bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description of three new Pipunculus Latreille, 1802 species (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from Central Europe and Turkey
Authors: Kozánek Milan , Valaška Daniel , Kodada Ján
Published: December 2021

Extensive sampling of Pipunculidae in the frame of faunistic research in former Czechoslovakia as well as several other European countries over the last two decades has resulted in the discovery of several unknown species of this family. In this work, we present descriptions of three new species of the genus Pipunculus Latreille, 1802. Pipunculus adami Kozánek, sp. nov. and P. lindae Kozánek, sp. nov. are described from Slovakia and the Czech Republic, P. anatolicus Kozánek, sp. nov. is described on the basis of specimens from Turkey. The detailed redescription of the male of P. wolfi Kowarz, 1887, including the so far unknown male terminalia, is presented. The key taxonomic characters are visualized as interactive microphotographs provided with browsing software.
Đặc điểm và ảnh hưởng của giới tính đến kết quả điều trị bỏng ở người cao tuổi.
Authors: Ngô Minh Đức , Nguyễn Như Lâm
Published: December 2021

Mục tiêu: Xác định đặc điểm và mối liên quan giữa giới tính với kết quả điều trị bệnh nhân bỏng ở người cao tuổi.Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu hồi cứu trên 629 bệnh nhân bỏng người cao tuổi (≥ 65tuổi) điều trị nội trú tại Bệnh viện Bỏng Quốc gia trong giai đoạn từ năm 2015 - 2019. Các chỉ tiêu về nhân khẩu học, đặc điểm tổn thương bỏng, kết quả diều trị được so sánh giữa hai nhóm bệnh nhân nam và nữ.Kết quả: Tỷ lệ bệnh nhân nam và nữ là 51,03% và 48,97%. Bệnh nhân nữ có tuổi cao hơn (75 tuổi so với 72 tuổi; p < 0,05), tác nhân gây bỏng chủ yếu là nhiệt ướt (56,49%), trong khi ở nam giới chủ yếu là do nhiệt khô (57,94%; p < 0,01). So với nhóm bệnh nhân nữ, nhóm bệnh nhân nam có tỷ lệ bỏng sâu cao hơn đáng kể (66,67% so với 54,87%; p < 0,05).Diện tích bỏng chung, diện tích bỏng sâu, tỷ lệ bỏng hô hấp và số lần phẫu thuật không khác nhau đáng kể giữa hai giới (p > 0,05). Chi phí điều trị trung bình cho 1% diện tích bỏng sâu ở nhóm bệnh nhân nam cao hơn đáng kể so với nhóm bệnh nhân nữ (p < 0,05). Tỷ lệ tử vong ở nam giới cao hơn (13,08% so với 9,74%), thời điểm tử vong sau bỏng sớm hơn (9,5 so với 11,5 ngày) nhưng sự khác biệt chưa có ý nghĩa thống kê.Kết luận: Ở người cao tuổi, tác nhân bỏng chủ yếu là nhiệt ướt ở nữ giới và nhiệt khô ở nam giới. Bệnh nhân nam giới có tỷ lệ bị bỏng sâu và chi phí điều trị bỏng sâu cao hơn đáng kể. Tuy nhiên kết quả điều trị không có sự khác biệt giữa hai giới.
Improving the Level and Consistency of Glyphosate-Resistant Canada Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis L.) Control With Bromoxynil-Based Tankmixes Applied Preplant to Soybean
Authors: Dilliott Meghan , Soltani Nader , Robinson Darren E. , Hooker David C. , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: December 2021

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Canada fleabane (Erigeron canadensis L.) is a problematic weed in soybean. Bromoxynil-based tankmixes provide control of GR Canada fleabane in monocot crops; however, there is limited research on preplant (PP) applications in soybean. The objective of this study was to determine the best third tankmix partner with glyphosate plus bromoxynil applied PP to improve the level and consistency of GR Canada fleabane control in soybean. Four field trials were conducted over a two-year (2020, 2021) period. Glyphosate plus bromoxynil controlled GR Canada fleabane 52, 58, and 69% at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after application (WAA) respectively. The addition of saflufenacil to glyphosate plus bromoxynil improved GR Canada fleabane control 39% at 2 WAA and the addition of dicamba to glyphosate plus bromoxynil improved GR Canada fleabane control 39 and 29% at 4 and 8 WAA, respectively. The addition of bromoxynil to glyphosate plus 2,4-D ester or dicamba improved GR Canada fleabane control by 36 and 35%, respectively, at 2 WAA. The addition of bromoxynil to glyphosate plus tiafenacil or pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D improved GR Canada fleabane control by 19% at 8 WAA. The addition of bromoxynil to glyphosate plus metribuzin improved GR Canada fleabane control 31, 32, and 36% at 2, 4, and 8 WAA, respectively. Antagonism was observed between bromoxynil plus glyphosate plus tiafenacil or halauxifen-methyl 8 WAA, while the interaction between bromoxynil plus glyphosate plus pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D was considered synergistic. The addition of metribuzin, tiafenacil, pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D, 2,4-D ester, halauxifen-methyl, saflufenacil or dicamba to glyphosate plus bromoxynil improved the consistency of GR Canada fleabane at 2, 4, and 8 WAA. This study concludes that the addition of saflufenacil or dicamba to glyphosate plus bromoxynil can improve the level and consistency of GR Canada fleabane control applied PP to soybean.
What does the state know (and want to know) about parental involvement in children’s school education?
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Joanna , Walczak Bartłomiej
Published: December 2021

The article poses a question about the scope of information concerning parental involvement, the collection of which results from the provisions of the educational law. The characteristics of the “Parents are school’s partners” requirement have been referred to the framework proposed by Epstein (1995). The analysis of the amendments of the Regulation demonstrates some slight changes in the approach to parental participation, limited to the four types in Epstein’s model (out of the six proposed by this researcher): parenting, communication between the school and the students’ homes, parental volunteering and decision-making participation. The changes are aimed at subtly limiting the of parents' influence, there are no attempts to extend the provisions of the Regulation to include other forms of participation.
Then, based on the data collected during external evaluations in 94 schools (survey study on a non-random sample of 6676 parents and 86 group interviews with parents), a descriptive and comparative analysis of individual indicators was carried out, as well as thematic coding of fragments of the transcription of group interviews. Parents declare a relatively high level of satisfaction with the received support and decision-making participation, slightly lower with communication. These results vary depending on educational level and school type, which may be explained by the connection between involvement and child’s age and the differentiation in class allocation. The qualitative analysis shows that the decision-making participation, in most cases, does not exceed the minimum required by the educational law, and the exceptions to this rule are mostly artifactic activities.
Formação Inicial e Continuada de Professores de Matemática no Contexto da Realidade Aumentada
Authors: Abar Celina Aparecida Almeida Pereira , Cunha Daniela Vieira
Published: December 2021

Este artigo é resultado de um projeto de formação de professores de Matemática para o uso de tecnologias digitais e com propostas de ações inovadoras. Tem como objetivo identificar, a partir de reflexões apresentadas pelos participantes de duas oficinas realizadas no contexto da Realidade Aumentada (RA), contribuições desse processo formativo. Aspectos do ciclo expansivo na perspectiva de Engeström (1987) foram considerados nas análises dos momentos de participação dos professores nas atividades desenvolvidas. Nos últimos anos e, atualmente, a pesquisa e a prática mostraram que o uso da tecnologia pode desempenhar um papel importante na compreensão de conteúdos matemáticos. O professor deve estar preparado para o uso das tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação (TDIC) na prática docente, para que possa aprimorar o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem de conteúdos matemáticos. Por ser uma tecnologia atual, muitos docentes desconhecem a importante contribuição da RA como uma prática pedagógica. Este artigo discorre sobre duas propostas de oficinas de formação inicial e de formação continuada no contexto da RA por meio de manipulação de sólidos. Os participantes foram professores em formação inicial e professores do Ensino Fundamental II, e os aplicativos de RA utilizados foram Augment e GeoGebra 3D com RA. A proposta despertou o interesse de professores pela possibilidade e capacidade de ensinar de forma divertida e confortável para o aluno.
Successful Treatment of Nannizziopsis guarroi Infection using Systemic Terbinafine in a Central Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps)
Authors: Foltin Eliana T , Keller Krista A
Published: December 2021

Nannizziopsis guarroi infection in lizards presents therapeutic challenges as reports of poor clinical outcomes, including antifungal toxicity, incomplete clearance of infection and recrudescence of infection are common. The case presented here describes the successful treatment of a N. guarroi infection using systemic terbinafine and environmental disinfection in a captive-bred central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). The lizard presented with darkly colored cutaneous lesions and mycologic culture samples were identified as N. guarroi using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization – Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF). Based upon the lack of clinical resolution of cutaneous lesions, weight loss, and reduced appetite, initial treatment with voriconazole was discontinued. Terbinafine was prescribed and weekly environmental disinfection with sodium hypochlorite was initiated until cutaneous clearance of the fungus was confirmed by negative culture, histopathology, and N. guarroi qPCR from cutaneous swab. Terbinafine treatment was discontinued after 80 days. There were no clinical signs of toxicity associated with the prolonged treatment and the lizard has not developed any cutaneous lesions or illness in more than two years of clinical follow up. While the most ideal treatment of N. guarroi is still being investigated, this case demonstrates a promising and safe treatment option for an increasingly common and devastating disease.
Climate Change Injustice
Authors: Francis Blake ,   Center for Environmental Philosophy, The University of North Texas
Published: December 2021

Many climate change ethicists argue wealthy nations have duties of justice to combat climate change. However, Posner and Weisbach disagree because there is a poor fit between the principles of justice and the problem of climate change. I argue in this paper that Posner and Weisbach’s argument relies on what Judith Shklar calls “the normal model of justice,” the view that injustice results when principles are violated. Applying Shklar’s critique of normal justice, I argue that Posner and Weisbach’s argument limits injustice to include complaints that match rules and principles, shielding the unjust from responsibility and assuming falsely that judgments about injustice can be made from a singular perspective. Drawing on Shklar, this paper develops an account of climate change as a complement to mainstream climate ethicists. On this account, injustice results from indifference and the voices of those impacted by climate change and climate change policy have priority.
Through Virtues to Knowledge
Authors: Karimov Artur R. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2021

By all accounts, virtue epistemology is making a value turn in contemporary analytic epistemology. In this article, this twist is explicated through the transformation of the understanding of epistemic values and the value of the epistemic. In the first sense, we are talking about how the view has changed on what determines the epistemic value of such categories as truth, knowledge, understanding, etc. In the second sense, we are talking about the value of our epistemic concepts (the value of the epistemic): what is true belief, knowledge, etc. for? It is shown how the causal link between our beliefs and intellectual virtues allows us to explain the nature and value of knowledge as a central category of epistemology. The author reveals the difference between the main types of virtue epistemology through the prism of two different approaches to the justification of values: value internalism and value externalism. Value externalism assumes that a state/motive/action gains value from something outside of a person's consciousness. In contrast, value internalism holds that the conditions that determine value are internal to consciousness. For reliabilism, the value of cognitive success lies in its causal connection with the reliable competences of the subject, for responsibilism – with virtuous motives of cognitive activity. Common to reliabilism and responsibilism is that they shift the focus from the value of an effect (truth) to its relationship with the value of a cause – an ability or excellent trait of intellectual character. The main approaches to substantiating the fundamental value of knowledge in virtue epistemology are analyzed. If for reliabilism the highest epistemic value is truth as cognitive achievement, then for responsibilism the value of epistemic categories is primarily in their moral significance – the achievement of a good life and happiness (eudaimonia). In conclusion, the problematic aspects of virtue epistemology are formulated and promising directions for its further development are shown.
Virtue Epistemology as Anti-luck Epistemology
Authors: Chernyak Alexey Z. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2021

The idea that knowledge as an individual mental attitude with certain propositional content is not only true justified belief but a belief the truth of which does not result from any kind of luck, is widely spread in contemporary epistemology. This account is known as anti-luck epistemology. A very popular explanation of the inconsistency of that concept of knowledge with the luck-dependent nature of truth (so called veritic luck taking place when a subject’s belief could not be true if not by mere coincidence) presumes that the status of propositional knowledge crucially depends on the qualities of actions that result in the corresponding belief, or processes backing them, which reflect the socalled intellectual virtues mainly responsible for subject’s relevant competences. This account known as Virtue Epistemology presumes that if a belief is true exclusively or mainly due to its dependence on intellectual virtues, it just cannot be true by luck, hence no place for lucky knowledge. But this thesis is hard to prove given the existence of true virtuous beliefs which could nevertheless be false if not for some lucky (for the knower) accident. This led to an appearance of virtue epistemological theories aimed specifically at an assimilation of such cases. Their authors try to represent the relevant situations as such where the contribution of luck is not crucial whereas the contribution of virtues is crucial. This article provides a critical analysis of the corresponding arguments as part of a more general study of the ability of Virtue Epistemology to provide justification for the thesis of incompatibility of propositional knowledge with veritic luck. It is shown that there are good reasons to doubt that Virtue Epistemology can do this.
The Virtues Needed by Experts in Action
Authors: Lavazza Andrea , Farina Mirko ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2021

The current Covid-19 pandemic is illustrative of both the need of more experts and of the difficulties that can arise in the face of their decisions. This happens, we argue, because experts usually interact with society through a strongly naturalistic framework, which often places experts’ epistemic authority (understood as neutrality and objectivity) at the centre, sometimes at the expenses of other pluralistic values (such as axiological ones) that people (often non-experts) cherish. In this paper, we argue that we need to supplement such a strong naturalistic framework used to promote epistemic authority with a number of virtues -both intellectual and ethical- which include i. intellectual humility, ii. courage, iii. wisdom and cares, as well as iv. relational autonomy. To illustrate this claim, we discuss these ideas in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic and analyse a set of real-life examples where important decisions have been delegated to experts merely based on their epistemic authority. We use the illustrative failures described in the case studies above-mentioned to call for a revision of current understandings of expertise (merely based on epistemic soundness). Specifically, we argue that in social contexts we increasingly need “experts in action”; that is, people with certified specialist knowledge, who can however translate it into practical suggestions, decisions, and/or public policies that are ethically more balanced and that ultimately lead to fairer, more inclusive, and more representative decisions.
Environmental Ethics and Sustainability in Indian Thought
Authors: Singh Rana P. B. ,   Society for Indian Philosophy and Religion
Published: December 2021

Religion (dharma) plays a vital role in the Hindu (Sanatana) quest for understanding and practicing harmony between nature and humanity that result into the formation of a cosmological awakening, i.e. 'transcending the universe.' The importance and applicability of such new consciousness is a sign in promoting global humanism in the 21st century, where environmental ethics and sustainability are the wheels of making the future more humane and peaceful. Arne Naess, who coined the term 'deep ecology' conceiving humankind as an integral part of its environment, gives credit to Gandhi. Gandhi’s contributions help to re-awaken the human spirit to self-realisation, finally leading to revelation promoting human coexistence with nature sustainably, mostly through re-interpretation of Vedantic thought. Under the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) the ideas of Gandhi are recognised as a path that makes human coexistence stronger, feasible and co-sharedness, sustainable in peace and harmony with nature. This essay presents ecospiritual contextuality and its vitality concerning a sustainable perspective in line with Gandhi's vision and way of life.
Extensive palatal swelling and asymptomatic pulp necrosis in a patient with sickle cell trait
Authors: De-Lima Nahida Sarhan , Matos Lídia Roth , Matos Danilo Barreto , Dantas Juliana Borges de Lima , Torregrossa Vinicius Rabelo
Published: December 2021

Although sickle cell trait (SCT) has been seen as a benign condition over time, data are accumulating of serious complications due to red cell sickling enhanced by hypoxia, acidosis, dehydration, increased blood viscosity, and hypothermia. Asymptomatic pulp necrosis (APN) is a commonly reported oral complication in patients diagnosed with sickle cell disease. However, no data are associating APN in SCT patients. We report a clinical case of an extensive palatal swelling secondary to multiple APN in a patient with SCT. A 37-year-old woman diagnosed with SCT was referred for evaluation of a year-long expanding palatal swelling of the left anterior maxilla. Clinical examination revealed a negative response to the cold test in two intact permanent teeth associated with the lesion, which were referred to endodontic treatment. After that, an exploratory biopsy of the region was performed, which consisted of enucleation and curettage of all the periapical tissue. Histopathological examination confirmed the hypothesis of a periapical granuloma secondary to APN. A degree of clinical suspicion is required by dentists when pulpal necrosis of unknown origin is presented by patients with SCT.
The Role of Gender Power Imbalances in the Spread of HIV among Women in Intimate Relationships: Guidelines for Social Work Practice
Authors: Leburu-Masigo Goitseone Emelda , Kgadima Nathaniel Phuti
Published: December 2021

Gender power imbalances and HIV are concerns that affect women globally. Social workers are ethically committed to help people affected with HIV and thereby promote gender equality. Although the literature has documented the nexus between gender imbalances and HIV, scant research explores these problems concurrently within the social work profession. Drawing on the resource theory and gender and power theory, this article undertook a qualitative exploratory to gain insights into women's perspectives on gender power imbalances as a risk factor for HIV transmission in rural communities of Ngaka Modiri Molema District, North West Province. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants while data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings demonstrate that unequal power relations between men and women in intimate relationships negatively affect women’s lives in diverse ways. This gendered impact of HIV infections for women remains intact due to the rooted gender norms that limit their ability to protect themselves against risky sexual behavior by their male partners. Disclosure of one's status remains a complex stigma attached to HIV. Social work empowerment interventions that seek to enhance equality in intimate relationships are recommended.
Covid-19 Vaccine and Scholastic Performance of Learners: A Perspective of Internal Stakeholders
Authors: Modiba Ngwako Solomon
Published: December 2021

This paper interrogates the relationship between the availability of the Covid-19 vaccine and the impressive learner results in secondary schools. The paper resulted from diverse discourses, some of which emphasize that the prevalence of Covid-19 in the world has dampened schools' learning moods to the level of flooring learner performance. This paper is conceptual and empirical within the qualitative research paradigm. The question guiding this paper is: to what extent could secondary schools produce inspiring learner results through revelatory information on the availability of vaccination for Covid-19 sufferers? Narrative inquiry and interviewing techniques were used to collect data. Out of the population of 15 secondary schools in one of the circuits in Sekhukhune district in Limpopo Province, South Africa, 3 were conveniently sampled. In each of the 3 sampled secondary schools, only Deputy Chairpersons of the School Governing Bodies and Chairpersons of the Representative Council of Learners became research participants. Findings revealed that underrating the revelatory information of vaccine availability for Covid-19 sufferers was costly for schools. Secondly, failure to consolidate learner solidarity against Covid-19 to improve the quality of schooling life was a problem. Thirdly, the inability by schools to prevent passive teaching and learning through the utilization of the Covid-19 threat. Fourthly, the inability by secondary schools to apply Covid-19 threat to encourage overachievement by learners. Fifthly, inability by schools to push back the frontiers of mediocre performance by applying Covid-19 as a rallying point. Lastly, schools failed to utilize the prevalence of Covid-19 to keep pupils psychologically and developmentally ready for lessons. The researcher recommends applying the ebullient classroom environments to keep teaching and learning memorable, theatrical, and therapeutic, despite the prevalence of the Covid-19 pandemic.
The Role of Contexts in the Construction of Academic Identity in Selected South African Universities
Authors: Matsepe David , Maluleke Mugwena
Published: December 2021

Using qualitative interviews and document analysis, that is, national and institutional policies, the study is embedded on the assumption that the purpose of the academic career is knowledge creation, dissemination, and the acquisition and promotion of high-level skills that contribute to scholarship and the support of the economy of knowledge. This implies that academics create knowledge in pursuit of the academic career to develop scholarship. Given the identity-subjectivity-agency theory, the study set out to examine the global and local contexts or dynamics that affect the academic career in constructing academic identity and how they apply to the South African higher education landscape. We argue that the legacy of apartheid affected academic careers differently as higher education institutions were divided, separated, and segregated along racial lines with different purposes. They shaped the roles of academics in different ways, with some enjoying academic freedom and autonomy while some are operating as public servants. Moreover, university academic staff should be encouraged and enabled to advance knowledge. Thus, the study recognizes the need for high-level skills and knowledge creation, which require greater attention to the nature of academic careers.
Estimation of a Minimum Allowable Structural Strength based on
Uncertainty in Material Test Data
Authors: Fong Jeffrey T. , Heckert N. Alan , Filliben James J. , Marcal Pedro V. , Freiman Stephen W.
Published: December 2021

Three types of uncertainties exist in the estimation of the minimum fracture strength of a full-scale component or structure size. The first, to be called the “model selection uncertainty,” is in selecting a statistical distribution that best fits the laboratory test data. The second, to be called the “laboratory-scale strength uncertainty,” is in estimating model parameters of a specific distribution from which the minimum failure strength of a material at a certain confidence level is estimated using the laboratory test data. To extrapolate the laboratory-scale strength prediction to that of a full-scale component, a third uncertainty exists that can be called the “full-scale strength uncertainty.” In this paper, we develop a three-step approach to estimating the minimum strength of a full-scale component using two metrics: One metric is based on six goodness-of-fit and parameter-estimation-method criteria, and the second metric is based on the uncertainty quantification of the so-called A-basis design allowable (99 % coverage at 95 % level of confidence) of the full-scale component. The three steps of our approach are: (1) Find the “best” model for the sample data from a list of five candidates, namely, normal, two-parameter Weibull, three-parameter Weibull, two-parameter lognormal, and three-parameter lognormal. (2) For each model, estimate (2a) the parameters of that model with uncertainty using the sample data, and (2b) the minimum strength at the laboratory scale at 95 % level of confidence. (3) Introduce the concept of “coverage” and estimate the full-scale allowable minimum strength of the component at 95 % level of confidence for two types of coverages commonly used in the aerospace industry, namely, 99 % (A-basis for critical parts) and 90 % (B-basis for less critical parts). This uncertainty-based approach is novel in all three steps: In step-1 we use a composite goodness-of-fit metric to rank and select the “best” distribution, in step-2 we introduce uncertainty quantification in estimating the parameters of each distribution, and in step-3 we introduce the concept of an uncertainty metric based on the estimates of the upper and lower tolerance limits of the so-called A-basis design allowable minimum strength. To illustrate the applicability of this uncertainty-based approach to a diverse group of data, we present results of our analysis for six sets of laboratory failure strength data from four engineering materials. A discussion of the significance and limitations of this approach and some concluding remarks are included.
INKLUSION I DET DIGITALE FÆLLESSKAB
Authors: Skovgaard Mads , Bendixen Søren Elias
Published: December 2021

Med udgangspunkt i et lokalt hackerfællesskab på Manhattan i New York City udforskes i denne artikel de sociale og politiske omstændigheder, der udspiller sig i udviklingen af software til politiske formål. Hackerfællesskabet definerer sig selv som en del af Den Progressive Bevægelse, en venstreorienteret bevægelse, der er inspireret af institutionelt uafhængige og decentraliserede politiske bevægelser som Occupy Wall Street, men alligevel arbejder for at få politikere, som de er enige med, valgt ind i etablerede politiske embedspositioner. Hackerfællesskabet mødes for at (videre)udvikle open source-software, der skal bidrage til det progressive politiske projekt. Det er tidligere blevet beskrevet i antropologisk litteratur, hvordan open source-softwarehackerfællesskaber lader sig guide af en bestemt liberalt inspireret hackermoral, men ved Den Politiske Hack Night introduceres ligeledes et progressivt ideal om inklusion som et ledende aspekt i organiseringen. Denne artikel undersøger således, hvad der sker, når hackerfællesskaber opstår i kraft af en venstreorienteret politisk agenda og dermed udformer sig i skæringspunktet mellem hacking af open source-software og progressiv politik. I forlængelse af dette argumenterer artiklen for, at denne form for politisk motiveret hacking kan forstås i lyset af Claude Lévi-Strauss’ begreb bricolage, da denne form for hacking forener umiddelbart modsatrettede idealer i et samlet repertoire, der skaber rammerne for den sociale og politiske aktivitet omkring hackerfællesskabet. Vores analyse illustrerer endvidere, hvordan de forskellige politiske og moralske dele af vores informanters repertoire løbende er til forhandling og kontinuerligt udvikles i relation til hinanden inden for rammerne af den eksisterende bricolage.

Søgeord: hacking, politik, progressivisme, inklusion, open source-software, bricolage
At undskylde eller ikke undskylde
Authors: Madsen My
Published: December 2021

MY MADSEN: At undskylde eller ikke undskylde
DEN TAKSONOMISKE TAKTSTOK
Authors: Madsen Stig Toft
Published: December 2021

Nærværende artikel tager udgangspunkt i ny viden om fuglenes evolution på forskellige taksonomiske niveauer. Især artsniveauet nyder hobbyornitologernes bevågenhed, idet en videnskabeligt sanktioneret taksonomi på artsniveau muliggør en indbyrdes kappestrid om at opdage og afkrydse det størst mulige antal arter på forskellige afkrydsningslister. Fordi mange amatørornitologer har opbygget en høj grad af ekspertise, er de i stand til at interagere med professionelle eksperter. Feltfolket udgør på denne måde både en ressource for videnskaben og et eksternt, eller subalternt, korrektur, som i praksis kan gøre krav på at føre „taksonomiens taktstok“. Artiklen gennemgår otte udvalgte events i efteråret 2019 for at illustrere, hvordan sjældne fugle opdages, bestemmes og – ikke mindst ved granskning af fotos – efterbestemmes. Videnskabssociologien har siden 1960’erne udviklet sig i en postmodernistisk retning, som i sine identitetspolitiske afskygninger i 2020 blandt andet førte til, at Carl von Linné blev anklaget for at være den videnskabelige racismes grundlægger. Identitetspolitikken kan udgøre en udfordring for ornitologien, men foreløbig står idéen om, at arter har en central plads i den taksonomiske orden til troende. Ikke alt er sløret og multipelt, som postmodernismen foreskriver.

Søgeord: ornitologi, fuglearter, taksonomi, ekspertise, falsifikation, postmodernisme
Feral Atlas
Authors: Andersen Astrid Oberborbeck
Published: December 2021

Rejsebeskrivelser fra Feral Atlas: Feral Atlas
Kapitalens vildtlevende ringvirkninger
Authors: Sørensen Anne-Sofie Lautrup
Published: December 2021

Rejsebeskrivelser fra Feral Atlas: Kapitalens vildtlevende ringvirkninger
Mother, Mothers: Forms and Contents of Maternity. A Simmelian Interpretation of Surrogate Motherhood
Authors: Guizzardi Luca
Published: December 2021

Right from its very origins the debate on surrogate motherhood has fed on its own complexity, rather than achieving sure, unambiguous propositions over its goodness or inhumanity. This article offers a Simmelian interpretation of this modern form of maternity. Through Simmelian epistemology, the author identifies the key for overcoming some dilem-mas which have always accompanied the debate over the goodness or otherwise of surrogacy: whether it is the alienation or the realisation of the woman, the role of money and the value of surrogacy as an act of giving life.
Application of Alternative Energy Trigeneration for Balancing of Loads and Sustainable Quality Assurance in Smart Energy Networks
Authors: Dzelzītis Egīls
Published: December 2021

The object of the research is micro-grids in district heating systems and the end consumers of the thermal energy from these systems. Topicality of the Thesis: The National Energy and Climate Plan of Latvia for 2030. The aim of the Doctoral Thesis is to design the energy management model for micro-grids with passive buildings and ecological trigeneration by using renewable energy resources.
ACTIVITIES OF PROXIMAL TUBULE ENZYMES AND ALBUMIN CONCENTRATION IN URINE OF CHILDREN TREATED WITH METHOTREXATE
Authors: Vujić Tatjana , Davidović Plavšić Biljana , Uletilović Snežana , Stoisavljević Šatara Svjetlana , Predojević Samardžić Jelica , Saničanin Živko
Published: December 2021

In order to study methotrexate nephrotoxicity, the activities of proximal tubule epithelial cell membrane enzymes: alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), as well as of lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and urinary albumin concentrations were determined in 12-h-urine samples of 30 patients with lymphoblastomous leukemia. The patients were i.v. receiving 4 individual methotrexate doses of 2000 mg/m2 every 15 days followed by leucovorin as a protector. Control and methotrexate-treated group, each consisting of 30 examinees, included 4–10 years old children of both sexes. Statistically significant increase of AAP and GGT activities, expressed as U/mmol creatinine was observed after the first two (p 0.05), as well as after the remaining two therapies (p 0.01) in relation to the control. Enzymatic activities of these two enzymes decreased to control value before the second and the third methotrexate application, but they increased again after the third application and remained elevated up to the end of experiments. Significant increase of NAG activity expressed as U/mmol creatinine (p 0.01), as well as urinary albumin levels (mg/mmol creatinine; p 0.01) were registered after the third methotrexate therapy and this elevation of the same statistical significance of the differences remained stable till the end of the therapy. Based on these results it can be concluded that during the time period of two first applications nephrotoxic methotrexate action is reversible and at the level of proximal tubule epithelial cell membranes. During the last two applications impairment is irreversible and at the level of cell organelles and glomerular filtration.
A conserved strategy for inducing appendage regeneration in moon jellyfish, Drosophila, and mice
Authors: Abrams Michael J , Tan Fayth Hui , Li Yutian , Basinger Ty , Heithe Martin L , Sarma Anish , Lee Iris T , Condiotte Zevin J , Raffiee Misha , Dabiri John O , Gold David A , Goentoro Lea
Published: December 2021

Can limb regeneration be induced? Few have pursued this question, and an evolutionarily conserved strategy has yet to emerge. This study reports a strategy for inducing regenerative response in appendages, which works across three species that span the animal phylogeny. In Cnidaria, the frequency of appendage regeneration in the moon jellyfish Aurelia was increased by feeding with the amino acid L-leucine and the growth hormone insulin. In insects, the same strategy induced tibia regeneration in adult Drosophila. Finally, in mammals, L-leucine and sucrose administration induced digit regeneration in adult mice, including dramatically from mid-phalangeal amputation. The conserved effect of L-leucine and insulin/sugar suggests a key role for energetic parameters in regeneration induction. The simplicity by which nutrient supplementation can induce appendage regeneration provides a testable hypothesis across animals.
Is preclinical research in cancer biology reproducible enough?
Authors: Kane Patrick Bodilly , Kimmelman Jonathan
Published: December 2021

The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology (RPCB) was established to provide evidence about reproducibility in basic and preclinical cancer research, and to identify the factors that influence reproducibility more generally. In this commentary we address some of the scientific, ethical and policy implications of the project. We liken the basic and preclinical cancer research enterprise to a vast 'diagnostic machine' that is used to determine which clinical hypotheses should be advanced for further development, including clinical trials. The results of the RPCB suggest that this diagnostic machine currently recommends advancing many findings that are not reproducible. While concerning, we believe that more work needs to be done to evaluate the performance of the diagnostic machine. Specifically, we believe three questions remain unanswered: how often does the diagnostic machine correctly recommend against advancing real effects to clinical testing?; what are the relative costs to society of false positive and false negatives?; and how well do scientists and others interpret the outputs of the machine?
Pathogen invasion-dependent tissue reservoirs and plasmid-encoded antibiotic degradation boost plasmid spread in the gut
Authors: Bakkeren Erik , Herter Joana Anuschka , Huisman Jana Sanne , Steiger Yves , Gül Ersin , Newson Joshua Patrick Mark , Brachmann Alexander Oliver , Piel Jörn , Regoes Roland , Bonhoeffer Sebastian , Diard Médéric , Hardt Wolf-Dietrich
Published: December 2021

Many plasmids encode antibiotic resistance genes. Through conjugation, plasmids can be rapidly disseminated. Previous work identified gut luminal donor/recipient blooms and tissue-lodged plasmid-bearing persister cells of the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) that survive antibiotic therapy in host tissues, as factors promoting plasmid dissemination among Enterobacteriaceae. However, the buildup of tissue reservoirs and their contribution to plasmid spread await experimental demonstration. Here, we asked if re-seeding-plasmid acquisition-invasion cycles by S.Tm could serve to diversify tissue-lodged plasmid reservoirs, and thereby promote plasmid spread. Starting with intraperitoneal mouse infections, we demonstrate that S.Tm cells re-seeding the gut lumen initiate clonal expansion. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) plasmid-encoded gut luminal antibiotic degradation by donors can foster recipient survival under beta-lactam antibiotic treatment, enhancing transconjugant formation upon re-seeding. S.Tm transconjugants can subsequently re-enter host tissues introducing the new plasmid into the tissue-lodged reservoir. Population dynamics analyses pinpoint recipient migration into the gut lumen as rate-limiting for plasmid transfer dynamics in our model. Priority effects may be a limiting factor for reservoir formation in host tissues. Overall, our proof-of-principle data indicates that luminal antibiotic degradation and shuttling between the gut lumen and tissue-resident reservoirs can promote the accumulation and spread of plasmids within a host over time.
Cortico-subcortical β burst dynamics underlying movement cancellation in humans
Authors: Diesburg Darcy A , Greenlee Jeremy DW , Wessel Jan R
Published: December 2021

Dominant neuroanatomical models hold that humans regulate their movements via loop-like cortico-subcortical networks, which include the subthalamic nucleus (STN), motor thalamus, and sensorimotor cortex (SMC). Inhibitory commands across these networks are purportedly sent via transient, burst-like signals in the β frequency (15–29 Hz). However, since human depth-recording studies are typically limited to one recording site, direct evidence for this proposition is hitherto lacking. Here, we present simultaneous multi-site recordings from SMC and either STN or motor thalamus in humans performing the stop-signal task. In line with their purported function as inhibitory signals, subcortical β-bursts were increased on successful stop-trials. STN bursts in particular were followed within 50 ms by increased β-bursting over SMC. Moreover, between-site comparisons (including in a patient with simultaneous recordings from SMC, thalamus, and STN) confirmed that β-bursts in STN temporally precede thalamic β-bursts. This highly unique set of recordings provides empirical evidence for the role of β-bursts in conveying inhibitory commands along long-proposed cortico-subcortical networks underlying movement regulation in humans.
Serine ADP-ribosylation marks nucleosomes for ALC1-dependent chromatin remodeling
Authors: Mohapatra Jugal , Tashiro Kyuto , Beckner Ryan L , Sierra Jorge , Kilgore Jessica A , Williams Noelle S , Liszczak Glen
Published: December 2021

Serine ADP-ribosylation (ADPr) is a DNA damage-induced post-translational modification catalyzed by the PARP1/2:HPF1 complex. As the list of PARP1/2:HPF1 substrates continues to expand, there is a need for technologies to prepare mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins for biochemical interrogation. Here, we investigate the unique peptide ADPr activities catalyzed by PARP1 in the absence and presence of HPF1. We then exploit these activities to develop a method that facilitates installation of ADP-ribose polymers onto peptides with precise control over chain length and modification site. Importantly, the enzymatically mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylated peptides are fully compatible with protein ligation technologies. This chemoenzymatic protein synthesis strategy was employed to assemble a series of full-length, ADP-ribosylated histones and show that ADPr at histone H2B serine 6 or histone H3 serine 10 converts nucleosomes into robust substrates for the chromatin remodeler ALC1. We found ALC1 preferentially remodels ‘activated’ substrates within heterogeneous mononucleosome populations and asymmetrically ADP-ribosylated dinucleosome substrates, and that nucleosome serine ADPr is sufficient to stimulate ALC1 activity in nuclear extracts. Our study identifies a biochemical function for nucleosome serine ADPr and describes a new, highly modular approach to explore the impact that site-specific serine mono- and poly-ADPr have on protein function.
Investigating the replicability of preclinical cancer biology
Authors: Errington Timothy M , Mathur Maya , Soderberg Courtney K , Denis Alexandria , Perfito Nicole , Iorns Elizabeth , Nosek Brian A
Published: December 2021

Replicability is an important feature of scientific research, but aspects of contemporary research culture, such as an emphasis on novelty, can make replicability seem less important than it should be. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology was set up to provide evidence about the replicability of preclinical research in cancer biology by repeating selected experiments from high-impact papers. A total of 50 experiments from 23 papers were repeated, generating data about the replicability of a total of 158 effects. Most of the original effects were positive effects (136), with the rest being null effects (22). A majority of the original effect sizes were reported as numerical values (117), with the rest being reported as representative images (41). We employed seven methods to assess replicability, and some of these methods were not suitable for all the effects in our sample. One method compared effect sizes: for positive effects, the median effect size in the replications was 85% smaller than the median effect size in the original experiments, and 92% of replication effect sizes were smaller than the original. The other methods were binary – the replication was either a success or a failure – and five of these methods could be used to assess both positive and null effects when effect sizes were reported as numerical values. For positive effects, 40% of replications (39/97) succeeded according to three or more of these five methods, and for null effects 80% of replications (12/15) were successful on this basis; combining positive and null effects, the success rate was 46% (51/112). A successful replication does not definitively confirm an original finding or its theoretical interpretation. Equally, a failure to replicate does not disconfirm a finding, but it does suggest that additional investigation is needed to establish its reliability.
Analysis of long and short enhancers in melanoma cell states
Authors: Mauduit David , Taskiran Ibrahim Ihsan , Minnoye Liesbeth , de Waegeneer Maxime , Christiaens Valerie , Hulselmans Gert , Demeulemeester Jonas , Wouters Jasper , Aerts Stein
Published: December 2021

Understanding how enhancers drive cell-type specificity and efficiently identifying them is essential for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. In melanoma, the melanocytic (MEL) and the mesenchymal-like (MES) states present themselves with different responses to therapy, making the identification of specific enhancers highly relevant. Using massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) in a panel of patient-derived melanoma lines (MM lines), we set to identify and decipher melanoma enhancers by first focusing on regions with state-specific H3K27 acetylation close to differentially expressed genes. An in-depth evaluation of those regions was then pursued by investigating the activity of overlapping ATAC-seq peaks along with a full tiling of the acetylated regions with 190 bp sequences. Activity was observed in more than 60% of the selected regions, and we were able to precisely locate the active enhancers within ATAC-seq peaks. Comparison of sequence content with activity, using the deep learning model DeepMEL2, revealed that AP-1 alone is responsible for the MES enhancer activity. In contrast, SOX10 and MITF both influence MEL enhancer function with SOX10 being required to achieve high levels of activity. Overall, our MPRAs shed light on the relationship between long and short sequences in terms of their sequence content, enhancer activity, and specificity across melanoma cell states.
Rat sensitivity to multipoint statistics is predicted by efficient coding of natural scenes
Authors: Caramellino Riccardo , Piasini Eugenio , Buccellato Andrea , Carboncino Anna , Balasubramanian Vijay , Zoccolan Davide
Published: December 2021

Efficient processing of sensory data requires adapting the neuronal encoding strategy to the statistics of natural stimuli. Previously, in Hermundstad et al., 2014, we showed that local multipoint correlation patterns that are most variable in natural images are also the most perceptually salient for human observers, in a way that is compatible with the efficient coding principle. Understanding the neuronal mechanisms underlying such adaptation to image statistics will require performing invasive experiments that are impossible in humans. Therefore, it is important to understand whether a similar phenomenon can be detected in animal species that allow for powerful experimental manipulations, such as rodents. Here we selected four image statistics (from single- to four-point correlations) and trained four groups of rats to discriminate between white noise patterns and binary textures containing variable intensity levels of one of such statistics. We interpreted the resulting psychometric data with an ideal observer model, finding a sharp decrease in sensitivity from two- to four-point correlations and a further decrease from four- to three-point. This ranking fully reproduces the trend we previously observed in humans, thus extending a direct demonstration of efficient coding to a species where neuronal and developmental processes can be interrogated and causally manipulated.