bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Gene Transfer of phVEGF-2 Plasmid by Gene-Eluting Stents
Authors: Walter Dirk H. , Cejna Manfred , Diaz-Sandoval Larry , Willis Sean , Kirkwood Laura , Stratford Peter W. , Tietz Anne B. , Kirchmair Rudolf , Silver Marcy , Curry Cindy , Wecker Andrea , Yoon Young-Sup , Heidenreich Regina , Hanley Allison , Kearney Marianne , Tio Fermin O. , Kuenzler Patrik , Isner Jeffrey M. , Losordo Douglas W.
Published: June 2004

Background—

Drug-eluting stents represent a useful strategy for the prevention of restenosis using various antiproliferative drugs. These strategies share the liability of impairing endothelial recovery, thereby altering the natural biology of the vessel wall and increasing the associated risk of stent thrombosis. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that local delivery via gene-eluting stent of naked plasmid DNA encoding for human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-2 could achieve similar reductions in neointima formation while accelerating, rather than inhibiting, reendothelialization.

Methods and Results—

phVEGF 2-plasmid (100 or 200 μg per stent)–coated BiodivYsio phosphorylcholine polymer stents versus uncoated stents were deployed in a randomized, blinded fashion in iliac arteries of 40 normocholesterolemic and 16 hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Reendothelialization was nearly complete in the VEGF stent group after 10 days and was significantly greater than in control stents (98.7±1% versus 79.0±6%,
P
<0.01). At 3 months, intravascular ultrasound analysis revealed that lumen cross-sectional area (4.2±0.4 versus 2.27±0.3 mm
2
,
P
<0.001) was significantly greater and percent cross-sectional narrowing was significantly lower (23.4±6 versus 51.2±10,
P
<0.001) in VEGF stents compared with control stents implanted in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Transgene expression was detectable in the vessel wall along with improved functional recovery of stented segments, resulting in a 2.4-fold increase in NO production.

Conclusions—

Acceleration of reendothelialization via VEGF-2 gene–eluting stents provides an alternative treatment strategy for the prevention of restenosis. VEGF-2 gene–eluting stents may be considered as a stand-alone or combination therapy.
Protein Kinase A as Another Mediator of Ischemic Preconditioning Independent of Protein Kinase C
Authors: Sanada Shoji , Asanuma Hiroshi , Tsukamoto Osamu , Minamino Tetsuo , Node Koichi , Takashima Seiji , Fukushima Tomi , Ogai Akiko , Shinozaki Yoshiro , Fujita Masashi , Hirata Akio , Okuda Hiroko , Shimokawa Hiroaki , Tomoike Hitonobu , Hori Masatsugu , Kitakaze Masafumi
Published: June 2004

Background—

We and others have reported that transient accumulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the myocardium during ischemic preconditioning (IP) limits infarct size independent of protein kinase C (PKC). Accumulation of cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which has been demonstrated to cause reversible inhibition of RhoA and Rho-kinase. We investigated the involvement of PKA and Rho-kinase in the infarct limitation by IP.

Methods and Results—

Dogs were subjected to 90-minute ischemia and 6-hour reperfusion. We examined the effect on Rho-kinase activity during sustained ischemia and infarct size of (1) preischemic transient coronary occlusion (IP), (2) preischemic activation of PKA/PKC, (3) inhibition of PKA/PKC during IP, and (4) inhibition of Rho-kinase or actin cytoskeletal deactivation during myocardial ischemia. Either IP or dibutyryl-cAMP treatment activated PKA, which was dose-dependently inhibited by 2 PKA inhibitors (H89 and Rp-cAMP). IP and preischemic PKA activation substantially reduced infarct size, which was blunted by preischemic PKA inhibition. IP and preischemic PKA activation, but not PKC activation, caused a substantial decrease of Rho-kinase activation during sustained ischemia. These changes were cancelled by preischemic inhibition of PKA but not PKC. Furthermore, either Rho-kinase inhibition (hydroxyfasudil or Y27632) or actin cytoskeletal deactivation (cytochalasin-D) during sustained ischemia achieved the same infarct limitation as preischemic PKA activation without affecting systemic hemodynamic parameters, the area at risk, or collateral blood flow.

Conclusions—

Transient preischemic activation of PKA reduces infarct size through Rho-kinase inhibition and actin cytoskeletal deactivation during sustained ischemia, implicating a novel mechanism for cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning independent of PKC and a potential new therapeutic target.
Operator-Independent Isotropic Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Morphology in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Sørensen Thomas Sangild , Körperich Hermann , Greil Gerald F. , Eichhorn Joachim , Barth Peter , Meyer Hans , Pedersen Erik Morre , Beerbaum Philipp
Published: June 2004

Background—

Operator-independent isotropic 3D MRI may greatly simplify the assessment of complex morphology in congenital heart disease. We sought to evaluate the reliability of this new approach.

Methods and Results—

In 31 adolescent and adult patients (age, 6 to 42 years; median, 16 years) with congenital heart disease, cardiac morphology was determined with free-breathing (navigator-gated), isotropic, 3D steady-state free-precession (3D SSFP) MRI and independently evaluated by 2 observers. Cardiac diagnoses and multiple distance measurements were compared with conventional MR reference sequences (ie, spin-echo, cine gradient-echo, contrast-enhanced MR angiography) and with echocardiography/cine cardioangiography or surgery. Of the 31 patients, 24 had native congenital heart defects or residual defects after repair that warranted immediate treatment. None of these defects was missed by 3D SSFP. Novel diagnostic issues were discovered in 4 of 31 patients (coronary anomalies, n=3; left juxtaposition of the right atrial appendage in double-outlet right ventricle and transposition of the great arteries, 1). For sizes of valves and vessels, we found minor mean differences of −1.1 to 1.6 mm, with SD ranging from 1.2 to 2.9 mm, demonstrating overall good agreement with standard MRI (Bland-Altman analysis). Interobserver variability of 3D SSFP distance measures was low; mean differences ranged from −1.5 to 1.0 mm, and SD ranged from 0.8 to 2.5 mm. Scatter was lower for extracardiac than intracardiac measures.

Conclusions—

In adolescents and adults, isotropic 3D SSFP MRI allows reliable assessment of complex cardiac morphology. Distance measurements are accurate and reproducible. Thus, a single operator-independent acquisition may substitute for conventional 2D MRI sequences to accelerate and simplify MR scanning in congenital heart disease.
Functional Effect of the

p22
phox

−930
A/G
Polymorphism on p22
phox
Expression and NADPH Oxidase Activity in Hypertension
Authors: José Gorka San , Moreno María U. , Oliván Sara , Beloqui Oscar , Fortuño Ana , Díez Javier , Zalba Guillermo
Published: June 2004

Oxidative stress induced by superoxide is implicated in hypertension. NADPH oxidase is the main source of superoxide in phagocytic and vascular cells, and the p22
phox
subunit is involved in NADPH oxidase activation. Recently we reported an association of −930
A/G
polymorphism in the human

p22
phox

gene promoter with hypertension. This study was designed to investigate the functional role of this polymorphism in hypertension. We thus investigated the relationships between the −930
A/G
polymorphism and p22
phox
expression and NADPH oxidase–mediated superoxide production in phagocytic cells from 70 patients with essential hypertension and 70 normotensive controls. Genotyping of the polymorphism was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. NADPH oxidase activity was determined by chemiluminescence assays, and p22
phox
mRNA and protein expression was measured by Northern and Western blotting, respectively. Compared with hypertensive subjects with the AA/AG genotype, hypertensive subjects with the GG genotype exhibited increased (
P
<0.05) phagocytic p22
phox
mRNA (1.26±0.06 arbitrary unit [AU] versus 0.99±0.03 AU) and protein levels (0.58±0.05 AU versus 0.34±0.04 AU) and enhanced NADPH oxidase activity (1998±181 counts/s versus 1322±112 counts/s). No differences in these parameters were observed among genotypes in normotensive cells. Transfection experiments on vascular smooth muscle cells showed that the
A
-to-
G
substitution of this polymorphism produced an increased reporter gene expression in hypertensive cells. Nitric oxide production, as assessed by measurement of serum nitric oxide metabolites, was lower in GG hypertensive subjects than in AA/AG hypertensive subjects. In conclusion, these results suggest that hypertensive subjects carrying the GG genotype of the

p22
phox

−930
A/G
polymorphism are highly exposed to NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress.
On the Origins of Majālis Al-tujjār in Mid-nineteenth Century Egypt
Authors: Goldberg Jan
Published: June 2004

Seeking to establish the origins of Majālis al-Tujjār, the special mixed commercial courts of Alexandria and Cairo which existed from the mid-1840s until the mid-1870s, I examine whether the Majālis had their origin in Turkey or in Egypt; and whether or not they served foreign interests and were part of the capitulations system. The evidence of a legal case registered in the court records (sijillāt) of the Cairo court suggests that the Majālis, though established as a result of a concerted action of a number of European consuls general in Egypt, were not part of the capitulations system. To the contrary, they were designed to restrict the legal side of that system, that is, consular jurisdiction.
Chemical Analysis of Some Umayyad Dirhems Minted at Wasit
Authors: Al-Saaaed Ziad
Published: June 2004

This study deals with the stylistic and chemical analysis of a collection of Umayyad silver coins minted at W®sit in the period between A. H. 90 (A. D. 708) – A. H. 124 (A. D. 741). The stylistic analysis shows that the coins are typical of the post-reform Islamic silver coinage as they were purely Arabic. The x-ray fluorescence results indicate that the coins have a high level of fineness with an average silver content of 94.71%. The results also signify that there had been a clear trend toward the production finer dirhems over time. One may infer a high level of quality control and strict monetary policies adopted by the various govenors of Wasit.
Prices in Hellenistic Babylonia
Authors: Grainger John
Published: June 2004

A record of prices of basic commodities from Hellenistic Babylonia, even though incomplete, provides unusually detailed information about economic conditions there. From these prices, particularly for food, it is possible to derive conclusions concerning price levels and standards of living over a period of three centuries or so. The Seleucid period is revealed as one of high prosperity, building on a previous advance, but it was followed by a fall in living standards during the first century of Parthian rule.
Development of an efficient PCR-based diagnosis protocol for the identification of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)
Authors: Kang Jae Soon , Choi Kwang Sik , Shin Sang Chul , Moon Il Sung , Lee Sang Gil , Lee Si Hyeock
Published: June 2004

Pine wood wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus , has been a serious problem in the southern regions of Korea.
Efficient diagnosis of B. xylophilus from infected pine wood specimens is
critical for the management of this pest. Traditional microscopic
examination often results in an erroneous identification because a closely
related non-pathogenic species, B. mucronatus, has a great degree of
morphological similarity to B. xylophilus. In an attempt to search for
reliable molecular markers for the discrimination of these species, we have
cloned the 5S rRNA genomic DNA fragments containing both coding and
intergenic spacer (IGS) regions from B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus through
a homology-probing PCR strategy. Sequence analyses revealed that coding
sequences of the 5S rRNA gene from the two species are almost identical
(98.3% homology) but that the IGS sequences differ substantially between the
species. Based on the IGS sequence differences (69.7% homology), we designed
species-specific primer sets and developed a PCR-based diagnosis protocol
for the identification and discrimination of the two nematode species on a
molecular basis.
Hatching behaviour and life cycle of Heterodera latipons Franklin under Syrian agro-ecological conditions
Authors: Scholz Uwe , Sikora And Richard
Published: June 2004

The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera latipons Franklin is widespread in the eastern Mediterranean area and often occurs in mixed populations with H. avenae in cereal cropping systems. Differences between the two species in hatching behaviour and development cycle may be factors responsible for the low level of detection of H. latipons in the region. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different temperature regimes, agro-ecosystem, sampling date, cyst age and barley root diffusate on the hatching behaviour of H. latipons and its life cycle. The investigations were conducted by observing hatch and development under both field and glasshouse conditions. The optimum temperature for hatching was 10°C. The hatched second-stage juveniles of H. latipons from the dry and wet agro-ecological zones are found in the soil from December to April with peak densities in January and February. Thirty to 45% of the eggs of both populations from the dry and wet zone hatch slowly over the growing season. The results of hatching tests, simulating pre-planting soil temperatures in Syria, indicate that treatment for 16 days at 5°C initiates the hatching cycle of H. latipons. There was no significant difference in total hatch when cysts were placed in tap water or in barley root diffusates.
Susceptibility of neotropical mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) and non-target aquatic organisms to the entomoparasitic nematode Strelkovimermis spiculatus Poinar & Camino, 1986 (Nematoda: Mermithidae)
Authors: Achinelly María , Micieli María , Marti Gerardo , García Juan
Published: June 2004

Fourteen species of mosquito and several species of non-target aquatic
organisms were tested for susceptibility to the neotropical mermithid
nematode, Strelkovimermis spiculatus . All species of Aedes, Anopheles,
Culex, Isostomyia and Ochlerotatus, plus one of the two Psorophora species
exposed to S. spiculatus preparasites, were parasitised. None of the
non-target aquatic organisms exposed to S. spiculatus were infected, with
the exception of Chironomidae larvae in which nematode penetration was
observed although host reaction in the form of nematode melanisation
occurred 24-48 h post-infection, the nematodes dying within the host.
Separation of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) using morphology and morphometrics
Authors: Manduric Sanja , Olsson Edda , Englund Jan-Eric , Andersson Stig
Published: June 2004

Two Globodera rostochiensis and two G. pallida populations (pure and mixed) were analysed by identification methods based on morphology/morphometrics. To assess the accuracy of the identification, PCR analysis was performed on the same specimens. The investigation comprised juveniles, cysts and males. Seven of the most commonly used morphological/morphometric characters were examined: stylet length, length of stylet shaft plus knobs and stylet knob shape of second-stage juveniles; number of cuticular ridges between anus and vulval basin, distance between anus and vulval basin and Granek's ratio of cysts; and spicule shape of males. Altogether, 480 specimens were analysed and assessed. There were statistically significant differences between means of the G. rostochiensis and G. pallida populations in most characters and, in part, between populations of the same species. However, no individual morphological-morphometric character proved to be discriminant for species determination as in all cases there was a large overlap. A statistical discriminant analysis showed that with our populations, the values of a commonly used table of characters for separation of the two species had to be adjusted in order to produce the break points. By judging more than one character, the identification process could be considerably improved, suggesting the possibility of designing a computerised expert system.
Australodorus enigmaticus n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Uruguay
Authors: Coomans August , Olmos Isis , Casella Enrique , Chaves Eliseo
Published: June 2004

Australodorus enigmaticus, a new genus and species of Longidoridae, is described from an area of previously uncultivated soil inside a Citrus plantation in Uruguay. The genus belongs to the Xiphidorini and is characterised by a well offset lip region, bilobed amphidial fovea with large slit-like aperture, slender odontostyle with forked base, weakly flanged odontophore and posteriorly located guide ring. Females have uteri without pars dilatata and males have the ventromedian supplements outside the range of the spicules. The tail is short convex-conoid in both sexes. The genus comes close to Paraxiphidorus and Xiphidorus but differs in the shape of the amphidial fovea. The only species so far known is a long (5-7.5 mm) and slender (a = 115-190), amphimictically reproducing form with a 1:1 sex ratio.
The Power of Reciprocity
Authors: Diekmann Andreas
Published: June 2004

In two experiments, the existence and extent of altruistic reciprocity is exploredin the context of a simple experimental game, “the sequential dictator.” Findings show that altruistic reciprocity is frequent and robust, and the reciprocity norm does not erode if stakes are raised. Implications of the findings for social theory and further empirical research are discussed.
‘Opportunities and Despair, it’s all in there’
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Kintrea Keith
Published: June 2004

This article looks at perceptions of the link between residential location and life chances. The idea of ‘area effects’ suggests that people’s prospects for social engagement and economic activity are related to the neighbourhood where they live. It permeates social and urban policy as well as theories of deprivation and social exclusion. However, while quantitative evidence on area effects has begun to suggest that such a link exists, there has been little evidence using qualitative data and no contrast between the social patterns of life in deprived and more socially diverse areas. In response to these concerns, this article uses data from in-depth interviews with practitioners and voluntary workers in both deprived and socially diverse neighbourhoods to throw more light on how the linkages between area of residence and life chances are understood locally. The article concludes that experiences of deprivation may be more entrenched and fatalistic in deprived areas in response to a range of perceived negative impacts of area on social action and engagement. However, this general position is also contradictory and fragmented depending on social position within the locale. The article concludes by drawing out these ideas in terms of how the experience and reproduction of poverty are theorized.
Starting Well
Authors: McKie Linda , Bowlby Sophia , Gregory Sue
Published: June 2004

In this article we present a critique of a series of public policy documents that aim at improvement in health for the general population, particularly families, but fail to recognize or appreciate the implications of gender for the everyday and the long-term experiences of family members. Drawing upon considerations of gender, families, health, time and space, and previous theoretical work (McKie et al., 2002), we propose the concept of ‘healthscapes’ to aid the analysis and development of public policies. A healthscapes approach allows analysis of health policy within the diverse and multi-dimensional notions of time, space and gender that infuse the lifecourse. We assert that consideration of the gendered and generational project of caring, particularly in relation to the (re)production of health, should involve a reflective inter-play between theory, research and policy.
Links between Tourists, Heritage, and Reasons for Visiting Heritage Sites
Authors: Poria Yaniv , Butler Richard , Airey David
Published: June 2004

This article clarifies heritage tourism by identifying and segmenting reasons for visiting heritage sites. In doing so, it shows that the links between a site’s attributes and the tourists themselves are essential to understanding tourists’ motivations to visit heritage places. The sample was composed of English-speaking international tourists leaving Israel through Ben-Gurion airport. The research was implemented by the use of structured questionnaires using face-to-face interviews. Responses were grouped using an interpretability approach to exploratory factor analysis. Reasons for visiting heritage sites were classified into three groups: “heritage experience,” “learning experience,” and “recreational experience.” Reasons for visiting heritage sites were linked to the tourists’ perception of the site in relation to their own heritage and their willingness to be exposed to an emotional experience. The results lead to a better understanding of reasons for visiting heritage places and provide further insight into heritage tourism in general. The findings are relevant to the operational management of spaces presenting history-related artifacts and to the marketing of these sites.
Perceptions in International Urban Tourism: An Analysis of Travelers to Seoul, Korea
Authors: Suh Yong K. , Gartner William C.
Published: June 2004

The study of urban tourism has not received as much attention as the magnitude of the phenomenon would seem to indicate. This study explores visitor perceptions of Seoul, Korea, held by three different nationalities and also by purpose of visit (i.e., pleasure vs. business). Perceptual mapping was utilized to differentiate between preferences shared by the six groups. It was determined that the Japanese business group was much more interested in security-centered and functional attributes of tourism products than either the North American or European business groups or even from within their own national ranks. The adventure and excitement that may come with the first few visits to an unfamiliar place seems to give way with repeat visitation to a focus on features that make the trip safe, productive, and routine. It may also be important to look for cultural differences that may explain why different groups locate on a perceptual map as they do.
Beyond Input-Output Analysis: Using Occupation-Based Modeling to Estimate Wages Generated by a Sport Tourism Event
Authors: Daniels Margaret J.
Published: June 2004

Few tourism researchers have questioned input-output model results as the end point of economic impact analysis, with findings centered on direct, indirect, and induced impacts. An extension of input-output analysis introduced in this study is occupation-based modeling. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate occupation-based modeling as a means of illustrating job categories affected and associated wages generated by tourist spending at a sport event. Occupation-based modeling begins with an input-output model, with selected results applied to employment and wage data provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A youth softball tournament was analyzed to illustrate the movement from input-output modeling to occupation-based modeling. Examples of long- and short-term interpretations of resulting estimates are included. Occupation-based modeling allows for a thorough understanding of the specific types of jobs and resulting wage income that accompany a change in final demand to an economy due to a tourism initiative.
Variations in Use of Meta Tag Keywords by Web Pages in Different Languages
Authors: Craven Timothy C.
Published: June 2004

Sets of top-ranking pages in 19 languages returned by the Google search engine were downloaded and their titles and meta tagged keywords analyzed. Results showed significant differences in proportion of pages with keywords depending on language; specifically, pages in Dutch, French, and German showed the highest proportions with keywords, while pages in Chinese and Korean showed the lowest proportions. Keywords were mostly in the languages of the pages, though on Chinese, Greek, Indonesian, and Turkish pages keywords in English or in English mixed with other languages predominated. The proportion of very long titles also varied significantly with language, with nearly 10% of titles on Russian pages exceeding 100 bytes, in contrast to less than 1% on Chinese, Finnish, Indonesian, and Polish pages. Both standard ASCII extensions and character entity references were used to code special characters in titles.
Content-Based Image Retrieval: A Comparison between Query by Example and Image Browsing Map Approaches
Authors: Yang Christopher C.
Published: June 2004

Efficient and effective retrieval techniques of images are desired because of the explosive growth of digital images. Content-based image retrieval is a promising approach because of its automatic indexing and retrieval based on their semantic features and visual appearance. The similarity of images depends on the feature representation and feature dissimilarity function. However, users have difficulties in representing their information needs in queries to content-based image retrieval systems. In this paper, we investigate two approaches, query by example and image browsing map. Activities to support the information seeking behavior are analyzed. The performance of these approaches is measured by a user evaluation. It is found that the image browsing map provides more functionalities and capabilities to support the features of information seeking behavior and produces better performance in searching images.
Evaluating Child and Youth Homelessness
Authors: Kidd Sean A. , Scrimenti Kathryn
Published: June 2004

Following a review of approaches taken to generate accurate estimates of the scale of child and youth homelessness in America, this article documents the methods and results of a multipronged count of homeless children and youth in New Haven, Connecticut. The survey used in this count accessed demographics and service needs, and was administered on the streets and in a wide range of service provision settings. A total of 170 homeless families were located, comprised primarily of young, single, African American women and their children. These families included 323 children, suggesting an annual prevalence of 1,688 in this community. This work addresses the paucity of information on homeless children and youth located in small to midsized cities
Evaluating from the Outside
Authors: Letiecq Bethany L. , Bailey Sandra J.
Published: June 2004

There is limited guidance for conducting competent and responsive cross-cultural evaluation research with American Indian communities. The authors draw on Fisher and Ball’s Tribal Participatory Research Model to highlight ways in which this project is attempting to be culturally appropriate and sensitive as they partner with an American Indian community to implement and evaluate a youth-based initiative. Challenges encountered during the evaluation are shared, as well as the authors’ collective responses to such challenges. Implications for future cross-cultural evaluation researchers are also discussed in light of these experiences.
Teen Mothers Parenting their Own Teen Offspring
Authors: Riggs Laura , Holmbeck Grayson , Paikoff Roberta , Bryant Fred B.
Published: June 2004

This study investigated whether parenting support moderated relations between age of mother at childbirth and parental responsiveness and monitoring. The sample included 212 African American families living in urban public housing; Offspring were entering adolescence when data were collected. Parenting support was measured by assessing the perceived assistance mothers received with parenting tasks. Child, maternal, and observer reports of maternal responsiveness and child and maternal reports of monitoring were used to measure parenting behaviors. Multigroup structural equation modeling was employed to examine the hypotheses. Results indicated that parenting support moderated the association between age of mother at childbirth and monitoring. Specifically, the younger a mother is when she has her child, the less she monitors her child, but only if she perceives that she is receiving little parenting support. Among mothers who reported higher levels of parenting support, no relationship existed between age of mother and monitoring behaviors.
Implementing the “Marketing You” Project in Large Sections of Principles of Marketing
Authors: Smith Karen H.
Published: June 2004

There is mounting pressure on business education to increase experiential learning at the same time that budget constraints are forcing universities to increase class size. This article explains the design and implementation of the “Marketing You” project in two large sections of Principles of Marketing to bring experiential learning into the large classroom setting. Results from a questionnaire administered to students after completing the project indicate that the four objectives of the project were met: developing needed skills, aiding in the job search process, enhancing learning in a large classroom setting, and improving the usefulness of the Principles of Marketing course for both majors and nonmajors.
Mind Map Marketing: A Creative Approach in Developing Marketing Skills
Authors: Eriksson Lars Torsten , Hauer Amie M.
Published: June 2004

In this conceptual article, the authors describe an alternative course structure that joins learning key marketing concepts to creative problem solving. The authors describe an approach using a convergent-divergent-convergent (CDC) process: key concepts are first derived from case material to be organized in a marketing matrix, which is then used as the platform for creation of a marketing plan through various forms of creativity resulting in four maps developed through mind mapping, the technique of focus for divergent thinking in this article. Finally, the matrix format returns to summarize the key concepts, models, and major decisions identified during the first two phases. The student benefits from theCDCprocess in learning marketing both through the (re)discovery of what is well-established marketing knowledge and also through creative learning to solve practical problems continually in flux.
An Exploratory Examination of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale among Incarcerated Black and White Male Drug Users
Authors: Fernander Anita , Wilson John F. , Staton Michele , Leukefeld Carl
Published: June 2004

A number of studies have examined the link between criminality and religiosity. However, only a limited number of studies have examined the relationship between spirituality and criminality. Because spirituality has been identified as a fundamental attribute of the personalities of Blacks, studies examining differences in the association between spirituality by ethnicity could provide information to understand the disparity of incarceration rates among Blacks and Whites. For this study, data were collected from 661 male prisoners with prior histories of drug use to examine spirituality that was assessed using two factors from a modified version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale: relationship with a higher power and satisfaction with oneself in the world. Analyses revealed that White men reported significantly higher scores on both factors than Black men. The unexpected findings are discussed in light of the existing literature that identifies the significance of spirituality in the personality and coping style of Blacks.
Believing is Seeing III: Perceptions of Content in Criminal Psychological Profiles
Authors: Kocsis Richard N. , Middledorp Jenny
Published: June 2004

This study explored Kocsis and Heller’s findings concerning the relationship between one’s belief and the perceived accuracy of a profile. The influence of types of information was also considered. A sample of 353 participants was used in the present experiment that gauged the erception of information contained in a profile. The results supported Kocsis and Heller’s earlier findings with a positive relationship found between belief and perceived accuracy. The more an individual believes in profiling, the more likely he or she is to perceive a profile to be accurate. This relationship was most pronounced in participants’ perceptions of information contained in a profile concerning an unknown offender’s crime behavior and past history. The more an individual believes in profiling, the more information relating to these two factors is likely to be perceived. This relationship was not observed where information in the same profile involved physical features of the offender.
Human Nature and Sustainable Development: A Strategic Challenge for Planners
Authors: Jepson Edward J.
Published: June 2004

Sustainable development has been accepted as a conceptual framework for local planning. However, there continues to be difficulty incorporating the full range of its components (i.e., balanced consideration of environment, economy, and equity) into local planning in the form of policies and programs. Apart of the reason for this difficulty is the continuing competition between two worldviews, the expansionist and ecological. The author proposes the incremental integration of the two worldviews through an overall strategy of action and the use of a decision model that incorporates project and context information to identify appropriate method and role. As the ecological worldview becomes more institutionalized, it is likely that its components will be increasingly reflected in community development strategies.
Less Alienated Labor
Authors: Serravallo Vincent
Published: June 2004

Three generations of parents originating from a working-class community inspired their children for upward mobility. This study explores the influence of the labor process in this hope-filled inspiration. Early twentieth-century work for the first and second generations, while arduous and unprestigious, offered them a high degree of control relative to most proletarianized work of the time. Schwalbe’s construct, “natural labor,” derived from his Marx-Mead synthesis, is used to conceptualize enabling aspects of this type of work and to explore the role of lessalienated labor as an enduring source of hope-filled mobility socialization.
Women’s Employment among Blacks, Whites, and Three Groups of Latinas
Authors: England Paula , Garcia-Beaulieu Carmen , Ross Mary
Published: June 2004

During much of U.S. history, Black women had higher employment rates than white women. But by the late twentieth century, women in more privileged racial/ethnic, national origin, and education groups were more likely to work for pay. The authors compare the employment of white women to Blacks and three groups of Latinas—Mexicans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans—and explain racial/ethnic group differences. White women work for pay more weeks per year than Latinas or Black women, although the gaps are small for all groups but Mexicans. In all groups, education encourages and children reduce employment. Having a husband does not reduce employment, and husbands’ earnings have little effect. The higher fertility of Mexicans and the large number of recent immigrants among Mexican women reduce their employment relative to that of white women. The higher education of white women explains large shares of the employment gap with each group of women of color because, in today’s labor market, education strongly predicts employment.
Vibration Welding of Continuous-Fiber Thermoplastic Matrix Composites
Authors: Jandali G. , Mallick P. K.
Published: June 2004

In this paper, we discuss vibration welding of continuous-fiberreinforced thermoplastic matrix composites. Several parameters affecting the lap shear strength of vibration-welded joints of glass and carbon fiber-reinforced polypropylene and polyamide-6 matrix composites have been experimentally investigated. These parameters were clamping pressure, vibration time, vibration direction, and holding time. Weld strength at elevated temperatures was also investigated. The results showed that the combination of clamping pressure and vibration time had a significant effect on the lap shear strength. Holding time also influenced lap shear strength, but the effect of vibration direction was not significant. In addition to lap shear specimens, ring specimens were designed and tested to determine the crosstension strength of these composites under tensile stress normal to the weld plane.
Smart FRP Reinforcements for Long-Term Health Monitoring in Infrastructure
Authors: Kalamkarov A. L. , Saha G. C. , Georgiades A. V. , Challagulla K. , Newhook J. P.
Published: June 2004

Smart glass fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcements with embedded Fabry–Perot fiber-optic sensors are pultruded and investigated in both laboratory and environmental extreme conditions. Various mechanical (quasi-static and cyclic loads, fatigue loads, long-and short-term creep), thermal (from -40 to +60° C), and severe environmental (alkaline solutions with pH12.8) loads are imposed onto the smart FRP tendons, prior to their application in laboratorydesigned concrete beams. A comprehensive testing program is followed for the beams, including thermal exposure during and after concrete curing phases, static and cyclic failure-induced loadings. In all testing programs, the data obtained from the interferometric Fabry–Perot fiber-optic sensors are compared to those from an extensometer, an electrical resistance strain gage, and an LVDT. The study shows that the response, in terms of internal mechanical strain, against applied mechanical and structural loads up to the failure of the concrete beams can be steadily obtained using embedded smart FRP rebars. These results have higher accuracy when compared with other strain-measuring counterparts.
Micro-Electromechanical Determination of the Possible Remanent Strain and Polarization States in Polycrystalline Ferroelectrics and the Implications for Phenomenological Constitutive Theories
Authors: Landis Chad M. , Wang Jianxin , Sheng Jianshun
Published: June 2004

The micro-electromechanical constitutive model for polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics is implemented to determine the remanent strain and remanent polarization states that are possible in a ferroelectric polycrystal. The underlying crystal structure of the single crystals is assumed to be tetragonal, but the methods developed in this paper can be applied to other crystal structures as well. The full multi-axial set of remanent strain saturation states possible in an untextured polycrystal is determined. It is argued and demonstrated that the remanent polarization saturation level is dependent on the prevailing remanent strain state. The possible uniaxial combinations of remanent strain and polarization are determined from the micro-electromechanical model. The results of these investigations are then applied within the phenomenological constitutive framework and the constitutive response under coupled electromechanical loading is predicted.
Children’s Emergent Leadership
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryoko , Maehr Martin L.
Published: June 2004

This study is focused on the relationships that children’s self-perceived emergent leadership shares with group characteristics, such as gender and ability groups, and with outcomes, such as performance and self-perceived group cohesion and regulation. Fourth-and fifthgrade students (N = 249) participated in a collaborative math activity, assessing their own leadership behaviors and perceptions of group cohesion and regulation. Utilizing hierarchical linear modeling, task- and relationship-focused leadership were positively associated with group regulation and group cohesion but were not related to group performance. Selfperceived task-focused emergent leadership was negatively associatedwith female-majority group compositions. Classroom implications are discussed.
Group-to-Individual Transfer of Learning
Authors: Olivera Fernando , Straus Susan G.
Published: June 2004

We investigate the effects of group collaboration on member learning in a laboratory experiment. We test the hypothesis, based on theoretical ideas from research on cooperative learning, that groups provide opportunities for transfer of learning to individuals and that such learning occurs via cognitive and social processes that arise during group interaction. Eighty-six students solved puzzles either individually, in groups, or individually while observing a group. Analysis of subsequent individual performance on a transfer task showed that participating in or observing a group caused transfer of learning, whereas working alone did not. Furthermore, results suggest that transfer of learning occurred mainly due to cognitive, but not social, factors. Implications for structuring group work are discussed.
Using Consensus as a Criterion for Groupness
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Brawley Lawrence R. , Bray Steven R. , Eys Mark A. , Dorsch Kim D. , Estabrooks Paul A. , Hall Craig R. , Hardy James , Hausenblas Heather , Madison Ralph , Paskevich David M. , Patterson Michelle M. , Prapavessis Harry , Spink Kevin S. , Terry Peter C.
Published: June 2004

The purpose of the study was to examine how the exclusion of teams failing to meet varying statistical criteria for consensus on cohesiveness influences the magnitude of the cohesion– team success relationship. The index of agreement was calculated for 78 teams (N = 1,000 athletes) that had completed the Group Environment Questionnaire. Results showed that excluding teams because they fail to satisfy various criteria for consensus leads to changes in the magnitude of the cohesion–team success relationship. The magnitude of the relationship between team success and the individual attractions to group-task manifestation of cohesion showed progressive decreases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. Conversely, the magnitude of the relationship between team success and the group integration–task and group integration–social manifestations of cohesion showed progressive increases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. The results are discussed in terms of their relationship to group dynamics theory and practice.
On Becoming a Critically Reflexive Practitioner
Authors: Cunliffe Ann L.
Published: June 2004

Critically reflexive practice embraces subjective understandings of reality as a basis for thinking more critically about the impact of our assumptions, values, and actions on others. Such practice is important to management education, because it helps us understand how we constitute our realities and identities in relational ways and how we can develop more collaborative and responsive ways of managing organizations. This article offers three ways of stimulating critically reflexive practice: (a) an exercise to help students think about the socially constructed nature of reality, (b) a map to help situate reflective and reflexive practice, and (c) an outline and examples of critically reflexive journaling.
Social Support and Positive Health Practices in Early Adolescents
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Adela , Yarcheski Thomas J.
Published: June 2004

This study examines the relationship between social support and positive health practices in early adolescents and tests two variables, loneliness and hopefulness, that theoretically mediate this relationship. The final sample of the study consisted of 134 adolescents, ages 12 to 14, who responded to instrumentsmeasuring social support, loneliness, hopefulness, and positive health practices in classroom settings. Correlational analysis supported the five hypothesized relationships. A series of regression analyses indicated that loneliness and hopefulness each were weak mediators of the relationship between social support and positive health practices. Implications for nursing practice are addressed.
Approximate Model of the Necking Behaviour and Application to the Void Growth Prediction
Authors: Mirone Giuseppe
Published: June 2004

Stress distributions at the minimum cross section of axisymmetric specimens undergoing necking are determined using an approximate method recently developed by the authors. This method is briefly presented, then applied to experimental data from tensile tests of ductile metals, available in the literature. The stress triaxiality distributions across the necked section so evaluated are used to predict the void growth according to the model by Rice and Tracey. The resulting damage evolution as well as the above stress and triaxiality distributions are finally compared with results from finite element simulations as well as with experimental damage measurements.
Return to Sender
Authors: Glass Aaron
Published: June 2004

This essay explores two recent examples of claims for the return of objects in the context of larger historical and political struggles: the repatriation of cultural property to indigenous groups, and the restitution of artworks taken from Jews by the Nazis prior to and during the Second World War. The issues hinge on people’s agency to make object return address wider efforts toward self-determination, remembrance, and political redress. Despite important historical, social, and structural differences, these two situations display some startling similarities. I focus here on the discursive construction of the issues–attending to the language of claims for return–as a means of interrogating the term ‘cultural property’ and highlighting some strategies involved in its deployment. I also suggest ways in which the cultural frame of ‘art’ adds significant value to the objects in question, while deflecting attention from some political and economic factors involved in their (e)valuation.
Figurative Repatriation
Authors: Kramer Jennifer
Published: June 2004

This article begins with an analysis of the problems of ‘physical repatriation’, as I review the case of the return of a First Nations mask to its community of origin. First Nations struggle to fit their concepts of ownership into western ones, where objects are viewed as alienable. As an alternative, the art of John Powell and Marianne Nicolson depicts a ‘figurative repatriation’ that does not rely on either the courts or museums to recognize legal or moral ownership. I argue that these contemporary artworks are social agents, which bring First Nations cultural objects home by staking out territory within museums. These ‘artist warriors’ forcibly recover (both literally and metaphorically) First Nations objects on display in foreign settings and reinscribe meaning at the level of the personal and the communal. They make objectified assertions of native identity that reclaim the right to self-definition. Moreover, these claims are made all the more powerful through their conscious location within an oppositional discourse framed by the Canadian western art world.
Institutionalization and Psychological Suffering: Notes on the Mental Health of Institutionalized Adolescents in Brazil
Authors: Leite Ligia Costa , Schmid Patricia C.
Published: June 2004

This article examines the relationship between the institutionalization of needy children and adolescents and the resulting psychological suffering. Individuals who have been institutionalized for long periods suffer from increased fragility in psychological structure, becoming more vulnerable and at risk as a direct consequence of the treatment they receive in such institutions. The work described here is part of the Research Program on Adolescents, Mental Health and Culture, which is being conducted at the Child and Youth Care and Rehabilitation Center at the Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil (CARIM/IPUB/UFRJ).