bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kultur in fachdidaktischen Lehrbüchern – eine diskursanalytische Perspektive auf Kultur in der Lehrerbildung
Authors: Kühn Claudia , Lindner Konstantin , Scheunpflug Annette
Published: November 2020

Lehrkräfte tradieren Kultur. Mit der dargestellten empirischen Studie wird die Frage, wie „Kultur“ in fachdidaktischen Lehrbüchern der universitären Lehrkräftebildung präsentiert wird, bearbeitet. Lehrbücher der Englisch‑, Geschichts- und Musikdidaktik wurden über ein mehrschrittiges Verfahren identifiziert und hinsichtlich kulturbezogener Vorstellungen diskursanalytisch ausgewertet. Die Befunde zeigen, dass der Kontingenz des Kulturellen im Rekurs auf bedeutungsorientierte kulturtheoretische Konzepte begegnet wird, Differenz setzende Aspekte in Bezug auf Praxisvorschläge implizit präsent sind und nur wenige metatheoretische sowie die Lehrkräfte zur Selbstreflexion einladende kulturbezogene Reflexionsangebote gemacht werden.
Enhancement of the interface of friction welded steel-aluminium joints
Authors: Behrens Bernd-Arno , Duran Deniz , Matthias Tim , Ross Ingo
Published: November 2020

Lightweight multi-material components are of great importance for the transport industry. Not only the component’s weight can be decreased, but also its local properties can be adapted to different loading profiles. Tailored Forming is a novel concept for producing multi-material components. By using a joining process, the creation of a bond between different materials takes place in the first step of the process chain. In the subsequent steps, multi-material workpieces are processed in their joined state while maintaining or improving the joint strength. This study focuses on steel-aluminium joints, which were created by friction welding and further processed by induction heating and impact extrusion. A counter pressure superposition mechanism was implemented in the extrusion tooling to control the stress state during plastic deformation. Flow behaviours of steel and aluminium are largely different at a given temperature, which necessitates a near step-function temperature distribution in the hybrid billet to obtain matching flow stresses. An inductive heating strategy was developed which led to a temperature gradient in the billets before extrusion. Extruded billets were analysed by destructive testing methods and metallography. The bond could be maintained after extrusion when counter pressure superposition was used; but no improvement could be obtained. Without counter force superposition, however, cracks were observed in the joining interface and the joint strength decreased. This paper discusses the aforementioned findings in the current process design and makes suggestions on how the involved processes should be reconfigured to improve the joint strength.
Recent Advances in the Management of Cluster Headache
Authors: Villar-Martínez María Dolores , Puledda Francesca , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review

Among the spectrum of pain conditions, cluster headache represents one of the most severe. Targeted therapies for cluster headache are evolving thus improving the available therapeutic armamentarium. A better understanding of the currently available therapies, as well as new and emerging options, may aide physicians to manage affected sufferers better by evolving treatment guidance.

Recent findings

While classic first-line medications are useful in some patients with cluster headache, they are often accompanied by significant side effects that limit their use. Recently, novel treatments with better tolerability and decreased medication interactions have proven to be effective. A remarkable example of this is the blockage of the calcitonin gene-related peptide pathway with monoclonal antibodies, which may be a key element in the future treatment of cluster headache. The sphenopalatine ganglion and vagus nerve perform a critical role in the regulation of pain and the trigeminal autonomic reflex. Neuromodulation therapies targeting these structures have shown excellent tolerability and few significant adverse events, constituting a promising form of treatment. Finally, several potential therapeutic targets are examined in this review, such as small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists, known as gepants, and serotonin receptor 5-HT1F receptor agonists: ditans.

In summary, a deepening of the understanding of cluster headache mechanisms in recent years has driven the evolution of sophisticated therapeutic approaches that could allow a new era in the treatment of this difficult condition.
Hippocampal Sector–Specific Metabolic Profiles Reflect Endogenous Strategy for Ischemia-Reperfusion Insult Resistance
Authors: Krupska Olga , Kowalczyk Tomasz , Beręsewicz-Haller Małgorzata , Samczuk Paulina , Pietrowska Karolina , Zabłocki Krzysztof , Kretowski Adam , Ciborowski Michal , Zabłocka Barbara
Published: November 2020

The gerbil is a well-known model for studying cerebral ischemia. The CA1 of the hippocampus is vulnerable to 5 min of ischemia, while the CA2–4 and dentate gyrus (DG) are resistant to it. Short-lasting ischemia, a model of transient ischemic attacks in men, results in CA1 neuron death within 2–4 days of reperfusion. Untargeted metabolomics, using LC-QTOF-MS, was used to enrich the knowledge about intrinsic vulnerability and resistance of hippocampal regions and their early post-ischemic response (IR). In total, 30 significant metabolites were detected. In controls, taurine was significantly lower and guanosine monophosphate was higher in CA1, as compared to that in CA2–4,DG. LysoPG and LysoPE were more abundant in CA1, while LysoPI 18:0 was detected only in CA2–4,DG. After IR, a substantial decrease in the citric acid level in CA1, an accumulation of pipecolic acid in both regions, and opposite changes in the amount of PE and LysoPE were observed. The following metabolic pathways were identified as being differentially active in control CA1 vs. CA2–4,DG: metabolism of taurine and hypotaurine, glycerophospholipid, and purine. These results may indicate that a regulation of cell volume, altered structure of cell membranes, and energy metabolism differentiate hippocampal regions. Early post-ischemia, spatial differences in the metabolism of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and amino acids and their metabolites with a predominance of those which upkeep their well-being in CA2–4,DG are shown. Presented results are consistent with genetic, morphological, and functional data, which may be useful in further study on endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection and search for new targets for therapeutic interventions.
The Uncertainty Paradox: Molar Mass of Enriched Versus Natural Silicon Used in the XRCD Method
Authors: Pramann Axel , Vogl Jochen , Rienitz Olaf
Published: November 2020

The X-ray crystal density method uses silicon spheres highly enriched in 28Si as a primary method for the dissemination of the SI base unit kilogram yielding smallest possible uncertainties associated with the mass m within a few parts in 10−8. This study compares different available and newly developed analytical methods and their results for the determination of the molar mass M of silicon highly enriched in 28Si (Me) and of silicon (Mx) with an almost natural isotopic distribution. While for Me relative uncertainties urel(Me) in the lower 10−9 range are obtained routinely, it was not possible to fall below a value of urel(Mx) < 4 × 10−6 in the case of natural silicon, which is approximately three orders of magnitude larger. The application of the state-of-the-art isotope ratio mass spectrometry accompanied with sophisticated thoroughly investigated methods suggests an intrinsic cause for the large uncertainty associated with the molar mass of natural silicon compared to the enriched material.
Aquatic plant, Ipomoea aquatica, as a potential low-cost adsorbent for the effective removal of toxic methyl violet 2B dye
Authors: Kua Tze Ling , Kooh Muhammad Raziq Rahimi , Dahri Muhammad Khairud , Zaidi Nur Afiqah Hazirah Mohamad , Lu YieChen , Lim Linda Biaw Leng
Published: November 2020

Ipomoea aquatica (IA) was investigated for its potential as a low-cost adsorbent to remove toxic methyl violet 2B (MV2B) dye in aqueous solutions. Optimising parameters such as the effects of contact time, medium pH and ionic strength (using NaCl, NaNO3, KCl and KNO3) were investigated. The results indicated that 150 min were sufficient for the adsorption to reach an equilibrium state and no adjustment of pH medium was necessary. Batch adsorption experiments such as adsorption isotherm, thermodynamics and kinetics were investigated and the experimental isotherm data were fitted to six isotherm models, namely Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Redlich-Peterson and Sips, with the latter being the best-fit isotherm model showing maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 267.9 mg g−1. Thermodynamics studies indicated adsorption of MV2B to be exothermic in nature, occurring spontaneously. The kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second-order model. Regeneration of IA pointed to its reusability, maintaining high adsorption capacity even up until Cycle 5 when treated with acid (HCl) and base (NaOH). Functional groups such as hydroxyl and amine groups which could be involved in the adsorption of MV2B were determined using FTIR spectroscopy, and the point of zero charge of IA was found to be at pH 6.81.
Preliminary investigation of the hydrocarbon generation potential from the post-rift Abbas shale Formation (Pliocene) in the Tihamah Basin, south-eastern Yemeni Red Sea
Authors: Hakimi Mohammed Hail , Gharib Abbas F. , Abidin Nor Syazwani Z. , Yahya Madyan M. A.
Published: November 2020

Pliocene shales included in the post-rift Abbas Formation were recovered from an exploratory well (Kathib-01) in the Tihamah Basin and geochemically analyzed. A preliminary evaluation of the organic facies of the Abbas shales and their petroleum generation potential was conducted based on basic organic geochemical results. Most Abbas shale samples had total organic carbon (TOC) contents < 1% and a fair source potential, while the remaining samples, with TOC contents > 1%, had a relatively good potential. Overall, the Rock–Eval hydrogen index values of the shales analyzed were between 96 and 234 mg of hydrocarbon per gram of TOC (mg HC/g TOC), indicating two dominant organic facies: types III and II/III kerogen, which indicate the presence of mainly gas- and oil-prone source rocks. We conclude that the Pliocene Abbas shales in the Tihamah Basin are still in a very early-mature stage (with respect to the oil window) and, hence, have not generated petroleum yet.
The mutation profile of differentiated thyroid cancer coexisting with undifferentiated anaplastic cancer resembles that of anaplastic thyroid cancer but not that of archetypal differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Mika Justyna , Łabaj Wojciech , Chekan Mykola , Abramowicz Agata , Pietrowska Monika , Polański Andrzej , Widłak Piotr
Published: November 2020

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has one of the lowest cancer mutational burdens, while anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has a much higher mutation frequency. A fraction of ATC has an associated differentiated component, which suggests the coevolution of both cancers. Here, we aimed to compare mutation frequency in coexisting ATC and DTC diagnosed concurrently in the same thyroid gland (3 cases) as well as in archetypal DTC and ATC alone (5 cases each). Single-nucleotide variations (SNV) and copy number variations (CNV) were analyzed in each case based on the next-generation sequencing data. We found a similar extent of mutational events, both SNV and CNV, in undifferentiated and differentiated components of thyroid cancers coexisting in one patient. The magnitude of these mutations was comparable to the level of mutations observed in ATC alone; yet, it was much higher than in archetypal DTC. This suggested that, despite histopathological features of differentiated tumors, molecular characteristics of such cancers coexisting with ATC and archetypal DTC could be significantly different. Pairwise comparison of mutational profiles of coexisting cancers enabled assumption on the possible evolution of both components, which appeared distinct in 3 analyzed cases. This included independent development of ATC and DTC diagnosed concurrently in two lobes of the same thyroid, as well as the development of anaplastic and differentiated cancer from the common ancestor that putatively gained a key driver mutation (BRAFV600E or KRASQ61R), which was followed either by early or late molecular separation of both cancers.
Investigation on compatibility and thermal reliability of phase change materials for low-temperature thermal energy storage
Authors: Devanuri Jaya Krishna , Gaddala Uma Maheswararao , Kumar Vikas
Published: November 2020

Two of the important aspects for the successful utilization of phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage systems are compatibility with container materials and stability. Therefore, the present study is focused on testing the corrosion resistance and surface characteristics of metals in contact with PCMs and thermal behavior of PCMs with heating/cooling cycles. The PCM selection is made by targeting low temperature (<100 °C) heat storage applications. The PCMs considered are paraffin wax, sodium acetate tri-hydrate, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. The metal specimens tested are aluminum, copper, and stainless steel because of their wide usage in thermal equipment. The tests are performed by the method of immersion corrosion test, and ASTM G1 standards are followed. The experiments are carried out at 80 °C and room temperature (30 °C) for the duration of 10, 30, and 60 days. Pertaining to thermal stability 1500 melting/freezing cycles are performed. Investigation has been carried out in terms of corrosion rate, SEM analysis of metal specimens, appearance of PCMs, and variation of thermophysical properties at 0th, 1000th, and 1500th thermal cycles. The most affected area of corrosion, including the dimension of pits, is presented, and comparison is made. Based on the corrosion experiments, recommendations are made for the metal–PCM pairs. Pure sodium acetate trihydrate is observed to suffer from phase segregation and supercooling. After 1500 thermal cycles, the variation in melting and freezing point temperatures for rest of the five PCMs are in the range of − 1.63 to 1.57 °C and − 4.01 to 2.66 °C. Whereas, reduction in latent heat of melting and freezing are in the range of 17.6–28.95% and 15.2–26.78%.
Facultative-anaerobic microbial digestion of coal preparation waste and use of effluent solids to enhance plant growth in a sandy soil
Authors: Fallgren Paul H. , Chen Liang , Peng Min , Urynowicz Michael A. , Jin Song
Published: November 2020

Coal preparation solid waste, which is a major environmental issue for coal-producing areas in China, may be microbiologically digested and transformed into a product suitable as a soil amendment to increase soil organic matter content and prevent and enhance plant/crop growth. Coal preparation waste collected from a coal sorting plant in Inner Mongolia, China was digested in bioreactors inoculated with microbial enrichments prepared from activated sludge and cow manure. The effluent solids from the coal preparation waste bioreactors were analyzed for their suitability as organic soil amendments, which complied with China standards. Plant growth tests were conducted in sandy soil from a semi-arid region in Colorado, which was amended with the effluent solids. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and chives (Allium schoenoprasum) were used as the representative plants for the growth tests, where results indicated substantially higher yields of Kentucky bluegrass and chives for the sandy soils amended with the effluent solids when compared to a commercial organic fertilizer. The number and average length of Kentucky bluegrass shoots were 10 and 5.1 times higher, respectively, in soils amended with the effluent solids. Similarly, the number and average length of chives shoots were 10 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, in soils amended with the effluent solids. Overall, the microbial digestion of coal preparation waste for application as an organic soil amendment is a viable alternative and beneficial use of coal preparation solid waste.
Correction to: A statistical analysis of geomechanical data and its effect on rock mass numerical modeling: a case study
Authors: Małkowski Piotr , Niedbalski Zbigniew , Balarabe Tafida
Published: November 2020

In the original publication the resolution
A physical model study of surrounding rock failure near a fault under the influence of footwall coal mining
Authors: Zhang Shukun , Lu Lu , Wang Ziming , Wang Shuda
Published: November 2020

A study of the deformation of the surrounding rock and coal pillars near a fault under the influence of mining is conducted on a physical model for the design of coal pillars to support and maintain the roofs of adjacent fault roadways. This research is based on the 15101 mining face in the Baiyangling Coal Mine, Shanxi, China, and uses simulation tests similar to digital speckle test technology to analyse the displacement, strain and vertical stress fields of surrounding rocks near faults to determine the influence of the coal pillar width. The results are as follows. The surrounding rock of the roadway roof fails to form a balance hinge for the massive rock mass. The vertical displacement, vertical strain and other deformation of the surrounding rock near the fault increase steeply as the coal pillar width decreases. The steep increase in deformation corresponds to a coal pillar width of 10 m. When the coal pillar width is 7.5 m, the pressure on the surrounding rock near the footwall of the fault suddenly increases, while the pressure on the hanging wall near the fault increases by only 0.35 MPa. The stress of the rock mass of the hanging wall is not completely shielded by the fault, and part of the load disturbance is still transmitted to the hanging wall via friction. The width of the fault coal pillars at the 15101 working face is determined to be 7.5 m, and the monitoring data verify the rationality of the fault coal pillars.
Electrified powertrains for wheel-driven non-road mobile machinery
Authors: Ratzinger Josef Markus , Buchberger Simon , Eichlseder Helmut
Published: November 2020

Already enacted carbon-dioxide (CO2) limiting legislations for passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles, drive motivations to consider electrification also in the sector of non-road mobile machinery. Up to now, only the emissions of the vehicles themselves have been restricted. However, to capture the overall situation, a more global assessment approach is necessary. The study described in this article applies a tank-to-wheel and an extended well-to-wheel approach based on simulations to compare three different powertrains: a battery electric drive, a parallel electric hybrid drive, and a series electric hybrid drive. The results show that electrification is not per se the better solution in terms of keeping CO2 emissions at a minimum, as battery electric powertrains are accountable for the lowest as well as the highest possible CO2 emissions of all powertrains compared. A battery electric machine is not economically competitive if its battery has to last a whole working day. Parallel hybrid systems do not achieve much of an advantage in terms of CO2 emissions. In this global assessment approach, the most promising propulsion system for wheel-driven-mobile-machinery appears to be the series hybrid system, which shows to offer up to 20% of CO2 saving potential compared to the current machine.
Reliability studies on reinforced concrete beam subjected to bending forces with natural stone as coarse aggregate
Authors: Kolo Daniel Ndakuta , Aguwa James Isiwu , Tsado Theophilus Yisa , Abdullahi Mohammed , Yusuf Abdulazeez , Oritola Sikiru Folahan
Published: November 2020

This paper presents the results of structural reliability analysis of a structural element (beam) in building using First-order reliability method (FORM) to ascertain the level of safety. The natural stone (NS) which is the by-product of Precambrian deposits of the Bida trough was used as coarse aggregate: unwashed and washed aggregates were used. A total of 80 concrete cubes of 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm were cast and used for this study, sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying the span, depth, effective depth, area of shear reinforcement and dead load of the beam in bending. The result of the sensitivity analysis revealed that the beam utilising unwashed and washed NS are both structurally safe at a span of 3000 mm with probabilities of failure of 9.20 × 10–5 and 2.06 × 10–8 and both safe at a depth of 600 mm with probabilities of failure of 4.19 × 10–4 and 2.602 × 10–4, respectively, in bending.
Temporal Changes in the Causes of the Observed Oxygen Decline in the St. Lawrence Estuary
Authors: Jutras M. , Dufour C. O. , Mucci A. , Cyr F. , Gilbert D.
Published: November 2020

Oxygen concentrations in the deep waters of the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary have decreased by 50% over the past century. The drivers of this decrease are investigated by applying an extended Optimum Multiparameter analysis to a time series of physical and biogeochemical observations of the St. Lawrence Estuarine System in the 1970s and from late 1990s to 2018. This method reconstructs the relative contributions of the two major water masses feeding the system, the Labrador Current Waters (LCW) and the North Atlantic Central Waters (NACW), as well as oxygen utilization, and accounts for diapycnal mixing. The causes of the oxygen decline varied over the last 5 decades. Between the 1970s and late 1990s, the decrease was mainly driven by biogeochemical changes through an increase in microbial oxygen utilization in the St. Lawrence Estuary in response to warmer temperatures and eutrophication and lower oxygen concentrations in LCW and NACW. Between 2008 and 2018, the decrease was mainly driven by circulation changes in the western North Atlantic associated with a reduced inflow of high‐oxygenated LCW to the deep waters of the system in favor of low‐oxygenated NACW, reaching a historical minimum in 2016. The LCW:NACW ratio is strongly correlated with the volume transport of the Scotian shelf‐break current, an extension of the Labrador Current. These results highlight the primary role of the Labrador Current in determining the oxygen concentration and other water properties of the St. Lawrence Estuarine System and on the western North Atlantic continental shelf and slope.
Attenuation of Ocean Surface Waves in Pancake and Frazil Sea Ice Along the Coast of the Chukchi Sea
Authors: Hošeková Lucia , Malila Mika P. , Rogers W. Erick , Roach Lettie A. , Eidam Emily , Rainville Luc , Kumar Nirnimesh , Thomson Jim
Published: November 2020

Alaskan Arctic coastlines are protected seasonally from ocean waves by the presence of coastal and shorefast sea ice. This study presents field observations collected during the autumn 2019 freeze up near Icy Cape, a coastal headland in the Chukchi Sea of the Western Arctic. The evolution of the coupled air‐ice‐ocean‐wave system during a 4‐day wave event was monitored using drifting wave buoys, a cross‐shore mooring array, and ship‐based measurements. The incident wavefield with peak period of 2.5 s was attenuated by coastal pancake and frazil sea ice, reducing significant wave height by 40% over less than 5 km of cross‐shelf distance spanning water depths from 13 to 30 m. Spectral attenuation coefficients are evaluated with respect to wave and ice conditions and the proximity to the ice edge. Attenuation rates are found to be three times higher within 500 m of the ice edge, relative to values farther in the ice cover. Attenuation coefficients are in the range of 〈2.3, 2.7〉x10‐3 m−1, and follow a power‐law dependence on frequency.
Seasonal Stages of Chlorophyll‐a Vertical Distribution and Its Relation to the Light Conditions in the Black Sea From Bio‐Argo Measurements
Authors: Kubryakov A. A. , Mikaelyan A. S. , Stanichny S. V. , Kubryakova E. A.
Published: November 2020

The year‐to‐year seasonal variability of the vertical distribution of concentration of chlorophyll‐a (Chla) in the Black Sea, its relation to light (photosynthetically available irradiance [PAR]), and mixing conditions were studied based on the 6‐year (2014–2019) measurements of Bio‐Argo floats. Variations in PAR caused by changes in incoming solar radiation and light attenuation determine the position of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM). During all seasons, the DCM was located between isolume of daily integrated PAR of 0.080 and 10.0 mole photons m−2 d−1. Analysis of Bio‐Argo data allowed to distinguish seven different stages of Chla seasonal variability. In February, the minimum of Chla in the entire water column was often observed in areas with a deep mixed layer (Stage 1), followed by the March early spring peak, occupying both the mixed layer and the seasonal thermocline (Stage 2). In April–May, Chla decreased throughout the 0–40 m layer, which was accompanied by the maximum in light penetration and an increase in Chla in the deepest layers (Stage 3). In summer, two deep peaks of Chla were distinguished: the first, a thin and shallow peak in June, and the second, a large and deeper peak in August (Stage 4 and 5). The August peak was followed by the deepest seasonal minimum of Chla in September–October, coincided with the autumn rise of the zooplankton biomass (Stage 6). Autumn–winter convection in November–January led to the third seasonal peak of Chla (Stage 7). The study discusses the role of various abiotic and biotic factors in the formation of each of these stages.
The 2017 Reversal of the Beaufort Gyre: Can Dynamic Thickening of a Seasonal Ice Cover During a Reversal Limit Summer Ice Melt in the Beaufort Sea?
Authors: Babb D. G. , Landy J. C. , Lukovich J. V. , Haas C. , Hendricks S. , Barber D. G. , Galley R. J.
Published: November 2020

During winter 2017, the semipermanent Beaufort High collapsed and the anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre reversed. The reversal drove eastward ice motion through the Western Arctic, causing sea ice to converge against Banks Island, and halted the circulation of multiyear sea ice via the gyre, preventing its replenishment in the Beaufort Sea. Prior to the reversal, an anomalously thin seasonal ice cover had formed in the Beaufort following ice‐free conditions during September 2016. With the onset of the reversal in January 2017, convergence drove uncharacteristic dynamic thickening during winter. By the end of March, despite seasonal ice comprising 97% of the ice cover, the reversal created the thickest, roughest, and most voluminous regional ice cover of the CryoSat‐2 record. Within the Beaufort Sea, previous work has shown that winter ice export can precondition the region for increased summer ice melt, but that a short reversal during April 2013 contributed to a reduction in summer ice loss. Hence, the deformed ice cover at the end of winter 2017 could be expected to limit summer melt. In spite of this, the Beaufort ice cover fell to its fourth lowest September area as the gyre re‐established during April and divergent ice drift broke up the pack, negating the reversal's earlier preconditioning. Our work highlights that dynamic winter thickening of a regional sea ice cover, for instance during a gyre reversal, offers the potential to limit summer ice loss, but that dynamic forcing during spring dictates whether this conditioning carries through to the melt season.
Impact of Remote Equatorial Winds and Local Mesoscale Eddies on the Existence of “River in the Sea” Along the East Coast of India Inferred From Satellite SMAP
Authors: Suneel V. , Alex M. J. , Antony Thomas P. , Gurumoorthi K. , Trinadha Rao V. , Harikrishnan S. , Gopalakrishna V. V. , Rama Rao E. P.
Published: November 2020

The Northern Bay of Bengal (NBOB) exhibits extreme salinity stratification caused by intense summer monsoon rainfall and associated river discharge. This accumulated fresh water plume in NBOB is believed to be transported along the East coast of India (ECI) by East India Coastal Current (EICC), known as River in the Sea (RIS). Though in situ sea Surface Salinity (SSS) measurements are sparse, the advancement of satellite monitoring system has provided a unique opportunity to unravel salient features of RIS. In the present study, in situ SSS at five selected regions around the Indian coast and open ocean are utilized to validate the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) (L3, v4.3) products. Further, this new SMAP data is used to examine year‐to‐year variability of RIS during 2015–2019 and the driving forces responsible for its existence. This SMAP SSS exhibited 1.52, 0.46, 0.38, 1.45 RMSD and 0.97, 0.82, 0.85, 0.86 correlation in NBOB1, NBOB2, Central BOB (CBOB) and Western BOB (WBOB), respectively with in situ measurements. This data also depicted the presence of “RIS” all along the ECI only during November in consistent with the magnitude of Kelvin wave induced EICC. The southward extension of RIS along the ECI is primarily based on the magnitude of remote equatorial wind induced forces. The mesoscale eddies in south‐western BOB (SWBOB) alters the shape of RIS and even inhibit its southward propagation completely.
Limits to the cellular control of sequestered cryptophyte prey in the marine ciliateMesodinium rubrum
Authors: Altenburger Andreas , Cai Huimin , Li Qiye , Drumm Kirstine , Kim Miran , Zhu Yuanzhen , Garcia-Cuetos Lydia , Zhan Xiaoyu , Hansen Per Juel , John Uwe , Li Shuaicheng , Lundholm Nina
Published: November 2020

The marine ciliate Mesodinium rubrum is famous for its ability to acquire and exploit chloroplasts and other cell organelles from some cryptophyte algal species. We sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of free-swimming Teleaulax amphioxeia, as well as well-fed and starved M. rubrum in order to understand cellular processes upon sequestration under different prey and light conditions. From its prey, the ciliate acquires the ability to photosynthesize as well as the potential to metabolize several essential compounds including lysine, glycan, and vitamins that elucidate its specific prey dependency. M. rubrum does not express photosynthesis-related genes itself, but elicits considerable transcriptional control of the acquired cryptophyte organelles. This control is limited as light-dependent transcriptional changes found in free-swimming T. amphioxeia got lost after sequestration. We found strong transcriptional rewiring of the cryptophyte nucleus upon sequestration, where 35% of the T. amphioxeia genes were significantly differentially expressed within well-fed M. rubrum. Qualitatively, 68% of all genes expressed within well-fed M. rubrum originated from T. amphioxeia. Quantitatively, these genes contributed up to 48% to the global transcriptome in well-fed M. rubrum and down to 11% in starved M. rubrum. This tertiary endosymbiosis system functions for several weeks, when deprived of prey. After this point in time, the ciliate dies if not supplied with fresh prey cells. M. rubrum represents one evolutionary way of acquiring photosystems from its algal prey, and might represent a step on the evolutionary way towards a permanent tertiary endosymbiosis.
Gastric organoids—an in vitro model system for the study of gastric development and road to personalized medicine
Authors: Seidlitz Therese , Koo Bon-Kyoung , Stange Daniel E.
Published: November 2020

Gastric cancer ranks as the fifth most common human malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths. Depending on tumor stage, endoscopic or surgical resection supported by perioperative chemotherapy is the only curative option for patients. Due to late clinical manifestation and missing reliable biomarkers, early detection is challenging and overall survival remains poor. Organoids are cell aggregates cultured in three-dimensions that grow with similar characteristics as their tissue-of-origin. Due to their self-renewal and proliferative capacity, organoids can be maintained long term in culture and expanded in many cases in an unlimited fashion. Patient-derived organoid (PDO) libraries function as living biobanks, allowing the in depth analysis of tissue specific function, development and disease. The recent successful establishment of gastric cancer PDOs opens up new perspectives for multiple translational clinical applications. Here, we review different adult stem cell derived gastric organoid model systems and focus on their establishment, phenotypic and genotypic characterizations as well as their use in predicting therapy response.
Pathogenic variants causing ABL1 malformation syndrome cluster in a myristoyl-binding pocket and increase tyrosine kinase activity
Authors: Blakes Alexander J. M. , Gaul Emily , Lam Wayne , Shannon Nora , Knapp Karen M. , Bicknell Louise S. , Jackson Meremaihi R. , Wade Emma M. , Robertson Stephen , White Susan M. , Heller Raoul , Chase Andrew , Baralle Diana , Douglas Andrew G. L.
Published: November 2020

ABL1 is a proto-oncogene encoding a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, best known in the somatic BCR-ABL fusion gene associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Recently, germline missense variants in ABL1 have been found to cause an autosomal dominant developmental syndrome with congenital heart disease, skeletal malformations and characteristic facies. Here, we describe a series of six new unrelated individuals with heterozygous missense variants in ABL1 (including four novel variants) identified via whole exome sequencing. All the affected individuals in this series recapitulate the phenotype of the ABL1 developmental syndrome and additionally we affirm that hearing impairment is a common feature of the condition. Four of the variants cluster in the myristoyl-binding pocket of ABL1, a region critical for auto-inhibitory regulation of the kinase domain. Bio-informatic analysis of transcript-wide conservation and germline/somatic variation reveals that this pocket region is subject to high missense constraint and evolutionary conservation. Functional work to investigate ABL1 kinase activity in vitro by transient transfection of HEK293T cells with variant ABL1 plasmid constructs revealed increased phosphorylation of ABL1-specific substrates compared to wild-type. The increased tyrosine kinase activity was suppressed by imatinib treatment. This case series of six new patients with germline heterozygous ABL1 missense variants further delineates the phenotypic spectrum of this condition and recognises microcephaly as a common finding. Our analysis supports an ABL1 gain-of-function mechanism due to loss of auto-inhibition, and demonstrates the potential for pharmacological inhibition using imatinib.
Curie temperature engineering in a novel 2D analog of iron ore (hematene) via strain
Authors: Singla Renu , Hackett Timothy A. , Kumar Sarvesh , Sharma Jyotsna , Kashyap Manish K.
Published: November 2020

Hematene: 3 atoms thick 2D material with high TC.
Color-changing intensified light-emitting multifunctional textiles via digital printing of biobased flavin
Authors: Iyer Sweta Narayanan , Behary Nemeshwaree , Guan Jinping , Orhan Mehmet , Nierstrasz Vincent
Published: November 2020

Flavin mononucleotide (biobased flavin), widely known as FMN, possesses intrinsic fluorescence characteristics.
Precise synthesis of amphiphilic diblock copolymers consisting of various ionic liquid-type segments and their influence on physical gelation behavior in water
Authors: Yokota Daichi , Kanazawa Arihiro , Aoshima Sadahito
Published: November 2020

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers of hydrophobic and imidazolium salt-containing vinyl ethers were synthesized via living cationic polymerization. The influence of hydrophobic and the ionic-liquid moieties on physical gelation in water was examined.
Inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling decreases levels of O-GlcNAc transferase and increases serotonin release in the human placenta
Authors: Kelly Amy Catherine , Kramer Anita , Rosario Fredrick J. , Powell Theresa L. , Jansson Thomas
Published: November 2020

Changes in placental function, in particular down-regulation of placental O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in response to maternal stress and increased placental secretion of serotonin into the fetal circulation following maternal infection, have been mechanistically linked to adverse neurodevelopment in mice. We hypothesized that mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a key regulator of trophoblast serotonin synthesis and OGT protein expression and that serotonin is secreted by the human placenta into the fetal circulation. Placental homogenates (n=46) from elective terminations at 8–22 weeks of gestation and from healthy-term women were sexed and the protein levels of OGT and enzymes involved in serotonin synthesis was determined. Primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells were isolated from normal term placenta (n=27), cultured and transfected (n=8) with siRNA targeting a scramble sequence (control), raptor (inhibits mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1)), or rictor (inhibits mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2)). Subsequently, conditioned media and PHT cell lysates were collected. Free serotonin concentration was measured using ELISA in cell culture media and in platelet-depleted normal term umbilical vein and artery plasma (n=38). Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibition down-regulated OGT levels in PHT cells. The level of serotonin synthesis enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH-1) was higher in early gestation female placentas and at term serotonin concentration was three-fold higher in the umbilical vein than in the umbilical artery. Inhibition of mTORC2, but not mTORC1, increased cultured PHT cell serotonin secretion. Our data are consistent with the model that mTOR signaling is a key regulator of trophoblast serotonin synthesis and OGT protein expression.
Spectral binning of precomputed correlated-k coefficients
Authors: Leconte Jérémy
Published: November 2020

With the major increase in the volume of the spectroscopic line lists needed to perform accurate radiative transfer calculations, disseminating accurate radiative data has become almost as much a challenge as computing it. Considering that many planetary science applications are only looking for heating rates or mid-to-low resolution spectra, any approach enabling such computations in an accurate and flexible way at a fraction of the computing and storage costs is highly valuable. For many of these reasons, the correlated-k approach has become very popular. Its major weakness has been the lack of ways to adapt the spectral grid/resolution of precomputed k-coefficients, making it difficult to distribute a generic database suited for many different applications. Currently, most users still need to have access to a line-by-line transfer code with the relevant line lists or high-resolution cross sections to compute k-coefficient tables at the desired resolution. In this work, we demonstrate that precomputed k-coefficients can be binned to a lower spectral resolution without any additional assumptions, and show how this can be done in practice. We then show that this binning procedure does not introduce any significant loss in accuracy. Along the way, we quantify how such an approach compares very favorably with the sampled cross section approach. This opens up a new avenue to deliver accurate radiative transfer data by providing mid-resolution k-coefficient tables to users who can later tailor those tables to their needs on the fly. To help with this final step, we briefly present Exo_k, an open-access, open-source Python library designed to handle, tailor, and use many different formats of k-coefficient and cross-section tables in an easy and computationally efficient way.
Correction to: Building a CPTED research culture in Portugal: a bibliometric and social network analysis
Authors: Saraiva Miguel , Amante Ana , Santos Hélder , Ribeiro Paula
Published: November 2020

The article “Building a CPTED research culture in Portugal: a bibliometric and social network analysis”, written by Miguel Saraiva, Ana Amante, Hélder Santos, Paula Ribeiro, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 29 February 2020 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed on 27 October 2020 to © The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.
Radio frequency plasma capacitor can increase rates of seeds imbibition, germination, and radicle growth
Authors: Volkov Alexander G. , Bookal Asya , Hairston Jewel S. , Patel Darayas
Published: November 2020

Radio frequency capacitors can be used to accelerate seed imbibition, germination, increase the growth of plants seedlings, poration and corrugation of the bio-tissue surfaces without the side effects of RONS generated by cold plasma jets. Atomic force microscope data show that the plasma lamp produced morphological changes in the seed coat. Magnetic resonance imaging studies showed the acceleration of water uptake in seeds treated with radio frequency capacitors of plasma lamps. Plasma capacitor can accelerate radicle growing rates.
Bioinformatic prediction of the structure and characteristics of human sperm acrosome membrane-associated protein 1 (hSAMP32) and evaluation of its antifertility function in vivo
Authors: Zhang Tianwu , Wang Junmin , Niu Wenbin , Wang Fang , Liu Jin , Xing Yinpei , Jia Peijun , Ren Xiuhua , Wang Jiarui , Zang Weidong , Chen Xuemei
Published: November 2020

Human sperm acrosome membrane-associated protein 1 (hSAMP32) plays an important role in the acrosome reaction, sperm–egg primary binding, secondary binding and fusion processes. However, its spatial structural and invivo antifertility function remain unknown. In this study, we first analysed the physical and chemical characteristics and antigenic epitopes of immunised mice using bioinformatics. Then, we constructed the prokaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-hSAMP32 to immunise BALB/c mice invivo. IgG antibodies in the serum were detected, and the litter size of female mice and the number of the hamster eggs penetrated were counted. hSAMP32 was found to contain six hydrophilic regions and a signal peptide beginning at amino acid position 29. The transmembrane region of hSAMP32 was located within amino acids 217–239 with α-helices and random coil structures. We predicted five antigenic epitopes. The molecular weight of hSAMP32 was 59 kDa. Moreover, the results of invivo studies revealed that 56 days after the first immunisation, the litter size was significantly smaller for female pcDNA-3.1(+)-hSAMP32-immunised (mean±s.d. 4.33±1.21) than control mice (9.50±0.55), indicating that the immunocontraception vaccine had an antifertility effect. This experiment presents a theoretical and experimental basis for in-depth study of the hSAMP32 mechanism within the sperm-egg fusing process and for the screening of antigenic epitopes with immunocontraceptive properties.
Commentary: lessons from molecular genetic studies on reporting false-positive results
Authors: Montgomery Grant W.
Published: November 2020

Poor replication of published research results is the subject of debate. A common problem is the failure to adequately account for multiple testing issues. In this regard, the evolution of mapping studies to identify genetic risk factors for common diseases has been instructive. Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reliably detect the genetic factors with small effects that contribute to risk for many common diseases. GWAS superseded candidate gene studies from the previous decade and looking back, almost no genetic risk factors reported from earlier candidate gene studies replicate in the GWAS results. Candidate gene studies often used small samples and failed to appreciate and adequately account for the multiple testing issues. The failure to replicate results from most candidate gene studies highlights the importance of study power and appropriate statistical analysis to prevent publication of false-positive results.
Social meaning and the obsolescence of traditional local structures
Authors: Jansen Sandra
Published: November 2020

This paper discusses the obsolescence of h-dropping as a local feature in Maryport, West Cumbria. Using sociolinguistic interview data, a quantitative approach and mixed-effects modelling is used to explain the linguistic changes in the community. Sociolinguistic accounts of h-dropping always state that the feature is and has been stigmatised in England since the 18th century. However, the oldest speakers in the sample do not change their level of h-dropping in more formal speech styles, which indicates that the standard language ideology of “proper” English might not be pervasive for them. However, for speakers born after 1960 the use of h-dropping is decreasing in apparent time. From the 1960s onwards, Maryport has seen social change as the strong neighbourhood ties broke up and from the 1980s experienced strong job losses. I argue that these social changes are correlated with the decline and eventual obsolescence of h-dropping in the community.
Extending automatic vowel formant extraction to New Englishes
Authors: Meer Philipp , Brato Thorsten , Matute Flores José Alejandro
Published: November 2020

While different automated procedures for vowel formant prediction have recently been proposed, it is unclear how reliably these methods perform in the phonetic study of vowels in New Englishes and how such approaches could be applied to specific varieties. This paper compares different automatic methods for vowel formant prediction in New Englishes, using manual measurements of Trinidadian English as a baseline. The results show that all methods perform significantly better than default formant parameters often used in speech analysis packages, and that a Bayesian formant tracker calibrated with American (US-FAVE) and Trinidadian English (TRINI-FAVE) generally provides better results than an automatic procedure that optimizes formant ceilings on a vowel- and speaker-specific level. TRINI-FAVE measures vowels characteristic of Trinidadian English most accurately. Phonetic studies of vowels in New Englishes can benefit from these methods.
Black-Swan Type Catastrophes and Antifragility/Supra-resilience of Urban Socio-Technical Infrastructures
Authors: Timashev S A
Published: November 2020

This paper may be one of the first attempts dealing with the problem of creating, providing and maintaining antifragility of systems of interdependent urban critical infrastructures (CI) in the wake of black-swan type technological, ecological, economic or social catastrophes occurring in a municipality. A synonym is offered to describe antifragility from a positive psychology perspective, formulating the problem as the supraresilience problem. A brief description is given of the developed innovative approach for creating a supraresilient city/region using black-swan catastrophe and the antifragility concepts. Resilience metrics are formulated as well as methods of assessing damage, interdependence of infrastructures and convergent technologies and sciences needed for practical regional resilience and risk management of the system of systems (SoS) of interdependent urban critical infrastructures).