bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technologies for Digital Modeling of Spatial Information About the Area for Agricultural Production
Authors: Sazonova Elena , Borisova Veronica , Terentyev Sergey , Kramlikh Olga , Sidorenkova Irina
Published: January 2021

One of the topical trends in the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation is digitalization and automation of methods for processing spatial information about various land resources. The main element of the implementation of this direction in practice can be considered a three-dimensional digital terrain model. This model allows solving many problems in the field of land management, in particular, such as analyzing the surface of the terrain in order to determine its suitability for agricultural production. Despite a number of existing problems in this area, an automated digital land management system will enable public authorities to implement an integrated and systematic approach to management, that is, to more efficiently use the land resources, influence the land market, as well as attract the investments and create the necessary conditions. for sustainable development of the territory.
Technospherization and Digitalization of the Urban Habitat as the Most Urgent Factor in the Relevancy of Social Pedagogy Modernization
Authors: Kolesnik Taisiya , Dergacheva Elena
Published: January 2021

The processes of socialization of the individual in the conditions of substitution of the biosphere by the technosphere are analyzed. It is concluded that the rapid rate of change is aligned with the evolutionarily developed mechanisms of adaptation. This causes deterioration of human health and results in the inability of people to protect themselves from the negative effects of the anthropogenic world. At this conjuncture, the correction of the processes of socialization and adaptation, as well as the development of a system of values that provides for preserving of the biosphere world and life, become the fundamental tasks of education. The results of the analysis show that modern education is losing traction in the process of mindset formation, delegating these functions to other information spheres, virtual reality, and spontaneous areas of Masscult. As a result, the traditional socialization process is broken. Humane correction of the current trends requires a change in the philosophical strategy of education development. As a basis for such a strategy, we propose social pedagogy that directly studies the processes of socialization of individuals. The concept of this discipline allows using the socio-natural approach as the basis for analyzing the processes, taking place in the world and in life.
Problems and Prospects for the Development of the UK Banking System in the Process of New Industrialization and Digitalization
Authors: Sokolova Olga , Goncharova Nadezhda , Letov Pavel
Published: January 2021

The gist of this article boils down to the development of British banking system in the conditions of new industrialization and digitalization. The banking system of Great Britain is characterized by a high degree of concentration and specialization of banking, a well-developed banking infrastructure, and a close connection with the international loan capital market. London is the world's oldest financial center. The English banking system has the world's widest network of overseas branches. The UK banking system is relatively independent from the credit systems of the European Union. Nevertheless, banking legislation is focused on the unification of banking law within the European Community and supervision of banking activities. In the context of the global financial crisis, the UK banking system, as in other countries, has been severely tested. The most important trend in the development of the UK banking system is the blurring of boundaries between certain types of credit institutions. The subject of the research is the UK banking system in the context of new industrialization and digitalization.
The role of agritourism in the development of rural territories in the union state of russia and belarus
Authors: Goncharova N.Z. , Vorobeva E.S. , Tarasova O.B.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the study is to assess the state and prospects of rural tourism development as one of the priority areas of economic activity in the agricultural sector of Russia and Belarus and its place in the European market of tourist services. The history of development of agritourism in the world economy is analyzed, the specifics of different countries are noted, and the advantages of agritourism in the Union State are shown. The study was carried out using classical methods of comparison, analysis of dynamic series, and analytical groupings. The modern economic literature highlights the main directions of agritourism development in the world, the impact of investments in agritourism on rural development, and the retention of rural population in Russia and Belarus. The main attention in this article is focused on the advantages of rural tourism in Russia and Belarus in comparison to rest of the European market of tourist services, which can facilitate attracting foreign tourists. At the same time, the strengths and weaknesses of this type of economic activity in the Union State in comparison to the neighboring countries are discussed. Russian regions are grouped by the level of rural tourism development, and the level of investment in agriculture is assessed. The study allowed us to identify the "bottlenecks" in the development of rural tourism in Russia and Belarus and to identify the most important objective and subjective reasons for their occurrence. In the conclusion the article offers a set of recommendations that will allow using the specific natural and climatic features of the Union State to attract state and private investment contributing to the development of agritourism and rural terrritories.
Sustainable development in the Russian regions
Authors: Pobedin Alexander , Fedulov Dmitry
Published: January 2021

The implementation of the goals, recorded in The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, requires a coordinated solution of problems both at the national level and at the level of single territorial units. The article provides a comparative analysis of individual indicators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, compared with the goals of sustainable development. Significant differences are found in achieving sustainable development goals in different regions, the most problematic are the goals related to economic development, population income, gender equality and environmental development. In addition, problems, methodological in nature, depending on the availability and comparability of indicators at the regional, national and international levels, present in the statistical reporting.
Using cluster approach and foresight technologies when designing a sustainable areas development strategy
Authors: Stovba Eugene , Stovba Andrey , Usmanov Aydar , Sharafutdinov Aidar , Araslanbaev Irek
Published: January 2021

The article highlights the need of applying cluster approach and foresight technologies in the formation of rural areas sustainable development strategy. An algorithm, including main stages of the rural areas sustainable development strategy design based on the cluster approach and foresight technologies, is presented. Cluster scenario for the rural sustainable economic and social development in the Non-chernozem zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been designed, which comprehensively takes into account the results of clustering, strategic planning and foresight forecasting of rural areas development. This scenario allows us to determine the extreme and most probable target indicators values of rural areas development for the long and medium term in the cluster display.
Cooperation as an integral part of the social and solidarity economy (SSE)
Authors: Egorov Vladimir , Inshakov Andrey
Published: January 2021

A theoretical analysis of the works of domestic and foreign authors on the problem of determining the place and role of the social (solidarity) economy (SSE) organization in the modern world economic space is carried out. The essential features of social (solidary enterprises) are revealed. The SWOT analysis allowed us to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the SSE organizations. The differences between non-profit and market economy are shown. The essential features of cooperation as the main socio-economic institution of the SSE are considered. Mechanisms for reducing global poverty by cooperatives have been identified. The factors constraining the progressive development of cooperative enterprises in Russia are identified.
Modeling the innovative component of sustainable development of oil and gas enterprises. The case of PJSC ROSNEFT
Authors: Baranova Nina , Loginova Daria
Published: January 2021

PJSC ROSNEFT is a member of the UN Global Compact since 2010 and supports the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In the Strategies-2022 (2030), important directions are recorded in which PJSC ROSNEFT will develop. A significant place in them is given to innovative development as an important component of sustainable development. The corporation set a new record in Russia for oil production in 2019 thanks to these developments – 560.3 million tons – and did not go broke in 2020. In our work, we will conduct a study of the innovative component of the corporation's sustainable development in 2004-2020. To this end, the materials of annual and consolidated reports, programs of sustainable and innovative development for 2004-2020 were studied. The Eviews10 econometrics software was used to carry out econometric modeling. The work shows that the obtained linear model is adequate and can be used for predictive calculations for the short term. The exponential model turned out to be inadequate for calculations. The article notes that epidemics, oil and gas wars, geopolitical contradictions have significantly reduced the rate of economic growth of PJSC ROSNEFT. The corporation will have to adjust its sustainable and innovative development programs to reduce costs, stop falling income and return to the previous level of development.
Socially-oriented economy as part of the macroeconomic development system
Authors: Dakhaeva Fatima , Amirova Azalea
Published: January 2021

This article analyzes the current situation in the world economy, which includes socio-economic tools, innovative and technical mechanisms. The stable economy of the region is based on social sustainability and a favorable economic climate to attract investment and highly qualified personnel. Develop human resources, investment in the educational sphere, and the development of a "knowledge-based economy" is a priority for the Chechen Republic. Social and economic policy is a set of measures to create favorable conditions for the development of society, taking into account the provision of an appropriate level of economic efficiency and social justice in all spheres of human life. In conditions of geopolitical rivalry, it is necessary to increase the competitiveness of the economy also through new technologies.
A systematic approach to the analysis of sustainable development of a coal mining region
Authors: Sheveleva Oksana , Slesarenko Ekaterina , Vagina Nina , Mishchenko Vladimir
Published: January 2021

A systematic approach to the analysis of sustainable development of a coal-mining region, substantiated in the light of the growing and intensifying problems of an ecological, technological, social nature, determined by the specifics of territorial functioning, which causes a high susceptibility of the regional economy to external challenges, the main of which is currently high volatility of coal export prices, is presented in the article. In the conditions of the existing excessive orientation of the development of coal-mining regions towards the influence of the economic factor based on the principle of extracting maximum benefits, which, among other things, have historical prerequisites, there is a need to revise the theoretical concepts of sustainable development of territories from the point of view of a systematic approach that substantiates interconnection of many more components of sustainable development of regional economies. Thus, it is advisable to present the analysis of sustainable development of a coal mining region through the interaction of five interdependent components: culture and education component, social well-being component, science and innovation component, environment component and economic efficiency component.
Fuzzy cognitive modeling of product import and export impacts on food security
Authors: Rogachev A.F. , Melikhova E.V.
Published: January 2021

The modern economy of the Russian Federation is in a difficult foreign economic situation, due to the sanctions pressure forced import substitution in a number of sectors of agricultural production. The sanctions imposed by developed countries led to a response from Russia, which imposed an embargo on certain groups of agricultural raw materials and food products. The aim of the research is to develop and implement software for fuzzy cognitive modeling of the level of food security in the context of import substitution, taking into account food exports. To determine the perspective directions of numerical estimation and increase the level of FS in modern Russia, by modeling and justifying import substitution, the method of fuzzy cognitive mathematical modeling is used, which allows us to build models of the evolution of the emerging level of interaction of key factors of the simulated system. The conducted cognitive modeling of the FS level showed that import substitution increases infrastructure costs and has a positive effect on the overall economic situation, as it determines the development of production. The study of the mutual influence of the import substitution factor, within the framework of ensuring the required level of FS, is limited by the existing conditions, largely determined by the sanctions pressure on the Russian Federation. It is shown that a promising area of research is the analysis of the sensitivity of the cognitive model to the influence of all key factors, as well as the search for factors that are most responsive to the control actions of the governing bodies.
Deming’s 14 points in modern higher education
Authors: Bagrova Ekaterina , Kruchinin Sergei
Published: January 2021

The paper discuss possibility to implement Deming’s 14 points into Russian higher education, taking into account partially online development. The majority of these points can be used to improve the quality of higher education. However, there are many legal restrictions to public education that result in specific, measurable results that do not fully implement Deming’s theories. Therefore, private universities have more potential to improve their quality then government schools. This fact explains the popularity of additional or professional courses in Russia as a substitute for regular education.
The EU energy law implementation within the Serbin sustainable development policy
Authors: Chugunov Daniil
Published: January 2021

The states implementing the European Union (“EU”) law in the spheres of energy and sustainable development within the frameworks of the Energy Community (“EC”) are faced with a crucial lack of time otherwise needed to harmonise their legislation. Issues surrounding the difficulties of interpreting the provisprovis of various directives, regulations and current implementation practice have proven to be notable barriers. Companies such as Serbian vertically integrated undertaking (“VIU”) Yugorosgas (“YRG”) and transmission system operator (“TSO”) YugorosgasTransport (“YRGT”) are obliged to make changes to local regulations and their organizational structure, from which they are encencencing great difficulties. There are often situations when companies, government agencies and institutions of international organizations hold very different attitudes and stances towards the application of a certain law. These legal deficiencies and inconsistencies in the positions of various parties can lead to disruptions in the activities of the largest energy companies engaged in gas supply and other important functions in the energy sector, as well as to significant economic expenses - Serbian (at least) national sustainable development becomes threatened. At the same time, we recoginize the importance of the law implementation.
On the question of the research methodology of the Russian political elite (on the example of the Republic of Tuva)
Authors: Sadi Saidash , Nekrasov Yaroslav , Pyatkov Matvey , Chirun Sergey
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the transparency of concepts known in modern political science to the study of Russian regional political elites, using the example of the Republic of Tuva. In the process of work, the authors used qualitative methods: in-depth interviews, expert survey, focus groups; quantitative methods: sampling method, questionnaire survey, event analysis, content analysis. The authors focused their attention on such characteristics of the regional political elite as: clientelism, closeness, corporate, particular orientation.

The authors come to the conclusion that an increase in the degree of efficiency of the regional elite can be achieved subject to the modernization of personnel policy, the transition from a clan-related system of relations to the implementation of effective management based on an entrepreneurial system.
Institutional approaches of the Federal Republic of Germany to post-conflict recovery, stabilization and development programs implementation
Authors: Tishkov Sergey , Ogneva Valentina , Tishkova Irina
Published: January 2021

The article studies practical approaches of the Federal Republic of Germany to the implementation of post-conflict recovery, stabilization and development programs. Noted that Germany is actively pursuing unilateral and joint programs for global sustainable development or specialized programs in different parts of the world. This good performance became possible due to a new German methodological approach based on complex and flexible usage of diplomacy, development policy and security measures. The well build institutional system under coordination of the Federal Foreign Office and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development is able to fulfill difficult tasks successfully. This point is illustrated by practical experience of the German Agency for International Cooperation, the Reconstruction Loan Corporation and the German Civil Peace Service. The article concludes that Germany achieved significant results in post-conflict recovery, stabilization and development activities because of bringing together efforts of different actors.
Spatial features of the development of the economic federalism system in Russia
Authors: Korotina Natalya
Published: January 2021

Understanding the spatial features of the development of economic processes of federalism requires understanding the consequences that the formation and implementation of the policy of relations between the federal center and the regions. The goal of our present research is a theoretical justification of the content of the concept of "economic federalism" from the standpoint of a spatial approach. The novelty of the research lies in examining the relations of economic federalism not only within the framework of the state budget system, but also within the framework of interaction between state and market structures. The theoretical and methodological basis of this study is a set of scientific concepts in the field of economic federalism and spatial analysis. The author chose the method of econometric factor analysis for practical confirmation of theoretical concepts. This method made it possible to assess the impact on the level of economic development of the region of indicators of both the budgetary subsystem of economic federalism and the subsystem of interaction between state and market structures. With the help of the calculations, the positioning of the Russian regions was carried out according to the type of the existing economic environment of federalism.
Strategic objectives of international and legal regulation of companies constructing power facilities in foreign countries
Authors: Vasilkova Svetlana
Published: January 2021

The article is considered with strategic objectives of regulating activities of Russian companies abroad. It is emphasized that the construction of Russian facilities in the energy sector abroad is a significant area of attraction for a whole range of geopolitical and economic interests of both our country and other countries interested in cooperation with Russia. The issue of preventing cross-border threats from the construction of such facilities, creating a common legal platform for countries, ensuring an orderly system of the international legal framework for investment activities is considered. The conclusion is made about a kind of “renaissance of protectionism” and a certain “rollback” in the development of liberal international trade and global energy. It is concluded that today energy security of entire regions of the planet and individual countries is becoming a hostage to geopolitical competition, as a result of which obstacles and risks arise for the implementation of large energy projects. Meanwhile, energy security becomes one of the dominant strategic objectives ensuring the sustainable development of mankind in the context of rapid economic development and climate instability on the planet.
Value foundations of marginal political practices of youth
Authors: Blinova Olesya , Gorbunova Yuliya
Published: January 2021

Today's youth, being a keyactor in the use of digital technologies, prefers digital participation in the political sphere of society. The main practices used by young people in their online participation are marginal. The marginality of the political practices of youth is revealed in their hybridity, which manifests itself in the binary of normativity - abnormality, norm - deviation, etc. Using the trend-watching method in the course of the research made it possible to identify the nonlinear and virulent nature of the marginal practices of youth, which makes it difficult to predict their impact, that, according to the authors, actualizes the need to identify the value foundations of their application. Content analysis of young people (18-30 years old) accounts in social networks, Instagram and Youtube channels of public opinion leaders revealed such value foundations of marginal political practices of young people as: patriotism, solidarity, non-violence, participation and independence.The nature of the identified axiological foundations made it possible to draw a conclusion about the transition from the traditional values of political participation of young people to the values of self-expression, the acquisition and implementation of civic subjectivity.
A concept of operational lawmaking technology
Authors: Umedov Kadriddin Minhodzhidinovich
Published: January 2021

The technology of operational lawmaking is a subtype of lawmaking technology; the latter is a type of legal technology. The technology of operational lawmaking is characterized by an emergency, extraordinary content; suddenly emerging social relations are the main characteristic of this phenomenon, the core and basis of operational lawmaking. There is no doubt that there is a peculiar nature of operational lawmaking (phenomenon). “Challenge accepted” – a heading of T. Zamakhina’s article: The State Duma and the Federation Council promptly adopted a package of laws aimed at implementing the initiatives of the President of the Russian Federation to support citizens and the state's economy in connection with the spread of COVID-19 [1]. The subject of this study is the technology of operational lawmaking. The objective of this study is to prove that there is a separate, independent “operational lawmaking technology” along with the current (usual) technology of lawmaking. The study used the following methods: dialectical, logical, systemic, comparative, structural-functional, and statistical. The following results were achieved: it was revealed that the “operational lawmaking technology” exists as an independent phenomenon with its own specific features, has its own content and form, and, accordingly, the concept is produced in crisis situations, presupposes a special strategy, tactics, approaches and methods.
Problems and prospects for the development of a public environmental control system
Authors: Dalgaly Tatyana , Vanslav Marina
Published: January 2021

In Russia system of public environmental control is picking up momentum these days. It manages social relations in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. But it is not unique. It sometimes plays a crucial role, as in the case of diesel spillage in Norilsk in May 2020, but sometimes not. Natural resources have been developed all over the world for centuries with minimal environmental control. This is largely due to the fact that the adverse impact on the environment was not understood and assessed in the way it is now, and at that time the available technologies could not always prevent or control damage to the environment. The result of such unfavourable effect contaminated soils and water, flora and fauna, landscape and many others change. This article is devoted to the issues of improving the system of state and public control of environmental protection.
Role of Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography in the Evaluation of Renal Transplant Reflux – Comparison with Voiding Cystourethrography and a New Classification
Authors: Drudi Francesco Maria , Angelini Flavia , Bertolotto Michele , Granata Antonio , Di Pierro Giovanni Battista , Lai Quirino , D'Ermo Giuseppe , Pretagostini Renzo , Cantisani Vito
Published: January 2021

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common urological complication in renal transplant patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (CEvUS) in the diagnosis and classification of reflux into the renal allograft, to evaluate and classify VUR into the allograft using voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) and CEvUS, to compare the two methods, and to propose a new classification of reflux into the allograft based on CEvUS and VCUG assessment, in line with the international reflux grading system.

Materials and Methods From January 2017 to July 2019, 84 kidney transplant patients were enrolled. All patients underwent VCUG and CEvUS.

Results In 76 cases there was agreement between VCUG and CEvUS (90 %) (Kappa = 0.7). The sensitivity of CEvUS using VCUG as the gold standard was 90 %, and the specificity was 92 %. Of the 7 cases diagnosed by VCUG and not by CEvUS, 6 were grade 1 and 1 was grade 2.

Conclusion Transplant patients with reflux symptoms should undergo CEvUS. If the outcome is negative, VCUG should be performed. The classification that we propose is better suited to describe VUR in transplant patients, because it is simpler and takes into account whether reflux occurs not only during urination but also when the bladder is relaxed.
Formulation of a Semisolid Emulsion Containing Leptospermum scoparium Essential Oil and Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Efficacy
Authors: Porter Gemma C. , Safii Syarida H. , Medlicott Natalie J. , Duncan Warwick J. , Tompkins Geoffrey R. , Coates Dawn E.
Published: January 2021

Manuka oil, an essential oil derived from the Leptospermum scoparium, has been traditionally used for wound care and as a topical antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory. However, the essential oil is not well retained at mucosal sites, such as the oral cavity, where the benefits of the aforementioned properties could be utilized toward the treatment of persistent biofilms. Within this study, L. scoparium essential oil was incorporated into a semisolid emulsion for improved delivery. The safety profile of L. scoparium essential oil on human gingival fibroblasts was determined via cell viability, cytotoxicity, and caspase activation. The minimal bactericidal concentration of L. scoparium essential oil was determined, and the emulsionʼs antibiofilm effects visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy. L. scoparium essential oil demonstrated a lower IC50 (0.02% at 48 h) when compared to the clinical control chlorhexidine (0.002% at 48 h) and displayed lower cumulative cytotoxicity. Higher concentrations of L. scoparium essential oil (≥ 0.1%) at 6 h resulted in higher caspase 3/7 activation, suggesting an apoptotic pathway of cell death. A minimal bactericidal concentration of 0.1% w/w was observed for 6 oral bacteria and 0.01% w/v for Porphyromonas gingivalis. Textural and rheometric analysis indicated increased stability of emulsion with a 1 : 3 ratio of L. scoparium essential oil: Oryza sativa carrier oil. The optimized 5% w/w L. scoparium essential oil emulsion showed increased bactericidal penetrative effects on Streptococci gordonii biofilms compared to oil alone and to chlorhexidine controls. This study has demonstrated the safety, formulation, and antimicrobial activity of L. scoparium essential oil emulsion for potential antibacterial applications at mucosal sites.
Bile Acids in Control of the Gut-Liver-Axis
Authors: Hild Benedikt , Heinzow Hauke S. , Schmidt Hartmut H. , Maschmeier Miriam
Published: January 2021

The liver and gut share an intimate relationship whose communication relies heavily on metabolites, among which bile acids play a major role. Beyond their function as emulsifiers, bile acids have been recognized for their influence on metabolism of glucose and lipids as well as for their impact on immune responses. Therefore, changes to the composition of the bile acid pool can be consequential to liver and to gut physiology. By metabolizing primary bile acids to secondary bile acids, the bacterial gut microbiome modifies how bile acids exert influence. An altered ratio of secondary to primary bile acids is found to be substantial in many studies. Thus, disease pathogenesis and progression could be changed by gut microbiome modification which influences the bile acid pool.
β1-adrenergic and Muscarinic Acetylcholine Type 2
Receptor Antibodies are Increased in Graves’ Hyperthyroidism and
Decrease During Antithyroid Therapy
Authors: Tammelin Karin , Lundgren Anna , Holmberg Mats , Andersson Bengt , Nyström Helena Filipsson
Published: January 2021

Objective To determine the association between autoantibodies to
G-protein-coupled receptors with effect on the cardiovascular system and the
cardiac biomarker N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide reflecting heart
function in Gravesʼ disease.

Design and Methods Sixty premenopausal women with Graves’
disease were analyzed for IgG autoantibodies against
β1-adrenergic, muscarinic acetylcholine type 2 and
angiotensin II type 1 receptors using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
based on cell membranes overexpressing receptors in their native
conformations. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and heart symptoms
were analyzed in hyperthyroidism and after 7.5 months of antithyroid
treatment. Matched thyroid healthy controls were also assessed.

Results Serum levels of antibodies against the
β1-adrenergic and the muscarinic acetylcholine type 2
receptors were higher in hyperthyroid patients than in controls (median
β1-adrenergic receptor antibodies 1.9 [IQR
1.3–2.7] vs. 1.1 [0.8–1.7] μg/mL,
P<0.0001; muscarinic acetylcholine type 2 receptor 20.5
[14.0–38.3] vs. 6.0 [3.2–9.9] U/mL,
P<0.0001). These antibodies decreased in euthyroidism
(P<0.01), but were still higher than in controls
(P<0.01). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor levels did not
differ. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide was higher in
hyperthyroidism (240 [134–372] vs. <35
[<35–67] ng/L, P<0.0001), normalized
after treatment and did not correlate with autoantibodies.

Conclusion Autoantibodies against the β1-adrenergic
and the muscarinic acetylcholine type 2 receptors were increased in
Graves’ patients, decreased with treatment, but did not correlate
with cardiac function. However, an autoimmune effect on the heart cannot be
excluded in subpopulations, as the functional properties of the analyzed
antibodies remain to be determined.
Knoevenagel Condensation of Phosphinoylacetic Acids with Aldehydes: An Efficient One-Pot Strategy for the Synthesis of P-Functionalized Alkenyl Compounds
Authors: Dziuba Kamil , Szwaczko Katarzyna , Frynas Sławomir
Published: January 2021

A wide range of commercially available aldehydes have been applied to Knoevenagel condensation reaction to give E-alkenylphosphine oxides and vinylphosphine oxides. The readily available phosphinoylacetic acids derived from P(O)–H compounds were used as the starting materials in the reaction, providing a highly stereoselective and efficient method for constructing α,β-unsaturated phosphine oxides. Moreover, this simple and practical procedure provides an alternative and more environmentally friendly synthesis strategy for this type of P-functionalized alkenyl compounds.
Preface: Modern Heterocycle Synthesis and Functionalization
Authors: Campeau Louis-Charles , Rovis Tomislav
Published: January 2021

obtained his PhD degree in 2008 with the late Professor Keith Fagnou at the University of Ottawa in Canada as an NSERC Doctoral Fellow. He then joined Merck Research Laboratories at Merck-Frosst in Montreal in 2007, making key contributions to the discovery of Doravirine (MK-1439) for which he received a Merck Special Achievement Award. In 2010, he moved from Quebec to New Jersey, where he has served in roles of increasing responsibility with Merck ever since. L.-C. is currently Executive Director and the Head of Process Chemistry and Discovery Process Chemistry organizations, leading a team of smart creative scientists developing innovative chemistry solutions in support of all discovery, pre-clinical and clinical active pharmaceutical ingredient deliveries for the entire Merck portfolio for small-molecule therapeutics. Over his tenure at Merck, L.-C. and his team have made important contributions to >40 clinical candidates and 4 commercial products to date.

Tom Rovis was born in Zagreb in former Yugoslavia but was largely raised in southern Ontario, Canada. He earned his PhD degree at the University of Toronto (Canada) in 1998 under the direction of Professor Mark Lautens. From 1998–2000, he was an NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University (USA) with Professor David A. Evans. In 2000, he began his independent career at Colorado State University and was promoted in 2005 to Associate Professor and in 2008 to Professor. His group’s accomplishments have been recognized by a number of awards including an Arthur C. Cope Scholar, an NSF CAREER Award, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a ­Katritzky Young Investigator in Heterocyclic Chemistry. In 2016, he moved to Columbia University where he is currently the Samuel Latham Mitchill Professor of Chemistry.
Anti-Müllerian Hormone in the Diagnosis and Prediction of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Authors: Anderson Richard A. , Nelson Scott M.
Published: January 2021

The menopause and its pathological version, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), are characterized by the cessation of follicle growth in the ovary, with consequent lack of estrogen production and amenorrhea. The measurement of a specific product of ovarian follicles would therefore be expected to be a valuable biomarker in women with POI, and to be of likely clinical value in the diagnosis and perhaps prediction of POI. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by the granulosa cells of growing follicles and is therefore likely to be of value in this context. Current data indicate that measurement of AMH is an accurate indicator of POI in many situations and has diagnostic validity and may facilitate more timely diagnosis. AMH seems to be of limited value in predicting age at natural menopause, even with multiple measurements, and there are scarce data regarding prediction of POI, other than when it is imminent, and in some contexts where there is an immediate iatrogenic threat to ovarian function. AMH therefore appears to have considerable value as a diagnostic test for POI, but apart from highlighting broadly those at increased risk, it has inadequate precision to be able to predict accurately the timing of onset of impending POI.
On the Link Between Managerial Attributes and Firm Access to Formal Credit in Myanmar
Authors: Hansen Henrik , Rand John , Tarp Finn , Trifkovic Neda
Published: January 2021

Using a survey of enterprises in Myanmar, we examine demand for formal credit and the extent to which firms are self-constrained by not applying for credit or if they apply and are constrained by bank’s rejections. We have information about firm managers’ managerial capacity and risk attitude. We use this to test if the allocation of loanable funds is systematically associated with the attributes. We find that these attributes are positively associated with firm performance and the probability of both having credit demand and applying for credit. On the supply side we find no discernible links to the traits once we control for self-constraint in applying for credit. Thus, the traits improve credit access through a higher likelihood of applying for credit not a higher probability of being granted credit when applying. We suggest to improve the allocation of credit by incentivizing banks to utilize information about managers’ business capacity.
Propagation characteristics of photonic crystal fibers selectively filled with ionic liquid
Authors: Liu Xiaoqi , Liu Yange , Wang Zhi
Published: January 2021

We present a numerical and experimental study of the propagation characteristics of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) selectively filled with ionic liquid (IL; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodine). Three types of IL-filled PCF are investigated: one with all air holes filled, one with an IL-filled air hole in the second ring, and one with an IL-filled air hole in the third ring. The results show that the third type of IL-filled PCF is the most sensitive to temperature; the sensitivity of resonant dips between the LP01 and LP21 modes is ∼−2.9 nm/°C. Moreover, the intensity of the resonant dips changes with the polarization angle of the light source; the sensitivity is ∼−0.79 dB per unit polarization angle. Based on this property, IL-filled PCFs with different utilities can be realized by changing the filling position flexibly. Consequently, IL-filled PCFs can be used under flexible conditions and controllable temperatures to create a compact polarization-angle sensor.
Local and global bifurcations in 3D piecewise smooth discontinuous maps
Authors: Patra Mahashweta , Gupta Sayan , Banerjee Soumitro
Published: January 2021

This paper approaches the problem of analyzing the bifurcation phenomena in three-dimensional discontinuous maps, using a piecewise linear approximation in the neighborhood of a border. The existence conditions of periodic orbits are analytically calculated and bifurcations of different periodic orbits are illustrated through numerical simulations. We have illustrated the peculiar features of discontinuous bifurcations involving a stable fixed point, a period-2 cycle, a saddle fixed point, etc. The occurrence of multiple attractor bifurcation and hyperchaos are also demonstrated.
Combining laser interferometry and plasma spectroscopy for spatially resolved high-sensitivity plasma density measurements in discharge capillaries
Authors: Garland J. M. , Tauscher G. , Bohlen S. , Boyle G. J. , D’Arcy R. , Goldberg L. , Põder K. , Schaper L. , Schmidt B. , Osterhoff J.
Published: January 2021

Precise characterization and tailoring of the spatial and temporal evolution of plasma density within plasma sources are critical for realizing high-quality accelerated beams in plasma wakefield accelerators. The simultaneous use of two independent diagnostics allowed the temporally and spatially resolved detection of plasma density with unprecedented sensitivity and enabled the characterization of the plasma temperature in discharge capillaries for times later than 0.5 µs after the initiation of the discharge, at which point the plasma is at local thermodynamic equilibrium. A common-path two-color laser interferometer for obtaining the average plasma density with a sensitivity of 2 × 1015 cm−2 was developed together with a plasma emission spectrometer for analyzing spectral line broadening profiles with a resolution of 5 × 1015 cm−3. Both diagnostics show good agreement when applying the spectral line broadening analysis methodology of Gigosos and Cardeñoso in the temperature range of 0.5 eV–5.0 eV. For plasma with densities of 0.5–2.5 × 1017 cm−3, temperatures of 1 eV–7 eV were indirectly measured by combining the diagnostic information. Measured longitudinally resolved plasma density profiles exhibit a clear temporal evolution from an initial flat-top to a Gaussian-like shape in the first microseconds as material is ejected out from the capillary. These measurements pave the way for highly detailed parameter tuning in plasma sources for particle accelerators and beam optics.
Signal processing method based on connection fitting of echo peak point with a large slope for ultrasonic gas flow meter
Authors: Ma Jie , Xu Ke-Jun , Jiang Zhen , Zhang Lun , Xu Hao-Ran
Published: January 2021

Ultrasonic gas flow meters are especially suitable for measurement in pipelines with large diameters. However, on the one hand, it is difficult to find a stable feature point to calculate the duration of propagation of the ultrasonic signal, through which we can obtain the real-time flow rate of the gas, and on the other hand, the computation incurred by signal processing methods to this end is burdensome and affects the real-time performance of the flow meter. To solve these problems, this study examines the characteristics of the stability of the echo signal and patterns of variation in the echo contour at different flow rates of gas. We found that peak points of the middle part of the rising segment of the echo signal were relatively stable, and the slope of the envelope of this part was always relatively large but constant, which indicates that peak points in this part were approximately distributed along a straight line. This finding is used to develop a signal processing method based on the connection fitting of the echo peak point with a large slope. This method is easy to implement, incurs a small amount of calculation, and has strong anti-interference ability. Moreover, it can guide research on signal processing methods and the stability of the echo signal. The proposed method was implemented on a dual-core hardware system, and the results of calibration show that it can attain 1.0-level accuracy over a measurable range of 30 m3/h–1100 m3/h.
Thermodiffusion: The physico-chemical mechanics view
Authors: Kocherginsky Nikolai , Gruebele Martin
Published: January 2021

Thermodiffusion in liquids (the Soret effect) has several unusual properties. In particular, transport can occur with or against a temperature gradient depending on the case. Numerous empirical correlations have been proposed with mixed success or range of applicability. Here, we show that physicochemical mechanics, derived from the Smoluchowski equation as a description of diffusive transport phenomena, is in accord with the experimental and simulated thermodiffusion data from colloidal beads and biomacromolecules to ionic solutions and ultracold fluid mixtures. It yields a simple formula for the Soret coefficient ST based on the reference molar entropy including non-ideality. Hydrodynamic and local non-equilibrium effects are discussed but not included as these are apparently not a major contribution for the wide range of solutes under the near-equilibrium experimental conditions considered here.
Reduced ionic diffusion by the dynamic electron–ion collisions in warm dense hydrogen
Authors: Yao Yunpeng , Zeng Qiyu , Chen Ke , Kang Dongdong , Hou Yong , Ma Qian , Dai Jiayu
Published: January 2021

The dynamic electron–ion collisions play an important role in determining the static and transport properties of warm dense matter (WDM). The electron force field (EFF) method is applied to study the ionic transport properties of warm dense hydrogen. Compared with the results from quantum molecular dynamics and orbital-free molecular dynamics, the ionic diffusions are largely reduced by involving the dynamic collisions of electrons and ions. This physics is verified by the quantum Langevin molecular dynamics (QLMD) simulations, which includes electron–ion collision-induced friction (EI-CIF) into the dynamic equation of ions. Based on these new results, we proposed a model including the correction of collision-induced friction of the ionic diffusion. The CIF model has been verified to be valid in a wide range of densities and temperatures. We also compare the results with the Yukawa one-component plasma (YOCP) model and Effective OCP (EOCP) model. We proposed to calculate the self-diffusion coefficients using the EOCP model modified by the CIF model to introduce the dynamic electron–ion collision effect.
Unsteadiness characterization of shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction controlled by high-frequency arc plasma energy deposition
Authors: Feng Liming , Wang Hongyu , Chen Zhi , Zhou Youtian , Yang Yanguang
Published: January 2021

We carried out an experimental study of Mach 2.5 airflow over a semicircular column with 15 kHz arc plasma energy deposition (APED). The APED was pulsed at microsecond time scales, and it rapidly added high-repetition-frequency thermal bubbles that propagated downstream. Time-resolved schlieren imaging with a frame rate of 30 kHz was utilized to record the dynamic flow fields. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of these thermal bubbles on the unsteadiness characterization of a shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction (STBLI) by some statistical methods based on the spatial gray value extracted from a sequence of time-resolved schlieren images. The results showed that APED pulsed at 15 kHz was highly effective in weakening both the separation shock and the attached shock continuously and in narrowing the low frequency component of the oscillatory separation shock. A stronger oscillation of the attached shock under APED was found. The thermal bubbles increased the characteristic scales of vortex in the incoming turbulent boundary layer and shear layer, enhancing the fluctuation of the shear layer with large numbers of high-frequency components. The continuous transforming of the enlarged eddies along the shear layer was regarded as the main cause of shock weakening and frequency modulation of the STBLI in this study.
Electron kinetics in standing and moving striations in argon gas
Authors: Levko Dmitry
Published: January 2021

The electron kinetics in moving and standing striations in direct current and radio frequency discharges is studied. The discharge current is such that the thermalizing electron–electron collisions are negligible, and the hydrodynamic description of the electron component of plasma is not valid. Therefore, the one-dimensional hybrid model is used, which models the electron component by the particle method, while the ions are described using the drift–diffusion approximation. It is obtained that the electron transport is nonlocal in space. The electron energy distribution in both discharges is of nonequilibrium nature, which is responsible for the nonlinearity of the ionization frequency. However, their dynamics in both discharges differs significantly. Namely, in the direct current discharge, the distribution function is strongly modulated by the striation passage, while in the radio frequency discharge, the electron energy relaxation time is such that the electron distribution function does not react on the oscillating electric field but is defined by the effective electric field.