS J. D. , LEESON S.
Published: March 2010

Diets containing canola and soybean meal as the only source of protein and containing no supplemental niacin, choline or thiamine were fed to male broiler chickens from 1 wk to 6 wk of age. Supplementation of the basal diet with various levels of the vitamins failed to significantly alter weight gain, gain:feed ratio or percent bone ash values. Examination of the birds for leg deformities and difficulty in walking showed no difference between the basal and the vitamin-supplemented diets. It was concluded that the three vitamins investigated would not be factors in problems arising from the substitution of canola for soybean meal in practical type broiler diets. Key words: Canola, soybean meal, vitamins, broilers
SALINOMYCIN FOR GROWING-FINISHING BARROWS AND GILTS
Authors: WHEELHOUSE R. K. , GROVES B. I.
Published: March 2010

A trial was conducted at each of three commercial facilities to evaluate the performance of growing-finishing barrows and gilts fed 25 mg/kg salinomycin. Salinomycin improved (P < 0.01) overall daily gain and feed conversion compared with non-medicated controls. No treatment by sex interactions were apparent. Key words: Salinomycin, growing-finishing pigs, growth rate
GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF BONE IN DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE
Authors: SHAHIN KARIMA A. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls, serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight, were used to determine the influence of 'double muscling' and maturity type on bone growth patterns and distribution. Relative to total side bone (TSB), breed types tended to have similar growth coefficients for all bones or bone groups except the vertebral column where HE tended to have a higher growth coefficient than either SY or DM. As TSB increased the proportion of bone in scapula, costae, vertebrae lumbales and os coxae increased (b > 1; P < 0.05), the proportion of bone in humerus, radius et ulna, tibia, carpus and atlas decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05) and the proportion of bones in vertebrae cervicales with atlas, vertebrae thoracicae, sternum and femur remained relatively constant (b = 1; P > 0.05). The appendicular skeleton followed an increasing disto-proximal growth gradient, whereas the vertebrae followed an increasing cranio-caudal gradient. Compared with the more normal breed types, adjusted to the same TSB, DM had proportionately less bone weight in the proximal hindlimb and total long bones, but they had proportionately more bone weight in costae and sternum. The hypodevelopment of bones in the muscular hypertrophied animals followed a disto-proximal gradient which was most pronounced in the proximal pelvic limb. Key words: Cattle, bone growth, bone distribution, double muscling
CARCASS TISSUE YIELD AND DISTRIBUTION IN THREE BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF CATTLE FED GRAIN OR FORAGE-BASED DIETS
Authors: JONES S. D. M.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and eighty-nine steers comprising 63 small (S) rotational crossbreds, 66 large (L) rotational crossbreeds and 60 Holsteins (H) were fed either a concentrate diet based on corn silage and high-moisture corn, or a forage diet based on a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. All steers were fed ad libitum and slaughtered to cover a range in external fatness (0–15 mm subcutaneous fat). Steers were removed from feed 36 h and water 16 h prior to slaughter. The left side of each carcass was separated into depot fat, lean and bone. At the same proportion of subcutaneous fat (63 g/kg carcass), S and L carcasses had greater proportions of carcass lean (P < 0.001), but less fat (P < 0.01) and bone (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H Steers. Small and large carcasses had greater muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H steers. Diet had no effect on lean tissue proportions, but forage feeding increased carcass bone (P < 0.001) and decreased carcass fat (P < 0.01). Forage feeding also resulted in carcasses with lower muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.01) than carcasses produced from grain feeding. Holstein-carcasses had more carcass fat partitioned into the body cavity depot and less into the subcutaneous depot than S and L carcasses, but diet had no effect on fat partitioning. Biological type (S, L or H) and diet were found to have a minor effect on fat distribution. The results are discussed with reference to carcass evaluation of beef and dairy cattle fed diets based on forage or grain. Key words: Biological type, diet, carcass composition, carcass grading
MALATE DEHYDROGENASES FROM BOVINE TISSUES
Authors: BUSH ROY S.
Published: March 2010

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was partially purified from bovine heart and rumen epithelium. Electrophoretic mobility of MDH from crude extracts of bovine heart, muscle, liver, kidney, brain and rumen epithelium revealed two bands of enzyme activity which were indistinguishable among tissues. The partially purified MDHs aligned with the slow moving isozyme in the crude extracts which was subsequently found to be the mitochondrial form of the enzyme. The pH and temperature optima and apparent Km's for both the heart and epithelial enzymes were similar. MDH activity, measured as NAD reduction, was inhibited 9–30% by 1 mM AMP, ADP and ATP. Acetate and volatile fatty acyl-CoA salts also inhibited the rate of NAD reduction. Combinations of volatile fatty acids and ATP or ADP appeared to be additive. Acetate also stimulated the activity of "malic" enzyme from rumen epithelium while propionate and propionyl-CoA did not. The implications of a "malic" enzyme-MDH control mechanism which may be required for NADPH production is discussed. Key words: Malate dehydrogenase, bovine, heart, rumen epithelium
EFFECT OF CANNULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE CONCENTRATION OF SERUM CORTISOL IN PREGNANT SOWS
Authors: BATE L. A. , HACKER R. R.
Published: March 2010

Serum concentrations of cortisol were monitored in four 100-day-old pregnant sows during and following cannulation through an ear vein and thereafter for 11.5 consecutive days. During this period, the sows were exposed to the following environmental temperatures: 2 days at 18 °C and 3 days at 2, 18 and 32 °C, respectively. Serum concentrations of cortisol increased significantly during and after cannulation, but returned to basal levels within 4 h indicating that blood samples can be taken subsequently without stressing the animal. The serum concentration of cortisol followed a circadian rhythm when the sows were kept at 18 °C. This daily variation was characterized by maximum and minimum concentrations during the morning and evening, respectively. When the temperature was lowered to 2 °C, the circadian rhythm of serum cortisol was maintained, but the daily mean levels were higher. On return to 18 °C, the circadian rhythm was temporarily disrupted and the mean daily serum cortisol concentration was lowered. Exposure of sows to 32 °C increased the daily mean serum cortisol concentration and restored the circadian rhythm but with an inverted pattern. It is concluded that exposure to different environmental temperatures can affect the daily mean level and circadian pattern of serum cortisol of pregnant sows. Key words: Sows, temperature, cannulation, cortisol, stress
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF PROSTAGLANDIN INJECTION AND OVULATION IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: NKUUHE J. R. , MANNS J. G.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine whether the time of day when a luteolytic dose of PGF is given affects the time of onset of estrus and ovulation in cattle. Two similar experiments were conducted with a total of 14 cows and 10 heifers. Animals were divided into two equal groups, A and B, and 25 mg of PGF was injected at either 0600 or 1800 h. Overall, the times from PGF injection to the onset of estrus, LH peak or ovulation were not affected (P > 0.05) by the time of day (0600 vs. 1800 h) PGF was given. However, when data on heifers and cows were analyzed separately, the LH peak appeared earlier in heifers than cows (62.2 ± 3.3 vs. 71.0 ± 1.9 h, P < 0.05), heifers ovulated earlier than cows (83.9 ± 3.9 vs. 99.2 ± 2.4 h, P < 0.01) and the interval between the LH peak and ovulation was shorter in heifers than cows (21.5 ± 2.2 vs. 28.3 ± 2.1 h, P < 0.05). Key words: Prostaglandin, ovulation, LH surge, cows
THE EFFECT OF CEMENT KILN DUST ON TISSUE ACCUMULATION OF TRACE MINERALS IN STEERS
Authors: BUSH R. S. , NICHOLSON J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Seven samples of cement kiln dust (CKD) were compared for particle size and rate of reactivity with dilute HCl. The majority of the CKDs had 80% of the particles less than 53 μm and had reaction rates (t50) of from 23 to 49 sec. A mash and a pelleted CKD diet were compared with a CKD-free control by feeding each diet to four Holstein steers for 336 days. The growth rate and feed consumption of the steers were not significantly different for any of the diets; however, the CKD pellet group grew faster with less daily dry matter intake so that the feed:gain ratio was less (P < 0.05) than for either of the other two groups. The lead content of tissues was elevated for steers fed both CKD diets; however, these differences were not significant. Zinc also appeared to be slightly elevated in liver, kidney and heart. The addition of CKD to diets modified the pH of gastrointestinal tract contents only in the colon. In all parts of the tract posterior to the omasum, the digesta from steers fed the CKD mash diet had lower soluble carbohydrate than digest from steers fed the control. The CKD pelleted diet produced the lowest soluble carbohydrate contents in digesta. Key words: Steer, cement kiln dust, lead, buffer, CKD
INFLUENCE OF GROWTH AND ANABOLIC COMPOUNDS ON COLLAGEN METABOLISM IN GROWING BEEF STEERS
Authors: GOPINATH R. , KITTS W. D.
Published: March 2010

Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline (HYPRO) was used to monitor collagen metabolism 28, 42, 56 and 63 days after treatment of growing steers with implants containing zeranol, DES or Synovex-S. Whereas body weight increased progressively HYPRO excretion decreased in all treatment groups and untreated controls. Treatment with DES increased HYPRO excretion over that of other treatments. These results suggest changes in collagen turnover of steers during growth to maturity. Key words: Hydroxyproline, collagen metabolism, anabolic compounds, steers
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ANIMAL SCIENCE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: GAVORA JAN S.
Published: March 2010

Several new, powerful techniques for the manipulation of living cells and their components are globally referred to as biotechnology. They have the potential to bring about dramatic improvements in livestock production. The Symposium papers that follow review the relevant advances and consider the role of biotechnology in future animal production research. Key words: Biotechnology, animal science, genetic engineering, rumen microflora, embryo manipulation
GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC PARAMETERS FOR DAILY GAIN AND BODY WEIGHTS IN SUFFOLK LAMBS
Authors: SHRESTHA J. N. B. , VESELY J. A. , CHESNAIS J. P.
Published: March 2010

Body weights of 19 400 Suffolk lambs from the Federal-Provincial Canadian Record of Performance program were studied. The paternal half-sib estimate of heritability for daily gain from 50 to 100 days of age was 0.47 ± 0.04. The corresponding estimates for lamb weights at 50 and 100 days of age were 0.46 ± 0.04 and 0.43 ± 0.04, respectively. The moderate levels of heritability and the intermediate (16–25%) coefficient of variation in the Suffolk breed confirm that selection for daily gain and body weights would result in genetic response. Estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations among daily gain from 50 to 100 days of age and 100-day lamb weight were 0.80 ± 0.02 and 0.73, respectively. Corresponding correlations among lamb weights at 50 and 100 days were 0.89 ± 0.02 and 0.76. Selection for daily gain from 50 to 100 days of age does not offer any advantage over selection based on lamb weight at 100 days when lamb weight at that age is the response criterion. Similarity in the estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters from 1980 to 1983 indicates the stability of the estimates and their usefulness in selection indexes and predicting breeding values for sheep in the Canadian performance testing program. Key words: Suffolk, lamb weights, heritabilities, genetic correlations
EFFECTS OF FASTING AND WATER RESTRICTION ON CARCASS SHRINK AND PORK QUALITY
Authors: JONES S. D. M. , ROMPALA R. E. , HAWORTH C. R.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and twenty market weight (90 kg) pigs were allocated at random to one of three treatments: immediate slaughter and 24 h or 48 h without feed or water after arrival at an abattoir. All pigs were removed from feed 17 h before arrival at the abattoir. Weights of body organs and the digestive tract full and emptied of digesta were recorded along with warm carcass weight. After chilling for 24 h a pork chop 25 mm thick was removed along with the commercial ham and belly from the left carcass side and frozen for later quality determinations. Live weight shrink over 48 h amounted to 6.8 kg with 75% (5.1 kg) of this loss being attributed to loss in carcass weight. The 24-h holding period also resulted in a significant loss in carcass weight (3 kg). Approximately 20% of the total shrink over 48 h was due to a reduction in digestive tract contents. Body organs showed little change in weight over the 48-h holding period apart from the liver which was reduced in weight by 14.6%. Final longissimus muscle pH was increased and muscle luminosity (fresh longissimus, cured m. semimembranosus and m. biceps femoris) decreased for both the 24-h and 48-h holding treatments but did not result in any dark, firm and dry meat. Drip loss in pork chops decreased with increased ante-mortem holding time. However, processed yields for hams and bacon were not significantly influenced by the holding period pre-slaughter. It was concluded that the time from last feeding to slaughter should be minimized to avoid losses in carcass weight and slightly darker fresh and processed meat. Key words: Fasting, carcass shrink, carcass quality, processed yield
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM TESTOSTERONE LEVELS, SEX AND TEAT-SEEKING ABILITY OF NEWBORN PIGLETS
Authors: BATE L. A. , HACKER R. R. , KREUKNIET M. B.
Published: March 2010

Blood samples were collected from five pregnant sows from day 111 postbreeding to farrowing and from their piglets at regular intervals between birth and 48 h. The time between birth and first suckling (BTS) was recorded for each piglet. Maternal serum testosterone (T) levels were detectable only at the beginning of parturition and were highly correlated (r = 0.83) with litter BTS. Serum T levels of male and female piglets were similar at birth. In male piglets the T levels increased to a peak 2 h after birth and decreased gradually thereafter. In contrast, the T levels of female piglets declined rapidly after birth to baseline levels. The BTS of female piglets was shorter than that of male piglets. Body weight of males was higher than that of females and was influenced by litter size. These results suggest that the higher serum T levels of male piglets may have a detrimental effect on their teat-seeking ability. Key words: Serum testosterone, sex, piglets, teat-seeking ability, sow
EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND POTASSIUM SULFATE FERTILIZATION ON RATES OF RUMINAL IN SITU DISAPPEARANCE OF TALL FESCUE AND ORCHARDGRASS NITROGEN AND SULFUR
Authors: GLENN B. P. , ELY D. G. , GLENN S. , DOUGLASS L. W. , BULL L. S. , BUSH L. P.
Published: March 2010

Tall fescue (TF) and orchardgrass (OG) were fertilized with 0, 294 or 882 kg NH4NO3/ha and 0 or 833 kg K2SO4/ha to determine the effect on rates of apparent ruminal disappearance of herbage dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) using the in situ nylon bag technique. Losses of water-soluble and filtrable DM, N and S differed significantly due to herbage species, NH4NO3 and K2SO4 fertilization levels. After 24-h ruminal incubation, there was no difference between herbages in residual DM, N or S expressed as a proportion of original nutrient. Increasing level of NH4NO3 fertilization reduced (P < 0.001) 24-h residual DM and N and increased (P < 0.001) residual S. Potassium sulfate fertilization reduced (P < 0.001) residual herbage S after 24-h incubation. Rates of insoluble herbage DM and N disappearance (kd) did not differ between herbages but increasing level of NH4NO3 fertilization increased (P < 0.001) insoluble DM and N disappearance rates. Rate of insoluble S disappearance was lower (P < 0.05) for TF than OG but unaffected by fertilization. Effective ruminal degradability (ERD) of DM (P < 0.01) and release (ERR) of N (P < 0.001) and S (P < 0.05) were lower for OG than TF. Increasing NH4NO3 fertilization increased (P < 0.001) ERD and ERR of DM and N, respectively. Furthermore, NH4NO3 fertilization reduced (P < 0.001) while K2SO4 application increased (P < 0.001) ERR of herbage S. Simple correlation coefficients between kd of DM, N and S and original herbage total N concentration were r = 0.59 (P < 0.001), r = 0.51 (P < 0.001) and r = 0.36 (P < 0.05), respectively. The relationships between ERR of herbage S and total N or nonprotein S concentration in herbage were r = −0.74 (P < 0.001) and r = 0.70 (P < 0.001), respectively. Key words: Tall fescue, orchardgrass, sulfur, nitrogen, ruminal in situ disappearance
INDUCTION OF NITRATE AND NITRITE METABOLISM IN BOVINE RUMEN FLUID AND THE TRANSFER OF THIS CAPACITY TO UNTREATED ANIMALS
Authors: CHENG K.-J. , PHILLIPPE R. C. , KOZUB G. C. , MAJAK W. , COSTERTON J. W.
Published: March 2010

Nitrate, given intraruminally (0.1 g NO−3 per kg of body weight) to cattle, stimulated the capacity of the rumen microflora to degrade nitrite (NO−2) and nitrate in vitro. Threefold to fourfold increases in rates of NO−2 and NO−3 reduction were observed during NO−3 treatment. The treatment also appeared to stimulate nitropropanol degradation but this effect was less pronounced. The enhanced capacity of rumen microbes to degrade NO−2 and NO−3 was transferred to noninduced (untreated) animals housed in adjacent pens. The transfer of induced metabolism was not observed when induced animals were widely separated from the noninduced ones. This apparent transfer of microbial activities between adjacent animals may complicate studies in which treated and control animals are not separately housed. Key words: Nitrate, nitrite, nitropropanol, induction, degradation, cattle
GROWTH AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN STEERS FED HIGH LEVELS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND LIMESTONE
Authors: CROOM Jr. W. J. , HARVEY R. W. , AMARAL D. M. , SPEARS J. W.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four yearling steers were fed a fattening diet plus 0.5% NaCl (control), 2% limestone, 5% NaCl, or 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone. Feeding 5% NaCl and 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone resulted in decreased total gain (P < 0.01), average daily gain (P < 0.01) and carcass weight (P < 0.05) while 5% NaCl decreased the efficiency of organic matter utilization (P < 0.05). Sodium chloride supplementation decreased ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio at day 62 but there was no effect of NaCl evident in samples collected on day 118. Blood glucose was decreased (P < 0.05) at days 62 and 118 in steers fed 5% NaCl and 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone. Supplementation with high levels of sodium chloride nonsignificantly increased the percentage of starch in cecal and colon digesta samples collected at slaughter. Also the NaCl treatment decreased pH (P < 0.05) in the colon and acetate to propionate ratio (P < 0.10) in the cecum. Although NaCl supplementation altered ruminal and digestive parameters, it did not result in increased performance. Key words: Sodium chloride, limestone, beef cattle, growth