bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O PAPEL DO CONCURSO PÚBLICO NA DEMOCRATIZAÇÃO DO INGRESSO DE MULHERES AFRODESCENDENTES NO MAGISTÉRIO PÚBLICO EM SANTA CATARINA NA SEGUNDA METADE DO SÉCULO XX
Authors: Clemêncio Maria Aparecida , Gaspar da Silva Vera Lucia
Published: December 2016

Pretende-se neste artigo, apresentar e analisar, aspectos que articulam o concurso, enquanto processo seletivo de classificação de professores ao ingresso no magistério público em Santa Catarina, na segunda metade do século XX. O período foi definido tendo por base a expansão do ensino que, neste Estado, ganha força em meados do século XX. Para compor as fontes busca, na memória de professoras afrodescendentes que ingressaram no magistério público catarinense na década de 1960, relatos que ajudem a recompor este processo e a descortinar contribuições do concurso como mecanismo de democratização, ainda que o cenário político se encaminhe para uma forte repressão. Na documentação do Estado e nos discursos de movimentos sociais são anunciados o ingresso por concurso como meio democrático de seleção para acessibilidade aos cargos públicos.
Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Hábitos Alimentares e condições socioeconômicas na Chapada dos Veadeiros no Brasil Central
Authors: Aquino Fernanda Costa , Rodrigues Livia Pena Firme , Da Silva Estefano Amorim , Nardoto Gabriela Bielefeld
Published: December 2016

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o grau de insegurança alimentar nos municípios de Cavalcante, Teresina de Goiás e Colinas do Sul, na Chapada dos Veadeiros, Brasil Central. A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) foi avaliada por meio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) e de um roteiro semiestruturado sobre dados socioeconômicos, produção e consumo de alimentos, recordatório alimentar 24 horas e frequência alimentar. Melhor situação (SAN) foi identificada no município de Cavalcante (55% dos entrevistados), seguido por Teresina e Colinas do Sul (ambos com 45%). Uma mudança dos hábitos alimentares locais tem sido observada, com a substituição, principalmente no café da manhã e lanche, dos alimentos produzidos localmente, por alimentos processados e industrializados provenientes de mercados. Foram identificadas, entre as populações estudadas, dificuldades de acesso aos alimentos, problemas socioeconômicos, como baixa renda e reduzida escolaridade, que comprometem a SAN nestes municípios.
La perspectiva de estudiantes sobre los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje en la educación superior
Authors: Blanco Martínez Alfredo , Anta Fernández Pilar
Published: December 2016

El proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje se encuentra constantemente en una fase de evolución, debido a los cambios e innovaciones que surgen en la sociedad. Esta transformación tiene como objetivo responder a las demandas educativas de los ciudadanos, ya que éstos exigen nuevas vías y caminos para continuar aprendiendo y, al mismo tiempo, para enriquecer su formación a lo largo de la vida. En este contexto, ocupan un lugar importante las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TIC) y, concretamente, los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje (EVA). En la educación superior, los EVA se configuran como espacios virtuales de carácter educativo para la formación individual y colectiva de los usuarios en un nivel inicial, continuado y permanente. Por este motivo, interesa conocer el grado de aceptación de los estudiantes que participan de este modelo de enseñanza y aprendizaje.En este trabajo, se examina y describe la percepción de un grupo de alumnas de una Universidad de la Comunidad Autónoma de Barcelona, con el fin de identificar los beneficios y dificultades que presentan estos espacios en los estudios de posgrado. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una investigación cualitativa, en la que cobran vida la narrativa de las estudiantes y sus experiencias en los EVA. En este caso, se ha utilizado la entrevista como técnica recogida de datos, con el propósito de atender de una forma individualizada a las concepciones y opiniones de cada una de las participantes. Tras el análisis y comentario de los resultados, cabe subrayar que los EVA son una posibilidad abierta para la formación de las personas a través de un modelo de enseñanza basado en la flexibilidad, la eficacia, la adecuación y la rigurosidad.
Feed Forage and Nutrition Value at Altitudes during the Dry Season in the West Java
Authors: Rochana Ana , Indriani Nyimas Popi , Ayuningsih Budi , Hernaman Iman , Dhalika Tidi , Rahmat Dedi , Suryanah Sari
Published: December 2016

Field grass was a source of ruminant forage, especially for rural farmers in  the West Java in different altitude. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of grass during  the dry season which included the botanical composition analysis and chemical analysis of nutritional value. The study was conducted from September to November 2015. The method used was a survey method, sampling was multistage sampling. The parameters measured in the study included a botanical composition of the forage, biomass production of feed materials on fresh and dry matter, dry material content, an inorganic material included ash, calcium and phosphorus, protein, crude fiber, extract materials without nitrogen, and crude fat. The results showed that the areas in  the West Java were drought in September and October, thus resulting in very limited supply of forage and the productivity of the forages was very low. A botanical composition in the highland area was more complete included grass, legumes and weeds than lowland areas and medium altitude. Forage production in highland areas was higher than in lowland areas and medium altitude. Feed plants in the lowlands had a greater fiber content which was forming energy for plants, and lower crude protein when compared to highland
Physicochemical Characteristics Identification and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Solid Herbal Waste as Source of Feed Rich Fiber and Supplement for Ruminants
Authors: Kisworo Arif Nindyo , Agus Ali , Kustantinah Kustantinah , Suwignyo Bambang
Published: December 2016

A study was conducted to determine the potency, physicochemical characteristics, and analyzed the secondary metabolites content of solid herbal waste (SWH) as a substitute source of feed rich fibre and feed supplements in ruminants. The first study includes an analysis of production potential, physical analysis, and chemical composition analysis of SWH. The second study was an analysis of secondary metabolites content of SWH. The results showed that SWH volume reached 6-8 m3/day or 4020-5360 kg/day, the chemical composition of herbal solid waste was similar to king grass with high lignin content (17.53%). SWH containing total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins , alkaloids and essential oils which generally have antimicrobial activity. According to the potential availability, chemical composition and secondary metabolites content of SWH, it can be used as an alternative for substitute of feed rich fiber or feed supplements with attention to the content of secondary metabolites that can affect the process of fermentation and digestibility in the rumen. Further in vitro and in vivo research ore needed to determine the effect of SWH on rumen fermentation parameters and its application in the ration in ruminant livestock.
Icing Forecasting of High Voltage Transmission Line Using Weighted Least Square Support Vector Machine with Fireworks Algorithm for Feature Selection
Authors: Ma Tiannan , Niu Dongxiao
Published: December 2016

Accurate forecasting of icing thickness has a great significance for ensuring the security and stability of power grid. In order to improve the forecasting accuracy, this paper proposes an icing forecasting system based on fireworks algorithm and weighted least square support vector machine (W-LSSVM). The method of fireworks algorithm is employed to select the proper input features with the purpose of eliminating the redundant influence. In addition, the aim of W-LSSVM model is to train and test the historical data-set with the selected features. The capability of this proposed icing forecasting model and framework is tested through the simulation experiments using real-world icing data from monitoring center of key laboratory of anti-ice disaster, Hunan, South China. The results show that the proposed W-LSSVM-FA method has a higher prediction accuracy and it may be a promising alternative for icing thickness forecasting.
Toxicity and Biodegradability of Solvents: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Sadeghi Asghar
Published: December 2016

Solvents are widely-used in all aspects of chemical sciences. One of the disadvantages of conventional solvents is attributed to the adverse impacts they pose on human health and ecological systems. Emerging class of solvents such as ionic liquids have been proposed to alleviate this problem. In this study, aquatic toxicity and biodegradability of two common industrial solvents are compared to those of two ionic liquids. Results from this study highlight the importance of solvent selection considering the information on the toxicity, biodegradability and fate and transport properties of selected solvents altogether.
Some Quantum Estimates of Hermite-Hadamard Inequalities for Convex Functions
Authors: Liu Wenjun , Zhuang Hefeng
Published: December 2016

In this study, based on a new quantum integral identity, the authors establish some quantum estimates of Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for convex functions. These results generalize and improve some known results given in literatures.
CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTISOLS OF SASAMBA AREA, EAST KALIMANTAN
Authors: Prasetyo B.H. , Suharta N. , H. Subagyo , Hikmatullah Hikmatullah
Published: December 2016

Ultisols are a major group of marginal soils extensively found in the upland area of Indonesia. To better understand the potential of the Ultisols developed from claystone and sandstone in the Sasamba Integrated Economical Development Area in East Kalimantan, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of 27 Ultisols pedons consisting of 76 topsoil and 118 subsoil samples were investigated. Besides analysis and interpretation of data, relationships of several soil characteristics were constructed using simple regression. The results indicated that Ultisols showed acid to very acid reaction, had low content of organic matter and low base saturation. Soils generally exhibited net negative charge, and the point of zero charge was reached at pH 3.6. Both potential and available phosphates were low, and there was a trend that amorphous aluminum was responsible for phosphate fixation. The low content of exchangeable potassium in topsoil and subsoil indicated a positive correlation with potential potassium. Clay mineral was composed chiefly of kaolinite, with small amounts of illite, vermiculite, and quartz. The domination of kaolinite and low organic matter content causes the soils to have low cation exchange capacity. Soil management in this area should be focused on building up and maintaining soil fertility, and applying appropriate soil conservation techniques to minimize erosion. To obtain sustained productivity, various soil amendments including the use of farm and/or green manure, liming with agricultural lime, and application of rock phosphate and K fertilizers were highly recommended.
APPLICATION OF FRUIT BAGGING, SANITATION, AND YELLOW STICKY TRAP TO CONTROL THRIPS ON MANGOSTEEN
Authors: Affandi Affandi , Emilda D. , A.S M. Jawal
Published: December 2016

Scars on mangosteen fruits caused by thrips are the most prominent constraint in Indonesian export of mangosteen. Most of the exported mangosteen are rejected due to scar appearance. This research aimed to study the effects of fruit bagging, sanitation, and sticky trap application on the scar intensity on mangosteen. The research was conducted at a farmer's polycultured mangosteen orchard in Lima Puluh Kota, West Sumatra, Indonesia from September 2006 to February 2007. The mangosteen trees were cultured with cacao and coconut. To study the effects of bagging on the number of scars, the fruits were individually bagged at different time points starting from the time of calyx falling down (0) followed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeks later. Each treatment was replicated six times. The experiment of sanitation (SNT) and yellow fluorescent sticky trap (YST) application was designed in a completely randomized design with six replications, except for the control which was replicated only three times. Four treatments studied were SNT, YST, combination of SNT+YST, and control. The sanitation was applied by removing all weeds under the canopy of mangosteen trees followed with soil tillage and fogging. The sticky trap was nailed on woody sticks and placed on 3 m above the ground at four different positions around the tree canopy. Parameters observed were the percentage and intensity
of scars and number of thrips caught on the sticky traps. The results showed that application of early bagging, SNT, YST, and SNT+YST were effective to reduce intensity and percentage of scars. However, combination of SNT+YST demonstrated the best results in reducing the intensity and percentage of scars by 32.14% and 42.82%, respectively. Combination of SNT+YST also drastically decreased thrips population as indicated by the
low number of thrips catched after five biweekly observations. Since the fifth observation, the thrips population was low (less than 5 thrips catched per sticky trap) and far below the economic threshold. The present study implies the importance of early fruit bagging, sanitation, and sticky trap application in protecting mangosteen fruits from scars.
MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION ON CORN USED BY FEED MILLS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Tangendjaja Budi , Rachmawati Sri , Wina Elizabeth
Published: December 2016

Mycotoxins which are secondary metabolites of fungi contaminate agricultural products such as corn and have deleterious effects on human and animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxin contamination on local and imported corn samples collected from different feed mills in Indonesia. Three hundred fifty six of corn samples (0.50 kg each) were sent by several feed mills to the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production during 2005-2006. The background information accompanied with each sample was country/province of origins, harvesting seasons, postharvest drying methods, moisture levels, grades, and varieties. The samples were analyzed for various mycotoxins, i.e aflatoxin (AFL), ochratoxin (OCRA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON), and T2 toxin using commercial kits, except for AFL which was analysed using a kit developed by the Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science. The results showed that average AFL level in the contaminated corn originated from Indonesia was 59 µg kg-1, almost 7 times higher than that imported from the USA or Argentina. Among the types of mycotoxins detected, FUM was the highest with an average of 1193 µg kg-1, followed by DON, ZEN and OCRA at level of 324, 22 and 2 µg kg-1, respectively. Mycotoxin levels in the contaminated local corn samples varied depending on the province of origins as well as harvesting seasons, postharvest drying methods, and moisture contents. The least mycotoxin contaminations were found on corn originated from North
Sumatra and Lampung with the AFL levels were < 20 and < 50 µg kg-1, respectively, lower than those from East Java, Central Java and South Sulawesi (64-87 µg kg-1). Mycotoxin levels, however, were less affected by grading made by feed mills and corn varieties. It is indicated that AFL was the most important mycotoxin as far as for animal feeding concerned, as it contaminated almost 50% of local corn with the level of contamination above the Indonesian National Standard, i.e. 50 µg kg-1. The study suggests that postharvest methods of local corn must be improved to reduce mycotoxin contamination.
Optimization of a Tunable Piezoelectric Harvester Applied to Multimodal Structures
Authors: Brach Stella , Caruso Giovanni , Vairo Giuseppe
Published: December 2016

The field of energy harvesting experienced a constant growth in the last years, due to the possibility of developing standing-alone wireless portable devices with extended life. In this context, piezoelectric materials appear to be particularly effective for the development of harvesters able to scavenge energy from ambient vibrations. In this paper a piezoactuated cantilever beam used for energy harvesting purposes is considered, extracting energy from a vibration source applied at the clamped boundary. The piezoelectric dimensions and position are optimized in order to maximize the coupling on the vibration modes of interest. An electric circuit containing a resistor and an inductor, connected to the piezoelectric electrodes, is optimized, for extracting the maximum electric power for any frequency of the vibration source, accounting for several vibration modes of the structure. The inductance is used to compensate the presence of a mistuning between the vibration source and the cantilever resonance frequencies. Proposed analysis shows that a single inductance is much effective when the harvester can be treated essentially as a single-degree-of-freedom structure. For harvesters with multiple degrees-of-freedom a single inductance can perform only a trade-off compensation of the mistuning between the various modes.
Drivers of the perceived differences between Somali and native entrepreneurs in South African townships
Authors: Hikam Abdifatah , K. Tengeh Robertson
Published: December 2016

Using a triangulation of three research methods led by an exploratory intent, the investigation was lodged into the informal businesses conducted by the Somali and native South Africans in a local township; its pervading intention to seek out similarities or differences between both groups. The survey questionnaire, personal interview and focus group discussions were the preferred data collection tools. Unsurprisingly perhaps, the results suggest that there are more differences between both groups than there are similarities. While the areas of similarities included issues confronting all businesses in the township such as legislation and crime, the authors believe that the differences contribute to the perceived competitive advantage accorded Somalis, hence, the tension between both groups. On the one hand, the inter-group differences that worked in favor of Somalis included the fact that because of the factors influencing their displacement, their need to succeed was exaggerated from the onset: they prove to be younger, more motivated, harder working, co-operative and charge less – the combination gives them an undeniable competitive edge. On the other hand, the natives have the following factors in their favor: they pay less rental or none, are more educated, depict a higher level of business training, as well as prior business experience. Though the anecdoctal evidence does not guarantee an accurate prediction of who has the competitive advantage, it, nonetheless, supports the view that labor market discrimination and the fueled desire to survive gives immigrants the motivation to succeed in entrepreneurial ventures in the host country.
Keywords: immigrant entrepreneurs, informal trading, South African townships and xenophobia. JEL Classification: M1
The evaluation of the heritage of the 1956 South African water policy
Authors: Maphela Bulewa
Published: December 2016

Purpose: Water management issues in poor communities in South Africa were never addressed directly by apartheid policies. The 1956 water policy was found not to be holistic in the management of the resource within the country. The growing economy of South Africa resulted in explosive urbanization, which gave rise to an increasing number of townships. The purpose of the paper is, therefore, threefold, namely: it outlines the water management challenges resulting from the 1956 water policy, it outlines the progression of implementing the apartheid ideologies in water management and, lastly, it relates the old policy of water management to today’s environment. The 1956 water policy had a colonial perspective, thus, this has created an observable challenge in the current endeavors of the water management regime. These challenges are presented in the paper in an effort to illustrate that the failures of today’s policies are largely historically embedded. Design/methodology/approach: A comprehensive framework of the evolution of the water management regime from the DWA’s library was used. Databases that contained historical policies of South Africa were also used to do a rigorous literature review. Because of the nature of the research, the study, therefore, uses both qualitative and quantitative methods of investigation. Findings: The old apartheid policies created a challenging ideological environment in the townships. This has resulted in the difficulty of implementing the current water policy in water management. The unintended consequences are difficult to factor into the current policies. Over time, communities collaborated and became defiant. The defiance of the water policy by the communities resulted in non-payment for the use of the resource. Implications: The challenges surfacing in the paper seem to imply that the current policy implementation in water management has an observable challenge that has a potential of hindering policy discourse in water management. Originality/value: New democracies have a tendency of being overly ambitious about the inclusive nature of the policy discourse. Ideologically, this means that implementation of the new policies cannot be done without challenges. This paper attempts to highlight that the 1956 water policy systematically created certain social norms and ideologies that have the potential to hinder new policy ideals in the townships.
Keywords: water policy, black townships, apartheid ideologies, social dilemmas and water management practices. JEL Classification: Q25, J71
Rainfall prediction for sustainable economic growth
Authors: Chifurira Retius , Chikobvu Delson , Dubihlela Dorah
Published: December 2016

Agriculture is the backbone of Zimbabwe’s economy with the majority of Zimbabweans being rural people who derive their livelihood from agriculture and other agro-based economic activities. Zimbabwe’s agriculture depends on the erratic rainfall which threatens food, water and energy access, as well as vital livelihood systems which could severely undermine efforts to drive sustainable economic growth. For Zimbabwe, delivering a sustainable economic growth is intrinsically linked to improved climate modelling. Climate research plays a pivotal role in building Zimbabwe’s resilience to climate change and keeping the country on track, as it charts its path towards sustainable economic growth. This paper presents a simple tool to predict summer rainfall using standardized Darwin sea level pressure (SDSLP) anomalies and southern oscillation index (SOI) that are used as part of an early drought warning system. Results show that SDSLP anomalies and SOI for the month of April of the same year, i.e., seven months before onset of summer rainfall (December to February total rainfall) are a simple indicator of amount of summer rainfall in Zimbabwe. The low root mean square error (RMSE) and root mean absolute error (RMAE) values of the proposed model, make SDSLP anomalies for April and SOI for the same month an additional input candidates for regional rainfall prediction schemes. The results of the proposed model will benefit in the prediction of oncoming summer rainfall and will influence policy making in agriculture, environment planning, food redistribution and drought prediction for sustainable economic development.
Keywords: sustainable economic growth, standardized Darwin sea level pressure anomalies, southern oscillation index, summer rainfall prediction, Zimbabwe. JEL Classification: Q16, Q25, Q54, Q55, Q58
Evaluating student perceptions on the development management curricula to promote green economy
Authors: Govender Ivan
Published: December 2016

The purpose of the paper is to determine the students’ perceptions on the development management curricula in relation to education in green economy, as no previous research has been conducted to evaluate the perceptions of the students enrolled for this course. The study seeks to answer the following question: To what extent were students exposed to the skills and competencies required for engaging in green economy and its effect on their home and work environment.The study used the quantitative approach where the students were given a questionnaire to complete. The findings indicated that the sustainable development attributes were adequately covered with strong focus on global issues, time management and systems theory and thinking. Personal attribute awareness gained during the course included leadership skills, critical thinking and decision making that could enhance the understanding of the economy and environmental management. The study also highlights the students’ perceptions that they could make significant contributions towards the green economy both at work and home. The study recommends that the course be redesigned to include aspects of green economy, the assessment strategies be made more relevant at the program level to include the tenets of engaged scholarship. The study is important for curriculum developers and higher education policy developers to ensure that the course content is relevant to addressing economic relations in the area of environmental management.
Keywords: re-curriculum, student, perceptions, sustainable, development, higher education. JEL Classification: I23, Q56
Community participation and malaria prevention programs
Authors: Mashayamombe Norlington , Hofisi Costa
Published: December 2016

Malaria prevention and control programs in Zimbabwe have been hampered by low levels of cooperation by local communities. The study sought to assess the impact of community participation on cooperation in malaria prevention and control programs in Binga, Gokwe and Kariba districts in Zimbabwe. This study is aimed at synthesizing, comparing and contrasting data from these three districts which are, arguably, the most prone to malaria in the country. An intensive and extensive review of related literature was done on the impact of community participation on cooperation in malaria prevention and control. The literature reviewed was focusing on three districts in the country, namely, Binga, Gokwe and Kariba. Typologies of participation were used for the measurement of levels of participation, while analysis was descriptive. Findings revealed that the levels of participation in malaria prevention and control programs in Binga and Gokwe were low, but high in Kariba. The findings from Kariba showed that where the level of community participation was high, cooperation in malaria prevention programs by communities was also high. This study demonstrates the importance of community participation for the success of the malaria prevention and control programs. Although community participation was also very low in Binga and Gokwe malaria prevention and control programs, in Kariba, the program by Save the Children Fund (UK) showed high levels of participation which might have contributed to the high levels of cooperation by community members. Another important issue to emerge from the study is the effectiveness of environmental management methods of vector control, because they are community-based, hence, the success of the Save the Children Fund (UK) program in Binga and Kariba districts. The study revealed that community participation at higher levels on the participation typologies contributes in a significant way to cooperative behavior by community members in malaria prevention and control programs. This is significant, since it improves the effectiveness of malaria control programs. Recommendations made include increased community participation in malaria prevention and control programs to enhance cooperation and educational programs on causes, prevention and treatment of malaria.
Keywords: community participation, malaria prevention, malaria control, cooperation. JEL Classification: I12, I18, I14
Prevalence of endoparasites in roe and red deer from Strzałowo Forest Inspectorate (Puszcza Piska) in different study periods and in animals of different ages
Authors: Steiner Żaneta , Bogdaszewski Marek
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of lungworms and gastrointestinal parasites in wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) and red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) from Strzałowo Forest Inspectorate (Puszcza Piska) in different study periods and in animals of different ages. Fecal samples were collected during autumn and winter hunting (2011-2013). A total of 173 fecal samples were analyzed by coproscopic techniques: 47 from roe deer and 126 from red deer. First-stage larvae (L1) of pulmonary nematodes were found in 4 samples from roe deer and in 86 samples from red deer. The prevalence of the Eimeria genus was 19.2 % in roe deer and 25.4 % in red deer. The prevalence of the Moniezia genus in red deer was 1.6 %, whereas no Moniezia eggs were found in roe deer. No fluke eggs were detected in either red deer or roe deer. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 53.2 % in roe deer and 58.7 % in red deer. Coinvasion by endoparasites was detected in 69.8 % of red deer and in 57.4 % of roe deer. There were no significant differences between the prevalence of parasites in wild deer (Cervidae) in different study periods. This may suggest that the prevalence of endoparasites among roe deer and red deer in Strzałowo Forest Inspectorate remains stable.]
Cognitive abilities of horses in terms of visual and olfactory perception
Authors: Próchniak Tomasz , Rozempolska-Rucińska Iwona , Petrykowska Monika , Zięba Grzegorz , Ślaska Brygida , Górecka-Bruzda Aleksandra
Published: December 2016

The aim of the study was to assess the cognitive abilities of horses in recognizing humans by sight and smell. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, the behaviour of horses exposed to a visual stimulus (photographs of familiar and unfamiliar people) was observed. The second experiment examined their behaviour evoked by an olfactory stimulus. The following variables was assessed: the duration of approach to the object in seconds (s), interest in the object, a negative reaction, the duration of the observation of the object (s), the duration of looking with the left eye and the right eye (s), and other signs of interest, e.g. licking, grasping with lips, and touching the object. It was found that the horses were able to identify the human by transferring the identification of a three-dimensional object (a person that positively conditioned the horse) to a two-dimensional object (a photograph of that person’s face). It was also shown that the horses used the sense of smell in associating clothes with the person wearing them (the one who positively conditioned the horse). It was found that positively conditioned horses reacted more strongly to the smell of human clothes than to a photograph of the human.
DIVA strategy in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease
Authors: Niedbalski Wiesław , Fitzner Andrzej
Published: December 2016

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), in contrast to the antigen used for the production of FMD vaccine, can replicate in animals. As a result of infection the specific antibody to the viral structural proteins (SPs) and non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMDV are synthesized. The laboratory diagnostic methods based on individual NSPs, e.g. 3D, 2C and 2B, as well as polypeptides, such as 3AB and 3ABC can be used for differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). This article presents the aim, principle, methods and results of applying DIVA strategy in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. The marker vaccines which enable differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and appropriate ELISA serological tests for detection of antibodies to the NSPs of FMDV have been described. DIVA strategy makes it possible to reduce the economic losses and restore possibilities of international trade in animals and animal products. This strategy may be an alternative of the administrative “stamping-out” eradication method. The essential aim of DIVA strategy is realization of the so-called “vaccinate-to-live” policy, which is based on the principle that vaccinated animals exposed to FMDV will not transmit the virus. These animals are not epidemiologically risky, and therefore do not have to be eliminated. It is necessary to develop new vaccines and improve those already used as well as the application of reliable diagnostic tests to detect FMDV in vaccinated livestock populations.
Oncolytic animal viruses and their applications in anti-cancer therapies
Authors: Chodkowski Marcin , Cymerys Joanna , Słońska Anna , Bańbura Marcin W.
Published: December 2016

Cancer is one of the most frequent causes of death in Poland and in the world. The low efficacy of conventional treatment, as well as the high toxicity of the usual therapies, have stimulated the search for alternative methods. One of them is the deployment of oncolytic viruses. Oncolytic viruses have a natural ability to lyse tumor cells or can obtain this ability through certain modifications. The aim of virotherapy is to discover a virus that will lyse only tumor cells, and will not be dangerous to healthy cells, and moreover will not cause an undesirable response from the host’s immune system. Animal viruses with oncolytic abilities are very promising, because they are not pathogenic for humans and often show a high specificity for human cancerous cells.
The use of ternary cements to reduce the environmental impact of concrete
Authors: Lauch Kim-Séang , Dieryck Vinciane , Pollet Valérie
Published: December 2016

In the current context of climate change, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions is one of the greatest challenges of our society. As concrete is the second most used material in the world after water, its environmental impact is significant, especially because of the production of cement. Clinker substitution is according to the International Energy Agency and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development one of the four main reductions levers for the cement industry. Unlike Carbon Capture and Storage technology, replacing clinker with by-products such as fly ash and blast-furnace slag is technically feasible and applicable today. The use of blended cements is nowadays more and more commonly widespread. Ternary cements is particularly advantageous to benefit the synergetic action of two substitutes such as fly ash and limestone filler. Cement standard EN 197-1 is evolving towards more ternary binders but their impact on concrete properties are not thoroughly investigated yet. This paper presents some effects of newly developed ternary cements on concrete. The use of composite cements is a compelling solution to reduce the environmental impact of concrete but it is necessary to always assess their suitability in concrete.
ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA PENGOLAHAN GAHARU DARI KABUPATEN ASMAT
Authors: Iriana Dwi , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi , Hartono Slamet
Published: December 2016

Feasibility analysis/study is a way to determine the feasibility of the business in terms economic , technical, and financial. The result of this analysis can give benefit as a guide for entrepeneurs, farmers, government to etermine the investment decision. This research/thesis aim to examine the aloes processing aspect, such as: production, managerial, commercial, economic value, environmental impact the aloes marketing chain, and analyze the feasibility of pig aloes processing of Asmat district.This study uses financial analysis, including : Net Present Value (NPV), Net B/C Ratio, Internal Rate Of Return (IRR), Break Event Point (BEP), Payback Period (PP), Sesitivity analysis was also performed, considering the uncertainrty in the parameters and cultivation analysis as comparison of aloes business in nature exploitation.The result of this study show that business of aloes pig processing of Asmat is feasible. If the business activity was conducted in Asmat district with an estimate investment costs increased by 200% the business is feasible. It is recommended to carry out does cultivation in order to preserve the forest, aloes host tree preservation, and sustainability of the aloes processing business.
ANALISIS KELAYAKAN DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA BUDIDAYA IKAN AIR TAWAR DI KABUPATEN SLEMAN
Authors: Yuwani Siti Hariati , Irham Irham , Jamhari Jamhari
Published: December 2016

The aims of this research are (1) determine the feasibility, (2) estimate the contribution of fisheries to the household income and (3) formulate business development strategies for seeding and enlargement of the tilapia catfish and carp comoditiesy   Sleman regency.Purposive sampling was used and the following locatios District Ngemplak, Moyudan, and Minggir. Data collection was perfomed proptionally interviewing 15 farmers in hatchery operations and enlargement of catfish, tilapia, and carp. The feasibility analysis tools used was the analysis of costs and revenues, financial analysis that includes the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Benefit Cost (Net B/C), Payback Period (PP), and Break Event Point (BEP). Descriptive analysis was used for contributions to household income. The formulation of the strategy was carried out by the SWOT matrix analysis.The feasibility analysis result are NPV hatchery of catfish Rp. 193.091.118, NPV enlargement of catfish Rp 17.943.762, NPV hatchery of tilapia Rp 60.162.636, NPV of enlargement of tilapia Rp 31.850.378, NPV hatchery of carp Rp 44.981.614, and NPV enlargement of carp Rp 39.507.351. IRR hatchery of catfish 66%. IRR enlargement of catfish 29%. IRR hatchery of tilapia 63% IRR enlargement of tilapia 77%, IRR hatchery of carp 33% and IRR enlargement of carp 52%. Net B/C hatchery of catfish 1,57, Net B/C enlargement of catfish 1,08, Net B/C hatchery of tilapia 1,48, Net B/C enlargement of tilapia 1,65, Net B/C hatchery of carp 1,09 and Net B/C enlargement of carp 1,63. The payback period below 3 years. Fish farming contributes to the monthly family income at 48,87% and is above the minimum regional wages in Sleman. Thus the cultivation of freshwater fish in Sleman is feasible because it is profitable and can incease the family income. Aquaculture business development strategies can be applied based on the SWOT matrix and the feasibility result that include innovation, taking advantage of the simplicity of production and infrastructure factors that support freshwater fish farming and increasing the role of entrepeneurs and the stakholders through the development if technology and information.
ANALISIS PENDAPATAN NELAYAN BAGAN PERAHU DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SELAYAR MASMULYADI
Authors: Masmulyadi Masmulyadi , Widodo Sri
Published: December 2016

This study aim to know level  of income and business profit of lift nets boat and the factors that affect the income of fisherman’s boat lift nets in Selayar District. The hypothesis is (1) fisherman’s boat lift nes is business profitable, (2) estimated operating revenues of boat lift fisherman affected by the intensity factor to sea fishing intensity, family dependent age, education, business experience, hauling and capital.This research uses descriptive analytical method. The sample used in this study is the fisherman who use fishing gear fisherman’s light fishing boat of 30 who simple random. The analysis used is farm management analysis and regression analysis.The result showed that the fishing affect by fishermen’s using the boat in one period light fishing arrest financially beneficial to the averagevincome of Rp 9.817.139 and the value of the RC ratio was 1,32. While the factors influencing income is the intensity of fishing bots at sea fishing intensity, family dependent, age, education, business experience, hauling and capital.
THE POLEMIC OF GIVING DIRECT EFFECT OF WTO LAW AND DSB DECISION TO DOMESTIC LAW FOR INDIVIDUAL’S JUDICIAL PROTECTION
Authors: Soeparna Intan
Published: December 2016

The main objective of WTO Law is to accommodate individual’s right in order to obtain better benefit of international trade. However, when a government violates WTO Law, it is therefore causing deprivation of individual right itself. Direct effect seems to be a feasible doctrine to provide a judicial protection for individual, in order to rebalance the right that is violated. Nevertheless, this doctrine is intractable to imply. This article discuss the polemic of giving direct effect of WTO Law and DSB Decision to domestic law to provide judicial protection for individual who becomes victim of WTO violation conducted by government

Tujuan aturan WTO adalah mengakomodasi hak individu untuk memperoleh keuntungan dalam perdagangan internasional, akan tetapi ketika pemerintahnya melanggar aturan WTO, maka akan menyebabkan pelanggaran hak. Oleh karena itu, doktrin direct effect aturan WTO dapat menjadi doktrin yang memberikan perlindungan hukum, dalam rangka menyeimbangkan hak yang dilanggar. Namun, doktrin ini sangat sulit diterapkan, oleh karena itu, artikel ini mendiskusikan polemik dalam menerapkan doktrin direct effect. Aturan WTO dan keputusan DSB agar pemerintah dapat memberikan perlindungan hukum pada individu yang menjadi korban pelanggaran aturan WTO.
PENETAPAN TINDAK PIDANA SEBAGAI KEJAHATAN DAN PELANGGARAN DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG PIDANA KHUSUS
Authors: Supriyadi S
Published: December 2016

Determination of criminal act as crime and violation in special criminal laws have juridical implications of material and formal juridical. Material juridical implications of the establishment of criminal offenses as crimes and violation in special criminal laws outside the Penal Code deals with the problem of “national

principle active”, “trials of crime”, “criminal acts of assistance”, “concursus”, “prosecution expired”, and “shelf implementation of the criminal”. While the formal juridical implications of the establishment of criminal offenses as crimes and violations in the special criminal laws outside the Penal Code relating to

arrest and detention issues set out in the Code of Criminal Procedure.

Penetapan tindak pidana sebagai kejahatan dan pelanggaran dalam undang-undang pidana khusus memiliki implikasi yuridis materiil dan yuridis formal. Penetapan kualifikasi yuridis tindak pidana sebagai kejahatan dan pelanggaran ini diperlukan untuk “menjembatani” berlakunya aturan umum KUHP dan KUHAP

terhadap hal-hal yang tidak diatur dalam undang-undang pidana khusus. Implikasi yuridis materiil dari penetapan tindak pidana sebagai kejahatan dan pelanggaran berkaitan dengan masalah “asas nasional aktif”, “percobaan tindak pidana”, “pembantuan tindak pidana”, “perbarengan tindak pidana”, “daluwarsa penuntutan”, dan “daluwarsa pelaksanaan pidana”. Implikasi yuridis formal dari penetapan tindak pidana sebagai kejahatan dan pelanggaran berkaitan dengan masalah penangkapan dan penahanan dalam KUHAP.
KEBERLAKUAN UU NO. 6 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG DESA DI BALI DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI HUKUM
Authors: Mulyanto M
Published: December 2016

The objective of research to determine the validity of Act No. 6 of 2014 in Bali. The research method used sosiolegal. The results showed there was a conflict between the norms of Article 6 of the explanation of the obligation to choose one type of village. During this time, the system of village administration is double the traditional village (pakraman) and village office (administration) in Bali. Sociologically, society, academics, community leaders, Perbekel and Bendesa declare that Article 6 was not suitable to be applied in Bali. Main Assembly Pakraman (MUDP) proposed Bali get an exception.

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui keberlakuan UU No. 6 Tahun 2014 di Bali. Metode penelitian menggunakan sosiolegal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada konflik norma (conflict of norm) antara Pasal 6 dengan Penjelasannya tentang kewajiban memilih salah satu jenis desa. Selama ini, sistem pemerintahan desa bersifat ganda antara desa adat (pakraman) dan desa dinas (administrasi) di Bali. Secara sosiologis, masyarakat Bali, akademisi, tokoh masyarakat, Perbekel maupun Bendesa menyatakan Pasal 6 tidak cocok diterapkan di Bali. Majelis Utama Desa Pakraman (MUDP) mengusulkan supaya Bali mendapatkan pengecualian.
AKSES KEADILAN BAGI RAKYAT MISKIN (DILEMA DALAM PEMBERIAN BANTUAN HUKUM OLEH ADVOKAT)
Authors: Raharjo Agus , Angkasa A , Bintoro Rahadi Wasi
Published: December 2016

Legal aid for the poor people is a right, but in practice it is hard to do. There is a contradiction between law No. 16 of 2011 which gives obligation of the granting of legal aid is located at LAO which have been accredited, and the provisions of Article 22 (1) of law No. 18 of 2003 which gives obligation to the advocate as an individual. In the realm of practice, the granting of legal aid is not running properly because many advocate/LAO who still wear rate/fee, shifting ideology advocates from officium nobile to the commercialization, and the convoluted Government disbursements.

Bantuan hukum bagi rakyat miskin merupakan hak yang dijamin oleh konstitusi, tetapi praktiknya terasa sulit. Metode penelitian hukum normatif dan empiris digunakan untuk mengungkap persoalan tersebut. Terdapat kontradiksi antara UU No. 16 Tahun 2011 dengan UU No. 18 Tahun 2003. Berdasar UU No. 16 Tahun 2011, kewajiban pemberian bantuan hukum terletak pada OBH yang telah terakreditasi, bukan pada advokat sebagai individu sebagaimana ketentuan Pasal 22 ayat (1) UU No. 18 Tahun 2003. Pada ranah praktik, pemberian bantuan hukum ini tak berjalan semestinya karena banyak advokat/OBH yang mengenakan tarif/bayaran kepada orang yang dibelanya, pergeseran ideologi advokat dari officium nobile ke komersialisasi perkara, dan pencairan dana pemerintah yang berbelit-belit.
ANALISIS YURIDIS PERAN PROFESI PEKERJA SOSIAL DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2012
Authors: Setiawan Hari Harjanto , Sunusi Makmur
Published: December 2016

Act Number 11 of 2012 involving social work profession in dealing with children in conflict with the law (ABH). This paper will discuss the role of social worker as professional that will work closely with legal professional. Clarity of roles is expected to avoid collisions with each other due to the jobs involved have some similar roles and functions. Public prosecutor, community worker and social worker are expected to work in harmony in performing their duties. Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 melibatkan profesi pekerjaan sosial dalam menangani Anak yang Berkonflik dengan Hukum (ABH). Tulisan ini akan membahas peranan pekerja sosial sebagai sebuah profesi yang akan bekerja sama dengan profesi hukum. Kejelasan peranan ini diharapkan tidak terjadi benturan satu sama lain karena profesi yang terlibat mempunyai peran dan fungsi masing-masing. Jaksa, pendamping kemasyarakatan dan pekerja sosial diharapkan dapat berjalan harmonis dalam melakukan tugasnya.