bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF HARVESTING ALFALFA ON ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) AND PARASITE POPULATIONS IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Casagrande Richard A. , Stehr Frederick W.
Published: December 2009

The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), first found in Michigan in 1966, caused considerable damage to alfalfa throughout the state by 1971. In contrast to more southern regions, the alfalfa weevil lays very few eggs in the fall in Michigan. As a result, most eggs and larvae are present when the fields are ready for cutting in the spring.

Different cutting dates were evaluated to determine the effects of cutting on populations of the alfalfa weevil, its primary parasite in Michigan, Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson), and damage to the crop. Cutting at 507 degree-days (base 48°F (8.9 °C)) caused a 79% reduction in the number of alfalfa weevils produced and a 57% reduction of B. curculionis, while almost eliminating crop damage. Cutting at earlier and later times caused different reductions in populations of both insects and different crop damage.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE LARCH NEEDLEWORM,ZEIRAPHERA IMPROBANA(LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H.
Published: December 2009

The life history and habits ofZeiraphera improbana(Walker) on tamarack,Larix laricina(Du Roi) K. Koch, are outlined and the immature stages are described. One braconid, one ichneumonid, and three chalcid parasites are listed.
PARTICULARITIES OF DIVERSE EGG DEPOSITION PHENOMENA CHARACTERIZING CARNIVOROID HYMENOPTERA (WITH MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS)
Authors: Flanders S. E.
Published: December 2009

Entomophagous carnivoroids, especially those in which the development of the individual (ontogeny) is effected by its subsistence on the body fluids and the flesh of one host individual, show an extreme diversity in form and habit whereby their embryonic and larval stages are adapted for a highly specialized mode of life.

One of the more interesting of these adaptations is exhibited by biparental species of Hymenoptera in the placement of their haploid and diploid eggs in a particular organ or tissue of the host species. This adaptation may or may not be correlated with sex differentiation in host relations, a reproductive habit characterized either by differing oviposition responses that segregate haploid (male) and diploid (female) eggs to different kinds of hosts or, lacking such responses, by differing developmental mechanisms that segregate first instar males from first instar females.

The available information regarding the occurrence of the obligatory associations between the hymenopterous egg and a specific organ or tissue of the host, their characteristics, and pertinent physiological prerequisites are summarized.

Basically, these associations appear to be dependent on (1) the gravid carnivoroid usually being free of any physiological pressure (or urge) to oviposit despite the presence of eggs ready for deposition in the ovary and/or stored in the oviduct and (2) the limitation of egg deposition to the moment when the tip of the female’s ovipositor makes contact with a host or the spoor of the host. Freedom from oviposition pressure derives from the female’s ability to dispose of her "ripe" ovarian eggs by methods other than deposition, that is, either by storage in enlarged oviducts or by resorption into the bloodstream.
COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY
Authors: Wilkinson Christopher
Published: December 2009

One hundred years ago the theory of evolution was new in men's minds and battles still raged between the protagonists and the antagonists. But this was not the first time that biologists had been divided. Much earlier they argued about the moral and ethical use of microscopes to aid their work. Many felt that microscopes were totally unnecessary and that there was more than enough to see with a good pair of eyes and the occasional use of the hand lens without resorting to such contraptions. Some went a stage further and insisted that God would have given us better eyes if he intended us to study the minute.
NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORTHOPTEROIDS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE GRYLLOBLATTODEA
Authors: Kamp J. W.
Published: December 2009

A numerical taxonomic analysis was performed using eight exemplars of the orthopteroids. Two suites of attributes were used in a non-weighted dissimilarities analysis. The same suites of attributes were analyzed for a similarity index with dendrograms based on the shortest connection network of Prim. The Tettigoniidae and Gryllidae are in agreement with current systematic placement within the Ensifera. The Caelifera diverge early from ancestral stem lines and suggest a greater separation from the Ensifera within the Orthoptera than generally accepted for their systematic position. The dendrograms suggest that the Blattaria and Mantodea show a relationship closer than the present subordinal rank permits. In the dendrograms the Grylloblattodea and Dermaptera form a remote complex from the other orthopteroids and each qualifies as a separate order. Modern classification of the orthopteroids considers the Dictyoptera, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, and Phasmida as orders. My analysis elevates the Grylloblattidae to the ordinal level as Grylloblattodea.
SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF PINE LEAF CHERMID PINEUS PINIFOLIAE (HOMOPTERA: CHERMIDAE): II. ADULT GALLICOLAE ON THE SECONDARY HOST
Authors: Ford Robert P. , Dimond John B.
Published: December 2009

Procedures for absolute population sampling of the gallicola migrans stage of the pine leaf chermid on its secondary host are described. This involves determining the mean numbers of gallicolae per fascicle on one twig from each of 29–240 pines per stand and estimating the numbers of fascicles in the stand from the distribution of stem diameters. Patterns and distributions of the gallicolae within trees and stands are discussed with comments on their biological significance.
THE EFFECT OF JUVENILE HORMONE ON THE FUNCTION OF THE ACCESSORY GLAND OF THE ADULT MALE COCKROACH PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (ORTHOPTERA: BLATTIDAE)
Authors: Blaine W. D. , Dixon S. E.
Published: December 2009

The juvenile hormone was necessary for the sex accessory glands in newly metamorphosed, adult males, to produce a normal amount of spermatophore material. Protein production could be restored to normal in allatectomized newly metamorphosed roaches by implanting adult or nymphal roach corpora allata. In decapitated roaches, the weight of the accessory gland is reduced drastically. The weight of the gland could be increased by implanting adult roach corpora allata, or by injecting juvenile hormone.
AGGREGATION BEHAVIOR OF ADULT CUTEREBRA GRISEA AND C. TENEBROSA (DIPTERA: CUTEREBRIDAE)
Authors: Hunter D. M. , Webster J. M.
Published: December 2009

Aggregation sites for male Cuterebra grisea Coquillett were found near areas where deermice were infested by botfly larvae. At these sites which were near streams or roadsides, male C. grisea flew over heat-reflecting surfaces which often contained objects taller than their surroundings. Each male chased intruders, including other males, from a territory over which it flew at regular intervals in an oval or figure-of-eight pattern. They flew in mornings during July and August provided the shade temperature was above 19.5°–20 °C and the sun was shining or had been shining. On very warm mornings when 20 °C was reached early in the morning, males did not fly until about 33/4–4 hours after sunrise. Flight almost always ended by midday. Female flies were rarely seen because they appeared only long enough to be mated. The data on C. grisea led to the discovery of similar male aggregation behavior of the pack rat botfly, C. tenebrosa Coquillett.
REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICANCHRYSOCHARIS(KRATOCHVILIANA) (EULOPHIDAE: CHALCIDOIDEA) NORTH OF MEXICO, ESPECIALLY SPECIES ATTACKING BIRCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) AND BIRCH LEAFMINER (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

This study provides information on the species ofChrysocharis(Kratochviliana) found in North America with special emphasis on the Canadian species attacking the birch casebearer,Coleophora serratella(L.) (=fuscedinellaZeller), and the birch leafminer,Fenusa pusilla(Lepeletier).

The genusChrysocharisFörster in North America north of Mexico consists of two subgenera,KratochvilianaMaláč andChrysochariss. str. There are 15 Nearctic species ofKratochviliana, of which 10 species are described herein as new. These are:C. (Kratochviliana)robustan. sp.,C. (K.)incertan. sp.,C. (K.)stipitisn. sp.,C. (K.)hirsutiventrisn. sp.,C. (K.)walleyin. sp.,C. (K.)protolithocolletidisn. sp.,C. (K.)millerin. sp.,C. (K.)alutan. sp.,C. (K.)coptodiscaen. sp., andC. (K.)cuspidigastern. sp. Relationships and distribution of species-groups in North America and Europe are discussed. Keys to subgenera and species and host records are included.
FURTHER FIELD EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF THE DARK-SIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

Field tests were continued during 1970, 1971, and 1972 in southwestern Ontario to evaluate experimental and registered insecticides for control of Euxoa messoria (Harris) larvae on tobacco. Insecticides were applied before planting as broadcast applications to the rye cover crop or to the soil.

Of 10 chemicals tested, chlorpyrifos, leptophos, and N-2596 (S-(p-chlorophenyl O-ethyl ethyl-phosphonodithioate) gave the most consistent control, and Biothion® (O,O′-thiodi-p-phenylene O,O,O′,O′-tetramethyl phosphorothioate) and methoxychlor gave variable control. Fensulfothion was slightly phytotoxic, and trichlorfon and Mobam® (benzo [b] thien-4-yl methylcarbamate) were ineffective in the present study. Supracide® (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with 4-(mercaptomethyl)-2-methoxy-Δ2-1,3,4-thiodiazolin-5-one) and Orthene® (O,S-dimethyl N-acetyl phosphoramidothioate) showed promise for control of E. messoria larvae.

Levels of reducing sugars and total alkaloids in the cured leaves were unaffected by treatment, indicating that these insecticides had no effect on tobacco quality.
A POSSIBLE NEW SENSILLUM ON THE ANTENNAE OF ITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Borden J. H. , Miller G. E. , Richerson J. V.
Published: December 2009

A sensillum in the shape of a truncate cylindrical peg is present on the apex of the antenna in both sexes of Itoplectis conquisitor (Say). The sensilla occur in distinct fields of 19 to 38 pegs per antenna in males , and 26 to 35 pegs per antenna in females (x = 30.6). The pegs measure 1 to 15 μ, in height in males and 4 to 13 μ in females, and 2 to 6 μ in diameter in males and 2 to 5 μ in females. Pegs in the inside ranks at the very tip of the antenna are shorter than those in outside ranks which are more subterminal in position. This height variation results in the flat to slightly concave tips of the pegs being aligned on approximately the same plane. Innervation was confirmed by light microscope observations of sectioned material. The placement of the pegs at the antennal apex suggests that they perceive stimuli in the act of antennal tapping.
REVISION OF THE GENUSCHRYSOCHARISFÖRSTER (SUBGENUSCHRYSOCHARISs. str.) (EULOPHIDAE: CHALCIDOIDEA) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

The subgenusChrysochariss. str. in America north of Mexico consists of 18 species. Of these, six are new:Chrysocharis beckeri,subcircularis,bellincus,clarkae,truncatipennis, andlevipectus. The namegiraultiis proposed forpetiolataGirault nec Förster. Key to species, descriptions, host records, and illustrations are included. Relationships of species-groups of North America and Europe are discussed.
CARABID BEETLES OF THE MAGDALEN ISLANDS, QUEBEC
Authors: Larochelle André
Published: December 2009

A list of carabid beetles of the Magdalen Islands, Quebec is given, which includes 107 species.
A NEW SPECIES OF TELENOMUS PARASITIC ON GEOCORIS (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA; HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Gordh Gordon , Coker R. Akinyele
Published: December 2009

Telenomus reynoldsi n. sp. (Scelionidae: Telenominae) is described as an egg parasite of Geocoris punctipes Say and G. pallens Stål in California. The parasite has been recovered from cotton fields at Thermal and Indio, and from strawberry fields at El Toro, California. Additional material deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has been recovered from Geocoris collected at Buttonwillow and Weed, California.
A NEW SPECIES OF APHALARA FÖRSTER (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLOIDEA: APHALARIDAE) FROM ALBERTA
Authors: Hodkinson I. D.
Published: December 2009

Aphalara monticola sp. n. is described from 37 ♂ and 49 ♀ collected from Rumex pauciflorus Nutt. in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, Canada. A. monticola is closely related to the Nearctic A. rumicis Mally and the Palaearctic A. exilis (Weber & Mohr).
REVISION OF THE TRIBE QUEDIINI OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE). SUPPLEMENTUM 2
Authors: Smetana Aleš
Published: December 2009

The following new taxa of Quediini (Staphylinidae) are described: Quedius (Megaquedius) syphax spec. nov. (Washington), and Acylophorus (Acylophorus) pusillus spec. nov. (Florida).

The following new synonymy is established: Quedius (Quedius) neomolochinus Korge, 1962 is identical with Quedius (Quedius) laticollis (Gravenhorst, 1802).

Additional data on taxonomy, bionomics, and geographical distribution of many species are presented.
TWO SPECIES OF ENTOMOPHTHORA PATHOGENIC TO THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Otvos I. S. , MacLeod D. M. , Tyrrell D.
Published: December 2009

Two fungi, Entomophthora sphaerosperma and E. egressa, were collected and identified from larvae of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina f. fiscellaria (Guen.), in Newfoundland. These two fungi appear to play the most important role in the decline of looper infestations. Field trials indicate that the disease can be transmitted from laboratory-reared larvae artificially infected with the protoplast stage of E. egressa, to uninfected larvae. This suggests that infection may be established artificially within a population of the looper prior to the ’natural’ occurrence of the epizootic.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE FIR ENGRAVER, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): I. ANALYSIS OF POPULATION BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL FROM 1964 TO 1971
Authors: Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

Populations of the fir engraver reached epidemic proportions and then declined to a very low level over the study period (1964–71). However, population density within infested trees showed an inverse relationship to overall population trend. The population trend over the past 40 years was associated to some degree with rainfall deficits and with Douglas-fir tussock moth outbreaks.

The major contribution to total mortality in each generation occurred in the larval, pupal and pre-emergent adult stages, next was adult mortality and infecundity, while egg mortality was of least significance. Mortality and infertility of parent females was mainly caused by nematode parasites although host resistance resulted in a significant number of attack failures. Parasitism by a phorid fly was of minor importance. Nematode parasitism appeared to be density-dependent in relation to overall population size.

Most egg mortality resulted from host resistance which was inversely related to egg density within trees. Other egg mortality occurred in a density-independent manner.

Mortality between larva and brood adult stages was mainly attributed to intra- and interspecific competition. The impact of these factors was directly related to within-tree larval density. Nematode parasitism was related to overall fir engraver population size and to per cent infection of attacking females. Predator activity was weakly density-dependent and mortality caused by resinosis was inversely related to fir engraver density. Parasitism and other mortality factors appeared to be independent of host density.

An hypothesis is presented for the population behavior of the fir engraver; population fluctuations being determined by the quantity of susceptible trees and ultimately regulated by intraspecific competition. Nematode parasitism and interspecific competition were regarded as modifying, and perhaps sometimes regulating, abundance. Areas needing additional study, particularly host-tree physiology are discussed.
TEMPERATURE MODIFICATION OF MALE SEX PHEROMONE RESPONSE AND FACTORS AFFECTING FEMALE CALLING IN HOLOMELINA IMMACULATA (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)
Authors: Cardé R. T. , Roelofs W. L.
Published: December 2009

In Holomelina immaculata (Reakirt) periodicity of male attraction to synthetic 2-methylheptadecane, the female-produced sex pheromone, is modified by temperature cues. In the field this response interval occurs from approximately sunset to about 4 h after sunset on a warm day and night (30° to 17 °C) and for the 2 h prior to sunset on a cool day and night (23° to 16 °C).

In laboratory studies at 24 °C female H. immaculata placed in continual scotophase have an endogenous calling rhythm, but they are apparently inhibited from calling by constant photophase. In 16:8 or 12:12 light–dark cycles at 24 °C calling occurs from the 2nd to the 6th hour of scotophase, whereas at 15 °C calling takes place from the initiation to the 5th hour of scotophase. The critical cues governing initiation of calling behaviour are lights-off or a temperature decrease cue, and a temperature decrease signal overrides the apparent inhibitory effect of continual photophase.
SURVIVAL OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), AT EXTREME TEMPERATURES
Authors: Harrison J. R. , Barlow C. A.
Published: December 2009

Immature stages of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), from viviparous, parthenogenetic populations, were exposed to hot and cold temperatures outside the favorable zone. Between 34.5 °C and 41.0 °C, time to 50% mortality (LT50) decreased approximately according to the relation log Y = 10.30−0.22X. From −9 °C to −12 °C, LT50 decreased rapidly and changed little with further temperature decrease to −16 °C.

Survival was affected by acclimation which was complete after 1 to 2 days. Acclimation to temperatures between 10 °C and 25 °C changed LT50 by as much as 1.3 times at 39 °C and 2 times at −12 °C.

Temperature tolerance increased with age.
SAMPLING SYSTEMS FOR EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), EGGS ON APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Butler K. P.
Published: December 2009

A study was conducted in a mature apple orchard in Nova Scotia to compare the density of eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), over the whole tree to their density on a selected area using a random selection and standard selection technique. Both methods provided nearly equivalent estimates of population densities for generations 2 and 4 but not for generation 3. The population estimates based on sampling from the selected area overestimated the whole tree population.

Optimum allocation of sampling resources may be obtained by sampling a small number of clusters from each of a large number of trees.
AERIAL SPRAYING OF A BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS — CHITINASE FORMULATION FOR CONTROL OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , Fettes J. J. , Desaulniers R.
Published: December 2009

A 10,000 acre stand of mature balsam fir, in Temiscouata County, Quebec, which had a spruce budworm population of about 21 larvae/18 in. branch-tip was sprayed with a Bacillus thuringiensis + chitinase formulation. Aerial spraying was carried out by three TBM aircraft between 4 and 7 June 1972, when insect development was at the peak of the third instar. Where the quantity of B. thuringiensis colonies per square centimeter was higher than 77 and spray deposit higher than 0.4 gal/acre (U.S.), larval mortality was between 84% and 93% compared with between 39% and 53% in the check plot. Foliage protection was 47%. The results indicate the possibilities of using B. thuringiensis + chitinase to control spruce budworm infestations.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF LYGUS FROM NORTH AMERICA, AND A NOTE ON THE STATUS OF LYGUS ABRONIAE (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of the genus Lygus Hahn are described: potentillae from Canada, Alaska, and Colorado; and mexicanus from Mexico and Texas. Lygus abroniae Van Duzee is considered to be a typical member of the genus Lygus. The seasonal colour variations of the three species are noted, their relationships to other species in the genus are discussed, and their host plants are given.
LARGE VOLUME PREPARATION AND PROCESSING OF A SYNTHETIC DIET FOR INSECT REARING
Authors: Grisdale Dail
Published: December 2009

A method for preparation, dispensing, and handling of large volumes of a synthetic diet for rearing a variety of insect species is described. A 16.5 imp. gal electrically-heated steam-jacketed kettle fitted with a bridge-mounted mixer is used to liquefy the agar and to mix the ingredients. An automatic filler is used to dispense measured amounts of diet directly from the kettle into plastic creamer cups set up on disposable pressed-board cafeteria trays. The trays facilitate easy handling and storage of diet and also serve as rearing units. The composition of the diet, the amount of ingredients to prepare 15 imp. gal, and some of the insect species successfully reared on the diet, are also noted.
DEFORMITY OF SUGAR MAPLE CAUSED BY BUD FEEDING INSECTS
Authors: Simmons Gary A. , Knight Fred B.
Published: December 2009

Injury to sugar maple buds, shoots, twigs, and stems resulted in forked trees in Upper Michigan. Six species of insects were observed to feed on buds: The lepidopterans Proteoteras moffatiana Fernald (Olethreutidae), Obrussa ochrefasciella (Chambers) (Nepticulidae), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) and Cenopis pettitana (Robinson) (Tortricidae), and the coleopterans Phyllobius oblongus (L.) (Curculionidae) and Platycerus virescens (F.) (Lucanidae). Twig and shoot damage resulted from severed shoots, twig cankers, and scarring resembling weevil feeding injury. Stem damage was caused by breakage and browsing animals. Bud injury averaged 5.80% per year, twig damage 3.18% per year, and stem breakage 0.36% per year. Injuries to terminals resulted in 85% forked stems, 8% single stems, 3% stunting, and 4% unaffected.
BOLBOTHYREUS, A NEW GENUS FORSTENASPIDIUS RUFICOLLIS(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: GEOTRUPINAE)
Authors: Howden H. F.
Published: December 2009

A new monotypic genus,Bolbothyreus, is proposed for the South American speciesStenaspidius ruficollis(Bruch). The new genus seems most closely related toBolbapiumBoucomont from South America and less so toStenaspidiusWestwood from Australia.
THE SWARMING BEHAVIOUR OF CHIRONOMUS RIPARIUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Downe A. E. R. , Caspary V. G.
Published: December 2009

Continuous colonies of Chironomus riparius Meigen can be conveniently maintained in the laboratory and the swarming and mating behaviour is readily observable. Swarming is eocrepuscular and is mediated, at least in part, by light intensity and the marker stimulus. The effects of sound and volatile chemicals on the initiation and maintenance of swarming are not clearly apparent, but there is some evidence to suggest that pheromones may play a role in swarm cohesion.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF A LEAF MINER, CAMERARIA MACROCARPAE, ON BUR OAK IN MANITOBA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Still G. N. , Wong H. R.
Published: December 2009

Cameraria macrocarpae Freeman is a univoltine blotch miner which feeds on the palisade parenchyma of bur oak leaves. The larvae have two morphologically distinct forms and seven instars. It overwinters in the sixth instar, inside the mined leaf. Females deposit their eggs in rows, usually beside the mid-rib, and the larvae enter the leaf directly under the chorion. The larvae from each egg cluster form a common mine on the upper surface of the leaf. The mines of C. macrocarpae are brownish and each contains several larvae, differing from the whitish mines of Cameraria hamadryadella (Clemens), each containing a single larva. Nine species of parasites are listed.
DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPHAGOUS AND PREDACIOUS MITES ON APPLE TREES IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Butler K. P.
Published: December 2009

The relative densities of phytophagous and predacious mites within mature apple trees were examined. The eggs of phytophagous mites Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.) and Panonychus ulmi (Koch) were more numerous in the lower position of the tree while the reverse was true for the predacious mite Zetzellia mali (Ewing) and its eggs.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING INSEMINATION IN LABORATORY SWARMS OF CHIRONOMUS RIP ARIUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Downe A. E. R.
Published: December 2009

The frequency of insemination of females in laboratory swarms of Chironomus riparius Meigen was investigated using autoradiographic techniques. In swarms in which the sexes were nearly equally represented the majority of females were invariably inseminated. The frequency of inseminations for a given population of males declined with aging. There was variation among individual males in the numbers of females inseminated and the timing of inseminations in a succession of eocrepuscular swarms. Unmated females appeared to be receptive to insemination throughout most of their adult life. Insemination or injection of extracts of males rendered the females unreceptive to subsequent inseminations. Unmated females held in cages for longer than 48 hr were found to resorb the eggs in one of their ovaries.
THE GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILIES PHLOEOCHARINAE AND OLISTHAERINAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES FROM WASHINGTON (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Moore Ian , Legner E. F.
Published: December 2009

A key is given to the three genera of the Phloeocharinae. Full generic descriptions with comparative and distributional notes are given forRimulincolaSanderson,Vicelva paradoxicanew genus, new species,EcbletusSharp, andOlisthaerusDejean.
A NOTE ON THE GENUS BOHEMIELLINA MACH. (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Smetana A.
Published: December 2009

The genus Bohemiellina Machulka, 1941 (type-species paradoxa Machulka, 1941) is a separate genus closely related to Aneurota Casey, 1893 (type-species sulcifrons Casey, 1893), not a synonym of the latter. The holotype of Aneurota sulcifrons Casey, 1893 has been compared with a representative specimen of Bohemiellina paradoxa Machulka, 1941.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FALL EMERGENCE OF BESSA HARVEYI (TACHINIDAE: DIPTERA)
Authors: Turnock W. J.
Published: December 2009

Bessa harveyi (Townsend) is a common parasite of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), in southeastern Manitoba but it is ineffective in preventing or terminating outbreaks of its host. Bivoltinism acts as a mortality factor in B. harveyi populations because bivoltine individuals do not contribute progeny to the next generation. Heavy mortality due to bivoltinism occurs when the parasite eggs are laid under long-day conditions and the summer is warm and prolonged. Regression analyses show that most of the variation in the incidence of bivoltinism between years and between dates within years can be described by equations involving the incidence of bivoltinism in the previous year, photoperiod, and temperature. The importance of a genetic factor in determining the incidence of bivoltinism was indicated by a strong negative correlation between the incidences in consecutive years. Photoperiod and temperature during development were positively correlated with incidence. The persistence of bivoltinism in Manitoba is postulated to be related to variability in weather and host development plus developmental advantages associated with the bivoltine phenotype.
THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE ALDERFLY, SIALIS CORNUTA (MEGALOPTERA: SIALIDAE)
Authors: Leischner T. G. , Pritchard G.
Published: December 2009

The egg, first larval instar, last larval instar, and pupa of Sialis cornuta Ross are described and illustrated.
NOTES ON PTERONEMOBIUS AND A NEW GENUS OF THE TRIBE PTERONEMOBIINI (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE: NEMOBIINAE)
Authors: Vickery V. R.
Published: December 2009

A new genus, Dianemobius, is diagnosed, with Eneoptera fascipes Walker, 1869, as type-species, since this species is not congeneric with Pteronemobius concolor (Walker), the type-species (a senior synonym of the originally designated Nemobius tartarus Saussure) of Pteronemobius. Notes on morphology and cytology which indicate the heterogeneity of Pteronemobius are included.
DIURNAL FORAGING ACTIVITY OF FORMICA SUBLUCIDA, F. SANGUINEA SUBNUDA, AND F. FOSSACEPS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN QUEBEC
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory nests of Formica sublucida Wheeler, F. sanguinea subnuda Emery, and F. fossaceps Buren were used to determine the foraging activity of these three species by accurate hourly measurements, day and night, for three summer seasons. Soil temperature in each nest was thermostatically controlled and maintained at 50°, 60°, and 70°F.

The species foraged day and night, with a peak of activity in late morning and mid-afternoon. Increasing soil temperature resulted in an increase in foraging; barometric pressure and relative humidity had no apparent effect.
HORMONAL INDUCTION OF SUPERNUMERARY INSTARS IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

Induction of supernumerary larval instars in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, by applying ZR-515, a potent juvenile hormone analogue, is explained in terms of larval differentiation. Application to the early sixth instar where structures are relatively indeterminate results in the formation of a supernumerary larval instar, whereas treatment of the late-larva wherein many structures are committed to differentiate towards the pupa, results in a larval–pupal mosaic.
THE EFFECT OF FUNGI AND MOISTURE ON THE LOCOMOTORY BEHAVIOR OF THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: Dolinski M. G. , Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

Adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), were placed on the surface of grain in plastic cylinders. After 48 hours records were taken of the number passing through a perforated brass screen at the bottom of the cylinders and into petri dishes containing wheat inoculated with different species of fungi. More adults were found in dishes of spoiled grain containing a mixture of fungi than in empty (control) dishes or dishes with water. The largest number were found in dishes containing Penicillium corymbiferum and the second largest number in dishes with Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Fusarium sp., and spoiled grain. The least number occurred in dishes with Streptomyces sp., uninfected wet grain, or dry grain. The response to fungi is probably induced by olfactory stimuli from volatile compounds in the fungi or by-products of fungi.
SPECIES SEPARATION IN THE DECLARATA GROUP OF THE GENUS EUXOA, A COMPUTER ANALYSIS BASED ON STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS
Authors: Hardwick D. F. , Lefkovitch L. P.
Published: December 2009

A sample of 205 specimens of the declarata group of the genus Euxoa was subjected to clustering, principal components, and discriminant analyses. The analyses were based largely on male genitalic characters. Only the discriminant analysis was successful in segregating the three nominal components of the group.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF EFFECTS OF JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUES ON ADULT EMERGENCE OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Cumming J. E. , McKague B.
Published: December 2009

Breeding sites for Simulium venustum, Simulium arcticum, Simulium pugetense, Simulium hunteri, Simulium canadense, and Simulium decorum were found in the Vancouver area. Addition of juvenile hormone analogues to the rearing water of S. decorum resulted in virtually complete inhibition of adult emergence.
LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS PRODUCED BY THREE LASERS ON TWOTROGODERMASPECIES (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE): II. HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES
Authors: Kobylnyk Ronald W. , Wilde Walter H. A.
Published: December 2009

Dorsal anterior abdomens of late instar larvae ofTrogoderma inclusumLe Conte andT.variabileBallion were exposed to six doses from each of three lasers. The effects were followed for 183 days after lasing. Ruby (1.6–9.5 j/cm2) and neodymium (4.3–24.9 j/cm2) lasing killed the darkerT.variabilelarvae at lower doses than those required to kill the palerT.inclusumlarvae. Dehydration through ruptured exocuticle and denatured cuticle was the main cause of death. Carbon dioxide (2.1–12.7 j/cm2) lasing killed larvae of both species at intermediate and high doses due to denaturation, degeneration of the fat body, and inhibition of moulting.

At sublethal doses, subsequent instars bore lesions which lacked exocuticle and setae. Internally, the lesions consisted of wavy cuticle and thickened, vacuolated epidermis. These lesions were reversible because they regressed with moulting. Additional setae occurred in lesions of later instars where exocuticle had been initially lacking. In terms of irradiance, mortality, penetration, and persistence of lesions, the carbon dioxide laser was the most effective, the ruby laser was intermediate, and the neodymium laser the least effective.
THE STYLETS OF THE SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER, MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Forbes A. R. , Raine J.
Published: December 2009

The morphology of the stylets of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), is described from light and transmission electron microscopy. The maxillary stylets are about 1/5 longer than the mandibular stylets. Both pairs of stylets contain central ducts running from their bases to their tips. The duct in the mandibular stylet is unbranched but that in the maxillary stylet bifurcates midway toward the tip. The mandibular duct contains 3 dendrites; the maxillary duct contains 5 dendrites. The fine structure of the dendrites is described.
OVICIDAL EFFECT IN THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), OF A SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE OF JUVENILE HORMONE
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

Topical application of a synthetic juvenile hormone, 1-(4′-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-6,7-epoxy oct-2-ene, to the eggs of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, inhibits embryonic development. Both embryonic and post-embryonic mortality were observed. The construction of simulated ovipositional twigs used in collecting weevil eggs of known age is described. Possible physiological methods of controlling the weevil are discussed.
THE DIGESTIVE PROCESSES OF HAEMATOPHAGOUS INSECTS: IV. SECRETION OF TRYPSIN BY AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Gooding R. H.
Published: December 2009

There is a correlation between the amount of blood ingested by Aedes aegypti (L.) and the trypsin activity (but not the chymotrypsin activity) in the midgut 16 and 24 hr after feeding. Puromycin and Dactinomycin ingested with a blood meal depress the level of midgut trypsin. Trypsin purified from the midguts of A. aegypti fed upon defibrinated blood containing 14C-amino acids contains radioactivity. Midguts from blood-fed mosquitoes did not produce significant amounts of trypsin when dissected from mosquitoes and maintained in a tissue culture medium for up to 50 hr.
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Koehler Philip G. , Pimentel David
Published: December 2009

Economic injury levels of the alfalfa weevil on alfalfa were investigated in New York State. The dry weight food consumption for the larval stage of the alfalfa weevil averaged 7.34 mg/larva. For every gram (dry weight) of alfalfa consumed, 1.59 g (live weight) in insect tissue was produced. In the laboratory, it was found that insect food consumption could account for only about 50% of the total weight loss in alfalfa plants after 10 days of larval feeding. Therefore, alfalfa weevil damage to alfalfa was more than the larval food consumption, and this was believed to be due to the loss of the plant’s photosynthetic potential. In the field on first growth alfalfa, the economic injury level was calculated to be 56 larvae/stem. First growth alfalfa was less severely injured by alfalfa weevil larvae than our second growth alfalfa infested with equal populations of alfalfa weevils. It was shown that first growth alfalfa was able to compensate for 87% of the insect feeding while second growth alfalfa could compensate for only 50%. Since the alfalfa plant’s capacity to compensate for alfalfa weevil feeding can vary due to environmental conditions and plant characteristics, economic injury levels must be adjustable. To provide more reliability to economic injury levels, we propose that in alfalfa the following seven measurements be made: (1) alfalfa weevil larval density; (2 and 3) parasites and predators of the weevil; (4) rainfall and moisture level; (5) plant nutrients; (6) alfalfa variety; and (7) stage and previous management of alfalfa stand.
THE NEMOBIINAE (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE) OF CANADA
Authors: Vickery V. R. , Johnstone D. E.
Published: December 2009

Six species of small crickets of the subfamily Nemobiinae are found in Canada. These are Allonemobius fasciatus (DeGeer), A. allardi (Alexander & Thomas), A. g. griseus (E. M. Walker), A. maculatus (Blatchley), Neonemobius palustris (Blatchley), and Eunemobius c. carolinus (Scudder). Synonymy is given and all distinctive taxonomic characters such as hind tibiae, concealed male genitalia, female ovipositors, male stridulatory veins, and audiospectrograms of stridulation are described and illustrated. A key to species is given and distribution maps are included.
NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE LIGHT BROWN APPLE MOTH, EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA, IN THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: December 2009

The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana Walker, is a highly polyphagous native pest of Australia that has recently caused widespread damage to pome, citrus, and vine crops in Victoria and Tasmania. Populations of the pest were followed in a young pesticide-free orchard for two seasons and showed a survival trend of less than 1% of the total eggs laid in each season. An evaluation of its natural enemies by numerical, serological, and forced feeding techniques showed that spiders, particularly the theridiid Achaearanea veruculata (Urquhart), were valuable predators and that they were supported by chrysopids and mirids for short periods of time. Egg, larval, and pupal parasites also contributed to mortality. Brief biological notes on some of the predators are given.
A NEW SPECIES OF EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) RESEMBLING EUXOA OBELISCOIDES
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

Euxoa oberfoelli, closely related to Euxoa obeliscoides Guenée, is described from the Great Plains of western North America.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF TETROPIUM PARVULUM (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN ALBERTA
Authors: Raske A. G.
Published: December 2009

The wood borer Tetropium parvulum Casey is an economically important borer of white and engelmann spruce logs in Alberta. It has a 1-year life cycle. The adults emerge in early summer, the larvae mature by September, overwinter in L-shaped galleries, and pupate in the spring. The L-shaped galleries penetrate the wood to an average of 25–35 mm. Four natural mortality factors were: a suspect disease, the parasite Rhimphoctona alaskensis (Ashmead), excess heat, and woodpeckers. Of these, the suspect disease was the most evident, killing 57% of the mature larvae in one sample.
HOST HEMOLYMPH CHEMICALS THAT INDUCE OVIPOSITION IN THE PARASITEITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Hegdekar B. M. , Arthur A. P.
Published: December 2009

A physiologically active fraction inducing oviposition inItoplectis conquisitor(Say), and isolated from the hemolymph of some insects, was studied in detail using hemolymph fromGalleria mellonella(L.) andCelerio euphorbiae(L.). The active fraction consisted of hexoses and some 19 common amino acids. The hexose component may act as a synergist in inducing oviposition while not all amino acids were necessary to induce oviposition.I.conquisitorlaid eggs in the hemolymph of species of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera, but did not oviposit in the hemolymph of species belonging to Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Plecoptera, and Crustacea.
DIETARY REQUIREMENTS FOR MATING INCHRYSOPA OCULATA(NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: December 2009

The reproductive behaviour ofChrysopa oculataSay females shows a high degree of dependence on diet. Females remain unmated when maintained on a regimen of sugar and water, whereas they mate and produce fertile eggs when given pea aphids prior to pairing. In contrast, the males do not require a diet other than sugar and water in order to produce fertile matings. Pea aphids constitute suitable prey for continuous rearing.
THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL BLACKFLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) LARVICIDING WITH ABATE, DURSBAN, AND METHOXYCHLOR ON STREAM INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Wallace R. R. , West A. S. , Downe A. E. R. , Hynes H. B. N.
Published: December 2009

The effects of Abate, Dursban, and Methoxychlor and their diluents on black-fly larvae and on “non-target” stream invertebrates were evaluated by means of cone, rock, Surber, and drift samples. Blackfly larvae were found in many post-treatment Surber samples, although concurrent cone and rock samples often indicated that blackfly larvae were either greatly reduced in numbers or eradicated from the streams. The insecticide diluents (H.A.N, and fuel oil) caused detachment of blackfly larvae from cones, but less than that obtained when insecticide was added.

The heavy post-treatment drift of “non-target” invertebrates in treated streams is indicative of a considerable disturbance to the aquatic invertebrate community. However, post-treatment samples indicated that the “non-target” organisms studied were not eradicated from the streams.

There were several indications that the catch of invertebrate drift was altered by pools, which possibly exerted a delaying action on drifters in the treated streams. Most of the drifting invertebrates found in post-treatment drift nets were dead.
SEASONAL EMERGENCE AND ACTIVITY OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN A HIGH-ARCTIC LOCALITY
Authors: Corbet Philip S. , Danks H. V.
Published: December 2009

The emergence and adult activity ofAedes(Ochlerotatus)impigerandA. (O.)nigripesduring 1962–66 at Hazen Camp (81°49′ N., 71°18′ W.), Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., are described.

The greater part of seasonal emergence (assayed by emergence traps) took place from shallow ponds during a period of 7–10 days, usually in early July. Emergence ofA.impigerbegan about 3 days earlier than that ofA.nigripes, and peak emergence of the two species was separated by about 4 days; males of both species normally emerged 1 or 2 days before the females. From each pond 80% of annual emergence usually occurred within 3 or 4 days. Pond-to-pond differences were correlated closely with water temperature, but delayed emergence occurred at the end of the emergence period in temporary ponds, as the ponds became dry. Year-to-year temperature differences altered both the seasonal position and the duration of emergence in a given pond by up to 10 days.

The flight activity of adults (assayed by a Visual Attraction Trap and a Malaise Trap) was greatest shortly after the period of greatest emergence, but adults, especially females, were caught for more than a month after emergence had ended. Biting by females continued throughout this period, but swarming of males was more abbreviated, especially inA.impiger. The number of adults trapped fluctuated from day to day according to weather: flight was inhibited when maximum screen air temperatures were below about 5 °C. The interval required for ovarian maturation was about 9 days in both species, and some females completed at least three gonotrophic cycles. The successive cycles were detected in the population by analysis of sweep-net catches, the proportion of gravid females caught in the traps being affected considerably by weather. Successive gonotrophic cycles were well synchronized, like emergence, inA.nigripes; retention of eggs apparently obscured such synchrony inA.impiger.

Feeding on nectar (of the flowerDryas integrifolia) was apparently needed by both sexes to maintain activity, at least upon emergence.

Year-to-year differences in the numbers of adults emerging were correlated with the amount of flight, and hence reproductive activity, permitted by weather the previous year.

These findings are summarized graphically (Fig. 21). Critical comments are made on the usefulness of some of the sampling methods employed. Some characteristic biological features of arctic mosquitoes, leading to prompt emergence in spring and permitting subsequent reproductive activity despite the low temperatures and variable weather of the summer, are discussed.
MATING BEHAVIOR OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): IV. COURTSHIP
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Bush Guy L.
Published: December 2009

The results of systematically-conducted, mid- to late-season observations and experiments on large populations of apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in apple and sour cherry trees revealed the following sequences in courtship behavior. When environmental conditions are favorable, sexually mature males and females fly to the host fruit, the site of assembly for mating and the site of oviposition. Either sex may initiate the flight which takes it to the particular fruit occupied by a member of the opposite sex. Such flights by males are often in response to the visual stimulus of a female (or male) moving about on a fruit, while such flights by females seem to be primarily in response to the fruit as a potential oviposition site. Once on the same fruit, a male and a female locate one another apparently solely through vision, particularly movement. They walk to within 1–3 cm of one another, but there is no tactile contact until such time as the male attempts copulation by jumping onto the back of the female from this distance.

The position from which the copulatory jump is made is variable. Sometimes it is made from a face to face position, with one or both flies having waved its pictured wings at the other. Occasionally it is made from the side or from a flight from a nearby fruit directly onto a female’s abdomen. Most often however, it is made when a male is stimulated by the forward movement of a female, approaches her from the rear, and jumps onto her abdomen from the rear without the female having seen the male. Most copulation attempts, and especially most successful attempts, are initiated while the female is engaged in some phase of oviposition behavior. Males attempt copulation with other males just as often as with females, strongly suggesting that at least up until the time of tactile contact, males are unable to distinguish between the sexes. The fact that a number of male and female apple maggot flies was observed in copula with R. fausta flies in sour cherry trees suggests that neither sex may be able to discriminate too well between members of its own species and members of other species whose wing and body patterns are similar in appearance However males were usually, although not always, able to distinguish stable flies from apple maggot flies prior to tactile contact.

We discuss the known and possible roles of various visual, chemical acoustical, and physical-tactile cues involved in the courtship behavior and suggest that the most important factor insuring reproductive isolation in apple maggot flies at the pre-copulatory stage may be the selection of the proper host plant for oviposition and hence for assembly for mating.