bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth Differences Among Families Of The Lobster, Homarus americanus1
Authors: Hedgecock Dennis , Nelson Keith , Shleser Robert A.
Published: August 2010

Results of a pilot study designed to estimate the variance of growth rates within and between full sibling families of the lobster Homarus americanus are presented. Progenies raised simultaneously for 100 days under optimal temperature (˜21 C) and diet (live, adult brine shrimp fed ad libitum) grow at significantly different rates. Pronounced environmental effects on growth are inferred from an inverse rank correlation (rS = ‐0.91) between progeny mean growth rates and the temporal sequence with which progenies were introduced into the experimental space. Differences in growth rates between siblings grown in two independent, experimental seawater tables are also significant in some cases. Family x table interaction is observed indicating that growth may not always be predictable from knowledge of genetic stock and quality of the rearing system alone. Implications for selective breeding of faster growing lobsters are discussed.
Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Consumption By The Larval Stages Of The American Lobster (Homarus Americanus) In Relation To Food Density And Water Temperature1
Authors: Carlberg James M. , Van Olst Jon C.
Published: August 2010

Culture of Homarus americanus larval stages commonly involves use of live or frozen adult Artemia salina as the standard food. Our previous studies demonstrated that live brine shrimp are taken more readily than the frozen product by lobster larvae, and that maintenance and feeding problems are reduced by using live Artemia. This study was conducted to determine optimum daily feeding level of live adult Artemia required by larval stages of Homarus at ambient and elevated temperatures. This was done by offering a series of standard rations to individually held larvae and observing the influence of these rations on growth and survival. Results indicate that feeding levels in excess of four brine shrimp per day at ambient San Diego ocean temperatures (15–16 C) and eight brine shrimp per day at an elevated temperature of 19 C are required for optimal production. Larvae fed at these levels achieved fourth stage in the shortest time, had the highest survival, grew to larger size and were most efficient in utilizing the available food.
Controlling Growth And Reproduction In The American Lobster
Authors: Aiken D. E. , Waddy S. L.
Published: August 2010

Somatic and reproductive growth are antagonistic in the lobster, and it is difficult to manipulate one without affecting the other. High temperature may accelerate ovary maturation but cause ovary reabsorption due to molt cycle acceleration. Sustained high temperature promotes rapid molting but may also interfere with ovary development. In the natural environment lobsters have seasonal cycles of molting and are refractory to warm water during winter months. This annual cycle is regulated by the eyestalk neurosecretory complex and can be eliminated by eyestalk ablation. The relationship between temperature and molt frequency is linear between 5 and 20 C. At lower temperatures this relationship can be modified by photoperiod, but at 20 C or higher the effect of photoperiod disappears. Eyestalk ablation may have a place in the culture process but ecdysterone shows little potential because of excessive cost and unpredictable results with intact animals.

Vitellogenesis occurs in two distinct phases separated by a coldwater period, and is inhibited during premolt. Each age class of female has a characteristic pattern of molting and reproductive events, and molt and oviposition do not always occur in alternate years. When molt is due to occur shortly after oviposition, the eggs will not be extruded and the ovary will be reabsorbed. Embryonic development shows the same temperature relationship as molting and the two may be very similar, indicating that larval hatching can be spread throughout the year by simple temperature manipulation.
Chemical Control Of Lagenidium, A Fungal Pathogen Of Marine Crustacea
Authors: Bland C. E. , Ruch D. G. , Salser B. R. , Lightner D. V.
Published: August 2010

Effects of 12 potentially fungitoxic compounds on growth and development of two strains of Lagenidium callinectes Couch were studied. The compounds tested were Benlate, Captan, Dichlone, Difolaton, DS 9073, Dyrene, malachite green, Manzate 200 (Dithane M‐45), Terrachlor, tribasic copper sulfate, and Vitavax. In vitro tests included determination of the minimum lethal concentration (LC100) of each fungicide, the effects of the LC100 on length of motility, flagellar retraction or detachment, encystment and germination, and the length of time necessary for the LC100 of each fungicide to kill zoospores of L. callinectes. Various animal toxicity tests were conducted also with several of the fungitoxic compounds. In evaluating the total efficacy of these 12 compounds, only two, malachite green and DS 9073, appear to be of potential use as disease deterrents in mariculture. The problems associated with the use of each of these compounds are discussed.
A Possible Chemical Control Method For Filamentous Gill Disease
Authors: Lightner Donald V. , Supplee Vashti C.
Published: August 2010

A commercially available algacide was tested as a chemotherapeutic agent for filamentous (= Leucothrix) gill disease of penaeid shrimp. The algacide, Cutrine‐Plus, was tested in 2 to 4‐hr static treatments and in 24‐hr flow‐through treatments over a concentration range of 0.1 to 1.0 ppm Cu++ (as Cutrine‐Plus) of water containing shrimp having the disease.

The effective concentration for static treatments was 0.5 ppm Cu++, while 0.1 ppm Cu++ was found to be most effective in 24‐hr flow‐through treatments. Higher concentrations were found to be toxic to the shrimp.
The Effects Of Disease Treatment On Nitrification In Closed System Aquaculture
Authors: Levine Gerald , Meade Thomas L.
Published: August 2010

The generally accepted method for disease treatment and control is the addition of therapeutic agents to the diet or the water within the culture system. If agents are to be added to a recirculating unit it is necessary to have a knowledge of the effect of these agents upon the nitrifying bacteria. A rapid and simple method has been developed to screen therapeutic agents to determine their short term effects upon nitrification. The results of testing a group of commonly accepted therapeutic agents are listed. The procedure will show the feasibility of using various agents in conjunction with nitrification in a recirculating system.
Closed Circulating System For Striped Bass Production1
Authors: McIlwain Thomas D. , AG P.O. Drawer
Published: August 2010

Production of striped bass, (Morone saxatilis), fingerlings for stocking into Mississippi coastal streams in support of Mississippi's striped bass restoration program has been a continuing goal of the Anadromous Fish Section of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory since 1969. Hydrological conditions and land use restrictions necessitated the development of a closed culture system for production of striped bass fingerlings. The closed culture system was composed of two earthern ponds plumbed to twenty‐five 3,900 liter circular tanks used for rearing. Pond No. 1 was stocked with water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) and used as a biological filter and Pond No. 2 served as a water reservoir for the 25 raceways.

Eight hundred and sixty‐nine thousand, 24‐hours old, striped bass sac‐fry were stocked into the circular raceways at the rate of 8.9 fry per liter and 6,424 fish were harvested for a survival rate of 0.73%. Rearing fry to fingerlings took a mean of 60 days (55–63 days). At harvest the fish ranged in total length from 28 to 72 mm and averaged 45.1 mm with an average coefficient of condition of 1.02.
Aufwuchs And Sediment Fouling Rates In Flow‐Through Aquaria Receiving A Heated Effluent From Upper Galveston Bay, Texas
Authors: Parker Nick C. , Strawn Kirk
Published: August 2010

Developmental rates of the Aufwuchs community on glass slides, plastic and asbestos plates, and sedimentation rates were determined in flow‐through aquaria located in a greenhouse. These aquaria, used to culture selected marine and estuarine organisms, were provided with thermally regulated water (either 20, 25, 30, 35 C or ambient) taken from the discharge canal of a power plant on upper Galveston Bay, Texas.

Aufwuchs accrual was influenced by temperature, salinity, and species cultured. Sedimentation rates due to the supplemental feeding of organisms and sloughing from the Aufwuchs community were as great as 7 ml/liter per day. Biological fouling and accumulation of sediments limit growth and production of intensively cultured organisms by lowering dissolved oxygen levels and producing anaerobic substrates. Organisms which feed by grazing can be effectively used to minimize substrate fouling in mariculture operations.
Engineering Aspects Of Bivalve Molluscan Mariculture Progress At Delaware 1975
Authors: Pruder Gary D. , Bolton Ellis T. , Greenhaugh Earl F. , Baggaley Robert E.
Published: August 2010

The University of Delaware Project is working toward development of commercial, closed‐cycle, controlled environment shellfish mariculture. As the result of several years' effort, the technical feasibility of raising bivalve molluscs from egg to market size in a recirculating system on a diet of cultured algae has been demonstrated.

System optimization and cost reduction efforts are leading to an economically feasible system. Progress toward this goal has been made in several areas, including improved oyster growth rate, reduction in make‐up nutrient cost, and incorporation of a foam fractionation device for water quality maintenance and waste removal.
Pond Culture Of The Malaysian Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), In South Carolina, 1974–19751
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Sandifer Paul A. , Trimble William C.
Published: August 2010

The feasibility of growing Macrobrachium rosenbergii commercially in ponds is under investigation in South Carolina, USA. Laboratory‐reared prawns (mean size, 0.006 to 2.66 g) were stocked into earthen ponds (0.02 to 0.25 ha) at densities ranging from 29,400 to 166,600 prawns/ha surface area. Mortality was generally low, with survival rates to 81.2% even when new postlarvae were stocked. Excellent growth was observed among some male prawns which grew from a mean size of 0.7 g to 100.6 g in five months in a brackish water (mean salinity 7.2 ppt) pond. Maximum gross production (equivalent to 1,660 kg/ha surface area) was achieved in 1974 when larger juveniles were reared for 146 days. Gross production in 1975 ranged from an equivalent of 572–1,499 kg/ha (mean, 904 kg/ha) during the 131 to 160‐day grow‐out studies. Feed conversions of 2.1–7.5 (mean, 4.4) in 1974 and 2.6–4.9 (mean, 3.6) in 1975 were obtained with an extruded ration, Ralston Purina Marine Ration 20.

Duration of grow‐out season and the possibility of rearing prawns in brackish water were also examined. Outdoor culture season in South Carolina varies from about 5 to 6.5 months depending on site selection. Results from a brackish water study indicate that many coastal areas can be considered for farming M. rosenbergii.
Effects Of Four Stocking Densities And Three Diets On Growth And Survival Of Postlarval, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. acanthurus1
Authors: Willis Scott A. , Hagood Randolph W. , Eliason George T.
Published: August 2010

Effects of stocking density and three diets on growth and survival of 1 week post‐metamorphic Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. acanthurus were studied. Experiments were conducted on shrimp held for 2 months in laboratory tanks under a controlled temperature, light, and feeding regime.

Initial stocking densities were 215, 430, 645, and 860 shrimp/m2 tank bottom. Shrimp were fed Purina 20% protein marine ration at 5% body weight daily. Habitat was gravel bottom. M. rosenbergii survival was highest at 215 shrimp/m2, but overall growth was best at 430 shrimp/ m2. M. acanthurus survival and growth were very erratic.

Two commercially available diets (Purina 25% marine ration, and Purina No. 1 trout chow) and a “natural” diet composed of chopped fish, shrimp, earthworm, rice, and mung beans were selected for dietary studies. Shrimp were stocked at 107.5 shrimp/m2 tank bottom. A three‐tiered habitat was added to reduce aggression and food competition. Shrimp were fed at 20% body weight daily for the first six weeks and 12% daily for the final two weeks. Trout chow produced the most rapid growth; maximum average increase in M. rosenbergii was from 0.03 g initially to 1.20 g after 2 months.
A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE SPAWNING GROUNDS OF MILKFISH AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE FRY ABUNDANCE AND COLLECTION ALONG THE ANTIQUE COAST OF PANAY ISLAND, PHILIPPINES1/
Authors: Schmittou H. R.
Published: August 2010

The most serious problem affecting the milkfish (Chanos chanos (Forskal)) farming industry throughout its range (Philippines, Indonesia and Taiwan) is inadequate supply of fry. For example, the requirement for milkfish fry in the Philippines in 1974 was approximately 875 million, but the supply was less that one‐half the demand. Demands for fry are expected to continue to increase. Milkfish have never been artificially reproduced, and milkfish farmers depend entirely on fry captured from coastal waters for their stock.

The objectives of this study were to determine the environmental conditions influencing milkfish fry abundance and capture and to determine the location of the spawning grounds of milkfish that supply the fry collected along the Antique coast of Panay Island, Philippines.

Some environmental factors influencing milkfish fry abundance and capture are reported. Conclusions were: 1) milkfish fry collected along the coast are spawned far from the collecting grounds, 2) surface oceans currents transport the fry from the spawning grounds to the Antique coast, and are responsible for the seasonality of milkfish fry there.
BRACKISH WATER CULTURE OF STRIPED BASS IN LOUISIANA
Authors: Perry W. Guthrie , Carver Dudley C. , Williams Arthur M.
Published: August 2010

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) have been cultured in brackish water ponds since 1972 as part of Louisiana's Anadromus fisheries project. Over the past five years, 648,872 fingerlings have been reared to stocking size in ponds with salinities ranging up to 10.8 ppt. Annual percent survival from fry to fingerling ranged from .03% in 1972 to 34.0% in 1976. Increased survival is attributed to improvements in nursery and pond rearing techniques.

A bioassey in 1976 indicated two‐day old fry were dead at 30 hours in 24.5 ppt salinity. Fry in 10, 15 and 20 ppt survived two weeks with no apparent harmful effect.
Artemia CULTURE ON A COMMERCIAL PILOT SCALE
Authors: Jahnig Charles E.
Published: August 2010

Artemia salina were raised and marketed successfully on a small commercial scale using indoor closed systems to provide dependable year round production. Common wholewheat flour alone proved to be an adequate food for growth through many generations. When eggs became unavailable breeding was used to maintain production. From the production data obtained we extrapolate yields of 8400‐14,400 kg/ha per year which are comparable to the yields projected for commercial raising of lobsters or shrimp. Methods and economics are given for raising large quantities of Artemia for sale or to use as food in mariculture.
AIR‐WATER PUMPS AS CHEAP AND CONVENIENT TOOLS FOR HIGH DENSITY CULTURING OF MICROSCOPIC ALGAE
Authors: Sorgeloos P. , Persoone G. , de Winter F. , Bossuyt E. , de Pauw N.
Published: August 2010

The culturing of microscopic algae in sufficient quantities as a live food source for larval mollusks and crustaceans remains a major problem in many hatcheries, not at least from the technological and financial standpoint. Presently, a variety of more or less sophisticated techniques are utilized, depending on the degree of purity and/or algal volumes required.

After considerable experimentation with a number of different technologies, the authors adopted a modification of the Salser and Mock algal culturing tank as a very convenient and cheap algal culturing system for small as well as large volumes of algae. For indoor culturing, the use of transparent culturing vessels (glass aquaria) illuminated laterally by fluorescent tubes allows a much better and more economical utilization of the expensive artificial light. PVC air‐water lifts, inexpensive and easy to handle, assure a constant and most efficient circulation of the algal suspension, providing the maximal possible photosynthetic activity in indoor as well as outdoor conditions.
MULLET (Mugil incilis) and FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium acanthurus) POLYCULTURE IN COLOMBIA
Authors: Silva Luis E. Martinez , Pedini Mario , New Michael B.
Published: August 2010

The results of the first experiment involving polyculture of mullet (Mugil incilis) and freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium acanthurus) in Colombia are presented.

An experimental pond, having a surface area of 1.15 ha, was stocked with seed collected from the wild. Collection of seed and stocking of ponds were facilitated by the coincidental start of the dry season and the migration toward freshwater of mullet and freshwater prawns in February, 1976.

One hundred and thirty three days after stocking the pond yielded 241 kg of prawns (210 kg/ha) and 340 kg of mullet (296 kg/ha). Macrobrachium acanthurus achieve an average weight of 12 g and Mugil incilis reached an average weight of 70 g. The pond was not fertilized and only 430 kg of supplementary feed, mostly consumed by mullet, was presented.

The results obtained for prawn production in this preliminary trial are compared to those achieved by other workers with this species and with Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
A DESCRIPTION OF INTENSIVE CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR THE AMERICAN LOBSTER (Homarus americanus) AND OTHER CANNIBALISTIC CRUSTACEANS1
Authors: Van Olst Jon C. , Carlberg James M. , Ford Richard F.
Published: August 2010

The high rates of cannibalism which have been documented for H. americanus reared communally dictate that for a majority of the culture period the lobsters should be reared individually, in order to eliminate these losses. Criteria essential to the development of culture systems for the intensive rearing of lobsters and other cannibalistic crustacean species in individual holding compartments are considered. These include the necessity for holding large numbers of individuals in a minimal amount of space, delivery of oxygenated water evenly to each rearing compartment, and removal of wastes. Considerations of space utilization, capital construction costs, and associated components for automatic feeding, maintenance, and harvesting also are discussed.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN) CULTURE IN POLYNESIA: OBSERVATIONS ON THE WATER CHEMODYNAMISM IN AN INTENSIVE LARVAL REARING
Authors: Aquacop
Published: August 2010

In order to specify the limits of the high density larval rearing method (80–100 larvae per liter) in clear water with daily total exchange and to control the water quality evolution, the nitrite and total ammonia were measured.

Nitrite concentrations in antibiotic treated tanks stayed low (5μg NO2‐N/1) but can reached 40μg NO2‐N/1 after 41 days in untreated tanks, in spite of daily water exchange.

Maximum concentrations of total ammonia were 1.70 ppm N during a 24‐hour cycle. In the rearing conditions (pH 7.85 to 8.20, temperature 25 to 28 C) the un‐ionized ammonia concentrations were 0.07 to 0.18 ppm N. At those levels, no specific larval stress was noted.

The interaction of variations in ammonia and nitrite concentration versus, antibiotics, temperature, light intensity, larval stages, diseases, was studied. Ammonia variations, resulting from the larval metabolism, could be a useful indicator for detecting the beginning of bacterial diseases.
ARTISANAL METHODS IN FRENCH OYSTERCULTURE: A REGIONAL COMPARISON1
Authors: Anderson Susan L.
Published: August 2010

The French oyster industry has changed significantly since the widespread introduction of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and, a comparison of three oyster producing regions in France indicates that social factors and physical geography are important parameters in the continued success of traditional French oyster culture. The integration of scientific research with the work of local artisans is considered a major goal for the future of oyster culture as well as the development of low capital culture schemes and polyculture methods.
A SUBJECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATE APPROACHES TO THE MASS CULTURING OF SEAWEEDS
Authors: Huguenin John E.
Published: August 2010

Four different approaches to the mass commercial culturing of seaweeds are explored in terms of their major characteristics and current state‐of‐the‐art. This includes lagoon culturing, as practiced commercially in the Pacific, and the possibility of large open ocean kelp farms. Presented for possible development is an intensive seaweed culturing concept that promises significant savings in capital and operating costs in comparison with the more conventional raceway approach. In addition, these approaches axe compared as to their potential performance, costs, risks and relative advantages. Identified are technological areas where improvements promise high leverage towards achieving greater economic viability for mass commercial seaweed culturing systems.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON A COMBINED SEAWEED MARICULTURE‐TERTIARY WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM1
Authors: DeBoer J. A. , Lapointe B. E. , Ryther J. H.
Published: August 2010

A pilot‐plant scale waste recycling‐mariculture system was developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Environmental Systems Laboratory in 1973. Basically, the concept of this system is to grow unicellular marine algae in continuous flow cultures on mixtures of seawater and secondarily treated sewage effluent, and feed the algae to bivalve molluses, maintained in a separate culture system. A final polishing step in the system consists of macroscopic algae (seaweeds) which remove the dissolved nutrients regenerated by the animal culture prior to discharge of the final effluent. In addition to serving as a final polishing step in the phytoplankton‐shellfish waste recycling system, seaweeds are also used as a one‐step waste recycling‐mariculture system.

Currently, in the seweed systems, red alage are being grown which contain either agar or carrageenam both of which are in short supply and therefore have a high economic value. Yields from these seaweed mariculture systems are notably high compared to other maricultural and agricultural crops. Results indicate that seaweed farms will be an ecomomically profitable enterprise especially for developing countries in warm climates.
A SUMMARY OF OYSTER MARICULTURE UTILIZING AN OFFSHORE PETROLEUM PLATFORM IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Ogle John , Ray Sammy M. , Wardle W. J.
Published: August 2010

Research (1970–1975) on oyster culture utilizing a petroleum platform six kilometers offshore from High Island, Texas is summarized. Growth of oysters held offshore was comparable to that of oysters held in the estuary. Growth of oysters offshore was equal to depths of eight meters. Growth of juvenile oysters in terms of length was less for oysters held in wire trays compared to plastic mesh bags and less for oysters from which fouling was removed monthly compared to oysters not brushed to remove fouling. Oysters suspended during the fall showed best condition during the following June and estuarine oysters were in better condition than offshore oysters. Mortality of oysters infected with the fungus Labyrinthomyxa marina was high (30–65%), while mortality of uninfected oysters was low (0–29%) both offshore and in the estuary. Oyster loses were primarily attributed to vandalism in the estuary and mechanical failure offshore. Oysters from the bay completely depurated fecal coliforms within seven days after transfer offshore. Oysters cultured offshore were found to be as acceptable as oysters from the bay in an organoleptic evaluation by a ten member panel.
THERMAL AQUACULTURE1
Authors: Peterson Richard E. , Seo K. K.
Published: August 2010

There now appear to be over 40 demonstration/commercial projects involving the application of thermal waters‐often the thermal effluents of electric generating plants‐to the aquaculture of fish species. These projects are taking place in several countries, e.g., Canada, England, Iceland, Japan, and the United States (California, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin). The crustaceans, mollusks and fishes under culture include carp, catfish, eels, lobsters, mussel, oysters, perch, plaice, salmon, sea bream, shrimp, sole, trout, white‐fish, and yellowtail. This paper, based on a literature search and survey replies from sponsoring organizations, operators, and principal investigators, serves the purpose of providing a beginning inventory of current empirical developments in thermal aquaculture.
BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC MARKERS FOR BROODSTOCK IDENTIFICATION IN AQUACULTURE1
Authors: Hedgecock Dennis
Published: August 2010

Genetic variation in the structure of proteins and enzymes has within the past decade been recognized as a fundamental characteristic of life. The relative ease with which such biochemical variation may be detected in most organisms, together with its actual description in several molluscs, crustaceans and fishes having aquacultural potential, suggest that gene‐enzyme variation can be of significance in the development of aquaculture broodstock. Specifically, by serving to mark or identify individuals, populations, stocks or species, biochemical variants may become important tools in husbandry and breeding.

Biochemical phenotypes revealed by electrophoresis and specific enzyme assay can serve as markers because of their detectability in milligram biopsy samples, their stability over a broad range of onto‐genetic and physiological states, and, in diploids at least, their single‐locus Mendelian inheritance with codominant expression. Previous studies on the lobster (Homarus americanus) illustrate the utility of molecular methodology in characterizing stocks obtained from nature, in confirming parentage in crosses, and in tagging progenies to be used in grow‐out experiments or in hatchery release programs. Moreover, rates of inbreeding among broodstock may be directly quantified by monitoring increases in homozygosity relative to natural populations. Biochemical genetic markers may thus be used to solve a number of diverse problems encountered in broodstock development.
GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING CRUSTACEAN SPECIES FOR AQUACULTURE1
Authors: Nelson Keith
Published: August 2010

The process of selection of species for aquaculture should include consideration of long‐term genetic adaptability to conditions of culture (i.e., domestication) which are often very different from those prevailing in more natural environments. Major consideration should be given to the heritability of desirable traits such as growth rate, disease resistance, etc. Heritability may be defined as that proportion of the total variation of the trait under particular circumstances which may be attributed to additive genetic variance; it may be calculated from the results of experiments involving progenies of selected matings. In the absence of such data, one expects heritability to be higher in members of evolutionary flourishing and recently expanding groups in which there is great variation in the trait in question.

Without genetic variation or heterozygosity there can be no selection; estimates of overall relative heterozygosity in populations of different species may be made from modern techniques of examination of protein variation. If within‐population heterozygosity is low or negligible, hybridization between populations may increase heterozygosity and heritability; if populations within a species are not differentiated genetically, interspecific hybridization may be attempted. This approach is more likely to succeed with recently diverged species, such as are found again in evolutionary flourishing groups.

Finally, it may be possible to speed up the process of adaptation to the conditions of culture and the market place by taking advantage of special features in the mating system (e.g., protandrous hermaphroditism), life history (e.g., metamorphosis), or population biology (e.g., dispersal phases) of the potential cultivar.

Examples are given of these principles applied to candidate species.
TOXICITY OF FORMALIN, MALACHITE GREEN, AND POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE TO THE GLASS EEL STAGE OF AMERICAN EEL1
Authors: Loyacsno Harold A. , Harrell Reginal M.
Published: August 2010

The toxicity of formalin, malachite green, and potassium permanganate to the glass eel stage of American eel, Anguilla rostrata, was determined in glass jars containing three liters of aerated well water at 21 C for a period of 96 hours. Exposure to concentrations of formalin up to 50 ppm for 96 hours and up to 500 ppm for 1 hour produced less than 50% mortality in 96 hours, and 96‐hour LC50 could not be determined. The 96‐hour LC50 for malachite green was 0.25 ppm with a 95% confidence interval of 0.20‐0.29 ppm. The 24‐hour LC50 for potassium permanganate was 3.29 ppm with a 95% confidence interval of 2.11‐3.62 ppm. After 24 hours, mortality in potassium permanganate increased so greatly from 30% in 3 ppm to 100% in 4 and 5 ppm that the LC50 could not be determined. All chemicals tested appeared to be safe to apply to glass eels at concentrations commonly used to control parasites on cultured fishes.
EPIBIOTIC MICROBIAL INFESTATIONS OF CULTURED CRUSTACEANS1
Authors: Fisher William S.
Published: August 2010

Microbial epibionts have continually hampered efforts to rear crustaceans. Although a variety of microbial agents may be responsible for mortalities on a variety of crustaceans, several characteristics are sufficiently similar to consider epibiotic microbial fouling as a single syndrome. Epibionts use the surface of the animal only as a substrate and rely on dissolved nutrients in the seawater for nourishment. The type and extent of infestation corresponds to water quality. Lethality is presumed to result from asphyxia caused by occlusion of respiratory surfaces. The easily diagnosed filamentous epibionts may only signify advanced stages of the disease while non‐filamentous forms are more directly related to mortalities. Filamentous and non‐filamentous forms also respond differently to therapeutic treatment. Infestation and mortality in egg masses of crabs occur most heavily on the external portions of the egg mass and decline exponentially with increased depth into the egg mass. Temporal progression occurs in the same manner. Some evidence suggests that the exterior layers “seed” the successive internal eggs with epibionts. Various observations have prompted speculation concerning the susceptibility of crustaceans to microbial epibionts in relation to their culture environment. Potential methods of prevention and treatments are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON DISEASES OF CRUSTACEAN CULTURES IN POLYNESIA
Authors: Aquacop
Published: August 2010

First important problems in pathology at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique (COP) have been met during larval rearings of penaeid shrimps and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In penaeids, heavy mortalities during the zoea and mysis stages have led to the diagnosis of two main types of diseases: a bacterial necrosis of the appendages and a fungus disease. Two preventive treatments with antibiotics during the zoea stages and a continuous treatment with a selective herbicide (Treflan) allow a consistent production of 100 post‐larvadliter (80% survival from the nauplius stage). With Macrobrachium rosenbergii, during the larval rearing, mortalities of bacterial origin have been recorded in some experiments. The observation of appendage necrosis allows early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics, Chlorination of the water helps to control the disease.

During the growth of penaeids, different diseases have been encountered and are briefly described. “White pleura disease” due to a Vibrio sp. is the only one that has produced important mortalities in P. azetecus, P. merguiensis and P. japonicus but does not seem harmful to P. monodon.

These observations are discussed and conclusions about the importance of diseases in crustacean cultures in tropical area are stated.
GROWTH AND FOOD CONVERSION IN JUVENILE SOUTHERN SEA BASS, Centropristis melana (GINSBURG), FED COMMERCIAL AND SEMINATURAL DIETS1
Authors: Harpster Brian V. , Roberts Daniel E. , Bruger Gerard E.
Published: August 2010

Laboratory‐reared juvenile southern sea bass, Centropristis melana (Ginsberg), were studied to evaluate effects of five diets on growth and food conversion. Diets studied were Marine Ration 20, squid, Marine Ration 30, Catfish Cage Chow, and Trout Chow; each diet had a different total protein content. Diet treatments were conducted using a completely random design in 2.36 times 0.97 times 0.50 m tanks with biological filtration. Fish were fed twice daily at 3% body weight day‐1 and reduced to 2% body weight at the first signs of wastage. Body weights and total lengths were recorded every two weeks. The Marine Ration 20 diet was terminated at sampling period I due to diet rejection and high mortalities. Significant differences (= 0.05) in mean body weights among remaining diets occurred by the eighth week, as demonstrated by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test. The experiment was terminated after ten weeks. Of all diet treatments taken to termination, juveniles fed squid suffered the highest number of mortalities. Food conversion (g feed g‐1 gain) and mean percent body weight increase for Trout Chow, squid, Catfish Cage Chow, and Marine Ration 30 were 1.30 and 172.90%, 1.55 and 180.57%, 2.48 and 63.10%, and 3.55 and 36.00%, respectively. Results of all measured parameters show that Trout Chow was superior in rearing juvenile southern sea bass.
COMPOUNDED DIETS FOR EARLY POSTLARVAL PENAEUS CALIFORNIENSIS
Authors: Brand C. W. , Colvin L. B.
Published: August 2010

A series of two‐week experiments were performed to evaluate extruded, compounded diets and to determine the usefulness of single‐cell protein sources as replacements for fish meal in diets for Penaeid shrimp. The diets were compounded at two protein levels, 40 and 44%, using conventional feed ingredients with and without linolenic acid. The tests were conducted using early postlarval (16 mg) Penaeus Californiensis in a flow‐through system and the prepared diets were compared against brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina).

Two types of yeast were evaluated, those from n‐paraffins (Toprina G) and brewer's yeast (Yeaco‐20). In addition, blood meal and soybean oil meal were used to partially replace fish meal in the test diets. When the yeasts were used at 10% of the diet, it was found that the shrimp achieved a larger mean final weight and exhibited better survival than either the Artemia control or the non‐yeast diets.

Soybean oil meal was satisfactory as a replacement protein, but blood meal appeared to cause a depression in growth at all levels of inclusion. Of the two yeasts, the n‐paraffin yeast appears to be the better complement to the other diet ingredients.
ASSESSMENT OF THE NUTRITIONAL ROLE OF ALGAE IN THE CULTURE OF LARVAL PRAWNS (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)1,2
Authors: Joseph Jeanne D.
Published: August 2010

For some years, crustacean mariculturists have been aware of the effectiveness of “green water” in enhancing survival and growth of larvae, but its mode of action has not been known. Because fatty acids have been shown to be excellent biochemical tracers in food‐web studies, this class of compounds was selected to assess the possible nutritional role of algae in promoting metamorphosis, growth and survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae.

Larvae, fed Artemia salina nauplii, were provided with supplements of Pseudoisochryois paradoxa, Dunaliella tertiolecta or Phaeodactylum tricornutum for 32 days. Fatty acid analysis of the algae showed that each species of alga contained unusual fatty acids, not normally present in larvae, which might be expected to appear in the larval lipids if the algae contribute to larval nutrition. P. paradoxa contain 18:5ω3 (4.5%); D. tertiolecta, 16:4ω3 (18.2%); and p. tricornutum, 16:3ω4 (13.3%).

Fatty acids of the larvae from the different dietary treatments were remarkably similar and none of the unusual algal fatty acids were observed.

These results provide additional evidence that algae are not utilized as a supplemental food by the larvae. However, the possibility that the larvae have an active “species‐oriented” lipid metabolism and do not retain algal fatty acids, as has been demonstrated in the oyster, cannot be ruled out.
DIEL AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO STIMULI: A PLAGUE AND A PROMISE FOR MARICULTURE
Authors: Spieler Richard E.
Published: August 2010

This paper reviews some recent findings on the importance of the time of day that fish and other animals receive specific stimuli, i.e., medication, gonadotropin injections, disturbance, temperature change, and feeding. Significant differences are elicited in growth, fattening, reproductive indexes and mortality depending on the time of day when fish are stimulated. Such differences cause difficulty in analysis of results and demand a more complex experimental design, but hold considerable promise for increased control of cultured species.
INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY ON LARVAL AND SPAT GROWTH IN Crassostrea virginica
Authors: Losee E.
Published: August 2010

Growth rate was measured on wild Long Island Sound stock Crassostrea virginica larvae and spat and used to calculate heritability estimates. The heritability estimates for larval growth rate ranged from 0.40 to 0.55. Heritability estimates for spat growth rate measured at 6 weeks post‐setting averaged 0.50. An analysis of relationship between larval and spat growth rates is presented in this paper.
A COMPARISON OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE STAGES OF THE LOBSTERS Homarus americanus, Homarus gammarus, AND THEIR HYBRID1
Authors: Carlberg J. M. , Van Olst J. C. , Ford R. F.
Published: August 2010

Previous studies have shown that H. gammarus progeny are generally larger than those of H. americanus at all stages (Gruffydd et al., 1975; Van Olst et al., 1976). In addition, the 2 nephropid lobsters are known to be similar genetically (Hedgecock et al., 1977).

Recently these 2 closely related species have been successfully hybridized. A comparison of the growth rates of the progeny from these crosses with the parental types was conducted. The larvae of the 3 varieties reached the post‐larval stage in approximately the same time, with no significant differences in survival. The H. gammarus and hybrid larvae were larger than the H. americanus larvae. A comparison of growth and survival for one year of culture showed no significant differences in the size attained by juveniles of the 2 lobster species or by their hybrids.

Variation in morphological characters, pigmentation patterns, and behavior are discussed. Biochemical analyses of pereiopod tissue were performed to verify the pedigree of the hybrid progeny.
ELECTROPHORETIC PROTEIN VARIATION IN Macrobrachium ohione AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN GENETIC STUDIES1
Authors: Trudeau T. N.
Published: August 2010

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to examine protein variation in 6 populations of Macrobrachium ohione. Nine proteins and 14 loci were identified. Estimates for proportion of polymorphic loci, mean heterozygosity per locus, and mean heterozygosity per individual ranged from 21.4 to 42.8%, 12.9 to 24.1%, and 12.9 to 24.1%, respectively. Estimates of genetic similarity and genetic distance also were calculated and all populations were essentially genetically similar.

The wide range of heterozygosity values between the 6 geographic populations has important implications in brood stock selection and breeding programs where increased heterozygosity in the breeding populations or heterosis in the progeny are being studied.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF LIVE AND ARTIFICIAL DIETS ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE, Menidia menidia
Authors: Bengtson D. A. , Beck A. D. , Poston H. A.
Published: August 2010

Juvenile Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) were fed a live diet of 3‐day‐old brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina). Growth and survival of those fish is compared with that of fish fed various artificial diets, those fed live food and an artificial diet on alternate days, and one group not fed.

Survival on the live Artemia diet was 93% of the original 150 fish after 24 days. Artificial diets gave survival ranging from 43% to 79% during the same period. Fish fed live and artificial diets had 88% survival. The unfed group had 10% survival after 9 days and all died after 16 days of starvation.

Growth was best on the live diet and only slightly less, but significantly different, on the combination diet. Growth was significantly less on all the artificial diets.

No artificial diet yet tested, including the World Mariculture Society Nutrition Task Force invertebrate reference diet (preliminary), has provided survival and growth of Atlantic silversides equivalent to that of fish fed live brine shrimp nauplii. Relative success of the combination diet demonstrates partial nutritional requirements can be derived from an artificial (non‐living) food source and indicates progress toward adequate artificial diets for marine fishes.
COMPARISON OF FEEDS FOR LARVAL STAGES OF THE GIANT PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Authors: Murai T. , Andrews J. W.
Published: August 2010

Freeze‐dried ground oyster meat, freeze‐dried catfish tissue or a commercial trout fry feed were fed with and without supplemental live Artemia nauplii to duplicate groups of 2,000 Macrobrachiun rosenbergii larvae stocked in 60‐liter rectangular fiberglass tanks. The least time to metamorphosis (37 days) and the highest survival rate (78%) were achieved by feeding freeze‐dried oyster with supplemental live Artemia Performances of larvae fed freeze‐dried catfish tissue or trout fry feed with live Artemia were also satisfactory with 59% and 51%, respectively, of larvae metamorphosing within 37 days. On the contrary, survival and development of larvae fed oyster meat or trout feed without live Artemia were extremely poor with less than 2% of the larvae metamorphosing in 50 days.
PROTEIN UTILIZATION IN THE FRESHWATER SHRIMP Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Clifford H. C. , Brick R. W.
Published: August 2010

Experimental diets were fed to juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii with subsequent measurement of metabolic response in terms of oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion. Dietary formulation was evaluated by correlating observed metabolic response with levels of protein, lipid and carbohydrate in the diet. Rates of oxygen uptake and nitrogen production were also used to quantify sparing and specific dynamic action (SDA), 2 physiological processes known to influence nutrient utilization. Comparative analysis of the magnitude of sparing and SDA as well as calculation of several closely related qualitative indices of assimilation (atomic O:N, respiratory quotient) provide a suitable means of determining the dietary formulation producing the most efficient utilization of dietary protein.

Preliminary results indicate that protein influences the magnitude Of SDA in the 15–25% range of dietary protein levels; levels in excess of 25% had no effect on SDA. In addition, SDA appears to be a threshold phenomenon, operating independently on the quantity of food intake. Measurements of exogenous nitrogen excretion and corresponding O:N ratios suggest that a fat:carbohydrate ratio of 1:3‐1:4 results in more efficient utilization of dietary protein than ratios of 1:l or 1:2, which result in excessive mobilization of protein for catabolic purposes.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF HIGH MARSH GRASS AND SHRIMP SHELL WASTE FOR COMMERCIAL BROWN SHRIMP (Penaeus aztecus IVES)1
Authors: Venkataramiah A. , Cook D. W. , Biesiot P. , Lakshmi G. J.
Published: August 2010

Studies were undertaken to determine the feasibility of utilizing the high marsh grass Spartina patens and shrimp shell waste as sources of food in the culture of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus). Laboratory‐decomposed grass was fed in both pelleted and loose forms. Other food types tested were control pellets and pellets made of shrimp shell waste plus grass or fishmeal. A high incidence of cannibalism occurred among shrimp raised exclusively on loose grass (4% protein) or loose grass and shrimp shell waste. The ration made of decomposed grass, shrimp shell waste, and fishmeal produced the highest mean biomass followed in decreasing order by the control pellets, the grass and shrimp shell pellets, and the gass pellets. Although laboratory‐decomposed Spartina patens alone did not seem to be a promising food source for raising shrimp in the laboratory, it is important to use more effective decomposing techniques to increase its nutritive value and acceptability. However, continued use of shrimp shell waste as an ingredient is warranted.
STUDY OF NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND GROWTH OF Penaeus merguiensis IN TANKS BY MEANS OF PURIFIED AND ARTIFICIAL DIETS
Authors: AQUACOP
Published: August 2010

One of the criteria for selecting a shrimp of commercial interest in French Polynesia is the acceptability of artificial diet;. such a criterion has been used to test Penaeus merguiensis. Experiments have been carried out in Centre Océanologique du Pacifique in Tahiti island where the water temperature range is 25–29°C, salinity 35 ppt, pH. 8.2, and photoperiod constant. Juveniles used in this study are hatched in CNEXO‐COP at Vairao. It has been found that a 50–55% protein content diet gives a better growth performance. A carbohydrate such as starch appears more suitable than glucose or glucose plus starch in isonitrogenous purified diets. A vitamin mix rich in vitamin C, choline and inositol provides better results and a mineral mix with 3% magnesium reaches optimum. The major nutritional results for this species are applied to formulation of artificial diets. With the best diet, growth performances are normal: from 2.8 g to 9.0 g in 90 days, with about 60% survival rate at a low density, 20 animals/m2 under strict control. But at another scale, in 400 m2 grow‐out tanks, growth was rather low even with an excellent Japanese diet containing 60% protein. Therefore, P. merguiensis does not appear to be a good candidate species for aquafarming in French Polynesia.