bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perinatal outcomes and survival predictors of severe red‐cell alloimmunization treated by intrauterine transfusion
Authors: Arslan Erol , Demir Suleyman Cansun , Ozsurmeli Mehmet , Akcabay Cigdem
Published: May 2021

Objective

To evaluate perinatal survival rates and predictors in severely anemic fetuses that underwent intrauterine transfusion (IUT).

Method

This was a retrospective study of both Turkish and Syrian patients who underwent IUT for fetal anemia due to Rh alloimmunization between 2015 and 2019. The association between pretransfusion factors and perinatal survival was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to identify the level of fetal hemoglobin deficits that predict perinatal survival.

Results

Eighty‐seven IUTs were performed in 42 pregnancies. Approximately 75% of fetuses were severely anemic and the overall perinatal survival rate was 50%. The survival rate was better in Syrian refugees compared to Turkish patients (71.4% vs. 39.3%, p < 0.05). In univariate analysis, hydrops presence (odds ratio [OR] = 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05–0.7; p < 0.05), first IUT week (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1–1.8; p < 0.05), pretransfusion hemoglobin level (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.22–3.27; p < 0.05), hemoglobin deficit (OR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3–0.8; p < 0.05), and birth week (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.3–3.9; p < 0.05) were associated with survival. However in a multivariate analysis, only hemoglobin deficit (OR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.22–0.99; p < 0.05) and birth week (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.1–10.3; p < 0.05) were found to be associated with survival. On ROC analysis, a hemoglobin deficit of ≤6.25 g/dl showed a sensitivity of 0.95 and specificity of 0.62 for predicting perinatal survival.

Conclusion

Despite the improvement in the treatment of fetal anemia, perinatal survival rate remains extremely low in severely anemic cases. Among pretransfusion factors, hemoglobin deficit seemed to be most important in predicting survival during fetal anemia.
Dental Treatment and Oral Rehabilitation for Adults With Intellectual Disability Under General Anesthesia
Authors: Mastilovic Gorana , Petrovic Bojan , Peric Tamara , Pantelinac Jelena , Markovic Evgenija , Markovic Dejan
Published: May 2021

Background

Oral healthcare of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) presents one of the most unattended health needs, while at the same time, having a huge impact on their quality of life.

Specific Aims

The aims of the present investigation were to assess the rate of tooth loss and the influence of tooth extractions during dental procedures under general anesthesia (GA) on the prospects for efficient oral rehabilitation of adults with ID in Serbia.

Methods

This study was designed as a retrospective observational study, based on available data from dental, medical and anesthesia records. The pattern of oral healthcare and rehabilitation possibilities of 257 adults with ID who were treated under GA was investigated. Distribution of restored and extracted teeth, and demand for prosthodontic rehabilitation were analyzed.

Findings

The average number of dental appointments under GA in 10 years of observation period was 1.36 ± 0.79, with 3.64 ± 4.42 restored teeth and 6.64 ± 5.95% extracted teeth. Prosthodontic treatment was provided for 29 (11.28%) patients. The analysis identified that age (p =  0 .041) and number of dental visits (p = 0.002) were significant predictors for prosthodontics rehabilitation.

Conclusion

Age, level of IQ, and the presence of concomitant conditions in adults with ID could be considered as a predictor for tooth loss. Regular attendance to dental treatment was identified as a manner for successful oral rehabilitation. Patient‐centered individualized approach, implementation of preventive protocols, and improvement in delivering prosthodontic rehabilitation are mandatory in providing dental care for persons with ID.
Determinants of maternal low mid‐upper arm circumference and its association with child nutritional status among poor and very poor households in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Haque Md Ahshanul , Choudhury Nuzhat , Farzana Fahmida Dil , Ali Mohammad , Raihan Mohammad Jyoti , Ahmed S. M. Tanvir , Rahman Sheikh Shahed , Siddiqua Towfida Jahan , Faruque Abu Syed Golam , Ahmed Tahmeed
Published: May 2021

Malnutrition among women is a long‐standing public health concern that has significant adverse consequences on the survival and healthy development of children. Maternal mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) could potentially represent a simpler alternative to traditional nutritional indicators. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with low maternal MUAC (as an indicator of being underweight) and address the research question of whether maternal MUAC is significantly associated with children's nutritional status among poor and very poor households in rural Bangladesh. Data on 5,069 households were extracted from the Suchana programme baseline survey, which was carried out in 80 randomly selected unions (the lowest administrative unit of Bangladesh) in Sylhet and Moulvibazar districts between November 2016 and February 2017. The outcome variables were three child nutritional status indicators: wasting, stunting and underweight. Mothers were classified as underweight if their MUAC was less than 23 cm. Separate multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the factors potentially associated with maternal underweight status and explore whether maternal underweight status is significantly associated with children's nutritional status. The prevalence of maternal underweight status was 46.7%, and the prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight among children under two were 10.5%, 44.4% and 31.9%, respectively. After controlling for various socio‐economic and demographic characteristics, maternal MUAC was significantly associated with children's nutritional status in rural Bangladesh.
Haustorium formation and a distinct biotrophic transcriptome characterize infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by the tree pathogen Phytophthora kernoviae
Authors: Wang Shumei , Vetukuri Ramesh R. , Kushwaha Sandeep K. , Hedley Pete E. , Morris Jenny , Studholme David J. , Welsh Lydia R. J. , Boevink Petra C. , Birch Paul R. J. , Whisson Stephen C.
Published: May 2021

Phytophthora species cause some of the most serious diseases of trees and threaten forests in many parts of the world. Despite the generation of genome sequence assemblies for over 10 tree‐pathogenic Phytophthora species and improved detection methods, there are many gaps in our knowledge of how these pathogens interact with their hosts. To facilitate cell biology studies of the infection cycle we examined whether the tree pathogen Phytophthora kernoviae could infect the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We transformed P. kernoviae to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and demonstrated that it forms haustoria within infected N. benthamiana cells. Haustoria were also formed in infected cells of natural hosts, Rhododendron ponticum and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). We analysed the transcriptome of P. kernoviae in cultured mycelia, spores, and during infection of N. benthamiana, and detected 12,559 transcripts. Of these, 1,052 were predicted to encode secreted proteins, some of which may function as effectors to facilitate disease development. From these, we identified 87 expressed candidate RXLR (Arg‐any amino acid‐Leu‐Arg) effectors. We transiently expressed 12 of these as GFP fusions in N. benthamiana leaves and demonstrated that nine significantly enhanced P. kernoviae disease progression and diversely localized to the cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, and plasma membrane. Our results show that N. benthamiana can be used as a model host plant for studying this tree pathogen, and that the interaction likely involves suppression of host immune responses by RXLR effectors. These results establish a platform to expand the understanding of Phytophthora tree diseases.
Schematic Deformation: Systematic Linearity in Grieg's ‘Takk’ and Other Lyric Pieces
Authors: UTNE‐REITAN BJØRNAR
Published: May 2021

This article presents an analysis of Grieg's lyric piece ‘Takk’ (‘Gratitude’), focusing on the B section of the piece. In that section Grieg makes use of a harmonic progression that is difficult to explain vertically (i.e. in terms of functional harmony). However, it may be explained as a result of play with chromatic voice‐leading patterns. The progression in question – which is saturated with half‐diminished chords – shares several formal characteristics with the well‐known omnibus progression. It is thus argued that ‘Takk’ features a deformation of this chromatic voice‐leading schema. The progression in question (calledx) has the same sequential possibilities as the omnibus, which helps reveal an underlying logic in the complex structure of the piece's B section. Grieg's omnibus deformation in ‘Takk’ is an excellent example of how he chose to structure formal sections based on underlying systematic linearity. A comparison of ‘Takk’ with other lyric pieces sheds light on some regularities regarding systematic linearity in Grieg's music, for instance in the form of schematic deformation.
Long‐run Effects of Local Government Mergers on Educational Attainment and Income*
Authors: Sandsør Astrid Marie Jorde , Falch Torberg , Strøm Bjarne
Published: May 2021

Local government mergers are an important policy issue in many countries, yet empirical evidence of the effects of merging and of local government size on the production and quality of local public services is scarce. We use the spatial and temporal variation in forced mergers between cities and their surrounding local governments in Norway to provide quasi‐experimental evidence of the effect on long‐run student outcomes. We find that the mergers increase students’ educational attainment by about 0.1 years and income by about 4%, suggesting that mergers improve long‐run student outcomes through increased school productivity.
Tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesion: Case report of a rare entity causing progressive destruction of the facial skeleton
Authors: Denholm Katrina A. , Stenhouse Grant , Railton Duncan J.
Published: May 2021

A tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesion (TFIL) is a rare idiopathic tumour, usually occurring in the head and neck. Though it is histologically benign, clinically and radiographically it appears malignant. It is suspected to be part of a wider spectrum of entities called inflammatory pseudotumours. The aetiology is unknown and little evidence and consensus exists regarding the most appropriate management. This report documents the case of a now 72‐year‐old male with complex medical and psycho‐social problems who originally presented complaining of left‐sided facial swelling and pain. He underwent numerous investigations over the 9‐year period since his initial presentation in 2011. Following reference to all aspects of the clinical presentation with the histological and radiographic findings and exclusion of more common diagnoses, the diagnosis of a tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesion was proffered.
Forged Examples as Disinformation: The Biasing Effects of Political Astroturfing Comments on Public Opinion Perceptions and How to Prevent Them
Authors: Zerback Thomas , Töpfl Florian
Published: May 2021

Online astroturfing is a novel form of disinformation that relies on the imitation of citizen voices to create the false impression that a particular view or idea has widespread support in society. In this study, we test if political online astroturfing messages (i.e., forged user comments beneath digital news items) can influence perceptions of public opinion on three issues: the poisoning of the former Russian intelligence officer Sergei Skripal, the use of toxic gas by Russia's close ally Syria, and the manipulation of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. We further examine the immunizing effects of three inoculation strategies to prevent the distorting effects of online astroturfing comments. Our results indicate that only a few astroturfing comments can bias readers' perceptions of public opinion in the intended direction. Moreover, prior inoculation only provides limited protection against this effect. Only one inoculation strategy (refutational‐same) proved to be effective, but even this effect is only short‐term. Our findings indicate that recent fears about the potentially negative effects of this novel form of disinformation on political discourse are justified and underscore the difficulties of responding to this challenge.
Staffing the National Security Council: How Presidential Management Styles Shape the Composition of the NSC
Authors: LaGattuta Dean , Limbocker Scott
Published: May 2021

We examine how presidential management styles shape personnel on the National Security Council (NSC). We analyze presidential directives from Presidents Carter to Obama to categorize administrations as either “Hands‐Off” or “Hands‐On” managers of the NSC. Using Office of Personnel Management records, we construct a panel of all NSC employees. We find evidence of Hands‐Off presidents favoring administrative staffs with higher levels of graduate education. Also, across the period considered, there has been a decline in previous government service for those working on the NSC. Finally, we find no evidence management style helps explain the exit decisions of NSC staffers.
GDP, Wellbeing, and Health: Thoughts on the 2017 Round of the International Comparison Program
Authors: Deaton Angus , Schreyer Paul
Published: May 2021

In March 2020, the International Comparison Project published its latest results, for the calendar year 2017. This round presents common‐unit or purchasing‐power‐parity data for 176 countries on Gross Domestic Product and its components. We review a number of important issues, what is new, what is not new, and what the new data can and cannot do. Of great importance is the lack of news, that the results are broadly in line with earlier results from 2011. We consider the relationship between national accounts measures and health, particularly in light of the COVID‐19 epidemic which may reduce global inequality, even as it increases inequality within countries. We emphasize things that GDP cannot do, some familiar—like its silence on distribution—and some less familiar—including its increasing detachment from national material well‐being in a globalized world where international transfers of capital and property rights can have enormous effects on GDP, such as the 26 percent increase in Ireland’s GDP in 2015.
Fauna marina : bahía Taganga, Caribe colombiano
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Salazar Sánchez Laura Camila , Acosta Alberto ,   Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Romero-Tibabuzo Cristian Camilo , Guerrero-Kommritz Jürgen , Acero Arturo , Dueñas Pedro Ricardo , Campos Néstor Hernando , Borrero-Pérez Guiomar Helena , Puyana Hegedus Mónica , Diaz Sánchez Christian Michael , Zea Sven , Bocanegra Valentina , Ruiz-Pino Diana
Published: May 2021

El mar territorial colombiano, con costas en el mar Caribe y el océano Pacífico, comprende unos 2.070.408 km2, lo cual significa que cerca del 50% del territorio nacional es marítimo. A través de este libro se hace una invitación a las generaciones actuales y futuras a ejercer soberanía, defender y cuidar este bien, para conservar la biodiversidad en nuestras costas, de forma responsable y con equidad, en consideración a los costos ambientales de cada una de las dinámicas de desarrollo costero. Se debe garantizar a Se debe garantizar a nuestros hijos y nietos un ambiente sano y la posibilidad de vivir y disfrutar de los múltiples beneficios que proveen tan extensos, ricos y biodiversos ecosistemas marinos costeros, tales como el oxígeno, alimento, medicinas, protección contra la erosión costera y recreación, entre otrosSe debe garantizar a nuestros hijos y nietos un ambiente sano y la posibilidad de vivir y disfrutar de los múltiples beneficios que proveen tan extensos, ricos y biodiversos ecosistemas marinos costeros, tales como el oxígeno, alimento, medicinas, protección contra la erosión costera y recreación, entre otrosnuestros hijos y nietos un ambiente sano y la posibilidad de vivir y disfrutar de los múltiples beneficios que proveen tan extensos, ricos y biodiversos ecosistemas marinos costeros, tales como el oxígeno, alimento, medicinas, protección contra la erosión costera y recreación, entre otros.
Head-Positioning Control in Triple-Stage-Actuator Enterprise Hard Disk Drives Using Mixed H2/H∞ Synthesis Methodologies
Authors: Chen Zhi , Shah Prateek , Horowitz Roberto
Published: May 2021

The recent rapid growth in the cloud storage industry has strongly increased the demand for high-capacity enterprise hard disk drives (HDDs). Increasing the areal density brings new challenges to the high-accuracy head-positioning control in the next generation HDD development. Triple-stage-actuator (TSA) system is one of the emerging technologies (Atsumi, 2016, “Emerging Technology for Head-Positioning System in HDDS,” IEEJ J. Ind. Appl. 5(2), pp. 117–122.) that can achieve higher bandwidth than that of a dual-stage-actuator (DSA) system and improve the track-following performance. In this paper, we focus on the TSA system with one voice coil motor (VCM) and two piezoelectric (PZT) actuators. Two types of mixed H2/H∞ synthesis methodologies based on model-based optimization and data-driven optimization are proposed to design the track-following controller for the TSA system. The simulation results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the TSA systems with a tertiary PZT actuator. We also analyze the effects of stroke limitations and resonance frequencies of the second-/third-stage PZT actuators on the head-positioning accuracy. The results might provide a guideline for the TSA mechanical design.
Not the garden hose instability: Wavelength selection in a buckling garden hose
Authors: Guo Tianyi , Zheng Xiaoyu , Palffy-Muhoray Peter
Published: May 2021

We consider sinusoidal undulations which appear on certain garden hoses under normal use. We propose a model, using linear elasticity, explaining this phenomenon, and make a connection with biological structures as well as self-buckling. We compare observations with model predictions and suggest potential applications in the area of shape-changing materials.
ArduinoTM microprocessors as a platform for modeling framework labs
Authors: Farrar Matthew J.
Published: May 2021

Modeling is an essential skill for the career physical scientist or engineer. One approach that attempts to integrate this element of critical thinking into the laboratory environment is the modeling framework lab. In this style of lab exercise, students construct a model of both the measurement apparatus and the phenomenon under investigation. A key challenge to implementing this approach in introductory mechanics courses is that the use of electronic data acquisition modules obfuscates the process by which primary measurements are made and interpreted. Conversely, the use of simple analog devices does not adequately prepare students for scientific investigations in the “real world.” Here, the ArduinoTM microprocessor is considered as a platform to bridge this pedagogical gap. Student survey data regarding perceived value of the labs, force concept inventory testing, and analysis of final exam scores were used to assess the efficacy of this approach. Results from this style of lab were compared to “task-measurement” style labs, in which students followed a set of instructions and utilized commercial “black box” data acquisition tools. ArduinoTM-based modeling framework labs showed robust increases in both perceived and measured quantitative skills compared to “task-measurement”-taught sections. These data support the use of open-source microprocessors as a powerful pedagogical platform for offering modeling framework labs in introductory mechanics.
Changes in the soundscape of Girona during the COVID lockdown
Authors: Alsina-Pagès Rosa Ma , Bergadà Pau , Martínez-Suquía Carme
Published: May 2021

The lockdown measures in Spain due to COVID-19 social measures showed a wide decrease in the urban noise levels observed. This paper presents an analysis of the noise levels in Girona, a 100 000 citizen city in the North-East of Catalonia (Spain). We present the LAeq levels in four different locations from January 2020 to June 2020, including all the stages of the lockdown. Several comparisons are conducted with the monitoring data available from the previous years (2019, 2018, and 2017, when available). This analysis is part of the project “Sons al Balcó,” which aims to draw the soundscape of Catalonia during the lockdown. The results of the analysis in Girona show drastic LAeq changes especially in nightlife areas of the city, moderate LAeq changes in commercial and restaurants areas, and low LAeq changes in dense traffic areas.
Fast compressive beamforming with a modified fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm
Authors: Wang Shuo , Chi Cheng , Jin Shenglong , Wang Peng , Liu Jiyuan , Huang Haining
Published: May 2021

Compressive beamforming has been successfully applied to direction-of-arrival estimation with sensor arrays. The results demonstrated that this technique achieves superior performance when compared with traditional high-resolution beamforming methods. The existing compressive beamforming methods use classical iterative optimization algorithms in their compressive sensing theories. However, the computational complexity of the existing compressive beamforming methods tend to be excessively high, which has limited the use of compressive beamforming in applications with limited computing resources. To address this issue, this paper proposes a fast compressive beamforming method which combines the shift-invariance of the array beam patterns with a fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm. The evaluation shows that the proposed fast compressive beamforming method successfully reduces the number of floating-point operations by 3 orders of magnitude when compared with the existing methods. In addition, both the simulations and experiments demonstrate that the resolution limit for discerning closely spaced sources of the introduced fast method is comparable to those of the existing compressive beamforming methods, which use classical iterative optimization algorithms.
Limiting Rise in Heat Load With an Ice Vest During Elite Female Rugby Sevens Warm-Ups
Authors: Henderson Mitchell J. , Chrismas Bryna C.R. , Stevens Christopher J. , Fransen Job , Coutts Aaron J. , Taylor Lee
Published: May 2021

Purpose: To determine the effect of wearing a phase-change cooling vest in elite female rugby sevens athletes during (1) a simulated match-day warm-up in hot conditions prior to a training session and (2) a prematch warm-up during a tournament in cool conditions. Methods: This study consisted of 2 randomized independent group designs (separated by 16 d) where athletes completed the same 23- to 25-minute match-day warm-up (1) in hot conditions (range = 28.0°C to 35.1°C wet bulb globe temperature [WBGT]) prior to training and (2) in cool conditions (range = 18.8°C to 20.1°C WBGT) prior to a World Rugby Women’s Sevens Series match. In both conditions, athletes were randomly assigned to wearing either (1) the standardized training/playing ensemble (synthetic rugby shorts and training tee/jersey) or (2) the standardized training/playing ensemble plus a commercial phase-change athletic cooling vest. Group-wise differences in core temperature rise from baseline, global positioning system–measured external locomotive output, and perceptual thermal load were compared. Results: Core temperature rise during a match warm-up was lower in the hot condition only (−0.65°C [95% confidence interval = −1.22°C to −0.08°C], [95% confidence interval = .00 to .51], P = .028). No differences in various external-load variables were observed. Conclusions: Phase-change cooling vests can be worn by athletes prior to, and during, a prematch warm-up in hot conditions to limit excess core temperature rise without adverse effects on thermal perceptions or external locomotion output.
How Much Sleep Does an Elite Athlete Need?
Authors: Sargent Charli , Lastella Michele , Halson Shona L. , Roach Gregory D.
Published: May 2021

Purpose: Anecdotal reports indicate that many elite athletes are dissatisfied with their sleep, but little is known about their actual sleep requirements. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the self-assessed sleep need of elite athletes with an objective measure of their habitual sleep duration. Methods: Participants were 175 elite athletes (n = 30 females), age 22.2 (3.8) years (mean [SD]) from 12 individual and team sports. The athletes answered the question “how many hours of sleep do you need to feel rested?” and they kept a self-report sleep diary and wore a wrist activity monitor for ∼12 nights during a normal phase of training. For each athlete, a sleep deficit index was calculated by subtracting their average sleep duration from their self-assessed sleep need. Results: The athletes needed 8.3 (0.9) hours of sleep to feel rested, their average sleep duration was 6.7 (0.8) hours, and they had a sleep deficit index of 96.0 (60.6) minutes. Only 3% of athletes obtained enough sleep to satisfy their self-assessed sleep need, and 71% of athletes fell short by an hour or more. Specifically, habitual sleep duration was shorter in athletes from individual sports than in athletes from team sports (F1,173 = 13.1, P < .001; d = 0.6, medium), despite their similar sleep need (F1,173 = 1.40, P = .24; d = 0.2, small). Conclusions: The majority of elite athletes obtain substantially less than their self-assessed sleep need. This is a critical finding, given that insufficient sleep may compromise an athlete’s capacity to train effectively and/or compete optimally.
Bills giving NSF big budget boost gain traction
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: May 2021

Two panels shrink size of proposed technology directorate as Senate debate begins.
Balancing conservation priorities for nature and for people in Europe
Authors: O’Connor Louise M. J. , Pollock Laura J. , Renaud Julien , Verhagen Willem , Verburg Peter H. , Lavorel Sandra , Maiorano Luigi , Thuiller Wilfried
Published: May 2021

Priorities to protect nature in Europe

There is consensus among conservation scientists that protected areas should be expanded to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem services, but it is often difficult to prioritize areas for protection. Considering factors that motivate conservation across Europe, an analysis by O'Connor
et al.
includes the value of species, represented by distribution of >800 vertebrate species; the cultural value of landscapes, represented by activities such as nature tourism; and the value of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and flood protection. Although these three main features often do not coincide in the landscape, the authors found that a focus on biodiversity in spatial conservation planning is the most effective means of capturing a range of nature's values.

Science
, abc4896, this issue p.
856
Reversible ketone hydrogenation and dehydrogenation for aqueous organic redox flow batteries
Authors: Feng Ruozhu , Zhang Xin , Murugesan Vijayakumar , Hollas Aaron , Chen Ying , Shao Yuyan , Walter Eric , Wellala Nadeesha P. N. , Yan Litao , Rosso Kevin M. , Wang Wei
Published: May 2021

Engineering suitable redox molecules

In a flow battery, catholyte and anolyte are stored in separate tanks, and pumps are used to circulate the fluids into a stack with electrodes separated by a thin membrane. Such batteries are ideal for large-scale grid storage applications; however, suitable redox molecules are currently limited. Feng
et al.
used “molecular engineering” to modify an inexpensive precursor (9-fluorenone) as the basis for an organic-based redox flow battery (see the Perspective by Hu and Liu). The authors tested a series of variant molecules in a redox flow battery in which the reactions involve reversible ketone hydrogenation and dehydrogenation in an aqueous electrolyte. These reactions have advantageous features, including two-electron redox and operation in air and at elevated temperatures (50°C), that are more suitable for real-world applications.

Science
, abd9795, this issue p.
836
; see also abi5911, p.
788
Experience replay is associated with efficient nonlocal learning
Authors: Liu Yunzhe , Mattar Marcelo G. , Behrens Timothy E. J. , Daw Nathaniel D. , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: May 2021

Replay supports planning

Learning from direct experience is easy—we can always use trial and error—but how do we learn from nondirect (nonlocal) experiences? For this, we need additional mechanisms that bridge time and space. In rodents, hippocampal replay is hypothesized to promote this function. Liu
et al.
measured high-temporal-resolution brain signals using human magnetoencephalography combined with a new model-based, visually oriented, multipath reinforcement memory task. This task was designed to differentiate local versus nonlocal learning episodes within the subject. They found that reverse sequential replay in the human medial temporal lobe supports nonlocal reinforcement learning and is the underlying mechanism for solving complex credit assignment problems such as value learning.

Science
, abf1357, this issue p.
eabf1357
Putting a brake on hunger
Authors: Farooqi Sadaf
Published: May 2021

Targeting activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor for weight loss in obesity
Supplemental Material: Superposition of two kinematically distinct extensional phases in southern Death Valley: Implications for extensional tectonics
Authors: Fleming Z.D. , al. et
Published: May 2021

Description of map units of Ibex Hills and Saratoga Hills, as well as adjacent Ibex Pass basin.
Synthesis of Phosphonomethylated Bromoacetylfurans and Their
Reactions with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Pevzner L. M. , Ponyaev A. I.
Published: May 2021

Bromination of (diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)acetylfurans with dioxane dibromide
in the mixture of chloroform and acetic acid in presence of traces of hydrogen
bromide at room temperature proceeds selectively at the methyl group of ketone
does not involving phosphonate group. Obtained bromoacetyl derivatives were used
for alkylation of acetoacetic ester and cyclohexan-1,3-dione. Reaction of
1,4-diketone prepared from acetoacetic ester with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol
at room temperature leads to formation of furylpyrazines due to aromatization of
intermediate azines by means of air oxygen.
Synchronous pleomorphic adenoma in the infratemporal fossa and contralateral submandibular gland and endoscopic removal
Authors: Poondiyar Sirajuddin Shahul Hameed , Chunnusamy Rayappa
Published: May 2021

The objective of this article is to elucidate on our experience with the first case reported in the literature of a synchronous presentation of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) in infratemporal fossa as well as the contralateral submandibular gland. PA most commonly arises from the major salivary glands but has also been reported to arise from minor salivary glands in unusual sites such as the nasal septum, main stem bronchus, trachea, lacrimal gland, external auditory canal, etc. However, it seldom involves the infratemporal fossa and extremely few cases are reported in the literature and coexistent contralateral synchronous PA is nowhere reported in literature. The infratemporal fossa tumour posed a diagnostic dilemma and therapeutic challenge because of its concealed location which we dealt successfully with endoscopic sublabial trans maxillary approach.
Traumatic chylothorax: a dilemma to surgeons and interventionists
Authors: Dar Parvez Mohi Ud Din , Gamanagatti Shivanand , Priyadarshini Pratyusha , Kumar Subodh
Published: May 2021

Chylothorax is generally seen due to iatrogenic injury to the thoracic duct during thoracic or neck surgery. It can also be encountered secondary to chest trauma either blunt or penetrating. Percutaneous thoracic duct embolisation is an alternative to surgical treatment and is considered an effective and safe minimally invasive treatment option for chylothorax with a success rate of about 80%. We present a case of blunt trauma to the chest with chylothorax, which was successfully managed with transvenous retrograde thoracic duct embolisation.
Total hip replacement in patient with residual poliomyelitis with neglected femoral neck fracture
Authors: BinHussain Heba , Elzwai Eman , Fox Sarah , Langhi Salem
Published: May 2021

A 71-year-old man with residual poliomyelitis was referred to the orthopaedic surgeons with a neglected left femoral neck fracture of the paralytic limb. He had presented at another hospital with left groin pain and inability to weight bear 4 weeks earlier after a fall from standing height, but had delayed treatment due to his insistence on waiting until he returned to his home country.

Successful treatment of residual poliomyelitis fractures requires early union as well as early mobilisation and rehabilitation. This patient presented to the orthopaedic surgeons with a challenging case due to the delay in treatment and the fact that the fracture was basicervical which results in an unstable fracture. Surgical expertise was required to decide on the optimum surgical option and a total hip arthroplasty was performed. The patient made a good recovery following physiotherapy as evidenced clinically and radiologically.
Percutaneous drainage of a fluid-containing emphysematous bulla
Authors: Read Andrew , Parry-Jones William , Bhowmik Angshu
Published: May 2021

We present the case of a 38-year-old man, with congenital bullous emphysema, who presented with unilateral pleuritic chest pain, rigors and a non-productive cough. A chest X-ray on admission demonstrated extensive bilateral bullous lung disease with left-sided lung collapse. There were fluid levels present within several bullae, with the largest bulla compromising most of the posterior aspect of the left lung base. We suspected infected emphysematous bullae. Despite prolonged conservative management with antibiotics the patient deteriorated clinically, consistently spiking temperatures and desaturating. Repeat imaging demonstrated further accumulation of fluid in the largest bulla. A small bore chest drain was inserted into this bulla under ultrasound guidance, draining 550 mL of pulmonary fluid. The patient stabilised clinically and was discharged. He remained well after completing six weeks of intravenous antibiotics in the community.
Orofacial characteristics and dental management in a child with moyamoya disease
Authors: Rahul Morankar , Sultan Farheen , Tewari Nitesh , Mathur Vijay
Published: May 2021

Moyamoya disease is a chronic, progressive intracranial arteriopathy. It is characterised by progressive stenosis/occlusion of distal intracranial carotid and cerebral arteries. It is associated with a high risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Hereditary, infectious and inflammatory factors have been found to be associated with this condition; however, its aetiology is still unclear. The estimation of disease prevalence is approximately 1.6 to 16.1 in 100 000 live births. This article presents the case of a 5-year-old girl child diagnosed with moyamoya disease, placing emphasis on the clinical and radiographic orofacial characteristics of the case and its dental management.
Idiopathic posterior laryngeal web on an adult patient
Authors: Chrysovitsiotis Georgios , Potamianos Spyridon , Katsinis Spyros , Kyrodimos Efthymios
Published: May 2021

Posterior laryngeal webs are uncommon pathologies that are usually acquired at some point in adult life. Prior and prolonged intubation is the leading cause for developing such lesions. In certain rare cases of posterior laryngeal webs, no identifiable cause can be associated with the development of this pathology. We present a case with such an idiopathic lesion. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Several techniques and modifications can be used, to achieve maximum airway release and, at the same time, ensure that restenosis will be avoided. Our patient recurred following initial treatment and a more complex revision surgery was necessary. Special attention should be given in differentiating these lesions from abductor vocal cord paralysis. Furthermore, careful investigation of the cause and individualisation of patient treatment are crucial.
Dysphagia, dysphonia and a deviated tongue: diagnosing Collet-Sicard syndrome
Authors: Evan Jennifer , Johansen Michelle , Akst Lee Michael
Published: May 2021

A healthy middle-aged man presents with symptoms of dysphagia and dysphonia following an upper respiratory infection, and is diagnosed and treated for complications of pharyngitis. He presents for evaluation at a tertiary care hospital after symptoms fail to resolve, with the final diagnosis being a carotid artery dissection with compressing pseudoaneurysm. This patient’s constellation of symptoms and physical examination findings are consistent with Collet-Sicard syndrome, a rare disorder caused by cranial nerve compression at the skull base. Understanding the morbidity of missing, or delaying, a diagnosis of carotid artery pathology, such as Collet-Sicard syndrome, underscores the importance of an accurate diagnosis. A review of cranial nerve anatomy, surrounding structures and potential mechanism of injury to the carotid artery are emphasised as key learning points.
Effects of electronic cigarettes and hookah (waterpipe) use on home air quality
Authors: Shearston Jenni A , Eazor James , Lee Lily , Vilcassim M J Ruzmyn , Reed Taylor A , Ort Deborah , Weitzman Michael , Gordon Terry
Published: May 2021

Introduction

A major site of secondhand smoke exposure for children and adults is the home. Few studies have evaluated the impact of e-cigarette or hookah use on home air quality, despite evidence finding toxic chemicals in secondhand e-cigarette aerosols and hookah smoke. We assessed the effect of e-cigarette and hookah use on home air quality and compared it with air quality in homes where cigarettes were smoked and where no smoking or e-cigarette use occurred.

Methods

Non-smoking homes and homes where e-cigarettes, hookah or cigarettes were used were recruited in the New York City area (n=57) from 2015 to 2019. Particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), black carbon and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured during a smoking or vaping session, both in a ‘primary’ smoking room and in an adjacent ‘secondary’ room where no smoking or vaping occurred. Log transformed data were compared with postanalysis of variance Tukey simultaneous tests.

Results

Use of hookah significantly increased PM2.5levels compared with non-smoking homes, in both the primary and secondary rooms, while use of e-cigarettes increased PM2.5levels only in primary rooms. Additionally, in-home use of hookah resulted in greater CO concentrations than the use of cigarettes in primary rooms.

Conclusions

Use of e-cigarettes or hookah increases air pollution in homes. For hookah, increases in PM2.5penetrated even into rooms adjacent to where smoking occurs. Extending smoke-free rules inside homes to include e-cigarette and hookah products is needed to protect household members and visitors from passive exposure to harmful aerosols and gases.
Spawning stock biomass modulation of environment–recruitment relationship in a marginal spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus membras) population
Authors: Ojaveer Henn , Klais-Peets Riina , Einberg Heli , Rubene Gunta
Published: May 2021

Scientific interest in the dynamics of fish recruitment dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, several studies have shown that the environment may have a stronger effect on recruitment (R) compared to that of the spawning stock biomass (SSB). By combining a suite of methods designed to detect the nonlinear, nonstationary and interactive relationships, we have re-evaluated the potential drivers and their interactions responsible for the multiannual dynamics of the recruitment dynamics of the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea) spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus membras) population at the longest time-span to date (1958–2015) allowing coverage of variable ecosystem conditions. R was affected significantly by prey density and the severity of the first winter. Although SSB was not a good predictor of R, adding interaction with SSB significantly improved the model, hence the effect of the two environmental variables on R was modulated by SSB. While temporal changes in the environment–R relationship were generally gradual, several abrupt changes were evident in the strength of these relationships. In addition, nonstationary, linear and nonlinear relationships were observed.
The Incentive Study in the Blockchain Era: A Two-Period Strategic Inventory Game
Authors: Zhou Jianheng , Li Qingying
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we conduct an incentive study on the adoption of the blockchain technology in a two-period model with retailer’s use of strategic inventory. Without the adoption of the blockchain technology, the retailer has private information regarding the market size. We investigate the retailer’s voluntary signaling decisions via his pricing and strategic inventory decisions. We determine the retailer’s equilibrium price and the manufacturer’s optimal wholesale price. Both separating and pooling equilibria are discussed, and the unique lexicographically maximum sequential equilibrium is identified. With the adoption of the blockchain technology, there is no information asymmetric between the supply chain members. We find that the manufacturer has the incentive to adopt the blockchain technology when the demand uncertainty is moderate to high, and the retailer has the incentive to adopt the blockchain technology when the demand uncertainty is low or high. When the manufacturer and the retailer have a misalignment in the adoption of the technology, a central planner can help to achieve coordination.
Peg solitaire on graphs with large maximum degree
Authors: Matsumoto Naoki
Published: May 2021

In 2011, Beeler and Hoilman introduced the peg solitaire on graphs. The peg solitaire on a connected graph is a one-player combinatorial game starting with exactly one hole in a vertex and pegs in all other vertices and removing all pegs but exactly one by a sequence of jumps; for a path [Formula: see text], if there are pegs in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and exists a hole in [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] can jump over [Formula: see text] into [Formula: see text], and after that, the peg in [Formula: see text] is removed. A problem of interest in the game is to characterize solvable (respectively, freely solvable) graphs, where a graph is solvable (respectively, freely solvable) if for some (respectively, any) vertex [Formula: see text], starting with a hole [Formula: see text], a terminal state consisting of a single peg can be obtained from the starting state by a sequence of jumps. In this paper, we consider the peg solitaire on graphs with large maximum degree. In particular, we show the necessary and sufficient condition for a graph with large maximum degree to be solvable in terms of the number of pendant vertices adjacent to a vertex of maximum degree. It is a notable point that this paper deals with a question of Beeler and Walvoort whether a non-solvable condition of trees can be extended to other graphs.
A note on class sizes of vanishing elements in finite groups
Authors: Kong Qingjun , Chen Shi
Published: May 2021

Let [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be normal subgroups of a finite group [Formula: see text]. We obtain th supersolvability of a factorized group [Formula: see text], given that the conjugacy class sizes of vanishing elements of prime-power order in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are square-free.
Exposing Vulnerabilities of Deepfake Detection Systems with Robust Attacks
Authors: Hussain Shehzeen , Neekhara Paarth , Dolhansky Brian , Bitton Joanna , Ferrer Cristian Canton , McAuley Julian , Koushanfar Farinaz
Published: May 2021

Recent advances in video manipulation techniques have made the generation of fake videos more accessible than ever before. Manipulated videos can fuel disinformation and reduce trust in media. Therefore detection of fake videos has garnered immense interest in academia and industry. Recently developed Deepfake detection methods rely on
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs)
to distinguish AI-generated fake videos from real videos. In this work, we demonstrate that it is possible to bypass such detectors by adversarially modifying fake videos synthesized using existing Deepfake generation methods. We further demonstrate that our adversarial perturbations are robust to image and video compression codecs, making them a real-world threat. We present pipelines in both white-box and black-box attack scenarios that can fool DNN-based Deepfake detectors into classifying fake videos as real. Finally, we study the extent to which adversarial perturbations transfer across different Deepfake detectors and create more accessible attacks using universal adversarial perturbations that pose a very feasible attack scenario since they can be easily shared amongst attackers.

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Estimation of Relative Transport Properties in Porous Transport Layers Using Pore-Scale and Pore-Network Simulations
Authors: Jung Seongyeop , Sabharwal Mayank , Jarauta Alex , Wei Fei , Gingras Murray , Gostick Jeff , Secanell Marc
Published: May 2021

Improvements in imaging techniques have enabled the reconstruction of complex porous media which can be analyzed by computer simulations. The two most popular methods for numerical analysis of transport in porous media are direct numerical simulation (DNS) and pore network modeling (PNM). This work aims at assessing the suitability of these techniques to study dry and wet transport properties of porous transport layers for fuel cells and electrolyzers by comparing numerical predictions to experimental data for mercury intrusion, and transport properties. The microstructures of different materials are obtained using micro X-ray computed tomography and characterized by measuring mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) curves, dry permeability and diffusivity. Their results are compared to numerically predicted MIP, and dry and wet permeability and diffusivity. Results show that DNS is capable of accurately predicting intrusion, and transport properties without using any fitting parameters. Accurate predictions could be achieved with a PNM when the inscribed diameter method was used for pore size distribution, and the equivalent diameter was used to estimate pore transport properties. While DNS provides more accurate results without necessitating any calibration, a properly constructed PNM is shown to provide relatively good estimations of transport properties at a reduced computational expense.