bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social entrepreneurship for scalable solutions addressing sustainable development goals (SDGs) at BoP in India
Authors: Goyal Sandeep , Agrawal Anirudh , Sergi Bruno S.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The study addresses the crucial issue of sustainable development goals (SDGs) and institutional voids in the peri-urban geographies of India. The peri-urban geographies, though within a cosmopolitical city, lack basic amenities like drinking water, sanitation and waste management. We study social entrepreneurial strategies to address these issues and thereby illustrate strategies that could be used to address sustainable development goals.

Design/methodology/approach

The article uses a multiple case study method to understand how social enterprises can provide scalable solutions addressing SDG related issues in India.

Findings

The research found three strategies that can help provide scalable solutions: First, the extensive use of the latest digital technologies to decrease cost and increase reach; second, extensive partnerships across the board; and finally, a focus on social innovations and business models that are accessible, affordable, available and known to the end-users.

Originality/value

The research contributes to institutional voids literature, SDGs literature and scaling of social enterprise literature. The research confirms that institutional voids are entrepreneurial opportunities. The research empirically shows how social enterprises are addressing SDGs at BoP. Finally, the core findings of the article contribute to the scaling of social enterprise literature.
Regulation of host‐infection ability in the grass‐symbiotic fungus Epichloë festucae by histone H3K9 and H3K36 methyltransferases
Authors: Lukito Yonathan , Lee Kate , Noorifar Nazanin , Green Kimberly A. , Winter David J. , Ram Arvina , Hale Tracy K. , Chujo Tetsuya , Cox Murray P. , Johnson Linda J. , Scott Barry
Published: December 2020

Recent studies have identified key genes that control the symbiotic interaction between Epichloë festucae and Lolium perenne. Here we report on the identification of specific E. festucae genes that control host infection. Deletion of setB, which encodes a homologue of the H3K36 histone methyltransferase Set2/KMT3, reduced histone H3K36 trimethylation and led to severe defects in colony growth and hyphal development. The E. festucae ΔclrD mutant, which lacks the gene encoding the homologue of the H3K9 methyltransferase KMT1, displays similar developmental defects. Both mutants are completely defective in their ability to infect L. perenne. Alleles that complement the culture and plant phenotypes of both mutants also complement the histone methylation defects. Co‐inoculation of either ΔsetB or ΔclrD with the wild‐type strain enables these mutants to colonize the host. However, successful colonization by the mutants resulted in death or stunting of the host plant. Transcriptome analysis at the early infection stage identified four fungal candidate genes, three of which encode small‐secreted proteins, that are differentially regulated in these mutants compared to wild type. Deletion of crbA, which encodes a putative carbohydrate binding protein, resulted in significantly reduced host infection rates by E. festucae.
Not Quite the True Believer: Henry (Harry) Gullett at the Paris Peace Conference
Authors: KERBY MARTIN
Published: December 2020

Henry (Harry) Gullett, the press liaison for the Australian delegation at the Paris peace conference in 1919, was convinced that the valour and sacrifice of Australian soldiers had earned the nation the right to have its voice heard. In this, he was in complete agreement with the Australian prime minister Billy Hughes. Both were equally certain, however, that Australian interests were now ‘grievously imperilled’. These fears were framed not by the potential future actions of Australia's recent enemies, but by a suspicion that its allies were either ignorant of Australian concerns, or dismissive of them. Britain, America and Japan personified Australian fears about the post‐war world, as the correspondence between Gullett and his wife Penelope will attest. Furthermore, this article will show that though the war had been a seismological catastrophe, Gullett saw in it a further validation of his pre‐war commitment to immigration, which bordered on an obsession. Similarly, for the nation as a whole, the years between 1914 and 1918 heightened the strategic and economic concerns that had driven the nation to sacrifice so much of its human and financial treasure. White Australia, the Australian/British relationship and the concern over the nation's strategic vulnerabilities appeared as pressing in 1919 as they had been in 1914.
Individual differences in visuospatial working memory capacity influence the modality effect
Authors: Greenberg Kevin , Zheng Robert , Gardner Michael , Orr Matthew
Published: December 2020

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning postulates learning information in a dual‐modality design is more effective than in a single modality, which is known as the modality effect. Research has found that the modality effect supports problem‐solving learning, but not retention‐based learning. This divergence in findings can be explained by the mediating effects of individual differences in visuospatial working memory. The current study confirmed the modality effect, showing superiority of dual‐modality over single modality. Results revealed a significant interaction between visuospatial working memory and modality by retention, but no such interaction was obtained for problem solving. It was found that learners with low visuospatial working memory scored higher on retention in dual modality than these in single modality. Interestingly, no differences were found for learners with high visuospatial working memory on retention in both single‐ and dual‐modality conditions. The findings may explain for whom the modality effect works in relation to retention. Finally, the analysis showed no association between modality conditions and subtypes of cognitive load, that is, extraneous and germane cognitive load.
Efficacy evaluation of Endolift‐based Subcision on acne scar treatment
Authors: Nilforoushzadeh Mohammad Ali , Fakhim Tannaz , Heidari‐Kharaji Maryam , Hanifnia Amir Reza , Hejazi Somayeh , Torkamaniha Elham
Published: December 2020

Background

People with acne scar suffer from destruction to the surface of the skin. Treating acne scars is a challenge that might need several methods.

Aims

Subsection is a method that has been informed to be a useful method in treating rolling acne scars. While Subcision is a valued procedure, its effect is mild to moderate due to its high reappearance rate, and patients' dissatisfaction with some of the side effects such as inflammation after procedure.

Patients/Methods

In this pilot study, 9 rolling acne scar patients underwent Subcision with the Endolift (200‐nm fiber) and followed up for 3 months. Outcomes were evaluated by 3 dermatologists (Blind). Also, the patients’ satisfaction was assessed to compare with dermatologist's opinions.

Results

Our results indicated that Subcision with the Endolift displayed good and very good improvement in about 90% of patient with a good and very good satisfaction in the patients. Photographic data evaluation indicated 100% improvement in scar depth, topography, and total acne scar appearance. The average numbers of lesions before the treatment were 25.5 ± 12.1, and after treatment, it was reduced to 11.4 ± 2.1 (P < .05).

Conclusion

Subcision with the Endolift seems to be a safe and effective method for acne scar treatment. It is done with a single perforation on each side (instead of several perforations), which reduces the pain and scar risk in the patients. Also, Endolift‐based Subcision needs fewer surgical sessions and less recovery time with less inflammation and erythema.
To see or not to see – or to wait and see: clinical decisions in an oncological emergency telephone consultation
Authors: Jørgensen Lone , Jacobsen Heidi Ramlow , Pedersen Birgith
Published: December 2020

Background

Cancer treatment is often given on an outpatient basis. An oncological emergency telephone line has been established to improve access to cancer care and prevent life‐threatening side effects. However, healthcare professionals need to make clinical decisions without being able to assess patients face‐to‐face, which may be problematic. This study explores how healthcare professionals experience clinical decision‐making in oncological emergency telephone consultations.

Methods

An exploratory qualitative approach applying three focus groups with healthcare professionals from a Danish university hospital were undertaken. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis.

Results

An overall theme elucidated how healthcare professionals ended up deciding during each call whether the problem could be solved on the phone or the patient had to come for a face‐to‐face consultation or to wait and see whether the condition changed. Some decisions were easy to make, while others were moderate or difficult. The decision was influenced by several factors that could be structured into three themes: reliance on one’s own knowledge and experience, consideration of different perspectives and the influence of context.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that clinical decision‐making in oncological emergency telephone consultations includes three types of decisions that are intertwined with intra‐personal, inter‐professional and contextual factors such as personal knowledge, collaboration and workload. These factors are essential for the timely referral of patients to the right level of service.
Evolución de la revelación de información no financiera: evidencia desde el contexto colombiano
Authors: Villa Barrientos Juan David , Escobar Cruz Yuliana , Correa Mejía Diego Andrés
Published: December 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evolución en las revelaciones no financieras de los reportes corporativos en Colombia. La muestra seleccionada incluye 19 empresas pertenecientes al índice COLCAP entre los años 2013-2018, utilizando como unidad de análisis los reportes corporativos, agrupados en cuatro categorías: Reporte Anual (RA), Reporte Combinado (RC), Reporte de Sostenibilidad (RS) y Reporte Integrado (RI). Los resultados obtenidos se dividen en tres grupos: en una primera parte se encuentra que los informes integrados presentan la mayor cantidad de publicaciones, y las empresas con mayores revelaciones se localizan en el sector industrial e inversión. En cuanto al comportamiento de las revelaciones en materia ambiental, social, económico, gobierno corporativo, se obtuvo mayor frecuencia de divulgaciones relacionadas con el gobierno corporativo y temas sociales, seguidos de información revelada sobre asuntos medio ambientales y temas económicos. Por último, en cuanto al compromiso con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible se halló que los objetivos relacionados con el trabajo decente y educación de calidad tienen intervención importante en el contenido de los reportes corporativos.
¿Un caso de “volver al ´futuro” ?: Las Conclusiones sobre la Identificación del Derecho Internacional Consuetudinario de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional de la ONU
Authors: Cárdenas Fabián
Published: December 2020

Este artículo sostiene que las Conclusiones de 2018 sobre la Identificación del Derecho Internacional Consuetudinario producidas por la Comisión de Derecho Internacional de la ONU constituyen un retroceso conceptual de la costumbre a la perspectiva teórica de la fuente que se originó con el Estatuto de la Corte Permanente de Justicia Internacional de 1920, trayendo así al presente las inconsistencias prácticas y teóricas del pasado. Aunque la Comisión tiene como propósito fundamental la codificación y el desarrollo del derecho internacional, este trabajo en particular resulta ser la expresión más anacrónica sobre la teorización de la costumbre internacional, pues retoma la perspectiva ortodoxa que casi cumple un centenario de existencia. Este artículo demuestra que, las Conclusiones, lejos de ser un aporte novedoso, son una regresión teórica, la cual, gracias al esfuerzo de la Comisión, parecen estar a punto de volver a retomar vigencia. Ante tal situación, este artículo sostiene que, a pesar de los esfuerzos de la Comisión, no hay una teoría unívoca sobre la costumbre internacional, sino que más bien existen un conjunto de perspectivas teóricas que proponen posibles aproximaciones sin que ninguna de ellas pueda considerarse como dogma. Con ese propósito, este artículo contextualiza y analiza el proceso de consolidación de dicha perspectiva ortodoxa, luego, presenta un conjunto de perspectivas alternativas que han teorizado sobre la fuente, y, finalmente, presente algunas críticas estructurales y específicas sobre las Conclusiones de la Comisión, lideradas por su Relator, Sir. Michael Wood.
Identification and Complete Validation of Prognostic Gene Signatures for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers: Integrated Approach Covering Different Anatomical Locations
Authors: Kwon Eun Jung , Ha Mihyang , Jang Jeon Yeob , Kim Yun Hak
Published: December 2020

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV interferes with cell function regulation and causes cell mutations, which accumulate over the long term and eventually develop into cancer. Results of pathway enrichment analysis presumably showed this accumulation of intracellular damage during the chronic HPV-infected state.
Inhibitory Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8724 towards Streptococcus mutans- and Candida albicans-Induced Caries in Rats
Authors: Zhang Qiuxiang , Qin Sujia , Xu Xianyin , Zhao Jianxin , Zhang Hao , Liu Zhenmin , Chen Wei
Published: December 2020

Streptococcus mutans is a recognized cariogenic bacterium and a major producer of biofilm matrix. The presence of Candida albicans in dental plaque with S. mutans enhances the virulence leading to the onset of rampant caries which is similar to early childhood caries (ECC). The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8724 (CCFM8724) on the treatment and prevention of dental caries induced by S. mutans and C. albicans in vivo. Rats were divided into 6 groups: the control group and model group, 2 treatment groups, and 2 prevention groups (0.02% chlorhexidine or CCFM8724). The fluctuation of microbial colonization and the change of bacteria flora in rat oral cavity after sowing of L. plantarum CCFM8724 were investigated by colony-forming units (CFU) and microflora analysis. The caries of rats were assessed by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and Keyes scoring method. The results showed that L. plantarum CCFM8724 in both the treatment and prevention groups could significantly decrease the population of S. mutans and C. albicans in the rats’ oral cavity (

p
<
0.001

), the mineral loss of enamel (

p
<
0.05

), and the scores of caries (

p
<
0.05

). Besides, L. plantarum CCFM8724 exhibited better effects than chlorhexidine. Hence, L. plantarum CCFM8724 was proved to be a potential oral probiotic on caries treatment and prevention in vivo and it may have the prospect of application in dental caries (especially ECC) prevention products.
Myeloid Disease with the CSF3R T618I Mutation after CLL
Authors: Couto Maria Eduarda , Bizarro Susana , Sousa Domingos , Domingues Nelson , Oliveira Isabel , Martins Gabriela , Teixeira Manuel R. , Mariz Mário
Published: December 2020

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is frequently an indolent diagnosis, with most of the patients being under surveillance for long time. There is an increased risk of a second neoplasia in CLL, rarely hematological (in the myeloid lineage is even rarer). A 58-year-old male was diagnosed with CLL in 2012, remaining in regular surveillance until 2014. Then, the CLL progressed, and 6 cycles of rituximab, fludarabine, and cyclophosphamide were prescribed with partial response. He remained in surveillance and suffered 2 episodes of autoimmune hemolytic anemia until 2019. Then, the hemolytic anemia relapsed and a neutrophilia became evident (progressing slowly), as well as a thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly without adenopathy were found. The bone marrow aspirate showed a chronic myeloproliferative disease without dysplasia. A peripheral blood search for the CSF3R mutation (T618I) was positive, also suggesting Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL). For a discrete monocytosis, a chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) was also considered. Hydroxyurea was then prescribed. The T618I CSF3R mutation is highly suggestive of CNL (being diagnostic criteria for CNL); however, this case may also suggest CMML as a possible diagnosis (there are other mutations in the CSF3R gene described for CMML, but not the T618I, which is highly exclusive of CNL according to the literature). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a possible CNL in a CLL patient (the opposite was already described in 1998).
Objective Extraction of Evoked Event-Related Oscillation from Time-Frequency Representation of Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Zhang Guanghui , Li Xueyan , Cong Fengyu
Published: December 2020

Evoked event-related oscillations (EROs) have been widely used to explore the mechanisms of brain activities for both normal people and neuropsychiatric disease patients. In most previous studies, the calculation of the regions of evoked EROs of interest is commonly based on a predefined time window and a frequency range given by the experimenter, which tends to be subjective. Additionally, evoked EROs sometimes cannot be fully extracted using the conventional time-frequency analysis (TFA) because they may be overlapped with each other or with artifacts in time, frequency, and space domains. To further investigate the related neuronal processes, a novel approach was proposed including three steps: (1) extract the temporal and spatial components of interest simultaneously by temporal principal component analysis (PCA) and Promax rotation and project them to the electrode fields for correcting their variance and polarity indeterminacies, (2) calculate the time-frequency representations (TFRs) of the back-projected components, and (3) compute the regions of evoked EROs of interest on TFRs objectively using the edge detection algorithm. We performed this novel approach, conventional TFA, and TFA-PCA to analyse both the synthetic datasets with different levels of SNR and an actual ERP dataset in a two-factor paradigm of waiting time (short/long) and feedback (loss/gain) separately. Synthetic datasets results indicated that N2-theta and P3-delta oscillations can be stably detected from different SNR-simulated datasets using the proposed approach, but, by comparison, only one oscillation was obtained via the last two approaches. Furthermore, regarding the actual dataset, the statistical results for the proposed approach revealed that P3-delta was sensitive to the waiting time but not for that of the other approaches. This study manifested that the proposed approach could objectively extract evoked EROs of interest, which allows a better understanding of the modulations of the oscillatory responses.
Factors Associated with the Clinical Course of Vitreomacular Traction
Authors: Petrou Petros , Chalkiadaki Evangelia , Errera Marie-Helene , Liyanage Sidath , Wickham Louisa , Papakonstantinou Evangelia , Karamaounas Aristotelis , Kanakis Menelaos , Georgalas Ilias , Kandarakis Stylianos , Charteris David
Published: December 2020

Background. To analyze the optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics as well as the clinical and demographic features to investigate their possible role to the course of vitreomacular traction syndrome. Methods. The inclusion criteria were vitreomacular adhesion with traction causing distortion of the retinal architecture, with or without the presence of an epiretinal membrane, regardless of the size of the adhesion; age >18 years; follow-up of at least three months; and adequate quality OCT scan. Measurements of foveal thickness, average macular thickness, macular volume, maximum vertical and horizontal vitreomacular adhesion, nasal and temporal angles of traction, hyaloid hyperreflectivity, the presence of an epiretinal membrane (ERM), and cone outer segment tips detachment were obtained. Results. 150 eyes were included in the analysis. 36 eyes (24%) developed complete resolution at the last visit, 19 eyes (12.7%) formed a full-thickness macular hole, and 95 eyes (63.3%) showed no resolution of the traction. Better BCVA at the first visit was associated with an increased likelihood of resolution of the VMT, but increasing age, CMT, and BCVA in the end of the follow-up was associated with a reduction in the likelihood of resolving. Of the other variables that were studied, no statistical significant predictors were identified. Conclusions. Better BCVA in the first visit was associated with an increased likelihood of resolution of the VMT that occurred in 24% of our cases. Other factors such as the vertical area of adhesion and the angle of adhesion were not identified as prognostic factors affecting the clinical course of the disease.
Improving Dialog Evaluation with a Multi-reference Adversarial Dataset and Large Scale Pretraining
Authors: Sai Ananya B. , Mohankumar Akash Kumar , Arora Siddhartha , Khapra Mitesh M.
Published: December 2020

There is an increasing focus on model-based dialog evaluation metrics such as ADEM, RUBER, and the more recent BERT-based metrics. These models aim to assign a high score to all relevant responses and a low score to all irrelevant responses. Ideally, such models should be trained using multiple relevant and irrelevant responses for any given context. However, no such data is publicly available, and hence existing models are usually trained using a single relevant response and multiple randomly selected responses from other contexts (random negatives). To allow for better training and robust evaluation of model-based metrics, we introduce the DailyDialog++ dataset, consisting of (i) five relevant responses for each context and (ii) five adversarially crafted irrelevant responses for each context. Using this dataset, we first show that even in the presence of multiple correct references, n-gram based metrics and embedding based metrics do not perform well at separating relevant responses from even random negatives. While model-based metrics perform better than n-gram and embedding based metrics on random negatives, their performance drops substantially when evaluated on adversarial examples. To check if large scale pretraining could help, we propose a new BERT-based evaluation metric called DEB, which is pretrained on 727M Reddit conversations and then finetuned on our dataset. DEB significantly outperforms existing models, showing better correlation with human judgments and better performance on random negatives (88.27% accuracy). However, its performance again drops substantially when evaluated on adversarial responses, thereby highlighting that even large-scale pretrained evaluation models are not robust to the adversarial examples in our dataset. The dataset 1 and code 2 are publicly available.
Living Revolution, Financial Collapse and Pandemic in Beirut: Notes on Temporality, Spatiality, and “Double Liminality”
Authors: Majed Rima
Published: December 2020

This article reflects on the experience of living an exceptional year of revolution, financial collapse, pandemic (and later, explosion) in Lebanon since October 2019. Based on auto-ethnography, the article grapples with the experience of “double liminality” by juxtaposing the revolutionary moment of publicness, enthusiasm and clarity; to the pandemic moment of isolation, rumination and anxiety.
Breaking the Cycle: Existential Politics and the Beirut Explosion
Authors: Geha Carmen , Kanaan Fida , Saliba Najat Aoun
Published: December 2020

This essay was written in the wake of the Beirut port explosion on August 4th, 2020. We explore the extent to which activists, academics, and practitioners can find a way to break the cycle of corruption caused by decades of sectarian power-sharing. Through our own story and experience of breaking our own cycle of hopelessness and transcending disciplinary boundaries, we document and analyze how we can create an evidence-based, community-led, and locally-driven roadmap for Beirut’s recovery. The essay focuses on our experience creating and building Khaddit Beirut (the shake-up) amidst multiple crises and in doing so opening up the university to the grievances of a devasted community. In doing so we review existing literature about what we already know about Lebanon’s political system and explain why breaking the cycle is as much an existential project as it is a political struggle.
Chinese Fort Creolization: on the Origin of Xining Mandarin
Authors: Bell Daniel
Published: December 2020

Xining Mandarin (Qinghai province, Northwest China) strikingly diverges from the usual syntactic profile of Sinitic languages, featuring an array of head-final categories which are inherent instead to the local substrate languages. In this paper, the formation of the dialect is considered from a historical perspective and it is seen to have emerged in a fort creolization (Bickerton, 1988) scenario, comparable to that found for European lexifier creoles along the West African coast. Linguistically relevant aspects of the socio-historical scenario underlying the dialect are reconstructed and Xining Mandarin is argued to have formed as the language of Ming dynasty Chinese colonists was acquired imperfectly due to poor access to Chinese among the local population. The speed of creolization and the role of language shift is evaluated, and it is argued that Ming creolization was gradual (rather than abrupt), reflecting cases of fort creolization elsewhere in the world.
The ‘Insecurity Toolbox’ of the Illiberal Regime: Rule by Law and Rule by Exclusion
Authors: Kopper Ákos , Körtvélyesi Zsolt , Majtényi Balázs , Szalai András
Published: December 2020

This article scrutinizes the ‘insecurity toolbox’ that Hungary’s illiberal regime relies on in order to create an increasingly authoritarian system that sidelines the opposition and silences discontent. While authoritarian shifts are widespread, what makes the case of Hungary unique is that it involves a member state of the European Union. We identify three important features of the regime: (1) it relies on securitization by using an anti-immigrant meta-frame to justify virtually all policies and identify enemies whose presence justifies exceptional measures; (2)it applies law instrumentally and rules by law, which effectively undermines the rule of law and its guarantees against arbitrariness; (3)it maintains a screen of compliance with democratic and constitutional norms. While the EU seems impotent, or unwilling to halt this authoritarian backsliding, the Hungarian government feels it necessary to fake compliance with democratic norms by adopting policies that formally acquiesce to European standards but contradict them in essence.
Reviving Albert Camus: Nonviolence and Pro-Independence PR Activism in Catalonia
Authors: Xifra Jordi
Published: December 2020

In recent years, the electoral situation in Spain, has been marked by the issue of Catalan independence, which has conditioned the electoral agenda of all parties and the frames of political discourse. Against the idea of a violent movement that the Spanish nationalist parties and government want to transmit to Spanish society about the separatist movement, the nationalist parties’ and Catalan government turn to nonviolent discourse and action. This nonviolent behavior is based on what in the past century was defended by some public intellectuals, such as Albert Camus. Indeed, Camus is our exemplar because he also raises issues that continue to be relevant, especially in advocating principles and methods of nonviolent political action. Furthermore, Camus did so in situations of war and injustice through tactics typical of political communication the of activist groups. This article wants to show how current and how effective the ideas of Camus are today, when it is 60 years since his death, in some national electoral discourses and actions, and serve for activism PR purposes in the political communication frame.
A cell-based smoothed finite element formulation for viscoelastic laminated composite plates considering hygrothermal effects
Authors: Nguyen Sy-Ngoc , Truong Tam T , Cho Maenghyo , Trung Nguyen-Thoi
Published: December 2020

In the present study, the viscoelastic analysis is investigated for composite laminated plates using a smoothed finite element method called cell/element based smoothed discrete shear gap method. Moreover, the hygrothermal effects is considered on the viscoelastic responses of composite laminated plates. The first-order shear deformation theory is employed due to its simplicity and accuracy. With the help of the convolution theorem in Laplace transformation, the complex stress-strain relationship in integral form is simplified to linear in transformed domain. Therefore, all computing procedures are performed in the transformed domain and then, using inverse techniques (Fast Fourier Transform) to converted back to the real-time domain. The study provides an effective computational tool to analyze the viscoelastic response of laminated composite taking into account the influence of the time and hygrothermal effects.
Contracts and the Implied Freedom of Political Communication
Authors: McCabe Patrick
Published: December 2020

This article considers the phenomenon of contractually-imposed restraints on political communication. Such restraints often incidentally arise from broad limits on out-of-hours conduct imposed by employment contracts or from confidentiality or non-disparagement clauses in deeds of settlement. It is argued that the implied freedom of political communication has work to do in relation to at least some categories of such restraints. The various objections to that view are examined and it is argued those objections are not compelling. The article analyses the question of how the implied freedom would operate in respect of contracts that impermissibly burden freedom of political communication, and suggests that this may be achieved by developing the common law of contract to accomodate a doctrine similar to the doctrine governing unreasonable restraints of trade.
Integrated Overnight Train Scheduling and Maintenance Planning for High-Speed Railway Lines
Authors: Wang Dian , Zhan Shuguang , Peng Qiyuan , Zhou Wentao
Published: December 2020

Overnight high-speed trains are very popular and convenient for passengers in countries with a large territory like China. However, the overnight high-speed train operation inevitably conflicts with the regular evening maintenance. We focus on both overnight high-speed train scheduling and maintenance planning to eliminate the conflict. Because some of the daytime high-speed trains that run early in the morning or late in the evening also interact with overnight high-speed trains and maintenance, we also allow them to be to slightly rescheduled to improve both the quality of the overnight train timetable and the maintenance plan. Our integrated optimization problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming model, which can be solved efficiently by the commercial solver CPLEX. Finally, we validate our model on a large real-world case constructed based on the Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway line in China.
Exceptional childhood and COVID-19: Engaging children in a time of civil emergency
Authors: Beier J Marshall
Published: December 2020

In the days and weeks following the March 2020 World Health Organization declaration of the global COVID-19 pandemic, a number of national leaders in the Global North, all of them working under unprecedented and extraordinarily challenging circumstances, took time to directly address the children of their respective countries. Besides answering questions about the crisis put to them by their youngest citizens, a recurrent theme on these occasions was the imperative role of children in helping to arrest the spread of the pathogen. Recalling how children have been similarly engaged in other moments of emergency, the overtures made in the context of COVID-19 are instructive both as to the recognition of children as bona fide, effectual, and necessary social agents as well as to the limits of acceptance of their subjecthood, revealed as they are in circumstances of exception.
Analysis and suppression of in-wheel motor electromagnetic excitation of IWM-EV
Authors: Hu Yiming , Li Yinong , Li Zhe , Zheng Ling
Published: December 2020

The in-wheel motor (IWM) driving system has potential applications in electric vehicles (EV) due to its high integration and controllability. However, the IWM electromagnetic excitation, which acts on the wheels, can produce negative vibration and noise issues. This paper investigates the influence of electromagnetic excitation and suppression methods. An integrated model considering the electromagnetic excitation, including the suspension system, the driving system, and the IWM system, is established and developed. A motor speed control system, which includes the acceleration and the motor braking conditions, is designed, and the characteristics of the electromagnetic excitation on the integrated model are analyzed. An active suspension model with uncertain parameters is established, and a controller based on the [Formula: see text] synthesis algorithm is developed to improve the dynamic performance of the electric vehicle. Simulation results show that the [Formula: see text] synthesis controller can significantly reduce the electromagnetic excitation of the motor by suppressing the air gap eccentricity of the IWM. Simultaneously, the [Formula: see text] synthesis controller can also improve the vehicle comfort and the road holding of the electric vehicle. For IWM-EV, the proposed modeling method can accurately describe the dynamic characteristics of IWM, and the designed controller can effectively suppress the vibration problem of IWM-EV.
Ecological psychology as social psychology?
Authors: Heft Harry
Published: December 2020

Several articles published in this journal over a number of years have examined the social dimensions of Gibsonian ecological psychology. The present paper picks up several of their themes, with an emphasis on the social developmental consequences of individuals participating in community structures and engaging the affordances that support them. From this perspective, the situated nature of activity in everyday settings is examined, which in turn highlights the role of places as higher order emergent eco-psychological structures (or behavior settings) in everyday life. Moreover, ecological psychology’s discovery of occluding edge effects, which demonstrates that objects that have gone out of sight are experienced as persisting in awareness, serves as the basis for a proposal that the awareness of social structures of a conceptual nature may arise from the pragmatics of perception–action from an ecological perspective.
Sum things are not what they seem: Problems with point-wise interpretations and quantitative analyses of proxies based on aggregated radiocarbon dates
Authors: Carleton W. Christopher , Groucutt Huw S
Published: December 2020

Radiocarbon-date assemblages are commonly used as proxies for past human and environmental phenomena. Prominent examples of target phenomena include past population levels and sea level fluctuations. These processes are thought to have affected the amount of organic carbon deposited into the archaeological and/or palaeoenvironmental record. Time-series representing through-time fluctuations in the frequency of radiocarbon samples are, therefore, often used as proxies for such processes. However, there are critical problems with using radiocarbon “dates-as-data” in point-wise comparisons and these problems have gone largely underappreciated. The key problem is that the established proxies are easily misinterpreted. They conflate process variation and chronological uncertainty, which makes them unsuitable for point-wise comparisons aimed at identifying rates of change, comparing variables directly, or estimating parameters in regression models. Here we explore the interpretive and analytical problems in detail in an effort to raise awareness and promote skepticism about the use of the established proxies in point-wise comparisons. We also provide suggestions for future research and point to potential methodological alternatives that may improve the viability of dates-as-data approaches.
Insecurity and the invisible: The challenge of spiritual (in)security
Authors: Fisher Jonathan , Leonardi Cherry
Published: December 2020

The search for security has become an almost permanent feature of the contemporary lived experience and what Brian Massumi has called an ‘operative logic’ for states across the globe. The modern study – and practice – of security has, nonetheless, been largely concerned with the protection, preservation and sustaining of the material, the tangible and the visible. For many people around the world, however, feelings of security also derive from understandings of an individual or community’s relationships with invisible and spiritual forces. Religious devotion and divine protection represent a central plank of security for many, just as fears of divine retribution, demonic possession or witchcraft feature as a central dimension of insecurity for many others. This remains, however, a significant blindspot in much of security studies – and, indeed, often eludes and challenges state authority as much as it intersects with and enhances it. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken in northwestern Uganda, this study reflects critically on the provenance and implications of this blindspot and argues for an expanded understanding of what ‘counts’ as (in)security. In doing so, the article emphasizes the global character of spiritual (in)security and the challenges an understanding of (in)security that encompasses this pose to longstanding scholarly and practitioner associations of (in)security with state authority.
National Park Interpretation and Place-Based Education: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Dean Steph N.
Published: December 2020

Background: Both national park (NP) interpretation and place-based education (PBE) approach learning by applying the unique attributes of a place to facilitate meaning-making experiences within learners. Despite the similarities between these two place-centered pedagogies, there is a limited amount of collaboration between NP interpretative services and school systems engaged with PBE. Purpose: Within this integrative review, my purpose is to fully consider both NP interpretation and PBE to present a comprehensive understanding of the two types of pedagogies. Methodology/Approach: Following an integrative review methodology, I use three different databases to access relevant empirical and theoretical articles. I evaluate and analyze each article separately, then methodically integrate the two place-centered pedagogies. Findings/Conclusions: There are some key similarities between ideologies and epistemologies, goals, approaches to learning, and content matter of NP interpretation and PBE. There are also considerable differences relating to perceptions of learning, the incorporation of the local setting, and the role of the community. Implications: A collaboration between the National Park Service (NPS) and place-based educators has the potential to open up a wealth of possibilities when it comes to learning about and caring for the rich ecology, history, and culture of a given place.
A Brief Overview of the Paradoxical Role of Glucocorticoids in Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhidkova Ekaterina M , Lylova Evgeniya S , Savinkova Alena V , Mertsalov Sergey A , Kirsanov Kirill I , Belitsky Gennady A , Yakubovskaya Marianna G , Lesovaya Ekaterina A
Published: December 2020

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are stress hormones that play multiple roles in the regulation of cancer cell differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Some types of cancers, such as hematological malignancies, can be effectively treated by GCs, whereas the responses of epithelial cancers to GC treatment vary, even within cancer subtypes. In particular, GCs are frequently used as supporting treatment of breast cancer (BC) to protect against chemotherapy side effects. In the therapy of nonaggressive luminal subtypes of BC, GCs can have auxiliary antitumor effects due to their cytotoxic actions on cancer cells. However, GCs can promote BC progression, colonization of distant metastatic sites, and metastasis. The effects of GCs on cell proliferation vary with BC subtype and its molecular profile and are realized via the activation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a well-known transcriptional factor involved in the regulation of the expression of multiple genes, cell-cell adhesion, and cell migration and polarity. This review focuses on the roles of GC signaling in the adhesion, migration, and metastasis of BC cells. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of GC actions that lead to BC metastasis and propose alternative pharmacological uses of GCs for BC treatment.
Frame Story Approach in Mixed and Multimethod Study on Non-Heterosexual Families in Poland
Authors: Mizielińska Joanna , Stasińska Agata
Published: December 2020

In the article, we discuss the usage of multi-methods qualitative approach in family research drawing on the monthly team ethnographic study of 21 non-heterosexual families in Poland. This study was employed as a part of a larger multi and mixed-method project Families of Choice in Poland, where we implemented a frame story approach ( FSA). By using the ethnographic study as an example, we aim to demonstrate how our approach enabled us to capture hidden elements of family practises and to understand challenges which non-heterosexual families face in contemporary Poland. Moreover, we show how our methodological decisions were in line with the local socio-political context where specific research methods may be more effective due to their less disclosing character. Finally, we provide a fieldwork illustration of our arguments which demonstrates how our methodological and analytical choices resulted in producing nuanced perspectives on issues of the hierarchy of motherhood and kin relations.
Globalization and divergent constructs of childhood and valuable knowledge: Influences on expectations for young children in post-colonial rural southern Tanzania
Authors: Edwards Laura
Published: December 2020

Childhood is a complex and socially constructed process with implications on the education of young children with issues of globalization as a powerful influence. This article presents a critical analysis of a focused ethnographic study in post-colonial rural southern Tanzania and argues a way forward in the global dialogue regarding the construction of diverse childhoods through the education of young children to balance these influences. Data was collected in rural villages of southern Tanzania including interviews, focus groups, observations from over 150 people and government and NGO policy analysis. This paper responds to the research question: whose constructs of childhood influence the opportunities young children have to learn in Ndogo villages? The larger study addresses additional significant questions and data. A critical analysis indicates decision makers, such as international donors and NGO’s, impose global influences on young children’s opportunities to learn by prioritizing resources for what they as outsiders’ value as knowledge. Although parents and local community members are essential members of a child’s life, their constructs of childhood are not valued and therefore, are either ignored or actively omitted from formal opportunities children have to learn. The findings urge scholars, NGOs, and policymakers to equally value different perspectives held by parents and community members regarding the substance of what is valuable knowledge.
Discovery of an Association Between Influenza Infection Rates and the Incidences of Craniosynostosis in the United States: A Potentially Modifiable Risk Factor
Authors: Mabes Erika Simmerman , Moraczewski Jason , Chishom Taylor , Dymanus Kyle , Linder Daniel , Yu Jack C.
Published: December 2020

Objective: Maternal immune activation secondary to influenza infection during critical periods of fetal development is a significant risk factor for neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. The association between influenza and craniosynostosis is not well documented. We investigate the association between the incidence of influenza infection and incidence of craniosynostosis in the United States. Materials and Methods: Retrospective population-based observational study spanning using the National Inpatient Sample Database, the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention FluView databases, including infants born with craniosynostosis in the United States from 2004 to 2013 and monthly influenza incidence in the United States from 2003 to 2013. Mixed-effects logistic regression tested the association between 2 variables: national influenza incidences and rate of craniosynostosis. Odds ratios were calculated for the occurrence of craniosynostosis in relation to previous months’ flu incidence. E-values were calculated to evaluate unmeasured confounders. Results: Retrospective analysis performed on 45 356 newborns with craniosynostosis. Mixed-effects logistic regression revealed for each additional influenza case per 1000 people, the odds of craniosynostosis event occurring 6 months later increased by 3.4 (adjusted P = .009, OR = 3.444, CI = 1.756-6.754). For each additional influenza case per 1000 people, the odds of craniosynostosis event occurring 7 and 2 months later decreased by 3.8 and 6.1, respectively (OR = 0.262 and 0.165; adjusted P value = .007 and <.001). E-value for the association between influenza and craniosynostosis incidence 6 months later was 6.35. The E-values for the association between influenza and craniosynostosis incidences 7 months and 2 months later were 7.1 and 11.6. Conclusion: There is an increased risk for craniosynostosis with influenza occurring in third month of pregnancy. There are protective effects against craniosynostosis with influenza occurring in second and seventh months of pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating an association between the rate of influenza and craniosynostosis, suggesting a potentially important connection, though not necessarily causality, between maternal immune activation and craniosynostosis.
Initial assessment of single- and dual-frequency BDS-3 RTK positioning
Authors: Yuan Yunbin , Mi Xiaolong , Zhang Baocheng
Published: December 2020

The BeiDou navigation satellite system with global coverage (BDS-3) has been fully operational since July 2020 and provides comprehensive services to global users. BDS-3 transmits several new navigational signals based on the signals inherited from the BeiDou navigation satellite (regional) system (BDS-2). Previous studies focused on the positioning performance of BDS-2 plus BDS-3 and that of combining BDS-3 and other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), but there was no in-depth discussion on the positioning performance of the BDS-3-only. In this contribution, the BDS-3-only Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning is analysed using the data collected in zero and short baselines in Wuhan, China. The RTK model based on Single-Differenced is first presented, and the BDS-3-only RTK positioning in cases of single and dual-frequencies is evaluated with the model in terms of the empirical integer ambiguity resolution success rates and positioning accuracy. Our numerical tests suggest two major findings. First, the positioning performance for the B1I and B3I retained from BDS-2 and the new frequency B1C is comparable, while that for the new frequency B2a is poorer. Second, the positioning performance of the new frequency combination of the B1C + B2a is not as good as that of the B1C only, owing to the unrealistic stochastic model used.