bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translation of Health Programs for American Indians in the United States
Authors: Unger Jennifer B. , Soto Claradina , Thomas Natalie
Published: March 2008

American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) cultures in the United States include a diverse group of indigenous cultures that have been affected by their contact with European Americans and have suffered adverse psychological, physical, and economic consequences. AI/AN adolescents have the highest prevalence of cigarette smoking of all U.S. ethnic groups. Culturally competent health promotion programs are needed to enhance their resiliency and help them avoid recreational, addictive use of commercial tobacco. The authors describe the diverse AI/AN populations and their unique health and social issues, including adolescent smoking. They present examples of smoking prevention programs tailored or adapted for AI/AN adolescents and make recommendations for implementation and evaluation of prototype programs. Recommendations include involving the community, respecting tribes' wishes for confidentiality, being aware of IRB issues, beginning with formative and qualitative research, using culturally appropriate measures, understanding the diversity of AI/AN cultures, and involving multiple generations of the family.
Public Spectacles of Private Spheres
Authors: Janning Michelle
Published: March 2008

This introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Family Issues, titled “Spaces and Places of Family Life: Cultural and Popular Cultural Representations of Homes and Families,” calls attention to the intersections of conceptions of families and homes and to the cultural and popular cultural representations of both. Two themes make up the focus of the collection of articles contained in the special issue. First, the included articles explore the pieced-together media production of real and fictional families and homes. It is here we see the location of home and family as not quite real, not quite fictional, even if the families and homes represented are nonfictional (such as within the reality television genre). Second, this issue focuses on the relationship between media-produced images of homes and families and real everyday experiences, including whether real families use fictional and nonfictional media representations to situate and define themselves as families. The collection presented here begins to answer the question, What are the forms and locations in which popular culture and cultural definitions of homes and families shape each other?
New City Domesticity and the Tenacious Second Shift
Authors: Johnson Jennifer A. , Johnson Megan S.
Published: March 2008

Research clearly shows that, in spite of large-scale social and political changes, women still bear the primary responsibility for housework. Research explaining the unequal division of domestic labor produces mixed results. The authors argue that the “new city” structure of the modern suburbs may be partially responsible for the tenacity of the second shift. The goal of the early suburban movement was to firmly embed women's labor in the private sphere of the isolated suburban home, leaving the public cities to men. The resulting suburban domesticity was marketed through advice literature and wartime propaganda as the ideal way to raise children, sustain better marriages, and fulfill a patriotic duty. With the return of women to the workforce, the iconic 1950s private suburb gave way to a reconstitution of the public and private through the colocation of work, home, and shopping. The authors argue that these new cities take for granted the labor of women and have developed to facilitate the second shift through the commercialization of convenience. The modern urban fringe is built to make the second shift as convenient as possible and in the process continues the social and economic expropriation of women's labor.
Spontaneous Leiomyosarcoma Arising from the Ethmoid Turbinate of a Rat
Authors: Kasahara Kenichiro , Yamakawa Seiki , Nagatani Mariko , Tsurukame Maiko , Tamura Kazutoshi
Published: March 2008

Spontaneous leiomyosarcoma arising from the left ethmoid turbinate was observed microscopically in an 83-week-old male F344 rat. The tumor cells showed smooth-muscle differentiation with prominent nuclear pleomorphism and a small number of mitotic figures. The tumor cells were also immunohistochemically positive for smooth-muscle actin. The tumor protruded slightly into the nasal cavity and invaded the surrounding tissues. The present article is the first case of spontaneous leiomyosarcoma in the rat nasal cavity.
Shoulder Strength after Open versus Arthroscopic Stabilization
Authors: Hiemstra Laurie A. , Sasyniuk Treny M. , Mohtadi Nicholas G. H. , Fick Gordon H.
Published: March 2008

Background

With current techniques, the main difference between arthroscopic and open shoulder stabilization is the violation of the subscapularis tendon. No studies have looked at strength differences of internal and external rotation between these groups.

Hypothesis

Internal rotation strength deficits will exist in patients having undergone an open shoulder stabilization procedure compared with an arthroscopic one.

Study Design

Piggy-back randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods

Forty-eight patients (38 men, 10 women), average age, 30.6 years (range, 18–59 years), were randomized to either open (n = 24) or arthroscopic (n = 24) shoulder stabilization. Rehabilitation protocols were standardized. At a mean follow-up of 19.4 months (range, 12–36 months) from surgery, patients underwent isokinetic strength testing (concentric and eccentric peak moments at 60 deg/s and 180 deg/s). Measurements were body-mass normalized. Primary outcome was internal rotation strength at 60 deg/s.

Results

There were no significant differences between groups with respect to age, gender, or operative limb. There were no statistical differences between operative groups for the primary outcome of internal concentric strength at 60 deg/s (mean difference, 0.011 N·m/kg; 95% confidence interval, −0.043 to 0.066; P = .677) or secondary strength measures. When compared with the contralateral limb, strength deficits existed for both surgical groups for both internal and external rotation. Regression analysis demonstrated that arm dominance is a factor in strength deficits.

Conclusion

The results of this trial suggest there are no side-to-side isokinetic strength deficits between patients having an open stabilization using a subscapularis splitting approach versus arthroscopic stabilization for anterior traumatic shoulder instability at 1 year after surgery. Strength deficits exist in both groups when compared with the contralateral limb.
Buckling of Square Perforated Thermoplastic Composite Plates
Authors: Yazici Murat
Published: March 2008

The influence of square cut-out upon the buckling stability of multilayered, steel woven fiber-reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic matrix composite plates are studied by using numerical and experimental methods. The laminated plates ([θ°]3) under uniform pressure are formed by stacking three composite layers bonded symmetrically. The FE and experimental results are presented for various fiber orientation angles and plate boundary conditions. The critical buckling loads are more affected by square holes under clamped edge boundary conditions than by the simple supported edge case. The biggest decreases in the critical buckling loads are observed between 0° and 15° fiber orientations.
An Experimental Study on the Effect of Overlap Length on the Failure of Composite-to-Aluminum Single-Lap Bonded Joints
Authors: Kim Tae-Hwan , Kweon Jin-Hwe , Choi Jin-Ho
Published: March 2008

Carbon composite-to-aluminum single-lap adhesive joints with six different bonding lengths were tested under tension. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship among the failure loads, modes, and bonding lengths of the joints. It is shown that the final failure modes of the joints are caused by delamination in the composite adherend, and that the delamination patterns vary depending on the bonding length. It was also observed that the failure loads are affected by the delamination patterns. The study's conclusion is that to achieve the maximum strength of the adhesive, the joints should be designed to have strong resistance to delamination.
Impact Damage Modes and Residual Flexural Properties of Composites Beam
Authors: He Chenghong  , Li Yubin  , Zhang Zuoguang  , Sun Zhijie
Published: March 2008

The damage evolutions under low velocity impact were investigated using epoxy composite beams reinforced by S-2 glass, basalt, and Twaron 1000 fiber (identified as GFRP, BaFRP, and AFRP, respectively). GFRP showed a mutational damage mode, while BaFRP and AFRP represented a progressive one. The damage modes, the reductions in flexural strength and modulus in the direction of the impact face and the back face were compared based on the difference in fiber properties combined with fractography. The dominant factors for damage evolution were analyzed. There existed critical impact energy for initial damage, standing for the change in damage mode and dividing the post-impact flexural properties variation into two linear parts.
Effect of Particle Distribution on the Properties of Aluminum Matrix In-situ Particulate Composites
Authors: Sarkar S. , Mohan S. , Panigrahi S.C.
Published: March 2008

Discontinuously reinforced aluminum matrix composites are fast emerging materials that compete with conventional metallic materials. In-situ particulate composites in comparison with conventional cast particulate composites produced by external addition, promote cleaner interfaces, eliminate interface incompatibility of the matrices with the reinforcements, help to achieve greater thermodynamic stability of reinforcement particles in the matrix at elevated temperature, and also increase the possibility of developing coherency between the matrix and particles formed in-situ. The morphology and the distribution of particles strongly influence the physical and mechanical properties of the composites.

In the present study, ilmenite was added to molten aluminum, aluminum—magnesium and aluminum—silicon alloys by vortex method. The oxides present in ilmenite are observed to react with aluminum, magnesium and resulting in production of Al2O 3, MgO and metallic Fe and Ti, which dissolved in liquid aluminum. The strength and hardness value showed considerable improvement. The resulting composites also show appreciable ductility. It is shown that aluminum matrix in-situ particulate composites can be successfully produced with the addition of ilmenite through the casting route in the existing foundries with very little modification.
Accurate Free Vibration Analysis of Clamped Unsymmetric Cross-ply/Antisymmetric Angle-ply/Functionally Graded Rectangular Plates by Superposition of Untruncated Infinite Series
Authors: Kshirsagar S. , Bhaskar K.
Published: March 2008

The title problems, considered difficult hitherto, are solved here using a rigorous superposition method comprising of elegant and exact infinite series counterparts of the conventional Levy-type solutions. The infinite series are summed without truncation to avoid any loss of accuracy. After due validation studies, numerical results are tabulated for some typical plate problems for use as baseline solutions in the future.
Measuring Sex Differences in Violence Victimization and Perpetration Within Date and Same-Sex Peer Relationships
Authors: Swahn Monica H. , Simon Thomas R. , Arias Ileana , Bossarte Robert M.
Published: March 2008

This study examines sex differences in the patterns of repeated perpetration and victimization of physical violence and psychological aggression within dating relationships and same-sex peer relationships. Data were obtained from the Youth Violence Survey: Linkages among Different Forms of Violence, conducted in 2004, and administered to all public school students enrolled in grades 7, 9, 11 and 12 ( N = 4,131) in a high-risk school district. Analyses of adolescents who dated in the past year ( n = 2,888) show that girls are significantly more likely than boys to report physical violence and psychological aggression perpetration within dating relationships. However, boys are significantly more likely than girls to report physically injuring a date. Boys are also significantly more likely than girls to report physical violence victimization and perpetration within same-sex peer relationships. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Domestically and Generally Violent Forensic Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Hornsveld Ruud H. J. , Bezuijen Siemon , Leenaars Ellie E. M. , Kraaimaat Floris W.
Published: March 2008

A group of 63 domestically violent patients and a group of 103 generally violent patients at a Dutch forensic psychiatric outpatient clinic are examined with regard to personality traits and problem behaviors to develop treatment programs for domestically violent patients. The domestically violent patients are more unstable from a psychological viewpoint but not more inclined to anger than the average Dutch male. They report less anxiety in situations in which criticism can be given but more anxiety in situations in which someone can be given a compliment. When comparing domestically violent patients with generally violent patients, domestically violent patients score lower on anger as disposition and on aggressive behavior than the generally violent patients do. However, both groups do not differ from each other in their score on the dimension of psychopathy.
Youth Gang Membership and Serious Violent Victimization
Authors: Taylor Terrance J. , Freng Adrienne , Esbensen Finn-Aage , Peterson Dana
Published: March 2008

Youth gangs have received substantial scholarly and public attention during the past two decades. Although most of the extant research on youth gang members has focused on their offending behaviors, recent studies have examined the victimization of youth gang members relative to their nongang peers. Gang members generally have been found to be at increased risk of victimization, although the reasons for this relationship have not fully been explored. The current study uses data from a multisite study of youth to explore whether the gang membership–victimization link is mediated by lifestyles and routine activities. In other words, is gang members' involvement in delinquent lifestyles and routine activities a viable explanation for their increased risk of serious violent victimization? Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research and policy are discussed.
Cumulative Experiences of Violence Among High-Risk Urban Youth
Authors: Taylor Catherine A. , Boris Neil W. , Heller Sherryl Scott , Clum Gretchen A. , Rice Janet C. , Zeanah Charles H.
Published: March 2008

This study examines type-specific and cumulative experiences of violence among a vulnerable population of youth. Sixty high-risk, shelter-dwelling, urban youth were interviewed regarding their history of childhood maltreatment, exposure to community violence (ECV), and experience with intimate partner violence (IPV). Results show a high prevalence and high degree of overlap among multiple types of violence exposure. Childhood physical, sexual (CSA), and emotional (CEA) abuse were interrelated and were associated with ECV. Cumulative experiences of childhood abuse (CCA) had a graded association with IPV victimization. In multivariate analyses, CCA and ECV were independently associated with IPV victimization. Gender moderated the effect of one association: CEA raised the risk of IPV victimization for girls but not for boys. Only CSA predicted IPV perpetration. Findings suggest that cumulative exposures to violence create cumulative risk for experiencing more violence. Shelter-dwelling, urban youth may be particularly vulnerable to this additive effect.
Premilitary Adult Sexual Assault Victimization and Perpetration in a Navy Recruit Sample
Authors: Stander Valerie A. , Merrill Lex L. , Thomsen Cynthia J. , Crouch Julie L. , Milner Joel S.
Published: March 2008

Female ( n = 5,226) and male ( n = 5,969) U.S. Navy recruits completed a survey assessing their premilitary histories of adult sexual assault (SA), defined as attempted or completed rape since the age of 14. The survey was completed under anonymous or identified conditions. Overall, 39% of women reported premilitary SA victimization and 13% of men admitted premilitary SA perpetration. As predicted, rates were significantly higher in the anonymous than in the identified condition. For the sample of women as a whole, marital status, ethnicity, and family income were associated with SA victimization; for men, only marital status was associated with SA perpetration. Compared to previous college samples, Navy recruits were more likely to have previous SA experience. Given the negative consequences associated with SA victimization and perpetration, the present study reinforces the desirability of developing additional treatment, education, and prevention programs to reduce the occurrence of SA among military recruits.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Giving Testimony and Learning Yogic Breathing Techniques on Battered Women's Feelings of Depression
Authors: Franzblau Susan H. , Echevarria Sonia , Smith Michelle , Van Cantfort Thomas E.
Published: March 2008

Researchers have shown that mood and sense of control over one's life are significantly affected by testimony and other forms of disclosure and that learning to control breathing has positive effects on mood and anxiety. This preliminary experiment tests whether African American and European American abused women who give testimony about their experiences of intimate partner violence and learn how to use yogic breathing techniques have reduced feelings of depression. Results indicate that learning yogic breathing techniques alone and combined with giving testimony significantly reduces feelings of depression. Recasting women as authorities on domestic violence and teaching them how to calm their minds by focusing on yogic breathing may be simple and effective ways to help women take control over their bodies and lives.
Factors Related to Willingness to Help Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Beeble Marisa L. , Post Lori A. , Bybee Deborah , Sullivan Cris M.
Published: March 2008

Although researchers have found that survivors of intimate partner violence seek support from a multitude of sources, ranging from professionals to informal support networks, little is known about the extent to which community members reach out to help survivors. This study explored the type of support provided to survivors and various factors that relate to individuals' willingness to help. Survivors were more likely to be helped by women, younger individuals, those who strongly endorsed criminal justice interventions for perpetrators, and those who perceived intimate partner violence as a frequently occurring issue in their communities. Two additional factors were found to relate to an individual's likelihood of assisting others, including witnessing intimate partner violence as a child and prior victimization. Further research is needed in this area to explore helper, survivor, and contextual characteristics that may affect one's likelihood to offer assistance to survivors.
Women, Anger, and Aggression
Authors: Eatough Virginia , Smith Jonathan A. , Shaw Rachel
Published: March 2008

This study reports a qualitative phenomenological investigation of anger and anger-related aggression in the context of the lives of individual women. Semistructured interviews with five women are analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. This inductive approach aims to capture the richness and complexity of the lived experience of emotional life. In particular, it draws attention to the context-dependent and relational dimension of angry feelings and aggressive behavior. Three analytic themes are presented here: the subjective experience of anger, which includes the perceptual confusion and bodily change felt by the women when angry, crying, and the presence of multiple emotions; the forms and contexts of aggression, paying particular attention to the range of aggressive strategies used; and anger as moral judgment, in particular perceptions of injustice and unfairness. The authors conclude by examining the analytic observations in light of phenomenological thinking.
Chronemic Cues and Sex Differences in Relational E-Mail
Authors: Ledbetter Andrew M.
Published: March 2008

Although major computer-mediated communication theories incorporate assumptions about the potency of chronemic cues, the claim that chronemic cues shape online message interpretation has received little empirical attention. This article reports the results of two studies designed to assess the influence of reply rate in benign and complex relational e-mail. Study 1 demonstrates that reply rate functions as an immediacy cue, with some evidence for overall sex differences in the perception of e-mail. Nevertheless, Study 2 demonstrates that reply rate is not directly associated with perceived quality of social support e-mail, instead finding a three-way interaction between emotional empathy, participant sex, and reply rate on message quality. Among the more important implications of these results is that although chronemic cues are significantly associated with online message interpretation, obtained effect sizes suggest that the influence of these cues is not as potent as some dominant computer-mediated communication theories imply.
Preparation and Characterization of Sulfonated Polyphenylquinoxalines
Authors: Rusanov Alexander L. , Belomoina Nathalia M. , Bulycheva Elena G. , Yanul Nicolaï A. , Likhatchev Dmitri Yu. , Dobrovolskii Yuri A. , Iojoiu Cristina , Sanchez Jean-Yves , Voytekunas Vanda Yu. , Abadie Marc J.M.
Published: March 2008

Poly(phenylquinoxaline)s.(PPQs) are a family of aromatic condensation polymers known for their outstanding thermal and chemical stability. The pendant phenyl groups and chains isomerism improve the solubility and processing characteristics of these polymers. PPQs have also been shown to possess excellent thermo-oxidative stability and thermohydrolytic stability. This stability makes these polymers candidates for development as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) to be used in fuel cells. In addition to thermohydrolytic stability, PEMs require high protonic conductivity and, in order to achieve this they also require high water uptake. Aromatic condensation polymers do not possess these properties, but ionomers derived from them may. The usual method to derivatiziting these polymers is through sulfonation. In the frames of the present investigation we have carried out sulfonation of two PPQs using an H2SO 4—oleum mixture (4 : 1) as sulfonating agent at 125 3C. As a quinoxaline ring is readily formed in acidic medium synthesis of sulfonated PPQs (SPPQs) was also carried out directly from monomers using an H 2SO4—oleum mixture as solvent, catalyst and as sulfonating agent. Depending on the conditions of the reaction (temperature, duration, and the ratio of components in a sulfonating mixture) the polymers containing 0.2—6.7% S were prepared. SPPQs are soluble in polar organic solvents1 from the solutions of SPPQs high strength films ( 3 = 80—100 MPa) were cast. On the basis of sulfonated PPQs new cation-exchange membranes were prepared and investigated. Among the cation-exchange membranes developed those of the greatest interest are proton-exchanging membranes for fuel cells. Proton conductivity of the membranes prepared strongly depends on relative humidity and comparable with the conductivity of Nafion 117.
Synthesis and Properties of Poly(benzoxazole)s Prepared from Aromatic Dihydroxamoyl Chlorides
Authors: Özaytekin Ilkay , Karataş Ibrahim
Published: March 2008

In this study, a new synthesis of polybenzoxazoles was studied by reacting 3,31-dihydroxy-4,41diaminobiphenyl with various p-aromatic dihydroxamoyl chlorides in N, N-dimethylformamide under a nitrogen atmosphere at both room temperature and 150 3C. The polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis and the elemental analysis. Direct current conductivity of HCl acid-doped polybenzimidazole pellets was measured by applying a constant voltage of 5 V. The results of this study are discussed herein.
Properties of Some Poly(siloxane)s for Optical Applications
Authors: Brunchi Cristina Eliza , Filimon Anca , Cazacu Maria , Ioan Silvia
Published: March 2008

Siloxane polymers possess a unique set of properties that makes them highly suitable for optical applications. Our data present some of these properties, namely refractivity, dielectric properties, transmittance characteristics, and flexibility, for a variety of poly(dimethylsiloxane)s obtained by equilibrium ring-opening cationic polymerization and anionic ring-opening copolymerization. The study illustrates the importance of such structural and compositional characteristics in tailoring some specific optical applications.
Soluble Aromatic Polyamide Bearing Sulfone Linkages: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Zulfiqar Sonia , Muhammad Ilyas Sarwar
Published: March 2008

New soluble and linear aromatic polyamide chains were produced by condensing 4-aminophenylsulfone with isophthaloyl chloride in dimethylacetamide as a solvent under an inert atmosphere. HCl produced as a byproduct was removed from the reaction mixture by precipitating with a stoichiometric amount of triethylamine. A clear polyamide solution was obtained after isolation of the precipitates. Thin and transparent film was cast from the solution by baking out the solvent and after drying, the film was employed for various analyses. It was found to be soluble in various organic solvents. The structure elucidation of the resulting polyamide was carried out using infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The molecular weight distribution was determined by gel permeation chromatography. These results confirmed the formation of the aromatic polyamide. Thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, water absorption and mechanical measurements were also performed to further verify the physical properties of the aromatic polyamide.
Kinetics of Fast and Slow Transitions in a Liquid Crystalline Polyimide
Authors: Van Mourik Pieter , Norder Ben , Mendes Eduardo , Picken Stephen J. , Dingemans T.J.
Published: March 2008

Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are known to exhibit slow and fast phase transitions upon heating and cooling. The kinetics of both types were investigated for an liquid crystal (LC) polyimide derived from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 1,3-bis[4'-(4''-aminophenoxy) cumyl] benzene (BACB) (PMDA/BACB). The kinetics were compared with our previous results on poly(bistrifluorethoxyphosphazene) (PBFP), which also shows LC and non-LC transitions, and with nylon PA6, a non-LC reference sample. Transition kinetics were studied upon cooling using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and polarization microscopy. The DSC experiments were performed by cooling our samples from 400 to 100 °C using rates between 2.5 and 100 K min-1. We observed that the LC transitions show a linear dependency on the cooling rate. These transitions were solely governed by super-cooling and these observations are congruent with our earlier results on PBFP. Apparently, we may conclude that all LC transitions show this linear dependence. For PMDA/BACB, the fast LC transitions were related to the formation of a smectic phase. WAXD did not reveal a crystalline phase in PMDA/BACB. The non-LC transition was related to a thermally activated process, having an apparent activation energy, EA, of ≈ 360 kJ mol -1, indicating a re-arrangement of chains previously randomly oriented. Crystallization could proceed after cooling from the melt to room temperature followed by annealing based on a thermally activated process, with E A ≈ 160 kJ mol-1.
Constructing young masculinity: a case study of heroic discourse on violence
Authors: Andersson Kjerstin
Published: March 2008

In this article, a young man's narratives of violence are analysed, and a culturally shared storyline is identified as the basis of these narratives. It is argued that the stories are organized so as to construct a preferred self-presentation. One strategy to achieve this is to establish boundaries for what type of violence to use, whom to fight, where and for what reasons. I also argue that the narratives are structured to avoid being categorized as either victim or perpetrator, although both categories are drawn upon. Issues of masculinity are made relevant through categorization of the characters in the narrative, and positions are made available. Different masculine categories such as the hero/villain/non-man become relevant in the analysis. Different gendered positions are used in negotiating a masculine identity around narratives of and through telling about violence.
Hostility themes in media, community and refugee narratives
Authors: Leudar Ivan , Hayes Jacqueline , Nekvapil Jiří , Turner Baker Johanna
Published: March 2008

In this article, we use the concept of `dialogical network' systematically to analyse hostilities towards refugees and asylum seekers in the UK and their effects on refugees' and asylum seekers' biographical self-presentations and psychological adjustment. We find that hostility towards refugees took different forms which were in part contingent on contemporary social and political activities. We also found that all our refugee and asylum-seeker informants constructed their identities around hostilities expressed towards them in the media and by the local inhabitants. In particular, their identities were constructed in terms of biographical contrasts that made the grounds of contemporary hostile rejections false and irrelevant to themselves. Most refugee/asylum-seeker informants in our study experienced psychological problems and attributed these to enforced idleness.
Showing and telling in parliamentary discourse: the case of repeated interjections to Rabin's speeches in the Israeli parliament
Authors: Shenhav Shaul R.
Published: March 2008

The article suggests a theoretical distinction between two types of parliamentary discourse, based on the classic narratological distinction between `showing' and `telling'. Based on this distinction, it studies the influence of interjections and heckling on parliamentary discourse, in particular on the speeches Yitzhak Rabin made to the Israeli parliament as Prime Minister from July 1992 until his assassination in November 1995. Using the distinction between showing and telling, the article claims that exaggerated amounts of interjections and heckling are a dangerous formula for the demise of a discourse of telling which would enable the onus of constructing political images and values to be transferred to the listener's mind through the shaping of political narratives. As a result, the function of parliaments as an arena in which political leaders can publicly shape new national narratives in their speeches is significantly damaged.
The Science and Politics of Reducing Child Victimization
Authors: Hoffman Bruce
Published: March 2008

Criminologists and other social scientists who seek to use science in an effort to reduce child victimization do so in a cultural environment in which alternative images and constructions of child victimization are paramount. Here, the author explores recent transformations in the field of child victimization research and the relevance of these changes for practitioners and scientists who wish to engage in the politics of child advocacy. The article is centered around two case studies: one focused on how the field is being transformed by new developments in crime measurement and research instruments and a second considering how contemporary social theory is enabling researchers to better comprehend the complexity of children's lives.
Progress in Providing Services to Young Children With Special Needs and Their Families
Authors: Trohanis Pascal L.
Published: March 2008

The national agenda for early intervention for young children with disabilities has been articulated through the early childhood programs under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act. Part B and Part C of the act address states' responsibilities in creating and managing systems of services. Part D of the act supports research, innovation, technical assistance, and dissemination to improve systems and services. Together, these programs have accomplished much in 30 years, but there are remaining, and new, challenges to serving all eligible young children.
International Perspectives on Early Intervention
Authors: Guralnick Michael J.
Published: March 2008

In this article, the author presents a framework for establishing an agenda to design or strengthen early intervention systems from an international perspective. Given the extraordinary diversity of potential factors that can influence early intervention around the world, a set of early intervention principles is put forward that appears to have achieved international consensus. The framework utilizes these generally accepted principles to derive agenda items and therefore forms the basis for establishing common ground across international communities. Examples of specific agenda items and possible barriers are discussed for each of the principles.
Home Literacy Environments and Young Hispanic Children's English and Spanish Oral Language
Authors: Gonzalez Jorge E. , Uhing Brad M.
Published: March 2008

The authors examine dimensions of the home literacy environment relative to oral language outcomes for high-risk Hispanic children. They also illustrate the use of commonality analysis for understanding the contribution of home literacy to oral language outcomes. Forty-eight children and their families participated in the study. Commonality analysis was used to determine what percentage of the explained variance in both English and Spanish oral language was associated with variance uniquely and commonly accounted for by five subscales of the Familia Inventory, a questionnaire that examines home literacy environments. Library Use accounted for the greatest amount of unique variance in English oral language proficiency, and Extended Family accounted for the greatest amount of unique variance in Spanish oral language proficiency. Significant positive relationships were also noted between several of the Familia Inventory subscales. A discussion on the use of commonality analysis is followed by limitations and suggestions for future research.
Supplier Integration and Communication Strategies in Collaborative Platform Development
Authors: Lindquist Andreas , Berglund Fredrik , Johannesson Hans
Published: March 2008

Following the introduction of platform-based products, especially considering that platforms are used for multiple brands, there is certainly a growing need for system engineering processes and techniques. This is further emphasized by the fact that companies faced with collaborative platform development frequently need to harmonize often opposing claims from stakeholders with different backgrounds, beliefs, desires and intentions. A core strategy for using resources (e.g., work-hours, knowledge, and production systems) better and more flexibly is to involve suppliers earlier in the development cycle. From this perspective, well-designed and efficiently managed supplier integration is a huge competitive advantage. Supplier integration may range from component design and manufacture to full responsibility for the design of complex distributed systems. The starting point for this work is the results from a previous study, made by the authors, in which a Swedish automotive company and one of its sub-suppliers were examined in order to identify communication barriers. This revealed several problems regarding supplier interaction and information management in projects where both suppliers and product owners contribute their unique knowledge. Following the previous study, the questions to answer include: How can platforms be represented to suit suppliers as well as orginal equipment manufacturers? How does one guarantee efficient, accurate and secure information exchange between the parties involved? Consequently, this article pinpoints some of the problems that companies involved with collaborative product platform development, together with their suppliers, must face today. To answer these questions, interviews, and document studies were conducted for a Swedish truck manufacturer. The results are oriented to the interfaces between product owners and their suppliers.
Processing Knowledge to Support Knowledge-based Engineering Systems Specification
Authors: Ammar-Khodja Samar , Perry Nicolas , Bernard Alain
Published: March 2008

During design phase, engineering activities typically involve large groups of people from different domains and disciplines. These differences often generate important information flows that are difficult to manage. To face these difficulties, a knowledge engineering process is necessary to structure the information and its use This article, presents a deployment of a knowledge capitalization process based on the enrichment of Methodology and tools Oriented to Knowledge based engineering Applications methodology to support the integration of Process Planning knowledge in a CAD System. Our goal is to help different actors to work collaboratively by proposing one referential view of the domain, the context and the objectives assuming that it will help them in better decision-making.
Student Risk Screening Scale
Authors: Lane Kathleen Lynne , Robertson Kalberg Jemma , Parks Robin J. , Carter Erik W.
Published: March 2008

This article presents findings from a study of the reliability and validity of the Student Risk Screening Scale for use with high school students ( N = 674). Results revealed high internal consistency, test—retest stability, interrater reliability, and convergent validity with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire . Predictive validity was established across two academic years, with students at low risk for antisocial behavior differentiated on behavioral (office discipline referrals [ODR]) and academic variables (grade point average [GPA]) from students with moderate and high levels of risk. However, neither ODR nor GPA variables could differentiate between students with moderate-risk or high-risk status. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Comorbidity of Psychiatric Disorders and Parental Psychiatric Disorders in a Sample of Iranian Children With ADHD
Authors: Ghanizadeh Ahmad , Mohammadi Mohammad Reza , Moini Rozita
Published: March 2008

Objective: To study the psychiatric comorbidity of a clinical sample of children with ADHD and the psychiatric disorders in their parents. Method: Structured psychiatric interviews assessing lifetime psychiatric disorders by DSM-IV criteria, using the Farsi version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Results: The mean age of the children was 8.7, mothers, 40.1, and fathers, 34.6 years. Only 7.6% of the boys and 21.7% of the girls manifested ADHD without any other psychiatric comorbidity. The most common comorbid disorders were disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders. The prevalence of lifetime ADHD in the parents was 45.8% and 17.7%, respectively. The rate for major depressive disorder in mothers and fathers was 48.1% and 43.0%, respectively. Discussion: The clinical sample of ADHD children typically had at least one other psychiatric disorder, usually oppositional defiant disorder in boys and anxiety disorders in girls. The most common psychiatric disorder in the parents was mood disorder. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 12(2) 149-155)
Lunchtime Practices and Problem Behaviors Among Multiethnic Urban Youth
Authors: Nichols Tracy R. , Birnbaum Amanda S. , Bryant Kylie , Botvin Gilbert J.
Published: March 2008

Research has begun to show associations between adolescents' mealtime practices and their engagement in problem behaviors. Few studies have addressed this longitudinally and/or examined lunchtime practices during the school day. This study tests for associations between urban multiethnic middle school students' ( N = 1498) lunchtime practices in the sixth grade and their engagement in problem behaviors by eighth grade. Positive associations were found between not eating lunch at school in the sixth grade and increased drug use and delinquency by eighth grade. Eating lunch outside of school was found to be significantly associated with smoking and marijuana use only. Gender differences in associations between lunchtime practices and problem behaviors were suggested. Implications for school policy and prevention efforts are discussed.
Entrepreneurship in Health Education and Health Promotion: Five Cardinal Rules
Authors: Eddy James M. , Stellefson Michael L.
Published: March 2008

The nature of health education and health promotion (HE/HP) offers a fertile ground for entrepreneurial activity. As primary prevention of chronic diseases becomes a more central component of the health and/ or medical care continuum, entrepreneurial opportunities for health educators will continue to expand. The process used to design, implement, and evaluate health promotion and disease prevention has clear articulation with entrepreneurial, marketing management, and other business processes. Thus, entrepreneurs in HE/HP must be able to utilize business process to facilitate creative, new HE/HP business ideas. The purpose of this article is to weave theory and practical application into a primer on entrepreneurial applications in HE/HP. More specifically, the authors meld their prospective experiences and expertise to provide background thoughts on entrepreneurship in HE/HP and develop a framework for establishing an entrepreneurial venture in HE/HP. Five Cardinal Rules for Entrepreneurs in HE/HP are proposed.
Local Versus Systemic Mechanisms Underlying Supervised Exercise Training for Intermittent Claudication
Authors: Stewart Andrew HR. , Smith Frank CT. , Baird Roger N. , Lamont Peter M.
Published: March 2008

The mechanisms by which exercise training improves intermittent claudication remain unclear. In this article, the effects of local and systemic physiological factors on improved exercise tolerance after a supervised exercise program in claudicants are investigated. A total of 60 patients were randomized to 3 months of supervised exercise followed by 3 months of unsupervised exercise, or to exercise advice alone (control). Supervised exercise increased both pain-free and maximal walking distances. Heart rate during submaximal exercise and resting mean arterial pressure were lower after supervised exercise at 6 months. Serum lactate at maximum claudication increased significantly after 3 months in the supervised exercise group but this change had resolved by 6 months. Symptomatic improvement was accompanied by modest reductions in mean arterial pressure and submaximal heart rate on exercise. Increased serum lactate at maximum claudication subsequently declined despite continued improvement in walking distance, suggesting local adaptations to improve efficiency of muscle oxygen delivery and/or utilization.
Psychosocial Impact of Poverty on Antiretroviral Nonadherence Among HIV-TB Coinfected Patients in Lima, Peru
Authors: Shin Sonya , Muñoz Maribel , Espiritu Betty , Zeladita Jhon , Sanchez Eduardo , Callacna Miriam , Rojas Christian , Arevalo Jorge , Ying Wu  , Caldas Adolfo , Sebastian Jose Luis
Published: March 2008

Objective. Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection poses unique clinical and psychosocial complexities that can impact nonadherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Methods. This was a prospective case series to identify risk factors for HAART nonadherence among 43 patients with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) in Lima, Peru. Nonadherence was defined by patient self-report. Results. The median initial CD4 and HIV viral load were 63 and 159,000, respectively. Patients had received a median of 6.1 months of ART. Univariable analysis found low social support, substance use, and depression to be associated with nonadherence. In multivariable analysis, low social support was associated with nonadherence. Conclusions. In the authors' urban cohort of HIV-TB coinfected individuals in Lima, Peru, substance use, depression, and lack of social support were key barriers to adherence. These findings suggest that adherence interventions may be unsuccessful unless they target the underlying psychosocial challenges faced by patients living with TB and AIDS.
Possible Case of CNS Whipple's Disease in an Adolescent With AIDS
Authors: Patel Sameer J. , Huard Richard C. , Keller Christian , Foca Marc
Published: March 2008

An adolescent with HIV/AIDS presented subacutely with progressive encephalopathy, spastic quadraplegia, and diarrhea. His brain biopsy was suggestive of central nervous system Whipple's disease, a disease rarely described in HIV patients. Due to overlapping, nonspecific symptoms associated with several opportunistic infections and to the difficulty in culturing the causative organism Tropheryma whipplei, Whipple's disease may be more common than previously suspected, and it is an important consideration in patients with AIDS.
Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Selection of HAART in Treatment-Naive HIV-Infected Individuals, 2008: More Than it Seems?
Authors: Luber Andrew D.
Published: March 2008

The selection of highly active antiretroviral therapy for treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals is complex. In addition to patient adherence, exposures of antiretroviral agents (ARVs) can be influenced by patient population, gender, drug–drug and drug–food interactions, and comorbid medical conditions. In contrast to pharmacokinetic sampling performed under controlled conditions, ARV exposures in “real-world” clinical practice display substantial interpatient variability. The interactions between ARVs and other medications commonly used by HIV-infected patients could significantly impact ARV exposures and need to be considered when selecting therapies. Pharmacogenomic differences have been identified for a number of ARVs, resulting in increased plasma exposures (efavirenz, nelfinavir) or increased risk for adverse drug events (atazanavir, abacavir, indinavir). Despite increasing populations of HIV-infected females and people 50 years or older, the pharmacokinetics of many ARVs has not been adequately studied in these patient populations. The clinical significance of many of these pharmacokinetic differences is unknown.
Predicting mortality among a general practice-based sample of older people with heart failure
Authors: Barnes Sarah , Gott Merryn , Payne Sheila , Parker Chris , Seamark David , Gariballa Salah , Small Neil
Published: March 2008

Objective: To identify factors available to general practitioners (GPs) that are predictive of mortality within a general practice-based population of heart failure patients, and to report the sensitivity and specificity of prognostic information from GPs.

Methods: Five hundred and forty-two heart failure patients aged >60 years were recruited from 16 UK GP surgeries. Patients completed quality-of-life and services use questionnaires every 3 months for 24 months or until death. Factors with independent significant association with survival were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

Results: Women had a 58% lower risk of death. Patients self-reporting New York Heart Association Classification III or IV had an 81% higher risk of death. Patients aged 85+ years had over a five-fold risk of death as compared with those aged <65 years. Patients with a co-morbidity of cancer had a 78% higher risk of death. Of the 14 patients who died in a 12-month period, the GPs identified 11 (sensitivity 79%). They identified 133 of the 217 who did not die (specificity 61%).

Discussion: Predictors readily available to GPs, such as patient characteristics, are easy to adapt to use in general practice, where most heart failure patients are diagnosed and treated. Identifying factors likely to influence death is useful in primary care, as this can initiate discussion about end-of-life care.