bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Killed the Concert? Heinrich Besseler and the Inter-War Politics of Gebrauchsmusik
Authors: PRITCHARD MATTHEW
Published: February 2012

By examining the ideas expressed by the German musicologist Heinrich Besseler in his 1925 essay ‘Grundfragen des musikalischen Hörens’, this article attempts to find precedents in Weimar Germany for a contemporary social conception of music, and to trace the effects of this conception on music history between the wars. Although Besseler's position is seen to be complex and not wholly consistent, from his ideal of music as an expression of community (Gemeinschaft) arose two influential claims: that the concert was in crisis because it could no longer correspond to that ideal, and that the real source of communal vitality lay in Gebrauchsmusik, music for everyday use. The article explores the immediate political and musical consequences of these claims, both for the German youth music movement (Jugendmusikbewegung) and for Gebrauchsmusik as composed by Weill, Hindemith, and Eisler. It argues that the social aims of the Gebrauchsmusik movement were in fact best met when combined with an earlier understanding, rejected by Besseler himself, of the concert's own ‘community-forming power’ – a theoretical combination that was to lead outside Europe to the American musical and the Soviet symphony. By contrast, the sidelining of such ideas in post-war Germany was reflected in Adorno's outright rejection of musical community, a move which served to confirm only Besseler's first, negative claim – thereby establishing as normative an ‘autonomous’ conception of concert music and leaving musicology unable to give any positive account of the concert's social role.
Mixing with Mozart: Aesthetics and Tradition in Helmut Lachenmann's Accanto
Authors: WILLIAMS ALASTAIR
Published: February 2012

Accanto (1975–6), for clarinettist and orchestra, constitutes a turn towards historical reflection in the work of the distinguished German composer Helmut Lachenmann, providing a meeting point for the practitioner and the theorist. This article examines how Accanto's dialogue with Mozart's Clarinet Concerto relates to topics such as recording conventions, performance practices, and compositional trends, particularly in the 1970s. It also demonstrates how Lachenmann's conception of musical material is rooted in an understanding of the Western art music tradition, especially with regard to the issue of the ‘language-character’ of music. In doing so, it investigates Lachenmann's aesthetics of beauty in connection with performance practices, sociological models of musical subjectivity, and Adorno's understanding of tradition. In general, the article argues that compositional practice in Accanto is shaped in response to the situation of classical music, especially in the 1970s.
Intelligenzminderung und ADHS
Authors: Hässler Frank , Thome Johannes
Published: February 2012

Hyperkinetische Störungen (HKS) sind ebenso wie die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) durch die drei Kernsymptome Hyperaktivität, Unaufmerksamkeit und Impulsivität gekennzeichnet. Doch diese drei Symptome kommen auch bei anderen psychischen Störungen sowie bei Menschen mit einer Intelligenzminderung vor. Insbesondere Kinder mit einer unterdurchschnittlichen Intelligenz weisen wesentlich höhere Prävalenzraten für diese ADHS-Symptome auf, die zwischen 8.7 % alleine für die Hyperaktivität ( Emerson, 2003 ) und 14.8 % für irgendeine Form von ADHS ( Dekker & Koot, 2003 ) liegen. Aber nur wenige spezielle Studien existieren bezüglich ADHS bei Kindern mit einer Intelligenzminderung. Trotz einiger Gemeinsamkeiten auf der Symptomebene gibt es viele Unterschiede zwischen ADHS und Intelligenzminderung. Dennoch liegen nicht wenige Studien zur Psychopharmakotherapie bei intelligenzgeminderten Kindern mit und ohne zusätzliche ADHS-Symptomatik vor. Mit einigen Einschränkungen, die in der Therapie unbedingt beachtet werden müssen, profitieren auch hyperkinetische, unaufmerksame und impulsive intelligenzgeminderte Kinder von einer Therapie mit Stimulanzien. Zu diesen Limitierungen zählt, dass intelligenzgeminderte Kinder einerseits weniger gut auf Psychopharmaka ansprechen, andererseits aber schneller und oft ausgeprägtere Nebenwirkungen aufweisen ( Thomson, Maltzeos, Paliokosta & Xenitidis, 2009 ).
Defizitäre adaptive Emotions- regulation bei Kindern mit ADHS
Authors: Schmitt Kathrin , Gold Andreas , Rauch Wolfgang A.
Published: February 2012

Zielsetzung: Hauptziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es zu untersuchen, ob sich Kinder mit und ohne ADHS in den von ihnen angewendeten Emotionsregulationsstrategien unterscheiden. Zudem wird betrachtet, inwieweit die Emotionsregulationsmuster der Kinder mit ADHS mit weiteren psychischen Auffälligkeiten zusammenhängen. Methodik: 21 Kinder mit und 20 Kinder ohne ADHS im Alter von 10–13 Jahren bearbeiteten den Fragebogen zur Emotionsregulation bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (FEEL-KJ, Grob & Smolenski, 2005 ). Die Eltern der Studienteilnehmer füllten den Fragebogen zu Stärken Schwächen für Eltern (SDQ, Woerner, Becker & Rothenberger, 2004 ) aus. Ergebnisse: Kinder mit ADHS berichteten zur Regulation ihrer Emotionen seltener von adaptiven Strategien Gebrauch zu machen als die Kontrollprobanden, während sich im Selbstbericht hinsichtlich der maladaptiven Strategien keine Unterschiede zeigten. Im Einzelnen manifestierten sich signifikante Gruppenunterschiede bei den adaptiven Strategien «Kognitives Problemlösen», «Problemorientiertes Handeln», «Stimmung anheben», «Umbewertung» und «Zerstreuung». Auch gaben die Kinder mit ADHS an, signifikant seltener die Strategie «Soziale Unterstützung» einzusetzen. Im Rahmen von Korrelationsanalysen konnten ferner bedeutsame negative Zusammenhänge zwischen adaptiver Emotionsregulation und psychischen Auffälligkeiten nachgewiesen werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Von ADHS-betroffenen Kindern werden insbesondere solche Emotionsregulationsstrategien seltener eingesetzt, die auf eine problemfokussierte Änderung der jeweiligen Belastungssituation abzielen. Vor allem diejenigen Kinder mit ADHS leiden unter weiteren psychischen Auffälligkeiten, die besonders selten auf adaptive Emotionsregulationsstrategien zurückgreifen.
Was erwarten Medizinstudierende von Vorlesungen in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie?
Authors: Lempp Thomas , Neuhoff Nina , Renner Tobias , Vloet Timo D. , Fischer Helmut , Stegemann Thomas , Zepf Florian D. , Rößner Veit , Kölch Michael , Häßler Frank , Mattejat Fritz , Lehr Dirk , Bachmann Christian J.
Published: February 2012

Fragestellung: Vorlesungen sind für Medizinstudierende die häufigsten universitären Lehrveranstaltungen des Fachgebietes Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie. Neben der Vermittlung grundlegenden Wissens und Fähigkeiten für die ärztliche Versorgung psychisch kranker Kinder und Jugendlicher, können sie auch eine entscheidende Funktion in der Rekrutierung zukünftiger Facharztkandidaten für das Fachgebiet haben. Daher erscheint die Kenntnis der Erwartungen Medizinstudierender an diese Veranstaltungen wichtig. Methodik: In einer Querschnittsstudie an zehn deutschen medizinischen Fakultäten wurden Erwartungen an Vorlesungen von 1029 Medizinstudierenden mit einer Fragebogenuntersuchung erfasst. Ergebnisse: Als wichtigste Vorlesungsinhalte wurden Wissensvermittlung über Krankheitsbilder (73 %), Vermittlung von ärztlichen Fertigkeiten im Umgang mit minderjährigen Patienten (61 %) sowie die Unterscheidung von normalem und pathologischem kindlichen Verhalten (59 %) genannt. 71 % der Befragten legten Wert auf Patientenvorstellungen in kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Vorlesungen, wobei 41 % ethische Bedenken hinsichtlich der Vorstellung psychisch kranker Kinder und Jugendlicher in Vorlesungen äußerten. Schlussfolgerungen: Studentische Erwartungen an Vorlesungen im Fachgebiet Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie beziehen sich vor allem auf fachspezifisches Wissen («knowledge») und nicht fachspezifischen ärztlichen Fertigkeiten («skills»). Der wichtige Bereich der Einstellungen gegenüber Patienten («attitudes») könnte modellhaft anhand der mehrheitlich gewünschten Patientenvorstellungen vermittelt werden. Dabei sollten ethische Fragen von Dozentenseite aus aktiv angesprochen werden.
The role of slabs and oceanic plate geometry in the net rotation of the lithosphere, trench motions, and slab return flow
Authors: Gérault M. , Becker T. W. , Kaus B. J. P. , Faccenna C. , Moresi L. , Husson L.
Published: February 2012

Absolute plate motion models with respect to a deep mantle reference frame (e.g., hot spots) typically contain some net rotation (NR) of the lithosphere. Global mantle flow models for the present‐day plate setting reproduce similarly oriented NRs but with amplitudes significantly smaller than those found in some high NR Pacific hot spot reference frames. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms of NR excitation, which we attempt here with two‐dimensional cylindrical models of an idealized Pacific domain. We study the influence of slab properties, oceanic ridge position, continental keels, and a weak asthenospheric layer on NR and trench migration. Fast slab return flow develops in models with stiff slabs and moderate slab dips. Rapid NRs, comparable to the high NR Pacific hot spot reference frames, are primarily induced by asymmetric slab dips, in particular a shallow slab beneath South America and a steep slab in the western Pacific. A scaling relationship links the amplitude of NR to plate size, slab dip angle, and slab viscosity. Asymmetric ridge positions also promote NR through asymmetric plate sizes. Continental keels have less impact, in contrast to what has been found in earlier global studies. Several models yield unidirectional Pacific trench motions, such as slab advance in the western Pacific and, simultaneously, slab retreat in the eastern Pacific. Our model provides a physical explanation for NR generation in the present‐day Pacific setting and hints at mechanisms for the temporal evolution of the basin.
A detailed view into the eruption clouds of Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, using Doppler radar
Authors: Scharff L. , Ziemen F. , Hort M. , Gerst A. , Johnson J. B.
Published: February 2012

Using Doppler radar technology we are able to show that eruptions at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, are comprised of multiple explosive degassing pulses occurring at a frequency of 0.2 to 0.3 Hz. The Doppler radar system was installed about 2.7 km away from the active dome on the top of Santa Maria volcano. During four days of continuous measurement 157 eruptive events were recorded. The Doppler radar data reveals a vertical uplift of the dome surface of about 50 cm immediately prior to a first degassing pulse. Particle velocities range from 10 to 15 m/s (in the line of sight of the radar). In 80% of the observed eruptions a second degassing pulse emanates from the dome with significantly higher particle velocities (20–25 m/s again line of sight) and increased echo power, which implies an increase in mass flux. We carry out numerical experiments of ballistic particle transport and calculate corresponding synthetic radar signals. These calculations show that the observations are consistent with a pulsed release of material from the dome of Santiaguito volcano.
Holocene faulting in the Bellingham forearc basin: Upper‐plate deformation at the northern end of the Cascadia subduction zone
Authors: Kelsey Harvey M. , Sherrod Brian L. , Blakely Richard J. , Haugerud Ralph A.
Published: February 2012

The northern Cascadia forearc takes up most of the strain transmitted northward via the Oregon Coast block from the northward‐migrating Sierra Nevada block. The north‐south contractional strain in the forearc manifests in upper‐plate faults active during the Holocene, the northern‐most components of which are faults within the Bellingham Basin. The Bellingham Basin is the northern of four basins of the actively deforming northern Cascadia forearc. A set of Holocene faults, Drayton Harbor, Birch Bay, and Sandy Point faults, occur within the Bellingham Basin and can be traced from onshore to offshore using a combination of aeromagnetic lineaments, paleoseismic investigations and scarps identified using LiDAR imagery. With the recognition of such Holocene faults, the northernmost margin of the actively deforming Cascadia forearc extends 60 km north of the previously recognized limit of Holocene forearc deformation. Although to date no Holocene faults are recognized at the northern boundary of the Bellingham Basin, which is 15 km north of the international border, there is no compelling tectonic reason to expect that Holocene faults are limited to south of the international border.
Interactions between lava and snow/ice during the 2010 Fimmvörðuháls eruption, south‐central Iceland
Authors: Edwards B. , Magnússon E. , Thordarson T. , Guđmundsson M. T. , Höskuldsson A. , Oddsson B. , Haklar J.
Published: February 2012

The 20 March–12 April basaltic effusive eruption at Fimmvörðuháls, southern Iceland, was an important opportunity to directly observe interactions between lava and snow/ice. The eruption site has local perennial snowfields and snow covered ice, and at the time of eruption it was covered with an additional ∼1–3 m of seasonal snow. Syn‐eruption observations of interactions between lava and snow/ice are grouped into four categories: (1) lava advancing directly on top of snow, (2) lava advancing on top of tephra‐covered snow, (3) snow/ice melting at lava flow margins, and (4) lava flowing beneath snow. Based on syn‐ and post‐eruption observations in 2010/11, we conclude that the features seen in the lava flow field show only limited and localized evidence for the influence of snow/ice presence during the eruption. Estimated melting rates from radiant and conductive heating at the flow fronts are too slow (on the order of 5 m/hr) to allow for complete melting of snow/ice ahead of the advancing lava flows, at least during periods of observed rapid lava advance rates (15–55 m/hr). Thus we conclude that during those periods, which largely established the aerial extent of the lava flow field, lava advanced on top of snow; that this likely was the predominant mode of lava emplacement for much of the eruption is supported by many syn‐eruption field observations. Examination of the lava flows subsequent to the eruption has so far only found subtle evidence for interactions between lava and snow/ice; for example, locally lava flows have fractured and are collapsing, or have developed marginal rubble aprons from melting of snow banks that were partly covered by lava flow margins.
Resolution of fine biological structure including small narcomedusae across a front in the Southern California Bight
Authors: McClatchie Sam , Cowen Robert , Nieto Karen , Greer Adam , Luo Jessica Y. , Guigand Cedric , Demer David , Griffith David , Rudnick Daniel
Published: February 2012

We sampled a front detected by SST gradient, ocean color imagery, and a Spray glider south of San Nicolas Island in the Southern California Bight between 14 and 18 October 2010. We sampled the front with an unusually extensive array of instrumentation, including the Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES), the undulating In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS) (fitted with temperature, salinity, oxygen, and fluorescence sensors), multifrequency acoustics, a surface pelagic trawl, a bongo net, and a neuston net. We found higher fluorescence and greater cladoceran, decapod, and euphausiid densities in the front, indicating increased primary and secondary production. Mesopelagic fish were most abundant in oceanic waters to the west of the front, market squid were abundant in the front associated with higher krill and decapod densities, and jack mackerel were most common in the front and on the shoreward side of the front. Egg densities peaked to either side of the front, consistent with both offshore (for oceanic squid and mesopelagic fish) and shelf origins (for white croaker and California halibut). We discovered unusually high concentrations of predatory narcomedusae in the surface layer of the frontal zone. Potential ichthyoplankton predators were more abundant either in the front (decapods, euphausiids, and squid) or shoreward of the front (medusae, chaetognaths, and jack mackerel). For pelagic fish like sardine, which can thrive in less productive waters, the safest place to spawn would be offshore because there are fewer potential predators.
Characterization and correction of Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 ultraviolet measurements and application to ozone profile retrievals
Authors: Cai Zhaonan , Liu Yi , Liu Xiong , Chance Kelly , Nowlan Caroline R. , Lang Ruediger , Munro Rosemary , Suleiman Raid
Published: February 2012

We present an assessment study of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME‐2) reflectance for the wavelength range 270–350 nm by comparing measurements with simulations calculated using the vector linearized discrete ordinate radiative transfer model (VLIDORT) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) ozone profiles. The results indicate wavelength‐ and cross‐track‐position‐dependent biases. GOME‐2 reflectance is overestimated by 10% near 300 nm and by 15%–20% around 270 nm. Stokes fraction measurements made by onboard polarization measurement devices are also validated directly using the VLIDORT model. GOME‐2 measurements agree well with the simulated Stokes fractions, with mean biases ranging from −1.0% to ∼2.9%; the absolute differences are less than 0.05. Cloudiness‐dependent biases suggest the existence of uncorrected stray‐light errors that vary seasonally and latitudinally. Temporal analysis indicates that reflectance degradation began at the beginning of the mission; the reflectance degrades by 15% around 290 nm and by 2.2% around 325 nm from 2007 through 2009. Degradation shows wavelength‐ and viewing‐angle‐dependent features. Preliminary validation of ozone profile retrievals with MLS, Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding, and ozonesonde reveals that the application of radiometric recalibration improves the ozone profile retrievals as well as reduces fitting residuals by 30% in band 2b.
Controls on gas transfer velocities in a large river
Authors: Beaulieu Jake J. , Shuster William D. , Rebholz Jacob A.
Published: February 2012

The emission of biogenic gases from large rivers can be an important component of regional greenhouse gas budgets. However, emission rate estimates are often poorly constrained due to uncertainties in the air‐water gas exchange rate. We used the floating chamber method to estimate the gas transfer velocity (k) of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the Markland Pool of the Ohio River, a large tributary of the Mississippi River (U.S.A). We measured k every two weeks for a year at one site and at 15 additional sites distributed across the length of the pool during two summer surveys. We found that k was positively related to both water currents and wind speeds, with 46% of the gas transfer attributable to water currents at low wind speeds (e.g., 0.5 m s−1) and 11% at higher wind speeds (e.g., >2.0 m s−1). Gas transfer velocity was highly sensitive to wind, possibly because the direction of river flow was often directly opposed to the wind direction. Gas transfer velocity values derived for CH4 were consistently greater than those derived for CO2 when standardized to a Schmidt number of 600 (k600), possibly because the transfer of CH4, a poorly soluble gas, was enhanced by surfacing microbubbles. Additional research to determine the conditions that support microbubble enhanced gas transfer is merited.
Simulating the decadal‐ to millennial‐scale dynamics of morphology and sequestered carbon mobilization of two thermokarst lakes in NW Alaska
Authors: Kessler M. A. , Plug L. J. , Walter Anthony K. M.
Published: February 2012

Thermokarst lakes alter landscape topography and hydrology in widespread permafrost regions and mobilize significant permafrost carbon pools, including releasing methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Despite this, the dynamics of lake evolution, permafrost thawing, and carbon mobilization are not well known. We present a 3‐D numerical model of thermokarst lakes on organic‐rich yedoma permafrost terrains with surface water flow and pooling naturally defining lakes that deepen, expand laterally, and drain due to talik formation, bank retreat, and both gradual and catastrophic drainage. We predict the 3‐D pattern of microbial methane production within the talik over time. As a first model test and calibration, beginning with small protolakes, we simulated 10,000 years of evolution of Pear and Claudi lakes, two neighboring thermokarst features on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Simulated lakes approximated observed bathymetry, but results are sensitive to initial topography and soil ice content. Local topography caused markedly different dynamics for the two lakes. Pear expanded rapidly across low‐relief topography, fully drained multiple times, and released little methane in later stages due to Pleistocene carbon depletion by the first and largest lake generation. Claudi grew slowly and continuously across high‐relief topography, forming high subaerial banks; partial drainages left remnant horseshoe lakes that continued to expand into virgin yedoma, mobilizing carbon at roughly the same rate irrespective of lake drainage. The ∼2× discrepancy between simulated CH4 production and observed emission rates in Claudi likely results from misestimation of hot spot ebullition, labile carbon content, CH4:CO2 production ratio, or microbial CH4 oxidation.
Idealized tropical cyclone simulations of intermediate complexity: A test case for AGCMs
Authors: Reed Kevin A. , Jablonowski Christiane
Published: February 2012

The paper introduces a moist, deterministic test case of intermediate complexity for Atmospheric General Circulation Models (AGCMs). We suggest pairing an AGCM dynamical core with simple physical parameterizations to test the evolution of a single, idealized, initially weak vortex into a tropical cyclone. The initial conditions are based on an initial vortex seed that is in gradient‐wind and hydrostatic balance. The suggested “simple‐physics” package consists of parameterizations of bulk aerodynamic surface fluxes for moisture, sensible heat and momentum, boundary layer diffusion, and large‐scale condensation. Such a configuration includes the important driving mechanisms for tropical cyclones, and leads to a rapid intensification of the initial vortex over a forecast period of ten days. The simple‐physics test paradigm is not limited to tropical cyclones, and can be universally applied to other flow fields. The physical parameterizations are described in detail to foster model intercomparisons. The characteristics of the intermediate‐complexity test case are demonstrated with the help of four hydrostatic dynamical cores that are part of the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM 5) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). In particular, these are the Finite‐Volume, Spectral Element, and spectral transform Eulerian and semi‐Lagrangian dynamical cores that are coupled to the simple‐physics suite. The simulations show that despite the simplicity of the physics forcings the models develop the tropical cyclone at horizontal grid spacings of about 55 km and finer. The simple‐physics simulations reveal essential differences in the storm's structure and strength due to the choice of the dynamical core. Similar differences are also seen in complex full‐physics aqua‐planet experiments with CAM 5 which serve as a motivator for this work. The results suggest that differences in complex full‐physics simulations can be, at least partly, replicated in simplified model setups. The simplified experiments might therefore provide easier access to an improved physical understanding of how the dynamical core and moist physical parameterizations interact. It is concluded that the simple‐physics test case has the potential to close the gap between dry dynamical core assessments and full‐physics aqua‐planet experiments, and can shed light on the role of the dynamical core in the presence of moisture processes.
An investigation of the effect of pore scale flow on average geochemical reaction rates using direct numerical simulation
Authors: Molins Sergi , Trebotich David , Steefel Carl I. , Shen Chaopeng
Published: February 2012

The scale‐dependence of geochemical reaction rates hinders their use in continuum scale models intended for the interpretation and prediction of chemical fate and transport in subsurface environments such as those considered for geologic sequestration of CO2. Processes that take place at the pore scale, especially those involving mass transport limitations to reactive surfaces, may contribute to the discrepancy commonly observed between laboratory‐determined and continuum‐scale or field rates. Here, the dependence of mineral dissolution rates on the pore structure of the porous media is investigated by means of pore scale modeling of flow and multicomponent reactive transport. The pore scale model is composed of high‐performance simulation tools and algorithms for incompressible flow and conservative transport combined with a general‐purpose multicomponent geochemical reaction code. The model performs direct numerical simulation of reactive transport based on an operator‐splitting approach to coupling transport and reactions. The approach is validated with a Poiseuille flow single‐pore experiment and verified with an equivalent 1‐D continuum‐scale model of a capillary tube packed with calcite spheres. Using the case of calcite dissolution as an example, the high‐resolution model is used to demonstrate that nonuniformity in the flow field at the pore scale has the effect of decreasing the overall reactivity of the system, even when systems with identical reactive surface area are considered. The effect becomes more pronounced as the heterogeneity of the reactive grain packing increases, particularly where the flow slows sufficiently such that the solution approaches equilibrium locally and the average rate becomes transport‐limited.
Hydrologic conditions controlling runoff generation immediately after wildfire
Authors: Ebel Brian A. , Moody John A. , Martin Deborah A.
Published: February 2012

We investigated the control of postwildfire runoff by physical and hydraulic properties of soil, hydrologic states, and an ash layer immediately following wildfire. The field site is within the area burned by the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire in Colorado, USA. Physical and hydraulic property characterization included ash thickness, particle size distribution, hydraulic conductivity, and soil water retention curves. Soil water content and matric potential were measured indirectly at several depths below the soil surface to document hydrologic states underneath the ash layer in the unsaturated zone, whereas precipitation and surface runoff were measured directly. Measurements of soil water content showed that almost no water infiltrated below the ash layer into the near‐surface soil in the burned site at the storm time scale (i.e., minutes to hours). Runoff generation processes were controlled by and highly sensitive to ash thickness and ash hydraulic properties. The ash layer stored from 97% to 99% of rainfall, which was critical for reducing runoff amounts. The hydrologic response to two rain storms with different rainfall amounts, rainfall intensity, and durations, only ten days apart, indicated that runoff generation was predominantly by the saturation‐excess mechanism perched at the ash‐soil interface during the first storm and predominantly by the infiltration‐excess mechanism at the ash surface during the second storm. Contributing area was not static for the two storms and was 4% (saturation excess) to 68% (infiltration excess) of the catchment area. Our results showed the importance of including hydrologic conditions and hydraulic properties of the ash layer in postwildfire runoff generation models.
Increase of global monsoon area and precipitation under global warming: A robust signal?
Authors: Hsu Pang‐chi , Li Tim , Luo Jing‐Jia , Murakami Hiroyuki , Kitoh Akio , Zhao Ming
Published: February 2012

Monsoons, the most energetic tropical climate system, exert a great social and economic impact upon billions of people around the world. The global monsoon precipitation had an increasing trend over the past three decades. Whether or not this increasing trend will continue in the 21st century is investigated, based on simulations of three high‐resolution atmospheric general circulation models that were forced by different future sea surface temperature (SST) warming patterns. The results show that the global monsoon area, precipitation and intensity all increase consistently among the model projections. This indicates that the strengthened global monsoon is a robust signal across the models and SST patterns explored here. The increase of the global monsoon precipitation is attributed to the increases of moisture convergence and surface evaporation. The former is caused by the increase of atmospheric water vapor and the latter is due to the increase of SST. The effect of the moisture and evaporation increase is offset to a certain extent by the weakening of the monsoon circulation.
Bioconversion of eugenol into food flavouring agent vanillin
Authors: Luqman Suaib , Tandon Sudeep , Somvanshi Alok , Srivastava Suchita , Darokar Mahendra , Khanuja Suman
Published: February 2012

Microorganisms have the ability to chemically modify a wide variety of organic compounds by a process referred to as biological or microbial transformation, or in general, bioconversion. The microbial cells and their catalytic machinery (enzymes) accept a wide array of complex molecules as substrates, yielding products with unparallel chiral (enantio-), positional (region-) and chemical (chemo-) selectivity through various biochemical reactions. The present study was formulated on the objective of the conversion of abundantly available phytomolecules eugenol into vanillin, a compound of industrial importance, using microorganisms Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These microbes were found to be capable of converting eugenol to industrially important cost-effective products, vanillin (used as flavouring agent). The results were analyzed using thin layer and gas chromatographic techniques. Our results demonstrated that A. flavus, A. niger and P. aerouginosa were able to transform eugenol to vanillin. Our findings may provide a novel approach for the production of cost-effective vanillin using microorganisms.
Okuläre Dysfunktionen bei WAD: Behandlungsmöglichkeiten und Effekte
neuromuskuloskelettaler Therapie
Authors: von Piekartz-Doppelhofer D. , von Piekartz H. , Hengeveld E.
Published: February 2012

Whiplash-associated Disorders (WAD) sind häufig vorkommende Symptomenkomplexe. Diese
können akut wie chronisch vielerlei Symptome in verschiedensten Gewebetypen und
Körperregionen hervorrufen, ohne dass die dahinter steckenden Mechanismen genau bekannt
sind.

Dieser Artikel behandelt die Frage, ob bei WAD-Patienten auch okuläre Dysfunktionen
vorkommen, und falls dies der Fall ist, um welche Störungen es sich handelt und ob
neuromuskuloskelettale Therapie – im Speziellen Manuelle Therapie der kraniozervikalen
Region – die Dysfunktionen positiv beeinflussen kann.

Aus den durch systematische Literatursuche in mehreren Datenbanken gefundenen Artikeln
lässt sich der Schluss ziehen, dass es zu verschiedensten okulären Dysfunktionen bei WAD
kommen kann. Dabei besteht momentan schwache Evidenz für Effekte neuromuskuloskelettaler
Therapie bei okulären Dysfunktionen von WAD-Patienten.

Daher kann derzeit nur eine vorsichtige Empfehlung für neuromuskuloskelettale
Therapiemaßnahmen zum Erkennen und Behandeln von okulären Dysfunktionen bei WAD-Patienten
gegeben werden. Die Behandlung umfasst alle wichtigen Teilaspekte, wie z. B. Balance,
Kopf-Augen-Koordination, Bewegungs- und Körpersinn, Schmerzmanagement und zervikale
Range-of-motion-Übungen.
Bringing them home: a Gippsland mental health workforce recruitment strategy
Authors: Sutton Keith , Maybery Darryl , Moore Terry
Published: February 2012

This paper reports on preliminary findings of a novel program piloted in 2010 to address rural mental health workforce shortages. The program involved exposing allied health and nursing students from rural backgrounds studying in Melbourne to mental health service employment opportunities in Gippsland. A longitudinal study is underway to evaluate the effect and outcomes of the program and includes surveying participants’ interest in rural mental health work through an online questionnaire immediately prior to and following the program; and surveying career decisions at 6 months and yearly intervals. Paired sample t-tests were used to analyse participants’ level of interest in rural work (pre-event 4.67 (1.50); post-event 5.93 (0.96); P = 0.001), career in a rural setting (pre-event 4.67 (1.63); post-event 5.67 (1.23); P = 0.006), mental health work (pre-event 4.73 (1.39); post-event 6.07 (0.80); P < 0.000) and rural mental health career (pre-event 4.73 (1.33); post-event 5.80 (1.21); P = 0.002). These findings indicate a significant increase from pre- to post-event and are supported by strong effect sizes suggesting that the program had a significant effect on participant interest in rural mental health work. Longer-term evaluation will determine whether the program influences participant career decisions and thereby addressing mental health workforce shortages in Gippsland.

What is known about the topic?
Despite the ongoing challenges that regional and rural mental health services face recruiting and retaining mental health professionals, there is a lack of evidence available to inform rural mental health workforce recruitment strategies.

What does this paper add?
This paper describes a novel recruitment initiative and preliminary data from a longitudinal evaluation program. The initiative targets allied health and nursing students with rural backgrounds who are studying at a large urban centre (Melbourne).

What are the implications for practitioners?
This study provides a potentially successful recruiting tool for mental health sector policy-makers and managers which will be evaluated over the long-term.
Comparison of Potential ASKAP Hi Survey Source Finders
Authors: Popping A. , Jurek R. , Westmeier T. , Serra P. , Flöer L. , Meyer M. , Koribalski B.
Published: February 2012

The large size of the ASKAP Hi surveys DINGO and WALLABY necessitates automated 3D source finding. A performance difference of a few percent corresponds to a significant number of galaxies being detected or undetected. As such, the performance of the automated source finding is of paramount importance to both of these surveys. We have analysed the performance of various source finders to determine which will allow us to meet our survey goals during the DINGO and WALLABY design studies. Here we present a comparison of the performance of five different methods of automated source finding. These source finders are duchamp, gamma-finder, a cnhi finder, a 2d–1d wavelet reconstruction finder and a sigma clipping method (s + c finder). Each source finder was applied to the same three-dimensional data cubes containing (a) point sources with a Gaussian velocity profile and (b) spatially extended model-galaxies with inclinations and rotation profiles. We focus on the completeness and reliability of each algorithm when comparing the performance of the different source finders.
Self-incompatibility response induced by calcium increase in sperm of the ascidian
Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Saito Takako , Shiba Kogiku , Inaba Kazuo , Yamada Lixy , Sawada Hitoshi
Published: February 2012

Many hermaphroditic organisms possess a self-incompatibility system to avoid self-fertilization. Recently, we identified the genes responsible for self-sterility in a hermaphroditic primitive chordate (ascidian),
Ciona intestinalis
: sperm-side polycystin 1-like receptors
s-Themis-A/B
and egg-side fibrinogen-like ligands on the vitelline coat (VC)
v-Themis-A/B
. Here, we investigated the sperm behavior and intracellular Ca
2+
concentration ([Ca
2+
]
i
) in response to self/nonself-recognition. We found that sperm motility markedly decreased within 5 min after attachment to the VC of self-eggs but not after attachment to the VC of nonself-eggs and that the apparent decrease in sperm motility was suppressed in low Ca
2+
seawater. High-speed video analysis revealed that sperm detached from the self-VC or stopped motility within 5 min after binding to the self-VC. Because s-Themis-B contains a cation channel domain in its C terminus, we monitored sperm [Ca
2+
]
i
by real-time [Ca
2+
]
i
imaging using Fluo-8H-AM (AAT Bioquest, Inc.). Interestingly, we found that sperm [Ca
2+
]
i
rapidly and dramatically increased and was maintained at a high level in the head and flagellar regions when sperm interacted with the self-VC but not when the sperm interacted with the nonself-VC. The increase in [Ca
2+
]
i
was also suppressed by low-Ca
2+
seawater. These results indicate that the sperm self-recognition signal triggers [Ca
2+
]
i
increase and/or Ca
2+
influx, which elicits a self-incompatibility response to reject self-fertilization in
C. intestinalis.
Protein disulfide isomerase homolog PDILT is required for quality control of sperm membrane protein ADAM3 and male fertility
Authors: Tokuhiro Keizo , Ikawa Masahito , Benham Adam M. , Okabe Masaru
Published: February 2012

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 3 (ADAM3) is a sperm membrane protein critical for both sperm migration from the uterus into the oviduct and sperm primary binding to the zona pellucida (ZP). Here we show that the testis-specific protein disulfide isomerase homolog (PDILT) cooperates with the testis-specific calreticulin-like chaperone, calsperin (CALR3), in the endoplasmic reticulum and plays an indispensable role in the disulfide-bond formation and folding of ADAM3.
Pdilt
−/−
mice were male infertile because ADAM3 could not be folded properly and transported to the sperm surface without the PDILT/CALR3 complex. Peculiarly we find that not only
Pdilt
−/−
, but also
Adam3
−/−
, spermatozoa effectively fertilize eggs when the eggs are surrounded in cumulus oophorus. These findings reveal that ADAM3 requires testis-specific private chaperones to be folded properly and that the principle role of ADAM3 is for sperm migration into the oviduct but not for the fertilization event. Moreover, the importance of primary sperm ZP binding, which has been thought to be a critical step in mammalian fertilization, should be reconsidered.
Iterative approach to computational enzyme design
Authors: Privett Heidi K. , Kiss Gert , Lee Toni M. , Blomberg Rebecca , Chica Roberto A. , Thomas Leonard M. , Hilvert Donald , Houk Kendall N. , Mayo Stephen L.
Published: February 2012

A general approach for the computational design of enzymes to catalyze arbitrary reactions is a goal at the forefront of the field of protein design. Recently, computationally designed enzymes have been produced for three chemical reactions through the synthesis and screening of a large number of variants. Here, we present an iterative approach that has led to the development of the most catalytically efficient computationally designed enzyme for the Kemp elimination to date. Previously established computational techniques were used to generate an initial design, HG-1, which was catalytically inactive. Analysis of HG-1 with molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and X-ray crystallography indicated that the inactivity might be due to bound waters and high flexibility of residues within the active site. This analysis guided changes to our design procedure, moved the design deeper into the interior of the protein, and resulted in an active Kemp eliminase, HG-2. The cocrystal structure of this enzyme with a transition state analog (TSA) revealed that the TSA was bound in the active site, interacted with the intended catalytic base in a catalytically relevant manner, but was flipped relative to the design model. MD analysis of HG-2 led to an additional point mutation, HG-3, that produced a further threefold improvement in activity. This iterative approach to computational enzyme design, including detailed MD and structural analysis of both active and inactive designs, promises a more complete understanding of the underlying principles of enzymatic catalysis and furthers progress toward reliably producing active enzymes.
Calcium stabilizes the von Willebrand factor A2 domain by promoting refolding
Authors: Xu Amy J. , Springer Timothy A.
Published: February 2012

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a large, multimeric plasma glycoprotein that critically mediates hemostasis at sites of vascular injury. Very large VWF multimers have the greatest thrombogenic activity, which is attenuated by cleavage in the A2 domain by the metalloproteinase ADAMTS13. ADAMTS13 proteolysis requires mechanical force to expose the scissile bond and is regulated by a calcium-binding site within A2. In this study, we characterized the interaction between VWF A2 and calcium by examining the effect of calcium on VWF A2 stability and mechanical unfolding and refolding. Isothermal calorimetry yielded a calcium binding
K

d

 = 3.8 ± 1.0 μM and reversible thermal denaturation showed that 5 mM calcium stabilized the unfolding transition from 56.7 ± 0.1 to 69.1 ± 0.1 °C. Using optical tweezers to apply tensile force to single domains, we found that calcium did not affect VWF A2 unfolding, but rather enhanced refolding kinetics fivefold, resulting in a 0.9 kcal/mol stabilization in the folding activation energy in the presence of calcium. Taken together, our data demonstrate that VWF binds calcium at physiologic calcium concentrations and that calcium stabilizes VWF A2 by accelerating refolding.
MicroRNA-212 displays tumor-promoting properties in non-small cell lung cancer cells and targets the hedgehog pathway receptor PTCH1
Authors: Li Yuan , Zhang Deqiang , Chen Chengwen , Ruan Zhenchao , Li Yao , Huang Yan
Published: February 2012

Dysexpression of microRNAs has been found in many tumors, including lung cancer. The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role during normal development, and the abnormal regulation of its members has also been related to many tumors. However, little is known about the relationship between microRNA and the Hh pathway. In this paper, we report microRNA-212 (miR-212) playing a role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and targeting PTCH1, a receptor of the Hh pathway. We found that miR-212 was up-regulated when cells were treated with 4ß-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). We ectopically expressed miR-212 in NSCLC cell lines to examine the influence of miR-212 overexpression. The results showed that overexpression of miR-212 in NSCLC cells promoted cell cycle progression and cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The promoting effects of miR-212 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were partially reversed by the miR-212 inhibitor anti-miR-212. These results suggested that miR-212 might have tumor-promoting properties. Potential targets of miR-212 were predicted, and we showed tumor suppressor PTCH1 was a functional target of miR-212. PTCH1 may be responsible for the effect of miR-212 on cell proliferation. Altogether, our results indicated that miR-212 was involved in tumorigenesis, and the oncogenic activity of miR-212 in NSCLC cells was due, in part, to suppression of PTCH1.
Requirement of translocated lysosomal V1 H+-ATPase for activation of membrane acid sphingomyelinase and raft clustering in coronary endothelial cells
Authors: Xu Ming , Xia Min , Li Xiao-Xue , Han Wei-Qing , Boini Krishna M. , Zhang Fan , Zhang Yang , Ritter Joseph K , Li Pin-Lan
Published: February 2012

Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) mediates the formation of membrane raft (MR) redox signalosomes in a process that depends on a local acid microenvironment in coronary arterial endothelial cells (CAECs). However, it is not known how this local acid microenvironment is formed and maintained. The present study hypothesized that lysosomal V1 H+-ATPase provides a hospitable acid microenvironment for activation of ASM when lysosomes traffic and fuse into the cell membrane. Confocal microscopy showed that local pH change significantly affected MRs, with more fluorescent patches under low pH. Correspondingly, the ASM product, ceramide, increased locally in the cell membrane. Electron spin resonance assay showed that local pH increase significantly inhibited NADPH oxidase–mediated production of O2−. in CAECs. Direct confocal microscopy demonstrated that Fas ligand resulted in localized areas of decreased pH around CAEC membranes. The inhibitors of both lysosomal fusion and H+-ATPase apparently attenuated FasL-caused pH decrease. V1 H+-ATPase accumulation and activity on cell membranes were substantially suppressed by the inhibitors of lysosomal fusion or H+-ATPase. These results provide the first direct evidence that translocated lysosomal V1 H+-ATPase critically contributes to the formation of local acid microenvironment to facilitate activation of ASM and consequent MR aggregation, forming MR redox signalosomes and mediating redox signaling in CAECs.
Attenuation of TGF-β signaling suppresses premature senescence in a p21-dependent manner and promotes oncogenic Ras-mediated metastatic transformation in human mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Lin Shu , Yang Junhua , Elkahloun Abdel G. , Bandyopadhyay Abhik , Wang Long , Cornell John E. , Yeh I-Tien , Agyin Joseph , Tomlinson Gail , Sun Lu-Zhe
Published: February 2012

The molecular mechanisms that drive triple-negative, basal-like breast cancer progression are elusive. Few molecular targets have been identified for the prevention or treatment of this disease. Here we developed a series of isogenic basal-like human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) with altered transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) sensitivity and different malignancy, resembling a full spectrum of basal-like breast carcinogenesis, and determined the molecular mechanisms that contribute to oncogene-induced transformation of basal-like HMECs when TGF-β signaling is attenuated. We found that expression of a dominant-negative type II receptor (DNRII) of TGF-β abrogated autocrine TGF-β signaling in telomerase-immortalized HMECs and suppressed H-Ras-V12–induced senescence-like growth arrest (SLGA). Furthermore, coexpression of DNRII and H-Ras-V12 rendered HMECs highly tumorigenic and metastatic in vivo in comparison with H-Ras-V12–transformed HMECs that spontaneously escaped H-Ras-V12–induced SLGA. Microarray analysis revealed that p21 was the major player mediating Ras-induced SLGA, and attenuated or loss of p21 expression contributed to the escape from SLGA when autocrine TGF-β signaling was blocked in HMECs. Furthermore, knockdown of p21 also suppressed H-Ras-V12–induced SLGA. Our results identify that autocrine TGF-β signaling is an integral part of the cellular anti-transformation network by suppressing the expression of a host of genes, including p21-regulated genes, that mediate oncogene-induced transformation in basal-like breast cancer.