bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting Dynamic Balance in Falls-Prevention Interventions in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Cattaneo Davide , Jonsdottir Johanna , Coote Susan
Published: December 2014

Balance deficits are common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and are associated with past and future falls. People with MS tend to fall during activities of daily living and recreation that involve transitions between body positions and during walking and turning. The evident deficits in dynamic balance may be partly due to impairment in the collection or integration of sensory inputs or the execution of appropriate movements in moments of distraction. There is growing evidence that dynamic balance is modifiable and that improvements in dynamic balance are associated with reduction in falls. Consequently, it is imperative that balance measures be appropriate to capture changes in components of dynamic balance. There are numerous ways to measure dynamic balance. When selecting the appropriate dynamic balance measure for an MS falls-prevention trial, the inclusion criteria and content of intervention will inform the choice of measure. The International MS Falls Prevention Research Network (IMSFPRN) suggests that measures of dynamic balance be included as an outcome measure for use in falls-prevention trials.
An open investigation of the reproducibility of cancer biology research
Authors: Errington Timothy M , Iorns Elizabeth , Gunn William , Tan Fraser Elisabeth , Lomax Joelle , Nosek Brian A
Published: December 2014

It is widely believed that research that builds upon previously published findings has reproduced the original work. However, it is rare for researchers to perform or publish direct replications of existing results. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is an open investigation of reproducibility in preclinical cancer biology research. We have identified 50 high impact cancer biology articles published in the period 2010-2012, and plan to replicate a subset of experimental results from each article. A Registered Report detailing the proposed experimental designs and protocols for each subset of experiments will be peer reviewed and published prior to data collection. The results of these experiments will then be published in a Replication Study. The resulting open methodology and dataset will provide evidence about the reproducibility of high-impact results, and an opportunity to identify predictors of reproducibility.
Architecture of the ring formed by the tubulin homologue FtsZ in bacterial cell division
Authors: Szwedziak Piotr , Wang Qing , Bharat Tanmay A M , Tsim Matthew , Löwe Jan
Published: December 2014

Membrane constriction is a prerequisite for cell division. The most common membrane constriction system in prokaryotes is based on the tubulin homologue FtsZ, whose filaments in E. coli are anchored to the membrane by FtsA and enable the formation of the Z-ring and divisome. The precise architecture of the FtsZ ring has remained enigmatic. In this study, we report three-dimensional arrangements of FtsZ and FtsA filaments in C. crescentus and E. coli cells and inside constricting liposomes by means of electron cryomicroscopy and cryotomography. In vivo and in vitro, the Z-ring is composed of a small, single-layered band of filaments parallel to the membrane, creating a continuous ring through lateral filament contacts. Visualisation of the in vitro reconstituted constrictions as well as a complete tracing of the helical paths of the filaments with a molecular model favour a mechanism of FtsZ-based membrane constriction that is likely to be accompanied by filament sliding.
A dedicated visual pathway for prey detection in larval zebrafish
Authors: Semmelhack Julia L , Donovan Joseph C , Thiele Tod R , Kuehn Enrico , Laurell Eva , Baier Herwig
Published: December 2014

Zebrafish larvae show characteristic prey capture behavior in response to small moving objects. The neural mechanism used to recognize objects as prey remains largely unknown. We devised a machine learning behavior classification system to quantify hunting kinematics in semi-restrained animals exposed to a range of virtual stimuli. Two-photon calcium imaging revealed a small visual area, AF7, that was activated specifically by the optimal prey stimulus. This pretectal region is innervated by two types of retinal ganglion cells, which also send collaterals to the optic tectum. Laser ablation of AF7 markedly reduced prey capture behavior. We identified neurons with arbors in AF7 and found that they projected to multiple sensory and premotor areas: the optic tectum, the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF) and the hindbrain. These findings indicate that computations in the retina give rise to a visual stream which transforms sensory information into a directed prey capture response.
VALUE: A framework to validate downscaling approaches for climate change studies
Authors: Maraun Douglas , Widmann Martin , Gutiérrez José M. , Kotlarski Sven , Chandler Richard E. , Hertig Elke , Wibig Joanna , Huth Radan , Wilcke Renate A.I.
Published: December 2014

VALUE is an open European network to validate and compare downscaling methods for climate change research. VALUE aims to foster collaboration and knowledge exchange between climatologists, impact modellers, statisticians, and stakeholders to establish an interdisciplinary downscaling community. A key deliverable of VALUE is the development of a systematic validation framework to enable the assessment and comparison of both dynamical and statistical downscaling methods. In this paper, we present the key ingredients of this framework. VALUE's main approach to validation is user‐ focused: starting from a specific user problem, a validation tree guides the selection of relevant validation indices and performance measures. Several experiments have been designed to isolate specific points in the downscaling procedure where problems may occur: what is the isolated downscaling skill? How do statistical and dynamical methods compare? How do methods perform at different spatial scales? Do methods fail in representing regional climate change? How is the overall representation of regional climate, including errors inherited from global climate models? The framework will be the basis for a comprehensive community‐open downscaling intercomparison study, but is intended also to provide general guidance for other validation studies.
Magma flow pattern in dykes of the Azores revealed by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
Authors: Moreira M. A. , Geoffroy L. , Pozzi J. P.
Published: December 2014

The localization of magma melting areas at the lithosphere bottom in extensional volcanic domains is poorly understood. Large polygenetic volcanoes of long duration and their associated magma chambers suggest that melting at depth may be focused at specific points within the mantle. To validate the hypothesis that the magma feeding a mafic crust, comes from permanent localized crustal reservoirs, it is necessary to map the fossilized magma flow within the crustal planar intrusions. Using the AMS, we obtain magmatic flow vectors from 34 alkaline basaltic dykes from São Jorge, São Miguel and Santa Maria islands in the Azores Archipelago, a hot‐spot related triple junction. The dykes contain titanomagnetite showing a wide spectrum of solid solution ranging from Ti‐rich to Ti‐poor compositions with vestiges of maghemitization. Most of the dykes exhibit a normal magnetic fabric. The orientation of the magnetic lineation k1 axis is more variable than that of the k3 axis, which is generally well grouped. The dykes of São Jorge and São Miguel show a predominance of subhorizontal magmatic flows. In Santa Maria the deduced flow pattern is less systematic changing from subhorizontal in the southern part of the island to oblique in north. These results suggest that the ascent of magma beneath the islands of Azores is predominantly over localized melting sources and then collected within shallow magma chambers. According to this concept, dykes in the upper levels of the crust propagate laterally away from these magma chambers thus feeding the lava flows observed at the surface.
An approach estimating bidirectional air‐surface exchange for gaseous elemental mercury at AMNet sites
Authors: Wright L. Paige , Zhang Leiming
Published: December 2014

The bidirectional air‐surface exchange for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and existing measurements of the compensation points over a variety of canopy types are reviewed. Deposition and emission of GEM are dependent on several factors such as the type of canopy, temperature, season, atmospheric GEM concentrations, and meteorological conditions, with compensation points varying between 0.5 and 33 ng m−3. Emissions tend to increase from the spring to summer seasons, as the GEM accumulates in the foliage of the vegetation. A strong dependence on solar radiation has been observed, with higher emissions under light conditions. A bidirectional air‐surface exchange flux model is proposed for estimating GEM fluxes at a two‐hourly time resolution for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program's, Atmospheric Mercury Network (AMNet) sites. Compared to the unidirectional dry deposition model used in Zhang et al. (2012), two additional parameters, stomatal and soil emission potential, were needed in the bidirectional model and were chosen based on knowledge gained in the literature review and model sensitivity test results. Application of this bidirectional model to AMNet sites have produced annual net deposition fluxes comparable to those estimated in Zhang et al. (2012) at the majority of the sites. In this study, the net GEM dry deposition has been estimated separately for each dominant land use type surrounding each site, and this approach is also recommended for future calculations for easy application of the results to assessments of the mercury effects on various ecosystems.
Development of High‐Performance Mg Alloy via Introducing Profuse Long Period Stacking Ordered Phase and Stacking Faults
Authors: Jiao Yufeng , Zhang Jinghuai , Jing Yongbin , Xu Chi , Liu Shujuan , Zhang Li , Xu Longjiang , Zhang Milin , Wu Ruizhi
Published: December 2014

Due to low density and other features, magnesium (Mg) alloys are becoming one of key engineering structural materials for aerospace and automotive industries. In the meantime, conventional Mg alloys are limited because of their low mechanical properties, especially at high temperatures. In this study, a new Mg–12Ymm–4Zn (Ymm = Y‐rich misch metal, wt%) extruded alloy was prepared by water‐cooled mold casting and hot extrusion, and its ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and tensile yield strength (TYS) could reach 314 and 231 MPa at 300 °C, which were slightly lower than those at room temperature (338 and 278 MPa). To date, there is rare report on such high strength for Mg alloys at 300 °C, and it has been confirmed that introducing a large volume fraction of long‐period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase in combination with nano‐spaced stacking faults (SFs) is an effective pathway to develop deformed Mg alloys with high strength at elevated temperatures.
Intratumoral Thermal Reading During Photo‐Thermal Therapy by Multifunctional Fluorescent Nanoparticles
Authors: Carrasco Elisa , del Rosal Blanca , Sanz‐Rodríguez Francisco , de la Fuente Ángeles Juarranz , Gonzalez Patricia Haro , Rocha Ueslen , Kumar Kagola Upendra , Jacinto Carlos , Solé José García , Jaque Daniel
Published: December 2014

The tremendous development of nanotechnology is bringing us closer to the dream of clinical application of nanoparticles in photothermal therapies of tumors. This requires the use of specific nanoparticles that must be highly biocompatible, efficient light‐to‐heat converters and fluorescent markers. Temperature reading by the heating nanoparticles during therapy appears of paramount importance to keep at a minimum the collateral damage that could arise from undesirable excessive heating. In this work, this thermally controlled therapy is possible by using Nd3+ ion‐doped LaF3 nanocrystals. Because of the particular optical features of Nd3+ ions at high doping concentrations, these nanoparticles are capable of in vivo photothermal heating, fluorescent tumor localization and intratumoral thermal sensing. The successful photothermal therapy experiments here presented highlight the importance of controlling therapy parameters based on intratumoral temperature measurements instead of on the traditionally used skin temperature measurements. In fact, significant differences between intratumoral and skin temperatures do exist and could lead to the appearance of excessive collateral damage. These results open a new avenue for the real application of nano­particle‐based photothermal therapy at clinical level.
Catalytic Synergism in a C60IL10TEMPO2Hybrid in the Efficient Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Beejapur Hazi Ahmad , Campisciano Vincenzo , Giacalone Francesco , Gruttadauria Michelangelo
Published: December 2014

A novel fullerene [5:1]hexakisadduct bearing two 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine 1‐oxyl (TEMPO) radicals and ten 1‐propyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide moieties has been synthesized and characterized. Such an C60IL10TEMPO2hybrid has been successfully employed as a catalyst in the selective oxidation of a wide series of alcohols and is highly active at just 0.1 mol% loading. Moreover, it can be easily recovered by adsorption onto a multi‐layered covalently‐linked SILP phase (mlc‐SILP) through a “release and catch” approach and reused for up to 12 cycles without loss in efficiency. Interestingly, a catalytic synergistic effect of TEMPO and imidazolium bromide moieties combined in the same hybrid has been clearly shown.

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Association between incident cancer and subsequent stroke
Authors: Navi Babak B. , Reiner Anne S. , Kamel Hooman , Iadecola Costantino , Elkind Mitchell S. V. , Panageas Katherine S. , DeAngelis Lisa M.
Published: December 2014

Objective

A study was undertaken to examine the association between incident cancer and the subsequent risk of stroke.

Methods

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare linked database, we identified patients with a new primary diagnosis of breast, colorectal, lung, pancreatic, or prostate cancer from 2001 through 2007. These patients were individually matched by age, sex, race, registry, and medical comorbidities to a group of Medicare enrollees without cancer, and each pair was followed through 2009. Validated diagnosis codes were used to identify a primary outcome of stroke. Cumulative incidence rates were calculated using competing risk survival statistics.

Results

Among 327,389 pairs of cancer patients and matched controls, the 3‐month cumulative incidence of stroke was generally higher in patients with cancer. Cumulative incidence rates were 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.9–5.2%) in patients with lung cancer compared to 1.2% (95% CI = 1.2–1.3%) in controls (p < 0.001), 3.4% (95% CI = 3.1–3.6%) in patients with pancreatic cancer compared to 1.3% (95% CI = 1.1–1.5%) in controls (p < 0.001), 3.3% (95% CI = 3.2–3.4%) in patients with colorectal cancer compared to 1.3% (95% CI = 1.2–1.4%) in controls (p < 0.001), 1.5% (95% CI = 1.4–1.6%) in patients with breast cancer compared to 1.1% (95% CI = 1.0–1.2%) in controls (p < 0.001), and 1.2% (95% CI = 1.1–1.3%) in patients with prostate cancer compared to 1.1% (95% CI = 1.0–1.2%) in controls (p = 0.085). Excess risks attenuated over time and were generally no longer present beyond 1 year.

Interpretation

Incident cancer is associated with an increased short‐term risk of stroke. This risk appears highest with lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. Ann Neurol 2015;77:291–300
Enhancement of polyaniline properties by different polymerization temperatures in hydrazine detection
Authors: Sambasevam Kavirajaa Pandian , Mohamad Sharifah , Phang Sook‐Wai
Published: December 2014

In this study, a simple and cost effective chemical sensor for hydrazine detection was developed using polyaniline (PAni). PAni was synthesized via chemical oxidative method at different polymerization temperatures (−10, −5, 0, and 25°C) in the presence of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) as dopant. The effect of polymerization temperature on the performance of the PAni sensor for hydrazine detection was evaluated. The sensor response was analyzed using UV–Vis spectrometer, where there is notable decrease in polaron peak at ∼780 nm after the PAni was exposed to hydrazine. The reduction in the polaron peak is attributed to the decrease in the conductivity of PAni thin films owing to dedoping process by hydrazine. Fourier transform infrared analysis was carried out to study the intensity ratio of quinoid/benzenoid peak to identify the changes in chemical structure of PAni upon exposure to hydrazine. Besides that, all PAni sensors synthesized at different polymerization temperatures showed good reusability up to 10 cycles with respond and recovery time of 0.12 min and 0.08 min, respectively. Data collected in this study indicate that PAni which was synthesized at −5°C could act as sensitive sensor for hydrazine detection with a detection limit of 0.24 ppm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41746.
Self‐nucleation behaviors of olefinic blocky copolymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites with collapsed and intercalated clay layers
Authors: Tong Zai‐Zai , Huang Jie , Zhou Bing , Xu Jun‐Ting , Fan Zhi‐Qiang
Published: December 2014

The self‐nucleation behavior of olefinic blocky copolymer (OBC) / organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites with a novel collapsed clay structure (c‐OMMT) was studied and compared with that of the nanocomposites with an intercalated clay structure (OBC/i‐OMMT). Their behaviors appear different in three temperature domains, Domain I (DI) in which the polymer is completely melted and only the heterogeneous nuclei are present, Domain II (DII) in which only self‐nucleation occurs and Domain III (DIII) where both self‐nucleation and annealing take place. As the OMMT loading increases, the boundary temperature of DI and DII (TI→II) shifts to lower temperature and DII becomes narrower. For the OBC/c‐OMMT nanocomposites, the TI→II or TI→III (the boundary temperature of DI and DIII) can be lower than the end melting temperature (
) and leads to appearance of a subdomain of DI, DI′, in which the self‐nuclei of un‐melted fragmental crystals exist but the following crystallization is still initiated by c‐OMMT. DII may even disappear at high c‐OMMT loadings. By contrast, the TI→II of the OBC/i‐OMMT nanocomposites is always approximate to or higher than the
. DII does not disappear and no DI′ is observed for the OBC/i‐OMMT nanocomposites. The nucleation efficiency of c‐OMMT is also evidently higher than that of i‐OMMT. These results verify that the c‐OMMT has stronger nucleation ability than i‐OMMT at the same OMMT loading. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41771.
Descriptive document clustering via discriminant learning in a co‐embedded space of multilevel similarities
Authors: Mu Tingting , Goulermas John Y. , Korkontzelos Ioannis , Ananiadou Sophia
Published: December 2014

Descriptive document clustering aims at discovering clusters of semantically interrelated documents together with meaningful labels to summarize the content of each document cluster. In this work, we propose a novel descriptive clustering framework, referred to as CEDL. It relies on the formulation and generation of 2 types of heterogeneous objects, which correspond to documents and candidate phrases, using multilevel similarity information. CEDL is composed of 5 main processing stages. First, it simultaneously maps the documents and candidate phrases into a common co‐embedded space that preserves higher‐order, neighbor‐based proximities between the combined sets of documents and phrases. Then, it discovers an approximate cluster structure of documents in the common space. The third stage extracts promising topic phrases by constructing a discriminant model where documents along with their cluster memberships are used as training instances. Subsequently, the final cluster labels are selected from the topic phrases using a ranking scheme using multiple scores based on the extracted co‐embedding information and the discriminant output. The final stage polishes the initial clusters to reduce noise and accommodate the multitopic nature of documents. The effectiveness and competitiveness of CEDL is demonstrated qualitatively and quantitatively with experiments using document databases from different application fields.
Structural study of caveolin‐1 intramembrane domain by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Yang Guanhua , Dong Zhe , Xu Haoran , Wang Chunyu , Li Haichao , Li Zhengqiang , Li Fei
Published: December 2014

Caveolin‐1 is a main structural component of caveolae and essential for the invagination of caveolae by forming a hairpin‐shaped structure in the membrane‐inserting domain (residues, 102–122). In this article, we determined the tertiary structures of the peptides comprising residues 93–126 and 101–126 of caveolin‐1 in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP) aqueous solution and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles, respectively, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study. The self‐association of the peptides in SDS and dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles was also studied by circular dichroism (CD), NMR, and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) techniques. Our results indicated that both peptides form a helix–break–helix structure with two helices spanning over Leu103–Phe107 and Ile117–His126 and a loop ranging over Gly108–Gly116. The longer peptide 93–126 showed a stronger propensity to aggregate than the shorter peptide 101–126 in the micelles. Our results suggested that the glycine residues at positions 108 and 116 are important for the break of the helical structure of the membrane‐inserting domain and the segment Thr93–Arg101 flanking the membrane‐inserting domain may play a role in the self‐association of the caveolin‐1 protein at cellular membrane. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 11–20, 2015.
Thioether Analogues of Disulfide‐Bridged Cyclic Peptides Targeting Death Receptor 5: Conformational Analysis, Dimerisation and Consequences for Receptor Activation
Authors: Pulka‐Ziach Karolina , Pavet Valeria , Chekkat Neila , Estieu‐Gionnet Karine , Rohac Roman , Lechner Marie‐Charlotte , Smulski Cristian R. , Zeder‐Lutz Gabrielle , Altschuh Danièle , Gronemeyer Hinrich , Fournel Sylvie , Odaert Benoit , Guichard Gilles
Published: December 2014

Cyclic peptides containing redox‐stable thioether bridges might provide a useful alternative to disulfide‐bridged bioactive peptides. We report the effect of replacing the disulfide bridge with a lanthionine linkage in a 16‐mer cyclic peptide that binds to death receptor 5 (DR5, TRAIL‐R2). Upon covalent oligomerisation, the disulfide‐bridged peptide has previously shown similar behaviour to that of TNF‐related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), by selectively triggering the DR5 cell death pathway. The structural and biological properties of the DR5‐binding peptide and its desulfurised analogue were compared. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data suggest that these peptides bind DR5 with comparable affinities. The same holds true for dimeric versions of these peptides: the thioether is able to induce DR5‐mediated apoptosis of BJAB lymphoma and tumorigenic BJELR cells, albeit to a slightly lower extent compared to its disulfide homologue. NMR analysis revealed subtle variation in the conformations of the two peptides and suggests that the thioether peptide is slightly less folded than its disulfide homologue. These observations could account for the different capability of the two dimers to cluster DR5 receptors on the cell surface and to trigger apoptosis. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the thioether peptide is a potential candidate for evaluation in animal models.
Primary rectal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma associated with ulcerative colitis: a case report
Authors: Hiyama Kazuhiro , Terashima Hideo , Nakano Yoritaka , Kamiga Masahiro , Harada Kyoichi , Horiguchi Hisashi , Mamiya Takashi
Published: December 2014

Key Clinical Message

We need to be aware of primary intestinal lymphoproliferative disease (PILD) associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). We should carefully monitor UC patients, particularly patients who meet the following conditions; a previous Epstein‐Barr virus infection, treatment duration ≧4 years, male, and age ≧50 years.
Highly Selective Detection of 2,4,6‐Trinitrophenol and Cu2+ Ions Based on a Fluorescent Cadmium–Pamoate Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Ye Junwei , Zhao Limei , Bogale Raji Feyisa , Gao Yuan , Wang Xiaoxiao , Qian Xiaomin , Guo Song , Zhao Jianzhang , Ning Guiling
Published: December 2014

A luminescent cadmium–pamoate metal–organic framework, [Cd2(PAM)2(dpe)2(H2O)2]⋅0.5(dpe) (1), has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by using π‐electron‐rich ligands 4,4′‐methylenebis(3‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthalenecarboxylic acid) (H2PAM) and 1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethylene (dpe). Its structure is composed of both mononuclear and dinuclear CdII building units, which are linked by the PAM and dpe ligands, resulting in a (4,8)‐connected 3D framework. The π‐conjugated dpe guests are located in a 1D channel of 1. The strong emission of 1 could be quenched efficiently by trace amounts of 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (TNP), even in the presence of other competing analogues such as 4‐nitrophenol, 2,6‐dinitrotoluene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, nitrobenzene, 1,3‐dinitrobenzene, hydroquinone, dimethylbenzene, and bromobenzene. The high sensitivity and selectivity of the fluorescence response of 1 to TNP shows that this framework could be used as an excellent sensor for identifying and quantifying TNP. In the same manner, 1 also exhibits superior selectivity and sensitivity towards Cu2+ compared with other metal ions such as Zn2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Ca2+. This is the first MOF that can serve as a dual functional fluorescent sensor for selectively detecting trace amounts of TNP and Cu2+.
Liquid residence time distribution in a two‐compartment wastewater treatment bioreactor
Authors: Iliuta Ion , Larachi Faïçal , Déry Maxime , Baillargeon Serge
Published: December 2014

Residence time distribution (RTD) of liquid phase in a two‐compartment (packed‐bed/packed‐bed or packed‐bed/packing‐free) bioreactor for wastewater treatment was evaluated via a complex liquid flow structure. RTD in packed‐bed compartments was modelled using a modified axial dispersion‐exchange model with a liquid stream which bypasses the dynamic liquid region. The liquid in the dynamic region is dispersed in axial and transverse directions, whereas the stagnant region exchanges mass with the dynamic region, the two regions being in direct contact. RTD in packing‐free compartment was modelled as a continuous stirred‐tank reactor with ideal or non‐ideal mixing zone. Time‐domain analysis coupled with the phenomenological RTD model was used to identify the model parameters. The proposed RTD model offers the opportunity to quantify parameters as dynamic liquid fraction, dynamic liquid flow rate fraction, number of transfer units between dynamic and stagnant liquid regions, stagnant liquid holdup, which otherwise would have been difficult to estimate using other methods and which can affect the bioreactor performance. The proposed RTD model describes adequately the hydrodynamics of the two‐compartment packed‐bed bioreactor while the simulations unveil likely tendency of the RTD curves subject to different sets of model parameters.
Anisotropic Radon Transform and Its Application to Demultiple
Authors: Xiang‐Bo GONG , Li‐Guo HAN , Hong‐Jian LI
Published: December 2014

For the seismic data acquired in the anisotropic medium and with large offset, although we use the high‐resolution hyperbolic Radon transform, the energy of the Radon domain is still not convergent. In order to overcome this problem, the influence of the anisotropic factor is considered in the integral path of Radon transform. By introducing the anisotropic anellipticity parameters η from non‐hyperbolic moveout formula, the travel‐time curve can be accurately described in the horizontal layer for large offset. We derive the integral equation of forward and inverse Radon transform with three parameters, which are the offset, the slowness and the anellipticity. For time‐varying of anisotropic Radon transform, the fast algorithm in the frequency domain is not applicable in the process of discretization. This paper adopt the optimal semblance weighted Gauss‐Seidel iterative algorithm which not only keeps the high resolution but also has the high calculation efficiency. In the examples of the anisotropic model and real marine seismic data with large offset, this method shows the effective and efficient application to demultiple.
The Elastic Wave Velocities of the Granitoids from Eastern Junggar of Xinjiang at High Temperature and High Pressure and Their Geological Constraints on the Crustal Structure
Authors: Chun‐Juan ZANG , Ming‐Liang WANG , Yong‐Gang LIU , Hong‐Feng TANG
Published: December 2014

The compressional (VP) and shear wave velocities (VS) of typical granitoids (alkali‐feldspar granite, alkaline granite, granodiorite, monzogranite and quartz diorite) from Kalamaili granite belt and Yemaquan body in Eastern Junggar, Xinjiang were experimentally measured at pressures up to 1.0 GPa (room temperature) and temperatures up to 700°C (1.0 GPa) by ultrasonic reflection‐transmission method. The results show that both VP and VS of the granitoids present a linear velocity increase with the pressure at room temperature from 0.4∼1.0 GPa, which is interpreted in terms of closure of the microcracks in rocks under this pressure range. The VP and VS of the granitoids are 5.79∼6.84 km·s−1 and 3.26∼3.85 km·s−1 respectively at room temperature and 1.0 GPa. On the basis of the linear relationship between pressure with VP and VS, we derived the pressure derivatives of VP and VS as 0.1568∼0.4078 km/(s·GPa) and 0.0722∼0.3271 km/(s·GPa) respectively, and the reference velocities VP0 and VS0 are 5.62∼6.47 km·s−1 and 3.15∼3.75 km·s−1 respectively. At 1.0 GPa, VP and VS of the granitoids show a linear decrease with temperature from room temperature to 700°C, and temperature derivatives of velocities are (−3.41∼−4.96) × 10−4 km/(s · °C) and (−0.88∼−3.22) × 10−4 km/(s · °C), respectively. Taking advantage of derivatives of velocities and reference velocities of the granitoids obtained from our experiments, and combining regional geothermal resources of East Junggar area, VP and VS‐depth profiles were calculated. From the comparison of velocity‐depth profiles with geophysical exploring results, we infer that the VP and VS of the alkali‐feldspar granite, alkaline granite, monzogranite and part of granodiorite in Eastern Junggar of Xinjiang are coherent well with the velocity of the upper crust, and the average Poisson's ratio of several rocks are also consistent with the Poisson's ratio of the upper crust. Therefore, we suggest that these kinds of rocks are important parts of the upper crust in this region. In addition, the VP and VS of the quartz diorite are both in accord with the middle crust, suggesting that it may be one kind of rocks in the middle crust of this region.
Characteristics of Lagrangian Transportation in a Tropical Deep Convective Process During TWP‐ICE
Authors: Tao QING , Xin‐Yong SHEN , Wei‐Guo WANG , Wen‐Yan HUANG
Published: December 2014

High resolution mesoscale model WRFV3.4.1 is used to simulate the deep convective process during TWP‐ICE. Simulation data from the forth nested domain outputted every five minutes is employed to analyze the characteristics of an updraft mass flux profile and the trajectories of convective transportation with the FLEXPART Lagrangian dispersion model. Analyses of Lagrangian characteristics of hydrometeor transportation and mass flux vertical variation show that around the top of conditional instability, some hydrometeor has been detrained from the deep convective system. Convective hydrometeor is conveyed by steering current from the deep convective system to their downstream. However, influenced by low level wind disturbance, some hydrometeor is also conveyed to upstream. The largest distance over which the hydrometeor is transported from the deep convective system to the downstream is about 200∼300 km. About 10%∼20% of the hydrometeor has an important influence on the anvil area 50∼150 km downward from the deep convective system, of which the time scale is 4∼6 hours.
A Convenient Preparation of Fluorinating Reagent F‐TEDA Bearing Bisphenylsulfonylimide Counterion and Its Fluorination to Oxindoles
Authors: Zhu Wenhua , Hu Xiaohui , Wang Fajie , Yang Xianjin , Wu Xinyan
Published: December 2014

The direct preparation of a kind of fluorinating reagent 1 [F‐TEDA‐N(SO2Ph)2] was realized in high yield via the complexation of N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) with 1‐(chloromethyl)‐1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan‐1‐ium N′,N′‐bis‐(benzenesulfonylimide) salt. In its fluorination to oxindoles, the fluorinating products 6 were afforded in moderate to high yields.
Value of combined cytology and molecular information in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors
Authors: Klijanienko Jerzy , Pierron Gaelle , Sastre‐Garau Xavier , Theocharis Stamatios
Published: December 2014

The diagnosis of a soft tissue tumor (STT) is a complex process that requires a multidisciplinary team consisting of a medical oncologist, a radiologist, a pathologist, and a molecular biologist. The combination of this information gives highly accurate results. Fine‐needle aspiration in this setting is one of the most performed techniques for obtaining, in a noninvasive way, optimal material for morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular purposes. On the other hand, an accurate tumor diagnosis is a dynamic process, as evidenced by the constant modifications of international putative classifications, which are more and more based on molecular aberrations (2013 World Health Organization classification). In the future, STT classification will certainly be a hybrid of morphology and molecular data and, consequently, will be very “useful” for cytology. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:141–151. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Diagnostics of Tin Plasma Produced by Visible and IR Nanosecond Laser Ablation
Authors: Hanif M. , Salik M.
Published: December 2014

We present the optical emission spectroscopic studies of the Tin (Sn) plasma, produced by the fundamental (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) harmonics of a Q switched Nd: YAG pulsed laser having pulse duration of 5 ns and 10 Hz repetition rate which is capable of delivering 400 mJ at 1064 nm, and 200 mJ at 532 nm using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The laser beam was focused on target material by placing it in air at atmospheric pressure. The experimentally observed line profiles of four neutral tin (Sn I) lines at 231.72, 248.34, 257.15 and 266.12 nm were used to extract the electron temperature (Te) using the Boltzmann plot method and determined its value 6360 and 5970 K respectively for fundamental and second harmonics of the laser. Whereas, the electron number density (Ne) has been determined from the Stark broadening profile of neutral tin (Sn I) line at 286.33 nm and determined its value 5.85 x 1016 and 6.80 x 1016cm–3 for fundamental and second harmonics of the laser respectively. Both plasma parameters (Te and Ne) have also been calculated by varying distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of plasma plume and also by varying the laser irradiance. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lenard‐Balescu Calculations and Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of Hydrogen Plasmas
Authors: Whitley H. D. , Scullard Ch. R. , Benedict L. X. , Castor J. I. , Randles A. , Glosli J. N. , Richards D. F. , Desjarlais M. P. , Graziani F. R.
Published: December 2014

We present a discussion of kinetic theory treatments of linear electrical and thermal transport in hydrogen plasmas, for a regime of interest to inertial confinement fusion applications. In order to assess the accuracy of one of the more involved of these approaches, classical Lenard‐Balescu theory, we perform classical molecular dynamics simulations of hydrogen plasmas using 2‐body quantum statistical potentials and compute both electrical and thermal conductivity from our particle trajectories using the Kubo approach. Our classical Lenard‐Balescu results employing the identical statistical potentials agree well with the simulations. Comparison between quantum Lenard‐Balescu and classical Lenard‐Balescu for conductivities then allows us to both validate and critique the use of various statistical potentials for the prediction of plasma transport properties. These findings complement our earlier MD/kinetic theory work on temperature equilibration [1], and reach similar conclusions as to which forms of statistical potentials best reproduce true quantum behavior. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma‐Plasma and Liquid‐Liquid First‐Order Phase Transitions
Authors: Norman G. E. , Saitov I. M. , Stegailov V. V.
Published: December 2014

Ab initio quantum modeling is applied to check the ideas that motivated studies of both plasma phase transition (PPT) and Brazhkin semiconductor‐to‐metal phase transition, and to analyze both similarity and difference between them as well as with the Wigner metallization. Electron density of states and the characteristic gap in it are investigated to verify the semiconductor‐to‐metal nature of the transition. The change of plasma frequency is suggested to be used instead of the “degree of ionization” to characterize the difference between two plasma phases at PPT. Electron density of states, pair distribution function, and conductivity are calculated as well. It is shown that Norman‐Starostin ideas about (a) PPT and (b) phase diagram for fluids are not anymore a hypothesis. They are confirmed by the experimental data. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A20 expression in dendritic cells protects mice from LPS‐induced mortality
Authors: Xuan Nguyen Thi , Wang Xu , Nishanth Gopala , Waisman Ari , Borucki Katrin , Isermann Berend , Naumann Michael , Deckert Martina , Schlüter Dirk
Published: December 2014

DCs contribute to immune homeostasis under physiological conditions and regulate the immune activation during infection. The deubiquitinase A20 inhibits the activation of NF‐κB‐dependent immune reactions, and prevents the hyperactivation of DCs under steady‐state conditions. However, the role of DC‐specific A20 under pathological conditions is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that upon injection of low‐dose LPS, mice with DC‐specific A20 deletion (CD11c‐Cre A20fl/fl) died within 6 h, whereas A20fl/fl controls survived. LPS‐induced mortality in CD11c‐Cre A20fl/fl mice was characterized by increased serum levels of IL‐2, IL‐10, IL‐12, IFN‐γ, and TNF. Upon LPS stimulation, the activation of NF‐κB and ERK‐NFATc3 pathways were enhanced in A20‐deficient DCs, resulting in an increased production of IL‐2, IL‐12, and TNF both in vitro and in vivo. Targeted inhibition of ERK in A20‐deficient DCs abolished the increased production of IL‐2. A20‐deficient DCs failed to induce LPS tolerance, which was independent of T cells and the intestinal flora, since T‐cell depletion and decolonization of CD11c‐Cre A20fl/fl mice could not prevent death of LPS‐challenged CD11c‐Cre A20fl/fl mice. In conclusion, these findings show that DC‐specific A20 preserves immune homeostasis in steady‐state conditions and is also required for LPS tolerance.
Chemokines as relay signals in human dendritic cell migration: Serum amyloid A kicks off chemotaxis
Authors: Sozzani Silvano , Del Prete Annalisa
Published: December 2014

Cell migration is a response highly conserved in evolution. Chemotactic factors secreted in injured and inflamed tissues generate a concentration‐based, chemotactic gradient that directs leukocytes from the blood compartment into tissue. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Gouwy et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 101–112] show that the SAA1α isoform of serum amyloid A (SAA), which is an acute phase protein upregulated in inflammation and shown to chemoattract some leukocyte subsets, is also able to chemoattract monocyte‐derived immature dendritic cells (DCs). The authors also show that the chemotactic activity of SAA1α for monocytes and DCs is indirectly mediated by rapid chemokine induction, providing evidence that proposes a new level of regulation of leukocyte migration.
Radical Titanocene Promoted Coupling of Epoxides and Vinyl Sulfones
Authors: Fernández‐Mateos Alfonso , Encinas‐Madrazo Soledad , Herrero‐Teijón Pablo , Rubio González Rosa
Published: December 2014

A radical coupling reaction of diverse vinyl sulfones and epoxides was mediated by Cp2TiCl (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) to provide a straightforward synthetic pathway to hydroxy sulfones. The reaction was successfully achieved by using either an excess or a catalytic amount of the TiIII reagent. The scope of the reaction was studied for several different functionalized and substituted epoxides and vinyl sulfones.
Development and validation of a novel earthquake damage estimation scheme based on the continuous wavelet transform of input and output acceleration measurements
Authors: Balafas Konstantinos , Kiremidjian Anne S.
Published: December 2014

This paper presents the development and validation of several novel data‐driven damage sensitive features. The proposed features are based on the Continuous Wavelet Transform of both the input acceleration signal to the structure and the output acceleration response. The combination of the input and output wavelet coefficients and the derivation of the features is presented. The features are applied to experimental data obtained from shake table tests on reinforced concrete bridge columns. The results are compared against typically used damage metrics, such as hysteretic energy, and exhibit high correlation with damage. The performance of the features in binary damage detection is evaluated using numerical simulations of reinforced concrete columns under earthquake loading. A damage classification scheme based on the developed features and established damage indices is proposed and validated through Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed features are applied to experimental and simulated data from a multistory frame, illustrating the features' capabilities for damage localization in civil structures. Due to its data‐driven nature and use of strong motion recordings, the proposed damage detection scheme can be tailored to a wide variety of applications and deliver damage information immediately after an earthquake. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of environmentally based chemical hardness on uranium speciation and toxicity in six aquatic species
Authors: Goulet Richard R. , Thompson Patsy A. , Serben Kerrie C. , Eickhoff Curtis V.
Published: December 2014

Treated effluent discharge from uranium (U) mines and mills elevates the concentrations of U, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfate (SO42–) above natural levels in receiving waters. Many investigations on the effect of hardness on U toxicity have been experiments on the combined effects of changes in hardness, pH, and alkalinity, which do not represent water chemistry downstream of U mines and mills. Therefore, more toxicity studies with water chemistry encountered downstream of U mines and mills are necessary to support predictive assessments of impacts of U discharge to the environment. Acute and chronic U toxicity laboratory bioassays were realized with 6 freshwater species in waters of low alkalinity, circumneutral pH, and a range of chemical hardness as found in field samples collected downstream of U mines and mills. In laboratory-tested waters, speciation calculations suggested that free uranyl ion concentrations remained constant despite increasing chemical hardness. When hardness increased while pH remained circumneutral and alkalinity low, U toxicity decreased only to Hyalella azteca and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Also, Ca and Mg did not compete with U for the same uptake sites. The present study confirms that the majority of studies concluding that hardness affected U toxicity were in fact studies in which alkalinity and pH were the stronger influence. The results thus confirm that studies predicting impacts of U downstream of mines and mills should not consider chemical hardness. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:562–574. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC
The discovery of Antillean algal taxa described by Duchassaing in 1850
Authors: Wynne Michael J.
Published: December 2014

This note is to call attention to a number of marine algal taxa from the Antilles that were described by Placide Duchassaing in his 1850 work Animaux radiaires des Antilles. The mid‐19th century was a period when the distinction between marine invertebrates and some calcified benthic marine algae was still not always clear. The names of these algal taxa were validated, although no figures or details on their specific provenance were provided, other than they were from Duchassaing's collections from the Antilles. Duchassaing assigned his new algal species to the following genera: Galaxaura, Amphiroa, Jania, Melobesia and Nullipora. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative analysis of the male reproductive accessory glands of bat species from the five Brazilian Subfamilies of the family Phyllostomidae (Chiroptera)
Authors: Martins Fabiane F. , Puga Cintia C.I. , Beguelini Mateus R. , Morielle‐Versute Eliana , Vilamaior Patricia S.L. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: December 2014

This study aimed to morphologically characterize and compare the male reproductive accessory glands (RAGs) of bats belonging to the five Brazilian subfamilies of the family Phyllostomidae (Carollia perspicillata—Carollinae; Desmodus rotundus—Desmodontinae; Glossophaga soricina—Glossophaginae; Phyllostomus discolor—Phyllostominae and Platyrrhinus lineatus—Stenodermatinae). The study demonstrated that the RAGs of phyllostomid bats were comprised of a pair of extra‐abdominal bulbourethral glands and an intra‐abdominal complex, composed of paraurethral glands and a prostate with two (Desmodontinae and Stenodermatinae) or three (Carollinae, Glossophaginae and Phyllostominae) different regions, with the absence of the seminal vesicles; this pattern possibly evolved from a process of compaction of the prostatic regions from an ancestor with three regions. J. Morphol. 276:470–480, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polynomial chaos‐based macromodeling of multiport systems using an input–output approach
Authors: Spina Domenico , Ferranti Francesco , Dhaene Tom , Knockaert Luc , Antonini Giulio
Published: December 2014

An innovative technique to build stochastic frequency‐domain macromodels of generic linear multiport systems is presented. The proposed method calculates a macromodel of the system transfer function including its statistical properties, making it tailored for variability analysis. The combination of the modeling power of the Vector Fitting algorithm with the Polynomial Chaos expansion applied at an input–output level allows to accurately and efficiently describe the system variability features. Thanks to its versatility and automated order selection, the proposed technique is suitable to be applied to a large range of complex modern electrical systems (e.g., filters and interconnections) and can tackle the case of correlated random variables. The performance in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method is compared with respect to the standard Monte Carlo analysis for two pertinent numerical examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.