bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The critical tradition
Authors: Taylor Michael
Published: November 2023

If the history of famous literary prognostications were ever to be written, there’s no doubt that Ben Jonson’s prediction for the longevity of his friend Shakespeare’s reputation-not of an age but for all time-would have to be given pride of place.
Source study
Authors: Scragg Leah
Published: November 2023

Whereas for the modern reader the study of Shakespeare's sources tends to suggest a species of archaeological investigation, designed to explore the range of the dramatist's reading rather than elucidate the plays, for Shakespeare's contemporaries the recognition of the material used in the construction of a literary work afforded a significant element of the pleasure afforded by the text. The creative process during the Renaissance was rooted in the concept of imitation, a methodology wholly at odds with the emphasis placed on originality today. Children were trained to write during this period through the study and adaptation of literary models, and thus to appreciate the fresh meanings produced by the deft alteration of a source. As a product of this educational system, Shakespeare was not aloof from these mental habits but turned naturally to the literary stock in the construction of his plays. Rather than inventing his own plots or dramatic situations, he shaped inherited stories to his own ends, implicitly inviting the more discerning of his audience, in some instances, to reflect on novel departures from familiar motifs.
Feminist criticism
Authors: Howard Jean E
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s plays are full of puzzling occurrences. At the beginning of The Winter’s Tale, one of Shakespeare’s last plays, the main character, King Leontes, suddenly becomes extremely jealous of his wife and, though lacking any evidence, decides she must be having an affair with his oldest friend.
Studies in sexuality
Authors: Smith Bruce R
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s contemporaries give us very good reasons for starting an investigation of his plays and poems with stirrings of feeling in the genitals. Philip Stubbes is probably the best known of these witnesses. In his attack on ‘Stage Plays and Interludes, with Their Wickedness’ in The Anatomy of Abuses (1583) Stubbes makes no bones about it: the fundamental appeal of stage plays is to incite lust. ‘Do they not induce whoredom and uncleanness?’ he begins. ‘Nay, are they not rather plain devourers of maidenly virginity and chastity?’
Performance history: Shakespeare on the stage 1660-2001
Authors: Tatspaugh Patricia
Published: November 2023

One way of learning how to interpret Shakespeare is to read and analyse what scholars and other critics have written. Another way is to investigate what actors and directors have discovered. This second method includes both performance criticism (see Chapter 36) and performance history, which draws on performance criticism as one of the tools for the reconstruction of past performances.
Performance criticism
Authors: Gilbert Miriam
Published: November 2023

Like many other approaches to Shakespeare, performance criticism is a hybrid; it depends on textual criticism, on psychological analysis, on historical background, on cultural assumptions. But, at its centre, performance criticism involves the conversation between two kinds of ‘close reading’: close reading of the text in the way that actors, directors, designers read it, so as to create a performance, whether on stage or in the mind (from page to stage), and close reading of a performance so as to record it and then to see how it illuminates the text (from stage to page). Each reading enhances the other, and both extend the range of possible interpretations.
Shakespeare and translation
Authors: Hoenselaars Ton
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare is easily the world’s most popular poet and playwright. Especially to those who cherish him as a consummate master of the English language, it might come as a surprise that the majority of Shakespearian consumption around the globe takes place in a language other than early modem English. In most educational contexts where today’s common language is taught, Shakespeare may indeed be read and discussed in English, but extracurricular Shakespeare, on the page and on the stage, exists by virtue of translation.
Commemorating Shakespeare
Authors: Ziegler Georgianna
Published: November 2023

Where in the world is Shakespeare? Where would you go if you went out looking for traces of him or memorials to him? Stratford-upon-Avon in England, his birthplace, is an obvious location, but what about Germany, or Japan, or New Zealand, or even Odessa, Texas in the United States? Shakespeare himself evidently did not think much of monuments, as he says in his Sonnet 55 quoted above. He believed that the best memorial was in his plays and poems; as long as they continued to be performed and read, he would be remembered. Nevertheless, Shakespeare's popularity has grown so much since the eighteenth century that people all over the world have wanted to honour him with more tangible monuments such as statues, theatres, and libraries. This chapter begins with a brief survey of how Shakespeare first became a figure of popular culture. Then it examines places around the world that are dedicated to honouring him and his work.
Post-Hellenistic Narratives
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

With the end of the Hellenistic era we reach a period when, above all with the work of Ovid, stories of metamorphosis narrated in Latin texts began to flourish and eventually to dominate. Yet for several centuries after Ovid composed his Metamorphoses there continued to be produced a series of Greek explorations of the same cluster of themes, reworking and often innovating on the basis of the tradition whose lineaments I have been sketching. Indeed the range of imaginative uses to which metamorphosis was put became if anything even more diverse. In this chapter I shall attempt to show how metamorphosis was ‘good to think with’ regarding (1) the credibility of myths, as explored by Pausanias, (2) the debate about whether animals possess reason, as dramatized by Plutarch, (3) the interpretation of dreams, as conducted by Artemidoros
Cities and communes
Authors: Coleman Edward
Published: November 2023

Communal Italy’ is historians’ shorthand for the highly urbanized areas of Lombardy and Tuscany between the twelfth and the early fourteenth centuries. It was here, in cities located in the plains of the rivers Po and Arno, and in the foothills of the Alps and the Apennines, that self-governing communes first emerged around most of them followed a similar path to institutional maturity over the course of the next century. In the, however, the communes struggled to accommodate the aspirations of groups hitherto excluded from civic politics that coalesced in opposition to the established regime under the much heralded banner of the Popolo. These pressures, combined with an inability to find a modus vivendi with the Church, and an incurable predilection for factionalism and feud amongst the urban nobility, led to a crisis in many cities by In the following decades, against a backdrop of worsening economic conditions, communes were widely replaced by the rule of a single powerful family of signori, a term often mistranslated as ‘despots’ or ‘tyrants’.
Papal Italy
Authors: Bolton Brenda
Published: November 2023

Between the mid-eleventh and mid-fourteenth centuries that is, from the reformed papacy to the Avignonese legation of Cardinal Albórnoz papal Italy, although its frontiers were always fluid, became a defined and consolidated entity. At its widest extent, it stretched from Ceprano and the river Liri in the south to Radicofani in the north, and eastwards through the centre of the peninsula, crossing the Apennines to reach the Adriatic coast. Within these boundaries lay a complex assemblage of landed properties over which the popes claimed certain ancient rights and precedents, ruling them through an effective machinery of administration and justice at the local level.
Trade and navigation
Authors: Tangheroni Marco
Published: November 2023

The flag of the Italian navy carries the symbols of Venice, Amalfi, Genoa, and Pisa, in homage to the ‘four maritime republics’. This reference to past glories is not without foundation, but it should not be allowed to efface the significant differences in the histories of these republics, both in terms of character and chronology. In the early medieval period Amalfi and Venice had been part of the Byzantine Empire, and even though they gradually asserted more and more independence, they also maintained close links with Constantinople.
General Introduction: Working Together
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: November 2023

This book derives from a conference. held in Oxford in 1997 under the title ‘Working Together’, which aimed to promote a simple idea: that. in the contemporary context of the study and interpretation of classical literature at universities, conventional classical scholarship and modern theoretical ideas need to work with each other in the common task of the interpretation of texts. The Oxford conference arose directly from another conference held in London in 1995 on the theme of ‘The Language of Latin Poetry’ (now published as Adams and Mayer, 1999), at which a distinguished colleague raised the issue of the absence of more theoretically minded scholars at that gathering, and suggested that greater dialogue and co-operation represented the way forward. In my view such dialogue and co-operation is not merely desirable; it is essential to ensure the survival and relevance of the study of classical literature in the twenty-first century.
Introduction
Authors: Braund Susanna Morton
Published: November 2023

Just as it is hard to imagine a world without gender-we have to turn to science-fiction writers like Ursula le Guin for that-so I find it hard to imagine a literary world without genre. Yet it was not always so. Once upon a time (but not so long ago), there were philologists who preferred to dispense with abstract notions such as genre, doubtless in this case assisted by the obvious Frenchness of the word. Happily, the arguments in favour of ‘genre’ have been put so forcefully that the arena of debate has now shifted to focus upon the precise model of genre that is invoked. That is reflected in the two papers in this section of the book, which take for granted the usefulness of ‘genre’ as a critical tool and proceed to debate the adequacy and implications of different formulations of ‘genre’.
Introduction
Authors: Reeve Michael
Published: November 2023

Perhaps I have not met the idea before, and when I follow it up I rather like it. It annoys me, therefore, when Blenkinsop in 1997 (I hope there is no classical scholar of that name) puts it forward as though it were quite new, with no mention of the medieval commentator. I suppose it annoys me for two reasons: I would rather sec credit given where it is due, and fresh things to work on are hardly in short supply. The first reason, however, is less intellectual than moral, and the same could be said of the second. After all, neither affects the truth of Blenkinsop’s article, if truth was its aim.
Hope Against Fear
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C
Published: November 2023

The late Ottoman educational endeavor, like its counterparts around the world in the nineteenth century, was fueled by both hope and fear. It shared with school-building drives around the world an extraordinary optimism in modern-style pedagogy as a panacea for a wide variety of ailments and shortcomings, both real and perceived. In Western Europe, where the new education had developed, this “an1azing optimism” was sufficiently widespread for one historian to term this period “the Age of Education.” In many non-Western locales, faith in new-style education was redoubled by the sense that the by now undeniable advantage of the Western powers derived in large part from a secret: superior education. The “secret wisdom” of the West was especially appealing because it appeared so easy to apply, particularly in the many cultures, such as those of East Asia and the Islamic world, where an abiding, deeply held respect for learning held sway.
History of Universities
Authors: Haugen Kristine
Published: November 2023

Volume XVI/2 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
The Predominance of the Slave’s Role
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

Our examination of Plautus’ monologues led us to make some observations on form. Turning to content, we shall now look at a significant recurring motif which, though not restricted to the monologues, does mainly occur there—it has been touched on occasionally in the course of our investigations. We noted above (p. 159) that the monody which Caecilius adapted from a monologue in Menander’s The Necklace opens with an aphorism which is completely missing from the original (Gellius 2.23.20). The old man applies the general dictum to his own fate and then continues: qui sapiet, de me discet, qui quasi ad hostis captus liber servio salva urbe atque arce (‘He who has good sense will learn from me, who just like a free man taken prisoner amongst the enemy am a slave, though the city and citadel remain safe’).
‘Contaminated’ Plays
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

As we looked at certain particular qualities of Plautus’ comedies, we felt compelled to trace the Roman playwright’s transformations, deletions, substitutions, and new creations along very varied paths. In the course of our investigations so far, it will have become apparent in what way we are to understand Maccus vortit barbare (‘Maccus turned it into Latin’), more clearly than by means of a mere paraphrase. In particular we found through our examination of some slave and parasite roles that Plautus augmented these characters at the expense of the overall structure of the plays. The example of the slave monologue in Trin. iv.3 proved that in this process he took not only jokes from his own stock but also occasionally parts of scenes from other comedies. More important than any such individual fact is the general recognition that Plautus does not put himself into the service of any Greek poet, nor does he aspire to dramatic unity as the main aim in his art. When they examine the question of whether Plautus used one play or more than one, most studies of ‘contamination’ fail to put it in the wider context of Plautus’ general modus operandi.
Shakespeare and Marx Today
Authors: Egan Gabriel
Published: November 2023

Marxism is not a magical key that unlocks Shakespeare. It is an approach to economic realities, ideas, language, and art in all its forms that draws on the concepts and principles we have been discussing (such as ideology, dialectics, exchange, alienation, commodity fetish- ism, and reaction) and can connect Shakespeare’s historical, cultural, and intellectual context with the imaginative works he produced. It is not simply a matter of ‘following the money’, for much of what we have seen has drawn on philosophical, historical, and psychological works, and the readings overfed here are intended to suggest the wide range of things a Marxist approach can attend to.
‘Archives’ and‘Scribes’ and Information Hierarchy in Mycenaean Greek Linear B Records
Authors: Palaima Thomas
Published: November 2023

Within the context of the ancient written records and archives discussed in this volume, the Mycenaean Greek Linear B material is distinctive in the following ways: (1) The clay documents at each site are ‘temporary’ records used to monitor economic activities within textually unspecified administrative periods of less than a year.
Reconstructing an Archive: Account and Journal Texts from Persepolis
Authors: Brosius Maria
Published: November 2023

‘Reconstructing an archive’ is understood to involve two tasks: the investigation of how an archive was organized, and the reconstruction of the bureaucratic stages involved in the process of record-keeping. Certain kinds of information were written onto a tablet or papyrus to record a specific process within the administration. Can we establish how these processes worked? Were copies of texts made, and if so, which texts and how many duplicates were created? Do the size and shape of a tablet tell us about its contents and about its use within an administrative process? To what extent do seals and seal impressions help us in determining what kind of tablet we are dealing with? Where were the tablets written? How were they stored once they arrived at their final destination?
Tomoi Synkollēsimoi
Authors: Clarysse Willy
Published: November 2023

Archives are essential for goodgovernment, but in orderto be useful they need to be filed in a way that keeps them accessible. Today computers have completely overturned the way in which archives are kept, and within a generation it will be dicult to understand the intricacies of record-keeping before the twenty-first century. If the university administration of Leuven wants to know how many first-year male students from Antwerp have been enrolled during the last twenty years, the answer is found in a few seconds by a simple search on the university computer. Twenty years ago, this would have taken half a day, because the students would no doubt have been filed year by year in alphabetical order. To identify the male students from Antwerp would have meant going through all those files, looking them out one by one. In antiquity there was the additional problem that alphabetical classification was unknown in administrative documents until the second century bc,1 and even after it had become common in the Roman period, it was limited to the first letter of the word or name, or at the most to the first and second letters.
Analytical Survey 5: ‘Reading is Good Prayer’: Recent Research on Female Reading Communities
Authors: Wogan-Browne Jocelyn
Published: November 2023

Growth in the history of the book, of reading, and of literacies, to say nothing of work on women, means that the apparently specialized topic dealt with here can barely be contained in a single essay (even one concerned primarily with medieval women readers rather than writers, who are only incidentally relevant here).1 Although some reference will be made to work in other regions of Europe, the primary focus of this essay is limited to reading communities in medieval England, in, principally, anglophone scholarship, and primarily, though not exclusively, around the US–UK axis.
Tragedy
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

Many of the key themes of this book occur repeatedly throughout the corpus of Greek tragedy, causation and responsibility, good and evil, reality and appearances, authority and control. An entire volume could easily be devoted to those topics in Greek drama alone. We shall have to be more than usually selective, concentrating on just a handful of plays to study what they have to say about plagues, disease, madness, pollution, about foreknowledge and helplessness: who is sound, who ill, who is mad, who can tell, who save? Sophocles is important for our purposes not just because his extant plays, the Oedipus Tyrannus especially, deal with such themes with such subtlety and depth, but also because of other facts we know about his life.
The Historians
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

We can talk of historiography being invented in Greece in the work first of Herodotus and then of Thucydides in this sense, that their claim to attention and to prestige took a different form from that of any earlier writers. That claim was based on being able to give a true account of what happened, in Herodotus’ case in the Persian Wars, in Thucydides’ in the Peloponnesian War. Herodotus reconstructs the past, Thucydides deals with contemporary events. But both distance themselves from works that we should call fiction, the telling of stories that had nothing to do with real events, however much verisimilitude they could command. True, the connection and the distinction between ‘myth’ and ‘logos’ were, and remained, problematic, for ‘myth’ could cover any narrative account, fictional or not, and ‘logos’ equally could be used of any story, true or false. Nevertheless both Herodotus and Thucydides are at pains to justify their claim to record what actually happened. In neither case are their histories limited to mere descriptions of how it was. Both memorialize the past. Both have lessons to convey about what can be learned from it, and about human nature generally.
Plato
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

It may seem extraordinary to some students of ancient philosophy to find a whole chapter devoted to Plato in a book on disease and the Greek imagination. Yet we can study four different aspects of his thought where the notion of disease plays an important role, first in his psychology, then relatedly in his theory of justice—both in the individual and in the state—and thirdly in his views on authority and insistence on the need for experts, not least in the moral and political domains. Finally there is his own extended discussion of diseases both of the body and of the soul in the Timaeus—clear recognition, surely, of his sense of the importance of the topic, even though why he should have considered it so important, and decided to devote so many pages to it in his cosmological work, are questions we shall have to tackle and try to resolve at the end of this chapter.
Epilogue
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

The account of Graeco-Roman ideas and attitudes towards disease that I have presented in these studies is very different from those histories that are limited to medicine in the strict sense, let alone from those that put the emphasis, within that field, on the achievements and discoveries of the ancients. There were indeed, as I explained, advances in knowledge of the internal structure of the body and on other subjects. But there was certainly no triumphant victory of naturalistic medicine over those traditional varieties that invoked personal gods and healing heroes.
The Protogeometric Aegean
Authors: Lemos Irene S
Published: November 2023

This is the first full and up-to-date survey of Aegean archaeology at the beginning of the Iron Age (late eleventh and tenth centuries BC) since Snodgrass’s classic The Dark Age of Greece (1971). These crucial 150 years in the development of ancient Greek society are known as the Protogeometric period after the characteristic pottery which was commonly in use in the Aegean. The book offers a detailed account of old and new discoveries with chapters on pottery, metal finds, burial customs, and architectural remains (and how to use them to understand the social and political structure of the society). This analysis of the material culture of the period covers not only well-known sites such as Athens and Lefkandi but also other, less familiar, regions, many of which are discussed in English for the first time. In addition, Dr Lemos examines a number of specific issues such as relative and absolute chronology, the introduction of iron technology in the Aegean, and the use of handmade pottery and jewellery. The archaeological record is also used to suggest interpretations of the social and political structure of the society, cult practices, and the use of Homer in understanding the period. The book challenges the description of the period from the collapse of the Mycenean palace system to the formation of early Greek city-states as the ‘Dark Age of Greece’. Dr Lemos argues that some of the advances on socio-economic structures towards the formation of states, which were thought to belong to the eighth century BC, might have started to develop much earlier, in the course of the tenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Plunkett John
Published: November 2023

The media is one of the principal means by which the British monarchy maintains its traditional prominence. Yet, as my epigraph demonstrates, the relationship between these two institutions is anything but a new concern. This book argues that the growth of a mass print and visual culture in the nineteenth century was a vital influence upon the development of the British monarchy. Queen Victoria was the first monarch to preside over conditions approaching a mass urban and industrial society. During her reign, she was subject to both the political demands of a partially enfranchised public and the public demands of a nascent mass media. These pressures, and the symbiotic links between them, are crucial for understanding Victoria’s creation as a populist sovereign. In conjunction with the far-reaching social changes of the century, a burgeoning publishing industry helped to reinvent the position of the monarchy in national life.
Schooling Sex
Authors: Turner James Grantham
Published: November 2023

How did Casanova learn the theory of sex? Why did male pornographers write in the characters of women? What happens when philosophers take sexuality seriously and the sex-writers present their outrageous fantasies as an educational, philosophical quest? Schooling Sex is the first full history of early modern libertine literature and its reception, from Aretino and Tullia d’Aragona in 16th century Italy to Pepys, Rochester, and Behn in late 17th century England. James Turner explores the idea of sexual education, from the simple instructional dialogue to the advanced experiments of the philosophical libertine, analysing the hard-core curiculum that defined sexuality centuries before the Marquis de Sade. He shows how close, nuanced readings of neglected but compelling texts - like the searingly explicit Alcibiade fanciullo, L’escole des filles, and Aloisia Sigea - link them to larger issues of gender politics, aesthetics, literary criticism, sexual history, medical science, mind-body philosophy, and the educational revolution.
‘The Last Chapter’: Alfred Lord Tennyson and the Red, White, and Blue
Authors: Matthews Samantha
Published: November 2023

Amongst the mass of floral tributes sent to Westminster Abbey for the Poet Laureate’s funeral on Wednesday 12 October 1892, was a wreath of mignonette and fern made by the Prime Minister’s wife, Catherine Gladstone. It was inscribed with the closing couplet of Tennyson’s first laureate publication, the ‘Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington’ (1852): ‘And in the vast cathedral leave him, | God accept him, Christ receive him.’ The Gladstones’ tribute exemplifies the complex interaction of private and public values in Tennyson’s death rituals.
The Later Publication of the Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

Absence of the Sonnets, along with Shakespeare’s other poems, from the first collected edition of Shakespeare need imply no disrespect. The title of the First Folio of 1623—Mr William Shakespeare’s Comedies, Histories and Tragedies—explicitly limits its contents to plays. It was put together by Shakespeare’s theatrical colleagues, Heminges and Condell; even if they wished to reprint the poems, practical problems may have deterred them. The narrative poems were still selling successfully, so their copyright holders would have had no incentive to release them. The Sonnets, on the other hand, appear not to have sold well.
Junior and Antiquior at the University of Paris at the End of the Middle Ages*
Authors: Tournier Laurent
Published: November 2023

Notwithstanding the youthful composition of its membership, the student population of medieval corporate universities was quite diverse with respect to age. In Paris, for example, if we exclude anomalous cases of students in their fifties, the young arts students began their course of study at about 13-14 years old, having completed an elementary education in grammar school or elsewhere.
Malignancy and the Reform of the University of Oxford in the Mid-Seventeenth Century
Authors: Boran Elizabethanne
Published: November 2023

For that Academy and City have ever since these distracted and disturbant times, been the Treasury of Refractory obstinacy, and the storehouse of our Mischiefes; whom to suppresse and bring into order and conformity, our Almighty Parliament hath sought by all favourable meanes and by most perswasive Exhortations from the Presse and Pulpits, there hath been nothing by us neglected, that might reforme them. But finding their obduracy immoveable, their inveteracy implacable, and their reducancy impossible; we (out of a Christian care of the future prosperity of that Renowned well-spring and fountaine of Learning),
The Making of the Modern Engineer: Analytic Rationality and Social Change in the Kingdom of Naples
Authors: Mazzotti Massimo
Published: November 2023

The study of the emergence and legitimization of modern professions in the Italian states has been attracting growing interest, proving to be an area where the methodological resources of historiography and social theory can be fruitfully combined.1 Among the most convincing results of this research is the connection between the creation of the new professional figures and the definition of the administrative and bureaucratic structure of the modern state, particularly in the Napoleonic period.
Petitions and Addresses
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: November 2023

The case studies in the previous chapter highlighted the role of petitions and addresses in articulating diverse opinions, and this chapter examines the subscriptional genres more closely. Petitions and addresses are important because they shed light on the multi-faceted nature of the public: as a unity capable of articulating its will; as judge of state affairs; but also as potentially factious, contradictory, and irrational.
Americas
Authors: Manning Susan
Published: November 2023

By the mid-eighteenth century, all of the ‘settled’ Americas were subject to one of the great European imperial powers: England, Spain, Portugal, and France. Transplanted religion and language, legal, political, and education systems, were the base on which their colonial cultures developed. ‘Romanticism’ in the Americas is usually associated with emancipation from colonial status; but dates alone demonstrate that British and American Romanticism will not simply equate: for Britain we tend to think of the period 1789 to 1832; Romanticism in the United States followed the Anglo-American War of 1812–14 which crystallized national feeling and gave a strong impetus to the development of an indigenous literature between 1835 and 1865; Canadians distinguish between francophone and Anglophone dominions, and, prior to Confederation in 1867, neither literature was markedly radical or reflective.
Biography and autobiography
Authors: Harding Anthony
Published: November 2023

The half-century from 1776 to 1832 marked the arrival of biography and autobiography as major literary genres. Their rise to prominence is one of the most significant features of the literary culture that defines the Romantic movement. Reading biography and autobiography of this period is rewarding, not only for what the texts themselves tell us about the lives of prominent women and men of the period, but more especially because the rapid emergence of the genres at this time marks a crucial stage in the development of the modern idea of ‘the author’, as a figure of cultural significance.
The nineteenth- and twentieth-century novel
Authors: Herbert Michael
Published: November 2023

Romantic influences on the novel are very deep as well as widespread, with the novelistic inheritance from the Romantic poets probably even greater than from the novelists. It would be an impossible task, in the space available, to provide even an overview, let alone a discussion of any large selection of the innumerable later novels influenced by Romantic writers of poetry or fiction. Instead, what is offered here is a consideration of examples of major nineteenth- and twentieth-century novelists who stand out for the qualities they have inherited from the Romantics, and have developed in their own ways.
Transhistorical Unity of the New Testament Canon from Philosophical, Exegetical, and Systematic-Theological Perspectives
Authors: Helmer Christine
Published: November 2023

Diversity characterizes the biblical canon when it is viewed for its historical, thematic, and material-theological content. Historical plurality is written into the redactional layers of both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Even in descriptions of one and the same event, different narrators relay different stories, each told from a particular historical and cultural location that lends a different interpretational spin to the basic story. Furthermore, thematic plurality characterizes biblical content. From the aetiology of creation and human origins to architectural design, from ethical injunctions to immoral behaviour, from curses to hymns, the Bible represents its diverse themes in many literary genres shaping the subject matter through different languages.
From Literature to Scripture: The Unity and Plurality of the Hebrew Scriptures in Light of the Qumran Library
Authors: Lange Armin
Published: November 2023

When compared to the cultural achievements of Antiquity, the collections of literature that later became the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Old Testament were exceptional phenomena only paralleled by the New Testament. In the following introductory remarks, I will discuss the views of canon in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, ancient Greece, and post-Second Temple Judaism before turning to the subject at hand: canon in Judaism during Hellenistic times.
Unity and Plurality in Jewish Canons: The Case of the Oral and Written Torahs
Authors: Sommer Benjamin D
Published: November 2023

Discussions of canon among biblical theologians often focus on the canon’s unity, perhaps because the canon’s boundaries lend a sense of integration to an anthology that otherwise seems remarkably diverse. This concern for canon as unifying force raises several questions that I would like to address from the vantage point of Jewish traditions about canon. First, does the unity of the canon stop at the borders of the canon, or is there a transcanonical unity that includes post-biblical Jewish literature? Put differently: Are there texts outside the canon that are canonical? By phrasing the question this way, I deliberately highlight two uses of the term canon. In the first part of this question, the word ‘canon’ has a narrow meaning: the closed list of books that make up the Bible. In the second half, the word ‘canonical’ is less narrow; it refers to texts that are widely accepted within a religious community as sacred, significant, worthy of study, or requiring obedience.
In Search of the Invisible Man
Authors: Carey Sorcha
Published: November 2023

Despite the practice, from the Renaissance onwards, of recognizing famous literary figures from the ancient world in the surviving portraiture,1 2 no ancient portrait has ever been identified as Pliny the Elder. His omission from this visual canon of Classical literature may be to do with the fact that, in bleak contrast to the likes of Cicero, Pliny’s prose has remained a model to be avoided at all costs.3 But the role which the Natural History enjoyed throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, as a sourcebook to be consulted on anything from medicine to agriculture,4 must also have ensured that there was never any great need to find an ancient face to fit the name. Classed as nothing more than a compiler of information, Pliny was always destined to remain an anonymous figure.
Representing Empire: Monuments and the Creation of Roman Space
Authors: Carey Sorcha
Published: November 2023

Borges’ short story ‘Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius’ tells of a series of chance finds which lead to the discovery of a new planet. First, the uncovering of the only copy of Volume XLVI of the Anglo-American Cyclopaedia to have 921 pages instead of the usual 917, the extra four pages detailing the topography and history of an unknown country called Uqbar. Then, the appearance of A First Encyclopaedia of Tlon. Vol. XI. Hlaer to Jangr, with no indication of the date or place of publication. The planet Tlon, of which Uqbar is one of the countries, provides the scholars of Borges’ story with a whole new world to dissect, a new history to write, a new geography to map. And despite the fact that, as we learn at the end, Tlon and Uqbar are entirely the invention of a millionaire called Ezra Buckley, the fiction of the Orbis Tertius supplants the reality of the hitherto known world.
The Artifice of Nature
Authors: Carey Sorcha
Published: November 2023

In the midst of his discussion of painting in book 35, Pliny presents us with an extraordinary image. He has just been praising the frescoes of the Roman painter Studius,1 and goes on to note that it is only the creators of panel paintings, not frescoes, who enjoy any fame. The comment fits with the nationalistic focus of Pliny’s work. It explains why the Roman painter Studius who ranks high in Pliny’s estimation, is so little known. But it also, rather ironically, leads Pliny into a eulogy of a past, when it was not yet the custom to decorate whole walls. The theme is a familiar one-on several occasions in the Natural History Pliny highlights the decline of painting into luxury. But what is unusual about this particular passage is who Pliny chooses to people his ideal past with. Protogenes and Apelles, two of the most famous painters from the Greek canon, are imagined by Pliny living in simple surroundings, free of the luxurious decorations which characterize the contemporary Roman house.
Imaging Memory
Authors: Carey Sorcha
Published: November 2023

Memory, not surprisingly, is a theme with special reference for Pliny. He devotes an entire section of book 7 to describing particularly outstanding examples of this ‘most essential gift in life’–including, at 7.88, Lucius Scipio who ‘could list the names of the whole Roman people’, and a Greek named Charmadas, who could recite ‘on demand, the contents of whole volumes in libraries, as if he were reading them’. In comparing his own work in the preface to a thesaurus (a treasury or storehouse),1 Pliny invokes a metaphor which was frequently used by Romans to describe memory. The Rhetorica ad Herennium, for example, called memoria ‘the Repository of inventions’. This idea of preservation which is inherent to memory dominates Pliny’s work-hence the appropriateness of the storehouse as a metaphor. As we have already seen, Pliny repeatedly draws attention to his inclusion of information with phrases such as ‘nor should we omit’, or ‘nor should we forget’. But Pliny is also aware of the fragility of memory. At 7.90 he notes that ‘nothing else in man is as fragile’, and counter-balances his list of amazing feats of memory, with some peculiar instances of forgetting-a man, for example, who when hit by a stone, ‘forgot (oblitus) how to read and write, but nothing else’.
Thinking about the Origins of Theatre in the 1970s
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: November 2023

One of the reasons why Greek theatre has become so prominent in the last three decades is that the theatre has been informed by some significant theoretical and scholarly trends which emerged from the intellectual crisis of the 1960s. In 1972, for example, there appeared two anthropological studies of sacrificial ritual, Rene Girard’s La Violence et le sacré, and Walter Burkert’s Homo Necans. Both used evidence from ancient Greece to explain the practice of sacrificial ritual, and even traced the origins of Greek tragedy to ritual practice.
Details of Productions Discussed
Authors: Wrigley Amanda
Published: November 2023

This chapter comprises a reference list of production details of all the works of modern performance (from theatre, opera, dance, television, and film) informed by one or more Greek tragedies which have been discussed in the text of this volume (hence there are some that pre-date the watershed years of the late 1960s).
Halakhah and Israel
Authors: Sinclair Daniel
Published: November 2023

The 3,000-year history of the halakhah continues in the modern State of Israel. Traditional sources are studied, new commentaries are compiled, and rabbinic authorities continue to seek solutions to halakhic problems in much the same way as they did in the past. There are, however, a number of halakhic topics which are unique to modern Israel. Some are related to the special halakhic status of the Land of Israel, others have arisen as a result of the fact that in Israel the halakhic community is an active participant in the life of a secular state.
The changing role of the woman
Authors: Baskin Judith R
Published: November 2023

Over the last two centuries the domestic, religious, and communal roles of Jewish women in the western world have undergone significant expansions as a result of the social, educational, economic, and technological transformations associated with modernity. This chapter explores how women’s enhanced opportunities in organization formation, spiritual leadership, liturgical and ritual innovation, and Jewish feminist theology have altered significant aspects of contemporary Judaism.
Jewish–Muslim relations
Authors: Firestone Reuven
Published: November 2023

It is impossible to understand the complex nature of modern Jewish–Muslim relations without revisiting Arabia of the seventh century, when the new Believers (mu _min ū n ) of emerging Islam began to establish their foundational world-views. It is in this context that Muhammad and his followers came into contact with Jews, and this contact became extremely important because reactions to it were recorded for posterity in the Quran. Muhammad was forced out of Mecca by his own tribe in 622, and found refuge in Medina, where he came into contact with the Jewish community living there.
Pasolini’s Agamemnon Translation, Screen Version and Performance
Authors: Fusillo Massimo
Published: November 2023

In 1959 Pier Paolo Pasolini was asked by Vittorio Gassman to translate Aeschylus’ Oresteia. The translation was intended to be an essential part of an innovative project, which would have revolutionized the classic performance praxis of Syracuse’ s ‘ Festival of Ancient Drama’.1 Although Pasolini already had some juvenile experience in translating Greek poetry (for example Sappho into Friulan dialect) and tragedy, this was to be his Wrst public engagement with it. In a short essay published in the programme, the ‘ Lettera del traduttore’2 he openly discloses his method of translation. Pressed by production deadlines Organized by the National Institute of Ancient Drama (INDA). This is the most popular and long-lasting festival of Greek and Roman drama in Italy.
Appendix: Agamemnons on the APGRD Database
Authors: Wrigley Amanda
Published: November 2023

This chapter comprises a reference list of over 750 works of performance which draw on Aeschylus and Seneca’ s Agamemnons. The list includes theatrical, operatic, and danced works, as well as those delivered through the medium of Wlm, television, and radio. Since the overwhelming majority claim an Aeschylean rather than a Senecan influence, it should be assumed that they draw on Aeschylus unless it is stated otherwise. The Oresteia trilogy— comprising Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Libation Bearers, and Eumenides—is included in the list under the title of the trilogy, unless there is good reason
Introduction
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: November 2023

This volume of new essays discusses issues in ancient and modern philosophy about the nature and grounding of ethical norms and concepts, including virtue, and, in particular, the idea that ethics is objectively grounded. To appreciate the contribution of this collection, it is helpful to locate it, in the first instance, against the larger background of recent debate about the relationship between ancient and modern ethical theory; this debate also bears on the merits and demerits of different types of ethical approach and on the nature and basis of the norms and concepts on which these approaches centre.
What Difference do Forms make for Platonic Epistemology?
Authors: Rowe Christopher
Published: November 2023

It will presumably be uncontroversial to claim that the so-called Platonic ‘Theory of Forms’ (whatever we understand that name, ‘Theory of Forms’, to refer to) represents the first attempt in Western philosophy to work out a theory of ethical objectivity. Under the heading of ‘Platonism’, or ‘Platonic essentialism’, it still represents something of a benchmark for objectivist and realist theories; so, for instance, for the deconstructionists, if there are any of that tribe still remaining. In this chapter I shall be asking whether and how this ‘benchmark’ theory of Plato’s can in the end properly be called ‘objectivist’.
Aristotelian Virtue and Practical Judgement
Authors: Price A W
Published: November 2023

J. L. Mackie drew a notion of ‘simple truth’ from Aristotle: ‘To say of what is that it is, or of what is not that it is not, is true’ (Metaphysics 3.7, 1011b27). In his paraphrase, ‘To say that a statement is true is to say that things are as, in it, they are stated to be.’2 This truism already conveys an abstract notion of objectivity: when a statement is true, there is away things are that is identical to how it states them to be. How things are is not always independent of how they are stated to be: saying something of the form ‘I promise to do X’, or even ‘I state that p’, may, in context, make things be as it states them to be. Yet there should be, or become, a way things are that may or may not be as stated. Moreover, as Michael Dummett has emphasized,3 it is the primary criterion of success for a statement that it be true; in making an assertion one conveys, whether sincerely or not, an intention to be telling the truth. The direction of fit is of what one says to how things are (or become).
Robert Frost and Northern Irish Poetry
Authors: Buxton Rachel
Published: November 2023

In this incisive and highly readable study, Rachel Buxton offers a much-needed assessment of Frost's significance for Northern Irish poetry of the past half-century. Drawing upon a diverse range of previously unpublished archival sources, including juvenilia, correspondence, and drafts of poems, Robert Frost and Northern Irish Poetry takes as its particular focus the triangular dynamic of Frost, Seamus Heaney, and Paul Muldoon. Buxton explores the differing strengths which each Irish poet finds in Frost's work: while Heaney is drawn primarily to the Frost persona and to the "sound of sense", it is the studied slyness and wryness of the American's poetry, the complicating undertow, which Muldoon values. This appraisal of Frost in a non-American context not only enables a fuller appreciation of Heaney's and Muldoon's poetry but also provides valuable insight into the nature of trans-national and trans-generational poetic influence. Engaging with the politics of Irish-American literary connections, while providing a subtle analysis of the intertextual relationships between these three key twentieth-century poets, Robert Frost and Northern Irish Poetry is a pioneering work.