bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A compact high‐isolation parallel coupler with π‐shaped structure
Authors: Chen Dong‐Zhou , Wang Xin‐Huai , Weng Li‐Hong , Shi Xiao‐Wei , Yang Yue‐Yan
Published: January 2009

A compact microstrip parallel coupler with high isolation is presented in this article. Adopting reflected power canceller (RPC) approach, the developed coupler with π‐shaped structure not only effectively enhance the directivity of the coupler but also compact size. For verification purposes, a proposed parallel coupler is fabricated and measured at 915 MHz. The proposed couplers achieve a physical size reduction of almost 35% with the performance competed with the conventional one. Moreover, the proposed parallel coupler can obtain excellent isolation of −58.4 dB and directivity of −40.4 dB at 915 MHz. Simulated results are in good agreement with the measured results, which verified the reliability of the designed coupler. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 663–666, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24115
A 2.4/5.7‐GHz dual‐band low‐power CMOS RF receiver with embedded band‐select switches
Authors: Huang D.‐R. , Lu C.‐L. , Chuang H.‐R.
Published: January 2009

This article presents a 2.4‐/5.7‐GHz dual‐band low‐power direct‐conversion CMOS RF receiver for the 802.11a/b/g WLAN applications. The RF receiver includes a low noise amplifier (LNA) with dual input stages and dual switches for each of 2.4/5.7‐GHz applications. This design can substitute the use of two LNAs in conventional structure and eliminate the use of the costly external band‐select switches. It also alleviates the difficulty of single matching for multiple frequency bands. The RF receiver also includes a Gilbert‐cell‐based broadband mixer which is designed to be both low power consumption and relatively high conversion gain. Fabricated in 0.18‐μm CMOS technology, the RF receiver exhibits a conversion gain of 25.8/20.6 dB, DSB noise figure of 4.4/5.6 dB, and input IP3 of −18/−12.5 dBm at 2.4/5.7 GHz frequency band, respectively. The measured EVM for IEEE 802.11a/b/g is 1.2/1.6/1.1% at data rate of 11/54/54 Mbps. The power consumption under 1.8 V supply is 10.6 mW for the 2.4 GHz mode, and 17.2 mW for the 5.7 mode. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 593–597, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24120
A novel butterfly‐shaped monopole UWB antenna
Authors: Ye Qiubo , Ning Chen Zhi , See Terence S. P.
Published: January 2009

The proposed butterfly‐shaped monopole ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna consists of two radiating elements (wings) positioned with an angle between them, which provides one more dimension for impedance matching. The simulated and measured results show that the design achieves a broad impedance bandwidth and stable radiation performance over the UWB band. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 590–593, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24125
Investigation of equivalent lumped elements of the ring‐like resoator with different impedance
Authors: Weng Min‐Hang , Liu Shih‐Kun , Liu Yi‐Ting , Hung Cheng‐Yuan
Published: January 2009

In this article, the equivalent circuit of the ring‐like resonator with different impedance is simply modeled as the parallel GLC lumped element. We then investigated the equivalent lumped elements of the ring‐like resonator with different width of the ring (i.e., different impedance of the ring) by using the transmission‐line analysis. The resonant frequency shifts to higher frequency when the width of the ring structure is increased. It is noted that when the width of the ring structure is large enough, the resonant frequency of the ring structure will be very close with that of the patch structure. The circuit simulated results from the extracted element values are in good agreement with the full‐wave simulation results and the measured results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 615–618, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24130
The design and fabrication of optical fiber Bragg grating filter with dual‐bandpass pair by phase sampling and phase shift techniques
Authors: Xia Li , Shum P. , Nam Ngo Quoc , Cheng Tee Hiang
Published: January 2009

Phase sampling and phase shift techniques are introduced in a uniform fiber Bragg grating structure to achieve a multi‐bandpass filter with ultranarrow transmission bandwidth. A pair of dual‐bandpass transmission windows are opened at 1542.32, 1542.36, and 1542.66, 1542.71 nm, respectively. The channel spacing between the pair can be designed by the phase sampling period, as well as the wavelength spacing in the dual‐bandpass can be controlled through the phase shift length. This new kind of bandpass structure can be applied in the ultranarrow filtering in multichannel, multiwavelength distributed feedback Bragg lasing, photonic generation of microwave signal etc. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 790–791, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24140
Wavelength tuning using an arrayed waveguide gratings demultiplexer
Authors: Xiao Gaozhi , Mrad Nezih , Zhang Zhiyi
Published: January 2009

A novel wavelength tuning method using a specially designed arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) demultiplexer was demonstrated. It was found that the transmission wavelengths of the AWG channels change linearly with the scanning of the input fiber along the facet of the input coupler of the AWG device. Initial results showed that more than 35 nm tuning range can be achieved at resolution of picometer. Optical spectra measurement using this novel wavelength tuning method is also reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 693–696, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24145
Very‐small‐size folded loop antenna with a band‐stop matching circuit for WWAN operation in the mobile phone
Authors: Chi Yun‐Wen , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: January 2009

A folded loop antenna with a band‐stop matching circuit for wireless wide area network (WWAN) operation in the mobile phone is presented. The folded loop antenna alone occupies a very small volume of 0.6 cm3 only, yet it can generate a lower band covering GSM850 operation and an upper band covering GSM1800/1900/UMTS operation. By incorporating a band‐stop matching circuit with a central frequency at about 1.05 GHz and a 3‐dB band‐stop bandwidth of less than 200 MHz, the antenna's lower band can have a dual‐resonance behavior, hence resulting in a much widened operating band capable of covering GSM850/900 operation. In addition, such a band‐stop matching circuit shows very small effects on the antenna's upper band. This property makes it easy for the antenna to cover GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS penta‐band operation. Design considerations and experimental results of the very‐small‐size folded loop antenna with the band‐stop matching circuit are presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 808–814, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24147
Impedance matching Wilkinson power dividers in 0.35 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology
Authors: Kaymaksut Ercan , Gürbüz Yasar , Tekin Ibrahim
Published: January 2009

This article presents two miniature impedance matching Wilkinson power divider circuits in 0.35 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology for on‐chip power combining techniques for WLAN applications. The impedance matching Wilkinson power divider circuits are used as splitter/combiner for a 5.2 GHz fully integrated class‐A mode combined power amplifier. The splitter and combiner are designed to match the input and output impedances of the amplifier, respectively, so that no additional impedance matching is needed. Two fabricated impedance matching Wilkinson power divider circuits (splitter and combiner) have insertion losses better than 1.4 dB, return losses less than −13 dB and port‐to‐port isolation >12 dB at 5.2 GHz. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 681–685, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24159
Polygon slot antenna with a dual band‐reject characteristic for WiMAX applications
Authors: Chen Wen‐Shan , Lin Feng‐Yu
Published: January 2009

In this letter, a novel design of broadband antenna with band‐reject characteristic for WiMAX applications is proposed and studied. In this design, an antenna consists of a triangle and rectangle slots on the ground plane and a rectangle patch is to generate broadband operation of 10 dB return loss from 2.3 to 8 GHz (BW = 110.7%). Furthermore, insertion of two strips into the polygon slot can achieve the triple‐band operation of 2.15–2.71, 3.17–3.81, and 5.03–6.32 GHz. It plays a role as a filter to eliminate the undesired band. The proposed antenna with a band‐reject characteristic is calibrated for WiMAX application that covers the band from 2.4 to 2.7, 3.3 to 3.8, and 5.15 to 5.85 GHz. And, this antenna has advantages of good radiation characteristics, small size, and smooth antenna gain. Details of the proposed antenna configuration and experimental results are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 854–860, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24160
A wideband wire ring self‐structuring antenna
Authors: Zhang H.‐T. , Yin Y.‐Z. , Wei W.‐B.
Published: January 2009

In this article, a wideband wire ring self‐structuring antenna (SSA) with 23 controllable switches is analyzed and designed. The proposed antenna is optimized by the optimal algorithm of genetic algorithm (GA) combined with method of moment (MOM). The VSWR bandwidth of 40–450 MHz less than 1.6 has been achieved by selecting the switches open or closed. Experiments have been carried out with good agreement with simulated results. From the results of measurement, it can be seen that in some combination of switches states, the proposed antenna has wideband performance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 817–819, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24162
A 20 W GaN HEMT harmonic impedance tuned class‐F power amplifier
Authors: Kim Ji‐Yeon , Chun Sang‐Hyun , Yoo Ho‐Joon , Kim Jong‐Heon , Stapleton Shawn P.
Published: January 2009

A design methodology of harmonic output impedance optimization is proposed to achieve high efficient power amplifier. First of all, the effects of harmonic impedances of high frequency and high power device on drain voltage and current are analyzed. The optimum harmonic impedance region for high efficiency improvement are suggested through the analysis of efficiency variations due to the internal impedance and output matching circuit of high frequency and high power device. From the measured results, a GaN harmonic tuned class‐F amplifier has achieved 77% drain efficiency at the output power of 20 W. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 779–782, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24164
Novel dual‐loop antenna placed over patch array surface for UHF RFID of dielectric and metallic objects
Authors: Milan Švanda , Milan Polívka
Published: January 2009

Novel electrically small low‐profile dual‐loop antenna over artificial‐like surface, formed by four‐element sub‐wavelength patch array printed on grounded dielectric slab used for shielding in UHF RFID applications, has been developed. The badge‐sized antenna exhibits the gain of about 1 dBi and antenna efficiency amounting to approximately 30–40% whether it is placed in free space or enclosed to dielectric/metallic objects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 709–713, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24169
Design of miniaturized ultra‐wideband antennas with band notch characteristic
Authors: Choi Se‐Hwan , Lee Ho‐Jun , Kim Jong‐Kyu
Published: January 2009

In this article, the compact ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna with band notch characteristic and the miniaturized antenna are proposed. To realize the stop band, the spoon‐shaped slots are inserted in the pattern of planar monopole antenna. These antennas are operating in the UWB spectrum from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and has the stop band from 4.8 to 6.3 GHz where VSWR is higher than 3. They are made by low‐temperature cofired ceramic process, and the size of the miniaturize antenna is 8 × 15 × 1 mm3. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 717–720, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24190
Humidity sensitive properties of copolymer of quaternary ammonium salt with polyether–salt complex
Authors: Lv Xin , Li Yang , Yang Mujie
Published: January 2009

Quaternized and salt‐doped copolymer of 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA) was used to prepare resistive thin film humidity sensors. Their humidity sensitive properties have been characterized. The effects of the proportion of the comonomer and the amount of doped salt on the humidity sensitive properties of quaternized and salt‐doped copolymer have been investigated. The humidity sensitive mechanisms of two different monomer structural units in the copolymer were discussed. The sensors based on the copolymers with different proportions of the comonomers exhibit a variety of conductivity and sensitivity for different humidities. Especially, the sensors exhibit high conductivity even at very low humidity. It is proposed that the good humidity sensitive properties are related to the introduction of salt‐doped PEGMEMA in the copolymer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Fe3O4 and TiO2 addition on the microwave absorption property of polyaniline micro/nanocomposites
Authors: Phang Sook Wai , Tadokoro Masato , Watanabe Jiro , Kuramoto Noriyuki
Published: January 2009

In this communication, novel hexanoic acid (HA) doped PAni micro/nanocomposites containing TiO2 (dielectric filler, 30 nm) and Fe3O4 (magnetic filler, 1 µm) that possess high conductivity, dielectric, and magnetic properties are reported. The micro/nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The conductivity, dielectric, magnetic, and microwave absorption properties of the micro/nanocomposites are discussed. The resultant nanorods/tubes shown in the SEM images indicate that PAni micro/nanocomposites exhibit polymerization through elongation. The results show that synthesis parameters such as amount and particle size of TiO2 and Fe3O4 used significantly affect the morphology, conductivity, and microwave absorption property of the resultant PAni. PAni/HA/TiO2/Fe3O4 with 40% of Fe3O4 achieves the best performance of microwave absorption (greater than 99.4% absorption) at high frequency and suitable to be applied as a good microwave absorbing and shielding material. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting clinical innovation: An organization‐wide approach to practice‐based development
Authors: McGeehan Beccy , Debbage Sam , Gilsenan Irene , Jennings Anne , Jennings Catherine , Laker Sara , Thompson Shirley , Beastall Helen
Published: January 2009

Engaging clinicians in practice development initiatives can be a daunting task, especially if those staff groups are spread over a five‐site NHS Trust. Within Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (STHFT), the geography across the city adds a unique dimension to bringing about changes in practice and using the best possible evidence. Specific strategies need to be put in place in order to enable clinicians to access specialist help within the Trust, using the available networks to their best advantage and thereby reducing repetition. The role of a practice development team situated within such a large organization can influence changes in practice and encourage newer innovative ways of working. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Causality assessment of liver injury after chronic oral amiodarone intake
Authors: Llanos Lucía , Moreu Rocío , Peiró Ana M , Pascual Sonia , Francés Rubén , Such José , Horga José F. , Pérez‐Mateo Miguel , Zapater Pedro
Published: January 2009

Background/Aim

The number of patients receiving amiodarone will increase in future years. As clinically significant hepatotoxicity associated with oral amiodarone is infrequent and difficult to predict, a new Bayesian‐developed model is proposed to help in the causality assessment of amiodarone‐induced liver injury.

Methods

Incidence of abnormal liver enzymes in patients receiving amiodarone was obtained from placebo controlled clinical trials. Published case reports of amiodarone‐induced hepatotoxicity were identified through a literature search. Maximum number of expected hepatotoxicity cases in amiodarone and placebo‐treated patients was calculated using Poisson distribution. The calculated odds ratio was used as a Prior Odds (PrO) to subsequent quantification, using a Bayesian‐approach, of individual amiodarone‐induced hepatotoxicity likelihood.

Results

PrO of amiodarone‐induced hepatotoxicity was 0.48. Thirty nine amiodarone‐associated hepatotoxicity case reports were retrieved. Half of published case reports developed an irreversible damage. The amiodarone Bayesian model combining information about latency period and period of remission, together with analytical parameters properly defines the toxicity profile shown in published case reports. The analytical pattern defined by this model is different from the one expected if liver injury in published cases was caused by other etiologies.

Conclusions

A method based on a Bayesian‐approach, which links information from clinical trials with clinical hepatotoxicity profile from published case reports can be a useful tool for amiodarone‐induced liver injury causality assessment. At present, this method is limited due to scarcity and quality of available data. Further efforts are needed to improve model ability in order to identify amiodarone‐induced liver injury. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of additives in aqueous formulation on the foliar uptake of dimethomorph by cucumbers
Authors: Yu Ju‐Hyun
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: The efficacy enhancement of dimethomorph formulation by several adjuvants is thought to be through increased foliar uptake. In order to identify the most effective adjuvants, the adjuvancy of 36 additives was examined in aqueous formulations in relation to the absorption of dimethomorph by cucumber leaves.

RESULTS: Polyethylene glycol monohexadecyl ethers with ethylene oxide (EO) contents of between 7 and 20, polyethylene glycol monooctadecyl ethers with EO contents of between 10 and 20 and polyethylene glycol monooctadecenyl ethers with EO contents of between 6 and 20 were effective adjuvants for promoting dimethomorph uptake from both aqueous acetone solutions and aqueous wettable powder (WP) suspensions into cucumber leaves. Polyethylene glycol monododecyl ethers with EO contents of between 7 and 9 were effective in promoting dimethomorph uptake from aqueous WP suspensions but less effective relative to the other adjuvants tested with aqueous acetone solutions. Foliar uptake of dimethomorph was also facilitated by the addition of methyl hexadecanoate, methyl octadecenoate and methyl octadecadienoate.

CONCLUSIONS: Although the foliar uptake of dimethomorph from both aqueous WP suspensions and aqueous acetone solutions was greatest in the presence of fatty alcohol ethoxylates generally having a C16 or C18 lipophile, uptake from aqueous surfactant–acetone solutions was, on average, 7.6‐fold greater than that from aqueous WP suspensions containing surfactant. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Acid hydrolysis followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for the rapid diagnosis of serum protein biomarkers in patients with major depression
Authors: Lo Li‐Hua , Huang Tiao‐Lai , Shiea Jentaie
Published: January 2009

We have developed a technique combining acid hydrolysis with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) for the rapid study of the changes in the levels of positive and negative acute phase protein biomarkers in the sera of patients suffering from major depression. The serum proteins were first precipitated using an organic solvent; after separation, they were subjected to hydrochloric acid hydrolysis (6 M HCl) for 10 min. The resulting peptides were characterized using MALDI‐TOF MS. Short‐term treatment of the serum proteins with HCl efficiently removed interference from the abundant protein – albumin – and produced abundant peptide ion signals in the range of m/z 4000–10 000. This approach allowed us to rapidly detect the peptide ions originating from transferrin (a common negative acute phase protein) and fibrinogen (a common positive acute phase protein). The average ratios and (standard deviations) of the ion signals derived from transferrin/fibrinogen were 3.58 (±1.93) for the healthy control subjects and 1.02 (±0.52) for the patients suffering from major depression. The differences in transferrin/fibrinogen ratios between healthy controls and patients suggest that major depression will induce internal inflammation and cause either an increase in the level of fibrinogen or a decrease in the level of transferrin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and Aqueous Properties of Starch‐grafted Polyacrylamide Copolymers
Authors: Eutamene Mohamed , Benbakhti Abbes , Khodja Mohamed , Jada Amane
Published: January 2009

In the present work, starch‐grafted polyacrylamide copolymers were prepared and their rheological properties, either in water or in water‐based muds, were investigated. The advantages in using starches as substrates to prepare additives which are suited for improving stability and the rheological properties of water‐based muds, lie in their low cost, and their lower biodegradability than native starches. Thus, various copolymer series were prepared by free‐radically grafting acrylamide (AM) onto starch using ceric ammonium sulphate (CAS) as initiator. It is shown that the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight of the grafted starches are controlled by the initiator and monomer concentrations. Furthermore, to predict the behaviour of the samples under oil‐well conditions, the aqueous solution properties of the copolymers such as water solubility, viscosity, shear rate, were determined as function of temperature, salt concentration and type, and aging time. The knowledge of these properties is a prerequisite for the use of the copolymers in drilling fluids. The data indicate that starch‐grafted polyacrylamide copolymers as compared to the non‐modified starch, behave as shear‐thinning, are salt resistant, and their rheological properties are stable with time. The grafted starches as prepared above were also added to water‐based mud and the rheological properties of the resulting muds were determined under oil‐well conditions. Grafted starches, having high AM contents, are more efficient in decreasing the filtrate volume, and increasing the plastic viscosity of the muds, when compared to PAC‐L, a modified cellulosic polymer used in the filtration control of most water‐based muds. Such improvements in the rheological properties of the muds were found to result from the behaviour and/or properties of the grafted starches in water.
Testing of different plants to determine influence of physico–chemical properties and contaminants content on municipal sewage sludges phytotoxicity
Authors: Oleszczuk Patryk
Published: January 2009

This study attempts to evaluate the Phytotoxkit™ as a tool for measuring the toxicity of municipal sewage sludges using 10 common plants: mustard, turnip, cress, red clover, cucumber, tomato, radish, sorrel, and spinach. The results were used to determine a germination index (GI) and a median effective concentration (EC) value for each plant. The trace metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminant content and the physical–chemical properties were examined. Most sewage sludges were characterized by an unfavorable electrical conductivity value of about 5.2 mS/cm−1. The most abundant trace metals were zinc (Zn) at 871–1680 mg kg−1, manganese (Mn) at 245–661 mg kg−1, and copper (Cu) at 88.2–161.0 mg kg−1. The lowest values were determined for cobalt (Co) at 2.9–3.8 mg kg−1 and cadmium (Cd) at 0.7–3.7 mg kg−1. The PAH sum was based on 10 individual compounds (USE EPA), and the PAH content ranged from 4.76 to 27.95 mg kg−1, most of the sewage sludges showing a predomination by carcinogenic PAHs. The GI values, based on seed germination and root growth inhibition bioassays, showed increasing plant sensitivity to the tested sewage sludges in the following order: cress > turnip > mustard > sorrel > tomato > sorgo > red clover > radish > cucumber > spinach. The EC50 sewage sludge values lay in the range 31–404 g/kg of soil, and significant relationships were found for most of the plants between EC50 and the magnesium content (Mg2+: α = 0.888–0.924, P = 0.05), calcium content (Ca2+: α = 0.813–0.911, P ≤ 0.05), and pH (α = −0.913–0.948, P = 0.05). In the case of sewage sludge pollutants, significant relationships were found for trace metals such as: strontium (Sr: α = 0.851–0.948, P ≤ 0.05), chromium (Cr: α = 0.858, P ≤ 0.05), and nickel (Ni: α = 0.955, P = 0.05), as well as pyrene (PAHs). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Colonialism and Christianity in West Africa: the Igbo case, 1900–1915
Authors: Ekechi F. K.
Published: January 2009

A critical examination of the forces behind Igbo acceptance of Christianity during the first decade of this century reveals that British military imperialism and other forms of colonial exploitation were in fact basic to the decision of many Igbo communities to embrace Christianity. The adoption of the Christian religion, especially by the male adults, may be seen as a clear method of adjusting to the new colonial regime in which Christianity offered visible social advantages. Communities which embraced the new religion believed that by associating with the Christian missionaries, they would perhaps escape various forms of colonial over-rule.

The expansion of British political authority in the Igbo country, therefore, widened the frontiers of missionary enterprise. And as the Christian missions found the Igbos remarkably receptive to missionary propaganda, each was more than anxious to exert its denominational influence on the people. Thus interdenominational rivalry, especially between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants, was acute. For various reasons, the Roman Catholic missionaries seem to have established a more preponderating influence than the other Protestant societies.
Somali Resistance to Colonial Rule and the Development of Somali Political Activity in Kenya 1893–1960
Authors: Turton E. R.
Published: January 2009

This article investigates the relationship between different phases of Somali political activity in Kenya. A clear contrast emerges between the focus, the aims and the methods adopted by the Somali pastoralists along the northern frontier and those adopted by the Isaq and Herti Somali traders in Nairobi and Isiolo. The attitude of the former towards the Colonial Government was essentially negative. Yet, while they tended to be resisterspar excellenceand fought against the Government on a large number of occasions between 1893 and 1916, this article shows that their resistance was much more limited than has generally been supposed and that they were never united on a clan basis in their resistance. In fact intra-clan rivalries seriously undermined the effectiveness of their activities Moreover, certain weaker Somali segments actively cooperated with the Government in order to obtain military and political support for their positions which were threatened by stronger groups.

On the other hand, Isaq and Herti traders attempted to manipulate the political institution in order to obtain additional privileges within the system. Their agitation had positive goals, for they campaigned to gain Asiatic status. They put pressure on the central organs of Government and hired lawyers to plead their case. They wrote numerous petitions and memorials to governors of the colony, to Secretaries of State and even to two British kings. They formed well-organized political associations and had contacts in British Somaliland and England. Yet, by a curious irony, it seems that the Somali Exemption Ordinance of 1919, which represented the closest they came to achieving non-native status, was not passed as a result of their campaigns. In fact, their later agitation achieved nothing; it seems to have represented a futile effort to counter the gradual erosion of privileges obtained at an earlier date.

One of the main characteristics of the Isaq and Herti agitation was its essentially sectarian character. In fighting to obtain Asiatic status they emphasized traits that isolated them from other Somali groups, and they even ended by denying that they were Somali. As such, there was a considerable disparity between their aims and those of the Somali Youth League which emerged in 1946 as the main vehicle of mass Somali nationalism, uniting the Somali pastoralists and traders in one group.
New radiocarbon dates for Eastern and Southern Africa
Authors: Soper R. C.
Published: January 2009

This article continues the series started originally by Fagan and continued by Phillipson and Sutton. As before, the great majority of dates have been contributed by the archaeologists concerned, often in advance of their own publications, and I should like to express my grateful acknowledgement to all who have co-operated in this way, as also to Dr John Sutton for his kind assistance in the initial stages of preparation.
The ancestry of the Mende: An appraisal of Migeod's argument
Authors: Hill Matthew H.
Published: January 2009

The widely accepted argument of Migeod, that the existence of polar morphological types among Mende men is evidence of an ancestral mixture of Mandingo and forest-dwellers, is examined and rejected. Despite the great probability that the ancestry of the Mende is indeed heterogeneous, neither Migeod's argument nor his data support his conclusions. The uncritical acceptance which the argument has had suggests that a generalcaveatis as important as the particular point.
Land, labour and capital in Natal: The Natal Land and Colonisation Company 1860–1948
Authors: Slater Henry
Published: January 2009

The history of the London-based Natal Land and Colonisation Company is explored against the background of the evolving political economy of rural Natal. In the early years of the colony, white-controlled farming operations consistently failed. The landholdings of bankrupt colonists passed into the hands of a small group of men with capital. In 1861 this group activated its links with financiers in Britain to float the Natal Land and Colonisation Company. The Company ‘bought’ 250,000 acres of surplus lands from them in return for an injection of metropolitan capital into productive operations to be carried out on the remaining mainly coastal lands, or into further speculative activity. In fact, white-controlled farming activity in the interior continued to stagnate. Money which the Company loaned to white farmers in the 1860s, secured as mortgages on their farms, was not repaid, and the Company took over the lands of the bankrupt until in 1874 it controlled 657,000 acres in Natal. Anxious for a sizeable and more reliable source of income, the Company, in common with some colonists, concentrated on extracting rent from Africans, as yet the only successful farming population of the Natal interior. The increasing importance of this source of income to the Company was rudely interrupted in the 1890s by a fundamental shift in the Natal political economy. New mining centres in South Africa looked to Natal to furnish some of their needs for raw material and labour. The balance of economic and political forces favoured those who demanded labour, not rent, from Natal Africans. The Company switched its capital in good time out of renting land to African farmers and into renting and property development in the growing urban areas of white South Africa. Its properties were brought within the empire of the Eagle Star Insurance Company in 1948.
Imperial Business in Africa Part II. Interpretations
Authors: Hopkins A. G.
Published: January 2009

This article, which is in two parts, aims to establish expatriate business history as a necessary and important part of modern African history. Part I surveyed approximately fifty histories of European companies in West, Central and East Africa during the colonial period and drew attention to newly-discovered and little-known records. Part II begins by assessing the quality of the studies listed in Part I, and suggests ways in which the level of scholarship can be raised to meet standards set by professionally-written business history. The article then formulates and explores a number of propositions concerning the spatial distribution and changing size, structure, strategy and performance of expatriate business in Africa. It is argued that many of these propositions cut across established but inadequately supported views, and that the development of business history has wider implications for the study of the colonial history of Africa.
The Niger and the Classics: the History of a Name
Authors: Meek C. K.
Published: January 2009

On 8 January 1897 the name of ‘Nigeria’ appeared in print for the first time. It was the title of an article in our leading newspaper, written by Miss Flora Shaw, who at that time ‘did the Colonies for The Times’, as Cecil Rhodes expressed it. Miss Shaw later became the wife of Lord Lugard, the great builder of Nigeria; and one of the greatest of all British Colonial Administrators. And here is what Miss Shaw said.
Recording the Oral History of the Bakuba—II. Results
Authors: Vansina J.
Published: January 2009

A Cluster of some eighteen small tribes, numbering in all some 70,000 people, which lives on the rolling heights between the rivers Kasai, Sankuru and Lulua in the Kasai province of the Congo, are called Kuba by their neighbours. They form a kingdom which is in fact a federation of tribes, dominated by a central group, the Bushoong, whose chief is king of the whole congeries. This federation was imposed by the Bushoong upon the other tribes by conquest or threat of arms during the course of the three last centuries. As with all conquest states of which this one, although a federation, is typical, the different tribes controlled do not all have the same culture. One group, comprising the central tribes, is similar in culture and language. It includes the Bushoong, Ngeende, Pyaang, Byeeng, and Bulaang tribes. Other tribes are culturally akin to this group. Still other tribes belong to the Lulua-Luba Kasai cluster. Among these the patrilineal Coofa and the matrilineal Kete may be mentioned. Finally, other tribes like the Ngoombe or Mbeengi participate in the general type of Mongo cultures. The social structure of all the Kuba tribes with the exception of Coofa and Mbeengi is matrilineal. They are grouped in matrilineal clans, which are divided in small autonomous residential lineages, which can be called clan-sections. Clan-sections of different clans make up a village. The village is ruled by a set of dignitaries and a general council composed of the clan-section heads. The tribes of the central group and the ones who are culturally akin to it group several villages in chiefdoms which are ruled by chiefs assisted by councils. In these tribes, with the exception of the Bushoong, different chiefdoms are united loosely on a tribal scale. The Bushoong, who are the most numerous, are constituted in one chiefdom only. The religion of all the tribes of this cluster is very similar. Ancestor worship is practically absent. There are beliefs in a Supreme Being, in nature spirits, and in spirits or forces which control charms. Furthermore, mention must be made for the whole congeries of tribes of a flourishing art, especially decorative art, which is expressed in weaving, matting, woodcarving, ironworking and even architecture.
Anglo-German Relations in Uganda, 1890–1892
Authors: Gray John
Published: January 2009

After recovery from his alarming accident at Bagamoyo at the end of 1889, Emin Pasha decided to enter the German service in East Africa. At the beginning of 1890 he was appointed the leader of an expedition into the interior of the continent. Part of Emin's instructions read as follows:

In accordance with instructions received by me from the Imperial Chancellor, and the arrangement made with Your Excellency, I have the honour to give you the following directions with regard to the mission undertaken by you:

(I) Your Excellency is to secure on behalf of Germany the territories situated south of and along the Victoria Nyanza Lake, from Kavirondo and the countries between Victoria Nyanza and Tanganyika up to the Muta Nzige and Albert Nyanza, so as to frustrate England's attempts at gaining an influence. I consider that the extension of the line from Kilimanjaro and the Kavirondo Bay to the north west, up to the frontier of the Congo State, constitutes the Anglo-German frontier. Any extension warranted by the circumstances of the sphere of influence just described would be regarded by me as redounding to Your Excellency's special merit.
Pre-European Ironworking in Central Africa with Special Reference to Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Fagan Brian
Published: January 2009

Pre-European ironworkers in Central Africa reached a high standard of metallurgical skill, culminating in the production of beautiful ceremonial objects and instruments which show a Congo origin and inspiration. Many of these specimens, especially hoes, were traded over enormous distances. One can probably detect three phases of ironworking in Northern Rhodesia:

(1) The Earliest Period (c. a.d. 0 to ? a.d. 1000). Little is known about these earliest settlers, associated with channelled and stamped ware. Slag and tuyère fragments occur, and simple forms of weapons were probably made. Acculturation of Later Stone Age peoples took place.

(2) The Middle Period (c. ? a.d. 1OOO to a.d. 1740). Iron was still extremely rare, and iron objects are normally associated with some functional purposes. Coiled iron bangles occur, and a few ceremonial objects including gongs are rarely found; at Lusitu and in Southern Rhodesia, they are more common. The Chewa/Maravi migration brought in new ideas and tool forms around a.d. 1500.

(3) The Late Period (a.d. 1740–1900). Over the more northerly portion of the territory, there was considerable standardization of iron tool forms and techniques, which found their origin in Luba country, and were carried over the Luapula into Northern Rhodesia by repeated migrations. These forms survived to the present day when they are now dying out, and many ceremonial pieces have lost their ritual value.
Maramuca: An Exercise in the Combined Use of Portuguese Records and Oral Tradition
Authors: Abraham D. P.
Published: January 2009

At the start of the fifteenth century a.d. a group of patrilineal Bantu clans, collectively known as the Vakaranga, occupied in strength the south and south-west of what is now Southern Rhodesia. The population was mainly composed of small-scale peasant cultivators and cattle-breeders, who lived in modest, stockaded villages of thatched mud-huts and granaries, and who practised an ancestor-cult introduced by their forebears from the region of the Great Lakes—perhaps during the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
Some Source Books for West African History
Authors: Lawrence A. W.
Published: January 2009

In his recent book on the Royal African Company, K. G. Davies remarked that he had found himself obliged to conduct his research as though he were working on Ancient History. I have since experienced the same feeling when dealing with a more varied range of material, and this article is a plea for subjecting the sources for African history to that kind of critical appraisal which has customarily been applied to Greek and Roman authors. In my case I was concerned only with the old European forts in West Africa, and from an antiquarian viewpoint, but the same considerations must apply more generally, and the examples that follow will, I trust, stimulate investigation of the writers where they deal with other topics.
The Foreign Office and the ‘Abyssinian Captives’
Authors: Hooker J. R.
Published: January 2009

Hoisting the banner of St George on the mountains of Rasselas seemed a good thing to most of Disraeli's countrymen in the spring of 1868. A British consul, a special agent of the Bombay government's Aden establishment, and a number of laymen and missionaries, among them British subjects, were rescued from a mountain prison, and Theodore, the apparently mad ruler of Abyssinia (as Ethiopia was then known), committed suicide. All this for a cost of something like £9,000,000. And, having marched his men to the top of the hill, Sir Robert Napier (soon to become Baron Napier of Magdala) marched them down again. Abyssinia remained chaotic but free, and British relations with it returned to normal, that is to say the Foreign Office ceased to regard it except under compulsion.
The Forest and Agriculture in West Africa
Authors: Morgan W. B.
Published: January 2009

A recent generalization on cropping and cultivation in Africa reduces the variety of environmental types to two: ‘savannahs’ and ‘forest and woodland’. Another work simplifies West African anthropology by introducing two regions linguistic in origin: the West Sudan and the Guinea Coast. The latter, misleadingly shown as the western portion of a ‘yam belt’ or ‘corridor’, includes the ‘forest’ and a small southern portion of the ‘savannah’. Such regional generalizations invite critical assessment of the relationships displayed between crops, agriculture and the environments. It is proposed to take one of these last as termed above: the ‘forest and woodland’.
A Research Definition of African Feudality
Authors: Maquet Jacques J.
Published: January 2009

Since African Political Systems, edited by Fortes and Evans-Pritchard in 1940, many monographs have been published on particular political organization of pre-colonial Africa. Some attempts have been made to synthesize these data in order to constitute a typology of African political organizations; for instance the segmentary type has been studied in Middleton's Tribes Without Rulers (1958), and the absolute monarchies have been given an important place by Murdock in his Africa (1959) and by others (e.g. P. Hadfield: Traits of Divine Kingship in Africa, London, 1949). Typological research falls within the historian's province if he is interested in the problem of uniformities in history.
Some Remarks on Beads and Trade in Lower Guinea in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Fage J. D.
Published: January 2009

Two recent articles by Dr Mauny, inconclusive in themselves, since in the second he withdrew his earlier claim that the material of aggrey beads might be the coral-like marine growth Allopara subviolacea, inspired some independent inquiry into the question of aggrey beads. This inquiry followed three lines: (1) a re-examination of the published sources from the beginning of the sixteenth century into the nineteenth century; (2) local inquiries in Southern Ghana and, indirectly, in Western Nigeria; (3) an examination of actual beads, notably in collections in Ghana and in the British Museum. While a great deal more remains to be done, especially in following up the second and third lines of inquiry, some tentative observations may be of value, since it already appears possible to add something to the authoritative statements by Krieger and Naber on the subject.
The Ashanti Confederacy
Authors: Tordoff William
Published: January 2009

The Basel missionaries, Ramseyer and Kühne, had this to say of Ashanti government in the reign of Kofi Karikari (1867–74):

…the reins of the Ashantee government are not exclusively in the hands of the king, nor does he possess unlimited power, but shares it with a council which includes, besides his majesty, his mother, the three first chiefs of the kingdom [Juabenhene, Bekwaihene, and Mamponghene], and a few nobles of Kumasi (Coomassie). This council is called ‘Asante Kotoko’, or the Ashantee porcupine, which means that like the animal of that name, nobody dare touch them.…It is this Kotoko council which rules the entire kingdom, and deals with the people, who must obey, whatever their own wishes or inclinations may be, in the most despotic way.…In important matters all the other chiefs of the kingdom are called together to discuss the case, but they are sure to vote in accordance with the view of the council, for who would dare to oppose the Kotoko?
John Philip's Role in Hottentot Emancipation
Authors: Gailey Harry A.
Published: January 2009

Early in 1819 a two-man deputation from the London Missionary Society arrived in Capetown. They had been instructed by the Directors in London to investigate the conditions of the missionary establishment and to make recommendations which would halt its inward decay. John Campbell, the senior member, had only reluctantly accepted the appointment on the understanding that as soon as possible he would return to England. The second man was Dr John Philip, an Aberdeen minister, who, once convinced of the importance of his presence in southern Africa was to stay as Superintendent of the Society's missions. Until his retirement in 1842 he would champion many unpopular causes and be viewed by generations of South Africans as an uninformed, irresponsible, political meddler. He received much of this reputation because of his work for Hottentot emancipation, which culminated in the famous Fiftieth Ordinance. Only recently has it been possible to re-evaluate Philip's actions in this cause and thus counter the opinions of those historians who preserved the stereotype of Philip as a master intriguer.
Le Voyage D'emile Jonveaux en Ethiopie: Effets Recents D'une Ancienne Mystification
Authors: Tubiana Joseph
Published: January 2009

La communication présentée par le Dr Richard Pankhurst au 1er Congrès International des Africanistes se recommande à l'attention des éthiopisants à la fois par l'originalité du sujet (« Misoneism and Innovation in Ethiopian History ») et par l'abondance de la documentation sur laquelle elle s'appuie. Cependant, labsence de son auteur n'ayant pas permis qu'elle sok discutée, il convient de formuler ici une breve remarque.
History and tradition in East Central Africa through the Eyes of the Northern Rhodesian Ceŵa
Authors: Marwick M. G.
Published: January 2009

My excuse for presenting this summary of Ceŵa tradition and history is that the Ceŵa are a numerous and important people. Numerically they are the most important descendants of the Malawi (the Maravi or Maraves of Portuguese records); and the fact that the name of their ancestors has been adopted by the majority party in Nyasaland led by Dr Hastings Banda, himself a Ceŵa, is one of the indications of their political importance.
Plymouth Brethren and the Occupation of Katanga, 1886–1907
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: January 2009

The first white persons to settle permanently in Katanga, a highland plateau region geographically isolated from the low-lying Congo basin, were missionaries collectively styled Plymouth Brethren. They were preceded—along the geographical and commercial routes which linked Katanga to Bié and Benguela and to Mweru and Zanzibar—by David Livingstone, who visited the Upper Congo in 1871, and by Verney Lovett Cameron, who traversed the region three years later. Both British explorers reported that Katanga was a region rich in minerals, and therefore an area into which whites should advance. The Germans Paul Reichard and Richard Böhm, in 1884, and the Portuguese Hermenigildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens, in 1885, confirmed the earlier tales.