bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a theory of online communication in illness: concept analysis of illness blogs
Authors: Heilferty Catherine McGeehin
Published: April 2009

Title.  Toward a theory of online communication in illness: concept analysis of illness blogs.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a concept analysis of illness blogs and their relevance to nursing research on communication during illness.

Background.  Blogs are being used by patients and family members to describe the experience of illness, but very little is known about this phenomenon.

Data sources.  Seventeen English language databases and one Internet search engine were searched from 1990 to 2007 using the truncated term ‘blog*’. Specific illness terms together with ‘blog*’, for example, blog* and diabetes; and blog* and cancer, were used to expand the search.

Review methods.  Reports were included if they were of qualitative or quantitative research that included a definition of blogs or blogging and some identification or description of blog uses pertinent to the discipline. Specific emphasis was placed on blog use by individuals coping with illness experiences. ‘Meta’ writings by authors about their own blogging intentions and experiences were excluded.

Results.  An illness blog is the online expression of the narrative of illness. Theoretical and operational definitions, defining attributes, uses, antecedents and consequences were developed. The literature search returned 45 works from 17 disciplines referring to the definition and uses of blogging. Support is offered from the review of literature and analysis of the concept for the development of a theory of online communication during illness.

Conclusion.  Reading and incorporating illness blogs into care will enhance patient‐provider relationships. Analysis of the narratives being created online about the illness experience will contribute significantly to nursing’s body of knowledge.
Effects of forest removal on amphibian migrations: implications for habitat and landscape connectivity
Authors: Todd Brian D. , Luhring Thomas M. , Rothermel Betsie B. , Gibbons J. Whitfield
Published: April 2009

Habitat loss is a leading cause of global amphibian declines. Forest removal is a particularly significant threat because an estimated 82% of amphibians rely on forests for part of their lives.

Biphasic amphibians rely on suitable terrestrial habitat to support their post‐metamorphic growth and survival and also to maintain appropriate habitat and landscape connectivity.

We created 4 replicate, 16‐ha experimental arrays in the southeastern USA to examine the effects of forest removal on migratory movements of adult biphasic amphibians. Each array contained four forest‐harvesting treatments that included an unharvested control, a partially harvested stand, a clearcut with coarse woody debris retained, and a clearcut with coarse woody debris removed.

Some amphibian species emigrated from wetlands in significantly greater numbers through forest controls compared with harvested treatments. Also, salamanders were generally more sensitive to forest removal than were frogs, with a significantly greater proportion of salamanders migrating through forested habitat compared to frogs.

For several species, individuals were significantly more likely to avoid clearcuts when emigrating compared to immigrating. Individuals that emigrated into clearcut treatments were more likely to reverse direction and return to wetlands in some species.

Synthesis and applications. Our study identifies one mechanism by which forest removal shapes the abundance and distribution of amphibians in terrestrial habitat. To promote the persistence of amphibian populations, conservation efforts should focus on preserving forest habitat adjacent to reproduction sites. Such measures are especially important where forest habitat connects local populations or where it links reproduction sites to other habitat features necessary for amphibian growth, survival, or overwintering.
Supporting teachers' reflection and learning through structured digital teaching portfolios
Authors: Sung Y.‐T. , Chang K.‐E. , Yu W.‐C. , Chang T.‐H.
Published: April 2009

Digital teaching portfolios have been proposed as an effective tool for teacher learning and professional development, but there is a lack of empirical evidence supporting their effectiveness. This study proposed the design of a structured digital portfolio equipped with multiple aids (e.g. self‐assessment, peer assessment, discussion and journal writing) for the professional development of teachers. This study also empirically evaluated the reflection and professional development as demonstrated in digital teaching portfolios with multiple supporting measures. Forty‐four in‐service substitute teachers participated in a course of classroom assessment and used a Web‐based portfolio system. Based on the framework of teacher reflective thinking developed by Sparks‐Langer et al., we found that most teachers demonstrated moderate levels of reflection in their journals but only one‐third of them showed the highest level of reflection. We also found that the professional knowledge of teachers about classroom assessment – as shown by their implementation of it – improved significantly during the construction of portfolios. The above findings also represent good evidence that digital portfolios with multiple aids are beneficial to teacher reflection and professional development.
Mobile Learning projects – a critical analysis of the state of the art
Authors: Frohberg D. , Göth C. , Schwabe G.
Published: April 2009

This paper provides a critical analysis of Mobile Learning projects published before the end of 2007. The review uses a Mobile Learning framework to evaluate and categorize 102 Mobile Learning projects, and to briefly introduce exemplary projects for each category. All projects were analysed with the criteria: context, tools, control, communication, subject and objective. Although a significant number of projects have ventured to incorporate the physical context into the learning experience, few projects include a socializing context. Tool support ranges from pure content delivery to content construction by the learners. Although few projects explicitly discuss the Mobile Learning control issues, one can find all approaches from pure teacher control to learner control. Despite the fact that mobile phones initially started as a communication device, communication and collaboration play a surprisingly small role in Mobile Learning projects. Most Mobile Learning projects support novices, although one might argue that the largest potential is supporting advanced learners. All results show the design space and reveal gaps in Mobile Learning research.
25‐hydroxyvitamin D accumulation during summer in elderly women at latitude 60ºN
Authors: Burgaz A. , Åkesson A. , Michaëlsson K. , Wolk A.
Published: April 2009

Objectives.  During half of the year, cutaneous synthesis of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is not detectable at northern latitudes, leaving the population dependent on other sources for optimal vitamin D status. During April to September, 25(OH)D status may be improved by solar exposure. In this study, we measured seasonal differences in serum 25(OH)D concentrations and identified the major predictors of summer 25(OH)D concentrations.

Design.  We assessd serum 25(OH)D concentrations during both winter and summer amongst 100 women, aged 61–83 years, randomly sampled from the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Participants completed two detailed questionnaires covering diet, use of dietary supplements and sun‐related behaviour, the first in January through March and a second time in August through September.

Results.  The mean seasonal increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations was 38% from mean 72 ± 23 nmol L−1 during winter to 99 ± 29 nmol L−1 in summer. High summer 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with higher winter concentrations, preference of staying in sun instead of shade, having a nonsensitive skin type and normal body mass index. Based on multiple linear regression modelling, preferring sun, having nonsensitive skin type and normal weight as compared with preferring shade, having sensitive skin type and being obese, was associated with a 64 nmol L−1 higher 25(OH)D concentrations during summer.

Conclusions.  Women with high winter 25(OH)D serum concentrations, with preference of staying in the sun instead of shade during summer, a skin type allowing for longer sun exposure and a normal weight had the highest summer 25(OH)D concentrations.
Therapeutic efficacy of undenatured type‐II collagen (UC‐II) in comparison to glucosamine and chondroitin in arthritic horses1
Authors: GUPTA R. C. , CANERDY T. D. , SKAGGS P. , STOCKER A. , ZYRKOWSKI G. , BURKE R. , WEGFORD K. , GOAD J. T. , ROHDE K. , BARNETT D. , DeWEES W. , BAGCHI M. , BAGCHI D.
Published: April 2009

The present investigation evaluated arthritic pain in horses receiving daily placebo, undenatured type II collagen (UC‐II) at 320, 480, or 640 mg (providing 80, 120, and 160 mg active UC‐II, respectively), and glucosamine and chondroitin (5.4 and 1.8 g, respectively, bid for the first month, and thereafter once daily) for 150 days. Horses were evaluated for overall pain, pain upon limb manipulation, physical examination, and liver and kidney functions. Evaluation of overall pain was based upon a consistent observation of all subjects during a walk and a trot in the same pattern on the same surface. Pain upon limb manipulation was conducted after the walk and trot. It consisted of placing the affected joint in severe flexion for a period of 60 sec. The limb was then placed to the ground and the animal trotted off. The response to the flexion test was then noted with the first couple of strides the animal took. Flexion test was consistent with determining clinically the degree of osteoarthritis in a joint. Horses receiving placebo showed no change in arthritic condition, while those receiving 320 or 480 or 640 mg UC‐II exhibited significant reduction in arthritic pain (P < 0.05). UC‐II at 480 or 640 mg dose provided equal effects, and therefore, 480 mg dose was considered optimal. With this dose, reduction in overall pain was from 5.7 ± 0.42 (100%) to 0.7 ± 0.42 (12%); and in pain upon limb manipulation from 2.35 ± 0.37 (100%) to 0.52 ± 0.18 (22%). Although glucosamine and chondroitin treated group showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pain compared with pretreated values, the efficacy was less compared with that observed with UC‐II. In fact, UC‐II at 480 or 640 mg dose was found to be more effective than glucosamine and chondroitin in arthritic horses. Clinical condition (body weight, body temperature, respiration rate, and pulse rate), and liver (bilirubin, GGT, and ALP) and kidney (BUN and creatinine) functions remained unchanged, suggesting that these supplements were well tolerated.
Prognosis of hepatitis C virus‐infected Canadian post‐transfusion compensation claimant cohort
Authors: Thein H.‐H. , Yi Q. , Heathcote E. J. , Krahn M. D.
Published: April 2009

Summary. Accurate prognostic estimates were required to ensure the sufficiency of the $1.1 billion compensation fund established in 1998 to compensate Canadians who acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection through blood transfusion between 1986 and 1990. This article reports the application of Markov modelling and epidemiological methods to estimate the prognosis of individuals who have claimed compensation. Clinical characteristics of the claimant cohort (n = 5004) were used to define the starting distribution. Annual stage‐specific transition probabilities (F0→F1, . . ., F3→F4) were derived from the claimants, using the Markov maximum likelihood estimation method. HCV treatment efficacy was derived from the literature and practice patterns were estimated from a national survey. The estimated stage‐specific transition probabilities of the cohort between F0→F1, F1→F2, F2→F3 and F3→F4 were 0.032, 0.137, 0.150 and 0.097 respectively. At 20 years after the index transfusion, approximately 10% of all living claimants (n = 3773) had cirrhosis and 0.5% developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). For nonhaemophilic patients, the predicted 20‐year (2030) risk of HCV‐related cirrhosis was 23%, and the risk of HCC and liver‐related death was 7% and 11% respectively. Haemophilic patients who are younger and are frequently co‐infected with human immunodeficiency virus would have higher 20‐year risks of cirrhosis (37%), HCC (12%) and liver‐related death (19%). Our results indicate that rates of progression to advanced liver disease in post‐transfusion cohorts may be lower than previously reported. The Canadian post‐transfusion cohort offers new and relevant prognostic information for post‐transfusion HCV patients in Canada and is an invaluable resource to study the natural history and resource utilization of HCV‐infected individuals in future studies.
Genetic structure within and between island populations of the flightless cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi)
Authors: DUFFIE CAROLINE V. , GLENN TRAVIS C. , VARGAS F. HERNAN , PARKER PATRICIA G.
Published: April 2009

We assessed colony‐ and island‐level genetic differentiation for the flightless cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi), an endangered Galápagos endemic that has one of the most limited geographical distributions of any seabird, consisting of only two adjacent islands. We screened 223 individuals from both islands and nine colonies at five microsatellite loci, recovering 23 alleles. We found highly significant genetic differentiation throughout the flightless cormorant's range on Fernandina and Isabela Islands (global FST = 0.097; P < 0.0003) both between islands (supported by Bayesian analyses, FST and RST values) and within islands (supported only by FST and RST values). An overall pattern of isolation‐by‐distance was evident throughout the sampled range (r = 0.4169, one‐sided P ≤ 0.02) and partial Mantel tests of this relationship confirmed that ocean is a dispersal barrier (r = 0.500, one‐sided P ≤ 0.003), especially across the 5‐km gap between the two islands. The degree of detected genetic differentiation among colonies is surprising, given the flightless cormorant's limited range, and suggests a role for low vagility, behavioural philopatry, or both to limit dispersal where physical barriers are absent. We argue that this population should be managed as at least two genetic populations to better preserve the species‐level genetic diversity, but, for demographic reasons, advocate the continued conservation of all breeding colonies.
Evidence for a dual role of PBP1 in the cell division and cell separation of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Pereira Sandro F. F. , Henriques Adriano O. , Pinho Mariana G. , De Lencastre Herminia , Tomasz Alexander
Published: April 2009

Penicillin‐binding proteins (PBPs) catalyse the synthesis of cell wall peptidoglycan. PBP1 of Staphylococcus aureus is a high‐molecular‐weight monofunctional transpeptidase (TPase) and previous studies with a conditional mutant showed that this protein was essential for bacterial growth and survival: cells in which PBP1 was depleted stopped dividing but continued to enlarge in size, accompanied by rapid loss of viability. Also, cell walls produced under PBP1 depletion appeared to have normal composition. We describe here construction of a second PBP1 mutant in which the active site of the TPase domain was inactivated. Cells in which the wild‐type PBP1 was replaced by the mutant protein were able to initiate and complete septa and undergo at least one or two cell divisions after which growth stopped accompanied by inhibition of cell separation, downregulation in the transcription of the autolytic system and production of cell walls with increased proportion of monomeric and dimeric muropeptides and decrease in oligomeric muropeptides. PBP1 seems to perform a dual role in the cell cycle of S. aureus: as a protein required for septation and also as a transpeptidase that generates a critical signal for cell separation at the end of cell division.
New insights into the protective effect of manganese against oxidative stress
Authors: McEwan Alastair G.
Published: April 2009

Manganese has emerged as an important trace element in bacterial physiology. The correlation between manganese accumulation and resistance to oxidative stress has led to the suggestion that, in addition to a role as a prosthetic group in superoxide dismutase, manganese could exert its antioxidant effect via non‐enzymatic redox reactions. The article by Anjem et al. in the current issue of Molecular Microbiology investigates the role of manganese ions in the defence against hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli. The results indicate that the redox activity of manganese is not linked to its protective effect. Instead, it is suggested that manganese replaces ferrous iron in enzymes that contain divalent cations at their active site. This enables the cell to avoid oxidative stress associated with iron release in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
Stimulation of the potassium sensor KdpD kinase activity by interaction with the phosphotransferase protein IIANtr in Escherichia coli
Authors: Lüttmann Denise , Heermann Ralf , Zimmer Björn , Hillmann Antje , Rampp Isabella Sofia , Jung Kirsten , Görke Boris
Published: April 2009

Proteins EINtr, NPr and IIANtr form a phosphoryl group transfer chain (Ntr‐PTS) working in parallel to the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (transport‐PTS) in Escherichia coli. Recently, it was shown that dephosphorylated IIANtr binds and inhibits TrkA, a low‐affinity potassium transporter. Here we report that the Ntr‐PTS also regulates expression of the high‐affinity K+ transporter KdpFABC, which rescues K+ uptake at limiting K+ concentrations. Transcription initiation at the kdpFABC promoter is positively controlled by the two‐component system KdpD/KdpE in response to K+ availability. We found that kdp promoter activity is stimulated by the dephosphorylated form of IIANtr. Two‐hybrid data and biochemical analysis revealed that IIANtr interacts with sensor kinase KdpD and stimulates kinase activity, resulting in increased levels of phosphorylated response regulator KdpE. The data suggest that exclusively dephosphorylated IIANtr binds and activates KdpD. As there is cross‐talk between the Ntr‐PTS and the transport‐PTS, carbon source utilization affects kdpFABC expression. Expression is enhanced, when cells utilize preferred carbohydrates like glucose, which results in preferential dephosphorylation of the transport‐PTS and also of IIANtr. Taken together, the data show that the Ntr‐PTS has an important role in maintaining K+ homeostasis and links K+ uptake to carbohydrate metabolism.
Crystal structure of the Vibrio cholerae ferric uptake regulator (Fur) reveals insights into metal co‐ordination
Authors: Sheikh Md. Arif , Taylor Garry L.
Published: April 2009

The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a metal‐dependent DNA‐binding protein that acts as both a repressor and an activator of numerous genes involved in maintaining iron homeostasis in bacteria. It has also been demonstrated in Vibrio cholerae that Fur plays an additional role in pathogenesis, opening up the potential of Fur as a drug target for cholera. Here we present the crystal structure of V. cholerae Fur that reveals a very different orientation of the DNA‐binding domains compared with that observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fur. Each monomer of the dimeric Fur protein contains two metal binding sites occupied by zinc in the crystal structure. In the P. aeruginosa study these were designated as the regulatory site (Zn1) and structural site (Zn2). This V. cholerae Fur study, together with studies on Fur homologues and paralogues, suggests that in fact the Zn2 site is the regulatory iron binding site and the Zn1 site plays an auxiliary role. There is no evidence of metal binding to the cysteines that are conserved in many Fur homologues, including Escherichia coli Fur. An analysis of the metal binding properties shows that V. cholerae Fur can be activated by a range of divalent metals.
Genes regulating molecular and cellular functions in noninfectious nonallergic rhinitis
Authors: Cardell L. O. , Andersson M. , Cervin A. , Davidsson Å. , Hellgren J. , Holmström M. , Lundblad L. , Stierna P. , Stjärne P. , Adner M. ,   the SRFA study group
Published: April 2009

Background:  Chronic noninfectious, nonallergic rhinitis (NINAR) is a complex syndrome with a principally unknown pathophysiology. New technology has made it possible to examine differentially expressed genes and according to network theory, genes connected by their function that might have key roles in the disease.

Methods:  Connectivity analysis was used to identify NINAR key genes. mRNA was extracted from nasal biopsies from 12 NINAR patients and 12 healthy volunteers. Microarrays were performed using Affymetrix chips with 54 613 genes. Data were analysed with the Ingenuity Pathway System for organization of genes into annotated biological functions and, thereafter, linking genes into networks due to their connectivity. The regulation of key genes was confirmed with reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results:  In all, 43 genes were differentially expressed. The functional analysis showed that these genes were primarily involved in cellular movement, haematological system development and immune response. Merging these functions, 10 genes were found to be shared. Network analysis generated three networks and two of these ‘shared genes’ in key positions, c‐fos and cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42). These genes were upregulated in both the array and the RT‐PCR analysis.

Conclusion:  Ten genes were found to be of pathophysiological interest for NINAR and of these, c‐fos and Cdc42 seemed to be of specific interest due to their ability to interact with other genes of interest within this context. Although the role of c‐fos and Cdc42 in upper airway inflammation remains unknown, they might be used as potential disease markers.
High urgency liver transplantation in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency presenting with acute liver failure
Authors: Teufel Ulrike , Weitz Jürgen , Flechtenmacher Christa , Prietsch Viola , Schmidt Jan , Hoffmann Georg F. , Kölker Stefan , Engelmann Guido
Published: April 2009

Teufel U, Weitz J, Flechtenmacher C, Prietsch V, Schmidt J, Hoffmann GF, Kölker S, Engelmann G. High urgency liver transplantation in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency presenting with acute liver failure. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: E110–E115. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  OTCD can present with ALF at any age. Under adequate therapy symptoms resolve quickly. We report a three‐yr‐old girl with the manifestation of an OTCD as ALF. Despite adequate pharmacotherapy and protein restriction, the patient deteriorated and developed hepatic encephalopathy. A high urgency liver transplantation was performed and the patient recovered completely. We conclude that in patients with ALF urea cycle defects in general and OTCD in particular should be considered as differential diagnosis. Patients should be managed in a center that has the capacity for an emergency liver transplantation.
Mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric renal transplantation: A single center experience
Authors: Raheem Omer A. , Kamel Mohamed H. , Daly Padraiq J. , Mohan Ponnusamy , Little Dilly M. , Awan Atif , Hickey David P.
Published: April 2009

Raheem OA, Kamel MH, Daly PJ, Mohan P, Little DM, Awan A, Hickey DP. Mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric renal transplantation: A single center experience. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15:240–244. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  We assessed our long‐term experience with regards to the safety and efficacy of MMF in our pediatric renal transplant population and compared it retrospectively to our previous non‐MMF immunosuppressive regimen. Forty‐seven pediatric renal transplants received MMF as part of their immunosuppressive protocol in the period from January 1997 till October 2006 (MMF group). A previously reported non‐MMF group of 59 pediatric renal transplants was included for comparative analysis (non‐MMF group). The MMF group comprised 29 boys and 18 girls, whereas the non‐MMF group comprised 34 boys and 25 girls. Mean age was 11.7 and 12 yr in the MMF and non‐MMF groups, respectively. The incidence of acute rejection episodes was 11 (23.4%) and 14 (24%) in the MMF and non‐MMF group, respectively. Two (3.3%) grafts were lost in the non‐MMF group compared with one (2.1%) in the MMF group. Twenty‐one (44.68%) patients in the MMF group developed post‐transplant infections compared with 12 (20.33%) in the non‐MMF group (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the use of MMF in pediatric renal transplantation was not associated with a lower rejection rate or immunological graft loss. It did, however, result in a significantly higher rate of viral infections.
Ketamine attenuates post‐operative cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery
Authors: HUDETZ J. A. , IQBAL Z. , GANDHI S. D. , PATTERSON K. M. , BYRNE A. J. , HUDETZ A. G. , PAGEL P. S. , WARLTIER D. C.
Published: April 2009

Background: Post‐operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) commonly occurs after cardiac surgery. Ketamine exerts neuroprotective effects after cerebral ischemia by anti‐excitotoxic and anti‐inflammatory mechanisms. We hypothesized that ketamine attenuates POCD in patients undergoing cardiac surgery concomitant with an anti‐inflammatory effect.

Methods: Patients randomly received placebo (0.9% saline; n=26) or an i.v. bolus of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg; n=26) during anesthetic induction. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and fentanyl. A nonsurgical group (n=26) was also included as control. Recent verbal and nonverbal memory and executive functions were assessed before and 1 week after surgery or a 1‐week waiting period for the nonsurgical controls. Serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were determined before surgery and on the first post‐operative day.

Results: Baseline neurocognitive and depression scores were similar in the placebo, ketamine, and nonsurgical control groups. Cognitive performance after surgery decreased by at least 2 SDs (z‐score of 1.96) in 21 patients in the placebo group and only in seven patients in the ketamine group compared with the nonsurgical controls (P<0.001, Fisher's exact test). Cognitive performance was also significantly different between the placebo‐ and the ketamine‐treated groups based on all z‐scores (P<0.001, Mann–Whitney U‐test). Pre‐operative CRP concentrations were similar (P<0.33, Mann–Whitney U‐test) in the placebo‐ and ketamine‐treated groups. The post‐operative CRP concentration was significantly (P<0.01, Mann–Whitney U‐test) lower in the ketamine‐treated than in the placebo‐treated group.

Conclusions: Ketamine attenuates POCD 1 week after cardiac surgery and this effect may be related to the anti‐inflammatory action of the drug.
International collaborative study to evaluate candidate reference reagents to standardize haemagglutination testing for anti‐A and anti‐B in normal intravenous immunoglobulin products
Authors: Thorpe S. J. , Fox B. , Sharp G. , Heath A. B. , Behr‐Gross M.‐E. , Terao E. , Virata‐Theimer M. L. , Yu M. W.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives  The aim of the study was to evaluate, in an international collaboration, three lyophilized intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations for their suitability to standardize and control haemagglutination testing for anti‐A and anti‐B in IVIG products.

Materials and Methods  Twenty‐three laboratories tested candidate IVIG reference reagents consisting of a Positive control (07/306), a Negative control (07/308), and a specifically formulated Limit preparation (07/310) to define the maximum (e.g. pharmacopoeial) limits of anti‐A and anti‐B in IVIG products, where limits are applicable. Laboratories performed direct haemagglutination using papain‐treated erythrocytes and/or indirect antiglobulin tests.

Results  For both methods, there was up to 16‐fold variation in anti‐A and anti‐B titres, although there was good agreement over a two‐fold titre range for anti‐A and anti‐B between laboratories for both 07/306 and 07/310 using the direct method. Comparative titration data for 07/306 and 07/310 indicated that the use of a ‘Limit’ reference reagent would facilitate identification of higher titre batches when the direct haemagglutination method is used.

Conclusions  The establishment of preparations 07/306, 07/308 and 07/310 as reference reagents by the World Health Organization will facilitate global standardization of haemagglutination tests for anti‐A and anti‐B, ensure that such tests are sufficiently sensitive and specific, and facilitate identification of batches that exceed maximum recommended levels of anti‐A and anti‐B. The Commission of the European Pharmacopoeia and the United States Food and Drug Administration have adopted the same reference reagents including the maximal specifications defined by preparation 07/310.
Histopathology of primary needles and mortality associated with white pine blister rust in resistant and susceptible Pinus strobus
Authors: Jacobs J. J. , Burnes T. A. , David A. J. , Blanchette R. A.
Published: April 2009

White pine blister rust caused by Cronartium ribicola is a damaging non‐native disease of five‐needled pines in North America. Efforts to control the disease and mitigate damage to date have been only somewhat effective. Recent efforts to improve the health of eastern white pine and reestablish the tree as a dominant species in the North Central United States have focused on identification and propagation of disease‐free eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) growing in areas with a high incidence of blister rust. Many of these selections have been shown to resist infection following artificial inoculation with C. ribicola. In this study, 13 eastern white pine families derived from controlled pollination of selections previously determined to possess putative resistance as well as susceptible selections were inoculated with C. ribicola. Mortality data from inoculation studies show superior survivability in three families with over 60% of seedlings able to survive the 52 week post‐inoculation monitoring period compared to 0–10% survival of the most susceptible families. Primary needles were collected for histological analysis from all inoculated families 4 weeks after inoculation and from selected families 6.5 weeks and 38 weeks after inoculation. Histological observations of infection sites show distinct resistance reactions in the families more likely to survive infection based on mortality data. Analysis of the reactions in susceptible families revealed extensive hyphal colonization of the vascular bundle and adjacent mesophyll cells that appear uninhibited by tree responses. In resistant families, collapsed cells adjacent to infection sites, heavy deposition of phenolic compounds and abnormal cell growth were documented more frequently and appear to play an integral role in the ability of these eastern white pine families to impede growth of C. ribicola in primary needle tissue.
Mountain pine beetle‐associated blue‐stain fungi in lodgepole × jack pine hybrids near Grande Prairie, Alberta (Canada)
Authors: Rice A. V. , Langor D. W.
Published: April 2009

The mountain pine beetle (MPB), the most serious pest of lodgepole pine in mountainous western Canada, spread northeastward into lodgepole × jack pine hybrids in the boreal forest of Alberta in 2006. The MPB vectors three species of blue‐stain fungi, which contribute to the success of the beetles. These fungi were isolated from MPB larvae and galleries in several lodgepole × jack pine stands in the Grande Prairie region of northwestern Alberta in autumn 2006 and winter and spring 2007. Fungi were recovered from more than 95% of gallery systems. The three fungi were similarly prevalent but Ophiostoma montium was the most frequently isolated fungus at each sampling point, isolated from 72% to 90% of gallery systems compared with 63% to 78% for Grosmannia clavigera, and 61% to 86% for Leptographium longiclavatum. Ophiostoma montium and G. clavigera were isolated from more larvae than gallery samples, with the opposite true for L. longiclavatum. Most gallery systems contained multiple fungi with three fungi per gallery system being more common in autumn and winter and two fungi more common in the spring. The combination of G. clavigera and L. longiclavatum was less common among gallery systems with two fungi than either of the pairwise combinations containing O. montium. Fungal prevalence was the same above and below snow level. The prevalence of the three fungi did not differ significantly among stands sampled in the spring but stands with more G. clavigera tended to have less L. longiclavatum. The winter of 2006–2007 was colder than average throughout Alberta with temperatures below −30°C in November, January and February, and all three fungi were present after the cold winter while most larvae had died, suggesting that overwintering mortality of the fungi will not limit persistence and spread of MPB in the boreal forest.
Effects of breed, sex and halothane genotype on fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in pork longissimus muscle
Authors: Zhang S. , Knight T.J. , Stalder K.J. , Goodwin R.N. , Lonergan S.M. , Beitz D.C.
Published: April 2009

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of breed, sex, and halothane (HAL‐1843TM) genotype on fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) extracted from porcine longissimus muscle (LM). Purebred Yorkshire (n = 131), Duroc (n = 136), Hampshire (n = 49), Spotted (n = 35), Chester White (n = 74), Poland China (n = 51), Berkshire (n = 169) and Landrace (n = 82) pigs (n = 727; 427 barrows and 300 gilts) from the 1994 and 2001 National Barrow Show Sire Progeny Tests were used. For statistical analyses, a mixed model was used that included fixed effects of breed, sex, HAL‐1843TM genotype, year, slaughter date within each year, interaction of breed × sex and random effects of sire and dam within breed. Breeds and sex were significantly associated with the percentages of the majority fatty acids in TAG. Duroc pigs had greater total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and lower total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p < 0.05) contents than did pigs of all other breeds except Berkshire (p > 0.05). The concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the greatest in Hampshire pigs (p < 0.05). The content of total SFA was greater (p < 0.01), whereas the concentrations of total MUFA and PUFA were lower (p < 0.01) in barrows than those in gilts. The contents of major SFA in PL did not differ significantly among pigs from different breeds and sex groups. However, breed and sex significantly affected the concentrations of major MUFA and PUFA in PL and strong negative correlation between the total contents of MUFA and PUFA in PL was observed in the current study. Chester White pigs had greater total MUFA and lower total PUFA contents (p < 0.05) in PL than did pigs of all other breeds except Spotted (p > 0.05). In contrast to breed and sex effects, the concentrations of fatty acids in PL were more affected by HAL‐1843TM genotype than those in TAG. The content of C16:0, a major SFA in PL, differed significantly in pigs with different HAL‐1843TM genotypes. In conclusion, these results suggest that breed and sex are important sources of the variations for fatty acid composition of TAG and PL in LM.
Molecular mapping of a new red mutant gene (Rs) in upland cotton
Authors: Yin J. M. , Chen X. S. , Xiao S. H. , Xu N. Y. , Die J. C. , Liu J. G. , Wu Q. J.
Published: April 2009

In recent years, there has been slow progress in improving cotton yield. It is known that the F1 generation from the cross of the new red mutant and the normal green leaf plant has high photosynthetic efficiency. Therefore, cloning the new red mutant gene and further introducing it into other crops through transgenic techniques is a promising approach for achieving high photosynthetic efficiency through breeding. To map this new mutant gene, tentatively named Rs, the authors constructed an F2 generation containing 1214 individual plants from mutant EH083 (Gossypium hirsutum) and Hai 7124 (Gossypium barbadense). Fifty‐five pairs of simple sequence repeats and sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primers on chromosome 7 were selected to screen the two parents. Finally, the Rs gene was mapped at the 0.3 cM interval flanked by markers NAU3735 and NAU1048.
Effects of 1,8‐cineole on electrophysiological parameters of neurons of the rat superior cervical ganglion
Authors: Ferreira‐da‐Silva Francisco W , Barbosa Roseli , Moreira‐Júnior Luiz , Dos Santos‐Nascimento Tiago , De Oliveira‐Martins Maria D , Coelho‐de‐Souza Andrelina N , Cavalcante Francisco SA , Ceccatto Vânia M , De Lemos Telma LG , Magalhães Pedro JC , Lahlou Saad , Leal‐Cardoso José H
Published: April 2009

1,8‐Cineole is a non‐toxic small terpenoid oxide believed to have medicinal properties in folk medicine. It has been shown to have various pharmacological effects, including blockade of the compound action potential (AP). In the present study, using intracellular recording techniques, we investigated the effects of 1,8‐cineole on the electrophysiological parameters of neurons of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in rats.

 1,8‐Cineole (0.1–6 mmol/L) showed reversible and concentration‐dependent effects on various electrophysiological parameters. At 3 and 6 mmol/L, but not at 0.1 and 1 mmol/L, 1,8‐cineole significantly diminished the input resistance (Ri) and altered the resting potential (Em) to more positive values. At 6 mmol/L, 1,8‐cineole completely blocked all APs within 2.7 ± 0.6 min (n = 12). In neurons exposed to 3 and 1 mmol/L 1,8‐cineole, the effects regarding excitability varied from complete AP blockade to minor inhibition of AP parameters. The depolarization of Em and the decrease in Ri induced by 6 mmol/L 1,8‐cineole were unaltered by 200 µmol/L niflumic acid, a well known blocker of Ca2+‐activated Cl− currents.

 Significant correlations (Pearson correlation test) were found between changes in Em and decreases in AP amplitude (r = –0.893; P < 0.00282) and maximum ascendant inclination (r = –0.799; P < 0.0173), but not for maximum descendant inclination (r = 0.598; P < 0.117). Application of current to restore the transmembrane potential equal to control Em values in the presence of 6 mmol/L 1,8‐cineole resulted in the partial recovery of AP.

 The present study shows that 1,8‐cineole effectively blocks the excitability of SCG neurons, probably through various mechanisms, one of which acts indirectly via depolarization of the neuronal cytoplasmatic membrane.
ATP‐sensitive potassium channels: A promising target for protecting neurovascular unit function in stroke
Authors: Sun Xiu‐Lan , Hu Gang
Published: April 2009

Stroke is the second most common cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Despite increasing knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that occur in stroke, there are still large gaps in our understanding that are impeding therapeutic progress. In addition, there are no drugs yet that can be used effectively in stroke patients.

In recent years, it has been recognized that stroke is a brain dysfunction that involves multiple cell types and that a purely neurocentric focus or targeting a single point in a single pathway fails to yield sufficient protection. Thus, the concept of the ‘neurovascular unit’ has emerged as a new paradigm for stroke investigation and therapy.

ATP‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are unique channel proteins that directly couple the metabolic state of a cell to its electrical activity. These channels are found throughout the brain, being found in neurons, glial cells and in the brain vasculature. It is well documented that KATP channels play multifactorial roles in protecting against brain injury induced by hypoxia, ischaemia or metabolic inhibition.

In the present review, we focus on the function of the neurovascular units in stroke and review current knowledge regarding KATP channels, with a focus on their potential role in the remodelling of the neurovascular units.
ROLE OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES IN THE CONTROL OF CYTOSOLIC Ca2+ LEVELS IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Authors: Kwan HY , Huang Y , Yao XQ , Leung FP
Published: April 2009

Endothelial cells have a key role in the cardiovascular system. Most endothelial cell functions depend on changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) to some extent and Ca2+ signalling acts to link external stimuli with the synthesis and release of regulatory factors in endothelial cells. The [Ca2+]i is maintained by a well‐balanced Ca2+ flux across the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane.

Cyclic nucleotides, such as cAMP and cGMP, are very important second messengers. The cyclic nucleotides can affect [Ca2+]i directly or indirectly (via the actions of protein kinase (PK) A or PKG‐mediated phosphorylation) by regulating Ca2+ mobilization and Ca2+ influx. Fine‐tuning of [Ca2+]i is also fundamental to protect endothelial cells against damaged caused by the excessive accumulation of Ca2+.

Therapeutic agents that control cAMP and cGMP levels have been used to treat various cardiovascular diseases.

The aim of the present review is to discuss: (i) the functions of endothelial cells; (ii) the importance of [Ca2+]i in endothelial cells; (iii) the impact of excessive [Ca2+]i in endothelial cells; and (iv) the balanced control of [Ca2+]i in endothelial cells via involvement of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) and their general effectors.
Reduction of Aβ42 in brains of transgenic APPswe mice by 2‐3‐chlorophenylaminophenylacetate
Authors: Cohen Margo P , Shearman Clyde W
Published: April 2009

Imbalanced generation of the Aβ42 peptide from the amyloid β protein precursor (APP) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

The present study is the first to evaluate the ability of 2‐[3‐chlorophenylamino]phenylacetic acid (GLY‐230), a new drug in clinical development for the treatment of vascular complications of diabetes, to modulate Aβ42 levels in transgenic mice expressing APP.

Oral administration of 7.5 mg/kg GLY‐230 twice a day for 14 days to APPswe transgenic mice aged 3 months significantly reduced brain Aβ42 and increased plasma Aβ42 levels by 50 and 20%, respectively.

GLY‐230 readily entered the brain after administration of a dose (7.5 mg/kg) that decreased brain Aβ42.

These results are the first to demonstrate that GLY‐230, which exhibits antiglycation but no cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitory properties, lowers brain Aβ42 levels in this experimental model of Alzheimer's disease.
Comparison of telepathology systems in neuropathological intraoperative consultations
Authors: Horbinski Craig , Wiley Clayton A.
Published: April 2009

Telepathology has emerged in recent years as a viable solution for providing rapid expert subspecialty consultations to geographically dispersed sites. The Neuropathology Division at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center has utilized telepathology systems for the past 7 years to perform intraoperative consultations for neurosurgeons at a separate hospital. In 2007 the division switched to a next‐generation dynamic robotic system with additional features, including higher resolution, faster image transmission speed, fine‐focus control using the mouse fingerwheel, and multiple slide holding capacity. The diagnostic outcomes from a total of 262 intraoperative consultations performed using this new system are compared with 159 consultations using the prior system in 2006 and with outcomes from over 900 conventional consultations from 2006–2008. These results show that telepathology can be used to diagnose challenging tumors, and that differences in outcomes are as much a function of the different surgeries performed at different sites as is the diagnostic modality used.
CR01 THE DIFFICULT STOMA
Authors: Vonpapen M. , Lambie E.
Published: April 2009

We will present a range of clinical scenarios of difficult stomas, focusing on the surgical and stomal therapy management that may arise.
CR11 *THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY MEETING IN COLORECTAL CANCER SERVICE – ATTITUDES OF CLINICIANS AND THE IMPACT UPON PATIENT MANAGEMENT
Authors: Chow Z. Y. , Shedda S. , Steele M. , Gibbs P. , Mclaughlin S. , Jones I.
Published: April 2009

Purpose:   The multidisciplinary meeting (MDM) has been widely adopted as standard of care for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there is little evidence to support the MDM, and individual clinician attitudes have not been studied.

Methods:   Clinicians involved in patients with CRC patients completed a questionnaire. The study was conducted in 2008 at 5 institutions, including MDM naïve (NG) and experienced groups (EG), with repetition in 6 months. The impact of the MDM was prospectively studied at a hospital from 7/7/08 to 22/12/08. The initial plan and the final consensus were recorded.

Results:   22 clinicians completed the survey. The clinicians in the NG stated that there was an influence of MDM on routine patient management in 40% of patients. After 6 months, in both the EG and the NG, the MDM was felt to have an impact on the patients’ management in >70% of cases (p = 0.16). 115 cases (91 patients) were discussed at the MDM. The median age was 65 years (range 26 to 101) with 48% males. The locations were colonic 53 (46%), rectum 40 (35%), anus 6 (5%) and other 16 (14%). 80 (69%) were discussed at the time of initial diagnosis. In 79 (69%) the main issue was chemotherapy and/or radiation administration. In 17 (52%) patients it was decided that further investigations were required. There was an impact on the management in 33 (29%) patients. A change in treatment intent occurred, either curative or palliative, in 5 (15%) patients.

Conclusion:   Clinicians involved in an MDM believe that this influences management in majority of patients with impact on management of almost a third of patients discussed. The multidisciplinary meeting is valuable in the treatment of colorectal cancer patients.
CR16 *COLONIC INERTIA HAS NO ADVERSE IMPACT ON THE SHORT‐TERM FUNCTIONAL RESULTS OF LAPAROSCOPIC ANTERIOR RECTOPEXY FOR INTERNAL RECTAL PROLAPSE CAUSING OBSTRUCTED DEFAECATION
Authors: Akbar A. , Wijffels N. , Cunningham C. , Lindsey I.
Published: April 2009

Purpose:   Colonic inertia (CI) may co‐exist with obstructed defaecation (OD). It is unclear if it adversely influences the results of surgery for OD. We aimed to compare the functional results of laparoscopic anterior rectopexy (LAR) for OD secondary to high‐grade internal rectal prolapse (IRP) in those with normal colonic transit (NCT) and CI.

Methodology:   Patients with high‐grade (recto‐anal) IRP were evaluated with defaecating proctography and colonic transit study. Colonic transit time (CTT) (hours) was calculated by the number of pellets remaining in the colon and rectum at 7 days × 2.4. Patients were offered surgery for significant symptoms if they failed a program of conservative management. Constipation was prospectively assessed pre‐op and at 3 months using Wexner constipation scores.

Results:   80 patients (93% female) underwent LAR for OD and IRP. Patients with NCT gave less history of stool infrequency currently (10% versus 32%) and in their 20's (17% versus 71%). 61 patients had normal colonic transit (CTT median 17, range 0–48 hours) and 19 had CI (CTT median 79, range 50–154 hours, p < 0.0001). Overall symptom improvement at 3 months was similar for NCT and CI (84% versus 84%, p = 0.97). Rates of total (50% versus 68%, p = 0.19) and partial (34% versus 16%, p = 0.16) symptom improvement were similar. Improvement in Wexner constipation score was similar for NCT (mean pre‐op 13 to post‐op 5) and CI (14 to 5), (p = 0.34).

Conclusions:   In the short term, colonic inertia has no adverse impact and may be disregarded when considering laparoscopic anterior rectopexy for obstructed defaecation and high‐grade internal rectal prolapse.