bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CCD (Charge Coupled Device) funcionamento e sua aplicação em sensoriamento remoto
Authors: Watzlawick Luciano Farinha , Madruga Pedro Roberto de Azambuja , Pereira Rudiney Soares
Published: July 2018

The present article concerns about concepts, comments on the composition, working method, advantages and disadvantages of using the CCD, and its application in remote sensing as well, and to do so, we discuss the physical principies of the remote sensing, electromagnetic spectrum, propagation of the electromagnetic radiation, interactions between energy and atmosphere, atmospheric windows and the information acquisition system (detection, record and storage).
Uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento na determinação de áreas de risco de incêndio e determinação de locais para a instalação de torres de observação de incêndios. Estudo de caso: Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula/RS
Authors: Caporal Daiane Soares , Decian Vanderlei , Madrugada Pedro Roberto
Published: July 2018

In this work, the tools of geoprocessing were used as a subject to elaborate a map of fires risk to the National Forest of São Francisco de Paula, State of Rio Grande do Sul, and also to determinate suitable spots for strategic location of two fire observation towers, that could help for the prevention and combats to fires in the forest. Mapping fire risk was achieved by following, basically, the methodology proposed by Vettorazzi & Ferraz (1998). In this way, using the image of the satellite Ikonos /I and topographical maps that corresponded to the study area, such as realizing practice works, it was possible to generate, at the software Idrisi for Windows (32 bits), 6 layers, which were integrated using GIS, giving place to a map of fires risk to the zone. This map, associated with otherinformation about the zone and of the local habits, allowed the determination of the spots to installate the towers. It was ended that the proposed methodology adapted to the study area, and that the zone needs a strategic plan of prevention and combats to fires because of its importance as a preservation area and due to its report of fires occurrence.In this work, the tools of geoprocessing were used as a subject to elaborate a map of fires risk to the National Forest of São Francisco de Paula, State of Rio Grande do Sul, and also to determinate suitable spots for strategic location of two fire observation towers, that could help for the prevention and combats to fires in the forest. Mapping fire risk was achieved by following, basically, the methodology proposed by Vettorazzi & Ferraz (1998). In this way, using the image of the satellite Ikonos /I and topographical maps that corresponded to the study area, such as realizing practice works, it was possible to generate, at the software Idrisi for Windows (32 bits), 6 layers, which were integrated using GIS, giving place to a map of fires risk to the zone. This map, associated with other information about the zone and of the local habits, allowed the determination of the spots to installate the towers. It was ended that the proposed methodology adapted to the study area, and that the zone needs a strategic plan of prevention and combats to fires because of its importance as a preservation area and due to its report of fires occurrence.
Recent dating of extinct Atlantic gray whale fossils, (Eschrichtius robustus), Georgia Bight and Florida, western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Garrison Ervan G , Cherkinsky Alexander , Morgan Gary S. , Speller Camilla
Published: July 2018

The Atlantic gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) presents an interesting case study of climate related dispersal and local extinction. While (limited) fossil records confirm its presence in the Atlantic until the 18th century, its abundance and distribution with the Eastern and Western basins are still not well understood. The discovery of presumed gray whale fossil remains from the Georgia Bight and Atlantic coast of Florida from the mid-1980s to late-2000s, provide a new opportunity to recover additional data regarding their chronology within the Western basin. Here, we apply AMS (accelerator mass spectroscopy) radiocarbon dating technique to eight fossil whale finds, identifying dates within Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (59-24 ka) and the late Holocene, ~ 2000 cal yr BP. We additionally confirm the taxonomic identification of two fossil bone samples as E. robustus using collagen peptide mass fingerprinting (Zoo MS). The obtained dates, when combined with a larger corpus of previously published Atlantic gray whale fossil dates, support the hypothesis for a decline of the Atlantic gray whale in the late Pleistocene and the late Holocene. These new data augment other recent findings from the Eastern Atlantic basin and better incorporate the Western Atlantic basin into a pan-ocean understanding for the species.
An automated high-resolution in vivo screen in zebrafish to identify chemical regulators of myelination
Authors: Early Jason J , Marshall-Phelps Katy LH , Williamson Jill M , Swire Matthew , Kamadurai Hari , Muskavitch Marc , Lyons David A
Published: July 2018

Myelinating oligodendrocytes are essential for central nervous system (CNS) formation and function. Their disruption is implicated in numerous neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. However, recent studies have indicated that oligodendrocytes may be tractable for treatment of disease. In recent years, zebrafish have become well established for the study of myelinating oligodendrocyte biology and drug discovery in vivo. Here, by automating the delivery of zebrafish larvae to a spinning disk confocal microscope, we were able to automate high-resolution imaging of myelinating oligodendrocytes in vivo. From there, we developed an image analysis pipeline that facilitated a screen of compounds with epigenetic and post-translational targets for their effects on regulating myelinating oligodendrocyte number. This screen identified novel compounds that strongly promote myelinating oligodendrocyte formation in vivo. Our imaging platform and analysis pipeline is flexible and can be employed for high-resolution imaging-based screens of broad interest using zebrafish.
Removing physiological motion from intravital and clinical functional imaging data
Authors: Warren Sean C , Nobis Max , Magenau Astrid , Mohammed Yousuf H , Herrmann David , Moran Imogen , Vennin Claire , Conway James RW , Mélénec Pauline , Cox Thomas R , Wang Yingxiao , Morton Jennifer P , Welch Heidi CE , Strathdee Douglas , Anderson Kurt I , Phan Tri Giang , Roberts Michael S , Timpson Paul
Published: July 2018

Intravital microscopy can provide unique insights into the function of biological processes in a native context. However, physiological motion caused by peristalsis, respiration and the heartbeat can present a significant challenge, particularly for functional readouts such as fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), which require longer acquisition times to obtain a quantitative readout. Here, we present and benchmark Galene, a versatile multi-platform software tool for image-based correction of sample motion blurring in both time resolved and conventional laser scanning fluorescence microscopy data in two and three dimensions. We show that Galene is able to resolve intravital FLIM-FRET images of intra-abdominal organs in murine models and NADH autofluorescence of human dermal tissue imaging subject to a wide range of physiological motions. Thus, Galene can enable FLIM imaging in situations where a stable imaging platform is not always possible and rescue previously discarded quantitative imaging data.
Eğitsel Açıdan Batı Trakya Çocuk Hikâyelerine Bir Bakış / An Overview of the Western Thrace Children's Stories From an Educational Perspective
Authors: Yeniasır Mustafa
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The literature plays a significant role in the development and education of children. The children's literature is the literature created by considering the developmental characteristics of children and a number of spiritual needs. The stories have a wide coverage among the children's literature works showing a rapid development in the last forty years in our country.

The stories play a significant role in the education of the children. The relationship between the story and child always leads us to the good, beautiful and right things. Therefore, we should choose the literature works according to the age group of the children by placing the necessary importance on stories in education.

The Western Thracian Turks placed importance on the literature for the healthy development of the children in spite of all the impossibilities and attempted to create literature works for children’s worlds of emotion and thought. The Western Thracian writers contributed to the development of their minds by enriching their imaginary worlds in stories they have written for the children.

Öz

Çocukların gelişim ve eğitiminde edebiyatın çok önemli bir rolü vardır. Çocuk edebiyatı, çocukların gelişim özellikleri ve birtakım ruhsal ihtiyaçları göz önünde bulundurularak oluşturulan edebiyattır. Ülkemizde özellikle son kırk yılda hızlı bir gelişme gösteren çocuk edebiyatı ürünleri içerisinde hikâyeler geniş bir yer tutmaktadır.

Çocuk eğitiminde hikâyelerin çok önemli bir yeri vardır. Çocuk ile hikâye arasındaki ilişki çocuğu  her zaman iyiye, güzele ve doğruya götürür. Bundan dolayı eğitimde hikâyelere gereken önemi vererek, çocukların yaş grubuna uygun eserleri titizlikle seçmeliyiz. 

Batı Trakya Türkleri de bütün imkânsızlıklara rağmen çocukların sağlıklı gelişimi için edebiyata önem vermişler, onların duygu ve düşünce dünyasına yönelik eserler ortaya koymaya çalışmışlardır. Batı Trakyalı sanatçılar, çocuklara yönelik olarak yazmış olduğu hikâyelerde onların hayal dünyalarını zenginleştirerek düşüncelerinin gelişmesine katkı sağlamışlardır.
Kamusal Açık Mekânların Kalitesi ve Sosyal Etkileşim Üzerindeki Etkileri / Quality of Public Open Space and Effects on Social Interaction
Authors: Alpak Elif Merve , Düzenli Tugba , Yılmaz Serap
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The quality of public outdoor space has recently become an important issue and has been revealed by many studies. However, there are few studies that show the relationship between the quality of space and the social interaction that occurs between people. The most important goal of urban designers should be to create public open spaces that can meet the various needs of people. Using longer and more frequently, public open spaces allow the fulfilment of needs and also support social interaction.  In this context, the concept of 'quality' of public open spaces is gaining importance. The quality of open spaces revealed by different characteristics of the environment has been determined by evaluating of the open spaces by their inclusiveness, meaningful activities, comfort, security and pleasurability and revealed the relationship between social interaction (passive-fleeting-enduring relationship). In order to determine this relationship, a questionnaire was conducted with 140 people (70 people in each park) in Atatürk Square Park and Fatih Park in Trabzon. As a result, a high level of relationship was found between the factors of inclusiveness, comfort and meaningful activities that determine the quality of space and social interaction.

Öz

Kamusal açık mekânın kalitesi son zamanlarda üzerinde önemle durulan bir konu haline gelmiş ve birçok çalışma tarafından ortaya konmuştur. Ancak mekânın kalitesi ile insanların arasında oluşan sosyal etkileşim arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koyan az sayıda çalışma vardır. Oysaki kentsel tasarımcıların en önemli hedefi insanların çeşitli ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilen kamusal açık mekânlar yaratmak olmalıdır. İhtiyaçların karşılanmasına olanak sağlayan kamusal açık mekânlar, insanlar tarafından daha uzun süreli ve sık kullanılarak oraların canlı, sosyal etkileşimi destekleyen yerler olmasını sağlar. Bu kapsamda, kamusal açık mekânların ‘kalitesi’ kavramı önem kazanmaktadır. Çevrenin farklı özellikleri ile ortaya konulan açık mekânların kalitesi, bu çalışma kapsamında açık mekânların kapsayıcılık, anlamlı etkinlikler, konfor, güvenlik ve memnun ediciliğini değerlendirerek tespit edilmiş ve sosyal etkileşimle (pasif-geçici-sürekli ilişki) arasındaki ilişki ortaya konmuştur. Bu ilişkinin belirlenmesi için Trabzon kentinde bulunan, Atatürk Meyden Parkı ve Fatih Parkında 140 kişi (her parkta 70’şer kişi) ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Sonuçta, mekânın kalitesinin belirlendiği kapsayıcılık, konfor ve anlamlı etkinlikler faktörleri ile sosyal etkileşim arasında yüksek düzeyde ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir.
Revisiting historical beech and oak forests in Indiana using a GIS method to recover information from bar charts
Authors: Hanberry Brice
Published: July 2018

Historical GIS involves applying GIS to historical research. Using a unique method, I recovered historical tree survey information stored in bar chart figures of a 1956 publication. I converted PDF files to TIF files, which is a format for a GIS layer. I then employed GIS tools to measure lengths of each bar in the TIF file and used a regression (R2 = 97%) to convert bar lengths to numerical values of tree composition. I joined this information to a spatial GIS layer of Indiana, USA. To validate results, I compared predictions against an independent dataset and written summaries. I determined that historically (circa 1799 to 1846) in Indiana, oaks were 27% of all trees, beech was 25%, hickories and sugar maple were 7% each, and ash was 4.5%. Beech forests dominated (i.e., >24% of all trees) 44% of 8.9 million ha (i.e., where data were available in Indiana), oak forests dominated 29%, beech and oak forests dominated 4.5%, and oak savannas were in 6% of Indiana, resulting in beech and/or oak dominance in 84% of the state. This method may be valuable to reclaim information available in published figures, when associated raw data are not available.
Pharmacy resident teaching in psychiatry and neurology for pharmacy programs in the United States
Authors: Cho Victoria M. , Dopheide Julie A.
Published: July 2018

Introduction:

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists' Postgraduate Year 1 and Year 2 Residency Accreditation Standards require that residents demonstrate effective teaching skills. The College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists' survey of pharmacy program curricula assessed resident teaching in psychiatry and neurology, however, results were not published. The objective of this article is to describe resident teaching in psychiatry and neurology curricula as reported by responses to the college's survey.

Methods:

An electronic survey was sent to a curricular representative from each of 133 US pharmacy programs accredited as of July 2015. Programs were asked to report on psychiatry and neurology curricular content, faculty credentials, and types of teaching activities, including resident teaching.

Results:

Fifty-six percent (75/133) of programs responded to the survey. Fifty out of 75 (67%) distinct pharmacy programs reported utilizing residents for teaching topics in psychiatry and neurology. Residents were twice as likely to teach didactic topics in psychiatry (n = 44) compared to neurology (n = 22). Three times as many residents were involved in precepting psychiatric Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (n = 37) compared to neurology Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (n = 12).

Discussion:

Residents are involved in both didactic and experiential teaching with more residents teaching psychiatry content compared to neurology content. Authors recommend utilizing the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists' electronic resident assessment tool, PharmAcademic®, to capture the quantity and quality of resident teaching across accredited programs.
Integrating a mental health clinical pharmacy specialist into the Homeless Patient Aligned Care Teams
Authors: Pauly Julienne B. , Moore Troy A. , Shishko Ilona
Published: July 2018

Introduction:

To address the complex needs of the homeless veteran population, the US Department of Veterans Affairs created the Homeless Patient Aligned Care Team (H-PACT) model. The South Texas Veterans Health Care System has an established H-PACT model, however it does not include a clinical pharmacy specialist in mental health (MH).

Methods:

An H-PACT MH pharmacy resident clinic was created and managed by a postgraduate year-2 psychiatric pharmacy resident. Improvements in access to MH care, Veterans Health Administration performance metrics, and estimated cost savings associated with resident interventions were reviewed to evaluate clinic utility.

Results:

Over the 6-month clinic time frame, there were a total of 40 patient encounters in which 21 veterans had MH medication evaluation on at least 1 occasion. The average wait time for Veterans previously followed by the H-PACT psychiatrist was approximately 8 weeks. The H-PACT MH pharmacy resident clinic enabled veterans to be evaluated every 4 to 6 weeks. Interventions made by the resident included identification of medication administration errors, medication adjustments, adherence education, reduction in polypharmacy, and referral to other services. Estimated cost savings from clinic interventions totaled $33 613.67.

Discussion:

The H-PACT MH pharmacy resident clinic allowed for an improvement in wait time for psychiatric pharmacotherapy follow-up for homeless veterans, with interventions that were associated with significant estimated cost savings.
Development of oral candidiasis following initiation and rechallenge of extended-release bupropion in a geriatric patient
Authors: Vadiei Nina , Smith Tawny L. , Garcia-Pittman Erica C.
Published: July 2018

Objective:

To report a case of oral candidiasis that developed in a 70-year-old white female both upon initiation and rechallenge of extended-release bupropion therapy.

Case Summary:

A 70-year-old female with a past medical history of osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, and polycythemia vera developed oral candidiasis on 2 occasions following initiation of extended-release bupropion for the treatment of recurrent depression. During both instances, the reaction occurred with an increased dose of the medication, suggesting the adverse event may have been dose-related. The patient had no risk factors for oral candidiasis aside from dry mouth at baseline that reportedly worsened on bupropion.

Discussion:

Though there are no other reports to our knowledge describing the development of oral candidiasis with bupropion, the likelihood of this having been an adverse reaction in this patient is probable as indicated by a calculated score of 8 from the Naranjo Algorithm. The adverse event appeared following bupropion administration and improved over time following its discontinuation. The adverse event reappeared following readministration of the agent, and no alternative causes were able to be identified. Additionally, the reaction occurred following an increase in the dose on both occasions, with the lower dose having only resulted in worsening dry mouth.

Conclusion:

This case demonstrates that an additional adverse event to screen for with bupropion treatment is the development of oral candidiasis. This adverse event may be more likely to occur in the older adult population.
Rational Design of Metal Oxide–Based Cathodes for Efficient Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Wei , Xu Xiaomin , Liu Yu , Zhong Yijun , Shao Zongping
Published: July 2018

Recently, there is an urgent need for alternative energy resources due to the nonrenewable nature of fossil fuels and increasing CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. The photovoltaic technologies which directly utilize the abundant and sustainable solar energy are critical. Among various photovoltaic devices (solar cells), dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained increasing attention due to their high efficiency and easy fabrication process in the past decade. The cathode is a critical part in DSSCs while the benchmark Pt cathode suffers from high cost and scarcity. Thus, the development of alternative Pt‐free cathodes has attracted significant attention with the aim to heighten the cost competitiveness of DSSCs. Among various cathodes, metal oxides are of growing interest due to their superior activity, robust stability, and low cost. Simple oxides such as WO3 and SnO2 are used as cathodes for DSSCs. Considering the fixed atomic environment in simple oxides, complex oxides are more attractive as cathodes because of their more flexible physical and chemical properties. This review attempts to present the rational design of simple/complex metal oxide–based cathodes in DSSCs and then to provide useful guidance for the future design of Pt‐free cathodes. The demonstrated design strategies can be extended to other electrocatalysis‐based applications.
2D Assembly of Confined Space toward Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Han Peng , Wang Zhijie , Kuang Min , Wang Yifei , Liu Jianing , Hu Linfeng , Qian Linping , Zheng Gengfeng
Published: July 2018

Rational design of electrocatalysts toward efficient CO2 electroreduction has the potential to reduce carbon emission and produce value‐added chemicals. In this work, a strategy of constructing 2D confined‐space as molecular reactors for enhanced electrocatalytic CO2 reduction selectivity is demonstrated. Highly ordered 2D nanosheet lamella assemblies are achieved via weak molecular interaction of atomically thin titania nanosheets, a variety of cationic surfactants, and SnO2 nanoparticles. The interlayer spacings can be tuned from 0.9 to 3.0 nm by using different surfactant molecules. These 2D assemblies of confined‐space catalysts exhibit a strong size dependence of CO2 electroreduction selectivity, with a peak Faradaic efficiency of 73% for formate production and excellent electrochemical stability at an optimal interspacing of ≈2.0 nm. This work suggests great potential for constructing new molecular‐size reactors, for highly selective electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.
Ethers Illume Sodium‐Based Battery Chemistry: Uniqueness, Surprise, and Challenges
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wang Da‐Wei , Lv Wei , Qin Lei , Niu Shuzhang , Zhang Siwei , Cao Tengfei , Kang Feiyu , Yang Quan‐Hong
Published: July 2018

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have the potential to be practically applied in large‐scale energy storage markets. The rapid progress of SIBs research is primarily focused on electrodes, while electrolytes attract less attention. Indeed, the improvement of electrode performance is arguably correlated with the electrolyte optimization. In conventional lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), ether‐based electrolytes are historically less practical owing to the insufficient passivation of both anodes and cathodes. As an important class of aprotic electrolytes, ethers have revived with the emerging lithium‐sulfur and lithium‐oxygen batteries in recent years, and are even booming in the wave of SIBs. Ether‐based electrolytes are unique to enabling these new battery chemistries in terms of producing stable ternary graphite intercalation compounds, modifying anode solid electrolyte interphases, reducing the solubility of intermediates, and decreasing polarization. Better still, ether‐based electrolytes are compatible with specific inorganic cathodes and could catalyze the assembly of full SIBs prototypes. This Research News article aims to summarize the recent critical reports on ether‐based electrolytes in sodium‐based batteries, to unveil the uniqueness of ether‐based electrolytes to advancing diverse electrode materials, and to shed light on the viability and challenges of ether‐based electrolytes in future sodium‐based battery chemistries.
Developments in the Chemistry of α‐Carbonyl Alkyl Bromides
Authors: Ouyang Xuan‐Hui , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: July 2018

α‐Carbonyl alkyl bromides are powerful reactive species for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. Strategies relying on intermolecular C−H functionalization and cross‐coupling reactions, also referred to as intramolecular cyclization, have been employed for the construction of alkenes, alkanes, ketones, and other natural‐product‐like ring compounds from simple alkynes, alkenes, and 1,n‐enynes. In view of the importance of these α‐carbonyl alkyl bromides, especially the difluoro carbonyl alkyl bromides, many researchers have focused their efforts to develop facile and mild synthetic methods for compounds with important biological activities. This review aims to briefly discuss the latest developments in the transformation of α‐carbonyl alkyl bromides with emphasis on the related reaction mechanisms.
Covalent Assembly of Amphiphilic Bola‐Amino Acids into Robust and Biodegradable Nanoparticles for In Vitro Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Liu Yamei , Zhao Luyang , Xing Ruirui , Jiao Tifeng , Song Weixing , Yan Xuehai
Published: July 2018

Organic photothermal sensitizers, such as indocyanine green (ICG), have been widely explored in photothermal therapy as a good substitute for inorganic materials owing to their advantageous biosafety and strong absorption in the near‐infrared region. However, their intrinsic low stability and rapid clearance from the body requires further modification for efficient therapeutic application. In this work, we employed a covalent assembly strategy by covalently cross‐linking genipin and a functional bola‐amino acid to fabricate stable and degradable nanoparticles capable of loading ICG. The covalent assembly introduced strong covalent interactions in the assembly system together with functional linkers, which led to both enhanced stability and extended functionalities. This is distinguished from the conventional supramolecular strategy that relies only on weak noncovalent interactions. The functional building unit, consisting of phenylalanine and the disulfide bond, enables both good assembly and controllable degradation owing to the disulfide bond that responds to glutathione. The assembled nanoparticles show high stability, negligible toxicity, and considerable biodegradability. After loading ICG, the ICG‐loaded nanoparticles possessed high photothermal conversion efficiency, and showed an enhanced photothermal effect in the near‐infrared region. This covalent assembly strategy could be extended to various biomolecules containing a primary amino group for the fabrication of efficient and multifunctional nanomaterials used in biomedical applications.
Happiness, self‐esteem, and prosociality in children with and without autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from a UK population cohort study
Authors: McChesney Gillian , Toseeb Umar
Published: July 2018

High levels of childhood happiness, self‐esteem, and prosociality are associated with positive social and emotional outcomes. Little is known about whether these constructs co‐occur and how levels of co‐occurrence are different in children with or without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Data was obtained from 13,285 11‐year olds (408 with ASD) from a UK based prospective cohort study. Latent class analysis revealed five distinct classes: The “very low prosociality class” (with ASD 32% vs. without ASD 7%) was characterized by children who were happy and had high self‐esteem but they were not prosocial. The “low happiness class” (with ASD 3% vs. without ASD 3%), included those children who had moderate self‐esteem and were prosocial but were the least happy. Children in the “low to moderate positive functioning class” (with ASD 16% vs. without ASD 6%) were moderately happy and had the lowest self‐esteem but were prosocial. The “moderate to high positive functioning class” (with ASD 17% vs. without ASD 23%) was characterized by children who were happy, had moderate self‐esteem, and were very prosocial. The majority of children were in the “optimum class” (with ASD 31% vs. without ASD 62%), and were very happy, very prosocial with high self‐esteem. Our findings demonstrate that for the majority of children in our sample, happiness, self‐esteem, and prosociality co‐occur. Furthermore, although as a group children with ASD have lower levels of positive functioning, our multivariable latent class approach suggests that nearly half of children with ASD are happy, have good levels self‐esteem, and are prosocial. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1011–1023. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

High levels of childhood happiness, self‐esteem, and prosociality are associated with positive social and emotional outcomes. In this study, we investigated whether happiness, self‐esteem and prosociality co‐occur in children, and how possible co‐occurrence differs between those with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. We found that for the majority of children happiness, self‐esteem, and prosociality co‐occur. Furthermore, although as a group children with ASD have lower levels of positive functioning, our findings suggest that nearly half of children with ASD are happy, have good levels of self‐esteem, and are prosocial.
The Impact of Adrenomedullin Thr22 on Selectivity within the Calcitonin Receptor‐like Receptor/Receptor Activity‐Modifying Protein System
Authors: Fischer Jan‐Patrick , Els‐Heindl Sylvia , Schönauer Ria , Bierer Donald , Köbberling Johannes , Riedl Bernd , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G.
Published: July 2018

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone of the calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) family. It is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular processes such as angiogenesis, vasodilation, and the reduction of oxidative stress. ADM mediates its effects by activation of the ADM‐1 and ‐2 receptors (AM1R/AM2R), but also activates the CGRP receptor (CGRPR) with reduced potency. It binds to the extracellular domains of the receptors with its C‐terminal binding motif (residues 41–52). The activation motif, consisting of a disulfide‐bonded ring structure (residues 16–21) and an adjacent helix (residues 22–30), binds to the transmembrane region and stabilizes the receptor conformation in the active state. While it was shown that the binding motif of ADM guides AM1R selectivity, there is little information on the activation motif itself. Here, we demonstrate that Thr22 of ADM contributes to the selectivity. By using solid‐phase peptide synthesis and cAMP‐based signal transduction, we studied the effects of analogues in the activation motif of ADM on AM1R and CGRPR activity. Our results indicate that Thr22 terminates the α‐helix and orients the ring segment by hydrogen bonding. Using olefin stapling, we showed that the α‐helical arrangement of the ring segment leads to decreased AM1R activity, but does not affect CGRPR activation. These results demonstrate that the conformation of the ring segment of ADM has a strong impact on the selectivity within the receptor system.
Reporting of Clinical Genome Sequencing Results
Authors: Song Cui , Duzkale Hatice , Shen Jun
Published: July 2018

High‐throughput sequencing and high‐performance computing technologies have become powerful tools in clinical genetic diagnosis of hereditary disorders and genetic screening of healthy individuals to provide information for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases or impairment and assessment of health. For patients with undiagnosed disorders, including many rare disorders, the whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) test may end the diagnostic odyssey, ultimately guiding clinical care for them and their families. A clinical WGS test relies on high‐quality genome‐sequencing data as well as sophisticated data‐interpretation approaches. Results are returned to the ordering physician in a concise report featuring an overall test result and in‐depth phenotype‐driven interpretation of the known or plausible genetic explanation of test indications. Patients have the option to decide whether the report should include secondary and incidental findings. Protocols and templates for reporting clinical WGS results and supplementary information are described in this article. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2 and the Regulation of Intestinal Growth and Function
Authors: Brubaker Patricia L.
Published: July 2018

Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) is an intestinally derived hormone that enhances intestinal growth, digestion, absorption, barrier function, and blood flow in healthy animals as well as preventing damage and improving repair in preclinical models of enteritis and colitis and following massive small bowel resection. These beneficial effects of GLP‐2 on the intestinal tract are largely recapitulated in humans with intestinal failure. The high‐specificity of this peptide for the intestinal tract and the development of degradation‐resistant, long‐acting GLP‐2 receptor agonists have rapidly led to clinical implementation of GLP‐2‐based therapy for the treatment of patients with short bowel syndrome, with few reported side effects. This comprehensive review covers the biology of GLP‐2, from the control of proglucagon gene expression and the posttranslational processing of proglucagon to liberate GLP‐2 to the regulation of GLP‐2 secretion from the intestinal L cell, and from the mechanism of action of GLP‐2 through its highly localized receptor to the biological activities of GLP‐2 in the intestine and other restricted locations in the body, under physiological conditions as well as in animal models of intestinal disease and in patients with short bowel syndrome. Collectively, the history of GLP‐2 serves as a remarkable bench‐to‐bedside story of translational medicine. © 2017 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1185‐1210, 2018.
Immobilization of a Full Photosystem in the Large‐Pore MIL‐101 Metal–Organic Framework for CO2 reduction
Authors: Wang Xia , Wisser Florian M. , Canivet Jérôme , Fontecave Marc , Mellot‐Draznieks Caroline
Published: July 2018

A molecular catalyst [Cp*Rh(4,4′‐bpydc)]2+ and a molecular photosensitizer [Ru(bpy)2(4,4′‐bpydc)]2+ (bpydc=bipyridinedicarboxylic acid) were co‐immobilized into the highly porous metal–organic framework MIL‐101‐NH2(Al) upon easy postsynthetic impregnation. The Rh–Ru@MIL‐101‐NH2 composite allows the reduction of CO2 under visible light, while exhibiting remarkable selectivity with the exclusive production of formate. This Rh–Ru@MIL‐101‐NH2 solid represents the first example of MOFs functionalized with both a catalyst and a photosensitizer in a noncovalent fashion. Thanks to the coconfinement of the catalyst and photosensitizer into the cavity's nanospace, the MOF pores are used as nanoreactors and enable molecular catalysis in a heterogeneous manner.
Semiconducting Synthetic Melanin‐Based Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Photoanodes for Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Lee Cheolmin , Jeon Dasom , Bae Sanghyun , Kim Hyunwoo , Han Yujin , Lee Yang Woo , Ryu Jungki
Published: July 2018

We report the development of semiconducting melanin‐based organic/inorganic hybrid photoanodes for solar water oxidation. Synthetic melanin thin‐film incorporating polyoxometalate (POM) water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) are readily deposited on the surface of various n‐type inorganic semiconductors (e.g., Fe2O3, BiVO4, and TiO2) by electropolymerization. The deposition of melanin and POM hybrid (MP) thin‐film results in the remarkably improved performance of an underlying semiconductor photoanode for solar water oxidation with a significantly increased photocurrent density and decreased onset potential for water oxidation through the formation of a melanin‐based p–n heterojunction structure. We believe that this study can provide insights into the design and fabrication of various melanin‐based optoelectronic devices by utilizing its unique physicochemical properties.
Diffusion tensor imaging reveals microstructural alterations in corpus callosum and associated transcallosal fiber tracts in adult macaques with neonatal hippocampal lesions
Authors: Meng Yuguang , Hu Xiaoping , Zhang Xiaodong , Bachevalier Jocelyne
Published: July 2018

To investigate the effects of neonatal hippocampal lesions on the microstructural integrity of the corpus callosum (CC) in adulthood, macaque monkeys (n = 5) with neonatal bilateral neurotoxic hippocampal lesion (Neo‐Hibo) and sham‐operated controls (Neo‐C, n = 5) were scanned using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technique at 8–10 years old. CC was segmented into seven regionsgrouped into anterior CC (rostrum, genu, rostral body and anterior midbody) and posterior CC (posterior midbody, isthmus and splenium) for data analysis. Associated transcallosal fiber tracts were delineated using probabilistic tractography and evaluated with tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS). Neo‐Hibo lesions resulted in significant increased diffusivity indices (mean, axial and radial diffusivity) in CC posterior segments. Also, significant decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased diffusivity indices were seen in the associated transcallosal fiber tracts proximal to motor, posterior parietal and retrosplenial cortices. In Neo‐Hibo animals, increased mean diffusivity (MD) in posterior midbody negatively correlated with reduction of CC surface areaand the magnitude of their memory impairments was significantly correlated with FA in transcallosal fiber tracts across splenium. Although no microstructural changes were observed in CC anterior segments, changes in FA values and diffusivity indices were observed in the white matter fibers of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Thus, Neo‐H lesions resulted in enduring degradation in transcallosal fibers proximal to parietal and retrosplenial cortices, and hemispheric connections through posterior CC. The findings may provide complementary information for understanding the neural substrate of behavioral and cognitive deficits observed in patients with early insult to the hippocampus.
Enabling and Practicing Systems Engineering Agility – Prelude
Authors: Dove Rick
Published: July 2018

Agile systems engineering must function effectively in an engineering environment that is capricious, uncertain, risky, variable, and evolving (CURVE). This article leads off with methods for determining and justifying response capability requirements in such environments. These methods answer the questions: why is agility needed, and what must agility address? Subsequently, this article shows a framework for an agile system engineering lifecycle model (ASELCM) that has emerged from an INCOSE project concerned principally with determining such a model by analyzing real‐world cases of what works. Together, the first enables effective process design, the second provides guidance for effective process practice. Finally, the article presents a synopsis of accompanying articles supporting the theme of this INSIGHT issue.
Agile Dynamics at Scale
Authors: Markina‐Khusid Aleksandra , Moulton Allen , Howard Greg , James John H. , Mahoney Paula J. , Ricks Sean
Published: July 2018

Wider adoption of Lean‐Agile software development methods has prompted interest in tailoring these small team methods to meet the needs of larger organizations. The Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) for Lean Software Development incorporates many Lean‐Agile best practices and has become a leading proposition for applying agile methods at scale (Leffingwell 2016). To help managers visualize how SAFe might work for their organization, we have created a management flight simulator based on a system dynamics model of SAFe. Using these tools, decision makers who consider transitioning their organizations to SAFe can perform virtual experiments by changing parameters such as team size, developer experience level, sprint length, and whether developers perform continuous integration to explore how these programmatic decisions affect the rate at which work is completed. Such process prototyping can provide a justification for adopting SAFe, which often includes costly training and organizational restructuring, by forming a basis for quantifying return on investment. We applied our system dynamics model to a real program and showed that instituting continuous integration can improve throughput by 54% while decreasing defects by 88%.
Synergy: Agile Systems Engineering and Product Line Engineering at Rockwell Collins
Authors: Dove Rick
Published: July 2018

Rockwell Collins, in Cedar Rapids, US‐IA, uses a product line approach for a family of radios they produce for military and international markets, and employs an agile systems engineering process that asynchronously aligns software, firmware, and hardware development increments. This mixed‐discipline engineering group encompasses some 350 employees working on multiple projects simultaneously for multiple customers. Key concepts enabling and facilitating agility include a product line architecture, active forward‐looking needs awareness and opportunity management, organizational relationship management, cross‐discipline development increment coupling, and an infrastructure platform for hardware and firmware development.
How to Mentor and Train Next‐Generation Water Operators
Authors: Waterhouse Keith B.
Published: July 2018

Take a pragmatic, proven approach to training new water professionals to ensure they're prepared to meet your utility's challenges with confidence.
Control Disinfection Byproducts With Spray Stripping in Storage Tanks
Authors: Schneider Orren D. , LeChevallier Mark W. , Yang Jian , Hughes David M. , Reed Harold
Published: July 2018

Compliance with the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts (DBP) Rule is often achieved by treating water at a treatment plant to reduce DBP formation. However, it could be more cost‐effective to use localized treatment in the distribution system to target specific problem areas.
Species‐specific fish larvae drift in anthropogenically constructed riparian zones on the Vienna impoundment of the River Danube, Austria: Species occurrence, frequencies, and seasonal patterns based on DNA barcoding
Authors: Meulenbroek Paul , Drexler Silke , Huemer Daniela , Gruber Stephanie , Krumböck Susanne , Rauch Pablo , Stauffer Christian , Waidbacher Viktoria , Zirgoi Sabine , Zwettler Matthias , Waidbacher Herwig
Published: July 2018

As a result of river regulations over several centuries, followed by restoration measures in recent decades, most of the River Danube shoreline is man‐made, primarily riprap, but some reconstructed gravel banks and riparian side arms. We investigated the effects of these different structures on fish larval dispersal over a 20‐km stretch in Vienna via the use of drift nets. The habitats examined were created 18 years ago when the impoundment of the Danube hydropower station Vienna/Freudenau was constructed. About 15,000 fish larvae were trapped, and a subsample was determined to species level by DNA barcoding. In total, 26 different species were detected, including 10 species that are endangered or in danger of extinction. When species composition was considered, cyprinids become dominant at sites downstream of gravel bars, whereas in riprap sections, the majority of the larvae consist of invasive Gobiidae. Side arm habitats provide spawning and nursery grounds for additional species. Furthermore, clear species‐related seasonal patterns were observed with peak densities and multiple spawning periods of some species being recorded. The largest peak of Percidae occurred in the first half of May, followed by Cyprinidae at the end of May and Gobiidae in mid‐June.
Dynamic non‐local theory stress analysis of two equal and collinear mode‐I cracks in the orthotropic medium
Authors: Liu Hai‐Tao , Wu Wen‐Juan , Wu Jian‐Guo
Published: July 2018

In this study, dynamic stress analysis of two equal and collinear mode‐I cracks in the orthotropic medium is conducted using the non‐local theory, the generalized Almansi's theorem and the Schmidt method. Fourier transform is applied to solve the problem, and the problem is converted to a pair of dual integral equations. The dynamic non‐local stress fields near the crack tips are obtained. The effects of the distance between the two equal and collinear cracks, the circular frequency of the incident waves the lattice parameter on the stress field near the crack tips are discussed. The present solution exhibits no stress singularity at the crack tips in the orthotropic medium, i.e. the dynamic non‐local stress field near the crack tips is finite. The obtained results play an important role in designing new composite structures in engineering.
A third gradient elastic material resulting from the homogenization of a von Kármán ribbon‐reinforced composite
Authors: El Jarroudi Mustapha
Published: July 2018

We study the homogenization of an elastic material reinforced with thin periodic parallel elastic ribbons. We assume perfect adhesion along the common interface between the matrix and the ribbons. We assume that the ribbons are isotropic von Kármán plates of highly contrasting rigidity with respect to that of the matrix. The main result is the derivation of an effective stored energy involving new degrees of freedom implying second and third gradient of displacements.
AdS4/CFT3 for unprotected operators
Authors: Chester Shai M.
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We consider the four-point function of the lowest scalar in the stress-energy tensor multiplet in

$$ \mathcal{N}=8 $$

N
=
8

ABJ(M) theory [1, 2]. At large central charge c

T
∼ N
3/2, this correlator is given by the corresponding holographic correlation function in 11d supergravity on AdS
4 × S
7. We use Mellin space techniques to compute the leading 1/c

T
correction to anomalous dimensions and OPE coefficients of operators that appear in this holographic correlator. For half and quarter-BPS operators, we find exact agreement with previously computed localization results. For the other BPS and non-BPS operators, our results match the

$$ \mathcal{N}=8 $$

N
=
8

numerical bootstrap for ABJ(M) at large c

T
, which provides a precise check of unprotected observables in AdS/CFT.
Predictive leptogenesis from minimal lepton flavour violation
Authors: Merlo L. , Rosauro-Alcaraz S.
Published: July 2018

Abstract

A predictive Leptogenesis scenario is presented based on the Minimal Lepton Flavour Violation symmetry. In the realisation with three right-handed neutrinos transforming under the same flavour symmetry of the lepton electroweak doublets, lepton masses and PMNS mixing parameters can be described according to the current data, including a large Dirac CP phase. The observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe can be achieved through Leptogenesis, with the CP asymmetry parameter ε described in terms of only lepton masses, mixings and phases, plus two real parameters of the low-energy effective description. This is in contrast with the large majority of models present in the literature, where ε depends on several high-energy parameters, preventing a direct connection between low-energy observables and the baryon to photon ratio today. Recovering the correct amount of baryon asymmetry in the Universe constrains the Majorana phases of the PMNS matrix within specific ranges of values: clear predictions for the neutrinoless double beta decay emerge, representing a potential smoking gun for this framework.