bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strengthening Multidisciplinary Research on Climate and Environmental Change
Authors: Beer Tom , Li Jianping , Alverson Keith
Published: August 2014

The difficulty with multidisciplinary research is finding common ground for scientists, whose approach to a particular scientific problem can differ radically. For example, there is agreement between the geophysical community and the food science and technology community that food security is an important issue. However, the climate change community sees possible solutions coming from more detailed studies on the links between climate change and agriculture, whereas the food science community sees possible solutions emerging from studies of food logistics and supply chains.
Pursuing Solutions to Sustain Groundwater in California's Changing Climate
Authors: Gilbert James
Published: August 2014

A century of groundwater development in California with comparatively little regulation has yielded enduring legal, political, and hydrologic challenges compounded by drought, population growth and shifts, and climate change. With the debate over state and local roles in managing the resource garnering considerable attention, focus is shifting to how best to address groundwater issues for future sustainability. Groundwater does not exist in isolation, and sustainable management requires understanding interconnections with climate, land surface, and human actions. This integrated approach to California's groundwater raises significant cross‐disciplinary questions that will need to be answered by the next generation of scientists, managers, and policy makers.
Oltmans Receives 2013 Yoram J. Kaufman Unselfish Cooperation in Research Award: Citation
Authors: Thompson Anne
Published: August 2014

Samuel “Sam” Oltmans, an AGU Fellow since 2007, was head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Global Monitoring Division Ozone and Water Vapor group for more than 30 years. He is currently a senior research scientist at the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES) of the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Milly Receives 2013 Hydrologic Sciences Award: Citation
Authors: Koster Randal D.
Published: August 2014

It is with great pleasure that I introduce to you the 2013 Hydrological Sciences Award winner, Dr. Chris Milly. Chris is being honored “for fundamental contributions to our understanding of the connections between land surface processes and hydroclimatic variability.” Through Chris's work, the world has a better understanding of how the Earth's energy and water cycles interact at the large scale to determine hydrological quantities, such as streamflow, of fundamental interest to society. He is eminently deserving of this award.
Milly Receives 2013 Hydrologic Sciences Award: Response
Authors: Milly P. C. D. “Chris”
Published: August 2014

Thanks so much, Randy, for your generous comments!
Black carbon's long trip to the abyssal plain
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: August 2014

Black carbon, or soot, is the second most important anthropogenic driver of global climate change, taking a backseat only to carbon dioxide. Whether from wood in a cookstove, coal in a power plant, or trees charred by a wildfire, black carbon is produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Once it gets into the environment, black carbon lowers the albedo when it settles on land, increasing warming and enhancing snow and ice melt. In the atmosphere, black carbon both helps and inhibits the formation of clouds.
Fewer equations in hydrology can lead to more meaningful results
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

In the process of investigating hydrological systems, observations are often used to “tune” the equations of a mathematical model so that it can then be put to use. However, this focus on equations and their parameters tends to ignore the most important information in the data, particularly when the model does not track the observations well.
Plant‐soil interactions in salt marsh environments: Experimental evidence from electrical resistivity tomography in the Venice Lagoon
Authors: Boaga Jacopo , D'Alpaos Andrea , Cassiani Giorgio , Marani Marco , Putti Mario
Published: August 2014

The role of root water uptake in regulating soil water saturation in salt marshes is controversial. Modeling studies suggest that soil aeration is improved by transpiration, with implications for the distribution of vegetation species and of the associated topographic features controlling the hydraulic regime of the marshland and eventually its survival. Marsh vegetation plays a key role in the preservation of such critical environment, which represents unique marker for climatic change and impact studies. However, the direct quantification of space‐time aeration patterns has remained elusive, in part, because of the limitations posed by high salinity to conventional observation techniques such as time or frequency domain reflectometry. Here we show that time‐lapse microscale electrical resistivity tomography, coupled with tensiometric observations, allows the identification of variably saturated zones and the characterization of space‐time soil moisture dynamics in a salt marsh in the Venice Lagoon (Italy). This is the first quantitative observational experiment which confirms that periodically flooded plants are capable of producing a persistently aerated layer below the flooded surface when transpiration proceeds at a sufficiently high rate. The experimental results are compared against previously published model predictions.
Counter equatorial electrojet and overshielding after substorm onset: Global MHD simulation study
Authors: Ebihara Y. , Tanaka T. , Kikuchi T.
Published: August 2014

By performing a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, we have demonstrated for the first time that an electrojet at the dayside magnetic equator can be reversed and an overshielding condition can be established in the inner magnetosphere after substorm onset without northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field. Near the substorm onset, the plasma pressure is highly enhanced in the inner magnetosphere on the nightside. The Region 2 field‐aligned current diverges from the diamagnetic current on the surface of the dayside extension of the high‐pressure region, which is connected to the ionosphere in the relatively low‐conductivity region a few degrees equatorward of the main auroral oval that is formed as the projection of the plasma sheet. The separation of the equatorward boundary of the auroral region and the equatorward boundary of the Region 2 current results in dusk‐dawn electric fields that generate a counter electrojet (CEJ) at the dayside magnetic equator. Poleward electric fields in a narrow latitudinal width, which may be regarded as subauroral ion drift and subauroral polarization stream, are simultaneously intensified. The dusk‐dawn electric fields may propagate to the inner magnetosphere along a field line as shear Alfvén waves. Then, the inner magnetosphere is completely constrained by the overshielding condition. The intensity and polarity of the CEJ depend largely on at least the ionospheric conductivity that is related to the plasma pressure (probably associated with diffuse aurora). This may explain the observational fact that overshielding does not always occur after onset.
Strong E region ionization caused by the 1767 trail during the 2002 Leonids
Authors: Pellinen‐Wannberg Asta K. , Häggström Ingemar , Carrillo Sánchez Juan Diego , Plane John M. C. , Westman Assar
Published: August 2014

Intensive E region ionization extending up to 140 km altitude and lasting for several hours was observed with the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar during the 2002 Leonids meteor shower maximum. The level of global geomagnetic disturbance as well as the local geomagnetic and auroral activity in northern Scandinavia were low during the event. Thus, the ionization cannot be explained by intensive precipitation. The layer was 30–40 km thick, so it cannot be classified as a sporadic E layer which are typically just a few kilometers wide. Incoherent scatter radars have not to date reported any notable meteor shower‐related increases in the average background ionization. The 2002 Leonids storm flux, however, was so high that it might have been able to induce such an event. The Chemical Ablation Model is used to estimate deposition rates of individual meteors. The resulting electron production, arising from hyperthermal collisions of ablated atoms with atmospheric molecules, is related to the predicted Leonid flux values and observed ionization on 19 November 2002. The EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) located at some 1000 km north of the UHF site did not observe any excess ionization during the same period. The high‐latitude electrodynamic conditions recorded by the SuperDARN radar network show that the ESR was within a strongly drifting convection cell continuously fed by fresh plasma while the UHF radar was outside the polar convection region maintaining the ionization.
Space geodetic observations and models of postseismic deformation due to the 2005 M7.6 Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquake
Authors: Wang Kang , Fialko Yuri
Published: August 2014

We use the L‐band Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and C‐band Envisat interferometric synthetic aperture data and campaign GPS observations to study the postseismic deformation due to the 2005 magnitude 7.6 Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquake that occurred in the northwestern Himalaya. Envisat data are available from both the descending and ascending orbits and span a time period of ~4.5 years immediately following the earthquake (2005–2010), with nearly monthly acquisitions. However, the Envisat data are highly decorrelated due to high topography and snow cover. ALOS data are available from the ascending orbit and span a time period of ~2.5 years between 2007 and 2009, over which they remain reasonably well correlated. We derive the mean line‐of‐sight (LOS) postseismic velocity maps in the epicentral area of the Kashmir earthquake using persistent scatterer method for Envisat data and selective stacking for ALOS data. LOS velocities from all data sets indicate an uplift (decrease in radar range), primarily in the hanging wall of the earthquake rupture over the entire period of synthetic aperture radar observations (2005–2010). Models of poroelastic relaxation predict uplift of both the footwall and the hanging wall, while models of viscoelastic relaxation below the brittle‐ductile transition predict subsidence (increase in radar range) in both the footwall and the hanging wall. Therefore, the observed pattern of surface velocities indicates that the early several years of postseismic deformation were dominated by afterslip on the fault plane, possibly with a minor contribution from poroelastic rebound. Kinematic inversions of interferometric synthetic aperture radar and GPS data confirm that the observed deformation is consistent with afterslip, primarily downdip of the seismic asperity. To place constraints on the effective viscosity of the ductile substrate in the study area, we subtract the surface deformation predicted by stress‐driven afterslip model from the mean LOS velocities and compare the residuals to models of viscoelastic relaxation for a range of assumed viscosities. We show that in order to prevent surface subsidence, the effective viscosity has to be greater than 1019 Pa s.
Summertime Changjiang River plume variation during 1998–2010
Authors: Bai Yan , He Xianqiang , Pan Delu , Chen Chen‐Tung Arthur , Kang Yan , Chen Xiaoyan , Cai Wei‐Jun
Published: August 2014

Using an improved satellite‐derived salinity algorithm in the East China Sea (ECS), we presented and examined a general view on summertime Changjiang River plume variation during 1998–2010. Three types of plume shapes were identified: (1) the commonly known northeastward transportation, (2) a case in which most of the plume water crossed the Cheju Strait into the Tsushima‐Korea Straits with only a small fraction staying on the shelf of the ECS, and (3) a rare case in which the plume front moved southeastward. Satellite time‐series data suggested that, during the peak river discharge time in July with favorable southwest monsoon, the plume area was highly correlated with the river discharge of the same month. Interestingly, the plume area in August was also dominated by the discharge in July. In August, as the direct effect of freshwater discharge weakening, the plume area also became positively correlated with wind speed in the 45° and 60°direction, suggesting that the plume extension was more influenced by the southwesterly wind during periods of smaller discharge. Furthermore, a few special cases with unique plume extensions were found under extreme weather conditions. Finally, we found no significant long‐term trend of plume area change over 1998–2010 in summertime and concluded that the interannual variation was probably regulated by natural variation rather than anthropogenic effects, such as construction of the Three Gorges Dam. This study will have implications for biogeochemical and modeling studies in large river plume areas.
Evaluation of directly wind‐coherent near‐inertial surface currents off Oregon using a statistical parameterization and analytical and numerical models
Authors: Kim Sung Yong , Kosro P. Michael , Kurapov Alexander L.
Published: August 2014

Directly wind‐coherent near‐inertial surface currents off the Oregon coast are investigated with a statistical parameterization of observations and outputs of a regional numerical ocean model and three one‐dimensional analytical models including the slab layer, Ekman, and near‐surface averaged Ekman models. The transfer functions and response functions, statistically estimated from observed wind stress at NDBC buoys and surface currents derived from shored‐based high‐frequency radars, enable us to isolate the directly wind‐forced near‐inertial surface currents. Concurrent observations of the wind and currents are crucial to evaluate the directly wind‐forced currents. Thus, the wind stress and surface current fields obtained from a regional ocean model, which simulates variability of the wind and surface currents on scales comparable to those in observations, are analyzed with the same statistical parameterization to derive the point‐by‐point transfer functions and response functions. Model and data comparisons show that the regional ocean model describes near‐inertial variability of surface currents qualitatively and quantitatively correctly. The estimated response functions exhibit decay time scales in a range of 3–5 days, and about 40% of the near‐inertial motions are explained by local wind stress. Among the one‐dimensional analytical models, the near‐surface averaged Ekman model explains the statistically derived wind‐current relationship better than other analytical models.
ENSO‐driven interhemispheric Pacific mass transports
Authors: McGregor Shayne , Spence Paul , Schwarzkopf Franziska U. , England Matthew H. , Santoso Agus , Kessler William S. , Timmermann Axel , Böning Claus W.
Published: August 2014

Previous studies have shown that ENSO's anomalous equatorial winds, including the observed southward shift of zonal winds that occurs around the event peak, can be reconstructed with the first two Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) of equatorial region wind stresses. Using a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model, we investigate the effect of these two EOFs on changes in warm water volume (WWV), interhemispheric mass transports, and Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). Wind stress anomalies associated with the first EOF produce changes in WWV that are dynamically consistent with the conceptual recharge oscillator paradigm. The ITF is found to heavily damp these WWV changes, reducing their variance by half. Wind stress anomalies associated with the second EOF, which depicts the southward wind shift, are responsible for WWV changes that are of comparable magnitude to those driven by the first mode. The southward wind shift is also responsible for the majority of the observed interhemispheric upper ocean mass exchanges. These winds transfer mass between the Northern and the Southern Hemisphere during El Niño events. Whilst water is transferred in the opposite direction during La Niña events, the magnitude of this exchange is roughly half of that seen during El Niño events. Thus, the discharging of WWV during El Niño events is meridionally asymmetric, while the WWV recharging during a La Niña event is largely symmetric. The inclusion of the southward wind shift is also shown to allow ENSO to exchange mass with much higher latitudes than that allowed by the first EOF alone.
The extension of lightning flashes from thunderstorms near Cape Canaveral, Florida
Authors: Fuelberg Henry E. , Walsh Ryan J. , Preston Ari D.
Published: August 2014

The horizontal distance that intracloud (IC) and cloud to ground (CG) lightning flashes extend from thunderstorms is presented for warm season nonsevere storms near Cape Canaveral, FL. The Warning Decision Support System–Integrated Information (WDSS‐II) software allowed us to ingest, display, and make distance calculations using radar reflectivity data from nearby National Weather Service Offices and lightning information from the National Lightning Detection Network and the local Lightning Detection and Ranging network. The flash distances were determined manually using a measuring tool within WDSS‐II. Six categories of flashes were investigated: (a) CG flashes measured from the edge of the convective core (30 dBZ) to the ground strike location that is beneath the attached anvil, (b) CG “bolt from the blue” flashes measured from cloud edge (0 dBZ) to the ground strike point that contains only 0 dBZ overhead, (c) CG bolt from the blue flashes as in Category B but measured from the edge of the precipitation (18 dBZ), (d) IC flashes that exit a portion of the cloud that is not an anvil, measured from cloud edge (0 dBZ), (e) IC flashes within anvils measured from the edge of convective precipitation (30 dBZ) to the termination point within the anvil, and (f) IC flashes exiting the edge (0 dBZ) of anvils. Results for each category are presented in the forms of frequency distributions of distances and their cumulative frequency distributions.
In Situ Crosslinkable Gelatin Hydrogels for Vasculogenic Induction and Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Lee Sue Hyun , Lee Yunki , Chun Young Wook , Crowder Spencer W. , Young Pampee P. , Park Ki Dong , Sung Hak‐Joon
Published: August 2014

Clinical trials utilizing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for severe vascular diseases have highlighted the need to effectively engraft cells and promote pro‐angiogenic activity. A functional material accomplishing these two goals is an ideal solution as spatiotemporal and batch‐to‐batch variability in classical therapeutic delivery can be minimized, and tissue regeneration would begin rapidly at the implantation site. Gelatin may serve as a promising biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non‐immuno/antigenicity. However, the dissolution of gelatin at body temperature and quick enzymatic degradation in vivo have limited its use thus far. To overcome these challenges, an injectable, in situ crosslinkable gelatin was developed by conjugating enzymatically crosslinkable hydroxyphenyl propionic acid (GHPA). When MSCs are cultured in 3D in vitro or injected in vivo in GHPA, spontaneous endothelial differentiation occurs, as evidenced by marked increases in endothlelial cell marker expressions (Flk1, Tie2, ANGPT1, vWF) in addition to forming an extensive perfusable vascular network after 2‐week subcutaneous implantation. Additionally, favorable host macrophage response is achieved with GHPA as shown by decreased iNOS and increased MRC1 expression. These results indicate GHPA as a promising soluble factor‐free cell delivery template which induces endothelial differentiation of MSCs with robust neovasculature formation and favorable host response.
Trichlorosilanes as Anchoring Groups for Phenylene‐Thiophene Molecular Monolayer Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Parry Adam V. S. , Lu Kexin , Tate Daniel J. , Urasinska‐Wojcik Barbara , Caras‐Quintero Dolores , Majewski Leszek A. , Turner Michael L.
Published: August 2014

Self assembled monolayer field effect transistors (SAMFETs) are reported using a phenylene‐thiophene containing semiconducting mesogen attached through a trichlorosilane anchoring group. Monolayer films, covalently attached to silicon dioxide substrates, form in less than 10 h from solution, thanks to the accelerated reaction of the trichlorosilane anchor. Devices exhibit mobilities as high as 1.7 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, currents of up to 15 μA (on/off current ratio of 106) with device yields close to unity over large areas for channel lengths up to 100 μm.
Photoacoustic Imaging Guided Near‐Infrared Photothermal Therapy Using Highly Water‐Dispersible Single‐Walled Carbon Nanohorns as Theranostic Agents
Authors: Chen Daiqin , Wang Chao , Nie Xin , Li Shumu , Li Ruimin , Guan Mirong , Liu Zhuang , Chen Chunying , Wang Chunru , Shu Chunying , Wan Lijun
Published: August 2014

The poly(maleic anhydride‐alt‐1‐octadecene‐poly(ethylene glycol)) (C18PMH‐PEG) modified single‐walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) are designed with high stability and biocompatibility. The as‐prepared SWNHs/C18PMH‐PEG not only can serve as an excellent photothermal agent but also can be used as a promising photoacoustic imaging (PAI) agent both in vitro and in vivo due to its strong absorption in the near infrared (NIR) region. The PAI result reveals that the SWNHs/C18PMH‐PEG possesses ultra long blood circulation time and can significantly be accumulated at the tumor site through the enhanced penetration and retention (EPR) effect. The maximum accumulation of SWNHs/C18PMH‐PEG at tumor site could be achieved at the time point of 24 h after intravenous injection, which is considered to be the optimal time for the 808 nm laser treatment. The subsequent photothermal ablation of tumors can be achieved without triggering any side effects. Therefore, a PAI guided PTT platform based on SWNHs is proposed and highlights the potential theranostic application for biomedical uses.
Anti‐Ferromagnet Controlled Tunneling Magnetoresistance
Authors: Wang Yuyan , Song Cheng , Wang Guangyue , Miao Jinghui , Zeng Fei , Pan Feng
Published: August 2014

The requirement for high‐density memory integration advances the development of newly structured spintronic devices, which have reduced stray fields and are insensitive to magnetic field perturbations. This could be visualized in magnetic tunnel junctions incorporating anti‐ferromagnetic instead of ferromagnetic electrodes. Here, room‐temperature anti‐ferromangnet (AFM)‐controlled tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in a novel perpendicular junction is reported, where the IrMn AFM stays immediately at both sides of AlOx tunnel barrier as the functional layers. Bi‐stable resistance states governed by the relative arrangement of uncompensated anti‐ferromagnetic IrMn moments are obtained here, rather than the traditional spin‐valve signal observed in ferromagnet‐based tunnel junctions. The experimental observation of room‐temperature tunneling magnetoresistance controlled directly by AFM is practically significant and may pave the way for new‐generation memories based on AFM spintronics.
Enhancing Output Power of Cylindrical Triboelectric Nanogenerators by Segmentation Design and Multilayer Integration
Authors: Tang Wei , Zhang Chi , Han Chang Bao , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: August 2014

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a newly invented technology that is effective for harvesting ambient mechanical energy for portable electronics, self‐powered sensor networks, etc. Here, by introducing segmentation and multilayer integration into the cylindrical TENG, the generator's output is enhanced significantly. With a four‐layer and thirty‐segment configuration, the TENG produces a short‐circuit current of 86 μA (13.5 μA m−2) and power of 4.3 mW (676 mW m−2) at a rotating speed of 600 rpm, which are respectively over 70 and 15 times higher than those of the one‐layer and one‐segment structure. This makes the TENG a sufficient power supply for conventional electronics, such as light bulbs and temperature sensors. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the segmentation design is a perfect self‐power management technique to automatically lower the TENG's output voltage and increase its output current without scarifying the output power. The fractal geometry is an effective way to maximize the TENG's contact surface area and thereby the output performance.
Full Color Emission in ZnGa2O4: Simultaneous Control of the Spherical Morphology, Luminescent, and Electric Properties via Hydrothermal Approach
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wu Zhijian , Geng Dongling , Kang Xiaojiao , Shang Mengmeng , Li Xuejiao , Lian Hongzhou , Cheng Ziyong , Lin Jun
Published: August 2014

ZnGa2O4 and ZnGa2O4: Mn2+/Eu3+ with uniform nanosphere (diameter about 400 nm) morphology have been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal approach. XRD, Raman spectra, XPS, FT‐IR, SEM, TEM, photoluminescence (PL), and cathodoluminescecne (CL) spectra are used to characterize the resulting samples. The controlled experiments indicate the dosage of trisodium citrate and pH values are responsible for shape determination of the ZnGa2O4 products. The possible fast crystallization–dissolution–recrystallization formation mechanism for these nanospheres is presented. Under UV light and low‐voltage electron beam excitation, ZnGa2O4, ZnGa2O4: Mn2+ and ZnGa2O4: Eu3+ emit bright blue, green, and red luminescence, respectively. Based on density functional theory calculations from first principles, the green and red emission are caused by the Mn 3d and Eu 4f electronic structures, respectively. Besides, the dependence of the CL intensity on the calcination temperature and electrical conductivity of the samples is presented. The ZnGa2O4: Mn2+ nanospheres have a higher CL intensity than that of bulk samples under the same excitation condition. The realization of three primary colors from a single host material suggests that full color display based on ZnGa2O4 nanospheres might be achievable, showing that these materials have potential applications in lighting and display fields.
Ultrasensitive Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Mutation by Graphene Oxide/DNA Hydrogel Electrode
Authors: Sun Liping , Hu Nan , Peng Jian , Chen Liyu , Weng Jian
Published: August 2014

Ultrasensitive detection of nucleic acid has attracted considerable attention recently in academic research and clinic diagnostics. Current approaches for DNA analysis involve complicated or expensive processes for labeling and often yield a high detection limit. In this study, a hydrogel electrode prepared from graphene oxide and fish sperm DNA is used for label−free mitochondrial DNA detection by impedimetric approach. The hydrogel has a bionic structure containing rich water and natural biomolecule fish sperm DNA that would benefit the adsorption and hybridization of DNA. Graphene oxide is a semiconductor and its conductivity can be improved by doping negatively charged DNA molecules. The result shows that the conductivity and impedance change of hydrogel electrode could be tuned by its length and component. The linear range for DNA detection by the optimized hydrogel is from 1.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10−20 M with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−20 M. The result is ascribed to the bionic structure and tunable conductivity of hydrogel electrode. The hydrogel electrode has been used to detect the real DNA samples from patients of ovarian cancer with satisfactory results.
An In Situ Multiscale Study of Ion and Electron Motion in a Lithium‐Ion Battery Composite Electrode
Authors: Seid Kalid‐Ahmed , Badot Jean‐Claude , Perca Cristian , Dubrunfaut Olivier , Soudan Patrick , Guyomard Dominique , Lestriez Bernard
Published: August 2014

This work reveals the great potential of in situ dielectric spectroscopy for deciphering the motion of ions and electrons on different scales in lithium‐ion battery electrodes. One of the main bottlenecks limiting composite electrode kinetics and energy density, is a critical lack of fundamental understanding with respect to the electronic and the ionic transport within the electrode architecture. The latter is a granular material made up of clusters of particles, in which the particles are separated by boundaries that limit the electronic transport. The ionic transport is also severely restricted due to its tortuous porosity. Here, in situ dielectric spectroscopy is used to study the lithium‐ion battery LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 composite electrodes. Short‐ and long‐range motions of ions are evident in the low‐frequency region. At higher frequencies, the influence of the adsorbed electrolyte ions on the electronic transfer at the micrometer scale is shown.
Market Intermediaries’ Willingness to Pay for Apple, Peach, Cherry, and Strawberry Quality Attributes
Authors: Gallardo R. Karina , Li Huixin , McCracken Vicki , Yue Chengyan , Luby James , McFerson James R.
Published: August 2014

This study uses discrete choice experiments to determine the valuation that individual market intermediaries (e.g., packers, shippers, marketers, and processors) place on targeted fruit quality traits in apple, peach, cherry, and strawberry for both the fresh and processing market. In general, market intermediaries assigned the greatest value to fruit quality traits that would enhance their profitability through increased consumer appeal, increased marketing time windows, or more efficient processing. These results should inform decisions among fruit marketing intermediary enterprises and contribute knowledge to breeding programs to ensure breeding efforts are focused and relevant to the industry and consumers’ needs and desires.
Spatial Product Market Integration between Two Small, Open Neighbouring Economies
Authors: Bakucs Zoltán , Bojnec Štefan , Fertő Imre
Published: August 2014

This paper contributes with an in‐depth investigation of spatial wheat producer market integration between two neighboring countries, net exporting Hungary and net importing Slovenia. One of the key features of this spatial producer price transmission is the very important role Hungary plays in supplying wheat to Slovenia. Using monthly data from January 2000 to April 2011, spatial price transmission is analyzed from a number of perspectives, using a wealth of econometric techniques in order to shed light upon the degree of integration, adjustment asymmetries and the role of market share upon price transmission. Empirical results rejected the validity of the Law of One Price, identified Hungary as the price‐leading market, confirmed competitive symmetric price adjustment, and emphasized the role of Hungarian market share in total Slovenian imports with respect to wheat price transmission elasticity. The results imply that wheat producer prices in both of the analyzed countries tend to be internationally determined. Hungarian exports are unable to price discriminate in wheat trade between the two neighboring markets.
Cognitive profile of school‐age children and teenagers with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED)
Authors: Hadj‐Rabia Smail , Jacob Stéphane , Dufresne Hélène , Mashiah Jacob , Vaivre‐Douret Laurence , Bodemer Christine
Published: August 2014

Anhidrotic/hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is the most common of the ectodermal dysplasias characterized by a triad of absent or reduced sweat, hypodontia and misshapen teeth, and missing or sparse hair. As the central nervous system is primarily ectodermal in origin, it has long been a concern that HED may be associated with developmental delay and/or intellectual disabilities. While published reviews report abnormalities in mental or motor development in 15–25% of HED‐affected patients, there is no report in the literature including a systematic assessment of intellectual abilities in a cohort of patients with this rare disorder. During yearly health care updates, many of our clinic families report attention difficulties in young HED patients without evidence of a significant impact on school performance. In an exploratory study to identify and quantify intellectual abnormalities that may be associated with HED, we performed a psychological examination of 23 HED patients by means of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, WPPSI‐III, and WISC‐IV. The interpretation of the tests shows no significant impairment in the achievements of the sample group compared with normative values (full scale scores, and index scale scores of the WISC‐IV). At an individual level, the HED‐affected patients were characterised by higher scores on the Verbal Comprehension Index, on Perceptual Reasoning and Working Memory Indices, and lower scores on the Processing Speed Index. As all of the Indices were within normal limits for the study population, in the absence of major mental/motor disabilities these findings support the mainstream education of HED‐affected children. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oligohydramnios sequence revisited in relationship to arthrogryposis, with distinctive skin changes
Authors: Hall Judith G.
Published: August 2014

Thirty cases of arthrogryposis associated with longstanding oligohydramnios were identified among 2,500 cases of arthrogryposis (1.2%) and were reviewed for clinical features and natural history. None had renal agenesis or renal disease. Twenty‐two had a history of known rupture of membranes. Only 50% had pulmonary hypoplasia at birth and only two died (7%). Sixty percent (18/30) seemed to have their multiple congenital contractures (MCC) primarily on the basis of compression related to the longstanding oligohydramnios and responded well to physical therapy. On average they did not have intrauterine growth restriction. “Potter” facies and remarkable skin changes were present in all. An excess of males was observed in spite of the lack of genitourinary anomalies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intra‐tooth stable isotope analysis of dentine: A step toward addressing selective mortality in the reconstruction of life history in the archaeological record
Authors: Sandberg Paul A. , Sponheimer Matt , Lee‐Thorp Julia , Van Gerven Dennis
Published: August 2014

Intra‐tooth stable isotope analysis of dentine provides a more sensitive means to examine infant and childhood life history in the past than conventional cross‐sectional analyses that rely on age‐at‐death. In addition, reconstructions of early diet and life history using an intra‐tooth approach circumvent potential problems associated with mortality bias, which may operate strongly during infancy and childhood. We present new intra‐tooth stable carbon and nitrogen isotope profiles in dentine collagen of early forming permanent teeth in a sample of adults from the Medieval Nubian site of Kulubnarti. We interpret the profiles in terms of weaning behavior and dietary history, and we compare profiles generated from first molars and canines to explore the degree to which these tooth types correspond. We then compare the profiles to the occurrence of linear enamel hypoplasia to assess the relationship between the timing of the weaning process and stress events. Finally, we compare the longitudinal profiles to cross‐sectional stable isotope data obtained from rib collagen to investigate how life histories might differ between those that survived into adulthood and those that did not. Results suggest that canine and first molar profiles are in broad agreement, that hypoplastic stress events occurred during rather than before or after the weaning process in our sample, and that survivors appear to have weaned earlier than the average non‐survivor. We suggest that this approach may be useful for addressing the effects of selective mortality on reconstructions of early life history and the relationship between early life history and morbidity. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:281–293, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A particular solution of Heun equation for Hulthen and Woods‐Saxon potentials
Authors: Karayer Hale , Demirhan Doǧan , Büyükkılıç Fevzi
Published: August 2014

In this article a particular solution of Heun equation is derived by making use of the Nikiforov‐Uvarov (NU) method which provides exact solutions for general hypergeometric equation and eigenvalues together with eigenfunctions of the Heun equation for this particular solution are obtained. One to one correspondence (isomorphism) of the aforesaid equation with the radial Schrödinger equation is emphasized and also physical counterparts of the parameters in this equation are put forward by introducing solutions for two different potential functions (Hulthen and Woods‐Saxon potentials).

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Die Bildung von Nanopartikeln und Nanostrukturen – CaCO3, Zement und Polymere aus Sicht der Industrie
Authors: Rieger Jens , Kellermeier Matthias , Nicoleau Luc
Published: August 2014

Nanotechnologie ermöglicht die Herstellung von Materialien mit hervorragenden Leistungscharakteristika. Ein Schlüsselelement der Nanotechnologie ist die Fähigkeit, Materie auf der Nanoskala zu manipulieren und zu steuern, um einen gewünschten Mix aus spezifischen Eigenschaften zu erhalten. Hier stellen wir jüngste Erkenntnisse zu den Bildungsmechanismen von anorganischen Nanopartikeln im Rahmen von Fällungsreaktionen vor. Am Beispiel von Calciumcarbonat beschreiben wir die verschiedenen Zwischenstufen, die auf dem Weg von den gelösten Ionen bis zu stabilen Makrokristallen auftreten können – einschließlich gelöster Ionencluster, flüssiger Phasen, amorpher Zustände und Nanopartikeln. Die Rolle von Polymeren bei der Nukleation, Templatierung, Stabilisierung und/oder Verhinderung dieser Strukturen wird skizziert. Als Beispiel für angewandte Nanotechnologie diskutieren wir die Eigenschaften von Zement, die durch die Bildung und das Ineinandergreifen von Calcium‐Silikat‐Hydrat‐Nanoplättchen festgelegt werden. Die Aggregation dieser Plättchen hin zu mesoskaligen Gebilden kann mithilfe von Polymeren gesteuert werden.
A Phosphorescent Molecular “Butterfly” that undergoes a Photoinduced Structural Change allowing Temperature Sensing and White Emission
Authors: Han Mingu , Tian Yu , Yuan Zhao , Zhu Lei , Ma Biwu
Published: August 2014

A butterfly‐like phosphorescent platinum(II) binuclear complex can undergo a molecular structure change in which the Pt–Pt distance shortens upon photoexcitation, which leads to the formation of two distinct excited states and dual emission in the steady state, that is, greenish‐blue emission from the high‐energy excited state at the long Pt–Pt distance and red emission from the low‐energy excited state at the short Pt–Pt distance. This photoinduced molecular structure change has a strong dependence on the molecule’s surrounding environment, allowing its application as self‐referenced luminescent sensor for solid–liquid phase change, viscosity, and temperature, with greenish‐blue emission in solid matrix and rising red emission in molten liquid phase. With proper control of the surrounding media to manipulate the structural change and photophysical properties, a broad white emission can be achieved from this molecular butterfly.
Core/Shell Au/MnO Nanoparticles Prepared Through Controlled Oxidation of AuMn as an Electrocatalyst for Sensitive H2O2 Detection
Authors: Zhu Huiyuan , Sigdel Aruna , Zhang Sen , Su Dong , Xi Zheng , Li Qing , Sun Shouheng
Published: August 2014

Monodisperse 5 nm AuMn nanoparticles were synthesized by hydride reduction of manganese acetylacetonate in the presence of Au nanoparticles. The alloy was formed through fast Mn diffusion into the Au structure. The AuMn nanoparticles were converted to Au‐MnO composite particles through air annealing at 170 °C. These Au‐MnO particles, especially the core/shell Au/MnO nanoparticles, were active for the electrochemical reduction of H2O2, with a detection limit reaching 8 nM. This highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on the Au/MnO nanoparticles was used to monitor H2O2 concentrations released from living cells, from which tumorigenic cells were discovered to release higher levels of H2O2 than the non‐tumorigenic cells.
Regioselective Radical Aminofluorination of Styrenes
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Song Yongcheng , Zhao Jinbo , Zhang Jingping , Zhang Qian
Published: August 2014

The copper‐catalyzed radical aminofluorination of styrenes with N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) is realized with high regioselectivity, thus affording aminofluorination products with regioselectivities opposite that of the palladium‐catalyzed and noncatalyzed processes. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested the reaction went through a radical pathway and was supported by DFT calculations. In these reactions, NFSI is utilized as both a radical nitrogen source and radical fluorine source, thus rendering it an attractive reagent.
An Amphoteric Switch to Aromatic and Antiaromatic States of a Neutral Air‐Stable 25π Radical
Authors: Gopalakrishna Tullimilli Y. , Reddy J. Sreedhar , Anand Venkataramanarao G.
Published: August 2014

Ever since the discovery of the trityl radical, isolation of a stable and neutral organic radical has been a synthetic challenge. A (4n+1)π open‐shell configuration is one such possible neutral radical but an unusual state between aromatic (4n+2)π and antiaromatic (4n)π electronic circuits. The synthesis and characterization of an air‐ and water‐stable neutral 25π pentathiophene macrocyclic radical is now described. It undergoes reversible one‐electron oxidation to a 24π antiaromatic cation and reduction to a 26π aromatic anion, thus confirming its amphoteric behavior. Structural determination by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies revealed a planar configuration for the neutral radical, antiaromatic cation, and aromatic anion. In the solution state, the cation shows the highest upfield chemical shift ever observed for a 4nπ system, while the anion adhered to aromatic nature. Computational studies revealed the delocalized nature of the unpaired electron as confirmed by EPR spectroscopy.
Influence of amorphous alkaline lignin on the crystallization behavior and thermal properties of bacterial polyester
Authors: Shichao Wang , Hengxue Xiang , Renlin Wang , Zhe Zhou , Meifang Zhu
Published: August 2014

Bacterial polyester poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and alkaline lignin composites were prepared via melt processing method, and the influence of amorphous lignin on the crystallization behavior and thermal properties of PHBV were investigated. It was found that dual melting peaks appeared in DSC curves of PHBV/lignin composites, while only one single peak existed in PHBV. The non‐isothermal crystallization process analyzed by Jeziorny method suggested that lignin changed the nucleation mode of composites and hindered the crystallization rate of PHBV. Data calculated from the results of WAXD demonstrated that lignin did not change the basic crystal structure of PHBV, but decreased the average size of the lamellar stacks. POM results confirmed that the effect of lignin on the crystallization behavior of PHBV carried out in two opposite way, namely the enhanced effect of nucleation and the hindered effect of growth. Besides, the thermal stability of composites was also decreased significantly. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41325.
Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on NGF induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells
Authors: Jung In‐Soo , Kim Hyun‐Jung , Noh Ran , Kim Soo‐Chan , Kim Chan‐Wha
Published: August 2014

Extremely low‐frequency magnetic fields (ELF‐MFs) affect various cellular processes and systems, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolic pathways. The present study investigated ELF‐MFs effect on nerve growth factor (NGF) induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells using proteomic applications to understand its role in the enhancement of neuronal differentiation. After 50 Hz, 1 mT ELF‐MFs 5‐day exposure on NGF induced PC12 cells, it was observed to increase neurite length as well as an increase in the number of neurite bearing cells. It was also discovered that there was a decrease in proliferation activity, which is associated with an increase in differentiated cells. Neuronal differentiation related mRNA levels and protein levels were increased in NGF induced PC12 cells. Compared with NGF induced group, ELF‐MFs stimulated PC12 cells had different protein expression as measured with two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) gels. Consequently six differentially expressed spots were detected between the 2‐DE maps, which were identified by electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐Q‐TOF LC/MS/MS) as: peripherin, neurosecretory protein nerve growth factor inducible (VGF8a) precursor, dnaK‐type molecular chaperone sp72‐ps1 (HSP72‐psI), low molecular weight (Mr) phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase isoenzyme AcP1 (LMW‐PTP/ACP1), Tubulin alpha‐1A (TUBA1A) chain, outcome predictor in acute leukemia 1 homolog (OPA1L). The identification of these proteins provides clues to the mechanism of ELF‐MFs stimulation on NGF induced PC12 cells that occur during neuronal differentiation and may contribute to the development novel treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:459–469, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence and risk factors for suicide and attempted suicide following a diagnosis of hematological malignancy
Authors: Hultcrantz Malin , Svensson Tobias , Derolf Åsa R. , Kristinsson Sigurdur Y. , Lindqvist Ebba K. , Ekbom Anders , Granath Fredrik , Björkholm Magnus
Published: August 2014

Solid tumors are associated with an increased risk of suicide, however, there is limited detailed information on the risk of suicide in patients with hematological malignancies. Therefore, we conducted a population‐based study including 47,220 patients with hematological malignancies (diagnosed 1992–2006) and their 235,868 matched controls to define the incidence and risk factors for suicide and suicide attempt. Information on suicides, suicide attempts, and preexisting psychiatric disorders was obtained from Swedish registers and individual medical records. There was a twofold increased (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.5–2.3, P < 0.0001) risk of suicide/suicide attempt during the first 3 years after diagnosis in patients with hematological malignancies compared to matched controls. Of all hematological malignancies, multiple myeloma was associated with the highest risk (HR = 3.4; 2.3–5.0, P < 0.0001). Patients with a preexisting psychiatric disorder were at a very high risk of suicide and suicide attempt (HR = 23.3; 16.6–32.6, P < 0.0001), regardless of type of hematological malignancy. Among patients who committed suicide, 19% were in a palliative phase and 44% were in remission with no active treatment. In conclusion, the risk of suicide and suicide attempt is elevated in patients with hematological malignancies. Certain high‐risk patients may benefit from early detection and preventive measures.