bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short‐term control of diet affects cisplatin‐induced acute kidney injury through modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial GSH
Authors: Kim Ji Su , Han Yong Kwon , Kong Min Jung , Park Kwon Moo
Published: June 2022

Obesity affects acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by various clinical settings, including transplantation and cisplatin‐cancer therapy. However, the effect of short‐term food intake change remains to be defined. Here, we investigated the effects of short‐term high‐fat diet intake and food restriction on cisplatin‐induced AKI. Mice were fed either a high‐fat diet (HFD) or a low‐fat diet (LFD) for 11 days or were not fed for 40 hh (fasting), before cisplatin administration. Cisplatin‐induced functional and structural damages to kidneys in both HFD‐ and LFD‐fed mice, with greater damages in HFD‐fed mice than LFD‐fed mice. HFD decreased mitochondrial total glutathione (tGSH) level, along with increases in the plasma and kidney cholesterol levels. Cisplatin caused the increase of kidney cholesterol levels and oxidative stress, along with the decrease of mitochondrial tGSH levels. In addition, cisplatin‐induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis of tubular cells in both HFD‐ and LFD‐fed mice. An increase of Fis1 (mitochondria fission 1 protein), whereas a decrease of Opa1 (mitochondria fusion 1 protein) occurred by cisplatin. These cisplatin effects were greater in HFD‐fed mice than in LFD‐fed mice. Administration of mitochondria‐specific antioxidant treatment during HFD feeding inhibited these cisplatin‐induced changes. Fasting for 40 h also significantly reduced the cisplatin‐induced changes mentioned above. These data demonstrate that short‐term HFD intake worsens cisplatin‐induced oxidative stress by the reduction of mitochondrial tGSH, resulting in increased cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity. These data newly indicate that the control of calorie intake, even for a short period, affects kidney susceptibility to injury. Although most studies described the effects of a long‐term high‐fat diet on the kidneys, in this study, we found that even if a high‐fat diet was consumed for a short‐term, physiological changes and mitochondria tGSH decrease in the kidneys, and consequently increased cisplatin‐nephrotoxic susceptibility. These data suggest the association of calorie intake with kidney susceptibility to cisplatin.
Durability of and role of AKT in FGF7p urothelial protection against cyclophosphamide
Authors: Narla Sridhar Tatarao , Rice Lori , Ostrov David , Bushnell Daniel Scott , Duara Joanne Lindsey , Bates Carlton Matthew
Published: June 2022

We previously identified a peptide derived from human fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7p) that blocks urothelial apoptosis similar to full‐length FGF7, although effects of FGF7p on urothelial repair are unknown. Also, while urothelial AKT activation downstream of FGF7p correlated with the anti‐apoptotic effects, we have not directly interrogated the role of AKT in mediating the cytoprotection. Our goal was to assess effects of FGF7p on urothelial repair and the role of AKT signaling in mediating the cytoprotective effects of FGF7p. We performed hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), TUNEL, and/or immunofluorescence (IF) staining for various markers in FGF7p‐treated mice 28 days after giving cyclophosphamide or after co‐administering a systemic AKT antagonist with FGF7p 24 h after cyclophosphamide. Vehicle‐treated and injured mice had hyperplastic urothelium, incomplete return of mature superficial cell markers, ongoing proliferation, and continued presence of basal progenitor markers 28 days after injury; conversely, FGF7p‐treated mice had normal numbers of urothelial cell layers, nearly complete return of superficial cell markers, limited proliferation and fewer basal progenitor cells 28 days post‐injury. Vehicle‐treated mice also had ectopic lumenal basal progenitor cell markers, while FGF7p had none 28 days after cyclophosphamide. Co‐administration of an AKT inhibitor largely abrogated FGF7p‐driven AKT activation and cytoprotection in urothelium 24 h after injury. Thus, FGF7p drives faster and higher fidelity urothelial repair by limiting apoptotic injury via AKT signaling, similar to full‐length FGF7. Finally, FGF7p is much less expensive to synthesize and has a longer shelf life and higher purity than FGF7.
Chow rings of low-degree Hurwitz spaces
Authors: Canning Samir , Larson Hannah
Published: June 2022

While there is much work and many conjectures surrounding the intersection theory of the moduli space of curves, relatively little is known about the intersection theory of the Hurwitz space

ℋ

k
,
g

{\mathcal{H}_{k,g}}

parametrizing smooth degree k, genus g covers of

ℙ
1

{\mathbb{P}^{1}}

. Let

k
=

3
,
4
,
5

{k=3,4,5}

. We prove that the rational Chow rings of

ℋ

k
,
g

{\mathcal{H}_{k,g}}

stabilize in a suitable sense as g tends to infinity. In the case

k
=
3

{k=3}

, we completely determine the Chow rings for all g.
We also prove that the rational Chow groups of the simply branched Hurwitz space

ℋ

k
,
g

s

⊂

ℋ

k
,
g

{\mathcal{H}^{s}_{k,g}\subset\mathcal{H}_{k,g}}

are zero in codimension up to roughly

g
k

{\frac{g}{k}}

. In [S. Canning and H. Larson, The Chow rings of the moduli spaces of curves of genus

7
,
8

{7,8}

and 9, preprint 2021, arXiv:2104.05820], results developed in this paper are used to prove that the Chow rings of

ℳ
7

,

ℳ
8

,

{\mathcal{M}_{7},\mathcal{M}_{8},}

and

ℳ
9

{\mathcal{M}_{9}}

are tautological.
On the zeroes and poles of L-functions over varieties in positive characteristic
Authors: Trihan Fabien , Brinon Olivier
Published: June 2022

We express the order of the pole and the leading coefficient of the L-function of a (large class of)

ℓ

{\ell}

-adic coefficients (

ℓ

{\ell}

any prime) over a quasi-projective variety over a finite field of characteristic p. We use the technique of [13] with coefficients with, as new ingredient, the use of F-gauges and their equivalence, in the derived category, with Raynaud modules proved by Ekedahl.
Phytochemical: a treatment option for heavy metal induced neurotoxicity
Authors: Mishra Devendra Kumar , Awasthi Himani , Srivastava Dipti , Fatima Zeeshan
Published: June 2022

Heavy metals are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. Some heavy metals are necessary while present in the growing medium in moderate concentrations known to be essential heavy metals as they required for the body functioning as a nutrient. But there are some unwanted metals and are also toxic to the environment and create a harmful impact on the body, which termed to be non-essential heavy metals. Upon exposure, the heavy metals decrease the major antioxidants of cells and enzymes with the thiol group and affect cell division, proliferation, and apoptosis. It interacts with the DNA repair mechanism and initiates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It subsequently binds to the mitochondria and may inhibit respiratory and oxidative phosphorylation in even low concentrations. This mechanism leads to damage antioxidant repair mechanism of neuronal cells and turns into neurotoxicity. Now, phytochemicals have led to good practices in the health system. Phytochemicals that are present in the fruits and herbs can preserve upon free radical damage. Thus, this review paper summarized various phytochemicals which can be utilized as a treatment option to reverse the effect of the toxicity caused by the ingestion of heavy metals in our body through various environmental or lifestyles ways.
New flow boiling frictional pressure drop multipliers for smooth and microfin tubes
Authors: Celen Ali , Dalkılıç Ahmet Selim
Published: June 2022

The accurate calculation of pressure drop of evaporators/condensers are crucial and related with the pumping power, performance coefficient and energy consumption in a refrigeration equipment. This work aligns frictional pressure drop models/correlations with the experimental outcomes of boiling pressure drop of R134a in horizontal smooth and microfin copper tubes with equivalent outer diameter of 9.52 mm. The pressure drop through the test tube is obtained with a differential pressure transducer directly. Effective parameters are specified for smooth and microfin tubes and the most compatible models/correlations, 12 for smooth tubes and 9 for microfin ones, are determined accurately in relation to the consequences of investigation during intermittent and annular flow regime. Moreover, new two-phase multipliers have been developed by using regression analyses of 182 data points based on Lockhart-Martinelli parameter for each test tubes separately, and their predictability are found to be better than others in the literature as novel ones. Average errors of the developed empirical correlations are 11% for smooth and for 7% for microfin tubes. Finally, the measured data is given for the validation issues of researchers who can benefit from most of the investigated pressure drop models with tolerable accuracy regarding with their HEX design analyses.
What will drive global economic growth in the digital age?
Authors: Growiec Jakub
Published: June 2022

This paper provides a theoretical investigation of possible sources of long-run economic growth in the future. Historically, in the industrial era and during the ongoing digital revolution (which began approximately in the 1980s) the main engine of global economic growth has been research and development (R&D), translating into systematic labor-augmenting technological progress and trend growth in labor productivity. If in the future all essential production or R&D tasks will eventually be subject to automation, though, the engine of growth will be shifted to the accumulation of programmable hardware (capital), and R&D will lose its prominence. Economic growth will then accelerate, no longer constrained by the scarce human input. By contrast, if some essential production and R&D tasks will never be fully automatable, then R&D may forever remain the main growth engine, and the human input may forever remain the scarce, limiting factor of global growth. Additional studied mechanisms include the accumulation of R&D capital and hardware-augmenting technical change.
Verlegenheit in der Feldforschung
Authors: Spiegelberg Mei-Chen
Published: June 2022

Dieser Artikel untersucht die durch die Aushandlung von Positionierungen entstehenden Emotionen der Forscherin im Feld und deren Bedeutung für die soziale Situation. Exemplarisch wird ein Fall aus interkulturellen Trainings zur Vorbereitung der chinesisch-deutschen Kooperation dargestellt, in dem die Forscherin als ‚kulturell Andere‘ positioniert wird. Die Anwesenheit der Forscherin führt zu hochspannenden Positionierungsdynamiken in der Humandifferenzierung, die sowohl auf eine latent invektive Feldeigenlogik verweisen als auch negative Emotionen der Forscherin produzieren. In den Positionierungsaushandlungen werden soziale Techniken verwendet, um trotz dieser Spannung den Ausbruch von Ressentiments zu umgehen. Die Analyse einer autoethnografisch angelegten Reflexion illustriert die situative Aktualisierung konkurrierender Kategorisierungen und offenbart die Ursache des auftretenden Verlegenheitsgefühls. Anhand des Fallbeispiels zeigt sich, wie die autoethnografische Positionierungsanalyse für die Rekonstruktion von Interaktionsaushandlungen fruchtbar gemacht werden kann.
Wie Politiker:innen die Wirklichkeit erscheint
Authors: Brichzin Jenni
Published: June 2022

Die öffentliche Unzufriedenheit mit professioneller Politik und ihren Vertreter:innen ist vielerorts groß, das (soziologische) Wissen um die genauen Determinanten professioneller politischer Praxis hingegen vergleichsweise spärlich. Das liegt nicht zuletzt daran, dass die Soziologie vor allem auf gesellschaftliche Benachteiligungslagen fokussiert und die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Kernbereich institutionalisierter Politik weitgehend der Politikwissenschaft überlässt. Im Anschluss an Perspektiven aus der konstruktivistischen Demokratietheorie und der politischen Sozialforschung setzt sich dieser Beitrag mit der Frage auseinander: Wenn professionelle politische Praxis auf die Transformation von Wirklichkeit abzielt, welches Wirklichkeitsverhältnis zeigt sich dann bei ihren Subjekten? Antworten bringt die dokumentarische Analyse von Interviews mit Bürgermeister:innen – bewusst wurden für diese Untersuchung Vertreter:innen der untersten, nämlich der kommunalen politischen Ebene (die auch als „Schule der Demokratie“ bezeichnet wird) gewählt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass das bürgermeisterliche Wirklichkeitsverhältnis durch drei zentrale Deutungsmuster strukturiert wird: Erstens durch die Deutung der fundamentalen Unfreiheit des politischen Amtes, welche jedoch zugleich, zweitens, als Bedingung der Möglichkeit der spezifischen politischen Freiheit zur Gestaltung des Status quo des Gemeinwesens in Erscheinung tritt. Drittens wird eine mehr altruistische denn demokratienormative Orientierung an den Bürger:innen deutlich. Die Ergebnisse irritieren den klassisch demokratietheoretischen Interpretationsrahmen politischer Praxis, auf dem auch öffentliche Urteile über Politik häufig basieren.
Profession, Organisation und ‚Fallsteuerung‘
Authors: Neuhaus Lukas
Published: June 2022

In diesem Beitrag wird anhand der Rekonstruktion eines amtlichen Konzepts zur ‚Fallsteuerung‘ plausibel gemacht, dass die Tätigkeit der Sozialen Arbeit im Feld der gesetzlichen Sozialhilfe in der Schweiz von einem Spannungsfeld zwischen Organisationsrationalität und Professionsrationalität geprägt ist. Der für professionalisierte Soziale Arbeit theoretisch als konstitutiv begründbare Einzelfallzugang wird durch die organisational verbindlich gesetzte Einteilung von Klient*innen unter standardisierte Kategorien bedroht, und das Gewährleisten der Fallspezifität wird in die Verantwortung der einzelnen Fachkräfte übertragen. Die Befunde der Rekonstruktion werden in Bezug gesetzt zu professionstheoretischen Überlegungen, insbesondere zur These einer bisher schwach ausgeprägten Professionalisierung der Sozialen Arbeit und der Notwendigkeit eines professionalisierten beruflichen Habitus.
MODELING OF THE TEMPORAL BEHAVIOR OF THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF AN ISOLATION MATERIAL TEST SAMPLE UNDER AN AC LOW CURRENT ARC
Authors: Fiß Daniel , Kühnel Stefan , Krzyszkowski Ernest , Kornhuber Stefan
Published: June 2022

In this article, a computational model is presented which can be used to predict the heating of insulating material surfaces by low-current high-voltage arcs. The discharge is represented by a so-called three-cylinder model. Based on this, the heat flows onto the insulating material surface and its heating by means of thermal conduction and convection are calculated. The calculation results are compared to the measurements of the surface temperature on a model arrangement. The overall model reproduces the dynamic behavior of the heating very well. The quantitative deviations from the measurement are only in the range of a few percent.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE GOVERNMENT POLICY ON TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (TVET) AND THE PREDICAMENTS OF TVET IN MALAYSIA
Authors: RIDZUAN MOHD ROZAIMY , Binti Abd Rahman Noor Amira Syazwani
Published: June 2022

Efforts to elevate Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) are often becoming the main agenda of the Malaysian government. In the Twelve Malaysia Plan, the government pledge to strengthen the capacity of TVET through the National Technical Education and Vocational Training (TVET). Although there have been many government efforts in elevating this TVET institution, there are some areas that need to be improved to ensure that this institution can help the country to become a developed nation. The main thrust of this paper is to highlight the Malaysian government policies in enhancing TVET and the predicaments of TVET in Malaysia. No finger-pointing intention is expected to be discovered, instead, the study is for the practical recommendation to address the unresolved issues. The findings provide insights to the policymakers and curriculum developers on the appropriate interventions that need to be taken to ensure our graduates are well equipped with the employability skills needed for the future. It is hoped that the analysis of this paper could contribute to the existing literature on an initial overview of TVET in Malaysia.
Retinoid metabolism: new insights
Authors: Gudas Lorraine J
Published: June 2022

Vitamin A (retinol) is a critical micronutrient required for the control of stem cell functions, cell differentiation, and cell metabolism in many different cell types, both during embryogenesis and in the adult organism. However, we must obtain vitamin A from food sources. Thus, the uptake and metabolism of vitamin A by intestinal epithelial cells, the storage of vitamin A in the liver, and the metabolism of vitamin A in target cells to more biologically active metabolites, such as retinoic acid (RA) and 4-oxo-RA, must be precisely regulated. Here, I will discuss the enzymes that metabolize vitamin A to RA and the cytochrome P450 Cyp26 family of enzymes that further oxidize RA. Because much progress has been made in understanding the regulation of ALDH1a2 (RALDH2) actions in the intestine, one focus of this review is on the metabolism of vitamin A in intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells. Another focus is on recent data that 4-oxo-RA is a ligand required for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell dormancy and the important role of RARβ (RARB) in these stem cells. Despite this progress, many questions remain in this research area, which links vitamin A metabolism to nutrition, immune functions, developmental biology, and nuclear receptor pharmacology.
Análisis del sector arrocero en Panamá: 1999-2016
Authors: Sánchez-Galán Quintero Enrique Alejandro
Published: June 2022

La producción de arroz comercial es indispensable para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de la población, ya que el 93 % de los panameños consume, en promedio, 158 g de arroz blanco por día, lo que define al arroz como el producto base de la alimentación en Panamá. En 2004, Panamá pierde la autosuficiencia en arroz y, según el análisis de los años posteriores (2004-2016), no existe evidencia de una reacción a través de una política coherente para recuperarla. Este trabajo describe el sector arrocero de 1999 al 2016, con el objetivo de conocer las limitantes para reaccionar mediante una política sectorial.
Índice de desarrollo humano local (IDEL) aplicado a la Región Brunca de Costa Rica, 2018
Authors: Fonseca Hernández Raúl , Mora Vega Roy
Published: June 2022

El documento propone un índice denominado índice de desarrollo humano local (IDEL) que facilite el análisis del desarrollo humano local (DHL) en cualquier territorio y aplica este instrumento a los cantones que conforman la región Brunca de Costa Rica, donde evidencia las diferencias en las capacidades que se presentan en un mismo y entre los diferentes cantones. Además, se establecen líneas de acción para mejorar el DHL, que fueron validadas con actores locales.
Fortalecimiento de capacidades para el autoconsumo en comunidades rurales: La experiencia de un proyecto de extensión de la Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Authors: Daly-Duarte Carmen , Rojas-Hidalgo Ingrid , Alavez-López Sergio , Mena-García Priscila
Published: June 2022

En la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica existen diversos proyectos de extensión los cuales buscan generar una relación entre la sociedad y la universidad, para contribuir al desarrollo conjunto de las comunidades.  Este es el caso del proyecto denominado: “Gestión del Desarrollo Rural Territorial en tres comunidades del cantón de Sarapiquí”, que tuvo vigencia desde el 2018 y hasta el 2020. Las comunidades que integraron el proceso fueron El Roble de La Virgen, Cureña y La Rambla, las cuales poseen características de ruralidad, bajos índices de desarrollo social, y diversas condiciones climáticas, contextos que fueron abordados para el desarrollo de capacidades. 

Este artículo integra los ejes de seguridad/soberanía alimentaria y el de fortalecimiento de capacidades locales, por medio de una serie de capacitaciones en pro del mejoramiento de capacidades de autoconsumo en el área de jardines comestibles. El resultado de los talleres ejecutados fue que las personas participantes aprendieron sobre la necesidad de realizar ciertos cambios en sus hábitos, lo cual pudo ser constatado a través de un instrumento aplicado para conocer las costumbres de los protagonistas; la mayoría de las participantes fueron mujeres, quienes mencionaron que compraban sus vegetales en las verdulerías locales y estaban dispuestas a aprender cómo producir sus propios productos en sus casas, con el mejoramiento, desde el punto de vista socioeconómico ambiental, que esto puede significar. Los productos que indican como los más gustados son lechuga verde, chiles dulces, culantro castilla, remolacha, apio y cebollinos.

Se logró crear un espacio de fortalecimiento de capacidades, con los conocidos jardines comestibles, los cuales permitieron reutilizar materiales que de otra forma serían desechos; además, pueden servir como terapia alternativa y, a la vez, les ayudan a las personas a tener acceso a algunos de sus alimentos de manera sana y limpia. 

Desde la Universidad, se tiene la responsabilidad de ser facilitadores de procesos, como parte del quehacer académico, contribuir con el fortalecimiento de las capacidades comunales, considerando el entorno y los saberes locales, adaptando las metodologías a las diferentes necesidades para un abordaje comunitario enfocado en acciones participativas.
Programa de compras institucionales en Costa Rica: Política productiva cuestionada pero socialmente necesaria
Authors: Díaz Porras Rafael Antonio , Cartín Rojas Andrés , Alvarado Ruiz José Mario
Published: June 2022

El PAI es un programa orientado a crear un mercado para pequeños emprendimientos de producción agrícola a través de las compras de instituciones estatales que asimismo se inscribe en las políticas públicas, para el fortalecimiento de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional (SAN). El análisis se realiza mediante el repaso de los argumentos que justifican la intervención del Estado, los objetivos que persigue y las fallas de la ejecución de la política. El PAI es una política deseable socialmente, para promover la producción agrícola en pequeños entes productores y, a través de ello, apoyar el desarrollo rural y la seguridad alimentaria. Pero, por su propia naturaleza, es un programa que involucra grados de dificultad altos al ser, simultáneamente, instrumento de promoción productiva y de abastecimiento institucional. El artículo analiza en forma multifacética el PAI, y sobre la base del análisis específico de su gestión de inocuidad en la provisión de productos hortícolas, con especial atención a la gestión de inocuidad, determina puntos críticos del sistema, para su mejoramiento. Se concluye argumentando que la alternativa de utilizar mecanismos de mercado podría satisfacer los requerimientos de los clientes institucionales, pero no garantizaría la participación de pequeños sujetos productores. Por lo cual es fundamental afrontar los puntos críticos que presenta el programa.
Recampesinizar el futuro. La alternativa campesina ante el colapso del sistema agroalimentario global.
Authors: Contreras Román Raúl
Published: June 2022

La desagrarización y la descampesinización han sido las tendencias dominantes en la historia agraria del capitalismo neoliberal. Estos fenómenos han sido consustanciales a la instalación de un sistema agroalimentario global, sustentado en la agroindustria y el agronegocio corporativo. Dicho sistema ha mostrado amplias vulnerabilidades, que fueron evidenciadas en la crisis económica y alimentaria internacional desatada en 2007.  La pandemia por COVID-19 ha puesto de manifiesto nuevamente las vulnerabilidades del sistema agroalimentario corporativo, al tiempo que ha estrechado sus capacidades para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria. El movimiento campesino internacional agrupado en Vía Campesina, desde su fundación, se ha opuesto a la mercantilización de los alimentos y ha bregado por recolocar al campesinado en el centro de la discusión sobre los sistemas alimentarios. Ha propuesto que el derecho a la alimentación solo puede ser asegurado por los campesinos que, a su vez serán garantes de la Soberanía Alimentaria. Para ello es imperativo el avance de la recampesinización, tanto a nivel cuantitativo como cualitativo. Por medio de la discusión de bibliografía reciente sobre la materia, en este artículo se presenta la opción campesina por la recampesinización como alternativa al control corporativo y neoliberal de la producción y distribución de alimentos y, más ampliamente, como horizonte para la construcción de un mundo futuro pospandémico.
Aproximación a las relaciones entre la estructura económica y los factores estructurales con el nivel de desarrollo de los distritos en Costa Rica
Authors: Marín Umaña Marlon , Rodríguez Miranda Alejandro
Published: June 2022

La investigación realiza un análisis de la relación entre el nivel de desarrollo social y la estructura económica y otros factores endógenos en los territorios analizados. A partir de una metodología de tipo exploratoria y correlacional entre el Índice de Desarrollo Social (IDS) y la estructura económica y otros factores estructurales en los distritos de Costa Rica.  La pregunta de investigación que orienta el estudio es: ¿Cómo se relacionan la estructura económica y algunos factores estructurales con el nivel de desarrollo de los distritos de Costa Rica? Los resultados muestran una relación negativa entre el IDS y los distritos donde predomina el sector primario de la economía, y relaciones positivas entre el IDS y distritos donde predomina el sector secundario y terciario de la economía. Por otro lado, se indagó a lo interno del índice, donde se evidenció el rezago de los distritos del sector primario en los ejes de salud, educación y el económico. Se encontraron otras relaciones negativas entre el destino de la producción de los cultivos y el uso del suelo.
Participación ciudadana: lecciones aprendidas del desplazamiento y reasentamiento involuntario del megaproyecto Hidroeléctrico Arenal, Costa Rica
Authors: Avila Vargas Gabriela
Published: June 2022

En la década de 1970 existía en el país escasez de energía, existía un sentimiento de patriotismo que propició una relación de confianza, transparencia y creencia en el funcionario público y las instituciones que estos representaban, lo que no fue excepción para las personas que vivían en la ruralidad, el pensar ser parte de un megaproyecto que resolvería la escasez de energía eléctrica al país. Se investigó la comunidad de Arenal considerando el criterio que, entre mayor presencia de elementos en los medios de vida, mayor será el impacto, así como su esfuerzo para recuperarlos por parte de la población en el sitio de su reasentamiento involuntario; para ello se utilizaron fuentes primarias y entrevistas históricas. Los habitantes se encontraban en el área que ocuparía el embalse, fueron protagonistas de un proceso participativo novedoso no solo por estar vinculado a un megaproyecto, sino por ser la primera vez que se buscó que la población afectada se involucra y logra provecho de la situación. El proceso participativo generó incidencia institucional, política y legal.
La Pandemia COVID-19 como factor renovador del Modelo de Desarrollo Rural en Colombia
Authors: Mendoza Morales Luisa Fernanda , Escobar Pardo Oscar Fradique , Albarracín Bohorquez Nicolas , Mancera Rodríguez Liliana Patricia
Published: June 2022

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una recopilación de la historia del desarrollo rural de Colombia, a través del complejo político económico, articulado con la realidad y sus conflictos, los cuales han generado un episodio desfavorable para la competitividad del sector agropecuario y a su vez un impacto a nivel económico, social y cultural.

Luego de analizar los actores y la complejidad del sector agropecuario con relación a la tenencia de la tierra se aborda el impacto que tienen factores como los riesgos biológicos, la apertura económica y los acuerdos de paz como los nuevos derroteros, para generar un desarrollo que genere competitividad y que a su vez sea sostenible para las comunidades, el medio ambiente y los territorios. Finalmente, se determinan algunas alternativas que pueden lograr cambios favorables en el sector, considerando la implementación de los acuerdos de paz, la descentralización del país, la recuperación de saberes ancestrales y el fortalecimiento de instituciones públicas por medio de la investigación.
El Pago por Servicios Ambientales en la economía familiar de habitantes de la Reserva Forestal de Golfo Dulce, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
Authors: Rodríguez-García María José
Published: June 2022

El Programa de pagos por servicios ambientales (PSA), administrado por el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (Fonafifo/MINAE) es un instrumento importante de gobierno en procesos de implementación de políticas públicas, porque genera resultados e impactos que son reconocidos a escala nacional e internacional, sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre el papel del PSA localmente. Al conocer que la Península de Osa alberga cerca de un 2.5% de la biodiversidad registrada del planeta, el presente artículo busca establecer relación entre un instrumento financiero para conservación, y la realidad económica y social de participantes del programa. El presente artículo reúne información de personas proveedoras de servicios ambientales de la Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, e incluye aspectos etarios y socioeconómicos. Mediante la consulta a 57 personas con contrato de PSA con Fonafifo entre el período 2012 a 2018, se reflexiona sobre el aporte que ha brindado este instrumento de conservación a la protección de fincas ubicadas en un sitio que está delimitado jurídicamente como Área Silvestre Protegida, y cuya posibilidad para realizar actividades productivas es muy restringida. Este estudio muestra que para el 60% de los entrevistados, el monto de PSA recibido representa más de un 50% de sus ingresos anuales. Lo anterior resulta particularmente importante cuando se considera que el grupo consultado, contiene un 21% de personas en extrema pobreza. Se recomienda la incorporación del Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano e Inclusión Social vinculado con la evaluación de los grupos sociales escogidos para asignar PSA, para así lograr una estrategia de valoración de su condición al ingresar al programa de pagos por servicios ambientales de Fonafifo.
Ingresos rurales no agrícolas de hogares de pequeños productores agropecuarios en Colombia
Authors: Polo-Murcia Sonia Mercedes , Terán-Chaves César Augusto
Published: June 2022

Este estudio analizó la composición de los ingresos rurales no agrícolas (IRNA) de personas productoras agropecuarias a pequeña escala en cuatro regiones de Colombia. El conjunto de datos proviene de la Encuesta Longitudinal de la Universidad de Los Andes (ELCA) para los años 2010, 2013 y 2016.  El IRNA representa, en promedio, el 38% de los ingresos totales del hogar, con variaciones entre el  30 % para las unidades productivas más grandes y 50 % para las más pequeñas. La participación de los ingresos rurales no agrícolas dentro del ingreso total de los hogares es mayor y estadísticamente significativa en los hogares con jefatura femenina, la mayoría de estos hogares desarrollan actividades por cuenta propia (autoempleo). Estos resultados tienen implicaciones tanto para la formulación de políticas públicas como para el manejo de la producción agropecuaria a nivel de hogar en Colombia.
Prognostic Tests of Intolerance to Postpyloric Feeding in Early Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Sivkov O. G. , Leyderman I. N. , Sivkov A. O. , Kolchanov A. A. , Bashlykov G. D.
Published: June 2022

Aim. To evaluate the eﬀectiveness of postpyloric feeding in early predicted severe acute pancreatitis using acetaminophen absorption test and gastric emptying rate.

Material and methods. An open observational prospective cohort study in the intensive care unit of OAO «Neftyanik» hospital in the city of Tyumen, Russia, from November 2012 to October 2018 was performed. All included patients were diagnosed with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (inclusion criterion). The rate of gastric emptying was assessed using an original ultrasound technique which involved measuring the ﬂuid volume 30 min and 60 min after administering of 200 mL aliquote of water into the stomach. Acetaminophen absorption test was performed according to the following procedure: 0.5 g of acetaminophen was administered through the nasojunal tube placed 30–40 cm distal to the Treitz ligament using endoscope, the blood level of the drug was measured 5–20 min later.

Results. Gastric ﬂuid volume at 60 min (OR=1.049, 95% CI: 1.028–1.07, P<0.001 with AUC=0.921, 95% CI: 0.808–0.944 and cutoﬀ value of 73.5) was a signiﬁcant predictor of residual gastric volume ≥ 500 mL/d and intolerance to enteral feeding through the nasojejunal tube (OR=1.023, 95% CI: 1.009–1.036, P=0.001 with AUC 0.752, 95% CI: 0.629–0.875, with cutoﬀ value of 79.5). The acetaminophen small intestine absorption test was reliable in predicting the residual gastric volume ≥ 500 mL/d for the early period of disease. The acetaminophen absorption test was a signiﬁcant predictor of intolerance to enteral feeding through the nasojejunal tube only in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (OR=0.834, 95% CI: 0.733–0.949, P<0.001 with AUC=0.894, 95% CI: 0.770–0.1 with cutoﬀ value of 14.6).

Conclusion. Throughout the early period of acute pancreatitis, gastric ﬂuid volume measured 60 min after the administration of 200 mL of water, accurately predicts the residual gastric volume I 500 mL/day. Acetaminophen absorption test in the small intestine can reliably predict intolerance to postpyloric feeding only for patients with severe acute pancreatitis.
The Eﬀect of Erythrocyte-Containing Donor Blood Components in the Priming of the Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuit on the Development of Systemic Inﬂammation During Correction of Congenital Heart Defects in Children
Authors: Borisenko D. V. , Ivkin A. A. , Shukevich D. L. , Kornelyuk R. A.
Published: June 2022

Various pathological factors accompanying any cardiac surgery can cause intraoperative systemic inﬂammatory responses (SIR). As the number of cardiac surgical interventions grows worldwide, the issue of SIR prevention appears highly relevant.

Aim of the study. To determine the eﬀect of not using donor blood components in the priming of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit in children with septal congenital heart defects, operated under cardiopulmonary bypass, on the severity of SIR.

Material and methods. A prospective, randomized study included 40 children with a median age of 14 [12–22.5] months and weight of 8.8 [7.25–11] kg. All patients underwent radical correction of septal defect under cardiopulmonary bypass. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the use of donor blood components for priming the CPB. The severity of SIR was assessed using four speciﬁc serum biomarkers such as interleukin 1b (IL-1b), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), measured before the operation, after the CPB and 16 hours after the surgery. In addition, the intra- and postoperative periods were evaluated.

Results. The safety of the proposed strategy of skipping the donor blood was confirmed by lack of any organ dysfunction in all patients, as well as a significant difference in the balance of oxygen delivery and consumption. In addition, the levels of systemic inflammation markers after CPB were significantly higher in patients who had transfusion: IL-1b was 3.3 [3.2–3.48] pg/mL vs 2.86 [2.7–3.11] pg/mL (P=0.003) and TNF-α reached 1.81 [1.37–3.3] pg/mL vs 1.33 [1.26–1.76] pg/mL (P=0.034). Meanwhile, 16 hours post surgery, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in the group using donor blood components with IL-6 being 48.91 [33.89–57.6] pg/mL vs 31.56 [26.83–48.89] pg/mL (P=0.087) and IL-10 reaching 0.8 [0.76–1.43] pg/mL vs 0.69 [0.6–0.83] pg/mL (P=0.005).

Conclusion. The study demonstrates and conﬁrms the safety and eﬃcacy of cardiopulmonary bypass without using donor blood components to reduce the severity of the systemic inﬂammatory response in children undergoing correction of septal congenital heart defects.
Choice of Respiratory Support During Cardiac Bypass in Cardiac Surgical Patients (Pilot Study)
Authors: Kirillov A. Yu. , Yavorovsky A. G. , Vyzhigina M. A. , Komarov R. N. , Nogtev P. V. , Bagdasarov P. S. , Yavorovskaya D. A. , Khalikova E. Yu. , Bulanova E. L. , Miyerbekov Ye. M.
Published: June 2022

Currently, there is no uniform respiratory support strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in cardiac anesthesiology.

The aim of the study was to examine possible variants of respiratory support during CPB and determine the most eﬀective technique capable to reduce the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications.

Material and methods. Ninety cardiac surgery patients were enrolled in the pilot study and divided into groups (CPAP, VC, and apnea). In the CPAP group, positive airway pressure of + 5 cm H2O was maintained during CPB. The VC group patients underwent mechanical ventilation during CPB with a reduced tidal volume of 3 mL/kg, respiratory rate of 6/min, and REER of + 5 cm H2O. In the apnea group, patients received no respiratory support (non-rebreathing system).

Results. In both the apnea and CPAP (constant positive airway pressure) group, there was a decrease in oxygenation index (OI) at the end of the CPB compared with baseline values. In the apnea group, the OI dropped from 316.31±81.76 to 230.10±102.48, while in the CPAP group it decreased from 319.37±80.01 to 223.17±152.36 (P<0.001). No signiﬁcant changes in this parameter were observed in the VC group. The frequency of recruitment maneuvers after CPB to correct the impaired respiratory oxygenation was maximal in patients from apnea group (22 cases (73%) versus 13 cases (43%) in the CPAP group and 5 cases (16%) in the VC group) (P<0.001). Frequency of pulmonary atelectasis on chest radiology in postoperative period was 47, 37, 10% in apnea, CPAP, and VC groups, respectively, and the diﬀerence was also signiﬁcant (P=0.006).

Conclusion. Low-volume ventilation is the preferable method of respiratory support in cardiac surgery patients during CPB.
Choice of Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery in Elderly and Senile Patients (Review)
Authors: Lisichenko I. A. , Gusarov V. G.
Published: June 2022

Management of elderly and senile patients is a major challenge due to signiﬁcant comorbidity, especially in surgery under general anesthesia.

The aim of the review was to identify the optimal method of anesthesia for knee arthroplasty in elderly patients based on the available clinical and experimental studies.

We searched PubMed, Medline, and Elibrary.ru databases for relevant sources. Out of more than 300 publications initially analyzed, 113 literature sources (dating from 1951 to 2021) were included in the review, of which 80 were published within the last ﬁve years (2016–2021). The inclusion criteria were high informative value and relevance, except for sources cited as historical references. Both randomized multicenter studies and individual case reports were included in the review. Exclusion criteria were low informative value, outdated and repetitive data.

We reviewed the physiology of elderly and senile patients, various variants of anesthesia, the use of neuroaxial anesthesia and peripheral regional blocks, xenon-based general anesthesia, assessed the advantages and drawbacks of each method, and discussed the monitoring of the depth of anesthesia and the issues of inraoperative awareness during knee arthroplasty in elderly and senile patients.

Conclusion. The choice of anesthesia for knee arthroplasty in elderly and senile patients should be based on the risks of decompensation of cardiovascular comorbidities and cognitive impairment. No known anesthetic method is ideal in terms of safety. The use of xenon as the main anesthetic seems promising due to its cardio- and neuroprotective properties. However, its use is limited due to relatively high cost. Therefore, the search for optimal (lower than recommended) inhalation concentrations may lead to expanding use of xenon in elderly and senile patients. At the same time, the use of lower concentrations of the drug is associated with the intraoperative awakening and the need for its combination with narcotic analgesics or amnestic agents, which may not be optimal. In addition, the protective eﬀect of xenon retrograde amnesia against the stress of unintended intraoperative awakening has not been studied, and routine methods of monitoring the depth of hypnosis when using xenon often yield skewed measurement results inconsistent with the clinical manifestations of anesthesia.

Therefore, there is a need for further studies concerning the retrograde amnesic eﬀect of xenon and search for optimal methods of assessing the depth of hypnosis when using this gas to safely reduce its inhalation concentration.
Upper Callovian and Oxfordian molluscs and brachiopods from selected localities of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland and the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Poland
Authors:   Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences (Wrocław, Poland), Wszelaki Sebastian
Published: June 2022

The aim of the study was the taxonomic, morphological, ecological and stratigraphic characterization of marine invertebrate groups from the localities of Wiek and Wysoka (Krakow-Częstochowa Upland) and Gnieździska (Świętokrzyskie Mountains). All of these three localities were unused quarries where limestone was once mined. The material consisted of a total of 756 fossils collected by the author from the studied sites or constituting part of the collections of the Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Palaeontology at the University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Wrocław. When describing and marking the fossils, attention was paid to the state of preservation, morphology, size, shape and the presence of structures characteristic of a given taxon. Among the studied material were fossils of gastropods, bivalves, ammonites, belemnites, and brachiopods. These organisms were found in upper Callovian (Middle Jurassic) and Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) sediments and are approximately 157.3–166.1 million years old. Different groups of invertebrates dominated in the material collections from individual sites. Among the fossils from the Wiek quarry, the most numerous were brachiopods, the material from the Wysoka locality was dominated by ammonites, and the most numerous group in the collection from the Gnieździska quarry were belemnites. In total, 18 genera belonging to 13 families were recorded. The most numerous group among the studied fossils were Ammonitida, mostly represented by the genus Perisphinctes. In the collection from the Wysoka quarry, a single ammonite shell belonging to the genus Horioceras was recorded, which has not been recorded at this site so far. Among the collected ammonites, the genera Cardioceras, Lissoceratoides, and Trimarginites were also distinguished. The most diverse group among the collected fossils were brachiopods, of which eight genera were recorded: Lacunosella, Septaliphoria, Epithyris, Juralina, Loboidothyris, Sellithyris, Zeillerina, and Terebratulina. The studied material also revealed the presence of one genus of gastropods—Nerinea, two genera of bivalves—Lima and Posidonia, and two general of belemnites—Belemnopsis and Hibolites. These organisms inhabited the shallow and warm shelf sea that covered a large area of present territory of Poland during the Jurassic period.
The water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) in Ukraine: new areas of expansion in the north of the country and contradictions in concepts of its protection and population management
Authors:   Sumy State Pedagogical University (Sumy, Ukraine), Merzlikin Igor ,   Mikhailivska Tsilyna Natural Reserve (Sumy, Ukraine), Savitsky Oleksandr ,   Lower Sula National Nature Park (Orzhytsia, Ukraine)
Published: June 2022

This paper reviews data on the distribution of the water caltrop Trapa natans L. in Ukraine. This relict species (listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine) had strongly declined in the early 1979s, but has now locally recovered and even excessively spread in the upper reaches of the Kaniv and Kyiv reservoirs on the Dnipro River. Therefore, both protection and regulation of its local abundance are on the agenda today in the country. Work is currently underway to monitor the population of the species and search for new habitats. Previously the presence of the water caltrop in Sumy Oblast has been documented only in floodplain waterbodies of the Desna River. On 18 June 2017, we found four new record localities of Trapa natans in the Psel River within the city boundaries of Sumy (north-eastern Ukraine). All of them were located along the right bank of the river. The four groups of plants were comprised of 8, 70, 2, and 100 individual plants, respectively, growing at a depth of 0.5–3.2 m and about 5–15 m far from the riverbank. A second visit to the location on 15 August 2017 revealed a total of 591 rosettes. Three years later (visited on 28 August 2021), the number of individual caltrop plants in this location increased as many as eight times (total of 4766). The plant spread 3 km further downstream and its mats (variable in size) could be found at both banks of the river. The transformation of the Psel River from one of the fastest tributaries of the Dnipro into a cascade of numerous channel reservoirs led to a slowdown in water flow and the continuous siltation of the bottom created favourable conditions for the water caltrop. Most likely, seeds of this plant were artificially introduced into the river (possibly by aquaculture enthusiasts) a few years prior to the first finding and the plant spread downstream. This was facilitated by the spring flood, which carried the fruit down the river. In summer, the current carries plants that were uprooted by vacationers. Leaves of the water caltrop were seen consumed by the mallard Anas platyrhynchos L., whereas seeds of the plant were eaten by the European water vole Arvicola amphibius. The newly discovered occurrence spot of the water caltrop is currently the only one on the Psel River and it complements the information on the current distribution of this rare plant species. It is located about 145 km south-east from the closest population on the Desna River, which described the presence of this species in Sumy Oblast.
Diverse Outreach of Macroprudential Policy Effect on Household and Non-Financial Corporate Loan: An Indication of Macroprudential Policy Leak?
Authors: Sukma Khoirul , Kurnia Akhmad Syakir
Published: June 2022

Despite increasing awareness of the importance of countercyclical policies to overcome financial system instability, the potential leak of such policies comes to attention due to economic agents' risk-taking behavior. This paper aims to investigate the potential leaks of the policy. Using the Estimator General Method of Moments-difference (GMM-diff), we found evidence that macroprudential policies are less functional in controlling non-financial firms' credit growth than household credit growth. The result amplifies hesitation about the effectiveness of macroprudential policy caused by potential leaks coming from non-financial firms' risk-taking behavior. We also found that macroprudential policy in developing countries is less effective than in developed countries. Hence, the financial stability goal cannot rely solely on macroprudential policy. Instead, it needs support from other mutual policies, such as the capital control policy and transparent regulatory boundaries, to prevent partial risk shift from regulated financial institutions to unregulated, prevalent in the less developed financial system.JEL Classification: E42, E44, E52, E58