bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thiocyanate‐Free Ruthenium(II) Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on the Cobalt Redox Couple
Authors: Wu Kuan‐Lin , Clifford John N. , Wang Sheng‐Wei , Aswani Yella , Palomares Emilio , Lobello Maria Grazia , Mosconi Edoardo , De Angelis Filippo , Ku Wan‐Ping , Chi Yun , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Grätzel Michael
Published: August 2014

Two thiocyanate‐free ruthenium(II) sensitizers, TFRS‐41 and TFRS‐42, with distinctive dialkoxyphenyl thienyl substituents were successfully prepared and tested for potential applications in making dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Subsequent device fabrication was conducted by using a [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+‐based (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) electrolyte, for which the best performance data, namely, JSC=13.11 mA cm−2, VOC=862 mV, fill factor=0.771, and η=8.71 %, were recorded for the sensitizer TFRS‐42 with a 2,6‐dialkoxyphenyl substituent under AM 1.5G irradiation. The markedly higher Voc value was confirmed by the longer electron lifetime revealed in transient photovoltage (TPV) measurements versus the TFRS‐1 sensitizer. In addition, DFT calculation and detailed first‐principles computational analysis were conducted to provide a rationale for the observed trends in their photovoltaic performances and electron lifetimes, with reference to different performances exhibited by three thiocyanate‐free sensitizers, TFRS‐1, TFRS‐41 and TFRS‐42, versus Z907 reference. Through the proper control of peripheral substituents, the thiocyanate‐free ruthenium(II)‐based DSC sensitizers can positively influence the performances of DSCs, with better light‐harvesting capability and suppressed charge recombination, for DSC cells fabricated by using a [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+‐based electrolyte.
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cell functionality and interaction with Leishmania major parasites differ in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice
Authors: Schmid Maximilian , Zimara Nicole , Wege Anja Kathrin , Ritter Uwe
Published: August 2014

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of CD11b+ cells. According to the surface molecules Ly6G and Ly6C (where Ly6G and Ly6C are lymphocyte antigen 6, locus G and C, respectively), MDSCs are further divided into monocytic (Mo‐MDSCs, CD11b+/Ly6Chigh/Ly6G−) and polymorphonucleated suppressor cells (PMN‐MDSCs, CD11b+/Ly6Cint/Ly6G+). Most published manuscripts focus on the suppressive role of MDSCs in cancer, whereas their impact on adaptive immunity against obligatory intracellular parasites is not well understood. Furthermore, it is not clear how the genetic background of mice influences MDSC functionality. Therefore, we implemented an experimental model of leishmaniasis, and analyzed MDSC maturation and the impact of MDSCs on the parasite‐specific T‐cell responses in resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible BALB/c mice. This experimental setup demonstrated the impaired ability of BALB/c mice to produce Mo‐MDSCs when compared with C57BL/6 mice. This phenotype is detectable after subcutaneous infection with parasites and is specifically represented by a reduced accumulation of Mo‐MDSCs at the site of infection in BALB/c mice. Moreover, infected C57BL/6‐derived MDSCs were able to suppress Leishmania‐specific CD4+ T‐cell proliferation, whereas BALB/c‐derived MDSCs harboring parasites lost this suppressive function. In conclusion, we demonstrate that (i) genetic background defines MDSC differentiation; and (ii) Leishmania major parasites are able to modulate the suppressive effect of MDSCs in a strain‐dependent manner.
Cytosolic DNA sensing via the stimulator of interferon genes adaptor: Yin and Yang of immune responses to DNA
Authors: Lemos Henrique , Huang Lei , McGaha Tracy L. , Mellor Andrew L.
Published: August 2014

DNA is immunogenic and many cells express cytosolic DNA sensors that activate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) adaptor to trigger interferon type I (IFN‐β) release, a potent immune activator. DNA sensing to induce IFN‐β triggers host immunity to pathogens but constitutive DNA sensing can induce sustained IFN‐β release that incites autoimmunity. Here, we focus on cytosolic DNA sensing via the STING/IFN‐β pathway that regulates immune responses. Recent studies reveal that cytosolic DNA sensing via the STING/IFN‐β pathway induces indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), which catabolizes tryptophan to suppress effector and helper T‐cell responses and activate Foxp3‐lineage CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. During homeostasis, and in some inflammatory settings, specialized innate immune cells in the spleen and lymph nodes may ingest and sense cytosolic DNA to reinforce tolerance that prevents autoimmunity. However, malignancies and pathogens may exploit DNA‐induced regulatory responses to suppress natural and vaccine‐induced immunity to malignant and infected cells. In this review, we discuss the biologic significance of regulatory responses to DNA and novel approaches to exploit DNA‐induced immune responses for therapeutic benefit. The ability of DNA to drive tolerogenic or immunogenic responses highlights the need to evaluate immune responses to DNA in physiologic settings relevant to disease progression or therapy.
Mid‐ and Far‐Infrared Marker Bands of the Metal Coordination Sites of the Histidine Side Chains in the Protein Cu,Zn‐Superoxide Dismutase
Authors: Xerri Bertrand , Petitjean Hugo , Dupeyrat François , Flament Jean‐Pierre , Lorphelin Alain , Vidaud Claude , Berthomieu Catherine , Berthomieu Dorothée
Published: August 2014

Vibrational spectroscopy gives important information on the properties of ligand and metal–ligand bonds in metalloenzymes. Infrared spectroscopy is appealing for the study of metal active sites that are not amenable to Raman spectroscopy. We present a combined experimental and theoretical approach to analyze the mid‐ and far‐IR spectra of Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn‐SOD) as a probe of the histidine ligands. This metalloenzyme provides a unique model to identify specific IR signatures of metal–histidine coordination and to study their alterations as a function of the metal (copper/zinc), the copper valence state (+I/+II), the histidine coordination mode (Nτ and Nπ) and the histidine protonation state. DFT calculations combined with normal mode descriptions from potential energy distribution calculations were performed on two slightly different cluster models. Differences in the constraints at the side chain of one histidine Cu ligand sensibly modify the geometric parameters and vibrational properties. Electrochemically induced FTIR difference spectroscopy provided mid‐ and far‐IR fingerprint spectra of the Cu protein in aqueous media that are sensitive to the redox state of the Cu centre at the active site. Comparisons of the DFT predictions with the experimental IR modes of the histidine ligands at the Cu,Zn‐SOD active site showed that useful mid‐IR markers of histidine Nτ and Nπ coordination were predicted with good accuracy. The DFT analysis further demonstrated a link between the ν(C4–C5) mode frequency of His46 and the specific properties of the His46–Cu bond in Cu,Zn‐SOD. A combined theoretical and experimental approach on samples in H2O and 2H2O or 15N‐labelled samples identified the contributions from the histidine side chain modes in the 669–629 cm–1 region.
Properties of an Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Modified by a Laser Nanostructured Thin Au Film for Biosensing
Authors: Grochowska Katarzyna , Siuzdak Katarzyna , Śliwiński Gerard
Published: August 2014

Structural, optical, and electrochemical characteristics of the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode modified by Au nanoparticle (NPs) produced by pulsed UV laser irradiation of thin films are investigated in this work. Properties of the NP arrays depend on the film thickness and parameters of the laser interaction. Semi‐regular structures characterized by broad size distributions of mean values ca. 62–92 nm are observed in the SEM images. In absorbance spectra the plasmon resonance peaks located around 544 nm reveal an IR shift and an increase of damping of the plasmonic enhancement with increasing NP size. Despite the broad size distribution and negative effect of damping that results in plasmon decay times of below 3.2 fs, the ITO electrode modified by Au NP arrays shows marked improvement of the electrochemical activity towards the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple and also glucose. Results obtained for non‐enzymatic glucose detection indicate the potential for cost‐effective solutions in the area of biosensing.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Alkene Hydrosilylation via a Hydride Shuttle Process by Diene Ligands: Dramatic Enhancement of Regio‐ and Diastereoselectivity
Authors: Hua Yuanda , Nguyen Hiep H. , Trog Gabriela , Berlin Adam S. , Jeon Junha
Published: August 2014

A cooperative ligand‐assisted, Rh‐catalyzed intramolecular alkene hydrosilylation of homoallylic silyl ethers (1) was developed to provide 1,3‐trans‐oxasilacyclopentanes (trans‐2) in a highly regio‐ and diastereoselective manner. The modification of metal‐ligand architecture employing an inner‐sphere functional diene ligand (1,3‐cyclohexadiene) and a supporting phosphine ligand (BINAP) was identified as responsible for dramatic enhancement of selectivities. Mechanistic details of a diene ligand‐mediated hydride shuttle process are presented as the potential mechanistic driving force behind the high level of the selectivities.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Strecker Reaction of Imines Containing a Thiazole Moiety by Using a Cinchona‐Based Squaramide Catalyst
Authors: He Hai‐Xiao , Du Da‐Ming
Published: August 2014

An organocatalytic enantioselective Strecker reaction was developed for the synthesis of α‐amino nitriles that contain a thiazole moiety by using a cinchona‐based squaramide catalyst. The corresponding products were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98 % ee) by starting from aromatic‐substituted imines. In addition, two trifunctional squaramides with amino acid residues were synthesized, and good enantioselectivities (up to 89 % ee) were achieved when they were employed in the model reaction.
Modular Syntheses of Star‐Shaped Pyridine, Bipyridine, and Terpyridine Derivatives by Employing Sonogashira Reactions
Authors: Trawny Daniel , Kunz Valentin , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: August 2014

A simple and flexible synthesis for a series of star‐shaped pyridine, bipyridine, and terpyridine derivatives is reported by using a modular approach that combines the use of a ligand, spacer, and core unit. A fairly efficient method to prepare 4′‐nonafloxy‐functionalized terpyridine derivatives is described. The building blocks that contain the functionalized pyridine, bipyridine, or terpyridine derivatives were linked to different C3‐symmetrical core units. In most cases, Sonogashira reactions were employed in the crucial final steps of the synthesis. A star‐shaped dodecafluorinated compound was also prepared in a straightforward fashion. A simple procedure for the preparation of partially silylated 1,3,5‐triethynylbenzene derivatives is presented, which provides an approach to C2‐symmetrical star‐shaped compounds that have only one terpyridine and two terphenyl units as “dummy” ligands. The absorption and emission spectra of the fully conjugated C3‐symmetrical pyridine derivatives were systematically investigated, and fairly large Stokes shifts were observed.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropathic pain secondary to malignancy: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Khedr E.M. , Kotb H.I. , Mostafa M.G. , Mohamad M.F. , Amr S.A. , Ahmed M.A. , Karim A.A. , Kamal S.M.M.
Published: August 2014

Background

Significant analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have been found in several studies of patients with chronic pain of various origins, but never for malignancy. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of 10 sessions of rTMS over the primary motor cortex (M1) in patients suffering from malignant neuropathic pain.

Methods

Thirty‐four patients were randomly allocated into one of two groups to receive real (20 Hz, 10 s, 10 trains with 80% intensity) or sham rTMS daily for 10 consecutive days. Patients were evaluated using a verbal descriptor scale (VDS), a visual analogue scale (VAS), Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs (LANSS) and Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM‐D) at baseline, after the first, fifth and 10th treatment sessions, and then 15 days and 1 month after treatment.

Results

There were no significant differences between real and sham groups in the duration of illness or pain rating scores at the baseline. A significant ‘Time × Group’ interaction was recorded indicating that real and sham rTMS had different effects on the VDS, VAS, LANSS and HAM‐D scales. Post‐hoc testing showed that the group of patients treated with real rTMS had greater improvement in all scales that persisted up to 15 days, but were not present 1 month later. Significant positive correlations between the percentage of pain reduction and HAM‐D after the 10th session and 15 days later were recorded.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that 10 rTMS sessions over the M1 can induce short‐term pain relief in malignant neuropathic pain.
Amorphous Li4Ti5O12 Thin Film with Enhanced Lithium Storage Capability and Reversibility for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yu Zhaozhe , Zhu Guisheng , Xu Huarui , Yu Aibing
Published: August 2014

This manuscript focuses on how to improve the electronic conductivity and lithium‐ion diffusivity of Li4Ti5O12 thin films, which present a serious constraint to the development of the solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries. Given this understanding, we have found that creating amorphous structural features and hierarchical channels of thin films form a very simple yet effective approach to solve the problem. The unique structural features and high electrical conductivity of the as‐prepared thin films result in high capacity (283.5 mAh g−1 at 10 μA cm−2) and good cyclic stability (≈3 % capacity loss after 100 cycles at 10 μA cm−2). These important findings could open up new opportunities for Li4Ti5O12 in constructing high‐performance binder‐free energy storage devices.
Copy number variations could predict the outcome of bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma
Authors: Kim Myungshin , Lee Shin Hyo , Kim Jiyeon , Lee Sung‐Eun , Kim Yoo‐Jin , Min Chang‐Ki
Published: August 2014

We performed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis of 35 newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM) patients who received bortezomib‐melphalan‐prednisone (VMP) to identify collaborating genetic events that could predict the outcome of treatment. A total of 340 copy number variations (CNVs) were identified, with the most frequently identified CNVs being gains on 1q, 19p, 9q, 3q, 9p, 15q, 19q, 5q, 11q, 5p, and 7q and losses on 1p, X, 13q, 14q, and 6q. The number and proportion of detected abnormalities by SNP array were associated with presence of cytogenetic abnormalities and complex karyotype. Moreover, increasing genomic complexity as ascertained by SNP arrays correlated with outcome of the VMP treatment. The frequency of CNVs was significantly different according to achievement of very good partial response (VGPR) to VMP treatment (<VGPR vs. ≥VGPR, median 11.7 vs. 7.7, respectively, P = 0.032) or occurrence of progressive disease (PD) after VMP treatment (progression vs. nonprogression, median 11.6 and 6.5, respectively, P = 0.011). The proportion of CNV length was also significantly higher in patients who did not achieve VGPR compared with those with ≥VGPR (median 31.9 vs. 19.6%, respectively, P = 0.004) and also higher in patients with PD compared with those without it (median 31.9 vs. 15.8%, respectively, P = 0.005). The patients who did not achieve VGPR tended to have deletion of 1p (P = 0.011) and gain of 3q (P = 0.05). Occurrence of PD was associated with complex karyotype (P = 0.020) and gain of 3q (P = 0.022). Our data show that the occurrence of CNVs correlates with clinical outcomes to first‐line VMP treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iterative Stochastic Elimination for Solving Complex Combinatorial Problems in Drug Discovery
Authors: Stern Noa , Goldblum Amiram
Published: August 2014

Iterative Stochastic Elimination (ISE) is a novel algorithm that was originally developed to solve extremely complex problems in protein structure and interactions, and has since been applied to diverse topics that share a few general “ingredients”: they are extremely complex, of combinatorial nature, may be presented as large sets of variables that can each have many alternative values, there is some interdependence of the variables on each other, and there is a scoring function that can evaluate each choice of the problems “configuration”; this is the set of single values of each of the variables that constitute its full presentation. Those are picked randomly in a large sample, the analysis of which allows decisions to be made for rejecting some values for each of the variables; thus resulting in a smaller set of potential combinations. This continues in iterations until the number of combinations allows all the remaining options to be computed exhaustively and to order them by their scores. ISE has been mainly applied to problems that are relevant to drug design and discovery. We demonstrate, among others, the use of ISE to determine the properties of molecular ensembles and to pick the best molecules (“focused libraries”) for hitting a specific target. Future ideas for using ISE are discussed, as well as mentioning its contributions to the construction of two start‐up companies.
The “Monkey‐Bar” Mechanism for Searching for the DNA Target Site: The Molecular Determinants
Authors: Vuzman Dana , Levy Yaakov
Published: August 2014

DNA recognition by DNA‐binding proteins, which is a pivotal event in most gene regulatory processes, is often preceded by an extensive search for the correct site. A facilitated diffusion process, in which a DBP combines 3D diffusion in solution with 1D sliding along DNA, has been suggested to explain how proteins can locate their target sites on DNA much faster than predicted by 3D diffusion alone. One of the key mechanisms in the localization of the target by a DNA‐binding protein is intersegment transfer in which the protein forms a bridged intermediate between two distant DNA regions. This jumping mechanism is more enhanced when the DNA‐binding protein is asymmetric in its structure or its dynamics. We suggest that asymmetry supports the “monkey bar” mechanism, in which different domains of the protein interact with different DNA regions. In this minireview, we discuss how the molecular architectures of the proteins and DNA may modulate the efficiency of monkey bar dynamics.
A SOUTH AFRICAN STUDY ON CAREGIVER PERCEPTIONS OF A PARENT–INFANT INTERVENTION IMPLEMENTED TO FOSTER SECURE ATTACHMENT
Authors: Aspoas Belinda , Amod Zaytoon
Published: August 2014

Community‐based interventions that support the parent–infant dyad present an ideal opportunity to help foster secure attachment relationships. This study set out to investigate a parent–infant intervention that was implemented in a peri‐urban township in South Africa. The aim of the research was to understand caregivers’ experience of this intervention and shed light on why some caregivers make optimal use of this intervention whereas others do not. Data for this study were collected by holding a focus group with 11 caregivers, who were selected using purposive sampling. The discussion that took place in the group was video‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis of this data indicates that caregivers are very receptive to the intervention, which they see in the role of “grandmother.” Yet, their socially and economically weak position hinders them from making full use of the intervention. Ideally, they want professionals to reach out to them. This research highlights how important it is for early parent–infant interventions to move beyond the consulting room and to meet caregivers on their terms.
NOTE ON CONSTRUCTION OF AN ITEM ANALYSIS TABLE FOR THE HIGH‐LOW‐27‐PER‐CENT GROUP METHOD
Authors: Fan C. T.
Published: August 2014

This paper describes the construction of a new item analysis table for the high‐low‐27‐per‐cent group method. The table provides a ready means of translating the observed proportions of success in the two extreme groups (pH, pL) into measures of item difficulty and item discrimination (p, Δ, and r). The tabled values of both the difficulty index, p, and the discrimination index, r, have been derived from Karl Pearson's tables of the normal bivariate surface.
GROUP INFLUENCE ON INDIVIDUAL RISK TAKING1
Authors: Wallach Michael A. , Kogan Nathan , Bem Daryl J.
Published: August 2014

Does group interaction lead to greater conservatism or to greater risk taking in decisions than would obtain were the decisions arrived at individually.–or is there an averaging effect? This question was investigated with a procedure in which the protagonist in each of 12 everyday life situations must choose between two courses of action, one of which involves considerably more risk than the other but also is much more rewarding if successful. The S must decide on the lowest level of probability for the success of the risky alternative that he would deem sufficient to warrant its choice.

A total of 218 liberal arts university students participated in the study. In the experimental condition, the Ss first arrived at individual decisions concerning each of the 12 situations; then, they were brought together in discussion groups of six with the request that they reach a group consensus on each decision; and afterward, they were asked to make all their decisions privately once again. Some Ss also made private decisions yet another time two to six weeks later. The group members' judgments of one another's relative degrees of influence and of popularity within the group also were obtained. There were 14 all‐male and 14 all‐female groups. In the control condition, Ss made their decisions individually each of two times with one week intervening, under instructions the second time that encouraged them to change rather than simply to recall their earlier decisions.

It was found that (1) group decisions exhibit greater risk taking than appears in pre‐discussion individual decisions; (2) post‐discussion private decisions exhibit the same increase in risk taking as occurs in the group decisions; (3) the increase in risk taking resulting from the discussion process is still maintained after a subsequent period of two to six weeks has elapsed; (4) no shift in risk taking level occurs over time in the absence of the discussion process; and (5) degree of risk taking in pre‐discussion individual decisions and degree of judged influence within the group are positively related. Two interpretations of these findings were suggested, either or both of which may apply: (1) the knowledge that one's decisions are being made jointly with others leads to a diffusion of personal responsiblity, the outcome of which is an increased willingness to take risks; (2) high risk takers are more likely to take the initiative in social situations, with the result that they become more influential in the group.
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF TESTING PROCEDURES FOR AUTO‐INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMING
Authors: Grether Walter F.
Published: August 2014

Although there are fundamental differences in the objectives of the two activities, the programming of instructional material bears many similarities to the construction of tests. A systematic comparison of problems and procedures reveals important implications for programming from the older field of testing. Theory and experience in test construction can be especially useful in the selection of valid criteria for assessing the effectiveness of a program, the ordering of instructional subject matter, the writing of instructional frames, and the formal evaluation of the program. Adaptive programming implies measurement of both aptitude and achievement in order to assign trainees to appropriate individual sequences of instruction. Possible applications resulting from examination of these and other issues are explored, and necessary further research is suggested.
A NOTE ON SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE STYLE AND LEARNING
Authors: Stricker Lawrence J.
Published: August 2014

In Brown's study of the learning of personality items which were paired with nonsense syllables, a major finding was that social desirability response style was related to learning measures for women but not men. A reanalysis of these results found that social desirability response style was related to delayed recall for both men and women, and confidence and immediate recall for women only. It was not related to trials to mastery, learning time, and blockings.

It was concluded that this study partially supports Edwards' social desirability response style reinterpretation of studies of anxiety and learning, but that many previous studies do not.
DIMENSIONS OF ANALYTIC ATTITUDE IN COGNITION AND PERSONALITY1
Authors: Messick Samuel , Fritzky Ferdinand J.
Published: August 2014

A group‐administered procedure was developed to measure facility in learning complex designs with sufficient articulation to identify subsequent variations on the designs. Scores for 11 types of design variations and a group measure of embedded‐figures performance were intercorrelated and factor analyzed, producing four factors. The two major dimensions corresponded to facility in identifying (a) variations containing figural elements and (b) variations displaying figural form without elements. A third mode of stimulus analysis reflected the utilization of background information and was substantially correlated with the other two. A significant relationship was obtained between the element articulation factor and embedded‐figures performance, thereby linking element articulation to the field‐independent type of analytical functioning described by Witkin et al. (1962). The personality and cognitive correlates of these articulation scores were discussed in terms of analytic and relational categorizing as formulated by Kagan et al. (1962).
GAME INTERACTIONS WITH “HUMANS” AND “MACHINES” AND THEIR RELATIONS TO TACTICAL BEHAVIOR AND SUCCESS1
Authors: Myers Albert E. , Gibb Cecil A. , McConville Carolyn B.
Published: August 2014

An experiment was performed in which Ss engaged in a “Path and Obstacles” game where the S had the task of tracing a path on a 5 times 5 plugboard in such a way as to avoid hitting any of the five obstacles that had been placed by the other player. Half the Ss were told that the other player was a machine which had been programmed to play the game and the other half were led to believe that they were playing against another human. In addition, half the players were told to compete against the other player while half were told to cooperate. In every instance the setting of the obstacles by the other player was determined by a prearranged plan. In the Human condition the other player was an accomplice who played according to a prearranged plan; the same plans, which determined the placement of every obstacle on every trial, were used in the Machine condition.

Two strategies of obstacle placement were used. One, called the Fixed Path strategy, moved the obstacles in such a way as to never block one certain path. The trial to trial movement of the obstacles was basically random. The other strategy, called the Variable Path strategy, did not move the obstacles randomly from trial to trial, but rather in a highly systematic way. Whereas the Fixed Path strategy encouraged the S to use the same path repeatedly, the Variable Path strategy could not be solved by repetition. The latter encouraged the S to find a principle which was responsible for the movement of the obstacles.

Striking differences in success were found. The Ss performed much better when their competitive opponent was a “machine” than they did when he was a “human.” On the other hand, cooperation with “humans” was significantly more successful than cooperation with “machines.”

It was concluded that an S's expectations concerning the other player are a critical element in determining whether his performance on the task will be affected by a “human” or “machine” other. It was also tentatively concluded that “human” others induced more irrationality than “machine” others.
RELATIONSHIP OF AN INDEPENDENT ACTIVITIES QUESTIONNAIRE TO PERFORMANCE DURING HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Schultz Charles B. , Skager Rodney W.
Published: August 2014

The Independent Activities Questionnaire (IAQ) was developed as a measure of self‐initiated activity of high intellectual quality. Evidence for validity is presented in the form of correlations between IAQ response and measures of ability, interests, grades, activity level and initiative. The relatively low intercorrelation and differential validities of three a priori scales representing different content areas encourage further scale development. Frequencies of endorsement of the items were examined so that items can be revised to represent truly outstanding activities.
DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY AND LEVEL OF RISK TAKING IN GROUPS1
Authors: Wallach Michael A. , Kogan Nathan , Bem Daryl J.
Published: August 2014

This study reports evidence supporting the following propositions: (1) Group discussion and consensus concerning decisions that involve actual risk ana payoffs lead to greater risk taking than occurs in the absence of such discussion and consensus. (2) The mechanism that underlies this group‐induced shift toward greater risk taking consists of a diffusion or spreading of responsibility. Using risks and payoffs based on monetary gain and loss for problem‐solving performance, the above propositions received strong confirmation for male college subjects. The results of various experimental manipulations provided positive support for viewing diffusion of responsibility as the causal factor at work.
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE VERBAL SECTIONS OF THE SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST
Authors: Coffman William E.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of the research reported here was to make a preliminary exploration of the factor structure of the SAT‐Verbal Test as a first step in the development of specifications for the test in terms of factor structure. The principal axis factors of a modified tetrachoric covariance matrix with communality estimates based on an iterative procedure were rotated to orthogonal simple structure using the quartimax and the equamax methods. The procedure was repeated twice, once with iterations based on the assumption of 7 factors and once with iterations based on the assumption of 11 factors.

The equamax rotation of the 11 factor solution permits an interpretation in terms of a speed factor, 3 vocabulary factors, 2 reasoning factors, 4 reading skills factors, and a residual factor. The equamax rotation of the 7 factor solution is compatible with the 11 factor solution and indicates that differentiation in the vocabulary, reasoning, and reading areas is a function of item content. The quartimax rotation of the 7 factor solution permits an interpretation in terms of a general verbal aptitude factor accounting for over 72% of the common variance, a speed factor accounting for 9% of the variance, a small vocabulary factor accounting for 4% of the common variance, and 4 residual factors.
CORRELATES OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS IN CAREER OR TRANSFER PROGRAMS: A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Linn Robert L. , Davis Junius A.
Published: August 2014

This study was undertaken (1) to investigate the utility of a number of promising experimental measures for predicting the performance and persistence of community college students, and (2) to explore the goals and criteria for success within the various college programs. The major emphasis was on the career‐oriented two‐year programs.

Within the career programs, the Scholastic Aptitude Test and high school records had validities almost as good as they are at many four‐year colleges. Several of the experimental measures showed promising validities within the career programs and/or distinctive patterns of means among the several program groups.
FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TEST FACTORS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD1
Authors: Cattell Raymond B. , Damarin Fred
Published: August 2014

A battery of 48 miniature situation tests of personality were administered to 129 nursery school children. Factor analysis with blind rotation to oblique simple structure revealed 18 dimensions, some of which were more or less like personality dimensions found in miniature situation test research with older children and adults. Although certain of these matches were made with less confidence than others, the study suggested that certain dimensions of child and adult personality might be similar. The exact number of these dimensions and the nature of possible differences in child and adult personality structures can be determined only by further research with progressively more refined instruments.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PROGRAMMED TESTS
Authors: Cleary T. Anne , Linn Robert L. , Rock Donald A.
Published: August 2014

One approach to the reduction of testing time is through the use of “programmed tests,” which are tests based on a sequential system of branching in which a subject is directed to items appropriate to his ability level.

The programmed tests considered in the present paper comprised two major sections: (1) A routing section which contains the branching necessary to direct the subject to the appropriate items, and (2) a measurement section which contains a short test with the item difficulties concentrated at the appropriate level for the subject.

Four methods were investigated on an existing item data for — 885 students. By using approximately 40 items in the programmed tests it was possible to obtain correlations with the total test score on 190 items that were quite close to the reliability of the 190‐item test. However, essentially the same results were achieved for two shortened conventional tests consisting of the 40 or 42 items with the highest point‐biserial correlations with the total test score.
AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF POSITIVE SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT IN THE NURSERY SCHOOL PEER GROUP*
Authors: Charlesworth Rosalind , Hartup Willard W.
Published: August 2014

An observational method was devised for obtaining normative information on the amount and kinds of positive social reinforcement dispensed by preschool aged children to each other in nursery school. Data were collected in four preschool classes. It was found that children in the older groups reinforced their peers at a significantly higher rate than those in the younger groups and that the amount of reinforcement given was positively related to the amount received. Reinforcement was dispensed in a higher proportion when a child was engaged in dramatic play activity than when he was engaged in other pursuits (such as art, music, or table games). About half the reinforcements were given in response to overtures from the recipients and half spontaneously. The consequence of reinforcement was, in largest proportion, the continuation of the recipient's activity at the time of reinforcement.
AGREEMENT WITH VIEWS OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. BEFORE AND AFTER HIS ASSASSINATION
Authors: Hartnett Rodney T. , Libby Carol U.
Published: August 2014

Questionnaires received from a nationwide sample of college and university trustees before and after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., were compared for the perceived similarity of their views to those of Dr. King. The data suggest a pronounced increase in the extent to which post‐assassination respondents perceive their political/social views to be similar to those of Dr. King. The differences are further analyzed with attention to political party affiliation and ideology.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING*
Authors: Bloxom Bruce
Published: August 2014

Applications of Tucker and Messick's model of individual differences in multidimensional scaling have suggested the occasional appropriateness of a refinement of that model. The refinement is to consider just one multidimensional stimulus space for all persons (or sets of persons) and with each person having a “weight” for each axis. This paper presents a formal description of this model and a least squares solution for its parameters. The solution has yet to be tested empirically.
A DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY OF NONCONSERVATION CHOICES IN YOUNG CHILDREN1
Authors: Rothenberg Barbara B. , Courtney Rosalea G.
Published: August 2014

This study has investigated some of the factors which seem to influence nonconservation choices in young children. Specifically, the influence of proximity, manipulation, length, and density on the choice of the row with “more” in it was studied in a variety of transformations using 250 Ss aged two years five months (2–5) to 6–2. The results indicated that the factor of proximity was most important among the youngest Ss while the factor of length was the most important among the oldest Ss. The choice of the more irrelevant factors (closeness and manipulation) among the young Ss, the lower SES Ss, and the Ss who were not able to comprehend the meaning of the conservation questions was noted and the use of these factors to a more limited extent by the older Ss was also shown. Finally, the importance of being able to select transformations that more precisely evaluate the concerns of the investigator rather than the biases of the particular transformation is discussed.
ESTIMATION OF TRUE SCORE AND ERROR VARIANCE FOR TESTS UNDER VARIOUS EQUIVALENCE ASSUMPTIONS1
Authors: Kristof Walter
Published: August 2014

Maximum‐likelihood estimators of true score variance and error variance for mental tests are derived under six different hypotheses of equivalent measurements. Statistical properties of the estimators are examined. Main emphasis is placed upon essentially ⊤‐equivalent measurements. A statistical criterion for this type of measurement is given. The solution of the comparatively simple maximum‐likelihood equations is effected by means of a rapid Newton‐Raphson procedure. Two different initial estimators are considered and their relative merits in terms of second moments evaluated. Four numerical examples are appended by way of illustration.
PROMPTING VS. CONFIRMATION, PICTURES VS. TRANSLATIONS, AND OTHER VARIABLES IN CHILDREN'S LEARNING OF GRAMMAR IN A SECOND LANGUAGE
Authors: Lim Kiat‐Boey
Published: August 2014

Third‐grade American children were taught lessons in Malay 15 min. per day over a two week period. Teaching was done individually with a Language Master. After preliminary teaching of vocabulary, grammatical teaching and drill involved a 24 orthogonal design in which effects of (1) pictures vs. translations, (2) prompting vs. confirmation, (3) inductive vs. deductive teaching, and (4) materials based on structural vs. transformational principles were investigated. Through analysis of variance and of covariance (using IQ, language aptitude, and French grades), the principal effects found in a series of criterion tests were the superiority of a confirmation method of practice and the superiority of the use of translations rather than pictures.
METHODS OF MEASURING SCHOOL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE1
Authors: Dyer Henry S. , Linn Robert L. , Patton Michael J.
Published: August 2014

Four methods of deriving indicators of school system performance were investigated. All four methods involve the regression of a measure of student performance at one grade level on student performance measures at an earlier grade level. Deviations of school system means from the regression surface are used as indicators of school system performance. The four methods were: (1) matched‐longitudinal data using individual student scores for the regression analyses, (2) matched‐longitudinal data using system means for the regression analyses, (3) unmatched‐longitudinal data using system means, and (4) cross‐sectional data using system means. The first two methods yielded highly similar results; however, the results of the other two methods were quite dissimilar from methods one and two and from each other. It was concluded that the latter two methods are not reasonable substitutes for the first two methods. The stability of the results of the first two methods was investigated by comparing results for one subsample of students to results for a second subsample of students. The deviations of the school system means from the regression surface for one subsample were highly correlated with the corresponding deviations for the second subsample.
GAUSS‐SEIDEL COMPUTING PROCEDURES FOR A FAMILY OF FACTOR ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS*
Authors: Browne Michael
Published: August 2014

Gauss‐Seidel computing procedures have previously been used to obtain Maximum Likelihood and Minres factor analytic solutions. This paper is concerned with the use of Gauss‐Seidel computing procedures to obtain five solutions: Maximum Likelihood, Minres, Alpha and two recently derived weighted least squares solutions. The treatment of negative residual variances is considered, modifications of approaches suggested by Harman and Fukuda [1966] and by Jöreskog [1967a] being used. Three “generalized characteristic value” problems occur and procedures for solving them are provided. Finally, examples of the application of the Gauss‐Seidel procedures are given and are used to illustrate properties of the five factor analytic solutions.
A NOTE ON THE STRONG CONVERGENCE OF THE RELATIVE OBSERVED SCORE IN MENTAL TEST THEORY
Authors: Novick Melvin R.
Published: August 2014

Sufficient conditons for the strong convergence of the relative observed score are given and it is shown how this question differs from that of determining the expected value of the corresponding error score.
FACTORIAL INVARIANCE OF AFRICAN EDUCATIONAL ABILITIES AND APTITUDES1
Authors: Johnson Michael
Published: August 2014

Scores on educational aptitude and achievement tests were obtained for over 2,000 African subjects from Rhodesia and Zambia. A method suggested by Meredith was used, in conjunction with some maximum likelihood factoring techniques, to assess the factorial similarity of samples differing on sex, national origin, and prior school performance. A single factor pattern for four factors fit the observed data fairly well, with similar factor variances and intercorrelations, for both male and female samples from each of the countries. The analysis supports earlier results in indicating that the constructs suggested by the factoring could be generalized over the sampled populations.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF GUIDANCE
Authors: Katz Martin
Published: August 2014

This draft of a chapter for the Review of Educational Research, scheduled for publication in April 1969, discusses the present state of theory for the practice of guidance and reviews relevant publications issued between June 1965 and July 1968. Main topics include metatheory, definitions and purposes, content, and methods.
ASSUMPTIONS IN MAKING CAUSAL INFERENCES FROM PART CORRELATIONS, PARTIAL CORRELATIONS AND PARTIAL REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS
Authors: Linn Robert L. , Werts Charles E.
Published: August 2014

Given a linear model and that X is antecedent to Y, a third variable, W, which is antecedent to both X and Y, is often used as a control variable to remove any spurious association between X and Y. Four different methods that have been used as measures of the “influence” of X on Y are described. The implicit assumptions that are made in using each of these methods to make causal inferences are stated and compared.
DONALD CAMPBELL'S ADVICE APPLIED TO LORD'S PARADOX1
Authors: Werts Charles E. , Linn Robert L.
Published: August 2014

As Lord has demonstrated, the use of analysis of covariance on nonexperimental data cannot be counted on to make proper allowances for uncontrolled pre‐existing differences between groups. In this paper it is suggested that the interpretational problem that Lord raised is not limited to nonexperimental research but is generic to the research process.
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ORIENTING RESPONSE IN CHILDREN AS A FUNCTION OF CHANGES IN COLOR AND CONTOUR1
Authors: Dodd Cornelia , Lewis Michael
Published: August 2014

To investigate the effects of various changes on the magnitude of the OR, two pairs of stimuli were used such that for each pair, each stimulus served as the repeated event for one group of Ss and as the altered event for another. It was predicted that stimulus change resulting in increased stimulus intensity would result in a larger OR than stimulus change resulting in decreased intensity. Chromatic and achromatic stimuli were used to test this hypothesis and the results confirmed this notion. The second set of stimuli, varying in contour, tested the hypothesis that changes independent of intensity should affect OR magnitude. The results support this view and suggest that the salience of the change in terms of the organism's hierarchy of interest must be included in a complete analysis of the magnitude of an OR.
MAXIMIZING THE VALIDITY OF A UNIT‐WEIGHT COMPOSITE AS A FUNCTION OF RELATIVE COMPONENT LENGTHS WITH A FIXED TOTAL TESTING TIME
Authors: Jackson Paul H. , Novick Melvin R.
Published: August 2014

An explicit solution is given to the problem of assigning relative lengths to the subtests of a test so as to maximize the correlation of the unit weight composite with a specified criterion when the total testing time is fixed. This solution is valid and unique whenever it specifies nonnegative times for all variables. A step‐down procedure is suggested for cases in which some of the testing times are zero. This procedure does not necessarily provide an optimal allocation. However in examples studied it is found to provide near optimum results. Algorithms are also developed for the determination of the least total testing time required to attain specified multiple and composite correlations. A numerical example is given illustrating the use of the unit weight procedure in combination with the regression weight algorithm.
THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND THEIR CONGENER CONTENT ON LEVEL AND STYLE OF RISK TAKING1
Authors: Teger Allan I. , Katkin Edward S. , Pruitt Dean G.
Published: August 2014

The risk taking behavior of sober subjects on the choice dilemma questionnaire was compared to that of subjects drunk on bourbon, vodka and synthetic alcohol. The results indicated that (a) contrary to previous findings, drunk subjects will accept greater subjective risk than sober subjects and (b) subjects drunk on bourbon, which is very high in congener content, will take greater risk than those drunk on the other two beverages, which are low in congener content. Alcohol produced greater elevation on some items in the questionnaire than on others. Earlier research has shown that older age produces a decrease in risk on the same items, while group discussion produces an increase in risk on a different subset of items. This may indicate, among other things, that the shift toward greater risk taking that occurs under the influence of alcohol is not produced by the processes that are responsible for the risky shift in group discussion.
A REGRESSION MODEL FOR STUDYING GROWTH1
Authors: Werts Charles E. , Linn Robert L.
Published: August 2014

The determinants of change are assumed to be represented by a linear regression model. The implications of using raw difference scores and of using residual change scores are evaluated within the framework of this model. Given the regression model and a determinant of change (Z) other than initial status. (X), use of the above traditional measures of change results in biased estimates of the influence of Z on change when X and Z are correlated. Parallel results are obtained when the measures are treated as error free and when they are treated as fallible.