bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public-Private Concord through Divided Sovereignty: Reframing societas for International Law
Authors: Blom Hans , Somos Mark
Published: October 2020

Grotius is the father of modern international law. The indivisibility of sovereignty was the sine qua non of early-modern conceptual innovation in law. Both statements are axiomatic in the mainstream literature of the last two centuries. Both are profoundly and interestingly wrong. This article shows that Grotius’ systematisation of public and international law involved defining corporations as potentially (and the VOC actually) integral to reason of state, and able to bear and exercise marks of sovereignty under certain conditions. For Grotius, some corporations were not subsumed under the state’s legal authority, nor were they hybrid ‘company-states’. Instead, states and such corporations, able and forced to cooperate, fell under dovetailing natural, international, and municipal systems of law. The article reexamines Grotius’ notion of international trade, public debt, private corporation, and public and private war through the reassembled prism of these dovetailing laws and the category of societas that underpins Grotian associations. It is argued that although formulated around the new East India trade, the actual reality of legal pluralism was available to Grotius in the Dutch trade experience of the sixteenth century.
World War I and the Italian International Law Scholars
Authors: Bartolini Giulio
Published: October 2020

The centennial anniversary of World War I has generated renewed interest in the complex relationship between this event, international law and its community of scholars. In this regard the largely unexplored Italian context may represent a stimulating source of material from the point of view of both contemporary scholarly debate and current research, as Italy was one of the leading states involved in the conflict and boasts a vibrant and influential community of scholars of international law. As a result this article will focus on the shifting and active role played by Italian scholars in relation to the conflict, not only in their traditional academic and scientific activities, but also through their involvement in public debate, propaganda activities, contributions to newspapers and non-specialized journals, as well as their support to the Government.
Is it Possible to Introduce Efficient Breach Theory to a Civil Law Country? The Case of Qatar
Authors: Al-Kaabi Mohammed Hassan
Published: October 2020

The economic goal of the doctrine of efficient breach is to ensure that the rules and remedies of contract law are expected to be value maximising and that contracts are breached only if a breach is value maximising. The theory originated in the United States, and it has not been adopted in Qatar or any civil law countries. This article makes an initial attempt to understand the legal hurdles in civilian traditions that lead to rejection of the theory. Before analysing the hurdles to the theory of efficient breach, a proper appreciation for how and when efficient breach arises is necessary. One might worry about the tendency of efficient breach theory to escape its proper bounds. Therefore, analysis of efficient breach should fully consider all possible consequences and remedies available to the non-breaching party when the contract is breached.
An Analysis of the Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards in Palestine: Realities, Drawbacks, and Prospects
Authors: Abu Shehab Mohammad Adeb
Published: October 2020

This article highlights the gaps and difficulties that face the enforcement of foreign arbitration awards in Palestinian courts. In addition, it constructs recommendations for legal and judicial approaches that the Palestinian Authority should adopt to create a ‘pro-arbitration’ system. The article first provides a general analysis of the regulatory deficiencies in the enforcement of foreign arbitration awards, which include the inapplicability of the New York Convention, the existence of the reciprocity principle as a condition of enforcement, and the lack of presumptive obligation of recognising the validity of arbitration awards in Palestine. Afterward, the article focuses on the procedural level of enforcing foreign arbitration awards. It addresses difficulties that face the award-creditor when attempting to enforce the award through the competent court, as well as the Palestinian courts’ approach when reviewing the exequatur, and how this attitude affects the granting enforcement.
Two new Mesozoic species of Tipulomorpha (Diptera) from the Teete locality, Russia

Authors: KOPEĆ KATARZYNA , SKIBIŃSKA KORNELIA , SOSZYŃSKA-MAJ AGNIESZKA
Published: October 2020

In Siberia, there are numerous Jurassic and Cretaceous locations abundant in fossil insects. The Teete outcrop (renamed Kempendyay) located in the eastern Siberia (Russia) is an important site due to its age estimated to beginning of the Lower Cretaceous as well as its high taxa diversity and very good specimen preservation. However, it is poor in fossils of the Limoniidae. Study of the rare Tipulomorpha material from the Teete locality (= Kempendyay) is presented herein and two new species are described and illustrated. One of them belongs to the family Pediciidae, Prearchitipula ryszardi sp. nov., and the second to the family Limoniidae, Eotipula wieslawi sp. nov. Both species are dedicated to two well-known Polish specialists of fossil Diptera Nematocera.
Protanthomyza ryszardi sp. nov., another Eocene species of †Protanthomyzinae (Diptera: Anthomyzidae) from Baltic amber

Authors: ROHÁČEK JINDŘICH , HOFFEINS CHRISTEL
Published: October 2020

A new fossil species of Anthomyzidae (Diptera), viz. Protanthomyza ryszardi sp. nov. is described from Baltic amber (Eocene, 48–34 Ma) on the basis of one male and one female inclusion found in the same amber specimen. This is the tenth species of the extinct genus Protanthomyza Hennig, 1965 and extinct subfamily Protanthomyzinae Roháček, 1998. It belongs to a group lacking a ctenidial spine on fore femur. Based on analysis of morphological characters the relationships of the new species are discussed. Its discovery expands again the diversity of Anthomyzidae known to occur in the Eocene ‘Baltic amber forestʼ.
Impact and Cost Effectiveness of Videonystagmography
Authors: Ni Garrett , Kim Christine , Nair Lakshmi , Bien Alexander G. , Yu Daohai , Foyt David
Published: October 2020

Objective:

Videonystagmography (VNG) is a commonly ordered test to evaluate patients with vestibular complaints. To date, there are no evidence-based guidelines for evaluating patients presenting with vestibular symptoms. This study evaluates the cost effectiveness of VNG and the impact of VNG findings on patient management.

Methods:

Patient charts were reviewed from 3 institutions to collect the pre- and post-VNG ICD-9/10 diagnosis and treatment plan. VNG findings were recorded to calculate the incidence of abnormal findings and the incidence of change in diagnosis and/or treatment plan. The cost effectiveness of VNG was estimated based on these calculations.

Results:

A total of 120 patient charts were reviewed. 69/120 (57.5%; 95% CI: 48.2%-66.5%) patients had abnormal findings on their VNG. A change in diagnosis was noted in 24/120 (20.0%; 95% CI: 13.3%-28.3%) patients. A change in treatment plan was noted in 62/120 (51.7%; 95% CI: 42.4%-60.9%) patients, and 11/120 (9.2%; 95% CI: 4.7%-15.8%) had a change in diagnosis that led to change in treatment plan. Using the average Medicare reimbursement for VNG, the cost effectiveness analysis showed a cost of $869.57 per VNG with abnormal findings and a cost of $5454.55 per VNG that lead to a change in diagnosis and treatment plan.

Conclusions:

VNG findings may not result in changes in clinical diagnosis. However, VNG is impactful at influencing treatment plan changes. VNG results are beneficial for counseling patients, guiding treatment plans, and managing patient expectations. When there is a clear indication, VNG testing can be cost effective in managing patients presenting with vestibular symptoms.
How Does Remittance Impact on Economic Development in South Asia? A Dynamic Ordinary Least-Square Approach
Authors: Hossain Altaf , Podder Arnab Kumar , Asaduzzaman Mohammed
Published: October 2020

This paper aims to examine the impacts of remittances on the economic development of four South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The study considers the World Bank’s balanced panel data (1977–2017). The dynamic ordinary least-square approach finds mixed results, which explain the realisation of the pluralistic approach. Evidence shows that remittances directly increase gross domestic product, household consumption and expenditure and decreases government consumption expenditure, inflation and population growth. However, the flow of remittances is not promoting private bank credit; rather it increases import-dominated trade. Besides, remittances are yet to be significant at gross capital formation. Therefore, we recommend that policymakers should find a way to bring remittance through formal channels for capital formation and investment. Fortunately, remittance inflows indirectly cause population control and sustainability. Decision-makers should also formulate policies that will modify remittance-induced current production and consumption patterns to promote the process of sustainable development further.
The Double-Edged Effects of E-Commerce Cart Retargeting: Does Retargeting Too Early Backfire?
Authors: Li Jing , Luo Xueming , Lu Xianghua , Moriguchi Takeshi
Published: October 2020

Consumers often abandon e-commerce carts, so companies are shifting their online advertising budgets to immediate e-commerce cart retargeting (ECR). They presume that early reminder ads, relative to late ones, generate more click-throughs and web revisits. The authors develop a conceptual framework of the double-edged effects of ECR ads and empirically support it with a multistudy, multisetting design. Study 1 involves two field experiments on over 40,500 customers who are randomized to either receive an ECR ad via email and app channels (treatment) or not receive it (control) across different hourly blocks after cart abandonment. The authors find that customers who received an early ECR ad within 30 minutes to one hour after cart abandonment are less likely to make a purchase compared with the control. These findings reveal a causal negative incremental impact of immediate retargeting. In other words, delivering ECR ads too early can engender worse purchase rates than without delivering them, thus wasting online advertising budgets. By contrast, a late ECR ad received one to three days after cart abandonment has a positive incremental impact on customer purchases. In Study 2, another field experiment on 23,900 customers not only replicates the double-edged impact of ECR ads delivered by mobile short message service but also explores cart characteristics that amplify both the negative impact of early ECR ads and positive impact of late ECR ads. These findings offer novel insights into customer responses to online retargeted ads for researchers and managers alike.
Territorial control in civil wars: Theory and measurement using machine learning
Authors: Anders Therese
Published: October 2020

Territorial control is a central variable for civil war research – yet, we lack sufficiently detailed data to capture subnational dynamics and offer cross-country coverage. This article advances a new measurement strategy for territorial control in asymmetric civil wars. Territorial control is conceptualized as an unobserved latent variable that can be estimated via observed variation in rebel tactics. The strategy builds on a theoretical model of rebel tactics, by which rebels use terrorism less when they control a given area – preferring conventional tactics, which require higher levels of territorial control. The latent variable, territorial control, is estimated via a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). As an observable indicator for rebel tactics, I leverage geo-coded event data and a function of the relative frequency of terrorist attacks and conventional war acts, weighted by time and distance. The model yields estimates of territorial control for asymmetric civil wars at a resolution of 0.25 decimal degree minimum diameter hexagonal grid cells. Validation of estimates for the Colombian and Nigerian civil wars suggests HMMs as a fruitful avenue to estimate spatiotemporal variation in territorial control.
Durational Patterns of Recurrent Multiword Combinations in Mandarin Spontaneous Speech Production
Authors: Chen Alvin C.-H.
Published: October 2020

This study examined the prosodic realization of recurrent multiword combinations (RMC) in Mandarin spontaneous speech production and asked (a) whether speakers produce RMCs differently compared to novel combinations, and (b) how the RMC durational patterns are connected to its distributional properties and constituent structures. RMCs were first defined based on their distributional criteria in a large representative corpus, and a subset of these RMCs used in a phone-aligned spontaneous speech corpus were identified for the analyses of the relationship between their duration on one end and their distributional statistics (RMC frequency and lexical associations in two directions) and constituent structures (projected constituent level and boundary) on the other. The results suggest that Mandarin speakers are sensitive to the multifaceted multiword distributional properties, which are mediated by the constituent structures of RMCs. We discuss how these distinct durational patterns contribute to our understanding of the pragmatic and interactional role of multiword units in language processing and development.
Wealth and Retirement: Pondering the Fate of Formerly Incarcerated Men During the Golden Years
Authors: Chiteji Ngina
Published: October 2020

This article extends the existing literature about the consequences that having a prison record has on formerly incarcerated men’s labor market outcomes by projecting forward to think about what the diminished labor market prospects may mean for men when they reach retirement age. We find that formerly incarcerated men have little wealth accumulated by their late 40s and 50s, that they have limited access to on-the-job pensions, and that some may not even be able to rely on Social Security when they are old. The article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and focuses most of its attention on the plight of Black men and Latino men, as this is the subset of the population that was particularly affected by the nation’s mass incarceration policies of the late 20th century. The implications of the findings for Black and Brown men’s prospects during old age are discussed, as are the implications for the way that policy scholars think about race, aging, and public policy.
Hoops and “Education”: Latino Males, Fugitivity, and Basketball in the City
Authors: Carrillo Juan F.
Published: October 2020

Latinxs have a long history of participation in basketball, yet links to education scholarship are for the most part non-existent. In a context of ongoing subtractive policies around curriculum, teaching, toxic immigration policies and other sociopolitical realities, Latinxs have long used “hoops” as a space for identity formation, “education,” and refuge. Working through the aforementioned gap in education scholarship, I make connections to Latino males research, work on fugitivity, and draw implications for decolonizing forms of education/schooling.
The Evolving Hospital Market in China After the 2009 Healthcare Reform
Authors: Jiang Qingling , Pan Jay
Published: October 2020

Since the initiation of national healthcare reform in 2009, China’s hospital market has witnessed significant change. To provide a brief description about its evolving process, China Health Statistical Yearbook data and Sichuan administrative data from 2009 to 2017 were used in this article. An overall upward trend of hospital delivery capacity was found in this study, which increased from 3.12 million beds and 1.09 million doctors in 2009 to 6.12 million and 1.80 million in 2017, respectively, while the primary healthcare institutions presented fairly slow development pace. Growing proportion of medical resources and patients gathered in hospitals, especially tertiary hospitals. While private hospitals demonstrated an increasingly important role in hospital market with growing share of capacity and service, their average capacity, especially the human resource, was found to be much lower than that of public hospitals and the gaps are still widening. The competition among hospitals grouped by homogeneous ownership types has predominated the increasingly intensified hospital market competition in China. In order to adapt to the raising demand of health care in China, it is highly recommended that strategies forged at governmental levels be focused on primary care promotion, guiding the development of private hospitals as well as on promoting orderly competition in the hospital market.
Investigation of the effect of plasticizer injection technology on the properties of epichlorohydrin rubbers
Authors: Fedorova Aytalina F , Davydova Mariya L , Shadrinov Nikolay V , Sokolova Marina D , Pavlova Valeria V , Fedorov Andrey L
Published: October 2020

The influence of preliminary swelling of epichlorohydrin rubber of the brand is investigated Hydrin Т6000 in dioctyl adipate and dioctyl sebacate on the Physicomechanical characteristics and frost resistance of its vulcanizates. Revealed that pre-swelling of the rubber in the plasticizer, the plasticizer penetrates into the intermolecular space of the rubber and due to the shielding effect reduces the interaction of the filler with the elastomer matrix, which simultaneously leads to improved low-temperature properties and decrease of Physicomechanical properties of vulcanizates.
Distributed control of multi-agents system via static feedback controllers under directed networks
Authors: Luo Zhikun , Sun Zhifeng , Peng Junmin , Ma Fengli
Published: October 2020

During recent years, a lot of distributed control approaches based on static feedback controllers have been proposed to realize consensus of multi-agents systems with undirected topologies. However, many of these approaches have not been generalized to systems with directed topologies yet. Therefore, in this paper, for first- and second-order multi-agents systems with directed topologies, we propose a series of new nonlinear consensus protocols based on traditional design. With integral Lyapunov functions, we can prove the stability of proposed control protocols and a group of simulation results are also given to testify our theory.
Migrant workers trapped between individualism and collectivism: The formation of union-based workplace collectivism
Authors: Refslund Bjarke , Sippola Markku
Published: October 2020

Transnational labour migration challenges collectivism as well as migrant workers’ labour market rights, due to employers’ strategies such as segregating workers, and the migrant workers’ individualistic strategies. This article, arguing that there are no intrinsic impediments to creating (instrumental) collectivist solutions encompassing both migrants and host-country workers, develops a dynamic, conceptual framework of four preconditions – workers’ closeness, feeling of unity, shared problem perception and reference groups – which are necessary for migrant workers to develop collective labour market strategies. The article then utilises the framework in three empirical cases to illustrate how the framework, combined with union strategies, helps explain the different degrees of migrant workers’ labour market inclusion and to help understand why gaps between migrant workers and host-country workers may form.
Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica: A Case Report
Authors: Zhang Yi-Wen , Zhu Wen-Fang , Shi Qing-Ming
Published: October 2020

Background:

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare idiopathic disease with a stable course that involves the mucous membrane of the tracheobronchial tree. Most cases present no specific symptoms, and there are currently no established guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. In this report, we discuss a single case of a patient with TO who was diagnosed based on clinical imaging and histopathology.

Case Summary:

A patient with a history of smoking and alcohol consumption, but no specific clinical symptoms, was diagnosed with TO after undergoing fiber-optic bronchoscopy. Nodular processes with smooth surface mucosa and detached bronchial mucosa were observed. The presence of TO was confirmed by pathological examination.

Conclusion:

The diagnosis of TO is difficult, and early fiber-optic bronchoscopy and pathological examination should be performed to facilitate the diagnosis.
Comparative Study Between the Auditory and Vestibular Functions in Ménière’s Disease
Authors: Maihoub Stefani , Molnár András , Gáborján Anita , Tamás László , Szirmai Ágnes
Published: October 2020

Objectives:

To evaluate the relationship between the loss of the cochleovestibular functions in Ménière’s disease (MD).

Methods:

Forty-three patients with definite MD underwent pure-tone audiometry (PTA) and caloric test. Canal paresis (CP%), dPTA (interaural difference), and average PTA results were contrasted. IBM SPSS V24 was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

According to PTA, most patients were in stage C, and caloric weakness was found in 29 patients. Linear ( R2 = 0.06) and nonlinear correlation tests (rho = 0.245, P = .113) between canal paresis (CP%) and dPTA showed no correlation, as well as between CP% and PTA analysis ( R2 = 0.007, rho = 0.11, P = .481). As per the categorial analysis, no correlation was detected between the groups either (κ = 0.174, 95% CI: 0.0883 - 0.431). Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that a more advanced stage determined by audiometry does not indicate increasing values in the CP% parameter.

Conclusions:

Audiometric changes do not directly correspond with the vestibular ones; therefore, no specific correlation exists between them. Thus, for therapy planning and diagnosis, both tests are necessary.
Media scarcity in an age of information abundance: the case of MK veterans
Authors: Elmer Greg
Published: October 2020

This paper questions the dominant attention economy and media abundance framework in media studies by questioning the mediated politics of ‘media scarce’ communities and individuals. Focusing on the armed wing of the African National Congress (MK), the paper questions how media scarcity affects a group’s ability to engage in public campaigns, given their lack of historical media documentation. The paper analyzes how the MK developed various media tactics to overcome their lack of media documentation, both during the fight against the Apartheid state and in present day campaigns for military veterans’ rights.
Personality traits predicting knowledge hiding behaviour: Empirical evidence from academic institutions of Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Ishaq Muhammad Atif , Akram Ammara , Habibah Ume
Published: October 2020

Knowledge is considered as a source of competitive advantage for the organizations. Organizations put lots of efforts to increase the extent of knowledge sharing among the employees to boost up innovation and creativity. Despite all these measures people still hide their knowledge from others in the workplace. So, this study aims to investigate the individual differences which may cause knowledge hiding and the impact of knowledge hiding on the hurt relationship and future withholding of knowledge. The data was collected from 245 full-time teachers of public and private sector universities of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. PLS-SEM was used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that the people who score high for extroversion and openness to experience don’t hide knowledge as compared to people who have a high score on agreeableness, consciousness, and neuroticism. Implications, Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.
Knowledge management strategies adopted in agricultural research organizations in East Africa
Authors: Akuku Boniface , Waema Timothy Mwololo , Oboko Robert , Brown Irwin
Published: October 2020

In previous studies, Knowledge Management (KM) strategies have been examined as objects of organizations, instead of scrutinizing their characteristics or relative quality and content. This study aims to examine the key characteristics of KM strategies in Agricultural Research Organizations (AROs) in East Africa in terms of what exists, what does not exist and why. To comprehensively answer the research questions and understand the phenomena under investigation the study adopted a pragmatism paradigm to allow facts and concerns to arise from the context. Qualitative and quantitative methods were employed using semi-structured Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and a questionnaire respectively. A novel empirical description and explanation of the key characteristics of KM strategies in AROs in East Africa is presented. The study identifies the key concepts and gaps in the characteristics of KM strategies and elucidates what AROs in East Africa should do differently to coherently formulate and execute KM strategies in practice. The main characteristics of KM strategies in AROs in East Africa are practicability, technology-focus, alignment, implementation processes and relevance. Through abstraction and theorization of the key concepts, a detailed description and explanation as a reference for scholars and practitioners in the KM field is provided. Further, the study highlights context as an important and relevant perspective in particularizing the characteristics of a KM strategy and interpretation of related empirical findings. Future studies can use the concepts presented in this study to develop a theoretical framework for analyzing the characteristics of KM strategies in organizations. The idea of linking the study outcome to an empirical situation is a novel contribution. The findings of this study shed new insights that confirm that understanding characteristics of KM strategies is beneficial to practitioners and scholars.
Critiquing the Conception of “Crimes Against Nature”: The Necessity for a New “Natural” Law
Authors: Gacek James , Jochelson Richard , Dueck-Read Alicia
Published: October 2020

Drawing upon historical developments and legal interpretations of “crimes against nature” as it relates to bestiality, this paper endeavors to promote further discussions surrounding the conception of “natural” and/or extant law, by which an understanding of historical and modern objections to crimes against nature opens them up to the critique of thin-universalism—that is, that despite disparate socio-moral fundaments, laws of prohibition coalesce around evangelical totalities. We contend that a paradigm shift in respect of naturalness is necessitated—naturalness should be packaged and represented, in part, by the empirical. Thus, conceptions of vulnerability and sentience rooted in social scientific understandings and in hospitable forms of rights protections ought to provide a new understanding of governance of the natural. In turn, this naturalness ought to be reflected in law so long as the boundaries we propose are not unduly transgressed. If unnatural acts like bestiality have their prohibitions in the legal tethering points of Judeo-Christian and, later Victorian roots, the new natural law ought to be apprised of rights-based constitutionalism and informed by green criminological and animal rights logics. Law, apprised of these ethics, would evolve to expand protections for animals, human and non-human alike. Laws based on the new naturalness could protect species and environments as evidence demands.
Mind the Gap! Decoupling Between Policy and Practice in the Policing of Illegal Wildlife Trade
Authors: Runhovde Siv Rebekka
Published: October 2020

Despite numerous promises and pledges at national and international levels to confront what many acknowledge as a crisis, illegal trade in wild plants and animals continues to grow and diversify. Empirical research conducted in Norway and Uganda from 2013 to 2015 indicates that despite the different circumstances in which law enforcement operates in the two countries, policing agents face a number of comparable challenges. Drawing on institutional theory the paper argues that decoupling, that is, gaps between official policies and daily work activities within the policing organizations, compromises enforcement in both countries. Challenges stem from conflicting demands, poor resources and want of guidelines that oblige officers to prioritize the control of illegal wildlife trade in practice.
Low-Energy Multiligament Knee Injuries Are Associated With Higher Postoperative Activity Scores Compared With High-Energy Multiligament Knee Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Literature
Authors: Dean Robert S. , DePhillipo Nicholas N. , Kahat David H. , Graden Nathan R. , Larson Christopher M. , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: October 2020

Background:

Multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) can result from high-energy injury mechanisms such as motor vehicle accidents or low-energy injury mechanisms such as activities of daily living or sports.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose was to conduct a systematic review on postoperative patient-reported outcomes after MLKIs and to conduct a meta-analysis of comparable outcome variables based upon high- versus low-energy injury mechanisms. It was hypothesized that MLKIs with low-energy injury mechanisms would demonstrate significantly improved subjective clinical outcome scores compared with high-energy injuries.

Study design:

Meta-analysis and systematic review.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed with the inclusion criteria of postoperative MLKI outcomes based upon high-versus low-energy mechanisms of injury with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Outcome scores included were the Lysholm knee scoring scale, Tegner activity scale, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score. High-energy mechanisms included motor vehicle accidents or falls from a height >5 feet; low-energy mechanisms included sports-related injuries, activities of daily living, or falls from <5 feet. A meta-analysis was performed comparing the outcome scores of high- versus low-energy mechanisms of MLKIs.

Results:

Overall, 1214 studies were identified, 15 of which were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Thirteen studies included surgical reconstructions of all injured ligaments. A total of 641 patients with 275 high-energy and 366 low-energy injuries were grouped for comparison in the meta-analysis. No significant differences in Lysholm scale (78.6 vs 78.0) or IKDC scores (69.0 vs 68.4) were found between high- and low-energy groups at a minimum of 2 years (range, 2-10 years) postoperatively ( P > .05). The low-energy injury group demonstrated significantly higher Tegner activity scale scores (5.0 vs 3.9; P = .03). There was no significant difference in failure rates between groups (3.5% vs 2.0%; P = .23).

Conclusion:

We found in this systematic review and meta-analysis that patients with low-energy mechanisms of MLKI surgery had improved postoperative Tegner activity scores compared with those patients with high-energy mechanisms after MLKI surgery. However, there were no differences in Lysholm score, IKDC score, or failure rates between high- and low-energy MLKI patients at an average of 5.3 years postoperatively.
Quality assurance in reverse logistics supply chain of demolition waste: A systematic literature review
Authors: Wijewickrama MKCS , Chileshe Nicholas , Rameezdeen Raufdeen , Ochoa J Jorge
Published: October 2020

The reverse logistics supply chain (RLSC) facilitates the greening of the traditional construction industry supply chain. Despite the growing interest in this approach, limited studies focus on quality assurance (QA) in RLSC, which is crucial to resolve the issue of the low quality in reprocessed products. This study aims to explore the elements which contribute to the QA of RLSC of demolition waste (DW) by conducting a systematic literature review (SLR). A total of 91 articles available in six search engines between 2000 and 2019 were exposed to descriptive and content analysis. The descriptive analysis revealed that most of the articles were experimental studies (35%) and published during the recent period of 2013–2019 (64%). Furthermore, 60% of articles were originated from developed countries while 32% originated from developing countries. The results of the content analysis established that an information-centric integrated system of process, people, policy and technology is needed for QA in RLSC, which is supported by government, regulatory bodies, industry and universities/research institutions. The study addresses the existing gap by proposing a conceptual framework, which could be considered as the foundation in enforcing QA in the RLSC of DW. Finally, the implications for research and practice and some recommendations for further research were presented. The study facilitates in paving the path to sustainable development through building the foundation to enforce QA in RSLC of DW.
A New Instrument for Assessing Cohesion in Primary and Grammar School Classes—Factorial Structure and Measurement Invariance of the GruKo4
Authors: Schürer Sina , van Ophuysen Stefanie , Behrmann Lars
Published: October 2020

Class climate has been focused in the context of school research for decades. One central facet of class climate is cohesion. Whereas there are well-elaborated instruments to assess cohesion in different contexts (e.g., sport and therapy), such an instrument is missing for the school context. The aim of the current article is to present an instrument to measure different facets of group cohesion in classes of primary and grammar schools. The factorial structure of the instrument is analyzed using data from Grades 2 to 7 ( N ≈ 3052 from 146 classes) by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, tests of measurement invariance across the different levels of education (primary vs. grammar school) are undertaken. Results support configural as well as partial metric and scalar invariance between students of primary and grammar schools. Further, cohesion in primary schools is significantly higher than in grammar schools. Limitations of the study and implications for future research in the context of school are discussed.
Implementation of the Mini-Child Tourette Syndrome Impairment Scale: Relationships to Symptom Severity and Treatment Decisions
Authors: Garris Jordan F. , Huddleston David A. , Jackson Hannah S. , Horn Paul S. , Gilbert Donald L.
Published: October 2020

Functional impairment is an important factor in Tic Disorder treatment decisions. We evaluated the mini Child Tourette Syndrome Impairment Scale (mini-CTIM) for correlation with symptom severity and association with interventions. A total of 61 randomly selected tic encounters were retrospectively analyzed for mini-CTIM correlation with symptom severity scores and compared between patients who received treatment and those who did not. Regression models identified factors associated with treatment decisions. Mini-CTIM-tic scores correlated with tic severity and mini-CTIM-non-tic scores correlated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) severity. Tic treatment was associated with higher child, but not parent, mini-CTIM-tic scores. Regression models identified that comorbidity treatment was predicted by ADHD severity, obsessive compulsive disorder severity, and parent but not child mini-CTIM-non-tic scores. These findings suggest children have valuable insight into their tic-related impairment, but parent assessment is important for evaluating comorbidity-related impairment. The mini-CTIM may be a useful clinical tool for assessing tic-related impairment.
Health and Service-related Impact of Sexual and Stalking Victimization During United States Military Service on LGBT Service Members
Authors: Klemmer Cary Leonard , Schuyler Ashley C. , Mamey Mary Rose , Schrager Sheree M. , Castro Carl Andrew , Goldbach Jeremy , Holloway Ian W.
Published: October 2020

Prior research among military personnel has indicated that sexual harassment, stalking, and sexual assault during military service are related to negative health sequelae. However, research specific to LGBT U.S. service members is limited. The current study aimed to explore the health, service utilization, and service-related impact of stalking and sexual victimization experiences in a sample of active-duty LGBT U.S. service members ( N = 248). Respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit study participants. U.S. service members were eligible to participate if they were 18 years or older and active-duty members of the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, or U.S. Air Force. This study included a sizeable portion of transgender service members ( N = 58, 23.4%). Sociodemographic characteristics, characteristics of military service, health, and sexual and stalking victimization in the military were assessed. Regression was used to examine relationships between health and service outcomes and sexual and stalking victimization during military service. Final adjusted models showed that experiencing multiple forms of victimization in the military increased the odds of visiting a mental health clinician and having elevated somatic symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology, anxiety, and suicidality. Sexual and stalking victimization during U.S. military service was statistically significantly related to the mental and physical health of LGBT U.S. service members. Interventions to reduce victimization experiences and support LGBT U.S. service members who experience these types of violence are indicated. Research that examines the role of LGBT individuals’ experiences and organizational and peer factors, including social support, leadership characteristics, and institutional policies in the United States military is needed.
Negotiations of Women’s Black and Activist Identity Through Dress on the College Campus, 2013–2019
Authors: Matthews Dyese L. , Reddy-Best Kelly L.
Published: October 2020

Black people, especially Black women, have used dress to reject racism and discrimination and as a means for negotiating their Black and activist identities. Building on past work, we examine how Black women use dress as an embodied practice to negotiate both their Black and activist identities. We focus on a particular space and time: campus life at predominantly White institutions during the Black Lives Matter movement era from 2013 to 2019.To achieve this purpose, we conducted 15 in-depth, semistructured wardrobe interviews with current Black women college students. Overall, we identified three themes relating to Black women college students: experiences on predominantly White campuses, negotiating Black identity through dress, and negotiating activist identity through dress. Examining how Black women negotiate identity through dress recognizes their stories as important through counter-storytelling, allowing Black women to write their own history in their own voices.
Development of an enhanced single point milling procedure to screen metalworking cutting fluid performance in terms of tool wear when machining aerospace alloys
Authors: Khan Thawhid , Broderick Matthew , Sajid Syed Ashir , Secker Jack , Taylor Chris M
Published: October 2020

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) can greatly improve the machinability of materials and increase cutting tool life. There are a range of MWF products available on the market, however there are very few reliable low cost machining based fluid screening tests which can help select the most suitable candidate. This study developed a novel and rigorous single point milling (SPM) procedure carried out under controlled conditions, which would provide fluid performance differentiation for a range of typical aerospace alloys. The use of a single insert with a controlled geometry reduced machining variance and ensured performance repeatability. Tool life curves were used to determine optimum machining surface speeds for Inconel 718 (In718) of 80 m/min and Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) of 160 m/min. Carrying out trials using five different cutting fluid products within a controlled tool life window clearly demonstrated that the SPM machining test was able to differentiate performance on both In718 and Ti64 material. Overall a 65% and 53% performance difference in tool life behaviour was observed between the best and worst performing fluids for In718 and Ti64, respectively.
Accuracy calibration of a 3-CRU translational parallel robot based on the subset of error measurements
Authors: Zhang Tie , Ma Guangcai , Cao Yachao , He Yingwu
Published: October 2020

Robot accuracy calibration is an effective method to improve its kinematic accuracy. However, most of the existing calibration methods need to measure the complete set of 6-dimensional pose errors of the end-effector, which makes the calibration process especially complicated. In this paper, an accuracy calibration method for a 3-CRU translational parallel robot is proposed based on the subset of error measurements. The process is implemented by four steps: 1) the error model is established based on matrix method. Then the structural errors to be identified are separated. 2) part of pose errors of the end-effector are measured by laser tracker and used to form the subset of error measurements. 3) the minimum structural error linear combination affecting robot accuracy is determined according to the minimum parameter error linear combination theorem. After that, the structural errors can be identified based on the subset of error measurements. 4) error compensation based on the identification results. This method can not only ensure the identifiability of the structural errors, but also can realize error identification based on the subset of error measurements, which will significantly reduce the calibration workload and improve the calibration efficiency. Experiments are carried out to prove the effectiveness of the calibration method.
Surface texture improvement of magnetic and non magnetic materials using magnetic abrasive finishing process
Authors: Anjaneyulu Kamepalli , Venkatesh Gudipadu
Published: October 2020

The present study focused on surface texture characteristics of magnetic material, Mild steel (MS) as well as nonmagnetic material, Aluminum 2024 (Al 2024) alloy with the application of a laboratory-developed magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process. MAF is one of the unconventional finishing processes to attain a satisfactory finishing level up to nanoscale. In MAF, the surface finish is controlled by a flexible magnetic abrasive brush (FMAB) which has a combination of abrasives (Al2O3, SiC, etc.) and magnetic particles (iron powder). The experiments were planned using (L27) full factorial design, different levels of weight percentage of abrasives (20–30%), speed of the electromagnet (180–2100rpm), and electromagnet supply voltage (30–50 V) were varied to enhance the surface responses. The responses considered were % improvements of change in the surface finish (%ΔRa), change in average peak to valley height (%ΔRz), change in total profile height (%ΔRt), and change in mean square root surface finish (%ΔRq). Analysis of variances (ANOVA) was evaluated and discussed. It is observed that the speed of the electromagnet and voltage are the most influencing variable parameters that most impacted on the responses. Surface roughness was measured before and after the MAF processing of MS and Al 2024 using a Suftronic S-100 surface roughness tester. The obtained surface morphology was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was observed that MS has %ΔRa = 83, %ΔRz = 65, %ΔRt = 65.5 and %ΔRq = 72.6 while Al 2024 has %ΔRa = 65, %ΔRz =50, %ΔRt = 51 and %ΔRq = 55 with noticeable surface texture improvement compared to the initial surface roughness obtained using surface grinding process.
Aerodynamics of electric cars in platoon SAGE publications
Authors: Ebrahim Hesham , Dominy Robert , Martin Nick
Published: October 2020

The potential aerodynamic benefits of operating full-scale electric vehicles in platoons of 2 and 3 vehicles have been investigated. Since drag reduction has a direct impact on vehicle range, power consumption was measured directly and surface pressure measurements were made to characterise the changes in pressure field that influence the power required to overcome aerodynamic drag. CFD simulations were validated against the track measurements to assess the limitations of using a practical, limited number of pressure tappings to measure drag. The overall power consumption for the whole platoon was found to reduce proportionally with the reduction of vehicle spacing and it was also observed that increasing the number of vehicles in the platoon from 2 to 3 further increased the power savings from 33.4% to 39.1%. These power savings were attributed primarily to changes in surface pressure acting on the base of the leading vehicle and the forebody of the trailing vehicle.
Managing contacts of chlamydia: should clinics implement a test and wait process?
Authors: Frackelton Rachel , Jones Kathy , Hamer Beth , Jones Sian , Hitchings Elizabeth , Harrison Joanne , Hughes-McGreal Catherine , Clarke Emily
Published: October 2020

British guidelines recommend epidemiological treatment for all chlamydia contacts during the look back period. Some UK sexual health clinics follow a test and wait process for chlamydia contacts presenting after 14 days of exposure. The aim of this retrospective service evaluation was to determine the potential impact of implementing such a process for chlamydia contacts at our clinic. We reviewed the patient records of 548 chlamydia contacts over a 1-year period, and 588 patients with chlamydia over a 5-month period. Demographic and clinical characteristics data were collected.

Chlamydia prevalence was 46% (254/548) in contacts, with prevalence varying by age (p=.008) and sexual risk (p=.04), but not by time since exposure (p=.29). For patients with chlamydia, there was a mean of 1.9 days between results notification and attending for treatment; a mean of 2.2 attempts were required to contact patients to return for treatment. Chlamydia prevalence in contacts is high. Not giving empirical treatment to contacts presenting after 14 days of exposure would result in 13.1% of the cohort needing to return for treatment. Patients found to have chlamydia returned promptly once informed of positive results.
Examining patient characteristics and HIV-related risks among women with syphilis as indicators for pre-exposure prophylaxis in a nurse-led program (PrEP-RN)
Authors: Orser Lauren , O’Byrne Patrick
Published: October 2020

Current HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) guidelines primarily target men who have sex with men (MSM) as candidates for HIV prevention; however, such recommendations often come at the expense of other ethnic and gender minorities, including women. To address barriers to PrEP care among non-MSM, we developed and implemented the first nurse-led PrEP program in Canada, known as PrEP-RN. As part of PrEP-RN, patients who meet objective indicators of HIV risk are offered a referral for PrEP, regardless of sexual orientation. One such measure is syphilis, which has increased in incidence among various population groups and is known to cause biological vulnerabilities to HIV. To better understand HIV-related risks and assess intentions for PrEP use among women, we undertook an 18-month retrospective review of syphilis diagnoses within this group in Ottawa, Canada. As part of this review, we examined 23 patient files, noting their unique characteristics, socio-behavioural risk factors, and noted barriers to PrEP uptake. While none of the women diagnosed with syphilis were diagnosed with HIV, the findings raise some important considerations to facilitate opportunities for HIV prevention among non-MSM, which must take into consideration individual risk practices, sexual health histories, and population groups.