bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Piezo1 controls cell volume and migration by modulating swelling‐activated chloride current through Ca2+ influx
Authors: Sforna Luigi , Michelucci Antonio , Morena Francesco , Argentati Chiara , Franciolini Fabio , Vassalli Massimo , Martino Sabata , Catacuzzeno Luigi
Published: December 2021

Regulatory volume decrease (RVD), a homeostatic process responsible for the re‐establishment of the original cell volume upon swelling, is critical in controlling several functions, including migration. RVD is mainly sustained by the swelling‐activated Cl− current (ICl,swell), which can be modulated by cytoplasmic Ca2+. Cell swelling also activates mechanosensitive channels, including the ubiquitously expressed Ca2+‐permeable channel Piezo1. We hypothesized that, by controlling cytoplasmic Ca2+ and in turn ICl,swell, Piezo1 is involved in the fine regulation of RVD and cell migration. We compared RVD and ICl,swell in wild‐type (WT) HEK293T cells, which express endogenous levels of Piezo1, and in cells overexpressing (OVER) or knockout (KO) for Piezo1. Compared to WT, RVD was markedly increased in OVER, while virtually absent in KO cells. Consistently, ICl,swell amplitude was highest in OVER and lowest in KO cells, with WT cells displaying an intermediate level, suggesting a Ca2+‐dependent modulation of the current by Piezo1 channels. Indeed, in the absence of external Ca2+, ICl,swell in both WT and OVER cells, as well as the RVD probed in OVER cells, were significantly lower than in the presence of Ca2+ and no longer different compared to KO cells. However, the Piezo‐mediated Ca2+ influx was ineffective in enhancing ICl,swell in the absence of releasable Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The different expression levels of Piezo1 affected also cell migration which was strongly enhanced in OVER, while reduced in KO cells, as compared to WT. Taken together, our data indicate that Piezo1 controls RVD and migration in HEK293T cells by modulating ICl,swell through Ca2+ influx.
Understanding the variability of rice bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Yugander Arra , Ershad Md , Muthuraman Pitchiah P. , Prakasam Vellaisamy , Ladhalakshmi Duraisamy , Sheshu Madhav Maganti , Srinivas Prasad Madamsetty , Sundaram Raman M. , Laha Gouri S.
Published: December 2021

Bacterial blight (BB) of rice is a devastating disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The evolution of new pathogenic races of bacterial blight pathogen is always a potential threat for rice production. The deployment of pathotype‐specific resistant genes in the host plants is a feasible strategy to develop BB‐resistant varieties. Therefore, continuous disease monitoring, identification of Xoo pathotypes, and their distribution are crucial to managing BB. In this study, 71 Xoo isolates were collected from the Godavari delta in Andhra Pradesh (India) and their virulence profiles on rice BB differentials were characterized. Data revealed that different International Rice Bacterial Blight (IRBB) lines with single BB resistance genes were susceptible to 73.2%–97.2% of the isolates, except IRBB13 (possessing BB resistance gene, xa13) which showed a moderately susceptible or susceptible reaction to 47.9% of the isolates. Three gene combination rice differentials like IRBB56 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13), IRBB57 (Xa4 + xa5 + Xa21), IRBB58 (Xa4 + xa13 + Xa21), and IRBB59 (xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) showed very broad‐spectrum resistance to majority of the Xoo isolates from the region. None of the tested Xoo isolates were virulent on IRBB58 (Xa4 + xa13 + Xa21), IRBB60 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa21), and IRBB66 (Xa4 + xa5 + Xa7 + xa13 + Xa21). Based on the virulence reaction, 71 Xoo isolates were grouped into 10 major pathotypes. Highly virulent pathotypes viz., IXoPt # 14, 17, 19, and 22 can break the resistance of major BB‐resistant genes and were commonly distributed throughout the surveyed regions. Genotypic data of 71 Xoo isolates using J3 primer divided them into three major clusters. Cluster I consisted of 24 Xoo isolates that belonged to pathotype IXoPt‐19. Cluster II consisted of 41 Xoo isolates belonging to seven different pathotypes, and Cluster III was composed of six isolates from three different pathotypes. The findings of this study will be helpful to develop rice varieties with pathotype‐specific broad‐spectrum resistance against BB.
Bioprospecting microalgae and cyanobacteria for biopharmaceutical applications
Authors: Saeed Muhammad U. , Hussain Nazim , Shahbaz Areej , Hameed Tooba , Iqbal Hafiz M.N. , Bilal Muhammad
Published: December 2021

Microalgae and cyanobacteria have sparked a lot of interest due to their potential in various industries like biorefineries, biopharmaceuticals, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and other high‐value products. Polysaccharides, vitamins, proteins, enzymes, and steroids are valuable products isolated from microalgae and cyanobacteria and potentially used in health and biomedical applications. Bioactive compounds derived from microalgae and cyanobacteria exhibit various pharmaceutical properties like antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, antialgal, and antioxidant. From the properties listed above, the research for novel antibiotics has become particularly appropriate. In addition, the possible emergence of resistance against pathogens, as well as the potential decline in antibiotic efficacy, has prompted researchers to look for a new source of antibiotics. Microalgae and cyanobacteria have indicated a great and unexplored potential among these sources. For this reason, microalgae and cyanobacteria have been highlighted for their efficiency in different industrial sectors, as well as for their potential uses in the betterment of human and environmental health. This review gives an overview of bioactive compounds and metabolites with several biological properties isolated from microalgae and cyanobacteria for treating different animal and human diseases.
Quantifying tropical cyclone intensity change induced by sea surface temperature
Authors: Sun Jia , Wang Guihua , Jin Shanshan , Ju Xia , Xiong Xuejun
Published: December 2021

The relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change exhibits a strong dependence on the current TC intensity. Using western North Pacific TC observations from 1982 to 2018, a threshold SST (TSST) is identified as the SST required to maintain TC intensity. TSST increases with TC intensity, with TCs intensifying and weakening when SST is higher and lower than TSST, respectively. Across the dataset, mean TC intensity change is proportional to the difference between SST and TSST. This study also formulates an equation to quantify TC intensity change using SST and current TC intensity, which replicates 99.46% of the mean observed TC intensity changes. This equation could serve as an alternative to the linear regression‐based relationship between SST and TC intensity change that is widely used in statistical‐dynamical intensity models, thereby improving intensity forecasts.
Deformation behaviors and mechanical impairments of tissue cracks in immature and mature cartilages
Authors: Moo Eng Kuan , Al‐Saffar Yasir , Le Tina , A. Seerattan Ruth , Pingguan‐Murphy Belinda , K. Korhonen Rami , Herzog Walter
Published: December 2021

Degeneration of articular cartilage is often triggered by a small tissue crack. As cartilage structure and composition change with age, the mechanics of cracked cartilage may depend on the tissue age, but this relationship is poorly understood. Here, we investigated cartilage mechanics and crack deformation in immature and mature cartilage exposed to a full‐thickness tissue crack using indentation testing and histology, respectively. When a cut was introduced, tissue cracks opened wider in the mature cartilage compared to the immature cartilage. However, the opposite occurred upon mechanical indentation over the cracked region. Functionally, the immature‐cracked cartilages stress‐relaxed faster, experienced increased tissue strain, and had reduced instantaneous stiffness, compared to the mature‐cracked cartilages. Taken together, mature cartilage appears to withstand surface cracks and maintains its mechanical properties better than immature cartilage and these superior properties can be explained by the structure of their collagen fibrous network.
NaCl induces flocculation and lipid oxidation of soybean oil body emulsions recovered by neutral aqueous extraction
Authors: Zhou Xuan , Liu Zhijing , Wang Wan , Miao Yusi , Gu Liya , Li Yanan , Liu Xin , Jiang Lianzhou , Hou Juncai , Jiang Zhanmei
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Soybean oil bodies (SOB) are naturally pre‐emulsified lipid droplets recovered directly from soybean seeds. Almost all food emulsions contain salts. However, it was not clear how the incorporation of salts affected the physicochemical stability of SOB.

RESULTS

This study investigated the effect of NaCl (0–1.2%) on the physical and oxidative stability of SOB emulsions under neutral (pH 7) and acidic (pH 3) conditions. In the presence of NaCl, the SOB emulsion (pH 7) showed strong flocculation during storage due to electrostatic screening. The NaCl‐induced flocculation of SOB was attenuated at pH 3, which may be due to the difference in conformation or interaction of the protein interfaces covering SOB at different pH values. The increase in ionic strength or acid conditioning treatment resulted in a remarkable increase in the stability of SOB emulsions against coalescence. The confocal laser scanning microscopy images also confirmed the NaCl‐induced changes in the flocculation/coalescence properties of SOB. The oxidative behavior tests indicated that SOB emulsions containing NaCl were more susceptible to lipid oxidation but protein oxidation was inhibited due to electrostatic screening, which reduced pro‐oxidant accessibility of unadsorbed proteins in the emulsion. This oxidative behavior was attenuated at pH 3.

CONCLUSION

The incorporation of NaCl significantly reduced the physical and oxidative stability of the SOB emulsion, and acidic pH mitigated NaCl‐induced flocculation and lipid oxidation of SOB. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Efficacy and safety of thermomechanical fractional injury‐assisted corticosteroid delivery versus intralesional corticosteroid injection for the treatment of hypertrophic scars: A randomized split‐scar trial
Authors: Manuskiatti Woraphong , Yan Chadakan , Artzi Ofir , Gervasio Mia Katrina R. , Wanitphakdeedecha Rungsima
Published: December 2021

Background

Disruption of the natural skin barrier in a controlled manner may be used to deliver drugs that enhance scar resolution.

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of thermomechanical fractional injury (TMFI)‐assisted topical corticosteroid delivery with corticosteroid injection in the treatment of hypertrophic scar (HTS).

Materials and Methods

This was a randomized, split‐scar, double‐blinded study. Twenty‐one subjects with HTS on the abdomen received five split‐scar treatments of TMFI + Steroid and steroid injection alone. Changes in scar thickness, scar volume, and Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) were analyzed. Patient self‐assessment, VAS scores, and adverse effects were also evaluated.

Results

Scar thickness, volume, and VSS scores of both segments improved significantly compared to baseline. On every follow‐up visit, there were no significant differences in mean scar thickness reduction between the two treatment groups except at the 6‐month follow‐up where the mean scar thickness reduction of the steroid injection segment was significantly lower than that of the TMFI + Steroid segment (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09–0.35; p = 0.002). Scar volume, VSS scores, and patient self‐assessment also showed no significant differences between both segments on all visits. The steroid injection segment was significantly more painful than the TMFI + Steroid segment (95% CI, −2.16 to −1.29; p < 0.001). Adverse effects of skin atrophy, telangiectasia, and post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation were noted in the steroid injection segment, while no adverse effects were observed at the TMFI + Steroid segment.

Conclusions

TMFI‐assisted topical corticosteroid delivery is an effective treatment for HTS with a lower risk of adverse effects compared with corticosteroid injection.
Sirolimus or Everolimus Improves Survival After Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Yan Xiangyu , Huang Songhan , Yang Yang , Lu Ziwen , Li Feiyu , Jiang Liyong , Jiang Yong , Liu Jun
Published: December 2021

The effects of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors (sirolimus [SRL] and everolimus [EVL]) on survival in liver transplantation (LT) recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain the subject of intense research. Therefore, we performed this systematic review and meta‐analysis to investigate the potential survival benefits of mTOR inhibitors (mTORis). Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies investigating effects of SRL or EVL on LT recipients for HCC. The primary outcomes were 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, and 5‐year overall survival (OS), and the secondary outcomes were 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and adverse effects. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by a fixed or random effects model with Mantel‐Haenszel weighting. Subgroup analyses were performed according to crucial clinical characteristics. We also conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the reliability of our findings. A total of 17 studies were included. OS was improved in both RCTs (1 year: RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.08; 2 years: RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.16; 3 years: RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.24; 5 years: RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.26) and cohort studies (1 year: RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.20; 2 years: RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.16‐1.32; 3 years: RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.15‐1.34; 5 years: RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10‐1.24), with a lower risk of renal toxicity (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.93). The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year RFS were also improved. Current evidence indicates that SRL‐ or EVL‐based immunosuppression improves OS and RFS with a lower risk of renal toxicity compared with mTORi‐free immunosuppression. Nevertheless, results must be interpreted with caution.
Nanofibers Fabrication by Blown‐Centrifugal Spinning
Authors: Ayati Seyed Shahaboddin , Karevan Mehdi , Stefanek Evan , Bhia Mohammed , Akbari Mohsen
Published: December 2021

Here, a new, simple, and effective fabrication method of random and aligned nanofibers by utilizing centrifugal spinning and solution blowing is shown. This process, termed blown‐centrifugal spinning (BCS), capitalizes on a rotating reservoir and uses high velocity expanding gas to extrude fibers. The polymer solution is injected from the orifice of the reservoir and is brought in contact with the airflow on the reservoir's surface. The fiber morphology bears a relationship with airflow rate, solution viscosity, surface tension, and solvent evaporation rate. Fiber formation in the flowing stream is controlled by dynamic pressures, surface tension, and viscous forces.
Laboratory and discrete‐based numerical investigation on the collision problem of impactor‐block systems with soft‐porous and hard‐crystalline analog rocks
Authors: Luo Lina , Kasyap Sathwik S. , He Huan , Senetakis Kostas
Published: December 2021

We investigated experimentally the normal coefficient of restitution (COR) of impactors colliding on the surfaces of two different blocks; a soft‐porous block composed of plaster (dry impacts) and a hard‐crystalline rock composed of granite (dry and wet impacts). The experiments were performed in a range of low‐impact velocities and various particle types were used including perfectly spherical smooth glass beads and ceramic balls, rough glass beads as well as natural rough sand grains. Image processing was carried out to quantify the formed contours of craters caused by the surface damage of the soft blocks due to the impact. The results indicated very low COR values on the plaster block compared with the granite block as the energy was dissipated by means of surface plastic deformations on the plaster, however the contour crater images showed that the collision mechanisms depended on the roughness of the impactor. The behavior of impactor‐fluid‐block systems was dependent on both surface roughness and global morphology of the impactors. Discrete‐based (DEM) numerical simulations were performed to provide further insights into the behavior of the impactor‐block systems subjected to collision using the COR values from the experiments as the micro‐scale parameters and data from the literature as the macro‐scale parameters for the model calibration. The numerical output was used to observe the development of compression and tension force chain networks and how these involved during and after impact on different base blocks.
Sensation of incomplete bladder emptying in women: Lack of correlation to an elevated post‐void residual
Authors: Van Kuiken Michelle , Volkin Dmitry , Zaila Ardines Kassandra , Lin Frank C. , Fullerton Morgan , Kwan Lorna , Nitti Victor W.
Published: December 2021

Introduction/Background

Sensation of incomplete bladder emptying (SIBE) has been shown to be correlated with an elevated post‐void residual (PVR) in men, however, the significance of this symptom and whether it correlates with an elevated PVR in women is less clear. In this study, we assessed if SIBE in women is correlated with an elevated PVR and determined the relationship of SIBE to other lower urinary tract symptoms.

Methods/Materials

Women ages ≥18 with lower urinary tract symptoms were eligible. SIBE was defined by a response “sometimes”, “most of the time”, or “all of the time” to the question “How often do you feel that your bladder has not emptied properly after you have urinated?” on the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire. Frequency and bother of other lower urinary tract symptoms were also assessed to compare their relationship to SIBE. Elevated PVR was defined as ≥100 ml via ultrasound.

Results

We prospectively evaluated 95 women, 59% of whom reported SIBE. Compared to women without SIBE, women with SIBE reported more urinary hesitancy (51% vs. 18%, p = 0.002), intermittency (56% vs. 16%, p < 0.001), weak stream (36% vs. 5%, p < 0.001), dysuria (29% vs. 5%, p = 0.004), and straining (25% vs 5%, p = 0.013). However, there was no difference in elevated PVRs between women with and without SIBE [5/56, 9% vs. 4/39, 10%, (p = 0.99)]. All women, regardless of SIBE, reported higher bother from storage and incontinence symptoms versus voiding symptoms with no difference in overall bother scores.

Conclusion

SIBE is a common complaint in women with lower urinary tract symptoms. While women with SIBE reported more voiding symptoms, they were more bothered by storage symptoms. Importantly, most of these women emptied their bladder well and were not more likely to have an elevated PVR than women without SIBE.
A cross‐sectional study of COVID‐19 pandemic‐related organizational aspects in health care
Authors: Jensen Hanne Irene , Thude Bettina Ravnborg , Boye Lilian Keene , Gram Bibi Valgerdur , Primdahl Jette , Elkjær Mette , Specht Kirsten
Published: December 2021

Aim

This study explores how healthcare professionals included in the COVID‐19 contingency plan experienced organizational changes, and explores factors associated with the experiences. Additionally, the study aimed to identify learning points for future similar scenarios.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A questionnaire survey of healthcare professionals at three Danish hospitals, June 2020.

Results

A total of 1,448 healthcare professionals completed the questionnaire. Hereof, 813 (57%) were relocated to new settings/new jobs. The majority experienced that their relocation was totally (49%) or partially (31%) imposed, and 51% reported that the overall experience of the new job function was satisfactory. Type of profession and whether relocation to the new job function was imposed were the main variables associated with the overall experience of being part of the contingency plan. Suggestions for future scenarios included training adjusted to individual competencies, more targeted information, voluntariness with consideration of individual needs and clarification of expectations.
Effects of a tripartite intervention on biological stress in preterm infants during heel pricks for newborn screening: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yin Ti , Liaw Jen‐Jiuan , Tien Chiung‐Hsi , Wu Hsiang‐Ping , Chang Yue‐Cune , Lan Hsiang‐Yun
Published: December 2021

This prospective randomized trial examined the effects of a tripartite intervention (behavioral state modulation + nonnutritive sucking + tucking) on stress from procedural pain during heel pricks. Blood samples for routine screening were collected by heel pricks 48 h after birth (Stage 1) and at ≥37 weeks' gestation (Stage 2); salivary cortisol levels (SCLs) pre‐prick (T0) and 20 min post‐prick (T1) assessed stress. Preterm infants (n = 64) sampled by convenience at Level III neonatal care units were randomly assigned to the control condition (usual care) or intervention condition (tripartite intervention). Generalized estimating equations examined differences in salivary cortisol between conditions. After adjusting for effects of gestational age, postmenstrual age, and baseline SCLs, (1) at Stage 1, the change in salivary cortisol from T0 to T1 in preterm infants who received the tripartite intervention was, on average, significantly lower by 0.431 units (log scale) than the change in preterm infants who received the control condition (p < 0.001); (2) in the tripartite intervention condition, the difference between the change in mean SCLs from T0 to T1 at Stages 1 and 2 was significantly lower by 0.287 units (log scale), on average than between the change at Stages 1 and 2 in the control condition (p = 0.026). The provision of a tripartite intervention during heel prick significantly decreased the raise of SCLs compared with infants receiving usual care, suggesting lower stress. Clinicians could easily implement the tripartite intervention for heel‐stick support; however, replication is needed before recommending its incorporation into routine heel stick and other stressful procedures.
Do outcomes from a behavioral weight loss intervention differ in Alabama versus Colorado?
Authors: Clina Julianne G. , Sayer R. Drew , Cohen Caroline W. , Wyatt Holly R. , Baidwan Navneet Kaur , Hill James O.
Published: December 2021

Background

There are well‐established regional differences in obesity prevalence in the United States but relatively little is known about why or whether success in weight loss differs regionally.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in body weight, engagement in physical activity (PA), and psychosocial factors differed in Alabama (AL) versus Colorado (CO) in response to a 16‐week behavioral weight loss program.

Design

This is an ancillary study to a weight loss intervention being conducted simultaneously in AL and CO with identical intervention content and delivery in 70 participants (n = 31 AL and n = 39 CO). Body weight, objective (accelerometry) PA, and responses to psychosocial questionnaires (reward‐based eating, stress, social support) were collected at baseline and at Week 16.

Results

There were no differences in percent weight loss between states (AL: 10.98%; CO: 11.675%, p = 0.70), and weights at Week 16 were not different for participants in AL and CO (AL: 101.54 ± 4.39 kg, CO: 100.42 ± 3.67 kg, p = 0.84). Accelerometry‐derived step count, stepping time, and activity score were all greater at Week 16 for participants in AL compared to participants in CO. Hedonic eating scores were more favorable for participants in AL at baseline (AL: 24.08 ± 2.42; CO: 34.99 ± 2.12, p = 0.0023) and at Week 16 (AL: 18.62 ± 2.70; CO: 29.11 ± 2.19, p = 0.0023). Finally, participants in AL presented more favorable social support scores at Week 16 compared to participants in CO.

Conclusions

Weight loss did not differ between states, suggesting that factors contributing to higher obesity rates in some regions of the United States may not be barriers to weight loss. Further, participants in AL experienced greater improvements in some factors associated with weight maintenance, indicating the need to study regional differences in weight loss maintenance. National Clinical Trial 03832933.
Plasmonic enhanced polymer solar cell with inclusion of Ag@SiO2 core‐shell nanostructures
Authors: Alikhaidarova Elmira , Afanasyev Dmitriy , Ibrayev Niyazbek , Nuraje Nurxat
Published: December 2021

In this work, the effect of Ag@SiO2 core‐shell nanostructure (NS) on photovoltaic characteristics of polymer solar cell has been studied. Addition of Ag@SiO2 nanostructure containing SiO2 dielectric shell into the polymer solar cell eliminates the influence of metal nanoparticles (NP) to electron transfer between the polymer and the metal nanoparticles. The efficiency of the polymer solar cell was increased by 60% for the optimal concentration of Ag@SiO2 NSs (10−8 mol/L) in the PEDOT:PSS film. The increased efficiency of the polymer solar cell with inclusion of Ag@SiO2 nanostructure in PEDOT:PSS film was ascribed to a decrease of the electrical resistance of the PEDOT:PSS layer and enhancement of light harvesting by light scattering of Ag@SiO2 nanostructure in the polymer solar cell. The mechanism and kinetics of the plasmonic enhanced polymer solar cell were explained by IPCE, time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, and EIS studies.
Myeloma cells regulate miRNA transfer from fibroblast‐derived exosomes by expression of lncRNAs
Authors: Saltarella Ilaria , Lamanuzzi Aurelia , Desantis Vanessa , Di Marzo Lucia , Melaccio Assunta , Curci Paola , Annese Tiziana , Nico Beatrice , Solimando Antonio Giovanni , Bartoli Giulia , Tolomeo Doron , Storlazzi Clelia Tiziana , Mariggiò Maria Addolorata , Ria Roberto , Musto Pellegrino , Vacca Angelo , Frassanito Maria Antonia
Published: December 2021

Multiple myeloma (MM) progression and drug resistance depend on the crosstalk between MM cells and bone marrow (BM) fibroblasts (FBs). During monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to MM transition, MM cell‐derived exosomes (EXOs) reprogram the miRNA (miR) profile of FBs, inducing the overexpression miR‐23b‐3p, miR‐27b‐3p, miR‐125b‐5p, miR‐214‐3p, and miR‐5100. Here, we demonstrate that the miR content of MM FB‐derived EXOs (FB‐EXOs) overlaps the miR profile of parental FBs by overexpressing comparable levels of miR‐23b‐3p, miR‐27b‐3p, miR‐125b‐5p, miR‐214‐3p, and miR‐5100. Recipient MM cells co‐cultured with MM FB‐EXOs selectively overexpress only miR‐214‐3p and miR‐5100 but not miR‐23b‐3p, miR‐27b‐3p, and miR‐125b‐5p, suggesting a putative selective transfer. MM cells express HOTAIR, TOB1‐AS1, and MALAT1 lncRNAs. Transient transfection of MM cells with lnc·siRNAs demonstrates that HOTAIR, TOB1‐AS1, and MALAT1 lncRNAs are sponges for miR‐23b‐3p, miR‐27b‐3p, and miR‐125b‐5p. Indeed, lncRNA knockdown significantly increased miR levels in U266 MM cells co‐cultured with MM FB‐EXOs. Selective miR‐214‐3p and miR‐5100 overexpression modulates MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and p53 pathways in MM cells. Interrogation using the DIANA tools algorithm and transient overexpression using miR mimic probes confirmed the involvement of miR‐214‐3p and miR‐5100 and their target genes, PTEN and DUSP16, respectively, in the modulation of these intracellular pathways. Finally, the uptake of EXOs as well as miR‐214‐3p and miR‐5100 overexpression increase MM cell proliferation and resistance to bortezomib‐induced apoptosis by switching the balance between pro‐/anti‐apoptotic proteins. Overall, these data show that MM cells are not simply a container into which EXOs empty their cargo. On the contrary, tumour cells finely neutralize exosomal miRs via lncRNA expression to ensure their survival. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
A qualitative study of barriers and facilitators to adolescents and young adults’ participation in cancer clinical trials: Oncologist and patient perspectives
Authors: Abrahão Renata , Alvarez Elysia M. , Waters Austin R. , Romero Crystal C. , Gosdin Melissa M. , Naz Hiba , Pollock Brad H. , Kirchhoff Anne C. , Keegan Theresa H. M.
Published: December 2021

Background

Despite efforts to increase participation of adolescents and young adults (AYAs; 15–39 years) in cancer clinical trials (CTs), enrollment remains very low. Even when provided access to CTs, AYAs are less likely to participate than children and older adults. A better understanding of oncologist‐ and AYA survivor‐reported barriers, facilitators, and potential areas for CT enrollment improvement is needed.

Procedures

From December 2019 to August 2020, we conducted 43 semi‐structured interviews with oncologists (n = 17) and AYA cancer survivors (n = 26) who were offered and/or participated in CTs at cancer centers in California and Utah. Thematic analyses were used to interpret the findings.

Results

Oncologists identified a lack of available CTs, strict eligibility criteria, lack of awareness of open CTs, and poor communication between pediatric and adult oncologists as major barriers to enrollment. AYA cancer survivors identified financial and psychosocial barriers, and a poor understanding of what a CT means and its potential benefits as barriers to enrollment. Areas for improvement identified by oncologists and AYAs include educational, financial, and psychosocial support to AYAs. Oncologists also emphasized the need to increase CT availability, improve awareness of open CTs, and better communication between both pediatric and adult oncologists and oncologists and AYAs.

Conclusions

For AYAs with cancer, a lack of CT eligibility and physician awareness of open CTs likely factor into their lower CT enrollment. Potential strategies to improve AYA enrollment in CTs require comprehensive collaboration between pediatric and adult institutions, as well as educational, psychosocial, and financial support to AYAs.
Interprofessional spiritual care education in pediatric hematology‐oncology: A pilot study
Authors: Szilagyi Csaba , Lion Alex H. , Varner Perez Shelley E. , Koch Sarah , Oyedele Oladele , Slaven James E. , Montz Kianna , Haase Joan E. , Puchalski Christina M.
Published: December 2021

Background

Evidence and clinical guidelines call care team members to address the spiritual well‐being of pediatric patients, especially adolescents and young adults (AYA), with cancer and blood disorders. However, the lack of relevant training in generalist spiritual care has been a key barrier. Therefore, we aimed to improve clinicians’ capabilities by utilizing the Interprofessional Spiritual Care Education Curriculum (ISPEC) to close this gap in pediatric hematology‐oncology. A model of interprofessional spiritual care entails that all team members attend to patients’ spirituality by employing generalist spiritual care skills and collaborating with spiritual care specialists such as chaplains.

Methods

Interdisciplinary team members providing care for AYA with cancer and blood disorders were recruited to participate in interprofessional spiritual care education. Our intervention combined an evidence‐based online curriculum and in‐person discussion groups. Pretest‐posttest study examined changes in participants’ skills and practices to identify, address, and discuss spiritual concerns. Surveys were conducted at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the intervention.

Results

Participants (n = 21) included physicians, advanced practice providers, nurse coordinators, and psychosocial team members. We observed positive changes in participants’ ability (36%, P < 0.01), frequency (56%, P = 0.01), confidence (32%, P < 0.01), and comfort (31%, P = 0.02) providing generalist spiritual care baseline versus one month, with significant gains maintained through six months (Omnibus P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Utilizing ISPEC, interprofessional spiritual care education has a strong potential to develop pediatric hematology‐oncology team members’ capabilities to attend to the spiritual aspect of whole‐person care and thus contribute to the well‐being of AYA with cancer and blood disorders.
Exploring the effect ofTiO2and ionic liquid on the dielectric properties of polyurethane and polyaniline blend nanocomposites
Authors: Dash Kalyani , Sahoo Bibhu Prasad
Published: December 2021

Conductive polymer nanocomposites are enormously potent multifunctional lightweight flexible materials used in various electronic devices owing to their excellent dielectric characteristics with interesting relaxation behavior. In this present context, dielectric properties like dielectric permittivity (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″), AC conductivity (σac), real and imaginary impedance (Z′ andZ″), Nyquist plots, etc., of thermoplastic polyurethane/polyaniline/TiO2(TPU/PANI/TiO2) nanocomposite films with 0–2 wt% TiO2loading level have been studied. The dielectric analysis in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 MHz reveals thatε',σac, Nyquist plot as well as the relaxation behavior have been effectively tuned up to 1.5 wt% TiO2loading level. The very high interfacial polarization of the dipoles at the interface is reflected in the ultrahigh value ofε′. The semicircular nature of the Nyquist plots is well explained by the cyclic movement of the charge and the high extent of charge storage. The significant improvement in dielectric properties in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid (IL)‐incorporated nanocomposite system reflects the coupling as well as dispersibility of IL. The reduction inε′ andσac, and increase in bulk resistance with an increase in temperature indicate the positive temperature coefficient behavior of the developed nanocomposite systems. The adequate interaction between TiO2, TPU and PANI phases has been analyzed using X‐ray diffraction. The significant dispersing ability and coupling activity of the IL has been explored from micrographs obtained from a scanning electron microscopy study. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
The longitudinal trajectories of teacher burnout and vigour across the scholar year: The predictive role of emotional intelligence
Authors: Cece Valérian , Guillet‐Descas Emma , Lentillon‐Kaestner Vanessa
Published: December 2021

This study aimed to explore the longitudinal trajectories of teacher burnout and vigour across the school year and whether teacher emotional intelligence (EI) at the beginning of the school year would predict membership in the trajectories. A sample of 311 school teachers (Mage = 42.40 years ± 9.64 years, aged: 24–61) reported their burnout and vigour at three measurement times during the year and their EI levels at the first measurement time. Analyses revealed two to four trajectories, highlighting the heterogeneity in teacher longitudinal burnout and vigour across the school year. Moreover, a predictive role of EI was found and confirms the major role of emotional resources in teacher wellbeing. These findings provide theoretical direction for further studies in the teacher wellbeing domain (e.g., use of person‐centred and longitudinal designs) and suggestions for practical perspectives (e.g., monitoring, development of intrapersonal and interpersonal EI in teacher training).
Body image and perception among adults with and without phantom limb pain
Authors: Beisheim‐Ryan Emma Haldane , Hicks Gregory Evan , Pohlig Ryan Todd , Medina Jared , Sions Jaclyn Megan
Published: December 2021

Background

Following lower‐limb amputation, phantom limb pain (i.e., pain perceived as coming from the amputated portion of the limb) is common. Phantom limb pain may be associated with impaired body image and perception, which may be targets for rehabilitative intervention.

Objective

To compare measures of body image and perception between adults with and without phantom limb pain post amputation and evaluate associations between measures of body image and perception and phantom limb pain.

Design

Survey.

Setting

Online, remote assessment.

Participants

Seventy‐two adults ≥1 year post unilateral lower‐limb loss (n = 42 with phantom limb pain, n = 30 without phantom limb pain or pain in the remaining portion of the limb).

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Self‐reported outcome measures assessing body image (i.e., Amputee Body Image Scale‐Revised), perceptual disturbances associated with the phantom limb (i.e., a modified Bath Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Body Perception Disturbance Scale), and prosthesis satisfaction (i.e., Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scale) were administered; participants with phantom limb pain reported pain interference via the Brief Pain Inventory‐Short Form. Between‐group comparisons of self‐reported outcome measure scores were conducted using Mann Whitney U or chi‐square tests, as appropriate (a = .05).

Results

Compared to peers without phantom limb pain, adults with phantom limb pain reported more negative body image; increased phantom limb ownership, attention, and awareness; and reduced prosthesis satisfaction and embodiment (U = 175.50–364.00, p < .001 to .034). Disturbances in phantom limb perception (i.e., size, weight, pressure, temperature) were similar between groups (p = .086 to >.999). More negative body image was associated with increased phantom limb pain interference (τb = .25, p = .026).

Conclusions

Adults with phantom limb pain demonstrate more negative body image and hypervigilance of the phantom limb as compared to peers with nonpainful phantom sensations. Mind‐body treatments that target impaired body image and perception may be critical interventions for adults with phantom limb pain.
Thermal Stability of Black Aluminum Films and Growth of Aluminum Nanowires from Mechanical Defects on the Film Surface during Annealing
Authors: Romanova Marina , More-Chevalier Joris , Novotny Michal , Pokorny Petr , Volfova Lenka , Fitl Premysl , Poplausks Raimonds , Dekhtyar Yuri
Published: December 2021

The thermal stability of black aluminum (Black Al) films deposited on unheated fused silica substrates by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering is investigated. The deposited films have porous moth‐eye morphology and a relatively soft surface that can be easily damaged mechanically. Photothermally stimulated exoelectron emission (PTSE) spectra of the films have emission peaks at 180 and 300 °C, which can be associated with processes of aluminum recrystallization occurring at these temperatures. The total emitted charge of PTSE decreases according to a power law with each subsequent heating, indicating that the most pronounced structural changes on the film surface occur during its first annealing. The shape of the mechanically intact pores of the films does not change after heating. However, spiral‐shaped aluminum nanowires grow from scratches and abrasions on the film surface already after heating up to 200 °C due to the stress‐induced migration of aluminum atoms. When scratches are deliberately applied to the surface of an already annealed film, the nanowires do not grow when the film is reheated. The results of this study show that mechanically intact as‐deposited Black Al films are thermally stable up to temperatures of at least 400 °C.
Tunable Spin Polarization of Zigzag–Zigzag Heterojunction Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Jia , Jin Le , Liu Xuhui , Wang Chunxu , Qin Zhengkun , Wang Zhigang
Published: December 2021

Adjusting the spin polarization of carbon nanotubes is critical for achieving functional applications of spintronic devices such as magnetic switches. Herein, heterojunction carbon nanotubes (HCNTs) are constructed by connecting two different zigzag edges to achieve this goal. First‐principles calculations indicate spin ferromagnetic (FM) or antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling in the corresponding structure, which can be regulated by the number of carbon atoms at the zigzag edges of the HCNTs. Further calculations related to the charged HCNTs indicate that electronic ground states of the same structure can be transformed from spin AFM to spin FM coupling states. Thus, the behavior of spin polarization for zigzag–zigzag HCNTs can also be regulated by the charge. This finding opens up a new approach for spin adjustment, which can potentially contribute to the design of spintronic devices.
Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of Diastereomerically Pure 3‐Cyanoazetidin‐2‐ones via Thermally Promoted Tandem Wolff Rearrangement–Staudinger [2+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Levashova Ekaterina , Bakulina Olga , Dar'in Dmitry , Krasavin Mikhail
Published: December 2021

Thermally promoted tandem Wolff rearrangement – Staudinger [2+2] cycloaddition of α‐cyano‐α‐diazo ketones and imines afforded 3‐cyano‐β‐lactams in good to excellent yields as one diastereomer. The process represents the first example of generating cyanoketenes via the Wolff rearrangement of diazo compounds. The reaction is virtually insensitive to the substitution pattern in both reaction partners. It afforded high product yields even for imines bearing bulky tertiary alkyl substituents at the imine's nitrogen atom, which is indicative of the reaction proceeding predominantly as the concerted [2+2] cycloaddition rather than stepwise N‐acylation – ring closure process. Examples of reductive manipulation of the resulting 3‐cyano‐β‐lactams are provided opening an entry into 3‐aminomethyl 2‐azetidinones and azetidines.
Mechanistic Studies of an Automated Lipid Nanoparticle Reveal Critical Pharmaceutical Properties Associated with Enhanced mRNA Functional Delivery In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Cui Lili , Hunter Morag R. , Sonzini Silvia , Pereira Sara , Romanelli Steven M. , Liu Kai , Li Weimin , Liang Lihuan , Yang Bin , Mahmoudi Najet , Desai Arpan S.
Published: December 2021

Recently, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have attracted attention due to their emergent use for COVID‐19 mRNA vaccines. The success of LNPs can be attributed to ionizable lipids, which enable functional intracellular delivery. Previously, the authors established an automated high‐throughput platform to screen ionizable lipids and identified that the LNPs generated using this automated technique show comparable or increased mRNA functional delivery in vitro as compared to LNPs prepared using traditional microfluidics techniques. In this study, the authors choose one benchmark lipid, DLin‐MC3‐DMA (MC3), and investigate whether the automated formulation technique can enhance mRNA functional delivery in vivo. Interestingly, a 4.5‐fold improvement in mRNA functional delivery in vivo by automated LNPs as compared to LNPs formulated by conventional microfluidics techniques, is observed. Mechanistic studies reveal that particles with large size accommodate more mRNA per LNP, possess more hydrophobic surface, are more hemolytic, bind a larger protein corona, and tend to accumulate more in macropinocytosomes, which may quantitatively benefit mRNA cytosolic delivery. These data suggest that mRNA loading per particle is a critical factor that accounts for the enhanced mRNA functional delivery of automated LNPs. These mechanistic findings provide valuable insight underlying the enhanced mRNA functional delivery to accelerate future mRNA LNP product development.
Understanding the Structural Phase Transitions in Na3V2(PO4)3Symmetrical Sodium‐Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron‐Based X‐Ray Techniques
Authors: Thangavel Ranjith , Han Daseul , Moorthy Brindha , Ganesan Bala Krishnan , Moorthy Megala , Park Yongll , Nam Kyung‐Wan , Lee Yun‐Sung
Published: December 2021

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) hold great potential for use in large‐scale grid storage applications owing to their low energy cost compared to lithium analogs. The symmetrical SIBs employing Na3V2(PO4)3(NVP) as both the cathode and anode are considered very promising due to negligible volume changes and longer cycle life. However, the structural changes associated with the electrochemical reactions of symmetrical SIBs employing NVP have not been widely studied. Previous studies on symmetrical SIBs employing NVP are believed to undergo one mole of Na+storage during the electrochemical reaction. However, in this study, it is shown that there are significant differences during the electrochemical reaction of the symmetrical NVP system. The symmetrical sodium‐ion cell undergoes≈2 moles of Na+reaction (intercalation and deintercalation) instead of 1 mole of Na+. A simultaneous formation of Na5V2(PO4)3phase in the anode and NaV2(PO4)3phase in the cathode is revealed by synchrotron‐based X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. A symmetrical NVP cell can deliver a stable capacity of≈99 mAh g‐1, (based on the mass of the cathode) by simultaneously utilizing V3+/V2+redox in anode and V3+/V4+redox in cathode. The current study provides new insights for the development of high‐energy symmetrical NIBs for future use.
Direct Color Observation of Light‐Driven Molecular Conformation‐Induced Stress
Authors: Pujol‐Vila Ferran , Escudero Pedro , Güell‐Grau Pau , Pascual‐Izarra Carlos , Villa Rosa , Alvarez Mar
Published: December 2021

Although usually complex to handle, nanomechanical sensors are exceptional, label‐free tools for monitoring molecular conformational changes, which makes them of paramount importance in understanding biomolecular interactions. Herein, a simple and inexpensive mechanical imaging approach based on low‐stiffness cantilevers with structural coloration (mechanochromic cantilevers (MMC)) is demonstrated, able to monitor and quantify molecular conformational changes with similar sensitivity to the classical optical beam detection method of cantilever‐based sensors (≈4.6 × 10–3 N m–1). This high sensitivity is achieved by using a white light and an RGB camera working in the reflection configuration. The sensor performance is demonstrated by monitoring the UV‐light induced reversible conformational changes of azobenzene molecules coating. The trans‐cis isomerization of the azobenzene molecules induces a deflection of the cantilevers modifying their diffracted color, which returns to the initial state by cis‐trans relaxation. Interestingly, the mechanical imaging enables a simultaneous 2D mapping of the response thus enhancing the spatial resolution of the measurements. A tight correlation is found between the color output and the cantilever's deflection and curvature angle (sensitivities of 5 × 10–3 Hue µm–1 and 1.5 × 10–1 Hue (°)–1). These findings highlight the suitability of low‐stiffness MMC as an enabling technology for monitoring molecular changes with unprecedented simplicity, high‐throughput capability, and functionalities.
Recent Progress in the Synthesis and Applications of Composite Photocatalysts: A Critical Review
Authors: Humayun Muhammad , Wang Chundong , Luo Wei
Published: December 2021

Photocatalysis is an advanced technique that transforms solar energy into sustainable fuels and oxidizes pollutants via the aid of semiconductor photocatalysts. The main scientific and technological challenges for effective photocatalysis are the stability, robustness, and efficiency of semiconductor photocatalysts. For practical applications, researchers are trying to develop highly efficient and stable photocatalysts. Since the literature is highly scattered, it is urgent to write a critical review that summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art progress in the design of a variety of semiconductor composite photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications. Herein, a comprehensive review is presented that summarizes an overview, history, mechanism, advantages, and challenges of semiconductor photocatalysis. Further, the recent advancements in the design of heterostructure photocatalysts including alloy quantum dots based composites, carbon based composites including carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, and graphene, covalent–organic frameworks based composites, metal based composites including metal carbides, metal halide perovskites, metal nitrides, metal oxides, metal phosphides, and metal sulfides, metal–organic frameworks based composites, plasmonic materials based composites and single atom based composites for CO2 conversion, H2 evolution, and pollutants oxidation are discussed elaborately. Finally, perspectives for further improvement in the design of composite materials for efficient photocatalysis are provided.