bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Broadening the capture of natural products mentioned in FAERS using fuzzy string-matching and a Siamese neural network
Authors: Dilán-Pantojas Israel O. , Boonchalermvichien Tanupat , Taneja Sanya B. , Li Xiaotong , Chapin Maryann R. , Karcher Sandra , Boyce Richard D.
Published: January 2024

Increased sales of natural products (NPs) in the US and growing safety concerns highlight the need for NP pharmacovigilance. A challenge for NP pharmacovigilance is ambiguity when referring to NPs in spontaneous reporting systems. We used a combination of fuzzy string-matching and a neural network to reduce this ambiguity. Our aim is to increase the capture of reports involving NPs in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). For this, we utilized Gestalt pattern-matching (GPM) and Siamese neural network (SM) to identify potential mentions of NPs of interest in 389,386 FAERS reports with unmapped drug names. A team of health professionals refined the candidates identified in the previous step through manual review and annotation. After candidate adjudication, GPM identified 595 unique NP names and SM 504. There was little overlap between candidates identified by each (Non-overlapping: GPM 347, SM 248). We identified a total of 686 novel NP names from FAERS reports. Including these names in the FAERS collection yielded 3,486 additional reports mentioning NPs.
Graph autoencoder with mirror temporal convolutional networks for traffic anomaly detection
Authors: Ren Zhiyu , Li Xiaojie , Peng Jing , Chen Ken , Tan Qushan , Wu Xi , Shi Canghong
Published: January 2024

Traffic time series anomaly detection has been intensively studied for years because of its potential applications in intelligent transportation. However, classical traffic anomaly detection methods often overlook the evolving dynamic associations between road network nodes, which leads to challenges in capturing the long-term temporal correlations, spatial characteristics, and abnormal node behaviors in datasets with high periodicity and trends, such as morning peak travel periods. In this paper, we propose a mirror temporal graph autoencoder (MTGAE) framework to explore anomalies and capture unseen nodes and the spatiotemporal correlation between nodes in the traffic network. Specifically, we propose the mirror temporal convolutional module to enhance feature extraction capabilities and capture hidden node-to-node features in the traffic network. Morever, we propose the graph convolutional gate recurrent unit cell (GCGRU CELL) module. This module uses Gaussian kernel functions to map data into a high-dimensional space, and enables the identification of anomalous information and potential anomalies within the complex interdependencies of the traffic network, based on prior knowledge and input data. We compared our work with several other advanced deep-learning anomaly detection models. Experimental results on the NYC dataset illustrate that our model works best compared to other models for traffic anomaly detection.
Relationship between sleep quality and marital satisfaction of working women during the premenopausal period
Authors: Yadollahi P. , Mavaddatnia S. , Zarshenas M. , Ghaemmaghami P.
Published: January 2024

Sleep disorders can adversely affect physical, sexual, and marital health, particularly among middle-aged women. This study aimed to determine the relationship between sleep quality and marital satisfaction of working women during the premenopausal period. In this cross-sectional study, we selected 150 women working at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Iran was selected using random cluster sampling. A demographic information form, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication, and Happiness (ENRICH) marital satisfaction scale were used for data collection. The Data were analyzed using SPSS.22 software at a significance level of P < 0.05. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to predict sleep quality based on marital satisfaction. Our results showed that 79 (52.7%) of the participants had undesirable sleep quality, 87 (58%) had high marital satisfaction, and 32 (21.3%) had very high marital satisfaction. Regression analysis revealed that the total marital satisfaction score could not predict the sleep quality score of the participants. However, as dimensions of marital satisfaction, personality issues negatively (β = 0.327, P < 0.05) and ideological orientation positively (β = 0.336, P < 0.01) predicted the sleep quality score. Based on the prediction of the sleep quality score by personality issues and ideological orientations among the dimensions of marital satisfaction, it seems that life skills training, especially in these two dimensions, may improve the quality of sleep and, as a result, the physical and mental health of working women.
Socioeconomic inequalities in early adulthood disrupt the immune transcriptomic landscape via upstream regulators
Authors: Ravi Sudharshan , Shanahan Michael J. , Levitt Brandt , Harris Kathleen Mullan , Cole Steven W.
Published: January 2024

Disparities in socio-economic status (SES) predict many immune system-related diseases, and previous research documents relationships between SES and the immune cell transcriptome. Drawing on a bioinformatically-informed network approach, we situate these findings in a broader molecular framework by examining the upstream regulators of SES-associated transcriptional alterations. Data come from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of 4543 adults in the United States. Results reveal a network—of differentially expressed genes, transcription factors, and protein neighbors of transcription factors—that shows widespread SES-related dysregulation of the immune system. Mediational models suggest that body mass index (BMI) plays a key role in accounting for many of these associations. Overall, the results reveal the central role of upstream regulators in socioeconomic differences in the molecular basis of immunity, which propagate to increase risk of chronic health conditions in later-life.
New strategies for sterilization and preservation of fresh fish skin grafts
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed , Fahmy Hossam M. , Mahmoud Ghada Abd-Elmonsef , Soliman Mahmoud , Elshahawy Abdelnaby M.
Published: January 2024

The introduction of fish skin as a biological dressing for treating burns and wounds holds great promise, offering an alternative to existing management strategies. However, the risk of disease transmission is a significant concern. Therefore, this study aimed to examine how established sterilization and preservation procedures affected fish skin grafts' microbiological and histological properties for long-term usage. Lyophilization of the fish skin graft followed by rehydration in normal saline for 15 min did not change the collagen content. Furthermore, gamma irradiation of the lyophilized fish skin graft at different lengths 5, 10, and 25 KGy showed a significant reduction in microbial growth (aerobic bacteria, aerobic yeasts, and fungi) at 15- and 30 days after the irradiation. However, exposure to 10 KGy was found to be the most effective intensity among the different gamma irradiation lengths since it preserved the collagen fiber content and intensity in the lyophilized fish skin grafts at 15- and 30 days after the irradiation. These findings provide efficient preservation and sterilization methods for long-term usage of the fresh Tilapia skin grafts used for biological dressings.
Skin autofluorescence, reflecting accumulation of advanced glycation end products, and the risk of dementia in a population-based cohort
Authors: Mooldijk Sanne S. , Lu Tianqi , Waqas Komal , Chen Jinluan , Vernooij Meike W. , Ikram M. Kamran , Zillikens M. Carola , Ikram M. Arfan
Published: January 2024

Conditions such as hyperglycemia and oxidative stress lead to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are harmful compounds that have been implicated in dementia. Within the Rotterdam Study, we measured skin AGEs as skin autofluorescence, reflecting long-term accumulation of AGEs, and determined their association with the risk of dementia and with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. Skin autofluorescence was measured between 2013 and 2016 in 2922 participants without dementia. Of these, 1504 also underwent brain MRI, on which measures of brain atrophy and cerebral small vessel disease were assessed. All participants were followed for the incidence of dementia until 2020. Of 2922 participants (mean age 72.6 years, 57% women), 123 developed dementia. Higher skin autofluorescence (per standard deviation) was associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio 1.21 [95% confidence interval 1.01–1.46]) and Alzheimer’s disease (1.19 [0.97–1.47]), independently of age and other studied potential confounders. Stronger effects were seen in apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers (1.34 [0.98–1.82]) and in participants with diabetes (1.35 [0.94–1.94]). Participants with higher skin autofluorescence levels also had smaller total brain volumes and smaller hippocampus volumes on MRI, and they had more often lacunes. These results suggest that AGEs may be involved in dementia pathophysiology.
Design of a novel wide-angle Rotman lens beamformer for 5G mmWave applications
Authors: Azari Abolfazl , Skrivervik Anja , Aliakbarian Hadi
Published: January 2024

The attachment of 5G with millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies offers massive capacity and low latency to reveal the full 5G experiences. High directive gain and beamforming are considered essential for mmWave 5G systems. The main requirements of the beamforming network for 5G mmWave applications are the scanning coverage of ± 60° and SLL > 10 dB in a wide operational bandwidth over the standard 5G frequency bands. In this paper, a novel PCB-based wide-angle Rotman lens beamformer is designed, simulated, and successfully measured to meet the mentioned requirements for 5G mmWave applications. A comprehensive improved design methodology is provided for all components of the Rotman lens to reach a wide scanning angle, enhanced sidelobe level, and low scan loss. The end-fire Vivaldi antenna is selected as an array element for easy integration to the beamforming network as well as its capability to use in dual-polarization configuration. The proposed Rotman lens is operational in the 24–30 GHz frequency band covering 5Gn257,n258, andn261frequency bands. The results show a nearly constant 8 beams across the whole bandwidth steering from − 53° to 53° in 15° increments to provide ± 60° coverage with the SLL > 10 dB and scan loss < 1.9 dB. The retrieved novelties from this work contain an effective design methodology for an optimized Rotman lens with wide-scan angle and low phase and amplitude error, non-uniform distribution based array ports, and integration with end-fire antenna for possible dual polarization and 2-D beamforming capabilities. The comparison of the proposed beamformer with the most recent works shows several advantages in terms of integrated structure and performances including bandwidth, wide scanning angle, SLL, and scan loss. With such performances, this beamformer can be used for various mmWave and 5G applications such as advanced antenna systems, massive MIMO systems, and hybrid beamforming systems.
Impacts of kaolinite enrichment on biochar and hydrochar characterization, stability, toxicity, and maize germination and growth
Authors: Al-Swadi Hamed A. , Al-Farraj Abdullah S. , Al-Wabel Mohammad I. , Ahmad Munir , Usman Adel R. A. , Ahmad Jahangir , Mousa Mohammed Awad , Rafique Muhammad Imran
Published: January 2024

In this study, biochar (BC) and hydrochar (HC) composites were synthesized with natural kaolinite clay and their properties, stability, carbon (C) sequestration potential, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity, and impacts on maize germination and growth were explored. Conocarpus waste was pretreated with 0%, 10%, and 20% kaolinite and pyrolyzed to produce BCs (BC, BCK10, and BCK20, respectively), while hydrothermalized to produce HCs (HC, HCK10, and HCK20, respectively). The synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope analyses, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, surface area, proximate analyses, and chemical analysis to investigate the distinction in physiochemical and structural characteristics. The BCs showed higher C contents (85.73–92.50%) as compared to HCs (58.81–61.11%). The BCs demonstrated a higher thermal stability, aromaticity, and C sequestration potential than HCs. Kaolinite enriched-BCs showed the highest cation exchange capacity than pristine BC (34.97% higher in BCK10 and 38.04% higher in BCK20 than pristine BC), while surface area was the highest in kaolinite composited HCs (202.8% higher in HCK10 and 190.2% higher in HCK20 than pristine HC). The recalcitrance index (R50) speculated a higher recalcitrance for BC, BCK10, and BCK20 (R50 > 0.7), minimal degradability for HCK10 and HCK20 (0.5 < R50 < 0.7), and higher degradability for biomass and HC (R50 < 0.5). Overall, increasing the kaolinite enrichment percentage significantly enhanced the thermal stability and C sequestration potential of charred materials, which may be attributed to changes in the structural arrangements. The ∑ total PAHs concentration in the synthesized materials were below the USEPA’s suggested limits, indicating their safe use as soil amendments. Germination indices reflected positive impacts of synthesized charred materials on maize germination and growth. Therefore, we propose that kaolinite-composited BCs and HCs could be considered as efficient and cost-effective soil amendments for improving plant growth.
Room temperature wafer bonding through conversion of polysilazane into $$\hbox {SiO}_{2}$$
Authors: Takeuchi Kai , Suga Tadatomo , Higurashi Eiji
Published: January 2024

Room temperature wafer bonding is a desirable approach for the packaging and assembly of diverse electronic devices. The formation of $$\hbox {SiO}_{2}$$

SiO
2

layer at the bonding interface is crucial for a reliable wafer bonding as represented by conventional bonding techniques such as hydrophilic bonding and glass frit bonding. This paper reports a novel concept of room temperature wafer bonding based on the conversion of polysilazane to $$\hbox {SiO}_{2}$$

SiO
2

at the bonding interface. As polysilazane is converted to $$\hbox {SiO}_{2}$$

SiO
2

by hydrolysis, in this work, adsorbed water is introduced to the bonding interface by plasma treatment, thereby facilitating the formation of $$\hbox {SiO}_{2}$$

SiO
2

at the wafer bonding interface. The experimental results indicate that the adsorbed water from the plasma treatment diffuses into the polysilazane layer and facilitates its hydrolysis and conversion. The proposed method demonstrates the successful wafer bonding at room temperature with high bond strength without interfacial voids. This technique will provide a new approach of bonding wafers at room temperature for electronics packaging.
Experimental analysis of low-dip reverse fault dislocation effects on tunnel site models with different soil properties
Authors: Zhang Jianyi , Song Yijie , Li Zhongheng , Qu Shihang , Wang Shuai
Published: January 2024

The fortification system of the tunnel structure spanning the active fault, such as the failure mechanism and fault-resistant design (measures), has not been thoroughly established. In this study, the self-developed cross-fault large-scale bedrock dislocation loading device platform is utilized to carry out the model test of the tunnel structure and soil site of sand and cohesive soil when the low-angle reverse fault dislocation occurs, based on the earthquake damage. The results demonstrate that: (1) When the fault is staggered, the segmented flexible joint tunnel segment is more favorable in the cohesive soil site. (2) When compared to the cohesive soil tunnel structure site, the strain change of the tunnel structure in the sandy soil site is greater, with the vault increasing by roughly two times and the arch bottom increasing by nearly six times. After the tunnel is buried, the uplift range of the sand cover layer grows, revealing uneven deformation, and the rupture zone migrates to the footwall; hence, the sand site plays a “add seismic” role in the cross-fault tunnel structure. (3) Knowing the location and shape of the rupture range of the overburden soil caused by bedrock dislocation under different inclination angles and soil properties is required in the design in order to place the buried depth and segment length of the tunnel reasonably and take fault-resistant measures.
Hydro-chemical based assessment of groundwater vulnerability in the Holocene multi-aquifers of Ganges delta
Authors: Saha Asish , Pal Subodh Chandra , Islam Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul , Islam Aznarul , Alam Edris , Islam Md. Kamrul
Published: January 2024

Determining the degree of high groundwater arsenic (As) and fluoride (F−) risk is crucial for successful groundwater management and protection of public health, as elevated contamination in groundwater poses a risk to the environment and human health. It is a fact that several non-point sources of pollutants contaminate the groundwater of the multi-aquifers of the Ganges delta. This study used logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF) and artificial neural network (ANN) machine learning algorithm to evaluate groundwater vulnerability in the Holocene multi-layered aquifers of Ganges delta, which is part of the Indo-Bangladesh region. Fifteen hydro-chemical data were used for modelling purposes and sophisticated statistical tests were carried out to check the dataset regarding their dependent relationships. ANN performed best with an AUC of 0.902 in the validation dataset and prepared a groundwater vulnerability map accordingly. The spatial distribution of the vulnerability map indicates that eastern and some isolated south-eastern and central middle portions are very vulnerable in terms of As and F− concentration. The overall prediction demonstrates that 29% of the areal coverage of the Ganges delta is very vulnerable to As and F− contents. Finally, this study discusses major contamination categories, rising security issues, and problems related to groundwater quality globally. Henceforth, groundwater quality monitoring must be significantly improved to successfully detect and reduce hazards to groundwater from past, present, and future contamination.
Cationic oxides and dioxides of modified sugarcane bagasse beads with applications as low-cost sorbents for direct red 28 dye
Authors: Praipipat Pornsawai , Ngamsurach Pimploy , Libsittikul Nantikorn , Kaewpetch Chawanluk , Butdeesak Punpruksa , Nachaiperm Wachira
Published: January 2024

The direct red 28 (DR28) dye contamination in wastewater blocks the transmission of light into the water body resulting in the inability to photosynthesize by aquatic life. In addition, it is difficult to break down and persist in the environment, and it is also harmful to aquatic life and water quality because of its aromatic structure. Thus, wastewater contaminated with dyes is required to treat before releasing into the water body. Sugarcane bagasse beads (SBB), sugarcane bagasse modified with titanium dioxide beads (SBBT), sugarcane bagasse modified with magnesium oxide beads (SBBM), sugarcane bagasse modified with aluminum oxide beads (SBBA), and sugarcane bagasse modified with zinc oxide beads (SBBZ) for DR28 dye removal in aqueous solution, and they were characterized with several techniques of BET, FESEM-FIB, EDX, FT-IR, and the point of zero charges (pHpzc). Their DR28 dye removal efficiencies were examined through batch tests, adsorption isotherms, and kinetics. SBBM had the highest specific surface area and pore volume, whereas its pore size was the smallest among other materials. The surfaces of SBB, SBBM, SBBT, and SBBA were scaly sheet surfaces with an irregular shape, whereas SBBZ was a coarse surface. Oxygen, carbon, calcium, chloride, sodium, O–H, C–H, C=O, C=C, and C–O–C were found in all materials. The pHpzc of SBB, SBBT, SBBM, SBBA, and SBBZ were 6.57, 7.31, 10.11, 7.25, and 7.77. All materials could adsorb DR28 dye at 50 mg/L by more than 81%, and SBBM had the highest DR28 dye removal efficiency of 94.27%. Langmuir model was an appropriate model for SBB, whereas Freundlich model was a suitable model for other materials. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model well described their adsorption mechanisms. Their adsorptions of the DR28 dye were endothermic and spontaneous. Therefore, they were potential materials for adsorbing DR28 dye, especially SBBM.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Extremely efficient aerogels of graphene oxide/graphene oxide nanoribbons/sodium alginate for uranium removal from wastewater solution
Authors: Jabbar Ali A. , Hussain Dhia H. , Latif Kamal H. , Albukhaty Salim , Jasim Adel Kareem , Sulaiman Ghassan M. , Abomughaid Mosleh M.
Published: January 2024

Waste-water pollution by radioactive elements such as uranium has emerged as a major issue that might seriously harm human health. Graphene oxide, graphene oxide nanoribbons, and sodium alginate nanocomposite aerogels (GO/GONRs/SA) were combined to create a novel nanocomposite using a modified Hummer's process and freeze-drying as an efficient adsorbent. Batch studies were conducted to determine the adsorption of uranium (VI) by aerogel. Aerogels composed of (GO/GONRs/SA) were used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of U (VI) from aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to describe the structure, morphologies, and characteristics of (GO/GONRs/SA) aerogels. The initial concentration of uranium (VI) and other environmental factors on U (VI) adsorption were investigated, period of contact, pH, and temperature. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model can be employed to characterize the kinetics of U (VI) adsorption onto aerogels. The Langmuir model could be applied to understand the adsorption isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 929.16 mg/g. The adsorption reaction is endothermic and occurs spontaneously.
Quasi-Biennial Oscillation influence on Australian summer rainfall
Authors: Jiang Xiaoxuan , Holbrook Neil J. , Marshall Andrew G. , Love Peter T.
Published: January 2024

The variability and distribution of Australia’s summer rainfall are influenced by modes of climate variability on multi-week to multi-year time scales. Here, we investigate the role of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and demonstrate that the QBO influences rainfall variations and extremes’ responses across large regions of Australia. We find the QBO modulates convective heating to the east of the Maritime Continent and over the central South Atlantic Ocean in the austral summer. The baroclinic response and barotropic structure of the extra-tropical Rossby wave train induces anomalous circulation that affects the distribution and amount of rainfall over Australia. Our analysis and findings of QBO teleconnections with the dynamics that drive Australia’s rainfall variability and extremes represents a pathway to improve our understanding of rainfall potential predictability and scope to extend Australia’s rainfall prediction lead times.
Digital remote monitoring for screening and early detection of urinary tract infections
Authors: Capstick Alexander , Palermo Francesca , Zakka Kimberley , Fletcher-Lloyd Nan , Walsh Chloe , Cui Tianyu , Kouchaki Samaneh , Jackson Raphaella , Tran Martin , Crone Michael , Jensen Kirsten , Freemont Paul , Vaidyanathan Ravi , Kolanko Magdalena , True Jessica , Daniels Sarah , Wingfield David ,   CR&T Group, Nilforooshan Ramin , Barnaghi Payam
Published: January 2024

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent bacterial infections in older adults and a significant contributor to unplanned hospital admissions in People Living with Dementia (PLWD), with early detection being crucial due to the predicament of reporting symptoms and limited help-seeking behaviour. The most common diagnostic tool is urine sample analysis, which can be time-consuming and is only employed where UTI clinical suspicion exists. In this method development and proof-of-concept study, participants living with dementia were monitored via low-cost devices in the home that passively measure activity, sleep, and nocturnal physiology. Using 27828 person-days of remote monitoring data (from 117 participants), we engineered features representing symptoms used for diagnosing a UTI. We then evaluate explainable machine learning techniques in passively calculating UTI risk and perform stratification on scores to support clinical translation and allow control over the balance between alert rate and sensitivity and specificity. The proposed UTI algorithm achieves a sensitivity of 65.3% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 64.3–66.2) and specificity of 70.9% (68.6–73.1) when predicting UTIs on unseen participants and after risk stratification, a sensitivity of 74.7% (67.9–81.5) and specificity of 87.9% (85.0–90.9). In addition, feature importance methods reveal that the largest contributions to the predictions were bathroom visit statistics, night-time respiratory rate, and the number of previous UTI events, aligning with the literature. Our machine learning method alerts clinicians of UTI risk in subjects, enabling earlier detection and enhanced screening when considering treatment.
Loss of Mptx2 alters bacteria composition and intestinal homeostasis potentially by impairing autophagy
Authors: Yan Weihui , Chen Shanshan , Wang Ying , You Yaying , Lu Ying , Wang Weipeng , Wu Bo , Du Jun , Peng Shicheng , Cai Wei , Xiao Yongtao
Published: January 2024

A recent single-cell survey of the small-intestinal epithelium suggests that mucosal pentraxin 2 (Mptx2) is a new Paneth cell marker, but its function and involved mechanism in the Paneth cell are still unknown. Therefore, we create Mptx2 knockout (Mptx2−/−) mice to investigate its precise effects on intestinal homeostasis using models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) peritoneal infection, and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced intestinal injury and inflammation. We here find that Mptx2 is selectively expressed in Paneth cells in the small intestines of mice. Mptx2−/− mice have increased susceptibility to intestinal inflammation and injured. Mptx2 deficiency reduces Paneth cell count and expression of antimicrobial factors, leading to altered intestinal bacteria composition. Loss of Mptx2 aggravates MRSA infection–induced damage in the intestine while decreasing autophagy in Paneth cells. Mptx2−/− mice are more vulnerable to LPS-induced intestinal possibly due to inhibition of the autophagy/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Mptx2−/− mice are susceptible to DSS-induced colitis that could be ameliorated by treatment with gentamicin or vancomycin antibiotics. In conclusion, Mptx2 is essential to maintain intestinal homeostasis potentially via regulation of autophagy in Paneth cells.
Maximizing soil organic carbon stocks through optimal ploughing and renewal strategies in (Ley) grassland
Authors: Hu Teng , Malone Sparkle L. , Rumpel Cornelia , Chabbi Abad
Published: January 2024

Grassland management effects on soil organic carbon storage under future climate are unknown. Here we examine the impact of ley grassland durations in crop rotations on soil organic carbon in temperate climate from 2005 to 2100, considering two IPCC scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, with and without atmospheric CO2 enhancements. We used the DailyDayCent model and a long-term experiment to show that ley grasslands increase soil organic carbon storage by approximately 10 Mg ha−1 over 96 years compared with continuous cropping. Surprisingly, extending ley duration from 3 to 6 years does not enhance soil organic carbon. Furthermore, in comparison with non-renewed grasslands, those renewed every three years demonstrated a notable increase in soil organic carbon storage, by 0.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1. We concluded that management of ploughing and renewal intervals is crucial for maximizing soil organic carbon stocks, through balancing biomass carbon inputs during regrowth and carbon losses through soil respiration.
The role of the IPCC in assessing actionable evidence for climate policymaking
Authors: Pollitt Hector , Mercure Jean-Francois , Barker Terry , Salas Pablo , Scrieciu Serban
Published: January 2024

Climate policymakers across the world seek inputs from the research community to determine appropriate policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which perform the largest available analytical exercise in this area, offer scarce analytics on climate policy design. Here, we explore how, despite its ‘neutral, policy-relevant but not policy-prescriptive’ principle, the IPCC’s analytical scenario process in Working Group III on Mitigation has adopted an implicitly prescriptive policy position in favour of carbon pricing. Drawing on the example of alternative climate-economic modelling using the E3ME-FTT framework, we explore a pathway for the IPCC process that could cater for diverse ranges of more realistic granular policies. We conclude that, to become truly policy-relevant, the IPCC’s climate mitigation work is in urgent need of reform to provide more effective support for policy design.
Ribogenesis boosts controlled by HEATR1-MYC interplay promote transition into brain tumour growth
Authors: Diaz Laura R , Gil-Ranedo Jon , Jaworek Karolina J , Nsek Nsikan , Marques Joao Pinheiro , Costa Eleni , Hilton David A , Bieluczyk Hubert , Warrington Oliver , Hanemann C Oliver , Futschik Matthias E , Bossing Torsten , Barros Claudia S
Published: January 2024

Cell commitment to tumourigenesis and the onset of uncontrolled growth are critical determinants in cancer development but the early events directing tumour initiating cell (TIC) fate remain unclear. We reveal a single-cell transcriptome profile of brain TICs transitioning into tumour growth using thebrain tumour(brat) neural stem cell-basedDrosophilamodel. Prominent changes in metabolic and proteostasis-associated processes including ribogenesis are identified. Increased ribogenesis is a known cell adaptation in established tumours. Here we propose that brain TICs boost ribogenesis prior to tumour growth. Inbrat-deficient TICs, we show that this dramatic change is mediated by upregulatedHEAT-Repeat Containing 1(HEATR1) to promote ribosomal RNA generation, TIC enlargement and onset of overgrowth. HighHEATR1expression correlates with poor glioma patient survival and patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells rely on HEATR1 for enhanced ribogenesis and tumourigenic potential. Finally, we show that HEATR1 binds the master growth regulator MYC, promotes its nucleolar localisation and appears required for MYC-driven ribogenesis, suggesting a mechanism co-opted in ribogenesis reprogramming during early brain TIC development.
Molecular details of ruthenium red pore block in TRPV channels
Authors: Pumroy Ruth A , De Jesús-Pérez José J , Protopopova Anna D , Rocereta Julia A , Fluck Edwin C , Fricke Tabea , Lee Bo-Hyun , Rohacs Tibor , Leffler Andreas , Moiseenkova-Bell Vera
Published: January 2024

Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels play a critical role in calcium homeostasis, pain sensation, immunological response, and cancer progression. TRPV channels are blocked by ruthenium red (RR), a universal pore blocker for a wide array of cation channels. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to reveal the molecular details of RR block in TRPV2 and TRPV5, members of the two TRPV subfamilies. In TRPV2 activated by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, RR is tightly coordinated in the open selectivity filter, blocking ion flow and preventing channel inactivation. In TRPV5 activated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, RR blocks the selectivity filter and closes the lower gate through an interaction with polar residues in the pore vestibule. Together, our results provide a detailed understanding of TRPV subfamily pore block, the dynamic nature of the selectivity filter and allosteric communication between the selectivity filter and lower gate.
Cell penetration of oxadiazole-containing macrocycles
Authors: Huh Sungjoon , Batistatou Nefeli , Wang Jing , Saunders George J. , Kritzer Joshua A. , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: January 2024

Cellular permeability is an important property in drug discovery and biological probe design. Here we investigate the effect of oxadiazole grafts on cellular permeability using Chloroalkane Penetration Assay.
Investigation of Pb–B Bonding in PbB2(BO)n− (n = 0–2): Transformation from Aromatic PbB2− to Pb[B2(BO)2]−/0 Complexes with BB Triple Bonds
Authors: Chen Qiang , Chen Wei-Jia , Wu Xin-Yao , Chen Teng-Teng , Yuan Rui-Nan , Lu Hai-Gang , Yuan Dao-Fu , Li Si-Dian , Wang Lai-Sheng
Published: January 2024

Joint photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles theory investigations indicate that the Pb-doped PbB2(BO)n− clusters (n = 0−2) undergo a transformation from σ + π doubly aromatic triangle PbB2− to PbB4(BO)2−/0 complexes with a B≡B triple bond.
Excited state hydrogen or proton transfer pathways in microsolvated n-cyanoindole fluorescent probes
Authors: Abou-Hatab Salsabil , Matsika Spiridoula
Published: January 2024

n-Cyanoindole fluorescent probes hydrogen bonded with one or two water molecules can form cyclic or non-cyclic structures. These structures can lead to excited state proton or hydrogen transfer to the solvent molecules.
Effect of temperature on the gas-phase reaction of CH3CN with OH radicals: experimental (T = 11.7–177.5 K) and computational (T = 10–400 K) kinetic study
Authors: González Daniel , Canosa André , Martínez-Núñez Emilio , Fernández-Ramos Antonio , Ballesteros Bernabé , Agúndez Marcelino , Cernicharo José , Jiménez Elena
Published: January 2024

Acetonitrile (CH3CN) is present in the interstellar medium (ISM) in a variety of environments.
Orally administered neohesperidin attenuates MPTP-induced neurodegeneration by inhibiting inflammatory responses and regulating intestinal flora in mice
Authors: He Dewei , Gao Xiyu , Wen Jingru , Zhang Yiming , Yang Shuo , Sun Xiaojia , Cui Mingchi , Li Zhe , Fu Shoupeng , Liu Juxiong , Liu Dianfeng
Published: January 2024

Neohesperidin attenuates MPTP-induced neurodegeneration by inhibiting inflammatory responses and regulating intestinal flora in mice.
The effect of lignin molecular weight on the formation and properties of carbon quantum dots
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Zhao Siyu , Chen Xinrui , Han Xing , Zhang Junhua , Wu Min , Song Xueping , Zhang Zhanying
Published: January 2024

Five different Mw fractionated lignins were used to prepare five types of L-CQDs for general cell imaging and to clarify the effects of lignin Mw on the formation and properties of L-CQDs.
A copper(ii) bromide/NMO system for α-amination of esters under continuous-flow conditions with reduced catalyst loading
Authors: Chauhan Yaman , Kumar Kankanala Naveen , Ravichandiran V. , Jethy Sonali Bindita , Mohanta Nirmala , Swain Sharada Prasanna
Published: January 2024

A new copper(ii) bromide/N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO)-promoted method for α-amination of esters under continuous-flow conditions, with reduced catalyst loading is reported.
Synthesis and luminescent properties of spiroacridine-imidazole derivatives
Authors: Yan Yingchao , Pan Xu , Liu Rongjing , Zhao Yuling , Su Wenming , Yu Tianzhi
Published: January 2024

Two spiroacridine-imidazole derivatives (SAF-BI and SAF-PI) were prepared and their potential for application in deep-blue OLEDs was explored.
p-Toluenesulfonic acid-promoted organic transformations for the generation of molecular complexity
Authors: Pal Sanchari , Das Debjit , Bhunia Sabyasachi
Published: January 2024

The review focuses on the numerousp-TSA-promoted developments in the area of synthetic organic chemistry to access complex carbocycles and heterocycles, which are present in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and bioactive natural compounds.
A palladium-catalyzed synthesis of cyclic alkenyl boronates from alkenyl chlorides
Authors: Ou Hongru , Zhao Xu , Luo Yunfei
Published: January 2024

A highly practical protocol for the preparation of cyclic alkenyl boronic esters is reported.
A nIR fluorescent single walled carbon nanotube sensor for broad-spectrum diagnostics
Authors: Yoon Minyeong , Lee Yullim , Lee Seungju , Cho Youngwook , Koh Damee , Shin Seyoung , Tian Changyu , Song Youngho , Kang Joohoon , Cho Soo-Yeon
Published: January 2024

In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in diagnostic sensor design using nIR fluorescent SWCNTs and suggest potential directions for technological developments for real-world applications.
Fe-MIL-101 metal organic framework integrated solid polymer electrolytes for high-performance solid-state lithium metal batteries
Authors: Subramani Ramesh , Hsu Su-Yang , Chuang Yu-Chun , Hsu Liang-Ching , Lu Kueih-Tzu , Chen Jin-Ming
Published: January 2024

This work reports Fe-MIL-101 MOF integrated SPE for improved LMBs. The presence of Fe3+ metal centers enhances Li+ transfer and boosts the electrochemical properties of the SPE, enabling stable cycling at room temperature in solid-state LMBs.
Correction: Development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts from decellularized parsley stems
Authors: Cevik Merve , Dikici Serkan
Published: January 2024

Correction for ‘Development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts from decellularized parsley stems’ by Merve Cevik et al., Soft Matter, 2024, 20, 338–350, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SM01236K.
Deep Anomaly Detection with Attention (DADA): A Novel Approach for Identifying Multipath Interference in Radar Signals
Authors: Yan Kang , Jin Weidong , Huang Yingkun , Li Zhenhua , Song Pucha , Huang Ligang
Published: January 2024

Multipath interference in radar signals caused by sea, ground, and other environments poses significant challenges to the target detection, tracking, and classification capabilities of radar systems. Existing methods for radar signal identification require labeled samples and focus mainly on the classification of normal signals. However, in practice, anomalous samples (multipath interference signals) may be scarce and highly imbalanced (i.e., mostly normal samples). To address this problem, we propose a deep anomaly detection with attention (DADA) for semisupervised detection of multipath radar signals. The method transforms radar signals into time–frequency images and is trained exclusively on normal samples. The autoencoder architecture is extended with a feature extractor network to capture latent sample features. CBAM attention is introduced to improve feature extraction. By learning the distribution of normal samples in high‐dimensional image space and low‐dimensional feature space, a two‐dimensional feature space representing normal samples is constructed. A one‐class SVM then learns the boundary of normal samples for anomaly detection. Extensive experiments on radar signal datasets validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A topic‐controllable keywords‐to‐text generator with knowledge base network
Authors: He Li , Shi Kaize , Wang Dingxian , Wang Xianzhi , Xu Guandong
Published: January 2024

With the introduction of more recent deep learning models such as encoder‐decoder, text generation frameworks have gained a lot of popularity. In Natural Language Generation (NLG), controlling the information and style of the output produced is a crucial and challenging task. The purpose of this paper is to develop informative and controllable text using social media language by incorporating topic knowledge into a keyword‐to‐text framework. A novel Topic‐Controllable Key‐to‐Text (TC‐K2T) generator that focuses on the issues of ignoring unordered keywords and utilising subject‐controlled information from previous research is presented. TC‐K2T is built on the framework of conditional language encoders. In order to guide the model to produce an informative and controllable language, the generator first inputs unordered keywords and uses subjects to simulate prior human knowledge. Using an additional probability term, the model increases the likelihood of topic words appearing in the generated text to bias the overall distribution. The proposed TC‐K2T can produce more informative and controllable senescence, outperforming state‐of‐the‐art models, according to empirical research on automatic evaluation metrics and human annotations.
PCBDet: An efficient deep neural network object detection architecture for automatic PCB component detection on the edge
Authors: Li B. , Palayew S. , Li F. , Abbasi S. , Nair S. , Wong A.
Published: January 2024

There can be numerous electronic components on a given PCB, making the task of visual inspection to detect defects very time‐consuming and prone to error, especially at scale. There has thus been significant interest in automatic PCB component detection, particularly leveraging deep learning. While deep neural networks are able to perform such detection with greater accuracy, these networks typically require high computational resources, limiting their feasibility in real‐world use cases, which often involve high‐volume and high‐throughput detection with constrained edge computing resource availability. To bridge this gap between performance and resource requirements, PCBDet, an attention condenser network design that provides state‐of‐the‐art inference throughput while achieving superior PCB component detection performance compared to other state‐of‐the‐art efficient architecture designs, is introduced. Experimental results show that PCBDet can achieve up to 2× inference speed‐up on an ARM Cortex A72 processor when compared to an EfficientNet‐based design while achieving ∼2–4% higher mAP on the FICS‐PCB benchmark dataset.
Towards better laparoscopic video segmentation: A class‐wise contrastive learning approach with multi‐scale feature extraction
Authors: Zhang Luyang , Hayashi Yuichiro , Oda Masahiro , Mori Kensaku
Published: January 2024

The task of segmentation is integral to computer‐aided surgery systems. Given the privacy concerns associated with medical data, collecting a large amount of annotated data for training is challenging. Unsupervised learning techniques, such as contrastive learning, have shown powerful capabilities in learning image‐level representations from unlabelled data. This study leverages classification labels to enhance the accuracy of the segmentation model trained on limited annotated data. The method uses a multi‐scale projection head to extract image features at various scales. The partitioning method for positive sample pairs is then improved to perform contrastive learning on the extracted features at each scale to effectively represent the differences between positive and negative samples in contrastive learning. Furthermore, the model is trained simultaneously with both segmentation labels and classification labels. This enables the model to extract features more effectively from each segmentation target class and further accelerates the convergence speed. The method was validated using the publicly available CholecSeg8k dataset for comprehensive abdominal cavity surgical segmentation. Compared to select existing methods, the proposed approach significantly enhances segmentation performance, even with a small labelled subset (1–10%) of the dataset, showcasing a superior intersection over union (IoU) score.
A novel vector control strategy for sensorless 3φ induction machines under single‐phase fault
Authors: Taghinezhad Vaskeh Mahaleh Amir Mohamad , Ghanbari Mahmood , Ebrahimi Reza
Published: January 2024

Safety and reliability are very important in machine driving systems for many industries. A novel rotor flux‐based Vector Control (VC) strategy for Y‐connected 3φ Induction Machines (IMs) without speed sensor under the Single‐Phase Fault (SPF) is proposed. The sensorless VC technique is based on using Asymmetrical Transformation Matrices (ATMs) for stator voltage and current components as well as an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for estimation of the speed and d‐q fluxes. Furthermore, a simple model‐based SPF detection mechanism based on the EKF is suggested. The performance of the proposed control scheme for a 1 HP sensorless Y‐connected 3φ IM prototype is validated by several experiments. According to the experimental results, the designed scheme during the SPF has several advantages of improved phase currents and low speed, flux, and torque ripples.
Impact of fragmentation in quantum signal channel of quantum key distribution enabled optical networks
Authors: Sharma Purva , Bhatia Vimal , Prakash Shashi
Published: January 2024

In QKD‐enabled optical networks (QKD‐enabled ONs), fragmentation is one of the serious issues which can be mitigated through appropriate management of network resources. Thus, efficient allocation of network resources during routing and resource assignment is important to minimise the impact of time slot fragmentation in the quantum signal channel (QSCh) of QKD‐enabled ONs. The authors address the fragmentation problem in the QSCh and propose a new fragmentation‐suppressed routing and resource assignment (FS‐RRA) approach. To evaluate the performance and to analyse the effect of time slot fragmentation in QSCh of QKD‐enabled ONs, the proposed FS‐RRA approach is compared with two existing resource assignment approaches, namely, the first‐fit (FF) and random‐fit (RF) for two different networks. Simulation results show that the proposed approach reduces fragmentation by 2.97% and 6.69% for NSFNET and 1.77% and 5.91% for UBN24 in terms of external fragmentation compared to FF and RF, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed approach reduces blocking by 4.03% and 14.28% for NSFNET and 2.61% and 13.44% for UBN24 and improves resource utilisation up to 3.44% and 5.96% for NSFNET and 3.08% and 7.64% for UBN24 compared to FF and RF, respectively.
Mainlobe and sidelobe jamming suppression method based on distributed array radar with eigen‐projection matrix processing and null constraints
Authors: Han Bowen , Yang Xiaopeng , Lv Qiang , Li Wolin , Zhang Zhengyan , Zhong Shichao
Published: January 2024

The jamming in electronic warfare environment significantly degrades the performance of the radar system, especially the mainlobe jamming. The distributed array radar can suppress the mainlobe jamming by increasing the array aperture with auxiliary arrays. However, when the aperture of an auxiliary array is smaller than that of the main array, it results in residual jamming in auxiliary arrays after beamforming and affects the performance of the radar system. To tackle this issue, a mainlobe and sidelobe jamming joint suppression method with eigen‐projection matrix processing (EMP) and null constraints is proposed. In the proposed method, firstly, the adaptive beamforming with EMP is performed in main and auxiliary arrays to suppress the sidelobe jamming with mainlobe maintenance. Then, the null constraints based on the Capon spectrum of main array are applied to suppress the residual jamming in auxiliary arrays. Finally, the minimum mean square error (MMSE) beamforming is utilised to cancel the mainlobe jamming. Simulation results demonstrate the jamming suppression performance of the proposed method.