Spectral Sizing of a Coarse Spectral Resolution Satellite Sensor for XCO2
Authors: Wilzewski Jonas Simon , Roiger Anke , Strandgren Johan , Landgraf Jochen , Feist Dietrich G. , Velazco Voltaire A. , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Morino Isamu , Ohyama Hirofumi , Té Yao , Kivi Rigel , Warneke Thorsten , Notholt Justus , Dubey Manvendra , Sussmann Ralf , Rettinger Markus , Hase Frank , Shiomi Kei , Butz André 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Verifying anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions globally is essential to inform about the progress of institutional efforts to mitigate man-made climate forcing. To monitor localized emission sources, spectroscopic satellite sensors have been proposed that operate on the CO2 absorption bands in the shortwave-infrared (SWIR) spectral range with ground resolution as fine as a few tens to about a hundred meters. When designing such sensors, fine ground resolution requires a trade-off towards coarse spectral resolution in order to achieve sufficient noise performance. Since fine ground resolution also implies limited ground coverage, such sensors are envisioned to fly in fleets of satellites, requiring low-cost and simple design, e.g. by restricting the spectrometer to a single spectral band. Here, we use measurements of the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) to evaluate the spectral resolution and spectral band selection of a prospective satellite sensor with fine ground resolution. To this end, we degrade GOSAT SWIR spectra of the CO2 bands at 1.6 (SWIR-1) and 2.0 μm (SWIR-2) to coarse spectral resolution, and we evaluate retrievals of the column-averaged dry-air mole-fractions of CO2 (XCO2) by comparison to ground-truth provided by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and by comparison to global native GOSAT retrievals with native spectral resolution and spectral band selection. Coarsening spectral resolution from GOSAT's native resolving power of > 20,000 to the range of 700 to a few thousand makes the scatter of differences between the SWIR-1 and SWIR-2 retrievals and TCCON increase moderately. For resolving powers of 1,600 (SWIR-1) and 1,200 (SWIR-2), the scatter increases from 2.4 ppm (native) to 3.0 ppm for SWIR-1 and 3.3 ppm for SWIR-2. Coarser spectral resolution yields only marginally worse performance than the native GOSAT configuration in terms of station-to-station variability and geophysical parameter correlations for the TCCON-GOSAT differences. Comparing the SWIR-1 and SWIR-2 configurations to native GOSAT retrievals on the global scale, however, reveals that the coarse resolution SWIR-1 and SWIR-2 configurations suffer from some spurious correlations with geophysical parameters that characterize the light-scattering properties of the scene such as particle amount, size, height and surface albedo. Overall, the SWIR-1 and SWIR-2 configurations with resolving powers of 1,600 and 1,200 show promising performance for future sensor design in terms of random error sources while residual errors induced by light-scattering along the lightpath need to be investigated further. Due to the stronger CO2 absorption bands in SWIR-2 than in SWIR-1, the former has the advantage that measurement noise propagates less into the retrieved XCO2 and that some retrieval information on particle scattering properties is accessible.