bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anion Bulk Doping of Organic Single‐Crystalline Thin Films for Performance Enhancement of Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Dong Anyi , Deng Wei , Wang Yongji , Shi Xinmin , Sheng Fangming , Yin Yulong , Ren Xiaobin , Jie Jiansheng , Zhang Xiujuan
Published: June 2024

Chemical doping is a powerful way to enhance the electrical performance of organic electronics. To avoid perturbing the ordered molecular packing of organic semiconducting hosts, molecular dopants are deposited on the surface of highly crystalline organic semiconductor thin films. However, such surface doping protocols not only limit charge‐transfer efficiency but also cause dopant diffusion problems, which significantly reduce charge carrier mobility and device stability. Here, an innovative anion bulk doping strategy is reported that allows effective doping of organic single‐crystalline films (OSCFs) without disrupting molecular ordering to improve the performance of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). This method is mediated by anion dopants and can be pictured as an effective charge transfer of dopants with organic semiconductors in liquid phase. The direct introduction of dopant anions overcomes limitations of partial charge transfer while avoiding interference from dopant aggregation with crystallization. Using this method, the average carrier mobility of the OSCFs is boosted by ≈2.5 times. Significantly, low‐voltage OFETs developed from anion‐doped OSCFs exhibit a near‐ideal subthreshold swing of 59.2 mV dec−1 and unparalleled mobility as high as 19.8 cm2 V−1 s−1 together with excellent stability. The concept of anion doping opens new avenues for improving the electrical performance of organic electronics.
Unraveling the Presence and Positions of Nitrogen Defects in Defective g‐C3N4 for Improved Organic Photocatalytic Degradation: Insights from Experiments and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Liu Yong , Chen Xiaochuan , Kamali Mohammadreza , Rossi Barbara , Appels Lise , Dewil Raf
Published: June 2024

In this work, nitrogen‐defective g‐C3N4 with different nitrogen defect densities is synthesized for ciprofloxacin photocatalytic degradation. Compared with pristine g‐C3N4, g‐C3N4 etched with NaBH4 for 1 h exhibits an approximately ten‐fold increase in the rate constant of ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation. The combined experimental analysis and theoretical calculations reveal that nitrogen defects can be incorporated into g‐C3N4 in all nitrogen sites and that C─N═C is the most susceptible site. By incorporating nitrogen defects to induce defect states between the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB), the electronic and band structures are tuned. The induced defect states can be downshifted to approach the valance band, reaching increased nitrogen defect density within optimum ranges to accommodate excited electrons to narrow the bandgap, extend the light absorption capability, and enhance the charge carrier separation and transfer efficiency. The g‐C3N4 etched by NaBH4 for 2 h with over‐introduced nitrogen defects exhibits a declined performance due to a deteriorated structure, and the over‐downshifted defect states turn out to be a new recombination center for charge carriers.
Localized and Limited‐Dispersive Delivery of Thermal Stimuli to Liquid Crystal Oligomer Networks Through Radio‐Frequency Media
Authors: Astam Mert O. , Verheesen Demian , Lyu Pengrong , Weima Samuël A.M. , Liu Danqing
Published: June 2024

Wireless energy transmission (WET) promises to enhance device mobility through selective and untethered energy delivery. In this paper, WET principles are harnessed to directly and non‐dispersively transfer thermal stimuli to designated areas within thermally‐responsive liquid crystal oligomer networks (LCONs). For this, a conductive coil receiver within the LCON as a remote stimuli source is embedded. Upon activation by radio‐frequency WET, targeted Joule heating occurs and the low thermal conductivity of LCONs causes retention of delivered stimulus at the receiver, generating temperature differences of up to 45 °C within the host LCON. This enables localized LCON actuation and self‐regulated oscillations with a natural frequency of ≈0.027 Hz. WET selectivity is further demonstrated within self‐pressing buttons for keyboards, where actuation only in designated areas is required for operation. The work is envisioned to contribute toward remote material‐based logic for hybrid circuit designs for medical, soft robotic, and haptic applications.
Nitric Oxide‐Actuated Titanium Dioxide Janus Nanoparticles for Enhanced Multimodal Disruption of Infectious Biofilms
Authors: Zhao Weichen , Ding Qihang , Zhou Bingshuai , Liu Jia , Shi Yujia , Liu Chengyu , Li Chunyan , Dong Biao , Qi Manlin , Kim Jong Seung , Wang Lin
Published: June 2024

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is promising for combating deep‐seated infectious diseases by generating substantial reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the profound tissue penetration capabilities of ultrasound. However, the compact protective structures of bacterial biofilms present a formidable challenge, impeding ROS efficacy. Given that ROS have a limited diffusion range and current sonosensitizers struggle to infiltrate biofilms, complete eradication of pathogenic bacteria often remains unachieved. In this study, mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are engineered asymmetrically coated with a thin layer of Ag and loaded with L‐arginine (LA) to construct ultrasound‐propelled nanomotors. These Ag‐TiO2‐LA Janus nanoparticles demonstrate robust self‐propulsion upon ultrasonic activation, allowing for deeper penetration into biofilm matrices and enhancing localized biofilm disruption through improved SDT outcomes. Additionally, the incorporation of Ag not only broadens TiO2’s absorption spectrum but also confers photothermal capabilities upon NIR laser excitation at 808 nm. The Ag‐TiO2‐LA nanomotor amalgamates TiO2’s sonodynamic potential with Ag's photothermal properties, forging a versatile antimicrobial agent capable of efficient biofilm penetration and a synergistic antibacterial effect when subjected to dual NIR and ultrasound stimuli. This innovative, singularly‐structured nanoparticle stands out as an effective combatant against bacterial biofilms and accelerates the healing process of infected wounds, showcasing potential for multifaceted clinical applications.
Key Factors in Achieving High Responsivity for Graphene‐Based Terahertz Detection
Authors: Xiao Long , Degl’Innocenti Riccardo , Wang Zhiping
Published: June 2024

Terahertz (THz) radiation is highly promising for various applications, from industrial inspections to medical diagnoses. Given the typically ultralow‐level power of generated THz radiation, the achievement of high responsivity in THz detection stands as a critical imperative for its applications. Graphene‐based detectors have become an attractive choice for THz detection due to the graphene unique 2D material structure, allowing a broad absorption spectrum and ultrafast response. Various plasmonic antenna arrays are also employed to couple with graphene, compensating for its modest optical absorption. However, the configuration of the plasmonic antenna arrays plays a crucial role in THz detection as it determines the graphene physical mechanisms of photodetection, directly impacting the final responsivity. Here, the key factors for achieving high responsivity are investigated and it is presented that reducing the gap size of the plasmonic antenna arrays to the nanoscale and implementing a series‐connection configuration can result in a remarkable increase in responsivity, often by several orders of magnitude. Importantly, this approach effectively prevents short circuits and minimizes dark current, further enhancing the overall performance of the detection system.
Nonlinear Self‐Accelerating Pulses Shedding from Airyprime Pulses in Kerr Media
Authors: Yang Xuri , Huang Qi , Gao Yanxia , Fan Dianyuan , Zhang Lifu
Published: June 2024

Herein, the propagation of truncated Airyprime pulses in nonlinear optical fibers with anomalous or normal dispersion is studied. Nonlinear self‐accelerating pulses generation, which is in sharp contrast to that of Airy pulses, is observed. Accelerating pulses have notable redshifted spectral notch (double peaks) or single blueshifted spectral peak depending on whether the dispersion is anomalous or normal. The emergent nonlinear self‐accelerating pulses are very sensitive to the truncated coefficient. The relationship between the characteristics of such accelerating pulses and the truncated coefficient is disclosed and compared in detail. The results not only shed new light on the nonlinear propagation of Airyprime pulses, but also provide a novel method to generate nonlinear self‐accelerating pulses as well as enable the realization of very efficient wavelength conversion based on the controlled frequency shift. Based on space–time duality, self‐accelerating spatiotemporal nonlinear light bullets can be envisaged from the propagation of spatiotemporal Airyprime wave packets in pure Kerr medium.
FR2/mmWave, N258 and N261 Bands, 5G Frequency‐Compatible Ultra‐Thin Metamaterial Absorber with Polarization Insensitivity for EMI shielding Applications
Authors: Teber Ahmet
Published: June 2024

Since adopting 5G technology, a notable rise in the prevalence of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the environment has become a significant concern. To reduce EM interference, broadband metamaterial absorbers offer an alternative solution for protecting devices in defense, communication, and healthcare applications, unlike their narrowband counterparts. This article presents a numerical investigation of an ultra‐thin, polarization‐insensitive metamaterial absorber (MMA) that uses metasurfaces and provides electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction, covering the FR2/mmWave licensed N258 and N261 bands with an oblique incidence angle of up to 15 degrees. Comprehensive simulations are performed within the CST Studio Suite S2 2023 to examine the absorber's performance. Under normal incidence, the proposed MMA exhibits a wideband absorbency response exceeding 90% within the frequency range of 24.30–28.12 GHz. Moreover, the physical absorption mechanism is explained with electric and magnetic field distributions, including surface current distributions. Confirmation of the lack of mutual interaction among neighboring unit cells is established through testing with 1 × 2 and 2 × 2 arrays. An equivalent circuit model is also developed to confirm the EM simulation findings. The notable features of the proposed MMA make it an exceptional candidate for EM shielding applications, providing EMI reduction and covering the N258 and N261 bands.
GaN Nano Air Channel Diodes: Enabling High Rectification Ratio and Neutron Robust Radiation Operation
Authors: Wei Yazhou , Chen Feiliang , Zhang Yu , Huang Ruihan , Zhao Haiquan , Li Mo , Zhang Jian
Published: June 2024

Nano air channel transistors (NACTs) provide numerous advantages over traditional silicon devices, including faster switching speeds, higher operating frequencies, and enhanced radiation hardness attributable to the ballistic transport of electrons. In the development of field‐emission‐based integrated circuits, low‐power consumption rectifying nano air channel diodes (NACDs) play a crucial role. However, achieving rectification characteristics in NACDs is challenging due to their structural and material symmetry. This paper proposes a vertical GaN NACD with a consistent nano air channel fabricated using IC‐compatible processes. The GaN NACD exhibits an exceptionally low turn‐on voltage of 0.3 V while delivering a high output current of 5.02 mA at 3 V. Notably, it demonstrates a high rectification ratio of up to 2.2 × 105, attributing to significant work function disparities within the GaN‐Au structure, coupled with the reduction of Au surface roughness to minimize reverse current. Furthermore, the junction‐free structure and superior material properties of GaN enable the NACD to be suitable for use in radiation‐rich environments. With its potential as a fundamental component of ultrafast and ultrahigh‐frequency integrated circuits, this intriguing and cost‐effective rectifying diode is anticipated to garner widespread interest within the electronics community.
State‐specific Regulation of Electrical Stimulation in the Intralaminar Thalamus of Macaque Monkeys: Network and Transcriptional Insights into Arousal
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Huang Yichun , Chen Xiaoyu , Li Jiahui , Yang Yi , Lv Longbao , Wang Jianhong , Wang Meiyun , Wang Yingwei , Wang Zheng
Published: June 2024

Long‐range thalamocortical communication is central to anesthesia‐induced loss of consciousness and its reversal. However, isolating the specific neural networks connecting thalamic nuclei with various cortical regions for state‐specific anesthesia regulation is challenging, with the biological underpinnings still largely unknown. Here, simultaneous electroencephalogram‐fuctional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) and deep brain stimulation are applied to the intralaminar thalamus in macaques under finely‐tuned propofol anesthesia. This approach led to the identification of an intralaminar‐driven network responsible for rapid arousal during slow‐wave oscillations. A network‐based RNA‐sequencing analysis is conducted of region‐, layer‐, and cell‐specific gene expression data from independent transcriptomic atlases and identifies 2489 genes preferentially expressed within this arousal network, notably enriched in potassium channels and excitatory, parvalbumin‐expressing neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Comparison with human RNA‐sequencing data highlights conserved molecular and cellular architectures that enable the matching of homologous genes, protein interactions, and cell types across primates, providing novel insight into network‐focused transcriptional signatures of arousal.
Quasi‐1D Conductive Network Composites for Ultra‐Sensitive Strain Sensing
Authors: Gao Zhiyi , Xu Dan , Li Shengbin , Zhang Dongdong , Xiang Ziyin , Zhang Haifeng , Wu Yuanzhao , Liu Yiwei , Shang Jie , Li Run‐Wei
Published: June 2024

Highly performance flexible strain sensor is a crucial component for wearable devices, human‐machine interfaces, and e‐skins. However, the sensitivity of the strain sensor is highly limited by the strain range for large destruction of the conductive network. Here the quasi‐1D conductive network (QCN) is proposed for the design of an ultra‐sensitive strain sensor. The orientation of the conductive particles can effectively reduce the number of redundant percolative pathways in the conductive composites. The maximum sensitivity will reach the upper limit when the whole composite remains only “one” percolation pathway. Besides, the QCN structure can also confine the tunnel electron spread through the rigid inclusions which significantly enlarges the strain‐resistance effect along the tensile direction. The strain sensor exhibits state‐of‐art performance including large gauge factor (862227), fast response time (24 ms), good durability (cycled 1000 times), and multi‐mechanical sensing ability (compression, bending, shearing, air flow vibration, etc.). Finally, the QCN sensor can be exploited to realize the human‐machine interface (HMI) application of acoustic signal recognition (instrument calibration) and spectrum restoration (voice parsing).
Renewing Fundamental Understanding of Ionic Transport in Inorganic Crystalline Solid‐State Electrolytes from the Perspective of Lattice Dynamics
Authors: Song Tao , Lin Yuxiao , Wang Da , Chen Qianli , Ling Chen , Shi Siqi
Published: June 2024

Lattice dynamics has been widely employed to study various properties of crystalline materials, by revealing the atomic vibration rules with phonon dispersion curves. Modulating lattice‐dynamics‐related factors is an emerging trend in the design of inorganic crystalline solid‐state electrolytes (ICSSEs) with promoted ionic conductivity. Nevertheless, due to complicated interplay of these enormous factors, fundamental understanding of lattice‐dynamics‐influenced ionic transport is still limited. In this review, all related factors are classified into lattice static and dynamic ones based on their variability in ionic transport process, facilitating a methodological evaluation of their individual and interrelated influences. The previous efforts are affirmed to design ICSSEs by constructing potential energy surfaces for ionic transport based on lattice static factors (e.g., ionic arrangement, time‐scale dependent ionic concentration, and lattice softening). As for lattice dynamic factors, the possibility to quantify ionic transport activation energy and to screen the type of migration ions by phonon frequency and amplitude, respectively is validated. Specifically, it is highlighted that the optimization of specific phonon mode and the coupling of both lattice static and dynamic factors are essential to achieve superior ionic transport in ICSSEs. Finally, challenges and opportunities are pointed out in this field, which can potentially guide the future development of ICSSEs.
Prevalence and factors associated with low functional mobility in older adults
Authors: de Oliveira Fernanda Nascimento , Damião Eduarda Pereira , dos Santos Lucas , Galvão Lucas Lima , Machado Helen Rocha , Silva Rizia Rocha , Tribess Sheilla , Virtuoso Júnior Jair Sindra , de Assis Teles Santos Douglas
Published: June 2024

Objective

To analyze the factors associated with low functional mobility in older adults residing in Alcobaça, BA.

Methods

This is an epidemiological survey with a cross‐sectional design, conducted in 2015 with 473 older adults (62.4% women; mean age 70.2 ± 8.2 years) from Alcobaça, BA. The interview script addressed sociodemographic characteristics, health, and behavioral aspects. Functional mobility was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (≤6 points). Inferential analyses were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test and Poisson regression (with robust variance and estimation of prevalence ratios and their respective 95.0% confidence intervals).

Results

The prevalence of low functional mobility was 9.6%, with associated factors including the use of alcoholic beverages (PR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.01–1.13) and the number of repetitions in elbow flexion (PR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05). Additionally, older adults with low mobility had lower height, thigh circumference, and lower performance in handgrip strength tests, elbow flexion, and flexibility. They also spent more time in sedentary behavior and less time in physical activity compared to older adults with preserved mobility (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Older adults with low mobility exhibit poorer values in anthropometric parameters, lower performance in motor tests, spend less time engaged in physical activities, and more time in sedentary behavior.
Secondary findings in genes related to cancer phenotypes in Turkish exome sequencing data from 2020 individuals
Authors: Demir Oguzhan , Saglam Kubra Adanur , Yilmaz Mustafa , Apuhan Tuna , Cebi Alper Han , Turkyilmaz Ayberk
Published: June 2024

Big data generated from exome sequencing (ES) and genome sequencing (GS) analyses can be used to detect actionable and high‐penetrance variants that are not directly associated with the primary diagnosis of patients but can guide their clinical follow‐up and treatment. Variants that are classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic and are clinically significant but not directly associated with the primary diagnosis of patients are defined as secondary findings (SF). The aim of this study was to examine the frequency and variant spectrum of cancer‐related SF in 2020 Turkish ES data and to discuss the importance of the presence of cancer‐related SF in at‐risk family members in terms of genetic counseling and follow‐up. A total of 2020 patients from 2020 different families were evaluated by ES. SF were detected in 28 unrelated cases (1.38%), and variants in BRCA2 (11 patients) and MLH1 (4 patients) genes were observed most frequently. A total of 21 different variants were identified, with 4 of them (c.9919_9932del and c.3653del in the BRCA2 gene, c.2002A>G in the MSH2 gene, c.26_29del in the TMEM127 gene) being novel variations. In three different families, c.1189C>T (p.Gln397*) variation in BRCA2 gene was detected, suggesting that this may be a common variant in the Turkish population. This study represents the largest cohort conducted in the Turkish population, examining the frequency and variant spectrum of cancer‐related SF. With the identification of frequent variations and the detection of novel variations, the findings of this study have contributed to the variant spectrum. Genetic testing conducted in family members is presented as real‐life data, showcasing the implications in terms of counseling, monitoring, and treatment through case examples.
The association between olfactory subdomains and frailty: A prospective case‒control study investigation
Authors: Cheng Michael Z. , Vohra Varun , Wang Hang , Katuri Akhil , Langdon Jacqueline M. , Xue Qian‐Li , Rowan Nicholas R.
Published: June 2024

Background

Amidst the rise of frailty among a globally aging population, olfactory decline has emerged as a harbinger of frailty and mortality in population‐level studies. However, the relationships between frailty and the olfactory subdomains of identification (OI), discrimination (OD), and threshold (OT) remain unexplored. This study prospectively examined the association between olfactory subdomains and the physical frailty phenotype (PFP) to investigate olfactory evaluation as a means of frailty screening.

Methods

A case‒control study of 45 frail and 45 non‐frail individuals matched by age and sex. OT, OD, OI (range 0‒16), and composite sum (threshold, discrimination, and identification scores [TDI], range 0‒48) were measured with Sniffin’ Sticks. PFP was defined by presence of three or more criteria: physical inactivity, self‐reported exhaustion, muscle weakness, slow gait, and unintentional weight loss. Conditional logistic regression evaluated associations between olfactory subdomains and frailty.

Results

Ninety individuals with mean age of 83.1 ± 4.9 years, 60% female (n = 54), and 87.8% white (n = 79) were included. Olfactory scores were significantly lower in the frail group for OI (9.2 vs. 12.1, p < 0.001), OD (8.1 vs. 11.6, p < 0.001), OT (4.4 vs. 8.5, p < 0.001), and TDI (21.7 vs. 32.2, p < 0.001) than in the non‐frail group. A single‐point decrease in olfactory score was associated with increased odds of frailty in OT (odds ratio [OR]: 2.21, 95% confidence interval: [1.22, 3.98]), OD (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: [1.32, 3.65]), OI (OR: 2.29, 95% CI: [1.19, 4.39]), and TDI (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: [1.14, 2.08]).

Conclusion

The robust association between olfactory subdomain scores and frailty suggests that olfaction may be an accessible signifier of frailty. Future studies should investigate this relationship longitudinally to assess predictive relationships.
Multiple Functional Bonds Integrated Interphases for Long Cycle Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Huang Yongsheng , Zhang Qingqing , Sun Xiao‐Guang , Liu Kai , Sun Weili , Zhi Mingyu , Guo Yayu , Zheng Shijian , Dai Sheng
Published: June 2024

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have garnered significant interest as one of the most promising energy suppliers for power grid energy storage. However, the poor electrode/electrolyte interfacial stability leads to continual electrolyte decomposition and transition metal dissolution, resulting in rapid performance degradation of SIBs. In this work, we propose a strategy integrating multiple functional bonds to regulate electrode/electrolyte interphase by triple‐coupling of succinonitrile (SN), sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) and fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC). Theoretical calculation and experiment results show that the solvation structure of Na+ and ClO4− is effectively reconfigured by the solvated FEC, SN and PF6− in PC‐based carbonate electrolyte. The newly developed electrolyte demonstrates increased Na+‐FEC coordination, weakened interaction of Na+‐PC and participation of SN and PF6− anions in solvation, resulting in the formation of a conformal interfacial layer comprising of sodium oxynitrides (NaNxOy), sodium fluoride (NaF) and phosphorus oxide compounds (NaPxOy). Consequently, a 3 Ah pouch full cell of hard carbon//NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 exhibits an excellent capacity retention of 90.4 % after 1000 cycles. Detailed postmortem analysis of interface chemistry is further illustrated by multiple characterization methods. This study provides a new avenue for developing electrolyte formulations with multiple functional bonds integrated interphases to significantly improve the long‐term cycling stability of SIBs.
Hierarchical Dual‐Mode Efficient Tunable Afterglow via J‐Aggregates in Single‐Phosphor‐Doped Polymer
Authors: Jin Longming , Wang Ziyi , Mo Wanqi , Deng Huangjun , Hong Wei , Chi Zhenguo
Published: June 2024

The development of polymer‐based persistent luminescence materials with color‐tunable organic afterglow and multiple responses is highly desirable for applications in anti‐counterfeiting, flexible displays, and data‐storage. However, achieving efficient persistent luminescence from a single‐phosphor system with multiple responses remains a challenging task. Herein, by doping 9H‐pyrido[3,4‐b]indole (PI2) into an amorphous polyacrylamide matrix, a hierarchical dual‐mode emission system is developed, which exhibits color‐tunable afterglow due to excitation‐, temperature‐, and humidity‐dependence. Notably, the coexistence of the isolated state and J‐aggregate state of the guest molecule not only provides an excitation‐dependent afterglow color, but also leads to a hierarchical temperature‐dependent afterglow color resulting from different thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) behaviors of the isolated and aggregated states. The complex responsiveness based on the hierarchical dual‐mode emission can serve for security features through inkjet printing and ink‐writing. These findings may provide further insight into the regulated persistent luminescence by isolated and aggregated phosphors in doped polymer systems and expand the scope of stimuli‐responsive organic afterglow materials for broader applications.
Bio‐based macroporous polymer sorbents: Synthesis, physicochemical properties and sorption kinetics
Authors: Sözbir Meltem , Kekevi Burcu , Mert Hatice Hande , Mert Mehmet Selçuk , Mert Emine Hilal
Published: June 2024

Macroporous polymeric sorbents were synthesized via high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating. For this aim, water‐in‐oil (w/o) HIPEs were prepared with 80 vol.% of aqueous internal phase whereas plant‐based β‐myrcene (My) and D‐limonene (Lim) were used as renewable building blocks in the continuous oil phase. Moreover, biocompatible ethylene glycol dimetacrylate (EGDMA) was also added as a crosslinker comonomer. By varying the total volume fraction of My and Lim in the continuous phase composition between 90% and 50%, 14 different HIPE formulations were prepared. After polymerization of HIPE templates 28 different sorbents were obtained depending on the purification procedure (extraction & drying under vacuum or freeze drying). The effect of terpene composition in the obtained sorbents was investigated in terms of cross‐link density (υ), the molecular weight (Mc) and pore morphology. In this context, chemical structures and pore morphologies were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM analysis, respectively. The Brunauer‐Emmet‐Teller (BET) specific surface area was also measured to determine the relationship between pore morphology and surface area. Based on the characterization results, two sorbents were selected as model for sorption tests. Thereafter, solvent sorption tests were performed by immersing sorbents in either hexane, dichloromethane, deionized water, seawater, solvent/water mixture, or solvent/seawater mixture to determine maximum sorption capacities and determine reusability of the sorbents. Moreover, experimental data was fitted to pseudo‐first order and pseudo second order kinetic models, as well as Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. In the end, it was found that varying My and Lim ratio is the key parameter of controlling pore morphology and physicochemical properties. Moreover, it was shown that resulting sorbents can be efficiently used in oil/water separation processes repeatedly for several cycles.
The comparative and functional anatomy of the forelimb muscle architecture of Humboldt's woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha)
Authors: Deane Andrew S. , Muchlinski Magdalena N. , Organ Jason M. , Vereecke Evie , Bistrekova Vanya , Hays Lindsey , Butterfield Timothy
Published: June 2024

Humboldt's woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagortricha) is a ceboid primate that more frequently engages in plantigrade quadrupedalism (~89%) but is, like most other members of the subfamily Atelinae, capable of suspensory postures and “tail assisted” brachiation. That taxon's decreased reliance on suspension is reflected in the skeletal anatomy of the upper limb which is less derived relative to more frequently suspensory atelines (Ateles, Brachyteles) but is in many ways (i.e., phalangeal curvature, enlarged joint surfaces, elongated diaphyses) intermediate between highly suspensory and quadrupedal anthropoids. Although it has been suggested that muscle may have morphogenetic primacy with respect to bone this has not been explicitly tested. The present study employs analyses of Lagothrix upper limb muscle fiber length, relative physiological cross‐sectional area and relative muscle mass to test whether muscular adaptations for suspensory postures and locomotion in Lagothrix precede adaptive refinements in the skeletal tissues or appear more gradually in conjunction with related skeletal adaptations. Results demonstrate that Lagothrix upper limb musculature is most like committed quadrupeds but that limited aspects of the relative distribution of segmental muscle mass may approach suspensory hylobatids consistent with only a limited adaptive response in musculature prior to bone. Results specific to the shoulder were inconclusive owing to under‐representation of quadrupedal shoulder musculature and future work should be focused more specifically on the adaptive and functional morphology of the muscular anatomy and microstructure of the scapulothoracic joint complex.
Reinforcement learning based temperature control of a fermentation bioreactor for ethanol production
Authors: Rajasekhar Nagabhushanamgari , Radhakrishnan Thota Karunakaran , Mohamed Samsudeen Naina
Published: June 2024

Ethanol production is a significant industrial bioprocess for energy. The primary objective of this study is to control the process reactor temperature to get the desired product, that is, ethanol. Advanced model‐based control systems face challenges due to model‐process mismatch, but Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a class of machine learning which can help by allowing agents to learn policies directly from the environment. Hence a RL algorithm called twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) is employed. The control of reactor temperature is categorized into two categories namely unconstrained and constrained control approaches. The TD3 with various reward functions are tested on a nonlinear bioreactor model. The results are compared with existing popular RL algorithm, namely, deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm with a performance measure such as mean squared error (MSE). In the unconstrained control of the bioreactor, the TD3 based controller designed with the integral absolute error (IAE) reward yields a lower MSE of 0.22, whereas the DDPG produces an MSE of 0.29. Similarly, in the case of constrained controller, TD3 based controller designed with the IAE reward yields a lower MSE of 0.38, whereas DDPG produces an MSE of 0.48. In addition, the TD3 trained agent successfully rejects the disturbances, namely, input flow rate and inlet temperature in addition to a setpoint change with better performance metrics.
NUP98‐BPTF promotes oncogenic transformation through PIM1 upregulation
Authors: Noura Mina , Tomita Sakura , Yasuda Takahiko , Tsuzuki Shinobu , Kiyoi Hitoshi , Hayakawa Fumihiko
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Nucleoporin 98 (NUP98) fusion proteins are recurrently found in leukemia and are associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. They are distributed to the nucleus and contribute to leukemogenesis via aberrant transcriptional regulation. We previously identified NUP98‐BPTF (NB) fusion in patients with T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) using next‐generation sequencing. The FG‐repeat of NUP98 and the PHD finger and bromodomain of bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF) are retained in the fusion. Like other NUP98 fusion proteins, NB is considered to regulate genes that are essential for leukemogenesis. However, its target genes or pathways remain unknown.

Materials and Methods

To investigate the potential oncogenic properties of the NB fusion protein, we lentivirally transduced a doxycycline‐inducible NB expression vector into mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts and human Jurkat T‐ALL cells.

Results

NB promoted the transformation of mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts by upregulating the proto‐oncogene Pim1, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase. NB transcriptionally regulated Pim1 expression by binding to its promoter and activated MYC and mTORC1 signaling. PIM1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 signaling suppressed NB‐induced NIH3T3 cell transformation. Furthermore, NB enhanced the survival of human Jurkat T‐ALL cells by inactivating the pro‐apoptotic protein BCL2‐associated agonist of cell death (BAD).

Conclusion

We demonstrated the pivotal role of NB in cell transformation and survival and identified PIM1as a key downstream target of NB. These findings propose a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with NB fusion‐positive leukemia.
Enhancing safety in hydrogen refuelling stations: Computational analysis of hydrogen explosion hazards
Authors: Patel Parth , Garaniya Vikram , Baalisampang Til , Arzaghi Ehsan , Abbassi Rouzbeh , Salehi Fatemeh
Published: June 2024

This paper aims to enhance the understanding of hydrogen explosions in hydrogen refuelling stations and evaluate associated risk factors using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The model is first validated against the measured data for hydrogen dispersion and explosion. Different scenarios are then modelled to understand the ignition timing and location. The study estimates acceptable distances to minimize asset damage and human injury from explosion incidents. It has been found that higher wind speeds lead to faster and more extensive dispersion of the hydrogen gas released during a leak. In addition, since strong wind can act as a powerful driving force for the shock wave, the impact of the explosion is found to be less. Interestingly, moving the source of ignition to regions with higher hydrogen concentration has a marginal impact on overpressure and temperature; however, the blockage ratio can significantly amplify the overpressure. It is found that cases with high blockage, including storage room, and cases with large volumes of flammable cloud, including leakage from compressor towards the ground, have the highest hazards. The findings will provide valuable insights into fire and explosion prevention in various areas of hydrogen refuelling stations and contribute to safer hydrogen infrastructure construction.
Probabilistic scheduling of dynamic I/O requests via application clustering for burst‐buffers equipped high‐performance computing
Authors: Zha Benbo , Shen Hong
Published: June 2024

Burst‐buffering is a promising storage solution that introduces an intermediate high‐throughput storage buffer layer to mitigate the I/O bottleneck problem that the current high‐performance computing (HPC) platforms suffer. The existing Markov‐Chain based probabilistic I/O scheduling utilizes the load state of burst‐buffers and the periodic characteristics of applications to reduce I/O congestion due to the limited capacity of burst‐buffers. However, this probabilistic approach requires consistent I/O characteristics of applications, including similar I/O duration and long application length, in order to obtain an accurate I/O load estimation. These consistency conditions do not often hold in realistic situations. In this paper, we propose a generic framework of dynamic probabilistic I/O scheduling based on application clustering (DPSAC) to make applications meet the consistency requirements. According to the I/O phase length of each application, our scheme first deploys a one‐dimensional K‐means clustering algorithm to cluster the applications into clusters. Next, it calculates the expected workload of each cluster through the probabilistic model of applications and then partitions the burst‐buffers proportionally. Then, to handle dynamic changes (join and exit) of applications, it updates the clusters based on a heuristic strategy. Finally, it applies the probabilistic I/O scheduling, which is based on the distribution of application workload and the state of burst‐buffers, to schedule I/O for all the concurrent applications to mitigate I/O congestion. The simulation results on synthetic data show that our DPSAC is effective and efficient.
Mutual Transformations of Polysulfide Chromophore Species in Sodalite‐Group Minerals: A DFT Study on S6 Decomposition
Authors: Fedyaeva Maria , Lepeshkin Sergey , Chukanov Nikita V. , Oganov Artem R.
Published: June 2024

It is known that various polysulfide species determine the color of sodalite‐group minerals (haüyne, lazurite, and slyudyankaite), and that heating induces their transformations and color change, but the mechanisms of the transitions are unknown. A prominent example is the decay of cyclic S6 molecule. Using density‐functional simulations, we explore its main decay pathways into the most probable final reaction products (the pairs of radical anions S3⋅−+S3⋅− and S2⋅−+S4⋅−). It was found that the most favorable reaction path involves initial capture of one electron by the S6 molecule, which greatly facilitates its decay of S6 and leads to the opening of the S6 cycle, and subsequent decomposition of the thus formed chain radical anion, with a limiting energy barrier of ~0.4 eV. Neutral polysulfide molecules capture one electron with a significant energy reduction. The radical anions Sn⋅− (n=2−6) are the most stable ones among corresponding species with the same n values and different charges. The capture of the second electron by S6⋅− occurs with a huge energy barrier (~2 eV). The results of the DFT calculations are in agreement with experimental data on the products of thermal conversions of extra‐framework S‐bearing groups in sodalite‐group minerals.
Digitally Enhanced Psychological Assessment and Treatment of Paranoia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bird Molly , O'Neill Emma , Riches Simon
Published: June 2024

Background

Paranoia is relatively common but can lead to significant distress, impairment and need for care. Digital technologies offer a valuable extension to service provision and are increasingly being integrated into healthcare. This systematic review evaluated feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of digitally enhanced psychological assessments and treatments for paranoia across the paranoia continuum (PROSPERO: CRD42023393257).

Methods

Databases PsychINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched until 12 June 2023; the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) quality assessment tool evaluated studies; and a narrative synthesis was conducted.

Results

Twenty‐seven studies met inclusion criteria (n = 3457, 23 assessment and 4 treatment, 2005–2023, most in Europe). Technologies included virtual reality (VR, n = 23), experience sampling methodology (ESM, n = 2), an app (n = 1) and a combination of VR and ESM (n = 1). Assessments involved monitoring paranoia under various virtual conditions or in everyday life. Treatments were generally integrated with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), which involved using VR to test out threat beliefs and drop safety behaviours or using an app to support slowing down paranoid thinking. EPHPP ratings were strong (n = 8), moderate (n = 12) and weak (n = 7).

Conclusions

Digitally enhanced assessments and treatments showed promising acceptability, feasibility and treatment effectiveness. Limitations of studies include small sample sizes, lack of comparison groups and long‐term data and limited randomised controlled trials. Results support the potential future integration of VR in the assessment of paranoia and show promise for treatments such as CBT, although further clinical trials are required. Investigation of other technologies is limited.
Differential retinoic acid sensitivity of oral and pharyngeal teeth in medaka (Oryzias latipes) supports the importance of pouch–cleft contacts in pharyngeal tooth initiation
Authors: Larionova D. , Huysseune A.
Published: June 2024

Background

Previous studies have claimed that pharyngeal teeth in medaka (Oryzias latipes) are induced independent of retinoic acid (RA) signaling, unlike in zebrafish (Danio rerio). In zebrafish, pharyngeal tooth formation depends on a proper physical contact between the embryonic endodermal pouch anterior to the site of tooth formation, and the adjacent ectodermal cleft, an RA‐dependent process. Here, we test the hypothesis that a proper pouch–cleft contact is required for pharyngeal tooth formation in embryonic medaka, as it is in zebrafish. We used 4‐[diethylamino]benzaldehyde (DEAB) to pharmacologically inhibit RA production, and thus pouch–cleft contacts, in experiments strictly controlled in time, and analyzed these using high‐resolution imaging.

Results

Pharyngeal teeth in medaka were present only when the corresponding anterior pouch had reached the ectoderm (i.e., a physical pouch–cleft contact established), similar to the situation in zebrafish. Oral teeth were present even when the treatment started approximately 4 days before normal oral tooth appearance.

Conclusions

RA dependency for pharyngeal tooth formation is not different between zebrafish and medaka. We propose that the differential response to DEAB of oral versus pharyngeal teeth in medaka could be ascribed to the distinct germ layer origin of the epithelia involved in tooth formation in these two regions.
The Integration of Sleep Research Into Eating Disorders Research: Recommendations and Best Practices
Authors: Irish Leah A. , Bottera Angeline R. , Manasse Stephanie M. , Christensen Pacella Kara A. , Schaefer Lauren M.
Published: June 2024

Objective

Sleep disturbance is common among individuals with eating disorders (EDs), with approximately 50% of patients with EDs reporting sleep disturbance. Sleep problems may promote, exacerbate, or maintain ED symptoms through a variety of hypothesized mechanisms, such as impaired executive function, increased negative affect, and disruptions to appetitive rhythms. Although research investigating the role of sleep in EDs is growing, the current literature suffers from methodological limitations and inconsistencies, which reduce our ability to translate findings to improve clinical practice. The purpose of this forum is to propose a coordinated approach to more seamlessly integrate sleep research into ED research with particular emphasis on best practices in the definition and assessment of sleep characteristics.

Methods

In this article, we will describe the current status of sleep‐related research and relevant gaps within ED research practices, define key sleep characteristics, and review common assessment strategies for these sleep characteristics. Throughout the forum, we also discuss study design considerations and recommendations for future research aiming to integrate sleep research into ED research.

Results/Discussion

Given the potential role of sleep in ED maintenance and treatment, it is important to build upon preliminary findings using a rigorous and systematic approach. Moving forward as a field necessitates a common lens through which future research on sleep and EDs may be conducted, communicated, and evaluated.
Numerical investigations of earthquake resilient beam‐to‐column joints with replaceable BRFCPs using different restraint plates
Authors: Feng Yulong , Li Chaonan , Zhang Zhi , Jiang Qing , Chong Xun
Published: June 2024

A replaceable buckling‐restrained flange cover plate (BRFCP) was previously proposed to improve seismic performance of beam‐to‐column joints. Quasi‐static tests were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of beam‐to‐column joints using three different formats of restraint plates for BRFCP: no restraint plate, separated restraint plate, and integral restraint plate. The test results showed that both separated and integral restraint plates restrained the core plate buckling under compression and increased the beam‐to‐column joints load resistances. This paper first validates finite element models (FEMs) using test results. Then the validated FEMs are used to investigate influences from different BRFCP design parameters (such as core plate thickness, restraint plate thickness and length, restraining gap size, and restraint plate blot prestress force) to the beam‐to‐column joint load–drift hysteretic responses. Finally, the paper proposes a design range of each investigated design parameter and a BRFCP design procedure.
Global trends in heart failure from 1990 to 2019: An age‐period‐cohort analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study
Authors: Liu Zeye , Li Ziping , Li Xinqing , Yan Yiming , Liu Jinyang , Wang Jing , Guan Jingyuan , Xin Anran , Zhang Fengwen , Ouyang Wenbin , Wang Shouzheng , Xia Ruibing , Li Yakun , Shi Yi , Xie Jing , Zhang Yuhui , Pan Xiangbin
Published: June 2024

Aims

This study aimed to analyse the global prevalence and disability trends of heart failure (HF) from 1990 to 2019, considering both sexes and country‐specific economic strata.

Methods

This study conducted a secondary analysis employing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. The analysis is stratified by sex and Socio‐demographic Index (SDI) levels. Through age‐period‐cohort and Joinpoint regression analyses, we investigated the temporal trends in HF prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) during this period.

Results

Between 1990 and 2019, the global prevalence of HF surged by 106.3% (95% uncertainty interval: 99.3% to 114.3%), reaching 56.2 million cases in 2019. While all‐age prevalence and YLDs increased over the 30 year span, age‐standardized rates decreased by 2019. Countries with higher SDI experienced a more pronounced percentage decrease compared with those with lower SDI. Longitudinal analysis revealed an overall improvement in both prevalence and YLDs for HF, albeit with notable disparities between SDI quintiles and sexes. Ischaemic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease emerged as the most rapidly increasing and primarily contributing causes of HF, albeit with variations observed across different countries. The average annual percentage change for prevalence and YLDs over the period was −0.26% and −0.25%, respectively.

Conclusions

This study offers valuable insights into the global burden of HF, considering factors such as population aging, regional disparities, sex differences and aetiological variations. The findings hold significant implications for healthcare planning and resource allocation. Continued assessment of these trends and innovative strategies for HF prevention and management are crucial for addressing this pressing global health concern.