bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FluSurge—A Tool to Estimate Demand for Hospital Services during the Next Pandemic Influenza
Authors: Zhang Xinzhi , Meltzer Martin I. , Wortley Pascale M.
Published: November 2006

Purpose. To assess the impact of pandemic influenza on hospital services. Methods. Based on census data and estimates of hospital resources (non-ICU [intensive care unit] beds, ICU beds, and mechanical ventilators) in a given area, FluSurge software estimates the number of hospital admissions and deaths due to pandemic influenza under variable duration and virulence scenarios and compares hospital resources needed during a pandemic with existing hospital resources. Results. Sample results from Metropolitan Atlanta illustrate how the next influenza pandemic may overwhelm existing hospital resources, given that hospitals increasingly operate at nearly full capacity. Conclusions. Hospitals need to consider and plan for a surge in demand for hospital services during the next influenza pandemic.
The General Theory of Marketing Ethics: A Revision and Three Questions
Authors: Hunt Shelby D. , Vitell Scott J.
Published: November 2006

The general theory of marketing ethics, first published in the Journal of Macromarketing by Hunt and Vitell (1986), has been the focus of much discussion and empirical testing. As a result, the theory was revised in 1993. This article overviews the 1993 revision of the model and addresses three questions that are often asked by those who use the model in the classroom and/or in research: (1) What is the justification for using normative ethical theory as a starting point for positing a positive ethical theory? (2) Is the Hunt Vitell (H-V) model a causal model, that is, is each concept in the model a construct to be measured? (3) How, specifically, can the H-V theory be used to teach marketing and business ethics?
Envisioning a Future for Macromarketing
Authors: Fisk George
Published: November 2006

The author reflects on the early years of macromarketing, the evolution of the field, and shares new visions for the discipline and the journal. Four developments already visible are believed to be important to future welfare. Macromarketers and macromarketing furthermore are encouraged to be more expansive and inclusive, engaging empirical research and studying topics that reach out to other academic disciplines and to practitioners.
The Small and Long View
Authors: Lusch Robert F.
Published: November 2006

Macromarketing research should be grounded in a small view of things. It should focus on the microactions of microactors that create macrostructures. At the same time, macromarketing thought should embrace a long view of things since only a long view of system behavior can separate successful from unsuccessful public policy.
Coordinate-free Coverage in Sensor Networks with Controlled Boundaries via Homology
Authors: de Silva V. , Ghrist R.
Published: November 2006

Tools from computational homology are introduced to verify coverage in an idealized sensor network. These methods are unique in that, while they are coordinate-free and assume no localization or orientation capabilities for the nodes, there are also no probabilistic assumptions. The key ingredient is the theory of homology from algebraic topology. The robustness of these tools is demonstrated by adapting them to a variety of settings, including static planar coverage, 3-D barrier coverage, and time-dependent sweeping coverage. Results are also given on hole repair, error tolerance, optimal coverage, and variable radii. An overview of implementation is given.
Visually Mapping the RMS Titanic: Conservative Covariance Estimates for SLAM Information Filters
Authors: Eustice Ryan M. , Singh Hanumant , Leonard John J. , Walter Matthew R.
Published: November 2006

This paper describes a vision-based, large-area, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm that respects the low-overlap imagery constraints typical of underwater vehicles while exploiting the inertial sensor information that is routinely available on such platforms. We present a novel strategy for efficiently accessing and maintaining consistent covariance bounds within a SLAM information filter, thereby greatly increasing the reliability of data association. The technique is based upon solving a sparse system of linear equations coupled with the application of constant-time Kalman updates. The method is shown to produce consistent covariance estimates suitable for robot planning and data association. Real-world results are reported for a vision-based, six degree of freedom SLAM implementation using data from a recent survey of the wreck of the RMS Titanic.
Exposure to music and cognitive performance: tests of children and adults
Authors: Schellenberg E. Glenn , Nakata Takayuki , Hunter Patrick G. , Tamoto Sachiko
Published: November 2006

This article reports on two experiments of exposure to music and cognitive performance. In Experiment 1, Canadian undergraduates performed better on an IQ subtest (Symbol Search) after listening to an up-tempo piece of music composed by Mozart in comparison to a slow piece by Albinoni. The effect was evident, however, only when the two pieces also induced reliable differences in arousal and mood. In Experiment 2, Japanese 5-year-olds drew for longer periods of time after singing or hearing familiar children's songs than after hearing Mozart or Albinoni, and their drawings were judged by adults to be more creative, energetic, and technically proficient. These results indicate that (1) exposure to different types of music can enhance performance on a variety of cognitive tests, (2) these effects are mediated by changes in emotional state, and (3) the effects generalize across cultures and age groups.
Pedigree Compliance—It's More Than Just Paperwork: Passing a Pedigree Inspection in the Warehouse
Authors: Stovall Sandra R.
Published: November 2006

This article discusses the steps staff in a drug warehouse should perform to receive, store, and ship a prescription drug to comply with the pedigree requirements for prescription drugs distributed from, in, or into Florida. The article highlights the areas that would be reviewed by a state regulator upon inspection of the drug warehouse.
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Security: A View From the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
Authors: Goldhammer Alan , Lassman Scott M.
Published: November 2006

The introduction of counterfeit drugs into the supply chain poses risks to patients. Supply chain security is of paramount concern to the pharmaceutical industry, and companies employ a variety of technologies that can be used to authenticate packaged pharmaceuticals. Serialization of individual package units coupled with the use of machine-readable codes should permit the electronic tracking and tracing of these units throughout the supply chain. Progress on establishing identification and information technology standards is moving forward, but many complexities must be resolved, such that full implementation is still some years away. Several states are implementing pedigree requirements. To prevent the proliferation of differing state requirements, the Food and Drug Administration should take a leadership role in establishing clear federal guidelines and implement the pedigree requirements under the Prescription Drug Marketing Act.
Protecting the Pharmaceutical Supply Channel
Authors: Zimmerman Chris
Published: November 2006

Protecting and securing the pharmaceutical supply channel requires constant vigilance in cooperation with all partners in the channel: the manufacturer, the distributor, and the pharmacy as well as state and federal legislators and regulatory agencies. No one approach can protect and secure; rather, the pharmaceutical industry as a whole needs to adopt a combination of approaches to ensure the safety and integrity of the supply channel. Right now, the most secure way to ensure product integrity and patient safety is through a primary distribution system, also referred to as normal distribution. Primary distribution involves the movement of pharmaceuticals from the manufacturer to the wholesale distributor to the pharmacy. Going forward, some new technologies offer great promise. The industry needs to address all technology solutions, from secure product packaging to tracking techniques such as tags, holograms, and ultimately radio frequency identification. All of these begin with the manufacturer, require wholesaler involvement, and rely on the pharmacy. The movement of product must be secure and the highest level of vigilance maintained.
Perception of Unmet Basic Needs as a Predictor of Physical Functioning Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Sachs-Ericsson Natalie , Schatschneider Chris , Blazer Dan G.
Published: November 2006

Objectives: The present study examined the influence of participant’s perception that their basic needs were not being met on their physical functioning problems. The association between lower social economic status (SES), typically indexed by income and education, and physical disability has been clearly established. Although income and education are not easily modifiable among older adults, perceptions of resource deficits may be more easily influenced through interventions.

Method: Among community-dwelling older adults ( N = 4,162), the authors examined the influence of participants’ perception that their basic needs were not being met on physical functioning problems during a 10-year period using growth curve analyses.

Results: Baseline problems meeting basic needs influenced the growth in physical functioning problems, even after controlling for more objective indices of SES and for health problems and behaviors.

Discussion: Interventions focused on providing older adults with resources for meeting basic needs may substantially reduce the subsequent level of disability.
The Role of Medication Use and Health on the Decision to Quit Drinking Among Older Adults
Authors: Pringle Kristine E. , Heller Debra A. , Ahern Frank M. , Gold Carol H. , Brown Theresa V.
Published: November 2006

Objectives: To determine the extent to which changes in medication use and health influence the decision to quit drinking among older adults.

Method: The sample consisted of 8,883 elderly enrolled in Pennsylvania's Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly (PA-PACE) program who completed surveys in 2000 and 2002. Survey data were linked with prescription claims to examine medication and health factors associated with drinking cessation between baseline and follow-up.

Results: Overall, 3.9% of those using alcohol at baseline quit drinking during the study period. Logistic regression results showed that individuals who initiated antipsychotic (OR = 2.92) and antineoplastic therapies (OR = 2.67) were the most likely to quit drinking.

Discussion: These findings support the hypothesis that elderly quit drinking in response to ill health. Results have implications for alcohol interventions in older adults and underscore the importance of separating former drinkers from lifetime abstainers in the study of alcohol-health relationships.
‘Mind in general’ by Sir Alexander Crichton
Authors: Berrios G. E.
Published: November 2006

The history of the ‘philosophies of psychiatry’ can be defined as the contextualized study of past theoretical views on the nature, understanding and management of madness and related notions. The application of an hermeneutic apparatus to past psychiatric narratives gives rise to the history of psychiatry; its application to current narrative gives origin to the philosophy of psychiatry. If the latter employs off-the-shelf, ready-made, external philosophies, it follows a centripetal approach; if it starts from the inside of psychiatry and generates its own tools and meta-language, it follows a centrifugal approach.

Psychiatry is burdened by intrinsic and extrinsic philosophical problems. The former result from its hybrid nature, i.e., from the fact that psychiatry unsteadily straddles the natural and human sciences. The latter are borrowed from the conceptual frames into which psychiatry has been inscribed since the 19th century.

The philosophy of psychiatry may anticipate or follow empirical research. The ante rem mode is based on the idea that empirical research requires conceptual supervision, audit and guidance, for it is always ideology-and theory-laden. The post rem mode is based on the view that science is the only way to ‘truth’ and hence all that the philosophy of psychiatry can (or should) do is facilitate, interpret, justify, defend or glorify empirical findings.

The Classic Text that follows was written by Sir Alexander Crichton at the end of the 18th century, and is a good example of the centripetal mode of philosophy-making.
How Much Health Insurance Is Enough? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance
Authors: Blewett Lynn A. , Ward Andrew , Beebe Timothy J.
Published: November 2006

There is little consensus on what constitutes adequate health insurance coverage. The concept of a lack of adequate coverage, or underinsurance, is a matter of ongoing debate. A measure of adequate coverage is of critical importance as the nature of health insurance products evolves. Changes to health coverage include more direct out-of-pocket spending by consumers and a reduction of covered benefits. This article updates and extends an earlier review of underinsurance measurement published in 1993. We present a conceptual approach to measuring underinsurance and provide a review of the empirical findings obtained from the application of these approaches. A discussion of the limitations in the selection of a measurement approach includes a review of the extant data sources used. We recommend a national effort to develop a consistent approach to monitor changes in the economic and structural dimensions of health insurance coverage with a concerted effort to define and measure underinsurance.
Access to Health Care and Hospitalization for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions
Authors: Ansari Zahid , Laditka James N. , Laditka Sarah B.
Published: November 2006

Hospitalization for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSH) is an accepted indicator of access to health care and avoidable morbidity. Accessible care of reasonable quality should reduce ACSH. Little research has examined the indicator’s external validity. We calculated standardized ACSH rates for 32 areas of Victoria, Australia (population 4.4 million). A representative survey measured access, disease prevalence, propensity to seek care, disease burden, social determinants of health services use, and behavioral risk factors. Regression analyses compared self-rated access with ACSH rates. Independent of prevalence, propensity to seek care, disease burden, and physician supply, better access was associated with lower ACSH rates. Results provide support for the ACSH indicator. When rural residence was considered, the covariate measuring access was not significant. However, rural residence also may contribute importantly to access. Results suggest both the complexity of the meaning of access and the desirability of further research to validate the ACSH indicator.
Safety-Net Activities and Hospital Contracting with Managed Care Organizations
Authors: Zwanziger Jack , Khan Nasreen
Published: November 2006

This article studies factors of safety-net hospitals that affect contracting with managed-care organizations. Web-based data were used to identify the hospital networks of managed-care plans in 71 metropolitan statistical areas. We collected lists of hospitals from a national sample of managed-care plans. After combining these data with hospital, managed-care, and area characteristics, multivariate logistic regressions with random effects were estimated to determine hospital characteristics that influence the probability of a contract between the plan and hospital. Hospital characteristics included size, ownership, whether it was part of a system, teaching status, and safety-net activities. Managed-care plan characteristics included type of plan and ownership. Certain safety-net hospital measures and a cluster of related hospital characteristics are associated with a lower probability of contract. Hospitals accounting for a disproportionate share of safety-net activities are less likely to belong to managed-care networks, which may place them at a competitive disadvantage.
Predictors of Daytime Sleep of Nursing Home Residents With Dementia
Authors: Viegas Swarna M. , Richards Kathy C. , Beck Cornelia K. , Lambert Corinne W. , O'Sullivan Patricia S. , Cole Catherine S. , Hutchison Lisa , Shue Valorie M.
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND: Excessive daytime sleep (EDS) in nursing home residents with dementia may lead to decline in cognitive, affective, and functional status. Yet, we know little about predictors of EDS. OBJECTIVES: Describe daytime, nighttime, and 24-hr sleep and determine predictors of daytime sleep among them. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study of 104 residents from nine nursing homes used actigraphy to measure sleep variables and multiple linear regression to analyze 10 predictor factors (age, gender, body mass index, cognitive function, functional status, comorbidity, psychiatric illness, nighttime sleep minutes, frequency of nighttime awakenings, and number of sedating medications per participant). RESULTS: In this sample, 66% of participants were female octogenarians. On average, they slept 139.0 min (SD ± 113.5) during the day, 340.6 min (SD ± 156.0) at night, and 479.6 min (SD ± 227.1) during 24 hr. Significant predictors of daytime sleep were nighttime sleep minutes (Beta = .34; p < .001), comorbidity (Beta = .24; p < .01), and gender (Beta = .21; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Controlling comorbidity may enhance daytime alertness.
‘Christian Nations’,‘Polygamic Races’ and Women’s Rights: Toward a Genealogy of Non/Monogamy and Whiteness
Authors: Willey Angela
Published: November 2006

This article offers a reading of historical discourses around non/monogamy with attention to their ‘racial resonances’. These 19th-century discourses helped to naturalize monogamy and to establish it as desirable, moral and feminist (and alternatives as undesirable, immoral and un-feminist). The article’s aim is to suggest that, like those surrounding other aspects of sexuality, discourses around non/monogamy cannot be adequately contextualized-or challenged-without attention to the ways in which they are constituted through race.
The (Charmed) Circle Game: Reflections on Sexual Hierarchy Through Multiple Sexual Relationships
Authors: Ho Petula Sik Ying
Published: November 2006

The purpose of this study is to capture the lived experience of eight men and women with multiple partners in Hong Kong. By investigating their ways of coping with social and moral pressures, the study aims to explore the tension between proper masculinity/femininity and personal desires which often result in the trespassing of what is socially defined as ‘good’, ‘normal’ and ‘natural’. Their selective appropriation of cultural norms and gender ideals offers a vantage point not only to recuperate a lived version of ‘Chinese’ sexuality, but also to re-visit Gayle Rubin’s concept of sexual hierarchy.
Collaboration as a strategy for improving schools in challenging circumstances
Authors: Ainscow Mel , Muijs Daniel , West Mel
Published: November 2006

Recent years have seen increased emphasis on the idea of schools working together. However, there is very little research that demonstrates how and when such approaches lead to positive outcomes, particularly in respect to those schools facing challenging circumstances. Reflecting on the evidence from six case studies, this article identifies strategies that offer pointers for the development of practice and indications of where further research is needed. It concludes that, under the right circumstances, school-to-school collaboration is a powerful means of strengthening the capacity of schools to address the challenges they face. More specifically, it suggests that collaboration can: widen student learning opportunities and help address the needs of vulnerable groups of learners; be effective in helping schools to resolve immediate problems; and, under certain conditions, contribute to the raising of expectations.
Reducing student ‘suspension rates’ and engaging students in learning: principal and teacher approaches that work
Authors: Riordan Geoff
Published: November 2006

The negative effects of student suspension from school on both the individual and the community are well documented and relate to a wide range of matters, including school completion rates, homelessness and crime. Two recent, extensive reviews of student suspensions in government and non-government schools in N.S.W. (Gonczi and Riordan, 2002; Riordan and Gonczi, 2003) suggest that variations among schools in rates of student suspension may be best explained by ‘school effects’ and not characteristics of students. This article explores the key issues of principal and teacher attitudes and actions in relation to student suspensions with reference to three case studies. The discussion of these cases raises some key considerations for principals and teachers in difficult schools who wish to re-engage students in learning. Key themes discussed in this article include: the importance of a pedagogical as opposed to a punitive response to student misbehaviour; working in partnership with parents and the broader community to address behaviour and learning problems; and interpreting ‘state’ and ‘school system’ policies on student welfare and discipline through the lens of the school’s local context.
Middle schools and poorer neighbourhoods: between Effectiveness and the Law, Ethics and Culture model
Authors: Acosta Felicitas
Published: November 2006

This article presents a series of reflections based on a study of two schools of secondary level in the city of Buenos Aires. The purpose is to identify reasons why some schools in poorer areas obtain higher levels of success for their pupils. The conceptual basis is one of cultural analysis, permitting a contextual and situational perspective which is complementary to the school effectiveness literature. The particular focus is on practices and instruments which directly help pupils to succeed. Our research sought to look at schools from the point of view of pupils, teachers and managers, and to examine the school’s relationship to knowledge and culture as a key to its success.
Collaborative reform for schools in difficulty
Authors: Chapman Christopher , Allen Tracey
Published: November 2006

This article draws on findings from two English research projects exploring collaborative reform for schools in difficulty. Initially, the article provides a brief policy overview of some of the key policy drivers of educational reform in England during the past decade. This contextual analysis is used to provide background for the exploration of two contrasting examples of collaborative models for improvement. First, the central government policy of ‘Federating’ schools is considered; second, the Specialist Schools and Academies Trust ‘Specialist Schools Achievement Programme’ is examined. The article draws together some emerging key themes from the models to discuss their implications for the future development of models for improvement in schools in difficulty. In conclusion, the article presents a number of propositions that require further exploration.
Evaluating health visitor parenting support: validating outcome measures for parental self-efficacy
Authors: Whittaker Karen A. , Cowley Sarah
Published: November 2006

Parenting support has become an increasing feature of child health services within the United Kingdom but typically, outcome measures available for testing the effectiveness of parenting interventions have been developed and validated elsewhere. This article reports the results of a feasibility study testing the Parenting Self-Agency Measure (PSAM) and subscales from the Self-Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index (SEPTI) as outcome measures for UK-based parenting support programmes. Forty-six mothers and 10 fathers accessing routine health visitor and school nurse services participated in the test–re-test of the scales and commented separately on the acceptability of scale questions. Very large intra-class correlation results indicated good repeatability but alpha coefficient scores and factor analysis results suggest that UK respondents may not recognize SEPTI subscales items as measuring single dimensions. The PSAM was a more stable measure of parenting self-beliefs than the SEPTI subscales when tested with a UK sample of parents.
Retention of survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a longitudinal study of bone mineral density
Authors: Crom Deborah B. , Tyc Vida L. , Rai Shesh N. , Deng X. , Hudson Melissa M. , Booth Andrea , Rodrigues Leslie N. , Zhang L. , Mccammon Elizabeth , Kaste Sue C.
Published: November 2006

Attrition in longitudinal studies of survivors of childhood cancer reduces these studies’ statistical power, introduces bias and threatens internal and external validity. This study investigated the variables associated with dropout of survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a trial investigating the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation and nutritional counseling on bone mineral density (BMD). Twenty-five participants withdrew from the study. Common reasons given for withdrawing were intolerance of the study drug, family hardship and schedule conflicts. Few statistically and clinically significant differences identified participants who completed the study. Nurses need to be aware of the reasons that participants withdraw from clinical trials, as they are in a strategic position to encourage patients to participate in health promotion studies.
Evaluation of VOC Emissions from Building Finishing Materials Using a Small Chamber and VOC Analyser
Authors: Kim Sumin , Kim Hyun-Joong , Moon Suck-Joong
Published: November 2006

A test chamber method was developed to provide a small and simple emission testing facility capable of testing construction products over a range of climatic parameters, such as temperature, ventilation rate and air velocity, that could be varied independently around typical indoor values. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), specifically the aromatic hydrocarbons fraction, were measured using a “VOC analyser”. This portable measuring equipment is a simple gas-chromatograph which is designed to measure certain aromatic compounds in indoor air. Compounds separated through the column are detected by a semiconductor gas sensor and the concentration of the target compounds automatically calculated and shown. Correlation of the results from this analyser with those from GC/MS was greater than 99%. We have examined the compounds emitted from various building materials, such as medium density fibreboard, particleboard (PB) and wood-based flooring (laminate flooring and engineered flooring), using test methods with a desiccator and 20L small chamber for analysis of VOCs and formaldehyde emission levels. Over 2 and 7 days, we tested the change of VOC emissions with time and compared the results for each material.
An Evaluation of Lead Levels in Paints for Residential Use Sold in the Nigerian Market
Authors: Adebamowo E. O. , Agbede O. A. , Sridhar M. K. C. , Adebamowo C. A.
Published: November 2006

In developing countries, relatively, little or no attention has been devoted to the potential for childhood exposure to lead used in domestic paint. In this study, we measured lead levels in 19 samples of locally manufactured paint purchased from the Nigerian market in February, 2005. The level of lead in the paints ranged from 17.5μg·g−1 to 515.9μg·g−1, with mean (SD) of 62.2μg·g−1 (115.1μg·g−1), while the median was 25.1μg·g−1. We conclude that paints sold in Nigeria still contain a substantial amount of lead with increased risk of exposure to xchildren, for whom domestic sources of lead exposure is more important than exposure through leaded petrol. We advocate the future use of lead-free paint and lead abatement in order to reduce childhood lead exposure.
Indoor Climate Conditions and Ventilation Performance in Estonian Lightweight Detached Houses
Authors: Kalamees Targo
Published: November 2006

Field measurements of the indoor climate and ventilation performance have been carried out in 28 lightweight timber-frame detached houses occupied by single families during the years 2003-05 in Estonia. The temperature and relative humidity (RH) were continuously measured in bedrooms, living rooms and outdoors for each house at 1-h intervals over a 1-year period. The air change rates were calculated on the basis of the measured exhaust air flows.

An extended period of high indoor temperatures during summer suggests that thermal comfort was not considered in the original design. During winter, large variations in temperature showed that problems existed with temperature control systems. During summer, only 13% and during winter, 45% of the rooms met the standard recommendations (with 5% excess) for temperatures in the lowest indoor climate category. This correspondence to standard recommendations was highest for the houses with balanced ventilation.

The average ventilation air change rate at the level used by the occupants with a mechanical ventilation system was 0.41ach (13.3L·s−1 per person and 0.28L·s−1·m−2). The performance of the ventilation had a significant influence on the average daily amplitude of the indoor temperature and humidity. According to a questionnaire, noise was associated with mechanical ventilation and stuffy air with natural ventilation. Fluctuating room temperature, cold floors and draught from electric sockets during winter were related to houses with air leakage of the building envelope 3m3·h−1·−2) at 50Pa.
The Australian state and Indigenous people 1990-2006
Authors: Morrissey Michael
Published: November 2006

This article examines the changing ways in which the Commonwealth government has addressed its Indigenous ‘problem’ over the last 16 years. The essence of the problem is that Commonwealth governments of any sort need to be seen to be active in addressing Indigenous poverty and marginalization but are unwilling to make a commitment sufficient to make a fundamental difference since there is little electoral advantage (and much electoral risk) in doing so. Accordingly the ‘problem’ is resolved at the level of rhetoric. The rhetorics of the Hawke/Keating and Howard governments are compared, and the conclusion is that the former was benevolent but hollow while the latter is both hollow and pejorative.
Beyond Black and White
Authors: Paradies Yin C.
Published: November 2006

Non-Indigenous conceptions of Indigeneity have historically focused on controlling the socialization, mobility and reproduction of Indigenous people. In the Indigenous community, we have only recently begun to demarcate our own space in which to debate the nature of Indigeneity in Australia. To date, we have successfully deployed notions of Indigeneity, via the strategic essentialism of pan-Aboriginality, to create an effective political community. However, such a deployment of Indigeneity also results in every Indigenous Australian being interpellated, without regard to their individuality, through stereotyped images that exist in the popular imagination. The essentialized Indigeneity thus formed coalesces around specific fantasies of exclusivity, cultural alterity, marginality, physicality and morality, which leave an increasing number of Indigenous people vulnerable to accusations of inauthenticity. Only by decoupling Indigeneity from such essentialist fantasies can we acknowledge the richness of Indigenous diversity and start on the path towards true reconciliation in Australia.
Towards a new research agenda?
Authors: Moreton-Robinson Aileen
Published: November 2006

Indigenous sovereignty as an area of study is usually analysed by legal scholars and political theorists who locate it within a judicio-political framework. This article is offered as a work in progress to stimulate sociological thinking about Indigenous sovereignty in a different way. The article considers recent work in Whiteness studies in Australia and abroad, as well as literature using Foucault’s idea of the relationship between race, sovereignty and war.
Multiple presents: how search engines rewrite the past
Authors: Hellsten Iina , Leydesdorff Loet , Wouters Paul
Published: November 2006

Internet search engines function in a present which changes continuously. The search engines update their indices regularly, overwriting webpages with newer ones, adding new pages to the index and losing older ones. Some search engines can be used to search for information on the internet for specific periods of time. However, these ‘date stamps’ are not determined by the first occurrence of the pages in the web, but by the last date at which a page was updated or a new page was added and the search engine’s crawler updated this change in the database. This has major implications for the use of search engines in scholarly research as well as theoretical implications for the conceptions of time and temporality. This article examines the interplay between the different updating frequencies by using AltaVista and Google for searches at different moments of time. Both the retrieval of results and the structure of retrieved information erodes over time.
Online news meets established journalism: how China’s journalists evaluate the credibility of news websites
Authors: Chan Joseph M. , Lee Francis L.F. , Pan Zhongdang
Published: November 2006

The internet presents challenges to traditional journalism by being a platform for alternative practices of news production and dissemination. In response, traditional journalists are expected to engage in ‘news repair’ in order to reconfirm the authority of existing news institutions and the legitimacy of traditional models of journalism. This interaction between new media and journalistic practices must be contextualized within a media system. Built upon these premises, this study analyzes data from probability sample surveys of journalists in two Chinese cities. It finds that journalists regard mainstream media organizations’ websites as more credible than those run by commercial portals. The perceived credibility of these two types of news websites varies with journalists’ beliefs about journalism. While party journalism remains a dominant lens through which Chinese journalists evaluate the two types of websites, the sites of commercial portals are viewed by some to be embodying an alternative model of journalism.
Snake-driven development
Authors: Smith James H.
Published: November 2006

This article examines how different groups of Luo people living in a village in western Kenya fought over, publicized, and sought to harness the power of a returned python-spirit referred to as Omieri. The alleged return of Omieri catalyzed the local imagination concerning a range of issues, and mobilized all of the major social groups and dominant cosmological-ideological perspectives in the region, while also becoming a source of cooperation and local autonomy against the control of the national state and regional elites. In addition to generating conflict, Omieri became a possible means of manufacturing an improved Luo future through appropriate historical remembrance and sacrifice, and reflected the sense of unprecedented but ambiguous potential that permeated Luoland in the months following the epochal presidential elections of December 2002. The case demonstrates how local social preoccupations-including those related to ecological deterioration, religious transformation, gendered and generational conflict, and privatization-are shaped by far-reaching structural transformations, but experienced through local cultural traditions and understandings.
Strategic codeswitching, interliteracy, and other phenomena of emergent bilingual writing: Lessons from first grade dual language classrooms
Authors: Gort Mileidis
Published: November 2006

This qualitative study investigated the writing processes of eight emergent bilingual children as they composed stories in two languages in a Writing Workshop (WW) context. The research was situated in two grade 1 classrooms in a Spanish/English Two-Way Bilingual Education program in the north-eastern USA. For six months, researchers observed students in Spanish and English WWs, interviewed students about their writing behaviors and understandings, and collected samples from all stages of the writing process. Cross-case analyses of individual bilingual writing profiles revealed similarities and differences in students’ cross-linguistic skills, as well as patterns of transfer. Patterns of bilingual writing related to strategic codeswitching, positive literacy transfer, and interliteracy led to the development of a preliminary model of bilingual writing development for English-dominant and Spanish-dominant bilingual learners.This model presents phenomena unique to bilingual writers, relates these to bilingualism and biliteracy, and proposes anticipated expression of the phenomena for developing Spanish-dominant and English-dominant bilingual writers.
Reading through linguistic borderlands: Latino students’ transactions with narrative texts
Authors: Martínez-Roldán Carmen M. , Sayer Peter
Published: November 2006

This study examines the biliteracy development of a group of bilingual Latino third graders in an elementary school in the south-west USA. It focuses on the role of language in children’s reading comprehension of narrative texts in Spanish and English in a school context. The authors frame their analysis within the ‘Continua of Biliteracy’ model (Hornberger, 1989, 2003), highlighting how the youngsters drew on their linguistic resources to negotiate the contexts and contents of biliteracy. Data come from the students’ 24 retellings of story books, alternating between Spanish and English. The data were analyzed using story grammar and sociolinguistic analysis. The findings of the study show how, for young bilingual and bicultural students, their languages themselves exist on a continuum.That is, in developing their biliteracy, these children navigate linguistic borderlands through their use of Spanglish, reflecting their sociolinguistic and sociocultural realities where there are not necessarily strong distinctions between Spanish and English.
Truth in Our Time
Authors: Arnd-Caddigan Margaret , Pozzuto Richard
Published: November 2006

The debate over the legitimacy of qualitative and quantitative research approaches has been of interest to social workers over the last 25 years. The authors suggest that a parallel debate among qualitative researchers is now taking shape. Where once the disagreement was between metaphysical or naive realists and post-positivists, the new debate is between critical realists and constructionists. Like the metaphysical realists before them, the critical realists are calling for methodological hegemony and reject as nonscientific research that is based on constructionist ontologies and epistemologies. The authors are calling for détente in this debate. Ontology is not provable; it is ultimately based on belief. Just as our profession champions diversity in belief systems regarding other phenomena, research that reflects ontological diversity can also strengthen social work by providing practitioners and scholars greater access to a wide range of information.
The relation between measures of health status and quality of life in COPD
Authors: Haave E , Hyland M E , Skumlien S
Published: November 2006

Because quality of life (QoL) and health status (HS) scales contain different kinds of items and are shown not to be equivalent, there is a recommendation to use both types of scales. We investigated the relationship between either type of scale but focusing on the subscales of HS measures. A sample of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients completed two QoL scales and two HS scales (BPQ and SGRQ), neuroticism, six-minute walk test and FEV1. Factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure (consistent with previous research), and showed that one type of HS subscale is different from QoL but another is equivalent to QoL. If total HS scores are used then it is valuable to include a QoL measure, but if HS subscales are reported, then these cover both latent variables, with the BPQ providing a clearer separation of the latent variables than the SGRQ.
Can Homeopathic Treatment Slow Prostate Cancer Growth?
Authors: Jonas Wayne B. , Gaddipati Jaya P. , Rajeshkumar N. V. , Sharma Anuj , Thangapazham Rajesh L. , Warren Jim , Singh Anoop K. , Ives John A. , Olsen Cara , Mog Steven R. , Maheshwari Radha K.
Published: November 2006

Background: Homeopathy is a complementary medicine widely used around the world. Despite extensive use of homeopathy for cancer and other serious conditions with reported success, clinical and laboratory research has been equivocal, and no rigorous research has been done on cancer. In 1999, the US National Cancer Institute evaluated the effects of homeopathic treatment of cancer from a clinic in India and has released a request for protocols to conduct further research into this treatment. Therefore, the authors conducted a series of carefully controlled laboratory studies evaluating the effects of commonly used homeopathic remedies in cell and animal models of prostate cancer. Study Design: One hundred male Copenhagen rats were randomly assigned to either treatment or control groups after inoculation with prostate tumor cells. Methods: Prostate tumor cells DU-145, LNCaP, and MAT-LyLu were exposed to 5 homeopathic remedies. Male Copenhagen rats were injected with MAT-LyLu cells and exposed to the same homeopathic remedies for 5 weeks. In vitro outcomes included tumor cell viability and apoptosis gene expression. In vivo outcomes included tumor incidence, volume, weight, total mortality, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, apoptotic cell death (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated d-uridine triphosphate nick end labeling), and gene expression (rAPO-multiprobe). Results: There were no effects on cell viability or gene expression in 3 prostate cell lines with any remedies at any exposure time. There was a 23% reduction in tumor incidence (P < .0001), and for animals with tumors, there was a 38% reduction in tumor volume in homeopathy-treated animals versus controls (P < .02). At time of killing, experimental animals with tumors had a 13% lower average tumor weight (P < .05). Tumors in these treated animals showed a 19% increase in apoptotic cell death (P < .05) and reduced PCNA-positive cells. Conclusions: The findings indicate that selected homeopathic remedies for the present study have no direct cellular anticancer effects but appear to significantly slow the progression of cancer and reduce cancer incidence and mortality in Copenhagen rats injected with MAT-LyLu prostate cancer cells.
Laboratory Research in Homeopathy: Con
Authors: Moffett John R. , Arun Peethambaran , Namboodiri M. A. A.
Published: November 2006

Alternative medical approaches to human diseases such as cancer are becoming increasingly popular, but reports on their success rates have been highly variable. Homeopathy is an alternative medical practice often applied to less critical human diseases but one that has also been applied sporadically to the treatment of cancer. Animal studies on the use of homeopathy to treat experimental cancer are few and the evidence provided to date is far from conclusive. The debate presented here concerns the utility of animal studies on cancer treatment with homeopathic preparations. As part of a Point-Counterpoint feature, this review and its companion piece in this issue by Khuda-Bukhsh (Integr Cancer Ther. 2006;5:320-332) are composed of a thesis section, a response section in reaction to the companion thesis, and a rebuttal section to address issues raised in the companion response.
A Whole Systems Research Approach to Cancer Care: Why Do We Need It and How Do We Get Started?
Authors: Verhoef Marja J. , Vanderheyden Laura C. , Fønnebø Vinjar
Published: November 2006

Because cancer care is presently developing into a complicated network of interventions delivered at different times and places with different intentions, there is a need to consider whether the current research approaches in clinical cancer care adequately cover the ongoing treatment choices and combinations. Researchers in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are proposing whole systems research as an additional research approach for modern systems of care, whether they include complementary and alternative medicine or not. The current status of whole systems research methodology development is mainly theoretical. Necessary components of the methodology include focus on interventions, context, process, outcomes, and philosophy. Further development should be based on observational studies using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, often combined. Only when modern healthseeking systems of treatment behaviors are thoroughly understood should fine-tuning of hypothesis-testing research methods be continued.
Models for the Study of Whole Systems
Authors: Bell Iris R. , Koithan Mary
Published: November 2006

This article summarizes a network and complex systems science model for research on whole systems of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) such as homeopathy and traditional Chinese medicine. The holistic concepts of networks and nonlinear dynamical complex systems are well matched to the global and interactive perspectives of whole systems of CAM, whereas the reductionistic science model is well matched to the isolated local organ, cell, and molecular mechanistic perspectives of pharmaceutically based biomedicine. Whole systems of CAM are not drugs with specific actions. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of whole systems of CAM produce effects that involve global and patterned shifts across multiple subsystems of the person as a whole. For homeopathy, several characteristics of complex systems, including the probabilistic nature of attractor patterns, variable sensitivity of complex systems to initial conditions, and emergent behaviors in the evolution of a system in its full environmental context over time, could help account for the mixed basic science and controlled clinical trial research findings, in contrast with the consistently positive outcomes of observational studies in the literature. Application of theories and methods from complex systems and network science can open a new era of advances in understanding factors that lead to good versus poor individual global outcome patterns and to rational triage of patients to one type of care over another. The growing reliance on complex systems thinking and systems biology for cancer research affords a unique opportunity to bridge between the CAM and conventional medical worlds with some common language and conceptual models.