bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considerations Regarding Environmental Aspects of Risk Management in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Albu Mădălina
Published: April 2018

The current global industry depends to a large extent on oil, gas and products. Hydrocarbons form of oil and its derivatives have become the main source of energy for the majority population. Crude oil, through its many uses is very important because it is cleaner than coal and cheaper and easier to transport than natural gas. Sometimes it called "black gold" and provides nearly half of the energy used in the world. Without it, would block transportation and large industrial equipment or thermal power plants could not operate.All activities of an organization involve risks and risk management is the process of substantiating the decision, taking into account the effects of uncertainty on objectives materialize and the establishment of measures and actions needed. To have the expected effectiveness within the organization, risk management must become an integral part of the administration, politics and culture of the organization. Environmental risk management differs significantly from other types of risk management due to the fact that its particular characteristics reflecting the complexity of the environmentEnvironmental risk management is an integral part of the overall management system. Establishing detailed integration or interaction management system risk management system or environmental management systems implemented by the organization must not lead to increase resources needed for this process.Safety and environmental issues top the agenda remains in the oil and gas companies when it comes to risk management. Oil and natural gas, both extraction and transport, has a range of important risks both to workers from these activities by accidents at work are exposed to people from neighboring villages (major accident) and for the environment.This paper presents theoretical and practical considerations regarding the implementation of the concept of risk management in their activity in the oil and gas industry and emphasizes the aspects of the environmental risks of oil industry. In the first part of the paper theoretical considerations are made on risk management and risk management standard. In the second part also presents practical aspects of how risk management is implemented in the oil and gas industry.
Transportation on the Lower Danube - Current Issues
Authors: Savu Ionel Dănuț , Ciupitu Ion
Published: April 2018

The paper aims to present the main issues related to the transportation on Danube on the Romanian’s sector. The paper contains information on the Romanian ports and on the specificity of navigation in the named area, both of them involving specific problems, requirements and limitations for the cargos dimensions and for the types and number of the ships able to navigate the low Danube. Analysis of the influence of new bridge on the Danube on the port is brought, as well.
Romanian E-Commerce Trends
Authors: Miroslav Silviu Valentin , Popescu Mirona Ana Maria
Published: April 2018

Our lives changed completely in the last years, this is to the creation and highly utilization of the Internet. Before we used to wait for our mails in the post for weeks, calling abroad was an expensive option definitely not fit for everyday using, and many other examples, but today the things are different. Everything changed, now we can send e-mails, now we can make free calls with different websites and applications, we can send free messages, we can meet people, we can do a lot of things over the internet, but the most important aspect for us is that now we can even make our shopping online. The Internet caused a revolution in selling nearly everybody who uses an internet connection bought something online. We are becoming very close to say goodbye to the conventional shopping, yes we will still go to buy bread, toilet paper and make the grocery from the hypermarket or from mega image, BUT we already started to buy our clothing online, to buy our electronics online, we pay for the holidays online, we even take medicine from the online medium, and this is not the start, for some of us we already very used buying our stuff online. The Romanias are great buyers, in 2016 Romanian people spent more than 1.8 Billion Eur, and this is only for shopping, not for service payments, like bills payments, tickets to events and concerts, and without holidays payments, like plane tickets or hotel reservations.
Calcium-Doped Y114 Layered Cobalt Perovskite, a Promising Anodic Material for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Craia-Joldes Victor Daniel , Dan Mircea Laurentiu , Duca Delia Andrada , Vaszilcsin Nicolae
Published: April 2018

In this paper, calcium doped cobalt layered perovskite type 114 electrode electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in aqueous alkaline solution (1 M KOH) has been investigated in order to find the relationship between methanol concentration in the solution and oxidation potential, current density, and oxidation efficiency. For a complete characterization of MOR on this electrode, several electrochemical methods were used: chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, chronocoulometry. Also, in order to understand the oxidation mechanism, kinetic parameters were determined using Tafel method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed. MOR on layered cobalt perovskite electrodes becomes a serious issue, especially due to their use as anode in alkaline fuel cells.
Combined Application of Composite Powders WC-Co and Additives of Nanoparticles as an Effective Method of Improving the Properties of Hard Metals
Authors: Gordeev Yuri I. , Yasinski Vitaly B. , Binchurov Aleksandr S. , Anistratenko Nikolay E. , Nikolaenko Irina V.
Published: April 2018

The results of experimental studies show that the use of composite powders (WC-Co) in combination with the modification by the additives of ceramic nanoparticles allows controlling the parameters of the microstructure and increasing the strength of the binder and the level of physical and mechanical properties of the hard metal in general. The coating of carbide particles with a layer of a binder is an effective starting method that allows to obtain a bulk compound that preserves the unique properties of the initial nanopowders and ensures a uniform distribution of the phases (WC, Co, Al2O3). Such multiphase fragmentary nanostructured composite is characterized by additional heterogeneity, determined by the differences in size and elastic properties of the phases. By combining the sizes and properties of the phase components in such heterogeneous composite, it is possible to increase the fracture energy (i.e. Palmqvist fracture toughness) up to 20 - 22 MPa∙m1/2 as a result of inhibition on inclusions of nanoparticles the stress relaxation and change in the trajectory of the intergranular crack. Based on the proposed stereological models and experimentally established relationships between composition and microstructure parameters, the required volume concentrations of nanoparticles’ additives and composite powders (WC-Co) were determined.
Occurrence Regularities of Nitrogen Defects in the Ural Type Crystal Diamonds from Different Regions
Authors: Nefedov Yuriy Viktorovich , Klepikov Igor Vyacheslavovich
Published: April 2018

The collection of the Ural, Anabar and Brazilian diamonds is studied by infrared spectrometry method. For the reconstruction of the thermal formation conditions of diamond crystals, V. Taylor’s diagrams are made with the calculated isotherms. Graphs of the ratio of B1 and B2 defects are drawn. Conclusions about the thermal conditions of the Ural diamonds formation and their possible affinity to the specific and type of indigenous sources are made.
Geochemical Features of Au-Te Epithermal Ores of the Samolazovskoye Deposit (Central Aldan Ore District, Yakutia)
Authors: Bushuev Yackov Yur’evich , Leontev Vasilii Ivanovich , Machevariani Maria M.
Published: April 2018

The Samolazovskoye deposit (Central Aldan ore region, Russia) is confined to the porphyry syenite lopolith (J3-K1), localized between the granitic gneiss Archean basement and the series of the Vendian-Lower Cambrian carbonate cover rocks. Four hydrothermal-metasomatic parageneses have been identified within the deposit: skarn paragenesis, developed on the syenites and carbonate cover rocks contact; so called «gumbaite» paragenesis (kalifeldspar + fluorite + carbonate ± quartz), superimposed on the intrusive massif rocks; feldspatholitic paragenesis (quartz + feldspar), developed in the granitic gneisses of the crystalline basement; ore-bearing fluorite-roscoelite-carbonate-quartz paragenesis, superimposed on all of the above. The article compares ores evolved within gumbaitic syenites, basement feldspatholites and breccias, composed of all the above-mentioned rocks clasts. The geochemical study of given ores, resulted in two identified elements associations: gold-telluride (Au, Sb, As, V, Tl, Te, Hg, W) related to the fluorite-roscoelite-carbonate-quartz hydrothermal-metasomatic paragenesis and (uranium)-polymetallic (Bi, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo, Se, Li, U), associated with the syenites gumbaitization (?). There is only gold-telluride association within the basement ore bodies, while the ore bodies localized in the syenites intrusion hold both associations, along with the Au and Ag contents being an order of magnitude higher. Breccia ores are characterized by the maximum concentrations of the ore elements. Gold-telluride association of the Samoazovsky deposit ores is specific to epithermal Au-Te mineralization associated with alkaline (A-type) magmatism.
The Frequency-Domain Algorithm for Ultrasonic Imaging of Complex-Shaped Objects
Authors: Dolmatov Dmitry , Sednev Dmitriy A. , Pinchuk Roman
Published: April 2018

The algorithms based on Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique are aimed at the determination of the imageries of the flaws in controlled objects. Ultrasonic imaging of complex-shaped objects requires specific algorithms which are able to take into account the complicated character of ultrasonic waves propagation. In this article, we suggested the novel frequency-domain algorithm for ultrasonic imaging of complex-shaped objects. This algorithm is based on Phase –shift migration theory and Stolt transform. The evaluation of suggested technique was done by the application of raw ultrasonic data which was obtained by using computer simulations. Derived results show that proposed algorithm is able to make accurate and precise imaging of flaws in complex-shaped objects.
Dynamic Analysis of a Three-Dimensional Poroelastic Beam Using the Boundary-Element Method
Authors: Petrov Andrey , Igumnov Leonid A.
Published: April 2018

The problem of the effect of a normal harmonic force on a porous beam in a 3D formulation is solved using the boundary-element method. A homogeneous fully saturated elastic porous medium is described using Biot’s mathematical model. The effect of the porosity and permeability parameters on the deflection of the beam and the distribution of pore pressure over the beam thickness is investigated. The comparison of the boundary-element solution with a 2D numerical-analytical one is given.
Development of an Equipment Model in Chlorine Liquefaction Process
Authors: Muravyova Elena Alexandrovna , Kubryak Alexander Ivanovich
Published: April 2018

The article describes the development of a mathematical model for a condenser-evaporator, which occupies a central position in chlorine liquefaction process. The model describes the key processes in the equipment unit: freon evaporation, chlorine condensation, change in freon level and in equipment pressure. The model is based on the equations characterizing the processes mentioned above, which makes it possible to use the model for design and calculations of non-contact heat transfer equipment with phase transitions of heat carriers of various characteristics. The simulation was carried out with the aim of further development of a condenser-evaporator control system.
Water Conservation in Conditions of Water Withdrawal from Surface Water Sources
Authors: Strelkov Alexander , Teplykh Svetlana , Gorshkalev Pavel , Bystranova Anastasia
Published: April 2018

The paper aims to assess fish fauna current state and water withdrawal impact on biological water resources. It also describes a plan of fish stock restoration designed for a certain real object to compensate for the damage caused and analyses results of its implementations.
Determination of the Optimal LNG Plant Location in the Gas Supply Area Plan
Authors: Medvedeva Oksana , Fominykh Gleb
Published: April 2018

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is rather competitive and can act as an alternative fuel. Zone determination for economically expedient use of this energy resource is a necessary prerequisite for solving an important task - providing consumers with gas fuel. Development of scientific bases of calculation and design of autonomous gas supply systems on the basis of liquefied natural gas is an urgent scientific and technical task that takes into account the variability of the determining factors and characteristics of the modern gas supply systems. This requires a comprehensive solution of a number of problems, the main ones are a method for the optimal functioning of the autonomous gas supply systems; development of a method for determining the optimal location of the LNG plant ; development of methods of calculation of key parameters of natural gas in the transportation scheme and the use of LNG; technical-economic substantiation of expediency of application of the developed technical solutions in the field of autonomous gas supply, remote from the gas network. The article presents the results of technical and economic studies of gas distribution systems based on liquefied natural gas, proposed a numerical algorithm and its computer implementation to determine the location of the plant for liquefying gas. Conducted calculations and comparative analysis show that LNG-based gas supply systems will provide fuel for consumers located at considerable distance from the source of gas supply (main gas pipeline or gas distribution station).
Farnesyltransferase Inhibition Exacerbates Eosinophilic Inflammation and Airway Hyperreactivity in Mice with Experimental Asthma: The Complex Roles of Ras GTPase and Farnesylpyrophosphate in Type 2 Allergic Inflammation
Authors: Bratt Jennifer M. , Chang Kevin Y. , Rabowsky Michelle , Franzi Lisa M. , Ott Sean P. , Filosto Simone , Goldkorn Tzipora , Arif Muhammad , Last Jerold A. , Kenyon Nicholas J. , Zeki Amir A.
Published: April 2018

Ras, a small GTPase protein, is thought to mediate Th2-dependent eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. Ras requires cell membrane association for its biological activity, and this requires the posttranslational modification of Ras with an isoprenyl group by farnesyltransferase (FTase) or geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase). We hypothesized that inhibition of FTase using FTase inhibitor (FTI)–277 would attenuate allergic asthma by depleting membrane-associated Ras. We used the OVA mouse model of allergic inflammation and human airway epithelial (HBE1) cells to determine the role of FTase in inflammatory cell recruitment. BALB/c mice were first sensitized then exposed to 1% OVA aerosol or filtered air, and half were injected daily with FTI-277 (20 mg/kg per day). Treatment of mice with FTI-277 had no significant effect on lung membrane–anchored Ras, Ras protein levels, or Ras GTPase activity. In OVA-exposed mice, FTI-277 treatment increased eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and airway hyperreactivity. Human bronchial epithelial (HBE1) cells were pretreated with 5, 10, or 20 μM FTI-277 prior to and during 12 h IL-13 (20 ng/ml) stimulation. In HBE1 cells, FTase inhibition with FTI-277 had no significant effect on IL-13–induced STAT6 phosphorylation, eotaxin-3 peptide secretion, or Ras translocation. However, addition of exogenous FPP unexpectedly augmented IL-13–induced STAT6 phosphorylation and eotaxin-3 secretion from HBE1 cells without affecting Ras translocation. Pharmacological inhibition of FTase exacerbates allergic asthma, suggesting a protective role for FTase or possibly Ras farnesylation. FPP synergistically augments epithelial eotaxin-3 secretion, indicating a novel Ras-independent farnesylation mechanism or direct FPP effect that promotes epithelial eotaxin-3 production in allergic asthma.
Comparison of Heterosubtypic Protection in Ferrets and Pigs Induced by a Single-Cycle Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Holzer Barbara , Morgan Sophie B. , Matsuoka Yumi , Edmans Matthew , Salguero Francisco J. , Everett Helen , Brookes Sharon M. , Porter Emily , MacLoughlin Ronan , Charleston Bryan , Subbarao Kanta , Townsend Alain , Tchilian Elma
Published: April 2018

Influenza is a major health threat, and a broadly protective influenza vaccine would be a significant advance. Signal Minus FLU (S-FLU) is a candidate broadly protective influenza vaccine that is limited to a single cycle of replication, which induces a strong cross-reactive T cell response but a minimal Ab response to hemagglutinin after intranasal or aerosol administration. We tested whether an H3N2 S-FLU can protect pigs and ferrets from heterosubtypic H1N1 influenza challenge. Aerosol administration of S-FLU to pigs induced lung tissue-resident memory T cells and reduced lung pathology but not the viral load. In contrast, in ferrets, S-FLU reduced viral replication and aerosol transmission. Our data show that S-FLU has different protective efficacy in pigs and ferrets, and that in the absence of Ab, lung T cell immunity can reduce disease severity without reducing challenge viral replication.
Evaluation in and for democracy: Perspectives from South Africa
Authors: Ofir Zenda
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.
Modified U-Shaped ileal neobladder designed for facilitating neobladder-urethral anastomosis in extracorporeal reconstruction after robotic-assisted radical cystectomy
Authors: Hu Su-Wei , Wu Chia-Chang , Chen Kuan-Chou , Ho Chen-Hsun
Published: April 2018

Background/Objective:

To report the initial experience and the early outcomes of a modified U-shaped ileal neobladder, which was developed to facilitate the neobladder-urethral anastomosis by minimizing the anastomotic tension.

Patients and Methods:

Between June 2015 and December 2016, two male and two female patients (median age: 65.5 years, range: 43–72 years) underwent the modified U-shaped ileal neobladder after robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). The most mobile and dependent ileal segment was first selected intracorporeally as the site for later neobladder-urethral anastomosis. The neobladder was formed extracorporeally, and the previously selected ileal segment formed the most dependent portion of the neobladder. The neobladder-urethral anastomosis was completed after robotic redocking.

Results:

The median follow-up was 8 months (3–21 months). The median operative time, console time, and extracorporeal reconstruction time were 620 min (534–674 min), 372 min (314–420 min), and 151 min (128–215 min), respectively. In all patients, the neobladder-urethral anastomosis was completed intracorporeally with minimal tension. The median hospital time after the surgery was 14.5 days (14–19 days). Postoperatively, the median peak flow rate and void volume were 10 ml/s (4–35 ml/s) and 258 ml (88–775 ml). The median postvoid residual was 20 ml (10–53 ml). At daytime, two were completely continent; the other two reported mild (1–2 pads) and moderate (>2 pads) incontinence at the postoperative 3 and 4 months, respectively. Three reported nocturnal enuresis.

Conclusions:

Our initial experience demonstrated that the modified U-shaped neobladder designed for minimizing the anastomotic tension is safe and feasible with its satisfactory functional outcomes.
Discrete Geometry
Authors: Bárány Imre , Goaoc Xavier , Rote Günter
Published: April 2018

A number of important recent developments in various branches of discrete geometry were presented at the workshop. The presentations illustrated both the diversity of the area and its strong connections to other fields of mathematics such as topology, combinatorics or algebraic geometry. The open questions abound and many of the results presented were obtained by young researchers, confirming the great vitality of discrete geometry.
Algebraic Statistics
Authors: Drton Mathias , Kahle Thomas , Sturmfels Bernd , Uhler Caroline
Published: April 2018

Algebraic Statistics is concerned with the interplay of techniques from commutative algebra, combinatorics, (real) algebraic geometry, and related fields with problems arising in statistics and data science. This workshop was the first at Oberwolfach dedicated to this emerging subject area. The participants highlighted recent achievements in this field, explored exciting new applications, and mapped out future directions for research.
Computational Inverse Problems for Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Borcea Liliana , Hohage Thorsten , Kaltenbacher Barbara
Published: April 2018

The problem of determining unknown quantities in a PDE from measurements of (part of) the solution to this PDE arises in a wide range of applications in science, technology, medicine, and finance. The unknown quantity may e.g. be a coefficient, an initial or a boundary condition, a source term, or the shape of a boundary. The identification of such quantities is often computationally challenging and requires profound knowledge of the analytical properties of the underlying PDE as well as numerical techniques. The focus of this workshop was on applications in phase retrieval, imaging with waves in random media, and seismology of the Earth and the Sun, a further emphasis was put on stochastic aspects in the context of uncertainty quantification and parameter identification in stochastic differential equations. Many open problems and mathematical challenges in application fields were addressed, and intensive discussions provided an insight into the high potential of joining deep knowledge in numerical analysis, partial differential equations, and regularization, but also in mathematical statistics, homogenization, optimization, differential geometry, numerical linear algebra, and variational analysis to tackle these challenges.
The effects of sea spray and atmosphere–wave coupling on air–sea exchange during a tropical cyclone
Authors: Garg Nikhil , Ng Eddie Yin Kwee , Narasimalu Srikanth
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The study investigates the role of the air–sea interface using numerical
simulations of Hurricane Arthur (2014) in the Atlantic. More specifically,
the present study aims to discern the role ocean surface waves and sea spray play
in modulating the intensity and structure of a tropical cyclone (TC). To
investigate the effects of ocean surface waves and sea spray, numerical
simulations were carried out using a coupled atmosphere–wave model, whereby a
sea spray microphysical model was incorporated within the coupled model.
Furthermore, this study also explores how sea spray generation can be
modelled using wave energy dissipation due to whitecaps; whitecaps are
considered as the primary mode of spray droplets generation at hurricane
intensity wind speeds. Three different numerical simulations including the sea-
state-dependent momentum flux, the sea-spray-mediated heat flux, and a combination
of the former two processes with the sea-spray-mediated momentum flux were conducted.
The foregoing numerical simulations were evaluated against the National Data
Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy and satellite altimeter measurements as well as a
control simulation using an uncoupled atmosphere model. The results indicate
that the model simulations were able to capture the storm track and
intensity: the surface wave coupling results in a stronger TC.
Moreover, it is also noted that when only spray-mediated heat fluxes are
applied in conjunction with the sea-state-dependent momentum flux, they result in
a slightly weaker TC, albeit stronger compared to the control simulation.
However, when a spray-mediated momentum flux is applied together with spray
heat fluxes, it results in a comparably stronger TC. The results presented
here allude to the role surface friction plays in the intensification of a TC.
Black carbon, organic carbon, and co-pollutant emissions and energy efficiency from artisanal brick production in Mexico
Authors: Zavala Miguel , Molina Luisa T. , Maiz Pablo , Monsivais Israel , Chow Judith C. , Watson John G. , Munguia Jose Luis , Cardenas Beatriz , Fortner Edward C. , Herndon Scott C. , Roscioli Joseph R. , Kolb Charles E. , Knighton Walter B.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In many parts of the developing world and economies in transition, small-scale traditional brick kilns are a notorious source of urban air pollution. Many are both energy inefficient and burn highly polluting fuels that emit significant levels of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and other atmospheric pollutants into local communities, resulting in severe health and environmental impacts. However, only a very limited number of studies are available on the emission characteristics of brick kilns; thus, there is a need to characterize their gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emission factors to better assess their overall contribution to emissions inventories and to quantify their ecological, human health, and climate impacts. In this study, the fuel-, energy-, and brick-based emissions factors and time-based emission ratios of BC, OC, inorganic PM components, CO, SO2, CH4, NOx, and selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from three artisanal brick kilns with different designs in Mexico were quantified using the tracer ratio sampling technique. Simultaneous measurements of PM components, CO, and CO2 were also obtained using a sampling probe technique. Additional measurements included the internal temperature of the brick kilns, mechanical resistance of bricks produced, and characteristics of fuels employed. Average fuel-based BC emission factors ranged from 0.15 to 0.58 g (kg fuel)−1, whereas BC∕OC mass ratios ranged from 0.9 to 5.2, depending on the kiln type. The results show that both techniques capture similar temporal profiles of the brick kiln emissions and produce comparable emission factors. A more integrated inter-comparison of the brick kilns' performances was obtained by simultaneously assessing emissions factors, energy efficiency, fuel consumption, and the quality of the bricks produced.
Source regions contributing to excess reactive nitrogen deposition in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) of the United States
Authors: Zhang Rui , Thompson Tammy M. , Barna Michael G. , Hand Jennifer L. , McMurray Jill A. , Bell Michael D. , Malm William C. , Schichtel Bret A.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Research has shown that excess reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) of the United States has passed critical load thresholds and is adversely affecting sensitive ecosystems in this area. To better understand the sources causing excess Nr deposition, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx), using Western Air Quality Study (WAQS) emission and meteorology inputs, was used to simulate Nr deposition in the GYA. CAMx's Particulate Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT) was employed to estimate contributions from agriculture (AG), oil and gas (OG), fire (Fire), and other (Other) source sectors from 27 regions, including the model boundary conditions (BC) representative of international contributions, to the simulated Nr for 2011. Emissions from the AG and Other source sectors are predominantly from reduced N and oxidized N compounds, respectively. The model evaluation revealed a systematic underestimation in ammonia (NH3) concentrations by 65 % and overestimation in nitric acid concentrations by 108 %. The measured inorganic N wet deposition at National Trend Network sites in the GYA was overestimated by 31–49 %, due at least partially to an overestimation of precipitation. Source apportionment results showed that the AG sector was the single largest contributor to the GYA total Nr deposition, contributing 34 % on an annual basis. Seventy-four percent of the AG contributions originated from the Idaho Snake River valley, with Wyoming, California, and northern Utah contributing another 7 %, 5 %, 20 and 4 % respectively. Contributions from the OG sector were small at about 1 % over the GYA, except in the southern Wind River Mountain Range during winter where they accounted for more than 10 %, with 46 % of these contributions coming from OG activities in Wyoming. Wild and prescribed fires contributed 18 % of the total Nr deposition, with fires within the GYA having the highest impact. The five largest source area contributions to the annual total Nr deposition in the GYA were 1) the Snake River valley (3 8 % with AG 68 %, OG 2 %, Fire 15 %, and Other 16 %); 2) BC (21 %); 3) Wyoming (12 % with AG 19 %, OG 5 %, Fire 38 %, and Other 39 %); 4) California (7 % with AG 26 %, OG 1 %, Fire 14 %, and Other 59 %); and 5) northern Utah (6 % with AG 25 %, OG 2 %, Fire 10 %, and 25 Other 63 %). These results suggest that Nr deposition over the GYA, especially in the western region, was above the critical loads for sensitive ecosystems, and 22 AG from the Snake River valley was the largest contributor. Distant source regions were also important, with large contributions from the BC, i.e., international source regions.
Phytoplankton response to a plume front in the northern South China Sea
Authors: Li Qian P. , Zhou Weiwen , Chen Yinchao , Wu Zhengchao
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Due to a strong river discharge during April–June 2016, a persistent
salinity front, with freshwater flushing seaward on the surface but seawater
moving landward at the bottom, was formed in the coastal waters west of the
Pearl River estuary (PRE) over the northern South China Sea (NSCS) shelf.
Hydrographic measurements revealed that the salinity front was influenced by
both the river plume and coastal upwelling. On shipboard nutrient-enrichment
experiments with size-fractionation chlorophyll a measurements were taken
on both sides of the front as well as in the frontal zone to diagnose the
spatial variations of phytoplankton physiology across the frontal system. We
also assessed the size-fractionated responses of phytoplankton to the
treatment of plume water at the frontal zone and the sea side of the front.
The biological impact of vertical mixing or upwelling was further examined by
the response of surface phytoplankton to the addition of local bottom water.
Our results suggested that there was a large variation in phytoplankton
physiology on the sea side of the front, driven by dynamic nutrient fluxes,
although P limitation was prevailing on the shore side of the front and at
the frontal zone. The spreading of plume water at the frontal zone would
directly improve the growth of microphytoplankton, while nano- and
picophytoplankton growths could have become saturated at high percentages of
plume water. Also, the mixing of bottom water would stimulate the growth of
surface phytoplankton on both sides of the front by altering the surface
N∕P ratio to make it closer to the Redfield stoichiometry. In summary,
phytoplankton growth and physiology could be profoundly influenced by the
physical dynamics in the frontal system during the spring–summer of 2016.
The response of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow metabolism to CO2 levels and hydrodynamic exchange determined with aquatic eddy covariance
Authors: Koopmans Dirk , Holtappels Moritz , Chennu Arjun , Weber Miriam , de Beer Dirk
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We investigated light, water velocity, and CO2 as drivers of primary production in Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows and neighboring bare sands using the aquatic eddy covariance technique. Study locations included an open-water meadow and a nearshore meadow, the nearshore meadow being exposed to greater hydrodynamic exchange. A third meadow was located at a CO2 vent. We found that, despite the oligotrophic environment, the meadows had a remarkably high metabolic activity, up to 20 times higher than the surrounding sands. They were strongly autotrophic, with net production half of gross primary production. Thus, P. oceanica meadows are oases of productivity in an unproductive environment. Secondly, we found that turbulent oxygen fluxes above the meadow can be significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning at the same light levels. This hysteresis can be explained by the replenishment of nighttime-depleted oxygen within the meadow during the morning. Oxygen depletion and replenishment within the meadow do not contribute to turbulent O2 flux. The hysteresis disappeared when fluxes were corrected for the O2 storage within the meadow and, consequently, accurate metabolic rate measurements require measurements of meadow oxygen content. We further argue that oxygen-depleted waters in the meadow provide a source of CO2 and inorganic nutrients for fixation, especially in the morning. Contrary to expectation, meadow metabolic activity at the CO2 vent was lower than at the other sites, with negligible net primary production.
Juniper tree-ring data from the Kuramenian Mountains (Republic of Tajikistan), reveals changing summer drought signals in western Central Asia
Authors: Chen Feng , Zhang Tongwen , Seim Andrea , Yu Shulong , Zhang Ruibo , Linderholm Hans W. , Kobuliev Zainalobudin V. , Ahmadov Ahsan , Kodirov Anvar
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Coniferous forests cover the mountains in many parts of central Asia and provide large potentials for dendroclimatic studies of past climate variability. However, to date, only a few tree-ring based climate reconstructions exist from this region. Here we present a regional tree-ring chronology from moisture-sensitive Juniperus seravschanica from the Kuramenian Mountains (Republic of Tajikistan), which is used to reveal past summer drought variability in western Central Asia. The chronology accounts for 40.5 % of the variance of the June–July self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) during the instrumental period (1901 to 2012). Seven dry periods including 1659–1696, 1705–1722, 1731–1741, 1758–1790, 1800–1842, 1860–1875 and 1931–1987, and five wet periods of 1742–1752, 1843–1859, 1876–1913, 1921–1930 and 1988–2015 were identified. Good agreements between drought records from western and eastern Central Asia suggest that the PDSI records retain common drought signals and captures the regional dry/wet periods of Central Asia. Moreover, the wavelet analysis indicates the existence of centennial (100–150 years), decadal (50–60, 24.4 and 11.4 years) and interannual (8.0 and 2.0-3.5 years) cycles, which may linked with climate forcings, such as solar activity and ENSO. The analysis between the scPDSI reconstruction and large-scale atmospheric circulations during the reconstructed extreme dry and wet years can provide information about the linkages of extremes in our scPDSI record with the Asian summer monsoon activity.
Global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of an atmospheric chemistry transport model: the FRAME model (version 9.15.0) as a case study
Authors: Aleksankina Ksenia , Heal Mathew R. , Dore Anthony J. , Van Oijen Marcel , Reis Stefan
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric chemistry transport models (ACTMs) are widely used to underpin policy decisions associated with the impact of potential changes in emissions on future pollutant concentrations and deposition. It is therefore essential to have a quantitative understanding of the uncertainty in model output arising from uncertainties in the input pollutant emissions. ACTMs incorporate complex and non-linear descriptions of chemical and physical processes which means that interactions and non-linearities in input–output relationships may not be revealed through the local one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis typically used. The aim of this work is to demonstrate a global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis approach for an ACTM, using as an example the FRAME model, which is extensively employed in the UK to generate source–receptor matrices for the UK Integrated Assessment Model and to estimate critical load exceedances. An optimised Latin hypercube sampling design was used to construct model runs within ±40 % variation range for the UK emissions of SO2, NOx, and NH3, from which regression coefficients for each input–output combination and each model grid ( >  10 000 across the UK) were calculated. Surface concentrations of SO2, NOx, and NH3 (and of deposition of S and N) were found to be predominantly sensitive to the emissions of the respective pollutant, while sensitivities of secondary species such as HNO3 and particulate SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ to pollutant emissions were more complex and geographically variable. The uncertainties in model output variables were propagated from the uncertainty ranges reported by the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory for the emissions of SO2, NOx, and NH3 (±4, ±10, and ±20 % respectively). The uncertainties in the surface concentrations of NH3 and NOx and the depositions of NHx and NOy were dominated by the uncertainties in emissions of NH3, and NOx respectively, whilst concentrations of SO2 and deposition of SOy were affected by the uncertainties in both SO2 and NH3 emissions. Likewise, the relative uncertainties in the modelled surface concentrations of each of the secondary pollutant variables (NH4+, NO3−, SO42−, and HNO3) were due to uncertainties in at least two input variables. In all cases the spatial distribution of relative uncertainty was found to be geographically heterogeneous. The global methods used here can be applied to conduct sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of other ACTMs.
A simple tool for refining GCM water availability projections,
applied to Chinese catchments
Authors: Osborne Joe M. , Lambert F. Hugo
Published: April 2018

Abstract. There is a growing desire for reliable 21st-century projections of water availability at the regional scale. Global climate models (GCMs) are typically used together with global hydrological models (GHMs) to generate such projections. GCMs alone are unsuitable, especially if they have biased representations of aridity. The Budyko framework describes how water availability varies as a non-linear function of aridity and is used here to constrain projections of runoff from GCMs, without the need for computationally expensive GHMs. Considering a Chinese case study, we first apply the framework to observations to show that the contribution of direct human impacts (water consumption) to the significant decline in Yellow river runoff was greater than the contribution of aridity change by a factor of approximately 2, although we are unable to rule out a significant contribution from the net effect of all other factors. We then show that the Budyko framework can be used to narrow the range of Yellow river runoff projections by 34 %, using a multi-model ensemble and the high end RCP8.5 emissions scenario. This increases confidence that the Yellow river will see an increase in runoff due to aridity change by the end of the 21st century. Yangtze river runoff projections change little, since aridity biases in GCMs are less substantial. Our approach serves as a quick and inexpensive tool to rapidly update and correct projections from GCMs alone. This could serve as a valuable resource when determining the water management policies required to alleviate water stress for future generations.
A new method, with application, for analysis of the impacts on flood risk of widely distributed enhanced hillslope storage
Authors: Metcalfe Peter , Beven Keith , Hankin Barry , Lamb Rob
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Enhanced hillslope storage is utilised in “natural” flood management in
order to retain overland storm run-off and to reduce connectivity between fast
surface flow pathways and the channel. Examples include excavated ponds,
deepened or bunded accumulation areas, and gullies and ephemeral channels
blocked with wooden barriers or debris dams. The performance of large, distributed networks of such measures is poorly
understood. Extensive schemes can potentially retain large quantities of
run-off, but there are indications that much of their effectiveness can be
attributed to desynchronisation of sub-catchment flood waves.
Inappropriately sited measures may therefore increase, rather than mitigate,
flood risk. Fully distributed hydrodynamic models have been applied in
limited studies but introduce significant computational complexity. The
longer run times of such models also restrict their use for uncertainty
estimation or evaluation of the many potential configurations and storm
sequences that may influence the timings and magnitudes of flood waves. Here a simplified overland flow-routing module and semi-distributed
representation of enhanced hillslope storage is developed. It is applied to
the headwaters of a large rural catchment in Cumbria, UK, where the use of
an extensive network of storage features is proposed as a flood mitigation
strategy. The models were run within a Monte Carlo framework against data
for a 2-month period of extreme flood events that caused significant
damage in areas downstream. Acceptable realisations and likelihood
weightings were identified using the GLUE uncertainty estimation framework.
Behavioural realisations were rerun against the catchment model modified
with the addition of the hillslope storage. Three different drainage rate
parameters were applied across the network of hillslope storage. The study demonstrates that schemes comprising widely distributed hillslope
storage can be modelled effectively within such a reduced complexity
framework. It shows the importance of drainage rates from storage features
while operating through a sequence of events. We discuss limitations in the
simplified representation of overland flow-routing and representation and
storage, and how this could be improved using experimental evidence. We
suggest ways in which features could be grouped more strategically and thus
improve the performance of such schemes.
Brief communication: Unabated wastage of the Juneau and Stikine icefields (southeast Alaska) in the early 21st century
Authors: Berthier Etienne , Larsen Christopher , Durkin William J. , Willis Michael J. , Pritchard Matthew E.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The large Juneau and Stikine icefields (Alaska) lost mass rapidly in the
second part of the 20th century. Laser altimetry, gravimetry and field
measurements suggest continuing mass loss in the early 21st century. However,
two recent studies based on time series of Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) and
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) digital elevation
models (DEMs) indicate a slowdown in mass loss after 2000. Here, the
ASTER-based geodetic mass balances are recalculated carefully avoiding the
use of the SRTM DEM because of the unknown penetration depth of the C-band
radar signal. We find strongly negative mass balances from 2000 to 2016
(−0.68 ± 0.15 m w.e. a−1 for the Juneau Icefield and
−0.83 ± 0.12 m w.e. a−1 for the Stikine Icefield), in
agreement with laser altimetry, confirming that mass losses are continuing at
unabated rates for both icefields. The SRTM DEM should be avoided or used
very cautiously to estimate glacier volume change, especially in the North
Hemisphere and over timescales of less than ∼ 20 years.
Análisis comparativo de centrales de compras cooperativas: problemas y soluciones
Authors: Boccatonda Carmen , Banchieri Lucía Clara , Campa Planas Fernando
Published: April 2018

El objetivo del estudio consiste en identificar los problemas a los que se han enfrentado las centrales de compras cooperativas en las diferentes etapas de su ciclo de vida. La metodología utilizada es el estudio de casos. El muestreo son dos casos específicos que son escogidos por ser reveladores y ejemplos extremos. Por un lado, la CCFACC, una incipiente central de compras cooperativa argentina, y, por el otro, la Coop Italia, un modelo con amplia trayectoria en el mercado, con resultados comprobados y con proyecciones de mayor crecimiento. Además, resulta interesante que cada uno de los casos se ubica contextos y continentes diferentes. La identificación de los problemas de las centrales de compras cooperativas diferenciados por etapa del ciclo de vida, así como las formas de solucionarlos, en caso de encontrarlas, aportan a mejorar el desempeño del movimiento cooperativo. Se identifican claramente los problemas que sufren las centrales de compras cooperativas con el fin de poder conocerlos y tomar acciones para evitarlos en el caso de una nueva experiencia. El presente trabajo ha aportado a la bibliografía el estudio de dos casos de centrales de compras cooperativas situadas en contextos diferentes y en distintas fases del ciclo de vida, distinguiendo los problemas enfrentados y las formas de solucionarlos.
Adverb placement among heritage speakers of Spanish
Authors: Camacho José , Kirova Alena
Published: April 2018

This study examines verb-adverb word order among heritage speakers of Spanish using an acceptability judgment task and a selection task in affirmative and negative sentences. Heritage speakers of Spanish show reaction patterns to stimuli fundamentally similar to those of the monolingual comparison group, but with several subtle differences. In affirmative sentences, they show a slightly higher preference for the options that are consistent with both the Spanish and the English grammars (in affirmative sentences, adverb-verb-object), and their judgments span a smaller range vis-à-vis native speakers. In negative sentences, heritage speakers of Spanish also generally coincide with monolingual speakers, but their acceptability of the negation-adverb-verb-object option (ungrammatical in monolingual Spanish) is higher than in the monolingual comparison group. We hypothesize that, first, heritage speakers of Spanish maximize bilingual compatibility: they prefer options that are compatible with the structural analysis of both languages. This hypothesis is consistent with previous findings showing that both languages are activated in parallel. Second, we explain the results in negation sentences as lexical indeterminacy: negation can have its lexically specified selectional properties as in English or as in monolingual Spanish, allowing for two alternative analyses. Hence, feature values in the lexicon may be transferred, whereas full functional categories are not. Transfer can be indirect in the form of smaller rating spans, a by-product of being a proficient bilingual: by maximizing compatibility with both languages, speakers extend the range of grammatical options in the language, but at the same time, their less certain judgments reflect this parallel activation.
Roupa hospitalar e o cuidado em saúde: visão dos profissionais e estudantes
Authors: Peres Anapaula Massinatori , Braccialli Luzmarina Aparecida Doretto , Pirolo Sueli Moreira , Higa Elza De Fátima Ribeiro , Mielo Márcio
Published: April 2018

A lavanderia hospitalar é uma unidade de apoio responsável pelo processamento e distribuição da roupa hospitalar, a qual interfere diretamente no cuidado em saúde. Objetivo - Analisar o entendimento dos profissionais e estudantes sobre o uso da roupa hospitalar. Método - Trata-se de um estudo de caso qualitativo que entrevistou 35 profissionais e 18 estudantes de um Hospital Público de Ensino, o qual foi abordado pela Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, modalidade Temática. Resultados – Da análise emergiram duas categorias temáticas: “Roupa hospitalar como um item do cuidado” e “Oferta da roupa para o cuidado”. Considerações finais – Os participantes do estudo desconhecem e não percebem o significado da roupa para o cuidado, neste contexto, são necessárias ações educativas para compreensão de sua finalidade e relevância.