bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH END‐STAGE RENAL DISEASE
Authors: Martiny Camila , de Oliveira e Silva Adriana Cardoso , Neto José Pedro Simões , Nardi Antonio Egidio
Published: March 2012

Psychiatric disorders in patients with end‐stage renal disease are associated with poor prognosis and quality of life. The goal of this study is to investigate the association between psychiatric disorders and renal disease in patients undergoing dialysis treatment, compared with other chronic diseases, appreciating the demographic status of these patients. Sixty‐nine patients participated in a diagnostic interview and gave socio‐demographic data. The population was composed of 55% men aged 19–77 years with an average age of 50 years (95% CI = 47–54 years). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders found in this study (46.6%) was compared with that found in patients with asthma, polycystic ovary syndrome and HIV‐positive. Moreover, the prevalence of the four most common psychiatric disorders which were identified among patients on dialysis were also the subject of comparison between them and others. These results demonstrate the relationship between the various psychiatric disorders and are compatible with other research studies.
Heat shock factor 1 regulates the expression of the TRPV1 gene in the rat preoptic‐anterior hypothalamus area during lipopolysaccharide‐induced fever
Authors: Fan‐xin Meng , Li‐mei Sun , Bei Shi , Xin Qin , Yu Yang , Yu Cao
Published: March 2012

The TRPV1 cation channel is a member of the thermo‐TRP family of ionic channels activated by noxious heat and various endogenous mediators. Expression of TRPV1 is widespread and includes hypothalamic neurons. The preoptic‐anterior hypothalamus area (PO/AH) are required for regulation of body temperature, suggesting that resident thermosensitive TRPV1 channels may be involved in thermoregulation. Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a ubiquitous heat‐sensitive transcription factor that co‐ordinates the genomic response to noxious heat, but it is not known whether TRPV1 expression is part of this adaptive mechanism. We therefore investigated whether HSF1 regulates TRPV1 transcription in response to lipopolysacharide (LPS)‐induced fever in rats. Expression of TRPV1 and nuclear translocation of HSF1 were transiently upregulated during LPS‐induced fever, with temporal profiles that mirrored the rise and fall in body temperature. We used a series of luciferase reporter vectors encoding different spans of the TRPV1 gene 5′‐flanking region to identify possible HSF1‐binding sites. Reporter assays in transfected PC12 cells demonstrated that only TRPV1 promoters with the −1160 to −821 region drove reporter expression in response to heat shock. This region contains one putative heat shock‐responsive element (HSE) for HSF1 binding at −919 to −910. Site‐directed mutagenesis of this HSE abrogated reporter activity in response to heat shock, indicating that −919 to −910 contains the specific HSF1‐binding sequence. In the PO/AH, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay analyses demonstrated that HSF1 is recruited to the HSE of the TRPV1 gene in PO/AH cells during LPS‐induced fever, resulting in enhanced TRPV1 expression. Based on these findings, we conclude that HSF1 regulates TRPV1 gene expression in PO/AH of rats with LPS‐induced fever.
Remote ischaemic pre‐ and delayed postconditioning – similar degree of cardioprotection but distinct mechanisms
Authors: Basalay Marina , Barsukevich Veronika , Mastitskaya Svetlana , Mrochek Alexander , Pernow John , Sjöquist Per‐Ove , Ackland Gareth L. , Gourine Alexander V. , Gourine Andrey
Published: March 2012

Myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury can be significantly reduced by an episode(s) of ischaemia–reperfusion applied prior to or during myocardial ischaemia (MI) to peripheral tissue located at a distance from the heart; this phenomenon is called remote ischaemic conditioning (RIc). Here, we compared the efficacy of RIc in protecting the heart when the RIc stimulus is applied prior to, during and at different time points after MI. A rat model of myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury involved 30 min of left coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Remote ischaemic conditioning was induced by 15 min occlusion of femoral arteries and conferred a similar degree of cardioprotection when applied 25 min prior to MI, 10 or 25 min after the onset of MI, or starting 10 min after the onset of reperfusion. These RIc stimuli reduced infarct size by 54, 56, 56 and 48% (all P < 0.001), respectively. Remote ischaemic conditioning applied 30 min into the reperfusion period was ineffective. Activation of sensory nerves by application of capsaicin was effective in establishing cardioprotection only when elicited prior to MI. Vagotomy or denervation of the peripheral ischaemic tissue both completely abolished cardioprotection induced by RIc applied prior to MI. Cardioprotection conferred by delayed remote postconditioning was not affected by either vagotomy or peripheral denervation. These results indicate that RIc confers potent cardioprotection even if applied with a significant delay after the onset of myocardial reperfusion. Cardioprotection by remote preconditioning is critically dependent on afferent innervation of the remote organ and intact parasympathetic activity, while delayed remote postconditioning appears to rely on a different signalling pathway(s).
Key Enzymes Enabling the Growth of Arthrobacter sp. Strain JBH1 with Nitroglycerin as the Sole Source of Carbon and Nitrogen
Authors: Husserl Johana , Hughes Joseph B. , Spain Jim C.
Published: March 2012

Flavoprotein reductases that catalyze the transformation of nitroglycerin (NG) to dinitro- or mononitroglycerols enable bacteria containing such enzymes to use NG as the nitrogen source. The inability to use the resulting mononitroglycerols limits most strains to incomplete denitration of NG. Recently,
Arthrobacter
strain JBH1 was isolated for the ability to grow on NG as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, but the enzymes and mechanisms involved were not established. Here, the enzymes that enable the
Arthrobacter
strain to incorporate NG into a productive pathway were identified. Enzyme assays indicated that the transformation of nitroglycerin to mononitroglycerol is NADPH dependent and that the subsequent transformation of mononitroglycerol is ATP dependent. Cloning and heterologous expression revealed that a flavoprotein catalyzes selective denitration of NG to 1-mononitroglycerol (1-MNG) and that 1-MNG is transformed to 1-nitro-3-phosphoglycerol by a glycerol kinase homolog. Phosphorylation of the nitroester intermediate enables the subsequent denitration of 1-MNG in a productive pathway that supports the growth of the isolate and mineralization of NG.
Molecular Epidemiology of Brucella abortus Isolates from Cattle, Elk, and Bison in the United States, 1998 to 2011
Authors: Higgins James , Stuber Tod , Quance Christine , Edwards William H. , Tiller Rebekah V. , Linfield Tom , Rhyan Jack , Berte Angela , Harris Beth
Published: March 2012

A variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) protocol targeting 10 loci in the
Brucella abortus
genome was used to assess genetic diversity among 366 field isolates recovered from cattle, bison, and elk in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) and Texas during 1998 to 2011. Minimum spanning tree (MST) and unweighted-pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analyses of VNTR data identified 237 different VNTR types, among which 14 prominent clusters of isolates could be identified. Cattle isolates from Texas segregated into three clusters: one comprised of field isolates from 1998 to 2005, one comprised of vaccination-associated infections, and one associated with an outbreak in Starr County in January 2011. An isolate obtained from a feral sow trapped on property adjacent to the Starr County herd in May 2011 clustered with the cattle isolates, suggesting a role for feral swine as
B. abortus
reservoirs in Starr County. Isolates from a 2005 cattle outbreak in Wyoming displayed VNTR-10 profiles matching those of strains recovered from Wyoming and Idaho elk. Additionally, isolates associated with cattle outbreaks in Idaho in 2002, Montana in 2008 and 2011, and Wyoming in 2010 primarily clustered with isolates recovered from GYA elk. This study indicates that elk play a predominant role in the transmission of
B. abortus
to cattle located in the GYA.
Heterologous Expression of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ring-Hydroxylating Dioxygenase Genes from a Novel Pyrene-Degrading Betaproteobacterium
Authors: Singleton David R. , Hu Jing , Aitken Michael D.
Published: March 2012

A betaproteobacterium within the family
Rhodocyclaceae
previously identified as a pyrene degrader via stable-isotope probing (SIP) of contaminated soil (designated pyrene group 1 or PG1) was cultivated as the dominant member of a mixed bacterial culture. A metagenomic library was constructed, and the largest contigs were analyzed for genes associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolism. Eight pairs of genes with similarity to the α- and β-subunits of ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases (RHDs) associated with aerobic bacterial PAH degradation were identified and linked to PG1 through PCR analyses of a simplified enrichment culture. In tandem with a ferredoxin and reductase found in close proximity to one pair of RHD genes, six of the RHDs were cloned and expressed in
Escherichia coli
. Each cloned RHD was tested for activity against nine PAHs ranging in size from two to five rings. Despite differences in their predicted protein sequences, each of the six RHDs was capable of transforming phenanthrene and pyrene. Three RHDs could additionally transform naphthalene and fluorene, and these genotypes were also associated with the ability of the
E. coli
constructs to convert indole to indigo. Only one of the six cloned RHDs was capable of transforming anthracene and benz[
a
]anthracene. None of the tested RHDs were capable of significantly transforming fluoranthene, chrysene, or benzo[
a
]pyrene.
Remarkable Ability of Pandoraea pnomenusa B356 Biphenyl Dioxygenase To Metabolize Simple Flavonoids
Authors: Pham Thi Thanh My , Tu Youbin , Sylvestre Michel
Published: March 2012

Many investigations have provided evidence that plant secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, may serve as signal molecules to trigger the abilities of bacteria to degrade chlorobiphenyls in soil. However, the bases for this interaction are largely unknown. In this work, we found that BphAE
B356
, the biphenyl/chlorobiphenyl dioxygenase from
Pandoraea pnomenusa
B356, is significantly better fitted to metabolize flavone, isoflavone, and flavanone than BphAE
LB400
from
Burkholderia xenovorans
LB400. Unlike those of BphAE
LB400
, the kinetic parameters of BphAE
B356
toward these flavonoids were in the same range as for biphenyl. In addition, remarkably, the biphenyl catabolic pathway of strain B356 was strongly induced by isoflavone, whereas none of the three flavonoids induced the catabolic pathway of strain LB400. Docking experiments that replaced biphenyl in the biphenyl-bound form of the enzymes with flavone, isoflavone, or flavanone showed that the superior ability of BphAE
B356
over BphAE
LB400
is principally attributable to the replacement of Phe336 of BphAE
LB400
by Ile334 and of Thr335 of BphAE
LB400
by Gly333 of BphAE
B356
. However, biochemical and structural comparison of BphAE
B356
with BphAE

p4

, a mutant of BphAE
LB400
which was obtained in a previous work by the double substitution Phe336Met Thr335Ala of BphAE
LB400
, provided evidence that other residues or structural features of BphAE
B356
whose precise identification the docking experiment did not allow are also responsible for the superior catalytic abilities of BphAE
B356
. Together, these data provide supporting evidence that the biphenyl catabolic pathways have evolved divergently among proteobacteria, where some of them may serve ecological functions related to the metabolism of plant secondary metabolites in soil.
Impact of Nutritional Factors on the Proteome of Intestinal Escherichia coli: Induction of OxyR-Dependent Proteins AhpF and Dps by a Lactose-Rich Diet
Authors: Rothe Monique , Alpert Carl , Engst Wolfram , Musiol Stephanie , Loh Gunnar , Blaut Michael
Published: March 2012

To study the impact of nutritional factors on protein expression of intestinal bacteria, gnotobiotic mice monoassociated with
Escherichia coli
K-12 were fed three different diets: a diet rich in starch, a diet rich in nondigestible lactose, and a diet rich in casein. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify differentially expressed proteins of bacteria recovered from small intestine and cecum. Oxidative stress response proteins such as AhpF, Dps, and Fur, all of which belong to the oxyR regulon, were upregulated in
E. coli
isolates from mice fed the lactose-rich diet. Luciferase reporter gene assays demonstrated that osmotic stress caused by carbohydrates led to the expression of
ahpCF
and
dps
, which was not observed in an
E. coli
Δ
oxyR
mutant. Growth of
ahpCF
and
oxyR
deletion mutants was strongly impaired when nondigestible sucrose was present in the medium. The wild-type phenotype could be restored by complementation of the deletions with plasmids containing the corresponding genes and promoters. The results indicate that some OxyR-dependent proteins play a major role in the adaptation of
E. coli
to osmotic stress. We conclude that there is an overlap of osmotic and oxidative stress responses. Mice fed the lactose-rich diet possibly had a higher intestinal osmolality, leading to the upregulation of OxyR-dependent proteins, which enable intestinal
E. coli
to better cope with diet-induced osmotic stress.
Detection of Human Food-Borne and Zoonotic Viruses on Irrigated, Field-Grown Strawberries
Authors: Brassard Julie , Gagné Marie-Josée , Généreux Mylène , Côté Caroline
Published: March 2012

This study evaluated the presence of pathogenic human and zoonotic viruses on irrigated, field-grown strawberries. Norovirus genogroup I, rotavirus, and swine hepatitis E virus genogroup 3 were detected on strawberries, and irrigation water is suspected as the contamination origin.
Longitudinal Poisson Regression To Evaluate the Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Coastal California Wetlands
Authors: Hogan Jennifer N. , Daniels Miles E. , Watson Fred G. , Conrad Patricia A. , Oates Stori C. , Miller Melissa A. , Hardin Dane , Byrne Barbara A. , Dominik Clare , Melli Ann , Jessup David A. , Miller Woutrina A.
Published: March 2012

Fecal pathogen contamination of watersheds worldwide is increasingly recognized, and natural wetlands may have an important role in mitigating fecal pathogen pollution flowing downstream. Given that waterborne protozoa, such as
Cryptosporidium
and
Giardia
, are transported within surface waters, this study evaluated associations between fecal protozoa and various wetland-specific and environmental risk factors. This study focused on three distinct coastal California wetlands: (i) a tidally influenced slough bordered by urban and agricultural areas, (ii) a seasonal wetland adjacent to a dairy, and (iii) a constructed wetland that receives agricultural runoff. Wetland type, seasonality, rainfall, and various water quality parameters were evaluated using longitudinal Poisson regression to model effects on concentrations of protozoa and indicator bacteria (
Escherichia coli
and total coliform). Among wetland types, the dairy wetland exhibited the highest protozoal and bacterial concentrations, and despite significant reductions in microbe concentrations, the wetland could still be seen to influence water quality in the downstream tidal wetland. Additionally, recent rainfall events were associated with higher protozoal and bacterial counts in wetland water samples across all wetland types. Notably, detection of
E. coli
concentrations greater than a 400 most probable number (MPN) per 100 ml was associated with higher
Cryptosporidium
oocyst and
Giardia
cyst concentrations. These findings show that natural wetlands draining agricultural and livestock operation runoff into human-utilized waterways should be considered potential sources of pathogens and that wetlands can be instrumental in reducing pathogen loads to downstream waters.
Outer Dynein Arm Light Chain 1 Is Essential for Controlling the Ciliary Response to Cyclic AMP in Paramecium tetraurelia
Authors: Kutomi Osamu , Hori Manabu , Ishida Masaki , Tominaga Takashi , Kamachi Hiroyuki , Koll France , Cohen Jean , Yamada Norico , Noguchi Munenori
Published: March 2012

The individual role of the outer dynein arm light chains in the molecular mechanisms of ciliary movements in response to second messengers, such as Ca
2+
and cyclic nucleotides, is unclear. We examined the role of the gene termed the outer dynein arm light chain 1 (LC1) gene of
Paramecium tetraurelia
(
ODAL1
), a homologue of the outer dynein arm LC1 gene of
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
, in ciliary movements by RNA interference (RNAi) using a feeding method. The
ODAL1
-silenced (
ODAL1
-RNAi) cells swam slowly, and their swimming velocity did not increase in response to membrane-hyperpolarizing stimuli. Ciliary movements on the cortical sheets of
ODAL1
-RNAi cells revealed that the ciliary beat frequency was significantly lower than that of control cells in the presence of ≥1 mM Mg
2+
-ATP. In addition, the ciliary orientation of
ODAL1
-RNAi cells did not change in response to cyclic AMP (cAMP). A 29-kDa protein phosphorylated in a cAMP-dependent manner in the control cells disappeared in the axoneme of
ODAL1
-RNAi cells. These results indicate that
ODAL1
is essential for controlling the ciliary response by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation.
Tetrahymena thermophila JMJD3 Homolog Regulates H3K27 Methylation and Nuclear Differentiation
Authors: Chung Pei-Han , Yao Meng-Chao
Published: March 2012

Histone H3K27me3 modification is an important regulator for development and gene expression. In
Tetrahymena thermophila
, the complex chromatin dynamics of H3K27me3 marks during nuclear development suggested that an H3K27me3 demethylase might exist. Here, we report an H3K27me3 demethylase homolog,
JMJ1
, in
Tetrahymena
. During conjugation,
JMJ1
expression is upregulated and the protein is localized first in the parental macronucleus and then in the new macronucleus. In conjugating cells, knockdown of
JMJ1
expression resulted in a severe reduction in the production of progeny, suggesting that
JMJ1
is essential for
Tetrahymena
conjugation. Furthermore, knockdown of
JMJ1
resulted in increased H3K27 trimethylation in the new macronucleus and reduced transcription of genes related to DNA elimination, while the DNA elimination process was also partially blocked. Knockdown of the H3K27 methyltransferase
EZL2
but not that of
EZL1
partially restored progeny production in
JMJ1
-knockdown cells and reduced abnormal H3K27me3 accumulation in the new macronucleus. Taken together, these results demonstrate a critical role for
JMJ1
in regulating H3K27me3 during conjugation and the importance of
JMJ1
in regulating gene expression in the new macronucleus but not in regulating the formation of heterochromatin associated with programmed DNA deletion.
A New Method for Quantifying the Needling Component of Acupuncture Treatments
Authors: Davis Robert T , Churchill David L , Badger Gary J , Dunn Julie , Langevin Helene M
Published: March 2012

Objectives

The highly variable nature of acupuncture needling creates challenges to systematic research. The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of quantifying acupuncture needle manipulation using motion and force measurements. It was hypothesised that distinct needling styles and techniques would produce different needle motion and force patterns that could be quantified and differentiated from each other.

Methods

A new needling sensor tool (Acusensor) was used to record needling in real time as performed by six New England School of Acupuncture staff from the ‘Chinese acupuncture’ (style 1) and ‘Japanese acupuncture’ (style 2) programmes (three from each). Each faculty expert needled 12 points (6 bilateral locations) in 12 healthy human subjects using tonification (technique 1) and dispersal (technique 2). Parameters calculated from the raw needling data were displacement amplitude, displacement frequency, rotation amplitude, rotation frequency, force amplitude and torque amplitude.

Results

Data analysis revealed significant differences in the amplitude of displacement and rotation between needling performed by staff from two different acupuncture styles. Significant overall differences in the frequency of displacement between techniques 1 and 2 that were not dependent of the style of acupuncture being performed were also found. The relationships between displacement and rotation frequencies, as well as between displacement and force amplitudes showed considerable variability across individual acupuncturists and subjects.

Conclusions

Needling motion and force parameters can be quantified in a treatment-like setting. Needling data can subsequently be analysed, providing an objective method for characterising needling in basic and clinical acupuncture research.
Hanging-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Deasy Conor , Bray Janet , Smith Karen , Bernard Stephen , Cameron Peter
Published: March 2012

Introduction

Hanging is an infrequent but devastating cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We determine the characteristics and outcomes of hanging-associated OHCA in Melbourne Australia.

Methods

A 10-year retrospective case review of all adult hangings (aged ≥16 years) associated with OHCA, was conducted using data from the Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry.

Results

Between 2000 and 2009, the emergency medical service (EMS) attended 33 178 adult OHCAs of which 1321 (4%) had hanging as the aetiology. The median age (IQR) of hanging-associated OHCA cases was 39 (29–51) years and 1162 were men (88%). The first recorded rhythm by EMS was asystole seen in 1276 (75.5%) patients, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in 38 (13.4%) cases and ventricular fibrillation in 7 cases (0.5%). EMS attempted resuscitation in 208 (15.7%) patients of whom 61 (29.3%) achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and were transported, and 7 (3.3%) survived to hospital discharge. Hanging-associated OHCAs were younger (median (IQR) 38 (29–51) years versus 74 (61–82) years, p<0.001), less likely to have a shockable rhythm (0.5% vs 17.2%, p<0.001), receive bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (14.1% vs 25.5%, p<0.001) or an attempted resuscitation by EMS (15.7% vs 36.1%, p<0.001) compared with OHCA cases with an aetiology of ‘presumed cardiac’ arrest. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with EMS decision to attempt resuscitation; the adjusted OR (95% CI) for ‘presence of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation’ was 15.8 (10.70–23.30) and for ‘witnessed arrest’ was 5.26 (1.17–23.30).

Conclusion

Attempted resuscitation was not always futile with a survival of 3.3%. A preventive focus is needed.
Care of the patient with an autism spectrum disorder by the general physician
Authors: Venkat Arvind , Jauch Edward , Russell William Scott , Crist Candace Roman , Farrell Robert
Published: March 2012

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), comprising classic autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive development disorder-not otherwise specified, represent complex neurodevelopmental conditions characterised by impaired social interactions, difficulties with communication and repetitive, stereotyped behaviours. It is estimated that up to 1% of the general population may be affected by an ASD. Whether due to improved diagnostic techniques or a true rise in incidence, the prevalence of patients with ASD is rising, and these individuals are increasingly encountered in a variety of healthcare settings. Care givers of patients with an ASD report frequently that lack of awareness of the complications of these disorders and the method of appropriately assessing these individuals impair the effective delivery of healthcare to this patient population. It is now clear that patients with an ASD, in addition to the defining characteristics of these disorders, can present to the outpatient, emergency department and inpatient settings with a variety of psychiatric, neurological, gastrointestinal, nutritional/metabolic, dental, ophthalmological, cardiovascular, gynaecological, traumatic and musculoskeletal conditions that can require acute intervention. In addition, the common treatments given to patients with an ASD may result in side effects and complications that may require acute intervention. For physicians who encounter patients with an ASD, the combination of impaired social interactions, difficulties with communication and stereotyped behaviours creates an additional barrier to diagnosis and treatment of these individuals. Careful preparation of the examination environment, direct engagement of care givers and the patient and the use of communication techniques and pharmacological adjuncts can aid physicians in treating the patient with an ASD in the outpatient, emergency department and inpatient settings.
Clinical features of psoroptic mange in cattle in England and Wales
Authors: Mitchell E. S. , Jones J. R. , Foster A. P. , Millar M. , Milnes A. , Williams J.
Published: March 2012

The clinical signs, treatments used and spread of psoroptic mange in cattle from October 2007 until March 2011 are described. The disease was first diagnosed in South West Wales, having not been reported in Great Britain since the 1980s. The likely source was identified as a farm that had imported two animals from mainland Europe in the summer of 2006. Since that time, disease has been diagnosed on a further 22 premises, the majority in South West Wales but also in South East and Mid Wales and on one farm in England. Bought in animals harbouring the Psoroptes species mite but not showing clinical signs were considered the greatest risk of introducing the infestation into a herd. This, together with the difficulties of treatment to eliminate the parasite, means that it is unlikely that this outbreak has been controlled. There is also a continuing threat of importing the disease from abroad. The disease is not notifiable in the UK.
新华侨文学时期的 "日华文学"
Authors: 廖赤阳
Published: March 2012

本文试图将日华文学，特别是新华侨文学的自我表象，放在日本华侨社会的历史背景中作一梳理和分析。 1980年代以来赴日的中国留学生和所谓新华侨中，产生了不少以中文和日文写作的作家，他们的作品在日本、中国等地出版。 本文旨在对新华侨时期的作家、作品及其时代背景进行介绍，同时试图以三种文学模式对日华文学进行分析。 所谓三种模式，一是反映华人社会自身的边缘模式，二是以中国价值为本位的道德审判模式，三是受日本文学影响的私小说 (Watakushi shosetsu) 模式。 与追求国民性的觉醒的近代中国文学主流不同，个性化的新华侨文学朝向本土和全球离散。
Gateless 1T-DRAM on n-Channel Bulk FinFETs
Authors: Andrade Maria G. , Almeida Luciano M. , Martino Joao A. , Aoulaiche Marc , Simoen Eddy , Claeys Cor
Published: March 2012

In this paper, one transistor floating body RAM is experimentally investigated on n-channel bulk FinFET transistors. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) programming mode is used to write and read "1" while the forward biasing of the body-drain junction is used to write "0". It is shown that the floating body effect disappears under pulsed measurements when the transistor body bias is lower than 1 V or contacted to the ground. Furthermore, the bulk FinFET transistor could also operate as 1T-DRAM with both gate and bulk contacts floating, which is similar to the biristor (gateless) behavior.
A Simulation Study of Substrate Dopant Engineering for Extremely Thin SOI (ET-SOI) MOSFETs with Ultra Thin BOX (UT-BOX)
Authors: Wu Hao , Xu Miao , Xiao Weiping , Wu Binneng , Zhu Huilong , Liang QingQing , Zhao Lichuan , Zhong Huicai , Luo Zhijiong , Yin Haizhou , Yu Hongyu , Cheng Dapeng , Ye Tianchun
Published: March 2012

Effects of dopant distribution in substrate/back-gate on performance and Vt roll-off of ET-SOI MOSFETs with UT-BOX (ES-UB-MOSFETs) are simulated and studied. Lateral non-uniform dopant distributions (LNDD) in substrate, for the first time, are used to enhance scaling capability and improve Vt controllability for ES-UB-MOSFETs. Process and device simulations are conducted to demonstrate the importance of substrate dopant engineering and to search the optimization design conditions for ES-UB-MOSFETs. Fixing long channel Vt at 0.3V for both bulk MOSFETs and ES-UB-MOSFETs, ES-UB-MOSFETs with LNDD can improve Ieff@Ioff= 1e-7A/μm by 20% for nMOS and 18% for pMOS. With fixing long channel Vt at 0.3V for ES-UB-MOSFETs, LNDD enables gate length to be scaled to 20nm for both nMOS and pMOS, which is ~ 43% smaller than that of the ES-UB-MOSFETs with lateral uniform doping in substrate. A novel process flow to form LNDD is proposed and simulated.
Larger Intrinsic Voltage Gain Achieved with UTBOX SOI Devices and Thin Silicon Film
Authors: Rodrigues Michele , Galeti Milene , Martino Joao A. , Collaert Nadine , Simoen Eddy , Aoulaiche Marc , Claeys Cor
Published: March 2012

This work presents an analysis of the analog behavior of UTBOX SOI devices with different silicon film thickness. Thinner silicon films achieve a large intrinsic voltage gain due to the improved Early voltage, beyond the linearity improvement. This behavior is related with the increased gate coupling observed for thinner silicon films. An improved subthreshold slope and reduced DIBL values were also found. However, these devices show a degraded transconductance.
Investigation of Novel Junctionless MOSFETs for Technology Node Beyond 22 nm
Authors: Xu Peng , Piao Yinghua , Ge Liang , Hu Cheng , Zhu Lun , Zhu Zhiwei , Zhang David Wei , Wu Dongping
Published: March 2012

In this paper, junctionless MOSFETs with un-uniformly doped source/drain and channel regions have been thoroughly investigated. Un-uniformly doped junctionless MOSFET has the same type of dopants in source/drain and channel while the doping level in the source/drain is much higher than that in the channel. Performance of DC, AC and variability of the uniformly doped, un-uniformly doped junctionless and conventional P-N junction MOSFETs featuring a gate length of 16 nm has been obtained by device simulation through Silvaco software package. Compared with uniformly doped junctionless MOSFETs, un-uniformly doped junctionless MOSFETs exhibit significantly improved overall DC and AC performance as well as lower sensitivity to variations of channel thickness. In addition, un-uniformly doped junctionless MOSFETs also demonstrate marginal performance enhancement compared with conventional P-N junction MOSFETs.
Stability of Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors
Authors: Li Shao-juan , Sun Lei , Han De-dong , Wang Yi , Han Ru-qi , Zhang Sheng-dong
Published: March 2012

In this paper, the construction and stability of thin-film transistors (TFTs) with ZnO as active layer are investigated. The bottom-gated ZnO TFTs exhibit n-channel enhancement mode behavior, including an on/off current ratio of 2.4×1E7, a low off-current value in the order of pA, a field effect mobility of 1.8cm*cm/V•s. The threshold voltage shift in positive direction with increasing the channel length is clearly observed. The application of positive and negative stress results in the device transfer characteristics shifting in positive and negative direction. The stressed devices show a logarithmic time-dependent threshold voltage shift and recover to near-original characteristic without any annealing
Access Strategies for Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM)
Authors: Chen Frederick T. , Chen Yu-Sheng , Lee Heng-Yuan , Chen Wei-Su , Gu Pei-Yi , Wu Tai-Yuan , Tsai Chen-Han , Liao Yi-Ying , Chen Pang-Shiu , Sheu Shyh-Shyuan , Chiu Pi-Feng , Lin Wen-Ping , Lin Chih-He , Tsai Ming-Jinn , Ku Tzu-Kun
Published: March 2012

In an RRAM array, it is important to avoid sneak current paths that result in inadvertent, non-negligible voltage and current inputs to unselected cells. At the same time, care must be taken not to allow excessive voltages or currents to selected cells, which could result in damage. For this reason, the choice of an appropriate cell access device is crucial. There is a natural tradeoff that a less leaky device is harder to turn ON. Thus, many devices that could provide sufficient ON-OFF ratio would require higher voltages for turning ON. However, too high a turn-ON voltage could result in breakdown of the RRAM due to transfer of the weight of the voltage from the access device to the RRAM. Consequently, the allowable voltage-current window must generally be restricted to fairly low currents and modest ON-OFF ratios. Assessing the compatibility of an RRAM with available access devices is a necessary step before determining the array architecture.
A MIM Device Featuring both RRAM and Diode Behavior
Authors: Tan Sheng H. , Zhang Lijie , Pan Yue , Huang Yinglong , Tang Yu , Yang Gengyu , Mao Jun , Cai Yimao , Huang Ru
Published: March 2012

In this paper, a TiN/TaOx/Pt MIM device featuring multi-function characteristics has been successfully fabricated. This device exhibits excellent bipolar resistive random access memory (RRAM) characteristics including low switching voltages, fast switching speed, good retention capability and stable cycling behavior. In addition, it also shows good diode behaviors with abrupt switching process and good thermal stability. The RRAM behaviors and diode rectifying characteristics can be transformed between each other by the voltage controlling, which indicates that this device can be easily programmed for reconfigurable circuits. Further analysis of the mechanism about the multi-function behaviors of the TiN/TaOx/Pt device is also given in this paper.
Simulation of Electrochemical Metallization RRAM by Kinetic Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Liu Kai , Zhang Kailiang , Wang Fang , Zhao Jinshi
Published: March 2012

A model for electrochemical metallization RRAM with kinetic Monte Carlo simulation is demonstrated. The simulated I-V curve results are compared with experimental data from Cu/WO3/Pt RRAM structure. The scaling-driven effect on forming time of the conducting filament is fully investigated. This methodology can be used to explain and predict the resistive switching properties, which is critical to the performance enhancement of RRAM devices.
A New SRAM Cell Using the Optimized PNPN Diode
Authors: Tong Xiaodong , Liang QingQing , Zhong Huicai , Zhu Huilong , Chen Dapeng , Ye Tianchun
Published: March 2012

A new SRAM structure using 2-port PNPN diodes as memory cells is proposed in this article. The electrical characteristics of this memory cell is analyzed and then optimized to meet design requirements. Device fabrication using a simple process flow is conducted. The experimental result and further mixed-mode simulations proved that this diode is feasible for SRAM circuit in advanced VLSI applications.
A Novel PIN Switch Diode Integrating with 0.18um SiGe HBT BiCMOS Process
Authors: Liu Donghua , Qian Wensheng , Duan Wenting , Hu Jun , Chen Fan , Chen Xiongbin , Shi Jing , Xue Kai , Pan Jia , Zhou Zhengliang , Zhou Keran , Chen Xi , Zhou Tianshu , Huang Jingfeng , Xu Xiangming , Xiao Sheng'An , Chu Tungyuan
Published: March 2012

A novel structure PIN switch diode which is integrated into SiGe HBT BiCMOS process was reported in this paper reports. In this PIN device, an n-type pseudo buried layer (PBL) under STI is adopted as N region and the heavily doped extrinsic base of SiGe NPN HBT is used as P region. The pseudo buried layer is picked up by a deep contact through field oxide. An extra implantation (PIN implantation) is induced into I region. Key parameters such as the size of active area, space from PBL to active area and energy & dose of PIN implant are obtained by simulation for PIN performance optimization. The demonstrated performance of this PIN diode exhibits an insertion loss as -0.56dB & an isolation loss as -22.26dB under 2.4Ghz frequency, and the BV can achieve 19V, which meets the requirement of PIN diode applied as switch in WiFi.
A Novel Floating Gate Structure for High-Reliability and High-Speed Flash Application
Authors: Mei Song , Cai Yimao , Wan Zhenni , Huang Ru
Published: March 2012

In this letter, a novel Flash memory cell structure with the ﬂoating gate shaped like the Roman number "I", which can increase the gate coupling ratio of Flash Memory cell and array, thus improve the performance and reliability, is proposed. Without introducing any extra mask and complexity, the process is self-aligned and fully compatible with standard Flash Memory process. 3D process and device simulations of the novel structure in comparison with conventional cells have been carried out with Sentaurus TCAD tool. Simulation results show that increased gate coupling ratio and better control of the gate. Besides, 3*3 array has been simulated and the coupling ratio would further increase in Nor Array technology node with the decrease of adjacent contact area and coupling capacitance.
A 1.5GS/s 6bit 2bit/Step Asynchronous Time Interleaved SAR ADC in 65nm CMOS
Authors: Wang Zhaorui , Chen Yong , Qian He
Published: March 2012

The Gbps data rate wireless communication applications such as 60GHz wireless transceiver systems necessitate low-power high-speed Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) to convert RF/IF signals into digital form for subsequent baseband processing. By contrast with flash ADCs that suffer from high power consumption and large area, Successive Approximation Register (SAR) ADCs have low power dissipation and occupy a small area. This paper presents a 6bit, 1.5GS/s asynchronous time interleaved SAR ADC which was designed in a 65nm standard CMOS process. The sample rate of 1.5GS/s was achieved by four single ADCs time-interleaved. Single sample and hold is applied in this work to avoid the effect of offset and timing-skews. Simulation results show that the proposed SAR ADC gives SNDR of 35.5dB, SFDR of 41.9dB and ENOB of 5.61 at nyquist rate.
The Effects of Offset Spacer on nMOSFET Hot-Carrier Lifetime
Authors: Feng Junhong , Gan Zhenghao , Zhang Lifei , Chang Lifu , Pan Zicheng , Shi Xuejie , Wu Hong , Ye Bin , Yu Tzu Chiang
Published: March 2012

In this paper, the effects of offset spacer on nMOSFET hot-carrier lifetime have been investigated. In this process, the offset spacer consists of silicon oxide formed by CVD in traditional poly/SiON gate process after poly etch and re-oxidation, which is found to reduce the gate-to-drain overlap capacitance (Cgd0) as well as the short channel effect (SCE). Intuitively, the reduction of Cgd0 will worsen the hot carrier performance. However, it is found that, the device with offset spacer has about four times hot carrier lifetime improvement in IO nMOSFET, compared to the case without offset spacer. Much decreased substrate current is seen in the process with offset spacer. Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulation results show that with the application of offset spacer, much longer hot carrier lifetime is achieved, contributed by the reduced Emax and optimized Emax location, even though the Cgd0 is reduced.
Effect of Heavy Ion Irradiation on the RF Performance of 0.18μm Bulk Si MOSFETs
Authors: Tan Fei , Yang Dong , An Xia , Ye Le , You Li , Zhang Xing , Huang Ru
Published: March 2012

In this work, the radio frequency (RF) performance degradation of very-deep-submicron (UDSM) MOSFETs induced by heavy-ion irradiation is investigated. Both the static characteristics and S-parameters are evaluated for 0.18μm bulk Si CMOS devices after exposure to heavy ions. The gate-to-source capacitance, gate-to-drain capacitance and source/drain series resistance after irradiation show significant shift. It can be explained by the fluctuation in potential and the dopant concentration which is introduced by displacement damage near LDD regions in the channel. Moreover, the cut-off frequency (fT) is also reduced due to the combined effect of transconductance degradation and gate capacitance change, which will reduce the circuit operation speed and may affect the input and output matching in key RF circuits. The characterization of the ion strike location in the channel region is also discussed in this paper.
A High PSRR, Low Temperature Coefficient Bandgap Reference Circuit for Step-Down DC-DC Converters
Authors: Yang Jin , Dai Yuehua , Jiang Xianwei , Chen Junning
Published: March 2012

A high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), low temperature coefficient (TC) bandgap reference (BGR) circuit for step-down DC-DC converters is presented in this paper. Implemented in 0.5μm BCD technology, the PSRR of the proposed reference is nearly 110dB at low frequency, 40dB at 100 kHz, and 30dB at 1MHz. The temperature coefficient can be lower than 10ppm/oC with temperature ranging from 0 to 100oC by implementing an advanced high-order temperature compensation technique. Furthermore, temperature compensation method is also adopted to decrease the temperature coefficient of the output current, so that the oscillator in the converter can achieve a much more stable output frequency. All the improvements listed above are based on the smallest area sacrifice.
A Physical Model of 1C1R for Bipolar ZnO Resistive Switching
Authors: Song Kai , Zhang Kailiang , Wang Fang , Wei Xiaoying , Wang Qi
Published: March 2012

A new physical model of 1 capacitance and 1 resistance random access memory (1C1R) was proposed in order to reduce the bipolar operating voltages during in reset and set processes. The TE/ZnO/Cu/SiO2/Cu/substrate was fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering, Cu/SiO2/Cu and TE/ZnO/Cu structure were C and R, respectively. The surface topography and the bipolar reversible switching characteristics of 1C1R were demonstrated by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer (SPA), respectively. Lower operation voltages, excellent endurance and the higher stability were obtained, which indicated that the new innovative structure of 1C1R can reduce the operation voltage during the switching because of the charge-discharge ability of the capacitance in positive and negative bias.
Hotspot-Aware Robust Mask Design with Inverse Lithography
Authors: Li Jia , Jia Ningning , Lam Edmund Y.
Published: March 2012

The inverse lithography technology (ILT) is a promising approach to print the integrated circuit (IC) on a wafer with increasingly smaller feature size. However, conventional ILT optimizes the whole mask pattern uniformly. In this work, an inverse lithography approach incorporating both awareness of the hotspots and robustness against process variations is proposed. We describe how it achieves various degrees of correction in the corresponding regions. The scheme includes fixing the hotspots and applying a weight matrix to the cost function as a control of adjustment. Simulation results are compared with the conventional ILT to illustrate the performance improvement in terms of pattern fidelity and process window.
A Fast Convolution Method and Its Application in Photomask Synthesis for Wafer Contour Fidelity Using Linear Basis Expansions
Authors: Zhang Jinyu , Peng Yao , Ye Zuochang , Wang Yan , Yu Zhiping
Published: March 2012

A new method called CLBE (convolution using linear basis expansion) is proposed to perform fast convolution operation. One convolution operation on fine grids is approximated by a few convolutions on coarse grids based on linear basis expansions. The method is effective for lithography optimization since optical kernels are usually smooth enough to be approximated well by a small number of basis functions. One-dimensional and two-dimensional convolutions are used to numerically demonstrate this method. CLBE is applied in mask optimization and results show that 10X running speed improvement can be achieved without accuracy loss.
Throughput Increases Using EUV Assist Layers
Authors: Washburn Carlton , Ouattara Tantiboro , Collin Aline , Krishnamurthy Vandana , Guerrero Douglas
Published: March 2012

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) exposure is among the front-runners for single-exposure lithography for the 16-nm node and below. One major issue moving toward production is the source power for EUV, which dictates the throughput of the EUV exposure tools. Source suppliers are working to increase the source power as a possible solution. Another approach to limited source power is to use the available photons more efficiently. Previous work has shown that assist layers are critical for performing EUV lithography. Assist layers enhance the adhesion of EUV photoresists, block substrate contamination, and improve the resolution, line width roughness, and sensitivity (RLS) tradeoff. Recent research has also shown that assist layers can enhance the dose to size of a photoresist. This amplification allows the same features to be produced with a smaller exposure dose, which increases throughput. In this paper, we report the study of new assist layers with novel resins that show superior lithography performance. The results will show how to significantly improve lithography throughput by reducing the dose to size, while monitoring the trade-off often seen with line roughness and exploring the exposure latitude and depth of focus of the process.
Strategy of DoseMapper (DoMa) Application and Monitor for Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU) Control in Sub-45nm Gate Process
Authors: Shu Qiang , Zhang Shijian , Hao JingAn , Lin Yishih , Wu Qiang , Gu Yiming
Published: March 2012

As the industry enters 45/40 nm technology node and beyond, the effective control of polysilicon gate's critical dimension uniformity (CDU) becomes more important to device performance. However, to achieve good uniformity is very challenging since the CDU has shown high sensitivities to the variations from resist track recipe, scanner variation, and etcher. It is well known, the DoseMapper (DoMa) is a highly effective tool for the improvement of CDU. In this paper, we will focus on the set up of a DoMa application and monitor system for 40 nm poly gate CDU improvement. Through the use of a state of the art immersion exposure tool (ASML 1900Gi), a DoMa application can successfully improve a gate across wafer CDU by 49% in 40 nm node. In addition, DoMa is more effective when it is applied at post-etch stage than at post-litho stage because it can cover the systematic etch CD variation. However, when a DoMa recipe is applied at post-etch stage, at post-litho, the CDU is no longer meaningful. Before the wafer is etched, we need a new metric to monitor the DoMa performance. A new DoMa monitoring system by RSQ function at post-litho has been introduced and the result will be presented in this paper, which can monitor CD map change by SPC (Statistics Process Control) alarm function.
Performance Comparison between Attenuated PSM and Opaque MoSi on Glass (OMOG) Mask in Sub-32nm Litho Process
Authors: Zhang Shijian , Shen Manhua , Xu Yao , Wu Qiang , Lin Yishih , Gu Yiming
Published: March 2012

During the development of optical lithography that has been extending to 32 nm and beyond, it is found that the selection of mask blank types has a very strong impact on minimum feature process window, or critical dimension performance that can be achieved, which will affect ultimate wafer lithographic performance. Although the industry-standard 6% attenuated phase shifting mask (PSM) with 67nm MoSi has been widely used, as the manufacturing design rule continues to shrink, it will introduce quite a few challenges, such as, defect inspections, imaging contrast, or NILS, and mask error enhancement factor (MEEF) [1]. Meanwhile, the standard chrome-on-glass mask, compared with 6% Att. PSM, is unable to support the minimum feature required in lithographic process windows and through pitch requirements. To alleviate this problem, a new type of binary mask with Opaque MoSi On glass (OMOG) is gradually accepted and used in 32 nm. In this paper, both 6% attenuated PSM and OMOG mask have been evaluated with 28 nm patterns. PSM and OMOG mask's critical dimension uniformities (CDU) are compared. Further more; we have also compared wafer line width roughness (LWR), After Development Inspection (ADI) CDU, MEEF, through pitch process window including Depth of Focus (DOF) and Exposure Latitude(EL). Our result shows that, for bright field and dark field mask, OMOG mask show different behavior than PSM mask in lithographic process performance. As above, whether OMOG can replace 6% attenuated PSM as 32 nm/28 nm main stream mask blank will depend on mask performance, litho performance, and device requirements.