bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viscosity, Black Holes, and Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Son Dam T. , Starinets Andrei O.
Published: June 2007

We review recent progress in applying the AdS/CFT correspondence to finite-temperature field theory. In particular, we show how the hydrodynamic behavior of field theory is reflected in the low-momentum limit of correlation functions computed through a real-time AdS/CFT prescription, which we formulate. We also show how the hydrodynamic modes in field theory correspond to the low-lying quasi-normal modes of the AdS black p-brane metric. We provide proof of the universality of the viscosity/entropy ratio within a class of theories with gravity duals and formulate a viscosity bound conjecture. Possible implications for real systems are mentioned.
Riqueza e abundância de Culicidae (Diptera) em área impactada, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Gomes Almério de Castro , Natal Delsio , Paula Marcia Bicudo de , Urbinatti Paulo Roberto , Mucci Luís Filipe , Bitencourt Marisa Dantas
Published: June 2007

O represamento do Rio Pananá para construção da hidrelétrica de Porto Primavera, entre os Estados do Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo, alterou as relações ecológicas na região. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a fauna de culicídeos potencialmente vetores nesse reservatório, a 2km da margem direita, em Bataguassu, Mato Grosso do Sul, na fase anterior à inundação. Os culicídeos foram capturados em ambientes distintos mensalmente, de julho de 1997 a novembro de 1999. Foram calculados índices de riqueza e abundância. Obtiveram-se 16.553 exemplares adultos e 1.795 imaturos, com riqueza de 86 e 44 espécies, respectivamente. A fauna culicídea da área de estudo apresentava relativa riqueza, com espécies de valor epidemiológico, como o Anopheles darlingi, além de outras com potencial na veiculação de arbovírus.
Cidade sanatorial, cidade industrial: espaço urbano e política de saúde em São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Vianna Paula Vilhena Carnevale , Elias Paulo Eduardo M.
Published: June 2007

Este estudo se insere na renovada abordagem teórico-conceitual do espaço para análise das políticas de saúde. A potencialidade desta abordagem está em tratar a organização do espaço como um produto das relações entre a sociedade e o poder de Estado, influenciada pela economia e possibilitada pela política. Esse espaço que se revela, ao ser compreendido como construção social, concretiza a narrativa histórica, possibilitando uma melhor compreensão de como as políticas são formuladas e materializadas no espaço urbano. A partir deste espaço, investigamos a política que regeu a conformação dos serviços de saúde na cidade de São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil, em dois momentos distintos: na década de 1920, em que o município se constituiu como estância climática, e no início da década de 1980, momento de estruturação do sistema público municipal de saúde. Na reconstituição social histórica e geográfica, revelam-se as ambigüidades e coerências de uma cidade que delineava, no perfil sanatorial, as características que marcariam a cidade industrial.
Fatores associados ao índice de cessação do hábito de fumar em duas diferentes populações adultas (Projetos Bambuí e Belo Horizonte)
Authors: Peixoto Sérgio Viana , Firmo Josélia Oliveira Araújo , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda
Published: June 2007

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o índice de cessação do tabagismo e os fatores associados ao mesmo. O estudo foi conduzido na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte e na cidade de Bambuí, em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Participaram, respectivamente, 13.261 e 1.018 adultos (> 20 anos) selecionados aleatoriamente entre os residentes das áreas de estudo. O índice de cessação do tabagismo foi igual a 40,6% (IC95%: 39,1-42,3) na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte e 38,8% (IC95%: 34,4-43,1) em Bambuí. Na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, associações independentes e positivas com esse índice foram observadas para idade (> 40 anos), escolaridade (4-7 e > 8 anos de estudo), número de condições crônicas (> 2) e número de consultas médicas no último ano (1-3 e > 4); associação negativa foi observada para estado civil (não casados). Em Bambuí, foi observada associação independente e positiva com idade (> 40 anos) e negativa com número de hospitalizações no último ano (> 2). A heterogeneidade dos fatores associados à interrupção do tabagismo dificulta a identificação de grupos vulneráveis, visando estratégias de prevenção. São necessários novos estudos para um melhor entendimento dessa heterogeneidade.
Triagem auditiva em hospital público de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: deficiência auditiva e seus fatores de risco em neonatos e lactentes
Authors: Tiensoli Luciana Oliveira , Goulart Lúcia Maria Horta de Figueiredo , Resende Luciana Macedo de , Colosimo Enrico Antônio
Published: June 2007

O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar a prevalência de deficiência auditiva em crianças de hospital público de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, e investigar sua associação com fatores de risco descritos na literatura. O estudo transversal, retrospectivo, analisou 798 neonatos e lactentes, avaliados no Programa de Triagem Auditiva Neonatal Universal entre junho de 2002 e dezembro de 2003. Foram pesquisados os fatores de risco estabelecidos pelo Joint Committee on Infant Hearing em 1994, e por Azevedo em 1996, além da prematuridade. A prevalência de deficiência auditiva foi de 1,8% (15 casos). Foi realizada análise multivariada por regressão logística para verificação da associação entre fatores de risco e perda auditiva, que revelou associação estatisticamente significativa (valor p < 0,05) entre perda auditiva e: suspeita de surdez por parte dos familiares, hiperbilirrubinemia (exsangüíneo transfusão), medicação ototóxica, peso ao nascer menor que 1.500g. Confirma-se prevalência significativa de déficit auditivo em neonatos e lactentes; portanto, deve ser dada atenção aos fatores de risco que aumentam as chances de ocorrência do problema. Verifica-se a importância de programas de saúde auditiva que contemplem prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e intervenção.
Hepatite A no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: padrão epidemiológico e associação das variáveis sócio-ambientais. Vinculando dados do SINAN aos do Censo Demográfico
Authors: Silva Patrícia de Castro , Vitral Cláudia Lamarca , Barcellos Christovam , Kawa Helia , Gracie Renata , Rosa Maria Luiza Garcia
Published: June 2007

Objetivamos discutir a vinculação do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e do Censo Demográfico para conhecer o contexto sócio-ambiental da hepatite A, analisando a contribuição das variáveis ambientais e sócio-demográficas para ocorrência de casos notificados e confirmados da infecção. Também, com base nas informações individuais sobre os casos de hepatite A notificados e confirmados, obtidos no SINAN, discutimos o padrão de endemicidade no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. No estudo agregado, a unidade de análise foi o setor censitário e as informações do Censo 2000, associadas à localização dos 1.553 casos notificados e confirmados de hepatite A ocorridos na cidade entre 1999-2001. Observou-se um padrão epidemiológico entre alta e média endemicidades, indicando situação menos favorável do que a observada nos estudos soro-epidemiológicos. A média rank do número de domicílios com condições sócio-ambientais desfavoráveis foi maior nos setores censitários de sobre-risco para hepatite A (dois ou mais casos) com significância estatística pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. As variáveis sócio-demográficas mostraram ter maior influência do que as ambientais na ocorrência de casos: maior percentual de pobreza e de menores de cinco anos apresentou as maiores diferenças de médias rank.
System Performance in UASB Reactors Receiving Increasing Levels of Sulfate
Authors: Erdirencelebi Dilek , Ozturk Izzet , Ubay Cokgor Emine
Published: June 2007

Glucose‐fed high‐rate UASB reactors were tested at three COD/SO4 ratios and hydraulic retention times to promote sulfate reducing activity and observe the effects on reactor performance. Different COD/SO4 ratios (20, 10, and 5) resulted in changes in organic matter removal, methane production, alkalinity, dissolved sulfide and biomass concentrations and profile. The COD removal dropped from 95 to 80–84 % at the lowest COD/SO4 ratio. Sulfate was removed at 79 to 89 % at the highest ratio and dropped to 72 to 74 % with increasing sulfate loading. Alkalinity was produced at higher levels with increasing sulfate loading. Specific methane production dropped with decreasing hydraulic retention times. Sulfate‐reducing activity used a maximum of 11.7 % of organic matter at the highest sulfate loading level, producing a slight shift to sulfate‐reducing activity in the substrate competition between sulfate‐reducing bacteria and methanogens. Increased sulfate loading at COD/SO4 ratios of 10 and 5 caused deterioration of the concentration profile of the sludge, resulting in biomass washout and decreased volatile fraction of biosolids in the reactors.
Charge distribution on narrow MEMS beams of nearly square cross‐section
Authors: Chen Hui , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: June 2007

The subject of this paper is the calculation of charge distribution on the surfaces of thin conducting microelectromechanical systems beams, of nearly square cross‐section, in electrostatic problems, by the boundary element method (BEM). A line model of a beam is proposed here. This model overcomes the problem of dealing with nearly singular matrices that occur when the standard BEM is applied to very thin features (objects or gaps). This new approach is also very efficient. Numerical results are presented for selected examples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Amines to Ureas
Authors: Díaz Delmy J. , Darko Ampofo K. , McElwee‐White Lisa
Published: June 2007

The synthesis of ureas from amines has traditionally been accomplished with stoichiometric reactions of phosgene or its derivatives, which are associated with environmental and waste disposal issues. Because of the prevalence of urea moieties in molecules of interest for several applications, alternative catalytic routes for the oxidative conversion of amines to ureas using CO as the carbonyl source have been developed. This microreview discusses recent developments in transition metal‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of amines to ureas as an alternative to phosgene and its derivatives. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Clonal divergence in lung cancer development is associated with allelic loss on chromosome 4
Authors: Banerjee A. K. , Read C. A. , Griffiths M. H. , George P. J. , Rabbitts P. H.
Published: June 2007

Patients who receive curative treatment for lung cancer can develop additional lung tumors that may or may not be related to the original tumor and thus require different clinical management. If a subsequent tumor has a pattern of allele loss, revealed by allelotype analysis, overlapping that of the first tumor, it is believed to be a local recurrence or metastasis. In this case history, we present loss of heterozygosity analyses of the original primary tumor, and two second primary tumors occurring in the ipsilateral and the contra‐lateral lungs. The allelotyping suggests that these tumors are all clonally related but concordance is not complete. Our interpretation is that the original primary tumor and the two new primary tumors have developed to full malignancy independently, but are clonally related, possibly via a clone of motile progenitor cells. Deletion mapping of DNA from biopsies of this patient delineated a region in 4p16 that we had previously shown to be lost in the transition from carcinoma in situ to invasive tumor. We identified a minimally deleted region encompassing six genes including two candidate tumor supprressor genes, CRMP1 a lung cancer metastasis‐suppressing gene and PPP2R2C a gene for a regulatory subunit of the PP2 complex known to suppress tumorigenesis, particularly viral induced transformation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functionalization of poly(L‐lactide) nanofibrous scaffolds with bioactive collagen molecules
Authors: Chiu Jonathan B. , Liu Cheng , Hsiao Benjamin S. , Chu Benjamin , Hadjiargyrou Michael
Published: June 2007

The utilization of electrospun biodegradable scaffolds by fine‐tuning their biofunctionalities through a simple mixing method was demonstrated in this study. Poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA)‐based scaffolds containing small amounts of bioactive collagen type I molecules were investigated for enhancements in cellular behavior. Electron microscopy revealed no topological alterations of the fibers in the collagen/PLLA scaffolds when compared with pure PLLA scaffolds. Cell attachment after 24 h was robust on collagen/PLLA scaffolds, with cytoskeletal analysis showing that the attached cells were aligned along the fibers assuming a spindle‐shape appearance. Despite these morphological differences, gene expression analyses revealed no apparent alterations in mRNA levels of four genes involved in cell attachment across the various scaffolds. Although cell proliferation was not adversely affected, there were clear differences in cell penetration; after 1 week, cells migrated through 32 and 85% of PLLA and collagen/PLLA scaffolds, respectively. Mineralization of primary calvaria osteoblasts provided further evidence that collagen‐containing electrospun PLLA scaffolds could sustain cell differentiation. Overall, the inclusion of collagen type I in even miniscule amounts (<1 wt %) within electrospun PLLA scaffolds could effectively modulate certain aspects of cellular behavior. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Review of scenario selection and downscaling methods for the assessment of climate change impacts on hydrology in the United States pacific northwest
Authors: Salathe Eric P. , Mote Philip W. , Wiley Matthew W.
Published: June 2007

This paper reviews methods that have been used to evaluate global climate simulations and to downscale global climate scenarios for the assessment of climate impacts on hydrologic systems in the Pacific Northwest, USA. The approach described has been developed to facilitate integrated assessment research in support of regional resource management. Global climate model scenarios are evaluated and selected based on historic 20th century simulations. A statistical downscaling method is then applied to produce a regional data set. To facilitate the use of climate projections in hydrologic assessment, additional statistical mapping may be applied to generate synthetic station time series. Finally, results are presented from a regional climate model that indicate important differences in the regional climate response from what is captured by global models and statistical downscaling. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Hyperglycosylated‐hCG (h‐hCG) and Down syndrome screening in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy
Authors: Palomaki Glenn E. , Neveux Louis M. , Haddow James E. , Wyatt Philip
Published: June 2007

Objective

To validate Down syndrome screening protocols that include hyperglycosylated‐hCG (h‐hCG) measurements.

Methods

Measuring h‐hCG in 21 641 fresh first‐ and second‐trimester maternal serum samples, but not for clinical interpretation. Nuchal translucency (NT) and pregnancy associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) measurements were available in the first trimester; alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) measurements in the second trimester.

Results

Of the 23 first‐ and 26 second‐trimester Down syndrome pregnancies identified, 52 and 65% of h‐hCG measurements were above the 95th centile, respectively. At a 3% false positive rate, maternal age, NT, PAPP‐A and h‐hCG detected 78% of cases (95% CI, 56–93%). Other combinations were consistent with previous modeling utilizing stored samples. A literature summary indicates h‐hCG is as strong a marker as free‐β between 10 and 13 weeks' gestation.

Conclusions

Down syndrome screening performance of h‐hCG using fresh samples meets published expectations based on stored samples. h‐hCG could replace free β measurements, at gestational ages as early as 10 weeks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal and spatial variation in quality of hyporheic water in one unregulated and two regulated boreal rivers
Authors: Calles Olle , Nyberg Lars , Greenberg Larry
Published: June 2007

This study describes the temporal and spatial variations in hyporheic water quality in three boreal rivers, the River Tobyälven, an unregulated river, the river Mangälven, a regulated river with a minimum discharge requirement and the river Järperudsälven, a regulated river without any minimum discharge requirements. A total of 43 permanent piezometers were used to measure dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, NOand NHin the hyporheic water at 150 mm and 300 mm depth, at monthly intervals from October 2001 to October 2002. Another seven piezometers were installed in brown trout redds and monitored during the incubation period, from December 2001 to April 2002. In the river Tobyälven, temporal patterns in hyporheic water chemistry correlated to variations in surface water chemistry and discharge. In the river Järperudsälven, the hyporheic water chemistry did not correlate to discharge or surface water chemistry. In the river Mangälven, the water chemistry was dominated by releases from a large upstream lake, and there were weak correlations between surface water chemistry and hyporheic water chemistry at some sites. The incubation conditions for brown trout eggs were most favourable in the unregulated river, characterized by high DO levels that remained high throughout the incubation period. In the river Järperudsälven the DO levels were variable during spawning, and then gradually declined to critically low levels during incubation, whereas in the river Mangälven the DO conditions were intermediate and stable. Thus we observed a stronger coupling between surface water conditions and hyporheic conditions, i.e. vertical connectivity, in the unregulated river than in the regulated river with minimum flow requirements, which in turn was stronger than in the river without minimum flow requirements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated scenarios for assessing biodiversity risks
Authors: Spangenberg Joachim H.
Published: June 2007

The author wishes to correct and complete the ‘acknowledgements’ as follows:

The scenarios described in this paper have been developed by the ALARM scenario team, with contributions from Andrea Stocker and Ines Omann (economic modelling), Tim Carter, Stefan Fronzek, Kirsti Jylha (climate data and scenarios); Franz Badeck (N deposition data and scenarios); Isabelle Reginster, Mark Rounsevell (land use data and scenarios), Joachim H. Spangenberg (storylines), Joseph Settele, Ingolf Kühn (overall concept), Volker Hammen (shock scenarios). They benefited from discussions in the ALARM team and with the ALARM Consultative Forum. This work has been supported by the European Commission FP 6 Integrated Project ALARM (Assessing Large‐Scale Environmental Risks for Biodiversity with Tested Methods) under grant number GOCE‐CT‐2003‐506675; see www.alarmproject.net

The ‘acknowledgements’ will be corrected prior to print publication.
Recent developments in meta‐analysis
Authors: Sutton Alexander J. , Higgins Julian P. T.
Published: June 2007

The art and science of meta‐analysis, the combination of results from multiple independent studies, is now more than a century old. In the last 30 years, however, as the need for medical research and clinical practice to be based on the totality of relevant and sound evidence has been increasingly recognized, the impact of meta‐analysis has grown enormously. In this paper, we review highlights of recent developments in meta‐analysis in medical research. We outline in particular how emphasis has been placed on (i) heterogeneity and random‐effects analyses; (ii) special consideration in different areas of application; (iii) assessing bias within and across studies; and (iv) extension of ideas to complex evidence synthesis. We conclude the paper with some remarks on ongoing challenges and possible directions for the future. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
La2XB3 (X = Cl, Br): A Novel Layered Structure with Planar Boron Nets of B3, B6 and B8 Rings
Authors: Zeng Hui‐Yi , Lukachuk Mar'yana , Okudera Hiroki , Zheng Chong , Mattausch Hansjürgen , Simon Arndt
Published: June 2007

Two new layered rare earth boride halides, La2XB3 (X = Cl, Br) have been synthesized. They crystallize in the space group (No. 174) with a = 7.872(1) Å, c = 8.219(2) Å, V = 441.1(1) Å3 for the chloride, and with a = 7.834(1) Å, c = 8.440(1) Å, V = 448.6(1) Å3 for the bromide compound, respectively. The crystals of La2ClB3 are twinned resulting in an apparent symmetry P6/mmm (No. 191). In the crystal structure of La2XB3, trigonal La6 prisms are condensed into sheets in the a‐b plane, and the halogen atoms X sandwich the La double layers. The connection of B atoms which center the prisms and rectangular prism faces leads to B nets of B3, B6 and B8 rings embedded between the La atom double layers. The chemical bonding is analyzed for the well ordered bromide, and the characteristic disorder in the chloride is discussed.
Synthese, Struktur und Reaktivität von Tris‐, Bis‐ und Mono(2,4‐dimethylpentadienyl)‐Komplexen des Neodyms, Lanthans und des Yttriums
Authors: Kunze Michael R. , Steinborn Dirk , Merzweiler Kurt , Wagner Christoph , Sieler Joachim , Taube Rudolf
Published: June 2007

The tris(2,4‐dimethylpentadienyl) complexes [Ln(η5‐Me2C5H5)3] (Ln = Nd, La, Y) are obtained analytically pure by reaction of the tribromides LnBr3·nTHF with the potassium compound K(Me2C5H5)(thf)n in THF in good yields. The structural characterization is carried out by X‐ray crystal structure analysis and NMR‐spectroscopically. The tris complexes can be transformed into the dimeric bis(2,4‐dimethylpentadienyl) complexes [Ln2(η5‐Me2C5H5)4X2] (Ln, X: Nd, Cl, Br, I; La, Br, I; Y, Br) by reaction with the trihalides THF solvates in the molar ratio 2:1 in toluene. Structure and bonding conditions are determined for selected compounds by X‐ray crystal structure analysis and NMR‐spectroscopically in general. The dimer‐monomer equilibrium existing in solution was investigated NMR‐spectroscopically in dependence of the donor strength of the solvent and could be established also by preparation of the corresponding monomer neutral ligand complexes [Ln(η5‐Me2C5H5)2X(L)] (Ln, X, L: Nd, Br, py; La, Cl, thf; Br, py; Y, Br, thf). Finally the possibilities for preparation of mono(2,4‐dimethylpentadienyl)lanthanoid(III)‐dibromid complexes are shown and the hexameric structure of the lanthanum complex [La6(η5‐Me2C5H5)6Br12(thf)4] is proved by X‐ray crystal structure analysis.
Cobalt(II) Complexes with N‐Thioacylamidophosphates and 2,2′‐Bipyridyl and 1,10‐Phenathroline. Crystal Structures, Solution 1H NMR Spectral and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Safin Damir A. , Mlynarz Piotr , Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Babashkina Maria G. , Sokolov Felix D. , Zabirov Nail G. , Galezowska Joanna , Kozlowski Henryk
Published: June 2007

Structure and magnetic properties of N‐diisopropoxyphosphorylthiobenzamide PhC(S)‐N(H)‐P(O)(OiPr)2 (HLI) and N‐diisopropoxyphosphoryl‐N′‐phenylthiocarbamide PhN(H)‐C(S)‐N(H)‐P(O)(OiPr)2 (HLII) complexes with the CoII cation of formulas [Co{PhC(S)‐N‐P(O)(OiPr)2}2] (1), [Co{PhN(H)‐C(S)‐N‐P(O)(OiPr)2}2] (2), [Co{PhC(S)‐N(H)‐P(O)(OiPr)2}2{PhC(S)‐N‐P(O)(OiPr)2}2] (1a) and [Co{PhC(S)‐N‐P(O)(OiPr)2}2}(2,2′‐bipy)] (3), [Co{PhC(S)‐N‐P(O)(OiPr)2}2(1,10‐phen)] (4), [Co{PhN(H)‐C(S)‐N‐P(O)(OiPr)2}2(2,2′‐bipy)] (5), [Co{PhN(H)‐C(S)‐N‐P(O)(OiPr)2}2(1,10‐phen)] (6) were investigated.

Paramagnetic shifts in the 1H NMR spectrum were observed for high‐spin CoII complexes with HLI,II, incorporating the S‐C‐N‐P‐O chelate moiety and two aromatic chelate ligands. Investigation of the thermal dependence of the magnetic susceptibility has shown that the extended materials 1‐2 and 6 show ferromagnetic exchange between distorted tetrahedral (1, 2) or octahedral (1a, 6) metal atoms whereas 3 and 5 show antiferromagnetic properties. Compound 4 behaves as a spin‐canted ferromagnet, an antiferromagnetic ordering taking place below a critical temperature, Tc = 115 K. Complexes 1 and 1a were investigated by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The cobalt(II) atom in complex 1 resides a distorted tetrahedral O2S2 environment formed by the C=S sulfur atoms and the P=O oxygen atoms of two deprotonated ligands. Complex 1a has a tetragonal‐bipyramidal structure, Co(Oax)2(Oeq)2(Seq)2, and two neutral ligand molecules are coordinated in the axial positions through the oxygen atoms of the P=O groups. The base of the bipyramid is formed by two anionic ligands in the typical 1,5‐O,S coordination mode. The ligands are in a trans configuration.
The Crystal Structures of the Room Temperature and the Low Temperature Phase of Dimethylammonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Dietzel Pascal D. C. , Dinnebier Robert , Jansen Martin
Published: June 2007

Dimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1 was synthesized by reaction of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid with an excess of dimethylamine. A temperature variable synchrotron measurement on the polycrystalline substance reveals that 1 passes through a phase transition below room temperature. The transition occurs in the temperature range of 282–285 K on heating and 272–280 K on cooling as determined by DSC. The room temperature phase crystallizes in space group Cmca (a = 11.031(6) Å, b = 18.466(14) Å, c = 8.173(9) Å, V = 1665(2) Å3, Z = 8) and the low temperature phase in space group P 21/c (a = 8.8717(18) Å, b = 8.0838(16) Å, c = 10.968(2) Å, β = 92.128(4)°, V = 786.0(3) Å3, Z = 4). The structures of both phases were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, but refinement did not yield satisfactory residuals for the low temperature phase because of twinning of the crystal. It was, therefore, independently solved from the synchrotron powder diffraction data using rigid body models of the constituent ions and ab‐initio direct space methods. Both, the CF3 group and the SO3 group of the triflate ion, are rotationally disordered around the S–C bond, in the room temperature phase. In the low temperature phase, the triflate ion is well localized. Like in the alkali metal triflates, the triflate ions are arranged in double layers with the hydrophobic trifluoromethyl groups and the sulfonate groups, respectively, pointing towards each other. The dimethylammonium ion is located closer to the sulfonate group with contacts indicating hydrogen bonding. The packing in both phases is of the topological CsCl structure type.
[(bmpyr)2{Zn(OC6H3(NO2)2)4}]: Influence of an Ionic Liquid on Liquid/Liquid Extraction of Metal Ions in a Biphasic System
Authors: v. Prondzinski Nina , Babai Arash , Mudring Anja‐Verena , Merz Klaus
Published: June 2007

The compound [(bmpyr)2{Zn(OR)4}] (OR = 2,4‐dinitriphenolate) has been prepared from Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and sodium 2,4‐dinitrophenolate in a biphasic aqueous ionic liquid (Butyl‐methyl‐pyrrolidinium trifluoromethylsulfonate [bmpyr][OTf]) system. The presence of the anionic zinc complex in [bmpyr][OTf] is made possible by the exchange of the ionic liquid anions into the aqueous phase for the zinc complex. [(bmpyr)2{Zn(OR)4}] was characterized in solution by 13C‐ and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by crystal structure determination. The zinc complex represents the first type of a zinc complex with more than two phenolate ligands.
An Answer to de Régnon's Accusers: Why We Should Not Speak of “His” Paradigm
Authors: Hennessy Kristin
Published: June 2007

The publication of this work in 1892 made de Régnon the most influential and yet least known of Catholic historians of doctrine.
A suggested new surgical classification for mixed totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Authors: Chowdhury Ujjwal K. , Malhotra Amber , Kothari Shyam S. , Krishna Reddy Sri , Mishra Anand K. , Pradeep Kizakke K. , Venugopal Panangipalli
Published: June 2007

The morphologic variations of mixed totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection are many and varied. In this review, we give an account of all cases previously described as mixed totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection, analyzing in detail those cases where an accurate anatomical description was provided. We identified 182 suitable cases, from 54 investigations, and reviewed the clinical presentation, anatomic variations, diagnostic features, and management of the patients described.

Cross-sectional echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization, provided the necessary diagnostic information, and defined the anatomy before surgery in 139 patients. Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomographic angiography had been used for further clarification of the pulmonary venous anatomy. An obstructive pattern of drainage, involving one or more pulmonary veins, had been described in over half of the patients. We then grouped the lesions into categories that have a bearing on the appropriate surgical approach, discussing the appropriate repair for each group. For the overall group, the operative mortality remains high, at 22.9%. We submit that an increased appreciation of various types of mixed totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection may well contribute to improved future surgical management.
Modeling of upwelling/relaxation events with the Navy Coastal Ocean Model
Authors: Shulman Igor , Kindle John , Martin Paul , deRada Sergio , Doyle Jim , Penta Brad , Anderson Stephanie , Chavez Francisco , Paduan Jeff , Ramp Steve
Published: June 2007

The Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) is a free‐surface, primitive‐equation model that is under development at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). The NCOM‐based model of the Monterey Bay area is evaluated during a series of upwelling and relaxation wind events in August–September of 2000. The model receives open boundary conditions from a regional NCOM implementation of the California Current System and surface fluxes from the Navy Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPSTM)(COAMPS is a registered trademark of the Naval Research Laboratory). Issues investigated in this study are: NCOM‐based model simulations of upwelling and relaxation events, coupling to COAMPS, use of sigma versus hybrid (sigma‐z) vertical grids, and coupling with a larger‐scale model on the open boundaries. The NCOM simulations were able to reproduce the observed sequence of the upwelling and relaxation events, which can be attributed, in part, to the good agreement between the observed and COAMPS winds. Comparisons with the mooring observations show that COAMPS overestimates shortwave radiation values, which makes the NCOM modeled SSTs too warm in comparison with observations. The NCOM runs forced with different resolution atmospheric forcing (3 versus 9 km) do not show significant differences in the predicted SSTs and mixed‐layer depths at the mooring locations. At the same time, during the extended upwelling event, the model runs forced with 3 and 9 km resolution COAMPS fields show differences in the surface circulation patterns, which are the most distinct in the southern portion of the model domain. The model run with 9‐km forcing develops a northward flow along the coast, which is not present in the run with 3‐km forcing and in observations (for example, HF radar‐derived radials). Comparison of the wind patterns of the 3‐ and 9‐km products shows a weakening of the 9‐km wind stress along the southern coast of the NCOM model domain, which is responsible for the development of the artificial northward flow in the NCOM run with 9‐km forcing.
Physical short‐term changes after a tussock tundra fire, Seward Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: Liljedahl Anna , Hinzman Larry , Busey Robert , Yoshikawa Kenji
Published: June 2007

The Kougarok area, situated on the central Seward Peninsula, Alaska, experienced a severe fire in August 2002. This may be the only tundra fire where high‐quality prefire (1999–2002) and postfire (2003–2006) active layer and meteorology measurements have been collected in the same locations. After fire, near‐surface soil showed increased moisture at the burned tussock site, remaining close to saturation throughout the thawed season 2003–2006. Despite wetter soil after the fire, freezing occurred earlier at the burned tussock site than at the control, indicating the importance of a reduced organic layer. Severe combustion of lichen and moss left 15–25 cm high tussocks, resulting in a doubling of the surface roughness coefficient. Average September temperature at the tussock site increased 2.3 ± 0.7°C throughout the 1 m soil profile, doubling the active layer depth, although this is due partly to favorable meteorological conditions. The shrubby control station experienced a mean annual temperature increase of 1.1 ± 0.3°C in the upper 0.5 m. A similar annual change was found at the burned tussock site. Cooler weather conditions in 2006 stagnated the soil‐warming trend, which occurred after 2002. How the thermal and moisture regimes in tundra will be affected after fire is highly influenced by weather, fire severity, vegetation regrowth, prefire vegetation, and ground ice conditions.
Role of InsP3and ryanodine receptors in the activation of capacitative Ca2+entry by store depletion or hypoxia in canine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells
Authors: Ng L C , Wilson S M , McAllister C E , Hume J R
Published: June 2007

Background and purpose:

Experiments were performed to determine if capacitative Ca2+entry (CCE) in canine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is dependent on InsP3receptors or ryanodine receptors as induction of CCE is dependent on simultaneous depletion of the functionally separate InsP3‐ and ryanodine‐sensitive sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+stores in these cells.

Experimental approach:

Myocytes were isolated from canine pulmonary arteries using enzymatic procedures and were used within 8 h of preparation. Measurements of cytosolic Ca2+were made by imaging fura‐2 loaded individual myocytes that were perfused with physiological buffered saline solution with or without Ca2+.

Key results:

Treating myocytes with 10μM cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), removing extracellular Ca2+, and briefly applying 10 mM caffeine and 10μM 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) depleted SR Ca2+stores. Extracellular Ca2+reintroduction caused cytosolic [Ca2+] to elevate above baseline signifying CCE. The InsP3receptor inhibitors 2‐aminobiphenylborate (50‐75μM; 2‐APB) and xestospongin‐C (20μM; XeC) abolished CCE. Yet, CCE was unaffected by 10μM or 300μM ryanodine or 10μM dantrolene, which modify ryanodine receptor activity. Higher dantrolene concentrations (50μM), however, can inhibit both ryanodine receptors and InsP3receptors, did reduce CCE. In contrast, CCE activated by hypoxia was unaffected by XeC (20μM).

Conclusions and implications:

The results provide evidence that CCE activated by depletion of both InsP3and ryanodine SR Ca2+stores in canine PASMCs is dependent on functional InsP3receptors, whereas the activation of CCE by hypoxia appears to be independent of functional InsP3receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 101–111; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707357
Myeloperoxidase: a target for new drug development?
Authors: Malle E , Furtmüller P G , Sattler W , Obinger C
Published: June 2007

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a member of the haem peroxidase‐cyclooxygenase superfamily, is abundantly expressed in neutrophils and to a lesser extent in monocytes and certain type of macrophages. MPO participates in innate immune defence mechanism through formation of microbicidal reactive oxidants and diffusible radical species. A unique activity of MPO is its ability to use chloride as a cosubstrate with hydrogen peroxide to generate chlorinating oxidants such as hypochlorous acid, a potent antimicrobial agent. However, evidence has emerged that MPO‐derived oxidants contribute to tissue damage and the initiation and propagation of acute and chronic vascular inflammatory disease. The fact that circulating levels of MPO have been shown to predict risks for major adverse cardiac events and that levels of MPO‐derived chlorinated compounds are specific biomarkers for disease progression, has attracted considerable interest in the development of therapeutically useful MPO inhibitors. Today, detailed information on the structure of ferric MPO and its complexes with low‐ and high‐spin ligands is available. This, together with a thorough understanding of reaction mechanisms including redox properties of intermediates, enables a rationale attempt in developing specific MPO inhibitors that still maintain MPO activity during host defence and bacterial killing but interfere with pathophysiologically persistent activation of MPO. The various approaches to inhibit enzyme activity of MPO and to ameliorate adverse effects of MPO‐derived oxidants will be discussed. Emphasis will be put on mechanism‐based inhibitors and high‐throughput screening of compounds as well as the discussion of physiologically useful HOCl scavengers.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 838–854; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707358; published online 25 June 2007
Investigation of the chemical composition profile of SiGe∕Si(001) islands by analytical transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Schade M. , Heyroth F. , Syrowatka F. , Leipner H. S. , Boeck T. , Hanke M.
Published: June 2007

The authors have determined the composition profile within individual Si1−xGex nanoscale islands on Si(001). Samples have been grown by means of liquid phase epitaxy in the Stranski-Krastanov mode. By applying electron energy loss spectroscopy, the intensities of Si K and Ge L edges have been measured to determine the relative atomic concentration of germanium. The quantification of the composition suggests a profile comprising of two regions with different linear concentration gradients.
Impediments to Screening for Hazardous Alcohol Use and Dependence in General Hospital Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Hulse Gary K.
Published: June 2007

Objective: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) has been developed to screen for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption. It has been used among a variety of primary care, general population and general hospital populations. However, with the exception of one study undertaken by the author and colleagues, the use of the AUDIT in general hospital psychiatric patients has not been reported. This paper reports on a substudy of this larger study whose aim was to determine the frequency of hazardous alcohol use and dependence among patients admitted to the psychiatric units of general hospitals in Perth, Western Australia, and discusses major reasons for non-AUDIT screening among this group.

Method: In a 12-month period 990 patients aged 18–64 years and residing in the Perth metropolitan area were admitted to the psychiatric unit of the two hospitals. Using the AUDIT alcohol use in patients with four major types of psychiatric disorder, namely mood, adjustment, anxiety and psychotic disorders, was assessed.

Results: Of the 834 admissions targeted for AUDIT screening 263 were not screened. This non-screening represented 27–42% of patients in each of the major diagnostic categories. There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients screened versus not screened for mood, adjustment or schizophrenia/psychosis. There were however, significantly fewer patients with anxiety disorder screened compared with mood disorder. Those non-screened patients in major psychiatric groups had significantly shorter hospital stays than their diagnostic counterparts who were screened. The major reason for non-screening in all groups was due to patients leaving the psychiatric facility before they could be accessed. This included discharge before screening, transfer to another psychiatric facility and short admission. To a lesser extent cognitive dysfunction accounted for non-screening among major diagnostic groups.

Conclusions: Failure to screen patients was largely due to short hospital stays. Screening was impeded by the brief window period, commonly 1 or 2 days, between the absence of acute psychiatric sequelae and discharge. This situation contrasts dramatically to the medical or surgical admission where major sequelae are largely resolved in 2–3 days and AUDIT screening can take place over the remaining 3–4 days prior to discharge. To be effective in the general hospital psychiatric setting, alcohol screening needs to be incorporated into the routine ward assessment procedures. The brevity of the AUDIT makes this possible. This would maximize the time available to implement an intervention programme to those found to be consuming alcohol at a hazardous or harmful level.
The Concept of Appropriate Professional Boundaries in Psychiatric Practice: A Pilot Training Course
Authors: Vamos Marina
Published: June 2007

Objective: The aim was to design and run a three-session training module for psychiatric registrars on professional practice with particular emphasis on boundary setting. This included the concept of boundary transgression, an understanding of how it occurs and how it may be avoided.

Method: Drawing on North American experience a curriculum was designed and trialed for trainees at all levels. A variety of media were employed to present a range of common clinical and professional issues. Evaluated were trainee satisfaction, trainee responses to target vignettes at the beginning and at the end of the course, and supervisor awareness and involvement in the process.

Results: High attendance and high satisfaction ratings in most areas confirmed that a course such as this is attractive and relevant for psychiatric trainees. Vignette responses suggested some change may have occurred by the end of the course, with a more limited tendency to avoid potentially challenging situations and a higher capacity to explore them. Supervisor involvement remains largely unaddressed despite interest and enthusiasm.

Conclusion: The area of interpersonal relatedness in psychiatry, including the issue of sexual attraction and the possibility of sexual misconduct, can be introduced as a training package in a way which is acceptable to trainees and their supervisors in an Australian setting. The impact of the training module on actual registrar behaviour is uncertain.
Job Status Aspirations and their Determinants for Middle and Lower Stream Pupils in an Urban, Multi‐Racial Comprehensive School
Authors: Raby Leo , Walford Geoffrey
Published: June 2007

This paper is based on an intensive questionnaire and interview study of about 800 middle and lower stream children in a large, urban, multi‐racial, comprehensive school in the West Midlands. It presents data on the nature and extent of career aspirations and shows that childrens' horizons are, to a large extent, limited to the possibilities available in their local environment. The data are analysed using correlation and stepwise regression procedures and the major determinants of career aspirations are discussed. Comparisons are made between the sexes and between the children of different ages. Doubt is cast on a number of popular theories of occupational aspirations and implications for careers guidance are suggested.
Constraints on the Handling of Controversial Issues in Northern Ireland Post‐Primary Schools
Authors: McKernan James
Published: June 2007

The purpose of the study was to discover the extent to which Catholic (N=125) and Protestant (N=77) post‐primary school teachers participating in a social studies curriculum development project in Northern Ireland were constrained from teaching controversial issues of a social, religious or political nature. A method for ranking teacher, school and community constraints is presented, and the results of a survey of 202 teachers are reported. The results suggest that there is widespread support for handling controversial issues in the curriculum, although Catholic teachers are more favourable to such teaching than Protestant teachers. A high degree of concordance (rho=0.94) was found in ranking constraints when communal groups of teachers are compared. The most important constraints are ‘teacher factors' such as ‘lack of knowledge or skills', and ‘teacher's own prejudices'. Teachers regarded communal constraints such as ‘fear of paramilitary groups' and ‘disapproval of the church’ as having least importance. Controlling for religion, teachers differed significantly in the ranking of three constraints. Catholics believed their ‘own personal identity’ more important than Protestants (P<0.05); as well as ‘disapproval of the church’ (P<0.001). Protestants felt that ‘disapproval of fellow teachers' was more important as a barrier to success in dealing with controversial issues than Catholics (P<0.001). The implications for curriculum development, particularly in political and social education are discussed.
A Modified Regression Approach to the Problem of Comparing Two or More Groups with only One Paper in Common
Authors: Birnbaum Ian
Published: June 2007

Many English Examination Boards will make some use of the differentiated paper method of assessment in the new scheme of16+ examining, but it is not clear whether problems of comparability have been adequately solved. This article presents an analysis based on well‐defined assumptions incorporated into a measurement model and utilising regression. Marks on the paper not taken by a group are estimated from their joint marks on the common paper and the paper specific to their group. The marks are then weighted using the measurement model and combined to produce a rank order over both the groups. In an appendix, the weighting method used is related to the more usual method ofweighting adopted when combining scores.
Teachers' Assessments of Primary School Buildings: the role of the physical environment in education
Authors: Cooper Ian
Published: June 2007

How and what do British primary school teachers think about the buildings in which they work? Do they believe that these buildings influence the education that children receive? This paper contains a limited but detailed attempt to answer these two questions. This is presented by reporting linked case studies of the views expressed by teachers in ten widely differing school buildings in one particular local education authority. These views are discussed against a background of cuts in educational expenditure which have resulted, not least, in reduced maintenance to primary school premises. It is concluded that the teachers investigated tend to see themselves as poorly served by the physical environments in which they are asked to practise their teaching skills. Some of them believe that inadequacies in their environments are detrimental to education. For those who hold it, this belief may be self‐fulfilling.
Don't Talk to me about Lexical Meta‐analysis of Criterion‐referenced Clustering and Lap‐dissolve Spatial Transformations: a consideration of the role of practising teachers in educational research
Authors: Freeman P. L.
Published: June 2007

This paper was written in response to the fact that Volume 10, No. 2 of BERJ did not contain a single paper from a teacher currently teaching in a school. There comes a point when you can't just moan about a situation, you have to do something, and this paper is that something. It attempts to describe some of the main reasons for the dominance of ‘outsiders' in school‐based research and suggests that this is not a good thing. Possible ways of improving the situation are discussed but no offence is meant to any person living, dead or in suspended animation.