bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divorce
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: November 2023

A matrimonium was dissolved in various ways.’ Jurists and people making arrangements about dowry took account of the possibility of the death of either partner and of divorce, as well as the more remote hazard that a change in the status of either-capture in war, enslavement, or judicial dep.ortation-would remove the capacity to be married.Dirimitur matrimonium divortio, morte, captivitate, vel alia contingente servitute utrius eorum.
Rhythm and Tempo
Authors: West M L
Published: November 2023

It is conventional, in writing about ancient Greek music, to voice a lament that ‘the music itself is almost entirely lost. So far as its melodic lines are concerned, this is true: we have only a few dozen specimens to represent a thousand years’ music, and of these few dozen, most are tattered fragments with scarcely a line complete, and nearly all are from compositions of post-Classical date. Of music from before the last decade of the fifth century BC we have not a single note.
Theory
Authors: West M L
Published: November 2023

From the earliest times, we may suppose, practitioners and teachers of instrumental playing possessed a certain amount of technical terminology and lore connected with their instrument: a system of nomenclature for strings, notes, and tunings, formulae for changing from one lyre-tuning to another, traditions and legends concerning past players, their inventions and innovations. But from the late sixth century Be, and possibly earlier, we can see the beginnings of more developed forms of theoretical inquiry into the foundations of music.
Notation and Pitch
Authors: West M L
Published: November 2023

By the middle of the third century Be, at latest, an agreed system of musical notation was in use among professionals. It is employed consistently in the surviving papyri and inscriptions, which extend from that time down to the late third century AD, and also in tables and examples in several of the later writers. It is still to be seen in the medieval tradition of Mesomedes’ songs, though its use by practising musicians probably ceased around the fourth or fifth century. Our understanding of the system is derived principally from Alypius’ extensive tables of the notes available in each of the fifteen keys and in each genus.
Introduction
Authors: Cameron Averil , Hall Stuart G
Published: November 2023

The Life of Constantine (Vita Constantini, henceforth VC) is the main source not only for the religious policy of Constantine the Great (ruled AD 306-37, sole Emperor 324-37) but also for much else about him. It is attributed in the manuscripts to Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea (d. AD 339), who was also the author of the first history of the Church (Church History, Historia Ecclesiastica, HE) and many other works of biblical scholarship, Christian apologetic, and contemporary religious debate.1 The VC is divided into four books, with chapter headings by a later editor (see below, p. 24, § 5). The title by which it is generally known is somewhat misleading, in that while the work certainly has biographical elements, it is better described as an uneasy mixture of panegyric and narrative history (see below, § 6). Many of the details which it records are to be found only here, and since the VC presents a view of Constantine that is not only extremely pro-Christian but also, as we can see from comparison with some of his other works, particular to the interests of Eusebius himself, it is not surprising that it has proved extremely controversial. Some scholars are disposed to accept its evidence at face value while others have been and are highly sceptical(§ 2).
Translation
Authors: Cameron Averil , Hall Stuart G
Published: November 2023

It was but recently the whole human race celebrated various ten-year periods for the great Emperor with festive banquets. It was but recently we ourselves hymned the conqueror with praises for his twenty years, taking the floor at the Council of God ‘s ministers. Just now we wove garlands of words also for his thirty years, in the very palace hardly yesterday to crown his sacred head. (2) But today our thought stands helpless, longing to express some of the conventional things, but at a loss which way to turn, stunned by the sheer wonder of the amazing spectacle. Wherever it casts its gaze, whether east or west, whether all over the earth or up to heaven itself, every way and everywhere it observes the Blessed One present with the Empire itself. (3) On earth it perceives his own sons like new lamps filling the whole with his radiance, and himself powerfully alive and directing the whole government of affairs more firmly than before, as he is multiplied in the succession of his sons. If previously they still shared the honour of Caesars, now that they have put on his whole mantle of God fearing virtue, they have been declared Imperatores Augusti, singled out with their father ‘s honours.
Children of Freedmen (and Freedwomen)
Authors: Weaver P R C
Published: November 2023

We begin at the ‘House of the Bicentenary’—in Herculaneum, at the grandest ‘casa’ in town. There, some half a century ago, emerged a file, or rather chest, of eighteen documents, dating from AD 74 and 75, on the case of ‘the woman who calls herself Petronia lusta’. That she was the child of a freedwoman was not disputed: her mother, Petronia Vitalis, was indeed the former slave of Petronius Stephanus and Calatoria Themis, a couple who had jointly (it appears) manumitted her. What was at issue was when Vitalis’ child was born.

Justa was claiming that she was freeborn (i.e. that she was born after the manumission of her mother), despite the fact that she could not produce a birth certificate to prove it and that she was admittedly illegitimate-she called herself in fact ‘Petronia Sp(urii) f(ilia) Iusta’ (Tab. Herc. XIV. 5.5)—that is, her father was either not in a formal marriage (‘in conubio’) with Vitalis or unknown.
Historical Explanation: Polybius and his Predecessors1
Authors: Derow Peter
Published: November 2023

The title of this paper is not intended to imply that developments in Greek historiography are best studied back to front. But I do feel obliged to take a gentle ramble through some of Herodotus and Thucydides en route to Polybius. Without this it would be hard to see how much changed along the way and, in what may be the most essential respects, how little.
The World of Theophrastus
Authors: Fraser P M
Published: November 2023

Most of Theophrastus’ enormous literary output is lost. Two very detailed works on botany, one on the geography and one on the physiology of plants, a number of opuscula, about minerals, about odours, about fire, and other topics, the Characters, some philosophical fragments of varying length including some very important doxography, constitute his surviving’!egacy in direct transmission. We shall be looking at him mainly as a writer on the geographical aspects of botany.
Anatolia
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: November 2023

This is the first comprehensive study of the history of Asia Minor in antiquity to be written for nearly fifty years and the first attempt to treat Anatolian history as a whole over the millennium from the time of Alexander the Great to tbe hey-day of the Byzantine Empire. This second volume examines the rise of Christianity: Anatolian religious beliefs and practices provides fertile ground where both Jewish and Christian communities set down early roots; by the mid third century AD much of Anatolia was Christian, and Christian beliefs and practices shaped Anatolian history in Late Antiquity as decisively as the conditions of imperial rule had done in the high Roman Empire. Two relationships dominated every aspect of Asia Minor's history: that of the people to the land, and that of men to the gods. An enormous quantity of information derived from written sources, archaeological remains, inscriptions and coins make it possible to explore these relationships at a level of detail which is hardly possible for anyother part of the ancient world. Both themes have a significance which reached far beyond the boundaries of Anatolia.
Aulus Gellius: The Non-Visual Portraitist
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc
Published: November 2023

In order to enliven his Attic Nights, Aulus Gellius frequently puts grammatical or other information in the mouths of his preceptors and acquaintances. Despite the often good grounds for doubting whether the episodes related actually took place, or even whether the intellectual interests of the personages in his reminiscences and dialogues were always theirs in real life, from the literary point of view such questions are of less concern than the manner in which Gellius constructs his characters, and the substance and limitations of his portraiture.If inner qualities, such as concern a confessor or a psychologist, form no part of Gellius ‘ depictions, neither do the most obvious external features of an individual, those that constitute his physical appearance.
The Life of Daniel
Authors: Fox Robin Lane
Published: November 2023

High on their pillars, Christian stylites present us with an image of religion in action which still challenges our ideas of sainthood and the human body. For forty years, their founder, Simeon, stood on a pillar where he was said to have dislocated three joints in his spine, lost his eyesight three times, ruined his feet by binding them, and ruptured his stomach, ‘so that his attendants even said, “the affliction of his stomach is more severe than that of his feet “. ‘ Where is the Christianity in the solitary life of these old men, destroying their bodies on pillars above human contact? Yet crowds flocked to them from the highest and lowest social classes; greater churches of stone grew up round the pillars which we can still see, not just at Simeon ‘s Qalat Seman but on the bleak upper slopes of the Marvellous Mountain, less than twenty miles from Antioch, where a second stylite, Simeon the Younger, stood for much of the sixth century. We know of nearly fifty stylites between Simeon ‘s death in 460 and the eleventh century; by 900 their numbers had dwindled but the living reality continued until the mid-nineteenth century, amazing visitors and still drawing criticism from contemporaries.
Introduction
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Between the two Rivers Tigris and Euphrates Blies the alluvial land known as Mesopotamia. There one of the world’s very early civilizations arose. Brick-built cities and writing are two of its distinctive hallmarks, and the ancient names of its cities still echo around the world today: Ur of the Chaldees, Babylon, and Nineveh. For the Sumerians who first lived in southern Mesopotamia, Uruk (biblical Erech) was the seat of ancient kingship and early narrative literature. For the Babylonians who superseded them, Babylon was the centre of the world. For the Assyrians, Ashur was their most ancient capital, Nineveh their most glorious royal residence, and Harran their final seat of royalty.
Trees in the Landscape of Pausanias’ Periegesis
Authors: Birge Darice
Published: November 2023

Without the information that we derive from Pausanias, our knowledge of ancient Greece would be immeasurably poorer. His Periegesis, however, is not objectively comprehensive; it reflects the interests and preferences of its author. Indeed, Pausanias’ predilections and his particular concerns as traveller and student of ancient Greece are well known. One might note, for instance, that on occasions, he found cult statues worth mentioning, but not the temples in which they were housed, and that he ignored constructions from the period of Roman rule in favour of much older monuments. We may view the limits of Pausanias’ field of vision more positively if we do not regard his omissions as expressions of idiosyncratic connoisseurship and distaste for all that is new. We might rather consider his monuments and the territory through which he travelled as making up a sacred landscape that was the main vehicle for the display and expression of social and religious monuments, customs, and ideologies that belonged to an otherwise irretrievable past. Pausanias wrote as a native inhabitant of a notional land, so to speak, which none the less could be made real by attaching explanations and stories to particular sites, monuments, and natural features. By means of the cult activities that he observes and performs (as an initiate into mysteries, for example) and the stories that he tells, Pausanias constructs a cultural matrix, extending through space and time, on which a Greek resident of the Roman province of Achaia might depend.
Reading the Metre in Horace, Odes 3. 9
Authors: West David
Published: November 2023

We are often asked how there can still be unsolved problems in Greek and Latin literature despite two millennia of scholarly labour in the field. It is not an easy question to answer but there is no doubt about the fact. Even in our working lifetime there have been substantial advances in the understanding of Horace’s poetry, not just rearrangements of old material, not just subjective notions or new terminology or theory, not just the combing of ancient literature for parallels or the combing of the texts for x, y, or z, but genuine and objective improvements. This is in no small measure due to the Nisbet and Hubbard commentaries.
Libertino Patre Natus: True or False?
Authors: Williams Gordon
Published: November 2023

I Offer this paper as a tribute to my friend of forty years, Robin Nisbet The topic is particularly appropriate, since it was to Robin Nisbet that I first suggested this hypothesis in 1957, a few weeks after Eduard Fraenkel’s great book appeured. On tha1 occasion, as on many others, Robin gave me helpful advice and suggestions, though I did not then pursue the idea. It was only many years later that I discovered that Niebuhr had anticipated me in a single sentence in a lecture on Horace.1 The idea was also put forward in a brief footnote by E. T. Salmon in his book Swnnium and the Samnitrs ( 1 967). I tried the idea very informally on an audience at a Liverpool Classin1! Seminar led by Francis Cairns in 1 981, and again on an audience a1 a lecture in the Institute of Classical Studies in London in J 986; and I mn most grateful to both audiences for helpful comments.
Attic Document Reliefs
Authors: Lawton Carol L
Published: November 2023

A unique, fully illustrated, and fascinating study of all the known carved reliefs decorating official inscriptions in classical and Hellenistic Athens. The author's new and illuminating work on the iconography of these reliefs shows how the gods, heroes, and other personifications were not simply decorative, but integral to the overall political message.
The Stelai
Authors: Lawton Carol L
Published: November 2023

Inscribed documents with reliefs were erected by a number of Attic institutions and groups, but in their content they fall predominantly into two main categories, honorary decrees for individuals, and alliances and other agreements with foreign states. They also occur, although much less frequently, on accounts and inventories, on documents concerning cults and sanctuaries, on public dedications, and on several unusual documents that do not fit into any of these categories.
Iconography
Authors: Lawton Carol L
Published: November 2023

The widespread tendency to regard document reliefs as indistinguishable from votive reliefs is primarily the result of the attention paid to the formal characteristics of the reliefs at the expense of their content. Most document reliefs were set up in sanctuaries, indicating that they had a votive function, and the reliefs themselves, especially those on decrees concerning cults, resemble votive reliefs in a number of respects, yet document reliefs nevertheless constitute a separate and distinctive class of relief. The documents dictate the iconography of the reliefs accompanying them, and the full meaning of the reliefs can be appreciated only in light of their inscriptions. Although the extent to which the specific content of the documents finds its way into the reliefs is limited by the symbolic and allegorical nature of the reliefs, document reliefs nevertheless have a consistent degree of political content and historical reference that is seldom found in Greek art.
First Catch Your Reader
Authors: Sharrock Alison
Published: November 2023

The reader is and is not the Reader. The act of reading this text necessarily involves both identification with and separation from the aspiring lover to whom it is notionally addressed. So it is that we are able ‘voyeuristically’ to watch the lover’s progress through his apprenticeship, identifying with him, but with a detached amusement. We see him as seducer and also as victim of seduction, and that in two ways.
Amor Artis: The Daedalus Episode
Authors: Sharrock Alison
Published: November 2023

Twenty-one lines into Book 2, Ovid employs the didactic strategy of using an exemplum to illustrate the difficulty and importance of the task on which he has embarked-to keep a girl (keep a reader). The exemplum is the story of Daedalus, the archetypal artisan who escaped from his imprisonment in Minoan Crete by flying on wings which he had created. His son, Icarus, was also equipped with wings, but the boy flew too high, the sun melted the wax on his wings, and he fell into the sea. Although dead, he gained eternal fame through the sea which took his name, the lcarian Sea.
Out of the Dark Age
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

In the fifth century, Athenian religion offers itself vividly to the imagination, through literature and art; and, in the fourth, evidence of various kinds is abundant enough to encourage the hope that here, uniquely, the workings of religion in a classical Greek city can be observed in detail. As one moves back in time from 472, date of the first surviving play of Aeschylus, the sources of information are pro gressively stripped away; and beyond about 600 there are left only a few slight scraps of non-contemporary literary evidence, and archaeological remains. In large measure we must rely on retrojection, comparison, and conjecture.
Mountain Peaks and Tombs of Heroes
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

In the main, as we have seen, the religious practices of the eighth century can only be described in the most general terms. Two forms of early cult that can, unusually, be discussed in some detail have been kept for this separate chapter. Both are already attested in or before the eighth century, but persist into the seventh and even grow in importance; they provide in fact most of the little that can be said about our theme in a notoriously ill-documented period. We will treat them as a bridge, which leads at the end of the chapter to the few developments that are specific to the seventh century itself.
Archaic Priesthood: The Problem of the Gene
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, we looked at the religious content of Solon’s code. It may be, however, that his political reforms more profoundly affected the structure of traditional religious life. We must consider more closely the nature of the archaic Attic genos, and with it the relation between priesthood and political power. On one interpretation of this mysterious institution, Solon’s political reforms wrought here a decisive change. And on any view, the gene are a fundamental part of the religious order of archaic Attica.
The Fifth Century: New Gods
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

We turn now to another conspicuous phenomenon of the century: religious innovation, and in particular the introduction of new cults. A good starting-point will be the misfortunes of Nicomachus, one of the men entrusted with codifying and republishing the sacrificial calendar of Athens at the end of the fifth century. He ended by being prosecuted for abuse of his office, and the charge brought against him was that-O horror!-he had perpetrated change: by admitting expensive new sacrifices he had caused other, older rites to be neglected.
The Fourth Century
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

From about 401, the Athenians performed their public sacrifices according to a new calendar drawn up by the secretary Nicomachus. The decision to revise the document on which the whole religion of the state depended was probably taken almost incidentally, as a by product of the urgent need, created by the oligarchic coups of 411 and 403, for a general revision of the laws. Nicomachus apparently tackled the sacrificial code twice, at some time between 410 and 404 and again after 403. For his pains, he was, as we have already noted, brought to court in 399 on, as it seems, a capital charge. The speech of the prosecutor survives (Lysias 30), and is potentially a precious document of Athenian religious history.
Conclusion
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: November 2023

Historians like evidence. One of historiography ‘s favourite analogies is with the world of the lawcourt: historical writers often like to see themselves as judges, impartially weighing the material and arguments brought before them; their critics prefer to see them in the role of advocates, deploying material as best they can to support a particular case. Either way, the source-material becomes analogous to forensic witnesses and exhibits, providing the raw material on which argument and judgement can be based. This sort of evidence is typically most interesting when it illuminates something beyond itself. we might term it ‘indicative evidence ‘, pointing to a further conclusion or allowing an inference which might otherwise be missed.
Maximus of Tyre
Authors: Trapp M B
Published: November 2023

The Orations of Maximus of Tyre cover a range of philosophical topics - from Platonic theology to the proper attitude to pleasure, via prayer, demonology, the problem of evil, and the active and contemplative lives - in a manner calculated to appeal to an educated and literate, but philosophically unsophisticated, public. Their unique blend of Middle Platonic doctrine with a polished and lively rhetorical form opens a window onto the high culture of the second century AD: the world not only of the Second Sophistic but also of the first Christian apologists. They were subsequently read and studied by the Florentine Platonists of the second half of the fifteenth century. The introduction and notes of this translation, which is the first into any modern language since 1804, pay attention both to the Orations as a product of their own culture and to the history of their reception in the Byzantine and Renaissance periods.
Law and the Lawgiver in the Athenian Democracy
Authors: Thomas Rosalind
Published: November 2023

In the Thucydidean Funeral Speech, Pericles produces his famous boast about the Athenians’ way of life and their relationship to the laws, and claims as characteristic of the democracy a relative freedom in public and private life (Thuc. 2. 37-9). This lack of supervision contrasts with the rigid discipline of Sparta, and is seen partly in terms of the role of the laws: their public life is conducted freely, as is their everyday life (37. 2); they do not exercise a jealous surveillance over each other … ‘Yet this ease in our private relations does not make us lawless in public matters
Introduction
Authors: Seaford Richard
Published: November 2023

Reciprocity is the principle and practice of voluntary requital, of benefit for benefit (positive reciprocity) or harm for harm (negative reciprocity). It is to be found in various kinds of Greek practice and discourse, providing a common theme for the various specialisms represented in this volume. It is to be found as an ethical value, as a factor in interpersonal relations, as an clement of political cohesion, as economically significant, as a way of structuring human relations with deity, as shaping the pattern of epic and historical narrative, as a central theme of drama.
Pleasing Thighs: Reciprocity in Greek Religion
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

A final reason for addressing the subject is that it has been strangely neglected or undervalued in almost all studies of Greek religion until very recently. It is symptomatic not only that neither of the two great German histories of religion3 has an index entry under the most relevant Greek word, kharis, but also that in the extensive scholarly debate about one of the most famous lines in perhaps the most famous Greek tragedy one almost never finds a recognition that this fundamental value is being alluded to.
Herodotos on the Problematics of Reciprocity
Authors: Braund David
Published: November 2023

What is reciprocity? In view of the variety of ways in which that question may be answered, I shall outline my own conception of reciprocity first. To begin I shall offer not a definition, but a characterization of reciprocity, designed to explain the way in which I use the term subsequently in considering Herodotos. The essence of my characterization is that reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services in any and every sense.
Marcellinus Comes: The Man and his Work
Authors: Croke Brian
Published: November 2023

Any historical work is inevitably permeated and shaped by the viewpoint and culture of its author. To understand the viewpoint and culture which permeated and shaped the chronicle of Marcellinus it is therefore necessary to begin with the chronicler himself. Yet, the search for the mind and milieu behind Marcellinus’ chronicle, his only extant work, is singularly difficult. One has to collate and analyse the chronicle’s entries in order to sketch in its background, as well as the author’s attitudes and pre occupations. Accordingly, it is the purpose of this initial chapter to lay the foundations for this whole study by presenting and interpreting the records which bear on the career and work of Marcellinus-who he was and what he did.
Chronicle Writing in Late Antiquity
Authors: Croke Brian
Published: November 2023

No manuscript title for Marcellinus’ chronicle survives except those inserted by medieval scribes. In fact the chronicle may not have had its own title,just a statement of transition from Jerome’s chronicle which it was continuing.’ Like so many other such chronicles, Marcellinus’ work was merely another brick in a larger edifice thereby requiring no separate titular justification.’ His coeval Cassiodorus, however, implicitly labels the work chronica and recommends it in the course of his discussion of works under that label (Inst. r. 17). Cassiodorus obviously had a clear understanding of what he meant by ‘chronicle’ since in 519, shortly after Marcellinus, he himself produced a work with precisely that title.Eusebius of Caesarea, Cassiodorus states, wrote chronica in Greek which Jerome translated into Latin and con tinued to the death of the emperor Valens (378). This work was continued by Prosper and by Marcellinus to the early years of the reign of Justinian (534 in fact).Thanks to Cassiodorus’ endorsement there are several manuscripts of the chronicle of Marcellinus, as there are for Prosper, whereas other chronicles have not survived at all or only in a single manuscript. This fate applies especially to the continuators of Marcellinus and Prosper, both in Cassiodorus’ own lifetime and later. Only one continuation of Marcellinus is extant.
Exchange Value: Nicomachean Ethics, 5.5
Authors: Meikle Scott
Published: November 2023

Nicomachean Ethics, 5. 5 in recent decades has been read both as ethics and as economic analysis. On the ethical reading, most fully defended by Finley, the aim of the chapter is to arrive at a formula for fair exchange which accommodates Greek sensibilities about the inequality and status of the contracting parties. On the economic reading, the chapter is variously thought to be an attempt to explain the formation of market price, as Schumpeter thought; to show the substance of economic value to be utility, as Kauder and Soudek thought; or to show it to be labour, as Gordon, Ross, Hardie and others thought.
Neo-Classical Interpretation
Authors: Meikle Scott
Published: November 2023

Adam Smith makes three references to Aristotle in The Wealth of Nations, none of which concerns the economic writings, Nicomachean Ethics, 5. 5 and Politics, 1. 8–10. The references deal with political or historical points, and they seem to have been drawn from Smith’s reading of Pufendorf and Montesquieu rather than from a study of Aristotle himself. Ricardo, in the Principles, makes no reference to Aristotle at all. The first examination of Aristotle’s inquiries subsequent to the rise of economics was Marx’s, offered originally in the Contribution and then eight years later in Capital itself.1 Marx did not claim that Aristotle was an economist, or that he was the father of any school of economics, even Marx’s own, but understandably his endorsement of most of Aristotle’s conclusions was construed as a claim of Aristotelian paternity on behalf of his own theory.2 Marx had inaugurated a contest, and in time subsequent orthodoxies in economics sought to establish Aristotelian paternity too.
Justice in Exchange: ‘As Builder to Shoemaker’
Authors: Meikle Scott
Published: November 2023

The interpretation of Nicomachean Ethics, 5. 5 has been bedevilled by unsuccessful attempts to get a theory of fair exchange out of it, by finding some meaning for the formula Aristotle gives for fair exchange: ‘as builder to shoemaker, so many shoes to a house’ (1133a23-S). There is nothing wrong with looking for a theory of fair exchange in the chapter. That, after all, is ostensibly what the chapter is about, and that is why it is included in the Ethics at all, rather than in the Politics. But these attempts have focused attention obsessively on the formula, to the exclusion of the inquiry into economic value, which is what is actually in the chapter. The fact that the formula has been the subject of such a large number of unsatisfactory interpretations, which few but their authors have ever found convincing, has not done much to encourage the idea that the chapter is particularly worthy of attention.
The Ancient ‘Economy’ and its Literature
Authors: Meikle Scott
Published: November 2023

Near the beginning of The Ancient Economy, Finley noted that ‘the inapplicability to the ancient world of a market-centred analysis was powerfully argued by Max Weber and by his most important disciple among ancient historians, Johannes Hasebroek; in our own day by Karl Polanyi’. But he added at once that it had all been ‘to little avail’.
The Iranian Tradition
Authors: Fraser P M
Published: November 2023

The Iranian evidence for the foundation of cities by Alexander the Great supports, I believe, the interpretation offered of the Alexandrian lists in the previous chapter. It is not possible in the context of the present topic to provide a complete background for the Alexander-traditions of the Sassanian and early Islamic worlds, but a few observations may help the reader to follow my account of the Persian and Arabic evidence.
The Physical Remains of Baetican Towns and their Interpretation
Authors: Fear A T
Published: November 2023

After surveying constitutional developments in the province, it remains to examine the physical effects of these changes. Did urban centres take on a more Roman appearance in the early imperial period?
Cosmology as Initiation vs. the Critique of Orphic Mysteries
Authors: Obbink Dirk
Published: November 2023

Let us suppose that many detached papyrus fragments of a Greek philosophical treatise are unearthed by excavators from a tomb in Greece. A team of experts is set to reconstruct the work, but they are puzzled by the arrangement of topics and the disparity in style and treatment. Some fragments appear to discuss poetry, some the nature of souls, some physics and metaphysics, some the mythology of the underworld. Some contain banal exegesis of the meanings of words, others are affected in their style and syntax, containing elaborate rhetorical constructions; and in one passage those who establish the mysteries are said to ‘write in riddles ‘ (alv{-r-remi) about initiates. Techniques of reconstruction show that one topic-cult and initiation in connection with knowledge of the fate of the souloccurs in widely separated fragments. Since the beginning and end of the work are missing, and in the absence of a definitive critical text, scholars naturally are led to the conclusion that this work lacks thematic unity, that it is a rambling erratic composition by an inferior intellect, eclectically and capriciously ranging over different areas of the author ‘s learning.
Chronos in Column XII of the Derveni Papyrus*
Authors: Brisson Luc
Published: November 2023

In this paper, I would like to question two of the principles which have governed some interpretations of the theogony commented on in the Derveni papyrus. The first is formulated by Jeffrey S. Rusten (1985: 122) in terms which admittedly are more cautious than the practice of certain commentators: The events of the Derveni Theogony (although not its individual verses) can be assumed to be largely identical with those in the later poem ascribed to Orpheus (called the Rhapsodies) which the Neoplatonists Proclus and Damascius quote and summarize at length. Therefore the fragments of these poems have considerable (although not absolute) authority for reconstructing the text of the poem which the commentator had before him. The second principle, which takes the preceding one for granted, is rarely stated but is implied by a well-known practice:1 the word-forward comparison between the theogony commented on in the Derveni papyrus and the one found in the version of the Rhapsodies. Until now, these principles have never been questioned. Here I would like to demonstrate on the basis of a specific example that the second principle of interpretation cannot be accepted, for only textual comparisons applying to more than one word and clearly definable narrative comparisons can justify resorting to the Rhapsodies to give an account of the theogony commented on in the Derveni papyrus.
Star Wars or One Stable World? A Problem of Presocratic Cosmogony (PDerv. Col. XXV)
Authors: Burkert Walter
Published: November 2023

The dependence of the Derveni author upon Anaxagoras and Diogenes of Apollonia had been clear since the first partial publication by Kapsomenos, but expressions close to the language of the Atomists are also conspicuous. The peculiar position of the text in relation to Anaxagoras and Atomism comes out especially in one column unpublished before 1982, a passage fully immersed in questions of cosmology. It may repay closer scrutiny, especially since it sheds light on a text of Anaxagoras which has long remained controversial.
Sources
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H
Published: November 2023

The body of visual evidence available for a study of Dionysos in fifth century Athens is much richer than the contemporary textual sources; it has the added advantages of being quite datable and of not suffering corruptions at the hands of careless copyists. The god himself appears on more than 900 surviving fifth-century Attic vases, something over 3.5 per cent of the known total, which is more than any other god; he figures prominently in the sculpture from the east pediment, east frieze, and east metopes of the Parthenon; and he was the subject of monumental paintings in Athens of which we have written accounts. Yet, in spite of the volume of the evidence, its authenticity, and its datability, remarkably little effective use has been made of it in attempts to understand the nature and place of Dionysos in Athens. This study is intended to be a partial response to the question, what can surviving visual sources reveal about fifth-century Attic perceptions of Dionysos?
The Time of Writing and of Song
Authors: Lowrie Michéle
Published: November 2023

I start from the premise that lyric time is the hie et nunc. But there are many different kinds of here and now. There is the now of the poet’s composition, the now of our reading, the now of the utterance represented in the poem. Are these the same or do we perceive them as separate but intertwined? ‘Apostrophe resists narrative because its now is not a moment in a temporal sequence but a now of discourse, of writing. The temporality of writing is scarcely understood, difficult to think, but it seems to be that toward which the lyric strives’ (Culler 1981: 152). Lyric strives for this temporality despite the framework of address. The ‘time of writing’ is an odd time that is no time but an atemporal possibility of iteration. It is the time of composition as well as of reception, whether reading or performance. The ‘time of writing’ has further implications in that it calls into question any originary time of utterance (to be distinguished from composition), which is the time rhetorical poetry purports to inhabit. The uniqueness of the time of utterance is at variance with the iteration that makes poetry possible and ensures its immortality. Horatian lyric is equally concerned with a transient and an eternal here and now, with the contemporary now of history and the timelessness granted by poetry.
Greek Forms of Address
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

How did an Athenian citizen address his wife? His children, his slaves, and his dog? How did they address him? This book is the first major application of linguistic theories of address to an ancient language. It is based on a corpus of 11,891 vocatives from twenty-five prose authors from Herodotus to Lucian, and on comparative data from Aristophanes, Menander, and other sources; the data are analysed using techniques and evidence from the field of sociolinguistics to shed light on some long-standing problems in Greek. A separate section discusses the theoretical problems which arise from the attempt to reconstruct conversational Greek on the basis of written texts and concludes that this enterprise is indeed possible, provided that the right sources are selected.
Other Aspects of Address Usage
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapter has discussed the meaning of the different words used as addresses in Greek. Meaning is, in my opinion, the most important aspect of an address system, but there are also many other elements which go to make up a language’s pattern or patterns of address usage. In this chapter a brief overview of the most significant such factors will be given.
Conclusion
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

Our examination of Greek forms of address had three goals: to aid the interpretation of literature by discovering the connotations of specific addresses in Greek, to shed light on Greek social structure, and to test sociolinguistic assumptions based on modern languages (see p. 2). In addition, we promised to examine the question of how close the language of our texts is to any type of conversational language.
The Crazy Gang-Watching Caesar’s Centurions
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: November 2023

This chapter extends the investigation of Lucan’s distanced and perhaps comic or burlesque modes of narration centred on the concepts of spectacle and spectatorship. In particular, it examines Lucan’s reflection of the theme in Caesar’s Commentaries of the deep loyalty of the centurions to their general and of their desire to fight in his sight. In Lucan, it is argued, this ambition is indicative not just of loyalty but of a closed and insane community, at one in its perversion of traditional military values. This perversion is most evident in the distortion of inherited attitudes to the body, to the proper stance of the warrior, and to honour and dishonour in wounding. It is finally exemplified in Scaeva’s reproduction of a second traditional mode of spectacular display-and one closely associated with the Marian tradition Caesar inherited-that is, the display of scars and wounds to the breast. In this display, it is possible to measure the distance at which Caesar’s men stand from Roman tradition, and the alienation which such a stance must provoke.
The Senate
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

Polybius believed that in his time the aristocratic element was predominant within Rome’ s mixed constitution. Although the consul was a commanding figure both in the field and at Rome, although the people had supreme authority in elections, legislation, and criminal trials, it was the senate which controlled money, administration in Italy, and the details of foreign policy.
The Influence of Society and Religion
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

Polybius understood that there was more to a politeia than political institutions. In his comparison of the Roman constitution with those of other peoples in their military aspects, he points to the importance of Roman funerals in inspiring courage and patriotism, while in relation to political life he stresses, first, Roman disapproval of profiteering through political corruption and, secondly, their serious attitude to religion.
The Balance of the Constitution
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

We have already considered the nature of Polybius’ account of the Roman constitution, the probable influences on it, and some of its more obvious peculiarities. It is appropriate, now that we have reviewed the three chief elements-assemblies, senate, and magistrates-and examined other factors contributing to its nature, to look again at the Polybian concept, to see how helpful it is in formulating a general concept of the constitution.
Lysias
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

The most prolific and successful speechwriter before Demosthenes, Lysias maximized his opportunities to write with freshness and originality by free choice of clients. The development of forensic oratory in his hands was further advanced by two external factors: the growing recognition, to which he responded, of the genre as literature, which could be read, appreciated, and criticized like the established genres;2 and the speechwriter’s need to attract more clients, which led him to publish those of his speeches which most effectively displayed his skills. His productive life spanned a period exceeding twenty years, ample time in which to find and explore new means, adapted to the political climate and literary tastes of the age as well as to each client’s needs, of convincing Athenian juries. Twenty-three complete and twelve incomplete speeches survive,
Demosthenes Logographos
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

The biographers indicate an unbroken tradition of forensic speechwriting between Isaeus and his pupil Demosthenes. Indeed, the early start which his fraudulent guardians obliged him to make to his career in the courts caused doubt to be cast on the authenticity of his first speeches: some sources suspected their precocity, and concluded that Isaeus had written them. In this chapter, however, while clear echoes oflsaeus will be noted as they are found, attention will be directed mainly towards any signs of a new and individual approach to the standard procedures. Style also assumes particular importance in an author who had observed the growing acceptance of oratory as a literary genre, and was able to draw on his own studies of the best prose writers of recent years in creating for himself an individual voice.
Cataloguing Texts: Criticism in the Hellenistic Library
Authors: Too Yun Lee
Published: November 2023

The problem lies partly in the interpreter’s own outlook and his choice of words. The word κρíσlŞ is a highly specialized term in Greek medical literature, where it describes the state of a patient whose life hangs in the balance. Applying this term to the condition of an entire body of literature comes close to falling into the Romantic tn1p of treating literature and literary genres as if they wen:, biological organisms that pass through successive stages of birth, maturation, and death. Thus understood, a crisis could lead to the unnatural or premature death of the literary patient, for example clnssical literature.
Jews, Greeks, and Romans in the Third Sibylline Oracle
Authors: Gruen Erich s.
Published: November 2023

Jewish appropriation of pagan traditions took a multitude of forms. The Sibylline Oracles constitute an instance of the first order. No more dramatic example of the practice exists than the adaptation and recreation of those texts. Collections of the Sibyl’s pronouncements, duly edited, expanded, or invented, had wide circulation in the Graeco-Roman world—long before Jewish writers exploited them for their own purposes. But circumstances of transmission, as so often, produce peculiar ironies. The pagan originals that served as models have largely been lost, surviving only in fragments or reconstructions. The extant corpus of Sibylline Books, drawing upon but refashioning those models, derives from Jewish and Christian compilers who had their own agenda to promote. The role of Hellenized Jews in this development is pivotal. Rehabilitation of the originals may no longer be possible, but assessment of the means and motives for the transformation raises even more significant issues of Jewish self-image.
Jews, Christians and others in Palestine: The Evidence from Eusebius
Authors: Isaac Benjamin
Published: November 2023

Demography is one of those topics which are as important as they are frustrating to those interested in numbers in the ancient world. The absence of information is such that modern specialists consider any effort at serious study an idle undertaking. Palestine is known to have been populated by pagans, Jews, and Christians in the Roman and Byzantine periods. I shall not be dealing here with problems of social identity, nor will I attempt to reach any conclusions about numbers, which would seem an unprofitable enterprise in the absence of hard facts. My aim is to raise a related question that should at least be asked, even if no clear-cut answer can be given at this stage.
Where were the Jews of the Diaspora buried?
Authors: Noy David
Published: November 2023

It is generally accepted that in the first centuries BCE and CE the dead in the city of Rome and in most of the Roman empire were almost invariably cremated, although other practices were followed on the fringes of the empire, e.g. embalming and mummification in Egypt, secondary burial in ossuaries in Judaea. In the second century CE, starting in the city of Rome in the time of Trajan and Hadrian and gradually moving outwards into the provinces, there was a drastic change of practice: cremation was replaced by inhumation. From the third century, inhumation was the norm almost everywhere. The change is well documented, although no wholly satisfactory explanation has been offered: an alteration of fashion seems more plausible than any fundamental revision of religious beliefs.
Rhetoric and History (Thucydides 6. 16-18)
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

On the one hand, it presupposes a system of practical reasoning: the orator must be aware of the relevant factors in political deliberation and able, in the light of that awareness, to construct arguments for particular circumstances. An elementary form of such theory can be found in the Rhetorica ad Alexandrum and complex examples of it in Thucydides. So in his speeches recommending and rejecting an alliance or a war we can see in action arguments like those mentioned in the later treatise ( 1424 b 28ff.) ;1 we can also see an implicit discussion of larger questions such as the merits of foresight against experiment (6. 9-18), expediency against justice (1. 32--42; 3. 37-48) or prudence against honour (5. 85- 1 I 3). To this extent, then, rhetoric is the medium of thought about politics, embodying a rational approach to practical questions and designed to answer them in the best possible way;2 and Ta 8eovm is the application of this in any particular situation.
Posidonius as Philosopher-Historian
Authors: Kidd I G
Published: November 2023

Posidonius, the Stoic philosopher and polymath of Apamea and Rhodes, one of the most dominant intellectual figures in the first half of the first century BC, had in general an astonishingly encyclopaedic range of interests and writings. In particular, he was the only major professional philosopher of the ancient world who also wrote a large and important historical work. This fairly obvious but interesting statement has been made before, of course, most recently by Jiirgen Malitz in his useful book, Die Historien des Poseidonios.;