bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating self‐efficacy for managing chronic disease: psychometric properties of the six‐item Self‐Efficacy Scale in Germany
Authors: Freund Tobias , Gensichen Jochen , Goetz Katja , Szecsenyi Joachim , Mahler Cornelia
Published: August 2011

Objective  Self‐efficacy – the confidence to carry out certain behaviour in order to achieve a specific goal – has increasingly been recognized as an essential prerequisite of effective self‐management of chronic diseases. Therefore, valid and reliable measures are needed to evaluate self‐efficacy in both research and clinical practice. This study explored the psychometric properties of the German version of the Self‐Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6‐Item Scale (SES6G).

Methods  We performed standardized translation and cultural adaptation of the SES6G into German. The SES6G was externally validated with the German General Self‐Efficacy Scale (SWE). Cronbach's alpha, descriptive statistics and principal component analysis were used to assess psychometric properties of the SES6G. We assessed the effect of the number of co‐occurring chronic diseases on SES6G scores using linear regression modelling by controlling for age, gender and education level.

Results  We analysed data of 244 primary care patients in Germany. The SES6G showed good convergent construct validity to the SWE (spearman rank correlation 0.578, P < 0.001) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.930). Principal component analysis underlined the one‐dimensional structure of the instrument. Adjusted for age and gender, increasing numbers of co‐occurring chronic diseases were associated with lower SES6G scores (standardized β‐value −0.27, P < 0.001). Education level showed no significant effect.

Conclusions  The SES6G is a reliable and valid instrument to assess patients' self‐efficacy for managing chronic diseases. It may enhance further research in German‐speaking countries and appears to be a valuable measure for clinical practice.
Expression pattern of heat‐shock cognate 70 gene of humphead snapper, Lutjanus sanguineus (Cuvier), infected by Vibrio harveyi
Authors: Zhang X Z , Wu Z H , Yang S P , Pang H Y , Jian J C , Lu Y S
Published: August 2011

The heat‐shock cognate 70 (HSC70) gene of humphead snapper, Lutjanus sanguineus, designated as ByHSC70, was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) with the primers designed from the known expressed sequence tag (EST) identified from the subtracted cDNA library of the head kidney of humphead snapper. The full‐length cDNA of ByHSC70 is 2313 bp, containing a 5′ terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 96 bp, a 3′ terminal UTR of 267 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1950 bp encoding a polypeptide of 650 amino acids with a theoretical molecular weight of 71.21 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point (pI) of 5.08. ByHSC70 contained three classical HSP70 family signatures. BLAST analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of ByHSC70 had the highest similarity of 99% when compared with other HSC70s. Fluorescent real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR was used to examine the expression of ByHSC70 gene in eight kinds of tissues/organs of humphead snapper after challenge with Vibrio harveyi. There was a clear time‐dependent expression pattern of ByHSC70 in head kidney, spleen and thymus after bacterial challenge, and the expression of mRNA reached a maximum level at 9, 6 and 24 h post‐infection and then returned to control levels after 15, 24 and 36 h, respectively. Our results suggest that HSC70 is an important component in the immune system of humphead snapper, its their rapid transcriptional upregulation in response to V. harveyi infection might be important for survival of humphead snapper.
Sustained benefits of a community dietetics intervention designed to improve oral nutritional supplement prescribing practices
Authors: Kennelly S. , Kennedy N. P. , Corish C. A. , Flanagan‐Rughoobur G. , Glennon‐Slattery C. , Sugrue S.
Published: August 2011

Background:  Healthcare professionals working in the community do not always prescribe oral nutritional supplements (ONS) according to best practice guidelines for the management of malnutrition. The present study aimed to determine the impact of a community dietetics intervention on ONS prescribing practices and expenditure 1 year later.

Methods:  The intervention involved general practitioners (GPs), practice nurses, nurses in local nursing homes and community nurses. It comprised an education programme together with the provision of a new community dietetics service. Changes in health care professionals’ nutrition care practices were determined by examining community dietetics records. ONS prescribing volume and expenditure on ONS were assessed using data from the Primary Care Reimbursement Service of the Irish Health Service Executive.

Results:  Seven out of 10 principal GPs participated in the nutrition education programme. One year later, screening for malnutrition risk was better, dietary advice was provided more often, referral to the community dietetics service improved and ONS were prescribed for a greater proportion of patients at ‘high risk’ of malnutrition than before (88% versus 37%; P < 0.001). There was a trend towards fewer patients being prescribed ONS (18% reduction; P = 0.074) and there was no significant change in expenditure on ONS by participating GPs (3% reduction; P = 0.499), despite a 28% increase nationally by GPs on ONS.

Conclusions:  The community dietetics intervention improved ONS prescribing practices by GPs and nurses, in accordance with best practice guidelines, without increasing expenditure on ONS during the year after intervention.
Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its major metabolites in alpacas following intravenous and oral administration
Authors: EDMONDSON M. A. , DURAN S. H. , BOOTHE D. M. , STEWART A. J. , RAVIS W. R.
Published: August 2011

Edmondson, M. A., Duran, S. H., Boothe, D. M., Stewart, A. J., Ravis, W. R. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its major metabolites in alpacas following intravenous and oral administration. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 389–396.

Tramadol, a centrally acting opioid analgesic with monamine reuptake inhibition, was administered to six alpacas (43–71 kg) randomly assigned to two treatment groups, using an open, single‐dose, two‐period, randomized cross‐over design at a dose of 3.4–4.4 mg/kg intravenously (IV) and, after a washout period, 11 mg/kg orally. Serum samples were collected and stored at −80 °C until assayed by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The mean half‐lives (t1/2) IV were 0.85 ± 0.463 and 0.520 ± 0.256 h orally. The Cp(0) IV was 2467 ± 540 ng/mL, and the Cmax was 1202 ± 1319 ng/mL orally. Tmax occurred at 0.111 ± 0.068 h orally. The area under the curve (AUC0‐∞) IV was 895 ± 189 and 373 ± 217 ng*h/mL orally. The volume of distribution (Vd[area]) IV was 5.50 ± 2.66 L/kg. Total body clearance (Cl) IV was 4.62 ± 1.09 h; Cl/F for oral administration was 39.5 ± 23 L/h/kg. The IV mean residence time (MRT) was 0.720 ± 0.264. Oral adsorption (F) was low (5.9–19.1%) at almost three times the IV dosage with a large inter‐subject variation. This may be due to binding with the rumen contents or enzymatic destruction. Assuming linear nonsaturable pharmacokinetics and absorption processes, a dosage of 6.7 times orally would be needed to achieve the same IV serum concentration of tramadol. The t1/2 of all three metabolites was longer than the parent drug; however, O‐DMT, N‐DMT, and Di‐DMT metabolites were not detectable in all of the alpacas. Because of the poor bioavailability and adverse effects noted in this study, the oral administration of tramadol in alpacas cannot be recommended without further research.
Regulation of basal LC20 phosphorylation by MYPT1 and CPI‐17 in murine gastric antrum, gastric fundus, and proximal colon smooth muscles
Authors: Bhetwal B. P. , An C. L. , Fisher S. A. , Perrino B. A.
Published: August 2011

Background  Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) govern myosin light chain (LC20) phosphorylation and smooth muscle contraction. Rho kinase (ROK) inhibits MLCP, resulting in greater LC20 phosphorylation and force generation at a given [Ca2+]i. Here, we investigate the role of ROK in regulating LC20 phosphorylation and spontaneous contractions of gastric fundus, gastric antrum, and proximal colon smooth muscles.

Methods  Protein and phosphorylation levels were determined by western blotting. The effects of Y27632, nicardipine, and GF109203X on phosphorylation levels and contraction were measured.

Key Results   γ‐Actin expression is similar in all three smooth muscles. LC20 and pS19 are highest, but ROK1 and ROK2 are lowest, in antrum and proximal colon smooth muscles. LZ +/− myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1), CPI‐17, and pT696, pT853, and pT38 are highest in fundus and proximal colon smooth muscles. Myosin phosphatase‐rho interacting protein (M‐RIP) expression is lowest in fundus, and highest in antrum and proximal colon smooth muscles. Y27632 reduced pT853 in each smooth muscle, but reduced pT696 only in fundus smooth muscles. Nicardipine had no effect on pT38 in each smooth muscle, while GF109203X reduced pT38 in proximal colon and fundus smooth muscles. Y27632 or nicardipine reduced pS19 in proximal colon and fundus smooth muscles. Y27632 or nicardipine inhibited antrum and proximal colon smooth muscle spontaneous contractions, but only Y27632 reduced fundus smooth muscle tone. Zero external Ca2+ relaxed each smooth muscle and abolished LC20 phosphorylation.

Conclusions & Inferences  Organ‐specific mechanisms involving the MLCP interacting proteins LZ +/− MYPT1, M‐RIP, and CPI‐17 are critical to regulating basal LC20 phosphorylation in gastrointestinal smooth muscles.
Immune responses elicited by co‐immunization of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum MSP‐1 using prime‐boost immunization strategies
Authors: MEHRIZI A. A. , ZAKERI S. , RAFATI S. , SALMANIAN A. H. , DJADID N. D.
Published: August 2011

Carboxy‐terminus of merozoite surface protein‐1 (MSP‐119) is the major protein on the surface of the plasmodial merozoite that acts as one of the most important blood‐stage vaccine candidates. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the immune responses when either two recombinant antigens (rPvMSP‐119 + rPfMSP‐119) or two plasmid constructs (pcDNA3.1 hygro‐PvMSP‐119 + pcDNA3.1 hygro‐PfMSP‐119) were administered in combination at a single site in mice by using different immunization strategies (protein/protein, DNA/DNA and DNA/protein) at weeks 0, 5 and 8. All mice were monitored for the level of MSP‐119‐specific antibody for up to 40 weeks. The inclusion of both recombinant antigens in a vaccine mixture could not inhibit induction of antibodies to the other antigen when the two recombinant antigens were combined in immunization formulation. Interestingly, antisera from immunized mice with either recombinant antigen failed to cross‐react with heterologous antigen. Moreover, the results of this study showed that co‐immunization with both antigens at a single site generated a substantial PvMSP‐119‐ and PfMSP‐119‐specific antibody responses and also IFN‐γ cytokine production (Th1 response) in DNA/protein prime‐boost immunization strategies. The increased humoral response to PvMSP‐119 and PfMSP‐119 lasted nearly a year after immunization. Therefore, the results of this study are encouraging for the development of multi‐species malaria vaccine based on MSP‐119 antigen.
Inter‐annual variability of southerly winds in a coastal area of the Atacama Desert: implications for the export of aeolian sediments to the adjacent marine environment
Authors: FLORES‐AQUEVEQUE VALENTINA , ALFARO STEPHANE C. , CAQUINEAU SANDRINE , FORET GILLES , VARGAS GABRIEL , RUTLLANT JOSE A.
Published: August 2011

The analysis of the aeolian content of marine cores collected off the coast of the Atacama Desert (Mejillones Bay, Chile) suggests that marine sediments can record inter‐annual to inter‐decadal variations in the regional southerly winds responsible for particle entrainment at the surface of the nearby desert. However, the establishment of a simple and direct correlation between the sediment and wind records is complicated by the difference of time scales between the erosion and accumulation processes. The aim of this work is to: (i) assess the inter‐annual variability of the surface winds responsible for the sand movements; and (ii) determine whether the integration over periods of several months completely smoothes the rapid changes in characteristics of the transported and deposited aeolian material. To accomplish this aim, 14 years of 10 m hourly wind speed, measured at the Cerro Moreno (Antofagasta) Airport between 1991 and 2003 and at the Orica Station between 2000 and 2004, were analyzed. For each year, the wind speed statistical distribution can be represented by a combination of two to three Weibull functions. Winds of the lowest Weibull mode are too weak to move the sand grains at the surface of the pampa; this is not the case for the intermediate mode and especially for the highest speed mode which are able to erode the arid surface and transport particles to the bay. In each individual year of the period of study, the highest speed mode only accounted for a limited number of strong erosion events. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of the friction velocities and of their impact on erosion using a saltation model suggests that, although all wind speeds above threshold produce erosion events, values around 0·45 m sec−1 contribute less to the erosion flux. This gap allows separation of the erosion events into low and high saltation modes. The correlation (r = 0·997) between the importance of the third Weibull mode and the extent of higher rate saltation indicates that the inter‐annual variability of the erosion at the surface of the pampa, as well as the transport of coarse particles (>100 μm), are directly related to inter‐annual variations in the prevalence of the strongest winds. Finally, a transport and deposition model is used to assess the possible impact of the wind inter‐annual variability on the deposition flux of mineral particles in the bay. The results suggest that inter‐annual differences in the wind speed distributions have a quantifiable effect on the intensity and size‐distribution of this deposition flux. This observation suggests that a detailed analysis of the sediment cores collected from the bay could be used for reconstructing the inter‐annual variability of past winds.
Carmine cochineal killers: the flower fly genus Eosalpingogaster Hull (Diptera: Syrphidae) revised
Authors: MENGUAL XIMO , THOMPSON F. CHRISTIAN
Published: August 2011

The flower fly genus Eosalpingogaster Hull, predator of the carminic acid producer cochineal (Dactylopiidae), is revised. Two new species are described (knutsonisp.n. and umbrasp.n.) and an identification key is provided for all known species. Diagnoses, illustrations, synonymies and distributional and biological data are given. Three new synonyms are proposed [texana Curran as jun.syn. of cochenillivora (Guérin‐Méneville); liposeta Fluke and dactylopianus Blanchard as jun.syn. of nigriventris (Bigot)] and two lectotypes are designated for cochenillivora (Guérin‐Méneville) and nigriventris (Bigot). Eosalpingogaster is elevated to full generic status based on adult morphological characters, biological data and a new phylogenetic analysis of molecular characters with genes 28S, 18S and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. All data, images and drawings are available online as an example of the utility of international standards for biodiversity informatics.
Domain loss has independently occurred multiple times in plant terpene synthase evolution
Authors: Hillwig Matthew L. , Xu Meimei , Toyomasu Tomonobu , Tiernan Mollie S. , Wei Gao , Cui Guanghong , Huang Luqi , Peters Reuben J.
Published: August 2011

The extensive family of plant terpene synthases (TPSs) generally has a bi‐domain structure, yet phylogenetic analyses consistently indicate that these synthases have evolved from larger diterpene synthases. In particular, that duplication of the diterpene synthase genes required for gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis provided an early predecessor, whose loss of a approximately 220 amino acid ‘internal sequence element’ (now recognized as the γ domain) gave rise to the precursor of the modern mono‐ and sesqui‐TPSs found in all higher plants. Intriguingly, TPSs are conserved by taxonomic relationships rather than function. This relationship demonstrates that such functional radiation has occurred both repeatedly and relatively recently, yet phylogenetic analyses assume that the ‘internal/γ’ domain loss represents a single evolutionary event. Here we provide evidence that such a loss was not a singular event, but rather has occurred multiple times. Specifically, we provide an example of a bi‐domain diterpene synthase from Salvia miltiorrhiza, along with a sesquiterpene synthase from Triticum aestivum (wheat) that is not only closely related to diterpene synthases, but retains the ent‐kaurene synthase activity relevant to the ancestral gibberellin metabolic function. Indeed, while the wheat sesquiterpene synthase clearly no longer contains the ‘internal/γ’ domain, it is closely related to rice diterpene synthase genes that retain the ancestral tri‐domain structure. Thus, these findings provide examples of key evolutionary intermediates that underlie the bi‐domain structure observed in the expansive plant TPS gene family, as well as indicating that ‘internal/γ’ domain loss has occurred independently multiple times, highlighting the complex evolutionary history of this important enzymatic family.
Renal function in children with heart transplantation after switching to CNI‐free immunosuppression with everolimus
Authors: Behnke‐Hall Kachina , Bauer Juergen , Thul Josef , Akintuerk Hakan , Reitz Katharina , Bauer Anna , Schranz Dietmar
Published: August 2011

Behnke‐Hall K, Bauer J, Thul J, Akintuerk H, Reitz K, Bauer A, Schranz D. Renal function in children with heart transplantation after switching to CNI‐free immunosuppression with everolimus.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 784–789. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Renal impairment because of CNI contributes to long‐term morbidity. Therefore, CNI avoiding or sparing treatment strategies are important. In this article, we describe the results of a CNI‐free treatment protocol with regard to recovery of renal function. Twenty‐eight patients with heart transplantation were switched from CNI regimen to everolimus and mycophenolate, when cGFR was <75 mL/min/1.73 m2. In all patients, CNI was stopped, when everolimus trough levels of 5–8 ng/L were achieved. Serum creatinine and cGFR were determined before and after 6 and 12 months. Median serum creatinine decreased from 1.2 mg/dL (range 0.7–3.7) before everolimus to 1.0 (range 0.6–1.8) and 1.0 (range 0.5–1.9) mg/dL after 6 and 12 months. Median cGFR was 47.81 (range 18.3–72.6) mL/min/1.73 m2 before everolimus and 63.1 (range 37.8–108.7) mL/min/1.73 m2 at six months and 64.8 (range 37.7–106.6) mL/min/1.73 m2 after 12 months. All changes from baseline to six and 12 months were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Adverse events were infections (n = 3) and rejections (n = 3). Therapy was discontinued in four patients. Conversion to CNI‐free immunosuppression resulted in significant improvements of renal function within six months of CNI withdrawal. Side effects are common. However, more studies are required to demonstrate the effectiveness in children.
Is there a role for oral human immunoglobulin in the treatment for norovirus enteritis in immunocompromised patients?
Authors: Florescu Diana F. , Hermsen Elizabeth D. , Kwon Joong Y. , Gumeel Dalal , Grant Wendy J. , Mercer David F. , Kalil Andre C.
Published: August 2011

Florescu DF, Hermsen ED, Kwon JY, Gumeel D, Grant WJ, Mercer DF, Kalil AC. Is there a role for oral human immunoglobulin in the treatment for norovirus enteritis in immunocompromised patients? Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 718–721. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  No treatment for NVE is available. Immunocompromised patients with NVE treated with OHIG (12 cases) were retrospectively identified and matched 1:1 by age and gender with immunocompromised patients with NVE not treated with OHIG (12 controls). Chi–squared test, t‐test, bivariate conditional linear regression analyses, and Kaplan–Meier curve were performed. A total of 58.3% patients were small bowel transplant (SBT) recipients. Although not statistically significant, cases compared with controls were more likely to have had induction therapy (p = 0.25, OR = 65.3), higher peak tacrolimus levels (p = 0.43, OR = 1.04), SBT (p = 0.30, OR = 65.3), prior NVE (p = 0.42, OR = 2.0), TPN support (p = 0.42 OR = 2.0), and decrease in immunosuppression (p = 0.14, OR = 5.0). Treatment with OHIG favored resolution of diarrhea (p = 0.078, OR = 65.3) and decreased stool output seven days after treatment compared with controls (mean difference 11.95 mL/kg/day, p = 0.09). OHIG did not impact total time to resolution of diarrhea (mean 12.08 vs. 11.91 days; p = 0.63), length of hospital stay (p = 0.31, OR = 1.05), or cost of hospitalization (p = 0.32, OR = 1.0). We show a potential role of OHIG treatment for NVE. Resolution of diarrhea and decreased stool output were observed at seven days; no benefit was found for length of hospital stay or hospital cost.
Severe calcification of the aorta (porcelain aorta) associated with sarcoidosis in a pediatric heart transplant recipient
Authors: Das Bibhuti B. , Shoemaker Lawrence , Kim Edward , Mascio Christopher E. , Austin Erle H.
Published: August 2011

Das BB, Shoemaker L, Kim E, Mascio CE, Austin EH. Severe calcification of the aorta (porcelain aorta) associated with sarcoidosis in a pediatric heart transplant recipient.

Abstract:  We report a unique case of severe calcification of the aorta, bilateral coronary ostial stenoses and calcification of the mitral valve and left ventricle due to sarcoidosis. The patient underwent neonatal orthotopic heart transplantation secondary to hypoplastic left heart syndrome and developed hypercalcemia with other features of sarcoidosis at 10 yr of age. The mechanism for severe extra‐renal calcification localized to the allograft is poorly understood, but may involve discordant local immune modulation and/or calcification‐regulation between graft and host tissues.
Impact of donor cardiopulmonary resuscitation on pediatric heart transplant outcome
Authors: L’Ecuyer Thomas , Sloan Katherine , Tang Liwen
Published: August 2011

L’Ecuyer T, Sloan K, Tang L. Impact of donor cardiopulmonary resuscitation on pediatric heart transplant outcome. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 742–745. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Mortality is the highest of any solid organ in pediatric patients awaiting heart transplantation. Strategies to increase the donor pool are needed if survival to transplant is to improve. There can be reluctance to accept pediatric hearts for transplantation if the donor has received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study asked if donor CPR impacts the survival of pediatric heart transplant recipients. Analysis of the UNOS database was performed for all cardiac transplants performed in patients aged 0–18 yr, with donors classified as to whether they received CPR (CPR+) or not (CPR−). We compared overall survival and survival at 30 days, one yr, and five yr between groups. Within the CPR+ group, the impact of duration of CPR on survival was compared. The need for inotropic support and ejection fraction was compared between donor groups as a measure of organ function. Overall survival and survival at 30 days, one yr, and five yr did not differ in the CPR+ compared to the CPR− group. Within the CPR+ group, duration of CPR was unrelated to post‐transplant survival. The need for inotropic support at procurement was similar, and ejection fraction did not differ between the CPR+ and CPR− groups. Donor CPR does not have a negative impact on pediatric heart transplant survival.
The impact of age at transfer from pediatric to adult‐oriented care on renal allograft survival
Authors: Foster Bethany J. , Platt Robert W. , Dahhou Mourad , Zhang Xun , Bell Lorraine E. , Hanley James A.
Published: August 2011

Foster BJ, Platt RW, Dahhou M, Zhang X, Bell LE, Hanley JA. The impact of age at transfer from pediatric to adult‐oriented care on renal allograft survival. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 750–759. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Immaturity among individuals transferred from pediatric to adult‐oriented care at a young age may leave them vulnerable to higher graft failure risks than in individuals transferred older. We sought to determine the impact of age at transfer on renal allograft failure rates. We evaluated graft failure rates among 440 kidney recipients recorded in the UNOS database (1987–2007), who had been transferred from pediatric to adult care. Transfers were identified using the center codes recorded at yearly data collection. Failure rates for those transferred early (<21 yr old) were compared with rates for those transferred late (≥21 yr old); time‐dependent Cox models were used to estimate the additional risk of graft failure associated with early vs. late transfer. The age‐standardized failure rate was 12.9 per 100 person‐years among those transferred early, and 8.7 per 100 person‐years among those transferred late. Compared with individuals the same age who had transferred late, graft failure rates were 58% higher ([95% confidence interval: 7%, 134%], p = 0.02) among those who had transferred early. Younger age at transfer to adult care is associated with higher graft failure rates. Transfer to adult‐oriented care at <21 yr of age should be undertaken with caution.
Colocolonic intussusception in a four‐yr‐old with a heart transplant: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sanchez Sabrina , Javid Patrick , Ricca Robert , Avansino Jeffrey
Published: August 2011

Sanchez S, Javid P, Ricca R, Avansino J. Colocolonic intussusception in a four‐yr‐old with a heart transplant: A case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Transplantation 2011. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  A rare case of a colocolonic intussusception in a pediatric cardiac transplant patient is reported along with a review of colocolonic intussusception in pediatric patients after organ transplantation. A four‐yr‐old girl with a history of heart transplantation shortly after birth presented with a 12‐hour history of abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody stools. Initial abdominal x‐ray showed rectal edema. A rectal examination revealed a palpable intussusceptum that prompted a therapeutic contrast enema, which failed to reduce the intussusception. Surgical exploration was performed with reduction of the intussusception and resection of the terminal ileum and cecum. A pathologic lead point was not identified.
Exophiala sp. LHL08 reprograms Cucumis sativus to higher growth under abiotic stresses
Authors: Khan Abdul L. , Hamayun Muhammad , Ahmad Nadeem , Waqas Muhammad , Kang Sang‐Mo , Kim Yoon‐Ha , Lee In‐Jung
Published: August 2011

Endophytic fungi are potential sources of secondary metabolites; however, they are little known for phytohormones secretion and amelioration of plant growth under abiotic stresses. We isolated a novel endophyte from the roots of Cucumis sativus and identified it as a strain of Exophiala sp. by sequencing internal transcribed spacer/large subunit rDNA and phylogenetic analysis. Prior to identification, culture filtrate (CF) of Exophiala sp. has shown significant growth promotion of Waito‐C [a gibberellins (GAs)‐deficient mutant cultivar] and Dongjin‐byeo (normal GAs biosynthesis cultivar) rice seedlings. CF analysis of Exophiala sp. showed the presence of physiologically active GAs (GA1, GA3, GA4 and GA7) and inactive GAs (GA5, GA8, GA9, GA12 and GA20). Exophiala sp. had higher GAs in its CF than wild‐type strain of Gibberella fujikuroi except GA3. Influence of Exophiala sp. was assessed on cucumber plant's growth and endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and bioactive GAs under salinity and drought stresses. Exophiala sp.‐treated plants have shown significantly higher growth and rescued the host plants from stress promulgated water deficit, osmotic and cellular damage. The altered levels of stress‐responsive ABA showed low level of stress confined to endophyte‐applied plants than control. Elevated levels of SA and bioactive GAs (GA3 and GA4) in endophyte‐associated plants suggest stress‐modulating response toward salinity and drought. In conclusion, symbiotic relations between Exophiala and cucumber have reprogrammed the host plant growth under abiotic stresses, thus indicating a possible threshold role of endophytic fungi in stress alleviation. This study could be extended for improving agricultural productivity under extreme environmental conditions.
Adaptive speciation and sexual dimorphism contribute to diversity in form and function in the adaptive radiation of Lake Matano’s sympatric roundfin sailfin silversides
Authors: PFAENDER J. , MIESEN F. W. , HADIATY R. K. , HERDER F.
Published: August 2011

The utility of traits involved in resource exploitation is a central criterion for the adaptive character of radiations. Here, we test for differentiation in morphology, jaw mechanics and nutrition among species and sexes of Lake Matano’s sympatric ‘roundfin’ sailfin silversides. The three incipient fish species differ significant in several candidate traits for adaptation following ecological selection pressure, corresponding to contrasting jaw mechanics and distinct patterns in food resource use. These findings are consistent with functional adaptation and suggest divergence following alternative modes of feeding specialization. Further, intersexual resource partitioning and corresponding adaptation in jaw mechanics is evident in two of the three incipient species, demonstrating that sexual dimorphism contributes to the ecomorphological and trophic diversity of the emerging radiation. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study reporting interspecific as well as intersexual adaptation by alternative modes of form and function in an evolving fish species flock.
Complex selection associated with Hox genes in a natural population of lizards
Authors: SCHWARTZ T. S. , PERRIN C. , WAPSTRA E. , ULLER T. , OLSSON M.
Published: August 2011

Hox genes are recognized for their explanatory power of bilateral development. However, relatively little is known about natural variation in, and the evolutionary dynamics of, Hox genes within wild populations. Utilizing a natural population of sand lizards (Lacerta agilis), we screened HoxA13 for genetic variation and an association with incidence of offspring malformations. We found significant effects of parental genetic similarity and offspring sex, and their interaction, on risk of hatching malformed as an offspring. We also found within population genetic variation in HoxA13, and identified a significant effect of a three‐way interaction among Hox genotype, parental genetic similarity, and offspring sex on the risk of hatching malformation. Since malformed offspring in this population do not survive to maturity, this study reveals complex and ongoing selection associated with Hox genes in a wild reptile population. Importantly, this demonstrates the utility of natural populations in unveiling microevolutionary processes shaping variation in highly conserved genes.
Intraspecific variation in behaviour: effects of evolutionary history, ontogenetic experience and sex
Authors: HERCZEG G. , VÄLIMÄKI K.
Published: August 2011

Geographical variation in behaviour within species is common. However, how behavioural plasticity varies between and within locally adapted populations is less studied. Here, we studied behavioural plasticity induced by perceived predation risk and food availability in pond (low predation – high competition)vs.coastal marine (high predation – low competition) nine‐spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) reared in a common garden experiment. Pond sticklebacks were more active feeders, more risk‐taking, aggressive and explorative than marine sticklebacks. Perceived predation risk decreased aggression and risk‐taking of all fish. Food restriction increased feeding activity and risk‐taking. Pond sticklebacks became more risk‐taking than marine sticklebacks under food shortage, whereas well‐fed fish behaved similarly. Among poorly fed fish, males showed higher drive to feed, whereas among well‐fed fish, females did. Apart from showing how evolutionary history, ontogenetic experience and sex influence behaviour, the results provide evidence for habitat‐dependent expression of adaptive phenotypic plasticity.
Head shape evolution in Gymnophthalmidae: does habitat use constrain the evolution of cranial design in fossorial lizards?
Authors: BARROS F. C. , HERREL A. , KOHLSDORF T.
Published: August 2011

Habitat usage comprises interactions between ecological parameters and organismal capacities, and the selective pressures that ultimately determine the outcome of such processes in an evolutionary scale may be conflicting when the same morphological structure is recruited for different activities. Here, we investigate the roles of diet and locomotion in the evolution of cranial design in gymnophthalmid lizards and test the hypothesis that microhabitat use drives head shape evolution, particularly in head‐first burrowers. Morphological factors were analysed in relation to continuous ecological indexes (prey hardness and substrate compactness) using conventional and phylogenetic approaches. Results suggest that the evolution of head morphology in Gymnophthalmidae was shaped under the influence of microhabitat use rather than diet: burrowers have shorter heads with lower rostral angulation, independently of the prey consumed. Food preferences appear to be relatively conserved throughout the phylogeny of the group, which may have permitted the extensive radiation of gymnophthalmids into fossorial microhabitats.
Physical connection decreases benefits of clonal integration in Alternanthera philoxeroides under three warming scenarios
Authors: Li J.‐J. , Peng P.‐H. , He W.‐M.
Published: August 2011

Physical connection between ramets usually allows clonal plants to perform better but can have the opposite effects in some cases. Clonal integration and the effects of climate warming have been extensively studied, but to date little is known about how climate warming affects the benefits of clonal integration. We conducted a field experiment in which Alternanthera philoxeroides segments with connected and severed stolons were subject to four climate regimes (ambient, day warming, night warming and daily warming), and measured final biomass, number of ramets and total length of stolons. Across the three warming treatments, temperature rise suppressed growth of clonal fragments with connected stolons but increased growth of fragments with severed stolons; temperature rise affected the biomass of distal ramets but not proximal ramets, and had similar effects on the numbers of proximal and distal ramets. When the three warming treatments were considered separately, they had contrasting consequences for the benefits of clonal integration. Specifically, when fragments were exposed to day and night warming, physical connection evened out the advantages of clonal integration that occur under ambient conditions; when fragments were exposed to daily warming, physical connection led to smaller clonal plants. These findings suggest that physical connection between ramets may be disadvantageous to overall performance of A. philoxeroides fragments under climate warming, and also indicate that the net consequences of daily warming outweigh those of day or night warming.
Quantitative trait loci mapping for two seed yield component traits in an oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cross
Authors: Chen Wei , Zhang Yongshan , Yao Jinbo , Ma Chaozhi , Tu Jinxing , Tingdong Fu
Published: August 2011

With 1 figure and 6 tables

Seed yield per plant is one of the most important traits of rapeseed, and it is determined by three yield component traits viz. siliques per plant, seeds per silique (SS) and seed weight (SW). In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for SS and SW was conducted in doubled haploid and immortalized F2 populations of the cross ‘Quantum’ × ‘No.2127 17’. The correlation analysis showed that SS had a significant negative correlation with SW. Using data from three natural field trials, 4 and 11 QTL for SS and SW were detected, respectively. Three QTL for SS were colocalized to QTL involved in SW. For both traits, the favourable alleles existed in both parents. The results could contribute to rapeseed yield improvement and provide useful information for marker‐assisted selection.
Improving cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant resistance to reniform nematodes by pyramiding Ren1 and Ren2
Authors: Fang David D. , Stetina Salliana R.
Published: August 2011

With 4 tables

Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) has become a major pest of cotton in the mid‐south area of the United States. Resistance genes, Ren1 and Ren2 from Gossypium longicalyx and Gossypium aridum, respectively, have been identified and introduced into Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We developed an F2 population of 184 progeny plants by crossing Ren2 ‐containing plants with a LONREN‐2 plant that had the resistance gene Ren1. The F2 plants were evaluated for their resistance to reniform nematodes in a growth chamber. Microsatellite markers BNL2662 and BNL3279 were analysed to assist the selection of proper parental plants and F1 progeny and to study the segregation of the resistance genes in the F2 population. Our results suggested that Ren1 and Ren2 were duplicate genes with Ren1 residing on chromosome 11 (A subgenome) and Ren2 on chromosome 21 (D subgenome). F2 plants containing either Ren1 or Ren2 had significantly fewer nematodes than the susceptible Upland cotton genotype. No significant difference in nematode resistance was found between plants containing Ren1 and those having Ren2, indicating that these two genes may have similar resistance mechanisms. Plants containing both Ren1 and Ren2 appeared to have higher resistance than those with just one of the genes, and pyramiding these two genes may be a valuable tool to cotton breeders when managing this pest.
Cell biology of Smad2/3 linker region phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle
Authors: Rezaei Hossein B , Kamato Danielle , Ansari Ghazaleh , Osman Narin , Little Peter J
Published: August 2011

1. The transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β superfamily of ligands regulates a diverse set of cellular functions. Transforming growth factor‐β induces its biological effects through Type I and Type II transmembrane receptors that have serine/threonine kinase activities and weak tyrosine kinase activity. In vascular smooth muscle, TGF‐β binds to the TGF‐β Type II receptor (TβRII) at the cell surface, recruiting the Type I receptor (TβRI) to form a heterocomplex. Consequently, after phosphorylation and activation of TβRI, the transcription factors receptor activated (R‐) Smad2 and Smad3 are recruited and activated through phosphorylation of C terminal residues. Overall, Smad2/3 and co‐Smad4 have similar structures consisting of three regions an N‐terminal MH1 domain, a C‐terminal MH2 domain and a central linker region.

2. Phosphorylation of the Smad linker region appears to have an important role in the regulation of Smad activity and function. The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, CDK2, CDK4 and calcium–calmodulin dependent kinase are the main kinases that phosphorylate sites in the linker region. The role of the linker region includes enabling the formation of Smad homo‐oligomers and provision of phosphorylation sites for MAPK and other kinases. In some instances, linker region phosphorylation regulates the inhibition of the nuclear translocation of Smads.

3. In the present review, we describe TGF‐β signalling through Smad2/3 and the importance of the linker region in the regulation and expression of genes induced by TGF‐β superfamily ligands in the context of vascular smooth muscle.
Serum screening for detection of high‐risk group for early‐stage diffuse type gastric cancer in Japanese
Authors: Ito Masanori , Yoshihara Masaharu , Takata Shunsuke , Wada Yoshihiro , Matsuo Taiji , Boda Tomoyuki , Tanaka Shinji , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: August 2011

Background and Aim:  Serum screening systems are beneficial for gastric cancer mass surveys; however, the marker for diffuse type gastric cancer (DGC) is not defined. We attempted to define the high‐risk group for DGC by using serum markers of anti‐Helicobacter pylori antibody and pepsinogens (PG).

Methods:  Forty‐two patients in the early stage of DGC and 511 controls were enrolled. Fasting serum samples were collected, and anti‐H. pylori antibody and PG were evaluated. The risk for DGC was calculated.

Results:  The prevalence of DGC was higher in H. pylori‐positive patients (odds ratio [OR] = 4.3 in men, 9.6 in women). DGC prevalence was significantly higher in the PG1+ group in women (OR = 10.7); however, it was lower in the PG3+ group in both men and women. Patients with PG II ≥ 30 revealed a significantly higher risk for DGC. By combining factors, higher OR (OR = 12.5 in men, 42.7 in women) were obtained when we defined the risk group as H. pylori‐positive, PG‐negative, and having PG II ≥ 30.

Conclusion:  The risk group for DGC can be defined by evaluating ordinary serum gastritis markers.
Variant alveolar lipoproteinosis: A syndrome with distinct clinical and pathological features
Authors: Nishino Michiya , Medoff Benjamin D. , Mark Eugene J. , Matsubara Osamu , O'Donnell Walter J. , Currier Paul F. , Kradin Richard L.
Published: August 2011

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare condition in which pulmonary macrophages fail to clear surfactant, resulting in the alveolar accumulation of lipoproteinaceous debris. The histopathology of PAP is typified by diffuse filling of terminal airways with eosinophilic, PAS/diastase (PAS/D)‐positive acellular material. We present five patients who showed histopathological changes in the lungs consistent with mild PAP. However, these cases were notable for the abundance of degenerating alveolar macrophages, weak PAS staining of lipoproteinaceous material and paucity of lamellated bodies on ultrastructural examination. Only one patient showed the CT finding of mosaiform ‘crazy‐paving’ and the opalescent bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characteristic of PAP. In one case, therapeutic lung lavage based on a presumptive diagnosis of PAP exacerbated respiratory distress. Three patients showed partial or near‐complete resolution of disease in response to high‐dose corticosteroid therapy, a treatment approach that is generally ineffective in PAP. We conclude that distinguishing ‘variant alveolar lipoproteinosis’ from classical PAP is clinically important. Despite the otherwise typical appearance of lipoproteinaceous alveolar material in lung biopsies, the presence of degenerating foamy macrophages and atypical histochemical, ultrastructural and radiographic features suggest a steroid‐responsive form of proteinosis that is likely pathogenetically distinct and may not be amenable to whole‐lung lavage.
Pollination biology of Lilium japonicum var. abeanum and var. japonicum: evidence of adaptation to the different availability of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators
Authors: YOKOTA SHIZUKA , YAHARA TETSUKAZU
Published: August 2011

Floral traits such as color and size are highly diversified in lilies, but their adaptive significance remains uncertain. In the present study, we compared pollination processes between Lilium japonicum var. abeanum and var. japonicum to clarify how the two varieties are adapted to different pollinators. Lilium japonicum var. japonicum is known to be pollinated by moths, and we hypothesized from its flower traits that var. abeanum is pollinated by diurnal insects. Using waterproof digital cameras set to a recording interval of 10–30 s, we recorded flower visitors for 7–9 flowers of var. japonicum and 4–6 flowers of var. abeanum over 24‐h periods. We also recorded the number of versatile (T‐shaped) and rigid (I‐shaped) anthers per flower. For var. abeanum, we observed flowers at 05.00 and 17.00 hours to determine flower opening time and measured the intensity of floral scent using a metal‐oxide semi‐conductor odor sensor. Both diurnal and nocturnal insects visited flowers of the two varieties, but visitation of diurnal insects was more frequent in var. abeanum. Anthers of var. abeanum are usually rigid, as in many bee‐pollinated flowers, whereas those of var. japonicum are mostly versatile. Although flowers of var. japonicum are known to open in the evening, 32% of the flowers of var. abeanum started to flower during the day. Lilium japonicum var. abeanum emitted scent at night, with a maximum intensity at 20.00 hours, just as in var. japonicum. These findings suggest that the floral traits of the two varieties are adapted to the different relative availabilities of nocturnal versus diurnal pollinators. The flower of var. abeanum is more adapted to diurnal pollinators, but retains adaptations to nocturnal pollinators, particularly with regard to its scent.
Biocompatibility and retinal support of a foldable capsular vitreous body injected with saline or silicone oil implanted in rabbit eyes
Authors: Wang Peijuan , Gao Qianying , Jiang Zhaoxin , Lin Jianxian , Liu Yaqin , Chen Jiajia , Zhou Lian , Li Huaiyang , Yang Qingfang , Wang Ting
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Introduction:  The aim of this study was to evaluate over a 180‐day period the biocompatibility and retinal support of a foldable capsular vitreous body injected with either saline or silicone oil implanted in rabbit eyes.

Methods:  A standard three‐port pars plana vitrectomy was performed, and foldable capsular vitreous bodies were implanted into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes (n = 18). Silicone oil tamponade was used as the control group (n = 5). Of the foldable capsular vitreous body‐implanted eyes, either saline (n = 9) or silicone oil (n = 9) was injected into the foldable capsular vitreous body to support the retina. The treated eyes were examined using a slit lamp with a non‐contact slit‐lamp lens, a tonopen, a non‐contact specular microscope and a B‐scan ultrasound during the 180‐day implantation period. A histological examination was performed at 90 and 180 days.

Results:  During the 180‐day implantation period, no significant corneal keratopathy or intraocular inflammation was noted, and the intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal endothelial numbers remained steady among the three groups. B‐scan ultrasonography showed a smoothly increased echogenicity in front of the retina in group of foldable capsular vitreous bodies injected with saline. Gross examination showed that the foldable capsular vitreous bodies injected with saline or silicone oil smoothly supported the retina. The saline or silicone oil inside the foldable capsular vitreous body was homogeneous, transparent and filled the foldable capsular vitreous body. Histological examination showed no obvious abnormality of the cornea, ciliary body or retina in the foldable capsular vitreous body‐implanted eyes.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that foldable capsular vitreous bodies injected with either saline or silicone oil showed good biocompatibility and retinal support in rabbit eyes over a 180‐day implantation time.