bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of the three‐dimensional distribution of elements in fly‐ash particles by micro‐XRF spectroscopy
Authors: Rindby Anders , Janssens Koen , Osan Janos
Published: June 2003

With the very large information depth available in micro‐beam XRF, it is possible to generate two‐dimensional maps of the elemental distribution over large spherical fly‐ash particles with a resolution down to about 1 µm. These particles possess a large degree of spherical symmetry owing to the process of their formation. By applying special reconstruction algorithms, the symmetric part of the elemental distribution can be reconstructed from the two‐dimensional projection maps and subtracted from the original map. The results show that such a fly‐ash particle can be split into a radial symmetric part containing non‐volatile carbonaceous compounds and an asymmetric part representing precipitates or sub‐particles formed within the fly‐ash particle. The symmetric part shows a distinctly visible outer and an inner shell. By using the asymmetric part of the distribution, the interior of the fly‐ash particle can be studied without interference from the inner and outer shells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Groundwater flow patterns in extensive shallow aquifers with gentle relief: Theory and application to the Galena/Locust Grove region of eastern Maryland
Authors: Phillips O. M.
Published: June 2003

The Delmarva Peninsula between the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean comprises an irregular sequence of almost horizontal sand and silt or clay layers [Shedlock et al., 1999; Böhlke and Denver, 1995] whose connectivity and detailed geometry are not well known. A mosaic of groundwater basins with areas generally less than 30 km2 provide the water supply for the region. The concentration of dissolved nitrate has increased greatly since 1950 [Shedlock et al., 1999], and a series of test wells, drilled in the Locust Grove area for chemical analyses of the groundwater, provide useful data on water table levels at various locations. A new depth‐integrated hydraulic model of the aquifer flow is developed to handle the complex and poorly known structure of the region. It requires as inputs (1) historical rainfall data, (2) the elevation profiles along potential discharge streambeds, and (3) the depth‐integrated hydraulic conductivity, inferred from a few individual well water levels. The analysis predicts quantitatively and without arbitrary parameters, the distribution of groundwater heights above mean sea level and the patterns of total groundwater flow throughout the study region. Throughout the test area the predicted and measured groundwater levels generally agree to within 1 meter. The groundwater flow patterns show two distinctive types of domain with little intermingling, one type originating near the groundwater divide and discharging into the semipermanent streams and the other kind arising between the lower stream sections and discharging directly along the estuary shoreline. The measured distribution of water age with depth [Böhlke and Denver, 1995] agrees well with a simple formula provided by the theory.
Global methane emissions from landfills: New methodology and annual estimates 1980–1996
Authors: Bogner J. , Matthews E.
Published: June 2003

Significant interannual variations in the growth rate of atmospheric CH4 justify the development of an improved methodology for landfill emissions, the largest anthropogenic source in many developed countries. A major problem is that reliable solid waste data often do not exist, especially for developing countries where emissions are increasing. Here we develop and apply a new proxy method to reconstruct historical estimates for annual CH4 emissions for the period 1980–1996. Using composited solid waste data from 1975–1995, we developed linear regressions for waste generation per capita based on energy consumption per capita, a surrogate which reflects population and affluence, the major determinants of solid waste generation rates. Using total population (developed countries) or urban population (developing countries), annual landfill CH4 emissions were estimated using a modified Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology. Methane recovery was modeled by fitting historic data to time‐dependent linear relationships. Two scenarios for global emissions using the surrogate were compared to two scenarios using an IPCC standard methodology. Results from all four scenarios range from 16 to 57 Tg CH4 yr−1, a similar range as previous estimates. We support the use of the lower energy surrogate scenario (A) with annual emissions of 16–20 Tg CH4 yr−1, both positive and negative annual variations, and commercial recovery >15% by 1996. The surrogate provides a reasonable methodology for a large number of countries where data do not exist, a consistent methodology for both developed and developing countries, and a procedure which facilitates annual updates using readily available data.
Current sheet structure near magnetic X‐line observed by Cluster
Authors: Runov A. , Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W. , Treumann R. A. , Zhang T. L. , Volwerk M. , Vörös Z. , Balogh A. , Glaßmeier K.‐H. , Klecker B. , Rème H. , Kistler L.
Published: June 2003

During the interval 0947–0951 UT on 1 October 2001, when Cluster was located at XGSM = −16.4 RE near ZGSM = 0 in the pre‐midnight magnetotail, the Cluster barycenter crosses the neutral sheet four times. High speed proton flow, with reversal from tailward to Earthward, was detected during the crossings. Using a linear gradient/curl estimator technique we estimate current density and magnetic field curvature within the crossings. These observations exhibit the tailward passage of an X‐line over the Cluster tetrahedron. These current sheet has a bifurcated structure in the regions of tailward and earthward flows and a flat and/or slightly bifurcated thin current sheet in between. A distinct quadrupolar Hall magnetic field component was observed.
Total ozone during the unusual Antarctic winter of 2002
Authors: Sinnhuber Björn‐Martin , Weber Mark , Amankwah Abraham , Burrows John P.
Published: June 2003

A major stratospheric warming was observed in the southern hemisphere during September 2002 for the first time. Total ozone observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) show the ozone hole dividing into two parts in late September, followed by a reestablishment of the pole centered ozone hole (defined as the area of total ozone below 220 DU) in October. The ozone observations are well reproduced by a chemical transport model (CTM) driven by analyzed wind fields and temperatures. Antarctic total ozone was significantly higher during winter and spring 2002 than during previous years. GOME showed October averages for the area south of 63°S of 291 DU for 2002, compared to between 204 and 248 DU for the years 1995–2001. Comparison with the CTM indicates that the unusually high ozone columns are largely a result of increased transport during the winter 2002. The estimated chemical loss of total ozone of about 80 DU south of 60°S is comparable to that of previous winters. We conclude that the increased total ozone during this winter must not be considered as a sign of ozone recovery but is just a consequence of an unusual meteorological situation during the winter of 2002.
O3‐NOx‐VOC sensitivity and NOx‐VOC indicators in Paris: Results from models and Atmospheric Pollution Over the Paris Area (ESQUIF) measurements
Authors: Sillman Sanford , Vautard Robert , Menut Laurent , Kley Dieter
Published: June 2003

A three‐dimensional photochemical model has been used to interpret aircraft measurements from the Atmospheric Pollution Over the Paris Area campaign near Paris, with special attention to measurements that are related to predicted O3‐NOx‐volatile organic compound (VOC) sensitivity. The model (CHIMERE) includes a representation of ozone formation over Europe and a more detailed spatial representation of the region around Paris. A series of model scenarios were developed with varying wind speeds and emission rates. Comparisons are shown with measured O3, total reactive nitrogen (NOy), summed VOCs, and isoprene. Results show that model NOx‐VOC sensitivity predictions are correlated with the ratio O3/NOy but not with O3/peroxyacetyl nitrate. Measured O3 and NOy on high‐ozone days tends to agree with model values when models predict NOx‐sensitive or transitional chemistry but not when models predict VOC‐sensitive chemistry. Model values for O3/NOy and the O3‐NOy slope are lower than measured values, suggesting the possibility of missing, unmeasured VOCs in the Paris plume. Standard performance tests for ozone models, such as normalized bias, show good agreement between models and measurements, even in cases when significant differences appear in the O3‐NOy correlation. Model predictions shift slightly toward NOx‐sensitive chemistry when model wind speeds are increased. Isoprene represents 20% of total VOC reactivity–weighted carbon in the center of the Paris plume and 50% in the surrounding rural area during high‐ozone events.
Raman lidar and aircraft measurements of tropospheric aerosol particles during the Asian dust event over central Japan: Case study on 23 April 1996
Authors: Sakai Tetsu , Shibata Takashi , Hara Keiichiro , Kido Mizuka , Osada Kazuo , Hayashi Masahiko , Matsunaga Katsuji , Iwasaka Yasunobu
Published: June 2003

The vertical distributions of tropospheric aerosol properties were measured during the Asian dust event over central Japan (35°–36°N, 136°–137°E), using a ground‐based Raman lidar and aircraft‐based instruments on 23 April 1996. The lidar measured enhancements of aerosol backscattering below an altitude of 4 km and between 5 and 8 km where the total aerosol linear depolarization ratio showed peaks of 12–15% and the relative humidities were ∼30%. The aircraft measurements showed that the aerosol particles consisted primarily of irregularly shaped mineral dusts and sea salts with a mode radius (rm) of ∼1 μm and sulfates with rm ∼ 0.1 μm over the measured height range of 0.6–5.5 km. Electron microscopic analyses suggest that ∼77% of the mineral particles were coated with a solution at 1.8 km and that the fraction of coated particles decreased with height. The aerosol backscattering coefficients (βa), calculated from the airborne optical particle counter (OPC) data, were smaller than the lidar‐derived values by ∼30% above 3.1 km and by ∼44% below that altitude. The difference was attributable to the horizontal and temporal inhomogeneities of the aerosol properties between the measurement sites and to the uncertainty in βa, particularly for the coarse particles calculated from the OPC data. The aerosol depolarization ratios (δa) estimated from the OPC data showed the same increase as those obtained with the lidar above 4.1 km. This suggests that the proportion of backscattering by coarse particles to total particles primarily controlled the δa measured with the lidar in that region.
Development and evolution of rill networks under simulated rainfall
Authors: Gómez J. A. , Darboux F. , Nearing M. A.
Published: June 2003

The evolution of drainage networks at large scales has been shown to follow a principle of minimization of the global rate of energy dissipation. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether a principle similar to that holds for rill networks at a much smaller scale. Simulated rainfall was applied to a 2 m by 4 m flume with varied initial slope (5% and 20%) and roughness (low, moderate, and great) conditions. The results indicated that assuming the validity of a local optimality principle, the rill networks evolved according to a global principal of energy optimization in situations where rilling was intense, 20% slope, but not at 5% slope where diffusive processes played a dominant role in the overall erosion process. These results suggest that the application of models similar to some used to explain the evolution of river networks may have a role in understanding the initiation and evolution of rill networks in situations of intensive rilling. Our results and analysis suggest that further experiments might be undertaken to study the spatial distribution of flow velocity within the rill networks at a given flow discharge and the local rate of energy dissipation at rill links. Despite the convergence toward similar values of some of the network characteristics, differences in the microrelief of the initial surfaces were translated into significant differences between the final rill networks.
Characteristics and formation of Eastern South Pacific Intermediate Water
Authors: Schneider Wolfgang , Fuenzalida Rosalino , Rodríguez‐Rubio Efraín , Garcés‐Vargas José , Bravo Luis
Published: June 2003

Newly gathered hydrographic data from the Eastern South Pacific is combined with other high‐quality data (mainly WOCE) to reassess the properties and boundaries of the Eastern South Pacific Intermediate Water (ESPIW); to date the ESPIW has been only poorly described. The ESPIW core is found off central and northern Chile, between the coast and 90°W and 20–38°S. Located at 50–400 m of depth, its temperature varies between 11–13°C, salinity ranges from 34.1–34.3, and its sigma‐t lies between 25.75–26.25 kgm−3. ESPIW spreads with the subtropical gyre circulation and can be traced to at least 150°W. Formed through the process of subduction southeastward of the wind‐driven gyre circulation, the ESPIW communicates surface properties of the waters off central Chile to tropical latitudes.
In‐cloud variability of LIDAR depolarization of polar and midlatitude cirrus
Authors: Del Guasta Massimo , Vallar Edgar
Published: June 2003

LIDAR depolarization is commonly used for discriminating liquid and ice particles. Since depolarization depends in a complicated manner on particle shape and size, in‐cloud variability of depolarization has been used as an indicator of the microphysical homogeneity of cirrus. The comparison between midlatitude (Florence, Italy, 43. 60°N) and polar (Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, 66. 68°S) cirrus showed a lower mean depolarization and a higher in‐cloud uniformity of cloud depolarization for polar clouds in the (−80, −50°C) temperature range. A wider in‐cloud variability of depolarization was observed in polar clouds at higher temperatures (−50, −30°C), reflecting the presence of supercooled liquid layers. The large in‐cloud variability of depolarization in Florence cirrus could be explained with a microphysics that is dynamically and chemically perturbed as compared with the polar site. Aged jet contrails are, in fact, present in many Florence cirrus records.
Stepwise and continuous low‐temperature demagnetization
Authors: Dunlop David J.
Published: June 2003

Magnetites with sizes from 1 μm to 135 μm were cooled in zero field and their magnetizations M(T) measured continuously. M(T) changed reversibly in cooling from T0 = 300 K to 200 K, and in subsidiary warming‐cooling cycles Ti → T0 → Ti for any Ti. Changes in M(T) in cooling from 200 K to 130 K were largely irreversible due to decreasing magnetocrystalline anisotropy which promotes wall unpinning and domain nucleation. Low‐temperature demagnetization (LTD) is almost complete by 130 K in 20–135 μm magnetites but in 1–14 μm magnetites further LTD occurs on cooling to 120 K as magnetocrystalline easy axes change and domains reorganize at the Verwey transition. The observed irreversible changes are the basis of stepwise LTD as a method of paleomagnetic “cleaning.” Decrements ΔM in remanence due to cooling are most accurately measured at T0, requiring a set of warming‐cooling cycles Ti → T0 → Ti. A less accurate method, continuous LTD, measures decrements M(Ti) − M(Ti−1) from the main cooling curve below 200 K, without intermediate warming‐cooling cycles; this requires remanence measurements at Ti < T0. Stepwise or continuous LTD curves M(Ti) discriminate among remanence types and grain sizes. The signal of finer (PSD) grains is enhanced compared to coarser (MD) grains. Analogous to the Lowrie and Fuller [1971] test, the inverse thermoremanence (ITRM) of 1–14 μm grains is harder to stepwise LTD than saturation remanence (SIRM), while anhysteretic remanence (ARM) is harder than either; for 20–135 μm multidomain grains, ITRM is softer than SIRM.
Corinth rift margin uplift: New evidence from Late Quaternary marine shorelines
Authors: Leeder M. R. , McNeill L. C. , Ll Collier R. E. , Portman C. , Rowe P. J. , Andrews J. E. , Gawthorpe R. L.
Published: June 2003

New evidence for uplift of the southern margin to the Corinth rift, one of the world's most rapidly extending continental regions, defines an area of uniform uplift separating a more rapidly uplifting western rift flank from a slowly backtilting eastern flank. This major tectonic boundary coincides with geophysical evidence for a junction between flat underlying subducted oceanic plate and steep subduction. We propose that trench rollback by the Anatolian plate over the subducting African plate has led to differential uplift and possible migration of active faulting at the southern rift margin in the last few million years.
Hydrogeomorphic controls on phosphorus retention in streams
Authors: Doyle Martin W. , Stanley Emily H. , Harbor Jon M.
Published: June 2003

We compared the relative influences of biochemical uptake processes and dynamic hydrology and geomorphology (hydrogeomorphology) on molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) retention within a stream. MRP concentrations were measured upstream and downstream of a 4.5‐km reach undergoing dynamic channel adjustment in response to downstream dam removal. Geomorphic adjustments following removal produced measurable changes in velocity and depth, and decreases in MRP retention. Paired upstream and downstream measurements of MRP concentration were used to compute three retention metrics: uptake rate, mass transfer coefficient, and uptake length, which were used as model parameters. Modeling results showed that changes in channel morphology alone following dam removal could result in an approximate 40% increase in downstream MRP concentrations compared with conditions with the dam in place. However, empirical and modeling results indicate that hydrogeomorphology can control nutrient retention on the reach scale only when uptake processes are either sufficiently great or when uptake rates have limited variability. Review of published phosphorus retention values revealed greater variability in biochemical uptake rates than in hydrogeomorphology. Thus uptake rates should exert a stronger control on reach‐scale MRP retention than changing channel morphology or hydrology. These results suggest that maintaining or restoring channel conditions that are conducive to biochemical uptake are of greater priority than restoration of hydrologic or geomorphic conditions alone.
Histological evaluation of renal allograft protocol biopsies in the early period and 1 year after transplantation
Authors: Kanetsuna Yukiko , Yamaguchi Yutaka , Toma Hiroshi , Tanabe Kazunari
Published: June 2003

Abstract:  We histologically evaluated protocol biopsy specimens of renal allografts obtained in the early period and 1 year after transplantation. The patients were divided into those with at least one history of acute rejection (AR group) and no history of rejection (NAR group), and the histopathological features in the two groups were compared. A total of 45 early protocol biopsy specimens were obtained from 40 patients, and 31 1‐year biopsy specimens were obtained from 30 patients. Acute rejection (AR) or borderline change was observed in the early protocol biopsy specimens from 19 (45.2%) cases. AR or borderline change was observed in 12 of 19 (63.2%) in the AR group, and in 7/26 cases (26.9%) in the NAR group. The incidence of AR or borderline change in the AR group was higher than in the NAR group. Toxic tubulopathy was found in the early protocol biopsy in 16 cases (35.6%). The 1‐year biopsies tended to reveal more complicated findings. Chronic rejection (CR) was seen in 8/16 cases (50.0%) in the AR group, and it was more frequent than NAR group (two cases, 13.3%). In conclusion, the incidences of both AR and CR were higher in the cases with a previous episode of AR. The early protocol biopsy was useful in screening for subclinical AR and toxic tubulopathy. The 1‐year biopsy was useful for evaluating various types of chronic graft damage. We expect that adequate treatment based on protocol biopsy findings in each patient will lead to better graft survival.
Chronic basophilic leukemia: a distinct clinico‐pathologic entity?
Authors: Pardanani Animesh D. , Morice William G. , Hoyer James D. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: June 2003

Abstract: Objective: We sought to better define a group of rare and poorly understood myeloproliferative disorders that are characterized by prominent chronic basophilia in the absence of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) or its molecular equivalent.

Methods: We screened our institution's electronic database from 1975 onwards, and identified four such cases. Clinical data and bone marrow pathology were carefully reviewed for these patients.

Results: Two patients had prominent manifestations of basophil mediator‐release and another presented with pituitary dysfunction. Bone marrow examination uniformly revealed trilineage hyperplasia with basophilia and eosinophilia, dysplastic megakaryocytic hyperplasia, and the absence of megakaryocyte clustering. An abnormal pattern of atypical mast cells was noted in two cases. While disease palliation was effectively achieved with hydroxyurea for one patient, transformation to acute myeloid leukemia was eventually observed in this case. Another patient has achieved long‐term disease‐free survival after undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

Conclusions: Our observations reveal a striking pathologic similarity among all four cases, and suggest this disease, which may be aggressive with the potential to transform into acute leukemia, to possibly represent a distinct clinico‐pathologic entity (chronic basophilic leukemia).
Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide for the treatment of advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Schiavone Ettore Mariano , De Simone Mariacarla , Palmieri Salvatore , Annunziata Mario , Pocali Barbara , Copia Carolina , D'Amico Maria Rosaria , Vecchio Luigi Del , Ferrara Felicetto
Published: June 2003

Abstract:Objectives:Therapeutic results in advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are still unsatisfactory in terms of complete remission achievement and duration, in spite of the extensive use of purine analogs. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and treatment results from a series of 32 patients managed with a therapeutic program based on the combination of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (CTX).

Methods:Thirty‐two patients (median age 63 yr, range 42–75 yr) with newly diagnosed (47%) or refractory‐relapsed (53%) CLL were programmed to receive six courses of a 3‐d combination of fludarabine at 30 mg/m2/d plus CTX at 300 mg/m2/d. Refractory‐relapsed patients had previously received different chemotherapy lines from 1 to 5.

Results:Fourteen of 32 (44%) patients achieved a complete remission, 16 (50%) obtained partial remission and two (6%) failed to respond. The CR rate was higher in untreated patients; in particular, CR was achieved in nine of 15 (60%) newly diagnosed cases as opposed to five of 17 (29%) among pretreated patients. Toxicity was caused by myelosuppression and/or infections in most cases. After a median follow‐up of 24 months (range 8–48 months), 20 of 32 patients (62%) are alive, and 14 of 32 (44%) are free from progression. Median overall survival and median time to progression were 35 and 25 months, respectively.

Conclusion:The combination of fludarabine with CTX is effective in advanced CLL with acceptable toxicity, either as first‐line therapy or in refractory‐relapsed patients. In particular, a considerable rate of complete remission can be achieved in untreated patients. Myelosuppression represents the major side‐effect.
Identification of an inframe deletion and a missense mutation in the factor XIIIA gene in two Turkish patients
Authors: Birben Esra , Öner Cihan , Öner Reyhan , Altay Çigˇdem , Gürgey Aytemiz
Published: June 2003

Abstract: We report two novel mutations in factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) gene that caused congenital factor XIII deficiency in two unrelated patients. The first alteration, a missense mutation Leu235Arg in exon 6 of FXIIIA gene, is located in the putative calcium‐binding part of the core domain of the enzyme. Replacement of non‐polar hydrophobic leucine residue with positively charged arginine residue is likely to effect protein folding thus destabilizing the molecule. The second mutation is a 3‐bp deletion in exon 14 of FXIIIA gene. This deletion is located in beta barrel 2 domain of the protein and results in translation of an aberrant FXIIIA molecule that lacks lysine residue either at positions 677 or 678. As this inframe deletion is located in a direct repetetive sequence of AAGAAG, that codes for two lysine residues, the exact location of deletion could not be detected.
Antitumor effect of new local hyperthermia using dextran magnetite complex in hamster tongue carcinoma
Authors: Wada S , Tazawa K , Furuta I , Nagae H
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to clarify the usefulness of Dextran magnetite (DM) for the oral cancer hyperthermia.

METHODS: Tumors were induced in golden hamster tongue by 9,10‐dimethyl 1‐1,2‐benzanthracene (DMBA) application. DM suspension was locally injected into the tumor‐bearing tongue and tongues were heated up to 43.0–45.0°C, by AC magnetic field of 500 kHz.

RESULTS: The average time taken for the temperature to rise to 43.0°C or above was 162 s (n = 17) at the margin of the tumor and 420 s (n = 17) at the center of the tumor. According to the tumor volume, the time required for an increase in the central temperature of tumor to 43.0°C tended to be prolonged. Both temperatures could be maintained at approximately 43.0–45.0°C for 30 min. The inhibition of the growth of tongue carcinoma in the four‐time heating group was significantly greater than in the control group (P < 0.01). Moreover, the survival rate was significantly higher in the heated groups than in the control group (P < 0.01). Histological examination revealed a brown uniform DM accumulation at the stroma in the margin of the tumors. Many of tumor cells disappeared at the site adjacent to this accumulation.

CONCLUSION: These results strongly suggest the usefulness of this local hyperthermic system in the oral region that is accessible to this treatment.
Oral health condition in southern Chinese after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: extent and nature of the problem
Authors: Pow EHN , McMillan AS , Leung WK , Kwong DLW , Wong MCM
Published: June 2003

Objective: To measure the oral health status of southern Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) survivors 1–4 years after radiotherapy.

Subjects and Methods: A total of 109 subjects participated in this cross‐sectional study. Thirty‐eight subjects were NPC survivors, 40 subjects were patients newly diagnosed with NPC and 31 were healthy subjects. Verified clinical examination techniques were used to assess limitation of jaw opening, the presence of mucositis, candidiasis, dental caries, periodontal disease [community periodontal index (CPI)] including attachment loss (ALoss) and prosthetic status/need. Differences among three groups were tested by chi‐squared and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Relationships between selected clinical variables and radiation parameters were analysed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients.

Results: The NPC survivors attended for dental treatment more frequently than the other groups (P < 0.01). NPC survivors had significant xerostomia (92%, P < 0.01), trismus (29%, P < 0.01), a higher prevalence of clinical candidiasis (24%, P < 0.01), a greater DMFT (16.4 ± 7.0, P < 0.01), more decay/filled roots (2.1 ± 2.9, P = 0.01) compared with new NPC patients and controls. No difference was found in CPI, ALoss, prosthetic status and need between groups. Dry mouth and tooth hypersensitivity were the most common oral problems perceived by the NPC survivors.

Conclusion: Despite having regular dental follow‐ups, oral health was compromised in NPC survivors 1–4 years postradiotherapy.
The prevalence of tongue lesions in 5150 Turkish dental outpatients
Authors: Avcu N , Kanli A
Published: June 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of nine tongue conditions and relate to data obtained about oral hygiene or habits in Turkish dental outpatients.

Subjects: A total of 5150 subjects (2837 women, 2313 men) were included in this study.

Results: Of the 5150 subjects, 2690 subjects were detected as having tongue lesions with a prevalence of 44.2 and 62.0% for women and men, respectively. The difference was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). There was a strong correlation between tongue lesions and increasing age. There was also a strong association between tongue lesions and smoking, black tea drinking, and fair or poor oral hygiene. Hairy and coated tongue was significantly higher in males. Contrary to this, papillary atrophy was more prominent in women.

Conclusion: A strong correlation was found between tongue lesions and age, sex, oral hygiene and habits in Turkish dental outpatients. An efficient oral health program such as the elimination of risk habits and attention to cultural practices may improve tongue hygiene.
Deoxycytidine kinase and cN‐II nucleotidase expression in blast cells predict survival in acute myeloid leukaemia patients treated with cytarabine
Authors: Galmarini Carlos María , Thomas Xavier , Graham Kathryn , El Jafaari Assia , Cros Emeline , Jordheim Lars , Mackey John R. , Dumontet Charles
Published: June 2003

Summary. The cytotoxic activity of cytarabine (ara‐C) in leukaemic blasts depends on activating enzymes such as deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and inactivating enzymes such as the 5′‐nucleotidases. We have analysed dCK and ‘high‐Km’ 5′‐nucleotidase (cN‐II) mRNA expression by the quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction at diagnosis in leukaemic blasts from 115 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients treated with ara‐C. The prognostic value of these parameters as well as that of the cN‐II/dCK ratio was determined. In univariate analyses: (1) low levels of dCK, high levels of cN‐II and a high cN‐II/dCK ratio predicted shorter disease‐free survival (DFS); (2) low levels of dCK and cN‐II/dCK ratio also predicted shorter overall survival (OS). In a multivariate analysis taking into account other clinical and laboratory variables: (1) high cN‐II expression, a high cN‐II/dCK ratio, age ≥ 60 years and an unfavourable karyotype were independent prognostic factors for DFS; and (2) a high cN‐II/dCK ratio, age ≥ 60 years and an unfavourable karyotype predicted shorter OS. Age, karyotype and cN‐II/dCK ratio were used to define a prognostic score that permitted the identification of high‐ and low‐risk groups. Our results suggest that dCK and cN‐II mRNA expression in leukaemic blasts at diagnosis is correlated with clinical outcome and may play a functional role in the resistance to ara‐C in patients with AML.
Alluvial deposits of a mud‐dominated stream: the Red River, Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Brooks Gregory R.
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe Red River, Manitoba, is a mud‐dominated, meandering stream that occupies a shallow valley eroded into a clay plain. The valley‐bottom alluvium is the product of incision and lateral migration of river meanders. As revealed by a transect of five boreholes located across the floodplain at each of two successive river meanders, the alluvial deposits range from about 15 to 22 m thick and are composed primarily of silt. Sedimentary structures in the cores are weakly defined and consist mostly of beds of massive silt, thick (>0·4 m) massive silt and disturbed silt. Interlaminated sand and silt, and sand beds form relatively minor deposits, principally within the lower half of the alluvium, and thin beds of medium‐coarse sand and pea gravel can be present locally within the lower metre of the alluvium. The alluvium is interpreted to consist of overbank deposits from 0 to 2–3 m depth, oblique accretion deposits from 2–3 to 8–12 m depth and oblique accretion and/or channel deposits from 8–12 m to the base of the sequence. The massive bedding within the oblique accretion deposits is interpreted to represent the remnants of couplet deposits that were initially composed of interbedded, muddy silt and sand‐sized silt aggregates, as is consistent with the contemporary bank sedimentation. The post‐depositional disintegration and/or compaction of the aggregates has caused the loss of the sand‐sized texture. The disturbed silt beds are interpreted as slump structures caused by large‐scale rotational failures along the convex banks. Overall, the Red River represents a portion of a continuum of muddy, fine‐grained streams; where the alluvium lacks a distinct coarse unit, oblique accretion deposits form a majority of the floodplain, and large‐scale slump features are present.
‘Linked’ debrites in sand‐rich turbidite systems – origin and significance
Authors: Haughton Peter D. W. , Barker Simon P. , McCaffrey William D.
Published: June 2003

Abstract The outer parts of a number of small Late Jurassic sandy deep‐water fans in the northern North Sea are dominated by the stacked deposits of co‐genetic sandy and muddy gravity flows. Sharp‐based, structureless and dewatered sandstone beds are directly overlain by mudclast breccias that are often rich in terrestrial plant fragments and capped by thin laminated sandstones, pseudonodular siltstones and mudstones. The contacts between the clast‐rich breccias and the underlying sandstones are typically highly irregular with evidence for liquefaction and upward sand injection. The breccias contain fragments (up to metre scale) of exotic lithologies surrounded by a matrix that is extremely heterogeneous and strewn with multiphase and variably sheared sand injections and scattered coarse and very coarse sand grains (often coarser than in the immediately underlying sand bed). Markov chain analysis establishes that the breccias consistently overlie sandstones, and the character of the breccias and their external contacts rule out a post‐depositional origin via in situ liquefaction, intrastratal flowage or bed amalgamation and disruption. The breccias are interpreted as debrites that rode on a water‐rich sand bed just deposited by a co‐genetic concentrated gravity current. As such, they are referred to as ‘linked debrites’ to distinguish them from debrites emplaced in the absence of a precursor sand bed. The distinction is important, because these linked debris flows can achieve significant mobility through entrainment of both water and sediment from beneath, and they ride on a low‐friction carpet of liquefied sand. This explains the paradox presented by fan fringes in which there are common debrites, when conventional thinking might predict that deposits of low‐concentration gravity currents should be more important here. In fact, evidence for transport by low‐concentration turbidity currents is rare in these systems. Several possible mechanisms might explain the formation of linked flows, but the ultimate source of both sandy and clast‐rich flow components must be in shallower water on the basin margin (the debrites are not triggered from distal slopes). Flow partitioning may have occurred by upslope erosion and retardation of the mudclast‐charged portion of an erosional sandy density current, partial flow transformation of a precursor debris flow and/or hydraulic segregation and reconcentration of the flaky clasts and carbonaceous matter during transport. Linked debrites are not restricted to small sand‐rich fans, and similar mechanisms may be responsible for the long runout of debris flows in other systems. The recognition of a distinct class of linked debrites is of wider importance for facies prediction, reservoir heterogeneity and even carbon fluxes and sequestration on continental margins.
Ice‐distal Upper Miocene marine strata from inland Antarctica
Authors: Whitehead Jason M. , Harwood David M. , McMinn Andrew
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACT Glacimarine strata of the Battye Glacier Formation (≈ 130 m thick), Pagodroma Group, exposed in the Amery Oasis of East Antarctica, provide a record of Late Miocene palaeoenvironmental conditions in an ice‐distal setting. The formation overlies the Amery Erosion Surface (≈ 300 m to ≈ 270 m above sea level) that formed during an advance of the Lambert Glacier into Prydz Bay (ODP Site 739), at least 750 km further north than today. Two lithological members: a grey and muddier Lower Member and a brown, sand‐rich Upper Member, reflect variation in proximity to the terminus of the Lambert Glacier. Ice‐distal, glacimarine, diatom‐bearing mud (up to 12% biogenic silica) and in situ articulated molluscs occur in the Lower Member. The Battye Glacier Formation is significant because of its inland location, which indicates that ice‐distal marine conditions existed 250 km inland from the current Amery Ice Shelf edge. Similar Neogene strata are known on land only from the Pliocene Sørsdal Formation in the Vestfold Hills, near the Antarctic coast. Three stratigraphic intervals of diatom‐bearing mud are recognized from glacially reworked clasts and from in situ strata informally referred to as the McLeod Beds and ‘Bed A’. The diatom‐bearing mud also contains sponge spicules and minor silicoflagellates and ebridians. Marine diatom biostratigraphy constrains the age of the beds to between 10·7 and 9·0 Ma (late Miocene). Abundant benthic diatoms suggest deposition within shallow euphotic waters. The high abundance of intercalary valves of Eucampia antarctica from an interval of the McLeod Beds suggests that there was less winter sea‐ice than in Prydz Bay today. It is unlikely that sea‐ice was perennial because the presence of Thalassionema spp. and Stellarima stellaris (Roper) Hasle et Sims suggests that summer sea‐surface temperatures were too warm (> 0°C and > 3°C respectively). The palaeoclimate at the time of deposition appears to have been analogous to that in modern fjords of East Greenland (e.g. Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord), which is consistent with the depositional model proposed previously for the Pagodroma Group. The three diatom‐bearing mud intervals were deposited in the Amery Oasis, ≈ 250 km inland of the current Amery Ice Shelf edge, when the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was reduced in size relative to today.
Microtextures of authigenic Or‐rich feldspar in the Upper Jurassic Humber Group, UK North Sea
Authors: Lee Martin R. , Parsons Ian
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACT Detrital alkali feldspars currently at burial depths of 3·2–3·5 km in the Upper Jurassic Humber Group of the Fulmar oilfield, UK North Sea, are overgrown and have been partially replaced by authigenic Or‐rich feldspar. Intracrystal microtextures suggest several different provenances for the detrital grains. The overgrowths are uniformly non‐cathodoluminescent and have occasional celsian‐rich zones. Transmission electron microscopy shows that they are composed of a microporous mosaic of subµm‐ to µm‐sized sub‐grains associated with barite, illite and pyrite. The subgrains are somewhat rounded but have an approximate {110} Adularia habit and display a faint modulated microtexture on the nanometre scale. They have triclinic symmetry, but the lattice angles depart only slightly from monoclinic symmetry. These features are characteristic of K‐feldspar precipitated relatively rapidly and at low temperature. Authigenic Or‐rich feldspar has also partially replaced microcline and perthitic albite within the detrital grains, often at a suboptical scale. Although, like diagenetic albitization, replacement by K‐feldspar is probably a very common diagenetic reaction, it has rarely been reported owing to difficulties in imaging the diagnostic textures with the scanning electron microscopy techniques used by most workers. The permeability of the subgrain microtexture may significantly hinder the use of feldspar overgrowths for K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of diagenesis, and the existence of suboptical, replacive authigenic K‐feldspar within detrital grains may significantly modify the apparent Ar ages of detrital grains. Similar subgrain microtextures in optically featureless quartz overgrowths are also illustrated.
Observations on the host specificity and biology of Lixus salsolae (Col., Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of Russian thistle, Salsola tragus (Chenopodiaceae) in North America
Authors: Sobhian R. , Fumanal B. , Pitcairn M.
Published: June 2003

Abstract:  No‐choice host specificity tests were performed on Lixus salsolae Becker (Col., Curculionidae) in a quarantine green house near Montpellier, France. Several varieties of seven species of economic and ornamental plants from six genera of Chenopodiaceae were tested. Adult feeding was observed on almost all test plants and larvae successfully developed on nine of the eleven species/varieties tested. Sex ratio of field‐collected overwintering adults was close to 1 : 1. While no‐choice tests may indicate a wider host range under field conditions, we no longer consider L. salsolae as a potential biological control agent of Salsola tragus L. (Chenopodiaceae) in North America.
Bioactivity of carvacrol and thymol against Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci
Authors: Sedy K. A. , Koschier E. H.
Published: June 2003

Abstract: Two constituents of essential oils, carvacrol and thymol, were tested for their effects on the feeding activity, oviposition preference and oviposition rate of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci. Given a choice between treated and untreated leaf discs, F. occidentalis avoided ovipositing on leaf discs treated with 1 or 0.1% thymol. In no‐choice experiments, 1 and 0.1% thymol and 1% carvacrol resulted in a reduced oviposition rate of F. occidentalis compared with the control. Both constituents caused a slight reduction of the feeding damage of F. occidentalis. 1 and 0.1% carvacrol had a pronounced deterrent effect on the oviposition site selection of T. tabaci. Both constituents served as anti‐ovipositants for both thrips species, albeit F. occidentalis was more affected than T. tabaci.
Diapause termination and post‐diapause development in the Mediterranean locust Dociostaurus maroccanus (Orth., Acrididae) under field conditions
Authors: Santiago‐Alvarez C. , Quesada‐Moraga E. , Hernández‐Crespo P.
Published: June 2003

Abstract: Diapause termination and post‐diapause development of the Mediterranean or Moroccan locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus, were studied in the permanent breeding area of la Serena (Badajoz) in southern Spain during 1991–92 and 1997–98. By the second half of autumn, diapause development has been completed and the eggs have acquired the ability to resume morphogenesis, catatrepsis and hatching. The last week of November was determined to be the critical time to begin recording degree‐days as a basis for the development of hatch prediction models. Using a previously developed temperature model for embryonic development of D. maroccanus, accurate predictions of hatching were performed for the two study seasons. The results of this investigation will facilitate in developing an efficient system for the management of the Moroccan locust.
Electrophoretic analysis of the prey spectrum of Teretrius nigrescens (Lewis) (Col., Histeridae), a predator of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col., Bostrichidae), in Mexico, Honduras, and Benin
Authors: Camara M. , Borgemeister C. , Markham R. H. , Poehling H.‐M.
Published: June 2003

Abstract: Extensive collections of Teretrius nigrescens in Mexico, Honduras, and Benin, were electrophoretically analysed to elucidate the prey spectrum of the predator. Both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and cellulose acetate electrophoresis were used. Beetles were sampled with pheromone traps, using the synthetic aggregation pheromone of Prostephanus truncatus, and directly from farmers’ maize stores. The proportion of electrophoretically detected prey protein from adult T. nigrescens in pheromone traps was low: of the 1108 specimens analysed, only in 34 cases, prey protein could be clearly identified. More frequently, prey protein was detected in adult T. nigrescens sampled in maize stores in Mexico, Honduras, and Benin, with 87 samples showing distinct prey bands of the total 1214 predators analysed. Of the 241 T. nigrescens larvae sampled in maize stores in Benin, 136 showed distinct bands of prey protein. In all samples, P. truncatus was the most frequently detected prey species. The second most often identified prey species was Sitophilus zeamais. The results are discussed with regard to various methods for prey spectrum analysis and specifically the biology of T. nigrescens.
The relationship between the application of the nursing ethical code and nurses’ work satisfaction
Authors: Biton Vered , Tabak Nili
Published: June 2003

Work satisfaction is known to be one of the major factors related to nurses’ quality of care. Being able to apply the professional principles of training influences work satisfaction. The nursing ethical code is a good manifestation of these professional principles. The everyday strains on nurses’ work might compromise the amount of energy invested in following the ethical code. The gap between the ethical requirements (as perceived by the nurse) and the perceived extent to which they are applied will influence work satisfaction through the mediating effect of role conflict. Demographic variables including age, tenure and number of children might also exert an effect. Structured questionnaires were used to measure the perceptions of nurses regarding their ability to follow the ethical code in a large hospital in Israel. Practical considerations meant that the questionnaire focused on client privacy issues in the ethical code. Results support the mediating hypothesis as the ‘ethical gap’ did not correlate directly with work satisfaction. This paper highlights that professionalization, manifested by the ethical code, should be applied on an everyday basis in the workplace.
Maintaining oral hydration in older adults: A systematic review
Authors: Hodgkinson Brent , Evans David , Wood Jacky
Published: June 2003

Dehydration is the most common fluid and electrolyte imbalance in older adults. The objectives were to identify the factors that increase the risk of dehydration in older adults, how best to assess the risk and manage oral fluid intake. Data sources included Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase and Current Contents, which were searched until February 2002. Randomized controlled trials for management of adequate fluid intake were undertaken. Cohort and case control studies were used for the identification of risk factors for dehydration. Studies of assessment tools for the identification of dehydration were also considered.

Results show that there is no clear determination of the risk factors for dehydration and decreased fluid intake. The recommended daily intake of fluids should be not less than 1600 mL/24 h in order to ensure adequate hydration. A fluid intake sheet and urine specific gravity might be the best methods of monitoring daily fluid intake. Regular presentation of fluids to bedridden older adults can maintain adequate hydration status. In conclusion, more research is required to determine the optimum method of maintaining adequate oral hydration in older adults.