bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON THE SPORULATION AND GROWTH OF AZOLLA
Authors: KAR P. P. , MISHRA S. , SINGH D. P.
Published: July 2002

Phosphorus at the recommended dose of 10 kg P2O5 ha−1 divided between three equal applications, one on each of 0, 7 and 14 d after Azolla inoculation (DAI), increased biomass production but sporulation was invariably inhibited. Of the different options tested, lowering the phosphorus application rate to 4–8 kg P2O5 ha−1 significantly improved sporulation in A. microphylla (strain 202) but there was a substantial reduction in biomass production. On the other hand, changing the schedule of phosphorus application from 0, 7 and 14 DAI to 0, 3 and 6 DAI did not hamper biomass production and improved sporulation frequency and sporocarp number in A. microphylla (strain 202), A. caroliniana and A. pinnata. It was comparable to the no-P treatment for the number of sporocarps, with slightly lower sporulation frequency. In these species, the sporulation frequency and sporocarp number of Azolla enriched with 30 or 60 kg P2O5 ha−1 and then grown without any further added phosphorus were higher than those of unenriched Azolla grown with 10 kg P2O5 ha−1 and mostly comparable to those of Azolla grown without phosphorus. Foliar spray of 2.5 μg ml−1 gibberellic acid (GA) solution (7 DAI) along with the application of 10 kg P2O5 ha−1 (split between 0, 7 and 14 DAI) to unenriched Azolla increased the sporulation frequency and number of sporocarps in A. microphylla (strains 202 and 203), A. caroliniana and A. pinnata, not only over that of phosphorus application alone but also over the untreated control. Combining the use of P-enriched Azolla (A. microphylla strains 202 and 203) with application of GA was more effective for increasing sporulation than was the use of P-enriched Azolla without GA, or application of phosphorus plus GA to unenriched Azolla.
GROUNDNUT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTS. 2. HEAT UNIT ACCUMULATION AND PHOTO-THERMAL EFFECTS ON HARVEST INDEX
Authors: BELL M. J. , WRIGHT G. C.
Published: July 2002

When the same cultivars of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) were grown under a wide range of environmental conditions, temperature and irradiance played a major role in determining crop duration and partitioning of dry matter to pods, the latter assessed by harvest index. Utilizing published data for the Virginia groundnut cultivar Early Bunch under non-limiting conditions, we show that accumulation of thermal time using three cardinal temperatures (Tb=9 °C, To=29 °C and Tm=39 °C) has considerable potential for predicting crop maturity. In sixteen sowings ranging from the wet tropics in Indonesia to the elevated subtropics in Australia, harvest date for Early Bunch corresponded to the accumulation of 1808 (±23) degree-days after sowing. In all sowings except one in the semi-arid tropics, this value of thermal time was within eight calendar days of actual harvest maturity. Harvest index varied greatly with both location and sowing date, ranging from 0.31 (Indonesia) to 0.58 (subtropical Australia). Using total short-wave solar radiation incident during the growing season and calculated values of thermal time, the growing season for each sowing in each location was described in terms of a photo-thermal quotient (PTQ, MJ m−2 degree-day−1). Values for PTQ ranged from 0.99 (Indonesia) to 2.11 (subtropical Australia). Variation in harvest index could be explained largely by a curvilinear function of PTQ (R2=0.98), provided data were not confounded by the effects of photoperiod. In the semi-arid tropical environment, decreases in photoperiod associated with delayed sowing were the dominant factor controlling harvest index.
Effects of bottlenecks on quantitative genetic variation in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana
Authors: SACCHERI ILIK J. , NICHOLS RICHARD A. , BRAKEFIELD PAUL M.
Published: July 2002

The effects of a single population bottleneck of differing severity on heritability and additive
genetic variance was investigated experimentally using a butterfly. An outbred laboratory stock
was used to found replicate lines with one pair, three pairs and 10 pairs of adults, as well as
control lines with approximately 75 effective pairs. Heritability and additive genetic variance of
eight wing pattern characters and wing size were estimated using parent–offspring covariances in
the base population and in all daughter lines. Individual morphological characters and principal
components of the nine characters showed a consistent pattern of treatment effects in which
average heritability and additive genetic variance was lower in one pair and three pair lines than in
10 pair and control lines. Observed losses in heritability and additive genetic variance were
significantly greater than predicted by the neutral additive model when calculated with coefficients
of inbreeding estimated from demographic parameters alone. However, use of molecular markers
revealed substantially more inbreeding, generated by increased variance in family size and
background selection. Conservative interpretation of a statistical analysis incorporating this
previously undetected inbreeding led to the conclusion that the response to inbreeding of the
morphological traits studied showed no significant departure from the neutral additive model. This
result is consistent with the evidence for minimal directional dominance for these traits. In
contrast, egg hatching rate in the same experimental lines showed strong inbreeding depression,
increased phenotypic variance and rapid response to selection, highly indicative of an increase in
additive genetic variance due to dominance variance conversion.
Timing and origin of deformation along the Patagonian fold and thrust belt
Authors: SUÁREZ M. , DE LA CRUZ R. , BELL C. M.
Published: July 2002

The Andean orogeny in the Patagonian Cordillera of southern South America reflects the
consequences of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic subduction of an oceanic plate beneath the South
American continental margin. The geological evolution of the region has been influenced by the
Eocene collision and subduction of the Farallon–Aluk Ridge and the Miocene–Recent subduction of
the Chile Ridge. Another aspect of plate interaction during this period was two intervals of rapid plate
convergence, one at 50–42 Ma, and the other at 25–10 Ma, between the South American and the
oceanic plates. It has been proposed that the collision of the Chile Ridge with the trench was responsible
for the development, at least in part, of the Patagonian fold and thrust belt. This belt extends for
more than 1000 km along the eastern foothills of the southern Andes between 46° and 54° S along the
southwestern rim of the Austral Basin. The interpretation of a link between subduction of the ridge
and formation of the fold and thrust belt is based on assumed time coincidences between contractional
tectonism and the collision of ridge segments during Middle and Late Miocene times. The main
Tertiary contractional events in the Patagonian fold and thrust belt took place during latest
Cretaceous–Palaeocene–Eocene and during Miocene times. Although the timing of deformation is
still poorly constrained, the evidence currently available suggests that there is little or no relationship
between the timing of the fold and thrust belt and the collision of ridge segments. Most if not all of the
contractional tectonism pre-dated the latest episodes of ridge collision. Collision of a ridge crest with
the continental margin has been active for the past 14 to 15 million years. Contrary to the suggestion
of a relationship between ridge subduction and compression, the main result of this collision has been
fast uplift and extensional tectonism. The initiation of the Patagonian fold and thrust belt in latest
Cretaceous or early Tertiary times coincided with a fundamental change in the tectonic evolution of
the Austral Basin. Throughout the Cretaceous most of this basin subsided as a broad backarc continental
shelf. Only in latest Cretaceous times, and coinciding with the initiation of the fold and thrust
belt, the basin underwent a transition to a retro-arc foreland basin. This change to an asymmetrically
subsiding foreland basin, with an associated foreland fold and thrust belt, was related to uplift of the
Andean orogenic belt in the west.
Revised stratigraphy of the Permian Bainmedart Coal Measures,

northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica
Authors: MCLOUGHLIN STEPHEN , DRINNAN ANDREW N.
Published: July 2002

The Bainmedart Coal Measures constitute the middle portion of the

Permian–Triassic Amery

Group, which represents the only substantial Palaeozoic–Mesozoic

sedimentary succession exposed in eastern

Antarctica outside the Transantarctic Mountains. The coal measures

disconformably or unconformably

overlie alluvial fan deposits of the Radok Conglomerate and are conformably

overlain by the dominantly

fluviatile Flagstone Bench Formation. The coal measures were deposited
within

alluvial settings dominated

by north to northeasterly flowing, low-sinuosity rivers chiefly confined
to

broad, fault-bounded, valleys of

the Lambert Graben, a major late Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic failed rift

system. Both climatic and local

tectonic factors are considered to have been the major influences on the

pattern of coal measure sedimentation.

Recent mapping has identified a much greater thickness of sediments within

the coal measures than

had been inferred previously. The Bainmedart Coal Measures are formally

subdivided into six members. In

ascending stratigraphic order these are: Dart Fields Conglomerate Member

(<3 m thick), Toploje Member

(c. 300 m thick), Dragons Teeth Member (15–25 m thick),

Glossopteris Gully Member (c. 670 m thick),

Grainger Member (c. 350 m thick) and McKinnon Member (c.

530 m thick).
PEASANT MIGRATION AND THE SETTLEMENT OF RUSSIA'S

FRONTIERS, 1550–1897
Authors: MOON DAVID
Published: July 2002

This article surveys the expansion of Russian peasant settlement
from

1550, when most

of the 6·5 million peasants lived in the forest-heartland of Muscovy,
to

1897, when around fifty million

Russian peasants lived throughout large parts of the immense Russian empire.
It

seeks to explain how

this massive expansion was achieved with reference to different facets
of the

‘frontier’: the political

frontier of the Russian state; the environmental frontier between forest
and steppe;

the lifeway frontier

between settled peasant agriculture and pastoral nomadism; and the

‘hierarchical frontier’ between the

Russian authorities and the mass of the peasantry. The article draws attention

to the different ways

in which peasant-migrants adapted to the variety of new environments they

encountered, and stresses

interaction across each facet of the frontier. Nevertheless, by 1897, the

coincidence between the two

main types of environment and the two principal lifeways of the population
had

been virtually

eliminated in much of the Russian empire outside central Asia. This was

a consequence of the

expansion of Russia's political frontiers, mass peasant migration,
the

ploughing up of vast areas of

pasture land, and the sedentarization of many nomadic peoples. The expansion

of peasant settlement

helps explain the durability of Russian peasant society throughout the

period from the mid-sixteenth to the late-nineteenth centuries.
MIDWIVES AND MEDICAL MEN IN THE CAPE COLONY BEFORE 1860
Authors: DEACON HARRIET
Published: July 2002

Relatively little research has been done on the history of midwifery
at the
Cape, although there has lately been increasing interest in the social
history
of medicine, as well as in the history of abortion, rape, infanticide and

motherhood in South Africa. One of the reasons for the dearth of research

is the relative absence of women, especially black women, from the historical

record. The archival record of what was called the Cape Colony during the

early nineteenth century is rich enough to reveal something about women's

history, however. The Cape was first settled by Europeans in 1652 under
the
auspices of the Dutch East India Company (DEIC), and was captured by the

British in 1795 and again in 1806. During the first half-century of British
rule
at the Cape, urban midwives came under greater professional and official

scrutiny and left some traces in the historical archive. The remaining

absences tell their own stories, too, and in this paper these silences
will be
made to speak, if only softly and tentatively, of the role of women in
colonial
African medical care.
The effects of feeding grass silage and molassed
sugarbeet pulp either separately or as an ensiled
mixture to twin-bearing ewes
Authors: O'DOHERTY J. V. , NOWAKOWSKI P. , CROSBY T. F.
Published: July 2002

First-harvest, precision-chopped Lolium perenne
grass with a dry matter (DM) content of 132·0 g/kg
and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP)
contents of 24 g/kg and 106 g/kg
DM, respectively, was ensiled in farm scale silos following
the addition of formic acid (FA) (2·5 l/t)
or molassed sugarbeet pulp (MSBP) (50 kg/t). Mature
twin-bearing ewes (n=56) were allocated to
one of seven treatments and offered either FA-treated silage
or MSBP silage ad libitum. The trial
commenced on day 91 of pregnancy, when the ewes were offered
FA-treated silage (T1), FA-treated
silage+soyabean meal (T2), MSBP silage (T3), MSBP
silage+soyabean meal (T4), FA-treated
silage+MSBP (T5), FA-treated silage+MSBP+soyabean meal
(T6) or FA-treated silage+a barley-based supplement
(150 g CP per kg DM) (T7, control). Soyabean meal supplementation
was only offered in the last 3 weeks of pregnancy, with the
objective of achieving a total CP intake of 220 g/ewe
per day. Compared with the FA-treated silage, the MSBP silage
had a higher nitrogen content (P<0·01) and a
lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content, but the two
silages did not differ in DM, acid
detergent fibre (ADF) or gross energy contents. Silage DM
intakes (SDMI) were higher on the MSBP
silage-based diets (T3, T4) than for any other treatment
(P<0·05). The addition of soyabean meal
significantly increased SDMI in T2 in the last week of
pregnancy (P<0·05), but there was no
response in SDMI to soyabean meal supplementation in any
of the other treatments. Ewe liveweight
changes (kg) of −0·4, 4·1, 7·8,
10·2, 7·1, 9·6 and 10·8
(S.E.±1·2), body condition score
changes of −0·96, −0·59,
−0·42, −0·33, −0·37,
+0·01 and −0·27
(S.E.±0·1) and total lamb birth
weights (kg) of 8·0, 8·7, 9·2, 9·9,
8·6, 8·0 and 10·4
(S.E.±0·5) were recorded for ewes in
T1 to T7 respectively.
The effect of cutting and intensive grazing
managements on sward components of contrasting
ryegrass and white clover types when grown in mixtures
Authors: EVANS D. R. , WILLIAMS T. A. , JONES S. , EVANS S. A.
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was established at the Institute of
Grassland and Environmental Research
(IGER), Aberystwyth, to compare the seasonal growth and annual yields of
two white clovers when
grown with each of five perennial ryegrasses. Swards were subjected
to two contrasting defoliation
managements, namely cutting only and continuous grazing with sheep.
In addition to data recorded
on dry matter yields of the swards, the effect of management on
growth and development of white
clover stolons and tillering of ryegrasses was also studied in the
third harvest year. The management
of the swards had a significant effect on ryegrass tiller number and
on the ingress of weed grasses.
Differences in persistency and tillering among the ryegrasses were significantly
greater when
continuously grazed by sheep than when swards were cut. It is
argued that ingress of weed grasses
under grazing could be used as an indicator of ryegrass persistency.
Among those studied, only two
of the ryegrasses were able to provide dense persistent swards under
continuous sheep grazing. The
white clovers included in this experiment differed in leaf size with
Gwenda smaller than Ac 3785.
Greater differences existed between white clover components when grazed
than when under cutting
management. Under continuous sheep grazing there were large differences
between the clover
varieties in stolon length, stolon weight, number of growing points and
root weight.

The data indicate the importance of the persistence of mixture components

under continuous sheep
grazing and, since ryegrass is the main component of a clover/grass

seed mixture, greater emphasis
in breeding and evaluation programmes should be given to persistence, especially
under grazing.
The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus
upon reproductive efficiency and wool production in
sheep during late summer and autumn
Authors: MIN B. R. , McNABB W. C. , BARRY T. N. , KEMP P. D. , WAGHORN G. C. , McDONALD M. F.
Published: July 2002

A grazing experiment, conducted for 55 days (from 4 March to 29 April) in the late summer/autumn
of 1997, at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, compared the reproductive
efficiency and wool growth of ewes grazing Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil) or perennial ryegrass
(Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) dominant pasture (pasture). Half the ewes grazing
each forage were given daily oral polyethylene glycol (PEG: molecular weight 3500) supplementation
to inactivate the condensed tannins (CT) in lotus. A rotational grazing system with 200 mixed age
ewes (54·2±0·88 kg/ewe; 50 ewes/treatment) was used.

The effect of forage species and PEG supplementation upon voluntary feed intake (VFI),
concentration of plasma metabolites, reproductive efficiency, wool production and wool characteristics
was measured during two synchronized oestrous cycles. The ewes were restricted to
maintenance feeding for the first 12 days of each oestrous cycle and then increased to ad libitum for
the 6 days prior to and including ovulation. Lotus contained 17 g total CT/kg dry matter (DM) in
the diet selected. There were only trace amounts of total CT in pasture. In vitro organic matter
digestibility (OMD) was higher for lotus (0·82 v. 0·74) than for pasture, whilst lotus contained less
nitrogen (N; 37·8 v. 44·5 g/kg OM).

Mean ovulation rates (OR) for CT-acting and PEG sheep grazing pasture and lotus were
respectively 1·33 v. 1·35 and 1·78 v. 1·56, with corresponding lambing percentages being 1·36 v. 1·36
and 1·70 v. 1·42. Fecundity (number of corpora lutea/ewe ovulating) was greater for ewes grazing
lotus than pasture (P<0·01), and tended to be greater for CT-acting than for PEG sheep grazing
lotus (P=0·06). In unsupplemented sheep, ewes grazing lotus had increased plasma concentrations
of branched chain amino acids (BCAA; 57%) and essential amino acids (EAA; 52%) compared to
ewes grazing pasture.

In ewes grazing pasture, PEG administration had no effect on plasma concentrations of urea and
free amino acids, VFI, reproductive efficiency and wool production. However, in sheep grazing lotus,
plasma concentrations of urea were significantly lower and concentrations of most amino acids were
significantly higher for CT-acting than for PEG supplemented ewes (CT not acting); there was no
difference in VFI between these two groups. Compared to ewes grazing pasture, ewes grazing lotus
had similar VFI but produced more wool with longer staples and thicker fibre diameter, with there
being no effect of PEG supplementation.

It was concluded that feeding lotus increased the efficiency of both reproduction and wool
production without an increase in VFI, and that a possible cause was the action of CT in increasing
plasma EAA and especially BCAA concentration.
RISK FACTORS FOR MALNUTRITION IN SOUTH INDIAN CHILDREN
Authors: JEYASEELAN L. , LAKSHMAN M.
Published: July 2002

Protein energy malnutrition is a major health problem in India and it
affects the growth and development of young children. This study investigated
the impact of hygiene, housing and sociodemographic variables on acute
malnutrition in children aged 5–7, living in urban and rural areas. Ordinal
logistic regression analysis showed that the overall prevalence of severe
malnutrition was 8·2%. Older age, male sex, mother's poor education, lower
family income, higher birth order of the child, use of dung or fire wood as
fuel and defecation within the premises were significantly associated with
malnutrition. Appropriate intervention programmes should be formulated to
educate and support these families.
WATER CONTACT PATTERNS AND BEHAVIOURAL KNOWLEDGE OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA
Authors: OFOEZIE J. E. , CHRISTENSEN N. Ø. , MADSEN H.
Published: July 2002

Human water contact patterns were studied in two resettlement communities at the Oyan Reservoir in south-west Nigeria in all four seasons in 1991 and 1992. Water contact was most intensive in the afternoon and in the hot dry season, but different types of activities exhibited different daily and seasonal patterns. Both communities were highly endemic for urinary schistosomiasis. However, knowledge regarding schistosomiasis transmission was very limited and the infection was, in spite of a very high frequency of blood in the urine, not considered a major public health problem. Most water contacts were of either a recreational (swimming, bathing) or economic (fishing) nature, and age- and sex-related patterns were evident. The overall level of exposure peaked in the 10–14 years age group but water contact of an economic nature peaked in the 20–39 years age group. Females had generally more water contact than males.
THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL–CHILD HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION ON SUBSEQUENT CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN MOROCCO
Authors: HOTCHKISS DAVID R. , MAGNANI ROBERT J. , ROUS JEFFREY J. , AZELMAT MUSTAPHA , MROZ THOMAS A. , HEIKEL JAFFAR
Published: July 2002

There are a number of reasons for anticipating that contact by women in developing country settings with modern maternal–child health (MCH) services will lead to increased use of family planning services. Indeed, the expectation of such a relationship underlies the integrated service delivery strategy that has been adopted on a more or less global basis. However, the available empirical evidence in support of this proposition is inconclusive. This study re-examines this issue in Morocco. Household survey data and data on the supply environment for health and family planning services gathered in 1992 are analysed in the study. A full-information maximum likelihood estimator is used to control for the possible endogeneity of health care and contraceptive choices. The findings indicate a substantial and apparently causal relationship between the intensity of MCH service use and subsequent contraceptive use. Policy simulations indicate that sizeable increases in contraceptive prevalence might be realized by increasing the coverage and intensity of use of MCH services.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AND THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: SANDERS KATHERINE A. , BRUCE NEVILLE W.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between mood states, urinary stress hormone output (adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol) and adequacy of the menstrual cycle was examined in 120 recorded non-conception cycles from 34 women. It was hypothesized that women with higher stress levels would be more likely to experience abnormal cycles and that within women higher stress levels would positively relate to follicular phase length and inversely relate to luteal phase length. There was a non-significant trend for women to report higher stress levels during oligomenorrhoeic and unclear cycles compared with normal cycles. Analysis of covariance indicated that there was no consistent relationship between the measures of stress used here and follicular or luteal phase length within women. There was also no consistent pattern of relationship between reported mood states and stress hormone excretion within women. Further research is warranted to understand the role of stress and subtle menstrual cycle abnormalities in female fertility.
Effects of teatcup liner tension on teat canal keratin and teat condition in cows
Authors: CAPUCO ANTHONY V. , WOOD DAVID L. , QUAST JAMES W.
Published: July 2002

The effect of tension of teatcup liners on teat end condition and quantity
of keratin in the teat canal was investigated. Liner tension was increased by using
longer teatcup shells. The first experiment used six Holstein cows in early lactation.
Left quarters were milked with liners under medium or normal tension by using
Conewango liners in 142 mm shells. Right quarters were milked with liners under
high tension by mounting the liners in teatcup shells 149 mm in length. By day 16,
teat end condition and sensitivity to manipulation were worsened by thrice daily
milking when liners were under a higher tension. Two subsequent experiments each
used 12 different Holstein cows. These cows were in mid lactation and were milked
twice daily for 10 or 30 d. Left quarters were milked with liners under high tension.
Right quarters were milked with liners under low tension by using teatcup shells
126 mm in length. The quantity of keratin removed during milking was not
influenced by liner tension; however, the quantity of keratin at the end of the
experiments was increased 10–20% in teats that were milked using liners under a
higher tension. Histological analysis and keratin content were consistent with
epithelial hyperplasia induced by milking with liners under increased tension.
Chemical and microbiological characterisation of kefir grains
Authors: GARROTE GRACIELA L. , ABRAHAM ANALÍA G. , DE ANTONI GRACIELA L.
Published: July 2002

Chemical and microbiological composition of four Argentinean kefir grains from different sources as well as characteristics of the corresponding fermented milk were studied. Kefir grains CIDCA AGK1, AGK2 and AGK4 did not show significant differences in their chemical and microbiological composition. In contrast, protein and yeast content of AGK3 was higher than in the other grains. Although grain microflora comprised lactobacilli, lactococcus, acetic acid bacteria and yeast, we found an important difference regarding species. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus plantarum, Acetobacter and Saccharomyces were present in all types of kefir grain. While Leuconostoc mesenteroides was only isolated from grains CIDCA AGK1 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis, Lactobacillus parakefir and Kluyveromyces marxianus were only isolated from CIDCA AGK2 grains. All grains produced acid products with pH between 3·5 and 4·0. The apparent viscosity of AGK1 fermented milk was greater than the product obtained with AGK4. All fermented milks had inhibitory power towards Escherichia coli but AGK1 and AGK2 supernatants were able to halt the bacterial growth for at least 25 h. Grain weight increment in AGK1, AGK2 and AGK3 during growth in milk did not show significant differences. Despite their fermenting activity, AGK4 grains did not increase their weight.
Immunohistochemical investigation into the distribution pattern of

myoepithelial cells in the bovine mammary gland
Authors: HELLMÉN EVA , ISAKSSON AXEL
Published: July 2002

The distribution pattern of myoepithelial cells in the bovine mammary

gland was investigated by an immunohistochemical technique, using monoclonal

antibodies against cytokeratins 5, 6 and 18 and cytokeratins 8 and 14 and
against
α-smooth-muscle actin filaments. Myoepithelial cells
were shown to be present as a
continuous basal cell layer in the intralobular ducts, as discontinuous
cell rows in
the basal cell layer of the interlobular ducts, and as
single cells dispersed in the basal
cell layer of the quarter cisterns, while they were apparently absent in
the teat
cisterns. Unlike the case with myoepithelial cells of the human breast,

anti-cytokeratin 14 was less specific as a marker of bovine
myoepithelial cells than was anti-α-smooth-muscle actin.
Effect of forage conservation (hay or silage)
and cow breed on the coagulation properties of milks and
on the characteristics of ripened cheeses
Authors: VERDIER-METZ ISABELLE , COULON JEAN-BAPTISTE , PRADEL PHILIPPE , VIALLON CHRISTINE , BERDAGUÉ JEAN-LOUIS
Published: July 2002

Forty-two multiparous dairy cows of three different
breeds (Holstein, Montbéliarde and Tarentaise) were
fed on the same type of forage (natural grassland)
preserved in the form of either hay (H) or silage (GS),
according to a changeover
design (two 4 week periods). The proportion of concentrate
in the diet and the energy
and nitrogen contents were similar in both treatments.
The milk produced by these
cows was used for the manufacture of Saint-Nectaire type
cheeses, under controlled
and identical cheesemaking technological conditions.
More cheese was produced with
the H treatment milk. The cheeses made with the GS
treatment milk were more
yellow and tended to be more bitter. The other chemical
and sensory characteristics
did not differ much between the two treatments. Of the
51 volatile compounds
identified, four were in significantly higher proportion in
the GS than in the H
cheeses. Cheeses produced from Tarentaise cows' milk
were more yellow and their
pH was higher than those made with the milk of Holstein or
Montbéliarde cows. The
cheeses from Montbéliarde and Tarentaise cows'
milk were firmer, more melting and
tastier than those made with the milk of Holstein cows.
Although some trends were
apparent, there were no significant differences in
cheese volatile compounds for different breeds.
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory properties of whey
protein digests: concentration and characterization of active peptides
Authors: PIHLANTO-LEPPÄLÄ ANNE , KOSKINEN PÄIVI , PIILOLA KATI , TUPASELA TUOMO , KORHONEN HANNU
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to identify whey-derived peptides with
angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. The bovine whey
proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin were hydrolysed with pepsin, trypsin,
chymotrypsin, pancreatin, elastase or carboxypeptidase alone and in combination.
The total hydrolysates were fractionated in a two step ultrafiltration process, first
with a 30 kDa membrane and then with a 1 kDa membrane. Inhibition of ACE was
analysed spectrophotometrically. The peptides were isolated by chromatography
and identified by mass and sequencing analysis. The most potent inhibitory peptides
were synthesized by the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl solid phase method. Inhibition
of ACE was observed after hydrolysis with trypsin alone, and with an enzyme
combination containing pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Whey protein digests
gave a 50 % inhibition (IC50) of ACE activity at concentration ranges within
345–1733 μg/ml. The IC50 values for the 1–30 kDa fractions ranged from 485 to
1134 μg/ml and for the <1 kDa fraction from 109 to 837 mg/ml. Several ACE-inhibitory peptides were isolated from the hydrolysates by reversed-phase chromatography,
and the potencies of the purified peptide fractions had IC50 values of
77–1062 μM. The ACE-inhibitory peptides identified were α-lactalbumin fractions
(50–52), (99–108) and (104–108) and β-lactoglobulin fractions (22–25), (32–40),
(81–83), (94–100), (106–111) and (142–146).
On the application of box models to particle-driven gravity currents
Authors: GLADSTONE CHARLOTTE , WOODS ANDREW W.
Published: July 2002

New laboratory experiments on different types of lock-exchange particle-driven gravity
currents advancing into a flume of fresh water are presented. These include purely
saline currents, monodisperse particle-laden gravity currents with both fresh and
saline interstitial fluid, and bidisperse particle-laden currents. For each case a simple
box model is developed. These agree well with the experimental data. We find that
particulate gravity currents with saline interstitial fluid flowing into ambient fresh
fluid are best described using a Froude number of 0.52 in the box model (cf. Huppert
& Simpson 1980). However, particulate gravity currents with fresh interstitial fluid
are best described using a higher Froude number of 0.67. The change in Froude
number reflects the different shape and structure associated with the different density
of interstitial fluid. For all experiments, box models provide accurate predictions for
up to twenty lock-lengths.
Interaction of water waves with three-dimensional periodic topography
Authors: PORTER R. , PORTER D.
Published: July 2002

The scattering and trapping of water waves by three-dimensional submerged topography, infinite and periodic in one horizontal coordinate and of finite extent in the
other, is considered under the assumptions of linearized theory. The mild-slope approximation is used to reduce the governing boundary value problem to one involving
a form of the Helmholtz equation in which the coefficient depends on the topography
and is therefore spatially varying.

Two problems are considered: the scattering by the topography of parallel-crested
obliquely incident waves and the propagation of trapping modes along the periodic
topography. Both problems are formulated in terms of ‘domain’ integral equations
which are solved numerically.

Trapped waves are found to exist over any periodic topography which is ‘sufficiently’
elevated above the unperturbed bed level. In particular, every periodic topography
wholly elevated above that level supports trapped waves. Fundamental differences
are shown to exist between these trapped waves and the analogous Rayleigh–Bloch
waves which exist on periodic gratings in acoustic theory.

Results computed for the scattering problem show that, remarkably, there exist
zeros of transmission at discrete wavenumbers for any periodic bed elevation and
for all incident wave angles. One implication of this property is that total reflection
of an incident wave of a particular frequency will occur in a channel with a single
symmetric elevation on the bed. The zeros of transmission in the scattering problem
are shown to be related to the presence of a ‘nearly trapped’ mode in the corresponding
homogeneous problem.

The scattering of waves by multiple rows of periodic topography is also considered
and it is shown how Bragg resonance – well-established in scattering of waves by
two-dimensional ripple beds – occurs in modes other than the input mode.
On the vortical structure in a plane impinging jet
Authors: SAKAKIBARA J. , HISHIDA K. , PHILLIPS W. R. C.
Published: July 2002

The vortical structure of a plane impinging jet is considered. The jet was locked both
in phase and laterally in space, and time series digital particle image velocimetry
measurements were made both of the jet exiting the nozzle and as it impinged on a
perpendicular wall. Iso-vorticity and iso-λ2 surfaces coupled with critical point theory
were used to identify and clarify structure. The flow near the nozzle was much as
observed in mixing layers, where the shear layer evolves into spanwise rollers, only
here the rollers occurred symmetrically about the jet midplane. Accordingly the rollers
were seen to depict spanwise perturbations with the wavelength of flutes at the nozzle
edge and were connected, on the same side of the jet, with streamwise ‘successive ribs’
of the same wavelength. This wavelength was 0.71 of the distance between rollers
and, contrary to some experiments in mixing layers, did not double when the rollers
paired. Structures not reported previously but evident here with iso-vorticity, λ2 and
critical point theory are ‘cross ribs’, which extend from the downstream side of each
roller to its counterpart across the symmetry plane; their spanwise periodic spacing
exceeds that of successive ribs by a factor of three. Cross ribs stretch because of the
diverging flow as the rollers approach the wall and move apart, causing the vorticity
within them to intensify. This process continues until the cross ribs reach the wall
and merge with ‘wall ribs’. Wall ribs remain near the wall throughout the cycle and
are composed of vorticity of the same sign as the cross ribs, but the intensity level
of the vorticity within them is cyclic. Details of the expansion of fluid elements,
evaluated from the rate of strain tensor, revealed that both cross and successive ribs
align with the principal axis and that the vorticity comprising them is continuously
amplified by stretching. It is further shown, by appeal to the production terms of
the phase-averaged vorticity equation, that wall ribs are sustained by merging and
stretching rather than reorientation of vorticity. Moreover production of vorticity is
a maximum when cross and wall ribs merge and is greatest near the symmetry plane
of the jet. The demise of successive ribs on the other hand occurs away from the
symmetry plane and would appear to be less important dynamically than cross ribs
merging with wall ribs.
Limiting maximum drag-reduction asymptote for the moment coefficient of a rotating disk in drag-reducing surfactant solution
Authors: OGATA SATOSHI , WATANABE KEIZO
Published: July 2002

In this study, the limiting maximum drag-reduction asymptote for the moment coefficient
of a rotating disk in a surfactant solution was obtained analytically. The
analysis, which was based on the logarithmic velocity profile of turbulent pipe flow
in the surfactant solution, was carried out using momentum integral equations of the
boundary layer, and the moment coefficient results agreed with experimental results
for maximum drag reduction in surfactant solution. Additionally, flow visualization
was performed using the tracer and the tuft techniques, which revealed that the direction
of flow of surfactant solution on the disk was turned towards the circumferential
direction and the amplitude of the circular vortex on the rotating disk was reduced by
addition of surfactant solution. The experimental results for flow angle on a rotating
disk can be explained well with the analytical results.
On asymmetric gravity–capillary solitary waves
Authors: YANG T.-S. , AKYLAS T. R.
Published: July 2002

Symme

tric gravity–capillary solitary waves with

decaying oscillatory tails are known to bifurcate from infinitesimal

periodic waves at the minimum value of the phase speed where the

group velocity is equal to the phase speed. In the small-amplitude

limit, these solitary waves may be interpreted as envelope solitons

with stationary crests and are described by the nonlinear

Schrödinger (NLS) equation to leading order. In line with this

interpretation, it would appear that one may also co

nstruct

asymmetric solitary waves by shifting the carrier oscillations

relative to the envelope of a symmetric solitary wave. This

possibility is examined here on the basis of the fifth-order

Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation, a model for

g

ravity–capillary waves on water of finite depth when the Bond

number is close to 1/3. Using techniques of exponential

asymptotics beyond all orders of the NLS theory, it is shown that

asymmetric solitary waves of the form suggested by the

NLS theory in

fact are not possible. On the other hand, an infinity of symmetric

and asymmetric solitary-wave solution families comprising two or more

NLS solitary wavepackets bifurcate at finite values of the amplitude

parameter. The asymptotic

results are consistent with numerical

solutions of the fifth-order KdV equation. Moreover, the asymptotic

theory suggests that such multi-packet gravity–capillary

solitary waves also exist in the full water-wave problem near the

minimum of t

he phase speed.
Flow regimes of large-velocity-ratio coaxial jets
Authors: REHAB H. , VILLERMAUX E. , HOPFINGER E. J.
Published: July 2002

An investigation of the near-field flow structure of

coaxial jets with large outer to

inner velocity ratio ru

has been conducted. Since in all cases ru>1,

the outer jet

dominates the near-field flow structure. Two flow regimes are identified

depending on

whether ru is larger or smaller than a

critical value ruc. When

ru<ruc, the
fast annular

jet periodically pinches the central, slow jet near the

end of the inner potential cone.

The pinching frequency corresponds to the outer-jet mode. The length of
the inner

potential cone is strongly dependent on ru

and behaves like A/ru,

where A depends weakly on the initial conditions. When

ru>ruc,

the inner potential cone is truncated

and is followed by an unsteady recirculation bubble with low-frequency
oscillation.

The transition from one regime to another is explained by a simple model
whose

ingredients are the turbulent entrainment rate,

governed by the outer-jet mixing layers

and mass conservation. This model satisfactorily predicts the dependence
of the inner

potential cone length on ru and

the critical velocity ratio ruc. The

recirculation bubble

has a wake-type instability. It oscillates at a low frequency and a large
amplitude

compared to the Kelvin–Helmholtz mode. Angular cross-correlations
in the plane

parallel to the jet outlet show moreover that this oscillation displays
an azimuthal

precession such that the rotation time of the phase of the oscillation
equals the

oscillation period. These salient features are discussed in the framework
of the

nonlinear delayed saturation (NLDS) model.
The effects of a favourable pressure gradient and
of the Reynolds number on an incompressible
axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer. Part 2. The boundary layer with
relaminarization
Authors: WARNACK D. , FERNHOLZ H. H.
Published: July 2002

This is an experimental investigation of two turbulent boundary
layers (cases 2 and
4) where the streamwise negative pressure gradient changes mean properties
of the
flow, e.g. mean velocity profiles and skin friction, so that they display
laminar-like
behaviour. The maximum acceleration parameter K[les ]4×10−6

and the starting value of the Reynolds number is 862 or 2564. Relaminarization
occurs
in both boundary layers as a gradual change of the turbulence properties
and is not
catastrophic. Retransition, however, is a fast process due to the remaining
turbulence
structure and may be compared with bypass transition. Together with an
extensive investigation
of the turbulence structure as in the companion paper, Part 1, which describes
two cases
(1 and 3) of boundary layers which remain turbulent, spectra and integral
length
scales for all four boundary layers are discussed.
On phase kinks, negative frequencies, and other
third-order peculiarities of modulated surface waves
Authors: SHUGAN IGOR , VOLIAK KONSTANTIN
Published: July 2002

Numerous laboratory and field experiments on nonlinear surface
wave trains
propagating in deep water (Lake & Yuen 1978; Ramamonjiarisoa &
Mollo-Christensen
1979; Mollo-Christensen & Ramamonjiarisoa 1982; Melville 1983) have
showed a
specific wave modulation that so far has not been explained by nonlinear
theories.
Typical effects were the so-called wave phase reversals, negative frequencies,
and crest
pairing, experimentally observed in some portions of the modulated wave
train. In
the present paper, in order to explain these modulation manifestations,
the equations
for wavenumber, frequency, and velocity potential amplitude are derived
consistently
in the third-order approximation related to the wave steepness. The resulting
model
generalizes, for instance, the well-known nonlinear Schrödinger equation
theory, to
which it transforms at certain values of the governing parameters.

The stationary solutions to the derived set of equations are found in
quadrature
and then analysed. Within well-defined ranges of the model parameters,
these solutions
explicitly manifest the above-mentioned wave modulation effects. In particular,

they show the wave phase kinks to arise on areas of relatively small free-surface

displacement in complete accordance with the experiments.

The model with deeply modulated wavenumber and frequency permits one
also to
analyse the appropriately short surface wavepackets and modulation periods.
In this
case, a variety of new interesting wave solutions arises revealing complicated
alteration
of smooth and rough portions of the free surface. Of special importance
are solitary
waves, naturally generalizing envelope solitons of the nonlinear Schrödinger
equation,
but having a varying frequency (as a principle of the proposed theory)
and a non-zero
wave ‘pedestal’ at infinity. These new types of modulated surface
waves should be
also observable in laboratory tanks and under field conditions, because
the relevant
free parameters of theory are not extreme.
A numerical investigation of resonant
interactions in adverse-pressure-gradient
boundary layers
Authors: LIU CHONGHUI , MASLOWE S. A.
Published: July 2002

We present direct numerical simulations of the spatial development
of normal mode
perturbations to boundary layers with Falkner–Skan velocity profiles.
Values of the
pressure gradient parameter considered range from very small, i.e. nearly
flat-plate
conditions, to relatively large values corresponding to incipient separation.
In almost
all cases, we find that the most effective perturbation is one composed
of a plane
wave and a pair of oblique waves inclined at equal and opposite angles
to the primary
flow direction. The frequency of the oblique waves is half that of the
fundamental
plane wave and because the conditions for resonance are satisfied exactly,
all modes
share a common critical layer, thus facilitating a strong interaction.

The oblique waves initially undergo a parametric type of subharmonic
resonance,
but in accordance with recent analyses of non-equilibrium critical layers,
the system
subsequently becomes fully coupled. From that point on, the amplification
of all
modes, including the plane wave, substantially exceeds the predictions
of linear
stability theory. Good agreement is obtained with the experimental small
pressure
gradient results of Corke & Gruber (1996). Our growth rates are slightly
larger flowing
to slight differences in initial conditions (e.g. the angle of inclination
of the oblique
waves).

The spectral element method was used to discretize the Navier–Stokes
equations
and the preconditioned conjugate gradient method was used to solve the
resulting
system of algebraic equations. At the inflow boundary, Orr–Sommerfeld
modes were
employed to provide the initial forcing, whereas the buffer domain technique
was
used at the outflow boundary to prevent convective wave reflection or upstream

propagation of spurious information.
Levitation of a drop over a film flow
Authors: SREENIVAS K. R. , DE P. K. , ARAKERI JAYWANT H.
Published: July 2002

A vertical jet of water impinging on a horizontal surface produces
a radial film flow
followed by a circular hydraulic jump. We report a phenomenon where fairly
large
(1 ml) drops of liquid levitate just upstream of the jump on a thin air
layer between the
drop and the film flow. We explain the phenomenon using lubrication theory.
Bearing
action both in the air film and the water film seems to be necessary to
support large
drops. Horizontal support is given to the drop by the hydraulic jump. A
variety of
drop shapes is observed depending on the volume of the drop and liquid
properties.
We show that interaction of the forces due to gravity, surface tension,
viscosity and
inertia produces these various shapes.