bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catholics
Authors: Wilfred Felix
Published: May 2021

Small Catholic communities in Central Asia drew world attention from the visit of Pope John Paul II to Kazakhstan in 2001. Russian Orthodoxy has been the dominant Christian tradition in the region, and has enjoyed state support. Evangelical, Charismatic and Pentecostal groups have done much proselytising, to the chagrin of the Russian Orthodox Church. South Asian Catholicism has experienced much conflict, lately around and between the Oriental and Latin traditions, ethnic strife being among them, leading to a concession of double jurisdiction in some parts. While the clergy plays an important role in the overall management of the Catholic Church, criticism has come from the Dalits who fight for acceptance as equals. The early twenty-first century has seen the adaptation of many Pentecostal forms of worship. Modern South Asian Catholic theology stresses the universal presence of the Holy Spirit in peoples of other religious traditions, and inspiration of sacred texts of other religions. Conversion has been banned in some Indian states, increasing state control over the activities of the Catholic Church, including the flow of foreign funds. Institutions of the official Church might come under government control and censure, making their operation more difficult.
United and Uniting Churches
Authors: Raja Joshva
Published: May 2021

In 1947, the Church of South India brought together Anglicans, Methodists, Presbyterians, Lutherans and Congregationalists. Since then, other churches have come together to form united churches in South Asian countries. Today the CSI is 4 million strong, within 15,000 congregations in 24 dioceses. The Church of North India (CNI) is a union of six churches and is spread out over northern, eastern, western, and mid-India. They grew from a sense of freedom from European institutions, a post-colonial fervour, and a global ecumenical movement. The Church of Pakistan, is the second largest church in the country after the Roman Catholic Church, called to unity in correspondence with the nationalistic movement in India. The Church of Bangladesh took shape through the Liberation War in 1971 uniting Anglicans and Presbyterians under the Church of Bangladesh. However, Christians from united churches are the most persecuted minorities. Christian fundamentalist groups from the USA and South Korea run public programmes against local faiths as part of their proclamation of the gospel. United churches must still address wage disparities, dependence on foreign donations, and following-up on education and social development in mission fields.
Protestants and Anglicans
Authors: Jones Arun W.
Published: May 2021

Asian churches created numerous and vigorous Christian communities that by the seventh century were spread from Iran to China, India and Sri Lanka. Over the centuries, Roman Catholic Church, various Orthodox churches from both the Western and Eastern/Southern branches of Christianity, Protestant churches, and most recently Pentecostal and Independent churches have established churches in South and Central Asia. In Central Asia, the smattering of Protestants today mostly belong to various minority ethnic groups such as the German Lutherans and Korean Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians. However, converts from other groups are joining Protestant churches. In none of the countries is Christianity the religion of the majority of the population; and among Christians in each country, confessional Protestants and Anglicans consist of a minority of believers. This leaves them socially and politically vulnerable to the majority population and to governments. Confessional Protestant and Anglican churches can be of foreign populations, identified with a particular region (e.g Tamil Nadu Lutherans), or spread across the nation (national churches such as the Methodist Church in India). Confessional Protestant and Anglican churches provide South and Central Asia add richness and complexity of Christian life and diversity to the church universal.
Independents
Authors: Hedlund Roger E.
Published: May 2021

The term ‘Independents’ differentiates lesser-known congregations and small clusters from the historic Protestant, Orthodox and Catholic denominations. Chennai (Madras) is home to a vast number of Christian denominations and institutions. Groups may range from 20–25 in number to as large as 400–500. Similar new Independent churches and movements are found in many parts of India. Sadhu Sundar Singh was a pioneering figure in the indigenisation of Christianity in India; baptised at Simla, he nevertheless remained free from the imported ecclesiastical institutions that Westernised the Indian church. There is also a more radical transformation of Christianity in hybrid religious groups in the borderlands between Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. The faith relation to Jesus of several Isa-Muslim and Christ bhakti-Hindu groups transcends the traditional denominational boundaries of Christianity. Prior to 1950 no Nepali Christians were resident in Nepal, but Nepali people managed to seep out into India, where a number of them became Christians, with most Pentecostal or Charismatic in character but indigenous in origin; more recently as many as 1 million were reported. A tiny underground church exists in Islamic Afghanistan, composed of former refugees who became Christians during the 1970s while in other countries.
The Future of Christianity in South and Central Asia
Authors: Sumanthiran Savithri
Published: May 2021

Christianity in Central Asia has had to negotiate between militant atheism and Islam. The challenge in the region remains the proclamation of the gospel amidst diverse ideologies. However, the witness of the Church is challenged by internal disunity. Communities that have been Islamic for centuries are now going back to their roots. Conversion from Islam is perceived as a matter of being an instrument of social fragmentation. Still, the Chinese ‘One Belt, One Road’ project has spawned the need for skilled workers, providing opportunities for Christians to be present in these countries. An important issue for the future of Christianity in the region will be the need to invest in a contextual theology that is able to evangelise without causing offence to the Islamic community. To live out the Christian faith in a convincing way in such a context will involve Christians drawing from their own Scriptures the rich description of the kingdom of God that can shape the entire life of a community. South Asian countries have all seen an improvement in gender parity over the last decades. As Christians live among social strata, they can show the relevance of their message to the contemporary context.
Fixing Moderation: Titus Andronicus and the Aristotelian Determination of Value
Authors: Crosbie Christopher
Published: May 2021

This chapter draws on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics to argue that Shakespeare structures Titus Andronicus around the variable ways the concept of an ethical mean —the theoretical point of moral equilibrium between two diametrically opposed, immoral extremes — finds instantiation in embodied action, depending upon context. By embedding within this grotesque drama a set of prevailing ontological assumptions about the nature of genuine moderation, Shakespeare creates a narrative of retribution that – even as it horrifies – resonates as appropriate and that aligns with a predicating notion of value recognized by both Romans and Goths – even if, at key moments in their abrogation of it – as indeed integral to the very mechanics governing the world they inhabit.
Epilogue: A Kind of Sensible Justice
Authors: Crosbie Christopher
Published: May 2021

This brief epilogue revisits prominent early modern commentaries on revenge in order to show how theater, by doing philosophy in the ways illuminated in the book, investigates in a more expansive manner the relation between ontological assumption and embodied action found in the era's expository prose. Early modern authors commonly describe justice, in whatever form it takes, as the sensible scourges delivered by the invisible hand of God. In closing, this chapter discusses theater's distinctive capacity for exploring – with considerable more latitude than possible in didactic texts centered on religious, legal, or political theory – the complexities inherent in tracing embodied action to its various ontological roots.
Dazzling Technologies: Avant-Gardes and Sensory Augmentation in the First World War
Authors: White Eric B.
Published: May 2021

This Chapter identifies a new form of technicity that emerged in the First World War, in which enhancement and distortion effects generated by sensory augmentation technologies could be manipulated for strategic purposes by a variety of cultural agents. It argues that ‘dazzle camouflage’, a technology developed by the British Admiralty in 1917 to delay and confuse attacking U-boats, exemplifies this mediation of everyday life both on and off the battle fronts. Focusing on the Florentine journal Lacerba and the Vorticist magazine Blast, the first part of the chapter shows how the Futurists F. T. Marinetti, Armando Mazza, Alberto Viviani, Ardengo Soffici and Carlo Carrà, and the Vorticists Wyndham Lewis, Jessica Dismorr and Helen Saunders, developed their ‘dazzle poetics’ to analyse, critique and exploit the sensory overload of the Machine Age. The second part of the chapter explores ‘dazzle technologies’ produced by avant-gardes and the military. It identifies convergences between Luigi Russolo’s intonarumori noise machines and Alvin Langdon Coburn’s and Ezra Pound’s ‘Vortoscope’ camera apparatuses, offering new perspectives on their prescient manipulation of sensory augmentation ensembles. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Edward Wadsworth’s role in the development of dazzle technicity and the production of dazzle camouflage.
Re-Reading the Machine Age: The ‘Audacious Modernity’ of the Techno-Bathetic Avant-Gardes
Authors: White Eric B.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 explores how the proto-Dada artists of New York City
proposed new ways of reading Machine Age America. Rather than invoking the power and efficiency of its machines and infrastructure, it argues that these vanguardists emphasised their delicacy, intricacy and fragility.
Sections one and two detail the divergent aesthetics of two key modernist formations: the technological sublime of Alfred Stieglitz and his ‘Young American’ literary acolytes (including Waldo Frank and Lewis Mumford); and the techno-bathetic proto-Dadaists of the magazine 291, exemplified by Francis Picabia. The third section analyses the techno-bathetic practices of Marcel Duchamp in his New York Dada phase, as well as crucial responses to that work by Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, Mina Loy and William Carlos Williams. The fourth section focuses on the work of the Baroness, who interrogated the implications of socio-technics for problems of sex, gender and nationality. Finally, section five focuses on Loy’s poetry, fashion designs, inventions, and technicities; for the first time, it unveils her invention ‘verrovoile’, a translucent thermoplastic she profiled in a previously unknown 1929 newspaper article. The chapter argues that, through her poetry and inventions, Loy helped introduce the concept of the artist-engineer to transatlantic discourse in the mid-1920s.
The National Gets Personal: Autobiographical Writings by Iraqi Women
Authors: Al-Hassan Hawraa
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the political memoirs of three Iraqi women and argues that the life writing genre is in itself resistive as it challenges the homogeneity trumpeted by Ba‘thist literary propaganda. Moreover, the chapter explores how the autobiographical subgenres adopted by the authors, such as diary entries, letters and poetry can resist authoritarianism by shaping our perceptions through the use of form and paratext. It looks in particular, at the formation of bonds beyond state imperatives and the relationship between personal and collective identities. Whereas Iraqi and Arab nationalism were propagated by the state as the most important means of communal self-identification, the writers in this chapter consider alternative means of bonding as they situate themselves as global citizens in their places of exile.
Kunnā nakrahu al-kitāb: Scripture, Transmission of Knowledge, and Politics in the Second Century AH (719–816 CE)
Authors: Pavlovitch Pavel
Published: May 2021

Pavel Pavlovitch shows how the sense of a genuinely early saying might change as the concerns of Muslims changed over time. The example is a saying from Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī (d. 124/742?). It originally expressed distrust of al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf’s imposition of a particular edition of the Qurʾan (‘We used to dislike the Book’) at the behest of the caliph ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān. In time, that edition of the Qurʾan ceased to be controversial, so al-Zuhrī’s statement was joined with others pertaining to the newer controversy as to whether traditionists should keep written notes, not trusting to their memories alone. It was reinterpreted to be relevant to the newer controversy (‘We used to dislike writing’) and sometimes reworded. Additional versions even connected it with the controversy over the claims of non-Arab clients (mawālī) to equality with Arab Muslims.
Ibn al-Mubārak, Traditionist
Authors: Melchert Christopher
Published: May 2021

Christopher Melchert. surveys modern scholarship in Arabic and English concerning this prominent eighth-century traditionist. The fullest is a book by Muḥammad Saʿīd ibn Muḥammad Bukhārī (2003). He goes on to review where Ibn al-Mubārak collected hadith, his tendency in law, and and his personal stances as to various controversies of his time, such as Shiʿism and the value of voluntary poverty. It also regretfully observes that later collectors such as Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal and al-Bukhārī reproduced hadith from such early figures as Ibn al-Mubārak according to their own convenience, as by providing them with short isnāds back to the Prophet. It was not their purpose to present a random sample of anyone’s learning, so we are limited in what we can infer from collections like theirs concerning the special activities and interests of traditionists a century before.
Hadith Criticism in the Levant in the Twentieth Century: From ẓāhir al-isnād to ʿilal al-ḥadīth
Authors: Snober Ahmad
Published: May 2021

Ahmad Snober identifies two approaches that have dominated recent hadith scholarship in the Levant. The first, identified especially with the Salafi Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (d. 1999), concentrates on ẓāhir al-isnād, especially the reputation for reliability of individual transmitters. In recent decades, other Syrian and Lebanese scholars, led by Ḥamzah al-Mallībārī, have developed a more supple approach to hadith criticism, stressing qarāʾin, comparison of individual hadith reports, and ʿilal, subtle defects of individual reports. Unlike earlier approaches, it does not rely on late-medieval syntheses and simplistic characterizations of individual traditionists. It has increasingly prevailed among Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian scholars.
The Nomos of Feasts and ‘Sacrifices’
Authors: Zartaloudis Thanos
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the Homeric uses of the verbs at the root of the word nomos that indicate, in varied ways, the act of distribution-sharing in the varied contexts of feasts and so-called sacrifices and related rituals.
The Nomos of the Land
Authors: Zartaloudis Thanos
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the Homeric uses of ‘holding’, ‘inhabiting’ and ‘apportioning’ land centred on the verb nemō and its family of words. Reference is also made to the earlier Mycenaean land-holding arrangements and Linear-B evidence and related social conditions. It also examines the link to the Greek settlements. The chapter ends with a reconsideration of Carl Schmitt’s reading of the Odyssey, 1.1-3.
The Victorian Extended Mind: George Eliot, Psychology and the Bounds of Cognition
Authors: Garratt Peter
Published: May 2021

The modern identification of the mind with the brain has its roots in the intellectual traditions of the nineteenth century. Isolating the brain as the seat of mental experience, and as the organ of the mind, emerged in the empirical work of Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Spurzheim and became a central, normative assumption of Romantic and Victorian culture, cutting across literary and psychological discourses. Less understood, however, is the extent to which novelists and critics thought seriously about the mind as a distributed phenomenon – or what might be described as Victorian extended cognition. Focusing on George Eliot, and exploring relevant aspects of nineteenth-century psychology, this chapter seeks to recover just that. At issue is the idea that mid-Victorian writing and culture did not always think of the mind as sealed hermetically in the head, a point developed through readings of such texts as The Lifted Veil and Middlemarch which show how Eliot’s fiction intuitively probes some defining claims in 4E cognitive theories.
Aesthetic Perception and Embodied Cognition: Art and Literature at the Fin de Siècle
Authors: Thain Marion
Published: May 2021

The modernity of late-nineteenth-century visualities has been influentially and persistently located in a disembodiment of the eye. Yet this was a period which saw theorists of aesthetic perception such as Vernon Lee and Bernard Berenson developing embodied formulations of vision that put sight and the other senses into intimate dialogue. Starting with Vernon Lee’s writing on ‘empathy’ and Berenson’s theorisation of ‘tactile values’, this essay argues for the importance of ideas of embodied perception to impressionist and post-impressionist art and literature, and suggests we can find in late-nineteenth-century aestheticism a colourful thread that needs to be woven into the history of what might now be called embodied cognition. To recognize this is to change our understanding of modernist visualities. The phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty is called on to help bridge, historically and conceptually, between the work of a group of aesthetes and decadents at the turn of the twentieth century and the contemporary framework of distributed cognition that is the basis for our project.
Acedia and David Foster Wallace’s The Pale King
Authors: Ladyga Zuzanna
Published: May 2021

David Foster Wallace’s novel The Pale King (2011) employs the trope of acedia as the mode of its literary subjectivity. The analysis in this chapter focuses on Wallace’s detailed study of psychosomatic and bodily disorders by means of which his characters (IRS officers) manifest their resistance to their Bartlebesque lives. Given the consistency with which the bodies of the novel’s characters are exposed to hypertension, both from without and from within, it is clear that the object of The Pale King’s ideological critique is not capitalism in general, but its intervention into our biological life. In this way, the haptic serves as a poetic means in Wallace’s critique of biopower, the extent of whose intrusion into the intimate sphere of his characters’ lives is laid bare in the disorderly ways their bodies’ muscular, digestive and neurological systems respond to external and internalized discipline. The result of this poetic strategy is that the novel creates a series of micro events of what Lauren Berlant calls “self-interruption” which guard the agency of the subject and the author against interpellative calls of the book industry for self-exploitation and productivity
Introduction
Authors: Rossdale Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the central arguments of the book. It outlines the basic understandings of militarism, anti-militarism, direct action and prefiguration which run through subsequent chapters. It then reflects on the particular approach to activist ethnography which guides the study, and introduces some of the anti-militarist groups who will be discussed. The introduction closes with brief outlines of the chapters to follow.
Resisting Security
Authors: Rossdale Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter builds on the critiques introduced in latter parts of the preceding chapter to argue that, beyond viewing activists as alternative agents of security, we might read them as resisting security. It begins by outlining why the particular political, conceptual and metaphysical promises of security render it an unlikely candidate for rehabilitation, before considering what it would mean to resist security. The second part of the chapter explores how anti-militarists resist security by evading state security practices, placing particular attention on how they contend with possible police and corporate infiltration. The third part draws on two vignettes to consider how anti-militarists resist security by subverting the binary logics of security/insecurity and mobilising a positive politics of anarchy. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the limits of such resistances, insofar as they are always vulnerable to recuperation within spectacular logics of (in)security.
Regimes
Authors: Rossdale Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at how anti-arms trade activists develop critiques of the international arms trade. It argues that the overwhelming focus on the sale of arms to ‘repressive regimes’ risks reproducing liberal militarism and racialised discourses of the international, showing how apparently radical anti-militarism can become folded within and circumscribed by militarist discourse. The chapter begins by outlining existing critiques of the Arms Trade Treaty, before suggesting that such critiques might also be directed towards more radical actors like Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT). It then sets out how abolitionist actors like CAAT mobilise the ‘repressive regimes discourse’ to critique the arms trade, using this discourse to ground campaigns including ongoing efforts to ‘Stop Arming Saudi’. The chapter shows how, notwithstanding the importance of such campaigns, such discourses can remain troublingly compatible with liberal militarism, and can feed into racialised discourses which are themselves constitutive of militarism. The chapter ends by considering the potential for a more explicit focus on liberal and racialised forms of militarism within the movement.
Paving the Way for a Lebanese National Narrative: Empathy at the Armenian Genocide Orphans’ Aram Bezikian Museum in Lebanon
Authors: Dagher Rhéa , Kalindjian Rita
Published: May 2021

The chapter proposes a discourse analysis of the Armenian Genocide Orphans’ Aram Bezikian Museum (Lebanon) through the lens of minority studies. The museum embraces the identity of Lebanese-Armenians and primarily highlights the legacy of the genocide orphans. The text explores how the identity of the Armenian minority is negotiated within the Lebanese context by examining some of the region’s historical and socio-political components. The museum discourse is then analysed by recounting the permanent exhibition’s storyline and its scenography symbolism. Finally, the paper evaluates the museum’s success in creating dialogue spaces by studying its audience. It becomes evident, throughout the investigation, that the museum not only raises awareness on the significance of the Armenian Genocide, but also strives to make its audience reflect upon questions of identities, and leaves the space open for interpretive, moral and spiritual considerations and enquiries raised by historical war crimes and differences within a society.
Egypt’s Coptic Museum: From Patriarchal to National
Authors: Bakhoum Dina Ishak
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the most significant episodes of the Coptic Museum’s history and argues that the museum was not founded as a ‘minority’ museum but rather as an archaeological museum holding valuable religious Coptic art. Its foundation aimed at demonstrating that Coptic material culture had equivalent value in Egyptian history to Pharaonic, Greco-Roman and Islamic arts, which in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries already had their own museums. Unlike other museums, however, the Coptic Museum was established under the aegis of the Patriarch, giving it an unconventional status within Egyptian heritage owing to the religious nature of its initial collection. The essay presents the museum’s foundation during the early nineteenth century and discusses the context of its nationalization and transformation into a public domain museum (1931) as well as its expansion (1947).
Islamic State’s Archive of the Digital Infinite: Imagined Museums, New Media and Conflict Capitalism
Authors: Rogers Amanda
Published: May 2021

ISIS iconoclasm and destruction of heritage sites, including the looting and the hijacking of museums that they have famously called ‘dens of infidels’, has been well-documented in the heritage literature. Little has been said, however, about ISIS’s production and programming of its own ‘public culture’. This chapter argues that ISIS is a prolific generator and a redoubtable self-promoter, with thousands of images circulating on the internet. This self-generating databank constitutes what the author calls ‘the ISIS archive’, a virtual exhibitionary space that the organisation uses to diffuse its propaganda but also to define and assert its values and beliefs. In a context where political Islam and religious fundamentalism remain tightly controlled by governments across the region, and beyond it, and where (prospective) ISIS members are scattered around the globe, the internet provides a useful and unrestricted space of connection. This chapter reconsiders the common understanding of what heritage and museums are, especially in relation to the culture of ‘unwanted communities’, in this case communities that attract international criticism and embarrassment and cause major local traumas.
Introduction
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

In the summer of 2016, the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry (SCAI) commissioned me to draw up a report on the legislative provisions regulating the various environments in which children were accommodated when they were, for whatever reason, not living with their own families. The overarching aim of that Inquiry was, through an examination of the experiences of children who had suffered while in the care of persons or bodies other than their parents, to seek to learn lessons from the past in order to make children safer for the future. It also sought to provide acknowledgement of the suffering of victims and to allow them “closure”. Given the ages of the oldest of the presently surviving victims of child abuse, it was assumed that my Report would start with the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act, 1932. However, I soon realised that the 1932 Act, primarily an amending statute, could not be properly understood without exploring the earlier legislation which it amended. So that took me to the Children Act, 1908, which had substantially expanded the role of the state in the care of children. Yet like the 1932 Act, the 1908 Act did not start with a clean slate. It too built upon earlier foundations and to gain a full understanding of the 1908 Act I found it necessary to examine yet earlier legislation. And so the process, as is the nature of historical study, went on....
The Statutory Framework before 1968
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the evolving legislative framework of child protection processes, from the poor law and through the early regulation of reformatory and industrial schools, to the late 19th century statutes which for the first time focused on child protection. It examines in detail the aims of the Children Act 1908 through juvenile courts, its restructuring in 1932 and its consolidation by the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937, before exploring the post-war shift from charitable to state activity, notably with the Children Act 1948 which made child protection a central aim of local authorities with the establishment of children’s committee and children’s officers. Also explored is the beginnings of the shift from insulating vulnerable children from their families to the involvement of their families in planning for the future. Early international conventions are described.
The Legal Process before 1968: The Juvenile Court
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the world-wide movement at the turn of the 20th century towards specialist juvenile courts to deal with children who commit offences. Following the lead of the juvenile court movement in the USA and Australia, the Children Act 1908 set up juvenile courts in both Scotland and England, though in Scotland these courts quickly acquired jurisdiction over both young offenders and children in need of care and protection. Originally little more than a separate set of procedural rules to be followed in the sheriff court dealing with children, an effort was made in the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Acts 1932 and 1937 to give better effect to the idea of a separate court presided over by specialist judges. Though never nation-wide, these new, enhanced, juvenile courts took on many of the characteristics that were later adopted by the children’s hearing system, including the processes to be followed, the involvement of the children, the requirement to look at the child’s wider environmental circumstances (including the child’s welfare), and the outcomes available to the court.
Institutional Care
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the development and increasing regulation of the institutional care of children removed from their families by the state. The growth of reformatory and industrial schools in the 19th century is dealt with, as are the reasons why these two types of school were never truly separate in Scotland. Their formal amalgamation into “approved schools” in 1932 is examined, as is the regulatory structures that evolved to ensure their appropriate running, including their registration, the managers, and the rules for discipline and corporal punishment. The regulation of children’s homes, originally run by charitable endeavours (voluntary organisations) and after 1948 increasingly by local authorities, is also covered. Various official reports reimagining the purpose of institutional care are examined in some detail, in particular the Kearney Report, as are the regulatory rules that developed from these reports. Finally, the development of “secure accommodation”, that is to say, locked accommodation, is described, with the regulatory framework governing the running of secure accommodation within institutional care of children.
Emigration of Children
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the shameful history of voluntary organisations and indeed the state exporting the problem of child protection by emigrating vulnerable children to the colonies. Many believed this would give the children a fresh start in a new life, but the lack of any regulatory mechanisms to prevent these children from being abused and exploited counters any good intent, for abuse and exploitation proved to be ubiquitous. The political objectives seldom had the interests of individual children in mind, and were more concerned first with removing a problem from Scotland, and latterly with building white stock in underpopulated parts of the British Empire. The chapter attempts to identify the – very shakey – legal foundations of the practice in the 19th century, including parental consent and actings in loco parentis, before analysing the various statutory provisions from 1891 onwards that gave it some (legal) legitimacy. Statutory authority was removed only in 1997
Resisting the ‘Conquerors of the Universe’: celebrating the Caledonian rejection of Rome
Authors: Montgomery Alan
Published: May 2021

The third chapter discusses the widespread early modern belief that the Roman invasions of Caledonia had failed due to the indomitability of its indigenous inhabitants. In Scottish history, poetry and political tracts, this mythical fight for liberty against Rome was often compared with the fate of England, which had repeatedly fallen to foreign invaders. By the eighteenth century, the notion of a brave Caledonian resistance to Rome was embedded in the Scottish consciousness, and the bravery of their supposed ancestors was often invoked by those opposed to the Union of 1707. Meanwhile, the argument that Rome had not failed to conquer the north, but rather had seen no point in conquering it, was sometimes proposed, particularly by English commentators.
The age of ‘Agricolamania’: early modern uses and abuses of Tacitus’ Agricola
Authors: Montgomery Alan
Published: May 2021

The Agricola of Tacitus is the most extensive surviving ancient literary source on Roman Britain, and much of it deals with the Roman general Agricola’s conquest of Caledonia. Apparently providing evidence of the military prowess and civilising intentions of Rome whilst also describing a brave Caledonian hero named Calgacus, the text could be interpreted differently according to the political and patriotic affiliations of its early modern readers. As chapter seven will reveal, the Agricola would become something of an obsession amongst Scotland’s antiquarians, providing historical information on Roman exploits in the north but also lacking key geographical and historical details, encouraging conjecture which sometimes tipped into pure fantasy. As a result, a phenomenon christened ‘Agricolamania’ had already been noted by the end of the eighteenth century.
English in England: The Parent Perspective
Authors: Upton Clive
Published: May 2021

No claims can be made for the English of England in terms of its correctness or validity: the English language is now at large in the world. However, with a turbulent linguistic history covering sixteen centuries, four times longer than that of any other variety, it possesses unparalleled time depth. The socio-political forces that have acted upon it over the centuries have been many and varied. Its regional and social differentiation is unparalleled among the global varieties of the language. This chapter rehearses something of the historical career of English English. It offers reflections on the EIF Model as currently proposed from the standpoint of the progenitor of the pantheon of World Englishes to which it belongs, seeking to help evaluate the robustness of that model in the light of long experience.
English in India: Global Aspirations, Local Identities at the Grassroots
Authors: Labade Sachin , Lange Claudia , Leuckert Sven
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the results of an attitudinal study carried out in Maharashtra, India. This study investigates in which contexts and how often Maharashtrians use English, Hindi, Marathi, and other local languages, and which language(s) they identify with. The study shows that the respondents favour different languages in different situations but primarily perceive English as the language of upward mobility. However, English is not the language that Maharashtrians in the study identify with most frequently, which suggests that language attitudes and language identity need to be teased apart more precisely in the EIF Model and in World Englishes modelling in general.
English in Singapore: Two Issues for the EIF Model
Authors: Wee Lionel
Published: May 2021

Observed similarities between postcolonial Englishes (PCEs) and non-postcolonial Englishes (non-PCEs) pose a challenge for attempts at modeling the global spread of English. The model of Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces (EIFM) aims to address this by arguing that both PCEs and non-PCEs develop along similar lines. Both present much the same five phases as those identified by Schneider’s Dynamic Model. While the EIFM’s strategy has its merits, it also faces some problems. This chapter suggests that a strategy of convergence might actually be more fruitful. Under a strategy of convergence, both PCEs and non-PCEs are acknowledged to have different histories rather than the similar histories that the EIFM emphasizes. Both PCEs and non-PCEs, however, converge in the era of late modernity.
English in North America: Accounting for its Evolution
Authors: Schneider Edgar W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter surveys the history of American English through the lenses of the Dynamic Model (DM) of the evolution of Postcolonial Englishes and the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces (EIF) Model. Proceeding chronologically through the five phases of the Dynamic Model as described in Schneider (2007), it identifies the most important forces which affected the evolution of the variety in each phase. Canadian English is also covered briefly. A summary section compares the two approaches. It finds that while the DM works well, the EIF Model highlights causes of developments. The paper suggests that socio-psychological forces (notably, identities and attitudes) need to be considered prominently and that apparently extra-territorial forces operate more strongly in early developmental phase while intra-territorial forces gain in importance in later phases.
Governance
Authors: Jackson Louise A. , Davidson Neil , Fleming Linda , Smale David M. , Sparks Richard
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the formal rhetoric, mechanisms and structures of governance through which policing was organised in Scotland. It examines shifts in the tripartite relationship between the UK Home Office, the Scottish Office and local police authorities, highlighting the tensions between centrism and localism across the twentieth century, as well as the intersecting identities associated with British, Scottish and burgh/county policing. It also outlines modes of discipline through which police officers were themselves regulated: from training manuals and physical drill (which aimed to mould an idealised model of masculinity) through to the internal handling of complaints about officers’ conduct. Examining a small number of flashpoints relating to the official scrutiny of Scottish policing, the authors suggest that the narrative of more ‘benign’ relationship between police and community in Scotland conceals a more complex and chequered picture.
Specialist and Plainclothes Policing
Authors: Jackson Louise A. , Davidson Neil , Fleming Linda , Smale David M. , Sparks Richard
Published: May 2021

Policing in Glasgow was segmented into discrete roles, linked to the proliferation of specialisms across the twentieth century. This chapter analyses the effects of encounters generated by some of these specialist units (particularly those associated with plainclothes rather than work in uniform) on relationships between police and communities. After discussing the tactics associated with the use of plainclothes by detective officers, it examines the work of the Licensing Department (or ‘vice squad’) in relation to street betting, the sex industry, and the criminalisation of homosexuality. The chapter then analyses experiments with specialist units and programmes associated with the policing of young people, demonstrating the variegated effects of plain-clothes roles on police-community relations.
Concluding the Twentieth Century
Authors: Jackson Louise A. , Davidson Neil , Fleming Linda , Smale David M. , Sparks Richard
Published: May 2021

This chapter draws together the book’s main arguments and links them to key events and trends of its last two decades. It returns to central questions regarding who is entitled to be a police officer, whose interests and needs are met through policing, and how policing is delivered.
Repetition
Authors: Craig Cairns
Published: May 2021

Spark’s The Only Problem recapitulates the sub-plot of Kierkegaard’s Repetition, in which a young man withdraws from society to study the Book of Job. Spark’s central character, Harvey Gotham, is writing a book about Job but finds that his life repeats aspects of Job’s when his wife is accused of being part of a terrorist organisation that police believe Harvey to be funding. Police interrogation becomes equivalent to Job’s confrontation with his ‘comforters’. Harvey, however, has discovered the image of his wife in a painting of Job’s wife completed hundreds of years previously, making repetition central to the structure of the novel. Spark regularly turns repetition into a formal principle that undermines temporal sequence by relating the same event or repeating the same words on a variety of occasions in her stories and novels. Thus her Symposium, with its discussion of the nature of modern love, recalls Plato’s Symposium, but is also a repetition of Kierkegaard’s restaging of Plato in his Stages on Life’s Way. It is a theme taken up in The Takeover, a novel which dramatizes the fact that it has become impossible to distinguish between the real and its many artful repetitions.
The Art of Death
Authors: Craig Cairns
Published: May 2021

Death in a novel has no finality: go back to the beginning and all the characters are still there, replaying the same life. For Kierkegaard, this was also the implication of Hegel’s philosophy: individual deaths were of no significance because they were subsumed into the narrative of history. Kierkegaard rebelled against such an aestheticisation of death: a role in history is no compensation for the personal finality of death. For Spark, art cannot represent death because it cannot encompass that finality (an irony played out at the conclusion of The Driver’s Seat). Art is a pseudo-eternity which negates death by its power of repetition but also thereby fails to offer the salvation that Kierkegaard sought in religion. Many Spark novels self-reflexively explore this tension, most potently Not To Disturb, in which the reality of death is continually postponed by its transformation into the apparently timeless repeatability of a wide variety of artforms. Death is defeated by art but only at the cost of invoking what Hegel had prophesied and Arthur Danto identifies as ‘the death of art’, which comes about when art ceases to be the expression of a shared religious belief.
Reading Medicine in Blackwood’s
Authors: Coyer Megan
Published: May 2021

How does one study medical discourse in Romantic periodicals? This methodological essay outlines a range of possible approaches in a digital age, taking Blackwood’s as a test case. Its open by offering a series of practical steps for identifying medical articles in the magazine, including usings contents pages, published and digital bibliographical materials, targeted keyword searches, and attribution indexes. One particularly difficulty is identifying and determining what constitutes a ‘medical article’, particularly in the case of magazines like Blackwood’s, where the tradition of explicitly categorising articles gave way to the miscellany format. This organizational shift gave rise to such generic hybrids such as the ‘medico-literary’ review and the ‘medico-popular’ short story.
Arguing that the study of medical discourse in Blackwood’s will never be exhaustive with the manual and digital tools currently available, the remainder of this paper models how one might productively study identifiable strands of medical discourse in the magazine, focusing on a series of medico-literary reviews written by John Wilson in the character of ‘Christopher North’.
‘Some Grand Secreter’: Secrecy and Exposure in Blackwood’s
Authors: Schoenfield Mark
Published: May 2021

The paradoxical compulsions toward both secrecy and display in early Blackwood’s exemplified the interplay between revelation and concealment that became one of the Romantic-era magazine’s standard modes. This essay shows how, from its inaugural issue of October 1817, Blackwood’s veered between secrecy, suppositions, and disclosures, epitomizing how the construction of secrecy serves as a method for the dissemination of multiple perspectives, identities, and information. Secrecy and exposure are at the heart of one of Blackwood’s—and Romantic print culture’s—fundamental rhetorical moves: the construction of secret knowledge that produces (the sensation and illusion of) shared public intimacy.
‘These are ordinary things’: Regulation of Death under the AKP Regime
Authors: Bakıner Onur
Published: May 2021

Turkey is far from being the most violent place in the world, but for those who find themselves vulnerable due to their socioeconomic, political, and gender identities and positions, death is an all-too-real possibility. Large-scale death as a result of government action, complicity or inaction is nothing new in Turkey, but I argue that the AKP regime has enacted a remarkable shift in how courts and government officials address incidents resulting in death, what ordinary citizens are allowed to know and discuss about those deaths, and what kinds of demands for redress the relatives of the deceased can make. I identify four strategies through which the AKP regime regulates death: (1) the expansion of martyrdom, a concept hitherto used as a religious justification for military casualties, into the civilian sphere, and the increasing distribution of material benefits through formal laws and informal government discretion regulating civilian and military conceptions of martyrdom; (2) the normalisation of death as an inherent feature of some citizens’ occupational, and socioeconomic,  and in some cases, gender position; (3) the depoliticisation of death to eliminate the risk of dissident mobilisation after deadly incidents; and (4) controlling the narrative around the news of death to maintain discursive hegemony.
The Necropolitics of Documents and the Slow Death of Prisoners in Turkey
Authors: Can Başak
Published: May 2021

The government used medico-legal documentation of prisoners’ health condition to solve the biopolitical crisis in penal institutions immediately after the end of death fast (2000-2007) and released hundreds of hunger strikers, who suffered from incurable conditions. That the state turned a political crisis into a medical one using the illness clause had unprecedented consequences for how claims are made in the political sphere. Human rights activists, Kurdish and leftist politicians are now using the plight of ill prisoners to make political arguments in the public sphere. The health conditions of political prisoners, specifically the use of the illness clause has thus emerged as one of the most contentious fields in the encounters between the state and its opponents. This chapter examines how temporality works as an instrument of necropolitics through the slow production and circulation of the medico-legal bureaucratic documents that are produced through encounters with multiple state officials. I argue, first, that medico-legal processes surrounding the detainees are mediated through the discretionary sovereign acts of multiple state officials, including but not limited to physicians, and second, that legal medicine as a technology of state violence is central to understanding the intertwined histories of sovereignty and biopolitics in Turkey.
The Many Reboots of the Batman
Authors: Meehan Eileen R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter inquires into the industrial background to, and subsequent rebooting of, the filmed property from the 1940s. This includes the initial ‘pop art’ rebooting of Batman as a television series (1966–8), and subsequently as a film blockbuster (Burton, 1989) and transmedia franchise (1989–97 and 2005–12). Focusing on the ways that different industrial structures and corporate relationships have shaped Batman over the decades, the chapter explores the political economy of Batman to illuminate both the routines of corporate creativity and the particular contributions of media artists and professionals working to generate rebooted versions of Batman that are at once completely new and totally familiar.
The Edge of Reality: Replicating Blade Runner
Authors: Verevis Constantine
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes Blade Runner 2049 as a ‘reboot-sequel’ for the way it retraces its precursor(s) at the same time as it extends them. In making this point, it argues that Blade Runner 2049 – a film that might be seen as a ‘true sequel’ to Blade Runner (Scott, 1982) – can be understood as a film that reboots a entire franchise. That is, Blade Runner – its multiple versions (1982, 1992, 2007) and many transmedia paratexts – is characterized as a serialised property, one that operates according to the protocols of both organic and, following the work of Jason Mittell, operational seriality.