bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Active Photoreduction of Atmospheric‐Concentration CO2 into CH3COOH over Palladium Particles on Nb2O5 Nanosheets
Authors: Ding Jinyu , Du Peijin , Li Peipei , Liu Wenxiu , Xu Jiaqi , Yan Wensheng , Pan Yang , Hu Jun , Zhu Junfa , Chen Qingxia , Jiao Xingchen , Xie Yi
Published: September 2024

The endeavor to drive CO2 photoreduction towards the synthesis of C2 products is largely thwarted by the colossal energy hurdle inherent in C−C coupling. Herein, we load active metal particles on metal oxide nanosheets to build the dual metal pair sites for steering C−C coupling to form C2 products. Taking Pd particles anchored on the Nb2O5 nanosheets as an example, the high‐angle annular dark‐field image and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrate the presence of Pd−Nb metal pair sites on the Pd‐Nb2O5 nanosheets. Density functional theory calculations reveal these sites exhibit a low reaction energy barrier of only 1.02 eV for C−C coupling, implying that the introduction of Pd particles effectively tailors the reaction step to form C2 products. Therefore, the Pd‐Nb2O5 nanosheets achieve a CH3COOH evolution rate of 13.5 μmol g−1 h−1 in photoreduction of atmospheric‐concentration CO2, outshining all other single photocatalysts reported to date under analogous conditions.
Static Organic p‐n Junctions in Photoelectrodes for Solar Ammonia Production with 86 % Internal Quantum Efficiency
Authors: Fang Yanjie , Li Mengjie , Gao Yifan , Wen Yingke , Shan Bing
Published: September 2024

For photoelectrocatalytic cells, a limitation exists in finding appropriate photoelectrode configurations that couple efficient extraction of high‐energy electrons from absorbed photons and selective catalysis. Here we report an organic p‐n junction approach to fabricate molecular photoelectrodes for conversion of solar energy and nitrate into valuable ammonia product. Solar irradiation of the photoelectrode generates charge‐separated states with electrons and holes spatially separated at the n‐type and p‐type components, as revealed by surface photovoltage mapping, at a quantum yield of 90 %. The high‐flux photogenerated electrons are rapidly transferred to the catalyst for solar ammonia production from nitrate reduction at an external quantum efficiency (EQE) and an internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 57 % and 86 %, respectively. Time‐resolved spectroscopic studies reveal that the large IQE originates from the combined high efficiencies for photoelectron generation, catalyst activation and dark catalysis. In a flow‐cell setup coupled with a silicon solar cell, the photoelectrode without bias generates photocurrent of 57 mA cm−2 and ammonia at an EQE of 52 %.
Structure‐Agnostic Bioactivity‐Driven Combinatorial Biosynthesis Reveals New Antidiabetic and Anticancer Triterpenoids
Authors: Zhao Yong , Duan Yao‐Tao , Zang Jie , Raadam Morten H. , Pateraki Irini , Miettinen Karel , Staerk Dan , Kampranis Sotirios C.
Published: September 2024

Although combinatorial biosynthesis can dramatically expand the chemical structures of bioactive natural products to identify molecules with improved characteristics, progress in this direction has been hampered by the difficulty in isolating and characterizing the numerous produced compounds. This challenge could be overcome with improved designs that enable the analysis of the bioactivity of the produced metabolites ahead of the time‐consuming isolation procedures. Herein, we showcase a structure‐agnostic bioactivity‐driven combinatorial biosynthesis workflow that introduces bioactivity assessment as a selection‐driving force to guide iterative combinatorial biosynthesis rounds towards enzyme combinations with increasing bioactivity. We apply this approach to produce triterpenoids with potent bioactivity against PTP1B, a promising molecular target for diabetes and cancer treatment. We demonstrate that the bioactivity‐guided workflow can expedite the combinatorial process by enabling the narrowing down of more than 1000 possible combinations to only five highly potent candidates. By focusing the isolation and structural elucidation effort on only these five strains, we reveal 20 structurally diverse triterpenoids, including four new compounds and a novel triterpenoid‐anthranilic acid hybrid, as potent PTP1B inhibitors. This workflow expedites hit identification by combinatorial biosynthesis and is applicable to many other types of bioactive natural products, therefore providing a strategy for accelerated drug discovery.
Polyoxometalate‐Based Single‐Atom Catalyst with Precise Structure and Extremely Exposed Active Site for Efficient H2 Evolution
Authors: Zhang Zhuo‐Ran , Sui He‐Yu , Shi Wen‐Xiong , Ren Jing , Yao Shuang , Lu Tong‐Bu , Zhang Zhi‐Ming
Published: September 2024

Single‐atom catalysts with precise structure and extremely high catalytic efficiency remain a fervent focus in the fields of materials chemistry and catalytic science. Herein, a nickel‐substituted polyoxometalate (POM) {NiSb6O4(H2O)3[β‐Ni(hmta)SbW8O31]3}15− (NiPOM) with one extremely exposed nickel site [NiO3(H2O)3] was synthesized using the conventional aqueous method. The uniform dispersion of single nickel center with well‐defined structure was facilely achieved by anchoring nanosized NiPOM on graphene oxide (GO). The resulting NiPOM/GO can couple with CdS photoabsorber for the construction of low‐cost and ultra‐efficient hydrogen evolution system. The H2 yield can reach to 2753.27 mmol gPOM−1 h−1, which represents a record value among all the POM‐based photocatalytic systems. Remarkablely, an extremely high hydrogen yield of 3647.28 mmol gPOM−1 h−1 was achieved with simultaneous photooxidation of commercial waste plastic, representing the first POM‐based photocatalytic system for H2 evolution and waste plastic conversion. This work highlights a straightforward strategy for constructing extremely exposed single‐metal site with precise microenvironment by facilely manipulating nanosized molecular cluster to control individual atom.
Entropy‐Modulated Short‐Chain Cathode for Low‐Temperature All‐Solid‐State Li−S Batteries
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhang Yan , Liu Qingsong , Song Yajie , Li Xu , Ren Liping , Yin Geping , Lou Shuaifeng , Wang Jiajun
Published: September 2024

All‐solid‐state Li−S batteries (ASSLSBs) due to high theoretical energy density and exceptional safety are highly desirable for electric aircraft. However, as the flight altitude rises, the low‐temperature performance is hampered by inadequate practical capacity. Here, we discover that low‐temperature sulfur utilization is constrained by the multi‐step endothermic conversion reaction. By introducing multi‐chalcogen to modulate the local entropy, a short‐chain molecule cathode is designed to shorten the reduction pathways and enhance low‐temperature discharge capacity. Furthermore, the mismatched lithiation lattice of the short‐chain cathode reduces the decomposition energy barriers, thus enhancing low‐temperature charge/discharge reversibility. The designed short‐chain cathode exhibits high cathode utilization (99.4 %) and cycling stability (400 cycles, 92.2 % retention) at room temperature, as well as delivers excellent discharge capacity (579.6 mAh g−1, −40 °C) and cycling performance (100 cycles, 98.4 % retention, 394.9 Wh kg−1electrode, −20 °C) at low temperature. This study presents new opportunities to stimulate the development of low‐temperature ASSLSBs.
Photocatalytic PPh3‐Mediated Synthesis of C3‐Functionalized Indoles via Radical Annulation of Nitroarenes and Alkenes
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Wiethoff Maxim‐Aleksa , Studer Armido
Published: September 2024

Oxidatively generated phosphine radical cations are reactive intermediates that can be used for the generation of carbon and heteroatom centered radicals via deoxygenation processes. Such P‐radical cations can readily be generated via single electron transfer oxidation using a redox catalyst. Cheap and commercially available nitroarenes are ideal nitrogen sources for the construction of organic amines and N‐containing heterocycles. Activation of nitroarenes with phosphines has been achieved in the ionic mode, which requires specially designed P‐nucleophiles and high temperatures. Herein, we report an alternative mode of nitro activation that proceeds via a radical process. The radical strategy leads to open shell intermediates that show interesting unexplored reactivity. This is documented by the development of an economic and highly efficient synthesis of valuable indole derivatives through photocatalytic PPh3‐mediated annulation of nitroarenes with alkenes showing large functional group tolerance. The method allows room‐temperature activation of nitroarenes and a double C−H bond functionalization of alkenes is achieved to provide rapid access to C3‐functionalized indoles, which are key structural components of diverse natural and drug molecules. Experimental mechanistic studies that are further supported by DFT calculations indicate that a nitrosoarene radical cation plays a key role in the annulation process.
Identifying a Self‐Sustaining Population, Spawning Site and Population Size of the Danube Salmon Hucho hucho Using the Citizen Science Approach
Authors: Jakšić Goran , Piria Marina , Bočić Neven
Published: September 2024

The last populations of Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) in Croatia are found in the Kupa and Una rivers. However, the size of the suitable area that could serve as the best spawning ground for the remnant Danube salmon population in these rivers is not known. This study aimed to leverage anglers' experiences to determine the sections of the Una and Kupa rivers where the last populations of Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) in Croatia are most abundant, identify potential spawning sites and assess threats that could impact the species' existence. The Kupica river emerged as a tributary of the Kupa river with a large Danube salmon population in Croatia. Experienced divers conducted three dives along a 350‐m transect in the Kupica river, estimating a total of 13 Danube salmon individuals ranging from 50 to 115 cm in total length, in pool and run mesohabitat types. In the Kupa and Kupica rivers, the survey identified 25 Danube salmon spawning sites. The primary local threats identified for the Danube salmon population include small hydropower plants, the construction of a radioactive waste disposal site, water abstraction, the removal of riparian vegetation, overfishing and climate change. Based on the results of this study, we strongly recommend the implementation of protective measures against these threats and the establishment of an ichthyological reserve specifically for Danube salmon in the Kupica river. This recommendation aligns with the EU Biodiversity Strategy, emphasizing the need to identify designated areas by 2030.
Leichte Deckenelemente aus Carbonbeton
Authors: Vakaliuk Iurii , Scheerer Silke , Curbach Manfred
Published: September 2024

In biegebeanspruchten Betonbauteilen wird ein großer Anteil des verbauten Materials unzureichend ausgenutzt. Mehr Materialeffizienz kann bspw. durch die strukturelle Auflösung des normalerweise massiven Bauteilinneren erreicht werden. Im vorgestellten Projekt wird dies durch lasttragende filigrane Carbonbetonquerschnitte realisiert. Im Beitrag werden zuerst die Methode des Herstellens solch filigraner Strukturen mittels Gießen bei Unterdruck vorgestellt und die in Standardtests erzielten Materialeigenschaften diskutiert. Anschließend werden das Design von zwei 1,8 m × 1,8 m großen Platten und deren Tragverhalten im 9‐Punkt‐Biegeversuch beschrieben und mit numerischen Simulationen verglichen. Zum Schluss wird ein Ausblick auf die zukünftige Forschung gegeben.
Inetetamab combined with sirolimus and chemotherapy for the treatment of HER2‐positive metastatic breast cancer patients with abnormal activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway after trastuzumab treatment
Authors: Li Qiao , Lv Dan , Sun Xiaoying , Wang Mengyuan , Cai Li , Liu Feng , Li Chenghui , Zhao Jiuda , Sun Jing , Shi Yehui , Ma Fei
Published: September 2024

Background

We explored the efficacy and safety of inetetamab combined with sirolimus and chemotherapy for the treatment of human epidermal factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive metastatic breast cancer patients with abnormal activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR (PAM) pathway after trastuzumab treatment.

Methods

For this prospective multicenter clinical study, HER2‐positive metastatic breast cancer patients with PAM pathway mutations confirmed by histology or peripheral blood genetic testing were enrolled from July 2021 to September 2022. Patients were randomly assigned to a trial or control group. The patients in the trial group received inetetamab combined with sirolimus and chemotherapy, while the control group patients received pyrotinib and chemotherapy. The RECIST v1.1 standard was used to evaluate efficacy. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the clinicopathological features, and the Kaplan–Meier method was used to generate survival curves. The log‐rank test was used to compare progression‐free survival (PFS) between the two groups.

Results

A total of 59 HER2‐positive metastatic breast cancer patients with abnormal activation of the PAM pathway were included, of which 37 received inetetamab combined with sirolimus and chemotherapy treatment and 22 received pyrotinib and chemotherapy treatment. The median PFS was 4.64 months in the inetetamab group and 5.69 months in the pyrotinib group, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.507). The objective response rates were 27.3% for the inetetamab group and 29.4% for the pyrotinib group. The safety assessment indicated that the adverse event (AE) incidences were 86.1% (31/36) in the inetetamab group and 78.9 (15/19) in the pyrotinib group, with 9 (25%) and four (21.1%) Grade 3/4 AEs in the inetetamab and pyrotinib groups, respectively.

Conclusions

For metastatic HER2‐positive breast cancer patients with abnormal PAM pathway activation and previous trastuzumab treatment, the combination of inetetamab with sirolimus and chemotherapy is equivalent to the combination of pyrotinib and chemotherapy. Therefore, this regimen could be a treatment option for PAM pathway‐activated metastatic HER2‐positive breast cancer patients.
What do clients think about amplifying positivity? Client change perspectives following a cognitive and behavioural positive activity intervention for anxiety and depression
Authors: Satchwell Margaret K. , Hoffman Samantha N. , Rassaby Madeleine M. , Bowers Thomas J. , Taylor Charles T.
Published: September 2024

Background

The positive valence system (PVS) is increasingly recognised as an important target in facilitating recovery from anxiety and depression. Amplification of positivity (AMP), a cognitive and behavioural intervention, targets the PVS through repeated and intentional activities (e.g. savouring positive experiences, gratitude and acts of kindness). Initial data demonstrate that AMP engages positive valence targets (e.g. positive affect) and outcomes (e.g. social connectedness) in people seeking treatment for anxiety or depression; however, client perspectives on AMP are not well understood. This study aimed to qualitatively explore clients' experiences to better understand post‐treatment client changes and advance the development and effectiveness of AMP and other emerging positive valence‐focussed interventions.

Methods

Transcripts were analysed from 11 participants who completed an optional qualitative interview after completing AMP treatment in a randomised controlled trial (NCT04945239).

Results

Two superordinate themes with several subthemes emerged. The first theme, Changes in Self, revealed common changes consistent with the core targets of AMP, as well as changes less explicitly targeted by AMP. The second theme, The Positivity Pivot, uncovered clients' perceptions on the emphasis of positive emotions in treatment. Overall, clients enjoyed and reaped benefits from amplifying positivity; some clients also reported wanting more time and space to discuss negative valence symptoms.

Conclusion

People seeking treatment for anxiety or depression are receptive to amplifying positivity and experience the mental and social benefits of doing so. Positive valence‐centred treatments may therefore be valuable for some clients. Treatment protocols that integrate positive valence‐ and negative valence‐targeted approaches may be preferred by some clients.
New Insights into the Antibacterial Activity of Hydroxytyrosol Extracted from Olive Leaves: Molecular Docking Simulations of its Antibacterial Mechanisms
Authors: Ben Hassena Amal , Abidi Jihen , Miled Nabil , Kulinowski Łukasz , Skalicka‐Woźniak Krystyna , Bouaziz Mohamed
Published: September 2024

This study investigated the biological activities of a hydroxytyrosol‐rich extract from Olea europaea leaves, particularly its ability to eradicate severe pathogenic bacteria producing Extended‐Spectrum Beta‐Lactamases (ESBLs). The latter bacteria are emerging microorganisms that pose significant challenges due to their resistance to a broad range of potent therapeutic drugs.

The extract was prepared through an accessible acid hydrolysis method. In vitro and In silico analyses through MIC, MBC analysis and molecular docking were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial properties.

The extract showed remarkable antioxidant activity and significant antibacterial potential against reference species and ESBL bacteria. MIC and MBC calculations confirmed the extract's capacity to kill bacteria rather than just inhibit their growth. Further in silico analyzes demonstrated the high binding affinity of HT to the active sites of the gyrase B subunit and the peptidoglycan DD‐transpeptidase domain from proteins located in the cytoplasm and the cell wall of the bacteria, respectively. Results confirmed the structure‐activity relationship and the ability of HT to disrupt essential bacterial functions.

This study validates the debated antimicrobial potential of HT and highlights its importance as a potential therapeutic agent against resistant bacteria, which is a critical area of research given the global challenge of antibiotic resistance.
A New 19(10→9)Abeo‐Euphane Triterpenoid with other Terpenoid Components from Trichilia dregeana Leaves and their NO Production Inhibitory Activities in LPS‐Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Mba Nguekeu Yves M. , Kodama Takeshi , Paing Htoo Zin , Matheuda Elodie Gaële , Tsepeupon Matchide Marie G. , Augustin Ngouela Silvère , Tene Mathieu , Ducret Awouafack Maurice , Morita Hiroyuki
Published: September 2024

Trichilia dregeana Sond. (Meliaceae) is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat wounds. The anti‐inflammatory potential of the ethyl acetate leaf extract and the presence of euphane‐type triterpenes in this extract have recently been reported by our group. Further investigation of the remaining subfractions of the ethyl acetate fraction afforded a new 19(10→9)abeo‐euphane‐type triterpenoid (1), along with six known terpenoids (2–7). The structure of the new compound was elucidated by analyses of the HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D and 2D NMR data and by comparison with previously reported data. We investigated the ability of the compounds to modulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The known compounds 3 and 6 exhibited moderate (IC50 72.06 μM) and mild (IC50 98.84 μM) inhibitory activities, respectively, without cytotoxic effects on the cells. These results, in conjunction with our previous findings, emphasize the significant role of terpenoid components in the anti‐inflammatory efficacy of T. dregeana leaves and indicate that the rare 3,10‐epoxy‐19(10→9)abeo‐euphane triterpenoids could serve as a chemotaxonomic marker for T. dregeana.
A High‐Throughput Visual Screen for the Directed Evolution of Cβ‐stereoselectivity of L‐threonine Aldolase
Authors: Zhao You‐Xue , Li Hai‐Peng , Cheng Li‐Hang , Li Chun‐Xiu , Pan Jiang , Xu Jian‐He
Published: September 2024

L‐Threonine aldolase (L‐TA) is a pyridoxal phosphate‐dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible condensation of glycine and aldehydes to form β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids. The combination of directed evolution and efficient high‐throughput screening methods is an effective strategy for enhancing the enzyme's catalytic performance. However, few feasible high‐throughput methods exist for engineering the Cβ‐stereoselectivity of L‐TAs. Here, we present a novel method of screening for variants with improved Cβ‐stereoselectivity; this method couples an L‐threo‐phenylserine dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the specific oxidation of L‐threo‐4‐methylsulfonylphenylserine (L‐threo‐MTPS), with the concurrent synthesis of NADPH, which is easily detectable via 340‐nm UV absorption. This enables the visual detection of L‐threo‐MTPS produced by L‐TA through the measurement of generated NADPH. Using this method, we discover an L‐TA variant with significantly higher diastereoselectivity, increasing from 0.98 % de (for the wild‐type) to 71.9 % de.
Desaturation after Fontan procedure due to systemic venous collateral and improvement after closure with embolization
Authors: Tsoutsinos Alexandros , Kakava Felicia , Kanakis Meletios , Samanidis George , Despotopoulos Stefanos , Vagenakis George , Apostolopoulou Sotiria , Papagiannis John , Rammos Spyridon
Published: September 2024

Key Clinical Message

Systemic to pulmonary venous collaterals (SPVCs) are common findings in patients with Fontan and may be responsible for desaturation in this group of patients. In selected cases, percutaneous closure of SPVCs with coils or vascular plugs could be offered as a safe and effective treatment modality for these patients.

A 27‐year‐old female patient who had operated primarily with Glenn operation and she underwent later a lateral tunnel Fontan operation. After 5 years, she presented with desaturation due to significant systemic to pulmonary venous collateral development, and a decision was made to proceed with interventional occlusion. Afterward, the arterial saturations increased.
Unraveling the Role of the Nitrate Ion and Solvent Water on the O─O Bond Formation Step in Fe─TAML Catalyzed Water Oxidation
Authors: Li Ying‐Ying , Eisses Aaron , Meijer Evert Jan , Chen Si‐Xiang , Liao Rong‐Zhen
Published: September 2024

Density functional theory‐based molecular dynamics (DFT‐MD) combined with an explicit solvation model were employed to further elucidate the O─O bond formation step in Fe─TAML catalyzed water oxidation reaction. The water nucleophilic attack (WNA) and nitrate nucleophilic attack (NNA) on the oxo group of the high‐valent [TAML+•─Fe5+═O] species were calculated to have comparable active barriers (24 kcal/mol versus 22 kcal/mol). This suggests nitrate ion can behave as a cocatalyst to promote the O─O bond formation. More importantly, a crucial role of the presence and thermal motion of solvent water in the NNA process was observed. This was quantified by an increase of the activation energy barrier by 4 kcal/mol, determined by comparing the explicit solvent DFT‐MD simulation with implicit solvent static DFT calculation.
Two Optimization Approaches for a Small‐Scale Power‐to‐Ammonia Cycle
Authors: Koschwitz Pascal , Roß Leon , Epple Bernd
Published: September 2024

Ammonia is a promising carbon‐free energy vector. Small‐scale renewable power‐to‐ammonia (P2A) is particularly suited for isolated agricultural areas where ammonia can be used as fuel and fertilizer. This work compares two approaches to simulate and optimize the steady‐state behavior of a novel small‐scale P2A process: Aspen Plus® and MOSAIC®. Aspen Plus® is a commercial flow sheeting software whereas MOSAIC® is a freeware where equations and thermochemical properties need to be specified by hand. It can be shown that the results of MOSAIC® and Aspen Plus® are qualitatively comparable, but not identical. This suggests that the model in MOSAIC® can be improved further, starting with the implementation of a more accurate numeric reactor kinetics and equation of state.
Epitaxially Growing 2D RGB Trichromatic Cocrystal Nanomeshes to Trigger Cross‐Modulation White Light Emission
Authors: Luo Wenyubin , Zhang Cheng , Yang Shan , Ding Lei , Li Yang , Sun Yanqiu , Zhang Qichun
Published: September 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Considering their oriented crystalline structure and high luminescent efficiency, the exploration of multi‐component organic cocrystal systems with tunable supramolecular nanostructures and potential RGB light emission has emerged as a captivating but challenging subject. Here, we propose a straightforward synthetic strategy to precisely govern the assembly, structure and structure‐property relationship of organic cocrystals. By employing the single‐crystalline template‐assisted epitaxial growth (SCT‐EG) method, the two‐dimensional (2D) highly‐aligned cocrystal nanomeshes are firstly developed to afford an exceptional RGB trichromatic system, triggering cross‐modulation white light emission (WLE) with remarkable stability and regeneration capacity over six months. The transformation from random 1D microstructures to uniformly‐oriented 2D nanomeshes can be attributed to the regulatory competitive intermolecular π‐π, CT interactions, and partial H bond interactions among cocrystals. Moreover, the successful construction of 2D RGB trichromatic cocrystal nanomeshes system holds promise to generate full‐color display, which can function as multicolor inks for photonic dynamic recognition, information encryption, and decryption.
Crystallographic and Selectivity Studies on the Approved HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors Desidustat and Enarodustat
Authors: Corner Thomas P. , Salah Eidarus , Tumber Anthony , Kaur Samanpreet , Nakashima Yu , Allen Mark D. , Schnaubelt Lara I. , Fiorini Giorgia , Brewitz Lennart , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: September 2024

Prolyl hydroxylase domain‐containing proteins 1–3 (PHD1–3) are 2‐oxoglutarate (2OG)‐dependent oxygenases catalysing C‐4 hydroxylation of prolyl residues in α‐subunits of the heterodimeric transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF), modifications that promote HIF‐α degradation via the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of the PHDs induces HIF‐α stabilisation, so promoting HIF target gene transcription. PHD inhibitors are used to treat anaemia caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to their ability to stimulate erythropoietin (EPO) production. We report studies on the effects of the approved PHD inhibitors Desidustat and Enarodustat, and the clinical candidate TP0463518, on activities of a representative set of isolated recombinant human 2OG oxygenases. The three molecules manifest selectivity for PHD inhibition over that of the other 2OG oxygenases evaluated. We obtained crystal structures of Desidustat and Enarodustat in complex with the human 2OG oxygenase factor inhibiting hypoxia‐inducible factor‐α (FIH), which, together with modelling studies, inform on the binding modes of Desidustat and Enarodustat to active site Fe(II) in 2OG oxygenases, including PHD1–3. The results will help in the design of selective inhibitors of both the PHDs and other 2OG oxygenases, which are of medicinal interest due to their involvement inter alia in metabolic regulation, epigenetic signalling, DNA‐damage repair, and agrochemical resistance.
Combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and radiotherapy in locally advanced esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma: A review
Authors: Abyaneh Romina , Ghalehtaki Reza , Sanford Nina N.
Published: September 2024

Esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (EGJ‐AC) poses a significant global health burden, characterized by high incidence rates and poor prognosis. Despite advancements in treatment modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy (RT), locally advanced EGJ‐AC management remains challenging. Various preclinical and clinical studies have provided insights into the synergistic effects of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with RT, further supporting the combination therapy in EGJ‐AC. Immunotherapy, particularly ICIs, has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach in various malignancies, including EGJ‐AC. This narrative review aims to critically examine the rationale behind combining ICIs with standard treatment modalities, including RT or chemoradiotherapy, in the preoperative setting for locally advanced EGJ‐AC. A comprehensive literature search identified eight phase 2 randomized clinical trials evaluating the safety profile and oncologic outcomes of adding ICI agents to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in this population. The results of enrolled trials show that the combination of ICIs with standard treatment modalities is a promising approach for improving survival and pathological response in patients with locally advanced EGJ‐AC. This combination treatment was associated with mostly grade 1–2 immune‐related toxicities, indicating its safety and tolerability. There were higher rates of complete or major pathologic responses compared to historical controls. Further studies, including large‐scale randomized controlled trials, are needed to address remaining questions regarding the efficacy, safety, and long‐term outcomes of combination therapy in this population.
Theoretical Prediction of Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts Based on Tantalum Phosphide
Authors: Sun Jun‐Chao , Wang Yong
Published: September 2024

Ta‐based transition metal catalysts have shown significant catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in recent studies. However, the application of tantalum phosphide (TaP) in the HER has not been documented. Herein, a systematic study of TaP catalysts was performed through density functional theory (DFT). The performance of TaP (004) for the HER was predicted. Thermodynamic analyses of Ta‐terminated and P‐terminated surfaces with adsorbed hydrogen atoms were conducted, and the HER mechanism on TaP (004) surfaces was carefully investigated. Theoretical results revealed that TaP (004) exhibits excellent HER activity (ΔGH*=0.0456 eV), and both the Ta‐terminated and P‐terminated surfaces follow the Volmer‐Heyrovsky mechanism under acidic conditions, with the Volmer step being the rate‐determining step. A mixed surface strategy was also applied to explore the synergistic effects of Ta‐terminated and P‐terminated surfaces, which enhanced the HER activity. Additionally, the study screened dopants to assess their impact on the HER activity, revealing that doping with S, Ni, Co, Fe, and Cr could improve the HER performance.
An Innovative Biphasic Reaction System for Highly Selective Benzene Hydroxylation based on Photocatalytic Polymer Composites
Authors: Mancuso Antonietta , Picca Rosaria Anna , Izzi Margherita , Di Franco Cinzia , Sacco Olga , Vaiano Vincenzo , Venditto Vincenzo
Published: September 2024

The hydroxylation of benzene to phenol in presence of hydrogen peroxide was performed using a new biphasic system consisting of a solid phase, a photocatalytically active monolithic polymer composite, immersed in an aqueous phase in which H2O2 is dissolved. In detail, ZnO photocatalytic particles were embedded into the hydrophobic syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) polymer. Zinc oxide nanostructures (ZnO NSs) were synthesized by an electrochemical procedure. The surface morphology and structure of ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO‐sPS monolithic aerogel composite (ZnO/sPS) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Photocatalytic results evidenced that, under UV irradiation, both ZnO NSs and biphasic system water‐photocatalytic composites had a high benzene oxidative property but with very low phenol yield (<2 %) at pH=7. To enhance the phenol selective formation, the pH of the aqueous solution surrounding the photocatalytic polymer composite was modified. A phenol yield of about 94 % and benzene conversion higher than 99 % was obtained in alkaline conditions (pH=11).
An Energy‐Efficient Fully On‐Chip CMOS Temperature Sensor for Portable Applications With an RFoM of 2.79 pJ.K2
Authors: Jayaram Chilaka , Sreehari Patri
Published: September 2024

This article describes an energy‐efficient, low‐power CMOS temperature sensor suitable for portable applications. The sensor's front‐end circuitry is designed with a reference voltage (V), complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) voltage (V), and ramp voltage generators. The ramp voltage (V) is produced by utilizing a current reference circuit. The ramp voltage is compared with independent and temperature‐dependent voltages to perform the voltage‐to‐frequency conversion. Conversion from frequency to digital output is achieved through an asynchronous counter with an on‐chip oscillator. The proposed design is realized in a 0.18‐m CMOS technology and attains a power usage of 604.4 nW at 27°C with an operating voltage of 0.5 V. Furthermore, it obtains an inaccuracy of +0.71/−0.73°C over −40°C to 125°C temperature range with an active area of 0.025 mm2. Moreover, the designed sensor circuit offers a resolution of 0.17°C with an energy conversion of 96.7 pJ.
On EMEC Instability in Bi‐Kappa Distributed Space Plasmas Under the Influence of Parallel DC Electric Field
Authors: Nazeer M.
Published: September 2024

EMEC waves driven by kinetic anisotropies and suprathermal particles are expected to play an important role at dissipative scales in the solar wind and planetary magnetospheres. Moreover, the correlation of EMEC waves with electric field magnitude and direction can be a tool to probe the inner magnetosphere. Thus, in this manuscript, we present the study of EMEC waves driven by temperature anisotropy in bi‐Kappa distributed space plasmas in the presence of a parallel DC electric field. The dispersion equation bearing the influence of electric field and suprathermal particles followed by the analytical expressions for wave frequency and wave growth rate is derived. The general dispersion equation is solved numerically to unveil the effect of suprathermal particles, temperature anisotropy, and the magnitude of the electric field on growth rate as well as the domain of unstable wave numbers, and the obtained numerical outcomes are compared with those of the bi‐Maxwellian model. Moreover, the maximum growth rates for EMEC waves have also been obtained.
Beyond annual metrics: Linking seasonal population dynamics to vertical oyster reef growth
Authors: Pfennings Kai , Hoffmann Tom K. , Hitzegrad Jan , Paul Maike , Goseberg Nils , Wehrmann Achim
Published: September 2024

Oysters are ecosystem engineering species building reef‐like biogenic structures in temperate shallow water environments, serving as biodiversity hotspots. Recently, also their ecosystem services such as fish nursery, pollutants sink and self‐sustaining coastal protection mechanisms came into a research focus. In light of accelerated sea level rise and increasing environmental dynamics, a determination of vertical growth rates of these biosedimentary structures is paramount in assessing their resilience. This study embarked on a comprehensive survey of seasonal vertical reef growth rates using terrestrial laser scanning and related population dynamics of two intertidal reefs built by the non‐native oyster Magallana gigas in the Wadden Sea. We quantified median reef growth at 19.8 mm yr−1 for the Kaiserbalje reef and 17.5 mm yr−1 for the Nordland reef. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that the seasonal variations in reef growth rates correspond to the local population dynamics, mainly the parameters of shell length and abundance which mirror delayed effects from previous spawning events. Shell growth rates were 0.03–0.06 mm d−1 in winter and 0.10–0.16 mm d−1 in summer, mean oyster abundance from autumn 2019 to spring 2022 was 627 ± 43 ind. m−2 and 338 ± 87 ind. m−2 at the Kaiserbalje and Nordland reefs respectively. Minor reef growth in the topmost reef area reflects an emerging equilibrium of the vertical reef position to actual sea level. Our findings are in accordance with growth of natural Crassostrea virginica reefs on the US East Coast, indicating potential resilience to actual and predicted sea level rise scenarios. Moreover, understanding local hydro‐morphodynamic feedback linked to sea level rise will be vital in predicting the three‐dimensional stability of these biosedimentary structures and habitats.
Harnessing Oxoammonium Salts for Oxidations in Organic Synthesis and Catalysis: Origins and Applications
Authors: Wang Yongtao , Wen Zeyu , Liu Jiaxin , Sun Wenjing , Sun Wanqi , Hu Qixuan , Li Haoran
Published: September 2024

The oxoammonium cation has been identified as the true oxidant intermediate in many aerobic oxidations promoted by long‐lived nitroxide radicals. Various oxoammonium salts have been synthesized and utilized to perform these oxidation reactions. In addition to alcohol dehydrogenation and oxidative coupling reactions, new types of reactions involving oxoammonium salts have recently been reported. This concept aims to discuss these oxidations from the perspective of reaction mechanisms, with a focus on progress made since 2019. Beyond the electron transfer route for synthesizing oxoammonium salts, four types of reaction mechanisms are included.
A novel solar radiation forecasting model based on time series imaging and bidirectional long short‐term memory network
Authors: He Zhaoshuang , Zhang Xue , Li Min , Wang Shaoquan , Xiao Gongwei
Published: September 2024

The instability of solar energy is the biggest challenge to its successful integration with modern power grids, and accurate prediction of long‐term solar radiation can effectively solve this problem. In this study, we proposed a novel long‐term solar radiation prediction model based on time series imaging and bidirectional long short‐term memory network. First, inspired by the computer vision algorithm, the recursive graph algorithm is used to transform the one‐dimensional time series into two‐dimensional images, and then convolutional neural network is used to extract the features from the images, thus, the deeper features in the original solar radiation data can be mined. Second, to solve the problem of low accuracy of long‐term solar radiation prediction, a hybrid model BiLSTM‐Transformer is used to predict long‐term solar radiation. The hybrid prediction model can capture the long‐term dependencies, thereby further improving the accuracy of the prediction model. The experimental results show that the hybrid model proposed in this study is superior to other single models and hybrid models in long‐term solar radiation prediction accuracy. The accuracy and stability of the hybrid model are verified by many tests.
Quantifying Effects and Ingestion of Several Pristine Microplastics in Two Early Life Stages of Freshwater Mussels
Authors: Kudla Yaryna M. , Ijzerman Moira M. , Bennett C. James , Gillis Patricia L. , Kidd Karen A. , Prosser Ryan S.
Published: September 2024

Microplastics have been found in freshwater systems, and in turn have been detected in freshwater bivalves. However, there is limited research that defines the toxicity of microplastics to native freshwater bivalves that have long been imperiled in North America. Our objective was to determine whether a suite of pristine microplastics has an adverse effect on two early life stages of unionid freshwater mussels. Glochidia of Lampsilis fasciola (a Canadian species at risk) and Lampsilis siliquoidea (widespread across Canada) were individually exposed to spheres of polystyrene (6 and 90 μm), polyethylene (28, 90, and 1000 μm), and cellulose acetate (1000 μm), as well as fibers of polyethylene terephthalate (60 μm). After 24 h, there was no significant decrease in glochidia viability in either species. Juvenile L. siliquoidea mussels were also exposed to spheres of polystyrene (6 and 90 μm) and polyethylene (28 μm), and fibers of polyethylene terephthalate (60 μm) in individual 28-day subchronic tests followed by a 7-day depuration period. Burial was assessed weekly, and ingestion of each microplastic was compared in nondepurated and depurated mussels. There was no sustained effect on juvenile burial with any microplastic tested. Ingestion of microplastics was concentration dependent, and depuration occurred for all particles and size ranges tested. The results suggest that pristine microplastics were not acutely toxic to the early life stages of these freshwater mussels, but that the energetic costs associated with particle uptake and depuration, which were not measured in our study, may have an impact on fitness that warrants further investigation. In addition, testing with other shapes and polymers of microplastics typically detected in the environment is recommended. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2557–2568. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Enhancing high‐temperature stability of limonene‐loaded nanostructured lipid carriers with various solid lipids
Authors: Feng Simin , Tian Yitong , Sheng Jialu , Yu Jiahao , Lin Yang , Hileuskaya Kseniya , Kraskouski Aliaksandr , Li Huiliang , Lin Zhihong , Shao Ping
Published: September 2024

In this research, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with limonene were developed using various solid lipids. The impact of high temperatures on the characteristics of NLCs was investigated. NLCs exhibited zeta potential values exceeding |30| mV, indicating excellent homogeneity and stability. Increasing the carbon chain length of monoglycerides from C15 to C21 resulted in a corresponding increase in particle size of NLCs from 219.1 ± 1.1 to 243.3 ± 0.9 nm. However, the particle size remained relatively constant with an increase in the number of solid lipid carbon chains. Encapsulation efficiency of limonene increased from 66.0 ± 0.7% to 86.2 ± 0.8% with an increase in the number of solid lipid carbon chains. The result showed that more ester bonds facilitated the dissolution of the target and enhanced the interaction forces between solid lipids and the target. X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform‐infra‐red spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses confirmed effective encapsulation of limonene in NLCs, resulting in good stability. NLCs prepared from various solid lipids exhibited varying properties. Glycerol triglyceride demonstrated superior stability and homogeneity of nanoparticles under high‐temperature conditions compared to other solid lipids. This study provides enhancing the thermal stability of limonene‐loaded NLCs and proposes a novel approach for their practical application.
Comprehensive Analysis of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibromas via Whole‐Exome Sequencing
Authors: Kumari Kiran , Afroj Shariya , Madhry Deeksha , Verma Yash , Kairo Arvind K. , Thakar Alok , Sikka Kapil , Verma Hitesh , Verma Bhupendra
Published: September 2024

Introduction

The molecular basis and mechanisms of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNA) pathogenesis are still unknown. Despite being a rare and benign neoplasm, JNA is a locally aggressive and potentially destructive head and neck neoplasm, typically found in young males. The advancement of genome technologies and analytical tools has provided an unparalleled opportunity to explore the intricacy of JNA. The present study provides the first evidence of the involvement of Y‐chromosome genes in JNA.

Methods

A total of 13 JNA patients at an advanced disease stage and five age‐matched male controls were registered for this study. Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) analysis was conducted followed by functional analysis to understand the molecular mechanism of the JNA.

Results

WES analysis revealed a high prevalence of mutations in 14 genes within the protein‐coding, male‐specific region of the Y‐chromosome of young males (mean age: 13.8 ± 2.4) with JNA. These mutations, occurring at 28 distinct positions, were characterized as moderate to high impact and were prevalent in nine JNA patients but not in the control group. The most frequently mutated genes were USP9Y and UTY, followed by KDM5D, DDX3Y, and TSPY4. The expression of USP9Y, UTY, and DDX3Y was found to be co‐modulated, implying their coordinated regulation as a complex. Furthermore, somatic mutations were detected in genes previously linked to JNA.

Conclusion

The wide array of genetic mutations in the Y‐chromosome male‐specific region, along with the somatic alterations identified in JNA, provides novel insights into JNA pathophysiology.
Energy‐efficient channel selection algorithm with reduced collision probability in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Srivastava Anushree , Pal Raghavendra , Prakash Arun , Tripathi Rajeev , Gupta Nishu , Alkhayyat Ahmed
Published: September 2024

The growing demand for radio spectrum, driven by widespread communication devices, has led to spectrum congestion. Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) offer a solution by allowing secondary users (SUs) to access primary users' (PUs) channels without causing interference. This paper presents an energy‐efficient channel selection algorithm aimed at reducing collision probability and energy consumption during spectrum sensing. A prediction‐based model forecasts PU channel availability, enabling selective sensing. The results show a significant reduction in energy consumption, with the proposed method consuming 57.9% energy compared to 63.7% for a recent existing method. The proposed approach enhances spectrum management in next‐generation wireless systems by minimizing interference and optimizing energy use.
Electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(glycerol sebacate) aligned fibers fabricated with benign solvents for tendon tissue engineering
Authors: Iorio Francesco , El Khatib Mohammad , Wöltinger Natalie , Turriani Maura , Di Giacinto Oriana , Mauro Annunziata , Russo Valentina , Barboni Barbara , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: September 2024

The electrospinning technique is a commonly employed approach to fabricate fibers intended for various tissue engineering applications. The aim of this study is to develop a novel strategy for tendon repair through the use of aligned poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) fibers fabricated in benign solvents, and further explore the potential application of PGS in tendon tissue engineering (TTE). The fibers were characterized for their morphological and physicochemical properties; amniotic epithelial stem cells (AECs) were used to assess the fibers teno‐inductive and immunomodulatory potential due to their ability to teno‐differentiate undergoing first a stepwise epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and due to their documented therapeutic role in tendon regeneration. The addition of PGS to PCL improved the spinnability of the polymer solution, as well as the uniformity and directionality of the so‐obtained fibers. The mechanical properties were in the range of most TTE applications, specifically in the case of PCL/PGS 4:1 and 2:1 ratios. Compared to PCL alone, the same ratios also allowed a better AECs infiltration and growth over 7 days of culture, and triggered the activation of tendon‐related genes (SCX, COL1, TNMD) and the expression of tenomodulin (TNMD) at the protein level. Concerning the immunomodulatory properties, both PCL and PCL/PGS fibers negatively affected the immunomodulatory profile of AECs, up‐regulating both anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10) and pro‐inflammatory (IL‐12) cytokines over 7 days of culture. Overall, PCL/PGS 2:1 fibers fabricated with benign solvents proved to be the most suitable composition for TTE application based on their topographical cues, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and teno‐inductive properties.