bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer risk stratification updated in the 2021 European Association of Urology guidelines
Authors: Miyake Makito , Kitamura Hiroshi , Nishimura Nobutaka , Miyamoto Tatsuki , Nakahama Tomonori , Fujii Tomomi , Matsumoto Hiroaki , Matsuyama Hideyasu , Yonemori Masaya , Enokida Hideki , Taoka Rikiya , Kobayashi Takashi , Kojima Takahiro , Matsui Yoshiyuki , Nishiyama Naotaka , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Fujimoto Kiyohide ,   Nishinihon Uro‐oncology Extensive Collaboration group and the Japanese Urological Oncology Group
Published: November 2023

Objective

The objective of this study is to validate the predictive ability of the 2021 European Association of Urology (EAU) risk model compared to that of existing risk models, including the 2019 EAU model and risk scoring tables of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico, and Japanese Nishinihon Uro‐oncology Extensive Collaboration Group.

Patients and methods

This retrospective multi‐institutional database study included two cohorts—3024 patients receiving intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) treatment (BCG cohort) and 789 patients not receiving BCG treatment (non‐BCG cohort). The Kaplan–Meier estimate and log‐rank test were used to visualize and compare oncological survival outcomes after transurethral surgery among the risk groups. Harrell's concordance index (C‐index) was used to evaluate the predictive ability of the models.

Results

We observed a risk shift from the 2019 EAU risk grouping to the 2021 EAU risk grouping in a substantial number of patients. For progression, the C‐index of the 2021 EAU model was significantly higher than that of the 2019 EAU model in both the BCG (0.617 vs. 0.572; P = 0.011) and non‐BCG (0.718 vs. 0.560; P < 0.001) cohorts. According to the 2021 EAU model, 731 (24%) and 130 (16%) patients in the BCG and non‐BCG cohorts, respectively, were considered to have a very high risk. Survival analysis showed no significant differences among the five very high‐risk subgroups in both cohorts. A major limitation was potential selection bias owing to the retrospective nature of this study.

Conclusions

The updated 2021 EAU model showed better stratification than the three existing risk models, especially for progression, in both cohorts, determining the most appropriate postoperative treatment and identifying patients requiring intensified surveillance or early cystectomy.
Blocking salt‐inducible kinases with YKL‐06‐061 prevents PTZ‐induced seizures in mice
Authors: Peng Lixuan , Li Cai , Tang Xiaohan , Xiang Yuyan , Xu Yang , Cao Wenyu , Zhou Huamao , Li Suyun
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, while over one third of adults with epilepsy still have inadequate seizure control. Although mutations in salt‐inducible kinases (SIKs) have been identified in epileptic encephalopathy, it is not known whether blocking SIKs can prevent pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐induced seizures.

Methods

We first determined the time course of SIKs (including SIK 1, 2, and 3) in the hippocampus of PTZ treated mice. And then, we evaluated the effects of anti‐epilepsy drug valproate acid (VPA) on the expression of SIK 1, 2, and 3 in the hippocampus of PTZ treated mice. Next, we investigated the effect of different dose of SIKs inhibitor YKL‐06‐061 on the epileptic seizures and neuronal activation by determining the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in the PTZ treated mice.

Results

We found that PTZ selectively induced enhanced expression of SIK1 in the hippocampus, which was blocked by VPA treatment. Notably, YKL‐06‐061 decreased seizure activity and prevented neuronal overactivity, as indicated by the reduced expression of IEGs in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

Conclusion

Our findings provide the first evidence that SIK1 affects gene regulation in neuronal hyperactivity, which is involved in seizure behavior. Targeting SIK1 through the development of selective inhibitors may lead to disease‐modifying therapies that reduce epilepsy progression.
Is bowel preparation necessary for early colonoscopy in patients with suspected colonic diverticular bleeding?: A multicenter retrospective study with propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Gonai Takahiro , Toya Yosuke , Kudara Norihiko , Abe Keinosuke , Sawaguchi Sera , Fujiwara Takao , Eizuka Makoto , Hirai Minami , Miura Manami , Urushikubo Jun , Yamada Shun , Kumei Tomo , Yamaguchi Satoko , Sugai Kyohei , Asakura Kensuke , Orikasa Shunsuke , Matsumoto Takayuki
Published: November 2023

Objectives

There are few reports on bowel preparation for early colonoscopy in patients with suspected colonic diverticular bleeding (CDB). We aim to clarify in a retrospective, multicenter study.

Methods

In a multicenter retrospective cohort study at 10 institutions, we analyzed clinical features of patients diagnosed with CDB, who underwent early colonoscopy within 24 h. We compared patients who were prepared with polyethylene glycol lavage (PEL) and those without PEL. We evaluated the effects of PEL for early colonoscopy in patients with suspected CDB.

Results

A total of 129 (53%) underwent under preparation with PEL and 113 patients without PEL. The PEL group was younger, had fewer comorbidities, and had better performance status. After adjusting for these variables with propensity score matching, the PEL group had a significantly shorter hospital stay (7.9 ± 4.7 vs. 10.1 ± 5.2 days; p = 0.001), and a higher cecal intubation rate (91.1% vs. 50.0%; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in adverse event rates, identification of stigmata of recent hemorrhage, or frequency in endoscopic hemostatic treatment.

Conclusions

PEL may be preferred for early colonoscopy in patients suspected of having CDB.
Local mapping of surface potential in pentacene thin film under gate bias voltage obtained by scanning kelvin probe microscopy
Authors: Ndikumana Joel , An Kunsik
Published: November 2023

We report the local surface potential mapping of pentacene film prepared by physical vapor deposition with scanning kelvin probe microscopy where the sample is scanned under different gate voltages. Surface topography and the corresponding potential maps were obtained simultaneously. Spatial distribution of the surface potential at a low gate voltage is clearly correlated with topographic features. A lower electrostatic potential was measured at the grain boundaries (GBs), suggesting that GBs behave as hole traps. This observation is bolstered by conductive atomic force microscopy (C‐AFM) data, which reveals a higher conductivity within the grains as opposed to the GBs. An increase in gate voltage minimizes the potential differences at the grain and GBs, suggesting a modification in trap occupancy. We expect that these experimental results, along with existing theories, will provide a better understanding of the microstructural‐electrical properties of pentacene film.

Research Highlights

Local surface potential mapping of pentacene film with scanning kelvin probe microscopy.

Correlation between the surface potential map and topography at a low gate voltage.

Decrease of the potential distribution inhomogeneity by the gate voltage increasement.

Higher conductivity at inner grain than grain boundary in conductive atomic force microscopy.
Image Translation for Estimating Two‐Dimensional Axial Amyloid‐Beta PET From Structural MRI
Authors: Vega Fernando , Addeh Abdoljalil , Ganesh Aravind , Smith Eric E. , MacDonald M. Ethan
Published: November 2023

Background

Amyloid‐beta and brain atrophy are hallmarks for Alzheimer's Disease that can be targeted with positron emission tomography (PET) and MRI, respectively. MRI is cheaper, less‐invasive, and more available than PET. There is a known relationship between amyloid‐beta and brain atrophy, meaning PET images could be inferred from MRI.

Purpose

To build an image translation model using a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network able to synthesize Amyloid‐beta PET images from structural MRI.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Eight hundred eighty‐two adults (348 males/534 females) with different stages of cognitive decline (control, mild cognitive impairment, moderate cognitive impairment, and severe cognitive impairment). Five hundred fifty‐two subjects for model training and 331 for testing (80%:20%).

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T, T1‐weighted structural (T1w).

Assessment

The testing cohort was used to evaluate the performance of the model using the Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) and Peak Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (PSNR), comparing the likeness of the overall synthetic PET images created from structural MRI with the overall true PET images. SSIM was computed in the overall image to include the luminance, contrast, and structural similarity components. Experienced observers reviewed the images for quality, performance and tried to determine if they could tell the difference between real and synthetic images.

Statistical Tests

Pixel wise Pearson correlation was significant, and had an R2 greater than 0.96 in example images. From blinded readings, a Pearson Chi‐squared test showed that there was no significant difference between the real and synthetic images by the observers (P = 0.68).

Results

A high degree of likeness across the evaluation set, which had a mean SSIM = 0.905 and PSNR = 2.685. The two observers were not able to determine the difference between the real and synthetic images, with accuracies of 54% and 46%, respectively.

Conclusion

Amyloid‐beta PET images can be synthesized from structural MRI with a high degree of similarity to the real PET images.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Effects of a mixture of glycerol monolaurate and cinnamaldehyde supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, and antioxidant status in laying hens
Authors: Li Lanlan , Zhu Yue , Zhang Shuangshuang , Wang Jihua , Guo Shuangshuang , Ding Binying , Zhang Zhengfan
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine the effects of a mixture of glycerol monolaurate and cinnamaldehyde (GCM) supplementation on the laying performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, and serum parameters of laying hens. A total of 1120 14‐week‐old Jingfen‐1 strain laying hens with similar performance were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments: control, and GCM groups supplemented with 250, 500, or 1000 mg kg−1 for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, GCM‐supplemented groups significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the rate of unqualified eggs of laying hens aged 17–24 weeks. Supplementation of GCM significantly increased (P < 0.05) yolk color and serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity but decreased (P < 0.05) the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in the serum of laying hens at the age of 20 weeks. Furthermore, groups supplemented with GCM showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in Haugh unit, yolk color, activities of total superoxide dismutase and GSH‐Px, and the glucose content in serum, and a decrease (P < 0.05) in the content of urea nitrogen and H2O2 and malondialdehyde in serum of laying hens at the age of 24 weeks. 500 mg kg−1 GCM supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) the number of large white follicles and 1000 mg kg−1 GCM supplementation decreased the number of large yellow follicles in 28‐week‐old laying hens.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that GCM supplementation has positive effects on reducing egg loss and improving egg quality in the early laying period of laying hens. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Microaggressions in European versus American Workplace Environments of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Sims H. Steven , Kan Krystal , Lechien Jerome R.
Published: November 2023

Objective

To compare the workplace experience of European and U.S. members of the otolaryngology community.

Methods

European and U.S. otolaryngologists‐head and neck surgeons (OTO‐HNS) were surveyed through three otorhinolaryngological societies. We inquired about personal and observed experiences of differential treatment in the workplace related to age, biological sex, ethnicity, disability, gender identity, political belief, and sexual orientation. Results were compared according to the world region. Differential treatment was used as a proxy for microaggressions.

Results

A total of 348 practitioners participated in the survey: 148 American and 230 European OTO‐HNS. European OTO‐HNS reported significantly higher proportions of observed or personal experiences of differential treatment based on age (p = .049), language proficiency (p = .027), citizenship (p = .001), hair texture (p = .017), height/weight (p = .002), clothing (p = .011), and professionalism (p = .002) compared with U.S. OTO‐HNS. Differential treatment related to political belief (p = .043), socioeconomic status (p = .018), and ethnicity (p = .001) were higher in the United States compared with Europe. Feelings of exclusion (p = .027) and consideration of leaving their position (p = .001) were significantly higher in the United States compared with Europe. In both the United States and Europe, female OTO‐HNS reported more frequent differential treatment related to biological sex than males.

Conclusion

Differential treatment, or microaggressions, related to personal characteristics or behavior varied in the United States and Europe with more ethnicity‐based microaggressions in the United States and physical characteristic‐based microaggressions in Europe. In both regions, females were more subject to microaggressions than males. More efforts are needed to tackle microaggressions and discrimination in the clinical and academic workplace of the Western otolaryngology community.

Level of Evidence

4.
Seattle's new CARE pilot to send BH responders to 911 calls
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: November 2023

Diversifying emergency response, helping people in need receive appropriate assistance and ensuring that the highest priority incidents receive critical police and fire services are the components aimed for in a Seattle pilot program that will also involve sending behavioral health responders to 911 calls.
A multivariate curve resolution analysis of multicenter proton spectroscopic imaging of the prostate for cancer localization and assessment of aggressiveness
Authors: Stamatelatou Angeliki , Bertinetto Carlo Giuseppe , Jansen Jeroen J. , Postma Geert , Selnæs Kirsten Margrete , Bathen Tone F. , Heerschap Arend , Scheenen Tom W. J. ,   the PCa‐MAP consortium
Published: November 2023

In this study, we investigated the potential of the multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR‐ALS) algorithm for analyzing three‐dimensional (3D) 1H‐MRSI data of the prostate in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. MCR‐ALS generates relative intensities of components representing spectral profiles derived from a large training set of patients, providing an interpretable model. Our objectives were to classify magnetic resonance (MR) spectra, differentiating tumor lesions from benign tissue, and to assess PCa aggressiveness. We included multicenter 3D 1H‐MRSI data from 106 PCa patients across eight centers. The patient cohort was divided into a training set (N = 63) and an independent test set (N = 43). Singular value decomposition determined that MR spectra were optimally represented by five components. The profiles of these components were extracted from the training set by MCR‐ALS and assigned to specific tissue types. Using these components, MCR‐ALS was applied to the test set for a quantitative analysis to discriminate tumor lesions from benign tissue and to assess tumor aggressiveness. Relative intensity maps of the components were reconstructed and compared with histopathology reports. The quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant separation between tumor and benign voxels (t‐test, p < 0.001). This result was achieved including voxels with low‐quality MR spectra. A receiver operating characteristic analysis of the relative intensity of the tumor component revealed that low‐ and high‐risk tumor lesions could be distinguished with an area under the curve of 0.88. Maps of this component properly identified the extent of tumor lesions. Our study demonstrated that MCR‐ALS analysis of 1H‐MRSI of the prostate can reliably identify tumor lesions and assess their aggressiveness. It handled multicenter data with minimal preprocessing and without using prior knowledge or quality control. These findings indicate that MCR‐ALS can serve as an automated tool to assess the presence, extent, and aggressiveness of tumor lesions in the prostate, enhancing diagnostic capabilities and treatment planning of PCa patients.
Diazoxide choline extended‐release tablet in people with Prader‐Willi syndrome: results from long‐term open‐label study
Authors: Miller Jennifer L. , Gevers Evelien , Bridges Nicola , Yanovski Jack A. , Salehi Parisa , Obrynba Kathryn S. , Felner Eric I. , Bird Lynne M. , Shoemaker Ashley H. , Angulo Moris , Butler Merlin G. , Stevenson David , Goldstone Anthony P. , Wilding John , Lah Melissa , Shaikh M. Guftar , Littlejohn Elizabeth , Abuzzahab M. Jennifer , Fleischman Amy , Hirano Patricia , Yen Kristen , Cowen Neil M. , Bhatnagar Anish ,   the C601/C602 Investigators
Published: November 2023

Objective

This study assessed the effect of 1‐year administration of diazoxide choline extended‐release tablet (DCCR) on hyperphagia and other complications of Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS).

Methods

The authors studied 125 participants with PWS, age ≥ 4 years, who were enrolled in the DESTINY PWS Phase 3 study and who received DCCR for up to 52 weeks in DESTINY PWS and/or its open‐label extension. The primary efficacy endpoint was Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials (HQ‐CT) score. Other endpoints included behavioral assessments, body composition, hormonal measures, and safety.

Results

DCCR administration resulted in significant improvements in HQ‐CT (mean [SE] −9.9 [0.77], p < 0.0001) and greater improvements in those with more severe baseline hyperphagia (HQ‐CT > 22). Improvements were seen in aggression, anxiety, and compulsivity (all p < 0.0001). There were reductions in leptin, insulin, and insulin resistance, as well as a significant increase in adiponectin (all p < 0.004). Lean body mass was increased (p < 0.0001). Disease severity was reduced as assessed by clinician and caregiver (both p < 0.0001). Common treatment‐emergent adverse events included hypertrichosis, peripheral edema, and hyperglycemia. Adverse events infrequently resulted in discontinuation (7.2%).

Conclusions

DCCR administration to people with PWS was well tolerated and associated with broad‐ranging improvements in the syndrome. Sustained administration of DCCR has the potential to reduce disease severity and the burden of care for families.
Operators Need to Know How to Communicate With Customers
Authors: Adams Hunter , Thames Becky , Wagner Mary Carol , Montier Dee , Clark Tom , Ash Steve , Southard Mark
Published: November 2023

Understanding how to effectively communicate and work with customers can help mitigate situations quickly and build confidence in the water system as well as utility staff.
Who wins and who loses in global SDGs rankings? Clarifying the influence of the North‐South divide and foreign direct investment on spillover effects
Authors: Chen Chong‐Wen
Published: November 2023

The Sustainable Development Report (SDR) provides comprehensive global rankings based on countries’ performance and efforts toward the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, the spillover effects reflecting how one country’s actions influence others remain underexplored, especially regarding their interplay with SDGs performance. This paper delves into the cross‐border adverse impacts on the environment and society arising from these spillovers, examining their correlation with SDGs rankings within the context of the North‐South divide and foreign direct investment (FDI). The analysis reveals a pronounced association between higher SDGs scores and amplified negative spillover effects. While this trend is predominant among advanced Northern countries, certain developing Southern nations also exhibit similar tendencies, potentially obstructing the SDGs of more vulnerable states. This paper argues that many countries achieve their SDGs by exploiting the ecological and social resources of others, suggesting a deviation from genuine sustainability and the core ethos of the 2030 Agenda: “Leave No One Behind.” To provide a clearer perspective on countries’ developmental trajectories, this paper proposes conceptual metrics and utilizes data visualization to re‐assess sustainability progression over time. It also introduces four developmental tendencies: exploitative, degraded, waning, and sustainable development. The findings emphasize that countries aiming to transition from exploitative or degraded development to sustainability must address consumerism, prioritize SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and counteract the degradation of SDG 13 (Climate Action). Crucially, a competitive mindset and a lack of international collaboration will hinder SDGs, underscoring the pressing need for collective action on environmental and social justice and equity.
The Effect of V/C Ratio on the Phase Formation Behavior in Vanadium Carbide‐Based Tool Steel Fabricated through Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Park Sung-Min , Kim Dae Ha , Jun Tea-Sung , Im Hyeon-Tae , Kim Nam-Seok , Ko Won-Seok , Park Chang-Soo , Park Kwangsuk , Kim Dong Hoe , Park Hyung-Ki
Published: November 2023

This study investigates phase formation behavior by considering the vanadium (V) to carbon (C) ratio in vanadium carbide‐based tool steel. The V/C ratios are controlled by changing the V content. The samples with the V/C ratio of 4.78 and 6.12 are first prepared through gas atomization with a form of powder and then turned into bulk forms through hot isostatic pressing. The bulk samples are annealed at 1070 °C and then quenched. The hardness values of the 4.78V/C and 6.12V/C samples are 50.7 and 17.3 HRC, respectively. Phases of each sample are analyzed to confirm the reason for the hardness difference. The α′‐martensite phase is formed in the matrix of the 4.78V/C sample, whereas the matrix of the 6.12V/C sample is the α‐ferrite phase. Thermodynamic calculations and high‐temperature phase analysis are performed to examine the difference in the phase formation. In the 4.78V/C sample, the γ‐austenite phase is formed at 1070 °C, which transforms to the α′‐martensite phase during cooling in the heat treatment process. Meanwhile, the 6.12V/C sample has no austenite phase at 1070 °C, so martensitic transformation does not occur. These analyses confirm that it is crucial to control the phase formation by controlling the contents of V and C with an appropriate ratio.
Mode Predictive Direct Power Control Scheme with Fixed Operation Frequency for a Vienna Rectifier Based on Voltage‐Sensorless
Authors: Sun Xiaoyun , Dang Chaoliang , Jiang ZeHao , Wang YiHua , Zhang Yang
Published: November 2023

Model predictive direct power control (MPDPC) is a suitable method for the highly nonlinear system of a three‐level Vienna rectifier. However, the traditional MPDPC suffers from irregular switching states, which can decrease current tracking accuracy and generate high current ripple and electromagnetic noise. Additionally, the use of sensors can increase system hardware costs and complexity. To enhance operational reliability and reduce the fault impact of AC voltage sensors, a double closed‐loop control strategy based on voltage‐sensorless MPDPC in the inner loop and sliding mode control (SMC) in the outer loop is proposed. First, the virtual flux model of the three‐phase Vienna rectifier is established in the two‐phase static coordinate system, and the second‐order low‐pass filter is used to improve the voltage observer to estimate the grid‐voltage. Meanwhile, an improved grid voltage observer based on the second‐order low‐pass filter is designed to improve the observation effect. Second, to solve the variable switching operation, current fluctuation and wide harmonic spectrum caused by the traditional MPDPC effectively, a double closed‐loop control strategy with constant switching frequency based on voltage‐sensorless MPDPC in the inner loop and SMC control in the outer loop is proposed. Based on the principle of SVPWM modulation, the modulation voltage of SVPWM is calculated directly, in order to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis, extensive simulation and matching experimental is presented to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis. © 2023 The Authors. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering published by Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Stories Grounded in Decades of Research: What We Truly Know about the Teaching of Reading
Authors: Compton‐Lilly Catherine , Spence Lucy K. , Thomas Paul L. , Decker Scott L.
Published: November 2023

The recent dissemination of selective research findings related to reading privileges a narrow body of reading scholarship and a singular, unproven solution—teaching phonics. We offer a research‐based correction by presenting two compelling bodies of research to argue that reading instruction must be responsive to individual children. While this confluence of complexity does not deny the importance of phonics, it highlights the significant findings related to: (1) the brain and reading, and (2) the systematic observation of young readers. We argue that reductive and singular models of reading fail to honor the cultures, experiences, and diversity of children. This confluence of research findings reveals an unequivocal need for caution as states, universities, schools, and teachers adopt assumedly universal and narrow approaches to teaching reading.
Water Corridors Helped Homo sapiens Disperse out of Africa
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: November 2023

Wetland conditions during the last interglacial period in parts of the Levant helped propel our ancestors into Arabia, new research suggests.
Three‐Dimensional Particle‐In‐Cell Simulations of Electron‐Only Magnetic Reconnection Between Laser‐Produced Plasma Bubbles
Authors: Huang Hongtao , Hu Yanting , Ping Yongli , Yu Tongpu
Published: November 2023

Electron‐only magnetic reconnection, a novel type of reconnection where only electron dynamics is involved, has recently been observed in turbulent plasmas in the Earth's magnetosphere. In this letter, using particle‐in‐cell simulations, we demonstrate that electron‐only reconnection can be created via laser‐plasma interactions. The reconnection current sheet is carried by electrons, and its width is at the electron inertial scale. Moreover, only electron outflow is observed, while the ion outflow is negligible. The duration of the reconnection is found to be within the electron scale, thus there is no sufficient time for ions to respond. The energy conversion during electron‐only reconnection mainly occurs in the vicinity of the X‐line, and is dominated along the perpendicular direction. By analyzing the Poynting flux patterns, we find that the reconnection electric field dominates the whole energy conversion. This study advances our knowledge of the energy dissipation mechanism in the electron‐only reconnection regime.
Automatic Detection and Classification of Spread‐F From Ionosonde at Hainan With Image‐Based Deep Learning Method
Authors: Wang Zheng , Zhan Meiyi , Gao Pengdong , Wang Guojun , Qiu Chu , Qi Quan , Shi Jiankui , Wang Xiao
Published: November 2023

An intelligent Spread‐F image detection and classification method is presented in this paper based on an ionogram image set using deep learning models. The ionogram images from the Hainan station, spanning from 2002 to 2015, have been manually labeled into five categories, resulting in a unique ionogram image set for supervised learning models. To balance the number of different types, simulated noises were added to these images. Based on 80,000 samples with Spread‐F and 20,000 samples without, numerous experiments have been conducted to train VGG, ResNet, EfficientNet, ViT, MobileNet, and other networks. The results on the test set indicate that these models except VGG have a good ability of exacting features of different types, leading to a high level of accuracy in detecting Spread‐F and a relatively accurate classification of it. The ionogram images in 2016 are then employed as another test set to further examine the performance of the trained models. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses have demonstrated the results obtained by deep learning models are highly consistent with manual identification.
Statistical modeling for identifying chikungunya high-risk areas of two large-scale outbreaks in Thailand's southernmost provinces
Authors: Ammatawiyanon Lumpoo , Tongkumchum Phattrawan , McNeil Don , Lim Apiradee
Published: November 2023

Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) has re-emerged in the southernmost Thailand and presents a significant threat to public health. The problem areas can be identified using appropriate statistical models. This study aimed to determine the geographic epidemic patterns and high-risk locations. Data on CHIKF’s case characteristics, including age, gender, and residence sub-district, were obtained from the Office of Disease Prevention and Control of Thailand from 2008 to 2020. A logistic model was applied to detect illness occurrences. After removing records with no cases, a log-linear regression model was used to determine the incidence rate. The results revealed that two large-scale infections occurred in the southernmost provinces of Thailand between 2008 and 2010, and again between 2018 and 2020, indicating a 10-year epidemic cycle. The CHIKF occurrence in the first and second outbreaks was 28.4% and 15.5%, respectively. In both outbreaks of occurrence CHIKF, adolescents and working-age groups were the most infected groups but the high incidence rate of CHIKF was elderly groups. The first outbreak had a high occurrence and incidence rate in 39 sub-districts, the majority of which were in Narathiwat province, whilst the second outbreak was identified in 15 sub-districts, the majority of which were in Pattani province. In conclusion, the CHIKF outbreak areas can be identified and addressed by combining logistic and log-linear models in a two-step process. The findings of this study can serve as a guide for developing a surveillance strategy or an earlier plan to manage or prevent the CHIKF outbreak.
Occurrence and management of two emerging soil-dwelling pests ravaging cabbage and onions in Kenya
Authors: Ouma Lawrence O. , Muthomi James W. , Kimenju John W. , Beesigamukama Dennis , Subramanian Sevgan , Khamis Fathiya M. , Tanga Chrysantus M.
Published: November 2023

Cabbage and Onion production in sub-Saharan Africa face numerous pest constraints that needs to be overcome to feed the rapidly growing population. This study aimed to establish the occurrence, incidence, and severity of soil-dwelling pests of cabbage and onions, and current management practices in five Counties of Kenya. Our findings revealed that most farmers grew hybrid vegetables on a small scale, which were highly dominated by various pest species (Delia platura, Maladera sp., and Agriotes sp. for cabbage and Atherigona orientalis and Urophorus humeralis for onion. The occurrence, incidence and severity of the various pest species on both crops varied considerably. Over 95% of the farmers relied on synthetic insecticides, which were applied weekly or bimonthly with limited success. Our findings demonstrate that invasive and polyphagous A. orientalis and D. platura were the most devastating pests of onion and cabbage without effective control options. Therefore, effective, sustainable, and affordable management strategies are required to control the spread of these pests to other crops in the region.
Betätigungen ins Gleichgewicht bringen – Model of Occupational Wholeness
Authors: Herm Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Ergotherapeut*innen können das Model of Occupational Wholeness als Reflexionsgrundlage für die Betätigungen ihrer Klient*innen nutzen. Wie dies gelingen kann und auf welchen theoretischen Grundlagen das Modell basiert, beschreibt Rebecca Herm im Artikel.
Betreuung von Patienten mit akuten Schmerzen
Authors: Garaventa Angelika
Published: November 2023

Die Autorin dieses Beitrags ist Pflegefachfrau und war aufgrund eines Verbrennungsunfalls auch Patientin auf einer Intensivstation. Sie litt unter starken Schmerzen und hat ihre eigene und die teilweise Hilflosigkeit der Pflegenden im Umgang damit erlebt. Der Beitrag schildert einerseits die Empfindungen von betroffenen Patienten, soll aber gleichzeitig aufzeigen, welche und wie viele Möglichkeiten Pflegende haben, das Schmerzerleben und -verarbeiten von Patienten positiv zu beeinflussen.
Das wichtigste Kommunikationsmittel pflegen – Stimmhygiene im therapeutischen Alltag
Authors: Wunderlich Sabrina
Published: November 2023

Wir nutzen sie täglich von früh bis spät: die Stimme. Und wie in vielen anderen Bereichen auch kümmern wir uns erst um sie, wenn es zu Problemen kommt. Heiserkeit, dauerndes Räuspern oder ein dicker Kloß im Hals – typische Symptome von Therapierenden. Das muss nicht sein. In diesem Artikel erklärt Sabrina Wunderlich, wieso Prävention für die Stimme wichtig ist und wie sie ohne großen Aufwand in den therapeutischen Alltag integrierbar ist.
Pulsars: a concise introduction
Authors: Graham-Smith F , Lyne A G
Published: November 2023

Francis Graham-Smith summarises half a century of observation and theorising on pulsars and related phenomena
Introduction
Authors: Acheson Roy , Fee Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This book examines the historical development of education and training in public health in Britain and the United States. Although the two countries share many of the same political, scientific, and medical cultures and traditions, there are important differences between them in the organization of public health, many of which stem from the different relation of public health to the medical profession.
The British Diploma in Public Health: birth and adolescence
Authors: Acheson Roy
Published: November 2023

The Diploma in Public Health was born in Dublin on 12June 1871, and lived for 103 years. This was only 13 years after the General Council for Medical Education and Registration had been created, and at a time when there was neither structure nor organization in medical education. Much of clinical practice was unethical and unsafe. The Diploma died on 1 October 1974, when the National Health Service, in place for 25 years, was bringing high quality health care, free of direct cost, to everyone who sought it. The occasion of the Diploma’s death was the first of a series of Acts of Parliament which restructured the health service. With this restructuring, the post of Medical Officer of Health ceased, and with it the need for a Diploma in Public Health. Neither had sustaining relevance in a changing world.
Recovery in the central nervous system and the experimental background of central functional stimulation
Authors: Illis L S
Published: November 2023

Central functional stimulation (spinal cord stimulation) has never been shown to have any effect on normal function. The only changes ever reported have been in circumstances where there is abnormal function. This suggests that any attempt to understand the effect of spinal cord stimulation should be based on the way in which the central nervous system (CNS) reacts to a lesion and produces abnormal function.
Experimental nerve–muscle stimulation
Authors: Vrbová G , Lowrie M B
Published: November 2023

Skeletal muscle fibres are among the few excitable cells that have only one afferent input and no efferent connection, their input being the branches of the axon of the motor neuron that supplies them. The motor neuron has been referred to as the ‘final common path’ and the muscle fibres supplied by it are its final part. A single motor neuron supplies many muscle fibres, and together they form a functional unit, commonly referred to as ‘the motor unit’. When the neuron is activated, excitation is transmitted to all the muscle fibres it supplies so that the motor unit is then the final functional element that produces movement. Individual muscle fibres are usually supplied by only one axon and are totally dependent for their activation on the motor neuron that supplies them. Their normal day-to-day activity is thus regulated by that simple motor neuron. However, motor neurons and their inputs are not homogeneous, and neither are the muscles that are supplied by them.
Functional electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter
Authors: Hallan R I , Patel, U J , Williams N S
Published: November 2023

The primary function of the anal sphincters is to maintain faecal continence and to allow rectal evacuation at socially propitious moments. In health the anal sphincers are remarkably efficient, but they may fail if diseased, resulting in faecal incontinence. Faecal incontinence can be defined as the frequent uncontrolled and inopportune passage of faeces.
The effect on sexual function of anticonvulsant, antiparkinsonian, and other miscellaneous drugs
Authors: Peet Malcolm
Published: November 2023

Erectile and other sexual dysfunctions are relatively common in the general population. The prevalence of sexual problems increases with age and is higher in populations with medical or psychiatric illness than in the general population. Sexual dysfunction which is presumed to be drug related must be assessed against this background prevalence. Drug treatment can be associated with non-specific effects on sexual function, for example due to anxiety produced by medical diagnosis and treatment. Side-effects such as sedation can lead to a general non-specific lowering of interest and drive, including libido. Conversely, sexual dysfunction associated with illness can in some cases be improved by successful drug treatment of that illness. It follows that anecdotal reports of sexual effects from medication in individual patients are highly unreliable. The effect of drugs on sexual function can be assessed only in the setting of a randomized placebo-controlled trial with careful psychosexual assessment. Unfortunately, virtually all medication trials depend on self-reporting of sexual side-effects and this is very unreliable. There is thus a serious dearth of adequate research in this field, and the present chapter must be set in that context.
Altering the strength of the heart: basic mechanisms
Authors: Lee John A , Allen David G
Published: November 2023

The function of the heart is to circulate unoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the peripheral tissues in an amount necessary to satisfy their metabolic requirements. Since these requirements vary greatly, depending for example on whether an organism is resting or engaging in vigorous activity, it is clear that there must be mechanisms for regulating the amount of blood circulated by the heart. In an intact animal there are three principal factors influencing the cardiac output at any given heart rate, namely the preload, the afterload, and the inotropic state or ‘contracti lity’ of the heart muscle itself. The effects of preload in an intact heart are summarized by Starling’s law of the heart, which states that as diastolic filling increases, so does the quantity of blood pumped into the aorta.
Changes in myofibrillar calcium responsiveness in the post-ischaemic heart (stunned myocardium)
Authors: Marban Eduardo
Published: November 2023

‘Stunning’ describes the impairment of contraction observed in myocardium reperfused after brief periods of ischaemia.1-3 The critical feature of the definition lies in the supposition that no permanent injury has occurred; hence, stunning resolves entirely, albeit slowly (hours to days). Histrocially and metabolically, the stunned heart exhibits no clear evidence of injury.
The Optical Effects
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun
Published: November 2023

THE theories of dispersion discussed in previous chapters (see§§ 7-9 and §§ 33-35) are partly based on phenomenological considerations. We have taken the macroscopic Maxwell equations for granted and used microscopic models only in so far as they are necessary for the derivation of the dispersion formula. We shall now consider a microscopic theory, which gives a self-contained account of the optical waves without the aid of the macroscopic Maxwell equations for dielectric media.
Webs and new worlds
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Brainwashing is about changing beliefs. To understand brainwashing, therefore, it is necessary to understand what beliefs are and how they change. In the previous chapter I set out the argument that mental activities are represented by highly changeable patterns of connections between neurons in the brain, and that over time these patterns can become grouped, by repeated co-activation of member neurons, into schemas. What does this view of brain function tell us about beliefs? I will begin by considering beliefs in the traditional fashion, as mental (rather than neuroscientific) constructs, asking what psychology has to say about beliefs. How do they form, what factors influence them, and how do they relate to behaviour?
Swept away
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Emotions are one of the most potent tools in a brainwasher’s armoury. As we saw in Chapter 2, arousing strong emotions can glue a group together, make dubious ideas desirable, and sometimes lead to lethal consequences. Even in weaker forms of influence emotions have an important role to play. What is it about emotions which makes them so useful to influence technicians? To answer this question, we need to investigate what emotions do to brains.
Victims and predators
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Time to recap. So far we have looked at the history and usage of the term ‘brainwashing’ since Edward Hunter created it in 1950. As brainwashing necessarily involves brains, we have also delved into neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy, replacing the old Cartesian ‘diamond mind’ with a much more flexible and composite construction. We have learned about how brains and their beliefs can change suddenly, or slowly over time. Sudden change can occur when the energy from strong emotions pours into the cogweb encoding a concept, strengthening it from mere idea to deep conviction. Slow change occurs by imperceptible degrees, like learning a habit. We have also seen that brains keep a record of what they can and cannot change in the world about them, and that this changeability signal provides the basis for our feelings of freedom and its negative counterpart, reactance.
Relativity Theory and Quantum Theory
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

In all the history of physics, there has never been a period of transition as abrupt, as unanticipated, and over as wide a front as the decade 1895 to 1905. In rapid succession the experimental discoveries of X-rays (1895), the Zeeman effect (1896), radioactivity (1896), the electron (1897), and the extension of infrared spectroscopy into the 3 µm to 60 µm region opened new vistas. The birth of quantum theory (1900) and relativity theory (1905) marked the beginning of an era in which the very foundations of physical theory were found to be in need of revision. Two men led the way toward the new theoretical concepts: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, professor at the University of Berlin, possessed—perhaps obsessed—by the search for the universal function of frequency and temperature, known to exist since 1859, when Gustav Robert Kirchhoff formulated his fundamental law of blackbody radiation (19a)*; and Albert Einstein, technical expert at the Swiss patent office in Bern, working in an isolation which deserves to be called splendid (3).
The Einstein-Grossmann Collaboration
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Grossmann appeared in previous chapters as the helpful fellow student who made his course notes available to Einstein, as the helpful friend who together with his father paved the way for Einstein’s appointment at the patent office in Bern, and as the friend to whom Einstein dedicated his doctoral thesis. It is now time to get better acquainted with him. Grossmann, a descendant of an old Swiss family, was born in 1878 in Budapest, where his father was employed. He spent his first fifteen years there, then went to Switzerland, where he finished high school. Thereupon he studied at the ETH from 1896 to 1900, together with Einstein. During the next seven years, he taught high school, first in Frauenfeld and then in Basel. In that period he finished his thesis, ‘On the Metrical Properties of Collinear Structures,’ which earned him his doctoral degree at the University of Zurich, and published two geometry books for high school students and three papers on non-Euclidean geometry, his favorite subject.
Imaginary Numbers
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

If The mathematical ideas dealt with in the last chapter have been a popular success, those of the present chapter have excited almost as much general attention. But their success has been of a different character, it has been what the French term a succes de scandale. Not only the practical man, but also men of letters and philosophers have expressed their bewilderment at the devotion of mathematicians to mysterious entities which by their very name are confessed to be imaginary. At this point it may be useful to observe that a certain type of intellect is always worrying itself and others by discussion as to the applicability of technical terms.
The Differential Calculus
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

The Invention of the differential calculus marks a crisis in the history of mathematics. The progress of science is divided between periods characterized by a slow accumulation of ideas and periods, when, owing to the new material for thought thus patiently collected, some genius by the invention of a new method or a new point of view, suddenly transforms the whole subject on to a higher level. These contrasted periods in the progress of the history of thought are compared by Shelley to the formation of an avalanche.
Play and Narrative in Inhibited Children: A Longitudinal Case Study
Authors: Lou-Marié Kruger , Dennie Palmer Wolf
Published: November 2023

In the history of psychology, the importance of the construct of temperament has fluctuated as different psychological approaches to personality development have gained prominence. The first and most important shift was a shift from stable categories of people to malleable psychological dimensions (Kagan, 1989b). With the advent of psychoanalytic psychology, motivation became the focal point of the study of personality rather than stable inborn temperamental characteristics. Cognitive and social psychology also questioned the notion of inborn stable characteristics, and when issues of personality were addressed, the focus shifted to self-concept and beliefs about the self (Kagan, 1989b). More recently, with renewed interest in the biology of behavior, psychology has witnessed a renewal of interest in the notion that children are born with biases that predispose them to acquire certain behaviors, as well as certain motives and beliefs. However, this new interest in temperament is often accompanied by the qualifying notion that these biases and predispositions cannot be seen as always determining behavior. Whether they will come into play, and the extent to which they come into play, depend a great deal on the environment to which a child is exposed. Thus, the conception of temperament has changed over the years from one of an enduring characteristic intrinsic to a person to one of a syndrome that some individuals realize or exhibit under certain conditions.