bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Cache Transfer-based On-demand Network Coded Broadcast in Vehicular Networks
Authors: Ali G. G. MD. Nawaz , Noor-A-Rahim MD. , Rahman MD. Ashiqur , Ayalew Beshah , Chong Peter H. J. , Guan Yong Liang
Published: July 2019

Real-time traffic updates, safety and comfort driving, infotainment, and so on, are some envisioned applications in vehicular networks. Unlike traditional broadcast, network-coding-assisted broadcast can satisfy multiple vehicles with different data items in a coded form. However, server side encoding requires the prior knowledge about vehicles’ cache information for the successful decoding at the vehicles’ sides. The explicit cache upload from vehicles to Road Side Unit (RSU) wastes upload bandwidth. In multi-RSU vehicular networks, we propose a Cooperative Cache Transfer-based On-demand Network Coded Broadcast called CCTCB. In the proposed CCTCB approach, vehicles do not need to upload their cache information to the server, rather the RSU server learns the vehicles’ cache intrinsically. We derive a probabilistic model to analyze the coding opportunity in the proposed cooperative cache transfer mechanism incorporating vehicle mobility. The comprehensive simulation results validate the superiority of the proposed approach.
Verifying and Quantifying Side-channel Resistance of Masked Software Implementations
Authors: Gao Pengfei , Zhang Jun , Song Fu , Wang Chao
Published: July 2019

Power side-channel attacks, capable of deducing secret data using statistical analysis, have become a serious threat. Random masking is a widely used countermeasure for removing the statistical dependence between secret data and side-channel information. Although there are techniques for verifying whether a piece of software code is perfectly masked, they are limited in accuracy and scalability. To bridge this gap, we propose a refinement-based method for verifying masking countermeasures. Our method is more accurate than prior type-inference-based approaches and more scalable than prior model-counting-based approaches using SAT or SMT solvers. Indeed, our method can be viewed as a gradual refinement of a set of type-inference rules for reasoning about distribution types. These rules are kept
abstract
initially to allow fast deduction and then made
concrete
when the abstract version is not able to resolve the verification problem. We also propose algorithms for quantifying the amount of side-channel information leakage from a software implementation using the notion of quantitative masking strength. We have implemented our method in a software tool and evaluated it on cryptographic benchmarks including AES and MAC-Keccak. The experimental results show that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in terms of accuracy and scalability.
Developing and Evaluating Objective Termination Criteria for Random Testing
Authors: Tramontana Porfirio , Amalfitano Domenico , Amatucci Nicola , Memon Atif , Fasolino Anna Rita
Published: July 2019

Random testing is a software testing technique through which programs are tested by generating and executing random inputs. Because of its unstructured nature, it is difficult to determine when to stop a random testing process. Faults may be missed if the process is stopped prematurely, and resources may be wasted if the process is run too long. In this article, we propose two promising termination criteria, “All Equivalent” (AEQ) and “All Included in One” (AIO), applicable to random testing. These criteria stop random testing once the process has reached a code-coverage-based saturation point after which additional testing effort is unlikely to provide additional effectiveness. We model and implement them in the context of a general random testing process composed of independent random testing sessions. Thirty-six experiments involving GUI testing and unit testing of Java applications have demonstrated that the AEQ criteria is generally able to stop the process when a code coverage equal or very near to the saturation level is reached, while AIO is able to stop the process earlier in cases it reaches the saturation level of coverage. In addition, the performance of the two criteria has been compared against other termination criteria adopted in the literature.
Krt5+ urothelial cells are developmental and tissue repair progenitors in the kidney
Authors: Jackson Ashley R. , Hoff Monica L. , Li Birong , Ching Christina B. , McHugh Kirk M. , Becknell Brian
Published: July 2019

Congenital urinary tract obstruction (UTO) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in children; however, current management strategies do not safeguard against progression to end-stage renal disease, highlighting the need for interventions to limit or reverse obstructive nephropathy. Experimental UTO triggers renal urothelial remodeling that culminates in the redistribution of basal keratin 5-positive (Krt5+) renal urothelial cells (RUCs) and the generation of uroplakin-positive (Upk)+ RUCs that synthesize a protective apical urothelial plaque. The cellular source of Upk+ RUCs is currently unknown, limiting the development of strategies to promote renal urothelial remodeling as a therapeutic approach. In the present study, we traced the origins of adult Upk+ RUCs during normal development and in response to UTO. Fate mapping analysis demonstrated that adult Upk+ RUCs derive from embryonic and neonatal Krt5+ RUCs, whereas Krt5+ RUCs lose this progenitor capacity and become lineage restricted by postnatal day 14. However, in response to UTO, postnatal day 14-labeled adult Krt5+ RUCs break their lineage restriction and robustly differentiate into Upk+ RUCs. Thus, Krt5+ RUCs drive renal urothelial formation during normal ontogeny and after UTO by differentiating into Upk+ RUCs in a temporally restricted manner.
Public Understanding and Opinions regarding Genetic Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Kent Saida , Bardach Shoshana H. , Zhang Xuan , Abner Erin L. , Grill Joshua D. , Jicha Gregory A.
Published: July 2019

Background: Participants willing to provide genetic samples are needed to propel research on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment and prevention forward. A limited public understanding of what AD genetic research entails and concerns about participation may constitute recruitment challenges. Objectives: This study seeks to understand how well older adults understand AD genetic research and whether their understanding is related to concerns about participation or willingness to engage. Methods: Our surveys included a mock consent form with corresponding knowledge and opinion questions regarding AD. The surveys were mailed to participants from the University of Kentucky Alzheimer’s Disease Center and to a list of randomly selected individuals within the same age range from a local voter registration list. Descriptive and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted. Results: The returned surveys (n = 502) demonstrated limits to what the respondents understood immediately after reading the relevant material, with a mean summary knowledge score of 74.5 out of 100. While comprehension gaps were not related to level of concern or willingness to engage, concerns were related to willingness to engage. Concerns were greater among individuals not actively involved in research, individuals from minority groups, and those with higher levels of education. Conclusions: Focusing on concerns specifically, rather than on knowledge more generally, may help increase participation.
An Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unclassified in Children
Authors: Thurgate Lauren E. , Lemberg Daniel A. , Day Andrew S. , Leach Steven T.
Published: July 2019

Background: The inflammatory bowel diseases cover a diverse range of conditions generally grouped into Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) based on clinical, laboratory, radiological, endoscopic, and histological criteria. However, inflammatory bowel disease unclassified (IBDU) is used when there are clinical and endoscopic signs of chronic colitis without specific features of UC or CD but features of both. Conjecture exists regarding IBDU, especially in children, as to whether it represents a unique childhood phenotype or whether it reflects the difficulties in assigning an IBD subtype at an early age. Summary: This review examines the current understanding of pediatric IBDU and assesses the evidence supporting IBDU as a distinctive disease entity on the spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease. Key Messages: Pediatric-onset IBDU is more common than adult-onset IBDU. Therefore, an understanding of IBDU in this age group assumes more importance. However, there remains a paucity of information and a lack of exclusive longitudinal studies on pediatric IBDU. Subsequently there is significant disparity in the reported prevalence, clinical course, reclassification trends, and treatment responses around pediatric IBDU. Therefore, it remains challenging to chart the natural history of pediatric IBDU and consequently form an accurate understanding of where pediatric IBDU sits on the spectrum of disease.
"Ouça sempre o outro lado"
Authors: Ramos Júlia Capovilla Luz , Souza Elise Azambuja
Published: July 2019

No presente trabalho analisamos como os manuais de redação dos jornais brasileiros Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo, O Globo, Zero Hora e Estado de Minas abordam o acionamento de fontes jornalísticas e a ideia de pluralidade de versões como forma de garantir isenção e objetividade às narrativas jornalísticas. Considerando a noção de serviço público exigida do jornalismo e o dever de dar conta de todas as perspectivas do fato noticiado, o objetivo é compreender como esse tipo de material normativo orienta os profissionais sobre o tema. Observamos que as orientações trazidas pelos manuais não refletem a complexidade da questão, reduzindo a discussão sobre a necessária pluralidade de fontes e versões a casos controversos e à máxima “ouvir o outro lado”, contribuindo para a perpetuação de rituais estratégicos (TUCHMAN, 2016) não necessariamente eficazes.
Low-temperature tolerance of early juveniles of six terrestrial hermit crab species
Authors: Sanda Tetsuya , Hamasaki Katsuyuki , Dan Shigeki , Kitada Shuichi
Published: July 2019

Because temperature strongly influences biological processes of ectotherms, it also plays a fundamental role in determining their geographical distribution. We evaluated the low-temperature tolerance of early juveniles of six terrestrial hermit crab species in the family Coenobitidae (genera Birgus and Coenobita), B. latro, C. brevimanus, C. cavipes, C. purpureus, C. rugosus, and C. violascens that occur in the northwestern Pacific region, Japan. A total of 30 laboratory-raised juveniles (about 1 mm in shield length) carrying gastropod shells were individually stocked in small plastic cups with sandy bottoms in temperature-controlled incubatory chambers at ∼27°C. The temperature was reduced by 1°C every 48 h, and the juveniles were observed until all the crabs had died; the median lethal temperature (MLT) was estimated as the temperature at which 50% of the test juveniles had died. The MLT estimates varied significantly among the species, and the most northward distributed species, C. purpureus, had the lowest MLT values. The phylogeny, paleoceanography, paleogeography, and paleoclimatology suggest that cooler thermal regimes might have acted as an evolutionary force for the divergence of C. purpureus in the Pliocene. A negative correlation was found between the northern latitudinal limit of distribution and the MLT values, even after controlling for the phylogenetic relationships in the six coenobitids. A temperature-dependent biogeography was thus recognized in terrestrial hermit crab species in the northwestern Pacific region, and global warming is expected to affect their geographical distributions.
Weather Observations of Remote Polar Areas Using an AWS Onboard a Unique Zero-Emissions Polar Vehicle
Authors: Gonzalez Sergi , Bañon Manuel , Albero José V. , Larramendi Ramón , Moreno Hermenegildo , Vasallo Francisco , Sanz Pablo , Quesada Antonio , Justel Ana
Published: July 2019

The Antarctic Plateau is one of the land areas with the largest gaps in surface weather observations on Earth, gaps that are usually filled with simulations provided by climate models. However, these simulated values must be ground-validated, which is particularly difficult and costly in remote polar regions. We designed and developed a Mobile Automatic Weather Station (M-AWS) which, on board a zero-emissions polar vehicle, recorded a large set of ground measurements that could be used to evaluate numerical weather simulations in an inexpensive way during the Year of Polar Prediction Southern Hemisphere Special Observing Period (YOPP). The M-AWS registered several weather variables over a transect of 2538 km in the East Antarctic Plateau. These meteorological data were also used by other scientific projects that were part of the expedition and for improving weather forecasting during the mission. The innovative design of the M-AWS overcame the main challenges imposed by the harsh conditions of a voyage in one of the world’s most extreme regions.
A 1D RCE Study of Factors Affecting the Tropical Tropopause Layer and Surface Climate
Authors: Dacie Sally , Kluft Lukas , Schmidt Hauke , Stevens Bjorn , Buehler Stefan A. , Nowack Peer J. , Dietmüller Simone , Abraham N. Luke , Birner Thomas
Published: July 2019

There are discrepancies between global climate models regarding the evolution of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and also whether changes in ozone impact the surface under climate change. We use a 1D clear-sky radiative–convective equilibrium model to determine how a variety of factors can affect the TTL and how they influence surface climate. We develop a new method of convective adjustment, which relaxes the temperature profile toward the moist adiabat and allows for cooling above the level of neutral buoyancy. The TTL temperatures in our model are sensitive to CO2 concentration, ozone profile, the method of convective adjustment, and the upwelling velocity, which is used to calculate a dynamical cooling rate in the stratosphere. Moreover, the temperature response of the TTL to changes in each of the above factors sometimes depends on the others. The surface temperature response to changes in ozone and upwelling at and above the TTL is also strongly amplified by both stratospheric and tropospheric water vapor changes. With all these influencing factors, it is not surprising that global models disagree with regard to TTL structure and evolution and the influence of ozone changes on surface temperatures. On the other hand, the effect of doubling CO2 on the surface, including just radiative, water vapor, and lapse-rate feedbacks, is relatively robust to changes in convection, upwelling, or the applied ozone profile.
An Evaluation of Surface Climatology in State-of-the-Art Reanalyses over the Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Gossart A. , Helsen S. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , Broucke S. Vanden , van Lipzig N. P. M. , Souverijns N.
Published: July 2019

In this study, we evaluate output of near-surface atmospheric variables over the Antarctic Ice Sheet from four reanalyses: the new European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-5 and its predecessor ERA-Interim, the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). The near-surface temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity are compared with datasets of in situ observations, together with an assessment of the simulated surface mass balance (approximated by precipitation minus evaporation). No reanalysis clearly stands out as the best performing for all areas, seasons, and variables, and each of the reanalyses displays different biases. CFSR strongly overestimates the relative humidity during all seasons whereas ERA-5 and MERRA-2 (and, to a lesser extent, ERA-Interim) strongly underestimate relative humidity during winter. ERA-5 captures the seasonal cycle of near-surface temperature best and shows the smallest bias relative to the observations. The other reanalyses show a general temperature underestimation during the winter months in the Antarctic interior and overestimation in the coastal areas. All reanalyses underestimate the mean near-surface winds in the interior (except MERRA-2) and along the coast during the entire year. The winds at the Antarctic Peninsula are overestimated by all reanalyses except MERRA-2. All models are able to capture snowfall patterns related to atmospheric rivers, with varying accuracy. Accumulation is best represented by ERA-5, although it underestimates observed surface mass balance and there is some variability in the accumulation over the different elevation classes, for all reanalyses.
Hydrometeorological Conditions Preceding Extreme Streamflow for the Charles and Mystic River Basins of Eastern Massachusetts
Authors: Agel Laurie , Barlow Mathew , Collins Mathias J. , Douglas Ellen , Kirshen Paul
Published: July 2019

Hydrometeorological links to high streamflow events (HSFEs), 1950–2014, for the Mystic and Charles watersheds in the Metro Boston region of Massachusetts are examined. HSFEs are defined as one or more continuous days of streamflow above the mean annual maxima for a selected gauge in each basin. There are notable differences in the HSFEs for these two basins. HSFEs last from 1 to 3 days in the Mystic basin, while HSFEs for the Charles can last from 3 to 9 days. The majority of Mystic HSFEs are immediately preceded by extreme precipitation (occurring within 24 h), while only half of those for the Charles are preceded by extreme precipitation (in this case occurring 2–5 days earlier). While extreme precipitation events are often linked to HSFEs, other factors are often necessary in generating high streamflow, particularly for the Charles, as more than 50% of HSFEs occur at times when streamflow, soil moisture, and total precipitation are statistically above average for a period of at least 2 weeks before the HSFE. Approximately 52% and 80% of HSFEs occur from February to June for the Mystic and Charles, respectively, and these HSFEs are frequently linked to the passage of strong coastal lows, which produce extreme precipitation in the form of both rain and snow. For these coastal lows, Mystic HSFEs are linked to a strong moisture feed along the Massachusetts coastline and intense precipitation, while Charles HSFEs are linked to strong cyclones located off the Mid-Atlantic and longer-duration precipitation.
Association of Multiple Pregnancies with Diabetes of Suggested Pituitary Origin
Authors: Lawrence R. D.
Published: July 2019

The patient, a woman, aged 40, had five normal pregnancies before, and six abnormal pregnancies after, the onset of diabetic symptoms. The case differed from typical diabetes in the following respects. In spite of severe thirst and polyuria, lasting untreated for six years, the patient became very fat, and the condition did not progress in the usual way. At the termination of the last pregnancy the glycosuria disappeared and the blood-sugar became almost normal, although the diet was very little restricted and all insulin was omitted. Insulin had only a small hypoglycæmic effect and the blood-sugar curves after glucose were atypical. The fasting level was raised, but the blood-sugar returned to the initial figure in two hours, suggesting that sugar was being well tolerated in spite of the hyperglycæmia. A very severe ketosis and a lowered threshold for glucose were present during the last three months of the pregnancy and disappeared immediately after labour. At labour, extreme hydramnios was obvious, and a very large fœtus weighing 12 lb. 6 oz. was stillborn. On the fourth day after the labour 10 units of pituitary extract (1 c.c. pituitrin) produced an epileptiform attack and nearly killed the patient. There was a temporary return of the glycosuria, without hyperglycæmia, and a transient ketosis. The belief that the pituitary is or was involved is supported by the patient's history that her head had grown larger, and by the definite constriction of the temporal fields of vision in both eyes.

It therefore seems reasonable to conclude that the disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism was not due to disease of the pancreas causing a deficient production of endogenous insulin, but to the antagonistic influence of a hyperactive pituitary gland associated with repeated pregnancies.
The Search for Truth, with Special Reference to the Frequency of Gastric Ulcer-Cancer and the Origin of Grawitz Tumours of the Kidney
Authors: Newcomb W. D.
Published: July 2019

The importance of the truth in science is emphasized and the difficulty of finding the truth by searching medical literature is pointed out. Two pathological problems are considered as illustrations. The great variation of opinion as to the frequency of ulcer-cancer of the stomach is noted and the lack of definite histological criteria for its diagnosis is suggested as the cause of this variation. Four points in the diagnosis of pre-existing peptic ulcer are mentioned and the importance of fusion between the muscularis mucosæ and muscularis at the edge of the ulcer is insisted upon. The risk of mistaking deep epithelial heterotopia for carcinoma is illustrated.

The problem of the origin of Grawitz tumours of the kidney is next considered and the literature briefly reviewed. The rarity of carcinoma of the suprarenal compared with Grawitz tumours is indicated by an examination of 5,201 autopsies at St. Mary's Hospital. The variation in sex incidence of the two tumours is also commented upon. The results of an analysis of 387 small nodules found in the kidneys in 1,172 necropsies are given. Adenomata were found in 7.2% and accessory suprarenals in 2.6%. An example of a transition between an adenoma and a Grawitz tumour is illustrated. Stress is laid on the essential papillary structure of the Grawitz tumour and it is suggested that the renal theory of its origin is more likely to be true.
Dietetic Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus with Special Reference to High Blood-Pressure
Authors: Embleton Dennis
Published: July 2019

The error in a diabetic is essentially a carbohydrate intolerance, and correction of this defect should be aimed at in treatment.

Dietetic treatment of diabetes is more readily studied in early cases or cases in the pre-diabetic state, before arterial degeneration and other catastrophes have become manifest. It is suggested that such a condition exists in obese subjects with a carbohydrate intolerance.

A high protein diet based on a study of these cases is brought forward.

This diet has been shown to operate favourably in diabetic states. Many cases of reasonable severity can be brought to develop a normal or nearly normal glucose tolerance curve and retain this state over a period of years. Cases in this state are better able to resist concomitant infections without deterioration of their tolerance than cases imperfectly balanced with insulin.

The high protein diet can be used in cases of hyperpiesia in the absence of gross kidney damage. These cases show a steady and lasting drop in blood-pressure without the necessity of employing rest.

The value of the pure fruit diet in increasing tolerance of certain diabetics to carbohydrate is demonstrated.

The indiscriminate use of insulin in hyperglycæmic states is deprecated on the grounds that it is frequently unnecessary, and though it may balance it does not necessarily rectify the main deficiency of carbohydrate intolerance.

By the use of this simple high protein diet, where no weighing, &c., is required, a large number of diabetics at present on insulin could be readily dealt with, a return to a normal or nearly normal glucose tolerance curve being obtained and maintained.
The Significance of Anoxæmia in Modern Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Quastel J. H.
Published: July 2019

Blood in its passage through the brain loses oxygen and glucose at relatively high rates, the amount of oxygen disappearing being approximately equivalent to the amount of glucose consumed, calculating on the basis that the sugar is completely oxidized. The respiratory quotient of brain in vivo is unity. These facts point to the dominance of carbohydrate oxidation in brain respiration in vivo and are similar to those found in studies of brain in vitro.

Various factors influence glucose oxidation in brain, e.g. changes in the ionic environment of the cells, vitamin B1, or the presence of narcotics. The latter bring about inhibitions of glucose oxidation in brain tissue which may in most cases be shown to be reversible in vitro. Glucose is not only important for the maintenance of respiration of brain but for enabling certain synthetic processes to occur. One of these is the formation of acetylcholine whose physiological significance is now well known and whose synthesis seems to be confined to the nervous system. This synthesis depends not only on the presence of glucose but on that of oxygen. The influence of glucose has been observed also in investigations on cortical potentials.

An important feature of the nerve cell is its vulnerability to the lack of oxygen. Reversibility depends on the degree and duration of the anoxæmia.

During insulin shock treatment studies of brain in vivo show lowered oxygen consumption and glucose utilization, these depending on the degree of hypoglycæmia. In cardiazol treatment, in vivo studies show that the oxygen content of the blood may fall to 42%. During the convulsion there is a greatly lowered arterial and venous blood-flow through the brain and cerebral anæmia becomes a marked feature. In narcosis treatment both in vitro and in vivo studies show a diminished ability of the brain to consume oxygen.

It is suggested that the most significant facts to be taken into account are (1) the importance of glucose and oxygen for the metabolism and function of the nervous system, (2) the vulnerability and varying sensitivities of nerve cells to lack of oxygen and glucose, (3) the occurrence of varying degrees of cerebral anoxæmia in narcosis, insulin and cardiazol treatments.
Observations on Certain Rheological Properties of Human Cervical Secretion
Authors: Clift A. F.
Published: July 2019

The object of this Communication was to demonstrate two rheological properties of cervical secretion, namely, flow-elasticity and Spinnbarkeit. There is evidence that these properties undergo cyclic variation during the menstrual cycle and bear relation to ovulation, to penetrability by spermatozoa and to pregnancy. By means of the menstroscope, designed by Scott Blair, flow-elasticity or elastic recoil can be measured. It is found to be most marked at the time of ovulation when also the mucus is thin and transparent. Spinnbarkeit—the capacity of liquids to be drawn into threads—is also capable of accurate measurement by drawing away a coverslip placed on a blob of mucus which is drawn out into a long thread. It is also more marked at the time of ovulation and is almost absent in pregnancy. Plasticity and tack, two further properties of cervical mucus, were also discussed. It is believed that these tests will prove to be of value in diagnosis of ovulation and in the study of sterility.
Family Limitation
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: July 2019

Dr Robert Smith surveys the history of birth control and sounds a warning for the future of mankind, if the population explosion is allowed to continue unchecked.

He stresses the importance of the role of the general practitioner in the limitation of births.

Sir Theodore Fox describes the work of the Family Planning Association and stresses that, increasingly, this is a specialist service covering all aspects of fertility.

He also feels that the general practitioner has a role in family planning.
Toward Job or Amenity?: Evaluating the Locational Choice of Internal Migrants in China
Authors: Su Yaqin , Hua Yue , Liang Xiaobo
Published: July 2019

This study provides new evidence on the debate of job opportunities versus urban amenities in determining the locational choice of migrants. We employ a conditional logit model to generate credible estimates, using two large representative data sets on China’s internal migrants. Our findings confirm that both job opportunities and amenities play consistent and salient roles in the geographical choice of internal migrants, while highly skilled migrants tend to attach more importance to urban amenities. Additionally, China’s household registration system seems to play an undeniable role: migrants are increasingly shunning cities providing better quality public services that are still largely inaccessible to temporary migrants in China.
Should Routine Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), or MRSA, Screening Be in Place Prior to Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan R. M. , Slullitel Gaston , Lopez Valeria
Published: July 2019

Recommendation:

Unknown. The role of screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and decolonization prior to total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) remains unclear. Further data are needed to support this practice in TAA, which can be costly and logistically difficult to implement.

Level of Evidence:

Consensus.

Delegate Vote:

Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus)
Performance of nano-bio-lubricants, ISO VG46 oil and its blend with Jatropha oil in statically loaded hydrodynamic plain journal bearing
Authors: Katpatal Dhananjay C , Andhare Atul B , Padole Pramod M
Published: July 2019

In this experimental study, three stable nano-bio-lubricants were prepared by dispersing CuO nanoparticles in three bio-lubricants and later investigations were carried out to determine pressure distribution and frictional performance of ISO VG46 oil, bio-lubricants and nano-bio-lubricants in hydrodynamic journal bearing under different loads and speeds. The experimental results revealed that pressure of oils inside bearing depends on viscosity of oils. Addition of nanoparticles in bio-lubricants did not help to enhance the maximum pressure of oil inside bearing. Frictional performance of ISO VG46 oil and bio-lubricants was according to their viscosity but coefficient of friction of nano-bio-lubricants was higher compared to ISO VG46 oil inspite of having approximately same viscosity compared to ISO VG46 oil. Among all the oils, ISO VG46 oil and bio-lubricant 9010 had similar performance and hence Bio-lubricant 9010 can be used in place of ISO VG46 oil in journal bearing.
A numerical study of the effect of nozzle diameter on diesel combustion ignition and flame stabilization
Authors: Desantes Jose M , Garcia-Oliver Jose M , Novella Ricardo , Pachano Leonardo
Published: July 2019

The role of nozzle diameter on diesel combustion is studied by performing computational fluid dynamics calculations of Spray A and Spray D from the Engine Combustion Network. These are well-characterized single-hole sprays in a quiescent environment chamber with thermodynamic conditions representative of modern diesel engines. First, the inert spray evolution is described with the inclusion of the concept of mixing trajectories and local residence time into the analysis. Such concepts enable the quantification of the mixing rate, showing that it decreases with the increase in nozzle diameter. In a second step, the reacting spray evolution is studied focusing on the local heat release rate distribution during the auto-ignition sequence and the quasi-steady state. The capability of a well-mixed-based and a flamelet-based combustion model to predict diesel combustion is also assessed. On one hand, results show that turbulence–chemistry interaction has a profound effect on the description of the reacting spray evolution. On the other hand, the mixing rate, characterized in terms of the local residence time, drives the main changes introduced by the increase of the nozzle diameter when comparing Spray A and Spray D.
Predicting outcomes in patients with cancer and atrial fibrillation
Authors: Gutierrez Alejandra , Patell Rushad , Rybicki Lisa , Khorana Alok A.
Published: July 2019

Background:

The role of cancer-specific factors for ischemic stroke and mortality in patients with cancer and atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. We evaluated the utility of a previously validated risk tool for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer outpatients [Khorana score (KS)] in predicting stroke and mortality in cancer patients with AF.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with cancer and AF at the Cleveland Clinic from 2008 to 2014. Outcomes, CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, and KS scores were calculated from date of cancer diagnosis. Prognostic factors were identified with Fine and Gray regression (for stroke) or Cox proportional hazards analysis (for mortality).

Results:

The study population comprised 1181 patients. Genitourinary (19%), lung (18%), and gastrointestinal (13%) were the most frequent cancers. Overall, 67% had CHADS2 ⩾ 2, 57% had an intermediate KS (1–2), and 7% high KS (⩾3). Median follow up was 26.5 months (range 0.03–76). At a median of 8.2 months (range 0–61), 45 patients (3.8%) developed a stroke and 418 (35%) died. In multivariable analysis a high KS (HR 4.5, 95% CI 3.2–6.3, p < 0.001) was associated with a quadruple risk of death and every point increase in CHADS2 score had a 20% increased risk of death (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.1–1.2, p < 0.001). The addition of KS did not improve risk stratification for ischemic stroke to CHADS2.

Conclusion:

In patients with cancer and AF, CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc but not KS were predictive of ischemic stroke. A high KS represented a unique predictor of mortality beyond traditional risk scores.
A simulation-based approach to modeling component interactions during design of flapping wing aerial vehicles
Authors: Gerdes John , Bruck Hugh A , Gupta Satyandra K
Published: July 2019

A new flapping wing aerial vehicle (FWAV) simulation methodology is presented that combines models of the key subsystems: (1) the actuator, (2) the battery, and (3) the wings. This approach captures component interactions that are inherently coupled in order to realize system-level designs for optimal system performance. The approach demonstrates that coupling between wing sizing, flapping motions, and loading conditions propagate into the motor–battery model to alter system-level performance properties. For the actuator subsystem model, a generalized servo motor using empirically derived coefficients to describe torque and angular velocity bandwidth in terms of voltage and current. This model is coupled with a lithium polymer battery model accounting for the nonlinear voltage drop and capacity derating effects associated with loading conditions. For aerodynamic predictions of the wing subsystem, a blade element model for predicting aerodynamic forces is coupled with an elastic wing deformation model that accounts for bending and twisting of the blade elements. System-level performance is then modeled in a design case study by coupling all of the subsystem models to account for relevant interactions, which generates a design trade space spanning a range of wing sizes, airspeeds, and flapping condition. The results from the simulation offer insight into vehicle configuration settings that provide maximum performance in terms of lift and endurance for the Robo Raven II flapping wing aerial vehicle. Experimental validation of the modeling approach shows good predictive accuracy. In addition, the presented framework offers a generalized approach for coupling interacting subsystems to improve overall predictive accuracy and identify areas where component-level improvements may offer system-level performance gains.
Purine nucleoside use as surrogate markers of cerebral ischaemia during local and general anaesthetic carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Fisher Owain , Benson Ruth A , Tian Faming , Dale Nicholas E , Imray Christopher HE
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

In periods of cerebral ischaemia, adenosine triphosphate is metabolised, leading to accumulation of adenosine inosine and hypoxanthine. These can be measured in real time using peripheral blood samples intraoperatively. The primary aim of this study was to describe changes in purine concentrations in a cohort of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy under general anaesthetic, and to evaluate correlation between changes in values with major perioperative steps. The secondary aim was to compare changes in concentrations with a previous cohort of patients who had undergone carotid endarterectomy under local anaesthetic.

Methods:

This was a prospective observational study. Purine concentrations were determined from arterial line samples and measured via an amperometric biosensor at specific time points during carotid endarterectomy. Mean arterial pressure was manipulated to maintain steady cerebral perfusion pressure throughout the procedure. These results were analysed against data from a cohort of patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy under local anaesthetic in previously published work.

Results:

Valid results were obtained for 37 patients. Purine concentrations at baseline were 3.02 ± 1.11 µM and 3.16 ± 1.85 µM for the unshunted and shunted cohorts, respectively. There was no significant change after 30 min of carotid clamping at 2.07 ± 0.89 and 2.4 ± 3.09 µM, respectively (both p > 0.05). Peak purine during the clamp phase in the loco-regional anaesthetic cohort was 6.70 ± 3.4 µM, which was significantly raised compared to both general anaesthetic cohorts (p = 0.004). There were no perioperative neurological events in either cohort.

Conclusion:

This small study does not demonstrate conclusive evidence that purine nucleosides can be used as a marker of cerebral ischaemia; the comparisons to the loco-regional anaesthetic data offer information about differences in the cerebral adenosine triphosphate metabolism between general anaesthetic and loco-regional anaesthetic. We hypothesise that the lack of a rise in purine nucleosides under general anaesthetic may be caused by a decrease in the cerebral metabolic rate and loss of metabolic rate-blood flow coupling caused by general anaesthetic agents.
Political Representation in Indian Democracy: A View from the Margins
Authors: Mehrotra Ishita
Published: July 2019

Political participation and representation are pillars of a successful democracy. This article explores Indian democracy from the perspective of village-based Dalit women; it is about how Dalit women understand and engage with the ‘political’ and how they see their representatives. The argument built in the article is that Dalit women see politics and representation from the vantage point of their everyday experiences and from their distinct positions in terms of caste, class and gender.
The effects of azimuthal anisotropy on 3D and 4D seismic amplitude variation with offset responses
Authors: Gavin Lisa J. , Lumley David
Published: July 2019

Seismic reflection amplitude variation with source-receiver offset (AVO) is an important tool in hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir monitoring, due to its sensitivity to elastic rock properties that are affected by changes in pore-fluid saturation and pressure. In most cases, 4D seismic feasibility studies and interpretation analyses assume that the earth is isotropic. This assumption can be problematic because it is becoming increasingly apparent that anisotropic rocks are quite common. Furthermore, the presence of even small amounts of anisotropy can have significant effects on AVO, and in the presence of azimuthal anisotropy the AVO will vary with azimuth. We determine that if 4D seismic surveys are acquired with different survey azimuths in the presence of azimuthal anisotropy, it is likely that 4D AVO interpretations will be significantly affected, leading to incorrect or nonphysical interpretations. This possibility is especially apparent in the context of the North West Shelf, Australia, where significant stress-induced azimuthal anisotropy is prevalent in sandstone formations that form the reservoir rocks. We model 4D AVO responses with and without azimuthal anisotropy effects for a variety of pore-fluid saturation and pressure change scenarios using average reservoir properties from the Stybarrow field, Australia. We found that azimuthal anisotropy does not affect the small reflection angles of the 4D AVO response, but it has a significant effect on larger reflection angles when comparing 4D surveys acquired at different acquisition azimuths. This azimuthal behavior leads to what we call an “apparent 4D effect” when reservoir properties do not change and a “contaminated 4D effect” when reservoir properties do change. We found real data examples in which we determine that the 4D AVO response must incorporate azimuthal anisotropy to be explained correctly. Our results further emphasize the importance of repeating survey acquisition azimuths whenever possible and/or accurately accounting for azimuthal anisotropy effects.
Mental Health Comorbidities and Elevated Risk of Opioid Use in Elderly Breast Cancer Survivors Using Adjuvant Endocrine Treatments
Authors: Desai Raj , Camacho Fabian , Tan Xi , LeBaron Virginia , Blackhall Leslie , Balkrishnan Rajesh
Published: July 2019

PURPOSE:

Prolonged opioid use is common and associated with lower survival rates in breast cancer survivors. We explored whether opioid use in elderly breast cancer survivors using adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) regimens was affected by the prevalence of mental health comorbidity and, in turn, how this affected survival in this population.

METHODS:

This retrospective study analyzed 2006 to 2012 SEER-Medicare data sets and followed patients for at least 2 years from the index date, defined as the first date they filled an AET prescription. The study included adult women with incident, primary, hormone receptor–positive, stage I to III breast cancer. They were also first-time AET users and fee-for-service Medicare enrollees continuously enrolled in Medicare Parts A, B, and D. We measured whether patients with a clinical diagnosis of a mental health comorbid condition used opioids after the initiation of AET and their survival at the end of the study period.

RESULTS:

A total of 10,452 breast cancer survivors who began AET treatments were identified, among whom the most commonly diagnosed mental health comorbidities were depression (n = 554) and anxiety (n = 246). Using a propensity score risk adjustment model, we found that opioid use was significantly higher in women with a mental health comorbidity (odds ratio,1.33; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.68). In addition, mental health comorbidity was associated with a significantly increased hazard of mortality in this population (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.18).

CONCLUSION:

The presence of mental health comorbidity in breast cancer survivors significantly increases the risk of opioid use and mortality, which highlights the need for better management of comorbid mental health conditions.
Comparison of 3T diffusion-weighted MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT in musculoskeletal tumours: quantitative analysis of apparent diffusion coefficients and standardized uptake values
Authors: Lee So-Yeon , Jee Won-Hee , Yoo Ie Ryung , Jung Joon-Yong , Im Soo-A , Chung Yang-Guk , Kang Jin Hyoung
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To determine whether the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) on 3T MR imaging including diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) correlate with the standardized uptake value (SUV) on 18F-FDG PET/CT in musculoskeletal tumours.

Methods:

This retrospective cohort study included 57 patients (36 males, 21 females, mean age 54 years, range 12–90 years) with pathologically confirmed soft tissue (n = 32) and bone (n = 25) tumours who underwent 3T MR imaging including DWI and whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT before treatment. 14 patients had follow-up MR imaging and 18F-FDG PET/CT after treatment. The minimum (ADCmin) and mean (ADCmean) ADCs of musculoskeletal tumour, ADC of normal skeletal muscle (ADCmus), SUVmax and SUVmean of musculoskeletal tumour were obtained. Correlation between ADCs and SUVs was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients (r). ADCmin and SUVmax were compared between pretreatment and posttreatment by t-test.

Results:

There was inverse correlation between SUVmax and the ratio ADCmin/ADCmus (r = - 0.505 to - 0.495, p ≤ 0.001) and between SUVmean and the ratio ADCmean/ADCmus (r = - 0.501 to - 0.493, p = 0.001). After treatment ADC was significantly increased whereas SUV was significantly decreased (p = 0.001). There was significant correlation in percent change between the initial and follow-up values of ADCmin and SUVmax (r = 0.750 to 0.773, p ≤ 0.005). The ADCmin was increased by 163% and SUVmax was decreased by 61% in 11 patients with treatment response.

Conclusion:

ADC at 3T MR DWI and SUV at 18F-FDG PET/CT have an inverse correlation in musculoskeletal tumours.

Advances in knowledge:

Our study showed that ADC at 3T DWI and SUV at 18F-FDG PET/CT had an inverse correlation in musculoskeletal tumours.
Adjuvant volumetric modulated arc therapy compared to 3D conformal radiation therapy for newly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities: outcome and toxicity evaluation
Authors: Di Brina Lucia , Fogliata Antonella , Navarria Pierina , D'Agostino Giuseppe , Franzese Ciro , Franceschini Davide , De Rose Fiorenza , Comito Tiziana , Bertuzzi Alexia , Marrari Andrea , Colombo Piergiuseppe , Quagliuolo Vittorio , Santoro Armando , Scorsetti Marta
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To assess the impact of adjuvant volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) compared with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) in terms of toxicity and local control (LC) in patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities.

Methods:

From 2004 to 2016, 109 patients were treated, initially using 3DCRT and subsequently with VMAT. Clinical outcome was evaluated by contrast-enhanced MRI, thoracic and abdominal CT 3 months after treatments and then every 6 months. Toxicity was evaluated with Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events scale v. 4.3.

Results:

Patients presented Stage III soft tissue sarcoma disease (77%), localized tumor (95%) at the lower extremity (87%), adipocytic histotype (46%). Surgical resection was performed in all patients, followed by adjuvant 3DCRT in 38, and VMAT in 71. The median total dose was 66 Gy/33 fractions (range 60–70 Gy;25–35 fractions). More successful bone sparing was recorded using VMAT (p < 0.001). Median follow-up was 61 months, 93 and 58 months for 3DCRT and VMAT group, respectively. The 2- and 5 year LC were 95.3±2.1%, and 87.4±3.4% for the whole cohort, 92.0±4.5%, 82.9±6.4% for 3DCRT, 97.1±2.0%, 89.6±4.1% for VMAT (p = 0.150). On univariate and multivariate analysis the factors recorded as conditioning LC were the status of the surgical resection margins (p = 0.028) and the total dose delivered (p = 0.013).

Conclusion:

The availability of modern radiotherapy technique permit a better conformity on the target with maximum sparing of normal tissue and acceptable side-effects. VMAT is a safe and feasible treatment with limited rate of toxicity, compared to 3DCRT. Results on LC of VMAT are encouraging.

Advances in knowledge:

Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities can benefit from the use of VMAT, with a reduction of the high dose to bones to avoid radiation osteonecrosis. An adequate total dose of at least 66 Gy and a radical surgical margin allow a good local control.