bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Simulation in Radiography Education: A Scoping Review Protocol
Authors: Vestbøstad Mona , Karlgren Klas , Olsen Nina Rydland
Published: July 2020

Background: Today there are fewer opportunities for health care students and staff for skills training through direct patient contact. The World Health Organization therefore recommends learning about patient safety through hands-on experience and simulation. Simulation has the potential to improve skills through training in a controlled environment, and simulation has positive effect on knowledge and skills, and even patient related outcomes. Reviews addressing the use of simulation across the different radiography specialties are lacking. Further knowledge on simulation in radiography education is needed to inform curriculum design and future research. The purpose of this scoping review is to explore, map and summarize the extent, range and nature of published research on simulation in radiography education.Methods: We will follow the methodological framework for scoping reviewsoriginally described by Arksey and O’Malley.We will search MEDLINE, Embase, Epistemonikos, The Cochrane Library, ERIC, Scopus, and sources of grey literature.A comprehensive search strategy for Ovid MEDLINE was developed in collaboration with a research librarian. An example of a full electronic search from the Ovid MEDLINE(1641 articles records, 09.01.2020) is provided and will be used to adapt the search strategy to each database.Two independent review authors will screen all abstracts and titles, and full-text publications during a second stage. Next, they will extract data from each included study using a data extraction form informed by the aim of the study. Anarrative account of all studies included will be presented. We will present a simple numerical analysis related to the extent, nature and distribution of studies, and we will use content analysis to map the different simulation interventions and learning design elements reported. Any type of simulation intervention within all types of radiography specializations will be included. Our search strategy is not limited by language or date of publication.Discussion: An overview of publications on simulation in radiography educationacross all radiography specialties will help to inform future research and will be useful for stakeholders within radiography education using simulation, both in the academic and clinical setting.
Reproductive Intentions and Corresponding Use of Safer Conception Methods and Contraception Among Ugandan HIV Clients in Serodiscordant Relationships
Authors: Wagner Glenn J. , Mindry Deborah , Hurley Emily A. , Beyeza-Kashesya Jolly , Gwokyalya Violet , Finocchario-Kessler Sarah , Wanyenze Rhoda K. , Nanfuka Mastula , Tebeka Mahlet G. , Goggin Kathy
Published: July 2020

Context: Among people living with HIV in Uganda, desires to have a child and unplanned pregnancies are both common, while utilization of safer conception methods (SCM) and modern contraceptives are low. Methods: 389 HIV clients who reported considering childbearing with their uninfected partner enrolled in a safer conception counseling intervention trial in Uganda. Multiple regression analysis and baseline data were used to examine correlates of reproductive intentions and behaviors, including use of safer conception methods and contraception. Results: Most (n=313; 80.5%) reported that both they and their partner wanted to have a child now, which was associated with being married, in a longer relationship, not having a child with partner, greater SCM knowledge, lower internalized childbearing stigma, and higher perceived community stigma of childbearing. 117 reported trying to conceive in the prior 6 months, which was associated with being female, not having a child with their partner, less decision-making control within the relationship, and greater perceived cultural acceptability of SCM. Among those who had tried to conceive in the past 6 months, 14 (11.9%) used SCM, which was associated with greater control in decision making. Of the 268 who were not trying to conceive, 69 (25.7%) were using a modern contraceptive, which was associated with being in a shorter relationship, less control over decision-making, more positive attitudes towards contraception and lower depression. Conclusion: Methods to promote reproductive goals are underused by HIV serodiscordant couples, and relationships characteristics and childbearing-related stigma appear to be most influential and thus targets for intervention. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03167879; date registered May 23, 2017; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03167879.
Effects of Adherence to Pharmacological Secondary Prevention after Acute Myocardial Infarction on Health Care Costs – An Analysis of Real-World Data
Authors: Kirsch Florian , Becker Christian , Kurz Christoph , Schwettmann Lars , Schramm Anja
Published: July 2020

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a major source of morbidity and mortality, is also associated with excess costs. Findings from previous studies were divergent regarding the effect of adherence to guideline-recommended medication on health care expenditure. However, gender-specific medication effectiveness, correlating effectiveness of concomitant medication and variation in adherence over time were not yet considered. Methods: We aim to measure this from a third-party payer’s perspective in a sample of statutory insured Disease Management Program participants over a follow-up period of 3-years. In 3,627 AMI patients, the proportion of days covered (PDC) for four guideline-recommended medications were calculated. A generalized additive mixed model was used, taking into account inter-individual effects (mean PDC-rate) and intra-individual effects (deviation from the mean PDC-rate). Results: For the inter-individual effect, only anti-platelet agents had a significant negative influence, higher mean PDC rates lead to higher costs in both sexes. For the intra-individual effect, a higher deviation from the mean PDC-rate for ACE-inhibitors, anti-platelet agents, and statins was associated with higher costs in females. Further, in males, for β-blockers an increasing positive deviation from the PDC-mean increases costs and a negative deviation decreases costs. For anti-platelet agents an increasing deviation from the PDC-mean slightly increases costs.Conclusion: Positive and negative deviation from the mean PDC-rate, independent of how high the mean was, usually negatively affect health care expenditures. Therefore, continuity in intake of guideline recommended medication is important to save costs.
Effects of Electrical Conductivity, pH, and Foliar Application of Calcium Chloride on Yield and Tipburn of Lactuca sativa Grown Using the Nutrient–Film Technique
Authors: Samarakoon Uttara , Palmer Jack , Ling Peter , Altland James
Published: July 2020

Yield reduction resulting from high temperatures and tipburn are common issues during the summer for hydroponically grown lettuce using the nutrient–film technique (NFT). We investigated the yield and degree of tipburn of lettuce ‘Red Butter’, ‘Green Butter’, and ‘Red Oakleaf’ of the Salanova® series under different-solution electrical conductivity (EC) and pH levels. We also quantified the effect of foliar spray application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the yield and degree of tipburn using the lettuce cultivar Green Butter. For the EC experiment, the plants were grown at four EC levels (1.4, 1.6, 1.8, or 2.0 mS·cm–1) and a constant pH of 5.8. For the pH experiment, the plants were grown at and four pH levels (5.8, 6.0, 6.2, or 6.4) and a constant EC of 1.8 mS·cm–1. For the foliar spray experiment, CaCl2 was applied 1 week after transplanting into NFT channels at three different concentrations: 0, 200, 400, or 800 mg·L calcium (Ca). During the EC trial, the maximum yields were observed at or more than 1.8 mS·cm–1 for ‘Green Butter’ (263 ± 14 g/head) and ‘Red Butter’ (202 ± 8 g), and more than 1.6 mS·cm–1 for ‘Red Oakleaf’ (183 ± 6 g). The yield of ‘Green Butter’ was 75 g less at 1.4 mS·cm–1 compared with 1.8 mS·cm–1. Tipburn symptoms were less at 1.4 mS·cm–1 for ‘Green Butter’ whereas other cultivars were not highly susceptible. In pH trials, the maximum yield for all cultivars was found at pH 6.0 and 6.2. There were no differences in tipburn symptoms among all pH levels. The foliar spray treatment, twice a week at 400 or 800 mg·L–1 Ca, provided improved tipburn control, as the tipburn symptoms were minimal and the impact on yield was minor compared with reducing EC. This series of experiments found evidence in proper EC and pH management for optimum yield and tipburn control in NFT lettuce grown in summer conditions.
THE COMMUNIST PARTY CONTROL OVER THE KHARKIV TRADE UNIONS IN THE 1920S OF THE XX CENTURY
Authors: Redka Sergiy , Islamova Anna , Borzilo Lesia , Shelukhina Iryna
Published: July 2020

Object of research: trade unions of Kharkiv region as a component of the institutions of the political system of Ukraine. Investigated problem: the growing influence of the party organization in the Kharkiv region on trade unions. The main scientific results: the party organization of Kharkiv region controlled the local trade unions. Their personnel policy was determined in party committees. The issue of the trade union movement was decided at the bureau of the province committee. The consequence of the party leadership of the cadres of the unions was that they did not fulfill their main task of protecting the economic interests of the working people. The result of the party leadership of the Kharkiv trade unions was that they performed unusual functions. The meetings of the Presidium of the Unions discussed a wide range of issues, most of which were not directly related to the economic protection of their members. The scope of practical use of research results: determined by suitability for use in the field of the modern state by politicians, parties, public organizations, state institutions, and the media. Innovative technological product: on the basis of numerous archival materials, many of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, a significant gap has been filled in the ideas about the process of party leadership of trade unions at the regional level, namely in the Kharkiv region. The scope of the innovative technological product: the practice of forming, implementing and improving the system of state regulation by public organizations.
The composition of garnet in granite and pegmatite from the Gangdese orogen in southeastern Tibet: Constraints on pegmatite petrogenesis
Authors: Yu Meng , Xia Qiong-Xia , Zheng Yong-Fei , Zhao Zi-Fu , Chen Yi-Xiang , Chen Ren-Xu , Luo Xu , Li Wan-Cai , Xu Haijun
Published: July 2020

Two generations of garnet are recognized in a granite and a pegmatite from the Gangdese orogen in southeastern Tibet on the basis of a combined study of petrography, major and trace element profiles, and garnet O isotopes. Zircon U-Pb dating and Hf-O isotope compositions also help constrain the origin of both granite and pegmatite. The first generation of garnet (Grt-I) occurs as residues in the center of garnet grains, and it represents an early stage of nucleation related to magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. Grt-I is dark in backscattered electron (BSE) images, rich in spessartine, and poor in almandine and grossular. Its chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns show obvious negative Eu anomalies and depletion in heavy REE (HREE) relative to middle REE (MREE). The second generation of pegmatite garnet (Grt-II) occurs as rims of euhedral garnets or as patches in Grt-I domains of the pegmatite, and it crystallized after dissolution of the preexisting pegmatite garnet (Grt-I domains) in the presence of the granitic magma. Compared with Grt-I, Grt-II is bright in BSE images, poor in spessartine, and rich in almandine and grossular contents. Its chondrite-normalized REE patterns exhibit obvious negative Eu anomalies but enrichment in HREE relative to MREE. The elevation of grossular and HREE contents for Grt-II relative to Grt-I domains indicate that the granitic magma had higher contents of Ca than the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The garnets in the granite, from core to rim, display homogenous profiles in their spessartine, almandine, and pyrope contents but increasing grossular and decreasing REE contents. They are typical of magmatic garnets that crystallized from the granitic magma. Ti-in-zircon temperatures demonstrate that the granite and pegmatite may share the similar temperatures for their crystallization. Grt-II domains in the pegmatite garnet have the same major and trace element compositions as the granite garnet, suggesting that the pegmatite Grt-II domains crystallized from the same granitic magma. Therefore, the pegmatite crystallized at first from early magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, producing small amounts of Grt-I, and the fluids then mixed with the surrounding granitic magma. The U-Pb dating and Hf-O isotope analyses of zircons from the granite and pegmatite yield almost the same U-Pb ages of 77–79 Ma, positive eHf(t) values of 5.6 to 11.9, and d18O values of 5.2 to 7.1‰. These data indicate that the granite and pegmatite were both derived from reworking of the juvenile crust in the newly accreted continental margin prior to the continental collision in the Cenozoic.
Formation of metasomatic tourmalinites in reduced schists during the Black Hills Orogeny, South Dakota
Authors: Nabelek Peter I.
Published: July 2020

Tourmaline is a common mineral in granites and metamorphic rocks in collisional orogens. This paper describes graphite-bearing, metasomatic tourmalinites in sillimanite-zone schists of the Proterozoic Black Hills Orogen, South Dakota. The tourmalinites bound quartz veins and beyond about 1 m grade into schists with disseminated tourmaline, and ultimately tourmaline becomes only a trace, intrinsic phase in the schists. Next to the quartz veins, tourmaline has almost completely replaced schist minerals, including biotite, muscovite, and plagioclase. The tourmaline is generally anhedral and follows the original foliation direction of the schist. However, tourmaline is euhedral in quartz veinlets cutting through the tourmalinites. Tourmaline is compositionally zoned from having about 22 to 2% of apparent Al occupancy on the Y sites. There are very good negative correlations of Y(Fe2++Mg2+), XCa2+, and YTi4+ with YAl3+, and a very good positive correlation of X-site vacancies with YAl3+. Mg# [molar Mg2+/(Mg2++Fe2+)] is fairly invariant at approximately 0.5, which is somewhat higher than that in the precursor biotite. This is in contrast to tourmaline in the neighboring peraluminous Harney Peak leucogranite where the range of Y site occupancy of Al is small at about 20%, but the Mg# ranges from 0.12 to 0.5.

The compositional trends in the metasomatic tourmaline are dominated by the exchange X☐ + 4 YAl3+ = XCa2+ + 3 Y(Fe2++Mg2+) + YTi4+. Mass-balance calculations suggest the metasomatizing fluid brought in H+ and B(OH)3 and removed K+, SiO2, and some Fe2+ during tourmalinization. Other elements in the tourmaline largely reflect the bulk composition of the replaced schist. The calculations show that silica in the quartz veins was locally derived, not brought in by the metasomatizing fluid. Interstitial graphite in the tourmalinites shows precipitation of carbon from the methane-bearing fluid. The study demonstrates an important effect of boron transfer by fluids during metamorphism and magmatism in the Earth's crust.
Quantification of excess 231Pa in late Quaternary igneous baddeleyite
Authors: Sun Yi , Schmitt Axel K. , Pappalardo Lucia , Russo Massimo
Published: July 2020

Initial excess protactinium (231Pa) is a frequently suspected source of discordance in baddeleyite (ZrO2) geochronology, which limits accurate U/Pb dating, but such excesses have never been directly demonstrated. In this study, Pa incorporation in late Holocene baddeleyite from Somma-Vesuvius (Campanian Volcanic Province, central Italy) and Laacher See (East Eifel Volcanic Field, western Germany) was quantified by U-Th-Pa measurements using a large-geometry ion microprobe. Baddeleyite crystals isolated from subvolcanic syenites have average U concentrations of ~200 ppm and are largely stoichiometric with minor abundances of Nb, Hf, Ti, and Fe up to a few weight percent. Measured (231Pa)/(235U) activity ratios are significantly above the secular equilibrium value of unity and range from 3.4(8) to 14.9(2.6) in Vesuvius baddeleyite and from 3.6(9) to 8.9(1.4) in Laacher See baddeleyite (values within parentheses represent uncertainties in the last significant figures reported as 1σ throughout the text). Crystallization ages of 5.12(56) ka (Vesuvius; MSWD = 0.96, n = 12) and 15.6(2.0) ka (Laacher See; MSWD = 0.91, n = 10) were obtained from (230Th)/(238U) disequilibria for the same crystals, which are close to the respective eruption ages. Applying a corresponding age correction indicates average initial (231Pa)/(235U)0 of 8.8(1.0) (Vesuvius) and 7.9(5) (Laacher See). For reasonable melt activities, model baddeleyite-melt distribution coefficients of DPa/DU = 5.8(2) and 4.1(2) are obtained for Vesuvius and Laacher See, respectively. Speciation-dependent (Pa4+ vs. Pa5+) partitioning coefficients (D values) from crystal lattice strain models for tetra- and pentavalent proxy ions significantly exceed DPa/DU inferred from direct analysis of 231Pa for Pa5+. This is consistent with predominantly reduced Pa4+ in the melt, for which D values similar to U4+ are expected. Contrary to common assumptions, baddeleyite-crystallizing melts from Vesuvius and Laacher See appear to be dominated by Pa4+ rather than Pa5+. An initial disequilibrium correction for baddeleyite geochronology using DPa/DU = 5 ± 1 is recommended for oxidized phonolitic melt compositions.
Seaborgite, LiNa6K2(UO2)(SO4)5(SO3OH)(H2O), the First Uranyl Mineral Containing Lithium
Authors: Kampf Anthony R. , Olds Travis A. , Plášil Jakub , Marty Joe , Perry Samuel N. , Corcoran Loretta , Burns Peter C.
Published: July 2020

Seaborgite (IMA2019-087), LiNa6K2(UO2)(SO4)5(SO3OH)(H2O), is a new mineral species from the Blue Lizard mine, Red Canyon, San Juan County, Utah, U.S.A. It is a secondary phase found on gypsum in association with copiapite, ferrinatrite, ivsite, metavoltine, and römerite. Seaborgite occurs in sprays of light-yellow, long flattened prisms or blades, up to about 0.2 mm in length. Crystals are elongated on [100], flattened on {010}, and exhibit the forms {100}, {010}, {001}, and {101}. The mineral is transparent with vitreous luster and very pale-yellow streak. It exhibits bright lime-green fluorescence under a 405 nm laser. The Mohs hardness is ~2½. The mineral has brittle tenacity, curved or conchoidal fracture, and one good cleavage on {100}. The measured density is 2.97(2) g/cm3. The mineral is immediately soluble in H2O at room temperature. The mineral is optically biaxial (–), α = 1.505(2), β = 1.522(2), γ = 1.536(2) (white light); 2Vmeas = 85(1)°; moderate r < ν dispersion; orientation X ^ a ≈ 10°; pleochroic X colorless, Y and Z light green-yellow; X < Y ≈ Z. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses of seaborgite undermeasured its Li, K, and Na. The empirical formula using Li, Na, and K based on the structure refinement is Li1.00Na5.81K2.19(UO2)(SO4)5(SO3OH)(H2O). Seaborgite is triclinic, P1, a = 5.4511(4), b = 14.4870(12), c = 15.8735(15) Å, α = 76.295(5), β = 81.439(6), γ = 85.511(6)°, V = 1203.07(18) Å3, and Z = 2. The structure (R1 = 0.0377 for 1935 I = 2σI) contains [(UO2)2(SO4)8]4– uranyl-sulfate clusters that are linked into a band by bridging LiO4 tetrahedra. The bands are linked through peripheral SO4 tetrahedra forming a thick heteropolyhedral layer. Channels within the layers contain a K site, while an additional K site, six Na sites, and an SO3OH group occupy the space between the heteropolyhedral layers.
The new mineral crowningshieldite: A high-temperature NiS polymorph found in a type IIa diamond from the Letseng mine, Lesotho
Authors: Smith Evan M. , Nestola Fabrizio , Pasqualetto Leonardo , Zorzi Federico , Secco Luciano , Wang Wuyi
Published: July 2020

Crowningshieldite is the natural analog of the synthetic compound α-NiS. It has a NiAs-type structure and is the high-temperature polymorph relative to millerite (β-NiS), with an inversion temperature of 379 °C. Crowningshieldite is hexagonal, space group P63/mmc, with a = 3.44(1) Å, c = 5.36(1) Å, V = 55.0(2) Å3, and Z = 2. It has an empirical formula (Ni0.90Fe0.10)S and dcalc = 5.47(1) g/cm3. The five strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction data are [dmeas in angstroms (I) (hkl)]: 1.992 (100) (102), 1.718 (55) (110), 2.978 (53) (100), 2.608 (35) (101), and 1.304 (17) (202). Crowningshieldite was found as part of a multiphase inclusion in a gem-quality, colorless, type IIa (containing less than ~5 ppm N) diamond from the Letseng mine, Lesotho. The inclusion contains crowningshieldite along with magnetite-magnesioferrite, hematite, and graphite. A fracture was observed that extended from the inclusion to the diamond exterior, meaning that fluids, possibly kimberlite-related, could have penetrated into this fracture and altered the inclusion. Originally, the inclusion might have been a more reduced, metallic Fe-Ni-C-S mixture made up of cohenite, Fe-Ni alloy, and pyrrhotite, akin to the other fracture-free, pristine inclusions within the same diamond. Such metallic Fe-Ni-C-S primary inclusions are a notable recurring feature of similar type IIa diamonds from Letseng and elsewhere that have been shown to originate from the sublithospheric mantle.

The discovery of crowningshieldite confirms that the α-NiS polymorph occurs in nature. In this case, the reason for its preservation is unclear, but the relatively iron-rich composition [Fe/(Fe+Ni) = 0.1] or the confining pressure of the diamond host are potential factors impeding its transformation to millerite. The new mineral name honors G. Robert Crowningshield (1919–2006) (IMA2018-072).
The impact of motivation factors and intention to adopt Jordan as a destination for medical tourism in the Middle East
Authors: Al Adwan Ahmad
Published: July 2020

The study aimed to investigate the impact of motivation factors on an individual’s decision to choose Jordan as their primary tourism destination in the Middle East. The decision to choose Jordan as a medical destination will be analyzed based on factors, including government support; push engagement, and image perception. To this end, the study will gather data from 300 online individuals who have traveled to the Middle East for medical purposes. A qualitative approach will be adopted to provide insight into an individual’s preference for Jordan as the primary medical destination. A Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling method was adopted, which allows for the creation of relations with different variables. The study’s findings indicate that people from rural areas in the Middle East preferred Jordan as a medical destination. Also, more women than men traveled to Jordan for medical purposes. Finally, more single people than married persons choose medical assistance in Jordan. Future studies are needed to ascertain how factors such as quality and cost influenced medical tourism into Jordan.
AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank the Business School at Al Ahliyya Amman University, Jordan. Specifically, many thanks go to the departments of marketing.
The impact of the board process on board and corporate performance: the case of Slovakia
Authors: Grofcikova Janka , Musa Hussam
Published: July 2020

Nowadays a great deal of attention is paid to corporate governance (CG). Frequent takeovers of ownership rights by management bodies led to a need for business owners to establish clear rules for business management and compliance monitoring. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between selected characteristics of the governance process and the ability of governing bodies to perform their core tasks, as well as to model and predict the impact of the selected characteristics of the governance process on the company’s financial performance, measured by the year-on-year change in return on equity. The respondent sample consists of members of randomly selected top management entities with their headquarters in Slovakia. A total of 132 subjects participated and answered questions in the survey, 54% of which were joint stock companies, 36% were limited liability companies and 10% were respondents from cooperatives. Data were personally collected by a questionnaire survey conducted during 2019. To verify the assumptions and success of the formulated model, correlation analysis, binary logistic regression and other relevant tests were used. The results show that each of the examined board process attributes significantly affects at least one board performance attribute. All significant correlations have a positive value. Independent variables in the ROE regression model increased the estimation rate of ROE change from 54.5% to 93.9%. The model is applicable in the CG practice and allows the prediction of changes in ROE with respect to ongoing governance processes. AcknowledgmentThis paper has been supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of Slovak Republic under the project VEGA No. 1/0749/18 “Research on the application of corporate governance principles in companies in Slovakia”. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Scientific Grant Agency of The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic for financial support of this research and publication.
Surveying Heritage with Affordable Yet Accurate Methods. A Study Case from Arequipa, Peru
Authors: Zeballos-Velarde Carlos , Quiroz Carlos Rodriguez , Bustinza Daniel Herrera , Pacheco Edwin Rios
Published: July 2020

One of the key aspects to keep adequate management and preservation of the built heritage is to maintain an adequate registry of the monuments. In many cases, state-of-the-art technologies are being used to develop accurate and rapid surveys, which utilize sophisticated high-cost equipment. However, in developing countries that possess a rich heritage, many of these technologies are beyond the reach of their possibilities, having to rely on manual, inefficient, and inaccurate systems that are still used.This research shows several alternatives of relatively low-cost techniques that allow a reliable data collection of built heritage, without losing the richness of the details of the historical architecture. To do this, a comparison is made between different methods of manual, semi-automatic, and automatic data collection, analyzing their costs and benefits. Subsequently, a comparative survey is carried out using the most efficient and affordable methods, proposing a methodology that leads to the improvement of surveys in historical buildings without this entailing a significant increase in costs.
Adaptive Reuse and Interventions of Chinese Architectural Heritage in the City of Lasem, Indonesia
Authors: Kwanda Timoticin
Published: July 2020

In Indonesia, Lasem identities as a China Town are constructed and developed over time, and Chinese architectural heritage is one of the main qualities and identity of the city. Recently, these unique Chinese architectural heritages have been transformed for tourism needs. This paper aims to document the transformation of functions or adaptive reuse, and its impact on forms and meanings of the Chinese architectural heritage of the city, and focuses on whether the interventions that occurred were by the principles of architectural conservation. In April 2019, the study surveyed and documented five Chinese historic buildings in Karangturi area in Lasem to understand how the architectural heritage has transformed. The result shows that tourism has a direct influence on changes in the building functions in Lasem, such as the Oei House and Little China that have changed from residences to homestays to accommodate the needs of tourists' lodgings. The other two buildings, namely House of Nyah Giok and Nyah Lasem museum have also changed their functions from residences to a batik home industry and a museum related to tourism attractions. Interventions on the four buildings with sensitive uses are following the principle of minimum intervention that preserved the original main buildings and changed only in the wings buildings, and new buildings for lodgings were infilled in vacant land of the site for the Oei House case. For one building, however, tourism has no direct influence on changes in the building functions, it has changed from a residence to an Islamic boarding school for the development of Islamic education that had nothing to do with preserving Chinese culture. Indirectly, the building remains a tourist destination because of its unique Chinese architectural features.  Findings show that for the four Chinese owners, the meaning or significance for the adaptation of the building is preserving historic values of the Chinese architecture, and economic values as well by developing commercial spaces and historic areas for tourist attractions.
A 2D HLL-based weakly coupled model for transient flows on mobile beds
Authors: Meurice Robin , Soares-Frazão Sandra
Published: July 2020

We propose a finite-volume model that aims at improving the ability of 2D numerical models to accurately predict the morphological evolution of sandy beds when subjected to transient flows like dam-breaks. This model solves shallow water and Exner equations with a weakly coupled approach while the fluxes at the interfaces of the cells are calculated thanks to a lateralized HLLC flux scheme. Besides describing the model, we ran it for four different test cases: a steady flow on an inclined bed leading to aggradation or degradation, a dam-break leading to high interaction between the flow and the bed, a dam-break with a symmetrical enlargement close to the gate and a dam-break in a channel with a 90° bend. The gathered results are discussed and compared to an existing fully coupled approach based on HLLC fluxes. Although both models equally perform regarding water levels, the weakly coupled model looks to better predict the bed evolution for the four test cases. In particular, its results are not affected by an excessive numerical diffusion encountered by the coupled model. Moreover, it usually better estimates the amplitudes of the maximum deposits and scours. It is also more stable when subject to high bed–flow interaction.
Assessing impacts of future climate change on hydrological processes in an urbanizing watershed with a multimodel approach
Authors: Sha Jian , Zhao Yue , Li Xue , Wang Zhong-liang
Published: July 2020

The sensitivity of hydrological processes to the changed environment is of great concern. The integrated impacts of climate change and urbanization in the future have been assessed in a watershed in Northwest China through a multimodel approach based on the combined application of Generalized Watershed Loading Functions, the Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator, and the Land Change Modeler. The results showed that both climate change and urbanization would lead to more watershed streamflow, and their combination would have synergistic effects on additional increases. In addition, there would be different seasonal distributions of streamflow with a greater proportion of runoff. These study results are helpful in supporting projects and/or decision-making processes for managers by providing more insights into the regional hydrological changes affected by climate change and urbanization. The proposed methodology of the combined multimodel approach may be applicable in other areas with similar conditions.
Water–energy nexus for estuarine systems with seasonal salinity variations: a thermodynamic feasibility analysis of reverse osmosis (RO)–pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) combinations
Authors: Chakraborty Arijit , Roy Anirban
Published: July 2020

The underlying philosophy of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)–reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid technology is the assumption of the availability of ‘fresh’ water for the purpose, which gets severely affected once the fresh-water streams undergo seasonal salinity variations. In the present article, the authors have tried to understand the overall feasibility of PRO-RO combination in such estuarine systems with appreciable variation of seasonal salinity. The article first discusses the feasibility of pretreating the feed of PRO using RO and later understanding the feasibility of PRO as supplemental technology to existing RO units. It was found that pretreating the PRO feed in such estuarine systems was energetically infeasible. However, PRO as supporting technology was found to produce energy of around 0.0994 kWh for 50% recovery. It was also concluded that with a fraction of RO permeate used for PRO, energy savings increase for estuarine systems with seasonal salinity variations.
Statistical Analysis of Environmental Pollution Impact on Population Morbidity in the Republic of Mari El
Authors: Korotkov P. A. , Trubyanov A. B. , Avdeeva A. A. , Gismieva A. I.
Published: July 2020

The article considers an econometric approach to the analysis of relation between the population morbidity rate depending on ecology and the environmental pollution index. Panel data are used in this approach.

The purpose is to find quantitative relations between the state of the environment and public health under the differentiated man-caused load threatening public health in the Republic of Mari El. Materials and methods. The research methods are based on the approaches to correlation and regression analysis of the panel data. In order to identify the environmental pollution index statistically related to the morbidity rate, Pearson and Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated. Then the regression models for the panel data were developed: a fixed-effect model and a random-effect model. The sources of the panel data are the following: Regional Statistics Office in the Mari El Republic (Maristat), Office of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing in the Mari El Republic (Rospotrebnadzor) and Ministry of Healthcare of the Mari El Republic. The data include six air and water pollution indexes and seven priority indicators of the population morbidity rate in 15 municipal districts of the Mari El Republic in the period of 2009–2017.

Results. The analysis of the Pearson and Spearman's correlation coefficients helped to identify environmental pollution indexes closely related to the population morbidity rate. These indicators were used as input data of the panel regression model. Three statistically significant panel regression models were identified. They describe the impact of pollution of drinking water from the distributed network on bronchial asthma morbidity among 0–14-aged children diagnosed for the first time in their life; and the impact of emission into the atmosphere of pollutants from the point emission sources on gastritis and duodenitis morbidity among 15–17 aged teenagers diagnosed for the first time in their life.

Conclusion. The identified models have biological plausibility. The ethiopathogenetic analysis confirms the possibility of existence of the identified relations. The statistically significant relations between environmental pollution and public health do not prove existence of cause-and-effect links between them. It is statistical demonstration of the hypothesis of their possible existence. This demonstration is an essential work stage to make the hypothesis a hard fact. In the future, it is proposed to use additional, more objective and integral evaluation of environmental quality, for example, the fluctuating asymmetry of bilateral features of biological objects.
The Mechanism of Coronary Artery Calcification in Centrally Obese Non-Diabetic Men: Study on The Interaction of Leptin, Free Leptin Index, Adiponectin, hs-C Reactive Protein, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and Matrix Gla Protein
Authors: Lukito Antonia Anna , Bakri Syakib , Kabo Peter , Wijaya Andi
Published: July 2020

Background: The calcium in the artery was thought to be the result of the imbalance or dysregulation of the promoter and inhibitor cytokines influenced by various subclinical and clinical conditions. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between central obesity, as an early subclinical condition, also known as a chronic low grade inflammation condition and coronary artery calcium (CAC) in non-diabetic population including the underlying pathomechanisms of a CAC in the early stage of atherosclerosis.Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional pathway analysis study enrolling 60 central obesity non-diabetic men that underwent coronary calcium score scan, anthropometrics and biomarker assays.Results: There was a positive correlation between increasing free leptin index/adiponectin (FLI/A) ratio and CAC (r=0.297; p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between increasing FLI/A ratio and plasma high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (r=0.318; p<0.05). Plasma hs-CRP and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-matrix gla protein (MGP) dysregulation were positively correlated (r=0.221; p<0.05) after adjusted to risk factors including insulin resistance, hypertension, age, and dyslipidemia.Conclusion: The study found that one of the pathways involved in CAC in the centrally obese non-diabetic male is might be due to an increase of free leptin and decrease of adiponectin. The free leptin and adiponection ratio also increased hs-CRP, which partially correlated to the dysregulation of BMP-2 and MGP.Keywords: coronary artery calcification, central obesity, adipokines, bone regulator protein, pathomechanism
Density of Dermatophagoides spp. and Its Relationship with House-dust Mite Specific Serum IgE in Persistent Asthma
Authors: Anasis Annisa Mulia , Rozaliyani Anna , Wibowo Heri
Published: July 2020

Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree that emerges as a response to exogenous factors, such as allergens, irritants, and infections. Some asthmatic patients had been reported having symptoms of asthma due to house-dust mites (HDM) allergen exposure. It is associated with immune responses which were increased in the form of specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) production against HDM allergens. This case-control study aimed to determine the HDM profiles in persistent asthmatic patients, including density of mites, as well as its relationship with specific IgE anti-HDM serum levels.Materials and Methods: A total of 13 patients with persistent asthma and 12 control patients had their specific anti-HDM IgE levels examined using Immulite 2000 xpi. The house dust samples were taken and analyzed with the Fain method.Results: The results have shown that 69% of patients in the persistent asthma group and 25% of normal patients were positive for IgE anti-HDM. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is a predominant species with a total of 120 mites (83.9%) of 143 mites. Correlation analysis indicated a positive relationship between IgE anti-HDM levels within the serums of patients and the density of mites in the dust obtained from bedroom spaces (Spearmen Rho, R=0.35, p=0.04).Conclusion: Positive IgE anti-HDM patients in the persistent asthma group were higher (69%) than those in the clinically normal group (25%). The density of mites were dominated by D. Pteronyssinus. The bedroom-dust mites density revealed a positive correlation with serum IgE anti-HDM levels in persistent asthma patients.Keywords: asthma, density, Dermatophagoides spp.,IgE
Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Polluted Wild Fish
Authors: Baothman Othman A. , Alshamrani Yonus A. , Al-Talhi Hasan A.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Antibiotic resistance is becoming a major public health concern worldwide. In marine animals, pollution is associated with the emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-expressing bacteria, resulting in antibiotic resistance. However, the prevalence of these bacteria in wild fish has not been reported.

Objective:

Accordingly, in this study, we explored the influence of pollution oxidative stress on the incidence of ESBL-expressingEnterobacteriaceaein the gut of wild fish species from the Red Sea coastal region of Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Additionally, we evaluated the incidence of varied ESBL genes contributing to the ESBL+ phenotype.

Methods:

Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using cephalosporins and carbapenems against ESBL- and carbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceae(CRE)-producing bacteria. Frequent genes contributing to the ESBL+ phenotype were analyzed. Primers targeting ESBLs (e.g.,blaCTX,blaSHV,blaTEM, andblaOXA) were used in polymerase chain reaction assays to detect the ESBL+ phenotype.

Results:

Screening results from the polluted site revealed ESBL-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniaeB8 and CRE-resistantMorganella morganiiA4. The evolution of theblaCTX-M gene inM. morganiiwas a consequence of aquatic pollution. The other isolatesAcinetobacter pittiiandProvidencia rettgeriwere found in the clean reference site. The isolateM. morganiishowed resistance to most mutual antibiotics and expressed some β-lactamase genes.

Conclusion:

Our findings provide useful data for selecting marine molecular genomic biomarkers caused by aquatic pollution.
Guidance and Counselling Programme and Overall Adjustment of Teenage Mothers: Evidence from Secondary Schools in Kenya
Authors: Opondo Chirstian M. , Jairo O. Aloka Peter
Published: July 2020

Background:

School adjustment is multifaceted that involves an array of demands varying in kind and degree which requires a variety of coping responses. Several teen mothers have been re-admitted to secondary schools in Kenya.

Objective:

The present study investigated the Guidance and Counselling Programme and Adjustment of Teenage Mothers in Secondary Schools in Kenya.

Methods:

The study adopted ex post facto’s Causal-comparative research design. The target population of the study was 242 re-admitted teenage mothers from selected schools in Ugenya Sub County, Kenya. The sample size comprised of 138 re-admitted teenage mothers who underwent the counselling programme and 104 re-admitted teenage mothers who were integrated back to the school without going through the counselling programme. Academic adjustment Questionnaire, Social Adjustment Questionnaire, Emotional Adjustment Questionnaire, Psychological Adjustment Questionnaire, Attitude towards Guidance and Counselling Questionnaire were used to collect data. The questionnaires had a good internal consistency of minimum α = 0.78. The data were analysed by both descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, standard deviation and percentages, and inferential statistics such as multiple regression techniques.

Results:

The results of the study revealed that student mothers registered the highest rating in social adjustment and they recorded the least rating in academic adjustment. However, the findings of the study revealed that students who had gone through formal counselling generally registered higher adjustments than those who did not pass through formal counseling. The teenage mothers’ attitude had a mediating effect on the relationship between guidance and counselling program and the overall adjustment of teenage mothers.

Conclusion:

School principals should provide comprehensive guidance and counselling programs to ensure the holistic adjustment of teenage mothers in schools.
Fractional Carbon-Dioxide Laser Plus Topical Clotrimazole versus Oral Itraconazole plus Topical Clotrimazole for Onychomycosis: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: V. Chau Tro , Mai Long P. , Nguyen Hao T. , Nay Suong M. , Nguyen Huyen T.N. , Nguyen Thang T.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Treating onychomycosis is problematic for a variety of reasons. The very nature of the hard, protective nail plate itself makes it difficult for topical drugs to reach the fungal pathogens beneath it. Oral therapy is more effective than topical therapy, but it is expensive, requires monitoring for toxicity, and can result in multiple drug interactions.

Objectives:

To compare the efficacy and safety of fractional CO2 laser combined with topical clotrimazole to oral itraconazole plus topical clotrimazole in the treatment of onychomycosis.

Methods:

A sample of 88 adults (between the ages of 18 and 78) was randomly divided into two groups. 45 patients received fractional CO2 laser therapy at an interval of 2 weeks and twice-daily application of clotrimazole 1% cream. 43 patients were treated by pulsed itraconazole (200 mg twice daily, 1 week on, 3 weeks off) and twice-daily application of clotrimazole 1% cream. The duration of the treatment was 3 months for fingernails and 4 months for toenails in both groups. The clinical effect was measured using the Scoring Clinical Index for Onychomycosis (SCIO index), KOH examination for the affected nails were performed, and liver function tests in the two groups were analyzed.

Results:

73% of patients treated with fractional ablative CO2 laser achieved a negative KOH examination compared with 79% of the itraconazole group (P>0.05). The SCIO reduction in the laser group was superior to that in the itraconazole group (P<0.001). Notably, a biochemical abnormality was not documented in patients who received laser treatment. In contrast, liver transaminases elevations without clinical symptoms were documented in two patients at the end of itraconazole therapy.

Conclusion:

Fractional CO2 laser plus a topical antifungal drug might be more clinically effective in the treatment of onychomycosis than itraconazole, without any adverse reactions. It could be an alternative for clinicians in onychomycosis cases in which oral antifungal agents are contraindicated.
Outsiders in Nursing - Voices of Black African Born Nurses & Students in the US: An Integrative Review
Authors: Iheduru-Anderson Kechi , Akanegbu Christiana , Inungu Jeff
Published: July 2020

Purpose:

The purpose of this integrative review was to describe the experience of being outsiders in nursing as described by Black African Born Nurses and Student Nurses (BABN&SN) in the U.S., give voice to their experiences in U.S. academia and healthcare settings, discuss the implications of the BABN&SN othering on the U.S. healthcare systems, and offer recommendations to address the issues based on the literature.

Methods:

An integrative review approach discussed by Whittemore and Knafl was utilized to review literature from nursing journal published from 2008 to 2019.

Results:

Major findings include collegial/peer isolation and loneliness; racism and discrimination, unwelcoming environment, silencing of voices, personal resilience, and sense of belonging. The results of this review indicate that BABN&SN experience in U.S. nursing contribute to harrowing periods of feeling like ‘an outsider.’

Conclusions:

BABN&SN are integral part of the U.S. nursing workforce and the healthcare system. Academic and work environments that support all nurses and students, despite their perceived differences, are essential to promoting an inclusive environment. Understanding the relational pattern that guides the BABN&SN socialization into nursing is vital to developing targeted support especially when entering the clinical practice environment.