bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wave‐induced changes in seaweed toughness entail plastic modifications in snail traits maintaining consumption efficacy
Authors: Molis Markus , Scrosati Ricardo A. , El‐Belely Ehab F. , Lesniowski Thomas J. , Wahl Martin
Published: February 2015

Environmental stress can influence species traits and performance considerably. Using a seaweed–snail system from NW (Nova Scotia) and NE (Helgoland) Atlantic rocky shores, we examined how physical stress (wave exposure) modulates traits in the seaweed Fucus vesiculosus and indirectly in its main consumer, the periwinkle Littorina obtusata.

In both regions, algal tissue toughness increased with wave exposure. Reciprocal‐transplant experiments showed that tissue toughness adjusted plastically to the prevailing level of wave exposure.

Choice experiments tested the feeding preference of snails from sheltered, exposed and very exposed habitats for algae from such wave exposures. Snails from exposed and very exposed habitats consumed algal tissues at similar rates irrespective of the exposure of origin of the algae. However, snails from sheltered habitats consumed less algal tissues from very exposed habitats than tissues from sheltered and exposed habitats. Choice assays using reconstituted algal food (triturated during preparation) identified high thallus toughness as the explanation for the low preference of snails from sheltered habitats for algae from very exposed habitats.

Ultrastructural analyses of radulae indicated that rachidian teeth were longest and the number of cusps in lateral teeth (grazing‐relevant traits) was highest in snails from very exposed habitats, suggesting that radulae are best suited to rupture tough algal tissues in such snails.

No‐choice feeding experiments revealed that these radular traits were also phenotypically plastic, as they adjusted to the toughness of the algal food.

Synthesis. This study indicates that the observed plasticity in the feeding ability of snails is mediated by wave exposure through phenotypic plasticity in the tissue toughness of algae. Thus, plasticity in consumers and their resource species may reduce the potential effects of physical stress on their interaction.
Lessons from 40 years of planning for cycle‐inclusion: Reflections from Santiago, Chile
Authors: Sagaris Lake
Published: February 2015

Twenty years ago, a global trend toward “automobility”, in which the car is the main transport mode in cities, seemed virtually inevitable. In North America and many European countries, a generation of school children accustomed to walking or cycling to school gave way to new generations expecting to bus or travel by car. Developing countries too began to transition toward more extensive car use, as politicians, themselves drivers, began to push highways and flyways through cities, displacing whole communities and, in many cases, segregating the poor and the most vulnerable even further. Modest but significant social movements nonetheless began to push back: rickshaw drivers in India, for example, launched a major campaign to defend their way of sustenance, winning the hearts and minds of academics, key politicians, and ordinary citizens. Cycling advocacy groups have sprung up virtually everywhere. Indeed, cycling has moved to the fore as a transport mode of interest, particularly for short trips of 0‐10 km, and many cities are responding with significant measures. A substantial body of practitioner experience and academic literature has documented progress by transitioning cities, mainly in the developed countries. Based on doctoral research, extensive field observation, a literature review, and hands‐on experience with the application of Dutch knowledge in the author's home city of Santiago, Chile, this article reviews what we know about planning for cycling. It explores key dynamics that can be used to “harness complexity” in favour of more cycle‐inclusive strategies. It also reflects on some crucial lessons from the past 40 years from the field of cycle planning that could contribute significantly to defining and planning sustainable transport systems, underlining some problematic biases and some lessons to be learned from urban traditions in developing cities.
Genetic diversity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. following population decline in response to drought and altered hydrological regime
Authors: Dillon Shannon , McEvoy Rachel , Baldwin Darren S. , Southerton Simon , Campbell Cherie , Parsons Yvonne , Rees Gavin N.
Published: February 2015

The river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) inhabits riparian zones and associated floodplains throughout Australia. Following changes to hydrological regime due to river regulation and prolonged drought in south‐eastern Australia, river red gum populations within the Murray–Darling Basin have suffered substantial decline. To better understand the effect of drought on river red gum genetic diversity, we examined single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation in 12 candidate genes among six red gum floodplain forest sites in Yanga National Park, which had experienced contrasting levels of drought and associated decline over an eight‐year period. We also examined genetic diversity using these markers in five additional river red gum populations from the Murray–Darling Basin to place genetic diversity results from Yanga in a regional context. Tree condition was significantly lower and mortality higher in the most drought affected sites; however, differences in overall genetic diversity and divergence were not detected among sites. No evidence of genetic adaptation in response to drought in this set of candidate genes was detected when differentiation at individual SNP loci was examined. While the overall condition of E. camaldulensis was strongly influenced by hydrological regime, our results suggest the evolutionary potential of floodplain forests in Yanga were not immediately impacted by population decline linked with drought and changes in hydrological regime. We propose that due to low genetic structure among populations in the region, genetic diversity of river red gums within the Murray–Darling Basin might be effectively conserved during periods of extended drought by protecting representative populations.
Extreme macrosomia – Obstetric outcomes and complications in birthweights >5000 g
Authors: Hehir Mark P. , Mchugh Ann F. , Maguire Patrick J. , Mahony Rhona
Published: February 2015

Objective

Management of extremely large birthweight infants presents challenges during the period of labour and delivery. We sought to examine outcomes in infants with extreme macrosomia (birthweight > 5000 g), at an institution where the management of labour is standardised.

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively gathered data on all infants with a birthweight >5000 g delivered at a tertiary level institution from 2008 to 2012. Details of labour characteristics and outcomes were examined; these were compared according to parity.

Results

During the study period, there were 46 128 deliveries at the hospital and 182 infants with a birthweight >5000 g, giving an incidence of 0.4%. The majority of women (133/182) were multiparous. Among nulliparas, 47% (23/49) had a vaginal delivery, while 53% (26/49) had a caesarean delivery. 86% (97/113) of multiparas had a vaginal delivery, and 14% (16/113) had a caesarean delivery. 43% (69/162) required induction of labour. This was more common in nulliparous compared with multiparous women (58% [29/49] vs 30% [40/133], P = 0.005, OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.7–6.6). A total of 30% (49/162) of women had their labour accelerated with oxytocin. There were higher rates of oxytocin use in nulliparas than in multiparas (55% [27/49] vs 16.5% [22/133], P < 0.0001, OR = 6.2, 95% CI = 3–12.8). Seventeen of the 120 infants delivered vaginally had a shoulder dystocia (14.2%), with three suffering an Erbs palsy, all of which had resolved before 6 months of age. One baby had a clavicular fracture.

Conclusion

Extreme macrosomia affects 0.4% of pregnancies in contemporary practice. Multiparas have a low rate of caesarean section. Infants delivered vaginally are at increased risk of shoulder dystocia and associated complications.
Reassessing Schoenfeld Residual Tests of Proportional Hazards in Political Science Event History Analyses
Authors: Park Sunhee , Hendry David J.
Published: February 2015

An underlying assumption of proportional hazards models is that the effect of a change in a covariate on the hazard rate of event occurrence is constant over time. For scholars using the Cox model, a Schoenfeld residual‐based test has become the disciplinary standard for detecting violations of this assumption. However, using this test requires researchers to make a choice about a transformation of the time scale. In practice, this choice has largely consisted of arbitrary decisions made without justification. Using replications and simulations, we demonstrate that the decision about time transformations can have profound implications for the conclusions reached. In particular, we show that researchers can make far more informed decisions by paying closer attention to the presence of outlier survival times and levels of censoring in their data. We suggest a new standard for best practices in Cox diagnostics that buttresses the current standard with in‐depth exploratory data analysis.
Cancer outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians in rural and remote areas
Authors: Diaz Abbey , Whop Lisa J. , Valery Patricia C. , Moore Suzanne P. , Cunningham Joan , Garvey Gail , Condon John R.
Published: February 2015

Objective

To examine the association between residential remoteness and stage of cancer at diagnosis, treatment uptake, and survival within the Australian Indigenous population.

Design

Systematic review and matched retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Australia.

Participants

Systematic review: published papers that included a comparison of cancer stage at diagnosis, treatment uptake, mortality and/or survival for Indigenous people across remoteness categories were identified (n = 181). Fifteen papers (13 studies) were included in the review. Original analyses: new analyses were conducted using data from the Queensland Indigenous Cancer Study (QICS) comparing cancer stage at diagnosis, treatment uptake, and survival for Indigenous cancer patients living in rural/remote areas (n = 627, 66%) and urban areas (n = 329, 34%).

Main Outcome Measures

Systematic review: Papers were included if there were related to stage of disease at diagnosis, treatment, mortality and survival of cancer. Restrictions were not placed on the outcome measures reported (e.g. standardised mortality ratios versus crude mortality rates). Original analyses: Odds ratios (OR, 95%CI) were used to compare stage of disease and treatment uptake between the two remoteness groups. Treatment uptake (treated/not treated) was analysed using logistic regression analysis. Survival was analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression. The final multivariate models included stage of cancer at diagnosis and area‐level socioeconomic status (SEIFA).

Results

Existing evidence of variation in cancer outcomes for Indigenous people in remote compared with metropolitan areas is limited. While no previous studies have reported on differences in cancer stage and treatment uptake by remoteness within the Indigenous population, the available evidence suggests Indigenous cancer patients are less likely to survive their cancer the further they live from urban centres. New analysis of QICS data indicates that Indigenous cancer patients in rural/remote Queensland were less likely to be diagnosed with localised disease and less likely to receive treatment for their cancer compared to their urban counterparts.

Conclusion

More research is needed to fully understand geographic differentials in cancer outcomes within the Indigenous population. Knowing how geographical location interacts with Indigenous status can help to identify ways of improving cancer outcomes for Indigenous Australians.
Oncology service initiatives and research in regional Australia
Authors: Murphy Caitlin , Sabesan Sabe , Steer Christopher , Yates Patsy , Booms Anne , Jones Victoria , Simpson Alison , Clarke Kerrie , Eek Richard , Ashley David , Goldstein David , Packer Chris , Tuthill Fiona , Boyce Adam , Underhill Craig
Published: February 2015

Objective

This paper reflects on the recent growth of cancer research being conducted through some of Australia's rural centres. It encompasses work being done across the fields of clinical, translational and health services research.

Design

This is a collaborative piece with contributions from rural health researchers, clinical and cancer services staff from several different regions.

Conclusion

The past decade has seen an expansion in cancer research in rural and regional Australia driven in part by the recognition that cancer patients in remote areas experience poorer outcomes than their metropolitan counterparts. This work has led to the development of more effective cancer networks and new models of care designed to meet the particular needs of the rural cancer patient. It is hoped that the growth of cancer research in regional centres will, in time, reduce the disparity between rural and urban communities and improve outcomes for cancer patients across both populations.
The circadian clock functions as a potent regulator of allergic reaction
Authors: Nakao A. , Nakamura Y. , Shibata S.
Published: February 2015

Symptoms and laboratory parameters of allergic diseases exhibit prominent ~24‐h variations. For instance, in most allergic rhinitis patients, symptoms worsen overnight or early in the morning. Accordingly, there are benefits to nighttime dosing of anti‐allergy medications in such patients. Although the circadian pathophysiology of allergic diseases is well documented, the biological basis of this phenomenon remains poorly understood. Recent studies have begun to reveal that the internal timekeeping system termed the circadian clock plays a key role in temporal regulation of allergic reaction, and may therefore underlie the circadian pathophysiology of allergic diseases. Here, we review new knowledge that highlights the emerging role of the circadian clock as a potent regulator of allergic reactions. Given the strong influence of circadian rhythms on allergic diseases, we believe that research on how the time of day impacts allergic reaction which we may call ‘chronoallergology’ will provide new insight into previously unknown aspects of the biology of allergies. Such knowledge should facilitate novel strategies for prevention and treatment of these diseases.
Melatonin administration enhances the reproductive capacity of young rams under a southern Mediterranean environment
Authors: Rekik Mourad , Taboubi Rahma , Ben Salem Imene , Fehri Younes , Sakly Cyrine , Lassoued Narjess , Hilali Muhi Eddine
Published: February 2015

This study tested the effect of melatonin treatment, initiated in late February on reproductive traits of young rams. A total of 14 young Barbarine rams were used. Seven animals were treated with three melatonin subcutaneous implants (Melatonin) on 28 February while the remaining rams remained untreated (Control). After 60 days of melatonin administration, scrotal circumference reached average values of 32.1 ± 1.54 and 29.5 ± 1.0 cm for Melatonin and Control animals, respectively (P < 0.05). Semen characteristics did not differ between groups; melatonin treatment tended (P = 0.091) to increase sperm concentration 60 days after implantation when means reached 5.87 ± 0.703 and 4.61 ± 0.654 × 109 spermatozoa/mL for Melatonin and Control rams, respectively. Melatonin treatment significantly affected total activity time, number of lateral approaches and mount attempts in comparison to controls. During a 6‐h sampling period, mean plasma testosterone concentrations increased as a result of melatonin treatment (P < 0.001) and testosterone pulse frequency averaged 3.45 ± 2.24 and 1.25 ± 1.0 (P = 0.086) for Melatonin and Control rams. Data clearly suggest that abrupt treatment of young rams with melatonin implants in winter is sufficient to improve reproductive traits.
Failures of Imagination: Disability and the Ethics of Selective Reproduction
Authors: Soniewicka Marta
Published: February 2015

The article addresses the problem of disability in the context of reproductive decisions based on genetic information. It poses the question of whether selective procreation should be considered as a moral obligation of prospective parents. To answer this question, a number of different ethical approaches to the problem are presented and critically analysed: the utilitarian; Julian Savulescu's principle of procreative beneficence; the rights‐based. The main thesis of the article is that these approaches fail to provide any appealing principles on which reproductive decisions should be based. They constitute failures of imagination which may result in counter‐intuitive moral judgments about both life with disability and genetic selection. A full appreciation of the ethical significance of recognition in procreative decisions leads to a more nuanced and morally satisfying view than other leading alternatives presented in the article.
Sediment storage and release from Himalayan piggyback basins and implications for downstream river morphology and evolution
Authors: Densmore Alexander L. , Sinha Rajiv , Sinha Swati , Tandon S. K. , Jain Vikrant
Published: February 2015

Piggyback basins developed at the mountain fronts of collisional orogens can act as important, and transient, sediment stores along major river systems. It is not clear, however, how the storage and release of sediment in piggyback basins affects the sediment flux and evolution of downstream river reaches. Here, we investigate the timing and volumes of sediment storage and release in the Dehra Dun, a piggyback basin developed along the Himalayan mountain front in northwestern India. Based on OSL dating, we show evidence for three major phases of aggradation in the dun, bracketed at ca. 41–33 ka, 34–21 ka and 23–10 ka, each accompanied by progradation of sediment fans into the dun. Each of these phases was followed by backfilling and (apparently) rapid fan‐head incision, leading to abandonment of the depositional unit and a basinward shift of the active depocentre. Excavation of dun sediment after the second and third phases of aggradation produced time‐averaged sediment discharges that were ca. 1–2% of the modern suspended‐sediment discharges of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers that traverse the margins of the dun; this sediment was derived from catchment areas that together comprise 1.5% of the drainage area of these rivers. Comparison of the timing of dun storage and release with upstream and downstream records of incision and aggradation in the Ganga show that sediment storage in the dun generally coincides with periods of widespread hinterland aggradation but that late stages of dun aggradation, and especially times of dun sediment excavation, coincide with major periods of sediment export to the Ganga Basin. The dun thus acts to amplify temporal variations in hinterland sediment supply or transport capacity. This conceptual model appears to explain morphological features of other major river systems along the Himalayan front, including the Gandak and Kosi Rivers, and may be important for understanding sediment flux variations in other collisional mountain belts.
18F‐FDG uptake in focal organising pneumonia mimicking bronchial carcinoma
Authors: Baha Ayse , Yildirim Fatma , Kokturk Nurdan , Akdemir Umit Ozgur , Demircan Sedat , Turktas Haluk
Published: February 2015

Background and Aims

Organising pneumonia (OP) is not a well‐known cause of increased 18F‐FDG uptake, and the relationship of the increased 18F‐FDG uptake to clinical parameters has not been clearly identified. This study aims to assess the role of positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET‐CT) for the diagnosis of focal organised pneumonia that may mimic malignity because of mass‐like lesions on the radiological images it causes.

Methods

Among 40 patients of whom histopathological exams were consistent with OP, medical records of 14 focal OP patients diagnosed with surgical biopsy were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

There were 10 male (71.4%) and 4 female (28.6%) patients. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 57.2 ± 11.7 years, ranging from 38 to 85 years. Nine subjects (64.3%) were smokers. Eleven patients (78.5%) had symptoms, the remaining 3 patients (21.5%) were asymptomatic. Three patients (21.3%) had a history of malignancy. Focal lung lesion was initially detected by chest radiography in 10 patients (71.4%) and by computed tomography (CT) scan in all patients. CT scan showed a single lesion in 12 (85.7%) patients. The lesions were located in the right lung of the half of patients (50%) and in the left lung of the other half. The median diameter of the lesions was 3.4 cm (range, 1.8–6.0 cm). PET with 18F‐FDG was performed in all patients, and hypermetabolic activity of the focal lung lesion was demonstrated in all cases. The median values of maximum standardized uptake value was 3.5 ± 2.7 (min 2.1–max 13.1).

Conclusion

Focal OP is a discrete form of OP that is associated with unifocal lesions on radiological images, and it can easily mimic lung cancer because of positivity on PET scans. There are no specific findings of PET scan for the diagnosis of OP.
An exploratory trial of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a preliminary multicenter report
Authors: Enomoto Noriyuki , Chida Kingo , Suda Takafumi , Kaida Yusuke , Taniguchi Masami , Azuma Arata , Hayashi Hiroki , Ogura Takashi , Kitamura Hideya , Yamaguchi Ou , Ando Masayuki , Sato Atsuhiko , Kudo Shoji
Published: February 2015

Background and Aims

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disorder without specific treatments. Although the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy for autoimmune diseases has been reported, that for IPF remains unknown. This study aims to determine the efficacy and safety of IVIG for IPF.

Methods

In an exploratory, multicenter, non‐randomized and prospective trial, patients with progressive IPF were enrolled. Patients were treated with IVIG for five consecutive days (5‐day IVIG) or once monthly for five consecutive months (5‐month IVIG). Changes in the vital capacity (VC), diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), 6‐min walk test (6MWT) and high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings were evaluated.

Results

A total of 10 patients with IPF were treated with IVIG: 6 were in 5‐day IVIG and 4 were in 5‐month IVIG group. In 5‐day IVIG group, the treatment effects were temporal, and physiological and HRCT findings deteriorated in three of six patients. In 5‐month IVIG group, changes in %VC, %DLCO and walk distance in 6MWT at 6 months were −0.9 ± 5.3%, 6.9 ± 12.6% and 79 ± 58 m (mean ± standard deviation), respectively, and the treatment effects were long lasting. The change in VC 6 months after starting IVIG was smaller than that of 6–12 months after starting IVIG (after cessation of IVIG) (−0.02 ± 0.15 vs −0.33 ± 0.14 L, P = 0.022). Ground glass opacities were diminished in two of four patients. Adverse events were mild and tolerable.

Conclusion

This preliminary study shows that once‐monthly IVIG treatment may be effective and tolerable in patients with IPF.
Functional traits reveal early responses in marine reserves following protection from fishing
Authors: Coleman M. A. , Bates A. E. , Stuart‐Smith R. D. , Malcolm H. A. , Harasti D. , Jordan A. , Knott N. A. , Edgar G. J. , Kelaher B. P.
Published: February 2015

Aim

Evaluating the effectiveness of marine reserves in achieving conservation goals is challenged by the decadal scales over which biological systems respond following protection. Given that trophic interactions underpin community responses following protection and that complex ecological interactions make responses difficult to identify, quantifying changes in species traits may provide detail missed by traditional diversity measures, including information relevant to ecosystem functioning. We determine whether this is the case by comparing community metrics based on functional traits to taxonomic diversity measures associated with ‘no take’ marine reserves and partially protected, fished areas along eight degrees of latitude.

Location

Eighteen ‘no take’ marine reserves and 14 partially protected, fished areas along the east coast of Australia.

Method

We use two independent datasets from shallow and deep coastal rocky reefs to analyse trait‐based metrics and taxonomic diversity from sites inside reserves to sites in partially protected, fished areas.

Results

Taxonomic diversity (species diversity and richness) and trait‐based multimetrics (functional richness and dispersion) showed no difference with level of protection. Total fish abundance responded positively to protection, but only on shallow reefs. Comparing values of individual functional traits implied a return of larger bodied species of fish in protected areas and an increase in trophic level. The latter was significant on deeper reefs and was strongly correlated with age of protected area. Thus, recovery responses were largely associated with community mean functional trait values, highlighting the value of trait‐based approaches for detecting change, when no differences in traditional taxonomic diversity measures were apparent.

Main conclusions

We empirically demonstrate that functional traits can elucidate early conservation outcomes, when traditional multimetric diversity indices do not distinguish protected and fished communities. Ecologically relevant but sensitive metrics are fundamental to allow information to be incorporated into adaptive management strategies, which often occur on political rather than biological time‐scales.
Historical legacies accumulate to shape future biodiversity in an era of rapid global change
Authors: Essl Franz , Dullinger Stefan , Rabitsch Wolfgang , Hulme Philip E. , Pyšek Petr , Wilson John R. U. , Richardson David M.
Published: February 2015

Aim

Biodiversity responses to changing environmental forcing on species are often characterized by considerable time‐lags (= relaxation times). Although changes to the occurrence and abundance of species likely have cascading effects (e.g. on species of other trophic levels, genes, community structure and ecosystem processes), current concepts addressing lagged biodiversity responses are limited to single drivers affecting a few biodiversity components (e.g. extinction debt in terms of species numbers or population size). Little attention has been paid to the interacting and cumulative nature of time‐lag phenomena. Here, we synthesize current knowledge, mechanisms and implications of delayed biodiversity responses and propose a ‘cumulative biodiversity lags‐framework’ which aims to integrate lagged responses of various components of biological organization.

Location

Global.

Results

Effects of change in environmental forcing are transmitted along a series of linked cause–effect relationships which act on different biodiversity components (e.g. individuals, populations, species, communities). We show that lagged responses to environmental forcing are caused by different mechanisms (e.g. metapopulation dynamics, dispersal limitation, successional dynamics), which operate sequentially on these intermediary links. Lags manifest themselves on the respective biodiversity component which changes over time; the full relaxation time of a focal system will therefore depend on the aggregate length of different lags. We elucidate key mechanisms and circumstances which are likely to cause cumulative lagged responses, and propose research avenues to improve understanding of cumulative biodiversity lags.

Main conclusions

The failure to give adequate consideration to widespread cumulative time‐lags often masks the full extent of biodiversity changes that have already been triggered. Effects that are particularly relevant for human livelihoods (e.g. changes in the provision of ecosystem services) may emerge with the most pronounced delay. Accordingly, the consideration of appropriate temporal scales should become a key topic in future work at the science–policy interface.
Low–normal thyroid function and the pathogenesis of common cardio‐metabolic disorders
Authors: van Tienhoven‐Wind Lynnda J. N. , Dullaart Robin P. F.
Published: February 2015

Background

Subclinical hypothyroidism may adversely affect the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Less is known about the role of low–normal thyroid function, that is higher thyroid‐stimulating hormone and/or lower free thyroxine levels within the euthyroid reference range, in the development of cardio‐metabolic disorders. This review is focused on the relationship of low–normal thyroid function with CVD, plasma lipids and lipoprotein function, as well as with metabolic syndrome (MetS), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Materials and methods

This narrative review, which includes results from previously published systematic reviews and meta‐analyses, is based on clinical and basic research papers, obtained via MEDLINE and PubMed up to November 2014.

Results

Low–normal thyroid function could adversely affect the development of (subclinical) atherosclerotic manifestations. It is likely that low–normal thyroid function relates to modest increases in plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and may convey pro‐atherogenic changes in lipoprotein metabolism and in HDL function. Most available data support the concept that low–normal thyroid function is associated with MetS, insulin resistance and CKD, but not with high blood pressure. Inconsistent effects of low–normal thyroid function on NAFLD have been reported so far.

Conclusions

Observational studies suggest that low–normal thyroid function may be implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD. Low–normal thyroid function could also play a role in the development of MetS, insulin resistance and CKD, but the relationship with NAFLD is uncertain. The extent to which low–normal thyroid function prospectively predicts cardio‐metabolic disorders has been insufficiently established so far.
Results of the Determination of He in Cenozoic Aquifers Using the GC Method
Authors: Kotowski Tomasz , Najman Joanna
Published: February 2015

Applications of the Helium (He) method known so far consisted mainly of 4He measurements using a special mass spectrometer. 4He measurements for groundwater dating purposes can be replaced by total He (3He+4He) concentration measurements because the content of 3He can be ignored. The concentrations of 3He are very low and 3He/4He ratios do not exceed 1.0·10−5 in most cases. In this study, the total He concentrations in groundwater were determined using the gas chromatographic (GC) method as an alternative to methods based on spectrometry measurement. He concentrations in groundwater were used for the determination of residence time and groundwater circulation. Additionally, the radiocarbon method was used to determine the value of the external He flux (JHe) in the study area. Obtained low He concentrations and their small variation within the ca. 65 km long section along which groundwater flows indicate that it is likely there is relatively short residence time and a strong hydraulic connection between the aquifers. The estimated residence time (ca. 3000 years) is heavily dependent on the great uncertainty of the He concentration resulting from the low concentrations of He, the external 4He flux value adopted for calculation purposes and the 14C ages used to estimate the external 4He flux.
The occlusion effects in capacitive contact imaging for in vivo skin damage assessments
Authors: Pan W. , Zhang X. , Lane M. , Xiao P.
Published: February 2015

Synopsis

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the occlusion effects in capacitive contact imaging, and to develop a new quantitative methodology for in vivo skin assessments using capacitive contact imaging and condenser‐TEWL (transepidermal water loss) method.

Methods

Two measurement technologies were used in this study, i.e., capacitive contact imaging and condenser‐TEWL method. Three types of skin damages were studied, intensive washes, tape stripping and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) irritation. The test skin sites were chosen on the volar forearms of healthy volunteers (aged 25–45); the measurements were taken both before and periodically after the damages.

Results

The results show that the time‐dependent occlusion curves of the capacitive contact imaging can reflect the types of damages, and by analysing the shapes of the curves, we can get information about the skin surface water content level and stratum corneum thickness. The results also show that the combination of capacitive contact imaging and condenser‐TEWL method gives extra information about the skin damages, such as the types of the damages and status of the damages.

Conclusion

We have developed a potential new quantitative methodology for skin damage assessments using capacitive contact imaging and condenser‐TEWL method. The combination of the two technologies can provide useful information for skin damage assessments. We have also developed a mathematical model for analysing the occlusion curves.
The incidence of complications associated with lip and/or tongue piercings: a systematic review
Authors: Hennequin‐Hoenderdos NL , Slot DE , Van der Weijden GA
Published: February 2015

Objective

This review determines the incidence of complications associated with lip and/or tongue piercings based on a systematic evaluation of the available literature.

Material and Methods

MEDLINE–PubMed, Cochrane‐CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were comprehensively searched through June 2014 to identify appropriate studies. The incidence of complications, as established by a dental professional associated with oral and peri‐oral piercings, was evaluated in populations with lip and/or tongue piercings. The quality of the case–control studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. For case series studies, the risk of bias was assessed using the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence scale.

Results

An independent screening of 1580 unique titles and abstracts revealed 15 publications that met the eligibility criteria. The incidence of gingival recessions appeared to be 50% in subjects with lip piercings and 44% in subjects with a tongue piercing. Tooth injuries were observed in 26% individuals with lip piercings and in up to 37% of individuals with tongue piercings. Subjects with a lip piercing were 4.14 times (P = 0.005) more likely to develop gingival recession than those without a lip piercing. Subjects with a tongue piercing were more likely than non‐pierced subjects to experience gingival recession (relative risk (RR) 2.77; P = 0.00001) and tooth injuries (RR 2.44; P = 0.003).

Conclusion

Both lip and tongue piercings are highly associated with the risk of gingival recession, and tongue piercings are also associated with tooth injuries.
The effect of the angle of instrumentation of the Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Scaler on root surfaces
Authors: Oliveira GJPL , Macedo PD , Tsurumaki JN , Sampaio JE , Marcantonio RAC
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To evaluate the influence of variations in the working angle of the piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler (PUS) on root surfaces.

Material and methods

Fifty‐five uniradicular bovine teeth were used, of which 25 teeth were used for the analysis of the roughness and root wear, while the remaining 30 teeth were used for the analysis of morphology (MRS) and the attachment of blood components (ABC). The teeth were randomly divided into five groups according to the type of treatment (G1‐G5: piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler; G6: manual curette) and to the PUS working angle applied (G1: 0°; G2: 30°; G3: 45°; G4: 60°; G5: 90°). For statistical analysis, the data describing the MRS and ABC were analysed by the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's tests, and the data describing the roughness and tooth wear were analysed by anova and Tukey's tests at the significance level of 5%.

Results

Manual curette (MC) promoted a smoother root surface than the application of the PUS. The PUS used at the angles of 30° and 45° resulted in a high level of ABC that was comparable to that obtained by MC. Additionally, the group in which the PUS was applied at an angle of 45° exhibited less tooth wear than the other groups.

Conclusions

Changes in the working angle of the PUS influenced the characteristics of root surfaces after instrumentation.
Functional Performance as a Predictor of Injurious Falls in Older Adults
Authors: Ward Rachel E. , Leveille Suzanne G. , Beauchamp Marla K. , Travison Thomas , Alexander Neil , Jette Alan M. , Bean Jonathan F.
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To determine whether a performance battery and its components aid in predicting injurious falls.

Design

Longitudinal analysis; prospective cohort study.

Setting

Clinical site.

Participants

Boston‐area community‐dwelling adults (N = 755; mean age ± SD 78.1 ± 5.4, 64.1% female, 77.6% white).

Measurements

Baseline functional performance was determined according to the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), measuring balance, gait speed, and five repeated chair stands. Fall history (past year) and efficacy in performing 10 daily activities without falling were assessed. Falls were assessed using a daily calendar over 4 years. Injurious falls were defined as resulting in fractures, sprains, dislocations, pulled or torn muscles, ligaments, or tendons or seeking medical attention.

Results

Poorest chair stand performance (≥16.7 seconds) was associated with greater hazard of injurious falls than in all other chair stand performance groups (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18–3.26 for ≥ 16.7 vs. 13.7–16.6 seconds; HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.07–2.55 for ≥ 16.7 vs. 11.2–13.6 seconds, HR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.03–2.48 for ≥ 16.7 vs. <11.2 seconds). SPPB did not predict injurious falls. Fall history predicted injurious falls (HR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.39–2.39); falls efficacy did not. Fall history and a slow chair stand (<16.7 seconds) had a 2‐year cumulative incidence rate of an injurious fall of 46% (95% CI = 0.34–0.58), nearly the combined rate of a positive fall history (0.29, 95% CI = 0.25–0.34) and a slow chair stand alone (0.21, 95% CI = 0.13–0.30).

Conclusion

An easily administered chair stand test may be sufficient for evaluating performance as part of a risk stratification strategy for injurious falls.
Unmet Needs of Caregivers of Individuals Referred to a Dementia Care Program
Authors: Jennings Lee A. , Reuben David B. , Evertson Leslie Chang , Serrano Katherine S. , Ercoli Linda , Grill Joshua , Chodosh Joshua , Tan Zaldy , Wenger Neil S.
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To characterize caregiver strain, depressive symptoms, and self‐efficacy for managing dementia‐related problems and the relationship between these and referring provider type.

Design

Cross‐sectional observational cohort.

Setting

Urban academic medical center.

Participants

Caregivers of community‐dwelling adults with dementia referred to a dementia care management program.

Measurements

Caregivers were surveyed and completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) about themselves; the Modified Caregiver Strain Index; the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire, which measures patient symptom severity and related caregiver distress; and a nine‐item caregiver self‐efficacy scale developed for the study.

Results

Of 307 patient–caregiver dyads surveyed over a 1‐year period, 32% of caregivers reported confidence in managing dementia‐related problems, 19% knew how to access community services to help provide care, and 28% agreed that the individual's provider helped them work through dementia care problems. Thirty‐eight percent reported high levels of caregiver strain, and 15% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Caregivers of individuals referred by geriatricians more often reported having a healthcare professional to help work through dementia care problems than those referred by internists, family physicians, or other specialists, but self‐efficacy did not differ. Low caregiver self‐efficacy was associated with higher caregiver strain, more caregiver depressive symptoms, and caring for an individual with more‐severe behavioral symptoms.

Conclusion

Most caregivers perceived inadequate support from the individual's provider in managing dementia‐related problems, reported strain, and had low confidence in managing caregiving. New models of care are needed to address the complex care needs of individuals with dementia and their caregivers.
Adverse Events in Mobility‐Limited and Chronically Ill Elderly Adults Participating in an Exercise Intervention Study Supported by General Practitioner Practices
Authors: Hinrichs Timo , Bücker Bettina , Wilm Stefan , Klaaßen‐Mielke Renate , Brach Michael , Platen Petra , Moschny Anna
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To present detailed adverse event (AE) data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a home‐based exercise program delivered to an elderly high‐risk population by an exercise therapist after medical clearance from a general practitioner (GP).

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

General practitioner practices and participant homes.

Participants

Community‐dwelling, chronically ill, mobility‐limited individuals aged 70 and older (mean 80 ± 5) participating in a RCT of an exercise program (HOMEfit; ISRCTN17727272) (N = 209; n = 106 experimental, n = 103 control; 74% female).

Intervention

A 12‐week multidimensional home‐based exercise program (experimental) versus baseline physical activity counseling (control). An exercise therapist delivered both interventions to participants during counseling sessions at the GP's practice and on the telephone.

Measurements

Adverse events were documented at least at every counseling session and assessed by the GP and an AE manager.

Results

One hundred fifty‐one AEs were reported in 47% (n = 99) of all participants. Twenty‐one (14%) events were classified as serious. In six events (4%; n = 4 experimental, n = 2 control), participation in the study had to be discontinued immediately. In 25 events (17%; n = 9 experimental, n = 16 control), the intervention had to be suspended. The intervention was determined to have caused two events (both nonserious and in the experimental group).

Conclusion

Even though the program appears to be safe, high morbidity unrelated to exercise can constitute a critical challenge for sustained exercise participation.
Schwann cells contribute to neurodegeneration in transthyretin amyloidosis
Authors: Murakami Tatsufumi , Sango Kazunori , Watabe Kazuhiko , Niimi Naoko , Takaku Shizuka , Li Zhenghua , Yamamura Ken‐ichi , Sunada Yoshihide
Published: February 2015

Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is one of the transthyretin (TTR) amyloidoses characterized by extracellular amyloid deposits and peripheral nerve involvement. Recently, we found significant expression of the TTR gene in Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. We hypothesized that local expression of variant TTR in Schwann cells may contribute to neurodegeneration in FAP. Schwann cells derived from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of transgenic mice expressing variant human TTR in a mouse null background were cultured long term to obtain spontaneously immortalized cell lines. We established an immortalized Schwann cell line, TgS1, derived from the transgenic mice. TgS1 cells synthesized variant TTR and secreted it into the medium. As sensory neuropathy usually arises early in FAP, we examined the effect of the conditioned medium derived from TgS1 cells on neurite outgrowth from DRG sensory neurons. Conditioned medium derived from TgS1 cells inhibited neurite outgrowth from the sensory neurons. TTR deposition in the DRG of aged transgenic mice was investigated by immunohistochemistry. TTR aggregates were observed in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells and satellite cells. Proteasome inhibition induced TTR aggregates as aggresomes in TgS1 cells. In conclusion, local variant TTR gene expression in Schwann cells might trigger neurodegeneration in FAP.

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We established a spontaneously immortalized Schwann cell line derived from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy transgenic mice. Conditioned medium from the cells contained variant transthyretin (TTR), and inhibited neurite outgrowth of neurons. TTR aggregates were observed in the Schwann cells and satellite cells of aged mice. Proteasome inhibition induced TTR aggregates as aggresomes in the cultured cells. These results support the hypothesis that Schwann cells contribute to neurodegeneration in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP).
Prion protein regulates glutathione metabolism and neural glutamate and cysteine uptake via excitatory amino acid transporter 3
Authors: Guitart Kathrin , Loers Gabriele , Schachner Melitta , Kleene Ralf
Published: February 2015

Prion protein (PrP) plays crucial roles in regulating antioxidant systems to improve cell defenses against cellular stress. Here, we show that the interactions of PrP with the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT), and multi‐drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) in astrocytes and the interaction between PrP and EAAT3 in neurons regulate the astroglial and neuronal metabolism of the antioxidant glutathione. Ablation of PrP in astrocytes and cerebellar neurons leads to dysregulation of EAAT3‐mediated uptake of glutamate and cysteine, which are precursors for the synthesis of glutathione. In PrP‐deficient astrocytes, levels of intracellular glutathione are increased, and under oxidative stress, levels of extracellular glutathione are increased, due to (i) increased glutathione release via MRP1 and (ii) reduced activity of the glutathione‐degrading enzyme γ‐GT. In PrP‐deficient cerebellar neurons, cell death is enhanced under oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity, when compared to wild‐type cerebellar neurons. These results indicate a functional interplay of PrP with EAAT3, MRP1 and γ‐GT in astrocytes and of PrP and EAAT3 in neurons, suggesting that these interactions play an important role in the metabolic cross‐talk between astrocytes and neurons and in protection of neurons by astrocytes from oxidative and glutamate‐induced cytotoxicity.

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Interactions of prion protein (PrP) with excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and multi‐drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) regulate the astroglial and neuronal metabolism of glutathione (GSH) which protects cells against the cytotoxic oxidative stress. PrP controls the release of GSH from astrocytes via MRP1 and regulates the hydrolysis of extracellular GSH by GGT as well as the neuronal and astroglial glutamate and cysteine uptake via EAAT3.