bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post Jurassic shortening in the western Surat Basin relative to underlying basement depth and faulting
Authors: Babaahmadi Abbas , Sliwa Renate , Esterle Joan
Published: August 2017

The Hutton-Wallumbilla (HWF), Merivale (MF), Kia Ora, and Injune faults are the major structures in the western Surat Basin, deforming Palaeozoic to Jurassic rock units. The authors present results from the interpretation of gridded gravity data and open-file seismic reflection data, which provide constraints on the geometry and kinematics of these faults.
The interpretation of gravity data indicates that the HWF and MF are expressed by sharp lineaments in moderate to high-amplitude anomalies, indicating a deep-seated nature of the faults. The interpretation of seismic lines shows that the HWF and MF are northeast-dipping and east-dipping reverse blind faults, respectively. Some other faults also displaced and folded the rock units of the Bowen and Surat basins, such as the Kia Ora and Injune faults. The MF, Kia Ora, and the northern part of the HWF acted as normal faults during the early Permian and then have been inverted during the Late Permian–Triassic Hunter-Bowen Orogeny phases, especially during the early Late Triassic. The largest fault throws in the Bowen Basin successions are observed along the southern part of the HWF and its central splay, which are around 350 m and 480 m, respectively. The stratigraphic units of the Surat Basin above it have gently been folded over the major blind faults. The largest amount of shortening in the Surat Basin has taken place over the southern part of the HWF by 0.5%. The basement depth played an important role in the amount of contractional deformation in the Bowen and Surat basins. Where the basement is shallow, the amount of deformation along the faults in both the Bowen and Surat basins is higher.
Experimental investigation on CO2 foam flooding enhanced by a new combined thickening formula
Authors: Xu Xingguang , Saeedi Ali , Liu Keyu
Published: August 2017

A large fraction of mature offshore oil fields in WA are characterised by extremely high water cut and poor productivity, making them potential candidates for CO2 foam flooding, which gives rise to sweep volume and displacement efficiency. Nonetheless, insufficient foam strength prevents its widespread application in field scale.
In this extended abstract, a new formula—AOS/AVS/N70K-T—with well-balanced foamability and foam stability is presented, and the bulk phase behaviour and flow performance of CO2 foam enhanced by this formula is evaluated.
The foaming assessment results indicate that the foamability and foam stability of AOS/AVS/N70K-T are 46.7% and 89.6% greater than that of the widely used AOS/HPAM, respectively. The foam flow experiments demonstrate that:

the foam apparent viscosity under transition foam quality increased by 36.5% in high-permeability rock compared to that in low-permeability rock; and,
the mobility reduction factor (MRF) of AOS/AVS/N70K-T foam obtained the optimal value at the intermediate total gas/solution flow rate (with a fixed gas/liquid ratio of 3:1), while its MRF dropped as the gas flow rate increased.It was noted that AOS/AVS/N70K-T foam displayed a pronounced advantage compared to AOS/HPAM foam during displacement experiments under the same test conditions. Finally, oil displacement experiments show overall oil recoveries of AOS/AVS/N70K-T foam flooding are higher than that of AOS/HPAM foam flooding irrespective of the foam injection mode. Accordingly, CO2 foam flooding enhanced by this formula has proved to be an effective and viable approach to maintain the oil production in WA’s mature oil fields.
Prevention of surface annular casing pressure (SCP/SAP) in the B-annulus
Authors: Field David , Bårdsen Johnny , Dagestad Vibjørn
Published: August 2017

The annulus between the 9⅝″ and the 13⅜″ casing strings within a Norwegian field development had historically exhibited pressure build-up at surface on many wells. It had been determined that the source of the pressure was a gas-charged formation just below the 13⅜″ shoe. Eliminating surface annular pressure (SAP) was a priority along with easy barrier verification for the lifetime of the well.
To eliminate the SAP several methods had been trialled over the years, including single-stage cementing, ECPs, and liner tie-back solutions—all of which had failed to resolve the problem. Meanwhile, a hydraulically expanded steel annular barrier had been successfully deployed by the operator for zonal isolation in a number of wells across various reservoir sections. It was proposed that the same technology be used as an alternative solution to eliminate the SAP.
To be utilised as a primary well barrier, the solution had to pass a number of significant criteria. It was carefully reviewed by the operator’s well integrity team to ensure that the system complied with their own company standards and the Norsok D10 guidelines. Verification of the annular barrier as the primary barrier was achieved by the application of surface pressure down the 13⅜″ by 9⅝″ annulus; pressure equivalent to the fracture gradient of the formation below the 13⅜″ shoe plus a 1,030 psi surplus.
This installation marks the first time that something other than cement has been installed in a well completion as a primary barrier.
Omeprazole and its impact on mineral absorption in horses
Authors: Nielsen B. D. , Eckert S. M. , Robison C. I. , Mills J. , Peters D. , Pease A. , Schott II H. C.
Published: August 2017

Omeprazole is commonly used to treat and prevent ulcers in horses. As a proton-pump inhibitor, and with absorption of calcium dependent on gastric acidity, there is concern that reduction in acidity may interfere with calcium absorption. The present study was conducted to evaluate whether daily omeprazole administration can influence bone health in horses. Prior to commencement of treatment, 10 Standardbred geldings underwent endoscopic examinations for gastric ulcers and to determine gastric pH. They were fed a grass-hay diet. Three-day total collections of faeces and urine were performed to evaluate mineral balance. The left third metacarpus was radiographed to establish baseline values of mineral content by using a radiographic photo-densitometry technique to calculate radiographic bone aluminium equivalence, and blood samples were taken for examination of markers of bone metabolism. The horses were pair-matched and randomly assigned to either a treatment or the control group. Treated horses received omeprazole at the preventative dose (1 mg/kg bodyweight) and control horses received no medication for the duration of the 8-week study. They were housed in box stalls and had daily turnout on drylots. Endoscopy was performed again at the completion of the study, total collections were performed again at the middle and end of the study and blood samples were taken every 2 weeks. No meaningful treatment effects were found for ulcers, gastric pH, mineral balance, radiographic bone aluminium equivalence, or markers of bone formation. Daily administration of omeprazole did not appear to have any negative effects on indices of skeletal health measured in the study.
Environmental dissimilarity over time in a large subtropical shallow lake is differently represented by phytoplankton functional approaches
Authors: Bohnenberger Juliana E. , Rodrigues Lúcia R. , da Motta-Marques David , Crossetti Luciane O.
Published: August 2017

The aim of the present study was to understand how different phytoplankton functional approaches responded to environmental variability in a large shallow lake, namely Lake Mangueira, in southern Brazil. This coastal lake has a maximum depth of 7m and is ~90km long and ~3–10km wide. Physical and chemical variables, maximum linear dimension, life forms, functional and morphofunctional groups of phytoplankton were analysed. The results showed that the phytoplankton were primarily comprised Cyanobacteria (63.9%), followed by middle-sized algae (21–50μm; 46.7%) and colonial non-flagellated taxa (63%). The highest percentage of total biomass was accounted for by the functional group ‘K’ (as classified by Reynolds et al. 2002; 36.3%), large mucilaginous colonies (46.79%) according to morphologically based functional classification and other large colonies (mostly non-vacuolated; 36.7%) according to morphofunctional classification. Dissimilarity analysis indicated a significant correlation between abiotic data and functional approaches (P=0.001). The dissimilarity in the functional compositions of phytoplankton was related to nutrient and light conditions, especially to silicon content and water transparency, in all functional approaches. The highest correlation with abiotic variables was seen for morphologically based functional group community structure, although the functional group composition of phytoplankton sensu Reynolds et al. seemed to be the most effective system in describing environmental variability in Lake Mangueira over the long term.
Reflections on four decades of land restoration in Australia
Authors: Campbell Andrew , Alexandra Jason , Curtis David
Published: August 2017

The past four decades have seen a transformative process in Australian agriculture – the gradual incorporation of conservation practices such as ecological restoration, revegetation and agroforestry as a response to land degradation. Although actions have been impressive they remain fragmented, are confined to particular districts or properties and run the risk of not being built upon in the future. This paper traces the history of this movement and draws out lessons and implications for future policy development and research. Landscape-scale restoration and the integration of conservation into farming landscapes have been recognised as a global imperative for decades, for which Australia has generated many innovations – in the technical, social and policy domains. Scanning the ‘big picture’, we identify many pixels of best practice in policy, incentives, planning, regulation and on-ground practice. We wonder why we have not pulled these together, to work in concert over time. If we had, Australia would have a world’s best natural resource management framework. However, we have neither integrated these elements at multiple scales nor sustained them. Unfortunately, although we are excellent at innovating, we have been equally good at forgetting. Progress remains partial, patchy and slow. Too often, we have made gains then gone backwards, reflecting a tendency towards policy adhockery and amnesia. With Australia’s continuing depreciation of institutional memory, we risk losing critical capabilities for making sound policy decisions. Australian expertise in revegetation, restoration and regeneration of landscapes remains formidable however, with an enormous amount to offer the world. We are still learning to live and farm more sustainably, but we have made big strides over the last four decades. The challenge will be to maintain the momentum and provide adequate succession so future generations continue the work.
Wilhelm Blandowski’s contribution to ichthyology of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia
Authors: Humphries Paul
Published: August 2017

Wilhelm Blandowski is best known for the scandal that surrounded his attempts to name a number of new species of freshwater fish after prominent members of the Victorian scientific establishment. Although this 19th Century anecdote is diverting, it belies, I believe, the significant contribution that the first paid Victorian government zoologist made to the ichthyology of the Murray-Darling Basin. Although his claim to new species was exaggerated, his collections, assisted by Gerard Krefft were the most diverse to that date. There is no doubt – because Blandowski tells us as much – that the expedition’s success in collecting so many species, as well as information on distribution, habitat, size and diet, can be attributed to the knowledge of the local Aboriginal people, the Nyeri Nyeri. That Blandowski realised that this knowledge existed and acknowledged it, is unusual for the time. The information provided, although broadly consistent with what we know of the species’ current habits, is scanty and there is some uncertainty as to the location where most of the species were collected. Interpretations based on illustrations, written descriptions and extant specimens suggest that many species that were collected in 1856/57 no longer occur in that region of the Murray-Darling Basin. Blandowski’s collections also hint at the possibility that the distribution of the spotted galaxias, Galaxias truttaceus Valenciennes 1846, normally considered coastal, may have formerly extended much further up into freshwater.
Native companions: Blandowski, Krefft and the Aborigines on the Murray River expedition
Authors: Allen Harry
Published: August 2017

This paper explores relations between Blandowski, Krefft and the Aborigines during the 1856-57 Murray River expedition. As with many scientific enterprises in Australia, Aboriginal knowledge made a substantial contribution to the success of the expedition. While Blandowski generously acknowledged this, Krefft, who was responsible for the day to day running of the camp, maintained his distance from the Aborigines. The expedition context provides an insight into tensions between Blandowski and Krefft, and
also into the complexities of the colonial project on the Murray River, which involved Aborigines, pastoralists, missionaries and scientists.
Course of the lower River Murray in South Australia: effects of underprinting and neotectonics?
Authors: Twidale C.R. , Bourne J.A.
Published: August 2017

The change in direction of the River Murray from westerly to southerly at North West Bend has been attributed to faulting or warping, but no appropriate structure has been located in the country rock coincident with the river course. Yet the angularity and the straightness of major sectors argue structural control. The plan course of the Murray downstream from Morgan is attributed to underprinting from basement fractures following the Middle Miocene but prior to the Late Pliocene. Uplift of the Marmon Jabuk structure superimposed on the effects of underprinting accounts for major departures from the SSW trend downstream from North West Bend, as well as the impounding of Lake Bungunnia. The upper shallow section of the valley-in-valley form was shaped at a time of higher baselevel in the Middle-Late Tertiary. The lower section is the present Gorge. The valley floor was lowered probably by subterranean solution and flow followed by collapse of the cavern roofs. Regression of the River at times of lower sea level caused the breach of the Marmon Jabuk blockage and the draining of Lake Bungunnia.
A review of aquatic vertebrate remains from the Middle–Upper Triassic Jilh Formation of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kear Benjamin P. , Rich Thomas H. , Vickers-Rich Patricia , Ali Mohammed A. , Al-Mufarrih Yahya A. , Matari Adel H. , Al-Masary Abdu M. , Halawani Mohammed A.
Published: August 2017

A recent field survey of the Middle–Upper Triassic (upper Anisian to lowermost Carnian) paralic marine deposits of the Jilh Formation in central Saudi Arabia has yielded large quantities of vertebrate fossils. These finds prompt a revision of the existing faunal list and include at least one novel stratigraphical occurrence for the Arabian Peninsula. The remains comprise sauropterygian marine reptiles (Psephosauriscus sp., Nothosaurus cf. tchernovi, Nothosaurus cf. giganteus, Simosaurus sp.), a lungfish (Ceratodus sp.), hybodontiform sharks (Hybodus sp.) and saurichthyform actinopterygians (Saurichthys sp.). Palaeobiogeographical assessment reinforces Tethyan affinities for the assemblage and reflects the close proximity of the Arabian region to the ‘Sephardic Realm’, a compositionally distinct circum-Mediterranean faunal province characterized by hypersaline Muschelkalk facies.
Demonstrating environmental water needs in a climate of change
Authors: Maher Michelle , Campbell Emer
Published: August 2017

Efficient and accountable management of water resources in Northern Victoria has become a critical issue for the future of irrigation, communities and the environment, both north and south of the Great Dividing Range. To increase efficiencies and enhance accountability for water resource use, the Victorian Government is investing $1 billion through the Northern Victoria Irrigation Renewal Project (NVIRP) to upgrade ageing irrigation infrastructure across the Goulburn-Murray Irrigation District. The upgrade is expected to generate an additional 225 GL of water that will be distributed equally between irrigators, the environment and Melbourne. Whilst there are significant potential benefits for the environment as a whole from the water savings initiatives, there may also be adverse impacts from altering the hydrology of the diverse array of wetlands and rivers which are directly linked to the irrigation delivery network. The NVIRP Environmental Referrals process has investigated these potential impacts and identified ten wetlands and four rivers of high environmental value that require the development of environmental watering plans. These plans are the primary means by which the NVIRP commitment to ‘no net environmental loss’ will be achieved and assets of high environmental value will be protected. Three Environmental Watering Plans (EWPs) were completed prior to the operation of NVIRP works in the 2009-2010 irrigation season. These are for Johnson Swamp, Lake Elizabeth and Lake Murphy. The paper will describe the development of the Lake Elizabeth EWPs by the North Central Catchment Management Authority (NCCMA), within the context of uncertain climatic conditions, the recent long drought and the need to demonstrate accountability and efficiency in the use of a scarce and finite resource.
An overview of the terrestrial invertebrates in the Victorian north central region
Authors: Collett Nick G. , Yen Alan L.
Published: August 2017

Invertebrates are the dominant faunal group in most terrestrial habitats. They play important roles, often incompletely understood, in maintaining essential ecosystem services. Despite the enormous environmental changes to the North Central Region of Victoria since European settlement, and despite the lack of information about how these changes affected the native invertebrate fauna, it is not too late to include invertebrates in the management and restoration of native habitats in the region. This paper provides an overview of our understanding about terrestrial invertebrates in the region, and provides some suggestions on how to elevate the profile and utility of invertebrates in conservation management.
Gold, timber, war and parks : A history of the Rushworth Forest in central Victoria
Authors: Lawrence Ruth E. , Bellette Marc P.
Published: August 2017

The Rushworth Forest is a Box and Ironbark open sclerophyll forest in central Victoria that has been subject to a long history of gold mining activity and forest utilisation. This paper documents the major periods of land use history in the Rushworth Forest and comments on the environmental changes that have occurred as a result. During the 1850s to 1890s, the Forest was subject to extensive gold mining operations, timber resource use, and other forest product utilisation, which generated major changes to the forest soils, vegetation structure and species cover. From the 1890s to 1930s, concern for diminishing forest cover across central Victoria led to the creation of timber reserves, including the Rushworth State Forest. After the formation of a government forestry department in 1919, silvicultural practices were introduced which aimed at maximising the output of tall timber production above all else. During World War II, the management of the Forest was taken over by the Australian Army as Prisoner of War camps were established to harvest timber from the Forest for firewood production. Following the War, the focus of forestry in Victoria moved away from the Box and Ironbark forests, but low value resource utilisation continued in the Rushworth Forest from the 1940s to 1990s. In 2002, about one-third of the Forest was declared a National Park and the other two-thirds continued as a State Forest. Today, the characteristics of the biophysical environment reflect the multiple layers of past land uses that have occurred in the Rushworth Forest.
North central Victorian climate: past, present and future
Authors: Jones Roger N.
Published: August 2017

North central Victoria has experienced significant natural climate change over the past 20 000 years. At the height of the last ice age, the region was colder by 5°C or more with uplands and slopes under subalpine vegetation. Modern vegetation patterns were not established until the early Holocene. The first half of the Holocene was wetter than today, while the second half was affected by a less stable climate influenced by a strengthening El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Climate immediately prior to European occupation may have been wetter than during the historical period. Thus the pre-European climate and land surface influences on regional water balance may have been different to that which is generally assumed. Climate during the historical period was statistically homogenous, but with drier and wetter periods. Modest warming began in the mid 20th century, by about 0.4°C per century from 1950 to 1996. From 1997, maximum temperature has undergone a significant upward step change (p>0.01) of 0.9°C. Rainfall has decreased by 19%, with May–October rainfall undergoing a significant (p=0.05) downward step change from 2000. Maximum temperature is now non-stationary with respect to rainfall and is experiencing an upward trend consistent with climate model projections. These changes are equal to or greater than those projected for 2030, and are significantly affecting agriculture and forestry, ecosystems, fire risk and water resources. Evidence from pre-historic, historic and model projections of future climate for this region suggest that climate change can often be abrupt, with ‘stable’ periods showing considerable decadal variability. Prudent risk management would treat the post 1996 climate as the new baseline and plan for further changes.
Georg Neumayer’s magnetic survey of the colony of Victoria 1858–1864
Authors: Morrison Douglas
Published: August 2017

From 1858 to 1864 Georg Neumayer supervised and personally observed measurements of magnetic declination, inclination and intensity at the Flagstaff Hill and the new Melbourne observatories. During this time he also travelled extensively to make regional observations at over 230 locations throughout the colony. The setting up and the layout of his instruments in the observatories, the measurements made and a brief summary of the published results is included here as are accounts of each of Neumayer’s trips, some of which were to remote regions and at times made in hazardous conditions. Neumayer’s travelling companions are identified and specific incidents are highlighted. His innovative study of the Cranbourne meteorite is discussed along with his mentions of the magnetic responses of geological structures he had seen in his travels. Neumayer’s regional magnetic results and his published magnetic maps are then summarised and placed into context with work by others.
Monitoring fire and biodiversity – the fire monitoring program of the Department of Sustainability and Environment
Authors: Platt Stephen J. , Treloar Shannon , Friend Gordon
Published: August 2017

The interaction between fire and the environment is extremely complex. The Department of Sustainability and is taking a risk-based approach to bushfire management to minimise the impact of major bushfires on human life, property and the environment, and to maintain or improve ecosystem resilience. Since 2006, the Department has been undertaking flora and fauna monitoring and has established several programs including pre and post-fire flora monitoring,
Climate change in Victoria: trends, predictions and impacts
Authors: Hughes Lesley , Steffen Will
Published: August 2017

Australia’s climate is changing, consistent with global trends. Continental average temperatures have increased nearly 1°C since the early 20th century, with warming accelerating since the 1950s. The number of extreme hot days is increasing, whereas the number of cold days and frosts is decreasing. With an average temperature over 1.0°C above the long-term mean, 2005 was Australia’s warmest year on record; 2009 was the second warmest year on record. The decade 2000–2009 was Australia’s warmest. Rainfall has been decreasing in the south-west and south-east of Australia, but increasing in the north-west. The ocean is warming and sea levels are rising, consistent with global averages. Consistent with global and national trends, Victoria’s climate is already changing and will continue to do so, posing significant risks to the State. Over the past few decades Victoria has become hotter and drier, and these trends are likely to continue, together with an increasing intensity and/or frequency of extreme events, such as heatwaves, droughts, bushfires and floods, posing significant risks to the State’s infrastructure, coasts, ecosystems, agriculture and health.
Impacts on agriculture
Authors: Webb Leanne
Published: August 2017

p>Agricultural production in Victoria includes the dairy, lamb and mutton, grains and perennial and annual horticultural sectors, with Victorian farmers contributing a major proportion of the Australian production total in many of these sectors. All these industries are exposed in different ways to weather and climate extremes. With projected warming of approximately 0.8°C by 2030 and by 1.4–2.7°C by 2070 (emissions dependent), and most climate models indicating reduced rainfall for the Victorian region (median of model results projecting a reduction of 4% by 2030 and 6%–11% by 2070; emissions dependent), a range of sectorspecific impacts could result. Increases in extreme events, such as heatwaves (e.g. for Mildura, days >35°C could nearly double from 32 to 59 annually by 2070), bushfires and drought, as well as an increased chance of extreme rainfall are all anticipated. Increasing frequencies of extreme events have the potential to affect agricultural production more than changes to the mean climate. For example, the exceptional heatwave that occurred in south-eastern Australia during January and February 2009 resulted in unprecedented impacts, with significant heat-stress related crop losses reported at many sites. Flooding in 2011 was also very costly to Victorian farmers with many crops being lost in the floodwaters and reduced agricultural production costing an estimated Au$500–600 million. Responses to climate variability already practised by the farming sector will inform some adaptation options that will assist farmers to cope in an increasingly challenging environment. As well as taking advantage of their underlying resilience, initiatives aimed at increasing the adaptive capacity of farmers are being implemented at many levels in agricultural communities.
Australia’s gas future: how Victoria can stay ahead of the pack
Authors: Lanigan Kerrie-Anne
Published: August 2017

ExxonMobil is proud to be a major conventional gas supplier into the Victorian market. The Gippsland Basin Joint Venture, which ExxonMobil operates on behalf of ourselves and BHP Billiton, currently supplies nearly 40% of east coast Australian domestic gas demand. It has produced almost two-thirds of oil and 30% of Australia’s gas production. Since natural gas was first produced from the Gippsland Basin in the late 1960s, the positive attributes of natural gas have been well recognised in Victoria. The use of gas has spread from cooking and heating in the home, to becoming an important source of energy to fuel manufacturing, industry and power generation. To facilitate the growing use of gas, we have seen new pipelines constructed to expand the reach of natural gas to new markets and to interconnect the major demand centres. As demand has grown, new supplies have also entered the market.
Wind power in Victoria
Authors: Keddie Tom
Published: August 2017

In terms of generation capacity, Victoria has about 12,500 MW, out of a National Electricity Market (NEM) total of over 46,000 MW. A bit over half of Victoria’s capacity is made up of the brown coal generators in the Latrobe Valley (Loy Yang, Hazelwood, Yallourn). Gas-fired generation (mainly large open-cycle peaking plants, designed to operate only in times of high demand) and hydro plants (mainly parts of the Snowy scheme) add about 20% each, with wind currently making up the balance of around 9% of installed capacity in Victoria. In terms of wind farm location across the NEM, installed capacity is predominantly located in Victoria and South Australia, and to a lesser extent in Tasmania, with very small amounts in New South Wales and Queensland. This distribution is almost entirely due to the quality of the wind resource across the country.
Waste to energy
Authors: Sanderson John
Published: August 2017

Rising energy costs, increasing landfill prices and the environmental imperative to reduce atmospheric emissions of fossil CO2 are all compelling medium and large energy users throughout Australia to consider decentralised onsite power generation options. In addition to the rollout of household and community-scale photovoltaic (PV) and wind, waste-to-energy technologies such as landfill gas and biogas-based power plant are now well established in Australia. However, various other waste-to-energy technologies, operating elsewhere, have yet to take off. This presentation provided an overview of waste to- energy processes, including examples of currently operating commercial processes as well as recent research to highlight the interesting mix of processes and economics that make up the waste-to-energy landscape.
Impact of energy generation on health: unconventional gas
Authors: Redmond Helen
Published: August 2017

In this age of human-induced climate change, drilling for unconventional gas is expanding rapidly. In the United States hundreds of thousands of wells tap into shale gas, tight sands gas and coal seam gas (CSG). In Australia we have large CSG fields containing thousands of wells in Queensland, and several smaller fields in New South Wales and Victoria. The scale of proposed development of shale gas in South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory will eclipse CSG in the eastern states. Yet unconventional gas extraction has the potential to undermine every single one of the environmental determinants of health: clean air, clean water, a safe food supply and a stable climate.1 To ensure health, water has to be sufficient in quality and quantity. The unconventional gas industry impacts both in a number of ways. Water quality can be threatened both by chemicals in drilling and fracking fluids, and by chemicals mobilised from deep underground in the process.
Getting the best out of experts: a review
Authors: Burgman Mark
Published: August 2017

Skills are abilities to execute particular tasks efficiently and effectively, acquired through training and practice, repetition and feedback (Welke et al. 2009). Expertise, in contrast, refers to judgement and prediction, rather than repetitive, concrete action, and is not necessarily supported by verifiable actions and outcomes. Experts are usually professionals who are considered by their peers or by society at large to have specialist knowledge in a particular domain, and who are consulted to make a judgement or prediction. There is a continuum between skill and expert judgement. An engineer’s skill may be to design a particular kind of bridge. Circumstances may be such that we consult them on related matters in which they have no direct experience, such as building other kinds of bridges. Beyond that, they may also appear to be expert in more distantly related topics such as other structures, but have no repeated exposure beyond the things they have seen in textbooks or heard about from colleagues. At what point does their ability to judge or predict become no better than that of a random person from the street? Do they know, themselves, when their knowledge becomes too thin? Do their peers know? We rely on experts when we have to make decisions and we do not have enough information. Our reliance is greatest when circumstances are unique, the consequences of the decision are significant, the decision is imminent and we have to make judgements about future and uncertain situations
Squeezing crystals and making waves: paving the way to self -powered electronics
Authors: Bhaskaran Madhu
Published: August 2017

I have presented the use of nano-indentation to characterise in situ the voltage and current generation of piezoelectric thin films (Bhaskaran et al. 2011b; Nili et al. 2013). These findings provide fundamental insight into thin film properties and geometries which determine their efficiency for energy generation. This work presents the controlled observation of nanoscale piezoelectric voltage (~40 mV) and current generation (~200 pA), allowing accurate quantification and mapping of force function variations. The implications of these findings include the potential to generate power by application of pressure, enabling possibilities of charging portable devices by typing or pressing touch screen interfaces. Longer term implications include the possibility to harness pressure from biorhythms such as blood flow and respiration to power implantable sensors and devices (such as cardiac pacemakers).
Size- and speed-dependent mechanical behavior in living mammalian cytoplasm
Authors: Hu Jiliang , Jafari Somaye , Han Yulong , Grodzinsky Alan J. , Cai Shengqiang , Guo Ming
Published: August 2017

Significance

Although the driving force generated by motor proteins to deliver intracellular cargos is widely studied, the mechanical nature of cytoplasm, which is also important for intracellular processes by providing mechanical resistance, remains unclear. We use optical tweezers to directly characterize the resistance to transport in living mammalian cytoplasm. Using scaling analysis, we successfully distinguish between the underlying mechanisms governing the resistance to mechanical deformation, that is, among viscosity, viscoelasticity, poroelasticity, or pure elasticity, depending on the speed and size of the probe. Moreover, a cytoplasmic state diagram is obtained to illustrate different mechanical behaviors as a function of two dimensionless parameters; with this, the underlying mechanics of various cellular processes over a broad range of speed and size scales is revealed.
Locally embedded presages of global network bursts
Authors: Tajima Satohiro , Mita Takeshi , Bakkum Douglas J. , Takahashi Hirokazu , Toyoizumi Taro
Published: August 2017

Significance

This paper reports an approach to detecting the “early warnings” of upcoming global state transitions in a network based on its local dynamics, demonstrating that seemingly stochastic global events can be predicted by local deterministic dynamics. Based on the method using a nonlinear state-space reconstruction, we show that, surprisingly, dynamics of individual neurons can robustly predict the upcoming synchronous burst in the neural population at high signal-to-noise ratios, which even outperform the predictions based on population activity. We explain this apparently counterintuitive property by the network structures realizing in the nonbursting period, which is supported by a manipulative experiment and analyses. These results reveal basic properties of the bursting network dynamics.
Prospect theory and the decision to move or stay
Authors: Clark William A. V. , Lisowski William
Published: August 2017

Significance

We use prospect theory and the endowment effect to provide a theoretical basis for an integrated approach to residential moving and residential staying. We link measures of risk aversion and the endowment effect to explain the tradeoff between moving and staying. We test Kahneman and Tervsky’s observation that endowment effects are especially likely in goods that are not regularly traded, e.g., houses. Their use value creates the endowment effect, which works in favor of the locational status quo, increasing the probability of staying. We analyze survey data to confirm that a general self-assessed risk aversion is important in decisions to migrate or stay, and the endowment effect, measured as tenure and duration, is a substantial factor in residential decision-making.
Factors Influencing Postrelease Predation for a Catch-And-Release Tropical Flats Fishery with a High Predator Burden
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Filous Alexander , Clark Danylchuk Sascha , Cooke Steven J. , Brownscombe Jacob W. , Friedlander Alan M. , Danylchuk Andy J.
Published: August 2017

Postrelease predation (PRP) of fishes released by anglers is a potentially significant contributor to overall mortality in recreational fisheries. We quantified PRP and examined the impacts of handling and release practices on Shortjaw Bonefish Albula glossodonta, a species of shallow-water Pacific bonefish that supports a recreational fishery throughout its range and is emerging as recreationally important to the economy in Anaa Atoll, French Polynesia. We caught, released, and monitored the postrelease movements of Shortjaw Bonefish on the shallow flats of Anaa Atoll via recreational angling gear and small floats attached to the bonefish. Using Cox proportional hazards regression of our observations of PRP we tested how handling practices (air exposure) and release strategies (retained for a short period versus immediate release) influenced the probability of PRP. There was some evidence that air exposure increased susceptibility to PRP. However, retention in a recovery bag for 30 min did not reduce PRP. Actually, retention in the recovery bag increased the number of sharks in the release area after 30 min suggesting that Shortjaw Bonefish should be released quickly to avoid aggregating sharks. In both the handling and release practices components of the study, the number of sharks encountered proximate to the release site was the strongest predictor of PRP. Anglers and guides fishing in areas of high predator density such as at Anaa Atoll should release bonefish quickly to minimize aggregation of sharks that depredate released bonefish. Avoiding fishing flats with high predator densities and frequently rotating fishing flats may be necessary to quell PRP. Acknowledging risks and accounting for PRP and its contribution to overall postrelease mortality is essential for maintaining sustainable recreational fisheries for this species.

Received August 17, 2016; accepted May 23, 2017Published online August 22, 2017
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid is a potential aldehyde dehydrogenase inducer in murine hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells
Authors: Liu Yujia , Kurita Ayuki , Nakashima Sayaka , Zhu Beiwei , Munemasa Shintaro , Nakamura Toshiyuki , Murata Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Yoshimasa
Published: August 2017

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) is one of the major colonic microflora-produced catabolites of quercetin glycosides, such as quercetin 4′-glucoside derived from onion. Here, we investigated whether DOPAC modulates the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and protects the cells from the acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. DOPAC was shown to enhance not only the total ALDH activity, but also the gene expression of ALDH1A1, ALDH2 and ALDH3A1 in a concentration-dependent manner. DOPAC simultaneously stimulated the nuclear translocation of NFE2-related factor 2 and aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The pretreatment of DOPAC completely protected the cells from the acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity. The present study suggested that DOPAC acts as a potential ALDH inducer to prevent the alcohol-induced abnormal reaction.
Test–retest reliability of physiological parameters in elite junior distance runners following allometric scaling
Authors: Blagrove Richard C. , Howatson Glyn , Hayes Philip R.
Published: August 2017

This study aimed to quantify the intra‐individual reliability of a number of physiological variables in a group of national and international young distance runners. Sixteen (8 male, 8 female) participants (16.7 ± 1.4 years) performed a submaximal incremental running assessment followed by a maximal running test, on two occasions separated by no more than seven days. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), speed at V̇O2max (km h−1), running economy and speed and heart rate (HR) at fixed blood lactate concentrations were determined. V̇O2max and running economy were scaled for differences in body mass using a power exponent derived from a larger cohort of young runners (n = 42). Running economy was expressed as oxygen cost and energy cost at the speed associated with lactate turnpoint (LTP) and the two speeds prior to LTP. Results of analysis of variance revealed an absence of systematic bias between trials. Reliability indices showed a high level of reproducibility across all parameters (typical error [TE] ≤2%; intra‐class correlation coefficient >0.8; effect size <0.6). Expressing running economy as energy cost appears to provide superior reliability than using oxygen cost (TE ∼1.5% vs. ∼2%). Blood lactate and HR were liable to daily fluctuations of 0.14–0.22 mmol L−1 and 4–5 beats min−1 respectively. The minimum detectable change values (95% confidence) for each parameter are also reported. Exercise physiologists can be confident that measurement of important physiological determinants of distance running performance are highly reproducible in elite junior runners.
What is the optimal way to prepare a Bell state using measurement and feedback?
Authors: Martin Leigh , Sayrafi Mahrud , Whaley K Birgitta
Published: August 2017

Recent work has shown that the use of quantum feedback can significantly enhance both the speed and success rate of measurement-based remote entanglement generation, but it is generally unknown what feedback protocols are optimal for these tasks. Here we consider two common measurements that are capable of projecting into pairwise entangled states, namely half- and full-parity measurements of two qubits, and determine in each case a globally optimal protocol for generation of entanglement. For the half-parity measurement, we rederive a previously described protocol using more general methods and prove that it is globally optimal for several figures of merit, including maximal concurrence or fidelity and minimal time to reach a specified concurrence or fidelity. For the full-parity measurement, we derive a protocol for rapid entanglement generation related to that of (Hill, Ralph, Phys. Rev. A
77, 014305), and then map the dynamics of the concurrence of the state to the Bloch vector length of an effective qubit. This mapping allows us to prove several optimality results for feedback protocols with full-parity measurements. We further show that our full-parity protocol transfers entanglement optimally from one qubit to the other amongst all measurement-based schemes. The methods developed here will be useful for deriving feedback protocols and determining their optimality properties in many other quantum systems subject to measurement and unitary operations.
Intercorporeality and Interaffectivity
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: August 2017

According to phenomenological and enactive approaches, human sociality does not start from isolated individuals and their hidden inner states, but from intercorporeality and interaffectivity. This paper introduces first a general concept of embodied affectivity: it conceives emotions as a circular interaction of the embodied subject and the respective situation with its affective affordances. This leads to a concept of embodied interaffectivity (with others) as a process of coordinated interaction, bodily resonance, and “mutual incorporation,” providing the basis for a primary empathic understanding. Finally these empathic capacities are also based developmentally on an intercorporeal memory acquired in early childhood, which conveys a basic sense of social attunement or a “social musicality” and also manifests itself in an individual’s habitus. Basic empathy mediated by embodied interaction may subsequently be extended by higher-level cognitive capacities such as perspective-taking and imaginary transposition. Nevertheless, intercorporeality and interaffectivity remain the basis of social understanding.
Intercorporeality as a Foundational Dimension of Human Communication
Authors: Loenhoff Jens
Published: August 2017

This article contributes to embodied communication theory in the way it takes into account the sensorimotor a priori of meaning production in interaction. The idea that intentionality is founded in the experience of movement and sensorimotor feedback loops as functional principles of action originated in the 1920–1940s in phenomenology, philosophical anthropology, and gestalt theory. Using that as a point of departure, this essay will analyze the interwovenness of bodily operations as communicatively effective entities. In this context the intimate connections among embodiment, implicit knowledge, and the normativity of sensorimotor practices should become apparent. Following this, a few suggestions regarding the differentiation of the concept of intercorporeality will be made by identifying some sources of variance which determine the form and intensity of intercorporeality, including forms of communication connected with it.
The Cultural Organization of Intercorporeality
Authors: Meyer Christian
Published: August 2017

This chapter addresses the question of the universality of specific forms of intercorporeality. This detailed microethnographic study of a Wolof village in Northwestern Senegal describes how different senses—eye-gaze, hearing, and touch—are used in embodied interaction and how, in turn, participation in cultural interaction patterns shapes people’s senses. These patterns are notably different than they are in those Western societies about whose micro-interactions which we have reliable information. The chapter first analyzes the cooperative pounding of millet by four women, then, in the second part, examines in detail social interactions in which other intercorporeal resources than gaze, notably acoustic feedback signals and touch, are used to secure intersubjectivity. The third part shows how the experience and expression of emotions as well as basic cultural concepts such as the “person” are shaped by the specific Wolof forms of intercorporeality as they are lived in concrete interactional situations.
Intercorporeal Phantasms
Authors: Stukenbrock Anja
Published: August 2017

Imagination is a dimension of incorporeality that is a genuine capacity to displace ourselves from the actual phenomenal sphere, communicate with and about absent phenomena, and embody and incorporate them in our involvement with the world and with others. Based on video recordings of self-defense training for girls, this essay examines the enactment and imagination of intercorporeality in jointly created scenarios of danger and assault. It shows that whereas the concept of intercorporeality concerns mutual incorporation as a prereflexive interactive phenomenon independent of or below the level of conscious representation, deixis constitutes the unavoidable link between language, my body, and the body of the other, between representation and interaction. Taking deixis as a linguistic anchor brings grammar to the analysis of intercorporeality. Revisiting deixis in the light of intercorporeality recasts deixis as a grammatically sedimented way of integrating perspectivity and subjectivity as intersubjectively and intercorporeally created embodied phenomena.