bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Two‐Stage Iterative Process for the Synthesis of Poly‐oxazoles.
Authors: Atkins Jeffery M. , Vedejs Edwin
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rapid Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Lebrini Mounim , Bentiss Fouad , Lagrenee Michel
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclization of 1‐Hydroxy‐2‐(oxoalkynyl)anthraquinones.
Authors: Mzhelskaya M. A. , Ivanchikova I. D. , Polyakov N. E. , Moroz A. A. , Shvartsberg M. S.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydro‐1H‐xanthen‐1‐ones and Xanthenes.
Authors: Patil Mahesh L. , Borate Hanumant B.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Practical Synthetic Pathway to Polysubstituted Tetrahydropyridines via Multicomponent Reactions Catalyzed by BF3×OEt2.
Authors: Xiao Daijun , Wang Lijia , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Quinolines from the Acetates of Baylis—Hillman Adducts: Aza‐Claisen Rearrangement as the Key Step.
Authors: Kim Seung Chan , Gowrisankar Saravanan , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regiospecific Synthesis, Structure and Electron Ionization Mass Spectra of 1,3‐Thiazolidin‐4‐ones Containing the Acridine Skeleton.
Authors: Geci Imrich , Valtamo Pauliina , Imrich Jan , Kivelae Henri , Kristian Pavol , Pihlaja Kalevi
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Convenient Synthesis of Tetrahydrocycloheptapyridines: New Precursors for CNS Agents.
Authors: Yoshizumi Takashi , Miyazoe Hiroshi , Sugimoto Yuichi , Takahashi Hirobumi , Okamoto Osamu
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2H‐Chromeno[4,3‐b]pyridine‐2,5(1H)‐diones and Related Heterocycles via the Erlenmeyer—Ploechl Reaction.
Authors: Ivanov Ivo Christov , Glasnov Toma Nikolaev , Heber Dieter
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies with Quinolines: New Synthetic Routes to 4H,5H,6H,9H‐Benzo[ij]pyrano[2,3‐b]quinolizine‐8‐one (III), 4H‐Pyrano[2,3‐b]pyridine (V), 2H‐Pyran‐2‐one (IX) and Pyranopyridoquinoline (XI) Derivatives
Authors: El‐Taweel Fathy Mohamad Abdel Aziz
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Type Addition of indoles to Nitro‐Olefins Using a Chiral Hydrogen‐Bonding Catalyst — Synthesis of Optically Active Tetrahydro‐β‐Carbolines.
Authors: Zhuang Wei , Hazell Rita G. , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic, Enantioselective, Conjugate Alkyne Addition.
Authors: Knoepfel Thomas F. , Zarotti Pablo , Ichikawa Takashi , Carreira Erick M.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Convenient Synthesis of Substituted 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐8‐methyl‐3‐(4‐phenylquinazolin‐2‐yl)‐2H‐pyrano [2,3‐c]pyridin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Zhuravel Irina O. , Kovalenko Sergiy M. , Ivachtchenko Alexandre V. , Chernykh Valentin P. , Shinkarenko Pavlo E.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Pyrimido[4,5‐a]‐ and Pyrido[4,3‐a]carbazole Derivatives.
Authors: Kukushkin S. Yu. , Ivanov P. Yu. , Alekseeva L. M. , Kobrakov K. I. , Granik V. G.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Method for the Generation of α‐Nitrosoolefins from Ketooximes and Its Application to the Synthesis of 5,6‐Dihydro‐4H‐1,2‐oxazine Derivatives.
Authors: Gaonkar S. L. , Rai K. M. Lokanatha
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 3‐(N‐Arylamino)‐2‐phenylnaphtho[1,3‐d]‐1,2‐oxaphosphole 2‐Oxides.
Authors: Haranath P. , Anasuyamma U. , Raju C. Naga , Reddy C. Devendranath , Reddy C. Suresh
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Vinyltriphenylphosphonium Salt Mediated Efficient Synthesis of Iminophosphoranes Derived from 2‐Aminothiazoles.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Mostofi Manizheh , Ghanbary Khadijeh , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Selenocarbamoylation of Alkynes with Carbamoselenoates: Formation of α‐Alkylidene‐β‐lactam Framework.
Authors: Toyofuku Masashi , Fujiwara Shin‐ich , Shin‐ike Tsutomu , Kuniyasu Hitoshi , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structure of Tris(4‐ferrocenylphenyl)boroxine and Its Utility in Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Makarov M. V. , Dyadchenko V. P. , Antipin M. Yu.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Concise Syntheses of Bacteriohopanetetrol and Its Glucosamine Derivative.
Authors: Pan Weidong , Zhang Yongmin , Liang Guangyi , Vincent Stephane P. , Sinay Pierre
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of N‐Protected β‐Aminocyclopropanedicarboxylates and Their Ring Transformation to N‐Benzhydryl‐3‐alkoxycarbonyl‐4,4‐dialkylpyrrolidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Mangelinckx Sven , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Mono‐ and Polyhydroxylated Cyclobutane Nucleoside Analogues.
Authors: Marsac Yoann , Nourry Arnaud , Legoupy Stephanie , Pipelier Muriel , Dubreuil Didier , Aubertin Anne‐Marie , Bourgougnon Nathalie , Benhida Rachid , Huet Francois
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Premisakinolide A, the Monomeric Counterpart of the Marine 40‐Membered Dimeric Macrolide Misakinolide A.
Authors: Nakamura Ryoichi , Tanino Keiji , Miyashita Masaaki
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Citridones, New Potentiators of Antifungal Miconazole Activity, Produced by Penicillium sp. FKI‐1938. Part 1. Taxonomy, Fermentation, Isolation and Biological Properties.
Authors: Fukuda Takashi , Yamaguchi Yuichi , Masuma Rokuro , Tomoda Hiroshi , Omura Satoshi
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Shape‐Dependent Magnetic Properties of Low‐Dimensional Nanoscale Prussian Blue (PB) Analogue SmFe(CN)6×4H2O.
Authors: Sun Hao‐Ling , Shi Hongtao , Zhao Fei , Qi Limin , Gao Song
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Comparison of the Magnetic and Optical Properties of Wide‐Gap (II,Mn)VI Nanostructures Confined in Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Brieler Felix J. , Grundmann Petra , Froeba Michael , Chen Limei , Klar Peter J. , Heimbrodt Wolfram , Krug von Nidda Hans‐Albrecht , Kurz Thomas , Loidl Alois
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Assembling of Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Authors: Shavel Alexey , Gaponik Nikolai , Eychmueller Alexander
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural Aspects of Spin Crossover — Example of the [FeIILn(NCS)2] Complexes
Authors: Guionneau Philippe , Marchivie Mathieu , Bravic Georges , Letard Jean‐Francois , Chasseau Daniel
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Small Peptides with a β‐Hairpin Structure
Authors: Miltschitzky S. , Koenig B.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrogen‐Bonding Motifs in Fullerene Chemistry
Authors: Sanchez Luis , Martin Nazario , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transglycosylation and Condensation of Disaccharide Units Using Endo‐Type Glycosidases
Authors: Totani Kazuhide , Yasutake Nozomu , Murata Takeomi , Usui Taichi
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyrimidine as Constituent of Natural Biologically Active Compounds
Authors: Lagoja Irene M.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selection in the Abiotic Synthesis of RNA Using Metal Ion Catalyst and Template
Authors: Sawai Hiroaki
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Some Heteroaromatic Organomercurials: Their Syntheses and Reactions (A Review of Own Research Works: 1980‐2000)
Authors: Skulski Lech , Wroczynski Piotr
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Advanced Methods for the Synthesis of 3‐Substituted 1H‐Isoindol‐1‐ones
Authors: Stajer Geza , Csende Ferenc
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Approaches to the Formation of Condensed Isoindolones
Authors: Csende Ferenc , Stajer Geza
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Redox and Related Reactions of Quinomethylenes
Authors: Inam‐ul‐Haque Inam‐ul‐Haque , Razvi Naveed
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in Catalytic Asymmetric Addition to Imines and Related C=N Systems
Authors: Vilaivan Tirayut , Bhanthumnavin Worawan , Sritana‐Anant Yongsak
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Indium Reagents in Heterocyclic Chemistry
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Kaur Pervinder , Kumar Vijay
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecules with Exceptionally Small HOMO—LUMO Gaps
Authors: Perepichka Dmitrii F. , Bryce Martin R.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Terpene Trilactones from Gingko biloba: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century
Authors: Nakanishi Koji
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ginkgolides and Bilobalide: Their Physical, Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: van Beek Teris A.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Protein Oligomerization: How and Why
Authors: Ali Mayssam H. , Imperiali Barbara
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Revolution in Electron Microscopy
Authors: Thomas John Meurig
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Strategies and Tools for Structure Determination of Natural Products Using Modern Methods of NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Nadja Bross‐Walch , Kuehn Till , Moskau Detlef , Zerbe Oliver
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Twelve‐year mortality results of a randomized trial of 2 versus 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen for postmenopausal early‐stage breast carcinoma patients (SITAM 01)
Authors: Belfiglio Maurizio , Valentini Miriam , Pellegrini Fabio , De Berardis Giorgia , Franciosi Monica , Rossi Maria C.E. , Sacco Michele , Nicolucci Antonio
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated the impact on overall survival (OS) of 2 versus 5 years adjuvant tamoxifen in early breast carcinoma patients after 12 years of follow‐up.

METHODS

Women with breast carcinoma T1–3, N0–3, M0, aged 50–70 years, were eligible for this multicenter randomized Phase III trial. Patients event‐free after 2 years of tamoxifen therapy (TAM) were randomly assigned to stop or continue TAM (20 mg/day) for an additional 3 years. The primary endpoint was disease‐free survival. Secondary endpoints included OS and toxicity.

RESULTS

From 1989 through 1996, 1901 patients were randomly assigned either to stop treatment (n= 958) or to continue TAM (n= 943). Overall, 98% of patients alive at the previous report (n= 1611) had updated information about OS, of whom 549 had died. The median duration of postrandomization follow‐up was 115 months (interquartile range, 86–137). No statistically significant differences between the two arms were detected in the whole population (hazard ratio [HR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86–1.22) and in estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive patients (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.72–1.13). In the latter group, survival curves started to diverge after 90 months, showing a trend in favor of the 5‐year arm. In younger (age ≤55 yrs) ER‐positive patients longer TAM was associated with a 44% decrease in the risk of death (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.31–1.00), while no clear benefit was documented in women older than 55 years of age (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.77–1.25).

CONCLUSIONS

The benefits of longer TAM on OS start to emerge only after 9 years from diagnosis and seem to be more relevant in younger ER‐positive women. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Notable effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan, on acute cardiotoxic changes after standard chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone
Authors: Nakamae Hirohisa , Tsumura Kei , Terada Yoshiki , Nakane Takahiko , Nakamae Mika , Ohta Kensuke , Yamane Takahisa , Hino Masayuki
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

There are three distinct types of doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity (acute, chronic, and late‐onset). Although previous studies with animal models suggest that angiotensin II plays a key role in the process of the doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity, there has been no such observation in humans. This randomized study investigated whether valsartan, a new class of angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), can inhibit acute cardiotoxicity after doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy.

METHODS

Forty consecutive patients with untreated non‐Hodgkin lymphoma who were scheduled to undergo standard chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP) (mean age, 56 yrs; range, 24–70 yrs) were randomized with minimization methods to receive CHOP with or without 80 mg/day of valsartan. Acute cardiotoxicity was comprehensively evaluated with neurohumoral, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic markers before and on Days 3, 5, and 7 after the initiation of CHOP.

RESULTS

CHOP induced transient increases in the left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter in an echocardiogram, the QTc interval and QTc dispersion in an electrocardiogram, and in the plasma brain and atrial natriuretic peptides. All these changes returned to nearly normal levels within a week after CHOP (P < 0.001). Notably, valsartan significantly prevented all these changes except for the elevation in atrial natriuretic peptide (P < 0.05). No significant change was observed in blood pressure or heart rate between the valsartan and control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that angiotensin II may play an essential role in acute CHOP‐induced cardiotoxicity in humans. Future long‐term studies are necessary to judge whether ARBs have a potential to prevent the chronic or late‐onset types of doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Cognitive functioning after adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for early‐stage breast carcinoma
Authors: Donovan Kristine A. , Small Brent J. , Andrykowski Michael A. , Schmitt Frederick A. , Munster Pamela , Jacobsen Paul B.
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

Evidence suggests that women diagnosed with early‐stage breast carcinoma may experience cognitive problems as a consequence of adjuvant chemotherapy treatment. The present study was conducted to examine whether there are differences in cognitive performance and cognitive complaints between women treated with and without chemotherapy for TNM Stage 0 to II breast carcinoma.

METHODS

As part of a larger study on quality of life, women were recruited with newly diagnosed Stage 0 to II breast carcinoma scheduled to be treated with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (n = 60) or radiotherapy only (n = 83). Six months after the completion of treatment, participants were administered a standard neuropsychologic battery to assess cognitive performance and a self‐report measure to assess perceived cognitive problems.

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences between women who received chemotherapy and those who did not with regard to their average performance on tests of episodic memory, attention, complex cognition, motor performance, or language. Likewise, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups in the prevalence of impairment in each of these cognitive domains. Women who underwent chemotherapy also did not report significantly more problems with cognitive functioning than women treated without chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings failed to confirm previous reports suggesting adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with problems in cognitive functioning among women who receive treatment for Stage 0 to II breast carcinoma. Future research should use prospective longitudinal research designs incorporating appropriate comparison groups to further explore this issue. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Transparent access to Grid resources for user software
Authors: Klous Sander , Frey Jaime , Son Se‐Chang , Thain Douglas , Roy Alain , Livny Miron , van den Brand Jo
Published: October 2005

Grid computing promises access to large amounts of computing power, but so far adoption of Grid computing has been limited to highly specialized experts for three reasons. First, users are used to batch systems, and interfaces to Grid software are often complex and different to those in batch systems. Second, users are used to having transparent file access, which Grid software does not conveniently provide. Third, efforts to achieve wide‐spread coordination of computers while solving the first two problems is hampered when clusters are on private networks. Here we bring together a variety of software that allows users to almost transparently use Grid resources as if they were local resources while providing transparent access to files, even when private networks intervene. As a motivating example, the BaBar Monte Carlo production system is deployed on a truly distributed environment, the European DataGrid, without any modification to the application itself. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large area lateral overgrowth of mismatched InGaP on GaAs(111)B substrates
Authors: Uematsu S. , Nomoto M. , Nakayama S. , Takahashi N. S.
Published: October 2005

Application of InGaAs/InGaP double‐heterostructure (DH) lasers increases the band offset between the cladding layer and the active layer more than the use of conventional 1.3 µm InGaAsP/InP lasers. As a first step in realizing 1.3 µm InGaP/InGaAs/InGaP DH lasers, we proposed InGaP lattice‐mismatched epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) technique and successfully carried out the InGaP growth on both GaAs (100), (111)B and InP (100) substrates by liquid phase epitaxy. In this work, we grew the InGaP crystal on GaAs (111)B substrate by adjusting Ga and P composition in In solution, to obtain In0.79Ga0.21P (λ = 820 nm) virtual substrate for 1.3 µm InGaAs/InGaP DH lasers. To grow the InGaP all over the lateral surface of the substrate, the growth time was extended to 6 hours. The amount of InGaP lateral growth up to 2 hours was gradually increased, but the lateral growth was saturated. The InGaP lateral width was about 250 µm at the growth time of 6 hours. We report the result that optical microscope observation, CL and X‐ray rocking curve measurements and reciprocal lattice space mapping were carried out to evaluate the crystal quality of the grown InGaP layers. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of amorphous Sb2Te2Se thin films
Authors: El‐Sayad E. A. , Sakr G. B.
Published: October 2005

Thin films of Sb2Te2Se were prepared by conventional thermal evaporation of the presynthesized material on Corning glass substrates. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by means of energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry. X‐ray diffraction studies on the as‐deposited and annealed films revealed an amorphous‐to‐crystalline phase transition. The as‐deposited and annealed films at T a = 323 and 373 K are amorphous, while those annealed at T a= 423 and 473 K are crystalline with a single‐phase of a rhombohedral crystalline structure as that of the source material. The unit‐cell lattice parameters were determined and compared with the reported data. The optical constants (n , k ) of the investigated films were determined from the transmittance and reflectance data at normal incidence in the spectral range 400–2500 nm. The analysis of the absorption spectra revealed non‐direct energy gaps, characterizing the amorphous films, while the crystalline films exhibited direct energy gaps. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal and infrared studies of calcium malate crystals grown in diffusion limited medium
Authors: Jini T. , Saban K. V. , Varghese G.
Published: October 2005

Single crystals of the title compound Ca (C4H5O5)2.10H2O are grown in silica gel using controlled chemical reaction method. Multifaceted single crystals of size up to 8 × 4 × 2 mm3 are obtained. Powder X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern of the grown crystal and the Fourier Transform Infra‐Red (FTIR) spectrum in the range 400–4000 cm–1 are recorded. The vibrational bands corresponding to different functional groups are assigned. Thermal decomposition stages observed in the Thermo‐gravimetric (TG) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) studies are discussed. A six‐stage thermal decomposition scheme is proposed for the compound. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gli3 null mice display glandular overgrowth of the developing stomach
Authors: Kim Jae H. , Huang Zhen , Mo Rong
Published: October 2005

The role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in various aspects of gut development is still poorly understood. In the developing stomach, Sonic (Shh) and Indian (Ihh) hedgehog are expressed in both distinct and overlapping regions. Loss of Sonic hedgehog function in the stomach results in a glandular phenotype of intestinal transformation and overgrowth. These changes are reminiscent of the pre‐malignant lesion, intestinal metaplasia. To determine the role of Hedgehog‐related transcription factors, Gli2 and Gli3, in Shh signaling during stomach development, we conducted a mutant analysis of glandular stomach from Shh, Gli2, and Gli3 mutant mice. Although Gli2 principally mediates the activator function of Shh, surprisingly we observed minimal changes in glandular development in the Gli2 mutant stomach. Furthermore, Gli3, which typically functions as a repressor of Hedgehog signal, showed a striking phenocopy of the glandular expansion and intestinal transformation found in Shh mutant stomach. A reduction in apoptotic events was seen in all mutant stomachs with no appreciable changes in proliferation. Both Shh and Gli3 mutant stomachs displayed early changes of intestinal transformation but these did not impact on the overall differentiation of the gastric epithelium. Interestingly, the observation that Gli3 shares a similar glandular phenotype to Shh mutant stomach reveals a possible novel role of Gli3 activator in the developing stomach. The embryonic stomach is a unique model of the Hedgehog pathway function and one that may help to uncover some of the mechanisms underlying the development of intestinal metaplasia. Developmental Dynamics 234:984–991, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of SiPW‐X Mesoporous Silica with Heteropolyacid Encapsulated into Their Framework
Authors: Shi Chunfeng , Wang Runwei , Zhu Guangshan , Qiu Shilun , Long Jun
Published: October 2005

A series of SiPW‐X mesoporous silica with Keggin‐type heteropolyacids (HPAs) encapsulated into their framework have been synthesized under strong acidic conditions. During hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), Na2HPO4 (P source) and Na2WO4 (W Source) are added into the initial sol‐gel system to form Keggin type HPAs. The final products have been intensively characterized by various techniques, such as XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption isotherm analysis, and by IR, UV/Visible, and 31P Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Characterization results suggest that samples with an HPA weight percent of 13.3–20.7 % show very ordered hexagonal mesostructures. In addition, HPAs incorporated in the mesosilica are insoluble during catalysis. Results of catalytic tests show that SiPW‐X materials have catalytic activities that are comparable to bulk HPA in catalytic tests implementing chemical reactions of both small (cumene cracking and esterification of ethanol with acetic acid) and bulky (1,3,5‐triisopropylbenzene cracking and esterification of benzoic acid with tert‐butyl alcohol) molecules. It can be readily separated from the reaction system for reuse, which suggests the potential industrial application. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The Synthesis and Characterisation of Bis(phosphane)‐Linked (6‐p‐Cymene)ruthenium(II)–Borane Compounds
Authors: Chaplin Adrian B. , Scopelliti Rosario , Dyson Paul J.
Published: October 2005

The reaction of [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2]2 with some bis(phosphane) ligands (dppm, dppe, dppv, dppa, dpp14b, dppf) has been investigated. In general mixtures of products were obtained, although the pendant phosphane complexes [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(η1‐dppv)] and [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(η1‐dppa)] were isolated and characterized in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction. The later complex was obtained in lower yield and undergoes an equilibration reaction resulting in the formation of a dimeric species, where the dppa bridges two ruthenium centres, and uncoordinated phosphane; the bridging species was also structurally characterised in the solid state. In contrast, the reaction of [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(PPh3)] with dppa in the presence of [NH4]PF6 results in the formation of [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl(PPh3)(η1‐dppa)]PF6, which is stable in solution. A series of linked ruthenium–borane complexes, viz. [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(η1‐phosphane‐BH3)] (phosphane = dppm, dppe, dppv, dppa, dpp14b, dppf) and [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl(PPh3)(η1‐dppa‐BH3)]PF6 have been prepared from isolated pendant phosphane complexes, those generated in situ, or from a preformed phosphane–borane adduct. The solid‐state structures of [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(η1‐dppm‐BH3)], [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(η1‐dppe‐BH3)] and [(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl2(η1‐dppv‐BH3)] have been determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Structural and Magnetic Investigation of Ferromagnetically Coupled Copper(II) Isophthalates
Authors: Shen Wei‐Zheng , Chen Xiao‐Yan , Cheng Peng , Yan Shi‐Ping , Zhai Bin , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui
Published: October 2005

Page 2304 of ref.1: In Table 2. Data collection and processing parameters, the c cell value for complex 2 should be 15.190(10) and not 16.2328(6) Å. The authors apologise for this mistake and thank Ms Lorna Rouse of the CCDC centre for bringing this to their attention.
Homo‐ and Heteroduplex Complexes Containing Terpyridine‐Type Ligands and Zn2+ (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 21/2005)
Authors: Dumitru Florina , Petit Eddy , van der Lee Arie , Barboiu Mihail
Published: October 2005

The cover picture shows the self‐assembly of two selected terpy‐type ligands by π‐π stacking around the Zn2+ ion to form isolated “heterodimers” (top left with terpy and a bis‐Schiff‐base ligand), 2D layers (bottom right with a hydrazone bis‐pyridine ligand and a bis‐Schiff‐base ligand) and a double helix (on the diagonal, with only bis‐Schiff‐base ligands). In addition a 1D stacked layer could be synthesized. Further details may be found in the article by M. Barboiu et al. on p. 4255 ff.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Construction of α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acids for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds
Authors: Ohfune Yasufumi , Shinada Tetsuro
Published: October 2005

Natural and unnatural compounds possessing an α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acid substructure have received significant attention because of their structural complexity and potent biological activity. Many methods have been developed for the enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acids, many of which are focused on the total synthesis of natural products and related bioactive compounds. This microreview highlights recent advances in synthetic methods utilized for the synthesis of (1) α‐substituted serine analogs, which were extensively transformed into glutamate and enkephalin analogs, and (2) natural products such as lactacystin, manzacidins, kaitocephalin, altemicidin, sphingofungins, and neooxazolomycin. The key methods for the construction of these higher‐order structures are the asymmetric Strecker synthesis and enolate‐Claisen rearrangements used by our group, and aldol condensation of an enolate or bislactim, mercurio‐ or iodo‐cyclization, alkylation of an oxazoline, rearrangement of a trichloroacetimidate, nitrene insertion into a C–H bond, carbene insertion into a C–N bond, a Diels–Alder reaction, Lewis acid‐induced epoxide opening, and other methods by other groups. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Facile and Highly Diastereoselective Formation of a Novel Pentacyclic Scaffold by Direct Anodic Oxidation of 2,4‐Dimethylphenol
Authors: Malkowsky Itamar M. , Rommel Christina E. , Wedeking Katrin , Fröhlich Roland , Bergander Klaus , Nieger Martin , Quaiser Claudia , Griesbach Ulrich , Pütter Hermann , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: October 2005

Electrochemical oxidation of 2,4‐dimethylphenol directly provides pentacyclic systems being generated by an oxidative trimerization. The major pentacyclic scaffold is exclusively formed as a single diastereoisomer and is easily isolated. Three further pentacyclic compounds which occur in minor quantities were also fully characterized including their solid‐state structures. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
MEG reveals different contributions of somatomotor cortex and cerebellum to simple reaction time after temporally structured cues
Authors: Martin Tim , Houck Jon M. , Bish Joel Pearson , Kičić Dubravko , Woodruff C. Chad , Moses Sandra N. , Lee Dustin C. , Tesche Claudia D.
Published: October 2005

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to measure brain activity while participants performed a simple reaction to targets after either a random interval (uncued targets) or a series of isochronous warning stimuli with 200‐ms intervals that acted as a countdown. Targets could arrive “on time” or “early” relative to the preceding warning stimuli. Cerebellar activity before any stimulus onset predicted uncued simple reaction time. Onset of activity in somatomotor cortex relative to the target predicted reaction time after two warning stimuli when the target arrived on time or early. After three warning stimuli, when the target arrived on time and was certain to occur, prestimulus cerebellar activity and somatomotor onset were significant predictors of reaction time. When the target arrived early after three warning stimuli, prestimulus cerebellar and cingulate activity were predictive. The cerebellar results may reflect a number of possible factors, including a role in timing, response readiness, prediction and attention. Hum. Brain Mapping 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of glycine in acute alcohol hallucinosis
Authors: Aliyev Nadir A. , Aliyev Zafar N.
Published: October 2005

Introduction

Previous studies showed that patients with acute alcohol hallucinosis had significantly lower levels of the inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter, glycine.

Methods

A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study of glycine in 40 patients with acute alcohol hallucinosis. Treatment duration was 7 days with no other psychotropic medication.

Results

The 20 patients randomised to the active drug (700 mg glycine sublingually) demonstrated a significant decrease in severity of hallucinosis compared to the 20 patients receiving placebo.

Conclusion

The positive effects of glycine may be related to an altered balance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a rational design of β‐peptide structures
Authors: Beke Tamás , Somlai Csaba , Perczel András
Published: October 2005

Intrinsic conformational characteristics of β‐peptides built up from simple achiral and chiral β‐amino acid residues (i.e., HCO‐β‐Ala‐NH2, HCO‐β‐Abu‐NH2) were studied using quantum chemical calculations and1H‐NMR spectroscopy. A conformer‐based systematic and uniform nomenclature was introduced to differentiate conformers. Geometry optimizations were performed on all homoconformers of both HCO‐(β‐Ala)k‐NH2and HCO‐(β‐Abu)k‐NH2(1 ≤k≤ 6) model systems at the RHF/3‐21G and RHF/6‐311++G(d,p) levels of theory. To test for accuracy and precision, additional computations were carried out at several levels of theory [e.g., RHF/6‐31G(d), and B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p)]. To display the folding preference, the relative stability of selected conformers as function of the length of the polypeptide chain was determined.Ab initiopopulation distribution of hexapeptides and the conformational ensemble of synthetic models composed of β‐Ala and β‐Abu studied using1H‐NMR in different solvents were compared at a range of temperatures. Helical preference induced by various steric effects of nonpolar side chains was tested using higher levelab initiomethods for well‐known model systems such as: HCO‐(β‐HVal‐β‐HAla‐β‐HLeu)2‐NH2, HCO‐(ACHC)6‐NH2, HCO‐(trans‐ACPC)6‐NH2, and HCO‐(cis‐ACPC)6‐NH2. The relative stabilities determined by theoretical methods agreed well with most experimental data, supporting the theory that the local conformational preference influenced by steric effects is a key determining factor of the global fold both in solution and in the gas phase. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 20–38, 2006
Expression of metalloproteinase‐7 (matrilysin) in human blood and bronchoalveolar Gamma/Delta T‐lymphocytes. Selective upregulation by the soluble non‐peptidic mycobacterial phosphoantigen (isopentenyl pyrophosphate)
Authors: Workalemahu Grefachew , Foerster Martin , Kroegel Claus
Published: October 2005

Human γδ T‐lymphocytes are believed to regulate local immune defense and enhance resistance against invading microbes, although their precise function remains unknown. Herein, we addressed the question whether γδ T‐lymphocytes mediate these processes via synthesis of MMP‐7, a protease closely associated with both epithelial repair and mucosal defense. Blood and bronchoalveolar γδ T‐lymphocytes were cultured in the absence and presence of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) or TGF‐β1/IL‐15 for 24 h, and assessed for the expression and synthesis of MMP‐1, MMP‐7, and MMP‐9. Resting human γδ T‐lymphocytes constitutively expressed MMP‐9 mRNA, a marginal or no MMP‐7 and MMP‐1 mRNA. In the presence of IPP (3 µg/ml), expression of MMP‐7 mRNA significantly increased, whereas TGF‐β1/IL‐15 had no effect. Further, quiescent γδ T‐lymphocytes obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed a weak or no MMP‐7 mRNA signal which was raised significantly following stimulation with IPP. In Western blot analysis, a 28‐kDa pro‐matrilysin could be detected both in cell lysates (2 days) and supernatants (5 days) with a four‐ to sevenfold increased signal following IPP‐stimulation of the γδ T‐lymphocytes. In conclusion, the data demonstrate for the first time that both human blood and BAL γδ T‐lymphocytes express MMP‐7 mRNA and synthesize MMP‐7‐protein. This unfolds a new perspective for the understanding of γδ T‐lymphocyte function. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 67–74, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐2 regulates IL‐1 signaling in fibroblasts through focal adhesions
Authors: Herrera Abreu Maria Teresa , Wang Qin , Vachon Eric , Suzuki Tomoko , Chow Chung‐Wai , Wang Yingchun , Hong Ouyang , Villar Jesús , McCulloch Christopher A.G. , Downey Gregory P.
Published: October 2005

Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) mediates destruction of matrix collagens in diverse inflammatory diseases including arthritis, periodontitis, and pulmonary fibrosis by activating fibroblasts, cells that interact with matrix proteins through integrin‐based adhesions. In vitro, IL‐1β signaling is modulated by focal adhesions, supramolecular protein complexes that are enriched with tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. We assessed the importance of tyrosine phosphatases in regulating cell–matrix interactions and IL‐1β signaling. In human gingival fibroblasts plated on fibronectin, IL‐1β enhanced the maturation of focal adhesions as defined by morphology and enrichment with paxillin and α‐actinin. IL‐1β also induced activation of ERK and recruitment of phospho‐ERK to focal complexes/adhesions. Treatment with the potent tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate, in the absence of IL‐1β, recapitulated many of these responses indicating the importance of tyrosine phosphatases. Immunoblotting of collagen bead‐associated complexes revealed that the tyrosine phosphatase, SHP‐2, was also enriched in focal complexes/adhesions. Depletion of SHP‐2 by siRNA or by homologous recombination markedly altered IL‐1β‐induced ERK activation and maturation of focal adhesions. IL‐1β‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP‐2 on residue Y542 promoted focal adhesion maturation. Association of Gab1 with SHP‐2 in focal adhesions correlated temporally with activation of ERK and was abrogated in cells expressing mutant (Y542F) SHP‐2. We conclude that IL‐1β mediated maturation of focal adhesions is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP‐2 at Y542, leading to recruitment of Gab1, a process that may influence the downstream activation of ERK. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 132–143, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of aqueous solutions containing nickel using crandallite‐type compounds
Authors: Monteagudo José M , Durán Antonio , Martín Israel San , Schwab Roland G
Published: October 2005

The removal of nickel from aqueous solutions streams has been investigated using an artificial amorphous crandallite‐type compound, CaAl3(OH)6(HPO4)(PO4) (Ca‐crandallite), synthesized in our laboratory. Equilibrium ion‐exchange isotherms in an aqueous medium of Ca2+/Ni2+ at different pH values at 293 K have been determined. The experimental equilibrium data were satisfactorily correlated using a Langmuir‐type empirical equation. At low pH values, the hydrogen ion competes with the heavy metal cation and the percentage removal of metal declines. It was found that the operating capacity of Ca‐crandallite with respect to the metal ion increased with the pH of the solution, in accordance with a second‐degree polynomial equation. However, the pH should not be allowed to rise to levels at which chemical precipitation as nickel hydroxide would occur, with 7.00 the highest value tested. Taking into account the variation of operating capacity with pH, the system exhibited a unique separation factor, namely all the experimental points can be described by a unique isotherm in a dimensionless form. The Ca‐crandallite showed a high capacity, 2.176 meq g−1, for the exchange of Ni(II) from nickel nitrate solutions and the rate of exchange of metal increases with increasing solution temperature due to the enhancement of effective intraparticle diffusivity. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of influent distribution and blood content of slaughterhouse wastewater on the performance of an anaerobic fixed‐film reactor
Authors: del Pozo Rodrigo , Diez Victorino , Salazar Gonzalo , Espinosa Juan J
Published: October 2005

This paper evaluates the performance of a laboratory‐scale anaerobic fixed‐film reactor (AFFR) with arranged media treating slaughterhouse wastewater. The reactor was operated at 20 °C, its organic loading rate was increased from 1.8 to 9.2 kg COD m−3 d−1, and it had a short hydraulic residence time (5–9 h). The influence of wastewater concentrations on its performance was studied by artificially increasing the blood content of the wastewater. The efficiency of the removal of organic matter decreased from 70% to 54% as the superficial velocity increased from 0.12 to 0.97 m h−1, due mainly to distribution defects, as had been confirmed experimentally by tracer tests. The kinetics of the anaerobic processes was limited by substrate availability, even at high COD concentrations (between 700 and 1100 mg dm−3) due to a high content of slowly biodegradable and inert compounds present in the wastewater from the slaughterhouse. It was observed that a large amount of the organic matter had accumulated inside the reactor instead of being removed by methanogenic digestion. Furthermore, the fraction of organic matter held inside the reactor varied significantly in relation to the blood content of the wastewater. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Digestion of pre‐treated food waste in a hybrid anaerobic solid–liquid (HASL) system
Authors: Wang Jing‐Yuan , Liu Xue‐Yan , Kao Jimmy CM , Stabnikova Olena
Published: October 2005

The hybrid anaerobic solid–liquid (HASL) system was developed to be used in industrial‐scale operations to minimize the amount of food waste for disposal in Singapore. Thermal pre‐treatment of food waste at 70 °C for 2 h (experiment E1) or at 150 °C for 1 h (experiment E2) facilitated the hydrolytic and acidogenic processes in the acidogenic reactor and methanogenesis in the methanogenic reactor in the HASL system. The highest dissolved chemical oxygen demands in the effluents from the acidogenic reactors were 17 575, 19 980 and 24 235 mg dm−3 in the control with food waste without thermal pre‐treatment and experiments E1 and E2, respectively. The maximum concentrations of methanogens in the methanogenic reactor were 2.3 × 107, 3.8 × 107, 4.3 × 107 cells cm−3 for the control and experiments E1 and E2, respectively. However, the performances of the methanogenic phase in terms of specific activity of methanogens did not differ significantly for the control and experiments E1 and E2. Use of thermally pre‐treated food waste halved the time to produce the same quantity of methane in comparison with anaerobic digestion of fresh food waste. The fluorescent measurements of co‐enzyme F420 and oligonucleotide probe Arc915 specifically bound (hybridized) with 16S rRNA were used for monitoring of methanogens during anaerobic digestion of food waste. There was a linear correlation between these parameters and the concentration of methanogens in the effluent from the methanogenic reactor. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Cytomorphological alterations of the thymus, spleen, head‐kidney, and liver in cardinal fish (Apogonidae, Teleostei) as bioindicators of stress
Authors: Fishelson Lev
Published: October 2005

Morphological and cytological alterations at the light microscope (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) levels were observed in the thymus, spleen, head‐kidney, and liver of cardinal fishes (Apogonidae, Teleostei) from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, sampled from a strongly polluted site at the northern end of the gulf, and compared to similar samples from a clean, reference site. At the polluted site, the most prominent change was the formation of numerous deposits of cells rich in phagosomes with lipofucin, melanin granules, and phagocytosed debris, including a high increase in number and dimensions of Hassall's corpuscles and melano‐macrophage centers. The number of Hassall's corpuscles was 20 (±8.0)/mm2 and of melano‐macrophage centers 18 (±4.0)/mm2 at the polluted site, and 7.0 (±4.0)/m2 vs. 5.0 (±2.0)/mm2 respectively at the reference site. In numerous instances the head kidney's melano‐macrophage centers in fishes from the polluted site were encapsulated by reticulocytes, a phenomenon recognized as a marker of neoplasmosis and possible malignancy. In the spleens of fishes from the polluted site, numerous deposits of cell debris, peroxisomes, and enlarged lysosomes were also observed. The livers (hepatopancreas) of fishes from polluted waters demonstrated very strong hyperlipogeny. Many of their hepatocytes were laden with lipid vesicles, fragmented endoplasmic reticulula, and aberrant mitochondria. Although the observed alterations in the glands and liver do not indicate any immediate threat to the life of the fish, they can become crucial with respect to energy turnover and fecundity trajectories. This study strongly suggests the use of cytological alterations in vital organs, such as were observed, as pathological biomarkers to environmental stress. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evaluation of the robustness of the Tanaka characterization protocol for reversed‐phase liquid chromatography columns
Authors: Petersson Patrik , Euerby Melvin R.
Published: October 2005

The robustness of the popular ‘Tanaka’ LC column characterization protocol has been evaluated by the statistical tools of reduced factorial design, multiple linear regression and principal component analysis. These have shown that in order to obtain reliable and reproducible results, it is especially important to control the methanol content, the temperature and, in the case of the total ion‐exchange capacity test (αB/P pH 7.6), the pH of the mobile phase. In particular, the hydrophobicity tests (kPB and α) are sensitive to small changes in methanol content. Provided that the operating parameters for the Tanaka column characterization protocol are controlled within the following experimental limits, i. e. methanol content ±0.5% v/v, temperature ±3°C, pH ±0.10 and buffer concentration ±2.0 mM, it is feasible to distinguish between RP materials that possess selectivity differences larger than their batch‐to‐batch reproducibility. These experimental requirements can be easily met by current LC instrumentation. Hence, the validity of the Tanaka testing protocol for characterizing columns has been verified.
Liquid chromatographic enantiomer resolution ofN‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl α‐amino acids and their ester derivatives on polysaccharide‐derived chiral stationary phases
Authors: Li Yin Hua , Lee Wonjae
Published: October 2005

The liquid chromatographic enantiomer separation ofN‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) protected α‐amino acids and their ethyl ester derivatives was performed on polysaccharide‐derived chiral stationary phases, Chiralcel OD, Chiralpak AD, and Chiralpak AS. In general, Chiralcel OD and Chiralpak AD showed good performance for resolution ofN‐FMOC α‐amino acids and their ethyl esters, respectively. All investigatedN‐FMOC α‐amino acid enantiomers were baseline separated on Chiralcel OD or Chiralpak AD, whereasN‐FMOC α‐amino acid ethyl ester enantiomers were baseline resolved (α = 1.15–3.03) on Chiralpak AD, except for two analytes. The L‐enantiomers of all examined FMOC α‐amino acid ethyl ester derivatives are preferentially retained on Chiralpak AD, while the elution orders of the other enantiomer separations are not consistent.
Standard addition – A way of improving quantification of banned azo dyes in leather
Authors: Ahlström Lars‐Henric , Amon Sabine , Mathiasson Lennart
Published: October 2005

An analytical procedure based on supercritical‐fluid extraction and microwave‐assisted extraction was applied on six different real leather samples for the determination of banned azo dyes. Determination of the dyes was performed indirectly by measuring their corresponding harmful aromatic amines, formed after reduction. A comparative study between external standard calibration and standard addition using both the dyes as well as the corresponding amines showed that the latter quantification method provided the highest accuracy.