bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water policies and their influence on land uses and land values.
The Angas‐Bremer proclaimed region: a case study
Authors: Bjørnlund Henning
Published: July 2002

Presents a discussion of water policies and their influence on land
uses and land values, based on empirical data collected from within a
proclaimed region in South Australia. Two surveys have been carried out.
First, a questionnaire was sent to all 136 licence holders in the
proclaimed region, responses being obtained from 56 per cent, which
gives a good indication of how present management plans have influenced
land use and land and water management and how farmers intend to react
to the new management plan. Research finds that the new management plan
will achieve its objectives. Second, 60 land transactions within the
proclaimed region, during the period 1986‐1992, have been identified and
the purchasers interviewed. Based on this survey, the value of
irrigation water has been established using financial calculations on
gross margin figures for irrigation and non‐irrigation farming.
Enabling property professionals to overcome the limitations of
quantitative research
Authors: Stansfield Frederic Ronald
Published: July 2002

Use of statistics in property research is increasing, although
little emphasis has traditionally been placed on knowledge of
statistical techniques by property professionals. Three levels of
complexity are identified for the statistics used to identify property
issues: simple descriptive statistics, comparative statistics using
methods available as standard, and “leading edge”
techniques. Housing is used as an example to discuss the limitations of
statistics at all three levels in relation to property research
generally. Recent research to overcome these limitations has included
use of behavioural techniques and of artificial intelligence, as well as
advances in statistical methodology. Suggests four possible means of
making property research more accessible to practitioners: higher‐level
statistical training; advances to make statistics more comprehensible to
practitioners; greater reliance on qualitative research techniques; and
use of IT to disseminate expert knowledge. Practitioners will need to
use the results of research to remain competitive, which means either
acquiring new skills or becoming dependent on receipt of expert
knowledge.
Local authority investment property – a virtual reality?
Authors: Martindale Neil
Published: July 2002

The total capital value of the tenanted non‐residential property of
English and Welsh local authorities is immense, more even than the total
holdings of the top eight, UK‐based, property companies. However, while
property investment companies own tenanted property for financial
returns, the primary reason for its ownership by local authorities is
far from clear. A survey of councils revealed that while many considered
much of their tenanted non‐residential property was held for investment,
it rarely formed part of wider financial investment aims. Moreover,
investment objectives and management strategies were not clearly stated,
prioritized, effected, or measurable. These failings were true of both
individual properties and overall portfolios. Where property does not
primarily meet a function of a statutory local authority, it must at
least be regarded as non‐operational. The opportunity for a council to
create a credible investment property portfolio is markedly restricted
by the absence of the statutory objective of “property
investment”. If, after review, property remains unsuited for
assisting any real function of local government, it should be classed as
surplus. It is proposed that local authority investment property may
therefore justifiably be considered surplus to the functional objectives
and requirements of a statutory local authority. If also unsuitable for
operational use, such property should be programmed for disposal.
Developing the hybrid library: progress to date in the National Library of Scotland
Authors: Frederick Guy Robin
Published: July 2002

The key roles of national libraries in terms of acquisition, retention, preservation and providing access to materials are considered, first of all in terms of printed materials and then in terms of electronic materials. The current situation regarding the legal deposit of electronic materials in selected countries, including the UK, is discussed. The automation history of the National Library of Scotland, founded in 1925 but with a history dating back to the 1680s, is outlined and current initiatives, internal as well as external, towards the development of a hybrid library are described. The importance of collaboration in meeting the challenges is emphasised.
The role of visual rhetoric in the design and production of electronic books: the visual book
Authors: Landoni Monica , Gibb Forbes
Published: July 2002

This paper starts from the observation that the appearance of information contributes to its overall value and that, because there are many ways to represent information, it is very important to find the model which is going to be the most effective and conveys the greatest value of the original information. Appearance has always played a key role in the learning process, as it facilitates the discovery of new concepts by allowing visual association with those which are already familiar. This is why metaphors are so important in learning in general, and have therefore proved to be a valuable tool for designing alternative paradigms when adapting traditional tasks to novel environments. This paper will briefly discuss the link between paper books and their electronic counterparts. It will then focus on the role of metaphors in producing electronic books and introduce and discuss the importance of the visual rhetoric concept in driving the design process. Finally it will also present the main results of the visual book experiment and how these results can be interpreted in the context of the visual rhetoric approach.
Back to the future – when resource sharing seemed to work. The rise and fall of a successful consortial resource sharing network
Authors: Weech Terry L.
Published: July 2002

In the early 1980s the state of Illinois formed a state‐wide resource sharing consortium under a state network called ILLINET, founded on an OCLC‐based bibliographic database and a consortium of 18 regional library systems. This consortium successfully supported resource sharing among all types of library for nearly 15 years. In the mid‐1990s, financial and technical developments led to the dissolving of the consortium and the realignment of some of its major academic library members with other academic libraries outside the original group. Thus what was once considered a model for the future of multi‐type library consortia became a dysfunctional and non‐operative organisation. This paper examines the financial, political, and technical factors that led to these changes and assesses the short‐ and long‐term impacts on resource sharing for users of the original consortium. Other similar resource sharing consortia models are examined and compared with the Illinois experience. Possible lessons and implications are discussed and possible outcomes listed.
The Interlending of Fiction
Authors: Barwick Margaret , Line Maurice
Published: July 2002

Reports on two recent surveys carried out by the IFLA Office for
International Lending. The first, in 1991, showed fiction to be the poor
relation in interlending. Reasons for this include slight demand, poor
representation in union catalogues and the association of fiction with
“frivolous” leisure reading. Nothing seems to be known about
the nature of demand for fiction, some of which may be for serious
research. There are several possible systems for access to, and the
supply of, fiction for interlending. The second survey, in 1993,
revealed that the great majority of countries have no policy on the
interlending of fiction. Ideas on a policy were invited though some
thought that no separate policy was needed. Recommends that any country
trying to develop a policy should go about it in a systematic manner,
starting with the collection of information on the acquisition of
fiction and its use, and working out a policy in the light of relevant
national legislation and practices and in consultation with
participating libraries. Although most libraries responding to the
survey thought that all fiction should be made available for
interlending, the question of what, if any, restrictions should be
imposed is a key area for consideration.
Document Supply
Authors: Beaumont Jane , Lunau Carrol
Published: July 2002

Document supply in Canada presents many challenges because of the
relatively small population spread over vast distances but with the
majority concentrated along the United States border, There are large
distances between many population centres making the timely delivery of
library materials to users in these areas problematic. In an attempt to
address these issues the National Library of Canada has undertaken a
number of studies and initiatives. Describes some of these studies and
provides a brief description of potential solutions.
Music and Interlending in the United Kingdom
Authors: Thompson Pamela
Published: July 2002

The problems surrounding music interlending formed a major part of the
research for a library and information plan for music recently
undertaken in the UK. Outlines the difficulties encountered in music
provision, including bibliographic inadequacies, lack of standards and
expertise, and divergent policies and practices for the supply of both
single scores and performance sets. Suggestions for improvement are put
forward. Advocates the need for further research and for a national
strategy based on co‐operation, and reports significant advances.
The interlibrary loan project at the Constance University Library
Authors: Nagelsmeier‐Linke Marlene
Published: July 2002

The Library of the University of Constance is working on a project
sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft which aims to automate
interlending between the libraries of the universities in Constance and
in Ulm. The major objective of the project is to check the capabilities
of two OSI‐based communication protocols, X.400 and the ILL‐protocol.
The project regards interlending as a function of the local system. The
local ILL management is also automated. Describes the routines of
electronic interlending. The technical infrastructure of the ILL system
consists of the ILL server and the ILL clients. The ILL server comprises
the ILL management system, the ILL database and the X.400 mail system.
The results of the project will be integrated in the ILL module of the
standardized local system which is going to be developed in
Baden‐Württemberg. Beyond that the project is also the basis of the
ILL system of the DBV‐OSI‐project.
BIODOC: access versus holdings in a university library
Authors: Evans Janet , Bevan Simon J. , Harrington John
Published: July 2002

Explains the background, context and operation of the Cranfield University Library BIODOC Research Project which explores key issues in the access versus journal holdings debate. Hopes to test whether an access model of provision in certain circumstances provides more cost effective and appropriate information support than the traditional in‐house collection. The project involves the cancellation of all the library journal subscriptions for the Biotechnology Centre and their replacement by the UnCover Reveal current contents service and as document supply from a number of sources. Describes the factors such as rising periodical costs, availability of new electronic document delivery services, increasing use of e‐mail by academics that led to the experiment; and the reasons for the selection of the Biotechnology Centre as an appropriate partner. Describes the project management and everyday operation of the project and the design of the project to include data collection for evaluation. Includes consideration of the issue of copyright.
Serial cuts and interlibrary loan: filling the gaps
Authors: Kilpatrick Thomas L. , Preece Barbara G.
Published: July 2002

The Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC) Library, which is a member of the Association of Research Libraries with holdings exceeding 2,000,000 volumes and current serial subscriptions numbering more than 14,000, intended to serve a constituency of 25,000 graduate and undergraduate students and 5,000 faculty and staff. Documents how in fiscal year 1990, financial exigency resulted in the cancellation of 1,241 serial titles at the library for a saving of US$233,322.80. Describes how a review of the titles cancelled revealed a high percentage of international subscriptions; thus a major concern of librarians and local scholars was the potential impact that these cancellations might have on the availability of these materials for research. Shows how the SIUC interlibrary loan (ILL) staff has attempted to make the cuts reasonably transparent to the user by tapping traditional and non‐traditional sources to fill the requests produced by these cuts; such that in 1993 ILL made a commitment to integrate document delivery (UnCover, British Library Document Supply Centre, UMI and others) into its standard routines. Assesses the full impact of the cuts four years after the cancellation project. Examines the impact of the 1990 serials cancellations on ILL and the ILL response. Analyses ILL serial requests for the cancelled titles generated during a six‐month period in 1994, looking at availability through document delivery suppliers, cost of acquiring the articles, turnaround times and impact of ILL workload.
End‐user document access, retrieval and delivery systems ‐ a developer’s tale
Authors: Oliver Frank B.
Published: July 2002

During the last year or so we have seen glimpses of a brave new world of futuristic “next generation” systems offering all manner of document access, retrieval and delivery systems for the end‐user, predictions of revolution in the publishing business and the imminent demise of the Library and Information professionals. This paper addresses some of the issues that face the developers of such systems. It shows that current technology cannot satisfy fully the expectation and that such systems will challenge many well‐established cultural aspects and infrastructures of organizations. The views expressed are based on the experience of the author who worked for 18 months on a project for the British Library, codenamed DiSCovery (now called Inside). This product seeks to combine the latest technology and operational practices into a system that has the potential to revolutionize the way users access and receive material from the British Library.
Interlending and document supply: a review of recent literature ‐ XXX
Authors: Gould Sara
Published: July 2002

Reviews current literature in the field of interlending and document supply. Topics covered include UAP, national library policy, public libraries, resource sharing, distance education students, electronic copyright management and charging between libraries.
E‐print archives: a new communication pattern for grey literature
Authors: Luzi Daniela
Published: July 2002

E‐print archives are a new model for the diffusion of scientific information which exploits the interactive characteristics of networked communication. The aim of this paper is to outline current trends in their production and distribution, taking into consideration institutions which provide them and the submission procedures they use. Special attention is attached to differences in the down loading of documents and the updating of archives, as well as the way in which issues such as copyright and peer review are addressed by each archive.
“Apologies for cross‐posting”: a brief look at Internet discussion lists in interlibrary loan and document delivery
Authors: Gould Sara
Published: July 2002

E‐mail discussion lists have become an enormously successful forum for discussion among groups of like‐minded people, and a fair number exist in the field of interlending and document supply. The paper takes a look at those which exist in this area, and highlights the benefits of subscribing to the various types of list such as regional‐based lists, specific product‐focused lists, and general interlending lists. Instructions on how to subscribe to each of the lists mentioned in the article are also given.
Finite element and experimental solutions for the upsetting of pastes
Authors: Norris V.A. , Crisfield M.A. , Kothari D.C. , Lawrence C.J. , Briscoe B.J.
Published: July 2002

Describes an elastic visco‐plastic finite element formulation that is applied to the modelling of pastes. Comparisons are made with experimental results obtained for a particular paste, plasticine. Special attention is applied to the frictional boundary conditions, for which the usual Coulombic procedure is augmented by a “cohesive” wall friction component. Viscous effects also are considered.
Pareto‐based continuous evolutionary algorithms for multiobjective optimization
Authors: Shim Mun‐Bo , Suh Myung‐Won , Furukawa Tomonari , Yagawa Genki , Yoshimura Shinobu
Published: July 2002

In an attempt to solve multiobjective optimization problems, many traditional methods scalarize an objective vector into a single objective by a weight vector. In these cases, the obtained solution is highly sensitive to the weight vector used in the scalarization process and demands a user to have knowledge about the underlying problem. Moreover, in solving multiobjective problems, designers may be interested in a set of Pareto‐optimal points, instead of a single point. In this paper, Pareto‐based Continuous Evolutionary Algorithms for Multiobjective Optimization problems having continuous search space are introduced. These algorithms are based on Continuous Evolutionary Algorithms, which were developed by the authors to solve single‐objective optimization problems with a continuous function and continuous search space efficiently. For multiobjective optimization, a progressive reproduction operator and a niche‐formation method for fitness sharing and a storing process for elitism are implemented in the algorithm. The operator and the niche formulation allow the solution set to be distributed widely over the Pareto‐optimal tradeoff surface. Finally, the validity of this method has been demonstrated through some numerical examples.
Product and process certification – Systems, regulations and international marketing strategies
Authors: Vertinsky Ilan , Zhou Dongsheng
Published: July 2002

Asymmetries in information, where sellers have more information than buyers about product qualities, may prevent firms from supplying some goods and services despite the fact that consumers are willing to pay adequately for them. The frequency and importance of such market failures is growing with the increase in buyers’ interest in unobservable qualities (attributes) of products, including the nature of their production processes. Certification by credible third parties may reduce the frequency and mitigate consequences of market failures. Certification creates a variety of challenges for both marketers and regulators. In this paper, we examine the emergence of alternative domestic and international regulatory regimes for certifying some qualities of products and services. We explore the implications of these regimes and country and product characteristics to the formulation of international marketing strategies. We illustrate our findings through a case study of the forest products industry.
Legal issues associated with international Internet marketing
Authors: Zugelder Michael T. , Flaherty Theresa B. , Johnson James P.
Published: July 2002

Marketing organizations are establishing Websites at an unprecedented rate. Despite this rapid growth, many firms are developing Websites with an inadequate understanding of the domestic and international legal issues associated with having a presence on the Internet. This lack of knowledge can result in firms facing expensive and time‐consuming litigation. We therefore present the major legal issues that may arise as a result of creating, maintaining, and protecting Websites. In particular, we discuss and provide managerial recommendations regarding consumer protection, defamation and disparagement, intellectual property violations, and jurisdictional issues for international Internet marketers.
International business versus international marketing
Authors: Buckley Peter
Published: July 2002

Suggests that international marketing has forgone its pretensions to colonise vast areas of intellectual space in favour of concentration on micro‐issues. Analyses of research in international marketing suggest that it has become fragmented. Suggests that wider macro theoretical restructuring is necessary for international marketing researchers to discover their former imperial arrogance.
Export education: perceptions of sporadic and regular exporting firms
Authors: Samiee Saeed , Walters Peter G.P.
Published: July 2002

Explores perceptions of exporting education in sporadic and regular exporting firms as a means of enhancing organizational knowledge to improve the firm’s long‐term competitive advantage in global markets. Export development and performance are dependent on the acquisition and utilization of relevant knowledge in exporting. An analysis of sporadic and regular exporting firms’ views toward formalized export education programs that contribute to long‐term organizational knowledge is the central focus of this study. Results indicate that sporadic and regular exporting firms, although similar in many respects, vary significantly with regard to export planning activity, educational attainment of employees, export proportion of sales, and exporting experience. In addition, sporadic exporters are less interested in formal export education programs and are more reliant on the government as a source of exporting knowledge and information. The types of information offered through such sources frequently do not lead to a sustainable competitive advantage in exporting and make only a limited contribution to organizational learning. A discriminant model correctly classifies 86 per cent of exporting firms into sporadic and regular groups. Discusses conclusions and managerial implications.
Listening to the Voice of the Market
Authors: Johne Axel
Published: July 2002

Discusses the advantages of different styles of market listening for
specific product development activities. Four types of product
development activities are considered: routine product development,
radical product development, extended product development, and new style
product development. Listening both to the external market and to the
internal market is shown to be critical to achieving success in each of
these activities. Skilful listening allows a business to build effective
long‐run relationships with its target markets.
The Multiple Convergent Processing Model of New Product Development
Authors: Hart Susan J. , Baker Michael J.
Published: July 2002

A recent focus of attention in the new product development literature
has been the need to quicken the process of development in order to
decrease “time‐to‐market”. Various amendments to the traditional
activity‐stage models have been proposed, but few deal directly with the
key aspect of speedier time to market, namely cross‐functional
information management and horizontal management of the new product
development process. Expands this argument and proposes “multiple
convergent processing” as an appropriate conceptual framework in which to
view new product development tasks. The anatomy of multiple convergent
processing is examined in greater detail, showing how its focus on
interaction among several parties and information exchange is an
appropriate manner in which to encourage both the necessary technical
and marketing inputs to the NPD process and the speed necessary for
successful competitive new products. Finally, key elements of network
analysis are proposed as an effective conceptual framework in which to
study new product development.
Research Note
Authors: Yavas Ugur
Published: July 2002

The cost and data‐gathering problems associated with research in
developing countries can be partially remedied by using students as
surrogates of other populations. Reports the findings of two studies
which investigated the efficacy of students as surrogates of adults in
Saudi Arabia. One of these studies was in the domain of attitudes
towards advertising and the other in the area of country‐of‐origin
effects. Results of the studies suggest that the use of students is
appropriate in modelling attitude‐behaviour relationships and scale
development.
Export Marketing Research and the Effect of Export Experience in
Industrial SMEs
Authors: Hart Susan J. , Webb John R. , Jones Marian V.
Published: July 2002

Examines the market research activities of UK industrial exporters.
First reviews the literature concerned with information for
international marketing in general and export marketing research in
particular. Describes the method of a research study, comparing the
market research activities of exporters in the light of company size and
export experience. Analyses the results, finding that companies, once
embarked on export activity rely on personal contact with distributors,
agents, customers and competitors to gather information concerning the
markets they serve, and this information is used equivocally to modify
decisions. Finally, discusses the implications for future research and
management.
Successful Export Practice
Authors: Styles Chris , Ambler Tim
Published: July 2002

Aims to update a previous study into the marketing practices of
successful UK exporters. Finds that the majority of success factors
identified over a decade ago are still valid today. In addition, finds
some support for the emerging relational approach to export marketing.
Concludes that exporters should place greater emphasis on relationship
factors to improve their performance. Revises an earlier model of export
performance as the basis for future research.
Non‐price determinants of intention to purchase counterfeit goods
Authors: Wee Chow‐Hou , Ta Soo‐Jiuan , Cheok Kim‐Hong
Published: July 2002

Counterfeiting is a serious problem besetting an increasing number
of industries. It affects not only products whose brand name is
synonymous with its quality or flavour, but also products which require
a high level of research and development, and marketing. Counterfeit
merchandise cuts into profits and harms the brand owner′s reputation. To
be effective in eradicating counterfeiting, one also has to understand
the consumer′s propensity to purchase counterfeit products. Challenges
the prevalent assumption that price is the main motive for purchasing
counterfeit products. Offers conceptualizations of eight possible
non‐price determinants of consumers′ behavioural intention towards the
purchase of counterfeit products. Uses established scale development
procedures to create multi‐item scales for these non‐price constructs.
Explores the explanatory role of these constructs by relating them to
purchase intention responses for four common counterfeit consumer
products, through multiple regression analyses. A convenience survey of
consumers in a South‐East Asian city with a pattern of use of
counterfeit goods provides data for this study. Results suggest that
non‐price determinants, particularly those relating to perceived product
attributes and attitude towards counterfeiting, affect consumers′
intention to purchase counterfeit products. The type and magnitude of
influence of these, however, differ across products as well as
individuals. Discusses implications for branded goods marketers and
policy makers.
Competitive environmental scanning and export involvement: an initial inquiry
Authors: Lim Jeen‐Su , Sharkey Thomas W. , Kim Ken I.
Published: July 2002

Presents an initial inquiry into the role of competitive environmental scanning in the internationalization process. Explores specifically the relationship between dimensions of competitive environmental scanning and measures of export market involvement and success. Finds that the results provide strong support for the contention that scanning capabilities must be developed for firms to pursue strategies that will result in a higher degree of export involvement and export success.
Methodological issues in cross‐cultural marketing research
Authors: Malhotra Naresh K. , Agarwal James , Peterson Mark
Published: July 2002

Notes that methodological problems are hampering the growth of cross‐cultural marketing research and presents a review of methodological issues to address these problems. Organizes these issues around a six‐step framework which includes elements such as problem definition, the development of an approach and research design formulation. Notes that the marketing research problem can be defined by comparing the phenomenon or behaviour in separate cultural contexts and eliminating the influence of the self‐reference criterion. Discusses issues in data analysis such as treatment of outliers and standardization of data. Concludes with an interpretation of results and report presentation.
Cultivating global experience curve advantage on technology and marketing capabilities
Authors: Chang Tung‐lung
Published: July 2002

Multinationals usually face challenges of new business practices, dynamic consumer preferences, location choices for different value chain activities, and effective co‐ordination of global operations. Suggests that multinationals cultivate global experience curve advantage by improving technology and marketing capabilities for coping with rapid changes in the global marketplace. Uses the PIMS database to examine the impact of such capabilities on a firm’s performance. Indicates that companies with higher technology and marketing capabilities tend to expand into international markets earlier and to enjoy better performance. In addition, a synergy effect between technology and marketing capabilities suggests that multinationals improve both simultaneously in raising market share to a desired level. Discusses a framework for developing global experience curve advantage and presents cases illustrating how multinationals utilize their technology and marketing capabilities successfully to create competitive edge for reaching higher overall performance.
Standardization of international marketing strategy by firms from a developing country
Authors: Zou Shaoming , Andrus David M. , Wayne Norvell D.
Published: July 2002

Examines empirically the standardization of international marketing strategy from the perspective of Colombian exporting firms. Also investigates standardization of the finer aspects of the marketing mix variables than previous studies have addressed. In addition, links marketing standardization to Colombian firms’ export intensity. Suggests that Colombian firms appear to pursue different degrees of standardization with respect to different dimensions of their international marketing strategy. Also suggests that there are several relationships between marketing standardization and Colombian firms’ export intensity, and the nature and strength of each relationship depends on the specific dimension of marketing standardization being examined. Discusses the implications of these findings for research and management.
An assessment of demand artefacts in country‐of‐origin studies using three alternative approaches
Authors: Lim Jeen‐Su , Darley William K.
Published: July 2002

Investigates the potential of demand artefacts in country‐of‐origin studies using three alternative methodological approaches: hetero‐method replication, non‐experiment and post‐experimental inquiry. The results converge in their support of the plausibility of demand artefacts in the single and multi‐cue list format conditions. However, in the multi‐cue ad format condition, demand artefacts are found to be a less plausible alternative explanation for the experimental results. Discusses the implications of these results and future research directions.
Country‐of‐origin effect
Authors: Zhang Yong
Published: July 2002

Marketing researchers and managers are interested in understanding how consumers utilize country‐of‐origin (COO) information in evaluating foreign products. Argues that factors operating at the individual consumer’s psychological level may offer additional insight into how consumers process COO information. Hypothesizes that individual differences in their tendency to evaluate product information may influence the effect of COO. Specifically, when a consumer’s need for cognition (NFC) is low, COO is more influential in that consumer’s product evaluation. Favourable COO may lead to more positive product evaluation than less favourable COO. However, when consumer NFC is high, product evaluation is influenced primarily by the persuasive strength of the attribute arguments rather than by COO. The results suggest that the difference in consumer NFC indeed moderated the COO effect. Consumers who were less predisposed to evaluate attribute information were more susceptible to the influence of COO, while consumers who were more willing to process information were more influenced by specific attribute argument. Discusses implications of the findings in the light of a firm’s sourcing and marketing strategies.
Entity context and format induced instability in multiattribute ratings of country image
Authors: Agarwal Sanjeev , Teas R. Kenneth , Wong John K.
Published: July 2002

Multiattribute ratings of country‐image are commonly obtained to study the influence of country‐of‐origin on product preference and purchase decisions. Usually, such ratings are obtained for products made in different countries in order to make comparisons across countries. However, recent research evidence indicates that, when individual respondents rate multiple entities (e.g., multiple countries), the ratings of a particular country can be affected by the other “contextual” countries included in the questionnaire. The purpose of this study is to examine, via a controlled experiment, the issue of measurement context effects in the measurement of country images. The hypotheses tested concern the stability of attribute‐based and entity‐based country image scaling and potential methods of reducing the vulnerability of multi‐entity scaling to entity context ‐‐ the use of an anchor entity and an insulator question set to increase country image measurement stability.
Export information acquisition modes: measure development and validation
Authors: Souchon Anne L. , Diamantopoulos Adamantios
Published: July 2002

Export information acquisition has mostly been examined disparately as researchers have tended to focus on certain modes of information acquisition independently of others. Furthermore, past studies have typically employed single‐item measures to operationalize information acquisition. The present study attempts to redress these deficiencies by considering a comprehensive set of export information acquisition modes and by developing psychometrically sound measures for each. The results show the adequacy of considering three broad export information acquisition modes (export marketing research, export assistance, and export market intelligence), each of which is operationalized by means of a multi‐item scale. The latter are shown to be reliable and to possess content, convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity.
Market‐driven transformation of the banking sector in Tanzania
Authors: Lwiza Daudi R.B. , Nwankwo Sonny
Published: July 2002

Observes that since the 1980s, many African countries have embarked on macroeconomic policy adjustments aimed at setting their economies on the path to a market orientation. In almost all national contexts, financial sector reforms have been at the core of the broader programme of structural adjustment. The east African country of Tanzania is one of the exemplar countries in the continent acknowledged by the World Bank to have achieved relative success with its reform programme. Accordingly, this article examines the market‐driven transformation of the banking sector in Tanzania. It does this by providing a historical perspective on the reform process, describing the institutional environment in which marketing took place and identifying the facilitative factors and barriers to the development and adoption of a market orientation culture.
Promoting Financial Services with Glittering Prizes
Authors: Peattie Sue , Peattie Ken
Published: July 2002

There appears to be a common misconception within financial services
marketing that the field of sales promotion is somehow irrelevant.
Demonstrates that although some sales promotion tools are inappropriate
for financial services, there are others which offer considerable
opportunities for effective marketing communications. Focuses on one
promotional technique which has had an increasingly visible impact
within financial services in recent years – the promotional competition.
Uses a survey covering 57 competitions to demonstrate the extent, nature
and implications of their use to promote financial services.
Reframing the Mind of the Banker
Authors: Donnelly James H.
Published: July 2002

Managerial issues are becoming critical in the US banking industry. The
capability of those in leadership positions is continually identified as
the most important single factor that will separate high‐ and
low‐performing banks. Discusses the impact of increased competitive
intensity on the skill set and skill mix of bank managers and recommends
ten skills to reframe the mind of the banker.
Alumni affinity credit cards: making the relationship work
Authors: Worthington Steve , Horne Suzanne
Published: July 2002

The credit card industry in the UK has a growing number of affinity
cards, some of which are specifically aimed at the alumni of
universities. Discusses the evolution of the relationship between the
university alumni officers and the credit card issuers responsible for
the alumni affinity cards. Bases the research on a five‐phase model of
relationship formation and describes how the alumni officers perceive
their relationship with their affinity card issuers through the phases
of awareness, exploration, expansion, commitment and dissolution.
Concludes that the entry of the affinity card issuer potentially dilutes
the strength of the relationship between the alumni and their
university, as the card issuer seeks to build a direct relationship with
the alumni affinity cardholders. Alumni officers and others responsible
for initiating affinity credit card agreements, therefore, need to be
aware of both the benefits and costs of establishing and maintaining
relationships with affinity credit card issuers.
Retail banking in Nordic countries: the case of Finland
Authors: Holstius Karin , Kaynak Erdener
Published: July 2002

Reports the findings and implications of a bank marketing study
which was conducted in the Turku region of Finland in 1993. Determines
the importance of selected patronage factors used by Finnish bank
consumers in choosing national versus local banks, and determines the
perceived usefulness of the variety of services offered by these two
groups of commercial banks. Offers certain guidelines for bank managers.
Suggests that the study findings would have wider application in other
Nordic countries. With the recent entry of Finland into the European
Union, banks from other member countries may find the study useful for
policy development purposes. Suggests further avenues in Finnish
commercial bank marketing.
Variation in the perception of quality with lifestage in retail banking
Authors: Galloway R.L. , Blanchard R.F.
Published: July 2002

Quality is seen as a key strategic differentiator within the financial services sector, with most major players undertaking some form of quality initiative. Discusses work undertaken within TSB Bank plc to determine retail customer perceptions of those factors which determine service quality and whether or not lifestage affects perceptions of quality. Lifestage is considered important because of the potential conflict between the attraction of new customers in one group and retention of existing customers in other groups. Discusses a number of models of service quality and proposes one based on the three dimensions of process/outcome, subjective/objective and soft/hard. Discusses the effect of lifestage on perceptions/requirements in the context of this model and draws conclusions on the effect of lifestage on customer requirements in retail banking.
Good and bad customers: the benefits of participating in the banking relationship
Authors: Ennew Christine T.
Published: July 2002

The development of effective customer relationships is widely advocated as a key element of marketing strategies in the service sector. The advantages associated with the development of such relationships are thought to be particularly relevant in the case of services for which credence qualities are high. However, a key feature of most services is customer participation in the production and the delivery of the service. The ability of an organization to develop and maintain a relationship with its customers will be dependent on their willingness to participate. For participation to be worthwhile, customers must perceive that it yields benefits which are greater than those which accrue from non‐participation. Examines the extent to which participation in the banking relationship occurs and the implications of this for quality of service, using evidence from a survey of over 6,000 UK small businesses.
Management’s search for venture capital in smaller buy‐outs: the role of intermediaries and industry marketing implications
Authors: Murray Gordon
Published: July 2002

Provides evidence on the capital search process by entrepreneurial managers, focusing on the means by which managers undertaking management buy‐outs and buy‐ins identify and select professional intermediaries and venture capitalists. Discusses the marketing implications of the study’s findings.
Branch networks and the retailing of high credence products
Authors: Howcroft Barry , Beckett Anthony
Published: July 2002

Suggests that the competitive threat faced by banks and building societies from direct banking and other technology‐driven distribution channels has serious implications for the future viability of their comprehensive branch networks. Costs associated with any significant reduction in branch networks are likely to be too high, at least in the short term. Focuses on the less radical policy of adapting branch networks to the changing needs of the marketplace. As such it attempts to identify an appropriate strategy which will increase the effectiveness of branches by delivering a wide range of relatively complicated financial products traditionally associated with financial institutions without comprehensive branch networks. These objectives are facilitated by a questionnaire which examines the attitude and behaviour of customers towards financial products.
Co‐branding in Europe
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: July 2002

Presents an empirical stuA co‐branded card is a partnership between a bank or financial institution and a commercial organization. New kinds of organizations are becoming involved and new, high‐value packages are being offered to the consumer. Co‐branded cards, like GM, Ford and AT&T, have made a huge impact on the US market and GM and Ford are doing very well in the UK. Argues that although the European banks have been resisting their incursion, they will not be able to stop this inevitable trend. Discusses the raison d’être of co‐branded cards, what inroads have already been made in Europe and which market sectors are likely to follow.
Understanding competitive advantage in retail financial services
Authors: Devlin Jim , Ennew Christine T.
Published: July 2002

The process of establishing a competitive advantage is at the heart of competitive marketing strategy. However, a competitive advantage cannot be established without a clear idea of what constitutes the relevant competitive arena. Theoretically, there are strong arguments for seeing both these processes as market‐driven, but in practice their implementation may present particular problems for financial services providers. The degree of complexity and intangibility which characterizes most financial services is generally thought to complicate the identification of a clear source of competitive advantage; it is also argued that these characteristics might affect the extent to which an organization may identify the appropriate competitive arena. Provides preliminary interview‐based evidence on the extent to which the market‐driven concepts of competitive advantage and competitive arena have been adopted in financial services and evaluates the extent to which they can be adopted, given the distinctive characteristics of many of the services concerned. Contends that the findings confirm the difficulties associated with the development of a clear competitive advantage and the relative unimportance of price; they also highlight the practical difficulties associated with defining the competitive arena as market‐driven. While these difficulties are common across the financial service providers interviewed, concludes that there is some evidence to suggest that market‐driven competitive arenas and sources of competitive advantage are more easily identifiable for specialist or niche players.
The culture of the branch team and its impact on service delivery and corporate identity
Authors: Wilson Alan
Published: July 2002

The behaviour and attitudes of staff are a key input to a service organization’s identity. However, the quality and effectiveness of service delivery personnel in the retail banking sector varies significantly from branch to branch. The norms, values and behaviour that make up the corporate culture of the service team may explain the differences. Examines the nature of the relationship between corporate culture and service delivery, based on a programme of empirical research undertaken with 268 staff in 48 branches of a major UK bank. Finds that distinct subcultures exist within the branches, although no direct relationship was found between a branch’s culture and its service delivery performance. With regard to managing a bank’s corporate identity, these findings suggest that the design and control of the corporate behaviour component is possibly far more difficult and complex than is the management of the visual identity component.
Corporate identity and private banking: a review and case study
Authors: Balmer John M.T. , Stotvig Snorre
Published: July 2002

Provides an introduction to corporate identity management; gives an overview of the private banking sector both in the UK and overseas and, using a case study focusing on the private bankers Adam and Co., describes the elements forming that bank’s corporate identity. These elements were history; key incidents; and service quality. The latter was found to be the most likely contributor to that bank’s identity. Argues that bank managers, in addition to asking the questions What is our business?, and what is our image? , should ask, What is our identity?
Strategic marketing management: the case of Islamic banks
Authors: Naser Kamal , Moutinho Luiz
Published: July 2002

Banks set up to operate in accordance with the Islamic Sharia’h principles have mushroomed in the last two decades. The basic difference between Islamic and non‐Islamic banks lies in the fact that the former operate on an equity‐participation system in which a predetermined rate of return is not guaranteed, whereas the latter’s operation is based on both equity and debt systems that are driven by interest. This essential difference resulting from the implementation of the Islamic Sharia’h principles, provides the incentive for Islamic bankers to search for different products/services to offer. Now the Islamic banking system is facing stiff competition not only from similar Islamic banks but also from Western banks disposed to modify their activities in accordance with Islamic Sharia’h principles, and is confronted with progressive forces pushing towards change. Change can be achieved by employing an effective marketing strategy. Assesses the effectiveness of marketing strategies by drawing on quantitative characteristics derived from a sample of Islamic banks from among a list of the top 100 Arab banks. Provides recommendations as to the measures to be adopted in order to improve the marketing effectiveness of the Islamic banks.