bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Hyperspectral Imaging for Watermelon Seed Classification Using Deep Learning and Scoring Mechanism
Authors: Qi Hengnian , He Mengbo , Huang Zihong , Yan Jianfang , Zhang Chu
Published: May 2024

Watermelon seeds are a significant source of nutrition in the diet. To assess the potential of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technology for swift and nondestructive identification of watermelon seed varieties, near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) technology was used. The Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing algorithm and standard normal variable (SNV) algorithm were combined to preprocess the extracted spectral data. The successive projections algorithm (SPA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of the spectral data. Subsequently, three deep learning models (LeNet, GoogLeNet, and ResNet) were used to classify 10 common watermelon seeds. SPA was used to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral data. In terms of full band, the ResNet model achieved a classification accuracy of 86.77% on the test set. By using characteristic bands, the GoogLeNet model achieved a classification accuracy of 83.85% on the test set. The ensemble fusion model based on a scoring mechanism achieved accuracy rates of 99.56%, 90.88%, and 87.97% on the training, validation, and test sets, respectively. The results indicated that the ensemble fusion model based on a scoring mechanism can enhance accuracy. Combining deep learning with NIR-HSI can effectively distinguish different varieties of watermelon seeds.
A Comparative Study of Subsurface Profile Using Bore Log Data and Geophysical Method at Mandideep Region, India
Authors: Tiwari Aman , Dindorkar Nitin , Kaur Suneet , Chakravarti Ankit
Published: May 2024

Before beginning construction on any civil structure, it is imperative to conduct a soil investigation to determine the soil’s parameters and to learn about the subsoil’s behavior. A thorough analysis must be performed, taking into account the foundation’s cost‐effectiveness and any potential overdesign. In the early stages of a soil investigation, geophysical testing is used to find out about the subsurface. This is because geophysical tests are fast, easy to do, do not cause damage, and are cost‐effective. In this study, subsurface profiling is performed using the inverse slope approach after resistivity tests are performed at numerous sites on varying terrain types. We generate a subsurface profile using inverse slope electrical resistivity testing and compare it with bore log data to identify any discrepancies. The results of the inverse slope method and the bore log data are comparable at different depths; further, the range of agreement of both results is determined by Bland–Altman analysis.
VPAC2 Receptor Signaling Promotes Growth and Immunosuppression in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Passang Tenzin , Wang Shuhua , Zhang Hanwen , Zeng Fanyuan , Hsu Po-Chih , Wang Wenxi , Li Jian-Ming , Liu Yuan , Ravindranathan Sruthi , Lesinski Gregory B. , Waller Edmund K.
Published: May 2024

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) harbors a complex tumor microenvironment, and cross-talk among cells in the tumor microenvironment can contribute to drug resistance and relapse. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is overexpressed in PDAC, and VIP receptors expressed on T cells are a targetable pathway that sensitizes PDAC to immunotherapy. In this study, we showed that pancreatic cancer cells engage in autocrine VIP signaling through VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2). High coexpression of VIP with VPAC2 correlated with reduced relapse-free survival in patients with PDAC. VPAC2 activation in PDAC cells upregulated Piwi-like RNA-mediated gene silencing 2, which stimulated cancer cell clonogenic growth. In addition, VPAC2 signaling increased expression of TGFβ1 to inhibit T-cell function. Loss of VPAC2 on PDAC cells led to reduced tumor growth and increased sensitivity to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in mouse models of PDAC. Overall, these findings expand our understanding of the role of VIP/VPAC2 signaling in PDAC and provide the rationale for developing potent VPAC2-specific antagonists for treating patients with PDAC.

Significance: Autocrine VIP signaling via VPAC2 promotes cancer cell growth and inhibits T-cell function in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target to improve pancreatic cancer treatment.
Exposure–Response and Subgroup Analyses to Support Body Weight–Based Dosing of Brentuximab Vedotin in Children and Young Adults with Newly Diagnosed High-risk Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Zhang Zufei , Zhang Daping , Guo Wenchuan , Fenton Keenan , Narayanan Sujata , Jain Shweta , Jiang Joy , Castellino Sharon M. , Kelly Kara M. , Cole Peter D. , Keller Frank G. , Garg Amit , Chia Yen Lin
Published: May 2024

Purpose:

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationships between brentuximab vedotin (BV) pharmacokinetics, age, and body weight (BW) with efficacy and safety in pediatric and young adult patients with previously untreated, high-risk classical Hodgkin lymphoma in the phase III AHOD1331 study.

Experimental Design:

Overall, 296 patients (age 2–21 years) in the overall population were randomized to and received BV + chemotherapy; the pharmacokinetic subpopulation comprised 24 patients (age <13 years). Age- and/or BW-based (pharmacokinetic surrogates) subgroup analyses of efficacy and safety were conducted for the overall population. Exposure–response analyses were limited to the pharmacokinetic subpopulation.

Results:

There were no visible trends in disease characteristics across pediatric age subgroups, whereas BW increased with age. Observed antibody–drug conjugate exposures in patients ages <12 years were lower than those in adults administered BV 1.8 mg/kg every 3 weeks, as exposure increased with BW. Nevertheless, no detrimental impact on event-free survival was seen in younger subgroups: 3-year event-free survival rates were 96.2% (2–<12 years) and 92.0% (12–<18 years), with no events observed in those ages <6 years. Neither early response nor lack of need for radiation therapy was associated with high pharmacokinetic exposure. No evidence of exposure-driven grade ≥2 or ≥3 peripheral neuropathy or grade ≥3 neutropenia was seen in exposure-safety and BW-based subgroup analyses; the incidence of these safety events was comparable across pediatric age subgroups, despite lower exposure in younger children.

Conclusions:

No further adjustments based on age or BW are required for the BV dosage (1.8 mg/kg every 3 weeks) approved in children.
Clinical Implications and Molecular Features of Extracellular Matrix Networks in Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Pankova Valeriya , Krasny Lukas , Kerrison William , Tam Yuen B. , Chadha Madhumeeta , Burns Jessica , Wilding Christopher P. , Chen Liang , Chowdhury Avirup , Perkins Emma , Lee Alexander T.J. , Howell Louise , Guljar Nafia , Sisley Karen , Fisher Cyril , Chudasama Priya , Thway Khin , Jones Robin L. , Huang Paul H.
Published: May 2024

Purpose:

The landscape of extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations in soft tissue sarcomas (STS) remains poorly characterized. We aimed to investigate the tumor ECM and adhesion signaling networks present in STS and their clinical implications.

Experimental Design:

Proteomic and clinical data from 321 patients across 11 histological subtypes were analyzed to define ECM and integrin adhesion networks. Subgroup analysis was performed in leiomyosarcomas (LMS), dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS), and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS).

Results:

This analysis defined subtype-specific ECM profiles including enrichment of basement membrane proteins in LMS and ECM proteases in UPS. Across the cohort, we identified three distinct coregulated ECM networks which are associated with tumor malignancy grade and histological subtype. Comparative analysis of LMS cell line and patient proteomic data identified the lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 cytoskeletal protein as a prognostic factor in LMS. Characterization of ECM network events in DDLPS revealed three subtypes with distinct oncogenic signaling pathways and survival outcomes. Evaluation of the DDLPS subtype with the poorest prognosis nominates ECM remodeling proteins as candidate antistromal therapeutic targets. Finally, we define a proteoglycan signature that is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in DDLPS and UPS.

Conclusions:

STS comprise heterogeneous ECM signaling networks and matrix-specific features that have utility for risk stratification and therapy selection, which could in future guide precision medicine in these rare cancers.
In situ Reprogramming as a Pro-Angiogenic Inducer to Rescue Ischemic Tissues
Authors: Chung Seyong , Sung Hak-Joon
Published: May 2024

Background: Enhanced regenerative therapeutic strategies are required to treat intractable ischemic heart disease. Summary: Since the discovery of putative endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in 1997, many studies have focused on their extraction, ex vivo processing, and autotransplantation under ischemic conditions. Nonetheless, numerous randomized clinical trials involving thousands of patients have yielded only marginal treatment effects, highlighting the need for advances regarding insufficient dosage and complex ex vivo processing. The prevailing paradigm of cellular differentiation highlights the potential of direct cellular reprogramming, which paves the way for in situ reprogramming. In situ reprogramming holds the promise of significantly enhancing current therapeutic strategies, yet its success hinges on the precise targeting of candidate cells for reprogramming. In this context, the spleen emerges as a pivotal “in situ reprogramming hub,” owing to its dual function as both a principal site for nanoparticle distribution and a significant reservoir of putative EPCs. The in situ reprogramming of splenic EPCs offers a potential solution to overcome critical challenges, including the aforementioned insufficient dosage and complex ex vivo processing. Key Messages: This review explores the latest advancements in EPC therapy and in situ reprogramming, spotlighting a pioneering study that integrates those two strategies with a specific focus on the spleen. Such an innovative approach will potentially herald a new era of regenerative therapy for ischemic heart disease.
Treatment of MDR, Pre-XDR, XDR, and Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis or in Case of Intolerance to at Least Rifampicin in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland
Authors: Otto-Knapp Ralf , Bauer Torsten , Brinkmann Folke , Feiterna-Sperling Cornelia , Friesen Inna , Geerdes-Fenge Hilte , Hartmann Pia , Häcker Brit , Heyckendorf Jan , Kuhns Martin , Lange Christoph , Maurer Florian P. , Nienhaus Albert , Priwitzer Martin , Richter Elvira , Salzer Helmut J.F. , Schoch Otto D. , Schönfeld Nicolas , Schaberg Tom
Published: May 2024

Based on the assessment of new evidence, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated its guidelines for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in December 2022. The new recommendations and the latest study data made it necessary to update the existing guideline on the treatment of at least rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) for the German-speaking countries, replacing the respective chapters of the treatment guidelines published in 2022. A shortened treatment of proven RR-TB and multidrug-resistant TB for at least 6 months using the fixed and non-modifiable drug combination of bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, and moxifloxacin (BPaLM) is now also recommended for Austria, Germany, and Switzerland under certain conditions considering the existing barriers for the implementation of the new treatment regimen. For the treatment of pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR-) TB, an individualized treatment for 18 months continues to be the primary recommendation. The non-modifiable drug combination of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid (BPaL) may be used alternatively in selected pre-XDR-TB cases, provided that all prerequisites are met. The necessary requirements for using BPaLM and BPaL are presented in detail in this amendment to the consensus-based TB treatment guideline for adult patients.
Academic Outcomes with Hearing Amplification Devices in Children with Unilateral Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
Authors: Romano Daniel R. , Sindhar Sampat , Yaeger Lauren H. , Lieu Judith E.C.
Published: May 2024

Background: Many studies have shown increased academic problems in children with unilateral hearing loss (UHL). However, whether hearing devices can ameliorate the educational difficulties associated with UHL is not well studied. Therefore, the objective of the current systematic review was to answer the question: do nonsurgical amplification devices, bone-anchored hearing aids, and/or cochlear implants improve academic outcomes in school-aged children and adolescents with UHL? Methods: Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to December 21, 2022. Published, peer-reviewed studies comparing academic outcomes in patients with UHL aged ≥5 and ≤19 years with and without hearing devices (nonsurgical amplification devices, bone-anchored hearing aids, or cochlear implants) were included. Results of studies were qualitatively synthesized, and the risk of bias was evaluated with the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool. Results: A total of 5,644 non-duplicate publications were identified by the search, and four studies were included for synthesis, every one of which was investigating nonsurgical amplification. One small, single-arm study demonstrated significant improvement in subjective classroom listening difficulties after a 3- to 4-month trial with a behind-the-ear hearing aid. The other three studies of nonsurgical amplification devices showed no benefit across multiple academic outcomes with FM systems and conventional and CROS-style hearing aids. Discussion: The small sample sizes, heterogeneous and/or ill-defined study samples, and overall low quality of the available literature ultimately make it hard to draw definitive conclusions regarding nonsurgical amplification devices’ effectiveness in improving academic outcomes in children with UHL. No articles were identified that studied cochlear implants or bone-anchored hearing aids. Further studies with high-quality study design, large sample sizes, and long-term follow-up are needed to answer this clinically important question.
Impact of Dysphonic Schoolteachers’ Voices on Children’s Reaction Times according to Phonemic Contrasts
Authors: Pettirossi Amelia , Audibert Nicolas , Crevier-Buchman Lise
Published: May 2024

Introduction: This paper aimed at observing the impact of dysphonic voice on children’s reception of a linguistic message by evaluating their reaction times (RTs) to instructions given by functional dysphonic and control female schoolteachers (STs). Methods: French minimal pairs such as /muʃ/ (“mouche” fly) versus /buʃ/ (“bouche” mouth) embedded in a carrier sentence “click on the drawing of…” were produced by two groups of 10 dysphonic and control female ST, matched in age and year of experience. The phonemical contrasts observed are voicing, nasality, consonantal place of articulation, vowel roundedness, and vowel place of articulation. The experimentation was presented in the form of a computer game to children from 7 to 10 years old. Two images illustrating the target words were presented, accompanied by the oral instructions recorded by ST. With a two-button box created for the experiment, children had to click as quickly as possible on the image corresponding to the instruction. Results: Our results show that the RTs of all children are affected by the ST’s dysphonia, regardless of their age and that they have significantly longer RT when discriminating minimal pairs contrasting in voicing when the instruction is given by a dysphonic speaker compared to the same instruction given by a control speaker. Conclusion: These observations could be explained by the fact that functional dysphonia is associated with improper use of the vocal folds and thus an alteration of voicing.
Development of a Semi-Automated Approach for the Quantification of Neuronal Cells in the Spiral Ganglion of the Whole Implanted Gerbil Cochlea, Acquired by Light-Sheet Microscopy
Authors: Toulemonde Philippine , Beck Cyril , Risoud Michaël , Lemesre Pierre Emmanuel , Tardivel Meryem , Siepmann Juergen , Vincent Christophe
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Assessing cochlear implantation’s impact on cell loss and preventing post-implant cochlear damage are key areas of focus for hearing preservation research. The preservation of auditory neuronal and sensory neural hearing cells has a positive impact on auditory perception after implantation. This study aimed to provide details on a semi-automated spiral ganglion neuronal cell counting method, developed using whole implanted gerbil cochlea acquisitions with light-sheet microscopy. Methods: Mongolian gerbils underwent right cochlear implantation with an electrode array whose silicone was loaded with dexamethasone or not and were euthanized 10 weeks after implantation. The cochleae were prepared according to a 29-day protocol, with the electrode array in place. Light-sheet microscopy was used for acquisition, and Imaris software was employed for three-dimensional analysis of the cochleas and semi-automatic quantification of spiral ganglion cells. The imaJ software was used for the manual quantification of these cells. Results: Six cochleae were acquired by light-sheet microscopy, allowing good identification of cells. There was no significant difference between the mean number of spiral ganglion cells obtained by manual and semi-automatic counting (p = 0.25). Conclusion: Light-sheet microscopy provided complete visualization of the spiral ganglion and cell identification. The semi-automated counting method developed using Imaris software tools proved reliable and efficient and could be applied to a larger sample to assess post-cochlear implant cell damage and the efficacy of protective drugs delivered to the inner ear.
La crítica literaria chilena y la escritura de las mujeres
Authors: Cano Cubillos Rocío
Published: May 2024

El siguiente trabajo aborda la relación histórica de la crítica literaria chilena con la figura autorial de las mujeres y sus obras. Se pretende mostrar que existe una situación de invisibilización y marginación basada en el eje sexo-genérico que tiene bases estructurales y que se perpetúan hasta el presente adoptando diferentes modalidades y actorías. Se comienza situando la discusión en el contexto ampliado de Latinoamérica para ir acotarlo posteriormente al contexto específico del campo literario chileno. En la última parte de este ensayo se presenta una panorámica sobre la polémica que surge en el 2019 en la esfera de la crítica literaria feminista chilena. En esta sección se reflexiona sobre temas como: las relación de las escritoras con el mundo editorial, las construcciones de autoría, la sororidad, etc. y deja entrever la profundidad de los paradigmas androcéntricos de lectura y valoración que continúan exigiendo una cierta “moral” y corrección en la construcción de las escritoras.
Fantasías revolucionarias: sobre Otra vez el mar y Arturo la estrella más brillante de Reinaldo Arenas
Authors: Barbeira Candelaria
Published: May 2024

The article analyzes the novel Otra vez el mar (1982) and the nouvelle Arturo, la estrella más brillante (1984) by Reinaldo Arenas (Holguín, 1943- New York, 1990) taking as point of view the conception of literary work related to the subjective fictions product of the imagination of the protagonists. The conception of literature and language configured from both narratives assumes a bivalent and contradictory character, stressed towards the testimonial and towards fantasy as a place of the incommunicable.
Tabagismo, mortalidade, acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento de câncer de pulmão no Brasil
Authors: Campos Mônica Rodrigues , Rodrigues Jessica Muzy , Marques Aline Pinto , Faria Lara Vinhal , Valerio Tayná Sequeira , Silva Mario Jorge Sobreira da , Pires Debora Castanheira , Chaves Luisa Arueira , Cardoso Carlos Henrique Dantas , Campos Silvio Rodrigues , Emmerick Isabel Cristina Martins
Published: May 2024

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de pulmão (CP) é um relevante problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo, dada sua alta incidência e mortalidade. Assim, objetiva-se analisar a distribuição do tabagismo e da carga tabágica segundo características sociodemográficas e disparidades no acesso, no tratamento e na mortalidade por CP no Brasil, em 2013 e 2019. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de triangulação de fontes de dados de abrangência nacional: a) análise da distribuição do tabagismo, baseada na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS); b) investigação dos registros de CP, via Registros Hospitalares de Câncer (RHC); e c) distribuição da mortalidade por CP, no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se redução do percentual de pessoas que nunca fumaram de 2013 (68,5%) para 2019 (60,2%), assim como da carga tabágica (anos-maço). Esta foi observada maior em homens em pessoas de faixas etárias mais avançadas e de menor escolaridade. Em relação aos pacientes registrados no RHC, a entrada no serviço de saúde se dá a partir de 50 anos, e apenas 19% nunca fumaram. Ao passo que os fumantes na população são majoritariamente pardos, os pacientes no RHC são em maioria brancos. Quanto ao estadiamento inicial (I e II), é mais frequente em pessoas brancas e que nunca fumaram. A taxa de mortalidade apresentou variação de 1,00, para pessoas com ensino superior, a 3,36, entre pessoas sem instrução, assim como pessoas brancas têm uma taxa de mortalidade três vezes maior que a de pessoas negras e pardas. CONCLUSÃO: Este artigo apontou relevantes disparidades sociodemográficas no acesso ao diagnóstico, tratamento e mortalidade do CP. Assim, recomenda-se: fortalecer o Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional; desenvolver e implementar estratégia de screening de CP no Brasil, uma vez que a realização de estratégias de prevenção e diagnóstico precoce combinadas funcionam melhor no controle da mortalidade pela doença; e investimento contínuo nas políticas de prevenção e controle do tabagismo.
Nutritive value of feed substrate waste from black soldier fly larvae production, and its potential as an aquafeed ingredient
Authors: Thongprajukaew K. , Nuntapong N. , Pratumyot K. , Chaiseeda K. , Hahor W. , Waeowannajit S. , Meesin S.
Published: May 2024

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) are an alternative source of protein whereas little research has yet been conducted to investigate the potential application of feed substrate waste (FSW) from larval production in aquaculture. The nutritive value and physicochemical properties of FSW from BSFL were here investigated in vitro. Ten-day-old first-instar larvae were cultivated on two feed substrates: laying hen feed (FS I) or a laying hen feed-rice bran blend (1:1 w/w, FS II). FSW samples were collected at day 4.5 (0.5FSW) and day 9 (1FSW) of larval rearing, and compared to the original feed substrate (0FSW). Crude protein increased depending on FS type, harvesting time (HT), and their interaction. Crude lipid, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, crude ash, nitrogen-free extract, and gross energy decreased (). Analysis of the physicochemical properties of FSW by various techniques (scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning colorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) revealed qualitative and quantitative changes in FSW, driven by biological processes of BSFL. The digestibility of protein in FSW was determined by an in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) test using crude digestive enzyme extracts from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). 1FSW from FS I showed significantly better availability of protein relative to 0.5FSW (), while the IVPD of FSW from FS II was stable () or reduced (). Findings from this study suggest FSW from BSFL cultivation could be a protein source in aquafeed.
How Do Movement Parties Learn Lessons of Defeat in Taiwan? The Case of the Green Party Taiwan
Authors: Fell Dafydd , Peng Yen-wen , Wang Yan-han , Jhang JhuCin Rita
Published: May 2024

In this article we examine how Taiwan’s oldest movement party, the Green Party Taiwan, dealt with national electoral defeats in 2012, 2016, and 2020. We examine the theme of electoral defeat from three angles. First, we review the dominant post-defeat narratives that emerged to explain what went wrong in the campaigns. Second, we examine how these narratives guided the post-defeat reforms. Third, we consider whether the party can be said to have learned the right lessons of defeat. The analysis relies on a series of interviews with Green Party figures, party political communication material, and participant observation data.
Larval ground plan of Platynectes Régimbart, 1879 reconsidered: description of the larvae of three species with phylogenetic considerations (Coleoptera: Adephaga, Dytiscidae)
Authors: ALARIE YVES , MICHAT MARIANO C. , SHORT ANDREW E. Z. , WATTS CHRIS H. S.
Published: May 2024

In this contribution we describe and illustrate for the first time the larvae of three species of Platynectes Régimbart, 1879 (P. agallithoplotes Gustafson, Short & Miller, 2016, P. bakewelli (Clark, 1863), and P. reticulosus (Clark, 1863)) including detailed morphometric and chaetotaxic analyses of selected body structures in order to discover useful characters for distinguishing Platynectes larvae from those of other known Agabinae (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). A parsimony analysis based on larval characteristics of 19 Agabinae species in six genera (Agabus Leach, 1817, Agabinus Crotch, 1873, Hydrotrupes Sharp, 1882, Ilybiosoma Crotch, 1873, Platynectes, and Platambus Thomson, 1859) was conducted using the program TNT. The results support Platynectes as a natural group whilst the six species studied split into two well supported clades: P. agallithoplotes + P. decemnotatus (Aubé, 1838) and P. curtulus (Régimbart, 1899) + P. davidorum Hájek, Alarie, Šťastný & Vondráček, 2019 + P. reticulosus + P. bakewelli. Larvae of P. agallithoplotes have proven to be characterized by a large number of unique character states, several of which were never observed until now in the Agabinae. Evidence is provided to the effect that the Neotropical species of Platynectes s. str. evolved as a unique lineage within Platynectes.
Social Cohesion, Economic Security, and Forced displacement in the Long-run: Evidence From Rural Colombia
Authors: Tellez Juan F. , Balcells Laia
Published: May 2024

Millions of people around the world are internally displaced. And yet – compared to other forms of wartime victimization – scholars know relatively little about the long-run consequences of displacement for victims. This gap in the literature is problematic since displacement is distinct from other forms of victimization, and because IDPs face unique challenges in post-conflict transitions. This study contributes to the literature on the effects of displacement in three ways. First, the study brings to bear a unique sample of households in Colombia that is largely homogeneous along key confounders – mostly poor, rural, and conflict-afflicted – yet varies in their exposure to displacement. Next, the study draws on a rich set of covariates and outcomes to provide plausible estimates on the long-run effects of internal displacement. The study finds that a decade or more after displacement, victims experience substantial negative welfare deficits yet exhibit higher levels of social cohesion than their counterparts. Finally, combining a prediction framework with key stakeholder interviews, the study explores variation in outcomes among victims, particularly why some can return home and seek reparations while others are not. The results reveal a wide assortment of consequences resulting from displacement and should help inform policy-making bearing on support for internally displaced people.
Deep Learning–Based Facial and Skeletal Transformations for Surgical Planning
Authors: Bao J. , Zhang X. , Xiang S. , Liu H. , Cheng M. , Yang Y. , Huang X. , Xiang W. , Cui W. , Lai H.C. , Huang S. , Wang Y. , Qian D. , Yu H.
Published: May 2024

The increasing application of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in orthognathic surgery implies a critical need for accurate prediction of facial and skeletal shapes. The craniofacial relationship in patients with dentofacial deformities is still not understood, and transformations between facial and skeletal shapes remain a challenging task due to intricate anatomical structures and nonlinear relationships between the facial soft tissue and bones. In this study, a novel bidirectional 3-dimensional (3D) deep learning framework, named P2P-ConvGC, was developed and validated based on a large-scale data set for accurate subject-specific transformations between facial and skeletal shapes. Specifically, the 2-stage point-sampling strategy was used to generate multiple nonoverlapping point subsets to represent high-resolution facial and skeletal shapes. Facial and skeletal point subsets were separately input into the prediction system to predict the corresponding skeletal and facial point subsets via the skeletal prediction subnetwork and facial prediction subnetwork. For quantitative evaluation, the accuracy was calculated with shape errors and landmark errors between the predicted skeleton or face with corresponding ground truths. The shape error was calculated by comparing the predicted point sets with the ground truths, with P2P-ConvGC outperforming existing state-of-the-art algorithms including P2P-Net, P2P-ASNL, and P2P-Conv. The total landmark errors (Euclidean distances of craniomaxillofacial landmarks) of P2P-ConvGC in the upper skull, mandible, and facial soft tissues were 1.964 ± 0.904 mm, 2.398 ± 1.174 mm, and 2.226 ± 0.774 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the clinical feasibility of the bidirectional model was validated using a clinical cohort. The result demonstrated its prediction ability with average surface deviation errors of 0.895 ± 0.175 mm for facial prediction and 0.906 ± 0.082 mm for skeletal prediction. To conclude, our proposed model achieved good performance on the subject-specific prediction of facial and skeletal shapes and showed clinical application potential in postoperative facial prediction and VSP for orthognathic surgery.
Application of nitric acid modified palmyra palm male inflorescence activated carbon for effective removal of methylene blue dye from the aquatic environment
Authors: Govindaraj Bharath Balji , Palsamy Govindaraj , Senthil Kumar Ponnusamy , Mariyappan Ramani , Govindaraj Monisha Ponsakthi , Rangasamy Gayathri
Published: May 2024

Textile industries use dyes that play a significant role in polluting water bodies. The current work examines the acid-modified palmyra palm male inflorescence activated carbon as a novel, environmentally feasible, and economical adsorbent to eliminate methylene blue in synthetic effluent. The adsorbent is chemically activated by nitric acid to enhance pores and active sites. The palmyra palm male inflorescence activated carbon adsorbent is characterized by some characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, BET, and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray, for analyzing its physio-chemical properties and nature. The prepared adsorbent has a large surface area of 343.781 m2/g. Batch adsorption tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the palmyra palm male inflorescence activated carbon. The adsorbent capacity and the highest removal efficiency of the adsorbent are 38.82 mg/g and 98.5%, respectively. It is obtained by maintaining the batch study parameters at their optimum conditions. For this process, 5 g/L will be the suitable dosage for effectively eliminating methylene blue dye. The appropriate dye concentration and contact time for the maximum removal were determined as 100 mg/L and 50 min. Reusability evaluation of the adsorbent was done by utilizing 0.1 Mole of NaOH, and the adsorbent was successfully regenerated and used for up to four cycles.
Assessment of Durability of Chemically Stabilized Soils Using Different Moisture-Susceptible Methods
Authors: Kumar Prince , Puppala Anand J. , Biswas Nripojyoti , Congress Surya S. C. , Tingle Jeb S. , Little Dallas N.
Published: May 2024

The durability of chemically treated subgrade soils is important for pavement design life, and it is a major concern for transportation and defense agencies. Stabilized soil layers should retain strength and stiffness properties under wetting–drying-related durability cycles and moisture exposure. Many durability test methods, including wetting and drying, tube suction, and Engineer Research and Development Center’s wet-test methods, have been developed and used in several stabilization studies in the past. It is important to study and determine how these methods address the long-term performance of chemically stabilized soils with a focus on stabilizer permanency. Therefore, this research study conducted a comprehensive laboratory investigation using all three methods to assess the durability of stabilized soils as per the US Department of Defense protocols. Three types of soils, silty sand, clayey sand, and high-plasticity clay, and three types of stabilizers, vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) copolymer, Portland cement type I, and hydrated lime, were considered in this study. Silty sand, clayey sand, and high-plasticity clay soils were treated with VAE copolymer, cement, and lime, respectively. Results of cement-stabilized soil showed that it is unsusceptible to moisture fluctuations, whereas VAE-stabilized soil indicated its higher susceptibility to moisture variations. Both the ASTM wet–dry (W-D) test and tube suction test methods revealed that lime-treated clayey soil is moisture-susceptible. All three methods showed similar findings, with good agreement existing between tube suction and ASTM W-D tests for all combinations of soils and stabilizers considered in this study.
Performance and application of pultrusion-processed fibre-reinforced composites in large-scale wind turbine blades
Authors: Sun Yuanrong , Hu Congli , Li Chuansheng , Qu Yihang , Ji Minglei , Chen Cuiping , Li Jianbo
Published: May 2024

Pultruded composite materials have broad application prospects in the field of wind power generation. In this study, we explored the application of three different pultruded composites for the spar caps of wind turbine blades. Through comprehensive morphological, thermal, and mechanical analyses, as well as static and fatigue loading tests, we assessed the properties of these composites. Notably, the pultruded composites demonstrated high modulus, adequate strength, and excellent fatigue resistance. Among them, the optimal composite had an elastic modulus that was 46.4% higher than that of an E-glass vacuum-assisted resin-infused laminate. To further investigate their viability, we constructed a finite element model for a wind turbine blade with a pultruded composite spar cap using ANSYS. The results indicated that in a 94-m blade, replacing the E-glass vacuum-assisted resin-infused blade spar cap with the pultruded composite would result in a substantial 32.5% weight reduction. Finally, a 94-m blade was prototyped and tested, confirming its compliance with static and fatigue loading requirements. This study contributes to the advancement of composite materials and manufacturing methods for large-scale wind turbine blades.
Energy efficiency improvement of heavy-load hydraulic fine blanking press for sustainable manufacturing assisted by multi-stages pressure source system
Authors: Liu Yanxiong , Shu Yuwen , Xu Zhicheng , Zhao Xinhao , Chen Mingzhang
Published: May 2024

The fine blanking process has the highest forming accuracy in the field of metal forming and its production volume has increased sharply. However, hydraulic fine blanking presses (HFBP) – the core equipment of the fine blanking process, have suffered from significant energy loss due to the inefficient hydraulic system. To enhance the energy efficiency of the hydraulic system, this study introduced a novel approach – a multi-stage pressure source system comprised of distinct pump-accumulator groups, each operating at varied supplied pressures to narrow the mismatch of the installed and demanded power. This adaptive system is capable of automatic adjustments to align with the required pressure, thereby mitigating energy losses while concurrently preserving superior dynamic working performance. First, this study commenced with a theoretical analysis of the system configuration and energy characteristics of HFBP. Subsequently, a comprehensive exploration into the inherent inefficiencies of the hydraulic system is undertaken by formulating a precise energy consumption model. Finally, a novel energy-saving optimization design was carried out on the fast-approaching subsystem. The results demonstrated that the implementation of the proposed system led to a notable reduction of 76.87% in energy loss within the flow-regulating module, and an overall diminution of 13.53% in energy dissipation compared to the conventional system. This study will significantly advance sustainable manufacturing practices within the metal-forming domain by reducing electricity consumption and production cost.
Synergistic approach to tribological characterization of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites with ZrB2 and fly ash: Experimental and predictive insights
Authors: Kumar Prakash , Kumar Binay
Published: May 2024

This research delves into the tribological performance of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites (HAMMCs) incorporating zirconium diboride (ZrB2) particles and fly ash as reinforcing agents. The study employs a linear reciprocating wear test to investigate the impact of dry sliding wear on these HAMMCs under ambient and elevated temperatures. Wear mechanisms are discerned through field emission scanning electron microscopy. Optimization of wear test parameters, coefficient of friction (COF), and wear rate is achieved using the genetic algorithm. Additionally, artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression analysis are employed to formulate a predictive model for wear, estimating specific wear rate and COF under various testing conditions. The ANN predictions exhibit a deviation ranging from 0% to 1.39% from the experimental values, indicating the model's effectiveness in understanding and predicting wear behavior in the study of HAMMC.
Skill Development Programmes: Challenges and Employment Opportunities
Authors: Kumar Jitender , Hooda Garima
Published: May 2024

A tool for improving the overall effect and enabling more effective work is skill development. Accelerating globalisation and technological transformation present both difficulties and possibilities for economic growth and job creation. The possibilities of globalisation will be easier for nations with higher and better levels of competency to respond to. When it comes to addressing the skill development of its youth, India has made important advancements. Under the auspices of Skill India, a full-fledged, independent ministry for entrepreneurship and skill development has been established. Through a public–private partnership approach, the government is luring private companies into the training sector. The National Skill Development Corporation was established particularly for this reason. However, as is the case with the bulk of skill development programmes, there is still a weak connection between skill development and career guidance and counselling, not just in India but in many other countries. The influence of the government of India’s numerous skill development projects on employment and their difficulties are examined in this article, along with the skill gap in that country. The research discovered that one of the main obstacles to closing the job gap is a lack of skilled and trained workers. Conservative thinking, reluctance to leave, low pay, a lack of standardisation and a lack of emphasis on non-technical skills are the root causes of the skill gap in India, which results in skilled workers being out of work.
Impact of Health and Non-health Inputs on Health Outcomes: A Comparative Study of South Asia, Southeast Asia, BRICS and ASEAN Regions
Authors: Das Tiken
Published: May 2024

This study assessed the impact of health and non-health factors on crude death rate, infant mortality rate and life expectancy at birth across 21 developing and emerging countries. Utilising panel regression and Z-score methods, it identified two country clusters based on the relationship between health input augmenting factors and health outcomes. Findings revealed variations in health outcomes among emerging countries like the Russian Federation, Brazil, China, and India compared to some developing countries. The study emphasised the significant role of health input augmenting factors and noted varied influences of socio-economic, environmental and health factors on health outcomes. Additionally, a notably stronger elasticity of health outcomes was observed concerning non-health determinants.

JEL: I12; I13; I15
Crashworthiness analysis and optimization of brain-coral-inspired multilayer sandwich structures under axial crushing
Authors: Zhang Zhiqiang , Lin Peng , Hu Dayong
Published: May 2024

Inspired by brain corals and cuttlebone, this study employed 3D printing technology to fabricate a novel bio-inspired multilayer sandwich structure based on the Hilbert space-filling curve (named BHSS). The mechanical behavior and deformation process of the BHSS were compared through quasi-static axial crushing experiments and finite element (FE) simulations. The energy absorbing characteristics of the BHSS with different layers were compared through FE simulations, and the results indicated that the 4-layer BHSS displayed superior crashworthiness. Then, parametric studies were conducted to investigate the influence of layer-height gradient and wall-thickness gradient on the energy absorption performance and deformation modes of the BHSS. It was confirmed that the double gradient designs significantly reduced the initial peak force and improved the specific energy absorption of the BHSS. Finally, the multi-objectives optimization based on response surface method and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was employed to optimize the geometric parameters of the BHSS, aiming at the optimal configuration for better crashworthiness. Compared to the original design structure, the SEA of the optimized knee point structure was increased by 21.8% and the IPF was reduced by 72.6%. These findings provided valuable guidelines for the brain-coral-inspired design of multilayer sandwich structures with superior energy-absorbing performance.
The role of European equality bodies to address algorithmic discrimination
Authors: Capellà Ricart Anna
Published: May 2024

European Union (EU) seems to have the aim to strengthen the role of equality bodies and encourage the expansion of their scope of application, their functions and their powers. This implies that they can play an essential role in challenging discriminatory decisions made through algorithmic systems. Due to the possibility they have to access information, to issue binding decisions in individual or collective cases of discrimination or to initiate court proceedings in their own name, they seem like the best positioned to offer an effective protection against algorithmic discrimination. In this article, we study the latest regulatory proposals relating to these bodies and which functions they must carry out to help people that have been discriminated against by artificial intelligence systems. Notwithstanding we argue that equality bodies have a privileged position to deal with discriminatory automated decisions, they need independence and human, technical and financial resources to perform all its tasks and to exercise all its competences effectively, and this is not always guaranteed.
The effect of 1,3-(bis citraconimidomethyl)Benzene on the reversion of cured ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber using semi-efficient vulcanisation (SEV) system and a nano zinc oxide as an activator
Authors: Emami Tajodin Simin , Ostad Movahed Saeed
Published: May 2024

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the anti-reversion agent, 3-(bis citraconimidomethyl) Benzene, Perkalink 900, on the properties, with a focus on reversion tendencies, of carbon black-filled ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber compounds cured using a semi-efficient vulcanization (SEV) sulfur curing system with various accelerators. The research highlights that the presence of Perkalink 900 significantly prolongs the optimum cure times for all rubber compounds, reducing ∆torques, especially in fast-curing systems. Crosslink density (CLD) exhibits minimal sensitivity to Perkalink 900, which effectively prevents reversion, even reaching zero in certain compounds. Reversion extent varies with the chosen curing system, and the concentration of Perkalink 900 plays a key role in its control. Perkalink 900 enhances Shore A hardness, indicating a denser and stiffer rubber, while tear strength and elongation at break improve. Tensile strength remains stable or slightly increases, and the modulus response varies based on the curing agent and Perkalink 900 loading. ATR-FTIR spectra confirm Perkalink 900 presence, with peak intensities correlating with its concentration. Additionally, a new Alder-ene reaction mechanism between EPDM and Perkalink 900 is proposed. Overall, the study establishes Perkalink 900 as an effective anti-reversion agent, proving its potential to significantly enhance rubber compound properties. Future investigations could focus on optimizing Perkalink 900 concentrations for specific applications and exploring its interactions with diverse rubber types and curing systems.
Serum magnesium levels in patients with deep neck space abscess: A case-control study
Authors: Demir Canser Yilmaz , Bozan Nazim
Published: May 2024

Objective: Deep neck space abscess (DNSA) is a serious infection associated with immune response. Magnesium has fundamental multifunctions in the body. Its insufficiency is involved in immüne weakness and susceptibility to infectious diseases. The present study addressed serum magnesium status in patients with DNSA. Herein, we hypothesized that patients with DNSA may have decreased serum magnesium concentration.

Materials and Methods: In the study, 23 patients with DNSA and 23 matched healthy individuals were included. The atomic absorption spectrometry was used to measure serum magnesium concentration. The groups were compared statistically for demographics and serum magnesium concentration.

Results: Patients with DNSA and healthy controls were statistically similar in age ( p = .625), gender ( p = 1.0), and smoking status ( p = 1.0). However, patients with DNSA had significantly decreased serum magnesium concentration (µg/dL) than healthy controls [25.23 ± 4.98 (19.9-42.2) versus 31.98 ± 5.36 (26.8-40.8)], ( p < .001).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that decreased serum magnesium concentration is associated with DNSA. It is the first report on the research topic, and may inspire future studies.
Science mapping the evolution of middle leadership research, 2002–2023
Authors: Adams Donnie , Sothinathan Jayanti S. , Radzi Norfariza Mohd
Published: May 2024

This systematic review aimed to examine the evolution of middle leadership research in a 21-year period, starting from 2002 to 2023, by employing bibliometric methods to examine the metadata of 181 documents. It summarised the key features of the middle leadership knowledge base by analysing its descriptive trends, distribution of knowledge production, key scholars, journals, and documents, and uncovered its underlying intellectual structure. The review offers insights into the development of the literature on middle leadership – a relatively new concept. The findings from this review would help scholars understand the nuances of middle leadership as well as provide insights to researchers on the current and future development of middle leadership research in schools.