bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer-Aided Manufacturing in Small Shipyards: A U.S. and U.K. Comparative Study
Authors: Storch Richard Lee , Hills William
Published: January 2021

Shipbuilders throughout the world are continuing to move toward computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems as a means of improving productivity, quality and competitiveness. Implementation of such systems provides unique challenges to all shipbuilders. One of the critical issues involves the choice of new versus existing computer systems (hardware and software), the pace of change, and the timing of implementation of new parts or totally new systems. These challenges and potential solutions are not only different for each shipyard, but are also significantly different for large and small shipyards. Surveys of current uses and needs of small shipyards in the United States and the United Kingdom were conducted to evaluate current systems and to make recommendations for potentially successful approaches to future implementation. The focus was on three major areas: design (design, drafting, engineering, and lofting); production management (planning, estimating, material control, scheduling, purchasing, production/cost control, and quality control); and administration (payroll, time charging, and billing). Based on this work, recommendations concerning systems for implementation and a framework for integration are presented.
Technology Survey of U.S. Shipyards—1994
Authors: Storch Richard Lee , Clark John , Lamb Thomas
Published: January 2021

This paper reports on the results of a study of the international competitiveness of the U.S. shipbuilding industry. It describes the results of a detailed technology survey of five U.S. and five overseas shipyards. It then discusses the relative levels of technology application by the U.S. and overseas industries. A detailed competitive analysis is then presented. Finally, specific areas for improvement needed by the U.S. industry are recommended.
Marketing Strategy for Merchant Shipbuilders
Authors: Stott Paul W.
Published: January 2021

Much has been published over the years about technology and productivity in shipbuilding, and much also about the shipbuilding market and its potential. Little has been published to date, however, about the all important techno-economic interface between the two. This paper sets out to explore this interface and to identify how a shipyard can be matched to its external environment through the adoption of a coherent strategy. The elements of external forces are considered (in particular, prices and market volume), and the internal factors within the control of a shipyard are examined to review how they can be utilized in a strategic sense to match a shipyard to a targeted market sector. The elements reviewed include prices, exchange rates, physical constraints, capacity, market volume, production characteristics, and shipyard organization.
Experiences of Introducing ISO 9000 and Total Quality Management in U.K. Shipbuilding and Ship Repairing
Authors: French Geoff , Eltringham Derek
Published: January 2021

This paper is based on the authors' experiences of the development and implementation of ISO 9000 Quality Management Systems (QMS) and Total Quality Management (TQM) programs in U.K. shipbuilding, as quality manager of a larger U.K. shipyard and an independent consultant, respectively. Implementing ISO 9000 will have the greatest beneficial impact on a company's operations if, at the outset, it is clearly established as the first step towards changing the culture of the company to one of "continuous improvement." This must be part of the overall process of getting the business processes of the company under control as a prelude to improving their efficiency and then effectiveness. The reality of implementing both ISO 9000 and TQM, including conversion from AQAP-1 to BS 5750, is illustrated. The place of TQM in the context of transformational change programs is highlighted. The factors that influence the success of an effective change management program are described.
Technology Development: A European Experience
Authors: Craggs John , Bell Malcolm , Quarrell Simon , Laranjeira Francisco
Published: January 2021

Since January 1993, the Estaleiros Navais de Viana do Castelo (ENVC) Shipyard in Portugal has been engaged in a program of productivity improvement In many other shipyards, the traditional approach has been to select wide-ranging technology projects and to employ large teams of advisors and counterpart managers. The approach here has been to involve key functional areas with wide involvement of yard personnel in driving the program forward. The consultancy team has been small and has acted as a catalyst and advisor on the management of change and the specification and implementation of new technology. The central theme has been the establishment of workstation operations. The emphasis of the project has been in developing a structured approach to productivity improvement through the implementation of "best practice." The objective has not been to implement perceived latest technology, but to adapt the approach to suit local conditions and culture. To date the results have been dramatic and far-reaching. The yard is now adopting a radically new approach to planning and production engineering, to the preparation of production information, and to the organization of work on the shop floor.
Standard Outfit Package Units in the LPD 17 Ship Design: A Production Impact Study
Authors: Christensen Walter L. , Koenig Philip C.
Published: January 2021

Standard outfit package units for reverse osmosis plants, fire pumps, steering gear, and sanitary spaces were proposed for the LPD 17 amphibious transport dock ship design. The ship was in the preliminary design stage, and it was necessary to determine how this shift to outfit modularity would affect the ship procurement program. Because the use of package units would not have a significant impact on the overall characteristics and performance of the ship, the focus of the investigation was on material ordering and production scheduling. The analysis took account of zone-area-stage outfitting methods and also more traditional practices. With either approach, it was found that the package units did not present any schedule or procurement problems This particular study was focused on a very specific issue, but the approach is applicable to a wide range of production impact assessment problems.
Implementing Interactive Multimedia Training
Authors: Matlack Ralph E. , Matlack Edward R.
Published: January 2021

This paper provides a brief overview of the role of interactive multimedia (IM) in corporate training, and will discuss the relevant factors in making wise business decisions regarding the implementation of interactive multimedia within U.S. shipyards. Despite the numerous studies and reports citing the efficiencies of delivering instructions in a multisensory format via a computer, shipyards have been slow to implement this technology into their business practices. The reasons for this are twofold: first, the technology is still viewed as nascent and unproven, and second, the business benefits are not well understood by decision-makers. This paper focuses on understanding the business benefits of implementing interactive multimedia in a shipyard environment. Case studies and success stories are referenced for the purpose of understanding how IM training works within the shipyard The main thrust of discussion is towards how to properly analyze the expected return on investment and strategy for implementation of interactive media within a typical shipyard.
Economics and Management of American Shipbuilding and the Potential for Commercial Competitiveness
Authors: Frankel Ernst G.
Published: January 2021

Defense conversion and commercial shipbuilding competitiveness have become major goals of the government in maintaining the U.S. shipbuilding base. The government enacted the National Shipbuilding and Shipyard Conversion Act of 1993, established a National Shipbuilding Initiative, disbursed ARPA funds for various enhancement projects, and provided support to the industry through Maritech. Yet these initiatives may not help to revive the industry and reestablish it as world class. In this paper the reasons for the lack of competitiveness and the effects of the proposed government measures are discussed in economic terms. The differences between U.S. and foreign shipbuilding costs are analyzed in a rational manner without subterfuge under clouds of real or imagined protection or subsidies offered. The conclusions are that U.S. Government involvement in encouragement or protection has a very high price and that the U.S. shipbuilding industry may have a better chance of survival and revival with less or no government aid, protection, and involvement.
Generic Build Strategy—A Preliminary Design Experience
Authors: Wilkins James R. , Singh Perry , Cary Todd
Published: January 2021

From the very inception of the preliminary design phase of the U.S. Navy's new amphibious assault ship, which at the time was designated only as the LX, there has been an emphasis on generating a design which is producible—one that requires a minimum of redesign by the building yard and which can be built efficiently using modern ship construction techniques. This emphasis resulted in establishment of a Producibility Task Manager as a member of the LX Preliminary Design Team and in the creation of a Product-Oriented Design And Construction (PODAC) Working Group. The functions of this Group were to mimic a shipyard production planning effort and to interact with the design team on a regular basis. This paper describes the results of their efforts, including the development of a Generic Build Strategy and numerous Design for Producibility improvements during the LX Preliminary Design Phase.
Producibility of Double Hull Tankers
Authors: Daidola John C.
Published: January 2021

Alternative structural system concepts have been developed for 40k and 95 kdwt double hull tankers, with the objective of studying their producibility in existing U.S. shipyards, including labor hours and construction schedules. Structural components and elements considered included alternative material, shell plating, bulkheads, stiffeners and other structural elements for both conventional and unidirectional double hull tankers, together with shipbuilding processes such as automation and accuracy control, and standardization including design. It is concluded that increased automation, accuracy control and standardization are the areas where the greatest gains may be possible to make U.S. shipyards more productive and more competitive on a world scale.
Robot Technology in the Shipyard Production Environment
Authors: Sagatun Svein I. , Kjelstad Karl Erik
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the current status of robot technology in the shipyard production environment. The focus is on a case study in which a computer-integrated and robotized web and component line is presented. This production line will be fully operational by mid-1995. An overview has also been included of the most relevant technologies with regard to robot production in the shipbuilding industry, and how these technologies contributed to the introduction of robots in shipyards. The need for integrating the robots with the rest of the shipyard's material flow, computer systems and organization is discussed, followed by a brief survey of emerging technologies which may be useful for the shipbuilding community.
Navy High-Pressure Waterjet Closed-Loop Paint Stripping System
Authors: Williams John , Rice Robert M.
Published: January 2021

The marine refurbishment industry currently utilizes abrasive blasting for hull coatings removal. These processes generate extreme amounts of waste material, which must be contained and disposed of properly. The cost of containment, the hazardous work environment and the amounts of hazardous waste produced are all significant disadvantages of the existing processes. Additionally, environmental regulations and safety standards are being introduced which demand new techniques for marine coatings removal. In light of these factors, the U.S. Navy's Naval Surface Warfare Center-Carderock Division entered into a joint initiative with the U.S. Air Force to introduce an alternative paint and marine growth removal method, including complete effluent recovery at the source. This system, using only high-pressure water, is semi-automatic and mobile. The system can operate independently in a dry dock without external utilities. In the end, the system will eliminate the current problems associated with coatings removal and reduce the overall operational costs.
Concurrent Engineering: Application and Implementation for U.S. Shipbuilding
Authors: Bennett James G. , Lamb Thomas
Published: January 2021

This paper reports on a SP-8 Panel project to analyze the application of Concurrent Engineering (CE) in U.S. shipbuilding and to perform a pilot implementation of CE within a U.S. shipyard. It describes (1) results of a Shipbuilding Concurrent Engineering Questionnaire survey; (2) a summary of product development performance benchmark surveys conducted at several U.S. shipyards; (3) visit to several foreign shipyards as well as Boeing Commercial Aircraft Company, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, and the Concurrent Engineering Research Center to discuss implementation of CE; (4) requirements for successful CE implementation by U.S. shipbuilders; and (5) the status of the pilot CE implementation at Bath Iron Works Corporation.
Absenteeism Management
Authors: Lewis Blaine
Published: January 2021

The 1995 Ship Production Symposium theme of "Competitiveness" is very timely. Competitive forces for new shipbuilding work are fierce. Any factor affecting competitive advantage which is not pursued and wrestled into submission may be the one that causes a company to be defeated in the battle for survival. The factor which this paper will focus on is Absenteeism Management. The severity of the absenteeism problem for business in general is growing. In a tight market such as shipbuilding, absenteeism can be the difference that results in a company being unable to compete. Those who do not know the degree to which absenteeism affects business should pay close attention.
Profit-Oriented Production Strategy in Shipyards
Authors: Sladoljev Želimir
Published: January 2021

The profitability of a shipyard depends to a great extent on its production costs. A low-cost building strategy could be based upon cutting a production capacity that could not be continuously employed in executing the shipyard's production program. One of possible models of build strategy targeting is related to the organization of a ship assembly yard as a yard entrepreneur and its independent partners/subcon-tractors. The relationship between these entities during the different building phases has to be defined in terms of the designs and drawings coming from the work preparation process. The flow of main documents is discussed as well as the means of subcontracting during several phases of the process.
Development of Automatic Marking Generation System for Plate Forming by Line Heating
Authors: Lee Joo-Sung
Published: January 2021

An algorithm is introduced which can generate the marking data for steel plate forming by line heating. A relatively simple mechanical model is adopted which can implicitly represent the complex physical phenomena of line heating. The general concept of the proposed algorithm is described and is applied to three types of surface models to show its validity and applicability. It is found that the proposed marking generation algorithm gives reasonable results of marking data where the estimated surface shows a nice agreement with the given surface. It can be said, therefore, that the proposed algorithm may be one of the feasible ways toward automation of plate forming by line heating. This paper ends with a brief discussion of the results and reference to the more general applicability of the present marking generation algorithm.
A Predictive Technique for Buckling Analysis of Thin Section Panels Due to Welding
Authors: Michaleris Panagiotis , DeBiccari Andrew
Published: January 2021

This paper presents an efficient and effective numerical analysis technique for predicting welding-induced buckling. The technique combines three-dimensional structural analyses with two-dimensional welding simulations. Implementation of the technique can determine the appropriate welding conditions under which the design critical buckling load is not exceeded. Experimental results obtained from small-and large-scale mock-up panels are used to confirm the predictions of the analytical models, The paper concludes with a study of the effects of heat input (weld size), panel size, and panel thickness on buckling distortion.
Mid-Term Sealift Ship Technology Development Program: Design-for-Production R&D for Future Sealift Ship Applications
Authors: Wade Michael , Koenig Philip C. , Karaszewski Zbigniew J. , Gallagher John , Dougherty John , MacDonald Peter
Published: January 2021

The NAVSEA Mid-Term Sealift Ship Technology Development Program (MTSSTDP) has been tasked by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in charge of Strategic Sealift (N-42) to investigate technologies and design concepts that would improve performance and reduce the cost of future ships useful to the Navy for military sealift. A major area of concentration has been design-for-production or ship producibility. This area of the program required the Navy to obtain extensive industrial involvement from both domestic and international sources. A thorough description Is presented of the plans, objectives and accomplishments of the five producibility-related tasks. Topics covered are: generic build strategy, product work breakdown structure, production-oriented cost estimating, engine room arrangement modeling, and global standards development. In addition, other aspects of the program to be covered are the use of industry-led teams, the implementation of integrated product approaches, and the application of risk-based technologies.
Development of Cost-Effective Computer Management Information Systems for Small Shipyards
Authors: Hills Bill , Bruce George , Evans Mike , Brewster Alan
Published: January 2021

The introduction of new technology into small companies which have limited resources is a complex process often involving a change in culture which needs to be supported by staff development programmes. Collaborative schemes involving university staff and company personnel are an effective way of assisting the process of new technology introduction. This paper describes one such scheme, the Teaching Company Scheme, and how it was used to implement a fully integrated management information system into a small ship repair yard. Details are given of the approach utilized, based on business process analysis, including formal modelling of the key functional activities. This led to a detailed specification of the Information Technology Systems required to support integration across: estimating, accounts, time office and buying. The specification also identified hardware characteristics and requirements. The implementation of the system is described with particular reference being made to the procedures adopted to ensure user opinion was taken into account when designing graphical user interfaces.
Automatic Programming System for Shipyard Robots
Authors: McGhee Scott , Nalluri Sivrama , Reeve Ron , Rongo Robert , Prinz Fritz , Hemmerle Jim
Published: January 2021

The application of robots to variable tasks in unstructured environments presents a series of problems that must be solved in order to achieve viable results Common teaching-type robots cannot be applied in these cases as the programming time and labor investment far exceed the time and cost of direct manual production. Numerically controlled (NC) robots programmed off-line by modified NC methods have been applied with economic success to program robots directly from computer-aided design (CAD) data where tasks are sufficiently repetitive and the operating environment is sufficiently structured Similarly, off-line programming systems have been developed by various robot manufacturers to generate instructions from CAD data for their robots. Likewise, developers of 3D simulation software have devised methods to merge CAD data with physical models of robots and system hardware to produce robot path programs that approximate the tasks to be performed. Each of these systems is unable to provide a totally automated means to program robot tasks directly from CAD data due to inaccuracies in the real-world elements and/or the models, and due to a lack of knowledge about the processes. A new approach to automatic robot programming is needed that is capable of dealing with:inherent differences between the CAD models and the real-world parts;uncertainties regarding the precise location and accessibility of the parts relative to the robot:process knowledge required to adapt these differences and uncertainties; andprocess knowledge essential to optimizing robot activities.

Such an automatic robot programming system is being developed to meet the dual-use defense and commercial ship construction needs of American shipyards under the Technology Reinvestment Project (TRP) for Shipbuilding Robotics. This system automates the programmer's task of identifying location of welds, assigning weld process parameters and adaptive welding strategies to each joint. A procedural diagram for this system is shown in Figure 1. The results and benefits of this approach are described herein. Fig. 1Procedure for automatic off-line robot task planning
Status Report on Proposed Changes to Permissible Airborne Emission Exposure Limits for U.S. Shipyard Workers
Authors: Castner Harvey R.
Published: January 2021

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) are making or considering reductions in worker exposure limits for nickel, manganese, and chromium compounds, including hexavalent chromium. These changes will have an impact on the operations and processes used by Navy facilities and public and private shipyards for construction, maintenance, and repair of ships. A Navy/Industry Task Group lead by the Naval Sea Systems Command is addressing these concerns and has gathered data on current worker exposure levels to nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), total cromium (Cr), and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). This paper reports the data gathered to date from literature, the Navy Environmental Health database, shipyard worker sampling, and controlled laboratory welding tests.
Ready Reserve Fleet: Ship Maintenance and Activations
Authors: Doherty Owen J.
Published: January 2021

As the size of the United States flag fleet continues to shrink, the Ready Reserve Force (RRF) assumes an even greater importance in national emergencies. There are approximately 100 RRF vessels located throughout the littorals of the United States. The outported vessels are shown in Fig. 1. Other vessels are either located at one of the three Reserve Fleets or have been activated for the Department of Defense. The maintenance of these vessels is critical to their successful activation and operation. The Maritime Administration (MARAD), which is part of the Department of Transportation, has taken action on key areas of concern in the lessons learned from Desert Shield/Desert Storm. This has resulted in improving the reliability and timeliness of the vessels in meeting their activation requirements. One major improvement (started in fiscal year 1996) is the placement of nine-and ten-man crews onboard the majority of the vessels to ensure readiness. In addition, sea trials and dock trials will be conducted more frequently. Some system upgrades are being accomplished for safe, reliable operations. Also, MARAD is reviewing contracting procedures to improve and to simplify the award of ship repair contracts. This paper gives an overview of how MARAD maintains RRF vessels. In particular, it discusses the type and amount of outside support (industrial assistance) needed to both maintain and activate the vessels. There is a wide variety of vessels in the RRF, ranging from break-bulk ships to offshore petroleum discharge vessels. Furthermore, the RRF fleet is strategically located across the United States, requiring a widespread need for industrial assistance in terms of both type and location of services required.
Design, Fabrication, Installation, and Operation of Titanium Seawater Piping Systems
Authors: Erskine Robert W.
Published: January 2021

For many years, the U.S. Navy fleet has experienced severe corrosion and erosion problems in copper nickel seawater piping systems. Since titanium is extremely resistant to corrosion and erosion, it has been viewed as a potential solution to these problems. However, certain concerns regarding shipboard use of titanium needed to be addressed: marine fouling, galvanic action with other metals, welding, system fabrication in a normal shipyard environment, testing, and life cycle costs. Over a three year period, Ingalls Shipbuilding division of Litton Industries and the Naval Surface Warfare Center, White Oak, worked with various commercial equipment suppliers to address these concerns. Partially because of the success of this project, it was decided to retrofit titanium systems aboard TARAWA Class LHAs and to specify same for the new LPD 17 Class ships.
Countries in Transition: Some of Croatia’s Aims in Shipyard Productivity Achievement
Authors: Sladoljev Želimir
Published: January 2021

In mid 80s the Croatian shipbuilding industry was contributing up to 4.5% of the world's new building orders, thus being the first in Europe during a period of several consecutive years. From 1990, during the five-year war in Croatia and Bosnia, basic capacities of shipyards remained untouched, but the shipbuilding business had been almost destroyed. Besides, the socialist heritage with its irrationalities in the industrial organization added more trouble to the Croatian shipyards. The necessary privatization of shipyards could not be realized without Government intervention in the productivity improvements through radical changes in the shipyard organization as well as the renewal of the production facilities. This paper gives an overview of how the shipyards restructuring program should be carried out.
The Virtual Shipyard: A Simulation Model of the Shipbuilding Process
Authors: Alfeld Louis Edward , Pilliod Colleen S. , Wilkins James R.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a unique software program that simulates the dynamic complexities of the ship construction process. The program, called ShipBuild™, was developed by Decision Dynamics, Inc. (DDI) under a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract sponsored by NAVSEA. The program greatly simplifies the planning and replanning process, making it easy to create a good production plan and keep it current. This simulation model of the shipyard production process captures both the essential physical shipbuilding activities and the essential management decision making activities that support the physical production processes. The application consists of two independent submodels, a simulation capability and a results viewer component. The first submodel identifies the overall shipyard facility and manpower resources and the second identifies the construction tasks required to build a ship. The submodels interact to calculate the specific allocation of resources over time necessary to produce the ship. The output generated from the program provides the durations and manhour loadings of elements of the ship construction process based upon dynamic resource availability. The output (unlike other scheduling programs for which durations are typically input and resource allocations an output) provides both schedule and resource use. Task durations are calculated based upon the manhour requirements, the number of people assigned and their productivity. Output generated by the application can assist Program Managers and Design Engineers in analyzing the manhour cost and schedule impacts of alternative designs and construction sequences. The program can also help to quantify the cost and schedule impact of delay and disruption as well as assist in identifying the most effective management actions to overcome such problems.
Equipment Standardization Under Acquisition Reform
Authors: Sands Jan , Loughlin William , Lu Frank
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses the ramifications of current Department of Defense (DoD) Acquisition Reform policies on Navy equipment standardization initiatives and provides an overview of the objectives and benefits of making "best value" end item selections during the design and construction process. The DoD initiative to implement acquisition reform by changing the processes by which defense system and equipment requirements are defined and communicated to contractors is having significant impacts on equipment standardization programs. The emphasis on the use of non-developmental and commercial-off-the-shelf items (NDIs/COTS) combined with naval ship system and equipment requirements being expressed primarily in performance terms creates the potential for the introduction of large numbers of commercial equipment to the supply support system. Approaches to maximizing equipment standardization efforts in the era of commercial-based acquisition strategies are described and examples of standardization approaches using recent ship acquisitions (Strategic Sealift, LHD 1, DDG 51, and LPD 17) are presented.. Possible approaches for the use of performance-based equipment databases and real-time linkages through the Internet with COTS manufacturers are discussed. Impacts that could change the structure of existing logistics support systems and result in substantial improvements in both cost and performance of shipboard equipment and components are addressed.
An Integrated Approach for the Computerized Production Process of Curved Hull Plates
Authors: Shin Jong Gye , Kim Won Don , Lee Jang Hyun
Published: January 2021

The production procedure for curved hull plates follows a sequence of shell development, plate cutting, roller press bending, and line heating processes. The final accuracy of shell plates to be formed depends on eliminating errors accumulated during each process. To satisfy shipyard demand for improved accuracy, each process requires careful examination and the entire system should be concurrently integrated. However, previous research and development has been limited to each independent process. An integrated approach for a computerized production process is being developed. This paper presents the basic concept of the approach. The approach is developed based on engineering analysis in order to guarantee the desired accuracy. Thus, it includes mechanical simulation of cutting, roller press bending, and line heating, with kinematics of shell development. Practical experiences of shipyard experts are implemented into the proposed system by means of a knowledge-based neural network system. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the present approach.
Implementation of Integrated CAD/CAM Systems in Small and Medium Sized Shipyards: A Case Study
Authors: Mercier Larry , Byington Tracy , Senkwic Walt , Barry Christopher
Published: January 2021

The Coast Guard Yard in Curtis Bay·, MD implemented a PC/AutoCAD based CAD/CAM system and used it to construct a series of 15 M (49 foot) buoy tenders. Implementing CAD/CAM is primarily a management, rather than technical, challenge. Performance-Based Management Techniques were used to develop the new system as an integrated whole, controlled and documented under ISO 9001. The process was cost-effective, required minimum retraining, was fully implemented in a few months, and was appropriate to a small shipyard building boats, but extensible as required to medium sized ships. The authors discuss:The use of Performance-Based Management and team-building techniques to help implement the process;The use of process management techniques to document, control and systematically improve the process in order to remain competitive;The process developed, including methods to allow varying levels of operator skill, geometry, weight and interference control, and development of automation techniques;The lessons learned, the results in productivity improvement, and the future path for continuous improvement
ISO 14000 as a Strategic Tool for Shipping and Shipbuilding
Authors: Fet Annik Magerholm
Published: January 2021

This paper reviews the ISO 14000 standards, especially the standards on environmental management, life cycle assessment and environmental performance evaluation. It presents examples of how ISO 14000 was implemented in Norwegian shipping and shipbuilding. These examples are the results from a research program in which four shipyards and one shipping company in Norway collaborated with the research foundation More Research. The holistic view and life cycle approach were essential to this research program. The environmental effects related to construction, operation and maintenance of ships were evaluated, and the results were presented by means of environmental performance indicators. The indicators were placed in a three-tier informational structure. Finally, it was demonstrated how the use of ISO 14000 as a complement to ISM can focus the shipping companies ' strategic efforts on areas which may yield the biggest economic returns for the future.
A Computer-Aided Process for Assessing the Ability of Shipyards To Use Technological Innovation
Authors: Lannes Will , Logan James W. , Jovanovich Kim
Published: January 2021

This paper details a prototype personal computer based organizational evaluation system that allows a shipyard to evaluate its potential for technological innovation against a composite innovative organization. The system was developed by a combination of meta analysis of available literature, interviews, and survey of shipbuilding industry personnel. The system is designed for self use by organizational members, and produces output that serves as basis for dialogue about changes necessary to increase the innovative capacity of a shipbuilding organization. Development and use of the system is explained, and examples of output from 2 field tests is presented. Further system development plans are examined.
Maximum Achievable Control Technology: What a Shipbuilder Should Know for Environmental Compliance
Authors: Kura Bhaskar , Mookoni Praveen
Published: January 2021

The new system for the control of air toxics being developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency called the "Maximum Achievable Control Technology" requires the development of technology based standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants within a specific industrial or commercial source category. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the rule and its applicability to shipbuilding and ship repair industry. The reasons for selecting California regulations as the shipyard maximum available control technology, the compliance procedures, the control technologies for paints as-supplied and paints as-applied and other general requirements under the MACT rule are discussed in detail in this paper.
Launching of Ships and Floating Structures from Horizontal Berth by Tipping Table
Authors: Senjanovic Ivo
Published: January 2021

This review paper covers extensive investigations which were undertaken in order to verify the idea of launching of ships and other floating structures from a horizontal berth by a set of turning pads. This includes structural dynamics during launching, model tests and strength analysis of the structure and the launching system. The most important results, which were used for the design of the launching system, are presented. The preparation of a barge for side launching is described, and the full-scale measurement results are compared with the test results. The advantages of building ships and offshore structures on a horizontal berth are pointed out in the conclusion.
Residual Stress on Ship Hull Structure
Authors: Okumoto Yasuhisa
Published: January 2021

It is well known that ship structure experiences residual stresses due to heat process of steelmaking and assembly (cutting, bending, welding, straightening, etc.), and that these stresses affect ship hull strength. However, such stresses are usually not considered in strength calculations, because they are quantitatively ambiguous. This paper reviews the residual stresses in ship hull structure in accordance with each production step, including steel material, with reference to past measurements and analyses.
Improved Shipboard Signage
Authors: Filling J. Carey , Gauthier Elizabeth , Kopp Walter
Published: January 2021

This paper provides an introduction to shipboard signage design, construction, and installation. It is intended to assist the naval architect and marine engineer in the design of signs for shipboard use, help the shipyard in its initial procurement and installation of shipboard signage, help the ship's crew determine what additional signs are needed during the life cycle of the vessel, and aid in the sign replacement process. There are a number of standards and specifications, both commercial and military, that deal with signage but few are in complete agreement. Research into these standards has resulted in the development of a user-friendly shipboard signage guide, applicable to both military and commercial vessels, which is paraphrased in this paper. Guidance is provided for the most commonly used shipboard signage applications and includes the use of new materials which are less expensive, lighter weight, and more visible even in low or no light conditions. By using this guide, effective signs which offer reduced cost (material and installation) and weight, with improved readability, clarity, and meaning will result. Specific areas addressed include signage types, layout, wording, symbology, physical properties, installation, and cost.
Design Analysis of a New Generation of Suezmax Tankers
Authors: Belamaric Igor , Cudina Predrag , Žiha Kalman
Published: January 2021

A thoroughly investigated design of a new generation of Suezmax tankers incorporating the builder's consideration in the form of a condensed mathematical model is presented. The design model is provided for practical application and for a fast assessment of the conceptual design. The design model is subjected to different methods of design analysis in order determine an adequate design and the appropriate procedure applicable in the design office. In addition, the computational, building and operational uncertainties involved in the design and mathematical model are considered. The uncertainty analysis based on tolerances indicates a wider choice of designs within acceptable limits.
Systematic Consideration of the Potential for Learning from Another Industry
Authors: Koenig Philip C.
Published: January 2021

An influential 1980's study of shipbuilding reported that "as compared to other manufacturing endeavors, shipyard operations are unique" (IHI 1986:2). However, in another report the same investigators described distinct similarities in "the way that ships, and most other manufactured artifacts, are actually produced" (IHI 1982:1). These two views are not inconsistent. Industries may be remarkably similar from one perspective and mutually irrelevant from another. U.S.-based shipbuilders and the other firms and organizations which form the shipbuilding industrial infrastructure can be inspired but also cautioned by the revitalization of the heavy industries of America which took place during the 1990's. The Detroit automobile manufacturers, automotive suppliers, steel mills, machine tool makers, and other heavy industrial producers of the former mid-western "rust belt" have made a remarkable comeback from the American competitiveness crisis of the 1970's and 1980's. How is shipbuilding different from these industries? Can shipbuilders learn from their experience and insight? For a specific industry, which aspects present useful learning opportunities and which are not likely to be applicable to shipbuilding? In this paper, a methodical approach for answering these questions is presented. The method is illustrated through an evaluation of automobile manufacturing as a learning source for the shipbuilding industry.
Damage Repairs to the MT Presidente Arturo Illia— Buenos Aires, December 1997
Authors: Marta Ernesto
Published: January 2021

The MT Presidente Arturo Illia, a crude oil carrier of 58 700 DWT and 215 m length overall, suffered major damage as a result of a September 1997 explosion. Main deck, bottom, longitudinal bulkheads, internal structure, pipes and electrical system were seriously damaged. The vessel underwent repairs at Tandanor shipyard. This report shows that major repairs to a large vessel can be accomplished in a shipyard whose installations are designed to accommodate vessels of smaller dimensions. The maximum length of TANDANOR's Syncrolift platform is 184.8 m while the ship's length overall is 215 m. In order to handle this ship at the yard it was necessary to apply not only calculations and engineering procedures, but practical experience also.
A Scalar Metric for Assessing the Producibility of a Hull Form in Early Design
Authors: Parsons Michael G. , Nam Jong-Ho , Singer David J.
Published: January 2021

A scalar hull surface producibility cost metric is introduced as an area weighted sum of the relative cost of producing classes of hull surface plates. The classes include flat plate, within some small tolerance; plating with curvature of various magnitude in a single direction; plating with double curvature of various magnitudes; and plating with reverse double curvature of various magnitudes. The classification could also be extended to include the orientation of the primary stiffeners and include the cost of producing the stiffened hull surface panels. The normal curvatures of the hull surface are made available at a discrete mesh by current hull surface design software, such as FastShip or Maxsurf. The producibility metric uses this data with the manufacturing-based curved plating classification and relative production cost information from either expert opinion or shipyard specific cost data to produce a scalar metric which can be used by the hull designer to compare alternative hull designs. Due to the natural imprecision of the relevant cost data and the variability among manufacturing in different shipyards, a fuzzy logic approach is used to classify and estimate the relative cost of forming the plating of each element of the surface of the hull. The metric is implemented and tested in the C and PERL languages and will be implemented within the FastShip hull development system using a PERL macro.
An Approach to Efficient Nesting and Cutting Path Optimization of Irregular Shapes
Authors: Jang Chang Doo , Han Yun Keun
Published: January 2021

A new nesting and cutting path generation algorithm is proposed and a PC-based GUI system is established for user convenience. The proposed algorithm can reduce the calculation time by updating the boundary of raw material after each part is placed and by selecting the vertices of the boundary as initial allocation points. Grouping the parts by their areas and applying the column nesting can improve the nesting efficiency, e.g., waste ratio. Also, optimal cutting paths are found based on an algorithm by allowing all the convex vertices of the parts to be piercing points compared with existing work that used only fixed piercing points.
Simulation-Based Evaluation of Productivity for the Design of an Automated Fabrication Workshop in Shipbuilding
Authors: Shin Jong Gye , Sohn Sug Je
Published: January 2021

An automated shipbuilding process is capable of increasing productivity and reducing the workforce. However, to set up a new automated workshop in a shipyard requires many years, tremendous costs, and also high risks. During the construction of the new workshop, more advanced but cheaper hardware and software are expected. In addition, the shipbuilding market may also be changed. The new workshop then may lose competitiveness. Therefore, the design of a new workshop and the simulation of product flow at the designed workshop in advance would be of considerable value in the construction of the new workshop facility. The design could save construction time and cost, and reduce risks. This paper describes the design of an automated fabrication workshop for the shipbuilding industry. The workshop considered consists of job shops for the registering of material plates, cutting, rolling, lineheating and loading of products. An automated manufacturing system is developed for the control and simulation of product flow in the workshop by use of recent information technologies, such as object-oriented modeling, networking, simulation methodology, monitoring on the Internet, and database management. Using the developed system, a product-flowsimulation is carried out, in order to evaluate productivity. Productivity is defined herein as the overall performance of the product flow, that is, less waiting time for processing, less idle time for machinery, rapid completion time, and related issues. A layout of the automated fabrication workshop is then suggested.
A Parametric Approach for Initial Hull Form Modeling Using NURBS Representation
Authors: Nam Jong-Ho , Parsons Michael G.
Published: January 2021

An approach to initial hull form modeling using the concept of parametric generation and manipulation is introduced. The parametric approach is to directly control geometric features or to describe hydrostatic performance of a hull by utilizing naval architecture parameters that uniquely and unambiguously define a hull form. The Non Uniform Rational B-spline (NURBS) representation, which is the most common type of a hull form modeling in use, is combined with the parametric approach to represent a hull form. From a planar net of control points of a NURBS surface, a hull form satisfying the given requirements is automatically generated. The generation of the hull form is accomplished by subdividing the hull into five zones: stem, entrance, midbody, run, and stern, maintaining the continuity between adjacent zones. A library of pre-defined stems and sterns is provided to help a rapid and efficient design. Modification of the initial hull form can be accomplished by manipulating the set of NURBS control points that influences the designated part of the hull form. Refinement for precise hull form and variation to similar hull forms are easily carried out within any hull form distortion system. This proposed modeling approach is useful for an initial hull form design from scratch with minimal user requirements; therefore, it can be an effective tool for the initial design of a hull form when a suitable parent model is unavailable.
Laser Forming for Flexible Fabrication
Authors: Masubuchi Koichi , Jones Jerry E.
Published: January 2021

A 36-month program supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility to predictably laser form a variety of ferrous and non-ferrous metals of different thickness. Laser forming provides a method of producing complex shapes in sheet, plate, and tubing without the use of tooling, molds, or dies. By heating a localized area with a laser beam, it is possible to create stress states that result in predictable deformation. This research program has developed, refined and demonstrated constitutive and empirical, and neural network models to predict deformation as a function of critical parametric variables and established an understanding of the effect of laser forming on some metallurgical properties of materials. The program was organized into two, time-phased tasks. The first task involved forming flat plates to one-dimensional (I -D) shapes, such as, hinge bends in various materials including low-carbon steel, high-strength steels, nickel-based super alloys, and aluminum alloys. The second task expanded the work conducted in the first task to investigate three-dimensional (3-D) configurations. The models were updated, 3-D specimens fabricated and evaluated, and cost benefit analyses were performed.