bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uspołecznienie procesu realizacji zadań oświatowych jako forma racjonalizacji polityki publicznej gmin
Authors: Kołomycew Anna
Published: June 2019

Polityka oświatowa jest obecnie jedną z kluczowych polityk publicznych realizowanych na poziomie lokalnym. Wynika to z jej kosztochłonności, specyficznej konstrukcji, łączącej kompetencje władz lokalnych i centralnych, a także znaczenia jakie ma edukacja w procesach rozwoju społeczeństwa i państwa. W przypadku obszarów wiejskich dodatkowym czynnikiem jest pozaedukacyjna rola szkół w życiu wspólnoty lokalnej. Próbując sprostać realizacji zadań z zakresu polityki oświatowej, władze gmin podejmują się różnych działań racjonalizatorskich. Jednym z nich jest uspołecznienie oświaty, rozumiane jako włączenie podmiotów niepublicznych w proces realizacji zadań oświatowych (uspołecznienie faktyczne). Na podstawie wyników przeprowadzonych badań ilościowych i jakościowych, autorka przedstawia warunki formalno-prawne przekazania zadań oświatowych podmiotom niepublicznym, skalę procesu uspołecznienia oraz warunki i okoliczności, jakie do tego doprowadziły. Wyniki badań wskazują, że proces ten pomimo pozornie jasnych rozwiązań prawnych, w praktyce jest rzadkością i napotyka szereg trudności zarówno po stronie sektora publicznego, jak i społecznego.
Rola aktorów niepaństwowych w kształtowaniu bezpieczeństwa
Authors: Antczak Anna
Published: June 2019

Artykuł przedstawia analizę roli, jaką pełnią różni aktorzy niepaństwowi w kształtowaniu bezpieczeństwa globalnego. Zwraca uwagę na funkcje, jakie obecnie pełnią w tym procesie państwa oraz wskazuje, że ich rola stopniowo maleje na rzecz aktorów pozapaństwowych. Artykuł jednocześnie dostarcza klasyfikację tychże aktorów (organizacje rządowe, pozarządowe, korporacje, grupy zbrojne, think-tanki, diaspory, partie polityczne czy Kościół katolicki), różnicując ich znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego.
Phenomenological Approach of the Effective Viscosity of Hard Sphere Suspensions in Shear-Thinning Media
Authors: Peysson Y. , Aubry T. , Moan M.
Published: June 2019

In this work we investigate the rheological behaviour of macroscopic buoyant hard spheres dispersed in a shear-thinning suspending fluid. We focus on the phenomenological study of the influence of the shear-thinning behaviour of the suspending medium on the effective apparent suspension viscosity at different volume fractions. In the oil industry, the effective viscosity concept is widely used and very useful to quickly characterize a change of viscosity due to an increase of the solid content. Viscosity measurements are compared to the effective viscosity of a suspension of hard spheres in an Ostwald fluid. The power law index of the suspending fluid is shown, both experimentally and theoretically, to influence strongly the volume fraction dependence of the suspension effective viscosity. All experimental results are shown to be quite correctly plotted on a master curve, with only one adjustable parameter, the maximum packing fraction fm. The best fit is obtained for fm = 0.57, corresponding to the theoretical maximum random packing volume fraction.
Landmark Paper Index: Definition and Application to Rheological (η-) Journals
Authors: Kröger M.
Published: June 2019

We define a Landmark Paper Index (LPI), calculate and analyze indices for all papers published in rheological journals (‘η-journals’) between 1990 and 2006. This paper offers some information about the criteria influencing the impact of publications on the (scientific) community. In opposite to the well known Impact Factor (journal sensitive) or the number of citations (article sensitive, publication year insensitive) the LPI helps to identify established and potential breakthrough contributions by considering the number of citations per year after publication, in a way which does not overestimate the few, highly cited, articles when performing averages. We discuss the effect of formal criteria on the LPI.
Laser Doppler Forced Vibrology of Soft Agricultural Products
Authors: Blahovec Jiri , Akimoto Hidemi , Sakurai Naoki
Published: June 2019

We describe methodology of laser Doppler forced vibrology (LDFV) applied to texture assessment of soft agricultural products. The method is applied to a melon. The lowest frequency resonant peak (mode M0) is used for corrections of the whole amplitude frequency plot expressed in relation to the forcing deformation level. The main differences between vibrology in vertical and horizontal laser positions are described. Missing and/or degeneration of some modes in the laser horizontal position are explained. Peak analysis of the results obtained reveals the parameters connected with information on internal damping, i.e. internal viscosity. Modulus of elasticity is calculated either from the peak frequency of the M1 mode or by a new method from the M0 peak frequency. The modulus of elasticity of the latter method is nearly one order higher and is more variable than the former probably because the M0 mode is related to physical properties of the surface of the melon in contact with the vibrating table. Fine structure of the skin can lead to possible degenerated forms with more sub-peaks.
Rheology of Barium Sulfate Suspensions and Pre-thickened Beverages Used in Diagnosis and Treatment of Dysphagia
Authors: Ould Eleya Mustapha M. , Gunasekaran Sundaram
Published: June 2019

Pre-thickened beverages and barium sulfate suspensions are used in the treatment and diagnosis of dysphagia. These liquids are labeled nectar consistency (NC), honey consistency (HC) etc. These labels are rather misleading and do not represent the actual rheological character of the liquids. We carefully investigated the rheology of these liquids to assist both in their formulation and use for dysphagic patients. Steady state flow properties, thixotropy, dynamic response, and creep recovery behavior were investigated for six beverages and two barium sulfate suspensions. All samples exhibited a shear-thinning behavior. The flow curves of all samples followed both Herschel-Bulkley and Casson models. HC barium sulfate suspension exhibited higher yield stress, σo, and higher storage modulus, G’, than their fluid food counterparts. In contrast, NC barium sulfate suspension had lower σo, and G’ than some of the liquid food counterparts. Frequency spectra of NC samples were similar to that of a macromolecular solution with both G’ and loss modulus, G’’, increasing with frequency; whereas those of HC samples were similar to that of a gel with a little dependency of G’ and G’’ over frequency. Stress sweep experiments showed that the linear viscoelastic region of fluid foods and barium sulfate suspensions extended up to 1 and 10 Pa, respectively. Thus, significant differences exist in the rheological properties of both pre-thickened and videofluoroscopy fluids currently used for diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia.
A Study of Entrance Pressure Loss in Filled Polymer Melts
Authors: Hristov Velichko , Vlachopoulos John
Published: June 2019

The influence of the molecular structure of the polymer matrix and filler loading on the entrance pressure loss of polyethylene/wood flour composites has been investigated in this research by means of a capillary rheometer equipped with an orifice die. The entry flow of talc- and glass-filled polyethylene composites has been investigated as well. It was found that the entrance pressure loss of wood filled polyethylene composites greatly increased with increasing the wood flour loading. Talc and solid glass spheres also increase the entrance pressure loss, however not as much as wood flour. It was also observed that composites based on narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) resins exhibited larger entrance pressure loss than the broad MWD and branched polyethylene based ones. It was concluded that measurements of the entrance pressure loss reveal some interesting features of the polymer-filler interactions and could provide significant insights in the processing of highly filled polymer melts.
Processing the Vane Shear Flow Data from Couette Analogy
Authors: Estellé Patrice , Lanos Christophe , Perrot Arnaud , Amziane Sofiane
Published: June 2019

A new procedure is described to convert the vane torque and rotational velocity data into shear stress vs shear rate relationships. The basis of the procedure consists in considering locally the sheared material as a Bingham fluid and computing a characteristic shear rate from Couette analogy. The approach is first applied to experimental vane data of Newtonian fluid, then used to process vane experimental data of non-Newtonian and yield stress materials. Results, which are favourably compared with torsional flow, show that the approach correctly predicts the rheological behaviour of the materials investigated.
30 Years of Progress in Viscometers and Rheometers
Authors: Barnes Howard A. , Schimanski Harry , Bell Derek
Published: June 2019

The history of commercial viscometry and rheometry over the last thirty years is summarised. In terms of those instruments that have established themselves in a lasting position in the field, we highlight the importance of a sound original idea, good marketing, and constant improvement as technology advances. Instruments in this area fall into three categories: simple, low-cost instruments to measure viscosity or at least an equivalent Newtonian viscosity; multi-speed instruments often able to record data on another display or storage device, and rheometers, i.e. instruments capable of a rotational shearing action, as well as one of the following: oscillation, creep and normal force measurement to give some measure of viscoelasticity.

The advances in technology in many areas over the past 30 years have all fuelled the rapid development of instruments that has been nothing short of astonishing. Of especial importance has been the continuous developments of electric motors, and transducers, as well as the increases in speed and memory and reductions in price of digital processors and microprocessors. With this increased computing power perhaps with instruments using complex flow regimes it may be as easy to analyse data as with simple shearing now. There will always be, however, those who want to go to higher frequencies, lower deformations, etc., to meet those challenges of measuring the rheology of materials at the limits.
On-line or Process Viscometry – A Review
Authors: Barnes Howard A.
Published: June 2019

Process viscometry has many advantages in terms of saving time and gaining more immediate information about a process. However, it can also has disadvantages in terms of compromises that must be made in taking a stream of liquid and passing it through a viscosity-measuring element. The latter operation can be a strong function of flow rate through the instrument, making the measured value variable. The viscometer itself might has been chosen for simplicity of measurement, but which might actually represent a complicated flow pattern in the sense of being a mixture of shear and extensional flow, frequency and acceleration. The best practice in the area of on-line viscometry is reviewed, and the current commercial instruments are compared to this standard. It is concluded that the choice of instrument depends on the pressing need is either for quick information or for reliable information. The Nametre vibrating sphere and the Brookfield concentric-cylinder instruments are highlighted.
Academic Rheology and Industrial Rheology
Authors: Nakajima Nobuyuki
Published: June 2019

This paper is an attempt to highlight the problems faced by industrial rheologists. The problems are far more complex than subjects of usual academic pursuit. Because of the lack of scientific methods in both theory and instruments, the industrial rheologist often resort to empirical approach such as a use of the processing machines for processability evaluation. More fundamental approach is desirable. The examples are taken from high density polyethylenes and the period was 1960-1970. Although industry found solutions to the problems, the fundamental understandings have not been developed sufficiently.
Determination of Molecular Weight Distributions from Rheological Data: An Application to Polystyrene, Polymethylmethacrylate and Isotactic Polypropylene
Authors: Thimm Wolfgang , Friedrich Christian , Maier Dieter , Marth Michael , Honerkamp Josef
Published: June 2019

Based on a recently introduced generalized mixing rule, which contains the results of the reptation and double reptation model as special cases, it is possible to determine the molecular weight distribution (MWD) from rheological data. By evaluating data from bimodal PS-mixtures Maier et al. (1998) have shown how the MWD can be estimated from the relaxation shear modulus, G(t), using an inversion method. Thimm et al. (1999) derived an analytical relation between the relaxation time spectrum and the MWD, which is able to reproduce the result of Maier et al. (1998) with less computational effort. In this article we compare both methods by evaluating data from three different series of polymer mixtures: Polystyrene (PS), Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and isotactic Polypropylene (iPP). We compare the MWD obtained from rheological data with results from size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and discuss differences.
Dilatant Behavior of Systems with the Thixotropic Agent Aerosil 380 in the Epoxy Resin Araldite GY260
Authors: Hadjistamov Dimiter
Published: June 2019

Model suspension with Aerosil 380 in epoxy resin Araldite GY260 and Aerosil 380 in silicone oil M20000 are compared. The systems with 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% Aerosil 380 in Araldite GY260 show shear thickening flow behavior. A shear induced hydrodynamic force effects at the onset of shear thickening a disorder of the well ordered movement of the Areosil particles in layers. The Areosil particles build-up a pseudo-mixture that lead to a sudden development of a three dimensional structure, i.e. to viscosity incerease. One can assume that the shear thickening can be explained with an order-to-disorder transition. The viscosity increase of the shear thickening region is limited – It can reach topmost the plastic viscosity curve that has to be expected from the beginning. The dilatant system begins in the third straight line section to coincide the viscosity curve of the expected plastic system for the subsequent thixotropic agent concentration.
Unbundling Production with Decreasing Average Costs
Authors: Carbonell-Nicolau Oriol
Published: June 2019

This paper argues that, even in the presence of decreasing average costs of production, monopolies can sometimes be avoided in the interest of market efficiency. It is shown that under certain conditions on the variable cost of production, there is an alternate, viable market structure that reduces the well-known deadweight loss of monopoly: an “upstream” market in which one or more firms own and share the fixed cost of creating and maintaining a distribution network, and a “downstream” market populated by a large number of firms that are charged a unit price for the network’s usage.
ESLMT: a new clustering method for biomedical document retrieval
Authors: Keyvanpour MohammadReza , Serpush Fatemeh
Published: June 2019

MEDLINE is a rapidly growing database; to utilize this resource, practitioners and biomedical researchers have dealt with tedious and time-consuming tasks such as discovering, searching, reading and evaluating of biomedical documents. However, making a label for a group of biomedical documents is expensive and needs a complicated operation. Otherwise, compound words, polysemous and synonymous problems can influence the search in MEDLINE. Therefore, designing an efficient way of sharing knowledge and information organization is essential so that information retrieval systems can provide ideal outcomes. For this purpose, different strategies are used in the retrieval of biomedical documents (RBD). However, still a number of unrelated results for the users’ query are obtained in the RBD process. Studies have shown that well-defined clusters in the retrieval system exhibit a more efficient performance in contrast to the document-based retrieval. Accordingly, the present study proposes the Expanding Statistical Language Modeling and Thesaurus (ESLMT) for clustering and retrieving biomedical documents. The results showed that Clustering with ESLM Similarity and Thesaurus (CESLMST) in all those criteria in this study have a higher value than the other compared methods. The results indicated that the mean average precision (MAP) has improved in the Clusters’ Retrieval Derived from ESLM Similarity-Query (CRDESLMS-QET) method in comparison to the previous methods with the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) data set.
Application of deep learning techniques for determining the spatial extent and classification of seagrass beds, Trang, Thailand
Authors: Yamakita Takehisa , Sodeyama Fumiaki , Whanpetch Napakhwan , Watanabe Kentaro , Nakaoka Masahiro
Published: June 2019

Few studies have investigated the long-term temporal dynamics of seagrass beds, especially in Southeast Asia. Remote sensing is one of the best methods for observing these dynamic patterns, and the advent of deep learning technology has led to recent advances in this method. This study examined the feasibility of applying image classification methods to supervised classification and deep learning methods for monitoring seagrass beds. The study site was a relatively natural seagrass bed in Hat Chao Mai National Park, Trang Province, Thailand, for which aerial photographs from the 1970s were available. Although we achieved low accuracy in differentiating among various densities of vegetation coverage, classification related to the presence of seagrass was possible with an accuracy of 80% or more using both classification methods. Automatic classification of benthic cover using deep learning provided similar or better accuracy than that of the other methods even when grayscale images were used. The results also demonstrate that it is possible to monitor the temporal dynamics of an entire seagrass area, as well as variations within sub-regions, located in close proximity to a river mouth.
Seaweed resources in India – current status of diversity and cultivation: prospects and challenges
Authors: Ganesan Meenakshisundaram , Trivedi Nitin , Gupta Vishal , Madhav S. Venu , Radhakrishna Reddy Chennur , Levine Ira A.
Published: June 2019

Seaweeds are an integral part of coastal ecosystems and offer invaluable ecosystem services supporting the life of many marine forms. The economic value of seaweeds significantly contributes to the sustainable development of rural coastal regions. Seaweeds are consumed as food in some Asian countries, but their utilization for production of phycocolloids is widespread across the globe, with an estimated value of more than one billion US$. In India, seaweeds have been utilized exclusively for the production of phycocolloids but recently they are used for the production of plant growth stimulants for agricultural applications. The domestic agar and alginate industry totally depends on the supplies from natural seaweed beds with some occasional imports. The recent success achieved in both upstream and downstream technologies in production and processing of seaweeds has boosted the prospects for commercialization of seaweed resources in the country. The present article briefly appraises the current status of Indian seaweed resources and their utilization, as well as developments in seaweed farming technologies, the status of seaweed industry and recent efforts to transform seaweed farming into a social enterprise. It also highlights the challenges encountered for mainstreaming these resources so as to evolve into a marine industry.
Copeptin – a biomarker of short-term mortality risk (7 days) in patients with end-stage liver disease
Authors: Schneider Christoph , Remmler Johannes , Netto Jeffrey , Seehofer Daniel , Engelmann Cornelius , Berg Thomas , Thiery Joachim , Kaiser Thorsten
Published: June 2019

Background

For many patients with end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation represents the only curative therapy. Transplant recipients are scored and ranked using the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD/MELD-Na). Circulatory impairment is known to deteriorate outcomes; however, it is not incorporated into the current allocation system’s score. The aim of our study is to analyze the predictive value of copeptin as a biomarker of circulatory impairment and increased short-term mortality risk in patients with end-stage liver disease.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study of 615 patients with end-stage liver disease. Patients were recruited using assessments performed during the evaluation process for liver transplantation. Copeptin values were analyzed in comparison to MELD-Na, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP).

Results

Elevated levels of copeptin, IL-6 and CRP, as well as high MELD-Na scores, were significantly correlated with mortality. In a comparison of copeptin-tertiles, patients in group T3 (16.3 pmol/L or more) showed a significantly higher mortality risk (hazard ratio 11.2, p < 0.001). After adjusting for MELD-Na, copeptin remains an independent predictor of mortality. It shows its greatest prognostic strength in short-term mortality, where it performs comparable to MELD-Na (AUROC for 7 day-mortality, 0.941/0.939; p = 0.981) and shows an additional predictive value to MELD-Na for short-term mortality (7 days, p: 0.046; 30 days, p: 0.006).

Conclusions

Copeptin presents a valuable individual biomarker in detecting patients at risk for short-term mortality. Further studies should be performed to confirm our findings.
Toward an optimal code for communication: The case of scientific English
Authors: Degaetano-Ortlieb Stefania , Teich Elke
Published: June 2019

We present a model of the linguistic development of scientific English from the mid-seventeenth to the late-nineteenth century, a period that witnessed significant political and social changes, including the evolution of modern science. There is a wealth of descriptive accounts of scientific English, both from a synchronic and a diachronic perspective, but only few attempts at a unified explanation of its evolution. The explanation we offer here is a communicative one: while external pressures (specialization, diversification) push for an increase in expressivity, communicative concerns pull toward convergence on particular options (conventionalization). What emerges over time is a code which is optimized for written, specialist communication, relying on specific linguistic means to modulate information content. As we show, this is achieved by the systematic interplay between lexis and grammar. The corpora we employ are the Royal Society Corpus (RSC) and for comparative purposes, the Corpus of Late Modern English (CLMET). We build various diachronic, computational n-gram language models of these corpora and then apply formal measures of information content (here: relative entropy and surprisal) to detect the linguistic features significantly contributing to diachronic change, estimate the (changing) level of information of features and capture the time course of change.
Adaptive Strategies for Transport Equations
Authors: Dahmen Wolfgang , Stevenson Rob P.
Published: June 2019

This paper is concerned with a posteriori error bounds for linear transport equations and related questions of contriving corresponding adaptive solution strategies in the context of Discontinuous Petrov Galerkin schemes. After indicating our motivation for this investigation in a wider context the first major part of the paper is devoted to the derivation and analysis of a posteriori error bounds that, under mild conditions on variable convection fields, are efficient and, modulo a data-oscillation term, reliable. In particular, it is shown that these error estimators are computed at a cost that stays uniformly proportional to the problem size. The remaining part of the paper is then concerned with the question whether typical bulk criteria known from adaptive strategies for elliptic problems entail a fixed error reduction rate also in the context of transport equations. This turns out to be significantly more difficult than for elliptic problems and at this point we can give a complete affirmative answer for a single spatial dimension. For the general multidimensional case we provide partial results which we find of interest in their own right. An essential distinction from known concepts is that global arguments enter the issue of error reduction. An important ingredient of the underlying analysis, which is perhaps interesting in its own right, is to relate the derived error indicators to the residuals that naturally arise in related least squares formulations. This reveals a close interrelation between both settings regarding error reduction in the context of adaptive refinements.
Homological dimension of elementary amenable groups
Authors: Kropholler Peter H. , Martínez-Pérez Conchita
Published: June 2019

In this paper we prove that the homological dimension of an elementary amenable group over an arbitrary commutative coefficient ring is either infinite or equal to the Hirsch length of the group. Established theory gives simple group theoretical criteria for finiteness of homological dimension and so we can infer complete information about this invariant for elementary amenable groups. Stammbach proved the special case of solvable groups over coefficient fields of characteristic zero in an important paper dating from 1970.
A universal enveloping algebra for cocommutative rack bialgebras
Authors: Krähmer Ulrich , Wagemann Friedrich
Published: June 2019

We construct a bialgebra object in the category of linear maps

ℒ
⁢
ℳ

{\mathcal{LM}}

from a cocommutative rack bialgebra.
The construction does extend to some non-cocommutative rack bialgberas, as is illustrated by a concrete example.
As a separate result, we show that the Loday complex with adjoint coefficients embeds into the rack bialgebra deformation complex for the rack bialgebra defined by a Leibniz algebra.
Comparison and continuity of Wick-type star products on certain coadjoint orbits
Authors: Esposito Chiara , Schmitt Philipp , Waldmann Stefan
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we discuss continuity properties of the Wick-type star product on the 2-sphere, interpreted as a coadjoint orbit.
Star products on coadjoint orbits in general have been constructed by different techniques.
We compare the constructions of Alekseev–Lachowska and Karabegov, and we prove that they agree in general.
In the case of the 2-sphere, we establish the continuity of the star product, thereby allowing for a completion to a Fréchet algebra.
Differentiability of the evolution map and Mackey continuity
Authors: Hanusch Maximilian
Published: June 2019

We solve the differentiability problem for the evolution map in Milnor’s infinite-dimensional setting. We first show that the evolution map of eachCk{C^{k}}-semiregular Lie groupG(fork∈ℕ⊔{lip,∞}{k\in\mathbb{N}\sqcup\{\mathrm{lip},\infty\}}) admits a particular kind of sequentially continuity – called Mackey k-continuity. We then prove that this continuity property is strong enough to ensure differentiability of the evolution map. In particular, this drops any continuity presumptions made in this context so far. Remarkably, Mackey k-continuity arises directly from the regularity problem itself, which makes it particular among the continuity conditions traditionally considered. As an application of the introduced notions, we discuss the strong Trotter property in the sequentially and the Mackey continuous context. We furthermore conclude that if the Lie algebra ofGis a Fréchet space, thenGisCk{C^{k}}-semiregular (fork∈ℕ⊔{∞}{k\in\mathbb{N}\sqcup\{\infty\}}) if and only ifGisCk{C^{k}}-regular.
Linear invariance of intersections on unitary Rapoport–Zink spaces
Authors: Howard Benjamin
Published: June 2019

We prove an invariance property of intersections of Kudla–Rapoport divisors on a unitary Rapoport–Zink space.
A construction of residues of Eisenstein series and related
square-integrable classes in the cohomology of arithmetic groups of low k-rank
Authors: Grbac Neven , Schwermer Joachim
Published: June 2019

The cohomology of an arithmetic congruence subgroup
of a connected reductive algebraic group defined
over a number field is captured in the
automorphic cohomology of that group.
The residual Eisenstein cohomology is by definition the part of the
automorphic cohomology represented by square-integrable
residues of Eisenstein series. The existence of
residual Eisenstein cohomology classes depends on
a subtle combination of geometric conditions (coming
from cohomological reasons) and arithmetic conditions
in terms of analytic properties of automorphic
L-functions (coming from the study of poles
of Eisenstein series). Hence,
there are almost no
unconditional results in the literature regarding the very existence
of non-trivial residual Eisenstein cohomology classes. In this
paper, we show the existence of certain non-trivial residual
cohomology classes in the case of the split symplectic,
and odd and even special orthogonal groups of rank
two, as well as the exceptional group of type

G
2

{\mathrm{G}_{2}}

,
defined over a totally real number field.
The construction of cuspidal automorphic representations of

GL
2

{\mathrm{GL}_{2}}

with
prescribed local and global properties is decisive in this context.
Accessibility on iterated function systems
Authors: Mohtashamipour Maliheh , Zamani Bahabadi Alireza
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we define accessibility on an iterated function system (IFS) and show that it provides a sufficient condition for the transitivity of this system and its corresponding skew product.
Then, by means of a certain tool, we obtain the topologically mixing property.
We also give some results about the ergodicity and stability of accessibility and, further, illustrate accessibility by some examples.
“The most sacred society (thiasos) of the Pythagoreans:” philosophers forming associations
Authors: Harland Philip A.
Published: June 2019

Scholarly use of the label “school” to describe groups of philosophers has sometimes led to a neglect of the ways in which such gatherings of philosophers could function as unofficial associations of recognizable types (e. g. “societies,” θίασοι). Concerns to distance supposedly “secular” philosophers from any “religious” connection have fed into this image of the philosophical “school,” diverting attention away from other important dimensions of associative life among philosophers and other literate professionals (e. g. physicians), including involvement in honours for the gods and in commensal activities. Epigraphic evidence helps to elucidate the broader associative context. The fact that some philosophers formed associations has implications for adjacent fields, such as Christian origins, where there is a tendency to ask whether groups of Jesus followers were socially analogous to a Judean synagogue, an association, or a philosophical school, as though these were distinct options rather than overlapping social phenomena. Such associations of relatively literate people were among the few in antiquity that can also be described using the scholarly category of “reading communities.”
Interpreting Funerary Inscriptions from the City of Rome
Authors: McInerney Jeremy
Published: June 2019

The thousands of funerary inscriptions from the city of Rome published inCILVI are a rich source of demographic data but are also the subject of serious debate regarding the epigraphic habit of the Romans. Do the inscriptions represent a cross-section of Roman society or are they largely the creation of the lower classes? Fixing the milieu from which the inscriptions come is difficult, because the exact status of more than 50 % of the commemorating population is unstated. The first section of the paper lays out the criteria according to which individuals, both those of certain status and those of uncertain status, may be classified as freeborn, freed or servile. The second section tabulates the results and argues that the practice of commemoration by modesttituluswas overwhelmingly a phenomenon of the milieu of the freed. Since this is not a self-perpetuating population (the children of freedmen being freeborn), the prevalence of freedmen in thetitulishows it was among those families in transition from slavery to liberty that titular commemoration was most common. The freed drew attention to their own freedom, and even more proudly advertised the freeborn status of their children.
The New Drivers of Fear of Floating: Evidence from Latin America
Authors: Malagon Jonathan , Orbegozo Camila
Published: June 2019

There exists a consensus in the literature that during the 90s the main reason for fear of floating in emerging economies was the excessive liabilities dollarization, both in private and public sectors, which resulted in central banks’ interventions over the exchange rate. The main objective of these interventions was preventing the negative balance sheet effects originated by currency depreciations. Latin America certainly fits in this description, as convincingly documented by Calvo and Reinhart (Calvo, Guillermo A., and Carmen M. Reinhart. 2002. “Fear of Floating.”Quarterly Journal of Economics117 (2): 379–408.). However, Latin American economies have reduced their debt in foreign currency since the early 2000s. Moreover, these economies extensively increased their amount of international reserves in the last decade and some of them – like Colombia and Mexico – have even reached the IMF’s flexible credit line, which operates as an international lender of last resort. All these changes – lower liability dollarization, higher international reserves, and new collaterals – suggest that the fear of devaluating in Latin America should be lower. Nevertheless, floating has not been the decision in terms of exchange rate policy. Conversely, most of Latin American countries that announced free floating opted for managed floating regimes and discretional interventions, in what can be considered as a new era of fear of floating. This paper finds empirical evidence that the main motivation for fear of floating has changed during the recent boom in commodity prices, 2005–2013, when foreign exchange interventions under flexible regimes were focused on avoiding excessive currency appreciations and apparently preventing Dutch disease.
Two Major Gaps in Global Governance: International Tax Cooperation and Sovereign Debt Crisis Resolution
Authors: Alonso José Antonio
Published: June 2019

The paper focuses on two crucial issues that hinder the fiscal sovereignty of developing countries: the reduced level of international tax cooperation, and the lack of appropriate procedures for sovereign debt crisis resolution. The low level of international tax cooperation enables a “race to the bottom” in tax rates among countries, tax avoidance through profit-shifting activities by companies and tax evasion by individuals and companies, based on the existence of non-cooperative jurisdictions. In the last 5 years, the international community has made some improvements in this field, but the situation remains far from satisfactory. On the other hand, the current procedure for sovereign debt resolution, through negotiations at the Paris Club with the support of the IMF, is not only unfair, but also inefficient. The paper explores alternatives in both fields. Appropriate responses to these international problems would have to show benefits in terms of efficiency and welfare at the global level, and establish fundamentals for countries to take full advantage of their resources, which is a necessary condition for funding policies that will not leave (or push) any nation or social sector behind.
Dynamic Ad Hoc Social Networks in Improvised Intelligence/Counter-Intelligence Exercises: A Department of Homeland Security Red-Team Blue-Team Live-Action Roleplay
Authors: Myers Kellen , DeNegre Ashley , Gallos Lazaros , Lemanski Natalie , Mayberry Alexander , Redere Agnesa , Schwab Samantha , Stringham Oliver , Fefferman Nina H.
Published: June 2019

We discuss a Red Team-Blue Team (RT-BT) study conducted to examine the formation and efficacy of social networks in self-organizing, ad hoc, or crowd-sourced intelligence and counter-intelligence operations in grassroots, improvised communities. Student volunteers were sorted into two teams: one team (Blue) was asked to find puzzle pieces using clues provided by the organizers, with the goal of reconstructing a message contained therein, while the opposing team (Red) was tasked with disrupting this process. While the Blue Team quickly organized into an efficient, centrally-governed structure, the Red Team instead adopted a decentralized, distributed operational network to hinder puzzle completion, using creative and diverse infiltration and disruption methods to interfere in the more centralized, hierarchical organization of their opponents. This exercise shows how untrained, unaffiliated individuals may self-organize into different types of social organizations to accomplish common tasks when aware of potential adversarial organizations, and how these choices may affect their efficacy in accomplishing collaborative clandestine goals.
Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Process Description language Level 1 Version 2.0
Authors: Rougny Adrien , Touré Vasundra , Moodie Stuart , Balaur Irina , Czauderna Tobias , Borlinghaus Hanna , Dogrusoz Ugur , Mazein Alexander , Dräger Andreas , Blinov Michael L. , Villéger Alice , Haw Robin , Demir Emek , Mi Huaiyu , Sorokin Anatoly , Schreiber Falk , Luna Augustin
Published: June 2019

The Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN) is an international community effort that aims to standardise the visualisation of pathways and networks for readers with diverse scientific backgrounds as well as to support an efficient and accurate exchange of biological knowledge between disparate research communities, industry, and other players in systems biology. SBGN comprises the three languages Entity Relationship, Activity Flow, and Process Description (PD) to cover biological and biochemical systems at distinct levels of detail. PD is closest to metabolic and regulatory pathways found in biological literature and textbooks. Its well-defined semantics offer a superior precision in expressing biological knowledge. PD represents mechanistic and temporal dependencies of biological interactions and transformations as a graph. Its different types of nodes include entity pools (e.g. metabolites, proteins, genes and complexes) and processes (e.g. reactions, associations and influences). The edges describe relationships between the nodes (e.g. consumption, production, stimulation and inhibition). This document details Level 1 Version 2.0 of the PD specification, including several improvements, in particular: 1) the addition of the equivalence operator, subunit, and annotation glyphs, 2) modification to the usage of submaps, and 3) updates to clarify the use of various glyphs (i.e. multimer, empty set, and state variable).
Quasi solution of a backward space fractional diffusion equation
Authors: Salehi Shayegan Amir Hossein , Zakeri Ali
Published: June 2019

In this paper, based on a quasi solution approach, i.e., a methodology involving minimization of a least squares cost functional, we study a backward space fractional diffusion equation.
To this end, we give existence and uniqueness theorems of a quasi solution in an appropriate class of admissible initial data.
In addition, in order to approximate the quasi solution, the finite element method is used.
Since the obtained system of linear equations is ill-posed, we apply TSVD regularization.
Finally, three numerical examples are given.
Numerical results reveal the efficiency and applicability of the proposed method.
Preliminary data on density and habitat of carnivores in two protected areas of Burkina Faso (West Africa)
Authors: Hema Emmanuel M. , Dialla Tinsgnimi , Sirima Djidama , Ouattara Yaya , Tou Ismael , Luiselli Luca
Published: June 2019

Apparent density [determined as kilometric index of abundance (KIA), by direct sightings and by droppings along line transects] and habitat use of some species of carnivore mammals were studied in two protected areas of Burkina Faso (Comoé-Leraba and Nazinga). Despite the fact that the dataset was collected throughout several years and with a very high field effort, the amount of data collected was relatively small, and confined just to a few species. There was no effect of the year on the average KIA estimates of the carnivores at this study area, and data from direct sightings along transects estimated lower densities than those coming from droppings collected along the same transects. In terms of habitat type, shrub savannah represented the best habitat type for carnivores, despite being relatively scarcely available along the line transects when compared with woody savannah (especially forCanis adustusandCivettictis civetta).
The Correspondence of Bohuslav Martinů with Josef Munclinger and his Comments on the Stage Direction of the Four-Part Opera Hry o Marii in the Collections of the National Museum
Authors: Jirglová Lucie
Published: June 2019

The collections of the Theatre Department at the National Museum in Prague contain a set of sources that allow us to see how Bohuslav Martinů participated in preparing productions of his stage works. This is a collection of the composer’s correspondence and comments on stage direction written on the occasion of the first Prague performance of the four-part opera Hry o Marii (The Plays of Mary), H 236 in 1936. The text publishes full transcripts of all of these sources with critical commentary. This involves two letters from Bohuslav Martinů addressed to Josef Munclinger, one letter from the management of the National Theatre in Prague to Bohuslav Martinů, and two lists of the composer’s comments on stage direction.
Crystal structure of poly[diaqua-(μ8-1,1′:2′,1′′-terphenyl-3,3′′,4′,5′-tetracarboxylato-κ8
O
1:O
2:O
3:O
4:O
5:O
6:O
7:O
8)dicopper(II)], C22H14Cu2O10
Authors: Li Wenjun , Mai Si Lang Jiu
Published: June 2019

C22H14Cu2O10, orthorhombic, Pccn (no. 56), a = 8.7989(3) Å, b = 10.4284(3) Å, c = 23.6873(6) Å, V = 2173.51(11) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0398, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0969, T = 293(2) K.
Pressure pain thresholds in adults with patellofemoral pain and patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis: a case-control study
Authors: Bartholomew Clare , Edwards Laura , Lack Simon
Published: June 2019

Background and aims

Patellofemoral pain (PFP) and patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis (PFJOA) are common non-self-limiting conditions causing significant pain and disability. The underlying pain pathologies lack consensus with evidence suggesting reduced pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) in adolescent females with PFP and individuals with knee osteoarthritis. A paucity of evidence exists for mixed-sex adults with PFP and PFJOA in isolation. Exploring if pain sensitisation is a dominant feature of PFP and PFJOA may have important implications for the delivery of a patient centred management approach. The primary aim was to measure local and remote PPTs in PFP and PFJOA patients compared to matched controls. Secondary aims were to evaluate the relationship between PPTs and (1) condition severity and (2) knee function.

Methods

13 PFP patients plus 20 matched controls and 15 PFJOA patients plus 34 matched controls were recruited from a UK mixed-sex adult population. Controls were matched on age, sex and activity level. Demographic details, Tegner activity level score, symptom duration, condition severity (Kujala and KOOS-PF scores for PFP and PFJOA, respectively) and knee function (Modified Whatman score rating of five single leg squats) were recorded. PPTs were measured at six sites: five local around the knee, one remote on the contralateral leg. Between-group differences were tested using a two-way mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures. Strength of association between PPTs and condition severity and knee function were tested using Spearman’s rank order correlation.

Results

No statistically significant difference in PPTs were observed between the PFP patients [F(1,31) = 0.687, p = 0.413, η2 = 0.022] or PFJOA patients [F(1,47) = 0.237, p = 0.629, η2 = 0.005] and controls. Furthermore, no correlation was found between PPTs and condition severity or knee function in PFP or PFJOA (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Results suggest mechanical pain sensitisation is not a dominant feature of UK mixed-sex adults with PFP or PFJOA.

Implications

PFP and PFJOA remain persistent pain complaints which may not be well explained by objective measures of sensitivity such as PPTs. The findings suggest that peripheral pain processing changes leading to pain sensitisation is not a key feature in PFP or PFJOA. Instead the underlying pain pathway is likely to remain primary nociceptive, possibly with a subgroup of patients who experience pain sensitisation and might benefit from a more targeted management approach.
Internationale Trajektorien und Trends im Recht der Personengesellschaften
Authors: Fleischer Holger , Cools Sofie
Published: June 2019

Das Recht der Personengesellschaften ist in Bewegung. National und international schicken sich Reformgesetzgeber an, den überkommenen Regelbestand zu modernisieren und auf den neuesten Stand zu bringen. Der vorliegende Beitrag unternimmt es, die Trajektorien der verschiedenen Personengesellschaftsformen von ihren Ursprüngen bis in die jüngste Gegenwart nachzuzeichnen. Er unterrichtet zunächst in historisch-vergleichender Perspektive über die Entwicklung von societas, commenda und compagnia sowie ihren modernen Ausformungen im In- und Ausland. Sodann widmet er sich der Welle jüngerer und jüngster Reformgesetze und -entwürfe sowie ihren jeweiligen Motiven und Zielsetzungen. Auf breiter rechtsvergleichender Grundlage arbeitet er schließlich die wesentlichen Trends und Neuerungen im modernen Personengesellschaftsrecht heraus.
The Thermodynamic and pH Metric Binding Studies of Cu+2 Ions with Egg Protein by Spectrometric and Diffusion Current Techniques
Authors: Acharya Shveta , Sharma Arun Kumar
Published: June 2019

Transition metals have unique efficacy in catalyzing various industrial reactions and also in living system, the redox reaction and redox changes in the metal ions catalyzed valence changes in the substrate molecule. The survey of the existing literature revealed that the binding of Molybdenum, Vanadium, Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Nickel and Cobalt with the protein is well known but no binding studies of copper metal with egg protein are reported. With a view to extend the existing knowledge of ecological nature of metal-protein system, it was thought of interest to investigate the properties of metal-protein mixture. Investigations on the aspects of these binding problems were planned and their bindings constants have been determined using suitable physico-chemical methods. The pH metric, diffusion current measurements, spectrophotometric methods have been used on the binding of copper ions with albumin. The effect of physico-chemical factors on interaction between divalent metal ion i.e. copper with albumin has been discussed. On the basis of observed results, it is found that the binding data were dependent on pH and temperature. From scatchard plots, the intrinsic association constants (k) and the number of binding sites (n) were calculated and found high at lower pH and temperatures. Therefore, a lower temperature and lower pH offered more sites in the protein molecule for interaction with copper (II) ions. The enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) changes, free energy change (ΔG°) have been calculated.