bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pandemic Publishing: Medical journals drastically speed up their publication process for Covid-19
Authors: Horbach Serge P.J.M.
Published: April 2020

In times of public crises, including the current Covid-19 pandemic, rapid dissemination of relevant scientific knowledge is of paramount importance. The duration of scholarly journals’ publication process is one of the main factors hindering quick delivery of new information. While proper editorial assessment and peer review obviously require some time, turnaround times for medical journals can be up to several months, which is undesirable in the era of a crisis. Following initiatives of medical journals and scholarly publishers to accelerate their publication process, this study assesses whether medical journals have indeed managed to speed up their publication process for Covid-19 related articles. It studies the duration of 14 medical journals’ publication process both during and prior to the current pandemic. Assessing a total of 669 articles, the study concludes that medical journals have indeed drastically accelerated the publication process for Covid-19 related articles since the outbreak of the pandemic. Compared to articles published in the same journals before the pandemic, turnaround times have decreased on average by 49%. The largest decrease in number of days between submission and publication of articles was due to a decrease in the number of days required for peer review. For articles not related to Covid-19, no acceleration of the publication process is found. While the acceleration of journals’ publication process is laudable from the perspective of quick information dissemination, it also raises concerns relating to the quality of the peer review process and the quality of the resulting publications.
Aligned and Conductive 3D Collagen Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering
Authors: Basurto Ivan M. , Mora Mark T. , Gardner Gregg M. , Christ George J. , Caliari Steven R.
Published: April 2020

Skeletal muscle is characterized by its three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic architecture composed of highly aligned, organized, and electrically excitable muscle fibers that enable normal locomotion. Biomaterial-based tissue engineering approaches to repair skeletal muscle injuries are limited due to difficulties in combining 3D structural alignment (to guide cell/matrix organization) and electrical conductivity (to enable electrically excitable myotube assembly and maturation). In this work we successfully produced aligned and electrically conductive 3D collagen scaffolds using a freeze-drying approach. Conductive polypyrrole (PPy) microparticles were synthesized and directly mixed into a suspension of type I collagen and chondroitin sulfate followed by directional lyophilization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and confocal microscopy analyses showed that directional solidification resulted in scaffolds with longitudinally aligned macropores (transverse plane: 155 ± 27 µm, longitudinal plane: 218 ± 49 µm) with homogeneously-distributed PPy content. Chronopotentiometry verified that PPy incorporation resulted in a five-fold increase in conductivity when compared to non-PPy containing collagen scaffolds without detrimentally affecting C2C12 mouse myoblast metabolic activity. Furthermore, the aligned scaffold microstructure provided contact guidance cues that directed myoblast growth and organization. Incorporation of PPy also promoted enhanced myotube formation and maturation as measured by myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression and number of nuclei per myotube. Together these data suggest that aligned and conductive 3D collagen scaffolds could be useful for skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
ABHD11 regulates 2-oxoglutarate abundance by protecting mitochondrial lipoylated proteins from lipid peroxidation damage
Authors: Bailey Peter S J , Ortmann Brian M , Houghton Jack W , Costa Ana S H , Antrobus Robin , Frezza Christian , Nathan James A
Published: April 2020

2-oxoglutarate (2-OG or α-ketoglutarate) relates mitochondrial metabolism to cell function by modulating the activity of 2-OG dependent dioxygenases (2-OG DDs) involved in the hypoxia response and DNA/histone modifications. However, metabolic pathways that regulate these oxygen and 2-OG sensitive enzymes remain poorly understood. Here, using CRISPR Cas9 genome-wide mutagenesis to screen for genetic determinants of 2-OG levels, we uncover a redox sensitive mitochondrial lipoylation pathway, dependent on the mitochondrial hydrolase ABHD11, that signals changes in mitochondrial 2-OG metabolism to 2-OG DD function. ABHD11 loss or inhibition drives a rapid increase in 2-OG levels by impairing lipoylation of the 2-OG dehydrogenase complex (OGDHc) – the rate limiting step for mitochondrial 2-OG metabolism. Rather than facilitating lipoate conjugation, ABHD11 protects the catalytic lipoyl domain from lipid peroxidation products formed by oxidative damage, demonstrating a requirement for a lipoyl repair pathway in human cells, and highlighting how the redox sensitivity of lipoylation modulates 2-OG metabolism.
Development of early-stage type 1 diabetes in germ-free interleukin-10 deficient mice
Authors: Bobe Alexandria M. , Miyoshi Jun , Moore Patrick , Devkota Suzanne , Leone Vanessa , Martinez Kristina , Theriault Betty R. , Musch Mark W. , Wasserfall Clive , Atkinson Mark , Rhodes Christopher J. , Chang Eugene B.
Published: April 2020

Several experimental models demonstrate a role for gut microbiota in the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in genetically prone hosts. While the association between disturbances in gut microbiota, or microbial dysbiosis, and complex immune diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are well established, less is known about its role in T1D pathogenesis. In IBD-prone interleukin-10 deficient (IL-10 KO) mice, the absence of gut microbiota under germ-free (GF) conditions prevents IBD development. However, in aged GF IL-10 KO mice (>6-months of age), polyuria and pancreatic lymphocytic infiltration resembling T1D lesions was observed. Approximately 50% of male and female mice above 6-months of age develop pancreatic immune cell infiltration, as compared to none in conventionally-raised and fecal microbiota transplanted (FMT) IL-10 KO counterparts. Immunofluorescence staining of islet infiltrates was positive for adaptive and innate immunological markers, including lymphoid and myeloid cell markers, which typically characterize autoimmune T1D lesions. A subset of GF IL-10 KO mice was also positive for insulin autoantibodies (IAA), but the majority of mice did not become diabetic. Our findings of early stage lymphocytic infiltrates in the pancreas and IAA in the absence of overt diabetes in GF IL-10 KO mice embody the early stages of T1D pathogenesis. As such, we propose that the presence of gut microbiota play a protective role against immune infiltration in the pancreas of genetically prone hosts. Moreover, our model provides an opportunity to better understand the role of the microbiota in the early stages of immune pathogenesis and perhaps conceive the development of microbe-mediated prophylactic strategies to treat or even prevent T1D.
Epigenetic regulator BMI1 promotes fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma proliferation and constitutes a novel therapeutic target
Authors: Shields Cara E. , Potlapalli Sindhu , Cuya-Smith Selma M. , Chappell Sarah K. , Chen Dongdong , Martinez Daniel , Pogoriler Jennifer , Rathi Komal S. , Patel Shiv A. , Maris John M. , Schnepp Robert W.
Published: April 2020

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive pediatric soft tissue sarcoma that continues to present significant challenges to pediatric oncology. There are two major subtypes of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar and embryonal. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas are characterized by the presence of a PAX-FOXO1 fusion protein and termed fusion-positive (FP-RMS); embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (ERMS) lack these fusions and are termed fusion-negative (FN-RMS).

Fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS) harbors PAX-FOXO1 fusion proteins and has a worse overall outcome compared to FN-RMS, underscoring the critical need to identify novel targets for this disease. While fusion proteins remain challenging therapeutic targets, recent studies have begun to reveal the key intersection of PAX-FOXO1 fusion proteins with the malignant epigenome, suggesting that epigenetic proteins may serve as novel targets in FP-RMS. Here, we investigate the contribution of the epigenetic regulator BMI1 to FP-RMS.

We examined RNA-seq tumor datasets and determined thatBMI1is robustly expressed in FP-RMS tumors, patient derived xenografts (PDXs), and cell lines. We depleted BMI1 using RNA interference and find that this leads to a marked decrease in cell growth. Next, we used two BMI1 inhibitors, PTC-209 and PTC-028, and showed that BMI1 inhibition decreases cell cycle progression and increases apoptosis in FP-RMS cell lines. In thein vivosetting, targeting BMI1 leads to decreased tumor growth. Mechanistically, we observe that BMI1 inhibition activates the tumor suppressive Hippo pathway. Collectively, these results identify BMI1 as a novel therapeutic vulnerability in FP-RMS and provide a foundation for further investigation of BMI1 in both FP-RMS and additional sarcoma histotypes.
Structural basis for autophagy inhibition by the human Rubicon-Rab7 complex
Authors: Bhargava Hersh K. , Tabata Keisuke , Byck Jordan M. , Hamasaki Maho , Farrell Daniel P. , Anishchenko Ivan , DiMaio Frank , Im Young Jun , Yoshimori Tamotsu , Hurley James H.
Published: April 2020

Rubicon is a potent negative regulator of autophagy and a potential target for autophagy-inducing therapeutics. Rubicon-mediated inhibition of autophagy requires the interaction of the C-terminal Rubicon homology (RH) domain of Rubicon with Rab7-GTP. Here we report the 2.8 Å crystal structure of the Rubicon RH domain in complex with Rab7-GTP. Our structure reveals a novel fold for the RH domain built around four zinc clusters. The switch regions of Rab7 insert into pockets on the surface of the RH domain in a mode that is distinct from those of other Rab-effector complexes. Rubicon residues at the dimer interface are required for Rubicon and Rab7 to colocalize in living cells. Mutation of Rubicon RH residues in the Rab7 binding site restore efficient autophagic flux in the presence of overexpressed Rubicon, validating the Rubicon RH domain as a promising therapeutic target.
Clinical presentation and management of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A case series of 55 patients
Authors: Sun Rui‐Xue , Xu Jun , Zhu Hua‐Dong , Yu Xue‐Zhong , Yang Jing
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics and treatment of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, differential diagnoses, therapeutic methods, and prognosis of 55 patients with acquired TTP were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 55 TTP patients, 17 were males and 38 were females, with a mean age of 40 ± 15 years. Twenty‐one patients had the Triad syndrome, which included neurological syndromes, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Twenty‐three patients had the Quinary syndrome, which included fever, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, and neurological symptoms. Twenty‐eight patients received the measurement for a disintegrin and metalloprotease with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13) activity and 23 patients had <10% of the normal range. ADAMTS13 inhibitor was tested in 20 patients and was positive in 18 patients. Both ADAMTS13 activity and ADAMTS13 inhibitor were examined in 20 patients and 90% of the patients showed double positive results. The treatment methods included plasma exchange, glucocorticoids, rituximab, immunosuppressants, and intravenous immunoglobulin. Thirty‐three patients survived, and 22 patients died. Plasma exchange improved the remission rate from 16.7% to 65.3% (P = .022). The combined immunosuppressive therapy based on plasma exchange and glucocorticoids raised the remission rate from 43.8% to 75.8%. Most of acquired TTP patients had the Triad syndrome or the Quinary syndrome. A high proportion of TTP patients had ADAMTS13 activity reduction and ADAMTS13 inhibitor positivity. Plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy may improve the prognosis of this disease.
Hybridization ddRAD‐sequencing for population genomics of nonmodel plants using highly degraded historical specimen DNA
Authors: Lang Patricia L. M. , Weiß Clemens L. , Kersten Sonja , Latorre Sergio M. , Nagel Sarah , Nickel Birgit , Meyer Matthias , Burbano Hernán A.
Published: April 2020

Species’ responses at the genetic level are key to understanding the long‐term consequences of anthropogenic global change. Herbaria document such responses, and, with contemporary sampling, provide high‐resolution time‐series of plant evolutionary change. Characterizing genetic diversity is straightforward for model species with small genomes and a reference sequence. For nonmodel species—with small or large genomes—diversity is traditionally assessed using restriction‐enzyme‐based sequencing. However, age‐related DNA damage and fragmentation preclude the use of this approach for ancient herbarium DNA. Here, we combine reduced‐representation sequencing and hybridization‐capture to overcome this challenge and efficiently compare contemporary and historical specimens. Specifically, we describe how homemade DNA baits can be produced from reduced‐representation libraries of fresh samples, and used to efficiently enrich historical libraries for the same fraction of the genome to produce compatible sets of sequence data from both types of material. Applying this approach to both Arabidopsis thaliana and the nonmodel plant Cardamine bulbifera, we discovered polymorphisms de novo in an unbiased, reference‐free manner. We show that the recovered genetic variation recapitulates known genetic diversity in A. thaliana, and recovers geographical origin in both species and over time, independent of bait diversity. Hence, our method enables fast, cost‐efficient, large‐scale integration of contemporary and historical specimens for assessment of genome‐wide genetic trends over time, independent of genome size and presence of a reference genome.
“Are We Not What We Seem?”: Infrapolitical Maneuvers in the Era of College and Career Readiness
Authors: Abad Miguel N.
Published: April 2020

This article explores the ways in which social scaffolding and cultural brokering processes within educational spaces engender ideological tensions among predominantly Latinx youth participants and educators within a college and career readiness organization. Based upon data from an 18‐month ethnography, they engaged in forms of resistance through infrapolitics. Youth and educators simultaneously critiqued and negotiated the contradictions that emerge from engaging with the symbolic demands associated with respectability and citizenship within the United States.
Dose‐dependent structural and immunological changes in the placenta and fetal brain in response to systemic inflammation during pregnancy
Authors: Chudnovets Anna , Lei Jun , Na Quan , Dong Jie , Narasimhan Harish , Klein Sabra L. , Burd Irina
Published: April 2020

Problem

Systemic maternal inflammation is associated with adverse neonatal sequelae. We tested the hypothesis that IL‐1β is a key inflammatory regulator of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Method of study

Pregnant mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections of IL‐1β (0, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 μg) from embryonic day (E)14 to E17. Placenta and fetal brains were harvested and analyzed for morphologic changes and IL‐1β signaling markers.

Results

As compared with non‐treated dams, maternal injections with IL‐1β resulted in increased p‐NF‐κB and caspase‐1 in placentas and fetal brains, but not consistently in spleens, suggesting induction of intrinsic IL‐1β production. These findings were confirmed by increased levels of IL‐1β in the placentas of the IL‐1β‐treated dams. Systemic treatment of dams with IL‐1β suppressed Stat1 signaling. Maternal inflammation caused by IL‐1β treatment reduced fetal viability to 80.6% and 58.9%, in dams treated with either 0.5 or 1 μg of IL‐1β, respectively. In the placentas, there was an IL‐1β dose‐dependent distortion of the labyrinth structure, decreased numbers of mononuclear trophoblast giant cells, and reduced proportions of endothelial cells as compared to placentas from control dams. In fetal brains collected at E17, there was an IL‐1β dose‐dependent reduction in cortical neuronal morphology.

Conclusion

This work demonstrates that systemic IL‐1β injection causes dose‐dependent structural and functional changes in the placenta and fetal brain.
In‐vivo diagnostic test allergens in Europe: A call to action and proposal for recovery plan—An EAACI position paper
Authors: Klimek Ludger , Hoffmann Hans J. , Kalpaklioglu Ayse F. , Demoly Pascal , Agache Ioana , Popov Todor A. , Muraro Antonella , Schmid‐Grendelmeier Peter , Bonini Sergio , Bonertz Andreas , Mahler Vera , Vieths Stefan , Pfaar Oliver , Zuberbier Torsten , Jutel Marek , Schmidt‐Weber Carsten , Hellings Peter W. , Dreborg Sten , Bonini Matteo , Brough Helen A. , Bousquet Jean , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber Karin , Palomares Oscar , Ollert Markus , Shamji Mohamed H. , Cardona Victoria
Published: April 2020

Diagnostic allergens are defined as medicinal products in the EU. Marketing authorization by national authorities is necessary; however, diagnostic allergens are not homogeneously regulated in different EU member states. Allergen manufacturers argue with increasing costs forcing them to continuously reduce the diagnostic allergen portfolios offered to allergists. In contrast, EAACI and national European Allergy Societies see the need for the availability of a wide range of high‐quality diagnostic allergens for in vivo diagnosis of IgE‐mediated allergies not only covering predominant but also less frequent allergen sources. In a recent EAACI task force survey, the current practice of allergy diagnosis was shown to rely on skin tests as first option in almost 2/3 of all types of allergic diseases and in 90% regarding respiratory allergies.

With the need to ensure the availability of high‐quality diagnostic allergens in the EU, an action plan has been set up by EAACI to analyse the current regulatory demands in EU member states and to define possible solutions stated in this document: (a) simplification of authorization for diagnostic allergens; (b) specific regulation of special types of diagnostic allergens; (c) new models beyond the current model of homologous groups; (d) simplification of pharmacovigilance reporting; (e) reduction of regulation fees for diagnostic allergens; (f) reimbursement for diagnostic allergens.

Joining forces of allergists, manufacturers and authorities are of high importance to ensure remaining relevant allergens in the EU markets to facilitate a sustainable and comprehensive service for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases.
Association of hMSH5 C85T polymorphism with radiation sensitivity of testicular cell lines GC‐1, GC‐2, TM3, and TM4
Authors: Lin Mingyue , Guo Lihuang , Cheng Zhenbo , Huan Xisha , Huang Yue , Xu Keqian
Published: April 2020

Background

The hMSH5 C85T polymorphism, which encodes hMSH5 P29S, is associated with individual differences in spermatogenic abnormalities caused by ionizing radiation (IR), but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear.

Objectives

This manuscript aims to explore the role of hMSH5 C85T polymorphism in IR‐induced individual differences in spermatogenic abnormalities.

Material and methods

We transfected pcDNA‐hMSH5P29S vector into mouse spermatogonia GC‐1, mouse spermatocytes GC‐2, mouse testicular mesenchymal cells TM3, and mouse testicular support cells TM4. After radiation, we evaluated cell survival with colony formation assay, apoptosis with TUNEL assay and caspase‐3 activity assay, DNA damage with comet assay and an in vivo NHEJ activity assay.

Results

Results showed that only spermatocytes GC‐2 transfected with pcDNA‐hMSH5P29S vector had significant differences in IR‐induced cell survival and apoptosis when compared to that transfected with pcDNA empty vector and pcDNA‐wild‐hMSH5 vector, while there was no statistical difference in GC‐1, TM3, and TM4. In addition, comet assay showed that the DNA damage of GC‐2 transfected with pcDNA‐hMSH5P29S vector increased significantly compared to that transfected with pcDNA empty vector and pcDNA‐wild‐hMSH5 vector after IR. And in vivo NHEJ activity assay showed that the NHEJ activity of GC‐2 transfected with pcDNA‐hMSH5P29S vector was statistically higher than that transfected with pcDNA empty vector and pcDNA‐wild‐hMSH5 vector.

Conclusion

Our study indicates that the hMSH5 C85T polymorphism leads to an abnormal increase in apoptosis and lessen the control on error‐prone NHEJ of spermatocyte GC‐2, thereby altering the difference of radiation sensitivity of spermatogenesis.
Diversity of wet and mesic grasslands along a climatic gradient on the southern margin of the Pannonian Basin
Authors: Škvorc Željko , Ćuk Mirjana , Zelnik Igor , Franjić Jozo , Igić Ružica , Ilić Miloš , Krstonošić Daniel , Vukov Dragana , Čarni Andraž
Published: April 2020

Questions

Which are the main wet and mesic grassland vegetation types along the climatic gradient on the southern margin of the Pannonian basin? Which are the most important environmental gradients that determine their distribution and species composition?

Location

The southern margin of the Pannonian plain (N and E Slovenia, N Croatia, N Serbia).

Methods

A database of 2,575 vegetation plots originally assigned to the Molinio‐Arrhenatheretea was compiled. Semi‐supervised classification based on the K‐means algorithm was applied to assign plots into 12 a‐priori alliances and to search for new alliances. Non‐metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination with Ellenberg's indicator values and bioclimatic variables were applied to show the influence of ecological conditions on species composition. The plots within each alliance were further classified into associations using the beta flexible method.

Results

Classification resulted in 12 alliances recognized in the EuroVegChecklist, and two new groups appeared. The first group occurs in the eastern part of the research area, where many ruderal species appear. This group was treated as a new alliance, Salvio nemorosae‐Arrhenatherion forming a vicariant syntaxon of the alliance Arrhenatherion. The second group occurs in the western part. It is a transitional group between mesic (Arrhenatherion) and wet meadows (Deschampsion) and can be treated as Alopecurion. Besides, three new associations and six new subassociations were described, together with the typification of seven associations and of three subassociations. Numerical analyses revealed floristic, ecological and geographical differentiation among analysed vegetation types.

Conclusions

The communities showed typical Central European features in the western part, but their floristic and ecological conditions changed towards the eastern part, where the continental influence was more pronounced. The vegetation structure and plant species composition in the studied area were influenced by soil moisture and soil nutrient availability as well as by strong biogeographical and climatic gradients.
C‐phycocyanin protects against ethanol‐induced gastric ulcers in rats: Role of HMGB1/NLRP3/NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Alzokaky Amany Abdel‐mageed , Abdelkader Eman M. , El‐Dessouki Ahmed M. , Khaleel Sahar A. , Raslan Nahed A.
Published: April 2020

Gastric ulcer is a widespread inflammatory disease with high socio‐economic burden. C‐phycocyanin is one of the active constituents of Spirulina microalgae, and although it is well known for its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, its protective effects against gastric ulcer have not yet been identified. High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that, once secreted extracellularly, initiates several inflammatory reactions, and it is involved in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐ulcerogenic effects of C‐phycocyanin against ethanol‐induced gastric ulcer targeting HMGB1/NLRP3/NF‐κB pathway. Ulcer induction showed increase in HMGB1 expression through activation of nucleotide‐binding domain and leucine‐rich repeat‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and nuclear factor kappa p65 (NF‐κB p65). Moreover, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were elevated in the ulcer‐treated group compared to the normal control group. However, pre‐treatment with C‐phycocyanin significantly reduced HMGB1 expression via suppression of NLRP3/NF‐κB, oxidative markers, IL‐1β, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and ulcer index value. These results were consistent with histopathological and immunohistochemistry examination. Thus, C‐phycocyanin is a potential therapeutic strategy with anti‐inflammatory and anti‐ulcerogenic effects against ethanol‐induced gastric ulcer.
Evaluation of a learning analytics tool for supporting teachers in the creation and evaluation of accessible and quality open educational resources
Authors: Avila Cecilia , Baldiris Silvia , Fabregat Ramon , Graf Sabine
Published: April 2020

The learning analytics (LA) field seeks to analyze data about students’ interactions, and it has been applied in the development of tools for supporting both learning and teaching processes. Recent research has paid attention on how LA may benefit teachers in the creation of educational resources. However, most of the research on LA solutions is carried out to support teachers in analyzing students’ behavior data collected as they interact with virtual learning environments. While solutions to support teachers in different virtual learning and teaching contexts have become important, to date little research has been done on how LA solutions can help teachers to create and evaluate Open Educational Resources (OERs). This study aims at presenting the evaluation of a LA tool for supporting teachers in the creation and evaluation of accessible and quality OERs considering that both processes fall within the competences that teachers can acquire and strengthen by participating as authors (creation) and evaluators (evaluation) of OERs. The study was conducted with Colombian teachers and the results obtained highlight the positive effect the tool had on the teachers’ acquisition of the competences and the positive attitude they had toward using the tool.
A comparative propensity score‐matched analysis of perioperative outcomes of intracorporeal vs extracorporeal urinary diversion after robot‐assisted radical cystectomy: results from the International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium
Authors: Hussein Ahmed A. , Elsayed Ahmed S. , Aldhaam Naif A. , Jing Zhe , Peabody James O. , Wijburg Carl J. , Wagner Andrew , Canda Abdullah Erdem , Khan Mohammad Shamim , Scherr Douglas , Schanne Francis , Maatman Thomas J. , Kim Eric , Mottrie Alexandre , Aboumohamed Ahmed , Gaboardi Franco , Pini Giovannalberto , Kaouk Jihad , Yuh Bertram , Rha Koon‐Ho , Hemal Ashok , Palou Redorta Joan , Badani Ketan , Saar Matthias , Stockle Michael , Richstone Lee , Roupret Morgan , Balbay Derya , Dasgupta Prokar , Menon Mani , Guru Khurshid A.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To compare the perioperative outcomes of intracorporeal (ICUD) vs extracorporeal urinary diversion (ECUD) after robot‐assisted radical cystectomy (RARC).

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the prospectively maintained International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium (IRCC) database. A total of 972 patients from 28 institutions who underwent RARC were included. Propensity score matching was used to match patients based on age, gender, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists Score (ASA) score, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, prior radiation and abdominal surgery, receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and clinical staging. Matched cohorts were compared. Multivariate stepwise logistic and linear regression models were fit to evaluate variables associated with receiving ICUD, operating time, 90‐day high‐grade complications (Clavien–Dindo Classification Grade ≥III), and 90‐day readmissions after RARC.

Results

Utilisation of ICUD increased from 0% in 2005 to 95% in 2018. The ICUD patients had more overall complications (66% vs 58%, P = 0.01) and readmissions (27% vs 17%, P = 0.01), but not high‐grade complications (21% vs 24%, P = 0.22). A more recent RC era and ileal conduit diversion were associated with receiving an ICUD. Higher BMI, ASA score ≥3, and receiving a neobladder were associated with longer operating times. Shorter operating time was associated with male gender, older age, ICUD, and centres with a larger annual average RC volume. Longer intensive care unit stay was associated with 90‐day high‐grade complications. Higher CCI score, prior radiation therapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and ICUD were associated with a higher risk of 90‐day readmissions.

Conclusions

Utilisation of ICUD has increased over the past decade. ICUD was associated with more overall complications and readmissions compared to ECUD, but not high‐grade complications.
Liana communities exhibit different species composition, diversity and community structure across forest types in the Congo Basin
Authors: Mumbanza Francis M. , Bauters Marijn , Kearsley Elizabeth , Boeckx Pascal , Lubini Constantin A. , Verbeeck Hans
Published: April 2020

Lianas are poorly characterized for central African forests. We quantify variation in liana composition, diversity and community structure in different forest types in the Yangambi Man and Biosphere Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. These attributes of liana assemblages were examined in 12 1‐ha plots, randomly demarcated within regrowth forest, old growth monodominant forest, old growth mixed forest and old growth edge forest. Using a combination of multivariate and univariate community analyses, we visualize the patterns of these liana assemblage attributes and/or test for their significant differences across forest types. The combined 12 1‐ha area contains 2,638 lianas (≥2 cm diameter) representing 105 species, 49 genera and 22 families. Liana species composition differed significantly across forest types. Taxonomic diversity was higher in old growth mixed forests compared to old growth monodominant and regrowth forests. Trait diversity was higher than expected in the regrowth forest as opposed to the rest of forest types. Similarly, the regrowth forest differed from the rest of forest types in the pattern of liana species ecological traits and diameter frequency distribution. The regrowth forest was also less densely populated in lianas and had lower liana total basal area than the rest of forest types. We speculate that the mechanism of liana competitive exclusion by dominant tree species is mainly responsible for the lower liana species diversity in monodominant compared to mixed forests. We attribute variation in liana community structure between regrowth and old growth forests mostly to short development time of size hierarchies.
Identification, characterization and epitope mapping of proteins encoded by putative allergenic napin genes from Brassica rapa
Authors: Rahman Mahmudur , Baten Abdul , Mauleon Ramil , King Graham J. , Liu Lei , Barkla Bronwyn J.
Published: April 2020

Background

Brassica rapeseed crops contain high concentrations of oil in the seed. The remaining meal, following oil extraction, has a high protein content, but is of low value due to the presence of high amounts of napin seed storage proteins. These 2S albumin‐like proteins are difficult to digest and have been identified as major allergens in humans.

Objective

To comprehensively characterize the napin gene (NG) family in Brassica rapa and to gain an understanding of the structural basis of allergenicity of the expressed proteins.

Methods

To identify candidate napin genes in B rapa, 2S albumin‐like napin genes of Arabidopsis thaliana were used as query sequences to search for similarity against the B rapa var. pekinensis Chiifu‐401 v2 and the var. trilocularis R‐o‐18 v1.5 genomes. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and epitope modelling was carried out to determine structural and evolutionary relationships of NGs and their potential allergenicity.

Results

Four candidate napin genes in R‐o‐18 and ten in Chiifu‐401 were identified with high sequence similarity to A thaliana napin genes. Multiple sequence alignment revealed strong conservation among the candidate genes. An epitope survey indicated high conservation of allergenic epitope motifs with known 2S albumin‐like allergens.

Conclusion

Napin is thought to be responsible for a  high prevalence of food allergies. Characterization of the napin gene family in B rapa will give important insight into the protein structure, and epitope modelling will help to advance studies into allergenicity including the development of precise diagnostic screenings and therapies for this potential food allergy as well as the possible manipulation of napin levels in the seed by gene editing technology.
Nasal Packs for Epistaxis: Predictors of Success
Authors:   INTEGRATE (The UK ENT Trainee Research Network)
Published: April 2020

Objectives

To investigate factors affecting the haemostatic success of non‐dissolvable intranasal packs in the management of acute epistaxis presenting to the emergency department (ED).

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

A nationwide prospective audit examining epistaxis management at 113 sites in the UK over a 30‐day period.

Participants

Patients 16 years or older, presenting to the ED with acute epistaxis managed with non‐dissolvable intranasal packs.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was pack success, defined as successful haemostasis following nasal pack removal, not requiring further packing or surgical intervention or interventional radiology.

Results

A cohort of 969 patients presented with epistaxis to the ED, with nasal packs being inserted in 54.4% by ED staff and by ENT in a further 18.9%. Overall, nasal packs were successful in 87.5%. Longer duration packs (≥21 hours) were more successful than shorter‐duration packs (89.9% vs. 84.3%, χ2 P = .028). A patient survey supported longer packing duration. The most significant predictors of treatment failure were shorter packing duration (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.3; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.4‐3.8), alongside ischaemic heart disease (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.1‐3.3), normal admission haemoglobin (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2‐3.4) and no attempt at cautery following pack removal (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.4‐4.2).

Conclusions

The majority of epistaxis patients are packed by the ED prior to referral to ENT. Once inserted, nasal packs are highly successful, with data supporting the British Rhinological Society guidance of maintaining nasal packs for around 24 hours. Further work is needed to explore alternatives to non‐dissolvable intranasal packs to improve patient experience in epistaxis.
Diagnostic performance of 19‐gauge endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) in suspected lymphoma: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Lim Christopher E. , Steinfort Daniel P. , Irving Louis B.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) represents a minimally invasive approach in the evaluation of mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy. Diagnostic performance of EBUS‐TBNA in lymphoma using standard 22‐gauge (22G) needle is limited by sample volumes that are often inadequate for histopathological assessment.

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic utility of 19‐gauge (19G) EBUS‐TBNA needle in the evaluation of suspected lymphoma.

Methods

We prospectively collected clinical and procedural information for patients undergoing EBUS‐TBNA with 19G needle at Royal Melbourne Hospital for investigation of mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy, where lymphoma was considered in the differential diagnosis. All consecutive patients between June 15, 2016 and July 10, 2019 were included. If definitive diagnosis was not achieved on EBUS‐TBNA, final diagnosis was determined through subsequent investigation or a minimum of 6 months radiologic surveillance.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients underwent EBUS‐TBNA using 19G needle for evaluation of suspected lymphoma. Thirteen patients had a prior diagnosis of lymphoma (33%). Lymphoma was ultimately diagnosed in 23 patients (59%). Of these, 10 had a prior diagnosis of lymphoma (43%). 19G EBUS‐TBNA demonstrated lymphoma in 19 patients, with a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI 66‐93) for detection of lymphoma. Four patients required surgical biopsy to definitively characterise lymphoma subtype. Therefore, sensitivity of 19G EBUS‐TBNA for definitive diagnosis of lymphoma was 65% (95% CI 45‐81). In patients with a prior diagnosis of lymphoma, sensitivity for definitive diagnosis of lymphoma was 80% (95% CI 48‐95).

Conclusion

Diagnostic performance of 19G EBUS‐TBNA appears similar to standard 22G needle in detection and definitive diagnosis of lymphoma. Further invasive testing remains necessary following non‐diagnostic EBUS‐TBNA procedures.
The cytological evaluation of ascitic fluid led to the diagnosis of mediastinal T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma: A simplified algorithmic approach to diagnosis of lymphoid cell‐rich effusion
Authors: Gochhait Debasis , Balakrishnan Karuna , Venkatesan Devi , Basu Debdata , Siddaraju Neelaiah , Govindarajalou Ramkumar , Kayal Smita
Published: April 2020

Ascitic fluid involvement by mediastinal T lymphoblastic lymphoma is very unusual. These cases can easily be differentiated from their morphological mimickers with the help of immunocytochemistry or flow cytometry on the fluid sample. T lymphoblastic lymphoma can present with superior vena cava syndrome which needs an early diagnosis for accurate management.
High‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T 30 days all‐come mortality in patients with acute heart failure. A Propensity Score‐Matching Analysis Based on the EAHFE Registry. TROPICA4 Study
Authors: Roset Alex , Jacob Javier , Herrero‐Puente Pablo , Alquézar Aitor , Martín‐Sanchez Francisco Javier , Llorens Pere , Gil Victor , Cabello Irene , Richard Fernando , Garrido Jose Manuel , Gil Cristina , Llauger Lluis , Wussler Desiree , Mueller Christian , Miró Òscar ,   ICA‐SEMES Research Group
Published: April 2020

Background

Acute heart failure (AHF) patients with high troponin levels have a worse prognosis. High‐sensitive troponin T (hs‐TnT) has been used as a tool to stratify prognosis in many scales but always as a qualitative and not as a quantitative variable.

Objectives

The main objective of this study was to determine the best hs‐TnT cut‐off for prediction of 30‐day all‐cause mortality.

Methods

The EAHFE registry, a prospective follow‐up cohort of patients with AHF, was analysed. We performed a propensity score analysis of the optimal hs‐TnT cut‐off point previously determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Of the 13 791 patients in the EAHFE cohort, we analysed 3190 patients in whom hs‐TnT determination was available. The area under the ROC curve for 30‐day all‐cause mortality was 0.70 (CI95% 0.68 to 0.71; P < .001), establishing an optimal cut‐off of hs‐TnT of 35 ng/L. The sensitivity and specificity of this cut‐off were 76.2 and 55.5%, respectively, with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.3%. A propensity score was made with 34 variables showing differences based on the cut‐off of 35 ng/L for hs‐TnT. In the analysis of the population obtained with the propensity score, patients with hs‐TnT > 35 ng/L showed a greater 30‐day all‐cause mortality, with a HR of 2.95 (CI95% 1.83‐4.75; P < .001). External validation reported similar results.

Conclusions

An hs‐TnT value of 35 ng/L is an adequate cut‐off to evaluate the prediction of 30‐day all‐cause mortality with a NPV of 95.3%.
Interstitial fluid drainage from rat apical area takes place via vessels in the mandibular canal
Authors: Virtej Anca , Tenstad Olav , Wiig Helge , Berggreen Ellen
Published: April 2020

We sought to investigate the transport route for protein‐rich fluid from the apical area towards the draining lymph nodes. The first mandibular molar root canals in 24 female Wistar rats were instrumented and filled with radioactive‐labelled human serum albumin. The rats were sacrificed at different intervals beginning after 10 min (time 0) and continuing up to 72 h. Three jaw segments, gingiva around the first molar, blood samples, submandibular and cervical lymph nodes were collected and analyzed for radioactivity. The starting volume of tracer (control) for all experiments was calculated from measurements at time 0. At time 0, radioactivity was only detected in the jaw segments. Within lymph nodes and serum, the tracer was found after 4 h, with the highest amount recorded in serum up to 24 h. Lymphatics were found within the mandibular canal along blood vessels and nerves and exiting via foramen mandibularis, after immunohistochemical staining in four untreated rats. Our results show tracer distribution from the apical area towards the mandibular canal in a posterior direction. The tracer washout rate was low, and the fluid was mainly absorbed into blood vessels. The lymphatics in the mandibular canal may be more important for immune cell transport than for fluid drainage.
Spatial and temporal segregation of yellow perch in southern Lake Michigan
Authors: Doll Jason C. , Walters Justin , Starzynski David , Bollman Caleb , Rounds Kip , Becker Jesse C. , Lauer Thomas E.
Published: April 2020

Historically, yellow perch, Perca flavescens Mitchill held great recreational and commercial importance to the Lake Michigan fishery. Unfortunately, fluctuations in lake‐wide abundances in the past four decades created inconsistencies in catch. As adults, yellow perch have been commonly observed to swim great distances suggesting there is likely to be partitioning of the population within the lake. The objective was to determine whether population demographics of yellow perch in the Indiana waters of Lake Michigan were consistent with a single population. Seasonal population demographics of yellow perch collected from the Indiana waters of Lake Michigan in 2009, 2011 and 2012 were compared. Catch‐per‐unit‐effort of female yellow perch increased during later sampling periods across years. Similarly, total length of females and males increased 10% throughout the year. The proportion of females increased from 20% at the beginning of the survey period to 95% at the end. A few larval yellow perch were collected. These data suggest that Indiana waters of Lake Michigan are not a primary spawning area, rather these waters serve as a feeding or recovery area for post‐spawned yellow perch, particularly females.
A molecular dynamics study of enhanced dynamics and self‐healing processes in nano‐porous lithium metasilicate systems
Authors: Habasaki Junko
Published: April 2020

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of porous lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) systems have been done to clarify the mechanism of enhanced dynamics. In the porous lithium metasilicate system, enhancement of the diffusion coefficient of Li ions having the maximum in the medium density region is predicted in the NVE condition. Increasing of the diffusion coefficient occurred with decreasing density with rearrangement of coordination polyhedra, LiOx, and it means the importance of caging dynamics of ions. The formation of larger voids is observed after the maximum. Comparison of results of porous metasilicates and porous lithium disilicates revealed that how the contents of Li ions affected the dynamics of Li ions in porous systems. Self‐healing processes in NPT conditions after the runs in NVE conditions are also examined and structural changes during the healing processes are characterized.
Disenchantment with market society: Alternative life experiences
Authors: Atik Deniz , Fırat A. Fuat , Ozgun Aras , Uzunoğlu Ebru
Published: April 2020

Consumption practices that are environmentally and socially more conscious have been studied previously; however, consumers who entirely reject market society and the ideologies associated with it in search for alternatives have received little attention. The participants in this study have had the means to enjoy all of the privileges of market society, yet chose to drop out of their well‐paid corporate positions in search of more meaningful lives. A framework to understand their motivations for this choice, the alternatives they present, and the challenges they face is developed through a qualitative inquiry using in‐depth interviews, secondary data sources and observation. To these individuals, living in market society represents an eventually dreaded path leading to a vast emptiness, contrarily their departure appears to be a decision of “choosing life.” In their alternative lives, they find meaning in sharing with and helping others, also through an existence with, not against nature. Choosing to have only occasional marketplace interactions, they exhibit a willingness to exist within and navigate multiple organizations of life, even if preference for the one experimented with is strong. The practices of such members of society show potentials for greater change to alleviate the shortcomings of a solely market‐driven way of life.
Oral health behaviours and dental caries in low‐income children with special healthcare needs: A prospective observational study
Authors: Lee Jeffrey N. , Scott JoAnna M. , Chi Donald L.
Published: April 2020

Background

Dental caries is a significant public health problem for low‐income children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN).

Aim

We evaluated associations between oral health behaviours (eg diet, fluoride, dental care) and dental caries for CSHCN enrolled in Medicaid, a health insurance programme for low‐income populations that provides comprehensive dental coverage for children.

Design

We recruited 116 CSHCN ages 7‐20 years from Medicaid enrolment files in Washington state, USA. Caregivers completed a 166‐item questionnaire, and children received a dental screening. The outcome was dental caries, defined as total pre‐cavitated, decayed, missing or filled tooth (PDMF) surfaces. We ran log‐linear regression models and generated prevalence rate ratios (PRR).

Results

The mean age of study participants was 12.4 ± 3.1 years, 41.4% were female, and 38.8% were white. The mean PDMF surfaces were 6.4 ± 9.4 (range: 0‐49). Only sugar‐sweetened beverage intake was significantly associated with dental caries. CSHCN who consumed >4 sugar‐sweetened beverages per week were significantly more likely to have dental caries than those who consumed no sugar‐sweetened beverages (PRR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.37, 4.85; P < .01).

Conclusion

Sugar‐sweetened beverages are an important target for future behavioural interventions aimed at preventing dental caries in low‐income CSHCN.