bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection and Assay of Avian Tumor Virus Group-Specific Antigen and Antibody by the Paired Radioiodine-Labeled Antibody Technique
Authors: Weber J. , Yohn D. S.
Published: January 2020

The paired radioiodine-labeled antibody technique (PRILAT) was applied to the detection and quantitation of avian tumor virus group-specific (gs) antigens and antibody. The technique proved to be specific, repeatable, and appreciably more sensitive than the microcomplement-fixation test for avian leukosis (COFAL). The PRILAT facilitated direct measurement of comparative antigen content of several types of transformed, neoplastic, or virus-infected cells and the magnitude of nonspecific antibody binding by appropriate control cells. The versatility of the technique was illustrated by application to the detection and quantitation of gs antibody content of chicken, turkey, pigeon, and hamster sera. Antibodies were detected in COFAL-negative sera from hamsters bearing tumors induced by the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus. Sera from chickens bearing similar tumors were not positive for gs antibodies, although sera from turkeys and chickens immunized with avian leukosis virus did contain gs antibodies.
Origin of the Vaccinia Virus Hemagglutinin
Authors: Blackman Kenneth E. , Bubel H. Curt
Published: January 2020

The relationship between the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin and hemadsorption was examined. Hemagglutinin synthesis was temporally related to the appearance of the hemadsorption reaction. Only chicken erythrocytes, which reacted with hemagglutinin, hemadsorbed to infected cells, and both of these reactions were inhibited by Ca
2+
. The distribution of the vaccinia hemagglutinin and 5′-adenosine monophosphatase, a plasma membrane marker enzyme, in sucrose gradients was similar. Plasma membrane ghosts derived from infected cells hemadsorbed erythrocytes and yielded hemagglutinin upon sonic disruption. These data suggest that the majority of vaccinia hemagglutinin is derived from the plasma-membrane of the infected cell.
Sequence Heterogeneity in Closed Simian Virus 40 Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: Tai Henry T. , Smith Charles Allen , Sharp Phillip A. , Vinograd Jerome
Published: January 2020

The heteroduplex molecules formed by self-annealing of denatured, singly nicked simian virus 40 (SV40) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) prepared from closed viral DNA were examined by formamide-protein film electron microscopy to test the DNA for sequence homogeneity. Sequence inhomogeneity appears in the heteroduplexes as single-strand loops. These result from sequence deletion or from sequence substitution, if regions greater than 50 nucleotides are involved. The undenatured DNA from viruses passaged twice at multiplicities of infection much less than 1 plaque-forming unit (PFU) per cell appeared to be homogeneous in size. The heteroduplexes formed by this DNA indicated that approximately 2% of the molecules carried deletions, but that substitutions were below the level of detection. In contrast, undenatured DNA from viruses grown by passaging undiluted lysates seven times or by infection with stock virus at a multiplicity of infection of 5 PFU per cell contained a large frequency of molecules shorter than the full length. The heteroduplex samples indicated that 12 and 7% of the undenatured material contained base substitutions, and 13 and 11% contained deletions. The deletions and substitutions appear to occur in separate molecules. Length measurements on heteroduplexes displaying the loop characteristic of substitutions have established that these molecules are from true sequence substitutions, and not from adjacent or overlapping deletions. More than 80% of the molecules carrying substitutions are shorter than the native SV40 length. On the average, the substituted sequence is about 20% of the length of SV40, but it replaces a sequence about 30% of the native length. The substituted sequences may be host cell nuclear DNA, possibly arising from integration of SV40 into the chromosome followed by excision of the SV40 DNA together with chromosomal DNA.
Analysis of Simian Virus 40-Induced Transformation of Hamster Kidney Tissue in Vitro VIII. Induction of Infectious Simian Virus 40 from Virogenic Transformed Hamster Cells by Amino Acid Deprivation or Cycloheximide Treatment
Authors: Kaplan Joan C. , Wilbert Sharon M. , Black Paul H.
Published: January 2020

Clones of virogenic simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed hamster kidney cells were exposed to medium deficient in the essential amino acids leucine, arginine, or methionine. Infectious virus was induced after deprivation periods of from 24 to 32 hr. The highest yields of infectious SV40 were obtained from cultures deprived for 3 to 4 days. Infectious virus was also induced in cells that were treated with the metabolic inhibitor cycloheximide. Pulse labeling experiments revealed that both protein synthesis and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis were inhibited by concentrations of cycloheximide which were effective for virus induction. It is suggested that inhibition of protein synthesis by either amino acid deprivation or by cycloheximide was responsible for the induction of infectious virus from virogenic cells. We postulate that the inhibition of protein synthesis caused a temporary inhibition of DNA synthesis which resulted in the induction of infectious virus.
Replication of Radiation-Induced Murine Leukemia Virus in Normal and Transformed Mouse Cells
Authors: Nomura Shigeko , Bassin Robert H. , Fischinger Peter J.
Published: January 2020

Autonomous radiation-induced leukemia virus (RadLV) replication could be detected in mouse 3T3 cells by the development of interference with murine sarcoma virus (MSV), the appearance of covert helper activity for defective MSV, and by the induction of cytopathic effect type foci in MSV-transformed, leukemia virus-negative (S+L−) cells. A chronic infection of either 3T3 or S+L− cells with RadLV could be established. Both RadLV infectivity and helper activity were demonstrated in the same peak at a buoyant density of 1.16 g/cm
3
. Additionally a soluble inhibitor of MSV focus formation was found which could be separated from infectious RadLV. Examination of cell clones derived from chronically infected 3T3 cells showed that essentially every cell was infected and produced both infectious RadLV and low levels of inhibitor. Quantitative comparisons of autonomously replicating RadLV in normal 3T3 and S+L− cells suggested that RadLV may consist of several populations of virus of varying replicative potential. Apparently 99% of RadLV can be assayed only as helper units in normal cells or as replicative units in S+L− cells. To explain the atypical results, a model for RadLV deficiency is proposed.
Three-Membered Parasitic System: a Bacteriophage,
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
, and
Escherichia coli
Authors: Varon Mazal , Levisohn Reuben
Published: January 2020

Two bacteriophages for
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
were isolated. One of the phages (VL-1) was isolated on a host-independent
Bdellovibrio
strain, and the other (VL-2) was isolated on a host-dependent strain. Both phages grew on host-dependent as well as on host-independent
Bdellovibrio
strains. The development of the phages in host-dependent bdellovibrios occurred only when the phage-infected bdellovibrios parasitized cells of other bacteria. In the absence of other bacteria, the phages adsorbed to the bdellovibrios and killed them and in the process lost their own plaque-forming ability.
Surface-Active Agents for Isolation of the Core Component of Avian Myeloblastosis Virus
Authors: Stromberg Kurt
Published: January 2020

Sixty-one surface-active agents were evaluated in a procedure designed to assess their ability to remove the envelope from the core component of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). The procedure consisted of centrifugation of intact AMV through a series of sucrose gradients each containing an upper layer of agent at one of eight concentrations between 0.01 and 10%. The effectiveness of an agent in producing AMV cores was indicated by (i) the appearance of light-scattering bands in the region of core buoyant density in gradient tubes; (ii) the range of surfactant concentration over which these bands appeared; and (iii) an electron microscopy assessment by the negative-staining technique of the relative proportion of core to non-core material in each of these bands. Six nonionic surfactants were selected by this screening method for comparison in regard to recovery of core protein and endogenous ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity, as well as further morphologic evaluation by electron microscopy. The nonionic surfactants of the polyoxyethylene alcohol class (particularly, Sterox SL) were most effective. Nonionic surfactants of the polyoxyethylene alkylphenol class (particularly, Nonidet P-40) were also effective. Sterox SL and Nonidet P-40 each gave a more than fivefold increase in specific activity of endogenous RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, and each gave a low recovery of core protein. Sterox SL did not interfere to the extent that Nonidet P-40 did in procedures which involved spectrophotometric assay at 260 nm. The use of Sterox SL resulted in the least envelope contamination of core preparations by electron microscopy examination, the most recovery of protein and endogenous RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, and a core buoyant density in sucrose of 1.27 g/ml.
Lysogenic Conversion of
Pasteurella
by
Escherichia coli
Bacteriophage P1
CM
Authors: Lawton William D. , Molnar Dorothy M.
Published: January 2020

Bacteriophage P1
CM
can convert
Pasteurella pestis
or
P. pseudotuberculosis
to chloramphenicol resistance and phage restriction, but no viable phage was induced from converted
Pasteurella
strains.
Replication of Viral Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Breakdown of Cellular Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
Authors: Nonoyama Meihan , Pagano Joseph S.
Published: January 2020

Infection of Raji cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes suppression of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and fragmentation of the cellular DNA. About 1,000 copies of EBV DNA of normal size (about 5 × 10
7
daltons in a single strand, as shown in an alkaline gradient) are synthesized per cell.
Isolation of Simian Virus 40 Recombinants from Cells Infected with Oligomeric Forms of Simian Virus 40 Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: Dubbs Del Rose , Kit Saul , Jaenisch Rudolf , Levine Arnold J.
Published: January 2020

Oligomeric forms of simian virus 40 (SV40) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were isolated from monkey kidney cells infected with two plaque morphology mutants of SV40. Recombinant, large clear-plaque-type SV40 was produced in cells productively infected with oligomeric forms of SV40 DNA.
Trypsin Action on the Growth of Sendai Virus in Tissue Culture Cells II. Restoration of the Hemolytic Activity of L Cell-Borne Sendai Virus by Trypsin
Authors: Homma Morio
Published: January 2020

Sendai virus grown in L cells (L Sendai) caused little hemolysis, whereas the one grown in fertile eggs (egg Sendai) induced distinct hemolysis. Enzymatic treatment with trypsin at low concentrations markedly enhanced the hemolytic activity of L Sendai but not that of egg Sendai. Both sonic treatment and freezing and thawing greatly enhanced the hemolytic activity of egg Sendai, but they gave little enhancing effect on that of L Sendai which could, however, be greatly increased by successive treatment with trypsin. Dose response and kinetic experiments on the trypsin effect have suggested that a similarity exists in the inhibitory mechanism of infectivity for L cells and hemolytic activity of L Sendai. Treatment of L cells with trypsin at later stages of infection released a highly hemolytic L Sendai from those cells. The present study, by reference to the density centrifugation studies in a previous report (4), has shown that a variation in infectivity for L cells and in the hemolytic activity of L Sendai is a type of host-controlled modification distinguishable from the density variation.
Coordinate Variation in Lengths of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecules and Head Lengths in Morphological Variants of Bacteriophage T4
Authors: Mosig Gisela , Carnighan Janet Renshaw , Bibring Jane Baxandall , Cole Robert , Bock Hans-Georg Otto , Bock Susan
Published: January 2020

We have investigated three classes of small bacteriophage T4 particles which differ from normal T4 particles in length of their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in head length, in protein content, and in density. The different particles contain DNA molecules measuring 0.90, 0.77, or 0.67, respectively, of the normal T4 length. An additional class of viable particles contains DNA molecules of 1.1 unit length. These discrete differences in DNA length correspond to discrete differences in length (but not width) of the respective heads and are roughly proportional to the resulting differences in head volumes. The measured relative dimensions of the different heads fit best the relative dimensions predicted by a quasi-icosahedral model in which the smallest T4 head corresponds to an icosahedron with a triangulation number T = 21. The mid-portion of this structure is thought to be elongated by adding successive rows of gene 23 protein hexamers, the normal T4 head having three added rows. Different mutants produce small particles of the three classes in varying proportions, but no mutant produces exclusively particles of a single class. Particles of each class, with indistinguishable DNA content, show additional minor differences in protein content, as measured by differences in buoyant density and in the relative ratio of
32
P to
35
S.
Immunological Reactivity of Antisera Prepared Against the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Treated Structural Polypeptides of Adenovirus-Associated Virus
Authors: Johnson F. Brent , Blacklow Neil R. , Hoggan M. David
Published: January 2020

The preparation of antisera to the three purified sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-treated polypeptide components (VP1, VP2, VP3) of adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) type 3H is described. In immunofluorescence tests (FA), these antisera stained heat-stable antigens with distinct morphologies in cells co-infected with either adenovirus or herpes simplex virus. Kinetic studies of antigen formation showed that VP1 antiserum first stained the cytoplasm (14 hr) and later (by 18 hr) stained both cytoplasmic and intranuclear areas. VP2 antiserum stained only discrete intranuclear areas, and VP3 antiserum stained nearly the entire nucleus. All three VP antigens appeared at about the 14th hr postinfection, about 2 hr prior to the appearance of whole virion antigen. The VP antisera cross-reacted in FA with AAV types 1 and 2 (all at one-eighth of the homologous titer), but did not react with other parvoviruses, i.e., rat virus, hemadsorbing enteric virus of calves, minute virus of mice, or H-1 virus. These non-neutralizing antisera reacted specifically with SDS-treated AAV virion antigens in complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests, and antiserum prepared against SDS-treated helper adenovirus structural polypeptides reacted with adenovirus polypeptide antigens. All antisera to SDS-treated polypeptides were specific for new antigens revealed on the dissociated peptides and did not react with whole virions, whereas whole-virion antisera did not cross-react with the polypeptide antigens. These findings suggest that antigens unique to the polypeptides of AAV are revealed by SDS treatment and that these antigens can be detected in cells prior to the folding of the polypeptides into the molecular configuration they possess as virion subunits. These results also indicate that at least one AAV polypeptide component is synthesized in the cell cytoplasm.
Bacteriophage T4 Head Morphogenesis III. Some Novel Properties of Gene 13-Defective Heads
Authors: Hamilton Daniel L. , Luftig Ronald B.
Published: January 2020

The nature of phage precursors in gene 13-defective infected cells was studied by electron microscopy and pulse-chase isotopic labeling experiments. Our results suggest that both stable (20%) and fragile (70%) filled-head precursors accumulated in the absence of gene 13 product. Upon extraction, the fragile heads were found to lose most of their deoxyribonucleic acid and appeared unfilled with an average density of 1.34 g/cm
3
and a sedimentation coefficient of 300
S
. These unfilled heads differed from empty gene 13-defective heads which did not have any associated deoxyribonucleic acid and banded at an average density of 1.31 g/cm
3
. Furthermore, it was found that a
ts
N38 (temperature-sensitive mutant in gene 13)- infected culture maintained at 41.5 C for increasing times led to a decrease in specific infectivity of 1,000
S
phagelike particles. Electron microscopy of these particles revealed that the decreased infectivity was due to an improper union of head and tails.
Genetic and Physiological Studies of Bacteriophage T5 III. Patterns of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis Induced by Mutants of T5 and the Identification of Genes Influencing the Appearance of Phage-Induced Dihydrofolate Reductase and Deoxyribonuclease
Authors: Hendrickson Herbert E. , McCorquodale D. James
Published: January 2020

Patterns of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) metabolism in nonpermissive cells infected with amber mutants representing 29 genes of T5 are reported. A group of 7 contiguous genes are essential for the synthesis of phage DNA, whereas 20 other genes, when defective, permit varying degrees of phage DNA synthesis. Two further genes are essential for complete transfer of phage DNA to host cells, and therefore indirectly do not permit the synthesis of phage DNA. The structural genes for an early T5 deoxyribonuclease and for T5 DNA polymerase, as well as a gene that affects the synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase, have been identified in the genetic map of T5.
On the Direction of Reading of Bacteriophage T4 Gene 43 (Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase)
Authors: O'Donnell P. V. , Karam J. D.
Published: January 2020

Amber (
am
) mutants of the two closely linked sites, B22 and C125, in bacteriophage T4 gene 43 [deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase] synthesize in the nonpermissive (
su
−
)
Escherichia coli
host gene 43 products which are devoid of DNA polymerase activity, but which retain a 3′-exonuclease activity. Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatographic analysis of DNA polymerase and deoxyribonuclease activities from extracts of
su
−
cells infected with single- and double-
am
mutants of T4 gene 43 showed that the exonuclease activity which is observed with
am
B22 is not seen with double mutants carrying, in addition to
am
B22,
am
mutations which map to the clockwise side of the B22 site on the circular genetic map of T4. Similarly,
am
mutations which map to the clockwise side of the C125 site abolish the exonuclease activity which is observed with an
am
mutant (
am
E4335) of this site. It was concluded that in these double mutants termination signals to the clockwise side of
am
B22 and
am
E4335 are encountered before the
am
B22 and
am
E4335 signals during translation of the messenger ribonucleic acid from T4 gene 43. Thus, it seems that the T4 DNA polymerase is synthesized in vivo in a direction which corresponds to a counterclockwise reading of gene 43.
Mycosides C: Behavior as Receptor Site Substance for Mycobacteriophage D4
Authors: Goren Mayer B. , McClatchy J. K. , Martens Barbara , Brokl Olga
Published: January 2020

Interpretation of an earlier published infrared spectrum of
Mycobacterium smegmatis
lipids with receptor site activity for D4 phage led us to the inference that the active substance is very likely a mycoside C. This hypothesis was confirmed: the well-characterized mycosides C
s
and C
1217
elaborated by the heterologous strains
M. scrofulaceum
and
Mycobacterium
species 1217, respectively, are essentially indistinguishable from the
smegmatis
lipids in their behavior toward D4. Minute quantities adsorb and extensively inactivate the phage on appropriate incubations. In accord with derivative expectations,
Mycobacterium
species 1217 is a permissive host, attacked and lysed by D4. However, our current strains of
M. butyricum, M. avium
, and
M. scrofulaceum
, which reputedly produce various related mycosides C, are neither lysed by nor do they significantly adsorb the phage. Implications of these observations are discussed.
Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded circRNAs Are Expressed in Infected Tumor Tissues and Are Incorporated into Virions
Authors: Abere Bizunesh , Li Jinghui , Zhou Hongzhao , Toptan Tuna , Moore Patrick S. , Chang Yuan
Published: January 2020

KSHV has recently been found to encode circRNAs. circRNAs result from back-splicing of an upstream pre-mRNA splice donor exon-intron junction to an acceptor site, generating a covalently closed circle. This study revealed that for one KSHV region, the PAN/K7.3 locus, broadly and bidirectionally generated circRNA levels parallel corresponding linear RNA levels. Another KSHV circularization site (circ-vIRF4), however, showed expression that differed from that of the corresponding linear RNA. All KSHV circRNAs are incorporated into KSHV virions and are potentially expressed as immediate early products in newly infected cells.
Bilateral congenital aplasia of nasal lower lateral cartilage: a rare anomaly
Authors: Soni Kapil , Kaushal Darwin , Choudhury Bikram , Sahu Ranjit Kumar
Published: January 2020

Congenital nasal anomalies are rare and occur in 1/20 000–1/40 000 newborns. An 8-year-old boy presented with developmental aplasia of bilateral nasal lower lateral cartilages, with excessive wrinkled and loose skin on the dorsum of the nose and with difficulty breathing through the nose. This is probably the first such case to be reported in the literature. The defect was reconstructed using conchal and septal cartilage grafting through an external rhinoplasty approach. At the end of the 12-month follow-up period, the patient was found to be satisfied with the functional and aesthetic results of the operation. Bilateral congenital aplasia of nasal lower lateral cartilages is extremely rare. Paediatric rhinoplasty is imperative in such cases.
Comparison of quadratus lumborum block and caudal block for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair and orchiopexy surgeries: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Öksüz Gözen , Arslan Mahmut , Urfalıoğlu Aykut , Güler Ahmet Gökhan , Tekşen Şeyma , Bilal Bora , Öksüz Hafize
Published: January 2020

Background and objectives

Caudal epidural anesthesia is a widely used popular technique for postoperative analgesia but it has potential side effects and duration of analgesia is short. Quadratus lumborum block (QLB) was found to be an effective method for postoperative analgesia in lower abdominal surgeries. In this double-blind prospective randomized trial, we aimed to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacies of QLB and the caudal block in pediatric patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair and orchiopexy surgeries under general anesthesia.

Materials and methods

After approval was obtained from the ethics committee, in this prospective randomized double-blind trial, 53 patients under general anesthesia undergoing inguinal hernia repair and orchiopexy surgeries randomly received caudal block or QLB. Demographic data, postoperative analgesic requirement, Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scores at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours, parent satisfaction scores and complications were recorded.

Results

The study included 52 patients, after excluding one patient because of a failed caudal block. There were no significant differences between the groups based on demographic data (p>0.05). The number of patients who required analgesics in the first 24 hours was significantly lower in QLB group (p=0.001). Postoperative 4, 6, 12 hours FLACC scores were significantly lower in the QLB group (p<0.001, p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Parent satisfaction scores were higher in the QLB group (p=0.014).

Conclusion

According to the results of this study, QLB can provide much more effective analgesia than caudal block without adjuvants in multimodal analgesia management of children undergoing inguinal hernia repair and orchiopexy surgeries.

Trial registration number

NCT03294291.
Contrasting effects of coastal upwelling on growth and recruitment of nearshore Pacific rockfishes (genus Sebastes)
Authors: Markel Russell W. , Shurin Jonathan B.
Published: January 2020

Knowledge of processes underlying recruitment is critical for understanding marine population dynamics and their response to ocean climate. We investigated the relationship between coastal upwelling and early life history of black rockfish (Sebastes melanops), a midwater aggregating species, and CQB rockfishes (a solitary benthic species complex including Sebastes caurinus, Sebastes maliger, and Sebastes auriculatus), between two oceanographically distinct years on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. We analysed otolith microstructure to determine parturition and settlement dates, pelagic durations, and pre- and postsettlement growth rates. High CQB rockfish recruitment in 2005 was associated with prolonged downwelling and warm ocean temperatures, late parturition dates, fast presettlement growth, short pelagic durations, and small size-at-settlement. In contrast, high black rockfish recruitment in 2006 was associated with strong upwelling and cool ocean temperatures, slow presettlement growth, and protracted pelagic durations. Presettlement growth of both rockfish complexes increased with high sea surface temperature, but was unrelated to chlorophyll a concentration. Our results indicate that the same oceanographic conditions give rise to fast presettlement growth and short pelagic durations for both groups, but that different factors lead to strong recruitment in each.
Past variation in Lower Peace River ice-jam flood frequency
Authors: Wolfe Brent B. , Hall Roland I. , Wiklund Johan A. , Kay Mitchell L.
Published: January 2020

Opposing interpretations of Lower Peace River ice-jam flood frequency data sets are at the centre of identifying causes of reduced freshwater availability in the Peace-Athabasca Delta (northern Alberta), a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance and a major contributor to Wood Buffalo National Park’s listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Recently, conclusions drawn from statistical inference of traditional knowledge and historical observation sources suggested that flood frequency was accelerating during 1880–1967 and then declined coincident with hydroelectric regulation of Peace River flow since 1968 that altered the river’s hydrograph. In contrast, prior paleolimnological measurements of laminated sediments from oxbow lakes proximal to the Peace River have, along with alternate presentation of the traditional knowledge and historical observation sources, identified flood frequency was in decline for decades preceding river regulation due to climate change since the Little Ice Age. Here we revisit these data sets and, specifically, review their inherent uncertainties to assess their value and limitations. The notion of increasing versus decreasing flood frequency in the decades preceding river regulation (1880–1967) is tested using previously published paleohydrological records from perched lakes in the delta. Those records from lakes most proximal and sensitive to changes in the flow regime of the Peace River show increasing influence of lake evaporation during 1880–1967, consistent with long-term decline in flood frequency. Reconciling uncertainties of multiple lines-of-evidence and their findings should inform decisions by UNESCO on the World Heritage status of Wood Buffalo National Park and execution of the park’s federally funded Action Plan. New paleolimnological studies that have recently been launched will continue to probe the hydrological history of the Peace-Athabasca Delta to serve as a foundation for effective stewardship.
Baicalin Inhibits Coxsackievirus B3 Replication by Reducing Cellular Lipid Synthesis
Authors: Wang Meng-Jie , Yang Chun-Hua , Jin Yue , Wan Chang-Biao , Qian Wei-He , Xing Fei , Li Xiang , Liu Yuan-Yuan
Published: January 2020

Baicalin is a flavonoid extracted from Scutellariae Radix and shows a variety of biological activities as reducing lipids, diminishing inflammation, and inhibiting bacterial infection. However, there is no report of baicalin against CVB3 infection. In this study, we found that baicalin can reduce viral titer in a dose-dependent manner in vitro at a dose with no direct virucidal effect. Moreover, we revealed that baicalin can also improve survival rate, reduce heart weight/body weight ratio, prevent virus replication, and relieve myocardial inflammation in the acute viral myocarditis mouse model induced by CVB3. Then, in order to explore the mechanism of baicalin inhibiting CVB3 replication, we respectively examined the expression of autophagosome marker LC3-II by Western blot, tested the concentration of free fatty acid (FFA) and cholesterol (CHO) by commercial kits, detected the mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase (ACC) by RT-PCR, and observed the lipid content of cells by fluorescence staining. The results showed that CVB3 infection increased autophagosome formation and lipid content in HeLa cells, but these changes were significantly blocked by baicalin. Finally, in order to confirm that baicalin inhibits viral replication and reduces autophagosome formation by reducing cellular lipids, we added exogenous palmitate to cell culture supernatants to promote intracellular lipid synthesis and found that palmitate did not alter LC3-II and CVB3/VP1 expression in HeLa cells with or without CVB3 infection. Interestingly, palmitate can reverse the inhibitory effect of baicalin on autophagosome formation and viral replication. In conclusion, our results indicated that lipids play an important role in CVB3 replication, and the effect of baicalin against CVB3 was associated with its ability to reduce cellular lipid synthesis to limit autophagosome formation.
Experimental hint for gravitational CP violation
Authors: Gharibyan Vahagn
Published: January 2020

An equality of particle and antiparticle gravitational interactions holds in general relativity and is supported by indirect observations. Gravity dependence on rotation or spin direction is experimentally constrained for non-relativistic matter. Here, a method based on high-energy Compton scattering is developed to measure the gravitational interaction of accelerated charged particles. Within that formalism, the Compton spectra measured at HERA rule out the speculated anti-gravity possibility for antimatter at a confidence level close to 100%. The same data, however, imply a gravitational CP violation around 13 GeV energies, by a maximal amount of [Formula: see text] for the charge and [Formula: see text] for the space parity. The detected asymmetry hints for a stronger gravitational coupling to left helicity electrons relative to right helicity positrons.
Use-Oriented Information and Knowledge Management: Information Production and Use Practices as an Element of the Value and Impact of Information
Authors: Huvila Isto
Published: January 2020

There is a broad consensus that better models for assessing the impact of information efforts are needed to inform information and knowledge management and digital preservation. In contrast to measuring the quality of information, less attention has been directed to the assessment of knowledge and information processes as its constituent. Using archaeology and archaeological information as a sample context, the aim of this conceptual paper is to probe in to the evaluation of the impact and usefulness of information by taking into account the practices of how it is produced, managed and used. On a basis of a review and discussion of earlier literature on the impact of information and evaluation and management of information in archaeology, it is proposed that a better understanding of how the impact of information unfolds as a part of its production, management and use could contribute to the development of infrastructures, repositories and procedures for the management of the preservation and use of these resources.
Origin of Triassic mafic magmatism in the North Qiangtang terrane, central Tibetan Plateau: implications for the development of a continental back-arc basin
Authors: Liu Bin , Xu Yu , Li Qiang , Sun Yang , Zhao Shao-Qing , Huang Jian , Dong Huan , Yan Rong
Published: January 2020

This paper presents a comprehensive study of geochronology,
in situ
clinopyroxene mineralogy, geochemistry and isotope geology for the Triassic mafic magmatism of the central Tibetan Plateau. Moreover, the results are used to understand the development of a continental back-arc basin and the generation of back-arc basin magmatism. Zircon U–Pb isotope analyses indicate that these rocks were formed during the Middle Triassic (
c.
231 Ma). Both the mafic rocks and the trapped melt calculated by the clinopyroxene/melt partition coefficient (
D
cpx/melt
) exhibit distinct enrichments in light rare earth elements (LREE) and Th with pronounced depletions in Nb and Ta, which are similar to the geochemical composition of typical continental back-arc basin basalts. Geochemical features and isotopic variations indicate that the mafic melts originated from a depleted mantle modified by
c.
10% crustal components. The ratios of Zn/Fe
t
and REE further suggest a spinel-bearing peridotite source. Considering other regional geological data, we argue that the origin of Triassic mafic magmatism should be attributed to the extension of a continental back-arc basin. Slab rollback and mantle plume activity played vital roles in the formation and development of a continental back-arc basin in the central part of the Tibetan Plateau.
Opening up the Baseboard Management Controller
Authors: Frazelle Jessie
Published: January 2020

In 2011 Facebook announced the Open Compute Project to form a community around open-source designs and specifications for data center hardware. Since then, the project has expanded to all aspects of the open data center. This column focuses on the BMC and is an introduction to a complicated topic. The intention is to provide a full picture of the world of the open-source BMC ecosystem, starting with a brief overview of the BMC’s role in a system, touching on security concerns around the BMC, and then diving into some of the projects that have developed in the open-source ecosystem.
SlotSwapper
Authors: Samaddar Ankita , Easwaran Arvind , Tan Rui
Published: January 2020

Industrial process control systems are time-critical systems where reliable communications between sensors and actuators need to be guaranteed within strict deadlines to maintain safe operation of all the components of the system. WirelessHART is the most widely adopted standard which serves as the medium of communication in industrial setups due to its support for Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) based communication, multiple channels, channel hopping, centralized architecture, redundant routes and avoidance of spatial re-use of channels. However, the communication schedule in WirelessHART network is decided by a centralized network manager at the time of network initialization and the same communication schedule repeats every hyper-period. Due to predictability in the time slots of the communication schedule, these systems are vulnerable to timing attacks which eventually can disrupt the safety of the system. In this work, we present a moving target defense mechanism, the SlotSwapper, which uses schedule randomization techniques to randomize the time slots over a hyper-period schedule, while still preserving all the feasibility constraints of a real-time WirelessHART network and makes the schedule uncertain every hyper-period. We tested the feasibility of the generated schedules on random topologies with 100 simulated motes in Cooja simulator. We use schedule entropy to measure the confidentiality of our algorithm in terms of randomness in the time slots of the generated schedules.
Autobiography of an Analytical Chemist
Authors: Yeung Edward S.
Published: January 2020

Most of my research directions were opportunistic. Having worked with lasers in the early stages of laser applications in analytical chemistry, attending conferences, workshops, and administrative meetings that were not exactly aligned with our own research, locating to a building or in a department that housed scientists with different backgrounds, having certain specialized equipment at the right time, and having funding agencies that were broad-minded clearly contributed to my ventures into diverse fields. Most of all, it had to be the many eager minds that I have had the fortune to work with. I have always tried to suggest research topics that might be interesting to the individual coworker rather than something straight out of my own research proposals. Only then did each person actually own the project rather than consider it a chore. After all, we work in the field of analytical chemistry, in which almost anything we do can fit in.
How Interdisciplinary? Taking Stock of Decision-Making Research at the Intersection of Psychology and Law
Authors: Clatch Lauren , Walters Ashley , Borgida Eugene
Published: January 2020

Contemporary inquiries in psychology and law increasingly cross disciplinary boundaries for inspiration. Our focus is on whether such research is substantive in both directions and whether interdisciplinary psychology-and-law author teams produce more meaningful interdisciplinary work, specifically in decision-making research conducted between 2004 and 2017. We found that interdisciplinary psychology-and-law author teams ( a) produce publications that show more cross-disciplinary integration in methods than single-discipline teams, ( b) produce publications with more conceptual integration in the introduction and discussion than only law author teams, and ( c) elicit more citations than only law or only psychology author teams. When considering a collaborative team approach, we suggest that the disciplinary background of the collaborators is a meaningful indicator of the type of interdisciplinary research to be conducted. We also suggest that it would be beneficial for both psychology and law journals to be more open to publishing scholarship from mixed disciplinary teams.
Population-Based Approaches to Mental Health: History, Strategies, and Evidence
Authors: Purtle Jonathan , Nelson Katherine L. , Counts Nathaniel Z. , Yudell Michael
Published: January 2020

There is growing recognition in the fields of public health and mental health services research that the provision of clinical services to individuals is not a viable approach to meeting the mental health needs of a population. Despite enthusiasm for the notion of population-based approaches to mental health, concrete guidance about what such approaches entail is lacking, and evidence of their effectiveness has not been integrated. Drawing from research and scholarship across multiple disciplines, this review provides a concrete definition of population-based approaches to mental health, situates these approaches within their historical context in the United States, and summarizes the nature of these approaches and their evidence. These approaches span three domains: ( a) social, economic, and environmental policy interventions that can be implemented by legislators and public agency directors, ( b) public health practice interventions that can be implemented by public health department officials, and ( c) health care system interventions that can be implemented by hospital and health care system leaders.
Effects of high-fat diet and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor deletion on colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Garcia-Villatoro Erika L. , DeLuca Jennifer A. A. , Callaway Evelyn S. , Allred Kimberly F. , Davidson Laurie A. , Hensel Martha E. , Menon Rani , Ivanov Ivan , Safe Stephen H. , Jayaraman Arul , Chapkin Robert S. , Allred Clinton D.
Published: January 2020

Consumption of a high-fat diet has been associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the effects of the interaction between dietary fat content and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) on colorectal carcinogenesis remain unclear. Mainly known for its role in xenobiotic metabolism, AhR has been identified as an important regulator for maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Although previous research using whole body AhR knockout mice has revealed an increased incidence of colon and cecal tumors, the unique role of AhR activity in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and modifying effects of fat content in the diet at different stages of sporadic CRC development are yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we have examined the effects of a high-fat diet on IEC-specific AhR knockout mice in a model of sporadic CRC. Although loss of AhR activity in IECs significantly induced the development of premalignant lesions, in a separate experiment, no significant changes in colon mass incidence were observed. Moreover, consumption of a high-fat diet promoted cell proliferation in crypts at the premalignant colon cancer lesion stage and colon mass multiplicity as well as β-catenin expression and nuclear localization in actively proliferating cells in colon masses. Our data demonstrate the modifying effects of high-fat diet and AhR deletion in IECs on tumor initiation and progression.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Through the use of an intestinal-specific aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) knockout mouse model, this study demonstrates that the expression of AhR in intestinal epithelial cells is required to reduce the formation of premalignant colon cancer lesions. Furthermore, consumption of a high-fat diet and the loss of AhR in intestinal epithelial cells influences the development of colorectal cancer at various stages.
Prevalence of Common Mental Disorder and Its Association with Khat Chewing among Ethiopian College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mekuriaw Birhanie , Zegeye Abriham , Molla Alemayehu , Hussen Robel , Yimer Solomon , Belayneh Zelalem
Published: January 2020

Background. Mental disorder is a global burden that affects all groups of people. Young people, particularly college/university students, are more vulnerable to common mental disorders than the general population. Thus, students may use khat to gain immediate relief from their psychological distress which may worsen again after longer time of chewing. In Ethiopia, there are studies showing discrepant and inconsistent results of common mental disorder among college/university students. Therefore, this review sought to determine the prevalence of common mental disorder and its association with khat chewing among Ethiopian college/university students. Methods. Different kinds of literature were searched from the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and PsycINFO. A total of 10 primary studies which report the prevalence of common mental disorder among Ethiopian college/university students were included in the review. The data were extracted using a standardized data extraction format prepared in Microsoft Excel. STATA version 14 statistical software was used for analysis. Cochran’s Q test statistics and I2 test were used to assess heterogeneity. A random effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of common mental disorder due to the variability of the studies. Lastly, the association between common mental disorder and khat chewing was conducted. Results. The pooled prevalence of common mental disorder among Ethiopian college/university students was 37.73% (95% CI: 30.43, 45.03). The subgroup analysis showed the highest [51.9% (95% CI: 30.19, 73.70)] and lowest [33.28% (95% CI: 19.95, 46.60)] prevalences of common mental disorder among Ethiopian college/university students found in Amhara and South Nation Nationality and People regions, respectively. The pooled effect (odds ratio) of khat chewing on common mental disorder was 2.01 (95% CI: 1.38, 2.95). Conclusions. In our review, it is found that more than one-third of college/university students suffered from common mental disorder. Khat chewers were found to be twofolds more vulnerable to develop common mental disorder than nonchewers.
Design of an Instrument for Liquid Level Measurement and Concentration Analysis Using Multisensor Data Fusion
Authors: Santhosh K. V. , Joy Blessy , Rao Swetha
Published: January 2020

This paper presents the design of an instrument for measuring the liquid level. The objective of this proposed work is to measure the level of liquid accurately even with variations in liquid concentration. The designed instrument should also be able to compute the concentration of additives in the liquid. For this purpose, a multisensor model comprising a capacitive level sensor (CLS), ultrasonic level sensor (ULS), and capacitance pressure sensor is used to acquire information of the liquid. The data acquired from all these sensors are processed using Pau’s multisensor data fusion framework to compute the level of liquid along with the concentration of additives added to the solution. Pau’s framework consists of alignment, association function, analysis, and representation functions. The designed multisensor technique is tested with real-life data for varying liquid levels and additives. The results obtained show that the successful implementation of the proposed objective producing a root mean square of percentage error is 1.1% over the full scale is possible.
Direct Peritoneal Resuscitation with Pyruvate Protects the Spinal Cord and Induces Autophagy via Regulating PHD2 in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Xiong Ying , Xia Yun , Deng Jiangtao , Yan Xuetao , Ke Jianjuan , Zhan Jia , Zhang Zongze , Wang Yanlin
Published: January 2020

Direct peritoneal resuscitation with pyruvate (Pyr-PDS) has emerged as an interesting candidate to alleviate injury in diverse organs, while the potential mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. To explore the effect of autophagy in the spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (SCIR) injury and the underlying mechanism, we established a model of SCIR in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, male SD rats underwent aortic occlusion for 60 min and then followed by intraperitoneally infused with 20 mL of pyruvate or normal saline for 30 min, and the spinal cords were removed for analysis after 48 h of reperfusion. The functional and morphological results showed that Pyr-PDS alleviated SCIR injury; meanwhile, the expression of autophagy-related genes and transmission electron microscopy displayed autophagy was activated by SCIR injury, and Pyr-PDS treatment could further upregulate the degree of autophagy which plays a protective part in the SCIR injury, while there is no significant difference after treatment with saline. In addition, SCIR injury inhibited expression of PHD2, which results to activate its downstream HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway to promote autophagy. In the Pyr-PDS, the results revealed PHD2 was further inhibited compared to the SCIR group, which could further activate the HIF-1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway. Additionally, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation were applied to SH-SY5Y cells to mimic anoxic conditions in vitro, and the expression of autophagy-related genes, PHD2, and its downstream HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway showed the same trend as the results in vivo. Besides, IOX2, a specific inhibitor of PHD2 was also treated to SH-SY5Y cells during reoxygenation, in which the result is as same as the pyruvate group. Then, we observed the expression of autophagy-related genes and the HIF-1α signal pathway in the process of reoxygenation; the results showed that as the reoxygenation goes, the expression of the HIF-1α signal pathway and degree of autophagy came to decrease gradually, while treated with pyruvate could maintain autophagy high and stable through keeping PHD2 at a lower level during reoxygenation, and the latter was observed downregulated during reoxygenation process from 0 to 24 hours in a time-effect way. The above results indicated that direct peritoneal resuscitation with pyruvate showed effective protection to ischemia-reperfusion of the spinal cord through activating autophagy via acting on PHD2 and its downstream HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway.