bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecularly Modified Electrodes for Efficient Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Malekar Rachana I. , Hodlur Rajashree M. , Rabinal Mohammad Hussain Kasim
Published: October 2024

The integration of organic molecules into monolayers on triboelectric layers and electrodes has significantly improved the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in recent years. By modifying surfaces at the molecular level, one can enhance durability, power density, and cost‐efficiency, leading to flexible, lightweight, and more efficient devices. A simple chemistry of organic monolayer formation allows a precise control over orientation, coverage, consistency, and functionality. These monolayers boost surface charge density and output voltage while influencing surface polarization and dipole interactions. This review focuses on recent advances in chemical modification of electrodes for controlling surface charge density and altering surface dipoles, emphasizing the significance of organic monolayers. A new concept of Schottky‐based TENGs is also introduced that explores chemically modified sliding surfaces. Furthermore, the importance of flexoelectricity and its contribution to triboelectricity is discussed. By addressing current challenges and outlining future directions, this review underscores the crucial role of surface chemistry in advancing TENGs.
Two decades of evaluating evaluation capacity building: A bibliographic coupling review
Authors: Konjore Mervyan J.
Published: October 2024

Evaluation capacity building (ECB) has emerged as a dominant tool in evaluation. Several reviews have taken stock of ECB over the past 20 years, examining how understanding of ECB has developed over time. By examining this existing research on the evaluation of ECB design, effectiveness, measurement, integration, and sustainability, opportunities to advance the field's existing knowledge base around ECB evaluation forward become apparent. This landscape review uses bibliographic coupling and content analysis to offer a robust analysis of publications on the evaluation of ECB. The results of this review of multidisciplinary ECB publications shed light on areas of strength within the existing literature and identify opportunities to build upon current scholarship. Promising areas for future research include exploring how moderators and mediators influence ECB outcomes, eliminating threats to internal validity in ECB studies, and strengthening the rigor required for external generalizability.
Association of hospital safety climate and compliance with occupational safety practices among nurse interns: A cross‐sectional study using canonical correlation analysis
Authors: He Shan , Li Zheng‐liang , Wu Ying , Chen Xin , Chen Yi‐jun , Chen Wen‐feng , Chen Qian‐zhu , Xiong Fang‐fang
Published: October 2024

Background and Aims

Nurse interns may be at a similar or higher risk than registered nurses. The key elements and mechanisms involved in the effects of safety climate on safety performance are not well understood. This study explores the relationship between the perceived hospital safety climate and compliance with occupational safety practices among nurse interns.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 178 nurse interns in three tertiary university hospitals in Chongqing city, China. The Chinese version of the Hospital Safety Climate Scale (HSCS) was used to measure the perceived hospital safety climate of nurse interns. Compliance behavior was measured using the Compliance with Occupational Safety Practice Scale (COSPS). Canonical correlation analysis and multiple linear regression modeling were used to examine their relationship.

Results

Total scores for the HSCS and COSPS were 92 (80,100) and 185 (175,185) [M (P25, P75)], respectively. Canonical correlation coefficients for canonical variates 1 and 2 were 0.636 (p < 0.001) and 0.414 (p < 0.001), respectively. Nurse interns' compliance with occupational safety practices was mainly influenced by management support, feedback/training, personal protective and engineering control equipment availability, and absence of job hindrance. Multiple linear regression showed that management support of HSCS accounted for 37.1% of the variance in compliance (β = 0.283, p = 0.039).

Conclusion

Nurse interns reported high levels of perceived hospital safety climate and compliance with occupational safety practices. Younger nurse interns reported a lower level of perceived hospital safety climate. Nurse educators can improve interns' compliance by promoting better management support, feedback/training, personal protective and engineering control equipment availability, and fewer job hindrance.
Women attending the sexual assault treatment unit services in the Republic of Ireland: A 7‐year review
Authors: Kane D. , Walshe J. , Maher N. , Pucillo C. , Richardson D. , Holmes A. , Flood K. , Eogan M.
Published: October 2024

Objective

Sexual assault is pervasive in today's society, with the numbers of those reporting it increasing. In Ireland, 50% of women will experience some form of sexual violence in their lifetime. We sought to describe the incident details of females presenting to the Sexual Assault Treatment Unit (SATU) network in the Republic of Ireland and to determine associations between incident characteristics and: (1) victim age, (2) presence of injury, (3) victim‐perpetrator relationship, and (4) number of assailants.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study of all females who attended between 2017 and 2023. Descriptive bivariate analysis was performed.

Results

There were 5942 female attendances, with an average age of 26 years. The largest age group was women between 18 and 25 years (38.1%, n = 2263). Forensic examinations were performed in 76.6% (n = 4549). Assailants were male in 92% (n = 5469) of incidents, with multiple assailants disclosed in 7.3% (n = 435). Strangers or recent acquaintances were the assailant in 38.5% (n = 2290) of incidents, and close associates in 22.9% (n = 1359). Incidents occurred at the survivor's home in 22% (n = 1306) of incidents, and in the assailant's home in 22.6% (n = 1342). Drug use within 24 h was reported in 15.1% (n = 897) of cases, and alcohol use in 72% (n = 4276). Drug‐facilitated assault was suspected by 16.1% (n = 955). Injuries (genital and extra‐genital) occurred in 30.3% (n = 1800) of attendances and were more likely to be seen in those who disclosed ingesting alcohol (Relative risk [RR] 1.325, P < 0.001) or drugs (RR 1.111, P = 0.04) in the 24 h preceding the incident, in those who presented within 24 h (RR 1.646, P < 0.001), those aged 18 years or older (RR 1.07, P = 0.003), and those where the incident occurred outdoors (RR 1.24, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study, one of the largest on female attendances to a national SATU network, offers detailed insights into demographics, incident details, and circumstances. Most were young women, mainly 18 years and older, many of whom were full‐time students. Forensic examinations were the primary reason for attendance, underscoring the network's key role in evidence collection. The study also identified factors linked to a higher risk of injury detection, such as immediate post‐incident attendance, being over 18, outdoor incidents, perpetration by a stranger, and prior alcohol or drug use.
Genetically humanized phenylketonuria mouse model as a testing tool for human genome editing in fertilized eggs
Authors: Tsuji‐Hosokawa Atsumi , Tsuchiya Iku , Shimizu Kie , Terao Miho , Yasuhara Mito , Miyamoto Natsuho , Kikuchi Saki , Ogawa Yuya , Nakamura Kazuaki , Matsubara Yoichi , Takada Shuji
Published: October 2024

Targeted genome editing has made significant advancements; however, safety and ethical issues have not been fully elucidated, resulting in strict control of the technique. We tested genome editing tools on gametes from a genetically humanized mouse model using a phenylketonuria (PKU) mouse model to gain insights into genome editing in human embryos. The human PKU mouse model PahhR111X mice was generated. The junctional region between exon 3 and intron 3 of Pah was replaced with a 120 bp corresponding human PAH sequence, including the pathogenic common variant c.331C > T in PahhR111X mice. PahhR111X mice successfully recapitulated the PKU phenotype and showed cognitive dysfunction and depressive‐like behavior, which are observed in human patients with PKU. Genome editing was applied to fertilized eggs of PahhR111X mice utilizing sgRNA that targets the human sequence. Mice with the corrected allele exhibited normal serum phenylalanine levels. Through genome editing, we validated the utility of sgRNA. The genetically humanized mouse model suggested that germ‐line genome editing of the pathogenic variant may be feasible for monogenic disorders by revealing the recovery of the phenotype; however, there are remaining issues with the tool, including its efficiency and accuracy. This genome editing protocol using a genetically humanized mouse model will provide insights for improving current issues and contribute to the establishment of heritable human genome editing protocols.
Contrasting Rainfall Anomaly Patterns Over South America Related to Central and Eastern Atlantic Niño Modes
Authors: Kayano Mary T. , Andreoli Rita V. , Cerón Wilmar L. , Mamani Leonardo , de Souza Itamara Parente , Cevalho Wallace , Souza Rodrigo A. F. , Sales de Moraes Djanir
Published: October 2024

The present study examines the effects of the central Atlantic Niño (CAN) and eastern Atlantic Niño (EAN) events on the seasonal precipitation in South America (SA) during the 1951–2020 period. For the CAN during the summer and autumn, an interhemispheric sea surface temperature (SST) dipole mode induces an anomalous thermally direct circulation in the 10° N–10° S band and is the main factor causing precipitation anomaly patterns with a dipole structure between northern (negative) and northeastern (positive) SA. For winter and spring, the SST pattern featuring a South Atlantic dipole induces meridional and zonal anomalous circulations, which are the mechanisms causing positive precipitation anomalies in tropical SA to the north of 20° S. In contrast, for the EAN, the precipitation anomaly patterns show large areas with anomalous dryness, particularly during summer, autumn, and spring. For summer and autumn, the east–west SST anomaly gradient in the equatorial Atlantic and the associated sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies induce equatorial westerlies and a regional Walker cell with descending motions in most tropical SA, where large areas with anomalous dryness are noted. During spring, a northward SST gradient in the tropical Atlantic induces a meridional cell with descending motions in the 0°–10° S band; meanwhile, the westward SST gradient in the equatorial Atlantic and tropical South Atlantic induces a zonal circulation with descending motions over northeastern and eastern Brazil. These descending motions extend the anomalous dryness over a large area. For the EAN events, the east–west SST gradient and the associated east–west circulation in the South American/Atlantic region are crucial elements to modulate precipitation variability in SA. Therefore, the CAN and EAN events induce distinct precipitation anomaly patterns in SA due to distinct associated regional circulation patterns. The results presented here have not been discussed before and might have relevant implications for climate monitoring and modelling studies.
Parenteral nutrition customization in pediatrics: A descriptive cohort study
Authors: Pinho Jéssica Lavanholi , Freitas Renata Germano Borges de Oliveira Nascimento , Nogueira Roberto Jose Negrão
Published: October 2024

Objectives

The main objective of this study was to analyze the reasons for customizing parenteral nutrition (PN) in pediatric patients admitted to a quaternary hospital.

Methods

We performed a descriptive cohort study on 264 hospitalized children receiving PN. Anthropometric, biochemical, and hospitalization data were collected from patient records. Unequivocal reasons for customizing PN were defined as situations precluding prescription of a standard adult/teenager PN and included renal and/or liver failure, energy‐protein adequacy, and elevated mineral and triglyceride levels.

Results

A total of 264 patients, with a median age of 2.2 years (IQR: 0.3–9.0 years), comprising intensive care (n = 216; 81.8%) and malnourished (n = 91; 36.1%) patients, were evaluated. In the first 48 h, 87.9% (n = 232) of the sample required customized PN for energy‐protein adequacy (210 of 232), maintained over subsequent days in most cases. Among patients requiring second individualization, mineral disturbance was the main reason observed, especially within the first 4 days of PN use (n = 21; 60%). Unequivocal reasons for customizing PN occurred in 97.4% (n = 226) of cases in the first 48 h; 96.2% (n = 177) of cases on the fourth day; and 90.1% (n = 92) of cases on the seventh day of PN use. An inverse correlation was found between weight/age z score and number of second individualizations (r = −0.222; P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Customized PN proved essential, especially for younger, malnourished, and intensive care patients. Investment in training a Nutritional Multidisciplinary Therapy Team and acquiring a specific electronic system for prescribing PN is suggested.
Residents' Support for Major Sporting Events in the Postponement Context: A Case Study of the 31st Summer Universiade
Authors: Gan Wenxuan , Dong Qiang
Published: October 2024

The COVID‐19 pandemic forced the postponement of some international events, such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, which negatively impacted residents and the local tourism industry. Therefore, it is necessary to understand residents' support for hosting major sporting events. We surveyed 769 residents using a structural equation model and applied social exchange theory (SET) to analyse the 31st Summer Universiade and examine their support for hosting major sporting events. The results revealed a significant relationship between postponement risk perception and the perceived costs and benefits, which affected the residents' support for hosting major events. These findings confirmed perceived benefits and costs as key factors determining residents' support for/opposition to major events. We proposed the residents' postponement risk perception concept, integrated it into the event tourism research model, and expanded the explanatory power of SET in unconventional contexts, providing stakeholders with references for planning and hosting events under special circumstances.
Gender and Racial Demographic Trends in the US Laryngology Workforce (1993–2022)
Authors: Parikh Neil , Shuman Elizabeth , Johns Michael , Merati Albert , Zheng Melissa
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To analyze demographic trends in laryngology fellowship training in the United States from 1993 to 2022, comparing periods before and after formalization of the fellowship within the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) in 2012.

Methods

A national database of fellowship‐trained laryngologists (FTLs) and non‐fellowship‐trained laryngologists (nFTLs) practicing primarily laryngology was created by methodically compiling laryngologists via Internet search, with corroboration by regional laryngologists and vetting by senior laryngologists on this manuscript. Demographic variables included residency and/or fellowship graduation year, gender, race and ethnicity inferred through individuals' photos and surnames. NRMP match data from 2012 to 2022 were obtained from the American Laryngological Association.

Results

An average of 21 programs offered 23 positions in the NRMP match, with 14 programs (66.4%) filling 16 positions (68.8%) from 2012 to 2022. The 10‐year FTL growth rate decreased from 25.4% (1993–2002) to 10.5% and 6.6% in subsequent periods. In May 2023, there were 349 active laryngologists, including 303 FTLs, in the United States. A total of 189 (62.4%) FTLs were men, 114 (37.6%) were women; 201 (66.2%) were White, 102 (33.8%) were non‐White. Between the pre‐NRMP and post‐NRMP periods, the percentage of male FTLs decreased from 71.5% to 55.5%, female FTLs increased from 28.5% to 44.5%, and White FTLs decreased from 69.2% to 64.2%. Chi‐squared analysis yielded a statistically significant association between gender and training period for FTLs (p = 0.004), but no statistically significant difference between race and training period.

Conclusions

The post‐NRMP period saw an expansion of laryngology fellowships and workforce diversification, reflecting trends observed in otolaryngology and medicine overall.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 135:794–800, 2025
Upper Airway Stimulation for Children and Adolescents with Down Syndrome: Long‐Term Follow‐Up
Authors: Larrow Danielle R. , Marcus Kathryn S. , Gipson Kevin , Skotko Brian G. , Baldassari Cristina M. , Smith David F. , Heubi Christine H. , Tobey Allison , Nikhila Raol , Vangel Mark , Hartnick Christopher J.
Published: October 2024

Objective(s)

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) is safe and effective for patients with Down syndrome (DS) and severe persistent obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Long‐term outcomes for this patient population have not been evaluated.

Methods

A prospective single‐group multicenter cohort study with 1‐year follow‐up was conducted between 2015 and 2021 among 42 adolescent patients with DS and severe persistent OSA. Here, we evaluate long‐term outcomes in this patient cohort. Patients were evaluated with polysomnogram (PSG) at three timepoints: pre‐implantation (timepoint 1), 1‐year post‐implantation (timepoint 2), and long‐term follow‐up (timepoint 3).

Results

Long‐term follow‐up data were available for 33 of 42 patients. Mean (SD) of timepoint 3 was 4.0 (1.9) years after implantation. Using a therapy response definition of a 50% decrease in Apnea Hypopnea INdez (AHI) from timepoint 1, the response rate was 69.7% (23/33) at timepoint 2 and 87.9% (29/33) at timepoint 3. From timepoint 1, there was a mean (SD) decrease in AHI of 12.7 (13.4) events/h at timepoint 2 and 15.7 (13.1) events/h at timepoint 3. The mean percentage change in AHI between timepoints 1 and 2 was −51.1% (95% CI: −32.8% to −69.3%) and between timepoints 1 and 3 was −59.6% (95% CI: −42.0% to −77.3%).

Conclusion

Patients with DS and severe persistent OSA who undergo HGNS implantation may continue to experience improvement in PSG parameters at long‐term follow‐up. Future studies are needed to assess additional long‐term outcomes in this patient population, including neurocognition and quality of life.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 135:1218–1222, 2025
A New Approach Toward Extreme Thermal Stability of Femtosecond Laser Induced Modifications in Glasses
Authors: Ktafi Imane , Kong Jing , Cavillon Maxime , Poumellec Bertrand , Yembele Maureen , Valois Renaud , Allix Mathieu , Peng Gang‐Ding , Lancry Matthieu
Published: October 2024

Imprinting thermally stable transformations by femtosecond laser in glass would benefit the development of optical sensors dedicated to harsh environments including combustors, nuclear reactors, aircraft engines, or metal/ceramic manufacturing processes. While glass brings undeniable assets over refractory crystalline materials like shaping ability (e.g., optical fiber form), one key challenge is to prevent the erasure of induced transformations at high temperatures and for long periods. In this article, the role of glass composition and viscosity to achieve modifications stable at high temperatures is first reviewed, providing a comprehensive roadmap for engineers in optics and photonics. While silica appears to be the candidate of choice, it is revealed that binary aluminosilicates can compete and sometimes surpass it. The hypothesis is formulated and investigated that a hybrid glass‐crystalline nano‐structuring can imprint ultra‐stable modifications inside glass. Laser‐induced modifications in Al2O3‐SiO2 and ZrO2‐Al2O3‐SiO2 glasses reveal a partial crystallization, shaped into a lamellar structure and orientable with laser light polarization. These birefringent structures can withstand temperatures up to 1300 °C for 30 minutes. Even after erasure, a positive index contrast persists, up to 1650 °C for binary 60Al2O3‐40SiO2 (mol%). This is the first observation of this kind of persisting index contrast, paving the way to ultra‐stable glass‐based optical waveguiding.
Customizable Generation of Arbitrary‐Order Polarization Vortices by Spin‐Decoupled Geometric Phases
Authors: Jiang Juanna , Fu Xinmin , Yang Jie , Wang Zhuoluo , Tian Xiaoxia , Zhu Ruichao , Wang Jiafu , Qu Shaobo
Published: October 2024

Due to nontrivial field topologies, polarization vortices carrying polarization singularities have attracted increasing interest in the fields of optics and photonics. However, the conventional methods for generation of polarization vortcies still suffer from the complexity and the heavy bulk. In this work, taking advantage of spin‐decoupled geometric phase in metasurfaces, a novel method is proposed to generate polarization vortices with customizable topological charges. By tailoring spin‐decoupled geometric phases generated by the metasurface, distinct helical phase profiles can be imparted to left‐ and right‐handed circularly polarized components. Consequently, two scalar vortices with different topological charges can be simultaneously generated in the two orthogonal circular polarization components, leading to the generation of the polarization vortices with the needed topological charges and the diverse morphologies. Both simulation and experimental results well demonstrate the method. Owing to the nondispersive feature of geometric phases, the designed metasurface works well in a wide frequency band. The proposed method contributes a reliable and feasible solution for customizing the generation of polarization vortices, which can be further transposed to other frequencies and applied to information encoding and polarization detection etc.
Examining Agreement in Psychotic Symptom Assessment: Insights from Parkinson's Disease Dementia Dyads
Authors: Beehler Blake , Tosin Michelle H.S. , Stebbins Glenn T. , Goetz Christopher G.
Published: October 2024

Background

Psychosis and cognitive decline often co‐occur in Parkinson's Disease (PD), which complicates assessment.

Objective

We measured agreement between patients with PD and dementia (PDD) and care partners (CPs) in their independent evaluation of PD‐related psychotic symptoms.

Methods

We compared responses to a PD psychosis rating scale (SAPS‐PD) in 21 dyads of patients with PDD and cognitively normal CPs. We assessed the concordance of responses using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Following the psychosis assessment, the clinician used all available information and adjudicated who provided the most reliable responses.

Results

Dyads demonstrated poor concordance in summary scores (ICC = 0.464). Six of the nine individual items had poor agreement. The clinician adjudicated the patient's response as the more reliable in 71.4% of cases.

Conclusions

Although many psychotic symptoms are internal and not observable, in the context of PDD, both patient and CP inputs are valuable, but final adjudication favors patient responses.
Enhanced prediction of preoperative mesenteric lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer using machine learning with CT‐based data
Authors: Zhou Lanni , Ouyang Lizhu , Guo Baoliang , Huang Xiyi , Yang Shaomin , Pan Jialing , Wang Liwen , Chen Ming , Xie Fan , Li Yunjing , Du Yongxing , Chen Xinjie , Hu Qiugen , Ouyang Fusheng
Published: October 2024

The detection of lymph node (LN) involvement is fundamental for staging colorectal cancer (CRC) and aids in clinical decision‐making. Traditionally, determining LN status predominantly relies heavily on histological examination of LN specimens, which can occasionally lead to overtreatment. This study aims to develop a clinical prediction model using machine learning algorithms to assess the risk of mesenteric LN metastasis preoperatively, based on computed tomography images and clinicopathological data from CRC patients. Our findings demonstrate that the predictive model based on XGBoost algorithms exhibited the optimal performance, with area under the curve values consistently stable across training (0.836, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.750–0.902) and validation (0.831, 95% CI: 0.688–0.927) cohorts. The model was further elucidated using SHapley Additive Explanation values, which ranked predictors in the XGBoost model by their importance, providing insights into the model's decision‐making process. Additionally, the force plot visualizes the contribution of each variable to the prediction for individual samples. The as‐obtained model may have the potential to aid in clinical treatment planning, optimize the selection of surgical methods, and guide the decision‐making process for adjuvant therapy before surgery.
Weakly coupled systems of semilinear σ‐evolution equations with friction and visco‐elastic type damping
Authors: Kainane Mezadek Mohamed , Reissig Michael
Published: October 2024

In the present paper, we are interested to study global (in time) existence of small data Sobolev solutions to the Cauchy problem for a weakly coupled system of two semilinear
‐evolution equations with friction and visco‐elastic type damping, where
for
. We study model (1.1) (see below) in several cases with respect to the regularity for the data: First, we assume data
. By using
estimates of Sobolev solutions to related linear models with vanishing right‐hand side, we explain the admissible range of exponents
in (1.1) which allow to prove the global (in time) existence of small data Sobolev solutions. Then we suppose that the data
belong to
, where now
,
. So the data have additional regularity to the first assumed
integrability. We restrict ourselves to data from energy space (on the basis of
) and from energy space with additional suitable higher regularity. We compare in our statements the admissible set of exponents
and
in the power nonlinearities with the so‐called modified Fujita exponent. Finally, some blow‐up results complete the paper.
Treatment of isolated pediatric optic nerve glioma: A nationwide retrospective cohort study and systematic literature review on visual and radiological outcome
Authors: Bennebroek Carlien A. , Montauban van Swijndregt Maartje C. , van Zwol Judith , Bhusal Sanjhana , Dittrich Anne T. , Oostenbrink Rianne , Pott Jan Willem R. , Buijs Erik A. , Schouten‐van Meeteren Antoinette Y. , Porro Giorgio L. , de Graaf Pim , Saeed Peerooz
Published: October 2024

Background

Progressive isolated optic nerve glioma (ONG) in children is a rare disease, treated with various modalities. A global treatment consensus is not available.

Methods

We conducted a national retrospective multicenter cohort study (1995–2020) to investigate how different treatment strategies impact outcome for ONG in children, by assessing treatment responses to systemic anticancer therapy (SAT), surgery, and radiotherapy for ONG. The primary endpoints included changes in best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and tumor volume (TV) on MRI, both evaluated at the start and end of therapy and at long‐term follow up.

Results

A total of 21 ONGs (20 patients) received SAT (n = 14 (66.7%)), surgery (n = 4 (19.0%)), and radiotherapy (n = 3 (14.3%)). After SAT BCVA stabilized or improved in 66.6% (n = 4) and the TV decreased by a median of 45.1% (range: −88.6% to +31.5%) (n = 13). Before resection two eyes were already blind. After resection BCVA decreased to blindness in one eye. In total all four eyes were blind after resection. After first‐line RT BCVA decreased in 66.7% of ONG to counting fingers or less, TV increased <3 months after RT by a median of 47.3% (range: −42.8% to +245.1%) (n = 3), followed by a long‐term decrease of 94.4 and 13.8% (n = 2), respectively.

Conclusion

SAT appears to be the preferred modality for progressive ONG in case of potential rescue of visual functions. Complete resection of ONG appears effective to reduce proptosis in case of preexisting blindness. The use of radiotherapy requires careful consideration due to the risk of severe visual impairment and secondary disease.
Post‐Mortem Analysis of Building‐Integrated Flexible Thin Film Modules
Authors: Kingma Aldo , Kirchner Sala Helena , Simeonov Leonard , Aninat Rémi , Villa Simona , Bakker Klaas , van den Nieuwenhof Monique , Roosen Dorrit , de Riet Joris , Koetse Marc , van de Vorst Bart , Steijvers Henk , Theelen Mirjam
Published: October 2024

Flexible, lightweight thin film (TF) photovoltaic (PV) modules offer a unique opportunity for integration into non‐planar surfaces unable to support heavy weights. While such applications increase the potential for PV in urban areas, the reliability implications are yet to be investigated. Here, prototypes of corrugated rooftiles with integrated Cu (In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) modules were investigated after 3 years of outdoor operation. Their performance before and after the outdoor exposure was compared and defects were localized. An unpackaging method was developed, allowing access to the solar cells for more detailed characterization of present defects without causing additional damage or changes to existing defects. To our knowledge, this was the first time such an unpackaging method was successfully applied to flexible TF PV modules. The relative efficiency loss ranged from 17% to 43%, mostly due to short‐circuit current (ISC) loss and series resistance (RS) increase. The predominant cause of the RS increase was the delamination at the interconnects, ascribed to thermomechanical stresses caused by outdoor temperature fluctuations. The ISC loss was mainly caused by localized delamination of CIGS from the molybdenum (Mo) back‐contact. The occurrence of such delaminated areas pointed to presence of high local stresses during outdoor operation, possibly due to thermal fluctuations, applied deformation and/or mechanical impact. Two other types of delamination defects were found with no observable impact on performance. These results show the necessity for further optimization in the material choice and processing of TF flexible modules, to avoid mechanical stress related failures upon integration into curved surfaces.
Performance Study of Eco‐Friendly and Safe Pyrotechnics for Fireworks
Authors: Zheng Dongsen , Wang Jianzhong , Duo Yinxian , Liu Jiping
Published: October 2024

The combustion of traditional pyrotechnics will pose great risks to the environment and human health. Although sulfur‐free pyrotechnics prepared from metals or expired military gunpowder have been used to solve this problem, the high sensitivity of them has resulted in insufficient safety. Therefore, new eco‐friendly and safe pyrotechnics are urgently needed. In this study, we prepared novel metal‐free pyrotechnic compositions for fireworks based on 5‐amino tetrazole. The optimized formulations are proposed by calculation. Particle size effects on thermal stability and kinetics are tested. Then, the sensitivity tests, moisture absorption, and burst temperature test were analyzed and compared. The combustion heat and specific volume were also measured. The Py‐GCMS and PM2.5 were used to clarify the composition of gas products and confirm their environmental‐friendly performance. The findings revealed that the novel pyrotechnics has a small amount of combustion residue, greater safety performance, and less PM2.5 concentration. The novel pyrotechnics could generate 564.9 mL/g clean and non‐toxic gas composed of 93.2% N2, H2O, and CO2 without any NOx or SO2 vapor. The test results suggest that the new pyrotechnics can effectively increase gas production and reduce the content of CO and PM2.5. So, it has great potential in application.
Manufacture of Solid Propellants Based on Renewable Succinic Acid Polyols
Authors: Cantini Danillo F. V. , Lemos Maurício F. , Pinto José C. C. , Santos Jonas F.
Published: October 2024

Modern energy policies encourage the replacement of fossil fuels with a more sustainable type. Succinic acid is a promising renewable material that can react with ethylene glycol and 1,4‐butanediol in a two‐step polycondensation reaction to form hydroxylated polyesters. Copolymerization reactions were investigated to produce novel green binders for manufacture of solid propellants. The ester of the first step of polycondensation was used as a plasticizer in the propellant formulation. These products can be an alternative to binders of fossil sources, such as hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), frequently used as fuel of commercial propellants. Initially, analyses of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography indicated the formation of polymeric products and adequate chain growth at reaction conditions. Then, the obtained copolymers were characterized by rheological analyses, which revealed that the processability of the copolymer materials was similar to that of the HTPB samples. Additionally, thermogravimetric analyses indicated that the copolymers presented good thermal stability below 200°C. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses indicated that the glass transition temperatures of the obtained copolymer samples ranged from −20 to −60°C, a suitable range for the intended use. Solid propellants were then prepared with solid loadings above 70 wt %, heat of combustion above 11,300 J g−1 and heat of explosion above 4,980 J g−1, which are compatible with values expected for solid propellants. Finally, oxygen balance calculations showed that the intrinsic oxygen content of the polyesters can allow the reduction of amounts of oxidizers in the final propellants.
Study on Oxygen Balance Regulation of TKX‐50 Based on Emulsion Method
Authors: Zhang Bao , Lu Yuewen , Li Zheng , Li Congying , Wang Qian , Huang Yeju , Guo Changping
Published: October 2024

During the process of external work, the energy of the negative oxygen balanced 5,5′‐Bi‐tetrazolium‐1,1′dioxyhydroxylammonium salt (TKX‐50) is not fully released, resulting in low energy utilization efficiency and the generation of harmful gases that pollute the environment. Based on this, in order to adjust the oxygen balance of TKX‐50, nano TKX‐50/AP composites with positive, zero and negative oxygen balance were prepared by emulsion method. The morphology of nano TKX‐50/AP composite was similar to that of hedgehog‐like spherical‐like particles, with many dense pores formed on the surface, and the average particle size was about 30 μm. During the composite process, part of TKX‐50 reacted with AP to form 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′dioxidamide (ABTOX). The first thermal decomposition peak temperature of zero‐oxygen balance TKX‐50/AP composite was 236.0°C, which was slightly reduced compared with that of TKX‐50. The second thermal decomposition peak temperature was 275.1°C, which was 22.2°C higher than that of TKX‐50. The heat release of zero‐oxygen balance TKX‐50/AP composite reached 2206 J g−1, which increased by 35.9% compared to TKX‐50, and the energy utilization efficiency was also greatly improved. The drop height of 50% explosion probability (H50) of zero‐oxygen balance TKX‐50/AP composite was 63.5 cm, and the explosion probability of friction sensitivity was 72%. Compared with TKX‐50, it increased by 15.1 cm and decreased by 28%, respectively. The results showed that the mechanical safety performance of TKX‐50 had been improved.
Long‐Term Creep Prediction of NEPE Propellant Based on SSM Method
Authors: Zhang Yuxuan , Deng Kuangwei , Shen Zhibin
Published: October 2024

Throughout the entire operational lifespan of a solid rocket motor, the propellant grain experiences creep due to gravitational forces, potentially influencing the motor′s reliability. To enhance the efficiency of creep tests for solid propellants, short‐term (3000 seconds) creep tests were conducted on nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) propellant at stress levels of 0.15 MPa, 0.20 MPa, 0.25 MPa, and 0.30 MPa using both the step stress method (SSM) and the conventional constant creep test (CCT). Furthermore, mid‐term (10000 seconds) and long‐term (7 days) creep tests were conducted. Based on the traditional generalized Kelvin model, the Saint‐Venant body was incorporated to derive a visco‐elastic‐plastic model with overstress considered, and constitutive model parameters were determined through data fitting. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the constitutive model in well characterizing propellant creep behavior. According to the model, the yield stress of NEPE propellant was determined to be 0.2302 MPa, representing a significant 64.03% reduction compared to its design strength. This insight holds relevance for structural integrity analysis and the evaluation of solid motor storage life.
Size and SUVmax define the contribution of nodal metastases to PSA in oligorecurrent prostate cancer
Authors: Falkenbach Fabian , Schmalhofer Marie‐Lena , Tian Zhe , Mazzucato Giovanni , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Graefen Markus , Knipper Sophie , Budäus Lars , Koehler Daniel , Maurer Tobias
Published: October 2024

Background

To evaluate how prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels decrease after removal of isolated prostate cancer (PCa) nodal metastases in relation to their diameter/volume (“PSA‐density of PCa‐metastases”) and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax).

Methods

A total of 83 consecutive patients with solitary nodal recurrence after radical prostatectomy who underwent prostate‐specific membrane antigen‐radioguided salvage surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Using multivariable linear regression models, the PSA‐decrease after removal of each PCa‐metastases (=PSA‐contribution of each PCa‐metastases) was correlated with the long axis diameter/estimated volume and the SUVmax of each removed metastasis. Sizes were measured by imaging and histopathologic examination.

Results

A total of 83 patients were included with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) PSA‐decrease of 0.56 [0.22, 1.31] ng/mL after salvage surgery. The median [IQR] long axis diameters in imaging and histopathological examination were 8.0 [6.0, 11.0] mm and 8.4 [5.5, 11.1] mm, respectively. The median [IQR] estimated volumes were 0.13 [0.05, 0.32] cc (imaging) and 0.05 [0.02, 0.17] cc (pathology). In multivariable linear regression analyses, the estimated PSA‐contribution ([95% confidence interval [CI]) of each millimeter of long axis diameter was 0.09 [0.03, 0.14] ng/mL (imaging) or 0.08 [0.03, 0.12] ng/mL (histology). The minimum diameter for biochemical recurrence (PSA ≥ 0.2 ng/mL) was >2.2 mm (imaging) or >2.5 mm (histology). The estimated PSA‐contribution [95% CI] of each cc cancer volume was 1.23 [0.51, 1.94] ng/mL (imaging) or 1.46 [0.40, 2.52] ng/mL (histology). SUVmax as surrogate parameter for tissue composition was associated with increased PSA‐contribution of PCa‐metastases (+0.03–0.05 ng/mL per unit increase).

Conclusions

The diameter/volume and SUVmax of metastatic tissue correlate with its contribution to PSA levels. Therefore, very small metastases may produce too little PSA for biochemical recurrence.
Investigating the Performance Optimization of Three‐Quantum‐Well High Electron Mobility Transistor Device: Analyzing Operational Characteristics and Gate Voltage Influence
Authors: Thangavel Kuntavai , Aruchamy Prasanth , Joghee Prasad , Palanisamy Chandrasekar
Published: October 2024

Quantum well AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) devices are a unique kind of semiconductor device that make use of a heterostructure made up of layers of different materials. In this study, the operational characteristics and performance optimization of HEMT devices, with a specific emphasis on the behavior of three‐quantum‐well (3QW) HEMT devices, are explored. The impact of gate voltage is explored and is observed that higher gate voltages result in lower pinch‐off voltages and higher saturation drain currents. In these findings, valuable insights for optimizing circuit designs and ensuring dependable operation across a range of electronic applications are offered. In addition, In this study, the device's ability to detect changes in gate voltage and its nonlinear characteristics is emphasized, providing valuable information for improving the device's performance. Additionally, the benefits of HEMT devices with negative threshold voltages are explored. Devices utilizing AlGaN/AlN/GaN structures demonstrate exceptional performance characteristics, such as rapid switching capabilities, high energy efficiency, and low noise performance, making them well suited for a wide range of scientific and technological applications. Finally, when comparing a QW HEMT device at different drain bias conditions (Vd = 1 V and Vd = 5 V), noticeable variations suggesting improved performance with higher drain bias.
Disturbance observer based adaptive predefined‐time sliding mode control for robot manipulators with uncertainties and disturbances
Authors: Sun Guofa , Liu Qingxi , Pan Fengyang , Zheng Jiaxin
Published: October 2024

This article develops a predefined‐time sliding mode control approach for systems with external disturbances and uncertainties through a nonlinear disturbance observer (DO). For addressing predefined‐time stabilization problem of robotic manipulator system, a predefined‐time sliding mode surface is proposed, ensuring system states converge to origin within a predefined‐time once sliding mode surface is attained. Compared to conventional fixed‐time and finite‐time control strategies, a distinctive advantage of this scheme is that system settling time can be explicitly chosen in advance and independent of system states. To achieve predefined‐time performance, a disturbance observer is introduced to generate the disturbance estimate, which can be incorporated into controller to counteract disturbance. To address the systems uncertainty, an adaptive law is employed to estimate the unknown upper boundary of system uncertainties. Finally, the effectiveness and performance of the proposed scheme are illustrated by simulation and experiment.
‘Where else can they go?’: Violence, resistance and the socio‐cultural trajectories of Kashmiri women in Freny Manecksha's Behold I Shine: Narratives of Kashmir's Women and Children
Authors: Pal Payel , Karmakar Goutam
Published: October 2024

In the armed conflict between Kashmiri militancy and the Indian state forces, Kashmiri women have been relentless victims of abduction, rape, molestation, and cruel objectification by the militaristic patriarchs of both sides. In the context of the state's unaccountability, the rebuttal of justice is horrific in Kashmir. Consequently, due to predominant masculine, state‐centric, absolutist, and neo‐realist perceptions, the majority of atrocities against Kashmiri women have gone unregistered and unreported, failing to reach the pan‐Indian masses through the dominant media and literary narratives. This article explicates Freny Manecksha's book Behold I Shine: Narratives of Kashmir's Women and Children (2017) as a unique retelling of Kashmiri women's physical violence, fears, trauma, and, most importantly, their fortitude and recuperation. Drawing on feminist views on rape and repression, it exposes how rape in Kashmir incessantly functions as a weapon of suppression, relegating women to the most precarious position. Simultaneously, the discussion demonstrates how rape and oppression render Kashmiri women docile and vulnerable to cultural and collective trauma by employing the Foucauldian notion of docility. The article further addresses how Kashmiri women repudiate the traditional divides of private and public, overturn the social expectations of womanhood, contest the patriarchal excesses of militaristic Kashmir vis‐à‐vis their resilience, and protest against state‐sponsored violence. Thus, the article posits Manecksha's writing as a counter‐historiographic narrative for the marginalized voices of Kashmiri women, whose ways of redressing their grievances constitute subversive modes of resistance.
Plasmonic Coupling for High‐Sensitivity Detection of Low Molecular Weight Molecules
Authors: Guglielmelli Alexa , Zaffino Rossella , Palermo Giovanna , Valente Liliana , Aceti Dante Maria , Ricciardi Loredana , González‐Campo Arántzazu , Pfattner Raphael , Aliaga‐Alcalde Núria , Strangi Giuseppe
Published: October 2024

This article presents a novel plasmonic sensing platform designed for the detection of low molecular weight molecules, offering significant advancements in diagnostic applications. The platform features a periodic array of gold nanodisks on a 20 nm thin silica layer, supported by a 100 nm thick gold substrate. By leveraging the coupling between localized and propagating surface plasmon resonances, this design significantly enhances the sensitivity and specificity of molecular detection. Finite element method simulations are conducted to characterize the optical properties and reflectance response of the nanodisks array in the visible to near‐infrared range. Ellipsometric analysis is performed to measure the reflectance of the sample at various angles. Additionally, scanning near‐field optical microscopy in reflectance mode validates the design by revealing well‐defined plasmonic hot spots and interference patterns consistent with the simulated results. The findings demonstrate the platform's effectiveness in amplifying optical signals, achieving a limit of detection of 50 μM for molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1 KDa. This high sensitivity and specificity highlight the potential of the proposed plasmonic platform to advance the development of highly sensitive sensors for low molecular weight molecules, making it a valuable tool for diagnostics and precise molecular detection.
Machine Learning Approaches for Predicting Power Conversion Efficiency in Organic Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Jiang Yang , Yao Chuang , Yang Yezi , Wang Jinshan
Published: October 2024

Organic solar cells (OSCs), renowned for their lightweight, cost efficiency, and adaptability nature, stand out as a promising option for developing renewable energy. Improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs is essential, and researchers are delving into novel materials to achieve this. Traditional approaches are often laborious and costly, highlighting the need for predictive modeling. Machine learning (ML), especially via quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models, is streamlining material development, with a goal to exceed a 20% PCE. In this review, the application of ML in OSCs is explored, and recent studies utilizing ML approaches for PCE prediction are reviewed, encompassing empirical functions, ML algorithms, self‐devised ML frameworks, and the combination with automated experimental technologies. First, the benefits of ML in predicting PCE for OSCs are addressed. Second, the development of high‐efficiency predictive models for both fullerene and nonfullerene acceptors is delved into. The impact of various ML algorithm models on PCE prediction is then assessed, taking into account the construction of predictive models. Moreover, the quality of databases and the selection of descriptors are considered. Databases and descriptors based on experimental studies are further categorized. Finally, prospects for the future development of OSCs are proposed.
Enhancing the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Fe‐36Ni Invar Alloy via Introducing Mg
Authors: Wang Qi , Dong Yanwu , Jiang Zhouhua , Yin Zilin , Wu Yuning , Qing Haibiao
Published: October 2024

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the corrosion resistance of Fe‐36Ni Invar alloys with varying Mg contents in a 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution. The electrochemical results reveal that the incorporation of Mg amplified the corrosion behavior of Fe‐36Ni Invar alloy. The inclusion compositions undergo a transformation with the increase of Mg content, evolving from MnO–MnS in 0 Mg alloy to MnO–MnS–MgO in 0.0015 Mg alloy, and ultimately to MnS–MgO–MgS in 0.0030 Mg alloy. During the corrosion process, the small‐sized MnS–MgO–MgS inclusions exhibit greater stability compared to the MnO–MnS inclusions, rendering them less susceptible to attack and dissolution. Adding Mg diminishes the size and number density of inclusions, which effectively decreases the susceptibility to pitting initiation. The introduction of Mg refines the microstructure and elevates the fraction of twin boundaries, which also is responsible for the enhancement of corrosion resistance.