bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Among Healthcare Personnel
Authors: Tosun Ozge , Dabak Resat , Sargin Mehmet , Dolapcioglu Can , Ahishali Emel
Published: June 2016

This study aims to investigate the frequency of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among healthcare professionals. A total of 394 healthcare professionals and 207 individuals who were selected as a control group were included in the study. A questionnaire form containing Rome III diagnostic criteria was administered to health workers and the control group. The study groups were evaluated according to age, gender, occupation, profession, presence of chronic disease, drug usage, smoking, awareness of IBS, alarm symptoms, and the type of IBS they have. Irritable bowel syndrome was diagnosed in 44 healthcare workers and 10 control group participants. Of the 44 healthcare professionals with IBS, 6 had alternate, 13 had constipated-dominant, and 25 had diarrhea-dominant IBS. Of the 10 persons in the control group who were diagnosed as having IBS, 5 were diarrhea-dominant and 5 were constipated-dominant type. Irritable bowel syndrome was more frequent in healthcare professionals than in the control group. Healthcare workers are more prone to IBS due to their stressful working environment.
Determination of the volatile flavor components of orange and grapefruit by simultaneous distillation-extraction
Authors: Hong Young Shin , Kim Kyong Su
Published: June 2016

The volatile flavor components of the fruit pulp and peel of orange (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) were extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) using a solvent mixture of n-pentane and diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total volatile flavor contents in the pulp and peel of orange were 120.55 and 4,510.81 mg/kg, respectively, while those in the pulp and peel of grapefruit were 195.60 and 4,223.68 mg/kg, respectively. The monoterpene limonene was identified as the major voltile flavor compound in both orange and grapefruit, exhibiting contents of 65.32 and 3,008.10 mg/kg in the pulp and peel of orange, respectively, and 105.00 and 1,870.24 mg/kg in the pulp and peel of grapefruit, respectively. Limonene, sabinene, α-pinene, β-myrcene, linalool, (Z)-limonene oxide, and (E)-limonene oxide were the main volatile flavor components of both orange and grapefruit. The distinctive component of orange was valencene, while grapefruit contained (E)-caryophyllene and nootkatone. δ-3-Carene, α-terpinolene, borneol, citronellyl acetate, piperitone, and β-copaene were detected in orange but not in grapefruit. Conversely, grapefruit contained β-pinene, α-terpinyl acetate, bicyclogermacrene, nootkatol, β-cubebene, and sesquisabinene, while orange did not. Phenylacetaldehyde, camphor, limona ketone and (Z)-caryophyllene were identified in the pulp of both fruits, while α-thujene, citronellal, citronellol, α-sinensal, γ-muurolene and germacrene D were detected in the peel of both fresh fruit samples.
Physiological activities of natural color powders and their mixtures
Authors: Kang Jae-Ran , Kang Min-Jung , Sim Hye-Jin , Choi Myeong-Hyo , Shin Jung-Hye
Published: June 2016

Seven kinds (acacia, cochineal, catechu, grape peel, persimmon, gallnut and clove) of color powders obtained from natural resources and their mixtures were evaluated for their biological activities, such as antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH radicals scavenging), cholesterol absorption, and COX-2 inhibitory activities. Catechu, gallnut and clove were selected for the further studies due to its the best activities. The cholesterol absorption, COX-2 inhibitory, α-amylase inhibitory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were measured using the mixtures of catechu, gallnut and clove. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of the seven types of natural color powders were higher than the DPPH radical scavenging activity. The cholesterol absorption activity was significantly higher in cloves. The COX-2 inhibitory activity was significantly lower in acacia. The α-amylase inhibitory activity was higher in catechu and gallnut, indicating that there were no significant difference between two mixtures. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was the highest in catechu, which was higher than that of the catechu-containing mixtures. From all these results, a synergistic effect could be obtained when utilizing a mixture of powders rather than using only individual type. Since the activity of each powder was different, further studies will be required for clarifying the interactions between mixtures.
Quality and shelf life of noodles containing onion powder
Authors: Kim Yo Sep , Park Na Young , No Hong Kyoon
Published: June 2016

The quality and shelf life of noodles containing onion powder (0, 3, 5, and 10%) were investigated. The pH ofraw noodles decreased by increasing the concentration of onion power. The weight, volume, and water absorption of the cooked noodles were comparable, irrespective of onion powder concentrations. Color L and a values of raw noodles decreased, while b value increased by addition of onion powder. However, no considerable differences in color values were observed among the control and onion noodle groups after cooking (p<0.05). The total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities of raw and cooked noodles increased with increasing onion powder concentrations, although the latter had lower values. In the aspect of texture, the control group showed higher hardness and chewness than those of noodle containing onion powder, except for springiness. The results of raw noodle storage at 10℃ for 12 days indicated that raw onion noodles, especially those with 5% onion powder added, could be preserved for at least 6 days longer than the control noodle. In the sensory evaluation of cooked noodles, no significant differences in appearance, taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptability were observed between the control and onion noodle groups. This study indicates that the addition of 5% onion powder could improve the functionality and shelf life of noodles
Age-Related Delay in Visual and Auditory Evoked Responses is Mediated by White and Gray matter Differences
Authors: Price D. , Tyler L. K. , Neto Henriques R. , Campbell K. , Williams N. , Treder M. , Taylor J. R. ,   CamCAN, Henson R. N. A.
Published: June 2016

Slowing is a common feature of ageing, yet a direct relationship between neural slowing and brain atrophy is yet to be established in healthy humans. We combine magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measures of neural processing speed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of white- and gray-matter in a large (N=617, 18-88yrs), population-derived cohort (www.cam-can.org) to investigate the relationship between age-related structural differences and VEF and AEF delay across two different tasks. Using a novel technique, we show that VEFs exhibit a constant delay, whereas AEPs exhibit delay that accumulates over time. Visual delay is mediated by white-matter microstructure in the optic radiation, presumably reflecting increased transmission time, whereas auditory delay is mediated by gray-matter differences in auditory cortex, presumably reflecting less efficient local processing. Our results demonstrate that age has dissociable effects on neural processing speed, and that these effects relate to different types of brain atrophy.
Helping the e-mail checking addicts
Authors: Beal Brian
Published: June 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to review the demands employees face when communicating through information and communication technologies (ICTs), and relevant interventions are suggested to provide a set of evidence-based recommendations to help protect work-life balance.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews the following demands associated with ICTs: response expectations, constant availability, increased workload and poor communication. The authors draw upon empirical research to highlight outcomes and intervention strategies, before discussing implications for research and practice.

Findings

The paper, which reviews four demands employees face when communicating through ICT (response expectations, constant availability, increased workload and poor communication), finds that there are diverse outcomes associated with each. The outcomes were not inherently negative, as evidence suggests that positive performance outcomes can arise from response expectations and constant availability, although there may be health and wellbeing costs.

Originality/value

Four interrelated demands that employees can face when communicating through technology are integrated and possible interventions are analyzed.
Passing the baton
Authors: Drury Pauline
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider the factors affecting the success of succession planning in family businesses.

Design/methodology/approach

The study reports on a panel discussion in which the former chairman of the William Jackson Food Group describes the processes put in place to manage succession at this family firm and his own experience of handing over to his successor.

Findings

Once upon a time, saying that you were going into the family business marked the end of any career discussion. Now it’s just the beginning – interest in family firms has never been greater. Succession planning is a subject guaranteed to generate questions – everyone wants to know how to get it right. Fortunately, it’s an area where some are happy to share their experience.

Research limitations/implications

The paper highlights the need for more longitudinal research on family firms.

Practical implications

This paper provides a practical guide to structures and processes that can facilitate succession planning in family firms.

Social implications

It draws attention to the emotional and psychological impact of succession on the retiring individual and the need to create life structures to replace former business involvement.

Originality/value

This paper aims to present a frank discussion of the approach to succession planning taken by one family business and the broader research questions that it raises.
Managing talent development effectively
Authors: Cole Graham
Published: June 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach

This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings

It has almost become a cliché to state that the workforce is any company’s most importance asset. Organizations accordingly recognize the value added by highly skilled employees. Talent is perceived as being in short supply. This means that firms battle to entice individuals that will best help secure a competitive edge. Talent is a valuable resource that is widely considered unique and difficult to replicate. That much is unquestionable. Identification and development of talented employees is therefore often high on the agenda of businesses targeting sustained growth and prosperity.

Practical implications

The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world's leading organizations.

Originality/value

The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent, information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
Improving health in the workplace
Authors: Cole Graham
Published: June 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach

This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings

An old adage informs us that prevention is better than cure. These are wise words indeed. And such sentiments obviously apply within a wide variety of contexts, with working environments being no exception. Recent decades have witnessed growing importance attached to health in the workplace. Given the prevailing compensation culture in many societies, this development is not surprising. Firms naturally want to protect themselves as much as possible from the threat of health-related lawsuits. Complying with necessary regulations and safeguarding the welfare of employees should thus be high on the agenda. It clearly makes sense for organizations to adopt a proactive approach to these matters.

Practical implications

The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world's leading organizations.

Originality/value

The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent, information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
Labour exploitation
Authors: Chelliah John
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the risks faced by employers as a result of subjecting vulnerable employees to exploitative business practices that are akin to slavery.

Design/methodology/approach

The study considers examples of exploitative approaches that employers have recently adopted.

Findings

The paper reveals that employers should be aware of the serious legal consequences including imprisonment that could result from slavery like business practices.

Research limitations/implications

Guides managers in preventing claims of slavery.

Practical implications

The paper serves to guide managers in preventing claims of slavery or exploitation.

Social implications

It helps to draw attention to the risks associated with exploitative labour practices at the workplace.

Originality/value

This paper aims to raise the issue of organizational awareness and preparedness to prevent predatory or exploitative employment practices.
The Search for Democratic Renewal: The Politics of Consultation in Britain and Australia Rob Manwaring (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2014, ISBN 9780719088766 (hardback), 208 pp.)
Authors: Dickinson Helen
Published: June 2016

This is a review of the book ‘The search for democratic renewal’ by Rob Manwaring.
Prognostic factors in patients after definitive chemoradiation using involved‐field radiotherapy for esophageal cancer in a phase II study
Authors: Yamashita Hideomi , Takenaka Ryousuke , Okuma Kae , Ootomo Kuni , Nakagawa Keiichi
Published: June 2016

Background

A prospective study was performed on the use of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for esophageal cancer (EC) with involved‐field radiation therapy (IFRT), based on 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron‐emission tomography. Prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) were analyzed.

Methods

Eligible patients included 63 adults with newly diagnosed, untreated, inoperable stage I–IV EC with lymph node metastases. Patients received 80 mg/m2 nedaplatin per day on day 1, 800 mg/m2 5‐fluorouracil on days 1–4 intravenously repeated every 28 days for two to four cycles, and combined IFRT. Irradiation was applied only to the primary tumor and positive lymph nodes.

Results

Three‐year progression‐free survival and OS rates were 44.9% and 47.5%, respectively. The median survival time was 31.5 months. In univariate analyses for OS, Karnofsy Performance Scale <90% (P = 0.027), initial stage (P = 0.0087), T stage (P = 0.066), N stage (P = 0.000086), M stage of M1 (P = 0.0042), dysphagia score (P = 0.00017), tumor marker squamous cell carcinoma antigen >1.5 ng/mL (P = 0.0054), gross tumor volume (GTV) > 60 cc (P = 0.00011), and relative dose intensity (RDI) of chemotherapy ≤50% (P = 0.063) were found to be associated with significantly or marginally worse OS. In multivariate analyses for OS, GTV ≥ 60 cc (P = 0.00040), RDI < 50% (P = 0.00034), and cN2‐3 (P = 0.0020) were associated with significantly worse OS.

Conclusion

GTV, RDI and N grading, were associated with OS after definitive CRT using IFRT for EC.
Laparoscopic caudal approach for a small hepatocellular carcinoma located in the paracaval portion of a cirrhotic liver
Authors: Iwashita Yukio , Uchida Hiroki , Endo Yuichi , Yada Kazuhiro , Mori Tetsu , Ohta Masayuki , Inomata Masafumi
Published: June 2016

Resection of a tumor located in the paracaval portion of the liver, without sacrificing other parts of the liver, is surgically challenging. Here, we describe using a laparoscopic caudal approach for a small hepatocellular carcinoma located in the paracaval portion. It is the first case using the laparoscopic caudal approach to be reported in the literature. Compared with the conventional approaches, this procedure can minimize both surgical invasiveness and the volume of liver parenchyma to be resected. In addition, the laparoscopic view is suitable for this procedure. The laparoscopic caudal approach can be a safe procedure with minimal invasiveness for a small paracaval tumor, particularly in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Is Corporate Social Responsibility in Japanese Firms at the Theoretically Derived Achievable Level? An Analysis of CSR Inefficiency Using a Stochastic Frontier Model
Authors: Nakamura Eri
Published: June 2016

The purposes of this study are to investigate whether current corporate social responsibility (CSR) is at the theoretically derived achievable level (hereinafter referred to simply as achievable level), to introduce “CSR inefficiency” as the difference between actual and achievable levels of CSR, and to specify its determinants. We established that the achievable level of CSR activity is determined by a range of keiretsu group, government, sector, and resource factors, and choosing specific activities can affect the priority levels of social contributions. CSR inefficiency is affected by its own factors such as internal management, which are different from those of CSR activity. Our study suggests the importance of the differences between the achievable levels of CSR among firms. For example, firms in machinery, electrical equipment, public utilities, and service industries have greater inefficiency in environmental CSR than the other industries. Conversely, the achievable levels of construction and petroleum and gum industries for environmental CSR are higher. Service firms can achieve higher level of environmental CSR, although their emissions and wastes are not as large as those of manufacturing firms in general. In retail industries, the achievable level of environmental CSR is lowest among all industries, while those for labor issues and social contribution are as high as those of other industries. Public utilities have large CSR inefficiency compared with other industries, while construction, steel and nonferrous metals have small CSR inefficiency.
Old World Leishmaniasis: an ancient disease with nonstandardized microscopic and clinical classifications
Authors: Zgheib Elias , Habib Robert , Moukarbel Roger , Khalifeh Ibrahim
Published: June 2016

Background

Microscopic and clinical classifications of cutaneous leishmania have been set in the 1980s. Since then, they have been used invariably. Lebanon, a nonendemic country, is suffering from a leishmaniasis epidemic because of the massive population influx from endemic Syria.

Design

Patients diagnosed and speciated with leishmania (n = 169) using molecular and microscopic analysis were studied. General demographic data, microscopic data [Ridley's pattern (RP), microscopic pattern, Parasitic Index (PI)] and clinical stage were documented. Clinical score was scored as: 1: inflammatory; 2: proliferative/reorganization; 3: healed phases. The three patterns were studied in comparison to the lesion age and PI.

Results

At low PI, the clinical score and microscopic pattern showed healing scores (scores 3 and 4, respectively). In contrast, RP showed variable distribution at low PI. The same pattern is noted when correlating the different patterns with high PI. In comparison to lesion age, none of the three patterns showed the predicted linear correlation with lesion progression.

Conclusion

In the studied population, the previously adopted classifications did not correlate with the disease progression. Such findings may raise the possibility of evolving disease. The proposed clinical and microscopic patterns showed better correlation with the disease progression.
Parathyroid adenomas: a potential source of pitfalls for thyroid FNA cytology
Authors: Lenos M. , Mikou P.
Published: June 2016

The authors highlight the cytological features of parathyroid adenoma, which in conjunction with intrathyroid tumour location and absence of clinical information may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of thyroid follicular tumour. Moreover, the coexistence of dual pathology may result in misdiagnosis of a parathyroid tumour for a thyroid lesion, due to sampling error, even when ultrasound guidance for fine needle aspiration is used.
Death in the intestinal epithelium—basic biology and implications for inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Blander J. Magarian
Published: June 2016

Every 4–5 days, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are terminated as they reach the end of their life. This process ensures that the epithelium is comprised of the fittest cells that maintain an impermeable barrier to luminal contents and the gut microbiota, as well as the most metabolically able cells that conduct functions in nutrient absorption, digestion, and secretion of antimicrobial peptides. IEC are terminated by apical extrusion—or shedding—from the intestinal epithelial monolayer into the gut lumen. Whether death by apoptosis signals extrusion or death follows expulsion by younger IEC has been a matter of debate. Seemingly a minor detail, IEC death before or after apical extrusion bears weight on the potential contribution of apoptotic IEC to intestinal homeostasis as a consequence of their recognition by intestinal lamina propria phagocytes. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), excessive death is observed in the ileal and colonic epithelium. The precise mode of IEC death in IBD is not defined. A highly inflammatory milieu within the intestinal lamina propria, rich in the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF‐α, increases IEC shedding and compromises barrier integrity fueling more inflammation. A milestone in the treatment of IBD, anti‐TNF‐α therapy, may promote mucosal healing by reversing increased and inflammation‐associated IEC death. Understanding the biology and consequences of cell death in the intestinal epithelium is critical to the design of new avenues for IBD therapy.
Non‐local line method for notched elements with use of effective length calculated in an elasto‐plastic condition
Authors: Krzyżak D. , Robak G. , Łagoda T.
Published: June 2016

The paper presents a non‐local line method used to the fatigue life calculation of notched elements. The presented method is based on the concept of an effective length which determines the size of the equivalent fatigue zone. Effective values of normal stress calculated in the critical plane with a weight function were applied when determining the equivalent fatigue zone. Simulation studies were performed for two types of steel and two types of loading. Five different series of tests and simulations were used. Experimental studies were carried out for 40 HM‐T and EA4T steels. These materials are used in railway industry, including the manufacturing of coupling bars. The notched test specimens contained notches with a tip radius of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1 mm. Stress calculations were performed using the finite element method by adopting cyclic material properties described by the model of a multi‐linear hardening. Non‐local calculations were performed in a defined critical plane for normal stress distribution and a weight function. As a result, the function of variation of the effective length depending on the loading level and geometry of the notch has been determined.
Dissociable roles for histone acetyltransferases p300 and PCAF in hippocampus and perirhinal cortex‐mediated object memory
Authors: Mitchnick K. A. , Creighton S. D. , Cloke J. M. , Wolter M. , Zaika O. , Christen B. , Van Tiggelen M. , Kalisch B. E. , Winters B. D.
Published: June 2016

The importance of histone acetylation for certain types of memory is now well established. However, the specific contributions of the various histone acetyltransferases to distinct memory functions remain to be determined; therefore, we employed selective histone acetyltransferase protein inhibitors and short‐interference RNAs to evaluate the roles of CREB‐binding protein (CBP), E1A‐binding protein (p300) and p300/CBP‐associated factor (PCAF) in hippocampus and perirhinal cortex (PRh)‐mediated object memory. Rats were tested for short‐ (STM) and long‐term memory (LTM) in the object‐in‐place task, which relies on the hippocampus and PRh for spatial memory and object identity processing, respectively. Selective inhibition of these histone acetyltransferases by small‐interfering RNA and pharmacological inhibitors targeting the HAT domain produced dissociable effects. In the hippocampus, CBP or p300 inhibition impaired long‐term but not short‐term object memory, while inhibition of PCAF impaired memory at both delays. In PRh, HAT inhibition did not impair STM, and only CBP and PCAF inhibition disrupted LTM; p300 inhibition had no effects. Messenger RNA analyses revealed findings consistent with the pattern of behavioral effects, as all three enzymes were upregulated in the hippocampus (dentate gyrus) following learning, whereas only CBP and PCAF were upregulated in PRh. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the necessity of histone acetyltransferase activity for PRh‐mediated object memory and indicate that the specific mnemonic roles of distinctive histone acetyltransferases can be dissociated according to specific brain regions and memory timeframe.
Do maize models capture the impacts of heat and drought stresses on yield? Using algorithm ensembles to identify successful approaches
Authors: Jin Zhenong , Zhuang Qianlai , Tan Zeli , Dukes Jeffrey S. , Zheng Bangyou , Melillo Jerry M.
Published: June 2016

Stresses from heat and drought are expected to increasingly suppress crop yields, but the degree to which current models can represent these effects is uncertain. Here we evaluate the algorithms that determine impacts of heat and drought stress on maize in 16 major maize models by incorporating these algorithms into a standard model, the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), and running an ensemble of simulations. Although both daily mean temperature and daylight temperature are common choice of forcing heat stress algorithms, current parameterizations in most models favor the use of daylight temperature even though the algorithm was designed for daily mean temperature. Different drought algorithms (i.e., a function of soil water content, of soil water supply to demand ratio, and of actual to potential transpiration ratio) simulated considerably different patterns of water shortage over the growing season, but nonetheless predicted similar decreases in annual yield. Using the selected combination of algorithms, our simulations show that maize yield reduction was more sensitive to drought stress than to heat stress for the US Midwest since the 1980s, and this pattern will continue under future scenarios; the influence of excessive heat will become increasingly prominent by the late 21st century. Our review of algorithms in 16 crop models suggests that the impacts of heat and drought stress on plant yield can be best described by crop models that: (i) incorporate event‐based descriptions of heat and drought stress, (ii) consider the effects of nighttime warming, and (iii) coordinate the interactions among multiple stresses. Our study identifies the proficiency with which different model formulations capture the impacts of heat and drought stress on maize biomass and yield production. The framework presented here can be applied to other modeled processes and used to improve yield predictions of other crops with a wide variety of crop models.
The Archaeology of West Africa, ca. 800 BCE to 1500 CE
Authors: Dueppen Stephen A.
Published: June 2016

Recent archaeological research has transformed our understandings of events and processes in West Africa between the beginning of iron‐use ca. 800 BCE and the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century CE, forcing reinterpretations of older narratives that were derived from unbalanced archaeological coverage and over‐privileging of the limited textual record. During this period, economic experimentation and transformation were common in West Africa, as farming economies ultimately expanded over the entire region, while specialization and artistic traditions developed within societies for the production of iron, pottery, textiles, terracotta figurines, glass and copper‐based objects. Some societies actively participated in interregional economies and cultivated the growth of trans‐Saharan trade routes, resulting in the development of large‐scale medieval states and empires (e.g. Ghana and Mali) and initial conversions to Islam in northern locations, while elsewhere societies were more focused on local sources of power and authority. Sociopolitical systems varied significantly throughout the region and included mobile foraging groups, diverse village communities, cities with large palaces, cities without hierarchical leadership and territorial states with no urban centres. This article provides an overview of this exciting era in the African past, calling attention to both regional and local historical trajectories.
A Man's Blessing or a Woman's Curse? The Family Earnings Gap of Doctors
Authors: Schurer Stefanie , Kuehnle Daniel , Scott Anthony , Cheng Terence C.
Published: June 2016

We examine the size and determinants of the family earnings gap for Australian general practitioners (GPs). Female GPs with children earn more than $30,000 less than comparable female GPs without children, while male GPs with children earn more than $45,000 more than comparable male GPs without children. The main determinants of the family gap are differences in observable characteristics such as working hours, labor‐force attachment, and demographics, and additionally, for men, entrepreneurship and practice size. A fixed‐effects extension of the analysis confirms both the carer effect of children on female GPs and the breadwinner effect of children on male GPs.
Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Blood Pressure Variability in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Pengo Martino F. , Ratneswaran Culadeeban , Berry Marc , Kent Brian D. , Kohler Malcolm , Rossi Gian Paolo , Steier Joerg
Published: June 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves OSA symptoms and blood pressure (BP) control. The effect of CPAP on BP variability (BPV) in patients with and without hypertension treated with autotitrating CPAP (APAP) for 2 weeks was studied. A total of 78 participants (76.9% men, 49% hypertensive, mean body mass index 36.2 [6.9] kg/m2, age 49.0 [12.9] years) underwent 2 weeks of APAP therapy. Office BP, BPV (standard deviation of three BP measurements), and pulse rate were measured before and after treatment. Systolic BPV (5.3±4.9 vs 4.2±3.4 mm Hg, P=.047) and pulse rate (78.0±14.5 vs 75.5±15.8 beats per minute, P=.032) decreased after treatment, particularly in hypertensive participants. Mask leak was independently associated with reduced changes in systolic BPV (r=−0.237, P=.048). Short‐term APAP treatment reduced BPV and pulse rate, particularly in hypertensive patients with OSA.
Monitoring Items in Real Time to Enhance CAT Security
Authors: Zhang Jinming , Li Jie
Published: June 2016

An IRT‐based sequential procedure is developed to monitor items for enhancing test security. The procedure uses a series of statistical hypothesis tests to examine whether the statistical characteristics of each item under inspection have changed significantly during CAT administration. This procedure is compared with a previously developed CTT‐based procedure through simulation studies. The results show that when the total number of examinees is fixed both procedures can control the rate of type I errors at any reasonable significance level by choosing an appropriate cutoff point and meanwhile maintain a low rate of type II errors. Further, the IRT‐based method has a much lower type II error rate or more power than the CTT‐based method when the number of compromised items is small (e.g., 5), which can be achieved if the IRT‐based procedure can be applied in an active mode in the sense that flagged items can be replaced with new items.
Performance of honeybee colonies located in neonicotinoid‐treated and untreated cornfields in Quebec
Authors: Alburaki M. , Cheaib B. , Quesnel L. , Mercier P.‐L. , Chagnon M. , Derome N.
Published: June 2016

Twenty‐two honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were placed in four different cornfield areas in order to study the potential in situ effects of seed‐coated systemic neonicotinoid pesticides used in cornfields (Zea mays spp) on honeybee health. Two apiaries were located in two independent neonicotinoid‐treated cornfield areas and two others in two independent untreated cornfield areas used as controls. These experimental hives were extensively monitored for their performance and health traits over a period of one year. Trapped pollen was collected and microscopically identified to define the visited flowers and the amount of corn pollen collected by bees. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was performed to detect pesticide residues in honeybee foragers and trapped pollen. Honeybee colonies located in neonicotinoid‐treated cornfields expressed significantly higher varroa mite loads than those in untreated cornfields. However, brood production and colony weight were less disturbed by the treatment factor. Sublethal doses of neonicotinoids were detected in the trapped corn pollen and none in bee foragers. Overall, our results show that forager bees collected 20% of corn pollen containing variable concentrations of neonicotinoids. Colonies located in treated cornfields expressed higher varroa loads and long‐term mortality than those in untreated cornfields. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed regarding the brood production and colony weight.
The Chloroplast Genome of Euglena mutabilis—Cluster Arrangement, Intron Analysis, and Intrageneric Trends
Authors: Dabbagh Nadja , Preisfeld Angelika
Published: June 2016

A comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome of Euglena mutabilis underlined a high diversity in the evolution of plastids in euglenids. Gene clusters in more derived Euglenales increased in complexity with only a few, but remarkable changes in the genus Euglena. Euglena mutabilis differed from other Euglena species in a mirror‐inverted arrangement of 12 from 15 identified clusters, making it very likely that the emergence at the base of the genus Euglena, which has been considered a long branch artifact, is truly a probable position. This was corroborated by many similarities in gene arrangement and orientation with Strombomonas and Monomorphina, rendering the genome organization of E. mutabilis in certain clusters as plesiomorphic feature. By RNA analysis exact exon–intron boundaries and the type of the 77 introns identified were mostly determined unambiguously. A detailed intron study of psbC pointed at two important issues: First, the number of introns varied even between species, and no trend from few to many introns could be observed. Second, mat1 was localized in Eutreptiales exclusively in intron 1, and mat2 was not identified. With the emergence of Euglenaceae in most species, a new intron containing mat2 inserted in front of the previous intron 1 and thereby became intron 2 with mat1.
Juvenile Waiver 2014: A Review of State Statutes
Authors: Bang Brandon L. , Posey Brianne , Hemmens Craig
Published: June 2016

Juvenile waiver has received much attention from the public, practitioners, and scholars. Prior studies have documented the increased use and effects of waiver. In this study we examine the current state of the law regarding juvenile waiver. We replicate 1995 and 2003 studies that examined state waiver statutes and detail the changes in prosecutorial, judicial, and legislative waiver since 2003. While the juvenile crime rate has dropped dramatically, it is unclear why legislatures’ fascination with juvenile waiver has also decreased. In this study we determine that juvenile waiver remains popular with legislatures, although there are signs of change.
Protecting Ohio's Children: Ohio Juvenile Court Jurisdiction to Prevent Nonparty Interference in the Protection of the Best Interest of a Child
Authors: Grendell Timothy J. , Siu Thomas L. , Hurst Anthony J. , Pavlovcak Tara
Published: June 2016

Ohio Rule of Juvenile Procedure 2(Y) allows juvenile courts to do what other courts cannot: designate additional parties to an action, allowing juvenile courts to better accomplish their statutory purpose of pursuing the best interests of children. However, sometimes this can lead to confusion about juvenile courts’ actions to protect children, especially when courts invoke Rule 2(Y) to stop interference with proceedings. This article will examine the historical foundations of Ohio's juvenile courts, the unique authority that they possess, and the conflicts that can arise due to interference with juvenile court proceedings. Ohio's juvenile courts have unique authority, and they can use that authority in a way that does not conflict with constitutional rights, while still working to protect the interests of children.
Wire‐guided intraduodenal ultrasonography using a catheter probe in the differential diagnosis of enlarged ampullary lesions
Authors: Kim Shin Hee , Moon Jong Ho , Lee Yun Nah , Choi Hyun Jong , Kim Hee Kyung , Choi Moon Han , Lee Tae Hoon , Cha Sang Woo , Choi Seo‐Youn , Lee Hae Kyung
Published: June 2016

Background and Aim

It can be difficult to identify the cause of an enlarged ampulla of Vater (AOV). This study evaluated the accuracy of wire‐guided intraduodenal ultrasonography (US) for the differential diagnosis of an enlarged AOV during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

Patients and Methods

Thirty‐four patients with enlarged AOVs of unknown cause identified on imaging studies or endoscopic observations underwent wire‐guided intraduodenal US using a catheter probe.

Results

The final diagnoses were malignant or premalignant tumors in 10 patients (29.4%), stones in nine patients (26.5%), inflammation in 14 patients (41.2%), and cyst in one patient (2.9%). The overall diagnostic accuracy of intraduodenal US for enlarged AOVs was 91.2%. The diagnostic accuracies of stones, inflammation, and AOV tumors were 100.0%, 94.1%, and 91.1%, respectively.

Conclusions

Wire‐guided intraduodenal US using a catheter probe is readily applicable during ERCP and may be useful in the differential diagnosis of enlarged ampullary lesions.
Hepatitis B, C, and D virus infection showing distinct patterns between injection drug users and the general population
Authors: Chen Fei , Zhang Jian , Guo Fengfan , Wen Bo , Luo Shan , Yuan Dongping , Lin Yingbiao , Ou Wensheng , Tang Ping , Dai Guozhi , Li Fangfang , Liu Wenpei , Qu Xiaowang
Published: June 2016

Background and Aim

Hepatitis B, C, and D virus (HBV, HCV, and HDV) infections are known to be prevalent in injection drug users (IDUs); however, the relationship between the molecular epidemiologic features of hepatitis virus infection in high‐risk individuals and the general population has not yet been established.

Methods

In total, 1049 IDUs and 672 individuals who underwent physical examinations at Chenzhou hospital, Hunan Province, China, were enrolled. HBV, HCV, and HDV infections were screened with serologic tests in both populations. HBsAg‐positive, anti‐HCV IgG‐positive, and anti‐HDV IgG‐positive samples were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and DNA sequencing.

Results

Significantly higher HBV (21.54 vs 16.52%, P = 0.01), HCV (45.95% vs 1.34%, P < 0.001), and HDV (5.62% vs 0.30%, P < 0.001) infections were detected in IDUs compared with the general population. The dual infection of HBV/HCV or HBV/HDV was also significantly higher in IDUs than in the general population. HBV genotype B and HDV genotype II were dominants in both populations. HCV infection showed genotype 6a (49.52%) dominant in IDUs, but genotype 1b accounted for 50% infection, which was followed by genotype 6a (33.33%) in the general population. Higher viral loads were associated with HBV genotype B and HCV genotype 6a compared with non‐dominant genotypic infections.

Conclusions

HBV and HDV infections shared similar patterns by IDUs and the general populations, and HCV infection exhibited distinct features between two populations. Our results suggest different molecular epidemiologic characteristics of HBV, HCV, and HDV infection in two populations.
A phenotype of IGFBP‐3 knockout mice revealed by dextran sulfate‐induced colitis
Authors: Yancu Debbie , Blouin Marie‐José , Birman Elena , Florianova Livia , Aleynikova Olga , Zakikhani Mahvash , VanderMeulen Heather , Seidman Ernest , Pollak Michael
Published: June 2016

Background and Aim

Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) bioactivity has been shown to be attenuated by insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3), one of six IGF‐binding proteins. While prior work revealed no major phenotype associated with IGFBP‐3 knockout mice, we explored the possibility that a phenotype could be revealed under specific conditions of gastrointestinal stress.

Methods

The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) murine model of ulcerative colitis was used for this study.

Results

Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 knockout mice had significantly reduced colitis on exposure to DSS as measured by lower levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 (P < 0.0001), TNF‐α (P = 0.0035), and IL‐1β (P = 0.0112), reduced weight loss (P < 0.0001), reduced myeloperoxidase activity (P = 0.0025), and maintenance of colorectal length (P < 0.05), all relative to wild‐type mice exposed to DSS. IGFBP‐3 knockout mice also exhibited increased colon epithelial cell proliferation (P < 0.0001) following DSS exposure. Semi‐quantitative immunohistochemistry showed greater IGF‐1 receptor activation in colon epithelial cells of IGFBP‐3 knockout mice compared with control mice following DSS exposure.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that IGFBP‐3 influences severity of DSS‐induced colitis. The observations suggest that in the absence of IGFBP‐3, enhanced IGF bioactivity leads to increased epithelial proliferation and mucosal barrier repair, thereby lessening inflammation.
Potentially Unsafe Activities and Living Conditions of Older Adults with Dementia
Authors: Amjad Halima , Roth David L. , Samus Quincy M. , Yasar Sevil , Wolff Jennifer L.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To examine the prevalence of dementia in the absence of a reported dementia diagnosis and whether potentially unsafe activities and living conditions vary as a function of dementia diagnosis status in a nationally representative sample of older adults.

Design

Observational cohort study.

Setting

Community.

Participants

Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older enrolled in the National Health and Aging Trends Study (N = 7,609).

Measurements

Participants were classified into four groups based on self‐report of dementia diagnosis, proxy screening interview, and cognitive testing: probable dementia with reported dementia diagnosis (n = 457), probable dementia without reported dementia diagnosis (n = 581), possible dementia (n = 996), or no dementia (n = 5,575). Potentially unsafe activities (driving, preparing hot meals, managing finances or medications, attending doctor visits alone) and living conditions (falls, living alone, and unmet needs) were examined according to dementia status subgroups in stratified analyses and multivariate models, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, medical comorbidities, and physical capacity.

Results

The prevalence of driving (22.9%), preparing hot meals (31.0%), managing finances (21.9%), managing medications (36.6%), and attending doctor visits alone (20.6%) was lowest in persons with probable dementia; however, but in persons with probable dementia, the covariate‐adjusted rates of driving, preparing hot meals, managing finances, managing medications, and attending doctor visits alone were significantly higher in those without reported dementia diagnosis than in those with reported diagnosis (all odds ratios ≥2.00, all P < .01).

Conclusion

Older adults with probable dementia who are not aware of a dementia diagnosis are more likely to report engaging in potentially unsafe behaviors. Understanding the prevalence of potentially unsafe activities and living conditions can help clinicians focus safety screening and counseling in older adults with diagnosed or suspected dementia.
A qualitative study of patient experiences of Type 2 Diabetes care delivered comparatively by General Practice Nurses and Medical Practitioners
Authors: Boyle Eileen , Saunders Rosemary , Drury Vicki
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore patient experiences of type 2 diabetes mellitus care delivered by general practice nurses in collaboration with the general practitioner.

Background

Australian general practice nurses are expanding their role in multidisciplinary type 2 diabetes care with limited research on patient perceptions of care provision within this collaborative model.

Design

Qualitative interpretive.

Methods

Purposeful sampling was used to invite the patients (n = 10). Data were collected from semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews. Braun and Clarke's () inductive coding thematic analysis process was used to interpret the data.

Results

All participants experienced their General Practice Nurse consultation as a clinical assessment for their General Practitioner. While they appreciated the extra time with the General Practice Nurse, they were unsure of the purpose of the consultation beyond clinical assessment. They described the ongoing challenge of living with T2DM and identified a need for additional information and advice.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the model of general practice nurse type 2 diabetes care has an important role to play in the delivery of effective ongoing care of patients. However, this role requires further development to ensure that it is understood by the patients as a role that not only conducts clinical assessments but also provides relevant education and self‐management support as part of a collaborative approach to care delivery with General Practitioners.

Relevance to practice

The findings are relevant to primary health care clinicians providing diabetes care to inform more relevant supportive care by general practice nurses.