bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convention Myths and Markets: A Critical Review of Convention Center Feasibility Studies
Authors: Sanders Heywood T.
Published: January 2003

American cities are seeing a boom in the development of convention centers. In city after city, massive public investment in convention facilities has been justified by feasibility and market studies that consistently portray a booming national demand for exhibition space. These studies also suggest that the demand for convention center space has and will outrun increases in the supply of space. This article reviews studies for more than 30 cities and demonstrates that they have been consistently flawed and misleading. Some analyses argue that successful convention centers need to expand to remain competitive. Others conclude that failing centers need to add space to succeed. Studies repeat the same positive findings verbatim from one city to another and fail to account for contradictory data. These market and feasibility studies thus offer no real basis for public investment and serve to bias public decision making and choice.
Telecommunications and Regional Development: Evidence from the U.S. States
Authors: Yilmaz Serdar , Dinc Mustafa
Published: January 2003

During the past 20 years, advancements in telecommunications technologies have had a direct impact on firms, particularly in the service-related sectors, and the telecommunications infrastructure has become important to their production processes. These developments also have had an indirect effect on the overall economy of regions because of the externalities they generate. This article is an examination of the impact of telecommunications infrastructure on the service sectors’ output growth among the 48 contiguous U.S. states. The findings suggest that not every state receives the full benefits of its own telecommunications infrastructure. A state-by-state regression analysis shows the variation in returns on telecommunications investments across states. This variation may be due to the inefficient utilization of telecommunications infrastructure as a factor of production. Data envelopment analysis confirms that the states accruing significantly positive benefits are those in which businesses use the telecommunications infrastructure most efficiently.
Exploring a Complicated Labyrinth: Some Tips on Using Patent Data to Measure Urban and Regional Innovation
Authors: Worgan Amy , Nunn Samuel
Published: January 2003

The ability to generate and exploit new knowledge is becoming the hallmark of a region’s economic strength, but unlike typical economic measures, innovation and knowledge production do not have accessible and obvious indicators. Because inventors frequently seek patent protection for new knowledge or processes, patents serve as a proxy for innovative activity. Patent data published by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office offer a circuitous look at the activities of firms, both in the United States and internationally, in the generation of knowledge. These data, however, are often difficult to understand and manipulate. This article describes the patent data most easily available to researchers and presents a starting point for collecting, manipulating, and using patent data as a measure of innovative activity within a geographical region. The methods described here were employed in the Indiana metropolitan statistical area case study that also appears in this issue.
Spaces of Innovation: Patent Activity in Indiana Metropolitan Areas, 1990 to 1998
Authors: Nunn Samuel , Worgan Amy
Published: January 2003

Organizations and individuals may express their capacity for innovation through patents for new products and services. This study examines one region’s recent history of innovation. How do Indiana’s metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) compare with other MSAs when measuring patent productivity? Some Indiana MSAs reflect a capacity for innovation, whereas others show less patent activity. Some Indiana MSAs look better nationally when measured in terms of patents per 10,000 employees. Indiana MSAs demonstrate strengths in pharmaceuticals and medical systems, electrical and electronic components, automobiles, and computers. The diffusion of patent volumes among Indiana MSAs varies with distance from Indianapolis. When compared with three MSAs with strengths in the life sciences (Minneapolis-St. Paul, San Diego, and San Francisco), the Indianapolis MSA lags in annual patent production. Life science patents from these three MSAs grew substantially in the late 1990s, whereas the Indianapolis MSA’s life science patent output dropped each year.
Community Economic Development in Utah
Authors: Wrigley William N. , Lewis W. Cris
Published: January 2003

The authors conducted a two-stage survey of community economic development professionals in Utah. Their objectives were to elicit information about three components of local development effort and to assess the success of differential strategies for development. Emphasis was given to the differential ratings of tools and programs by officials in large urban areas and those in smaller cities. The authors found that labor force quality, proximity to highways, the availability of other transport systems (e.g., commercial airports), the costs of energy and water, and the quality of local schools were important components of an effective development environment. But on the negative side, the survey also found a general lack of coordination among the various units of government and a lack of interest in or commitment to local development among business leaders.
Correlates of Service Utilization Among Midlife and Older Adults With HIV/AIDS
Authors: Emlet Charles A. , Farkas Kathleen J.
Published: January 2003

Objectives: To determine the role of age on service utilization among persons with HIV/AIDS. Methods: The study examined 571 individuals diagnosed with symptomatic HIV or AIDS ranging in age from 30 to 81 years. All individuals had been enrolled in case management services from July 1995 through June 1996. It was hypothesized that older persons would utilize higher rates of health and medical services and lower rates of psychosocial services. Results: The study found that in the older age groups the proportion of women, those living alone, and those having private health insurance increased. Mortality also increased in the older age groups, whereas survival time from AIDS diagnosis to death decreased. Age did not emerge as a significant variable in a multiple regression of service utilization. Functional dependence and mortality were significant predictors of medical services, whereas geographical location and insurance coverage explained the majority of variance in home care services.
It Takes Two
Authors: Franks Melissa M. , Pienta Amy Mehraban , Wray Linda A.
Published: January 2003

Objectives: In this prospective study of smoking cessation among married individuals in midlife we examine correspondence in the change of each partner’s smoking status with that of the other, independent of established psychosocial correlates of smoking cessation. Methods: Using longitudinal data from the first two waves of the Health and Retirement Study, 1992-1994, hierarchical logistic regression models were estimated for married male and female smokers separately. Results: Findings support our hypothesis of correspondence in the smoking cessation of married male and female smokers net of other sociodemographic, health, and health behavior characteristics. Discussion: These findings suggest that initiation and maintenance of this positive lifestyle change may be more easily achieved when both marital partners are given information and support to quit smoking at the same time.
Satisfaction With Support Given and Its Association With Subsequent Health Status
Authors: Ostir Glenn V. , Simonsick Eleanor , Kasper Judith D. , Guralnik Jack M.
Published: January 2003

Objectives: This study investigates health outcomes of older individuals who reported on their level of satisfaction with support given to family, friends, or community organizations. Methods: A 3-year prospective cohort study of women aged 65 and older. Results: Higher scores on the giving support scale predicted better lower-body function (β = .06; SE .02; p= .02) and less ADL difficulty (β = -.18; SE .04; p= .0001). The scale was also significantly associated with future hospitalization and death. Women in the lowest quartile were 28% more likely to be hospitalized (relative risk [RR] 1.28; 95% CI 1.00 - 1.65; p= .05) and 52% more likely to die (RR 1.52; 95% CI 1.03 - 2.26; p= .03) compared with those who scored in the highest quartile. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that level of satisfaction with support given to family or friends or the community is associated with future health of the older person.
The Influence of Age on Fibromyalgia Symptoms
Authors: Cronan Terry A. , Serber Eva R. , Walen Heather R. , Jaffe Michael
Published: January 2003

Objectives: Studies of the influence of age on health and well-being in chronically ill patients have produced mixed findings. This study examined young (20-39), middle-aged (40-59), and older (60-85) individuals with fibromyalgia (FMS), a chronic pain condition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were differences among the age groups in symptomatology and to examine potential mediating psychosocial variables. Methods: Participants were 600 (95% female, mean age = 54, SD = 11) diagnosed FMS patients who were members of a health maintenance organization. Multivariate analyses of covariance were used to examine differences. Results: There were significant differences among the age groups in most of the variables: With increasing age symptom duration increased but FMS symptomatology decreased. No age differences were found among the psychosocial mediators. The results suggest that the effects of FMS decrease over time.
Continuity of Care and Health Decline Associated With a Hip Fracture
Authors: Cree Marilyn , Yang Qian , Sclater Anne , Johnson David , Carriere K. C.
Published: January 2003

Objectives: Identify determinants of health decline associated with hip fracture with the goal of designing interventions. Method: Prefracture and postfracture information was obtained from participants aged 65-plus years fracturing a hip between July 1996 and August 1997. Health utilization data were linked to the cohort data and to an age-gender matched cohort of nonfracture seniors. Results: Fracture patients were likely to have been hospitalized and have low continuity of care. Patients making frequent physician visits were at increased risk of both prefracture hospitalization and postfracture health decline. Prefracture hospitalization was less likely for patients with high physical function; patients of high mental status were less likely to experience postfracture health decline. Discussion: Health appears to be in decline prefracture. Patients may benefit from continuous physician care to prevent further health deterioration. Some hip fractures can be prevented by identifying high-risk seniors at an early stage and intervening to prevent falls.
Exploring the Factorial Structure of the EORTC QLQ-C30
Authors: Kart Cary S. , Ford Marvella E.
Published: January 2003

Objectives: To assess the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer’s 30-item Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) for use with a multiracial study population of adults. Methods: Adults aged 50 and older were randomly selected from patients who made at least one visit to the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, Michigan in 1998. Results: African American ( n = 255) and White ( n = 234) subsamples were separately subjected to exploratory factor analysis; each yielded seven factors with eigenvalues above 1.00, accounting for approximately 65% of the variance, although the factorial structures of the subsamples were different. Discussion: Participants were not screened for cancer or other illnesses, which may contribute to differences between the known scoring model and these results. Researchers are advised to conduct separate analyses on racial/ethnic groups and to supplement the QLQ-C30 with additional items pertinent to the populations being studied and/or the conceptual/theoretical paradigm being tested.
The generational conflict reconsidered
Authors: Esping-Andersen Gösta , Sarasa Sebastian
Published: January 2003

The deteriorating trend in the incomes of families with young children is of increasing concern to both academics and politicians. Since the well-being of the elderly has improved concomitantly, many see an emerging generational clash. We argue that this zero-sum distributional trade-off view is largely premised on an overly static analysis and prefer, as an alternative, to examine the age-distribution of well-being through the lens of cohort dynamics. The aim of this article is very policy applied, an attempt to identify a win-win policy model that simultaneously ensures child and elderly welfare. We argue that social investments in children now will have strong and positive secondary effects in terms of helping maintain welfare guarantees for the elderly in the future. The key lies in minimizing child poverty, and we evaluate which policy mix may prove most effective for this end. We conclude that, in most countries, the elimination of poverty in families with children would be surprisingly affordable.
The first part-time economy in the world: a model to be followed?
Authors: Visser Jelle
Published: January 2003

Cet article a posé et a répondu à quatre questions. Quel a été la cause de la diffusion rapide du travail à temps partiel aux Pays-Bas ? Comment a été évitée la marginalisation des travailleurs à temps partiel ? Est ce que l'actuel modèle d'un revenu et demi par ménage constitue une phase transitionnelle vers un modèle à deux revenus; ? et finalement l'exemple hollandais sera-t-il suivi par d'autres Etat Providences européens ?

Cet article cherche à montrer que le modèle hollandais d'un revenu et demi n'a pas été le résultat d'une politique délibérément planifiée des gouvernements, des syndicats ou encore des employeurs mais plutôt le résultat des pressions venu d'en bas et de changements politiques les accompagnant. Le choix d'un travail à temps partiel est étroitement lié à l'arrivée tardive et rapide des femmes mariées sur le marché du travail et la pénurie de structures d'accueil des enfants dans ce qui n'était il n'y a pas si longtemps un Etat Providence fortement marqué par le modèle d'un seul revenu masculin.
Parental Investment Prospects and Teen Birth Rates of Blacks and Whites in American Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Barber Nigel
Published: January 2003

Parental investment theory was used to identify predictors of nonmarital teen birth rates for Blacks and Whites in U.S. metropolitan areas. Regression models predicted Black teen births, White teen births, and both together using indices of parental investment (male income, unemployment rates, marital opportunity for women) with various controls. White teen births decreased with increased marital opportunity for women, and the same was true of Blacks, although these effects were comparatively small. In the combined model, parental investment measures and the control variables accounted for 70% of the variance in nonmarital teen birth rates. Adding race as a variable did not significantly increase the variance explained, indicating that Black-White differences in nonmarital teen reproduction can be explained by differences in parental investment prospects. Early nonmarital reproduction can be seen as an adaptive response to diminished prospects for parental investment.
The Construction of Everyday Sacrifice in Asian Americans and European Americans: The Roles of Ethnicity and Acculturation
Authors: Suzuki Lalita K. , Greenfield Patricia M.
Published: January 2003

This research examines the effects of ethnicity and acculturation on everyday sacrifice behaviors in 63 European American and 131 Asian American college students (mean age = 18.60). Asian Americans were divided into more and less acculturated groups using the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale. Participants responded to scenarios involving conflict between sacrifice (for parents, siblings, and friends) and the realization of personal goals in three domains (money, dating, and schoolwork). In most domains, Asian Americans were, as predicted, significantly more likely to say they would sacrifice than were the European Americans. Whereas less acculturated Asian Americans were, as predicted, significantly more likely than European Americans to say that they would sacrifice for their parents, European Americans expressed a significantly greater willingness to sacrifice for siblings than for parents. With acculturation to U.S. society, the level of Asian American sacrifice declined, but its distinctive patterning remained.
Comparison of Associative Meaning of the Concepts of Anger, Envy, Fear, Romantic Jealousy, and Sadness Between English and Korean
Authors: Kim Hyun-Jeong Joyce , Hupka Ralph B.
Published: January 2003

With emotion terms as a between-participants variable, 304 American and Korean undergraduates free associated in writing for 1 minute to either anger, envy, fear, jealousy, or sadness. In favor of the concept of language universals but in opposition to the tenet of postmodernism that emotion concepts are language and culture specific, a third of the associations were identical in the two languages, with differences centered on what aspect of the emotion guided the associations: identification of synonyms, consequences, correlates, or elicitors of the emotions. The association overlap between envy and jealousy was similar for Americans and Koreans. Contrary to prototype theory, the jealousy associations did not overlap more with the anger, fear, and sadness associations than the overlaps among the latter emotion terms.
Values, Economics, and Proenvironmental Attitudes in 22 Societies
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Król Grzegorz , Kim Young Hun
Published: January 2003

Using data provided by the 1993 International Social Survey Programme, the authors examine the relationship between economic factors, values, and environmental attitudes both at the societal level and the individual level. They tested the hypothesis derived from Inglehart that postmaterialist values mediate the relationship between economics and support for the environment. In a multilevel analysis, they also explored whether the relationship between individuals’ income and their attitudes toward the environment varies as a function of societal-level indicators. Results demonstrate that economic factors predicted proenvironmental attitudes at the societal level and less so at the individual level, but at neither level was the influence of economic factors mediated through postmaterialist values. Further, a society’s recent economic growth, but not current levels of economic development, predicted to what extent individuals’ proenvironmental views were linked to their personal economic resources.
Multiple Predictors of Contribution by Women to Agriculture
Authors: Barry Herbert , Yoder Brian L.
Published: January 2003

Multiple regression was used to test the hypothesis that several cultural customs are each separately associated with contribution by women to agriculture. The test was applied to a world sample of 108 societies where agriculture is the principal source of food. Six predictors of female contribution to agriculture are residence not patrilocal, polygynous marriage, no written language, use of money, low density of population, and no milk obtained from domestic animals. Women are more likely to contribute to agriculture in societies where they have a public rather than secluded role, where their work is necessary to obtain sufficient food, where their work is valuable for polygynous husbands, or where their work does not require the superior mobility and strength of men. Causes and effects of contribution by women to agriculture cannot be determined because the associated cultural customs adjust to each other during many generations.
The Dependence of Private Consumer Demand on Public Consumption Expenditures: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Tridimas George
Published: January 2003

Two different approaches are used to study how the structure of public consumption affects the allocation of consumer expenditure. The first assumes that public expenditures condition consumer preferences and introduces them as additional explanatory variables to the Linear Expenditure System by means of linear translating. Assuming that consumers are constrained in consuming publicly provided goods, the second uses the Almost Ideal Demand System to model preferences as nonseparable between privately and publicly provided goods. The resulting demand functions depend on total private expenditure, relative prices, and the quantities of public provision. Testing the predictions with U.K. data establishes the importance of public consumption expenditures in determining private consumer demand.
Decentralized Budgeting Procedures for Public Expenditure
Authors: Levaggi Rosella
Published: January 2003

This article discusses the allocation of public expenditure among competing services. Some countries such as Italy use a double budget constraint; that is, the top level sets total expenditure and its allocation between competing services, whereas other countries just define the total budget. The article examines different ways in which the relationship between the agencies involved is structured and shows that the choice among competing systems depends on the objectives pursued by the agents involved and on the information structure. The analysis shows that tighter budget rules such as those implied by a double budget constraint might be optimal; that is, autonomy in decentralization is not always the best alternative. A second interesting conclusion is that a functional decentralization might enable Central Government to extract the information rent its agents command, but in this case the incentive structure must avoid collusion among the actors involved.
The Impact of Project Impact on the Wilmington, North Carolina, Labor Market
Authors: Ewing Bradley T. , Kruse Jamie Brown
Published: January 2003

In 1997, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) announced a new initiative called Project Impact. The initiative was designed to make communities more resistant and resilient to the disruption and disaster associated with natural hazards. One of the pilot communities was Wilmington/New Hanover County, North Carolina, an area susceptible to hurricanes and tropical storms. This article examines the impact of Project Impact on this community’s labor market, allowing for the disturbances caused by the storms themselves. The findings suggest that the activities and coordination efforts associated with Project Impact coincide with improvements in the Wilmington labor market characterized by a lower natural unemployment rate and a reduction of labor market risk. These findings may be taken as evidence that Project Impact can improve the performance of a local economy. The results suggest that at the very least, increased interaction between public and private sectors may be associated with improved labor market conditions.
The Moonlighting Penalty: Incidence of the Excess Social Security Tax
Authors: Heavey Jerome F.
Published: January 2003

The social security tax is levied on wages and salaries up to a maximum annual amount, with employee and employer each paying the same amount of tax on the employee’s behalf. Workers earning more than the annual maximum taxable earnings and having more than one employer are vulnerable to excess social security tax withholding. The employee’s share of excess social security tax can be claimed as a (refundable) credit against the federal individual income tax, but the employer’s share cannot be claimed. If the employer’s share of the social security tax is borne by the worker, then the unrefunded excess employer’s tax is an additional tax on the worker. This additional tax is highly progressive, and its progressivity has increased in the past four decades.
Indian Casino Gambling and State Revenue: Some Further Evidence
Authors: Popp Anthony V. , Stehwien Charles
Published: January 2003

The growth of Indian gaming has generated a debate on the effects of casino gambling on state and local revenues. This article tests the hypothesis that casino gambling affects the level of taxable gross receipts generated in counties in which casinos are present and in counties that neighbor counties in which casinos are present. Data from New Mexico are used to test the hypothesis. The results suggest that the effect on taxable gross receipts depends on the number of casinos in the county and the number of casinos in neighboring counties.
`Whitely scripts' and Irish women's racialized belonging(s) in England
Authors: Gray Breda
Published: January 2003

This article investigates the multilocated belonging(s) of Irish women in England and how these are mediated by what Alison Bailey (1998) calls `whitely scripts'. The concept of belonging(s) and theoretical approaches to `whiteness' frame the discussion of gendered Irish migrancy in England. Belongings are broken down into `political', `cultural' and `ethnic' forms of membership in late 20th-century England. The article argues that slippages between inclusion and exclusion, identification and (dis)identification, constitute Irish women's belongings in England as gendered, migrant, national and transnational in contradictory ways. In response to their positioning by a gendered migrant labour market and postcolonial stereotypes of a feminized culture, some women embrace masculine discourses of national identity and mobility as a means of asserting an agentic self. Simultaneously, the adoption of `whitely scripts' by some women locates them within the gendered constraints and privileges of the category `white women'.
The place of literature in the spaces of belonging
Authors: Pearce Lynne
Published: January 2003

This article explores the different ways in which literary texts can help us negotiate our sense of `home' and `belonging' with respect to the complex intersection of our national, regional and gendered identities. Writing at a time when the map of Europe is being radically redrawn vis-a-vis the European Union (EU) and the future of the nation state, the author attempts to take us `inside' the emotional and cognitive processes by which she, and other feminist colleagues, have struggled to produce a locational identity that is meaningful to them. As well as revealing the usefulness of national and regional literatures in this process, the article also shows how a `strategic' use of autobiography can help mediate the complexity of our positioning.
The bride on the border
Authors: Schwyzer Philip
Published: January 2003

From the medieval era to the present, the foreign bride has been stigmatized in the literatures of Europe as the bearer of ethnic contamination. While this practice has been consistent across time, the theories of ethnic reproduction that purport to justify it have not. This article argues that this stigmatizing practice does not derive from theoretical beliefs about ethnicity, but rather from paradoxes inherent in the concept of the ethnic boundary that must be understood as simultaneously porous and impregnable. The weird double sense of `impregnable' highlights both the duality of the boundary concept and its association with the reproductive bodies of women. The argument is illustrated with examples drawn from the borderlands of Ireland and Wales in the 16th century, a period when several competing theories of ethnic reproduction were in play. The English in this era claimed ancient Celtic kings as glorious ancestors, while simultaneously demonizing Welsh and Irish women as carriers of an ethnic taint. The paradox of the ethnic boundary was resolved by casting male and female bodies in different, power-laden relations to that boundary. The article concludes by suggesting that only a radical rethinking of the way ethnic and national boundaries are imagined can bring an end to the stigmatization of foreign women as threats to ethnic purity.
Consumer rights/cultural rights
Authors: Cronin Anne M.
Published: January 2003

In an initiative by the World Commission on Culture and Development, the Council of Europe has produced a series of policy documents that aim to define Europe through a common `European culture'. This article explores the ideas of Europe, culture and consumerism that are used in the report to redefine the terms of European belonging and rights. I explore the gendered and racial interconnections in these definitions and the rhetorical use of cultural heritage in generating an idea(l) of Europe. I argue that new connections between consumer rights, European rights and cultural rights in the Council of Europe's discourses produce shifts in liberal concepts of self-expressive representational politics. These changes have important implications for those who have an ambiguous and/or marginalized relation to the terms of citizenship and cultural belonging.
Whose body, whose nation?
Authors: McElroy Ruth
Published: January 2003

This article explores surrogate motherhood as an instance of how women's rights of belonging to nations are repeatedly sexed and racialized. Feminist theorists have rightly critiqued the reification of women's reproductive capacities within nationalist discourse and have begun to explore how maternity operates as the grounds for women's inclusion and exclusion from the nation. I argue that surrogate motherhood vividly demonstrates how nation states police the composition of the nation through legislative powers over women's reproduction. In doing so, they situate women, on the basis of their fertility, as competing bearers of a nation that grants them symbolic worth but inequitable power on the basis of their embodiment. This paradox is then traced in the narrativization of surrogacy in feminist, theological and legal texts. In particular, the Internet-based advertisements of law firms and agencies are taken as case studies that vividly demonstrate how embodiment and belonging need to be carefully negotiated in the representation of surrogate motherhood to different participants. Racial, sexual and classed hierarchies of power are seen to be operating in these texts and the stories they tell and visually represent. From this understanding, I move to an assessment of how surrogate motherhood operates within modernity's investment in bodies as signs of truth that fallaciously hold the potential to guarantee origins and belongings. I conclude with an analysis of literary and visual texts selected because they deliberately seek to problematize this logic, which they nevertheless fail to escape.
Invisible ink
Authors: Kirk John
Published: January 2003

The article examines a range of working-class writing from the 1980s and early 1990s in the context of the then current and continuing debates in Britain about the relevance of class in relation to identity and/or experience. The work explores some of the reasons for the devaluation of class and class analyses in recent times, and sets out to question this development by reviewing working-class writing from the period which articulates the continuing imperatives of class. The writing considered is significant in the way it draws together class, gender and race, and the article then insists on the necessary complexity of our understanding of class as lived experience if it is to remain relevant (as it must) to cultural studies.
Drum'n'dhol 1
Authors: Dudrah Rajinder K.
Published: January 2003

British bhangra is a genre of British popular music fusing Punjabi lyrics and the beats of the Indian drum, the dhol, with black music genres and British pop sounds, producing an urban anthem and commentary about the lives of its British South Asian audiences. This article draws on qualitative research and interviews undertaken in Birmingham in the UK. It outlines how diasporic South Asian identities are made sense of through a conception of the way in which British bhangra music encapsulates an urban black British experience, how conservative lyrics of caste and gender in the music are negotiated by its listeners, and how some of the intergenerational formulations of British South Asian identities are performed at celebratory social gatherings.
To Train or Not to Train?
Authors: Selmer Jan
Published: January 2003

This exploratory study empirically examines outcomes of foreign assignments associated with providing or not providing training to expatriate managers. Three modes of training are explored: predeparture, postarrival and sequential training. A mail survey to expatriates in mainland China included most major Western European countries, the largest contingents being from Germany, Britain and France. The tentative findings suggest that expatriate managers who have received training adjust more quickly in their assignments and are more satisfied with these assignments than those who have not received any training. On the other hand, there was unexpectedly no relationship between training and how successful the managers were in their assignments. Results also indicated that those respondents who had received sequential training were more satisfied with their assignments than those who did hot receive any training at all. Implications of these tentative findings for assigning firms and future research are discussed.
Achievement Motive of Brazilian, Israeli and US Managers
Authors: Elizur Dov , Tchaicovsky Fany Malin
Published: January 2003

The major objective of the study was to analyze the structure and relative strength of the achievement motive of managers from various cultural environments. The Achievement Motive Questionnaire (AMQ), devised to assess achievement tendencies of subjects from various cultural backgrounds, was applied. It was hypothesized that although the basic structure of the domain would be similar there would be differences in the relative strength of the achievement motive in the various samples. Based on the responses of 202 Brazilian, 114 Israeli and 132 US managers, the main hypotheses were supported. The relative strength of achievement motive was different in the samples. The US managers were found to be highest on almost all items. The Brazilian managers were found to be higher than their Israeli colleagues in readiness to confront oneself with uncertainty, and difficulty, while the Israeli respondents were higher in readiness to confront oneself with personal responsibility, and with solving problems.
The Relevance of Confucianism to National Quality Awards in Southeast Asia
Authors: Tan Kay C. , Khoo Hsien H.
Published: January 2003

The successful implementation of total quality management (TQM) in an organization requires adopting the right cultural approach. In many Southeast Asian societies, the influence of Confucianism on leadership style, social values and work attitudes has affected TQM practices. This article examines Confucius' influence on the structure and criteria emphases of Southeast Asian National Quality Awards (NQAs) that have sprung up in the past decade. The framework of the Singapore Quality Award serves as an appropriate comparator. Ten Confucian principles on leadership, organizational culture and work values were analyzed. Their applicability to the development of NQAs and to the long-term success of total quality organizations is discussed.
Cross Cultural Perspectives of Expatriate Managers Working in Egypt
Authors: Brown Reva Berman , Ataalla Mary Fouad
Published: January 2003

This study focuses on western managers of organizations doing business in Egypt, and examines their perspectives on the interface between them and Egyptian culture, within an organizational framework. The research was carried out through a mailed questionnaire survey sent to foreign managers of organizations doing business in Egypt. Informal interviews and the relevant literature provided the topics for the survey. Four macro-themes emerged from the analysis of the various survey topics. In sequential order of importance, these are cultural respect (the extent to which culture should be taken into consideration as far as organization is concerned), cultural experience (the experience of foreign managers of the different behavioural traits of Egyptians within the workplace), cultural adaptability (foreign managers' reactions to certain cultural traits that exhibit themselves in the workplace), and cultural understanding (understanding of the reasons that underlie the behavioural traits encountered). These findings are a preliminary step for further research in an area that has a high potential for business, yet low research input.
Emics and Etics for Organizational Studies
Authors: Peterson Mark F. , Pike Kenneth L.
Published: January 2003

Pike spent his career addressing a practical problem in linguistics, one that has a close analogy in international organizational studies. It is the problem of how someone can enter an unfamiliar culture and learn to communicate and live there. The optimal tools to carry along to an unfamiliar locale would be an explicit theory developed specifically for that locale fleshed out with locally relevant tacit experience. However, unless the local people include organizational scholars, the most that one can realistically bring to a substantively new situation is explicit theory and content developed elsewhere that includes methods for induction that can be applied when interacting with local people who intuitively understand their own culture. Pike's research and experience, particularly the theme of contrast, has implications for many of the most basic methodological and philosophy of science issues facing organizational studies.
Who shall We Send?
Authors: Franke Johann , Nicholson Nigel
Published: January 2003

The literature contains much discussion about which criteria should be applied to the selection of candidates for expatriate assignments. We designed an executive teaching exercise around this problem and obtained rankings of criteria from 12 of the leading international scholars in intercultural management, comparing these with data gathered from almost 700 business participants. Results indicate that their ratings converge with the expert rankings in many respects, especially in the high importance attached to personological factors; but diverge from experts in some particulars, such as undervaluing spouse support and overvaluing achievement drive. The article goes on to examine factors influencing their judgements. Of these, nationality has the most marked effects, with some particularly strong contrasts between Eastern and Western cultures. From our analysis we conclude that even so-called neutral criteria carry associated cultural value content, and that even the most sophisticated global executives are subject to biased assessments of these criteria.
The Use of Remotely Sensed Data in Rapid Rural Assessment
Authors: de Castro Fábio , Silva-Forsberg Maria Clara , Wilson Warren , Brondízio Eduardo , Moran Emilio
Published: January 2003

This article discusses how analysis of remotely sensed data can be applied in rapid rural assessment and how its application can expand the spatial analysis of land-use/land-cover (LULC) change. It describes the methodological steps to carry out an LULC analysis based on Landsat Thematic Mapper image analysis under time and budget constraints. The article presents intra-and intercommunity comparisons of different LULC patterns. The discussion focuses on the trade-off between the desirable degree of land-cover class complexity, the level of class detail, and the required ground-truthing associated with each of these choices. The authors conclude that remotely sensed analysis can enhance short-term, low-budget fieldwork. Analysis of remotely sensed data can reduce costs before fieldwork by helping to inform where to concentrate data collection efforts, during fieldwork by extending spatial analysis to areas where accessibility is poor and that otherwise would not be included, and after fieldwork by improving the spatial and temporal scope of the analysis.
Contingency Table: A Two-Way Bridge between Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
Authors: García-Álvarez Ercilia , López-Sintas Jordi
Published: January 2003

Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods in the same project allowed the authors to gain more in-depth knowledge as well as to achieve sharper data reduction and verification than would have been possible using only one approach. Qualitative data were obtained from in-depth interviews with thirteen founders of leading family businesses and published secondary data. The authors used qualitative computer software to codify founders' values from the full transcriptions of their interviews. The resulting contingency table was the bridge to visually explore the relationship between codes (values) and primary documents (family firm's founders) using multidimensional scaling. The authors then used hierarchical clustering to form a taxonomy of founders. Finally, they returned to qualitative analysis and studied the association between founders' values and family background for external validation of the taxonomy.
Reliability of Social Network Measurement Instruments
Authors: Hlebec Valentina , Ferligoj Anuška
Published: January 2003

This article evaluates the quality of instruments for measuring support in social networks. The authors discuss the results of ten experiments designed to analyze the reliability of five measurement scales as well as two measurement methods for listing alters (free recall and recognition), type of network question (original, reciprocated), and characteristics of study design (time between instrument presentations). Analysis shows that the binary scale and the first presentation of measurement instruments are the least reliable. The most reliable were ordinal scales, among which the five-category ordinal scale with labels was the most reliable. The two data collection methods (free recall and recognition) and the two types of network questions (original, reciprocated) yield equally reliable data.
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing: V. Problems with Phonemes
Authors: Werner Oswald
Published: January 2003

The rules of previous columns make phonemic analysis, the reduction of a spoken language to an unambiguous writing system, almost automatic. The emphasis here is on “almost.” This column explores some examples (by no means all) that an anthropologist may encounter in field work with languages and texts. Ultimately all phonemic solutions need to be checked by the native speakers' intuitions and linguistic experts with an interest in practical solutions.
Transplantation of highly purified CD34+ progenitor cells from unrelated donors in pediatric leukemia
Authors: Lang Peter , Handgretinger Rupert , Niethammer Dietrich , Schlegel Paul G. , Schumm Michael , Greil Johann , Bader Peter , Engel Corinna , Scheel-Walter Hans , Eyrich Matthias , Klingebiel Thomas
Published: January 2003

Unrelated donors are commonly used for hematopoietic stem cell transplants, but graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major problem. We investigated whether transplantation of purified mobilized peripheral-blood CD34+ stem cells from unrelated donors would prevent acute and chronic GVHD in pediatric patients with leukemia and avert the need for pharmacologic immunosuppression. Thirty-one pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, n = 16), acute myeloid (n = 7), chronic myeloid (n = 6), or juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (n = 2) underwent transplantation. The median purity of CD34+ cells after positive magnet-activated cell sorting was 98.5%. Patients received a median of 8.0 × 106 CD34+ cells and 6 × 103 CD3+ T lymphocytes per kilogram, with no posttransplantation pharmacologic immunosuppression. Primary acute GVHD ≥ grade II was seen in only 10% of patients (n = 3) and occurred only after human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6) infection. Two patients had limited chronic GVHD. Engraftment occurred in all patients (primary engraftment, n = 26; engraftment after reconditioning, n = 5). The 2-year survival estimate was 38% for all patients and 63% for patients with ALL in complete remission. Patients with myeloid malignancies had a poor outcome. In comparison to a historical control group who received unmanipulated bone marrow, our patients had a lower incidence of GVHD (P < .001). No difference was observed in the probability of relapse or survival. Study patients with ALL in remission showed a trend toward better survival (P = .07). Transplantation of purified peripheral-blood CD34+ cells from unrelated donors effectively minimizes GVHD and may be a good therapeutic option for patients with relapsed ALL.
In multiple myeloma, t(4;14)(p16;q32) is an adverse prognostic factor irrespective of FGFR3 expression
Authors: Keats Jonathan J. , Reiman Tony , Maxwell Christopher A. , Taylor Brian J. , Larratt Loree M. , Mant Michael J. , Belch Andrew R. , Pilarski Linda M.
Published: January 2003

This study analyzed the frequency and clinical significance of t(4;14)(p16;q32) in multiple myeloma (MM) among 208 patients with MM and 52 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS); diagnosed between 1994 and 2001. Patients with the translocation were identified using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH)–MMSET transcripts from the der(4) chromosome. We found 31 (14.9%) t(4;14)+ MM patients and 1 (1.9%) t(4;14)+ MGUS patient. IgH-MMSET hybrid transcripts were detected in bone marrow (BM) and blood. Breakpoint analysis revealed that 67.7% of t(4;14)+ patients expressed hybrid transcripts potentially encoding full-length MMSET, whereas the remainder lacked one or more amino terminal exons. Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), presumptively dysregulated on der(14), was detected by RT-PCR in only 23 of 31 (74%) patients with t(4;14)+ MM. Patients lacking FGFR3 expression also lacked detectable der(14) products. Longitudinal analysis of 53 MM patients with multiple BM and blood samples showed that, over time, BM from t(4;14)+ patients remained positive and that t(4;14)− patients did not acquire the translocation. IgH-MMSET hybrid transcripts and FGFR3 transcripts disappeared from blood during response to therapy. No correlation was observed between the occurrence of t(4;14) and known prognostic indicators. However, we find the t(4;14) translocation predicts for poor survival (P = .006; median, 644 days vs 1288 days; hazard ratio [HR], 2.0), even in FGFR3 nonexpressors (P = .003). The presence of t(4;14) is also predictive of poor response to first-line chemotherapy (P = .05). These results indicate a significant clinical impact of the t(4;14) translocation in MM that is independent of FGFR3 expression.