bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Live-Load Testing Application Using a Wireless Sensor System and Finite-Element Model Analysis of an Integral Abutment Concrete Girder Bridge
Authors: Fausett Robert W. , Barr Paul J. , Halling Marvin W.
Published: October 2014

As part of an investigation on the performance of integral abutment bridges, a single-span, integral abutment, prestressed concrete girder bridge near Perry, Utah was instrumented for live-load testing. The live-load test included driving trucks at 2.24 m/s (5 mph) along predetermined load paths and measuring the corresponding strain and deflection. The measured data was used to validate a finite-element model (FEM) of the bridge. The model showed that the integral abutments were behaving as 94% of a fixed-fixed support. Live-load distribution factors were obtained using this validated model and compared to those calculated in accordance to recommended procedures provided in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2010). The results indicated that if the bridge was considered simply supported, the AASHTO LRFD Specification distribution factors were conservative (in comparison to the FEM results). These conservative distribution factors, along with the initial simply supported design assumption resulted in a very conservative bridge design. In addition, a parametric study was conducted by modifying various bridge properties of the validated bridge model, one at a time, in order to investigate the influence that individual changes in span length, deck thickness, edge distance, skew, and fixity had on live-load distribution. The results showed that the bridge properties with the largest influence on bridge live-load distribution were fixity, skew, and changes in edge distance.
Overexpression ofMMP13Is Associated with Clinical Outcomes and Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Vincent-Chong Vui King , Salahshourifar Iman , Karen-Ng Lee Peng , Siow Ming Yhong , Kallarakkal Thomas George , Ramanathan Anand , Yang Yi-Hsin , Khor Goot Heah , Rahman Zainal Ariff Abdul , Ismail Siti Mazlipah , Prepageran Narayanan , Wan Mustafa Wan Mahadzir , Abraham Mannil Thomas , Tay Keng Kiong , Cheong Sok Ching , Zain Rosnah Binti
Published: October 2014

Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) plays a central role in the MMP activation cascade that enables degradation of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, and it is identified as a potential driver in oral carcinogenesis. Therefore, this study aims to determine the copy number, mRNA, and protein expression ofMMP13in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to associate these expressions with clinicopathological parameters. Copy number, mRNA, and protein expression analysis ofMMP13were determined using real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry methods in OSCC samples. The correlations betweenMMP13expressions and clinicopathological parameters were evaluated, and the significance ofMMP13as a prognostic factor was determined. Despite discrepancies between gene amplification and mRNA and protein overexpression rates, OSCC cases showed high amplification ofMMP13and overexpression ofMMP13at both mRNA and protein levels. High level ofMMP13protein expression showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis (P=0.011) and tumor staging (P=0.002). Multivariate Cox regression model analysis revealed that high level of mRNA and protein expression ofMMP13were significantly associated with poor prognosis (P<0.050). Taken together, these observations indicate that theMMP13protein overexpression could be considered as a prognostic marker of OSCC.
Effects of Atorvastatin on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Mitochondrial Morphofunctionality in Hyperfibrinogenemia-Induced Atherogenesis
Authors: Scribano María de la Paz , Baez María del Carmen , Florencia Becerra , Tarán Mariana Denise , Franco Signorini , Balceda Ariel G. , Moya Mónica
Published: October 2014

Relationship between hyperfibrinogenemia (HF), oxidative stress, and atherogenesis was established. Effect of atorvastatin (Ator) was assessed. Wistar male (6 months) rats were studied: Ctr, control, without HF induction; Ctr-Ator, without HF treated with atorvastatin; AI, atherogenesis induced, and AI-Ator, atherogenesis induced and treated with atorvastatin. Atherogenesis was induced by daily adrenaline injection (0.1 mL/day/rat) for 90 days; treatment started 15 days after induction. Fibrinogen (mg/dL) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured in plasma (mM) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (U/mL) in red cell lysate by spectrophotometry. Slices of aorta were analyzed by electron microscopy (EM). ANOVA and chi-square test were used;P<0.05was established. There were no significant differences between Ctr and Ctr-Atorv in fibrinogen, NO, and SOD values. Comparing Ctr with AI an increase of fibrinogen is observed (P<0.001), but it decreased after administration of atorvastatin in AI-Ator (P<0.001). NO diminished in AI relative to Ctr and increased in AI-Ator (P<0.001). SOD showed an increase in AI and AI-Ator compared to Ctr (P<0.001). EM revealed expansion of intermembrane space and disorganization of crests in AI. In AI-Ator mitochondrial areas and diameters were similar to control. Atorvastatin normalizes HF, stabilizes NO, increases SOD, and produces a partial regression of mitochondrial lesions.
Bioengineered Implantable Scaffolds as a Tool to Study Stromal-Derived Factors in Metastatic Cancer Models
Authors: Bersani Francesca , Lee Jungwoo , Yu Min , Morris Robert , Desai Rushil , Ramaswamy Sridhar , Toner Mehmet , Haber Daniel A. , Parekkadan Biju
Published: October 2014

Modeling the hematogenous spread of cancer cells to distant organs poses one of the greatest challenges in the study of human metastasis. Both tumor cell–intrinsic properties as well as interactions with reactive stromal cells contribute to this process, but identification of relevant stromal signals has been hampered by the lack of models allowing characterization of the metastatic niche. Here, we describe an implantable bioengineered scaffold, amenable to in vivo imaging, ex vivo manipulation, and serial transplantation for the continuous study of human metastasis in mice. Orthotopic or systemic inoculation of tagged human cancer cells into the mouse leads to the release of circulating tumor cells into the vasculature, which seed the scaffold, initiating a metastatic tumor focus. Mouse stromal cells can be readily recovered and profiled, revealing differential expression of cytokines, such as IL1β, from tumor-bearing versus unseeded scaffolds. Finally, this platform can be used to test the effect of drugs on suppressing initiation of metastatic lesions. This generalizable model to study cancer metastasis may thus identify key stromal-derived factors with important implications for basic and translational cancer research. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7229–38. ©2014 AACR.
Is Feeling Extraneous from One's Own Body a Core Vulnerability Feature in Eating Disorders?
Authors: Stanghellini Giovanni , Trisolini Francesca , Castellini Giovanni , Ambrosini Alessandra , Faravelli Carlo , Ricca Valdo
Published: October 2014

Objective: To identify core vulnerability features capable of discriminating subjects who are more prone to develop eating disorders. Sampling and Methods: A nonclinical group composed of 253 university students was studied by means of the Identity and Eating Disorders questionnaire (IDEA), exploring abnormal attitudes toward one's own body and difficulties in the definition of one's own identity, the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT) and different self-reported questionnaires evaluating the specific and general psychopathology of eating disorders. The results were compared with those of a clinical eating disorder group. Results: In the student sample, a group composed of 35 subjects with abnormal eating patterns and a group (218 subjects) without such features were identified. The IDEA total and subscale scores were found to be significantly higher in subjects with abnormal eating patterns than in subjects without them (all p < 0.001). Positive correlations between the IDEA total and subscale scores and the BUT global score were observed in both groups (all p < 0.01). The comparison of the scores on the IDEA between the clinical group (patients with full-blown eating disorders) and the subjects with abnormal over-threshold eating patterns yields a significant difference in the ‘feeling extraneous from one's own body' subscale of the IDEA. Conclusions: The IDEA resulted in being a valid instrument to identify a vulnerability to eating disorders in subjects with abnormal eating patterns in the general population and to recognize the presence of a significant discomfort related to the body. Feeling extraneous from one's own body is the experience that discriminates most between clinical and nonclinical subjects.
Comparative Study of Photoreceptor and Retinal Ganglion Cell Topography and Spatial Resolving Power in Dipsadidae Snakes
Authors: Hauzman Einat , Bonci Daniela M.O. , Grotzner Sonia R. , Mela Maritana , Liber André M.P. , Martins Sonia L. , Ventura Dora F.
Published: October 2014

The diurnal Dipsadidae snakes Philodryas olfersii and P. patagoniensis are closely related in their phylogeny but inhabit different ecological niches. P. olfersii is arboreal, whereas P. patagoniensis is preferentially terrestrial. The goal of the present study was to compare the density and topography of neurons, photoreceptors, and cells in the ganglion cell layer in the retinas of these two species using immunohistochemistry and Nissl staining procedures and estimate the spatial resolving power of their eyes based on the ganglion cell peak density. Four morphologically distinct types of cones were observed by scanning electron microscopy, 3 of which were labeled with anti-opsin antibodies: large single cones and double cones labeled by the antibody JH492 and small single cones labeled by the antibody JH455. The average densities of photoreceptors and neurons in the ganglion cell layer were similar in both species (∼10,000 and 7,000 cells·mm-2, respectively). The estimated spatial resolving power was also similar, ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 cycles·degree-1. However, the distribution of neurons had different specializations. In the arboreal P. olfersii, the isodensity maps had a horizontal visual streak, with a peak density in the central region and a lower density in the dorsal retina. This organization might be relevant for locomotion and hunting behavior in the arboreal layer. In the terrestrial P. patagoniensis, a concentric pattern of decreasing cell density emanated from an area centralis located in the naso-ventral retina. Lower densities were observed in the dorsal region. The ventrally high density improves the resolution in the superior visual field and may be an important adaptation for terrestrial snakes to perceive the approach of predators from above.
Implications of cytogenetics for venous thromboembolism in acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Kwon Ji-hyun , Yoon Sung , Song Leo , Yoon Jae-Ho , Shin Seung-Hwan , Min Woo-Sung , Lee Yun-Gyoo , Kim Inho , Park Seongyang , Kim Hee-Je
Published: October 2014

Due to the high risk of thrombocytopenia and haemorrhage, thrombotic complications have received little attention in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Furthermore, the predictive role of cytogenetics on venous thromboembolism (VTE) has largely been ignored. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and prognostic aspects of VTE in AML. A total of 811 consecutive patients with AML were enrolled and analysed retrospectively. Cox time-dependent covariate regression analysis was used to identify the significant predictors of VTE development. To minimise potential confounding factors, we used propensity-score matching to compare overall survival between patients with and without VTE. The six-month and one-year cumulative incidences of VTE were 3.1 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 2.0–4.7) and 3.9 % (95 % CI, 2.6–5.7), respectively. Of the 26 cases of VTE, 22 (85 %) developed within 6 months of leukemia diagnosis and 13 (50 %) were catheter-related. In multivariate analysis, advanced age (≥ 65 years) (hazard ratio [HR], 2.70; p = 0.03) and increasing cytogenetic risk (common HR, 1.84; p = 0.05) were independent predictors of VTE. There was no significant association between VTE development and decreased survival (p = 0.32 for matched analysis). Advanced age and increasing cytogenetic risk, well-known predictors for clinical outcome in AML, were also independent risk factors of VTE development. Our results suggest that VTE does not hold prognostic implications for AML.
Adipokines at the crossroad between obesity and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Morel Sandrine , Kwak Brenda , Rohner-Jeanrenaud Françoise , Steffens Sabine , Molica Filippo
Published: October 2014

Obesity, and especially excessive visceral adipose tissue accumulation, is considered as a low-grade inflammatory state that is responsible for adipocyte dysfunction and associated metabolic disorders. Adipose tissue displays endocrine functions by releasing pro- or antiinflammatory bioactive molecules named adipokines. An altered expression of these molecules, provoked by obesity or adipocyte dysregulation, contributes to major metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus that are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, obesity is also characterised by the expansion of perivascular adipose tissue that acts locally via diffusion of adipokines into the vascular wall. Local inflammation within blood vessels induced by adipokines contributes to the onset of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, but also to vascular remodelling and hypertension. A fast expansion of obesity is expected in the near future, which will rapidly increase the incidence of these cardiovascular diseases. The focus of this review is to summarise the link between metabolic and cardiovascular disease and discuss current treatment approaches, limitations and future perspectives for more targeted therapies.
Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide-1-108 Processing and Degradation in Human Heart Failure
Authors: Huntley Brenda K. , Sandberg Sharon M. , Heublein Denise M. , Sangaralingham S. Jeson , Burnett John C. , Ichiki Tomoko
Published: October 2014

Background—

We have reported that pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)-1-108 circulates and is processed to mature BNP1-32 in human blood. Building on these findings, we sought to determine whether proBNP1-108 processed forms in normal circulation are biologically active and stimulate cGMP, and whether proBNP1-108 processing and activity are altered in human heart failure (HF) compared with normal. Because BNP1-32 is deficient whereas proBNP1-108 is abundant in HF, we hypothesize that proBNP1-108 processing and degradation are impaired in HF patients ex vivo.

Methods and Results—

We measured circulating molecular forms, including BNP1-32, proBNP1-108, and N-terminal-proBNP, and all were significantly higher in patients with HF when compared with that in normals. Fresh serum samples from normals or patients with HF were incubated with or without exogenous nonglycosylated proBNP1-108 tagged with 6 C-terminal Histidines to facilitate peptide isolation. His-tag proBNP1-108 was efficiently processed into BNP1-32/3-32 at 5 minutes in normal serum, persisted for 15 minutes, then disappeared. Delayed processing of proBNP1-108 was observed in HF samples, and the degradation pattern differed depending on left ventricular function. The 5-minute processed forms from both normal and HF serums were active and generated cGMP via guanylyl cyclase-A receptors; however, the 180-minute samples were not active. The proBNP1-108 processing enzyme corin and BNP-degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 were reduced in HF versus normal, perhaps contributing to differential BNP metabolism in HF.

Conclusions—

Exogenous proBNP1-108 is processed into active BNP1-32 and ultimately degraded in normal circulation. The processing and degradation of BNP molecular forms were altered but complete in HF, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of HF.
The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes
Authors: Johnston Peter , PARK DUCKCHUL , BARAL HANS-OTTO , GALÁN RICARDO , PLATAS GONZALO , TENA RAÚL
Published: October 2014

Morphological and phylogenetic data are used to revise the genus Torrendiella. The type species, described from Europe, is retained within the Rutstroemiaceae. However, Torrendiella species reported from Australasia, southern South America and China were found to be phylogenetically distinct and have been recombined in the newly proposed genus Hymenotorrendiella. The Hymenotorrendiella species are distinguished morphologically from Rutstroemia in having a Hymenoscyphus-type rather than Sclerotinia-type ascus apex. Zoellneria, linked taxonomically to Torrendiella in the past, is genetically distinct and a synonym of Chaetomella.
Improved Tropical-Cyclone Flight-Level Wind Estimates Using Routine Infrared Satellite Reconnaissance
Authors: Knaff John A. , Longmore Scott P. , DeMaria Robert T. , Molenar Debra A.
Published: October 2014

A new and improved method for estimating tropical-cyclone (TC) flight-level winds using globally and routinely available TC information and infrared (IR) satellite imagery is presented. The developmental dataset is composed of aircraft reconnaissance (1995–2012) that has been analyzed to a 1 km × 10° polar grid that extends outward 165 km from the TC center. The additional use of an azimuthally average tangential wind at 500 km, based on global model analyses, allows the estimation of winds at larger radii. Analyses are rotated to a direction-relative framework, normalized by dividing the wind field by the observed maximum, and then decomposed into azimuthal wavenumbers in terms of amplitudes and phases. Using a single-field principal component method, the amplitudes and phases of the wind field are then statistically related to principal components of motion-relative IR images and factors related to the climatological radius of maximum winds. The IR principal components allow the wind field to be related to the radial and azimuthal variability of the wind field. Results show that this method, when provided with the storm location, the estimated TC intensity, the TC motion vector, and a single IR image, is able to estimate the azimuthal wavenumber 0 and 1 components of the wind field. The resulting wind field reconstruction significantly improves on the method currently used for satellite-based operational TC wind field estimates. This application has several potential uses that are discussed within.
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclones to Parameterized Convection in the NASA GEOS-5 Model
Authors: Lim Young-Kwon , Schubert Siegfried D. , Reale Oreste , Lee Myong-In , Molod Andrea M. , Suarez Max J.
Published: October 2014

The sensitivity of tropical cyclones (TCs) to changes in parameterized convection is investigated to improve the simulation of TCs in the North Atlantic. Specifically, the impact of reducing the influence of the Relaxed Arakawa–Schubert (RAS) scheme-based parameterized convection is explored using the Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) model at 0.25° horizontal grid spacing. The years 2005 and 2006, characterized by very active and inactive hurricane seasons, respectively, are selected for simulation.

A reduction in parameterized deep convection results in an increase in TC activity (e.g., TC number and longer life cycle) to more realistic levels compared to the baseline control configuration. The vertical and horizontal structure of the strongest simulated hurricane shows the maximum wind speed greater than 60 m s−1 and the minimum sea level pressure reaching ~940 mb, which are never achieved by the control configuration. The radius of the maximum wind of ~50 km, the location of the warm core exceeding 10°C, and the horizontal compactness of the hurricane center are all quite realistic without any negatively affecting the atmospheric mean state.

This study reveals that an increase in the threshold of minimum entrainment suppresses parameterized deep convection by entraining more dry air into the typical plume. This leads to cooling and drying at the mid to upper troposphere, along with the positive latent heat flux and moistening in the lower troposphere. The resulting increase in conditional instability provides an environment that is more conducive to TC vortex development and upward moisture flux convergence by dynamically resolved moist convection, thereby increasing TC activity.
Linking Emergence of the Central Pacific El Niño to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Yu Jin-Yi , Kao Pei-ken , Paek Houk , Hsu Huang-Hsiung , Hung Chih-wen , Lu Mong-Ming , An Soon-Il
Published: October 2014

The ocean–atmosphere coupling in the northeastern subtropical Pacific is dominated by a Pacific meridional mode (PMM), which spans between the extratropical and tropical Pacific and plays an important role in connecting extratropical climate variability to the occurrence of El Niño. Analyses of observational data and numerical model experiments were conducted to demonstrate that the PMM (and the subtropical Pacific coupling) experienced a rapid strengthening in the early 1990s and that this strengthening is related to an intensification of the subtropical Pacific high caused by a phase change of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). This PMM strengthening favored the development of more central Pacific (CP)-type El Niño events. The recent shift from more conventional eastern Pacific (EP) to more CP-type El Niño events can thus be at least partly understood as a Pacific Ocean response to a phase change in the AMO.
A Climatology of Cold Air Outbreaks and Their Impact on Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in the High-Latitude South Pacific
Authors: Papritz Lukas , Pfahl Stephan , Sodemann Harald , Wernli Heini
Published: October 2014

A climatology of cold air outbreaks (CAOs) in the high latitudes of the South Pacific and an analysis of the dynamical mechanisms leading to their formation are presented. Two major and distinct regions with frequent CAOs from autumn to spring are identified: one in the Ross Sea and another in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas. Using an objective method to attribute CAOs to extratropical cyclones, it is shown that about 80% of the CAOs occur in association with the cyclonic flow induced by the passage of extratropical cyclones. Based on kinematic backward trajectories it is quantified that more than 40% of the air masses leading to CAOs originate from Antarctica and descend substantially, with the Ross Ice Shelf corridor as the major pathway. CAO trajectories descending from Antarctica differ from those originating over sea ice by a much lower specific humidity, stronger diabatic cooling, and much more intense adiabatic warming, while potential vorticity evolves similarly in both categories. In winter, CAOs are the major contributor to the net turbulent heat flux off the sea ice edge and CAO frequency strongly determines its interannual variation. Wintertime variations of the frequency of extratropical cyclones are strongly imprinted on the frequency of CAOs and the net turbulent heat and freshwater fluxes. In particular, much of the precipitation associated with the passage of extratropical cyclones is compensated by intense evaporation in cyclone-induced CAOs. This highlights the dominant role of the extratropical storm track in determining the variability of the buoyancy flux forcing of the Southern Ocean.
An Assessment of the Precision and Confidence of Aquatic Eddy Correlation Measurements
Authors: Donis Daphne , Holtappels Moritz , Noss Christian , Cathalot Cecile , Hancke Kasper , Polsenaere Pierre , Wenzhöfer Frank , Lorke Andreas , Meysman Filip J. R. , Glud Ronnie N. , McGinnis Daniel F.
Published: October 2014

The quantification of benthic fluxes with the aquatic eddy correlation (EC) technique is based on simultaneous measurement of the current velocity and a targeted bottom water parameter (e.g., O2, temperature). High-frequency measurements (64 Hz) are performed at a single point above the seafloor using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and a fast-responding sensor. The advantages of aquatic EC technique are that 1) it is noninvasive, 2) it integrates fluxes over a large area, and 3) it accounts for in situ hydrodynamics. The aquatic EC has gained acceptance as a powerful technique; however, an accurate assessment of the errors introduced by the spatial alignment of velocity and water constituent measurements and by their different response times is still needed.

Here, this paper discusses uncertainties and biases in the data treatment based on oxygen EC flux measurements in a large-scale flume facility with well-constrained hydrodynamics. These observations are used to review data processing procedures and to recommend improved deployment methods, thus improving the precision, reliability, and confidence of EC measurements. Specifically, this study demonstrates that 1) the alignment of the time series based on maximum cross correlation improved the precision of EC flux estimations; 2) an oxygen sensor with a response time of <0.4 s facilitates accurate EC fluxes estimates in turbulence regimes corresponding to horizontal velocities < 11 cm s−1; and 3) the smallest possible distance (<1 cm) between the oxygen sensor and the ADV’s sampling volume is important for accurate EC flux estimates, especially when the flow direction is perpendicular to the sensor’s orientation.
An OSSE-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Variational–Ensemble Data Assimilation for the NCEP GFS. Part II: 4DEnVar and Hybrid Variants
Authors: Kleist Daryl T. , Ide Kayo
Published: October 2014

This work describes the formulation of a hybrid four-dimensional ensemble--variational (4DEnVar) algorithm and initialization options utilized within the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global data assimilation system. Initialization schemes that are proposed for use are the tangent-linear normal mode constraint, weak constraint digital filter, and a combination thereof.

An observing system simulation experiment is carried out to evaluate the impact of utilizing hybrid 4DEnVar with various initialization techniques. The experiments utilize a dual-resolution configuration, where the ensemble is run at roughly half the resolution of the deterministic component. It is found that by going from 3D to 4D, analysis error is reduced for most variables and levels. The inclusion of a time-invariant static covariance when used without a normal mode–based strong constraint is found to have a small, positive impact on the analysis. The experiments show that the weak constraint digital filter degrades the quality of analysis, due to the use of hourly states to prescribe high-frequency noise. It is found that going from 3D to 4D ensemble covariances has a relatively larger impact in the extratropics, whereas the original inclusion of ensemble-based covariances was found to have the largest impact in the tropics. The improvements found in going from 3D to 4D covariances in the hybrid EnVar formulation are not as large as was found in Part I from the original introduction of the hybrid algorithm. The analyses generated by the 4D hybrid scheme are found to yield slightly improved extratropical height and wind forecasts, with smaller impacts on other variables and in general in the tropics.
The Spillover Consequences of an Enforcement-First U.S. Immigration Regime
Authors: Aranda Elizabeth , Menjívar Cecilia , Donato Katharine M.
Published: October 2014

In our introduction to this special issue, we describe how the immigration enforcement-first regime has consequences that extend beyond the supposed target population of undocumented immigrants and spill over to other groups, including legal permanent residents, U.S.-born Latinos/as, and other U.S.-born residents. The papers in this special issue address whether and how spillover effects exist and the form that they take. Often they include social, psychological, and in some cases, physical harm, and together they illustrate that directly or indirectly, U.S. policy’s emphasis on interior and external border enforcement affects all of us.
Numerical analysis to study the tensile behaviour of a spring-steel-wire-reinforced aluminium alloy metal matrix composite
Authors: Merzkirch Matthias , Meissner Marius , Schulze Volker , Weidenmann Kay André
Published: October 2014

The reinforcement of composite extruded light metal profiles offers a high potential in terms of weight reduction and the improvement of mechanical properties, both of which are essential for components in lightweight space frame constructions. In a previous study, the mechanical properties under tensile loading of spring-steel (301SS)-wire-reinforced aluminium extrusions based on EN AW-6082 were investigated in terms of a varying reinforcing ratio. The aim of the current study is to minimize the effort needed to gather mechanical data by calculation of the deformation and damage behaviour under tensile loading of 11.1 vol.% spring-steel-reinforced EN AW-6082. The simulation of the push-out test provided specific parameters concerning the interfacial properties – like the radial strength – needed for modelling the tensile test. It could be shown that the simulation of the tensile test is in good agreement with the experimental results, concerning quantitative values (stress–strain curve) and qualitative behaviour (necking and debonding).
Occupational fatalities in the construction sector: A medico-legal viewpoint
Authors: Das Siddhartha
Published: October 2014

Occupational fatalities are those that occur during the course of a person’s occupation. They can occur in any industry or sector. Studies have shown that the construction sector is more dangerous for workers than the industrial sector, and there are more deaths both in the developed and developing countries. The construction sector has seen a boom in countries like India over the past few years and with it an increase in the number of occupational fatalities. Three different types of occupational fatalities pertaining to construction sector are presented here to increase awareness of the different types of occupational fatalities that may occur. The circumstances leading to them are discussed from a medico-legal viewpoint. Specific acts of negligence have been highlighted and suggestions offered with a view to decreasing fatalities.
Capillary flow of liquid water through yarns: a theoretical model
Authors: Almoughni Hend , Gong Hugh
Published: October 2014

In extreme weather conditions and activity levels of human subjects, evaporation of sweat is critical for maintaining the sensorial and thermal comfort. Fabrics, from which clothes worn next to the skin are made, play an important role in facilitating the transfer of body liquid perspiration away from the skin to the environment through the mechanisms of capillary flow and evaporation. This work is a theoretical and experimental investigation of water flow characteristics of yarns with relevance to their structure geometry and constituent fiber chemistry.

A theoretical model to predict the capillary flow of liquid water through yarns was proposed. The model is based on the Kozeny–Carman equation, which represents interfiber pores in terms of the hydraulic radius theory. Cotton, polyester and cotton/polyester yarns were produced by systematically varying different production parameters, including fiber type, yarn twist, yarn linear density and blend ratio. Plain knitted fabrics were produced and yarns taken from the produced fabrics were tested for horizontal linear flow of liquid water. The experimental results showed a strong correlation with the estimated results based on the theoretical model. The model predicts that as the ratio of interfiber pore space area to the total fiber perimeter within yarn increases, the flow rate is expected to increase.
Direct torque controlled space vector modulated method for line start permanent magnet synchronous and induction motors
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Soreshjani Mohsen
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a thorough comparison of Direct Torque Controlled Space Vector Modulated (DTC-SVM) method for a three-phase four-pole Induction Motor and its equal Line-Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (LSPMSM), which is amended from an actual induction motor. For this reason, both nominal voltage and voltage sag conditions are tested for line-fed and voltage source inverter-fed of both motors, and a comparison between induction motor and LSPMSM behavior shows that synchronization problems of LSPMSM during line-fed conditions are obviated by DTC-SVM method. In addition, a superior transient and steady-state performance of the LSPMSM drive is observed rather than an induction motor, especially for voltage sag conditions.
A LPV model-based chilled water temperature controller for HVAC systems
Authors: Zhu Jianhua , Yang Qinmin , Xu Xiangguo , Lu Jiangang
Published: October 2014

In this paper, a linear parameter varying (LPV) model-based predictive control method is proposed to regulate the chilled water temperature of centralized heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. First, a LPV model structure is proposed to identify the dynamics of the refrigerant loop under varying cooling load. By defining the scheduling variable to be the chilled water mass flow rate, the working conditions, under which the HVAC system is operating, can be quantified. Thereafter, a certain number of operating points across the whole operation range can be determined and the corresponding local linear models are built. Subsequently, a global LPV model is attained by interpolating all local models along with transition process data. With the aid of the model, a LPV-based model predictive control mechanism is implemented to control the compressor frequency in order to maintain the chilled water temperature in the presence of varying cooling load and external disturbance. Experimental tests on a pilot HVAC system demonstrate that the proposed control scheme can accurately capture the nonlinearity of the process and deliver satisfactory performance to maintain a desired chilled water temperature.

Practical application: HVAC systems equipped with variable chilled water loop can save energy at part-load conditions. But modeling the dynamical characteristics of regulating chilled water temperature of such systems is challenging. This paper offers an LPV model methodology that can be implemented on a polite HVAC system to represent the dynamics of chilled water temperature. Based on the obtained LPV model, model predictive controller is subsequently designed to maintain the chilled water temperature. Specific procedures of LPV model identification and LPV-based predictive controller implementation have also been shown.
Dismemberment, Dualism, and Theology of the Body in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Shinall Myrick C.
Published: October 2014

Contemporary Christian body theology focuses on recovering a Jewish understanding of the unity of the body and soul against a dualism inherited from Greek philosophy. The Gospel of Matthew presents several instances when Jesus speaks of dismemberment (5:29–30, 18:8–9, 19:12, 24:45–51), in which he adopts a rhetoric, familiar from the Hebrew Bible, of violently controlling the body. However, the emphasis on self-control exercised through violence upon one's own body finds its background in the body-soul dualism of Hellenistic literature. These dismemberment logia problematize the claims of body theologians that body-soul dualism is foreign to the Christian tradition.
A multi-hypothesis solution to data association for the two-frame SLAM problem
Authors: Brekke Edmund , Chitre Mandar
Published: October 2014

We propose a multi-hypothesis solution to the simplified problem of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) that arises when only two measurement frames are available. The proposed solution is obtained through direct evaluation of the posterior density as given by finite set statistics. We show that hypothesis probabilities can be evaluated within reasonable accuracy by means of a closed-form expression. Consistency properties are discussed extensively. We overcome inconsistency problems of the extended Kalman filter by means of natural gradient optimization, and we demonstrate through implementations on simulated and real data that the proposed approach has better consistency properties than alternative approaches when applied to the two-frame SLAM problem.
Comparison of mammographic density estimation by Volpara software with radiologists' visual assessment: analysis of clinical–radiologic factors affecting discrepancy between them
Authors: Lee Han Na , Sohn Yu-Mee , Han Kyung Hwa
Published: October 2014

Background

Volumetric breast density analysis is useful for quantitative mammographic assessment. However, there are few studies about clinical–radiologic factors contributing to discrepancies in the visual assessment by radiologists.

Purpose

To compare automated volumetric breast density measurement with BI-RADS breast density category by radiologists' visual assessments and to evaluate the clinical–radiologic factors affecting disagreement between two estimations.

Material and Methods

From February 2011 to September 2012, 860 patients (mean age, 54.7 ± 10.2 years) who had undergone digital mammography including fully automated volumetric breast density analysis, were enrolled. The agreement in breast density assessments between two radiologists, and between an experienced radiologist and the automated software were evaluated using a weighted kappa ( k) value. Clinical–radiologic factors contributing to disagreement between the results obtained by a radiologist and the automated software were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

Breast density assessments obtained by two different radiologists were in good agreement (weighted k statistics 0.835%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8098–0.8608); breast density assessments obtained by an experienced radiologist versus automated software were in moderate agreement (weighted k statistics 0.799%; 95% CI, 0.7708–0.8263). Univariate analysis identified a difference in bilateral breast density and patient age as two factors that significantly contributed to disagreement between the two approaches ( P = 0.0002, P = 0.019). Multivariate analysis only identified a difference in bilateral breast density as a contributing factor.

Conclusion

The automated volumetric breast density measurement showed good agreement with radiologists' assessment. The difference in bilateral breast density affected the disagreement between results from visual assessment and automated software.
Making the First Days of Life Safer
Authors: Davanzo Riccardo , De Cunto Angela , Paviotti Giulia , Travan Laura , Inglese Stefania , Brovedani Pierpaolo , Crocetta Anna , Calligaris Chiara , Corubolo Elisa , Dussich Valentina , Verardi Giuseppa , Causin Enrica , Kennedy Jaquelyn , Marrazzo Francesca , Strajn Tamara , Sanesi Cecilia , Demarini Sergio
Published: October 2014

Early and prolonged skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after birth between a mother and her newborn has been shown to generate beneficial effects on the mother-infant relationship and breastfeeding. Close mother-infant body contact immediately after birth positively enhances exclusive breastfeeding during the hospital stay, with a dose-response relationship. Skin-to-skin contact may ease the infant’s transition to extra-uterine life and helps regulate the infant’s body temperature and nursing behavior. However, reports of sudden unexpected postnatal collapse (SUPC) soon after birth, in healthy term neonates, in association with SSC, have raised concerns about the safety of this practice. Based on available evidence, we developed a surveillance protocol in the delivery room and postnatal ward of the Institute for Maternal and Child Health of Trieste (Italy). The aim of our protocol is (a) to promote safe mother and infant bonding and (b) to establish successful breastfeeding, without increasing the risk of SUPC. As there is no known effective intervention to prevent SUPC, our protocol has been conceived as a potential best practice.
Pigmented Ameloblastic Fibro-odontoma
Authors: Martínez Martínez Marisol , Romero Celeste Sánchez , Piña Alicia Rumayor , Palma Guzmán José Mario , de Almeida Oslei Paes
Published: October 2014

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is a slow-growing, expansive, benign odontogenic tumor, composed of ameloblastic epithelium embedded in an ectomesenchymal stroma resembling dental papilla, containing hard dental tissue in variable degrees of maturation, including enamel, dentin, and sometimes cementum. AFO typically affects the posterior mandible, causing bony expansion. We report a case of pigmented AFO in a 5-year-old boy, comprising clinical and histological features illustrated by immunohistochemistry using a large panel of antibodies, polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Iterative learning control for discrete-time switched systems with attenuation factor
Authors: Cao Wei , Sun Ming
Published: October 2014

In order to decrease the effects of measurement noise on the trajectory tracking control of discrete-time switched systems, this paper proposes a discrete iterative learning control algorithm with an attenuation factor. The proposed algorithm adds a learning gain attenuated along the iteration horizon into measurement errors interfered by measurement noise for modifying the control rules of switched systems, in order to decay measurement noise as iterations increase. The convergence of each subsystem is proven rigidly with λ-norm theory, and the convergent condition of switched systems is provided. Theoretical results indicate that the proposed algorithm can effectively suppress non-repetitive measurement noise, and realize the complete tracking of the desired trajectory for the output of a discrete-time switched system within limited time. The final simulation results verify the validity of the proposed algorithm.
Modelling the influence of time and temperature on the respiration rate of fresh oyster mushrooms
Authors: Azevedo Sílvia , Cunha Luís M , Fonseca Susana C
Published: October 2014

The respiration rate of mushrooms is an important indicator of postharvest senescence. Storage temperature plays a major role in their rate of respiration and, therefore, in their postharvest life. In this context, reliable predictions of respiration rates are critical for the development of modified atmosphere packaging that ultimately will maximise the quality of the product to be presented to consumers. This work was undertaken to study the influence of storage time and temperature on the respiration rate of oyster mushrooms. For that purpose, oyster mushrooms were stored at constant temperatures of 2, 6, 10, 14 and 18 ℃ under ambient atmosphere. Respiration rate data were measured with 8-h intervals up to 240 h. A decrease of respiration rate was found after cutting of the carpophores. Therefore, time effect on respiration rate was modelled using a first-order decay model. The results also show the positive influence of temperature on mushroom respiration rate. The model explaining the effect of time on oyster mushroom’s respiration rate included the temperature dependence according to the Arrhenius equation, and the inclusion of a parameter describing the decrease of the respiration rate, from the initial time until equilibrium. These yielded an overall model that fitted well to the experimental data. Moreover, results show that the overall model is useful to predict respiration rate of oyster mushrooms at different temperatures and times, using the initial respiration rate of mushrooms. Furthermore, predictive modelling can be relevant for the choice of an appropriate packaging system for fresh oyster mushrooms.
A Bayesian Primer for the Organizational Sciences
Authors: Jebb Andrew T. , Woo Sang Eun
Published: October 2014

When first learning Bayesian statistics, the organizational scholar may be confronted by a number of conceptual and practical challenges. The present article seeks to minimize these by first explicating how the Bayesian process can be understood simply as the combination of two complementary sources of information: prior beliefs and data. In turn, we describe how each source is derived from Bayes’s theorem and mathematically formalized, essential knowledge for the Bayesian analyst. However, the beginner can also be undermined by practical difficulties such as software implementation. To this end, we offer a walkthrough of how a Bayesian logistic regression model is coded within BugsXLA, a user-friendly Excel add-in for Bayesian estimation. The data for this example come from a previously published study that identified a subpopulation of “job hobos,” individuals characterized by their frequent voluntary turnover and positive attitudes toward quitting. In the original frequentist analysis, exploring the predictors of hoboism proved to be inefficient and inconclusive. We contrast this standard approach with Bayesian estimation, whose results provide rich and novel insights on the topic.
Clinical and psychological telemonitoring and telecare of high risk heart failure patients
Authors: Villani Alessandra , Malfatto Gabriella , Compare Angelo , Rosa Francesco Della , Bellardita Lara , Branzi Giovanna , Molinari Enrico , Parati Gianfranco
Published: October 2014

We conducted a trial of telemonitoring and telecare for patients with chronic heart failure leaving hospital after being treated for clinical instability. Eighty patients were randomized before hospital discharge to a usual care group (n = 40: follow-up at the outpatient clinic) or to an integrated management group (n = 40: patients learned to use a handheld PDA and kept in touch daily with the monitoring centre). At enrolment, the groups were similar for all clinical variables. At one-year follow-up, integrated management patients showed better adherence, reduced anxiety and depression, and lower NYHA class and plasma levels of BNP with respect to the usual care patients (e.g. NYHA class 2.1 vs 2.4, P < 0.02). Mortality and hospital re-admissions for congestive heart failure were also reduced in integrated management patients ( P < 0.05). Integrated management was more expensive than usual care, although the cost of adverse events was 42% lower. In heart failure patients at high risk of relapse, the regular acquisition of simple clinical information and the possibility for the patient to contact the clinical staff improved drug titration, produced better psychological status and quality of life, and reduced hospitalizations for heart failure.
A review of current concepts in the management of proximal humerus fractures
Authors: Handford Charles , Nathoo Shakira , Porter Keith , Kalogrianitis Socrates
Published: October 2014

Fracture of the proximal humerus is a common orthopaedic injury and is likely to increase in incidence. This fracture type is associated with a wide variety in fracture morphology and as a direct result there are many treatment options available. It is often not clear what treatment modality should be utilised. This article reviews the current literature on proximal humerus fractures offering evidence for care pathways and management strategies from presentation to rehabilitation.
Performance of colour fidelity metrics
Authors: Dangol R , Bhusal P , Halonen L
Published: October 2014

To investigate the performance of three different colour fidelity metrics, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) colour-rendering index (CRI), colour quality scale (CQS) and CRI2012, lighting booth experiments were conducted. Three different light-emitting diode spectral power distribution, all at correlated colour temperatures of 2800 K, 4000 K and 6500 K, were simulated for Ra > 90, Ra ≈ 80 and Ra < 60. It was found that CIE CRI, CQS and CRI2012 were highly correlated with visual colour difference. It was also found that colour quality scale provides better prediction for the light-emitting diode light source that highly increases object chroma. However, more colour fidelity experiments using light-emitting diode light sources that highly increase object chroma are required before recommending any final colour fidelity metric.