bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Bathymetric Prediction Using Geological Information: SYNBATH
Authors: Sandwell David T. , Goff John A. , Gevorgian Julie , Harper Hugh , Kim Seung‐Sep , Yu Yao , Tozer Brook , Wessel Paul , Smith Walter H. F.
Published: January 2022

To date, ∼20% of the ocean floor has been surveyed by ships at a spatial resolution of 400 m or better. The remaining 80% has depth predicted from satellite altimeter‐derived gravity measurements at a relatively low resolution. There are many remote ocean areas in the southern hemisphere that will not be completely mapped at 400 m resolution during this decade. This study is focused on the development of synthetic bathymetry to fill the gaps. There are two types of seafloor features that are not typically well resolved by satellite gravity; abyssal hills and small seamounts (<2.5 km tall). We generate synthetic realizations of abyssal hills by combining the measured statistical properties of mapped abyssal hills with regional geology including fossil spreading rate/orientation, rms height from satellite gravity, and sediment thickness. With recent improvements in accuracy and resolution, it is now possible to detect all seamounts taller than about 800 m in satellite‐derived gravity and their location can be determined to an accuracy of better than 1 km. However, the width of the gravity anomaly is much greater than the actual width of the seamount so the seamount predicted from gravity will underestimate the true seamount height and overestimate its base dimension. In this study, we use the amplitude of the vertical gravity gradient (VGG) to estimate the mass of the seamount and then use their characteristic shape, based on well‐surveyed seamounts, to replace the smooth‐predicted seamount with a seamount having a more realistic shape.
Spatial Variations of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the Caribbean Sea Due To Vertical Mixing Along Its Path
Authors: van der Boog Carine G. , Dijkstra Henk A. , Pietrzak Julie D. , Katsman Caroline A.
Published: January 2022

Because of its pronounced fresh signature, the properties of the northward‐flowing Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) affect the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Hence, understanding modifications of AAIW along its path is important. Here, we analyze AAIW changes along its path in the Caribbean Sea and assess whether vertical fluxes from background turbulence and from double‐diffusive mixing in thermohaline staircases can explain these variations. We deduce the occurrence rate of staircases (7%) and estimate the flux ratio from Argo float profiles. In combination with vertical fluxes from background turbulence, these values are used in a steady‐state advection‐diffusion model to estimate the effective diffusivity of salt that arises from double diffusion . This value for is similar to observed values (Schmitt, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108678), implying the observed modification of AAIW in the Caribbean Sea may be attributable primarily to vertical mixing in the region itself.
What Determines the Number and the Timing of Pulses in Afternoon Precipitation in the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) Observations?
Authors: Tian Yang , Zhang Yunyan , Klein Stephen A.
Published: January 2022

Using GoAmazon observations over the central Amazon, we investigate double‐pulse events of afternoon precipitation for the first time. Relative humidity is the dominant factor in determining the onset timing and the number of pulses of precipitation. A moister free troposphere on single‐pulse days features heavy precipitation in the early afternoon, which stabilizes the atmosphere and prohibits further convection. On early–onset double‐pulse days, weaker precipitation from shallower convection in the first pulse leads to less consumption of atmospheric instability, making the environment favorable for a second pulse of stronger precipitation. A cluster tracking algorithm using the scanning radar reflectivity is developed to examine the relationship between precipitation pulses. Through explicitly tracking convective clusters that exist from the first to the second pulse, convective aggregation plays a more dominant role to the survival of clusters with larger final size, and on average around 20% of cluster survivals are due to natural growth.
Using Satellite Observations to Evaluate Model Microphysical Representation of Arctic Mixed‐Phase Clouds
Authors: Shaw J. , McGraw Z. , Bruno O. , Storelvmo T. , Hofer S.
Published: January 2022

Mixed‐phase clouds play an important role in determining Arctic warming, but are parametrized in models and difficult to constrain with observations. We use two satellite‐derived cloud phase metrics to investigate the vertical structure of Arctic clouds in two global climate models that use the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) atmospheric component. We report a model error limiting ice nucleation, produce a set of Arctic‐constrained model runs by adjusting model microphysical variables to match the cloud phase metrics, and evaluate cloud feedbacks for all simulations. Models in this small ensemble uniformly overestimate total cloud fraction in the summer, but have variable representation of cloud fraction and phase in the winter and spring. By relating modeled cloud phase metrics and changes in low‐level liquid cloud amount under warming to longwave cloud feedback, we show that mixed‐phase processes mediate the Arctic climate by modifying how wintertime and springtime clouds respond to warming.
Genesis and Trends in Marine Heatwaves Over the Tropical Indian Ocean and Their Interaction With the Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Saranya J. S. , Roxy M. K. , Dasgupta Panini , Anand Ajay
Published: January 2022

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are extreme oceanic warm water events (above 90th percentile threshold) that significantly impact the marine environment. Recent studies have explored the genesis and impacts of MHWs in the global oceans though they are least understood in the tropical Indian Ocean. Here we investigate the genesis and trend of MHWs in the Indian Ocean during 1982–2018 and their role in modulating the Indian summer monsoon. We find that the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean plays a critical role in increasing the number of MHWs. Meanwhile, the El Niño has a prominent influence on the occurrence of MHWs during the monsoon. The Indian Ocean warming and the El Niño variability have synergistically resulted in some of the strongest and long‐lasting MHWs in the Indian Ocean. The western Indian Ocean region experienced the largest increase in MHWs at a rate of 1.2–1.5 events per decade, followed by the north Bay of Bengal at a rate of 0.4–0.5 events per decade. Locally, the MHWs are induced by increased solar radiation, relaxation of winds, and reduced evaporative cooling. In the western Indian Ocean, the decreased winds further restrict the heat transport by ocean currents from the near‐equatorial regions toward the north. Our analysis indicates that the MHWs in the western Indian Ocean and the north Bay of Bengal lead to a reduction in monsoon rainfall over the central Indian subcontinent. On the other hand, there is an enhancement of monsoon rainfall over southwest India due to the MHWs in the Bay of Bengal.
Can the Surface Quasi‐Geostrophic (SQG) Theory Explain Upper Ocean Dynamics in the South Atlantic?
Authors: Miracca‐Lage Mariana , González‐Haro Cristina , Napolitano Dante Campagnoli , Isern‐Fontanet Jordi , Polito Paulo Simionatto
Published: January 2022

Satellite altimeters provide quasi‐global measurements of sea surface height, and from those the vertically integrated geostrophic velocity can be directly estimated, but not its vertical structure. This study discusses whether the mesoscale (30–400 km) dynamics of three regions in the South Atlantic can be described by the surface quasi‐geostrophic (SQG) theory, both at the surface and in depth, using outputs from an ocean general circulation model. At these scales, the model surface eddy kinetic energy (EKE) spectra show slopes close to k−5/3 (k−3) in winter (summer), characterizing the SQG and quasi‐geostrophic (QG) turbulence regimes. We use surface density and temperature to (a) reconstruct the stream function under the SQG theory, (b) assess its capability of reproducing mesoscale motions, and (c) identify the main parameters that improve such reconstruction. For mixed layers shallower than 100 m, the changes in the mixed‐layer depth contributes nine times more to the surface SQG reconstruction than the EKE, indicating the strong connection between the quality of the reconstruction and the seasonality of the mixed layer. To further explore the reconstruction vertical extension, we add the barotropic and first baroclinic QG modes to the surface solution. The SQG solutions reproduce the model density and geostrophic velocities in winter, whereas in summer, the interior QG modes prevail. Together, these solutions can improve surface correlations (>0.98) and can depict spatial patterns of mesoscale structures in both the horizontal and vertical domains. Improved spatial resolution from upcoming altimeter missions poses a motivating scenario to extend our findings into future observational studies.
Magnetostratigraphic Age Control of the Timing of Tectonic Deformation and the Shifting Depositional Environments in the Dezful Embayment, Iran
Authors: Sun Jimin , Sheykh Morteza , Windley Brian F. , Talebian Morteza , Cao Mengmeng , Ahmadi Nahid , Sha Jingeng
Published: January 2022

The timing of tectonic deformation in the Zagros foreland basin provides important information about the tectonic propagation process driven by the Arabia‐Eurasia convergence. The chronology of growth strata is one of the most important methods to delimit the history of folding and thrusting within the foreland basin. In this study, we report integrated analyses of sedimentology, magnetostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy of Miocene strata in the Dezful Embayment in the SW Zagros foreland basin. The new results indicate that deposition of the northern limb of the Gach‐e Moh Anticline was between 14.6 and 8.6 Ma; that includes the Upper Gachsaran Formation (14.6–13.8 Ma), the Mishan Formation (13.8–12.8 Ma), and the Agha Jari Formation (12.8–8.6 Ma). Based on magnetostratigraphic and sedimentary evidence, the transition from marine to non‐marine was at ∼12.8 Ma. Analysis of temporal lithofacies‐stacked patterns shows there were seventeen transgression‐regression cycles during the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition with a ∼100‐Kyr Earth eccentricity cycle, suggesting that the cyclic marine transgressions and regressions were mainly driven by eustatic sea level fluctuations; but tectonic‐induced basin subsidence also contributed marine transgressions in the Upper Mishan Formation. The final seawater retreat was at 12.8 Ma driven by both the global eustatic sea level drop and the enhanced south‐westward progradation of sediments eroded from the High Zagros. The base of the growth strata in the footwall of the Mountain Front Fault was at ∼11 Ma, suggesting that tectonic deformation caused by the Arabia‐Eurasia collision had propagated to the Dezful Embayment by that time.
Reactivated Margin of the Western North China Craton in the Late Cretaceous: Constraints From Zircon (U‐Th)/He Thermochronology of Taibai Mountain
Authors: Zhang Weibin , Wang Fei , Wu Lin , Yang Liekun , Tan Xibin , Shi Wenbei , Xu Xiwei
Published: January 2022

The western North China Craton (NCC) entered a stage of craton thinning concentrated on its margin in the Cenozoic, but its Late‐Cretaceous conditions were previously deduced to be relatively quiescent. Therefore, whether the Late‐Cretaceous tectonic reactivation existed on the margin of this block is critical to understanding how the craton evolved into a thinned one. To investigate this possible margin reactivation in the Late Cretaceous, we apply zircon (U‐Th)/He thermochronology to Taibai Mountain on the southern margin of the western NCC. From an ∼3‐km‐high vertical profile with ages decreasing from 98 ± 5 Ma at the peak to 52 ± 7 Ma at the foot, the age‐elevation relationship suggests the rapid exhumation at ca. 78–71 Ma bracketed by two slow exhumation phases. This interpretation is confirmed by 1D half‐space modeling and QTQt inverse modeling, with the rapid exhumation stage having an exhumation rate of 0.1–0.6 km/Myr and a cooling rate of ∼10°C/Myr. Together with previously reported thermochronological data from the margin of the western NCC, the rapid exhumation at ca. 78–71 Ma implies a reactivated margin in the Late Cretaceous before widespread Cenozoic thinning of the craton margin. This Late‐Cretaceous reactivation likely resulted from WNW‐ESE extension expressed by thermo‐tectonic events, basin subsidence, and volcanism in East Asia. Excluding impacts from climate change, lithospheric delamination, and India subduction beneath Eurasia, we infer that the Late‐Cretaceous reactivation on the margin of the western NCC was driven by the far‐field effect of Izanagi Plate subduction beneath the Eurasian Plate during slab rollback of the subducted plate.
Temporal Scaling of Streamflow Elasticity to Precipitation: A Global Analysis
Authors: Zhang Yongqiang , Viglione Alberto , Blöschl Günter
Published: January 2022

Streamflow elasticity to precipitation, defined as the percent change of streamflow resulting from a 1% change in precipitation, is sometimes used as an alternative to rainfall‐runoff models in climate impact analyses. Elasticity is usually estimated from long streamflow and precipitation series aggregated at annual time steps while the climate impact analyses are usually geared toward changes at decadal scales. The purpose of this paper is therefore to understand how the elasticity depends on the aggregation time scale and the process controls of such a dependence. We analyze streamflow records of 7,053 catchments around the world over the period 1950–2016, and select 5,327 with reliable elasticity estimates for aggregation time ranging from 13 to 60 months. We find a significant scaling of streamflow elasticity to precipitation with aggregation time in 66% of the catchments which is much larger than expected by chance. Positive scaling occurs much more frequently than negative scaling. More arid/less rainy catchments, less forested catchments and catchments with a large base flow contribution to streamflow are more frequently characterized by a positive scaling. A random forest classification model identifies aridity index, latitude, mean annual precipitation, the potential evapotranspiration seasonality, the base flow index and the precipitation seasonality as relevant explanatory variables of the scaling. We interpret the sign of the scaling by non‐linear runoff generation in arid regions, by the effect of climate modes and snow processes, and by the regulation capacity of vegetation to transpire more water if the past years were wet. It is suggested to use decadal elasticities instead of annual elasticities in climate impact analyses in order to account for their scaling behavior.
Statement of Contribution to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for JGR: Biogeosciences
Authors: Xenopoulos Marguerite A. , Desai Ankur , Huntzinger Deborah , Bastos Ana , Fawcett Sarah , Sahagian Dork , Santin Cristina , Vargas Rodrigo
Published: January 2022

Here we are presenting a statement of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) for JGR: Biogeosciences. This statement includes current policies and practices, and details concrete actions that we intend to implement over the next year to better include underrepresented groups in the publication process.
Paediatric and neonatal sepsis and inflammation
Authors: Molloy E. J. , Bearer C. F.
Published: January 2022

Sepsis has a huge impact on global mortality and has been declared as a priority by the World Health organisation the WHO.1 Children have a high incidence of sepsis especially in the neonatal with an estimated 3 million babies affected worldwide and mortality ranges from 11 to 19%.2 In addition, long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes are affected but this is largely unquantified. However, challenges remain in the early recognition, diagnosis and standardised management of sepsis. This series on Sepsis and inflammation in children reviews the conundrums of diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, management and future strategies to improve outcomes.
HERC3 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition by directly ubiquitination degradation EIF5A2 and inhibits metastasis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhang Zhiyuan , He Guodong , Lv Yang , Liu Yu , Niu Zhengchuan , Feng Qingyang , Hu Ronggui , Xu Jianmin
Published: January 2022

E3 ligase is widely reported to exert fundamental functions in cancers. Through rigorous bioinformatic analysis concentrating E3 ligases based on data from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), HERC3 was indicated to be downregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) and HERC3 downregulation showed poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Through qRT-PCR, western blotting and Immunohistochemistry (IHC), analytical results were validated based on tissues in Zhongshan hospital. Functionally, HERC3 was indicated to inhibit the migration, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo through transwell assays, wound healing assays and vivo experiments. And HERC3 could regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation (IP), coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) and GST-pulldown assays indicated that HERC3 could directly interact with EIF5A2 in vitro and in vivo through the RCC1 domain in HERC3. And HERC3 could function as an E3 to promote the K27 and K48-linked ubiquitination degradation of EIF5A2 via the HECT domain in HERC3, besides, K47, K67, K85, and K121 in EIF5A2 were identified as ubiquitination sites. In addition, HERC3 was indicated to affect the migration, invasion and metastasis and further regulatE EMT via EIF5A2/TGF-/Smad2/3 signal. The present study may provide insight into the mechanism of EMT in CRC.
RICH1 inhibits breast cancer stem cell traits through activating kinases cascade of Hippo signaling by competing with Merlin for binding to Amot-p80
Authors: Tian Qi , Gao Huan , Zhou Yan , Zhu Lizhe , Yang Jiao , Wang Bo , Liu Peijun , Yang Jin
Published: January 2022

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are regarded as the root of tumor recurrence and distant metastasis, as well as the major cause of resistance to conventional cancer therapies. Elucidating the mechanism of regulating CSCs is of great significance for the development of CSCs-targeting therapy strategies. YAP/TAZ are identified as key regulators of CSCs-related traits on breast cancer cells; however, the upstream regulatory mechanism of Hippo kinases cascade involved in regulating YAP/TAZ remains elusive. In this study, we found that the low expression of RICH1 in breast cancer was associated with poor prognosis. Depletion of RICH1 promoted the stemness and disrupted the normal epithelial architecture of MCF10A cells. Besides, RICH1 inhibited the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and sensitized these cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Mechanistically, RICH1 activated the kinases cascade of Hippo signaling via displacing Amot-p80 from the complex with Merlin. Further studies revealed that the deletion of the BAR domain of RICH1 abolished the function of attenuating the binding of Amot-p80 and Merlin, illustrating that the competitive binding to Amot-p80 with Merlin was mediated by the BAR domain of RICH1. In conclusion, our work elucidated the role and molecular mechanism of RICH1 in stemness regulation of breast cancer, and might provide opportunities for CSCs-targeting therapy.
Mechanisms of Polycomb group protein function in cancer
Authors: Parreno Victoria , Martinez Anne-Marie , Cavalli Giacomo
Published: January 2022

Cancer arises from a multitude of disorders resulting in loss of differentiation and a stem cell-like phenotype characterized by uncontrolled growth. Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins are members of multiprotein complexes that are highly conserved throughout evolution. Historically, they have been described as essential for maintaining epigenetic cellular memory by locking homeotic genes in a transcriptionally repressed state. What was initially thought to be a function restricted to a few target genes, subsequently turned out to be of much broader relevance, since the main role of PcG complexes is to ensure a dynamically choregraphed spatio-temporal regulation of their numerous target genes during development. Their ability to modify chromatin landscapes and refine the expression of master genes controlling major switches in cellular decisions under physiological conditions is often misregulated in tumors. Surprisingly, their functional implication in the initiation and progression of cancer may be either dependent on Polycomb complexes, or specific for a subunit that acts independently of other PcG members. In this review, we describe how misregulated Polycomb proteins play a pleiotropic role in cancer by altering a broad spectrum of biological processes such as the proliferation-differentiation balance, metabolism and the immune response, all of which are crucial in tumor progression. We also illustrate how interfering with PcG functions can provide a powerful strategy to counter tumor progression.
Single-cell multi-omics reveals dyssynchrony of the innate and adaptive immune system in progressive COVID-19
Authors: Unterman Avraham , Sumida Tomokazu S. , Nouri Nima , Yan Xiting , Zhao Amy Y. , Gasque Victor , Schupp Jonas C. , Asashima Hiromitsu , Liu Yunqing , Cosme Carlos , Deng Wenxuan , Chen Ming , Raredon Micha Sam Brickman , Hoehn Kenneth B. , Wang Guilin , Wang Zuoheng , DeIuliis Giuseppe , Ravindra Neal G. , Li Ningshan , Castaldi Christopher , Wong Patrick , Fournier John , Bermejo Santos , Sharma Lokesh , Casanovas-Massana Arnau , Vogels Chantal B. F. , Wyllie Anne L. , Grubaugh Nathan D. , Melillo Anthony , Meng Hailong , Stein Yan , Minasyan Maksym , Mohanty Subhasis , Ruff William E. , Cohen Inessa , Raddassi Khadir ,   The Yale IMPACT Research Team, Nelson Allison , Shepard Denise , Rainone Michael , Peng Xiaohua , Niklason Laura E. , Ko Albert I. , Montgomery Ruth R. , Farhadian Shelli F. , Iwasaki Akiko , Shaw Albert C. , van Dijk David , Zhao Hongyu , Kleinstein Steven H. , Hafler David A. , Kaminski Naftali , Dela Cruz Charles S.
Published: January 2022

Dysregulated immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 virus are instrumental in severe COVID-19. However, the immune signatures associated with immunopathology are poorly understood. Here we use multi-omics single-cell analysis to probe the dynamic immune responses in hospitalized patients with stable or progressive course of COVID-19, explore V(D)J repertoires, and assess the cellular effects of tocilizumab. Coordinated profiling of gene expression and cell lineage protein markers shows that S100Ahi/HLA-DRlo classical monocytes and activated LAG-3hi T cells are hallmarks of progressive disease and highlights the abnormal MHC-II/LAG-3 interaction on myeloid and T cells, respectively. We also find skewed T cell receptor repertories in expanded effector CD8+ clones, unmutated IGHG+ B cell clones, and mutated B cell clones with stable somatic hypermutation frequency over time. In conclusion, our in-depth immune profiling reveals dyssynchrony of the innate and adaptive immune interaction in progressive COVID-19.
Hotspots for social and ecological impacts from freshwater stress and storage loss
Authors: Huggins Xander , Gleeson Tom , Kummu Matti , Zipper Samuel C. , Wada Yoshihide , Troy Tara J. , Famiglietti James S.
Published: January 2022

Humans and ecosystems are deeply connected to, and through, the hydrological cycle. However, impacts of hydrological change on social and ecological systems are infrequently evaluated together at the global scale. Here, we focus on the potential for social and ecological impacts from freshwater stress and storage loss. We find basins with existing freshwater stress are drying (losing storage) disproportionately, exacerbating the challenges facing the water stressed versus non-stressed basins of the world. We map the global gradient in social-ecological vulnerability to freshwater stress and storage loss and identify hotspot basins for prioritization (n = 168). These most-vulnerable basins encompass over 1.5 billion people, 17% of global food crop production, 13% of global gross domestic product, and hundreds of significant wetlands. There are thus substantial social and ecological benefits to reducing vulnerability in hotspot basins, which can be achieved through hydro-diplomacy, social adaptive capacity building, and integrated water resources management practices.
Interplay between an ATP-binding cassette F protein and the ribosome from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Cui Zhicheng , Li Xiaojun , Shin Joonyoung , Gamper Howard , Hou Ya-Ming , Sacchettini James C. , Zhang Junjie
Published: January 2022

EttA, energy-dependent translational throttle A, is a ribosomal factor that gates ribosome entry into the translation elongation cycle. A detailed understanding of its mechanism of action is limited due to the lack of high-resolution structures along its ATPase cycle. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of EttA fromMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), referred to as MtbEttA, in complex with theMtb70S ribosome initiation complex (70SIC) at the pre-hydrolysis (ADPNP) and transition (ADP-VO4) states, and the crystal structure of MtbEttA alone in the post-hydrolysis (ADP) state. We observe that MtbEttA binds the E-site of theMtb70SIC, remodeling the P-site tRNA and the ribosomal intersubunit bridge B7a during the ribosomal ratcheting. In return, the rotation of the 30S causes conformational changes in MtbEttA, forcing the two nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) to alternate to engage each ADPNP in the pre-hydrolysis states, followed by complete engagements of both ADP-VO4molecules in the ATP-hydrolysis transition states. In the post-hydrolysis state, the conserved ATP-hydrolysis motifs of MtbEttA dissociate from both ADP molecules, leaving two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) in an open conformation. These structures reveal a dynamic interplay between MtbEttA and theMtbribosome, providing insights into the mechanism of translational regulation by EttA-like proteins.
Multicomponent double Mannich alkylamination involving C(sp2)–H and benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds
Authors: Lai Zhencheng , Wu Rongkai , Li Jiaming , Chen Xing , Zeng Linwei , Wang Xi , Guo Jingjing , Zhao Zujin , Sajiki Hironao , Cui Sunliang
Published: January 2022

Alkylamines are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, materials and agrochemicals. The Mannich reaction is a well-known three-component reaction for preparing alkylamines and has been widely used in academic research and industry. However, the nucleophilic components in this process rely on C(sp2)−H and activated C(sp3)−H bonds while the unactivated C(sp3)−H bonds involved Mannich alkylamination is a long-standing challenge. Here, we report an unprecedented multicomponent double Mannich alkylamination for both C(sp2)−H and unactivated benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds. In this process, various 3-alkylbenzofurans, formaldehyde and alkylamine hydrochlorides assemble efficiently to furnish benzofuran-fused piperidines. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed a distinctive pathway that a multiple Mannich reaction and retro-Mannich reaction of benzofuran and dehydrogenation of benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds were key steps to constitute the alkylamination. This protocol furnishes a Mannich alkylamine synthesis from unusual C–H inputs to access benzofuran-fused piperidines with exceptional structural diversity, molecular complexity and drug-likeness. Therefore, this work opens a distinctive vision for the alkylamination of unactivated C(sp3)−H bonds, and provides a powerful tool in diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) and drug discovery.
Exploring how functional traits modulate species distributions along topographic gradients in Baxian Mountain, North China
Authors: Tang Lili , Morris William K. , Zhang Mei , Shi Fuchen , Vesk Peter A.
Published: January 2022

The associations between functional traits and species distributions across environments have attracted increasing interest from ecologists and can enhance knowledge about how plants respond to the environments. Here, we applied a hierarchical generalized linear model to quantifying the role of functional traits in plant occurrence across topographic gradients. Functional trait data, including specific leaf area, maximum height, seed mass and stem wood density, together with elevation, aspect and slope, were used in the model. In our results, species responses to elevation and aspect were modulated by maximum height and seed mass. Generally, shorter tree species showed positive responses to incremental elevation, while this trend became negative as the maximum height exceeded 22 m. Most trees with heavy seeds (> 1 mg) preferred more southerly aspects where the soil was drier, and those light-seed trees were opposite. In this study, the roles of maximum height and seed mass in determining species distribution along elevation and aspect gradients were highlighted where plants are confronted with low-temperature and soil moisture deficit conditions. This work contributes to the understanding of how traits may be associated with species occurrence along mesoscale environmental gradients.
Individuals redistribution based on differential evolution for covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy
Authors: Chen Zhe , Liu Yuanxing
Published: January 2022

Among population-based metaheuristics, both Differential Evolution (DE) and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) perform outstanding for real parameter single objective optimization. Compared with DE, CMA-ES stagnates much earlier in many occasions. In this paper, we propose CMA-ES with individuals redistribution based on DE, IR-CMA-ES, to address stagnation in CMA-ES. We execute experiments based on two benchmark test suites to compare our algorithm with nine peers. Experimental results show that our IR-CMA-ES is competitive in the field of real parameter single objective optimization.
Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of incarcerated people regarding COVID-19 and related vaccination: a survey in Italy
Authors: Di Giuseppe Gabriella , Pelullo Concetta P. , Lanzano Raffaele , Napolitano Francesco , Pavia Maria
Published: January 2022

The cross-sectional study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices toward COVID-19 disease of incarcerated people. A total of 685 subjects were surveyed. 94% were aware that respiratory droplets are involved in the transmission of COVID-19, and 77.2% that patients with chronic conditions are at risk of a more severe disease. Overall, 92.7% of respondents considered COVID-19 a more severe disease compared to influenza, and 85.4% believed that COVID-19 could cause serious consequences in their institution. Only 22.6% were self-confident about their ability to protect themselves from SARS-CoV-2 infection. This attitude was significantly higher in those who were involved in working activities in the institution, who did not report at least one common symptom compatible with COVID-19 in the previous 3 months, who did not show generalized anxiety symptoms, and did not need additional information. 63.9% of incarcerated people expressed willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination. Older subjects, who knew that a COVID-19 vaccination is available, believed that COVID-19 is more serious than influenza, and were self-confident about their ability to protect themselves from SARS-CoV-2 infection, were significantly more willing to undergo COVID-19 vaccination. Public health response to COVID-19 in prisons should address vaccine hesitancy to increase vaccine confidence among incarcerated people.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to the decline in doublecortin expression in the immature neurons of mice with long-term obesity
Authors: Nakagawa Kiyomi , Islam Saiful , Ueda Masashi , Nakagawa Toshiyuki
Published: January 2022

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) plays an important role in hippocampus-dependent function. The number of doublecortin (Dcx)-positive immature neurons in the dentate gyrus decreases over time, especially in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and is further reduced in later stages of AD. Obesity in midlife is associated with dementia later in life; however, the underlying mechanisms by which obesity results in the development of dementia later in life remain unknown. Here, we show that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was activated in the hippocampus and processes of Dcx-expressing immature neurons were shortened, coexpressing CHOP in APP23 AD model mice with high-fat diet-induced long-term obesity and in aged Leprdb/db (db/db) mice. Moreover, in cells differentiating from hippocampal neurospheres, Dcx mRNA was rapidly degraded via a microRNA (miRNA) pathway after thapsigargin treatment in vitro. These results indicate that loss of Dcx mRNA induced by ER stress during AHN may cause memory impairment in obese individuals later in life.
Synthesis of C3-functionalized indole derivatives via Brønsted acid-catalyzed regioselective arylation of 2-indolylmethanols with guaiazulene
Authors: Liu Yang , Cao Meng , Zhang Shangxi , Wang Zhenxi , Dai Xin , Jiang Xinde , Dong Yucheng , Fu Jie
Published: January 2022

An efficient approach to the synthesis of guaiazulenyl C3-functionalized indoles with excellent regioselectivities via the Brønsted acid catalyzed arylation of 2-indolylmethanols is developed.
Construction of vicinal 4°/3°-carbonsviareductive Cope rearrangement
Authors: Sobie Kristin M. , Albritton Matthew , Yang Yinuo , Alves Mariana M. , Roitberg Adrian , Grenning Alexander J.
Published: January 2022

Herein reported is a strategy for constructing vicinal 4°/3° carbonsviareductive Cope rearrangement.
Robust face recognition for occluded real‐world images using constrained probabilistic sparse network
Authors: Ma Xiang , Ma Qinqin , Ma Qian , Han Xiao
Published: January 2022

Aiming at the occluded real‐world face images across illumination, pose, expression, and resolution variations, a robust face recognition for occluded real‐world images using constrained probabilistic sparse network is presented. A constrained probabilistic sparse representation network is constructed to obtain the features of all the training images from a global perspective, and the new network nodes are generated through the random combination of the training images. In the probabilistic sparse representation network, the probabilities of each class of the sparse subspace that the occluded test images individually belong to are defined and calculated. The final classifications of the test images are determined by the joint maximum probability of the network nodes. Meanwhile the second‐order gradient constraint is the first introduced in the probabilistic sparse representation network. It is found that the constraint uses the adjacent pixels of the face images to obtain the local texture similarity, and further use the local texture similarity to distinguish the occlusion and non‐occlusion parts. Thus the constraint can reduce the influence of the occlusion part on face recognition. Extensive experiments with the 12 existing methods on the five face databases demonstrate that the recognition rate of the proposed method is the best than the non‐deep learning methods compared, and the proposed method can obtain nearly the same recognition rate with an advantage of a very less time consumption compared to the state‐of‐the‐art deep learning methods.
Analysis and design of a wide range ZVS/ZCS push–pull DC/DC converter with voltage clamped
Authors: Xiao Hui , Wu Qunfang , Xi Heng
Published: January 2022

A new isolated zero‐voltage switching (ZVS)/zero‐current switching (ZCS) push–pull (PP) DC/DC converter is presented. One auxiliary switch S3 and a clamping capacitor Cc are introduced at the primary of the conventional push–pull converter and a voltage doubler‐rectifier is adopted on the secondary side. This proposed converter has the features: (1) Switching losses are reduced significantly owing to zero‐voltage switching of primary switches and zero‐current switching of secondary diodes over a wide load range variation. (2) The voltage spike across all of the power devices can be clamped that enable the use of low‐voltage, low‐performance, and lower‐cost devices. (3) The energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance is used for the soft‐switching action and no additional resonant inductor is required. (4) A voltage doubler‐rectifier is employed to remove the problem of the diode reverse‐recovery effect and reduce the duty cycle loss that provides a much higher voltage conversion ratio. These merits make this simple converter provide an attractive solution for a distributed power system, uninterruptible power system, or battery charge/discharge system. The detailed operation, analysis, design, comparative study, and experimental results for the proposed converter are presented and a 600 W prototype was developed to verify the discussed theoretical analysis.
Data‐driven generation of synthetic wind speeds: A comparative study
Authors: D'Ambrosio Daniele , Schoukens Johan , De Troyer Tim , Zivanovic Miroslav , Runacres Mark Charles
Published: January 2022

The increasing sophistication of wind turbine design and control generates a need for high‐quality wind data. The relatively limited set of available measured wind data may be extended with computer generated data, for example, to make reliable statistical studies of energy production and mechanical loads. Here, a data‐driven model for the generation of surrogate wind speeds is compared with two state‐of‐the‐art time series models that can capture the probability distribution and the autocorrelation of the target wind data. The proposed model, based on the phase‐randomised Fourier transform, can generate wind speed time series that possess the power spectral density of the target data and converge to their generally non‐Gaussian probability distribution with an arbitrary, user‐defined precision. The model performance is benchmarked in terms of probability distribution, power spectral density, autocorrelation, and nonstationarities such as the diurnal and seasonal variations of the target data. Comparisons show that the proposed model can outperform the selected models in reproducing the statistical descriptors of the input datasets and is able to capture the nonstationary diurnal and seasonal variations of the wind speed.
High-resolution observations with ARTEMIS/JLS and the NRH
Authors: Armatas S. , Bouratzis C. , Hillaris A. , Alissandrakis C. E. , Preka-Papadema P. , Kontogeorgos A. , Tsitsipis P. , Moussas X.
Published: January 2022

Context.Narrowband bursts (spikes) are very small duration and bandwidth bursts which appear on dynamic spectra from microwave to decametric frequencies. They are believed to be manifestations of small-scale energy release through magnetic reconnection.

Aims.We study the position of the spike-like structures relative to the front of type-II bursts and their role in the burst emission.

Methods.We used high-sensitivity, low-noise dynamic spectra obtained with the acousto-optic analyzer (SAO) of the ARTEMIS-JLS solar radiospectrograph, in conjunction with high-time-resolution images from the Nançay Radioheliograph (NRH) in order to study spike-like bursts near the front of a type-II radio burst recorded at the west limb during the November 3, 2003 extreme solar event. The spike-like emission in the dynamic spectrum was enhanced by means of high-pass-time filtering.

Results.We identified a number of spikes in the NRH images. Due to the lower temporal resolution of the NRH, multiple spikes detected in the dynamic spectrum appeared as single structures in the images. These spikes had an average size of ≈200″ and their observed brightness temperature was 1.4 to 5.6 × 109K, providing a significant contribution to the emission of the type-II burst front. At variance with a previous study on the type-IV associated spikes, we found no systematic displacement between the spike emission and the emission between spikes. At 327.0 MHz, the type II emission was located about 0.3R⊙above the pre-existing continuum emission, which, in turn, was located 0.1R⊙above the western limb.

Conclusions.This study, combined with our previous results, indicates that the spike-like chains aligned along the type II burst MHD shock front are not a perturbation of the type II emission, as in the case of type IV spikes, but a manifestation of the type II emission itself. The preponderance of these chains, together with the lack of isolated structures or irregular clusters, points towards some form of small-scale magnetic reconnection, organized along the type-II propagating front.
Comparison of climate diagrams and their modifications when interpreting botanical studies
Authors: Asadulaev Zagirbeg , Sadykova Gulnara , Ramazanova Zulfira
Published: January 2022

The article deals with present approaches to evaluating climate diagrams of Walter-Gossen and Ball-Taylor. Climate diagrams of Ball-Taylor were modified with new methodical elements (base growth temperature line and index of aridity) showing the peculiarities of territories and the ecology of species. Analysis of the growth activity of annual shoots of J. oblonga plants and morphological and anatomical characteristics of the leaves of Platanus orientalis L., Quercus robur L., Ulmus pumila L. in Makhachkala with the use of modified climate diagrams of Ball-Taylor has allowed to get a complete picture of the adaptive mechanisms of plants of these types to weather conditions.
Intrapopulation variability of fruit quantitative traits Diospyros lotus L. in the Inner Mountain Dagestan
Authors: Anatov Dzhalaludin , Mallaliev Maksim
Published: January 2022

The cenopopulation of Gimry village in Untsukulsky district of Inner Mountain Dagestan was employed for the first time to analyze intrapopulation variability of Diospyros lotus quantitative traits of fruit. In view of this study were selected 10 random trees in a mature generative stage. It has been made measurements with 30 fruits by 14 morphological and 6 index traits. The multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis have revealed two clusters on the large-fruited (large-fruited and small-fruited) significantly differed in the t-test. The interindividual variability was higher than intraindividual to most studied traits, which may be associated with high genotypic heterogeneity of this population. The analysis of variability by the coefficient of variation (CV, %) and dispersion components (h2,%) has shown the most stable and variable traits. The greatest constancy has found for traits of seed thickness and the calyx index, the smallest – for weighted traits in all degree of variation. The traits of small-fruited trees were strongly correlated and for large-fruited trees – weakly. It has been identified main regularities for the indices variability. The fruit mass, flesh mass and seed mass has same character of correlations with other traits on intraindividual and interindividual levels.
Effect of drought stress on metabolite synthesis in Actinidia Arguta Leaves
Authors: Motyleva Svetlana , Kozak Nayalya , Kabashnikova Ludmila
Published: January 2022

In the context of global climatic changes, water stress, which causes drought, is one of the limiting factors affecting the environment and negatively affects the growth and development of cultivated plants. The stressful impact of dry conditions causes changes in the biochemical processes of plants. Herein, we studied the change in antioxidant activity, the amount of phenolic compounds and the peculiarities of the synthesis of some metabolites in Actinidia. argutа leaves, Taezhny Dar variety, under drought stress. All parameters were measured in leaves of control plants and after drought stress. Biennial plants were grown in separate pots and kept in an open area under a canopy to keep out the rain. Antioxidant activity and the amount of phenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically. Under conditions of moisture deficiency, the antioxidant activity and the amount of phenolic compounds in the leaves are higher than in the control. The composition of metabolites in the leaf extract was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Under drought stress, changes in the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites occur. In the leaves of control plants, 14 substances were identified, of which 6 are organic acids and 8 are carbohydrate substances. In the leaves of plants under drought stress, 37 compounds were recorded, that is, more than 2 times more than in the leaves of control plants, 23 substances of a carbohydrate nature were identified, including Myo-Inositol, which has antioxidant properties. The main carbohydrates in the leaves of the control plants of actinidia were turanose and mannobiose; under drought conditions, sucrose; its content increased 15 times in comparison with the control plants. The phenolic compounds Quininic acid and Caffeic acid are synthesized in the leaves of Actinidia arguta plants subjected to drought.
Mathematical model of analytical approach of comparative analysis of productivity of agricultural machinery when using visualization technology
Authors: Mashtakov D. A. , Larina Y. V. , Golysh E. V.
Published: January 2022

Establishment of the effectiveness of organic micronutrient complex on growth and biological mass of juniper juniper (Juniperus sabina L.) seedlings in an enclosed ground UNPK “Agrocenter” was the purpose of the study. The application of organic micronutrient complex increased the current growth of juniper seedlings, root neck diameter, root system length and total height of planting material of juniper. Close interdependence between the growth of juniper seedlings and the dose of fertilizer used is determined by coefficients of determination equal to 0.95-0.98. Accumulation of the biological mass of seedlings, depending on the applied dose, occurs with an increase in the participation of roots and needles by 1.79 and 1.1 times, respectively, in the total biomass of seedlings.
Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance of Microbiota Associated with Respiratory Diseases of Pigs
Authors: Matrenov Ilya , Larionova Olga , Drevko Yaroslav
Published: January 2022

Successful treatment of veterinary infectious diseases in the context of widespread use of antibiotic therapy depends on the effectiveness of the drugs used to contain or destroy the etiological agent. It is generally accepted that the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents is variable, including due to the horizontal movement of resistance with the help of mobile genetic elements. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern analysis is an important component of the diagnosis and treatment of veterinary diseases. The article describes a study that includes isolation and identification of microorganisms from samples taken from pathological material of pigs and the analysis of sensitivity to eleven antimicrobial drugs by the disk-diffusion method.
Influence of the complex of vitamins Pikovit in culture in vitro on the growth and development of potato microplants
Authors: Fedorova Yulia , Fedorova Larisa , Zaitseva Margarita
Published: January 2022

In the conditions of the North-West zone of Russia, studies of Pikovit vitamin complex preparation were carried out. Since the main way to obtain a healthy seed is clonal micropropagation. Therefore, in the course of the work, the process and method of clonal micropropagation of Russian potato varieties using new preparations were improved, the selection of nutrient media at all stages of cultivation was carried out with the Pikovit preparation at the concentration of 0.5 to 1.5 mg/l. As a result, it was found that use of the Pikovit vitamin complex has a positive effect on the ontogenesis of potato microplants. To obtain well-developed microplants of the early variety Liga, the most optimal concentration is 1.5 mg/l. For other studied varieties of the mid-ripening group Aurora and Gusar, the nutrient medium with the addition of vitamins at the concentration of 1.0 mg/l was optimal.