bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating the statistical power to detect set‐size effects in contralateral delay activity
Authors: Ngiam William X. Q. , Adam Kirsten C. S. , Quirk Colin , Vogel Edward K. , Awh Edward
Published: February 2021

The contralateral delay activity (CDA) is an event‐related potential component commonly used to examine the online processes of visual working memory. Here, we provide a robust analysis of the statistical power that is needed to achieve reliable and reproducible results with the CDA. Using two very large EEG datasets that examined the contrast between CDA amplitude with set sizes 2 and 6 items and set sizes 2 and 4 items, we present a subsampling analysis that estimates the statistical power achieved with varying numbers of subjects and trials based on the proportion of significant tests in 10,000 iterations. We also generated simulated data using Bayesian multilevel modeling to estimate power beyond the bounds of the original datasets. The number of trials and subjects required depends critically on the effect size. Detecting the presence of the CDA—a reliable difference between contralateral and ipsilateral electrodes during the memory period—required only 30–50 clean trials with a sample of 25 subjects to achieve approximately 80% statistical power. However, for detecting a difference in CDA amplitude between two set sizes, a substantially larger number of trials and subjects were required; approximately 400 clean trials with 25 subjects to achieve 80% power. Thus, to achieve robust tests of how CDA activity differs across conditions, it is essential to be mindful of the estimated effect size. We recommend researchers designing experiments to detect set‐size differences in the CDA collect substantially more trials per subject.
Risk Analysis Approaches to Evaluating Health Impacts from Land‐Based Pollution in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Williams Pamela R. D. , von Stackelberg Katherine , Guerra Lopez Mayra Gabriela , Sanchez‐Triana Ernesto
Published: February 2021

Risk analysis offers a useful framework for evaluating and managing environmental health risks across different settings. In this Perspective, we question whether the principles and practice of risk analysis could be beneficial in the context of land‐based pollution in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) to better support risk‐based decision making. Specifically, potential health and economic impacts from land‐based pollution in LMICs has become an increasing issue of concern due to widespread environmental contamination from active and legacy operations, particularly informal activities that are becoming increasingly dispersed throughout communities, such as used lead acid battery recycling, artisanal and small‐scale gold mining, and small‐scale tanneries. However, the overall magnitude and scale of the public health problem arising from these sources remains highly uncertain and poorly characterized and cannot be compared to land‐based pollution in high‐income countries due to unique factors. This lack of knowledge has negatively affected the political priority and level of funding for risk mitigation actions targeting land‐based pollution in these countries. Our primary objective is to raise further awareness of this emerging issue among risk analysts and decisionmakers and to advocate for more robust and focused research. Here, we highlight the types of industries and activities contributing to land‐based pollution in LMICs and describe key findings and knowledge and data gaps that have hindered a fuller understanding of this issue. We also discuss how several risk assessment and risk management approaches might be useful in this resource‐constrained context. We conclude that a combination of risk analysis approaches may be worthwhile, but more work is needed to determine which methods or tools will be most informative, technically feasible, and cost‐effective for identifying, prioritizing, and mitigating land‐based pollution in LMICs. Affected researchers, funding agencies, and local or national governments will need to work together to develop improved study designs and risk mitigation strategies.
Categoricity, External and Internal: An Excerpt from a Conversation with Saharon Shelah
Authors: Villaveces Andrés
Published: February 2021

A long series of conversations interweaving mathematical, historical and philosophical aspects of categoricity in model theory took place between the author and Saharon Shelah in 2016 and 2017. In this excerpt of that long conversation, we explore the relationship between explicit and implicit aspects of categoricity. We also discuss the connection with definability issues.
Comparative transcriptome profiling identifies maize line specificity of fungal effectors in the maize–Ustilago maydis interaction
Authors: Schurack Selma , Depotter Jasper R.L. , Gupta Deepak , Thines Marco , Doehlemann Gunther
Published: February 2021

The biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis causes smut disease on maize (Zea mays) and induces the formation of tumours on all aerial parts of the plant. Unlike in other biotrophic interactions, no gene‐for‐gene interactions have been identified in the maize–U. maydis pathosystem. Thus, maize resistance to U. maydis is considered a polygenic, quantitative trait. Here, we study the molecular mechanisms of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) in maize, and how U. maydis interferes with its components. Based on quantitative scoring of disease symptoms in 26 maize lines, we performed an RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) analysis of six U. maydis‐infected maize lines of highly distinct resistance levels. The different maize lines showed specific responses of diverse cellular processes to U. maydis infection. For U. maydis, our analysis identified 406 genes being differentially expressed between maize lines, of which 102 encode predicted effector proteins. Based on this analysis, we generated U. maydis CRISPR/Cas9 knock‐out mutants for selected candidate effector sets. After infections of different maize lines with the fungal mutants, RNA‐Seq analysis identified effectors with quantitative, maize line‐specific virulence functions, and revealed auxin‐related processes as a possible target for one of them. Thus, we show that both transcriptional activity and virulence function of fungal effector genes are modified according to the infected maize line, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying QDR in the maize–U. maydis interaction.
Transfusion‐associated hyperkalemia in pediatric population: Prevalence, risk factors, survival, infusion rate, and RBC unit features
Authors: Yamada Chisa , Edelson Maureen , Lee Angela , Saifee Nabiha Huq , Bahar Burak , Delaney Meghan
Published: February 2021

Background

Hyperkalemia is a rare life‐threatening complication of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Stored RBCs leak intracellular potassium (K+) into the supernatant; irradiation potentiates the K+ leak. As the characteristics of patients and implicated RBCs have not been studied systematically, a multicenter study of transfusion‐associated hyperkalemia (TAH) in the pediatric population was conducted through the AABB Pediatric Transfusion Medicine Subsection.

Study Design

The medical records of patients <18 years old were retrospectively queried for hyperkalemia occurrence during or ≤12 h after the completion of RBC transfusion in a 1‐year period. Collected data included patient demographics, diagnosis, medical history, timing of hyperkalemia and transfusion, mortality, and RBC unit characteristics.

Results/Findings

A total of 3777 patients received 19,649 RBC units during the study period in four facilities. TAH was found in 35 patients (0.93%) in 37 occurrences. The patient median age and weight were 1.28 years and 9.80 kg, respectively. All patients had multiple serious comorbidities. There were 79 RBC units transfused in the TAH events; 62% were irradiated, and the median age of the units was 10 days. The median total RBC volume transfused ≤12 h before TAH was 24% of patient estimated total blood volume, and the median infusion rate (IR) was19.6 ml/kg/h. Mortality rate within 1 day after the TAH event was 20%.

Conclusions

The prevalence of TAH in children was low; however, the 1‐day mortality rate was 20%. Patients with multiple comorbidities may be at higher risk for TAH. The IR was higher for patients who had TAH than the IR threshold for safe transfusion.
An open‐source python library for detection of known and novel Kell, Duffy and Kidd variants from exome sequencing
Authors: Montemayor Celina , Simone Alexandra , Long James , Montemayor Oscar , Delvadia Bhavesh , Rivera Robert , Lewis Katie L , Shahsavari Shahin , Gandla Divya , Dura Katherine , Krishnan Uma S , Wendzel Nena C , Elavia Nasha , Grissom Spencer , Karagianni Panagiota , Bueno Marina , Loy Debrean , Cacanindin Rizaldi , McLaughlin Steven , Tynuv Maxim , Brunker Patricia A R , Roback John , Adams Sharon , Smith Harold , Biesecker Leslie , Klein Harvey G
Published: February 2021

Background and objectives

Next generation sequencing (NGS) has promising applications in transfusion medicine. Exome sequencing (ES) is increasingly used in the clinical setting, and blood group interpretation is an additional value that could be extracted from existing data sets. We provide the first release of an open‐source software tailored for this purpose and describe its validation with three blood group systems.

Materials and methods

The DTM‐Tools algorithm was designed and used to analyse 1018 ES NGS files from the ClinSeq® cohort. Predictions were correlated with serology for 5 antigens in a subset of 108 blood samples. Discrepancies were investigated with alternative phenotyping and genotyping methods, including a long‐read NGS platform.

Results

Of 116 genomic variants queried, those corresponding to 18 known KEL, FY and JK alleles were identified in this cohort. 596 additional exonic variants were identified KEL, ACKR1 and SLC14A1, including 58 predicted frameshifts. Software predictions were validated by serology in 108 participants; one case in the FY blood group and three cases in the JK blood group were discrepant. Investigation revealed that these discrepancies resulted from (1) clerical error, (2) serologic failure to detect weak antigenic expression and (3) a frameshift variant absent in blood group databases.

Conclusion

DTM‐Tools can be employed for rapid Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood group antigen prediction from existing ES data sets; for discrepancies detected in the validation data set, software predictions proved accurate. DTM‐Tools is open‐source and in continuous development.
A combined catchment‐reservoir water quality model to guide catchment management for reservoir water quality control
Authors: Chen Chi‐Feng , Chong Kean‐Yip , Lin Jen‐Yang
Published: February 2021

In this study, the Hydrological Simulation Programme‐FORTRAN (HSPF) and the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Programme (WASP), were adopted as a combined tool. The long Feitsui impounding reservoir located in Taiwan was used as a case study. The combined model helped illustrate the total phosphorus (TP) mass balance. Approximately 51.4% of the TP flowed out from the reservoir, while 16.2% of the TP remained in the waterbody and 32.2% of the TP was deposited. The reservoir was divided into five sections along its length for a quality analysis. The exceedance probability (the probability of exceeding the eutrophic level, i.e., TP = 24 μg/L) was 9.7% in the upstream section. If the TP load increased by 20%, the eutrophication exceedance probability could increase to 25.5%. This study demonstrated the usage of the combined model tool and the exceedance probability method in the data analysis, which could guide effective catchment management and eutrophication risk prevention.
ATHEISM, ATOMS, AND THE ACTIVITY OF GOD: SCIENCE AND RELIGION IN EARLY BOYLE LECTURES, 1692–1707
Authors: Lim Paul C. H.
Published: February 2021

The last‐half of seventeenth‐century England witnessed an increasing number of works published questioning the traditional notions of God's work of creation and providence. Ascribing agency to matter, motion, chance, and fortune, thinkers ranging from Hobbes, Spinoza, modern‐Epicureans, and other presented a challenge to the Anglican defenders of social and ecclesiastical order. By examining the genesis of the Boyle Lectures that began in 1692 with a bequest from Robert Boyle, we can see that while the Lecturers—three of whom will be examined in detail (Richard Bentley, John Harris, and William Whiston)—assiduously defended classical notions of the God–world relationship, they did so without a great sense of panic or pessimism. This transitional period in the mode of conflict or concord between religion and science sheds interesting lights on matters such as argument from design, biogenesis without purposive, personal agents, and scriptural exegesis and scientific inquiries.
Estructura de las juntas directivas y divulgación de la responsabilidad social corporativa: El caso de las empresas más reputadas en Colombia
Authors: Wilches-Segovia Alejandro , Orozco Castro Luis Antonio , Beltrán Torres César Yamit
Published: February 2021

Las grandes empresas buscan mejorar su legitimidad desde la revelación de información sobre su gestión no financiera en responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC). Sin embargo, la relación entre la estructura de la junta directiva y una mayor revelación de indicadores ambientales y sociales, dada una estructura de propiedad y un nivel de reputación corporativa, no ha sido estudiada, especialmente en economías emergentes. Usando el debate entre la teoría de la agencia y de dependencia de recursos con una muestra de 115 empresas listadas en Merco Colombia, esta investigación concluye con un análisis multivariado que el tamaño, la independencia y los comités de ética, gobierno y sostenibilidad inciden en la revelación en el Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sobre RSC en empresas no familiares con alta reputación.
¿El fortalecimiento de los derechos de propiedad intelectual estimula la innovación? Un análisis exploratorio de la dinámica de patentamiento por sectores industriales en Colombia, 1980-2010
Authors: Campi Mercedes , Dueñas Esterling Marco Antonio , Zuluaga Jimenez Julio Cesar
Published: February 2021

Los derechos de propiedad intelectual (DPI) y las patentes como mecanismos de impulso a la innovación han cobrado especial relevancia y debate en el contexto colombiano. Este artículo tiene como objetivo explorar el comportamiento de las patentes de residentes y no residentes para el período 1980-2010. En particular analiza cómo este comportamiento podría estar relacionado con el fortalecimiento de la legislación de propiedad intelectual y con el proceso de apertura económica y desindustrialización. La evidencia sugiere que el fortalecimiento de los DPI no ha incentivado la innovación local, sino que sólo ha impulsado las solicitudes de patentes de no residentes en unos pocos campos tecnológicos y por parte de unas pocas empresas multinacionales. En cambio, las empresas nacionales recurren al uso de mecanismos alternativos de propiedad intelectual como los acuerdos de confidencialidad y el secreto industrial para gestionar su conocimiento y apropiarse de las rentas asociadas a sus esfuerzos en actividades de innovación que se caracterizan por formas de innovar basadas en la imitación y adaptación de tecnologías extranjeras. Esta evidencia permite discutir la política de fortalecimiento de los DPI y el estímulo de las patentes de invención como mecanismo para incentivar la innovación en Colombia.
Energy Cubes
Authors: Seeley Lane , Gray Kara , Robertson Amy D.
Published: February 2021

The Next Generation Science Standards lay out a model of energy that locates energy within objects and fields, and tracks energy as it transfers between these objects and transforms between forms of energy while always being conserved. This model of energy pervades much of modern science and represents a foundational, cross-cutting concept for students. However, because it is abstract, energy is a very difficult topic for most students to learn. We have developed Energy Cubes to help make energy more concrete for students. Energy Cubes allow groups of learners to represent the dynamic energy changes in real-world scenarios by moving and flipping cubes on a horizontal shared workspace (see Fig. 1.) While Energy Cubes are accessible for elementary students, with carefully chosen scenarios we have found that Energy Cubes promote sophisticated and rigorous reasoning and argumentation among learners at all grade levels. The rules of Energy Cubes are presented in Fig. 2.
The Central Scientific Company and its Apparatus
Authors: Greenslade Thomas B.
Published: February 2021

Look along the shelves holding your laboratory apparatus and into the demo-prep room, and you will find apparatus by “Cenco” and “The Central Scientific Company” sharing space with your new PASCO equipment. At the 1989 AAPT meeting in San Luis Obispo I was asked to talk about Cenco in honor of one of its long-term employers and innovators, Paul E. Klopsteg, and I was hard put to limit my talk to the allotted 55 minutes. (It was one of our best meetings ever, and many wished that there were openings for us at the California Polytechnic State University!) In this article I want to remember the company and the apparatus that it made and sold.
Revisiting Standing Waves on a Circular Path
Authors: Riggs Peter
Published: February 2021

There are plenty of contributions in the physics literature on the subject of standing waves. What seems to be missing is an accessible, quantitative account of standing waves on a circular path at a level appropriate for undergraduate physics courses. In order to rectify this absence, a straightforward, concise, mathematical description of standing waves on a circular path is presented in terms of standard circular motion parameters.
A Semester-Long Study of Magnetic Fields Using Smartphones to Engage Non-Physics Majors
Authors: Hootman Stacy A. , Pickett Cory
Published: February 2021

To help engage non-physics majors in a General Physics II (Electricity & Magnetism) course at the University of Indianapolis, students used their smartphones to detect magnetic fields on campus in a semester-long data collection project. This paper discusses details about the design of the project, previous studies that utilize smartphones for scientific data collection, the specific smartphone application that was used, an overview of findings, and future iterations of the project.
Hands-on Experiment for Modeling the Baumgartner Jump Using Free-Fall Kinematics with Drag
Authors: Gössling Alexander , Becker Sebastian , Kuhn Jochen
Published: February 2021

Supersonic free-fall jumps are excellent examples of kinematics in the context of drag. They have attracted a lot of media, public, and scientific interest. In 2012, Felix Baumgartner jumped from a height of approximately 38.969 km. During his flight he reached a top speed of 373 m/s, becoming the first human to travel faster than the speed of sound outside of an airplane. Since everyday topics are known to motivate students (e.g., Kuhn and Müller), the topic of Baumgartner’s jump seems to be very well suited for teaching kinematics in the context of drag.
Selective Assessment in Introductory Physics Labatorials
Authors: Sobhanzadeh Mandana , Zizler Peter
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we present a selection methodology in the physics laboratory that lowers student anxiety and is beneficial to the instructors as well. At Mount Royal University, the traditional laboratory experimental exercises were replaced by a new style of laboratory called labatorials. In our previous research work, we found that labatorials integrate communications and discussions in a friendly environment. They decrease students’ anxiety and improve self-confidence. However, there have been some challenges associated with physics labs that are not specific to labatorials such as the final lab grades of students who miss a lab. Phys1201 and Phys1202 courses at MRU are 13-week courses with around 200 first-year students each semester. There are two training sessions for the lab instructors during the first two weeks of the semester to familiarize them with labatorial goals and strategies. Due to the training sessions and to make sure that the topics of the experiments have been covered in the classroom, introductory physics laboratories start the third week of the semester. There is no lab during the reading break at MRU and we are left with 10 weeks to cover 10 labs. A lab instructor cannot control student absences, and students should not be punished for missing a lab due to illness or a family situation. Each introductory physics course is divided into three to four lecture sections and around 15 lab sections each semester. One solution was to provide opportunities for students to go to another lab section when they miss a lab. However, this solution created new challenges for both students and instructors. It was not easy to find a lab section that matches the schedule of the students missing a lab. On the other hand, at MRU there is only one lab instructor for each 16-student lab section. Some feedback we have received from students is that they would prefer groups of two or three members as most of the time not every member of every group participates. Having one more student making up a lab resulted in having a group of five and made the group activity more difficult. We had received much negative feedback from students working with a new member in groups of five. Some lab instructors excused the missing lab grade and some provided a make-up lab opportunity during a time that worked for them and the students. There are many sessional lab instructors working in our department that cannot provide opportunities for students to make up labs during a time that they do not teach. On the other hand, they are not paid for the extra two-hour make-up labs as well. Not having a consistent solution for the students missing a lab in different sections increased the number of complaints. To address this challenge and use a consistent solution applicable in all lab sections, we decided to use a common practice in the Department of Mathematics and Computing at MRU that allows students to choose the best k quiz/activity grades from the n quizzes/activities written, a policy they call selective assessment.
Conservation of Momentum with Dual Technologies
Authors: Bates Alan
Published: February 2021

The law of conservation of momentum can be applied to a wide range of processes whether it is the collision of subatomic particles, rocket propulsion, or the recoil of a cannon. In this experiment two technologies, the Arduino microcontroller and a PASCO smart cart, are used to create a movable rubber band launcher. The Arduino microcontroller is programmed to turn a servo motor through switch activation to release the rubber band. While the rubber band moves in one direction, the cart recoils and moves in the opposite direction, all being a consequence of the conservation of momentum. A suitable analysis of the experimental data produces values for the initial kinetic energy of the launched rubber band and the energy transferred by the system.
Archimedes’ Balance Approach Applied to Buoyant Force
Authors: Kim Sungki , Paik Seoung-Hey
Published: February 2021

The floating and sinking phenomenon related to buoyant force can readily be observed in everyday life and easily demonstrated to young students. However, many students believe that the buoyant force is determined by the object’s attributes, such as the shape (e.g., ship) or material (e.g., wood). As a result, students find it challenging to understand that buoyant force changes when different volumes of the same object are submerged in water, or when the same object is submerged in different fluids. In response to the question concerning whether the weight of a cup changes when a tea bag is placed in a cup of water, 63.3% of first-year university students who majored in physics or chemistry were wrong. The problems related to buoyant force are difficult to understand even for college students, so the topic is used in the selection process for gifted students. Although numerous educational attempts have been made to help students understand the concept, buoyant force is still a difficult concept for them. Thus, an easy and clear approach to help students understand the buoyant force is desirable.
Sound tuning in asymmetrically braced guitars
Authors: Mores Robert
Published: February 2021

Guitar bracings generally follow a symmetrical design in contrast to the asymmetrical assembly of the sound post and bass bar in violins. However, one of Conde's progressive constructions to combine the classical Spanish guitar with the flamenco guitar is based on an asymmetrical bracing. Mobility measurements on a well-preserved exemplar reveal four strong resonances between air modes A0 and A1, whereas other guitars reveal only one or two resonances in the same region. These are equivalent to the intensively discussed signature modes in violins, which are believed to prominently determine sound quality. The paper develops a model to explain the existence of the four resonances and how these can be tuned in terms of frequency and intensity. The tuning parameters for three of these resonances comprise (i) a measure of asymmetry, (ii) a measure of how wide the bridge overhangs relevant braces, (iii) a measure of coupling between the top and back plates, and finally (iv) the tuning between the top and back plates. Data from modeling are referenced against a lumped experimental setup and measured data from the guitar. Asymmetrical bracing constructions leverage mutual mode coupling and increase radiation efficiency, but they are more difficult to tune than symmetrical constructions.
Measuring elastic moduli and loss tangent using a free-free resonant bar method
Authors: Pemberton-Pigott Nigel , Watson Conor , Haub David
Published: February 2021

A previously developed method for determining fundamental material properties has been employed to characterize several common materials used in loudspeaker fabrication, including plastics, wood, and metals. Through selective excitation of an elastically supported “free-free” bar in two different axial orientations we were able to quickly measure, calculate and plot the Young's, shear, and loss moduli (Tan δ) versus frequency in the audible range. Using coils adhered to both ends of a round bar suspended in a magnetic field, a material's response to torsional or flexural excitations can be measured quickly and repeatably. Since the method of determination is rapid (∼5 s) and nondestructive it provides a convenient way to assess a large selection of materials. The method also has a high signal to noise ratio allowing the tester to conveniently accommodate inevitable variations in the test setup and the dimensions of a specimen.
Gaussian processes for sound field reconstruction
Authors: Caviedes-Nozal Diego , Riis Nicolai A. B. , Heuchel Franz M. , Brunskog Jonas , Gerstoft Peter , Fernandez-Grande Efren
Published: February 2021

This study examines the use of Gaussian process (GP) regression for sound field reconstruction. GPs enable the reconstruction of a sound field from a limited set of observations based on the use of a covariance function (a kernel) that models the spatial correlation between points in the sound field. Significantly, the approach makes it possible to quantify the uncertainty on the reconstruction in a closed form. In this study, the relation between reconstruction based on GPs and classical reconstruction methods based on linear regression is examined from an acoustical perspective. Several kernels are analyzed for their potential in sound field reconstruction, and a hierarchical Bayesian parameterization is introduced, which enables the construction of a plane wave kernel of variable sparsity. The performance of the kernels is numerically studied and compared to classical reconstruction methods based on linear regression. The results demonstrate the benefits of using GPs in sound field analysis. The hierarchical parameterization shows the overall best performance, adequately reconstructing fundamentally different sound fields. The approach appears to be particularly powerful when prior knowledge of the sound field would not be available.
Simulation of airfoil surface pressure due to incident turbulence using realizations of uncorrelated wall plane waves
Authors: Karimi M. , Croaker P. , Skvortsov A. , Maxit L. , Kirby R.
Published: February 2021

A numerical technique is proposed for synthesizing realizations of airfoil surface pressure induced by incoming turbulence. In this approach, realization of the surface pressure field is expressed as a set of uncorrelated wall plane waves. The amplitude of these plane waves is determined from the power spectrum density function of the incoming upwash velocity fluctuation and the airfoil aeroacoustic transfer function. The auto-spectrum of the surface pressure is obtained from an ensemble average of different realizations. The numerical technique is computationally efficient as it rapidly converges using a relatively small number of realizations. The surface pressures for different airfoils excited by incoming turbulence are numerically predicted, and the results are compared with experimental data in the literature. Further, the unsteady force exerted on an airfoil due to the airfoil-turbulence interaction is also computed, and it is shown to be in very good agreement with analytical results.
Shear wave speeds in nearly-incompressible fibrous materials with two fiber families
Authors: Hou Zuoxian , Bayly Philip V. , Okamoto Ruth J.
Published: February 2021

An analytical and numerical investigation of shear wave behavior in nearly-incompressible soft materials with two fiber families was performed, focusing on the effects of material parameters and imposed pre-deformations on wave speed. This theoretical study is motivated by the emerging ability to image shear waves in soft biological tissues by magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). In MRE, the relationships between wave behavior and mechanical properties can be used to characterize tissue properties non-invasively. We demonstrate these principles in two material models, each with two fiber families. One model is a nearly-incompressible linear elastic model that exhibits both shear and tensile anisotropy; the other is a two-fiber-family version of the widely-used Holzapfel-Gasser-Ogden (HGO) model, which is nonlinear. Shear waves can be used to probe nonlinear material behavior using infinitesimal dynamic deformations superimposed on larger, quasi-static “pre-deformations.” In this study, closed-form expressions for shear wave speeds in the HGO model are obtained in terms of the model parameters and imposed pre-deformations. Analytical expressions for wave speeds are confirmed by finite element simulations of shear waves with various polarizations and propagation directions. These studies support the feasibility of estimating the parameters of an HGO material model noninvasively from measured shear wave speeds.
Restrictions in Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion Alter Landing Kinematics But Not Movement Strategy When Fatigued
Authors: Howe Louis , S. North Jamie , Waldron Mark , Bampouras Theodoros M.
Published: February 2021

Context: Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM) has been associated with a number of kinematic and kinetic variables associated with landing performance that increase injury risk. However, whether exercise-induced fatigue exacerbates compensatory strategies has not yet been established. Objectives: (1) Explore differences in landing performance between individuals with restricted and normal ankle DF ROM and (2) identify the effect of fatigue on compensations in landing strategies for individuals with restricted and normal ankle DF ROM. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twelve recreational athletes with restricted ankle DF ROM (restricted group) and 12 recreational athletes with normal ankle DF ROM (normal group). Main Outcome Measure(s): The participants performed 5 bilateral drop-landings, before and following a fatiguing protocol. Normalized peak vertical ground reaction force, time to peak vertical ground reaction force, and loading rate were calculated, alongside sagittal plane initial contact angles, peak angles, and joint displacement for the ankle, knee, and hip. Frontal plane projection angles were also calculated. Results: At the baseline, the restricted group landed with significantly less knee flexion (P = .005, effect size [ES] = 1.27) at initial contact and reduced peak ankle dorsiflexion (P < .001, ES = 1.67), knee flexion (P < .001, ES = 2.18), and hip-flexion (P = .033, ES = 0.93) angles. Sagittal plane joint displacement was also significantly less for the restricted group for the ankle (P < .001, ES = 1.78), knee (P < .001, ES = 1.78), and hip (P = .028, ES = 0.96) joints. Conclusions: These findings suggest that individuals with restricted ankle DF ROM should adopt different landing strategies than those with normal ankle DF ROM. This is exacerbated when fatigued, although the functional consequences of fatigue on landing mechanics in individuals with ankle DF ROM restriction are unclear.
Reducing Alcohol Use Among High School Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Brief, Web-Based Personalized Normative Feedback Intervention
Authors: Doumas Diana M. , Mastroleo Nadine R.
Published: February 2021

High school athletes are at risk for heavy alcohol use, which is associated with consequences that may negatively impact performance and eligibility to participate in sports. This study evaluated the efficacy of a web-based personalized normative feedback intervention on reducing alcohol use among high school athletes in their senior year. Class periods were randomized to the intervention or an assessment-only control group. Athletes completed surveys at baseline and at a 6-week follow-up. They were classified as high-risk or low-risk drinkers based on baseline reports of binge drinking. Results indicated that for athletes classified as high-risk drinkers, those in the intervention group reported significantly greater reductions in quantity of weekly drinking and peak drinking quantity compared with those in the assessment-only control group. There were no significant intervention effects for frequency of alcohol use. Findings support the efficacy of web-based personalized normative feedback intervention for reducing alcohol use among high school senior athletes.
Double Punch to the Glass Ceiling: Career Experiences and Challenges of Ethnic Minority Female Athletic Directors
Authors: Welch Natalie M. , Siegele Jessica L. , Hardin Robin
Published: February 2021

Women continue to struggle to reach senior-level leadership positions in collegiate sports, and ethnic minorities face the challenges due to their ethnicity as well. This research examined the experiences and challenges of ethnic minority women who are collegiate athletic directors at predominantly White institutions (PWIs). Semistructured interviews were conducted with eight participants using intersectionality as a theoretical framework. Three themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) intersectional challenges, (b) questions of competence, and (c) professional support. The women were continually battling the idea of having to prove themselves and negotiating the challenges of being an ethnic minority woman working in collegiate athletics. They credit their professional networks as a valuable resource during their career progression. The women noted that sexism was more prevalent in their experiences than issues related to their ethnicity. The masculine athletic director stereotype persists in collegiate sports, but the findings of this study can contest the notion of a standard leadership identity that has long been perceived as a White man.
A massive stellar bulge in a regularly rotating galaxy 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang
Authors: Lelli Federico , Di Teodoro Enrico M. , Fraternali Filippo , Man Allison W. S. , Zhang Zhi-Yu , De Breuck Carlos , Davis Timothy A. , Maiolino Roberto
Published: February 2021

Early assembly of a galaxy disk and bulge

Galaxy formation in the early Universe is thought to have been a chaotic process, producing disturbed and asymmetric galaxy morphologies. Over billions of years, galaxies dynamically relaxed to form stable morphological features. Lelli
et al.
observed a distant galaxy at a redshift when the Universe was 1.2 billion years old (see the Perspective by Wardlow). They used gas and dust emission to measure its kinematics, and then modeled the mass distribution within the galaxy. The authors found that the galaxy contains a massive stellar bulge and a regularly rotating disk, features that models predict take billions of years to form. These results indicate that galaxy evolution is a more rapid process than previously thought.

Science
, this issue p.
713
; see also p.
674
The role of officer race and gender in police-civilian interactions in Chicago
Authors: Ba Bocar A. , Knox Dean , Mummolo Jonathan , Rivera Roman
Published: February 2021

Diversity in policing

In the wake of high-profile police shootings of Black Americans, it is important to know whether the race and gender of officers and civilians affect their interactions. Ba
et al.
overcame previous data constraints and found that Hispanic and Black officers make far fewer stops and arrests and use force less than white officers, especially against Black civilians. These differences are largest in majority-Black neighborhoods in the city of Chicago (see the Perspective by Goff). Female officers also use less force than male officers. These effects are supportive of the efficacy of increasing diversity in police forces.

Science
, this issue p.
696
; see also p.
677
Cellular transcriptomics reveals evolutionary identities of songbird vocal circuits
Authors: Colquitt Bradley M. , Merullo Devin P. , Konopka Genevieve , Roberts Todd F. , Brainard Michael S.
Published: February 2021

The cells of songbird motor circuits

Birds have complex motor and cognitive abilities that rival or exceed the performance of many mammals, but their brains are organized in a notably different way. Parts of the bird brain have been functionally compared to the mammalian neocortex. However, it is still controversial to what extent these regions are truly homologous with the neocortex or if instead they are examples of evolutionary convergence. Colquitt
et al.
used single-cell sequencing to identify and characterize the major classes of neurons that comprise the song-control system in birds (see the Perspective by Tosches). They found multiple previously unknown neural classes in the bird telencephalon and shed new light on the long-standing controversy regarding the nature of homology between avian and mammalian brains.

Science
, this issue p.
eabd9704
; see also p.
676
Strengthen scientific integrity under the Biden administration
Authors: Carter Jacob M. , Goldman Gretchen T. , Rosenberg Andrew A. , Reed Genna , Desikan Anita , MacKinney Taryn
Published: February 2021

Accountability must extend to highest levels of leadership
Reduced Nucleoprotein Availability Impairs Negative-Sense RNA Virus Replication and Promotes Host Recognition
Authors: Nilsson-Payant Benjamin E. , Blanco-Melo Daniel , Uhl Skyler , Escudero-Pérez Beatriz , Olschewski Silke , Thibault Patricia , Panis Maryline , Rosenthal Maria , Muñoz-Fontela César , Lee Benhur , tenOever Benjamin R.
Published: February 2021

Negative-sense RNA viruses comprise some of the most important known human pathogens, including influenza A virus, measles virus, and Ebola virus. These viruses possess RNA genomes that are unreadable to the host, as they require specific viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in conjunction with other viral proteins, such as nucleoprotein, to be replicated and transcribed.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Induces Caspase-8-Mediated G3BP1 Cleavage and Subverts Stress Granules To Promote Viral Replication
Authors: Sun Liumei , Chen Huan , Ming Xin , Bo Zongyi , Shin Hyun-Jin , Jung Yong-Sam , Qian Yingjuan
Published: February 2021

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are drawing extensive attention again since the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019. CoVs are prone to variation and own the transmission capability by crossing the species barrier resulting in reemergence.
Efficacy of a novel personalised aflibercept monotherapy regimen based on polypoidal lesion closure in participants with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Authors: Teo Kelvin Yi Chong , Jordan-Yu Janice Marie , Tan Anna C S , Yeo Ian Y S , Mathur Ranjana , Chan Choi Mun , Wong Tien Yin , Chakravarthy Usha , Cheung Chui Ming Gemmy
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To compare the efficacy of aflibercept using a personalised versus fixed regimen in treatment-naïve participants with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Design

A 52-week, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, single-centre study that included participants with symptomatic PCV. Participants were randomised (3:1 ratio) to receive either personalised (n=40) or fixed 8-weekly treatment regimen (n=13). The personalised regimen allowed for either early treat and extend (T&E) after week 12 or late T&E with 3 additional 4-weekly aflibercept injections until week 24 in participants with residual polypoidal lesions (PL) on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) at week 12.

Main outcomes and measures

Non-inferiority of personalised to fixed regimen for mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline to week 52 (non-inferiority margin: −5 letters). The key secondary outcomes include reduction in central subfield thickness (CSFT) on optical coherence tomography and the anatomical closure of PL on ICGA.

Results

Of the 53 participants, the mean (SD) age was 69.2 (8.1) years, 19 (35.8 %) were male. Personalised group was non-inferior to fixed for the primary end point (+8.1 vs +7.9 letters at week 52, respectively; difference 0.16, 95% CI −2.8 to 2.4, p=0.79). There was greater reduction in mean CSFT (SD) in the personalised versus fixed group (−248.8 (169.9) vs −164.8 (148.9) µm, p=0.03). Closure of PL occurred in 21 (55.2%) and 5 (41.6%) of study eyes in personalised and fixed groups, respectively at week 52 (p=0.41).

Conclusions

Personalised regimen achieved non-inferior BCVA gain and numerically higher PL closure compared with fixed regimen.

Trial registration number

NCT03117634.
Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of endogenous progestogens and estrogens with glucose metabolism in men and women: a KORA F4/FF4 Study
Authors: Lau Lina Hui Ying , Nano Jana , Cecil Alexander , Schederecker Florian , Rathmann Wolfgang , Prehn Cornelia , Zeller Tanja , Lechner Andreas , Adamski Jerzy , Peters Annette , Thorand Barbara
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Relationships between endogenous female sex hormones and glycemic traits remain understudied, especially in men. We examined whether endogenous 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), progesterone, estradiol (E2), and free estradiol (fE2) were associated with glycemic traits and glycemic deterioration.

Research design and methods

921 mainly middle-aged and elderly men and 390 perimenopausal/postmenopausal women from the German population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4/FF4 cohort study were followed up for a median of 6.4 years. Sex hormones were measured at baseline using mass spectrometry. We calculated regression coefficients (β) and ORs with 95% CIs using multivariable-adjusted linear and logistic regression models for Z-standardized hormones and glycemic traits or glycemic deterioration (ie, worsening of categorized glucose tolerance status), respectively.

Results

In the cross-sectional analysis (n=1222 men and n=594 women), in men, 17-OHP was inversely associated with 2h-glucose (2hG) (β=−0.067, 95% CI −0.120 to −0.013) and fasting insulin (β=−0.074, 95% CI −0.118 to −0.030), and positively associated with Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) (β=0.061, 95% CI 0.018 to 0.105). Progesterone was inversely associated with fasting insulin (β=−0.047, 95% CI −0.088 to −0.006) and positively associated with QUICKI (β=0.041, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.082). E2 was inversely associated with fasting insulin (β=−0.068, 95% CI −0.116 to −0.020) and positively associated with QUICKI (β=0.059, 95% CI 0.012 to 0.107). fE2 was positively associated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (β=0.079, 95% CI 0.027 to 0.132). In women, 17-OHP was positively associated with fasting glucose (FG) (β=0.068, 95% CI 0.014 to 0.123). fE2 was positively associated with FG (β=0.080, 95% CI 0.020 to 0.141) and HbA1c(β=0.121, 95% CI 0.062 to 0.180). In the sensitivity analyses restricted to postmenopausal women, we observed a positive association between 17-OHP and glycemic deterioration (OR=1.518, 95% CI 1.033 to 2.264).

Conclusions

Inter-relations exist between female sex hormones and glucose-related traits among perimenopausal/postmenopausal women and insulin-related traits among men. Endogenous progestogens and estrogens appear to be involved in glucose homeostasis not only in women but in men as well. Further well-powered studies assessing causal associations between endogenous female sex hormones and glycemic traits are warranted.
Scoping review protocol on the use of social media for health research purposes
Authors: Bour Charline , Schmitz Susanne , Ahne Adrian , Perchoux Camille , Dessenne Coralie , Fagherazzi Guy
Published: February 2021

Introduction

More than one-third of the world population uses at least one form of social media. Since their advent in 2005, health-oriented research based on social media data has largely increased as discussions about health issues are broadly shared online and generate a large amount of health-related data. The objective of this scoping review is to provide an evidence map of the various uses of social media for health research purposes, their fields of applications and their analysis methods.

Methods and analysis

This scoping review will follow the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework (2005) as well as the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s manual. Relevant publications will be first searched on the PudMed/MEDLINE database and then on Web of Science. We will focus on literature published between January 2005 and April 2020. All articles related to the use of social media or networks for health-oriented research purposes will be included. A first search will be conducted with some keywords in order to identify relevant articles. After identifying the research strategy, a two-part study selection process will be systematically applied by two reviewers. The first part consists of screening titles and abstracts found, thanks to the search strategy, to define the eligibility of each article. In the second part, the full texts will be screened and only relevant articles will be kept. Data will finally be extracted, collated and charted to summarise all the relevant methods, outcomes and key findings in the articles.

Ethics and dissemination

This scoping review will provide an extensive overview of the use of social media for health research purposes. Opportunities as well as future ethical, methodological and technical challenges will also be discussed based on our findings to define a new research agenda. Results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication.