bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Large‐Scale, Multilayer, and Facilely Aligned Micropatterning Technique Based on Flexible and Reusable SU‐8 Shadow Masks
Authors: Moradi Somayeh , Bandari Nooshin , Bandari Vineeth Kumar , Zhu Feng , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: September 2019

A simple method to fabricate flexible, mechanically robust, and reusable SU‐8 shadow masks is demonstrated. This shadow mask technology has high pattern flexibility as various shapes with different dimensions can be created. The fabricated shadow masks are characterized in terms of the resolution, reusability, and capability of multilayer surface micropatterning. Fabrication of a new plastic photomask for the exposure process simplifies the shadow mask fabrication process and results in higher resolution in the shadow mask structures compared to the commercial chromium photomasks. For the multilayer surface micropatterning technology, a simple and fast alignment technique based on SU‐8 pillars and without usage of any microscopic tools is reported. This unique method leads to a less complicated alignment process with the alignment accuracy of ≈2 µm. The proposed shadow mask technology can be easily employed for wafer‐scale micropatterning process. The capability of fabricated SU‐8 shadow masks in micropatterning on polymer thin films is evaluated by fabricating metallic contacts on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) samples and electrical characterization.
Controllable Multiemission with Ultralong Organic Phosphorescence in Crystal by Isomerization
Authors: Ling Kun , Shi Huifang , Wang He , Fu Lishun , Lv Anqi , Huang Kaiwei , Ye Wenpeng , Gu Mingxing , Ma Chaoqun , Yao Xiaokang , Jia Wenyong , Zhi Jiahuan , Yao Wei , An Zhongfu , Ma Huili , Huang Wei
Published: September 2019

Organic multiemissive materials with different lifetimes have attractive applications in sensors, bioimaging, data encryption, and so on. However, it is a formidable challenge to achieve multiemission with ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) in a single molecule. Here, reported is a series of isomers (o‐CzPh, m‐CzPh, and p‐CzPh) with multiemissive behavior under ambient conditions. All phosphors emit both fluorescence and UOP in crystal. Beyond that, o‐CzPh also displays thermally activated delayed fluorescence with a lifetime of 2.56 µs, which can be ascribed to the fast reverse intersystem crossing process from T2 to S1 states. Impressively, m‐CzPh crystal exhibits another phosphoresce emission with a lifetime of 0.24 ms assigned as single molecule phosphorescence, which is rarely reported. This finding enables the development of new organic phosphors with diverse lifetimes within a single molecule for potential applications.
Electrochemical Cross‐Coupling of C(sp2)−H with Aryldiazonium Salts via a Paired Electrolysis: an Alternative to Visible Light Photoredox‐Based Approach
Authors: Jiang Yang‐ye , Dou Gui‐yuan , Zhang Luo‐sha , Xu Kun , Little R. Daniel , Zeng Cheng‐chu
Published: September 2019

Photoredox‐based C−H bond functionalization constitutes one of the most powerful and atom‐economical approaches to organic syntheses. During this type of reaction, single electron transfer takes place between the photocatalyst (PC) and redox‐ active substrates. Electrosynthesis also involves electron transfer between substrates and electrodes. In this paper, we focus upon electrochemical cross‐coupling of C(sp2)−H with aryldiazonium salts and have developed an efficient electrochemical approach to the Minisci‐type arylation reaction. The constant current paired electrosynthesis proceeds in a simple undivided cell without external supporting electrolyte, features a wide range of substrates and is easy to scale‐up. These results demonstrate that photoredox‐based cross‐coupling of C(sp2)−H with aryldiazonium salts can also proceed successfully under paired electrolysis conditions, thereby contributing to understanding of the parallels between photosynthesis and electrosynthesis.

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A Reversible Electron Relay to Exclude Sacrificial Electron Donors in the Photocatalytic Oxygen Atom Transfer Reaction with O2 in Water
Authors: Vo Nhat Tam , Mekmouche Yasmina , Tron Thierry , Guillot Régis , Banse Frédéric , Halime Zakaria , Sircoglou Marie , Leibl Winfried , Aukauloo Ally
Published: September 2019

Using light energy and O2 for the direct chemical oxidation of organic substrates is a major challenge. A limitation is the use of sacrificial electron donors to activate O2 by reductive quenching of the photosensitizer, generating undesirable side products. A reversible electron acceptor, methyl viologen, can act as electron shuttle to oxidatively quench the photosensitizer, [Ru(bpy)3]2+, generating the highly oxidized chromophore and the powerful reductant methyl‐viologen radical MV+.. MV+. can then reduce an iron(III) catalyst to the iron(II) form and concomitantly O2 to O2.− in an aqueous medium to generate an active iron(III)‐(hydro)peroxo species. The oxidized photosensitizer is reset to its ground state by oxidizing an alkene substrate to an alkenyl radical cation. Closing the loop, the reaction of the iron reactive intermediate with the substrate or its radical cation leads to the formation of two oxygenated compounds, the diol and the aldehyde following two different pathways.
Activation and Characterization of Cryptic Gene Cluster: Two Series of Aromatic Polyketides Biosynthesized by Divergent Pathways
Authors: Ji Zhen‐Yu , Nie Qiu‐Yue , Yin Yue , Zhang Mei , Pan Hai‐Xue , Hou Xian‐Feng , Tang Gong‐Li
Published: September 2019

One biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) usually governs the biosynthesis of a series of compounds exhibiting either the same or similar molecular scaffolds. Reported here is a multiplex activation strategy to awaken a cryptic BGC associated with tetracycline polyketides, resulting in the discovery of compounds having different core structures. By constitutively expressing a positive regulator gene in tandem mode, a single BGC directed the biosynthesis of eight aromatic polyketides with two types of frameworks, two pentacyclic isomers and six glycosylated tetracyclines. The proposed biosynthetic pathway, based on systematic gene inactivation and identification of intermediates, employs two sets of tailoring enzymes with a branching point from the same intermediate. These findings not only provide new insights into the role of tailoring enzymes in the diversification of polyketides, but also highlight a reliable strategy for genome mining of natural products.
Artificial Enzyme Catalyzed Cascade Reactions: Antitumor Immunotherapy Reinforced by NIR‐II Light
Authors: Wen Mei , Ouyang Jiang , Wei Chuanwan , Li Hui , Chen Wansong , Liu You‐Nian
Published: September 2019

Current cancer therapy is seriously challenged by tumor metastasis and recurrence. One promising solution to these problems is to build antitumor immunity. However, immunotherapeutic efficacy is highly impeded by the immunosuppressive state of the tumors. Here a new strategy is presented, catalytic immunotherapy based on artificial enzymes. Cu2−xTe nanoparticles exhibit tunable enzyme‐mimicking activity (including glutathione oxidase and peroxidase) under near‐infrared‐II (NIR‐II) light. The cascade reactions catalyzed by the Cu2−xTe artificial enzyme gradually elevates intratumor oxidative stress to induce immunogenic cell death. Meanwhile, the continuously generated oxidative stress by the Cu2−xTe artificial enzyme reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and boosts antitumor immune responses to eradicate both primary and distant metastatic tumors. Moreover, immunological memory effect is successfully acquired after treatment with the Cu2−xTe artificial enzyme to suppress tumor relapse.
Polymerizations Mediated by Well‐Defined Rhodium Complexes
Authors: Tan Nicholas Sheng Loong , Lowe Andrew B.
Published: September 2019

This Minireview details the current state‐of‐the‐art relating to (co)polymerizations mediated by well‐defined RhI‐ethynyl, vinyl, and aryl complexes. In particular, we focus on RhI species suitable for the (co)polymerization of phenylacetylenes, arylisocyanides, as well as propargyl esters and amides.
Autonomous Discovery in the Chemical Sciences Part II: Outlook
Authors: Coley Connor W. , Eyke Natalie S. , Jensen Klavs F.
Published: September 2019

This two‐part Review examines how automation has contributed to different aspects of discovery in the chemical sciences. In this second part, we reflect on a selection of exemplary studies. It is increasingly important to articulate what the role of automation and computation has been in the scientific process and how that has or has not accelerated discovery. One can argue that even the best automated systems have yet to “discover” despite being incredibly useful as laboratory assistants. We must carefully consider how they have been and can be applied to future problems of chemical discovery in order to effectively design and interact with future autonomous platforms. The majority of this Review defines a large set of open research directions, including improving our ability to work with complex data, build empirical models, automate both physical and computational experiments for validation, select experiments, and evaluate whether we are making progress towards the ultimate goal of autonomous discovery. Addressing these practical and methodological challenges will greatly advance the extent to which autonomous systems can make meaningful discoveries.
Multi‐Resonance Induced Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorophores for Narrowband Green OLEDs
Authors: Zhang Yuewei , Zhang Dongdong , Wei Jinbei , Liu Ziyang , Lu Yang , Duan Lian
Published: September 2019

High‐color‐purity emissions with small a full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) are an ongoing pursuit for high‐resolution displays. Though the flourishment of narrow‐band emissive materials with multi‐resonance induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) in the blue region, such materials have not validated their potential in other color regions. By amplifying the influence of skeleton and peripheral units, a series of highly efficient green‐emitting MR‐TADF materials are firstly reported. Peripheral units with electron‐deficit properties can significantly narrow the energy gap for bathochromic emission without compromising the color fidelity. MR‐TADF emitters with photo‐luminance quantum yields of above 90 % with FWHMs of ≤25 nm are developed. The corresponding organic light‐emitting diodes show maximum external quantum efficiency/ power efficiency of 22.02 %/ 69.82 lm W−1 with excellent long‐term stability.
Reductive Activation of Small Molecules by Anionic Coinage Metal Atoms and Clusters in the Gas Phase
Authors: Muramatsu Satoru , Tsukuda Tatsuya
Published: September 2019

Metal atoms and clusters exhibit chemical properties that are significantly different or totally absent in comparison to their bulk counterparts. Such peculiarity makes them potential building units for the generation of novel catalysts. Investigations of the gas‐phase reactions between size‐ and charge‐selected atoms/clusters and small molecules have provided fundamental insights into their intrinsic reactivity, thus leading to a guiding principle for the rational design of the single‐atom and cluster‐based catalysts. Especially, recent gas‐phase studies have elucidated that small molecules such as O2, CO2, and CH3I can be catalytically activated by negatively‐charged atoms/clusters via donation of a partial electronic charge. This Minireview showcases typical examples of such “reductive activation” processes promoted by anions of metal atoms and clusters. Here, we focus on anionic atoms/clusters of coinage metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) owing to the simplicity of their electronic structures. The determination of a correlation between their activation modes and the electronic structures might be helpful for the future development of innovative coinage metal catalysts.
Dissecting the Binding Interactions of Teixobactin with the Bacterial Cell‐Wall Precursor Lipid II
Authors: Chiorean Sorina , Antwi Isaac , Carney Daniel W. , Kotsogianni Ioli , Giltrap Andrew M. , Alexander Francesca M. , Cochrane Stephen A. , Payne Richard J. , Martin Nathaniel I. , Henninot Antoine , Vederas John C.
Published: September 2019

The prevalence of life‐threatening, drug‐resistant microbial infections has challenged researchers to consider alternatives to currently available antibiotics. Teixobactin is a recently discovered “resistance‐proof” antimicrobial peptide that targets the bacterial cell wall precursor lipid II. In doing so, teixobactin exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram‐positive organisms. Herein we demonstrate that teixobactin and several structural analogues are capable of binding lipid II from both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Furthermore, we show that when combined with known outer membrane‐disrupting peptides, teixobactin is active against Gram‐negative organisms.
Selective Photo‐Oxygenation of Light Alkanes Using Iodine Oxides and Chloride
Authors: Liebov Nichole S. , Goldberg Jonathan M. , Boaz Nicholas C. , Coutard Nathan , Kalman Steven E. , Zhuang Thompson , Groves John T. , Gunnoe T. Brent
Published: September 2019

Partial oxidation of light alkanes to generate alkyl esters has been achieved under photochemical conditions using mixtures of iodine oxides and chloride salts in trifluoroacetic acid (HTFA). The reactions are catalytic in chloride and are successful using compact fluorescent light, but higher yields are obtained using a mercury lamp. In this photo‐initiated oxyesterification process, the robust alkyl ester products are resistant to over‐oxidation, and under optimized conditions yields for alkyl ester production of ∼50 % based on methane, ∼60 % based on ethane (with a total functionalized yield of EtX (X=TFA or Cl) of 80 %) and ∼30 % based on propane have been demonstrated. The reaction also proceeds in aqueous HTFA and dichloroacetic acid with lower yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that the process likely operates by a chlorine hydrogen atom abstraction pathway wherein alkyl radicals are generated, trapped by iodine, and converted to alkyl trifluoroacetates in situ.
Combining STM, RAIRS and TPD to Decipher the Dispersion and Interactions Between Active Sites in RhCu Single‐Atom Alloys
Authors: Hannagan Ryan T. , Patel Dipna A. , Cramer Laura A. , Schilling Alex C. , Ryan Paul T. P. , Larson Amanda M. , Çınar Volkan , Wang Yicheng , Balema Tedros A. , Sykes E. Charles H.
Published: September 2019

Single‐atom alloys are a new class of heterogeneous catalyst in which trace amounts of metal dopants exist as individual, isolated sites in a host metal. In this study, we examine RhCu, a new single‐atom alloy with a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, reflectance absorption infrared spectroscopy, and temperature programed desorption to understand the atomic structure of the alloy and correlate this with the behavior of CO, a common probe molecule. We find that Rh alloys into Cu(111) preferentially from step edges. As such, step density plays an important role in the vibrational structure of CO on isolated Rh sites. We find that atomically dispersed Rh sites can be close enough together to have dipole‐dipole coupling interactions. Together, this combined experimental approach enables us to understand the alloying mechanism of Rh with Cu and yields important signatures of the atomic sites that are useful in benchmarking CO vibrational data.
Long‐term follow‐up of lower dose dasatinib (50 mg daily) as frontline therapy in newly diagnosed chronic‐phase chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Naqvi Kiran , Jabbour Elias , Skinner Jeffrey , Anderson Kristin , Dellasala Sara , Yilmaz Musa , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Bose Prithviraj , Thompson Philip , Alvarado Yesid , Jain Nitin , Takahashi Koichi , Burger Jan , Estrov Zeev , Borthakur Gautam , Pemmaraju Naveen , Paul Shilpa , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop M.
Published: September 2019

Background

Dasatinib, a potent Bcr‐Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of chronic‐phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML‐CP) in the frontline and salvage settings. Notable side effects include pleural effusions and myelosuppression. Dasatinib at 50 mg daily has previously been reported to be active and better tolerated than the approved 100‐mg daily dose. The aim of this study was to update the long‐term follow‐up results of dasatinib at 50 mg daily as frontline therapy for CML‐CP.

Methods

Eighty‐three patients with newly diagnosed CML‐CP received dasatinib at 50 mg daily. Eligibility and response criteria were standards used in previous protocols.

Results

After a minimum follow‐up of 12 months, 81 patients were evaluable. Two patients came off the study in less than 3 months. The rates of BCR‐ABL1 transcript levels (International Standard) at ≤10% and ≤1% at 3 months were 96% and 77%, respectively. The cumulative rates for a complete cytogenetic response by 6 and 12 months were 77% and 95%, respectively. The cumulative rates for a major molecular response, a molecular response with a 4.0‐log reduction, and a molecular response with a 4.5‐log reduction by 12 months were 81%, 55%, and 49%, respectively. Twenty‐one patients (25%) had treatment interruptions for a median of 13 days (range, 4‐64 days). Five patients (6%) developed pleural effusions; 4 of these patients (80%) required a dose reduction. Two patients (2%) failed to achieve any cytogenetic or molecular response and were taken off the study. At a median follow‐up of 24 months, none of the patients had disease transformation to an accelerated or blastic phase. The 2‐year event‐free and overall survival rates were 100%.

Conclusions

These updated results continue to support 50 mg of dasatinib daily as an effective and safe dose for early CML‐CP.
Mapping child and adolescent self‐reported symptom data to clinician‐reported adverse event grading to improve pediatric oncology care and research
Authors: McFatrich Molly , Brondon Jennifer , Lucas Nicole R. , Hinds Pamela S. , Maurer Scott H. , Mack Jennifer W. , Freyer David R. , Jacobs Shana S. , Baker Justin N. , Mowbray Catriona , Wang Mian , Castellino Sharon M. , Barz Leahy Allison , Reeve Bryce B.
Published: September 2019

Background

Clinicians are the standard source for adverse event (AE) reporting in oncology trials, despite the subjective nature of symptomatic AEs. The authors designed a pediatric patient‐reported outcome (PRO) instrument for symptomatic AEs to support the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) (the Pediatric PRO‐CTCAE). The current study developed a standardized algorithm that maps all possible Pediatric PRO‐CTCAE response patterns to recommended CTCAE grades to improve the accuracy of AE reporting in pediatric oncology trials.

Methods

Two rounds of surveys were administered to experienced cancer clinicians across 9 pediatric hospitals. In round 1, pediatric oncologists assigned CTCAE grades to all 101 possible Pediatric PRO‐CTCAE response patterns. The authors evaluated clinician agreement of CTCAE grades across response patterns and categorized each response pattern as having high or low agreement. In round 2, a survey was sent to a larger clinician group to examine clinician agreement among a select set of Pediatric PRO‐CTCAE response patterns, and the authors examined how clinical context influenced grade assignment.

Results

A total of 10 pediatric oncologists participated in round 1. Of the 101 possible patterns, 89 (88%) had high agreement. The Light weighted kappa was averaged across the 10 oncologists (Light kappa = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66‐0.81). A total of 139 clinicians participated in round 2. High clinician agreement remained for the majority of generic response patterns and the clinical context did not typically change grades but rather improved agreement.

Conclusions

The current study provides a framework for integrating child self‐reported symptom data directly into mandated AE reporting in oncology trials. Translating Pediatric PRO‐CTCAE responses into clinically meaningful metrics will guide future cancer care and toxicity grading.
Use of Insulin and the Risk of Progression of Pancreatitis: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Cho Jaelim , Scragg Robert , Petrov Maxim S.
Published: September 2019

Acute pancreatitis (AP) often progresses to recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). We investigated the relationship between the use of insulin after AP and progression from AP to RAP or CP, as well as the effect of diabetes status on the relationship. Using nationwide pharmaceutical dispensing data and hospital discharge data, insulin‐naïve individuals were followed from first AP admission. Multivariable time‐dependent Cox regression analyses were conducted. In the overall cohort (n = 10,190), ever‐use of insulin was associated with an increased risk of progression to RAP or CP (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.70; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31–2.20). This risk remained increased in individuals with preexisting diabetes (adjusted HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.04–2.00), those with diabetes after AP (3.87; 1.20–12.46), and those without diabetes (2.80; 1.25–6.25). The findings suggest that individuals with AP who receive insulin are at a heightened risk of progression of pancreatitis, irrespective of diabetes status.
Decline in the strength of genetic controls on aspen environmental responses from seasonal to century‐long phenomena
Authors: Drobyshev I. , Picq S. , Ganivet E. , Tremblay F. , Bergeron Y.
Published: September 2019

Understanding intra‐specific variation in climate sensitivity could improve the prediction of tree responses to climate change. We attempted to identify the degree of genetic control of tree phenology and growth of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Mchx.) in a natural stand of this species in northwestern Quebec. We mapped and genotyped 556 aspen trees growing within the plot, using seven nuclear microsatellite loci for clone identification. We selected 13 clones (n of trees per clone >5, in total 350 trees) and evaluated the explanatory power of clone identity in (a) variability of spring leaf phenology and (b) short‐ and long‐term growth responses. The clone's identity explained 43% of the variability in spring leaf phenology, between 18% and 20% of variability in response to monthly climate variables significantly affecting growth, between 8% and 26% of growth response to insect outbreaks, and 12% in the long‐term growth rates. Strong clonal control of aspen phenology and moderate control of growth responses to monthly weather do not result in an equally large impact on long‐term growth rates. The result suggests an important role of environmental extremes and within community interactions as factors averaging aspen growth performance at the stand level.
Protein kinase Akt2/PKBβ is involved in blastomere proliferation of preimplantation mouse embryos
Authors: Fiorenza Maria Teresa , Russo Giandomenico , Narducci Maria Grazia , Bresin Antonella , Mangia Franco , Bevilacqua Arturo
Published: September 2019

Activation of Akt/Protein Kinase B (PKB) by phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K) controls several cellular functions largely studied in mammalian cells, including preimplantation embryos. We previously showed that early mouse embryos inherit active Akt from oocytes and that the intracellular localization of this enzyme at the two‐cell stage depends on the T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 oncogenic protein, Tcl1. We have now investigated whether Akt isoforms, namely Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, exert a specific role in blastomere proliferation during preimplantation embryo development. We show that, in contrast to other Akt family members, Akt2 enters male and female pronuclei of mouse preimplantation embryos at the late one‐cell stage and thereafter maintains a nuclear localization during later embryo cleavage stages. Depleting one‐cell embryos of single Akt family members by microinjecting Akt isoform‐specific antibodies into wild‐type zygotes, we observed that: (a) Akt2 is necessary for normal embryo progression through cleavage stages; and (b) the specific nuclear targeting of Akt2 in two‐cell embryos depends on Tcl1. Our results indicate that preimplantation mouse embryos have a peculiar regulation of blastomere proliferation based on the activity of the Akt/PKB family member Akt2, which is mediated by the oncogenic protein Tcl1. Both Akt2 and Tcl1 are essential for early blastomere proliferation and embryo development.
Advancing the Transformational–Transactional Model of Effective Leadership: Integrating two Classic Leadership Models with a Video‐Based Method
Authors: Hoogeboom Marcella A.M.G. , Wilderom Celeste P.M.
Published: September 2019

The presented empirical study demonstrates that the predictive validity of Bass' “transformational‐transactional” model of leadership can be enhanced by incorporating certain aspects of the older Ohio State “initiating structure‐consideration” model of leadership. A precise, fine‐grained video‐based method shows that “initiating structure” behaviors (e.g., directing, informing, structuring) explained the variance in leader and team effectiveness better than “transactional behavior.” Thus, a refined version of Bass' augmentation thesis is supported: initiating structure behaviors (and not transactional behaviors, as originally posed) plus transformational leader behaviors are associated with high leader effectiveness. Another moderation effect of transformational leadership is established: between management‐by‐exception active and team effectiveness. The resulting expanded version of the transformational–transactional model calls for further video‐based research of effective (team) leadership behaviors.
We Ain't Afraid of No Ghosts: Tracking Habitat Interactions and Movement Dynamics of Ghost Tags under Differing Flow Conditions in a Sand-Bed River
Authors: Stout J. Benjamin , Conner Mary M. , Budy Phaedra , Mackinnon Peter D. , McKinstry Mark C.
Published: September 2019

The use of PIT tags has rapidly proliferated since their introduction, and new mobile detection methods have been developed. However, the presence of ghost tags (i.e., PIT tags left in the system after a fish dies) creates uncertainty about the status (live or dead) of tags detected. Herein, we describe our raft-based mobile PIT tag antenna system, which was used to evaluate the movements of “seeded tags” (i.e., PIT tags that we placed in the river as ghost tag analogs) and their interactions with habitat features. We deployed 5,000 seeded tags in the San Juan River, a large sand-bed river in the southwestern USA. Total distances moved by PIT tags ranged from 0.8 to 4,124 m, but 75% of movements were less than 100 m. Flow conditions causing the smallest to largest movements were (1) base flows, (2) spring runoff flows, (3) flash flood flows, and (4) a combination of spring runoff and flash flood flows. Based on Ivlev's electivity index, tags were more likely to be detected in riffles than in runs. These findings will help to classify mobile PIT tag detections as ghost tags or live fish, a critical data gap limiting the accurate estimation of demographic rates, population status metrics, and descriptions of the habitat use of fishes.
Spectrally Tailored Light‐Matter Interaction in Lithography‐Free Functional Nanomaterials
Authors: Toudert Johann
Published: September 2019

Functional materials with a tailored optical response are needed for applications including coloring, optical instrumentation, data encryption, thermal radiation shaping, energy harvesting, and environmental or biological sensing. A given application requires the material to absorb, transmit, reflect, or scatter light in a suitable way, in a specific, narrow, or broad spectral range selected in the visible or infrared. To achieve the optical response and functionality needed, it is appealing to design nanomaterials with a suitable composition and a properly engineered structure, and this should ideally be realized with high‐throughput and cost‐effective fabrication methods. Herein, the aim is to provide a view on some very recently reported functional nanomaterials showing an optical response tailored for applications by lithography‐free methods. It is illustrated how assembling tailor‐made nanostructures based on the expanding library of optical materials (and their specific wavelength‐dependent dielectric functions) enables harnessing a variety of optical resonances (plasmonic, epsilon near zero, high refractive index Mie, film interference) to tailor the nanomaterials' optical response. It is also shown that building the nanostructures from novel optical materials brings special functionalities, such as a switchable response. Examples of applications are put forward.
Monobromination of α,ω‐Diols: Highly Efficient Preparation of Synthetic Intermediates
Authors: de Oliveira Adeildo Junior , Souza Isis Torres , Bernardo Vanderson Barbosa , Santos Larissa C. , de Lima Maria Raquel Ferreira , Goulart Henrique Fonseca , Goulart Santana Antônio Euzébio
Published: September 2019

The present work aimed to evaluate different conditions to perform monobromination reactions of α,ω‐diols using HBr. Three solvents were tested, toluene, isooctane, 1,2‐dichloroethane, in two distinct molar proportions between 1,8‐octanediol and HBr (1:1 and 1:2 equivalents). All reactions occurred under reflux. After stablishing the best reactional conditions, assays with four symmetric α,ω‐diols, 1,6‐hexanediol; 1,7‐heptanediol; 1,8‐octanediol; and 1,10‐decanediol, with 2 eq. HBr in 1,2‐dichloroethane, were conducted. Using toluene as solvent lead to the best reaction yields (81‐95%), producing the least amount of unwanted dibrominated product. Reactions in 1,2‐dichloroethane gave similar results to the ones with toluene when 2 eq. HBr were used. The lowest reactional efficiency registered in these assays occurred in isooctane, forming the highest amount of dibromide. Diols 1,7‐heptanediol and 1,8‐octanediol showed the best results under the conditions studied, in 1,2‐dichloroethane.
A Changhsingian (late Permian) nautiloid assemblage from Gujiao, South China
Authors: Miao Luyi , Dai Xu , Korn Dieter , Brayard Arnaud , Chen Jing , Liu Xiaokang , Song Haijun
Published: September 2019

A c. 0.30 m thick cherty limestone bed in the Dalong Formation at Gujiao (Guizhou) has yielded a highly diverse Changhsingian nautiloid assemblage. Its age is late Changhsingian, indicated by the co‐occurring ammonoid Pseudotirolites sp. This assemblage is composed of nine species and five taxa in open nomenclature in nine genera, including one new genus and three new species: Neotainoceras zhaoi sp. nov., Nodopleuroceras gujiaoense sp. nov. and Gujiaonautilus longliensis gen. et sp. nov. Sholakoceras is for the first time recorded in South China. Compared with literature data from 52 sites in various regions worldwide, the material described here presents the most diverse Changhsingian nautiloid assemblage. Among the genera of the Gujiao assemblage, Pleuronautilus, Tainoceras and Liroceras are cosmopolitan, while the others are more endemic or genera known so far only from South China.
New material of Gobicyon (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae, Haplocyoninae) from northern China and a review of Aktaucyonini evolution
Authors: Jiangzuo Qigao , Wang Shiqi , Li Chunxiao , Sun Danhui , Zhang Xiaoxiao
Published: September 2019

The aberrant carnivore Gobicyon has been known for more than 80 years, but the evolutionary position and taxonomic diversity of this animal remain unclear due to the paucity of the known fossils. Here, we report a much richer and better preserved assemblage of Gobicyon material from the Tongxin and Hezheng areas, northern China. Two new species, Gobicyon yei sp. nov. from the early middle Miocene in Tongxin and Gobicyon acutus sp. nov. from the late middle Miocene in Hezheng are recognized. Much better material of Gobicyon macrognathus and one isolated tooth of Gobicyon zhegalloi from Tongxin are also described in detail. Gobicyon is recognized as a derived haplocyonid. A phylogenetic analysis of Gobicyon and related taxa has been performed for the first time. The phylogenetic tree suggests a close relationship of Aktaucyon and Gobicyon (Aktaucyonini). Among the taxa traditionally included in haplocyonids, Haplocyonopsis is the closest to Aktaucyonini, as supported by its centrally located M1 protocone and a uniformly distributed M1 lingual cingulum. The most significant evolutionary trends of Gobicyon are the reduction of the posterior molars (M2 and M3) and the strengthening of P4 and M1, suggesting a forward shift of crushing function along the tooth row.
Of Badgers, Bovines and Bacteria
Authors: Cassidy Angela
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the contested problem of how badgers and bovine TB are connected—and what to do about it—outlining the key events explored across the rest of the volume. I will discuss how my analytical approach to this research falls into three key themes: knowledge controversies and epistemic communities; good care, good work, good knowledge; and animal roles and traces. I then explore two historical backstories essential for understanding this controversy: the history of tuberculosis itself (in humans and other animals); and the history of the Great British Badger Debate, which stretches back to the Victorian era and beyond. Finally, this chapter will provide an overview of the rest of the book, summarising the overall structure and content of the chapters to come.
Protecting the Badger?
Authors: Cassidy Angela
Published: September 2019

The past 50 years have seen a constantly shifting coalition of concern around the issue of badger protection in Britain, long predating any connection with bovine TB. This longstanding debate was reactivated during the mid-1960s, when campaigners drew attention to issues of badger digging and baiting. This chapter will explore the worlds of badger protection, exploring how a diverse and politically cross-cutting coalition came together to support this cause. It will also trace the changing nature of these campaigns as the news of tuberculous badgers spread, and then as MAFF started to cull them. In so doing, it will unpick the multiple motivations and modes of caring—about badgers, about people and about environments—which have contributed to this shifting pattern of alliance.
Building a Public Controversy
Authors: Cassidy Angela
Published: September 2019

This chapter will focus on the interaction between ‘backstage’ policy debates over badger/bTB and the increasingly noisy and visible ‘frontstage’ of the controversy. It will recount the interactions of media, politicians, pressure groups and multiple publics in the wider public sphere, who between them have made badger/bTB into such a hotly contested issue. It will outline some key indicators of how British newspapers have covered badgers, bovine TB and badger/bTB over the past fifty years, and explore the creation of today’s dichotomous framings of the problem—as an agricultural malaise or an environmental risk. Finally, it will investigate the post-2010 shift in the nature of the public controversy from specialist concern to media storm, before discussing the possible drivers of polarisation in today’s environmental and agricultural politics.
Introduction
Authors: Jacob Maria , Neves Cláudia , Vukadinović Greetham Danica
Published: September 2019

Electricity demand or load forecasts inform both industrial and governmental decision making processes, from energy trading and electricity pricing to demand response and infrastructure maintenance. Electric load forecasts allow Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and policy makers to prepare for the short and long term future. For informed decisions to be made, particularly within industries that are highly regulated such as electricity trading, the factors influencing electricity demand need to be understood well. This is only becoming more urgent, as low carbon technologies (LCT) become more prevalent and consumers start to generate electricity for themselves, trade with peers and interact with DSOs.
Short Term Load Forecasting
Authors: Jacob Maria , Neves Cláudia , Vukadinović Greetham Danica
Published: September 2019

Electrification of transport and heating, and the integration of low carbon technologies (LCT) is driving the need to know when and how much electricity is being consumed and generated by consumers. It is also important to know what external factors influence individual electricity demand.
Condition-specific surveillance in health care-associated urinary tract infections as a strategy to improve empirical antibiotic treatment: an epidemiological modelling study
Authors: Tandogdu Zafer , Koves Bela , Cai Tommaso , Cek Mete , Tenke Peter , Naber Kurt , Wagenlehner Florian , Johansen Truls Erik Bjerklund
Published: September 2019

Background

Health care-associated urinary tract infection (HAUTI) consists of unique conditions (cystitis, pyelonephritis and urosepsis). These conditions could have different pathogen diversity and antibiotic resistance impacting on the empirical antibiotic choices. The aim of this study is to compare the estimated chances of coverage of empirical antibiotics between conditions (cystitis, pyelonephritis and urosepsis) in urology departments from Europe.

Methods

A mathematical modelling based on antibiotic susceptibility data from a point prevalence study was carried. Data were obtained for HAUTI patients from multiple urology departments in Europe from 2006 to 2017. The primary outcome of the study is the Bayesian weighted incidence syndromic antibiogram (WISCA) and Bayesian factor. Bayesian WISCA is the estimated chance of an antibiotic to cover the causative pathogens when used for first-line empirical treatment. Bayesian factor is used to compare if HAUTI conditions did or did not impact on empirical antibiotic choices.

Results

Bayesian WISCA of antibiotics in European urology departments from 2006 to 2017 ranged between 0.07 (cystitis, 2006, Amoxicillin) to 0.89 (pyelonephritis, 2009, Imipenem). Bayesian WISCA estimates were lowest in urosepsis. Clinical infective conditions had an impact on the Bayesian WISCA estimates (Bayesian factor > 3 in 81% of studied antibiotics). The main limitation of the study is the lack of local data.

Conclusions

Our estimates illustrate that antibiotic choices can be different between HAUTI conditions. Findings can improve empirical antibiotic selection towards a personalized approach but should be validated in local surveillance studies.
Rapid Identification and Investigation of an HIV Risk Network Among People Who Inject Drugs –Miami, FL, 2018
Authors: Tookes Hansel , Bartholomew Tyler S. , Geary Shana , Matthias James , Poschman Karalee , Blackmore Carina , Philip Celeste , Suarez Edward , Forrest David W. , Rodriguez Allan E. , Kolber Michael A. , Knaul Felicia , Colucci Leah , Spencer Emma
Published: September 2019

Prevention of HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs remains a challenge to ending the HIV epidemic in the United States. The first legal syringe services program (SSP) in Florida implemented routine screening in 2018 leading to the identification of ten anonymous HIV seroconversions. The SSP collaborated with the Department of Health to conduct an epidemiologic investigation. All seven acute HIV seroconversions were linked to care (86% within 30 days) and achieved viral suppression (mean 70 days). Six of the seven individuals are epidemiologically and/or socially linked to at least two other seroconversions. Analysis of the HIV genotypes revealed that two individuals are connected molecularly at 0.5% genetic distance. We identified a risk network with complex transmission dynamics that could not be explained by epidemiological methods or molecular analyses alone. Providing wrap-around services through the SSP, including routine screening, intensive linkage and patient navigation, could be an effective model for achieving viral suppression for people who inject drugs.
Multi-objective simulation optimization for complex urban mass rapid transit systems
Authors: Schmaranzer David , Braune Roland , Doerner Karl F.
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we present a multi-objective simulation-based headway optimization for complex urban mass rapid transit systems. Real-world applications often confront conflicting goals of cost versus service level. We propose a two-phase algorithm that combines the single-objective covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy with a problem-specific multi-directional local search. With a computational study, we compare our proposed method against both a multi-objective covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy and a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The integrated discrete event simulation model has several stochastic elements. Fluctuating demand (i.e., creation of passengers) is driven by hourly origin-destination-matrices based on mobile phone and infrared count data. We also consider the passenger distribution along waiting platforms and within vehicles. Our two-phase optimization scheme outperforms the comparative approaches, in terms of both spread and the accuracy of the resulting Pareto front approximation.
Calculation as a cultural practice in modern literature
Authors: Bengi László
Published: September 2019

The opposition between quantitative sciences and the humanities is a well-known problem of cultural debates, along with its reflection in the conflicting approaches to digital humanities. As the emphasis has moved from long-standing scientific methods of quantification to the overall digital turn of everyday life, this process sheds light on the varying sociocultural conditions for calculations in modern societies. Consequently, numbers cannot be conceived as inherent properties of things by discovery through experimentation and explanation: this essentialist conception seems to originate in a misunderstanding of nineteenth-century scientific research and its claim of objectivity. Rather, quantification and the cultural matrices of calculation build a raster image serving as an interface between world and mind. In this broad sense, everyday life is deeply pervaded by numbers. Moreover, the ability for calculations cannot be treated as a uniform skill any more. Instead, it varies in accordance with different cultural forms and functions. Number-based practices are also represented widely in modern literature and in non-literary works, such as being in the letters and diaries of many writers. The essay is thus intended to analyze and compare the forms of calculation in the novels and diaries of some East Central European writers—such as Kafka, Kosztolányi, Musil—who thrived in the first decades of the twentieth century. In so doing, it describes three models through which calculation as a cultural practice enters the field of literature.
A proposed NMR solution for multi-phase flow fluid detection
Authors: Shi Jun-Feng , Deng Feng , Xiao Li-Zhi , Liu Hua-Bing , Ma Feng-Qin , Wang Meng-Ying , Zhao Rui-Dong , Chen Shi-Wen , Zhang Jian-Jun , Xiong Chun-Ming
Published: September 2019

In the petroleum industry, detection of multi-phase fluid flow is very important in both surface and down-hole measurements. Accurate measurement of high rate of water or gas multi-phase flow has always been an academic and industrial focus. NMR is an efficient and accurate technique for the detection of fluids; it is widely used in the determination of fluid compositions and properties. This paper is aimed to quantitatively detect multi-phase flow in oil and gas wells and pipelines and to propose an innovative method for online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection. The online NMR data acquisition, processing and interpretation methods are proposed to fill the blank of traditional methods. A full-bore straight tube design without pressure drop, a Halbach magnet structure design with zero magnetic leakage outside the probe, a separate antenna structure design without flowing effects on NMR measurement and automatic control technology will achieve unattended operation. Through the innovation of this work, the application of NMR for the real-time and quantitative detection of multi-phase flow in oil and gas wells and pipelines can be implemented.
Estimating the waste heat recovery in the European Union Industry
Authors: Bianchi Giuseppe , Panayiotou Gregoris P. , Aresti Lazaros , Kalogirou Soteris A. , Florides Georgios A. , Tsamos Kostantinos , Tassou Savvas A. , Christodoulides Paul
Published: September 2019

Industrial processes are currently responsible for nearly 26% of European primary energy consumptions and are characterized by a multitude of energy losses. Among them, the ones that occur as heat streams rejected to the environment in the form of exhausts or effluents take place at different temperature levels. The reduction or recovery of such types of energy flows will undoubtedly contribute to the achievement of improved environmental performance as well as to reduce the overall manufacturing costs of goods. In this scenario, the current work aims at outlining the prospects of potential for industrial waste heat recovery in the European Union (EU) upon identification and quantification of primary energy consumptions among the major industrial sectors and their related waste streams and temperature levels. The paper introduces a new approach toward estimating the waste heat recovery in the European Union industry, using the Carnot efficiency in relation to the temperature levels of the processes involved. The assessment is carried out using EU statistical energy databases. The overall EU thermal energy waste is quantified at 920 TWh theoretical potential and 279 TWh Carnot potential.
Using subjective cognitive decline to identify high global amyloid in community‐based samples: A cross‐cohort study
Authors: Buckley Rachel F. , Sikkes Sietske , Villemagne Victor L. , Mormino Elizabeth C. , Rabin Jennifer S. , Burnham Samantha , Papp Kathryn V. , Doré Vincent , Masters Colin L. , Properzi Michael J. , Schultz Aaron P. , Johnson Keith A. , Rentz Dorene M. , Sperling Reisa A. , Amariglio Rebecca E.
Published: September 2019

Introduction

We aimed to examine the contribution of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) to reduce the number of β‐amyloid (Aβ) positron emission tomography scans required for recruiting Aβ+ clinically normal individuals in clinical trials.

Methods

Three independent cohorts (890 clinically normal: 72 yrs ± 6.7; Female: 43.4%; SCD+: 24%; apolipoprotein E [APOE] ε4+: 28.5%; Aβ+: 32%) were used. SCD was dichotomized from one question. Using logistic regression, we classified Aβ+ using the SCD dichotomy, APOEε4, sex, and age.

Results

SCD increased odds of Aβ+ by 1.58 relative to non‐SCD. Female APOEε4 carriers with SCD exhibited higher odds of Aβ+ (OR = 3.34), whereas male carriers with SCD showed a weaker, opposing effect (OR = 0.37). SCD endorsement reduces the number of Aβ positron emission tomography scans to recruit Aβ+ individuals by 13% and by 9% if APOEε4 status is known.

Conclusion

SCD helps to classify those with high Aβ, even beyond the substantial effect of APOE genotype. Collecting SCD is a feasible method for targeting recruitment for those likely on the AD trajectory.