bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of compression therapy after endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) – review
Authors: Świątek Łukasz , Stępak Hubert , Krasiński Zbigniew
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a rising problem in western countries. There are several stages of CVD that can be treated with different ways. One of the methods of treating varicosity, C2 stage of CVD, is still developing endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). This method is popular due to its short operation time, less bleeding, quick recovery and no surgical scars. The compression therapy in form of compression stockings has been widely used as a conservative treatment of early stage CVD and it's also used after EVLA. However there are no strong recommendations towards using compression therapy after this kind of surgery.

Aim and Method: This paper is aimed to review existing knowledge about compression therapy benefits and its recommended time period after EVLA. Search engines used in review: Pubmed and Cochrane.

Results: Studies focusing on the compression therapy after EVLA of varicose veins have questioned the prolonged use of compression therapy as it brings no additional benefits and might be difficult for patients to adhere. The existing studies recommended the time period no greater than 1-2 weeks. There are no significant changes in reoccurrence rate and return to normal activities between compression and non-compression group. It is proven that compression therapy significantly reduces the postoperative pain and consumption of analgesics.

Discussion: Compression therapy seems as a safe option for low pain management. There is a need for further research involving the impact of the compression therapy after EVLA, especially in group of low energy delivered settings as the results of treatment are promising.
Leadership principles (4E-1P) as a basis for evaluation of a manager in the context of their behaviour during manufacturing automotive parts
Authors: Borkowski S. , Kaczmarska B. , Szota M. , Baryłka A.
Published: January 2024

The obtained average ratings of the importance of the principles have been ruled by the principle that the better the rating, the less frequently it has been perceived by the interviewees. To answer the question "What are the leaders made of?" the process includes calculating the reverse of obtained average ratings and then determining their breakdown. The analysis of relationships between average ratings of leadership traits has been supported by an analysis of preferences and the variation significance of average ratings. In the preference analysis, Borkowski’s interval scale has been used. The analysis results of the variation significance of average ratings have been presented at the coefficient scale, allowing for visual interpretation of the variation significance based on the placement of the principles at the scale in question.The analysis of relationships between average ratings of the leadership traits has been supported by an analysis of preferences and variation significance of average ratings. In the preference analysis, Borkowski’s interval scale has been used. The analysis results of the variation significance of average ratings have been presented at the coefficient scale, allowing for visual interpretation of the variation significance based on the placement of the principles at the scale in question.The results concerning the breakdown of personal traits of the interviewees enable us to declare that, in the company manufacturing metal wheel hubcaps and decorative elements for cars, the crew is mainly composed of young males; the employees do not need to have higher education to be recruited, all personnel have large experience by working at other companies. Raising the issue of financial conditions during recruitment is a common phenomenon in the Polish labour market. The breakdown of the employees (the interviewees) is typical for Polish reality.In the research, employees of the operational level, i.e. the part of the crew that is directly involved in shaping products and creating quality, were used to obtain data on the evaluation of the course of production processes.Considering the principle ranked first in the series and evaluating variation for the average rating of another principle, the following information has been collected. The average rating for the principle ranked first in the importance series is not statistically varied, with the average rating of the principle ranked next to it in the relationship above.The product of a given enterprise, according to the laws of the free market, should be better, cheaper, etc., than the product of another enterprise.
Organizational and Legal Conditions of Acquisition of European Funds and their Impact on the Development of Tourism in the Warmian-MasurianVoivodeship.
Authors: Śląska-Zyśk Wioletta , Bukowska Joanna M. , Jaszczur-Nowicki Jarosław
Published: January 2024

Background: Concepts related to tourism reflect the ambiguous approach of various sciences to this phenomenon. Analyzing the concept of tourism definition, it should be noted that it is a relatively young phenomenon, associated with the development of a singular and significant sector of the economy. Methods: The aim of this study is to analyze the organizational and legal conditions of acquisition of European funds in the context of development of tourism in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The research scope included the area of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, considering its capabilities in obtaining funds for the development of tourism and recreation. Results: In the years 2007-2013, there was an opportunity for co-financing from EU funds for investments in sports and recreational facilities, whereas in the years 2014-2020, restrictions were introduced on direct financing of sports facilities, leaving only recreational and tourist facilities. The rules for granting assistance for such investments also changed. Conclusion: Financial resources allocated for tourism and recreation in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship are implemented at a basic level.
Enfermedad renal poliquística autosómica dominante actualización diagnóstico y tratamiento
Authors: Saez-Paredes Diana Nathaly , Lituma-Jumbo Rosalina de Lourdes
Published: January 2024

Introducción: la Enfermedad Renal Poliquística Autosómica Dominante (PQRAD) se destaca como una patología genética prevalente caracterizada por el desarrollo progresivo de quistes renales y hepáticos, conduciendo frecuentemente a la insuficiencia renal terminal. Las manifestaciones clínicas y los avances en los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos son dinámicos y multifacéticos, lo que subraya la necesidad de una revisión comprensiva y actualizada.

Objetivo: este trabajo aspira a consolidar y analizar los datos más recientes en diagnóstico y manejo de la PQRAD, brindando una síntesis actualizada para orientar la práctica clínica y la investigación futura.

Metodología: se llevó a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura, seleccionando estudios, artículos y guías clínicas publicadas en la última década. Los criterios de inclusión se basaron en la relevancia clínica, la calidad metodológica y la actualidad de los datos. Se excluyeron las publicaciones no peer-reviewed y aquellas que no aportaban información significativa a la temática central.

Resultados: los avances en la imagenología han potenciado la detección temprana y la evaluación precisa de la severidad de la enfermedad. La comprensión de la genética y la biología molecular de la PQRAD ha sido crucial para el desarrollo de terapias dirigidas. Los tratamientos actuales se enfocan no solo en retardar la progresión de la enfermedad renal, sino también en manejar las manifestaciones extrarrenales y las comorbilidades asociadas.

Conclusiones: esta patología requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Los avances en la investigación genómica y clínica continúan mejorando la calidad de vida de los pacientes afectados. Es imperativo que los profesionales de la salud estén actualizados respecto a los desarrollos recientes para optimizar el manejo clínico y explorar nuevas avenidas para la investigación y la intervención terapéutica.
PREVALÊNCIA DE VACINADOS CONTRA A INFLUENZA ANTES E APÓS PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 EM ARAGUARI/MG
Authors: Andrade Camila Lima , Matias Maria Fernanda Fernandes , Da Cunha Maria Thereza Leal Rodrigues , Machado Tainá Leite Ferreira , Rodrigues Iara Guimarães , Vieira Débora
Published: January 2024

Introdução: A Influenza é uma infecção respiratória, que pode ser combatida com a vacina. A vacinação no Brasil foca em grupos de risco, como idosos, gestantes, crianças e trabalhadores de saúde, os quais analisamos nesse estudo a prevalência da vacinação em Araguari/MG, comparando os períodos pré e pós-pandêmicos. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo de abordagem descritiva com a utilização de dados secundários. Utilizou-se de notificações advindas da vacinação contra a Influenza na cidade de Araguari-MG disponíveis na plataforma DATASUS. Resultados: A cobertura vacinal contra Influenza, antes da pandemia de COVID-19 era alta, mas, durante, notou-se uma diminuição nos grupos analisados mostrando o quanto esse período influenciou na vacinação contra a Influenza. Discussão: Nas crianças, houve queda de 2019 para 2020 e um aumento em 2021. A vacinação de gestantes e idosos diminuiu de 2019 para 2021. Os trabalhadores de saúde registraram aumento de 2019 para 2020 e queda para 2021. A falta de informações atualizadas e possíveis erros na coleta de dados foram destacados como limitações. Conclusão: A partir dos resultados analisados, pode-se concluir que de fato a pandemia e seus desfechos causaram impactos que inviabilizaram a vacinação para Influenza. Contudo, é importante ressaltar que a subnotificação e o movimento antivacina, trouxe impactos significativos na redução das taxas vacinais, principalmente no período pandêmico. Recomenda-se uma coleta mais rigorosa de dados epidemiológicos para resultados confiáveis além de estratégias educacionais e políticas de saúde que são cruciais para manter altas taxas de vacinação, sendo recomendadas pesquisas futuras sobre fatores socioeconômicos na cobertura vacinal.
ISOLAMENTO SOCIAL DEVIDO AO COVID, IMPACTO NA SAÚDE MENTAL E USO DE ANSIOLÍTICOS E ÁLCOOL – UMA VISÃO GERAL
Authors: Neves Marco Antonio Orsini , Tavares Thiago de Mello , De Lemos Gabriel Soares , Schinko Francisco Gomes Bonetto , Magnani Mirela Hoffmann , Nascimento Isabela de Oliveira , Malegarie Nazareno Miguel
Published: January 2024

Introdução: A pandemia de COVID-19 começou oficialmente em dezembro de 2019, na cidade de Wuhan, na China. Desde então, a doença tem se espalhado rapidamente por todo o mundo, afetando milhões de pessoas e tendo um impacto significativo na economia global e em muitas outras áreas da vida das pessoas. Método: Foi realizado uma pesquisa bibliográfica de revisão integrativa da literatura, de caráter exploratório e descritivo. Para o cruzamento de dados foram utilizados os descritores: Covid; isolamento social; pandemia; ansiedade; ansiolíticos; álcool. Objetivo: Identificar possíveis transtornos emocionais, uso excessivo de ansiolíticos e álcool, relacionado ao isolamento social e a própria pandemia causada pelo COVID-19. Referencial teórico: A COVID-19 é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo coronavírus, que levou pessoas de todo mundo aos extremos da saúde física e mental. O primeiro caso de infecção foi reportado na China, e se propagou rapidamente se tornando uma pandemia em poucos dias desde sua origem.  Resultados e Discussão: Inicialmente foram adotadas medidas de isolamento social na tentativa de diminuição no número de casos, o que pode ter prejudicado a saúde mental da população em todo o mundo. Devido ao medo da incerteza do futuro, somado a uma doença com potencial fatal e o isolamento social, pessoas passaram a buscar meios para aliviar sua dor e sua ansiedade, aumentando assim o uso de álcool e remédios para transtorno de humor. Conclusão: O isolamento social causado pela pandemia, e outras medidas que foram adotadas para contê-la, contribuíram negativamente para a saúde mental da população geral, aumentando o risco para surgimento de sintomas de estresse, ansiedade e depressão.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FILM GENRES’ TRANSLATION MEANING BETWEEN TWO STREAMING VIDEO SERVICES
Authors: Raden Roro Shinta Felisia
Published: January 2024

In recent years, video streaming services have received positive responses. They have language settings for their services, respectively. In video streaming services, subscribers can choose their preferred languages. Those who choose Indonesian can find the interface in Indonesian. The researcher decides to conduct a comparative analysis of the translation meaning of film genres between two streaming video services. The result is that there are similarities and a difference in the translation meaning of film genres. The similarities include six pairs of translation conveying the conceptual meaning. Meanwhile, the difference is found in one pair of translations conveying different types of meaning: one is reflective meaning, and the other is conceptual meaning. Hence, this research is expected to enrich the translation analysis.
Public-Private Partnerships in Tanzania: Preliminary Observations on Performance
Authors: Moshi Humphrey
Published: January 2024

The quest for New Public Management (NPM) reforms was informed by the need to enhance efficiency and reduce costs. This triggered the shift from traditional public administration to public management. This shift embraced not only developed but also developing countries that were experiencing economic and fiscal crises. It is in the context of adopting NPM that public private partnerships (PPPs) emerged in these economies. This paper attempts to assess the performance of PPPs in Tanzania by using five criteria: relevance, effectiveness, impact, efficiency and sustainability. The assessment shows that except for the cases of efficiency and sustainability, the performance of PPPs has been positive. However, institutional and human capacity of the public sector needs enhancement so that the activities of PPPs are better planned, monitored, and evaluated in order to further improve the performance of PPPs
Challenges of Monitoring Food and Nutrition Security in Rural Areas Using Longitudinal Methods
Authors: Ashimogo G. , Mwageni E. , Mdoe N. , Kayunze K. , Mwakalobo A.
Published: January 2024

This paper gives an empirical account of the challenges of monitoring food and nutrition security in rural areas using panel data, and proposes some corrective measures against most common problems. The presentation uses the case of Rufiji Sentinel Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring (FSNM) study, whose objective is to generate information on food security and nutritional status. An important lesson from the research is that using the iterative survey process that involves taking precautionary measures during planning, as well as periodic modifications of tools and methods for data collection, can generally increase the accuracy of the collected data and the validity of conclusions derived from them. This means that researchers must ensure that sufficient enumerator training, supervision, and quality control mechanisms are in place both before and during data collection. All these have implications for capacity building for planning and implementation of data collection in developing countries.
The Effect of Health Sector Reform on Health Services Delivery in Tanzania: A Comparative Study of Two Districts
Authors: Nhembo Martha , Benedict Grace , Bashemera Domitilla
Published: January 2024

Adopting the public private partnership theory, this article explains the importance of involving private sector in health service delivery; and uses the horizontal theory to advocate the right of all people to access health services. Findings from a study conducted in Dodoma rural and Morogoro Municipality indicated that the number of patients served per medical officer decreased after reform, and that the number of patients served for each health facility was below the national average. Also the numbers of private health facilities, especially in urban or towns, are associated with the lowering of the number of patients in public health facilities. It was also revealed that some people have been discriminated in accessing quality health services on the basis of income, distance and location. In Morogoro Municipality, it was revealed that some people were not getting health services due to beliefs related to witchcraft and traditional healers. This situation was attributed to the uneven distribution of health facilities between the urban and peripheral areas. The study recommends that more emphasis should be on health education to the community members so as to create awareness on the importance of health services against beliefs on witchcraft and traditional healers in Morogoro Municipality. Moreover, the government should increase trained health staff in Dodoma Rural District.
Challenges Facing the Elderly in Tanzania
Authors: Kivelia Julius , Kirway Jeremiah
Published: January 2024

This article assesses livelihood challenges facing the elderly in urban and rural settings in Tanzania. It is based on a study conducted in Morogoro Urban and Mvomero Districts in Morogoro Region in 2011. The study was based on the assumption that with the seemingly disintegrating traditional extended families and social support systems, the elderly are increasingly facing more livelihood challenges. The article examines the effect of ageing on the livelihood activities of the elderly in rural and urban areas, and identified the challenges they face. The data for the study was collected from 162 elderly people aged 60 years and above. It was found out that the majority of the elderly in the study area had no formal education, and with ageing, there has been a significant shift in their occupations. The very old are unable to work. The overall situation of vulnerability to poverty is critical in the rural areas. It is argued that the elderly face the following challenges: lack financial support; accessibility to health facilities; lack of respect and property security, and loneliness. The article concludes that the elderly are in a desperate livelihoods situation. It recommends that effective strategies be formulated in implementing the national ageing policy that was formulated in 2003. More important, there is the need to consider the possibility of an ageing pension to all elderly people in the country which, according to HelpAge International (2011), is within the capacity of the government of Tanzania.
Community Resilience to Natural Disasters in the Informal Settlements in Mwanza City, Tanzania
Authors: Hambati Herbert
Published: January 2024

The impacts of natural disasters on communities living in hazard-prone areas are wide-ranging and complex, especially in Mwanza city where the landscape is characterized by highly dissected steep slopes, rock hills, narrow interfluves and river valleys in which the very poor in society mostly inhabit. The communities in such areas are prone to landslides, floods and storms that are triggered by weather and climatic changes over time and space. Over time communities in Mwanza city have accumulated traditional coping mechanisms for disaster risks and impact reduction. This paper explores local communities’ understanding of causes and impacts of hazards and disasters using their own culture, and hence their capacity to recover. It is hypothesized that peoples’ capacity to cope with nature-based disasters should hinge on a nuanced understanding of resilience of their socio-economic and ecological systems framework. The traditional technologies employed as pre- and post-disaster risk reduction measures are a reflection of a solid base for integrating with contemporary technologies in promoting resilience. In the long-term, combating poverty at individual, household, community and national levels will be crucial for enhancing resilience to hazards and disasters. A challenge to natural disaster risks reduction is how to initiate a research agenda on sustainable development policies and action plans that are disaster-risks-inclusive, with a focus on increased public awareness and enhancing resilience. Efforts to promote traditional technologies should, therefore, be directed to a school system where a new generation of academicians with access to modern-day knowledge may have an opportunity to integrate the two technologies for disaster risk reduction in various communities.
Explaining Tanzania’s Zero-Sum Mining Regimes
Authors: Jingu J.
Published: January 2024

The mining regime in Tanzania was reformed in the 1990s with the promise that the sector would be a game changer in the efforts to promote economic growth and poverty reduction. Yet, as time went by, it became apparent that the state was shortchanged in the design of mining codes that are tilted in favour of multinational companies when it comes to getting tangible benefits. With evidence from documents and interviews of informed persons, this article traces the footprints of key actorswhose interests were decisive in shaping the emerging mining regime. It shows that the lopsided nature of the regime is not a mere coincidence but a calculated initiative to ensure that multinational companies control the mineral resources of the country.
Intricate Marital Partnerships: Elopement and Concubinage Among the Kuria in North-Eastern Tanzania
Authors: Mhando Nandera
Published: January 2024

Using participant observation and in-depth interview data in semi-urban and rural North-eastern Tanzania, this article demonstrates that the freedom to marry is characterized by restrictive rules. It specifically highlights that agencies are used byindividuals to enforce marital relationships through elopement and concubinage unions, practices that are incompatible with Kuria’s widely valued expectations. Suitors continue to be constrained by wider society expectations despite social and economicchanges that reduce parents’ authority and decline the significance of bridewealth cattle. Changes are happening as Kuria marriage values are enacted and renegotiated by individuals opting for different and even divergent meanings amid social and economic transformations. These options lead to pestering, having lower status, isolation in certain rituals, moving far away from family, ending unions, lacking certain customary rights, delaying to enter into marriage, and escaping marital violenceand forced marriages. Therefore, this article explores the dimensions of marriage, both at intra- and extra-familial realms.
Do Land Conservation Practices Have the Same Impact on Smallholder Maize Productivity? The Case of Bunda and Ileje Districts, Tanzania
Authors: Selejio Onesmo
Published: January 2024

This paper analyses the adoption of sustainable land management and conservation practices (SLMCPs) and their contribution to maize yield using cross-section data from two distinct agro-ecological zones: Bunda and Ileje districts, which represent Lake andSouthern highland zones with medium and high rainfall, respectively. It samples 15 villages from each district using both stratified and simple random sampling techniques, with a total of 482 households. Descriptive analysis shows that most commonly adoptedSLMCPs in all the districts were sustainable agronomic practices (SAPs), with an adoption rate of 91%. Other practices include soil water conservation and erosion control (SWCEC) (75%), and the use of organic (63%) and inorganic fertilizers (49%). The descriptive analysis and propensity score matching (PSM) results revealed that adopters of SLMCPs and their interactions (with the exception of SAPs), particularly intercropping, had higher yields than their counterparts (non-adopters). The yields varied across SLMCPs and areas. These results imply that the provision of right knowledge and promotion of the adoption of SLMPs and their interactions is pertinent in increasing productivity. However, such initiatives in a given area should be backed by local knowledge and research for effective adoption and sustainable productivity.
Impacts of Improved Water Access on Water Vendors and Resellers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Smiley Sarah
Published: January 2024

Increasing access to safe water remains a global priority even though the Millennium Development Goals more than halved the number of people lacking access to water. The Sustainable Development Goals, introduced in 2015, go further and seek universalaccess to a source of safe water located on premises. In Dar es Salaam, there is a significant gap between the number of households using safe water—meaning water free from contamination—and the number of households with a source of safe water on premises. Efforts to increase access on premises largely focus on expanding the city’s piped water network. Households lacking a direct connection to this network must rely on informal suppliers such as vendors, household resellers, and kiosks.Informal suppliers, also called small water enterprises, are an important part of increasing water access in areas not currently served by the piped network. Yet, as Dar es Salaam increases water access, these informal suppliers lose customers and income.This paper uses interviews with these suppliers to explain the impacts and causes of increased water access. It suggests ways that development policy can improve water access without harming these informal suppliers.
Digital Citizens at Work: Mapping Citizen m-Participation Cases in Governance of Services in Tanzania
Authors: Shiyo Neema , Jeremia Yulli , Shayo Deodatus
Published: January 2024

In the digital governance era, government institutions and civic organisations have innovated spaces for engaging with ordinary citizens in the governance of services. Digital information and communication technology penetrate and reshapes all walksof life from collective participation to timely and quick auditing and sharing of information of the status of social services. Yet, little is documented regarding mobile participation (m-participation) initiatives in monitoring social services and citizengenerated data in Tanzania. This article is an exploratory work that identifies and maps citizen m-participation projects in the monitoring of social services. Besides, it highlights how e-services cases are in line with the current sustainable development goals (SDGs). In this line, we argue that mobile phone technology is a tool for empowering citizens to participate in governance of social services. The paper deploys document and web analysis to identify and highlight citizen m-participation projects. The findings indicate that mobile technology amplifies the opportunity for citizen participation in governance processes given the high penetration rate of mobile phones for texting and calling, compared to online web-based technology that depend on the internet connection which is still scanty.
Determinants of Participation of Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Warehouse Receipt System in Mbinga District, Tanzania
Authors: Mapunda Matei , Mhando David , Waized Betty
Published: January 2024

The Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) holds considerable opportunities necessary for improving incomes and livelihoods of smallholder farmers. However, there has been little progress regarding participation of smallholder farmers in the system. This paper examines factors that influence smallholder coffee farmers’ participation in the WRS. The specific objective was to identify factors influencing participation. A random household survey of 390 farmers was conducted in Mbinga District, Tanzania. Data were analysed using binary logistic regression. The results show that a respondent’s age, market information, sex, and distance from coffee farms to Agricultural Marketing and Cooperative Societies (AMCOS) or farmers’ group (FG) centres influenced coffee farmers’ decisions to participate in the WRS. Young, male farmers with access to coffee market information are more likely to use the WRS. Dissemination of the market information and the location of AMCOS or FG centres closer to coffee farmers could be a key to increasing farmers’ participation in the WRS.
Smallholder Farmers’ Local Knowledge in Adaptation to Climate Variability: Experience from Ludewa District, Tanzania
Authors: Mlengule Digna
Published: January 2024

Smallholder farmers constitute a significant proportion of the world’s population that is vulnerable to climate variability. This is because they derive their livelihoods from agriculture, which heavily relies on rainfall as a source of moisture for crops production. Therefore, smallholder farmers are exposed to changes in rainfall patterns, temperature variation and extreme events such as floods and drought that could lead into disasters. Hence adaptation strategies are fundamental to reduce the impacts of climate variability. However, in order to plan for adaptation, emphasis has been on formal knowledge systems that in most cases are not accessible to and affordable by most of the smallholder farmers. Generally, farmers have their local knowledge that they use to adapt to climate variability. This article uncovers the role of smallholder farmers’ local knowledge in adaptation to climate variability. The study was conducted in Ludewa district in Njombe region. Methods used in data collection were semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and FGDs. A total of 355 respondents were randomly selected for structured interview. The collected data were analysed using IBM Statistical Product and Service Solution, and content analysis. To reduce vulnerability to climate variability smallholder farmers use local knowledge such as weather forecasts, valley bottom cultivation, diversification of crops, early preparation of farms, and use of drought tolerant crops and diversification of economic activities and soil moisture conservation methods such as mulching. The article concludes that neither local knowledge nor formal knowledge is sufficient by its own right for sustainable adaptation. Therefore, taking action to strengthen conditions for continued use of local knowledge is essential as well as investigating on the best way to integrate with formal adaptation knowledge
Networking of Civil Society Organizations in Northern Tanzania: Healthy Competition or A Struggle for Supremacy?
Authors: Raphael Leonia
Published: January 2024

The functions and networking of civil society organizations (CSOs) in Tanzania aimed at promoting sustainable community development that are community-based. This study examined the current CSOs functions, networking and coalition status in Northern Tanzania, particularly in Arusha and Manyara regions. The study applied qualitative methods such as key informants’ interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations in data collection. The triangulation of this methods enabled the researcher to acquire the information on their networking mindset, ideological and programming capacities. The findings revealed that sustainable CSOs functions are pegged on a healthy networking and coalition on community capacity building and democratically accepted criteria for choosing their priority in the delivery of social services, and designing financial management standards for checks and balances among financial managers and risks auditors. Therefore, CSOs networking is a base foundation for creating a healthy environment for individual CSOs to form a coalition with other stakeholders in social services delivery to the communities they serve. This is enabled through creativity and addressing critical issues within the society. Thence, such creativity expand their capacity to respond to people’s demands with effectiveness. In promoting a healthy networking rather than competition or supremacy, it is suggested that all CSOs operating in an area should be registered under local government authorities (LGAs), and should have frequent meetings per year organized by LGAs as their hosts. The agendas for such meetings should be within the LGAs’ goals, objectives and plans. This will increase a sense of attachment and ability to exchange resources, involvements, materials and personnel for good networking environment and coalition.
Population and Economic Growth in Tanzania
Authors: Loiboo David , Luvanda Eliab , Osoro Nehemiah
Published: January 2024

The debate on the relationship between population growth and economic growth has been enduring and varies across countries. While the first theory on population and economic growth states that population growth stimulates economic growth, the second theory views population growth as a factor that adversely affects economic growth. The third school of thought posits that population growth is a neutral factor in economic growth, and is determined outside standard growth models. Given this situation, there was a need to establish the relationship between economic growth and population growth in Tanzania. The study employed the Vector Auto-regression (VAR) estimation technique, and used annual time series data from 1971 to 2017. The results indicate that economic shocks due to population growth are positive and negative. This could be attributed to unstable expenditure on healthcare by the government in the improvement of child survival through various government programmes. The study concludes that, in Tanzania, population growth promotes economic growth and, subsequently, economic development. The study recommends that the government should ensure that the economy grows at a higher rate than population growth. This will ensure that the increasing demand for services arising from population growth is met. Having a large, healthier, and better-educated workforce will only bear economic fruit if the extra workers can find jobs.
Climate Change and Poverty Reduction Strategies: Challenges and Lessons from Tanzania
Authors: Kessy Ambrose
Published: January 2024

There is no doubt that climate change has significantly impeded poverty reduction and development efforts in many countries. Recent climate-related catastrophes have caused significant damages to developing countries and their citizens. This article analyses the nexus between climate change mitigation and its impact on Tanzania’s poverty reduction strategies. With the government’s decision to abandon poverty reduction strategies in 2011, it is vital to understand how these issues are mainstreamed in national plans. Drawing on extensive literature of secondary sources and official publications, the article demonstrates that, notwithstanding many promising features of the new national development plan, Tanzania has performed poorly within the overarching notion of mainstreaming climate change in its various national development plans. Findings further show that despite all these efforts made in previous climate change and poverty reduction strategies, Tanzania is still ill-prepared to face future climate change challenges. The article concludes that climate change issues are real and have already caused a significant setback to agricultural production and other productive sectors, posing a serious threat to human and food security. It recommends reconsidering mainstreaming climate change in development plans, adequate budgetary allocation, and establishing an effective National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to coordinate climate-risk information at national and local levels.
Perceptions of the Exemption Policy on Maternal Mothers Healthcare Service Delivery in Iringa Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Channa Arvinder , Ndunguru Moses
Published: January 2024

This article presents perceptions on the effect of the user-fees exemption policy on maternal mothers in Iringa Municipality, in Iringa, Tanzania. It specifically presents outcomes of the policy on healthcare services offered to maternal mothers. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, with a purposively selected sample of 74 respondents. Data was collected through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and documentary review; and analysed descriptively and thematically. The results indicated that, on the one hand, the policy increased equal chances in accessing health services among maternal mothers; increased the number of deliveries in health facilities; reduced the number of maternal deaths and uncertainty of delivery for maternal mothers; and improved chances of survival and the overall health of maternal mothers and their babies. On the other hand, the policy tempted unlawful payments; increased household’s dependency on the government; increased municipal expenditure; led to the shortage of beds, drugs as well as skilled health workers; and invited indirect costs. Despite all these challenges, the exemption policy was important as access to health services for maternal mothers improved greatly. Based on the study results, it is recommended that unlawful payments should be controlled; municipal expenditure budget, hospital beds, drugs, and skilled health workers be increased; and indirect costs be minimized.
No Room for Marginalization: Recognizing the Importance of Local Knowledge For Weather Forecasting in Mbogwe District, Tanzania
Authors: Sawe Jackson
Published: January 2024

This article documents how smallholder farmers use local knowledge on weather forecasting in Mbogwe District, Tanzania. In particular, it examines farmers’ perceptions on weather changes, sources and types of weather information used on weather forecasting, as well as the application of local knowledge on weather forecasting. The article adopted quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. Quantitative data was collected by using household questionnaires and analysed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) while qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews and Focused Group Discussions and then analysed by content analysis. Findings indicate that 81% of the respondents reported a decrease in rainfall and 68% increase in temperature, as indicators of changes in weather. It was also found that most farmers (86%) use local knowledge in weather forecasting. Furthermore, it was found that local indicators such as observation of plant and animal behaviour, meteorological bodies and astrological bodies were used by smallholder farmers in weather forecasting. In addition, the use of local knowledge was acknowledged by smallholder farmers as the most reliable and useful source of weather forecasting. Therefore, local forecast knowledge is still a practical source of weather forecasting and it should be promoted instead of being marginalized. The study recommends that collective efforts should be put in place to enhance farmers’ use of local knowledge in weather forecasting because local knowledge is site-specific and significantly applicable in local contexts. Moreover, policy and decision makers should recognize and incorporate local knowledge of weather forecasting in various policy issues that deal with climate.
The dynamic organicity theory of consciousness: how consciousness arises from the functionality of multiscale complexity in the material brain
Authors:   Integrative Neuroscience Initiative, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3145, Poznanski Roman R.
Published: January 2024

The fine structure of consciousness is temporally experienced. This makes possible a dynamic organicity theory of consciousness through disunified order in the pre-, sub- and noncognitive levels of causal processes and dynamics. This multilevel approach is based on functional systems where space is implicitly grounded as changeable boundary conditions (due to organicity), and energy capture and storage under energy flow entail structuring intrinsic information (as both hidden thermodynamic energy and hidden thermodynamic information). The use of anaesthesia indicates consciousness disappears when there is an obliteration of intrinsic information within membrane protein amino acids, suggesting that quantum-thermal fluctuations of the electromagnetic field can be functional and non-vacuous. The origin of thermo-qubit syn-tax is derived from the principle of self-reference as the syntax of consciousness. In addition to the classical Brownian motion of macroscopically observable mean values, the negentropically derived quantum potential is an additional degree of freedom where the structuring of intrinsic information takes place by negentropic action from the microscopically random quantum-thermal fluctuations. Such functional fluctuations provide a way for intentionality to come in from spontaneous ordering, leading to path selection as an instruction to act. The resultant intentionality becomes part of information-based action when functional interactions are selected and boundary conditions change, causing interference pattern matching through temporal re-organization of informational redundancy structures (not used in functional interactions). The self-referential dynamic structures (of evolving informational holons) transform syntac-tic structures into experienceable forms. In comparing the interference patterns of functional interactions during restructuring informational redundancy structures, the functionality of multiscale complexity as functional systems patterns gives experienceable forms the potential to understand “meaning” by reducing uncertainty in the process of structuring intrinsic information. The self-reference principle establishes dynamical pathways from the microscale to the macroscale (this includes nonlocal pathways), in which diachronic causation and how the disunity of causal order in the redundancy creates a weak unity of consciousness through its temporal structure, which has an inferred purpose that gives rise to a sense of self.
Hybrid Cloud Computing: An In-Depth Analysis of Integration Strategies, Characteristics, and Prospective Future Applications
Authors: Liu Weiguo , Zeng Qinghua
Published: January 2024

Hybrid cloud computing plays an important role of developing landscape of IT infrastructure. It integrates the control and security inherent in private clouds with the scalability and resource availability characteristic of public clouds. This paper provides a thorough exploration of the characteristics involved in combining these cloud models and highlights essential aspects such as flexibility, scalability, cost savings, and security. Based on a thorough literature review along with case studies, the study explores how current technological advancements, including containerization, and artificial intelligence, are influencing the development of hybrid cloud infrastructures. The discussions show that effective integration strategies not only increase operational efficiency but also introduce substantial benefits to diverse fields including finance, healthcare, and education. This article provides a comprehensive understanding of hybrid cloud and builds up a foundation and direction for future studies focused on optimizing cloud integration and application.
The Exploration of Curriculum Ideology and Politics in Advanced Mathematics from the Perspective of the Three-Wide Education
Authors: Zhang Hui , Song Kunming , Yang Hong , Zhang Sanmei
Published: January 2024

For advanced mathematics courses for science and engineering students, the course guided by three-wide education (TWE) explores the ideological and political teaching in the curriculum, analyzes the relationship between TWE and curriculum ideology and politics (CIP), and determines the course objectives. The course is related to the ideological and political elements of the curriculum, establishes the feelings of home and country, integrates into educational activities, creates a collaborative education classroom, and formulate assessment and evaluation standards. Finally, through the questionnaire survey and feedback on the implementation effect, it is concluded that integrating ideology and politics into advanced mathematics can stimulate learning motivation, realizes all-round education throughout the process, and well implement the task of building morality and cultivating people.
Fostering Environmental Responsibility in U.S. K-12 Education: A Comparative Study of Strategies Integrating STEM
Authors: Vartanian Aleks Matevos
Published: January 2024

This review explores the integration of STEM education with a focus on environmental responsibility in U.S. K-12 settings. Examining case studies, theoretical frameworks, and best practices, the paper emphasizes the transformative potential of this approach. The theoretical foundation conceptualizes environmental responsibility in education, emphasizing the connection between STEM concepts and real-world environmental challenges. The literature review traces the historical evolution of environmental education in U.S. K-12 schools, highlighting the urgency for transformative approaches like STEM integration. Comparing STEM integration strategies through case studies underscores the importance of a holistic approach, including interdisciplinary curricula, project-based learning, professional development, sustainable initiatives, and community engagement. Derived best practices offer practical guidance, emphasizing ongoing professional development, curricular alignment, project-based learning, resource allocation, community engagement, and collaboration. These recommendations form a roadmap for effective STEM integration with environmental responsibility. In conclusion, this review highlights the transformative potential of STEM integration in fostering environmentally responsible citizens. By embracing these principles, educational institutions can cultivate a generation capable of addressing complex environmental challenges, ensuring a sustainable and resilient future.
Beyond Ophelia: A Deep Dive into the Agency and Constraints of Female Characters in Hamlet
Authors: Wang Jiaming
Published: January 2024

This paper explores the nuanced portrayal of female characters in William Shakespeare’s timeless masterpiece, Hamlet. With a focus on Ophelia and Queen Gertrude, often overshadowed by the titular character, the paper employs a multidimensional approach. It navigates historical and cultural contexts, examining the socio-cultural norms of Elizabethan England and the role of women in Shakespearean drama. The in-depth character analyses of Ophelia and Gertrude unveil their agency and constraints, exploring the impact of external forces on Ophelia’s agency and the Queen’s dilemma as both a mother and a queen. The exploration extends to the absence of prominent female characters in Fortinbras’ narrative, the significance of the play within a play, and a comparative analysis of female characters across Shakespeare’s plays. Reception and criticism are surveyed, from early moralistic interpretations to contemporary feminist readings, offering a historical trajectory of evolving perspectives. The paper concludes by summarizing key findings, emphasizing the profound impact of societal constraints on female agency, and suggesting avenues for future research.