bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms in Healthy Older Women
Authors: Overdorf Virginia , Kollia Betty , Makarec Katherine , Alleva Szeles Cassandra
Published: February 2016

Objective: Depression and inactivity in the elderly are major health problems with significant ramifications for healthy aging. Research shows an inverse relationship between depression and physical activity levels. The purpose of the current investigation is to examine the relationship between physical activity and depressive symptoms in healthy older women, first within the framework of exercise programs, and second via the impact of an intervention. Method: Two experiments were conducted. In the first, 65 women, all above the age of 60, participated. Measures of physical activity were gained by self-report using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire while the measure of depressive symptomatology was the Beck Depression Inventory. In the second, 11 women participated in a line dancing intervention, and their self-reported depressive symptomatology was measured prior to and just after the 6-week exercise intervention using the Beck Depression Inventory. In addition, during the second experiment, pedometer data were gathered during the fourth week. Results and Conclusion: The data of the first study revealed a relationship between the total amount of physical activity and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory; that is, the more active a person is, the lower her self-reported depressive symptoms. Significant correlations were found between the Beck Depression Inventory and the reports of vigorous and moderate exercise levels, but not with walking. Participants who were part of an organized exercise group exercised significantly more than those who exercised on their own. In the second study, those who participated in a line dancing intervention had significantly lower Beck Depression Inventory scores post intervention. The implications of these findings for public health are discussed.
Caveolin-1 regulates TCR signal strength and regulatory T-cell differentiation into alloreactive T cells
Authors: Schönle Anne , Hartl Frederike A. , Mentzel Jan , Nöltner Theresa , Rauch Katharina S. , Prestipino Alessandro , Wohlfeil Sebastian A. , Apostolova Petya , Hechinger Anne-Kathrin , Melchinger Wolfgang , Fehrenbach Kerstin , Guadamillas Marta C. , Follo Marie , Prinz Gabriele , Ruess Ann-Katrin , Pfeifer Dietmar , Angel del Pozo Miguel , Schmitt-Graeff Annette , Duyster Justus , Hippen Keli I. , Blazar Bruce R. , Schachtrup Kristina , Minguet Susana , Zeiser Robert
Published: February 2016

Key Points

Cav-1–deficient T cells preferentially differentiate into Tregs, which translates into lower GVHD severity in mice. Reduced TCR:Lck clustering in Cav-1–deficient T cells is responsible for reduced TCR downstream signaling events promoting Treg differentiation.
The exceptional genomic word symmetry along DNA sequences
Authors: Afreixo Vera , Rodrigues João M. O. S. , Bastos Carlos A. C. , Silva Raquel M.
Published: February 2016

Background

The second Chargaff’s parity rule and its extensions are recognized as universal phenomena in DNA sequences. However, parity of the frequencies of reverse complementary oligonucleotides could be a mere consequence of the single nucleotide parity rule, if nucleotide independence is assumed. Exceptional symmetry (symmetry beyond that expected under an independent nucleotide assumption) was proposed previously as a meaningful measure of the extension of the second parity rule to oligonucleotides. The global exceptional symmetry was detected in long and short genomes.

Results

To explore the exceptional genomic word symmetry along the genome sequences, we propose a sliding window method to extract the values of exceptional symmetry (for all words or by word groups). We compare the exceptional symmetry effect size distribution in all human chromosomes against control scenarios (positive and negative controls), testing the differences and performing a residual analysis. We explore local exceptional symmetry in equivalent composition word groups, and find that the behaviour of the local exceptional symmetry depends on the word group.

Conclusions

We conclude that the exceptional symmetry is a local phenomenon in genome sequences, with distinct characteristics along the sequence of each chromosome. The local exceptional symmetry along the genomic sequences shows outlying segments, and those segments have high biological annotation density.
Relationship of the Optic Nerve to the Medial Rectus Muscle During Endonasal Dissection of the Medial Intraconal Orbital Apex
Authors: Petrov Dmitriy , Craig John , Thawani Jayesh , Abdullah Kalil , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. , Lee John Y.K.
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND: Few studies have established surgical landmarks for endoscopic endonasal dissection of the intraconal orbital apex (OA).

OBJECTIVE: We describe the optic nerve (ON) anatomy and its relationships, as seen during a fully endoscopic, endonasal approach to the medial intraconal OA.

METHODS: The study question was approached through a cadaver dissection and a radiographic study. Four formalin-fixed, latex-injected cadaver heads were dissected using transnasal endoscopic techniques. Dissection was performed using 0 degree and 30 degree nasal endoscopes and standard endoscopic sinus surgical instrumentation. A bi-nostril 4-handed technique was used. The anatomy of 8 medial OAs was evaluated and recorded. As the radiographic portion, 100 consecutively enrolled patient magnetic resonance images were evaluated, with particular attention given to the relationship of the ON to the medial rectus muscle (MRM) in 200 orbits.

RESULTS: Intraconally, the ON consistently coursed along the superior half of the MRM. Interestingly, the nerve was more easily identified from a superior approach after retracting the MRM inferiorly. With the identification of the nerve at the OA, carrying the dissection of the medial OA was easily accomplished with the ON as the guiding landmark. The radiographic portion of this study revealed a consistent relationship between the superior edge of the ON and the MRM. This relationship was maintained in the orbital apex in 98.4%-100% of the orbits examined.

CONCLUSION: The superior edge of the optic nerve is consistently found coursing along the superior half of the MRM, facilitating facile identification and further dissection navigation.
Power Laws in Economics: An Introduction
Authors: Gabaix Xavier
Published: February 2016

Many of the insights of economics seem to be qualitative, with many fewer reliable quantitative laws. However a series of power laws in economics do count as true and nontrivial quantitative laws—and they are not only established empirically, but also understood theoretically. I will start by providing several illustrations of empirical power laws having to do with patterns involving cities, firms, and the stock market. I summarize some of the theoretical explanations that have been proposed. I suggest that power laws help us explain many economic phenomena, including aggregate economic fluctuations. I hope to clarify why power laws are so special, and to demonstrate their utility. In conclusion, I list some power-law-related economic enigmas that demand further exploration. A formal definition may be useful.
Roland Fryer: 2015 John Bates Clark Medalist
Authors: Katz Lawrence F.
Published: February 2016

Roland Fryer is an extraordinary applied microeconomist whose research output related to racial inequality, the US racial achievement gap, and the design and evaluation of educational policies make him a worthy recipient of the 2015 John Bates Clark Medal. I will divide this survey of Roland’s research into five categories: the racial achievement gap, education policies and reforms, economics of social interactions, the economics of discrimination and anti-discrimination policies, and further topics involving the black–white racial divide.
Towards an open science publishing platform
Authors: Tracz Vitek , Lawrence Rebecca
Published: February 2016

The way science and research is done is rapidly becoming more open and collaborative. The traditional way of publishing new findings in journals is becoming increasingly outdated and no longer serves the needs of much of science. Whilst preprints can bring significant benefits of removing delay and selection, they do not go far enough if simply implemented alongside the existing journal system. We propose that we need a new approach, an Open Science Platform, that takes the benefits of preprints but adds formal, invited, and transparent post-publication peer review. This bypasses the problems of the current journal system and, in doing so, moves the evaluation of research and researchers away from the journal-based Impact Factor and towards a fairer system of article-based qualitative and quantitative indicators. In the long term, it should be irrelevant where a researcher publishes their findings. What is important is that research is shared and made available without delay within a framework that encourages quality standards and requires all players in the research community to work as collaborators.
Dysphagia in primary care: A guide for practice nurses
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: February 2016

The practice nurse may encounter people who present with swallowing difficulties. Around 11% of adults living in the community have problems with dysphagia ( Holland et al, 2011 ), and dysphagia is more common in older people, those with neurological disease and stroke survivors. These difficulties may be acute or longstanding, severe or mild. This article aims to provide a guide to why dysphagia develops, how dysphagia is diagnosed and how the practice nurse can support individuals who are living with dysphagia.
A Century of Marxist Debates Concerning Capitalism, Imperialism and Imperialist Competition
Authors: Omer Moussaly
Published: February 2016

The mechanicist association of capitalism to western imperialism has paved the way for current “globalisation” and “empire” discourses while minimising the importance of the nation-state. Conversely only a small number of neo-Marxists think otherwise, and our paper, by returning to classical Marxist theorists of imperialism, tends to valorise their minority position.
Global Power and the Geopolitical Dynamics of Capitalism
Authors: Emanuel Sebag de Magalhães  , Hélio Farias  , Ricardo Zortéa Vieira
Published: February 2016

The dynamics of the economic and political transformations of the second half of the twentieth century, especially since the 1970s, deepened interdependence among countries, raised the productive restructuring movement, and intensified both international trade and finance. This new dynamics attracted the attention of many scholars of International Political Economy (IPE) and started a new academic debate. Generally, those authors characterized the international conjuncture either by the existence of an American hegemony or by the multipolar character of the present order. Nevertheless, almost none of them questioned the notions behind the so-called victory of liberalism and the apparent decreasing role of the national states. In this sense, this paper reviews those main IPE theories concerned about the 1970s' crisis and presents the theory of Global Power, drafted by José Luis Fiori. Thus, it aims at demonstrating the potential of this theory to renew the current IPE discussions from a critical perspective.
Fraternity and Sorority Membership and College Student Career Development
Authors: McClain Mary-Catherine , Sampson James P. , Lenz Janet G. , Reardon Robert C.
Published: February 2016

Approximately 10% of college students participate in Greek-letter social organizations (fraternities and sororities), yet minimal research has been conducted on the career development of students in these groups. The purpose of this study was to examine Greek-life membership and students' vocational identity, career decision-making self-efficacy, and goal instability, three aspects of student career development. Participants included 205 students affiliated with fraternities and sororities and 231 nonaffiliated students. Two independent variables (group and gender) and three dependent variables (vocational identity, career decision-making self-efficacy, and goal instability) were explored, with GPA serving as a moderator variable. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are addressed.
A Pós‑Graduação como Lócus da Formação Docente para o Ensino Superior: Diálogos entre Didática e Currículo
Authors: Silva Glaucia Maria da , Rivas Noeli Prestes Padilha , Marques Maria Auxiliadora de Resende Braga , Conte Karina De Melo
Published: February 2016

Neste trabalho pretende‑se refletir sobre a formação para a docência nos programas de pós‑graduação stricto sensu de uma universidade pública brasileira, sob a ótica dos saberes curriculares e pedagógicos, no âmbito da didática e do currículo. Foram analisados programas de ensino de 40 disciplinas de pós‑graduação da área de ciências da saúde que integram oPrograma de Aperfeiçoamento de Ensino da Instituição, utilizando a análise documental e de conteúdo, tendo aportes teóricos da área do currículo e da didática. Os dados revelam currículos em que há predominância dos aspectos relacionados à metodologia e estratégias de ensino, em detrimento da explicitação das dimensões profissional e pessoal docente. Ou seja, tem‑se ressaltado a preparação didática e metodológica para a docência superior numa perspectiva instrumental, secundarizando os pressupostos teóricos, epistemológicos, políticos e pedagógicos da prática docente. Evidenciam‑se,ainda, as possibilidades do referido Programa como um espaço formativo de valorização da formação pedagógica.
Compositio y argumentación en la poesía de Rui Moniz
Authors: Marques Antunes Maria Helena
Published: February 2016

Como sus contemporáneos, Rui Moniz, poeta cortesano cuya actividad poética se sitúa en los años ʼ60 o ‘70 del siglo xv, cultivó en su poesía el recurso a textos ajenos. El presente artículo, atento a las distintas modalidades de inserción de éstos y a su funcionalidad en el corpus poético del autor, se articulará en dos partes: la primera incidirá sobre la práctica de la cita, que revela intentos de creatividad y de renovación en el ámbito de los géneros dialógicos, del bilingüismo y de la intertextualidad; la segunda, sobre las relaciones entre compositio y argumentación. La integración de la cabeza de una canción de autoría anónima en el final de las coplas que constituyen un celebrado decir con citas configura una caso paradigmático de este género, que, por insertar siempre el mismo fragmento y en posición idéntica, se aproxima de la glosa, subrayando el carácter híbrido de esta composición en particular. Si la acomodación de pasajes de los textos evangélicos de san Juan y de san Mateo representa una forma de cita particular, pues los fragmentos son sometidos a un ejercicio de adaptación al contexto en el cual están integrados, la inserción de pasajes en latín en un texto acogedor elaborado en portugués configura también una relación con el bilingüismo cuya funcionalidad es diferente de la que podemos observar en otras composiciones del cancionero de Resende en las que la dos lenguas coexisten. El trabajo en torno a la compositio, con recurso a las figuras per ordinem de la anástrofe, del hipérbaton y del isocolon, así como a la estructura sintáctica de los versos según los varios grados de elaboración del discurso, refuerza el proyecto argumentativo del poeta, subrayando su agudeza retórica y relegando a un segundo plano el color libertino de algunas composiciones.
RECONNAISSANCE MICRO UAV SYSTEM
Authors: Gabrlik Petr , Kriz Vlastimil , Zalud Ludek
Published: February 2016

This paper describes the design and implementation of the Uranus UAV. This quad-rotor flying robot was created to extend the abilities of the hitherto developed with airborne missions. The first part deals with the mathematical model of the robot. Next, the control system is designed, and the proposed hardware as well as the implemented software solution are presented. For integration into the robotic system, a new communication protocol was created and is described here too.
ON TRAVERSABILITY COST EVALUATION FROM PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSING FOR A CRAWLING ROBOT
Authors: Mrva Jakub , Stejskal Martin , Faigl Jan
Published: February 2016

Traversability characteristics of the robot working environment are crucial in planning an efficient path for a robot operating in rough unstructured areas. In the literature, approaches to wheeled or tracked robots can be found, but a relatively little attention is given to walking multi-legged robots. Moreover, the existing approaches for terrain traversability assessment seem to be focused on gathering key features from a terrain model acquired from range data or camera image and only occasionally supplemented with proprioceptive sensing that expresses the interaction of the robot with the terrain. This paper addresses the problem of traversability cost evaluation based on proprioceptive sensing for a hexapod walking robot while optimizing different criteria. We present several methods of evaluating the robot-terrain interaction that can be used as a cost function for an assessment of the robot motion that can be utilized in high-level path-planning algorithms.
A CASE FOR DOMAIN-INDEPENDENT DETERMINISTIC MULTIAGENT
Authors: Štolba Michal
Published: February 2016

The notion of planning using multiple agents has been around since the very beginning of planning itself. It has been approached from various viewpoints especially in the multiagent systems community. Recently, domain-independent multiagent planning has gained more attention also in the automated planning community. In this paper, we shortly present the current state of the art, question some aspects of the research field and discuss the rising challenges.
ON SAMPLING BASED METHODS FOR THE DUBINS TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM WITH NEIGHBORHOODS
Authors: Váňa Petr , Faigl Jan
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we address the problem of path planning to visit a set of regions by Dubins vehicle, which is also known as the Dubins Traveling Salesman Problem Neighborhoods (DTSPN). We propose a modification of the existing sampling-based approach to determine increasing number of samples per goal region and thus improve the solution quality if a more computational time is available. The proposed modification of the sampling-based algorithm has been compared with performance of existing approaches for the DTSPN and results of the quality of the found solutions and the required computational time are presented in the paper.
Hidden Power and Built Form: The Politics Behind the Architecture
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: February 2016

Emeritus Professor in the Department of Linguistics & Philosophy at MIT, Avram Noam Chomsky is amongst the world’s most cited living scholars. Lauded as the ‘father’ of modern linguistics and instigator of the ‘cognitive revolution’ he was voted the “world’s top public intellectual” in 2005. He is, however, best known, and at his most controversial, in the fields of political criticism and activism. Perhaps the most prolific author alive today he has engaged with issues ranging from the Vietnam War, US policy in South and Central America, what he calls the ‘US-Palestinian-Israeli problem’, the Spanish Civil War and the Indonesian invasion of East Timor, to name but a few. The scope of his thinking is nothing short of immense.

Despite this range of subjects, however, one area that Chomsky has not discussed is the built environment. Here, for the first time he is asked to consider the contemporary infrastructure of the United States in the context of his writings, criticism, and thought. In doing so, he discusses the military infrastructure crossing large swathes of the southern United States in the form of the US-Mexican border. He also discusses urban sprawl as a product of what he calls “social engineering”—a project conceived and orchestrated by a sophisticated web of affiliations across the government and the private sector. Caught up in this, he also pinpoints the subprime crisis and the current economic recession as the result of a matrix of forces within which architecture inevitably played a role. In short, he offers his particular perspective on what lies behind some of America’s most conspicuous architectural and infrastructural projects.
The interaction between real and accrual-based earnings management: analysis based on the mandatory IFRS adoption
Authors: Sellami Mouna
Published: February 2016

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between real and accrual-based earnings management after the mandatory IFRS adoption. I focus on a sample of 124 firms drawn from the 250 French-listed companies during the period from 1999 to 2011. Empirical results indicate that French firms use real activities manipulation and discretionary accruals as complementary tools to smooth earnings. Finally, unlike previous studies, I don’t find evidence of the sequential nature between the two earnings management strategies.
Fourier Coefficients of a Class of Eta Quotients of Weight 4
Authors: Kendirli Barış
Published: February 2016

Recently, there have been several works on the coefficients of the Fourier series expansions of a class of eta quotients by Williams, Yao, Xia and Jin, Kendirli, and Alaca. Some important explicit formulas have been discovered. Williams expressed all coefficients of one hundred and twenty-six eta quotients in terms of  and  and Yao, Xia and Jin, following the method of proof of Williams, expressed only even coefficients of one hundred and four eta quotients in terms of  and  The author has expressed the even and odd coefficients of the Fourier series expansions of a class of eta quotients in terms of  and  for  Meanwhile, Alaca has obtained the coefficients of the Fourier series expansions of a class of eta quotients in  in terms of  and  Here, we will express the coefficients of the Fourier series expansions of a class of eta quotients in  in terms of  and Fourier coefficients of the four eta quotients.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in a 22-Year-Old Single-Ventricle Patient
Authors: Derk Gwendolyn Rose , Aboulhosn Jamil , Reardon Leigh C.
Published: February 2016

We report a highly unusual case of a 22-year-old woman with single-ventricle anatomy and a history of Fontan palliation who developed takotsubo cardiomyopathy. To our knowledge, takotsubo cardiomyopathy has not previously been described in a patient with single-ventricle anatomy, or more generally in any patient with congenital heart disease. The patient presented at our clinic for urgent examination after a 2-day history of chest pain that had begun upon the death of her dog. Invasive evaluation was refused by the patient; instead, she underwent electrocardiogram-gated coronary computed tomographic angiography, to rule out obstructive coronary disease.

A physician who suspects takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a patient should look for new-onset chest pain and dyspnea coupled with these features: immediate onset of segmental akinesia in the midventricular or apical aspects of the heart, elevation of brain natriuretic peptide level 12 to 24 hours after onset of akinesia, elevation of troponin level 24 to 48 hours after onset, and disappearance of the segmental akinesia a few days after onset.
Tasks and Problems in the Buildings Demolition Works: A Case Study
Authors: Sobotka A. , Radziejowska A. , Czaja J.
Published: February 2016

In Poland, it often happens that construction objects are subject to demolition work for different reasons. Demolition, according the Construction Law, is defined as a type of construction works and, as such, represents a particular type of construction project. As in other construction projects, a very important phase, in addition to execution of the works, is to prepare, design and plan demolition works. Some demolition activities are covered by appropriate regulations and can be described as typical. On the other hand the technical side of demolition works depends on many factors such as: the type of building, its age, technical condition, type of construction, etc. This article covers the analysis of the stages and tasks in the preparatory phase of the building demolition. This work will also present a description of the tasks carried out during the demolition works based on the example of a historic tenement house located in Krakow. This analysis aims to identify implementation problems and sources of risk that may occur during this type of construction work.
The Influence of Siliceous Mineral Phases on the Mechanical Properties of Transitional Rocks in the Belchatow Lignite Deposit
Authors: Pękala A.
Published: February 2016

The transitional siliceous rocks from the Belchatow lignite deposit belong to the deposits with heterogeneous petrographic composition. The research allows us to identify among others, opoka-rocks and gaizes. The mineralogical-chemical analysis proves that the main ingredients of the studied rocks commonly used as building material are minerals of the SiO2 group. Laboratory tests show that the nature of siliceous mineral phases has several effects on the geomechanical parameters of the studied transitional rocks. They are a reduction in water content and rock porosity, which leads to the transition of opal type A to opal type crystobalit and trydymit and then to quartz or microquartz. Their density and strength parameters are increased.
Social Networks Security in Universities: Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Popescul Daniela , Georgescu Mircea
Published: February 2016

Nowadays, information flows are powerfully augmented by Social Media. This situation brings along the adjustment of the traditional information security threats to this new environment, as well as the emergence of new characteristic dangers. The purpose of this study is to learn about Generation Y students’ attitude to risks and security measures when using Social Networks (SN). The correct identification of their behavior is, in our opinion, essential for the academic community. Firstly, we need to understand what their real knowledge in the field is. Then, a serious and consistent adaptation of our courses in Information Security and other subjects and a redefinition of universities’ security policies and procedures is necessary. On this basis, in an empirical study, we try to determine how much our students know about security threats and subsequent protection measures in SN.
Near-field optics for nanoprocessing
Authors: Terakawa Mitsuhiro , Nedyalkov Nikolay N.
Published: February 2016

The recent progress in laser processing reaches a level where a precise fabrication that overcomes the diffraction limit of the far-field optics can be achieved. Laser processing mediated by enhanced near field is one of the attractive methods to provide highly precise structuring with a simple apparatus. In this review, we describe the fundamentals of the electromagnetic near field in the vicinity of small structures and the application of its specific properties for nanomodification. Theoretical and experimental results on nanoablation based on electromagnetic field enhancement due to plasmon polariton excitation and Mie scattering are discussed. High-throughput nanohole fabrication mediated by arrayed nanospheres is discussed, as the coupling effect of near field is also considered. In addition, recent fabrication techniques and their potential applications in nanopatterning, nanoscale deformation, and biophotonics are discussed.
Quantitative nucleic acid amplification by digital PCR for clinical viral diagnostics
Authors: Zhang Kuo , Lin Guigao , Li Jinming
Published: February 2016

In the past few years, interest in the development of digital PCR (dPCR) as a direct nucleic acid amplification technique for clinical viral diagnostics has grown. The main advantages of dPCR over qPCR include: quantification of nucleic acid concentrations without a calibration curve, comparable sensitivity, superior quantitative precision, greater resistance to perturbations by inhibitors, and increased robustness to the variability of the target sequence. In this review, we address the application of dPCR to viral nucleic acid quantification in clinical applications and for nucleic acid quantification standardization. Further development is required to overcome the current limitations of dPCR in order to realize its widespread use for viral load measurements in clinical diagnostic applications.
Characterization of vanadia catalysts on structured micro-fibrous glass supports for selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide
Authors: Larina Tatyana V. , Cherepanova Svetlana V. , Rudina Nina A. , Kolesov Boris A. , Zagoruiko Andrey N.
Published: February 2016

This work is focused on the characterization
of a novel vanadium pentoxide catalysts on a glass-fiber
support. The catalyst support consists of a non-porous
glass-fiber fabric covered with an additional external
surface layer of porous secondary support of SiO2. The
vanadia active component is synthesized from vanadyl
oxalate precursor by means of an impulse surface
thermo-synthesis method. Such catalysts demonstrate
high activity and appropriate selectivity in the reaction
of H2S oxidation by oxygen into sulfur in the practically
important temperature range below 200°C. According to
the characterization data, the freshly prepared vanadia
catalyst partially consists of mostly the amorphous
and badly ordered vanadia with some part of the wellcrystallized
V2O5 phase. Under the reaction conditions
the main part of vanadia in the catalyst remains in the
amorphous V2O5 form, while the less part becomes reduces
into of VO2 and other vanadium oxides (such as VO, V2O3
V3O7 and V4O9). Most probably, the crystallized V2O5 in
course of reaction is responsible for the deep oxidation of hydrogen sulphide into SO2, while the lower vanadium
oxides promote the selective H2S oxidation into elemental
sulfur.
Emissions of Toxic Carbonyls in an Electronic Cigarette
Authors: Guthery William
Published: February 2016

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) provide a smoke-free alternative for inhalation of nicotine without the vast array of toxic and carcinogenic combustion products produced by tobacco smoke. Elevated levels of toxic carbonyls may be generated during vaporisation; however, it is unclear whether that is indicative of a fault with the device or is due to the applied conditions of the test. A device, designed and built at this facility, was tested to determine the levels of selected toxic carbonyls. The reservoir was filled with approximately 960 mg of an e-liquid formulation containing 1.8% (w/v) nicotine. Devices were puffed 200 times in blocks of 40 using a standardised regime consisting of a 55 mL puff volume; 3 s puff duration; 30 s puff interval; square wave puff profile. Confirmatory testing for nicotine and total aerosol delivery resulted in mean (n = 8) values of 10 mg (RSD 12.3%) and 716 mg (RSD 11.2%), respectively. Emissions of toxic carbonyls were highly variable yet were between < 0.1% and 22.9% of expected levels from a Kentucky Reference Cigarette (K3R4F) puffed 200 times under Health Canada Intense smoking conditions. It has been shown that a device built to a high specification with relatively consistent nicotine and aerosol delivery emits inconsistent levels of carbonyls. The exposure is greatly reduced when compared with lit tobacco products. However, it was observed that as the reservoirs neared depletion then emission levels were significantly higher
Chemical stability of novel melt spinning FEP fibers
Authors: Jiang Zhaohui , Guo Zengge , Jia Zhao , Xiao Changfa , An Shulin
Published: February 2016

Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are both perfluorinated polymer, thus endowing FEP fibers excellent chemical stability. Compared with the difficult processing of PTFE, FEP fibers can be fabricated by melt spinning. The FEP fibers were treated by H2SO4 and NaOH. After treatment, FEP fibers have a slight swelling observed by optical microscope (OM). Meanwhile, the strength of treated FEP fibers decreases slightly, while tensile modulus and elongation at break increases because of the infiltration of H2SO4 and NaOH. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results show that the crystallinity of FEP fibers decreases, due to the regularity of macromolecules destroyed by H2SO4 and NaOH, which enter into crystalline region. This is consistent with WAXD results, indicating crystal size and crystal plane space decreases, owing to the infiltration of H2SO4 and NaOH. However, chemical bonds of FEP fibers are unaffected, which is confirmed by FTIR spectra. Therefore, FEP fibers possess excellent chemical stability.
Christian Resistance to Gay-Proselytism in a Secular Nigeria: Anathema or Social Heroism?
Authors: Endong Floribert , Calvain Patrick
Published: February 2016

The criminalization of homosexuality in Nigeria has partially been inspired and acclaimed by a number of religious schools of thought, including Christian opinion leaders. Such an influence of religion on politics has been seriously questioned. Using observations and literary sources, this paper underlines the unconstitutionality of Christian antigay proselytism at the political sphere of the Nigerian State, anchoring its claim on the constitutional provision stipulating the secular character of Nigeria. It however interprets such a move (the “influential” Christian anti-gay proselytism) as an inevitable expression of the religious character of Nigeria’s social and cultural spheres. Furthermore, the paper argues that the Nigerian Federation is “fully secular” only on paper and not in practice. Secularity is partially observed at the political sphere of the State. Religion and populism continue to shape major socio-political schemes (as seen in the criminalization of homosexuality in Nigeria). With such a socio-political influence of religion, legislative projects such as the Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act and political strategies such as the Nigerian Government’s resistance against western gay-proselytism can only be massively celebrated. In line with this, (Christian) anti-gay proselytism at the Nigeria’s political sphere is logically viewed less as an anathema, and more as socio-political heroism.
Review of Andrés Solimano, International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalisation. Historical and Recent Experiences, Cambridge University Press, 2010. 223 Pp.
Authors: Dirina Claudiu – Ciprian
Published: February 2016

“International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization. Historical and Recent Experiences” represents a work of major interest in the field of migration and globalization. Apparently two concepts that relate one to another, on a background of major population dynamics, the two notions are the two important pillars in what might perfectly be described as a complex analysis of migration, starting from the elements that have initiated it, and culminating with a fine comparison of positive and negative aspects of this phenomenon.

In the present paper, we acknowledge the vast “semantic” bound implied by the concept of migration. Apart from inherent aspects such as the importance of remittances, the unravelling of families or the frequently discussed brain-drain, we are presented an image of Latin America, a region dominated by contradictions, since it may well be considered as both destination region and net immigration labour force.
Cellular localisation of the kinin B1R in the pancreas of streptozotocin-treated rat and the anti-diabetic effect of the antagonist SSR240612
Authors: Tidjane Nejla , Gaboury Louis , Couture Réjean
Published: February 2016

The mechanism by which kinin B1 receptor (B1R) contributes to type 1 diabetes is addressed by determining the impact of its inhibition on diabetes and on its pancreatic expression and cellular localisation on immunocompetent cells and primary sensory C-fibres. Rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ). On day 4, they were treated daily for 7 days with a B1R antagonist (SSR240612, 10 mg/kg) or its vehicle. The surviving β-cells were measured by immunostaining. The expression of B1R, iNOS, TNF-α, macrophages, TCD4+, CGRP and TRPV1 was measured by Western blotting, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Macrophages and TCD4+ lymphocytes were absent in control, but distributed abundantly in the pancreas of STZ-diabetic rats. B1R was upregulated on these immune cells infiltrating the diabetic rat pancreas while it was not expressed on primary sensory C-fibres even if the expression of TRPV1 and CGRP was enhanced. SSR240612 prevented the infiltration of macrophages and TCD4+ lymphocytes and the upregulation of B1R, iNOS, TNF-α and TRPV1. SSR240612 corrected hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinaemia by improving the Langerhans islets survival or regeneration. It is concluded that kinin B1R antagonism exerts anti-diabetic action by preventing the infiltration of immune cells in the pancreas and by preserving the integrity of Langerhans islets β-cells.
Sovereign Debt Restructuring: A Model-Law Approach
Authors: Schwarcz Steven L.
Published: February 2016

Unlike individuals and corporations, countries indebted beyond their ability to pay cannot use bankruptcy laws to restructure unsustainable debt. The United Nations and the International Monetary Fund have attempted to propose treaties to enable that debt restructuring, but the political difficulties of reaching a worldwide consensus have stymied their efforts. This article argues that a model-law approach to restructuring unsustainable sovereign debt should be feasible and effective because the vast majority of sovereign debt contracts are governed by the laws of either the debtor-state or two other jurisdictions. Those jurisdictions individually could enact a model law to give struggling nations a real prospect of equitably restructuring their debt to sustainable levels. By enabling such debt restructuring, that enactment would also help to foster the norms required to facilitate the development of international treaties.
Johannes Climacus on Coming into Existence: The Problem of Modality in Kierkegaard’s Fragments and Postscript
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: February 2016

If we take the Interlude of Philosophical Fragments seriously, we find Johannes Climacus commits himself to some puzzling and problematic metaphysical theses. At least two interpretations of Climacus’ view of modality-a possibilist reading and a Platonist reading-find reasonable textual support, though the latter is preferable in being less philosophically problematic. Even this reading faces difficulties, however, that go beyond the discussion in the Interlude and threaten to undermine the plausibility of the central Kierkegaardian theme of becoming a self. I suggest a way this theme can be reinterpreted in contemporary metaphysical terms to be rendered more philosophically tenable.
The Abyss of Demonic Boredom: An Analysis of the Dialectic of Freedom and Facticity in Kierkegaard’s Early Works
Authors: Liva Laura
Published: February 2016

One of the central challenges facing every modern subject-the difficulty of negotiating the tension between freedom and necessity-comes powerfully into view in Kierkegaard’s figure of the aesthete. In this paper, I focus on this tension as it is expressed in the aesthete’s experience of boredom, and I argue that his demonic reaction is best viewed as an attempt to bring about the divorce of freedom from the immediate embedded context, or spirit from factical reality. I investigate the origin of demonic boredom, its meaning, and the various ways to master it by examining aesthete A’s reflections in Either/Or as well as Vigilius Haufniensis’ discussion of the demonic in The Concept of Anxiety.
Love as a Relation to Truth: Envisioning the Person in Works of Love
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: February 2016

According to Kierkegaard, love plays a foundational role in human existence. In Works of Love, he identifies love as “the deepest ground” of existence and as “the source of everything,” a “passion of the emotions” that exerts its influence like a “hidden spring,” flowing from a single source “along many paths” and “forming the heart” of each human being. In this paper, I explain how love can provide grounding and orientation in the ways that Kierkegaard claims it can. Love is manifested in different forms, all of which are subject to the imperative of loving thy neighbor as thyself: it permits us to realize our own individuality and to appreciate the distinct existence of other persons, thus enabling us to inhabit a meaningful world. Thus, at the same time, love enables us to be and also to know.
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche on Living by a Guiding Passion
Authors: Miles Thomas
Published: February 2016

Contrary to the longstanding philosophical prejudice against the passions, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche both offer an ideal way of life that is guided by a central passion. Both offer an account of how this passion can provide stability, guidance, and direction to one’s life as a whole. This paper explores what Kierkegaard means by passion, how a passion can be guiding for life, and why this is so important. It addresses Nietzsche’s thoughts on passion as a way of furthering this goal by means of a comparison and contrast.
Von der Kulturkritik der „Menge“ zur existenzialen Analytik des „Man“
Authors: Thonhauser Gerhard
Published: February 2016

The article examines the influence of Kierkegaard’s understanding of “the crowd” (Mængden) on Heidegger’s conception of “the one” (das Man). Even though a detailed analysis reveals striking similarities in their phenomenological descriptions, a fundamental difference between the two accounts can hardly be overlooked. Whereas Kierkegaard considers “the crowd” a contingent condition of his own authorship, Heidegger takes “the one” to be a necessary component of the structure of Dasein as such. This not only leads to divergent understandings of the relation between authentic and inauthentic existence, but it also and ultimately points to a fundamental difference in terms of the basic anthropological premises underlying and guiding Kierkegaard’s and Heidegger’s work as a whole. In order to historically contextualize the present study, the crucial intermediary role of the translator, critic and author Theodor Haecker will also be specified
Crystal structure of 4-nitro-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, a structure with a Z′ = 4, C5H3NO4S
Authors: Zhang Tian , Jia Yuan-Yuan , Sun Xiao-Ling
Published: February 2016

C5H3NO4S, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 11.7169(18) Å, b = 8.2671(12) Å, c = 28.478(4) Å, β = 93.396(2)°, Z = 16, F(000) = 1408, V = 2753.6(7) Å3, R
gt
(F) = 0.039, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.107, T = 296 K.
Cognition and Transfer of Contagious
Substance in Hindu Himalayan Pilgrim
Journeys
Authors: Nordin Andreas
Published: February 2016

Ideas and practices about the transfer of substances believed to be charged with positive or
negative properties are significant features of pilgrimages. Oftenneglected features of pilgrimages can be
addressed by adopting concepts from the Cognitive Science of Religion. Religious pilgrimages are popular
phenomena that are based on ritual interaction with culturally-postulated counterintuitive supernatural
agents. This article partly refers to and analyses ethnographic data gathered during fieldwork among
Hindu pilgrims in Nepal and Tibet. The pilgrims received items to take home from the pilgrimage site
but they also left other items there. This constituted a transfer of contagious substances that carried
blessings and supernatural agency/power and it enabled the discharging of defilement, sin or evil. The
aim of this article is to show how the beliefs about substance transfer are shaped by cultural institutions
and by cognitive selection pressures related to psychological essentialism and concepts of agency and
contagion relating to counterintuitive agents.
What Does Theology Have to Do With Religion?
Authors: Vainio Olli-Pekka
Published: February 2016

In the cognitive science of religion (CSR), it is often claimed that religion is a product of information
processing system that is nonconscious, automatic and irrational. This view rests on a theoretical basis
provided by dual-process accounts (DPA) of reasoning. In this paper, I will provide some examples how
DPAs are employed in contemporary theorizing in CSR and point out some problems, which reveal an
oversight that may impede the progress of the scientific study of religion. The topic touches on the wider
debate on evolutionary debunking arguments but my point concerns CSR theorizing and how it might not
be able to understand religion properly.
Bleaching in Paper Conservation
Authors: Anthony W. Smith
Published: February 2016

Chemical bleaches are powerful chemical agents that destroy colour by breaking and reforming covalent bonds within organic colouring matter. They are, consequently, the most potentially damaging chemicals used in paper conservation treatments and their use should only be considered when all other means of removing discolouration have been fully explored. The colour of organic compounds depends upon the presence of a number of multiple bonds linked together in a conjugated system known as a chromophore. Rupture of the conjugated system renders it colourless. This is the process that occurs in bleaching. Chemical bleaches may be either oxidising or reducing agents. The tendency of paper to yellow with age is know as brightness reversion. Lignin is an important source of colour, especially in regard to the yellowing of paper based on mechanical wood pulps. In non ligneous papers, yellowing is commonly associated with the oxidation of cellulose and associated materials, such as hemicelluloses, resulting in the formation of carbonyl groups. The most powerful oxidising bleaches are based on the hypochlorite ion, OClˉ, and include bleaching powder, sodium hypochlorite , calcium hypochlorite and chloramine-T. The preparation, chemical properties and use of these agents are discussed in detail. Attention is draw to the importance of keeping the pH above 9 during treatment. This is in order to minimise the formation of carbonyl groups. After bleaching with these agents, thorough washing and deacidification is recommended. The oxidising agent chlorine dioxide has certain advantages. However, in a conservation context, its use is highly questionable due to serious health and safety issues. Hydrogen peroxide is a moderate bleaching agent and its preparation, chemical properties and use are discussed in detail. Stabilising agents are recommended when using this bleach. Sodium borohydride is the only reducing agent commonly used in paper conservation. Not only is it an effective bleaching agent it also has the benefit of increasing paper stability by re-ducing the carbonyl groups present in oxidised cellulose. Its preparation, chemical properties and use are discussed in detail.
Light Bleaching with HID Lamps
Authors: Schopfer Janice Mae
Published: February 2016

This paper reviews the development of the application of high intensity discharge (HID) lamps for light bleaching works of art on paper. It describes the construction of a light bleaching unit using HID lamps, specifying key functionalities of the system. In addition, selected methods of bleaching are discussed for their principal working parameters, namely immersion bleaching, bleaching on the slant washing board, and on a moist blotter. An appendix lists terms important to know when working with HID light bleaching systems.