bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Solar Radiation Modification on Allowable CO2 Emissions: What Can We Learn From Multimodel Simulations?
Authors: Plazzotta Maxime , Séférian Roland , Douville Hervé
Published: May 2019

Solar radiation modification (SRM) is known to strengthen both land and ocean carbon uptake because of its impacts on surface temperature, solar radiation, and other potential drivers of the global carbon cycle. However, the magnitude and timing of the response of both land and ocean carbon uptake to SRM and its consequence on allowable CO2 emissions remain poorly understood. Here we use the results of six Earth system models simulating a continuous stratospheric injection of 5 Tg of sulfur dioxide per year between 2020 and 2069 under the representative concentration pathways 4.5 to investigate the impact of SRM on land and ocean carbon uptake. We find that 50 years of SRM under this protocol increases the allowable CO2 emissions by 40 ± 19 GtC; 85% of this additional uptake of carbon is stored in the land biosphere and 15% in the ocean. This increase in allowable CO2 emissions is however not sustainable after the stoppage of SRM. Earth system models predict a mean release of 8 ± 11 GtC of the carbon back to the atmosphere 20 years after the stoppage which is dominated by large uncertainties in the response of the simulated land carbon cycle to rising temperature and solar radiation. We demonstrate that the time scales of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) potential of SRM are smaller than the time scales of the geological storage assumed in well‐established CDR options. This shows that the CDR potential of SRM should be compared to well‐established CDR options with caution.
Synthesizing Seemingly Contradictory Seismic and Magnetotelluric Observations in the Southeastern United States to Image Physical Properties of the Lithosphere
Authors: Murphy Benjamin S. , Egbert Gary D.
Published: May 2019

Although seismic velocity and electrical conductivity are both sensitive to temperature, thermal lithosphere properties are derived almost exclusively from seismic data because conductivity is often too strongly affected by minor highly conductive phases to be a reliable indicator of temperature. However, in certain circumstances, electrical observations can provide strong constraints on mantle temperatures. In the southeastern United States (SEUS), magnetotelluric (MT) data require high resistivity values (>300 Ωm) to at least 200‐km depth. As dry mantle mineral conduction laws provide an upper bound on temperature for an observed resistivity value, the only interpretation is that lithospheric temperatures (<1330 °C) persist to 200 km. However, seismic tomography shows that velocities in this region are generally slightly slow with respect to references models; this observation has led to a view of relatively thin (<150 km), eroded thermal lithosphere beneath the SEUS. We show that MT and seismic (tomography, attenuation, receiver function) results are consistent with thick (~200 km), coherent thermal lithosphere in this region. Reduced seismic velocities (relative to reference models) can be explained by considering the effect of finite grain size (anelasticity). Calculated velocity as a function of temperature is overall slower when including anelastic effects, even at reasonable grain sizes of 1 mm to 1 cm; this permits mantle temperatures that are colder than would typically be inferred. We argue for a geodynamic scenario in which the present thermal lithosphere in the SEUS formed in association with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province and has subsequently survived intact for ~200 Ma.
Continent‐Wide R1/R2 Current System and Ohmic Losses by Broad Dipolarization‐Injection Fronts
Authors: Panov E. V. , Baumjohann W. , Nakamura R. , Weygand J. M. , Giles B. L. , Russell C. T. , Reeves G. , Kubyshkina M. V.
Published: May 2019

We employ Magnetospheric Multiscale, Geostationary Operational Environmental and Los Alamos National Laboratory satellites, as well as the ground magnetometer networks over Greenland and North America to study a substorm on 9 August 2016 between 9 and 10 UT. We found that during the substorm two earthward flows, whose dipolarization‐injection fronts exceeded 6.5 and 4 Earth's radii (RE) in YGSM, impinged and rebounded from Earth's dipolar field lines at L=6–7 downtail, where L is the McIlwain number. The impingements and rebounds ended with a substorm current system of downward R1 and upward R2 currents which grew to azimuthally cover the whole North American continent. At the fronts, regions of enhanced negative j·E′ were formed and peaked toward the end of the impingements. These regions appeared to be conjugate with eastward moving aurora (along the growth phase arc and together with eastward drifting energetic electrons at geosynchronous equatorial orbit), which manifests ionospheric Ohmic losses.
Improving Support to Siblings of Children With Cancer Through a Community-Academic Partnership
Authors: Oberoi Anjali R. , Towry Lisa , Eilenberg Jenna Sandler , Lun Phyllis , Lerro Grace , Alderfer Melissa A. , Long Kristin A.
Published: May 2019

Objective: Siblings of children with cancer are a psychosocially at-risk group and have unmet needs that are typically not addressed within traditional hospital settings. The current study implemented a community-academic partnership model with SuperSibs—a nationwide, community-based, no-cost program for siblings of children with cancer, powered by Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation—to evaluate and improve their sibling resources. Method: Researchers and Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation staff partnered to plan and conduct research with siblings regarding desired support resources, with attention to the acceptability and feasibility of implementation. Siblings ( N = 23) provided qualitative data regarding suggestions for new resources and feedback on existing and proposed SuperSibs programs. Qualitative data were analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Results: Siblings emphasize the importance of support that is meaningful, age-appropriate, consistently delivered and that offers autonomy. Siblings recommended revised SuperSibs program initiatives, such as yoga instruction, education for parents and teachers, and game-based interventions. Collaboration throughout the course of the research between researchers and Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation staff yielded improvements to SuperSibs programming. Conclusion: Community-academic partnerships are useful in conducting impactful research that is directly translatable into community-based support. Recommendations continue to inform resource development and evaluation goals.

Implications for Impact Statement

Siblings of children with cancer are a psychosocially at-risk group that receives limited support within traditional hospital settings. This project implemented a community-academic partnership to design and conduct qualitative research aimed at improving community-based sibling support resources from SuperSibs, a free program offered by Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation. Findings suggest that the community-academic partnership model has strong potential to improve evidence-based support for siblings.
Structural basis of allosteric regulation of Tel1/ATM kinase
Authors: Xin Jiyu , Xu Zhu , Wang Xuejuan , Tian Yanhua , Zhang Zhihui , Cai Gang
Published: May 2019

ATM/Tel1 is an apical kinase that orchestrates the multifaceted DNA damage response. Mutations of ATM/Tel1 are associated with ataxia telangiectasia syndrome. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of symmetric dimer (4.1 Å) and asymmetric dimer (4.3 Å) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tel1. In the symmetric state, the side chains in Tel1 C-terminus (residues 1129–2787) are discernible and an atomic model is built. The substrate binding groove is completely embedded in the symmetric dimer by the intramolecular PRD and intermolecular LID domains. Point mutations in these domains sensitize the S. cerevisiae cells to DNA damage agents and hinder Tel1 activation due to reduced binding affinity for its activator Xrs2/Nbs1. In the asymmetric state, one monomer becomes more compact in two ways: the kinase N-lobe moves down and the Spiral of α-solenoid moves upwards, which resemble the conformational changes observed in active mTOR. The accessibility of the activation loop correlates with the synergistic conformational disorders in the TRD1-TRD2 linker, FATC and PRD domains, where critical post-translational modifications and activating mutations are coincidently condensed. This study reveals a tunable allosteric network in ATM/Tel1, which is important for substrate recognition, recruitment and efficient phosphorylation.
An essential contractile ring protein controls cell division in Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Rudlaff Rachel M. , Kraemer Stephan , Streva Vincent A. , Dvorin Jeffrey D.
Published: May 2019

During the blood stage of human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum parasites divide by schizogony—a process wherein components for several daughter cells are produced within a common cytoplasm and then segmentation, a synchronized cytokinesis, produces individual invasive daughters. The basal complex is hypothesized to be required for segmentation, acting as a contractile ring to establish daughter cell boundaries. Here we identify an essential component of the basal complex which we name PfCINCH. Using three-dimensional reconstructions of parasites at electron microscopy resolution, we show that while parasite organelles form and divide normally, PfCINCH-deficient parasites develop inviable conjoined daughters that contain components for multiple cells. Through biochemical evaluation of the PfCINCH-containing complex, we discover multiple previously undescribed basal complex proteins. Therefore, this work provides genetic evidence that the basal complex is required for precise segmentation and lays the groundwork for a mechanistic understanding of how the parasite contractile ring drives cell division.
Lack of selective resistance of influenza A virus in presence of host-targeted antiviral, UV-4B
Authors: Warfield Kelly L. , Schaaf Kaitlyn R. , DeWald Lisa Evans , Spurgers Kevin B. , Wang Wei , Stavale Eric , Mendenhall Michelle , Shilts Meghan H. , Stockwell Timothy B. , Barnard Dale L. , Ramstedt Urban , Das Suman R.
Published: May 2019

Development of antiviral drug resistance is a continuous concern for viruses with high mutation rates such as influenza. The use of antiviral drugs targeting host proteins required for viral replication is less likely to result in the selection of resistant viruses than treating with direct-acting antivirals. The iminosugar UV-4B is a host-targeted glucomimetic that inhibits endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase I and II enzymes resulting in improper glycosylation and misfolding of viral glycoproteins. UV-4B has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against diverse viruses including dengue and influenza. To examine the ability of influenza virus to develop resistance against UV-4B, mouse-adapted influenza virus was passaged in mice in the presence or absence of UV-4B and virus isolated from lungs was used to infect the next cohort of mice, for five successive passages. Deep sequencing was performed to identify changes in the viral genome during passaging in the presence or absence of UV-4B. Relatively few minor variants were identified within each virus and the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous (dN/dS) substitutions of minor variants confirmed no apparent positive selection following sustained exposure to UV-4B. Three substitutions (one synonymous in PB2, one nonsynonymous in M and PA each) were specifically enriched (>3%) in UV-4B-treated groups at passage five. Recombinant viruses containing each individual or combinations of these nonsynonymous mutations remained sensitive to UV-4B treatment in mice. Overall, these data provide evidence that there is a high genetic barrier to the generation and selection of escape mutants following exposure to host-targeted iminosugar antivirals.
Water transit time and active recharge in the Sahel inferred by bomb-produced 36Cl
Authors: Bouchez Camille , Deschamps Pierre , Goncalves Julio , Hamelin Bruno , Mahamat Nour Abdallah , Vallet-Coulomb Christine , Sylvestre Florence
Published: May 2019

The lack of data and suitable methods to quantify regional hydrological processes often hinders sustainable water management and adaptation to climate change in semiarid regions, particularly in the Sahel, which is known for its climatic variability. Here we show that 36Cl from nuclear tests is a promising method to estimate water transit times and groundwater recharge rates on the catchment scale, and to distinguish water and chloride cycles. 36Cl was measured in 131 surface and groundwater samples in the Chari-Logone sub-catchment of the emblematic Lake Chad Basin, located in central Sahel. It was found that only 12 ± 8% of the catchment is connected to the main rivers. Groundwater supporting rivers in the upper humid part of the catchment has a mean transit time of 9.5 ± 1 years and a recharge rate of 240 ± 170 mm yr−1. In the lower Sahelian part of the catchment, stream-focused recharge yields recharge rates up to 78 ± 7 mm yr−1 in riparian groundwater against 16 ± 27 mm yr−1 elsewhere. Our estimates suggest that aquifers in the Sahel host a significant amount of renewable water, which could therefore be used as a strategic freshwater resource.
Pacing behaviour in laboratory macaques is an unreliable indicator of acute stress
Authors: Poirier Colline , Oliver Caitlin J. , Castellano Bueno Janire , Flecknell Paul , Bateson Melissa
Published: May 2019

Pacing behaviour, the most frequent stereotypic behaviour displayed by laboratory rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) is often used as an indicator of stress. In this study, we investigated how reliable this welfare indicator is at detecting acute stress by testing the reaction of macaques to the stressful event of being exposed to an agonistic interaction between conspecifics housed in the same room but in a different cage. Pacing, agitated locomotion, and stress-related displacement behaviours were quantified before, during and after agonistic interaction exposure, based on video recordings of 13 socially-housed macaques in their home cage. Displacement behaviours increased after agonistic interaction exposure, confirming that the events were experienced as stressful by the focal individuals. The occurrence of pacing did not increase during or after the agonistic interactions. Instead, agitated locomotion increased during the agonistic interactions. These results suggest either, that pacing as an indicator of acute stress is prone to false negative results, increasing in some stressful situations but not others, or that agitated locomotion has been mistaken for pacing in previous studies and that pacing is in fact unrelated to current acute stress. Both interpretations lead to the conclusion that pacing is unreliable as an indicator of acute stress in laboratory rhesus macaques.
Publisher Correction: Cdh2 coordinates Myosin-II dependent internalisation of the zebrafish neural plate
Authors: Araya Claudio , Häkkinen Hanna-Maria , Carcamo Luis , Cerda Mauricio , Savy Thierry , Rookyard Christopher , Peyriéras Nadine , Clarke Jonathan D. W.
Published: May 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Author Correction: Plasma Aβ analysis using magnetically-labeled immunoassays and PET 18F-florbetapir binding in non-demented patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Wu Kuan-Yi , Hsiao Ing-Tsung , Chen Chia-Hsiang , Liu Chia-Yih , Hsu Jung-Lung , Huang Sheng-Yao , Yen Tzu-Chen , Lin Kun-Ju
Published: May 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Author Correction: TMEM16F activation by Ca2+ triggers plasma membrane expansion and directs PD-1 trafficking
Authors: Bricogne Christopher , Fine Michael , Pereira Pedro M. , Sung Julia , Tijani Maha , Wang Youxue , Henriques Ricardo , Collins Mary K. , Hilgemann Donald W.
Published: May 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Author Correction: Combination of KIR2DS4 and FcγRIIa polymorphisms predicts the response to cetuximab in KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Borrero-Palacios A. , Cebrián A. , Gómez del Pulgar M. T. , García-Carbonero R. , Garcia-Alfonso P. , Aranda E. , Elez E. , López-López R. , Cervantes A. , Valladares M. , Nadal C. , Viéitez J. M. , Guillén-Ponce C. , Rodríguez J. , Hernández I. , García J. L. , Vega-Bravo R. , Puime-Otin A. , Martínez-Useros J. , Del Puerto-Nevado L. , Rincón R. , Rodríguez-Remírez M. , Rojo F. , García-Foncillas J.
Published: May 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Spatially-resolved Brillouin spectroscopy reveals biomechanical abnormalities in mild to advanced keratoconus in vivo
Authors: Shao Peng , Eltony Amira M. , Seiler Theo G. , Tavakol Behrouz , Pineda Roberto , Koller Tobias , Seiler Theo , Yun Seok-Hyun
Published: May 2019

Mounting evidence connects the biomechanical properties of tissues to the development of eye diseases such as keratoconus, a disease in which the cornea thins and bulges into a conical shape. However, measuring biomechanical changes in vivo with sufficient sensitivity for disease detection has proven challenging. Here, we demonstrate the diagnostic potential of Brillouin light-scattering microscopy, a modality that measures longitudinal mechanical modulus in tissues with high measurement sensitivity and spatial resolution. We have performed a study of 85 human subjects (93 eyes), consisting of 47 healthy volunteers and 38 keratoconus patients at differing stages of disease, ranging from stage I to stage IV. The Brillouin data in vivo reveal increasing biomechanical inhomogeneity in the cornea with keratoconus progression and biomechanical asymmetry between the left and right eyes at the onset of keratoconus. The receiver operating characteristic analysis of the stage-I patient data indicates that mean Brillouin shift of the cone performs better than corneal thickness and maximum curvature respectively. In conjunction with morphological patterns, Brillouin microscopy may add value for diagnosis of keratoconus and potentially for screening subjects at risk of complications prior to laser eye surgeries.
CB2 receptor deletion on myeloid cells enhanced mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain
Authors: Nent Elisa , Nozaki Chihiro , Schmöle Anne-Caroline , Otte David , Zimmer Andreas
Published: May 2019

Neuropathic pain can develop after nerve injury, leading to a chronic condition with spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia. Pain is typically restricted to the side of the injured nerve, but may occasionally spread to the contralateral side, a condition that is often referred to as mirror-image pain. Mechanisms leading to mirror-image pain are not completely understood, but cannabinoid CB2 receptors have been implicated. In this study, we use genetic mouse models to address the question if CB2 receptors on neurons or on microglia/macrophages are involved. First, we show that a GFP reporter protein under control of the CB2 promoter is induced upon partial sciatic nerve ligation in spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and highest in sciatic nerve macrophages, but not in neurons. Mice which lack CB2 receptors specifically on myeloid cells (microglia, macrophages) developed a mirror-image allodynia [treatment F1,48 = 45.69, p < 0.0001] similar to constitutive CB2 receptor knockout mice [treatment F1,70 = 92.41, p < 0.0001]. Such a phenotype was not observed after the deletion of CB2 from neurons [treatment F1,70 = 0.1315, p = 0.7180]. This behavioral pain phenotype was accompanied by an increased staining of microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, as evidenced by an enhanced Iba 1 expression [CB2KO, p = 0.0175; CB2-LysM, p = 0.0425]. Similarly, myeloid-selective knockouts showed an increased expression of the leptin receptor in the injured ipsilateral sciatic nerve, thus further supporting the notion that leptin signaling contributes to the increased neuropathic pain responses of CB2 receptor knockout mice. We conclude that CB2 receptors on microglia and macrophages, but not on neurons, modulate neuropathic pain responses.
Deformities of the Globus Pallidus are Associated with Severity of Suicidal Ideation and Impulsivity in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Kim Kiwon , Shin Jeong-Hyeon , Myung Woojae , Fava Maurizio , Mischoulon David , Papakostas George I. , Choi Kwan Woo , Na Eun Jin , Seo Sang Won , Seong Joon-Kyung , Jeon Hong Jin
Published: May 2019

Neuroimaging research increasingly suggests there are biological features related to suicidal risk, including brain morphometric features, leading to an elaborate suicide risk assessment. However, few studies have focused on the severity of suicidal ideation and its association with subcortical anatomy in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Here, we mainly investigated whether specific structural differences were present in MDD patients with and without suicidal ideation; and supplemented comparison with and without suicidal attempt. We hypothesized that structures associated with suicidal ideation would be derived from a combination of depression and impulsivity. Local atrophy of subcortical structures in 48 patients with MDD (24 with suicidal ideation and 24 without) and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were compared using a surface-based shape analysis method. There was no difference in brain volume between MDD patients with or without suicidal ideations; or MDD patients with or without suicidal attempt. However, the atrophy level in the left pallidum showed a positive correlation with severity of suicidal risk in MDD patients with suicidal ideation. Local atrophy of the left hippocampus, right caudate, and right pallidum had a positive correlation with total impulsivity. These findings possibly suggest that vulnerability to suicidal attempt can be derived from suicidal ideation combined with depression and impulsivity, related to reduced motivational control.
Additively Manufactured Self-Healing Structures with Embedded Healing Agent Reservoirs
Authors: Davami Keivan , Mohsenizadeh Mehrdad , Mitcham Morgan , Damasus Praveen , Williams Quintin , Munther Michael
Published: May 2019

Self-healing materials with the ability to partially or completely restore their mechanical properties by healing the damage inflicted on them have great potential for applications where there is no or only limited access available to conduct a repair. Here, we demonstrate a bio-inspired new design for self-healing materials, where unit cells embedded in the structure are filled with a UV-curable resin and act as reservoirs for the self-healing agent. This design makes the repeated healing of mechanical damage possible. When a crack propagates and reaches one of these embedded reservoirs, the healing agent is released into the crack plane through the capillary action, and after polymerization through UV light exposure, bonds the crack faces. The structures here were fabricated using a stereolithography technique by a layer-by-layer deposition of the material. “Resin trapping” as a unique integration technique is developed for the first time to expand the capability of additive manufacturing technique for creating components with broader functionalities. The self-healing materials were manufactured in one step without any needs for any sequential stages, i.e. filling the reservoir with the healing agent, in contrast with the previously reported self-healing materials. Multiscale mechanical tests such as nanoindentation and three-point bending confirm the efficiency of our method.
Investigation of Phosphate Removal Capability of Blast Furnace Slag in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Yasipourtehrani Sara , Strezov Vladimir , Evans Tim
Published: May 2019

Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) is a by-product of iron making with a potential to be used in different applications. In this research, BFS is used to investigate the phosphate removal ability in wastewater. BFS has the required concentrations of surface calcium to potentially precipitate phosphate from wastewater. Removal of phosphate from wastewater depends on variety of conditions, such as the size of BFS particles, adsorbent dose, contact time and pH. The conditions responsible for phosphate removal from wastewater with BFS were analysed and the phosphate removal capacity optimised according to the BFS chemical content. The results in this work demonstrated that the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of BFS has a reverse effect on phosphate removal capacity. High basicity reduces the capability of BFS for removal of phosphate. BFS composition before and after phosphate removal was determined with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results revealed that the slag samples added varying concentrations of trace metals Al, Cd, Co and Hg into the treated water, which will need to be further conditioned by dilution with unpolluted water or other treatments before disposal or re-use.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Atrazine under Visible Light Using Novel Ag@Mg4Ta2O9 Nanocomposites
Authors: Alkayal Nazeeha S. , Hussein Mahmoud A.
Published: May 2019

In this work, a novel as well as an efficient photocatalyst based Ag@Mg4Ta2O9 nanoparticles have been prepared for the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine using the hydrothermal technique. In order to measure the chemical composition as well as the phase of the novel nanoparticles, different characterization techniques were applied to confirm their structures. Furthermore, the percent of Ag in the Ag@Mg4Ta2O9 nanoparticles has been investigated on the properties of Mg4Ta2O9 (physical and chemical). The phase of new Ag@Mg4Ta2O9 was confirmed via XRD data comparing with pure Mg4Ta2O9 phase. The images of the morphologies for all samples were studied using TEM with pore size distribution around 24 nm for 2.0 wt.% Ag@Mg4Ta2O9 nanocomposite. The new Ag@Mg4Ta2O9 nanoparticles have been applied for atrazine degradation using photocatalytic method. Due to the high BET surface area and low band gap, the nanoparticles with 2.0 wt.% of Ag@Mg4Ta2O9 display the best photocatalyst efficiency for atrazine degradation. Moreover, the application and the limitation of the photodegradation process were estimated. Different conditions effect on atrazine degradation such as dosages of photocatalyst and concentration of atrazine were investigated. The ability of 2.0 wt.% Ag@Mg4Ta2O9 for atrazine degradation was reused for many times with the same efficiency.
Transcriptional profiling of contrasting genotypes revealed key candidates and nucleotide variations for drought dissection in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze
Authors: Parmar Rajni , Seth Romit , Singh Pradeep , Singh Gopal , Kumar Sanjay , Sharma Ram Kumar
Published: May 2019

Tea is popular health beverage consumed by millions of people worldwide. Drought is among the acute abiotic stress severely affecting tea cultivation, globally. In current study, transcriptome sequencing of four diverse tea genotypes with inherent contrasting genetic response to drought (tolerant & sensitive) generated more than 140 million reads.De novoand reference-based assembly and functional annotation of 67,093 transcripts with multifarious public protein databases yielded 54,484 (78.2%) transcripts with significant enrichment of GO and KEGG drought responsive pathways in tolerant genotypes. Comparative DGE and qRT analysis revealed key role of ABA dependent & independent pathways, potassium & ABC membrane transporters (AtABCG22,AtABCG11,AtABCC5 &AtABCC4) and antioxidant defence system against oxidative stress in tolerant genotypes, while seems to be failed in sensitive genotypes. Additionally, highly expressed UPL3HECT E3 ligases and RING E3 ligases possibly enhance drought tolerance by actively regulating functional modification of stress related genes. Further, ascertainment of, 80803 high quality putative SNPs with functional validation of key non-synonymous SNPs suggested their implications for developing high-throughput genotyping platform in tea. Futuristically, functionally relevant genomic resources can be potentially utilized for gene discovery, genetic engineering and marker-assisted genetic improvement for better yield and quality in tea under drought conditions.
Cover crop species have contrasting influence upon soil structural genesis and microbial community phenotype
Authors: Bacq-Labreuil Aurelie , Crawford John , Mooney Sacha J. , Neal Andrew L. , Ritz Karl
Published: May 2019

Cover crops (plants grown in an agricultural rotation between cash crops) can significantly improve soil quality via sequestering carbon, retaining nutrients, decreasing soil erosion, and maintaining belowground biodiversity. However, little is known about the effects of such plants upon soil structure. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of four species typically used as cover crops and which have contrasting root architecture (viz. clover, black oat, phacelia, tillage radish) on soil structural genesis and the associated modification of microbial community structure in a clay soil. The four plant species were grown in a replicated pot experiment with sieved soil (<2 mm), with unplanted soil as control for 8 weeks. X-ray Computed Tomography was used to quantify the formation of pore networks in 3D and phospholipid fatty acid analysis was performed to characterise the microbial community phenotype. Black oats developed a greater soil-pore connectivity than the other species throughout the growth period, whereas phacelia decreased both the porosity and pore-connectivity. The microbial community phenotype under phacelia was notably different from the other species, with a greater proportion of fungal markers. Thus, different plant species have differential effects upon soil structural genesis and microbial community phenotype, which provides evidence that certain species may be more suitable as cover crops in terms of soil structural conditioning depending upon specific contexts.
A new decomposition mechanism for metal complexes under water-oxidation conditions
Authors: Najafpour Mohammad Mahdi , Feizi Hadi
Published: May 2019

Herein, water-oxidation reaction by cobalt(II) phthalocyanine, N,N′-bis (salicylidene) ethylenediamino cobalt(II), nickel(II) Schiff base (N,N′-bis (salicylidene)ethylenediamino nickel(II), nickel(II)) phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonate tetrasodium, manganese(II) phthalocyanine, 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine manganese(III) chloride, manganese(III) 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine chloride tetrakis(methochloride) was investigated using electrochemistry, UV-vis spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry. According to our results, a new decomposition pathway for these metal complexes under water-oxidation conditions was proposed. The produced metal oxide obtained by decomposition of metal complex under water -oxidation conditions not only catalyzes water-oxidation reaction but this metal oxide also accelerates decomposition of the corresponding complex to form higher amounts of the metal oxide. We hypothesize that such a mechanism could be investigated for many metal complexes under different oxidation or reduction reactions.
Development of a Korean Liver Allocation System using Model for End Stage Liver Disease Scores: A Nationwide, Multicenter study
Authors: Lee Juhan , Lee Jae Geun , Jung Inkyung , Joo Dong Jin , Kim Soon Il , Kim Myoung Soo ,   Advisory Committee on Improving Liver Allocation, Kwon Choon Hyuck David , Kim Dong-Sik , Nah Yang Won , Wang Hee-Jung , You Young Kyoung , Yu Hee Chul , Lee Kwang-Woong , Choi Dong Lak , Choi In Seok , Hwang Shin
Published: May 2019

The previous Korean liver allocation system was based on Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores, but increasing numbers of deceased donors created a pressing need to develop an equitable, objective allocation system based on model for end-stage liver disease scores (MELD scores). A nationwide, multicenter, retrospective cohort study of candidates registered for liver transplantation from January 2009 to December 2011 was conducted at 11 transplant centers. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used to stratify MELD score ranges according to waitlist survival. Of the 2702 patients that registered for liver transplantation, 2248 chronic liver disease patients were eligible. CART analysis indicated several MELD scores significantly predicted waitlist survival. The 90-day waitlist survival rates of patients with MELD scores of 31–40, 21–30, and ≤20 were 16.2%, 64.1%, and 95.9%, respectively (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the 14-day waitlist survival rates of severely ill patients (MELD 31–40, n = 240) with MELD scores of 31–37 (n = 140) and 38–40 (n = 100) were 64% and 43.4%, respectively (P = 0.001). Among patients with MELD > 20, presence of HCC did not affect waitlist survival (P = 0.405). Considering the lack of donor organs and geographic disparities in Korea, we proposed the use of a national broader sharing of liver for the sickest patients (MELD ≥ 38) to reduce waitlist mortality. HCC patients with MELD ≤ 20 need additional MELD points to allow them equitable access to transplantation. Based on these results, the Korean Network for Organ Sharing implemented the MELD allocation system in 2016.
Reducing tectorial membrane viscoelasticity enhances spontaneous otoacoustic emissions and compromises the detection of low level sound
Authors: Bowling Thomas , Lemons Charlsie , Meaud Julien
Published: May 2019

The mammalian cochlea is able to detect faint sounds due to the presence of an active nonlinear feedback mechanism that boosts cochlear vibrations of low amplitude. Because of this feedback, self-sustained oscillations called spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) can often be measured in the ear canal. Recent experiments in genetically modified mice have demonstrated that mutations of the genes expressed in the tectorial membrane (TM), an extracellular matrix located in the cochlea, can significantly enhance the generation of SOAEs. Multiple untested mechanisms have been proposed to explain these unexpected results. In this work, a physiologically motivated computational model of a mammalian species commonly studied in auditory research, the gerbil, is used to demonstrate that altering the viscoelastic properties of the TM tends to affect the linear stability of the cochlea, SOAE generation and the cochlear response to low amplitude stimuli. These results suggest that changes in TM properties might be the underlying cause for SOAE enhancement in some mutant mice. Furthermore, these theoretical findings imply that the TM contributes to keeping the mammalian cochlea near an oscillatory instability, which promotes high sensitivity and the detection of low level stimuli.
Critical evaluation of a putative glucosamine excretion by Aspergillus niger CBS120.49 and Penicillium ochrochloron CBS123.824 under citric acid producing conditions
Authors: Artmann Desirée Josefine , Amrain Werner , Murauer Adele , Ganzera Markus , Vrabl Pamela , Schinagl Christoph Walter , Burgstaller Wolfgang
Published: May 2019

As one of the most frequently occurring monomers in the biosphere, glucosamine is a valuable metabolite for several applications. Although microbial glucosamine production is still in its infancy, it offers the possibility to circumvent problems associated with traditional production by hydrolysis. Of particular interest is a study with Aspergillus niger, which reports for the first time high glucosamine excretion in the early phase of citric acid production. These results have relevance for both the commercial glucosamine production and deeper insight into the regulation of organic acid excretion in fungi. To investigate glucosamine excretion, we performed bioreactor batch cultivations with Penicillium ochrochloron CBS123.824 and A. niger CBS120.49 using cultivation conditions which are known to trigger the production of citric acid. Glucosamine detection in culture filtrates was achieved by two photometric methods, High performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) and HPLC with mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS). Surprisingly, we detected no glucosamine at all. Based on a critical review of published data for A. niger, we conclude that the reported high levels of excreted glucosamine might be an experimental artifact. However, growth experiments with glucosamine as a combined or single source for carbon or nitrogen showed that both organisms are in principle able to transport glucosamine across their plasma membrane, which is a prerequisite for the excretion of glucosamine.
Colloidal metal halide perovskite nanocrystals: a promising juggernaut in photovoltaic applications
Authors: Fu Huiying
Published: May 2019

A review of recent advances in the syntheses and characterization of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals and the emergence of solar cells based on colloidal perovskite nanocrystals.
Fluorescent sensor for water based on photo-induced electron transfer and Förster resonance energy transfer: anthracene-(aminomethyl)phenylboronic acid ester-BODIPY structure
Authors: Jinbo Daisuke , Imato Keiichi , Ooyama Yousuke
Published: May 2019

An anthracene-(aminomethyl)phenylboronic acid ester-BODIPY (DJ-1) structure was developed as a fluorescent sensor based on photo-induced electron transfer (PET) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) for detection of water in solvents.
Crystal structure, hydrogen bonding, mechanical properties and Raman spectrum of the lead uranyl silicate monohydrate mineral kasolite
Authors: Colmenero Francisco , Plášil Jakub , Cobos Joaquín , Sejkora Jiří , Timón Vicente , Čejka Jiří , Bonales Laura J.
Published: May 2019

A profound understanding of the relationship between the complex crystal structure of kasolite and its mechanical behavior is provided. A detailed interpretation of its Raman spectrum and a new method for band resolution are reported.
Artificial electrode interfaces enable stable operation of freestanding anodes for high-performance flexible lithium ion batteries
Authors: Liu Lixiang , Zhu Minshen , Huang Shaozhuan , Lu Xueyi , Zhang Long , Li Yang , Wang Sitao , Liu Lifeng , Weng Qunhong , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: May 2019

Artificial electrode interfaces enable stable operation of freestanding electrodes with high energy output and mechanical robustness.
Effective synthetic strategy for Zn0.76Co0.24S encapsulated in stabilized N-doped carbon nanoarchitecture towards ultra-long-life hybrid supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Yuan , Li Shuo , Huang Wei , Shangguan Huihui , Engelbrekt Christian , Duan Shuwei , Ci Lijie , Si Pengchao
Published: May 2019

Fabrication of the stabilized Zn0.76Co0.24S encapsulated in a hollow N-doped carbon multicomponent electrode and the application in hybrid supercapacitors.
Direct evidence for two-dimensional oxide-ion diffusion in the hexagonal perovskite-related oxide Ba3MoNbO8.5−δ
Authors: Yashima Masatomo , Tsujiguchi Takafumi , Fujii Kotaro , Niwa Eiki , Nishioka Shunta , Hester James R. , Maeda Kazuhiko
Published: May 2019

Experimentally visualized two-dimensional O2−–O2–O3– diffusion paths rotating around Ba cations in oxygen deficient Ba3MoNbO8.5−δat 1100 °C.
Chestnut-like copper cobalt phosphide catalyst for all-pH hydrogen evolution reaction and alkaline water electrolysis
Authors: Yan Liang , Zhang Bing , Zhu Junlu , Zhao Shanzhi , Li Yunyong , Zhang Bao , Jiang Jianjun , Ji Xiao , Zhang Haiyan , Shen Pei Kang
Published: May 2019

Novel chestnut-like CuxCo1−xP/CP exhibited excellent activities for the HER at all pH values and the OER in alkaline solution.
Hole-transporting materials for organic light-emitting diodes: an overview
Authors: Shahnawaz Shahnawaz , Sudheendran Swayamprabha Sujith , Nagar Mangey Ram , Yadav Rohit Ashok Kumar , Gull Sanna , Dubey Deepak Kumar , Jou Jwo-Huei
Published: May 2019

Hole transporting layer plays a crucial role to realize high efficiency and long lifespan by balancing the charge carrier into the desired recombination zone.
Dying for a Meal: An Integrative Review of Characteristics of Choking Incidents and Recommendations to Prevent Fatal and Nonfatal Choking Across Populations
Authors: Hemsley Bronwyn , Steel Joanne , Sheppard Justine Joan , Malandraki Georgia A. , Bryant Lucy , Balandin Susan
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to conduct an integrative review of original research, across adult populations relating to fatal or nonfatal choking on food, to understand ways to respond to and prevent choking incidents.

Method

Four scientific databases (CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science, and EMBASE) were searched for original peer-reviewed research relating to fatal or nonfatal choking on foods. Data were extracted on study characteristics; factors leading up to, events at the time of, and actions taken after the choking incident; and impacts of choking incidents. An integrative review of the findings across studies identified several risk factors and recommendations to reduce the risk of choking.

Results

In total, 52 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this review, of which 31 were quantitative, 17 were qualitative, and 4 were of a mixed methods design. Studies reported the observations and narratives of bystanders or researchers, or else were large-scale autopsy studies, and included both the general public and people at risk of dysphagia. A range of food types were involved, and several actions were reported in response to food choking. Strategies to reduce the risk of choking were identified in the studies and are presented in 5 main categories.

Conclusions

Factors leading up to choking incidents extend well beyond the individual to the environment for mealtimes; the provision of appropriate mealtime assistance and oral care; and regular monitoring of general health, oral health, and medications. Bystanders' increased awareness and knowledge of how to respond to choking are vital. The results of this review could be used to inform service policy and training, for individuals at risk of choking, the people who support them, and the general public. Further research is needed to explore choking prevention and airway protection in individuals with dysphagia.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8121131
The Role of Multiple Articulatory Channels of Sign-Supported Speech Revealed by Visual Processing
Authors: Mastrantuono Eliana , Burigo Michele , Rodríguez-Ortiz Isabel R. , Saldaña David
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The use of sign-supported speech (SSS) in the education of deaf students has been recently discussed in relation to its usefulness with deaf children using cochlear implants. To clarify the benefits of SSS for comprehension, 2 eye-tracking experiments aimed to detect the extent to which signs are actively processed in this mode of communication.

Method

Participants were 36 deaf adolescents, including cochlear implant users and native deaf signers. Experiment 1 attempted to shift observers' foveal attention to the linguistic source in SSS from which most information is extracted, lip movements or signs, by magnifying the face area, thus modifying lip movements perceptual accessibility (magnified condition), and by constraining the visual field to either the face or the sign through a moving window paradigm (gaze contingent condition). Experiment 2 aimed to explore the reliance on signs in SSS by occasionally producing a mismatch between sign and speech. Participants were required to concentrate upon the orally transmitted message.

Results

In Experiment 1, analyses revealed a greater number of fixations toward the signs and a reduction in accuracy in the gaze contingent condition across all participants. Fixations toward signs were also increased in the magnified condition. In Experiment 2, results indicated less accuracy in the mismatching condition across all participants. Participants looked more at the sign when it was inconsistent with speech.

Conclusions

All participants, even those with residual hearing, rely on signs when attending SSS, either peripherally or through overt attention, depending on the perceptual conditions.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8121191
Switched system approach to distributed guaranteed cost control for interconnected systems with communication unreliability
Authors: Zhang Junhao , Zhang Wen‐An , Yang Fuwen
Published: May 2019

This study presents a switched system approach to distributed guaranteed cost control for a class of interconnected systems, where the subsystems of the interconnected system are coupled via states. In the proposed scheme, the subsystems communicate with each other through a network with communication losses caused by the communication constraint or network attacks. The communication‐based interconnected system is modelled as a switched system with parameters uncertainties in system matrixes induced by sampling jitter and network time‐varying delays. The stability analysis and guaranteed cost controller design are presented by applying the average dwell time method. Meanwhile, a quantitative relation between the system performance and the communication quality is established. Finally, numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed results.
Fatigue driving recognition network: fatigue driving recognition via convolutional neural network and long short‐term memory units
Authors: Xiao Zhitao , Hu Zhiqiang , Geng Lei , Zhang Fang , Wu Jun , Li Yuelong
Published: May 2019

Fatigue driving has become one of the major causes of traffic accidents. The authors propose an effective method capable of detecting fatigue state via the spatial–temporal feature of driver's eyes. In this work, the authors consider fatigue detection as image‐based sequence recognition and an end‐to‐end trainable convolutional neural network with long short‐term memory (LSTM) units is designed. First, the authors apply a deep cascaded multi‐task framework to extract eye region from infrared videos. Then the spatial features are learned by deep convolutional layers and the relationships between adjacent frames are analysed via LSTM units. Finally, through authors’ model, a sequence‐level prediction for driving state is produced. The proposed method achieves superior accuracy over the state‐of‐the‐art techniques on authors’ own dataset. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of authors’ method.
Design and development of single phase AC–DC discontinuous conduction mode modified bridgeless positive output Luo converter for power quality improvement
Authors: Gnanavadivel J. , Yogalakshmi P. , Senthil Kumar Natarajan , Krishna Veni K.S.
Published: May 2019

Power factor corrected AC–DC converter topologies have been of research interest for DC power supplies. The main goal of this work is to improve power quality at the supply side and maintain constant DC voltage at the output side by designing a Modified Bridge Less Positive Output Luo (MBLPOL) power factor correction (PFC) converter. Discontinuous conduction mode is also possible for input PFC with a small filter at the source side. In order to regulate the DC load voltage for various loads and supply voltage conditions, a feedback control circuit with a single voltage sensor is proposed for the PFC converter. A prototype of 100 W, 48 V, AC–DC MBLPOL converter is designed and tested. Proper design of controller for the converter guarantees the excellent performance and the same is validated with the help of simulation and hardware results. The proposed MBLPOL converter is tested for DC load voltage regulation for various load power and supply voltage variations. The experimental study shows supply current total harmonic distortion of 1.24% at rated load while maintaining unity power factor.