bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precolonial Towns of Southern Africa
Authors: Laburn-Peart Catherine
Published: March 2007

As South Africa underwent a period of fundamental change in the early 1990s, staff at the University of the Witwatersrand sought to make the planning curriculum relevant to the changing needs of the profession. One component that had been neglected was the study of precolonial towns in Southern Africa. Urban morphology, with its emphasis on how and why settlements took the shapes they did, provided a useful tool in the analysis of precolonial towns. Initial attempts by the staff to integrate selected parts of the syllabi of urban morphology and planning history are documented, illustrating how the links were reinforced through student project work.
Evolving Institutions
Authors: Salet Willem G. M.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the interrelationship between planning and law from an institutional point of view. Interest in institutions and general norms in the social and behavioral sciences has led to interdisciplinary cross-pollination. Theories of planning and law occupy a special position because they are rooted in practice. In practice, the main concerns are how institutions are validated in daily policies and how the meaning of institutional norms may change in the course of action. This article addresses how institutions evolve in the practice of planning and law. General norms are evoked, and may be given new meanings, when problems and social conflicts arise. The author investigates how this process plays out in various systems of planning and law. He contrasts the induction of norms in Anglo-Saxon systems to the deductive reasoning behind the German system and discusses the pattern of political “self-limitation” in the Dutch system.
Analyzing Planning Alternatives Using Electronic Spreadsheets
Authors: Ottensmann John
Published: March 2007

The electronic spreadsheet is a type of software which allows information to be laid out on a table that automatically com putes and presents the results The real power of the electronic spreadsheet lies in their allowing the user to make changes and ask "what if" questions This article discusses the use of the electronic spread sheet as a tool for the analysis of planning alternatives.
On the Use of Expert Opinion in Housing Quality Analysis: An Application of the "Five City Housing Survey"
Authors: Beaton W. Patrick
Published: March 2007

Quantifying the level of poor housing within the United States has traditionally been based on the use of combinatorial analysis of census-derived indicators of housing conditions. Units falling below a threshold value on each indicator are defined as being of poor quality. Housing experts from the U.S. Bureau of the Census have produced data showing that census variables, when used as housing quality indicators, must be viewed as random variables, not definitions. The paper that follows explains the use of combinatorial analysis where the indicators are recognized to be random variables. Based upon the results of the Five City Housing Survey of the U.S. Census, the level of error associated with a set of combinatorial rules is estimated and the principles needed to locate the optimal rule established.
Thirty Years of Planning Education
Authors: Hemmens George C.
Published: March 2007

In the thirty years since the Program in Planning Education and Research began at the University of Chicago, planning education has seen various planning styles and substantive spe cializations. Present confusion about planning education, however, should not draw educators' attention to lim itations and misapplications of the Chicago program's rational planning model. Rather, the article argues that educators should focus on planning education's reform of planning as (applied) social science. The article then argues that historical develop ments in planning education carried out under this reform banner reflect a misreading of the original attempt to align planning with the social sci ences. The article concludes that planning education should be refo cused on social design.
Architecture and Planning: The Divergence of Two Fields
Authors: Dagenhart Richard , Sawicki David
Published: March 2007

Many universities are engaged in strategic planning. A natural part of that process for a college that contains architecture and planning is the reconsideration of the administrative structure and the respective roles of each within the university. As part of such an exercise, we reevaluated the rationale for locating planning and architecture in the same unit. This paper is a result of that endeavor. We begin by inventorying the current administrative homes of the accredited programs of architecture and planning and then explore both the disciplinary and the administrative reasons for the obvious tensions between the two fields. We conclude that the disciplines have become radically different and continue to reside together only for pragmatic reasons. Finally, we suggest the beginnings of a new common discourse which may be of value to each of the disciplines, their respective professions, and the city which both disciplines profess to serve.
Integrating Transportation Planning Models with GIS: Issues and Prospects
Authors: Choi Keechoo , Kim Tschangho John
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the possible benefits of combining transportation planning models with geographic information systems (GIS) in the hope that integrating these systems can alleviate the inherent problems of transporta tion planning models, such as user unfriendli ness, labor intensiveness, and theoretical limitations. Specifically, this paper focuses on the issue of incompatibility between GIS and conventional transportation planning models in dealing with network topologies. Resolving this conflict in topologies is a cornerstone for eliminating the user-unfriendliness and labor-intensiveness problems. This paper presents the development of an algorithm that converts GIS topology into transportation network topology. The FORTRAN-based topology conversion algorithm generates transportation networks from GIS carto graphic files and establishes a communication channel between the two systems.
Confucian Planning or Planning Confusion?
Authors: Heikkila Eric J. , Griffin Mark
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relationship between culture, planning, and urban form m the context of Confucian Asia. Three distinct paths of influence are explored. First, urban form is itself an important expression or manifestation of culture. Second, culture has an indirect influence on urban form through its direct influence on the practice of planning. Third, urban form in turn influences culture by shaping, literally and figuratively, the context in which that culture is sustained. From this perspective, urban form provides valuable clues to what is being said at the level of culture. Planners do not act in a vacuum, but are part and parcel of the cultural environment in which they operate. These ideas are explored in the context of planning in East Asia, with special emphasis on the influences of Confucian culture. Our analysis calls into question the appropriateness of Western planning methods in a Confucian urban context.
The Core Curriculum in Planning Revisited
Authors: Friedmann John
Published: March 2007

This critical assessment of Harvey Perloff's influential paradigm for education planners begins with a survey of the core offerings of 20 North American planning schools. It proceeds to ask what is specific to planning education, leading into a discussion of the planning "core." Planning programs are then challenged to stretch the period of graduate study so that students can acquire true mastery of a specialization which rests on a foundation that includes a knowledge of the urban habitat and its dynamics as well as the skills, methods, and approaches common to all urban professionals.
Planning the New Urban University: The Role of Planning Departments
Authors: Wiewel Wim , Carlson Virginia , Friedman Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Funding constraints and increased criticism of institutions of higher education are forcing many universities to reformulate their missions or develop new strategic plans. For a variety of reasons urban issues appear prominently in the new mission statements of universities. This article explores the extent of this new urban emphasis and its reflection in proposed new university structures, processes, and programs. Because urban planning is the academic discipline most explicitly and specifically concerned with urban areas, one might expect urban planning departments to play a lead role in these redefinitions of mission and new initiatives and take advantage of their knowledge base to advance their standing in the institutions. A survey of universities that have engaged in strategic planning and mission formulation shows, however, that the role of urban planning departments is fairly limited. The article concludes with a discussion of possible explanations for this limited role and an identification of areas of opportunity.
Information and Attitudes Toward Mental Health Care Facilities: Implications for Addressing the NIMBY Syndrome
Authors: Takahashi Lois M.
Published: March 2007

Human service providers and scholars have often touted education and information awareness strategies as necessary elements in overcoming community rejection of human services. However, information can affect perceptions in positive or negative ways. This paper presents an analysis of the first national survey of attitudes toward human services in the United States to explore the linkages between information and acceptance of human service facilities. Mental health care facilities provide the focus for analysis. The findings suggest that most respondents believe that they are not "very well" informed about mental disability, that they often do not have personal experience with mental health care, and that the information that they do obtain often emanates from the popular media (particularly television). Ordered logit methods are used to explore the influence of information on attitudes toward group homes for mentally retarded persons and toward mental health outpatient facilities. Implications of this analysis for understanding the NIMBY syndrome are discussed.
The Outsiders: Planning and Transport Disadvantage
Authors: Denmark David
Published: March 2007

The notion of transport disadvantage and how it is addressed by planners in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom are examined in this paper. Key groups of transport disadvantaged people are identified, which leads to a discussion of the importance of the concept of mobility and access for all members of the community. The second part of the paper suggests that the provision of transport can be used as a tool to advance equity in a population. Given that government subsidies are often associated with the promotion of equity, the effects of transportation subsidies are discussed. The third section of the paper examines some possible remedies for transport disadvantage in both an operational and policy sense. Non-mainstream transportation solutions are examined and their place in the overall system identified. The chief strength of much paratransit its close ties to local planning processes is compared with traditional transport planning approaches. Finally, a case is made for more public participation in transport planning and the development of local planning processes.
Urban Planning and Urban Reality Under Chinese Economic Reforms
Authors: Leaf Michael
Published: March 2007

Economic reforms in China have significantly changed both the processes of urban development and the practice of urban spatial planning. Changes in these aspects of urbanization, however, have not occurred in concert. The reassertion of planning as a profession has resulted in a reintroduction of a form of master planning, while the state's virtual monopoly over urban investment and decision making has steadily eroded. In Chinese cities, the practice of urban planning may have passed from irrelevance under the command economy of the past to gross ineffectiveness in the socialist market economy of today. In this paper I review major urban trends arising from Chinese economic reforms and discuss the problems and prospects of a planning response to these trends.
The Continual Significance of Skin Color: An Exploratory Study of Latinos in the Northeast
Authors: GóMez Christina
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have shown that skin color matters for Latinos’ life chances. Most of these studies have focused on Latinos in the Southwest, specifically Mexican and Chicano males. Using the 1994 Boston Social Survey Data, this study examines the effects of skin color for Latinos in the Northeast, specifically Puerto Rican and Dominican men and women. This exploratory study suggests that having dark skin negatively affects wages for men; however, this was not the case for females in the sample.
Attachment and Parental Correlates in Late Adolescent Mexican American Women
Authors: Tacón Anna M. , Caldera Yvonne M.
Published: March 2007

Attachment dimensions and styles, parental caregiving styles, and acculturation were investigated among late adolescent Mexican American Hispanic and non-Hispanic White college women. Results showed no differences between groups on dimensions of attachment or distribution of attachment styles. Significant differences were found for parental gender. For both groups, mothers were rated higher on warmth, whereas fathers’ scores were higher for both ambivalent and cold caregiving styles. No maternal variables were associated with attachment security—only paternal variables—that highlights the salient role of fathers. Implications of measurement and acculturation are discussed as well as recommendations for future research into Hispanic populations.
The Effects of Demographic Variables, Ethnic Prejudice, and Attitudes toward Immigration on Opposition to Bilingual Education
Authors: Houvouras Shannon Krista
Published: March 2007

The majority of quantitative research on race relations focuses on Whites’ opposition to policies that are designed to help Blacks. The current study looks beyond this White/ Black model of racism and focuses on opposition to bilingual education. It is hypothesized that demographic variables, prejudice against Latinos, and attitudes toward immigration increase opposition to bilingual education. The results support these hypotheses. It is also found that education has a significant positive relationship with opposition to bilingual education. This result was unexpected and needs to be explored in the future. The positive relationship between prejudice against Latinos and opposition to bilingual education suggests that this is a race issue. However, the significance of attitudes toward immigration suggests that anti-Latino prejudice works differently than prejudice against Blacks. Therefore, future research on race relations should focus on all minority groups to gain an inclusive understanding of racial/ethnic inequality.
Effectiveness of a Colonia Educational Intervention
Authors: Vincent Vern , Guinn Robert
Published: March 2007

Assessment of the effectiveness of community-based health promotion programs is an essential component of accountability for both providers and funding agencies. The purpose of this study was to compare, in a colonia setting, the effects of an educational intervention for 7- to 12-year-old Hispanic children. The constructs of self-esteem and health locus of control were used as indices to compare differences between intervention participants and nonparticipants. Discriminate analysis revealed that powerful others’ locus of control, self-esteem, chance locus of control, and age distinguished intervention participants from nonparticipants. Results showed that the intervention positively affected self-esteem and influenced acceptance of responsibility for one’s own health.
Young Latino Fathers’ Perceptions of Paternal Role and Risk for Hiv/Aids
Authors: Lesser Janna , Tello Jerry , Koniak-Griffin Deborah , Kappos Barbara , Rhys Moore
Published: March 2007

This study explored young Latino fathers’ feelings about their fathering role and perceptions of risk for HIV. Many teen parents have engaged in activities that place them at risk for exposure to HIV. Compared with young mothers, little is know about teen fathers. Young Latino fathers (N = 45) living in the inner-city participated in focus group interviews; 10 also completed individual interviews. Participants provide an account of the influence of lifelong poverty/social oppression on their worldviews and life choices, describing experiences with community violence, substance abuse, and risky sexual activity. Findings illustrate the profound change that some young men make after becoming fathers, including an understanding of the importance of relationships based on equality. Because of these youths’ ability to make difficult behavioral changes for the sake of their children, young Latino fathers are excellent candidates for intervention programs, such as HIV prevention.
Pretherapy Expectations and Definitions of Mental Illness Among Minority and Low-Income Patients
Authors: Acosta Frank X.
Published: March 2007

This study examines pretherapy expectations for psychotherapists and definitions of mental illness among 44 Mexican American and 48 Anglo American outpatients. Patients' expectations for therapist behaviors, expectations for time in therapy, and definitions for concepts of mental illness were measured on three scales. Both Mexican Americans and Anglo Americans were found to primarily expect a therapist who would engage them in active dialogue. Both ethnic groups were also found to expect a long stay in therapy. However, while Mexican Amer icans and Anglo Americans showed similarities in their definitions of "emotional problem," they differed in their definitions for "emotionally disturbed" and "mental illness."
Theoretical Perspectives on Chicano Personality Development
Authors: Garza Raymond T. , Lipton Jack P.
Published: March 2007

The vast majority of the empirical research dealing with personality development in Mexican-Americans has focused on the measurement of specific variables like cognitive style, cooperation-competition, need for achievement, selfconcept, and locus of control. While the level of methodological sophistication in cross-cultural psychology has improved dramatically in recent years, few advances have-been made at the theoretical level. Traditional theories of personality development are critically examined with specific emphasis on their applications to Mexican-Americans. The need for a theoretical model that can incorporate the interactive effects of culture and personality within a multicultural context is stressed. A preliminary framework for an interactional model of multiculturalism and personality development which can synthesize and integrate the effects of Chicano culture on the development of personality is proposed and discussed.
Judgments of Item Bias in the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities
Authors: Murray Anne M. , Mishra Shitala P
Published: March 2007

The study investigated cultural bias in the 46 verbal items of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA). Using the criteria of examinee opportunity to learn item content and examinee familiarity with the language used, 50 Anglo and 50 Mexican American judges rated all items of the MSCA Verbal Scale. The obtained ratings of item bias were analyzed with the chi-square statistic. Results showed significant differences in the two groups' rating of 16 items on the opportunity to learn dimension. A high degree of agreement between the two groups was noted in the ratings on the familiarity dimension; both groups indicated that Anglo subjects would have more familiarity with item language for most of the items. Significant differences, however, in ratings of Anglo and Mexican American judges were identified for four items. There was no discernible pattern of judgment in terms of item difficulty as ratings appeared to be more related to item content than to level of difficulty.
Hispanic Househusbands
Authors: Davis Sharon Kantorowski , Chavez Virginia
Published: March 2007

This is a qualitative field study of Hispanic househusbands in Southern California. It focuses upon 22 men who assume roles which emphasize household maintenance and emotional family support in direct contrast to the norms and traditions of the Latino subculture. Questionnaires and in-depth interviews revealed that most respondents viewed their role reversals as brought about by external economic circumstances and as temporary. Respondents reported greater involvement in family life and a greater understanding of their partners and children. The division of labor remained somewhat traditional although the availability of time influenced task responsibility. Positive self-concept and male gender identity were enhanced when family and friends were supportive and accepting of the role transcendence. Although machismo remained a powerful influence and the women's movement was frequently denied or mistrusted, increased information exchange resulted in crosssex empathy and identification which may ultimately weaken traditional sex role separation. The perceived short-term role reversal may have long-term effects on machismo, ascriptive sex role statuses and social order in the Hispanic community.
Patterns and Practices of Alcohol Use among Mexican Americans: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Gilbert M. Jean , Cervantes Richard C.
Published: March 2007

While there has been a growing concern with alcohol-related problems among Mexican Americans and an increase in research devoted to learning more about alcohol use in this population, data on these issues are widely scattered. Differences in perspectives on alcohol-related issues and variation in research methodologies have produced a body of information which must be viewed as a whole before distinct patterns can be clearly seen. These circumstances have made it difficult to apply research findings in the design of programs that would be relevant and useful to Mexican Americans suffering problems related to alcohol. Using a framework based on the foci of ethnic alcohol studies in the United States, this review provides information on modal patterns of alcohol use in Mexico, and on the prevalence and level of alcohol use among Mexican Americans. Factors affecting intra-ethnic variation in Mexican American alcohol practices, such as region, gender, age, acculturation and social class are documented. The prevalence and incidence of social and medical problems associated with excessive alcohol use in this population are summarized. Consideration is given to the role of acculturation stress in the etiology of alcohol abuse among Mexican Americans. Conceptual and methodological problems in past research are critically assessed, discontinuities in the literature identified, and areas in particular need of research are delineated.
Cultural Differences in Attitudes and Expectancies Between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Smokers
Authors: Marin Gerardo , Marin Barbara V. , Perez-Stable Eliseo J. , Sabogal Fabio , Otero-Sabogal Regina
Published: March 2007

Cultural differences between 263 Hispanic and 150 non-Hispanic White smokers were studied. Differences were found in the antecedents of smoking (e.g., lower significance of smoking as relaxation for Hispanics), consequences of smoking (eg., Hispanics' concern for harming the health of their children), consequences of quitting (e.g., the Hispanic expectancy of providing a better example to their children by quitting), and in the generalized attitudes toward smoking. Gender differences were found in only one attitude measure, indicating that these attitudes and expectancies are moderated only to a minimal extent by gender differences in socialization. Where acculturation differences existed in the responses of Hispanics, the highly acculturated Hispanic respondents tended to provide responses that were more similar to those of the non-Hispanic Whites.
Prediction of Long-Term Alcohol Use, Drug Use, and Criminality Among Inhalant Users
Authors: McBride Anthony A. , Joe George W. , Simpson D. Dwayne
Published: March 2007

Predictors of drug use and other deviant behaviors were examined in a 4-year follow-up study of 110 Mexican American adolescents of low socioeconomic status admitted to a drug abuse prevention program. Results indicated that parental influences had only minor predictive power for outcomes at follow-up, while associationis with deviant peers were strongly related to alcohol and drug use as well as involvement in criminal activities. Significant relationships were also found, especially in females, between low satisfaction with school and greater severity of drug use.
Unequal Employment Status and Ethnicity: Further Analysis of the USPI-ESPI Model
Authors: Soriano Fernando I. , Ramirez Albert
Published: March 2007

This study compares two groups of Chicanos who were exposed to two disparate work environments. The effect of these two different employment systems on a number of psychological and attitudinal variables was investigated. Significant group differences were found, which supported the hypothesis that being in an unequal social power and influence (USPI) work environment, where Chicanos are job segregated, negatively affects their psychological well-being. However, a relationship was not found between the socialpower environment of Chicanos at work and their attitudes reflectingperceived reasons for the current social status of Chicanos in society. Also, groups failed to differ in their perceptions of discrimination against Chicanos in their neighborhoods. Even so, the results demonstrated the psychological importance and consequence to Hispanics of being exposed to unfair and inequitable work environments.
Religious Involvement Among Hispanic and Black Mothers of Newborns
Authors: Levin Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2007

Findings are presented from an analysis of patterns and predictors of religious involvement among 135 Hispanic and 118 Black mothers interviewed postpartum as part of the Galveston Low Birthweight Survey in 1986. Three indicators of religious involvement were examined (religious attendance, frequency of prayer, and self-rated religiosity), and six predictors were included (age, education, marital status, prepartum parity, subjective health, and pregnancy anxiety). Results of analysis of covariance and multiple regression include ethnic differences in both patterns and predictors of religious involvement. These findings are compared to similar research on religious involvement in older Hispanics and Blacks.
Household Composition, Employment Patterns, and Income Inequality: Puerto Ricans in New York and Other Areas of the U.S. Mainland
Authors: Rodriguez Havidan
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the impact of household composition, educational attainment, and employment characteristics on household income for Puerto Rican householders in New York and other areas of the United States, frorn 1970 to 1980. New York householders had lower levels of ediucation. in particular fewer college graduates. and lower labor force participation, antd a higher proportion of female-hteaded households. Although average houisehold itncome declined for bothl groups, New York householders had significantly lower inicomes relative to those residing elsewhere. Regression standardization showed that, inl 1980, the average compositional characteristics of New York Puerto Ricans were "less favorable" to /iousehold income. Furthier, they received less inicome for their average characteristics. whleni compared to householders not residing ini New York. It is suggested thtat the deterioratintg ecoinom ic coniditionis of Puerto Ricans is a result of joblessniess anid low-skilled, loi-t-wage jobs amonig those employed. hindustrial restructuring, low levels of educationt, and the dramatic growth of female-headed households also accounts for their depressed economic status and explains some of the differences in economic well-being between New York and non-New York house-hlolders. Further. the problemns of mainland Puerto Ricans have been exacerbated by racial and ethnic discriminationt.
Comfort with Acculturation Status among Students from South Texas
Authors: Montgomery Gary T.
Published: March 2007

A 28-item acculturation rating scale for Mexican Americans was introduced, which was designed not only to measure the extent to which subjects vary in Mexican versusAnglo orientation, but also the extent to which they are comfortable with their cultural identity. The scale was adninistered to 844 subjects, comprising three different student populations in extreme south Texas. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency, and its validity was corroborated by commonly used criteria. The items in the scale clustered around five factors. Factor subscale scores computed for each subject related in meaningful ways with established validity criteria. Factor subscale scores were used to measure comfort with the subject's ethnic identity. The measures of comfort with ethnic identity related meaningfully with validity criteria. The measures of comfort with ethnic identity may prove useful in identifying individuals under pressure from acculturation stress.
Language and Ethnic Classification of Language Minorities: Chicano and Latino Students in the 1990s
Authors: Macias Reynaldo F.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between ethnicity and language in educational statistics can be stronger for policy and research purposes. Over the last two decades there have been improvements in the specification and collection of language and ethnic data, and yet the constructs based on these data have fallen prey to bureaucratic and policy battles, or gone unnoticed. Two of the concepts developed to estimate the need for bilingual education: "non-English language background" and "limited-English proficient" persons, are useful as a framework for educational language demography as well as language studies in otherareas. These two constructs have been used, differentiated and elaborated by different agencies within the federal government. At the same time, they have loosened the traditional relationships between ethnicity and language. Comparing the datafrom the 1980 and 1990 Census and California school enrollments, this article illustrates the utility of these two constructs, discusses the new CensusBureau constructs of "English difficulty" and "linguistic isolation, " and the implications for educational data, monitoring Latino student progress in the 1990s, and educational language policies.
Sex Role Identity among College Students: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Authors: De Leon Brunilda
Published: March 2007

This study compared sex role identity of male andfemale college students (N = 763) from four ethnicdracial groups: 203 Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico (PR-PR) (F = 126; M = 77); 197 Puerto Ricans in the United States (PR-US) (F = 124; M = 73); 198 White-American (Anglo) students (F = 105; M = 93); and 170Black-American students (Blacks) (F = 80; M = 90) using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). The majority (51.4%) of males andfemales of the total sample studied were classified as androgynous, indicating high degrees of both masculine and feminine traits. Women of the four ethnic/racial groups were similar with regard to their scores on the feminine scale but differed on the masculine scale, with Blackwomen scoring highest, Anglo women lowest, and Puerto Rican women with intermediate scores. Males from the group were not significantly different from each other on the masculine scale of the BSRI whereas on the feminine scale, Puerto Rican men in Puerto Rico and in the United States scored higher on the femininity scale than did Anglos and Blacks.
Status Differentials, Status Stability, and Interethnic Social Competition in Anglo-Americans and Mexican Americans
Authors: Santos Silvia J. , Garza Raymond T. , Bohon Lisa M.
Published: March 2007

A 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects design was employed to examine the relationship among status differentials, status stability, and intergroup social competition. The three independent variables were the ethnic background of subjects (Anglo-American/Mexican American), manipulated status rank (high status/low status), and status stability (stable status/unstable status). The dependent variable was social competition defined as in-group bias/out-group discrimination as measured by Taffel's matrices. Fifty-two Mexican American and 42 Anglo-American subjects participated in this study. They were asked to rate a bogus ethnic in-group and out-group on the quality of their solutions to a problem-solving task. The results indicated that stable high-status Anglo-Americans exhibited social competition against the Mexican American out-group whereas stable low-status Anglo-Americans showed slight favoritism toward this out-group. Furthermore, unstable Anglo-Americans, both low and high statuses, displayed social competition against Mexican Americans. Finally, the results showed that Mexican Americans, regardless of their status rank or status stability, exhibited social competition against the Anglo-American outgroup. Thesefindings are believed to be a result of the real-world minority status of Mexican Americans.
The Baccalaureate Origins of Chicana and Chicano Doctorates in the Social Sciences
Authors: Solorzano Daniel G.
Published: March 2007

The research represents a national examination of the doctorate production and baccalaureate origins of Chicanas and Chicanos in the social sciences. As the first study of this population, there were two objectives. Thefirst was to provide baseline information in the form of a national overview of Chicanalo doctorate production from U.S. universities generally and in the social sciences specifically. Indeed, the research found that Chicanas/os are the most underrepresented population in doctorate production overall and in the social sciences in particular The second objective was to examine the baccalaureate origins of Chicanalo doctorates generally and in the social sciences specifically. The research found that certain small (mostly private) institutions, with significant percentages of Latino students, whose primary institutional mission is teaching and that are located in thefive southwestern states of California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado appear to be the major producers of Chicanalo students who continue on to the social science doctorate. The study found some gender differences in doctorate production and baccalaureate origins.
Interactional Conflicts among Audience, Purpose, and Content Knowledge in the Acquisition of Academic Literacy in an EAP Course
Authors: HANSEN JETTE G.
Published: March 2007

The issues of authentic context and authoritative ethos are explored through a study of a graduate student learning to write for mathematics within the context of an English for academic purposes (EAP) course. The student faced conflicts about audience, purpose, and content knowledge as she was required to write math texts within what she perceived was an inauthentic context, an English as a second language (ESL) course. She questioned the purpose of the writing tasks as well as why an ESL instructor was teaching her to write for math, and she addressed the conflicts by writing for the instructor's discourse community and expectations, rather than her own, to earn a grade for the course. The text the student created was thus inauthentic within her own discourse community and lacked her voice of authority. These findings question the validity of EAP courses and raise several issues, especially in terms of the transferability of skills from EAP to content courses.
Learning the Trade
Authors: BEAUFORT ANNE
Published: March 2007

Taking a social constructionist point of view and drawing on the work in cognitive psychology on situated cognition and expert performances, this study reports on a segment of an ethnography of writing in a workplace setting that reveals the interconnections of discourse community goals, writers' roles, and the socialization process for writers new to a given discourse community. Specifically, the data reveal 15 different writing roles assumed by members of the discourse community that depict a continuum from novice to expert writing behaviors. Writing roles were defined in relation to both the importance to community goals of the text to be written and to the amount of context-specific writing knowledge required to accomplish the task. The study applies the notion of legitimate peripheral participation in a discourse community and creates a framework for conceptualizing a social apprenticeship in writing either in school or nonschool settings.
Readers' Perception of Bias in Public Education Documents
Authors: STRATMAN JAMES F.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore an empirical approach to investigating whether and why readers may perceive bias in public education documents (PEDs). Focusing on explanatory ballot booklets as a paradigmatic example of such documents, the study addresses three questions: (a) Can readers' bias judgments be predicted from rhetorical analyses? (b) What is the relation of readers' partisanship to their perception of bias? and (c) What is the nature of readers' bias judgment process? The study investigates readers' perceptions of bias in a Colorado ballot booklet intended to explain a tax cut proposal. Based on a synthesis of current theories and research investigating bias perceptions in cognitive and social psychology and a rhetorical analysis of the presentation frames and semantic cues in the ballot booklet itself, the study hypothesizes that readers, regardless of partisanship, would be more likely to perceive the ballot booklet to be biased in favor of the proposed tax measure than against it. Converging experimental data in the form of questionnaire ratings and think-aloud protocols are shown to support this hypothesis.
Cooperative Writing
Authors: O'DONNELL ANGELA M. , DANSEREAU DONALD F. , ROCKLIN THOMAS , LAMBIOTTE JUDITH G. , HYTHECKER VELMA I. , LARSON CELIA O.
Published: March 2007

This study compared the performance of students who cooperated on an instruction writing task with students who worked alone. The effects of transfer from a cooperative experience to an individual writing task was also assessed. A total of 36 students were recruited from introductory psychology classes and were randomly assigned to a cooperative or individual condition. The results of the study showed that students in the cooperative condition significantly outperformed the individual group on a measure of the communicative quality of the writing on both the initial task and on the transfer task (p s <.01). No differences between the groups were found on a measure of the completeness of the written instruction on either task (p s >.05). It appears that cooperating dyads can improve the communicative quality of their instruction writing.
Monitoring Processes in Analytic and Summary Writing
Authors: DURST RUSSELL K.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the monitoring strategies eleventh-grade students employ in analytic and summary writing. Ten high and ten average ability writers each took part in two composing-aloud sessions, writing one analytic, thesis/support essay and one chronological summary essay based upon their reading of history passages. Students' composing-aloud protocols were broken down into individual communication units, which were examined for the kinds of monitoring, self-regulatory behaviors students engaged in to guide themselves through the composing process. The study analyzed students' monitoring at different points in the composing process and for the process as a whole. Multivariate analysis of variance procedures were used to study results of the protocol analyses. The study found that, while writing analyses, students devoted considerable attention to figuring out the demands of the writing task, to examining their own understanding of the topic and its significance, and to assessing the effectiveness of their own writing strategies. However, while writing summaries, students did far less monitoring of their composing processes and reflecting about their subject matter, spending most of their time mainly paraphrasing the readings. Results suggest that both high and average ability student writers employ a wide range of metacognitive strategies in writing, and that students vary those strategies both across writing tasks and at different points within the writing process.
Conceptualizing the Written Word
Authors: OLSON DAVID R.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author offers some personal reflections on the origins and continued development of his thinking about the nature of writing and the relationship between writing and cognition. He recounts how his early efforts to understand the unique effects of writing on cognition, which he claimed were different from the effects of speech on cognition, culminated in his controversial theory of “autonomous texts”: namely, that whereas in speech one listens primarily for a speaker's intentions (i.e., what is meant), writing elicits a form of understanding that seeks a more literal interpretation of sentence meaning (i.e., what is actually said). The author acknowledges the merit of several criticisms of his early claims, but defends his core thesis that writing both enables and encourages writers and readers to say and think things differently than does speech; writing entails a unique mode of understanding that divorces form from meaning. He revises his earlier contention that literacy represents a form of cultural progress toward a more cautious view of writing as an instrument of increasing cultural specialization. Finally, the author outlines several unresolved issues that serve to focus his continued efforts at understanding how writing affects cognition.
Language, Rhetoric, and AIDS
Authors: REEVES CAROL
Published: March 2007

This article examines the experiences and rhetorical actions of key medical scientists and physicians who have treated, studied, and written about Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome since the beginning of the epidemic. Those first to describe the disease report that the rhetorical challenge was convincing their audience to accept the novel idea of acquired immune deficiency and to see the cases they described as an emerging medical catastrophe. The biological, social, and linguistic complications of AIDS and the failure of traditional treatments forced the professionals interviewed to develop new care practices such as more horizontal communication with patients and a holistic view of a patient's needs. Responding to the need to educate and persuade peers and the public about appropriate actions in treating and preventing the disease, these professionals participated in rhetorical action that negotiated between “old” practices and attitudes and “new” problems that required changes in practice and attitudes.
“As You're Writing, You Have these Epiphanies”
Authors: HILGERS THOMAS L. , HUSSEY EDNA LARDIZABAL , STITT-BERGH MONICA
Published: March 2007

This study draws on the perceptions and experiences of upper-division students enrolled in writing-intensive (WI) classes in their majors at a large state university. During extended interviews, students reported confidence in dealing with the writing requirements of their majors and predicted success in future job-related writing situations. The primary bases for this confidence are their experiences with a significant number of WI assignments and their ability to engage a variety of resources and use the knowledge thereby obtained. Students particularly valued research-related writing assignments in the major as opportunities for professional skills development and identity building. The authors discuss findings as they relate to the ideologies of writing across the curriculum and writing in the disciplines. The authors argue for greater attention to students' readiness to make connections across assignments, courses, and disciplines; they also suggest greater attention to a field's inquiry methods and strategies for solving problems.
Defining Occupations
Authors: DETWEILER JANE , PEYTON CLAUDIA
Published: March 2007

Extending Bakhtin's chronotopic theory to the interpretation of nonfictional texts, this article examines the role of narrative conventions in the epistemological development of a health care field. The authors argue that changes marking the emergence of occupational therapy as an autonomous profession illustrate how explanatory narrative frames emerge from and embody assumptions about the world. Taking up pivotal lectures by key figures in this field as material for analysis, the authors demonstrate how biomedical, psychosocial, and dialogic-intersubjective narrative genres frame the dynamics of the therapeutic situation for clinical practitioners and other members of the field. By using chronotopic analysis to understand the narrative-epistemic transformation of academic and professional fields, the authors provide new ways to think about the long-term dialogue between explanatory frameworks in knowledge-making communities.
“If You Don't Tell Me, How Can I Know?”
Authors: ANGELOVA MARIA , RIAZANTSEVA ANASTASIA
Published: March 2007

This study examined the problems that four international graduate students of various linguistic and cultural backgrounds encountered in the process of adapting to the requirements of discipline-specific written discourses during their first year of studies in the United States. Qualitative data including participant and faculty interviews, observations, analysis of written samples, and reflective journals kept by the participants were collected. The results of the study suggest that international students, who bring different writing experiences with them to U.S. classrooms, need assistance to adjust more easily to the requirements of the new academic environment. This assistance, however, depends on international students and U.S. faculty alike learning to address explicitly how academic writing conventions differ across cultures.
Adult Education Needs a Philosophy and a Goal
Authors: Blakely Robert J.
Published: March 2007

We are glad to be able to present below the full text of Robert J. Blakely's important and eloquent keynote address to the Second Na tional Conference of the Adult Education Association. Mr. Blakely expresses the hope that this address will serve as a basis for discussion and welcomes your comments on the points he raises. To aid this discus sion we have added a short list of questions calling attention to some of the more provocative issues raised in the address.
Attendance Patterns and Dropouts in Adult Night School Classes
Authors: Dickinson Gary , Verner Coolie
Published: March 2007

Eleven characteristics of dropouts were examined in relation to attendance patterns using registration data from 98 courses enrolling 2,075 persons in a public adult night school pro gram. The average daily attendance for all courses was 63.5 per cent. Subject matter and length of course appeared to account for many of the differences in attendance patterns observed. General interest course maintained attendance better than academic or vo cational courses and those of ten sessions or less had a greater holding power than longer courses. The dropouts constituted 27.8 per cent of the original enrollment. In general, the persistent at- tenders were older, married housewives who had children, while the dropouts were younger and usually single.