bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematics of the Eimerian Parasites from North American Snakes of the Family Colubridae, and their Prevalence in the Colubrids of Iowa*
Authors: WACHA RICHARD S. , CHRISTIANSEN JAMES L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

A survey of 117 Iowa snakes, representing 18 species within 12 genera, revealed the presence of 6 species of Eimeria, 5 of which are described as new and 1 of which (E. zamenis) is redescribed. Those species found, the average length‐width dimensions of their oocysts (in micrometers), and the respective hosts from which they were isolated were as follows: E. attenuata sp. n., 22.2 × 12.6, from 1 of 25 red‐sided garter snakes [Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Say)] and 1 of 14 northern water snakes [Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus)]; E. iowaensis sp. n., 17.8 × 14.5, from 1 of 25 redsided garter snakes; E. hydrophis sp. n., 15.4 × 10.9, from 5 of 14 northern water snakes and 1 of 1 diamond‐backed water snake [N. rhombifera rhombifera (Hallowell)]; E. helmisophis sp. n., 13.8 × 10.6, from 1 of 5 western worm snakes [Carphophis amoenus vermis (Kennicott)]; E. collanuli sp. n., 33.1 × 18.3, from 1 of 14 prairie ring‐neck snakes (Diadophis punctatus arnyi Kennicott), and E. zamenis, 31.0 × 17.0, from 1 of 6 eastern yellow‐bellied racers (Coluber constrictor flaviventris Say) and 1 of 1 eastern milk snake [Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacépède)]. The overall infection rate for the 117 snakes examined was 9.2%; these data are tabulated. In addition, the possible synonymy of E. lampropeltis with E. zamenis is considered, and the probable status of E. attenuata, E. hydrophis, E. zamenis, and E. annea, as parasites of multiple host species, is reviewed with regard to the phylogenetic relationships of the respective hosts from which they have been reported.
Blood Protozoa of Wild Turkeys in Florida*
Authors: FORRESTER DONALD J. , HON L. T. , WILLIAMS LOVETT E. , AUSTIN DAVID H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

From 1969 through 1972, 605 wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus) from 10 localities in Florida were examined for blood protozoans. The prevalence in turkeys more than a month old was 84% for Haemoproteus meleagridis Levine, 1961 and 72% for Leucocytozoon smithi Laveran and Lucet, 1905. Sixty‐three percent of the birds were infected by both parasites. Infections were most prevalent in juveniles 8–12 months of age. No infection of H. meleagridis or L. smithi was found in 111 poults younger than 35 days. Prevalences were similar in both sexes. Haemoproteus meleagridis was more prevalent (87%) in the southern part of the state; L. smithi was more prevalent (75%) in the north. The prevalence of H. meleagridis did not change during the 4 year period, but L. smithi decreased markedly in 1971, a year of low rainfall. None of the 605 blood films was positive for Plasmodium, but 24 (75%) of 32 blood samples were found by subinoculation technics to be positive for a species of Plasmodium morphologically similar to P. durae Herman, 1941. No trypanosomes were seen on the 605 blood films or in bone marrow cultures (saline‐neopeptone‐blood) made from 11 turkeys.
Stempellia milleri sp. n. (Microsporida: Nosematidae) in the Mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say*
Authors: HAZARD EDWIN , FUKUDA TOKUO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Stempellia milleri
sp. n. was found in blood cells and the adipose tissue of field‐collected larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say. Its development is different from other Stempellia species described in that it is dimorphic, producing two types of spores in adipose cells. Both were studied with the electron microscope. One spore is thin‐walled and uninucleate; the other is thick‐walled and binucleate. The latter spores are produced from sporonts that are somewhat similar to those of Nosema. Sporoblasts and spores of S. milleri were compared to those of Stempellia magna Kudo, and Stempellia lunata Hazard and Savage in both light and electron microscope preparations. S. milleri was transmitted experimentally to Culex pipiens pipiens, C. p. quinquefasciatus, C. salinarius, C. tarsalis, and C. territans. Transmission of S. magna to its host and other mosquito species was not possible. Although, generally low numbers of test larvae became infected with the pathogen, heavy infections were seen occasionally in individual specimens of its natural host, C. p. quinquefasciatus. Species of Aedes, Anopheles, Culiseta, Psorophora, and Uranotaenia exposed to spores of S. milleri were not susceptible to the disease.
Mechanism of Acquired Immunity Induced by “Leptomonas pessoai” against Trypanosoma cruzi in Mice*
Authors: SOUZA MARIA DO CARMO , REIS A. P. , DA SILVA W. DIAS , BRENER Z.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Living culture forms of “Leptomonas pessoai” cross protected mice against T. cruzi challenge infection. Circulating antibodies have been detected in the immunized mice by immunodiffusion analysis, passive hemagglutination, complement fixation test and antibody binding assay; these antibodies cross reacted with T. cruzi extracts. A cellular immune response was indicated by leucocyte migration inhibition using L. pessoai and T. cruzi antigens, strongly suggesting a role for cell‐mediated immunity in the mechanism of protection induced by L. pessoai.
Tryptophan Metabolism in Ochromonas malhamensis
Authors: MURDIA URMILA S. , TAMHANE D. V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Tryptophan enhanced the growth of Ochromonas malhamensis at concentrations up to 0.4 mg/ml; higher concentrations inhibited, the growth inhibition being reversible by tyrosine and adenine. The presence of a tryptophan synthetase system in vitro was demonstrated. Tyrosine and phenylalanine stimulated the activity of this enzyme. The uptake of exogenous tryptophan was accompanied by an increase in the free tryptophan pool which in turn suppressed the tryptophan synthetase system, thus pointing to a controlled mechanism. Incorporation of tryptophan in the growth medium enhanced the biosynthesis of folate‐active compounds. An elucidation of the mode of action of tryptophan is attempted on the basis of known metabolic pathways.
Glucose Transport in the Malarial (Plasmodium lophurae) Infected Erythrocyte*
Authors: SHERMAN IRWIN W. , TANIGOSHI LINDA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Plasmodium lophurae‐infected red blood cells utilized considerably greater quantities of glucose than did uninfected duckling red cells. Kinetic analysis of glucose transport showed: (A). Below a concentration of 2 mM in the medium the uptake process followed Michaelis‐Menten kinetics (carrier‐mediated facilitated diffusion) whereas at concentrations greater than this simple diffusion became the main mode of entry. (B). The apparent transport constants, Kt, for normal and infected cells were similar. However there was an 8‐fold increase in the maximal velocity, Vmax, for infected cells. (C). “Free” malaria parasites had a significantly lower Kt and a higher Vmax than did normal or infected red cells. Entry and exit studies with the nonmetabolizable sugar analog, 3‐0‐methyl glucose, demonstrated that the enhanced rate of uptake by infected cells involved an increase in the simple diffusion component and the degree of enhancement was correlated with the size of the intracellular parasite. Competition experiments suggested that in the malaria‐infected cell one locus is involved in the carrier‐mediated transport of glucose, mannose and galactose whereas another locus transports fructose and/or glycerol. These results indicate that the enhanced entry of glucose into the malaria‐infected red cell is a consequence of factors other than increased glucose catabolism by the host‐parasite complex, and the host cell's capacity to take up greater quantities of sugar directly involves the growing intracellular plasmodium.
Fine Structure of the Cyst and Some Sporulation Stages of Ichthyosporidium (Microsporida)*
Authors: SPRAGUE VICTOR , VERNICK SANFORD H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ichthyosporidium sp. Schwartz, 1963, apparently identical with the type species, I. giganteum (Thélohan, 1895) Swarczewsky, 1914, was studied with the electron microscope. Only late stages, a mature cyst containing sporulation stages and a cyst in the terminal (necrotic) stage were observed. The cyst, originating from host tissue, is a highly organized structure that is integrated with the surrounding connective tissue by means of numerous conspicuous processes. It is interpreted as essentially a manifestation of a defensive reaction of the host that is elicited by the parasite and then used to its advantage. Eventually the cyst dies and disintegrates. This type of cyst, peculiar among those associated with microsporidia, may be regarded as a distinctive character of the poorly defined genus Ichthyosporidium. Other observations let to an hypothesis which reconciles several different views regarding the identity of the Golgi complex. According to this new interpretation, these different views concern different aspects af the total complex. When all such views are integrated, a “classical Golgi” can be recognized in the presporoblastic stages and the “primitive Golgi” concept disappears. This “classical Golgi” then becomes highly modified during spore morphogenesis, giving rise to many of the internal organelles that are peculiar to the spore.
Diplodinium flabellum: Occurrence and Numbers in the Rumen of Sheep With a Description of Two New Subspecies*
Authors: DEHORITY B. A. , POTTER E. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Diplodinium flabellum, previously described on the basis of its occurrence in rumen contents from 3 hosts of Bos indicus, has been observed in domestic sheep. Numbers of this species were quite high, constituting up to 18.8% of the total fauna in one instance. Diurnal changes in numbers for sheep fed once daily were similar to the cycles reported for other Ophryoscolecids. No obvious relationship was found between the occurrence and numbers of D. flabellum and other genera of rumen ciliates. Two new morphologically distinct forms of this species were observed, one without any spines on the posterior left side and one with a single spine. This is in contrast to the original species description in which 2 spines occur on the posterior left side. Intermediate forms were observed which connected the 3 morphological types, indicating their conspecific relationship. It is proposed that the species description for Diplodinium flabellum be emended to include a total of 3 subspecies: Diplodinium flabellum Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 flabellum subsp. n.; Diplodinium flabellum aspinatum subsp. n.; and Diplodinium flabellum monospinatum subsp. n. Considerable variation in the shape and length of the caudal fan was observed in specimens of the subspecies aspinatum. In three of the four sheep studied, the subspecies aspinatum predominated, while the species monospinatum was highest in the fourth animal. D. flabellum flabellum occurred in very low numbers, ranging from 0 to 2.5% of the total species number.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Cortex of the Ciliate Stentor coeruleus. A View from the Inside*
Authors: NEWMAN ERIC
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A microdissection procedure was developed which permits the viewing of the inside surface of the cortex of Stentor coeruleus with scanning electron microscopy. Parallel bands of myonemes cover the entire inner surface of the cortex. The myonemes of the stalk region are ribbon‐shaped and lack cross connections. The myonemes of the anterior cortex are flattened against the surface and are interconnected by an extensive system of cross branches. The inner surface of the frontal field is covered with a regularly cross‐branched myoneme system which follows the curved pattern of frontal field kinety. The observed branching patterns and shapes of the myonemes support the hypothesis that they cause contraction of the cell. The membranellar root system was examined. Each membranellar root makes a 90° counterclockwise twist along its vertical axis (viewed from the inside) as it descends into the cell. The outer edge of each root fuses with the inner edge of the adjacent one, forming a continuous fiber sheet linking the roots together.
Infectivity and Immunogenicity of Irradiated Babesia rodhaini*
Authors: BISHOP J. P. , KUTTLER K. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Babesia rodhaini‐parasitized mouse blood exposed to varied doses of γ radiation up to 30 kRad was inoculated into mice. Mice inoculated with nonirradiated B. rodhaini developed progressive infections and died 7–11 days postinoculation. Mice infected with B. rodhaini‐parasitized blood exposed to doses up to and including 22 kRad developed progressive parasitemias which were delayed in comparison to mice inoculated with non‐irradiated B. rodhaini. Some mice receiving parasitized blood irradiated at 26 kRad did not develop progressive parasitemias. Progressive infections were prevented by exposure to irradiation at 30 kRad.

The results of 2 separate experiments revealed that one inoculation of parasitized blood exposed to 30 kRad or higher apparently stimulated a resistance to a challenge infection with nonirradiated parasitized blood. While 20 of 20 control mice died as a result of challenging infections, 9 of 28 mice previously exposed to irradiated parasitized blood survived.

The injection of irradiated nonparasitized blood did not produce a discernible acquired resistance to B. rodhaini. Presumably the irradiated parasitized blood was responsible for the development of acquired resistance to B. rodhaini.
Isolation and Characterization of Kinetoplast DNA Networks and Minicircles from Crithidia fasciculata*
Authors: SIMPSON AGDA M. , SIMPSON LARRY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Covalently closed kinetoplast DNA networks have been isolated from stationary phase Crithidia fasciculata cells by a technic involving selective pelleting of the networks at a low centrifugal field. Approximately 62% of the kinetoplast DNA of the cell was recovered free of nuclear DNA by simple differential centrifugation.

Purified kinetoplast DNA networks were visualized both in the electron microscope and in the light microscope. Closed networks sedimented as a homogeneous band both in neutral and alkaline sucrose, with an s20w in neutral sucrose of approximately 5 × 103.

Closed monomeric minicircles were isolated from purified networks by mild sonication and band sedimentation in alkaline sucrose. Several physical properties of closed monomeric minicircles were measured. These included molecular weight, buoyant density in CsCl, superhelix density and sedimentation coefficient.
Eimeria taterae sp. n. and other Intestinal Parasites from the Antelope Rat, Tatera indica in Baghdad District
Authors: MIRZA MIRZA Y. , AL‐RAWAS ADNAN Y.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Of 8 fecal specimens from the antelope rat, Tatera indica Hardwicke examined, 4 were found positive for intestinal parasites. Among these was Eimeria taterae sp. n., sporulated oocysts of which are described, their characteristics serving for the diagnosis of this species. Entamoeba coli cysts, as well as ova of Hymenolepis sp. and Trichuris sp., were also found.
Fine Structure of Bodo curvifilus Griessmann (Kinetoplastida: Bodonidae)*
Authors: BURZELL† LINDEN A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Bodo curvifilus Griessmann conforms in its fine structure to the criteria proposed for the genus Bodo, including the presence of subpellicular microtubules, a single large kinetoplast‐mitochondrion, emergence of the 2 heterodynamic flagella from a subapical flagellar pocket, and the presence of a paraxial rod associated with the axoneme of each flagellum. B. curvifilus possesses cytoplasmic bodies which resemble endosymbiotic bacteria. These are similar to those found in Bodo saltans. Bodo curvifilus can be distinguished ultrastructurally from Bodo caudatus and B. saltans by the presence in B. curvifilus of a hitherto unreported structure, “the microtubular prism,”consisting of a bundle of 19 microtubules. In cross section, 15 of these microtubules form a cross‐linked prismatic array. This microtubular bundle originates near the flagellar pocket and extends for several micrometers into the body of the organism where it follows the periphery of the cell and the long finger‐like projections of the kinetoplast‐mitochondrion.
Changes in the Cell Volume of Didinium nasutum During Population Increase*
Authors: SALT GEORGE W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In 3 species of carnivorous protozoa, the rate of individual food intake per generation declines with an increase in the density of the population. In all, the rate of division remains constant. Three hypotheses may be proposed to explain these phenomena: the individual size decreases, thus bringing about a decline in food need; the individuals in the earlier stages of population growth consume excess food which is passed on to later generations to supplement their food intake; an increase in density within the carnivore population decreases the activity rate, thus reducing the food requirement. Experiments using Didinium nasutum as the carnivore and Paramecium aurelia, syngen 4, as the food source were conducted to test these 3 hypotheses. The results contradicted the 1st hypothesis and part of the 2nd. A new working hypothesis based on the remaining hypotheses is proposed.
Blood Protozoa of Imported Birds
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D. , ROSSI GLORIA SESSLER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Large numbers of birds, until recently, were brought into the United States each year. Countries of origin were varied, and included those of Australasia, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean Islands, as well as other places. With them of course come their parasites, some of which may be potential pathogens to domestic avifauna. In part for this reason, a survey was undertaken of blood parasites of birds from pet shops and importers. So far a total of 1234 birds belonging to 186 species has been examined. Several new species and subspecies of avian Plasmodium have been found in the course of this study, including P. octamerium Manwell, 1968 in a Pintail Whydah, Vidua macoura, from Africa; P. paranucleophilum Manwell & Sessler, 1971 in a South American tanager, Tachyphonus sp.; and P. nucleophilum toucani Manwell & Sessler 1971 in a Swainson's Toucan, Ramphastos s. swainsonii. Plasmodium huffi Muniz, Soares & Battista is undoubtedly a synonym pro parte for the last. Plasmodium tenue Laveran & Marullaz, long thought to be a synonym of Plasmodium vaughani Novy & MacNeal, was rediscovered and found to be a valid species. Plasmodium nucleophilum, infrequently seen in the New World, occurred in many Asian and African birds, and especially in starlings. Infections with other species of Plasmodium were common. Haemoproteus was the commonest blood parasite; Leucocytozoon was very rare as was Atoxoplasma (Lankesterella). The 2 families of birds best represented were the Fringillidae and the Psittacidae, but no blood parasites were seen in the latter. It is clear that imported birds are often infected with blood protozoa, some of which are unknown from native birds.
A Macromolecule‐Free Partially Defined Medium for Trypanosoma cruzi*
Authors: YOSHIDA NOBUKO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A macromolecule‐free medium, containing in its defined part 3 salts, glucose, hemin, 21 amino acids, 3 lipids, and some undefined components obtained by dialysis of liver infusion, was developed for serial cultivation of Trypanosomacruzi at 28 C. The medium allows prolonged cultivation of T. cruzi by serial transfers and growth comparable to that obtained in more complex media, including those containing blood serum.
Nitrofuran‐Reducing Enzymes of Euglena*
Authors: McCALLA D. R. , VOUTSINOS DONNA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis strain Z, green, dark‐grown, and “bleached”with N‐methyl‐N‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine, was found to contain 2 soluble enzymes which reduce nitrofurans. A small amount of activity was demonstrated also in a particulate fraction of sonic extracts, but none in isolated chloroplasts. The reduction of 5 nitrofurans, having widely differing bleaching activities, by each of the 2 enzymes was examined.
Effects of Thiamine Deprivation and Replacement on the Mitochondrion of Polytomella agilis*
Authors: CANTOR MARVIN H. , BURTON MIRIAM D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Late log‐phase cells of Polytomella agilis, grown with or without thiamine, were examined by electron microscopy. The mitochondrial profiles of cells cultivated in the presence of thiamine are relatively few in number and irregular in shape. The inner membranes, randomly dispersed in a light matrix, are elongated, vesicular, or branched in appearance. In vitamin‐deficient cells, numerous mitochondrial profiles are evident. They have a regular circular or ovoid appearance. The inner membranes are regularly arrayed in an electron‐dense matrix and generally appear elongated. By means of partial 3‐dimensional reconstruction of whole cells the appearance of mitochondrial profiles in vitamin‐deficient cells can be explained by the increased branching of a single structure. Following transfer of vitamin‐deficient cells to complete medium, normal mitochondrial structure is attained by ∼3 hr.

Reduced‐minus‐oxidized difference spectra of suspensions of normal and vitamin‐deficient cells, grown with gentle aeration, were recorded. The concentrations of a‐ and b‐type cytochromes are reduced by 80‐90%, and c‐type cytochromes are reduced by 40% in thiamine‐deficient cells.
Metabolic Changes in Trichomonas gallinae Resulting from Growth in Various Carbohydrates*†
Authors: MATTHEWS HERBERT M. , DALY JAMES J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The influence of the type of growth carbohydrate on the subsequent metabolic activity of Trichomonas gallinae was investigated. Washed suspensions of cells collected from CPL‐glucose, CPL‐maltose, CPL‐galactose, and CPL‐glucose‐maltose media were examined in the Warburg respirometer for their ability to utilize glucose, maltose, and galactose. Comparisons of the metabolic parameters of substrate consumption, changes in glycogen content, and CO2 and H2 production were made. The pattern of utilization of the sugars, both qualitatively and quantitatively, depended upon the type of carbohydrate in the CPL medium used to culture the cells and upon the time of exposure of the cells to a particular sugar in the medium.
Presence of Nonoxidative Enzymes of the Pentose Phosphate Shunt in Tetrahymena*
Authors: ELDAN M. , BLUM J. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain HSM, do not have glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase or 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, but contain transaldolase, transketolase, ribose 5‐phosphate isomerase, ribulose‐5‐phosphate 3‐epimerase, and ribokinase. The nonoxidative enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt function in metabolism as indicated by the incorporation of label from [1‐14C]ribose into CO2 and glycogen and by the increase in total glycogen content of cultures supplemented with ribose.
Life Cycle of Eimeria ferrisi Levine & Ivens, 1965 in the Mouse, Mus musculus
Authors: ANKROM SUSAN L. , CHOBOTAR BILL , ERNST JOHN V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of Eimeria ferrisi is described from experimentally infected Mus musculus. The prepatent period was 3 days and the patent period was 3–4 days. The endogenous stages were found only in the cecum and colon. Three generations of schizonts were found. Mature 1st‐generation schizonts first seen 24 hr postinoculation (PI) measured 10.9 (7–14) × 10.2 (6–13) μm and had 9.6 (7–14) merozoites. Some 2nd‐generation schizonts had uninucleate merozoites and others had multinucleate merozoites. The former were first seen in small numbers 36 hr PI and were most abundant 48 hr PI. They measured 9.6 (5–13) × 7.9 (6–12) μm and had 18 (6–25) merozoites. Schizonts with multinucleate merozoites were seen 72 hr PI. Mature 3rd‐generation schizonts were seen 72 hr PI. They measured 14.0 (12–18) × 11‐0 (9–13) μm and had 12.5 (5–16) merozoites. Macrogamonts were first seen in 72 hr sections. Each young macrogamont had a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Only one type of cytoplasmic granule appeared to be involved in the formation of the oocyst wall. Mature macrogamonts were 11.0 (5–14) × 10.0 (6–13) μm. Crescent‐shaped bodies were observed in the parasitophorous vacuole of trophozoites and young macrogamonts. Early microgamonts were first recognized at 96 hr by the presence of darkly stained and irregularly shaped nuclei. Usually, mature microgametes were arranged in long, narrow whorls at the periphery of the microgamont or in whorls at the surface of 2–5 compartments.
Recherches Cytochimiques sur la Microsporidie Nosema bomycis au cours de son Développement chez le Ver à Soie (Bombyx mori)*
Authors: TAKIZAWA HIROMI , VIVIER EMILE , PETITPREZ ANDRE
Published: May 2007

RESUME. La Microsporidie Nosema bombycis, Protozoaire parasite agent de la pébrine du ver à soie, a étéétudiée cytochimiquement à la fois en microscopie photonique et électronique.

Les examens ont porté sur la détection et la localisation des acides nucléiques (ADN et ARN), des polysaccharides, de la phosphatase acide, au cours des différents stades du développement dans les cellules de I'hôte (du schizonte à la spore).

Les principaux résultats concernent les observations relatives aux polysaccharides et à la phosphatase qui ne sont détectés qu'au stade de la spore et ne sont pas observés au stade du schizonte. Les polysaccharides sont présents au niveau du sac polaire, du filament polaire et sur la membrane cytoplasmique; la phosphatase acide est localisée au niveau du sac polaire, du filament polaire et dans la vacuole postérieure.

SYNOPSIS. Nosema bombycis, agent of pebrine disease of silkworm, was studied cytochemically, using both light and electron microscopy. Presence of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), polysaccharides, and acid phosphatases was demonstrated and localization of these substances was determined in various stages of the parasite (from the schizont to the spore). DNA and RNA were detected in all these stages. Polysaccharides and acid phosphatase were found in the spore but not in the schizogonic stages. Polysaccharides were detected in the polar cap, the polar filament, and the limiting membrane of the cytoplasm of the spore. Acid phosphatase was found in the polar cap, the polar filament, and the posterior vacuole.
Factors Mediating the Vitamin B12 Requirement of Euglena
Authors: BRÉ MARIE‐HÉLÈNE , DIAMOND JEFFREY , JACQUES ROGER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Deprived of vitamin B12, Euglena gracilis strain Z ceases to divide which we believe to be a function of the light regime: division inhibition occurs more quickly in continuous light than in alternating (6L : 6D) light and not at all in total darkness. This phenomenon is dependent on the carbon source; cells grown in glutamate‐malate medium do not divide regardless of the culture conditions while dl‐lactate as carbon source permits growth in darkness in the absence of B12. Conditions which lead to an increased O2 or decreased CO2 tension in the medium, such as agitation in darkness or incubation in red or white light, result in inhibition of division. This inhibition can be reversed by re‐transferring the cells to still culture in the dark or, in the case of light‐induced blockage, by the addition of DCMU.
Glucosidase Activity in Acanthamoeba (Mayorella) palestinensis. The Effect of Glucose and Natural Glucosides on α‐ and β‐Glucosidases
Authors: LASMAN M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Acanthamoeba (Mayorella) palestinensis produces high basal levels of α‐ and β‐glucosidases, the latter being much more active than the former. Glucose, an essential growth substance, has a dual effect on the glucosidase activity. Growth concentrations (1%) of glucose inhibit, while low levels elevate the activity of both enzymes. Natural α‐glucosides support growth in the same manner as glucose and raise the activity of both enzymes to the same extent. β‐glucosides, on the other hand, are weak growth substrates, but stronger inducers, especially for β‐glucosidase activity. The role of the glucosidases in the over‐all metabolism of the ameba is discussed.
Activité Cellulolytique des Ciliés Entodiniomorphes
Authors: BONHOMME‐FLORENTIN A.
Published: May 2007

RESUME. Dans nos travaux antérieurs, nous avons observé dans les cultures in vitro que la disparition de la cellulose (languettes de papier filtre) est 2 fois plus grande lorsque les 2 micropopulations, Entodinium et bactéries, sont présentes que lorsque les bactéries sont seules ou en présence de cellules mortes de ciliés. Les filtrats des broyats cellulaires des ciliés entodiniomorphes de la panse des ruminants et du caecum des équidés possèdent une activité cellulolytique indépendante des bactéries endocellulaires. Il s'agit essentiellement d'une polyglucosidase (Cx) qui dégrade les dérivés de la cellulose native. On observe également une légère activité cellulolytique C1 sur la cellulose native.

SYNOPSIS. We have observed previously that twice as much cellulose disappears from cultures containing both Entodinium and bacteria than from those which contain bacteria alone or with dead ciliates. Filtrates of cell‐free homogenates of the entodiniomorphid ciliates from sheep rumen and horse cecum have a hydrolytic effect upon cellulose, hydrolytic activity being independent of the intracellular bacteria. The predominant enzyme involved in the reaction is a polyglucosidase (Cx) which acts upon derivatives of native cellulose. Low level activity of enzyme C1, which attacks native cellulose, also is found in the filtrate.
Two New Species of Eimeria from Colubrid Snakes in Iowa*
Authors: WACHA RICHARD S. , CHRISTIANSEN JAMES L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria natricis sp. n. and Eimeria sipedon sp. n. were isolated from 2 Northern Water Snakes, Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus), in Iowa. Oocysts of E. natricis were elongate, slightly ovoid, averaging in size 32.3 × 17.5 μm; sporocysts averaged 15.7 × 8.2 μm. Oocysts of E. sipedon were broadly ovoid averaging in size 18.0 × 15.9 μm; sporocysts averaged 12.0 × 7.4 μm. In both species, sporocyst residua were present, but micropyles, polar granules and oocyst residua were lacking.
Quantitative Ultrastructural Investigations of the Life Cycle of Trypanosoma brucei: A Morphometric Analysis*
Authors: BÖHRINGER S. , HECKER H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The quantitative ultrastructure of the developmental stages of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in its vector Glossina morsitans was studied by morphometric analysis. Values from ectoperitrophic midgut forms, proventricular forms, epimastigote and metacyclic forms in the salivary gland are compared with results from bloodstream forms, published previously.

Significant differences in the volume densities of the trypanosome's single mitochondrion, of microbody‐like organelles and in the surface densities of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes were found throughout the whole life cycle.

A great increase in volume density of the mitochondrion was observed after transfer to the insect host; reduction took place during metacyclic development. Parallel to the biogenesis of the mitochondrion a reduction of microbodies was found in proventricular forms and there was a great increase in metacyclic forms concomitant with the regression of the mitochondrion. Metacyclic forms had a close quantitative morphologic similarity to bloodstream forms.

The results are discussed in connection with changes in structure and in oxidative metabolism.
Macronuclear Regeneration and Cell Division in Paramecium caudatum
Authors: MIKAMI KAZUYUKI , HIWATASHI KOICHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In Paramecium caudatum, occurrence of macronuclear regeneration is closely related to the time of feeding after conjugation. Macronuclear regeneration is induced with a high frequency when conjugating pairs are transferred into fresh culture medium. Feeding immediately after conjugation induces early cell division and 3 or more fissions occur without macronuclear division because of the inability of the macronuclear anlagen to divide. In the cells lacking normal macronuclear anlagen, old macronuclear fragments undergo regeneration and form vegetative macronuclei.
Growth in vitro and Metabolism of Plasmodium vinckei chabaudi*
Authors: COOMBS G. H. , GUTTERIDGE W. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An in vitro system, based on the rocker dilution technic, has been developed that supports intraerythrocytic growth of a rat‐adapted strain of Plasmodium vinckei chabaudi from ring to schizont stages; some reinvasion was obtained, although invariably, this was associated with a decrease in parasite numbers. Pertinent features were the very high buffer content of the medium and the low oxygen tension of the gaseous phase. Lactate production, glucose utilization, and 3H‐leucine and 3H‐adenosine incorporations were investigated for their suitability to monitor parasite growth. Throughout an 18‐hr incubation there was a continuous and increasing production of lactate and utilization of glucose, which correlated well with the development of the parasites from ring to schizont stages. During the same period, there was a low but continuous and increasing incorporation of 3H‐leucine into parasite protein. However, 3H‐adenosine was incorporated only for the 1st hr of incubation, after which time no net incorporation occurred. Parasites grew normally from ring to schizont stages even in the absence of adenosine from the dilution medium.
Further Electrophoretic Characterization of Strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: NIELSEN P. JAMES , ANDRONIS PAUL T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Mobility patterns of 5 isozymes in strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis were demonstrated using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Six stock strains were compared in these patterns to 4 strains representative of each of the previously described 4 major “phenotypic sets.” Stock strains segregated into predicted “phenosets,” and essentially confirmed validity and reproducibility of such a discrimination method. The proposal that new strain designations be assigned on a basis of “phenoset” conformity is reaffirmed.
Comparaison du Fonctionnement des Bandes de Réorganisation d'Euplotes crassus (Dujardin) et de Strombidium sulcatum Claparède et Linné après Analyse Microspectrographique en UV
Authors: SALVANO PAULE
Published: May 2007

RESUME

Il y a duplication de l'ADN en bordure de la “rear zone” du macronoyau (zone 4 d'Euplotes crassus, zone 3 de Strombidium sulcatum). L'augmentation du taux des protéines commence avant l'augmentation du taux de l'ADN chez les 2 Ciliés. De même il y a une variation du taux de l'ARN dans la bande de réorganisation, la plus grande teneur étant dans la zone où il y a augmentation nette du taux des protéines.

SYNOPSIS

The rear zone of the macronucleus, zones 4 and 3 in Euplotes crassus and Strombidium sulcatum, respectively, is the site of DNA duplication. In both ciliates, increase in protein levels precedes that of DNA. There are also variations in the RNA level in the reorganization band, with the highest RNA content being found in the zone richest in protein.
The Effect of Host Constitution on the Development of Plasmodium floridense*
Authors: JORDAN HELEN B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

More than 15,000 lizards from South Georgia were examined over a period of 16 years. Five percent of Sceloporus undulatus and 36% of Anolis carolinensis were found to harbor Plasmodium floridense. Development of 28 natural new infections was followed in detail as soon as they became patent and comparisons in the 2 host species made of intensity and duration of infections and of merozoite means during the periods of acute rise and decline. During the acute rise, the merozoite mean in Sceloporus was 10.6 ± 0.11 (8,495 segmenters counted), compared with 13.44 ± 0.15 in Anolis (3,805 counted); during the decline, the merozoite means were 8.55 ± 0.13 (3,305 counted) and 10.28 ± 0.09 (6,772 counted), respectively. It took an average of 150 (100–253) days for the infection to run its course in Sceloporus, compared with the average of 71 (60–90) days in Anolis; the peak of parasitemia in Sceloporus was 11,600 parasites/10,000 red cells, compared with 1,600 in Anolis. Both lizard genera produced 5–10% gametocytes.
Extraction and Preliminary Use for Diagnosis of Soluble Precipitating Antigen from Babesia bigemina*
Authors: GOLDMAN MORRIS , BUKOVSKY ESTHER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Soluble antigen from bovine blood with a Babesia bigemina parasitemia of 5–6% formed 4 precipitin lines in gel diffusion tests with antiserum from infected cattle. Antigen was obtained from plasma and hemolysate by elution from DEAE cellulose columns and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation as well as from washed parasite‐erythrocyte stroma by sonication or freezethawing. About 5 ml of antigen suitable for diagnostic tests could be extracted from 200 ml of infected blood.
Contractility of Glycerinated Amoeba proteus and Chaos‐chaos*
Authors: RINALDI ROBERT , OPAS MICHAL , HREBENDA BARBARA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Immediate contact with large volumes of cold 50% (v/v) buffered glycerol preserved typical ameboid shape of Chaos chaos and Amoeba proteus with no visible distortions. These technics allowed determination of the contraction sites in these glycerinated models upon application of ATP‐Ca‐Mg‐solutions. The ectoplasmic tube was the main site of contraction. Preliminary EM investigations revealed thick and thin filaments, associated with the ectoplasmic tube near the plasmalemma, which appeared to be the basis for the contractility of the ectoplasmic tube. There was no predominant contraction of the pseudopodial tips or the endoplasm in these models. The changes of volume were as much as 50%, and in some cases were not accompanied by any change in the length of the ameba; however, lengthwise contractions of the ectoplasmic tube in some amebae occurred to as much as 25%. The data substantiate a basic requirement of the ectoplasmic tube contraction theory of ameboid locomotion.
The Relation of Agglutinins to Antigenic Variation of Trypanosoma lewisi*
Authors: D'ALESANDRO PHILIP A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. During the course of infection in the rat, Trypanosoma lewisi produces 2 antigenic variants: the 1st represents the initial, reproducing population of cells; and the 2nd the nonreproducing, ablastin‐inhibited adult population. The specificities of the agglutinins elicited by the variants were studied by adsorption and agglutination methods and the newer immunoelectroadsorption technic. It was found that the reproducing variant has a surface antigen that reacts with the agglutinin specific for the adult variant, but this antigen does not become immunogenic until transformation to the adult variant occurs. It was also found, with fractions of immune sera obtained by gel filtration, that the agglutinin specific for the reproducing variant is IgG and that specific for the adult variant, IgM. The antigenic variants of pathogenic and nonpathogenic trypanosomes are compared, and the roles of trypanocidal and ablastic antibodies in the induction of antigenic variation are discussed.
The Cell Surface of Trypanosoma musculi Bloodstream Forms. II. Lectin and Immunologic Studies*
Authors: DWVER DENNIS M. , D'ALESANDRO PHILIP A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Living Trypanosoma musculi bloodstream trypomastigotes were agglutinated specifically with concanavalin A (ConA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and fucose‐binding protein (FBP). The agglutination with these lectins of living cells from which the coat was removed by trypsinization was the same as with intact trypanosomes. Glutaraldehyde or formalin fixation did not affect the results with regard to agglutination with WGA, SBA, and FBP, but lower agglutination with ConA was observed upon fixation. By using a dense iron‐dextran marker many fewer ConA marker particles were localized at the fine structural level in the intact than in trypsin‐treated trypanosomes. On the basis of the results obtained by agglutination and electron microscopy, it is likely that fixation cross‐links intact surface‐coat components associated with the ConA binding sites. It is evident from the studies in which lectins were employed that ligands containing α‐D‐mannose, N‐acetylglucosamine, N‐acetylgalactosamine, and α‐L‐fucose are randomly distributed in the outer surface of the pellicular and flagellar membranes of T. musculi trypomastigotes. Results obtained with α‐amylase‐ and dextranase‐treated trypanosomes suggested that lectin‐binding sugar ligands in the cell surface were not directly associated with α‐1,4 or repetitive α‐1,6 glucan‐bonded polysaccharide moieties. Similar conclusions can be drawn on the basis of neuraminidase treatment with regard to N‐acetylated neuraminic acids.

After thorough washing, intact, but not trypsin‐treated trypomastigotes were agglutinated specifically with antisera against whole mouse serum and against mouse IgG. Evidently, adsorbed constituents of mouse serum are regular components of the T. musculi surface coat. After incubation in dilute whole mouse serum or in mouse IgG solutions, also the trypsinized cells were agglutinated by the 2 antisera. No such results were obtained with trypsinized cells incubated in serum‐free buffers. It was concluded that mouse serum proteins were readily readsorbed on, and firmly bound to the trypsinized cells' surfaces. Specific agglutinations were obtained with trypsinized cells after incubation in dilute rat, rabbit, bovine, and human sera and in solutions of rat and rabbit IgG in reactions with the corresponding antisera. It seems, therefore, that the host serum proteins are adsorbed nonspecifically to the cell surface of trypsinized T. musculi bloodstream forms.

When examined by electron microscopy, the intact trypomastigotes were covered by an ununiform, slightly granular, fibrillar extracellular coat, applied to the entire outer lamina of the pellicular and flagellar membranes. No indication of such a coat was noted in the trypsinized organisms. Flocculent surface coat‐like matrix could, however, be discerned in cells which, after trypsinization, were incubated in various sera.
Some Problems of Host and Parasite Interactions in the Coccidia*
Authors: MARQUARDT WILLIAM C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The current status of some concepts of host and parasite interactions in the coccidia are discussed and evaluated. It is suggested that winter coccidiosis of cattle caused by Eimeria zuernii results from activation of arrested endogenous stages in the tissues of the host. A second aspect of clinical coccidiosis is that infections are seldom monospecific, but little work has been done on infections in animals with multiple species of coccidia. Information in the literature indicates that there are interactions between species of Eimeria in concurrent infections, and it is hoped that investigators will undertake studies to define more clearly what interactions there may be. Finally, the finding that there is a genetic basis for successful transmission of Eimeria separata from rats to mice provides a tool for studying the basis of host‐specificity in the coccidia.
Effects of Actinomycin D on Generation Time and Morphogenesis in Paramecium*
Authors: KACZANOWSKA JANINA , HYVERT NICOLE , DE HALLER GERARD
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The sensitivity of Paramecium tetraurelia (=P. aurelia syngen 4) cells to pulse treatments with various doses of Actinomycin D (AMD) was estimated by comparing the generation times of treated and untreated sister cells. It was found that the delay of division in treated cells depended on the concentration of AMD, on their “age” at the time of the pulse treatment, and on their individual sensitivity.

Sensitivity of Paramecium to AMD changes during the cell cycle in a predictable way. About 3 1/2 hr before the normally expected cell fission (total generation time ∼ 5 1/2 hr) there is a decrease of sensitivity. Thereafter, the cell enters a new stage with a progressive increase of sensitivity. This 2nd phase ends at the “transition point” (∼ 2 hr before cell division), when sensitivity drops abruptly. The division process itself may be altered and slowed down by high concentrations of AMD, even if the drug is applied after the transition point, but this process can never be completely annulled. The impairment of the division mechanism may lead to morphologic anomalies in the offspring.

Resorption of oral anlagen in P. tetraurelia probably never occurs during the cell cycle after AMD treatment.

The reason for individual variability of the cells, mechanisms controlling development, and the question of an obligate sequence of gene action in each cell cycle are discussed.
Immobilization of Ciliates by Concanavalin A*
Authors: FRISCH AMOS , BESSLER WOLFGANG , LIPPS HANS JOACHIM , AMMERMANN DIETER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Interaction of several plant lectins with the ciliates Stylonychia mytilus, Euplotes aediculatus, and Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, was investigated. The motility of Stylonychia is specifically inhibited by treatment with concanavalin A, with which the 2 other ciliates react only weakly. Stylonychia can regain its motility by shedding the lectin‐loaded surface components and rebuilding a new pellicle. Other lectins used in this study did not interact with these ciliates.
Ultrastructural Study of Plasmodium knowlesi Antigen Used in Vaccination of Rhesus Monkeys*
Authors: SPEER CLARENCE A. , SILVERMAN PAUL H. , BARR MARY L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Material from various steps obtained in the French pressure cell technic of preparing antigen from Plasmodium knowlesi‐infected red cells, was examined by electron microscopy. A positively charged colloidal iron solution was used to differentiate between membranes of host red cells and parasites. Red cell membranes take the stain, whereas parasite membranes do not. This antigen which has been used previously to protect monkeys against P. knowlesi appears to consist almost entirely of membrane‐bounded vesicles. Some of these vesicles contain a fine granular material, whereas others appear empty. The antigen failed to stain with the positively charged iron solution, which suggests that it is free of contamination by host cell membrane.
Cultivation of Pseudocohnilembus persalinus in Axenic Medium
Authors: SCHWARTZ JONATHAN R. L. , HAMPTON JAMES R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Bacteria can be eliminated from protozoan cultures by adding a bacterium supplanting those difficult to destroy, if the added bacterium can be easily eliminated. Pseudocohnilembus persalinus was cultivated axenically in a simple medium containing peptones, nucleic acid extract, and vitamins. Growth was stimulated by saturated or unsaturated fatty acids.
Specificity of the Glucose Transport System in Leishmania tropica Promastigotes*
Authors: SCHAEFER FRANK W. , MUKKADA ANTONY J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The glucose transport system in Leishmania tropica promastigotes was characterized by the use of labeled 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DOG), a nonmetabolizable glucose analog. The uptake system has a Q10 of 2 and a heat of activation of 10.2 kcal/mole. The glucose transport system is subject to competitive inhibition by 2‐DOG, glucosamine, N‐acetyl glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and fructose which suggests that substitutions in the hexose chain at carbons 2 and 4 do not affect carrier specificity. In contrast, changes at carbon 1 (α‐methyl‐D‐glucoside, 1,5‐anhydroglucitol) and carbon 3 (3–0‐methyl glucose) lead to loss of carrier affinity since these sugars do not compete for the glucose carrier. Sugars that compete with the glucose carrier have one common feature—they all exist in the pyranose form in solution. The carrier for D‐glucose does not interact with L‐glucose or any of the pentose sugars tested. Uptake of 2‐DOG is inhibited by glycerol. This inhibition, however, is noncompetitive; it is evident, therefore, that glucose and glycerol do not compete for the same carrier. Glycerol does not repress the glucose carrier since cells grown in presence of glycerol transport the sugar normally.