bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Ethical and Cultural Implications of the Leadership `Turn' in Education
Authors: Strain Michael
Published: December 2008

Leadership, currently prescribed as a key requirement for effective school organization and management, is examined here as a rhetorical or discursive device, as a `turn', in the sense used in literary and sociological discussion of the linguistic turn. In the educational sphere, a tacit separation of leadership from issues of governance and management is becoming apparent. This move may be significantly related to an aestheticization of learning, and what is said to be increasingly the performative nature of its application in educational institutions in England. Leadership is inherently relational, but institutes and sustains unequal power relations. The paper argues that a significant distinction should be understood between performance and performativity, analogous to `event' and `possibility', which affords unrealized ethical and emancipatory opportunities for educational practice.
Design of Alkyl Sulfate Ionic Liquids for Lubricants
Authors: Itoh Toshiyuki , Watanabe Naoko , Inada Kento , Ishioka Akihiko , Hayase Shuichi , Kawatsura Motoi , Minami Ichiro , Mori Shigeyuki
Published: December 2008

Tribological properties of alkyl sulfate ionic liquids have been evaluated; hydrophobicity of ionic liquids significantly influenced the tribological characteristics and combination of phosphonium cation with hydrophobic octafluoropentyl sulfate anion afforded good ionic liquid that showed excellent tribological performance.
ENDOR Study of Oxoiron(IV) Porphyrin π-Cation Radical Complexes as Models for Compound I of Heme Enzymes
Authors: Takahashi Akihiro , Ohba Yasunori , Yamauchi Seigo , Fujii Hiroshi
Published: December 2008

Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complexes with pyrrole β-substituted porphyrins is reported. Hyperfine coupling constants (AH) of the pyrrole β-methyl groups were determined. Comparison of the AH values with those of compound I of peroxidase and catalase indicated the a1u porphyrin π-cation radical states of these compound I.
Three-dimensional Iron Glutarate with Five- and Six-coordinated Iron(II)–Oxygen Networks
Authors: Kim YooJin , Nam Hye Jin , Jung Duk-Young
Published: December 2008

A novel open framework iron(II)–carboxylate was synthesized and characterized. Four crystallographically different iron atoms have five- and six-coordinated geometry giving rise to 1D double metal–oxygen layers. The glutarate ligands link inorganic chains to give an interlocked 3D structure containing water. Magnetic measurement of iron–carboxylate compound shows canted antiferromagnetism around 4 K.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin
Published: December 2008

In “Book Reviews,” we review an extensive and diverse range of books. They cover theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems. In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. However, we do not review software. To submit a book for review, please send it to me at the above address. Although we cannot review all books because of space limitations, we do list all books that we receive. We commission all book reviews and do not accept unsolicited reviews. To become a reviewer, please send me your name, address, and specific areas of expertise. We encourage readers to suggest books for review or to ask publishers to send copies of such books.

The authors or editors of books we review in this issue are Tayfur Altiok, Benjamin Melamed, Soren Asmussen, Peter W. Glynn, Werner Krabs, and Stefan W. Pickl.
The Protestant Churches and the Resettlement of Japanese Canadians in Urban Ontario, 1942–1955
Authors: Dowe David
Published: December 2008

Cet article porte sur les relations entre les églises protestantes et les Canadiens japonais pendant et après la seconde guerre mondiale dans le cadre de leur relogement forcé dans les conurbations du centre du Canada, tels que Toronto et Hamilton en Ontario. Alors que les études récentes se sont concentrées sur les déplacements sous la contrainte de ces derniers vers des zones rurales au Manitoba et en Ontario, il s’agit dans cet article de faire un pas de plus pour étudier ce qui pour beaucoup d’entre eux a représenté la dernière étape d’une relogement dans un contexte urbain. Ce qui est plus important, c’est de proposer une réinterprétation des relations entre les Canadiens japonais et la société canadienne pendant la seconde guerre mondiale. Les confessions protestantes, comme l’Église unifiée et l’Église anglicane du Canada, ont emboîté le pas aux intentions du gouvernement fédéral de voir les Canadiens japonais vivre géographiquement séparés les uns des autres dans les villes; mais il ressort d’une observation minutieuse des présences aux services religieux et de la fonction sociale des paroisses, que ceuxci surent se servir des églises à leurs propres fins, afin de maintenir et de renforcer leur communauté.
“There Will Be a Next Time”: Media Discourse about an “Apocalyptic” Vision of Immigration, Racial Diversity, and Health Risks
Authors: Adeyanju Charles T. , Neverson Nicole
Published: December 2008

Cet article porte sur la couverture médiatique au Canada d’une visiteuse congolaise suspecte d’une maladie mortelle, et vise à montrer comment se construit et se maintient la notion de «race» dans la société canadienne. Il s’appuie sur l’analyse du discours critique de quatre journaux les plus importants du pays. Il en résulte que les média se sont servis de cecas pour provoquer une panique dans la population en faisant l’amalgame entre immigration et identité raciale d’une part, et les risques de santé d’autre part. Une analyse de la couverture médiatique révè;le que, dans les médias, un discours contre la diversité raciale se cache derriè;re des termes non-raciaux. Nous soutenons que les nouvelles rapportant cet événement ont renforcé des idéologies raciales non seulement plus générales jouant sur le duo immigration et danger, et ayant la capacité d’exploiter l’anxiété des Canadiens concernant la présence grandissante de minorités raciales au pays.
Roma Identity: Contrasting Constructions
Authors: Walsh Christine , Krieg Brigette
Published: December 2008

La hausse de l’implantation à Hamilton en Ontario d’un grand nombre de familles rom originaires de Hongrie et demandant le statut de réfugiés a posé une gageure aux servives locaux dans les domaines de la santé, des services sociaux, de l’éducation, de l’immigration et de la justice. Le Projet Rom visait en général à promouvoir une meilleure compréhension des peuples rom et de leur culture afin d’informer les intervenants des divers services d’une manière plus efficace et culturellement adaptée. Des entrevues avec un groupe de base et des informateurs clefs ont servi à se renseigner sur les besoins de la communauté rom, tels que perçus par leurs membres et par les fournisseurs de service des divers secteurs. Le processus d’évaluation de ces besoins a mis en lumière la contextualisation de l’identité rom telle qu’elle a été formée par des facteurs historiques, sociaux, culturels et conjoncturels. Une identité contextuellement riche offre une information plus précise, permet de mieux comprendre les expériences de marginalisation et d’oppression et met en question les stéréotypes et préjugés existants. Ce savoir est critique pour servir le développement de politiques et de programmes qui aillent mieux au devant des besoins de ceux qui sont le plus désavantagés par les inéquités sociales.

We have been erroneously defined by outsiders —now we must correctly define ourselves.

Ronald Lee Roma Community Centre, Toronto
Chinese Acculturation Measurement
Authors: Deng Jinyang , Walker Gordon J.
Published: December 2008

En 2001, les Chinois formaient la minorité visible la plus importante au Canada avec plus d’un million de personnes s’identifiant comme telles. La question se pose de plus en plus quant à savoir jusqu’où les Chinois et d’autres membres de groupes minoritaires peuvent s’ajuster et s’assimiler à la société majoritaire. Cependant, il n’existe pour le moment aucun instrument utilisable pour mesurer les niveaux d’acculturation des Chinois résidant au Canada. Cet article en présente un spécifiquement conçu pour ces derniers. Il porte sur sept aspects à évaluer : interactions sociales, préférence langagière, perception de soi, identité ethnique, présentation de cadeaux et célébration de fêtes, nourriture et préférence communautaire, ainsi que piété filiale. Cette approche fournit des données mesurables quant au contenu, à leur fonction discriminante, et à leur validité prédictive ainsi qu’un haut degré de fiabilité. Mais il ne faut pas ignorer les limitations de cette recherche, ni les besoin d’une autre à venir.
Does Laterality Exist in ACL Injury Prevalence in Alpine Skiers?
Authors: Urabe Y. , Iwamoto H. , Koshida S. , Tanaka K. , Miyashita K. , Ochi M.
Published: December 2008

From a clinical viewpoint, a greater number of ACL injuries have been observed involving the left knee than the right knee; however, the evidence is still limited. The purpose of the first study in this two-part investigation was to demonstrate whether laterality of ACL injury exists in various sports activities, including alpine skiing. We hypothesized that the incidence of left knee ACL injury would be higher than that of right knee injury. In the second study, a knee kinematic analysis during a trunk-turning test was conducted to demonstrate the laterality of knee kinematics in female alpine skiers. Subjects for the first study were ACL patients who visited Hiroshima University Hospital between 1994 and 2004. For the alpine skiers, the injury side, the mechanism of injury, and the turning side at the moment of injury were also determined. In the second study, the participants were female recreational skiers who had no history of an ACL injury. Kinematic analyses with a high-speed camera were conducted to measure the knee, hip, and trunk angles during the trunk-turning test. In alpine skiers, 194 (57 %) left ACL injuries and 146 (43 %) right ACL injures were observed. However, there were no significant differences in knee flexion angle during the trunk-turning test. Our findings showed that a left ACL injury occurred 33 % more frequently than a right knee ACL injury in alpine skiers. In addition, we found no differences in the knee flexion angle during the trunk-turning test; however, the height of left shoulder appeared to be higher than the right shoulder during the right turn.
WEIGHT AND LENGTH AT BIRTH OF INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: Pedersen Jørgen
Published: December 2008

Birth weight and length of 122 surviving babies of diabetics, born in Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 1926–1947, was compared to a control group of 122 infants of non-diabetics (matched controls). The groups were comparable, especially as to foetal age and parity of the mother, severe complications in the mothers, etc.

The average foetal age was 261 days (range 237–301). The average weight and length for the infants of non-diab. controls was 3045 gm. and 49.5 cm., for infants of diabetics 3600 gm. and 51.0 cm. Thus on average infants of diabetics weigh 550 gm. more and are 1.5 cm. longer than are infants of non-diab. Differences of the same magnitude were found in primiparae and in multiparae with and without obesity.

The frequency distribution curves for weight and length are nearly normal, but placed at higher levels than are those of non-diab. infants. Diabetics get big and small infants as others, but the whole population is bigger than that of non-diabetics' infants. There is an actual overgrowth.

In a personal series from 1946–1953 75 infants of long-term treated (1. t.) were compared to 91 infants of short-term treated (sh. t.) diabetics. The foetal age was 237 days or more, on average 260 days. Average weight and length for 1. t. infants was 3380 gm. and 50.5 cm., for sh. t. 3570 gm. and 51.3 cm. Thus the 1. t. infants on average weighed 190 gm. less and were 0.8 cm. shorter than sh. t. infants. So far these differences are not statistically significant, but an inverse correlation between the length of the last consecutive stay of the mother in Department B and the infants' weight and length could be demon

I. Published in extenso in Acta endocrinol. 16, 330, 1954.

strated. As the length of stay increases, weight and length decreases. This indicates the differences found to be due to the length of our treatment.

As there is a positive correlation between the maternal pregnancy level of blood sugar (foetal glucose supply) during the last 6–7 weeks of pregnancy and the birth weight and length of infants of non-diabetic controls, 1. t. and sh. t. diabetics, the maternal pregnancy level may play a part of its own for the differences found in weight and length of the infants in these 3 groups.

The maternal blood sugar level may influence weight and length of the infants directly (foetal glucose consumption) but also indirectly (foetal insulin turn-over rising with a rising supply of glucose), as foetal insulin may act as a growth stimulating factor.
METABOLISM AND FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHATIDES
Authors: Kögl F. , van Deenen L. L. M.
Published: December 2008

The TSH (thyrotrophic hormone) induced stimulation of the rate of incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the phosphatides of the thyroid was studied in vitro. Since neither thyroid hormones nor agents blocking iodine metabolism altered the 32P uptake, a direct effect of TSH on thyrophosphatides was assumed. Paper and column chromatographic experiments on phosphatides isolated from beef thyroid slices after incubation with TSH demonstrated that the 32P incorporation occurs into lecithins, cephalins and an inositol-phosphatide. The action of TSH on thyrophosphatides did not appear to be restricted to one cell fraction, while the TSH controlled phosphatides appeared to belong to the so-called bound class. A structural function of the thyro-phosphatides is discussed.
THE SPECIFICITY OF THE ARGYROPHIL REACTION IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN MAN
Authors: Hellman Bo , Hellerström Claes
Published: December 2008

By studying the Islets of Langerhans in man in thin Bouin fixed paraffin sections, first after impregnation with silver, and subsequently after removal of the silver, stained with Gomori's chrome-haematoxylin or aldehyde-fuchsin, it was possible to assess the specificity of the argyrophil reaction.

Reports in the literature that some of the B cells were also silver impregnated could not be confirmed. On the other hand, the argyrophil reaction was not characteristic for all the A cells, since a minority of them were not blackened. In agreement with these observations, the considerably higher frequency of silver cells over A cells, previously reported in connection with comparative differential cell counts on the same human pancreas material, was shown to be only apparent.
CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF GONADOTROPHINS IN URINE
Authors: van der Molen H. J. , Bakker H. J.
Published: December 2008

Criteria are discussed which can be used for estimating whether there is an increase in uterine weight 18 hours after a single injection of a gonadotrophin solution in infantile mice.

It is of advantage to accept the quotient of uterine weight and body weight as a criterion, rather than the uterine weight. The effect of HMG20A with this rapid method is discussed. Prospects of using the rapid determination as a graded assay are good.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX-HORMONES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON THE PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
Authors: Juhlin L. , Miquel J. F.
Published: December 2008

Some sexual hormones and related compounds have been tested for their ability to increase the phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system (R. E. S.). Mice were given subcutaneous injections of the compounds daily for 14 days. The phagocytic activity of the R. E. S. was then determined by measuring the amount of fluorescent plastic particles present in the blood and in the liver 15 minutes after these had been injected intravenously. The seminal vesicles, testicles, liver and spleen of these mice were then weighed. The oestrogenic activity of the compounds were determined in the Allen-Doisy test. For both strong and weak oestrogens, the dose which gave a positive response in this test roughly corresponded to the daily dose necessary to induce an increase on the activity of the R. E. S. However, neither the oestrogenic, androgenic, anabolic, progestional nor pituitary inhibitory actions of the compounds tested seems to be responsible for the effect on the R. E. S. Testosterone was found to be inactive under these conditions whereas a nortestosterone derivative increased the phagocytic activity of the R. E. S. Castration 4 days previously did not change the phagocytic activity. In such mice, just as in non-castrated mice, it could be increased both with the nortestosterone derivate and an oestrogenic compound tested.
ABSENCE OF COMPENSATORY OVARIAN HYPERTROPHY IN RATS WITH ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS
Authors: Flerkó Béla , Bárdos Vera
Published: December 2008

Absence of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in »constant oestrus rats« from lesions in the anterior hypothalamic area suggests that nervous elements localized in this region play an essential role in the stimulation of gonadotrophin output by diminution of the blood oestrogen level. The constant vaginal oestrus after unilateral ovariectomy in the majority of animals was, however, repeatedly interrupted by vaginal smears of a dioestrous type. The appearance of a dioestrous vaginal smear in the »hypothalamic constant oestrus rats« is often associated with some luteinisation. It is assumed that diminution of the blood oestrogen level by reduction of ovarian tissue in these animals may bring about a release of LH sufficient to cause formation of corpora lutea.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BINDING OF L-THYROXINE BY PROTEINS
Authors: Christensen L. Korsgaard
Published: December 2008

The pH-dependence of the binding of L-thyroxine to the serum proteins has been investigated by means of a dialysis procedure. A moderate increase in the binding of T4 was found when the pH varied from about 7 to 8.5. At more alkaline and more acid values a pronounced decrease in the ability to bind thyroxine was observed.

The use of barbiturate buffer resulted in a very considerable increase in free non-protein-bound T4, whereas phosphate buffer did not interfere with the binding of the hormone. Tris buffer has also a thyroxine-releasing effect but this is far less pronounced than for barbiturate.

Structural changes in the protein molecule were found to change its ability to bind T4. Urea denaturation of bovine serum albumin resulted in a decreased binding capacity, whereas denatured egg albumin and lactoglobulin exhibited an increase in binding property.
DER EINFLUSS VON SCHILDDRÜSENHORMONEN UND VON THYREOTROPHIN AUF DIE NEBENNIERENRINDE HYPOPHYSEKTOMIERTER RATTEN
Authors: Krüskemper Hans-Ludwig
Published: December 2008

1. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotrophic hormone increased the relative weight of the adrenals and the size of the nuclei of cells in the fascicular zone.

2. The effect of corticotrophin was enhanced by simultaneous application of thyrotrophic hormone.
THE IN VITRO UPTAKE BY HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES OF LABELLED L-TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN CASES OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS WITH CARBON DIOXIDE RETENTION AND RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Friis Thorkild , Kristensen H. P. Østergaard
Published: December 2008

The uptake by human erythrocytes of labelled l-triiodothyronine in the presence of homologous plasma was measured in 25 patients with chronic bronchitis with varying degrees of CO2 retention and in 33 patients with chronic pyelonephritis with varying degrees of uraemia. Increased T3 uptake was found in 20 patients with chronic bronchitis and in 20 patients with uraemia. Cross experiments make it probable that the chief reason for this increase both in patients with bronchitis and with pyelonephritis is due to a reduction in the binding capacity of serum protein for l-triiodothyronine.

In the patients with bronchitis increased Pco2 and reduced oxygen saturation in arterial blood were accompanied by increased T3 uptake by the erythrocytes. In the patients with nephritis increasing serum creatinine was accompanied by increased T3 uptake.

No relationship could be found between the extent of the acidosis and the T3 uptake.
OVARY AND THYROID SECRETION
Authors: Beckers C. , De Visscher M.
Published: December 2008

1. Thyroid function was measured in female rabbits before and after modification of ovarian function.

2. Removal of both ovaries led to an increase in thyroid function. When injections of oestradiol benzoate were given to castrated rabbits, the increase in thyroid function was suppressed.

3. Stimulation of thyroid function by injections of TSH was inhibited by oestradiol benzoate.

4. It is concluded that in rabbits, the ovarian hormone inhibits thyroid function under physiological conditions and that the inhibitory action is due, at least in part, to a direct action on the thyroid.
THE MENTAL LEVEL IN 47 CASES OF »TRUE KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME«
Authors: Raboch Jan , Ŝípová I. , Malý MgMat. V.
Published: December 2008

In a group of 47 cases of »true Klinefelter's syndrome« mainly examined for sterility, attention has been paid to their educational standard, school results, occupation, and Raven's test results of their mental level.

None of the 47 subjects with female nuclear sex attained university-standard education. The school results were poor in the case of 20 of them, and excellent only in three. Subnormal results of Raven's test (below 80) were found in 12 out of the 47 subjects examined. Only in the case of two patients was the result of the test above average (more than 120). The average value of Raven's test for the whole group was 91.9 (s = 16.4).

These findings are explained by the simultaneous disorder of the sex glands as well as of the nervous system of these subjects due to a developmental disturbance which has taken place before birth.
THE CONVERSION OF PROGESTERONE TO 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE BY HUMAN PLACENTA IN VITRO
Authors: Little Brian , Shaw Ann
Published: December 2008

The conversion of progesterone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone by the soluble fraction of human placenta has been demonstrated in vitro. The incubation system contained the soluble supernatant fluid fraction of placental homogenate (105 000 × g), progesterone 4-14C as substrate, authentic 17α-hydroxyprogesterone as trap and a reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide generating system as cofactor.

The 17α-hydroxyprogesterone formed was isolated chromatographically and radiochemical purity was demonstrated by constant specific activity in a counter current distribution. Constant specific activity and radiochemical purity of the oxidation product and the acetylated derivative was also shown.
METABOLISM OF 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE-4-14C-17α-CAPROATE BY HOMOGENATES OF RAT LIVER AND HUMAN PLACENTA
Authors: Wiener Margaret , Lupa Charles I. , Plotz E. Jürgen
Published: December 2008

17α-hydroxyprogesterone-4-14C-17α-caproate (HPC), a long-acting progestational agent, was incubated with homogenates of rat liver and human placenta. The rat liver was found to reduce Ring A of HPC under anaerobic conditions to form allopregnane-3β,17α-diol-20-one-17α-caproate and pregnane-3β,17α-diol-20-one-17α-caproate, the allopregnane isomer being the major product. The caproic acid ester was neither removed nor altered during the incubation.

Placental tissue did not attack HPC under conditions where the 20-ketone of progesterone was reduced. It is postulated that this absence of attack on the side chain is due to steric hindrance from the caproate ester, and that this may account for the prolonged action of HPC.
THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF THE PANCREATIC ISLET VOLUME IN NORMAL AND HYPERGLYCAEMIC MICE
Authors: Hellman Bo , Brolin Sven , Hellerström Claes , Hellman Katharina
Published: December 2008

The actual size distribution of the islets of Langerhans was studied both in normal mice and in mice with two different varieties of the obesehyperglycaemic syndrome. Symmetrical curves were obtained in all cases for the relation between the total islet volume and the islet diameter; the larger the total islet volume the greater the islet diameter corresponding to the maxima in these curves. There is also a regular arrangement of the islet organ in the hyperglycaemic animals even though the total islet volume in one of these two strains was almost 10 times as large as in their unaffected litter mates.
INTERACTIONS OF THE PINEAL AND EXPOSURE TO CONTINUOUS LIGHT ON ORGAN WEIGHTS OF FEMALE RATS
Authors: Wurtman Richard Jay , Roth Willard , Altschule Mark D. , Wurtman Judith J.
Published: December 2008

Either exposure to constant light for 80 days or pinealectomy produced similar changes in the weights of the ovaries and adrenals of female rats. These were not additive when both procedures were employed. Pinealectomy did not share with light-exposure the capacity to induce uterine hypertrophy.

Rats exposed to constant light for 56 days had lighter pineals than animals kept in darkness; this decrease was not affected by administration of bovine pineal extracts.

The increase in ovarian weight produced in rats by exposure to light for 56 days was prevented by bovine pineal extracts, but these extracts were without effect on the uterine hypertrophy produced under the same conditions.

These data suggest that the effect of light upon the weight of the ovary is mediated via the pineal.
HODENHISTOLOGIE BEI HYPOPHYSENTUMOREN
Authors: Noelle Horst
Published: December 2008

In 2 males with hypopituitarism due to tumour of the hypophysis, biopsy of the testes was performed. Different types of hypogonadism were found. It is possible to clear up the type of hypogonadism by testis biospy and to substitute specifically.
STUDIES ON SULFATION FACTOR (SF) ACTIVITY OF HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Almqvist Sven , Ikkos Denis , Luft Rolf
Published: December 2008

The effect of X-ray therapy and oestrogens on serum SF activity was studied in six acromegalic patients. X-ray therapy produced questionable clinical effects and no change of the serum SF level. In two subjects oestrogen resulted in a normal serum SF level which was paralleled by marked clinical improvement. In the other four cases, the serum SF level was not affected, although two of these patients showed minor clinical improvement.
QUANTITATIVE EFFECT OF SOME STEROID HORMONES ON THE MUCOSAL MAST CELLS AND TISSUE EOSINOPHILS IN THE RAT STOMACH WALL
Authors: Räsänen Toimi
Published: December 2008

Prednisolone (11β,17,21-trihydroxy-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione) injected into rats at 6 hour intervals for 48 hours causes degranulation of the mast cells of the gastric mucosa to an extent dependent on the dose. Tissue eosinophilia in the gastric lamina propria decreased more slowly with the smallest dose, but clearly with the higher doses.

Deoxycorticosterone (21-hydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) in doses of varying size produced no definite degranulation of the mast cells of the gastric mucosa, nor any changes in the tissue eosinophilia of the lamina propria.

It is suggested that glucocorticoids conjugate in the lamina propria of the gastro-intestinal canal with the polysaccharides of the mast granules, and that the tissue eosinophils eliminate the histamine and serotonin liberated.
VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THYROXINE
Authors: Lorenzen lb
Published: December 2008

Male albino rabbits were injected with 1-thyroxine and physiological saline for 2 weeks. The resulting changes in the aortic wall were assessed grossly and microscopically and also by analysis of hexosamine, hydroxyproline, water, and calcium. Furthermore, the in vivo uptake of 35S sulphate was determined. Despite insignificant gross and microscopic changes, there was a clear-cut increase in hexosamine content and uptake of 35S sulphate, most pronounced in the first part of the aorta, from the aortic valve to the first intercostal arteries, and in the abdominal aorta. These changes were of the same nature as those seen following injections of epinephrine and of epinephrine plus 1-thyroxine. The lesions of the aortic wall might be due to thyroxine induced sensitization to endogenous epinephrine, and the accumulation of mucopolysaccharide probably indicates a reparative process.
STUDIES ON OESTROGEN METABOLISM IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Barr M. , Diczfalusy E. , Tillinger K. G.
Published: December 2008

The urinary excretion of oestrone (3-hydroxy-oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one), 17β-oestradiol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol) and oestriol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol) was studied in infants and children before and after the intramuscular injection of 17β-oestradiol and oestriol, respectively. No measurable amounts of these oestrogens could be detected in the urine specimens collected during the pre-treatment period. Administration of 500 μg of 17β-oestradiol in oil to infants of 2 to 10 months of age did not give rise to measurable amounts of urinary oestrone or oestradiol; there was, however, a limited increase in oestriol excretion, corresponding to approximately 2 per cent of the administered dose. When the same amount of 17β-oestradiol was administered to children aged 2.5 to 9 years, significant amounts of oestrone + oestradiol (corresponding to 3.5 % of the administered dose) were excreted in the urine in addition to considerable amounts of oestriol (approximately 6 % of the administered dose). Following the administration of 500 μg of oestriol in oil to infants and children (2 to 36 months of age) only some 14 % of the administered oestriol could be recovered from the urine and only 2 % from the faeces.

It is concluded that the intermediary metabolism of 17β-oestradiol in infants is significantly different from that of adults. It is suggested that some time during the second year of life the oestradiol metabolism assumes the adult type. It is also suggested that – in contradistinction to the situation in the adult – in infants and young children oestriol does not represent a final stage in oestrogen metabolism, but rather an intermediate one, and that certain aspects of the oestrogen metabolism do not assume the adult type before the fourth year of life, or perhaps later.
ISOLATION OF PREGNENOLONE FROM CANINE ADRENAL VEIN BLOOD
Authors: Oertel Georg W. , Eik-Nes Krislen B.
Published: December 2008

From 3100 ml pooled adrenal vein plasma of mongrel dogs a steroid was isolated, which by its infrared- and sulfuric acid spectrum, its mobility as free and acetylated compound in different systems of paper chromatography, and a positive reaction with sulfuric acid-ethanol reagent was identified as 3β-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one.
STUDIES ON ESTER SULPHATES
Authors: Boström Harry
Published: December 2008

A survey has been made of the hormonal influence on the urinary ester-sulphate pattern in rats. The technique consisted of administration of 35S-labelled sulphate to the experimental animals, collection of the urine voided during the first 24 hours after injection, and subsequent visualization of the ester-sulphate pattern of the individual animals by means of paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis, combined with autoradiography. The following results were obtained:

1. An unknown ester sulphate, present only in the urinary pattern of female rats, disappeared after adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy, but persisted after oophorectomy.

2. The unknown, sex-linked compound was absent from the pattern of juvenile rats, but was present in all those weighing more than 100 g.

3. A time relation was present between the appearance of the characteristic female compound and vaginal opening.

The possible nature and physiological role of the unknown compound are discussed against the background of these observations.
DISTURBED URINARY EXCRETION PATTERN OF OESTROGENS IN NEWBORNS WITH CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
Authors: Andrén L. , Borglin N. E.
Published: December 2008

Administration of 0.5–1.0 mg oestradiol benzoate produces hardly any excretion of oestradiol-17β or oestrone in the urine in normal healthy newborns. In newborns with congenital dislocation of the hip, however, it produces an increased excretion of these oestrogens. This provides further support for the assumption that congenital dislocation of the hip is caused by an inborn and probably inherited error of the metabolism of oestrogens.
RAT THYROID ACTIVITY AND COLD RESPONSE AFTER REMOVAL OF FRONTAL PARTS OF THE BRAIN
Authors: van Beugen L. , van der Werff ten Bosch J. J.
Published: December 2008

Thyroid activity was studied in rats after surgical removal of the frontal parts of the brain and in intact and blank-operated animals. The index of thyroid function used was the biological half-life of thyroidal 131I calculated from the amounts of 131I present in the thyroid gland, one and eight days after i. p. administration of the tracer.

It was found that removal of all the brain tissue three mm anterior to the anterior commissure, including the olfactory bulbs, did not alter thyroid activity at room temperature and that the normal rise in thyroid activity occurred after this operation when the animals were exposed to an environmental temperature of + 4° C for 15 days.

It is concluded that the frontal parts of the brain are not essential either for normal thyroid activity or for the thyroid response to cold. Vaginal smear cycles were also normal after »frontal lobectomy«.
A DOUBLE ISOTOPE DERIVATIVE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ALDOSTERONE IN PERIPHERAL PLASMA
Authors: Bojesen Ejgil , Degn Hans
Published: December 2008

The details of a method for the determination of aldosterone at the level of 1 ng or more are described. A combination of the isotope derivative principle and the isotope dilution principle, using 35S and 131I labelled piodobenzenesulfonic acid anhydride (pipsan) as the labelled reagents, has been employed. A quantitative or almost quantitative and reproducible esterification of the 21-hydroxyl group of aldosterone and an 80% recovery of the steroid added to plasma can be achieved by the procedure described. The blank value has been determined by the analysis of epripheral plasma of adrenalectomized dogs and was found to be indistinguishable from zero and therefore less than 3 ng per 100 ml of plasma. In salt depleted anaesthetized dogs the aldosterone level was 20–30 ng per 100 ml. The concentration increased considerably during adrenalectomy and decreased with a »half life« of 20–30 minutes from the time this was completed.
HYPERTROPHIC ADRENALS AND THEIR RESPONSE TO STRESS AFTER LESIONS IN THE MEDIAN EMINENCE OF TOTALLY HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED PIGEONS
Authors: Miller Richard A.
Published: December 2008

Four per cent formaldehyde, insulin, or epinephrine in oil was injected for 5 days into pigeons subjected to varying degrees of hypophysectomy alone or together with large lesions in the median eminence and hypothalamus. Adrenals atrophied after the removal of the pars distalis alone or together with the neurohypophysis in untreated pigeons but showed markedly hypertrophic interrenal tissue (cortex in mammals) after treatment with formaldehyde or insulin. The slope of the dose-response curve was similar in operated and unoperated pigeons. The accumulation of bile in the liver parenchyma, which may occur after removal of the pars distalis, is an endogenous stress which was associated regularly with adrenal hypertrophy.

After very large lesions of the median eminence and ventral hypothalamus in addition to total hypophysectomy, adrenals hypertrophied rather than atrophied, and the response to formaldehyde paralleled that in intact and »hypohysectomized« pigeons. Interrenal tissue was stimulated regularly; chromaffin tissue was partially degranulated, sometimes showed hyperplasia with colchicine, but only occasionally appeared hypertrophied. Epinephrine in nearly lethal doses caused only minimal adrenal enlargement. After adrenal denervation followed by hypophysectomy, the adrenals were still stimulated by formaldehyde. It appears that the interrenal tissue of the pigeon responds to a humoral stimulus not of hypophyseal origin in the absence of the hypophyseal-hypothalamic system.
THE UPTAKE OF 131I TRIIODOTHYRONINE BY RESIN. AN IN VITRO TEST OF THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: Woldring M. G. , Bakker A. , Doorenbos H.
Published: December 2008

A technique is described, which resembles the in vitro red cell triiodothyronine uptake test for the investigation of thyroid function, but which requires only 0.5 ml of plasma. The uptake of radio-triiodothyronine is measured by a method in which resin replaces the erythrocytes. Thus the variable of the red cell substrate is excluded. By means of the resin technique described, an uptake of 14–27 % was found in a group of 130 euthyroid subjects. Fourteen plasma samples from hyperthyroid patients were investigated, which showed an uptake range of 25–40 % (one plasma sample from this group had an uptake of 25.8, i. e. within the normal range). In one case of hypothyroidism, an uptake of 10.7 % was found. It is not yet possible to state the level of uptake below which the diagnosis of hypothyroidism should be considered.

The effect of different factors like the quantity of resin, incubationtemperature and incubation-time, pH and others have been investigated. The results are discussed.
THE PITUITARY AND ADRENAL RESPONSES TO ADMINISTRATION OF OESTRIOL IN GONADECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Borglin N. E. , Bjersing L.
Published: December 2008

Oestriol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol) is a weakly oestrogenic substance which, however, in contrast to what was formerly believed, is of physiological significance. Its effect is localized largely to the uterine cervix and vagina. Clinical experience argues both for and against an effect on the pituitary gland. This investigation is concerned with the morphological changes in the pituitary gland and adrenal cortex of gonadectomized male and female rats after the injection of oestriol. It was found that oestriol has the same type of action on these glands as other oestrogens, but under the experimental conditions used, this effect proved much weaker than that produced by oestradiol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol).
THE EFFECTS OF SOME 21-METHYL-SUBSTITUTED CORTICOIDS ON INFLAMMATION, LIVER GLYCOGEN AND ELECTROLYTE-REGULATING ACTIVITY IN THE RAT
Authors: Llaurado J. G.
Published: December 2008

The anti-inflammatory, liver glycogen deposition and electrolyte-regulating activities in the rat have been studied for the following new steroids: 21-Me-9α-F-Δ1-F 21α-Ac; its 21β-Ac; 21-Me-6α,9α-diF-Δ1-F 21α-Ac; and its 21β-Ac. Using the granuloma pouch assay, results show that there is a linear relationship between degree of inhibition of inflammatory exudate and logarithm of dose assayed for each steroid. The most potent of the new steroids is 21-Me-6α,9α=diF-Δ1-F 21α-Ac (ca. four times Δ1-F Ac), next is its 21β-Ac epimer (ca. twice Δ1-F Ac) and the lowest in activity is 21-Me-9α-F-Δ1-F 21β-Ac (almost equipotent to Δ1-F Ac). Results of liver glycogen deposition assay reveal an even greater potency of the new steroids in relation to Δ1-F Ac, although the rank of activity is the same as that obtained from the granuloma pouch test. The intense sodium retaining-potassium excreting activity of 9α-F-Δ1-F Ac, the parent compound of the new steroids, is modified by the 21-methyl substituent with the result that the 21-methyl steroids induce more natriuresis with the exception of 21-Me-9α-F-Δ1-F 21β-Ac, and less kaliuresis, than the parent compound. The introduction of a 21-methyl grouping creates a new center of asymmetry at C-21. Results from the present investigation indicate that for a given steroid the 21α-ol configuration has more anti-inflammatory and glucogenic activities than the corresponding 21β-ol. The 21-methyl corticoids may be of usefulness to treat inflammatory disorders in man.
EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: Skanse Bengt
Published: December 2008

Thyroid function was studied in 10 patients before and after hypophysectomy for metastasizing mammary carcinoma. Particular attention was devoted to the effect of hypophysectomy on the response of the thyroid gland to thyrotrophic hormone. The hypophysectomy was considered to the functionally complete, at least for a period of more than 6 months in 9 patients, while the postmortem examination revealed histologically complete hypophysectomy in only 5 of them. After hypophysectomy the thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine, the serum protein-bound iodine and the basal metabolic rate fell to myxoedema levels, but without any corresponding increase of the serum cholesterol in most of the patients. The serum protein-bound iodine fell to a lower level than observed in the usual types of hypopituitarism, thus suggesting that the thyrotrophic hormone production generally does not completely cease in clinical hypopituitarism.

After hypophysectomy the administration of thyrotrophic hormone produced a smaller increase in thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine and a smaller increase in the protein-bound iodine in some patients. The mechanism of this effect is not known. On the other hand, the basal metabolic rate and the serum cholesterol showed a greater response in some patients, probably because of the myxoedematous state. During thyroid replacement therapy the response of the thyroid gland to thyrotrophic hormone further decreased in some of the patients.

It thus appears that the development of laboratory and clinical evidence of hypothyroidism cannot be used to estimate the degree of histological completeness of hypophysectomy.
LYCOPUS – NEW ASPECTS OF ACTIONS AGAINST HYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES
Authors: Kemper F. , Loeser A.
Published: December 2008

The active principle of Lycopus acts on certain pituitary hormones. In vitro the effect of gonadotrophic hormones from different sources (adenohypophysis, PMS, HCG) as well as the effects of TSH are diminished or totally abolished by freeze dried aqueous extracts of Lycopus virginicus.
ON THE ASSAY OF CORTICOTROPHIN: COMPARISON OF THE PLASMA CORTICOSTEROID AND ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID RESPONSE
Authors: Rerup Claus , Hedner Pavo
Published: December 2008

A new subcutaneous assay method for corticotrophin using the level of free plasma corticosteroids in hypophysectomized rats as the response is described. A critical evaluation of the results compared with those of the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion assay method is given. It was found, that the plasma corticoid method has about the same precision (λ = 0.25) as the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion method, but that the former is about five times more sensitive. It is possible to apply a cross-over design to the plasma corticoid method, which increases the assay efficiency to about 250 per cent of non-cross-over assays.

From simultaneous measurements of adrenal ascorbic acid concentration and plasma corticoid levels and subsequent calculation of their correlation coefficients it appeared, that the mechanism of ascorbic acid depletion is quantitatively not closely linked to that of adrenal corticoid output in the individual rat.

On the basis of its advantages from the theoretical points of view (higher specificity) and for practical reasons, it is proposed to replace the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion method by the plasma corticoid method for pharmacopeial corticotrophin assays.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL URINARY RADIOACTIVE STEROID METABOLITES AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
Authors: Baker Robert E. , Goldzieher Joseph W.
Published: December 2008

A simple and quantitative procedure for the extraction and measurement of total urinary radioactive steroid metabolites is described.

The urinary excretion of topically applied 14C oestrone + 3H 17β-oestradiol and of 14C cortisol (11β, 17, 21-trihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione) alone was studied with and without the addition of carrier oestrone, in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Over 80 percent of the cortisol, 7.5 to 41 percent of the oestrone, and 3.4 to 20 percent of the 17β-oestradiol metabolites appeared in the urine within 72 hours. Neither the ovarian status of the subjects nor the presence of carrier oestrone appeared to influence these results.
SOME CLINICAL EXPERIENCE IN THE DETERMINATION OF CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE IN A SMALL SAMPLE OF HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: van der Wal B. , Israëls A. L. M. , Janssen J. F. , de Wied D.
Published: December 2008

Quantitative determinations of cortisol and corticosterone were performed in 3 ml of human plasma, using the different partition coefficients of these steroids between water and carbon tetrachloride according to Van der Vies (1961).

Comparative values for plasma cortisol and corticosterone in adults and children and in patients treated with corticotrophin (ACTH) or corticosteroids are presented. Cortisol levels in non-treated adults and in children amounted to 11.8 ± 2.0 ranging from 5–26 μg per 100 ml while mean corticosterone levels were found to be 2.75 ± 0.70 ranging from 0–6 μg per 100 ml.

Intravenous Cortrophin or Pitressin for one hour or intramuscular Cortrophin Z generally increased both plasma cortisol and corticosterone, whereas treatment with prednisone somewhat decreased the cortisol content of plasma without affecting the plasma corticosterone. One patient with Cushing's syndrome had a high cortisol and a normal corticosterone level and in an adult patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated for several months with Cortrophin Z, the rather high cortisol level was associated with a very low corticosterone content of the plasma.
FURTHER CYTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING OESTROGENIC ACTIVITY IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: de Waard F. , Halewijn E. A. Baanders-van
Published: December 2008

The occurrence of oestrogenic activity in cytological preparations of postmenopausal women in apparent health has been studied using urinary sediment smears.

Postmenopausal oestrus is found to be associated with obesity, hypertension and probably also with decreased glucose tolerance. It seems to have a hereditary tendency in which body build is involved.

The oestrogens causing the cytological effects are of adrenal origin. Some criticism is advanced against the hypothesis of Galli Mainini et al. (1956) and Castellanos & Sturgis (1958) as regards a cytological index specific of adrenal oestrogens.

Some findings relevant to the genesis of endometrial carcinoma are discussed.
PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA OF URINARY BLADDER
Authors: Mićić R. , Kičić M. , Adanja S.
Published: December 2008

A case of phaeochromocytoma localized in the urinary bladder wall above the right ureter in a 19 years old male is described. The patient had a sustained arterial hypertension between 170/120 and 260/170, without haematuria, with regular headache and palpitations immediately after urination. Catecholamines in urine 409 and 340 micrograms per day. A partial resection of the urinary bladder wall was performed with extirpation of a tumour weighing 40 g. Size of the tumour 80 × 60 × 60 mm. The tumour contained 1.5 mg adrenaline and 0.03 mg noradrenaline per g of tissue.

Postoperatively blood pressure 140/90, catecholamines in the urine normal, and the patient made an uneventful recovery. The last follow-up ten months after operation. A short review of previously published cases is given.