bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro steroid sensitivity testing: A possible means to predict response to therapy in primary hypoproliferative anemia
Authors: Dainiak Nicholas , Hoffman Ronald , Ritchey A. Kim , Floyd Victoria , Callahan Maureen
Published: November 2013

We investigated the effects of various steroids on erythroid colony formation by normal human bone marrow and peripheral blood, and by marrow and peripheral blood from 18 patients with primary hypoproliferative anemia. These agents were variously found to enhance both CFU‐E and BFU‐E derived colony growth by normal human cells. Fluoxymesterone and dexamethasone were the most active inducers of CFU‐E proliferation, and etiocholanolone and dexamethasone were the most potent burst augmenters. Androsterone did not significantly influence BFU‐E proliferation in 66% of the marrow cultures from hematologically normal donors.

Colony formation by erythroid progenitor cells of the patients with hypoproliferative anemia was reduce (20 ± 10 CFU‐E derived colonies/6 × 104 marrow cells; 12 ± 5 BFU‐E derived colonies/1 × 105 blood cells) when compared to growth by normal cells (65 ± 14 CFU‐E derived colonies/6 × 104 marrow cells; 21 ± 9 BFU‐E derived colonies/1 × 105 blood cells). Colony formation by marrow or peripheral blood cells of eight patients with steroid‐responsive anemia was only moderately reduced (26 ± 11 CFU‐E derived colonies/6 ± 104 marrow cells; 17 ± 3 BFU‐E derived colonies/1 × 105 blood cells) when compared to growth by marrow cells of three steroid‐unresponsive patients (3 ± 1.5 CFU‐E derived colonies/6 × 104 cells). Whereas the addition of steroids of the same class to marrow and peripheral blood cultures of the steroid‐responsive patients enhanced colony growth by 60–300%, their addition to marrow cultures of the steroid‐unresponsive patients increased colony growth by less than 60%. It appears that further investigations using in vitro culture techniques as predictors of response to steroid therapy in patients with hypoproliferative anemia may be warranted.
Ein metallorganischer Inhibitor des humanen Reparaturenzyms 7,8‐Dihydro‐8‐oxoguanosin‐Triphosphatase
Authors: Streib Manuel , Kräling Katja , Richter Kristin , Xie Xiulan , Steuber Holger , Meggers Eric
Published: November 2013

Die Verwendung einer metallorganischen Sonde zur Entwicklung des ersten niedermolekularen Inhibitors des Reparaturenzyms 8‐Oxo‐dGTPase wird beschrieben. Dabei handelt es sich um einen unkonventionellen cyclometallierten Ruthenium‐Halbsandwichkomplex. Der niedrig nanomolare metallorganische Inhibitor weist eine erstaunliche Spezifität auf, was durch Tests in umfangreichen Kinase‐ und ATPase‐Panels verifiziert wird. Die Bindung des metallorganischen Inhibitors an MTH1 wird durch Proteinkristallographie untersucht.
The covalent bioconjugate of multiwalled carbon nanotube and amino‐modified linearized plasmid DNA for gene delivery
Authors: Geyik Caner , Evran Serap , Timur Suna , Telefoncu Azmi
Published: November 2013

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon, which have unique physical, mechanical, and electronic properties. Among various biomedical applications, CNTs also attract interest as nonviral gene delivery systems. Functionalization of CNTs with cationic groups enables delivery of negatively charged DNA into cells. In contrast to this well‐known strategy for DNA delivery, our approach included the covalent attachment of linearized plasmid DNA to carboxylated multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs). Carboxyl groups were introduced onto MWCNTs by oxidative treatment, and then the carboxyl groups were activated by 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC). The whole pQE‐70 vector including the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the modified nucleotide N6‐(6‐Amino)hexyl‐2′‐deoxyadenosine‐5′‐triphosphate. Hence, free amino groups were introduced onto the linearized plasmid. Covalent bonding between the amino‐modified plasmid DNA and the carboxylated MWCNTs was achieved via EDC chemistry. The resulting bioconjugate was successfully transformed into chemically competent Escherichia coli cells, without necessity of a heat‐shock step at 42°C. The presence of Ca2+ in transformation medium was required to neutralize the electrostatic repulsion between DNA and negatively charged outer layer of E. coli. The transformants, which were able to express GFP were inspected manually on ampicillin agar plates. Our study represents a novelty with respect to other noncovalent CNT gene delivery systems. Considering the interest for delivery of linear DNA fragments, our study could give insights into further studies. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:224–232, 2014
Visualizing medium and biodistribution in complex cell culture bioreactors using in vivo imaging
Authors: Ratcliffe E. , Thomas R. J. , Stacey A. J.
Published: November 2013

There is a dearth of technology and methods to aid process characterization, control and scale‐up of complex culture platforms that provide niche micro‐environments for some stem cell‐based products. We have demonstrated a novel use of 3d in vivo imaging systems to visualize medium flow and cell distribution within a complex culture platform (hollow fiber bioreactor) to aid characterization of potential spatial heterogeneity and identify potential routes of bioreactor failure or sources of variability. This can then aid process characterization and control of such systems with a view to scale‐up. Two potential sources of variation were observed with multiple bioreactors repeatedly imaged using two different imaging systems: shortcutting of medium between adjacent inlet and outlet ports with the potential to create medium gradients within the bioreactor, and localization of bioluminescent murine 4T1‐luc2 cells upon inoculation with the potential to create variable seeding densities at different points within the cell growth chamber. The ability of the imaging technique to identify these key operational bioreactor characteristics demonstrates an emerging technique in troubleshooting and engineering optimization of bioreactor performance. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:256–260, 2014
Weak KAM Theory on the Wasserstein Torus with Multidimensional Underlying Space
Authors: Gangbo Wilfrid , Tudorascu Adrian
Published: November 2013

The study of asymptotic behavior of minimizing trajectories on the Wasserstein space ��(��d) has so far been limited to the case d = 1 as all prior studies heavily relied on the isometric identification of ��(��) with a subset of the Hilbert space L2(0,1). There is no known analogue isometric identification when d > 1. In this article we propose a new approach, intrinsic to the Wasserstein space, which allows us to prove a weak KAM theorem on ��(��d), the space of probability measures on the torus, for any d ≥ 1. This space is analyzed in detail, facilitating the study of the asymptotic behavior/invariant measures associated with minimizing trajectories of a class of Lagrangians of practical importance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Application of Hydride Silica Composites for Rapid and Facile Removal of Aqueous Mercury
Authors: Katok Kseniia V. , Whitby Raymond L. D. , Fayon Franck , Bonnamy Sylvie , Mikhalovsky Sergey V. , Cundy Andrew B.
Published: November 2013

The adsorption of ionic mercury(II) from aqueous solution on functionalized hydride silicon materials was investigated. The adsorbents were prepared by modification of mesoporous silica C‐120 with triethoxysilane or by converting alkoxysilane into siloxanes by reaction with acetic acid. Mercury adsorption isotherms at 20 °C are reported, and maximum mercury loadings were determined by Langmuir fitting. Adsorbents exhibited efficient and rapid removal of ionic mercury from aqueous solution, with a maximum mercury loading of approximately 0.22 and 0.43 mmol of Hg g−1 of silica C‐120 and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) xerogel, respectively. Adsorption efficiency remained almost constant from pH 2.7 to 7. These inexpensive adsorbents exhibiting rapid assembly, low pH sensitivity, and high reactivity and capacity, are potential candidates as effective materials for mercury decontamination in natural waters and industrial effluents.
A high throughput screen for 17 Dermorphin peptides in equine and human urine and equine plasma
Authors: Steel Rohan , Timms Mark , Levina Vita , Vine John
Published: November 2013

The Dermorphins are a family of peptides that act as potent agonists of the opioid μ receptor. Originally identified as a seven amino acid peptide on the skin of the South American Phyllomedusa frog, peptide chemists have since developed a large number of Dermorphin variants, many with superior opioid activity to the original peptide. Dermorphins are unique among the peptide opioid agonists as they appear to have a limited ability to cross the blood brain barrier, producing effects on both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is this ability of Dermorphins to provide central anaesthesia after intravenous or subcutaneous administration that allows their use as analogues of the opioid class of drugs. Recently, illicit use of the Dermorphin peptide in the racing industry has shown the need for an analytical method to control the use of these peptides. We present a high‐throughput liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry screen for 17 Dermorphin peptides in equine urine and plasma with limits of detection down to 5 pg/mL. The peptide extraction technique is also suitable for use in human urine. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a Partial Discharge Inception Calculation Model of a Nonuniform Air Gap Considering the Effect of Humidity
Authors: Yanagita Norihito , Kato Tatsuro , Rokunohe Toshiaki , Iwata Takeshi , Kojima Hiroki , Hayakawa Naoki , Okubo Hitoshi
Published: November 2013

Insulation design employing discharge simulation based on physics phenomena is used in designing electrical instruments to facilitate their miniaturization and obtain high insulation reliability. We developed a partial discharge inception calculation model for a nonuniform air gap based on the theories of electron avalanche and streamer phenomena. The calculated and experimental PDIVs (Partial Discharge Inception Voltages) were compared under conditions of constant humidity, and we confirmed that these agreed well with each other to within about 10%. Furthermore, we incorporated a relationship between negative ions and humidity into the model and confirmed that the calculated and experimental PDIVs agreed to within about 15%. Therefore, this model was judged to be an effective method for predicting changes in the PDIV when the humidity changes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 1–9, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22351
Development of Motor Model of Rotor Slot Harmonics for Speed Sensorless Control of Induction Motor
Authors: Okubo Tatsuya , Ishida Muneaki , Doki Shinji
Published: November 2013

This paper proposes a novel mathematical dynamic model to represent the steady‐state and transient‐state characteristics of rotor slot harmonics of an induction motor for sensorless control. Although it is well known that the rotor slot harmonics originate from the mechanical structure of the induction motor, a mathematical model that describes the relationship between the stator/rotor currents of the induction motor and the slot harmonics has not yet been proposed. Therefore, in this paper, a three‐phase model of the induction motor that depicts the rotor slot harmonics is developed by taking into consideration the magnetomotive force harmonics and the change in the magnetic air gap caused by the rotor slots. The validity of the proposed model is verified by comparing the experimental results and the calculated values. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 63–74, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22478
Model Studies for a Ring‐Closing Metathesis Approach to the Bafilomycin Macrolactone Core from a 2,2‐Dimethoxy Tetraenic Ester Precursor
Authors: Chevalley Alice , Prunet Joëlle , Mauduit Marc , Férézou Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2013

A ring‐closing metathesis strategy is reported for the construction of the 16‐membered macrolactone core of the bafilomycins. One decisive key feature is the presence of a 2,2‐dimethoxyketal functionality at C‐2 that provides the required flexibility to the tetraenic ester precursor, allowing the ring‐closing metathesis reaction to take place. Three different model esters of increasing complexity were successfully subjected to the 1,3‐diene‐ene ring‐closing metathesis reaction. The best promoter for the simplest esters was the Grubbs first‐generation precatalyst. A Hoveyda–Grubbs‐type trifluoromethylamido‐containing precatalyst developed by Mauduit's group gave satisfactory results for the most complex ester. In all experiments, the 12‐Z‐configured isomer was obtained as the major product. Subsequent microwave‐promoted methanol elimination was achieved on the simplest model compound using camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) as a catalyst. Under these conditions, a E to Z isomerization of the double bond at C‐4, as well as ca. 50 % isomerization of the 12‐Z double bond into the corresponding 12‐E isomer, were observed.
Separation of 1,3‐substituted imidazoles for quality control of a Lewis acidic ionic liquid for aluminum electroplating
Authors: Kosmus Patrick , Steiner Oliver , Goessler Walter , Gollas Bernhard
Published: November 2013

Ionic liquids (ILs) are already used or have great potential in many industrial applications. Knowledge about their unique physicochemical characteristics makes ILs suitable for the electrodeposition of metals with very low negative potentials. Aluminum with its good corrosion protection behavior has great capability to be electroplated from IL electrolytes on steel substrates. The stability of the chosen electrolyte is very important to ensure industrial applicability. In this study, temperature and electrochemical long‐term stability from electrolytes based on a Lewis acidic mixture of AlCl3 and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride are investigated. A published method was modified to identify possible degradation products using mass spectrometric detection. The optimized method used an Agilent Zorbax SB‐Phenyl column (2.0 × 150 mm, 5 μm particles) with a 20 mmol TFA and 5% ACN mobile phase. This method allowed the quantification of several imidazoles from 0.1 to 100 mg/L. When analyzing the long‐term stressed electrolytes, no significant changes in electrolyte composition could be observed.
Adult cancer patients satisfaction of nursing care: a cross‐national evaluation of two Southeastern European countries
Authors: Charalambous Andreas , Efstathiou George , Adamakidou Theodoula , Tsangari Haritini
Published: November 2013

Objective

To assess and compare the perceived patient satisfaction with the nursing care in two European countries.

Methods

This was a multicenter cross‐national descriptive study. The study included various centers both specialized and general that provide cancer care. The data were collected from hospitalized cancer patients in Greece and Cyprus with the Greek version of the Risser Patient Satisfaction Scale. The scale assessed patients' satisfaction on three distinct dimensions namely “Technical‐professional”, “Interpersonal‐educational” and “Interpersonal‐trusting”.

Results

The analyses revealed that there are significant differences in the total scale (p < 0.05) and the interpersonal‐trusting subscale (p < 0.001) between the two countries. In order to gain an in‐depth understanding of these findings, the qualitative analysis revealed that the following main themes contributed to the way the patients experienced their hospitalisation: ‘safety’, ‘fear’, ‘lack of information’ and ‘continuity of the care’. The patients attributed increased importance to the interpersonal‐trusting aspects' influence on their satisfaction. Based on the qualitative data, this was attributed to two main themes namely ‘individuality’ and ‘humane care’.

Conclusions

The European environment offers an ideal setting to examine satisfaction variations among patients. Although the findings demonstrated a positively skewed attitude by the patients towards the care provided by the nurses in both countries, these findings also revealed significant differences. The patients' experiences were explored in light of variations in culture, health systems and the actual differences in quality as perceived by patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Debittering and Darkening of Olives
Authors: Shasha B. , Leibowitz J. , Ilany‐Feigenbaum J.
Published: November 2013

Oleuropein‐the bitter tasting substance of green olives was isolated and identified by the authors. In this paper, the assumption that the debittering and darkening of green olives is due to oxidative changes induced in the orthodiphenol nucleus of the oleuropein is discussed.

Findings indicate that the debittering and darkening could be carried out by a method other than by the conventional alkali process. Thus, it would be possible to produce, higher quality, and more oil‐containing canned olives.
Oxygen‐Induced Inactivation of NADH‐Oxidase in Lyophilized Cells of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Lion M. B. , Avi‐Dor Y.
Published: November 2013

NADH‐oxidase of Escherichia coli was inactivated when freeze‐dried cells were exposed to oxygen (air). A similar loss in the activity of the enzyme occurred also when a cell‐free extract was lyophilized and then exposed to oxygen. Inactivation of the enzyme was accompanied by liberation of a substance showing flavin‐like fluorescence. Addition of KNO2 to the medium before lyophilization suppressed the adverse effect of oxygen both on the viability of the bacteria and on the NADH‐oxidase activity. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Well‐ and Mis Coupled Purine‐Pyrimidine Pairs
Authors: Pullman B.
Published: November 2013

The previous quantum‐mechanical calculations by the author on the electronic structure of the purine‐pyrimidine complementary pairs of DNA, in which the bases are in their usual, stable, keto or amino, tautomeric forms, have been extended to miscoupled pairs involving bases in their less usual, enol or imino, tautomeric forms. The involvement of such forms and miscouplings may play a role in the production of mutations. The calculations of the relative resonance stabilization of the miscoupled pairs enables to predict the probability of their involvement in mutagenesis and the modifications in the distribution of the electronic charges may be used to determine the changes in the chemical potentialities of the nucleic acids associated with the mispairings.
The Crystalline Phases of Fired Local Flint‐Clay
Authors: Fischer Rodica , Ratner Rahel
Published: November 2013

Four samples of Negev flint‐clay containing various amounts of Al2O3 were fired at different temperatures and their crystalline phases were determined by the X‐ray diffraction method. The quantitative analyses showed that at 1400° nearly theoretical amounts of mullite were formed. The percentage of other phases obtained are also given.
Analysis of Some Acetylated Sugars
Authors: Frohwein Y. Z.
Published: November 2013

Methods have been elaborated to determine the course of the enzymatic hydrolyses of some acetylated carbohydrates.

The determination of total fructose, reducing sugar and ester bond, according to the methods of Roe, Somogyi‐Nelson and Hestrin respectively, apply without correction to acetyl esters (but not to phosphate esters).

Acetyl derivatives of glucose were estimated by glucose oxidation following deacetylation. Progressive acetylation of sucrose makes the glycoside bond more resistant to acid hydrolysis.

Chromatographic techniques applying to acetylated sugars are described. These include a new sensitive spray for esters.
X‐Ray Diffraction and Atomic Dipole Moments
Authors: Coppens P. , Hirshfeld F. L.
Published: November 2013

When an atom contains one or more lone pairs of electrons in orbitals that are not centrosymmetric, the centroid of the electron cloud does not coincide with the atomic nucleus. An atomic dipole moment arises, which may cause an observable discrepancy between atomic positions in the crystal as revealed by X‐ray and by neutron diffraction. A few crystal structures have been determined by both methods with a positional accuracy of ∼ 0.02 Å; these have not shown the effect. The only positive evidence reported concerns hexamethylene tetramine, for which refined X‐ray and neutron studies have yielded nitrogen positions differing by 0.019 Å, which compares reasonably with the known dipole moment of ammonia. For quantitative determination of the orbital asymmetry, interpretation of X‐ray diffraction data should be based on a model that takes explicit account of such parameters as orbital exponents and hybridization ratios.
The Reaction of Bromoacetylene with Vinyl Acetate and Styrene
Authors: Oppenheim Wanda , Shorr L. M.
Published: November 2013

Bromoacetylene was synthesized from acetylene dibromide and molten, moist potassium hydroxide. It was copolymerized with vinyl acetate and styrene yielding, in the latter instance, products of composition[(C6H5CHCH2)x(CHCBr)]n.
The Autoxidation of I− in Ice
Authors: Eyal Y. , Maydan D. , Treinin A.
Published: November 2013

The rate of the autoxidation of I− is largely enhanced in ice as compared to the liquid state. A peculiar effect of acidity on the rate has been observed. Remarkable inhibition is caused by doping the ice with some foreign substances. The rate in H2O‐ice is 2–3 times larger than in D2O‐ice. The frozen system displays a high photochemical sensitivity.
Solvent Extraction from Molten Salts. III [1, 2]. Formation of Anionic Mercury (II) Mixed‐Halide Complexes
Authors: Zangen M. , Marcus Y.
Published: November 2013

In distribution experiments of mercury (II) halides between a polyphenyl eutectic mixture and molten LiNO3 ‐ KNO3 eutectic at 150°, various amounts of mixed potassium halide were added to the salt melt, in large excess over the mercury halide. From radiometric measurements of the overall distribution ratio D for mercury (II) species we calculated: the overall complex formation constants

and the “ligand mixing” constants

with A− and B− representing chloride‐bromide, chloride‐iodide or bromide‐iodide. The results show enhanced stability of Cl‐Br, but not of Cl‐I and Br‐I mixed complexes and point to the existence, in the molten salt phase, of only those species of mercury (II) which have a −2 charge (tetrahalide, trihalide‐mononitrate and dihalide‐dinitrate).
Studies on Mono‐ and Polynitro‐Alkanes. I. Michael Reaction with Gem‐Dinitroalkyl α,β‐Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Solomonovici A. , Blumberg S.
Published: November 2013

Michael reactions of gem ‐dinitroalkanes and nitroform have been carried out successfully with gem ‐dinitroalkyl acrylates, methacrylates and crotonates. Mononitroalkanes did not add normally to these acceptors under the conditions, under which the reactions described here took place.
On the Demethylation of 3‐Methyl‐6‐Methylmercaptopurines with Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Neiman Z. , Bergmann F.
Published: November 2013

3‐Methyl‐6‐methylmercaptopurines, which contain a quinonoid form of the imidazole ring, readily undergo thiohydrolysis in aqueous solution to yield the corresponding 3‐methyl‐6‐thiopurines.
The Michael Addition of Mononitroparaffins to Nitrochalcones
Authors: Seter (Strumza) J.
Published: November 2013

Mononitroparaffins add, in the presence of piperidine, to 3‐nitro‐, 3′‐nitro‐, 3, 3′dinitro‐and 3,4′‐dinitrochalcones. The nitroparaffins also serve as solvents for these reactions. The infrared spectra of the addition products are discussed.
Some N‐Substituted 6‐Methylpurines
Authors: Vincze A. , Cohen Sasson
Published: November 2013

6,9‐Dimethylpurine was prepared from 6‐methyluracil; the key step in this procedure is the selective amination of 2,4‐dichloro‐5‐nitro‐6‐methyluracil with methylamine. Methylation of 6‐methylpurine, gave a mixture of 6,9‐dimethyl‐and 3,6‐dimethyl‐purine, separable by column chromatography. An improved procedure for the preparation of 6‐methyl‐9‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl) purine is presented.
Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron in the HCl Soluble Fraction of Carbonate Rocks
Authors: Avinur P. , Yaalon D. H. , Barzily I.
Published: November 2013

A method is presented for the direct determination of iron in the HCl soluble fraction of carbonate rocks. Use is made of the absorbance‐difference technique as developed by Glasner and Avinur, whereby the chloroferrate absorbance of the solution is measured at two wavelengths and the difference of absorbance between them is made the basis of the determination. Determination of iron by the chloroferrate absorbance when measured at only one wavelength was found to be impeded by the variation of the absorbance with the following factors: the ratio of chloride salt to free HCl; the nature of the chloride salt (Ca or Mg); slight changes in the total chloride concentration; and temperature. All these difficulties were largely overcome by the application of the absorbance‐difference technique.
The Reaction of α‐Ketophosphonates with Organometallic Compounds and Sodium Borohydride
Authors: Shahak I. , Bergmann E.D.
Published: November 2013

In α‐ketophosphonates, only the carbonyl group reacts with metal‐organic reagents. The resulting α‐ hydroxyalkyl‐ and α‐aryl‐α‐hydroxymethylphosphonates are hydrolysed to ketones. A side‐reaction, sometimes predominant, is the reduction of the carbonyl group in the starting materials. This is better achieved by means of sodium borohydride. The products can be hydrolysed to aldehydes or reduced to the corresponding hydrocarbons.

The reactions of ethyl diethoxyphosphinylformate with Grignard compounds have been studied.
7‐Methoxyindole and its Derivatives
Authors: Kalir A. , Balderman D. , Edery H. , Porath Gila
Published: November 2013

7‐Methoxyindole was prepared by reductive cyclization of 3‐methoxy‐2, β‐dinitrostyrene. The synthesis and pharmacological properties of several 7‐methoxytryptamines are described.
On the Use of the Molar Ratio Method for Determining Association Stoichiometry
Authors: Marcus Y.
Published: November 2013

In the molar ratio method, a property of a solution is plotted against the molar ratio of the two reactants, the concentration of one being kept constant. The stoichiometry of the complex or complexes formed is deduced from the position of breaks in the curve. The method is examined critically, and is shown to be inapplicable to most problems, owing to the nonrealization of the required assumptions of linear dependence of the property on the partial molar properties of the interacting species and constancy of activity coefficients, in addition to the mathematical difficulties involved in relating the breaks in the curves to the stoichiometric ratio in the complex.
Preparation of Phenethyl Phosphate
Authors: Bauer S. , Avigad G.
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of phenethyl phosphate on a small scale is described.
The Determination of Titanium by Tiron in the Presence of Large Amounts of Calcium and Iron. II
Authors: Barzily I. , Yaalon D. H. , Avinur P.
Published: November 2013

The effect of varying concentrations of neutral salts on the initial pH of maximum color in the colorimetric determination of Ti by tiron was studied. A direct method was developed for the determination of Ti in the presence of great amounts of Ca and Fe. The various reducing or masking agents used for the prevention of the interference of iron were discussed. Many ions were found not to interfere, and the limiting tolerance of others was given. The method may find application in the determination of Ti in rocks and alloys.
Selective Removal of the Benzyl Group from Position 3 of Purines
Authors: Neiman Z. , Bergmann F.
Published: November 2013

3‐Benzylpurines with a free 2‐position undergo debenzylation when heated with 48% hydrobromic acid for a few minutes; benzyl groups linked to other nitrogen atoms are not removed. The reactive species is probably the resonating cation formed by attachment of a proton to N‐1.

Selective 3‐debenzylation is a useful method for the synthesis of 7‐alkylpurines.
Ion Exchange in Molten Salts. II: The Occlusion of Lithium, Sodium, Potassium and Silver Nitrates in the Respective Forms of Zeolite A.
Authors: Liquornik M. , Marcus Y.
Published: November 2013

The occlusion of lithium, sodium, potassium and silver nitrates from the anhydrous melts in the respective zeolites has been studied by measuring the gain in weight and by direct analysis. The results in moles of occluded nitrate per formula weight of zeolite M12I[(AlO2)12(SiO2)12] are 11.7 for LiNO3, 10 for NaNO3 and 10 for AgNO3 and essentially zero for KNO3. A model is proposed for the structure of the occlusion compound Na22[(AlO2)12(SiO2)12(NO3)10], in terms of four NaI+ ions and four [NaI ‐ NO3 ‐ Na]+ groups at the apexes of the cubic unit cell and four [NaII ‐ NO3 ‐ Na]+1/3 groups coordinated with two [NaNO3]−2/3 groups at the faces, to explain the properties of the occluded zeolites.
Heterocyclic Hydroxylamine Derivatives II: Synthesis and Properties of 1‐(2‐Oxopyrimidino)Oxyacetic Acid 1‐Hydroxy‐2‐Oxopyrimidine and their Derivatives
Authors: Zvilichovsky G.
Published: November 2013

1‐(2‐Oxopyrimidino) oxyacetic acid (I) and 1‐hydroxy‐2‐oxopyrimidine (VI) have been synthesized from 1, 1, 3, 3‐tetraethoxypropane and the appropriate urea derivatives. Dissociation constants, IR and UV spectra of the acid (I), the 1‐hydroxy derivative (VI) and their derivatives were studied.
Benzyl Chloride‐Amine Reaction in Nitrobenzene‐Ethanol Mixture
Authors: Radhakrishna Murti P. S. , Panigrahi G. P.
Published: November 2013

The reactions between benzyl chloride and various bases as well as p‐nitrobenzyl chloride and various bases have been studied in nitrobenzene‐ethanol mixtures. The reaction is total second order as found earlier.
Displacing Exchangeable Potassium in Cation Exchange Determinations
Authors: Yaalon D. H. , Koyumdjisky Hanna
Published: November 2013

The amounts of exchangeable K displaced by NH4, Na, and Li using methods adopted in cation exchange determinations were compared. Besides differences due to the effect of the geometric factor of the replacing ion, related to its size and hydration characteristics, the behaviour of clays of two groups of soils was consistently and significantly different. A critical assessment of the data suggests that there is a considerable diversity in the distribution and bonding energy of the K adsorption sites on the various clays.
Fluctuational Variation in the Relationship Between Water Capacity and Soil‐Water Suction
Authors: Bazargani J. I. , Swartzendruber D.
Published: November 2013

The relationship between the water content of a soil and the suction component of the water‐moving potential, expressible either as the water‐retention curve or the water‐capacity function, is often tacitly expected to decrease smoothly and monotonically with increasing suction, once the maximum water capacity has been reached. For two nonswelling artificial soils, a calcined clay and a sand‐kaolinite, the general position of the water retention curve was found to be essentially the same regardless of the size of the suction increment applied in obtaining the curve. The water‐capacity function, computed as the incremental reduction in water content per unit increase in suction head, was also found to be essentially smooth and monotonically decreasing with increasing suction when the applied suction increments were relatively large (≥ 100 mb), but consistent and marked fluctuations were found when the decrements of water content and increments of suction were small (suction steps of 50 and 25 mb). Concerning possible causes of this fluctuating behavior, it is suggested that the microbehavior of pore‐water removal might be failing to average out statistically to a monotonically smooth macrobehavior, or that if water properties were modified by particle‐water interaction such as to induce threshold gradients for water flow, effects of this nature might somehow be involved.
Constituents of Huleh Peat. III. Acids
Authors: Ikan R. , Stahl G. , Bergmann E. D.
Published: November 2013

Hydrolysis of the waxy fraction of Huleh peat, esterification of the acid mixture and application of thin‐layer chromatography, gas chromatography, mass and infrared spectroscopy and catalytic hydrogenation techniques revealed the presence of a series of even‐ and odd‐numbered saturated acids and several unsaturated acids.
The Aluminum Alkoxide Rearrangement of Epoxides, Part I: The Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols and Glycols Monoethers
Authors: Eschinasi E.H.
Published: November 2013

The rearrangement of epoxides catalyzed by aluminum alkoxides affords a selective way of preparing allylic alcohols in high yields. It takes place in the presence of catalytic amounts of aluminum isopropoxide (AIP) which leads to cleavage of the ether linkage at the site of the more substituted α‐carbon of the oxirane. A mechanism with a six membered transition state involving a concerted proton transfer from the least substituted carbon in β position of the oxirane oxygen is suggested. Mild conditions are sufficient to promote this rearrangement to allylic alcohols with epoxides having a tertiary carbon in α‐position of the oxirane oxygen. However, alkoxide transfer to the cleaved α‐carbon may take place when primary or secondary carbons are the only ones present in the α‐positions of the oxirane oxygen with more drastic conditions and equimolar amounts of AIP. The major product is a mixture of α‐glycol monoethers.
Biochemical Changes in Organs of Chicks and Rats Poisoned with Ethylene Dibromide and Carbon Tetrachloride
Authors: Nachtomi Edna , Alumot Eugenia , Bondi A.
Published: November 2013

The following biochemical parameters were determined in the livers of rats and chicks which had been previously treated with ethylene dibromide (EDB) and carbon tetrachloride: sulfhydryl groups, ascorbic acid, nicotinamid‐adenine‐dinucleotides (NAD and NADP) and alkaline phosphatase. Ascorbic acid levels were also determined in adrenals and alkaline phosphatase activity in blood. A marked depression in the level of free sulfhydryl groups was observed in the livers of the two species during the first hours after poisoning. The initial drop in the SH level was followed by a subsequent rise, the rate of which differed with species, sex, and poison. Carbon tetrachloride treatment resulted in a very marked depression of ascorbic acid content in rat liver while EDB caused only a slight depression. The ascorbic acid content of chick liver was less affected by the two poisons as was the liver NAD (P) content of both species. A rise of alkaline phosphatase was found with both poisons in rat liver in contrast to depression of the enzyme activity in chick liver. Rats and chicks responded differently to toxic action of the two poisons. This may be related to the different metabolism of the poisons in the two species.
Michael Addition Reactions of a β‐Ketosulfoxide
Authors: Bergmann F. , Diller D.
Published: November 2013

ω‐Methylsulfinylacetophenone can be added to acrylonitrile or ethyl acrylate in the presence of Triton B. The resulting sulfoxides (II) are oxidised by hydrogen peroxide to the sulfones (III) and are reduced by aluminum amalgam to γ‐benzoylbutyronitrile or the corresponding butyric acid. The structures assigned are supported by infrared spectra.
Energy Transfer in Molecular Collisions
Authors: Levine R.D.
Published: November 2013

Computational studies of energy transfer in models of molecular collisions are presented and analyzed qualitatively and semi‐quantitatively. Particular attention is given to those approximations where the leading term is already in good qualitative agreement with the exact numerical results. In particular, results for the distorted wave approximation in an adiabatic basis are reported and compared with the exact results. It is argued that for slow molecular collisions, the efficiency of the transfer is determined by the “Franck Condon” overlap near the repulsive part of the intermolecular potential.
ESR Studies of Uncomplexed and Complexed HO2 Radical Formed in the Reaction of H2O2 with Ce4+, Fe2+ and Ti3+ Ions
Authors: Czapski G. , Levanon H. , Samuni A.
Published: November 2013

Excess of H2O2 reacting in 0.5N HClO4 with Ce4+, Ti3+ and Fe2+ yields the uncomplexed HO2 radical. This radical gives a broad ESR signal with a line width of 27±1 gauss and a g‐value of 2.0140±0.0015. The HO2 radical forms a complex with excess of Ce3+ which gives an ESR spectrum with a linewidth of 1.3±0.1 gauss and a g‐value of 2.0180±0.0005. The equilibrium between complexed [Ce3+‥HO2] and uncomplexed HO2 was studied. Two complexes are formed between HO2 and [Ti4+…H2O2]. These complexes give two ESR signals with a linewidth of 0.7 ± 0.1 and 0.5± 0.1 gauss and g‐value of 2.0140± ± 0.0005 and 2.0120± 0.0005 respectively.
Microdetermination of Lead by the Ring‐Oven Technique Applicable to Air Pollution Studies
Authors: Jungreis E. , West P. W.
Published: November 2013

A new method for the microdetermination of lead by the ring‐oven technique is presented. The method is apparently applicable to lead analysis of air pollution samples collected on sequential tapes.
Propellanes VIII. Electrocyclic Reactions of Tetraenic Propellanes
Authors: Altman Janina , Babad Esther , Ginsburg D. , Rubin M. B.
Published: November 2013

The electrocyclic reaction sequence of tetraenic propellanes is analogous to that of their parent, cis‐9,10‐dihydronaphthalene as a member of the (CH)10 family. Irradiation of Ia‐e afforded IIa‐e of which IIb and IIc have been isolated. These are the first stable derivatives of tetracyclo [4.4.0.02,10.05,7]deca‐3,8‐diene. Thermal bond‐realignment of IIa‐e led, due to fluxional isomerism in prebullvalene and its derivatives, to prebullvalenes of the III series. Only in the case of the prebullvalene lactone was it possible to observe IVd alongside of IIId in its room terperature NMR spectrum. Irradiation of the prebullvalene ether IIIe afforded a bullvalene ether which at low temperature shows the presence of XIII (R=R=−CH2‐O‐CH2‐) and XV.
Dipole Moment and Spectroscopic Properties of 2‐Ferrocenylmethylene‐1, 3‐Indandione
Authors: Agranat I. , Weiler‐Feilchenfeld Hannah , Loewenstein Ruth M. J.
Published: November 2013

The electric dipole moment and the NMR, infrared and electronic spectra of 2‐(ferrocenylmethylene)‐1, 3‐indandione (I) indicate that a dipolar structure (such as II or III) contributes significantly to the ground state of the molecule.
An Approach to the Enzymatic Cleavage of Serine Peptide Bonds
Authors: Patchornik A. , Wilchek M. , Zioudrou C.
Published: November 2013

The reaction of O‐p‐toluenesulfonyl and O‐methanesulfonyl‐L‐serine peptides with cysteamine yields the corresponding S‐β‐aminoethylcysteine peptides (thialysine peptides). The thialysine peptides can be hydrolysed by trypsin. The method can be used for sequence studies.
Fluorescence of Gd+++ in Alkali Halide Crystals
Authors: Mustachi A. , Reisfeld R. , Glasner A.
Published: November 2013

Crystals of potassium chloride and potassium bromide containing trivalent gadolinium were prepared from the melt and also by heating the powdered anhydrous mixtures at 600°C. Their fluorescence spectra consisted of four sharp lines around 3114.3 Å and 3115.1 Å respectively. A single mode of charge compensation for the substituted Gd3+ ion with a D3h or C2v symmetry is proposed. Lifetimes of the fluorescence of these doped crystals as well as of pure GdCl3 and GdBrs are of the order of a few msec.
On the Mechanisms of X‐Ray‐Induced Excitation of Aromatic Molecules in Polar Solution
Authors: Steen H. B.
Published: November 2013

Studies of the X‐ray‐ and UV‐induced luminescence of tryptophan and tyrosine in solution between 77°K and 300°K are reviewed. The fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra observed during X‐irradiation are identical to those induced by UV light, but the phosphorescence to fluorescence ratios obtained with X‐rays are much larger than those found with UV light. The experiments seem to show that charge recombination is the dominating mode of the X‐ray‐induced excitation at low temperatures, giving rise to roughly 85% of the X‐ray‐induced luminescence at 77°K. The fraction of the X‐ray‐induced excitation which results from charge recombination decreases with increasing temperature and becomes negligible above 220°K. This causes the yield of X‐ray‐induced excitation of the radiative levels of tryptophan to decrease from G = 5 excited molecules/100 eV absorbed in solute, at 77°K, to G = 0.4 at room temperature. The mechanisms for quenching of charge recombination are discussed.
Environmental Effects on the Fluorescence of Tryptophan and Other Indole Derivatives
Authors: Feitelson J.
Published: November 2013

The fluorescence quantum yields of tryptophan, 3‐methylindole and 3‐β‐hydroxyethylindole were investigated as a function of temperature in a variety of polar and non polar solvents. Similar quantum yields and “activation energies” were found for the different systems. It was concluded that the same collisional solvent deactivation is responsible for the decrease in quantum yield with temperature irrespective of solvent system used. A notable exception is water where a different mechanism is indicated. The quenching of the indole chromophore fluorescence by a variety of specific agents both attached to the ring by an ethylene bridge and in homogeneous solution was also studied. It was found that potential proton donating groups were good quenching agents, the effect being much greater for groups carrying a positive charge. Polarization by a neighboring group also enhanced the quenching ability of any specific group. It was concluded that an excited state charge transfer complex is probably involved as a first step in the quenching process.
Investigating the experiences of New Zealand MRI technologists: Exploring intra‐orbital metallic foreign body safety practices
Authors: Jacobs Philippa K. , Henwood Suzanne
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Qualitative research is lacking regarding the experiences of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologists and their involvement in workplace safety practices. This article provides a gateway to explore, describe and document experiences of MRI technologists in New Zealand (NZ) pertaining to intra‐orbital metallic foreign body (IMFB) safety practices.

Methods

This phenomenological study describes the experiences of seven MRI technologists all with a minimum of 5 years' NZ work experience in MRI. The MRI technologists were interviewed face‐to‐face regarding their professional IMFB workplace experiences in order to explore historical, current and potential issues.

Results

Findings demonstrated that aspects of organization and administration are fundamentally important to MRI technologists. Varying levels of education and knowledge, as well as experience and skills gained, have significantly impacted on MRI technologists’ level of confidence and control in IMFB practices. Participants’ descriptions of their experiences in practice regarding decision‐making capabilities further highlight the complexity of these themes. A model was developed to demonstrate the interrelated nature of the themes and the complexity of the situation in totality.

Conclusions

Findings of this study have provided insight into the experiences of MRI technologists pertaining to IMFB safety practices and highlighted inconsistencies. It is hoped that these findings will contribute to and improve the level of understanding of MRI technologists and the practices and protocols involved in IMFB safety screening. The scarcity of available literature regarding IMFB safety practices highlights that more research is required to investigate additional aspects that could improve MRI technologists’ experiences.
Absent movement‐related cortical potentials in children with primary motor stereotypies
Authors: Houdayer Elise , Walthall Jessica , Belluscio Beth A. , Vorbach Sherry , Singer Harvey S. , Hallett Mark
Published: November 2013

The underlying pathophysiologic mechanism for complex motor stereotypies in children is unknown, with hypotheses ranging from an arousal to a motor control disorder. Movement‐related cortical potentials (MRCPs), representing the activation of cerebral areas involved in the generation of movements, precede and accompany self‐initiated voluntary movements. The goal of this study was to compare cerebral activity associated with stereotypies to that seen with voluntary movements in children with primary complex motor stereotypies. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity synchronized with video recording was recorded in 10 children diagnosed with primary motor stereotypies and 7 controls. EEG activity related to stereotypies and self‐paced arm movements were analyzed for presence or absence of early or late MRCP, a steep negativity beginning about 1 second before the onset of a voluntary movement. Early MRCPs preceded self‐paced arm movements in 8 of 10 children with motor stereotypies and in 6 of 7 controls. Observed MRCPs did not differ between groups. No MRCP was identified before the appearance of a complex motor stereotypy. Unlike voluntary movements, stereotypies are not preceded by MRCPs. This indicates that premotor areas are likely not involved in the preparation of these complex movements and suggests that stereotypies are initiated by mechanisms different from voluntary movements. Further studies are required to determine the site of the motor control abnormality within cortico‐striatal‐thalamo‐cortical pathways and to identify whether similar findings would be found in children with secondary stereotypies. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Curative diet supplementation with a melon superoxide dismutase reduces adipose tissue in obese hamsters by improving insulin sensitivity
Authors: Carillon Julie , Knabe Lucie , Montalban Anne , Stévant Marie , Keophiphath Mayoura , Lacan Dominique , Cristol Jean‐Paul , Rouanet Jean‐Max
Published: November 2013

Scope

Obesity‐related metabolic syndrome is often associated with a decrease of insulin sensitivity, inducing several modifications. However, dietary antioxidants could prevent insulin resistance. We have previously shown the preventive effects of a melon superoxide dismutase (SOD) in obese hamsters. However, its antioxidant effects have never been studied on adipose tissue.

Methods and results

We evaluated the effects of a 1‐month curative supplementation with SODB on the adipose tissue of obese hamsters. Animals received either a standard diet or a cafeteria diet for 15 wk. Cafeteria diet induced obesity and related disorders, including insulin resistance and oxidative stress, in the abdominal adipose tissue. After SODB supplementation, the adipose tissue weight was decreased, probably by activating adipocytes lipolysis and thus reducing their size. SODB treatment also resulted in abdominal adipose tissue fibrosis reduction. Finally, SODB administration increased the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and thus reduced oxidative stress and insulin resistance. The improvement of insulin sensitivity observed after SODB treatment could explain adipocyte lipolysis activation and fibrosis reduction.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that a dietary SOD supplementation could be a useful strategy against obesity‐related modifications in adipose tissue.