bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diseño y construcción de un instrumento piloto de evaluación de la actitud hacia la igualdad de derechos de las personas, en estudiantes de octavo básico
Authors:   , Accorsi Opazo Carla Andrea
Published: May 2024

El presente informe describe las fases de diseño y construcción de un instrumento piloto para la evaluación formativa inicial y de proceso de la actitud hacia la igualdad de derechos en estudiantes de octavo básico. El objeto de actitud, o constructo, se caracterizó en sus dos dimensiones teóricas: la No discriminación y las Acciones afirmativas como partes fundantes de la igualdad de derechos. Para la fase de diseño se consideró la elaboración de sesenta reactivos preliminares, en formato Likert y Osgood, que incorporaron los criterios de calidad y rigurosidad en su elaboración, para posteriormente ser validados por un equipo de jueces expertos y expertas en el ámbito de la evaluación de las actitudes y con experiencia profesional relacionada al constructo. Para el proceso de validación los jueces y juezas, clasificaron cada reactivo según el componente de la actitud que este evalúa (cognitivo, afectivo o tendencial), además de aportar comentarios y sugerencias en base a los criterios de relevancia del reactivo en relación al constructo y el de claridad de los enunciados y situaciones planteadas. Para la elaboración del instrumento piloto, fueron seleccionados aquellos ítems que lograron un 100% de aprobación, resultando finalmente un instrumento de 31 reactivos que proyecta ser piloteado a futuro en estudiantes de octavo básico.
Predilection Site for the Meat Lover Trichinella spp Larvae and its Pathogenesis and Potency in Human Host
Authors: Siagian Forman Erwin
Published: May 2024

Aims: To revisited carefully previously published articles available in the internet regarding predilection site of Trichinella spp larvae including their pathogenesis and its potency.
Discussion: By carefully reviewing previously published literature available in the internet regarding the parasite Trichinella tropism to its host’s striated muscle, the author briefly withdraw some important keypoint to be revealed. The nematode Trichinella spp causes serious zoonosis called trichinellosis, a disease affecting striated or skeletal muscles which consider as one of tropical disease. Even though its natural host varied, but infection among live stocks, such as pigs and other animals, which are raising public health concern. Human infection occurs after consumption of raw or undercooked meat or meat products contain muscle larvae of T. spiralis. The tropism of the parasite for individual striated muscles and/or striated muscle groups varies significantly. Trichinella spp. has a direct life cycle where all three life cycle stages (the infective muscle larvae, adult, and new born larvae) happen serially in one host only. Intestine-dwelling adults of Trichinella produce newborn larvae that bypass the enterocyte, enter the bloodstream and colonize skeletal muscle. The muscle larvae assemble excretory-secretory products which play crucial role in establishing and maintaining persistent parasitism and the host’s immune modulation and evasion. It turns out that excretory-secretory products from muscle larvae and mature worm also have hidden medical potential that can be used to treat allergic problems, inflammation-based diseases, autoimmunity and even malignancy.
Conclusion: Trichinellosis is a serious and potentially fatal zoonosis which transmitted through consuming raw or uncooked contaminated meat or its comestibles. Its primary tropism is to the host’s striated muscle and infection can persist for a long time facilitated by several reciprocities of its product (e.g., excretory-secretory) with the host’s cell and immune system. Fortunately, there are several promising potency in the field of therapeutic and prevention medicine which should be explored intensely.
Organoleptic Quality of Herbal Coagulated Chhana Spread
Authors: Verma Vikash Kumar , Gupta Ramjee , Kumar Vikash , Singh Ashwani Kumar , Kuldeep  , Kumar Sandeep
Published: May 2024

The current study was conducted in the Animal Husbandry & Dairying (Dairy Technology) department of the C.S.A. University of Agriculture & Technology Kanpur. By using herbal coagulants to coagulate cow's milk fat, chhana spread was created with specific textural and organoleptic characteristics. In the experiment, two distinct water-herbal coagulant ratios (90:10 and 80:20), two different storage times (fresh day and 10 days) at 5°C refrigeration temperature, and three different coagulant agents (aonla extract, lemon extract, and ginger extract) were used to make chhana spread from cow milk. The five organoleptic qualities include flavor, body and texture, color and appearance, spreadability, and overall acceptance. The study found that after a new day of storage, the physical/organoleptic quality of chhana spread which is prepared from cow milk employing herbal coagulants was superior to other spreads.
Effect of Fish Bone Meal on Major Nutrients Uptake in Tomato
Authors: Suhani  , Dhananjaya, B.C.  , Nandish, M. S.  , Ashok, L. B.  , Sannathimmappa, A. H  , Fathima Firdosh , Mulage Priyanka
Published: May 2024

A pot culture experiment was carried out to study the effect of fish bone meal application on uptake of major nutrients by tomato crop during the rabi season. Application of the mineral fertilizer (DAP) with raw and acidulated fish bone meal (RFBM and AFBM) at different levels were imposed and the nutrient content and uptakes of major nutrients by tomato plant and fruits were recorded. 187.5 kg P2O5 as DAP + 62.5 kg P2O5 as AFBM recorded significantly higher NPK uptake which led to enhancement in biomass of tomato crop.
Morphometric Analysis of Waghora Micro Watershed of Jam River Basin Using ALOS-PALSAR DEM
Authors: Sinha Yagani , Sahu K.K. , Srivastava Rajeev , Nagaraju M.S.S. , Porte S.S. , Saxena R.R.
Published: May 2024

Intergrating Remote sensing and Geographic Information System(GIS) Proves useful for Evaluating and understanding morphometric parameters, especially Watershed Management of - Soil and Water Conservation at microlevel for sustainable Natural Resource management. The Linear , Areal and Relief characteristics of the basins Drainage can be analytsed Morphometrically. In this investigation, geospatial techniques were employed to assess the hydrological features of the Waghora Micro watershed within the Jam River basin, covering an area of 13.03 km². Utilizing the ALOS-PALSAR RTC DEM -12.5 m resolution, the basin and drainage network were delineated using ArcGIS software. The analysis revealed a dendritic drainage pattern within the Waghora micro-watershed, with drainage streams delineated up to the fourth order. The ratio of bifurcation (Rb) can be ranged within ~ 3 - 4.66, with an mean average of 3.76, showcases Geologic Structures are undistorted and the drainage system sorted by moderate peaks and lower orer streams. Additional morphometric parameters were assessed, using Form-factor(Rf), Circulatory-Ratio(Rc), and finally Elongation-Ratio(Re) values of 0.32, 0.68, and 0.62 respectively. This is a clear indication of Micro watershed being moderately Elongated with time. The Estimated Relief, Relief Ratio(Rr), relative Relief (RR) and Ruggedness Ratio Number were determined to be 75 m, 1.2, 0.97, respectively, indicating a moderate erosion potential. Overall, the study underscores the necessity for implementing – Soil and Water Conservation measures to be taken within the watershed. These findings hold significant implications for various stakeholders, including managers and decision-makers involved in Management of Watersheds and Conservation of the Natural resources using sustainable initiatives.
Gang involvement: psychological and behavioral characteristics of gang members, peripheral youth, and nongang Youth
Authors: Alleyne Emma , Wood Jane L.
Published: August 2010

Research has noted the existence of a loose and dynamic gang structure. However, the psychological processes that underpin gang membership have only begun to be addressed. This study examined gang members, peripheral youth, and nongang youth across measures of criminal activity, the importance they attach to status, their levels of moral disengagement, their perceptions of out‐group threat, and their attitudes toward authority. Of the 798 high school students who participated in this study, 59 were identified as gang members, 75 as peripheral youth, and 664 as nongang youth. Gang members and peripheral youth were more delinquent than nongang youth overall; however, gang members committed more minor offenses than nongang youth and peripheral youth committed more violent offenses than nongang youth. Gang members were more anti‐authority than nongang youth, and both gang and peripheral youth valued social status more than nongang youth. Gang members were also more likely to blame their victims for their actions and use euphemisms to sanitize their behavior than nongang youth, whereas peripheral youth were more likely than nongang youth to displace responsibility onto their superiors. These findings are discussed as they highlight the importance of examining individual differences in the cognitive processes that relate to gang involvement. Aggr. Behav. 36:423–436, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fabrication and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Dynamic Stability
Authors: Yao Xi , Xu Liang , Jiang Lei
Published: August 2010

Superhydrophobic surfaces of dynamic stability are crucial for applications in water‐repellent materials. In this work, a hierarchical structure composed of a dendritic microporous surface with nanostructured porosity is demonstrated that shows robust superhydrophobicity with dynamic stability. The hierarchical structures are obtained on both copper foils and wires by a dynamic gas‐bubble template‐assisted electrochemical deposition method. The substrates can then be modified with alkyl thiols to obtain the surface superhydrophobicity. A new kind of testing, mechanical monitor‐assisted continuous water surface strokes, is developed to reveal the dynamic stability of the as‐prepared superhydrophobic copper wires. The as‐prepared superhydrophobic copper wires can exert a high propulsive force, and particularly, show little adhesive force in the process of continuous strokes on the water surface, exhibiting robust superhydrophobicity with dynamic stability. The approach allows a strategy for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces with dynamic stability, and suggests a new method to evaluate the dynamic stability of superhydrophobic surfaces.
Tunable Dielectric Function in Electric‐Responsive Glass with Tree‐Like Percolating Pathways of Chargeable Conductive Nanoparticles
Authors: Paleari Alberto , Brovelli Sergio , Lorenzi Roberto , Giussani Marco , Lauria Alessandro , Mochenova Natalia , Chiodini Norberto
Published: August 2010

The design of nanostructured materials with specific physical properties is generally pursued by tuning nanoparticle size, concentration, or surface passivation. An important step forward is to realize “active” systems where nanoparticles are vehicles for controlling, in situ, some specific, tuneable features of a responsive functional material. In this perspective, this work focuses on the rational design of a nanostructured glass with electrically tuneable dielectric function obtained by injection and accumulation of charge on embedded conductive nanocrystals. This enables electrically controlled switching of semiconducting nanophases to charged polarisable states to be achieved, which could lead to smart, field‐enhancement applications in nanophotonics and plasmonics. Here, it is shown that such response switching can be obtained if a percolating charge‐transport mechanism is activated through a disordered tree‐like network, as is demonstrated to be possible in SiO2 films where suitable dispersions of SnO2 nanocrystals, with conductive interfaces, are obtained as a result of a new synthesis strategy.
The 2D:4D digit ratio is not a useful marker for prenatal famine exposure: Evidence from the Dutch hunger winter families study
Authors: Stein Aryeh D. , Kahn Henry S. , Lumey L.H.
Published: August 2010

Objectives: Digit lengths, and in particular the ratio of the 2nd (2D) to 4th (4D) digit (2D:4D), are stable in adulthood and have been linked to characteristics thought to have developmental origins, but little research has focused on early life determinants of these measures. We examined whether exposure to acute famine during specific periods of gestation was associated with 2D, 4D or the 2D:4D ratio.

Methods: We studied men and women (1) born in one of three hospitals in western Netherlands whose mothers were exposed to a limited period of famine immediately prior to or during the pregnancy (n = 337); (2) born in the same hospitals to mothers not exposed to famine during the pregnancy (n = 271) or same‐sex siblings of individuals in Groups 1 and 2 (n = 295). We measured 2D and 4D on both hands using calipers and computed the 2D:4D ratio.

Results: Mean 2D and 4D lengths were 73.5 (SD 5.1) and 75.0 (5.4) mm, respectively. The 2D:4D ratio was 0.981 (SD 0.030). Both 2D and 4D were associated with male gender and height (all P < 0.001), and weakly with BMI. The 2D:4D ratio was 0.0070 (95% confidence interval 0.0017, 0.0123) lower among males as compared with females, and was not significantly associated with height (0.0002 per cm; 95% −0.0001, 0.0005). The 2D:4D ratio was not significantly associated with exposure to famine, overall (−0.0010, 95% CI 0.0030, 0.0050) or within any period of gestation.

Conclusions: The 2D:4D ratio is not significantly affected by prenatal exposure to famine and therefore is not a useful marker for generalized prenatal undernutrition. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A model for assessing occupational exposure to extremely low‐frequency magnetic fields in fabrication rooms in the semiconductor health study
Authors: Abdollahzadeh Sassan , Katharine S. Hammond , Schenker Marc B.
Published: August 2010

A model was created to assess occupational exposure to extremely low‐frequency MAgnetic fields (ELF‐MF) among semiconductor fabrication‐room (fab) workers. This model was based on the assumption that each subject's exposure arose from being near identifiable ELF‐MF sources or being in areas with high ELF‐MF levels. To assess ELF‐MF exposures, the model superimposed subjects' time‐activity patterns (patterns of how and where they spent their time) with measurements of MAgnetic‐field levels from devices and work areas. This model, which was validated by personal dosimetry on 192 persons in three fabs, predicted actual time‐weighted average exposures with a correlation coefficient of 0.62. The inability of the model to predict individual exposures more accurately was attributed to unforeseen sources of elevated ELF‐MF (transformers, distribution panels, sources in adjacent rooms) or to errors in subjects' judgments of time spent near devices. These unpredictable errors are intrinsic to the method used to Estimate exposure.
A weighted osteon morphotype score outperforms regional osteon percent prevalence calculations for interpreting cortical bone adaptation
Authors: Skedros John G. , Kiser Casey J. , Mendenhall Shaun D.
Published: August 2010

Using circularly polarized light microscopy, we described a weighted‐scoring method for quantifying regional distributions of six secondary osteon morphotypes (Skedros et al.: Bone 44 (2009) 392–403). This osteon morphotype score (MTS) strongly correlated with “tension” and “compression” cortices produced by habitual bending. In the present study, we hypothesized that the osteon MTS is superior to a relatively simpler method based on the percent prevalence (PP) of these osteon morphotypes. This was tested in proximal femoral diaphyses of adult chimpanzees and habitually bent bones: calcanei from sheep, deer, and horses, radii from sheep and horses, and third metacarpals (MC3s) from horses. Sheep tibiae were examined because their comparatively greater torsion/shear would not require regional variations in osteon morphotypes. Predominant collagen fiber orientation (CFO), a predictor of regionally prevalent/predominant strain mode, was quantified as image gray levels (birefringence). Ten PP calculations were conducted. Although PP calculations were similar to the osteon MTS in corroborating CFO differences between “tension” and “compression” cortices of the chimpanzee femora and most of the habitually bent bones, PP calculations failed to show a compression/tension difference in equine MC3s and sheep radii. With the exception of the prevalence of the “distributed” osteon morphotype, correlations of PP calculations with CFO were weak and/or negative. By contrast, the osteon MTS consistently showed positive correlations with predominant CFO. Compared with the osteon MTS and predominant CFO, regional variations in PP of osteon morphotypes are not stronger predictors of nonuniform strain distributions produced by bending. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Ectocranial suture closure in Pongo: Pattern and phylogeny
Authors: Cray James , Cooper Gregory M. , Mooney Mark P. , Siegel Michael I.
Published: August 2010

Ectocranial suture fusion patterns have been shown to contain biological and phylogenetic information. Previously the patterns of Homo, Pan, and Gorilla have been described. These data reflect the phylogenetic relationships among these species. In this study, we applied similar methodology to Pongo to determine the suture synostosis progression of this genus, and to allow comparison to previously reported data on other large‐bodied hominoids. We hypothesized these data would strengthen the argument that suture synostosis patterns reflect the phylogeny of primate taxa. Results indicate that the synostosis of vault sutures in Pongo is similar to that reported for Gorilla (excluding Pan and Homo). However, the lateral‐anterior pattern of fusion, in which there is a strong superior to inferior pattern, for Pongo is unique among these species, reflecting its phylogenetic distinctness among great ape taxa. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in skeletal robusticity in an iron age agropastoral group: The samnites from the Alfedena necropolis (Abruzzo, Central Italy)
Authors: Sparacello V.S. , Pearson O.M. , Coppa A. , Marchi D.
Published: August 2010

Cross‐sectional geometrical (CSG) properties of an Iron Age Samnite group from the Alfedena necropolis (Abruzzo, Italy, 2600–2400 B.P.) are compared with a Ligurian Neolithic sample (6000–5500 B.P.). In the period under examination, Samnites were organized in a tribal confederation led by patrilinear aristocracies, indicating incipient social stratification. In comparison, Neolithic society lacked clear signs of social hierarchy. The subsistence of both groups was mainly based on pastoralism and agriculture, but changes in habitual behavior are expected due to the socio‐economic transformations that characterized the Iron Age. The Samnites' warlike ideology suggests that unimanual weapon‐use and training would have become frequent for males. The intensification of agriculture and the adoption of transhumant pastoralism, performed by a smaller subset of the population, likely led to a lower average level of logistic mobility. The strongly genderized ideology of the period suggests a strict sexual division of labor, with women primarily performing sedentary tasks. CSG properties based on periosteal contours were calculated for humeri, femora, and tibiae (N = 61). Results corroborated the expectations: Alfedena males show substantial humeral bilateral asymmetry, indicating prevalent use of one arm, likely due to weapon training. In both sexes lower limb results indicate reduced mobility with respect to the Neolithic group. Sexual dimorphism is significant in both humeral asymmetry and lower limb indicators of mobility. Although both groups could be broadly defined as agropastoral based on archeological and historical evidence, CSG analysis confirmed important differences in habitual behavior. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The American college of rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa
Authors: Lightfoot Robert W. , Michel Beat A. , Bloch Daniel A. , Hunder Gene G. , Zvaifler Nathan J. , McShane Dennis J. , Arend William P. , Calabrese Leonard H. , Leavitt Randi Y. , Lie J. T. , Masi Alfonse T. , Mills John A. , Stevens Mary Betty , Wallace Stanley L.
Published: August 2010

Criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa were developed by comparing 118 patients who had this disease with 689 control patients who had other forms of vasculitis. For the traditional format classification, 10 criteria were selected: weight loss ≥4 kg, livedo reticularis, testicular pain or tenderness, myalgias, mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy, diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg, elevated blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine levels, presence of hepatitis B reactants in serum, arteriographic abnormality, and presence of granulocyte or mixed leukocyte infiltrate in an arterial wall on biopsy. The presence of 3 or more of these 10 criteria was associated with a sensitivity of 82.2% and specificity of 86.6%. A classification tree was also constructed, with 6 criteria being selected. Three of these, angiographic abnormality, biopsy‐proven granulocyte or mixed leukocyte infiltrate in arterial wall, and neuropathy, were criteria used in the traditional format. The other 3 criteria used in the tree format included the patient's sex, weight loss >6.5 kg, and elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase levels above the range of normal. The classification tree yielded a sensitivity of 87.3% and a specificity of 89.3%.
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of henoch‐schönlein purpura
Authors: Mills John A. , Michel Beat A. , Bloch Daniel A. , Calabrese Leonard H. , Hunder Gene G. , Arend William P. , Edworthy Steven M. , Fauci Anthony S. , Leavitt Randi Y. , Lie J. T. , Lightfoot Robert W. , Masi Alfonse T. , McShane Dennis J. , Stevens Mary Betty , Wallace Stanley L. , Zvaifler Nathan J.
Published: August 2010

Criteria for identifying Henoch‐Schönlein Purpura (HSP) and distinguishing HSP from other forms of systemic arteritis were developed by comparing the manifestations in 85 patients who had HSP with those of 722 control patients with other forms of vasculitis. By the traditional format of choosing different combinations of candidate criteria and comparing the combinations for their ability to separate HSP cases from controls, 4 criteria were identified: age ≤20 years at disease onset, palpable purpura, acute abdominal pain, and biopsy showing granulocytes in the walls of small arterioles or venules. The presence of any 2 or more of these criteria distinguish HSP from other forms of vasculitis with a sensitivity of 87.1% and a specificity of 87.7%. The criteria selected by a classification tree method were similar: palpable purpura, age ≤20 years at disease onset, biopsy showing granulocytes around arterioles or venules, and gastrointestinal bleeding. These were able to distinguish HSP from other forms of vasculitis with a sensitivity of 89.4% and a specificity of 88.1%.
The synovium‐cartilage junction of the normal human knee: Implications for joint destruction and repair
Authors: Allard S. A. , Bayliss M. T. , Maini R. N.
Published: August 2010

The immunohistology of the synovium‐cartilage junction was studied in 8 normal human knees, using monoclonal antibodies. In all joints at the junction with synovium, a vascular, wedge‐shaped tongue of tissue was found to cover the cartilage surface. This marginal tissue overlying cartilage was in continuity with and was immunohistochemically similar to the adjacent synovial tissue, and contained cells possessing class II HLA antigens and antigens present on macrophages and type B synoviocytes. Periosteal tissue adjacent to the synovium‐cartilage junction contained not only macrophages and other class II‐positive cells, but also cells and matrix that stained with monoclonal antibodies specific for articular cartilage (keratan sulfate and type II collagen). This study demonstrates the presence of immunocompetent cells in tissue overlying the cartilage surface and adjacent to bone in normal human joints. It is likely that pannus in chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease develops by the recruitment of inflammatory cells augmenting this normal marginal tissue. Furthermore, overgrowth of tissue onto the cartilage surface may not be necessary in the pathogenesis of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, our findings suggest that cells in the periosteum, rather than those in the marginal synovium, may be involved in attempted “repair” mechanisms, such as osteophyte formation.
Pregnancy outcomes in women with primary raynaud's phenomenon
Authors: Kahl Leslie E. , Blair Carol , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Steen Virginia D.
Published: August 2010

Pregnancy outcomes were assessed in 67 women who had well‐defined primary Raynaud's phenomenon and in 30 controls, each of whom had been pregnant at least once. Twenty‐seven patients had onset of Raynaud's phenomenon prior to any pregnancy, and 37 patients had onset of Raynaud's phenomenon after their last pregnancy. The frequency of miscarriage, stillbirth, and small full‐term infants was similar in all 3 study groups. Among the 4 Raynaud's phenomenon patients who had second‐trimester miscarriages, 2 of 3 who were tested had moderately positive levels of IgG or IgM anticardiolipin antibody. Premature births were significantly more common in pregnancies that occurred after the onset of Raynaud's phenomenon (24%) than in pregnancies that occurred prior to the onset of Raynaud's phenomenon or in pregnancies among control subjects (9% and 1%, respectively). In addition, the mean weight of the full‐term babies of women in both Raynaud's phenomenon groups was significantly less than that of babies born to controls. There were no neonatal deaths or other serious adverse outcomes. These findings may represent yet another manifestation of systemic vasospasm in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon.
Psychological symptoms in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: Relationship to pain, life stress, and sleep disturbance
Authors: Uveges John M. , Parker Jerry C. , Smarr Karen L. , McGowan John F. , Lyon Michael G. , Irvin William S. , Meyer Andrew A. , Buckelew Susan P. , Morgan Robin K. , Delmonico Richard L. , Hewett John E. , Kay Donald R.
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐five subjects with primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 22 subjects with rheumatoid arthritis were compared on measures of psychological distress, pain, health status, life stress, sleep disturbance, and coping strategies. Higher levels of psychological distress were found in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome group, but the degree of life stress was shown to be a significant covariate.
Distinct seasonal patterns in the onset of adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathy in patients with anti‐jo‐1 and anti‐signal recognition particle autoantibodies
Authors: Leff Richard L. , Burgess Suzanne H. , Miller Frederick W. , Love Lori A. , Targoff Ira N. , Dalakas Marinos C. , Joffe Marshall M. , Plotz Paul H.
Published: August 2010

In idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM; or, polymyositis/dermatomyositis), the myositis‐specific autoantibodies anti‐Jo‐1 and anti‐signal recognition particle (anti‐SRP), appear to define clinically and immunogenetically distinct groups of patients. We show here that the month during which the onset of weakness occurs is not random in patients with anti‐Jo‐1 autoantibodies (average month April, P < 0.02) and in those with anti‐SRP autoantibodies (average month November, P < 0.02); both groups of patients also experience rapid onset of disease. By contrast, patients classified into the traditional categories of polymyositis and dermatomyositis do not have recognizable seasonal patterns and do not differ in the rate of onset of disease. These findings suggest that searches for seasonal patterns in the onset of autoimmune disorders characterized by disease‐specific autoantibodies may provide useful clues to etiology.
Single‐photon‐emission computed tomography of the brain in the evaluation of cerebral lupus
Authors: Nossent J. C. , Hovestadt A. , Schönfeld D. H. W. , Swaak A. J. G.
Published: August 2010

We sought to determine whether single‐photon‐emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain is useful for detecting abnormalities of regional cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebral lupus. Twenty lupus patients with clinical evidence of cerebral involvement underwent SPECT and CT scanning of the brain, as well as clinical, expert neurologic, and serologic evaluation. Fifteen patients (75%) had a clear regional cerebral hypoperfusion. Seven of 8 patients (88%) who were ultimately thought to have active cerebral lupus had abnormal SPECT scan findings, while 8 of 12 patients (67%) who were ultimately thought not to have active cerebral lupus had abnormal SPECT scan findings. There was no correlation of SPECT findings with CT scan results, overall disease activity, or serologic findings. Regional cerebral blood flow measured by SPECT is often abnormal in patients with active cerebral lupus, but is also frequently abnormal in lupus patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms not attributable to cerebral lupus activity.
Sequence of class ii major histocompatibility complex genes from mrl mice: Conserved amino acids in the I‐Eβ chains from autoimmune mice
Authors: Schiffenbauer Joel , Wegrzyn Lisa
Published: August 2010

Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules are critical in both normal and abnormal immune responses. Both in mice and in humans, these molecules have been implicated in the development of various diseases, including insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and systemic lupus erythematosus. The MRL/lpr mouse strain spontaneously develops a lupus‐like illness with features that include anti‐DNA antibodies, glomerulonephritis, and early death. We evaluated the structure of class II molecules from these mice, to investigate for unique sequences that might contribute to autoimmunity. Utilizing the polymerase chain reaction, we sequenced the second exons from the I‐A and I‐E genes of MRL/lpr and MRL‐+/+ mice. We found that at the nucleotide level, there are several changes between MRL class II genes and the previously sequenced “k” haplotype, but at the protein level, they are identical. Furthermore, by comparing the sequences of class II genes from several strains of autoimmune mice, we found that there are conserved amino acids in the third hypervariable region of the I‐Eβ chain which may be important in the development of autoimmunity.
Increased proteolytic activity on the surface of monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Kirchheimer Johannes C. , Remold Heinz G. , Wanivenhaus Axel , Binder Bernd R.
Published: August 2010

Studies on the expression and localization of the urokinase receptor on peripheral blood monocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with osteoarthritis, and healthy volunteers showed a significant increase in the total number of urokinase receptors on monocytes of patients with RA, compared with osteoarthritis patients or with healthy subjects. The increase in the total number of urokinase receptors in RA was due to an elevation in the number of endogenously occupied urokinase receptors. These data provide evidence that increased proteolytic activity might contribute to the pronounced degradation of cartilage and connective tissue in patients with RA.
Influences of users' familiarity with visual search topics on interactive video digital libraries
Authors: Albertson Dan
Published: August 2010

User‐centered analysis can benefit the development of interactive video digital libraries. Findings from this study support the idea that having additional understanding about the intended users of video digital libraries can help researchers match system designs with the envisioned use of prototype systems. This study examines one user‐centered factor specifically, familiarity with visual search topics, to explore if and how this may be associated with other factors within an interactive video retrieval context. Twenty‐eight users from the field of science education were recruited to complete six visual search topics using a prototype system to retrieve video clips from a collection of NASA Science Education Programs. Analysis revealed that topic familiarity was associated with other factors that were examined throughout this study, including user‐assessed and experimenter‐assessed topic completion ratios, opinions of the prototype system, and interaction behaviors. Such results can have a variety of implications for developing video digital libraries, especially those designed to support queries and interactions of knowledgeable users from a defined domain.
The effect of folder structure on personal file navigation
Authors: Bergman Ofer , Whittaker Steve , Sanderson Mark , Nachmias Rafi , Ramamoorthy Anand
Published: August 2010

Folder navigation is the main way that personal computer users retrieve their own files. People dedicate considerable time to creating systematic structures to facilitate such retrieval. Despite the prevalence of both manual organization and navigation, there is very little systematic data about how people actually carry out navigation, or about the relation between organization structure and retrieval parameters. The aims of our research were therefore to study users' folder structure, personal file navigation, and the relations between them. We asked 296 participants to retrieve 1,131 of their active files and analyzed each of the 5,035 navigation steps in these retrievals. Folder structures were found to be shallow (files were retrieved from mean depth of 2.86 folders), with small folders (a mean of 11.82 files per folder) containing many subfolders (M=10.64). Navigation was largely successful and efficient with participants successfully accessing 94% of their files and taking 14.76 seconds to do this on average. Retrieval time and success depended on folder size and depth. We therefore found the users' decision to avoid both deep structure and large folders to be adaptive. Finally, we used a predictive model to formulate the effect of folder depth and folder size on retrieval time, and suggested an optimization point in this trade‐off.
Induction motor control based on adaptive passivity
Authors: Duarte‐Mermoud Manuel A. , Travieso‐Torres Juan C. , Pelissier Ian S. , González Humberto A.
Published: August 2010

In this paper two new schemes for induction motor control are proposed and compared. Both approaches are based on the concept of adaptive passivity. First, a technique using the scheme of field oriented control (FOC) is proposed, and by means of an adaptive state feedback, a passive equivalent system is obtained. Furthermore, making use of the novel torque‐flux control principle (TFCP), the proposed scheme is greatly simplified. Second, a technique based on energy shaping approach, which does not make use of the FOC scheme, is proposed. The technique is based on interconnection and damping assignment (IDA) control transforming the original system into a passive one. Since this technique does not use the FOC scheme, it gives more flexibility in the implementation. Both techniques are then implemented at laboratory level and compared from experimental viewpoint using as benchmark the standard FOC scheme with PI controllers.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Formalization and practical implementation of a conceptual model for PID controller tuning
Authors: Alaiz Moretón H. , Calvo Rolle J. L. , García I. , Alonso Alvarez A.
Published: August 2010

This document describes the process of implementation and formalization of a rule‐based conceptual model oriented to PID tuning, developed by an expert in the domain of control engineering. The quality of the formal model is critical to carry out an implementation process oriented to get a CACSD (Computer Aided Control System Design) software application, where a non‐expert user can perform a tuning process aided by the application, and where the expert in control can update rules in the formal model to improve the tuning process, without the necessity of editing the source code of the software application.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Prototypical category learning in high‐functioning autism
Authors: Vladusich Tony , Olu‐Lafe Olufemi , Kim Dae‐Shik , Tager‐Flusberg Helen , Grossberg Stephen
Published: August 2010

An ongoing debate in developmental cognitive neuroscience is whether individuals with autism are able to learn prototypical category representations from multiple exemplars. Prototype learning and memory were examined in a group of high‐functioning autistic boys and young men, using a classic paradigm in which participants learned to classify novel dot patterns into one of two categories. Participants were trained on distorted versions of category prototypes until they reached a criterion level of performance. During transfer testing, participants were shown the training items together with three novel stimulus sets manifesting variable levels of physical distortion (low, medium, or high distortion) relative to the unseen prototypes. Two experiments were conducted, differing only in the manner in which the physical distortions were defined. In the first experiment, a subset of autistic individuals learned categories more slowly than controls, accompanied by an overall diminution in transfer‐testing performance. The autism group did, however, manifest a typical pattern of performance across the testing conditions, relative to controls. In the second experiment, group means did not differ statistically in either the training or testing phases. Taken together, these data indicate that high‐functioning autistic individuals do not manifest gross deficits in prototypical category learning. A theoretical discussion is given in terms of how perceptual grouping may interact with category learning.
Localization of artesunate and its derivatives in the pregnant rat and fetus following oral administration and relationship to developmental toxicity
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Gristwood William E. , Lewsley Richard , Wilson Robert , Harrell Andrew W.
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: The antimalarial drug artesunate affects erythroid cells leading to developmental toxicity and adult reticulocytopenia. We report on a kinetic study in rats and the tissue distribution of radioactivity following oral administration of [3H]‐artesunate to pregnant rats using quantitative whole‐body autoradiography (QWBA). METHODS: Rats were dosed orally with chlorproguanil/dapsone/artesunate (including 11.8 mg/kg artesunate) and plasma concentrations of artesunate and the active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) were determined. In the QWBA study, 6 rats received 13 mg/kg [3H]‐artesunate on day 18 of gestation. Groups of 2 rats were euthanized at 1, 6, and 24 hours after dosing, rapidly frozen, and sectioned in a cryostat. Sagittal sections were freeze‐dried and placed in contact with imaging plates. Tissue concentrations of radioactivity were quantified. RESULTS: Systemic exposure to DHA was up to 22‐fold higher than the parent compound and was higher in non‐pregnant females than males. In the QWBA study, high concentrations of radioactivity were seen in maternal tissues involved in absorption and excretion, the bone marrow and spleen. Fetal blood and liver levels were 3.8‐ to 8.8‐fold higher than maternal blood levels at all timepoints. CONCLUSIONS: Excluding tissues involved in absorption and excretion, the highest concentrations of radioactivity were observed in tissues involved in hemoglobin synthesis and/or destruction in both the mother and the fetus and likely account for the maternal reticulocytopenia and embryotoxicity. Radioactivity concentrations in the fetal blood were 2.1‐ to 2.8‐fold higher than maternal bone marrow at all timepoints and this difference could contribute to the lower dose threshold for embryotoxicity. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:364–375, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bacterial olfaction
Authors: Nijland Reindert , Burgess J. Grant
Published: August 2010

Sensing their environment is a crucial ability of all life forms. In higher eukaryotes the sensing of airborne volatile compounds, or olfaction, is well developed. In plants, slime moulds and yeast there is also compelling evidence that these organisms can smell their environment and respond accordingly. Here we show that bacteria are also capable of olfaction. Bacillus licheniformis was able to sense airborne volatile metabolites produced by neighbouring bacterial cultures and cells could respond to this chemical information in a coordinated way. When Bacillus licheniformis was grown in a microtitre plate adjacent to a bacterial culture of the same or a different species, growing in complex medium, biofilm formation and pigment production were elicited by volatile molecules. A weaker response occurred in increasingly distant wells. The emitted volatile molecule was identified as ammonia. These data demonstrate that B. licheniformis has evolved the ability collect information about its environment from the surrounding air and physiologically respond to it in a manner similar to olfaction. This is the first time that a behavioural response triggered by odorant molecules received through the gas phase is described in bacteria.
Detection and reduction of microaggregates in insulin preparations
Authors: Heldt Caryn L. , Sorci Mirco , Posada David , Hirsa Amir , Belfort Georges
Published: August 2010

Insulin is an important biotherapeutic protein, and it is also a model protein used to study amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The preparation of the protein can lead to small amounts of aggregate in the solution, which in turn may lead to irreproducible in vitro results. Using several pre‐treatment methods, we have determined that pH cycling and diafiltration of the insulin removes microaggregates that may be present in the solution. These microaggregates were not detectable with traditional biochemical methods, but using small‐angle neutron scattering, we were able to show that pH cycling reduces the radius of gyration of the insulin. Diafiltration removes the aggregates by size and pH cycling dissolves the aggregates by adjusting the pH through the pI of the protein. Pre‐treating the insulin with either pH cycling or diafiltration allowed reproducible kinetics of fibrillation for the insulin protein. Microaggregates are a common problem in protein production, formulation, and preparation; here we show that they are the main cause for inconsistent behavior and how pH cycling and diafiltration can mitigate this problem. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:237–241. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibition Mode of Soybean Lipoxygenase‐1 by Quercetin
Authors: Ha Tae Joung , Shimizu Kuniyoshi , Ogura Tetsuya , Kubo Isao
Published: August 2010

Quercetin noncompetitively inhibited the peroxidation of linoleic acid catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase‐1 (EC 1.13.11.12, Type 1) with an IC50 value of 4.8 μM (1.45 μg/ml). This inhibition is considered to proceed in sequential order, by initially reducing the ferric form of the enzyme to an inactive ferrous form and then, by chelating the iron of the active site of the enzyme. In the pseudoperoxidase assay, quercetin was slowly oxidized by hydroperoxides to a rather stable intermediate, 2‐(3,4‐dihydroxybenzoyl)‐2,4,6‐trihydroxybenzofuran‐3(2H)‐one, and this oxidized intermediate still inhibited the enzymatic oxidation, probably as a chelator. Rutin and kaempferol also exhibited lipoxygenase‐1 inhibitory activity, but to a much lesser extent than quercetin.
Geographic and Phenotypic Variation in Heartwood and Essential‐Oil Characters in Natural Populations of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
Authors: Page Tony , Southwell Ian , Russell Mike , Tate Hanington , Tungon Joseph , Sam Chanel , Dickinson Geoff , Robson Ken , Leakey Roger R. B.
Published: August 2010

Phenotypic variation in heartwood and essential‐oil characters of Santalum austrocaledonicum was assessed across eleven populations on seven islands of Vanuatu. Trees differed significantly in their percentage heartwood cross‐sectional area and this varied independently of stem diameter. The concentrations of the four major essential‐oil constituents (α‐santalol, β‐santalol, (Z)‐β‐curcumen‐12‐ol, and cis‐nuciferol) of alcohol‐extracted heartwood exhibited at least tenfold and continuous tree‐to‐tree variation. Commercially important components α‐ and β‐santalol found in individual trees ranged from 0.8–47% and 0–24.1%, respectively, across all populations, and significant (P<0.05) differences for each were found between individual populations. The Erromango population was unique in that the mean concentrations of its monocyclic ((Z)‐β‐curcumen‐12‐ol and cis‐nuciferol) sesquiterpenes exceeded those of its bi‐ and tricyclic (α‐ and β‐santalol) sesquiterpenes. Heartwood colour varied between trees and spanned 65 colour categories, but no identifiable relationships were found between heartwood colour and α‐ and β‐santalol, although a weak relationship was evident between colour saturation and total oil concentration. These results indicate that the heartwood colour is not a reliable predictive trait for oil quality. The results of this study highlight the knowledge gaps in fundamental understanding of heartwood biology in Santalum genus. The intraspecific variation in heartwood cross‐sectional area, oil concentration, and oil quality traits is of considerable importance to the domestication of sandalwood and present opportunities for the development of highly superior S. austrocaledonicum cultivars that conform to the industry's International Standards used for S. album.
Glycoalkaloid Profile in Potato Haploids Derived from Solanum tuberosum–S. bulbocastanum Somatic Hybrids
Authors: Carputo Domenico , Savarese Salvatore , Andolfi Anna , Aversano Riccardo , Cimmino Alessio , Frusciante Luigi , Evidente Antonio
Published: August 2010

Cultivated and wild potato species synthesize a wide variety of steroidal glycoalkaloids (GA) that may affect either human health or biotic stress resistance. Therefore, GA composition must be a major criterion in the evaluation of breeding products when species genomes are merged and/or manipulated. This work reports the results of GA analysis performed on unique haploid (2n=2x=24) plants obtained from tetraploid (2n=4x=48) Solanum bulbocastanum–S. tuberosum hybrids through in vitro anther culture. Glycoalkaloids were extracted from tubers and analyzed by HPLC. Haploids generally showed the occurrence of parental GA. However, in several cases loss of parental GA and gain of new GA lacking in the parents was observed. It may be hypothesized that new GA profiles of our haploids is the result of either genetic recombination or combinatorial biochemistry events. To highlight differences between haploids and parents, soluble proteins and antioxidant activities were also determined. Both were always higher in haploids compared to their parents. The nature of the newly formed GAs will be further investigated, because they may represent new metabolites that can be used against pest and diseases, or are useful for human health.