bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Race Science
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains why science cannot underwrite ideas about race. It argues that old, prescientific beliefs about the fabric of reality often evolve into newer, scientific ones. The chapter first suggests a “reconstructionist” view on race, in which one could argue that although naïve ideas about race are coarsely hewn, crude, and deeply flawed, they could be refined into a scientifically acceptable conception. It also considers if race could be thought similar to the four elements of antiquity, destined to be abandoned and replaced with something closer to the truth. This latter view is called “eliminativist.” As this chapter shows, reconstructionism is a nonstarter. The ordinary notion of race cannot be patched up so that it fits into a scientific picture of human diversity. Consequently, eliminativism is the better argument.
From Barbados to Nazi Germany
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the process of dehumanization through key historical events. It demonstrates how, when one group of people dehumanizes another, they first think of them as members of an alien and inferior race: a lesser kind of human being. Racist denigration morphs into dehumanization when they are imagined to be not merely inferior, but to have a subhuman essence, and this promotes and legitimates their oppression in the eyes of their oppressors. But this is not the whole story of dehumanization. As this chapter reveals, the reality is much more complex. Through a number of historical examples, the chapter shows how certain patterns perfectly illustrate the intersection of hierarchy and essentialism that drives the dehumanizing process, often with catastrophic results.
Contradiction
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the tendency of those who dehumanize others to make contradictions and be inconsistent. Some people think that these are evidence that dehumanization is not real. They interpret them as showing that when people refer to others as vermin or animals, they are expressing contempt and disgust, or trying to humiliate and degrade them, but they do not mean to say that these others are literally subhuman animals. The chapter asserts that these criticisms are important, and they deserve to be taken seriously. But taking them seriously does not mean that we must embrace the conclusion that dehumanization is not real. It simply moves us toward a more subtle and sophisticated understanding of the dynamics of dehumanization.
Criminals
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how the persecuted are associated with criminality. Indeed, the idea of inherent criminality is at the core of the so-called “superpredator” myth. In the present-day United States, Black and Latino males are most often tarred with this brush. However, the idea of the racialized criminal is quite widespread—both historically and culturally. Today, the figure of the racialized criminal is the embodiment of monstrousness in developed nations. To resist dehumanization, the chapter stresses that it is vital to resist the idea that any group of people are inherently, irredeemably criminal. This kind of rhetoric is a danger signal that the members of this group are, or will soon be, considered as less than human.
Cruelty
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the dimension of cruelty in the dehumanizing process. It reveals that acts of abominable cruelty have something to do with the fact that dehumanizers see their victims as human beings. It is because dehumanizers cannot help recognizing that their victims are human, and this recognition coexists in their minds with the belief that they are animals, that the members of the dehumanized group are regarded as horrific monsters, and such monsters are, by definition, malevolent, evil beings. And because those who are dehumanized come to be seen as evil, they become targets of the most extreme forms of moralistic aggression. The magnitude of their wickedness is such that no imaginable punishment is too severe for them. In addition, dehumanizers almost always take pains to humiliate those whom they dehumanize.
Dehumanization and Its Neighbors
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains the relationship between dehumanization and other, nearby, destructive social beliefs and practices—things like sexism, ableism, and transphobia. Often, people lump all of these together under the heading of dehumanization. The chapter argues that they each have their own unique dynamics, and blurring the distinctions between them only makes it more difficult to resist them. The chapter goes on to assert that not all dehumanization is of the sort that makes monsters. There is another kind of dehumanization—enfeebling dehumanization. When people get dehumanized in the enfeebling mode, they are seen as metaphysically threatening but physically innocuous.
Resisting
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter emphasizes some key points about resisting dehumanization that can be put into practice. It stresses that dehumanization is both political and psychological. Dehumanization must be resisted through political action and by knowing oneself. Moreover, dehumanization must not be confused with other kinds of bias. The chapter argues that it is important to study history to learn about dehumanization, to know that dehumanization comes from outside of us, and to understand that dehumanizing propaganda is usually not about hate. In addition, the chapter asserts that race is a social invention for justifying oppression and that almost any group can become racialized. To conclude, the chapter shows that it is important to be mindful of the fact that most acts of resistance happen in everyday life.
A Mystical Path Stemming from Eiheiji
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2020

This chapter gives an overview of the origins, content, historical development, and important literary, religious, and philosophical implications of Giun’s Verse Comments on Dōgen’s Treasury of the True Dharma Eye, which was written in 1329 and published a century later and remained a key component of Sōtō Zen intellectual life for several centuries during the medieval period. It explains how Giun made decisive contributions to the restoration of Sōtō Zen at a key turning point in its early institutional expansion. These developments followed a few decades of decline caused by intense intrafactional rivalries at Eiheiji as part of the aftermath of Dōgen’s death compounded by the impact of a devastating fire in 1297 that destroyed many of the monastery’s architectural and textual treasures. By the Edo period, the significance of Giun’s Verse Comments was eclipsed by the Prose Comments (Goshō) on Dōgen’s Treasury written by Senne and Kyōgō.
Before, During, and After the Ban
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2020

The final section of the book is a bibliographical essay that helps situate the significance of the Verse Comments in relation to numerous examples of other kinds of interpretative works produced during the lengthy but rather up-and-down history of commentaries on Dōgen’s Treasury. The scholastic tradition began in the early 1300s with the composition of the Prose Comments by Senne and Kyōgō in addition to Giun’s Verse Comments. In distinct ways, both of these commentaries represent a proselytizing (teishō) or homiletic outlook for understanding the significance of the Sōtō founder’s philosophy of religion. This epilogue also examines the history of commentaries on the Treasury composed in the Edo period as well as diverse scholarly trends since the twentieth century.
Introduction
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: September 2020

The extraordinary stories of ordinary people’s intimate lives provide a window into critical issues in French history, European history, and gender history. To historicize what have been universal experiences like young couples’ relationships, untimely pregnancies, and the interest of communities, states, and religions in managing those issues, this chapter explores the particular ways they were dealt with in an Old Regime city, Lyon, that was enmeshed in national and global as well as local trends and where young women as well as men provided key labor in the city’s expansive textile production.
Sourcing Intimate Histories
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: September 2020

The histories of intimate lives have proven very elusive, but a rich series of long misunderstood legal documents offers an informative window into the social world of young workers. Understanding the long, complex history of their misrepresentation uncovers a trove brimming with evidence. Young women’s paternity suits, usually mischaracterized as pregnancy declarations (déclarations de grossesse), provide a thick vein of evidence about all aspects of young couples’ intimacy. The testimonies of witnesses provide a granular texture about their experiences, and young women sometimes deposited as evidence other material that is almost never extant for working communities in the form of letters, love notes, and out-of-court settlements. They reveal the material culture of intimacy.
“Weirdness in the West”
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

Unlike the Sagebrush Rebellion, which remained largely regional, the War for the West enjoyed national support through a conservative infrastructure of media, think tanks, public interest law firms, foundations, advocacy organizations, and militias. Frustrations over federal land management were knit into a broader, civil religious story of the American paradise lost, in which the federal government was portrayed as a tyrant bent on trampling the US Constitution, particularly Bill of Rights. The War for the West was led by the mainstream Wise Use Movement, which linked property rights to gun rights and religious freedom, and by the more extreme militia movement, driven by dark conspiracy theories and a profound antagonism toward the federal government. In the Republican Revolution, led by Newt Gingrich, the Republican Party struggled to hold together these mainstream and extreme factions to gain and retain power. This further integrated conservative, Western anger with federal land management into national politics.
“The Revolution was . . . Weird”
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

In the Bunkerville standoff, Cliven Bundy initially served as a symbol of a conservative American under attack by a runaway government. Two years later, Ammon Bundy and Ryan Bundy joined with a number of militia members in an offensive operation to take back federal land in Oregon, ostensibly for “we the people.” The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Occupation showed how far the Patriot Movement would go in challenging federal authority, and it showed the insurrectionist tendency in the Patriot Movement’s civil religious constitutionalism. It also showed the limits of conservative support. In this case, the occupiers said that they went to the Malheur refuge to defend the people of Harney County, but most of them were from out of state, and they repeatedly ignored requests to leave from county officials. The occupation ended with one fatality and numerous arrests, but the federal government’s prosecution largely failed in court.
European Conservatives and Reformists
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Werner Annika
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group, which in 2014 accepted the radical right populists of the Danish People’s Party and the Finns Party, alongside more moderate centre-right parties such as the UK Conservatives. To analyse the reasons behind the group’s composition, it uses Chapel Hill Expert Survey data on party positions in addition to interviews with leading figures from the main ECR parties. The chapter proposes the “respectable radicals” theory of group formation. In other words, radical parties like the Danish People’s Party and the Finns Party play a two-level game in which they value perceived domestic “office” and “votes” benefits of European alliances more than “policy congruence”. In particular, being seen to sit with the UK Conservatives was considered advantageous by the Danish and Finnish parties while, for the UK Conservatives, these parties’ lack of extreme right historical baggage made them acceptable allies.
The ISIS Reader
Authors: Ingram Haroro J. , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

In the wake of its "Caliphate" declaration in 2014, the self-described Islamic State has been the focus of countless academic papers, government studies, media commentaries and documentaries. Despite all this attention, persistent myths continue to shape--and misdirect--public understanding and strategic policy decisions. A significant factor in this trend has been a strong disinclination to engage critically with Islamic State's speeches and writings--as if doing so reflects empathy with the movement's goals or, even more absurdly, may itself lead to radicalization.
Going beyond the descriptive and the sensationalist, this volume presents and analyses a series of milestone Islamic State primary source materials. Scholar-practitioners with field experience in confronting the movement explore and contextualize its approach to warfare, propaganda and governance, examining the factors behind its dramatic evolution from failed proto-state in 2010 to standard-bearer of global jihadism in 2014, to besieged insurgency in 2018. The ISIS Reader will help anyone--students and journalists, military personnel, civil servants and inquisitive observers--to better understand not only the evolution of Islamic State and the dynamics of asymmetric warfare, but the importance of primary sources in doing so.
The First Speeches
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

In this first chapter, we present two speeches by Islamic State movement founder Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. The first dates from 1994 and contains evidence of him adopting the unique framework of ideas, largely inspired by his perspective as an Islamist in Jordan, that would become very familiar to students of the current Islamic State. The second speech, from 2004, allows us a glimpse of Zarqawi’s worldview as his insurgency in Iraq is poised to transition from a small network to a nationwide movement with an expanding global reach.
Women in the Islamic State
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on a document published by supporters of the Islamic State in late January 2015. Entitled, ‘Women in the Islamic State: A manifesto and case study,’ the text was attributed to the outreach wing of the Khansa’ Brigade, an all-women policing unit operating inside the caliphate at the time. The first and only of its kind, the treatise clarified a number of issues regarding the role of women in the Islamic State that had hitherto been obscured by sensationalist media reportage and deliberate misinformation. The text is split into three sections. The first portion deals specifically with ‘modern’ preoccupations like feminism, education, and science, and sets out an Islamic response to these ‘corruptions’ and is featured in the below extract.
The Structure of the Caliphate
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

‘The Structure of the Khilafah (Caliphate)’ is a video published by al-Furqan Media on 6 July 2016 that attempts to explain the governing structure of the Islamic State.1 The video’s narrator, a member of the media department, goes into great deal about the relationship between the caliph and the Delegated Committee, bureaus, and provinces that fall under this leadership structure, and the ministries, committees, and offices that do the day-to-day work of administering extensive territorial holdings in Iraq and Syria with an estimated population of around eight million people. The video was published English and several other languages, fulfilling the exhortations jihadi theorists like Abu Musab al-Suri had advocated for decades—spreading the ideas of this Islamist project beyond Arabic speakers. The following is our transcript of the video and descriptions of the displays.
A Global Insurgency
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses extracts of a speech by Abul Hasan al-Muhajir, then-spokesman of the Islamic State, which was published on 18 March 2019, just before its defeat in Baghuz, eastern Syria. Entitled ‘He Was True to Allah and Allah Was True to Him,’ it captures how the group attempted to navigate its supporters through material collapse by playing down the significance of its last stand in Baghuz and deriding its adversaries. Among other things, Muhajir ties together events which occurred on opposite ends of the earth, weaving them into an emotionally compelling narrative, one in which the slaughters of Muslims in Baghuz, Syria, and Christchurch, New Zealand were symbolic of an enemy conspiracy against Islam and a reminders of the righteousness of Islamic State’s global insurgency.
Mary Kingsley to 1895
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter covers Mary Kingsley’s birth and how she was only just born into legitimacy – four days after the marriage of her parents – a fact she later did her best to obscure. The chapter suggests that Kingsley’s anxiety over the respectability of her origins was to do with the need to be morally irreproachable because of the radical nature of the ideas she espoused. The chapter presents Kingsley’s lonely childhood, her conflicted class position, her lack of formal education (in contrast to her brother), her voracious reading, her domestic duties and her eventual liberation from them when her parents died in 1892. It describes her travels in West Africa as a natural scientist and ethnographer, her sympathy for and friendship with the traders she met, and the freedom from the constraints of a woman’s life in Victorian England.
Arthur Conan Doyle
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the experience of the South African War on the later life and work of Arthur Conan Doyle, charting his agitation for military reform and for preventive health measures, especially for typhoid inoculation to be mandatory in the armed forces. It shows him defending the behavior and actions of the British troops in South Africa, and follows his involvement in various causes: the miscarriage of justice in the Edalji case; the Congo Reform Association, for which he wrote The Crime of the Congo; and his increasing proselytizing for spiritualism, in which he was encouraged by his second wife. This chapter argues that Doyle’s real achievements, as well as what he hoped to be remembered for, are overshadowed by the extraordinary vitality and adaptability of his fictional creation Sherlock Holmes.
History's Fools
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

The end of the Cold War announced a new world order. Liberal democracy prevailed, ideological conflict abated, and world politics set off for the promised land of a secular, cosmopolitan, market-friendly end of history. Or so it seemed. Thirty years later, this unipolar worldview— premised on shared values, open markets, open borders and abstract social justice—lies in tatters. What happened?
David Martin Jones examines the progressive ideas behind liberal Western practice since the end of the twentieth century, at home and abroad. This mentality, he argues, took an excessively long view of the future and a short view of the past, abandoning politics in favour of ideas, and failing to address or understand rejection of liberal norms by non-Western ‘others’. He explores the inevitable consequences of this liberal hubris: political and economic confusion, with the chaotic results we have seen. Finally, he advocates a return to more sceptical political thinking— with prudent statecraft abroad, and defence of political order at home—in order to rescue the West from its widely advertised demise.
The End of History and the Kantian Moment
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the economic, technological and financial changes that facilitated liberal globalization. To understand, The technological advances of the 1980’s that facilitated globalization rendered rigid, closed, bureaucratic regimes redundant. The economic process established the structural preconditions that enabled the idea that history had ended and a new borderless world of political and economic convergence had emerged. The rise of the middle classes under global market conditions inexorably presaged modernization leading to democratization. Although, for a brief period after 1989, it seemed there might be an illiberal Asian alternative to the end of history, the Asian Financial Crisis (1997) demonstrated the ultimate redundancy of authoritarian alternatives to global liberalism. At the millennium, a democracy friendly ‘golden straightjacket’ shrank the state everywhere and opened it to a liberal institutional order, affording the preconditions for what Immanuel Kant foresaw in 1794 as a universal cosmopolitan and perpetual peace. However, the fact that some undeveloped countries and the blue collar working classes within developed states had lost out in this process of globalization, required, not more liberalization but a new borderless, post ideological, post historical third way in politics to realize perpetual global peace.
Afterword
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

The scientific and business performance models applied to the university sector from the 1980s changed the academy in ways that facilitated the domination of a progressive orthodoxy and conformity with its values at the end of history. Rational management and the infantilization of students undermined academic freedom and repressed heterodox viewpoints in a number of key ways. This afterword shows how an evolving managerialism preoccupied with branding, conformity and uniformity, an obsession with large research grants, research metrics and student satisfaction facilitated a progressive ideological preoccupation with diversity, identity and no platforming. Conformity with the ruling progressive campus ideology has had the practical consequence of estranging a millennial generation of students from notions of freedom of expression and tolerance. Regulation, conformity, and uniformity of practices have progressively infantilized conduct on campus. This overarching structure has had, we shall further show, a particularly perverse outcome on the study of the humanities in general and on the theory of international relations in particular.
What is ‘Sectarianism’?
Authors: Haddad Fanar
Published: September 2020

This chapter interrogates the term ‘sectarianism’ and its problematic use in the field. It surveys over 200 Arabic and English language works to illustrate the term’s opacity, its shape-shifting fluidity, its negativity and the contradictory ways in which it is understood and used. The chapter identifies six broad understandings of ‘sectarianism’ in the literature: 1) ‘sectarianism’ as a catch-all for all that is related to sectarian identity; 2) as a catch-all for all that is related to inter-sect antagonisms; 3) as a term for various forms of sect-centricity, benign or otherwise; 4) as the sect-based equivalent of racism; 5) as the intersection of sectarian identity and politics; 6) as a multi-layered concept requiring typologies of various forms of ‘sectarianisms’. The chapter demonstrates why none of these approaches are sufficient. Moreover, combined with the term’s negativity, policy relevance and political utility, ‘sectarianism’ goes beyond mere incoherence and becomes analytically distortive, politically dangerous and socially divisive. The chapter thus argues for the term’s abandonment and presents an alternate lexical framework for addressing the subject. Absent the convoluted term ‘sectarianism’, the study of sectarian dynamics can proceed more fruitfully by taking sectarian identity, rather than an ill-defined ‘sectarianism’, as its starting point.
Why the Prison-Boom Generation?
Authors: Zimring Franklin E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the issue of what aspects of criminal law and policy had such concentrated impact in the generation after 1970, when prison populations multiplied. There were no aspects of substantive law that seem to explain the pattern, but two operational features and incentives in state and local criminal process might have jointly sparked the explosion. The focus of prosecutors on statistics on convictions and punishments as measures of their adversarial effectiveness started in the 1970s. This focus appears to have combined with the perverse “free lunch” feature of state governments in which county governments, which have most of the power to determine prison terms, pay none of the costs of imprisonment. The reporting systems increased the desire for more substantial punishment, and the total lack of cost to local government inhibited restraint in penal growth.
The Content of the Covenant of Works
Authors: Perkins Harrison
Published: September 2020

This chapter outlines definitional issues concerning Ussher’s doctrine of the covenant of works, showing the convergence of various strands of doctrinal thinking into one complex doctrine. This chapter surveys the components of Ussher’s covenant of works and indicates why, as an integration of foundational doctrines, it could ground other doctrines. Ussher built his doctrine of the covenant of works on the foundational premises of the natural law, God’s initial eschatological purposes for creation, and the centrality of Adam’s representative role, and these premises show how deeply catholic his formulation of this doctrine was. The natural law formed the terms of the covenant of works, and if Adam had met them, he would have been rewarded with eternal life. This chapter shows how Ussher shaped his doctrinal formulation specifically to refute the claims of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland.
The Oklahoma State Constitution
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , McNair Palmer Lisa
Published: September 2020

In 1907, William Jennings Bryan described the proposed constitution for Oklahoma as “the best constitution in the United States today.” An enduring characteristic of Oklahoma’s constitution has been its faith in direct democracy and its root in Progressive Era politics. This book traces the historical formation and constitutional development of the state of Oklahoma. It provides commentary and analysis on the intent, politics, social and economic pressures, and the legal decisions that shaped and enhanced the Oklahoma constitution since it was adopted in 1907. The text gives a broad understanding of state constitutional law within the context of Oklahoma’s constitutional evolution.
The History and Development of the Oklahoma Constitution
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the history and development of the Oklahoma constitution. Once Oklahoma Territory was opened to settlement by whites, there were cries for statehood. But what about Indian Territory? On June 16, 1906, Congress passed the Oklahoma Enabling Act, providing for single statehood for the Twin Territories. Commissions were then created for each of the territories to form districts for the election of delegates to the state’s constitutional convention. Most of the writing of the constitution was done from November 20, 1906, to adjournment on March 15, 1907. Subsequently, the date set for voting on ratification of the proposed constitution was September 17, 1907; the constitution was easily approved. A separate vote on Prohibition for what had been Indian Territory narrowly passed. Although Oklahoma’s constitution was viewed at the time as one of the most progressive in the nation, few of its provisions were innovative. What was “innovative” about the constitution was its eclectic design. The drafters borrowed from many sources, but mostly they borrowed progressive ideas, and by combining so many provisions in one document, they did create a rather unique document. The chapter then compares Oklahoma’s constitution with other state constitutions.
Court on the Judiciary
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies Article VII-A of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the court on the judiciary. Section 1 provides for the removal of judges from office and compulsory retirement, and their causes. As long as the standards used are constitutionally permissible and due process is followed, the state may exclude from public employment people—and presumably judges—whose unfitness and unsuitability bears a rational relationship to qualifications for the position in question. Section 2 provides for the creation, membership, and jurisdiction of the court on the judiciary, which is divided into a trial division and an appellate division. Meanwhile, Section 6 attempts to restrict partial or prejudiced judges from presiding over an action before the court on the judiciary, and allows the payment of an expense allowance to district judges serving outside their districts. Prosecutors are to receive “fair and just” compensation.
Education
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses Article XIII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns education. Section 1 mandates establishment and maintenance of a public school system but does not guarantee an equal educational opportunity in the sense of equal expenditures of money for each and every pupil in the state. Section 2 states that “the Legislature shall provide for the establishment and support of institutions for the care and education of persons within the state who are deaf, deaf and mute, or blind.” Meanwhile, Section 3—which was entitled “Separate Schools for White and Colored Children”—was repealed on May 3, 1966. Section 4 states that “the Legislature shall provide for the compulsory attendance at some public or other school, unless other means of education are provided.” Section 5 grants power to the State Board of Education to supervise the instruction in public schools. Section 6 provides for the establishment of a uniform system of textbooks to be used in the public schools, making it clear that the books must be free to students.
Counties
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines Article XVII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns counties. Section 1 states that “each county in this State, now or hereafter organized, shall be a body politic and corporate.” The term “body politic and corporate” refers to a social compact or agreement by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all will be governed by certain laws for their common good. Section 4 and Section 5 provide for the creation and alteration of counties. Meanwhile, Section 6 determines the procedure for the removal of a county seat, and Section 7 deals with bribery. Section 8 identifies and describes every county.
Alien and Corporate Ownership of Lands
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes Article XXII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns alien and corporate ownership of lands. Section 1 provides that an alien or person who is not a citizen of the United States may not directly or indirectly gain legal title to or own land in Oklahoma. An alien, however, who can show he or she has taken up bona fide (or genuine) residence in Oklahoma may acquire and hold lands during the time he or she actually resides in Oklahoma. If that resident alien ceases to be a bona fide inhabitant of Oklahoma, then he or she must dispose of those lands within five years from the time he or she is no longer a resident of the state. Meanwhile, Section 2 prevents land companies from buying rural land and prevents private corporations from buying more rural land than is necessary and proper for their operation. This provision is meant to encourage private rural home ownership.
Department of Wildlife Conservation
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses Article XXVI of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the Department of Wildlife Conservation. Section 1 provides for the creation and membership of a Department of Wildlife Conservation of the State of Oklahoma and an Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Commission. Section 2 states that “nothing in this Act shall repeal any existing laws now on the Statute, pertaining to game and fish.” Section 3 focuses on the appointment of the director of Wildlife Conservation, who has the power to govern the department. The legislature may not interfere with his or her authority by, for instance, imposing salary increases, because such legislative action would impermissibly encroach on the director’s authority. Lastly, Section 4 sets forth the requirement that funds accumulating from the commission’s actions and existence are to be used for the benefit of Oklahoma’s wildlife.
Alcoholic Beverage Laws and Enforcement
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on Article XXVIII of the Oklahoma constitution. This article concerns alcoholic beverage laws and enforcement. However, this article was repealed by State Question No. 792, Legislative Referendum 370, adopted at election held on November 8, 2016, enacting new provisions effective on October 1, 2018. This marked a significant change in the state’s laws regarding alcohol. The provisions were amended by a wide margin of voters and contained provisions allowing grocery stores and convenience stores to sell full-strength beer and wine seven days per week. The amendments to these provisions are detailed in Article XXVIII-A of the Oklahoma constitution.
Schedule
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter details the forty-three sections of the “Schedule.” The purpose of this is to enable the government to operate in the interim between the change from the territorial governments to the new state government. The provisions are self-explanatory and have no present importance. Section 1 states that “no existing rights, actions, suits, proceedings, contracts, or claims shall be affected by the change in the forms of government, but all shall continue as if no change in the forms of government had taken place. And all processes which may have been issued previous to the admission of the State into the Union under the authority of the Territory of Oklahoma or under the authority of the laws in force in the Indian Territory shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the State.” Meanwhile, Section 2 provides that “all laws in force in the Territory of Oklahoma at the time of the admission of the State into the Union, which are not repugnant to this Constitution, and which are not locally inapplicable, shall be extended to and remain in force in the State of Oklahoma until they expire by their own limitation or are altered or repealed by law.”
The Battle of the Classics
Authors: Adler Eric
Published: September 2020

The Battle of the Classics criticizes contemporary apologetics for the humanities and presents a historically informed case for a decidedly different approach to rescuing the humanistic disciplines in American higher education. It uses the so-called Battle of the Classics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a springboard for crafting a novel foundation for the humanistic tradition. The book argues that current defences of the humanities rely on the humanistic disciplines as inculcators of certain poorly defined skills such as “critical thinking.” It finds fault with this conventional approach, arguing that humanists cannot hope to save their disciplines without arguing in favor of particular humanities content. As the lackluster defenses of the classical humanities in the late nineteenth century help prove, instrumental apologetics are bound to fail. All the same, the book shows that proponents of the Great Books favor a curriculum that is too intellectually narrow for the twenty-first century. The Battle of the Classics thus lays out a substance-based approach to undergraduate education that will revive the humanities while steering clear of overreliance on the Western canon. The book envisions a global humanities based on the examination of masterworks from manifold cultures as the heart of an intellectually and morally sound education.
Wicked Artists
Authors: Harold James
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes up the problem of immoral artists, as well as related questions, like immoral production. When an artist commits great crimes, some are tempted to treat the art itself as though it were also tainted. The question is whether this is the right thing to do. This chapter argues that the question can be approached in two ways. First, the chapter considers the possibility that works by bad artists are in themselves morally bad. It argues that this view is plausible in only a small number of cases. Second, the chapter considers the possibility that communities around bad artists are tainted by the artist’s bad actions. It defends this view against objections. The primary conclusion is that we should not, for the most part, think of works themselves as being moral or immoral because their creators are.
Art and Moral Understanding
Authors: Harold James
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes up the question of whether we might gain moral knowledge from art. The first section takes up arguments in favor of the cognitive benefits of art. It concludes that the case for art’s cognitive benefits is at best unproven. The second section takes up the question of whether trying to gain moral understanding is the best way to engage with art. It argues that it is more fruitful to think of artworks as offering us moral themes to consider than as offering us moral claims to believe. The chapter then turns to a variety of non-propositional approaches, as well as the possibility that art corrupts or degrades our moral understanding, and it argues that the case for this depressing conclusion is at least as strong as the case for thinking that art enriches moral understanding. The upshot is that the case for moral learning from art is weak.
From Relativism to Expressivism
Authors: Harold James
Published: September 2020

This chapter begins with a relativist challenge: it is not clear that every philosophical tradition recognizes a clear distinction between aesthetics and morality. The chapter includes a discussion of ancient Greek, classical Chinese, and Yoruban conceptions of the relationship between moral and aesthetic judgment, as well as some familiar relativist arguments. Then it develops Alain Locke’s response to the relativist challenge: an expressivist account of different modes of valuing. Finally, the chapter draws on Wang Yangming to make an argument about the link between feeling and value. The chapter concludes that expressivism explains the variation in value at least as well as relativism does.
Meddling in the Ballot Box
Authors: Levin Dov H.
Published: September 2020

This book examines why partisan electoral interventions occur as well as their effects on the election results in countries in which the great powers intervened. A new dataset shows that the U.S. and the USSR/Russia have intervened in one out of every nine elections between 1946 and 2000 in other countries in order to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties; the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections is just the latest example. Nevertheless, electoral interventions receive scant scholarly attention. This book develops a new theoretical model to answer both questions. It argues that electoral interventions are usually “inside jobs,” occurring only if a significant domestic actor within the target wants it. Likewise, electoral interventions won’t happen unless the intervening country fears its interests are endangered by another significant party or candidate with very different and inflexible preferences. As for the effects it argues that such meddling usually gives a significant boost to the preferred side, with overt interventions being more effective than covert ones in this regard. However, unlike in later elections, electoral interventions in founding elections usually harm the aided side. A multi-method framework is used in order to study these questions, including in-depth archival research into six cases in which the U.S. seriously considered intervening, the statistical analysis of the aforementioned dataset (PEIG), and a micro-level analysis of election surveys from three intervention cases. It also includes a preliminary analysis of the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections and the cyber-future of such meddling in general.
Delving In
Authors: Levin Dov H.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 continues the analysis of the effects of partisan electoral interventions by focusing on the local intervened election level—another method frequently utilized in order to estimate the effects of various factors on election results. Accordingly, it examines election surveys from two targets of overt electoral interventions where questions related to key aspects of the meddling were asked: the 1953 West German elections and the 1992 Israeli elections. An analysis of these surveys finds support for one of the main mechanisms specified in the book’s theoretical framework. It also finds evidence that the American interventions in both cases indeed played a key role in the election victory of the assisted side.
More than the Sum of its Parts?
Authors: Jones Clive , Guzansky Yoel
Published: September 2020

The two most important actors in the regime, the chapter explores why, despite lacking formal diplomatic ties, Israel and Saudi Arabi have drawn closer together. The chapter emphasis the pivotal role of PM Netanyahu, as well as how closer ties with Israel are seen as the gateway to greater influence in Washington.
Egypt: Terror and Repression
Authors: Wilkinson Benedict
Published: September 2020

This chapter charts the growth of violent Islamism through the prism of strategic scripts introduced in the first chapter. It focuses on the Muslim Brotherhood’s emergence and development of the Secret Apparatus, before looking at the lesser-known organizations of the 1960s such as Takfir wal-Hijra and the Military Academy Group, who resorted to terrorist violence to gain critical mass for their confrontation with the regime. The remainder of the chapter looks at groups like Tanzim al-Jihad, Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) [al-Jihad al-Islami] and the Egyptian Islamic Group (EIG) [al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya], charting their use of different strategic scripts in their conflict with the regime.
Saudi Arabia: Terror and Legitimacy
Authors: Wilkinson Benedict
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the Saudi violent Islamist movement and the strategic scripts it resorted in the early 2000s. It explores how its’ strategists envisaged these scripts reaching their desired outcomes and how their strategies unfolded in practice. It begins by focusing on the way in which the attitudes of both bin Laden and Saudi Arabia’s non-violent Islamist movement towards the regime changed throughout the 1990s and how these changes significantly influenced his strategic vision for the Peninsula. It then examines the emergence of two contrasting strategic visions in the networks of Yusuf al-Uyayri and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri and examines how these two visions were derived from scripts whose assumptions were flawed. The third section focuses on the ‘campaign of violence’ used by AQAP between 2003 and 2005 under the leadership of Abd al-Aziz al-Muqrin and explores the structure and flaws in his three-stage script. The chapter concludes by examining the flaws and assumptions in these scripts Islamists and examines how these assumptions were translated into failed strategy, producing the ‘strategic gap’.
Yemen: Coalitions of Terror
Authors: Wilkinson Benedict
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at Yemen’s violent Islamist groups, and explores their emergence in the early 1990s, their merger with Saudi Arabian violent Islamist groups in the mid-2000s and their eventual internationalization, largely through the personality of Anwar al-Awlaki. Like previous chapters, this one focuses on the strategic scripts deployed by Yemeni violent Islamist groups, and how these scripts unfolded in the Yemeni political context. The chapter also looks at two unique strategic moves deployed by Yemen’s violent Islamist groups: their preference for coalitions and mergers, and their subsequent internationalization and decentralization.
Economy and Trade
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyses the impact of the sudden closure of Qatar’s only land boundary and most of the surrounding sea- and airspace on 5 June 2017 on a Qatari economy that was heavily reliant upon international supply chains for most necessary items in daily and commercial life. It examines the range of remedial measures taken to reduce economic risk and financial volatility, as well as the longer-term policies that were implemented as the blockade stretched into months and then years, and which created new economic and trading realities. These include the economic and financial responses that aimed to reassure foreign investors, the restructuring of trade routes, and the expansion of domestic food and manufacturing sectors.
The Proper Study of Religion
Authors: Gill Sam
Published: September 2020

The Proper Study of Religion charts an innovative course of development for the academic study of religion by engaging the legacy of Jonathan Z. Smith (1938–2017), perhaps the field’s most influential and important scholar in the last several decades. Smith was the author’s teacher and mentor for fifty years. Their careers coincided with the explosive expansion of the study of religion in secular universities in the United States beginning in the mid-1960s. Building on Smith’s foundational legacy through creative encounters, the book explores an extensive range of engaging topics, including comparison as essential to academic technique and to human knowledge itself; the important role of experience, richly understood, to both academic studies of religion and to religions as lived; play, philosophically understood, as a core dynamic of Smith’s entire program; the relationship of academic document-based studies to the sensory-rich real world of religions; and self-moving as providing a biological and philosophical foundation on which to develop a proper academic study of religion with expansive potential. The foregrounding of human self-movement, new to the study of religion, is informed by the author’s considerable experience as a dancer and student of dancing in cultures around the world. The Proper Study of Religion honors the remarkable and challenging work of an unforgettable giant of a man while also offering critical assessments and innovative ideas in the effort to advance the remarkable legacy of Jonathan Z. Smith.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Nicola J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter draws together the core themes discussed throughout the book, and points to avenues for future research along with potential ways forward for activism and policy. The author considers how queer, feminist, and leftist agendas might align forces with the sex workers’ movement in order to contest the appropriation and devaluation of feminized labor under capitalism. Emphasizing the need for critiques of capitalism to center rather than marginalize the question of sexuality going forward, the chapter calls for the left to pursue a plurality of strategies and coalitions if it is successfully to challenge neoliberal capitalism, including by reclaiming the commons.