bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Over-wintering Strawberry Plants under Rowcovers Increases Fruit Production
Authors: Pollard James E. , Cundari Christina M.
Published: September 2022

Over-wintering strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants under row-covers applied in early Fall 1983 through 1985, and removed in spring at first bloom, significantly increased production of marketable fruit. Spunbonded rowcovers of nylon or polyester were more effective than those of slitted polyethylene. In years when winter injury affected fruit production in noncovered controls, addition of a winter-protective mulch to rowcovered treatments in early December had no effect on fruit production, compared to rowcovered treatments without winter mulch. In years when winter injury was not a factor affecting production, addition of winter mulch to rowcovers nullified the rowcover effect on production. Accumulation of degree days (base 10°C) in soil and air in rowcovered plots was significantly greater than in noncovered plots. The rowcover effects influencing fruit production appeared to occur in winter and/or spring rather than in the fall.
Use of Carob as a Potting Medium Component
Authors: Rishani Nabil , Rice R. P.
Published: September 2022

Due to the high price of imported sphagnum peat in Lebanon, olive pumace and two types of carob pumace, by-products of local industries, were tested as substitute materials in potting mixes. Their particle size distribution, bulk density, stability, and phase distribution were similar to the peatmoss; both were more alkaline and saline, although still within acceptable levels. Nephrolepsis exaltata (L.) Schott, Pilea cadierii Gagnep and Guillaum, and Hedera helix L. were grown in mixes of the pumaces with builder's sand at 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 organic material by volume. Olive pumace-based mixes produced unsalable plants, apparently due to a Phytotoxin present, whereas plants grown in media containing traditionally milled or mechanically chopped carob pumace were of equal or better quality than those grown in peatmoss-based mixes.
Paclobutrazol Suppresses Vegetative Growth of Large Pecan Trees
Authors: Wood Bruce W.
Published: September 2022

The desirability of controlling growth of large pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] trees prompted the evaluation of paclobutrazol (PBZ) for growth suppression. PBZ was applied to 75-year-old ‘Stuart’ pecan trees via trunk injection (rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg·cm–1 trunk diameter) or as a spray to the orchard floor (rates of 0, 19, 38 and 76 g/tree). Terminal-shoot growth and leaf area were reduced during 4 years after treatment in both studies. In-shell nut yield was reduced the third and fourth years after PBZ injection, but was increased the second year after soil application. PBZ can reduce terminal-shoot growth in large trees, but higher doses may produce a decline of nut production. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Tree Root Spread in Relation to Branch Dripline and Harvestable Root Ball
Authors: Gilman Edward F.
Published: September 2022

Ninety-one percent to 95% of field-grown 3-year-old root systems of Gleditsia triacanthos L., Populus × generosa A. Henry, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh were outside of the harvestable root ball. Seventy-seven percent of the Populus root system was growing beyond the branch dripline, whereas 59% and 54% were outside of the Gleditsia and Fraxinus driplines, respectively. Root spread to branch spread ratios are discussed.
Effect of Pre-force Storage Conditions on Early Flowering of Rhododendron
Authors: French C. J. , Alsbury J.
Published: September 2022

The effects of two cold storage treatments (natural temperatures vs. 5°C) and durations (6 vs. 8 weeks) on subsequent forced flowering were investigated in four Rhododendron cultivars. Natural temperatures were: day (0600–1800 hr), mean 6.8°, range –1.0° to 15°; night (1800–0600 hr), mean 4.8°, range –1.0 to 13°. There were marked differences among cultivars in the chilling requirements to break flower bud dormancy. An early flowering cultivar (R. ‘Christmas Cheer’; R. caucasicum ×), required less pre-force chilling than the late-flowering R. ‘Vulcan’ (‘Mars’ × R. griersonianum). Mid-season flowering ‘Unique’ (R. campylocarpum ×) and ‘Pink Bountiful’ (R. williamsianum × ‘Linswegeanum’) had intermediate cold requirements. ‘Christmas Cheer’ was forced into flower for the Christmas period in 3 weeks without artificial pre-force cold storage.
Growth Potential of the Easter Lily Bulb
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung
Published: September 2022

Removing 33% or 100% of the Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’) mother scales when flower buds were 1.3 cm in length, in conjunction with flower bud removal at the 3-cm stage, increased daughter bulb dry weight by 21% and 45%, respectively, when plants were harvested after 13 weeks. Size of the remaining mother scales in partially de-scaled plants was estimated to be 30% larger than their counterparts in intact bulbs. Growth of the Easter lily bulb is likely limited by source carbon supply.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis of Ca and K in Apple Leaves
Authors: Couvillon G. A. , Tan K. H. , Dobson J. W.
Published: September 2022

Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of Ca and K was conducted in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves. Larger amounts of Ca and K were detected in the xylem than in the mesophyll tissue. The X-ray images of both the elements increased in intensities in samples from trees receiving gypsum and foliar sprays with CaCl2. Conversion of the X-ray images into graphical data produced a better quantitative comparison of element concentrations. The range of Ca concentration in the xylem of 206 to 350 ppm compared favorably with that reported in the literature for xylem sap of assorted tree species, including apple trees.
A New Chlorotic Mutant of Muskmelon
Authors: Nugent Perry E. , Bhella H. S.
Published: September 2022

A mutant seedling with retarded growth and interveinal chlorosis of leaves characteristic of iron deficiency was discovered in a group of ‘Edisto’ muskmelon transplants. The seedling responded to supplemental Fe, suggesting that the mutant affects Fe uptake or use. The F1 phenotypes from crosses of the mutant with ‘Edisto’ and ‘Mainstream’ were normal. F2, F3, and testcross data indicate that the chlorotic phenotype is controlled by a single recessive gene, which is not allelic or linked to virescent.
Method for Changing Water Application Rates In Trickle Irrigation Research Plots
Authors: Lasswell J. L. , Worthington J. W.
Published: September 2022

Trickle irrigation studies often require different water application rates. The design and construction of trickle systems for randomized studies can be difficult and expensive if they involve separate timers, solenoids, valves, and/or irrigation lines for each treatment. One possible solution to this problem is to design the system so that only the emitters are used to regulate the flow of water within each test group. Such a system can be controlled by a single timer with only one lateral line needed for each row.
Working Environment in Greenhouses—A Review of Swedish Research
Authors: Lundqvist Peter , Gustafsson Bengt
Published: September 2022

Swedish greenhouse cultivation embraces 1700 companies with an average of 3.4 million m2 (340 ha) under glass. The production value amounts to about 1300 million S. crowns, or about $215 million (3).
Classification of Vegetable Corns
Authors: Courter J. W. , Rhodes A. M. , Garwood D. L. , Mosely P. R.
Published: September 2022

In a broad sense, fresh-market vegetable corns include all maize harvested and eaten fresh while the kernels are tender and before all of the sugars are converted to starch. This definition includes “roasting ears” of selected field corns that lack sweetness-enhancing genotypes and are considered “starchy”. Traditionally, however, sweet corn cultivars have been homozygous for the recessive sugary (su) gene (8).
Control of Vegetative Growth of Stone Fruits with Paclobutrazol
Authors: Sanchez Luis E. , Prieto Francisca , Becerra Monica
Published: September 2022

During the last decade, fruit growers in Chile have made dense plantings of many species of fruit trees to obtain early and high yields of quality fruit. Control of tree size has become the most important problem to many growers. Usually, heavy pruning in summer and winter is used to keep the tree within a certain space and to maintain a good yield of high quality fruit. This pruning is costly and often fails (1). There is a great need for dwarfing rootstocks in most fruit tree species. Good dwarfing commercial rootstocks are available for apples and pears, but few exist for stone fruits (6). Therefore, growth retardants are being tested to regulate the size of fruit trees (4, 6, 8-10). The growth retardant β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol) (PB) is being tested in Chile on peaches, nectarines, plums, apricots, and cherries since PB is the best known and widely tested product of this kind. PB and other growth retardants can induce effects either applied to the soil or sprayed on the foliage (2). When PB is applied to the foliage, the effect on the vegetation is faster than from soil applications, but is of short duration, and several foliar applications are needed to maintain growth retardation. Effects of PB, on stone fruits were studied through soil applications, because Chilean fruit growers wish to use the least number of sprays possible. In our trials, soil applications were made at flowering time. The formulation of PB used was a 25% flowable concentrate under the commercial name of Cultar. These trials are part of a 5-year study on gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors. Results in tables and figures were recorded after the second year when maximum effects were expressed.
Training and Visit Extension: Back to Basics
Authors: Baxter Michael , Pickering Donald C.
Published: September 2022

The Training and Visit (T&V) system of agricultural extension has been widely adopted over the past decade. It is now being used in at least 40 countries. Many governments have contributed significant resources to implementing the system. Multi- and bilateral development organizations have also been involved. The World Bank, the leading development agency in this respect, has invested about $2.4 billion in extension activities.
Organogenesis in Vitro as a Developmental Process
Authors: Christianson M. L. , Warnick D. A.
Published: September 2022

Plants have a remarkable propensity for asexual or vegetative propagation, and it is not surprising that this capacity extends to plant cells or tissues cultured in vitro (24). The “regenerative response” in vitro includes somatic embryogenesis as well as organogenesis (formation of shoots or roots from cultured tissue). It may be useful to make a further distinction, subdividing the organogenic response. In many instances, explants have the capacity to give rise to shoots, roots, or floral structures when cultured on a medium that supplies mineral salts, vitamins, and a carbon source, but is devoid of plant hormones. These processes may be termed “adventive organogenesis”. Exogenously supplied plant hormones often can facilitate these processes, but are not absolutely required for organogenesis to occur. In these instances, the immediate precursors of the new organs are cells in the explant itself (5, 6). The other type of organogenesis is not adventive and involves a “dedifferentiation” of the explant, elaboration of callus tissue along the cut edges of the explant, and the induction of new organs from this newly formed callus tissue. Exogenously supplied phytohormone not only controls the process but is required for organogenesis to occur. This paper is concerned with the specifics of this last type of organogenesis; we suspect that the general principles derived from this work apply to all organogenesis in vitro. As much as organogenesis in vitro reflects the mechanisms of organogenesis in vivo, these general principles will also apply to the development in whole plants ex vitro.
Oligosaccharins: Regulatory Molecules in Plants
Authors: Albersheim Peter , Darvill Alan G. , Davis Keith R. , Doares Steven H. , Gollin David J. , O'Neill Roger , Toubart Patrick R. , York William S.
Published: September 2022

The well-characterized regulatory molecules of plants, abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellin, are pleiotropic. We hypothesize that these five molecules catalyze the release of other, more specific chemical messages. Two research projects of our laboratory team, elucidating the structure and function of the matrix polysaccharides of the walls of growing plant cells, and studying the manner by which plants defend themselves against disease, led us to discover that structurally defined fragments of cell-wall polysaccharides are chemical messages with specific regulatory properties. These regulatory molecules—oligosaccharins—are released from the cell wall by enzymes. This lecture will describe evidence that cell walls are the repository of numerous, different oligosaccharins that can regulate not only triggering of plant defenses against pathogens and other types of stress, but also can regulate rate of growth, and differentiation into roots, flowers, and vegetative buds.
European Selection Schemes for Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Webster A. D.
Published: September 2022

Man's breeding and selection of woody ornamentals is, by no stretch of the imagination, a novel pursuit, but has employed succeeding generations of plantsmen for many centuries. Currently, selection of woody ornamentals that depends on government or industry funding is inevitably stimulated by cultural or disease problems with existing species or cultivars, by changing consumer needs, or by recognition of a market demand for superior or novel plants. The worth of this work frequently is judged in terms of its potential economic benefit. Speculative breeding and/or selection of esoteric plants, a traditional pursuit of the enthusiastic horticulturist, is now difficult for anyone other than the keen amateur to sustain.
Keeping Quality of Various Genotypes of Ficus benjamina after Simulated Dark Shipping and Storage Indoors
Authors: Ottosen Carl-Otto , Høyer Lars
Published: September 2022

Up to 42% difference was found in leaf abscission of some selected fast growing clones of Ficus benjamina after simulated transport in darkness followed by low irradiance conditions in a simulated interior environment. Clones that grew fast under low irradiance conditions also had superior keeping quality. This suggests a possibility of selecting genotypes with both a fast growth and good keeping quality.
Inheritance of Fruit Bitterness in a Cross of Cucurbita mixta × C. pepo
Authors: Borchers E. A. , Taylor R. T.
Published: September 2022

A cross of ‘Green Striped Cushaw’ pumpkin (Cucurbita mixta) × ‘Goldbar’ hybrid summer squash (C. pepo), neither of which have bitter fruit, produced an F1 having extremely bitter fruit. Inheritance data suggest that fruit bitterness in this cross is conditioned by three dominant, complementary genes with two contributed by ‘Goldbar’ and the third by ‘Green Striped Cushaw’.
Measuring Growing Media pH with Metal-probe and Glass Electrode pH Meters
Authors: Hershey David R.
Published: September 2022

Probe pH meters are marketed by many horticultural suppliers and cost from $5 to $21. A probe pH meter consists of an analog meter attached to one or two metal probes. To measure pH a probe is pushed into moist growing medium, and the indicator needle points to the pH. Despite low cost and seemingly simple operation, probe pH meters have been criticized as being unsuitable for horticultural use (1, 3). I, therefore, evaluated the accuracy of a probe pH meter for measuring growing media pH.
Analysis of Shear Force Data in Broccoli Transplant Studies
Authors: Latimer Joyce Griffin , Beverly Reuben B. , Blum Bill
Published: September 2022

The Georgia transplant industry is based upon production of vegetable transplants in field seedbeds. Since transplants are hand-pulled and packed in crates for shipping, stem strength is important to the survival of the transplants. During a project studying transplant production, we observed differences in stem strength as a result of soil amendments added to the seedbeds. Stem strength of plants has been analyzed using shearing devices, and several methods of analyzing and interpreting shear force data have been reported (2-4). This report compares three methods of analyzing data from field research on broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Group Italica) transplant production to determine the most appropriate means of identifying treatment effects on stem strength.
Production of Specialty Crops for Ethnic Markets in the United States
Authors: Marsh Dyremple B.
Published: September 2022

The number of people of Caribbean, African, and Asian descent living in the United States is quite high. Most of these people live in diverse ethnic centers, such as New York, San Francisco, Chicago, Miami, and Atlanta. It might be profitable to provide traditional foods (2, 3) for these groups. Many of these foods already are imported into the United States. However, importation sometimes is not possible because of (a) inadequate storage facilities, (b) low cost effectiveness, and (c) small amounts that need to be imported (J.R. Suah, CARDI, personal communication). Three of these crops that may be grown in Missouri are hot pepper, ‘Scotch Bonnet,’ a low moisture pumpkin, ‘Calabash,’ and yam. ‘Scotch Bonnet,’ pepper grown under tropical conditions is semiperennial with peak production occurring in the first year. ‘Calabash’ pumpkin, requires a growing season of at least 7 months. Yam requires a 6- to 10-month growing period under tropical conditions. The potential production of these vegetables in the United States has not been adequately investigated. We, therefore, investigated their performance under mid-Missouri growing conditions.
Adventitious Shoot Production From Leaves of Blueberry Cultured in Vitro
Authors: Dweikat I. M. , Lyrene P. M.
Published: September 2022

Blueberry is clonally propagated by hardwood and softwood cuttings, and by micropropagation. Zimmerman and Broome (7) reported 22.8 µm 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plus 73.8 µm N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2ip) to be optimal for axillary shoot proliferation. Lyrene (4) found that 28.5 µm IAA added to medium containing 73.8 µm 2ip had no effect on shoot multiplication. Although lowbush blueberries produced increasingly more shoots as 2ip concentrations increased from 0 to 147.6 µm (2), three highbush clones produced fewer shoots at the 147.6 µm than at lower concentrations (1).
‘Texas Grano 1025Y’: A Medium Length Storage Shortday Onion
Authors: Pike L. M. , Horn R. S. , Andersen C. R. , Leeper P. W. , Miller M. E.
Published: September 2022

The development of a high yielding, pink root resistant, medium length storage shortday onion (Allium cepa L.) with improved shipping quality and maturing slightly later than ‘Texas Early Grano 502’ (TEG502) was the objective in the development of this cultivar. ‘Texas Grano 1025Y’ (TG1025Y) extends the South Texas onion season by 7 to 10 days beyond the ‘TEG502’ maturity season.
Comments on Flux and Flux Density
Authors: Downs Robert J.
Published: September 2022

A recent update supplement of the ASHS Publications Manual (1) states that photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) shall now be called photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). This decision appears to be based on a Feature article by Holmes et al. (2), which suggested that flux density was seriously misused to describe flux. They offered three definitions of flux to support this alleged misuse—Chamber's Dictionary of Science and Technology: the rate of flow of mass, volume, or energy per unit cross-section normal to the direction of flow; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms: the amount of some quantity flowing across a given area per unit time; Oxford English Dictionary: the rate of flow of any fluid across a given area; the amount of which crosses an area in a given time; it is thus a vector referred to unit area.
Effect of Planting Date on Growth and Yield of Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Sajjapongse Adisak , Wu Mei-Huey , Roan Yu-Chi
Published: September 2022

High temperature during August plantings of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] reduced the number of storage roots/plant, increased top weight, and gave low yield. November planting, when the temperature was relatively low, had no effect on root formation but resulted in small roots. Yields were related to the accumulated temperature of the first 60 days after planting (DAP) and the relationship was quadratic. Regression analysis revealed that the highest yield (15.3 t·ha–1) in 1981–82 was obtained when the mean daily temperature of the first 60 DAP was 22.4°C. Analogous data for 1983–84 were 17.7 t·ha–1 and 23.1°.
Effect of Flat Cell Size, Transplant Age, and Production Site on Growth and Yield of Pepper Transplants
Authors: Weston Leslie A.
Published: September 2022

‘Yolo Wonder L’ pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants produced in two locations (Florida and Kentucky) and in flats of five cell sizes were compared for fruit productivity in Kentucky. Transplants grown in large cells in both locations produced greater early yields than those from small cells, but did not produce greater total yields. Transplants grown in Speedling cell size 175 (39.5 cm3) possessed greater height, leaf area, and dry weight at field-setting and produced greater early fruit yields than did plants grown in smaller cells. Transplants grown in Speedling trays in Kentucky, but fertilized differently than those grown in Florida, produced greater early and total yields than Speedling transplants grown in Florida. Sixty-day-old seedlings transplanted into the field produced significantly larger early yields than did those that were 30, 40, or 50 days old.
Fruit Abscission, Fruit Quality, and Residue Levels of Dichlorprop Used to Control Preharvest Drop of Apple
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Byers Ross E. , Sowers Donald , Marini Michele E. , Young Rodney W.
Published: September 2022

Five apple (Malus domestica) cultivars were treated with NAA at 10 mg·liter–1 and dichlorprop at 5, 10, and 15 mg·liter–1 during 2 years. Although the response varied with cultivar, NAA generally delayed fruit abscission compared to the control. Preharvest drop was usually reduced by dichlorprop at 5 mg·liter–1 more effectively than by NAA. Preharvest drop of ‘Stayman’, ‘Rome Beauty’, and ‘Winesap’, but not ‘Delicious’, was inversely related to concentration of dichlorprop. Fruit redness, flesh firmness, soluble solids content, and starch ratings were not affected consistently at harvest or during storage by any treatment for any cultivar. Residue levels of dichlorprop in the fruit were related to treatment concentration and persisted until harvest. Chemical names used: naphthalene acetic acid (NAA); 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid (dichlorprop).
Rootstock Influences Juice Color of ‘Hamlin’ Orange
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Bistline Fred W.
Published: September 2022

Juice color of ‘Hamlin’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on 30 rootstocks was determined at three harvests. Late harvest increased color scores. The mean color score over 3 years varied from 34.3 for juice of ‘Hamlin’ on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and Chu Kag mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) to 33.2 on rough lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm. f.] and 32.9 on sour orange (C. aurantium L.). Scores >35 were found in single years, but no rootstock improved the color above a score of 36, the minimum for Grade A juice.
Interspecific Hybridization in Cuphea
Authors: Ray Dennis T. , Thompson Anson E. , Gathman Allen C.
Published: September 2022

Eighteen interspecific hybrids from eight different Cuphea species have been confirmed morphologically and cytologically. Seven hybrids from reciprocal crosses of various accessions of the herbaceous annual C. procumbens (N = 9) and the semiwoody perennial C. llavea (N = 9) exhibited a relatively high degree of fertility. Some hybrids have horticultural potential and are currently undergoing evaluation as new pot or bedding plants. Other hybrids that are sterile due to meiotic irregularities are: C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. crassiflora (N = 12); C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. leptopoda (N = 10); C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. leptopoda (N = 8); C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. lanceolata (N = 6); C. lanceolata (N = 6) × C. llavea (N = 9); C. lanceolata (N = 6) × C. lophostoma (N = 8); C. leptopoda (N = 10) × C. laminuligera (N = 10); C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. caesariata (N = 18); and C. lanceolata (N = 6) × C. caesariata (N = 18). C. leptopoda × C. laminuligera is of considerable interest, because it is the first successful interspecific hybrid between species in different fatty acid groups. A relatively fertile amphidiploid of C. leptopoda × C. laminuligera was induced by colchicine. Seed has been produced by self-pollination of the amphidiploid and attempts are being made to backcross the hybrid to the original parents.
Response of Allium Tissue Cultures to Filtrates of Pyrenochaeta terrestris
Authors: Gourd Julia M. , Southward G. Morris , Phillips Gregory C.
Published: September 2022

Allium cepa L., A. fistulosum L., A. galanthum L., and A. cepa × A. fistulosum reciprocal interspecific hybrids were grown in vitro as calluses, shoots, and plantlets, and exposed to the filtrate of the pink root disease-causing fungus, Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker, and Larson. Tissue culture reponses to the filtrate were assessed by visible damage ratings and fresh weights. Calluses exposed to the filtrate incorporated into the culture medium reflected the degree of whole plant susceptibility among the tester lines. However, in vitro shoot and plantlet culture responses did not reflect this correlation. Filtrate action appeared to be localized in meristematic cells. This in vitro approach may prove useful in screening or selection for onion pink root disease resistance.
Growth and Metabolism of Tomato Roots Grown in Tissue Cultures Held at Various Temperatures
Authors: Janes Harry W. , Chin Chee-Kok , Bachmansky John
Published: September 2022

The temperature of the root zone can influence tomato growth (3) and yield (1). This probably occurs by altering root sink strength, which, in turn, influences photosynthesis by affecting the RuBP carboxylase activation state (2). Our data further indicated that within certain limits of air temperature (17°–25°C) the optimal root zone temperature for seedling growth is between 27° and 32° (3, 7). However, prolonged growth at 29° resulted in reduced yield (1).
Orange-curd High Carotene Cauliflower Inbreds, NY 156, NY 163, and NY 165
Authors: Dickson Michael H. , Lee C. Y. , Blamble A. E.
Published: September 2022

The orange curd mutant in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) Snowball’ (1). Orange curd was controlled by a single dominant gene, or, but the intensity of orange color varied in homozygous (OrOr) and heterzygous (Oror) plants, due to modifying genes. Curd of OrOr plants were generally more intense colored than curds of Oror plants. The OrOr plants are stunted, and produce small curds, ≈30 to 40 mm or less in diameter, compared to Oror or oror curd plants, which have curds 150 to 200 mm in diameter.
‘MaryGold’ Muskmelon
Authors: Ng Timothy J
Published: September 2022

‘MaryGold’ is a white-fleshed casaba muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. Inodorus group) adapted to the climatic and cultural conditions prevalent in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is andromonoecious and produces oval, bright yellow, medium-sized fruits with a slightly wrinkled rind free of net. It is resistant to race 2 of fusarium wilt [Fusarium oxysporum f. melonis (Leach and Currence) Snyder and Hansen] and race 1 and race 2 of powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlect ex Fr.) Poll], It stores well and is suitable for shipping as well as for local markets.
Plant Hormone Research: A Continuing Challenge
Authors: Bukovac Martin J.
Published: September 2022

I am deeply honored to have been selected to participate in this centennial recognition of the enactment of the Hatch Act signed 100 years ago. I am particularly pleased because my entire educational and professional life has been interwoven with the goals and objectives of this far-reaching concept in agricultural research. Celebrations of this kind, especially centennials, provide opportunities to reflect on accomplishments of the past and to dream of the future.
Rules for Using the International System of Units
Authors: Downs Robert J.
Published: September 2022

Articles concerning the International System of Units have appeared in several plant science journals (4–6, 8, 9, 11). However, a cursory glance through leading American plant science journals, including HortScience and the Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, reveals that, while everyone is using the metric system, a large number of authors are not following the rules inherent in the International System of Units, commonly called SI. Metrics without SI is not much improvement over the firkin, barrel, and chain; failure to use the International System of Units simply changes the chaos of units from the fps (foot–pound–second) to the mks (meter–kilogram–second) system. Many examples of irregular units could be cited, including mg CO2·dm–2·hr–1, g H2O·dm–2·hr–1, or their variations µmol CO2·s–1·m–2 and mmol H2O·s–1·m–2. Similar errors are noted in units like MT/ha, µg P/g soil, mg/100 g FW, mg·1000 cc–1, and some rare ones such as ml/kg/hr. It seems reasonable to assume that the authors of the above units are not familiar with SI rules, chiefly because these rules have not been published in journals they customarily read. Therefore, publication of rules to follow when using SI terms should prove a useful addition to Savage's discussion of SI (10) and the efforts of ASHS committees to establish standards for reporting (5, 6).
Survival of Shoot Tips from Mint Species after Short-term Exposure to Cryogenic Conditions
Authors: Towill Leigh E.
Published: September 2022

Excised axillary shoot tips derived from in vitro plants of seven Mentha genotypes were used to develop a cryopreservation procedure. The cryogenic protocol used culture for 1 to 2 days on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium followed by a 1-hr exposure to 12% DMSO in MS medium with IBA at 0.1 mg·liter–1 and BA at 0.5 mg·liter–1. The two step procedure involved cooling at a rate of 0.25°C/min to –35° followed by immersion into liquid nitrogen (LN). Survival of shoot tips was assessed by growth on the same medium without DMSO and ranged from 29% to 100% after exposure to LN. Rapid warming (≈3500° to 40007min) was required to obtain survival. LN-treated shoot tips grew by either elongation of the terminal meristem or by shoot organogenesis from minute callus formed within the apical region. Chemical names used: 1 H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (IBA).
Soil Application of Solubor on ‘Benton’ and ‘Tristar’ Strawberries in a Low Boron Soil
Authors: Riggs Dale I. M. , Martin Lloyd W.
Published: September 2022

A field trial was conducted to determine whether B deficient soils (B at 0.27 µl·liter–1) contribute to low yield and fruit malformation in strawberries. B rates of 0, 1.1, 2.2, and 4.5 kg·ha–1 were applied to the soil before planting ‘Tristar’ and ‘Benton’ strawberries on 9 Apr. 1985. Soil hot-water extractable B levels in Aug. 1985 were 0.34, 0.53, 0.85, and 1.13 µl·liter–1; leaf B levels were 47, 56, 72, and 102 µl·liter–1, respectively. The effect of B rates on leaf concentration diminished as the season progressed and had no effect the following year. B application had no effect on yield or deformity the first harvest year, but decreased yield of ‘Tristar’ the second harvest year.
Branch Induction by Growth Regulators and Leaf Removal in ‘Delicious’ Apple Nursery Stock
Authors: Popenoe Juanita , Barritt Bruce H.
Published: September 2022

Spur-type ‘Delicious’ apple nursery trees do not naturally branch in the nursery. In several experiments during 2 years, combinations of immature leaf removal (LR), BA, and gibberellins 4 + 7 (GA4+7) at 750 and 1000 mg·liter–1 induced lateral shoot formation of Campbell and Mercier strains of ‘Redchief Delicious’ trees in a commercial nursery. Split applications of BA and GA4+7 at 1000 mg·liter–1 induced more and longer branches than simultaneous applications. GA3 did not substitute for GA4+7 in this response. Removing young shoot tip leaves increased branching only when very young leaves were removed during a period of 2 weeks. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA), gibberellin (GA).
Abscisic Acid Facilitates Sucrose Import by Strawberry Fruit Explants and Cortex Disks in Vitro
Authors: Archbold Douglas D.
Published: September 2022

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Tristar) fruit explants and tissue disks were used for short term in vitro studies of [14C] sucrose import. An aqueous feeding solution of 50 mm Mes, 10 mm CaCl2, 10 mm EDTA, and 600 mm [14C] sucrose at pH 5.5 resulted in maximum accumulation of sucrose by fruit expiants during 2 hr. Young fruit exhibit the highest sink activity (sucrose imported per mg fruit dry weight), a value that declined as fruit aged. Sink strength (total sucrose accumulated per fruit) was positively correlated to fruit dry weight at 13 to 15 days after pollination. Inclusion of abscisic acid (ABA) in the incubation solution of fruit expiants and cortex disks increased sucrose accumulation 45% and 37%, respectively, above control values.
Inheritance of Resistance to Broad Bean Wilt Virus in Bean
Authors: Provvidenti R.
Published: September 2022

In controlled tests, 110 cultivars (77.5%) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) responded to broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) with a localized infection (resistant), while 32 cultivars (22.5%) reacted with local and systemic infection (susceptible). The majority of susceptible cultivars were of the yellow-podded (wax bean) and red kidney types. In F1, F2, and backcross populations of the BBWV-resistant cultivar Sanilac with the BBWV-susceptible ‘California Light Red Kidney’ (‘CLRK’) resistance to systemic infection was conferred by a single dominant gene, to which the symbol Bbw is assigned. BBWV was not transmitted in 471 ‘CLRK’ seeds derived from severely infected plants.
A Dominant Gene for Thornlessness Obtained from the Chimeral Thornless Loganberry
Authors: Rosati Pasquale , Hall Harvey K. , Jennings Derek L. , Gaggioli Daria
Published: September 2022

The thornless loganberry is a periclinal chimera in which a mutation for thornlessness apparently is confined to the outer plant layer (L1). Genetic thornless plants were obtained from this clone in Italy by selfing micropropagated plants and in New Zealand by histogenic layer manipulation. In both instances the middle plant layer (L2) apparently had been displaced by the L1 layer, so that the mutant character was transmitted by the gametes. The inheritance of thornlessness in progenies derived from this material has now been studied in Italy, New Zealand, and Scotland. In crosses, the segregation ratios did not fit closely to those expected if thornlessness were conferred by a dominant gene, largely, because thornless segregates were frequently in excess when the thornless parent was female and tended to be deficient when the latter was male. In selfings, the ratios were closer to 2:1 than to 3:1. However, the segregation of a single dominant gene for thornlessness is the most likely explanation of the results and it is proposed that the gene be designated Sfl. The homozygous dominant genotypes probably had a lower viability than the heterozygous ones.
Assessment of Components of Fruit Firmness in Selected Sweet Cherry Genotypes
Authors: Brown Susan K. , Bourne Malcolm C.
Published: September 2022

Significant differences in total fruit firmness (skin and flesh) and flesh firmness were detected when the Instron Universal Testing Machine was used to perform puncture tests on whole fruit of 29 sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars and selections. The ratio of flesh firmness to total firmness varied greatly among selections. Selections that were firmer than commercial cultivars were identified. Correlations between the firmness values and soluble solids content, fruit removal force, fruit weight, and the dimensions of the fruit were either small or not significant. The Instron was found to be an effective means of obtaining information on components of firmness in sweet cherry. The ability to assess both total firmness and flesh firmness is important for the selection and evaluation of firmness in breeding.
Air Diffuser for Decreasing Plant Sample Digestion Time
Authors: Paparozzi Ellen T. , McCallister Diane , Hanson Michael
Published: September 2022

Commercially available plant digestion units, such as microkjeldahl digesters, often come with an air attachment designed to turbulate air and force out fumes. These air diffusers are used to reduce digestion time. The units attach at the top of the flask and are often digestion-type specific (e.g. microkjeldahl) and expensive (about $850; complete unit with six 30-ml microkjeldahl flasks). Panasiuk and Redshaw (3) developed a series of spiral Pyrex glass reflex columns that effectively condensed rather than removed toxic SO3 fumes. However, this system involves carefully heating and coiling the glass to exact proportions as well as cleaning of the units. This report describes two inexpensive airflow units with disposable parts that are effective for use in test-tube digestion of plant material for elemental analysis.
Transplanting or Seeding in Raised Beds Aids Field Establishment of Some Echinacea Species
Authors: Smith-Jochum Christine , Albrecht Mary Lewnes
Published: September 2022

Three Echinacea spp. were spring-planted by direct-seeding or transplanting into raised or flat beds. Plant height, leaf and flower number, and root and shoot dry weights were compared. Transplanting enhanced establishment for all three species, with no difference between bed preparations. E. angustifolia and E. pallida never emerged when direct-seeded in the spring. Raised beds enhanced the establishment of direct-seeded E. purpurea. Compared to direct-seeding in flat beds, transplanting in raised or flat beds and direct-seeding in raised beds significantly increased root dry weight of E. purpurea.
Nitrogen and Potassium in Nutrient Solution Influence Seedling Growth of Four Vegetable Species
Authors: Tremblay Nicolas , Senécal Michel
Published: September 2022

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica), celery (Apium graveolens L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings were grown in multicells and fertilized with complete nutrient solutions at two N rates (150 or 350 mg·liter−1) and three K rates (50, 200, or 350 mg·liter−1) in factorial combination. Shoot growth of all species was enhanced at higher N rates but root growth decreased. Broccoli leaf area and shoot dry weight increased curvilinearly with K rate with a maximum at 200 mg·liter−1. For celery K rates increased leaf area linearly. The effect of K rates on growth characteristics was generally a function of the N status and differed among species, celery being the least affected. Under the high N rate, maximum percentage of shoot dry matter, root dry weight, and root:shoot dry weight ratio, as well as minimum specific leaf area of broccoli were obtained with the intermediate K rate. Increasing K rates under high N status enhanced both lettuce leaf area and dry matter accumulation. For pepper, this caused leaf expansion and resulted in more succulent plants.
Paclobutrazol Inhibits Growth of Zinnia and Geranium
Authors: Cox Douglas A. , Keever Gary J.
Published: September 2022

‘Scarlet Ruffles’ zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) and ‘Smash Hit’ geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey) were treated with soil drenches and foliar sprays of paclobutrazol for height control. Single drench applications of 0.5 or 1.0 mg a.i./pot and single spray applications of 250, 500, or 1000 ppm were effective in reducing the height of zinnia. Geranium height was reduced by single drenches of 0.0075 or 0.015 mg a.i./pot and single sprays of 20 or 40 ppm. Higher drench or spray rates resulted in excessive reductions in height and leaf size. Chemical name used: (±)-(R*, R*)-β([4-chlorophenyl]methyl)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Ethephon and Kinetin Reduce Shoot Length and Increase Flower Bud Formation in Lychee
Authors: Chen Wen-Shaw , Ku Mei-Lan
Published: September 2022

In recent years, the market price of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) has dropped steeply in the “on” year, depressing the incomes of farmers. If the flowering could be controlled, the problem could be alleviated. Normally flower bud formation of ‘Heh Yeh’ lychee occurs in late November and panicles emerge in mid-January of the next year. Nakata (3) and others obtained a flowering response in lychee with various concentrations of sodium naphthaleneacetate (SNA). Nakata indicated that blossoming of lychee in Hawaii is favored by dry autumn months followed by substantial rainfall from December to February. Under these conditions, SNA appeared to inhibit vegetative growth, which was a prerequisite for floral initiation. Attempts to induce flower bud formation with SNA and other chemical treatments have not been successful in Taiwan. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ethephon and kinetin on shoot growth and flower bud formation of field-grown lychee in Taiwan.
Response of Tibouchina to Chlormequat, Paclobutrazol, and Fertilizer
Authors: Roberts Christia M. , Eaton George W.
Published: September 2022

Tibouchina urvilleana is a flowering tropical shrub with large (60–80 mm diameter) violet-blue flowers borne in terminal branched panicles. The foliage is downy with red margins. Tibouchina blooms from mid-summer into late fall. The shrub withstands “a few degrees of frost” (1). Tibouchina has potential for wider use although container production has been limited since severe pruning is required to maintain its shape. Growth retardants may aid in commercial production of compact Tibouchina plants.
Evaluation of a Ceramic-impregnated Plastic Film as a Postharvest Wrap
Authors: Joyce Daryl C.
Published: September 2022

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) and Geraldton wax flower (Chamelaucium uncinatum cv. Purple Pride), two ethylene-sensitive commodities (1, 2), were used in a postharvest evaluation of a novel plastic film (BO film) claimed to sorb ethylene. BO film (Odja Shoji Co., Ltd.) is low density polyethylene (LDPE) extruded with a finely divided ceramic (crystburite). The BO film was compared with a conventional high density polyethylene film (HDPE). The 15-µm HDPE film had water vapor, O2 and CO2 transmission characteristics of 3.3 g·m−2, 4500 cm3·m−2, and 15,000 cm3·m−2 per 24 hr at 25° C (D. Jesaveluk, personal communication). Permeability values for the 50-µm BO film were not available; however, constituent 50-µm LDPE film has transmission characteristics of 2 g·m−2, 2100 cm3·m−2 and 6700 cm3·m−2 per 24 hr, respectively. Satchels of coarsely ground ceramic (Cerasutora A, ≈38g) were also tested for their ability to preserve postharvest quality.
‘McShay’ Apple
Authors: Mehlenbacher Shawn A. , Thompson Maxine M. , Janick Jules , Williams Edwin B. , Emerson Frank H. , Korban Safi S. , Dayton Daniel F. , Hough L. Fredric
Published: September 2022

‘McShay’ is an attractive, excellent quality apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) with field immunity to apple scab. The fruit is similar in color, flavor, and texture to ‘McIntosh’. ‘McShay’ is named in honor of the late J. Ralph Shay and is a late fall dessert apple well-adapted to Oregon's Willamette Valley. ‘McShay’ is the ninth cultivar to be released by the cooperative apple breeding program of Indiana, Illinois, and New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations.
Fanny R. Wilkinson; The First Woman Member of ASHS
Authors: Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

The first volume of the Proceedings of the Society for Horticultural Science, which includes the Preliminary Meeting, Boston, Mass., 9–10 Sept. 1903; the First Meeting, St. Louis, 28–29 Dec. 1903; and the Second Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, 27–28 Dec. 1904; contains a list of Members for 1903–4 and 1905. Miss Fanny R. Wilkinson with the address Hor't College, Swanley, Kent, England, is one of five foreign Members listed in 1905—the other four being Ed Andre, Paris, France; Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, London, England (both honorary members); W.T. Macoun, Canada; and Dr. L. Wittmach, Berlin, Germany.
Quantification of Net Enzymatic Activity in Developing Peach Fruit using Computer Video Image Analysis
Authors: Stutte Gary W.
Published: September 2022

A computer video image analysis system was used to quantify changes in oxidative browning of developing ‘Redskin’ peach fruit [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. Oxidative browning of endocarp tissue occurs rapidly at the onset of Stage I and decreases in rate and intensity during development, with little or no browning occurring by the time endocarp sclerification begins at the onset of Stage II. Conversely, little or no browning occurs in mesocarp tissue during early development, but browning increases in rate and intensity through endocarp sclerification. In this study, net oxidative browning was correlated with net polyphenyl oxidase (PPO, EC 1.10.3.2) and peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) enzyme activity of the tissues as quantified by image analysis of PPO and POD histochemical staining reactions. Image analysis revealed localized areas of activity within the tissue.
Shoot and Root Temperature Effects on Xylary Cytokinin Levels during Budbreak in Young Apple Trees
Authors: Belding Robert D. , Young Eric
Published: September 2022

One-year-old apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. EMLA 106) were subjected to all combinations of 10° and 20°C root and shoot temperatures after their chilling requirement had been satisfied at 5°. Extracted xylem sap was tested for trans-zeatin riboside-like cytokinin activity using an immunoassay. Cytokinin activity in the xylem sap increased during the first 6 days of treatment regardless of temperature, but decreased only as budbreak occurred. This decline was in proportion to the amount of budbreak, which primarily was dependent on shoot temperature.
Peach Root Development and Tree Hydraulic Resistance under Tall Fescue Sod
Authors: Michael Glenn D. , Welker William V.
Published: September 2022

Peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. Loring/Halford] were grown in boxes 100 × 60 × 36 cm (length × width × depth) to evaluate the effect of K-31 tall fescue sod (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on peach root growth and development. The entire soil surface was kept bare in one treatment, while a fescue sod was established in one-third of the box for the second treatment. Trees were planted 17 cm from one edge of the box in bare soil in both treatments. Sod reduced tree growth. The length of roots ≥1 mm in diameter was unaffected by the sod at any position in the box. The length of roots <1 mm in diameter was reduced beneath the sod and in the area between the sod and tree compared to the bare soil treatment. The plant resistance to water flow/cm root (Rp) was unaffected by the presence of grass under both stressed and nonstressed conditions. Rp was relatively constant (9.4 × 109 s cm-1) over a range of transpiration flux levels until the flux dropped below 0.3 cm3 s-1. Below 0.3 cm3 s-1 Rp increased due to soil resistance to water flow.