bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries by an Equivalent Electrical Circuit: Part II - Model Parameterization as Function of Power and State of Energy (SOE)
Authors: Dong Trung-kien , Montaru M. , Kirchev Angel , Perrin Marion , Lambert-Mattera Florence , Bultel Yann
Published: October 2011

The modelling of Li-ion batteries may work as a powerful tool for the introduction and widespread testing of this technology in alternative energy storage, hybrid, and electric vehicle applications. The aim of this paper is to present a new parameterization method for the typical Equivalent Electrical Circuit (EEC) model of these batteries. The model parameters are determined as function of power and State of Energy (SOE) instead of current and State of Charge (SOC) respectively. This new method allows the simulations of Li-ion batteries subjected to power-controlled operation to be faster and more convergent. Here, the parameterization was based on a combination of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method and charge/discharge curves analysis. The simulated and experimental results were compared, and it was demonstrated that the developed parameterization method provides accurate predictions of the dynamic behaviour of Li-ion batteries over wide SOE/SOC and working power range.
The Effect of Pulling Out Cochlear Implant Electrodes on Inner Ear Microstructures: A Temporal Bone Study
Authors: Todt Ingo , Seidl Rainer O. , Ernst Arne
Published: October 2011

The exchange of an cochlear implant or the re-positioning of an electrode have become more frequently required than a decade ago. The consequences of such procedures at a microstructural level within the cochlea are not known. It was the aim of the present study to further investigate the effects of an CI electrode pull-out. Therefore 10 freshly harvested temporal bones (TB) were histologically evaluated after a cochlear implant electrode pull-out of a perimodiolar electrode. In additional 9 TB the intrascalar movements of the CI electrode while being pulled-out were digitally analysed by video- capturing. Histologically, a disruption of the modiolar wall or the spiral osseous lamina were not observed. In one TB, a basilar membrane lifting up was found, but it could not be undoubtedly attributed to the pull-out of the electrode. When analyzing the temporal sequence of the electrode movement during the pull-out, the electrode turned in one case so that the tip elevates the basilar membrane. The pull- out of perimodiolarly placed CI electrodes does not damage the modiolar wall at a microstructural level and should be guided (e.g., forceps) to prevent a 90 o turning of the electrode tip into the direction of the basilar membrane.
Propagation of Waves at an Interface between a Liquid Half‐Space and an Orthotropic Micropolar Solid Half‐Space
Authors: Singh Baljeet , Sindhu Ritu
Published: October 2011

An inviscid liquid half‐space is considered in welded contact
with a orthotropic micropolar solid half‐space. Appropriate plane harmonic solutions
of equations governing a liquid half‐space and an orthotropic solid half‐space
are obtained. These solutions satisfy the required boundary conditions at the interface
to obtain a system of four nonhomogeneous equations in amplitude ratios
for incident quasi‐longitudinal displacement wave. The amplitude ratios of various
reflected and refracted waves are computed numerically for a particular example of
the present model. The effect of anisotropy upon these amplitude ratios is shown
graphically for a particular range of the angle of incidence.
Multisubject Learning for Common Spatial Patterns in Motor-Imagery BCI
Authors: Devlaminck Dieter , Wyns Bart , Grosse-Wentrup Moritz , Otte Georges , Santens Patrick
Published: October 2011

Motor-imagery-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) commonly use the common spatial pattern filter (CSP) as preprocessing step before feature extraction and classification. The CSP method is a supervised algorithm and therefore needs subject-specific training data for calibration, which is very time consuming to collect. In order to reduce the amount of calibration data that is needed for a new subject, one can apply multitask (from now on called multisubject) machine learning techniques to the preprocessing phase. Here, the goal of multisubject learning is to learn a spatial filter for a new subject based on its own data and that of other subjects. This paper outlines the details of the multitask CSP algorithm and shows results on two data sets. In certain subjects a clear improvement can be seen, especially when the number of training trials is relatively low.
Positive Solutions for a Higher‐Order Nonlinear Neutral Delay Differential Equation
Authors: Liu Zeqing , Jia Ming , Ume Jeong Sheok , Kang Shin Min
Published: October 2011

This paper deals with the higher‐order nonlinear neutral delay differential equation (dn/dtn)[x(t)+(dn−1/dtn−1)f(t, x(α1(t)), …, x(αk(t)))+h(t, x(β1(t)), …, x(βk(t))) = g(t), t ≥ to, where n, m, k ∈ ℕ,
pi, τi, βj, g ∈ C([to, +∞), ℝ),
αj ∈ Cn−1([to, +∞), ℝ),
f ∈ Cn−1([to, +∞) × ℝk, ℝ),
h ∈ C([to, +∞) × ℝk, ℝ), and limt→+∞τi(t) = limt→+∞αj(t) = limt→+∞βj(t) = +∞,
i ∈ {1, 2, …, m}, j ∈ {1, 2, …, k}. By making use of the Leray‐Schauder nonlinear alterative theorem, we establish the existence of uncountably many bounded positive solutions for the above equation. Our results improve and generalize some corresponding results in the field. Three examples are given which illustrate the advantages of the results presented in this paper.
On the One Dimensional Poisson Random Geometric Graph
Authors: Decreusefond L. , Ferraz E.
Published: October 2011

Given a Poisson process on a bounded interval, its random geometric graph is the graph whose vertices are the points of the Poisson process, and edges exist between two points if and only if their distance is less than a fixed given threshold. We compute explicitly the distribution of the number of connected components of this graph. The proof relies on inverting some Laplace transforms.
Optimal Control of the Lost to Follow Up in a Tuberculosis Model
Authors: Emvudu Yves , Demasse Ramsès , Djeudeu Dany
Published: October 2011

This paper deals with the problem of optimal control for the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis (TB). A TB model that considers the existence of a new class (mainly in the African context) is considered: the lost to follow up individuals. Based on the model formulated and studied in the work of Plaire Tchinda Mouofo, (2009), the TB control is formulated and solved as an optimal control theory problem using the Pontryagin′s maximum principle (Pontryagin et al., 1992). This control strategy indicates how the control of the lost to follow up class can considerably influence the basic reproduction ratio so as to reduce the number of lost to follow up. Numerical results show the performance of the optimization strategy.
W2,2	A Priori Bounds for a Class of Elliptic Operators
Authors: Monsurrò Sara , Salvato Maria , Transirico Maria
Published: October 2011

We obtain some W2,2 a priori
bounds for a class of uniformly elliptic second‐order differential
operators, both in a no‐weighted and in a weighted case. We deduce
a uniqueness and existence theorem for the related Dirichlet
problem in some weighted Sobolev spaces on unbounded domains.
Predictors of Adherence to a Structured Exercise Program and Physical Activity Participation in Community Dwellers after Stroke
Authors: Tiedemann Anne , Sherrington Catherine , Dean Catherine M. , Rissel Chris , Lord Stephen R. , Kirkham Catherine , O'Rourke Sandra D.
Published: October 2011

Aim. To investigate predictors of adherence to group-based exercise and physical activity participation among stroke survivors.Methods. 76 stroke survivors participated (mean age 66.7 years). Adherence was the percentage of classes attended over one year. Physical activity was the average pedometer steps/day measured over seven days at the end of the trial. Possible predictors included baseline measures of demographics, health, quality of life, falls, fear of falling, cognition, and physical functioning.Results. Mean class attendance was 60% (SD 29%). Only one variable (slow choice stepping reaction time) was an independent predictor of higher class attendance, explaining 5% of the variance. Participants completed an average of 4,365 steps/day (SD 3350). Those with better physical functioning (choice stepping reaction time, postural sway, maximal balance range, 10-m walk, or 6-min walk) or better quality of life (SF-12 score) took more steps. A model including SF-12, maximal balance range, and 6-min walk accounted for 33% of the variance in average steps/day.Conclusions. The results suggest that better physical functioning and health status are predictors of average steps taken per day in stroke survivors and that predicting adherence to group exercise in this group is difficult.
Radical Prostatectomy: An Option for High-Risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Rausch S. , Schmitt C. , Kälble T.
Published: October 2011

Introduction. High-risk prostate cancer represents a therapeutic challenge. The role of radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with extreme PSA values is under discussion.Material and Methods. We retrospectively analysed our data of 56 consecutive patients with preoperative PSA ≥ 40 mg/mL undergoing open radical retropubic prostatectomy from 1999 to 2009. Patient survival and time to PSA recurrence were recorded, and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. Postoperative quality of life and functional status were investigated using a SF-12 questionnaire and determining the number of pads used per day.Results. Overall 56 patients were available for followup after a median time of 83.84 months. Locally advanced carcinoma was present in 84% while 16% of patients had organ-confined stages. A positive nodal status was observed in 46%. Overall survival was 95% at five and 81% at 10 years. Cancer-specific survival was 100% for five years and 83% for 10 years. Corresponding biochemical recurrence-free survival was low (52% and 11%, resp.). Quality of life and functional outcomes were favourable.Conclusions. In patients with PSA ≥ 40 mg/mL, RP allows long-term control, exact planning of adjuvant treatment, and identification of curable disease.
Targets of the Tumor Suppressor miR-200 in Regulation of the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer
Authors: Schliekelman Mark J. , Gibbons Don L. , Faca Vitor M. , Creighton Chad J. , Rizvi Zain H. , Zhang Qing , Wong Chee-Hong , Wang Hong , Ungewiss Christin , Ahn Young-Ho , Shin Dong-Hoon , Kurie Jonathan M. , Hanash Samir M.
Published: October 2011

The microRNA-200 (miR-200) family restricts epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in tumor cell lines derived from mice that develop metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. To determine the mechanisms responsible for EMT and metastasis regulated by this microRNA, we conducted a global liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis to compare metastatic and nonmetastatic murine lung adenocarcinoma cells which had undergone EMT because of loss of miR-200. An analysis of syngeneic tumors generated by these cells identified multiple novel proteins linked to metastasis. In particular, the analysis of conditioned media, cell surface proteins, and whole-cell lysates from metastatic and nonmetastatic cells revealed large-scale modifications in the tumor microenvironment. Specific increases were documented in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, peptidases, and changes in distribution of cell adhesion proteins in the metastatic cell lines. Integrating proteomic data from three subproteomes, we defined constituents of a multilayer protein network that both regulated and mediated the effects of TGFβ. Lastly, we identified ECM proteins and peptidases that were directly regulated by miR-200. Taken together, our results reveal how expression of miR-200 alters the tumor microenvironment to inhibit the processes of EMT and metastasis. Cancer Res; 71(24); 7670–82. ©2011 AACR.
Restless Legs Syndrome and Hypertension in Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Batool-Anwar Salma , Malhotra Atul , Forman John , Winkelman John , Li Yanping , Gao Xiang
Published: October 2011

Limited research suggests a relationship between restless legs syndrome and hypertension. We, therefore, assessed the relationship between restless legs syndrome and hypertension among middle-aged women. This is a cross-sectional study including 65 544 women (aged 41–58 years) participating in Nurses' Health Study II. The participants with diabetes mellitus and arthritis were excluded, because these conditions can mimic restless legs syndrome. Restless legs syndrome was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire based on the International Restless Legs Study Group criteria. Information on diagnosis of hypertension and blood pressure values were collected via questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the relation between restless legs syndrome and hypertension, with adjustment for age, race, body mass index, physical activity, menopausal status, smoking, use of analgesics, and intake of alcohol, caffeine, folate, and iron. Compared with women with no restless legs symptoms, the multiple adjusted odds of having hypertension were 1.20 times (95% CI: 1.10–1.30;
P
<0.0001) higher among women with restless legs symptoms. The adjusted odds ratios for women who reported restless legs symptoms 5 to 14 times per month and ≥15 times per month were 1.06 (95% CI: 0.94–1.18) and 1.41 (95% CI: 1.24–1.61) respectively, compared with those without the symptoms (
P
trend: <0.0001). Greater frequency of restless legs symptoms was associated with higher concurrent systolic and diastolic blood pressures (
P
trend: <0.0001 for both). Women with restless legs syndrome have a higher prevalence of hypertension, and this prevalence increases with more frequent restless legs symptoms.
Midgestation Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1/Placental Growth Factor Ratio as Predictors of Severe Preeclampsia
Authors: Woodham Padmashree Chaudhury , Brittain Julia E. , Baker Arthur M. , Long D. Leann , Haeri Sina , Camargo Carlos A. , Boggess Kim A. , Stuebe Alison M.
Published: October 2011

Recent studies have shown that low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level is a risk factor for preeclampsia. The clinical significance of in vitro findings that vitamin D regulates vascular endothelial growth factor production is unclear. We sought to determine whether there is an association between midgestation serum 25(OH)D levels and angiogenic factor activity and to compare their predictive value for the development of severe preeclampsia. We conducted a nested case-control study of women with severe preeclampsia (n=41) versus women with uncomplicated term birth (n=123) who had second trimester genetic screening (15–20 weeks). Using banked frozen serum, we measured levels of 25(OH)D, vascular endothelial growth factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, and placental growth factor and compared their correlations and predictive values. We found no correlation between serum 25(OH)D and angiogenic factors levels. 25(OH)D alone was comparable to vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio as a predictive marker for severe preeclampsia. A composite of both 25(OH)D level and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio was more predictive than either alone (area under curve: 0.83 versus 0.74 and 0.67, respectively). In conclusion, combining midpregnancy 25(OH)D level with soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio provides a better prediction for the development of severe preeclampsia.
Moist Recirculation and Water Vapor Transport on Dry Isentropes*
Authors: Laliberté Frédéric , Shaw Tiffany , Pauluis Olivier
Published: October 2011

An analysis of the overturning circulation in dry isentropic coordinates using reanalysis data is presented. The meridional mass fluxes on surfaces of constant dry potential temperature but distinct equivalent potential temperature are separated into southward and northward contributions. The separation identifies thermodynamically distinct mass fluxes moving in opposite directions. The eddy meridional water vapor transport is shown to be associated with large poleward and equatorward mass fluxes occurring at the same value of dry potential temperature but different equivalent potential temperature. These mass fluxes, referred to here as the moist recirculation, are associated with an export of water vapor from the subtropics connecting the Hadley cell to the midlatitude storm tracks.

The poleward branch of the moist recirculation occurs at mean equivalent potential temperatures comparable to upper tropospheric dry potential temperature values, indicating that typical poleward-moving air parcels can ascend to the tropopause. The analysis suggests that these air parcels ascend on the equatorward side of storm tracks by following moist isentropes reminiscent of upright deep convection, while on the poleward side their moist isentropes are indicative of large-scale slantwise convection. In the equatorward branch, the analysis describes typical air parcels that follow their dry isentropes until they get injected into the boundary layer where they are subsequently moistened.

The moist recirculation along with the mean equivalent potential temperature of its poleward and equatorward components are used to recover an approximate overturning circulation on moist isentropes from which it is shown that the moist recirculation accounts for the difference between the meridional circulation averaged on dry and on moist isentropes.
Separation of Contributions from Radiative Feedbacks to Polar Amplification on an Aquaplanet
Authors: Langen Peter L. , Graversen Rune Grand , Mauritsen Thorsten
Published: October 2011

When climate is forced by a doubling of CO2, a number of feedback processes are induced, such as changes of water vapor, clouds, and surface albedo. Here the CO2 forcing and concomitant feedbacks are studied individually using a general circulation model coupled to an aquaplanet mixed layer ocean. A technique for fixing the radiative effects of moisture and clouds by reusing these variables from 1 × CO2 and 2 × CO2 equilibrium climates in the model’s radiation code allows for a detailed decomposition of forcings, feedbacks, and responses. The cloud feedback in this model is found to have a weak global average effect and surface albedo feedbacks have been eliminated. As in previous studies, the water vapor feedback is found to approximately double climate sensitivity, but while its radiative effect is strongly amplified at low latitudes, the resulting response displays about the same degree of polar amplification as the full all-feedbacks experiment. In fact, atmospheric energy transports are found to change in a way that yields the same meridional pattern of response as when the water vapor feedback is turned off. The authors conclude that while the water vapor feedback does not in itself lead to polar amplification by increasing the ratio of high- to low-latitude warming, it does double climate sensitivity both at low and high latitudes. A polar amplification induced by other feedbacks in the system, such as the Planck and lapse rate feedbacks here, is thus strengthened in the sense of increasing the difference in high- and low-latitude warming.
An Analysis of Forced and Internal Variability in a Warmer Climate in CCSM3
Authors: Hu Zeng-Zhen , Kumar Arun , Jha Bhaskar , Huang Bohua
Published: October 2011

Changes in the mean state and the modes of internal variability due to increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol concentrations were investigated by comparing a suite of long-term integrations of A1B runs and the corresponding control runs with a constant level of GHG and aerosol concentrations in the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3). The evolution of signal- [defined as the standard deviation (STDV) of ensemble mean anomalies] to-noise (defined as STDV of departures of individual members from their corresponding ensemble means) ratio (SNR) is examined. It is shown that SNR is sensitive to the amplitude of external forcing, and the sensitivity is variable and geographical location dependent. The time evolution of the SNR is largely due to the changes in the mean while little influence on the internal variability is found. Surface air temperature (TS) and geopotential height at 200 hPa (H200) responses are largely linear with an increase in GHG and aerosol concentrations and can be well reconstructed using linear trends.

The spatial patterns and temporal evolution statistics of the leading modes of internal variability of seasonal mean TS, H200, and precipitation are similar between the A1B and control runs, suggesting that the leading modes are less affected by the increase in GHG and aerosol concentrations. However, the similarity of these spatial patterns between the two runs slightly depends on the variable and season. In the tropical Pacific Ocean, superimposed on a warming trend, amplitude of internal variability in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation regions is slightly suppressed in the A1B runs.
Establishing the baseline level of repetitive element expression in the human cortex
Authors: Tyekucheva Svitlana , Yolken Robert H , McCombie W Richard , Parla Jennifer , Kramer Melissa , Wheelan Sarah J , Sabunciyan Sarven
Published: October 2011

Background

Although nearly half of the human genome is comprised of repetitive sequences, the expression profile of these elements remains largely uncharacterized. Recently developed high throughput sequencing technologies provide us with a powerful new set of tools to study repeat elements. Hence, we performed whole transcriptome sequencing to investigate the expression of repetitive elements in human frontal cortex using postmortem tissue obtained from the Stanley Medical Research Institute.

Results

We found a significant amount of reads from the human frontal cortex originate from repeat elements. We also noticed that Alu elements were expressed at levels higher than expected by random or background transcription. In contrast, L1 elements were expressed at lower than expected amounts.

Conclusions

Repetitive elements are expressed abundantly in the human brain. This expression pattern appears to be element specific and can not be explained by random or background transcription. These results demonstrate that our knowledge about repetitive elements is far from complete. Further characterization is required to determine the mechanism, the control, and the effects of repeat element expression.
Expression plasticity of Phlebotomus papatasi salivary gland genes in distinct ecotopes through the sand fly season
Authors: Coutinho-Abreu Iliano V , Mukbel Rami , Hanafi Hanafi A , Fawaz Emad Y , El-Hossary Shabaan S , Wadsworth Mariha , Stayback Gwen , Pitts Dilkushi A , Abo-Shehada Mahmoud , Hoel David F , Kamhawi Shaden , Ramalho-Ortigão Marcelo , McDowell Mary Ann
Published: October 2011

Background

Sand fly saliva can drive the outcome of Leishmania infection in animal models, and salivary components have been postulated as vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis. In the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi, natural sugar-sources modulate the activity of proteins involved in meal digestion, and possibly influence vectorial capacity. However, only a handful of studies have assessed the variability of salivary components in sand flies, focusing on the effects of environmental factors in natural habitats. In order to better understand such interactions, we compared the expression profiles of nine P. papatasi salivary gland genes of specimens inhabiting different ecological habitats in Egypt and Jordan and throughout the sand fly season in each habitat.

Results

The majority of investigated genes were up-regulated in specimens from Swaymeh late in the season, when the availability of sugar sources is reduced due to water deprivation. On the other hand, these genes were not up-regulated in specimens collected from Aswan, an irrigated area less susceptible to drought effects.

Conclusion

Expression plasticity of genes involved with vectorial capacity in disease vectors may play an important epidemiological role in the establishment of diseases in natural habitats.
Flexible catalytic site conformations implicated in modulation of HIV-1 protease autoprocessing reactions
Authors: Huang Liangqun , Li Yanfei , Chen Chaoping
Published: October 2011

Background

The HIV-1 protease is initially synthesized as part of the Gag-Pol polyprotein in the infected cell. Protease autoprocessing, by which the protease domain embedded in the precursor catalyzes essential cleavage reactions, leads to liberation of the free mature protease at the late stage of the replication cycle. To examine autoprocessing reactions in transfected mammalian cells, we previously described an assay using a fusion precursor consisting of the mature protease (PR) along with its upstream transframe region (p6*) sandwiched between GST and a small peptide epitope.

Results

In this report, we studied two autoprocessing cleavage reactions, one between p6* and PR (the proximal site) and the other in the N-terminal region of p6* (the distal site) catalyzed by the embedded protease, using our cell-based assay. A fusion precursor carrying the NL4-3 derived protease cleaved both sites, whereas a precursor with a pseudo wild type protease preferentially autoprocessed the proximal site. Mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that several residues outside the active site (Q7, L33, N37, L63, C67 and H69) contributed to the differential substrate specificity. Furthermore, the cleavage reaction at the proximal site mediated by the embedded protease in precursors carrying different protease sequences or C-terminal fusion peptides displayed varied sensitivity to inhibition by darunavir, a catalytic site inhibitor. On the other hand, polypeptides such as a GCN4 motif, GFP, or hsp70 fused to the N-terminus of p6* had a minimal effect on darunavir inhibition of either cleavage reaction.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data suggest that several non-active site residues and the C-terminal flanking peptides regulate embedded protease activity through modulation of the catalytic site conformation. The cell-based assay provides a sensitive tool to study protease autoprocessing reactions in mammalian cells.
Death Scene Protester: An Aboriginal Rights Activist in 1920s London
Authors: Paisley Fiona
Published: October 2011

This essay concerns the protest of an Australian Aboriginal man outside Australia House in central London. In the 1920s Anthony Martin Fernando made regular appearances outside Australia House on the Strand. Dressed in a black cloth on which he had sewn tiny skeletons, he expressed his condemnation of recent massacres of Aboriginal people in outback Australia. His activities still contradict assumptions that Aboriginal rights history mostly operated within Australia until the second half of the twentieth century, while for those he met in interwar London, Fernando confronted commonly held notions of Aboriginal demise on a distant frontier. But if the Australia House protests remain impressive for their ingenuity and haunting symbolism, newspaper reports of his testimony in court in 1929 finally provided the publicity he sought for the Aboriginal cause.
Politics Surrounded
Authors: Moten Fred , Harney Stefano
Published: October 2011

This is an offering to the ones in violent flight from the militarized enclosure of politics out into the social life that surrounds it, which is where we are and what we were all along.
Possible involvement of uncoupling protein 1 in appetite control by leptin
Authors: Okamatsu-Ogura Yuko , Nio-Kobayashi Junko , Iwanaga Toshihiko , Terao Akira , Kimura Kazuhiro , Saito Masayuki
Published: October 2011

Leptin reduces body fat by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Uncoupling protein (UCP) 1, a key molecule for brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, was reported to contribute to the stimulatory effect of leptin on energy expenditure. To clarify whether UCP1 is also involved in the anorexigenic effect of leptin, in this study we examined the effect of leptin on food intake using wild-type (WT) and UCP1-deficient (UCP1-KO) mice. Repeated injection of leptin decreased food intake more markedly in WT mice than in UCP1-KO mice, while a single injection of leptin showed similar effects in the two groups of mice. As chronic leptin stimulation induces UCP1 expression in BAT and ectopically in white adipose tissue (WAT), we mimicked the UCP1 induction by repeated injection of CL316,243 (CL), a highly specific β3-adrenoceptor agonist, and measured food intake in response to a single injection of leptin. Two-week treatment with CL enhanced the anorexigenic effect of leptin in WT mice, but not in UCP1-KO mice. Three-day treatment with CL in WT mice also enhanced the anorexigenic effect of leptin and leptin-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, without any notable change in adiposity. These results indicate that UCP1 enhances leptin action at the hypothalamus level, suggesting UCP1 contributes to the control of energy balance not only through the regulation of energy expenditure but also through appetite control by modulating leptin action.
Chocolate Cake Please! Why do Consumers Indulge more when it Feels More Expensive?
Authors: Bagchi Rajesh , Block Lauren G.
Published: October 2011

This article examines how imputed costs influence food consumption. Across one field study and three lab studies, the authors demonstrate that the greater the imputed cost of consumption, the greater is the likelihood of choosing a more indulgent, high-calorie food. Specifically, the authors show that when the imputed costs of payment are higher, such as when making purchases using cash (vs. a credit card) or when pain associated with cash spending is higher, consumers are more likely to purchase and consume higher-calorie foods. The authors provide evidence that consuming indulgent foods actually alleviates the pain of payment and leads to greater positive affect. These findings extend current research by demonstrating how method of payment affects consumption choice. They also provide an alternative explanation of why consumption of indulgent foods increases during economic downturns and why consumers who impute higher costs to payment indulge more.
Are infinitivaltoomission errors primed by prior discourse? The case of WANT constructions
Authors: Kirjavainen Minna , Theakston Anna
Published: October 2011

This paper examines the suggestion that infinitivaltoomission errors in English-speaking children can result from competition between two constructions (Kirjavainen et al., First Language 29: 313–339, 2009a). Kirjavainen et al. suggested that the acquisition of two (or more) constructions (e.g., WANT-X and WANT-to) for verbs takingto-infinitival complement clauses can lead to infinitivaltoomissions, reflecting the relative frequencies of the constructions in the input. In the present study we analysed 13 English children's corpora to determine whether the presence of a variety of utterance types in the immediate discourse context preceding WANT-to-VP (e.g.,I want to eat it) and erroneous *WANT-zero-VP (e.g., *I want__drink it) constructions was associated with infinitivaltoproduction/omission. This was done separately for the children's own and their interlocutors' discourse utterances. The data show that the occurrence of WANT-toand WANT-X constructions in the prior discourse was associated with differing proportions of infinitivaltoprovision in the WANT-to/zero-VP construction. This together with Kirjavainen et al.'s (First Language 29: 313–339, 2009a) data suggests that children are learning at least two constructions for the verb WANT, that competition contributes to infinitivaltoomissions, and that the strength of competing representations is affected by overall input frequencies and the preceding discourse.
A corpus-based account of the development of English such and Dutch zulk: Identification, intensification and (inter)subjectification
Authors: Ghesquière Lobke , Van de Velde Freek
Published: October 2011

On the basis of synchronic English language material, Bolinger (Degree Words, Mouton, 1972) has put forward the hypothesis that intensifying meanings or “degree words” often develop from identifying expressions. This paper will empirically test Bolinger's hypothesis by means of in-depth diachronic study of the development of such—one of Bolinger's central examples—and of its Dutch cognate zulk in historical text corpora. To this aim, a detailed cognitive-functional account will first be provided of the (differences between the) identifying and intensifying uses of such and zulk, with attention for diachronic changes affecting the syntax and semantics of these uses, cross-linguistically as well as language-specifically. It will be shown that, as predicted by Bolinger (Degree Words, Mouton, 1972), the proportion of identifying uses decreases over time in favor of the intensifying uses both in English and Dutch. The comparison between such and zulk will, however, show that, despite the close relation between these two languages, the development does not run strictly parallel in English and Dutch, thus endorsing a view that language change does not necessarily follow predetermined pathways. We will argue that minute differences in the syntax of such and zulk steer the diachronic course these elements follow. Finally, Bolinger's shift from identification to intensification will be discussed in terms of its relation to existing (inter)subjectification hypotheses.
Humanities 2.0: E-Learning in the Digital World
Authors: Guerlac Suzanne
Published: October 2011

This essay analyzes the social and economic forces behind the push for online education (especially in public universities), the discourses that support it, and the sometimes surprising discursive alliances that form among critics of the university. It also considers the opportunities as well as the risks of digital humanities and calls for increasing digital literacy on the part of humanists.
“We Are All Students of Color Now”
Authors: Roy Ananya
Published: October 2011

Ananya Roy’s reflection on a year of protest at UC Berkeley focuses on the use of “strategic essentialism” as a way of building political coalition across divides of race and class.
We Are All Arts Departments Now
Authors: Steen Shannon
Published: October 2011

Shannon Steen considers the links between participation in protests against campus budget cuts by members of arts departments and the funding history of those units.
Multicomponent Interventions to Enhance Influenza Vaccine Delivery to Adolescents
Authors: Gargano Lisa M. , Pazol Karen , Sales Jessica M. , Painter Julia E. , Morfaw Christopher , Jones LaDawna M. , Weiss Paul , Buehler James W. , Murray Dennis L. , Wingood Gina M. , Orenstein Walter A. , DiClemente Ralph J. , Hughes James M.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To compare school- versus provider-based approaches to improving influenza vaccination coverage among adolescents in rural Georgia.

METHODS:

We used a nonrandomized, 3-armed design: (1) a middle- and high school-based influenza vaccination intervention in 1 county; (2) a provider-based influenza vaccination intervention in a second county; and (3) a standard-of-care condition in a third county. Interventions also included distribution of an educational brochure, school presentations, and community-based outreach to enhance vaccine knowledge and awareness among adolescents and their parents.

RESULTS:

During the 2008–2009 influenza season, 70 (19%) of 370 students were vaccinated in the school-based county and 110 (15%) of 736 students were vaccinated in the provider-based county, compared with 71 (8%) of 889 students in the standard-of-care county (risk ratio [RR]school: 2.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7–3.2]; RRprovider: 1.9 [95% CI: 1.4–2.5]). During 2009–2010, seasonal influenza vaccination coverage was 114 (30.4%) of 375 of students in the school-based county, 122 (16.9%) of 663 of students in the provider-based county, and 131 (15.2%) of 861 students in the standard-of-care county (RRschool: 2.3 [95% CI: 1.9–2.9]; RRprovider: 1.2 [95% CI: 0.97–1.5]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Special efforts to promote influenza vaccination among rural, predominantly black students were associated with increased vaccination coverage. The school-based influenza vaccination intervention was associated with the highest levels of vaccination coverage. This study revealed the efficacy of school-based influenza education to improve vaccination rates among adolescents.
Unnecessary Care for Bronchiolitis Decreases With Increasing Inpatient Prevalence of Bronchiolitis
Authors: Van Cleve William C. , Christakis Dimitri A.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To measure the association between inpatient bronchiolitis prevalence (IBP) and the delivery of unnecessary tests and treatments to patients hospitalized with bronchiolitis.

METHODS:

A multicenter, retrospective, cohort study was performed using the Pediatric Hospital Information System database. All patients 2 months to 2 years of age hospitalized with bronchiolitis during 2004–2008 at participating pediatric hospitals were included. Main outcome measures were the probability of receiving potentially unnecessary care for bronchiolitis, including steroids, intravenously administered antibiotics, chest or neck radiographs, and any laboratory tests during hospitalization.

RESULTS:

During winter months, with each 1% absolute increase in IBP, patients were less likely to receive steroids (incidence rate ratio: 0.968 [95% confidence interval: 0.960–0.976]; P < .001), radiographs (incidence rate ratio: 0.988 [95% confidence interval: 0.984–0.992]; P < .001), and laboratory tests (incidence rate ratio: 0.992 [95% confidence interval: 0.988–0.995]; P < .001). During summer months, similar associations were observed for steroids and radiographs. No association between IBP and antibiotic use was observed during either time period.

CONCLUSIONS:

The frequency with which several types of unnecessary care were delivered to patients with bronchiolitis seemed to decrease with increasing IBP. This finding suggests that an association exists between contextual information and care delivery during the management of acute illness, and it highlights the importance of such information for delivery of high-quality health care.
A marked shift in the serotypes of pneumococci isolated from healthy children in Szeged, Hungary, over a 6-year period
Authors: Tóthpál Adrienn , Ordas Anita , Hajdú Edit , Kardos Szilvia , Nagy Erzsébet , Nagy K. , Dobay Orsolya
Published: October 2011

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen with significant morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, especially among children <5 years. Healthy carriers are the most important sources of pneumococcal infections, and the nasopharyngeal colonisation is the most prevalent among children attending communities such as day-care centres (DCCs). The conjugate pneumococcal vaccines (PCVs) were shown to have an impact on the colonisation, and so play an important role in inhibiting infections. In this study we compared the nasal carriage of healthy children attending DCCs in Szeged, Hungary in 2003/2004, when nobody was vaccinated, and in 2010, when already 1/5 of the children received PCV-7. Significant differences were observed in the serotype distribution, representing a marked shift from the previously widespread vaccine-types (mostly 6A or 14) to others (11A and 23F). The new serotypes showed higher antibiotic susceptibility. The bacterium exchange between children was clear from the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, and the circulation of certain international clones plays also a role in these dynamic changes.
Systemic autoimmune disorders and pregnancy
Authors: Kiss Emese , Kiss Csaba György , Poór Gyula
Published: October 2011

The coincidence of systemic autoimmune diseases and pregnancy may modify the outcome of the disease and the pregnancy due to the background immunologic and hormonal processes. The great majority of patients with autoimmune diseases are young females in their reproductive ages willing to have babies. Consequently we have to prepare for this special situation. Our concept on childbearing in autoimmune women has changed within the last 30 years. Earlier, systemic lupus erythematosus flared in about 50% of patients during pregnancy, but the flare rate has significantly decreased recently. This improvement can be attributed to increased attention to low diseases activity at the time of conception, which might reduce to the half of the risk for flare. Tight control of patients and appropriate use of corticosteroids also contribute to the better results. The adequate use of anti-thrombotic agents resulted in a significant amelioration of pregnancy outcome in antiphospholipid syndrome. The earlier use of methotrexate and the introduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis have changed the natural characteristics of the disease. The increase in remission rate indirectly has beneficial effect on the number of planned and carried out pregnancies. Authors review the connection between systemic autoimmune disorders and pregnancy as well as the possibilities of medical treatment of such diseases during pregnancy. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1715–1723.
Drivers of inter‐year variability of plant production and decomposers across contrasting island ecosystems
Authors: Wardle David A. , Jonsson Micael , Kalela-Brundin Maarit , Lagerström Anna , Bardgett Richard D. , Yeates Gregor W. , Nilsson Marie-Charlotte
Published: October 2011

Despite the likely importance of inter‐year dynamics of plant production and consumer biota for driving community‐ and ecosystem‐level processes, very few studies have explored how and why these dynamics vary across contrasting ecosystems. We utilized a well‐characterized system of 30 lake islands in the boreal forest zone of northern Sweden across which soil fertility and productivity vary considerably, with larger islands being more fertile and productive than smaller ones. In this system we assessed the inter‐year dynamics of several measures of plant production and the soil microbial community (primary consumers in the decomposer food web) for each of nine years, and soil microfaunal groups (secondary and tertiary consumers) for each of six of those years. We found that, for measures of plant production and each of the three consumer trophic levels, inter‐year dynamics were strongly affected by island size. Further, many variables were strongly affected by island size (and thus bottom‐up regulation by soil fertility and resources) in some years, but not in other years, most likely due to inter‐year variation in climatic conditions. For each of the plant and microbial variables for which we had nine years of data, we also determined the inter‐year coefficient of variation (CV), an inverse measure of stability. We found that CVs of some measures of plant productivity were greater on large islands, whereas those of other measures were greater on smaller islands; CVs of microbial variables were unresponsive to island size. We also found that the effects of island size on the temporal dynamics of some variables were related to inter‐year variability of macroclimatic variables. As such, our results show that the inter‐year dynamics of both plant productivity and decomposer biota across each of three trophic levels, as well as the inter‐year stability of plant productivity, differ greatly across contrasting ecosystems, with potentially important but largely overlooked implications for community and ecosystem processes.
BPFA and projective well-orderings of the reals
Authors: Caicedo Andrés Eduardo , Friedman Sy-David
Published: October 2011

If the bounded proper forcing axiom BPFA holds and ω1 = ω1L, then there is a lightface Σ31 well-ordering of the reals. The argument combines a well-ordering due to Caicedo-Veličković with an absoluteness result for models of MA in the spirit of “David's trick.” We also present a general coding scheme that allows us to show that BPFA is equiconsistent with R being lightface Σ41 for many “consistently locally certified” relations R on ℝ. This is accomplished through a use of David's trick and a coding through the Σ2 stable ordinals of L.
Quasi-subtractive varieties
Authors: Kowalski Tomasz , Paoli Francesco , Spinks Matthew
Published: October 2011

Varieties like groups, rings, or Boolean algebras have the property that, in any of their members, the lattice of congruences is isomorphic to a lattice of more manageable objects, for example normal subgroups of groups, two-sided ideals of rings, filters (or ideals) of Boolean algebras. Abstract algebraic logic can explain these phenomena at a rather satisfactory level of generality: in every memberAof aτ-regular varietythe lattice of congruences ofAis isomorphic to the lattice of deductive filters onAof theτ-assertional logic of. Moreover, ifhas a constant 1 in its type and is 1-subtractive, the deductive filters onA∈of the 1-assertional logic ofcoincide with the-ideals ofAin the sense of Gumm and Ursini, for which we have a manageable concept of ideal generation.

However, there are isomorphism theorems, for example, in the theories of residuated lattices, pseudointerior algebras and quasi-MV algebras that cannot be subsumed by these general results. The aim of the present paper is to appropriately generalise the concepts of subtractivity andτ-regularity in such a way as to shed some light on the deep reason behind such theorems. The tools and concepts we develop hereby provide a common umbrella for the algebraic investigation of several families of logics, including substructural logics, modal logics, quantum logics, and logics of constructive mathematics.
Limits on jump inversion for strong reducibilities
Authors: Csima Barbara F. , Downey Rod , Ng Keng Meng
Published: October 2011

We show that Sacks' and Shoenfield's analogs of jump inversion fail for both tt- and wtt-reducibilities in a strong way. In particular we show that there is a δ20 set B >tt ∅′ such that there is no c.e. set A with A′ ≡wttB. We also show that there is a Σ20 set C >tt ∅′ such that there is no δ20 set D with D′ ≡wttC.
The minimal cofinality of an ultrapower of ω and the cofinality of the symmetric group can be larger than b+
Authors: Mildenberger Heike , Shelah Saharon
Published: October 2011

We prove the statement in the title.
The additive group of the rationals does not have an automatic presentation
Authors: Tsankov Todor
Published: October 2011

We prove that the additive group of the rationals does not have an automatic presentation. The proof also applies to certain other abelian groups, for example, torsion-free groups that are p-divisible for infinitely many primes p, or groups of the form ⊕pϵIZ(p∞), where I is an infinite set of primes.
Strong isomorphism reductions in complexity theory
Authors: Buss Sam , Chen Yijia , Flum Jörg , Friedman Sy-David , Müller Moritz
Published: October 2011

We give the first systematic study of strong isomorphism reductions, a notion of reduction more appropriate than polynomial time reduction when, for example, comparing the computational complexity of the isomorphim problem for different classes of structures. We show that the partial ordering of its degrees is quite rich. We analyze its relationship to a further type of reduction between classes of structures based on purely comparing for every n the number of nonisomorphic structures of cardinality at most n in both classes. Furthermore, in a more general setting we address the question of the existence of a maximal element in the partial ordering of the degrees.