bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green banking laws and regulations in Mauritius: a comparative study with other countries’ policies
Authors: Beebeejaun Ambareen , Maharoo Teekshna
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Financial institutions, including banks, have their responsibilities to contribute towards the preservation of the environment. Green banking is an emerging concept that involves eco-friendly initiatives by banks and although Mauritius lacks a comprehensive regulatory framework for green banking, there exists a few green regulations and guidelines. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to critically analyse the existing legal and regulatory framework on green banking in Mauritius. It is expected that this study will showcase the need for some more robust and proper green banking legal and regulatory framework in Mauritius.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve the research objective, a black-letter analysis is used to analyse the existing regulatory framework in Mauritius. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the current legal frameworks on green banking in countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan and the UK is carried out.

Findings

This study recommends the establishment of a guideline or legal framework for green banking, a Sustainable Finance Policy, a legal binding framework for issuance of bonds, adoption of a Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure guideline, compulsory environmental reporting and disclosures and a green standard rating.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is among the first literature on green banking laws, especially in the context of a developing country being Mauritius, and it is anticipated that the findings are of use not only to academics but also to the wider community in general.
Impact of announcements on capital market performance in emerging markets: a parametric and non-parametric analysis
Authors: Tavor Tchai
Published: February 2024

Purpose

This research investigates Airbnb’s financial implications in emerging economies and their potential to influence stock market profitability.

Design/methodology/approach

Employing a multifaceted approach, the study combines parametric and nonparametric tests, robustness checks, and regression analysis to assess the impact of Airbnb’s announcements on emerging economy stock markets.

Findings

Airbnb’s announcements affect emerging economies' stock markets with a distinct pattern of cumulative abnormal returns (CAR): negative before the announcement and positive afterward. Informed investors strategically leverage this opportunity through short selling before the announcement and acquiring positions following it. Regression analysis validates these trends, revealing that stock index returns and inbound tourism affect CAR before announcements, while GDP growth influences CAR afterward. Announcements pertaining to emerging economies exert a more pronounced impact on stock indices compared to city-specific announcements, with COVID-19 period announcements demonstrating greater significance in abnormal returns than non-COVID-19 period announcements.

Originality/value

This study advances existing literature through a comprehensive range of statistical tests, differentiation between emerging countries and cities, introduction of five macroeconomic variables, and reliance on credible primary Airbnb data. It highlights the potential for investors to leverage Airbnb announcements in emerging markets for stock market profits, emphasizing the need for adaptive investment strategies considering broader macroeconomic factors.
Online purchase behavior of sports consumers: the effect of eWOM and celebrity endorsements
Authors: Akoglu Halil Erdem , Özbek Oğuz
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The aim of this research is to measure the impact of eWOM (electronic word of mouth) and brand celebrity use on the purchasing behavior of sports consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

To test the model hypotheses, sports consumers who use social media and have purchased at least one online sports product were selected as the research group. Online survey method was used, and 836 participants were reached. The model was tested with structural equation modeling (SEM) through smart PLS software.

Findings

As a result, the quality, credibility and usefulness of the information consumers encounter on online platforms cause them to adopt information about products or services, and then exhibit online purchase behavior. While the attractiveness and trustworthiness of celebrities are seen as important factors affecting consumers' online purchase of sports products, the effect of celebrity expertise was found to be ineffective in this study.

Practical implications

Marketers can develop more effective eWOM strategies by considering consumers' expectations. Businesses that want to implement an effective marketing strategy may prefer celebrities in product promotions or advertisements of their brands.

Originality/value

This research revealed the effect of eWOM and celebrity endorsement on the online purchase behavior of sports consumers in terms of the sports industry. Unlike previous studies, this study examined these variables together on sports consumers and contributed to the development of models.
Strategic flexibility in healthcare: an exploration of real options
Authors: de Mello-Sampayo Felipa
Published: February 2024

Purpose

This survey explores the application of real options theory to the field of health economics. The integration of options theory offers a valuable framework to address these challenges, providing insights into healthcare investments, policy analysis and patient care pathways.

Design/methodology/approach

This research employs the real options theory, a financial concept, to delve into health economics challenges. Through a systematic approach, three distinct models rooted in this theory are crafted and analyzed. Firstly, the study examines the value of investing in emerging health technology, factoring in future advantages, associated costs and unpredictability. The second model is patient-centric, evaluating the choice between immediate treatment switch and waiting for more clarity, while also weighing the associated risks. Lastly, the research assesses pandemic-related government policies, emphasizing the importance of delaying decisions in the face of uncertainties, thereby promoting data-driven policymaking.

Findings

Three different real options models are presented in this study to illustrate their applicability and value in aiding decision-makers. (1) The first evaluates investments in new technology, analyzing future benefits, discount rates and benefit volatility to determine investment value. (2) In the second model, a patient has the option of switching treatments now or waiting for more information before optimally switching treatments. However, waiting has its risks, such as disease progression. By modeling the potential benefits and risks of both options, and factoring in the time value, this model aids doctors and patients in making informed decisions based on a quantified assessment of potential outcomes. (3) The third model concerns pandemic policy: governments can end or prolong lockdowns. While awaiting more data on the virus might lead to economic and societal strain, the model emphasizes the economic value of deferring decisions under uncertainty.

Practical implications

This research provides a quantified perspective on various decisions in healthcare, from investments in new technology to treatment choices for patients to government decisions regarding pandemics. By applying real options theory, stakeholders can make more evidence-driven decisions.

Social implications

Decisions about patient care pathways and pandemic policies have direct societal implications. For instance, choices regarding the prolongation or ending of lockdowns can lead to economic and societal strain.

Originality/value

The originality of this study lies in its application of real options theory, a concept from finance, to the realm of health economics, offering novel insights and analytical tools for decision-makers in the healthcare sector.
Legal guidelines for identifying online illegal fund-raising crimes in China
Authors: Liu Jingkun
Published: February 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to elucidate the responsiveness of China’s judicial system in addressing the challenges of identifying online illegal fund-raising crimes that have emerged in recent years. This study systematically evaluates the efficacy and potential pitfalls of legal guidelines contained in judicial interpretations, such as holistic determination, sampling verification and presumption of the nature of funds. In addition, the research endeavors to propose pertinent recommendations for refining the existing judicial rules.

Design/methodology/approach

This research mainly uses a doctrinal methodology, focusing on the principal judicial interpretations formulated by the Supreme People’s Court and other central judicial entities in China. The scope encompasses the realm of online illegal fund-raising crimes as well as other cybercrimes. The analytical framework involves a comprehensive examination of these authoritative judicial documents, coupled with a theoretical and critical analysis of relevant academic materials.

Findings

This research underscores that while judicial interpretations serve as an effective legal strategy to confront the challenges posed by online illegal fund-raising crimes, their implementation introduces a nuanced landscape. These legal guidelines, often emanating from diverse judicial departments and tackling specific issues, carry the inherent risk of giving rise to new complexities and fostering inconsistency. Judicial authorities shall exercise prudence in both the formulation and application of these guidelines, ensuring their harmonization with existing legal norms and fundamental legal principles.

Originality/value

This research constitutes a critical and comprehensive examination of judicial interpretations in China pertaining to online illegal fund-raising crimes. It offers valuable insights into the country’s judicial interpretation system and its legal responses to financial crimes. The paper serves as a valuable resource for academics, law enforcement professionals, policymakers, legislators and researchers.
Foreign corrupt practices act violations and enforcement
Authors: Du Pon Adam W. , Scheetz Andrea M. , Zhang Zhenyu “Mark”
Published: February 2024

Purpose

This study aims to examine the determinants of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) violations and consequences of FCPA enforcements.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses publicly available data from Compustat, I/B/E/S and Thomson Reuters databases, combined with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Department of Justice (DOJ) cases, to extract insights on FCPA violations and enforcements using econometric approaches.

Findings

The main determinants of FCPA violations appear to be firm size, multinational structure, country corruption and Sarbanes-Oxley Act control weaknesses. Traditional misreporting risks (F-score and M-score) do not predict FCPA violations. This study discovers significant differences between FCPA violations by motivation, as in, sale generation, rent extraction or cost evasion. Bribes motivated by sale generation or rent extraction are partially driven by the extent of the firm’s global operations, whereas bribes motivated by cost evasion relate to internal influences. This study also finds that enforcement is more salient for criminal violations (DOJ enforcement), compared to civil violations (SEC enforcement).

Research limitations/implications

This research provides new insights into the determinants of FCPA violations while underscoring the need for effective measures to combat bribery and promote ethical business practices. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to curtail bribery, offering valuable insights into the characteristics of firms more likely to engage in bribery and contexts in which these activities occur. It provides critical implications for regulatory bodies, highlighting the differential responses of firms to varying types of enforcement, namely, criminal versus civil, as the authors observe greater decreases in internal control weaknesses following DOJ enforcement compared to SEC enforcement.

Practical implications

For enforcement agencies, the findings underscore the importance of rigorous criminal enforcement against FCPA violations, highlighting the improved control environments prompted by DOJ actions. Managers will find this research relevant, as it demonstrates that a firm’s entry into international markets substantially elevates the risk of its representatives engaging in bribery with foreign officials. In addition, the results are of interest to regulators, revealing that the underlying motivations driving a firm’s activities can significantly alter the factors to consider that might lead to an FCPA violation.

Originality/value

This paper is the original work of the authors and explores the determinants and consequences of FCPA violations and enforcement actions since 2002. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first to explore bribe determinants by their motive and documents industry-wide benefits arising from criminal enforcement.
A roommate problem and room allocation in dormitories using mathematical modeling and multi-attribute decision-making techniques
Authors: Khalili-Fard Alireza , Tavakkoli-Moghaddam Reza , Abdali Nasser , Alipour-Vaezi Mohammad , Bozorgi-Amiri Ali
Published: February 2024

Purpose

In recent decades, the student population in dormitories has increased notably, primarily attributed to the growing number of international students. Dormitories serve as pivotal environments for student development. The coordination and compatibility among students can significantly influence their overall success. This study aims to introduce an innovative method for roommate selection and room allocation within dormitory settings.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, initially, using multi-attribute decision-making methods including the Bayesian best-worst method and weighted aggregated sum product assessment, the incompatibility rate among pairs of students is calculated. Subsequently, using a linear mathematical model, roommates are selected and allocated to dormitory rooms pursuing the twin objectives of minimizing the total incompatibility rate and costs. Finally, the grasshopper optimization algorithm is applied to solve large-sized instances.

Findings

The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison to two common alternatives, i.e. random allocation and preference-based allocation. Moreover, the proposed method’s applicability extends beyond its current context, making it suitable for addressing various matching problems, including crew pairing and classmate pairing.

Originality/value

This novel method for roommate selection and room allocation enhances decision-making for optimal dormitory arrangements. Inspired by a real-world problem faced by the authors, this study strives to offer a robust solution to this problem.
Leadership lessons through a lyrical lens
Authors: Woods Kathryn
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this manuscript is to explore an assignment given to students in an online gender and leadership graduate course as a tool to help them think critically about how music influences perceptions of gender roles in both society and leadership.

Design/methodology/approach

The assignment directs students to review the current Billboard “Hot 100” chart, which lists the top 100 songs in the United States each week based on sales and streams. Students are prompted to identify a song with gendered themes and discuss how the song portrays women and/or men, what gender stereotypes the song supports or refutes, and whether the messaging is positive or negative in nature. Finally, the students discuss ways that the message in the song could influence the listener’s opinion about gender stereotypes and what effect that could have on gendered leadership issues.

Findings

Students use this assignment as an opportunity to apply the course material that relates to the importance of gender representation and the influence of media on gender issues in leadership.

Originality/value

Recommendations are provided to inspire creative ideas for leadership educators who seek to prepare students to understand organizational challenges related to gender issues in leadership.
Utilization of variable thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficient on non-Newtonian Prandtl model with modified heat and mass fluxes
Authors: Sohail Muhammad , Abbas Syed Tehseen
Published: February 2024

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the Prandtl fluid flow in the presence of better mass diffusion and heat conduction models. By taking into account a linearly bidirectional stretchable sheet, flow is produced. Heat generation effect, thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity, variable diffusion coefficient and Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion models are used to evaluate thermal and concentration diffusions.

Design/methodology/approach

The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) have been made simpler using a boundary layer method. Strong nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) relate to appropriate non-dimensional similarity variables. The optimal homotopy analysis technique is used to develop solution.

Findings

Graphs analyze the impact of many relevant factors on temperature and concentration. The physical parameters, such as mass and heat transfer rates at the wall and surface drag coefficients, are also displayed and explained.

Originality/value

The reported work discusses the contribution of generalized flux models to note their impact on heat and mass transport.
Evaluating digital health attributes for users’ satisfaction: an application of the Kano model
Authors: Cavacece Ylenia , Maggiore Giulio , Resciniti Riccardo , Moretta Tartaglione Andrea
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate user satisfaction with digital health solutions by identifying and prioritizing different service attributes on the basis of their impact on improving user satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a literature review and interviews with health professionals and patients, 20 attributes of digital health services provided in Italy have been identified. User satisfaction with these attributes has been evaluated by adopting the Kano model’s continuous and discrete analyses.

Findings

The findings reveal the essential attributes of digital health services that meet users' expectations, identify the attributes that users appreciate or dislike having and highlight unexpected attributes that lead to a significant boost in satisfaction when provided.

Research limitations/implications

This study demonstrates the efficacy of the Kano model in assessing the nonlinear correlation between user satisfaction and the quality of digital health services, thus contributing to fill a gap in the literature in this area. The main limitation of this work is the use of a non-probabilistic sampling method.

Practical implications

This research suggests healthcare institutions and organizations consider user preferences when designing digital health solutions to increase their satisfaction. The results indicate different effects on user satisfaction and dissatisfaction for different categories of attributes in the Italian context.

Originality/value

Previous works studied customer satisfaction with digital health, assuming a linear relationship with service quality, or investigated consumer adoption intentions focusing on the technological factors. This work advances available knowledge by analyzing the nonlinear relationship between digital health attributes and users’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
Zirconium oxide thin films deposited via DC magnetron sputtering: corrosion and morphological investigation
Authors: Assfour Bassem , Abdallah Bassam , Krajian Hour , Kakhia Mahmoud , Masloub Karam , Zetoune Walaa
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural, surface roughness and corrosion properties of the zirconium oxide thin films deposited onto SS304 substrates using the direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering technique.

Design/methodology/approach

DC sputtering at different powers – 80, 100 and 120 W – was used to deposit ZrO2 thin films onto different substrates (Si/SS304) without annealing of the substrate. Atomic force microscope (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Tafel extrapolation and contact angle techniques were applied to investigate the surface roughness, chemical compositions, corrosion behavior and hydrophobicity of these films.

Findings

Results showed that the thickness of the deposited film increased with power increase, while the corrosion current decreased with power increase. AFM images indicated that the surface roughness decreased with an increase in DC power. EDS analysis showed that the thin film has a stoichiometric ZrO2 (Zr:O 1:2) composition with basic uniformity. Water contact angle measurements indicated that the hydrophobicity of the synthesized films decreased with an increase in surface roughness.

Originality/value

DC magnetron sputtering technique is infrequently used to deposition thin films. The obtained thin films showed good hydrophobic and anticorrosion properties. Finally, results are compared with other deposition techniques.
Climatic and management‐related drivers of endemic European spruce bark beetle populations in boreal forests
Authors: Gohli Jostein , Krokene Paal , Flo Heggem Eva Solbjørg , Økland Bjørn
Published: February 2024

Climate change is already reducing carbon sequestration in Central European forests dramatically through extensive droughts and bark beetle outbreaks. Further warming may threaten the enormous carbon reservoirs in the boreal forests in northern Europe unless disturbance risks can be reduced by adaptive forest management. The European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) is a major natural disturbance agent in spruce‐dominated forests and can overwhelm the defences of healthy trees through pheromone‐coordinated mass‐attacks.

We used an extensive dataset of bark beetle trap counts to quantify how climatic and management‐related factors influence bark beetle population sizes in boreal forests. Trap data were collected during a period without outbreaks and can thus identify mechanisms that drive populations towards outbreak thresholds.

The most significant predictors of bark beetle population size were the volume of mature spruce, the extent of newly exposed clearcut edges, temperature and soil moisture. For clearcut edge, temperature and soil moisture, a 3‐year time lag produced the best model fit. We demonstrate how a model incorporating the most significant predictors, with a time lag, can be a useful management tool by allowing spatial prediction of future beetle population sizes.

Synthesis and Applications: Some of the population drivers identified here, i,e., spruce volume and clearcut edges, can be targeted by adaptive management measures to reduce the risk of future bark beetle outbreaks. Implementing such measures may help preserve future carbon sequestration of European boreal forests.
Why Sinoscepticism will Remake British Politics
Authors: Stanley Liam
Published: February 2024

Sinoscepticism is on the rise in British politics. Why is this? And what are the implications? This article shows that Sinoscepticism is not solely a result of the whims of MPs, but also stems from deep‐rooted tensions surrounding Britain's position in global order. Specifically, the British state finds itself on the horns of a dilemma: accept the status quo of staying economically open to China, but face staunch criticism and reprisals both internationally and domestically; or become more hawkish in relations, but risk worsening Britain's imbalanced and underperforming economy. Considering the Conservative Party's longstanding commitment to both the ‘special relationship’ with the US and to business and finance, this predicament is likely to provoke the party. The dilemma is seemingly about relations with one country, but, like Euroscepticism, it has the potential to become a stand‐in for debates over what sort of country the UK should be.
Keeping It Political and Powerful: Defining the Structural Determinants of Health
Authors: HELLER JONATHAN C. , GIVENS MARJORY L. , JOHNSON SHERI P. , KINDIG DAVID A.
Published: February 2024

Policy Points

The structural determinants of health are 1) the written and unwritten rules that create, maintain, or eliminate durable and hierarchical patterns of advantage among socially constructed groups in the conditions that affect health, and 2) the manifestation of power relations in that people and groups with more power based on current social structures work—implicitly and explicitly—to maintain their advantage by reinforcing or modifying these rules.

This theoretically grounded definition of structural determinants can support a shared analysis of the root causes of health inequities and an embrace of public health's role in shifting power relations and engaging politically, especially in its policy work.

Shifting the balance of power relations between socially constructed groups differentiates interventions in the structural determinants of health from those in the social determinants of health.
The asymmetrical impact of international collaboration in green technology development on carbon dioxide emissions in the top 50 most innovative countries
Authors: Jing Zhao
Published: February 2024

The main objective of this study was to examine the asymmetrical impact of international collaboration in green technology development on carbon dioxide emissions in the top 50 most innovative countries. An augmented mean group estimator was used to compute the long‐run coefficients. The findings indicate that positive shocks in international collaboration in green technology development mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. In contrast, adverse shocks in international collaboration in green technology development have an escalating effect on carbon dioxide emissions. The outcomes also imply that renewable energy consumption, domestic green innovation, digital economy, and contractionary fiscal policy were negatively associated with carbon dioxide emissions, whereas gross domestic product and expansionary fiscal policy were positively associated with carbon dioxide emissions. It is suggested that governments should have a balanced fiscal policy, lining up their goals for economic expansion and ecological responsibility and using the potential of the digital economy and domestic green innovation to drive green outcomes.
Screening of volatiles from explosive initiators and plastic‐bonded explosives (PBX) using headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (SPME/GC–MS)
Authors: Hecker Alexis J. , Goodpaster John V.
Published: February 2024

The detection of explosives and explosive devices based on the volatile compounds they emit is a long‐standing tool for law enforcement and physical security. Toward that end, solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has become a crucial analytical tool for the identification of volatiles emitted by explosives. Previous SPME studies have identified many volatile compounds emitted by common explosive formulations that serve as the main charge in explosive devices. However, limited research has been conducted on initiators like fuses, detonating cords, and boosters. In this study, a variety of SPME fiber coatings (i.e., polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), divinylbenzene/carboxin/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS), and carboxin/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS)) were employed for the extraction and analysis of volatiles from Composition C‐4 (cyclohexanone, 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol, and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dinitrobutane (DMNB)) and Red Dot double‐base smokeless powder (nitroglycerine, phenylamine). The results revealed that a PDMS/DVB fiber was optimal. Then, an assortment of explosive items (i.e., detonation cord, safety fuse, slip‐on booster, and shape charge) were analyzed with a PDMS/DVB fiber. A variety of volatile compounds were identified, including plasticizers (tributyl acetyl citrate, N‐butylbenzenesulfonamide), taggants (DMNB), and degradation products (2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol).
An improved Simon reaction method to discriminate between methamphetamine and false‐positive substances
Authors: Saito Koichi , Mamiya Yusuke , Kawakami Marie , Ito Rie
Published: February 2024

The conventional methamphetamine (MA) detection method using the Simon reaction can be affected by false positives owing to compounds similar to aliphatic secondary amines. In this study, we examined the new Simon reaction to improve the qualitative accuracy of MA detection to discriminate substances that give false positives in a conventional Simon reaction. After the conventional Simon reaction for MA and false positives (N‐isopropylbenzylamine (NIP‐BA), N‐methylbenzylamine (NMe‐BA), L‐proline (Pro), and L‐hydroxyproline (HYP)), which are colored blue, di‐tert‐butyl dicarbonate (t‐Boc) reagent was added, and color tone changes were observed. When t‐Boc was added to the false positives (NIP‐BA, NMe‐BA, Pro, and HYP), the colors of MA, Pro, and HYP changed to purple; NIP‐BA changed to blue; and NMe‐BA changed to light pink after 3 min. These results suggested that MA can be differentiated from NIP‐BA and NMe‐BA. Furthermore, the solid‐phase chromogenic method was examined, and it was confirmed that MA could be differentiated from Pro and HYP. The method developed in this study should increase the accuracy of MA appraisal at crime scenes and contribute to the reduction of misclassifications arising from false‐positive substances.
Finding the perfect pairs: A matchmaking of plant markers and primers for multi‐marker eDNA metabarcoding
Authors: Espinosa Prieto Armando , Hardion Laurent , Debortoli Nicolas , Beisel Jean‐Nicolas
Published: February 2024

As the scope of plant eDNA metabarcoding diversifies, so do the primers, markers and methods. A wealth of primers exists today, but their comparative evaluation is lacking behind. Similarly, multi‐marker approaches are recommended but debates persist regarding barcode complementarity and optimal combinations. After a literature compilation of used primers, we compared in silico 102 primer pairs based on amplicon size, coverage and specificity, followed by an experimental evaluation of 15 primer pairs on a mock community sample covering 268 plant species and genera, and about 100 families. The analysis was done for the four most common plant metabarcoding markers, rbcL, trnL, ITS1 and ITS2 and their complementarity was assessed based on retrieved species. By focusing on existing primers, we identify common designs, promote alternatives and enhance prior‐supported primers for immediate applications. The ITS2 was the best‐performing marker for flowering vascular plants and was congruent to ITS1. However, the combined taxonomic breadth of ITS2 and rbcL surpassed any other combination, highlighting their high complementarity across Streptophyta. Overall, our study underscores the significance of comprehensive primer and barcode evaluations tailored to metabarcoding applications.
Mitochondrial S‐adenosylmethionine deficiency induces mitochondrial unfolded protein response and extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chen Tse Yu , Wang Feng‐Yung , Lee Pin‐Jung , Hsu Ao‐Lin , Ching Tsui‐Ting
Published: February 2024

S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM), generated from methionine and ATP by S‐adenosyl methionine synthetase (SAMS), is the universal methyl group donor required for numerous cellular methylation reactions. In Caenorhabditis elegans, silencing sams‐1, the major isoform of SAMS, genetically or via dietary restriction induces a robust mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and lifespan extension. In this study, we found that depleting SAMS‐1 markedly decreases mitochondrial SAM levels. Moreover, RNAi knockdown of SLC‐25A26, a carrier protein responsible for transporting SAM from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, significantly lowers the mitochondrial SAM levels and activates UPRmt, suggesting that the UPRmt induced by sams‐1 mutations might result from disrupted mitochondrial SAM homeostasis. Through a genetic screen, we then identified a putative mitochondrial tRNA methyltransferase TRMT‐10C.2 as a major downstream effector of SAMS‐1 to regulate UPRmt and longevity. As disruption of mitochondrial tRNA methylation likely leads to impaired mitochondrial tRNA maturation and consequently reduced mitochondrial translation, our findings suggest that depleting mitochondrial SAM level might trigger UPRmt via attenuating protein translation in the mitochondria. Together, this study has revealed a potential mechanism by which SAMS‐1 regulates UPRmt and longevity.
Diurnal activity budgets for the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa, in the Kalahari region of southern Africa
Authors: Deacon Francois , Smit Gert Nicolaas , Grobbelaar Andri
Published: February 2024

The diurnal activity budgets of giraffes were effectively studied from June 2012 until August 2013, in the Kalahari Region of southern Africa. Direct field observations identified how the daily activity budgets varied amongst the different subgroups of giraffes and the effects of seasonal changes and the time of the day. Feeding was the highest‐performed activity whilst non‐feeding activities were, however, also prominent. This study aimed to determine why giraffes are willing to sacrifice time on non‐feeding activities. A deeper look into the social and non‐feeding‐related behaviour of giraffes might prove that giraffes devote significant time to various other activities to improve their health and comfort. It unveils trade‐offs between digestion efficiency and foraging, impacting energy gain. Understanding this balance informs conservation strategies, habitat management and their well‐being. Investigating the motivations behind these behavioural choices unveils adaptive mechanisms, shedding light on the intricate interplay between physiological and ecological needs, ultimately contributing to a holistic comprehension of giraffe's ecological roles and promoting their coexistence with their environment. Such investigations also aid in highlighting why giraffes' social structures should be considered as complex and why further research is needed to better understand these relationships, amongst subspecies.
Prostaglandin E2 may clinically alleviate dry eye disease by inducing Th17 cell differentiation
Authors: Chen Jingyao , Gong Yu , Sun Xiaoyu , Chen Nuo , Zhao Zijun , Zhang Weijia , Zheng Yixin
Published: February 2024

Dry eye (DE) is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterised by an imbalance in tear homeostasis. The pathogenesis of DE is complex and related to environmental, immunological (e.g., T helper 17 cells) and other factors. However, the DE disease pathogenesis remains unclear, thereby affecting its clinical treatment. This study aimed to explore the mechanism through which prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) affects DE inflammation by regulating Th17. The DE mouse model was established through subcutaneous injection of scopolamine hydrobromide. The tear secretion test and break‐up time (BUT) method were used to detect tear secretion and tear film BUT, respectively. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentrations of PGE2, interleukin (IL)‐17, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α) in tear fluid and those of PGE2 and IL‐17 in the serum. RT‐qPCR and western blotting were used to test the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL‐17 and retinoid‐related orphan receptor‐γt (RORγt). PGE2 was highly expressed in the DE mouse model. The mRNA and protein levels of IL‐17 and the key Th17 transcription factor RORγt were increased in tissues of the DE mice. Moreover, PGE2 promoted tear secretion, reduced the BUT, increased the IL‐17 concentration in tears and increased the Th17 cell proportion in DE, whereas the PGE2 receptor inhibitor AH6809 reversed the effects of PGE2 on tear secretion, BUT, and the Th17 cell proportion in draining lymph node (DLN) cells. Taken together, the study findings indicate that PGE2 could induce DE‐related symptoms by promoting Th17 differentiation.
Basic principles of artificial intelligence in dermatology explained using melanoma
Authors: Hartmann Tim , Passauer Johannes , Hartmann Julien , Schmidberger Laura , Kneilling Manfred , Volc Sebastian
Published: February 2024

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) continues to establish itself in the most diverse areas of medicine at an increasingly fast pace. Nevertheless, many healthcare professionals lack the basic technical understanding of how this technology works, which severely limits its application in clinical settings and research. Thus, we would like to discuss the functioning and classification of AI using melanoma as an example in this review to build an understanding of the technology behind AI. For this purpose, elaborate illustrations are used that quickly reveal the technology involved. Previous reviews tend to focus on the potential applications of AI, thereby missing the opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter that is so important for clinical application. Malignant melanoma has become a significant burden for healthcare systems. If discovered early, a better prognosis can be expected, which is why skin cancer screening has become increasingly popular and is supported by health insurance. The number of experts remains finite, reducing their availability and leading to longer waiting times. Therefore, innovative ideas need to be implemented to provide the necessary care. Thus, machine learning offers the ability to recognize melanomas from images at a level comparable to experienced dermatologists under optimized conditions.
The impact of stigma on the management of type 1 diabetes: A systematic review
Authors: Embick Ronda , Jackson Mike , Stewart Rose
Published: February 2024

Aims

To systematically review the literature investigating the links between stigma and the management of type 1 diabetes.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Both quantitative and qualitative data were considered. Included papers were subject to quality assessment using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), and a narrative synthesis of results was reported.

Results

Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Amongst these, one study used mixed methods, nine were qualitative, and nine were quantitative. All studies found a negative relationship between stigma and type 1 diabetes management. Qualitative studies provided a further understanding of the effects observed in the quantitative studies and found that stigma can affect self‐care activities, disclosure of diabetes, and the uptake of diabetes technology. Systemic causes of stigma and intersectional stigma were also observed.

Conclusions

This review highlights that people with type 1 diabetes are negatively affected by stigma, irrespective of their age, gender, culture, or use of diabetes technology. Quantitative studies were limited, in that all studies were cross‐sectional, and there was a lack of standardisation across outcome measures. There is a need for interventions to target stigma on both an individual and a systemic level, particularly where people experience multiple intersecting stigmas.
Association of serum magnesium with metabolic syndrome and the role of chronic kidney disease: A population‐based cohort study with Mendelian randomization
Authors: Shugaa Addin Nuha , Niedermayer Fiona , Thorand Barbara , Linseisen Jakob , Seissler Jochen , Peters Annette , Rospleszcz Susanne
Published: February 2024

Objectives

To assess the association of serum magnesium with prevalent and incident metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components in the general population and to examine any effect modification by chronic kidney disease (CKD) status.

Methods

We analysed longitudinal data from the population‐based KORA F4/FF4 study, including 2996 participants (387 with CKD) for cross‐sectional analysis and 1446 participants (88 with CKD) for longitudinal analysis. Associations with MetS, as well as single components of MetS, were assessed by adjusted regression models. Nonlinearity was tested by restricted cubic splines and analyses were stratified by CKD. Causality was evaluated by two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR).

Results

Serum magnesium (1 SD) was inversely associated with prevalent MetS (odds ratio [OR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83, 0.98). The association was more pronounced in individuals with CKD (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59, 0.94). Among MetS components, serum magnesium was negatively associated with elevated fasting glucose (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.71, 0.88) and, again, this association was more pronounced in individuals with CKD (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53, 0.84). Serum magnesium was not associated with incident MetS or its components. Restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a significant nonlinear inverse relationship of serum magnesium with MetS and elevated fasting glucose. MR analysis suggested an inverse causal effect of serum magnesium on MetS (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85, 0.97).

Conclusion

Serum magnesium is associated with prevalent, but not incident MetS, and this effect is stronger in individuals with CKD. MR analysis implies a potential, albeit weak, causal role of magnesium in MetS.
Systemic biomarker associated with poor outcome after futile reperfusion
Authors: Hervella Pablo , Sampedro‐Viana Ana , Rodríguez‐Yáñez Manuel , López‐Dequidt Iria , Pumar José M. , Mosqueira Antonio J. , Fernández‐Rodicio Sabela , Bazarra‐Barreiros Marcos , Serena Joaquín , Silva‐Blas Yolanda , Gubern‐Merida Carme , Rey‐Aldana Daniel , Cinza Sergio , Campos Francisco , Sobrino Tomás , Castillo José , Alonso‐Alonso Maria Luz , Iglesias‐Rey Ramón
Published: February 2024

Background

Successful recanalization does not lead to complete tissue reperfusion in a considerable percentage of ischemic stroke patients. This study aimed to identify biomarkers associated with futile recanalization. Leukoaraiosis predicts poor outcomes of this phenomenon. Soluble tumour necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK), which is associated with leukoaraiosis degrees, could be a potential biomarker.

Methods

This study includes two cohorts of ischemic stroke patients in a multicentre retrospective observational study. Effective reperfusion, defined as a reduction of ≥8 points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) within the first 24 h, was used as a clinical marker of effective reperfusion.

Results

In the first cohort study, female sex, age, and high NIHSS at admission (44.7% vs. 81.1%, 71.3 ± 13.7 vs. 81.1 ± 6.7; 16 [13, 21] vs. 23 [17, 28] respectively; p < .0001) were confirmed as predictors of futile recanalization. ROC curve analysis showed that leukocyte levels (sensitivity of 99%, specificity of 55%) and sTWEAK level (sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 88%) can discriminate between poor and good outcomes. Both biomarkers simultaneously are higher associated with outcome after effective reperfusion (OR: 2.17; CI 95% 1.63–4.19; p < .0001) than individually (leukocytes OR: 1.38; CI 95% 1.00–1.64, p = .042; sTWEAK OR: 1.00; C I95% 1.00–1.01, p = .019). These results were validated using a second cohort, where leukocytes and sTWEAK showed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 66.7% and 75% respectively.

Conclusions

Leukocyte and sTWEAK could be biomarkers of reperfusion failure and subsequent poor outcomes. Further studies will be necessary to explore its role in reperfusion processes.
The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD) guidelines for prevention of traumatic dental injuries: Part 3: Mouthguards for the prevention of dental and oral trauma
Authors: Abbott Paul V. , Tewari Nitesh , O'Connell Anne C. , Mills Stephen C. , Stasiuk Hans , Roettger Mark , Levin Liran
Published: February 2024

The Guidelines for Prevention of Traumatic Dental Injuries were reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD).
The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD) guidelines for prevention of traumatic dental injuries: Part 10: First aid education
Authors: Tewari Nitesh , Abbott Paul V. , O'Connell Anne C. , Mills Stephen C. , Stasiuk Hans , Roettger Mark , Levin Liran
Published: February 2024

The Guidelines for Prevention of Traumatic Dental Injuries were reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD).
Arthropods and ultraviolet radiation: Survival, growth and development
Authors: Holford Paul , Parajuli Sabina , Beattie George Andrew Charles , Cen Yijing
Published: February 2024

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has positive and negative impacts on organisms and affects entire ecosystems. It is currently receiving attention because of the interactions of UVR with changes in climate that are likely to affect agriculture and food security.

A review is provided on the effects of different types of UVR on the survival, development and reproduction of insects, collembolans and mites. The foci are on how UVR is used in pest control and how it affects arthropod coloration and distribution.

Direct exposure to UV‐A, UV‐B and UV‐C delays development and reduces survival and host‐seeking ability of arthropods; immature stages are more sensitive than the adults. Increased exposure of crops to UVR has indirect effects on herbivory, and regions with high UVR levels may permit crop production in the absence of certain pest insect species.

The Bunsen‐Roscoe law of reciprocity was upheld for Diaphorina citri and Tetranychus urticae under the range of irradiances and durations of exposure used in two studies, which showed that, for a constant dose, the effects of low irradiances of long durations were equivalent to those of higher irradiances of shorter durations.

DNA damage caused by UV‐C and UV‐B can be repaired by photoreactivation; both white light and UV‐A are effective.
Non‐canonical amino acids uncover the significant impact of Tyr671 on TaqDNA polymerase catalytic activity
Authors: Chen Wanyi , Chen Binbin , Li Xinjia , Xu Gang , Yang Lirong , Wu Jianping , Yu Haoran
Published: February 2024

Responsible for synthesizing the complementary strand of the DNA template, DNA polymerase is a crucial enzyme in DNA replication, recombination and repair. A highly conserved tyrosine (Tyr), located at the C‐terminus of the O‐helix in family A DNA polymerases, plays a critical role in enzyme activity and fidelity. Here, we combined the technology of genetic code extension to incorporate non‐canonical amino acids and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to uncover the mechanisms by which Tyr671 impacts substrate binding and conformation transitions in a DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus. Five non‐canonical amino acids, namely l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA), p‐aminophenylalanine (pAF), p‐acetylphenylalanine (pAcF), p‐cyanophenylalanine (pCNF) and p‐nitrophenylalanine (pNTF), were individually incorporated at position 671. Strikingly, Y671pAF and Y671DOPA were active, but with lower activity compared to Y671F and wild‐type. Y671pAF showed a higher fidelity than the Y671F, despite both possessing lower fidelity than the wild‐type. Metadynamics and long‐timescale MD simulations were carried out to probe the role of mutations in affecting protein structure, including open conformation, open‐to‐closed conformation transition, closed conformation, and closed‐to‐open conformation transition. The MD simulations clearly revealed that the size of the 671 amino acid residue and interactions with substrate or nearby residues were critical for Tyr671 to determine enzyme activity and fidelity.