bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The structure of a break-up zone in the transient diesel spray of a valve-covered orifice nozzle
Authors: Bae Choongsik , Kang Jinsuk
Published: October 2006

A break-up zone in the diesel spray of a valve-covered orifice nozzle was investigated to observe the effect of the injection rate on the spray structure and to obtain physical insight into the development of a transient diesel spray. The surface shape and internal structure of the diesel spray from a common-rail injection system were visualized with high spatial and temporal resolution under atmospheric ambient conditions. During the injection period, common-rail pressures of 39.5 MPa and 112 MPa were used to obtain highly magnified spray images from the nozzle exit to about 260 nozzle diameters downstream. Before the atomization break-up regime appeared, a short transition period was observed, while ligaments were formed on the disturbed liquid column surface. During atomization, the spray was surrounded by these short fine ligaments, which were arranged and bent towards the direction of the spray penetration.

The internal structure of the break-up zone consisted of complex entangled ligaments and dispersed liquid drops. The break-up process occurred simultaneously at the spray surface and the core. The entrained ambient air that penetrated through the crevices of the densely packed ligaments seemed to stretch the coherent structure and to carry the small droplets from the surface of the spray. The collapse of a cavitation bubble might have caused the ligaments to form near the nozzle exit at the core of the spray, although details of the process remain to be identified. Using image-processing techniques, the sizes of the liquid drops downstream from the spray were measured. The average size of the drops decreased as the injection rate decreased and, as expected, a higher common-rail pressure produced smaller droplets.
Investigation of the impact of biodiesel fuelling on NOx emissions using an optical direct injection diesel engine
Authors: Cheng A S , Upatnieks A , Mueller C J
Published: October 2006

The impact of biodiesel fuelling on NO x emissions was investigated using an optically accessible diesel engine. A soy-based biodiesel (B100) and three separate primary reference fuel (PRF) blends were evaluated over a range of loads at an engine speed of 800 r/min. Experimental operating conditions were carefully controlled to maintain a constant start of combustion (SOC), and a PRF blend was identified that would eliminate differences in premixed-burn fraction. A load-averaged NO x increase of ∼10 per cent was observed for B100 relative to the PRF blend with matched premixed-burn fraction. The results indicate that factors other than SOC and premixed-burn fraction affect the tendency for biodiesel to increase NO x. Equilibrium calculations reveal no significant differences in stoichiometric adiabatic flame temperature between the test fuels; however, experimental data suggest that actual flame temperatures may be influenced by differences in soot radiative heat transfer. The effect of biodiesel on mixture stoichi-ometry at the lift-off length may also play an important role in increasing NO x emissions.
Adaptive Change in Self-Concept and Well-Being during Conjugal Loss in Later Life
Authors: Montpetit Mignon A. , Bergeman C. S. , Bisconti Toni L. , Rausch Joseph R.
Published: October 2006

The present study examines the association between the self-concept and adaptation to conjugal loss; the primary aim was to explore whether those individuals high in self-esteem, environmental mastery, and optimism have more adaptive resources with which to ameliorate the detrimental sequelae of bereavement. Analyses were conducted on data collected from 58 widows every four months over a two-year period. One goal of the research was to explore the adequacy of the theoretically chosen operational definition of the self-concept; another goal was to analyze how changes in the level of self-concept components correlated with changes in levels of depression, health, and grief resolution as individuals adjusted to their losses. Analyses revealed that trajectories of depression and grief resolution were more highly related than health to changes in self-concept.
A General and Convenient Method for the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Decarbonylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Kreis Michael , Palmelund Anders , Bunch Lennart , Madsen Robert
Published: October 2006

A practical protocol for the decarbonylation of a wide range of aldehydes has been developed by using commercially available RhCl3⋅3 H2O and dppp in a diglyme solution. This method gives rise to decarbonylated products in good to high yield and is particularly useful because of its experimental simplicity, high generality and excellent level of functional group tolerance. The reaction has been applied in a tandem Oppenauer oxidation‐decarbonylation sequence, which removes a hydroxymethyl group in one operation.
The First Fluoride‐Free Hiyama Reaction of Vinylsiloxanes Promoted by Sodium Hydroxide in Water
Authors: Alacid Emilio , Nájera Carmen
Published: October 2006

The first cross‐coupling reaction between vinylalkoxysilanes and aryl bromides or chlorides promoted by aqueous sodium hydroxide under fluoride‐free conditions to provide styrenes is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by palladium(II) acetate or a 4‐hydroxyacetophenone oxime‐derived palladacycle either under thermal or microwave heating at 120 °C with low catalyst loading (0.01–1 mol % of palladium) in the presence of tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB) as additive in air. In the case of styryltriethoxysilane, the coupling with aryl or vinyl bromides takes place stereospecifically to give the corresponding stilbenes or dienes, respectively. These mild and simple reaction conditions prevent undesirable polymerization of the products.
Diruthenium(I,I) Catalysts for the Formation of β‐ and γ‐Lactams via Carbenoid CH Insertion of α‐Diazoacetamides
Authors: Grohmann Markus , Buck Stefan , Schäffler Lutz , Maas Gerhard
Published: October 2006

Intramolecular carbenoid CH insertion of five α‐diazoacetamides [N2CHCONR2, NR2=NEt2 (3a), NBu2 (3b), N(i‐Pr)2 (3c), N(CH2Ph)2 (3d), N(i‐Pr)(CH2Ph) (3e)], was investigated using as catalysts dinuclear Ru(I,I) complexes of the type [Ru2(μ‐L1)2(CO)4L22], where L1 is a bidentate bridging acetate, calix[4]arenedicarboxylate, saccharinate, pyridin‐2‐olate, or triazenide ligand, as well as [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2. The Ru(I,I) complexes were found to be suitable catalysts for the carbenoid cyclization reactions, except in the case of 3a. With diazoamides 3b–e, [Ru2(μ‐sac)2(CO)5]2 (sac=saccharinate) and [Ru2(μ‐6‐chloropyridin‐2‐olate)2(CH3CN)2(CO)4] are as effective as Rh2(OAc)4 under the same conditions, although some differences in the regioselectivity and chemoselectivity of the cyclization are observed. The carbenoid cyclization reactions yield γ‐lactams from diazoamides 3a and 3b, both a β‐ and a γ‐lactam from 3c, and a β‐lactam as well as a 3‐azabicyclo[5.3.0]deca‐5,7,9‐trien‐2‐one from 3d. With 3e, formation of γ‐lactam 21 and of bicyclic lactam 23 prevails.
An Inexpensive and Efficient Copper Catalyst for N‐Arylation of Amines, Amides and Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Guo Xun , Rao Honghua , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen
Published: October 2006

An inexpensive and efficient catalyst system has been developed for the N‐arylation of nitrogen‐containing compounds including a variety of amines, amides, indole and imidazole. This simple protocol uses CuI as the catalyst, commercial available pipecolinic acid as the new ligand, K2CO3 as the base and DMF as the solvent.
Solvent‐Free Solid Acid‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Annelations: A New Green Approach for the Synthesis of Substituted Five‐Membered N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Abid Mohammed , Spaeth Andrew , Török Béla
Published: October 2006

An effective microwave‐induced, solid acid‐catalyzed, environmentally benign synthesis of substituted pyrroles, indoles and carbazoles under solvent‐free conditions is described. The new synthetic methodology is based on the use of a considerably strong solid acid, K‐10 montmorillonite. Both the cyclialkylation of amines and annelation of pyrroles and indoles have been completed within minutes and provided excellent (75–98 %) yields with practically 100 % selectivity.
Biocatalyzed Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Monoglucuronides of Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol, Homovanillic Alcohol, and 3‐(4′‐Hydroxyphenyl)propanol
Authors: Khymenets Olha , Joglar Jesús , Clapés Pere , Parella Teodor , Covas María‐Isabel , de la Torre Rafael
Published: October 2006

The biocatalytic synthesis and purification of O‐β‐D‐monoglucuronide conjugates of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, homovanillic alcohol, and 3‐(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)propanol, using porcine liver microsomes, are described here. The glucuronides were synthesized, analyzed and separated by HPLC‐UV, identified by HPLC‐MS, and their structures unequivocally established by NMR techniques. The outcome of the glucuronidation reaction depends on the structure of the phenolic compounds. Thus, the glucuronidation of hydroxytyrosol, biocatalyzed with porcine liver microsomes, proceeded exclusively on the phenolic hydroxy groups. The regioselectivity was similar to that observed for human and rat liver microsomes, the 4′‐hydroxy position being more favorable than the 3′‐hydroxy one. In the case of tyrosol, homovanillic alcohol, and hydroxyphenylpropanol, two products were formed during microsomal glucuronidation: a major one, the phenolic O‐β‐D‐glucuronidated derivative and, a minor one, the O‐β‐D‐glucuronidated aliphatic alcohol.
Immunotoxic effects of chemicals: A matrix for occupational and environmental epidemiological studies
Authors: Veraldi Angela , Costantini Adele Seniori , Bolejack Vanessa , Miligi Lucia , Vineis Paolo , van Loveren Henk
Published: October 2006

Background

Many biological and chemical agents have the capacity to alter the way the immune system functions in human and animals. This study evaluates the immunotoxicity of 20 substances used widely in work environments.

Methods

A systematic literature search on the immunotoxicity of 20 chemicals was performed. The first step was to review literature on immunotoxicity testing and testing schemes adopted for establishing immunotoxicity in humans. The second step consisted of providing a documentation on immunotoxicity of substances that are widely used in work environment, by building tables for each chemical of interest (benzene, trichloroethylene, PAHs, crystalline silica, diesel exhausts, welding fumes, asbestos, styrene, formaldehyde, toluene, vinyl chloride monomer, tetrachloroethylene, chlorophenols, 1,3‐butadiene, mineral oils, P‐dichlorobenzene, dichloromethane, xylene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, ethylene oxide). The third step was the classification of substances; an index (strong, intermediate, weak, nil) was assigned on the basis of the evidence of toxicity and type of immunotoxic effects (immunosuppression, autoimmunity, hypersensitivity) on the basis of the immune responses. Finally substances were assigned a score of immunotoxic power.

Results

Tables have been produced that include information for the 20 substances of interest, based on 227 animal studies and 94 human studies. Each substance was assigned an index of immunotoxic evidence, a score of immunotoxic power and type of immunotoxic effect.

Conclusions

This matrix can represent a tool to identify chemicals with similar properties concerning the toxicity for the immune system, and to interpret epidemiological studies on immune‐related diseases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Analogues of Lignans (Heterolignans)
Authors: Medarde Manuel , De Clairac Rafael Peláez Lamamié , Tomé Fernando , López Jose Luis , Feliciano Arturo San
Published: October 2006

A new class of lignan analogues has been synthesized by means of tandem conjugate addition‐alkylation of butenolides. Furan and thiophene derivatives have been obtained by this method. This type of compounds has been called heterolignanolides and the generic name heterolignans is proposed for this class of lignan analogues.
Lipoxygenase‐Inhibitoren, 3. Mitt.: Synthese von Tetrahydrobenzazepinon‐phenylhydrazonen
Authors: Büge Axel , Locke Christian , Köhler Thomas , Nuhn Peter
Published: October 2006

Die als Ausgangsprodukte benötigten Tetrahydro‐2H‐benz[b]azepin‐2‐one wurden durch Beckmann‐Umlagerung oder Schmidt‐Reaktion erhalten. Die Phenylhydrazone wurden über die Thione und Thiolactimether synthetisiert. Es wurde die Hemmung der Sojabohnen‐Lipoxygenase ermittelt.
Antimykobakteriell wirksame Indolderivate
Authors: Mahboobi Siavosh , Grothus Götz , Meindl Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Michael‐Addition von Nitromethan an die Indolylnitroethene 2 führt zu 1,3‐Dinitro‐2‐(indol‐3′‐yl)‐propanen 3. ‐ Umsetzungen der Aldehyde 4 bzw. 10 mit den Benzylaminen 12 sowie der Indolylalkylamine 6a bzw. 9a mit den Benzaldehyden 11 und Reduktionen der Schiffbasen führen zu N‐Benzyl‐(indol‐3‐ylmethyl)‐aminen 13 und N‐Benzyl‐(indol‐3‐ylethyl)‐aminen 14. ‐ Die tert Amine 16 werden über die Formamide 15, Amine 18 nach Mannich synthetisiert. ‐ Alle Verbindungen werden auf wachstumshemmende Wirkung von Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 Ra untersucht. Die antimykobakterielle Aktivität wird in Abhängigkeit von der Struktur diskutiert.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Nitroaryl Thiadiazole‐Levofloxacin Hybrids
Authors: Foroumadi Alireza , Mansouri Shahla , Emami Saeed , Mirzaei Javad , Sorkhi Maedeh , Saeid‐Adeli Nosratollah , Shafiee Abbas
Published: October 2006

Novel levofloxacin‐containing hybrids carrying a 5‐(nitroaryl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl group were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Preliminary data indicated that levofloxacin‐nitrofuran and levofloxacin‐nitroimidazole hybrids have a potent activity against Gram‐positive organisms with enhanced anti‐staphylococcal activity compared with the parent quinolone (N‐desmethyl levofloxacin).
Die Centrosophia des Athanasius Kircher SJ: Geometrisches Paradigma und geozentrisches Interesse
Authors: Leinkauf Thomas
Published: October 2006

The main subject of the paper is to give an example of what could be called, in the history of philosophy and science, reinforcement of traditional topics or paradigms of explanation in order to give explanatory support to or to coooborate the defence of old or the solution of new problems. In the 17th century nearly all positions in the natural science are dependent from theological and philosophical (metaphysical) presuppositions, especially all positions which belong to types of the scientia universalis (Yves de Paris, S. Izquierdo, A. Kircher). To defend the finiteness of the world and the geocentric position of the earth, the Jesuit A. Kircher (1602–1680) returns to an old topic of cosmological speculation, to the geometria speculativa, in order to demonstrate the absolute perfect and finite structure of the world as an analogon of the absolute perfect and finite structure of the cercle or, better, the sphere (globe). He shows this in his Iter exstaticum (Rome 1656) and in his Mundus subterraneus (Amsterdam 1665). The paper discusses only a central part of the Mundus subterraneus titled ‘Centrosophia’: here we find all typical arguments for the phenomenon of reinforcement of old topics and paradigms. God is the center or the non‐dimensional point (punctum) of the cosmic sphere (which is the sphere of all being) and he is in consequence the principle of all geometrical (ontological) parts of this figure. Kircher transmits the evidence of the perfect geometric relation between center and circumference modo analogico to the relation God (creator) and world. Together with this well known and often used analogy he develops a new theory: the theory of the dignity of the subterranean parts of the earth and the earth as earth, as the unic and ideologically exclusive place in all reality that gives mankind the fundament to develop its own implications. The high estimation of the earth sets free an unprejudiced view of what the subterranean area really is: Kircher thinks here in organologic categories — the subterranean world is an analogon of the world as such and this world is a great animal. Kircher develops in the limits of his traditional geocentric position an new non‐traditional theory of the inner side of the world.
A view from the board of trustees
Authors: Smith Joyce A.
Published: October 2006

The trustee who is most effective in advancing the interests of women is the woman who is most effective as a trustee.
Biomarkers of depression in cancer patients
Authors: Jehn Christian Friedrich , Kuehnhardt Dagmar , Bartholomae Andrea , Pfeiffer Sebastian , Krebs Michael , Regierer Anne Constanze , Schmid Peter , Possinger Kurt , Flath Bernd Christian
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Inflammation and perturbation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis function appears to play a putative role in the etiology of depression. Patients with metastatic cancer demonstrate elevated prevalence rates for depression. The objective of the current study was to illustrate the efficacy of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and HPA axis function as adjuncts to support the diagnosis of depression in cancer patients.

METHODS.

Plasma concentrations of IL‐6 and cortisol were measured in 114 cancer patients with and without depression. The relative diurnal variation of cortisol (cortisol VAR), expressed as a percentage, was calculated. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was performed.

RESULTS.

Depression was associated with increased plasma concentrations of IL‐6 (18.7 pg/mL vs. 2.7 pg/mL; P < .001) and higher cortisol concentrations at 8 AM and 8 PM. The relative cortisol VAR (11.7% vs. 60.6%, respectively; P < .001) was found to be decreased in cancer patients with depression, indicating a disturbed circadian function of the HPA axis. As a biomarker of depression, IL‐6 yielded at a cutoff value of 10.6 pg/mL, a sensitivity of 79%, and a specificity of 87% (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.78–0.94), whereas cortisol VAR demonstrated a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 88% (AUC = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74–0.97) at a cutoff value of 33.5%.

CONCLUSIONS.

Depression is associated with increased plasma IL‐6 concentrations in patients with cancer. These patients demonstrate a dysfunction of the HPA‐axis, characterized by a decreased diurnal variation of cortisol. The high sensitivity and specificity of these parameters biomarkers of depression make IL‐6 and cortisol VAR helpful tools in the diagnosis of depression in patients with cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Copper/Zinc L‐Tartrates: Mixed Crystals and Thermolysis to a Mixture of Copper Oxide and Zinc Oxide That Is Catalytically Active in Methanol Synthesis
Authors: Weiss Rainer , Vukojević Sascha , Baltes Christian , d’Alnoncourt Raoul Naumann , Muhler Martin , Epple Matthias
Published: October 2006

The system consisting of copper/zinc L‐tartrate mixed crystals has been systematically explored in the whole range from pure copper tartrate to pure zinc tartrate. Mixed crystal L‐tartrates were prepared and their thermochemical behaviour under oxygen was investigated. Oxidic precatalysts (CuO/ZnO) for catalytic tests in methanol synthesis were prepared by mild thermolysis of the mixed tartrates in air at 300 °C. Catalytic tests were performed with a multi‐channel parallel reactor. The catalytic activity shows a maximum at about equal amounts of copper and zinc whereas the specific surface area (BET surface) increases strongly when going from CuO to ZnO. This system offers a convenient, inexpensive route to CuO/ZnO precatalysts with adjustable compositions that avoids all other metals during preparation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Bis(dithiolene) Molybdenum Complex that Promotes Combined Coupled Electron–Proton Transfer and Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions: A Water‐Active Model of the Arsenite Oxidase Molybdenum Center
Authors: Sugimoto Hideki , Tarumizu Makoto , Miyake Hiroyuki , Tsukube Hiroshi
Published: October 2006

Combined CEPT (coupled electron–proton transfer)/OAT (oxygen atom transfer) reactions were accomplished in (Bu4N)2[MoIVO(bdtCl2)2] (1) and (Bu4N)2[MoVIO2(bdtCl2)2] (2) complexes in aqueous media. The reaction mechanism of the CEPT reaction was analyzed electrochemically and the conversion of 1 to 2 was revealed to proceed by a two‐proton two‐electron oxidative process. The structural and reaction profiles provide a new model for the arsenite oxidase catalytic center. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Bidirectional redistribution of AMPA but not NMDA receptors after perforant path simulation in the adult rat hippocampus in vivo
Authors: Moga D.E. , Shapiro M.L. , Morrison J.H.
Published: October 2006

Long‐term potentiation (LTP) in vitro reveals dynamic regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. AMPA receptors may be inserted into synapses to increase neurotransmission, whereas NMDA receptors may redistribute within the synapse to alter the probability of subsequent plasticity. To date, the only evidence for these receptor dynamics in the hippocampus is from the studies of dissociated neurons and hippocampal slices taken from young animals. Although synaptic plasticity is induced easily, the extent of AMPA and NMDA receptor mobility after LTP is unknown in the adult, intact hippocampus. To test whether AMPA or NMDAR subunits undergo activity‐dependent modifications in adult hippocampal synapses, we induced LTP at perforant path‐dentate gyrus (DG) synapses in anesthetized adult rats, using high frequency stimulation (HFS), verified layer‐specific Arc induction, and analyzed the distribution of postsynaptic AMPA and NMDAR subunits, using immunogold electron microscopy. The number of synapses with AMPA receptor labeling increased with LTP‐inducing HFS in the stimulated region of the dendrite relative to the nonstimulated regions. The opposite trend was noted with low frequency stimulation (LFS). Moreover, HFS increased and LFS decreased the ratio of synaptic to extrasynaptic AMPA receptor labeling in the postsynaptic membrane. In contrast, HFS did not significantly alter NMDAR labeling. Thus, LTP in the adult hippocampus in vivo selectively enhanced AMPA but not NMDAR labeling specifically in synapses undergoing activity‐dependent plasticity relative to the remainder of the dendritic tree. The results suggest a mechanism by which rapid adjustments in synaptic strength can occur through localized AMPA receptor mobility and that this process may be competitive across the dendritic tree. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Difference in time course of modulation of synaptic transmission by group II versus group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in region CA1 of the hippocampus
Authors: Giocomo Lisa M. , Hasselmo Michael E.
Published: October 2006

We investigated the time course of modulation of synaptic transmission by group II and group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in region CA1 of the hippocampus. In the presence of 50 μM picrotoxin, pressure pulse application of 1 mM glutamate resulted in a fast onset of suppression of synaptic transmission in stratum lacunosum moleculare and a slower onset of suppression in stratum radiatum, with both effects returning to baseline over the course of several minutes. Application of 50 μM of the group II agonist (2R,4R)‐APDC in stratum lacunosum moleculare resulted in the same fast onset of suppression while having no effect in stratum radiatum. Pressure pulse application of 100 μM DL‐AP4 in stratum lacunosum moleculare and stratum radiatum resulted in a much slower onset of suppression of synaptic transmission than (2R,4R)‐APDC. Suppression by (2R,4R)‐APDC was accompanied by a rapid enhancement of paired pulse facilitation, indicative of a presynaptic mechanism. This demonstrates that activation of group II mGluRs in the hippocampus causes a fast onset of suppression in stratum lacunosum moleculare, while activation of group III mGluRs causes a slower onset of suppression. The difference in time course for group II vs. group III mGluRs suggests a different functional role, with group II playing a potential role in making synapses act as low pass filters. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrologic processes at the urban residential scale
Authors: Xiao Q. , McPherson E. G. , Simpson J. R. , Ustin S. L.
Published: October 2006

In the face of increasing urbanization, there is growing interest in application of microscale hydrologic solutions to minimize storm runoff and conserve water at the source. In this study, a physically based numerical model was developed to understand hydrologic processes better at the urban residential scale and the interaction of these processes among different best management practices (BMPs). This model simulates hydrologic processes using an hourly interval for over a full year or for specific storm events. The model was applied to treatment and control single‐family residential parcels in Los Angeles, California. Data collected from the control and treatment sites over 2 years were used to calibrate and validate the model. Annual storm runoff to the street was eliminated by 97% with installation of rain gutters, a driveway interceptor, and lawn retention basin. Evaluated individually, the driveway interceptor was the most effective BMP for storm runoff reduction (65%), followed by the rain gutter installation (28%), and lawn converted to retention basin (12%). An 11 m3cistern did not substantially reduce runoff, but provided 9% of annual landscape irrigation demand. Simulated landscape irrigation water use was reduced 53% by increasing irrigation system efficiency, and adjusting application rates monthly based on plant water demand. The model showed that infiltration and surface runoff processes were particularly sensitive to the soil's physical properties and its effective depth. Replacing the existing loam soil with clay soil increased annual runoff discharge to the street by 63% when climate and landscape features remained unchanged. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of subchronic parathion administration on sodium salicylate excretion kinetics in female rats
Authors: Tabche Laura Martínez , Del Rio Francisco A. Posadas
Published: October 2006

Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are considered to be environmental contaminants, and chronic exposure to low levels through the diet may affect drug action. To study this possible interaction, ethyl parathion was administered by intubation to female rats for 35 consecutive days at a dose of 0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg of body weight per day. At 7, 21 and 35 days after parathion was initiated, rats were administered a single dose of 20 mg/kg sodium salicylate intraperitoneally. Total salicylates, salicyclic acid (SA), salicyluric acid (SU) and gentisic acid (GA) were determined in urine. At 7 days, parathion treatment slowed the excretion of total salicylates. This effect was more evident at longer treatment times. Total excretion of SA was increased at the expense of GA at 7 days. However, this effect was reversed at 21 and 35 days. Excretion of SU was drastically diminished after 21 days of treatment with parathion. The results suggest that subchronic oral administration of parathion to female rats changes the excretion kinetics of sodium salicylate through combined effects on renal excretion mechanisms and biotransformation processes. Thus, exposure to low concentrations of environmental contaminants may produce important changes in drug action.
Differing hepatotoxicity and lethality after subacute trichloroethylene exposure in aqueous or corn oil gavage vehicles in B6C3F1 Mice
Authors: Merrick B. A. , Robinson M. , Condie L. W.
Published: October 2006

Subacute toxicity of trichloroethylene (TCE) was evaluated in male and female B6C3F1 mice using corn oil or aqueous gavage vehicles. Mice received oral doses of TCE five times a week for 4 weeks at 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg/day for males and 450, 900 and 1800 mg/kg/day for females. Vehicle control mice were dosed with either corn oil or a 20% aqueous solution of Emulphor. A dose‐related increase n lethality occurred in male and female mice receiving TCE in Emulphor but not corn oil during the first week of treatment. Lethality was consistent with central nervous system depressant effects of TCE. After 4 weeks of exposure, body weights were not altered by TCE but liver/body weight ratios were uniformly increased by TCE administered in either vehicle in both sexes. Only male mice treated with TCE in corn oil, however, sustained elevations in serum enzyme levels, accompanied by liver histopathology. TCE in corn oil produced inflammation‐associated focal necrosis in 30–40% of the male mice, with increasing severity from low to high dose. Lipid accumulation, as indicated by Oil‐Red O staining, was most prevalent in male mice treated with TCE in corn oil but also occurred to a lesser degree in animals receiving either gavage vehicle alone. This study indicates that the type of oral gavage vehicle is an important factor in determining the nature of TCE toxicity.
Elevated blood pressure and heart rate in rats exposed to a coal‐derived complex organic mixture
Authors: Sasser L. B. , Lundstrom D. L. , Zangar R. C. , Springer D. L. , Mahlum D. D.
Published: October 2006

The susceptibility of the cardiovascular system to exposure to a high‐boiling coal liquid (heavy distillate, HD) was studied in the rat using an isoproterenol (ISO) myocardial infarction model. Male Fischer rats were exposed to HD by inhalation (0.7 mg/l), 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. After a 10‐day recovery period, sham‐exposed and HD‐exposed rats were injected subcutaneously with 0, 20, 40 or 60 mg ISO/kg body weight. Blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram and 99mTc uptake by the heart were measured 1 day later. A dose‐related increase was observed in the uptake of 99mTc by the hearts of both sham‐exposed and HD‐exposed animals after ISO injection; however, uptake by the sham‐exposed group was significantly greater than that of exposed groups. The most striking observation was a 20% elevation in arterial blood pressure of HD‐exposed rats over that of sham‐exposed animals when no ISO was injected. These results suggest that the cardiovascular system could be detrimentally affected by exposure to coal‐derived complex mixtures and, possibly, to other complex organic mixtures.
Synthesis of 15N‐5‐doxylstearic acid for improved EPR characterization of lipid motion in biomembranes
Authors: Venkataramu Sindhaghatta D. , Pearson Donald E. , Beth Albert H. , Balasubramanian K. , Park Charles R. , Park Jane H.
Published: October 2006

15N‐5‐Doxylstearic acid has been synthesized to improve EPR spectral characterization of the motional properties of the lipid in biological membranes. The EPR spectrum of the title compound displayed a 1.73 fold gain in sensitivity compared with the corresponding label substituted with the common isotope of nitrogen.
Preparation of quercetin‐4‐14C
Authors: Elliger Carl A.
Published: October 2006

The preparation of radiolabeled quercetin proceeds through initial preparation of an alkoxyacetonitrile followed by condensation with phloroglucinol to give the acetophenone, carbonyl‐14C. Esterification with veratroyl chloride and rearrangement with triethylamine in refluxing pyridine yields a flavone labeled in position‐4. Saponification and dealkylation give quercetin‐4‐14C.
Synthèse DE LA colchicine (méthoxyle‐1 14C)
Authors: Pontikis R. , Nguyen‐Hoang‐Nam  , Hoellinger H. , Pichat L.
Published: October 2006

1‐demethylcolchicine obtained by selective demethylation of colchicine was condensed with (14C) CH3 I to gave (1‐methoxy 14C) colchicine 4. After two purifications by silicagel column chromatography 4 was obtained in a 40% yield from (14C) CH3 I and a radiochemical purity of 99% (specific activity : 57 mCi/mmole).
Deuterated organic compounds XXV synthesis of 1, 4, 5, 8‐tetradeuterionaphthalene
Authors: Renaud R. N. , Leitch L. C.
Published: October 2006

1, 4, 5, 8‐Tetradeuterionaphthalene was synthesized from 1, 4‐dibromonaphtalene by two methods. In the first method naphthalene was repeatedly brominated in chloroform and then debrominated with zinc dust in alkaline deuterium oxide. In the second, 1, 4‐dibromonaphthalene was nitrated to produce 1, 4‐dibromo‐5‐nitronaphthalene which underwent reductive debromination with zinc in alkaline deuterium oxide to 1‐amino‐5, 8‐dideuterionaphthalene. The latter was converted into 1‐bromo‐5, 8‐dideuterionaphthalene by a modified Sandmeyer reaction which was brominated to 1, 4‐dibromo‐5, 8‐dideuterionaphthalene and then debrominated to 1, 4, 5, 8‐tetradeuterionaphthalene.
Emploi du bromure de vinylmagnésium pour la synthèse de molécules marquées au 14C: Nouvelle méthode de préparation de glycérol 14C‐1 et d'acide glycérique 14C‐1
Authors: Pichat L. , Herbert M. , Aubert F.
Published: October 2006

Acrylic acid 1‐14C is obtained with an 80% yield by carbonation of vinylmagnesium bromide. In desagreement with the literature it has been found that LiAlH4 reduction of acrylic acid does not give rise to allyl alcohol but mainly to n‐propanol. By successive additions of bromine and diazomethane acrylic acid 1‐14C yields methyl 2‐3 dibromo propionate. Reduction by LiAlH4‐AlCl3 at −80° C provides 2‐3 dibromo propanol which is converted into 2‐3 diacetoxy‐propanol 1‐14C. Saponification followed by partition chromatopraphy gives glycerol 1‐14C overall yield 35% calculated on Ba14CO3. Glyceric acid 1‐14C is obtained with an overall yield 43% based on Ba14CO3 from methyl 2‐3 dibromopropionate 1‐14C.
Synthèse de l'acide DL‐shikimique 14C‐1–2 à partir de l'acrylate de méthyle 14C‐2–3
Authors: Chabannes B. , Pichat L. , Herbert M. , Pacheco H.
Published: October 2006

DL‐Shikimic, 1–2‐14C acid has been prepared by a 5 stage synthesis with a total yield of about 11% from methyl acrylate 2, 3‐14C.
Synthesis of tritiated p‐terphenyls, labelled at specific positions
Authors: Otto P. Ph. H. L. , Juppe G.
Published: October 2006

The tritiated compounds p‐terphenyl‐4‐T, ‐3‐T, ‐2‐T and ‐2′‐T have been synthesized by catalytic reduction of the corresponding bromo‐p‐terphenyls with tritium gas under mild conditions. For each of the labelled p‐terphenyls, the activity distribution over the positions in the molecule has been determined by degradation.
Iodation enzymatique de protéines
Authors: Nunez J. , Pommier J. , El Hilali M. , Roche J.
Published: October 2006

An iodination enzymatic method has been studied which makes possible the preparation of 125I or 131I labelled proteins.

Iodide oxidation is catalyzed by horse‐radish peroxydase; H2O2 is furnished by another enzymatic system: glucose‐glucose oxydase. We have studied:

The optimal enzymatic iodination conditions for various proteins with different biological activities (immunological, hormonal, enzymatic).

The enzymatic iodination reaction mechanism.

Some molecular characteristics of the iodoproteins prepared.

We have established that:

The iodide oxidation is catalized by the horse‐radish peroxydase and not directly caused by H2O2 produced by the glucose‐glucose oxydase system.

When iodide atoms are introduced in a protein in the conditions defined above — serumalbumin or thyroglobulin, for instance — no apparent denaturation occurs; but a shift of the sedimentation coefficient established by sucrose gradient ultra‐centrifugation appears which may be due to a change of the proteins shape.

These results has been discussed:

as to the validity of this method from a preparative point of view.

as a simple model of the physiological structural transitions observed during the biosynthesis and iodination of thyroglobulin.
Isotopic exchange of active methyl hydrogens. II. Deuteration of diphenylmethylpyrylium and methyltropylium salts
Authors: Gǎrd E. , Bally I. , Vasilescu A. , Arsene A. , Balaban A. T.
Published: October 2006

Methyl groups of 2, 6‐diphenyl‐4‐methylpyrylium, 2, 4‐diphenyl‐6‐methylpyrylium and methyltropylium salts were deuterated with deuterim oxide and/or acetic acid. The dedeuteration rated of the two diphenylmethylpyrylium salts are contrary to expectations, the 4‐methyl group reacting faster than the 2‐methyl groups at 50° in acetic acid.
Determination of carbon‐14 and/or tritium in the methyl group of organic compounds. Isotopic C‐methyl analysis
Authors: Kornhauser A. , Nystrom R. F.
Published: October 2006

The determination of the millimolar radioactivity of C‐methyl groups in selected carbon‐14 and tritium labelled compounds by modification of the Kuhn‐Roth method is presented. Oxidation of the radioactive sample in an open vessel using a solution of sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid allows radioassay of the C‐methyl group as acetic acid. This procedure has been tested with a representative group of labelled compounds and found to be isotopically reliable.
The synthesis and isotopic analysis of CH318OH and CH317OH
Authors: Borowitz J. L. , Raviv A. , Rona P. , Sadeh D. , Samuel D. , Klein F. S.
Published: October 2006

A number of methods of synthesis of methanol labelled with 18O or with 17O have been evaluated. The best method is considered to be the partial hydrolysis of trimethyl phosphate. Ethanol‐18O can be prepared analogously by the partial hydrolysis of triethyl phosphate. The most accurate method for the isotopic analysis of oxygen in methanol is by pyrolysis in a specially designed vessel, the hydrogen being extracted through a palladium tube and the residual carbon monoxide analysed mass‐spectrometrically.
Synthesis of 14C‐lanosterol and 14C‐desmosterol
Authors: Danieli B. , Russo G.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of lanosterol [Ia] and desmosterol [IIa] labeled with 14C in the 25 position by a Wittig reaction between triphenyl‐2 14C isopropylidene‐phosphorane [IVb] and the corresponding aldehydes are described. The specific activities obtained are, respectively, 0.539 mC/mM and 0.752 mC/mM and the purities of the compounds, respectively, 96 and 99%.
Remote weather associated with North Pacific subtropical sea level high properties
Authors: Grotjahn Richard , Osman Muhtarjan
Published: October 2006

Remote events influencing North Pacific (NP) subtropical high properties in monthly and daily data are identified. Variability in the NP during summer is far more strongly dominated by midlatitude events than in South Pacific (SP); low‐pass filtering is required to see tropical associations.

The dominant pattern in composites, correlations, and regressions is a midlatitude wave train. A stronger NP high was led by higher sea‐level pressure (SLP) just east of Japan and lower SLP over central Canada and to a lesser extent over western tropical Pacific.

Various mechanisms have been proposed to force the NP high:

Heating over southwestern North America (with cooling off the west coast). However, higher temperatures over North America follow stronger SLP over the NP high and occur much further east than postulated. Higher SLP occurs where temperatures are lower over western North America and adjacent ocean. Thermal pattern is consistent with temperature advection between NP high and Canadian low.

Precipitation over and near Central America. However, SLP increase on the SE side of the high is led by higher SLP (and higher outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)) along the west coast of Mexico and Central America. Normalized regressions find a very weak lower OLR in North American monsoon preceding stronger NP high, but the region is much smaller in size and magnitude than other significant areas.

Precipitation over Indonesia and southeast Asia. Statistics provide some support for lower SLP and OLR over Indonesia preceding higher SLP in the center, west, and northwest sides of NP high. The lower SLP and OLR appear to migrate into southeast Asia, perhaps independently, perhaps from stronger NP high.

The NP high has a strong connection to El Niño during winter, but no significant link during summer. Only the south side of NP high appears (weakly) linked to the Madden Julian oscillation (MJO). Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Urinary profiling investigation of metabolites with cis‐diol structure from cancer patients based on UPLC‐MS and HPLC‐MS as well as multivariate statistical analysis
Authors: Zhao Xinjie , Wang Wenzhao , Wang Jiangshan , Yang Jun , Xu Guowang
Published: October 2006

Nucleosides are an important class of metabolites and have been investigated as potential tumor biomarkers. A method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)‐TOF MS was developed to analyze urinary nucleosides and other metabolites with cis‐diol structure to distinguish between cancer patients and healthy persons and compare the results with those obtained by HPLC. The data showed that the UPLC method used about one third of the time required by HPLC and achieved a much better chromatographic resolution and increased sensitivity, the number of peaks detected by UV being 79 and 94 for HPLC and UPLC, respectively. With UPLC‐TOF MS, more information was obtained about metabolites, the separation of cancer patients from healthy persons was significantly improved, and more potential biomarkers were found. The method based on UPLC‐TOF MS is a powerful technique for the study of metabolite profiles.
Performance of octadecylsilylated monolithic silica capillary columns of 530 μm inner diameter in HPLC
Authors: Motokawa Masanori , Ohira Masayoshi , Minakuchi Hiroyoshi , Nakanishi Kazuki , Tanaka Nobuo
Published: October 2006

Monolithic silica capillary columns were successfully prepared in a fused silica capillary of 530 μm inner diameter and evaluated in HPLC after octadecylsilylation (ODS). Their efficiency and permeability were compared with those of columns packed with 5‐μm and 3‐μm ODS‐silica particles. The monolithic silica columns having different domain sizes (combined size of through‐pore and skeleton) showed 2.5–4.0‐times higher permeability (K = 5.2–8.4×10–14 m2) than capillary columns packed with 3‐mm particles, while giving similar column efficiency. The monolithic silica capillary columns gave a plate height of about 11–13 μm, or 11 200–13 400 theoretical plates/150 mm column length, in 80% methanol at a linear mobile phase velocity of 1.0 mm/s. The monolithic column having a smaller domain size showed higher column efficiency and higher pressure drop, although the monolithic column with a larger domain size showed better overall column performance, or smaller separation impedance (E value). The larger‐diameter (530 μm id) monolithic silica capillary column afforded a good peak shape in gradient elution of proteins at a flow rate of up to 100 μL/min and an injection volume of up to 10 μL.
Navier–Stokes equations with degenerate viscosity, vacuum and gravitational force
Authors: Duan Renjun , Yang Tong , Zhu Changjiang
Published: October 2006

The global existence of weak solutions to the compressible Navier–Stokes equations with vacuum attracts many research interests nowadays. For the isentropic gas, the viscosity coefficient depends on density function from physical point of view. When the density function connects to vacuum continuously, the vacuum degeneracy gives some analytic difficulties in proving global existence. In this paper, we consider this case with gravitational force and fixed boundary condition. By giving a series of a priori estimates on the solution coping with the degeneracy of vacuum, gravitational force and boundary effect, we give global existence and uniqueness results similar to the case without force and boundary. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction of cell apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes by flavonoids is associated with their antioxidant activity
Authors: Hsu Chin‐Lin , Yen Gow‐Chin
Published: October 2006

Obesity is biologically characterized at the cellular level by an increase in the number and size of adipocytes differentiated from fibroblastic pre‐adipocytes in adipose tissue. In this study, we focused on the relationship between the influence of flavonoids on cell population growth and their antioxidant activity. The results showed that the inhibition of flavonoids (naringenin, rutin, hesperidin, resveratrol, naringin and quercetin) on 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes was 28.3, 8.1, 11.1, 33.2, 5.6 and 71.5%, respectively. In oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, quercetin had the highest ORACROOvalue among the six flavonoids tested. Apoptosis assays showed that quercetin increased apoptotic cells in time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Treatment of cells with quercetin decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in the courses of time and dose. The cell apoptosis/necrosis assay showed that quercetin increased the number of apoptotic cells, but not necrotic cells. Quercetin treatment of cells caused a significant time‐ and dose‐dependent increase in the caspase‐3 activity. Western analysis indicated that treatment of quercetin markedly down‐regulated PARP and Bcl‐2 proteins, and activated caspase‐3, Bax, and Bak proteins. These results indicate that quercetin efficiently inhibits cell population growth and induction of apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes.
Lack of human muscle architectural adaptation after short‐term strength training
Authors: Blazevich Anthony J. , Gill Nicholas D. , Deans Nathan , Zhou Shi
Published: October 2006

The mechanisms governing the increases in force production in response to short periods of strength training have yet to be fully elucidated. We examined whether muscle architectural adaptation was a contributing factor. Ultrasound imaging techniques were used to measure quadriceps muscle architecture at 17 sites in vivo in trained and untrained legs of men and women after 2.5 and 5 weeks of unilateral knee extension training, as well as in a nontraining control group. Despite increases in knee extensor strength of the trained and untrained (women only) legs, there were no changes in muscle thickness, fascicle angle, or fascicle length in any of the muscles tested. The moderate correlation between vastus lateralis thickness (middle site) and eccentric (r = 0.55; P < 0.05) and concentric (r = 0.46; P < 0.1) torque after, but not before, training is suggestive of neural rather than architectural adaptations predominating in the early phase of training. Muscle Nerve, 2006
The two‐edge connected hop‐constrained network design problem: Valid inequalities and branch‐and‐cut
Authors: Huygens David , Labbé Martine , Mahjoub A. Ridha , Pesneau Pierre
Published: October 2006

This article deals with the Two‐edge connected Hop‐constrained Network Design Problem (or THNDP for short). Given a weighted graphG= (N,E), an integerL≥ 2, and a subset of pairs of nodesD, the problem consists of finding the minimum cost subgraph inGcontaining at least two edge‐disjoint paths of at mostLhops between all the pairs inD. First, we show that the THNDP is stronglyNP‐hard even when the demands inDare rooted at some nodesand the costs are unitary. However, if the graph is complete, we prove that the problem in this case can be solved in polynomial time. We give an integer programming formulation of the problem in the space of the design variables whenL= 2, 3. Then we study the associated polytope. In particular, we consider the case where all the pairs of nodes ofDare rooted at a nodes. We give several classes of valid inequalities along with necessary and/or sufficient conditions for these inequalities to be facet defining. We also derive separation routines for these inequalities. We finally develop a branch‐and‐cut algorithm based on these results and discuss some computational results forL= 2, 3. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 116–133 2007