bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mosquito larvicidal and silver nanoparticles synthesis potential of plant latex
Authors: Borase H.P. , Patil C.D. , Salunkhe R.B. , Narkhede C.P. , Suryawanshi R.K. , Salunke B.K. , Patil S.V.
Published: August 2014

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the latex of the medicinally important plants Euphorbia milii, Euphorbia hirta, Ficus racemosa and Jatropha curcas. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, particle size, and zeta potential analysis. Potency of latex and latex-synthesized AgNPs was evaluated against the 2nd and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The lowest lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value among the different types of plant latex studied was observed for latex of E. milii (281.28±23.30 and 178.97±37.82 ppm, respectively) against 2nd instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. E. milii latex-synthesised AgNPs showed a high reduction in LC50 compared with its latex; i.e., 8.76±0.46 and 8.67±0.47 ppm, respectively, for 2nd instars of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. LC50 values of AgNPs synthesized using the latex of E. hirta, F. racemosa and J. curcas were lower than those of the latex of the respective plants; i.e., 10.77±0.53, 9.81±0.52, 12.06±0.60 and 8.79±0.51, 9.83±0.52, 9.60±0.51 ppm, respectively, for 2nd instars of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti. Similarly, as compared with the plant latex, lower LC50 values were reported for latex-synthesized AgNPs against 4th instars of Ae. aegypt and An. stephensi. Results showed that all the types of plant latex investigated have the potential to convert silver nitrate into AgNPs showing a spectrum of potent mosquito larvicidal effects, indicating the possibility of further exploration of the bioefficacy of latex and latex-synthesized AgNPs against vectors of public health concerns.
The first records of the subfamily Beridinae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) from Iran
Authors: Khaghaninia S. , Kazerani F.
Published: August 2014

Based on collected specimens from Arasbaran Forests during 2013, four species belonging to 3 genera of the subfamily Beridinae (Diptera; Stratiomyidae) [Actina chalybea Meigen, 1804; Beris schaposchnikowi Pleske, 1926; Beris clavipes (Linnaeus, 1767) and Chorisops nagatomii Rozkošný, 1979] were recognised, which are recorded for the first time from Iran. A key to the studied species is provided, as well as diagnostic characters along with photos of the studied species; their geographical distributions are discussed.
Idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis in 33 dogs
Authors: Lobetti Remo
Published: August 2014

Idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (LPR) is recognised frequently in dogs with clinical signs typical of other chronic nasal diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine clinical signs, survey radiographic, rhinoscopic and histologic abnormalities and the response to therapy in dogs with LPR. It was a retrospective study of 33 client-owned animals of various breeds and ages that had been diagnosed with LPR. During the study period, a total of 110 dogs were diagnosed with nasal disease, of which 33 (30%) were diagnosed with idiopathic LPR. The median age was 9 years (range 2.3–17 years) and there were 15 female and 18 male dogs. The majority of dogs showed a mucoid nasal discharge, bilateral stertor and no overt radiographic changes. The most common finding on rhinos copy was hyperaemic nasal mucous membranes with mucoid material accumulation within the nasal cavity. In all 33 dogs bacterial culture yielded no pathogenic bacteria and fungal culture was negative. Histologically, all 33 dogs showed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration within the nasal mucosa. All 33 dogs were treated with systemic and topical corticosteroids for varying lengths of time and dosing intervals. Eleven dogs were treated with concurrent cyclosporine and three dogs underwent allergy testing followed by desensitisation therapy. The best response was seen in the dogs that underwent desensitisation therapy, followed by those treated with corticosteroids and cyclosporine.
The Elizabeth Casson Memorial Lecture 2014: Changing ways; changing times
Authors: Hammond Alison
Published: August 2014

The Elizabeth Casson Memorial Lecture 2014, given on 4th June at the 38th Annual Conference and Exhibition of the College of Occupational Therapists, held at the Brighton Centre, Brighton.
Validation of the Aura High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder geopotential heights
Authors: Smith L. L. , Gille J. C.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The geopotential height (GPH) product created from global observations by the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) instrument on NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura spacecraft is discussed. The accuracy, resolution and precision of the HIRDLS version 7 algorithms are assessed and data screening recommendations are made. Comparisons with GPH from observations, reanalyses and models including European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis illustrate the HIRDLS GPHs have a precision ranging from 2 to 30 m and an accuracy of ±100 m up to 1 hPa. Comparisons indicate HIRDLS GPH may have a slight low bias in the tropics and a slight high bias at high latitudes. Geostrophic winds computed with HIRDLS GPH qualitatively agree with winds from other data sources including ERA-Interim.
Constraining ecosystem carbon dynamics in a data-limited world: integrating ecological "common sense" in a model-data-fusion framework.
Authors: Bloom A. A. , Williams M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Many of the key processes represented in global terrestrial carbon models remain largely unconstrained. For instance, plant allocation patterns and residence times of carbon pools are poorly known globally, except perhaps at a few intensively studied sites. As a consequence of data scarcity, carbon models tend to be underdetermined, and so can produce similar net fluxes with very different parameters and internal dynamics. To address these problems, we propose a series of ecological and dynamic constraints (EDCs) on model parameters and initial conditions, as a means to constrain ecosystem variable inter-dependencies in the absence of local data. The EDCs consist of a range of conditions on (a) carbon pool turnover and allocation ratios, (b) steady state proximity, and (c) growth and decay of model carbon pools. We use a simple ecosystem carbon model in a model-data fusion framework to determine the added value of these constraints in a data-poor context. Based only on leaf area index (LAI) time series and soil carbon data, we estimate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) for (a) 40 synthetic experiments and (b) three AMERIFLUX tower sites. For the synthetic experiments, we show that EDCs lead to an an overall 34% relative error reduction in model parameters, and a 65% reduction in the 3 yr NEE 90% confidence range. In the application at AMERIFLUX sites all NEE estimates were made independently of NEE measurements. Compared to these observations, EDCs resulted in a 69–93% reduction in 3 yr cumulative NEE median biases (−0.26 to +0.08 kg C m−2), in comparison to standard 3 yr median NEE biases (−1.17 to −0.84 kg C m−2). In light of these findings, we advocate the use of EDCs in future model-data fusion analyses of the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Differences in carbon cycle and temperature projections from emission- and concentration-driven earth system model simulations
Authors: Shao P. , Zeng X. , Zeng X.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The influence of prognostic and prescribed atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) on the carbon uptake and temperature is investigated using all eight Earth System Models (ESMs) with relevant output variables from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the projected [CO2] differences in 2100 vary from −19.7 to +207.3 ppm in emission-driven ESMs. Incorporation of the interactive concentrations also increases the range of global warming, computed as the 20 year average difference between 2081–2100 and 1850–1869/1861–1880, by 49% from 2.36 K (i.e. ranging from 3.11 to 5.47 K) in the concentration-driven simulations to 3.51 K in the emission-driven simulations. The observed seasonal amplitude of global [CO2] from 1980–2011 is about 1.2–5.3 times as large as those from the eight emission-driven ESMs, while the [CO2] seasonality is simply neglected in concentration-driven ESMs, suggesting the urgent need of ESM improvements in this area. The temperature-concentration feedback parameter α is more sensitive to [CO2] (e.g. during 1980–2005 versus 2075–2100) than how [CO2] is handled (i.e. prognostic versus prescribed). This sensitivity can be substantially reduced by using a more appropriate parameter α' computed from the linear regression of temperature change versus that of the logarithm of [CO2]. However, the inter-model relative variations of both α and α' remain large, suggesting the need of more detailed studies to understand and hopefully reduce these discrepancies.
The GPCC Drought Index – a new, combined and gridded global drought index
Authors: Ziese M. , Schneider U. , Meyer-Christoffer A. , Schamm K. , Vido J. , Finger P. , Bissolli P. , Pietzsch S. , Becker A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The Global Precipitation Climatology Centre Drought Index (GPCC-DI) provides estimations of water supply anomalies with respect to long-term statistics. It is a combination of the Standardized Precipitation Index with adaptations from Deutscher Wetterdienst (SPI-DWD) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Precipitation data were taken from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and temperature data from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center (CPC). The GPCC-DI is available with several accumulation periods of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 months for different applications. It is issued monthly starting in January 2013. Typically, it is released on the 10th day of the following month, depending on the availability of the input data. It is calculated on a regular grid with 1° spatial resolution. All accumulation periods are integrated into one netCDF file for each month. This data set is referenced by the doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/DI_M_100 and is available free of charge from the GPCC website ftp://ftp.dwd.de/pub/data/gpcc/html/gpcc_di_doi_download.html.
CycloTRACK (v1.0) – tracking winter extratropical cyclones based on relative vorticity: sensitivity to data filtering and other relevant parameters
Authors: Flaounas E. , Kotroni V. , Lagouvardos K. , Flaounas I.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. In this study we present a new cyclone identification and tracking algorithm, cycloTRACK. The algorithm describes an iterative process. At each time step it identifies all potential cyclone centers, defined as relative vorticity maxima embedded in smoothed enclosed contours of at least 3 × 10−5 s−1 at the atmospheric level of 850 hPa. Next, the algorithm finds all the potential cyclone paths by linking the cyclone centers at consecutive time steps and selects the most probable track based on the minimization of a cost function. The cost function is based on the average differences of relative vorticity between consecutive track points, weighted by their distance. Last, for each cyclone, the algorithm identifies "an effective area" for which different physical diagnostics are measured, such as the minimum sea level pressure and the maximum wind speed. The algorithm was applied to the ERA-Interim reanalyses for tracking the Northern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones of winters from 1989 until 2009, and we assessed its sensitivity for the several free parameters used to perform the tracking.
Humidity measurement with capacitive humidity sensors between −70°C and 25°C in low vacuum
Authors: Lorek A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. At the German Aerospace Center (DLR), capacitive humidity sensors are used to measure relative humidity in experiments under extreme atmospheric conditions such as on Mars or in the coldest regions on Earth. This raises the question whether such experiments can be performed using low-cost humidity sensors with a tolerable measurement uncertainty. As part of the standardizing project SMADLUSEA (project no. SF11021A), nine capacitive humidity sensors (Sensirion SHT75) were investigated for pressure ranging from 10 to 1000 hPa (low vacuum) and temperatures from −70 to 25 °C. It has been shown that these sensors worked reliably and with reproducibly measured values over the entire investigated pressure and temperature range. There was no aging of the sensors observable. In addition to the known strong temperature dependency, the SHT75 also shows a pressure dependency below −10 °C. A characteristic curve for the SHT75 was calculated with an expanded uncertainty of 7% of the measured values. In conclusion, low-cost capacitive humidity sensors offer the option to obtain reliably measured values even under extreme conditions with comparatively little effort.
On quartet interactions in the California Current system
Authors: Ivanov L. M. , Collins C. A. , Margolina T. M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Sea surface height (SSH) altimetry observations for 1992 to 2009 off California are used to show that observed quasi-zonal jets were likely driven by near-resonance interactions between different scales of the flow. Quartet (modulational) instability dominated and caused non-local transfer of energy from waves and eddies to biannual oscillations and quasi-zonal jets. Two types of quartets were identified: those composed of scales corresponding to (a) quasi-zonal jets, annual and semiannual Rossby waves and mesoscale eddies, and (b) biannual oscillations, semiannual Rossby waves and mesoscale eddies. The spectral centroid regularly shifted into the domain of low-order modes. However, the spectrum of SSHs does not demonstrate a power behavior. This says that the classical inverse cascade is absent. For a case with bottom friction, quartet instability required the existence of a certain level of dissipativity in the flow.
QUARTA COLÔNIA DE IMIGRAÇÃO ITALIANA NA REGIÃO CENTRAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Os sitios históricos na construção do patrimônio e da paisagem cultural
Authors: Figueiredo Lauro César
Published: August 2014

Este artigo busca reconhecer a paisagem cultural em sítios históricos rurais de imigração italiana como detentora de valor patrimonial e identidade. Destaca os conjuntos edificados cuja implantação, características arquitetônicas e técnicas construtivas singulares no contexto nacional são testemunhos de hábitos, costumes e usos característicos da área de imigração italiana no estado do Rio Grande do Sul durante o século XIX e XX. Sua relevância encontra-se no estudo das transformações da paisagem por meio dos valores e costumes dessas comunidades, que resultou em uma nova categoria patrimonial denominada paisagem cultural. A região da Quarta Colônia destaca-se nesse cenário. Pela quantidade de imigrantes que recebeu, configurou-se como uma verdadeira região de cultura ítalo-brasileira. Nesse viés, as edificações e a análise visual da paisagem evidenciam como o imigrante italiano transformou seu entorno, seja por meio da organização espacial de sua moradia, seja pela sua relação de troca com a natureza e o modo como estes elementos vêm transformando a paisagem. Assim, a partir da pesquisa bibliográfica e da pesquisa de campo, são apresentadas propostas para a preservação dos sítios históricos rurais. Esta preservação ocorre por meio da fixação dos produtores rurais em seus lotes, incentivo da produção de produtos de valor cultural e valorização do imigrante italiano enquanto detentor do conhecimento necessário para a transformação do meio natural onde viveu e onde seus descendentes ainda vivem.
MAPA DE NIVELAMENTO DE TOPOS NA ANÁLISE DA EVOLUÇÃO GEOMORFOLÓGICA DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIBEIRÃO SANTO INÁCIO, ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: Fortes Edison , De Sordi Michael Vinicius
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho trata da aplicação de mapas de nivelamento de topos na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Santo Inácio, tributário do rio Paranapanema, situado no extremo norte central paranaense, para análise dos elementos morfoestruturais que condicionaram a evolução do relevo. Para realização desse trabalho foram utilizadas como base as cartas topográficas de escala 1: 50.000. Os mapas de Nivelamento de Topos permitem preencher seletivamente os vales de maneira a reconstituir o paleorelevo. O modelado do relevo da bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Santo Inácio teve sua evolução controlada por altos e baixos estruturais, que condicionaram processos geoquímicos e influenciaram a organização da cobertura pedológica. O rompimento dos altos estruturais permitiu a ligação de zonas deprimidas, até então isoladas, formando corredores alongados que constituem atualmente o fundo dos vales da bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Santo Inácio. Processos de perda isovolumétrica levaram a um rebaixamento e aplanamento do relevo, comandados por uma frente de alteração em íntima associação com a erosão remontante. O nível de base representado pelo rio Paranapanema teve maior importância a partir do momento que as zonas deprimidas estavam completamente definidas. A existência de remanescentes de superfícies de aplainamento não pôde ser comprovada, apontando-se  para uma evolução do modelado de relevo local por uma combinação de processos geoquímicos condicionados por fatores morfoestruturais locais.
A PRAÇA, A POÉTICA E OS PROCESSOS DE IDENTIDADE: desvelando aspectos da identidade urbana
Authors: Mambo Seda Tomas , Follmann José Ivo , Nogueira Giovanni Eduardo , Gonçalves Teresinha Maria
Published: August 2014

A identidade urbana ou os processos urbanos de identidade são abordados por meio da reflexão sobre a vida social numa praça. A Praça Nereu Ramos, situada em Criciúma-SC, não é o objeto deste estudo, mas é o pretexto de uma ampla discussão sobre como os seus usuários ativos e passivos se relacionam com ela e nela. Com a distinção entre espaço e lugar, o estudo aborda o conceito de lugar antropológico e aponta para importantes pistas sobre a praça como lugar incubador de processos de identidade. É o que faz com que um simples espaço se transforme em um lugar pleno de conteúdos simbólicos. Essa passagem da “condição” de espaço para a “condição” de lugar é resultante da fecundação das funcionalidades – frias, calculadas e inóspitas – pela “habitação” do ser humano com sua poética e seus processos de identidade repletos de pulsações e de vida. A praça não é mais espaço de conveniências e funcionalidades, mas lugar de vida, de memória, de saudade e de cultivo pessoal. .A metodologia utilizada foi composta pelas técnicas de observação sistemática e técnica do GAMOC, as quais foram praticadas durante um ano (07/2011-07/1012) e serão explicitadas no interior do texto. As observações foram anotadas no diário de campo e analisadas à luz dos aportes teóricos aqui apresentados.
A CARTOGRAFIA PROSPECTIVA E A GERAÇÃO DE MAPAS PREDITIVOS DO USO E COBERTURA DA TERRA – ESTUDO DE CASO: Perímetro urbano de Paranaguá – Paraná – Brasil
Authors: Ricobom Arnaldo Eugênio , Caneparo Sony Cortese
Published: August 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a produção de mapas preditivos, dentro da Cartografia Prospectiva, confeccionados com o auxílio dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), por intermédio da geração de um modelo têmporo-espacial. Essa modelagem emprega duas técnicas consecutivas, a dos algoritmos da cadeia de Markov de 2ª ordem e a dos Autômatos Celulares (CA). A modelagem dos algoritmos da Cadeia de Markov de 2ª ordem mostra como o sistema evoluirá no tempo, já a modelagem dos Autômatos Celulares (CA) mostra qual o espaço (tamanho, forma e direção) que um sistema ocupará futuramente. Para o desenvolvimento desta modelagem foi utilizado o software IDRISI - ANDES. A área piloto escolhida foi o perímetro urbano de Paranaguá, para o qual foram confeccionados mapas originais de uso e ocupação da terra, para os anos de 1980, 2003, 2006 e 2009. Os resultados das modelagens foram os mapas preditivos têmporo-espaciais para os anos de 2003, 2006 e 2009. Tais mapas preditivos foram comparados, avaliados e validados com os originais para estas datas. Os resultados demonstraram que as duas técnicas de modelagem aplicadas consecutivamente são eficientes para a geração de mapas preditivos, que mostrem a projeção de dinâmicas têmporo-espaciais, contudo recomenda-se que os resultados também sejam analisados mediante o conhecimento geográfico de cada área.
SOBRE AS DETERMINAÇÕES DO MEIO NO DISCURSO GEOGRÁFICO
Authors: Geraldino Carlos Francisco Gerencsez
Published: August 2014

Este artigo visa contribuir para o debate sobre a construção epistemológica do conceito de meio na história da ciência geográfica. Para isso, apresenta um exame sintético das agregações de atributos ideados para esse conceito por Humboldt, Ritter, Ratzel, Vidal de La Blache, Demangeon e Sorre. Isso, no duplo intuito de, primeiro, demonstrar a manifesta continuidade teórica desses autores no tocante as suas acepções sobre as determinações mesológicas e, segundo, de argumentar contra a difundida proposta do historiador Lucien Febvre a respeito da ocorrência de uma cisão entre possibilismo/determinismo no cerne do pensamento geográfico.
Macromycetes in the forest communities of the Jodły Łaskie nature reserve (Central Poland)
Authors: Kałucka Izabela
Published: August 2014

The analysis of macromycetes against the background of forest communities is presented in the paper. The relationship between the mycoflora and the exploited habitat - type of phylocoenosis, stand composition, type of substrate, humidity - has been determined referring to ecological groups of fungi. Communities with considerable proportion of fir-tree in stand were particularly taken into consideration.
Hydromycoflora of thirty-one lakes in Ełk Lake District and adjacent waters with reference to the chemistry of the environment
Authors: Czeczuga Bazyli
Published: August 2014

The mycoflora of Lake Ełk and thirty-one adjacent lakes and six rivers was studied. Samples of water were collected in 1987-1991 for hydrochemical analysis and determination of fungi species. In total 123 species of fungi were found in these water bodies, including 9 species reported for the first time from Poland
Notes on Pyrenomycetes and Coelomycetes from North Lithuania
Authors: Chlebicki Andrzej , Treigiene Aušra
Published: August 2014

The paper presents ihe localities of pyrenomycelous and coelomycetous fungi. Forty three are reported as new to the mycoflora of Lithuania, among them are Discosia faginea, D. strobilina, Eutypa astroidea, Gibbera cassandrae, Gloeosporium saponariae, Hypoxylon atropurpureum, H. mammafum, Myxoeyclus polycistis, Mycosphaerella pontederiae, Phyllosticta coryli, P. lantanae, P. pirina. Microfungi have been collected on 62 species of host plants.
Lichens of the Hel Peninsula
Authors: Fałtynowicz Wiesław , Wojtyła-Kuchta Bogumiła
Published: August 2014

The paper contains a list of 131 lichen species collected in Hel Peninsula (western part of Polish Baltic coast). The current lichen flora of this area comparises only 116 species, we have not found 15 taxa which have been recordered earlier.
The influence of pre-crop plants on the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) and Phialophora graminicola associated with roots of winter XTriticosecale
Authors: Błaszkowski Janusz
Published: August 2014

The influence of four pre-crop plant species on the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF, Glomales, Zygomycetes) spores, mycorrhizae and Phialophora graminicola (Deacon) Walker associated with roots of field-culuvated XTriticosecale Wittmack cv. Malno was investigated. The pre-crop plant species were Hordeum vutgare L., Lupinus luteus L., Pisum sativum L., and Vicia faba v. major Harz. Most spores and species of AMF were found when XTriticosecale was cultivated following P. sativum. Prior cropping with L. luteus caused the occurrence of the lowest number of spores among XTriticosecale roots. Mycorrhizal colonization of XTriticosecale was highest when planted after P. sativum and lowest when grown after L. luteus.
Biotic effects of mycoflora of leaves, glumes and seeds on Septoria nodorum foliowing Triticum aestivum treatment with fungicides
Authors: Błaszkowski Janusz
Published: August 2014

Using a biotic series method, interactions between Sepfona nodorum and associated fungal communities isolated from leaves, glumes, and seeds of spring Triticum acstivum. cv. Kolibri treated with Bayleton 25 WP. Dithane M-45. and Funaben K were determined. Control planls were sprayed with water. Most fungi accompanying S. nodorum in the field inhibited the growth of this pathogen on a potato glucose agar medium. Fungi which restricted the growth of S. nodorum the most were Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium spp., Helminthosporium sativum, Mucor hiemalis, Rbizophus nigrieans, Stemphylium botryosum, Trichothecium roseum, and two non-sporulating forms. Septoria nodorum replaced Cladosporium spp. and a yeast-like pink fungus. The biotic resistance to S. nodorum increased with me age of plant. The fungal populations recovered from plants sampled in 1982 and 1983 inhibited the growth of S. nodorum whereas most of those isolated in the relatively wet and cold year 1984 favoured the development of this pathogen, The lowest biotic resistance of the fungal communities investigated to S. nodorum was generally found following spraying of plant s with Bayleton 25 WP, and ihe highest in Funabed K - and water-treated plants.
Changes in species composition and physiological activity of fungi associations in two lakes, differing in trophicity
Authors: Korniłłowicz Teresa
Published: August 2014

The results of the present study indicated differences in species composition and physiological activity of saprophytic mycoflora between two lakes: mesotrophic lakę with accelerated eutrophication and an eutrophic one. In waters of the lake with lower trophicity the most frequently occurring species were Hyalodendron sp. and Verticilliun lecani. These fungi prevailed in the total mycoflora and mycoflora decomposing proteins. The waters of the lake with higher trophicity are dominated by the population of V. lecani<,i>, which was proteolitically and pectinolytically active. In bottom sediments the following ubiquistic species were most common: Cladosporium herbarum (mesotrophic lake) and Cephalosporium roseum ( eutrophic lake).
Effect of temperature on the production of cellulases, xylanases and lytic enzymes by selected Trichoderma reesei mutants
Authors: Janas Piotr , Targoński Zdzisław
Published: August 2014

The effect of temperature in the rangę of 26-38°C on the production of cellulases, xylanases and lytic enzymes by four mutant strains of Trichoderma reesei was analysed. On the basis of these investigations three thermosensitive strains (M-7. RUT C 30 and VTT-D-78085) which showed reduced excretion of the above mentioned enzymes as well as protein and a thermoresistant mutant (VTT-D-79I24) which grew within a temperature range of 26-34°C were characterized. Higher temperature caused an increase in the level of xylanolytic enzymes produced by the four mutants. In addition. it effected the complex composition of cellulolytic enzymes secreted by VTT-D-79l 24 (i.c. increased and reduced excertion of (β-glucosidase and β-1,4-endoglucanase respectively).
Species of Pythium isolated from eggs of fresh-water fish
Authors: Czeczuga Bazyli
Published: August 2014

In the present study species from the genus Pythium were isolated from eggs of fresh water fish. Altogether sixteen species of fungi were found on fish eggs including 13 species noted for the first time from fish.
Disease symptoms and fungi occurring on overground organs of Quercus petraea
Authors: Przybył Krystyna
Published: August 2014

The observatins of Quercus petraea trees growing in mixed forests of Wielkopolska National Park and Wolin National Park were carried out in 1994 and 1995. The fungi were isolated from dead sections of twigs and branches and from trunks exhibiting necrosis in secondary bark and discolorations of sapwood. Thirty one fungal species were identified on the organs studied. They belonged to saprophytes and to the group of fungi secondarily colonizing tissues of weakened trees.
Usnea christhinae spec. nov. from South America
Authors: Bystrek Jan
Published: August 2014

A new lichen species Usnea christhinae Bystrek is described from the Patagonia Andes, the reserve upon lake Onelli in the National Park Los Glaciares. It belongs to subgenus Protousnea Motyka emend. Bystrek and is closely related to U. cavernosa Tucker.
Sludy of the Dermatophytes in the Students Houses of Minia University, Egypt
Authors: Maghazy S. N. , Shaaban G. M. , El-Katatny M. S.
Published: August 2014

A survey of dermatophytes and other fungi was carried out in 100 air - dust samples from bedrooms and dinning halls of male and female student resident houses. By hair baiting technique the common dermatophytes were obtained namely Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Trichophyton mtntagrophytes. Also five species of Chrysasporium were isolated in the following order of dominance C. tropicum, C. keratinophilum, C. indicum, C. pannicola and C. quecnslandicum. By dilution plate method, 37 species representing 20 genera of which Aspergilus niger, A. flavus, Rhizopus nigricans, Penicillium chrysogenum and Cladosporium cladosporioides were most frequently isolated.
Atypical Central Neurocytoma With Sarcomatous Differentiation
Authors: Vemavarapu Lakshmi , Czyszczon Irene , Parker Joseph C. , Wagner Stephanie , Vitaz Todd , Parker John R.
Published: August 2014

We report a case of an intraventricular tumor with features of atypical central neurocytoma with a sarcomatous component in a 44-year-old woman who presented with headaches and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3.4-cm lobulated enhancing mass in the occipital horn of the left lateral ventricle, and the patient subsequently underwent a left occipital-parietal craniotomy for debulking. The tumor contained 2 cell populations: round cells with perinuclear halos in a fibrillary background, and spindle cells with oval nuclei arranged in interlacing fascicles with focal necrosis. The round cells had diffuse synaptophysin immunopositivity, while the spindle cells were diffusely immunopositive for vimentin and had intercellular reticulin. The mitotic activity (8 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields) and the high Ki-67 proliferation index (15.0%) were consistent with atypical central neurocytoma with a sarcomatous component. Although different histologic variants have been described, this is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of central neurocytoma with spindle cell sarcomatous features.
Malignant Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor of the Gallbladder: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Zhao Liena , Anders Karl H.
Published: August 2014

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors are rare mesenchymal neoplasms composed of histologically and immunohistochemically distinctive perivascular epithelioid cells. The perivascular epithelioid cell tumor family includes angiomyolipoma, clear cell sugar tumor of the lung, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, clear cell myomelanocytic tumor of the falciform ligament/ligamentum teres, and rare clear cell tumors of other anatomic sites. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors have been reported previously in various sites, but to our knowledge not in the gallbladder. We report here, for the first time, a malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor arising in the gallbladder.
Inflamed Conjunctival Nevi: Histopathological Criteria
Authors: Choi Eunice K. , Chévez-Barrios Patricia
Published: August 2014

Inflamed conjunctival nevi (ICN) may suggest malignancy because of their rapid growth and atypical histology. The objective of this study was to characterize the diagnostic features of ICN. A retrospective, nonrandomized study of 13 patients with ICN was conducted. A scoring method was developed based on histology and immunopathological parameters. The presence of epithelial solid or cystic inclusions and the preservation of goblet cells are consistent with a benign melanocytic lesion. Periodic acid–Schiff stain and immunohistochemistry to identify the epithelial component prove helpful in the differential diagnosis for melanoma. Polyclonal lymphoid infiltrate and benign cytological features of ICN exclude a diagnosis of lymphoma. Despite the presence of immunoglobulin 4–positive plasma cells in the lesions, ICN does not meet the diagnostic criteria for immunoglobulin 4–related disease. Most patients with ICN are young. The treatment for ICN is complete excision, and the prognosis is excellent.
Intraocular Astrocytoma and Its Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Pusateri Allen , Margo Curtis E.
Published: August 2014

Astrocytomas arising within the eye display 2 distinct histologies: one comprises interlacing bundles of spindle-shaped cells mixed with a minority of polygonal cells, and the other consists of large cells with abundant glassy cytoplasm (gemistocytic astrocytes) indistinguishable from cells found in subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Both histologic patterns express glial fibrillary acid protein diffusely, are biologically benign, and are frequently associated with dysgenic syndromes, particularly tuberous sclerosis complex. Tumors with gemistocytes, however, demonstrate a greater propensity for invasive growth. The clinical history may provide information to guide the pathologist in distinguishing intraocular astrocytoma from reactive astrocytosis, conditions that are histologically similar. It remains to be determined if other types of primary intraocular glioma exist or whether some degree of ependymal or oligodendroglial differentiation can accompany reactive astrocytosis.
Divergent kleisin subunits of cohesin specify mechanisms to tether and release meiotic chromosomes
Authors: Severson Aaron F , Meyer Barbara J
Published: August 2014

We show that multiple, functionally specialized cohesin complexes mediate the establishment and two-step release of sister chromatid cohesion that underlies the production of haploid gametes. In C. elegans, the kleisin subunits REC-8 and COH-3/4 differ between meiotic cohesins and endow them with distinctive properties that specify how cohesins load onto chromosomes and then trigger and release cohesion. Unlike REC-8 cohesin, COH-3/4 cohesin becomes cohesive through a replication-independent mechanism initiated by the DNA double-stranded breaks that induce crossover recombination. Thus, break-induced cohesion also tethers replicated meiotic chromosomes. Later, recombination stimulates separase-independent removal of REC-8 and COH-3/4 cohesins from reciprocal chromosomal territories flanking the crossover site. This region-specific removal likely underlies the two-step separation of homologs and sisters. Unexpectedly, COH-3/4 performs cohesion-independent functions in synaptonemal complex assembly. This new model for cohesin function diverges from that established in yeast but likely applies directly to plants and mammals, which utilize similar meiotic kleisins.
A critical knowledge pathway to low‐carbon, sustainable futures: Integrated understanding of urbanization, urban areas, and carbon
Authors: Romero‐Lankao Patricia , Gurney Kevin R. , Seto Karen C. , Chester Mikhail , Duren Riley M. , Hughes Sara , Hutyra Lucy R. , Marcotullio Peter , Baker Lawrence , Grimm Nancy B. , Kennedy Christopher , Larson Elisabeth , Pincetl Stephanie , Runfola Dan , Sanchez Landy , Shrestha Gyami , Feddema Johannes , Sarzynski Andrea , Sperling Joshua , Stokes Eleanor
Published: August 2014

Independent lines of research on urbanization, urban areas, and carbon have advanced our understanding of some of the processes through which energy and land uses affect carbon. This synthesis integrates some of these diverse viewpoints as a first step toward a coproduced, integrated framework for understanding urbanization, urban areas, and their relationships to carbon. It suggests the need for approaches that complement and combine the plethora of existing insights into interdisciplinary explorations of how different urbanization processes, and socio‐ecological and technological components of urban areas, affect the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions, differentially over time and within and across cities. It also calls for a more holistic approach to examining the carbon implications of urbanization and urban areas, based not only on demographics or income but also on other interconnected features of urban development pathways such as urban form, economic function, economic‐growth policies, and other governance arrangements. It points to a wide array of uncertainties around the urbanization processes, their interactions with urban socio‐institutional and built environment systems, and how these impact the exchange of carbon flows within and outside urban areas. We must also understand in turn how carbon feedbacks, including carbon impacts and potential impacts of climate change, can affect urbanization processes. Finally, the paper explores options, barriers, and limits to transitioning cities to low‐carbon trajectories, and suggests the development of an end‐to‐end, coproduced and integrated scientific understanding that can more effectively inform the navigation of transitional journeys and the avoidance of obstacles along the way.
Auditory Pareidolia: Effects of Contextual Priming on Perceptions of Purportedly Paranormal and Ambiguous Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Nees Michael A. , Phillips Charlotte
Published: August 2014

Reality television programs that explore purportedly paranormal phenomena with pseudoscientific research approaches have emerged in popular culture. These shows commonly feature electronic voice phenomena (EVP), whereby recording devices capture audio signals that are interpreted as paranormal messages. We compared perceptions for voices in EVP with actual speech, acoustic noise, and degraded speech. Some participants were told that the experiment was about speech intelligibility, whereas others were told that the experiment was about paranormal EVP. The paranormal prime increased the proportion of trials for which participants perceived voices in both EVP stimuli and degraded speech. When a voice was detected, low agreement was found regarding the content of EVP messages. In both priming conditions, participants reported general skepticism in the paranormal. Results are discussed in the context of theoretical perspectives on paranormal events, trait‐versus‐state accounts of paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscientific approaches to research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards optomechanical quantum state reconstruction of mechanical motion
Authors: Vanner Michael R. , Pikovski Igor , Kim M. S.
Published: August 2014

Utilizing the tools of quantum optics to prepare and manipulate quantum states of motion of a mechanical resonator is currently one of the most promising routes to explore non‐classicality at a macroscopic scale. An important quantum optomechanical tool yet to be experimentally demonstrated is the ability to perform complete quantum state reconstruction. Here, after providing a brief introduction to quantum states in phase space, the current proposals for state reconstruction of mechanical motional states are reviewed and contrasted and experimental progress is discussed. Furthermore, it is shown that mechanical quadrature tomography using back‐action‐evading interactions gives an s‐parameterized Wigner function where the numerical parameter s is directly related to the optomechanical measurement strength. The effects of classical noise in the optical probe for both state reconstruction and state preparation by measurement are also discussed.
Polarisations‐spektralphotometrische Untersuchungen in Emission und Absorption an [Cr urea6] J3‐Einkristallen
Authors: Gliemann Von Günter , Yersin Hartmut
Published: August 2014

Es wurden Polarisationsspektren von {Cr[OC(NH2)2]6}J3‐Mikrokristallen in Emission und Absorption bis herab zu 7°K im Bereich der im Roten liegenden scharfen Interkombinationsübergänge vermessen. Diese stellen elektrische Dipolübergänge dar. Die beiden auf der kurzwelligen Seite der Emission auftretenden Hauptübergänge bei 6995 Å und bei 7029 Å sind Null‐Null‐Übergänge. Sie können den 2Eg‐Folgetermen Γ5, Γ6 und Γ4 (in D′3) zugeordnet werden. Es zeigen sich deutliche Hinweise auf eine Mischung zwischen dem oberen 2Eg‐Folgeterm Γ4 und einem 4A1(4T2g)‐Folgeterm. Es werden qualitative Aussagen über Desaktivierungsmechanismen beim [Cr urea6]J3 gemacht.
Effektive Energieübertragung von schwingungsangeregtem CO auf COS
Authors: Hoyermann Von K. , Poss R.
Published: August 2014

Die infrarote Chemilumineszenz von CO‐Molekeln (2 ≦ v ≦ 11), erzeugt durch Reaktion zwischen Sauerstoffatomen und C2H2, wurde in einer vergoldeten Kugel bei 0,9 Torr untersucht. Die Zugabe kleiner Mengen von COS ([CO*] ≈ [COS]) erbrachte eine beträchtliche Energieübertragung von angeregtem CO mit v in der Gegend von 5 auf das COS. Die Anregung des COS konnte über die Emission beim Übergang vom Niveau (00°2) auf (00°0) verfolgt werden.
Untersuchungen zur Oxydation von 1‐Phenylpyrazolidon(3) und seinem 5,5‐Dimethylderivat: I. Protolytische Gleichgewichte, Kinetik der Bildung und der Folgereaktionen der Primärradikale
Authors: Vogel Von D. , Jaenicke W.
Published: August 2014

Die photographische Entwicklersubstanz 1‐Phenylpyrazolidon(3) (“Phenidon”, I) und ihr 5,5‐Dimethylderivat (II) werden miteinander verglichen. Beide Verbindungen sind amphoter, ihre Elektronenanregungs‐Spektren in saurer, neutraler und alkalischer Lösung werden diskutiert, ihre protolytischen Gleichgewichtskonstanten spektroskopisch bestimmt. Die Oxydation mit K3[Fe(CN)6] wird untersucht. Es bilden sich zunächst nach verschiedenen pH‐abhängigen Mechanismen orangefarbene Primärradikale. Die Redoxgleichgewichts‐ und Geschwindigkeitskonstanten werden bestimmt. Die Primärradikale R I und R II reagieren weiter, wobei R I in der Hauptsache zu 1‐Phenylpyrazolon(3) disproportioniert. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen treten bei R I als Nebenreaktion, bei R II als Hauptreaktion violette radikalische Folgeprodukte auf, die bei II isoliert werden können. Ihre Bildungskinetik wird quantitativ verfolgt. Sie erweisen sich als Stoffgemisch.
Über Protonenzustände im zweidimensionalen Doppelminimumpotential von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen: Einfluß der Deformationsschwingung auf die Lebensdauer der protomeren Grenzstrukturen
Authors: Brickmann Von Jürgen , Licha Adam , Zimmermann Herbert
Published: August 2014

Der Einfluß von AH‐ bzw. BH‐Deformationsschwingungen auf die Lebensdauer der protomeren Grenzstrukturen AH···B und A···HB einer Wasserstoffbrückenbindung wurde an Hand von Modellrechnungen untersucht. Die Grenzstrukturen lassen sich als quasistationäre Einmuldenzustände in einem zweidimensionalen Doppelminimumpotential beschreiben. Als Modellpotential wurde ein Polynom in zwei Variablen verwendet. Die Eigenfunktionen des zugehörigen Hamiltonoperators ließen sich als Linearkombination von Produkten aus Oszillatoreigenfunktionen darstellen. Die Verweilzeit des Protons in den Potentialmulden konnte näherungsweise aus den Eigenfunktionen des Systems ohne Kenntnis der quasistationären Einmuldenzustände berechnet werden. Sie hängt – außer von Dicke und Höhe des Potentialwalls – wesentlich vom Energieunterschied korrespondierender Einmuldenzustände ab und damit von der Energie der Valenz‐ und Deformationsschwingung des Protons in den beiden Potentialmulden.

Ein spontaner Protonenübergang von AH···B nach A···HB kann nicht nur unter Erhaltung, sondern auch unter simultaner Änderung der Quantenzahlen der XH‐Valenz‐ und Deformationsschwingungen erfolgen (X = A,B).
Bioavailability of tramadol hydrochloride after administration via different routes in rats
Authors: Zhang Hua , Zhao Youyou , Wang Xueqing , Zhang Qiang
Published: August 2014

Tramadol is a synthetic non‐opiate analgesic drug and effective for many kinds of chronic and acute pain. This study compared the bioavailability of tramadol after different administration routes in rats (oral, buccal and nasal). A simple HPLC analytical approach was used to determine the concentration of tramadol in plasma. The pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability of tramadol after administration via different routes in rats were investigated. Nasal and buccal administration of tramadol resulted in a fast increase followed by a rapid decrease in the plasma tramadol concentration. The Cmax values following buccal and nasal administration were 6 times and 20 times higher than that of oral administration, respectively, (6827.85 ± 7970.87 ng/ml, 22191.84 ± 5364.86 ng/ml, vs 1127.03 ± 778.34 ng/ml). The relative bioavailabilities of the nasal‐ and buccal‐administered drug when compared with the oral route were 504.8% and 183.4%, respectively, which is much higher than that of oral administration. Nasal and buccal administration increased the bioavailability of tramadol, which may allow for a reduction in the dose of tramadol and a subsequent decrease in both side effects and toxicity. Therefore, this approach provides an effective choice for the delivery of tramadol, an analgesic drug. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Br‐DPQ blue light‐emitting phosphors for OLED
Authors: Dahule H. K. , Thejokalyani N. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: August 2014

A new series of blue light‐emitting 2,4‐diphenylquinoline (DPQ) substituted blue light‐emitting organic phosphors namely, 2‐(4‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐4‐phenyl‐quinoline (OMe–DPQ), 2‐(4‐methyl‐phenyl)‐4‐phenylquinoline (M‐DPQ), and 2‐(4‐bromo‐phenyl)‐4‐phenylquinoline (Br‐DPQ) were synthesized by substituting methoxy, methyl and bromine at the 2‐para position of DPQ, respectively by Friedländer condensation of 2‐aminobenzophenone and corresponding acetophenone. The synthesized phosphors were characterized by different techniques, e.g., Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), UV‐visible absorption and photoluminescence spectra. FTIR spectra confirms the presence of chemical groups such as C=O, NH, or OH in all the three synthesized chromophores. DSC studies show that these complexes have good thermal stability. Although they are low‐molecular‐weight organic compounds, they have the potential to improve the stability and operating lifetime of a device made out of these complexes. The synthesized polymeric compounds demonstrate a bright emission in the blue region in the wavelength range of 405–450 nm in solid state. Thus the attachment of methyl, methoxy and bromine substituents to the diphenyl quinoline ring in these phosphors results in colour tuning of the phosphorescence. An electroluminescence (EL) cell of Br‐DPQ phosphor was made and its EL behaviour was studied. A brightness–voltage characteristics curve of Br‐DPQ cell revealed that EL begins at 400 V and then the brightness increases exponentially with applied AC voltage, while current–voltage (I–V) characteristics revealed that the turn on voltage of the fabricated EL cell was 11 V. Hence this phosphor can be used as a promising blue light material for electroluminescent devices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.