bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antigen presentation by naive macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells to primed T lymphocytes and their cytokine production following exposure to immunostimulating complexes
Authors: Villacres-Eriksson M
Published: July 2010

Influenza virus envelope proteins incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (iscoms) are taken up and processed by various kinds of antigen-presenting cells (APC), encompassing peritoneal cells (PEC), unfractionated splenocytes, splenic dendritic cells (DC) or B cells. The iscom-pulsed naive APC stimulated primed T cells to proliferate and produce cytokine in vitro. In contrast, only DC and B cells pulsed with the same antigen (Ag) in the micelle form functioned as accessory cells stimulating the primed T cells to proliferate and produce cytokine. In general, iscoms were better inducers of cell proliferation than micelles, Iscoms stimulated more secretion of IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) than the micelles, but both antigenic forms stimulated secretion of IL-4. DC and B cells pulsed with iscoms stimulated most efficiently the secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ, DC were superior to the other APC in stimulating primed T cells to secrete IFN-γ. On the other hand, micelles stimulated more efficiently than iscoms splenic T cells from micelle-primed as well as iscom-primed mice to secrete IL-10, These data indicate that influenza virus envelope proteins incorporated in iscoms stimulate a broad T cell response, possibly emphasizing a Thl type of response. The same Ag in a micelle form induce a more prominent Th2 type of T cell response. The results indicate that the administration of an Ag in an adjuvant formulation can superimpose a different cytokine profile on the immune response than that induced by the protein Ag alone.
A minimally hypomorphic mutation in Btk resulting in reduced B cell numbers but no clinical disease
Authors: Conley M E , Farmer D M , Dobbs A K , Howard V , Aiba Y , Shurtleff S A , Kurosaki T
Published: July 2010

Reduced B cell numbers and a mutation in Btk are considered sufficient to make the diagnosis of X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. In the process of conducting family studies, we identified a 58-year-old healthy man with an amino acid substitution, Y418H, in the adenosine-5′-triphosphate binding site of Btk. Immunofluorescence studies showed that this man had 0·85% CD19+ B cells (normal 4–18%) in the peripheral circulation and his monocytes were positive for Btk. He had borderline low serum immunoglobulins but normal titres to tetanus toxoid and multiple pneumococcal serotypes. To determine the functional consequences of the amino acid substitution, a Btk– chicken B cell line, DT40, was transfected with expression vectors producing wild-type Btk or Y418H Btk. The transfected cells were stimulated with anti-IgM and calcium flux and inositol triphosphate (IP3) production were measured. Cells bearing the mutant protein demonstrated consistently a 15–20% decrease in both calcium flux and IP3 production. These findings indicate that even a modest decrease in Btk function can impair B cell proliferation or survival. However, a mutation in Btk and reduced numbers of B cells are not always associated with clinical disease.
Infiltration of forkhead box P3-expressing cells in small intestinal mucosa in coeliac disease but not in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Tiittanen M , Westerholm-Ormio M , Verkasalo M , Savilahti E , Vaarala O
Published: July 2010

Because the role of regulatory T cells in the intestinal inflammation is unknown in coeliac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D), the expression of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), CD25, transforming growth factor-β, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15 and IL-18 was measured by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in the small intestinal biopsies from paediatric patients with active or potential CD, T1D and control patients. The numbers of FoxP3- and CD25-expressing cells were studied with immunohistochemistry. Enhanced intestinal expressions of FoxP3, IL-10 and IFN-γ mRNAs were found in active CD when compared with controls (P-values < 0·001, 0·004, <0·001). In potential CD, only the expression of IFN-γ mRNA was increased. The numbers of FoxP3-expressing cells were higher in active and potential CD (P < 0·001, P = 0·05), and the ratio of FoxP3 mRNA to the number of FoxP3-positive cells was decreased in potential CD when compared with controls (P = 0·007). The ratio of IFN-γ to FoxP3-specific mRNA was increased in active and potential CD (P = 0·001 and P = 0·002). Patients with T1D had no changes in regulatory T cell markers, but showed increased expression of IL-18 mRNA. The impaired up-regulation of FoxP3 transcripts despite the infiltration of FoxP3-positive cells in potential CD may contribute to the persistence of inflammation. The increased ratio of IFN-γ to FoxP3 mRNA in active and potential CD suggests an imbalance between regulatory and effector mechanisms. The increased intestinal expression of IL-18 mRNA in patients with T1D adds evidence in favour of the hypothesis that T1D is associated with derangements in the gut immune system.
Inference from habitat‐selection analysis depends on foraging strategies
Authors: Bastille‐Rousseau Guillaume , Fortin Daniel , Dussault Christian
Published: July 2010

1. Several methods have been developed to assess habitat selection, most of which are based on a comparison between habitat attributes in used vs. unused or random locations, such as the popular resource selection functions (RSFs). Spatial evaluation of residency time has been recently proposed as a promising avenue for studying habitat selection. Residency‐time analyses assume a positive relationship between residency time within habitat patches and selection. We demonstrate that RSF and residency‐time analyses provide different information about the process of habitat selection. Further, we show how the consideration of switching rate between habitat patches (interpatch movements) together with residency‐time analysis can reveal habitat‐selection strategies.

2. Spatially explicit, individual‐based modelling was used to simulate foragers displaying one of six foraging strategies in a heterogeneous environment. The strategies combined one of three patch‐departure rules (fixed‐quitting‐harvest‐rate, fixed‐time and fixed‐amount strategy), together with one of two interpatch‐movement rules (random or biased). Habitat selection of simulated foragers was then assessed using RSF, residency‐time and interpatch‐movement analyses.

3. Our simulations showed that RSFs and residency times are not always equivalent. When foragers move in a non‐random manner and do not increase residency time in richer patches, residency‐time analysis can provide misleading assessments of habitat selection. This is because the overall time spent in the various patch types not only depends on residency times, but also on interpatch‐movement decisions.

4. We suggest that RSFs provide the outcome of the entire selection process, whereas residency‐time and interpatch‐movement analyses can be used in combination to reveal the mechanisms behind the selection process.

5. We showed that there is a risk in using residency‐time analysis alone to infer habitat selection. Residency‐time analyses, however, may enlighten the mechanisms of habitat selection by revealing central components of resource‐use strategies. Given that management decisions are often based on resource‐selection analyses, the evaluation of resource‐use strategies can be key information for the development of efficient habitat‐management strategies. Combining RSF, residency‐time and interpatch‐movement analyses is a simple and efficient way to gain a more comprehensive understanding of habitat selection.
Cervical wear and occlusal wear from a periodontal perspective
Authors: PIKDÖKEN L. , AKCA E. , GÜRBÜZER B. , AYDIL B. , TAŞDELEN B.
Published: July 2010

Summary  The aim of this study was to investigate whether cervical wear was associated with occlusal wear and clinical periodontal parameters in relatively older adults. A total of 30 patients, with multiple non‐carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) and without a disease or condition that could cause heavy tooth wear, were included in the study. The periodontal parameters including plaque index, probing pocket depth, gingival recession (GR) and tooth mobility were obtained from 641 teeth of which 475 (74·1%) displayed NCCLs. The levels of cervical wear and occlusal wear were determined according to a tooth wear index. Premolars were more likely to develop cervical wear than canines, molars and incisors. Cervical wear was significantly associated with less plaque accumulation and the presence of shallow pockets. The teeth with advanced GR and without increased mobility were 2·583 and 1·715 times more likely to develop deeper cervical lesions, respectively. Age and the level of occlusal wear were not linked to the bucco‐lingual depth of cervical wear. In conclusion, the significant association of advanced cervical wear with the relatively healthy periodontal status suggested the role of abrasion and its possible combined action with erosion in the aetiology of NCCLs. The rate of GR and the lack of tooth mobility could constitute predisposing factors for the progression of cervical wear because the exposed root surfaces could be more susceptible to abrasion and/or erosion, and the non‐mobile teeth resisting strongly against frictional forces, thus abrasive effects, could possibly develop cervical wear.
Detrimental effects of rearing a braconid parasitoid1 on the pink borer larvae2 inoculated by different concentrations of the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner
Authors: Temerak S. A.
Published: July 2010

Laboratory trials were undertaken to throw the light on the possible interrelationships which may occur when rearing the braconid, ectoparasitoid, Bracon brevicornis on the pink borer larvae, Sesamia cretica after being injected with the sporeforming bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis.

Abundance of Bacillus inside host‐insect larvae enhance the quick immobilization by the parasitoid. Bacillus‐infected larvae had deleterious effects on the parasitoid's progeny; i. e. decreased the numbers of each of deposited eggs, formed cocoons, and emerged adults (specially females). Parasitoid parents which kept in vials of Bacillus‐infected larvae lived significantly shorter than those kept with uninfected larvae.

Über nachteilige Wirkungen der Infektion von Sesamia‐Raupen mit Bacillus thuringiensis auf die ektoparasitische Schlupfwespe Bracon brevicornis

In Laboruntersuchungen sollte geklärt werden, welche möglichen Beziehungen zwischen Wirt und Parasiten sich ergeben, wenn der Ektoparasit Bracon brevicornis an Sesamia cretica‐Raupen, die mit Bacillus thuringiensis infiziert waren, aufgezogen wird. Mit zunehmender Menge des Bacillus in der Wirtsraupe wurde die Zahl der sich auf den Raupen entwickelnden Parasitenstadien sowie der schlüpfenden Adulten verringert. Schlupfwespen, die in Gläsern zusammen mit Raupen gehalten wurden, die von B. thuringiensis infiziert waren, zeigten eine signifikant kürzere Lebenszeit als solche in Gegenwart gesunder Raupen.
Qualitative and quantitative survey on the oophagous wasps attacking the Pink Borer, Sesamia cretica Led. (Lep., Noctuidae) on 3 gramineous crops in Upper Egypt
Authors: Temerak S. A. , Temerak S. A.
Published: July 2010

Field studies were undertaken to recognize and evaluate the relative role of the possible egg parasitoids attacking the pink borer, Sesamia cretica Lederer on 3 gramineous (sugarcane, sorghum and corn) crops at the University farm of Assiut in 1978 and 1979.

One Scelionid, Telenomus sp. and 2 Trichogrammatids, Paracentrobia sp. and P. dimorpha (Kryger) were emerged from S. cretica eggs. The Trichogrammatid parasitoids were only recorded from few egg masses on sorghum and considered as first records in Egypt.

The Scelionid, Telenomus sp. was the most dominant parasitoid on the 3 crops. Parasitism (%), estimated by different routes, did not significantly differ on the 3 crops. The Scelionid was actually reached to more than of 65% of the egg masses on each of the 3 crops (during May) in the 2 years. After successful host acceptance, this parasitoid mostly tends to parasitize every egg in the respective egg mass resulting in “completely parasitized egg mass” on the 3 crops. The later was quantified and reported in more than 69% and 78% of the cases of 1978 and 1979, respectively.

Size of egg mass (no. of eggs/mass) was significantly larger on sugarcane than both sorghum and corn plants. Sesamia moths were significantly showed “ovipositional preference” to sorghum than both sugarcane and corn stalks.

Qualitative und quantitative Untersuchungen über Schlupfwespen als Eiparasiten von Sesamia cretica Led. (Lepid., Noctuidae) an drei Gramineen‐Arten in Unterägypten

Bei Freilanduntersuchungen 1978/79 auf der Univ.‐Farm von Assiut wurden eine Scelionide, Telenomus sp., und 2 Trichogrammatiden, Paracentrobia sp. und P. dimorpha (Kryger) als Eiparasiten von Sesamia cretica festgestellt. Die Trichogrammatiden wurden nur aus Eiablagen an Sorghum gezogen und bilden den ersten Nachweis der beiden Arten in Ägypten. Die Scelionide war der dominanteste Parasit an den 3 Fraßpflanzen, zwischen welchen die Parasitierungsquote nicht signifikant differierte. Die Scelionide parasitierte mehr als 65% der Eiablagen an jeder der 3 Pflanzenarten. Nach der Annahme einer Eiablage tendierte diese Schlupfwespe dazu, alle Eier der Ablage zu parasitieren. 100% ig parasitierte Eiablagen der Eule wurden an den 3 Pflanzenarten in rund 69% (1978) und 78% (1979) festgestellt. Die Zahl der Eier pro Ablage der Eule war an Zuckerrohr signifikant größer als an Sorghum oder Getreide. Dagegen zeigten die Sesamia‐Falter eine gesicherte Eiablage‐Präferenz für Sorghum.
Response of Thawed Epidi dymal Red Deer Spermatozoa to Increasing Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide, and Importance of Individual Male Variability
Authors: Domínguez‐Rebolledo AE , Martínez‐Pastor F , Bisbal AF , Ros‐Santaella JL , García‐Álvarez O , Maroto‐Morales A , Soler AJ , Garde JJ , Fernández‐Santos MR
Published: July 2010

Contents

Oxidative stress represents a challenge during sperm manipulation. We have tested the effect of increasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels on red deer spermatozoa after cryopreservation, and the role of male‐to‐male variation in that response. In a first experiment, eight thawed samples were submitted to 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μm H2O2 for 2 h at 37°C. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (H2DCFDA‐CM) increased with H2O2 concentration, but we only detected a decrease in sperm function (motility by CASA and chromatin damage by sperm chromatin structure assay) with 200 μm. Lipoperoxidation assessed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method increased slightly with 50 μm H2O2 and above. In a second experiment, samples from seven males were submitted to 0 and 200 μm H2O2 for 2 h, triplicating the experiment within each male. Males differed at thawing and regarding their response to incubation and H2O2 presence. We found that the kinematic parameters reflected male‐to‐male variability, whereas the response of the different males was similar for lipid peroxidation and viability. A multiparametric analysis showed that males grouped differently if samples were assessed after thawing, after incubation without H2O2 or after incubation with H2O2. Red deer spermatozoa are relatively resilient to H2O2 after thawing, but it seems to be a great male‐to‐male variability regarding the response to oxidative stress. The acknowledgement of this individual variability might improve the development of optimized sperm work protocols.
Evaluation of metabolic factors on the prognosis of patients undergoing resection of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kaibori Masaki , Ishizaki Morihiko , Matsui Kosuke , Kitade Hiroaki , Matsui Yoichi , Kwon A‐Hon
Published: July 2010

Background and Aim:  The metabolic factors including obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have been implicated as risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis. The effects of metabolic factors were investigated on the prognosis of patients undergoing resection of HCC.

Methods:  A total of 469 HCC patients were classified into three groups; hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐, hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐, and non‐HBV/HCV (NBC)‐related HCC. Further, the patients with HCV‐related HCC were sub‐classified into three groups; the patients who did not have documented hypertension, hypertensive patients who received angiotensin II‐blocking agents (ABA), and hypertensive patients who received no ABA.

Results:  There were no significant difference of survival in the HBV‐HCC and NBC‐HCC patients with or without obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. In the patients with HCV‐related HCC, however, hypertensive patients were significantly worse on both disease‐free and overall survivals than non‐hypertensive patients. Among the HCV‐HCC patients with chronic hepatitis, hypertensive patients with ABA had significantly better preoperative liver function, and hypertensive patients without ABA were significantly worse on both disease‐free and overall survivals than those of hypertensive patients with ABA and non‐hypertensive patients.

Conclusions:  Results suggest that hypertension is a risk factor for a poor prognosis after resection of HCV‐related HCC. Angiotensin II blockade may improve the prognosis of hypertensive patients with early hepatic fibrosis after resection in HCV‐related HCC.
Role of probiotics in management of diverticular disease
Authors: Narula Neeraj , Marshall John K
Published: July 2010

Patients with diverticular disease may experience a variety of chronic symptoms, including abdominal discomfort, bloating, and altered bowel habit. They are also at risk of complications, including hemorrhage, diverticulitis, abscess, and fistula formation. The potential role of abnormal colonic microflora in the pathogenesis of diverticular inflammation has led to investigation of novel therapies such as probiotics. Probiotics are microorganisms that may be of net benefit to humans when consumed. The rationale and safety of their use in diverticular disease is discussed and current literature is reviewed.
Mechanisms of alcoholic pancreatitis
Authors: Apte Minoti V , Pirola Romano C , Wilson Jeremy S
Published: July 2010

Alcoholic pancreatitis is a major complication of alcohol abuse. The risk of developing pancreatitis increases with increasing doses of alcohol, suggesting that alcohol exerts dose‐related toxic effects on the pancreas. However, it is also clear that only a minority of alcoholics develop the disease, indicating that an additional trigger may be required to initiate clinically evident pancreatic injury. It is now well established that alcohol is metabolized by the pancreas via both oxidative and non‐oxidative metabolites. Alcohol and its metabolites produce changes in the acinar cells, which may promote premature intracellular digestive enzyme activation thereby predisposing the gland to autodigestive injury. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are activated directly by alcohol and its metabolites and also by cytokines and growth factors released during alcohol‐induced pancreatic necroinflammation. Activated PSCs are the key cells responsible for producing the fibrosis of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Efforts to identify clinically relevant factors that may explain the susceptibility of some alcoholics to pancreatitis have been underway for several years. An unequivocal, functionally characterized, association is yet to be identified in clinical studies, although in the experimental setting, endotoxin has been shown to trigger overt pancreatic injury and to promote disease progression in alcohol‐fed animals. Thus, while the molecular effects of alcohol on the pancreas have been increasingly clarified in recent years, identification of predisposing or triggering factors remains a challenge.
Thai men becoming a first‐time father
Authors: Sansiriphun Nantaporn , Kantaruksa Kannika , Klunklin Areewan , Baosuang Chavee , Jordan Pamela
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to understand the process of Thai men becoming a first‐time father. Twenty expectant fathers were voluntarily recruited from the antenatal clinics of three hospitals in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. The data were collected by in‐depth interviews and analyzed on the basis of grounded theory methodology. The findings demonstrated that “protecting the unborn baby” was the basic social process that emerged as the core category. This process was divided into three phases: confirming and accepting, perceiving the unborn baby as a human being, and ensuring the health of the mother and baby. Throughout this process, the Thai expectant fathers applied many strategies to manage their concerns, needs, and emotions and to develop themselves into fathers. The process of protecting the unborn baby provides insight into the expectant fathers' experiences, which will enable nurses and midwives to assist and care for men as they become fathers.
Potentially avoidable surgery in inflammatory bowel disease: what proportion of patients come to resection without optimal preoperative therapy? A guidelines‐based audit
Authors: Gapasin J. , Van Langenberg D. R. , Holtmann G. , Hetzel D. J. , Andrews J. M.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Recently, promulgated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) guidelines seek to decrease the need for surgery by improving disease control. However, resection rates remain static.

Aims:  We therefore sought to determine the proportion of patients coming to surgery where preoperative management was not optimal according to guidelines.

Methods:  Case notes of all patients with resection surgery for IBD from January 2007 to March 2008 at a metropolitan teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Judgement was made as to whether preoperative management was optimal or suboptimal depending on whether it met guidelines.

Results:  A total of 22 subjects with IBD‐related resections were identified (15 males and seven females). In total, 17 had Crohn's disease (CD) (11 males) and five ulcerative colitis (UC) (four males). There were 10 smokers (nine CD and one UC). The two most common indications for surgery were inflammatory mass/abscess (n= 8) and refractory to medical therapy (n= 7). While all patients with known IBD (20/22) had seen a gastroenterologist in the past, five known IBD patients had resections undertaken without preoperative gastroenterologist input. Overall preoperative management was judged as optimal in only (9/22) 41%. Of those whose therapy did not meet guidelines (n= 13), five had azathioprine at doses <2 mg/kg, one declined therapy and nine with CD were current smokers.

Conclusions:  Over 50% of IBD resection patients had suboptimal preoperative management, with sub‐therapeutic thiopurine dosing and smoking in CD the main problems. Thus, there are significant gains to be made with better use of standard therapies, as it appears that ∼50% of resection surgery was ‘potentially avoidable’.
Clinical audit of antiphospholipid antibody testing in tertiary practice: towards improved relevance in thrombophilia investigations
Authors: Favaloro E. J. , Reben R. , Mohammed S. , Koutts J.
Published: July 2010

Background:  The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterised by vascular thromboses and/or pregnancy morbidity. Diagnosis of APS typically requires laboratory evidence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Depending on their clinical presentation, affected individuals might be seen by a variety of clinical specialities.

Aim:  To evaluate clinical ordering patterns for aPL/APS at a tertiary level public facility.

Methods:  We performed an audit of internal clinical requests for aPL tests at our institution for a 6‐month period.

Results:  We identified a wide variety of clinical ordering background for aPL, of predominantly obstetric (72/268; 26.9%) or thrombophilic (78/268; 29.1%) patients. Only 11/268 samples (4.1%) were positive for lupus anticoagulant (LA) and 14/268 (5.2%) were positive for anticardiolipin antibody (aCL). The percentage of aCL positivity in the LA‐positive group was 46% (5/11). None of the 72 obstetric patients tested was identified to have aPL. Of the 11 LA‐positive patients, the reasons identified for testing comprised: prolonged Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (assay) (n= 3), thrombosis (n= 3), APS (n= 2), systemic lupus erythematosus (n= 2), vasculitis (n= 1).

Conclusion:  We determined a wide variety of clinical ordering background for aPL at a tertiary level institution, with an overall low rate (<10%) of aPL positivity among a hospital population of predominantly obstetric or thrombophilic patients. That no positive obstetric aPL cases were identified suggests local clinical ordering guidelines may need review, as also potentially practised at other institutions. We also observed a moderate rate (46%) of coincidence of aCL and LA, in agreement with guidelines indicating that multiple tests are required to identify APS.
Effects of metformin on BRIN‐BD11 beta‐cell insulin secretory desensitization induced by prolonged exposure to sulphonylureas
Authors: Irwin N. , McKinney J. M. , Bailey C. J. , Flatt P. R. , McClenaghan N. H.
Published: July 2010

Aims: Prolonged exposure of pancreatic beta‐cells in vitro to the sulphonylureas tolbutamide and glibenclamide induces subsequent desensitization of insulinotropic pathways. Clinically, the insulin‐sensitizing biguanide drug metformin is often administered alongside sulphonylurea as antidiabetic therapy. The present study examines the functional effects of metformin (200 µM) on tolbutamide‐ and glibenclamide‐induced desensitisation.

Methods: Acute and prolonged (18 h) effects of exposure to tolbutamide and glibenclamide alone, or in the presence of metformin, were examined in insulin‐secreting BRIN‐BD11 cells.

Results: In acute 20 min incubations at 1.1 mM glucose, metformin increased (1.2–1.7‐fold; p < 0.001) the insulin‐releasing actions of tolbutamide and glibenclamide. At 16.7 mM glucose, metformin significantly enhanced glibenclamide‐induced insulin release at all concentrations (50–400 µM) examined, but tolbutamide‐stimulated insulin secretion was only augmented at higher concentrations (300–400 µM). Exposure for 18 h to 100 µM tolbutamide or glibenclamide significantly impaired insulin release in response to glucose and a broad range of insulin secretagogues. Concomitant culture with metformin (200 µM) prevented or partially reversed many of the adverse effects on KATP channel dependent and independent insulinotropic pathways. Beneficial effects of metformin were also observed in cells exposed to glibenclamide for 18 h with significant improvements in the insulin secretory responsiveness to alanine, GLP‐1 and sulphonylureas. The decrease of viable cell numbers observed with glibenclamide was reversed by co‐culture with metformin, but cellular insulin content was depressed.

Conclusions: The results suggest that metformin can prevent the aspects of sulphonylurea‐induced beta‐cell desensitization.
The Economic Geography of Offshoring: The Fit between Activities and Local Context
Authors: Jensen Peter D. Ørberg , Pedersen Torben
Published: July 2010

abstract

We draw from the literature on economic geography and from the thematic offshoring literature, and propose three hypotheses that rest on the assumption that the choice of offshoring location is based on the fit between the attributes of different destinations and the attributes of the offshored business activities. The study reveals a multi‐faceted location pattern in which firms' location strategies, to some degree, follow a logic whereby manufacturing is relocated to low‐cost destinations, and research and development is relocated to high‐cost destinations. However, the picture is more nuanced when distinguishing between standardized and advanced activities. Asia attracts as many advanced activities as Western Europe while North America attracts more advanced activities even in manufacturing. Central and Eastern Europe attract offshoring in manufacturing and IT, but the activities that are offshored to these regions are typically not advanced. One important theoretical implication of this study is that a more detailed understanding of the nature of offshored activities is needed, since such attributes appear to be an important determinant of location choice.
Multinational Enterprises and Local Contexts: The Opportunities and Challenges of Multiple Embeddedness
Authors: Meyer Klaus E. , Mudambi Ram , Narula Rajneesh
Published: July 2010

abstract

Some scholars have argued that globalization will reduce the importance of local contexts. We argue instead that despite the increased frequency and intensity of interactions across local contexts, they continue to retain their distinctive differences. MNEs face growing challenges in managing the complexity of these interactions, because they must manage ‘multiple embeddedness’ across heterogeneous contexts at two levels. First, at the MNE level, they must organize their networks to exploit effectively both the differences and similarities of their multiple host locations. Second, at the subsidiary level, they must balance ‘internal’ embeddedness within the MNE network, with their ‘external’ embeddedness in the host milieu. Balancing the subsidiary's strategic role within the MNE with its local identity and its domestic linkages can sometimes represent a trade‐off. Multiple embeddedness thus creates both business opportunities and operational challenges, which are explored in this special issue.
Re‐conceptualizing Bartlett and Ghoshal's Classification of National Subsidiary Roles in the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Rugman Alan , Verbeke Alain , Yuan Wenlong
Published: July 2010

abstract

We re‐conceptualize the Bartlett and Ghoshal typology of national subsidiary roles in the multinational enterprise (MNE), using a resource bundling perspective. Our view is that national subsidiary roles can vary dramatically across value chain activities. We focus on the distinction among innovation, production, sales, and administrative support activities. For each value chain activity, the subsidiary bundles sets of internal competences with accessible, external location advantages. We also address the effects of regional integration on national subsidiary roles. Such schemes may affect substantially the extent to which location advantages of individual countries can be accessed and bundled with internal competences, thereby typically altering some national subsidiaries' roles in specific value chain activities. However, such substantive changes in specific value chain activities performed by national subsidiaries do not necessarily lead to any move in conventional subsidiary role typologies, such as the Bartlett and Ghoshal one, since these typologies only acknowledge aggregate subsidiary role changes, supposedly valid for the entire value chain.
The Moderating Impact of Informal Institutional Distance and Formal Institutional Risk on SME Entry Mode Choice
Authors: Schwens Christian , Eiche Julia , Kabst Ruediger
Published: July 2010

abstract

Considerable research has explored international mode choices. However, results regarding the direct influence of the host country institutional context on entry mode choice remain rather inconclusive with positive, negative, and mixed empirical findings. This study examines informal institutional distance and formal institutional risk as moderators on the relationship between frequently examined decision‐making criteria and the entry mode decision of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We demonstrate that the influence of international experience, proprietary know‐how, and strategic importance on SME mode choice is contingent on the institutional context of the host country. Hypotheses are tested on a sample of 227 German SMEs. Our empirical results support our theoretical predictions, which forge a link between institutional and SME entry mode literature.
Lithium in mental handicap: A review
Authors: Craft Michael , Mathews Jose
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY. Most mentally handicapped people live in the community where, like other people, their mental illnesses need treatment with a view to continued community care and health. Three aspects of mental ill health in people of average intelligence are known to be aided by lithium: cyclothymia (manic depression), depression, and overt aggression. This article reviews lithium literature in respect of mentally handicapped people, and goes on to illustrate its use with case studies of three successfully treated patients, and to discuss the clinical cues for mental health professionals. The information is based on community practice and two randomised controlled trials detailed elsewhere.
Association between Cold Face Test‐induced vagal inhibition and cortisol response to acute stress
Authors: Marca Roberto La , Waldvogel Patricia , Thörn Hanna , Tripod Mélanie , Wirtz Petra H. , Pruessner Jens C. , Ehlert Ulrike
Published: July 2010

Low vagal function is related to several disorders. One possible underlying mechanism linking the vagus nerve and disorders is the HPA axis. Thirty‐three healthy male subjects participated in a stress task, while heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), salivary cortisol, and mood were assessed. Vagal function was determined using baseline, stress‐induced inhibition, and Cold Face Test (CFT)‐induced stimulation. The stress task induced a significant increase in cortisol and HR, a decrease in RSA, and a worsening of mood. A linear regression model with the time from CFT onset until maximum bradycardia as the independent variable explained 17.9% of the total variance in cortisol in response to the stressor (mood: 36.5%). The results indicate that a faster CFT response is associated with reduced cortisol increase and enhanced mood after acute stress. Our data support an inverse relationship between vagal function and the HPA axis.
External Address
Authors: Smith Sir Henky Sutcliffe
Published: July 2010

Summary of Chairman's Address at the Thirteenth Annual General Meeting held at Manchester, 26th July 1932
The Chemical Constitution and Physical Properties of Bisulphited Wool*
Authors: CARTER E. G. H. , MIDDLEROOK W. R. , PHILLIPS H.
Published: July 2010

Evidence is surveyed for the existence of four subfractions of the cystine‐S of wool (A, B, C and D). which differ in their reactivity towards sodium bisulphite and alkalis. These four subfractions fall into two approximately equal main fractions (A + B) and (C + D): (A + B) gives thiol and S‐cysteine‐sulphonate groups with bisulphite; (C + D) does not react with cold bisulphite, but under the action of hot bisulphite decomposes and yields combined a‐aminoacrylic acid. With alkalis, fraction (A + B) gives combined lanthionine, whereas fraction (C + D) again gives combined a‐aminoacrylic acid.

Subfraction A of the combined eystine is probably influenced by neighbouring free carboxyl groups, whereas subfraction B is under the influence of less polar groupings.

Under the experimental conditions examined, no difference has been detected between the reactivities of the cystine subfractions of extended and unextended wool fibres.

Breaking subfraction A of the cystine cross‐linkages increases the ease of extension more than breaking subfraction B, but the ease of extension of fibres with fraction (A + B) broken can be increased greatly by monochloroacetic acid.

Fibres of which (A + B) has been broken do not supercontract until they have been boiled: they then supercontract even when boiling causes the disulphide cross‐linkages to reform. Even when boiled, the fibres of which only subfraction B has been broken will not supercontract. After fibres have been boiled in sodium bisulphite solution, supercontraction cannot be prevented by rebuilding fraction (A + B).

Under the experimental conditions we have used the S‐cysteinesulphonate groups of bisulphited wool do not react with methylamine, indicating that the setting of bisulphited wool may not be due to interaction between S‐cysteinesulphonate groups and free amino‐groups to produce ‐SNH ‐ cross‐linkages.

Experiments on the setting of extended bisulphited hairs suggest that breaking fraction (A + B) alone will not bring about conditions conducive to set. A rise in temperature is also necessary and is effective even when fraction (A + B) remains broken.

Suggestions are advanced to account for the difference in reactivity between subfractions A and B and fractions (A + B) and (C + D), and the evidence is discussed in favour of the view that the chief factor in the stability of keratin and other fibrous proteins is main‐chain adhesion. Polar side‐chains are potential sources of weakness since they can give rise to swelling and hydration. In the keratins their activity is suppressed by the close proximity of disulphide cross‐linkages.
The Third John Mercer Lecture
Authors: ENTWISTLE D.
Published: July 2010

The President said that it was the exprew desire of the founder of the Meroer Lectures that the lecturers should be selected from among the younger members of the craft. Thatprinciple governed the choice of speakere at the first two Mercer Lectures, and wes againbeing observed that evening. The distinction had onoe more been accorded to one of the y unger members of the industry, Mr. D. Entwistle, whose record has shown him to be well worthy of the honour.
The Dichroic Behaviour of Substantive Dyes: Molecular Theory of the Dyeing of Cellulose*
Authors: MORTON T. H.
Published: July 2010

The observations of Ambronn on the dichroic behaviour of cellulose fibres dyed with certain direct dyes have been extended. It is found that all direct dyes, all vat dyes in the reduced leuco‐form, some insoluble azo dyes, and some acid dyes on ramie exhibit positive dichroism.

Elongated direct dye micelles and dye crystals exhibit negative dichroism.

These dichroic phenomena are best explained by the absorption of dye by cellulose as single molecules, not as micelles. In the dyed material the elongated direct dye molecules are oriented parallel to the cellulose molecular chains with which they are co‐ordinately combined. Direct dye molecules are positioned transversely across elongated dye micelles.

These conclusions are confirmed by the dichroic behaviour of ramie dyed with alcoholic solutions of direct dyes, in which it is believed the dyes are molecularly dispersed.

Normal, fully oxidised, vat dyed materials are not appreciably dichroic.

A molecular theory of the dyeing of cellulose with substantive dyes is described. The dye solution is considered to contain particles of all sizes from molecules to large aggregates in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Cellulose is capable, for mechanical reasons, of absorbing molecules and small aggregates only.

Further, the diffusion of dye molecules through the capillary pore system of cellulose is probably not a free diffusion, but a thermally activated process. The effect of these two factors can be combined into a “mobility factor” representing the retardation of diffusion from the speed expected for a free diffusion with absorption. The value of the mobility factor covers the range, 10‐1 to 10‐1, for the direct dye class.

Dye absorption proceeds by means of the diffusion of dye molecules, which are continually re‐formed from the larger particles in dye solution, to the interior of the cellulose fibre, until finally a true equilibrium between dyed cellulose and dye solution is reached.

The essential conditions necessary for substantivity of dyes on cellulose are discussed.
Tendering of Vat Dyed Textile Materials on Exposure to Light
Authors: Turner H. A.
Published: July 2010

A review is given of some of the developments that have taken place in this field during the past fourteen years. An attempt is made to connect these developments and to show where gaps still exist in the experimental investigation of vat dyes on the fibre. There is, in particular, a paucity of reliable spectrographs data. References are given to work in other fields which may be capable of fruitful extension to vat dye systems.
A Theoretical Discussion of Positional Sulphonation of Naphthalene and of Some of its Derivatives. Part II‐α‐ and β‐Naphthols, α‐ and β‐ Naphthylamines, and their Common Monosulphonic Acids
Authors: Hodgson H. H. , Hathway D. E.
Published: July 2010

The interpretation already given in Part I of data on the sulphonation of naphthalene is now extended to the sulphonation of its monohydroxy‐ and its monoamino‐derivatives and of their common monosulphonic acids. The sulphamic acid intermediate theory of Bamberger5, recently modified and amplified by Alexander2, has been adopted and, together with the aid of the resonance theory discussed in Part I1, which indicates the activated or deactivated positions of the naphthalene nucleus, a logical explanation of the bewildering mass of data extant is provided.
A Theoretical Discussion of Further Substitution in Disubstituted Naphthalenes. Part III‐The Further Nitration of the Dinitro‐naphthalenes
Authors: Hodgson H. H. , Ward E. R.
Published: July 2010

The mono‐ and di‐nitrations of the 1:3‐, 1:4‐, 1:5‐, 1:6‐, 1:8‐, 2:6‐ and 2:7‐dinitronaphthalones are discussed from the standpoint of the Veselý and Jake quinonoid hypothesis of naphthalene substitution as modified by modern electronic and resonance theory7. Further, the readier nitration of β‐ compared with α‐nitronaphthalenes, the facile dinitration of 2:6‐ and 2:7‐dinitronaphthalenes in contrast with the impossibility of mononitration of 2:6‐ and the difficulty of mononitration of 2:7‐dinitronaphthalene, and also the ease of step‐wise nitration of the other dinitronaphthalenes, are explained on the above theory.
The Acid Nature of Vegetable Fibres in Relation to Basic Dye Absorption
Authors: Sarkar P. D. , Chatterjee H. , Mazumdar A. K. , Pal K. B.
Published: July 2010

Twelve vegetable fibres have been analysed for their lignin, carbon dioxide, furfural, holocellulose, etc., contents. Their acid values and absorption of Methylone Blue have been measured; there exists a fairly close relationship between these two values. It is suggested that the absorption of basic dyes by these lignocelluloses is due to the presence of acidic constituents of the hemicelluloses, rather than to lignin. The existence of an ester linkage between the hydroxyl group of lignin and the carboxyl group of polyuronic acid is postulated for nine fibres which, unlike the others, yield an appreciably higher percentage of carbon dioxide and furfural.
The Diffusion of Direct Dyes into Cellulose
Authors: CRANK J.
Published: July 2010

Earlier work on the measurement of the diffusion coefficient for direct dyes into cellulose sheet is discussed. The variation of this coefficient with dye concentration is considered, and a suggestion is made for improving the aocuracy of the results hy adopting a different method of mathematical analysis.

Some recently developed mathematical solutions of the diffusion equation for conditions corresponding to those of the commercial dyebath are shown to lead to calculated rate–of–dyeing curves which are not in agreement with experimental measurements. An interesting result obtained is that, for the cases examined, dyeing from a finite dyebath, e. g. one showing 90% exhaustion, is better represented by* the mathematical solution for an infinite dyebath than by the solution actually corresponding to 90% exhaustion. An explanation is advanced in terms of the electrochemical nature of the system, an aspect of the problem which was previously neglected in deriving the mathematical solutions. Further experimental data are, necessary before the explanation can be adequately tested.
The Reaction of Acrylonitrile with Viscose
Authors: MACGREQOR J. H. , PUOH C.
Published: July 2010

Evidence is presented to show that the increase in salt index of viscose on addition of acrylonitrile reported by Hollihan and Moss is only partly explained by re–xanthation. Cyanoethylation of the cellulose xanthate also plays a prominent part in this phenomenon.
The Photochemistry of Aromatic Azo Compounds in Organic Solvents
Authors: BLAISDELL B. EDWIN
Published: July 2010

Qualitative observations have been made on the photochemistry of azobenzene and 4–amino–4–nitroazobenzene solutions in isopropyl alcohol and isooctane in the presence of various amounts of oxygen. The fading reaction consists in the addition of hydrogen, extracted from the solvent, to the azo linkage to form a substituted hydrazine and later substituted anilines.

In the presence of oxygen there is a photosensitised oxidation of the solvent. In iaopropyl alcohol as solvent the fading of the dye is completely inhibited by one atmosphere of oxygen, but after exhaustion of the oxygen the dye fades very rapidly. In the presence of a large excess of oxygen the dye eventually fades slowly. The rate of oxygen consumption increases during the exposure and continues to increase after complete destruction of the dye. In this case the oxidation products contain aliphatic acids and carbon dioxide in addition to acetone. The number of carbonyl groups produced is in excess of equivalence to the molecular oxygen consumed.
Some Studies of the Fading of Simple Monoazo Dye
Authors: ATHERTON E. , SELTZER I.
Published: July 2010

The fastness, on exposure to the light from a carbon arc, of a series of simple morroazo dyes in cellulose acetate film has been measured. A relationship is proposed between the chemical constitution and the order of light fastness of these dyes. The light fastness of each dye has been characterised by a destruction efficiency constant. In defining this quantity, account has been taken of the specific absorbing powers of the dyes for the heterochromatic light used to fade them. Special precautions have been taken to standardise exposures by means of a light flux–time integrator.
Photochemistry in relation to Garment Dyeing and Dry Cleaning
Authors: BREARE A.
Published: July 2010

An attempt has been made to determine the effect of dyes on the photochemical oxidation of wool. Generally, dyes offer protection to wool, but differ greatly in the degree of protection. Certain groups offer little protection, and in some cases cause acceleration of damage. The triphenylmethane group appears to offer least protection. No clearly defined effect of any chemical group of dyes or of any hue can be detected.

The influence of a particular dye on the rate of disintegration of wool under the action˜of light lias an important bearing on the redyeing of worn garments and also on the launderability of such garments.
Irreversible and Reversible Photobleaching of Dyes
Authors: LIVINGSTON ROBERT
Published: July 2010

Fifteen reaction steps have been demonstrated to occur in solutions (or other simple systems) of dyes and pigments Although no one compound has been proved to undergo all of them, they, and probably additional reaction steps, must be considered as constituting the primary processes for photochemical reactions of dyes. Some attempt has been made to suggest how these reaction steps may be related to irreversible and reversible photobleaching of dyes under conditions of technical importance.