bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efecto regulador glicémico posprandial de un nutracéutico con alto contenido de fibra antioxidante derivado de bagazo de uva
Authors:   , Díaz Pinto María Consuelo
Published: January 2024

INTRODUCCIÓN: En diabetes tipo 1 (DM1), el control de la hiperglicemia posprandial se considera uno de los elementos complejos de manejo a pesar de los avances médico-terapéuticos y la inclusión de nuevas tecnologías de monitoreo y tratamiento. Evidencia disponible apunta a que la fibra dietaria tiene un efecto favorable en la regulación de niveles posprandiales de glucosa. Por otro lado, el contenido de antioxidantes de los alimentos sería crucial para aminorar el daño oxidativo que genera la hiperglicemia y el estado inflamatorio crónico de la DM1. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la respuesta glicémica posprandial frente a una comida de prueba en pacientes con DM1 asociada al consumo de un nutraceútico preparado en base a bagazo de uva con alto contenido de fibra y antioxidantes. SUJETOS Y METODOLOGÍA: Estudio de intervención experimental cruzado que incluyó a 10 sujetos con DM1 con monitoreo continuo de glicemia. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a una comida estandarizada alta en carbohidratos en dos oportunidades: una vez con suplementación del nutracéutico y en otra oportunidad con consumo de agua, para evaluar el efecto del primero sobre los niveles de glicemia posprandial. La respuesta glicémica fue monitorizada mediante hemoglucotests tomados en condiciones basales y cada 30 minutos hasta completar 240 minutos. RESULTADOS: El área incremental bajo la curva glicémica después de la comida estándar no se modificó en el grupo tratado con el nutracéutico comparado con la ingesta de agua. Sin embargo, el uso del nutracéutico se asoció con un retraso significativo en el tiempo en que se alcanzó el peak máximo de glicemia posprandial (90 minutos para el consumo de agua versus 120 minutos para la ingesta del nutracéutico, p=0,014). CONCLUSIÓN: En este experimento agudo, el uso de un nutracéutico preparado con bagazo de uva no modificó la respuesta glicémica posprandial total, aunque mostró un retraso temporal en el peak de glicemia alcanzado después de la comida de prueba.
Arte como estrategia para reducir el estigma hacia personas con afecciones de salud mental : una revisión tipo scoping review
Authors:   , Campos Espinoza María José
Published: January 2024

La presencia de personas con afecciones de salud mental (ASM) supone una gran carga de enfermedad y discapacidad para los países. Una barrera importante para el cumplimiento de objetivos sanitarios es el estigma. Últimamente, se ha investigado sobre intervenciones para reducir el estigma considerando diversas herramientas, incluyendo el uso del arte, cuyos resultados son preliminares. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un scoping review respondiendo a la pregunta ¿qué evidencia existe respecto a la efectividad de intervenciones basadas en arte para reducir el estigma hacia personas con trastornos de salud mental? Se revisaron estudios entre los años 2012 y 2022 en diversas bases de datos, seleccionándose 15 artículos. Existe gran heterogeneidad en los tipos de arte e intervenciones. Los participantes fueron principalmente miembros de la comunidad (40%) y estudiantes/personal de salud (33,3%). Un 33,3% de la evidencia resultó efectiva para reducir el estigma, siendo múltiples formas de arte y exhibiciones las intervenciones más exitosas, y un 26,6% adicional incidió favorablemente en factores que aminoran el estigma. Se recomiendan intervenciones multimodales y exhibiciones de arte para alcanzar mejores resultados. Es necesario generar más investigación y ampliar el espectro geográfico de ella.
La incertidumbre más allá del conocimiento: una gestalt constitutiva del trabajo de laboratorio en resistencia antimicrobiana
Authors:   , Navarrete Oyanedel Cristián
Published: January 2024

Es común distinguir la incertidumbre que se da en los ámbitos de investigación y asistencial. La literatura ha mostrado que esta surge en momentos particulares de la organización de las técnicas, humanos y recursos del trabajo científico y médico. Sin embargo, se ha encontrado evidencia consistente que muestra que la incertidumbre se puede identificar de forma similar en contextos de investigación, médico e incluso comercial. Entonces, si es que la incertidumbre es algo definido por las particularidades del trabajo donde surge, ¿cómo es posible que la incertidumbre se experimente de forma similar a través de distintos contextos de investigación biomédicos? Para responder, realicé observación participante y entrevistas en tres laboratorios trabajando en resistencia antimicrobiana. Con esto, muestro que la incertidumbre tiene una estructura formal compartida. Esta surge de la experiencia del error en el trabajo y, se experimenta como gestalt porque luego explica dichas posibilidades de error. Así, en la medida en que el trabajo científico descanse en procesos que deben ser reproducidos para tener certezas sobre la correcta ejecución de actividades, la incertidumbre será una experiencia constitutiva y generalizada en la ciencia. Este trabajo sistematiza los hallazgos sobre la incertidumbre descritos en la literatura y explica su generalidad. Además, promete la apertura de una agenda de investigación poco desarrollada en Latinoamérica, así como una identificación de los procesos cotidianos que se encuentran detrás de los esfuerzos para manejar la resistencia antimicrobiana en el país.
CONCEPT OF DIET (AHARA) ACCORDING TO AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVES: A REVIEW
Authors: K Jadhav Kalpana , Ingole Patil Archana Suresh
Published: January 2024

Ahara is the most important and basic requirement for living beings. Ahara is considered one of the three upastambhas of life. Various concepts and principles of ahara are described in Ayurveda. Some of the unique concepts like satmya – asatmya, pathya – apathya, aharavidhividhan, dwadasha anna pravicharana, ashta ahara vidhi visheshayatana are mentioned for healthy and unhealthy persons. While incorporating the Ayurvedic diet, we must consider the prakriti, agnibala and panchbhautik composition of ahara. Modern life is swift and stressful, and because of that, we have to face lifestyle disorders like diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to state that diet is the most important aspect in treating diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. As Ayurveda gives more importance to ahara and rules of taking food, it prevents and reduces the number of complications in these patients. If we prevent a disease, then the cost of treatment is reduced, leading to the betterment of society and health promotion of individuals. Ahara is important in maintaining the human body's normal physiological and psychological functioning. It provides strength, complexion, nourishment and longevity.
POORVAKARMA FOR SNEHANA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SHODHANANGA SNEHAPANA: A REVIEW
Authors: KS Haritha , Krishna P. Murali
Published: January 2024

Snehapana is the administration of Sneha (a medicated or non-medicated lipid substance) internally with a definite therapeutic purpose. According to the mode of action, it is of three types: Samana snehapana (palliating type of medicated lipid intake), Shodhana snehapana (eliminating type of medicated lipid intake), and Brimhana snehapana (nourishing type of medicated lipid intake). Among these three, Shodhananga snehapana is the most important poorvakarma (pre-operatory procedure) for Shodhana (bio purification), like Vamana (therapeutic emesis) and Virechana (therapeutic purgation). The whole outcome of Shodhana therapy is determined by Shodhana snehapana as it brings the doshas situated in the sakha (peripheral tissues) to the koshta (gastrointestinal system) so that they can be expelled out easily. For an excellent Snehana and a perfect Shodhana, we have to do poorvakarma for Shodhanartha snehapana, i.e., deepana (appetizer), pachana (digestives), and rookshana (drying therapy). The present article attempts to understand the importance of poorvakarma for Shodhananga snehapana.
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HEALTH AND ITS MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW
Authors: Rawat Shweta , Singh Tejendra , Singh OP
Published: January 2024

‘’Lifestyle disorder" is a broad term used to describe health conditions or diseases primarily caused or influenced by an individual's lifestyle choices and habits. These choices can include diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress levels, and sleep patterns. Some common lifestyle disorders include obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and certain types of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective was to find out the level of understanding of lifestyle disease patients regarding lifestyle modifications, their level of application in their daily activities, and their effects on managing diseases. It's important to note that lifestyle disorders often interact with one another. For example, obesity can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, while smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can exacerbate these risks. Lifestyle modifications, including adopting a balanced diet, regular physical activity, stress management, and avoiding harmful habits like smoking, can significantly reduce the risk and progression of lifestyle disorders. Early detection and appropriate medical care are also crucial for managing these conditions effectively. People should be aware of their lifestyle and think about how a lousy lifestyle can turn their life into a serious case. Making positive changes to one's lifestyle, such as adopting a balanced diet and regular exercise, can help prevent and manage these disorders.
AN APPRAISAL OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AGADTANTROKTA CHATURVIMSHATIVISHA CHIKITSA UPAKRAMA IN KAUMARBHRITYA
Authors: Shivprasad Gohiya Ashwini , Pramodrao Anjankar Meghsham , Vithalrao Nikam Ashwin , Venkatrao Pawade Uday
Published: January 2024

Visha chikitsa is the main aspect of Agadtantra, one of the branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda. Though Agadtantra deals with poisons, their properties, and their toxic effects, it primarily focuses on its treatment part. For this purpose, various classical texts describe different treatment modalities of the poisoning. Charaka explained the basic principle of poisoning treatment as Chaturvimshati Visha Chikitsa Upakrama. This is a unique contribution by Acharya Charaka in the management of poisoning. Poisoning is one of the leading causes of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. The indication of twenty-four Visha Chikitsa Upakrama in the pediatric age group is unclear. Hence, there is a dilemma in the Ayurved physician’s mind regarding its use in Kaumarbhritya (Pediatric). The classical texts, precisely Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Samgraha, Ashtanga Hridaya, Kashyapa Samhita, Harita Samhita and Bhavaprakasa Samhita, were searched and scrutinised for references of use of these 24 treatment modalities in pediatric age group. Various related research articles from the internet were also studied. The present study provides compiled knowledge about indications and contraindications of these Chaturvimshati Visha Chikitsa Upakrama, which will be helpful while treating poisoning cases in the paediatric age group. Hence, this is an attempt to evaluate the significance of Agadtantrokta Chaturvimshati Visha Chikitsa Upakrama in Kaumarbhritya.
Depth Perception
Authors: Howard Ian P.
Published: November 2003

This chapter contains a review of information that we use to perceive the three‐dimensional structure of the visual world. To a limited extent for near viewing we can use nonvisual signals from the accommodative state of the lens or the state of convergence of the eyes. Visual information available to one eye included image blur arising from out‐of‐focus images; overlap between images of objects at different distances serves as a cue to relative depth. Shading and shadows provide a rich source of information about relative depth, although the sign of depth relations can be ambiguous. When we move past a stationary scene, the relative motion of images of objects at different distances indicates very small differences in depth. Image expansion of an approaching object indicates time to impact and the symmetry of image motion indicates whether the approaching object will hit us. Binocular information available when only both eyes are open includes differences between the images in the two eyes. These binocular disparities provide information about the distances of objects, and the inclination and curvature of surfaces. The chapter ends with a discussion of how different depth cues interact to produce a unified percept of the three‐dimensional structure of the world.
Motion Perception
Authors: Sekuler Robert , Watamaniuk Scott N. J. , Blake Randolph
Published: November 2003

Detection and discrimination, including discrimination of changes in direction and speed, are among the basic aspects of motion perception. Ideal observer models afford theoretical benchmarks for the performance of human observers. Such comparisons make it possible to identify processing stages at which human vision loses potential information.

The chapter provides an overview of motion processing stages in the mammalian visual system. We show that contemporary research on visual motion perception exploits theoretically‐motivated special‐purpose stimulus probes.

We also consideroptic flow, which supports observers' heading judgments during locomotion, as well as the perception of objects' 3D structure. The chapter shows that the visual system has a number of ways of responding to stimulus ambiguity, as it must in dealing with the correspondence andaperture problems. After treating motion after‐effects, the chapter concludes with a discussion of cognitive influences on motion perception, such as memory and learning effects, as well as visual motion's role in segmenting and recognizing continuous everyday actions.
Neural Basis of Audition
Authors: Carney Laurel H.
Published: November 2003

This chapter reviews the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the auditory system. A brief introduction to the key acoustical parameters that are important for understanding the physiological literature is included. Responses to simple tonal stimuli and to some morecomplex soundsare described for several levels of the auditory pathway, from theauditory nerveto theauditory cortex. Responses of central neurons to binaural stimuli are described in the context of spatial localization. A brief description of the descending pathways is also included. Where applicable, neural responses are described in terms of both average discharge rates and temporal response properties. The influence of the nonlinear, or level‐dependent, properties of thecochleaon average‐rate and temporal responses of auditory neurons are described; these nonlinearities are an important property of the healthy inner ear and have been a major focus of recent research on the auditory system.
Auditory Perception and Cognition
Authors: McAdams Stephen , Drake Carolyn
Published: November 2003

The sound environment in which we live is extraordinarily rich. How do we extract and make use of the information available in this highly structured acoustic array? A number of perceptual mechanisms are involved in the processing of acoustic information to disentangle the many sources present and to evaluate the properties of individual events or sequences of events arising from a given source. At a more cognitive level, the temporal relations among events in longer sequences must be processed to understand the nature of actions on objects that are extended in time. These temporally extended actions may carry important cultural messages, such as in speech and music for humans. In many cases, with so much going on, listening must be focused on a given source of sound. This focusing process must possess dynamic characteristics that are tuned to the temporal evolution of the source that is being tracked in order to understand its message. Aspects of these complex problem areas are addressed in this chapter to give a flavor for current work in auditory perception and cognition. This chapter focuses onauditory scene analysis, timbre andsound source perception, temporal pattern processing and attentional processes in hearing, and finishes with a consideration of relevant developmental issues.
Temperature and Pain Perception
Authors: Gracely Richard H. , Farrell Mickael J. , Grant Masilo A. B.
Published: November 2003

The sensory modalities of temperature and pain share a common homeostatic thread and a similar afferent neural organization. Sensory precision can be demonstrated under controlled laboratory conditions, but ultimately such precision is secondary to hedonic feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness that motivate behaviors necessary to maintain the integrity of the organism. Thermal sensations of warmth and coolness are mediated by independent neural systems with differences in sensitivity, spatial summation, intensity, and spatial discrimination. Thermal adaptation is common to both systems. Within a restricted temperature range, feelings of coolness or warmth wane over a period of minutes (e.g. entering a hot bath) and may disappear, replaced by a state of neither warmth nor cold termed thermal neutrality. The hedonic feeling state is determined by a thermoregulatory system that maintains internal temperature. This system receives inputs from the body core and from the skin. If core temperature is disturbed, these inputs result in appropriate autonomic responses, in subjective feelings of unpleasantness (e.g., warm) and in feelings associated with a specific skin temperature (e.g., room temperature is unpleasant, cold air or water is pleasant).
Varieties of Memory
Authors: Roediger Henry L. , Marsh Elizabeth J. , Lee Stephanie C.
Published: November 2003

In this chapter we list and discuss the primary distinctions among types of memory. We first identify four possible bases for distinguishing types of memory: introspective evidence, various types of memory tests, dissociations among memory measures, and neural differences underlying kinds of memory. Several useful broad distinctions between classes of memory or tests of memory are also discussed, including those between declarative and procedural memory, episodic and semantic memory, explicit and implicit memory, conscious and unconscious memory, voluntary and involuntary recollection, and retrospective and prospective memory.

We provide an overview of memory research using one possible categorization system based loosely on persistence of memories and their temporal course. First, we discuss brief sensory memories; then short‐term or working memory; and finally, we describe some of the many different types of long‐term memory. Topics covered include iconic and echoic memories; Baddeley's model of working memory; as well as phenomena of episodic, autobiographical, and semantic memory. We discuss the concepts of implicit memory and procedural memory. We conclude by discussing the usefulness of this and other categorization schemes for the study of memory.
Learning Mutants
Authors: Matzel Louis D.
Published: November 2003

Genetic strategies to elucidate the substrates for memory induction, maintenance, and retrieval have evolved rapidly during the previous decade. Here we review the wealth of information that has been derived from work with “transgenic” mammals, and attempt to establish a framework from which we might better appreciate the genetic and molecular constituents of “normal” learning and memory, as well as of common dementias (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) that impinge on these processes. From this body of work, we are poised to construct comprehensive descriptions of the mechanisms that subserve memory storage in the brain, and moreover, to envisage practical strategies to overcome certain learning deficits and to modulate learning in otherwise normal individuals.
Emotional Plasticity
Authors: Schafe Glenn E. , Ledoux Joseph E.
Published: November 2003

Pavlovian fear conditioning has emerged as a leading behavioral paradigm to study emotion systems in the brain. In this chapter, we first provide a brief historical survey of efforts to pinpoint emotional circuits in the brain. We then review what has been learned about fear conditioning circuitry at the systems, cellular, and biochemical/molecular levels, primarily in rodents. We then discuss how this knowledge has been applied to the fear system of the human brain.
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Authors: Coltheart Max
Published: November 2003

Cognitive neuropsychology is the branch of cognitive psychology which uses data from people with acquired or developmental disorders of cognition to learn more about the processes involved in normal cognition. In cognitive neuropsychology, models of these processes are typically modular in character, and any cognitive disorder is typically interpreted as the result of abnormality of one or more modules or one or more of the pathways of communication between modules. The primary data consist of patterns of association, dissociation or double dissociation of impairments of specific cognitive abilities obtained from single‐case studies of individuals with disorders of cognition. The means by which inferences about the modular structure of some mental information‐processing system are made from such data are illustrated by a worked example involving impairments in the recognition of faces, objects and printed words. Relationships between cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive neuroimaging are discussed, as are new developments such as cognitive neuropsychiatry (the application of cognitive‐neuropsychological methods to higher‐order aspects of cognition such as belief formation or reasoning) and computational cognitive neuropsychology (simulating disordered cognition by artificially lesioning computational models of cognition).
Testing and Measurement
Authors: Hambleton Ronald K. , Pitoniak Mary J.
Published: November 2003

This chapter addresses many of the changes that are taking place in the educational and psychological measurement field today. First, different types of educational and psychological tests are described, and examples are provided of the variety of venues in which they are administered. Next, some major changes that have taken place in the field of psychometrics in the past 30 years are introduced; most prominent among them is the shift from classical test theory to item response theory (IRT). Following a comparison of classical test theory to IRT, and a discussion of the former's shortcomings, main IRT concepts and several widely used IRT models are presented in more detail. IRT model applications to test development and computer‐adaptive testing are described. An introduction to different types of computer‐based testing that vary along the adaptive continuum is also provided. Next, a number of other prominent changes that are taking place in the testing field that have methodological implications for the practice of measurement—new item types, cognitive‐based models for assessment, setting standards on tests, new conceptions of validity, and testing of candidates with disabilities—are outlined.
Solid‐Liquid Biphasic Hydroformylation of Olefins Catalyzed by Rhodium Carbonyl Complexes
Authors: Marchetti M. , Botteghi C. , Paganelli S. , Taddei M.
Published: November 2003

Some polymer‐anchored alkenes have been hydroformylated by carrying out the reaction in a high‐pressure reactor equipped with a suitably designed vial. The solid substrates are converted to the corresponding oxo‐aldehydes in high yields. In all cases the regioselectivity was strongly shifted towards the linear aldehyde when the rhodium carbonyl complex was modified with xantphos (3 : 1 or 4 : 1 P/Rh molar ratio). Treatment with 5% of trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane at room temperature removed quantitatively the oxo‐product from the polymer support, which can be purified and reused.
Chiral Tetraaza Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis: Recent Progress
Authors: Hechavarría Fonseca María , König Burkhard
Published: November 2003

Nitrogen‐containing ligands have become very popular in asymmetric catalysis, due to their robustness and availability in comparison to phosphines. Nitrogen‐containing ligands are used in homogeneous catalysis, but they are suitable for heterogeneous processes, too. In this article we focus on chiral ligands with four nitrogen atoms and summarize recent progress achieved with these compounds in asymmetric catalysis.
Selective Removal of N‐Boc Protecting Group from Aromatic Amines Using Silica Gel‐Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate and HY‐Zeolite as Heterogeneous Catalysts[1]
Authors: Ravindranath N. , Ramesh C. , Ravinder Reddy M. , Das Biswanath
Published: November 2003

Silica gel‐supported sodium hydrogen sulfate and HY‐zeolite were found to be efficient catalysts for the selective removal of the N‐Boc protecting group from aromatic amines keeping intact the aliphatic N‐Boc amines. HY‐zeolite was used as a reusable catalyst.
Continuous Flow Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution and Enantiomer Separation using Ionic Liquid/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Media
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Wiesenhöfer Wolfgang , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter
Published: November 2003

The combination of kinetic resolution in ionic liquids (IL) and selective extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) provides a new approach for the separation of enantiomers as exemplified by the lipase‐catalyzed esterification of chiral secondary alcohols. Excellent enantioselectivities are achieved upon conversion of alcohols 1a–e to the corresponding acetates 4a–e or laureates 5a–e using various modifications of the lipase from Candida antarctica (CaL‐B) in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids. The anion of the ionic liquid has a significant influence on the performance of the bio‐catalyst with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonamide) [BTA] giving the best results. The acetates 4a–e can be extracted from the reaction mixture preferentially over the alcohols 1a–e with scCO2 under certain conditions, but preparatively useful selectivities would require advanced multi‐step extraction procedures. In contrast, efficient separation is possible with relatively simple equipment if alcohols 1a–e are extracted preferentially from their corresponding laureates 5a–e. A “green” continuous process for the resolution of racemic alcohols without the use of organic solvents was devised on the basis of these findings.
Novaluron (Rimon), a novel IGR: Potency and cross‐resistance
Authors: Ishaaya Isaac , Kontsedalov Svetlana , Horowitz A. Rami
Published: November 2003

The potency of novaluron on laboratory susceptible and field strains of S. littoralis resembles that of chlorfluazuron and both compounds are about 20‐fold more potent than teflubenzuron. No appreciable resistance to novaluron or chlorfluazuron was observed in a field strain of Spodoptera littoralis collected from cucumber field in the central part of Israel. On the other hand, the field strain showed a mild resistance of about 4‐fold to teflubenzuron as compared to the laboratory susceptible strain. A very resistant colony of Bemisia tabaci to pyriproxyfen (1,200‐ to 2,000‐fold) showed no appreciable cross‐resistance to novaluron. Two field colonies of B. tabaci pressurized with acetamiprid or thiamethoxam for 22 generations, resulting in a 30‐ to 50‐fold resistance to acetamiprid and thiamethoxam, has no cross‐resistance to novaluron. The above results are of special interest, indicating a possible alternation between novaluron, pyriproxyfen, and neonicotinoids in insecticide‐resistance management programs aiming at preventing resistance development to these novel groups of insecticides against important pests such as whitefly and lepidopteran species. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 54:157–164, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 1β‐Methyl‐2‐(5‐substituted Imidazolino Pyrrolidin‐3‐ylthio)carbapenem Derivatives
Authors: Oh Chang‐Hyun , Lee Chang‐Sik , Lee Jong‐Sun , Cho Jung‐Hyuck
Published: November 2003

The synthesis of a new series of 1β‐methylcarbapenems containing a substituted imidazolino pyrrolidine moiety is described. Their in vitro antibacterial activities against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria were tested and the effect of the substituent on the imidazoline ring was investigated. Compound 13 g which has a N‐sulfonylmethyl substituted imidazoline moiety showed the most potent antibacterial activity.
Understanding base‐assisted desulfurization using a variety of disulfide‐bridged peptides
Authors: Galande Amit K. , Trent John O. , Spatola Arno F.
Published: November 2003

A recently rediscovered reaction of base‐assisted lanthionine formation has been applied to several systems of disulfide‐bridged peptides. In addition to previously described nonapeptides consisting of i, i+3 cystine linkages, the reaction has now been extended to systems consisting of shorter (i, i+2) and longer (i, i+4) disulfide bridges. The desulfurization reaction is also compatible with disulfide bridges formed through homocysteines and penicillamines, yielding unusual amino acids such as cystathionine and β,β‐dimethyl lanthionine (referred to as “penthionine”) in a peptide chain, respectively. Systematic study of this transformation has provided several new insights into its mechanism. We have observed formation of dehydroalanine and dehydrovaline residues resulting from i, i+2‐bridged cysteines and i, i+3‐bridged cysteine/penicillamine peptides, respectively, thereby supporting a β‐elimination/Michael‐addition mechanism for this transformation. Amino acid analysis and NMR data from total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) and 1H‐13C heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) experiments show three diastereomeric lanthionine‐bridged peptides in the product mixture. But in the case of desulfurization of a cysteine/homocysteine containing disulfide‐bridged peptide, Michael addition appears to be stereoselective, yielding a single stereoisomer of cystathionine within the peptide. According to molecular modeling and CD spectroscopy, constrained peptides such as those containing penicillamine are less likely to undergo facile desulfurization. Flexibility of the torsional angles (CαH—Cα—Cβ—S) corresponding to the cysteine residues and temperature appear to be contributing factors determining the extent of desulfurization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 71: 534–551, 2003
Relative Energies of Dioxo μ‐Oxo Molybdenum Complexes from Various Fragmentation Strategies
Authors: Pellegatti Alain , Arzoumanian Henri , Blaive Bruno
Published: November 2003

A thiocyanatomolybdenum(VI) dioxo μ‐oxo complex dimer bearing 4,4′‐di‐tBu‐2,2′‐bipyridine ligands has shown exceptional oxidizing ability. It exists as amesoform (symmetrical) and ad,lpair (unsymmetrical) in the crystal unit cell and also in equilibrium in solution. Which oxygen atom and which configuration are predominantly involved in the process of oxygen atom transfer is a question whose answer would certainly help experimentalists. From ab initio theoretical calculations we analyzed the electronic differences between the two configurations. The large number of atoms (101) restricts the choice of theoretical methods. We give results for second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2) and DFT with the hybrid functional B3LYP, with and without pseudopotentials, with double‐ζbasis sets plus polarization functions. Although the structures of the two types of configurations are quite different, we show they have practically the same energy. Similarly, no significant differences were found for electronic atomic populations on oxygen and surrounding atoms. To facilitate future studies on the process of oxygen atom transfer, we compare the entire molecules to smaller entities obtained by fragmentations or by so‐called hybrid methods. We show that thetBu groups, and even sometimes the pyridyl rings, play only a minor role in determining the electronic structure. Concerning the energy difference between the two configurations, the MP2 results appear more consistent than the B3LYP results.
The Silica‐Like Extended Polymorphism of Cobalt(II) Imidazolate Three‐Dimensional Frameworks: X‐ray Single‐Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Tian Yun‐Qi , Cai Chen‐Xin , Ren Xiao‐Ming , Duan Chun‐Ying , Xu Yan , Gao Song , You Xiao‐Zeng
Published: November 2003

Five polymorphous frameworks of cobalt(II) imidazolates (1–5) have been prepared by solvatothermal syntheses. Of these, compound 3 has already been synthesized in a gas‐phase reaction by Seel et al. in 1969 and structurally characterized by Sturm et al. in 1975. The new synthetic strategy affords four polymorphous frameworks of cobalt(II) imidazolates (1, 2, 4, 5) of crystalline substances, of which the compound 4 (a = b = 23.450(3), c = 12.460(3) Å, tetragonal, I41cd, Z = 16) is an isomorphous compound of [Zn(im)2]∞, which was also synthesized in a gas‐phase reaction in 1980. The frameworks of compounds 1 and 2 are porous and isostructural; they have the same framework topology that represents a novel uninodal (6,4)‐net: 1: a = 18.513(4), b = 24.368(5), c = 9.2940(19) Å, orthorhombic, Fdd2, Z = 16; 2: a = 17.635(4), b = 27.706(6), c = 9.0810(18) Å, orthorhombic, Fdd2, Z = 16. The framework of compound 5 exhibits a topology of zeolitic structure with the unit‐cell parameters: a = 24.3406(8), b = 9.4526(3), c = 24.8470(8) Å, β = 91.977(1)°, monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4. All polymorphous frameworks of cobalt(II) imidazolates reflect the structural features of silica (SiO2) and also exhibit different magnetic behaviors, although the imidazolates transmit the antiferromagnetic coupling between the cobalt(II) ions in all cases. However, the uncompensated antiferromagnetic couplings arise from spin‐canting are sensitive to the structures: compound 1 is an antiferromagnet with TN = 13.11 K; compounds 2–4 are weak ferromagnets (canted antiferromagnets): 2 shows a very weak ferromagnetism below 15 K, 3 exhibits a relatively strong ferromagnetism below 11.5 K and a coercive field (HC) of 1800 Oe at 1.8 K, and 4 displays the strongest ferromagnetism of the three cobalt imidazolates and demonstrates a TC of 15.5 K with a coercive field, HC, of 7300 Oe at 1.8 K. However, compound 5 seems to be a hidden canted antiferromagnet with a magnetic ordering temperature of 10.6 K.
Spiroconjugation in Spirodicorrolato‐Dinickel(II)
Authors: Hohlneicher Georg , Bremm Dominik , Wytko Jennifer , Bley‐Escrich Jordi , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Gross Maurice , Michels Martin , Lex Johann , Vogel Emanuel
Published: November 2003

In the present work the effect of spiroconjugation on the electronic spectrum of the recently synthesized metal complex hexadecaethylspirodicorrolato–dinickel(II) (5) (the corrole units in5are isoforms) is investigated. To have a suitable reference compound at our disposal, tetraethylhexamethylisocorrolato nickel(II) (7) has been prepared. On comparing the electronic spectra of this reference compound and the spiro‐complex, bathochromic shifts of all absorption bands in the NIR/Vis‐region are observed for the latter as well as marked changes in the spectral intensities. A detailed analysis of the spectra supported by semiempirical calculations reveals that at least part of the observed changes can be unambiguously attributed to the spiro effect. This effect is further affirmed by electrochemically measured redox potentials.
Pattern of disease recurrence and prognostic factors in patients with osteosarcoma treated with contemporary chemotherapy
Authors: Hawkins Douglas S. , Arndt Carola A. S.
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

The goal of the current study was to define the clinical features and outcome of recurrent osteosarcoma (OS) in children and young adults initially treated with contemporary chemotherapy.

METHODS

The authors reviewed the clinical features, therapy, and outcome for 59 patients from the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) and Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center (Seattle, WA). They were diagnosed initially with OS between January 1990 and December 2000, received multiagent chemotherapy (most frequently cisplatin, doxorubicin, high‐dose methotrexate, and ifosfamide), and developed disease recurrence after achieving an initial complete response (CR).

RESULTS

The most common site of initial disease recurrence was the lung only (n = 36 patients), followed by distant bone (n =8 patients), combined lung and other sites (n =7 patients), and other sites (n =8 patients). The median time to first disease recurrence was 15 months (range, 2–92 months) from the initial diagnosis. Thirty patients with isolated pulmonary recurrence achieved a second CR, either with surgery alone (n =15 patients) or surgery and salvage chemotherapy (n =15 patients). For this group, the 4‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival rates were 7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0–16%) and 28% (95% CI, 11–45%), respectively. For all 59 patients with recurrent OS, the 4‐year DFS and overall survival rates were 6% (95% CI, 0–12%) and 23% (95% CI, 10–36%), respectively. The only factors associated with improved DFS and overall survival rates were unilateral pulmonary recurrence, solitary pulmonary nodule at recurrence, more than 24 months between the initial diagnosis and first disease recurrence, and achievement of a second CR.

CONCLUSIONS

The DFS and overall survival rates for recurrent OS after contemporary therapy remained poor even for patients with isolated pulmonary recurrence. Therefore, new treatment strategies are needed. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Clinicopathologic features of metastasis in nonsentinel lymph nodes of breast carcinoma patients
Authors: Degnim Amy C. , Griffith Kent A. , Sabel Michael S. , Hayes Daniel F. , Cimmino Vincent M. , Diehl Kathleen M. , Lucas Peter C. , Snyder Matthew L. , Chang Alfred E. , Newman Lisa A.
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

In breast carcinoma patients with a positive sentinel lymph node (SN), the value of complete axillary lymph node dissection has been questioned. Multiple published reports have attempted to identify clinicopathologic characteristics of the primary tumor and SN that are associated with an increased likelihood of positive nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSN). Because of differences in lymph node evaluation techniques and limited patient numbers in each study, the authors performed a meta‐analysis to assess the regularity and relative strength of association between various characteristics and the risk of NSN metastasis.

METHODS

A MEDLINE search identified 15 candidate studies, 11 of which met the criteria for analysis. General elements of the studies, the pathologic characteristics evaluated, and the results for selected characteristics were compared. Original data were abstracted from each study and used to calculate odds ratios. The Mantel–Haenszel common odds ratios were calculated to determine the relative strength of the associations.

RESULTS

Despite methodologic differences, the correlation between positive NSNs and certain pathologic characteristics was found to be remarkably similar among studies. The 5 individual characteristics found to be associated with the highest likelihood of NSN metastasis are SN metastasis > 2 mm in size, extranodal extension in the SN, tumor size > 2 cm, > 1 positive SN, and lymphovascular invasion in the primary tumor.

CONCLUSIONS

There is general concordance among studies regarding the association between pathologic characteristics and NSN metastasis in breast carcinoma patients with a positive SN. The pooled analysis identified those factors with the strongest associations that should be evaluated routinely in SN specimens and included in prospective databases for the development of a predictive model. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Hormone therapy adjuvant to external beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate carcinoma
Authors: Jani Ashesh B. , Kao Johnny , Hellman Samuel
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

Hormone therapy commonly is used to treat metastatic, locally advanced, and localized prostate carcinoma. The objective of the current investigation was to determine, using the number‐needed‐to‐treat (NNT) method, the effect of using hormone therapy to treat locally advanced disease, with consideration given to both the complications and the known advantages associated with hormone therapy.

METHODS

A literature review was performed to determine 1) the absolute benefit, based on available clinical endpoints, associated with the addition of hormone therapy to external beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate carcinoma; 2) the incidence of side effects of short‐term and long‐term hormone therapy; and 3) the stepwise progression from biochemical failure to death. A model was constructed to estimate the complication/utility‐adjusted survival detriment resulting from the side effects of short‐term (≤ 6 months) and long‐term (> 6 months) hormone therapy, and the absolute/unadjusted and complication‐adjusted NNTs for the addition of short‐term and long‐term hormone therapy were computed. In all cases, the magnitudes and signs of the NNTs obtained were used to gauge the effect of hormone therapy.

RESULTS

The unadjusted NNTs were positive and in most cases had relatively small magnitudes (the greater the NNT, the smaller the benefit) for both short‐term and long‐term hormone therapy; these results were expected, and they suggested that there is a strong benefit associated with the use of hormones adjuvant to radiotherapy for locally advanced disease. Adjusted NNTs remained positive and had relatively small magnitudes even after the introduction into the analysis of complications of short‐term and long‐term hormone therapy. This finding, although weak with respect to the effect of short‐term hormone therapy on cause‐specific survival, remained robust over the range of values for utility impairment expected from short‐term and long‐term hormone therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The benefits of short‐term and long‐term hormone therapy for locally advanced prostate carcinoma appear to be significant and to outweigh the associated side effects. Long‐term therapy appears to be better than short‐term therapy in terms of virtually all endpoints studied, even when the increased incidence of side effects is considered. The current investigation was successful in the use of the complication‐adjusted NNT method for oncologic and radiotherapeutic scenarios in which the results of randomized trials could be summarized, adjusted for treatment toxicity, and individualized to a given patient. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Microscopic analysis of chromium accumulation in the bronchi and lung of chromate workers
Authors: Kondo Kazuya , Takahashi Yuji , Ishikawa Sumiyo , Uchihara Hiroshi , Hirose Yukiko , Yoshizawa Kiyoshi , Tsuyuguchi Masaru , Takizawa Hiromitsu , Miyoshi Takanori , Sakiyama Shoji , Monden Yasumasa
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

It is known that chromium is an inhaled carcinogen and an important risk factor in the development of lung carcinoma.

METHODS

The authors used a microscopic X‐ray fluorescence analyzer with transmitted X‐ray mapping imaging (Horiba, Kyoto, Japan) to measure the accumulation of chromium in 10 resected lung tissue specimens and 90 biopsy specimens from chromate workers.

RESULTS

The maximum chromium accumulation (mean ± standard deviation) in 10 resected lung tissue specimens was 197 ± 238 counts per second (cps)/mili ampere (mA) (range, 4–649 cps/mA). Chromium accumulation was scattered in six tissue specimens and diffuse in one specimen. Chromium accumulation in the proximal bronchi was less than in the bronchioles or subpleural regions of the lung. Chromium accumulation was detectable in 63 (70%) of 90 biopsy specimens, and the mean accumulation was 6.5 ± 9.2 cps/mA (range, 0–46.5 cps/mA). Chromium detected in bronchial tissue specimens was deposited in the bronchial stroma but not in the epithelium. The maximum chromium accumulations in dysplasic (n = 3), squamous metaplastic (n = 10), and normal bronchial epithelia (n = 9) in chromate workers and in normal bronchial epithelia (n = 3) in non‐chromate workers were 20.2 ± 5.4, 18.3 ± 12.2, 13.2 ± 13.4, and 3.0 ± 1.8 cps/mA, respectively. The amount of chromium accumulation significantly increased according to the progression of malignant change of the bronchial epithelium (P = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

Previous studies found that lung carcinoma with chromate exposure exhibited a variety of genetic abnormalities. Considering genetic aberrations and chromium accumulation in these premalignant lesions is useful for elucidating the process of carcinogenesis in chromium‐induced lung carcinoma. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Risk and timing of hospitalization for febrile neutropenia in patients receiving CHOP, CHOP‐R, or CNOP chemotherapy for intermediate‐grade non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Lyman Gary H. , Delgado David J.
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

Hospitalization for chemotherapy‐induced febrile neutropenia is associated with substantial cost and may negatively impact clinical outcome due to associated dose attenuation.

METHODS

Medical records of 1355 patients with intermediate‐grade non‐Hodgkin lymphoma receiving cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or similar chemotherapy were reviewed. The potential risk factors associated with first hospitalization for febrile neutropenia were evaluated.

RESULTS

In the current study, 230 patients (17%) experienced 1 or more hospitalizations for febrile neutropenia and greater than one‐half of all initial hospitalizations for febrile neutropenia occurred in Cycles 1 or 2. Increased risk of hospitalization for febrile neutropenia, based on Cox proportional hazards models, was significantly associated with the following characteristics: age 65 years or older (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.79; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.35–2.37), serum albumin level at presentation less than or equal to 3.5 g/dL (HR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01–1.78), planned average relative dose intensity greater than or equal to 80% (HR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.47–4.98), baseline absolute neutrophil count less than 1500/mm3 (HR = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.28–3.06), and the presence of hepatic disease (HR = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.11–4.28). Lack of early granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in Cycles 1 and 2 was also associated with increased risk of hospitalization for febrile neutropenia, but this did not reach statistical significance. A composite risk score based on these potential risk factors effectively distinguished patients at greater risk of hospitalization for febrile neutropenia (P < 0.001), the majority of which were observed during the first cycle of chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The data from the current study demonstrated that the risk of initial hospitalization for febrile neutropenia occured early in the course of CHOP‐like chemotherapy. Identified risk factors for febrile neutropenia hospitalization may facilitate the use of targeted supportive care. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
A variable diffusion method for mesh smoothing
Authors: Hermansson J. , Hansbo P.
Published: November 2003

In this note we suggest a new approach to mesh smoothing, based on a combination of Laplacian smoothing and Winslow's method. Using our approach, we can avoid mesh folding and maintain/produce element stretch. We also make a comparison with a method due to Giuliani and show that the latter method cannot ensure that folding is avoided. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.