bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Escola, currículo e conhecimentos: sentidos tensionados em contextos da pandemia.
Authors: Thiesen Juares da Silva
Published: September 2021

No texto, analisam-se sentidos sociais atribuídos à escola, seus currículos e conhecimentos, face aos tensionamentos discursivos derivados de correlações de força mobilizados por distintos segmentos sociais, especialmente em razão da proposição de modelos não convencionais de funcionamento para escolas de educação básica e instituições de educação superior nesse tempo de pandemia. São movimentos que, assumindo concepções e interesses visivelmente distintos, tensionam ainda mais o debate sobre sentidos e finalidades sociais da formação escolar. Trata-se de um trabalho de base empírico-teórica, que explora como fontes: documentos oficiais, textos acadêmicos e informações da imprensa disponibilizados em ambientes digitais. Afirma-se que esse jogo de forças coloca em disputa três racionalidades: uma de base neoliberal que concebe a escola como máquina de produção de resultados objetivos, outra ancorada na ideia de escola como espaço socioeducativo, portanto, de redução de desigualdades, e uma terceira que entende a escola como lugar de formação humana e instituição promotora do direito universal à aprendizagem e ao desenvolvimento humano.
Os olhares dos discentes do Mestrado Profissional de Educação de Jovens e Adultos sobre a inclusão no ambiente escolar da EJA
Authors: Rocha Julimar Santiago , Santos Débora Regina Oliveira , Correia Patrícia Carla da Hora
Published: September 2021

Este estudo parte da necessidade da discussão acerca da formaçãode professores que atuam na Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). É fruto dainquietação das pesquisadoras durante experiência no Mestrado Profissionalde Educação de Jovens e Adultos (MPEJA), ao refletir sobre as contribuiçõespara o processo inclusivo nas escolas, na referida modalidade, bem como aspráticas em defesa do direito à educação para todos. A problemática abordadanesse artigo foi sobre o olhar que os mestrandos têm sobre a inclusão no ambienteescolar na EJA. O objetivo geral foi investigar a visão que os discentesdo Mestrado Profissional, oferecido por uma universidade pública baiana,têm sobre a inclusão no ambiente escolar da EJA. Os objetivos específicosforam: discutir a educação inclusiva, analisando a inclusão no ambienteescolar da EJA; elencar as atividades pedagógicas desenvolvidas para taisgrupos na EJA pelos mestrandos na perspectiva da educação inclusiva. Ametodologia utilizada foi a abordagem qualitativa com pesquisa de campo,envolvendo 22 sujeitos, e uso de questionário para coleta das informações. Osresultados apontam que a investigação viabiliza o suporte teórico necessárioao mestrando, que deseja fortalecer a sua prática educativa no ambienteescolar da EJA. Conclui-se também que o uso de práticas inclusivas fortaleceráa construção da autonomia e a emancipação dos sujeitos em busca dagarantia de direitos a todos.
The Black Sun
Authors: Sherwood Violet
Published: September 2021

This paper draws on my doctoral research into the experience of psychological infanticide. Weaving together infanticidal attachment theory, the psychohistory of infant murder, and pre-natal psychology regarding the experience of the unwelcome child before birth, I explore the alchemical image of the black sun and the Death Mother archetype as expressions of pre-birth annihilation terror. I argue that during pregnancy, the unwelcome foetus and unwilling mother form an infanticidal attachment centred on their shared experiences of helpless terror, and utilising mutual survival strategies of dissociation that orient the child towards death rather than life. From my perspectives as a psychotherapist and a former patient, I explore how terror of the Death Mother reveals itself in dreams, symptoms, fantasies, and in the transference, and consider how we might engage with such life-destroying forces.
Terror-Will-Faith
Authors: De Leon Jennifer
Published: September 2021

In this paper the author grapples creatively with the question of how to go on being. The author’s exploration of the use of dance, both as a person and as a clinician, in order to maintain an ongoing exploration of this question is poetically explored. In this evocative piece the author also uses images to invite the reader into a visceral, intellectual and emotional “dance” within the reader’s own body/mind. The author’s invitation to themselves and to us all is to surrender to “the divine mystery.” Within this the author emphasises the notion of morphogenesis, as a guide to this potent call.
Explicit Versus Implicit Grammar Instruction and Knowledge
Authors: Basturkmen Helen
Published: September 2021

This entry introduces the terms of explicit versus implicit grammar instruction. It also introduces the related terms of explicit versus implicit learning and knowledge. These terms are discussed in relation to important theoretical and practical questions concerning the role of explicit grammar knowledge in learning a second or foreign language. The entry reports findings into the relative effectiveness of explicit and implicit grammar instruction in recent meta‐analyses.
Classroom Atmosphere
Authors: Lee Icy , Mak Pauline
Published: September 2021

Classroom atmosphere is a vital component of teaching and learning; it helps establish and maintain rapport between teacher and students, build motivation and confidence among students themselves, and facilitate the processes of teaching and learning. Drawing upon psychological and sociocultural perspectives, this entry examines classroom atmosphere in the light of key theoretical considerations and research findings. On the basis of this discussion, a number of pedagogical implications are proposed. It is concluded that classroom atmosphere is co‐constructed by teacher and learners and that both parties play a contributing role in creating a classroom environment conducive to teaching and learning.
Needs Analysis for the Second Language Writing Classroom
Authors: Flowerdew Lynne
Published: September 2021

Needs analyses for second language writing tend to employ multi‐method approaches, including questionnaires, interviews, and also consultation of the previous literature of the writing area under investigation. Text analysis, not only of exemplar target texts but also of student writing, is of particular importance as a means of problem identification. Text analysis is often supplemented with more ethnographic contextual analysis of the writing situation to provide further insights on writing issues.
Future Directions for Writing Teacher Cognition (Writing Teacher Preparation and Research)
Authors: Lee Icy
Published: September 2021

“Teacher cognition” refers to the complex networks of knowledge, thoughts, and beliefs that language teachers bring to the classroom, which impact decision making and classroom teaching within their situated contexts. In L2 writing, there has been a growth of research interest in teacher cognition, which is increasingly recognized as a pivotal element in writing teacher preparation program design. This entry provides a brief literature review of recent research on L2 writing teacher cognition, highlighting three major focuses, namely (1) factors influencing writing teacher cognition; (2) relationship between writing teacher cognition and classroom practice; and (3) role of teacher education in impacting writing teacher cognition. Based on salient research findings, the entry examines five pedagogical implications for writing teacher preparation, providing future directions for L2 writing teacher cognition in terms of both research and practice.
Collaborative Writing
Authors: Storch Neomy
Published: September 2021

Collaborative writing activities involve the production of a single text by two or more co‐authors. These activities require the co‐authors to communicate as they compose the text, either via speaking in face‐to‐face collaborative writing or via chats in a computer‐mediated collaborative writing. This chapter begins by defining collaborative writing and then presents the theoretical and empirical reasons to implement collaborative writing activities in the language classroom. It discusses some of the factors which have been found to impact on the opportunities for learning associated with collaborative writing and concludes by offering some research‐informed advice on successfully implementing collaborative writing activities.
Water‐Resistant Ionogel Electrode with Tailorable Mechanical Properties for Aquatic Ambulatory Physiological Signal Monitoring
Authors: Yu Zhenchuan , Wu Peiyi
Published: September 2021

Underwater electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring, which can monitor cardiac autonomic changes and arrhythmias during diving, is essential for sports management and healthcare. However, it is crucial yet rather challenging to achieve ECG monitoring in an aquatic environment because the interface electrodes may lose their functionality underwater. Here, an ionogel with tailorable mechanical properties is prepared by a facile one‐step polymerization and used as water‐resistant electrode. The Young's modulus and strain at break of the ionogel can be modulated in the range of 0.22–337 MPa and 349 to >10 000%, respectively. The hydrophobic polymer networks inside the ionogel endow this ionogel with excellent stability, adhesion, and self‐healing ability underwater. The ionic conductivity imparted by the free ionic groups inside the ionogel allows the ionogel to detect and transmit physiological electrical signals. Compared with commercial gel electrodes, this ionogel electrode demonstrates better adhesion ability, conductivity, and stability underwater. The ionogel electrode can collect real‐time ECG signals effectively both in the air and underwater, and the data can be used to warn users of the potential risk of a heart attack.
Both‐In‐One Hybrid Bacteria Suppress the Tumor Metastasis and Relapse via Tandem‐Amplifying Reactive Oxygen Species‐Immunity Responses
Authors: Sun Mengchi , Ye Hao , Shi Qinghua , Xie Jun , Yu Xiang , Ling Hao , You Song , He Zhonggui , Qin Bin , Sun Jin
Published: September 2021

Bacterial therapy, which targets the tumor site and aims at exerting an antitumor immune response, has displayed a great potential against malignant tumors. However, failure of the phase I clinical trial of Salmonella strain VNP20009 alone demonstrates that bacterial treatment alone can unsatisfy the requirements of high efficiency and biosafety. Herein, a strategy of both‐in‐one hybrid bacteria is proposed, wherein the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) is integrated onto the surface of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH)‐overexpressed non‐pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain, to potentiate the antitumor efficacy. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is produced by GDH from E. coli, promotes the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the tumor, and ROS is then catalyzed by the DOX‐activated NADPH oxidases. Importantly, the hybrid bacteria enhance stimulated systemic antitumor immune responses, thereby leading to effective tumor eradication. When this strategy is applied in four different tumor models, the hybrid bacteria significantly inhibited tumor metastasis, postsurgical regrowth, and primary/distal tumor relapse. The both‐in‐one ROS‐immunity‐boosted hybrid bacteria strategy provides knowledge for the rational design of bacteria‐based synergistic cancer therapy.
Stem Cell Microarrays for Assessing Growth Factor Signaling in Engineered Glycan Microenvironments
Authors: Michalak Austen L. , Trieger Greg W. , Trieger Kelsey A. , Godula Kamil
Published: September 2021

Extracellular glycans, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), provide an essential regulatory component during the development and maintenance of tissues. GAGs, which harbor binding sites for a range of growth factors (GFs) and other morphogens, help establish gradients of these molecules in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and promote the formation of active signaling complexes when presented at the cell surface. As such, GAGs have been pursued as biologically active components for the development of biomaterials for cell‐based regenerative therapies. However, their structural complexity and compositional heterogeneity make establishing structure‐function relationships for this class of glycans difficult. Here, a stem cell array platform is described, in which chemically modified heparan sulfate (HS) GAG polysaccharides are conjugated to a gelatin matrix and introduced into a polyacrylamide hydrogel network. This array allowed for direct analysis of HS contributions to the signaling via the FGF2‐dependent mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in mouse embryonic stem cells. With the recent emergence of powerful synthetic and recombinant technologies to produce well‐defined GAG structures, a platform for analyzing both growth factor binding and signaling in response to the presence of these biomolecules will provide a powerful tool for integrating glycans into biomaterials to advance their biological properties and applications.
Construction of Messenger RNA (mRNA) Probes Delivered By Lipid Nanoparticles to Visualize Intracellular Protein Expression and Localization at Organelles
Authors: Zhao Weiyu , Zeng Chunxi , Yan Jingyue , Du Shi , Hou Xucheng , Zhang Chengxiang , Li Wenqing , Deng Binbin , McComb David W. , Xue Yonger , Kang Diana D. , Dong Yizhou
Published: September 2021

Organelles are specialized compartments, where various proteins reside and play crucial roles to maintain essential cellular structures and functions in mammalian cells. A comprehensive understanding of protein expressions and subsequent localizations at each organelle is of great benefit to the development of organelle‐based therapies. Herein, a set of single or dual organelle labeling messenger RNAs (SOLAR or DOLAR) is designed as novel imaging probes, which encode fluorescent proteins with various organelle localization signals. These mRNA probes enable to visualize the protein localizations at different organelles and investigate their trafficking from ribosomal machinery to specific organelles. According to the in vitro results, SOLAR probes show organelle targeting capabilities consistent with the design. Moreover, DOLAR probes with different linkers display distinct targeting properties depending on different organelle localization signals. Additionally, these mRNA probes also exhibit organelle labeling ability in vivo when delivered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Therefore, these mRNA‐based probes provide a unique tool to study cell organelles and may facilitate the design of organelle‐based therapies.
In Situ Formation of Nano Ni–Co Oxyhydroxide Enables Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts Durable at High Current Densities
Authors: Abed Jehad , Ahmadi Shideh , Laverdure Laura , Abdellah Ahmed , O'Brien Colin P. , Cole Kevin , Sobrinho Pedro , Sinton David , Higgins Drew , Mosey Nicholas J. , Thorpe Steven J. , Sargent Edward H.
Published: September 2021

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limits the energy efficiency of electrocatalytic systems due to the high overpotential symptomatic of poor reaction kinetics; this problem worsens over time if the performance of the OER electrocatalyst diminishes during operation. Here, a novel synthesis of nanocrystalline Ni–Co–Se using ball milling at cryogenic temperature is reported. It is discovered that, by anodizing the Ni–Co–Se structure during OER, Se ions leach out of the original structure, allowing water molecules to hydrate Ni and Co defective sites, and the nanoparticles to evolve into an active Ni–Co oxyhydroxide. This transformation is observed using operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, with the findings confirmed using density functional theory calculations. The resulting electrocatalyst exhibits an overpotential of 279 mV at 0.5 A cm−2 and 329 mV at 1 A cm−2 and sustained performance for 500 h. This is achieved using low mass loadings (0.36 mg cm−2) of cobalt. Incorporating the electrocatalyst in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer yields a current density of 1 A cm−2 at 1.75 V for 95 h without decay in performance. When the electrocatalyst is integrated into a CO2‐to‐ethylene electrolyzer, a record‐setting full cell voltage of 3 V at current density 1 A cm−2 is achieved.
Stimuli‐Driven Insulator–Conductor Transition in a Flexible Polymer Composite Enabled by Biphasic Liquid Metal
Authors: Liu Huaizhi , Xin Yumeng , Bisoyi Hari Krishna , Peng Yan , Zhang Jiuyang , Li Quan
Published: September 2021

Metal–polymer composites (MPCs) with combined properties of metals and polymers have achieved much industrial success. However, metals in MPCs are thought to be ordinary and invariable electrically conductive fillers in supportive polymers to show limited use in modern technologies. This work that is disclosed here, for the first time, introduces stimuli‐driven transition from biphasic to monophasic state of liquid metal into polymer science to form dynamic soft conductors from the binary metal–polymer composites. The binary metal that exhibits temperature‐driven reversible transition between solid and liquid states via a biphasic state is fabricated. A conducting stretchable polymer composite is developed using the judiciously chosen biphasic binary metal that undergoes conductor to insulator transition upon stretching. Insulating stretched films become conducting upon heating. A “tube” model elegantly describes such distinctive deformation/temperature‐dependent behaviors. Moreover, the conducting polymer composite shows decrease in its resistance upon increasing the sample temperature. The resistance can be tuned from 1 to 108 Ω depending on the state of binary metal in the phase diagram. This work would build the intimate and interesting connection between metal phases and polymer science toward next‐generation soft conductors and beyond.
Codes in Code: AIE Supramolecular Adhesive Hydrogels Store Huge Amounts of Information
Authors: Yang Yabi , Li Qingyun , Zhang Hanwei , Liu Hui , Ji Xiaofan , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: September 2021

With the continuous advancement of information technology, the requirements for the information storage capacity of materials are getting higher and higher. However, information code materials usually only store a single piece of information. In order to improve their storage capacity, aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) supramolecular adhesive hydrogels with different fluorescent colors are prepared, and a “Codes in Code” method is used to demonstrate the storage capacity for large amounts of information. Four kinds of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) supramolecular hydrogels with different fluorescent colors are prepared; based on the hydrogen bonds on the hydrogel surface, these hydrogels can be assembled into a hydrogel, G5, which shows multiple fluorescent colors under the irradiation of UV light. When many 1D barcode patterns or/and 2D code patterns are incorporated into G5, not only a kind of 3D information but also plenty of 1D or/and 2D information can be stored. Therefore, the information codes prepared by the “Codes in Code” method can store a large amount of information.
Aminoclay‐Graphene Oxide Composite for Thin‐Film Composite Reverse Osmosis Membranes with Unprecedented Water Flux and Fouling Resistance
Authors: Islam Md Rabiul , Khurana Pratishtha , Srikrishnarka Pillalamarri , Nagar Ankit , Jash Madhuri , Jenifer Shantha Kumar , Ganayee Mohd Azhardin , Kumar Mathava , Pradeep Thalappil
Published: September 2021

Present work attempts to incorporate aminoclay‐graphene oxide composites into thin‐film composite (TFC)‐reverse osmosis membranes to improve the desalination efficiency of brackish water. The composite is coated on a polysulfone substrate as a result of interfacial polymerization of m‐phenylene diamine and trimesoyl chloride, at different time durations. The prepared membranes are analyzed for their water permeation and salt rejection efficiencies using brackish feed water. The results indicated that the membrane loaded with 0.015 wt% of the composite delivered maximum flux at 20 bar pressure for 2000 ppm feed. Moreover, the water flow rate increased by ≈3.27 times (from 15.62 ± 0.36 to 50.28 ± 1.69 Lm–2 h–1), compared to the unmodified TFC membrane. An enhancement in the salt rejection from 97.03 ± 1.07 to 99.51 ± 0.10% is also observed for the same feed water at 20 bar as compared to the unmodified membrane. Furthermore, antifouling tests with model bio‐foulant humic acid revealed better stability and antifouling performance of the prepared membranes than the unmodified membranes under identical operating conditions. The membrane, therefore, assures high performance and lifetime owing to its mechanical and chemical stability, and hence suggests energy‐efficient desalination.
Alteration of prognostic efficacy of albumin‐bilirubin grade and Child‐Pugh score according to liver fibrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with Child‐Pugh A following hepatectomy
Authors: Miyata Tatsunori , Yamashita Yo‐ichi , Arima Kota , Higashi Takaaki , Hayashi Hiromitsu , Imai Katsunori , Nitta Hidetoshi , Chikamoto Akira , Beppu Toru , Baba Hideo
Published: September 2021

Background

The albumin‐bilirubin (ALBI) grade was developed to predict the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which can stratify the prognosis even in HCC patients with Child‐Pugh A. We evaluated the prognostic efficacy of the ALBI grade and Child‐Pugh classification in HCC patients with Child‐Pugh A stratified by the presence or absence of advanced fibrosis or a preoperative biomarker for advanced fibrosis.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 490 consecutive HCC patients with Child‐Pugh A who underwent initial hepatectomies. The accuracy of prognostic prediction using both models was compared by the presence or absence of advanced fibrosis (F3‐4) and its predictor, the preoperative platelet count (PLT).

Results

The prognostic accuracy of the ALBI grade was better in patients without advanced fibrosis (F3‐4; likelihood ratio: 4.39, corrected Akaike information criterion [AICc]: 453.0, P = .074), but Child‐Pugh score was better in the advanced fibrosis group (likelihood ratio: 10.67, AICc: 915.2, P = .0014). In the high PLT group (≥140 × 103/μL), the prognostic accuracy using the ALBI grade was better in overall survival (OS) and relapse‐free survival (RFS), but in the low PLT group, the Child‐Pugh score was the more accurate model in OS and RFS.

Conclusions

Depending on the degree of fibrosis or preoperative PLT, the ALBI grade and Child‐Pugh score may provide more accurate prognoses after initial hepatectomy in HCC patients with Child‐Pugh A.
Impact of abdominal aortic calcification on clinical outcomes following initial hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Imaoka Yuki , Ohira Masahiro , Sato Koki , Imaoka Kouki , Kuroda Shintaro , Tahara Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Ide Kentaro , Tanaka Yuka , Ohdan Hideki
Published: September 2021

Aim

The clinical impact of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) in patients who undergo hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown.

Methods

To evaluate the impact of AAC on clinical outcomes, we analyzed 203 patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC between 2010 and 2013.

Results

Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis showed significantly worse overall survival (OS) in the high AAC group than in the low AAC group. The recurrence‐free survival (RFS) was also significantly worse in the high AAC group. In the multivariate analysis, high AAC (hazard ratio [HR], 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–5.09; P = .01) was an independent risk factor for poor OS after hepatectomy for HCC. High AAC was also an independent risk factor for poor RFS (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.04–2.76; P = .04).

Conclusions

Abdominal aortic calcification had a strong relationship with poor OS and RFS after hepatectomy for HCC. We suggest that AAC had a relationship with smoking and diabetes; therefore, AAC could reflect a surrogate for older age, worse health status, and inflammatory score.
Asymmetric Disilylation of Spirocyclic Palladacyclopentanes via Tandem Heck/C−H Activation of Aryl Iodides
Authors: Li Hang , Huang Wei‐Sheng , Yang Ke‐Fang , Ye Fei , Yin Guan‐Wu , Xu Zheng , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: September 2021

The synthesis of chiral organosilicon compounds is highly appealing due to their wide and important applications in synthetic chemistry and medicinal science. However, catalytic asymmetric disilylation are surprisingly underrepresented because of the lack of enantioselective methods in the stereoselective control of silyl group transformations. Herein, an asymmetric palladium‐catalyzed disilylation of ether‐tethered aryl iodide contained a styrene moiety through Heck/C−H activation sequence was explored for the first time. Upon high‐throughput screening of TADDOL‐derived phosphoramidites, it was found that L18 is a good match in combination with Pd(dtbpf)Cl2 in the tandem Heck/C−H activation of aryl iodide with hexamethyldisilane to afford disilylated 2.3‐dihydrobenzofunan derivatives in good yields with moderate enantioselectivity.
Mental health and well‐being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia during COVID‐19
Authors: Dudgeon Pat , Alexi Joanna , Derry Kate , Brideson Tom , Calma Tom , Darwin Leilani , Gray Paul , Hirvonen Tanja , McPhee Rob , Milroy Helen , Milroy Jill , Murray Donna , Sutherland Stewart
Published: September 2021

In May 2020, an independent working party was convened to determine the mental health and well‐being needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia, in response to COVID‐19. Thirty Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders and allies worked together in a two‐month virtual collaboration process. Here, we provide the working party's five key recommendations and highlight the evidence supporting these proposals. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander self‐determination and governance must be prioritised to manage the COVID‐19 recovery in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. To mitigate long‐term social and economic impacts of COVID‐19 to Australian society, the historical underinvestment in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples must be reconciled. Equitable, needs‐based funding is required to support strengths‐based, place‐based initiatives that address the determinants of health. This includes workforce and infrastructure development and effective evaluation. There is a clear, informed pathway to health and healing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples being enacted by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leadership and community organisations; it remains to be seen how these recommendations will be implemented.
A conductive, antibacterial, and antifouling hydrogel based on zwitterion
Authors: Ding Huan , Xu Shouping , Wang Jiangjiang , Fan Zhouxiang , Huang Zhongquan , Wu Hui , Pi Pihui , Cheng Jiang , Wen Xiufang
Published: September 2021

This paper proposes a cationic double‐network hydrogel, which has good electrical conductivity, antibacterial properties, antiprotein adsorption, and mechanical properties. The cationic polymer formed a conductive path in the hydrogel network, so that the gel had good conductivity. With the increase of carboxybetaine ester, the conductivity gradually increases. As a sensor, hydrogel could respond quickly to strains such as stretching and bending. In addition, the hydrogel showed excellent antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, the antibacterial rate can reach up to 99%. After hydrolysis, the hydrogel showed stable antiprotein adsorption performance. The tensile strength of the gel could reach 1.05 MPa, and the elongation at break was 474.31%. Therefore, this gel may be used for dressing and electronic skin. And the morphology of the hydrogel was characterized by FT‐IR, X‐ray diffraction, and SEM.
Development of a dual capsule self‐healing silicone composite using silicone chemistry and poly(melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde) shells
Authors: Allahdini Anahita , Jafari Reza , Momen Gelareh
Published: September 2021

This study aims to develop microcapsules that can be used as room‐temperature self‐healing agents in silicone‐based matrices. A telechelic reactive silanol‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the healing agent, was selected to ensure the homogeneity of the polymeric matrix and encapsulated in poly(melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde) shells through an in‐situ emulsion polymerization technique. To catalyze the polycondensation reaction of the healing agent, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL) was encapsulated within the same type of polymeric shell. The synthesized microcapsules were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry. The analyses confirmed that the spherical microcapsules with an average size of 56 μm for PDMS‐MUF microcapsules and 42 μm for DBTL‐MUF microcapsules, with a shell wall thickness of 100–200 nm, and good thermal stability were formed. Therefore, the two‐component self‐healing silicone composite was successfully developed using 10:1.2 wt% PDMS: DBTL microcapsules within the silicone matrix. SEM showed the self‐healing ability of the silicone matrix by observing the successful healing of microcracks at room temperature. Tensile and trouser tear tests were adopted to assess the self‐healing performance of the elastomeric matrix, showing the self‐healing efficiencies of 67% and 55%, respectively.
Effects of polylactide‐functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes on the crystallization behavior and thermal stability of poly (L‐lactic acid)
Authors: Luo Chunyan , Li Shoujia , Fang Minggang , Sun Jianxin , Xiao Wei , Tang Feng , Chen Weixing
Published: September 2021

In this work, poly (L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) grafted multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐g‐PLLA) was prepared by ring‐opening polymerization ofL‐lactide (L‐LA) from hydroxylated MWCNTs (MWCNTs‐OH). The grafted product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and X‐ray diffraction. It is found that MWCNTs‐g‐PLLA exhibits a carbonyl (C═O) stretching vibration peak in PLLA at near 1758 cm−1; the crystal diffraction peaks of MWCNTs‐g‐PLLA at 25.9°, 16.7°, 19.1°, and 21° are same as the peak positions of MWCNTs‐OH and PLLA, indicating that the grafted product is synthesized successfully. Then, MWCNTs‐OH/PLLA48kand MWCNTs‐g‐PLLA/PLLA48kcomposites were obtained by solution blending with different contents. The effects of MWCNTs‐OH and MWCNTs‐g‐PLLA on the crystallization behavior and thermal stability of PLLA48khomopolymer were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the crystallinity and the maximum crystallization rate of the blends increases, and the decomposition temperature of the blends increases by above 50°C.
Effect of electrical field treatment on thermal conductivity and mechanical strength of carbon nanofiber/polymer composite sheets with high filler content
Authors: Haruki Masashi , Kaneda Yuki , Tanaka Akihiro
Published: September 2021

Electrical field treatment (EFT) using alternating current was investigated for the possibility that it could enhance the out‐of‐plane effective thermal conductivity (TC) of carbon nanofiber (CNF)/polymer composite sheets with high concentrations of filler. Two types of polymers were used as the base: fluorinated polyimide (PI) and silicone rubber. For the CNF/fluorinated PI, the influence of frequency was clarified at 2 kV of amplitude voltage when using a CNF concentration up to 15.0 vol%. As a result, the effective TC was clearly increased by EFT, and the degree of the enhancement of effective TC was obviously greater at 0.01 Hz than at either 100 or 1 × 106 Hz. Moreover, the effective TCs of two types of CNF/silicone rubber were also enhanced by EFT with 2 kV and 0.01 Hz for concentrations of CNF up to 5.2 vol%, although there is a large difference in the preparation methods between CNF/fluorinated PI and CNF/silicone rubber. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the sheets prepared with EFT implied a change in the orientational structure of CNF inside the silicone rubber matrix, although the effect of EFT on the tensile strength was smaller compared with that on the effective TC.
Rock art on excavated monolithic statues (moai), Rano Raraku statue quarry, Rapa Nui (Easter Island): context, chronology and the crescent motif
Authors: VAN TILBURG JO ANNE
Published: September 2021

Monolithic statues (moai) of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) are three‐dimensional objects and unique to the ancient public art of Eastern Polynesia. The primary purpose here is to summarize the specific landscape and statue production contexts of moai 156 and moai 157 in Rano Raraku, the statue quarry, demonstrating that they are embellished with rock art applied post‐production (sixteenth to seventeenth centuries) and after they were upright and partially buried by colluvium in a named quarry chamber. Secondly, motif analysis reveals that crescents are present on moai 156 and 157 and incorporated into other motif types at 'Orongo, Rano Kau. The crescent is the central motif in a diagrammatic schema of Rapa Nui design development. Thirdly, iconographic norms allow controlled comparison with other moai for applied rock art. Although Hoa Hakananai'a differs in material, size, and situation from all others, the motifs on it are within the conventions of the iconographic corpus. Rano Raraku and Rano Kau are validated as ritual places on the dualistic, regionalized Rapa Nui landscape. The internal affinities and overall continuity of Rapanui cultural expression is established within an evolving anthropogenic environment during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
A discussion on approximate controllability of Sobolev‐type Hilfer neutral fractional stochastic differential inclusions
Authors: Dineshkumar C. , Sooppy Nisar Kottakkaran , Udhayakumar R. , Vijayakumar V.
Published: September 2021

In this paper, the approximate controllability of Sobolev‐type Hilfer neutral fractional stochastic differential inclusions in Hilbert spaces is considered. By using the stochastic analysis theory, fractional calculus, multivalued maps, and Karlin's fixed point technique, a new set of necessary and sufficient conditions, are formulated which guarantees the approximate controllability of the nonlinear Hilfer fractional stochastic system. The results are obtained under the assumption that the associated linear system is approximately controllable. Finally, two examples are presented to illustrate the theory of the obtained results.
Combined effects of maternal exposure to fungicides on behavioral development in F1‐generation mice: 3. Fixed‐dose study of imazalil
Authors: Tanaka Toyohito , Suzuki Jin , Inomata Akiko , Moriyasu Takako
Published: September 2021

Background

Few published studies are reported for the neurobehavioral toxicity of combined exposure to fungicides in mammals. This study was aimed to re‐evaluate the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of maternal exposure to combined imazalil (IMZ) and thiabendazole (TBZ) with fixed‐dose of IMZ in mice.

Methods

IMZ/TBZ was given in the diet to provide levels of 0%/0% (control), 0.006%/0.006% (IMZ/TBZ), 0.006%/0.018%, and 0.006%/0.054% during the gestation and lactation periods. Selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured in the F1 generation.

Results

No adverse effect of IMZ/TBZ was observed in litter size, litter weight, or sex ratio at birth. Concerning behavioral developmental parameters, the time required of olfactory orientation was accelerated significantly in higher‐dose groups in female offspring on postnatal day 14 in a dose‐related manner. Exploratory behavior examination indicated that the frequency of mice with urination increased in a significantly dose‐related manner in male offspring. After weaning, any variables of exploratory behavior indicated no significant effects in both sexes of adult mice in the F1 generation. In spontaneous behavior, the longitudinal pattern of total distance was not parallel (different pattern) among the control and IMZ/TBZ treatment groups in adult males.

Conclusions

The results from these series of combined exposure studies of IMZ/TBZ suggest that the main effects on exploratory and spontaneous behavior of adult mice in the F1 generation after finishing chemical administration have been caused by the IMZ concentration of maternal exposure, with TBZ's effects being complementary.
Factors affecting Pakistani young adults’ intentions to uptake COVID‐19 vaccination: An extension of the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Ullah Irfan , Lin Chung‐Ying , Malik Najma Iqbal , Wu Tzu‐Yi , Araban Marzieh , Griffiths Mark D. , Pakpour Amir H.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Aside from personal beliefs, young adults’ intention to uptake the COVID‐19 vaccine can be influenced by their fear of COVID‐19 and perceived infectability of COVID‐19. The present study incorporated fear of COVID‐19 and perceived infectability with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to form an expanded TPB to analyze factors affecting Pakistani young adults’ intentions to uptake the COVID‐vaccine in Pakistan.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted and recruited participants from Pakistani social media users. The proposed extended TPB model was examined by using structural equation modeling.

Results

A total of 1034 individuals replied to the survey. The three factors of the original theory of planned behavior and the fear of COVID‐19 were positively related to their intention to uptake COVID‐19 vaccination (r = 0.25‐0.66). Moreover, the perceived infectability positively influenced the three theories of planned behavioral factors and the fear of COVID‐19 (r = 0.27‐0.60), also affecting the participants’ intentions to uptake COVID‐19 vaccination.

Conclusions

Perceived infectability was positively related to the participants’ intentions to uptake COVID‐19 vaccination, and perceived behavioral control was the strongest mediator. More evidence‐based information concerning treatments and COVID‐19 vaccination are needed to encourage individuals to uptake the vaccine.
X‐ray sterilization of biopharmaceutical manufacturing equipment—Extractables profile of a film material and copolyester Tritan™ compared to gamma irradiation
Authors: Menzel Roberto , Dorey Samuel , Maier Tanja , Pahl Ina , Hauk Armin
Published: September 2021

The biopharmaceutical industry gains enormous flexibility in production processes by using sterilized preassembled single‐use devices. Gamma irradiation is an established sterilization technology that may be restricted in the future by the availability of 60Co as irradiation source and irradiation capacities. X‐ray technology is considered an alternative type of radiation for sterilizing SU equipment. In the context of extractables and leachables—one concern connected with the use of single‐use process equipment—the effect of X‐ray irradiation on the extractables profile of the materials needs to be compared to established gamma irradiation to qualify this alternative technology. An approach is presented to obtain robust and comprehensive extractables data for materials used in SU devices after sterilization either using X‐ray or gamma irradiation. A careful selection of the test items and the test design allows a one‐to‐one comparison of data obtained from a combination of orthogonal analytical techniques. The extractables of a modern SU film material and the copolyester Tritan™ are evaluated. The data presented allow a risk evaluation on the safety of this new sterilization modality for biopharmaceutical applications. It is demonstrated that the extractables profile of a polymer is not affected by the type of irradiation used for sterilization.
30 × 30 pledge to increase female officer representation by 2030
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2021

The University of Utah Police Department has undertaken a pledge to increase diversity in its recruitment and retention of officers. “Just like every other law enforcement agency in the country, we have a huge problem with attracting and retaining employees,” Jason Hinojosa, Deputy Chief of the University of Utah Police Department, said. That challenge has only increased in the wake of the death of George Floyd. “There's been a lot of negative press, a lot of stress, and less interest in law enforcement [as a career],” Hinojosa said.
Palomar College Police Department embraces an anti‐racist philosophy to policing
Authors: Rahn Josh
Published: September 2021

As college campuses move steadily toward pre‐pandemic normalcy, campus police departments have begun to introduce programs and practices that lay dormant while campuses were mostly empty. Some of these programs are new, while others are refinements to existing programs.
Exploration of GH94 Sequence Space for Enzyme Discovery Reveals a Novel Glucosylgalactose Phosphorylase Specificity
Authors: De Doncker Marc , De Graeve Chloé , Franceus Jorick , Beerens Koen , Křen Vladimír , Pelantová Helena , Vercauteren Ronny , Desmet Tom
Published: September 2021

The substantial increase in DNA sequencing efforts has led to a rapid expansion of available sequences in glycoside hydrolase families. The ever‐increasing sequence space presents considerable opportunities for the search for enzymes with novel functionalities. In this work, the sequence‐function space of glycoside hydrolase family 94 (GH94) was explored in detail, using a combined approach of phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarity networks. The identification and experimental screening of unknown clusters led to the discovery of an enzyme from the soil bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa that acts as a 4‐O‐β‐d‐glucosyl‐d‐galactose phosphorylase (GGalP), a specificity that has not been reported to date. Detailed characterization of GGalP revealed that its kinetic parameters were consistent with those of other known phosphorylases. Furthermore, the enzyme could be used for production of the rare disaccharides 4‐O‐β‐d‐glucosyl‐d‐galactose and 4‐O‐β‐d‐glucosyl‐l‐arabinose. Our current work highlights the power of rational sequence space exploration in the search for novel enzyme specificities, as well as the potential of phosphorylases for rare disaccharide synthesis.
The utility of geriatric nutritional risk index to predict outcomes in chronic limb‐threatening ischemia
Authors: Li Jun , Arora Shilpkumar , Ikeoka Kuniyasu , Smith Justin , Dash Siddhartha , Kimura Stephen , Mously Haytham , Hammad Tarek A. , Kashyap Vikram , Shishehbor Mehdi H.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To assess geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) in patients with chronic limb‐threatening ischemia (CLTI).

Background

The prevalence of CLTI continues to rise, with major amputation and mortality remaining prominent. Frailty is a vital risk factor for adverse outcomes in cardiovascular care. The GNRI is a nutrition‐based surrogate for frailty that has been utilized in Southeast Asia to predict adverse events in CLTI. It has not yet been evaluated in a primarily Western population, nor in the context of wound healing.

Methods

Between 8August 2017 and April 2019, we identified patients undergoing endovascular interventions for CLTI at our institution, categorized into low GNRI (≤ 94, frail) versus normal GNRI (> 94, reference). We analyzed the risks of major adverse limb events (MALE), its individual components [mortality, major amputation, and target vessel revascularization (TVR)], amputation free survival (AFS), and wound healing using Kaplan–Meier and multivariate cox‐proportional hazard regression analyses.

Results

A total of 255 patients were included in the analysis, with follow up of 14 ± 9.1 months. Lower GNRI was associated with higher cumulative event rates for MALE (71.0% vs. 43.3%, p <  0.001), mortality (34.3% vs. 15.2%, p < 0.001), major amputation (31.2% vs. 15.8%, p = 0.002), and freedom from AFS (56.0% vs. 28.2%, p < 0.001). There was a trend toward lower TVR and higher wound healing with higher GNRI score.

Conclusions

Our single‐center, retrospective evaluation of GNRI (as a surrogate for frailty) correlated with increased risks of MALE, mortality, and major amputation. Future directions should focus not only on the recognition of these patients, but risk‐factor modification to optimize long‐term outcomes.
The Influence of UiO‐bpy Skeleton for the Direct Methane‐to‐Methanol Conversion on Cu@UiO‐bpy: Importance of the Encapsulation Effect
Authors: Fu Lin , Yuan Min , Li Xiaodong , Bian Shuai , Mi Le , Gao Zhihua , Shi Qi , Huang Wei , Zuo Zhijun
Published: September 2021

The influence of UiO‐bpy skeleton for the direct methane‐to‐methanol conversion on Cu@UiO‐bpy is studied by experiment and DFT. It is found that Cu@UiO‐bpy shows high methanol yield and stability. However, if the UiO‐bpy skeleton is destroyed, the active sites of small CuxOx clusters grow into CuO nanoparticles due to the thermal movement during the reaction. As a result, the catalyst is deactivated. In other words, the encapsulation effect is a key factor for catalyst stability, which prevents the growth of CuxOx clusters. In addition, the encapsulation effect of UiO‐bpy skeleton affects the morphology and size of CuxOx clusters, of which small CuxOx clusters are beneficial for methane conversion.
Insight into Washing of Wet and Dry Crude Oil‐Contaminated Soil
Authors: Qi Bowen , Chen Ying , Chen Dong , Chen Yong , Ma Luwei , Tian Xiubo , Li Yanju , Long Yunqian
Published: September 2021

Two types of artificial oil‐contaminated soils (OCS) are prepared upon mixing sandy soil with water and crude oil in different proportion. OCS‐I represents the contaminated dry soil and OCS‐II the contaminated wet soil. Soil and crude oil are characterized through infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential analysis, and the OCS microstructure model has been discussed. It is speculated that the polarity petroleum components (e.g., non‐hydrocarbons) are higher in the oil layer of the neighboring soils, forming a “polarity bottom layer.” In OCS‐I, the “polarity bottom layer” is tightly adhered to soil and exhibits poor mobility. This layer is difficult to separate from soil through washing, thereby resulting in a low oil removal rate (ORR). In OCS‐II, the petroleum and soil are separated by a water film with high liquidity. During washing, the “polarity bottom layer” is easily separable from soil, thereby resulting in a high removal rate of polarity component in crude oil and high ORR as well. Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that OCS‐I is much more difficult to be washed than OCS‐II when these two types of soils contain relatively same amount of substance content (oil, water, and other crude oil groups).
Tension modulation of actomyosin ring assembly and RhoGTPases activity: Perspectives from the Xenopus oocyte wound healing model
Authors: Kato Tatsuya , Ghadban Logine , Boucher Eric , Mandato Craig A.
Published: September 2021

Cells are remarkably resilient structures; they are able to recover from injuries to their plasma membrane (PM) and cytoskeleton that would normally constitute existential threats. This capacity is exemplified by Xenopus laevis oocytes which can recover from very large PM defects through exocytotic and endocytic events and can repair damaged cortical cytoskeleton structures through the formation of a contractile actomyosin ring (AMR). Formation of the AMR involves the localized Ca2+‐dependent activation of RhoA and Cdc42, and the pre‐patterning of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase‐activating proteins (GAPs). However, this model fails to account for observations that suggest a link between cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular tension, and AMR formation. It also does not explain why the formation of an AMR is not involved in the cytoskeletal repair program of adherent cells. We show here evidence for the support of tension as an essential regulatory signal for the formation of AMR. Indeed, oocytes in which global tension has been experimentally reduced were unable to form a functional AMR following injury, showing severely diminished RhoA activity at the wound site. These new insights place the cytoskeleton at the center of events involving changes in cell shape such as cytokinesis which also involves the formation and closure of an AMR.