bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Male Pregnancy Intendedness and Children's Mental Proficiency and Attachment Security During Toddlerhood
Authors: Bronte‐Tinkew Jacinta , Scott Mindy E. , Horowitz Allison
Published: October 2009

Using a sample of biological resident fathers and their children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort (ECLS‐B) 9‐ and 24‐month surveys (N = 5,300), this study examines associations and the direct and indirect pathways through which men's pregnancy intentions influence toddlers' mental proficiency and attachment security. Findings indicate that unwanted and mistimed pregnancies for fathers had negative consequences for toddlers' mental proficiency and attachment security. Additionally, men's pregnancy intentions were found to work indirectly through lower prenatal behaviors and father engagement and greater mother‐father relationship conflict to negatively influence toddlers' mental proficiency. Men's pregnancy intentions also worked indirectly through greater relationship conflict and higher father involvement to influence attachment security.
National Context, Family Satisfaction, and Fairness in the Division of Household Labor
Authors: Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: October 2009

This study uses data from married women in 30 nations to examine justice processes involving perceptions of fairness of the division of household labor and satisfaction with family life. Relative deprivation theory suggests that national context—operationalized here as nation‐level gender equity—might serve as a comparative referent used by married women when making determinations of the fairness of the division of household labor. Multilevel analyses confirm that the effect of inequalities in the division of household labor on perceptions of fairness is moderated by national context, as is the effect of perceptions of fairness on satisfaction with family life. The effects are strongest in nations with high levels of gender equity, confirming two hypotheses suggested by relative deprivation theory.
Function of microRNA‐375 and microRNA‐124a in pancreas and brain
Authors: Baroukh Nadine N. , Van Obberghen Emmanuel
Published: October 2009

In recent years, our understanding of how gene regulatory networks control cell physiology has improved dramatically. Studies have demonstrated that transcription is regulated not only by protein factors, but also by small RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs). The first miRNA was discovered in 1993 as a result of a genetic screen for mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans. Since then, the use of sophisticated techniques and screening tools has promoted a more definitive understanding of the role of miRNAs in mammalian development and diseases. miRNAs have emerged as important regulators of genes involved in many biological processes, including development, cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis and metabolism. Over the last few years, the number of reviews dealing with miRNAs has increased at an impressive pace. In this review, we present general information on miRNA biology and focus more closely on comparing the expression, regulation and molecular functions of the two miRNAs, miR‐375 and miR‐124a. miR‐375 and miR‐124a share similar features; they are both specifically expressed in the pancreas and brain and directly bind a common target gene transcript encoding myotrophin, which regulates exocytosis and hormone release. Here, we summarize the available data obtained by our group and other laboratories and provide an overview of the specific molecular function of miR‐375 and miR‐124a in the pancreas and the brain, revealing a potential functional overlap for these two miRNAs and the emerging therapeutic potential of miRNAs in the treatment of human metabolic diseases.
On the generation of high-energy photons detected by the Fermi Satellite from gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Kumar P. , Duran R. Barniol
Published: October 2009

Observations of gamma-ray bursts by the Fermi satellite, capable of detecting photons in a very broad energy band: 8keV to >300GeV, have opened a new window for the study of these enigmatic explosions. It is widely assumed that photons of energy larger than 100 MeV are produced by the same source that generated lower energy photons – at least whenever the shape of the spectrum is a Band function. We report here a surprising result – the Fermi data for a bright burst, GRB 080916C, unambiguously shows that the high-energy photons (≳102MeV) were generated in the external shock via the synchrotron process, and the lower energy photons had a distinctly different source. The magnetic field in the region where high-energy photons were produced (and also the late-time afterglow emission region) is found to be consistent with shock compressed magnetic field of the circum-stellar medium. This result sheds light on the important question of the origin of magnetic fields required for gamma-ray burst afterglows. The external shock model for high-energy radiation makes a firm prediction that can be tested with existing and future observations.
The relation between Δv and vmax for solar-like oscillations
Authors: Stello D. , Chaplin W. J. , Basu S. , Elsworth Y. , Bedding T. R.
Published: October 2009

Establishing relations between global stellar parameters and asteroseismic quantities can help improve our understanding of stellar astrophysics and facilitate the interpretation of observations. We present an observed relation between the large frequency separation, Δν, and the frequency of maximum power, νmax. We find that Δν∝ν0.77max, allowing prediction of Δν to about 15 per cent given νmax. Our result is further supported by established scaling relations for Δν and νmax and by extended stellar model calculations, which confirm that Δν can be estimated using this relation for basically any star showing solar-like oscillations in the investigated range (0.5 < M/M ⊙ < 4.0).
In vitro evaluation of effect of various endodontic solutions on selected physical properties of white mineral trioxide aggregate
Authors: Aggarwal Vivek , Jain Anurag , Kabi Debipada
Published: October 2009

During endodontic therapy various irrigating solutions at different concentrations and duration are used. These chemical solutions may affect the setting reaction of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (5.25%), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) (2%), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution (17%) and BioPure MTAD on surface micro‐hardness and flexural strength of white MTA. Twenty‐five disk‐shaped and 25 bar‐shaped specimens were divided into five groups and were stored under distilled water, NaOCl (5.25%), chlorhexidine CHX (2%), EDTA solution (17%) and BioPure MTAD for 7 days. The micro‐hardness of disk specimens was measured while the flexural strength was tested on bar specimens. EDTA and BioPure MTAD significantly reduced the hardness and flexural strength as compared with other groups. Under distilled water strength remained high; therefore, a final flush with distilled water before placement of MTA is advocated, especially if decalcifying agents are used during the clinical procedure.
DNA barcoding should accompany taxonomy – the case of Cerebratulus spp (Nemertea)
Authors: SUNDBERG P. , THUROCZY VODOTI E. , STRAND M.
Published: October 2009

Many issues in DNA barcoding need to be solved before it can reach its goal to become a general database for species identification. While species delimitations are more or less well established in several taxa, there are still many groups where this is not the case. Without the proper taxonomic background/knowledge and corroboration with other kinds of data, the DNA barcoding approach may fail to identify species accurately. The classification and taxonomy of phylum Nemertea (nemerteans, ribbon worms) are traditionally based on morphology, but are not corroborated by an increasing amount of genetic data when it comes to classification either into species or into higher taxa. The taxonomy of the phylum needs to be improved before the full potential of DNA barcoding can be utilized to make sure that valid Linnean names accompany the barcode sequences. We illustrate the problematic situation in the phylum Nemertea by a case study from the genus Cerebratulus.
Descending doses of intravitreal bevacizumab for the regression of diabetic neovascularization
Authors: Stergiou Panos K. , Symeonidis Chrysanthos , Dimitrakos Stavros A.
Published: October 2009

Purpose:  To report short‐term regression of neovascularization after varying intravitreal doses of bevacizumab (Avastin®; Genentech, San Francisco, California, USA) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods:  Eighty eyes from 76 patients with active neovascularization of the disc (NVD) or elsewhere (NVE) caused by PDR were divided into four groups and treated with a single intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection of 1.25 mg, 600 μg, 300 μg or 150 μg, respectively. All patients underwent ophthalmoscopic examination and fluorescein angiography at baseline, 1 week, 1 month and 2 months later.

Results:  No significant ocular or systemic adverse events were observed. In all patients with NVD or NVE, complete resolution of leakage was recorded within the first week or the first month of the injection. Even with the lowest dose (150 μg), regression of neovascularization appeared as early as the first week and lasted for over a month. Recurrence of fluorescein leakage was observed in all groups after the first month and did not correlate with the extent of neovascularization or IVB dose.

Conclusion:  Short‐term results suggest that IVB given below the standard dosage (150–300 μg compared to 1.25 mg) can lead to the achievement of complete regression of diabetic retinal neovascularization within 30–45 days of injection.
Asymmetry of diurnal intraocular pressure fluctuation between right and left eyes
Authors: Kim Mo Sae , Kim Joon Mo , Park Ki Ho , Choi Chul Young
Published: October 2009

Purpose:  To evaluate diurnal curves of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the right and left eyes of non‐glaucomatous patients.

Methods:  We measured IOP during waking hours and in habitual positions in 102 non‐glaucomatous patients every 2 hr between 09.00 hr and 23.00 hr using a Goldman applanation tonometer. Individual factors and biometries were measured and associated with diurnal IOP variations.

Results:  There was no significant difference in IOP variation between the right and left eyes over eight time‐points (repeated measure anova, P = 0.995). The mean coefficient of IOP in the right and left eyes at the eight time‐points ranged from 0.806 to 0.887. Forty‐one (40.2%), 15 (14.7%) and five (4.9%) patients showed at least one asymmetrical IOP variation over seven time intervals at the cut‐off value ≥ 2, ≥ 3 and > 3 mmHg, respectively. Mean incidence of asymmetrical IOP variation was 10.9 ± 1.6% at ≥ 2 mmHg, 2.9 ± 0.8% at ≥ 3 mmHg and 0.8 ± 0.4% at > 3 mmHg. Age, differences in anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and axial length showed several significant associations with the incidence of asymmetrical IOP variation.

Conclusion:  Diurnal variation of IOP showed asymmetry between right and left eyes in patients without glaucoma. Ageing and differences in local ocular factors between bilateral eyes may affect the incidence of asymmetrical IOP variation.
Non‐contact in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy in exfoliation syndrome, exfoliation syndrome suspect and normal eyes
Authors: Sbeity Zaher , Palmiero Pat‐Michael , Tello Celso , Liebmann Jeffrey M. , Ritch Robert
Published: October 2009

Purpose:  This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of non‐contact confocal laser microscopy in detecting structural alterations of the cornea, iris and lens in fellow eyes of patients with clinically unilateral exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and XFS suspects.

Methods:  In a prospective observational case series, eyes of 12 patients with clinically unilateral XFS, six XFS suspects and six age‐matched controls were divided into four groups. Group A included eyes with clinically visible exfoliation material (XFM) on the pupillary border or anterior lens capsule (n = 12); group B included fellow eyes of clinically unilateral XFS patients without visible XFM (n = 12); group C comprised eyes in XFS suspects with signs of pigment dispersion without visible XFM (n = 10), and group D consisted of control eyes with no evidence of XFM or pigment dispersion (n = 12). The cornea, iris and lens were imaged using a non‐contact lens prototype for the Rostock Cornea Module (HRT II). Images were analysed by two observers masked to the clinical findings.

Results:  Visible XFM (group A) on the lens capsule was characterized by hyperreflectivity in the granular and central disc areas and hyporeflective spaces in the intermediate zones. Similar hyperreflectivity was noted in four of 12 and one of 10 eyes in groups B and C, respectively, but in none in group D. Corneal endothelial hyperreflective deposits were found in eight of 12, four of 12 and one of 10 eyes in groups A, B and C, respectively, and no eyes in group D.

Conclusions:  This technology permits visualization of XFM and/or XFM‐related changes in the cornea and lens in the unaffected eyes of patients with clinically unilateral XFS. It may allow early detection of XFS and impact glaucoma screening and clinical surveillance decisions.
Current development in single‐incision laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Chiu P.W.Y.
Published: October 2009

This article reviews current developments in single‐incision laparoscopic surgery, with a focus on reported experiences in cholecystectomy. Difficulties and likely future developments in single‐incision laparoscopic surgery are also discussed.
Prediction of transfusion requirements in surgical patients: a review
Authors: INGHILLERI GIOVANNI
Published: October 2009

Preoperative estimation of transfusion requirements in patients scheduled for surgery is critical to optimize blood management, including costs, and to appropriately select patients who can benefit from alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion. Three groups of methods for transfusion requirement prediction have been developed. The simplest methods are those that identify patients at risk of requiring transfusion support on the basis of the surgical procedure they are scheduled for and one or two clinical parameters. Preoperative hemoglobin concentration (or red blood cell mass) and age are the most reliable parameters that have emerged from the studies. A second group of methods includes approaches based on the calculation of a risk score obtained by totaling predefined values assigned to the presence or absence of a number of predictors proven to be relevant in affecting transfusion requirements in a given surgical setting. The third group is based on mathematical approaches that define transfusion requirements by comparing the two elements that determine them: the reduction in red blood cell mass induced by surgery (blood loss) and the maximum red blood cell mass that a patient, according to their clinical condition, can tolerate to lose. Experiences reported to date show these methods can all be helpful in clinical practice for predicting transfusion requirements in the individual patient. Selection of the strategy to be used depends on the precision required, the intended use and hospital organization.
Stark units and the main conjectures for totally real fields
Authors: Büyükboduk Kâzım
Published: October 2009

The main theorem of the author’s thesis suggests that it should be possible to lift the Kolyvagin systems of Stark units, constructed by the author in an earlier paper, to a Kolyvagin system over the cyclotomic Iwasawa algebra. In this paper, we verify that this is indeed the case. This construction of Kolyvagin systems over the cyclotomic Iwasawa algebra from Stark units provides the first example towards a more systematic study of Kolyvagin system theory over an Iwasawa algebra when the core Selmer rank (in the sense of Mazur and Rubin) is greater than one. As a result of this construction, we reduce the main conjectures of Iwasawa theory for totally real fields to a statement in the context of local Iwasawa theory, assuming the truth of the Rubin–Stark conjecture and Leopoldt’s conjecture. This statement in the local Iwasawa theory context turns out to be interesting in its own right, as it suggests a relation between the solutions to p-adic and complex Stark conjectures.
Experimental and Computational Residual Stress Evaluation of a Weld Clad Plate and Machined Test Specimens
Authors: Rybicki E. F. , Shadley J. R. , Sandhu A. S. , Stonesifer R. B.
Published: October 2009

Residual stresses in a heat treated weld clad plate and test specimens obtained from the plate are determined using a combination of experimental residual stress analysis and a finite element computational model. The plate is 102 mm thick and made of A 533-B Class 2 steel with 308 stainless steel cladding. The plate is heated to 538 C and allowed to cool uniformly. Upon cooling, residual stresses are set up in the clad plate because of the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the plate and the cladding. Residual stress in the clad plate is determined using both a previously verified experimental residual stress analysis technique and a computational model. Removing test specimens from the clad plate can relax the stresses in the cladding. Thus, residual stress distributions were also determined for two types of clad test specimens that were removed from the plate. These test specimens were designed to examine the effect of cladding thickness on residual stresses. Good agreement was found between the experimentally obtained residual stress values and the residual stresses calculated from the computational model. Because of the interest in tests conducted at elevated temperatures and the inherent difficulty in doing experimental residual stress analysis at elevated temperatures, the computational model was applied to examine the effect of elevated temperature on the residual stresses in the test specimens. Peak stresses in the heat treated clad plate were found to approach the yield stress of the cladding material. It was also found that removing a 32 mm clad specimen with cladding on one side reduced the residual stresses in the cladding. However, the residual stresses in the cladding were found to increase when one-half of the cladding thickness was machined away to form the second test specimen geometry. Residual stresses parallel and perpendicular to the weld direction were very similar in magnitude for all cases considered. The effect that heating the test specimens to 204 C has on residual stress distributions was to reduce the residual stress in the cladding and the plate.
An Energy Based Approach Toward Determining Part Shape Change During the Sintering of Ceramic Parts
Authors: Gubernat R. , Rinderle J. R.
Published: October 2009

Part distortion during sintering results from nonhomogeneous and nonisotropic shrinkage. Shrinkage is highly dependent on density and particle size distributions within a part, thus, “shrinkage factors” are not constant and may vary throughout the part. An energy based approach is presented which can be used to form accurate shrinkage laws for eventual use in a finite element solution of part shape change. This energy method can be easily modified to include the important effects of particle size variations, contact forces and irregular particle shape in the formation of accurate of shrinkage laws. Linear particle shrinkage and rotations due to contact stresses are examined using simple two particle geometries to test the validity of the approach. Energy methods give results which agree well with observation and the direct application of the diffusion equation, however, the advantage of this formulation over traditional diffusion based analysis will be fully realized in the eventual task of specifying time dependent shrinkage laws of realistic multi particle models.
Etching Technique for Assessing Toughness Degradation of In-Service Components
Authors: Viswanathan R. , Bruemmer S. M. , Richman R. H.
Published: October 2009

The toughness of low alloy steel components can degrade in service due to temper embrittlement. This embrittlement is caused by segregation of impurity elements to the grain boundaries of the steel. Nondestructive techniques are needed to assess the extent of toughness degradation, since this information is vital in making run-retire decisions. EPRI has successfully completed evaluation of a chemical etching technique for determining the change in the fracture appearance transition temperature (ΔFATT) of rotor steels. Laboratory steels and core samples removed from actual rotors, with varying degrees of embrittlement, have been evaluated. Depths of grain boundary grooves, produced by chemical etching, correlate well with ΔFATT and with the grain boundary coverage of impurity elements as determined by Auger spectroscopy. To render the technique even more nondestructive, a 3-stage replica technique has been developed. Groove depths measured from replicas of etched samples also yield an excellent correlation with the ΔFATT of the samples.
A Method for Dynamic Fracture Initiation Testing of Ceramics
Authors: Duffy J. , Suresh S. , Cho K. , Bopp E. R.
Published: October 2009

An experimental method is described whereby the dynamic fracture initiation toughness of ceramics and ceramic composites can be measured in pure tension or pure torsion at stress intensity factor rates of 105 to 106 MPam/s. In this procedure, circumferentially notched cylindrical rods are subjected to uniaxial cyclic compression at room temperature to introduce a self-arresting, concentric Mode I fatigue pre-crack, following the technique presented by Suresh et al. (1987) and Suresh and Tschegg (1987). Subsequently, dynamic fracture initiation is effected by stress wave loading with a sharp-fronted pulse which subjects the specimen to a dynamic load inducing either Mode I or Mode III fracture. Instrumentation appropriate to the loading mode provides a record of average stress at the fracture site as a function of time. The capability of this method to yield highly reproducible dynamic fracture initiation toughness values for ceramics is demonstrated with the aid of experiments conducted on a polycrystalline aluminum oxide. The dynamic fracture toughness values are compared with the results obtained for quasi-static Mode I and Mode III fracture in the ceramic material at stress intensity factor rates of 10−1 to 1 MPam/s. Guidelines for the dynamic fracture initiation testing of ceramics and ceramic composites are discussed.
Fatigue Life Estimation of Adhesively Bonded Lap Joints
Authors: Imanaka Makato , Fukuchi Yusuke , Kishimoto Waichiro , Okita Kozo , Nakayama Hideaki , Nagai Hiroyoshi
Published: October 2009

This paper describes a method of estimating the fatigue life of adhesively bonded lap joints on the basis of the stress analysis in adhesive layer with finite element method. First, cyclic tensile fatigue tests were conducted for adhesively bonded lap joints with different lap length and adhesive layer thickness. The results were evaluated from the viewpoint of the maximum values of both tensile and shear stress obtained numerically, instead of the apparent stress. Then these standardized fatigue strength were compared with those of adhesively bonded butt joints of a thin wall tube under cyclic tensile and fully reversed torsional load conditions. The results indicate that fatigue strength of lap joints evaluated from the maximum tensile stress of the adhesive layer agrees well with the fatigue strength of adhesively bonded butt joints of thin wall tube under cyclic tensile load condition. It is confirmed that fatigue strength of lap joints can be estimated adequately based on the fatigue strength of the butt joint of thin wall tube and the numerical results for the stress state of adhesive layer.
Strains in Multipass Drawing of Annealed Oxygen-Free Copper
Authors: Thomsen E. G. , Negroni F. D.
Published: October 2009

The article presents strain distributions of oxygen-free copper up to finite natural strains of 1.53. The drawing operations were performed at room temperature with a split specimen having a gridded cross section for revealing the deformation pattern. It was found that the final effective strain distribution was nearly constant except at the center of the bar, where it was lower.
Multiaxial Fatigue Life Predictions Under the Influence of Mean-Stresses
Authors: Fatemi Ali , Kurath Peter
Published: October 2009

Two materials, an Inconel 718 and a 1045 steel, are used to verify the extension of a shear strain-based parameter developed to account for out-of-phase cyclic strain hardening to multiaxial mean-stresses. Shear strain amplitude on the maximum shear strain amplitude plane and the maximum stress normal to this plane are the nominal stress-strain parameters considered in this approach. Tension-torsion and axial-internal pressure loadings using tubular specimens are employed to investigate stress-strain states that exhibit mean-strains and/or mean-stresses. Deformation response relevant to the proposed fatigue damage algorithm such as mean-stress relaxation is discussed. Adequate fatigue life correlations are obtained by implementing the proposed analysis. It is also demonstrated that methodologies successful for correlating uniaxial mean-stress data often lead to erroneous multiaxial life predictions.
The Effect of Restraining Force on Shape Deviations in Flanged Channels
Authors: Liu Y. C.
Published: October 2009

Quantitative relationships have been obtained between restraining force and shape deviations, such as springback and side wall curl, in flanged channels made of SKDQ and high strength streets. It is observed that shape deviation is greatly reduced if the applied restraining force is beyond the yield strength of the material. However, due to the restriction of die entrance and punch corners, this condition cannot be readily achieved in the conventional bead system as side wall fracture intervenes. To circumvent this constraint, a so-named “intermediate restraining” process has been developed to form high quality flanged channels in one single operation. The suggested process is displacement controlled and, in practice, should be applicable to any material once its physical properties are known.
Modeling of the angular dependence of plasma etching
Authors: Guo Wei , Sawin Herbert H.
Published: October 2009

An understanding of the angular dependence of etching yield is essential to investigate the origins of sidewall roughness during plasma etching. In this article the angular dependence of polysilicon etching in Cl2 plasma was modeled as a combination of individual angular-dependent etching yields for ion-initiated processes including physical sputtering, ion-induced etching, vacancy generation, and removal. The modeled etching yield exhibited a maximum at ∼60° off-normal ion angle at low flux ratio, indicative of physical sputtering. It transformed to the angular dependence of ion-induced etching with the increase in the neutral-to-ion flux ratio. Good agreement between the modeling and the experiments was achieved for various flux ratios and ion energies. The variation of etching yield in response to the ion angle was incorporated in the three-dimensional profile simulation and qualitative agreement was obtained. The surface composition was calculated and compared to x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The modeling indicated a Cl areal density of 3×1015 atoms/cm2 on the surface that is close to the value determined by the XPS analysis. The response of Cl fraction to ion energy and flux ratio was modeled and correlated with the etching yields. The complete mixing-layer kinetics model with the angular dependence effect will be used for quantitative surface roughening analysis using a profile simulator in future work.
Proton irradiation effects on Sb-based heterojunction bipolar transistors
Authors: Lo C. F. , Kim H.-Y. , Kim J. , Chen Shu-Han , Wang Sheng-Yu , Chyi Jen-Inn , Chou B. Y. , Chen K. H. , Wang Y. L. , Chang C. Y. , Pearton S. J. , Kravchenko L. I. , Jang S. , Ren F.
Published: October 2009

In 0.52 Al 0.48 As ∕ In 0.39 Ga 0.61 As 0.77 Sb 0.23 ∕ In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) were irradiated with 5MeV protons at fluences from 2×1011to2×1015protons∕cm2. The radiation produced significant increases in generation-recombination leakage current in both emitter-base and base-collector junctions. The DHBTs irradiated with a dose of 2×1011cm−2, which was equivalent to around 40years of exposure in low Earth orbit, showed minimal changes in the junction ideality factor, generation-recombination leakage current, current gain, and output conductance. The InAlAs∕InGaAsSb∕InGaAs DHBTs appear to be well suited to space or nuclear industry applications.
Ferroelectric polarization dependent interactions at Pd–LiNbO3(0001) interfaces
Authors: Zhao Mosha H. , Bonnell Dawn A. , Vohs John M.
Published: October 2009

A combination of Auger electron spectroscopy and temperature-programed desorption was used to characterize the growth and interaction of Pd films with positively and negatively terminated ferroelectric LiNbO3(0001) surfaces. The growth mode of vapor-deposited Pd layers at 300K was found to be dependent on the direction of the ferroelectric polarization with layer-by-layer growth occurring on the negative (c−) surface and particle formation occurring on the positive (c+) surface. The Pd metal layers were also found to be more thermally stable on the c− surface relative to the c+ surface. These results provide another example of how the polarization orientation in ferroelectric materials affects adsorption and reaction on their exposed surfaces.
Nanoplasmonic Probes of Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Larsson Elin M. , Langhammer Christoph , Zorić Igor , Kasemo Bengt
Published: October 2009

Plasmonic Probing of Catalysis

An understanding of catalytic reactions on surfaces, such as those used in industrial processes, often requires some measure of reactant concentration on the surface. Often this is expressed as the surface coverage of metal particles that are dispersed on oxide supports. Although optical probes of surface coverage would be convenient, they usually lack sufficient sensitivity to detect the small number of molecules on the surface.

Larsson
et al.

(p.
1091
, published online 22 October) have used shifts in plasmon resonances to measure surface coverages. They grow oxide coatings, decorated with metal catalyst particles, on a nanoscale gold disk, and find that these model catalysts are within the region of plasmon sensitivity. Reactions such as CO oxidation on platinum can be followed for different ratios of reactant gases with a sensitivity of 0.1 monolayer of surface coverage.
Altered Heterochromatin Binding by a Hybrid Sterility Protein in
Drosophila
Sibling Species
Authors: Bayes Joshua J. , Malik Harmit S.
Published: October 2009

Understanding Hybrid Sterility

The onset of reproductive barriers, or hybrid sterility, is a means of reinforcing genetic incompatibilities between isolated populations, leading to speciation. A handful of genes that underlie hybrid sterility have been discovered, but their molecular mechanism is generally unclear.
Bayes and Malik
(p.
1538
, published online 22 October) reveal that the hybrid sterility gene
Odysseus-site Homeobox (OdsH)
, which encodes a satellite-DNA binding protein, shows differential DNA binding patterns between the species
Drosophila mauritiana
and
D. simulans
; OdsH derived from
D. mauritiana
localizes to the
D. simulans
Y chromosome, whereas OdsH derived from
D. simulans
does not. The incorrect expression, localization, and endurance of the OdsH protein appear to affect spermatogenesis in hybrid males, explaining the mechanism underlying hybrid sterility between these species. Thus, genetic incompatibilities between satellite-DNA and their binding proteins may represent a general basis for hybrid sterility in animals.
Relative importance of pacing strategy and mean power output in 1500-m self-paced cycling
Authors: Hettinga F J , de Koning J J , Hulleman M , Foster C
Published: October 2009

Introduction

Both mean power output (MPO) and the distribution of the available energy over the race, that is, pacing strategy, are critical factors in performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of both pacing strategy and MPO to performance.

Methods

Six well-trained, regionally competitive cyclists performed four 1500-m ergometer time trials (∼2 min). For each subject, the fastest (Fast) and slowest (Slow) time trials were compared and the relative importance of differences in power output and pacing strategy were determined with an energy flow model.

Results

The difference in final time between Fast and Slow was 4.0 (2.5) s. Fast was performed with a higher MPO (437.8 (32.3) W vs 411.3 (39.0) W), a higher aerobic peak power (295.3 (36.8) vs 287.5 (34.7) W) and a higher anaerobic peak power (828.8 (145.4) W vs 649.5 (112.2) W) combined with a relatively higher, but not statistically different anaerobic rate constant (0.051 (0.016) vs 0.041 (0.009) W). The changes in MPO (63% anaerobic, 37% aerobic) largely explained the differences in final times. Athletes chose a different pacing strategy that was close to optimal for their physiological condition in both Fast and Slow.

Conclusion

Differences in intraindividual performance were mainly caused by differences in MPO. Athletes seemed to be able to effectively adjust their pacing profile based on their “status of the day”.

Keywords

modelling performance, energy expenditure, aerobic, anaerobic, sports.
Does a population-based multifactorial lifestyle intervention increase social inequality in physical activity? The Inter99 study
Authors: Aadahl M , von Huth Smith L , Toft U , Pisinger C , Jørgensen T
Published: October 2009

Aim

To examine the effect of a multifactorial lifestyle intervention on 5-year change in physical activity (PA) and to explore whether length of education had an impact on the effect of the intervention.

Methods

Two random samples (high intervention group A, n=11 708; low intervention group B, n=1308) were invited for a health examination, assessment of absolute risk of ischemic heart disease and individual lifestyle counselling. The participation rate was 52.5%. High-risk individuals in group A were also offered group-based counselling on diet and PA and/or smoking cessation. High-risk individuals in group B were referred to usual care. All high-risk individuals were reinvited for examination and counselling after 1 and 3 years, and all participants were reexamined after 5 years. The control group (group C, n=5264, response rate 61.1%) answered a mailed questionnaire. Change in self-reported PA from baseline to 5-year follow-up was the main outcome. Level of education was classified as no vocational training, ≤4 years and >4 years. Data were analysed using longitudinal linear regression models with random intercepts.

Results

In men, the high-intensity intervention had a beneficial effect on PA level after 5 years. The age- or time-related decrease in PA was approximately 30 min/week less compared to men in the control group (p<0.0001). Level of education had no significant impact on the effect of the intervention neither in men (p=0.39) nor in women (p=0.32).

Conclusion

A population-based multifactorial lifestyle intervention did not influence social inequality in PA.

Keywords

Lifestyle, Exercise, Randomised Intervention Study, Ischemic Heart Disease, Socioeconomic Position.
Our approach to a renal transplant biopsy
Authors: John R , Herzenberg A M
Published: October 2009

Kidney transplantation has become increasingly common in major health centres, making renal allograft evaluation through biopsy a common procedure. Early allograft dysfunction occurs in 30–50% of all transplants, while chronic graft failure is almost uniform at a rate of 2–4% a year. Allograft biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of graft dysfunction. Rejection, albeit the most important, is only one of many causes of allograft dysfunction. The widely accepted Banff classification has set criteria for the diagnosis of acute and chronic rejection. The major differential diagnoses are acute ischaemic injury, calcineurin inhibitor toxicity (acute and chronic), infections, including pyelonephritis and polyomavirus nephropathy, chronic obstruction/reflux, hypertension, and recurrent and de novo disease. In this review, there is an outline of the Banff criteria and their implications, the various causes of graft dysfunction, and a discussion on morphological guidelines towards the various diagnoses.
Recent tobacco tax rate adjustment and its potential impact on tobacco control in China: Table 1
Authors: Hu Teh-wei , Mao Zhengzhong , Shi Jian
Published: October 2009

Objectives

To compare the new tobacco tax structure effective from May 2009 with the tax structure before May 2009 and to analyse its potential impact.

Methods

Published government statistics and estimated price elasticities of the demand for cigarettes are used to estimate the impact of the new tax rate adjustment on cigarette consumption and population health.

Results

The new adjustment increased the tax rate by 11.7% points at the producer price level. Converting this 11.7% point increase to the retail price level would mean an increase of 3.4% points in the retail price tax rate. Thus, China's new cigarette tax rate at the retail level would be 43.4% instead of the previous 40%.

Conclusions

The primary motivation for the recent Chinese government tobacco tax adjustment is to raise additional government revenue. Because the additional ad valorem tax has not yet been transferred to smokers, there is no public health benefit. It is hoped that the Chinese government will pass along these taxes to the retail price level, which would result in between 640 000 and two million smokers quitting smoking and between 210 000 and 700 000 quitters avoiding smoking-related premature death.
Distribution des spectres de taille des particules en suspension dans le fjord du Saguenay
Authors: Chanut J. P. , Poulet S. A.
Published: October 2009

The spatial distribution of particle size spectra shows a two-layer stratification in May but reveals three-layer structure in September, both in the Saguenay fjord and in the adjacent waters of the St. Lawrence estuary, near the sill. In May, the particle size spectra in the surface layer show considerable variability whereas, in the bottom waters, they appear to be relatively homogeneous. In September, the deeper, more homogeneous water mass is less extensive. It is apparently eroded by diffusion and advection during summer months and becomes restricted to intermediate depths towards the head of the fjord. During the same period, a water mass with physical and particulate properties different from the upper layers occupies the bottom of the fjord. Principal component analysis shows that variations in particle size spectra are independent from one layer to another. Water masses with identical physical and particulate properties located in both sides of the sill illustrate the influence of the St. Lawrence estuary on the Saguenay fjord. These water masses, generally located below the sill depth, indicate the existence of powerful advective mechanisms in this region.
Ectothermy in dinosaurs: paleoecological evidence from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta
Authors: Béland P. , Russell D. A.
Published: October 2009

The ratio of carnivorous to herbivorous dinosaur skeletons from Dinosaur Provincial Park has been cited as evidence of endothermy in dinosaurs. In living populations of large endothermic mammals, carnivore biomass represents approximately 1% of total biomass. Two models describing energy flow from herbivores to carnivores indicate that tyrannosaurids are three to four times more abundant in the fossil sample than would have been the case if they were endothermic. Either the fossil sample does not adequately reflect relative abundances of large dinosaurs in the ancient community, or large dinosaurs were ectothermic.
The Newport granite: its age, geological setting, and implications for the geology of northeastern Newfoundland
Authors: Bell K. , Blenkinsop J. , Berger A. R. , Jayasinghe N. R.
Published: October 2009

The undeformed Newport megacrystic granite of northwestern Bonavista Bay postdates nearly all the other granites in the area, many of which are strongly cataclastic. It also cuts a regional swarm of diabase dikes. The Rb–Sr isochron of 332 ± 42 Ma for the Newport overlaps the 300 ± 18 Ma isochron age of the deformed Lockers Bay megacrystic granite which is cut both by the Newport and the diabase dikes. This indicates that the emplacement of the Lockers Bay pluton, its deformation, and the intrusion of the diabase dikes and the Newport granite all took place in the interval 290–320 Ma, that is in late Carboniferous times. Major movements along the Dover Fault line, which truncates the Newport in the southeast, probably occurred subsequent to this interval.
Immobile trace elements and Archean volcanic stratigraphy in the Timmins mining area, Ontario
Authors: Davies J. F. , Grant R. W. E. , Whitehead R. E. S.
Published: October 2009

Carbonate alteration and hydrolysis of mafic volcanic rocks in the Timmins area have been accompanied by mobilization and redistribution of alkalies, CaO, MgO, and FeO. These major oxides are of dubious value in classifying the volcanic rocks, and are of no value in identifying and correlating lithostratigraphic units. The trace elements Y, Zr, TiO2, and Cr, whose fractionation tendencies parallel those of the alkalies, FeO and MgO, are relatively immobile and display characteristic patterns within different volcanic units. The trace-element patterns are highly diagnostic, and their distribution corresponds to the distribution of lithostratigraphic units. Immobile trace-element data represent a potentially valuable tool in stratigraphic correlation of Archean volcanic rocks, whether altered or unaltered.
Sedimentation and equilibrium in wave-formed bars: a review and case study
Authors: Greenwood Brian , Davidson-Arnott Robin G. D.
Published: October 2009

A tentative classification of wave-formed bars is presented based on available evidence of both morphological and process factors. One specific group of bars (group VI), which has been described by numerous studies in the Great Lakes, the Mediterranean, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is examined in detail; models of bar formation and equilibrium, which may be relevant to this group, are reviewed and evaluated. These include (1) vortex action under plunging breakers; (2) interaction of incident waves with standing waves generated by reflection; (3) interaction of incident waves with standing edge waves; and (4) hydrodynamic instability of a uniformly long wave setup produced by incident waves.Results of field measurements of one set of crescentic group VI bars in Kouchibouguac Bay, New Brunswick, indicate that none of the theoretical models adequately explains the characteristics of these bars: (a) the stability of the bar form in an area of high longshore sediment transport; (b) sediment transport patterns, which reveal a continuous circulation of sediment through the bar; and (c) the occurrence of spilling rather than plunging breakers. A conceptual model of bar formation and equilibrium is proposed based upon: (a) landward sediment transport by shoaling waves, increasing towards the break point; (b) gradual reduction of transport rates associated with spilling breakers leading to a buildup of the bar; (c) maintenance of the trough through removal of sediments by longshore and rip current circulation; (d) seaward transport of sediment by rip currents; and (e) landward transport of sediments under reformed waves landward of the trough. The application of this model to other group VI bars, particularly straight bars, is discussed.
The Creighton pluton, Ontario: an unusual example of a forcefully emplaced intrusion
Authors: Dutch Steven I.
Published: October 2009

The Creighton granitic pluton, which is located along the southern margin of the Sudbury Basin within the Southern Province, was affected by a local deformation event prior to the widespread brecciation which accompanied the formation of the Sudbury Basin ('Sudbury brecciation event'). Detailed mapping has shown that foliation trends within the eastern portion of the Creighton pluton form a complete elliptical loop parallel to the contact of the pluton. Within the foliation loop is a large deformed inclusion. The deformation within the inclusion is very in homogeneous, and two sets of deformation structures, both of which predate the Sudbury brecciation event, can be recognized. The structures within the inclusion are totally absent from lithologically similar rocks only a few kilometres away, outside the pluton. The structure of the pluton and the inclusion indicate that the pluton was forcefully emplaced and that the inclusion was deformed by constriction during the emplacement of the pluton. The granitic rocks of the pluton must have been rigid enough to transmit stresses which were capable of deforming the rocks of the inclusion, and therefore it appears likely that the Creighton pluton was emplaced as a diapir.
Keweenawan palaeomagnetic reversais at Mamainse Point, Ontario: fault repetition or three reversals?
Authors: Massey N. W. D.
Published: October 2009

The three reversals in the palaeomagnetic stratigraphy at Mamainse Point have previously been explained by strike faulting causing repetition of a single reversal. There is, however, no geological evidence in support of this faulting, and geochemical data on the lavas in the critical region suggest no repetition in the sequence. The three reversals appear to be real although the problem of the asymmetry of reversal remains.
Stratigraphic framework of zinc–lead deposits in the northern Cordillera northeast of the Tintina Trench
Authors: McLaren Graeme P. , Godwin Colin I.
Published: October 2009

Two major groups of sedimentary rocks hosting zinc–lead deposits in the northern Canadian Cordillera can be distinctly partitioned on the basis of depositional tectonics. A Proterozoic to Early Cambrian succession of carbonates and elastics is separated from a Late Cambrian to Devonian basinal shale and laterally equivalent platformal carbonate sequence by a regional erosional hiatus. This partitioning is emphasized by bimodal minor element distributions in carbonate-hosted sphalerite found throughout these rocks. Two populations of sphalerite, individually contained within the two major groups of host rocks, are separated by a unit that is relatively barren of mineralization. A regional geologic map, diagrammatic cross section, and time–space projection illustrate the stratigraphy, depositional tectonics, and location of sphalerite occurrences, and are presented as a framework for further research.
State space approach to one-dimensional magneto-thermoelasticity under the Green–Naghdi theories
Authors: Ezzat Magdy A. , El-Karamany A. S. , Bary A.A.
Published: October 2009

A model of the equations of generalized magneto-thermoelasticity for perfectly conducting isotropic media is given. The formulation is applied to the generalized thermoelasticity theories: Green–Naghdi of type II and type III as well as to the dynamic coupled theory. The state space approach is adopted for the solution of one-dimensional problems in the absence of heat sources with time-dependent heating on the boundary. The Laplace-transform technique is used. Numerical results are given and illustrated graphically employing numerical method for the inversion of the Laplace transforms. Comparisons are made with the results predicted by the three theories.