bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
gastro‐politics in Hindu South Asia
Authors: APPADURAI ARJUN
Published: November 2004

The general semiotic properties of food take particularly intense forms in the context of gastro‐politics – where food is the medium, and sometimes the message, of conflict. In South Asia, where beliefs about food encode a complex set of social and moral propositions, food serves two diametrically opposed semiotic functions: it can either homogenize the actors who transact in it, or it can serve to heterogenize them. In the Tamil Brahmin community of South India, this underlying tension takes three particular forms in the arenas of the household, the marriage feast, and the temple. [food, symbolism, semiotics, politics, South India]
Reviews
Authors: TUZIN DONALD F.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Basic Problems of Ethnopsychiatry. GEORGE DEVEREUX. Basia Miller Gulati and George Devereux, transls

Culture in Context: Selected Writings. WESTON LA BARRE
Ecological variation and economic exchange in the Tarascan state
Authors: POLLARD HELEN PERLSTEIN
Published: November 2004

In this paper the relationship between population, resources, and economic exchange is delineated for the protohistoric Tarascan state. A model of the dynamic role of these variables in the state's evolution is presented that emphasizes resource shifts and differential adaptation of elite and commoners, including market intensification and militarism but excluding agricultural intensification and hydraulic works. The Tarascan state, then, represents a structural variant among pre‐Hispanic Mesoamerican complex societies and must be accounted for in general theories of state evolution. [state evolution, human ecology, exchange, ethnohistory, Tarascan]
land conflicts in Amazonia
Authors: SCHMINK MARIANNE
Published: November 2004

Persistent conflict between small‐farmer migrants and the owners of large estates has characterized frontier expansion in the Brazilian Amazon region. These two groups respond to distinct government policy initiatives and hold antagonistic ideological perspectives regarding the appropriation, use, and function of land. To address land conflicts, government intervention has taken on an increasingly political and ideological cast. The evolution and polarization of ideological perspectives, and their relation to distinct material and political positions in land conflicts, are examined. It is argued that the dispute over access to land on the Amazon frontier is an expression of fundamental contradictions in Brazilian state and society. [Amazon, frontier, land conflicts, ideology, Brazil]
why hunters gather: optimal foraging and the Aché of eastern Paraguay
Authors: HAWKES KRISTEN , HILL KIM , O'CONNELL JAMES F.
Published: November 2004

The determinants of food choices made by hunter‐gatherers have long been a topic of speculation and controversy. In this paper, we analyze the foraging behavior of the Aché of eastern Paraguay and conclude that it is consistent with predictions derived from optimal foraging models. We infer that these very general models will continue to prove useful in explaining variation in hunter‐gatherer subsistence patterns throughout time and space. [Aché, hunter‐gatherers, optimal foraging theory, South America, tropical forest]
“commitment” in American marriage: a cultural analysis
Authors: QUINN NAOMI
Published: November 2004

On the basis of syntax, metaphorical usages, formulaic language, and the senses of utterances, it is argued that American interviewees use the key word “commitment” in the context of marriage both in a general, superordinate sense and in three subordinate polysemous senses, of PROMISE, DEDICATION, and ATTACHMENT. These three polysemous senses are related in a culturally shared scenario for American marriage—the story of the speech act that initiates it, and the entailments of this act: a state of intentionality, and an emotional relationship to another person. [American marriage, knowledge structures, scenario word, polysemy, cultural knowledge, goals]
house affiliation systems in Belau
Authors: PARMENTIER RICHARD J.
Published: November 2004

Intravillage and multivillage systems of house affiliation in Belau, Micronesia, are analyzed diachronically in terms of the relationship between the constitution of social groups and the linguistic labeling of those groups. Social changes concerning land tenure and residence introduced during German and Japanese colonial periods disrupted the intravillage house affiliation system; these same changes prompted the rejuvenation, in the contemporary period, of multivillage house affiliation networks based traditionally on migration traditions. Data from ethnohistorical traditions, customary exchange, and title inheritance suggest that the coherence of Belau social organization is maintained by continuities in the relationships among terms referring to social groups. [social organization, lineage, Belau, Micronesia, social change]
Galton's Problem as network autocorrelation
Authors: DOW MALCOLM M. , BURTON MICHAEL L. , WHITE DOUGLAS R. , REITZ KARL P.
Published: November 2004

Classical statistical inference procedures usually assume the independence of sample units. However, the assumption of independence is often unrealistic in cross‐cultural research because societies in neighboring or historically related regions tend to be duplicates of one another across a wide variety of traits that are spread by historical fission, diffusion, or migration of peoples. A recent generalization of the usual regression model explicitly allows for networks of interdependencies among sample units as part of the model specification. Here, two new estimation procedures for this network autocorrelation model are compared to previously employed maximum likelihood procedures, and to the usual regression procedures which ignore interdependence. The results of comparisons based on simulated autocorrelation data and the reanalyses of two previously published empirical studies indicate that both of the procedures proposed here compare very favorably with the maximum likelihood approach, and both are vastly superior to the usual regression procedures when there is moderate to high autocorrelation (i.e., interdependence). [Galton's Problem, cultural diffusion, networks, cultural evolution, statistical methodology]
Colonizing and transforming the criminal tribesman: the Salvation Army in British India
Authors: TOLEN RACHEL J.
Published: November 2004

Under colonial rule, the constitution of the notion of a criminal caste drew on prevailing discourses about crime, class, and work, as well as on British notions about the nature of Indian society. Transforming Indian communities into criminal castes involved the construction of a body of knowledge defining the nature, habits, and characteristics of criminal castes. Through the inculcation of habits of discipline, Salvation Army reformatories sought to reform criminal tribespeople into subjected and productive bodies. Processes of reform were linked to the spatiotemporal expansion of the British Empire and the constitution of new forms of productive relations.
“Los Pastores” and the gifting of performance
Authors: FLORES RICHARD R.
Published: November 2004

This study of Los Pastores, a folk drama performed in San Antonio, Texas, argues that the struggle over the production and reproduction of culture is situated in the emergent social formation evoked through performance. As such, the interrelationship between gifting and labor constitutes a communicative dialectic upon which an analysis of expressive culture, one based on performance as production, is centered. [performance, cultural production, gifting, mexicanoexpressive culture]
ethnographies as texts/ethnographers as griots
Authors: STOLLER PAUL
Published: November 2004

West African griots or bards are charged with talking social life; they are burdened by a localized politics of representation. Ethnographers are charged with writing or filming social life; they are burdened by a globalized politics of representation. In this article, I suggest that ethnographers have much to learn from the localized practices of griots. More specifically, I argue that when ethnographers attempt to depict social life—to write or film lives—they consider following the griot's path. This means that ethnographers, like griots, spend long periods of time apprenticing themselves to elders, long periods of time mastering knowledge. This also means that ethnographers attempt not only to make contributions to social theory but also to tell the story of a people or a person with depth, respect, and poetic evocation. [ethnography, fieldwork, griots, West Africa, theory]
Translating Truths: Nationalism, the Practice of Archaeology, and the Remaking of Past and Present in contemporary Jerusalem
Authors: El‐Haj Nadia Abu
Published: November 2004

Focusing on the practices of Israeli archaeology in Jerusalem's Old City and the building of the new Jewish Quarter (post‐1967), I situate the work of archaeology within a wider network of institutions and practices, arguing that once we recognize that archaeologists produce tangible things, its potential power as knowledge and as science may become more starkly apparent. By examining one particular instance of scientific practice and its role in processes of cultural production and spatial transformation, I hope to raise questions more broadly about the best way to account for how (scientific) knowledge actually helps to fabricate novel cultural and political realities and to produce specific regimes of rule, [archaeology, science, material culture, colonialism, nationalism, Israel]
The Power of Swahili Porcelain, Beads and Pottery
Authors: Donley‐Reid Linda W.
Published: November 2004

This ethno‐archeological case study presents an emic view of the meaning of Swahili artifacts. Porcelain, beads and pottery have been deposited by generation of Swahili people, but only recently has symbolic and structuring social meaning of these items become of interest to archeologists working on the East African coastal sites. The emic perspective also revealed an unconscious belief that pottery decoration has a “protective” function within the Swahili culture.
Coles Creek Period Social Organization and Evolution in Northeast Louisiana
Authors: Kidder Tristram R.
Published: November 2004

Coles Creek culture is known for the numerous multi‐mound sites scattered across the Lower Mississippi Valley. Traditionally these people are thought to be corn agriculturalists with a chiefdom level sociopolitical organization. Evidence from recent excavations has challenged prevailing concepts about Coles Creek subsistence and social organization. Maize agriculture was not as important as it was once thought. Furthermore, the development of complex social entities appears late in the Coles Creek sequence. Although they do not manifest many of the classic traits of chiefdom level societies, it is evident from several lines of archaeological evidence that Coles Creek populations living in northeast Louisiana underwent organizational changes in the last decades of the first millennium A.D. with the end result being the formation of simple elite polities.
Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper‐Level, Drug Dealing and Smugling Community
Authors: Sherry John F.
Published: November 2004

Wheeling And Dealing: An Ethnography Of An Upper‐Level, Drug Dealing And Smugling Community By: Fatricia A. Adler. New York: Columbia university Press. 1985. Pp. xi. 175 (index, bibliography). $25.00 (hardcover).
Work and Lifecourse in Japan
Authors: Ehrensal Kenneth N.
Published: November 2004

Work and Lifecourse In Japan By David W. Plath. Ed. 1983 State University of New York Press.
Working Wives/Working Husbands
Authors: Frey James H.
Published: November 2004

Joseph H. Pleck Working Wives/Working Husbands 1985 Beverly Hills. CA. Sage
Independents Declared
Authors: Rosenblatt Paul C.
Published: November 2004

Michael H. Agar Independents Declared 1986 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
Japan In The Passing Lane: An Insider's Account Of Life In A Japanese Auto Factory
Authors: Lurie Sue G.
Published: November 2004

Kamata Satoshi Japan In The Passing Lane: An Insider's Account Of Life In. Japanese Auto Factory.(Automobile Factory Of Despair).1982 Translated By Tatsuru Akimoto. N.Y.: Pantheon
Shop Talk: An Anthology Of Poetry
Authors: Zimmer Richard
Published: November 2004

Shop Talk: An Anthology Of Poetry Edited By Zoe Landale. Pulp Press Book Publishers, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1985. 128pp.
Ethnic Identity and Assimilation: A Seven Generation Irish‐Canadian Lineage
Authors: Bolger Rory M.
Published: November 2004

The socio‐economic evolution of Irish Canadians from landless rural subjects to New World peasants to urban proletarians to entrepreneurs and professionals is examined as having been shaped by the opportunity structure afforded by westward immigration of the past 140 years. That process and its attendant erosion of ethnic identity are chronicled in the context of the political economy of pre‐famine Ireland, of early Canada, and of recession‐prone Great Lakes border communities of the United States and Canada. Fully assimilated in mainstream North American culture, ethnic identity persists yet within the lineage on a situational basis.
The Use of Anthropology in Information Technology
Authors: Wynn Eleanor
Published: November 2004

The practice of anthropology is a potentially useful one in the information technology field because the problems of that field are problems of description and definition of complex social practices (both material and cognitive). The application of other disciplinary approaches to the problems of task and organization description often yield too “thin” or too focused a rendition, and sometimes an inappropriate or suboptimal system or product. Yet the anthropologist working in the corporate cotext is just as subject to the political pressures and the battle of ideas as anyone else. The usefulness of anthropology has to be assessed in terms of actions taken and people convinced as the result of anthropological applications.
W. H. R. RIVERS PRIZE PAPER
Authors: Guarnaccia Peter
Published: November 2004

An ecological model of asthma is developed based on a review of literature from the fields of epidemiology, allergy, and psychosomatic medicine. This model is then applied to two Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Hartford, Connecticut. A series of research hypotheses is developed to link the ecological model to the real living conditions of Puerto Ricans in Hartford. Eighteen cases of asthma events are analyzed to highlight isues relevent to the interaction between Puerto Ricans with asthma and the health‐care system.
The Movement against Clitoridectomy and Infibulation in Sudan: Public Health Policy and the Women's Movement
Authors: Gruenbaum Ellen
Published: November 2004

[Ellen Gruenbaum is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Connecticut, having received graduate training in a joint program with the Department of Community Medicine in Social Sciences and Health Services.

She spent five years in Sudan, during which time she served on the faculty of the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Khartoum and carried out research projects for the Sudanese National Economic and Social Research Council, the F.A.O., and the Ministry of Social Affairs, as well as completing her doctoral research. The title of her dissertation, which she expects to complete in 1982, is “Health Services, Health and Development in Sudan: The Impact on the Gezira Irrigated Scheme.” For the past two years she has been Research Associate in the Department of Community Medicine at the University of the Connecticut School of Medicine, coordinating the Cross‐National Study of Health Systems Program. She is also coeditor of the Comparative Health Systems Newsletter.]
Puerto Rican Spiritism
Authors: Crandon Libbet , Newcomer Duncan
Published: November 2004

Alternative Paths to Healing: A Videocassette Series in Four Parts (1981). Part I: Spiritism and Mental Health in Puerto Rico (32 min.); Part II: Dialogue between Spiritists and Mental Health Workers; Case Reviews (36 min.); Part III: Perspectives and Referrals between Spirits and Mental Health Professionals (38 min.); Part IV: Treatment Modalities in Spiritism and Mental Health Delivery (39 min.). Joan D. Koss
The Cultural Mediation of Postpartum Depression
Authors: Harkness Sara
Published: November 2004

Current theories of the etiology of postpartum depression provide three models for understanding women's affective functioning during the postpartum period: a biological model, which emphasizes the role of hormonal changes; a psychological model, which gives primacy to women's enduring personal characteristics; and a stress model, which construes postpartum depression as the outcome of the stress of childbirth in interaction with other factors. In this article I criticize these theories, based on anthropological and psychological research in a rural Kipsigis community of Kenya. Data on the cultural structuring of pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period among the Kipsigis constitute the principal source for this critique. In addition, the affective functioning of a sample of ten women in the community during pregnancy and the postpartum period was studied using reports of memories and dreams as measures of affective valence and thematic concern. The women's reports are compared to each other at three different time points (during the last half of pregnancy, at two to three weeks postpartum, and at two to three months postpartum), and to responses of a matched comparison group. At both the cultural and individual levels, there seems to be no evidence of postpartum depression in this setting, and it is suggested that culture is a powerful mediating factor between the physiological processes related to childbirth and their psychological outcomes.
W. H. R. Rivers Prize Essay (1986): Western Minds, Foreign Bodies
Authors: Hepburn Sharon J.
Published: November 2004

In this essay I discuss the limited gain and potential harm of health development programs that are directed by the assumptions of Western ideologies surrounding the sickness domain. By contrast with the realities of medical practice in the West and the Third World, three aspects of the cultural model of biomedicine are examined: (1) the implicit assumption that biomedicine is a body of widely shared knowledge that directs sickness behavior, and that this knowledge and the institutions in which it is applied are objectively and intrinsically related to each other; (2) the belief in the effectiveness of biomedical techniques; and (3) the implicit model of the ideal rational patient. I argue that the effectiveness of health development projects is lessened if they are planned on the basis of this orthodox biomedical orientation. Furthermore, I suggest that the practice of viewing Third World health development in terms of biomedical ideology inhibits consideration of the influences of both the political and physical environments on the distribution of sickness. Health planners are advised not only to implement culturally appropriate projects but also to promote awareness of important influences on health that biomedical discourse helps obscure from consideration.
Waiting for the Body Count: Corporate Decision Making and Bladder Cancer in the U.S. Dye Industry
Authors: Michaels David
Published: November 2004

Scientists in Europe determined in the early part of the 20th century that beta‐naphthylamine (BNA) and benzidine, two chemicals widely used in the production of dyes, were potent bladder carcinogens. Yet the accumulation and dissemination of scientific information about occupational bladder cancer had little impact on U.S. dye producers with regard to protecting the health of workers in their employ. As a result, hundreds of workers developed bladder cancer. This case study explores the worker protection policies of four U.S. dye manufacturers and demonstrates that these corporations allowed uncontrolled exposure to occur until the human cost became so obvious that it was no longer possible to ignore. These data underscore the limitations of voluntary corporate compliance with workplace health and safety regulation, and suggest the need for more active governmental involvement in the dissemination of technical information to employers, unions, and the public.
Islamic Clinics in Egypt: The Cultural Elaboration of Biomedical Hegemony
Authors: Morsy Soheir A.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the provision of health care by Islamic voluntary organizations in Egypt. It links the development of Islamic clinics to national, regional, and international political‐economic transformations of the past decade. The Islamization of medicine is revealed as a particular manifestation of the worldwide spread of biomedicine and not as a revival of earlier Islamic medical traditions. Far from representing an alternative health care strategy that challenges state authority, Islamist medicine is considered as a vehicle for power sharing.
The Family Caregiver as Interpreter in the Geriatric Medical Interview
Authors: Hasselkus Betty Risteen
Published: November 2004

Analysis of transcripts of 40 medical interviews with a doctor, an older patient, and a family caregiver led to the identification of the caregiver as interpreter, in the sense of someone who facilitates communication between the layperson and the health professional. Three communication modes of the family caregiver were derived from the data: Facilitator, Intermediary, and Direct Source. Caregivers acted both as patient substitutes and doctor substitutes in the interactions. Comparisons of the family members' modes of communication and bilingual interpreter issues of role shifting, power, and divided loyalties are discussed. Implications for future research are addressed.
Whiting‐Out Difference: Why U.S. Nursing Research Fails Black Families
Authors: Jackson Eileen M.
Published: November 2004

The health needs of black families have not been substantively addressed in the intellectual tradition of nursing in the United States. This tradition is permeated by white middle‐class and female ideological perspectives, a bias unrecognized by the majority of nurses, including those in academia. It is an ideology that labels, stigmatizes, and blames victims of racial, sexual, and class discrimination. Approaches that explicate health concerns from the viewpoint of the client, illuminate the experience of discrimination, and expose its influences on health have been excluded from the discipline. The dominant perspective driving research conducted by health providers, of which nursing is but one example, is marked by approaches to problems that maximize the importance of the role of the individual provider and propose solutions for people without consideration of the social context and group membership. As a result, socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental factors that contribute to the chasm between the health of black and white Americans have been ignored.

Conformity to white middle‐class standards for feminine thought and behavior in the training of nurses entrenches the covert ideological underpinnings of the culture of nursing and maintains the dominant research perspective derived from it. This article argues that the conformity required of both students and faculty in nursing has systematically excluded black people, thus preventing their insights from challenging covert ideology and from shaping the core paradigm of nursing. The conformity is maintained through self‐regulation by faculty members and students, a self‐correcting process described here and labeled “whiting‐out difference.”
Negotiating Illness: Disability Grants and the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Segar Julia
Published: November 2004

Research in a South African clinic setting shows that epilepsy and noncompliance are viewed as means for attaining disability grants by both patient and doctor. Interviews with 42 patients and a number of health care personnel were carried out at the Grahamstown Day Hospital in 1990 to explore the effect of epilepsy and its treatment on the lives of patients. The focus of patients on disability grants must be viewed within the context of poverty and high rates of unemployment characteristic of the Eastern Cape, South Africa, as well as the nature of health care delivery and the welfare bureaucracy. Analysis drawing on the concept of metaphor shows that concentration on the question of disability grants takes precedence over the issues of disease and therapy. From the perspective of health care personnel, drug compliance becomes equated with moral worth.
The Purity of Water at Hospital and at Home as a Problem of Intercultural Understanding
Authors: Burghart Richard
Published: November 2004

Women in a provincial town in southern Nepal were instructed by medical doctors and compounders to boil water, and to keep it boiling for 15 minutes before mixing it with infant formula or oral rehydration salts. Most women ignored the advice. Those who seemed to follow it merely brought the water to boil. This report describes how and why women boil water and assesses the health implications of their practices. The failure of women to adopt “proper” procedures provides a point of entry into an analysis of the role of intercultural dialogue in exposing one's presuppositions about health and empowering one to change them.
Exhibition Catalogues and Book Reviews
Authors: Robertson Linda B. , Glowacki Mary , Schevill Margot
Published: November 2004

Usui. Kiichi. Ute Stebich. Charlotte Stokes. Robert Farris Thompson and DeWitt Peters 1984 Master Painters of Haiti in the Collection of Siri von Reis. Meadow Brook Art Gallery, Oakland University Rochester, Mich 63 pages,. color plates, 36 black‐and‐white photographs, and short bibliography, 30.5. 23,5 cm. Available from the Haggin Museum, Victory Park, 1201. Pershing Avenue Stockton, CA 95203,or directly from the Meadow Brook Art Gallery at $6 50.

Feldman. Jerome 1985 The Eloquent Dead: Ancestral Sculpture of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Los Angeles Museum of Cultural History "23. 21. era., 197 pp. 23 color plates with frontispiece, 270 black‐and‐white photographs and illustrations including diagrams and sketches,. color map, catalogue, appendix, and bibliography. References cited. NO price given. Available from Museum of Cultural History University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024.

Wright. Barton. with illustrations by Duane Dishta 1985 Kachinas of the Zuni. Flagstaff, Northland press in cooperation with the Southwest Museum. Forward by Patrick T. Houlihan. 24. 31.5 cm., 151 pages, 53 color plates,. maps,. black‐and‐white figure, references cited, bibliography, glossary, kachina indexes in English and Zuni. Available at $45 from Northland Press, Flagstaff, AZ. ISBN 0‐87358‐383‐3, LC 85‐60939.

Roosevelt. Anna Curtenius & James G. E. Smith. editors 1979 The Ancestors: Native Artisans of the Americas New York. Museum of the American Indian. 28 X21 cm. 197 pp., 12 color plates, 205 black‐and‐white illustrations,. maps, list of artifacts. ISBN 0‐934490‐00‐7. $9 95. Museum Shop, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Broadway at 155th St, NYC, NY 10032.

Reichel‐Dolraatoff. Gerardo 1985 Basketry As Metaphor: Acts and Crafts of the Desana Indians of the Northwest Amazon. Los Angeles Museum of Cultural History. University of California. 28. 21.5 cm; 43 pp., 77 black‐and‐white photographic plates including frontispiece, 23 black‐and‐white illustrations including. map, notes, and bibliography. References cited. No price given. Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024.

McGreevy. Susan Brown & Andrew Hunter Whiteford 1985 Translating Tradition: Basketry Arts of the San Juan Paiutes. Santa Fe, NM. Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian. 26.5. 20 cm. 64 pp.,. color plates, 140 black‐and‐white illustrations,. map, charts, essays, catalogue section of the exhibition, References cited. No ISBN. $8 95 (plus postage). Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian, PO Box 5153, Santa Fe, NM 87502.
Reviews, Catalogs & New Publications
Authors: Adams Monni
Published: November 2004

Margot Blum Schevill 1986 Costume as Communication. Bristol, RI02809. Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology. 28. 23 cm, 138 pp. 20 color plates, 31 figures plus unnumbered black and white illustrations for catalogue listings, technical diagrams, maps, appendix, glossary, bibliography, Paperback, $20. Distributed by the Haffenreffer Museum and the University of Washington Press, PO Box C‐50096, Seattle, WA 98145.
The Simms Collection of Southwestern Chippewa Material Culture
Authors: Myers Thomas P. , McGreevy Susan Brown
Published: November 2004

James W. VanStone 1988 The Simms Collection of Southwestern Chippewa Material Culture. Fieldiana, Anthropology, New Series, No. 11. 64 pages, 48 illustrations.
Perfecting Mankind: Eugenics and Photography. International Center for Photography, New York City, New York
Authors: Vackimes Sophia
Published: November 2004

PERFECTING MANKIND: EUGENICS AND PHOTOGRAPHY. International Center for Photography, New York City, New York, January 11‐March 18, 2001
The Past Decade of Experience With Isolated Hepatic Perfusion
Authors: Grover Amelia , Alexander H. Richard
Published: November 2004

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

Discuss the principles of regional therapy for unresectable primary or metastatic cancer confined to the liver. Explain the principles of isolated perfusion of the liver. Describe the efficacy and toxicity of isolated perfusion of the liver.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Metastatic or primary unresectable cancers confined to the liver are the sole or life-limiting component of disease for many patients with colorectal cancer, ocular melanoma, neuroendocrine tumors, or primary colangio- or hepatocellular carcinomas. Regional treatment strategies including infusional chemotherapy and local ablative therapy are under investigation, but have limitations with respect to the clinical conditions under which they can be employed. Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) was first clinically applied over 40 years ago, but because of its technical complexity, the attendant potential morbidity, and the lack of documented efficacy, it has not enjoyed consistent or widespread evaluation. In light of the antitumor activity with isolated limb perfusion with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and melphalan in patients with unresectable extremity sarcoma or in transit melanoma, this regimen has been administered via IHP at several centers worldwide for patients with unresectable liver cancers. IHP with TNF and melphalan can result in significant regression of advanced refractory cancers from multiple histologies confined to the liver. Patient selection is important to ensure good results with minimal morbidity and mortality. Work to define the appropriate clinical groups is ongoing at many clinical centers.
Increased blood–brain barrier permeability with thymidine phosphorylase deficiency
Authors: Szigeti K. , Sule N. , Adesina A. M. , Armstrong D. L. , Saifi G. M. , Bonilla E. , Hirano M. , Lupski J. R.
Published: November 2004

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy is an autosomal recessive multisystemic disorder caused by thymidine phosphorylase deficiency. Whereas the pathomechanism of the secondary mitochondrial dysfunction has been extensively studied, that of the leukoencephalopathy has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that the white matter hyperintensities on T2‐weighted magnetic resonance images reflect disturbance of blood–brain barrier function. Albumin immunohistochemistry disclosed quantitative (p < 0.01) and qualitative differences between the mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy and control brains, indicating that loss of thymidine phosphorylase function impairs the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. Ann Neurol 2004
α‐Synuclein pathology does not predict extrapyramidal symptoms or dementia
Authors: Parkkinen Laura , Kauppinen Tarja , Pirttilä Tuula , Autere Jaana M. , Alafuzoff Irina
Published: November 2004

Intracytoplasmic aggregation of α‐synuclein protein as Lewy bodies in the brainstem neurons is diagnostic for Parkinson's disease, whereas if this process also occurs in the cortical neurons, it is considered pathognomonic for dementia with Lewy bodies. However, the link between α‐synuclein incorporation into inclusions, neuronal dysfunction, and clinical symptoms needs to be clarified. Another important issue of the pathogenetic puzzle is to understand where α‐synuclein pathology begins and how it progresses in the brain. To study this, we collected all cases from autopsy material (N = 904) that had α‐synuclein pathology in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, substantia nigra, and/or basal forebrain nuclei. In this way, our study has a unique design because the selection of material is entirely based on the presence of α‐synuclein pathology regardless of clinical phenotype. Retrospective clinical assessment then showed that only 32 (30%) of 106 α‐synuclein–positive cases were diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disorder. The distribution or load of α‐synuclein pathology did not permit a dependable postmortem diagnosis of extrapyramidal symptoms or cognitive impairment. Some neurologically unimpaired cases had a reasonable burden of α‐synuclein pathology in both brainstem and cortical areas, suggesting that α‐synuclein–positive structures are not definite markers of neuronal dysfunction. Ann Neurol 2004
Kontrolliertes Erhitzen mit Mikrowellen in der modernen organischen Synthese
Authors: Kappe C. Oliver
Published: November 2004

Die offene Flamme konnte erst gezielt als Heizquelle für Reaktionsgefäße in der Synthesechemie verwendet werden, nachdem Robert Bunsen 1855 den nach ihm benannten Brenner erfunden hatte. Der Bunsen‐Brenner wurde später durch den Heizpilz, das Ölbad und die Heizplatte als Wärmequellen für chemische Reaktionen abgelöst. In den vergangenen Jahren ist das Erhitzen und Beschleunigen chemischer Reaktionen durch Mikrowellenenergie populär geworden. Diese Heiztechnik hat sich von einer Laborkuriosität zu einer etablierten Methode entwickelt, die an Universitäten und in der Industrie stark genutzt wird. Die effiziente Verringerung der Reaktionszeiten (von Tagen und Stunden auf Minuten und Sekunden) ist nur einer der vielen Vorteile des schnellen Erhitzens mit Mikrowellen (“microwave flash heating”). Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über neuere Anwendungen des kontrollierten Mikrowellenerhitzens in der modernen organischen Synthese und diskutiert einige grundlegende Vorgänge.
Controlled Microwave Heating in Modern Organic Synthesis
Authors: Kappe C. Oliver
Published: November 2004

Although fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of “microwave flash heating” in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.
Bioaccessibility of inorganic arsenic species in raw and cooked Hizikia fusiforme seaweed
Authors: Laparra J. M. , Vélez D. , Montoro R. , Barberá R. , Farré R.
Published: November 2004

Samples of Hizikia fusiforme edible seaweed, a commercially available dried food with high concentrations of total arsenic (t‐As) and inorganic arsenic (i‐As), both raw and cooked (boiling at 100 °C, 20 min), were selected for the bioaccessibility study. Cooking caused a significant reduction in the concentrations of t‐As (30–43%) and i‐As (46–50%), despite which the i‐As contents in the cooked product were high (42.7–44.6 µg g−1 seaweed). An in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (pepsin, pH 2, and pancreatin–bile extract, pH 7) was applied to the seaweed to estimate arsenic bioaccessibility (maximum soluble concentration in gastrointestinal medium) of t‐As, i‐As, arsenic(III) and arsenic(V). The influence of the gastric and intestinal stages of the in vitro digestion method was evaluated. The gastric stage is the key stage in the solubilization of both t‐As and i‐As. The bioaccessible i‐As in raw seaweed (54.0–66.5%) increases after cooking (78.3–84.4%), a fact that is considered to be of interest because this is the usual form in which this seaweed is ingested. Speciation of the i‐As in the bioaccessible fraction revealed a different arsenic(III)/arsenic(V) relationship in the product when raw or cooked. When raw, the majority species was arsenic(III) after either the gastric or the gastrointestinal stage, whereas in the cooked product it depended on the batch analysed, with bioaccessible arsenic(III) contents of 7.1–25.4 µg g−1 of dried seaweed, which represents 5–17% of the i‐As tolerable daily intake. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological behavior and thermal properties of poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐2‐ethylhexyl acrylate)‐grafted vinyl chloride resin
Authors: Pan Mingwang , Zhang Liucheng , Yuan Jinfeng , Shi Xudong
Published: November 2004

The rheological behavior and thermal properties of a poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) [P(BA‐EHA)]‐grafted vinyl chloride (VC) composite resin [P(BA‐EHA)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)] and its materials were investigated. The rheological behavior, thermal stability, and Vicat softening temperature (VST) of P(BA‐EHA)/PVC were measured with capillary rheometry, thermal analysis, and VST testing, respectively. The effects of the P(BA‐EHA) content and the polymerization temperature of grafted VC on the rheological behavior of the composite resin were examined. The weight loss of the composite resin and its extracted remainder via heating were analyzed. The influence of the content and crosslinking degree of P(BA‐EHA) and the polymerization temperature of the grafted VC on VST of the materials was determined. The results indicated the pseudoplastic‐flow nature of the composite resin. The flow property of the modified PVC resin was improved because of the incorporation of the acrylate polymer. The molecular weight of PVC greatly influenced the flow behavior and VST of the composite resin and its materials. The flowability of the composite resin markedly increased, and the VST of its materials decreased as the polymerization temperature of the grafted VC increased. The initial degradation temperature of the composite resin increased as the P(BA‐EHA) content increased. The VST of the samples was enhanced a little as the content of the crosslinking agent increased in P(BA‐EHA). As expected, the composite resin, with good impact resistance, had better heating stability and flowability than pure PVC, whereas the VST of the material decreased little with increasing P(BA‐EHA) content. Therefore, P(BA‐EHA)/PVC resins prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization have excellent potential for widespread applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 419–426, 2005
α‐Amylase immobilized by Fe3O4/poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) magnetic composite microspheres: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Qiu Guang‐Ming , Zhu Bao‐Ku , Xu You‐Yi
Published: November 2004

Fe3O4/poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) core–shell composite microspheres, suitable for binding enzymes, were prepared using magnetite particles as seeds by copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride. The magnetite particles were encapsulated by polyethylene glycol, which improved the affinity between the magnetite particles and the monomers, thus showing that the size of the microspheres, the amount of the surface anhydrides, and the magnetite content in the composite are highly dependent on magnetite particles, comonomer ratio, and dispersion medium used in the polymerization. The composite microspheres, having 0.08–0.8 μm diameter and containing 100–800 μg magnetite/g microspheres and 0–18 mmol surface‐anhydride groups/g microsphere, were obtained. Free α‐amylase was immobilized on the microspheres containing reactive surface‐anhydride groups by covalent binding. The effects of immobilization on the properties of the immobilized α‐amylase [magnetic immobilized enzyme (MIE)] were studied. The activity of MIE and protein binding capacity reached 113,800 U and 544.3 mg/g dry microspheres, respectively. The activity recovery was 47.2%. The MIE had higher optimum temperature and pH compared with those of free α‐amylase and showed excellent thermal, storage, pH, and operational stability. Furthermore, it can be easily separated in a magnetic field and reused repeatedly. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 328–335, 2005
Cu‐, Ni‐, and Pd‐Mediated Homocoupling Reactions in Biaryl Syntheses: The Ullmann Reaction
Authors: Nelson Todd D. , Crouch R. David
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fuel Cell Membrane Materials by Chemical Grafting of Aromatic Main‐Chain Polymers
Authors: Jannasch P.
Published: November 2004

An extensive world‐wide pursuit for new efficient fuel cell membranes materials is currently motivating research on proton‐conducting ionomers based on durable aromatic main‐chain polymers. In this context, most ionomers have been prepared either by direct sulfonation of polymers, using for example fuming sulfuric acid, or by direct polymerizations using different sulfonated monomers. Far less exploited are chemical grafting reactions carried out to introduce sulfonic acid units, or alternative acidic units, directly on the polymer main‐chain, or on side‐chains to the polymer main‐chain. This versatile method offers very interesting possibilities, not only to control the degree and the site of sulfonation, but also when it comes to manipulating the molecular mobility of the sulfonic acid units and their distance from the polymer main‐chain. The length and nature of the grafted units have shown to have a large influence on for example the water‐uptake characteristics and conductivity of ionomer membranes, especially at temperatures above 100 °C. Grafting can also be used to introduce other useful functions to the polymers, or to crosslink membranes. This paper reviews various grafting reactions carried out on aromatic main‐chain polymers, especially polybenzimidazoles and polysulfones, to prepare membrane materials, as well as the characteristics of these materials regarding their use in fuel cells.
Yeast and Macroinvertebrate Communities Associated with Leaf Litter Decomposition in a Second Order Stream
Authors: Sampaio Ana , Cortes Rui , Leão Cecília
Published: November 2004

The composition of yeast and macroinvertebrate communities was studied on black alder, blue gum eucalyptus and English oak leaves decaying in a stream during a six‐month period. ANOVA analysis showed significantly different values (p < 0.0001) of yeast and macroinvertebrate densities among the three leaf litters. Some yeast species such as Cryptococcus albidus (Saito), C. laurentii (Kufferath), Rhodothorula glutinis (Fresenius), R. colostri (Castelli), and Debaryomyces hansenii (Lodder and Kreger‐van Rij) were present in all litter types. Other yeasts were restricted to a specific type of litter. Macroinvertebrates were dominated by collectors‐gatherers on oak and eucalyptus leaves. Shredders reached highest densities in alder leaves. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stomach remodeling‐associated changes of H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit expression in Xenopus laevis and H+/K+‐ATPase‐dependent acid secretion in tadpole stomach
Authors: Ikuzawa Masayuki , Yasumasu Shigeki , Kobayashi Ken‐Ichiro , Inokuchi Tomofumi , Iuchi Ichiro
Published: November 2004

Through subtractive hybridization, H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit mRNA, highly expressed in the larval stomach of Xenopus laevis, was isolated. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit mRNA was exclusively expressed in manicotto gland cells of the larval stomach, not in any other cell. Northern blot analysis showed that metamorphosis‐associated changes of the H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit mRNA expression in the stomach were characterized by high expression in tadpoles, a considerably lower expression in metamorphosing tadpoles, and a re‐increase of expression in froglets. Further in situ hybridization showed that the decrease of expression correlated with the degeneration of larval type epithelium in the manicotto gland, while the re‐increase correlated with the differentiation of oxynticopeptic cells of the adult type stomach. Moreover, the H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit mRNA was expressed in adult epithelial primordia. Such changes were found in thyroid hormone‐induced precocious metamorphosis. Based on studies using this ATPase as well as xP1 and PgC (pepsinogen C) as molecular markers, this study discusses a probable cell lineage involved in metamorphosis‐associated stomach remodeling. The pH of luminal contents of the larval stomach was found to be lower than 2. In addition, the pH of an isolated stomach changed from 7.2 to lower than 4 after incubation in Ringer's solution, suggesting acid production from the larval stomach. This is the first demonstration of the H+/K+‐ATPase‐mediated acid production and secretion in the larval stomach of Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:992–1002, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of CsCl-induced aggregation of serum albumin depending on pH by Raman spectroscopy method
Authors: Vlasova I M , Mikrin V E , Saletsky A M
Published: November 2004

The evidence of human serum albumin aggregation at the presence of heavy metal salt (CsCl) is obtained by the Raman spectroscopy method. It is shown, that the strongest aggregation of albumin takes place near to albumin isoelectric point (at pH 5.0). Also the amino acidic mechanism of aggregation is explained, and aggregating chemical bonds arising between residues of amino acids are found out.
New approaches to receiver operating characteristic methods in functional magnetic resonance imaging with real data using repeated trials
Authors: Nandy Rajesh Ranjan , Cordes Dietmar
Published: November 2004

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methods are useful tools for evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of various postprocessing algorithms used in fMRI data analysis. New ROC methods using real fMRI data are proposed that improve a previously introduced method by Le and Hu (Le and Hu, NMR Biomed 1997;10:160–164). The proposed methods provide more accurate means of estimating the true ROC curve from real data and thereby aid in the comparative evaluation of a wide range of postprocessing tools in fMRI. The mathematical relationships between different ROC curves are explored for a comparison of different ROC methods. Examples using real and simulated data are provided to illustrate the ideas involved. Magn Reson Med 52:1424–1431, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.