bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Morphology Module
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: November 2023

In this work I argue that morphologically complex words are the outcome of the manipulation of morphemes that takes place in syntax and that wordhood cannot be associated with any particular structural morpheme configuration. If this is all there is to say about complex words, it must be true that grammar does not have at its disposal any specifically word-forming devices. That is, in the theory of word formation I present there is apparently no room for a separate morphological component. The existence and content of a possible morphological component is the question that I take up in this chapter.
Conclusion: The Nature of Words
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: November 2023

In this work I have claimed that a word is a morpheme sequence that shows internal cohesion and has independent distribution relative to other morphemes. I have argued that these properties stem from the syntax: although each morpheme is inserted separately into syntactic structure, syntax may cause some groups of morphemes to show the behavior that is characteristic of words. More precisely, as a consequence of the syntactic configurations that they appear in, it often happens that two or more morphemes together can be moved around relatively to other morphemes, or that two or more morphemes form a sequence that cannot freely be interrupted. If two given morphemes form a distributional unit of this kind every time they appear together, the two morphemes in question will be perceived as one word.
Two Arrows from a Mighty Bow
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s maxim “Nothing is in the mind that did not pass through the senses” may be a little strong for today’s tastes, but there is more than a grain of truth in it. We see, we hear, we feel, we are aware, at least in large part, thanks to our senses. But what precisely do we mean when we say we are aware of something? What is this peculiar state we call consciousness? In recent years information theory has given us fresh insights into the question of cognition, and neurobiology has offered some views of the underlying sensory information stream. But the highest levels of that stream, the information states leading to conscious ness, have not been penetrated. This is frontier, perhaps the last true frontier of biology-a natural meeting-ground with physics.
Public and Private in Dickinson’s War Poetry
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his essay “The Poet,” declared that “the poet is representative. He stands among partial men for the complete man, and apprises us not of his wealth, but of the common wealth.” Within the norms of the nineteenth century, this would seem to relegate women poets to the status of “par-tial men.” In the much accepted division of life into separate spheres, women were barred access to the “common wealth” as public space. Instead, women remained officially restricted to the domestic sphere—what Tocqueville describes as “the narrow cir-cle of domestic interests and duties”—while men found their places in the “public” world.
The Sound of Shifting Paradigms, or Hearing Dickinson in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Miller Cristanne
Published: November 2023

In 1862, Emily Dickinson wrote a poem about the “Melody” the wind—a melody so powerful it hides within us “inner than the Bone” for “the Whole of Days.” The poem begins:

The wind’s melody is like a poem: “Inheritance . . . to us / Beyond [our] Art to Earn.” The “sounds” of Dickinson’s poems that we hear at the turn of the twenty-first century, however, are different from those she heard when she wrote them, because in the twenty-first century, in the United States, very different “sounds” are “despatched abroad” from those dispatched.
Introduction to Part I: Acquisition
Authors: Ellis Nick C
Published: November 2023

how we acquire our native language is a ques-tion fundamental to humankind. It pervades the long history of our inquiries, yet it is an interesting and difficult enough issue to have escaped a consensual answer to date. Indeed, never has there been so much debate as there currently is con-cerning the mechanisms of first language (L1) ac-quisition. Simple arithmetic might suggest that the question of bilingual acquisition, then, would be doubly worthwhile. But the chapters that follow here belie this calculation, with the second lan-guage (L2) equals two times the L1 sum falling far short of the real interest mark.
What Does the Critical Period Really Mean?
Authors: DeKeyser Robert , Larson-Hall Jenifer
Published: November 2023

A large amount of empirical evidence shows that age of acquisition is str-ongly negatively correlated with ultimate second language proficiency for grammar as well as for pronunciation. It is even doubtful that any evidence exists at this point of any person having learned a second language perfectly in adulthood. Some researchers have rightly pointed out that correlation is not causation, and that the age effect may be caused by confounded variables such as quantity and quality of input, amount of practice, level of motivation, and other social variables.
Computational Models of Bilingual Comprehension
Authors: Thomas Michael S C , Heuven Walter J B van
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews current computational models of bilingual word recognition. It begins with a discussion of the role of computational modeling in advancing psychological theories, highlighting the way in which the choice of modeling paradigm can influence the type of empirical phenomena to which the model is applied. The chapter then introduces two principal types of connectionist model that have been employed in the bilingual domain: localist and distributed architectures. Two main sections then assess each of these approaches. Localist models are predominantly addressed toward explaining the processing structures in the adult bilingual.
Supporting a Differential Access Hypothesis: Code Switching and Other Contact Data
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol
Published: November 2023

This chapter endorses the position of Clahsen (e.g., 1999), Jackendoff (2002), Pinker (1999), inter alia about differences in how words may be accessed in production (i.e., that some lexical words including regular morphology are constructed online while semiproductive or irregular elements are stored as units in the mental lexicon). However, it goes a step in another direction, to argue that not all elements underlying surface-level morphemes are accessed in the same way or at the same point in language production and that this difference is reflected in the distribution patterns of surface-level morphemes in naturally occurring data.
Introduction to Part IV: Aspects and Implications of Bilingualism
Authors: Paradis Michel
Published: November 2023

In the Brain and Language special issue on the new millennium (Paradis, 2000), it was surmised that in the coming decades the growing awareness of bilingualism in research and clinical settings, bolstered by an increasing number of bilingual speakers in the world coupled with heightened attention to minority rights, would lead to a search for empirical verification of then-current theoretical constructs, with a number of points of focus. In particular, the search for the cerebral structures underlying linguistic competence, metalinguistic knowledge, pragmatic ability, and motivation in the acquisition, learning, and use of verbal communication.
Bilingualism and Thought
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the implications of recent theoretical and empirical investigations in linguistic relativity for the study of bilingualism. It starts with a discussion of new developments in the study of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and then offers a framework for the study of bilingualism and thought from a neo-Whorfian perspective. Subsequently, it outlines nine areas in which current empirical inquiry either illuminates thought processes of adult bi- and multilingual individuals or offers productive directions for future studies of bilingualism and thought.
Fitzgerald’s Consumer World
Authors: Curnutt Kirk
Published: November 2023

The February 22, 1929, issue of the Princeton Alumni Weekly features of the oddest autobiographical vignettes that F. Scott Fitzgerald’s ever wrote. Commissioned for an issue on media images of the exalted Ivy League institution, “Ten Years in the Advertising Business” purports to be a dialogue between “Mr. Fitzgerald,”. a copywriting drudge, and an employer with the Dickensian name of “Mr. Cakebook.” When the former complains that he cannot subsist on his paltry salary, the latter reprimands him as “too temperamental” and “too fancy, too imaginative” and suggests that his talents would be better utilized if he loaned his picture and name to a beauty contest that the company is sponsoring. Mr. Fitzgerald reluctantly complies, and the conversation takes an odd, melancholy turn prompted by Mr. Cakebook’s inquiry into the young man’s personal life:
Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Older Adults
Authors: Hybels Celia F , Blazer Dan G
Published: November 2023

Over the past two decades, the United States has seen increases in the number of individuals aged 65 or older and in the proportion of the total population that is in that age group. According to the 2000 United States Census, persons 65 or older made up 13% of the population. About 1.6% were 85 years or older. By the year 2050, the proportion of individuals in the population in the over-85 group is expected to be 5% (Federal lnteragency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000). These changing demographics pose special challenges for providers of mental health services to older adults. To understand the potential impact, it is necessary to study the epidemiology of mental disorders in late life. By definition, epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in populations (MacMahon and Pugh, 1970).
Epidemiology of Substance Abuse
Authors: Gfroerer Joseph
Published: November 2023

Substance abuse, including abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs, has been a public health concern in the United States throughout its history. In the late eighteenth century, Dr. Benjamin Rush, surgeon general of the Continental Army and signer of the Declaration of Independence, promoted the view that long-term drinking was harmful, and he was among the first to state that heavy alcohol use is a health disorder Gaffe, 1995). Opium use was common among American colonists, including Benjamin Franklin, and the health risks of continual opium use were reported in the American Dispensatory of 1818 (Musto, 1991).
The Treatment System for Alcohol and Drug Dependence
Authors: Mccarty Dennis , Edmundson Eldon
Published: November 2023

Legacies of discrimination in access to health care, social control systems built on incarceration, reliance on self-help, and an emphasis on experiential training provide the context for contemporary alcohol and drug abuse treatment services. Alcoholics and drug addicts were regularly denied care in hospitals (Plaut, 1967) and confined in drunk tanks and county farms as recently as the 1960s and 1970s (President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice: Task Force on Drunkenness, 1967). Men and women in recovery advocated for changes in state and federal legislation and, through grassroots organization and community development, constructed and delivered services for those dependent on alcohol and drugs. Today the treatment system for alcohol and drug dependence is a hodgepodge of financing sources, a patchwork of small, independent, and specialized addiction treatment services, and a loosely organized workforce that includes many individuals with personal experiences of addiction and recovery. As a result, alcohol and drug abuse treatment services are, to a large degree, an idiosyncratic facet of the health care system in the United States.
Mental Health Issues in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Borum Randy
Published: November 2023

People with mental health disorders frequently come into contact with the criminal justice system (Borum et al., 1997; Ditton, 1999; Lamb and Weinberger, 1998; Teplin, 1988). In fact, encounters with police (the front line of the criminal justice system) are so common that for people with severe mental illness, they are the norm rather than the exception (Borum, 2000; Clark et al., 1999; Frankie et al., 2001; McFarland et al., 1989). Most of these contacts are precipitated by disruptive behavior or minor infractions that occur because individuals are experiencing psychiatric symptoms or social disruptions related to their disability. They frequently result in arrest, each year causing more than a quarter of a million people with mental illness to be processed through the criminal court system (Ditton, 1999). Many misdemeanants are held in jails; others are charged with more serious offenses and sent to prison. As of 1999, it is conservatively estimated that 123,000 people with severe mental illnesses were lodged in state prisons; at least 14,000 were in federal prison (Beck, 2000); and more than half a million were on probation (Ditton, 1999). Although some people with mental illness do commit offenses for which incarceration is the most appropriate disposition, many are confined as a result of arrests for minor infractions. This outcome is costly and poses a severe challenge to the criminal justice and behavioral health systems.
The Public Health Implications of Co-Occurring Addictive and Mental Disorders
Authors: Osher Fred C
Published: November 2023

Despite increasing evidence that outcomes for persons with co-occurring addictive and mental disorders improve when care is provided in a comprehensive and integrated fashion (Drake et al., 1998, 2001), access to effective service remains elusive to most individuals with these conditions (U.S. DHHS, 1999). It is estimated that up to 10 million people in the United States meet criteria for cooccurring disorders in any given year (CMHS, 1997). Without adequate treatment, we can predict a continuation of poor adjustment and a suboptimal quality of life in this group (Osher and Kofoed, 1989).
Quadrupedal Bats: Form, Function, and Evolution
Authors: Schutt William A , Simmons Nancy B
Published: November 2023

Although bats (Chiroptera) are unique among mammals because of their ability to fly, they also exhibit quadrupedal locomotion during a variety of nonflight behaviors. This chapter concerns the evolution, morphology, and behavior associated with quadrupedal locomotion in bats. Although many bat families contain members that exhibit some degree of quadrupedal locomotion, we concentrate on three groups of bats that exhibit extensive quadrupedal behavior: vampire bats (Phyllostomidae: Desmodontinae); naked bulldog bats, Cheiromeles (Molossidae); and the New Zealand short-tailed bat, Mystacina tuberculata (Mystacinidae). Numerous morphological traits that apparently facilitate quadrupedal locomotion have evolved independently in these three lineages.

INTRODUCTION

When bats are not flying or resting in their roosts, they often exhibit some type of quadrupedal behavior while moving around on various substrates. The awkward appearance of quadrupedal locomotion in most bats is primarily a reflection of the fact that chiropteran limbs are markedly different from those of a typical quadrupedal mammal. Obviously, the forelimbs of bats have evolved into wings. Less obvious, but just as important, are the changes in the morphology and orientation that have evolved in their hindlimbs.

Vaughan (1970: 135) divided bats into three groups based on ‘‘variation in the posture and proportions of the hind limbs.’’ Such variation was thought to be ‘‘related principally to the great differences that occur in roosting habits and in modes of terrestrial locomotion.’’ One group of bats, typified by phyllostomids such as Glossophaga and Macrotis, have hindlimbs that are rotated approximately 180o from the condition in a typical quadrupedal mammal. In these forms, which we refer to as ‘‘Type 1’’ bats, the thin femora project caudally and slightly dorsad, and the head of the femur is in line with the long axis of the bone. The distal section of the leg (the shank) is directed caudally and ventrad. The feet are directed caudally (figure 8.1A).
Where Does Life Come From?
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

What was the ancestral form from which all known living beings descend? When did it appear? Where did it come from? At the time of my youth, the possibility of answering those questions was so remote that very few biologists bothered to ask them. Vitalists, of one ilk or another, felt the questions to be unanswerable by science. Even those biologists, probably a majority, who believed that life must have arisen spontaneously by purely natural phenomena, theoretically accessible to research, mostly considered these phenomena unknowable in the existing state of science and not worth investigating.
Introducing Checkerspots Taxonomy and Ecology
Authors: Murphy Dennis D , Wahlberg Niklas , hanski Ilkka , Ehrlich Paul R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we set the stage for the rest of the book. First we examine checkerspots as a group, reviewing what we can infer of their evolutionary past and what we know of their current distribution, characteristic biology, and how they illuminate general issues in ecology, evolution, and conservation biology. Then we introduce our central characters, Edith’s checker spot (Euphydryas editha) and the Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia). We concentrate on the aspects of their ecology, especially their relationships to their larval host plants and their spatial population structure, that have been pivotal to their use as model systems. We examine the range of ecological variation exhibited by our focal species and also by their closest relatives.
The Hartford Model of AIDS Practice/Research Collaboration
Authors: Singer Merrill , Weeks Margaret
Published: November 2023

Public-health researchers tend to view research as a “social good,” an activity that contributes directly and substantially to better technical understandings, expanded levels of public awareness, and general health and social improvement. In fact, there is remarkably little debate among researchers about the ultimate value of public-health research. While researchers contest the value of particular methodologies or criticize certain lines of inquiry, the basic research enterprise is not in question, nor often up for discussion. To a greater or lesser degree, investigators concerned with public-health issues also assume that this attitude is or at least should be universal, as it is easy to assemble lists of the benefits and contributions of public-health research to society. While it is recognized that some researchers are unethical or that research can, on occasion, lead to dangerous knowledge, in day-to-day practice the only real issue for public-health researchers is how to do better research, not whether to do research at all.
Sociology
Authors: Sawyer R Keith
Published: November 2023

No partial intelligence can so separate itself from the general mass as not to be essentially carried on with it.... The most profound thinker will therefore never forget that all men must be regarded as coadjutors in discovering truth. —Auguste Comte, Positivism (1842/1854, vol. 2, p. 522) Art is the social within us, and even if its action is performed by a single individual, it does not mean that its essence is individual. —Lev Vygotsky, The Psychology of Art (1971, p. 249) The great problems are handed on from generation to generation, the individual acting not primarily as an individual but as a member of the human group —Max Wertheimer (1945, p. 123n26) Another late night in another smoke-filled Chicago jazz club. It was 2 am and pianist Howie Becker was having trouble staying awake during the chord changes. Part of the problem was that it was a Monday night, and as all jazz musicians know, Monday is the night for an open jam session, when musicians from many bands come together in a single club and take turns on the bandstand. An open jam starts with a house band—piano, bass, and drums—that provides the musical backdrop for a rotating series of visiting saxophone and trumpet players. And on this Monday night, Becker’s band was the house band, and the club was filled with horn players—some of them professionals from other local bands, but others aspiring beginners who frankly didn’t deserve to be sharing the same stage. Yet, the egalitarian ethos of an open jazz jam required that they be given the same opportunity as everyone else.
An Integrated View of Girls’ and Women’s Health: Psychology, Physiology, and Society
Authors: Goddheart Carol. D
Published: November 2023

Girls and women in developed nations have more opportunities than at any previous time in history, yet they continue to be pressed by internal and external forces that affect their well-being. Their sex is biologically determined, but their gender and status are socially and culturally defined. And there is the rub. It is surprising how many inequities remain for them in this new century and how many of their compelling strengths and capacities for resilience are over-looked. The consequences of persistent gender disparities lead to a profound and differential impact on health and well-being. This book celebrates and illuminates women’s health, and it underlines the disparities that prevent their strengths from being fully actualized.
Serious Emotional Disturbance and Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Marsh Diane T
Published: November 2023

The President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2002) reported that approximately 5–9% of children and adolescents in the United States have a serious emotional disturbance (SED) that significantly undermines their daily functioning in home, school, or community. The SED term encompasses certain diagnostic categories, including autism spectrum dis-order, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, other severe anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. The commission also reported that, in a given year, about 5–7% of adults have a serious mental illness (SMI). The SMI term has traditionally been defined in terms of diagnosis, duration, and disability. Specifically, the term refers to mental disorders that carry certain diagnoses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression; that are relatively persistent; and that result in comparatively severe impairment in major areas of functioning, such as vocational capacity or social relationships.
Physical or Systemic Disabilities
Authors: Olkin Rhoda
Published: November 2023

It has taken a while for attention to be paid to the intersection of disability and other personal characteristics, including gender. A focus on girls and women with disabilities immediately raises two questions. Do girls and women with disabilities differ from boys and men with disabilities? And do girls and women with disabilities differ from girls and women without disabilities? The answer, in a word, is yes. The issue for this chapter is not if, but how. “How does disability affect the gendering process? How does it affect the experience of gender? . . . In what ways are the experiences of women and men with disabilities similar and different?” (Gerrschick, 2000, p. 1263).
Love, Intimacy, and Partners
Authors: Hendrick Susan S
Published: November 2023

The need for connection, the pull toward intimacy, the awareness of “belonging” to or with one or more other people, is a cornerstone of what it means to be human. Baumeister and Leary (1995) proposed that “human beings have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships” (p. 497) that involve frequent and pleasant interactions that are also stable, ongoing, and reciprocally supportive. Although this “belongingness hypothesis” applies to both women and men, women particularly manifest a desire for and an ability to achieve and sustain connection. At least within certain parameters, the establishment of positive connections/social bonds should be related to positive emotional and physical outcomes, and the loss of such bonds related to negative outcomes of various kinds (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Presumably, that is why love and intimacy are so rewarding, and breakup, divorce, and loss are so punishing.
Adaptation of Immigrant Girls and Women
Authors: Vasquez Melba J T , han, ay ling , fuentes cynthia de las
Published: November 2023

Immigrant and refugee girls’ and women’s psychological health and well-being in the United States may best be understood by incorporating their realities prior to immigration, their reasons for immigration, and their adaptation to living in the United States. For many, their collectivistic ethnic origins and heritages, as well as the sociopolitical and economic realities in their countries of origin, give them little preparation to deal with the postmigration individualistic context of living in the United States. What might generally be normative challenges and tasks across the life span may be monumental for these populations because of conflicting traditional and American cultural expectations and values of what is considered developmentally desirable, optimal, and acceptable.
What Is Continuity of Care?
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

Joe and Jeannie Allen had very different attitudes toward their son Joshua’s disability. Joshua was born deaf. Joe, Joshua’s biological father, had a difficult time dealing with his son’s condition and tended to take a passive, even fatalistic, outlook. Jeannie, Joshua’s stepmother, took a more active approach. She learned sign language, helped teach Joshua how to sign, and insisted that her other children learn to sign, too, so that Joshua could participate in family conversations. Jeannie fought for, and won, a special one-on-one tutoring program at school. She believed that Joshua had unlimited potential.
South Col
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund
Published: November 2023

I Was Running For my life! Leaping from ice-block to ice-block and frantically jumping crevasse after crevasse, I sought to escape from the monstrous pile of ice that was crashing down behind me. But dodge as I could it was getting closer and closer . . . Suddenly a gigantic crevasse loomed in front of me – I was trapped! In desperation I looked around at the grinding ice surging towards me . . .

I awoke to strangely mixed feelings of discomfort and anticipation. My air-mattress had deflated during the night and my hip was resting on the inhospitable ice. Reluctantly, to escape a rather too realistic dream, I opened my eyes and looked around the familiar surroundings of Camp IV. Our large tent presented a depressing scene in the early morning light. Scattered around the icy floor were the silent, sleeping bodies of my companions, all hidden in the depths of their sleeping-bags. A chaotic mass of oxygen apparatus, rucksacks, spare clothing, ropes, pitons, crampons, and ice-axes cluttered up the remaining room. With a feeling of uneasy distaste, I closed my eyes again. It was just another morning at Camp IV! Life at over 21,000 feet didn’t leave you feeling too full of joy and happiness.
Adventure’s End
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund
Published: November 2023

It Was 11.30 A.M. My first sensation was one of relief – relief that the long grind was over; that the summit had been reached before our oxygen supplies had dropped to a critical level; and relief that in the end the mountain had been kind to us in having a pleasantly rounded cone for its summit instead of a fearsome and unapproachable cornice. But mixed with the relief was a vague sense of astonishment that I should have been the lucky one to attain the ambition of so many brave and determined climbers. It seemed difficult at first to grasp that we’d got there. I was too tired and too conscious of the long way down to safety really to feel any great elation. But as the fact of our success thrust itself more clearly into my mind, I felt a quiet glow of satisfaction spread through my body – a satisfaction less vociferous but more powerful than I had ever felt on a mountain top before. I turned and looked at Tenzing. Even beneath his oxygen mask and the icicles hanging from his hair, I could see his infectious grin of sheer delight. I held out my hand, and in silence we shook in good Anglo-Saxon fashion. But this was not enough for Tenzing, and impulsively he threw his arm around my shoulders and we thumped each other on the back in mutual congratulations.
Evolutionary Epigenetics
Authors: Jablon Eva , Lamb Ka Marion J
Published: November 2023

Until recently, the Modern Synthesis of evolution forged in the 1930s and 1940s was the almost unquestioned basis of evolutionary thinking. At its core were two assumptions about variation. The first was that inherited differences between individuals are the result of genetic differences. The second was that the generation of new genetic variation is blind to function: variations do not arise as adaptive responses to environmental conditions. Ernst Mayr, one of the founders of the Synthesis, insisted repeatedly that inheritance is not “soft”-the hereditary material cannot be modified by environmental influences on the body, nor can it be changed by the use and disuse of body-parts (e.g., see Mayr 1982, p. 552). Lamarckism was totally rejected. Molecular genetics at first hardened the assumption that the only variation that is relevant for evolutionary change is genetic variation. Evolution was seen in terms of changes in DNA, with new variants arising through chance alterations in DNA sequences. However, developments that began in the mid-1970s have led some evolutionary biologists to question the adequacy of this view of hereditary variation. They recognize that heredity involves more than genes and DNA. Studies of human and animal cultures have shown that variations can be transmitted behaviorally and culturally, and cell biologists have shown that genetically identical cells can transmit different structural and functional properties to their descendants. In other words, sometimes variations in phenotypes, as well as genotypes, are inherited. Moreover, since the generation of both cellular and cultural phenotypes is strongly.
Evolutionary Conservation Genetics
Authors: Frankham Richard
Published: November 2023

The biodiversity of the planet is being rapidly depleted as a direct and indirect consequence of human actions (referred to as the “sixth extinction”; Leakey & Lewin 1995). An unknown but large number of species are already extinct, while many others have reduced population sizes that put them at risk. Many species now require benign human intervention to improve their management and ensure their survival.
Evolving Conceptions of Psychobiography and the Study of Lives: Encounters With Psychoanalysis, Personality Psychology, and Historical Science
Authors: Runyan William McKinley
Published: November 2023

This question is more complex than it first appears. How to conceptualize the study of lives? How do we conceptualize the discipline of psychology? And how are we to conceptualize their evolving relationships? Much is at stake in the answer, with implications for what psychology might become. People bet their careers and their working lives on different answers to such questions. This chapter attempts to tell a different story about psychobiography and the study of lives in relation to the discipline of psychology. It is not a traditional “rise of natural science “ story, in which case studies are seen as being replaced by more rigorous quantitative and experimental methods. It is, instead, a story which respects the virtues of historical, interpretive, and narrative methods, as well as of quantitative and experimental methods.
How to Strike Psychological Pay Dirt in Biographical Data
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2023

Choosing a subject to think and write about is the first step in any psychobiography. At some point a person, for an untold surplus of reasons partly conscious yet usually mostly unconscious, starts waving at you, calling out from a distance. Come see about me! Sometimes you stop to wonder, Why this individual particularly? Or you wonder why later, after finishing your work, especially in cases when this individual seems to have a lot in common with other individuals who have waved and called in similar fashion before. Perhaps a certain type of person fascinates you uniquely, pulls on you in ways difficult to resist. Maybe the people you write about resemble you. Maybe you write about those you detest, with the aim (unconscious) of justifying your enmity. Maybe you write about people you admire, in possession of talents you wish you possessed. Whatever the case, this “why “ question is worth mulling over. It may even constitute a place to start, or at least somewhere to sojourn as the process of research unfolds. As I discuss in my chapter on Diane Arbus (see Schultz, chap. 8 this vol.), it sometimes happens that the “why “ factor interferes with “whats “ and other “whys. “ Our own needs can get in the way, that is, leaving us dangerously cock-eyed. So be watchful. The doing of psychobiography occasionally careens into autobiography. And when that happens, as it did to Freud in his work on Leonardo, even the most elegantly assembled edifice goes up in smoke. Elms ‘s (1994) advice works well as a general principle: best to select a subject for whom your feelings are neither strongly negative nor strongly positive. It ‘s not possible to feel nothing.
Divide and Multiply: Comparative Theory and Methodology in Multiple Case Psychobiography
Authors: Isaacson Kate
Published: November 2023

Since the inception of psychobiography as a method for studying lives (Freud, 1910/1957), the field has primarily focused on in-depth empirical analyses of the single case. Over the course of the last century, analytical approaches and methods have grown more complex, taking into account an ever-increasing set of variables, including context, the environment, and close relationships. The field has begun to move away from exclusive analysis of the single case and is now, with more frequency than ever before, focusing on both interactions between people and comparisons among small groups of people. Several psychobiographers have already adopted the analysis of multiple subjects as an appropriate tack for their studies (e.g., Schultz, chap. 3 this vol.). As the field of psychology in general focuses more on close relationships (e.g., at-tachment theory) and interaction schemas (e.g., Baldwin, 1995), psychobiographers will likely be rewarded with even more sophisticated theoretical tools with which to undertake multiple case comparative psychobiographical research.
Diane Arbus’s Photographic Autobiography: Theory and Method Revisited
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2023

It is not my childhood that I seek, but the childhood of my art. As much as to say, Mommy, where do images come from? Howard Nemerov, Journal of the Fictive Life All this making of the eye which will see in the light is carried out in the dark. It is a preparing in darkness for use in light. Howard Nemerov, quoting Charles Sherrington, in Journal of the Fictive Life This chapter is an ambitious one for the reason that I want to try doing two things simultaneously—without, I hope, short-changing either aim. My focus is the life and art of photographer Diane Arbus, best known for her pictures of subjects she often referred to, without malice, as “freaks, “ and for her suicide in 1971, in the wake of a series of decidedly eerie photographs taken at homes for the mentally retarded, many of these on Halloween. I want to use her case as a way of illustrating the doing of psychobiography from the ground up, from inception to conception to completion (not that any psychobiography ever reaches closure). What is typically subtextual will be made explicit here, the intention being to share process-related, tactical decisions regarding, among other things, where to begin in the study of a life, how to prioritize biographical data, and choice of theory. At the same time I present interpretations of Arbus ‘s life and work that came to light in the course of a psychobiography seminar I taught in spring of 2002. What emerges is a hybrid enterprise: part method primer, largely generalizable to other analyses of artists (though photography is in many respects unique as an art form), and part speculative interpretation geared at unearthing the subjective origins of a deeply mysterious and maybe even unusually personal body of artistic work. Arbus makes for a daunting study. The very nature of her art presents complications.
Twelve Ways to Say “Lonesome”: Assessing Error and Control in the Music of Elvis Presley
Authors: Elms Alan C , Heller Bruce
Published: November 2023

In the current edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (2002), twenty-two usage citations include the name of Elvis Presley. The two earliest citations, from 1956, show the terms “rock and roll “ and “rockin ‘ “ in context. A more recent citation, from a 1981 issue of the British magazine The Listener, demonstrates the usage of the word “docudrama “: “In the excellent docudrama film, This Is Elvis, there is a painful sequence . . . where Elvis . . . attempts to sing ‘Are You Lonesome Tonight? ‘ “ (The ellipses arethe OED ‘s.) This Is Elvis warrants the term “docudrama “ because it uses professional actors to re-enact scenes from Elvis ‘s childhood and prefame youth. But most of the film is straight documentary. The “painful sequence “ cited by The Listener and the OED is an actual concert performance, occurring late in the film and in Elvis ‘s life. It remains painful to watch: Elvis, his face puffy and wet with sweat or tears or both, his elaborate jumpsuit bulging at the seams, struggles with one of his most popular songs. He repeatedly forgets words and whole lines of the lyrics, replacing them with crudely self-abnegating jokes.
Hunting the Snark: Methodological Considerations in Studying Elusive Politicians
Authors: Song Anna V
Published: November 2023

North Korean dictator Kim Jong-Il or, as he has titled himself, “Dear Leader, “ presents an interesting puzzle to outside observers. As his people starve to death, he entertains Russian dignitaries with opulent train rides full of helicopter delivered lobsters, cognac, and women. While many parents are forced to leave their children at orphanages lest they die of exposure, Kim showers his children with toys and electronics— even his illegitimate son was given a 1,000 square foot room filled with toys and slot machines. As the technological and economic gap between North Korea and the world widens, Kim is funneling all incoming resources to his military and his newly regenerated nuclear program. It is not as if Kim is oblivious to the state of his country. On the contrary, he has used his nation ‘s desperate situation as a leveraging tool for more humanitarian aid from the international community.
Mycobacteriophages
Authors: Hatfull Graham F
Published: November 2023

The interest in these phages derives in large part from the medical significance and biological idiosyncrasies of their hosts. Mycobacteria are acid-fast staining bacteria with characteristic waxy cell walls that can be readily divided into two groups based on their growth rate: slow-growers such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis that have a doubling time of 24 hours and fast-growers such as Mycobacterium smegmatis with 3^4 hour doubling times (for reviews see 8, 32) Several mycobacterial species are important human and animal pathogens, with the most notorious being M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively (8). The extent of these diseases is alarming-M. tuberculosis is the leading cause of human mortality from a single infectious disease and the increased prevalence of multiple drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains greatly complicates its treatment. A study of the mycobacteriophages offers potential for the development of novel methodologies for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of these diseases as well as revealing interesting biological features of their unusual bacterial hosts (30, 32, 33).
Phage in Display
Authors: Lindqvist Bjorn H
Published: November 2023

Phage display is a process by which a peptide or a protein is expressed as an exterior fusion to a surface protein of a phage particle. The peptide or protein sequence can be deduced from its encoding DNA sequence that resides in the phage particle or in a transductant. Amplification of the DNA of interest can take place by phage/transductant propagation or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By producing large populations of phage particles, each expressing a unique peptide or protein, peptide/protein libraries can be obtained. Peptides or proteins, interacting with defined molecular targets - most often proteins - can be isolated from such libraries by enrichment through repeated cycles of panning. Hence, phage display can be thought of as a ‘‘search engine’’ of protein^target interactions.
Emotion Elicitation Using Films
Authors: Rottenberg Jonathan , Ray Rebecca D , Gross James J
Published: November 2023

Research on emotion has undergone explosive growth during the past few decades, marked by new theories (e.g., evolutionary analyses; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990), methods (e.g., anatomically based systems for coding facial expressive behavior; see chapter 13, this volume), and findings (see Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999). Some of the research in this area has been correlational, focusing on factors that naturally covary with emotional processes, such as chronological age, physical health, or social status. However, experimental research also has flourished, focusing on emotional processes in the context of relatively well-controlled laboratory environments. Our chapter on the use of emotion-eliciting films, like many of the contributions to the Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, lies squarely within this second, experimental tradition.
Use of Automated Facial Image Analysis for Measurement of Emotion Expression
Authors: Cohn Jeffrey F , Kanade Takeo
Published: November 2023

Facial expressions are a key index of emotion. They have consistent correlation with self-reported emotion (Ekman & Rosenberg, 2005; Keltner, 1995; Rosenberg & Ekman, 1994) and emotion-related central and peripheral physiology (Davidson, Ekman, Saron, Senulis, & Friesen, 1990; Fox & Davidson, 1988; Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990). They share similar underlying dimensions with self-reported emotion (e.g., positive and negative affect; Bullock & Russell, 1984; Gross & John, 1997; Watson & Tellegen, 1985). Facial expressions serve interpersonal functions of emotion by conveying communicative intent, signaling affective information in social referencing (Campos, Bertenthal, & Kermoian, 1992), and more generally contributing to the regulation of social interaction (Cohn & Elmore, 1988; Fridlund, 1994; Schmidt & Cohn, 2001). As a measure of trait affect, stability in facial expression emerges early in life (Cohn & Campbell, 1992; Malatesta, Culver, Tesman, & Shephard, 1989). By adulthood, stability is moderately strong, comparable with that of self-reported emotion (Cohn, Schmidt, Gross, & Ekman, 2002), and predictive of favorable outcomes in emotion-related domains, including marriage and personal well-being over periods as long as 30 years (Harker & Keltner, 2001). Expressive changes in the face are a rich source of cues about intraand interpersonal functions of emotion (cf. Keltner & Haidt, 1999).
Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological Issues in Inferring Subjective Emotion Experience Recommendations for Researchers
Authors: Nielsen Lis , Kaszniak Alfred W
Published: November 2023

In recent years, researchers in a variety of disciplines have outlined broad methodological strategies for approaching the scientific study of conscious experience, advocating the systematic inclusion of phenomenological data in ongoing research and the use of findings at the phenomenal level to constrain investigations at other, more objective levels of analysis (Baars, 1988; Chalmers, 1999, 2004; Flanagan, 1992; Varela, 1996). The proposals differ in the details, but they share the common theme that new and better self-report methods will be required to advance our understanding of experience. Compared with the apparent fine-grained nature of phenomenal experience, our measures of it remain crude. Varela (1996) lamented that the advancement of the field of consciousness studies may be hindered by a reticence on the part of traditional investigators to take phenomenological investigation seriously, especially when it comes to an investigation of their own conscious states.
Studying Emotion in Animals:Methods, Materials, and Training
Authors: Parr Lisa A , Gothard Katalin M
Published: November 2023

Emotion has long been viewed as an important phenomenon underlying mammalian evolution. It is not only critically involved in mate choice, reproduction, predator avoidance, and parental care but it also provides a common currency for initiating and regulating social communication, aids in structuring early development, particularly in antiracial species, and plays a pivotal role in maintaining social cohesion.
Decelerated Aging: Should I Drink from a Fountain of Youth?
Authors: Post Stephen G
Published: November 2023

on R. Kass, Chairman of the President’s Council on Bioethics, prepared a discussion paper for the Council members prior to their meeting onjanuary 16-17, 2003. Entitled “Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Human Development,” it established the Council’s future agenda (Kass, 2003). Much of this paper is devoted to anti-aging research and the moral perils of antiaging treatments to decelerate aging. If these emerge in the decades ahead, as Kass anticipates, should we implement them? The anti-aging focus ofKass’s concern is timely (Binstock, 2003). A reasonably clear statement on the current status of anti-aging science emerged from Robert N. Butler, M.D., and historian David Rothman, who co-chaired an International Longevity Center consensus panel entitled “Is There an ‘Anti-aging’ Medicine?” A balanced set of participants (including those who think that decelerated aging can be achieved) concluded that there currently is no “anti-aging medicine.” Yet they also concluded that caloric restriction qualifies as “a true anti-aging intervention” because it has extended the life spans of primates by as much as a third (International Longevity Center, 2001).
Preparing data for nonlinear regression
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Before nonlinear regression was readily available, shortcuts were developed to analyze nonlinear data. The idea was to transform the data to create a linear graph, and then analyze the transformed data with linear regression. Examples include Lineweaver-Burk plots of enzyme kinetic data, Scatchard plots of binding data, and logarithmic plots of kinetic data. The problem with these methods is that they cause some assumptions of linear regression to be violated. For example, transformation distorts the experimental error. Linear regression assumes that the scatter of points around the line follows a Gaussian distribution and that the standard deviation is the same at every value of X. These assumptions are rarely true after transforming data. Furthermore, some transformations alter the relationship between X and Y. For example, when you create a Scatchard plot the measured value of Bound winds up on both the X axis(which plots Bound) and the Yaxis (which plots Bound/Free). This grossly violates the assumption oflinear regression that all uncertainty is in Y, while Xis known precisely. It doesn’t make sense to minimize the sum-of-squares of the vertical distances of points from the line if the same experimental error appears in both X and Y directions.