bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIVERGENCES IN SCALAR QUANTUM FIELD THEORY: THE CAUSE AND THE CURE
Authors: KLAUDER JOHN R.
Published: June 2012

Covariant scalar fields exhibit divergences when quantized in two or more spacetime dimensions: n ≥ 2. Does perturbation theory, effective theories, the renormalization group, etc., tell us all there is to know about these problems? An alternative approach identifies the cause of divergences as due to the effort to multiplicatively relate two measures that are mutually singular, while the cure for those divergences is to introduce an O(ℏ) counterterm that converts mutually singular measures into equivalent measures. This procedure leads to a nontrivial, divergence-free formulation for all n≥2. Finally, a critical comparison of the new methods with traditional procedures is given.
A NOVEL HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHMS AND PATTERN SEARCH TECHNIQUES FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION PLANNING
Authors: VASANT P.
Published: June 2012

Soft computing has attracted many research scientists, decision makers and practicing researchers in recent years as powerful computational intelligent techniques, for solving unlimited number of complex real-world problems particularly related to research area of optimization. Under the uncertain and turbulence environment, classical and traditional approaches are unable to obtain a complete solution with satisfaction for the real-world problems on optimization. Therefore, new global optimization methods are required to handle these issues seriously. One such method is hybrid Genetic algorithms and Pattern search, a generic, flexible, robust, and versatile framework for solving complex problems of global optimization and search in real-world applications.
Mechanical stratigraphy and (palaeo-) karstification of the Murge area (Apulia, southern Italy)
Authors: Jacquemyn Carl , Swennen Rudy , Ronchi Paola
Published: June 2012

The Cretaceous Apulia Platform, exposed in the Murge area (southern Italy), suffered intense (palaeo)karstification. This study focuses on the controlling factors of karstification with emphasis on fracturing. Mechanical stratigraphy was used to calculate the fracture density within different sedimentary sequences. Several mechanical units were defined and a characteristic relationship was found between unit thicknesses and fracture density, that is, fracture density increases if layer thickness decreases. In some of the quarries studied, sedimentary cycles are clearly present that are also reflected in the fracture density logs. The degree of karstification within a mechanical unit is proportional to the mean fracture spacing. Based on fracture orientation data extracted from LIDAR scans, different orientation clusters were observed between fractures that are karstified and fractures that are not karstified, post-dating karstification. The clusters of karstified fractures are related to the compression of the southern Apennines. The fractures became dissolution enlarged during the Pleistocene uplift caused by bulging of the Apulia Platform. This main karstification phase occurred prior to Late-Pleistocene deposition and before the formation of orthogonal fracture sets.
Reservoir characterization of an intra-orogenic Carbonates platform: Pila Spi Formation, Taq Taq oil field, Kurdistan, Iraq
Authors: Al-Qayim Basim , Othman Divan
Published: June 2012

Outcrop studies integrated with subsurface data of core, cuttings and different well logs were used to investigate reservoir characteristics of the Middle–Late Eocene Pila Spi Formation at Taq Taq oil field of Kurdistan Region of northeastern Iraq. Reservoir studies include petrographic investigations, microfacies analyses and petrophysical evaluation in an attempt to provide an insight regarding the reservoir potential.

The Pila Spi Formation is subdivided into four distinctive lithofacies (P1–P4), characterized by dolostones, dolomitic limestones and limestones.

Several types of dolomite were recognized ranging from early diagenetic fenestral fine crystalline to late diagenetic coarse crystalline dolomite, which had positively influenced the reservoir characteristics by enhancing inter-crystalline, intra-skeletal and micro-vug porosity, especially for lithofacies units P2 and P3.

Reservoir porosity is heterogeneous in distribution and ranges from 5 to 20%. Using porosity cut-off values of 8.2%, and water saturation cut-off values of 24%, six porosity units were identified from top to bottom (PU1–PU6). The best unit is PU2 (15 m thick), which is characterized by medium crystalline dolomite mosaic with average effective porosity of 21.5%. Permeability ranges between 0.1 and 1 md.

Flow unit differentiation is discussed in term of porosity–permeability cross-plot and reservoir pore-throat classification (R35). Results indicate that most of the Pila Spi reservoir is of micro-port (matrix) flow type. However, reservoir quality enhancement is attributed to fracturing.
Characterization of karstic networks by automatic extraction of geometrical and topological parameters: comparison between observations and stochastic simulations
Authors: Fournillon A. , Abelard S. , Viseur S. , Arfib B. , Borgomano J.
Published: June 2012

Although karstic networks may have a major impact on fluid flow in reservoir characterization, they exhibit great intrinsic heterogeneity that makes their characterization very complex. This work proposes an integrated workflow to study and stochastically simulate karstic networks. This approach is based on the study of outcropping caves. Topological and geometrical parameters are automatically extracted from cave surveys. The extracted geometrical parameters are used to determine the input parameters of the stochastic simulations. These simulations utilize a structure-based, pixel-based and geostatistical approach. To check for consistency, a procedure is proposed to compare the topological and geometrical parameters of observed and simulated karst networks using multivariate analyses. The proposed integrated workflow has been successfully applied to a real case study involving karsts in Jurassic limestone from the south of France. The obtained karstic networks reproduce observed topological and geometrical parameters even when the employed simulation approach relies solely on geometrical parameters.
The history of remagnetization of sedimentary rocks: deceptions, developments and discoveries
Authors: Van Der Voo Rob , Torsvik Trond H.
Published: June 2012

Remagnetizations have been recognized ever since magnetizations in rocks were demonstrably shown to have been acquired at a much later time than the formation or deposition of the rocks themselves. There was mention of remagnetizations as early as the 1950s, and in the 1960s the concept was frequently hypothesized as an explanation for repetitions and loops in apparent polar wander paths. In this paper, remagnetization features and processes are organized by magnetic carrier: hematite, magnetite, Fe-sulphides and goethite. Selected case histories are presented which are chosen in order to reveal important diagnostics, although many origins of remagnetizations are still obscure or incompletely known.
Rock magnetism of remagnetized carbonate rocks: another look
Authors: Jackson Mike , Swanson-Hysell Nicholas L.
Published: June 2012

Authigenic formation of fine-grained magnetite is responsible for widespread chemical remagnetization of many carbonate rocks. Authigenic magnetite grains, dominantly in the superparamagnetic and stable single-domain size range, also give rise to distinctive rock-magnetic properties, now commonly used as a ‘fingerprint’ of remagnetization. We re-examine the basis of this association in terms of magnetic mineralogy and particle-size distribution in remagnetized carbonates having these characteristic rock-magnetic properties, including ‘wasp-waisted’ hysteresis loops, high ratios of anhysteretic remanence to saturation remanence and frequency-dependent susceptibility. New measurements on samples from the Helderberg Group allow us to quantify the proportions of superparamagnetic, stable single-domain and larger grains, and to evaluate the mineralogical composition of the remanence carriers. The dominant magnetic phase is magnetite-like, with sufficient impurity to completely suppress the Verwey transition. Particle sizes are extremely fine: approximately 75% of the total magnetite content is superparamagnetic at room temperature and almost all of the rest is stable single-domain. Although it has been proposed that the single-domain magnetite in these remagnetized carbonates lacks shape anisotropy (and is therefore controlled by cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy), we have found strong experimental evidence that cubic anisotropy is not an important underlying factor in the rock-magnetic signature of chemical remagnetization.
Burial, claystones remagnetization and some consequences for magnetostratigraphy
Authors: Aubourg Charles , Pozzi Jean-Pierre , Kars Myriam
Published: June 2012

We investigate the broad lines of magnetic mineral formation for non-metamorphic claystones. More particularly, we focus on the formation of magnetite from
c
. 20 day-experiments aiming to reproduce burial conditions. It is shown that the sole action of temperature from 50 °C to 250 °C leads to the formation of magnetite. The neoformed magnetites carry a chemical remanent magnetization which equates at least the natural remanent magnetization. We propose a schematic of burial with three magnetic windows where a chemical remanent magnetization superimposed the natural remanent magnetization. These are the greigite window (subsurface), the magnetite window (depth > 2 km) and the pyrrhotite window (depth > 6 km). The formation of magnetic minerals has profound consequences for the magnetostratigraphy record. We propose a conceptual model that shows that the continuous production of magnetite during burial may result in magnetozones that have no relation to the age of the sediment.
Multiple magnetizations in Ordovician–Devonian carbonates in the Williston Basin (Manitoba, Canada)
Authors: Szabó Erika , Cioppa Maria T.
Published: June 2012

Palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic data collected from the Upper Ordovician Red River, Silurian Interlake and Devonian Winnipegosis, Souris River and Birdbear carbonates in one well from southwestern Manitoba (Canada) reveal a complex magnetization history for the north-eastern Williston Basin. Rock magnetic analysis (thermal demagnetization, anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM)/saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), S-ratios, partial ARM (pARM), SIRM crossover curves and points and coercivity) show three magnetic carriers for different magnetizations seen in this well. An Early–Mid-Jurassic remagnetization observed in the lower Red River and Souris River formations is carried by single-domain to pseudo-single-domain (SD–PSD) magnetite and was probably produced by basement fluids circulating along fractures and faults created by the Hartney impact/volcanic structure and/or tectonic movements along the Superior Boundary Zone. In the Winnipegosis Formation a possible primary depositional or early depositional magnetization (Devonian age) is carried by PSD pyrrhotite. In the Birdbear Formation two different magnetizations of uncertain age are present: one carried in hematite in the upper strata, possibly originating from the younger Amaranth Formation, and magnetite dominates in the lower strata. The upper Red River and Interlake formations contain both magnetite and pyrrhotite; however, the weaker palaeomagnetic data reveal little in terms of a magnetization age.
Adipocyte hypertrophy is associated with lysosomal permeability both in vivo and in vitro: role in adipose tissue inflammation
Authors: Gornicka Agnieszka , Fettig Jade , Eguchi Akiko , Berk Michael P. , Thapaliya Samjhana , Dixon Laura J. , Feldstein Ariel E.
Published: June 2012

Obesity in both humans and rodents is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy and the presence of death adipocytes surrounded by macrophages forming “crown-like structures.” However, the biochemical pathways involved in triggering adipocyte death as well as the role of death adipocytes in adipose tissue remodeling and macrophage infiltration remain poorly understood. We now show that induction of adipocyte hypertrophy by incubation of mature adipocytes with saturated fatty acids results in lysosomal destabilization and cathepsin B (ctsb), a key lysosomal cysteine protease, activation and redistribution into the cytosol. ctsb activation was required for the lysosomal permeabilization, and its inhibition protected cells against mitochondrial dysfunction. With the use of a dietary murine model of obesity, ctsb activation was detected in adipose tissue of these mice. This is an early event during weight gain that correlates with the presence of death adipocytes, and precedes macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue. Moreover, ctsb-deficient mice showed decreased lysosomal permeabilization in adipocytes and were protected against adipocyte cell death and macrophage infiltration to adipose tissue independent of body weight. These data strongly suggest that ctsb activation and lysosomal permeabilization in adipocytes are key initial events that contribute to the adipocyte cell death and macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue associated with obesity. Inhibition of ctsb activation may be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity-associated metabolic complications.
Renal hemodynamic response tol-arginine in uncomplicated, type 1 diabetes mellitus: the role of buffering anions and tubuloglomerular feedback
Authors: Montanari Alberto , Biggi Almerina , Cabassi Aderville , Pelloni Irene , Pigazzani Filippo , Pinelli Silvana , Pelà Giovanna , Musiari Luisa , Cherney David Z.
Published: June 2012

According to the “tubulocentric” hypothesis of the glomerular hyperfiltration of diabetes mellitus (DM), tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is the critical determinant of the related renal hemodynamic dysfunction. To examine the role of TGF in human type 1 DM, 12 salt-replete healthy (C) and 11 uncomplicated DM individuals underwent measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow (RBF), and lithium-derived absolute “distal” sodium delivery (DDNa). Measurements were made during two 3-h infusions of 0.012 mmol·kg−1·min−1l-arginine (ARG) buffered with either equimolar HCl (ARG.HCl) or citric acid (ARG.CITR). Our hypothesis was that changes in TGF signaling would be directionally opposite ARG.HCl vs. ARG.CITR according to the effects of the ARG-buffering anion on DDNa. Similar changes in C and DM followed ARG.CITR, with declines in DDNa (−0.26 ± 0.07 mmol/min C vs. −0.31 ± 0.07 mmol/min DM) and increases in RBF (+299 ± 25 vs. +319 ± 29 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2) and GFR (+6.6 ± 0.8 vs. +11.6 ± 1.2 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2). In contrast, with ARG.HCl, DDNa rose in both groups ( P = 0.001), but the response was 73% greater in DM (+1.50 ± 0.15 mmol/min C vs. +2.59 ± 0.22 mmol/min DM, P = 0.001). RBF also increased ( P = 0.001, +219 ± 20 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2C, +105 ± 14 DM), but ΔRBF after ARG.HCl was lower vs. ARG.CITR in both groups ( P = 0.001). After ARG.HCl, ΔRBF also was 50% lower in DM vs. C ( P = 0.001) and GFR, unchanged in C, declined in DM (−7.4 ± 0.9 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2, P = 0.02 vs. C). After ARG.HCl, unlike ARG.CITR, DDNa increased in C and DM, associated with less ΔRBF and ΔGFR vs. ARG.CITR. This suggests that the renal hemodynamic response to ARG is influenced substantially by the opposite actions of HCl vs. CITR on DDNa and TGF. In DM, the association of ARG.HCl-induced exaggerated ΔDDNa, blunted ΔRBF, and the decline in GFR vs. C shows an enhanced TGF dependence of renal vasodilatation to ARG, in agreement with a critical role of TGF in DM-related renal hemodynamic dysfunction.
Lumbar Facet Joint Compressive Injury Induces Lasting Changes in Local Structure, Nociceptive Scores, and Inflammatory Mediators in a Novel Rat Model
Authors: Henry James L. , Yashpal Kiran , Vernon Howard , Kim Jaesung , Im Hee-Jeong
Published: June 2012

Objective. To develop a novel animal model of persisting lumbar facet joint pain.
Methods. Sprague Dawley rats were anaesthetized and the right lumbar (L5/L6) facet joint was exposed and compressed to ~1 mm with modified clamps applied for three minutes; sham-operated and naïve animals were used as control groups. After five days, animals were tested for hind-paw sensitivity using von Frey filaments and axial deep tissue sensitivity by algometer on assigned days up to 28 days. Animals were sacrificed at selected times for histological and biochemical analysis.
Results. Histological sections revealed site-specific loss of cartilage in model animals only. Tactile hypersensitivity was observed for the ipsi- and contralateral paws lasting 28 days. The threshold at which deep tissue pressure just elicited vocalization was obtained at three lumbar levels; sensitivity at L1>L3/4>L6. Biochemical analyses revealed increases in proinflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β.
Conclusions. These data suggest that compression of a facet joint induces a novel model of local cartilage loss accompanied by increased sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and by increases in inflammatory mediators. This new model may be useful for studies on mechanisms and treatment of lumbar facet joint pain and osteoarthritis.
“We're All in the Same Boat”: A Review of the Benefits of Dragon Boat Racing for Women Living with Breast Cancer
Authors: Harris Susan R.
Published: June 2012

This narrative review summarizes findings from quantitative and qualitative research literature that has been published over the past 15 years since an initial, community-based pilot study first challenged the long-held medical belief that vigorous, upper-body exercise would lead to lymphedema in women who were at risk due to treatments for breast cancer. Dragon boat racing originated in China more than 2000 years ago and has become a popular recreational and competitive support around the world. From the advent of the world's first breast cancer survivor dragon boat team,Abreast in a Boatlaunched in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1996, there are now more than 140 breast cancer survivor dragon boat teams paddling and competing in 12 different countries. The wealth of quantitative and qualitative research that has ensued since that pilot study further supports the initial hypothesis that resistance exercise, for example, dragon boat paddling, is not onlysafefor women recovering from conventional breast cancer therapies but also shows that dragon boating has been embraced as a complementary exercise therapy by the cancer survivors participating in this magical sport.
Linear Epidermal Nevus of the Oral Cavity: A Rare Diagnosis
Authors: Santos Mariana Dutra de Cássia Ferreira , Duarte Alexandre Scalli Mathias , Carvalho Guilherme Machado , Guimarães Alexandre Caixeta , Zappelini Carlos Eduardo Monteiro , Coelho Dal Rio Ana Cristina , Corrêa Maria Elvira Pizzigatti , Milani Altemani Albina Messias de Almeida , Danielli Nicola Ester Maria
Published: June 2012

Linear epidermal nevus is an uncommon diagnosis of benign lesions of the oral cavity. It is characterized by a congenital malformation arising from the ectoderm cells, which are arranged according to a typical linear configuration known as Blaschko’s lines. We report a case of linear epidermal nevus of oral cavity in a 51-year-old lady or woman. The linear epidermal nevus of the oral cavity, although rare, can be considered a differential diagnosis of oral papillomatosis (OP). The histopathological studies and detailed description are the center of the diagnostic and clinical evolution.
Growth, Structural and Optical Characterization of ZnO Nanotubes on Disposable-Flexible Paper Substrates by Low-Temperature Chemical Method
Authors: Soomro M. Y. , Hussain I. , Bano N. , Lu Jun , Hultman L. , Nur O. , Willander M.
Published: June 2012

We report the synthesis of vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes (NTs) on paper substrates by low-temperature hydrothermal method. The growth of ZnO NTs on the paper substrate is discussed; further, the structural and optical properties are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and cathodoluminescence (CL), and it was found that the ZnO NTs on paper substrate fulfill the structural and optical properties of ZnO NTs grown on other conventional substrates. This will be more beneficial in future usage of ZnO NTs in different fields and applications. Particularly, this approach opens the ways in research and development for high volume manufacturing of low-cost, flexible optoelectronics devices on disposable paper substrates and can be used in the future miniaturization trends.
Play Equipment, Physical Activity Opportunities, and Children's Activity Levels at Childcare
Authors: Gubbels Jessica S. , Van Kann Dave H. H. , Jansen Maria W. J.
Published: June 2012

This study investigated the association between physical activity facilities at childcare (e.g., play equipment) and physical activity of 2- and 3-year olds. Observations of physical activity intensity were performed among 175 children at 9 childcare centers in The Netherlands, using the OSRAC-P. The physical activity facilities were assessed for indoors and outdoors separately, using the EPAO instrument. Regular (single-level) multivariate and multilevel linear regression analyses examined the association of the facilities and child characteristics (age and sex) with children's activity levels. Various physical activity facilities were available in all childcare centers (e.g., balls). Riding toys and a small playing area were associated with lower indoor physical activity levels. Outdoor physical activity levels were positively associated with the availability of portable jumping equipment and the presence of a structured track on the playground. Portable slides, fixed swinging equipment, and sandboxes were negatively associated with outdoor activity levels. In addition, the 3-year old children were more active outdoors than the 2-year olds. In conclusion, not all physical activity facilities at childcare were indeed positively associated with children's activity levels. The current findings provide concrete leads for childcare providers regarding which factors they can improve in the physical environment to facilitate children's physical activity.
Raphides in the Uncalcified Siphonous Green Seaweed,Codium minus(Schmidt) P. C. Silva
Authors: Prince Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2012

The vacuole of utricles, the outermost cell layer of the siphonous green seaweed,Codium minus, had numerous single needles and needle bundles. The crystals composing each needle appeared arranged in a twisted configuration, both ends were pointed, and each needle was contained in a matrix or membrane; bundles of needles appeared enclosed by a matrix. Chemical and electron diffraction analysis indicated that the needles consisted of calcium oxalate. This is the first paper on terrestrial plant-like raphides in an alga.
Effect of Synthesis Temperature on the Growth Iron-Filled Carbon Nanotubes as Evidenced by Structural, Micro-Raman, and Thermogravimetric Analyses
Authors: Shamsudin M. S. , Asli N. A. , Abdullah S. , Yahya S. Y. S. , Rusop M.
Published: June 2012

Tubular structure and well dense of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were formulated using two-stage catalytic chemical vapor deposition apparatus. In this experiment, aligned CNT was synthesized in the range of 700–900°C temperatures with increment rate of 50°C per sample. The aligned CNT properties were investigated via field emission scanning electron microscope, micro-Raman spectrometer and thermogravimetric analyzer. The experimental results showed that aligned CNT properties were highly dependent on synthesis temperature changes. The optimum temperature of higher crystallinity was observed at 800°C synthesis temperature. However, the highest yield of nanotubes (~99.99%) was obtained at 900°C synthesis temperature. Aligned CNT orientation was in a parallel form and packed together in orderly manner. The behaviors of aligned CNT will be discussed in detail in this paper.
On the Stability of Thin-Shell Wormholes in Noncommutative Geometry
Authors: Kuhfittig Peter K. F.
Published: June 2012

This paper reexamines a special class of thin-shell wormholes that are unstable in general relativity in the framework of noncommutative geometry. It is shown that, as a consequence of the intrinsic uncertainty, these wormholes are stable to small linearized radial perturbations. Several different spacetimes are considered.
Histopathological Findings after Descemet's Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty for the Management of Descemet's Membrane Breaks Secondary to Obstetrical Forceps Injury
Authors: Haddock Luis J. , Dubovy Sander R. , Perez Victor L.
Published: June 2012

Case of a 39 y/o male patient that presented due to decreased vision and pain in the left eye secondary to corneal edema related to vertical Descemet's membrane breaks. The patient's past medical history was remarkable for a complicated vaginal delivery with the use of obstetrical forceps and presumed obstetrical forceps corneal injury. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time the use of descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in the management of this complication and for the first time show histologically the area of prior descemet's membrane break in the submitted stripped descemet's membrane.
An Unusual Case of Tracheoesophageal Fistulae
Authors: Giquel Jadelis , Matadial Christina , Rodriguez Blanco Yiliam F. , Martinez-Ruiz Ricardo , Nguyen Dao , Candiotti Keith
Published: June 2012

Acquired tracheoesophageal fistulae (TEF) are commonly due to malignancy (M. F. Reed and D. J. Mathisen, 2003). We present the case of a patient with a deceptive history for TEF and report an approach that provides adequate oxygenation, ventilation, surgical exposure, and postoperative analgesia with excellent outcome.
Pivotal Role of AKAP12 in the Regulation of Cellular Adhesion Dynamics: Control of Cytoskeletal Architecture, Cell Migration, and Mitogenic Signaling
Authors: Akakura Shin , Gelman Irwin H.
Published: June 2012

Cellular dynamics are controlled by key signaling molecules such as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). AKAP12/SSeCKS/Gravin (AKAP12) is a scaffold protein for PKA and PKC which controls actin-cytoskeleton reorganization in a spatiotemporal manner. AKAP12 also acts as a tumor suppressor which regulates cell-cycle progression and inhibits Src-mediated oncogenic signaling and cytoskeletal pathways. Reexpression of AKAP12 causes cell flattening, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and the production of normalized focal adhesion structures. Downregulation of AKAP12 induces the formation of thickened, longitudinal stress fibers and the proliferation of adhesion complexes. AKAP12-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit hyperactivation of PKC, premature cellular senescence, and defects in cytokinesis, relating to the loss of PKC scaffolding activity by AKAP12. AKAP12-null mice exhibit increased cell senescence and increased susceptibility to carcinogen-induced oncogenesis. The paper describes the regulatory and scaffolding functions of AKAP12 and how it regulates cell adhesion, signaling, and oncogenic suppression.
Integrability for Solutions of Anisotropic Obstacle Problems
Authors: Gao Hongya , Zhang Yanjie , Li Shuangli
Published: June 2012

This paper deals with anisotropic obstacle problem for the𝒜-harmonic equation∑i=1nDi(ai(x,Du(x)))=0. An integrability result is given under suitable assumptions, which show higher integrability of the boundary datum, and the obstacle force solutionsuhave higher integrability as well.
System of Nonlinear Set‐Valued Variational Inclusions Involving a Finite Family of H(·, ·)‐Accretive Operatorsin Banach Spaces
Authors: Junlouchai Prapairat , Plubtieng Somyot
Published: June 2012

We study a new system of nonlinear set‐valued variational inclusions involving a finite family
of H(·, ·)‐accretive operators in Banach spaces. By using the resolvent operator technique associated with a finite family
of H(·, ·)‐accretive operators, we prove the existence of the solution for the system of nonlinear set‐valued variational
inclusions. Moreover, we introduce a new iterative scheme and prove a strong convergence theorem for finding solutions for this system.
On Properties of Differences Polynomials about Meromorphic Functions
Authors: Qi Jianming , Ding Jie , Yuan Wenjun
Published: June 2012

We study the value distribution of a special class difference polynomial about finite order meromorphic function. Our methods of the proof are also different from ones in the previous results by Chen (2011), Liu and Laine (2010), and Liu and Yang (2009).
A Label Correcting Algorithm for Partial Disassembly Sequences in the Production Planning for End‐of‐Life Products
Authors: Tsai Pei-Fang (Jennifer)
Published: June 2012

Remanufacturing of used products has become a strategic issue for cost‐sensitive businesses. Due to the nature of uncertain supply of end‐of‐life (EoL) products, the reverse logistic can only be sustainable with a dynamic production planning for disassembly process. This research investigates the sequencing of disassembly operations as a single‐period partial disassembly optimization (SPPDO) problem to minimize total disassembly cost. AND/OR graph representation is used to include all disassembly sequences of a returned product. A label correcting algorithm is proposed to find an optimal partial disassembly plan if a specific reusable subpart is retrieved from the original return. Then, a heuristic procedure that utilizes this polynomial‐time algorithm is presented to solve the SPPDO problem. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this solution procedure.
Malignant Melanoma and Its Stromal Nonimmune Microecosystem
Authors: Piérard Gérald E. , Piérard-Franchimont Claudine , Delvenne Philippe
Published: June 2012

In recent years, rapid advances were reached in the understanding of a series of biologic signals influencing cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) cells. CMM is in close contact with a peculiar dermal extracellular matrix (ECM). Stromal cells store and release various structural ECM components. The impact on CMM growth and progression is mediated through strong and long-lasting effects of ECM products. This paper summarizes some peculiar aspects of the peri-CMM stroma showing intracytoplasmic loads in Factor XIIIa, CD34, versican, andα(IV) collagen chains. The restricted peri-CMM skin territory exhibiting such changes corresponds to the area showing neoangiogenesis and extravascular unicellular metastatic spread. The latter inconspicuous migratory CMM cells possibly correspond to CMM stem cells or to CMM cells with aberrant HOX gene expression. Their presence is associated with an increased risk for metastases in the regional sentinel lymph nodes. In conclusion, the CMM-stroma connection appears crucial to the growth regulation, invasiveness and initial metastatic spread of CMM cells. Although much remains to be learned in this field, the active intervention of the peri-CMM stroma is likely involved in the inconspicuous early metastatic migration of CMM cells.
Herd-Level Risk Factors for Bovine Tuberculosis: A Literature Review
Authors: Skuce Robin A. , Allen Adrian R. , McDowell Stanley W. J.
Published: June 2012

Bovine tuberculosis (TB), caused byMycobacterium bovis, is one of the most challenging endemic diseases currently facing government, the veterinary profession, and the farming industry in the United Kingdom and Ireland and in several other countries. The disease has a notoriously complex epidemiology; the scientific evidence supports both cattle-cattle and wildlife-cattle transmission routes. To produce more effective ways of reducing such transmission, it is important to understand those risk factors which influence the presence or absence of bovine TB in cattle herds. Here we review the literature on herd-level risk factor studies. Whilst risk factors operate at different scales and may vary across regions, epidemiological studies have identified a number of risk factors associated with bovine TB herd breakdowns, including the purchase of cattle, the occurrence of bovine TB in contiguous herds, and/or the surrounding area as well as herd size. Other factors identified in some studies include farm and herd management practices, such as, the spreading of slurry, the use of certain housing types, farms having multiple premises, and the use of silage clamps. In general, the most consistently identified risk factors are biologically plausible and consistent with known transmission routes involving cattle-cattle and wildlife-cattle pathways.
Hybrid Algorithms of Nonexpansive Semigroups for Variational Inequalities
Authors: Yang Peixia , Yao Yonghong , Liou Yeong-Cheng , Chen Rudong
Published: June 2012

Two hybrid algorithms for the variational inequalities over the common fixed points set of nonexpansive semigroups are presented. Strong convergence results of these two hybrid algorithms have been obtained in Hilbert spaces. The results improve and extend some corresponding results in the literature.
Conversion of Isoprenoid Oil by Catalytic Cracking and Hydrocracking over Nanoporous Hybrid Catalysts
Authors: Kimura Toshiyuki , Liu Chen , Li Xiaohong , Maekawa Takaaki , Asaoka Sachio
Published: June 2012

In order to produce petroleum alternatives from biomass, a significant amount of research has been focused on oils from microalgae due to their origin, which would not affect food availability. Nanoporous hybrid catalysts composed ofnsAl2O3and zeolites have been proven to be very useful compared to traditional catalysts in hydrotreating (HT), hydrocracking (HC), and catalytic cracking (CC) of large molecules. To evaluate the reaction scheme and products from model isoprenoid compounds of microalgae oil, nanoporous hybrid catalyst technologies (CC:nsAl2O3/H-USY andnsAl2O3/H-GaAlMFI; HC: [Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3]/nsAl2O3/H-beta) were studied. The major product from CC onnsAl2O3/H-USY was highly aromatic gasoline, while the product from HC was half-isoparaffinic/olefinic kerosene. Although more than 50 wt% of the products from HT/CC on the USY catalyst was liquefied petroleum gas due to overcracking, the product from HT/CC on the MFI catalyst was high-octane-number gasoline. Delightfully, the product from HT/HC was kerosene and its average number was 11, with more than 80 wt% being isoparaffinic. As a result, it was demonstrated that hydrotreating may convert isoprenoid oil from microalgae over nanoporous hybrid catalysts into a variety of products.
Gallic Acid Attenuates Platelet Activation and Platelet-Leukocyte Aggregation: Involving Pathways of Akt and GSK3β
Authors: Chang Shih-Sheng , Lee Viola S. Y. , Tseng Yu-Lun , Chang Kuan-Cheng , Chen Kuen-Bao , Chen Yuh-Lien , Li Chi-Yuan
Published: June 2012

Platelet activation and its interaction with leukocytes play an important role in atherothrombosis. Cardiovascular diseases resulted from atherothrombosis remain the major causes of death worldwide. Gallic acid, a major constituent of red wine and tea, has been believed to have properties of cardiovascular protection, which is likely to be related to its antioxidant effects. Nonetheless, there were few and inconsistent data regarding the effects of gallic acid on platelet function. Therefore, we designed thisin vitrostudy to determine whether gallic acid could inhibit platelet activation and the possible mechanisms. From our results, gallic acid could concentration-dependently inhibit platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, and platelet-leukocyte aggregation. Gallic acid prevented the elevation of intracellular calcium and attenuated phosphorylation of PKCα/p38 MAPK and Akt/GSK3βon platelets stimulated by the stimulants ADP or U46619. This is the first mechanistic explanation for the inhibitory effects on platelets from gallic acid.
Cetaceans and Marine Debris: The Great Unknown
Authors: Simmonds Mark Peter
Published: June 2012

Plastics and other marine debris have been found in the gastrointestinal tracts of cetaceans, including instances where large quantities of material have been found that are likely to cause impairment to digestive processes and other examples, where other morbidity and even death have resulted. In some instances, debris may have been ingested as a result of the stranding process and, in others, it may have been ingested when feeding. Those species that are suction or “ram” feeders may be most at risk. There is also evidence of entanglement of cetaceans in marine debris. However, it is usually difficult to distinguish entanglement in active fishing gear from that in lost or discarded gear. The overall significance of the threat from ingested plastics and other debris remains unclear for any population or species of cetaceans, although there are concerns for some taxa, including at the population level, and marine debris in the oceans continues to grow. Further research including the compilation of unpublished material and the investigation of important habitat areas is strongly recommended.
Relowering of Serum Na for Osmotic Demyelinating Syndrome
Authors: Yamada Hideomi , Takano Koji , Ayuzawa Nobuhiro , Seki George , Fujita Toshiro
Published: June 2012

We report a case in whom slow correction of hyponatremia (5 mmol/day for 3 days) induced central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). After the diagnosis was confirmed by imaging, we started to relower serum Na that completely recovered the sign and symptoms of CPM. Rapid correction of serum sodium is known to be associated with CPM. However, it may occur even after slow correction of hyponatremia. Currently, there is no standard therapy for CPM other than supportive therapy. Other therapy includes sterioid, plasmaphresis and IVIG, but these therapies have not been shown to be particularly effective. The pathophysiology of CPM is related to a relative dehydration of the brain during the correction of hyponatremia, resulting in cell death and demyelination, therefore gentle rehydration with lowering serum sodium may not be an unreasonable therapy. The present case provides supportive evidence that reinduction of hyponatremia is effective in treating CPM if started immediately after the diagnosis is suggested. The present case tells us that severe chronic hyponatremia must be managed with extreme care especially in patients with chronic debilitating illness and that relowering serum Na is a treatment of choice when CPM is suggested.
Genital Tract Infections, Bacterial Vaginosis, HIV, and Reproductive Health Issues among Lima-Based Clandestine Female Sex Workers
Authors: Perla M. E. , Ghee Annette E. , Sánchez Sixto , McClelland R. Scott , Fitzpatrick Annette L. , Suárez-Ognio Luis , Lama Javier R. , Sánchez Jorge
Published: June 2012

Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of 212 Peruvian female sex workers (FSWs) were analyzed. The association between genital tract infections (GTIs) and risk factors by multivariate analysis was evaluated. Eighty-eight percent of FSWs were diagnosed with at least one GTI (HSV-2 80.1%, BV 44.8%, candidiasis 9.9%, syphilis seropositivity 9.4%,Trichomonas vaginalis2.4%, HIV seropositivity 2.4%). Reported condom use with clients was nearly universal (98.3%), but infrequent with husband/regular partners (7.3%). In multivariate analysis BV was negatively associated with more consistent condom use (PRR=0.63, 95% CI, 0.42–0.96). Many had not visited a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) clinic or been tested for HIV in the past year (40.6%, 47.1%, resp.). Nonclient contraceptive use was low (57%) and induced abortion was common (68%). High GTI burden and abortions suggest that a services-access gap persists among marginalized FSWs. Continued health outreach programs and integrating family planning and reproductive health services into existing STI clinic services are recommended.
Image Encryption Using a Lightweight Stream Encryption Algorithm
Authors: Bahrami Saeed , Naderi Majid
Published: June 2012

Security of the multimedia data including image and video is one of the basic requirements for the telecommunications and computer networks. In this paper, we consider a simple and lightweight stream encryption algorithm for image encryption, and a series of tests are performed to confirm suitability of the described encryption algorithm. These tests include visual test, histogram analysis, information entropy, encryption quality, correlation analysis, differential analysis, and performance analysis. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that the present algorithm in comparison to A5/1 and W7 stream ciphers has the same security level, is better in terms of the speed of performance, and is used for real-time applications.
Solubility of Carbon in Nanocrystalline α‐Iron
Authors: Kirchner Alexander , Kieback Bernd
Published: June 2012

A thermodynamic model for nanocrystalline interstitial alloys is presented. The equilibrium solid solubility of carbon in α‐iron is calculated for given grain size. Inside the strained nanograins local variation of the carbon content is predicted. Due to the nonlinear relation between strain and solubility, the averaged solubility in the grain interior increases with decreasing grain size. The majority of the global solubility enhancement is due to grain boundary enrichment however. Therefore the size effect on carbon solubility in nanocrystalline α‐iron scales with the inverse grain size.
Therapeutic Administration of a Synthetic CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Triggers Formation of Anti-CpG Antibodies
Authors: Karbach Julia , Neumann Antje , Wahle Claudia , Brand Kathrin , Gnjatic Sacha , Jäger Elke
Published: June 2012

The synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide CpG 7909, which contains unmethylated cytosine/guanine (CpG) motifs, has potent immunostimulatory effects when coadministered with NY-ESO-1 peptides or recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein, resulting in an enhanced cellular and humoral immune response against the vaccine antigen. In this study, we report the development of anti-CpG-ODN antibodies in 21 of 37 patients who received CpG 7909 either alone or as a vaccine adjuvant. Specific anti-CpG immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers ranged from 1:400 to 1:100,000. The anti-CpG antibodies cross-reacted with other synthetic CpG-ODNs but not with the DNA of mixed bacterial vaccine and were shown to be phosphorothioate backbone specific. Vaccine-related severe side effects observed in some patients were most likely not related to the development of anti-CpG antibodies. In addition, anti-CpG antibodies did not have negative effects on the vaccine immune response. These results show that anti-CpG antibodies develop in humans against short unmethylated CpG dinucleotide sequences after administration of CpG 7909. Our data therefore substantiate the potency of CpG 7909 to directly stimulate human B-cells and suggest that anti-CpG antibody monitoring should be a part of ongoing and planned clinical trials with CpG-ODNs. Cancer Res; 72(17); 4304–10. ©2012 AACR.
Development of Australian Reference Ranges for the Left Fetal Modified Myocardial Performance Index and the Influence of Caliper Location on Time Interval Measurement
Authors: Meriki N. , Welsh A.W.
Published: June 2012

Objectives: To construct gestational age-adjusted reference ranges of the left fetal modified myocardial performance index (Mod-MPI) in the Australian population and assess the influence of valve click caliper position on constituent time intervals and the Mod-MPI. Methods: This is a prospective longitudinal study of 117 normal singleton fetuses undergoing 318 ultrasound scans at 4–6 weekly intervals between 18 and 38 weeks of gestation. The isovolumetric contraction time (ICT), isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), and ejection time (ET) were measured at 3 different caliper positions in each fetus: beginning of the original valve clicks (‘original’), beginning of the reflected valve clicks (‘reflected’), and peak of valve clicks (‘peak’). The Mod-MPI was calculated as (ICT + IRT)/ET. Results: The Mod-MPI increased throughout gestation with means ± SD of 0.42 ± 0.05 ‘reflected’ and ‘peak’ versus 0.49 ± 0.03 ‘original’ at 19 weeks, and means of 0.46 ± 0.05 ‘reflected and peak’ versus 0.51 ± 0.08 ‘original’ at 36 weeks. Throughout gestation, ICT remained fairly constant and IRT increased, while ET decreased with ‘original’ click and remained constant for ‘reflected’ and ‘peak’ clicks. A modest increase in Mod-MPI was seen with increasing fetal heart rate. Analysis of repeatability for the 3 methods showed the following ICCs: ‘original’, 0.797 (95% CI 0.762–0.829); ‘reflected’, 0.809 (95% CI 0.775–0.839), and ‘peak’, 0.799 (95% CI 0.764–0.831). Conclusions: Detailed exploration of the morphology of mitral and aortic valve closure and opening clicks shows how selection of different phases of these clicks may significantly influence the Mod-MPI. We recommend that the peak of the valve clicks be standardized between research groups.
Phenotype-Genotype Correlations in Mouse Models of Amelogenesis Imperfecta Caused by Amelx and Enam Mutations
Authors: Coxon Thomas Liam , Brook Alan Henry , Barron Martin John , Smith Richard Nigel
Published: June 2012

Mutations in human and in mouse orthologous genes Amelx and Enam result in a diverse range of enamel defects. In this study we aimed to investigate the phenotype-genotype correlation between the mutants and the wild-type controls in mouse models of amelogenesis imperfecta using novel measurement approaches. Ten hemi-mandibles and incisors were dissected from each group of AmelxWT, AmelxX/Y64H, AmelxY/Y64H, AmelxY64H/Y64H, and EnamWT, EnamRgsc395 heterozygous and EnamRgsc395 homozygous mice. Their macro-morphology, colour and micro-topography were assessed using bespoke 2D and 3D image analysis systems and customized colour and whiteness algorithms. The novel methods identified significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the Amelx groups for mandible and incisor size and enamel colour and between the Enam groups for incisor size and enamel colour. The AmelxWT mice had the largest mandibles and incisors, followed in descending order of size by the AmelxX/Y64H, AmelxY/Y64H and AmelxY64H/Y64H mice. Within the Enam groups the EnamWT incisors were largest and the EnamRgsc395 heterozygous mice were smallest. The effect on tooth morphology was also reflected by the severity of the enamel defects in the colour and whiteness assessment. Amelogenin affected mandible morphology and incisor enamel formation, while enamelin only affected incisors, supporting the multifunctional role of amelogenin. The enamelin mutation was associated with earlier forming enamel defects. The study supported the critical involvement of amelogenin and enamelin in enamel mineralization.
Does Sunitinib-Induced Hypothyroidism Play a Role in the Activity of Sunitinib in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma?
Authors: Sella Avishay , Hercbergs Aleck H. , Hanovich Ekaterina , Kovel Svetlana
Published: June 2012

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate if hypothyroidism developing during sunitib therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is associated with a better outcome. Methods: Thirty-one consecutive patients with clear cell mRCC were retrospectively analyzed. Thyroid function was assessed prior to therapy, every 6 weeks during the first 6 months and every 2–4 months thereafter. Hypothyroidism was considered present if thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) exceeded the upper normal limit (UNL) with normal triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Results: Hypothyroidism occurred in 16 patients (52%) within 3 months (range 0.7–22.9) of treatment initiation. Thyroid replacement corrected TSH below the UNL in 10 patients (63%). The distribution according to Motzer prognostic criteria revealed good prognosis in 16 patients (52%), intermediate in 9 (29%) and poor in 6 (19%). The hypothyroid patients tended to have longer progression-free survival (PFS; median 12.2 vs. 9.4 months; p = 0.234) and longer survival (median 22.4 vs. 13.9 months; p = 0.234) than the euthyroid patients. Clinical benefits were similar in both groups. Conclusions: Hypothyroidism that develops in mRCC patients treated with sunitinib is associated with a trend toward prolonged PFS and survival, with a similar clinical benefit rate.