bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of traffic on air quality in Ireland: insights from simultaneous kerbside and sub-urban monitoring of submicron aerosols
Authors: Lin Chunshui , Ceburnis Darius , Xu Wei , Heffernan Eimear , Hellebust Stig , Gallagher John , Huang Ru-Jin , O'Dowd Colin , Ovadnevaite Jurgita
Published: January 2020

Abstract. To evaluate the impact of traffic on urban air quality, the chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosols (PM1) were simultaneously investigated at a kerbside site in Dublin city centre and a residential site in sub-urban Dublin (~ 5 km apart) from 4 September to 9 November in 2018. Through the detailed comparison of one-week non-heating period in early September and heating period in late October, black carbon (BC) was found to be the most dominant component (38–55 % or 5.6–7.1 μg m−3) of PM1 at the kerbside while organic aerosol (OA) was the most important (46–63 % of PM1 or 1.0–8.7 μg m−3) at the residential site. The daily and weekly cycle of BC at the kerbside during non-heating period pointed to the major source of vehicular emissions, consistent with that for nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, traffic emissions were found to have a minor impact on air quality at the residential site due to its distance from traffic sources, as well as the effects of wind speed and wind direction. As a result of vehicular emissions and the street canyon effect, the kerbside increment (from urban background) ratio of up to 25 : 1 was found for BC during the non-heating period, but reduced to 10 : 1 during the heating period due to the additional sources of solid fuel burning impacting the air quality at both sites simultaneously. OA source analysis shows only 18–27 % (0.9–1.2 μg m−3) of OA at the kerbside associated with vehicular emissions, with higher contributions from cooking (18–36 % or ~ 1.2 μg m−3), solid fuel burning (~ 33 % or ~ 2.1 μg m−3), and oxygenated OA (31–37 % or 1.2–2.0 μg m−3). At the residential site, solid fuel burning contributed to approximately 50 % (2.7 μg m−3) of OA during the heating period, while oxygenated OA accounted for almost 65 % (0.5 μg m−3) of OA during the non-heating period. Based on simultaneous investigation of PM1 at different urban settings (i.e. residential vs kerbside), this study highlights temporal and spatial variability of sources within Dublin city centre and the need for additional aerosol characterisation studies to improve targeted mitigation solutions for greater impact on urban air quality. Moreover, traffic and residential heating may hold different implications for health and climate as indicated by the significant increment of BC at the kerbside and the large geographic impact of OA from residential heating at both the kerbside and residential sites.
The Role of Coarse Aerosol Particles as a Sink of HNO3 in Wintertime Pollution Events in the Salt Lake Valley
Authors: Hrdina Amy , Murphy Jennifer G. , Hallar Anna Gannet , Lin John C. , Moravek Alexander , Bares Ryan , Petersen Ross C. , Franchin Alessandro , Middlebrook Ann M. , Goldberger Lexie , Lee Ben H. , Baasandorj Munkh , Brown Steven S.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Wintertime ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) pollution events burden urban mountain basins around the globe. In the Salt Lake Valley of Utah in the United States, such pollution events are often driven by the formation of persistent cold air pools (PCAP) that trap emissions near the surface for several consecutive days. As a result, secondary pollutants including fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), largely in the form of NH4NO3, build up during these events and lead to severe haze. As part of an extensive measurement campaign to understand the chemical processes underlying PM2.5 formation, the 2017 Utah Winter Fine Particulate Study, water-soluble trace gases and PM2.5 constituents were continuously monitored using the Ambient Ion Monitoring Ion Chromatograph system (AIM-IC) at the University of Utah campus. Gas phase NH3, HNO3, HCl and SO2 along with particulate NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO3−, Cl−, and SO42− were measured from January 21 to February 21, 2017. During the two PCAP events captured, the fine particulate matter was dominated by secondary NH4NO3. The comparison of total nitrate (HNO3 + PM2.5 NO3−) and total NHx (NH3 + PM2.5 NH4+) showed NHx was in excess during both pollution events. However, chemical composition analysis of the snowpack during the first PCAP event revealed that the total concentration of deposited NO3− was nearly three times greater than that of deposited NH4+. Daily snow composition measurements showed a strong correlation between NO3− and Ca2+ in the snowpack. The presence of non-volatile salts (Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), which are frequently associated with coarse mode dust, was also detected in PM2.5 by the AIM-IC during the two PCAP events, accounting for roughly 5 % of total mass loading. The presence of a significant particle mass and surface area in the coarse mode during the first PCAP event was indicated by size-resolved particle measurements from an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer. Taken together, these observations imply that atmospheric measurements of the gas phase and fine mode particle nitrate may not represent the total burden of nitrate in the atmosphere, implying a potentially significant role for uptake by coarse mode dust. Using the NO3− : NH4+ ratio observed in the snowpack to estimate the proportion of atmospheric nitrate present in the coarse mode, we estimate that the amount of secondary NH4NO3 could double in the absence of the coarse mode sink. The underestimation of total nitrate indicates an incomplete account of the total oxidant production during PCAP events. The ability of coarse particles to permanently remove HNO3 and influence PM2.5 formation is discussed using information about particle composition and size distribution.
Evaluation of global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on the experimental protocols of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2)
Authors: Tsujino Hiroyuki , Urakawa L. Shogo , Griffies Stephen M. , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Adcroft Alistair J. , Amaral Arthur E. , Arsouze Thomas , Bentsen Mats , Bernardello Raffaele , Böning Claus W. , Bozec Alexandra , Chassignet Eric P. , Danilov Sergey , Dussin Raphael , Exarchou Eleftheria , Fogli Pier Giuseppe , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Guo Chuncheng , Ilicak Mehmet , Iovino Doroteaciro , Kim Who M. , Koldunov Nikolay , Lapin Vladimir , Li Yiwen , Lin Pengfei , Lindsay Keith , Liu Hailong , Long Matthew C. , Komuro Yoshiki , Marsland Simon J. , Masina Simona , Nummelin Aleksi , Rieck Jan Klaus , Ruprich-Robert Yohan , Scheinert Markus , Sicardi Valentina , Sidorenko Dmitry , Suzuki Tatsuo , Tatebe Hiroaki , Wang Qiang , Yeager Stephen G. , Yu Zipeng
Published: January 2020

Abstract. We present a new framework for global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on phase 2 of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2), making use of the JRA55-do atmospheric dataset. We motivate the use of OMIP-2 over the framework for the first phase of OMIP (OMIP-1), previously referred to as the Coordinated Ocean–ice Reference Experiments (CORE), via the evaluation of OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations from eleven (11) state-of-the-science global ocean–sea-ice models. In the present evaluation, multi-model means are calculated separately for the OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations and overall performances are assessed considering metrics commonly used by ocean modelers. Many features are very similar between OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations, and yet we also identify key improvements in transitioning from OMIP-1 to OMIP-2. For example, the sea surface temperature of the OMIP-2 simulations reproduce the observed global warming during the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the warming hiatus in the 2000s and the more recent accelerated warming, which were absent in OMIP-1, noting that OMIP-1 forcing stopped in 2009. A negative bias in the sea-ice concentration in summer of both hemispheres in OMIP-1 is significantly reduced in OMIP-2. The overall reproducibility of both seasonal and interannual variations in sea surface temperature and sea surface height (dynamic sea level) is improved in OMIP-2. Many of the remaining common model biases may be attributed either to errors in representing important processes in ocean–sea-ice models, some of which are expected to be reduced by using finer horizontal and/or vertical resolutions, or to shared biases in the atmospheric forcing. In particular, further efforts are warranted to reduce remaining biases in OMIP-2 such as those related to the erroneous representation of deep and bottom water formations and circulations. We suggest that such problems can be resolved through collaboration between those developing models (including parameterizations) and forcing datasets.
Evaluation of the Lattice Boltzmann Method for wind modelling in complex terrain
Authors: Schubiger Alain , Barber Sarah , Nordborg Henrik
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The worldwide expansion of wind energy is making the choice of potential wind farm locations more and more difficult. This results in an increased number of wind farms being located in complex terrain, which is characterised by flow separation, turbulence and high shear. Accurate modelling of these flow features is key for wind resource assessment in the planning phase, as the exact positioning of the wind turbines has a large effect on their energy production and life time. Wind modelling for wind resource assessments is usually carried out with the linear model WAsP, unless the terrain is complex, in which case Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solvers such as WindSim and ANSYS Fluent are usually applied. Recent research has shown the potential advantages of Large Eddy Simulations (LES) for modelling the atmospheric boundary layer and thermal effects; however, LES is far too computationally expensive to be applied outside the research environment. Another promising approach is the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), a computational fluid technique based on the Boltzmann transport equation. It is generally used to study complex phenomena such as turbulence, because it describes motion at the microscopic level in contrast to the macroscopic level of conventional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approaches, which solve the Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations. Other advantages of LBM include its efficiency, near ideal scalability on High Performance Computers (HPC) and its ability to easily automate the geometry, the mesh generation and the post-processing of the geometry. However, LBM has not yet been applied to wind modelling in complex terrain for wind energy applications, mainly due to the lack of availability of easy-to-use tools as well as the lack of experience with this technique. In this paper, the capabilities of LBM to model wind flow around complex terrain are investigated using the Palabos framework and data from a measurement campaign from the Bolund Hill experiment in Denmark. Detached Eddy Simulations (DES) and LES in ANSYS Fluent are used as a numerical comparison. The results show that there is in general a good agreement between simulation and experimental data, and LBM performs better than RANS and DES. Some deviations can be observed near the ground, close to the top of cliff and on the lee side of the hill. The computational costs of the three techniques are compared and it has been shown that LBM can perform up to 5 times faster than DES, even though the set-up was not optimised in this initial study. It can be summarised that LBM has a very high potential for modelling wind flow over complex terrain accurately and at relatively low costs, compared to solving the N-S conventionally. Further studies on other sites are ongoing.
Environmental and Economic Benefits of Some Air Pollutants Control Case Study: Emissions from different Boilers of different Factories
Authors: Zahran A. , Arafa A. M. , Alaam A. M. , Saiedy G. El
Published: January 2020

This search is evidence that development plans and environmental conservation go in one direction, where we can decrease environmental pollution with economic benefits simultaneously. By monitoring emissions from four boilers stacks (from petrochemical and food sectors) which working by natural gas. Changes in excess air were conducted to increase combustion efficiency means fuel savings, and decrease pollutant concentration, where there is a relationship between cost, combustion, stack heat loss, fuel-saving, and environment. Combustion efficiency and emitted pollutants from the stacks were measured before and after maintenance, where mixed-air with fuel is changed. In boiler 1 of petrochemical sector, carbon monoxide changed from 2222 to 21 mg/m3. In boiler 2, CO changed from 4695.3 to 5.5 mg/m3. The efficiency of boiler 1 and 2 improved from 75.5% to 92.1%, and from 71.5 to 93.1% respectively. In boiler 1 of food sector CO changed from 2200 to 45 mg/m3. In boiler 2, CO changed from 1900 to 59 mg/m3. The efficiency of boiler1 and 2 improved from 69.8% to 91.4%, and from 76.5% to 91.1% respectively. The cost reduction per year was 8469.1$ and 11692.8$ in the petrochemical sector, while it was 11624.4$ and 12168.2$ in the food sector. Where the cost of maintenance for each boiler was 100,000$, the payback time is 5.11 years for boiler 1 in the petrochemical sector and 3.99 years for boiler 2, while the payback time is 3.86 years for boiler 1 in the food sector and 5.68 years for boiler 2.
The critically ill mother: Recognition and management (who, where and how?)
Authors: Alfoudri Huda
Published: January 2020

There is an ongoing debate about the management of the critically ill mother, notably with regards to who should manage this group of patients (the intensivist, the obstetric anaesthetist, or the obstetrician?) and where is the ideal place to manage them (labour ward, obstetric high dependency unit or the intensive care unit?). To make the most appropriate choice, an understanding of how to recognise maternal critical illness is paramount. Using the modified early obstetric warning system score (MEOWS) for obstetric patients is a useful tool . MEOWS looks at additional parameters to the standard early warning systems parameters with modified triggers to suit the altered physiology in the pregnant patient. Other predictors like APACHE and SOFA scores may also be used to predict maternal mortality . Data from several national audit and surveillance programs such as MBRRACE-UK (Mothers and Babies: Reducing Risk Through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK) , UKOSS (The UK Obstetric Surveillance System), and ICNARC (Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre) are used to aid the understanding of why mothers die in childbirth and up to six weeks postpartum and which critically ill mothers are admitted to the intensive care unit and the reason for their admission . Audit reports show that a significant number of deaths reported in the maternal mortality reports are associated with suboptimal care. There is a great need for an evidence-based triage system for the critically ill obstetric patient in order to help clinicians direct them to the appropriate level of care and avoid situations of suboptimal care. Regionalizing maternal critical care may help develop this triage system by increasing the exposure to such patients. Deciding on who should manage these patients will depend on the level of training and expertise of the team members involved in the management on how to detect an acutely deteriorating mother. The team members should include obstetricians, anaesthetists, intensivists, intensive care nurses and midwives. The training can be achieved using different educational approaches that are competency-based to improve the knowledge and skills in detecting signs of deterioration in order to take the appropriate actions. Multidisciplinary teams should train together using simulation-based learning focusing on human factors and communication skills . Deciding on where these patients should be managed will depend on the level of organ support and monitoring available as well as the access to support services such as obstetric and neonatal services, regardless of what the terminology of that location is. The different models of delivering care to the critically ill obstetric patient with the different requirements for these areas are highlighted in . Taking all the previous factors into consideration will help find the answer to the WHO, WHERE and HOW question.
Abordaje percutáneo de la pielonefritis enfisematosa en riñón en herradura
Authors: Flores Neftalí Alexander Granados , Minero Ortíz José Alvarino
Published: January 2020

La pielonefritis enfisematosa, más que una entidad poco frecuente, se considera subdiagnosticada, pues requiere gran agudeza clínica para su identificación. Se define como una complicación necrotizante del riñón, que pone en peligro la vida del paciente y que se caracteriza por la acumulación de gas en el parénquima renal y los tejidos vecinos. Este caso se presentó de forma epidemiológicamente atípica por tratarse de un hombre con una anomalía renal y del tracto urinario, el riñón en herradura, lo que vuelve aún más complejo el abordaje diagnóstico y manejo de esta patología.

Este caso es una referencia de la experiencia en el abordaje con catéter percutáneo como opción no tradicional de tratamiento. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura para tratar de comprender mejor las opciones en estudios de imagen para su diagnóstico y las características clínicas de esta afección, la cual sigue siendo controversial por tener una mortalidad tan alta.
Fiebre tifoidea, el arte del diagnóstico por laboratorio
Authors: Oliva Marín José Eduardo
Published: January 2020

El diagnóstico de la fiebre tifoidea siempre es complejo. No hay sintomatología patognomónica. Históricamente la reacción de Widal (contenida en los antígenos febriles) era útil para su diagnóstico y manejo. Actualmente dicha práctica se perpetúa solo en países en vías de desarrollo, por ser una prueba rápida y barata, sin embargo, poco útil. El diagnóstico de fiebre tifoidea puede efectuarse solo mediante dos pruebas: aislando a la Salmonella typhi o detectando su ADN, mediante cultivo o reacción en cadena de polimerasa, respectivamente. La inmunofluorescencia en heces es una prueba útil, pues orienta a iniciar una terapia antimicrobiana de manera inmediata.
Immunoglobulin G4 related mastitis: A case report
Authors: ATIGAN Ayhan , OZGEN Utku , DEMIRKAN Nese , ERDEM Ergun
Published: January 2020

Immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related sclerosing disease is a recently recognised condition characterised by mass forming lesions associated with storiform fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate rich in IgG4 positive plasma cells and elevated serum IgG4 levels. IgG4-related mastitis (IgG4-RM) is exceedingly rare with only thirteen cases reported in the literature to date. Immunoglobulin G4-RM is diagnosed exclusively on histological analysis. It is a benign chronic inflammatory process that can be treated sufficiently with excision or steroid. However, conservative treatment should be preferred and unnecessary surgery should be avoided as IgG4-RM respond to simple and effective steroid treatment. Herein, we presented a 28-year-old patient with IgG4-RM. She was the youngest patient in the literature at the time of her diagnosis
Management of palatal fistulas and a simple surgical algorithm proposal
Authors: DURMUS KOCAASLAN Fatma Nihal , MEMIC Zuhra , YALCIN Dogus , CELEBILER Ozhan
Published: January 2020

Objectives: Despite improved techniques in repair of cleft palate, failure of healing of palatal structures resulting in a palatal fistula is one of the major challenges in the practice of reconstructive surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate treatment success and failure in patients with palatal fistulas following cleft palate repair.

Patients and Methods: Totally 44 patients with a history of cleft palate who underwent surgery for palatal fistula were included in this study undertaken between January 1999 and August 2014. Fistulas were classified as anterior and posterior according to the repair technique and were repaired using one of the following techniques: buccal mucosal flap, tongue flap or mucoperiosteal flap.

Results: Success rate for anterior fistulas was 71.42% with tongue flap and 76.92% with mucoperiosteal flap. Success rate for posterior fistulas was 84.62% with mucoperiosteal flap and 75% with buccal mucosal flap. Difference in success rates between the anterior and posterior fistulas was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our study results suggest the use of mucoperiosteal flaps for both anterior and posterior fistulas smaller than 5mm as the first choice, guided by the principle of replacing absent tissue with similar tissue.
The Impact of Inflation on Financial Sector Development: Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: U. J. Afangideh , T. S. Garbobiya , F. B. Umar , N. Usman
Published: January 2020

This paper examines the Impact of inflation on financial sector development in Nigeria using quarterly data from 2002-2017. Financial sector development is proxied using money supply as a share of GDP (M2/GDP).The Auto-Regressive Distributive lag (ARDL) model is employed to carry out the estimation given the weakness of the Engle-Granger residual-based cointegration technique to test the long-run and short-run effects of the impacts of inflation on financial sector development. The results of the estimation reveal that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between inflation and financial sector development in Nigeria. There is need to test for threshold effects of inflation on financial development in Nigeria.
Segregación en las metrópolis españolas 2001-2011: un análisis con detalle territorial
Authors: Rubiales Pérez Miguel
Published: January 2020

Durante la década que comprende los años 2001 y 2011 se producen cambios de gran calado en la sociedad y en las ciudades españolas: asistimos al auge y a la caída de una gran burbuja inmobiliaria, la composición poblacional se transforma en base a unos años de fuerte inmigración internacional y se produce un importante desarrollo de la suburbanización en las grandes urbes. ¿Han afectado estas transformaciones a la tradicionalmente estable distribución socioterritorial de la población? El análisis sustantivo de la segregación necesita detalle territorial porque se produce en grandes metrópolis compuestas por numerosos núcleos que son densos, compactos y heterogéneos. Los resultados ponen de relieve un tipo específico de polarización basada en la fragmentación de los espacios desfavorecidos. Solo desde una escala detallada podríamos evaluar el impacto de las políticas de intervención urbana en la fragmentación. Junto a métricas clásicas de la segregación, se emplean y se expanden las posibilidades de los indicadores locales de autocorrelación espacial (LISA) para dar cuenta de los cambios en la distribución socioterritorial de las regiones metropolitanas de Barcelona y Madrid durante el periodo 2001-2011. Los grupos poblacionales tomados en consideración incluyen diferentes ejes de jerarquización: categorías ocupacionales (directivos, técnicos y profesionales o trabajadores cualificados); país de nacimiento; formación universitaria, y tamaño de la vivienda.
Clima, cambio climático y riesgos climáticos en el litoral mediterráneo. Oportunidades para la geografía
Authors: Olcina Jorge
Published: January 2020

La climatología es la rama que desarrolla en mayor grado el principio rector de la geografía: el estudio de las relaciones entre el medio y el ser humano, así como de sus diferentes manifestaciones sobre la superficie terrestre. La climatología española compite en la actualidad en igualdad de condiciones con el análisis climático internacional. Ha incluido nuevos planteamientos teóricos y métodos de trabajo que proporcionan resultados publicados en revistas y en monografías de impacto. Uno de los temas principales de la investigación española en dicho ámbito es el cambio climático actual y los efectos que ejerce en los elementos atmosféricos. El litoral mediterráneo es un buen laboratorio para profundizar en esta cuestión, puesto que ya manifiesta consecuencias que, si mantienen su tendencia actual, pueden comportar efectos en las actividades económicas y en la propia ocupación del territorio. En el presente artículo se propone una agenda de trabajo para que, en este contexto, la climatología española se convierta en la rama protagonista de la investigación y la docencia geográfica española en los próximos años.
EXERCISES IN OBSERVATION
Authors: GAZARKIEWICZ Piotr
Published: January 2020

This article provides an analysis of the process of the preparation and implementation of exercises in observation that are required for the training cycles in the Land Forces. The author describes basic training issues, developing elementary skills required from soldiers and constituting the basis for organizing and conducting by a sub-unit commander exercises in observation as part of training with firearms. The author also provides sample exercises with respect to the conditions under which they will be conducted and evaluated.
EUROPEAN SOCIAL ORDER IN THE FACE OF CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CRISIS
Authors: BESTRY Jerzy
Published: January 2020

The world is on the eve of change. Current economic recession surprisingly resembles the ”Great Depression” of 1929. The time will show whether the global society has drawn conclusions from the traumatic experiences of the last century. Historia magistra vitae est. In this article, the author makes a prediction concerning European social order based on the analysis of present-day socio-economic events and the circumstances preceding both the current economic crisis and the past one.
ROLE OF WAR IN SOCIAL LIFE. PART I - WAR IN PRE-MODERN HISTORICAL THOUGHT
Authors: ŚWINIARSKI Janusz , MARCINKOWSKI Marian
Published: January 2020

At the beginning the authors present two opposing trends related to the understanding of the nature and the role of war in society: first, that these phenomena are embedded in the nature of human beings and humanity (which means that without war there is no human being, culture and civilization, its life, society or state, so war is natural and necessary for life); second, war is not embedded in human nature, is a distortion in community life and relations between people; this means that if wars occur, they show the degradation of human beings and society. These trends are observed in the eternal debate on war and the authors show numerous examples in which war is perceived in this way.
HISTORICAL CONDITIONS OF ETHNIC AND POLITICAL CONFLICTS IN SOUTH CAUCASUS – SELECTED PROBLEMS
Authors: OLSZEWSKI Paweł
Published: January 2020

The main subject of this article is the presentation of the historical backgrounds of the contemporary conflicts over the Mountainous Karabagh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The author describes the history of these regions from the beginning of the 19th century till 1992. The conquest of the South Caucasus by Imperial Russia in the 19th century resulted in the immigrations of Armenians to the Mountainous Karabagh, Ossetians to South Ossetia and Georgians to Abkhazia. These immigrations completely changed the ethnic compositions of these region. The Russian authorities supported the immigrations of pro-Russian Armenians and Ossetians.The political situation in these regions changed in 1918, when the independence of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan was declared. South Ossetia and Abkhazia were parts of independent Georgia, and the Mountainous Karabagh was dependent on Azerbaijan. Ossetians and Abkhazians resisted the Georgian authorities and Karabagh Armenians fought against Azerbaijan’s rule.After the conquest of the South Caucasus by Soviet Russia in 1920-1921, the Mountainous Karabagh remained part of Soviet Azerbaijan, and South Ossetia and Abkhazia remained part of Soviet Georgia. The Autonomous Oblast of Nagorno-Karabagh was created in the Mountainous Karabagh in 1923. The authorities of the Mountainous Karabagh were dominated by Karabagh Armenians and this region was practically independent of Soviet Azerbaijan. A similar situation was in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, especially after 1956.The development of Abkhazian and Ossetian national movements at the end of the 1980s led to the situation in which Abkhazians and South Ossetians claimed the political autonomy of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and then the independence of these regions. The Georgian authorities were against these claims, as they considered these regions to constitute the historical parts of Georgia. The political hostility between Georgia and South Ossetia resulted in South Ossetian-Georgian armed fighting in January 1991, and South Ossetia proclaimed its independence in November 1991. Moreover, the political conflict between the Georgian government and the Abkhazian authorities in the first half of 1992 turned into open war in August 1992.Karabagh Armenians claimed the incorporation of the Mountainous Karabagh into Soviet Armenia because of historical, ethnic, cultural and regional connections between the Mountainous Karabagh and Armenia. These claims were very strong from the end of 1980s, but Azerbaijan’s communist authorities and the Azerbaijan anti-communist movement wanted to retain the Karabagh region in Azerbaijan. The hostility between the local Armenian and Azerbaijan population of the Mountainous Karabagh turned into armed fighting in 1989. The Mountainous Karabagh proclaimed its independence in December 1991.
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF HIGH MOBILITY MULTI-PURPOSE VEHICLES IN BALLISTIC ARMOUR DESIGN
Authors: KOZIOLEK Sebastian , JAMROZIAK Krzysztof , KOSOBUDZKI Mariusz
Published: January 2020

In the article the quality assessment method of the mechanical design of a Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle is presented. Based on the research of the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle already in operation, the new design of a MRAP vehicle is evaluated in the context of the quality assessment of the designing process. The research assumption was the provision of safety, which was taken into consideration as the primary designing requirement. This principal focus includes the experimental research of shooting and explosions of an IED blowing charge. In the paper a new mechanical design method named the Design for Optimal Sigma is presented as an application of the new armour design.
ANALYSIS OF SHOCK WAVE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPLOSION AGAINST VARIOUSLY SHAPED SHEILDS
Authors: SASKA Piotr , CZMOCHOWSKI Jerzy
Published: January 2020

The paper presents the results of research conducted on a test bench to measure the shock wave characteristics of an explosion imposing a load on variously shaped shields. The experiment measured the run of the pressure of the free w ave and the reflected one imposing a load on the shields placed at different angles with respect to the base and distanced from the centre of the explosive charge at different distances. The study was conducted on the deflectors used in military vehicles, protecting the chassis and the body against the effects of an explosion. To measure the reflected wave pressure, sensors positioned in four places on each shield were used. The measured parameters were analysed in terms of the impact of the shock wave angle and the distance from the centre of detonation to the loaded place on their size.
INTERNAL COMMUNICATION IN POLICE FORCE
Authors: HOFFMANN Tomasz
Published: January 2020

Internal communication is the cornerstone in police force. It improves its functioning, and also provides a framework for internal communication processes taking place in this organization. Without adequate communication in its various resources, police force is no longer useful. Hence, effective management requires the use of appropriate communication tools to support current management, the use of the appropriate methods of communication, motivation and support system using communication tools to identify the development needs of managers.The purpose of this paper is to present the essence of internal communication and its perception by police officers themselves. The author’s intention was to identify the function of internal communication in terms of informing and communicating between police officers. Furthermore, the author focuses on the communication processes that occur in the vertical relationships between individuals and the organizational units of police force. This is supported by the interviews carried out in the City Police Headquarters in Poznań.
ANTHROPOLOGY AT WAR. HISTORY AND PRESENT TIME OF INVOLVEMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGISTS IN MILITARY CONFLICTS
Authors: KOWALSKI Michał
Published: January 2020

The US Army officially decided to mobilize anthropologists for the project of the Human Terrain System for counterinsurgency war. Since 2007 the US Department of Defense have been employing social scientists in combat brigades in Iraq and Afghanistan. This decision provoked widespread criticism of the project in the anthropological community. The intense discussion about turning anthropology into a military tool also provokes wider public debate concerning the ethics and current role of anthropology. Various examples taken from the history of anthropology show that more than half of American anthropologists were using their professional skills to advance the war effort during World War II.In this paper the author refers to the discussion connected with the engagement of anthropologists in recent and past wars. He provides examples of such involvement relevant to World War I and II as well as to the time of the Cold War. He shows the ways in which anthropologists were used in military and intelligence operations. The author of the article refers to the famous Franz Boas’s statement from 1919 as the starting point for all the further discussions related to the ethical questions of the engagement of anthropologists in wars. The author considers how the engagement in those wars changed anthropology itself and its Code of Ethics. He points out the ethical implications of such engagement, especially for field relations. Keeping those historical examples of social scientists’ war involvement in mind, the author claims that any application of anthropology in war activities can pose danger to anthropologists and the whole dis-cipline as well.
STABILIZATION MISSIONS AND PEACE OPERATIONS AS METHOD FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Authors: BĄK Tomasz
Published: January 2020

This article presents the problem of stabilization missions and peace operations as a method for conflict resolution. It includes historical conditions for the creation of multinational forces to counter threats. The author presents the role of international organizations, such as UN, OSCE, NATO and EU, in restoring world peace. Moreover, the author presents the types of missions performed by individual organizations. Special attention is paid to the future of such operations as a method for conflict resolution.
CIVIL WAR IN MEMORY OF GREEK REPATRIATES FROM POLAND AND OTHER EASTERN BLOC COUNTRIES
Authors: NOWICKA Ewa
Published: January 2020

The paper is based on anthropological study fieldwork conducted in Greece during the three subsequent research seasons of 2005-2009. The Greek Civil War (1946-1949) broke out after World War II and it reflected the conflict between communist (or at least leftist) Greek guerillas and the rightist power of the Royal authorities. On one side the war was supported from Moscow, and on the other by Great Britain and US military forces. As a result of the total defeat of communists, the Greek citizens who were actively involved in the military activity, their families and civilians inhabiting the territory of Northern Greece, were evacuated. They were transported by the communist army to different communist countries. For decades they were not able to return to their home villages. Most of the evacuated Greeks decided to come back home when it became possible after 1975. Their memory of the civil war differs from generation to generation and it depends on the role they played in the war. For ex-partisans the civil war was the manifestation of the struggle of the international powers representing class interests. For people who were children during the war the memory is concentrated on particular facts and accidents. People who were born outside of Greece tend to forget, though they also have some image of the war as a horror. The memory of the civil war in Greece have led to the permanent division of the Greek society, which exists till today.
Is the comparison of sport to religion justifi ed?
Authors: Barnat Damian
Published: January 2020

The aim of this paper is to point out certain reasons for which some scholars perceive modern sport as a phenomenon
that is signifi cantly similar to or (in stronger variants) identical to religion. Referring to the distinction between
substantive and functional defi nitions of religion, I would like to show that this approach is based on the latter and,
as such, is burdened with some serious fl aws. In criticizing functional defi nitions of religion I argue for a standpoint
that comprises elements of the substantive as well as the functional perspective. In order to illustrate the heuristic
merit of this approach, I refer to the analysis which has been put forward by a French anthropologist, Christian
Bromberger. Drawing on the conclusions of his studies, I attempt to show that the substantive-functional perspective
(a) enables a more detailed description of both sport and religion, which, apart from the similarities, brings
out signifi cant diff erences between them, and (b) helps to understand some features of modern Western societies.
Narcotics Smuggling Routes in the Southeast Asia Region (Case Study in the Riau Province, Indonesia)
Authors: Prayuda Rendi , Warsito Tulus , Surwandono Surwandono
Published: January 2020

Purpose: This paper describes narcotics smuggling routes in the Southeast Asia region, with a special focus on the case of the Riau Province, Indonesia). Southeast Asia occupies the area of 4,4 million square kilometers. The populations of ASEAN has increased from 563.7 million in 2006 to 631.8 million in 2015 at a rate of 1,14% per annum. The population growth
in Southeast Asia has impacted the increased use of drugs. The Golden Triangle, i.e. the territory where the borders of Myanmar, Laos and Thailand meet, is a hub for narcotics smuggling. Riau Province is one of gates for narcotics smuggling from other states in Southeast Asia to Indonesia. Method: The paper uses qualitative methods with accompanying descriptions. The theories applied in this paper are realism approach together with international security concept, human security, and narcotics smuggling. Findings: Narcotics smuggling routes in the Riau Province, Indonesia run along unofficial port lines along the coastline. Some regencies that participate in narcotic smuggling are Bengkalis, Dumai, Meranti, Rokan Hilir and Indragiri Hilir Regency. Narcotics smugglers use sea lanes and fishing boats, and act at night to trick patrol officers in the border region.
Ad vocem. Reformacja z perspektywy Bielska i Białej
Authors: Bujakowski Maciej
Published: January 2020

Krytyczne omówienie monografii zbierającej prace zaprezentowane na konferencji naukowej zorganizowanej przez Akademię Techniczno-Humanistyczną w Bielsku-Białej pt. Reformacja w Bielsku i Białej. Artykuł prezentuje krytycznie teksty autorów, którzy w nowatorski sposób odnieśli się do kwestii reformacji i życia protestantów w Bielsku i Białej na przestrzeni pięciu stuleci. Autor recenzji pyta o bohaterów i historię ewangelików w Bielsku-Białej, pozostawiając czytelnikowi możliwość własnej oceny. Recenzowana książka jest kontynuacją badań prowadzonych od pewnego czasu przez humanistów z ATH w Bielsku-Białej, w ich ramach opublikowano już Czytanie miasta. Bielsko-Biała jako kulturowy palimpsest.
O jednej dacie, której w archiwum zabrakło
Authors: Goliński-Kucik Piotr
Published: January 2020

Artykuł koncentruje się na jednym, bardzo ważnym odcinku biografii Teodora Parnickiego – jest próbą ustalenia daty chrztu katolickiego pisarza. Pomimo dużej liczby różnych tekstów (wywiady, prywatne listy, fragmenty powieści), data ta pozostaje nieznana. Pisarz przykładał wielkie znaczenie do dat, tej nigdy nie ujawnił. Artykuł staje się opisem strategii autobiograficznej i literackiej Parnickiego. Podobnie jak bohaterowie powieści, zastosował strategię „odejmowania od prawdy”.
Okrucieństwo wiary. Obrazy Boga w zbiorze Wiersze (1957) Aleksandra Wata
Authors: Milewska Martyna
Published: January 2020

Tekst przedstawia najważniejsze elementy wyobraźni religijnej autora Dziennika bez samogłosek – Aleksandra Wata. Praca jest analizą i interpretacją wybranych utworów z pierwszego opublikowanego tomu wierszy z 1957 roku. Pisarz łączy tradycję judaizmu i chrześcijaństwa i zawiera motywy obu religii w swoich tekstach. Odniesienia do judaizmu obejmują opisywanie postaci ze Starego Testamentu i rozumienie wiary jako fenomenu spotkania Boga z człowiekiem. Z chrześcijaństwa Wat wywodzi temat Kalwarii, ukazując okrucieństwo Boga, przejawiające się w trzech obszarach: bólu, otrzymanej nadziei na pośmiertną ulgę i nicość oraz obojętności Boga na cierpienie jego stworzenia. Reinterpretacja biblijnych wątków i odważne, może wręcz bluźniercze, odrzucenie idei Zmartwychwstania ujawnia apokryficzny charakter dzieła Wata. Niekanoniczny charakter tekstów ilustruje także „niekanoniczny charakter wiary”, nieustanne balansowanie na granicy zaufania i zwątpienia. Kwestionowanie, odrzucanie wiary i cierpienie związane z doświadczaniem relacji z Bogiem jest spowodowane doświadczaniem okrucieństwa Boga, który w Chrystusie jest miłością współczującą, w Ojcu – katem.
Wehikuł grozy – element transcendencji fantastycznej
Authors: Tomalak Barbara
Published: January 2020

Zgodne przeświadczenie twórców kultury masowej, że ludzie lubią się bać, ma swoje głęboko zakorzenione podstawy. Ich częścią składową jest jednak nie tylko strach, ale i potrzeba doświadczenia czegoś tajemniczego, nieziemskiego. Groza „wehikułów grozy” uwarunkowana bywa dwojako: straszny jest ich wygląd i nadprzyrodzona proweniencja, ale także przerażająca bywa osoba, która nimi podróżuje. Rozpatrywane w artykule przykłady pozwalają wnioskować, że teksty kultury idą tym właśnie śladem: łączą grozę wehikułu z grozą pasażera lub pasażerów. Zwykły pojazd nabywa cech straszności od tych, którzy nim jadą (czy płyną), w pewnym sensie jest też w stanie zarazić się ich nienawiścią, żądzą mordu, agresją czy szaleństwem Na drugim biegunie pojawia się wizja transcendentnej obecności demona, który przyjmuje postać pojazdu. Wszystkie przypadki autonomicznych wehikułów grozy przejawiają ich zastanawiającą antropomorfizację. Nasuwa się wniosek dość oczywisty: proweniencja zjawiska (z wewnątrz czy z zewnątrz psychiki ludzkiej) nie jest ważna, istotny charakter ma jego uczłowieczenie – to samych siebie boimy się w demonicznych maszynach.
Metaforyka antropomorfizująca w twórczości nowelistycznej Stefana Grabińskiego
Authors: Targosz Daria
Published: January 2020

Stefan Grabiński jest uważany za prekursora literatury grozy i fantastyki w Polsce. Twórca ten w swoich utworach częstokroć posługując się metaforyką, przypisuje zjawiskom pozaludzkim cechy antropomorficzne. Niniejszy szkic stanowi próbę przyjrzenia się przykładom metafor antropomorfizujących w twórczości nowelistycznej Stefana Grabińskiego pod kątem ich funkcji ideowo-artystycznych. Dążeniem tej analizy jest zweryfikowanie, czy w istocie użycie metaforyki antropomorfizującej wiąże się z nadawaniem kreowanym światom właściwości pozarealistycznych. W tym celu warto poddać interpretacji i wyjaśnienia stosowanych przez autora zabiegów, również z uwzględnieniem ich warstwy językowej, zadając pytanie o relacje między użytymi środkami stylistycznymi, a efektem, jaki przybiera wykreowany obraz rzeczywistości, a także jakie są konsekwencje takiego sposobu konstruowania świata przedstawionego.
Aspekty rytualizacji mężczyzny w przestrzeni literackiej powieści obrazkowej Günter Kastenfrosch Horsta Eckerta (Janoscha)
Authors: Dusza Sebastian
Published: January 2020

Artykuł analizuje jeden z komiksów Horsta Eckerta, by pokazać jego wyjątkowość. W momencie, gdy jeden z bohaterów całkowicie wychodzi z kadru, kolejne warstwy jego osobowości są dekonstruowane. Definicja komiksu zostaje podważona. Komiks, często uważany za gatunek pośledni, rodzi pytanie o cele edukacji medialnej w życiu. W kontekście faktu, że komiks jako element preferujący wizualność jest dziś bardzo popularny i zdaje się świadczyć o pauperyzacji słowa pisanego oraz o przewadze obrazu nad słowem, czytanie komiksu Janoscha (który jest komiksem nieprototypowym) prowadzi do wielu interesujących wniosków na temat społecznych aspektów literatury.
Práctica deportiva, bienestar psicológico y satisfacción con la vida de maestros españoles
Authors: Gutiérrez Caballero Juana M , Feu Sebastian , Blázquez Manzano Alberto
Published: January 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el grado de satisfacción con la vida de maestros de infantil y primaria respecto a diferentes variables sociodemográficas y estilo de vida activo. Con un diseño descriptivo, comparativo y transversal, se administró online la Escala de Satisfacción Vital (Atienza, Pons, Balaguer y García-Merita, 2000), una escala para conocer la actividad física semanal y un cuestionario para conocer las características sociodemográficas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 649 docentes en activo. Los resultados muestran en general una valoración media positiva M=3,77 ± ,72, encontrando diferencias significativas en función del sexo, estado civil, estatus laboral, especialidad profesional, y el nivel de actividad física (p<,05). No se encontraron diferencias en la satisfacción en función de la edad, número de hijos, nivel formativo, experiencia laboral, titularidad del centro educativo y tamaño de la población. El árbol de clasificación mostró que los docentes con mayor satisfacción vital son los que están casados o viven en pareja, trabajan en la especialidad la Educación Física, Primaria, Infantil o Lenguas extranjeras, y llevan un estilo de vida activo.
Relation of coaches’ expectations with instruction and behavior of athletes
Authors: Santos Fernando Jorge Lourenço dos , Louro Hugo Gonçalo , Espada Mário , Figueiredo Teresa , Lopes Hélder , Rodrigues José
Published: January 2020

This study aims to identify the expectationsof the coacheson the instruction and behavior of athletes. The second objective is to correlate the expectations of the coaches with the instruction behavior of coaches and with the behavior of athletes in competition.Aiming to achieve these purpose four coaches of youth soccer teams that competed in the national championships in Portugal was studied.We applied observation systems SAIC and SOCAC to encode behaviors of coach's instruction and the behavior of athletes in competition, respectively. To collect data on expectations,the coaches responded to the Questionnaire about Expectations of Instruction and Behavior of Athletes in Competition. The results show that there is short relation between the coach's expectations and what actually happens in competition regarding the instruction behavior and the behavior of athletes.