bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Police responses to diversity: A social representational study of rural British policing in a changing representational context
Authors: Morant Nicola , Edwards Elizabeth
Published: December 2010

In the first decade of the 21st century, British policing faced two new challenges in how it responded to social diversity: As well as instituting reforms in response to a highly publicized report describing the British police as ‘institutionally racist’ (Macpherson, 1999), they faced challenges associated with rapid increases in numbers of immigrants into the UK. Studying social representations at such times of change allows access into processes, themes and value systems that may otherwise remain hidden. This paper uses social representations theory to explore interview accounts provided by regular police officers of interactions with members of minority groups. Empirically, we focus on an area of diversity policing that has received relatively little previous attention: Police work in a rural context that has recently played host to large numbers of migrant workers. Our analysis shows that interviews operate as a site of resistance in which respondents attempt to rework hegemonic representations of the police as prejudiced and to re‐present themselves and their work as able to respond appropriately to diversity. Fairness as a defining characteristic of good police practice is a central representational theme that links identity construction processes to police work with minority groups. Recent immigrant groups are represented as both needing and deserving help to assimilate into British culture: Their lack of acculturation and language difficulties provide additional challenges to police work and to how this is judged as ‘fair’. We discuss the broader origins and implications of police officers' understandings of fairness and the use of social representations theory to study representational fields within organizational settings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oscillatory behaviour of an industrial slurry polyethylene reactor
Authors: Jesus Normando J. C. , Melo Príamo A. , Nele Márcio , Pinto José Carlos
Published: December 2010

Considerable attention has been given to the dynamic behaviour of polymerisation processes. Distinct non‐linear phenomena have been predicted (multiple steady states, periodic, and non‐periodic oscillations), but experimental confirmation of such responses has been usually confined to free‐radical polymerisations systems. Particularly, olefin polymerisation reactors are expected to exhibit complex oscillatory dynamics, but this sort of dynamic behaviour has not been reported experimentally. In this work, real industrial data obtained in a full‐scale polyethylene slurry reactor confirm the existence of complex oscillatory behaviour that can lead to process runaway, validating model predictions about the existence of complex dynamics in similar processes.

On a porté une attention toute particulière au comportement dynamique des procédés de polymérisation. Des phénomènes distincts non linéaires ont été prédits (régimes permanents multiples, oscillations périodiques et non périodiques), mais la confirmation expérimentale de ces réactions était habituellement réservée aux systèmes de polymérisation radicalaire. Les réacteurs de polymérisation des oléfines sont censés avoir des dynamiques oscillatoires complexes, mais ce type de comportement dynamique n'a pas été démontré sur le plan expérimental. Dans la présente étude, de véritables données industrielles relevées sur un réacteur à combustible en suspension en polyéthylène à grande échelle ont confirmé l'existence d'un comportement oscillatoire complexe qui peut provoquer un emballement du processus. Ces résultats valident les prédictions du modèle relatives à l'existence de dynamiques complexes dans des processus similaires. © 2010 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
A role for central spindle proteins in cilia structure and function
Authors: Smith Katherine R. , Kieserman Esther K. , Wang Peggy I. , Basten Sander G. , Giles Rachel H. , Marcotte Edward M. , Wallingford John B.
Published: December 2010

Cytokinesis and ciliogenesis are fundamental cellular processes that require strict coordination of microtubule organization and directed membrane trafficking. These processes have been intensely studied, but there has been little indication that regulatory machinery might be extensively shared between them. Here, we show that several central spindle/midbody proteins (PRC1, MKLP‐1, INCENP, centriolin) also localize in specific patterns at the basal body complex in vertebrate ciliated epithelial cells. Moreover, bioinformatic comparisons of midbody and cilia proteomes reveal a highly significant degree of overlap. Finally, we used temperature‐sensitive alleles of PRC1/spd‐1 and MKLP‐1/zen‐4 in C. elegans to assess ciliary functions while bypassing these proteins' early role in cell division. These mutants displayed defects in both cilia function and cilia morphology. Together, these data suggest the conserved reuse of a surprisingly large number of proteins in the cytokinetic apparatus and in cilia. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The theory of DQF‐COSY NMR experiments. II. Phase modulation of the signal: A simple relationship between the coefficients needed to calculate the COSY and DQF‐COSY NMR spectra of an AX spin system of quadrupolar nuclei
Authors: Kempgens P.
Published: December 2010

The two‐dimensional NMR double‐quantum filtered (DQF) COSY spectrum of an AX spin system of spin‐1 has been calculated by numerical density matrix calculations. The basic phase cycle to achieve double‐quantum filtration and phase modulation of the signal consists of eight steps. The first four steps of the pulse sequence, which lead to amplitude modulation of the signal, were described in Part I. The second four steps of the pulse sequence are described here. It is possible to relate the coefficients needed to calculate the DQF‐COSY NMR spectrum of an AX spin system of quadrupolar nuclei to the one needed to calculate the COSY NMR spectrum of a similar system. This contributes to a significant simplification of the calculations compared to a full density‐matrix treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 394–399, 2010.
Temperament and emotion regulation: the role of autonomic nervous system reactivity
Authors: Stifter Cynthia A. , Dollar Jessica M. , Cipriano Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2010

The aim of the present study was to examine the moderating role of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system functioning on the relationship between child temperament and emotion regulation. Sixty‐two 4.5‐year olds (31 females) were rated by their parents on temperamental surgency. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre‐ejection period (PEP) were measured at baseline and in reaction to an interaction with an unfamiliar person and a cognitive test. The preschoolers' ability to self‐regulate emotion was assessed in response to a disappointment. Results revealed little or no PEP reactivity to the unfamiliar person to be related to poorer emotion regulation for children high in surgency, indicating that the lack of sympathetic activation may be a risk factor for behavioral maladjustment. Reciprocal sympathetic activation, or increases in sympathetic activity accompanied by decreases in parasympathetic activity, was associated with better regulation of emotion for all levels of temperamental surgency supporting previous work that reciprocal activation is an adaptive form of autonomic control. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:266–279, 2011.
Hooks and comets: The story of microtubule polarity orientation in the neuron
Authors: Baas Peter W. , Lin Shen
Published: December 2010

It is widely believed that signature patterns of microtubule polarity orientation within axons and dendrites underlie compositional and morphological differences that distinguish these neuronal processes from one another. Axons of vertebrate neurons display uniformly plus‐end‐distal microtubules, whereas their dendrites display non‐uniformly oriented microtubules. Recent studies on insect neurons suggest that it is the minus‐end‐distal microtubules that are the critical feature of the dendritic microtubule array, whether or not they are accompanied by plus‐end‐distal microtubules. Discussed in this article are the history of these findings, their implications for the regulation of neuronal polarity across the animal kingdom, and potential mechanisms by which neurons establish the distinct microtubule polarity patterns that define axons and dendrites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 403–418, 2011
Afp::mCherry, a red fluorescent transgenic reporter of the mouse visceral endoderm
Authors: Viotti Manuel , Nowotschin Sonja , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina
Published: December 2010

Live imaging of genetically encoded fluorescent protein reporters is increasingly being used to investigate details of the cellular behaviors that underlie the large‐scale tissue rearrangements that shape the embryo. However, the majority of mouse fluorescent reporter strains are based on the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Mouse reporter strains expressing fluorescent colors other than GFP are therefore valuable for co‐visualization studies with GFP, where relative positioning and relationship between two different tissues or compartments within cells are being investigated. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a transgenic Afp::mCherry mouse strain in which cis‐regulatory elements from the Alpha‐fetoprotein (Afp) locus were used to drive expression of the monomeric Cherry red fluorescent protein. The Afp::mCherry transgene is based on and recapitulates reporter expression of a previously described Afp::GFP strain. However, we note that perdurance of mCherry protein is not as prolonged as GFP, making the Afp::mCherry line a more faithful reporter of endogenous Afp expression. Afp::mCherry transgenic mice expressed mCherry specifically in the visceral endoderm and its derivatives, including the visceral yolk sac, gut endoderm, fetal liver, and pancreas of the embryo. The Afp::mCherry reporter was also noted to be expressed in other documented sites of Afp expression including hepatocytes as well as in pancreas, digestive tract, and brain of postnatal mice. genesis 49:124–133, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Resolution Imaging of Nanostructured Si/SiO2 Substrates and Cell Monolayers Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Bergner Stefan , Palatzky Peter , Wegener Joachim , Matysik Frank‐Michael
Published: December 2010

High‐resolution scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the constant‐height mode was applied to image details of a nanostructured porous substrate as well as a confluent epithelial cell monolayer. Platinum disk ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) with radii down to 100 nm were fabricated by sealing electrochemically etched Pt wires into soda‐lime glass capillaries. A subsequent thermal treatment was used to improve the quality of electrode sealing. The size and shape of the SECM probes were adapted to the requirements of the inorganic and biological surfaces to enable high‐resolution SECM imaging and to ensure stability and reliability during image acquisition. A mesoporous substrate (Si/SiO2) with 800 nm rectangular pores was imaged with sub‐µm resolution. In addition, confluent epithelial cell monolayers derived from kidney were investigated. Independent measurements with ferrocene methanol and hexamine ruthenium (III) chloride led to equivalent SECM results. High quality SECM images with well separated cells within the monolayer were obtained. Resolved regions of cell‐cell contacts extending about 1–3 µm in lateral direction were imaged.
Enzymatic Sensor Using Mediator‐Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Biscay Julien , Rama Estefaniá Costa , García Maria Besoña González , Carrazón José Manuel Pingarrón , García Austin Costa
Published: December 2010

A new glucose sensor was developed using screen‐printed ferrocyanide/carbon electrodes. The ferrocyanide is included in the carbon ink of the commercial screen‐ printed electrode. The immobilization of enzymes glucose oxidase (Gox) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were carried out in a very easy way. An aliquot of 10 µL of a Gox/HRP mixture was deposited on the electrode surface and left there until dried (approximately 1 h) at room temperature. The ferricyanide generated enzymatically was detected amperometrically applying a potential of −0.1 V (vs. Ag pseudo reference electrode). The sensor, so constructed, shows a good sensitivity to glucose (−2.12 µA/mM) with a slope deviation of ±0.06 µA/mM and a linear range comprised between 0.05 and 1 mM of glucose, with a limit of detection of 0.025 mM. These sensors show good intersensor reproducibility and a high stability. When they are stored at 4 °C, no significant changes in the slope value of the glucose calibration plot were found after 3 months. Glucose was determined in real samples as honey, blood, drink for babies and glucosed drink with a great accuracy.
A New Electrochemical Multiplexed Assay for PSA Cancer Marker Detection
Authors: Zani Angela , Laschi Serena , Mascini Marco , Marrazza Giovanna
Published: December 2010

In this paper, two simple and sensitive approaches for prostate specific antigen (PSA) detection are presented, by using antibody modified paramagnetic microparticles coupled to multiplexed electrochemical platforms. The first proposed approach is based on 8‐sensors screen‐printed arrays as candidate for electrochemical transducers and a simple target capturing step by means of antibody‐functionalised magnetic beads. In order to improve the performances of the immunosensing, a second approach is developed by using GRAVI‐Cell. This is microfluidic‐based affinity assay device for running bead‐protocols. This innovative system combines a special chip containing eight polymer microchannels, with a portable, computer‐controlled instrument. Both immunosensing strategies developed promise to be a sensitive, multiplexed tool for fast and easy PSA analysis.
Novel Chromosomal DNA Assay Based on Nickel Hydroxide Nanocomposite Films with Facile Construction
Authors: Jiang Mian , Villagomez Rosa , Vo An , Spears Larry G.
Published: December 2010

We present a new protocol for DNA assay under ambient, routine operation. The novelty of the proposed approach is the direct analysis, meaning there is no need for derivatization or other pretreatments which are usually coupled with conventional bio or biochemical assay. The proposed method is based on our new preparation of a nanocomposite thin film composed of nickel hydroxides. Fabrication of the sensing film is facile, in situ, and thickness‐controllable, and combines the metal deposition and the subsequent stripping/formation. The film construction and the novel sensing events were thorough examined and characterized by various techniques. Although the responding sensitivities vary among nucleic acids, the sensing mechanism was found to be attributed to the Ni(III/II) moieties within the film. In alkaline media the electrogenerated higher valent Ni(III) would oxidize DNA at around the redox potential of Ni(III/II). This electrocatalytic oxidation thus accounts for the much enhanced voltammetric current and for the much reduced overpotentials of these analytes at unmodified electrodes. The advantage of this protocol stemmed from the utilization of the same medium for both sensor fabrication and subsequent exploration that preserve and maximize the catalytic capacity. In addition to chromosomal DNAs, denatured DNA, single stranded DNA, and synthetic oligomers can all be determined by the proposed protocol with negligible interference. The present work offers a fast, ergonomic, and cost‐effective alternative to the existing DNA assay arena.
Accuracy assessment of time–concentration–effect models in predicting chronic lethality from acute toxicity data
Authors: Mayer Foster L , Ellersieck Mark R , Slaughter Andrew R
Published: December 2010

Acute-to-chronic (ACE) models (accelerated life testing, ALT; linear regression analysis, LRA) are used to estimate chemical concentrations resulting in low levels of chronic mortality from acute toxicity data, thereby greatly increasing the inferential value of acute data. We applied the ACE models to test data from 72 chemicals and 14 aquatic species (131 acute and 97 chronic tests) and then compared the results with reported chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC), as determined by traditional analysis of variance techniques. Acute-to-chronic models produced highly accurate chronic lethality estimates compared with reported chronic NOEC and LOEC values. Lethality estimates fell within two times reported NOEC-LOEC values 71% of the time and within five times 98% of the time. Therefore, ACE models are very appropriate for estimating chronic lethality from acute toxicity data when chronic data are absent and have high applicability in probability-based hazard and risk assessments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:757–762. © 2011 SETAC
Using artificial neural network to analyze harmonic overvoltages during power system restoration
Authors: Ketabi Abbas , Sadeghkhani Iman , Feuillet Rene
Published: December 2010

During early stage of primary restoration process, unexpected overvoltage may happen due to nonlinear interaction between the unloaded transformer and the transmission system. Such an overvoltage might damage some equipment and delay power system restoration. Artificial neural network (ANN) is addressed in this work, in order to estimate the temporary overvoltages (TOVs) due to transformer energization. In the proposed methodology, Levenberg–Marquardt second order method is used to train the multilayer perceptron. Equivalent parameters of the network are added to ANN inputs to achieve good generalization capability for trained ANN. The developed ANN is trained with the worst case scenario of switching angle and remanent flux, and tested for typical cases. The simulated results for a partial of 39‐bus New England test system, show that the proposed technique can estimate the peak values and duration of switching overvoltages with good accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of shuffled frog leaping algorithm and PSO in data clustering with constraint for grouping voltage control areas in power systems
Authors: Rameshkhah F. , Abedi M. , Hosseinian S.H.
Published: December 2010

Voltage Control Areas (VCAs) play an important role in voltage stability assessment and control. Since it is impossible to detect VCAs in real time during appearance of emergency cases for large‐scale power systems, it is a reasonable solution to train and employ an artificial intelligent system (AIS), for on‐line predicting of VCAs. However, at different emergency and alert cases, there are various VCAs for power system. Clustering the data of Participation Factors (PFs) of all studied cases into a finite number of groups would lead to a more accurate ANN‐based online VCA identifier. Each cluster has a representative center that is the critical VCA corresponding to all contingencies and load stresses which would lead to the same cases as the members of that cluster. In this paper a novel data clustering method based on shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is presented for this purpose. In the first part of present study the general application of SFLA in data clustering is compared with PSO as the most popular Memetic Algorithm (MA), to demonstrate the validity of proposed clustering method. Consequently, as the clustering of VCAs is a problem with linear equality constraint, the compatibility of SFLA for solving under constraint clustering problems and its priority to PSO from this point of view, are shown in this study. Numerical results are presented at the first part for three standard test data sets and at the second part for IEEE 118‐bus test system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic event detection and location using wide area phasor measurements
Authors: Rovnyak Steven M. , Mei Kejun
Published: December 2010

This paper presents an online dynamic event detection and location method that uses wide‐area generator rotor frequency measurements. It combines a variance‐based approach to event detection with a clustering‐based approach to event location. In the offline phase, the method involves partitioning the buses in a power network into coherent groups and selecting a single generator to represent each group. In the online phase, the method involves calculating the variance of each representative's rotor frequency over sliding window. This paper provides explanation and evidence that different detection thresholds should be used for variance‐based triggers that have different window lengths. If the threshold is varied linearly with the window length then the variance‐based criterion resembles the long‐window derivative‐based criterion. This paper provides guidelines for adjusting the window length and the detection threshold in a coordinated manner to balance the tradeoff between the detection delay and the prevalence of false detections. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized relationship between the normalized yields of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide
Authors: Wang Zhaozhi , Jia Fuchen , Galea E. R.
Published: December 2010

Experimental studies have demonstrated that there are close correlations between the normalized yields of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from the combustion of materials containing nitrogen. In this paper, a generalized relationship using the stoichiometric oxygen to fuel mass ratio (SOFMR) is derived to represent these correlations. Using this generalized relationship, the predicted yields of HCN for nylon in tube furnace experiments and HCN concentrations in full‐scale cable fire tests are in good agreement with the corresponding measured data. The derived relationship is used to analyse the contributions of CO from different materials in a complex fire reconstruction. The generalized relationship is then used to predict HCN concentrations in two full‐scale nylon fires and the predicted concentrations are compared with both experimental data and predictions from a flamelet model. Finally, a method to incorporate the generalized relationship within CFD fire simulations to determine HCN (or CO) concentrations based on measurements of CO (or HCN) yields is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of altered MicroRNA expression patterns in synovial sarcoma
Authors: Hisaoka Masanori , Matsuyama Atsuji , Nagao Yuichi , Luan Lan , Kuroda Toshihiko , Akiyama Hideo , Kondo Satoshi , Hashimoto Hiroshi
Published: December 2010

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that function as an endogenous regulator of gene expression. Their dysregulation has been implicated in the development of several cancers. However, the status of miRNA in soft tissue sarcomas has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the global miRNA expression in synovial sarcoma and compared the results to those in another translocation‐associated sarcoma, the Ewing family of tumors, and in normal skeletal muscle. The 3D‐Gene miRNA microarray platform (Toray, Kamakura, Japan) and unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed a distinct expression pattern of miRNAs in synovial sarcoma from Ewing tumors and skeletal muscle. Thirty‐five of the more than 700 miRNAs analyzed were differentially expressed in synovial sarcomas in comparison to other tissue types. There were 21 significantly up‐regulated miRNAs, including some miRNAs, such as let‐7e, miR‐99b, and miR‐125a‐3p, clustered within the same chromosomal loci. Quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction also demonstrated that these miRNAs were over‐expressed in synovial sarcomas. The down‐regulation of let‐7e and miR‐99b by anti‐miR miRNA inhibitors resulted in the suppression of the proliferation of synovial sarcoma cells, and modulated the expression of their putative targets, HMGA2 and SMARCA5, suggesting that these molecules have a potential oncogenic role. The unique miRNA expression pattern including the over‐expressed miRNA clusters in synovial sarcoma warrants further investigation to develop a better understanding of the oncogenic mechanisms and future therapeutic strategies for synovial sarcoma. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissociation between manipulation and conceptual knowledge of object use in the supramarginalis gyrus
Authors: Pelgrims Barbara , Olivier Etienne , Andres Michael
Published: December 2010

Because tool naming activates motor‐related areas in the posterior parietal cortex, it has been suggested that conceptual knowledge of tools relies on their unique manipulation patterns. However, this view is questioned by the finding that some patients impaired in retrieving manipulation knowledge of man‐made objects are still able to perform conceptual judgments on them. To address this issue, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to interfere with the functioning of the anterior part of the right or left supramarginalis gyrus (SMG), a region critically involved in object‐directed actions. rTMS was delivered in healthy participants performing four judgment tasks designed to explore different aspects of manipulation and conceptual knowledge of man‐made objects. The two manipulation judgment tasks consisted in determining whether (1) two objects displayed on a computer screen are normally used by adopting a comparable hand posture, or (2) a given hand posture is appropriate to use an object. In the two conceptual judgment tasks, subjects had to decide whether (1) two objects displayed on the computer screen are normally used in the same context or (2) they are functionally related. We found that virtual lesions of left SMG interfere only with the performance of the manipulation judgment task in which subjects had to decide whether two different objects are used by adopting the same hand posture, all the other tasks being unaltered. rTMS applied over the right SMG had no effect. These results challenge the assumption that conceptual knowledge of tools is grounded upon motor representations. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sustained torpidity following multi‐dose administration of 3‐iodothyronamine in mice
Authors: Ju Hyunwoo , So Hyekyoung , Ha Kyungbong , Park Kyoungsook , Lee Ju‐Woon , Chung Chan‐Moon , Choi Inho
Published: December 2010

Despite significant medical benefits as in space exploration or emergency care, prolonged torpidity of non‐hibernator mammals remains unexplored to date. Here, we report that male Institute of Cancer Research mice could sustain two separate 2‐day torpor bouts and maintain body temperature of 28–33°C following repeated treatments of 3‐iodothyronamine (T1AM), a natural derivative of thyroid hormone. A 1‐day interbout arousal period, adopted to mimic the behavior of true hibernators, seemed critical for the subjects to restore physiological homeostasis. Molecular studies of neuron‐specific enolase, S100 calcium binding protein B and heat shock protein 72 suggested that the brain maintains functional and cytoprotective activities during sustained torpidity. Together, the results of this study propose a practical protocol using a torpor‐arousal cycle that can be applied to the extreme medical situations. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 853–858, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An integrated spectroscopic approach to investigate pigments and engobes on pre‐Roman pottery
Authors: De Benedetto Giuseppe E. , Nicolì Silvia , Pennetta Antonio , Rizzo Daniela , Sabbatini Luigia , Mangone Annarosa
Published: December 2010

Painted Canosa ceramics were examined to identify the nature of the pigments employed and their manufacturing technology. A multi‐technique approach was used, comprising Raman microspectroscopy and laser ablation hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). The analysed samples were mainly produced for burial in tombs and were not intended for everyday use. They belong to the period between the end of the mid‐7th century and the first half of the 4th century BC, and were excavated from the Toppicelli archaeological district near the suburbs of Canosa (Puglia, Italy). Forty‐eight pottery fragments were available for this study. No handling of the samples was required for the Raman study, and it was possible to excise the pigmented layer in such a way that the lacunae were not distinguishable to the naked eye due to the micrometric size of the laser spot as far as LA‐ICP‐MS is concerned. Their combination turned out to be quite useful for the investigation of these archaeological materials: the chemical nature of the white, red, brown and black pigments employed in the pottery manufacture was investigated. Iron and manganese compounds were identified as the red and brown/black main colouring substances, respectively; on the other hand, whites and engobes (whitish slips) were based on kaolinite. This set of colouring substances is of importance, as it enabled the artisan to obtain in one oxidising firing cycle brown, black and red paints. Finally, the finding of manganese black in these Canosa potsherds confirms that Canosa was an important centre connecting the near East to central Italy and Europe since the pre‐Roman age. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orientation of sp2 carbon nanoclusters in ion‐implanted polymethylmethacrylate as revealed by polarized Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ivanov Victor G. , Hadjichristov Georgi B.
Published: December 2010

Raman spectroscopy is widely used for the characterization of bonding type in carbon‐based materials, including carbonized surface layer in ion‐implanted polymers. Studies of the polarization properties of Raman scattering from amorphous carbonaceous materials, however, are very scarce. In this paper, we investigate the polarized Raman spectra of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) implanted with 50‐keV Si+ ions at fluences in the range 3.2 × 1014–1.0 × 1017 ions/cm2 and for different visible excitation wavelengths. The spectra of the implanted samples are dominated by the D‐ and G‐bands of sp2 carbon, which evidence strong carbonization of the ion‐modified layer. The multiwavelength excitation allowed us to resonantly probe the depolarization ratios for sp2 clusters of different sizes. We established that the depolarization ratio ρG of the G‐band correlates with the sp2 cluster size approaching the random orientation limit of 0.75 for the smallest clusters and a limiting value of 0.41 for the largest clusters. The experimental findings give evidence for a preferable orientation of the larger size clusters with their hexagonal planes perpendicular to the surface of the sample. A plausible explanation for such an arrangement is that the sp2 clusters form tile‐like arrangements along the ion tracks. This finding may give clues for understanding of the strong transconductance of the ion‐modified layer, and open prospects for the application of polarized Raman spectroscopy as a characterization tool for surface morphology in ion‐implanted materials. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐assisted extraction and in situ clean‐up for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken breast muscle by LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Xu Haoyan , Chen Ligang , Sun Lei , Sun Xin , Du Xiaobo , Wang Jian , Wang Tianyi , Zeng Qinglei , Wang Hui , Xu Yang , Zhang Xiaopan , Ding Lan
Published: December 2010

A new method was developed for the determination of six fluoroquinolone antibiotics including fleroxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, lomfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and sparfloxacin in chicken breast muscle, in which the extraction and clean‐up were performed in one step by microwave irradiation. The mixture of ACN containing 0.3% v/v phosphoric acid/water pH 3 (70:30, v/v) was used as the extraction solution and hexane was used as the clean‐up solution. The extract was analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry system. The RSDs of intra‐ and inter‐day obtained are in the range of 1.0–10.4 and 3.8–13.6%, respectively. In the three fortified levels of chicken breast muscle (20, 100, and 500 ng/g), the recoveries of fluoroquinolone antibiotics ranging from 66.0 to 97.2% are obtained. The LODs are in the range of 2.7–6.7 ng/g. This method simplifies the process of the sample preparation and reduces the operation errors.
Optimisation of ultra‐performance LC conditions using response surface methodology for rapid separation and quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in Artemisia minor
Authors: Zhou Yan , Fung‐Kei Choi Franky , He Zhi Zhou , Song Jing‐Zheng , Qiao Chun‐Feng , Liu Xin , Ding Li‐Sheng , Gesang Suo‐Lang , Xu Hong‐Xi
Published: December 2010

A method that couples rapid, sensitive, reproducible and accurate ultra‐performance LC (UPLC) with quadrupole‐TOF‐MS was established for the first simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in Artemisia minor. Box–Behnken designs (BBDs) were applied as an effective tool to optimise major parameters that influence the resolution of UPLC, including three gradient steps and column temperature. Under optimal UPLC conditions, a total of 23 phenolic compounds in the crude methanol extracts of A. minor were well separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm particle size) within 16.5 min, and the compounds were unequivocally or tentatively identified via comparisons with authentic standards and literature. In this study, a total of six major phenolic compounds were quantified in A. minor and the method was validated to be sensitive, precise and accurate within the LOD from 1.24 to 5.27 μg/mL, and the overall intra‐ and inter‐day variations in detection were less than 3.76%. The recovery of the method ranged from 97.9 to 103.8% with RSDs that were less than 5.8%. These results demonstrate that this approach has the potential for quality control of A. minor and other Tibetan herbal medicines.
Development of metastatic HER2+ breast cancer is independent of the adaptive immune system
Authors: Ciampricotti Metamia , Vrijland Kim , Hau Cheei‐Sing , Pemovska Tea , Doornebal Chris W , Speksnijder Ewoud N , Wartha Katharina , Jonkers Jos , de Visser Karin E
Published: December 2010

The tumour‐modulating effects of the endogenous adaptive immune system are rather paradoxical. Whereas some clinical and experimental observations offer compelling evidence for the existence of immunosurveillance, other studies have revealed promoting effects of the adaptive immune system on primary cancer development and metastatic disease. We examined the functional significance of the adaptive immune system as a regulator of spontaneous HER2+ breast tumourigenesis and pulmonary metastasis formation, using the MMTV–NeuT mouse model in which mammary carcinogenesis is induced by transgenic expression of the activated HER2/neu oncogene. Although T and B lymphocytes infiltrate human and experimental HER2+ breast tumours, genetic elimination of the adaptive immune system does not affect development of premalignant hyperplasias or primary breast cancers. In addition, we demonstrate that pulmonary metastasis formation in MMTV–NeuT mice is not dependent on the adaptive immune system. Thus, our findings reveal that spontaneous HER2‐driven mammary tumourigenesis and metastasis formation are neither suppressed, nor altered by immunosurveillance mechanisms, nor promoted by the adaptive immune system. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A combined quantum mechanical and experimental approach towards chiral diketopiperazine hydroperoxides
Authors: Argyrakis Wassiliki , Köppl Christoph , Werner Hans‐Joachim , Frey Wolfgang , Baro Angelika , Laschat Sabine
Published: December 2010

In order to improve hydroperoxide formation from heterocyclic compounds relating to the formation rate and to allow a suitable choice of starting materials for autoxidation, theoretical studies on a set of different amino acid‐derived diketopiperazines and pyrazinoquinazolines were carried out. To estimate their reactivity towards hydroperoxide formation, bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of tertiary α‐CH bonds as well as reaction enthalpies to the corresponding hydroperoxides were calculated at the B3LYP/TZVP and RMP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level of theory. The Evans–Polanyi relation was then used to correlate substrate reactivity with calculated BDEs. Thermal and zero point vibrational energy (ZPE) corrections were determined in the classical harmonic oscillator‐rigid rotor‐particle in a box model. While for the investigated set of diketopiperazines BDEs of 318.8–327.0 kJ mol−1 were found, BDEs for pyrazinoquinazolines spread between 248.4 and 368.4 kJ mol−1 at the B3LYP/TZVP level of theory. A selected subset of heterocycles was converted to the corresponding hydroperoxides and the diketopiperazines were obtained in up to 39% yield after 5–7 days, whereas the pyrazinoquinazoline hydroperoxides were isolated in up to 67% yield after 24 h. Thus, replacing an amido moiety in an N‐aryl‐imino moiety when using pyrazinoquinazolines instead of diketopiperazines leads indeed to an improved captodative stabilization of the radical intermediate. Furthermore the theoretical calculations allowed a distinctive forecast of the preferred regioisomeric hydroperoxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regiospecific naphthyl nitration of 5,10,15,20‐tetranaphthylporphyrin
Authors: Li Jun , Raabe Gerhard , Yang Gao‐mai , Duan Ming‐yue , Mele Giuseppe , Zhang Feng‐xing
Published: December 2010

The nitration reaction of 5,10,15,20‐tetranaphthylporphyrin (TNP) was investigated in detail and the mono‐, di‐, and tri‐nitro‐TNPs were synthesized in high yield using 65% HNO3. The 1H‐NMR study shows that the preferred site of nitration of the naphthyl substituted porphyrin is the carbon atom of the meso‐substituents para to its bond to the porphyrin ring. The reaction leads to exquisite regioselectivity in favor of the mono, di, and tri‐nitro‐TNP. Quantum‐chemical ab initio calculations at different levels of theory were performed in order to explain the experimentally observed reactivity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and chiroptical properties of chiral binaphthyl‐containing polyfluorene derivatives
Authors: Liu Zi‐Tong , Huang Yi‐Yong , Li Yong , He Yan‐Mei , Fan Qing‐Hua
Published: December 2010

New chiral binaphthyl‐containing polyfluorene (PF) derivatives, PFOH, PFMOM, and PFP, bearing different binaphthyl units ((S)‐2,2′‐bis(methoxymethoxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl for PFMOM, (S)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diol for PFOH, and (S)‐2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphinyl)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl for PFP) in the backbone have been designed and synthesized through Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki polycondensation. Their properties have been investigated in detail by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, TGA, DSC, UV–vis, photoluminescence (in solutions, in thin films before and after annealing), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic methods compared with poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl) (PF). The resulting copolymers possessed excellent solubility in organic solvents and emitted strong blue light. The phosphine oxide‐containing copolymers PFP and PFMOM exhibited higher quantum yields and better thermal spectral stability in comparison with PF. All the copolymers exhibited obviously the linearly polarized photoluminescent properties both in solutions and in solid states. High emission polarization ratios (RPL) of PFP were observed with no obvious decrease upon thermal annealing. In addition, investigation of the CD spectroscopic properties of these copolymers in THF solutions indicated that the chirality of the binaphthyls could be transferred to the whole PF backbone. All these results demonstrated that introduction of the chiral binaphthyls, particularly BINAPO, into the backbone could effectively improve the performances of the copolymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Going global in physical therapist education: International service‐learning in US‐based programmes
Authors: Pechak Celia , Thompson Mary
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose. Internationalization is expanding its presence in higher education in the United States. Reflecting this trend that includes incorporating global perspectives in the curricula, physical therapist education programmes increasingly offer international opportunities such as International Service‐Learning (ISL) to their students. Service‐learning, a teaching strategy that integrates community service with structured learning activities, has gained broad acceptance in health professions education including physical therapy, and is therefore the focus of this paper. The specific purposes of this paper were to identify and analyse the commonalities that existed among established ISL programmes within physical therapist education programmes in terms of structures and processes, and to consider its broader implications for physical therapist education. Methods. A descriptive, exploratory study was performed using grounded theory. Snowball and purposive, theoretical sampling yielded 14 faculty members with experience in international service, international learning or ISL in physical therapist education programmes. Faculty were interviewed by phone. Interview transcriptions and course documents were analysed applying grounded theory methodology. Data from eight programmes which met the operational definition of established ISL were used to address the purposes of this paper. Results. Five phases of establishing an ISL programme were identified: development, design, implementation, evaluation, and enhancement. Although no single model exists for ISL in physical therapist education; commonalities in structures and processes were identified in each phase. However, attention to service objectives and outcomes is lacking. Conclusions. While analysis revealed that each programme shared commonalities and demonstrated differences in structures and processes compared with the other programmes, the study demonstrated a general lack of focus on formal community outcomes which raises ethical concerns. Future research and dialogue is warranted to explore ethics and good practice in ISL and other global health initiatives in physical therapy. This study may facilitate reflections and creative solutions by individual faculty and the profession. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of force field parameters for oxyluciferin on its electronic ground and excited states
Authors: Song Chang‐Ik , Rhee Young Min
Published: December 2010

Construction of force field parameters of the oxyluciferin molecule on its electronic ground and excited states is presented. Several new approaches are introduced for more reliable parameterization: argon‐scanning, Hessian matching, and constrained‐group parameterization. The Ar‐scanning approach is for fitting Lennard‐Jones parameters so that the constructed force field can mimic the changes in ab initio energy of oxyluciferin‐argon pair at various argon positions. The Hessian matching procedure is to closely reproduce the second derivative matrix of the bonded interaction terms of the force field functions, in comparison with the quantum chemically obtained results. The constrained‐group algorithm is applied for both of these approaches to enable an automated atom‐type‐based parameterization. For complete description of the force field of the oxyluciferin molecule, we have also adopted the second order perturbatively corrected one‐particle density matrices to obtain the atomic partial charges within the conventional framework of the restrained electrostatic potential fit. With the availability of the full force field parameter sets, the differences in condensed‐phase dynamics on the two states can be investigated. As a simple demonstration, molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous oxyluciferin solution have been performed. The surrounding water structures for the two cases are analyzed by inspecting both the static solvent distribution functions as well as time variation of solvent–solute interaction. The contributions of charge–charge and dispersive interactions toward the solvation dynamics are also discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Fragmentation study of iridoid glycosides including epimers by liquid chromatography‐diode array detection/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and its application in metabolic fingerprint analysis of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis
Authors: Zhou Tingting , Liu Hua , Wen Jun , Fan Guorong , Chai Yifeng , Wu Yutian
Published: December 2010

A high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detection/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD/ESI‐MS) method was applied to the characterization of ten iridoid glycosides in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, a traditional Chinese medicine. During the process of structural elucidation, two groups of isomers including two epimers were structurally characterized and differentiated according to their distinctive fragmentation patterns which were closely related to their isomeric differentiations. Subsequently, the major compounds were purified by multi‐dimensional chromatography and semi‐preparative HPLC and the structure identification was confirmed with NMR techniques. The major fragmentation pathways of iridoid glycosides in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis obtained through the MS data were schemed systematically, which provided the best sensitivity and specificity for characterization of the iridoid glycosides especially the isomers so far. Based on the fragmentation patterns of iridoid glycosides concluded, seven major iridoid glycosides were characterized in rat plasma after intravenous administration of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplified capillary electrophoresis nanospray sheath‐flow interface for high efficiency and sensitive peptide analysis
Authors: Wojcik Roza , Dada Oluwatosin O. , Sadilek Martin , Dovichi Norman J.
Published: December 2010

We report a simple nanospray sheath‐flow interface for capillary electrophoresis. This interface relies on electrokinetic flow to drive both the separation and the electrospray; no mechanical pump is used for the sheath flow. This system was interfaced with an LCQ mass spectrometer. The best results were observed with a 2‐µm diameter emitter tip and a 1‐mm spacing between the separation capillary tip and the emitter tip. Under these conditions, mass detection limits (3σ) of 100 amol were obtained for insulin receptor fragment 1142‐1153. The separation efficiency exceeded 200,000 plates for this compound. The relative standard deviation generated during continual infusion of a 50 µM solution of angiotensin II was 2% for the total ion count and 3% for the extracted ion count over a 40‐min period. Finally, the interface was also demonstrated for negative ion mode. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.