bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eco-bursaries as incentives for conservation around Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya
Authors: JACKSON MICHELLE M. , NAUGHTON-TREVES LISA
Published: June 2012

Incentives used to encourage local residents to support conservation range from integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs), which indirectly connect improved livelihoods with biodiversity protection, to direct payments for ecosystem services (PES). A unique hybrid between these two strategies, the Arabuko-Sokoke Schools and Ecotourism Scheme (ASSETS), provides secondary-school bursaries to encourage stewardship of a biodiverse highly-imperiled Kenyan forest. Household surveys and semi-structured interviews were used to assess the effectiveness of ASSETS by comparing attitudes and perceptions toward the forest among scheme beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. The most commonly identified benefit of the forest was resource extraction (for example fuelwood), followed by ecosystem services (such as source of rain). Those in favour of forest clearing tended not to be ASSETS beneficiaries, were less-educated, and were less likely to mention ecosystem services and tourism as forest benefits. ASSETS appears to shape pro-conservation attitudes among beneficiaries and foster a sense of responsibility toward the forest. Challenges for ASSETS are similar to those faced by many conservation and development projects, namely unsteady funding and the risk that the extremely poor may be overlooked. ASSETS may serve as an effective hybrid between the PES and ICDP approaches, and such educational support provides a promising conservation incentive.
Role of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors in folliculogenesis
Authors: Chaves R.N. , Alves A.M.C.V. , Lima L.F. , Matos H.M.T. , Rodrigues A.P.R. , Figueiredo J.R.
Published: June 2012

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a prototype member of the neurotrophins family and has important functions in the maintenance of viability and proliferation of neuronal and non-neuronal cells, such as certain ovarian cells. The present review highlights the role of NGF and its receptors on ovarian follicle development. NGF initiates its multiple actions through binding to two classes of receptors: the high affinity receptor tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) and the low-affinity receptor p75. Different intracytoplasmic signalling pathways may be activated through binding to NGF due to variation in the receptors. The TrkA receptor activates predominantly phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogenic activated protein kinase (MAPK) to promote cell survival and proliferation. The activation of the phospholipase type Cγ (PLCγ) pathway, which results in the production of diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3), culminates in the release of calcium from the intracytoplasmic cellular stocks. However, the details of activation through p75 receptor are less well known. Expression of NGF and its receptors is localized in ovarian cells (oocyte, granulosa, theca and interstitial cells) from several species, which suggests that NGF and its receptors may regulate some ovarian functions such as follicular survival or development. Thus, the use of NGF in culture medium for ovarian follicles may be of critical importance for researchers who want to promote follicular developmentin vitroin the future.
Relative complexity in scientific discourse
Authors: HUNDT MARIANNE , DENISON DAVID , SCHNEIDER GEROLD
Published: June 2012

Variation and change in relativization strategies are well documented. Previous studies have looked at issues such as (a) relativizer choice with respect to the semantics of the antecedent and type of relative, (b) prescriptive traditions, (c) variation across text types and regional varieties, and (d) the role that relative clauses play in the organization of information within the noun phrase.

In this article, our focus is on scientific writing in British and American English. The addition of American scientific texts to the ARCHER corpus gives us the opportunity to compare scientific discourse in the two national varieties of English over the whole Late Modern period. Furthermore, ARCHER has been parsed, and this kind of syntactic annotation facilitates the retrieval of information that was previously difficult to obtain. We take advantage of new data and annotation to investigate two largely unrelated topics: relativizer choice and textual organization within the NP.

First, parsing facilitates easy retrieval of relative clauses which were previously difficult to retrieve from plain-text corpora by automatic means, namelythat- and zero relatives. We study the diachronic change in relativizer choice in British and American scientific writing over the last three hundred years; we also test for the accuracy of the automatically retrieved data. In addition, we trace the development of the prescriptive aversion towhichin restrictive relatives (largely peculiar to American English).

Second, the parsed data allow us to investigate development in the structure of the NP in this genre, including not only phrasal but also clausal modification of the head noun. We examine the contribution of relative clauses to NP complexity, sentence length and structure. Structural changes within the NP, we argue, are related to the increased professionalization of the scientific publication process.
Long-sin Late Modern English manuscripts
Authors: FENS-DE ZEEUW LYDA , STRAAIJER ROBIN
Published: June 2012

It is a generally accepted fact that the use of long-s, or <ſ>, was discontinued in English printing at the close of the eighteenth century and that by the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century this allograph had all but disappeared. This demise of <ſ> in printing has been fairly well documented, but there is virtually no literature on what happened to it in handwritten documents. The disappearance of <ſ> and <ſs> (as inʃeemsandbuʃineʃs) in favour of
 and  is generally ascribed to the printers’ wishes to simplify their type-settings. But at what point and to what extent did this simplifying process influence private writing of the period? In this article we have documented the rules, as observed by printers, for the use of long-sin the Late Modern English period, and we illustrate how printing practice during this period compared to the usage of this particular grapheme in letters written by two well-known codifiers of the English language, the grammarians Joseph Priestley and Lindley Murray.
Water and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and changes in BMI among Brazilian fourth graders after 1-year follow-up
Authors: Sichieri Rosely , Yokoo Edna M , Pereira Rosangela A , Veiga Glória V
Published: May 2012

Objective

We examined whether drinking water per se is associated with drinking less of other beverages and whether changes in BMI are associated with the intake of water and other beverages.

Design

Secondary analysis of a randomized trial of fourth graders followed over 1 year.

Setting

Public schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Subjects

Participants were 1134 students aged 10–11 years.

Results

At baseline, a higher frequency of water consumption was associated with a greater daily intake of fruit juice (P = 0·02) and a higher daily frequency of milk (P = 0·005). In the intervention group, the baseline frequency of water consumption was negatively associated with weight change over 1 year but without statistical significance (coefficient = −0·08 kg/m2; 95 % CI −0·37, 0·24 kg/m2), whereas fruit juice intake frequency was positively associated with weight change: each increase in fruit juice intake of 1 glass/d was associated with a BMI increase of 0·16 (95 % CI 0·02, 0·30) kg/m2.

Conclusions

Our findings do not support a protective effect of water consumption on BMI, but confirm consumption of juice drinks as a risk factor for BMI gain. Students who reported high water consumption also reported high intake of other beverages; therefore, the promotion of water consumption per se would not prevent excessive weight gain.
Reflections on the implications of evolutionary psychology for the theory of institutions
Authors: EASTWOOD JONATHAN
Published: June 2012

In this paper I consider the implications of work in evolutionary psychology for institutional analysis. I respond to Pascal Boyer and Michael Bang Petersen (‘The Naturalness of (Many) Social Institutions: Evolved Cognition as their Foundation’; 2012), who put forward a programmatic statement in this connection. I argue that their discussion overstates the explanatory power of evolutionary psychology and does not take sufficient account of what we already know about institutions. At the same time, I suggest that they, and the empirical work upon which they draw, make an important contribution by helping us to establish more clearly the boundary conditions of institutional analysis. I call for ongoing cooperation and for the establishment of a unified research tradition that brings together both evolutionary psychology and institutionalism.
Effects of large historical earthquakes, viscous relaxation, and tectonic loading on the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake
Authors: Hu Caibo , Cai Yongen , Wang Zhenming
Published: June 2012

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (M7.9) occurred on the Longmenshan Fault in Sichuan, China. Both the seismicity and slip rate of the fault are lower than those of other faults in the region. By incorporating large earthquakes in the region during the past 222 years into our investigation, the effects of historical earthquakes, viscous relaxation, and tectonic loading on the Wenchuan earthquake were studied, using a quasi‐static, finite element model. In this model, we first simulated an initial stress field constrained by fault slip rates obtained by GPS and geologic observations in the region. We then simulated earthquakes by fault softening. The results show that tectonic loading has the most significant effect on the Longmenshan Fault, whereas viscous relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle has the least effect. The effects of the historical earthquakes are variable; some promote the earthquake potential and others retard the earthquake potential.
Modulation of ISOs by land‐atmosphere feedback and contribution to the interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon
Authors: Saha Subodh Kumar , Halder Subhadeep , Suryachandra Rao A. , Goswami B. N.
Published: June 2012

A mechanism of internal variability of Indian summer monsoon through the modulation of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) by land‐atmosphere feedback is proposed. Evidence of feedback between surface soil moisture and ISOs is seen in the soil moisture data from GSWP‐2 and rainfall data from observations. Using two sets of internal simulation by a regional climate model (RCM), it is shown that internally generated anomalous soil moisture interacts with the following ISO and generates interannual variability. To gain further insight, 27 years of sensitivity experiment by prescribing wet (dry) soil moisture condition during break (active) period along with a control simulation are carried out. The sensitivity experiment reveals the large‐scale nature of soil moisture and ISO feedback which takes place through the changes in atmospheric stability by altering lower‐level atmospheric conditions. The feedback is inherent to the monsoon system and a part of it acts through the intraseasonal varying memory of soil moisture. The RCM used to test the hypothesis is constrained by one‐way interactions at the lateral boundary. Experiments with a much larger domain upheld the findings and hence suggest the true nature of soil moisture and ISO feedback present in the monsoon system.
Erosion of the Rwenzori Mountains, East African Rift, from in situ‐produced cosmogenic10Be
Authors: Roller S. , Wittmann H. , Kastowski M. , Hinderer M.
Published: June 2012

High relief and steep topography are thought to result in high erosion rates. In the Rwenzori Mountains of the Albert Rift, East Africa, where more than 3 km of relief have formed during uplift of the Rwenzori fault block, overall low denudation rates prevail. We measured in situ‐derived cosmogenic denudation rates of 28.2 to 131 mm/kyr in mountainous catchments, and rates of 7.8 to 17.7 mm/kyr on the adjacent low‐relief East African Plateau. These rates are roughly an order of magnitude lower than in other settings of similar relief. We present an extensive geomorphological analysis, and find that denudation rates are positively correlated with relief, hillslope gradient, and channel steepness, indicating that river incision controls erosional processes. In most upper headwater reaches above Quaternary ELA levels (>4500 m a.s.l.), glacial imprinting, inherited from several older and recent minor glaciation stages, prevails. In regions below 4500 m a.s.l., however, mild climatic conditions impede frost shattering, favor dense vegetation, and minimize bare rock areas and associated mass wasting. We conclude that erosion of the Rwenzori Mountains is significantly slower than corresponding rates in other mountains of high relief, due to a combination of factors: extremely dense mountain cloud forest vegetation, high rock strength of gneiss and amphibolite lithologies, and low internal fracturing due to the extensional tectonic setting. This specific combination, unique to this extensional tropical setting, leads to unexpected low erosion rates that cannot outpace post‐Pliocene ongoing rock uplift of the Rwenzori fault block.
Distributed extensional deformation in a zone of right‐lateral shear: Implications for geodetic versus geologic rates of deformation in the eastern California shear zone‐Walker Lane
Authors: Foy T. Andrew , Frankel Kurt L. , Lifton Zachery M. , Johnson Christopher W. , Caffee Marc W.
Published: June 2012

The eastern California shear zone (ECSZ)‐Walker Lane belt represents an important, evolving component of the Pacific‐North America plate boundary. Geodetic data suggest the northern ECSZ is accumulating dextral shear at a rate of ∼9.3 mm/a, more than double the total measured late Pleistocene rate at ∼37.5°N. At this latitude, the Silver Peak‐Lone Mountain (SPLM) extensional complex plays an important role in accommodating and transferring slip among the strike‐slip and normal faults of the ECSZ and Walker Lane. To better understand the recent geodynamic evolution of this region, we determined late Pleistocene extension rates for the Clayton Valley fault zone, one of a series of down‐to‐the‐northwest normal faults comprising the SPLM, using geologic mapping, differential GPS fault scarp surveys, and cosmogenic nuclide geochronology. Extension rates along the Clayton Valley fault zone are time‐invariant at 0.1 ± 0.1 to 0.3 ± 0.1 mm/a (depending on fault dip) since ∼137 ka. When combined with other published fault slip rates at this latitude, the cumulative late Pleistocene geologic slip rate is ∼3.3 to 5.2 mm/a. This rate is lower than both the geodetic rate of dextral shear and other long‐term slip rate budgets in the northern ECSZ. Our results suggest that deformation in Clayton Valley is spread across a diffuse set of normal faults and that not all of the deformation is recorded in the surficial geology. We suggest that the low cumulative geologic slip rate in the northern ECSZ may be a result of this distributed extension, which can cause long‐term rates of deformation to be significantly underestimated.
The spatial extent of source influences on modeled column concentrations of short‐lived species
Authors: Turner A. J. , Henze D. K. , Martin R. V. , Hakami A.
Published: June 2012

Providing top‐down constraints on emissions is an important application of model‐based analysis of remote‐sensing observations of chemically reactive species, yet the degree to which column concentrations are governed by local vs distant sources within models themselves has yet to be fully characterized. We use a chemical transport model and its adjoint to quantify source contributions to weekly column concentrations of ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde. This efficient approach for quantifying the spatial extent of source influences is validated and then applied to an array of sites and seasons. Overall, we find instances for each species where emissions from at least 500 km away must be taken into account to retrieve 90% of the total column influence. This demonstrates that the common practice of assuming a local relationship between satellite observations and emissions in top‐down constraints could lead to considerable biases, an issue that will be exacerbated as the resolution of models and observations are refined in coming years.
Insights to slip behavior on rough faults using discrete element modeling
Authors: Fournier Thomas , Morgan Julia
Published: June 2012

We simulate a range of fault slip behaviors using the discrete element method (DEM) to examine the controls on different slip modes on rough faults. Shear strain is imposed upon a 2‐D bonded particle assemblage that contains a predefined fault. Slip modes on the fault vary from creep, to slow‐slip, to stick‐slip behavior, both spatially and temporally. The mode of slip is controlled largely by the local stress field along the fault, which depends on the local fault roughness. Portions of the fault that fail in relatively low normal stress regimes tend to slide continuously, whereas areas with high clamping stress produce stick‐slip events. During stick‐slip events, regions within the rupture zone that experience high slip are associated with physical asperities on the fault; ruptures terminate at barriers and through dissipation of the stored elastic energy. The simulated events show stress drops between 0.2–50 MPa, a slightly larger range than is inferred for natural earthquakes. Simulated events also have higher slip magnitudes than are observed during earthquakes for a given rupture length. The simulation produces many characteristics of fault behavior and is shown to be a successful avenue for future studies on the mechanics of fault slip.
Bi‐annual intrusion of tropical water in the northern Benguela upwelling
Authors: Rouault Mathieu
Published: June 2012

The Benguela Current is one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world. A difference from other eastern boundary currents is a thermal front at its northern border, the Angola Benguela Front (ABF) separating warm tropical water from cold upwelled water. There is an annual net modelled transport of 0.45 Sverdrup of near surface tropical water flowing poleward across the ABF into the northern Benguela Current upwelling system. This transport follows a bi‐annual harmonic quasi‐synchronized to the annual cycle of sea level anomaly in the eastern tropical Atlantic with maxima in October and February and minima in June and December. The bi‐annual advection of warm Angolan water in the Northern Benguela across the ABF is a key element in the development of Benguela Niños, warmer than normal oceanic events that have an impact on fisheries, hypoxia and rainfall of the region.
Kinematic analysis of vertical collapse on volcanoes using experimental models time series
Authors: Ruch J. , Acocella V. , Geshi N. , Nobile A. , Corbi F.
Published: June 2012

Volcanoes are often associated with vertical collapse, due to deeper magma withdrawal. Calderas are the most notable type of vertical collapse, on the summit of volcanoes. Caldera collapse has been observed and monitored only at Miyakejima (Japan; 2000), Dolomieu (Reunion; 2007) and Fernandina (Galapagos; 1968), highlighting our limited knowledge on its kinematic behavior. Here we use experimental models to investigate the kinematic evolution of calderas and vertical collapses in general. We extract velocity and strain fields using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique, generating time series. Experimental vertical collapses undergoing constant subsidence velocity show three main kinematic behaviors: (1) continuous collapse, whose velocity is similar to the source subsidence velocity; (2) incremental collapse, with episodic (stepwise) accelerations along pre‐existing ring structures; (3) sudden collapse, resulting from the upward migration of a cavity, only for T/D > 2 (T and D are the depth and width of the magma chamber, respectively) and without ring structures. The velocity in the collapsing column may increase up to four orders of magnitude with regard to the constant subsidence velocity of the source. Comparison to nature suggests that: (1) there are close kinematic similarities with monitored collapse calderas, explaining their incremental subsidence after the development of ring structures; (2) sudden pit crater formation is induced by the upward propagation of cavities, due to magma removal at depth and in absence of ring structures; (3) all these types of vertical collapses have a consistent mechanism of formation and kinematic behavior, function of T/D and the presence/absence of ring structures.
Topographic control of wind‐driven circulation in the northern Adriatic
Authors: Malačič V. , Petelin B. , Vodopivec M.
Published: June 2012

Two synoptic wind‐driven situations of the circulation in the northern Adriatic were studied using the Princeton Ocean Model over the northern Adriatic Sea (NAPOM). In both situations the basin was driven by a relatively steady wind (>8 m/s) along and across the basin over three days. In the first situation (28–30 October 2008) the SSE southern jugo or scirocco wind blew along the basin, and in the second (19–21 March 2009), the ENE bora wind blew across the basin. Cyclonic turn was present in the first situation, while the cyclonic branch of a known double‐gyre circulation north of the strip of wind minima was evident in the second. We show that during the jugo the model does not confirm quantitatively the simple topographic control of a wind‐driven circulation, suitable for elongated basins, while qualitatively the model meets expectations, with downwind transport in shallow areas close to shorelines and upwind transport in places with greater depths. During the bora wind, however, the wind‐driven circulation in the Gulf of Trieste is well explained by this topographic control (82% of the flux through the transect).
An assessment of two different satellite‐derived precipitation products in relation to simulation of sea surface salinity in the tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Sharma Rashmi , Mankad Bhasha , Agarwal Neeraj , Kumar Raj , Basu Sujit
Published: June 2012

The focus of the study is on the assessment of two different satellite‐derived precipitation products in relation to the simulation of sea surface salinity (SSS) in the tropical Indian Ocean by an ocean general circulation model (OGCM). Precipitation derived from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) has also been used as a benchmark. The period of the simulations covers the years 2003–2007. A comparison with Argo floats suggests that both the satellite products are more effective than NCEP precipitation and a pure satellite product outperforms a merged product. High‐ and intermediate frequency variability of SSS has been found to be better captured by the satellite products. The equatorial low‐salinity tongue formed during a dipole year has been found to be faithfully represented in simulation forced by either of the satellite‐derived products. Possible causes for this low‐salinity equatorial tongue and the high salinity near Sumatra coast during the dipole year have also been examined. Impact of satellite‐derived precipitation has also been assessed in the distribution of barrier layer thickness in the tropical Indian Ocean in the winter months of 2007.
A balancing act: focus on aneuploidy
Authors: Pariente Nonia
Published: June 2012

Aneuploidy has emerged as a major health concern in cancer and fertility. This issue of EMBO reports features four reviews that discuss aneuploidy and its consequences from different viewpoints, and are contextualized in this editorial.
The base of the cilium: roles for transition fibres and the transition zone in ciliary formation, maintenance and compartmentalization
Authors: Reiter Jeremy F , Blacque Oliver E , Leroux Michel R
Published: June 2012

Both the basal body and the microtubule‐based axoneme it nucleates have evolutionarily conserved subdomains crucial for cilium biogenesis, function and maintenance. Here, we focus on two conspicuous but underappreciated regions of these structures that make membrane connections. One is the basal body distal end, which includes transition fibres of largely undefined composition that link to the base of the ciliary membrane. Transition fibres seem to serve as docking sites for intraflagellar transport particles, which move proteins within the ciliary compartment and are required for cilium biogenesis and sustained function. The other is the proximal‐most region of the axoneme, termed the transition zone, which is characterized by Y‐shaped linkers that span from the axoneme to the ciliary necklace on the membrane surface. The transition zone comprises a growing number of ciliopathy proteins that function as modular components of a ciliary gate. This gate, which forms early during ciliogenesis, might function in part by regulating intraflagellar transport. Together with a recently described septin ring diffusion barrier at the ciliary base, the transition fibres and transition zone deserve attention for their varied roles in forming functional ciliary compartments.
Adaptive governance of synthetic biology
Authors: Tait Joyce
Published: June 2012

As resistance to synthetic biology slowly coalesces, governments and scientists need to be proactive to avoid a repetition of the near moratorium on genetically modified crops in Europe.
Upstream stimulatory factor 1 activates GATA5 expression through an E-box motif
Authors: Chen Bohao , Hsu Rona , Li Zhenping , Kogut Paul C. , Du Qingxia , Rouser Kelly , Camoretti-Mercado Blanca , Solway Julian
Published: May 2012

Silencing of GATA5 gene expression as a result of promoter hypermethylation has been observed in lung, gastrointestinal and ovarian cancers. However, the regulation of GATA5 gene expression has been poorly understood. In the present study, we have demonstrated that an E (enhancer)-box in the GATA5 promoter (bp −118 to −113 in mice; bp −164 to −159 in humans) positively regulates GATA5 transcription by binding USF1 (upstream stimulatory factor 1). Using site-directed mutagenesis, EMSA (electrophoretic mobility-shift analysis) and affinity chromatography, we found that USF1 specifically binds to the E-box sequence (5′-CACGTG-3′), but not to a mutated E-box. CpG methylation of this E-box significantly diminished its binding of transcription factors. Mutation of the E-box within a GATA5 promoter fragment significantly decreased promoter activity in a luciferase reporter assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified that USF1 physiologically interacts with the GATA5 promoter E-box in mouse intestinal mucosa, which has the highest GATA5 gene expression in mouse. Co-transfection with a USF1 expression plasmid significantly increased GATA5 promoter-driven luciferase transcription. Furthermore, real-time and RT (reverse transcription)–PCR analyses confirmed that overexpression of USF1 activates endogenous GATA5 gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. The present study provides the first evidence that USF1 activates GATA5 gene expression through the E-box motif and suggests a potential mechanism (disruption of the E-box) by which GATA5 promoter methylation reduces GATA5 expression in cancer.
Indirect Estimates of Jaw Muscle Tension in Children With Suspected Hypertonia, Children With Suspected Hypotonia, and Matched Controls
Authors: Connaghan Kathryn P. , Moore Christopher A.
Published: June 2012

Purpose

In this study, the authors compared indirect estimates of jaw-muscle tension in children with suspected muscle-tone abnormalities with age- and gender-matched controls.

Method

Jaw movement and muscle activation were measured in children (ages 3 years, 11 months, to 10 years) with suspected muscle-tone abnormalities (Down syndrome or spastic cerebral palsy;n= 10) and controls (n= 11). Two measures were used to infer jaw tension: a kinematic index of mass-normalized stiffness and electromechanical delay (EMD). The kinematic index used video-based kinematics to obtain the slope of the peak velocity-displacement relationship. The EMD was derived from the interval between the onset of suprahyoid muscle activity and the onset of jaw depression.

Results

Neither measure differentiated the groups. The kinematic index revealed differences between stressed and unstressed syllables in 3-syllable productions by the participants with cerebral palsy and controls, but not in 2-syllable productions by the participants with Down syndrome and controls.

Conclusion

This preliminary investigation included the novel application of 2 measures to infer the jaw-muscle tension of children with suspected tone abnormalities. Although the results do not support the hypothesis that suspected muscle-tone abnormalities affect jaw movement sufficiently to influence speech production, considerations for interpreting the findings include methodological limitations and possible compensatory muscle coactivation.
Additive Effects of Lengthening on the Utterance-Final Word in Child-Directed Speech
Authors: Ko Eon-Suk , Soderstrom Melanie
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The authors investigated lengthening effects in child-directed speech (CDS) across the sentence, testing the additive effects on duration of Word Position, Register, Focus, and Sentence Mode (statement/question).

Method

Five theater students produced 6 sentences containing 5 monosyllabic words in a simulated dialogue, varying in Register, Focus, and Sentence Mode. The authors segmented a total of 1,800 sentences using forced-alignment tools, and they analyzed the duration of each word.

Results

The results show significant effects of Register, Word Position, and their interactions. The simple effect of Register was significant in all 5 word positions, indicating a global elongation effect in CDS. Interestingly, there was no proportional increase of the final word in CDS. In addition, the 3-way interactions Register × Word Position × Focus and Register × Word Position × Sentence Mode were significant, which converge to the conclusion that the utterance-final word in CDS is additively elongated when it is focused and in a statement.

Conclusion

Elongation in CDS is a global effect, but the additive effects of duration demonstrated in the authors' data suggest that the effect of enhanced utterance-final lengthening in CDS in naturalistic samples may be a by-product of discourse characteristics of CDS.
Performance metrics for inertial confinement fusion implosions: Aspects of the technical framework for measuring progress in the National Ignition Campaign
Authors: Spears Brian K. , Glenzer S. , Edwards M. J. , Brandon S. , Clark D. , Town R. , Cerjan C. , Dylla-Spears R. , Mapoles E. , Munro D. , Salmonson J. , Sepke S. , Weber S. , Hatchett S. , Haan S. , Springer P. , Moses E. , Kline J. , Kyrala G. , Wilson D.
Published: June 2012

The National Ignition Campaign (NIC) uses non-igniting “tritium hydrogen deuterium (THD)” capsules to study and optimize the hydrodynamic assembly of the fuel without burn. These capsules are designed to simultaneously reduce DT neutron yield and to maintain hydrodynamic similarity with the DT ignition capsule. We will discuss nominal THD performance and the associated experimental observables. We will show the results of large ensembles of numerical simulations of THD and DT implosions and their simulated diagnostic outputs. These simulations cover a broad range of both nominal and off-nominal implosions. We will focus on the development of an experimental implosion performance metric called the experimental ignition threshold factor (ITFX). We will discuss the relationship between ITFX and other integrated performance metrics, including the ignition threshold factor (ITF), the generalized Lawson criterion (GLC), and the hot spot pressure (HSP). We will then consider the experimental results of the recent NIC THD campaign. We will show that we can observe the key quantities for producing a measured ITFX and for inferring the other performance metrics. We will discuss trends in the experimental data, improvement in ITFX, and briefly the upcoming tuning campaign aimed at taking the next steps in performance improvement on the path to ignition on NIF.
Generation of non-axisymmetric scrape-off layer perturbations for controlling tokamak edge plasma profiles and stability
Authors: Joseph Ilon , Cohen Ronald H. , Rognlien Thomas D. , Ryutov Dmitri D.
Published: June 2012

A critical requirement for tokamak fusion reactors is the control of the divertor heat load, both the time-averaged value and the impulsive fluxes that accompany edge-localized modes. We propose driving toroidally varying currents through the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma both to broaden the SOL by inducing radial convection and to control the edge pressure gradient by inducing resonant magnetic perturbations. The generation of additional convective transport via steady-state convective cells or increased turbulence drive requires that the electric potential perturbations exceed a threshold in amplitude that depends on wavelength. The generation of a coherent magnetic perturbation is optimized by choosing the appropriate width and phasing of the biasing region at the target plate in order to optimize the profile of the SOL current. Longer wavelength modes produce a larger effect because they are not sheared as strongly by the magnetic X-point. Generation of the necessary currents is challenging due to the possibly substantial power requirements and the possible need for internal insulators. We analyze passive current-drive mechanisms that rely on puffing and pumping of neutral gas in a toroidally asymmetric fashion using the UEDGE code to model the ITER divertor.
Quantum motion in superposition of Aharonov–Bohm with some additional electromagnetic fields
Authors: Bagrov V. G. , Gitman D. M. , Levin A. D.
Published: June 2012

The structure of additional electromagnetic fields to the Aharonov–Bohm field, for which the Schrödinger, Klein-Gordon, and Dirac equations can be solved exactly are described and the corresponding exact solutions are found. It is demonstrated that aside from the known cases (a constant and uniform magnetic field that is parallel to the Aharonov–Bohm solenoid, a static spherically symmetrical electric field, and the field of a magnetic monopole), there are broad classes of additional fields. Among these new additional fields we have physically interesting electric fields acting during a finite time or localized in a restricted region of space. There are additional time-dependent uniform and isotropic electric fields that allow exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation. In the relativistic case there are additional electric fields propagating along the Aharonov–Bohm solenoid with arbitrary electric pulse shape.
Development of a micro cell compression stimulator for evaluating real-time cellular responses
Authors: Nakashima Y. , Yang Y. , Minami K.
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a micro cell compression stimulator for evaluating real-time cellular responses to compression stimuli. The device was produced by a micro three-dimensional structure fabrication process using multiple exposures to the photoresist. The device consists of a pressure inlet port, cell inlet ports, a gasket, microchannels, cell culture chambers, and a diaphragm on the culture chamber for applying compressive pressure to cells. Compression stimuli applied to the cells can be controlled by regulating the expansion of the diaphragm via a pressure control. The device permits the observation of cellular responses to compressive pressure in real time because it is made of transparent materials and stimulates the cells without deforming the cell culture surface, when observed by optical microscopy. We demonstrated the validity of the fabrication process, evaluated the performance of the fabricated device, and compared the experimental results with the FEM structural analysis results. We found through operational testing that the diaphragm was deformed quickly by applying negative/positive pressure and that the diaphragm displacement became larger with increasing applied pressure. These results indicate that this device can be used to control the intensity and the cell stimulus profile by regulating the applied pressure. In all cases, the cellular deformation during compression stimulus was successfully observed in real time using an optical microscope. The device is expected to facilitate the control of stem cell differentiation and the clarification of cellular mechanoreceptor mechanisms and signal transduction pathways.
Rotation of tokamak halo currents
Authors: Boozer Allen H.
Published: June 2012

During tokamak disruptions, halo currents, which can be tenths of the total plasma current, can flow at the plasma edge along the magnetic field lines that intercept the chamber walls. Non-axisymmetric halo currents are required to maintain force balance as the plasma kinks when the edge safety factor drops to about two in a vertical displacement event. The plasma quickly assumes a definite toroidal velocity va(r) with respect to that of the magnetic kink, vk, where va(r) is set by the radial electric field required for ambipolarity. The plasma velocity, vpl=va+vk, near the edge is influenced by the interaction with neutrals and with the potential in the halo required for quasi-neutrality on open magnetic field lines, and the plasma velocity in the core is influenced by external error fields. When plasma effects dominate magnetic locking, the magnetic kink should rotate at a diamagnetic speed of either the edge or the core. If the magnetic field lines of the halo plasma intercept the wall at locations of very different electrical conductivity, the toroidal rotation of the halo currents can intermittently stall at wall locations of high conductivity. Such stalling is seen in experiments. The toroidal phase difference between the stalled halo currents and the kink, which is expected to rotate smoothly, must satisfy δϕ<±π/2. A concern cited by ITER engineers is that the time varying force of the rotating halo could substantially increase the disruption loads on in-vessel components.
Bosonic Loop Diagrams as Perturbative Solutions of the Classical Field Equations in ϕ4-Theory
Authors: Finster Felix , Tolksdorf Jürgen
Published: June 2012

Solutions of the classical ϕ4-theory in Minkowski space-time are analyzed in a perturbation expansion in the nonlinearity. Using the language of Feynman diagrams, the solution of the Cauchy problem is expressed in terms of tree diagrams which involve the retarded Green's function and have one outgoing leg. In order to obtain general tree diagrams, we set up a “classical measurement process” in which a virtual observer of a scattering experiment modifies the field and detects suitable energy differences. By adding a classical stochastic background field, we even obtain all loop diagrams. The expansions are compared with the standard Feynman diagrams of the corresponding quantum field theory.
Plasma ion source for in situ ion bombardment in a soft x-ray magnetic scattering diffractometer
Authors: Lengemann Daniel , Engel Dieter , Ehresmann Arno
Published: June 2012

A new plasma ion source for in situ keV He ion bombardment of solid state samples or thin films was designed and built for ion fluences between 1 × 1012 and 1 × 1017 ions/cm2. The system was designed to be mounted to different diffraction chambers for soft x-ray resonant magnetic scattering. Without breaking the vacuum due to He-ion bombardment, structural and magnetic modifications of the samples can be studied in situ and element specifically.
Chain-length dependent growth dynamics of n-alkanes on silica investigated by energy-dispersive x-ray reflectivity in situ and in real-time
Authors: Weber C. , Frank C. , Bommel S. , Rukat T. , Leitenberger W. , Schäfer P. , Schreiber F. , Kowarik S.
Published: June 2012

We compare the growth dynamics of the three n-alkanes C36H74, C40H82, and C44H90 on SiO2 using real-time and in situ energy-dispersive x-ray reflectivity. All molecules investigated align in an upright-standing orientation on the substrate and exhibit a transition from layer-by-layer growth to island growth after about 4 monolayers under the conditions employed. Simultaneous fits of the reflected intensity at five distinct points in reciprocal space show that films formed by longer n-alkanes roughen faster during growth. This behavior can be explained by a chain-length dependent height of the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier. Further x-ray diffraction measurements after growth indicate that films consisting of longer n-alkanes also incorporate more lying-down molecules in the top region. While the results reveal behavior typical for chain-like molecules, the findings can also be useful for the optimization of organic field effect transistors where smooth interlayers of n-alkanes without coexistence of two or more molecular orientations are required.
Optimal design and fabrication of three-dimensional calibration specimens for scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Liu Xiaoning , Luo Tingting , Chen Yuhang , Huang Wenhao , Piaszenski Guido
Published: June 2012

Micro-/nano-scale roughness specimens are highly demanded to synthetically calibrate the scanning probe microscopy (SPM) instrument. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) specimens with controllable main surface evaluation parameters were designed. In order to improve the design accuracy, the genetic algorithm was introduced into the conventional digital filter method. A primary 3D calibration specimen with the dimension of 10 μm × 10 μm was fabricated by electron beam lithography. Atomic force microscopy characterizations demonstrated that the statistical and spectral parameters of the fabricated specimen match well with the designed values. Such a kind of 3D specimens has the potential to calibrate the SPM for applications in quantitative surface evaluations.
Lithium-based surfaces controlling fusion plasma behavior at the plasma-material interface
Authors: Allain Jean Paul , Taylor Chase N.
Published: June 2012

The plasma-material interface and its impact on the performance of magnetically confined thermonuclear fusion plasmas are considered to be one of the key scientific gaps in the realization of nuclear fusion power. At this interface, high particle and heat flux from the fusion plasma can limit the material’s lifetime and reliability and therefore hinder operation of the fusion device. Lithium-based surfaces are now being used in major magnetic confinement fusion devices and have observed profound effects on plasma performance including enhanced confinement, suppression and control of edge localized modes (ELM), lower hydrogen recycling and impurity suppression. The critical spatial scale length of deuterium and helium particle interactions in lithium ranges between 5–100 nm depending on the incident particle energies at the edge and magnetic configuration. Lithium-based surfaces also range from liquid state to solid lithium coatings on a variety of substrates (e.g., graphite, stainless steel, refractory metal W/Mo/etc., or porous metal structures). Temperature-dependent effects from lithium-based surfaces as plasma facing components (PFC) include magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability issues related to liquid lithium, surface impurity, and deuterium retention issues, and anomalous physical sputtering increase at temperatures above lithium’s melting point. The paper discusses the viability of lithium-based surfaces in future burning-plasma environments such as those found in ITER and DEMO-like fusion reactor devices.
Equation of motion for a drop or bubble in viscous compressible flows
Authors: Parmar M. , Balachandar S. , Haselbacher A.
Published: June 2012

The problem of unsteady motion of a spherical bubble or drop is analyzed in the limit of vanishing Mach and Reynolds numbers. Linearized viscous compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved inside and outside of the spherical bubble/drop and an expression of the transient force is first obtained in the Laplace domain and then transformed to the time domain. The total force is separated into the quasi-steady, the inviscid unsteady, and the viscous unsteady contributions. The new force expression reduces to known results in the limits of a drop in an incompressible flow or a rigid particle in a compressible flow. We observe that in all compressible flow cases, the viscous unsteady kernel shows a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$1/\sqrt{t}$\end{document}1/t decay at sufficiently short times. This is in contrast to the behavior in an incompressible flow where the viscous unsteady kernel on the bubble reaches a constant value at short times.
Particle-in-cell simulations of ambipolar and nonambipolar diffusion in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Lafleur T. , Boswell R. W.
Published: June 2012

Using a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation, we investigate cross-field diffusion in low-pressure magnetized plasmas both in the presence and absence of conducting axial boundaries. With no axial boundary, the cross-field diffusion is observed to be ambipolar, as expected. However, when axial boundaries are added, the diffusion becomes distinctly nonambipolar. Electrons are prevented from escaping to the transverse walls and are preferentially removed from the discharge along the magnetic field lines, thus allowing quasi-neutrality to be maintained via a short-circuit effect at the axial boundaries.
Perturbative analysis of sheared flow Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a weakly relativistic magnetized electron fluid
Authors: Sundar Sita , Das Amita , Kaw Predhiman
Published: June 2012

In the interaction of intense lasers with matter/plasma, energetic electrons having relativistic energies get created. These energetic electrons can often have sheared flow profiles as they propagate through the plasma medium. In an earlier study [Phys. Plasmas 17, 022101 (2010)], it was shown that a relativistic sheared electron flow modifies the growth rate and threshold condition of the conventional Kelvin—Helmholtz instability. A perturbative analytic treatment for the case of weakly relativistic regime has been provided here. It provides good agreement with the numerical results obtained earlier.
Suppression of the vorticity production by the unsteady rarefaction waves in the blast-bubble interactions
Authors: Mori Koichi
Published: June 2012

Interactions between a blast wave and an isolated density-inhomogeneity were investigated numerically. A blast wave that consisted of a leading-edge shock wave followed by rarefaction waves impinged on a spherical light-gas bubble that models the density-inhomogeneity. As a result, it was found that the baroclinically produced vorticity on the bubble/atmosphere interface was suppressed significantly by the presence of the rarefaction waves when the shock strength was weak. The rarefaction waves became less influential as the shock strength was increased.