bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of deoxynivalenol sulphonates in cereal samples: method development, validation and application
Authors: Schwartz-Zimmermann H.E. , Paulick M. , Dänicke S. , Schatzmayr D. , Berthiller F.
Published: June 2014

The first short and simple RP-UHPLC-MS/MS based method for co-determination of theFusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and its reaction products upon treatment with sulphur reagents, the DON sulphonates (DONS) 1, 2 and 3, in cereals was developed and validated. Recoveries of extraction from maize, wheat and barley were between 88 and 107%. Matrix effects ranging between 93 and 234% in concentrated extracts and between 99 and 134% in diluted extracts were compensated by quantitation against matrix matched standards. Measurement of concentrated and diluted extracts enabled determination of DONS-1, -2, -3 and DON in cereals in a concentration range from 0.015 to 120 mg/kg. The method was then applied to investigate the influence of reagent concentration, type of sulphur reagent, moisture content, presence of propionic acid, storage time and thermal treatment in the presence of sodium metabisulphite (SBS) and monomethylamine (MMA) on DON reduction and DONS formation. DON reduction greater than 80% was obtained in several experiments and required storage at moisture contents between 25 and 30% (at reagent concentration of 0.5%) for less than one week, storage with 0.5% SBS at 14% moisture for 6 weeks or thermal treatment in the presence of SBS and MMA. The efficiency of sodium sulphite for DON reduction was systematically compared with that of SBS and found to be lower at 14% moisture content, but similar at 30% moisture. Under most storage conditions, DONS-3 was the main reaction product, followed by DONS-2. Prolonged storage for more than 6-8 weeks shifted the pattern of formed DON sulphonates towards DONS-2. Likewise, thermal treatment in the presence of SBS and MMA caused exclusive formation of DONS-1 and -2. Due to partial degradation of DONS-3 to DON under physiological conditions, predominant conversion of DON into DONS-1 and DONS-2 is desirable.
Determination of T-2/HT-2 toxins in duplicate diets in the Netherlands by GC-MS/MS: method development and estimation of human exposure
Authors: Jekel A.A. , van Egmond H.P.
Published: June 2014

T-2 and HT-2 toxins (T-2 and HT-2) are important trichothecenes. They have been subject of formal risk assessment by various organisations, including the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The EFSA CONTAM Panel recently established a group Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 100 ng/kg body weight/day for the sum of T-2 and HT-2. To assess the actual dietary exposure of Dutch consumers to T-2 and HT-2 a study was conducted in the Netherlands, in which duplicate portions of 24-h diets collected in 2011 were investigated for these toxins. This collection comprised 128 duplicate diets of the adult segment of the Dutch population, divided over a spring and autumn collection period. The diets in the study were homogenised and processed to lyophilised powders. Aliquots of every two of the samples were pooled to test portions that were analysed with a method, based on immunoaffinity chromatography clean-up in combination with GC-MS/MS determination. The method had a limit of quantification of 0.01 ?g/kg original non-lyophilised diet for both T-2 and HT-2. Recoveries ranged from 92-114% for T-2 and from 71-106% for HT-2, determined at levels of addition ranging from 0.1-0.3 ?g/kg. In practically all samples investigated, numerical values for the concentrations of T-2 and HT-2 could be obtained. Exposure estimates of the sum of T-2 and HT-2 in the 2011 study ranged from non-detectable to 18.6 ng/kg body weight/day. In addition limited sets of pooled samples of duplicate diets retained from collections in the period 1976-2004 were analysed for T-2 and HT-2. In all samples the mean and individual intakes of the sum of T-2 and HT-2 of the respondents were below the group TDI of the EFSA CONTAM Panel. From this study it was concluded that no health risks are expected from current exposure of adult Dutch consumers to T-2 and HT-2.
Performance criteria for rapid screening methods to detect mycotoxins
Authors: von Holst C. , Stroka J.
Published: June 2014

The paper describes the validation of screening methods that are used for official control to classify samples into negative and suspect positive samples. The concept is based on the principle that negative samples are considered as compliant, whereas suspect positive samples need to be re-analysed with confirmatory methods. An important performance criterion often used is a maximum value of 5% for the probability of false negative results obtained on samples that contain the analyte at the legal limit. Since the result of analysis is a binary decision, specific validation schemes need to be applied. The paper places emphasis on practical aspects of the calculation of the method performance characteristics, which are required to check whether the methods fulfil the performance criterion. The paper shows that screening methods based on a visual inspection, e.g. a dipstick, require special data treatment. In contrast there are many methods where the classification into negative and suspect positive samples is based on the comparison of a measured response against a cut-off value. This type of methods can be validated with quantitative statistics. The paper also elaborates on the calculation of the rate of false positive results of compliant samples. In addition the impact on the economical aspect of the use of the screening method is estimated, taking into account external factors such as the cost ratio between the screening and the confirmatory method and the occurrence of non-compliant samples in the entire population of the samples.
Les politiques agricoles de l'Indonésie et de la Malaisie face aux impératifs de la sécurité alimentaire
Authors: Bernard Stéphane , Bissonnette Jean-François
Published: June 2014

Depuis les années 1960, plusieurs pays d’Asie du Sud-Est ont réussi à atteindre, surtout grâce à l’augmentation de la production agricole, une plus grande sécurité alimentaire. L’État postcolonial a été au cœur de l’essor de l’agriculture en Indonésie et en Malaisie, mais son rôle tend à se modifier surtout depuis le tournant du millénaire. Pour cerner les transformations des politiques agricoles contemporaines en Indonésie et en Malaisie, nous abordons la question suivante : quelles sont les stratégies adoptées par les États pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire? Afin d’y répondre, les politiques concernant deux filières agricoles de premier plan, soit celles du riz et de l’huile de palme, sont passées en revue. L’étude démontre que les deux États ont d’abord poursuivi des politiques d’autosuffisance en matière de production rizicole avec des résultats variables. Malgré des mesures de libéralisation depuis la fin des années 1990, plusieurs mécanismes assurent toujours l’encadrement de la filière rizicole dans les deux États. Parallèlement, les administrations indonésiennes et malaisiennes ont misé sur l’accroissement des cultures de rentes, en particulier celle du palmier à huile. Dans les deux cas, l’État a d’abord joué un rôle primordial dans l’essor de l’huile de palme en favorisant la création d’une classe d’exploitants parcellaires. Toutefois, en misant sur les cultures d’exportation, ces États semblent avoir relégué au second plan l’objectif d’autosuffisance alimentaire. Cela semble soulever des risques, surtout pour l’Indonésie où une large portion de la population dans les régions rurales comme urbaines vit encore en situation d’insécurité alimentaire.
Luminal Microbes Promote Monocyte–Stem Cell Interactions Across a Healthy Colonic Epithelium
Authors: Skoczek Dagmara A. , Walczysko Petr , Horn Nikki , Parris Alyson , Clare Simon , Williams Mark R. , Sobolewski Anastasia
Published: June 2014

The intestinal epithelium forms a vital barrier between luminal microbes and the underlying mucosal immune system. Epithelial barrier function is maintained by continuous renewal of the epithelium and is pivotal for gut homeostasis. Breaching of the barrier causes mobilization of immune cells to promote epithelial restitution. However, it is not known whether microbes at the luminal surface of a healthy epithelial barrier influence immune cell mobilization to modulate tissue homeostasis. Using a mouse colonic mucosal explant model, we demonstrate that close proximity of luminal microbes to a healthy, intact epithelium results in rapid mucus secretion and movement of Ly6C+7/4+ monocytes closer to epithelial stem cells. These early events are driven by the epithelial MyD88-signaling pathway and result in increased crypt cell proliferation and intestinal stem cell number. Over time, stem cell number and monocyte–crypt stem cell juxtapositioning return to homeostatic levels observed in vivo. We also demonstrate that reduced numbers of tissue Ly6C+ monocytes can suppress Lgr5EGFP+ stem cell expression in vivo and abrogate the response to luminal microbes ex vivo. The functional link between monocyte recruitment and increased crypt cell proliferation was further confirmed using a crypt–monocyte coculture model. This work demonstrates that the healthy gut epithelium mediates communication between luminal bacteria and monocytes, and monocytes can modulate crypt stem cell number and promote crypt cell proliferation to help maintain gut homeostasis.
The Inhibitory Effect of IFN-γ on Protease HTRA1 Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Hou Yuzhu , Lin Haijiang , Zhu Linnan , Liu Zhaoting , Hu Fanlei , Shi Jianfeng , Yang Tao , Shi Xiaoyun , Guo Huifang , Tan Xiaotian , Zhang Lianfeng , Wang Qiang , Li Zhanguo , Zhao Yong
Published: June 2014

The high temperature requirement A1 (HTRA1) is a potent protease involved in many diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the regulatory mechanisms that control HTRA1 expression need to be determined. In this study, we demonstrated that IFN-γ significantly inhibited the basal and LPS-induced HTRA1 expression in fibroblasts and macrophages, which are two major cells for HTRA1 production in RA. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on HTRA1 expression was evidenced in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse models and in human RA synovial cells. In parallel with the enhanced CIA incidence and pathological changes in IFN-γ–deficient mice, HTRA1 expression in the joint tissues was also increased as determined by real-time PCR and Western blots. IFN-γ deficiency increased the incidence of CIA and the pathological severity in mice. Neutralization of HTRA1 by Ab significantly reversed the enhanced CIA frequency and severity in IFN-γ–deficient mice. Mechanistically, IFN-γ negatively controls HTRA1 expression through activation of p38 MAPK/STAT1 pathway. Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that STAT1 could directly bind to HTRA1 promoter after IFN-γ stimulation. This study offers new insights into the molecular regulation of HTRA1 expression and its role in RA pathogenesis, which may have significant impact on clinical therapy for RA and possibly other HTRA1-related diseases, including osteoarthritis, age-related macular degeneration, and cancer.
Proliferation Conditions Promote Intrinsic Changes in NK Cells for an IL-10 Response
Authors: Tarrio Margarite L. , Lee Seung-Hwan , Fragoso Maria F. , Sun Hong-Wei , Kanno Yuka , O’Shea John J. , Biron Christine A.
Published: June 2014

Constitutively found at high frequencies, the role for NK cell proliferation remains unclear. In this study, a shift in NK cell function from predominantly producing IFN-γ, a cytokine with proinflammatory and antimicrobial functions, to producing the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 was defined during extended murine CMV infection. The response occurred at times subsequent to IL-12 production, but the NK cells elicited acquired responsiveness to IL-12 and IL-21 for IL-10 production. Because neither IL-12 nor IL-21 was required in vivo, however, additional pathways appeared to be available to promote NK cell IL-10 expression. In vitro studies with IL-2 to support proliferation and in vivo adoptive transfers into murine CMV-infected mice demonstrated that NK cell proliferation and further division enhanced the change. In contrast to the sustained open profile of the IFN-γ gene, NK cells responding to infection acquired histone modifications in the IL-10 gene indicative of changing from a closed to an open state. The IL-10 response to IL-12 was proliferation dependent ex vivo if the NK cells had not yet expanded in vivo but independent if they had. Thus, a novel role for proliferation in supporting changing innate cell function is reported.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisKeto-Mycolic Acid and Macrophage Nuclear Receptor TR4 Modulate Foamy Biogenesis in Granulomas: A Case of a Heterologous and Noncanonical Ligand-Receptor Pair
Authors: Dkhar Hedwin Kitdorlang , Nanduri Ravikanth , Mahajan Sahil , Dave Sandeep , Saini Ankita , Somavarapu Arun Kumar , Arora Ashish , Parkesh Raman , Thakur Krishan Gopal , Mayilraj Shanmugam , Gupta Pawan
Published: June 2014

The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is configured of bioactive lipid classes that are essential for virulence and potentially involved in the formation of foamy macrophages (FMs) and granulomas. Our recent work established crosstalk between M. tuberculosis cell wall lipids and the host lipid-sensing nuclear receptor TR4. In this study, we have characterized, identified, and adopted a heterologous ligand keto-mycolic acid from among M. tuberculosis lipid repertoire for the host orphan NR TR4. Crosstalk between cell wall lipids and TR4 was analyzed by transactivation and promoter reporter assays. Mycolic acid (MA) was found to transactivate TR4 significantly compared with other cell wall lipids. Among the MA, the oxygenated form, keto-MA, was responsible for transactivation, and the identity was validated by TR4 binding assays followed by TLC and nuclear magnetic resonance. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that keto-MA binding to TR4 is energetically favorable. This keto-MA–TR4 axis seems to be essential to this oxygenated MA induction of FMs and granuloma formation as evaluated by in vitro and in vivo model of granuloma formation. TR4 binding with keto-MA features a unique association of host nuclear receptor with a bacterial lipid and adds to the presently known ligand repertoire beyond dietary lipids. Pharmacologic modulation of this heterologous axis may hold promise as an adjunct therapy to frontline tuberculosis drugs.
Early Lymphoid Responses and Germinal Center Formation Correlate with Lower Viral Load Set Points and Better Prognosis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Hong Jung Joo , Amancha Praveen K. , Rogers Kenneth A. , Courtney Cynthia L. , Havenar-Daughton Colin , Crotty Shane , Ansari Aftab A. , Villinger Francois
Published: June 2014

We have investigated the dynamics of germinal center (GC) formation in lymphoid tissues following acute SIV infection. SIV induces a marked follicular hyperplasia, associated with an aberrant accumulation of nonproliferating T follicular helper cells within GCs, but with an abundance of cells producing IL-21, demonstrating that the mechanisms involved for these two events appear independent. IL-21–stimulated T follicular helper cells are considered a critical element for GC formation, a physiological process that seems dysregulated and excessive during HIV/SIV infection, contributing to lymphoid pathogenesis. However, the data suggest that the kinetics by which such GCs are formed may be an important predictor of the host–pathogen equilibrium, as early GC hyperplasia was associated with better control of viral replication. In contrast, monkeys undergoing fast disease progression upon infection exhibited an involution of GCs without local IL-21 production in GCs. These results provide important clues regarding GC-related hyperimmune responses in the context of disease progression within various individuals during HIV/SIV infection and may open novel therapeutic avenues to limit lymphoid dysfunction, postinfection.
High-throughput Methods Redefine the Rumen Microbiome and Its Relationship with Nutrition and Metabolism
Authors: Mccann Joshua C. , Wickersham Tryon A. , Loor Juan J.
Published: June 2014

Diversity in the forestomach microbiome is one of the key features of ruminant animals. The diverse microbial community adapts to a wide array of dietary feedstuffs and management strategies. Understanding rumen microbiome composition, adaptation, and function has global implications ranging from climatology to applied animal production. Classical knowledge of rumen microbiology was based on anaerobic, culture-dependent methods. Next-generation sequencing and other molecular techniques have uncovered novel features of the rumen microbiome. For instance, pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene has revealed the taxonomic identity of bacteria and archaea to the genus level, and when complemented with barcoding adds multiple samples to a single run. Whole genome shotgun sequencing generates true metagenomic sequences to predict the functional capability of a microbiome, and can also be used to construct genomes of isolated organisms. Integration of high-throughput data describing the rumen microbiome with classic fermentation and animal performance parameters has produced meaningful advances and opened additional areas for study. In this review, we highlight recent studies of the rumen microbiome in the context of cattle production focusing on nutrition, rumen development, animal efficiency, and microbial function.
Management of Vaginal Atrophy: Implications from the REVIVE Survey
Authors: Wysocki Susan , Kingsberg Sheryl , Krychman Michael
Published: June 2014

Vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA) is a chronic and progressive medical condition common in postmenopausal women. Symptoms of VVA such as dyspareunia, vaginal dryness, irritation, and itching can negatively impact sexual function and quality of life. The REVIVE (REal Women's Views of Treatment Options for Menopausal Vaginal ChangEs) survey assessed knowledge about VVA and recorded attitudes about interactions with healthcare providers (HCPs) and available treatment options for VVA. The REVIVE survey identified unmet needs of women with VVA symptoms such as poor understanding of the condition, poor communication with HCPs despite the presence of vaginal symptoms, and concerns about the safety, convenience, and efficacy of available VVA treatments. HCPs can address these unmet needs by proactively identifying patients with VVA and educating them about the condition as well as discussing treatment preferences and available therapies for VVA.
Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation and Oocyte Aneuploidy in Women Undergoing IVF-ICSI Treatment
Authors: Bentov Yaakov , Hannam Thomas , Jurisicova Andrea , Esfandiari Navid , Casper Robert F.
Published: June 2014

Background

The age-related reduction in live-birth rate is attributed to a high rate of aneuploidy and follicle depletion. We showed in an animal model that treatment with Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) markedly improved reproductive outcome. The aim of this study was to compare the post-meiotic oocyte aneuploidy rate in in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) patients treated with CoQ10 or placebo.

Methods

We conducted a double blind placebo controlled randomized trial that included IVF-ICSI patients 35-43 years of age. The patients were treated with either 600 mg of CoQ10 or an equivalent number of placebo caps. We compared the post-meiotic aneuploidy rate using polar body biopsy (PBBX) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). According to the power calculation, 27 patients were needed for each arm.

Results

Owing to safety concerns regarding the effects of polar body biopsy on embryo quality and implantation, the study was terminated before reaching the target number of participants. A total of 39 patients were evaluated and randomized (17 CoQ10, 22 placebo), 27 were given the study medication (12 CoQ10, 15 placebo), and 24 completed an IVF-ICSI cycle including PBBX and embryo transfer (10 CoQ10, 14 placebo). Average age, base line follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), peak estradiol and progesterone serum level, as well as the total number of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) units–-did not differ between the groups. The rate of aneuploidy was 46.5% in the CoQ10 group compared to 62.8% in the control. Clinical pregnancy rate was 33% for the CoQ10 group and 26.7% for the control group.

Conclusion

No significant differences in outcome were detected between the CoQ10 and placebo groups. However, the final study was underpowered to detect a difference in the rate of aneuploidy.
A Case of Giant Osteoma in the Middle Turbinate of a Child
Authors: Endo Minoru , Tsukahara Kiyoaki , Nakamura Kazuhiro , Motohashi Ray , Suzuki Mamoru
Published: June 2014

Only seven cases of osteoma arising in the middle turbinate have been reported to date. We report the eighth case, involving osteoma in the middle turbinate of a child. This young boy was initially examined at the age of nine for the main complaint of nasal obstruction. Although a large osteoma with a maximum diameter of 30 mm was observed on computed tomography (CT), the patient was only observed because of the wishes of the family. At 13 years, he was again examined, as a result of worsening of the nasal obstruction. CT revealed that the osteoma had enlarged to a maximum diameter of 41 mm. Endoscopic surgery was attempted, but because of difficulties, the osteoma instead had to be removed under direct vision via a gingival incision. The final pathological diagnosis was osteoid osteoma. The nasal obstruction disappeared following surgery, with no recurrence after more than 12 months postoperatively.
Boundary integral for the Ramachandran index
Authors: Antonini Paolo
Published: June 2014

The computation for the Ramachandran index for Galois coverings and foliations is reduced to a solely boundary computation. This is a reminescence of the classical theory.
On global well-posedness for the Einstein-Maxwell-Euler system in Bondi coordinates
Authors: Sango Mamadou , Tadmon Calvin
Published: June 2014

Weanalyze the Einstein-Maxwell equations for an irrotational stiff fluid. Under the spherical symmetry assumption on the space-time, in Bondi coordinates, the considered model is reduced to a nonlinear evolution system of partial integrodifferential equations. Assuming regularity at the center of symmetry and that the matter content of the initial light cone is the so-called null dust, the characteristic initial value problem associated to the obtained system is solved globally by a contraction mapping argument. In future work we will address the issue of global well-posedness for the considered model in other physically interesting cases where the matter content of the initial light cone is not the null dust.
A criterium for monomiality
Authors: Vallejo Rodríguez Carolina
Published: June 2014

Let

G

be a solvable group. An odd degree rational valued character

{\chi}

of

G

is induced from a linear character of some subgroup of

G

. We extend this result to odd degree characters

{\chi}

of

G

that take values in certain cyclotomic extensions of

{\mathbb Q}

.
A note on Grayson's theorem
Authors: Magni Annibale , Mantegazza Carlo
Published: June 2014

In this note we show a variational proof of Matthew Grayson's convexification theorem for simple closed curves moving by curvature in the plane.
When all reduced strongly flat modules are projective
Authors: Fuchs László , Lee Sang Bum
Published: June 2014

We consider integral domains over which all the reduced strongly flat modules are projective, and give several characterizations of such domains (Theorem 1.1). Those

h

-local Prüfer-domains are identified which share this property (Theorem 3.3).
A PBW theorem for inclusions of (sheaves of) Lie algebroids
Authors: Calaque Damien
Published: June 2014

Inspired by the recent work of Chen-Stiénon-Xu on
Atiyah classes
associated to inclusions of Lie algebroids, we give a very simple criterium (in terms of those classes) for relative Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt type results to hold. The tools we use (e.g. the
first infinitesimal neighbourhood Lie algebroid
) are straightforward generalizations of the ones previously developped by Caldararu, Tu and the author for Lie algebra inclusions.
A product property of Sobolev spaces with application to elliptic estimates
Authors: Simpson Henry C. , Spector Scott J.
Published: June 2014

In this paper a Sobolev inequality, which generalizes the ordinary Banach algebra property of such spaces, is established; for

p\in[1,\infty)

,

n,m\in\mathbb Z^+

, and

m\ge2

that satisfy

m>n/p

,

\left\Vert\phi\psi\right\Vert_{m,p,\Omega}\le K \left[ \left( \sup_{\Omega_s} \left\vert \phi \right\vert \right) \left\Vert\psi\right\Vert_{m,p,\Omega} + \Bigl(\left\Vert\psi\right\Vert_{m-1,q,\Omega}+\left\Vert\psi\right\Vert_{m-1,p,\Omega}\Bigr)\right] \left\Vert\phi\right\Vert_{m,p,\Omega}

for all

\phi,\psi \in W^{m,p}(\Omega)

that satisfy

\rm {spt} \psi \subset \Omega_s\subset \Omega

and domains

\Omega\subset\mathbb R^n

that are nonempty, open, and satisfy the cone condition. Here

q=p

if

p>n

,

q\in (n/\Upsilon,pn/(n-p)]

if

n>p

,

q\in (n/\Upsilon,\infty)

if

p=n

,

K=K(n,p,m,q,\mathcal C)

, where

\mathcal C

is the cone from the cone condition, and

\Upsilon:= [[{n/p}]]

, the largest integer less than or equal to

n/p

.
Finite groups with some CAP-subgroups
Authors: Ezquerro Luis M. , Li Xianhua , Li Yangming
Published: June 2014

A subgroup

A

of a group

G

is said to be a CAP-subgroup of

G

if for any chief factor

H/K

of

G

, there holds

H\cap A = K\cap A

or

HA = KA

. We investigate the influence of CAP-subgroups on the structure of finite groups. Some recent results are generalized.
Explicit calculation of Frobenius isomorphisms and Poincaré duality in the theory of arithmetic $\mathcal D$-modules
Authors: Abe Tomoyuki
Published: June 2014

The aim of this paper is to compute the Frobenius structures of some cohomological operators of arithmetic

{\mathcal D}

-modules. To do this, we calculate explicitly an isomorphism between canonical sheaves defined abstractly. Using this calculation, we establish the relative Poincaré duality in the style of SGA4. As another application, we compare the push-forward as arithmetic

{\mathcal D}

-modules and the rigid cohomologies taking Frobenius into account. These theorems will be used to prove "

p

-adic Weil II" and a product formula for

p

-adic epsilon factors.
On the Lie transformation algebra of monoids in symmetric monoidal categories
Authors: Banerjee Abhishek
Published: June 2014

We define the Lie transformation algebra of a (not necessarily associative) monoid object

A

in a

K

-linear symmetric monoidal category

(C,\otimes,1)

, where

K

is a field. When

A

is associative and satisfies certain conditions, we describe explicity the Lie transformation algebra and inner derivations of

A

. Additionally, we also show that derivations preserve the nucleus of the monoid

A

.
A local smoothness criterion for solutions of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Robinson James C. , Sadowski Witold
Published: June 2014

We consider the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations on the whole space

\mathbb{R}^3

and on the three-dimensional torus

\mathbb{T}^3

. We give a simple proof of the local existence of (finite energy) solutions in

L^3

for initial data

u_0\in L^2\cap L^3

, based on energy estimates and regularisation of the initial data with the heat semigroup.

We also provide a lower bound on the existence time of a strong solution in terms of the solution

v(t)

of the heat equation with such initial data: there is an absolute constant

\varepsilon>0

such that solutions remain regular on

[0,T]

if

\|u_0\|_{L^3}^3\int_0^T\int_{\mathbb R^3}|\nabla v(s)|^2|v(s)|\,\rm d x\,\rm d t\leq \varepsilon

. This implies the

u\in C^0([0,T];L^3)

regularity criterion due to von Wahl. We also derive simple a priori estimates in

L^p

for

p>3

that recover the well known lower bound

\|u(T-t)\|_{L^p}\ge ct^{-(p-3)/2p}

on any solution that blows up in

L^p

at time

T

.

The key ingredients are a calculus inequality

\|u\|_{L^{3p}}^p\le c\int|u|^{p-2}|\nabla u|^2

(valid on

\mathbb R^3

and for functions on bounded domains with zero average) and the bound on the pressure

\|p\|_{L^r}\le c_r\|u\|_{L^{2r}}^2

, valid both on the whole space and for periodic boundary conditions.
Moisture profiles of the upper soil layer during evaporation monitored by NMR
Authors: Merz Steffen , Pohlmeier Andreas , Vanderborght Jan , van Dusschoten Dagmar , Vereecken Harry
Published: June 2014

Near‐surface soil moisture profiles contain important information about the evaporation process from a bare soil. In this study, we demonstrated that such profiles could be monitored noninvasively and with high spatial resolution using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Soil moisture profiles were measured in a column exposed to evaporation for a period of 67 days using a stationary Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) high field scanner and a unilateral NMR sensor. The column was packed with medium sand and initially saturated. Two distinct shapes of soil moisture profiles that are characteristic for stage I (evaporation rate is controlled by atmospheric demand) and stage II (evaporation rate is controlled by the porous medium) of the evaporation process were followed by both MRI and unilateral NMR. During stage I, an approximately uniform decrease of soil moisture over time was monitored, whereas during stage II, S‐shaped moisture profiles developed which receded progressively into the soil column. These promising results and the specific design of the unilateral NMR system make it very well suited for determining soil moisture profiles in the field.
Advancing Subduction Zone Science After a Big Quake
Authors: Beck Susan , Rietbrock Andreas , Tilmann Frederik , Barrientos Sergio , Meltzer Anne , Oncken Onno , Bataille Klause , Roecker Steven , Vilotte Jean‐Pierre , Russo Raymond M.
Published: June 2014

After a long quiet period for earthquake activity with magnitude greater than 8.5, several great subduction megathrust earthquakes occurred during the past decade: Sumatra in 2004 and 2005, Chile in 2010, and Japan in 2011. Each of these events caused loss of life and damage to critical infrastructure on an enormous scale. And, in April, a Mw 8.2 earthquake occurred off the Chilean coast.
Mineral Named After Nobel Physicist
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: June 2014

A mineral said to be the most abundant on Earth now has a name—bridgmanite—after Percy Bridgman, the 1946 Nobel Prize winner in physics.
Accurate estimates of sediment yield difficult to achieve
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: June 2014

Sediment yield, the total mass of sediment discharged at a basin outlet during a hydrologic event such as a flood, is difficult to estimate. Scientists have tried to accomplish this task by developing relationships between sediment yield and hydrologic characteristics such as flow volume and peak flow. However, these relationships have generally not been successful at predicting sediment yield because they suffer from nonuniqueness—that is, the same flow and hydrologic characteristics sometimes yield different sediment amounts.
Design of a New Energy‐Harvesting Electrochromic Window Based on an Organic Polymeric Dye, a Cobalt Couple, and PProDOT‐Me2
Authors: Amasawa Eri , Sasagawa Naoki , Kimura Mutsumi , Taya Minoru
Published: June 2014

A new design for an energy‐harvesting electrochromic window (EH‐ECW) based on the fusion of two technologies, organic electrochromic windows and dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), is presented. Unlike other power‐generating smart windows, such as photoelectrochromic devices that are passive and only contain two states (i.e., a closed‐circuit colored state and an open‐circuit bleaching state), EH‐ECW allows active tuning of the transmittance by varying the applied potential and it functions as a photovoltaic cell based on a DSSC. The resulting device demonstrates a fast switching rate of 1 s in both the bleaching and coloring processes through the use of an electrochromic polymer as a counter electrode layer. To increase the transmittance of the device, a cobalt redox couple and a light‐colored, yet efficient, organic dye are used. The organic dye contains a polymeric structure that contributes to the high cyclic stability. The device exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.5% (100 mW cm‐2) under AM 1.5 irradiation, a change in transmittance of 34% upon applied potential, and shows only 3% degradation in the PCE after 5000 cycles.
Height, its components, and coagulability among olderChinese: TheGuangzhoubiobank cohort study
Authors: Zhong Y. , Jiang C.Q. , Cheng K.K. , Zhang W.S. , Liu B. , Jin Y.L. , Lam T.H. , Leung G.M. , Schooling C.M.
Published: June 2014

Objectives

The causal role of some cardiovascular risk factors, such as HDL cholesterol, has been increasingly challenged and attention is returning to all elements of Virchow's triad, i.e., hypercoagulability (including viscosity) as well as endothelial function and blood flow. We examined the life course origins of coagulability.

Methods

We used multivariable linear regression to assess whether childhood influences, proxied by height and its components, were associated with hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (HGB), and other hematological parameters in 28,595 older Chinese adults (mean age = 61.8 years) from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.

Results

Adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment phase, leg length was negatively associated with platelets (PLT) (−0.83 × 109/l per centimeter (cm), 95% confidence interval (CI) −1.01 to −0.65). Sitting height and height were positively associated with Hct (0.05% per cm, 95% CI 0.04–0.07 for sitting height; 0.02% per cm, 95% CI 0.01–0.02 for height), HGB (0.21 g/l per cm, 95% CI 0.17–0.25; 0.07 g/l per cm, 95% CI 0.04–0.09) and negatively associated with PLT (−1.2 × 109/l per cm, 95% CI −1.4 to −1.0; −0.83 × 109/l per cm, 95% CI −0.95 to −0.70). Further adjustment for potential confounders did little to change the estimates.

Conclusions

For the first time we provide anthropometric evidence for the different roles of prepubertal and pubertal influences in relation to Hct and HGB. Whether factors that promote leg growth but reduce growth of sitting height may help to prevent cardiovascular events, via effects on hypercoagulability or viscosity, overall or in specific subgroups, remains to be determined. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:603–608, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A modified panel of sentinel congenital anomalies for potential use in mutation epidemiology based on birth defects registry data
Authors: Langlois Peter H. , Moffitt Karen B. , Scheuerle Angela E.
Published: June 2014

Since 1983, several authors have used panels of “sentinel” congenital anomalies that might serve as indicators of the human genome mutation rate. The current study suggests a considerably updated panel, and applies it to public health birth defects registry data to determine the potential number of de novo cases. Data were taken from deliveries in 1999–2009 from the Texas Birth Defects Registry, an active surveillance program. Cases with one of the conditions or syndromes in the panel were identified using codes and text searches. Frequencies and birth prevalence were calculated for the overall panel and subcategories within it. Of the 60 conditions appearing in previous papers on sentinel phenotypes, 21 (35%) were used in the current study along with 27 new phenotypes. We found 1,694 cases. Of those, 1,100 exhibited phenotypes thought to arise de novo in at least 90% of the cases (“all/almost all” subpanel), and 594 considered de novo in roughly 50–90% of cases (“most” subpanel). Chromosomal deletion disorders were present in 523 cases and imprinting disorders in 243. After adjusting for maternal age, occurrence of cases in the total panel, “most” subpanel, and imprinting disorders subpanel were significantly associated with paternal age. Our panel of sentinel phenotypes differs from previous panels due to evolved knowledge of genetic disorders, different approaches with respect to interviewing, and different operational definitions. It is hoped that using an overall panel as well as subpanels may maximize statistical power as well as suggest potential mechanisms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tailoring of Deep‐Red Luminescence in Ca2SiO4:Eu2+
Authors: Sato Yasushi , Kato Hideki , Kobayashi Makoto , Masaki Takaki , Yoon Dae‐Ho , Kakihana Masato
Published: June 2014

We report a new dicalcium silicate phosphor, Ca2−xEuxSiO4, which emits red light in response to blue‐light excitation. When excited at 450 nm, deep‐red emission at 650 nm was clearly observed in Ca1.2Eu0.8SiO4, the external and internal quantum efficiencies of which were 44 % and 50 %, respectively. The red emission from Ca2−xEuxSiO4 was strongly related to the peculiar coordination environments of Eu2+ in two types of Ca sites. The red‐emitting Ca2SiO4:Eu2+ phosphors are promising materials for next‐generation, white‐light‐emitting diode applications.
Dynamics of Intact Immunoglobulin G Explored by Drift‐Tube Ion‐Mobility Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Modeling
Authors: Pacholarz Kamila J. , Porrini Massimiliano , Garlish Rachel A. , Burnley Rebecca J. , Taylor Richard J. , Henry Alistair J. , Barran Perdita E.
Published: June 2014

Collision cross‐sections (CCS) of immunoglobulins G1 and G4 have been determined using linear drift‐tube ion‐mobility mass spectrometry. Intact antibodies and Fc‐hinge fragments present with a larger range of CCS than proteins of comparable size. This is rationalized with MD simulations, which indicate significant in vacuo dynamics between linked folded domains. The IgG4 subclass presents over a wider CCS range than the IgG1 subclass.
A Biocompatible Alkene Hydrogenation Merges Organic Synthesis with Microbial Metabolism
Authors: Sirasani Gopal , Tong Liuchuan , Balskus Emily P.
Published: June 2014

Organic chemists and metabolic engineers use orthogonal technologies to construct essential small molecules such as pharmaceuticals and commodity chemicals. While chemists have leveraged the unique capabilities of biological catalysts for small‐molecule production, metabolic engineers have not likewise integrated reactions from organic synthesis with the metabolism of living organisms. Reported herein is a method for alkene hydrogenation which utilizes a palladium catalyst and hydrogen gas generated directly by a living microorganism. This biocompatible transformation, which requires both catalyst and microbe, and can be used on a preparative scale, represents a new strategy for chemical synthesis that combines organic chemistry and metabolic engineering.
Covalent Hypercoordination: Can Carbon Bind Five Methyl Ligands?
Authors: McKee William C. , Agarwal Jay , Schaefer Henry F. , Schleyer Paul von R.
Published: June 2014

C(CH3)5+is the first reported example of a five‐coordinate carbon atom bound only to separate (that is, monodentate) carbon ligands. This species illustrate the limits of carbon bonding, exhibiting Lewis‐violating “electron‐deficient bonds” between the hypercoordinate carbon and its methyl groups. Though not kinetically persistent under standard laboratory conditions, its dissociation activation barriers may permit C(CH3)5+fleeting existence near 0 K.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Substitution of Unstabilized Enolates Derived from α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Chen Ming , Hartwig John F.
Published: June 2014

We report Ir‐catalyzed, enantioselective allylic substitution reactions of unstabilized silyl enolates derived from α,β‐unsaturated ketones. Asymmetric allylic substitution of a variety of allylic carbonates with silyl enolates gave allylated products in 62–94 % yield with 90–98 % ee and >20:1 branched‐to‐linear selectivity. The synthetic utility of this method was illustrated by the short synthesis of an anticancer agent, TEI‐9826.
Ultrafluorogenic Coumarin–Tetrazine Probes for Real‐Time Biological Imaging
Authors: Meimetis Labros G. , Carlson Jonathan C. T. , Giedt Randy J. , Kohler Rainer H. , Weissleder Ralph
Published: June 2014

We have developed a series of new ultrafluorogenic probes in the blue‐green region of the visible‐light spectrum that display fluorescence enhancement exceeding 11 000‐fold. These fluorogenic dyes integrate a coumarin fluorochrome with the bioorthogonal trans‐cyclooctene(TCO)–tetrazine chemistry platform. By exploiting highly efficient through‐bond energy transfer (TBET), these probes exhibit the highest brightness enhancements reported for any bioorthogonal fluorogenic dyes. No‐wash, fluorogenic imaging of diverse targets including cell‐surface receptors in cancer cells, mitochondria, and the actin cytoskeleton is possible within seconds, with minimal background signal and no appreciable nonspecific binding, opening the possibility for in vivo sensing.
A General Copper‐Mediated Nucleophilic 18F Fluorination of Arenes
Authors: Tredwell Matthew , Preshlock Sean M. , Taylor Nicholas J. , Gruber Stefan , Huiban Mickael , Passchier Jan , Mercier Joël , Génicot Christophe , Gouverneur Véronique
Published: June 2014

Molecules labeled with fluorine‐18 are used as radiotracers for positron emission tomography. An important challenge is the labeling of arenes not amenable to aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) with [18F]F−. In the ideal case, the 18F fluorination of these substrates would be performed through reaction of [18F]KF with shelf‐stable readily available precursors using a broadly applicable method suitable for automation. Herein, we describe the realization of these requirements with the production of 18F arenes from pinacol‐derived aryl boronic esters (arylBPin) upon treatment with [18F]KF/K222 and [Cu(OTf)2(py)4] (OTf=trifluoromethanesulfonate, py=pyridine). This method tolerates electron‐poor and electron‐rich arenes and various functional groups, and allows access to 6‐[18F]fluoro‐L‐DOPA, 6‐[18F]fluoro‐m‐tyrosine, and the translocator protein (TSPO) PET ligand [18F]DAA1106.
Demonstration of the Heterolytic OO Bond Cleavage of Putative Nonheme Iron(II)OOH(R) Complexes for Fenton and Enzymatic Reactions
Authors: Bang Suhee , Park Sora , Lee Yong‐Min , Hong Seungwoo , Cho Kyung‐Bin , Nam Wonwoo
Published: June 2014

One‐electron reduction of mononuclear nonheme iron(III) hydroperoxo (FeIIIOOH) and iron(III) alkylperoxo (FeIIIOOR) complexes by ferrocene (Fc) derivatives resulted in the formation of the corresponding iron(IV) oxo complexes. The conversion rates were dependent on the concentration and oxidation potentials of the electron donors, thus indicating that the reduction of the iron(III) (hydro/alkyl)peroxo complexes to their one‐electron reduced iron(II) (hydro/alkyl)peroxo species is the rate‐determining step, followed by the heterolytic OO bond cleavage of the putative iron(II) (hydro/alkyl)peroxo species to give the iron(IV) oxo complexes. Product analysis supported the heterolytic OO bond‐cleavage mechanism. The present results provide the first example showing the one‐electron reduction of iron(III) (hydro/alkyl)peroxo complexes and the heterolytic OO bond cleavage of iron(II) (hydro/alkyl)peroxo species to form iron(IV) oxo intermediates which occur in nonheme iron enzymatic and Fenton reactions.
A facile one‐step method for spherical support preparation of Ziegler‐Natta catalyst
Authors: Liu Tao , Li Weili , Xia Xianzhi , Mao Bingquan
Published: June 2014

This study reports a novel one‐step method to synthesize a new spherical support for Ziegler‐Natta catalyst under moderate condition. The support is obtained from a dispersion system where the particle stabilizer polyvinylpyrrolidone plays a main role to stabilize the spherical particles. The new chemical of the support is CH3CH2OMgOCH(CH2Cl)2, which is first reported here, has been approved by newly filed patents and also confirmed by solution NMR, solid state NMR, pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (Py‐GC‐MS), and ICP‐MS. The support and catalyst particles have uniform distributions. The catalyst prepared from this support has been evaluated with high activity. The polypropylene obtained has high isotacticity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41014.
Synthesis and cationic photopolymerization of fluorine‐containing vinyl ether monomers for the hydrophobic films
Authors: Li Wei , Feng Ping , Zou Yingquan , Hai Bo
Published: June 2014

Fluorine‐containing vinyl ether monomer is a combination of UV‐curing technology and low surface energy materials. In this article, a type of fluorine‐containing vinyl ether monomer was synthesized by the reaction of fluorinated alcohols, hexafluorobenzene, 2‐vinyloxy ethanol, and sodium hydride. These monomers exhibit low viscosity and good fluidity. The effect of the fluorine content of the monomers on their UV‐curing behavior was monitored by photo‐differential scanning calorimetry. The photo‐polymerization process was efficient because the double‐bond conversed sufficiently (>85%) and the curing rate was fast (<20 s). In addition, the surface energy of homopolymer and copolymer films was researched. The surface free energy was very low and could even reach 0.92 mJ m−2. The low surface energy was due to high fluorine content and the diffusion of uncured monomers, which was on the basis of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data and observed conversions. The structure of homopolymers and copolymers was one of the most important influences on the surface free energy and the thermal properties. The copolymers exhibited better thermal stability than the homopolymers. All of these results demonstrated that these monomers are suitable for a wide range of practical applications such as UV coatings, UV inks, and photoresists. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41019.
Phase separation to create hydrophilic yet non‐water soluble PLA/PLA‐b‐PEG fibers via electrospinning
Authors: Buttaro Larissa M. , Drufva Erin , Frey Margaret W.
Published: June 2014

In moisture wicking fabrics, fibers with hydrophilic surfaces that are also non‐water soluble are desirable. In poly(lactic acid), PLA, fibers it is expected that the addition of poly(ethylene glycol), PEG, will monotonically increase their wicking rates. In this paper, phase separation was used to create biocompatible, biodegradable, hydrophilic yet non‐water soluble fibers by electrospinning PLA with PEG and PLA‐b‐PEG copolymers. By tuning the thermoelectric parameters of the apparatus, and the chemical properties of the dopes, the amount of PEG in the fibers was improved over prior work; concentration increased by 60% (by weight, wt %) to 16 wt % in the PLA fiber. Instead of the expected increasing wicking rates with PEG concentration, there is a peak at 12 wt %; at greater concentrations, wicking decreases due to PEG crystallization within the PLA (verified via DSC). At 12 wt % PEG from copolymers, the nanofabric's wettability increases to 1300% its original weight. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41030.