bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Characteristics of Zircon from Khaldzan Burgedei Peralkaline Complex, Western Mongolia
Authors: Sarangua Nergui , Watanabe Yasushi , Echigo Takuya , Hoshino Mihoko
Published: December 2018

The Khaldzan Burgedei peralkaline complex is one of the potential rare metal (Zr–Nb–REE) deposits in Mongolia. The complex consists mainly of quartz syenite and granite, and zircon is the most common accessory mineral in the rocks. Based on texture and mineral paragenesis, zircon is classified into three types. Type-I zircons in the quartz syenite and granite are generally isolated and euhedral to subhedral, 25–100 μm in size, enclosed by albite, K-feldspar, and quartz. Type-II zircons occur as subhedral to euhedral 20–150 μm grains, with quartz, and fluorite in the metasomatized zone in the quartz syenite as well as an upper part of the granite near the contact with the quartz syenite. These zircons contain porous core parts (Type-I) or remnants of corroded xenotime-(Y) and synchysite-(Ce). Type-III zircons are observed in the hydrothermally altered zone in quartz syenite and pegmatite. These zircons are anhedral, fine-grained, 10–30 μm in size, and occur in amphibole pseudomorphs which were replaced by quartz, fluorite, chlorite, and hematite. Laser Raman spectra show that Type-I and Type-II zircons contain high amounts of water. Among these, three types of zircons, Type-II zircons are most enriched in REE, Nb, and Th. The texture and composition of the three types of zircons indicate that Type-I, Type-II, and Type-III zircons are magmatic, metasomatic and late hydrothermal in origin, respectively, and they experienced remobilization and recrystallization during the transition from a magmatic to a hydrothermal system.
Small Molecule Oligopeptides Isolated from Walnut (Juglans regia L.) and Their Anti-Fatigue Effects in Mice
Authors: Liu Rui , Wu Lan , Du Qian , Ren Jin-Wei , Chen Qi-He , Li Di , Mao Rui-Xue , Liu Xin-Ran , Li Yong
Published: December 2018

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is unique for its extensive biological activities and pharmaceutical properties. There are few studies on walnut oligopeptides (WOPs), which are small molecule peptides extracted from walnuts. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of WOPs on ICR mice and explore the possible underlying mechanism. Mice were randomly divided into four experimental sets and each set of mice were then randomly divided into four groups. The vehicle group was administered distilled water, and the three WOP intervention groups were orally administered WOP solution at a dose of 110, 220, and 440 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. After 30 days of WOP intervention, the anti-fatigue activity of WOPs were evaluated using the weight-loaded swimming test and by measuring the change of biochemical parameters, glycogen storage and energy metabolism enzymes, anti-oxidative capacity and mitochondrial function. It was observed that WOPs could significantly prolong the swimming time, decrease the accumulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood lactic acid (BLA), and increased the glycogen storage of liver and gastrocnemius muscle. WOPs also markedly inhibited fatigue induced oxidative stress by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and decreasing the content malondialdehyde (MDA). Notably, WOPs improved the activity of pyruvate kinase (PK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Na+-K+-ATPase, and enhanced the mRNA expression of mitochondrial biogenesis factors and mitochondrial DNA content in skeletal muscles of mice. These results suggest that WOPs have beneficial anti-fatigue effects, which may be attributed to their positive effects on increasing glycogen storage, improving energy metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, and ameliorating the cell damage and the muscular injury.
Polysaccharide-Enriched Fraction from Amillariella Mellea Fruiting Body Improves Insulin Resistance
Authors: Yang Siwen , Meng Yuhan , Yan Jingmin , Wang Na , Xue Zhujun , Zhang Hang , Fan Yuying
Published: December 2018

Despite the edible fungus Amillariella mellea possessing a variety of biological activities, its effects on diabetes are still unclear. Polysaccharides are the main bioactive ingredients. In order to destroy the cell wall to obtain more polysaccharides, we used NaOH solution to extract Amillariella mellea fruiting bodies. The alkali extraction (AAMP) was identified as a polysaccharide-enriched fraction. Using type 2 diabetic rats induced by co-treatment of a high fat diet (HFD) and dexamethasone (DEX), we evaluated the hypoglycemic effects of AAMP. The results showed that oral administration of a high dose of AAMP markedly lowered fasting blood glucose, improving glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. AAMP also enhanced the level of LPL and the expressions of two critical lipases ATGL and HSL, leading to a decrease of serum triglyceride. In addition, AAMP specifically suppressed the expression of SREBP-1c, resulting in AAMP observably inhibiting lipid accumulation in the liver. These findings demonstrated that the improvement of AAMP on HFD/DEX-induced insulin resistance was correlated with its regulation of lipid metabolism. Our results indicated that AAMP could be a novel natural drug or health food used for the treatment of diabetes.
Properties of Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvents of l-Arginine and Ethambutol for Tuberculosis Treatment
Authors: Santos Filipa , P.S. Leitão Maria Inês , C. Duarte Ana Rita
Published: December 2018

The treatment for tuberculosis infection usually involves a prolonged regimen of multiple antibacterial drugs, which might lead to various secondary effects. For preventing drug resistance and side-effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs, new methods for improving the bioavailability of APIs were investigated. The strategy proposed consists of the preparation of therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (THEDES), that incorporate l-arginine and ethambutol. The eutectic mixtures were prepared by mixing the components at a certain molar ratio, until a clear liquid solution was formed. The prepared mixtures were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C-NMR). The solubility and permeability of the drugs when they are in the THEDES form was evaluated at 37 °C, in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Solubility studies showed an increase of the solubility of ethambutol when incorporated in the eutectic system. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using a model cell line (Caco-2), comparing the cytotoxicity of the API incorporated in the eutectic system. We observed that the cell viability in the THEDES was affected by the presence of citric acid, and higher cytotoxicity values were observed. Nonetheless, these findings do not compromise the possibility to use these systems as new delivery systems for ethambutol and arginine.
Quantum Characteristics of a Nanomechanical Resonator Coupled to a Superconducting LC Resonator in Quantum Computing Systems
Authors: Choi Jeong Ryeol , Ju Sanghyun
Published: December 2018

The mechanical and quantum properties of a nanomechanical resonator can be improved by connecting it to a superconducting resonator in a way that the resonator exhibits new phenomena that are possibly available to novel quantum technologies. The quantum characteristics of a nanomechanical resonator coupled to a superconducting resonator have been investigated on the basis of rigorous quantum solutions of the combined system. The solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the coupled system have been derived using the unitary transformation approach. The analytic formula of the wave functions has been obtained by applying the adiabatic condition for time evolution of the coupling parameter. The behavior of the quantum wave functions has been analyzed for several different values of parameters. The probability densities depicted in the plane of the two resonator coordinates are distorted and rotated due to the coupling between the resonators. In addition, we have shown that there are squeezing effects in the wave packet along one of the two resonator coordinates or along both the two depending on the magnitude of several parameters, such as mass, inductance, and angular frequencies.
Unification of Thermo Field Kinetic and Hydrodynamics Approaches in the Theory of Dense Quantum–Field Systems
Authors: Tokarchuk Mykhailo , Hlushak Petro
Published: December 2018

A formulation of nonequilibrium thermo-field dynamics has been performed using the nonequilibrium statistical operator method by D.N. Zubarev. Generalized transfer equations for a consistent description of the kinetics and hydrodynamics of the dense quantum field system with strongly-bound states are derived.
Using Neural Networks to Price and Hedge Variable Annuity Guarantees
Authors: Doyle Daniel , Groendyke Chris
Published: December 2018

This paper explores the use of neural networks to reduce the computational cost of pricing and hedging variable annuity guarantees. Pricing these guarantees can take a considerable amount of time because of the large number of Monte Carlo simulations that are required for the fair value of these liabilities to converge. This computational requirement worsens when Greeks must be calculated to hedge the liabilities of these guarantees. A feedforward neural network is a universal function approximator that is proposed as a useful machine learning technique to interpolate between previously calculated values and avoid running a full simulation to obtain a value for the liabilities. We propose methodologies utilizing neural networks for both the tasks of pricing as well as hedging four different varieties of variable annuity guarantees. We demonstrated a significant efficiency gain using neural networks in this manner. We also experimented with different error functions in the training of the neural networks and examined the resulting changes in network performance.
Single-Step Detection of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Using Bacterially-Produced Quenchbodies
Authors: Jeong Hee-Jin , Dong Jinhua , Ueda Hiroshi
Published: December 2018

We have successfully generated a Quenchbody that enables the detection of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), in a simple and convenient manner. By two-site labeling of the bacterially-produced anti-HA Fab with ATTO520, its fluorescence intensity was increased to 4.4-fold, in the presence of a nanomolar concentration of H1N1 HA. Our results indicate the potential use of this Quenchbody, as a sensor for the simple in situ detection of influenza A virus.
Fiber Bragg Gratings Sensors for Aircraft Wing Shape Measurement: Recent Applications and Technical Analysis
Authors: Ma Zhen , Chen Xiyuan
Published: December 2018

The safety monitoring and tracking of aircraft is becoming more and more important. Under aerodynamic loading, the aircraft wing will produce large bending and torsional deformation, which seriously affects the safety of aircraft. The variation of load on the aircraft wing directly affects the ground observation performance of the aircraft baseline. To compensate for baseline deformations caused by wing deformations, it is necessary to accurately obtain the deformation of the wing shape. The traditional aircraft wing shape measurement methods cannot meet the requirements of small size, light weight, low cost, anti-electromagnetic interference, and adapting to complex environment at the same time, the fiber optic sensing technology for aircraft wing shape measurement has been gradually proved to be a real time and online dynamic measurement method with many excellent characteristics. The principle technical characteristics and bonding technology of fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs) are reviewed in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of other measurement methods are compared and analyzed and the application status of FBG sensing technology for aircraft wing shape measurement is emphatically analyzed. Finally, comprehensive suggestions for improving the accuracy of aircraft wing shape measurement based on FBG sensing technology is put forward.
Riemannian Spatio-Temporal Features of Locomotion for Individual Recognition
Authors: Zhang Jianhai , Feng Zhiyong , Su Yong , Xing Meng , Xue Wanli
Published: December 2018

Individual recognition based on skeletal sequence is a challenging computer vision task with multiple important applications, such as public security, human–computer interaction, and surveillance. However, much of the existing work usually fails to provide any explicit quantitative differences between different individuals. In this paper, we propose a novel 3D spatio-temporal geometric feature representation of locomotion on Riemannian manifold, which explicitly reveals the intrinsic differences between individuals. To this end, we construct mean sequence by aligning related motion sequences on the Riemannian manifold. The differences in respect to this mean sequence are modeled as spatial state descriptors. Subsequently, a temporal hierarchy of covariance are imposed on the state descriptors, making it a higher-order statistical spatio-temporal feature representation, showing unique biometric characteristics for individuals. Finally, we introduce a kernel metric learning method to improve the classification accuracy. We evaluated our method on two public databases: the CMU Mocap database and the UPCV Gait database. Furthermore, we also constructed a new database for evaluating running and analyzing two major influence factors of walking. As a result, the proposed approach achieves promising results in all experiments.
A Unified Account of Three Uses of Dou
Authors: Chen Zhuo
Published: December 2018

This paper gives a unified account of the distributive, occasion andcumulative readings of dou in the framework of event semantics, the last of whichis rarely discussed in the literature. Previous analyses on dou will be shown tohave difficulties capturing the cumulative reading (Lin 1998; Liu 2017). FollowingChampollion’s analysis of distance distributive items, I analyze dou as a distributorover events. What’s inside the scope of dou is the description of the subevents andwhat’s outside the scope of dou is the description of the mereological sum event.This analysis can capture the three uses of dou and adds dou to the category ofdistance distributive items surveyed in Champollion (2016).
Moxifloxacin in the Outpatient Treatment of Moderate Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Minov Jordan , Stoleski Sasho , Petrova Tatjana , Vasilevska Kristin , Mijakoski Dragan , Bislimovska-Karadzhinska Jovanka
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND: Bacterial infections are involved in more than a half of the exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in the outpatient treatment of moderate exacerbations of bacterial origin in the COPD patients.
METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational study including 64 COPD patients with moderate exacerbation of bacterial origin empirically treated with moxifloxacin. In 31 of them, moxifloxacin was used as an initial antibiotic (Group 1), whereas in 33 of them moxifloxacin was used after treatment failure with another antibiotic (Group 2). All patients have treated 7 days with moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily per os, and they were followed up for 20 days, with an intermediate visit at 3, 5 and 7 days at which the duration of symptoms and the side effects of the drug were evaluated.
RESULTS: We registered high clinical success rate, i.e. the complete resolution of the symptoms or their return to the baseline severity, similar in both groups (84.3% in all study subjects, 83.9% in the Group 1 and 84.8% in the Group 2). The mean time to complete resolution of the cardinal symptoms or their return to the baseline severity was 5.2 ± 1.1 days. Also, the mean time to complete resolution of the certain cardinal symptoms (increased dyspnea, increased sputum volume and increased sputum purulence) or their return to the baseline severity is given 4.9, 4.7 and 4.2 days, respectively. The incidence of adverse effects during the treatment with moxifloxacin in all study subjects was 10.9%, 9.6% in Group 1 and 12.1% in Group 2. There was no serious adverse effect that required discontinuation of the treatment. Relapse during a 20 days follow-up period was registered in 7.4% of the all study subjects with complete resolution of the cardinal symptoms or their return to the baseline severity, i.e. in two patients from both Group 1 and Group 2 (7.6% and 7.1%, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest high efficacy and good tolerability of moxifloxacin in the treatment of moderate COPD exacerbations of bacterial origin.
Artificial Reproductive Technology – A Risk Factor for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Trifonova Kalina , Slaveykov Kiril , Mumdzhiev Hristo , Dzhelebov Dimitar
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding vasoproliferative disease in premature babies. The presentation and course of ROP are determined by a complex interaction of a series of risk factors, including artificial reproductive technology (ART).
AIM: To analyse and combine the information relating ART as an independent risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity.
METHODS AND MATERIAL: The article is systematic review and meta-analysis using RevMan 5. Pubmed, Scopus and Medline were searched for articles from 1990 to 2018.
RESULTS: Studies suggest that ROP is observed more frequently in ART children. They are more likely to be premature and of low birth weight than those conceived naturally. Results vary from just a tendency to a five-fold increase in risk to develop ROP in ART babies. At the same time, they might develop ROP later, and more mature newborns might be affected.
CONCLUSION: The data relating ART as a risk factor for ROP is inconclusive, but most studies show at least a tendency. The ART newborns need to be considered as a risk group for ROP and observed with greater suspicion. Even more mature ART newborns might need to be screened in order not to miss any significant pathology.
Log Data Analysis of Player Behavior in Tangram Puzzle Learning Game
Authors: Rizki Diaz Ivenulut , Supianto Ahmad Afif , Tolle Herman
Published: December 2018

Understanding player behavior in a game is quite important to know people model thinking. Through puzzle games, people can train spatial abilities in a geometry lesson. Spatial ability consists of five groups, one of them is perceptual speed. The Perceptual Speed factor is characterized by the speed in finding a configuration in a mess of distracting material. This research purposes to know user behavior in Tangram Puzzle game based on user data log. Analysis user behavior from two aspects: the dominant of first selecting a puzzle pieces and the correlation between the number of puzzle completion with time. And based on this research can be concluded that player will choose a shape that easily to identified and has a larger size than other to be completed first. Whereas the correlation between the number of completion and time is on a moderate level and quite significant.
Dermoscopy is a new diagnostic tool in diagnosis of common hypopigmented macular disease: A descriptive study
Authors: Al-Refu Khitam
Published: December 2018

One of the most frequent complaints in dermatology clinics is the eruption of hypopigmented patchy skin lesions. The aim of the study was to investigate the utility of dermoscopy in common hypopigmented macular diseases. Patients with the followings diseases were examined by dermoscopy: vitiligo, pityriasis alba, nevus depigmentosus, achromic pityriasis versicolor, idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, and extragenital guttate lichen sclerosus. This study showed that these hypopigmented macular diseases might display specific dermoscopic features. In vitiligo, the mean dermoscopic features were the presence of a diffuse white glow with perifollicular pigment, perilesional hyperpigmentation, leukotrichia and the pigmentary network. In idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, the characteristic features were the presence of multiple, shiny, scaly macules with welland ill-defined edges borders that coalesced into polycyclic macules. For nevus depigmentosus, the mean features were hypopigmented patches with irregular border with a faint reticular network. For pityriasis alba, the fairly ill-demarcated hypopigmented macules with fine scales were the mean feature. In lichen sclerosus, there were white structureless areas, perilesional erythematous halo, follicular plugging and white chrysalis like structures. Dermoscopy of achromic pityriasis versicolor showed a fairly demarcated white area with fine scales localized in the skin creases.
Variability of Aggressiveness and Virulence of Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovorum Causing the Soft Rot on Potato Tubers in the Western of Algeria
Authors: Benada M’hamed , Boumaaza Boualem , Boudalia Sofiane , Khaladi Omar , Guessas Bettache
Published: December 2018

Soft rot symptoms were observed on potato plants in several potato cultivars in the western part of Algeria. A total of four strains of Erwinia are devided as follow: (i) three strains of bacteria isolated from diseased tissues and soil, identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp carotovorum using conventional bacteriological and biochemical methods; and (ii) one strain as Erwinia sp, not pathogens. In vitro tests, on tuber slices were set up to determine slices weight lost, which allows to find differences in cultivar susceptibility and isolate aggressiveness. Among the five cultivars, Laura was the most susceptible than the others tested cultivars. Moreover, it was found that MAI isolate was the most virulent than the other bacterial isolates. The results of this study should allow an optimization of the potato storage, after considering the susceptibility of a given cultivar to soft rot development and the aggressiveness.
Effects of Seeding Material Age, Storage Time, and Tuber Tissue Zone on Glucomannan Content of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume
Authors: Harijati Nunung , Mastuti Retno , Chairiyah Nurul , Roosdiana Bunga , Rohmawati Siti Aminur
Published: December 2018

Among members of the genus Amorphophallus in Indonesia, Amorphophallus muelleri produces the highest amounts of glucomannan, which is a fiber carbohydrate that plays a significant role in controlling obesity and type 2 diabetes. Glucomannan in A. muelleri is stored in the tubers. Several internal and external factors affect the glucomannan content of the tubers. In this study, we only investigated the internal factors seeding material and tuber. The objectives were: (i) to investigate the effect of the seeding material on tuber glucomannan levels; and (ii) to assess the influence of the storage period and the tuber part on glucomannan contents. Glucomannan was extracted via centrifugation. The result showed that tubers, which yielded from the center bulbis, have slightly higher glucomannan content than tubers from side bulbis, even though insignificant. Our results indicate significant glucomannan losses at storage times of more than 3 months. Levels decreased by 90% after storage over 3.75 months since shoot collapse. Glucomannan levels of the central and the edge parts of the tubers did not differ significantly.
Nano-Particle Derived from Chaetomium cuprem cc3003 against Anthracnose of Coffee var. Arabic
Authors: Somlit Vilavong , Somdej Kanokmedhakul , Kaunchai Kanokmedhakul , Soytong Kasem
Published: December 2018

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is proved to be a pathogenic isolate causing anthracnose disease on coffee var. Arabica in Lao PDR. Chaetomium cupreum CC3003 inhibits sporulation of C. gloeosporiodes by 42.60% in 30 days. The tested nano CCH, nano CCE and nano CCM derived from C. cupreum CC3003 significantly inhibits C. gloeosporioides that cause coffee anthracnose at low concentrations of about 3–15 ppm. The tested nano-particles applied to inoculated coffee seedlings significantly reduce coffee anthracnose. Research and development on nano-particles extracted from fungi are necessary to discover new strategies to control plant disease.
Wheat Acreage by Census Division, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Wheat is the most important economic crop in Canada. Wheat is grown commercially in all provinces except Newfoundland and Labrador, with most of the production being concentrated in the Prairie Provinces and Ontario. In 1996, production was just short of 30
million tonnes. The domestic use of wheat crop totals about 8 million tonnes per year. The rest, about 19 million tonnes depending on the current years production is exported, almost all of it as grain. Exports of Canadian grown wheat are shipped around the world. The largest market is in Asia
(China, Bangladesh, and Japan). Although Canada produces and exports a large volume of wheat, it rivals with Australia and the European Union only for second place among the worlds exporting nations. The perennial leader is United States.
Wetlands and Forests
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Wetlands are areas characterized by relatively shallow water. These areas play an extremely important role in Canada's ecology. Canada has one of the largest areas in the world with wetlands covering more than 1.2 million square kilometres. They occur across most
of the country, and their location usually depends on local factors, which include drainage, topography and surface materials.
Water Consumption: Industrial Water Consumption, 1999
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The industrial sector represents 16% of total freshwater consumption. The amount used reflects population distribution to some degree, but the high values in some watersheds far from the largest cities reflects the occurrence of resource-processing, a heavy
user of water. In most cases, these facilities (mainly in the forest industry) were specifically located so as to be close to large water supplies.
Water Consumption: Commercial and Institutional Water Consumption, 1999
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Commercial consumers are businesses, and institutional users such as government agencies, schools, and hospitals. Apartment buildings are also included in this section since these are normally operated by businesses. Next to residential uses, commercial and
institutional consumption makes up the largest part of municipal water use. On per capita basis, consumption rates are highest in Prince Edward Island and in New Brunswick, and lowest in Manitoba.
Very Large Livestock Farms, 2001 (Western Canada)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Large livestock farms (which includes very large livestock farms) have been expanding in the last few years. This reflects the trend throughout Canadian agriculture towards fewer, larger farms producing more food, either for Canadian tables or for export. Large
livestock farms are found in most agricultural areas of Canada. Notably, theyve expanded in some of the countrys more intensely settled rural areas those within commuting distance of metropolitan centres where the human population has also been rising. An animal unit is the means of equally
measure farm animals of different sizes based on feed input and manure output.
Utility-operated Generating Stations, 1997: By Technology
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the 630 generating stations operated by utilities, with the stations being classed by their operating technology. The seven technologies shown represent water-power (hydro-electric and tidal), conventional thermal (internal combustion, combustion
turbine, and steam), nuclear, and alternative fuels (wind energy).
Uranium Resources
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Uranium is a common element throughout the Earths crust, soils, and oceans. Uranium resources are naturally occurring deposits that may have a sufficient concentration of uranium to support mining operations. Canada has about 8% of the worlds unmined uranium
resources, but accounts for some 25% of the global primary uranium production. Canadas uranium mines are located in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan, which has ore grades as high as 21% uranium metal, an order of magnitude larger than any other deposits in the world. The nuclear
industry provides about 15% of Canadas electrical power (50% of Ontarios). The map shows districts with potential for uranium development, small occurrences of uranium, locations of uranium mines and facilities, and locations of nuclear facilities that generate electrical
power.
The Atlantic Coast, Saint Lawrence River and Eastern Great Lakes 1609 to 1628
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Between 1609 and 1628, European explorers charted more unknown waters along the Atlantic Coast, and also penetrated down the St. Lawrence River into the eastern Great Lakes. The routes of four explorers are shown on this map: Hudson (1609), Champlain (1609, 1613
and 1615 to 1616), Brûlé (1615 to 1618 and 1621 to 1623) and La Roche (1626). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans in the period 1497 to 1650; and the navigation of all exploration routes during the period of the penetration of the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson
Bay from 1600 to 1650. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
The Arctic Coast 1602 to 1606
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In the early seventeenth century, there were two voyages that explored the Labrador coastline and southern Baffin Island. These voyages were by Waymouth (1602) and Knight (1606). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans in the period 1497 to
1650; and the navigation of all exploration routes during the period of the penetration of the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Bay from 1600 to 1650. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
Territorial Evolution, 1898
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The District of Yukon is separated from the Northwest Territories to become Yukon Territory with the boundaries as assigned to the district in 1895. The boundaries of Quebec are extended northward to the Eastmain River. Canadas long and diversified settlement
history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1882
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The provisional district of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Athabaska and Alberta are created in 1882. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western
Canada.
Small Farms by Census Division, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Small farms are defined here as those with product sales of $40 000 or less before expenses are deducted, based on the value of a dollar in 1995. Small farms accounted for half (or 139 000) of all Canadian census farms in 1996. Many small farms are not making
money, after subtracting operating expanses from the gross farm revenue; the result is a financial loss. A great number of small-farm operators, 64% reported income from non-farm wages or employment income in 1996. The number of small farms decreased by 5.6% since
1991.
Service Industries - Specialization in Wholesaling, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Wholesaling is that part of the service sector that distributes goods from importers or manufacturers to retailers. This map shows the difference between the actual employment in wholesaling and the expected level, based on the city's population and income. Some
of the most intensely specialized wholesale locations are smaller places that are close to Toronto or Montréal. The map also contrasts the cities of the Prairie provinces, which have extensive service areas and therefore significant wholesale roles, with the industrial cities of Ontario and
Quebec, which have smaller service areas and therefore less wholesaling.
Service Industries - Specialization in Public Administration, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Public administration includes employment at the three levels of government: federal, provincial and municipal. The map shows the difference between the actual employment in public administration and the expected level, based on the city's population. Cities with
more public administration jobs than expected are specialized; those with negative values are deficient. In general, smaller cities are more likely to have high or low levels of specialization, whereas large cities tend to provide the full range of service activities and therefore have less overall
specialization in services.
Precious-metal Mines, 2003
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map depicts the 33 precious-metal mines that operated for any period during 2003. Precious-metal mines produce gold, silver, palladium and uranium. There were no active precious-metal mines in the Yukon Territory, Nunavut, Alberta, Prince Edward Island, New
Brunswick or Nova Scotia for this year. The locations of 2 uranium-processing facilities and 2 precious-metal refineries are shown to provide an industrial context for precious-metal mining activity.
Non-medical Determinants of Health - Male Average Income, 1995
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Poverty, usually measured using income, and poor health are closely related. Income is one of the non-medical determinants of health. The poor experience the highest rates of illness and premature death. The income measures are for the year 1995 as reported in
the 1996 Census. In that year, the average total income for males was $31 117. However, significant regional variations in average income are apparent. Higher incomes predominate in Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. Most census divisions in Atlantic Canada fall within the lower income levels.
The distributions of average total income for males and females are similar. The income-health relationship is not well known, but general linkages have been identified. Notably, health improves at every step up the income ladder.
Non-medical Determinants of Health - High School Graduates, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

There is a tendency for life expectancy to be higher in those regions where high school attainment has been graduation by most individuals in this age grouping (25 to 29 years). Canada has an excellent record in providing its citizens with an education, and
consequently a potential for better health. The highest proportions of Canadians with chronic conditions occur in the low educational attainment category. However, this pattern is not consistent throughout Canada where, in Saskatchewan for example, some provinces the reverse pattern is observed. In
such locations, other determinants of health may mitigate the positive contributions associated with higher education. Education is one of the non-medical determinants of health. More people of lower educational attainment rated their own health as poor.
Moisture Regions
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Moisture regions illustrate moist (water surplus) and dry (water deficient) climate areas. The regions are a general guide to moisture surplus or deficit to be factored with seasonal timing of moisture availability for the hydrological system, including fluxes to
runoff and groundwater infiltration.
Mode of Transportation to Work, 2006: All Other Modes (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The number of people having to commute to work (usual place of work or no fixed workplace address) has risen considerably over the past five years from 13 450 900 in 2001 to 14 714 300 in 2006 or 9.4%. While the car is still the most frequently used mode of
transportation for getting to work, there was a decrease in the proportion of drivers in the past five years, from 73.8% of workers in 2001 to 72.3% in 2006. In 2006, 11% of Canadian workers used public transit to get to work, compared to 10.5% in 2001 and 10.1% in
1996.
Mode of Transportation to Work, 2001: Travelled to Work in Car, Truck, Van as Driver (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Nearly 74% of Canadian commuters drove to work in 2001, up from 73.3% and about 10.5% of employed Canadians used public transportation to get to work in 2001, up marginally from 10.1% in 1996. In 2001, the proportion of workers who rode to work as
passengers in a car, truck or van decreased to 6.9% from 7.4% in 1996. About 6.6% of all employed Canadians walked to work in 2001, down slightly from 7.0% in 1996. The proportion of employed Canadians who cycled to work increased marginally to 1.2% in 2001 from 1.1% in
1996.
Mode of Transportation to Work, 2001: Passenger in Car, Truck or Van (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Nearly 74% of Canadian commuters drove to work in 2001, up from 73.3% and about 10.5% of employed Canadians used public transportation to get to work in 2001, up marginally from 10.1% in 1996. In 2001, the proportion of workers who rode to work as
passengers in a car, truck or van decreased to 6.9% from 7.4% in 1996. About 6.6% of all employed Canadians walked to work in 2001, down slightly from 7.0% in 1996. The proportion of employed Canadians who cycled to work increased marginally to 1.2% in 2001 from 1.1% in
1996.
Mining-reliant Communities, 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

There are 185 mining-reliant communities, of which 88 have a reliance of 50% or greater, and 97 have a reliance of 30 to 49%. The economy of these communities depends either on local mining activity or on metal-processing plants.
Marine Transportation Infrastructure - Harbours (2006)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada is a maritime nation with access to three oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic), and shared access to the longest inland waterway system in the world, the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway system of waterways. The map shows approximately 700 small craft
harbours, the Seaway (including major locks) and vessel traffic service zones. The Canada Marine Act governs Canadas port and harbour systems. The 700 harbours form the National Harbour System, managed by Fisheries and Oceans Canada to ensure that harbours are safe and accessible for commercial
fisheries and recreational boaters. The Canada Shipping Act provides for regulations which govern vessel traffic in the 11 vessel service traffic zones.
Main Areas for Diamond Exploration in 1997
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In the 1960s, several mining companies started systematically exploring for diamonds in Canada. Today, in addition to the Ekati mine, other diamond projects could reach production within few years. This map shows the location of the main Canadian diamond
exploration areas to the year 1997.
Labour Force Occupation, 2006 - Health Occupations (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Census data showed employment reached an estimated 16 021 200 in 2006, up 1 326 000 from 2001. Just two western provinces - Alberta and British Columbia - accounted for a third of this increase. During the same five-year period, the unemployment rate fell in
every province and territory, except Ontario and the Northwest Territories. The shift in industrial demand for workers to different parts of the economy had an impact on the occupational make-up of the nation. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in health
occupations.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Processing, Manufacturing and Utilities (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in processing, manufacturing and utilities.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Primary Industry (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in primary industry.
Human Activities in Ecosystems - Productive Forest Land Use
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Forests sustain hundreds of economies across Canada. The forest industry is an active player in the conservation and sustainability of forested ecosystems. Forests are managed from a legal perspective by provincial and territorial legislation. The primary
objective of forest management is timber production, which is achieved through harvesting and regenerating areas that have been harvested or damaged by fire or insects. Clearcutting has been the main method of harvesting in Canada. However, selective cutting methods are being promoted and
investigated as alternatives where clearcutting may have negative impacts on wildlife habitat or water resources. Forested areas are managed for timber production, mostly in the Boreal Shield, Atlantic Maritime, Montane Cordillera, and Pacific Maritime ecozones. The map shows the percentage of
productive forest land use per ecoregion.
Growth Rate of Public Service Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The public service sector is defined here as the sum of public-service employment for all three levels of government, as well as education and health-care activities. The map of growth rates for public-service employment between 1986 and 1996 is almost entirely
driven by education and health employment, and largely reflects the population growth rate. The combination of all these different activities produces a spatial distribution skewed towards the larger cities that serve as national or provincial/territorial capitals, and/or major education and health
centres. During this period, cities in British Columbia grew rapidly, as did the clusters of cities around Toronto and Montréal. The growth was much slower or negative in the eastern Prairie provinces and the Atlantic provinces.
Growth Rate of Health Services Employment, 1986 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Growth in health-care employment was almost universal across Canada. Only three places lost jobs, none losing more than 120 people, whereas Toronto added 44 000 health-care workers. Nationally, the growth in health care more or less reflects the overall
distribution of population growth across the country. Since 1991, 96% of population growth has occurred in the four largest provinces (Ontario, Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia), and two-thirds of that growth took place in Ontario and British Columbia. Many small centres across the country
also added jobs in these activities.
Grape Area in Production, 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Grapes, especially the best wine grapes, need mild winters and hot summers. In Canada, these conditions are found in relatively small pockets in the most southerly regions of the country. About 80% of the grapes grown in Canada are used for wine production.
Canadian producers sold about 1 billion Canadian dollars worth of wine in Canada and another 116 million Canadian dollars worth abroad in 2001 and 2002.
Government transfer payments as a proportion of total income of households (by census subdivision), 2005$
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2005, an estimated 18 201 000 people reported employment income (earnings), an increase of more than 1.5 million from five years ago. The national median earnings of persons 15 years and over was $26 850. These earnings were one component of household total
income. The national median income for 12 437 470 households in 2005 was $53 634 up 2.3% from 2000. The map shows by census subdivision the proportion of total income derived from government transfer payments of households in 2005 constant dollars.
Geological Provinces
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The geologic time scale divides the 4.6 billion years of earths history into hierarchy of time periods. Every layer of rock corresponds to a specific time in the history of the formation of the Earth. The Precambrian era began with the formation of the Earth; it
was followed by the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Each of these eras is divided into periods, the periods into epochs, and epochs into ages. Paleontological studies and isotopic dating methods are used to determine the time divisions.
Freshwater Recreational Uses - Swimming
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Swimming is one of the uses of freshwater. The map shows the amount of participation as mapped by major watershed. Not surprisingly, the highest absolute numbers occur in southern Canada.
Freshwater Recreational Uses - Power Boating
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1996, 9.3% of Canadians made use of a power boat. The map shows the number of trips where a powerboat was used. The range of recreational activities is diverse, ranging from cruising, across to cottages, to fishing and water sports. The large number of
powerboats in Canada had lead to many concerns about their usage like pollution and habitat disturbance.
Forest Industry Generating Stations, 1997
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map depicts the 77 electrical generating plants operated by forest-based industries. These industries are defined using the North American Industrial Classification. These plants are scattered throughout Canada, and are about equally divided between being
hydro or thermal plants.
Forest Fire Severity Level, 2050 - 2059
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Climate warming can bring more frequent and severe forest fires. This map shows the change in forest fire severity levels across Canada from 2050 to 2059, based on Global Generation Circulation Models. The Seasonal Severity Rating (SSR) is a measure of fire
danger conditions over a complete fire season. The SSR is developed by averaging daily values over the season. The scale shown is relative, with values above 6 being extreme. A real value of zero is only possible in remote cold regions where no fire danger exists in the summer
months.
Female Median Income (1995$)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows female median income for the female population 15 years of age and over reporting income in 1995 (not including institutional residents). The distribution of incomes above the national female median of $14 508 were most prominent in Vancouver,
Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa-Hull, Montréal, and Quebec. Based on the 1996 Census, the number of women reporting income has steadily increased over the years. In 1995, women represented nearly half of all income recipients, compared with 17% in 1990. However, women still represented the
majority of workers in the 25 lowest paying occupations. Women had on average increased their purchasing power by 5% between 1980 and 1985, with an additional 12% gain over men between 1985 and 1990.