bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Organogel Hardness and Formulation on Acceptance of Frankfurters
Authors: Barbut S. , Wood J. , Marangoni A.G.
Published: August 2016

Different organogel formulations used as beef fat (BF) replacement (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) were utilized to optimize the mechanical properties of frankfurters. Organogels, made of canola oil (CO), included different concentrations of ethyl cellulose (EC) and sorbitan monostearate (SMS). They consisted of: 8% EC + 1.5% SMS referred to as organogel‐I (OG‐I), 8% EC + 3.0% SMS (OG‐II), and 10% EC + 1.5% SMS (OG‐III), which were found promising in a previous study when used at 100% replacement. Replacement of BF with organogels at all levels could bring down the very high hardness values (texture profile analysis and sensory) of frankfurters prepared using CO by itself, relative to the BF control. OG‐I and OG‐II quantity had no significant effect on hardness and springiness, being similar in many cases to the BF and lower than the CO control. Shear force values of all organogel treatments were not significantly different from one another, and were between the BF and CO controls. Smokehouse yield showed a pattern of decreasing losses with increasing organogel replacement level. Sensory analysis revealed that using CO by itself significantly increased hardness, but structuring the oil (via organogelation), brought it down to the BF control value in all OG‐I and OG‐II formulations. Juiciness was significantly reduced by using liquid oil but increased with raising the amount of organogels. Oiliness sensation increased with higher organogel substitution and was actually higher than the beef control. The study demonstrates the potential use of vegetable oil structuring in replacing the more saturated BF in emulsion‐type meat products.
Effects of different omeprazole dosing on gastric pH in non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A randomized prospective study
Authors: Chwiesko Adam , Charkiewicz Radoslaw , Niklinski Jacek , Luczaj Wojciech , Skrzydlewska Elzbieta , Milewski Robert , Baniukiewicz Andrzej , Wroblewski Eugeniusz , Rosolowski Mariusz , Dabrowski Andrzej
Published: August 2016

Objective

We aimed to identify the best method of omeprazole (OME) application with respect to intragastric pH, cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) genotype and phenotype.

Methods

The patients with non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) were prospectively enrolled. After the achievement of endoscopic hemostasis, the patients were randomized to 40‐mg intravenous (i.v.) OME bolus injection every 12 h or 8‐mg/h continuous i.v. infusion for 72 h after an 80‐mg i.v. OME bolus administration. The intragastric pH was recorded for 72 h. The CYP2C19 variant alleles (*2, *3, *17) were analyzed and the serum concentrations of OME and 5‐hydroxyomeprazole (5‐OH OME) were determined.

Results

Altogether 41 Caucasians (18 in the OME infusion [OI] group and 23 in the OME bolus [OB] group) were analyzed. The median percentage of time with an intragastric pH > 4.0 was higher in the infusion group than in the OB group over 48 h (100% vs 96.6%, P = 0.009) and 72 h (100% vs 87.6%, P = 0.006), and that at an intragastric pH >6.0 was higher in the OI group than the OB group over 72 h (97.9% vs 63.5%, P = 0.04). Helicobacter pylori infection was correlated with the fastest increase in intragastric pH, especially in the OI group. In both groups, CYP2C19 genotypes (*1/*1, *1/*17, *17/*17) had no essential effect on intragastric pH.

Conclusions

In patients with NVUGIB, OME i.v. bolus followed by continuous infusion is more effective than OME i.v. bolus every 12 h in maintaining higher intragastric pH, regardless of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms. H. pylori infection accelerates the initial elevation of intragastric pH.
Which one is more effective for the clinical treatment of chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis: radiofrequency neurotomy of the genicular nerves or intra‐articular injection?
Authors: Sarı Sinem , Aydın Osman N. , Turan Yasemin , Özlülerden Pınar , Efe Ufuk , Kurt Ömürlü İmran
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To compare the efficacy of intra‐articular injection and radiofrequency (RF) neurotomy of genicular nerves in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain.

Methods

Seventy‐three patients with knee OA were included in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to Group IA (intra‐articular 2.5 mL of bupivacaine, 2.5 mg of morphine and 1 mL of betamethasone, 6 mL of fluid injection) or Group RF (RF neurotomy of the genicular nerves). The outcome measures included a pain scale (visual analog scale, VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Index of Osteoarthritis.

Results

No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in baseline VAS‐pain. In Group RF, a significant reduction was observed in VAS‐pain at the first month (P < 0.001) and the third month (P < 0.001) in comparison to Group IA. Also in Group RF, a significant reduction was observed in WOMAC total scores in the first month (P < 0.001) in comparison to Group IA.

Conclusion

This study is the first controlled study in the literature which compares RF genicular nerve to intra‐articular injections. This study demonstrated that genicular nerve RF neurotomy is a safe and efficient treatment modality and provides functional improvement along with an analgesia in patients with chronic knee OA.
Multiple myeloma masquerading as severe seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with subcutaneous nodules and mononeuritis multiplex
Authors: Edavalath Sukesh , Chowdhury Abhra C. , Phatak Sanat , Misra Durga P. , Verma Ritu , Lawrence Able
Published: August 2016

Multiple myeloma can rarely mimic seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We report a 55‐year‐old woman who presented with longstanding deforming polyarthritis with extensive subcutaneous nodules, tenosynovitis, anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide positivity and mononeuritis multiplex. Even though the clinical picture was consistent with seropositive RA, the absence of bone erosion or joint space narrowing on hand and knee radiographs led us to question the diagnosis of RA. Further investigation revealed a diagnosis of multiple myeloma with cutaneous amyloid deposits, based on serum immunofixation, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy of a subcutaneous nodule. The only clue to suspect myeloma from the basic investigations and clinical examination was mild hypercalcemia. This case serves to reiterate the need to maintain a heightened suspicion for other diagnoses even when RA appears most likely.
Blister fluid and serum cytokine levels in severe sepsis in humans reflect skin dysfunction
Authors: Koskela M. , Ala‐Kokko T. I. , Gäddnäs F. , Herzig K.‐H. , Karhu T. , Oikarinen A. , Koivukangas V.
Published: August 2016

Background

Knowledge of sepsis‐related end‐organ inflammation in vivo is limited. We investigated the cytokine response in skin and in serum in sepsis and its relation to multiorgan failure (MOF) and survival.

Methods

Cytokines were analysed in serum and in suction blister fluid of intact skin of 44 patients with severe sepsis and 15 healthy controls. Blister fluid and serum samples were collected within 48 h of the first sepsis‐induced organ failure. This is a substudy of a larger follow‐up study on wound healing in sepsis.

Results

Cytokine levels were higher in patients with sepsis vs. controls (interleukin [IL]‐10, blisters: 65.9 vs. 4.3 pg/ml, P < 0.001, serum: 25.7 vs. 4.5 pg/ml, P = 0.004; IL‐6, blisters: 41.9 vs. 0.03 pg/ml, P < 0.001, serum: 45.5 vs. 2.1 pg/ml, P < 0.001). Patients with MOF had higher levels of IL‐10 (116.4 vs. 21.3 pg/ml, P = 0.015), IL‐4 (0.7 vs. 0.07 pg/ml, P = 0.013) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (25.9 vs. 9.5 pg/ml, P = 0.027) in blister fluid than patients without MOF. In blister fluid, survivors had lower levels of IL‐10 (43.3 vs. 181.9 pg/ml, P = 0.024) and bFGF (15.8 vs. 31.9 pg/ml, P = 0.006) than non‐survivors. In serum, survivors had higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (152.2 vs. 14.7 pg/ml, P = 0.012) and lower levels of IL‐6 (38.5 vs. 91.1 pg/ml, P = 0.011) than non‐survivors. The blister fluid levels of bFGF, TNF and VEGF did not correlate with the serum levels.

Conclusions

Cytokine responses in skin blister fluid in patients with sepsis differed from those in healthy controls.
Pay Gap and Performance in China
Authors: Banker Rajiv D. , Bu Danlu , Mehta Mihir N.
Published: August 2016

The growing gap between the pay of executives and employees has been the subject of much media publicity and political attention in recent times. We analyze the pay gap between executives and employees, focusing on three components: executive pay premium relative to industry peers; employee pay premium; and average pay gap at the industry level. We examine how the executive and employee pay premium components of the pay gap drive firm performance. On one hand, economic theories of matching and managerial talent suggest talented executives who generate relatively better firm performance receive wage premiums, implying a positive relation between pay gap and performance. On the other hand, sociological theories suggest that the inequity implied by a larger pay gap lowers firm performance by adversely affecting employee morale and productivity. To test these alternative theories, we utilize pay gap data from China that provides a setting with strong national preferences towards social equity but also with a scarcity of experienced managers and abundance of low‐cost labour. Our results strongly support the economic theories—firm performance is largely driven by pay premium for executive talent. Additional tests using a smaller sample of US firms with pay gap data are consistent with our primary findings. Our study is likely to be of interest to politicians, regulators, and company executives responsible for understanding and evaluating pay gap and executive pay.
Follow up with HPV test and cytology as test of cure, 6 months after conization, is reliable
Authors: Asciutto Katrin Christine , Henic Emir , Darlin Lotten , Forslund Ola , Borgfeldt Christer
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an objective marker with a high sensitivity for finding cervical dysplasia. The objective of the current study is to investigate whether HPV testing, combined with liquid‐based cytology, is reliable as a test of cure after the loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP).

Material and methods

The LEEP was performed in 330 women for excision of cervical dysplasia. Follow up consisted of HPV testing and liquid‐based cytology at six, 12, and 36 months after treatment. Patients with negative co‐testing after 6 months were re‐examined after 3 years. Patients who tested positive for high‐risk HPV and/or dysplasia were followed up 12 months postoperatively.

Results

At 6 months, the co‐testing was double negative in 169 of 260 tested cases (65%). A positive high‐risk HPV test (n = 40) was associated with cytological abnormalities (p < 0.001). After 3 years, 227 of 275 examined cases (83%) co‐tested negative, including 154 patients who had already tested negative at 6 months and 37 cases with viral clearance at 12 months. Of 26 patients with high‐risk HPV at the 3‐year follow up, six had LSIL findings on liquid‐based cytology, but neither HSIL lesions nor glandular atypia or cervical cancer was found. A negative high‐risk HPV test showed a negative predictive value for HSIL of 100% (95% CI 99.8–100%).

Conclusions

Negative co‐testing 6 months after LEEP can be considered a reliable test of cure as 3‐year follow‐up results are consistent with neither HSIL or cancer.
New directions in cultural geography revisited
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: August 2016

This paper traces the origins and inspiration of Cosgrove and Jackson's () paper ‘New directions in cultural geography’ (Area, 19, 95–101). Noting the contested nature of the idea of a ‘new’ cultural geography and the diversity of work it encompassed, the paper identifies the intellectual sources on which the project was based, including the work of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. The paper concludes by considering the contemporary relevance of these ideas in facing the ‘grand challenges’ of the 21st century, including the potential application of ‘nexus thinking’ in addressing the connections between environment and sustainability, culture and society.
Disentangling grazing effects: trampling, defoliation and urine deposition
Authors: Lezama Felipe , Paruelo José M.
Published: August 2016

Questions

Do the effects of grazing components on vegetation structure differ in their relative importance? Do components interact in their effect on vegetation?

Location

San Jose department, Southern Campos, Uruguay.

Methods

In a manipulative field experiment we simulated three different grazing components: trampling, defoliation and urine deposition, over 3 yr in a natural grassland. Defoliation was analysed through two intensity levels and two procedures: uniform and selective cutting. We evaluated the effects of grazing components on species diversity and composition, and frequency of plant functional types.

Results

All simulated grazing components had at least some effect on vegetation structure. Additionally, both individual and interactive effects on vegetation attributes were detected. Our study indicates that the relative influence of each grazing component varied according to the attribute considered. N addition was the only treatment that affected plant diversity. Plant functional type composition, in turn, was affected mainly by trampling. N addition and trampling were the component that affected the frequency of the largest number of species. Defoliation selectivity showed effects both in terms of plant functional type and species composition. Exclosure treatment and defoliation intensity had slight effects on grassland structure.

Conclusions

This study provides insight on the underlying mechanisms of some observed patterns of grazing on the Campos grasslands. Our results lead us to conclude that all grazing components have to be taken into account to understand vegetation dynamics subjected to grazing. Prevention of woody encroachment by grazing can be attributed to direct and indirect effects of trampling. Trampling should be taken into account to explain increaser species responses. However, mechanisms responsible for other general patterns remain less clear. The importance of selective defoliation in species replacement induced by grazing in these grasslands has yet to be clarified.
Do pharmacist‐led medication reviews in hospitals help reduce hospital readmissions? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Renaudin Pierre , Boyer Laurent , Esteve Marie‐Anne , Bertault‐Peres Pierre , Auquier Pascal , Honore Stéphane
Published: August 2016

Aims

The aim of this meta‐analysis is to examine the impact of in‐hospital pharmacist‐led medication reviews in paediatric and adult patients.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified from the Medline and Cochrane Library databases. Studies were included if they met the following criteria (without any language or date restrictions): design: randomized controlled trial; intervention: in‐hospital pharmacist‐led medication review (experimental group) vs. usual care (control group); participants: paediatric or adult population. The primary outcome was all‐cause readmissions and/or emergency department (ED) visits at different time points. The secondary outcomes were all‐cause readmissions, all‐cause ED visits, drug‐related readmissions, mortality, length of hospital stay, adherence and quality of life. We calculated the relative risk (RR) or mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each study. We used fixed and/or random effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic.

Results

We systematically reviewed 19 randomized controlled trials (4805 participants). The readmission rates did not differ between the experimental group and the control group (RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.89; 1.05, p = 0.470). The secondary outcomes did not differ between the two groups, except for in drug‐related readmissions, which were lower in the experimental group (RR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.14; 0.45, p < 0.001), and all‐cause ED visits (RR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.59; 0.85 p = 0.001).

Conclusion

The low‐quality evidence in this analysis suggests an impact of pharmacist‐led medication reviews on drug‐related readmissions and all‐cause ED visits. Few studies reported on adherence and quality of life. More high‐quality randomized clinical trials are needed to assess the impact of pharmacist‐led medication reviews on patient‐relevant outcomes, including adherence and quality of life.
Serum levels of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene in men with hypogonadism on long‐term clomiphene citrate treatment
Authors: Helo Sevann , Mahon Joseph , Ellen Joseph , Wiehle Ron , Fontenot Gregory , Hsu Kuang , Feustel Paul , Welliver Charles , McCullough Andrew
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To determine the relative concentrations of enclomiphene (ENC) and zuclomiphene (ZUC) isomers in men with hypogonadism on long‐term clomiphene citrate (CC) therapy, and to determine whether patient age, body mass index (BMI) or duration of therapy were predictive of relative concentrations of ENC and ZUC.

Patients and methods

Men already receiving CC 25 mg daily therapy for secondary hypogonadism for a minimum of 6 weeks were recruited to have their ENC and ZUC levels assessed. Total testosterone, free testosterone, oestradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) before initiation of and while on CC therapy were recorded for all patients. Patient demographics including age, BMI and medical comorbidites were recorded. Serum samples were obtained at the time of enrolment to determine ENC and ZUC concentrations.

Results

A total of 15 men were enrolled in the period from June 2015 to August 2015. The median (range) patient age was 36 (22–70) years, BMI 32.0 (21.1–40.3) kg/m2 and duration of treatment 25.9 (1.7–86.6) months. Baseline median total testosterone, oestradiol and LH levels were 205.0 ng/dL, 17.0 pg/mL and 4.0 mlU/mL, respectively. The post‐treatment median total testosterone, oestradiol and LH level increased to 488.0 ng/dL, 34.0 pg/mL and 6.1 mIU/mL, respectively (all P<0.001). The median ENC and ZUC concentrations were 2.2 and 44.0 ng/mL, respectively. After at least 6 weeks of CC therapy, the median ZUC: ENC serum concentration ratio was 20:1. On linear regression analysis. patient age, BMI, duration of treatment and serum testosterone levels were not predictive of ENC or ZUC concentrations.

Conclusions

Long‐term CC therapy resulted in a significant alteration of ENC and ZUC concentrations, with ZUC as the predominant isomer. Given the vastly different biochemical and toxicological properties of ENC and ZUC, this study supports the need for the development of a pure selective oestrogen receptor antagonist for the treatment of men with hypogonadism.
Trends in parent‐ and teacher‐rated mental health problems among 10‐ and 11‐year‐olds in Great Britain: 1999–2012
Authors: Gutman Leslie Morrison , Joshi Heather , Parsonage Michael , Schoon Ingrid
Published: August 2016

Background

Previous evidence indicates that mental health problems are becoming more common for adolescents. Less is known about whether these trends have continued and there has been no study to date which has specifically focused on early adolescents over a sufficiently long period. This study examines changes in parent‐ and teacher‐reported mental health problems among 10‐ and 11‐year‐olds in 1999, 2004 and 2012 in Great Britain.

Method

Parent and teacher ratings of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were used to compare the prevalence of conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, emotional problems, peer problems and total difficulties among 10‐ and 11‐year‐olds in three nationally representative British samples assessed in 1999 (n = 1904), 2004 (n = 1348) and 2012 (n = 11,397).

Results

Teacher reports showed improving trends for boys’ and girls’ mental health from 1999 to 2012, particularly for externalizing behaviours (i.e. conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention). Parent reports, on the other hand, identified only one area of sustained improvement between 1999 and 2012, namely hyperactivity/inattention among boys. Although parent reports of girls’ mental health indicate improving trends from 1999 to 2004, they also suggest worsening mental health from 2004.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that perceptions of emotional and behavioural problems vary by the gender of the adolescent, the context in which they are observed or by whom they are reported.
Critical Consciousness: A Developmental Approach to Addressing Marginalization and Oppression
Authors: Diemer Matthew A. , Rapa Luke J. , Voight Adam M. , McWhirter Ellen H.
Published: August 2016

Grounded in the theory and pedagogy of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, critical consciousness (CC) comprises components of critical reflection, critical motivation, and critical action. CC represents marginalized or oppressed people's analysis of societal inequities and their motivation and actions to redress such inequities. In this article, we introduce the theoretical underpinnings of CC, then look at the conceptualization and measurement of CC, and outline traditional and contemporary approaches to fostering CC. We also summarize individual and collective outcomes associated with CC and offer suggestions for researchers and practitioners. Collectively, these insights suggest that CC is an important developmental asset for marginalized youth and communities.
sIgE Ana o 1, 2 and 3 accurately distinguish tolerant from allergic children sensitized to cashew nuts
Authors: van der Valk J. P. M. , Gerth van Wijk R. , Vergouwe Y. , Steyerberg E. W. , Reitsma M. , Wichers H. J. , Savelkoul H. F. J. , Vlieg‐Boerstra B. , de Groot H. , Dubois A. E. J. , de Jong N. W.
Published: August 2016

Background

The double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge test (DBPCFC) is the gold standard in cashew nut allergy. This test is costly, time consuming and not without side effects. Analysis of IgE reactivity to cashew nut components may reduce the need for food challenge tests.

Methods

In a prospective and multicentre study, children with suspected cashew nut allergy underwent a DBPCFC with cashew nut. Specific IgE to cashew nut and to the components Ana o 1, 2 and 3 were determined. A skin prick test (SPT) with cashew nut extract was performed.

The association between the outcome of the food challenge test and specific IgE to Ana o 1, 2 and 3 was assessed with logistic regression analyses, unadjusted and adjusted for other diagnostic variables. Discriminative ability was quantified with a concordance index (c).

Results

A total of 173 children (103 boys, 60%) with a median age of 9 years were included. About 79% had a positive challenge test outcome. A steep rise in the risk of a positive challenge was observed for specific IgE to each individual component Ana o 1, 2 and 3 with estimated risks up to approximately 100%. Median values of Ana o 1, 2, 3 were 1.29 kU/l (range 0–100 kU/l), 4.77 kU/l (range 0–100 kU/l) and 8.33 kU/l (range 0–100 kU/l) respectively and varied significantly (p < 0.001). Specific IgE to Ana o 1, 2 and 3 was better distinguished between cashew‐allergic and tolerant children (c = 0.87, 0.85 and 0.89, respectively) than specific IgE to cashew nut or SPT (c = 0.76 and 0.83, respectively).

Conclusion

The major cashew nut allergens Ana o 1, 2 and 3 are each individually predictive for the outcome of food challenge tests in cashew‐allergic children.
Nicolau syndrome and localized panniculitis: a report of dual diagnoses with an emphasis on morphea profunda‐like changes following injection with glatiramer acetate
Authors: Mott Sarah E. , Peña Zachary G. , Spain Rebecca I. , White Kevin P. , Ehst Benjamin D.
Published: August 2016

Glatiramer acetate, given as a 40 mg subcutaneous injection thrice weekly, was recently approved by the FDA based on data suggesting better compliance and a more favorable side effect profile compared to lower dose, daily dosing. The most commonly reported adverse events are transient injection site reactions involving redness and pain at the site; however, more pronounced panniculitis and lipoatrophy have also been reported. Here, we present the case of a 51‐year‐old female treated with higher dose glatiramer acetate who presented with a cutaneous injection site reaction consistent with Nicolau syndrome. The excised specimen revealed typical glatiramer acetate‐associated panniculitis, alongside subcutaneous sclerosis. This case shows the spectrum of cutaneous complications possible with glatiramer acetate injections, the finding of sclerosis being relatively infrequently reported. Given the relatively short duration of trials leading to FDA approval of thrice weekly dosing of glatiramer acetate, clinicians should perform careful clinical and histopathological evaluation and reporting of patients who experience injection site reactions.
Mental health disorders among homeless, substance‐dependent men who have sex with men
Authors: Fletcher Jesse B. , Reback Cathy J.
Published: August 2016

Introduction and Aims

Homelessness is associated with increased prevalence of mental health disorders, substance use disorders and mental health/substance use disorder comorbidity in the United States of America. Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) living in the United States are at increased risk for homelessness, and have also evidenced elevated mental health and substance use disorder prevalence relative to their non‐MSM male counterparts.

Design and Methods

Secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial estimating the diagnostic prevalence of substance use/mental health disorder comorbidity among a sample of homeless, substance‐dependent MSM (DSM‐IV verified; n = 131).

Results

The most prevalent substance use/mental health disorder comorbidities were stimulant dependence comorbid with at least one depressive disorder (28%), alcohol dependence comorbid with at least one depressive disorder (26%) and stimulant dependence comorbid with antisocial personality disorder (25%).

Discussion and Conclusions

Diagnostic depression and antisocial personality disorder both demonstrated high rates of prevalence among homeless, substance‐dependent (particularly stimulant and alcohol dependent) MSM. [Fletcher JB, Reback CJ. Mental health disorders among homeless, substance‐dependent men who have sex with men. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;36:555‐559].
Accounting for intimate partner violence perpetration. A cross‐cultural comparison of English and Brazilian male substance users' explanations
Authors: Radcliffe Polly , d'Oliveira Ana Flávia Pires Lucas , Lea Susan , dos Santos Figueiredo Wagner , Gilchrist Gail
Published: August 2016

Introduction and Aims

This paper describes how substance use features in the accounts of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators in treatment in England and Brazil. The aim of the research was to better understand cross cultural constructions of IPV perpetration amongst men in treatment for substance use.

Design and Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 40 men in community substance use treatment in Sao Paolo, Brazil and London and the South East of England who had reported IPV perpetration in a questionnaire survey. A thematic, narrative analysis was carried out of men's explanations for IPV perpetration.

Findings

Three types of narratives were distinguished: (i) disputes, centred on substance use, that escalate to IPV perpetration; (ii) IPV perpetration that is explained by uncharacteristic loss of control, as a result of intoxication; and (iii) IPV perpetration provoked by a perceived betrayal, in which substance use is incidental. In all types of accounts hegemonic principles of male and female roles and behaviour provided a context for and make IPV perpetration explicable.

Discussion and Conclusions

Substance use and IPV are culturally constructed and contextually defined. Understanding the meaning‐making of substance using IPV perpetrators has implications for the treatment of both substance abuse and IPV. [Radcliffe P, d'Oliveira AFPL, Lea S, dos Santos Figueiredo W, Gilchrist G. Accounting for intimate partner violence perpetration. A cross‐cultural comparison of English and Brazilian male substance users' explanations. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:64–71]
The effect of aortic area measurement site on the energy loss coefficient: a comparison between echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography angiography in patients with aortic stenosis
Authors: Yaari Dotan , Rubinshtein Ronen , Sachner Robert , Gaspar Tamar , Adawi Salim , Jaffe Ronen , Asmer Ihab , Ganaeem Majdi , Shiran Avinoam
Published: August 2016

Aim

The energy loss coefficient (ELCo) has been suggested as a more accurate indicator of aortic stenosis (AS) severity as compared to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) aortic valve area (AVA). There are little data regarding the optimal location for aortic area (Aa) measurement needed for ELCo calculation and the agreement of ELCo with direct anatomical AVA measurement. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal site of Aa measurement for calculation of the ELCo, using cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) AVA planimetry as the reference standard.

Methods

We analyzed 69 patients with AS who underwent both CCTA and TTE. ELCo and CCTA planimetry AVA were compared using multiple sites for CCTA Aa measurement (sinus, sinotubular junction, or ascending aorta).

Results

CCTA AVA was 0.96±0.46 cm2. ELCo was 0.95±0.43 cm2 using sinotubular junction Aa, 0.92±0.41 cm2 using sinus Aa, and 0.91±0.4 cm2 using the ascending aorta (P=.84, P=.13, and P=.08 compared to CCTA AVA). There was good agreement between CCTA AVA and ELCo using all Aa locations (0.89–0.90). On subgroup analysis of 16 patients most likely to be affected by pressure recovery (aortic diameter<3 cm and AVA ≥1 cm2), ELCo using the sinotubular junction Aa showed the best agreement with CCTA AVA as compared to the other Aa locations (0.84 vs 0.75–0.77).

Conclusions

ELCo using Aa measurement at the sinotubular junction showed the best agreement with CCTA AVA. We therefore recommend using the sinotubular junction Aa for ELCo calculation.
Hearing, feeling or seeing a beat recruits a supramodal network in the auditory dorsal stream
Authors: Araneda Rodrigo , Renier Laurent , Ebner‐Karestinos Daniela , Dricot Laurence , De Volder Anne G.
Published: August 2016

Hearing a beat recruits a wide neural network that involves the auditory cortex and motor planning regions. Perceiving a beat can potentially be achieved via vision or even touch, but it is currently not clear whether a common neural network underlies beat processing. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test to what extent the neural network involved in beat processing is supramodal, that is, is the same in the different sensory modalities. Brain activity changes in 27 healthy volunteers were monitored while they were attending to the same rhythmic sequences (with and without a beat) in audition, vision and the vibrotactile modality. We found a common neural network for beat detection in the three modalities that involved parts of the auditory dorsal pathway. Within this network, only the putamen and the supplementary motor area (SMA) showed specificity to the beat, while the brain activity in the putamen covariated with the beat detection speed. These results highlighted the implication of the auditory dorsal stream in beat detection, confirmed the important role played by the putamen in beat detection and indicated that the neural network for beat detection is mostly supramodal. This constitutes a new example of convergence of the same functional attributes into one centralized representation in the brain.
Within‐and among‐year germination in Sonoran Desert winter annuals: bet hedging and predictive germination in a variable environment
Authors: Gremer Jennifer R. , Kimball Sarah , Venable D. Lawrence
Published: August 2016

In variable environments, organisms must have strategies to ensure fitness as conditions change. For plants, germination can time emergence with favourable conditions for later growth and reproduction (predictive germination), spread the risk of unfavourable conditions (bet hedging) or both (integrated strategies). Here we explored the adaptive value of within‐ and among‐year germination timing for 12 species of Sonoran Desert winter annual plants. We parameterised models with long‐term demographic data to predict optimal germination fractions and compared them to observed germination. At both temporal scales we found that bet hedging is beneficial and that predicted optimal strategies corresponded well with observed germination. We also found substantial fitness benefits to varying germination timing, suggesting some degree of predictive germination in nature. However, predictive germination was imperfect, calling for some degree of bet hedging. Together, our results suggest that desert winter annuals have integrated strategies combining both predictive plasticity and bet hedging.
Genomic signatures among Oncorhynchus nerka ecotypes to inform conservation and management of endangered Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Nichols Krista M. , Kozfkay Christine C. , Narum Shawn R.
Published: August 2016

Conservation of life history variation is an important consideration for many species with trade‐offs in migratory characteristics. Many salmonid species exhibit both resident and migratory strategies that capitalize on benefits in freshwater and marine environments. In this study, we investigated genomic signatures for migratory life history in collections of resident and anadromous Oncorhynchus nerka (Kokanee and Sockeye Salmon, respectively) from two lake systems, using ~2,600 SNPs from restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐seq). Differing demographic histories were evident in the two systems where one pair was significantly differentiated (Redfish Lake, FST = 0.091 [95% confidence interval: 0.087 to 0.095]) but the other pair was not (Alturas Lake, FST = −0.007 [−0.008 to −0.006]). Outlier and association analyses identified several candidate markers in each population pair, but there was limited evidence for parallel signatures of genomic variation associated with migration. Despite lack of evidence for consistent markers associated with migratory life history in this species, candidate markers were mapped to functional genes and provide evidence for adaptive genetic variation within each lake system. Life history variation has been maintained in these nearly extirpated populations of O. nerka, and conservation efforts to preserve this diversity are important for long‐term resiliency of this species.
CEO Incentives, Relationship Lending, and the Cost of Corporate Borrowing
Authors: Chen Liqiang , Qiu Jiaping
Published: August 2016

We investigate how lending relationships attenuate the conflict of interest between creditors and shareholders that arises from chief executive officer (CEO) compensation contracts. We find that lending relationships mitigate the influence of CEO risk‐taking incentives on loan spreads, especially for informationally opaque firms. In addition, lending relationships attenuate the impact of CEO risk‐taking incentives on maturity and collateral requirements. This article highlights the importance of bank monitoring through lending relationships to mitigate managerial risk‐shifting activities that arise from equity incentives.
Addressing global challenges: Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) Medals and Awards ceremony 2016
Authors: Crane Nicholas , Geldof Bob , Martin Ron , Raghuram Parvati , Sharp Jo , Storper Michael
Published: August 2016

The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)'s annual Medals and Awards recognise achievements in researching, communicating and teaching a wide range of geographical knowledge. The speeches and citations are a record of the 2016 ceremony, with contributions by Bob Geldof KBE, and Professors Ron Martin, Parvati Raghuram, Jo Sharp and Michael Storper. The speeches include comments on the importance of geography for understanding and tackling global challenges, engaging wider publics, geographical imagination, collaboration, fieldwork, travel and education.
Chemical evolution of metamorphic fluids in the Central Alps, Switzerland: insight from LA‐ICPMS analysis of fluid inclusions
Authors: Rauchenstein‐Martinek K. , Wagner T. , Wälle M. , Heinrich C. A. , Arlt T.
Published: August 2016

The chemical evolution of fluids in Alpine fissure veins (open cavities with large free‐standing crystals) has been studied by combination of fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry, LA‐ICPMS microanalysis, and thermodynamic modeling. The quartz vein systems cover a metamorphic cross section through the Central Alps (Switzerland), ranging from subgreenschist‐ to amphibolite‐facies conditions. Fluid compositions change from aqueous inclusions in subgreenschist‐ and greenschist‐facies rocks to aqueous–carbonic inclusions in amphibolite‐facies rocks. The fluid composition is constant for each vein, across several fluid inclusion generations that record the growth history of the quartz crystals. Chemical solute geothermometry, fluid inclusion isochores, and constraints from fluid–mineral equilibria modeling were used to reconstruct the pressure–temperature conditions of the Alpine fissure veins and to compare them with the metamorphic path of their host rocks. The data demonstrate that fluids in the Aar massif were trapped close to the metamorphic peak whereas the fluids in the Penninic nappes record early cooling, consistent with retrograde alteration. The good agreement between the fluid–mineral equilibria modeling and observed fluid compositions and host‐rock mineralogy suggests that the fluid inclusions were entrapped under rock‐buffered conditions. The molar Cl/Br ratios of the fluid inclusions are below the seawater value and would require unrealistically high degrees of evaporation and subsequent dilution if they were derived from seawater. The halogen data may thus be better explained by interaction between metamorphic fluids and organic matter or graphite in metasedimentary rocks. The volatile content (CO2, sulfur) in the fluid inclusions increases systematically as function of the metamorphic grade, suggesting that the fluids have been produced by prograde devolatilization reactions. Only the fluids in the highest grade rocks were partly modified by retrograde fluid–rock interactions, and all major element compositions reflect equilibration with the local host rocks during the earliest stages of postmetamorphic uplift.
Recombinant porcine sequence factor VIII (rpFVIII) for acquired haemophilia A: practical clinical experience of its use in seven patients
Authors: Tarantino M. D. , Cuker A. , Hardesty B. , Roberts J. C. , Sholzberg M.
Published: August 2016

Introduction

A recombinant porcine factor VIII B‐domain‐deleted product (rpFVIII; OBIZUR, Baxalta Incorporated, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA) was recently approved for treatment of bleeding episodes in adults with acquired haemophilia A (AHA) in the United States. To date, no clinical experience outside the registration study has been reported.

Aim

To describe early clinical experience using rpFVIII for AHA.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of seven patients with AHA treated with rpFVIII at four institutions from November 2014 to October 2015.

Results

The time to diagnosis of AHA ranged from 5 days to 6 weeks. Six major and one other bleed were treated with rpFVIII following unsatisfactory bypassing agent (BPA) therapy. Good haemostatic efficacy was seen in five of seven cases. rpFVIII loading doses of 100 (n = 6) or 200 U kg−1 (n = 1) increased FVIII activity from <1 to 9% at baseline to 109–650% within 0.25–7 h in six of seven cases. Subsequent median doses ranged from 30 to 100 U kg−1 for 3–26 days. No rpFVIII‐related adverse events were reported. Three patients survived with inhibitor eradication, one with persistent inhibitor, two died with inhibitors present and one was discharged and later died from unrelated causes.

Conclusions

rpFVIII showed good haemostatic efficacy with no recurrences in most cases, with consumption substantially less than in the registration study. Treatment decisions were based on FVIII activity levels and clinical assessment. The ability to titrate rpFVIII dose using FVIII activity was considered advantageous compared with BPA therapy. Notable delays in diagnosis were observed.
Sliding Wear Behavior of TaC‐Containing Ti(CN)‐WC‐Ni/Co Cermets
Authors: Verma Vikas , Kumar B. Venkata Manoj , Kang Shinhoo
Published: August 2016

Four compositions of TiCN‐WC‐Ni/Co cermets with or without TaC were prepared by pressureless sintering of respective powders, and unlubricated sliding wear behavior against bearing grade steel ball was studied at 5, 10, or 20 N load. Maximum hardness and fracture toughness were obtained for Ti(CN)‐5WC‐10Ni‐10Co‐5TaC (in wt%) cermet. With change in the cermet composition and sliding load, coefficient of friction varied from 0.3 to 1.0 and wear rate varied from 3 × 10−7 to 7 × 10−7 mm3/Nm. The increased material transfer and formation of iron oxide‐rich tribochemical layer were responsible for the reduction in friction and wear for Ti(CN)‐5WC‐10Ni‐10Co‐5TaC cermet.
Direct influence of systemic desensitization by resiniferatoxin on the activities of Aδ‐ and C‐fibers in the rat primary bladder mechanosensitive afferent nerves
Authors: Aizawa Naoki , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Fujimura Tetsuya , Homma Yukio , Igawa Yasuhiko
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To examine whether systemic resiniferatoxin treatment can desensitize the single‐unit afferent activities of Aδ‐ and C‐fibers in rat primary bladder mechanosensitive afferent nerves.

Methods

Female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups (resiniferatoxin‐treated: n = 9, vehicle‐treated: n = 9). Resiniferatoxin (0.3 mg/kg) or its vehicle (10% ethanol) was injected subcutaneously after the first eye‐wipe behavior test with capsaicin. The second eye‐wipe behavior test was carried out 48 h after the injection under urethane (1.2 g/kg intraperitoneally) anesthesia. The bladder mechanosensitive single‐unit afferent activities originating from the left L6 dorsal roots were identified by electrical stimulation of the left pelvic nerve and bladder distension, and classified by conduction velocity as either Aδ‐fibers or C‐fibers. The single‐unit afferent activity measurements were carried out with constant bladder filling with saline (0.1 mL/min, <30 cmH2O).

Results

After resiniferatoxin treatment, but not vehicle treatment, eye‐wipe behavior with capsaicin was completely abolished. A total of 104 single afferent fibers were isolated (Aδ‐fibers: n = 41, C‐fibers: n = 63). Single‐unit afferent activities of both Aδ‐fibers and C‐fibers in response to bladder filling in the resiniferatoxin‐treated group were significantly lower than those in the vehicle‐treated group. These differences were observed throughout the filling phase in Aδ‐fibers and during the initial half of the filling phase in C‐fibers.

Conclusions

The present results show the existence of resiniferatoxin desensitization‐resistant mechanosensitive Aδ‐ and C‐fibers in rat primary bladder afferent nerves, suggesting that systemic resiniferatoxin treatment might induce non‐specific partial desensitization or denervation of mechanosensitive capsaicin‐insensitive Aδ‐ and C‐fibers of the rat bladder.
Viruses are frequently present as the infecting agent in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients presenting to hospital
Authors: Biancardi E. , Fennell M. , Rawlinson W. , Thomas P. S.
Published: August 2016

Background

Viral causes of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are well recognised but only recently have rapid tests become available.

Aims

To identify respiratory viruses in the general population and those associated with hospitalisation in AECOPD using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), and the relationship between symptoms, viral detection and inflammatory markers.

Methods

A review of viruses detected in the general population in a health district between August 2014 and July 2015, using multiplex PCR for viruses from NPA samples. In addition, a single hospital, retrospective audit of patients admitted with suspected AECOPD was conducted.

Results

Of the 8811 NPA tested, 5599 (64%) were positive for at least one virus and 2069 of these were obtained from adults. In adults, the most common viruses identified were Influenza A (31%), Rhinovirus (27%) and respiratory syncytial virus A/B (10%). Most patients with AECOPD (102 of 153) had NPA sent for viral PCR testing and 59 (58%) were positive. The most common viruses identified were Influenza A (31%), Rhinovirus (24%) and respiratory syncytial virus A/B (17%) with co‐infecting bacteria cultured in 22 sputum samples. Patients with influenza‐like symptoms were more likely to have a positive viral PCR than those without symptoms (P < 0.004). The median C‐reactive protein on admission was lower in the virus‐infected than uninfected AECOPD (28 vs 60 mg/L, P < 0.026).

Conclusion

The spectrum of viruses detected in patients with AECOPD is similar to that of the general population. Viruses are more likely to be identified in patients with AECOPD who present with influenza‐like symptoms and a low C‐reactive protein.
Quantity and Quality of Gestural Input: Caregivers’ Sensitivity Predicts Caregiver–Infant Bidirectional Communication Through Gestures
Authors: Vallotton Claire D. , Decker Kalli B. , Kwon Alicia , Wang Wen , Chang TzuFen
Published: August 2016

Children's use of pointing and symbolic gestures—early communication skills which predict later language—is influenced by frequency of adults’ gestures. However, we wonder whether, like language, the sensitivity of adult–child interactions is also important for encouraging child gesturing, rather than simply quantity of adult gestural input. Furthermore, children's use of gestures influences qualities of adult–child interaction, eliciting greater responsiveness and richer communication. Thus, we investigated the moderating role of nonparental caregiver sensitivity on the relationship between caregivers’ and infants’ use of pointing and symbolic gestures. We observed 10 infants (ages 6–19 months) over 8 months with a total of 24 student caregivers completing short‐term internships, recording adult and child use of pointing and symbolic gestures. We used longitudinal growth models to examine change in gesturing and moderating roles of caregiver sensitivity in the relations between caregiver and child gesturing behavior. Caregivers’ sensitivity moderated effects of caregivers’ symbolic gestures on infants’ pointing and symbolic gestures, and the effects of infants’ pointing and symbolic gesture frequency on caregivers’ gesture use. Thus, caregivers’ gestures are most effective in supporting child gestures when in the context of sensitive interactions. Sensitivity is central to supporting children's early communicative behaviors, including pointing and symbolic gestures.
An inertia model for the adoption of new farming practices
Authors: Anastasiadis Simon , Chukova Stefanka
Published: August 2016

Nutrient emissions from agricultural land are now widely recognized as one of the key contributors to poor water quality in local lakes, rivers, and streams. Nutrient trading for nonpoint sources, including farms, has been suggested as a regulatory tool to improve and protect water quality. However, farmers' attitudes suggest that they are resistant to adopting the unfamiliar technologies and farm management practices that may be required under such a scheme. This study develops a model of farmers' resistance to change and demonstrates how this affects their adoption of new mitigation technologies under nutrient trading regulation. We present the model and derive some of its properties in the two‐farmer case.