The chromatin structuring protein HMGA2 influences human subtelomere stability and cancer chemosensitivity
Authors: Ahmed Syed Moiz , Dharshana Ramani Priya , Wong Qi Rong Stephen , Zhao Xiaodan , Ivanyi-Nagy Roland , Choong Leong Tang , Chua Clarinda , Li Zhizhong , Hentze Hannes , Tan Bee Huat Iain , Yan Jie , DasGupta Ramanuj , Dröge Peter 
Published: February 2019

The transient build-up of DNA supercoiling during the translocation of replication forks threatens genome stability and is controlled by DNA topoisomerases (TOPs). This crucial process has been exploited with TOP poisons for cancer chemotherapy. However, pinpointing cellular determinants of the best clinical response to TOP poisons still remains enigmatic. Here, we present an integrated approach and demonstrate that endogenous and exogenous expression of the oncofetal high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) protein exhibited broad protection against the formation of hydroxyurea-induced DNA breaks in various cancer cells, thus corroborating our previously proposed model in which HMGA2 functions as a replication fork chaperone that forms a protective DNA scaffold at or close to stalled replication forks. We now further demonstrate that high levels of HMGA2 also protected cancer cells against DNA breaks triggered by the clinically important TOP1 poison irinotecan. This protection is most likely due to the recently identified DNA supercoil constraining function of HMGA2 in combination with exclusion of TOP1 from binding to supercoiled substrate DNA. In contrast, low to moderate HMGA2 protein levels surprisingly potentiated the formation of irinotecan-induced genotoxic covalent TOP1-DNA cleavage complexes. Our data from cell-based and several in vitro assays indicate that, mechanistically, this potentiating role involves enhanced drug-target interactions mediated by HMGA2 in ternary complexes with supercoiled DNA. Subtelomeric regions were found to be extraordinarily vulnerable to these genotoxic challenges induced by TOP1 poisoning, pointing at strong DNA topological barriers located at human telomeres. These findings were corroborated by an increased irinotecan sensitivity of patient-derived xenografts of colorectal cancers exhibiting low to moderate HMGA2 levels. Collectively, we uncovered a therapeutically important control mechanism of transient changes in chromosomal DNA topology that ultimately leads to enhanced human subtelomere stability.

Author Summary

DNA replication fork stability in rapidly dividing cancer cells is of utmost importance for the maintenance of genome stability and cancer cell viability. Cancer cells efficiently prevent fork collapse into lethal double strand breaks as a first line of defense during replication stress, but the corresponding protective mechanisms often remain elusive.

Uncontrolled high levels of DNA supercoiling that are generally regulated by topoisomerases can cause replication stress and are major threats to fork stability. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we identified a possible regulatory mechanism of replication stress, which appears to involve mitigating the consequences of DNA topological changes by the oncofetal replication fork chaperone HMGA2.

Our work provides mechanistic insights into the control of DNA damage triggered by clinically important anti-cancer drugs, which is mediated by the replication fork chaperone HMGA2. We thereby also identify HMGA2 expression as a predictive therapeutic marker, which could allow clinicians to take informed decisions to prevent tumor recurrence and improve survival.