bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling annual mass balances of eight Scandinavian glaciers using statistical models
Authors: Trachsel M. , Nesje A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Mass balances of Scandinavian glaciers are mainly influenced by winter precipitation and summer temperature. We used simple statistical models to assess the relative importance of summer temperature and winter precipitation for annual balances of eight glaciers in Scandinavia. Winter precipitation was more important for maritime glaciers, whereas summer temperature was more important for annual balances of continental glaciers. Most importantly relative importances of summer temperature and winter precipitation were not stable in time. For instance, winter precipitation was more important than summer temperature for all glaciers in the 25-year period 1972–1996, whereas the relative importance of summer temperature was increasing towards the present. Between 1963 and 1996 the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index was consistently negative and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index was consistently positive between 1987 and 1995, both being favourable for glacier growth. Winter precipitation was more important than summer temperature for annual balances when only considering subsets of years with high NAO-index and negative AMO-index, respectively, whereas the importance of summer temperature was increased analysing subsets of years with low NAO-index and positive AMO-index, respectively. Hence, the relative importance of precipitation and temperature for mass balances was probably influenced by the state of the AMO and the NAO, as these two indexes are associated with changes in summer temperature (AMO) and winter precipitation (NAO).
Las cooperativas no agropecuarias y la transformación económica en Cuba: políticas, procesos y estrategias
Authors: Vuotto Mirta
Published: July 2015

La contribución de las cooperativas se ha puesto en evidencia desde la década del 70 como principal línea de desarrollo en la producción agropecuaria de Cuba. En contraste, el reconocimiento de las cooperativas urbanas ha sido tardío, aun cuando fuese percibida la necesidad de transformaciones basadas en la realización de la propiedad en diversos escenarios territoriales. El artículo analiza los procesos de reforma impulsados en Cuba desde la primera década de 2000 centrándose en las iniciativas tendientes a la promoción, constitución y desempeño de las cooperativas no agropecuarias (CNA). Se examina el potencial y limitaciones propias de las experiencias recientes para reflexionar sobre los procesos y transformaciones organizacionales desde la perspectiva de sus miembros. A modo de conclusión el análisis plantea interrogantes acerca de la aptitud de estas cooperativas para sustraerse del impacto de circunstancias anteriores y sobre su capacidad para consolidar estrategias diseñadas por los cooperadores que tiendan a fortalecer los principios de adhesión voluntaria y autonomía en que se fundan estas organizaciones.
Analyzing Manpower Data of Higher Learning Institutions: A Markov Chain Approach
Authors: Abdul Rahim Rahela
Published: July 2015

The approach to manpower policy in most Malaysian universities appears to be guided by the traditional method of putting the right number of people in the right place at the right time or arranging for suitable number of people to be allocated to various jobs usually in a hierarchical structure. The technique has been practiced for years. This traditional method is deficit in the sense that it neither offers computational tools that will enable administrators to determine possible line of action to be taken nor provide tools to generate alternative policies and strategies. The objective of this study was to design a planning model for projecting university faculty employment under alternative policy suggested by the government. The planning model was developed using Markov chain technique. Two scenarios were considered in the study; scenario 1 was based on historical data pattern between year 1999 – 2014 and scenario 2 was based on RMK 9 policies. The results showed the possibility average length of stay by position and probability of loss for both scenarios. The greater impact is expected for average length of stay of senior lecturers compared to other faculty position considering the new policy.
Employee Engagement in the Public Sector: A Case Study of Western Africa
Authors: Sanneh Lamin , A.Taj Saud
Published: July 2015

Employee engagement and its relationship with organizational performance have recently gained immense attention amongst the scholars of organizational studies and human resource development. However, this relationship has widely been examined in the private sector organizations operating in the Western developed countries and its application in the African public sector still remains a major gap in the engagement literature. In order to address this gap, we investigate the different factors of employee engagement and their impact on organizational performance in the public sector of West Africa while taking the case of Gambia Ports Authority, one of the biggest public sector employers in Gambia. A case study approach was adopted with questionnaires designed and distributed to 327employees of the Gambia Ports Authority, one of the largest public sector employer in the Gambia. The survey included employees at different levels including senior managers, directors, and junior level staff. Findings suggest that various factors have significant impact on employee engagement with the exception of team and co-worker relation. Amongst other factors, leadership had the strongest influence employee engagement in African public sector. Overall, a positive relationship was found between employee engagement and organizational performance. Findings also indicate that employees who feel engaged and connected with the organization attempt to reciprocate and show greater enthusiasm towards work (work engagement) and to the organization (organizational engagement), which could lead to improved performance.
Business cycle and external dependence on tourism
Authors: Morales José María López , Devesa María Jesús Such
Published: July 2015

Tourism is among the most important activities in the Spanish economy, with Spain being one of the most significant tourism destinations worldwide. The external contribution of the international demand for tourism in Spain is a factor that must be taken into account, particularly when assessing the cyclical behaviour of tourism activities and therefore the contribution made by this sector to the overall economy. For this reason, the article examines the evolution of tourism in Spain during recent years, its contribution to economic growth and its level of external dependence using an analysis methodology which examines the cyclicality of the demand for the economy and the primary components of tourism.
Perturbatio, frugalitas, and bene beateque uiuendum: Ciceronian Philosophy as Ciceronian Defense in Pro Rege Deiotaro
Authors: Hanchey Daniel
Published: July 2015

Just as Cicero’s dialogues and treatises incorporate the rhetorical strategies of his oratory, his defense of Deiotarus bears marks from the philosophical writings that constituted most of Cicero’s output in the mid 40s BCE. Cicero shapes his defense around Deiotarus’ character, emphasizing not his royal valor and worth, but his philosophical virtue. Such virtue consoles him and furnishes him with an avenue towards good living despite the decreased potency of his old age. This pattern of defense closely resembles Cicero’s self-description in his philosophical works, wherein philosophy becomes a source of consolation for his own political impotence occasioned by the ascendancy of Caesar.
In the Land of the Giants: Greek and Roman Discourses on Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields
Authors: Connors Catherine
Published: July 2015

Even before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, some remarked on the area’s resemblance to the known dangers of Sicily’s Mount Etna. This awareness was expressed in observational accounts of Vesuvius’ geology and in mythical stories that linked Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields with battles by Jove or Hercules against the giants. This article explores the ways in which observational and mythical accounts of Vesuvius and the Phlegraean fields can inform each other.
Model-Aided Navigation with Sea Current Estimation for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Martinez Alain , Hernandez Luis , Sahli Hichem , Valeriano-Medina Yunier , Orozco-Monteagudo Maykel , Garcia-Garcia Delvis
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a strategy to improve the navigation solution of the HRC-AUV by deploying a model-aided inertial navigation system (MA-INS). Based on a simpler three-DOF linear dynamic model (DM) of the vehicle, and implemented through a Kalman filter (KF), the performance of the proposed MA-INS is compared to state-of-the-art solutions based on non-linear models. The model allows the online estimation of the sea current parameters before and during the navigation mission. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations as well as a statistical significance test are performed using both simulated and real data, demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed model-aided navigation.
Nested Reconfigurable Robots: Theory, Design, and Realization
Authors: Tan Ning , Rojas Nicolas , Elara Mohan Rajesh , Kee Vincent , Sosa Ricardo
Published: July 2015

Rather than the conventional classification method, we propose to divide modular and reconfigurable robots into intra-, inter-, and nested reconfigurations. We suggest designing the robot with nested reconfigurability, which utilizes individual robots with intra-reconfigurability capable of combining with other homogeneous/heterogeneous robots (inter-reconfigurability). The objective of this approach is to generate more complex morphologies for performing specific tasks that are far from the capabilities of a single module or to respond to programmable assembly requirements. In this paper, we discuss the theory, concept, and initial mechanical design of Hinged-Tetro, a self-reconfigurable module conceived for the study of nested reconfiguration. Hinged-Tetro is a mobile robot that uses the principle of hinged dissection of polyominoes to transform itself into any of the seven one-sided tetrominoes in a straightforward way. The robot can also combine with other modules for shaping complex structures or giving rise to a robot with new capabilities. Finally, the validation experiments verify the nested reconfigurability of Hinged-Tetro. Extensive tests and analyses of intra-reconfiguration are provided in terms of energy and time consumptions. Experiments using two robots validate the inter-reconfigur ability of the proposed module.
Principle for the Validation of a Driving Support using a Computer Vision-Based Driver Modelization on a Simulator
Authors: Rouzier Baptiste , Murakami Toshiyuki
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a new structure for a driving support designed to compensate for the problems caused by the behaviour of the driver without causing a feeling of unease. This assistance is based on a shared control between the human and an automatic support that computes and applies an assisting torque on the steering wheel. This torque is computed from a representation of the hazards encountered on the road by virtual potentials. However, the equilibrium between the relative influences of the human and the support on the steering wheel are difficult to find and depend upon the situation. This is why this driving support includes a modelization of the driver based on an analysis of several face features using a computer vision algorithm. The goal is to determine whether the driver is drowsy or whether he is paying attention to some specific points in order to adapt the strength of the support. The accuracy of the measurements made on the face features is estimated, and the interest of the proposal as well as the concepts raised by such assistance are studied through simulations.
Points-Based Safe Path Planning of Continuum Robots
Authors: Shahzad Khuram , Iqbal Sohail , Bloodsworth Peter
Published: July 2015

Continuum robots exhibit great potential in a number of challenging applications where traditional rigid link robots pose certain limitations, e.g., working in unstructured environments. In order to enable the usage of continuum robots in safety-critical applications, such as surgery and nuclear decontamination, it is extremely important to ensure a safe path for the robot's movement. Existing algorithms for continuum robot path planning have certain limitations that need to be addressed. These include the fact that none of the algorithms provide safety assurance parameters and control for path planning. They are computationally expensive, applicable to a specific type of continuum robots, and mostly they do not incorporate design and kinematics constraints. In this paper, we propose a points-based path planning (PoPP) algorithm for continuum robots that computes the path by imposing safety constraints and improves upon the limitations of existing approaches. In the algorithm, we exploit the constant curvature-bending property of continuum robots in their path planning process. The algorithm is computationally efficient and provides a good tradeoff between accuracy and efficiency that can be implemented to enable the safety-critical application of continuum robots. This algorithm also provides information regarding path volume and flexibility in movement. Simulation results confirm that the algorithm possesses promising potential for all types of continuum robots (following the constant curvature-bending property). We believe that this effectively balances the desired safety and efficiency requirements.
Swarm Underwater Acoustic 3D Localization: Kalman vs Monte Carlo
Authors: Taraglio Sergio , Fratichini Fabio
Published: July 2015

Two three-dimensional localization algorithms for a swarm of underwater vehicles are presented. The first is grounded on an extended Kalman filter (EKF) scheme used to fuse some proprioceptive data such as the vessel's speed and some exteroceptive measurements such as the time of flight (TOF) sonar distance of the companion vessels. The second is a Monte Carlo particle filter localization processing the same sensory data suite. The results of several simulations using the two approaches are presented, with comparison. The case of a supporting surface vessel is also considered. An analysis of the robustness of the two approaches against some system parameters is given.
Dynamic Sliding Mode Control Based on Multi-Model Switching Laws for the Depth Control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Zhou Huanyin , Liu Kaizhou , Li Yiping , Ren Shenzhen
Published: July 2015

This manuscript presents an improved control algorithm, called Dynamic Sliding Mode Control based on Multiple Models Switching Laws (DSMC-MMSL), for the control of the depth of the studied Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) system, the diving plane controller of which faces disturbances arising from the coupled states. The diving plane model is strongly coupled with the state variables, such as surge speeds and course angles. To achieve the desired dynamic performance, the proposed algorithm consists of two parts: the diving plane control part and the pitch control part, which is used to avoid large pitch angles. Some direct switching control laws are used for the two parts to avoid some impulse phenomena on the control executions. The error-states exponential decay is recommended to eliminate the chattering on the sliding surface. The DSMC-MMSL controller was successfully implemented and experimentally validated with the studied AUV system designed and built by Shenyang Institute of Automation. The results of some lake trials demonstrated that the depth control performances of the AUV system were as desired, and that the AUV system was robust enough for the coupled state variables under the DSMC-MMSL algorithm control.
Design and Control of a Haptic Enabled Robotic Manipulator
Authors: Yaqoob Muhammad , Sher Qaisrani Sardar Rushan , Waqas Tariq Muhammad , Ayaz Yasar , Iqbal Sohail , Nisar Sajid
Published: July 2015

Robotic surgery offers various advantages over conventional surgery that includes less bleeding, less trauma, and more precise tissue cutting. However, even surgeons who use the best commercially available surgical robotic systems complain about the absence of haptic feedback in such systems. In this paper, we present the findings of our project to overcome this shortcoming of surgical robotic systems, in which a haptic-enabled robotic system based on master and slave topology is designed and developed. To detect real-time intrusion at the slave end, haptic feedback is implemented along with a programmable system on chip, functioning as an embedded system for processing information. In order to obtain real-time haptic feedback, force and motion sensors are mounted on each joint of the master and slave units. At the master end, results are displayed through a graphical user interface, along with the physical feeling of intrusion at the slave part. Apart from the obvious applications of the current system in robotic surgery, it could also be used in designing more intuitive video games with further precise haptic feedback mechanisms. Moreover, the results presented in our work should pave the way for further scientific investigation, to provide even better haptic mechanisms.
Control Method for Electromagnetic Unmanned Robot Applied to Automotive Test Based on Improved Smith Predictor Compensator
Authors: Chen Gang , Zhang Weigong
Published: July 2015

A new control method for an electromagnetic unmanned robot applied to automotive testing (URAT) and based on improved Smith predictor compensator, and considering a time delay, is proposed. The mechanical system structure and the control system structure are presented. The electromagnetic URAT adopts pulse width modulation (PWM) control, while the displacement and the current doubles as a closed-loop control strategy. The coordinated control method of multiple manipulators for the electromagnetic URAT, e.g., a skilled human driver with intelligent decision-making ability is provided, and the improved Smith predictor compensator controller for the electromagnetic URAT considering a time delay is designed. Experiments are conducted using a Ford FOCUS automobile. Comparisons between the PID control method and the proposed method are conducted. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve the accurate tracking of the target vehicle's speed and reduce the mileage derivation of autonomous driving, which meets the requirements of national test standards.
Levamisole-Induced Vasculitis: A Characteristic Cutaneous Vasculitis Associated With Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine
Authors: Roberts Jordan A. , Chévez-Barrios Patricia
Published: July 2015

Levamisole-induced vasculitis is a characteristic cutaneous vasculitis syndrome associated with the use of levamisole-adulterated cocaine. Patients will typically present with a painful, purpuric rash in a retiform or stellate pattern with or without central necrosis involving the extremities, trunk, nasal tip, digits, cheeks, and/or ears. A history of cocaine abuse can be elicited. Histologic features include microvascular thrombi and/or leukocytoclastic vasculitis involving small vessels of the superficial and deep dermis. Epidermal involvement is variably seen. Laboratory findings include leukopenia, neutropenia (including agranulocytosis), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, normal coagulation studies, and positive autoantibodies including perinuclear and cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, antinuclear antibody, and lupus anticoagulant. Differential diagnosis includes other microscopic vasculitides, and clinical and laboratory correlation with histologic findings is essential. Lesions typically resolve with the cessation of cocaine use. Because of the treatment implications and rising incidence of this entity, rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential.
Development and Evaluation of a Logical Delta Check for Identifying Erroneous Blood Count Results in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Miller Ira
Published: July 2015

Context

Delta checks have been suggested to increase patient safety by identifying preanalytic and analytic errors, including wrong name mislabeling on the sample tube.

Objective

To implement an effective and practical complete blood cell count (CBC) delta check by optimizing specificity and sensitivity using weighted deltas of multiple parameters.

Design

The mean red blood cell volume (MCV) delta (>3.0 fL) check was retrospectively assessed. The composite CBC delta (CCD) test was formulated using serial same-patient CBC data and random interpatient CBCs. The logical delta check (LDC) ignores CCD failures due to platelet change only. The effect of LDC implementation was evaluated.

Results

The MCV delta check test recognized only 3 of 6 confessed mislabeled specimens in the initial review period, whereas all were identified using the CCD. The LDC flagged 2% (205 of 13 234) of eligible results, one-third as many as the MCV delta check. The CCD and LDC checks revealed 20 presumed or confirmed mislabeling events, only half of which were caught by the MCV delta check. Thirty-four percent of LDC failures not due to transfusion reflected problematic results, including presumed or confirmed wrongly labeled patient samples (36% of flags for real problems). Implementation of the LDC, requiring immediate verbal feedback to the caregivers, was associated with more retracted erroneous results in patients' medical records.

Conclusions

The MCV delta check test was found not to have led to correction of errors in our laboratory due to impractically low specificity and sensitivity. The LDC is a useful tool for identifying preanalytic and analytic specimen problems, including wrong name mislabeling on the sample tube.
Psychosocial Determinants of Intention to Use Tobacco Among Adolescents in India
Authors: Nagarkar Aarti , Gadhave Swapnil
Published: July 2015

Aim

The present study aims to determine the psychosocial factors associated with ‘intention to use tobacco’, because it is influenced by social norms and beliefs about smoking.

Method

A cross-sectional survey on a random sample of 665 individuals, aged 15-20 years, was conducted using a pretested questionnaire. Three logistic regression models were constructed to identify determinants of ‘intention to use tobacco’, with the total sample, with respondents under 18 years old, and with respondents 18 years old and above.

Results

Odds of intention to use tobacco were higher when friends used tobacco products, and perceived no negative effects on health. Parental use of tobacco increased the odds of intention to use tobacco, and a similar effect was observed when a celebrity was followed as a role model. Approval of occasional use of tobacco increased the odds of intention to use tobacco. Communication with parents about harmful effects of tobacco reduced the odds of intention to smoke among respondents younger than 18 years old.

Conclusion

Social factors and perception of risk significantly influenced the intention to use tobacco. Study results are useful in designing interventions for prevention of tobacco use among adolescents.
Living on Healthy Rhythms to Overcome Cancer: A Public Therapeutic
Authors: Nikkhah Akbar
Published: July 2015

This policy article sets the stage for birth of a novel public science that establishes living on rhythms to minimize risks of different cancers in the overly busy modern life. Keeping body and mind away from irregularities before incursion in genes, proteomes, metaboloms, and cells and thus in the incognizant human societies of the new times, must be highly pursued. Healthy rhythms in working, eating, drinking, sleeping, entertaining, socializing, sciencing, modernizing, exercising, travelling, and contemplating must be created and maintained for a life style to not be threatened by cancer.
Revising Fiscal Policy and Growth in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mann Janelle , Sephton Peter
Published: July 2015

This article empirically investigates how private investment and different categories of public expenditure (defense, education, health care, and housing) impact real non-oil GDP in Saudi Arabia. The econometric analysis couples unit root, stationarity, and cointegration analysis with vector error correction models. Impulse response functions are applied to examine the impacts of different shocks to the system. We find that public expenditures on health care and defense have decreased real non-oil GDP while public expenditure on education and housing have very little impact. Interestingly, public expenditures on health crowds-out private investment.
Caipira sim, trouxa não: representações da cultura popular no cinema de Mazzaropi
Authors: Biscouto Fressato Soleni
Published: July 2015

Este livro aborda os estereótipos agregados à imagem do caipira a partir do ponto de vista apresentado nos filmes de Mazzaropi, levando em consideração que um registro fílmico é uma problematização da realidade, não um recorte fiel da história. O caipira construído por Mazzaropi é bem diferente daquele construído por Monteiro Lobato, que atribuía a personagens caipiras a imagem de ignorantes, preguiçosos e bobos. Mazzaropi, nadando contra a corrente, capturou as contradições existentes nas relações entre a cidade e o campo, mostrando o cotidiano daqueles que iam contra os valores dominantes.
VIS‐NIR reflectance of water ice/regolith analogue mixtures and implications for the detectability of ice mixed within planetary regoliths
Authors: Yoldi Zuriñe , Pommerol Antoine , Jost Bernhard , Poch Olivier , Gouman Julien , Thomas Nicolas
Published: July 2015

Permanently shadowed regions at the poles of the Moon and Mercury have been pointed out as candidates for hosting water ice at their surface. We have measured in the laboratory the visible and near infrared spectral range (VIS‐NIR) bidirectional reflectance of intimate mixtures of water ice and the JSC‐1AF lunar simulant for different ice concentrations, particle sizes, and measurement geometries. The nonlinearity between the measured reflectance and the amount of ice in the mixture can be reproduced to some extent by the mixing formulas of standard reflectance models, in particular, those of Hapke and Hiroi, which are tested here. Estimating ice concentrations from reflectance data without knowledge of the mixing coefficients—strongly dependent on the size/shape of the grains—can result in large errors. According to our results, it is possible that considerable amounts of water ice might be intimately mixed in the regolith of the Moon and Mercury without producing noticeable photometric signatures.
Titan's asymmetric lake distribution mediated by methane transport due to atmospheric eddies
Authors: Lora Juan M. , Mitchell Jonathan L.
Published: July 2015

The hemispheric asymmetry of Titan's surface methane has been proposed to be a consequence of orbital forcing affecting Titan's hydrologic cycle, but the mechanism behind asymmetrical transport of moisture remains to be examined. Using general circulation model simulations of Titan's atmosphere, we show that atmospheric moisture transport by three‐dimensional tropospheric eddies is critical in generating Titan's surface liquid asymmetry. Comparison of axisymmetric and three‐dimensional simulations demonstrates that a significant asymmetry only develops in the latter case. Analysis of the components of the three‐dimensional moisture transport reveals that nonaxisymmetric eddies transport methane away from the poles and into the midlatitudes, where they transfer moisture into the cross‐equatorial transport by the mean meridional circulation, producing an atmospheric “bucket brigade.” Because these high‐latitude, baroclinic eddies are more intense in the south than in the north, the net transport is preferentially northward, with the northern hemisphere gaining surface liquid at the expense of the southern hemisphere.
3D hybrid simulations of the interaction of a magnetic cloud with a bow shock
Authors: Turc L. , Fontaine D. , Savoini P. , Modolo R.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we investigate the interaction of a magnetic cloud (MC) with a planetary bow shock using hybrid simulations. It is the first time to our knowledge that this interaction is studied using kinetic simulations which include self‐consistently both the ion foreshock and the shock wave dynamics. We show that when the shock is in a quasi‐perpendicular configuration, the MC's magnetic structure in the magnetosheath remains similar to that in the solar wind, whereas it is strongly altered downstream of a quasi‐parallel shock. The latter can result in a reversal of the magnetic field north‐south component in some parts of the magnetosheath. We also investigate how the MC affects in turn the outer parts of the planetary environment, i.e., from the foreshock to the magnetopause. We find the following: (i) The decrease of the Alfvén Mach number at the MC's arrival causes an attenuation of the foreshock region because of the weakening of the bow shock. (ii) The foreshock moves along the bow shock's surface, following the rotation of the MC's magnetic field. (iii) Owing to the low plasma beta, asymmetric flows arise inside the magnetosheath, due to the magnetic tension force which accelerates the particles in some parts of the magnetosheath and slows them down in others. (iv) The quasi‐parallel region forms a depression in the shock's surface. Other deformations of the magnetopause and the bow shock are also highlighted. All these effects can contribute to significantly modify the solar wind/magnetosphere coupling during MC events.
Macroscopic quasi‐linear theory and particle‐in‐cell simulation of helium ion anisotropy instabilities
Authors: Yoon Peter H. , Seough Jungjoon , Hwang Junga , Nariyuki Yasuhiro
Published: July 2015

The protons and helium ions in the solar wind are observed to possess anisotropic temperature profiles. The anisotropy appears to be limited by various marginal instability conditions. One of the efficient methods to investigate the global dynamics and distribution of various temperature anisotropies in the large‐scale solar wind models may be that based upon the macroscopic quasi‐linear approach. The present paper investigates the proton and helium ion anisotropy instabilities on the basis of the quasi‐linear theory versus particle‐in‐cell simulation. It is found that the overall dynamical development of the particle temperatures is quite accurately reproduced by the macroscopic quasi‐linear scheme. The wave energy development in time, however, shows somewhat less restrictive comparisons, indicating that while the quasi‐linear method is acceptable for the particle dynamics, the wave analysis probably requires higher‐order physics, such as wave‐wave coupling or nonlinear wave‐particle interaction.
Creep behavior of Fe‐bearing olivine under hydrous conditions
Authors: Tasaka Miki , Zimmerman Mark E. , Kohlstedt David L.
Published: July 2015

To understand the effect of iron content on the creep behavior of olivine, (MgxFe(1 − x))2SiO4, under hydrous conditions, we have conducted tri‐axial compressive creep experiments on samples of polycrystalline olivine with Mg contents of x = 0.53, 0.77, 0.90, and 1. Samples were deformed at stresses of 25 to 320 MPa, temperatures of 1050° to 1200°C, a confining pressure of 300 MPa, and a water fugacity of 300 MPa using a gas‐medium high‐pressure apparatus. Under hydrous conditions, our results yield the following expression for strain rate as a function of iron content for 0.53 ≤ x ≤ 0.90 in the dislocation creep regime:
. In this equation, the strain rate of San Carlos olivine,
, is a function of T, σ, and
. As previously shown for anhydrous conditions, an increase in iron content directly increases creep rate. In addition, an increase in iron content increases hydrogen solubility and therefore indirectly increases creep rate. This flow law allows us to extrapolate our results to a wide range of mantle conditions, not only for Earth's mantle but also for the mantle of Mars.
Impact of multicomponent ionic transport on pH fronts propagation in saturated porous media
Authors: Muniruzzaman Muhammad , Rolle Massimo
Published: July 2015

We investigate the propagation of pH fronts during multicomponent ionic transport in saturated porous media under flow‐through conditions. By performing laboratory bench‐scale experiments combined with numerical modeling, we show the important influence of Coulombic effects on proton transport in the presence of ionic admixtures. The experiments were performed in a quasi two‐dimensional flow‐through setup under steady‐state flow and transport conditions. Dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid with MgCl2 (1:2 strong electrolyte) were used as tracer solutions to experimentally test the effect of electrochemical cross coupling on the migration of diffusive/dispersive pH fronts. We focus on two experimental scenarios, with different composition of tracer solutions, causing remarkably different effects on the propagation of the acidic fronts with relative differences in the penetration depth of pH fronts of 36% between the two scenarios and of 25% and 15% for each scenario with respect to the transport of ions at liberated state (i.e., without considering the charge effects). Also differences in the dilution of the distinct ions plumes up to 28% and 45% in experiment 1 and 2, respectively, were measured at the outflow of the flow‐through system. The dilution of the pH plumes also changed considerably (26% relative difference) in the two flow‐through experiments only due to the different composition of the pore water solution and to the electrostatic coupling of the ions in the flow‐through setups. Numerical transport simulations were performed to interpret the laboratory experiments. The simulations were based on a multicomponent ionic formulation accurately capturing the Coulombic interactions between the transported ions in the flow‐through system. The results of purely forward simulations show a very good agreement with the high‐resolution measurements performed at the outlet of the flow‐through setup and confirms the importance of charge effects on pH transport in porous media.
Chlamydia
Authors: Kuo Cho‐Chou , Stephens Richard S. , Bavoil Patrik M. , Kaltenboeck Bernhard
Published: July 2015

Chla.my'di.a. Gr. fem. n.chlamys, chlamydisa cloak; N.L. fem. n.Chlamydiaa cloak.

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia / Chlamydiales / Chlamydiaceae / Chlamydia

Coccoid,nonmotile,obligate intracellular organisms,0.2–1.5μm in diameter that parasitize and multiply in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells within membrane bound vacuoles,termed inclusions,by a unique developmental cycle. The cycle is characterized by physical changes in the outer membrane and nucleoid structure of metabolically inert elementary bodies that change into larger metabolically active reticulate bodies that divide by binary fission. The cycle is complete when reticulate bodies reorganize into intermediate bodies then to elementary bodies that exit the host cells and start a new generation of the developmental cycle. In a young inclusion, only reticulate bodies are present. However in a mature inclusion, all three forms (reticulate, intermediate, and elementary bodies) are present because the developmental cycle is not synchronized. The intracellular survival of the organism is facilitated by its ability to prevent fusion of lysosomes to chlamydia‐containing inclusions by an unknown mechanism.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 39–45.

Type species:Chlamydia trachomatis(Busacca 1935) Rake 1957, 958AL[Rickettsia trachomae(sic) Busacca 1935, 567].
Parachlamydia
Authors: Horn Matthias
Published: July 2015

Pa.ra.chla.my'di.a. Gr. prep.
para
like, alongside of; N.L. fem. n.
Chlamydia
taxonomic name of a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.
Parachlamydia
resembling the genus
Chlamydia
.

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia / Chlamydiales / Parachlamydiaceae / Parachlamydia

Coccoid
,
nonmotile
,
obligate intracellular bacteria
,
0
.
4–0
.
6
μ
m in diameter
. Cells show a
developmental cycle
with morphologically distinct stages and
grow within host‐derived vacuoles
. Organisms naturally infect free‐living amoebae of the genus
Acanthamoeba
. The genus
Parachlamydia
currently contains but a single species,
Parachlamydia acanthamoebae
(Amann et al., 1997; Everett et al., 1999) (Figure 1). A number of additional symbionts of
Acanthamoeba
species closely related to.
Parachlamydia acanthamoebae
have been identified but not described in greater detail (Amann et al., 1997; Collingro et al., 2005a; Heinz et al., 2007; Thomas et al., 2006).

Type species
:
Parachlamydia acanthamoebae
Everett, Bush and Andersen 1999, 435
VP
.
Prosthecochloris
Authors: Gorlenko Vladimir M.
Published: July 2015

Pros.the' co.chlo.ris
. Gr. n.
prostheca
appendage; Gr. adj.
chloros
green; M.L. fem. n.
Prosthecochloris
green (organism) with appendages.

Chlorobi / “Chlorobia” / Subclass I “Chlorobiales” / “Chlorobiaceae” / Prosthecochloris

Spherical to ovoid bacteria forming nonbranching prosthecae
and multiplying by
binary fission
in various directions. When separation is incomplete, cells form groups and branched chains, the configuration of which depends on the direction of fission.
Nonmotile
. Gram negative. Cell suspensions appear green or chocolate‐brown. Cells
contain bacteriochlorophyll
(BChl)
c
,
d
, or
e
as the major bacteriochlorophyll component,
and carotenoids
. The photosynthetic apparatus includes antenna structures and
chlorosomes
, i.e., elongated ovoid vesicles underlying and attached to the cytoplasmic membrane. Cells do not contain gas vacuoles.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 50.0–56.1.

Type species
:
Prosthecochloris aestuarii
Gorlenko 1970, 148.
Thermocladium
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.cla' di.um
. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; Gr. dim. n.
cladion
small branch; M.L. neut. n.
Thermocladium
a hot twig, indicating branching cells in a hot environment.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Thermoproteales / Thermoproteaceae / Thermocladium

Cells are
straight or slightly curved rods about 0.5 × 5–20 μm
. Spherical swollen protrusions (1–3 µm diameter) may exist at the ends of cells.
Nonmotile
. Multiply by
branching and budding
and can divide by constriction.
Gram‐negative. Anaerobic or microaerobic heterotrophic thermophile
growing between
60 and 80°C and pH 3.0 and 5.9
. Best growth occurs at 75°C at pH 4.2. Possesses at least five tetraether core lipids with cyclopentane rings in the isopranyl chains. Sensitive to rifampicin but not to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, or oleandomycin.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52.

Type species
:
Thermocladium modestius
Itoh, Suzuki and Nakase 1998, 886.
Archaeoglobus
Authors: Huber Harald , Stetter Karl O.
Published: July 2015

Arch.ae.o.glo' bus.
Gr. masc. adj.
archaios
ancient; L. masc. n.
globus
sphere; M.L. masc. n.
Archaeoglobus
the ancient sphere.

Euryarchaeota / Archaeoglobi / Archaeoglobales / Archaeoglobaceae / Archaeoglobus

Cells coccoid, regular to highly irregular
, 0.4–1.2 µm in width, occurring singly and in pairs. Gram negative. Monopolar polytrichous flagella.

Blue‐green fluorescence at 420 nm. Growth between 60 and 95°C and pH 5.5–7.5. Strictly anaerobic. Sulfate or sulfite and thiosulfate used as electron acceptors. Chemolithoautotrophic growth in the presence of H
2
/CO
2
. Chemoorganotrophic growth on formate, formamide,
d
(−)‐ and
L
(+)‐lactate, glucose, starch, Casamino acids, peptone, gelatin, casein, meat extract, yeast extract

, and extracts of bacterial and archaeal cells.

S
0
not used as electron acceptor; inhibits growth

. Cell envelope consists of an S‐layer composed of subunits in hexagonal array containing a periodate‐Schiff‐positive polypeptide. Cells contain phytanyl ether lipids. Rifampicin and streptolydigin resistant.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 41–46.

Type species
:
Archaeoglobus fulgidus
Stetter 1988b, 328 (Effective publication: Stetter 1988a, 172.)
Halobacterium
Authors: Grant William D.
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.bac.te' ri.um
. Gr. n.
hals
,
halos
the sea, salt; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Halobacterium
salt bacterium.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae / Halobacterium

Under optimum growth conditions cells are rod shaped (0.5–1.2 × 1.0–6.0 µm). Pleomorphic forms common (bent and swollen rods, flat ribbons, clubs, spheres). Cells divide by constriction. No known resting stages. Stain Gram‐negative but no outer membrane is present. Motile by tufts of polar flagella. Some strains have gas vacuoles. Most strains are strict aerobes, but some exhibit facultatively anaerobic growth. Oxidase and catalase positive. Extremely halophilic with growth occurring in media containing 3.0–5.2 M NaCl. Most strains grow best at 3.5–4.5 M NaCl. Optimum temperature: 35–50°C; maximum, 55°C; minimum, 15–20°C. pH range, 5.5–8.5. Chemoorganotrophic. Amino acids required for growth. Most strains are proteolytic.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67.1–71.2 (major component) and 57–60 (minor component).

Type species
:
Halobacterium salinarum
corrig. (Harrison and Kennedy 1922) Elazari‐Volcani 1957, 208; emend. Larsen 1 9 8 4, 262; emend. Larsen and Grant 1989, 2222; emend. Ventosa and Oren 1996, 347 (
Pseudomonas salinaria
Harrison and Kennedy 1922, 120;
Halobacterium halobium
(Petter 1931) Elazari‐Volcani 1957, 210;
Halobacterium cutirubrum
(Lochhead 1934) Elazari‐Volcani 1957, 209.)
Halococcus
Authors: Grant William D.
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.coc' cus
. Gr. n.
hals, halos
the sea, salt; Gr. n.
kokkos
a berry; M.L. masc. n.
Halococcus
salt‐coccus.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae / Halococcus

Cocci, 0.8–1.5 µm in diameter, occurring in pairs, tetrads, sarcina packets, or irregular clusters. Divide by septation. Does not form spores.

Stain mainly Gram‐negative with at least some cells Gram‐positive. No lysis occurs in hypotonic solutions or in the presence of
N
‐laurylsarcosine. Nonmotile. Strictly aerobic

. Oxidase and catalase positive.
Extremely halophilic, requiring at least 2.5 M NaCl for growth and 3.5–4.5 M NaCl for best growth
. Optimum temperature: 30–40°C; maximum 50°C; minimum 28°C. pH range for growth 6–9.5. Chemoorganotrophic.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59.5–67. Some strains contain satellite DNA (~30% of total DNA) of lower mol% G + C compared to the major DNA component.

Type species
:
Halococcus morrhuae
(Klebahn 1919) Kocur and Hodgkiss 1973, 154 (Not
Sarcina litoralis
Poulsen 1879, 254; not
Sarcina morrhuae
Farlow 1880, 974) (
Sarcina morrhuae
Klebahn 1919, 38;
Micrococcus
(
Diplococcus
)
morrhuae
Klebahn 1919, 42;
Halococcus litoralis
Schoop 1935a, 817.)
GBA mutations are associated with Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Authors: Gan‐Or Ziv , Mirelman Anat , Postuma Ronald B. , Arnulf Isabelle , Bar‐Shira Anat , Dauvilliers Yves , Desautels Alex , Gagnon Jean‐François , Leblond Claire S. , Frauscher Birgit , Alcalay Roy N. , Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Bressman Susan B. , Marder Karen , Monaca Christelle , Högl Birgit , Orr‐Urtreger Avi , Dion Patrick A. , Montplaisir Jacques Y. , Giladi Nir , Rouleau Guy A.
Published: July 2015

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and GBA mutations are both associated with Parkinson's disease. The GBA gene was sequenced in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder patients (n = 265), and compared to controls (n = 2240). Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder questionnaire was performed in an independent Parkinson's disease cohort (n = 120). GBA mutations carriers had an OR of 6.24 (10.2% in patients vs. 1.8% in controls, P < 0.0001) for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and among Parkinson's disease patients, the OR for mutation carriers to have probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder was 3.13 (P = 0.039). These results demonstrate that rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is associated with GBA mutations, and that combining genetic and prodromal data may assist in identifying individuals susceptible to Parkinson's disease.
Fine mapping of chromosome 15q25 implicates ZNF592 in neurosarcoidosis patients
Authors: Lareau Caleb A. , Adrianto Indra , Levin Albert M. , Iannuzzi Michael C. , Rybicki Benjamin A. , Montgomery Courtney G.
Published: July 2015

Neurosarcoidosis is a clinical subtype of sarcoidosis characterized by the presence of granulomas in the nervous system. Here, we report a highly significant association with a variant (rs75652600, P = 3.12 × 10−8, odds ratios = 4.34) within a zinc finger gene, ZNF592, from an imputation‐based fine‐mapping study of the chromosomal region 15q25 in African‐Americans with neurosarcoidosis. We validate the association with ZNF592, a gene previously shown to cause cerebellar ataxia, in a cohort of European‐Americans with neurosarcoidosis by uncovering low‐frequency variants with a similar risk effect size (chr15:85309284, P = 0.0021, odds ratios = 5.36).
Comparison of TiAl‐Based Intermetallics Joints Brazed with Amorphous and Crystalline Ti–Zr–Cu–Ni–Co–Mo Fillers
Authors: Li Li , Li Xiaoqiang , Li Zhifeng , Hu Ke , Qu Shengguan , Yang Chao
Published: July 2015

Ti–25.65Zr–13.3Cu–12.35Ni–3Co–2Mo (wt%) alloy in amorphous or crystalline state is used as filler to vacuum braze Ti–47Al–2Nb–2Cr–0.15B (at%). Comparisons of microstructure and performance of the amorphous and crystalline fillers as well as the joints brazed with them are investigated. The amorphous filler shows more uniform microstructure, better spreadability, and narrower melting temperature interval compared with the crystalline filler. The shear strength of the joint brazed with the amorphous filler in the temperature range of 925–1 050 °C is always much higher than that with the crystalline filler, and the maximum joint shear strength is 202 MPa at a brazing temperature of 1 000 °C. The differences in performance of the joints are related to the microstructure characteristics of the brazing seams.
Bioinspired Nanoparticulate Medical Glues for Minimally Invasive Tissue Repair
Authors: Lee Yuhan , Xu Chenjie , Sebastin Monisha , Lee Albert , Holwell Nathan , Xu Calvin , Miranda Nieves David , Mu Luye , Langer Robert S. , Lin Charles , Karp Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2015

Delivery of tissue glues through small‐bore needles or trocars is critical for sealing holes, affixing medical devices, or attaching tissues together during minimally invasive surgeries. Inspired by the granule‐packaged glue delivery system of sandcastle worms, a nanoparticulate formulation of a viscous hydrophobic light‐activated adhesive based on poly(glycerol sebacate)‐acrylate is developed. Negatively charged alginate is used to stabilize the nanoparticulate surface to significantly reduce its viscosity and to maximize injectability through small‐bore needles. The nanoparticulate glues can be concentrated to ≈30 w/v% dispersions in water that remain localized following injection. With the trigger of a positively charged polymer (e.g., protamine), the nanoparticulate glues can quickly assemble into a viscous glue that exhibits rheological, mechanical, and adhesive properties resembling the native poly(glycerol sebacate)‐acrylate based glues. This platform should be useful to enable the delivery of viscous glues to augment or replace sutures and staples during minimally invasive procedures.