bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of L‐carnitine administration on treadmill test performance of untrained dogs
Authors: Iben CH.
Published: August 2007

Introduction  Carnitine (trimethyl‐γ‐amino‐β‐hydroxybutyrate; molecular weight 161 g) is not only essential for the transport and utilization of long‐chain fatty acids, it also occurs as a medium and short‐chain ester and serves as an acetyl and acyl pool. Short‐term muscle exercise causes an increase of acetyl‐carnitine levels in the serum and in the liver. It prevents the accumulation of acyl‐coenzyme A (CoA) and provides the organism with CoA by producing acetyl‐carnitine from acetyl‐CoA. Human muscle tissue contains approximately 10 μmol CoA/kg, whereas carnitine levels range between 2000 and 5000 μmol/kg.
Effects of Lamb Sucking on the Bacterial Flora of Teat Duct and Mammary Gland of Ewes
Authors: Gougoulis DA , Kyriazakis I , Tzora A , Taitzoglou IA , Skoufos J , Fthenakis GC
Published: August 2007

Contents

We aimed (i) to determine differences in bacterial flora of teat duct and mammary gland of ewes before and after suckling, (ii) to evaluate factors potentially affecting those. We collected samples of teat duct material and mammary secretion from 11 ewes immediately before and after sucking by lambs, as well as 120 min later. We processed samples bacteriologically and compared changes in infection by the Sign Test. We isolated bacteria from 3.5% duct and 1.5% secretion samples before suckling. Respective figures post‐suckling were 10.6% and 2.0%, and 120 min later 6.8% and 1.5%. We recorded differences in infection of duct samples before and after suckling in 40 cases; bacteria were isolated before suckling from six samples, whereas after it from 34 (p < 0.001). Also, we recorded differences in samples collected after suckling and 120 min later in 12 cases; bacteria were isolated immediately post‐suckling from eight samples, whereas 120 min later from four (p = 0.375). No significant changes were seen for secretion. We found neither difference between ewes with single or twin lambs, nor among stages of lactation. Mostly, we isolated staphylococci: 70% of isolates before suckling, 80% of isolates after it, 91% of isolates 120 min later. After suckling we also isolated two Mannheimia haemolytica strains. Suckling predisposes to entrance of bacteria into the teat; however, increased teat infections did not result in mammary infections. Isolation of M. haemolytica post‐suckling indicates that lambs act as source of infection for this pathogen.
Distribution of Androgen Receptor in the Porcine Uterus throughout Pregnancy
Authors: Słomczyńska M , Duda M , Burek M , Knapczyk K , Czaplicki D , Koziorowski M
Published: August 2007

Contents

The uterus is a well‐known target of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine acting molecules among which steroid hormones (oestrogens, androgens and progesterone) are of special importance. The uterine tissues (endometrium and myometrium) undergo morphological and physiological changes which are associated with changes in expression of steroid hormone receptors. Androgen receptors (AR) that mediate the action of androgens have already been detected in porcine uteri during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. To evaluate the role of AR in uterine physiology, the presence of ARmRNA and AR protein localization in the porcine uterus from day 10 to day 90 of pregnancy and in the uterus from the foetus of day 90 postcoitum (p.c.) and from the neonatal 1‐day‐old piglet was studied. ARmRNA was detected in the porcine endometrium up to day 18 p.c., while AR protein was detectable in glandular epithelium and stromal cells as through day 90 of pregnancy. AR was also detected in the myometrium on all investigated days of pregnancy; however, on day 90, the immunostaining was present only in a limited number of cells. AR immunostaining was clearly demonstrated in the uterus of the female foetuses on day 90 as well as in the uterus of 1‐day‐old piglets. The physiological relevance of this finding needs further elucidation.
Continuing the dialogue: postcolonial feminist scholarship and Bourdieu — discourses of culture and points of connection
Authors: Anderson JM , Reimer Kirkham S , Browne AJ , Lynam MJ
Published: August 2007

Continuing the dialogue: postcolonial feminist scholarship and Bourdieu — discourses of culture and points of connection

Postcolonial feminist theories provide the analytic tools to address issues of structural inequities in groups that historically have been socially and economically disadvantaged. In this paper we question what value might be added to postcolonial feminist theories on culture by drawing on Bourdieu. Are there points of connection? Like postcolonial feminists, he puts forward a position that aims to unmask oppressive structures. We argue that, while there are points of connection, there are also epistemologic and methodologic differences between postcolonial feminist perspectives and Bourdieu's work. Nonetheless, engagement with different theoretical perspectives carries the promise of new insights — new ways of ‘seeing’ and ‘understanding’ that might enhance a praxis‐oriented theoretical perspective in healthcare delivery.
Relatives’ presence in connection with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and sudden death at the intensive care unit
Authors: Hadders Hans
Published: August 2007

Relatives’ presence in connection with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and sudden death at the intensive care unit

Within Norwegian intensive care units it is common to focus on the needs of the next of kin of patients undergoing end‐of‐life care. Offering emotional and practical support to relatives is regarded as assisting them in the initial stages of their grief process. It has also become usual to encourage relatives to be present at the time of death of close relatives. How can dignified end‐of‐life care coexist with the sometimes turbulent and dramatic character of intensive care in the highly technological environment of intensive care units? This paper describes a case study based on an incident that took place at the intensive care unit (ICU) of Trondheim University Hospital, Norway, in which the relatives of a newly deceased patient voiced unusually strong dissatisfaction with the way they were excluded in connection with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The next of kin's criticism highlights an important paradox as well as a degree of inconsistency in lifesaving and end‐of‐life care at the ICU. I argue that an investigation of the multiple identities within medical practice can illuminate the potential for clashes between lifesaving and end‐of‐life care, as described and analysed in this paper.
Granular cell tumor of the urinary bladder with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and colocalization with adenocarcinoma
Authors: Eandi Jonathan A , Asuncion Alfredo , Vandewalker Kristen N , Javidan Javid
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Granular cell tumor of the bladder is exceptionally rare, with only 11 cases reported in the published reports. Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the overlying squamous epithelium has been observed in non‐bladder granular cell tumors. We herein report the first case of bladder granular cell tumor to exhibit pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. This phenomenon is significant as it may potentially lead to difficulty in the distinction between infiltrative squamous cell carcinoma and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in cases of granular cell tumor of the bladder. This case also represents the first granular cell tumor to demonstrate colocalization with adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Based on our findings and a review of the published reports, management for granular cell tumor of the bladder should involve a course of local resection combined with active surveillance given its typical benign course, albeit with the potential for local recurrence.
Long‐term results of endoureterotomy using a holmium laser
Authors: Hibi Hastuki , Ohori Tadashi , Taki Tomohiro , Yamada Yoshiaki , Honda Nobuaki
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  The long‐term results of endoureterotomy using a holmium laser in cases of benign ureteral stricture, uretero‐pelvic junction obstruction (UPJ‐O) and ureteroenteric stricture were evaluated. Twenty procedures were carried out in 18 patients. Strictures were incised with a holmium laser using a fiber passed through the ureteroscope. Sixteen of the 20 procedures (80%) were successful at average follow‐up of 60.5 months (range, 46–74). Stricture recurred in four cases. All failures occurred within 18 months. Although stricture length was not correlated with recurrence, all failures, with the exception of a single UPJ‐O, involved middle ureteral strictures. Endoureterotomy using a holmium laser affords favorable results with respect to long‐term patency. This procedure is recommended as a satisfactory therapeutic option for the initial management of patients presenting with ureteral stricture.
Successful testis preservation for bilateral testicular tumors with a new chemotherapy‐based protocol: Initial results of three cases
Authors: Tomita Eri , Kondo Tsunenori , Nakazawa Hayakazu , Ito Fumio , Hashimoto Yasunobu , Tanabe Kazunari
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  The treatment for bilateral testicular tumors is associated with infertility and hypogonadism. We carried out testis‐preserving therapy treatment for three patients with synchronous bilateral tumors with seminoma. Our protocol of testis preservation consisted of unilateral orchiectomy for the larger tumor followed by three courses of chemotherapy with a cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin regimen. All three patients showed no recurrence 24, 24, and 82 months after treatment. The serum testosterone level was maintained around the lower limit of the normal range in all patients without androgen replacement, and sexual function was not impaired. One patient showed oligospermia, preoperatively, and the number of sperm was preserved at a similar level after treatment. Azoospermia was observed in two patients before the treatment, and still persisted after treatment. Testis preservation with a chemotherapy‐based new protocol was carried out successfully without recurrence. In addition, our protocol preserved a good quality of life in all patients.
Tubulovillous adenoma in an Indiana pouch urinary diversion managed by endoscopic resection
Authors: Raman Jay D , Gopalan Anuradha , Russo Paul
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  We present a case of a tubulovillous adenoma in an Indiana pouch managed by endoscopic resection. A 66‐year‐old male underwent a cystectomy with creation of an Indiana pouch urinary diversion for invasive small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Seven years following his initial surgery, the patient noted several episodes of gross hematuria. The evaluation revealed a 2.5 cm tubulovillous adenoma with high‐grade dysplasia within the Indiana pouch. The patient had significant comorbidities precluding an open operative procedure. He underwent en endoscopic resection of the tumor, and subsequently has been managed with surveillance pouchoscopy, biopsies, and fulguration every 3 months.
A female case with Down syndrome and non‐neurogenic neurogenic bladder
Authors: Kai Nobuyuki , Seki Narihito , Hirata Akira , Nakamuta Seiichi , Naito Seiji
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Although the prevalence of a learned voiding dysfunction and non‐neurogenic neurogenic bladder (NNB), which is one type of dysfunctional elimination syndrome, is considered to be relatively rare, the association of NNB with Down syndrome (DS) has been elucidated in male patients. We herein describe the occurrence of NNB in an adult female with DS. The diagnosis was confirmed after completely ruling out any neurological or anatomical anomalies that could be related to a lower urinary tract dysfunction. She had renal dysfunction and multiple obstructive uropathies for which clean intermittent catheterization was successfully introduced.
Bladder wall grafting in rats using salt‐modified and collagen‐coated polycaprolactone scaffolds: Preliminary report
Authors: Yu Dah‐Shyong , Lee Chi‐Feng , Chen Hong‐I , Chang Sun‐Yran
Published: August 2007

Aim:  A rat model was used for the evaluation of collagen‐coated and salt‐modified polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bladder grafting after hemicystectomy.

Methods:  SD rats underwent partial cystectomy and cystoplasty with collagen‐coated and salt‐modified polycaprolactone scaffolds. The grafts of the regenerated bladder wall were harvested at different intervals and tissue regeneration was evaluated microscopically. Anatomic and functional characters were evaluated by cystography and urodynamics.

Results:  At harvesting, after 1 and 2 months, we found good preservation of the bladder shape and volume in all 16 rats receiving PCL cystorrhaphy. No stone formation was observed. Good epithelialization and ingrowth of smooth muscle cells were seen after 2 months grafting. Collagen‐coated PCL scaffolds showed considerable encrustation, which appeared to be absorbed and disappear with time. The cystographic and urodynamic examinations revealed intact contour and a well‐accommodated bladder with reservoir volume and contractility.

Conclusions:  In the rat model, we have successfully demonstrated the applicability of collagen coated and salt‐modified PCL in reconstruction of the partial cystectomized bladder.
Effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor on the contractility of prostate tissues and urethral pressure responses in a rat model of benign prostate hyperplasia
Authors: Kang Kyung K , Kim Ju M , Yu Jae Y , Ahn Byoung O , Yoo Moohi , Kim Young C
Published: August 2007

Aim:  This study was performed to investigate the effect of DA‐8159, a selective phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) both in vitro and in vivo.

Methods:  We assessed the influence of DA‐8159 on the contractility of rat prostate tissues in an organ‐bath experiment. In addition, in order to investigate whether chronic administration of DA‐8159 prevents the increase of electrostimulation‐induced intraurethral pressure (IUP) responses associated with BPH, BPH was induced by steroid hormones (testosterone plus 17β‐estradiol) and DA‐8159 (5, 20 mg/kg) was concomitantly administered once a day for 8 weeks. After that the electrostimulation‐induced IUP responses were measured. Finally, we investigated the acute treatment effect of DA‐8159 on IUP responses in an established BPH model after a single intravenous injection of DA‐8159 (0.3, 1 mg/kg).

Results:  DA‐8159 concentration‐dependently reduced the contraction of the isolated prostate strips with an IC50 value of 70 μM. In chronic treatment study, while the BPH control rats showed a significantly increased IUP both at the baseline and by electrostimulation, the chronic DA‐8159 treatment significantly attenuated the increase in IUP responses in a dose‐ and frequency‐dependent manner. In the acute treatment study, a single intravenous injection of DA‐8159 also prevented the increase in urethral pressure in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that DA‐8159 may be beneficial on lowering the urethral pressure associated with BPH via dilatation of the prostate, but a further evaluation of the efficacy on humans needs to be performed.
Genetic diversity in pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus) in Sweden: role of spatial, temporal and insecticide resistance factors
Authors: Kazachkova Nadiya , Meijer Johan , Ekbom Barbara
Published: August 2007

1 Pollen beetles Meligethes aeneus are pests of oilseed Brassica crops that are subject to intensive chemical control. Resistance to pyrethroids has been reported. Although this insect is of great economic importance, little is known about its genetic properties and population structure.

2 Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis with the restriction endonuclease combination EcoRI and PstI was performed on 133 samples of groups of three pollen beetles collected during 2001–04 from five different provinces of Sweden. Both susceptible and resistant insects were studied. Using one primer combination, more than 450 polymorphic DNA fragments were obtained and, in total, four primer combinations were used for analysis. A subsample of 59 single beetles was analysed using one primer combination.

3 AFLP profiles were analysed by similarity measures using the Nei and Li coefficient and Neighbour‐joining dendrograms were generated. The dendrogram built using 133 samples showed three distinct groups, each containing beetles representing one generation. Statistical analysis using analysis of molecular variance of single beetle samples showed no evidence of significant genetic difference between resistant and susceptible beetles. Instead, a clear difference between samples, depending on time of collection and generation, was observed.

4 The expected regional population structure, although statistically significant, explained little of the variation. The levels of genetic variation within populations were very high. There appears to be a high rate of gene flow between pollen beetle populations. The implications of this in the context of insecticide resistance are discussed.
Ophthalmic examination findings in adult pygmy goats (Capra hicus)
Authors: Broadwater Joshua J. , Schorling Jamie J. , Herring Ian P. , Pickett J. Phillip
Published: August 2007

Objective To document normal ophthalmic findings and ocular abnormalities in captive adult pygmy goats.

Animals studied Ten healthy adult pygmy goats (five male, five female; 5–11 years of age; 26–45 kg body mass) underwent complete ophthalmic examinations.

Procedure Direct illumination, diffuse and slit‐beam biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, IOP measurements and Schirmer tear tests were performed. TonoVet®rebound tonometry, followed by topical application of 0.5% ophthalmic proparacaine, and Tono‐Pen XL®applanation tonometry were performed in each eye to obtain estimates of IOP.

Results Ophthalmic abnormalities included corneal scars and pigmentation, incipient cataracts, lenticular sclerosis, and vitreal veiling. Mean STT values were 15.8 mm/min, with a range of 10–30 mm/min. Mean IOP values were 11.8 mmHg for TonoVet®‐D, with a range of 9–14 mmHg; 7.9 mmHg for TonoVet®‐P, with a range of 6–12 mmHg; and 10.8 mmHg for Tono‐Pen XL®, with a range of 8–14 mmHg.

Conclusions Ophthalmic examination findings in adult pygmy goats, including normal means and ranges for STT and IOP measurements, using applanation and rebound tonometry, are provided.
Pretreatment with feline interferon omega and the course of subsequent infection with feline herpesvirus in cats
Authors: Haid Clemens , Kaps Simone , Gönczi Enikö , Hässig Michael , Metzler Alfred , Spiess Bernhard M. , Richter Marianne
Published: August 2007

Objective  Recombinant feline interferon omega (rFeIFN‐ω), a type I IFN, may have the potential to limit virus replication and associated clinical signs when administered early on in the course of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV‐1) infection and reactivation, respectively. The effect of rFeIFN‐ω pretreatment on the course of subsequent FHV‐1 infection in cats was investigated.

Animals studied  Nine SPF cats were divided into an IFN group (n = 5) and a control‐group (n = 4).

Procedures  The IFN group was pretreated for 2 days with 10 000 units rFeIFN‐ω twice a day topically into both eyes and 20 000 units rFeIFN‐ω once a day orally, whereas the control group was mock‐treated. Subsequently all cats were infected with FHV‐1. Samples for FHV‐1 DNA detection and quantitation, virus isolation, and titration of FHV‐1 antibodies were collected. Clinical and ocular signs were recorded and scored.

Results  Courses of median individual clinical and ocular scores and virus load did not differ significantly between both groups using anova for repeated measurements. Analysis (anova) of each individual ocular parameter revealed significantly high scores for epithelial keratitis (P = 0.016) in the IFN group compared to the control group. Periods of virus shedding did not differ significantly between both groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Conclusions  Results indicated a lack of beneficial effects of rFeIFN‐ω pretreatment in the course of primary FHV‐1 infection in cats.
Perinatal hypoxia induces subsequent retinal degeneration in the offspring of ovoviviparous fish, Xiphophorous maculates
Authors: Lü Lan‐Hai , Li Ji‐Cheng , Wai Maria Sen Mun , Lam Wai Ping , Forster E. Lucy , Fang Ma‐Rong , Yew David T.
Published: August 2007

Objective  This experiment evaluated the perinatal hypoxic effect on the retina of offspring of the ovoviviparous fish.

Animal studied  The ovoviviparous fish Xiphophorous maculates was used for the experiment.

Procedure  The mothers were kept in a hypoxic environment of 3.5% oxygen for 6 h, starting 30 h before hatching. Subsequently, the retinae of the offspring were fixed, sectioned at 6 µm and evaluated microscopically from the age of 1 to 35 days.

Results  Degeneration of the outer nuclear layer of the retina was noted on the 3rd day and severe retinal degeneration was observed on the 35th day. Immunocytochemistry confirmed apoptosis by TUNEL reaction. There was no difference in neovascularization, as revealed by vascular endothelial growth factor, between controls (group 1) and hypoxic fish (group 2).

Conclusions  Perinatal hypoxia could have long‐lasting effects on the central nervous system in some species.
The effect of low dose rocuronium on globe position, muscle relaxation and ventilation in dogs: a clinical study
Authors: Auer Ulrike , Mosing Martina , Moens Yves P. S.
Published: August 2007

Objective  The purpose of this study was to evaluate globe position, muscle relaxation and changes in ventilatory parameters after intravenous administration of 0.1 mg/kg rocuronium.

Study design  Prospective clinical study.

Animal studied  Sixteen dogs of different breeds, with a body weight of 22.1 ± 13 kg and age of 5.6 ± 2.8 years (mean ± SD), were anesthetized for a short ophthalmic examination requiring central position of the globe.

Procedures  All dogs were premedicated with 0.005 mg/kg medetomidine and 0.1 mg/kg methadone IV. Anesthesia was induced with propofol to effect and maintained with 10 mg/kg/h propofol by continuous rate infusion. Following endotracheal intubation all dogs breathed 100% oxygen via an anesthetic circle system. Neuromuscular function was assessed with an acceleromyograph (TOF‐Guard®, Organon Teknika NV, Turnhout, Belgium) and by stimulation of the nervus peroneus superficialis. The ventilation parameters were measured using spirometry and capnography. After baseline measurements 0.1 mg/kg rocuronium was administered IV. Minute volume (MV), tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR), end expiratory carbon dioxide concentration (PE’CO2) and maximal depression of the response of the first twitch (T1) of train‐of‐four (TOF) stimulation and train‐of‐four ratio (TOFR) was measured. The change in the position of the globe was recorded.

Results  T1 decreased to 61 ± 18% and the TOF ratio to 45 ± 21% of baseline values. Both parameters returned to baseline after 9 min. There was no significant reduction in MV, TV and RR and no increase in PE’CO2. The globe rotated to a central position of 45 ± 7.7 s after administration of rocuronium and remained there for 23 ± 10.8 min in all dogs.

Conclusion  Rocuronium administered intravenously at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg to dogs causes a central position of the globe but minimal impairment of ventilation parameters.
Visual outcome in a group of dogs with ocular blastomycosis treated with systemic antifungals and systemic corticosteroids
Authors: Finn Michael J. , Stiles Jean , Krohne Sheryl G.
Published: August 2007

Objective To evaluate the success of the use of systemic corticosteroids and antifungal medications in the treatment of dogs with ocular lesions associated with systemic blastomycosis.

Design Retrospective study.

Animals studied Medical records of 25 dogs diagnosed with blastomycosis, via either cytology or histopathology, at the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2005, were reviewed.

Procedure Data collected from the medical records included signalment, presence and progression of ocular lesions, antifungal drugs administered, oral and topical corticosteroid administration, length of follow‐up, response to treatment, and visual outcome.

Results Of the 25 cases reviewed, 12 dogs (19 eyes) with follow‐up information were found to have lesions consistent with ocular blastomycosis. Length of follow‐up in the 12 cases ranged from 1 month to 31 months with a mean of 9 months. Antifungal therapy for all cases consisted of oral itraconazole (5 mg/kg every 24 h) initially. In seven cases, the antifungal drug administered was changed from itraconazole to oral fluconazole. Two of these also received intravenous amphotericin B, and two received additional treatment with itraconazole. All 12 dogs also received oral prednisone. The dose of oral prednisone utilized ranged from 0.2 mg/kg/day to 1.4 mg/kg/day with a mean of 0.7 mg/kg/day; the duration of oral prednisone administration ranged from 2 weeks to 8.5 months with a mean of 3 months. Topical prednisolone was a component of the treatment of 16 of the 19 eyes. Duration of topical prednisolone treatment ranged from 1 month to 30 months with a mean of 5 months. Lesions not located in the eyes exhibited a positive response to treatment in 11 (92%) of the 12 dogs. Overall, 14/19 (74%) affected eyes were visual at the time of their final recheck. All eyes with mild or moderate lesions and 5/10 (50%) severely affected eyes were visual at their last recorded recheck examination.

Conclusions The administration of systemic corticosteroids did not appear to adversely affect the survival rate and might have played a role in preservation of vision in a majority of dogs in this group with ocular blastomycosis.
Solid intraocular xanthogranuloma in three Miniature Schnauzer dogs
Authors: Zarfoss Mitzi K. , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: August 2007

Objective Macrophages that contain abundant intracytoplasmic lipid are called ‘foam cells’. In four canine globes submitted to the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW), foam cells formed a solid intraocular mass. The purpose of this study was to describe the histopathologic findings in these cases.

Procedure The electronic COPLOW database (1993–2006) was searched for the diagnosis of ‘foam cell tumor’. Clinical history, gross pathology and histopathology (5‐micron sections, hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue periodic acid Schiff) were reviewed in all cases. Cases were included if the globe was grossly filled by a solid mass and if all intraocular structures were effaced by lipid‐laden foam cell macrophages admixed with birefringent, Alcian blue‐positive crystals oriented in stellate patterns.

Results All three patients (four globes) satisfying the selection criteria were Miniature Schnauzers. In all cases the clinical history included diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and chronic bilateral uveitis that was interpreted to be lens‐induced. All globes were enucleated because of glaucoma.

Conclusions The term solid intraocular xanthogranuloma was used to describe these cases because the intraocular contents were effaced by a solid mass of foam cells and birefringent crystals. The cases in this report suggest that diabetic Miniature Schnauzers with hyperlipidemia are at risk for lipid and macrophage‐rich uveitis, which may in some cases form a solid inflammatory intraocular mass, precipitate glaucoma, and lead to enucleation.
The effects of cataract stage, lens‐induced uveitis and cataract removal on ERG in dogs with cataract
Authors: Maehara Seiya , Itoh Norihiko , Wakaiki Shinsuke , Yamasaki Ayako , Tsuzuki Keiko , Izumisawa Yasuharu
Published: August 2007

Objective  The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cataract stage, lens‐induced uveitis and cataract removal on the electroretinogram (ERG) of dogs with cataract.

Animals studied  Fifty‐seven dogs diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral cataract whose ERG was recorded at Rakuno Gakuen University Teaching Animal Hospital from 2001 to 2004.

Procedures  Four responses were recorded during the ERG: rod ERG, standard combined ERG, single‐flash cone ERG and 30‐Hz flicker ERG. Cataracts were divided into four stages: incipient, immature, mature and hypermature, and with or without lens induced uveitis (LIU). Noncataractous eyes of dogs with unilateral cataract were used as the control. We compared ERG amplitude, implicit time, and the b‐ to a‐wave amplitude ratio of cataractous vs. noncataractous eyes, preoperative vs. postoperative cataractous eyes, and cataractous eyes with and without LIU.

Results  No significant difference was found in ERG amplitude between incipient, immature and hypermature cataractous eyes, while in mature cataractous eyes decreased amplitude was confirmed in all responses compared with control eyes. However, no significant difference in b/a ratio was found at any stage of cataract. In postoperative eyes, increased amplitude was recorded in all responses compared to preoperative values. In eyes with LIU a decreased amplitude in the rod ERG and b‐wave of standard combined ERG was recorded and, furthermore, a significant decline was confirmed in b/a ratio.

Conclusion  ERG values were influenced by cataract stage and LIU. LIU was associated with a reduction in the b/a ratio.
Angiostatin and integrin αvβ3 in the feline, bovine, canine, equine, porcine and murine retina and cornea
Authors: Pearce Jacqueline W. , Janardhan Kyathanahalli S. , Caldwell Sarah , Singh Baljit
Published: August 2007

Purpose Angiogenesis is tightly controlled in the ocular tissues of domestic animals but its mechanisms are not fully understood. This is largely because of insufficient data on the expression of molecules that impact angiogenesis. Because angiostatin and one of its receptors integrin αvβ3 inhibit and promote angiogenesis, respectively, we hypothesized that the normal retina and cornea of domestic animals would express angiostatin but not integrin αvβ3.

Procedure Normal eyes of the cat, cow, dog, horse, pig and rat were evaluated for angiostatin and integrin αvβ3 by light and electron immunocytochemistry and estern blots.

Results Angiostatin was detected in the corneal epithelium of the cat, dog, horse, pig and rat, but was not found in cow corneal epithelium. Angiostatin was localized in the nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner and outer plexiform layers, and the photoreceptor layer of the cat, cow, dog and rat. Horse and pig retinas showed additional staining in the matrix of the inner nuclear layer. Immunogold electron microscopy further confirmed angiostatin in cat retina. Western blots showed angiostatin in corneal and retinal homogenates. Integrin αvβ3 was absent in cornea and retina of all the species studied.

Conclusion These data show that angiostatin, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, is present while integrin αvβ3, which promotes angiogenesis, is absent in normal cornea and retina of the domestic animals in this study with the exception being angiostatin absence in cow corneal epithelium. Therefore, angiostatin may contribute to the anti‐angiogenic environment in the normal domestic animal eye while its absence in the cow may contribute to greater propensity for corneal vascularization. Because integrin αvβ3 is one of the receptors for angiostatin, its absence may prevent angiostatin from killing normal retinal and corneal cells.
The importance of free fatty acids in the development of Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Wilding J. P. H.
Published: August 2007

The recent increase in the prevalence of obesity has been associated with a coincident rise in the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, whereas weight loss has been shown to decrease the risk of Type 2 diabetes. The pathophysiological mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this link are fundamentally concerned with insulin resistance and the decline in pancreatic B‐cell function that accompanies an increase in visceral obesity. They involve the rise in the plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) that are associated with an increase in fat mass. Elevated levels of FFAs can lead to insulin resistance, and evidence is growing that B‐cell function is impaired through lipotoxicity. Factors such as tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and adiponectin, released from adipose tissue, can also modulate insulin resistance. Many interventions that are helpful in treating or preventing Type 2 diabetes, such as weight loss and certain pharmacological interventions, reduce circulating FFA concentrations to a greater or lesser extent. Recent study results suggest that peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists have an effect on the development of Type 2 diabetes. However, in light of concerns over the apparent increase in congestive heart failure with PPARγ agonists, their place in the prevention of Type 2 diabetes remains to be determined.
Ethnic differences in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Simmons D. , Clover G. , Hope C.
Published: August 2007

Aims/hypothesis  To compare the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in European, Maori and Pacific peoples with diabetes.

Methods  Biomedical assessment and retinal examination, using photography where possible, was undertaken in 458 (67.5% of eligible) randomly selected household survey participants with known diabetes (168 Europeans, 144 Maori, 149 Pacific people). Glycaemia was measured by glycated haemoglobin, fructosamine and random glucose.

Results  In those with Type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of moderate or more severe retinopathy was 4.0% in Europeans, 12.9% in Maori and 15.8% in Pacific people (P = 0.003). There was no significant ethnic difference in the prevalence of retinopathy overall or in that of macular disease. Cataracts were more common in Pacific people (19.3%, 16.4%, 36.6%, respectively, P < 0.001). After adjusting for diabetes duration and ethnicity, Type 1 diabetes was associated with 5.3(1.7–16.4)‐fold increase in moderate or more severe retinopathy. Although Maori and Pacific people with Type 2 diabetes were more hyperglycaemic, with higher systolic and lower diastolic blood pressure, in the logistic regression analysis, moderate or more severe retinopathy was associated with diabetes duration, insulin therapy, ethnicity and the extent of renal disease, but not glycaemia.

Conclusions  These data demonstrate that moderate or more severe retinopathy is more common in Polynesians than Europeans. The reasons for this are unclear, but may be related to long‐standing hyperglycaemia.
Adipose tissue and liver lipid metabolism in obese children: role of the body mass index and the presence of acanthosis nigricans
Authors: Bonet B. , Viana M. , Sánchez‐Vera I. , Quintanar A. , Martínez J. , Espino M.
Published: August 2007

Aims  The aims of our study were to determine if insulin resistance is associated with increased plasma levels of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, 3‐hydroxybutyrate and triglycerides in obese children. We also studied whether the presence of acanthosis nigricans (AN) led to further alterations in the above parameters.

Methods  A total of 101 children were studied on their first visit to the paediatric endocrine clinic. Seventy‐four were obese, 30 of them with AN. The remaining 27 were non‐obese healthy children (control group). NEFAs, glycerol, triglycerides, 3‐hydroxybutyrate, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and glucose were determined in blood samples obtained after overnight fasting. The insulin resistance index (IRI) was calculated following the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Data from the three groups were compared using appropriate statistical tests.

Results  No differences in age, sex ratio and pubertal stage were observed among the three groups. The group of children with the highest body mass index (BMI) showed higher plasma levels of insulin and leptin, higher IRI and lower plasma levels of adiponectin. As insulin and IRI increased, NEFA and 3‐hydroxybutyrate decreased and triglycerides increased. When obese children were categorized by BMI, the presence of AN further exacerbated these differences.

Conclusions  In obese children, insulin resistance is associated with plasma lipid alterations suggestive of both decreased adipose tissue lipolysis and hepatic beta‐oxidation and increased hepatic synthesis of triglycerides. Such a metabolic condition may facilitate fat storage and hinder weight loss.
Islet cell autoantibody levels after the diagnosis of young adult diabetic patients
Authors: Jensen R. , Gilliam L. , Torn C. , Landin‐Olsson M. , Palmer J. , Åkesson K. , Kockum I. , Lernmark B. , Karlsson A. F. , Lynch K. F. , Breslow N. , Lernmark Å. , Sundkvist G. ,   on behalf of the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden group
Published: August 2007

Aims  The aim was to determine the course of islet cell antibodies [glutamate decarboxylase (GADA), tyrosine phosphatase‐like islet antigen 2 (IA‐2A) and islet cell (ICA)] after the diagnosis of the diabetic patient.

Methods  The Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS) attempted to prospectively enrol all newly diagnosed diabetic patients aged 15–34 years during 1992 and 1993. C‐peptide and autoantibody levels were determined from venous blood samples at diagnosis and again at yearly intervals for 6 years.

Results  After the first year, the odds of remaining GADA positive decreased by 9% per year [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.85–0.96] while the mean GADA index remained unchanged ( = 0.8, P = 0.37). There was no change in the percentage of subjects testing IA‐2A positive after the first year ( = 0.1, P = 0.75). However, the mean index decreased 0.04 per year (95% CI: 0.03–0.05)—a 7.9% decline (95% CI: 5.4–10.4%). The odds of a subject testing positive for ICA decreased by 24% per year (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.70–0.82). The mean ICA levels decreased 0.75 per year (95% CI: 0.66–0.84)—a 16.4% decline (95% CI: 14.1–18.6%). The rate of change in titres for all three autoantibodies was independent of gender, human leucocyte antigen genotype and C‐peptide status.

Conclusions  GADA levels remained high while ICA levels declined. In contrast to a previous study, we found that the proportion of IA‐2A subjects remaining positive did not decrease after the first year, while the average index decreased slightly.
Oesophageal dysmotility, delayed gastric emptying and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Faraj J. , Melander O. , Sundkvist G. , Olsson R. , Thorsson O. , Ekberg O. , Ohlsson B.
Published: August 2007

Aims  Gastroparesis is a common gastrointestinal complication in diabetes mellitus, whereas dysfunction in the other gastrointestinal organs has been less thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, it is not known whether there is any relationship between motility and dysmotility between these organs. The aim of this study was to examine whether diabetic patients with gastrointestinal symptoms also have motility disturbances in the oesophagus and stomach and, if so, whether there are any associations between these disturbances.

Methods  Thirty‐one patients with diabetes mellitus who complained of gastrointestinal symptoms were asked to complete a questionnaire about their symptoms. They were further investigated with oesophageal manometry and gastric emptying scintigraphy.

Results  Fifty‐eight per cent of the patients had abnormal oesophageal function, and 68% had delayed gastric emptying. Abdominal fullness was the only symptom that related to any dysfunction, and it was associated with delayed gastric emptying (P = 0.02). We did not find any relationship in motility or dysmotility between the oesophagus and the stomach.

Conclusion  Oesophageal dysmotility, as well as gastroparesis, are common in patients with diabetes who have gastrointestinal symptoms. It is important to investigate these patients further, to be able to reach an accurate diagnosis and instigate appropriate treatment. Our findings indicate that the oesophagus and the stomach function as separate organs and that pathology in one does not necessarily mean pathology in the other.
Are lifestyle changes achieved after participation in a screening programme for Type 2 diabetes? The ADDITION Study, Denmark
Authors: Mai K. S. , Sandbæk A. , Borch‐Johnsen K. , Lauritzen T.
Published: August 2007

Aims  To examine the impact on health‐related lifestyle of conducting a targeted stepwise diabetes screening programme.

Methods  A total of 4731 people aged 40–69 years were offered stepwise diabetes screening in part of the Danish arm of the ADDITION‐study in the county of Aarhus, Denmark. The screening comprised two main steps: identification of high‐risk individuals by a mailed risk score questionnaire, and subsequent testing of high‐risk individuals by their general practitioner. Questionnaires on physical exercise [International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short form], smoking habits and alcohol consumption were mailed to the target population 1 month prior to the offer of screening, and at 12 months’ follow‐up. At follow‐up, additional questions regarding perceived changes in dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption and exercise were included. Three pairs of comparison groups were analysed.

Results  One year after screening, smokers who underwent further testing reduced smoking by one daily cigarette more than people at low risk of diabetes. The rate of smokers was not reduced, and the result was not confirmed by data regarding perceived change. Alcohol intake and exercise were unchanged. Data on perceived changes showed that more people undertook increased exercise in the group at low risk than in the further examined group, but this was not seen when comparing high‐risk attenders with non‐attenders. Dietary habits were unchanged, except that slightly more people in the group with an abnormal test result reported increase of fruit and vegetable intake and reduction of fat intake compared with the group with a normal test result.

Conclusion  Only minor and inconsistent impacts on lifestyle was observed 1 year after screening.
How does ethnicity affect the association between obesity and diabetes?
Authors: Diaz V. A. , Mainous A. G. , Baker R. , Carnemolla M. , Majeed A.
Published: August 2007

Aims  To examine the utility of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHR) in assessing diabetes risk across different ethnic groups.

Methods  Cross‐sectional analysis of data for eight ethnic groups from the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and 2003–2004 Health Survey for England was performed. In 11 624 adults ≥ 20 years old, self‐reported as US White, US Black, Mexican American, English White, English Black, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Indian or Chinese the presence of diabetes, defined as self‐report of doctor diagnosis or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) > 6.1%, was ascertained. Comparisons of proportions were made using χ2‐tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for BMI, WC and WHR predicting diabetes.

Results  Other ethnic groups had a higher prevalence of diagnosed diabetes than English Whites. The crude prevalence of diabetes in English Whites of normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) was 3.4%. Higher prevalences were seen in other ethnic groups (5.0–10.9%). Based on ROC curves, both WC and WHR had better discriminating ability for diabetes than BMI for both genders and some ethnic groups.

Conclusions  Ethnic differences exist in the crude prevalence of diabetes, even in those characterized as normal weight by BMI. Thus, clinicians need to exercise caution in interpreting diabetes risk associated with a normal BMI. The use of other anthropometric measures, such as WC or WHR, may improve risk determination across different ethnic groups. More research is needed to determine the thresholds for different anthropometric measures that improve diabetes risk determination.
The transcription factor 7‐like 2 (TCF7L2) gene is associated with Type 2 diabetes in UK community‐based cases, but the risk allele frequency is reduced compared with UK cases selected for genetic studies
Authors: De Silva N. M. G. , Steele A. , Shields B. , Knight B. , Parnell K. , Weedon M. N. , Hattersley A. T. , Frayling T. M.
Published: August 2007

Aims  Common polymorphisms in the transcription factor 7‐like 2 (TCF7L2) gene are strongly associated with Type 2 diabetes. Many studies include a large proportion of cases enriched for family history or young age of diagnosis and may therefore provide an overestimation of the general population risk. We aimed to compare the impact of TCF7L2 in UK community‐based Type 2 diabetic subjects with that in subjects ascertained for genetic studies.

Methods  We genotyped the TCF7L2 polymorphism rs7903146 in 1068 cases from two sources: 487 from 10 GP practices and 601 ascertained for genetic studies, and 2099 control subjects from two sources: 1099 parents from a birth cohort (population control subjects) and 300 subjects with normal fasting glucose aged ≥ 45 years (community control subjects).

Results  When compared with Type 2 diabetes cases ascertained for genetic studies, the risk allele frequency in community‐based cases was lower (40 vs. 36%, P = 0.04), but there was no difference in risk allele frequency between community‐based control and population‐based control subjects (31 vs. 30%, P = 0.61). The T allele of rs7903146 increased Type 2 diabetes risk with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.13–1.52; P = 0.0002) in community‐based cases, but this OR was lower than the OR of cases enriched for genetic studies [1.58 (95% CI: 1.38–1.80), P = 1.4 × 10−11] and the combined OR of meta‐analysis of 10 studies to date on rs7903146 [1.48 (95% CI: 1.41–1.54), P < 10−20].

Conclusion  Common variation in the TCF7L2 gene contributes to Type 2 diabetes risk in UK patients recruited in general practice, but the risk allele frequency may be lower than that in subjects enriched for genetic effects.
Associations of Type 1 diabetes mellitus, maternal vascular disease and complications of pregnancy
Authors: Howarth C. , Gazis A. , James D.
Published: August 2007

Background  Maternal diabetes increases the risk of pre‐eclampsia and abnormalities of fetal growth. We studied the additional impact of maternal vascular disease on these risks.

Methods  The first viable (> 23 weeks) pregnancies of 138 women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM), delivered between 1994 and 2003 at the Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK were studied. Women were divided into groups with and without vascular disease (retinopathy and/or nephropathy and/or pre‐existing hypertension). Primary outcomes were pre‐eclampsia and fetal customized birthweight percentile (cbp) (adjusted for maternal weight, height, parity, ethnicity, gestational age and gender). Secondary outcomes were perinatal outcome (miscarriage, intrauterine or neonatal death), preterm birth, birth asphyxia, neonatal hypoglycaemia and delivery mode.

Results  Women with vascular disease were more likely to develop pre‐eclampsia (OR 3.5; CI 1.28–9.53) and deliver infants with lower cbp (median 89.0, range 0–100 vs. 98.0, range 0–100; P ≤ 0.005). Infants were less likely to be macrosomic (OR 0.46; CI 0.224–0.928) but more likely to have intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR; OR 6.0; CI 1.54–23.33). Women with vascular disease had higher Caesarean section rates (90 vs. 56%, P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions/interpretation  Women with Type 1 DM and vascular disease are at greater risk of pre‐eclampsia and pathological fetal growth. This should influence counselling and merit increased pregnancy surveillance.