bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helmut Kohl, les relations germano-russes et la quête d’un ordre européen de paix (1982-1998). Logiques de situation et dynamiques
Authors: Martens Stephan
Published: December 2020

À l’ère du chancelier Helmut Kohl (1982-1998), la politique à l’Est ( Ostpolitik ) de la République fédérale d’Allemagne (RFA) est marquée par la double poursuite de la quête de la détente, avant tout avec l’Union soviétique, et de l’objectif de la (ré)unification dans le cadre d’un « ordre européen de la paix ». Ce concept tend à se confondre avec celui de la « Maison commune européenne », avancé par Mikhaïl Gorbatchev. Le traité de Moscou du 12 septembre 1990 sur les aspects extérieurs de l’unification allemande sonne le glas d’un ordre paneuropéen sous l’égide de la Conférence sur la sécurité et la coopération en Europe (CSCE). L’Allemagne réunifiée est désormais membre de l’Alliance atlantique et, après l’effondrement de l’Union soviétique, les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale aspirent à rejoindre les institutions euro-atlantiques. L’Allemagne prend en compte les intérêts de sécurité de la Russie, mais la fin des années 1990 marque l’avènement d’un ordre européen de sécurité régi par l’OTAN.
L’aborto in Italia: aggiornamento statistico epidemiologico
Authors: Spaziante Ermenegildo
Published: December 2020

In sette anni, dal 1987 al 1994, l’incidenza annuale dell’abortività legalmente indotta è diminuita in Italia da n. 191.469 IVG a n. 136.481 (-28,7%). L’indice per mille nati-vivi è passato nello stesso periodo dal 347 del 1987 al 234 del 1994, con un decremento pari al -32,5%.

Il tasso di abortività provocata per mille donne (dai 15 ai 49 anni) è passato dal 13,3 del 1987 al 9,5 del 1994, con un calo del -28,6%. Un tenue aumento percentuale è stato osservato nelle classi di età da 15 a 19 e da 30 a 34 anni.

I dati statistici regionali presentano notevoli differenze nella frequenza delle IVG.

Il confronto con i dati della cosiddetta “abortività spontanea” conduce ad evidenziare che varie regioni con basso indice di “abortività indotta” presentano più elevati tassi di “aborto spontaneo”. Tale frequente correlazione statistica induce l’Autore a supporre che con ogni probabilità una certa percentuale di “aborti spontanei” in realtà sia costituita da “aborti volontari”, codificati per “cause indeterminate”.

La “speranza di vita” nel secondo mese di vita prenatale non è analoga per tutte le regioni. Aggregando i dati dell’abortività indotta legale, quelli dell’abortività “spontanea”, e gli indici di mortalità perinatale (entro la prima settimana dalla nascita), si evidenziano differenze notevoli fra le distinte regioni. Nel Veneto la probabilità per il feto di sopravvivere ha un valore dell’80%, in altre regioni, quali Emilia-Romagna, Piemonte, Liguria, Umbria e Toscana, la “speranza di sopravvivenza” (di giungere alla seconda settimana del primo anno di vita) è limitata al 65%, poiché circa il 35% degli “esseri umani” che hanno superato le otto settimane dal concepimento viene soppresso con l’aborto volontario, codificato come IVG, oppure è eliminato come “aborto spontaneo” o si presenta come nato-morto o, ancora, muore entro la prima settimana dalla nascita. Naturalmente tale probabilità non tiene conto degli embrioni e dei feti eliminati subito dopo il concepimento o nelle prime otto settimane di vita fetale.

Il raffronto con i diversi indici demografici, quali la mortalità generale, la speranza media di vita, la mortalità infantile, ritenuti generalmente favorevoli per l’Italia, conferma che per molte regioni l’abortività rimane invece problema sociale grave, meritevole certamente di più adeguata attenzione non solo nell’ambito della medicina preventiva, ma anche della coscienza civile.
Un nuovo termine medico in discussione Nota commento al cosiddetto versterving
Authors: Honings Bonifacio
Published: December 2020

In questa nota informativa l’Autore intende far conoscere il significato di una nuova parola diffusa in Olanda e in Germania: versterving. Si tratta di un termine olandese in uso da un po’di tempo nelle case di cura per anziani affetti da demenza. La discussione intorno a questo termine ebbe inizio con un fatto accaduto in una casa di cura in Olanda: i parenti di un malato ivi ricoverato denunciarono il personale curante perché, al fine di accelerare la morte del loro congiunto, non gli davano né cibo, né acqua. Infatti il termine venne coniato per la prima volta da un medico psichiatra, Chabot, per indicare la rinuncia all’idratazione e all’alimentazione artificiali, il che, in sostanza, vuol dire aprire una finestra all’eutanasia passiva.

Infatti l’alimentazione e l’idratazione rientrano tra le cure normali dovute sempre al malato per cui la loro ingiustificata sospensione può avere il significato di vera eutanasia. La versterving è quindi una sospensione indebita di cure proporzionate. L’Autore afferma inoltre che l’attività medico-sanitaria deve essere impostata su un incontro tra una fiducia (quella del malato) e una coscienza (quella del medico) che ha il compito di assistere, curare e guarire.
Le leggi sull’aborto in alcuni Stati musulmani: tra diritto islamico e diritto positivo
Authors: Atighetchi Dariusch
Published: December 2020

Le posizioni elaborate nel corso dei secoli in campo giuridico nel mondo islamico sulla liceità e i limiti dell’interruzione di gravidanza sono molto complesse e hanno come riferimento le fonti canoniche della Sharia (la Legge islamica) e , qualora queste non rispondano in maniera esaustiva su un determinato tema, i riferimenti principali sono i dottori della Legge islamica i quali offrono dei responsi giuridici che non sono strettamente vincolanti per i richiedenti. Storicamente le riflessioni giuridiche sull’interruzione volontaria di gravidanza ruotano attorno a te “pilastri” fondamentali: l’infusione dell’anima che, in base al Corano, viene trasmessa al 120°giorno dalla fecondazione, il fatto che il diritto classico puniva penalmente il procurato aborto, l’approvazione della tradizione giuridica dell’aborto terapeutico in quanto tutelava in primo luogo la vita della madre. In seguito, l’Autore analizza le legislazioni di alcuni stati musulmani (Tunisia, Kuwait, Egitto, Pakistan, Iran, Arabia Saudita, Bahrain, Algeria), sottolineando che la Sharia (la Legge islamica) costituisce la fonte principali delle leggi statali.
Per una revisione critico-filosofica ed epistemologica della medicina contemporanea
Authors: Marniga Brunella
Published: December 2020

Le urgenti questioni bioetiche che la medicina deve affrontare e la sempre maggiore richiesta di “umanizzazione” della stessa, sono i motivi che giustificano una necessaria revisione critico-filosofica della medicina allo scopo di ridefinire metodi, essenza, limiti e valori, attraverso un’analisi epistemologica. Tale riflessione critica deve necessariamente avvalersi di un’indagine filosofica che “va oltre la mera competenza della singola scienza”. La medicina occupa un posto particolare nell’ambito delle scienze empirico-sperimentali, perché si occupa di un oggetto peculiare, l’uomo malato, che non è riconducibile alla sola dimensione dell’oggettivazione. La figura del medico ricorda Jaspers, deve avere “da un lato la conoscenza scientifica e l’abilità tecnica, dall’altro l’ethos umanitario”. Altro punto da considerare è la relazione interpersonale medico-paziente che va intesa non solo come atto terapeutico, ma anche come processo conoscitivo dell’uomo malato e della sua biografia, mantenendo un’apertura al dialogo al fine di mantenere un rapporto più umanitario, attento ai bisogni del paziente. L’incontro tra medicina e filosofia nasce dall’esigenza della comprensione e della contraccezione tralasciata dalla scienza. In conclusione, l’articolo si sofferma sui vantaggi di un’umanizzazione della medicina volta a realizzare una riflessione etica che consideri l’altro nella sua dimensione olistica.
Evaluation of Favourable Blending and Their Properties of Eucalyptus Biodiesel
Authors: Senthur N.S. , Divakara S. , Maheshkumar M.
Published: December 2020

Oils are categorized as either edible or non-edible. One among the category that cannot be used for cooking is eucalyptus that is amply available within India. The eucalyptus oil is an excellent input for green fuel; the core of the eucalyptus tree has around 35 to 40 percentage of oil content in it. This paper describes the process involved in preparing green fuel from eucalyptus oil by using a trans-esterification method, before starting with the method varied characteristics of eucalyptus green fuel has been examined. It has been discovered that physico-chemical characteristics of the eucalyptus oil is within the range of the standards that have been set by different countries. Eucalyptus oil 40.4 saturated fatty acid 59.6% of unsaturated fatty acid. The sticky nature of the raw eucalyptus decreases posts trans-esterification, but still it is high when compared with mineral diesel. Other characteristics of cloud and pour point, cold filter plugging point (CFPP) are high than diesel. Eucalyptus green fuel mixed with diesel in various proportions. The characteristics of green fuel have been assessed alongside the related criterions. Resultant of the calculation shows that the constant value of the regression is high amongst green fuel characteristics and proportion of the blend. It has been concluded that the best proportion of blend can be up to the extent of 0.3 i.e., 30 percentages after taking into consideration the value of cold filter plugging point.
Preparation and Analysis of Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel for Diesel Engine by using CaO as a Catalyst
Authors: Krishnaraj C. , Ramesh S.A. , Yogesh S. , Vishnu C.M.
Published: December 2020

The fossil fuel service is taken as one of the causes for the globalization. Fossil fuel demand has been increasing in day-to-day life. Biodiesel and Biogas are alternative fuels that rectify fuel some demand. The diesel engine can work under alternative fuels with green potential such as biodiesel. This offers one of the easiest ways for controlling and reduction of CO2, CO and unburned HC. As per the analysis of biodiesel seed, the Calophyllum Inophyllum seed has been selected for an effective result because of easy cultivation, high enriched oil content, free fatty acid and higher seed productivity rate. The oil has been extracted from Calophyllum Inophyllum seed with the application of mechanical extraction process. The acid catalysed esterification and alkaline catalysed trans-esterification process has been done for the production of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel. In both processes, the methanol mixing ratio is maintained at 16:1 for greater removal of glycerine content. The temperature of the alkaline catalyst acts as one of the major root causes of the performance of the biodiesel. By the study from the various alkaline catalyse, calcium oxide having more effectiveness in various preparation temperature like 700 degC, 850degC and 1000degC. The operating temperatures of the alkaline catalysed (CaO) trans-esterification process will increase the performance of bio diesel. The biodiesel blends such as BD0, BD10, BD20; BD40 and BD80 has been taken at a different temperature of the alkaline catalyst. The efficiency of the IC engine has been measured by the feed stock of the bio diesel blends.
RSM based Modeling and Investigation of Emission Characteristics on Cotton-Seed Oil Biodiesel
Authors: Ramachandran T. , Santhosh M. , Reddy S. Sudhakara
Published: December 2020

The biodiesel is the most promising fuel for IC engines as they have the higher calorific value and lower emission quantities. The use of biodiesel in the existing and new engines will increase the performance and reliability of the engine. Once the biodiesel is synthesised and produced in a bulk, it will minimize the cost of biodiesel and it will be lesser than the cost of regular diesel. The use of biofuel with diesel will be prominent as they can produce good performance when combined. In this research work, biodiesel from cotton seed is extracted and transestrified into usable and combustible fuel (COME). To test and improve performance of the COME it has been combined with the diesel in different proportions and prepared as biodiesel (COME-Diesel blends). The blends are tested and compared for various properties to identify the combustion characteristics. The blends are used and tested on the VCR engine to determine the performance and emission characteristics. To develop an empirical model for the emission characteristics, response surface methodology (RSM) design matrix is developed such that the blend, compression ratio, load and speed are the variables and NO and HC are the response functions. The RSM design matrix is experimented and to determine the empirical models, results are verified through the experimental results.
Improved Thermal Comfort of Helmets for Two-Wheeler Motorcycles: Technical Note
Authors: Thirumurugaveerakumar S.
Published: December 2020

A helmet used by motorcyclists is always of critical importance for the safety of the rider. A well-designed helmet should be able to absorb as much energy as possible and to diffuse it to the whole helmet during an impact. This project is intended to improve the design features with respect to thermal comfort of Helmet shell. The vital design features of helmets are extent of protection, ISO head form, and peripheral visions. Thermal discomfort can cause rider fatigue thereby reducing the overall concentration during driving. Various design concepts, such as adding ventilation holes, increasing clearance between the helmet shell and the head and covering the shell with reflective materials, are used to improve the thermal properties. The existing design of helmets does not account for the thermal comfort of the helmet shell into consideration so, a new design prototype is developed. At this stage, attention was also paid to structural safety, appearance and manufacturability. The thermal comforts that can be derived from this design are significantly improved over other commercially available helmets.
Numerical Simulation and Design Optimization of Baffle Perforations for Better Noise Reduction
Authors: Premkumar S. , Udaiyakumar K.C.
Published: December 2020

An increasing vehicle population always pressurizes to focus on environmental concerns for reduced noise level and harmful emissions. Even though many qualitatively optimized exhaust systems are developed during last two decades, still researchers focus on noise reduction and emission control. Abundant research and development activities are carried out to get a reasonable back pressure drop along with a significant noise reduction in the muffler. The development in computational coding leads to a realistic prediction of flow and acoustic characteristics inside the muffle. Hence the present research work focuses on computational simulation of muffler with single and multi-chambers separated by baffles along with porous pipes. The present work analyses a conventional single baffle muffler configuration and compares the flow behaviour with multi chambers separated by multiple baffle configurations. The shape of the baffle holes is also optimised to get better acoustic performance based on the transmission losses. The flow behaviour and its details are studied inside the muffler to identify the possibility of design improvements. Among the muffler configurations with single and multiple chambers, the overall pressure losses are calculated and compared to get an optimized design with reasonable sound attenuation.
Heat Transfer Investigation with Multiple Jet Impingement
Authors: Murthy Niranjan , Naveenkumar B.K.
Published: December 2020

An experimental study was carried out to study the effect of multiple jet impingement on a virtual electronic component using water and air as working fluids. It consists of an electrically heated test plate of size 20mmÃ—20mm. Heat flux is varied between 25 to 250W/cm2 was dissipated using 0.25 and 0.5mm diameter jets placed in a 7Ã—7 array with a pitch of 3mm. The difference in temperature between test surface and fluid inlet is within 30 degC for water jets and within 75 degC for air jet experiments. Experiments were conducted by changing the heat flux, flow rate and distance between the test surface and jet exit and [iv] horizontal and vertical positioning of the jets. It was found that heat flux, jet diameter and Reynolds number are important factors in determining the heat transfer. The effects of distance between test surface and jet exit [Z] and positioning of the jets were insignificant. Though the multiple jet impingement heat transfer problem is complex, the heat transfer results could be correlated using a simple relationship in the form of Nu = AqmRen. The constant (m) which indicates the effect of heat flux has the value of 0.8 and 0.9 depending upon the jet diameter and the coolant. The constant (n) which indicates the influence of Reynolds number has the value of 0.25 for both water and air jets. The value of constant (A) is different for water and air jets. The correlation developed in this research work can be effectively used to design multiple water and air jet cooling system for electronic components.
Crash Analysis of Bus Body Structure using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Deulgaonkar Vikas Radhakrishna , Kulkarni M.S. , Khedkar S.S. , Kharosekar S.U. , Sadavarte V.U.
Published: December 2020

Crash analysis of non-air-conditioned sleeper bus has been carried in present work. Using relevant automotive industry standards (052 and 119) bus dimensions are considered for design. Surface modeling technique is used to prepare computer aided model. Further the bus design is freeze using finite element analysis for different crash conditions as front impact, side impact and rear impact. Crash analysis of the proposed bus design is carried using Ansys Workbench. Using the outcomes from finite element analysis as stresses, deflections, internal and kinetic energies during various crash conditions are estimated. Mesh generator is used to mesh the complex bus model. The stress and deflection magnitudes of proposed bus model are in good agreement with the experimental results available in literature. Design improvements are made using the finite element analysis outcomes, observing the deformation patterns additional pillar members of suitable length are added to increase the dynamic crush and further enhance occupant safety during collisions.
CFD Analysis of Twisted Tape Heat Exchanger with Twist Ratio of 3 in Metallic and Ceramic Nano Fluids
Authors: Karuppasamy M. , Saravanan R. , Chandrasekaran M. , Muthuraman V.
Published: December 2020

The heat transfer enhancement is primary objective in the heat exchangers. The heat exchangers are employed for cooling, heating and evaporation purposes in the industries. Many of the heat exchangers designed as the heat transfer fluid flow inside the tube. So, in this research, the double tube heat exchanger is considered with unit length. The passive method is one in which the flow resistance is to be introduced to enhance the heat transfer rate without affecting the pumping force. So, the tube inserts with twist ratio of 3 is considered. The water and water-copper oxide nano fluid and water-silicon dioxide nano fluid were considered for investigation. The flow properties such as pressure, temperature, velocity and turbulence kinetic energy were varied and discussed. The thermal performance, friction factor and enhancement factors are compared and discussed. The SiO2-water nano fluid has outperformed than the other fluids studied.
Comparative Investigation of Laminar Separation Bubble on a Wing at Low Reynolds Number
Authors: Uthra M.P. , Antony A. Daniel
Published: December 2020

Most admirable and least known features of low Reynolds number flyers are their aerodynamics. Due to the advancements in low Reynolds number applications such as Micro Air vehicles (MAV), Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) and wind turbines, researchersâ€™ concentrates on Low Reynolds number aerodynamics and its effect on aerodynamic performance. The Laminar Separation Bubble (LSB) plays a deteriorating role in affecting the aerodynamic performance of the wings. The parametric study has been performed to analyse the flow around cambered, uncambered wings with different chord and Reynolds number in order to understand the better flow characteristics, LSB and three dimensional flow structures. The computational results are compared with experimental results to show the exact location of LSB. The presence of LSB in all cases is evident and it also affects the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing. There is a strong formation of vortex in the suction side of the wing which impacts the LSB and transition. The vortex structures impact on the LSB is more and it also increases the strength of the LSB throughout the span wise direction.
FEA of Composite Leaf Spring for Light Commercial Vehicle: Technical Note
Authors: Fakkir Mohamed M. , Yaknesh S. , Radhakrishnan G. , Mohan Kumar P.
Published: December 2020

The intent of automotive sector for 21st century is to save fuel and reduce emissions. Due to this, the automotive designers are revisiting automotive systems and its parts for reducing the mass of the vehicles. For a suspension system, leaf spring is one of the key targets for weight reduction because it adds to unsprung mass which affects the ride quality of the vehicle. In this present study, a novel material such as a glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) was selected. The polyester resin was used for conducting the numerical analysis via finite element analysis technique using ANSYS R15.0 software. Stresses, deformation and strain energy results for both steel and composite leaf spring material were obtained. Result shows that, the composite spring has a maximum strain energy than the steel leaf spring. The design constraints were stresses, deformations and strain energy. Compared to the steel spring, the composite spring (S-glass fiber) resulted in higher deformation, strain energy and stress.
Application of TOPSIS and ANOVA Methods to Evaluate the Electrical Resistance Spot Welding Process Parameters of AISI 1020 Steel
Authors: Natarajan Harshavardhana , Sundarlingam Paramasivam Sundar Singh Sivam , Kumaran Durai , Balakumaran G. , Naveen R.
Published: December 2020

Deformation and deterioration of the electrode caused by chemical reaction is resistant to AISI 1020 with caps screw electrodes. In this study, squeeze, weld, hold time, current and pressure is evaluated for the nugget diameter. OP1is the surface waviness, OP2 is the force, OP3 is the nugget height and OP4 is welded by spot welding on steel plates. AISI 1020 steel plates with thicknesses of 0.8 mm and 1.5mm for connecting the cap screw electrode, current and clock sensor with current control for 120 kVA capacitors are connected. The cycle welding currents of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 were selected and increased from 8 kA to 10 kA is done during the welding process. In this study, OP1 to OP4 are selected and the verification experiment is performed in an optimal state to observe the development accuracy. Based on confirmation of test results, it was determined to develop a model that can be effectively used to predict the size of weld surface thereby improving the quality of the weld and calculating the cost of the top screw head. The welded joints of two electrodes are exposed to weld radius. The groove, force and valve height are calculated by the ingot detector, dynamometer and ultrasonic. This allows the workstation to be welded to the desired contour while reducing its production costs.
Sustainability Characteristics of Damaged Carbon Fiber Composites
Authors: Singh Dalbir , Ganesan C. , Nisha M.S.
Published: December 2020

Usage of composites has increased in many fields of application ranging from space to repair and rehabilitation. Damage of composites in the form of cracking or de-lamination is quite common during its life. Performance of the composites after damage with or without repair is an indicator to one of its sustainability aspects. Here in this study, the damage parameter from the point of cracking is studied beyond normal yield considerations using inelastic material model to assess its remaining life. It is observed that, based on the load quantity of damage occurrence, sustainability is measured as life cycle analysis in terms of remaining life that can change significantly if one accounts for inelastic material behaviour.
Strain Rate Effect on Progressive Failure and Tensile Behaviour of Kevlar Epoxy Composites
Authors: Ganesan C. , Joanna P.S. , Singh Dalbir
Published: December 2020

This study investigates about the effect of different strain rates on the tensile behaviour of kevlar epoxy composites and progressive failure of kevlar epoxy composites under displacement controlled axial loading. A series of experimental tests were conducted under different strain rates to find out the tensile behaviour of kevlar epoxy composites. Two different strain rates 0.5mm/ min and 1.5mm/ min were applied to the kevlar epoxy specimen in order to understand the difference in mechanical properties and progressive failures of composites. Tensile strength increases with an increase in strain rates. Failure in kevlar epoxy composites is analysed under different stages for both 0.5mm/min and 1.5 mm/min. For all the tests, failure starts with matrix cracking followed by delamination and ends with fracture.
Coupled Fluidâ€“Structure Interaction based Numerical Investigation on the Large Deformation Behavior of Thin Plates Subjected to under Water Explosion
Authors: Suresh C. , Ramajeyathilagam K.
Published: December 2020

Coupled fluid structure interaction based numerical investigation on rectangular mild steel plates subjected to underwater explosion is tested using Explosion Bulge Testing (EBT) is presented in this paper. The test plate along with the EBT box model fixture immersed in water domain subjected to small explosive charges of PEK I at a standoff distance of 0.15 m from centre of the plate is considered for the analysis using LSDYNA code. For the analysis, explosive charge is modelled using high explosive burn with JWL equation of state. The fluid is using null material model with Gruinesian equation of state, the EBT setup is using Lagrangian solid element with rigid material model and the test plate is modelled using Belytschko-Tsay shell element with piece-wise linear plasticity material model. The numerical analysis aims to predict the permanent deformation of the plate under various shock loading conditions. The results are then compared with experimental results available in the literature and numerical results based on Taylorâ€™s plate theory. Parametric investigations on the large deformation behaviour of different plate thickness of various shock loading conditions are presented.
Response Surface Modeling for Saw Milling Operation of EN8 Aluminium Alloy Steel and Aluminium
Authors: Saravanan K. , Suresh Kumar B. , Rajkumar T. , Vijayan V.
Published: December 2020

This work discusses about the analysis of process parameters in saw milling process using horizontal milling machine. This project mainly focused on the analysis of machining parameters to get lowest surface roughness in saw milling process. The experiment was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) with 18 experiments. The RSM is used to investigate surface roughness, machining time, thrust force, feed force and cutting force. The EN8 steel and aluminium are the work piece materials and HSS saw milling cutter with different tool geometry is used for experimentation in horizontal milling machine. In this project the various process parameters that influences on the surface finish and machining time are varied and corresponding responses are tabulated. Finally, a relationship is made between the input parameters such as spindle speed, feed rate and responses on work piece and surface finish in saw milling using design expert software.
Effect of Nano-ZrO2 Particulates on Wear Characteristics of Al7075 Metal Matrix Composite
Authors: Prashanth Reddy M.S. , Raju H.P
Published: December 2020

The demands in application-oriented areas lead to evolution of many light metal alloys which are capable of maintaining strength to weight ratio in an adequate manner. Out of all light metal aluminium alloys plays a vital role with the addition of hard ceramic particulates. In this view an attempt has been made to synthesis the aluminium nano composites with the addition of ZrO2 with a particle size of 80nm by using stir casting methodology by adopting specific working environment using argon gas supply. The addition of ceramic particles found uniform in distribution wise. The specimens are subjected to dry sliding wear test using Ducom wear test equipment which results in significant improvement in the resistance for wear. The composite was prepared for 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75 and 2.00 wt.% addition of reinforcement. As % of addition of reinforcement the wear rate is gradually decreasing, the worn-out surfaces are subjected to SEM analysis after wear testing.
Social mixing and risk exposures for SARS-CoV-2 infections in elderly persons
Authors: Haag Christina , Höglinger Marc , Moser André , Hämmig Oliver , Puhan Milo Alan , Von Wyl Viktor
Published: December 2020

AIMS OF THE STUDY
During the transitional phase between the two pandemic waves of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), infection rates were temporarily rising among younger persons only. However, following a temporal delay infections started to expand to older age groups. A comprehensive understanding of such transmission dynamics will be key for managing the pandemic in the time to come and to anticipate future developments. The present study thus extends the scope of previous SARS-CoV-2-related research in Switzerland by contributing to deeper insight into the potential impact of “social mixing” of different age groups on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

METHODS
The present study examined persons aged 65 years and older with respect to possible SARS-CoV-2 exposure risks using longitudinal panel data from the Swiss COVID-19 Social Monitor. The study used data from two assessments (survey “May” and survey “August”). Survey “May” took place shortly after the release of the lockdown in Switzerland. Survey “August” was conducted in mid-August. To identify at-risk elderly persons, we conducted a combined factor/k-means clustering analysis of the survey data assessed in August in order to examine different patterns of adherence to recommended preventive measures.

RESULTS
In summary, 270 (survey “May”) and 256 (survey “August”) persons aged 65 years and older were analysed for the present study. Adherence to established preventive measures was similar across the two surveys, whereas adherence pertaining to social contacts decreased substantially from survey “May” to survey “August”. The combined factor/k-means clustering analysis to identify at-risk elderly individuals yielded four distinct groups with regard to different patterns of adherence to recommended preventive measures: a larger group of individuals with many social contacts but high self-reported adherence to preventive measures (n = 86); a small group with many social contacts and overall lower adherence (n = 26); a group with comparatively few contacts and few social activities (n = 66); and a group which differed from the latter through fewer contacts but more social activities (n = 78). Sociodemographic characteristics and risk perception with regard to SARS-CoV-2 infections among the four groups did not differ in a relevant way across the four groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Although many elderly persons continued to follow the recommended preventive measures during the transitional phase between the two pandemic waves, social mixing with younger persons constitutes a way for transmission of infections across age groups. Pandemic containment among all age groups thus remains essential to protect vulnerable populations, including the elderly.
Food Cuisine Authenticity and its Implementation Barriers in Lahore - Pakistan
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Bostani Ahmed , Anwar Ali , Imlaq Muhammad , Javid Ubaidullah
Published: December 2020

The main research area Lahore - Pakistan, is one of the country's leading food hubs offering a variety of food to its domestic customers and international tourists. That does not only cause economic gains but also incorporate with different food cultures in one place. It is not easier to incorporate culture and offer the very best food for its origin. Throughout the process, the question arises whether the food served is authentic or has changed over time into fusion food due to the greater travel distance. In the city of Lahore, research was done from Eighty - Seven food establishments. Serving Authenticity is a daunting task, with only twenty-one of these eighty-seven serving the authentic food. But they are again facing a lot of trouble throughout the process that in some places they are forced to use local ingredients or some nearby fusion food. This is not due to a lack of skills ability, but food organizations face various food problems because of low food shelf life or other issues such as import costs or customer affordability. The nearest solution has also been discussed, which can ensure food authenticity more than ever.
Automatic Traffic Sign Detection Practices: A
Review
Authors: Tania Joseph
Published: December 2020

Traffic sign detection and recognition plays an important part in today’s technology driven world. The
purpose of traffic signs is to help drivers as well as pedestrians for safe navigation. The two major phases
involved in traffic sign detection and recognition are : identifying the region of interest and proceeding to
detect any and all signs that might be present, and further, classifying the detected signs into their respective
classes. This paper attempts to review all the existing methods/practices for the detection of signs(real-time).
Image Captioning System
Authors: Vasudha Bahl and Nidhi Sengar Gaurav Joshi, Dr. Amita Goel
Published: December 2020

Deep Learning is relatively a new field and it has grabbed a lot of attention because it provides
higher level of accuracy in recognizing objects than ever earlier. NLP is also one field that has
created a huge impact in our life. NLP has come a long way from producing a readable summary
of the texts to analysis of mental illness, it shows the impact of NLP. Image captioning task
combines both NLP and Deep Learning. Describing images in a meaningful way can be done
using Image captioning. Describing an image don’t just mean recognizing objects, to describe an
image properly we first need to identify objects present in the image and then the relationship
between those objects. In this study we have used CNN-LSTM based framework. CNN will be
used to extract features of the image while with the help of LSTM we will try to generate
meaningful sentences. This study also discusses applications of Image captioning and major
challenges faced in achieving this task.
ML Based Virtual Personal Assistant
Authors: Anshu Kumar Singh, Dr.Bhoomi Gupta
Published: December 2020

The menial helper is shrewd programming installed in Smartphones and other associated gadgets that
demonstrations like an individual right hand by helping you moderate your numerous assignments so you
can focus on the more significant things. Savvy help is the need in the journey for an innovatively ahead
society. With quite a rationale, our Virtual Assistant framework is proposed. The essential thought is to
guarantee the security of individual data of clients and offer exact help for different day by day parts of living
through a basic yet incredible framework. Such a framework utilizes Deep Learning Algorithms to
accumulate results and fundamental chatterbot frameworks to go about as an ideal ally for humans. The
assistant is prepared to build up its own awareness of the content, and you can show it how to speak with
individuals. On the other hand, you can educate the assistant through film exchange or play contents. Be
that as it may, a human-to-human discussion is a favored method to make the most ideal profound learning
assistant. Keep in mind, the more information you have, the better the viability of AI will be.
Quorum alleviating Molecules- A Review
Authors: Dr. Raishy R Hussain and Abhinsha Z Dr. NohaLaj
Published: December 2020

The hindrance of quorum sensing is generally indicated to as quorum quenching. A few compounds have
been combined to intrude on quorum sensing articulation by echoing AHL particles, N-acyl-3-amino-5H
furanone, a synthetic analogue of N-AHL viably keeps the receipt of signal atom by obstructing its receptor
Lux R protein. AHL controlled quorum sensing can be distressed by various methods, for example, lessening
the movement of AHL cognate receptor protein or AHL synthase, hindering the creation of QS signal
molecules, degradation of the AHL, and mimicking the signal atoms by utilizing their synthetic analogs.
Additionally, obstruction of sensing signal transduction can be accomplished by utilizing an opponent
particle equipped for contending or meddling with the local AHL motion for endorsed entry to the LUXR-type
receptor. Competitive inhibitors are basically like the local AHL signal and can bind to and involve the AHL
restricting site yet will fail to enact the LuxR-type receptor. The non-competitive inhibitors indicate almost no
basic similarity to AHL signals and these particles bind to various locales on the receptor protein. A variety of
natural Quorum quenching molecules have been identified.
Sliding Puzzle CAPTCHA Analysis
Authors: Saurabh Chauhan and Shreya Kapoor
Published: December 2020

Today a number of everyday activities are done through the Internet. To perform such web services users
must register in relation to websites or fill some form. In such websites, some hackers write malicious
programs called bots that destroy website resources by creating fake registrations or form submissions. This
false registration may adversely affect the performance of websites. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish
between actual human users and Web bots (or computer programs) via tests known as CAPTCHA
(Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart). Most of the conventional
CAPTCHA challenges have become an easy nut to crack for bots, hence calling a need for better CAPTCHA
alternatives. This paper studies the infamous 'Sliding Puzzle' as an alternate CAPTCHA challenge and
analysing the complexity to solve it via bot script.
Lane Detection for Autonomous Vehicles using
Open CV Library
Authors: Aarushi Mittal and Narinder Kaur
Published: December 2020

For vehicles to have the option to drive without anyone else, they have to comprehend their encompassing
world like human drivers, so they can explore their way in roads, pause at stop signs and traffic signals, and
try not to hit impediments, for example, different vehicles and pedestrians. In view of the issues experienced
in identifying objects via self-governing vehicles an exertion has been made to show path discovery utilizing
OpenCV library. The explanation and method for picking grayscale rather than shading, distinguishing and
detecting edges in an image, selecting region of interest, applying Hough Transform and choosing polar
coordinates over Cartesian coordinates has been discussed.
Uso del diseño de experimentos para la innovación empresarial
Authors: Delgado Fernández Mercedes
Published: December 2020

El artículo aborda el uso del diseño de experimentos en proyectos de innovación empresarial. En primer lugar, se plantean las bases del diseño experimental con especial énfasis en el enfoque de procesos y su aplicabilidad en la innovación. En segundo lugar, propone una guía para su aplicación tanto en proyectos de innovación empresarial, como de productos, procesos, organizacional y de comercialización. La información inicial para la aplicación de la guía se basa en el diagrama causa efecto. Finalmente, se muestran tres casos de estudio de proyectos de innovación empresarial en los que se aplica la guía de diseño de experimento, que permite decidir cuáles son los factores o causas que influyen en la variable respuesta, en correspondencia con el efecto analizado. De esta forma el directivo de la empresa tiene más conocimiento para tomar decisiones que contribuyan al incremento de la eficacia y la eficiencia.
Insurance Options: Beating the benchmark. Are Catastrophe Bonds more profitable than Corporate Bonds?
Authors: Caro Barrera José Rafael
Published: December 2020

In this paper we establish a comparison between one of the most traded financial derivatives in the markets, the so-called catastrophe bonds (abbreviated as cat bonds) and the corporate bonds. In the first section, we start from a brief definition as well as some basic concepts. In section two, we will enumerate the type of investors to whom these products might interesting and how to price them. Afterwards, in section three we move onto the analysis of the trading rule proposed, that is, the comparison with Corporate bonds, our benchmark, in terms of expected returns. In sections four and five, we will point out some key issues on how the credit risk associated to these products can be reduced and, finally, in the last section, we will conclude with some discussions and remark the state-of-the-art research on this field.
Diversificación de exportaciones y crecimiento económico: evidencia empírica para Chile y Colombia (1980-2015)
Authors: Almanza-Ramírez Camilo , Rodríguez-Albor Gustavo Jesús , Gómez-Pacheco Álvaro , Verbel-Montes Iván
Published: December 2020

La relación entre las exportaciones y el crecimiento económico ha sido ampliamente discutida en la literatura, aunque actualmente no existe un consenso claro sobre el tema. En este artículo se evalúa la hipótesis de que la diversificación de exportaciones está vinculada al crecimiento económico a través de externalidades del tipo aprender haciendo y aprender exportando, mediante el uso de métodos multivariantes para series de tiempo -modelos VAR y VEC-  con datos de exportaciones de Chile y Colombia para el periodo 1995-2015. La prueba Dickey-Fuller aumentada se usa para evaluar la estacionariedad de las series. El test de Johansen se emplea para determinar el grado de cointegración entre las variables, y la prueba de causalidad Granger para establecer la relación de causalidad entre las mismas. Los resultados muestran que el crecimiento basado en la diversificación de exportaciones es relevante para Chile, mientras que para Colombia se detectó una relación de causalidad que va del crecimiento económico a la diversificación de exportaciones.
MODEL OF COMPOUND ABSORBENT OF INCREASED CAPACITY BASING ON POLYMER WASTES FOR ELIMINATION OF OIL SPILLS
Authors:   Civil Defence Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, Valuev N.P. , Isaeva I.Y. ,   State Automobile and Road Technical University, Mashintsov E.A. ,   Civil Defence Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, Yudanov P.M. ,   Civil Defence Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: December 2020

In this paper results of experimental research of applying the compound absorbent for the elimination of oil spills are provided. Numerical scheme, reflecting the connection between components and quantities of the absorbent and its absorbing capacity was developed. Assessment of effectiveness of using the absorbent for elimination the consequences of oil spills was presented.
URANIUM AND MOLYBDENUM LEACHING FROM THE ORE OF "VOSTOK" DEPOSIT
Authors:   Kostanay State University, Valiyev K.K. , Bugubayeva A.U. ,   Kostanay State University, Amandykova A.B. ,   Kostanay State University, Bulaev A.G. ,   Federal Researcher Center of RAS
Published: December 2020

Agitation leaching of uranium and molybdenum from the ore of “Vostok” deposit (Kazahstan) containing 0.285 % of uranium and 0.035 % of molybdenum was performed. Sulfuric acid solutions (of 1 to 3 %) as well as solutions containing oxidants, ferric sulfate and ammonium persulfate, were used as leach solutions. Also, the sample of acid mine drainage collected at “Vostok” deposit containing ferric iron ions and cells of acidophilic microorganisms was used for the leaching. Leaching with sulfuric acid solutions made it possible to leach no more than 19.4 and 24.4% of uranium and molybdenum, respectively. Oxidants allowed to increase extraction of metals. The leaching with ferric sulfate made it possible to extract up to 68 and 28.2 % of uranium and molybdenum, respectively. The leaching with ammonium persulfate made it possible up to 95.2 and 34.8 % of uranium and molybdenum, respectively. High extent of metal extraction was reached when using the sample of acid mine drainage: 95 % of uranium and 48.6 % of molybdenum were extracted. Thus, it was shown that acid mine drainage, which are formed due to complex biogeochemical processes in ore dumps and during ore dressing wastes storage may be successfully used as leach solutions for oxidative leaching of metals from uranium ores.
TO THE CONCEPT OF RESTRUCTURING COAL PRODUCTION OF DONBASS
Authors:   North Caucasus State Technological University, Golik V.I , Atrushkevich V.A. ,   Moscow Mining Institute MISiS, Dulin A.N. ,   South Russian State Polytechnic University
Published: December 2020

The article contains a rationale for the economic and environmental feasibility of extracting useful components from low-grade coal-containing raw materials, which can increase the recoverable value of coal due to the added value of commercial products from coal waste to a level of profitability, improves the environmental situation and repeatedly increases the resource base of enterprises. It is shown that the Donbass mines restructuring program has damaged the Russian economy and weakened the competitiveness of Russian coal production on the world market for many years, since the coal reserves written off are many times more valuable than the values determined by the Program.
STRESS-STRAIN STATE PREDICTION SURROUNDING UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE, CONSTRUCTED IN NONLINEAR DEFORMED MEDIUM-SOFT SOILS
Authors:   St. Petersburg Mining University, PROTOSENYA A.G. , IOVLEV G.A. ,   St. Petersburg Mining University
Published: December 2020

Article proposes an approach for constructing a computational model for calculating the stress-strain state around tunnel, in medium soft soils. Set of deformations and strengths properties of which a given by elastic, elastic perfectly-plastic, and non-linear models. It founded, that with the input parameters used in model for elastic perfectly-plastic, and nonlinear models around tunnel formed yield surfaces. Analysis of the distinctions between elastic perfectly-plastic, and non-linear models was made. Was showed, that maximum deviatoric stress q is over-estimated in Mohr-Coulomb model. For hardening soil model was determined boundary of the plastic deformations.
RESEARCH OF DEPENDENCE OF THE INTENSITY OF WEARING OF STRUCTURAL FORMING NOZZLES ON THE PARAMETERS OF THEIR OPERA TION
Authors:   Tula State University, GOLOVIN K.A. , KOVALEVA A.N. ,   Tula State University
Published: December 2020

The prospects for the use of processing tools that use the energy of expiring highspeed fine jets in mechanical engineering, construction, mining and other industries are obvious today. At the same time, the jet forming, and for some inkjet technologies, also the collimating nozzle is an integral part of any hydro-jet tool.