bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Virtual Nature Therapy on Stress Responses: A Systematic Qualitative Review
Authors: Syed Abdullah Sharifah , Awang Rambli Dayang , Sulaiman Suziah , Alyan Emad , Merienne Frederic , Mohd Muhaiyuddin Nadia Diyana
Published: December 2021

This study aims to review the key findings of past studies that assessed the impact of virtual environments, such as nature and forests for stress therapy. Previous research has found that virtual reality (VR) experiences affect socio-affective behavior, indicating the potential of using VR for cognitive and psychological stress therapy. However, evidence for the impacts of virtual forest therapy as a stress-reduction technique is lacking, and the usefulness of these techniques has yet to be determined. This review was carried out following the preferred reporting items for meta-analyses and systematic reviews. It summarized the literature and provided evidence on virtual forest therapy (VFT) effectiveness in stress relief. We conducted a literature search considering VR-related studies published from 2013 until June 2021 for different databases, including Embase, Medline/PubMed, Hindawi, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Taylor & Francis, and the Cochrane Library, to see how effective VFT reduces stress levels and improves mental well-being. According to the set inclusion criteria, eighteen relevant papers detailing original research were eligible for inclusion. This overview suggests that VR provides benefits for assessing and reducing stress levels. While real natural environments effectively promote recovery from stress, virtual exposure to nature also positively affects stress. Thus, VR could be an effective technique for promoting relaxation, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, where stress levels rise globally. However, more in-depth studies are required to substantiate this potential field of VR relaxation.
Developing Edible Starch Film Used for Packaging Seasonings in Instant Noodles
Authors: Chen Hui , Alee Mahafooj , Chen Ying , Zhou Yinglin , Yang Mao , Ali Amjad , Liu Hongsheng , Chen Ling , Yu Long
Published: December 2021

Edible starch-based film was developed for packaging seasoning applied in instant noodles. The edible film can quickly dissolve into hot water so that the seasoning bag can mix in the soup of instant noodles during preparation. To meet the specific requirements of the packaging, such as reasonable high tensile properties, ductility under arid conditions, and low gas permeability, hydroxypropyl cornstarch with various edible additives from food-grade ingredients were applied to enhance the functionality of starch film. In this work, xylose was used as a plasticizer, cellulose crystals were used as a reinforcing agent, and laver was used to decrease gas permeability. The microstructures, interface, and compatibility of various components and film performance were investigated using an optical microscope under polarized light, scanning electron microscope, gas permeability, and tensile testing. The relationship was established between processing methodologies, microstructures, and performances. The results showed that the developed starch-based film have a modulus of 960 MPa, tensile strength of 36 Mpa with 14% elongation, and water vapor permeability less than 5.8 g/m2.h under 20% RH condition at room temperature (25 °C), which meets the general requirements of the flavor bag packaging used in instant noodles.
Ultra-Processed Food Impairs Bone Quality, Increases Marrow Adiposity and Alters Gut Microbiome in Mice
Authors: Travinsky-Shmul Tamara , Beresh Olga , Zaretsky Janna , Griess-Fishheimer Shelley , Rozner Reut , Kalev-Altman Rotem , Penn Sveta , Shahar Ron , Monsonego-Ornan Efrat
Published: December 2021

Ultra processed foods (UPF) consumption is becoming dominant in the global food system, to the point of being the most recent cause of malnutrition. Health outcomes of this diet include obesity and metabolic syndrome; however, its effect on skeletal development has yet to be examined. This project studied the influence of UPF diet on the development and quality of the post-natal skeleton. Young female mice were fed with regular chow diet, UPF diet, UPF diet supplemented with calcium or with multivitamin and mineral complex. Mice fed UPF diet presented unfavorable morphological parameters, evaluated by micro-CT, alongside inferior mechanical performance of the femora, evaluated by three-point bending tests. Growth-plate histology evaluation suggested a modification of the growth pattern. Accumulation of adipose tissue within the bone marrow was significantly higher in the group fed UPF diet. Finally, microbiome 16SrRNA sequencing was used to explore the connection between diets, gut microbial community and skeletal development. Together, we show that consumption of UPF diet during the postnatal developmental period alters the microbiome and has negative outcomes on bone parameters and bone marrow adiposity. Micronutrients improved these phenotypes only partially. Thus, consuming a wholesome diet that contributes to a healthy microbiota is of a great significance in order to achieve healthy skeletal development.
Spoilage Investigation of Chill Stored Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) Using Modern Microbiological and Analytical Techniques
Authors: Syropoulou Faidra , Parlapani Foteini F. , Anagnostopoulos Dimitrios A. , Stamatiou Anastasios , Mallouchos Athanasios , Boziaris Ioannis S.
Published: December 2021

Spoilage status of whole and filleted chill-stored meagre caught in January and July was evaluated using sensory, microbiological, 16S metabarcoding and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) analysis. Based on the sensory analysis, shelf-life was 15 and 12 days for the whole fish taken in January and July, respectively, while 7 days for fish fillets of both months. For the whole fish, Total Viable Counts (TVC) at the beginning of storage was 2.90 and 4.73 log cfu/g for fish caught in January and July respectively, while it was found about 3 log cfu/g in fish fillets of both months. The 16S metabarcoding analysis showed different profiles between the two seasons throughout the storage. Pseudomonas (47%) and Psychrobacter (42.5%) dominated in whole meagre of January, while Pseudomonas (66.6%) and Shewanella (10.5%) dominated in fish of July, at the end of shelf-life. Regarding the fillets, Pseudomonas clearly dominated at the end of shelf-life for both months. The volatile profile of meagre was predominated by alcohols and carbonyl compounds. After univariate and multivariate testing, we observed one group of compounds (trimethylamine, 3-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methyl-1-butanol) positively correlating with time of storage and another group with a declining trend (such as heptanal and octanal). Furthermore, the volatile profile seemed to be affected by the fish culturing season. Our findings provide insights into the spoilage mechanism and give information that helps stakeholders to supply meagre products of a high-quality level in national and international commerce.
Sarcocornia perennis: A Salt Substitute in Savory Snacks
Authors: Clavel-Coibrié Elsa , Sales Joana Ride , da Silva Aida Moreira , Barroca Maria João , Sousa Isabel , Raymundo Anabela
Published: December 2021

Salt is the primary source of sodium in the human diet, and it is associated with hypertension and increased risk of heart disease and stroke. A growing interest in halophyte plants and food products containing this type of ingredient have been observed, to reduce the NaCl daily intake. In the present work, Sarcocornia perennis was incorporated as a food ingredient into crackers to replace the salt (NaCl) and to evaluate its impact on physical properties, water activity, nutritional composition, mineral profile, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and sensory evaluation. Concentrations of powder dried S. perennis from 1 to 10% were tested by replacing the initial salt content and adjusting the flour incorporation to the initial formulation. The incorporation of S. perennis had no relevant impact on cracker firmness, but it induced an increase in their crispness. Furthermore, the incorporation of this halophyte originated darker crackers, which was revealed by a decrease of L* and an increase of b* values. In terms of nutritional composition, the incorporation of S. perennis leads to the improvement of the snack’s nutritional profile, namely in terms of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and minerals, highlighting the high content in potassium, magnesium, and phosphor. Crackers with a content of 5% of S. perennis were sensorily well accepted and this level should be considered the limit of incorporation accepted by the panelists. However, by substituting 1% NaCl for an equal amount of S. perennis, it is possible to obtain a 70% reduction in sodium content, which is an important contribution to reducing the overall salt content of the diet.
Potential of Flow Cytometric Approaches for Rapid Microbial Detection and Characterization in the Food Industry—A Review
Authors: Zand Elena , Froehling Antje , Schoenher Christoph , Zunabovic-Pichler Marija , Schlueter Oliver , Jaeger Henry
Published: December 2021

As microbial contamination is persistent within the food and bioindustries and foodborne infections are still a significant cause of death, the detection, monitoring, and characterization of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms are of great importance. However, the current methods do not meet all relevant criteria. They either show (i) inadequate sensitivity, rapidity, and effectiveness; (ii) a high workload and time requirement; or (iii) difficulties in differentiating between viable and non-viable cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) represents an approach to overcome such limitations. Thus, this comprehensive literature review focuses on the potential of FCM and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for food and bioindustry applications. First, the principles of FCM and FISH and basic staining methods are discussed, and critical areas for microbial contamination, including abiotic and biotic surfaces, water, and air, are characterized. State-of-the-art non-specific FCM and specific FISH approaches are described, and their limitations are highlighted. One such limitation is the use of toxic and mutagenic fluorochromes and probes. Alternative staining and hybridization approaches are presented, along with other strategies to overcome the current challenges. Further research needs are outlined in order to make FCM and FISH even more suitable monitoring and detection tools for food quality and safety and environmental and clinical approaches.
New Insights on the Impact of Cattle Handling on Post-Mortem Myofibrillar Muscle Proteome and Meat Tenderization
Authors: Sierra Verónica , González-Blanco Laura , Diñeiro Yolanda , Díaz Fernando , García-Espina María Josefa , Coto-Montes Ana , Gagaoua Mohammed , Oliván Mamen
Published: December 2021

This study investigated the effect of different cattle management strategies at farm (Intensive vs. Extensive) and during transport and lairage (mixing vs. non-mixing with unfamiliar animals) on the myofibrillar subproteome of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle of “Asturiana de los Valles” yearling bulls. It further aimed to study the relationships with beef quality traits including pH, color, and tenderness evaluated by Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Thus, comparative proteomics of the myofibrillar fraction along meat maturation (from 2 h to 14 days post-mortem) and different quality traits were analyzed. A total of 23 protein fragments corresponding to 21 unique proteins showed significant differences among the treatments (p < 0.05) due to any of the factors considered (Farm, Transport and Lairage, and post-mortem time ageing). The proteins belong to several biological pathways including three structural proteins (MYBPC2, TNNT3, and MYL1) and one metabolic enzyme (ALDOA) that were affected by both Farm and Transport/Lairage factors. ACTA1, LDB3, and FHL2 were affected by Farm factors, while TNNI2 and MYLPF (structural proteins), PKM (metabolic enzyme), and HSPB1 (small Heat shock protein) were affected by Transport/Lairage factors. Several correlations were found between the changing proteins (PKM, ALDOA, TNNI2, TNNT3, ACTA1, MYL1, and CRYAB) and color and tenderness beef quality traits, indicating their importance in the determination of meat quality and their possible use as putative biomarkers.
Extracellular Matrix and the Production of Cultured Meat
Authors: Ahmad Khurshid , Lim Jeong-Ho , Lee Eun-Ju , Chun Hee-Jin , Ali Shahid , Ahmad Syed Sayeed , Shaikh Sibhghatulla , Choi Inho
Published: December 2021

Cultured meat production is an evolving method of producing animal meat using tissue engineering techniques. Cells, chemical factors, and suitable biomaterials that serve as scaffolds are all essential for the cultivation of muscle tissue. Scaffolding is essential for the development of organized meat products resembling steaks because it provides the mechanical stability needed by cells to attach, differentiate, and mature. In in vivo settings, extracellular matrix (ECM) ensures substrates and scaffolds are provided for cells. The ECM of skeletal muscle (SM) maintains tissue elasticity, creates adhesion points for cells, provides a three-dimensional (3D) environment, and regulates biological processes. Consequently, creating mimics of native ECM is a difficult task. Animal-derived polymers like collagen are often regarded as the gold standard for producing scaffolds with ECM-like properties. Animal-free scaffolds are being investigated as a potential source of stable, chemically defined, low-cost materials for cultured meat production. In this review, we explore the influence of ECM on myogenesis and its role as a scaffold and vital component to improve the efficacy of the culture media used to produce cultured meat.
Documented Skeletal Collections and Their Importance in Forensic Anthropology in the United States
Authors: Campanacho Vanessa , Alves Cardoso Francisca , Ubelaker Douglas H.
Published: December 2021

Documented skeletal collections are the backbone of forensic anthropology due to their associated biohistories. This paper describes the identified skeletal collections and their relevance in forensic anthropological research, education and training in the US. The establishment of documented skeletal collections in the US can be distinguished into two modus operandi, depending on the stance towards the dead, legislation, and medical and forensic practices. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, anatomists amassed skeletons from cadaver dissections, shaped by European influences. Those skeletons compose the anatomical collections—such as the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection—predominantly representing impoverished and unclaimed individuals. Ethical concerns for the curation and research of African American skeletons without family consent are growing in the US. In contrast, since the 1980s, modern documented skeletal collections originated from body donations to human taphonomy facilities, such as the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The establishment and testing of osteological methods essential to establish one’s identity—such as age at death and sex—have been developed with skeletons from documented collections. Therefore, the analysis of identified skeletons has been crucial for the development of forensic anthropology in the US.
Assessing the Frequency of Floods in Ice-Covered Rivers under a Changing Climate: Review of Methodology
Authors: Beltaos Spyros
Published: December 2021

Ice-influenced hydrologic and hydrodynamic processes often cause floods in cold regions of the globe. These floods are typically associated with ice jams and can have negative socio-economic impacts, while their impacts on riverine ecosystems can be both detrimental and beneficial. Several methods have been proposed for constructing frequency distributions of ice-influenced annual peak stages where historical data are scarce, or for estimating future frequencies under different climate change scenarios. Such methods rely on historical discharge data, which are generally easier to obtain than peak stages. Future discharges can be simulated via hydrological models, driven by climate-model output. Binary sequences of historical flood/no-flood occurrences have been studied using logistic regression on physics-based explanatory variables or exclusively weather-controlled proxies, bypassing the hydrological modelling step in climate change projections. Herein, background material on relevant river ice processes is presented first, followed by descriptions of various proposed methods to quantify flood risk and assess their advantages and disadvantages. Discharge-based methods are more rigorous; however, projections of future flood risk can benefit from improved hydrological simulations of winter and spring discharges. The more convenient proxy-based regressions may not adequately reflect the controlling physics-based variables, while extrapolation of regression results to altered climatic conditions entails further uncertainty.
Oral Functions Are Associated with Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Old-Old Japanese
Authors: Murotani Yuki , Hatta Kodai , Takahashi Toshihito , Gondo Yasuyuki , Kamide Kei , Kabayama Mai , Masui Yukie , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Matsuda Ken-ichi , Mihara Yusuke , Fukutake Motoyoshi , Nishimura Yuichi , Akema Suzuna , Hagino Hiromasa , Higashi Kotaro , Togawa Hitomi , Maeda Yoshinobu , Ogata Soshiro , Moynihan Paula , Ikebe Kazunori
Published: December 2021

Grip strength and walking speed are considered to be important indicators of physical frailty. However, no study has contemporaneously examined any association of multiple oral functions with grip strength and walking speed. The purpose of this study was to examine which oral functions are associated with muscle strength (grip strength), physical performance (walking speed) or both. The study participants were 511 community-dwelling people (254 men and 257 women) aged 77–81 years old. Six oral functions—oral wetness, occlusal force, tongue-lip motor function, tongue pressure, masticatory performance and swallowing function—were measured. Grip strength and walking speed were also measured. A partial correlation analysis, adjusted for gender, showed that occlusal force, tongue-lip motor function, masticatory performance and swallowing function were significantly associated with both grip strength and walking speed. In addition, tongue pressure was significantly associated with grip strength. A general linear model showed that tongue pressure and occlusal force were significantly associated with grip strength. Swallowing function and tongue-lip motor function were significantly associated with walking speed. It is suggested that there are different oral function measures for muscle strength and physical performance, and these oral function measures could be a useful proxy for physical frailty.
Severe COVID-19 Complicated by Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in a Newborn Successfully Treated with Remdesivir, Glucocorticoids, and Hyperimmune Plasma
Authors: Cursi Laura , Calo Carducci Francesca Ippolita , Chiurchiu Sara , Romani Lorenza , Stoppa Francesca , Lucignani Giulia , Russo Cristina , Longo Daniela , Perno Carlo Federico , Cecchetti Corrado , Lombardi Mary Haywood , D’Argenio Patrizia , Lancella Laura , Bernardi Stefania , Rossi Paolo
Published: December 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, affecting all age groups with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic to severe interstitial pneumonia, hyperinflammation, and death. Children and infants generally show a mild course of the disease, although infants have been observed to have a higher risk of hospitalization and severe outcomes. Here, we report the case of a preterm infant with a severe form of SARS-CoV-2 infection complicated by cerebral venous thrombosis successfully treated with steroids, hyperimmune plasma, and remdesivir.
The Association between Fast Food Outlets and Overweight in Adolescents Is Confounded by Neighbourhood Deprivation: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Green Mark A. , Hobbs Matthew , Ding Ding , Widener Michael , Murray John , Reece Lindsey , Singleton Alex
Published: December 2021

The aim of our study is to utilise longitudinal data to explore if the association between the retail fast food environment and overweight in adolescents is confounded by neighbourhood deprivation. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study for England were obtained for waves 5 (ages 11/12; 2011/12; n = 13,469) and 6 (ages 14/15; 2014/15; n = 11,884). Our outcome variable was overweight/obesity defined using age and sex-specific International Obesity Task Force cut points. Individuals were linked, based on their residential location, to data on the density of fast food outlets and neighbourhood deprivation. Structural Equation Models were used to model associations and test for observed confounding. A small positive association was initially detected between fast food outlets and overweight (e.g., at age 11/12, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.0006, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) = 1.0002–1.0009). Following adjusting for the confounding role of neighbourhood deprivation, this association was non-significant. Individuals who resided in the most deprived neighbourhoods had higher odds of overweight than individuals in the least deprived neighbourhoods (e.g., at age 11/12 OR = 1.95, 95% CIs = 1.64–2.32). Neighbourhood deprivation was also positively associated to the density of fast food outlets (at age 11/12 Incidence Rate Ratio = 3.03, 95% CIs = 2.80–3.28).
Automated Classification of Normal Control and Early-Stage Dementia Based on Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Data Acquired from Smart Home Environment
Authors: Kwon Lee-Nam , Yang Dong-Hun , Hwang Myung-Gwon , Lim Soo-Jin , Kim Young-Kuk , Kim Jae-Gyum , Cho Kwang-Hee , Chun Hong-Woo , Park Kun-Woo
Published: December 2021

With the global trend toward an aging population, the increasing number of dementia patients and elderly living alone has emerged as a serious social issue in South Korea. The assessment of activities of daily living (ADL) is essential for diagnosing dementia. However, since the assessment is based on the ADL questionnaire, it relies on subjective judgment and lacks objectivity. Seven healthy seniors and six with early-stage dementia participated in the study to obtain ADL data. The derived ADL features were generated by smart home sensors. Statistical methods and machine learning techniques were employed to develop a model for auto-classifying the normal controls and early-stage dementia patients. The proposed approach verified the developed model as an objective ADL evaluation tool for the diagnosis of dementia. A random forest algorithm was used to compare a personalized model and a non-personalized model. The comparison result verified that the accuracy (91.20%) of the personalized model was higher than that (84.54%) of the non-personalized model. This indicates that the cognitive ability-based personalization showed encouraging performance in the classification of normal control and early-stage dementia and it is expected that the findings of this study will serve as important basic data for the objective diagnosis of dementia.
Factors Associated with the Patient’s Decision to Avoid Healthcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Soares Patrícia , Leite Andreia , Esteves Sara , Gama Ana , Laires Pedro Almeida , Moniz Marta , Pedro Ana Rita , Santos Cristina Mendes , Goes Ana Rita , Nunes Carla , Dias Sónia
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in changes in healthcare use. This study aimed to identify factors associated with a patient’s decision to avoid and/or delay healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used data from a community-based survey in Portugal from July 2020 to August 2021, “COVID-19 Barometer: Social Opinion”, which included data regarding health services use, risk perception and confidence in health services. We framed our analysis under Andersen’s Behavioural Model of Health Services Use and utilised Poisson regression to identify healthcare avoidance associated factors. Healthcare avoidance was high (44%). Higher prevalence of healthcare avoidance was found among women; participants who reported lower confidence in the healthcare system response to COVID-19 and non-COVID-19; lost income during the pandemic; experienced negative emotions due to physical distancing measures; answered the questionnaire before middle June 2021; and perceived having worse health, the measures implemented by the Government as inadequate, the information conveyed as unclear and confusing, a higher risk of getting COVID-19, a higher risk of complications and a higher risk of getting infected in a health institution. It is crucial to reassure the population that health services are safe. Health services should plan their recovery since delays in healthcare delivery can lead to increased or worsening morbidity, yielding economic and societal costs.
Protein-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Sung Hyo-Dong , Kim Nayeon , Lee Yeram , Lee Eun Jung
Published: December 2021

The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has upended healthcare systems and economies around the world. Rapid understanding of the structural biology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 has allowed the development of emergency use or FDA-approved vaccines and various candidate vaccines. Among the recently developed SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines, natural protein-based nanoparticles well suited for multivalent antigen presentation and enhanced immune stimulation to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses are currently being investigated. This mini-review presents recent innovations in protein-based nanoparticle vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The design and strategy of displaying antigenic domains, including spike protein, receptor-binding domain (RBD), and other domains on the surface of various protein-based nanoparticles and the performance of the developed nanoparticle-based vaccines are highlighted. In the final part of this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in clinical trials and provide an outlook on protein-based nanoparticle vaccines.
Generation of Induced Nephron Progenitor-like Cells from Human Urine-Derived Cells
Authors: Gao Wei-Wei , Zheng Jie , Yun Wonjin , Kang Phil-Jun , Park Gyuman , Song Gwonhwa , Kim In-Yong , You Seungkwon
Published: December 2021

Background: Regenerative medicine strategies employing nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) are a viable approach that is worthy of substantial consideration as a promising cell source for kidney diseases. However, the generation of induced nephron progenitor-like cells (iNPCs) from human somatic cells remains a major challenge. Here, we describe a novel method for generating NPCs from human urine-derived cells (UCs) that can undergo long-term expansion in a serum-free condition. Results: Here, we generated iNPCs from human urine-derived cells by forced expression of the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, and SLUG, followed by exposure to a cocktail of defined small molecules. These iNPCs resembled human embryonic stem cell-derived NPCs in terms of their morphology, biological characteristics, differentiation potential, and global gene expression and underwent a long-term expansion in serum-free conditions. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that human iNPCs can be readily generated and expanded, which will facilitate their broad applicability in a rapid, efficient, and patient-specific manner, particularly holding the potential as a transplantable cell source for patients with kidney disease.
Towards Understanding Excited-State Properties of Organic Molecules Using Time-Resolved Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Stiel Holger , Braenzel Julia , Jonas Adrian , Gnewkow Richard , Glöggler Lisa Theresa , Sommer Denny , Krist Thomas , Erko Alexei , Tümmler Johannes , Mantouvalou Ioanna
Published: December 2021

The extension of the pump-probe approach known from UV/VIS spectroscopy to very short wavelengths together with advanced simulation techniques allows a detailed analysis of excited-state dynamics in organic molecules or biomolecular structures on a nanosecond to femtosecond time level. Optical pump soft X-ray probe spectroscopy is a relatively new approach to detect and characterize optically dark states in organic molecules, exciton dynamics or transient ligand-to-metal charge transfer states. In this paper, we describe two experimental setups for transient soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy based on an LPP emitting picosecond and sub-nanosecond soft X-ray pulses in the photon energy range between 50 and 1500 eV. We apply these setups for near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) investigations of thin films of a metal-free porphyrin, an aggregate forming carbocyanine and a nickel oxide molecule. NEXAFS investigations have been carried out at the carbon, nitrogen and oxygen K-edge as well as on the Ni L-edge. From time-resolved NEXAFS carbon, K-edge measurements of the metal-free porphyrin first insights into a long-lived trap state are gained. Our findings are discussed and compared with density functional theory calculations.
Development of an Autochthonous Microbial Consortium for Enhanced Bioremediation of PAH-Contaminated Soil
Authors: Roszak Marta , Jabłońska Joanna , Stachurska Xymena , Dubrowska Kamila , Kajdanowicz Justyna , Gołębiewska Marta , Kiepas-Kokot Anna , Osińska Beata , Augustyniak Adrian , Karakulska Jolanta
Published: December 2021

The main objectives of this study were to isolate bacteria from soil chronically contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), develop an autochthonous microbial consortium, and evaluate its ability to degrade PAHs in their native contaminated soil. Strains with the best bioremediation potential were selected during the multi-stage isolation process. Moreover, to choose bacteria with the highest bioremediation potential, the presence of PAH-degrading genes (pahE) was confirmed and the following tests were performed: tolerance to heavy metals, antagonistic behavior, phytotoxicity, and antimicrobial susceptibility. In vitro degradation of hydrocarbons led to the reduction of the total PAH content by 93.5% after the first day of incubation and by 99.22% after the eighth day. Bioremediation experiment conducted in situ in the contaminated area resulted in the average reduction of the total PAH concentration by 33.3% after 5 months and by over 72% after 13 months, compared to the concentration recorded before the intervention. Therefore, this study implicates that the development of an autochthonous microbial consortium isolated from long-term PAH-contaminated soil has the potential to enhance the bioremediation process.
Molecular Subtypes, Metastatic Pattern and Patient Age in Breast Cancer: An Analysis of Italian Network of Cancer Registries (AIRTUM) Data
Authors: Tagliabue Giovanna , Fabiano Sabrina , Contiero Paolo , Barigelletti Giulio , Castelli Maurizio , Mazzoleni Guido , Boschetti Lorenza , Fanetti Anna Clara , Puppo Antonella , Musolino Antonino , Cirilli Claudia , Seghini Pietro , Mangone Lucia , Caldarella Adele , Lotti Fernanda , Mazzucco Walter , Benedetto Andrea , Dinaro Ylenia Maria , Sferrazza Ausilia , Pinna Pasquala , Perotti Viviana ,   AIRTUM Working Group
Published: December 2021

Breast cancer stage at diagnosis, patient age and molecular tumor subtype influence disease progression. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between these factors and survival in breast cancer patients among the Italian population using data from the AIRTUM national database. We enrolled women with primary breast cancer from 17 population-based cancer registries. Patients were subdivided into older (>69 years), middle (50–69 years) and younger age groups (<50 years) and their primary tumors categorized into four molecular subtypes based on hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. There were 8831 patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2012 included. The most represented age group was 50–69 years (41.7%). In 5735 cases the molecular subtype was identified: HER2–/HR+ was the most frequent (66.2%) and HER2+/HR− the least (6.2%). Of the 390 women with metastases at diagnosis, 38% had simultaneous involvement of multiple sites, independent of age and molecular profile. In women with a single metastatic site, bone (20% of cases), liver (11%), lung (7%) and brain (3%) were the most frequent. In the studied age groups with different receptor expression profiles, the tumor metastasized to target organs with differing frequencies, affecting survival. Five-year survival was lowest in women with triple-negative (HER2−/HR–) tumors and women with brain metastases at diagnosis.
Pre-Procedural Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain and Post-Procedural Tricuspid Regurgitation Predict Mortality in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI)
Authors: Omran Hazem , Polimeni Alberto , Brandt Verena , Rudolph Volker , Rudolph Tanja K. , Bleiziffer Sabine , Friedrichs Kai P. , Faber Lothar , Dimitriadis Zisis
Published: December 2021

Background: Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction has been linked to worse outcomes in patients undergoing TAVI. Assessment of RV function is challenging due to its complex morphology. RV longitudinal strain (LS) assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) is a novel measure that may overcome most of the limitations of conventional echocardiographic parameters of RV function. The aim of current study was to assess the prognostic value of RV LS in patients undergoing TAVI and to assess echocardiographic predictors of long-term mortality. Methods and results: A retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent TAVI at our hospital between 1 January 2015 and 1 June 2016. Indication for TAVI was approved by a local heart-team. Echocardiographic data at baseline and after TAVI were re-analyzed and RV LS was measured in all patients with adequate image quality. A total of 229 patients were included in our study (mean age 83.8 ± 5 years, 62% women, mean EuroSCORE II 5.7 ± 5%). All-cause mortality occurred in 17.3% over a mean follow-up of 929 ± 373 days. In multivariate analysis, only baseline average RV free-wall LS (HR 1.05, 95% CI (1.01 to 1.10), p = 0.049) and more than mild tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) after TAVI (HR 4.39, 95% CI (2.22 to 8.70), p < 0.001) independently increased the risk of all-cause mortality at long- term follow-up (2.5 years), while conventional echocardiographic parameters of RV function did not predict mortality. Conclusion: Pre-procedural RV LS and post-procedural tricuspid regurgitation significantly predicted long-term all-cause mortality in patients undergoing TAVI while conventional echocardiographic parameters of RV function failed in predicting long-term outcome. RV longitudinal strain by STE should be considered in the routine echocardiographic assessments of patients with severe AS.
The Use of the Hypotension Prediction Index Integrated in an Algorithm of Goal Directed Hemodynamic Treatment during Moderate and High-Risk Surgery
Authors: Tsoumpa Marina , Kyttari Aikaterini , Matiatou Stamo , Tzoufi Maria , Griva Panayota , Pikoulis Emmanouil , Riga Maria , Matsota Paraskevi , Sidiropoulou Tatiana
Published: December 2021

(1) Background: The Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) is an algorithm that predicts hypotension, defined as mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 65 mmHg for at least 1 min, based on arterial waveform features. We tested the hypothesis that the use of this index reduces the duration and severity of hypotension during noncardiac surgery. (2) Methods: We enrolled adults having moderate- or high-risk noncardiac surgery with invasive arterial pressure monitoring. Participating patients were randomized 1:1 to standard of care or hemodynamic management with HPI guidance with a goal directed hemodynamic treatment protocol. The trigger to initiate treatment (with fluids, vasopressors, or inotropes) was a value of HPI of 85 (range, 0–100) or higher in the intervention group. Primary outcome was the amount of hypotension, defined as time-weighted average (TWA) MAP less than 65 mmHg. Secondary outcomes were time spent in hypertension defined as MAP more than 100 mmHg for at least 1 min; medication and fluids administered and postoperative complications. (3) Results: We obtained data from 99 patients. The median (IQR) TWA of hypotension was 0.16 mmHg (IQR, 0.01–0.32 mmHg) in the intervention group versus 0.50 mmHg (IQR, 0.11–0.97 mmHg) in the control group, for a median difference of −0.28 (95% CI, −0.48 to −0.09 mmHg; p = 0.0003). We also observed an increase in hypertension in the intervention group as well as a higher weight-adjusted administration of phenylephrine in the intervention group. (4) Conclusions: In this single-center prospective study of patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery, the use of this prediction model resulted in less intraoperative hypotension compared with standard care. An increase in the time spent in hypertension in the treatment group was also observed, probably as a result of overtreatment. This should provide an insight for refining the use of this prediction index in future studies to avoid excessive correction of blood pressure.
Hydroxyzine Use and Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Sánchez-Rico Marina , Limosin Frédéric , Vernet Raphaël , Beeker Nathanaël , Neuraz Antoine , Blanco Carlos , Olfson Mark , Lemogne Cédric , Meneton Pierre , Daniel Christel , Paris Nicolas , Gramfort Alexandre , Lemaitre Guillaume , De La Muela Pedro , Salamanca Elisa , Bernaux Mélodie , Bellamine Ali , Burgun Anita , Hoertel Nicolas ,   on behalf of AP-HP/Université de Paris/INSERM COVID-19 Research Collaboration/AP-HP COVID CDR Initiative/“Entrepôt de Données de Santé” AP-HP Consortium
Published: December 2021

(1) Background: Based on its antiviral activity, anti-inflammatory properties, and functional inhibition effects on the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system (FIASMA), we sought to examine the potential usefulness of the H1 antihistamine hydroxyzine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. (2) Methods: In a multicenter observational study, we included 15,103 adults hospitalized for COVID-19, of which 164 (1.1%) received hydroxyzine within the first 48 h of hospitalization, administered orally at a median daily dose of 25.0 mg (SD = 29.5). We compared mortality rates between patients who received hydroxyzine at hospital admission and those who did not, using a multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for patients’ characteristics, medical conditions, and use of other medications. (3) Results: This analysis showed a significant association between hydroxyzine use and reduced mortality (AOR, 0.51; 95%CI, 0.29–0.88, p = 0.016). This association was similar in multiple sensitivity analyses. (4) Conclusions: In this retrospective observational multicenter study, the use of the FIASMA hydroxyzine was associated with reduced mortality in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials of hydroxyzine for COVID-19 are needed to confirm these results, as are studies to examine the potential usefulness of this medication for outpatients and as post-exposure prophylaxis for individuals at high risk for severe COVID-19.
A Multi-Faceted Evaluation of Impulsivity Traits and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Meneguzzo Paolo , Todisco Patrizia , Collantoni Enrico , Meregalli Valentina , Dal Brun David , Tenconi Elena , Favaro Angela
Published: December 2021

(1) Background: patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) are classified either as restrictive (ANr) or binge/purge (ANbp) according to the absence or presence of impulsive eating and compensatory behaviors. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of impulsivity in both AN subtypes and to explore whether individual differences in impulsivity may be explained by differences in the presence of early maladaptive schemas. (2) Methods: the sample group included 122 patients with ANr, 112 patients with ANbp, and 131 healthy women (HW). All of these participants completed the UPPS-P scale for an assessment of impulsive behaviors and the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3) for an assessment of early maladaptive schemas. (3) Results: the patients with ANbp displayed higher levels of impulsivity compared with the patients with ANr and HW. Patients with AN, especially the restrictive subtype, also reported higher levels of early maladaptive schemas than HW, and regression analyses revealed that specific maladaptive schemas partially explain the variability in impulsivity in both patients and HW. (4) Conclusions: it appears that maladaptive beliefs developed during childhood or adolescence may predict the development of impulsivity, a personality trait usually associated with maladaptive behaviors, and appears to be prevalent among ANbp patients. The clinical effects of this, as well as directions for future study, are also discussed in this paper.
Ustilago maydis Secreted Endo-Xylanases Are Involved in Fungal Filamentation and Proliferation on and Inside Plants
Authors: Moreno-Sánchez Ismael , Pejenaute-Ochoa María Dolores , Navarrete Blanca , Barrales Ramón R. , Ibeas José I.
Published: December 2021

Plant pathogenic fungi must be able to degrade host cell walls in order to penetrate and invade plant tissues. Among the plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) produced, xylanases are of special interest since its degradation target, xylan, is one of the main structural polysaccharides in plant cell walls. In the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis, attempts to characterize PCWDEs required for virulence have been unsuccessful, most likely due to functional redundancy. In previous high-throughput screening, we found one xylanase to be important for U. maydis infection. Here, we characterize the entire U. maydis endo-xylanase family, comprising two enzymes from the glycoside hydrolase (GH) 10 family, Xyn1 and Xyn2, one from GH11, Xyn11A, and one from GH43, Xyn3. We show that all endo-xylanases except Xyn3 are secreted and involved in infection in a non-redundant manner, suggesting different roles for each xylanase in this process. Taking a closer look inside the plant during the pathogenic process, we observed that all secreted xylanases were necessary for fungal proliferation. Finally, we found that at least Xyn11A accumulated in the apoplast of the infected plant after three days, highlighting the role of these enzymes as important secreted proteins during fungal proliferation inside plant tissues.
Cardiac Remodeling According to the Nocturnal Fall of Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects: The Whole Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Non-Dipper Subjects with Arterial Hypertension (Wacanda) Study
Authors: Di Raimondo Domenico , Musiari Gaia , Casuccio Alessandra , Colomba Daniela , Rizzo Giuliana , Pirera Edoardo , Pinto Antonio , Tuttolomondo Antonino
Published: December 2021

Objective: Several epidemiological studies suggest that the preservation of the physiological circadian rhythm of blood pressure or its disruption affects the extent of the organ damage developed by the patient. If we classify the circadian rhythm of blood pressure into four nocturnal profiles, significant differences emerge in terms of organ damage burden and prognosis: reverse dippers have the worst prognosis while dippers and mild dippers fall into an intermediate risk range. The risk profile of extreme dippers is still debated, and the available data are very conflicting and inconclusive. Starting from this gap of knowledge, we aimed to evaluate, retrospectively, in a cohort of hypertensive subjects, the degree of cardiac involvement in relation to the different nocturnal blood pressure profiles. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 900 patients with essential hypertension, of whom 510 met our study criteria. We graded the 510 patients in relation to the percentage of reduction in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) at night-time compared with day-time, considering this as a continuous variable, and then compared the extreme quintiles with each other and with the middle quintile (considered as reference). Results: Patients with less (or no) reduction in nocturnal SBP (reverse dipper) showed a higher level of organ damage and comorbidities. With regard to echocardiographic indexes, patients with maximum nocturnal pressure reduction (extreme dipper) showed a lower level of remodeling and/or impairment of E/e’ ratio, Right Atrium Area, Basal Right Ventricular Diameter, Inferior Vena Cava Average Diameter, and Tricuspidal Anular Plane Systolic Excursion compared also with hypertensive patients with a physiological nocturnal pressure reduction, even after correction for the main confounders. Conclusions: These data suggest that extreme dippers may constitute the subgroup of hypertensive patients with the lowest 24-h pressure load and, therefore, less cardiac remodeling.
The Effects of a Megafire on Ecosystem Services and the Pace of Landscape Recovery
Authors: Mancilla-Ruiz Diana , Barrera Francisco de la , González Sergio , Huaico Ana
Published: December 2021

(1) Background: Megafires have affected several regions in the world (e.g., Australia, California), including, in 2017, the central and south-central zones of Chile. These areas represent real laboratories to monitor the impacts on the sustainability of landscapes and their recovery after fires. The present research examines the modification of dynamics and the provision of ecosystem services by a megafire in a Mediterranean landscape in central Chile, combining remote sensing technologies and ecosystem service assessments. (2) Methods: Land cover and spectral indices (NBRI, BAIS-2, NDVI, and EVI) were measured using Sentinel-2 imagery, while the provision of ecosystem services was evaluated using an expert-based matrix. (3) Results: The megafire affected forest plantations, formerly the dominant land cover, as well as other ecosystems, e.g., native forests. After five years, the landscape is dominated by exotic shrublands and grasslands. (4) Conclusions: The megafire caused a loss of 50% of the landscape’s capacity to supply ecosystem services. Given that native forests are the best provider of ecosystem services in this landscape, restoration is a key to recovering landscape sustainability.
The Assessment of Density Bonus in Building Renovation Interventions. The Case of the City of Florence in Italy
Authors: Battisti Fabrizio , Campo Orazio
Published: December 2021

The European Green Deal indicates the renovation of both public and private buildings as a key element for the improvement of energy efficiency in the building stock, in order to reach the goals of the document itself. New incentives, also including density bonus, can significantly contribute to foster diffuse actions. In Italy, the density bonus is under testing: the current framework has produced profitability for regeneration in some areas and unprofitability in others. This has led to a non-diffuse renewal, widening differences in richness and quality throughout territories subjected to the same reward measure. A territory is characterized by a high degree of typological and qualitative fragmentation and dissimilarity. Thus, the aim of the present work is the construction of a model that allows for identifying the entity of the reward measure in terms of density bonus. Density bonus can determine the feasibility of renovation interventions—in economic-financial terms and in relation to urban impact—taking into account the characteristics of the context (or micro-context) where they are performed. The research model is based on a Balance Sheet Model and is applied to the city of Florence. The model suggests an innovative approach where urban, landscape and environmental impacts produced by the density bonus are evaluated according to the economic amount needed for their mitigation. The expected results in the application of the model consist in the definition of an iso-bonus map organized by areas.