bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Falsche Bewegung
Authors: Moretti Franco
Published: November 2022

Diagramme, Zeitreihen, Netzwerke, Histogramme… Vor fünfzehn oder zwanzig Jahren hätte man in Artikeln über das Kino und die Musik, die Literatur und die bildende Kunst noch nichts davon gefunden. Die Visualisierung kultureller Daten ist es, was die digital humanities auf den ersten Blick von den älteren geisteswissenschaftlichen Verfahren unterscheidet.

In seinem neuen Buch reflektiert Franco Moretti einige der stillschweigend geteilten, manchmal vielleicht nur unbewusst mitgeführten Prämissen dieser neuen Untersuchungspraxis – geleitet von der Überzeugung, dass diese Praxis sehr starke theoretische Voraussetzungen mit sich führt, die offen gelegt werden müssen.

»Falsche Bewegung« bietet eine ebenso ehrliche wie anspruchsvoll-kritische Einschätzung der sogenannten »quantitativen« Wende in den Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften, zu der der Autor selbst mit der Gründung des Literary Lab 2010 in Stanford einen entscheidenden Impuls gegeben hat. Seine Synthese, die die Wegmarken abschreitet, die nach und nach auf der Forschungsroute der hier versammelten Beiträge erreicht wurden, eröffnet neue Perspektiven auf das, was für die humanities an diesem strategischen Wendepunkt auf dem Spiel steht: Was hat der quantitative Ansatz erreicht, welche Erwartungen wurden (nicht) erfüllt und was geschieht mit der wissenschaftlichen Vorstellungskraft in den humanities, wenn Probleme der Statistik und Programmierung Fragen nach der Form in den Hintergrund drängen?
Graphite Carbon Nitride
Authors: Ezhumalai Yamuna , Kumaresan Prabakaran , Jayapalan Tirupathy
Published: November 2022

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), is a synthetic polymer made up of carbon, nitrogen, and some impurity hydrogen that is linked together using tris-triazine-based patterns. Because of the inclusion of N and H atoms, it has electron-rich characteristics, basic surface functions, and H-bonding motifs, compared to the bulk of carbon materials. Consequently, it’s seen as a possible replacement for carbon in material applications. A brief introduction to g-C3N4 is included in this chapter, as are the methods for synthesizing this material with various textural structures and surface morphologies, as well as its physicochemical properties. Furthermore, four parts of g-C3N4 applications are discussed. We anticipate that this work will motivate readers to look for new applications for this material in catalysis and other domains.
Approach and Management of Anaplastic Carcinoma Thyroid
Authors: Sharafuddin Zuzak , Ravikumar Rejnish , Rafi Malu , Madhavan Nair Lekha , Mathew John , Cessal Thommachan Kainickal
Published: November 2022

Anaplastic carcinoma thyroid, also known as undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma, is a rare but highly aggressive malignant tumor, which accounts for 2–3% of all thyroid malignancies. It is mostly seen in elderly females in their 6th or 7th decade. It carries a very bad prognosis with an average median survival of 5 months. Patients often present with a rapidly growing, painful, woody hard lower anterior neck mass fixed to underlying structures. In addition to local invasion, patients also present with regional nodal spread and distant metastasis. Though the risk factors for anaplastic carcinoma thyroid are unknown, most of them develop in the setting of long-standing goiter, possibly in an undiagnosed, well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Management of anaplastic carcinoma thyroid demands a multidisciplinary approach with the involvement of surgeon, radiation oncologist, radiologist, and endocrinologist. The conventional treatment of anaplastic carcinoma thyroid includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Recently, multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors are also incorporated into the treatment. However, prognosis of the disease is very poor with 4 months of overall survival of 35% and overall disease-specific mortality of 98–99%. In this chapter, we discuss how to approach the condition and various treatment strategies to provide improved treatment outcomes for patients diagnosed with anaplastic carcinoma thyroid.
Perspective Chapter: Text Watermark Analysis – Concept, Technique, and Applications
Authors: Nanjundan Preethi , P. George Jossy
Published: November 2022

Watermarking is a modern technology in which identifying information is embedded in a data carrier. It is not easy to notice without affecting data usage. A text watermark is an approach to inserting a watermark into text documents. This is an extremely complex undertaking, especially given the scarcity of research in this area. This process has proven to be very complex, especially since there has only been a limited amount of research done in this field. Conducting an in-depth analysis, analysis, and implementation of the evaluation, is essential for its success. The overall aim of this chapter is to develop an understanding of the theory, methods, and applications of text watermarking, with a focus on procedures for defining, embedding, and extracting watermarks, as well as requirements, approaches, and linguistic implications. Detailed examination of the new classification of text watermarks is provided in this chapter as are the integration process and related issues of attacks and language applicability. Research challenges in open and forward-looking research are also explored, with emphasis on information integrity, information accessibility, originality preservation, information security, and sensitive data protection. The topics include sensing, document conversion, cryptographic applications, and language flexibility.
Theory and Practice of Second Language Learning
Authors: Tefer Adugna Ebabu
Published: November 2022

Second language learning can help citizens broaden their thinking capacity and have wide connections to people in the world. Ethiopian governments at different times have been attempting to deliver foreign languages, particularly English, to their citizens. Also, training has been given on how to teach English as a foreign language as well. Thus, this book chapter deals with the theories and practices reflected in ELT as a foreign teaching from the earliest times to the present. Specifically, the syllabus and student books of Grade 10 English, which were in use in three consecutive reigns of Ethiopia, such as Haile Selassie (1930–1974), DERG (1974–1991), and Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) (1991–2022), were assessed and the theories and practices reflected in the teaching materials of each regime, and the changes made in terms of theories, approaches, and methods comparing the past and the present were identified. The audio-lingual method was the most commonly used method during the two regimes (Halie Sillase and DERG). But the content-based and task-based approaches, informed by sociocultural theory, were the most commonly used methods during the EPRDF, as evidenced by the evaluation of teaching materials and practice.
Perspective Chapter: Immunosuppression in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Tripathi Pratima
Published: November 2022

Diabetes is an age-dependent health issue prevalent worldwide and specially seen in those families with prevalent history of the disorder. Insufficient insulin production by the defective pancreas that leads to high blood glucose levels in the systemic circulation makes the patients more prone to an infection that exaggerates with time as compared to their counterparts. This increased prevalence of infections in diabetics may be due to defects in the immune functionality of the diabetes patients. High blood glucose level evokes inflammatory responses due to provoked inflammatory immune response against hyperglycemic condition in adipocytes and macrophages. The inflammatory mediators attack the pancreatic beta cells thus affecting the insulin production, which in-turn again results in hyperglycemia. Dysfunction of the immune response could not control the invasion of pathogens thereby, increasing the incidence of infectious diseases and related co- morbidities. This chapter discusses about immune dysfunction and suppression in T2DM and the underlying inflammation and infections in diabetics. An elaborate and in-depth understanding of the immune dysfunction in T2DM patients can help in the management and development of better targeted therapeutics to cure the disorder. It may also provide an insight in how to take care of one’s health as a precautionary measure to avoid the complications leading to diabetes and vice versa.
Design and Performance of Hypersonic Intake for Scramjet Engine
Authors: Sandeep Juluru
Published: November 2022

Rockets are the only vehicles to reach hypersonic speeds with non-airbreathing engines carrying both fuel and oxidizer increasing budget of space exploration. So, the desire to achieve hypersonic speeds at low cost has led to the development of air-breathing engines known as supersonic combustion ramjet engines or scramjet engines. The most complex part in the development of the scramjet engine is the intake. Free-stream hypersonic speed flow will be compressed in intake and processed into the combustor as per the required pressure and temperature. The high-pressurized flow can be provided to the combustor based on the strength of shocks attained in the intake due to ramps. So, the design of intake depends on the number of ramps and the angle of ramp, which decides the strength of shock for compression. All the scramjet intakes designed based on oblique shock theory will start efficiently in the designed conditions, but the main problem is unstarting the performance of intake at off-design conditions. It is very important to know the flow behavior at off-design conditions to enhance the operating range of the engine. So, in this chapter, a detailed procedure for the design of hypersonic intake and techniques to mitigate the unstarting conditions of scramjet engines is discussed.
Application of Quantum Dots in Lateral Flow Immunoassays: Non-Communicable and Communicable Diseases
Authors: Tsolekile Ncediwe , Mngcutsha Noluvuyo , Vitshima Nozikumbuzo
Published: November 2022

Quantum Dots (QDs) are ideal fluorescent labels for lateral flow assays (LFA) due to their unique optical properties and resistance to chemical and photo-degradation. Lateral flow assay, known as immunochromatography test, is a diagnostic strip test that uses paper or membrane-based devices to detect the presence/absence of an analyte with the pregnancy test, the most known LFA. Diagnostic tools for non-communicable (NCDs) and communicable diseases (CDs) are available. However, other NCDs and CDs do not have LFAs as first-line diagnosis/point-of-care. QDs are promising fluorescent labels as they improve the LFA’s colourimetric sensitivity and fluorescence stability. This chapter discusses the tailoring and application of QDs in LFA. Particular focus on the applications of QDs in LFA for detecting or screening NCDs (i.e. cancers etc.) and CDs (i.e. SARS-CoV-2, HIV/AIDs etc.). The book chapter concludes by discussing different challenges and perspectives of QDs in LFA.
Growth of Diamond Thin Film and Creation of NV Centers
Authors: Ma Yaping , Chen Junbo , Wang Chenhui
Published: November 2022

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is one type of special defects in diamonds. NV center not only can be used as sensors for temperature, stress detection, magnetic field, etc., but also has potential applications for quantum computing due to its unique physical properties. Therefore, the growth of diamond and creation of NV centers are significant for the future technologies. In this chapter, some methods for growing diamond thin film are introduced first, including traditional high-pressure-high-temperature (HPHT) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods. The second part will focus on the current commonly used approaches to create NV centers. Inter-growth and post-growth processes are mainly utilized for the creation of NV centers during and after the growth of thin film, respectively.
Thermal Tuning of Thermophysical Properties of Single Cu-Ni Alloy
Authors: W. Kim Yong
Published: November 2022

The great majority of metallic materials in use are not single crystals but disordered. We model such a material specimen as being composed of nanoclusters, each cluster being a small mutually interacting cluster of atoms. In this modeling, a material specimen is then treated as a mixture of nanocrystalline and glassy-state atoms. If we define the degree of crystallinity of the object by the probability that an atom is a member of a crystallite existing within the specimen, the probability would be smaller than unity. Structural disorder in such metallic alloys affects thermophysical properties of the alloy specimen in myriad ways. Transport properties in turn impact material utilization in significant ways to the extent that the specimen could behave as possessing completely different alloy properties. This approach to changing alloy properties can serve useful purposes. We show how one might approach such modification of alloy properties without changing alloy composition with a sample of copper-nickel alloy.
Scalable Algorithms for Simultaneous Mapping and Localization of Mobile Robot Swarms
Authors: Filatov Anton , Krinkin Kirill
Published: November 2022

The chapter is devoted to the development of scalable algorithms for multi-agent solution of the SLAM problem. These algorithms are applicable to robots with limited computational resources, having limited computational power and memory, small spatial size, and power from a portable battery. To simplify the description, only robots equipped with LIDAR are considered. The main focus is as follows: a scalable multi-agent SLAM algorithm based on Dempster-Shafer theory; an algorithm for filtering two-dimensional laser scans to free up computational resources; evaluation of the accuracy of the map and trajectory constructed by the multi-agent algorithm; performance evaluation on resource-limited computing devices.
Global Water Mapping, Requirements, and Concerns over Water Quality Shortages
Authors: Panhwar Aijaz , Abro Rashid , Kandhro Aftab , Rauf Khaskheli Abdul , Jalbani Nusrat , Ali Gishkori Khadim , Muhammad Mahar Atta , Qaisar Sofia
Published: November 2022

Water is a blessing and reason forsurvival on earth for human beings. Without water, it is not difficult to live on earth, but it is impossible. Water fulfills domestic, drinking, agricultural, and industrial requirements and makes everything useful for us. Unfortunately, rapid increase in population, unplanned agriculture practices, and industrial sector have become a serious issues for environment and for future needs. Water will be a very important issue for next generations to face. Safe water access up to 50−100 liters per day for drinking and sanitation is a right of every human being, recognized by the United Nations General Assembly in July 2010. Approximately, six billion people may suffer from scarcity of clean water by 2050. The agriculture sector is the largest consumer of freshwater around 70% followed by industry and domestic of 19 and 11%, respectively. The global demand for water is gradually increasing by 1% per year. Global demand for water is predicted to increase by 55% between the years 2000 and 2050. Existing global water demand has been projected to about 4600 km3 every year and estimation may increase up to 20−30%, in range of 5500−6000 km3 every year by 2050.
Basic Radiation Protection for the Safe Use of Radiation and Nuclear Technologies
Authors: Sabol Jozef
Published: November 2022

Any use of both ionizing radiation and nuclear technologies requires ensuring appropriate safety and security of persons as well as the adequate protection of the environment. This is why the applications and handling of sources of ionizing radiation should be in line with the relevant national and international standards containing appropriate safety and security requirements and recommendations. In order to understand and follow these standards, it is necessary to assess the related radiation risks, which should be quantified by using specific dosimetry and radiation protection quantities and units. The chapter introduces and discusses these quantities and units aimed at the evaluation of the biological harms attributed to both stochastic and deterministic effects. The correct use and interpretation of radiation quantities are important to follow relevant regulations and to communicate radiation risks to workers and the public. The chapter takes into account the latest situation in the field, relying on the recent position of relevant international expert bodies.
Perspective Chapter: The Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Investment and Its Implications
Authors: Sarajoti Pattarake , Chatjuthamard Pattanaporn , Papangkorn Suwongrat , Phiromswad Piyachart
Published: November 2022

Investment management has been an important part in a long-term financial planning for investors around the world. Traditionally, investors aim to maximize the risk premium relative to the riskiness of the investment subjected to certain goals and constraints such as the time horizon, risk appetite, and consumption behavior. Recently, investors, both retail and institutional investors, have shown significant interests in sustainability especially on the environmental, social, and governance, which is often referred to as ESG investments. Studies on ESG investing are unable to reach consensus. We will review literature related to ESG investing in order to identify key limitations that obstruct advancements in this field. In particular, key limitations that we have identified involve the issues of data inconsistencies and the choice of benchmarks, among others. Furthermore, this chapter identifies areas for future research that address these limitations and thus should advance research in this field.
Principalship Educational Policy Challenges in the Management of a Turbulent School Environment
Authors: Sibusiso Mchunu Bongani , Justice Zondi Mzomuhle , Myboy Nzimande Wilson
Published: November 2022

The chapter reports on the findings of a small-scale mixed-method study conducted amongst thirty sampled school principals. In the study, the principals share their challenges and achievements in implementing COVID-19 responsive policies in a turbulent school environment threatened by the pandemic. We sought to understand the experiences of principals in managing the implementation of policies necessary to make situational analyses in navigating the unstable academic year. We used the concepts of geographies of place and situational leadership to understand first, how principals managed to implement the national and provincial policies to ensure learners share available learning space without physical contact. Second, it was to understand the implementation of curriculum recovery programmes meant to mitigate against lost teaching time. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to generate data to answer research questions that underpinned the study. The findings suggest that principals faced challenges in implementing the policies in areas of phasing in all grades, ensuring continuity of teaching and learning due to intermittent outbreaks of COVID-19 infections. This resulted in the loss of schooling time because of temporary closures of schools and the absence of teachers which impacted negatively on curriculum delivery.
Perspective Chapter: Beyond the Chlorophyll Molecule, Are There Other Organic Compounds Capable of Dissociating the Water Molecule? New and Unexpected Insights
Authors: del Carmen Arias Esparza María , Solis Herrera Arturo
Published: November 2022

In the XVII century, researchers throughout Europe began to study the composition of the atmosphere, discerning its physicochemical properties and composition. Since then, it has been observed that the concentration of oxygen in the air around us is relatively low. Lavoisier and Priestley, in the middle of XVII century, observed that plants leaves could replenish oxygen in an impoverished atmosphere. They concluded that chlorophyll possessed the intrinsic property of dissociating the molecule from water. At the XVIII century, the systematic study of human physiology began to deepen, and it was found that the oxygen levels inside the human body were five times higher than those of the atmosphere. The explanation given was that the lung, by means of some unknown mechanism like those of the swim bladder of some fish, was able to concentrate oxygen from the atmosphere and introduce it into the bloodstream. But such a theoretical mechanism has not been found after 200 years of searching. However, there is no way to explain how the concentration of oxygen rises substantially in the tiny distance between the alveolar space and the blood capillaries of the lung. Circumstantially, we found the mechanism during an observational study about the blood vessels entering and leaving the human optic nerve: Our body has several molecules capable of dissociating the molecule from water, such as plants.
Proteasuria: The Link between Physiopathogenesis and Edema Management in Nephrotic Syndrome?
Authors: Alamilla-Sanchez Mario , Alcala Salgado Miguel , Fonseca González Gandhy , Chavez Mendoza Carlos , Acosta Peña Cecilia , Prado Lozano Pamela , Diaz Garcia Daniel , Nieto Gutiérrez Julio
Published: November 2022

Nephrotic syndrome is a pathology characterized by severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, dyslipidemia, and edema. Edema has classically been associated with an alteration of the forces that govern Starling’s principle. However, some proteins eliminated in excess in the urine (proteasuria) can activate the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), favoring sodium retention and edema. The α- and γ-ENaC subunits are activated by releasing inhibitory segments that favor the probability of channel opening. Some proteases that have been investigated include plasmin, prostasin, transmembrane protease serine 4, cathepsin, and neutrophil elastases. Therapeutic strategies include water and sodium restriction in the diet, appropriate dosing of diuretics (loop, thiazides, or acetazolamide), and in severe cases, mechanical ultrafiltration. Due to the continuous activation of ENaC in nephrotic syndrome, amiloride is an attractive diuretic strategy that has been shown to be effective in some patients with an acceptable safety profile.
Public Goods, Civil Society and Sustainability
Authors: J. O’Brien David
Published: November 2022

This paper proposes a “public goods” approach to the development of “civil society” as a foundation for building a sustainable environment. Economists define “public goods” as goods that cannot be delivered through traditional marketplace mechanisms, such as fire protection and education. Civil Society organizations also can be viewed as public goods. A central feature of sustainable liberal democracies is the existence of intermediary civil society collective organizations. These organizational units are supported by macro-level governmental institutions under the rationale of providing citizens benefits that cannot be provided by the market or directly by the state. This approach provides an alternative to zero-sum conflicts and leads to compromise solutions that will gain taxpayer support. Research findings from a variety of places provide historical illustrations of the effectiveness of a public goods approach include: (1) the U. S. TVA organizational design during the New Deal and the contemporary cross-party appeal of criminal justice reform; (2) the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community - the forerunner of the European Union – which provides one-third of its budget for local-level sustainability projects; and (3) the successful vertical integration of smallholder cooperatives in East Africa that encourages sustainable family, community, and national development.
Overview of Food Antimicrobial Packaging
Authors: Mizielińska Małgorzata , Bartkowiak Artur
Published: November 2022

Acutely due to awareness that food products are highly vulnerable to microbial contamination, the food industry constantly tries to uncover new methods for the preservation of their products in order to guarantee their goods and processes continue to offer the highest quality and uphold safety standards throughout the production, storage, and distribution chain. Antimicrobial food packaging can play an important role in food shelf-life extension through the inhibition of microorganism growth present on the surface of food products. Antimicrobial packaging materials containing active substances incorporated into a polymer matrix or as surface coatings have begun to receive more attention for their use as antimicrobial control agents in food packaging systems. The most commonly used packaging materials are paper and plastics. However, from the ecological point of view, biopolymer-based materials have recently garnered more attention in the development of antimicrobial packaging as an alternative, due to their nontoxic biodegradability. In addition, the ongoing global spread of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has led to a preference for fresh food packaged in single-use food coverings. In order to address customer concerns and safeguard their health, the packaging industry could implement additional health safety measures, such as active packaging with antiviral properties.
Tradition... Transgression! Singer In the Shtetl and On the Street
Authors: Berman Marshall
Published: November 2022

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PENGARUH PENAYANGAN VIDEO TERHADAP TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN PENGGUNAAN VITAMIN PADA MASYARAKAT DI PERUMAHAN GSP KECAMATAN KESAMBI KOTA CIREBON
Authors: Pandanwangi Siti , Sunandi Retno Tresno , Wulandari Eka Putri
Published: November 2022

Vitamin merupakan salah satu zat senyawa kompleks yang sangat diperlukan oleh tubuh kita yang berfungsi sebagai mengatur proses metabolisme dan fungsi normal tubuh.Penelitian ini bertujuan Untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan penggunaan vitamin pada masyarakat sebelum dan sesudah penayangan video.Untuk mengetahui pengaruh penayangan video terhadap tingkat penggunaan vitamin dan Untuk mengetahui perbandingan pengaruh penayangan video terhadap tingkat pemgetahuan penggunaan vitamin pada masyarakat di Perumahan GSP Kecamatan Kesambi Kota Cirebon berdasarkan data demografi.
Desain penelitian ini menggunakan pra-eksperimen studi "one group pretest/posttest”. Pengambilan sampel secara Purposive Sampling dengan sampel 95 responden. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Januari-Febuari 2022. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa kuesioner Pretest Posttest dan video sebagai media edukasi.
Hasil pengujian menggunakan uji T paired sampel test dan nilai sig (2-tailed)<0,005. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan sig (2-tailed) sebesar 0,000. Disimpulkan bahwa hasil tingkat pengetahuan meningkat setelah adanya penayangan video dengan nilai Pretest 64% dan Posttest 86%. Terdapat pengaruh penayangan video terhadap tingkat pengetahuan penggunaan vitamin pada masyarakat di Perumahan GSP Kecamatan Kesambi Kota Cirebon. Berdasarkan data demografi kelompok yang paling berpengaruh adalah pada kelompok pekerjaan wiraswasta dengan hasil selisih Pretest Posttest 1,07.
Two new Asian species of Russula sect. Ingratae with unique basidiospore features for subg. Heterophyllidiae
Authors: Ghosh Aniket , Buyck Bart , Das Kanad , Bera Ishika , Chakraborty Dyutiparna
Published: November 2022

Two novel species of Russula (Russulaceae, Russulales), namely Russula indosenecis A.Ghosh, D.Chakr., K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. and R. pseudosenecis A.Ghosh, D.Chakr., K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. belonging to sect. Ingratae subg. Heterophyllidiae are proposed herein based on their morphological features and nrITS-based phylogenetic inferences. Both species belong to the Asian ʻR. punctipes-senecisʼ complex of sect. Ingratae. The acrid R. indosenecis was collected from subalpine forests associated with Abies densa, whereas the mild R. pseudosenecis associates with tropical forests dominated by Shorea robusta. Both species are distinct from the other species of this species complex in nrITS sequence data and from all other known species in subg. Heterophyllidiae in the strong amyloidity of their suprahilar spot.
Formation mechanism and regulation of silicon vacancy centers in polycrystalline diamond films
Authors: Li Jun-Peng , Ren Ze-Yang , Zhang Jin-Feng , Wang Han-Xue , Ma Yuan-Chen , Fei Yi-Fan , Huang Si-Yuan , Ding Sen-Chuan , Zhang Jin-Cheng , Hao Yue ,   The National Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China,   Wuhu Research Institute, Xidian University, Wuhu 241002, China
Published: November 2022

Diamond silicon vacancy centers (SiV centers) have important application prospects in quantum information technology and biomarkers. In this work, the formation mechanism and regulation method of SiV center during the growth of polycrystalline diamond on silicon substrate are studied. By changing the ratio of nitrogen content to oxygen content in the growing atmosphere of diamond, the photoluminescence intensity of SiV center can be controlled effectively, and polycrystalline diamond samples with the ratios of SiV center photoluminescence peak to diamond intrinsic peak as high as 334.46 and as low as 1.48 are prepared. It is found that nitrogen promotes the formation of SiV center in the growth process, and the inhibition of oxygen. The surface morphology and photoluminescence spectrum for each of these samples show that the photoluminescence peak intensity of SiV center is positively correlated with the grain size of diamond, and the SiV center’s photoluminescence peak in the diamond film with obvious preferred orientation of crystal plane is higher. The distribution of Si centers and SiV centers on the surface of polycrystalline diamond are further characterized and analyzed by photoluminescence, Raman surface scanning and depth scanning spectroscopy. It is found that during the growth of polycrystalline diamond, the substrate silicon diffuses first into the diamond grain and then into the crystal structure to form the SiV center. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of SiV centers in diamond.
Analysis of electron flow current in vacuum magnetically-insulated-transmission-line sheath for 15-MA Z-pinch driver
Authors: Gong Zhen-Zhou , Wei Hao , Fan Si-Yuan , Hong Ya-Ping , Wu Han-Yu , Qiu Ai-Ci ,   State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China,   State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710024, China
Published: November 2022

The 15-MA driver is powered by 24 linear-transformer-driver (LTD) modules connected electrically in parallel. The magnetically-insulated-transmission-line (MITL) system of the 15-MA driver adopts a four-level design. It is expected that the primary source delivers a more than 15 MA current to a physics load. The typical one-dimensional steady-state pressure-balance model is adopted to calculate the electron flow current of the outer MITLs of the 15-MA driver after the magnetic insulation has been established. The cathode plasma expansion and the collisional flow electrons are considered on the basis of that model. Multiple designs with different characteristic parameters of the MITL system include the vacuum impedance of the constant-impedance segment of the outer-MITL, the minimum gap of the outer-MITL, and the location of the post-hole convolute (PHC). The flow currents of these designs are calculated in three typical times (1/3 peak load current time, peak load current time, and 5 ns before the Z-pinch stagnation) by establishing the equivalent circuit model of the 15-MA driver. The influences of these characteristic parameters on the electrical pulse transmission and convergence of the 15 MA driver are obtained. The calculation results show that the electron flow current at the end of MITL is greatly affected by the impedance of the end of MITL after the electron flow current has entered into the steady state magnetic insulation. The flow current decreases from 184.7 kA to 106.9 kA, while the load current is reduced by 0.5 MA, as the vacuum impedance increases from 0.42 Ω to 0.84 Ω. This is mainly because the central inductance increases by about 1.43 nH (from 9.94 nH to 11.37 nH). In the time of 5 ns before load stagnation, the flow current decreases from 181.9 kA to 85.1 kA as the minimum gap of the outer-MITL increases from 7.10 mm to 14.00 mm, and the peak load current drops only by about 0.1 MA. The flow current and load current decrease slowly as the location radius of the PHC decreases until the radius decreases to 7.65 mm. The research in this paper is helpful in guiding the structure optimization for the central converging region of future Z-pinch driver.
Spatial variation of parrotfish assemblages at oceanic islands in the western Caribbean: evidence of indirect effects of fishing?
Authors: Rivas Natalia , Acero P. Arturo , Tavera José
Published: November 2022

Fish populations that bear considerable pressure levels tend to show a decline in the average size of individuals, with the small and unexploited species replacing the large and exploited ones. It is important to carry on with their characterization in areas where they are becoming an important source of food for local human populations. An example of such species are parrotfishes, whose responses to external factors such as fishing need to be understood and predicted. In this study, we used a diver-operated stereo-video to examine individual body size, sex ratios and proportion of species of the parrotfish assemblage and analyze them on a qualitative fishing pressure gradient at four oceanic islands in the Colombian Caribbean. We reported over 10,000 occurrences of eleven parrotfish species, of which we estimated the total length of over 90%, grouping them into three size categories (large, medium, and small). Our data showed a spatial variation of parrotfishes’ abundances, biomass, and individual body size. Observed differences are size-category-dependent throughout the qualitative fishing pressure. In general, the medium-bodied species had smaller sizes, lower abundances, and thus lower contribution to the total parrotfish biomass at the most heavily fished island. Unexpectedly, we found evidence of possible indirect effects over the small-bodied species Scarus iseri and Scarus taeniopterus with significantly greater abundances, and larger sizes of males of S. iseri, at the higher fishing pressure sites. Overall, our data highlights the extent of the spatial variation in the parrotfish communities at relatively short distances, and present new insights into the responses of parrotfish species on a spectrum of body sizes along a gradient of human pressure.
Effects of Different Treatments Combination under Hydroponics and Pot Cultivation Condition in Climatic Zones of Prayagraj for Better Growth and Yield of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) cv. Chandler
Authors: Rana Shilpa , Prasad V. M.
Published: November 2022

An experiment was conducted during the year 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 at Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (India), to study the effects of different treatments combination under hydroponics and pot cultivation condition in climatic zones of Prayagraj for better growth and yield of strawberry. The experiment was laid out in Factorial randomized block design with three replications each consisting of two cultivation system i.e., hydroponics system and pot culture, each having 12 treatments with T0 (control). The two type (Pot Experiment + Hydroponic Experiment) of planting system, and their interaction have a significant effect on the growth and yield of the plants. According to the findings, plants cultivated in hydroponic system along T7 (with Grow, Micro & Bloom) at 24 hours interval of 42 days maximize yield while also performing best in growth, quality, and yield contributing attributes. The hydroponic system yielded 20.92 per cent and 16.91 per cent higher than soilless media and soil, respectively. The nutrient uptake was also recorded highest under this treatment leading to conclusion that nutrients are more readily available to the plants under hydroponic system as compared to soilless media or soil and gave the maximum net returns and maximum benefit: cost ratio.
Abdominal Pain in a 15-Year-Old Adolescent Girl
Authors: Iio Kazuki , Ishida Yu
Published: November 2022

A 15-year-old adolescent girl taking an oral contraceptive had 3 days of pain in a 1-cm area of the lower left abdominal quadrant. She had no nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, hematochezia, bloating, or anorexia; no precipitating factors for the pain; and no history of pregnancy, abdominal surgery, or abdominal trauma. Results from laboratory tests, endoscopy, and abdominal computed tomography were normal. What is the diagnosis and what would you do next?
Upper Limb Nerve Transfer Surgery in Patients With Tetraplegia
Authors: Javeed Saad , Dibble Christopher F. , Greenberg Jacob K. , Zhang Justin K. , Khalifeh Jawad M. , Park Yikyung , Wilson Thomas J. , Zager Eric L. , Faraji Amir H. , Mahan Mark A. , Yang Lynda J. , Midha Rajiv , Juknis Neringa , Ray Wilson Z.
Published: November 2022

Importance

Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) causes devastating loss of upper extremity function and independence. Nerve transfers are a promising approach to reanimate upper limbs; however, there remains a paucity of high-quality evidence supporting a clinical benefit for patients with tetraplegia.

Objective

To evaluate the clinical utility of nerve transfers for reanimation of upper limb function in tetraplegia.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this prospective case series, adults with cervical SCI and upper extremity paralysis whose recovery plateaued were enrolled between September 1, 2015, and January 31, 2019. Data analysis was performed from August 2021 to February 2022.

Interventions

Nerve transfers to reanimate upper extremity motor function with target reinnervation of elbow extension and hand grasp, pinch, and/or release.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was motor strength measured by Medical Research Council (MRC) grades 0 to 5. Secondary outcomes included Sollerman Hand Function Test (SHFT); Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire (MHQ); Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH); and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores. Outcomes were assessed up to 48 months postoperatively.

Results

Twenty-two patients with tetraplegia (median age, 36 years [range, 18-76 years]; 21 male [95%]) underwent 60 nerve transfers on 35 upper limbs at a median time of 21 months (range, 6-142 months) after SCI. At final follow-up, upper limb motor strength improved significantly: median MRC grades were 3 (IQR, 2.5-4; P = .01) for triceps, with 70% of upper limbs gaining an MRC grade of 3 or higher for elbow extension; 4 (IQR, 2-4; P < .001) for finger extensors, with 79% of hands gaining an MRC grade of 3 or higher for finger extension; and 2 (IQR, 1-3; P < .001) for finger flexors, with 52% of hands gaining an MRC grade of 3 or higher for finger flexion. The secondary outcomes of SHFT, MHQ, DASH, and SF36-PCS scores improved beyond the established minimal clinically important difference. Both early (<12 months) and delayed (≥12 months) nerve transfers after SCI achieved comparable motor outcomes. Continual improvement in motor strength was observed in the finger flexors and extensors across the entire duration of follow-up.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this prospective case series, nerve transfer surgery was associated with improvement of upper limb motor strength and functional independence in patients with tetraplegia. Nerve transfer is a promising intervention feasible in both subacute and chronic SCI.
Primary extranodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: Molecular features, treatment, and prognosis
Authors: Chen Si‐Yuan , Ji Meng‐Meng , Xu Peng‐Peng , Zhao Wei‐Li
Published: November 2022

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and represents a heterogeneous entity. One‐third of DLBCL arises from extranodal organs and its prognosis often varies with regard to the sites involved. Molecular features are important to elucidate the differences in clinical features, predict the disease prognosis, and improve effective targeted therapeutic strategies. Extranodal DLBCLs originated from the breast, skin, uterus, immune‐privileged sites such as the central nervous system and testes, often show a high proportion of non‐germinal center B‐cell‐like (non‐GCB) phenotypes, with a high frequency of MYD88/CD79B mutations. In contrast, extranodal DLBCLs originated from the thyroid gland and stomach show a relatively low proportion of non‐GCB phenotype, with a considerably excellent prognosis. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab is the standard of care in both nodal and extranodal DLBCLs. However, approximately 40% of the patients experience treatment failure. It is critical to optimize the treatment strategy, including radiotherapy, autologous stem cell transplantation and targeted therapy according to the clinical characteristics and molecular heterogeneity. In this review, we present an overview of the key molecular pathways, prognosis assessment and innovative therapies in primary extranodal DLBCLs.
Large Scale Integration of Functional Radio‐Frequency Flexible MEMS under Large Mechanical Strain
Authors: Azrak Edy , Michaud Laurent , Richy Jérôme , Reinhardt Alexandre , Tardif Samuel , Eymery Joël , Bousquet Marie , Fournel Frank , Montmeat Pierre
Published: November 2022

A versatile industrial recipe of transferring nitride microelectronic components such as micro‐electromechanical systems (MEMS) onto flexible and stretchable substrates is demonstrated. This method bypasses difficulties of temperature‐related processing, and is applicable to large‐scale and mass production. The technological process of fabrication is presented along with its underlying structural and radio‐frequency characterizations. In particular, the Raman strain shifts of aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films are determined for uniaxial and biaxial mechanical deformations. The transferring process onto polymer is also demonstrated by an adhesive bonding of AlN‐based MEMS onto a 200 mm silicon (Si) wafer. The devices microstructure is assessed using X‐ray before and after transferring, as well as their electrical radio‐frequency (RF) features when on Si and polymer substrates. Then, RF measurements are also performed on the transferred and flexible devices; some in their relaxed states, and others in an in situ manner under an increasing macroscopic strain. It is shown that bulk acoustic wave resonator MEMS are fully functional even under 12% uniaxial stretching of the substrate.
Spraying Perovskite Intermediate Enabling Inch‐Scale Microwire Film Fabrication for Integration Compatible Efficient‐Photodetectors Array
Authors: Wang Hongyue , Liu Peng , Zhang Miao , Han Bin , Wang Guanghui , Zhang Jingyun , Hu Siliang , Li Huixin , Guo Yangyang , Zhao Guanguan , Gao Jialiang , Cheng Zeyi , Wang Hongqiang
Published: November 2022

Metal halide perovskite microwires (MWs) have emerged as promising photoactive materials for highly efficient photodetectors (PDs). However, large‐scale MWs film fabrication is still a formidable challenge for achieving integration compatible perovskite PDs arrays, owing to precipitation and structure crushing of MWs during deposition and annealing. Herein, a strategy of fabrication of inch‐scale perovskite MWs films is presented by depositing perovskite intermediate suspension through spray‐coating, which addresses the trade‐off present between the high flatness of MWs film and its large‐scale fabrication. The single crystalline perovskite MWs weave a film with high enough flatness rendering narrow performance distribution of high efficiency on the 7 × 7 PDs arrays. The formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) PDs arrays show average responsivity and detectivity of (1.60 ± 0.46) A W−1 and (1.49 ± 0.50) × 1012 Jones. The methanaminium lead iodide (MAPbI3) PDs arrays show average responsivity and detectivity of (0.065 ± 0.046) A W−1 and (2.54 ± 0.77) × 1011 Jones. The champion PDs based on FAPbI3 MWs film and MAPbI3 MWs film show detectivity of 1.26 × 1013 and 9.67 × 1011 Jones, which are much higher than that of corresponding polycrystalline films and located on the top ranking of similar devices.
A Versatile Ionomer‐Based Soft Actuator with Multi‐Stimulus Responses, Self‐Sustainable Locomotion, and Photoelectric Conversion
Authors: Chang Longfei , Wang Dongping , Huang Zhishan , Wang Chaofan , Torop Janno , Li Bo , Wang Yanjie , Hu Ying , Aabloo Alvo
Published: November 2022

The prospects of endowing artificial robotics or devices with increasingly complex and emergent life‐like behaviors have attracted growing interest in the soft functional materials that mimic the versatile motions of living creatures in the iridescent nature. However, despite the flourishing achievements so far, soft actuators capable of sensitive multi‐stimulus responses and self‐sustainable movements, have been extensively pursued to reduce control complexity yet remains a challenging target. Here, through material‐structural synergistic design incorporating stress‐mismatching structure, high pseudo‐negative coefficient of thermal expansion of perfluoro‐sulfonic acid ionomer, comprehensive converting properties of carbon nanotube, and anisotropic large thermal expansion of PE polymer, an ionomer‐based bilayer actuator is proposed, presenting high‐performance actuation of various forms and nice stability, responsive to light (including sunlight without focusing, LED light), low voltage, mild heating, and humidity/solvent change. With a built‐in structural feedback loop, the actuation performances are further explored to realize intelligent systems, including: 1) self‐sustainable locomotion under sunlight irradiation with adjustable photophobic and phototropic direction as well as adaption to different topographies and loading conditions, 2) self‐sustainable oscillation and solar‐electric generating, and 3) bionic floristic reaction according to environmental change. These diversified actuation modes allow promising following‐up designs for bio‐hybrid soft robotics fueled by and harmonized with natural environments.
Microparticles Decorated with Cell‐Instructive Surface Chemistries Actively Promote Wound Healing
Authors: Latif Arsalan , Fisher Leanne E. , Dundas Adam A. , Cuzzucoli Crucitti Valentina , Imir Zeynep , Lawler Karen , Pappalardo Francesco , Muir Benjamin W , Wildman Ricky , Irvine Derek J. , Alexander Morgan R , Ghaemmaghami Amir M.
Published: November 2022

Wound healing is a complex biological process involving close crosstalk between various cell types. Dysregulation in any of these processes, such as in diabetic wounds, results in chronic nonhealing wounds. Fibroblasts are a critical cell type involved in the formation of granulation tissue, essential for effective wound healing. 315 different polymer surfaces are screened to identify candidates which actively drive fibroblasts toward either pro‐ or antiproliferative functional phenotypes. Fibroblast‐instructive chemistries are identified, which are synthesized into surfactants to fabricate easy to administer microparticles for direct application to diabetic wounds. The pro‐proliferative microfluidic derived particles are able to successfully promote neovascularization, granulation tissue formation, and wound closure after a single application to the wound bed. These active novel bio‐instructive microparticles show great potential as a route to reducing the burden of chronic wounds.