bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inter-hemispheric seasonal comparison of Polar Amplification using radiative forcing of quadrupling CO2 experiment
Authors: Casagrande Fernanda , Buss de Souza Ronald , Nobre Paulo , Lanfer Marquez Andre
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The numerical climate simulation from Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM) are used here to investigate the response of Polar Regions to a forced increase of CO2 (Abrupt-4xCO2) and compared with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) simulations. Polar Regions are described as the most climatically sensitive areas of the globe, with an enhanced warming occurring during the cold seasons. The asymmetry between the two poles is related to the thermal inertia and the coupled ocean atmosphere processes involved. While in the northern high latitudes the amplified warming signal is associated to a positive snow and sea ice albedo feedback, for southern high latitudes the warming is related to a combination of ozone depletion and changes in the winds pattern. The numerical experiments conducted here demonstrated a very clear evidence of seasonality in the polar amplification response. In winter, for the northern high latitudes (southern high latitudes) the range of simulated polar warming varied from 15 K to 30 K (2.6 K to 10 K). In summer, for northern high latitudes (southern high latitudes) the simulated warming varies from 3 K to 15 K (3 K to 7 K). The vertical profiles of air temperature indicated stronger warming at surface, particularly for the Arctic region, suggesting that the albedo-sea ice feedback overlaps with the warming caused by meridional transport of heat in atmosphere. The latitude of the maximum warming was inversely correlated with changes in the sea ice within the model’s control run. Three climate models were identified as having high polar amplification for cold season in both poles: MIROC-ESM, BESM-OA V2.5 and GFDL-ESM2M. We suggest that the large BIAS found between models can be related to the differences in each model to represent the feedback process and also as a consequence of the distinct sea ice initial conditions of each model. The polar amplification phenomenon has been observed previously and is expected to become stronger in coming decades. The consequences for the atmospheric and ocean circulation are still subject to intense debate in the scientific community.
Investigating the applicability of emergent constraints
Authors: Winkler Alexander J. , Myneni Ranga B. , Brovkin Victor
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Recent research on emergent constraints (ECs) has delivered promising results in narrowing down uncertainty in climate predictions. The method utilizes a measurable variable (predictor) from the recent historical past to obtain a constrained estimate of change in an entity of interest (predictand) at a potential future CO2 concentration (forcing) from multi-model projections. This procedure first critically depends on an accurate estimation of the predictor from observations and models and second on a robust relationship between inter-model variations in the predictor–predictand space. Here, we investigate issues related to these two themes in a carbon cycle case study using observed vegetation greening sensitivity to CO2 forcing as a predictor of change in photosynthesis (gross primary productivity, GPP) for a doubling of preindustrial CO2 concentration. Greening sensitivity is defined as changes in the annual maximum of green leaf area index (LAImax) per unit CO2 forcing realized through its radiative and fertilization effects. We first address the question of how to realistically characterize the predictor of a large area (e.g., greening sensitivity in the northern high-latitude region) from pixel-level data. This requires an investigation into uncertainties in the observational data source and an evaluation of the spatial and temporal variability in the predictor in both the data and model simulations. Second, the predictor–predictand relationship across the model ensemble depends on a strong coupling between the two variables, i.e., simultaneous changes in GPP and LAImax. This coupling depends in a complex manner on the magnitude (level), time rate of application (scenarios), and effects (radiative and/or fertilization) of CO2 forcing. We investigate how each one of these three aspects of forcing can affect the EC estimate of the predictand (ΔGPP). Our results show that uncertainties in the EC method primarily originate from a lack of predictor comparability between observations and models, the observational data source, and temporal variability of the predictor. The disagreement between models on the mechanistic behavior of the system under intensifying forcing limits the EC applicability. The discussed limitations and sources of uncertainty in the EC method go beyond carbon cycle research and are generally applicable in Earth system sciences.
A machine-learning-based global sea-surface iodide distribution
Authors: Sherwen Tomás , Chance Rosie J. , Tinel Liselotte , Ellis Daniel , Evans Mat J. , Carpenter Lucy J.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Iodide in the sea-surface plays an important role in the Earth system. It modulates the oxidising capacity of the troposphere and provides iodine to terrestrial ecosystems. However, our understanding of its distribution is limited due to a paucity of observations. Previous efforts to generate global distributions have generally fitted sea-surface iodide observations to relatively simple functions using proxies for iodide such as nitrate and sea-surface temperature. This approach fails to account for coastal influences and variation in the bio-geochemical environment. Here we use a machine learning regression approach (random forest regression) to generate a high-resolution (0.125∘×0.125∘, ∼12.5km×12.5km), monthly dataset of present-day global sea-surface iodide. We use a compilation of iodide observations (1967–2018) that has a 45 % larger sample size than has been used previously as the dependent variable and co-located ancillary parameters (temperature, nitrate, phosphate, salinity, shortwave radiation, topographic depth, mixed layer depth, and chlorophyll a) from global climatologies as the independent variables. We investigate the regression models generated using different combinations of ancillary parameters and select the 10 best-performing models to be included in an ensemble prediction. We then use this ensemble of models, combined with global fields of the ancillary parameters, to predict new high-resolution monthly global sea-surface iodide fields representing the present day. Sea-surface temperature is the most important variable in all 10 models. We estimate a global average sea-surface iodide concentration of 106 nM (with an uncertainty of ∼20 %), which is within the range of previous estimates (60–130 nM). Similar to previous work, higher concentrations are predicted for the tropics than for the extra-tropics. Unlike the previous parameterisations, higher concentrations are also predicted for shallow areas such as coastal regions and the South China Sea. Compared to previous work, the new parameterisation better captures observed variability. The iodide concentrations calculated here are significantly higher (40 % on a global basis) than the commonly used MacDonald et al. (2014) parameterisation, with implications for our understanding of iodine in the atmosphere. We envisage these fields could be used to represent present-day sea-surface iodide concentrations, in applications such as climate and air-quality modelling. The global iodide dataset is made freely available to the community (https://doi.org/10/gfv5v3, Sherwen et al., 2019), and as new observations are made, we will update the global dataset through a “living data” model.
New insight into 3-D mesoscale eddy properties from CMEMS operational models in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Mason Evan , Ruiz Simón , Bourdalle-Badie Romain , Reffray Guillaume , García-Sotillo Marcos , Pascual Ananda
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Rapid evolution of operational ocean forecasting systems is driven by advances
in numerics and data assimilation schemes, and increase of in situ and satellite observations. The Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) is a major provider of operational products that are made available through an online catalogue. The service includes global and regional forecasts in near-real-time and reanalysis modes. Here, we apply an eddy tracker to daily sea surface height (SSH) fields from three such reanalysis products from the CMEMS catalogue, with the objective to evaluate their performance in terms of their eddy properties and three-dimensional composite structures over the 2013–2016 period. The products are (i) the Global Analysis Forecast, (ii) the Mediterranean Analysis Forecast and (iii) the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland Analysis Forecast. The common domain between these reanalyses is the western Mediterranean Sea (WMED) between the Strait of Gibraltar and Sardinia. This is a complex region with strong density gradients, especially in the Alboran Sea in the west where Atlantic and Mediterranean waters compete. Surface eddy property maps over the WMED of eddy radii, amplitudes and nonlinearity are consistent between the models, as well as with gridded altimetric data that serve as a reference. Mean 3-D eddy composites are shown only for three subregions in the Alboran Sea. These are mostly consistent between the models, with minor differences being attributed to details of the respective model configurations. This information can be informative for the ongoing development of these CMEMS operational modeling systems. The mesoscale data provided here may be of interest to CMEMS users and in the future could be a useful addition to a more diverse CMEMS catalogue.
The Effect of Immediate Correction of EFL Learners’ Mispronunciation in Enhancing Classroom Discussion
Authors: Minalla Amir Abdalla
Published: August 2019

The studies that viewed in this study showed that breaking students’ communication has a negative effect on their interaction. Although, the tremendous efforts that have been exerted in order not to break the flow of EFL learners’ verbal communication, EFL teachers are forced to do it i.e. necessity of immediate correction of some errors. This study is to examine whether immediate correction of mispronounced key utterances of interlocutors could enhance a classroom discussion. Analysis of collected data revealed that Group1’s participants who dealt with the conversation in which its interlocutors were immediately corrected in their mispronouncing key utterances significantly outperformed Group2’s participants who dealt with the conversation in which its interlocutors were corrected with some delayed i.e. after finishing their speech. Hence, immediate correction of mispronounced key utterances positively enhances classroom discussion more than delayed correction.
Malakoplakia of the Bladder in a 4-Month-Old Puppy
Authors: Benzimra Caroline , Job Chloé , Pascal Quentin , Bureau Stéphane , Combes Anaïs , Bongrand Yannick , R. Faucher Mathieu
Published: August 2019

A 4 mo old female Staffordshire bull terrier puppy was presented with chronic Escherichia coli cystitis. Ultrasound and cystoscopic examination revealed innumerable, intraluminal, finger-like proliferations arising from the dorsal urinary bladder (UB) wall. Histological examination of mucosal biopsies obtained by cystoscopy was suggestive of granulomatous cystitis. The proliferative lesions were removed surgically and submitted for histological examination. The UB submucosa was heavily infiltrated by macrophages with periodic acid-Schiff–positive cytoplasm exhibiting rare Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, leading to the diagnosis of malakoplakia. The puppy was prescribed with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The urinary signs disappeared despite the persistent UB wall thickening revealed by abdominal ultrasound. Urine culture performed during the ninth week of treatment showed a persistent infection by E coli resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The dog was switched to doxycycline but was then lost to follow-up. Malakoplakia is a chronic granulomatous inflammation well documented in humans. Its pathophysiology is not fully understood, but bacterial infection, immunodepression, and a defective lysosomal function may lead to the intracytoplasmic accumulation of partially degraded bacteria that can subsequently mineralize to form the Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Malakoplakia should be suspected when UB mass lesions are identified in a young dog with bacterial cystitis.
SAÚDE ANIMAL E SISTEMAS DE GARANTIA DE SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR APLICADO ÀS EXPLORAÇÕES PECUÁRIAS
Authors: Martins Manuel , Matos Ana Cristina , Coelho Ana Claudia , Brida Telma , Delgado Fernando
Published: August 2019

A segurança dos alimentos deve ser assegurada ao longo do processo de produção, desde a primeira etapa que assenta na produção primária. As questões de segurança alimentar, a globalização, a internacionalização dos mercados e fundamentalmente a preocupação dos consumidores em relação aos riscos alimentares, torna fundamental a adoção de sistemas de garantia de segurança e de qualidade alimentar. Um sistema de garantia de qualidade e de segurança alimentar deve representar uma ferramenta de gestão e de vigilância e deve possuir necessariamente qualidades que o tornem relevantes para o produtor. A legislação na União Europeia obrigou à introdução do sistema HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) ao longo de toda a cadeia de produção, mas a sua adoção pela produção primária não tem sido consensual. Neste artigo analisam-se as questões associadas à aplicação do sistema HACCP na produção primária com preponderância para a análise de riscos e implicações na saúde animal.
ARBORIZAÇÃO URBANA EM JEQUITAÍ - MG: ATRIBUTOS FUNCIONAIS E DIVERSIDADE
Authors: Rodrigues dos Santos Gislene , Santos Fonseca Rúbia , Barros Gonçalves Cristieli
Published: August 2019

Objetivou-se caracterizar a arborização urbana quanto à diversidade, ecologia e interação com ambiente, por meio de inventário em todas praças (sete) e avenidas (quatro) da cidade de Jequitaí, Minas Gerais. Foi realizado o levantamento de todos os indivíduos com circunferência a 1,30 m do solo, maior ou igual a 15 cm, incluindo troncos e estipes. O grupo de polinizadores foi definido por meio das síndromes de polinização e para a determinação do agente dispersor foram utilizadas as síndromes de dispersão. Foram avaliados 111 indivíduos, distribuídos em 16 famílias, 23 gêneros e 24 espécies. Em relação à origem das espécies, 37% são nativas (8% nativas de outras regiões do Brasil, 29% são nativas da região) e 63% são exóticas. A melitofilia se configura a síndrome de polinização mais frequente entre as espécies analisadas, enquanto a zoocoria foi o modo de dispersão mais ocorrente. A arborização da cidade de Jequitaí é composta em sua maioria por espécies exóticas. A arborização apresenta baixa diversidade, sendo Licania tomentosa a mais frequente.  As espécies nativas da região como Cordia glabrata, Hymenaea courbaril e Genipa americana, se destacam por interagirem com a fauna e apresentarem bom estado de conservação.
Vulnerabilidade Ambiental aos processos erosivos lineares de parte dos municípios de Marabá Paulista-SP e Presidente Epitácio-SP, Brasil
Authors: Fushimi Melina , Nunes João Osvaldo Rodrigues
Published: August 2019

O objetivo principal do presente artigo foi analisar a vulnerabilidade ambiental aos processos erosivos lineares (sulcos, ravinas e voçorocas) das paisagens de parte dos municípios de Marabá Paulista (SP) e Presidente Epitácio (SP), Brasil. Para tanto, levaram-se em consideração os aspectos do relevo, da declividade, dos solos, do substrato rochoso, do uso da terra, da cobertura vegetal e da curvatura da superfície na elaboração do mapa de vulnerabilidade ambiental aos processos erosivos lineares. O referido documento cartográfico apresentou quatro classes de vulnerabilidade: baixa, média, alta e muito alta. Dessa forma, quatro pontos representativos de amostragem foram caracterizados e analisados. Este estudo poderá contribuir no sentido de orientar o implemento de práticas  conservacionistas nas áreas indicadas como baixa e média vulnerabilidade e a implantação de técnicas de recuperação de áreas degradadas nos setores de alta e muito alta vulnerabilidade.
Inventariação e relevância dos sítios geopatrimoniais da Serra do Lenheiro - Minas Gerais
Authors: Ferreira Arlon Cândido , Rocha Leonardo Cristian , Figueiredo Múcio do Amaral , Gomes Ivair , Passarelli Ulisses
Published: August 2019

A geoconservação é um termo recente, no âmbito da conservação dos recursos abióticos. Esta nova abordagem é essencial na compreensão e na preservação destes elementos. Considerando o quadrinômio geodiversidade, geoconservação, geoturismo e geopatrimônio, Minas Gerais é destaque, devido à sua rica geodiversidade. Entre as regiões deste estado, se destaca a Serra do Lenheiro, localizada nas adjacências da cidade de São João del-Rei. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi reconhecer, caracterizar, descrever e identificar os Lugares de Interesse Geoconservacionista (LIGs) na Serra do Lenheiro. Cada LIG foi devidamente descrito, e os dados coletados foram sistematizados a partir de sua tipologia, do seu interesse no campo das geociências, além do seu valor geoconservacionista e geopatrimonial. Como resultado do inventário efetuado, foram identificados e descritos 81 LIGs, distribuídos em 11 trilhas, demonstrando e reconhecendo o potencial dessa área, valorizando a geodiversidade local e auxiliando na difusão das geociências e no seu desenvolvimento.
De rol van de VNG bij de totstandkoming van gemeentelijke verordeningen
Authors: Smit V.K.
Published: August 2019

De rol van de VNG bij de totstandkoming van gemeentelijke verordeningen

Het ontwerpen en beschikbaar stellen van modelverordeningen is een van de diensten die de VNG aan haar leden verleent. Naar hun aard zorgen de modelverordeningen voor uniformiteit tussen gemeenten die het model volgen. In het licht van het motief voor decentralisatie en omdat het de VNG niet past om in haar modelverordeningen eenzijdig beleidsmatige keuzes te maken, wordt er bij het opstellen van de modelverordeningen naar gestreefd gemeenten zo veel mogelijk beleidsruimte van betekenis te laten. In het kader van dit themanummer over decentrale regelgeving verschaft dit artikel inzicht in de totstandkoming van VNG-modelverordeningen en het gebruik daarvan door gemeenten.
Het vertrouwensbeginsel en de afstand tussen Kneuterdijk en Korte Voorhout
Authors: van der Veen G.A. (Gerrit)
Published: August 2019

Het vertrouwensbeginsel en de afstand tussen Kneuterdijk en Korte Voorhout

Dit redactioneel gaat in op de uitspraak van de grote kamer van de Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State over het vertrouwensbeginsel in het omgevingsrecht.
Omgevingsrecht en mobiliteit in ruimtelijke planvorming: meer samenhang is nodig
Authors: van Angeren J.R. (Jan Reinier)
Published: August 2019

Omgevingsrecht en mobiliteit in ruimtelijke planvorming: meer samenhang is nodig

De auteur onderzoekt wat de rol is van mobiliteitsvraagstukken bij gemeentelijke bestemmingsplannen en concludeert aan de hand van de bespreking van de jurisprudentie over de toepassing van de CROW-publicatie 317 bij de vraag hoeveel autoverkeer een ruimtelijke ontwikkeling genereert, dat een integrale beoordeling van de gevolgen van een ruimtelijke ontwikkeling op de mobiliteitsvraag en behoefte ontbreekt. In zijn artikel kijkt de auteur ook naar de (beperkte) rol van mobiliteit in de Omgevingswet en onderzoekt hij wat de verhouding is tussen de Omgevingswet en de Wet Infrastructuurfonds.
Grounding the Good
Authors: Catterson Troy ,   Evangelical Philosophical Society
Published: August 2019

I argue that moral goodness is necessarily self-predicating. That is to say, the property of being morally good is morally good. I then argue that reductions of moral goodness to natural properties, particularly utilitarian specifications, are not necessarily self-predicating. Therefore, such reductions are not successful. Finally, I consider the possibility of defining the good as “fulfilling God’s design plan.” I show that, under an Aristotelian construal of property existence this property is provably self-predicating.
The Nature of Skeptical Theism
Authors: Hendricks Perry ,   Evangelical Philosophical Society
Published: August 2019

Skeptical theism is a popular response to arguments from evil. Recently, Matthew A. Benton, John Hawthorne, and Yoaav Isaacs have argued that the theses that ground skeptical theism are either false or limited in scope. In this article, I show that their objections rest on dubious assumptions about the nature of skeptical theism. Along the way, I develop and clarify the ambiguous parts of skeptical theism. The upshot of this is that—once the nature of skeptical theism is made clearer—it is far more difficult to resist.
Theism and the Metaphysics of Free Will
Authors: Wingard John C. ,   Evangelical Philosophical Society
Published: August 2019

Two recently published collections of essays—Free Will and Theism, edited by Kevin Timpe and Daniel Speak, and Free Will and Classical Theism, edited by the late Hugh McCann—represent the state of the art in current analytic philosophy and analytic theology with respect to issues at the intersection of the metaphysics of free will and Christian theism that have vexed philosophers and theologians throughout Christian history. Despite a marked imbalance of incompatibilist (mostly libertarian) authors over compatibilist authors in both volumes, the essays in these collections advance the discussion in significant ways, and I indicate some of those ways.
Innovations: Free online search days and interlibrary loan
Authors: Barringer Sallie H. , Frisch Paul
Published: August 2019

Innovations: Free online search days and interlibrary loan
At the crossroads of botanical collections and molecular genetics laboratory: testing methods to obtain amplifiable DNA from moss herbarium material
Authors: Saługa Marta
Published: August 2019

Background. Museum collections, including herbarium specimens, are considered an invaluable source of DNA. They constitute a source of a precious commodity, particularly when it is difficult to obtain living material of rare species, or extant populations occurred only in hard to access geographical territories. It is apparent that herbaria should be directly linked with molecular genetics laboratories making them a quick, open-source for molecular projects. However, herbarium DNA is inherently characterised by high degradation and chemical modifications such as the presence of various secondary compounds. A wide range of DNA molecular techniques dedicated to the preserved plant material has been published so far. However, contrasting with a general interest in the application of molecular analyses in moss biology, no comprehensive assessment of DNA isolation and amplification methods from moss herbarium material, is available. Methods. To assess the feasibility of using DNA from moss herbarium specimens, we have tested and compared the silica column-based method and three variants of CTAB-based DNA extraction protocol. We used herbarium collections of twenty-five moss species collected between 1979 and 2013 and specifically focused on austral polar regions to assess the potential of herbarium as a source of biological material from geographical regions of difficult and restricted access. Results. Here, we present an optimized CTAB-based approach which effectively suppresses inhibitors in the herbarium DNA as was measured by amplification success. In this report, DNA purity and the length of the target genetic region are the fundamental agents which drive the successful PCR reaction. Conversely, the specimen age seems to be less relevant. Moreover, the size distribution of the DNA fragments extracted using Qiagen protocol is shown to be comparable to our original CTAB-based approach. Our modified CTAB-based method provides a high-purity genomic DNA allowing efficient downstream amplification. It is not outcompeted by the column-based method and appears as a method of choice in molecular studies of moss herbarium material.
Securing ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol against the black hole DoS attack in MANETs
Authors: Tariq Rohi , Ahmed Sheeraz , Sani Raees Shah , Najam Zeeshan , Shafique Shahryar
Published: August 2019

Mobile Ad hoc network is the collection of nodes without having any physical structure involved i.e. access points, routers etc. MANETs are wide-open to similar forms of threats as other wireless mobile communication systems. In Ad-hoc Network nodes performing both as end-points of the communication and routers which makes the Ad-hoc routing protocols further prone towards the security attacks. Black Hole attack is a common security issue encountered in MANET routing protocols. The Black-Hole attack is security attack in which a malicious node imposters themselves as a node with the shortest hop count to the destination node during a packet transmission. A malicious node is capable of disturbing the network with Black Hole attack pretends to have the minimum hop-count route to the destination node (DS). This node responds to all route requests (RREQ) messages in positive and thus catches all the transmission to it. The source node (SN) not knowing the malicious nature of the Black-Hole node thus transmits all the important data. The Black Hole node discards all the important data packets. In this paper a comparatively effective, efficient and easy implemented way for identifying and therefore eluding the attacks of Black-Hole in mobile Ad-hoc networks is presented. The Network Simulator (NS-2) has been used for the implementation of our proposed solution to assess its work in terms of Network Routing load, End-to-End delay and Packet delivery ratio. The results show a considerable improvement in the performance metrics.
Example application of a continuous lake trophic state index on lakes with limited data
Authors: Nojavan Farnaz , Kreakie Betty J , Hollister Jeffrey W , Qian Song
Published: August 2019

Lake trophic state indices have long been used to provide a measure of the trophic state of lakes. Over time it has been determined that these indices perform better when they utilize multiple metrics and provide a continuous measurement of trophic state. We utilize such a method for trophic state that is based upon a Proportional Odds Logistic Regression (POLR) model and extend this model with a Bayesian multilevel model that predicts nutrient concentrations from universally available GIS data. This Bayesian multilevel model provides relatively accurate measures of trophic state and has an overall accuracy of 60%. The approach illustrates a method for estimating a continuous, mutli-metric trophic state index for any lake in the United States. Future improvements to the model will focus on improving overall accuracy and use variables that are more sensitive to change over time.
Uso de herbicidas no controle de plantas daninhas e em mudas pré-brotadas (MBPS) de diferentes variedades de cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Silva Rafael Pires , Torres Beatriz Alexandre , Souza Jose Luiz , Vieira Souza Paulo Henrique , Monquero Patricia Andrea
Published: August 2019

Mudas pré-brotadas (MPB) de cana-de-açúcar chegam ao campo com a parte aérea e raízes desenvolvidas podendo apresentar sensibilidade a herbicidas e mudar o manejo de controle de plantas daninhas. Portanto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: determinar o controle químico das plantas daninhas Cynodon dactylon, Chloris polydactyla e Merremia aegyptia; e determinar o efeito dos herbicidas em mudas de pré-brotadas de diferentes variedades de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com onze tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os herbicidas saflufenacil, clomazone, metribuzim, tebuthiuron, indaziflam, saflufenacil + clomazone, saflufenacil + metribuzim, saflufenacil + tebuthiuron, indaziflam + metribuzin, indaziflam + tebuthiuron, além de testemunha, foram aplicados para o controle de Cynodon dactylon, Chloris polydactyla e Merremia aegyptia e sobre as MPBs das variedades RB 867515, RB 966928 e CTC 9001. Avaliações de controle foram realizadas aos 15, 30 e 45 dias após aplicação (DAA) e de fitotoxicidade na cultura aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 DAA, além da biomassa seca da parte aérea. Para o C. polydactyla todos os tratamentos foram eficazes, para M. aegyptia os melhores tratamentos foram saflufenacil, metribuzin e saflufenacil + tebuthiuron e saflufenacil + tebuthiuron. No controle de C. dactylon destacaram-se clomazone, metribuzin, saflufenacil + clomazone e tebuthiuron. Os tratamentos indaziflam e indaziflam + metribuzin prejudicaram o crescimento inicial das MPBs das três variedades de cana-de-açúcar estudadas, portanto, apresentam limitação no uso em MPBs.
Alternativas de controle químico de junquinho resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS
Authors: Chiapinotto Diego Martins , Schaedler Carlos Eduardo , Lamego Fabiane Pinto , Andres André , Tambara André Limana , Jaskulski Wagner Luiz
Published: August 2019

Cyperus iria L. (CYPIR) é uma das principais ciperáceas ocorrentes em lavouras de arroz irrigado. Durante muitos anos, os herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS) foram a principal ferramenta para controle de CYPIR, favorecendo a seleção de biótipos com resistência cruzada. Com base no nível de resistência, é necessária a adoção de medidas de controle químico alternativo a fim de evitar a evolução da resistência e reduzir a interferência sobre a cultura. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar alternativas de controle químico de CYPIR com resistência cruzada aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS, ocorrente em lavouras de arroz irrigado no Sul do Brasil. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os herbicidas utilizados foram: imazethapyr; formulação de imazapyr+imazapic; bentazon; propanil; formulação de bentazon+imazamox; mistura de (bentazone + imazamox) + (imazapyr + imazapic); associação de bentazone + formulação de (imazapyr + imazapic); glyphosate; e testemunha sem herbicida. A avaliação do controle foi realizada em biótipo resistente (CYPIR-R) e suscetível (CYPIR-S), e a fitotoxicidade avaliada nas cultivares Guri Inta CL, IRGA 424 RI e IRGA 409. Aos 28 dias após aplicação (DAA) foi avaliado o controle/ fitotoxicidade e a matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA). Todos os tratamentos testados, com exceção do imazethapyr e formulação de imazapyr+imazapic isolados, foram eficientes. Há alternativas para o controle químico de Cyperus iria resistente aos inibidores da ALS e esses, quando associados com produtos que apresentam mecanismo de ação diferentes, não inviabilizam o uso da tecnologia ClearField®.
Interação entre herbicidas no controle de soja RR voluntária na cultura do milho
Authors: Costa Lilian Lúcia , Almeida Dieimisson Paulo , Timossi Paulo César , Santos Thiago Camargo de Melo , Bonifácio Felipe De Oliveira , Borges Beatriz De Oliveira
Published: August 2019

A soja com a biotecnologia denominada Roundup Ready (RR) é tolerante aos efeitos letais dos herbicidas a base de glyphosate, então as opções tradicionais de dessecação não são suficientes para o manejo destas plantas. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia da interação de herbicidas no controle das plantas de soja voluntária RR e a seletividade na cultura do milho. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em casa de vegetação com plantas de soja (RR) e milho. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação dos herbicidas glyphosate e duas atrazine em diferentes doses. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em plântulas de soja no estádio fenológico V1, V2 e V3 e, em plântulas de milho no estádio V3. A mistura de glyphosate e atrazine proporcionou controle da soja voluntária RR nos três estádios avaliados e desenvolvimento do milho compatível com a testemunha Quando o objetivo for apenas o controle da soja voluntária RR dispensa-se a adição do glyphosate a atrazine. O uso da menor dose recomendada em bula dos produtos Proof® e Primóleo® controlam eficientemente plantas de soja voluntária RR na cultura do milho.
Watermelon sensitivity to residual of pre-emergent herbicide applied in soybean crop
Authors: Ribeiro Samia Rayara de Sousa , Leal Jéssica Ferreira Lourenço , Souza Amanda Dos Santos , Borella Junior , Carvalho Gledson Soares , Pereira Caio Victor Lopes , Pinho Camila Ferreira
Published: August 2019

O efeito residual duradouro de alguns herbicidas depende das características do solo e das moléculas, entretanto, a bioatividade do herbicida pode causar danos nas culturas em rotação/sucessão. A maneira mais comum de identificar a presença de herbicidas no solo, é pela implementação de bioensaios que utilizam uma espécie potencialmente sensível às moléculas herbicidas como indicador deste resíduo no solo. O objetivo foi identificar a sensibilidade da melancia como bioindicadora à resíduos de herbicidas pré-emergentes utilizados na cultura da soja. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em vasos de 3 L, em delineamento por blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 3x4+1, onde o fator A foram os herbicidas diclosulam, [imazapyr + imazapic] e metribuzin, e o fator B as doses dos produtos comerciais [1/8D, 1/4D, 1/2D e D (dose recomendada em bula)] e mais o tratamento controle. Foram semeadas quatro sementes de melancia por vaso, contendo solo argiloso, após a aplicação dos herbicidas. As variáveis analisadas 30 dias após a emergência das plantas foram comprimento de parte aérea (cm), comprimento (cm), volume de raiz (mL), massa seca da parte aérea (g) e massa seca de raiz (g). Verificou-se que a melancia não germinou nos tratamentos com subdoses dos herbicidas diclosulam e metribuzin, e o crescimento reduziu nas subdoses do herbicida [imazapyr + imazapic]. Os resíduos de herbicidas estudados exerceram controle das plantas bioindicadora. Melancia possui sensibilidade aos herbicidas diclosulam, metribuzin e à mistura comercial dos herbicidas [imazapyr + imazapic], possuindo potencial para indicar resíduo destes herbicidas em solo argiloso.
Performance Response Tests on a New MFR Relay for AC Microgrids
Authors: Aminu M. A.
Published: August 2019

This paper presents the results of offline and online performance tests on a new multivariable fuzzy rule-based (MFR) relay for ac microgrids. The relay is based on measurement of four critical parameters (P, Q, V and I) and fuzzy logic implementation of rules framed on the basis of these parameters. The online test was performed by connecting the relay to a utility-microgrid testbed. The offline test was performed by simulating High, Normal and Low states of the critical parameters using proper combination of digital signal sources to implement short circuits (SCs) in SIMPOWERSystems®. In both offline and online tests, the faults simulated are standard SCs in the utility and microgrid. The results of both offline and online tests are similar, and show that the MFR relay outputs logic 1 during SC faults. The relay also outputs logic 0 before and after the SC faults for both offline and online tests.
Analysis of Climate Change Perception on Poultry Production in Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Osuji M. N.
Published: August 2019

This study aims at analyzing climate change perception of poultry production in Imo State, Nigeria. Data used for the study were obtained using a structured questionnaire from eighty-four (84) respondents who were randomly selected from twelve villages in the study area. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression models and Likert scale. Findings revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 45 years, mean household size was 6 persons, 60% were male, mean years of experience was 9.1years, majority of them attended tertiary education. The multiple regression analysis showed that ambient temperature, humidity, rainfall distribution, mortality and feed unavailability were statistically significant at 10% level of probability and were the key determinants of the effect of climate change. The coefficient of multiple determination R2 was 0.725544 which implies that 72.55% variation in poultry output was accounted for by the regressors variables while the remaining 27.5% was due to random disturbance. From the distribution of poultry farmers according to the perception of climate change, the result showed that 89% and 74% of the poultry farmers were aware that climate change has an effect on egg and meat production, and also feed grain availability respectively. About 90% of them were aware that high sunshine harms egg production, also, 74% and 71% of them were aware that high temperature and low rainfall leads to low egg quality. The study, therefore, recommended that relevant and up-to-date information on climate change should be made available to poultry farmers.
Determination of Arsenic Content in Different Brands of Rice Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Anthony Waribo, Helen , Mandy George, Daye , Danjuma Selbut, Selchak
Published: August 2019

Arsenic, a naturally occurring element seen in the environment and cycled by water has been seen to be a pollutant in soil, water and air. The inorganic form of arsenic is associated with major health problems and cancer mainly arising due to its anthropogenic activities. The content of arsenic was assayed in six rice brands sold in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The rice samples were ground to powdered forms and subjected to acid digestion before analysis. The Agilent Micro Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer (MP-AES) was used to analyze the digested samples. Results showed mean arsenic concentration in Vico Rice, the highest as 1.0073. This was followed by Local Rice 0.9420, Marori Benz 0.9140, Golden Stallion Rice 0.861 and the Cap Rice 0.8077 while the least mean concentration of arsenic was recorded in African Princess Rice 0.6417, all in mg/kg. The mean concentration was significantly different in the six brands of rice (P<0.05). The arsenic content in the different rice brand was within the tolerable concentration of 1.4 mg/kg as in cereals and vegetables. This concentration did not exceed the Maximum Permissible Limit of 1 mg/kg hence considered safe for consumption except Vico rice with a higher concentration above 1 mg/kg. This shows that rice brands sold in Port Harcourt pose no health risk for consumers with respect to arsenic content.
Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase Enzymes: A Possible Virulence Factor for the Management of Antibiotic Resistance Crisis in the Climate Change Era
Authors: Achilli Cesare , Ciana Annarita , Minetti Giampaolo
Published: August 2019

The problem of antibiotic resistance develops when bacteria are able to grow in the presence of conventional antimicrobial drugs and today represents a serious public health issue. The environmental effects of global warming, by unknown genomic mechanisms of adaption, could dramatically increase this phenomenon and support a more rapid progression to “post-antibiotic era”, in which common infections will be untreatable. Alternative approaches toward drug-resistant bacterial infections need to be explored to ensure effective therapies. Bacterial pathogens produce virulence factors that allow them to invade and to damage host cells. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) enzymes (MsrAs and MsrBs) are important, but poor studied, virulence factors for many bacterial strains. A deeper insight into their mechanism of action and regulation could help in developing novel therapeutic strategies toward drug-resistant bacteria, in order to overcome the antibiotic resistance crisis.
Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fresh Vegetables from Three Major Markets in Lagos Using QuEChERS Method and GC-MS
Authors: Okediran O. , Dauda M. S. , Kolawole S. A.
Published: August 2019

The study evaluates pesticide residues in fresh vegetables from three major markets in Lagos and verified compliance of these fresh vegetables with the maximum residue levels (MRLs) as specified by Codex Alimentarius Commission. The residues were extracted by means of multi residue method based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method, Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine two organophosphates (dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos), two organochlorines (endosulfanII and chlorothalonil), two carbamates (carbaryl and carbofuran) and two pyrethroids(alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin). Fifteen samples of five common vegetables (cabbage, lettuce, fluted pumpkin, bitter leaf and African spinach) were analyzed. The linear ranged used were 0.005, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0mg/l, resulting to r2 of ≥0.996. While the mean recoveries obtained for two fortification levels (0.1 and 0.25 ppm) in three replicates for lettuce control sample and spinach control sample were 96.7 to 104.3%, 96.3 to 101.3%, and 92.0 to 114.3% ,92.1 to102.1% respectively. A satisfactory precision of RSD<20% was recorded. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of Quantitation (LOQ) were between 0.005 -0.050 mg/kg and 0.015-0.150 mg/kg respectively. Pesticide residues detected ranges from 0.025-0.529 mg/kg. EndosulfanII, Chlorothalonil, carbaryl and Carbofuran were not detected during the entire study. However, pesticide residues detected were below the MRLs specified by Codex Alimentarius Commission.
Management of Nitrogenous Fertilization in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Growth and Production
Authors: Da Silva Edgley Soares , Dias Jefferson Alves , Medeiros Diego Almeida , Medeiros Roberto Dantas de , Guedes Yenara Alves , Albuquerque José de Anchieta Alves de , Neto João Luiz Lopes Monteiro , Gonçalves Anderson Carlos De Melo , Oliveira Rafaela Figueiredo de
Published: August 2019

Aims: The objective of present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the use of different doses of nitrogen (N) applied in part to the growth and production of sesame.

Study Design: The design used was in random blocks, arranged in factor 9 × 3 scheme, with five repetitions and ten plants per experimental unit.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted from June to September 2018 at Experimental Chã-de-Jardim Farm, Center of Agrarian Sciences of the Federal University of Paraíba, municipality of Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.

Methodology: The treatments consisted nine doses of nitrogen (0; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 100; 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and three forms of installment (P1 = 50% in foundation and 50% in cover thirty days after sowing (DAS); P2 = 33.3% on foundation, 33.3% for fifteen DAS and 33.3% for coverage; P3 = 25% for foundation, 25% for fifteen DAS, 25% for coverage and 25% for 45 DAS). The parameters were evaluated: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), sheet number (SN), number of capsules (NC), productivity of grain (PG) and mass of 1000 grains (M1000).

Results: There was an increase in plant height when N was less fragmented, with a maximum height of 137.7 cm at a dose of 92.05 kg ha-1 of N. The diameter of the stem and the number of leaves increased linearly as a result of the increase in N doses. The doses of N applied only on foundation (50%) and coverage (50%) promoted an increase in the number of capsules, with a maximum of 199.7 units referring to the application of 212.75 kg ha-1 of N. Grain productivity was increased with an increase in the application of N, for the three splitting forms, up to a dose of maximum efficiency, followed by a subsequent decrease.

Conclusion: The increase in the portioning of nitrogen fertilization promotes lower growth of sesame plants. The application of 183.5 kg ha-1 of N, 50% on foundation and 50% on coverage, provides higher productivity of sesame grains (1541.3 kg ha-1).
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Resistant to Methicillin in Raw Milk
Authors: Kazemi Farnush , Safaeian Shila , Moogouei Roxana
Published: August 2019

The presence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (particularly methicillin-resistant strains) in food of animal origin is considered as a severe threat to human health due to numerous clinical complications. This study tended to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in samples of raw milk distributed in Tehran using antibiotic susceptibility testing methods. In the present study, 100 raw milk samples were taken from the centres of production and purchase of milk and its products in Tehran; the samples were evaluated by culture in terms of infection with coagulase-positive S. aureus. Finally, antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was studied using disk diffusion agar. The average colony count was estimated. Raw milk cultures were estimated at 2×105-4×105 cfu/ml. Based on the results of culture, 36 samples of raw milk tested were icnfected with positive-coagulase S. aureus. The highest susceptibility was observed for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (100%) and the highest resistance was observed to penicillin, tobramycin, oxacillin and ceftazidime. The results showed the prevalence of infection of raw milk with S. aureus. Moreover, prevalence of S. aureus resistant to a wide range of antibiotics, more importantly, methicillin resistant, was significant in the tested samples. Therefore, adherence to and control of sanitation in different stages of production, supply and consumption of milk can prevent human infection.
Evaluation of Therapeutic Outcomes of Reconstruction of Pressure Ulcer Injuries by Flap Coatings in Patients Admitted to Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah during 2015-2016
Authors: Mortazavi Shokofeh , Amirian Gholam Reza
Published: August 2019

Objective: Pressure ulcers, following cancer and heart disease, are considered as the third most costly health problem. In addition to high cost of treatments, considerable time is spent on care for patients. This study tends to evaluate the therapeutic outcomes of reconstruction of pressure ulcer injuries by flap coatings.

Methods: This study is prospective; 85 patients with pressure ulcer who referred to Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah during 2015-2016 for treatment by muscular coating flaps were followed up 1 week and 3 months after discharge. A questionnaire based on main objectives of the project including demographic information, treatment complications, treatment outcome, reconstruction, number of flaps to assess the success of flap coating in patients was completed for each patient. Considering the 95% confidence level and the 9% accuracy, treatment success rate was 76%, with a minimum sample size of 85 in each group. Reconstruction was done again if the treatment was unsuccessful. Data was analyzed by SPSS software version 22.

Results: The success rate of pressure ulcer reconstruction by coating flaps significantly increased after 1 week and 3 months (P<0.05, 50.6% and 90.5%, respectively). The success rate of pressure ulcer reconstruction by coating flaps significantly increased after 1 week and 3 months in terms of age, gender, and BMI (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The success of pressure ulcer reconstruction increased by coating flaps after 3 months. Therefore, it is suggested that further studies be developed in the future. Second, this study did not have control group. Therefore, it is recommended to consider this in future studies.
Metal‐free Synthesis of Spiro‐2,2′‐benzo[b]furan‐3,3′‐ones via PhI(OAc)2‐Mediated Cascade Spirocyclization
Authors: Xing Qingyu , Liang Huiyuan , Bao Mingmai , Li Xuemin , Zhang Jingran , Bi Tianhao , Zhang Yilin , Xu Jun , Du Yunfei , Zhao Kang
Published: August 2019

Treating the benzyl protected 3‐hydroxy‐1,3‐bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐ones solely with PhI(OAc)2 (PIDA) in DCE at room temperature readily furnished the seldom studied spiro‐2,2′‐benzo[b]furan‐3,3′‐ones in satisfactory to excellent yields. The hypervalent iodine reagent enables the metal‐free cascade spirocyclization resulting in the dual oxidative C−O bond formation.

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