bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Diversity of Bartonella Species in Rodents from Georgia (Caucasus)
Authors: Malania Lile , Bai Ying , Osikowicz Lynn M. , Tsertsvadze Nikoloz , Katsitadze Guram , Imnadze Paata , Kosoy Michael
Published: May 2016

Bartonella infections are widespread and highly prevalent in rodents. Several rodent-associated Bartonella species have been related to human diseases. Recently, Bartonella species was reported as the etiology of a human case in the country of Georgia (Caucasus). However, information on Bartonella in rodents in Georgia is absent. Rodent hearts were collected from Georgia to investigate the presence and diversity of Bartonella species. Bartonella bacteria were cultured from 37.2% (16/43) of rodents examined, while Bartonella DNA was detected in 41.2% (28/68) of rodents by polymerase chain reaction targeting citrate synthase (gltA) gene. Sequences of gltA showed that rodents in this region harbored multiple Bartonella strains, including Bartonella elizabethae, Bartonella tribocorum, Bartonella grahamii, and an unknown genogroup. The first three Bartonella species, known to be rat-associated and human cases linked, were commonly observed in wood mice (Apodemus [Sylvaemus] uralensis) (5/8 positive with B. elizabethae and B. tribocorum) and social voles (Microtus socialis) (4/6 positive with B. grahamii and B. elizabethae) in this study. The frequent distribution of these Bartonella species suggests that they may contribute to unidentified clinical infections. The unknown genogroup was observed in 24 Bartonella isolates and/or DNA extracts from heart tissues, all of which were obtained from Libyan jirds (Meriones libycus). Further characterization of the bacterial cultures based on sequence analysis of four additional genes (ftsZ, nuoG, rpoB, and ssrA) supported that the jird-associated Bartonella strains comprise a distinct monophyletic clade. The impact of this bacterium on wildlife and human health needs to be determined.
The origin of midlatitude ice clouds and the resulting influence on their microphysical properties
Authors: Luebke Anna E. , Afchine Armin , Costa Anja , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Meyer Jessica , Rolf Christian , Spelten Nicole , Avallone Linnea M. , Baumgardner Darrel , Krämer Martina
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The radiative role of ice clouds in the atmosphere is known to be important, but uncertainties remain concerning the magnitude and net effects. However, through measurements of the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds, we can better characterize them, which can ultimately allow for their radiative properties to be more accurately ascertained. Recently, two types of cirrus clouds differing by formation mechanism and microphysical properties have been classified – in situ and liquid origin cirrus. In this study, we present observational evidence to show that two distinct types of cirrus do exist. Airborne, in situ measurements of cloud ice water content (IWC), ice crystal concentration (Nice), and ice crystal size from the 2014 ML-CIRRUS campaign provide cloud samples that have been divided according to their origin type. The key features that set liquid origin cirrus apart from the in situ origin cirrus are higher frequencies of high IWC ( > 100 ppmv), higher Nice values, and larger ice crystals. A vertical distribution of Nice shows that the in situ origin cirrus clouds exhibit a median value of around 0.1 cm−3, while the liquid origin concentrations are slightly, but notably higher. The median sizes of the crystals contributing the most mass are less than 200 µm for in situ origin cirrus, with some of the largest crystals reaching 550 µm in size. The liquid origin cirrus, on the other hand, were observed to have median diameters greater than 200 µm, and crystals that were up to 750 µm. An examination of these characteristics in relation to each other and their relationship to temperature provides strong evidence that these differences arise from the dynamics and conditions in which the ice crystals formed. Additionally, the existence of these two groups in cirrus cloud populations may explain why a bimodal distribution in the IWC-temperature relationship has been observed. We hypothesize that the low IWC mode is the result of in situ origin cirrus and the high IWC mode is the result of liquid origin cirrus.
Wind speed response of marine non-precipitating stratocumulus clouds over a diurnal cycle in cloud-system resolving simulations
Authors: Kazil Jan , Feingold Graham , Yamaguchi Takanobu
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Observed and projected trends in large-scale wind speed over the oceans prompt the question: how do marine stratocumulus clouds and their radiative properties respond to changes in large-scale wind speed? Wind speed drives the surface fluxes of sensible heat, moisture, and momentum and thereby acts on cloud liquid water path (LWP) and cloud radiative properties. We present an investigation of the dynamical response of non-precipitating, overcast marine stratocumulus clouds to different wind speeds over the course of a diurnal cycle, all else equal. In cloud-system resolving simulations, we find that higher wind speed leads to faster boundary layer growth and stronger entrainment. The dynamical driver is enhanced buoyant production of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) from latent heat release in cloud updrafts. LWP is enhanced during the night and in the morning at higher wind speed, and more strongly suppressed later in the day. Wind speed hence accentuates the diurnal LWP cycle by expanding the morning–afternoon contrast. The higher LWP at higher wind speed does not, however, enhance cloud top cooling because in clouds with LWP ⪆ 50 g m−2, longwave emissions are insensitive to LWP. This leads to the general conclusion that in sufficiently thick stratocumulus clouds, additional boundary layer growth and entrainment due to a boundary layer moistening arises by stronger production of TKE from latent heat release in cloud updrafts, rather than from enhanced longwave cooling. We find that large-scale wind modulates boundary layer decoupling. At nighttime and at low wind speed during daytime, it enhances decoupling in part by faster boundary layer growth and stronger entrainment and in part because shear from large-scale wind in the sub-cloud layer hinders vertical moisture transport between the surface and cloud base. With increasing wind speed, however, in decoupled daytime conditions, shear-driven circulation due to large-scale wind takes over from buoyancy-driven circulation in transporting moisture from the surface to cloud base and thereby reduces decoupling and helps maintain LWP. The total (shortwave + longwave) cloud radiative effect (CRE) responds to changes in LWP and cloud fraction, and higher wind speed translates to a stronger diurnally averaged total CRE. However, the sensitivity of the diurnally averaged total CRE to wind speed decreases with increasing wind speed.
Isotopic constraints on the role of hypohalous acids in sulfate aerosol formation in the remote marine boundary layer
Authors: Chen Qianjie , Geng Lei , Schmidt Johan A. , Xie Zhouqing , Kang Hui , Dachs Jordi , Cole-Dai Jihong , Schauer Andrew J. , Camp Madeline G. , Alexander Becky
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Sulfate is an important component of global atmospheric aerosol, and has partially compensated for greenhouse gas-induced warming during the industrial period. The magnitude of direct and indirect radiative forcing of aerosols since preindustrial time is a large uncertainty in climate models, which has been attributed largely to uncertainties in the preindustrial environment. Here, we report observations of the oxygen isotopic composition (Δ17O) of sulfate aerosol collected in the remote marine boundary layer (MBL) in spring and summer in order to evaluate sulfate production mechanisms in pristine-like environments. Model-aided analysis of the observations suggests that 33–50 % of sulfate in the MBL is formed via oxidation by hypohalous acids (HOX = HOBr + HOCl), a production mechanism typically excluded in large scale models due to uncertainties in the reaction rates. Based on the estimated fraction of sulfate formed via HOX oxidation, we further estimate that daily-averaged HOX concentrations on the order of 0.01–0.1 parts per trillion (ppt = pmol / mol) in the remote MBL during spring and summer are sufficient to explain the observations.
Graffiti for science – Erosion painting reveals spatially variable erosivity of sediment-laden flows
Authors: Beer Alexander R. , Kirchner James W. , Turowski Jens M.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Spatially distributed detection of bedrock erosion is a longstanding challenge. Here we show how the spatial distribution of surface abrasion can be visualized by observing the erosion of paint from bedrock surfaces in a natural bedrock gorge. If the paint is evenly applied, it creates a surface with relatively uniform erodibility, such that spatial variations in the erosion of this surface reflect variations in the erosivity of the flow and its entrained sediment. In our proof-of-concept study, this approach provided direct 5 visual verification that the sediment tools effect was focused on upstream-facing surfaces. Further, it demonstrated strong cross-stream variations in bedrock erosion, even in this relatively narrow (5 m wide) gorge. The left side of the gorge experienced high sediment throughput with abundant lateral erosion on the painted wall up to 0.8 m above the bed, but the right side of the gorge only showed a narrow erosion band 15–40 cm above the bed due to the cover effect shielding the lower part of the wall. The erosion painting method provides a simple technique for qualitatively observing spatially distributed 10 erosion in bedrock stream reaches, and can potentially find wide application in both laboratory and field studies.
Multi-objective optimization of a type of ellipse-parabola shaped superelastic flexure hinge
Authors: Du Zhijiang , Yang Miao , Dong Wei
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Flexure hinges made of superelastic materials is a promising candidate to enhance the movability of compliant mechanisms. In this paper, we focus on the multi-objective optimization of a type of ellipse-parabola shaped superelastic flexure hinge. The objective is to determine a set of optimal geometric parameters that maximizes the motion range and the relative compliance of the flexure hinge and minimizes the relative rotation error during the deformation as well. Firstly, the paper presents a new type of ellipse-parabola shaped flexure hinge which is constructed by an ellipse arc and a parabola curve. Then, the static responses of superelastic flexure hinges are solved via non-prismatic beam elements derived by the co-rotational approach. Finite element analysis (FEA) and experiment tests are performed to verify the modeling method. Finally, a multi-objective optimization is performed and the Pareto frontier is found via the NSGA-II algorithm.
Visualising DEM-related flood-map uncertainties using a disparity-distance equation algorithm
Authors: Brandt S. Anders , Lim Nancy J.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The apparent absoluteness of information presented by crisp-delineated flood boundaries can lead to misconceptions among planners about the inherent uncertainties associated in generated flood maps. Even maps based on hydraulic modelling using the highest-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), and calibrated with the most optimal Manning's roughness (n) coefficients, are susceptible to errors when compared to actual flood boundaries, specifically in flat areas. Therefore, the inaccuracies in inundation extents, brought about by the characteristics of the slope perpendicular to the flow direction of the river, have to be accounted for. Instead of using the typical Monte Carlo simulation and probabilistic methods for uncertainty quantification, an empirical-based disparity-distance equation that considers the effects of both the DEM resolution and slope was used to create prediction-uncertainty zones around the resulting inundation extents of a one-dimensional (1-D) hydraulic model. The equation was originally derived for the Eskilstuna River where flood maps, based on DEM data of different resolutions, were evaluated for the slope-disparity relationship. To assess whether the equation is applicable to another river with different characteristics, modelled inundation extents from the Testebo River were utilised and tested with the equation. By using the cross-sectional locations, water surface elevations, and DEM, uncertainty zones around the original inundation boundary line can be produced for different confidences. The results show that (1) the proposed method is useful both for estimating and directly visualising model inaccuracies caused by the combined effects of slope and DEM resolution, and (2) the DEM-related uncertainties alone do not account for the total inaccuracy of the derived flood map. Decision-makers can apply it to already existing flood maps, thereby recapitulating and re-analysing the inundation boundaries and the areas that are uncertain. Hence, more comprehensive flood information can be provided when determining locations where extra precautions are needed. Yet, when applied, users must also be aware that there are other factors that can influence the extent of the delineated flood boundary.
Frozen debris lobe morphology and movement: an overview of eight dynamic features, southern Brooks Range, Alaska
Authors: Darrow Margaret M. , Gyswyt Nora L. , Simpson Jocelyn M. , Daanen Ronald P. , Hubbard Trent D.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Frozen debris lobes (FDLs) are elongated, lobate permafrost features that mostly move through shear in zones near their bases. We present a comprehensive overview of eight FDLs within the Dalton Highway corridor (southern Brooks Range, Alaska), including their catchment geology and rock strengths, lobe soil characteristics, surface movement measurements collected between 2012 and 2015, and analysis of historic and modern imagery from 1955 to 2014. Field mapping and rock strength data indicate that the metasedimentary and metavolcanic bedrock forming the majority of the lobe catchments has very low to medium strength and is heavily fractured, thus easily contributing to FDL formation. The eight investigated FDLs consist of platy rocks typical of their catchments, organic debris, and an ice-poor soil matrix; massive ice, however, is present within FDLs as infiltration ice, concentrated within cracks open to the surface. Exposure of infiltration ice in retrogressive thaw slumps (RTSs) and associated debris flows leads to increased movement and various stages of destabilization, resulting in morphological differences among the lobes. Analysis of historic imagery indicates that movement of the eight investigated FDLs has been asynchronous over the study period, and since 1955, there has been an overall increase in movement rates of the investigated FDLs. The formation of surface features, such as cracks, scarps, and RTSs, suggests that the increased movement rates correlate to general instability, and even at their current distances, FDLs are impacting infrastructure through increased sediment mobilization. FDL-A is the largest of the investigated FDLs. As of August 2015, FDL-A was 39.2 m from the toe of the Dalton Highway embankment. Based on its current distance and rate of movement, we predict that FDL-A will reach the Dalton Highway alignment by 2023.
Weichselian permafrost depth in lowland Europe: a comprehensive uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Govaerts Joan , Beerten Koen , ten Veen Johan
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Rupelian clay in the Netherlands is currently being the subject of a feasibility study with respect to the storage of radioactive waste in the Netherlands (OPERA-project). Many features need to be considered in the assessment of the long-term evolution of the natural environment surrounding a geological waste disposal facility. One of these is permafrost development as it may have an impact on various components of the disposal system, including the natural environment (hydrogeology), the natural barrier (clay) and engineered barrier. It thus seems crucial to determine how deep permafrost will develop, in order to properly address the possible impact on the various components. It is expected that periglacial conditions will reappear at some point during the next several hundred thousands of years, a typical timeframe considered in geological waste disposal feasibility studies. In this study, the Weichselian glaciation is used as an analogue for future permafrost development. Permafrost depth modelling using a best estimate temperature curve of the Weichselian indicates that permafrost would reach depths between 140 m and 180 m. Without imposing a climatic gradient over the country, deepest permafrost is expected in the south, due to the lower geothermal flux and higher average sand content of the post-Rupelian overburden. Accounting for various sources of uncertainty, such as type and impact of vegetation, snow cover, air surface temperate gradients across the country, possible errors in palaeoclimate reconstructions, porosity, lithology and geothermal flux, stochastic calculations point out that permafrost depth during the coldest stages of a glacial cycle such as the Weichselian, for any location in the Netherlands, would be between 120–200 m at the 2σ level. In any case, permafrost would not reach depths greater than 270 m. The most sensitive parameters in permafrost development are the mean annual air temperatures and porosity, while the geothermal flux is the crucial parameter in permafrost degradation once temperatures start rising again. The calculations presented here are robust and conservative.
Pacientų, sergančių lėtiniu sistoliniu širdies nepakankamumu, vaistų vartojimo problemos ir jų įtaka gyvenimo kokybei
Authors: Kubilius Raimondas , Česnavičiūtė Ieva , Pereckaitė Laura , Rudys Algirdas
Published: May 2016

Darbo tikslas. Išsiaiškinti pacientų, sergančių lėtiniu sistoliniu širdies nepakankamumu, vaistų vartojimo problemas ir jų įtaką pacientų gyvenimo kokybei ir pilnatvei. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Tyrimas atliktas Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto ligoninėje Kauno klinikose, Kardiologijos klinikoje. Sergantiesiems lėtiniu sistoliniu širdies nepakankamumu atlikta anoniminė apklausa. Vaistų vartojimo elgsenai ištirti ir gyvenimo kokybei bei pilnatvei įvertinti taikyti šie klausimynai: modifikuotas D. E. Morisky ir bendroji vaistų vartojimo taisyklių laikymosi anketa (MMAS-8), Minesotos, Gyvenimo pilnatvės, vizualinė sveikatos būklės įvertinimo skalė. Ištirti respondentų sociodemografiniai požymiai, išanalizuota medicininė informacija. Darbo uždaviniai buvo įvertinti pacientų, sergančių lėtiniu sistoliniu širdies nepakankamumu, vaistų vartojimo įpročius ir elgseną bei nustatyti, kokios priežastys dažniausiai trukdo laikytis paskirto gydymosi režimo namuose ir įvertinti, kaip gydytojo rekomendacijų nesilaikymas lemia paciento, sergančio lėtiniu sistoliniu širdies nepakankamumu, gyvenimo kokybę ir pilnatvę. Rezultatai. Ištirta 100 ligonių, iš jų – 55 proc. moterų ir 45 proc. vyrų. Vidutinis pacientų amžius – 66,53 m. SN ± 7,95 m. 80 proc. pacientų netaisyklingai vartojo jiems paskirtus vaistus. Dažniausios gydymo režimo nesilaikymo priežastys buvo užmaršumas (24 proc.), ilga vartojimo trukmė (24 proc.), informacijos trūkumas (22 proc.). Emocinė sveikata statistiškai reikšmingai skyrėsi tarp puikiai ir blogai (p<0,05) bei tarp vidutiniškai ir blogai (p<0,05) vartojančių vaistus pacientų, tačiau statistiškai nereikšminga tarp pacientų, kurie gerai ar vidutiniškai laikosi vaistų vartojimo režimo (p>0,05). Gyvenimo pilnatvė geresnė tų respondentų, kurie laikosi paskirto gydytojo vaistų vartojimo režimo (p<0,05), tačiau statistiškai reikšmingo skirtumo tarp vidutiniškai ir blogai vartojančių vaistus pacientų nėra (p>0,05). Išvados. Dauguma pacientų nesilaikė vaistų vartojimo nurodymų. Pagerėjus savijautai apie pusė respondentų nutraukia paskirtų vaistų vartojimą, ketvirtadalis pablogėjus savijautai nebevartoja vaistų ir apie tai nepraneša gydytojui. Likusieji savo nuožiūra didina vaistų dozes ar išvykdami ilgesniam laikui vaistus palieka namuose, o pamiršę išgerti vaistus, dvigubina dozę. Gydymo režimo pažeidimą labiausiai lemia: užmaršumas, ilga vartojimo trukmė, pinigų bei informacijos stoka ir nepatogus vaistų vartojimo būdas. Gydytojo rekomendacijų nesilaikymas neigiamai veikia paciento gyvenimo kokybę ir pilnatvę. Kuo blogiau vartojami vaistai, tuo atitinkamai prastesnė savijauta bei mažesnis gyvenimo pilnatvės indeksas.
Torakaliumbalinės fascijos pakitimų vertinimas ultragarso tyrimo pagalba esant paauglių idiopatinei skoliozei – bandomasis tyrimas
Authors: Adomaitienė Irina , Sinkevičius Romualdas , Stašienė Eglė , Samuilis Artūras , Raistenskis Juozas , Strukčinskaitė Vaiva
Published: May 2016

Radiologiškai įrodyta, kad fascijos vaidina svarbų vaidmenį lėtinių juosmens ir kaklo miofascialinių skausmų patogenezėje, konstatuoti jų morfologiniai pakitimai. Taikant reabilitacijos priemones užfiksuotas fascijų normalizavimasis ir simptomų sumažėjimas. Paauglių idiopatinės skoliozės priežastis yra neaiški, tikėtina ji polietiologinės kilmės. Torakoliumbalinės fascijos vaidmuo idiopatinės skoliozės atveju nežinomas ir radiologiškai nebuvo tirtas. Idiopatinės skoliozės atveju tikėtinas panašus patofiziologinis fascijų pažeidimo mechanizmas kaip ir esant miofascialiniams skausmams. Šio bandomojo tyrimo tikslas buvo sužinoti, ar yra skirtumas tarp torakoliumbalinės fascijos radiologinių charakteristikų (storis, sluoksniuotumas) sveikiems ir idiopatinę skoliozę turintiems paaugliams. Vaikų ligoninėje, VšĮ Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikų filiale, nuo 2015 lapkričio mėnesio iki 2016 sausio mėnesio atliktas bandomasis palyginamasis stebėjimas. Sergančių idiopatine skolioze ir kontrolinę sveikų vaikų grupę sudarė po 9 vaikus. Torakoliumbalinės fascijos ultragarso tyrimui atlikti ir įvertinti taikyta Langevin aprašyta metodika. Torakoliumbalinė fascija storesnė idiopatine skolioze sergantiems vaikams lyginant su kontrolinės grupės vaikais. Sergančių vaikų grupėje torakoliumbalinės fascijos storio vidurkis buvo 0,96 cm kairėje ir 0,91 cm dešinėje stuburo pusėje. Sveikų vaikų grupėje torakoliumbalinės fascijos storis buvo 0,77 cm kairėje ir 0,73 cm dešinėje stuburo pusėje. Sergančių vaikų grupėje fascija sustorėjusi supramuskulinės dalies sąskaita: kairėje pusėje vidurkis – 0,44 cm, kontrolinėje grupėje kairėje pusėje vidurkis – 0,26 cm (p=0,001); panašus skirtumas gautas ir dešinėje pusėje tiriamoje grupėje: vidurkis – 0,46 cm, kontrolinėje grupėje: vidurkis – 0,24 cm (p<0,001). Fascijos sluoksniuotumas aiškiai didesnis supramuskulinėje dalyje idiopatine skolioze sergančių grupėje: dešinėje pusėje – 88,9% ir 22,2% (p=0,015); kairėje pusėje – 88,9% ir 11,1% (p=0,003). Nenustatyta reikšmingo torakoliumbalinės fascijos storio skirtumo tarp dešinės ir kairės anatominių pusių nei tiriamojoje, nei kontrolinėje grupėje. Remiantis ultragarso tyrimu nustatyta, kad idiopatine skolioze sergančių paauglių torakoliumbalinė fascija yra morfologiškai pakitusi (sustorėjusi, daugiasluoksnė) lyginant su muskuloskeletinės patologijos neturinčiais paaugliais. Esant paauglių idiopatinei skoliozei aktualus ir galimas pilnos apimties tyrimas vertinant torakoliumbalinės fascijos ir paravertebralinių raumenų pakitimus ultragarso tyrimu prieš ir po kompleksinės reabilitacijos.
Valdymo sprendimų įtaka infekcinių ligų ir tuberkuliozės ligoninės raidai
Authors: Šilys Arvydas , Gurevičius Romualdas
Published: May 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama valdymo sprendimų įtaka naujo tipo specializuotosios ligoninės, sujungimo būdu įsteigtos orientuojantis į sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų restruktūrizavimo modelį, raidai. Ligoninės raida siejama su veiklos analize, veiksmingumo vertinimu, naujų vadybos priemonių taikymu. Atsižvelgiama į pagrindinių veiklos rodiklių (pacientų skaičius, lovų skaičius, lovos užimtumas, lovos apyvarta, vidutinė gydymo trukmė) atitiktį restruktūrizavimo strategijos siekinius nuo ligoninės įsteigimo 2003 m. iki integracijos į Vilniaus universiteto ligoninę Santariškių klinikas (toliau – VUL SK) ir VUL SK sudėtyje. Siūlomos į procesus orientuotos veiklos veiksmingumo ir vadovavimo kokybės vertinimo priemonės.
Effect of different phytogenic additives on oxidation stability of chicken meat
Authors: Bobko Marek , Haščí­k Peter , Mellen Martin , Bobková Alica , Tkáčová Jana , Czako Peter , Pavelkova Adriana , Trembecká Lenka
Published: May 2016

The aim of the study was to evaluate the oxidative stability (TBARS method) of breast and thigh muscle after application of feed mixtures enriched by phytogenic additives. The experiment started with 150 pieces one-day-old chicks of Cobb 500 hybrid combination. They were divided into one control (C) and two experimental groups (1st EG and 2nd EG). Each group included 50 chicks. In experimental groups, feed additives were applied as followed: 100 mg.kg-1 Agolin Poultry (in the 1st EG) and 500 mg.kg-1 Agolin Tannin Plus (in the 2nd EG). Experimental broiler chickens were fed during 42 days by ad libitum. Chicken meat samples of breast and thigh muscle were analysed in the 1st day, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th month of storage in frozen storage at -18 °C. We recorded positive influence on chicken meat oxidative stability in all experimental groups with application of phytogenic feed additives. Obtained results showed that applied phytogenic additives had positive influence on oxidative stability of breast and thigh muscles. At the end of frozen storage (in 6th month), we found higher malondialdehyde (MDA) values and lower oxidative stability (p <0.05) of breast muscle in control group (0.167 mg.kg-1) compared to experimental groups (from 0.150 mg.kg-1 in 1. EG to 0.155 mg.kg-1 in 2. EG). In the thigh muscle, we found similar tendency of oxidative changes as in the breast muscle. At the end of frozen storage (in the 6th month), MDA average values of thigh muscle were higher (p <0.05) in control group (0.181 mg.kg-1) compared to experimental groups (1. EG 0.164 mg.kg-1 and 2. EG 0.169 mg.kg-1). Significant differences (p <0.05) between the control and experimental groups were found from the 5th month of storage in thigh and breast muscle. Obtained results indicate positive influence of phytogenic additives applied in chicken nutrition, namely on stabilization of fatty substance to degradation processes.
Influence of harvest day on changes in mechanical properties of grape berries
Authors: Nedomová Šárka , Kumbár Vojtěch , Pavloušek Pavel , Pytel Roman , Začal Jaroslav , Buchar Jaroslav
Published: May 2016

Changes in the composition, physical and mechanical properties occur in grape berries during the ripening process, but the heterogeneity of the grapes harvested at different ripening stages affects the reliability of the results obtained. The characterization of the mechanical properties of grape berries seems to be an important parameter for understanding grape ripening. In this work, these changes were studied in seven grapevine varieties (Riesling, Blaufränkisch, Pinot Noir, Cerason, Malverina, Laurot, and Hibernal) harvested during six consecutive weeks. Mechanical behaviour was measured using compression and puncture tests using of TIRATEST 27025 testing machine. Skin mechanical properties were evaluated using a puncture test carried out on the equatorial side. The dependence of these properties on the chemical composition has been evaluated. These parameters of force/time curves were studied by puncture test: the berry skin break force, the needle displacement at the skin break and the berry skin break energy. The crushing force, the plate displacement at the crushing strength and the berry crushing energy were studied from force/time curves by compression test. Results of the puncture test shows that there the skin break strength and the acidity content are monotonic functions of the time. A comparison of different varieties from the point of the value of the crushing force was obtained by vertical and transversal loading. The crushing force is monotonically decreasing function of the harvesting time like the break force evaluated at the puncture test. The correlation between the skin break strength and the sugar content is significant namely for the varieties: Hibernal, Riesling, Malverina, and Cerason.
The Impact of Sport Sponsorship on Brand Value: Evidence from Algeria
Authors: Aissa Sid Ahmed Hadj , Matar Ali
Published: May 2016

The study aims to explore the influential relationship between sports sponsorship and brand value dimensions (consumer trends, brand image and loyalty to the mark). Non-random sample is used and 345 single surveys have been distributed in Algeria. Non-random sampling is any other kind of sampling. Such methods are often used for speed and convenience, and also they do not require a sampling frame. The result suggested that there is a significant impact of sports sponsors on consumer trends (cognitive component, emotional component, component behavior). Besides, there is another impact of sports sponsors towards the brand image of sporting event. The study also detected the impact of sports sponsors on the brand loyalty for sponsors of sporting event. On the other hand, with respect to the differences between sample answers, the results suggested that there are differences in the trends sample about the impact of sports sponsors brand value dimensions (consumer attitudes towards the brand, brand image, loyalty to the mark) depending on the demographic and functional variables (age, sex, educational level, profession, trader type).In summary, the study recommended to activate the sports sponsorship process by various communication devices such as advertising and public relations. 
Bloom’s Taxonomy, Backward Design, and Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development in Crafting Learning Outcomes
Authors: Sideeg Abdunassir
Published: May 2016

This article aims to present some fresh insights into one of the milestones in the field of education. For sixty years, Bloom’s taxonomy has been one of the most significant tools used in course design as it provides a rigorous framework for crafting learning outcomes and designing both assessment tasks and instructional activities aligned with these learning outcomes. Though not a panacea for all problems of course design and educational assessment, when meticulously understood and wisely used in a student-centered environment which integrates the taxonomy with other useful approaches and tools such as backward design and Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD), Bloom’s taxonomy could provide an invaluable and indispensable roadmap for crafting effective learning outcomes that drive the whole process of course design.  
Leno Poeta: Tibullus's Poem 1.5
Authors: Pappas Vasileios
Published: May 2016

This article provides a different reading to Tibullus's poem 1.5. The focus is mainly on verses 31–34 and 61–66. The poet presents himself as Delia's pimp, offering her to his powerful patron, Messalla, and to other secret lovers. Simultaneously, he offers “Delia,” that is, the first book of his elegies, to his powerful friend. Through this double entendre, Tibullus intends to produce humor, to mock the political relationship between patrons and clients (clientelae), and to declare his poetical beliefs.
La motivación, herramienta pedagógica para impulsar el trabajo educativo y comunitario
Authors: Miranda Moreno Doris
Published: May 2016

La educación preescolar es la base del desarrollo afectivo, social, cognoscitivo y psicomotor que favorece el desarrollo integral de la niñez, en el municipio de Estelí. Para desarrollar este trabajo se cuenta con 185 educadoras voluntarias (95 urbanas, 90 rurales) llamadas Educadoras Comunitarias, que atienden a 2,678 niños y niñas que equivalen al 65% de la niñez atendida en el nivel preescolar en el municipio. Para ser Educadora es un requisito contar con educación primaria aprobada. Estas educadoras trabajan en los preescolares entre 3 y 4 horas, cinco días por semana y no reciben salario. Están organizadas en el Movimiento de Educadoras de Preescolares Comunitarios (MOVEDUPCE).Esta investigación tiene como objetivo comprender las motivaciones individuales y colectivas que permiten que las educadoras comunitarias realicen una labor educativa integral con la niñez y la comunidad. Este estudio es de tipo cualitativo, se utilizaron métodos narrativos, como: grupos focales, y entrevistas abiertas. La investigación documental nos ubica en el contexto de la investigación y sus antecedentes históricos.Entre los resultados más significativos se identificaron dos tipos de motivaciones que las impulsa a trabajar con responsabilidad y compromiso: a) Las motivaciones personales que se relacionan con su comportamiento maternal que les permite proveer de amor a los niños y niñas que llegan a la escuela y proteger sus derechos con alegría y felicidad; b) La motivación colectiva relacionada con su compromiso con la comunidad y el desarrollo. Estas motivaciones les permiten sentirse parte importante de la comunidad y elevar su autoestima y valoración personal. La labor de estas educadoras comunitarias ha trascendido su rol pedagógico porque han demostrado su capacidad para autogestionar proyectos, realizar coordinaciones interinstitucionales, asumir liderazgo, y promover la participación comunitaria en la organización y movilización social para la defensa de los derechos de las niñas y de las mujeres.
Holmium laser vs. conventional (cold knife) direct visual internal urethrotomy for short-segment bulbar urethral stricture: Outcome analysis
Authors: Jhanwar Ankur , Kumar Manoj , Sankhwar Satya Narayan , Prakash Gaurav
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Our goal was to analyze the outcome between holmium laser and cold knife direct visual internal urethrotomy (DVIU) for short-segment bulbar urethral stricture.Methods: We conducted a prospective study comprised of 112 male patients seen from June 2013 to December 2014. Inclusion criterion was short-segment bulbar urethral stricture (≤1.5cm). Exclusion criteria were prior intervention/urethroplasty, pan-anterior urethral strictures, posterior stenosis, urinary tract infection, and those who lost to followup. Patients were divided into two groups; Group A (n=58) included cold knife DVIU and group B (n=54) included holmium laser endourethrotomy patients. Patient followup included uroflowmetry at postoperative Day 3, as well as at three months and six months.Results: Baseline demographics were comparable in both groups. A total of 107 patients met the inclusion criteria and five patients were excluded due to inadequate followup. Mean stricture length was 1.31 ± 0.252 cm (p=0.53) and 1.34 ± 0.251 cm in Groups A and B, respectively. Mean operating time in Group A was 16.3 ± 1.78 min and in Group B was 20.96 ± 2.23 min (p=0.0001). Five patients in Group A had bleeding after the procedure that was managed conservatively by applying perineal compression. Three patients in Group B had fluid extravasation postoperatively. Qmax (ml/s) was found to be statistically insignificant between the two groups at all followups.Conclusions: Both holmium laser and cold knife urethrotomy are safe and equally effective in treating short-segment bulbar urethral strictures in terms of outcome and complication rate. However, holmium laser requires more expertise and is a costly alternative.
A Compromise and Resist World Feminism Analysis of the Age of Innocnece
Authors: Yang Hongyan
Published: May 2016

Edith Wharton (1862-1937), a Pulitzer Prize winner, is a distinguished female novelist at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Her work The Age of Innocence contributes much to the formation of a female literary tradition. Wharton’s subversion of male discourse can be well traced in her novel The Age of Innocence. However, Wharton does not become a destroyer of her age due to the limitation of her time; instead, she shows an open submission and hidden resistance to the patriarchal system.

This thesis aims to analyze causes of Wharton’s duplicitous voice by the means of The Age of Innocence textual analysis in order to reveal her special strategy of text hidden behind this contradictory attitude.
Entender a educação como um acto de cultura: estratégias de formação artística
Authors: Moura Anabela
Published: May 2016

É confiada ao sistema escolar Português a função primordial de contribuir para a compreensão e preservação do património, sendo que a educação patrimonial é uma componente importante da Educação Artística em Portugal. Um problema central no seu estudo é a falha do sistema escolar na consecução das finalidades atrás descritas, porque o seu ensino é feito de uma forma muito etnocêntrica*, ignorando as culturas minoritárias e as culturas não Europeias. Este artigo explora diversas abordagens educativas e apresenta estratégias utilizadas por professores de Cursos de Arte da Formação Inicial e Mestrado, que têm trabalhado com o Departamento de Educação Artística da Escola Superior de Educação, do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (ESEVC), Portugal. Os presentes Projectos tiveram as seguintes finalidades: (1) reflectirsobre educação artística usando literatura predominantemente Anglo-Saxónica; (2) desenvolver uma prática reflexiva; e (3) utilizar os princípios fundamentais da investigação educativa. No final apresentam-se algumas conclusões e implicações para o contexto da educação em geral e especificamente para o Projecto Internacional em curso entre a ESEVC e Universidades de Ensino Superior do Brasil (e.g. Belo Horizonte, Uberaba & Campinas), intitulado Experiências D'Além Mar: Estudos Luso-Brasileirossobre Cultura, Educação e Educação em Arte.
El Proyecto Estampa y la política de la impresión: el grabado contemporáneo
Authors: Lema Gabriel
Published: May 2016

O presente texto apresenta aspectos da apresentação do gravador Gabriel Lema no II Congresso de Educação Arte e Cultura realizado em Santa Maria/RS em 2009. Vincula-se a formação do coletivo “Proyecto Estampa” com antecedentes históricos da gravura na América do Sul. Destaca-se a multiplicidade da linguagem da gravura como forma de inserção da arte no contexto popular.Palavras-chave  : gravura, artes gráficas, imagem.
Clement Greenberg pelo avesso
Authors: Butkus Vitor
Published: May 2016

Este artigo é o resultado de um esforço reflexivo tendo como tema o crítico de arte norte-americano Clement Greenberg, sua obra e sua atuação no campo das artes. Esse autor de posições teóricas polêmicas é, aqui, analisado pelo seu antes e pelo seu depois. O contexto cultural em que se produziu a sua escrita é visado, não como causa, mas como fornecedor de problemas teóricos aos quais a crítica greenberguiana responderá. Apontando esse rumor teórico, contemporâneo à atividade do autor, e atravessado por questões extra-artísticas, propomos um distanciamento crítico através do qual se busca a compreensão dos principais textos de Greenberg. A plataforma analítica estabelecida pela contextualização histórica também é experimentada em um breve levantamento do legado desses textos, observando-se como as reações ao formalismo ainda reverberam na contemporaneidade.Palavras-chave  : teoria da arte, crítica de arte, integração teórico-prática, Clement Greenberg
Percorrendo o labirinto com Marcel Duchamp
Authors: Cordeiro Flávia Dutra
Published: May 2016

Demonstrar como as obras do artista Marcel Duchamp se inserem na Arte Contemporânea e como a existência de vários dos seus fragmentos, esboços e estudos são pontos centrais para a construção de mundos de devaneios que trazem conceitos intercalados de forma labiríntica. Os estudos e obras de Duchamp são parte integrante de um labirinto que percorre o espaço-tempo e cujas marcas estão fortemente associadas ao modo de se pensar a Arte Contemporânea quando inclui o outro. O que perpassa pela abrangência do outro como co-artista carrega em si algo de subjetivo, o que tornou possível aproximarem-se várias correntes de pensamento, fazendo com que eles se encontrassem através desta pesquisa cujos conceitos foram sendo delineados durante a sua realização. Analisar e pesquisar faz parte do processo desenvolvido e traz consigo a proximidade entre as obras de Duchamp e o que tenho feito durante alguns anos através da Arte.Palavras-chave  : Arte Contemporânea. Marcel Duchamp. Labirinto. Androgenia.
O corpo nas artes visuais: entrecruzamentos na formação inicial em educação especial
Authors: Paz Thais Raquel da Silva , Diehl Viviane
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo é parte da pesquisa realizada com um grupo de docentes em formação inicial, do curso de Educação Especial, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. Compreendendo o corpo como um dispositivo capaz de suscitar a reflexão sobre as artes visuais e o contexto das colaboradoras, foram realizadas propostas no intuito de problematizar e compreender como elas podem (re)construir suas subjetividades docentes a partir da educação em artes visuais. Os autores BARBOSA (2003); GREINER (2008); HERNÁNDEZ (2010); LARROSA (2002); LOPONTE (2007); MARTINS (2009); OLIVEIRA (2009), dentre outros, contribuíram com a tessitura teórica desta pesquisa. Ao procurar conhecer sobre o potencial da educação das artes visuais na (re)conceituação da formação docente foi possível compreender a importância de uma experiência que nos passe, nos toque e nos aconteça, reverberando na constituição da formação de cada uma das colaboradoras da pesquisa.
Modeling of reference evapotranspiration by multiple linear regression
Authors: Silva Helder J Farias , Santos Marconio Silva , Cabral Junior Jorio Bezerra , Spyrides Maria Helena C
Published: May 2016

Evapotranspiration is an important parameter for many projects related to climate characterization, hydrological modeling and water resources. This work was established as the first study in Rio Branco, eastern Acre, in order to derive empirical relations to estimate the reference evapotranspiration in the annual range from meteorological data readily available using the multiple linear regression analysis. Meteorological data of mean temperature (maximum and minimum), wind speed and insolation were obtainded from the National Institute of Meteorology for the period 1980-2014, which can be considered representative of the local climate. To estimate the reference evapotranspiration was used the Penman-Monteith-FAO, and multiple regression analysis was used as a selection process of significant variables for the model fit. Generated values by the proposed evapotranspiration models were compared to observed values for validation. Results indicated that the model with three variables (mean temperature, wind speed and insolation) satisfactorily estimated reference evapotranspiration for Rio Branco, AC, with great performance for annual data. Models with one variable (insolation) and two variables (mean temperature and insolation) showed less accuracy. However, they have advantage due to simplicity, since they can estimate the reference evapotranspiration from a few climatic parameters. From a practical point of view, these models can be regarded as a method to estimate the reference evapotranspiration when the input weather variables are insufficient to other methods.
Quand le piéton défie la ville : traverser la chaussée à Mexico
Authors: Pérez López Ruth
Published: May 2016

À Mexico, la configuration de l’espace urbain ne répond pas aux besoins des piétons. Lors de son parcours en ville, le piéton doit surmonter différentes barrières physiques. Au moment de traverser la chaussée, il doit, en plus, se protéger des véhicules. Dans ce sens, la traversée incarne un obstacle majeur pour le piéton et représente le lieu par excellence où s’expriment et matérialisent les relations entre piétons et conducteurs. À travers une approche socio-anthropologique basée sur une étude empirique, il s’agit d’appréhender les formes d’occupation d’un espace public souvent disputé, en rendant compte d’une dimension de la vie urbaine peu analysée à Mexico.
Environnement urbain et marchabilité : l’exemple du quartier des Aubiers à Bordeaux
Authors: Pagnac-Baudry Héloïse
Published: May 2016

Le quartier des Aubiers, pôle multimodal de la métropole bordelaise, est articulé autour du tramway et anime l’espace public. Notre recherche montre que l’arrivée du tramway dans le quartier des Aubiers a contribué au développement d’une mobilité piétonne importante vers l’ensemble de la métropole bordelaise. La mise en relation entre l’environnement urbain et la marchabilité permet de mettre en exergue combien la configuration des espaces entraîne une pluralité des pratiques de la marche. Les itinéraires empruntés dans le quartier se révèlent être fort différents selon l’identité du marcheur : passant ou résident. En mutation constante, le site des Aubiers témoigne des nouvelles perspectives qu’apporte la prise en compte de la marche pour repenser l’espace public.
Apprendre à regarder la ville dans l’obscurité : les « entre-deux » du paysage urbain nocturne
Authors: Bertin Sylvain , Paquette Sylvain
Published: May 2016

Entre deux univers, de lumière et de ténèbres, l’éclaireur décide de ce que l’on éclaire ou de ce qu’on laisse dans l’ombre. Souvent opposée au jour, la nuit est ancrée dans une opposition qui nous a longtemps fait nier son existence. Dans un contexte d’expansion de la lumière artificielle et d’interrogation de la qualité des cadres de vie urbains, peut-on encore fermer les yeux sur la nuit ? Dans le cadre d’une plus vaste recherche sur le paysage montréalais nocturne, nous présentons une recension des approches et des questionnements sur la manière dont nous regardons et planifions la ville la nuit pour dévoiler les enjeux de paysages encore méconnus.
Electrical and Ca2+ signaling in dendritic spines of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Hage Travis A , Sun Yujie , Khaliq Zayd M
Published: May 2016

Little is known about the density and function of dendritic spines on midbrain dopamine neurons, or the relative contribution of spine and shaft synapses to excitability. Using Ca2+ imaging, glutamate uncaging, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and transgenic mice expressing labeled PSD-95, we comparatively analyzed electrical and Ca2+ signaling in spines and shaft synapses of dopamine neurons. Dendritic spines were present on dopaminergic neurons at low densities in live and fixed tissue. Uncaging-evoked potential amplitudes correlated inversely with spine length but positively with the presence of PSD-95. Spine Ca2+ signals were less sensitive to hyperpolarization than shaft synapses, suggesting amplification of spine head voltages. Lastly, activating spines during pacemaking, we observed an unexpected enhancement of spine Ca2+ midway throughout the spike cycle, likely involving recruitment of NMDA receptors and voltage-gated conductances. These results demonstrate functionality of spines in dopamine neurons and reveal a novel modulation of spine Ca2+ signaling during pacemaking.
Instructed knowledge shapes feedback-driven aversive learning in striatum and orbitofrontal cortex, but not the amygdala
Authors: Atlas Lauren Y , Doll Bradley B , Li Jian , Daw Nathaniel D , Phelps Elizabeth A
Published: May 2016

Socially-conveyed rules and instructions strongly shape expectations and emotions. Yet most neuroscientific studies of learning consider reinforcement history alone, irrespective of knowledge acquired through other means. We examined fear conditioning and reversal in humans to test whether instructed knowledge modulates the neural mechanisms of feedback-driven learning. One group was informed about contingencies and reversals. A second group learned only from reinforcement. We combined quantitative models with functional magnetic resonance imaging and found that instructions induced dissociations in the neural systems of aversive learning. Responses in striatum and orbitofrontal cortex updated with instructions and correlated with prefrontal responses to instructions. Amygdala responses were influenced by reinforcement similarly in both groups and did not update with instructions. Results extend work on instructed reward learning and reveal novel dissociations that have not been observed with punishments or rewards. Findings support theories of specialized threat-detection and may have implications for fear maintenance in anxiety.