bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paradoxical Effect of Gonadotrophin‐Inhibiting Hormone to Negatively Regulate Neuropeptide Y Neurones in Mouse Arcuate Nucleus
Authors: Jacobi J. S. , Coleman H. A. , Enriori P. J. , Parkington H. C. , Li Q. , Pereira A. , Cowley M. A. , Clarke I. J.
Published: October 2013

Regulation of reproduction and energy homeostasis are linked, although our understanding of the central neural mechanisms subserving this connection is incomplete. Gonadotrophin‐inhibiting hormone (GnIH) is a neuropeptide that negatively regulates reproduction and stimulates food intake. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and products of the pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor (β‐endorphin melanocortins) are appetite regulating peptides produced in the neurones of the arcuate nucleus; these peptides also regulate reproduction. In the present study, we determined the effects of GnIH on NPY and POMC neurones. Using brain slices from mice with transgenes for fluorescent tags in the two types of neurone and patch clamp electrophysiology, a predominant inhibitory effect of GnIH was observed. GnIH (100 nm) inhibited the firing rate in POMC cells, confirming the results of previous studies and consistent with the stimulatory effect of GnIH on food intake. Paradoxically (i.e. because both GnIH and NPY stimulate food intake), GnIH also had a predominantly inhibitory effect on action potential activity in NPY cells. GnIH also inhibited the secretion of NPY and α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone secretion in incubated hypothalamic blocks. GnIH (100 ng) injected into the cerebral ventricles of mice did not increase the number of NPY cells that were positively immunostained for c‐Fos. Finally, dual label immunocytochemistry showed that 20% of NPY neurones had close contacts from GnIH fibres/varicosities. In conclusion, we confirm a negative effect of GnIH on POMC cells and demonstrate a paradoxical reduction of electrophysiological and functional activity in NPY cells.
Basic Nursing Care to Prevent Nonventilator Hospital‐Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Quinn Barbara , Baker Dian L. , Cohen Shannon , Stewart Jennifer L. , Lima Christine A. , Parise Carol
Published: October 2013

Purpose

Nonventilator hospital‐acquired pneumonia (NV‐HAP) is an underreported and unstudied disease, with potential for measurable outcomes, fiscal savings, and improvement in quality of life. The purpose of our study was to (a) identify the incidence of NV‐HAP in a convenience sample of U.S. hospitals and (b) determine the effectiveness of reliably delivered basic oral nursing care in reducing NV‐HAP.

Design

A descriptive, quasi‐experimental study using retrospective comparative outcomes to determine (a) the incidence of NV‐HAP and (b) the effectiveness of enhanced basic oral nursing care versus usual care to prevent NV‐HAP after introduction of a basic oral nursing care initiative.

Methods

We used the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Problems (ICD‐9) codes for pneumonia not present on admission and verified NV‐HAP diagnosis using the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention diagnostic criteria. We completed an evidence‐based gap analysis and designed a site‐specific oral care initiative designed to reduce NV‐HAP. The intervention process was guided by the Influencer Model™ (see Figure ) and participatory action research.

Findings

We found a substantial amount of unreported NV‐HAP. After we initiated our oral care protocols, the rate of NV‐HAP per 100 patient days decreased from 0.49 to 0.3 (38.8%). The overall number of cases of NV‐HAP was reduced by 37% during the 12‐month intervention period. The avoidance of NV‐HAP cases resulted in an estimated 8 lives saved, $1.72 million cost avoided, and 500 extra hospital days averted. The extra cost for therapeutic oral care equipment was $117,600 during the 12‐month intervention period. Cost savings resulting from avoided NV‐HAP was $1.72 million. Return on investment for the organization was $1.6 million in avoided costs.

Conclusions

NV‐HAP should be elevated to the same level of concern, attention, and effort as prevention of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in hospitals.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing needs to lead the way in the design and implementation of policies that allow for adequate time, proper oral care supplies, ease of access to supplies, clear procedures, and outcome monitoring ensuring that patients are protected from NV‐HAP.
The bovine patella as a model of early osteoarthritis
Authors: Hargrave‐Thomas E. J. , Thambyah A. , McGlashan S. R. , Broom N. D.
Published: October 2013

The bovine patella model has been used extensively for studying important structure–function aspects of articular cartilage, including its degeneration. However, the degeneration seen in this model has, to our knowledge, never been adequately compared with human osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, bovine patellae displaying normal to severely degenerate states were compared with human tissue displaying intact cartilage to severe OA. Comparisons of normal and OA features were made with histological scoring, morphometric measurements, and qualitative observations. Differential interference contrast microscopy was used to image early OA changes in the articular cartilage matrix and to investigate whether this method provided comparable quality of visualisation of key structural features with standard histology. The intact bovine cartilage was found to be similar to healthy human cartilage and the degenerate bovine cartilage resembled the human OA tissues with regard to structural disruption, cellularity changes, and staining loss. The extent of degeneration in the bovine tissues matched the mild to moderate range of human OA tissues; however, no bovine samples exhibited late‐stage OA. Additionally, in both bovine and human tissues, cartilage degeneration was accompanied by calcified cartilage thickening, tidemark duplication, and the advancement of the cement line by protrusions of bony spicules into the calcified cartilage. This comparison of degeneration in the bovine and human tissues suggests a common pathway for the progression of OA and thus the bovine patella is proposed to be an appropriate model for investigating the structural changes associated with early OA.
Motivating student learning using a formative assessment journey
Authors: Evans Darrell J. R. , Zeun Paul , Stanier Robert A.
Published: October 2013

Providing formative assessment opportunities has been recognised as a significant benefit to student learning. The outcome of any formative assessment should be one that ultimately helps improve student learning through familiarising students with the levels of learning required, informing them about gaps in their learning and providing feedback to guide the direction of learning. This article provides an example of how formative assessments can be developed into a formative assessment journey where a number of different assessments can be offered to students during the course of a module of teaching, thus utilising a spaced‐education approach. As well as incorporating the specific drivers of formative assessment, we demonstrate how approaches deemed to be stimulating, interactive and entertaining with the aim of maximising enthusiasm and engagement can be incorporated. We provide an example of a mixed approach to evaluating elements of the assessment journey that focuses student reaction, appraisal of qualitative and quantitative feedback from student questionnaires, focus group analysis and teacher observations. Whilst it is not possible to determine a quantifiable effect of the assessment journey on student learning, usage data and student feedback shows that formative assessment can achieve high engagement and positive response to different assessments. Those assessments incorporating an active learning element and a quiz‐based approach appear to be particularly popular. A spaced‐education format encourages a building block approach to learning that is continuous in nature rather than focussed on an intense period of study prior to summative examinations.
Taking Advantage of a Vulnerable Group? Emotional Cues in Ads Targeting Parents
Authors: STANTON JULIE V. , GUION DEIRDRE T.
Published: October 2013

Parents of small children regularly face challenges that are new to them, creating uncertainties and stress that complicate their decision‐making processes. In this vulnerable state, parents may be susceptible to emotional appeals in advertisements in ways that influence their knowledge formation, food choices, and perceptions of self. In this study, we use a combination of content analysis and interviews to examine the use of emotional appeals, particularly guilt and fear, in food ads and how parents respond to them. We find that guilt is more frequently used in ads that target parents than has been shown for other audiences, and that parents often express negative self‐images and coping strategies when viewing them.
Strategic Asset Allocation in Money Management
Authors: BASAK SULEYMAN , MAKAROV DMITRY
Published: October 2013

This paper analyzes the dynamic portfolio choice implications of strategic interaction among money managers who compete for fund flows. We study such interaction between two risk‐averse managers in continuous time, characterizing analytically their unique equilibrium investments. Driven by chasing and contrarian mechanisms when one is well ahead, they gamble in the opposite direction when their performance is close. We also examine multiple and mixed‐strategy equilibria. Equilibrium policy of each manager crucially depends on the opponent's risk attitude. Hence, client investors concerned about how a strategic manager may trade on their behalf should also learn competitors' characteristics.
Volatility, the Macroeconomy, and Asset Prices
Authors: BANSAL RAVI , KIKU DANA , SHALIASTOVICH IVAN , YARON AMIR
Published: October 2013

How important are volatility fluctuations for asset prices and the macroeconomy? We find that an increase in macroeconomic volatility is associated with an increase in discount rates and a decline in consumption. We develop a framework in which cash flow, discount rate, and volatility risks determine risk premia and show that volatility plays a significant role in explaining the joint dynamics of returns to human capital and equity. Volatility risk carries a sizable positive risk premium and helps account for the cross section of expected returns. Our evidence demonstrates that volatility is important for understanding expected returns and macroeconomic fluctuations.
Cervical pregnancy: A report of four cases
Authors: Kochi Keiko , Hidaka Takao , Yasoshima Kuniaki , Yoneda Kenji , Arai Kazunori , Arai Takashi
Published: October 2013

Various conservative treatments for cervical pregnancy have been reported. However, unlike tubal ectopic pregnancy, the treatment of cervical pregnancy has not been well established. For patients who desire fertility preservation, treatment with methotrexate chemotherapy carries a high success rate for preservation of the uterus. When methotrexate is injected i.v. or i.m., expulsion of pregnant tissue occasionally takes up to 1 month. In this report, we present four cases of cervical pregnancy which were successfully managed by methotrexate injection into the bilateral uterine arteries. In cases presenting with massive bleeding, embolization of the bilateral uterine arteries was performed. Cervical pregnancy was aborted within 8 days safely, and fertility could be preserved without harmful side‐effects.
Collagen Plug Vascular Closure Devices and Reduced Risk of Bleeding with Bivalirudin Versus Heparin Plus Abciximab in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Non ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: LEIBUNDGUT GREGOR , PACHE JÜRGEN , SCHULZ STEFANIE , BERGER PETER B. , FERENC MIROSLAW , GICK MICHAEL , MEHILLI JULINDA , KASTRATI ADNAN , NEUMANN FRANZ‐JOSEF
Published: October 2013

Introduction

In ISAR‐REACT‐4 (abciximab and heparin vs. bivalirudin for non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]), bivalirudin reduced the risk of bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared with unfractionated heparin plus abciximab (UFH + abciximab). Vascular closure devices (VCDs) may also prevent bleeding complications, and thus attenuate the benefit of bivalirudin. This analysis examined whether there exists an interaction on bleeding between VCDs and bivalirudin versus UFH + abciximab after PCI.

Methods

Patients with NSTEMI were randomly assigned to either receive UFH + abciximab or bivalirudin for PCI. The use of a VCD after femoral access was left to the operator's discretion. The effect of randomized treatment in patients who received a VCD was compared to that in patients with manual compression of the femoral access site. The primary end‐point of this analysis was the 30‐day incidence of ISAR‐REACT‐4 major bleeding.

Results

A total of 1,711 patients were enrolled in this analysis. Among the 365 (21.3%) patients receiving a VCD, 188 (51.5%) were treated with UFH + abciximab and 177 (48.5%) with bivalirudin. ISAR‐ REACT‐4 major bleeding was higher with UFH + abciximab than with bivalirudin, independent of whether a VCD was used (4.8% vs. 2.3% with VCD and 4.6% vs. 2.7% without VCD, Pint = 0.76). There were also no interactions between randomized treatment and VCDs with respect to any of the ischemic end‐points or net clinical outcome (Pint > 0.56).

Conclusions

In patients undergoing PCI for NSTEMI, the reduction of major bleeding by bivalirudin compared with UFH + abciximab was not affected whether a VCD was used.
Long‐Term Outcomes of Drug‐Eluting Stent Therapy for In‐Stent Restenosis Versus De Novo Lesions
Authors: GAO ZHAN , XU BO , YANG YUE‐JIN , YUAN JIN‐QING , CHEN JUE , CHEN JI‐LIN , QIAO SHU‐BIN , WU YONG‐JIAN , YAN HONG‐BIN , GAO RUN‐LIN
Published: October 2013

Background

Drug‐eluting stents (DES) are currently the most popular treatment modality for restenosis in bare metal stents and DES. This study compares risks of adverse cardiovascular events between DES‐treated in‐stent restenosis (ISR) and de novo lesions, an area that has not been systematically studied thus far.

Methods and Results

One thousand three hundred consecutive ISR patients were compared with 27,211 patients with de novo lesions who underwent DES treatment during the same period at the Fu Wai Hospital in Beijing. Angiographic success rate was similar between the ISR and de novo groups (98.0% vs. 98.2%; P = 0.61). Using logistic regression to derive the propensity score model, 1,266 matched patient pairs were compared. In this adjusted model, the rate of target lesion revascularization (TLR) was significantly higher in the ISR group (19.19% vs. 2.37%; P < 0.01) during an average 17‐month follow‐up, while rates of cardiac death and myocardial infarction (MI) were similar (0.71% vs. 0.79%; P = 0.93 and 3.48% vs. 1.26%; P = 0.13, respectively) between groups. In multivariate regression analysis, ISR was predictive of TLR, but not of cardiac death and MI.

Conclusion

Compared with those with de novo lesions, patients with ISR had a higher revascularization rate after DES treatment but no significant difference in rates of cardiac death and MI.
Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes with Everolimus Eluting Stents for the Treatment of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy
Authors: AZARBAL BABAK , ARBIT BORIS , RAMARAJ RADHAKRISHNAN , KITTLESON MICHELLE , YOUNG AMELIA , CZER LAWRENCE , RAFIEI MATTHEW , CURRIER JESSE , MAKKAR RAJ , KOBASHIGAWA JON
Published: October 2013

Objectives

This study aimed to examine clinical efficacy, safety, and intermediate clinical outcomes with everolimus‐eluting stents (EESs) in patients with transplant coronary artery disease (TCAD).

Background

TCAD is a major cause of mortality in patients following orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Systemic everolimus in OHT patients has been shown to reduce TCAD. The safety and efficacy of an EES, the Xience V, have not been evaluated in this population.

Methods

Patients post‐OHT with hemodynamically significant CAD who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with EES were included. Participants were maintained on dual antiplatelet therapy for 1‐year post‐PCI. We examined procedural success, in‐hospital and 1‐year mortality, stent thrombosis, angiographic restenosis, and myocardial infarction rates. All patients had follow‐up angiography 1‐year after PCI. Target vessel revascularization (TVR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), in‐segment restenosis, target vessel failure (TVF), and lumen late loss were noted.

Results

PCI was performed in 34 de novo lesions in 21 patients, and 40 EES were placed. Procedural success rate was 100%. Average stent was 16.5 ± 5.1 mm long and 3.0 ± 0.6 mm in diameter. All patients had angiographic follow‐up (409 ± 201 days). There was no stent thrombosis, deaths, or myocardial infarctions during follow‐up. Two patients had focal in‐stent restenosis. TLR rate was 5.9% (2/34), and TVR rate was 11.1% (3/27). Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) showed stenosis diameter to be 19.98 ± 17.57%.

Conclusions

Use of an EES is associated with a low incidence of TVR and TLR in patients with TCAD. Further studies are needed to determine whether PCI with EES changes long‐term outcomes. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:73–79)
Advantages and limitations of the new anticoagulants
Authors: Schulman S.
Published: October 2013

During recent years, three new anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban) have been introduced to the market, probably with one more anticoagulant (edoxaban) in the next 2 years. This review is not intended to compare the efficacy and risks of these new agents, but rather to detail the advantages and limitations. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of these drugs have few drug and food interactions, predictable dose responses, and rapid onset and offset, thus resulting in simplified management of the patient requiring anticoagulant therapy. No routine laboratory monitoring is required. A somewhat unexpected, but exciting observation involving the new anticoagulants, is the uniform reduction in intracranial bleeding by one‐half compared with warfarin. The potential limitations of the new anticoagulants include uncertainty regarding assessment of drug levels, safe drug levels for major surgery, management of major bleeding, renal dependence, multiple dose regimens, adherence in the absence of frequent monitoring and unknown, rare side effects that were not captured in the trials. This review should clarify some of these concerns.
Red blood cell distribution width is associated with incidence of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Adamsson Eryd S. , Borné Y. , Melander O. , Persson M. , Smith J. G. , Hedblad B. , Engström G.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a measure of variation in erythrocyte volume, has been associated with several cardiovascular disorders, but the relationship with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unclear. We investigated the association between RDW and incidence of first hospitalization due to AF in a population‐based cohort.

Design

Red blood cell distribution width was measured in 27 124 subjects from the general population (age 45–73 years, 62% women) with no history of AF, heart failure, myocardial infarction or stroke. The association between baseline RDW and incidence of AF identified from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register was evaluated.

Results

During a mean follow‐up of 13.6 years, 1894 subjects (53% men) were hospitalized with a diagnosis of AF. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, including cardiovascular disease risk factors, nutrient intake (iron, vitamin B12 and folate) and several haematological parameters (haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume and corpuscular haemoglobin content), the hazard ratio (HR) for incidence of AF was 1.33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–1.53] for the fourth versus first quartile of RDW (P for trend <0.001). The results were essentially unchanged when subjects with incident myocardial infarction or hospitalizations because of heart failure were censored from the analysis (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.13–1.51; P for trend = 0.001).

Conclusion

Red blood cell distribution width was associated with incidence of AF independently of several cardiovascular, nutritional and haematological factors in this study of middle‐aged subjects from the general population.
Ceruloplasmin and atrial fibrillation: evidence of causality from a population‐based Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Adamsson Eryd S. , Sjögren M. , Smith J. G. , Nilsson P. M. , Melander O. , Hedblad B. , Engström G.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Inflammatory diseases and inflammatory markers secreted by the liver, including C‐reactive protein (CRP) and ceruloplasmin, have been associated with incident atrial fibrillation (AF). Genetic studies have not supported a causal relationship between CRP and AF, but the relationship between ceruloplasmin and AF has not been studied. The purpose of this Mendelian randomization study was to explore whether genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding ceruloplasmin are associated with elevated ceruloplasmin levels, and whether such genetic polymorphisms are also associated with the incidence of AF.

Design

Genetic polymorphisms in the ceruloplasmin gene (CP) were genotyped in a population‐based cohort study of men from southern Sweden (Malmö Preventive Project; n = 3900). Genetic polymorphisms associated with plasma ceruloplasmin concentration were also investigated for association with incident AF (n = 520) during a mean follow‐up of 29 years in the same cohort. Findings were replicated in an independent case–control sample (The Malmö AF cohort; n = 2247 cases, 2208 controls).

Results

A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs11708215, minor allele frequency 0.12) located in the CP gene promoter was strongly associated with increased levels of plasma ceruloplasmin (P = 9 × 10−10) and with AF in both the discovery cohort [hazard ratio 1.24 per risk allele, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–1.44, P = 0.006] and the replication cohort (odds ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.26, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate a causal role of ceruloplasmin in AF pathophysiology and suggest that ceruloplasmin might be a mediator in a specific inflammatory pathway that causally links inflammatory diseases and incidence of AF.
Increased risk of venous thromboembolism within the first year after Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a nationwide observational matched cohort study
Authors: Mejer N. , Westh H. , Schønheyder H. C. , Jensen A. G. , Larsen A.R. , Skov R. , Benfield T. ,   Danish Staphylococcal Bacteraemia Study Group
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Recent evidence suggests that there is an association between infection and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Here, we examined the risk of VTE after Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) compared to the risk in control subjects.

Design and setting

Register‐based nationwide observational cohort study of hospitalized patients and matched control subjects from the general population in Denmark between 1995 and 2008.

Results

Amongst 15 669 SAB cases and 156 690 controls, 182 and 511, respectively, experienced VTE within 1 year. The overall incidence rate (IR) of VTE amongst cases was highest within the first 30 days [IR of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 39.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 28.9–53.4)/1000 person‐years (PYs); IR of pulmonary embolism (PE), 16.3 (95% CI 10.1–26.2)/1000 PYs]. IRs of DVT were particularly increased amongst cases with a previous diagnosis of VTE, community‐acquired infection, a history of injection drug use and in younger age groups. The overall hazard ratio of VTE for cases compared to controls declined from 15.6 (95% CI 10.3–23.5) in the first 30 days after SAB to 4.5 (95% CI 3.2–6.2) from 181 to 365 days after infection. The increased risk of VTE amongst SAB patients persisted after excluding cases with identified VTE risk factors.

Conclusions

There was a particularly high risk of VTE during the first month following an episode of SAB. The risk declined over time, but remained at a threefold increased level compared to control subjects, suggesting that there are shared risk factors for SAB and VTE. Patients with SAB and well‐documented risk factors for VTE may benefit from thromboprophylaxis.
Accounting for the Influence of Overall Justice on Job Performance: Integrating Self‐Determination and Social Exchange Theories
Authors: Aryee Samuel , Walumbwa Fred O. , Mondejar Reuben , Chu Chris W. L.
Published: October 2013

Grounded in self‐determination and social exchange theories, this study examined two pathways through which overall justice influences job performance. Specifically, we hypothesized need satisfaction as a mediator of the influence of overall justice on intrinsic motivation and trust in organization which, in turn, relate to job performance. Results of structural equation modelling using Mplus revealed that need satisfaction mediated the overall justice–intrinsic motivation relationship as well as the overall justice–trust in organization relationship. We also found that intrinsic motivation mediated the respective influence of need satisfaction and trust in organization on job performance. We interpret our findings as suggesting an integration of need‐based theories of motivation into explanations of the performance implications of justice.
How Does Project Termination Impact Project Team Members? Rapid Termination, ‘Creeping Death’, and Learning from Failure
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Patzelt Holger , Williams Trenton A. , Warnecke Dennis
Published: October 2013

Although extant studies have increased our understanding of the decision of when to terminate a project and its organizational implications, they do not explore the contextual mechanisms underlying the link between the speed at which a project is terminated and the learning of those directly working on the project. This is surprising because perceptions of project failure likely differ between those who own the option (i.e., the decision maker) and those who are the option (i.e., project team members). In this multiple case study, we explored research and development (R&D) subsidiaries within a large multinational parent organization and generated several new insights: (1) rather than alleviate negative emotions, delayed termination was perceived as creeping death, thwarting new career opportunities and generating negative emotions; (2) rather than obstructing learning from project experience, negative emotions motivated sensemaking efforts; and (3) rather than emphasizing learning after project termination, in the context of rapid redeployment of team members after project termination, delayed termination provided employees the time to reflect on, articulate, and codify lessons learned. We discuss the implications of these findings.
Vertebral Body Infarct and Ventral Cauda Equina Enhancement: Two Confirmatory Findings of Acute Spinal Cord Infarct
Authors: Diehn Felix E. , Hunt Christopher H. , Lehman Vance T. , Schwartz Kara M. , Eckel Laurence J. , Black David F. , Wood Christopher P. , Kotsenas Amy L. , Wald John T. , Hocker Sara E.
Published: October 2013

Two valuable confirmatory MRI findings of acute spinal cord infarct are highlighted and discussed: concomitant vertebral body infarct and ventral cauda equina nerve root enhancement.
Politician personality, Machiavellianism, and political skill as predictors of performance ratings in political roles
Authors: Silvester Jo , Wyatt Madeleine , Randall Ray
Published: October 2013

This study conceptualizes politicians as political workers. It describes a multimethod study with two aims: (1) to determine whether politicians share a latent mental model of performance in political roles and (2) to test hypothesized relationships between politician self‐rated characteristics (i.e., extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, Machiavellianism, and political skill) and received performance ratings from political colleagues and officers. Two hundred and thirty‐one local politicians provided self‐ratings on a political performance questionnaire developed following a role analysis, and standardized measures of personality. One hundred and eighty‐five also received performance ratings from colleagues (n = 749) and officers (n = 729). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of self‐ and received performance ratings revealed five latent factors: Resilience (RS), Politicking, Analytical Skills (AS), Representing People, and Relating to Others. Regression analyses found that neuroticism and conscientiousness contribute to received ratings of RS, and neuroticism contributes to received ratings of AS.

Practitioner points

As political roles require political work, we argue there is potential to use research and practice from I/O psychology to improve politician performance.

The existence of shared latent constructs of performance provides a basis for differentiated criterion assessment in political roles.

Evidence that individual differences contribute to political performance can be used to shape support activities for individuals in elected roles.
Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement
Authors: Breevaart Kimberley , Bakker Arnold , Hetland Jørn , Demerouti Evangelia , Olsen Olav K. , Espevik Roar
Published: October 2013

This diary study adds to the leadership literature by examining the daily influence of transformational leadership, contingent reward, and active management‐by‐exception (MBE active) on followers' daily work engagement. We compare the unique contribution of these leadership behaviours and focus on the work environment to examine how these leadership behaviours influence followers' daily work engagement. While travelling by sail ship, 61 naval cadets filled out a diary questionnaire for 34 days. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for followers' work engagement the previous day, cadets were more engaged on days that their leader showed more transformational leadership and provided contingent reward. MBE active was unrelated to followers' work engagement. As predicted, transformational leadership and contingent reward contributed to a more favourable work environment (more autonomy and support), while MBE active resulted in a less favourable work environment (less autonomy) for the cadets. This study highlights the importance of daily leadership for followers' daily work engagement.

Practitioner points

Leaders' daily behaviour influences followers' daily work engagement.

Leaders' daily behaviour shapes the daily work environment.
Is there relationship between temporomandibular disorders and head and cervical posture? A systematic review
Authors: Rocha C. P. , Croci C. S. , Caria P. H. F.
Published: October 2013

The objective of this systematic review was to find sufficient evidence to deny or accept the association between the head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), and thus assist health professionals in the evaluation and treatment of patients with TMDs. A search was conducted through all publications written in English about this topic using the databases from Medline, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed and Lilacs. The abstracts that fulfilled the initial guideline were retrieved and evaluated to ensure they met the inclusion criteria. To assess the methodological quality of the studies, we developed a questionnaire considering the following criteria: participant's eligibility, control group, diagnosis of TMDs, posture diagnosis and randomisation. Twenty‐two studies were selected as potential studies based on their abstracts. Only seventeen studies actually fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The search provided information about the methodological quality of the studies, in which several methodological defects were found. The evidence presented in this systematic review shows that the relation between TMDs and the head and neck posture is still controversial and unclear. The insufficient number of articles considered of excellent methodological quality is a factor that hinders the acceptance or denial of this association.
Association between perioral muscle pressure and masticatory performance
Authors: Takahashi M. , Koide K. , Arakawa I. , Mizuhashi F.
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the association between strength of the perioral muscles and masticatory performance. Subjects were 56 healthy adults (30 men and 26 women; mean age of 24·9 years) with normal occlusion. Perioral muscle pressure was measured using JMS tongue pressure measurement device, and maximum tongue pressure and cheek pressure on the habitual chewing side (H) and non‐habitual side (non‐H) were measured. The masticatory performance was evaluated using gummy jelly, and the amount of glucose extracted was measured after chewing under condition H or non‐H. The association between sex and maximum tongue pressure was analysed using Student's t‐test. Cheek pressure and the amount of the glucose extracted between condition H and non‐H or between men and women were analysed by two‐way repeated‐measures anova. In addition, the correlations between maximum tongue pressure and cheek pressure on condition H, maximum tongue pressure and the amount of glucose extracted under condition H, and cheek pressure and the amount of glucose extracted under condition H were analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficients for men and women. The maximum tongue pressure, cheek pressure and the amount of glucose extracted were higher in men than in women. The amount of glucose extracted was higher under condition H than under condition non‐H, but no significant difference in chewing side was observed in cheek pressure between men and women. Additionally, positive correlations were shown between maximum tongue pressure, habitual‐side cheek pressure and the amount of glucose extracted on men and women. In conclusion, the association between higher perioral muscle pressure and better masticatory performance was shown.
Effect of Multistep Processing Technique on the Formation of Micro‐defects and Residual Stresses in Zirconia Dental Restorations
Authors: Jing Zhao , Ke Zhang , Yihong Liu , Zhijian Shen
Published: October 2013

Purpose

The clinical failures of zirconia dental restorations are often caused by extrinsic artifacts introduced by processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the micro‐defects and residual stresses generated during the multistep process of zirconia dental restorations.

Materials and Methods

Thermal spray granulated 3Y‐TZP powders were dry pressed by two tools exhibiting distinctly different Young's moduli, cold isostatic pressed (CIP‐ed), and pressure‐less fully sintered. The green bodies pressed by a stiff tool were treated with different procedures: direct milling (green milling) followed by fully sintering; half‐sintering and milling (raw milling) with or without fully sintering; and fully sintering followed by grinding. The fully sintered 3Y‐TZP crowns were clinically adjusted using both a diamond bur and SiC bur, respectively. Phase composition and microstructure of the pressed, milled, and ground surfaces were studied by XRD and SEM.

Results

Tetragonal phase was the main phase of all detected 3Y‐TZP specimens. Excessive residual stresses introduced by raw milling and grinding were confirmed by a strained T (111) peak, monoclinic phase, and obviously changed I(002)t/I(200)t ratio. The residual stresses would form a compressive stress layer, while it was too shallow to inhibit crack propagation even for ground specimens. Large voids with high‐coordination numbers were the common packing micro‐defects. Once formed, they were barely healed by CIP‐ing and sintering. A stiff pressing tool was confirmed to be useful for reducing the surface packing voids. Milling removed the surface voids, but was no help for the interior ones. Raw milling introduced more serious chippings, most originating from the existing packing voids, than green milling due to its brittle failure and was less recommended for production. Grinding dense 3Y‐TZP caused surface grain refinement and much more severe micro‐defects, especially when clinical adjustment was applied by diamond bur compared to SiC bur.

Conclusions

Micro‐defects and residual stresses are introduced and accumulated through the entire production chain and determine the final microstructure of zirconia dental restorations. Several procedural improvements are offered and expected to reduce processing micro‐defects.
A Novel Computer‐Aided Method to Fabricate a Custom One‐Piece Glass Fiber Dowel‐and‐Core Based on Digitized Impression and Crown Preparation Data
Authors: Chen Zhiyu , Li Ya , Deng Xuliang , Wang Xinzhi
Published: October 2013

Purpose

Fiber‐reinforced composite dowels have been widely used for their superior biomechanical properties; however, their preformed shape cannot fit irregularly shaped root canals. This study aimed to describe a novel computer‐aided method to create a custom‐made one‐piece dowel‐and‐core based on the digitization of impressions and clinical standard crown preparations.

Materials and Methods

A standard maxillary die stone model containing three prepared teeth each (maxillary lateral incisor, canine, premolar) requiring dowel restorations was made. It was then mounted on an average value articulator with the mandibular stone model to simulate natural occlusion. Impressions for each tooth were obtained using vinylpolysiloxane with a sectional dual‐arch tray and digitized with an optical scanner. The dowel‐and‐core virtual model was created by slicing 3D dowel data from impression digitization with core data selected from a standard crown preparation database of 107 records collected from clinics and digitized. The position of the chosen digital core was manually regulated to coordinate with the adjacent teeth to fulfill the crown restorative requirements. Based on virtual models, one‐piece custom dowel‐and‐cores for three experimental teeth were milled from a glass fiber block with computer‐aided manufacturing techniques. Furthermore, two patients were treated to evaluate the practicality of this new method.

Results

The one‐piece glass fiber dowel‐and‐core made for experimental teeth fulfilled the clinical requirements for dowel restorations. Moreover, two patients were treated to validate the technique.

Conclusion

This novel computer‐aided method to create a custom one‐piece glass fiber dowel‐and‐core proved to be practical and efficient.
Three‐Dimensional Orientation of Iris in an Ocular Prosthesis Using a Customized Scale
Authors: Gupta Lokendra , Aparna I. N. , Dhanasekar B. , Prabhu Nayana , Malla Nirjalla , Agarwal Priyanka
Published: October 2013

The success of an ocular prosthesis depends largely on the correct orientation of the iris disk. Various methods have been put forth to achieve this. This article emphasizes one such simplified method, wherein a customized scale has been used to orient the iris disk mediolaterally, superoinferiorly, and anteroposteriorly in an ocular prosthesis. A scleral wax pattern was fabricated. The customized scale was used to measure the dimension and orientation of the natural iris. These measurements were then transferred to the scleral wax pattern with the customized scale. An iris disk was fabricated using black crayon on the scleral wax pattern according to the measurements. The scleral wax pattern, including the iris disk, was then placed in the eye socket to verify its dimension and orientation. A prefabricated iris disk was modified according to the measured dimensions and transferred to the final scleral wax pattern. The transfer of these dimensions to the definitive prosthesis was achieved successfully, ultimately improving the patient's social and psychological well being.
Egoistic and Moralistic Self‐Enhancement in the Eye of the Beholder: A Cross‐Informant Study
Authors: Vecchione Michele , Alessandri Guido
Published: October 2013

This study was conceived to assess the agreement between self‐ and other reports of egoistic (E) and moralistic (M) self‐enhancement (SE). A self‐report scale assessing E‐SE and M‐SE was filled out by 304 participants (mean age = 39.11, SD = 10.12, 54% female). The scale, with items worded in third person, was also completed by 304 informants (one for each target participant). Data were subjected to a correlated‐traits correlated‐methods model. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded two distinct factors for both self‐ and other ratings of E‐SE and M‐SE. A significant correlation across raters was observed for each factor. Proportion of trait variance was .58 for E‐SE and .35 for M‐SE. Proportion of method variance was .24 and .41, respectively. E‐SE and M‐SE were substantially correlated within each data source. However, the two measures became orthogonal after method variance was partialed out. Measures of E‐SE and M‐SE include both trait and artifactual components of variance, which are likely to reflect individual differences in the style of self‐presentation and response bias (i.e., tendencies to exaggerate agentic and communal qualities). The trait components of E‐SE and M‐SE represent two unrelated tendencies that can be captured and distinguished not only through self‐judgments, but also by an external observer.
Personality, Emotional Adjustment, and Cardiovascular Risk: Marriage as a Mechanism
Authors: Smith Timothy W. , Baron Carolynne E. , Grove Jeremy L.
Published: October 2013

A variety of aspects of personality and emotional adjustment predict the development and course of coronary heart disease (CHD), as do indications of marital quality (e.g., satisfaction, conflict, strain, disruption). Importantly, the personality traits and aspects of emotional adjustment that predict CHD are also related to marital quality. In such instances of correlated risk factors, traditional epidemiological and clinical research typically either ignores the potentially overlapping effects or examines independent associations through statistical controls, approaches that can misrepresent the key components and mechanisms of psychosocial effects on CHD. The interpersonal perspective in personality and clinical psychology provides an alternative and integrative approach, through its structural and process models of interpersonal behavior. We present this perspective on psychosocial risk and review research on its application to the integration of personality, emotional adjustment, and marital processes as closely interrelated influences on health and disease.
An Examination of Information Quality as a Moderator of Accurate Personality Judgment
Authors: Letzring Tera D. , Human Lauren J.
Published: October 2013

Information quality is an important moderator of the accuracy of personality judgment, and this article describes research focusing on how specific kinds of information are related to accuracy. In this study, 228 participants (159 female, 69 male; mean age = 23.43; 86.4% Caucasian) in unacquainted dyads were assigned to discuss thoughts and feelings, discuss behaviors, or engage in behaviors. Interactions lasted 25–30 min, and participants provided ratings of their partners and themselves following the interaction on the Big Five traits, ego‐control, and ego‐resiliency. Next, the amount of different types of information made available by each participant was objectively coded. The accuracy criterion, composed of self‐ and acquaintance ratings, was used to assess distinctive and normative accuracy using the Social Accuracy Model. Participants in the discussion conditions achieved higher distinctive accuracy than participants who engaged in behaviors, but normative accuracy did not differ across conditions. Information about specific behaviors and general behaviors were among the most consistent predictors of higher distinctive accuracy. Normative accuracy was more likely to decrease than increase when higher‐quality information was available. Verbal information about behaviors is the most useful for learning about how people are unique.
WHAT ATTRACTS KNOWLEDGE WORKERS? THE ROLE OF SPACE AND SOCIAL NETWORKS
Authors: Miguélez Ernest , Moreno Rosina
Published: October 2013

The aim of this paper is to identify the determinants of the geographical mobility of skilled individuals, such as inventors, across European regions. Among a large number of variables, we focus on the role of social proximity between inventors’ communities. We use a control function approach to address the endogenous nature of networks, and zero‐inflated negative binomial models to accommodate our estimations to the count nature of the dependent variable and the high number of zeros it contains. Our results highlight the importance of physical proximity, job opportunities, social networks, as well as other relational variables in mediating this phenomenon.
THE DETERMINANTS OF LOCALIZATION AND URBANIZATION ECONOMIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE LOCATION OF NEW FIRMS IN SPAIN
Authors: Jofre‐Monseny Jordi , Marín‐López Raquel , Viladecans‐Marsal Elisabet
Published: October 2013

The objective of this paper is to analyze why firms in some industries locate in specialized economic environments (localization economies) while those in other industries prefer large city locations (urbanization economies). To this end, we examine the location decisions of new manufacturing firms in Spain at the city level and for narrowly defined industries. First, we estimate firm location models to obtain estimates that reflect the importance of localization and urbanization economies in each industry. Then, we regress these estimates on industry characteristics related to the potential importance of labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Urbanization effects are high in knowledge‐intensive industries, suggesting that firms locate in large cities to benefit from knowledge spillovers. We also find that localization effects are high in industries that employ workers whose skills are more industry‐specific, suggesting that industries locate in specialized economic environments to share a common pool of specialized workers.
Grammaticalisation in social context: The emergence of a new English pronoun
Authors: Cheshire Jenny
Published: October 2013

The paper documents the early stages of grammaticalisation of a new first person singular pronoun, man, used in multi‐ethnic adolescent peer groups in inner cities of the U.K. I argue that the pronoun derives from a plural noun man, which is used in the peer groups to refer to a group of individuals whose precise composition is defined by the linguistic or situational context. The recruitment of man as a pronoun is encouraged by the frequent use of its homonym as a pragmatic marker and address form in the peer groups, and by the locally salient connotations of some uses of the singular noun man. The functions of the plural noun and the pragmatic marker are reflected in the two main rhetorical functions of the new pronoun: adolescent speakers use the man pronoun to position themselves as members of a contextually defined group and thereby provide authority for their opinions or mitigate a potentially face‐threatening act, and they also use it to solicit empathy from their interlocutor or construct solidarity. I suggest that a compositional model of the semantics of pronouns can account for the emergence of the new pronoun.