bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIREITO À AMAMENTAÇÃO EM PÚBLICO: PARADOXO ENTRE DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS E A CULTURA DA EROTIZAÇÃO DA MULHER, NO BRASIL
Authors: de Paula Lima Isaac Mattaraia Fabiana , Aparecida de Souza Lehfeld Neide
Published: April 2021

Em que pesem as campanhas de conscientização da sociedade mundial acerca do aleitamento materno, responsável por salvar vidas, além das orientações vigentes do Ministério da Saúde de nosso país, ainda paira polêmica a respeito de estabelecimentos que restringem a mãe de amamentar o recém-nascido, no público, sob olhares castradores que causam grande constrangimento, sofrimento e prejudicam direitos fundamentais tanto da mãe quanto de seu bebê. Isso porque, ainda se vive sob a égide de uma cultura machista, embora que as mulheres, no Brasil, não representem literalmente, em termos numéricos, a minoria. A mulher é ainda considerada objeto sexual e o Brasil um país onde a nudez e o Carnaval são grandes veículos de mercado dessa sociedade capitalista – e machista. O presente trabalho busca demonstrar que, mesmo diante da importância do aleitamento materno, é necessário lançar luz sobre tal paradoxo, especialmente quanto às restrições de locais públicos e de acesso coletivo à mulher. O método utilizado é o dedutivo, por meio do qual procurar-se-á estabelecer ao longo do estudo algumas premissas, as quais deverão nortear as conclusões finais.
ETNOGRAFIA COM FEMINISTAS CRISTÃS NO SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL
Authors: Valéria Cassimiro Braga Melo Flávia
Published: April 2021

Diante dos acontecimentos que precederam as eleições presidenciais de 2018 e da conjuntura política brasileira, evidenciou-se a sensação de estarmos no ápice da unificação das frentes religiosas fundamentalistas, com as forças políticas reacionárias de direita mediante o acirramento do discurso da moralidade, do combate à “ideologia de gênero”, ao aborto e ao feminismo. No entanto, pretendo relatar, neste estudo, sobre os ativismos de mulheres feministas cristãs que estão construindo suas dissidências e trincheiras, fazendo uso da teologia como forma de resistência. Por se tratar de estudo etnográfico, serão apresentadas notas de observação do trabalho de campo durante a Vigília em Ato Público a favor da descriminalização do aborto (Audiência Pública no STF em Brasília, em 2018). Enfim, com base neste estudo foi possível constatar que embora o Brasil esteja num momento de forte ascensão fundamentalista evangélica, existem, por outro lado, vozes dissidentes, como é o caso dessas mulheres, que estão utilizando seus corpos como bandeiras de luta e suas teologias como discursos contra-hegemônicos.
Smoking Behavior Among School Students At Al-Doura/Al- Kurkh/Baghdad Year 2014
Authors: Humadi Abbas Fadhal
Published: April 2021

Background: Most adult smokers start smoking regularly some time before 18 years of age. Cigarette smoking is a major ‘preventable’ cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is well-known that smoking has hazardous effect on many systems like pulmonary and cardiovascular system.

Objectives: Study the prevalence of smoking among school pupils according to the mode of smoking, age, school grade, school environment and possible health risk associated with smoking. Type of the study: A cross-sectional study.

Methods: Study was conducted between 1st of March 2014 to 30th of May 2014 at Al-Doura/Al- Kurkh/Baghdad by using convenient sample, including all pupils from 6 schools. The schools were 2 secondary schools, 3 intermediate schools and 1 professional secondary school from second Al-Kurkh education directorate. A total of 1258 boy pupils were studied. An anonymous self-completion questionnaire was used. The questionnaire included 15 questions (3 open questions and 12 close questions) about sociodemographic information, smoking information, and possible health disorders associated with smoking. Results: The present study had shown that the prevalence of smoking habits both (12.1% cigarette and 2.3% shisha) increased with age, class grade, and broader school environment. Both cigarette and shisha smoking produce various health disorders among schools' pupils. The results indicate that dry cough more frequent among shisha smoking pupils which was statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusions: Age, school grade of pupils and broader school environment play the major rule in the increasing prevalence of smoking among pupils, both cigarette and shisha smoking had hazardous effect on pupils' health.
Recent expansion of the alien invasive blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) (Decapoda, Crustacea) along the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea
Authors: Stefanov Tihomir
Published: April 2021

Thirteen new records of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) have been documented near the Bulgarian Black Sea coast since 2006. This is an evidence for a recent expansion of the species in this part of the Black Sea. This expansion could be explained by the existing of established population in the area and is confirmed by the capturing of an egg-bearing female in the Varna Bay in 2005.
Masculinidades e a formação de professores/as de Educação Física na EEFD/UFRJ
Authors: Garcia Rafael Marques , Pereira Erik Giuseppe Barbosa
Published: April 2021

A Educação Física enquanto área de conhecimento se fixa e instaura a partir de modelos sexistas, generificados e generificadores, demarcados por diferenças e desigualdades de gênero e (re)produtores dessas diferenças. Este estudo pretendeu compreender a dinâmica de relações entre as masculinidades durante a formação superior de Educação Física. Perguntamos: as várias formas de masculinidades seccionam sujeitos, possibilitam ou renegam direitos e deveres diferentes de acordo com suas performatividades? Para alcançar esse objetivo, nos apropriamos da abordagem qualitativa, de tipo etnográfico, para observar quatro disciplinas obrigatórias, de 60 horas, do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física durante um período acadêmico. Como resultados, pudemos denotar que as masculinidades próximas da hegemônica contornam homens cis-heterossexuais de maiores possibilidades e poderes, estabelecendo-se em um jogo de hierarquias que ridiculariza, menospreza e objetifica mulheres e outras identidades de gênero e sexualidades, o que pode vir a ser replicado durante a atuação profissional desses/as professores/as.
My European Family
Authors: Bojs Karin
Published: April 2021

The story of Europe and its people, told through its genetic legacy.

'An extraordinary book ... part travel narrative, part family history, part scientific study.' - Financial Times

Karin Bojs grew up in a small, broken family. At her mother's funeral she felt this more keenly than ever. As a science journalist she was eager to learn more about herself, her family and the interconnectedness of society. After all, we're all related. And in a sense, we are all family.

My European Familytells the story of Europe and its people through its genetic legacy, from the first wave of immigration to the present day, weaving in the latest archaeological findings. Karin goes deep in search of her genealogy; by having her DNA sequenced she was able to trace the path of her ancestors back through the Viking and Bronze ages to the Neolithic and beyond into prehistory, even back to a time when Neanderthals ran the European show. Travelling to dozens of countries to follow the story, she learns about early farmers in the Middle East and flute-playing cavemen in Germany and France, along with a whole host of other fascinating characters.

This book looks at genetics from a uniquely pan-European perspective, with the author meeting dozens of geneticists, historians and archaeologists in the course of her research. The genes of this seemingly ordinary modern European woman have a truly fascinating story to tell, and in many ways it is the true story of Europe. At a time when politics is pushing nations apart, this book shows that, ultimately, our genes will always bind us together.

Winner of the 2015 Swedish August Prize
Moral Crisis in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Oğuz Çiğdem
Published: April 2021

To what extent did a perceived morality crisis play a role in the dramatic events of the last years of the Ottoman Empire? Beginning in the late nineteenth century when some of the Ottoman elites began to question the moral climate as evidence for the losses facing the empire, this book shows that during the course of World War I many social, economic, and political problems were translated into a discourse of moral decline, ultimately making morality a contested space between rival ideologies, identities, and intellectual currents. Examining the primary journals and printed sources that represented the various constituencies of the period, it fills important gaps in the scholarship of the Ottoman experience of World War I and the origins of Islamism and secularism in Turkey, and is essential reading for social and intellectual historians of the late Ottoman Empire.
La educación en las consideraciones sobre el gobierno de Polonia de Rousseau
Authors: Álvarez García Santiago
Published: April 2021

El artículo ofrece un análisis pormenorizado de la educación del ciudadano propuesta en las Consideraciones sobre el gobierno de Polonia de Rousseau. Se destacan las principales incompatibilidades con la pedagogía defendida en el Emilio, así como sus consecuencias para la igualdad y la libertad en relación con la filosofía política defendida en el Contrato Social.  Se concluye que el ciudadano que se forja en la educación polaca integrará al otro en sí mismo precisamente para reconocerlo en su desigualdad, lo que supone la imposibilidad empírica del modelo teórico del Contrato Social para Polonia.
O mundo do trabalho na sala de aula: uma proposta utilizando antiguidade clássica
Authors: Arroxelas Lucas Guedes Pereira Arnaud , Gontijo Leite Priscilla
Published: April 2021

O artigo objetiva explanar alguns temas relacionados com o mundo do trabalho nas sociedades antigas e a relação dessa dimensão com o ensino de História Antiga. Com isso, serão abordados assuntos como a importância da categoria do trabalho na compreensão da sociedade, a visão dos antigos quanto ao trabalho, o trabalho livre, o trabalho compulsório, os ofícios, as mulheres e a relação do mundo do trabalho com o ensino da Antiguidade Clássica.
Thực trạng sức khỏe tâm thần và một số yếu tố liên quan trong bối cảnh dịch COVID-19 của học sinh trung học phổ thông tại Hà Nội năm 2020
Authors: Thương Đặng Thị , Liên Trần Hoàng Mỹ , Duyên Phạm Thị Thanh , Trang Nguyễn Thị Thu , Hiến Trần Minh , Tuấn Lê Anh
Published: April 2021

Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang thực hiện trên 1517 học sinh tại 2 trường THPT Kim Liên và THPT Đông Anh nhằm mô tả thực trạng sức khỏe tâm thần và một số yếu tố liên quan. Kết quả cho thấy tỷ lệ học sinh có vấn đề về sức khỏe tâm thần của trường THPT Kim Liên và trường THPT Đông Anh lần lượt là 6,8% và 17,3%, sự khác biệt về tỷ lệ này có ý nghĩa thống kê (p < 0,001). Khối lớp 11 có nguy cơ đối với vấn đề về sức khỏe tâm thần chung thấp hơn khối lớp 10 (OR = 0,45, 95%CI: 0,29 - 0,68), những học sinh mà gia đình có tình trạng kinh tế giảm xuống trong thời gian có dịch có nguy cơ có vấn đề về sức khỏe tâm thần chung cao hơn gấp 2,65 lần (OR = 2,65, 95%CI: 1,88 – 3,72) so với những học sinh có tình trạng kinh tế gia đình không thay đổi. Từ kết quả của nghiên cứu này cho thấy cần quan tâm đặc biệt hơn tới những em học sinh có hoàn cảnh kinh tế khó khăn và bị tác động trong bối cảnh COVID-19, nâng cao khả năng ứng phó với khó khăn cho học sinh các trường THPT ở ngoại thành.
Một số yếu tố liên quan đến kiểm soát đường máu ở bệnh nhân đái tháo đường týp 2 đang điều trị tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa Lê Chân, Hải Phòng năm 2019
Authors: Anh Lê Trần Tuấn , Hương Dương Thị , Hải Nguyễn Việt , Khuê Phạm Minh , Hùng Nguyễn Quang
Published: April 2021

Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang thực hiện trên 392 bệnh nhân đang điều trị đái tháo đường týp 2 tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa Lê Chân, Hải Phòng nhằm mô tả một số yếu tố liên quan đến kiểm soát đường máu ở bệnh nhân đái tháo đường týp 2 đang điều trị tại viện năm 2019. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy có 51,3% bệnh nhân kiểm soát đạt mục tiêu cả glucose máu lúc đói và HbA1c. Một số yếu tố liên quan đến việc quản lý bệnh như bệnh nhân trên 70 tuổi (OR = 4,07 p<0,01); thời gian mắc bệnh ≥ 5 năm (OR=1,64; p < 0,05); không được tư vấn về chế độ ăn (OR = 3,22; p < 0,05) và luyện tập (OR=1,76; p < 0,05); không tuân thủ chế độ ăn (OR=1,56; p < 0,05), hoạt động thể lực (OR=1,69; p<0,05) và không tuân thủ điều trị bằng thuốc (OR=6,45, p<0,01). Chưa tìm thấy mối liên quan giữa kiếm soát đường máu với các yếu tố như: Giới tính, huyết áp, mỡ máu, BMI, vòng eo, vòng eo/vòng mông, biến chứng của bệnh, tăng huyết áp và rối loạn mỡ máu.
Thực trạng kiến thức, thực hành phòng chống bệnh sốt xuất huyết dengue của người dân phường Đằng Giang, Ngô Quyền, Hải Phòng năm 2019
Authors: Thơm Vũ Thị , Lộc Trịnh Thị , Thắm Nguyễn Thị , Hùng Nguyễn Quang , Đức Cáp Minh , Lê Hoàng Thị Hoa
Published: April 2021

Bằng phương pháp mô tả cắt ngang, chúng tôi tiến hành phỏng vấn trực tiếp trên 400 hộ gia đình tại phường Đằng Giang, Ngô Quyền, Hải Phòng từ tháng 10 năm 2019 đến tháng 5 năm 2020 nhằm mô tả thực trạng kiến thức, thực hành phòng chống bệnh sốt xuất huyết dengue (SXHD) của người dân. Kết quả của chúng tôi cho thấy rằng, 54,0% người dân có kiến thức đạt về phòng chống bệnh SXHD và 57,5% có thực hành đạt về phòng chống bệnh. Ngủ màn và phun thuốc diệt muôi là những biện pháp được người dân áp dụng nhiều nhất trong phòng chống bệnh SXHD. Kiến thức, thực hành về phòng chống bệnh SXHD của người dân vẫn còn hạn chế, do vậy cần tăng cường nội dung và đa dạng phương pháp truyền thông để người dân có nhận thức và phòng chống bệnh hiệu quả.
THỰC TRẠNG VÀ MỘT SỐ YẾU TỐ LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN MẤT CÂN BẰNG GIỚI TÍNH KHI SINH TẠI XÃ HOA ĐỘNG, HUYỆN THỦY NGUYÊN, THÀNH PHỐ HẢI PHÒNG NĂM 2019
Authors: Thị Thuận Hoàng , Thị Thúy Hà Trần , Thị Ngọc Đàm , Quang Chính Nguyễn
Published: April 2021

Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang trên 144 bà mẹ có con sinh năm 2019 nhằm mô tả thực trạng và một số yếu tố liên quan đến mất cân bằng giới tính khi sinh tại xã Hoa Động, huyện Thủy Nguyên, thành phố Hải Phòng. Kết quả cho thấy tỷ số giới tính khi sinh năm 2019 tại xã Hoa Động là 125 trẻ trai/100 trẻ gái. Tỷ số giới tính khi sinh tăng theo số lần sinh, cao nhất ở nhóm bà mẹ sinh con từ lần thứ 3 trở lên (414,3/100). Bà mẹ có học vấn dưới trung học phổ thông có tỷ số giới tính khi sinh cao nhất (153,3/100). Nghiên cứu tìm ra một số yếu tố liên quan đến mất cân bằng giới tính khi sinh với yếu tố nhân khẩu học của mẹ (nhóm tuổi), yếu tố phong tục tập quán (mong muốn có con trai để dự phòng) và yếu tố liên quan từ khoa học kỹ thuật, côngnghệ (có sử dụng siêu âm chẩn đoán giới tính, áp dụng phương pháp siêu âm rụng trứng).
Thực hành về chế độ ăn của người bệnh sau mổ cắt dạ dày tại Bệnh viện Hữu Nghị Việt Đức năm 2017 - 2018
Authors: Hưng Nguyễn Trọng , Ngân Trần Thu , Hà Nguyễn Thanh
Published: April 2021

Sau phẫu thuật cắt dạ dày người bệnh thường gặp các rối loạn về tình trạng dinh dưỡng do các thay đổi về chức năng, sinh lý của hệ thống tiêu hóa, thay đổi các thói quen về ăn uống là một trong những nguyên nhân gây suy dinh dưỡng cũng như thiếu máu, đây là trở ngại ảnh hưởng đến quá trình hồi phục của bệnh. Nghiên cứu được thực hiện nhằm mô tả thực trạng thực hành về chế độ ăn của người bệnh đã ra viện sau mổ cắt dạ dày tại Bệnh viện Hữu nghị Việt Đức năm 2017 - 2018. Sử dụng phương pháp nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang trên 96 người bệnh mổ cắt dạ dày đã ra viện tại 3 khoa Phẫu thuật Tiêu hóa, Phẫu thuật Cấp cứu Tiêu hóa, Khoa Ung bướu - Bệnh viện Hữu nghị Việt Đức từ 11/2017 đến 7/2018. Kết quả: thực hành nguyên tắc dinh dưỡng là 78,1%, thực hành về lựa chọn thực phẩm đạt chưa cao 40,6% và thực hành xử trí các vấn đề xảy ra sau ăn đúng cũng thấp chỉ đạt tỷ lệ 26,8%. Cần giáo dục, tư vấn dinh dưỡng trước, trong và sau phẫu thuật cho người bệnh, đặc biệt về cách lựa chọn đúng thực phẩm cũng như xử lý đúng và kịp thời các vấn đề có thể xảy ra sau khi ăn để cải thiện kết cục điều trị và chất lượng cuộc sống cho người bệnh.
Một số biến chứng và các bệnh mắc kèm của bệnh nhân đái tháo đường típ 2 điều trị ngoại trú tại Thái Bình năm 2019 - 2020
Authors: Mạnh Ngô Văn , Diệu Bùi Thị Huyền
Published: April 2021

Nghiên cứu cắt ngang thực hiện trên 300 bệnh nhân đái tháo đường típ 2 tại 30 xã/phường của tỉnh Thái Bình năm 2019 - 2020 với mục tiêu mô tả một số biến chứng và bệnh mắc kem của bệnh nhân đái tháo đường týp 2. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy: Biến chứng hay gặp nhất của người bệnh đái tháo đường týp 2 lần lượt là bệnh tim thiếu máu cục bộ mãn tính, suy tim và các bệnh mạch máu não với tỷ lệ tương ứng là 33,7%, 29,7% và 21%. Các bệnh bệnh nhân đái tháo đường hay mắc kem là tăng huyết áp, loãng xương với tỷ lệ tương ứng là 75,5%, 47%. 56,3% bệnh nhân có biểu hiện rối loạn mỡ máu. Có mối liên quan giữa các bệnh mắc kem cũng như biến chứng của đái tháo đường với thời gian mắc đái tháo đường. Có mối liên quan giữa suy tim và kiểm soát HbA1c kém.
Cracking Open the News Feed
Authors: Guess Andy , Aslett Kevin , Tucker Joshua , Bonneau Richard , Nagler Jonathan
Published: April 2021

In this study, we analyze for the first time newly available engagement data covering millions of web links shared on Facebook to describe how and by which categories of U.S. users different types of news are seen and shared on the platform. We focus on articles from low-credibility news publishers, credible news sources, purveyors of clickbait, and news specifically about politics, which we identify through a combination of curated lists and supervised classifiers. Our results support recent findings that more fake news is shared by older users and conservatives and that both viewing and sharing patterns suggest a preference for ideologically congenial misinformation. We also find that fake news articles related to politics are more popular among older Americans than other types, while the youngest users share relatively more articles with clickbait headlines. Across the platform, however, articles from credible news sources are shared over 5 times more often and viewed over 7 times more often than articles from low-credibility sources. These findings offer important context for researchers studying the spread and consumption of information — including misinformation — on social media.
An Analysis of the Partnership between Retailers and Low-credibility News Publishers
Authors: Bozarth Lia , Budak Ceren
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we provide a large-scale analysis of the display ad ecosystem that supports low-credibility and traditional news sites, with a particular focus on the relationship between retailers and news producers. We study this relationship from both the retailer and news producer perspectives. First, focusing on the retailers, our work reveals high-profile retailers that are frequently advertised on low-credibility news sites, including those that are more likely to be advertised on low-credibility news sites than traditional news sites. Additionally, despite high-profile retailers having more resources and incentive to dissociate with low-credibility news publishers, we surprisingly do not observe a strong relationship between retailer popularity and advertising intensity on low-credibility news sites. We also do not observe a significant difference across different market sectors. Second, turning to the publishers, we characterize how different retailers are contributing to the ad revenue stream of low-credibility news sites. We observe that retailers who are among the top-10K websites on the Internet account for a quarter of all ad traffic on low-credibility news sites. Nevertheless, we show that low-credibility news sites are already becoming less reliant on popular retailers over time, highlighting the dynamic nature of the low-credibility news ad ecosystem.
Public Sentiment on Chinese Social Media during the Emergence of COVID19
Authors: Lu Yingdan , Pan Jennifer , Xu Yiqing
Published: April 2021

When COVID-19 first emerged in China, there was speculation that the outbreak would trigger public anger and weaken the Chinese regime. By analyzing millions of social media posts from Sina Weibo made between December 2019 and February 2020, we describe the contours of public, online discussions pertaining to COVID-19 in China. We find that discussions of COVID-19 became widespread on January 20, 2020, consisting primarily of personal reflections, opinions, updates, and appeals. We find that the largest bursts of discussion, which contain simultaneous spikes of criticism and support targeting the Chinese government, coincide with the January 23 lockdown of Wuhan and the February 7 death of Dr. Li Wenliang. Criticisms are directed at the government for perceived lack of action, incompetence, and wrongdoing—in particular, censoring information relevant to public welfare. Support is directed at the government for aggressive action and positive outcomes. As the crisis unfolds, the same events are interpreted differently by different people, with those who criticize focusing on the government’s shortcomings and those who praise focusing on the government’s actions.
Value for Correction: Documenting Perceptions about Peer Correction of Misinformation on Social Media in the Context of COVID-19
Authors: Bode Leticia , Vraga Emily
Published: April 2021

Although correction is often suggested as a tool against misinformation, and empirical research suggests it can be an effective one, we know little about how people perceive the act of correcting people on social media. This study measures such perceptions in the context of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, introducing the concept of value for correction. We find that value for correction on social media is relatively strong and widespread, with no differences by partisanship or gender. Neither those who engage in correction themselves nor those witnessing the correction of others have higher value for correction. Witnessing correction, on the other hand, is associated with lower concerns about negative consequences of correction, whereas engaging in correction is not.
How Long and What For? Tracking a Nationally Representative Sample to Quantify Internet Use
Authors: Festic Noemi , Büchi Moritz , Latzer Michael
Published: April 2021

Testing communication theories requires a valid empirical basis, yet especially for usage time measures, retrospective self-reports have shown to be biased. This study draws on a unique data set of 923 Swiss internet users who had their internet use tracked for at least 30 days on mobile and desktop devices and took part in a survey covering internet usage as well as person-level background variables. The analysis focuses on active usage time overall and on the major services Google Search, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, and the online newspaper 20 Minuten. The results showed that overall internet usage time was lower for older and higher-educated users based on both the tracking and survey data, and the reported usage time was consistently higher than the tracked usage time. The tracking data further revealed that internet users in all social groups spent the majority of their time online on a mobile device. The number of users of the major services varied mainly between age groups. These differences were less pronounced when it came to the time users spent engaging with these services. Over the course of a day, the major services varied in their frequency of use: for example, messaging peaked before noon and in the late afternoon, whereas online news use was comparably constant at a lower level.
Assessment of total (anti)oxidant status in goat kids
Authors: Cecchini Stefano , Fazio Francesco
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The redox potential of goat serum was assessed by
different spectrophotometric assays. Among them, three methods are commonly
applied for the evaluation of the oxidative (reactive oxygen metabolites,
ROMs, and total oxidant status, TOS) and nitrosative (NO⚫ metabolites, NOx) stress, and four methods for the evaluation of the
antioxidant status: the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) based on the ferric
reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), the total antioxidant activity (TAA)
based on the reduction of the coloured ABTS⚫+ radical cation,
the free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) based on the reduction of the
purple DPPH⚫, and the total thiol levels (TTLs) based on their
interaction with DTNB to form a highly coloured anion. Besides,
myeloperoxidase (MPO) and ceruloplasmin oxidase (CP) activities were also
assessed. Except for TAA, analytical data showed a great inter-individual variation
for both oxidant and antioxidant assays. ROMs were strongly correlated with CP, while TOS with MPO and TAC. Furthermore, a tendency between TOS and FRSA was
shown. NOx was correlated with TAC and TAA, and a tendency with TOS was
shown. No correlations appeared among the antioxidant assays, even if a
tendency between TAC and TAA was evidenced, but TAC was correlated with MPO
activity. The observed correlation between ROMs and CP is discussed as a
possible analytical interference. The absence of correlation among the antioxidant biomarkers suggests the
simultaneous use of a panel of tests to verify any changes in the redox
balance, mainly in livestock in which reference values for each biomarker
are lacking.
Measurement report: The chemical composition and temporal variability of aerosol particles at Tuktoyaktuk, Canada during the Year of Polar Prediction Special Observing Period
Authors: MacInnis John , Chaubey Jai Prakash , Weagle Crystal , Atkinson David , Chang Rachel Ying-Wen
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The chemical composition, sources, and concentrations of aerosol particles vary on a seasonal basis in the Arctic. While existing research has focused on understanding the occurrence of aerosol particles during the Arctic winter and spring, less is known of their occurrence during the Arctic summer. In this study, atmospheric aerosol particle chemical composition and concentration were determined during July–September 2018 at Tuktoyaktuk, NT, Canada (69.4° N, 133.0° W) to coincide with the Year of Polar Prediction’s 2nd Special Observing Period in the Arctic. The chemical composition of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10-2.5) aerosol filter samples suggests the ocean, mineral/road dust, and combustion were sources of the sampled aerosol particles. Mass concentrations of PM2 and PM10, estimated from optical particle counter measurements, remained within a similar range during the study. However, elevated mass concentrations coincided with a festival in the community of Tuktoyaktuk, suggesting local human activity was an important source of aerosol particles. Mass concentrations of PM2, which promote negative health effects in humans, were significantly lower at Tuktoyaktuk than the national air quality standard recommended by the Government of Canada. These measurements provide an important baseline to compare with future measurements associated with the assessment of aerosol chemistry and air quality in the Arctic.
Radiative energy budget and cloud radiative forcing in the daytime marginal sea ice zone during Arctic spring and summer
Authors: Stapf Johannes , Ehrlich André , Lüpkes Christof , Wendisch Manfred
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Airborne measurements of the surface radiative energy budget (REB) collected in the area of the marginal sea ice zone (MIZ) close to Svalbard (Norway) during two campaigns conducted in early spring and and early summer are presented. From the data, the cloud radiative forcing was derived. The analysis is focussed on the impact of changing atmospheric thermodynamic conditions on the REB and on the linkage of sea ice properties and cloud radiative forcing (CRF). The observed two-mode longwave net irradiance frequency distributions above sea ice are compared with measurements from previous studies. The transition of both states (cloudy and cloud-free) from winter towards summer and the associated broadening of the modes is discussed as a function of the seasonal thermodynamic profiles and the surface type. The influence of cold air outbreaks (CAO) and warm air intrusions on the REB is illustrated for several case studies, whereby the source and sink terms of REB in the evolving CAO boundary layer are quantified. Furthermore, the role of thermodynamic profiles and the vertical location of clouds during on-ice flow is illustrated. The sea ice concentration was identified as the main driver of the shortwave cooling by the clouds. The longwave warming of clouds, estimated to about 75 W m−2, seems to be representative for this region, as compared to other studies. Simplified radiative transfer simulations of the frequently observed low-level boundary layer clouds and average thermodynamic profiles represent the observed radiative quantities fairly well. The simulations illustrate the delicate interplay of surface and cloud properties that modify the REB and CRF, and the challenges in quantifying trends in the Arctic REB induced by potential changes of the cloud optical thickness.
Night-time chemistry of biomass burning emissions in urban areas: A dual mobile chamber study
Authors: Jorga Spiro , Florou Kalliopi , Kaltsonoudis Christos , Kodros John , Vasilakopoulou Christina , Cirtog Manuela , Fouqueau Axel , Picquet-Varrault Bénédicte , Nenes Athanasios , Pandis Spyros
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Residential biomass burning for heating purposes is an important source of air pollutants during winter. Here we test the hypothesis that significant secondary organic aerosol production can take place even during winter nights through oxidation of the emitted organic vapors by the nitrate (NO3) radical produced during the reaction of ozone and nitrogen oxides. We use a mobile dual smog chamber system which allows the study of chemical aging of ambient air against a control reference. Ambient urban air sampled during a wintertime campaign during night-time periods with high concentrations of biomass burning organic aerosol was used as the starting point of the aging experiments. Ozone was added in the perturbed chamber to simulate mixing with background air (and subsequent NO3 radical production and aging), while the second chamber was used as a reference. Following the injection of ozone rapid organic aerosol (OA) formation was observed in all experiments leading to increases of the OA concentration by 20–70 %. The oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the OA increased on average by 50 % and the mass spectra of the produced OA was quite similar to the oxidized OA mass spectra reported during winter in urban areas. Further, good correlation was found for the OA mass spectra between the ambient-derived emissions in this study and the nocturnal aged laboratory-derived biomass burning emissions from previous work. Concentrations of NO3 radicals as high as 25 ppt were measured in the perturbed chamber with an accompanying production of 0.1–3.2 μg m−3 of organic nitrate in the aerosol phase. These results strongly indicate that the OA in biomass burning plumes can chemically evolve rapidly even during wintertime periods with low photochemical activity.
Measurement report: Indirect evidence for the controlling influence of acidity on the speciation of iodine in Atlantic aerosols
Authors: Baker Alex R. , Yodle Chan
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The speciation of iodine and major ion composition were determined in size-fractionated aerosols collected during the AMT21 cruise between Avonmouth, UK and Punta Arenas, Chile in September–November 2011. The proportions of iodine species (iodide, iodate and soluble organic iodine (SOI)) varied markedly between size fractions and with the extent to which the samples were influenced by pollutants. In general, fine mode aerosols (< 1 µm) contained higher proportions of both iodide and SOI, while iodate was the dominant component of coarse (< 1 µm) aerosols. The highest proportions of iodate were observed in aerosols that contained (alkaline) unpolluted seaspray or mineral dust. Fine mode samples with high concentrations of acidic species (e.g. non-seasalt sulfate) contained very little iodate and elevated proportions of iodide and SOI. These results are in agreement with modelling studies that indicate that iodate can be reduced under acidic conditions and that the resulting hypoiodous acid (HOI) can react with organic matter to produce SOI and iodide. Further work that investigates the link between iodine speciation and aerosol pH directly, as well as studies on the formation and decay of organo-iodine compounds under aerosol conditions, will be necessary before the importance of this chemistry in regulating aerosol iodine speciation can be confirmed.
Potential impact of aerosols on convective clouds revealed by Himawari-8 observations over different terrain types in eastern China
Authors: Chen Tianmeng , Li Zhanqing , Kahn Ralph A. , Zhao Chuanfeng , Rosenfeld Daniel , Guo Jianping , Han Wenchao , Chen Dandan
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Convective clouds are common and play a major role in Earth's water cycle and energy balance; they may even develop into storms and cause severe
rainfall events. To understand the convective cloud development process, this study investigates the impact of aerosols on convective clouds by
considering the influence of both topography and diurnal variation in radiation. By combining texture analysis, clustering, and thresholding methods,
we identify all convective clouds in two warm seasons (May–September, 2016/17) in eastern China based on Himawari-8 Level 1 data. Having large
diurnally resolved cloud data together with surface meteorological and environmental measurements, we investigate convective cloud properties and
their variation, stratified by elevation and diurnal change. We then analyze the potential impact of aerosol on convective clouds under different
meteorological conditions and topographies. In general, convective clouds tend to occur preferentially under polluted conditions in the morning,
which reverses in the afternoon. Convective cloud fraction first increases then decreases with aerosol loading, which may contribute to this
phenomenon. Topography and diurnal meteorological variations may affect the strength of aerosol microphysical and radiative effects. Updraft is
always stronger along the windward slopes of mountains and plateaus, especially in northern China. The prevailing southerly wind near the foothills
of mountains and plateaus is likely to contribute to this windward strengthening of updraft and to bring more pollutant into the mountains, thereby
strengthening the microphysical effect, invigorating convective clouds. By comparison, over plain, aerosols decrease surface heating and suppress
convection by blocking solar radiation reaching the surface.
Total OH reactivity over the Amazon rainforest: variability with temperature, wind, rain, altitude, time of day, season, and an overall budget closure
Authors: Pfannerstill Eva Y. , Reijrink Nina G. , Edtbauer Achim , Ringsdorf Akima , Zannoni Nora , Araújo Alessandro , Ditas Florian , Holanda Bruna A. , Sá Marta O. , Tsokankunku Anywhere , Walter David , Wolff Stefan , Lavrič Jošt V. , Pöhlker Christopher , Sörgel Matthias , Williams Jonathan
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The tropical forests are Earth's largest source of
biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and thus also the largest
atmospheric sink region for the hydroxyl radical (OH). However, the OH sink
above tropical forests is poorly understood, as past studies have revealed large
unattributed fractions of total OH reactivity. We present the first total OH
reactivity and volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements made at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory
(ATTO) at 80, 150, and 320 m above ground level, covering two dry seasons,
one wet season, and one transition season in 2018–2019. By considering a wide range
of previously unaccounted for VOCs, which we identified by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS), the
unattributed fraction was with an overall average of 19 % within the
measurement uncertainty of ∼ 35 %. In terms of seasonal
average OH reactivity, isoprene accounted for 23 %–43 % of the total and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) for 22 %–40 %, while monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes,
and green leaf volatiles combined were responsible for 9 %–14 %. These
findings show that OVOCs were until now an underestimated contributor to the
OH sink above the Amazon forest. By day, total OH reactivity decreased towards higher altitudes with
strongest vertical gradients observed around noon during the dry season
(−0.026 s−1 m−1), while the gradient was inverted at night.
Seasonal differences in total OH reactivity were observed, with the lowest
daytime average and standard deviation of 19.9 ± 6.2 s−1 during
a wet–dry transition season with frequent precipitation; 23.7 ± 6.5 s−1 during the wet season; and the highest average OH reactivities
during two dry-season observation periods with 28.1 ± 7.9 s−1
and 29.1 ± 10.8 s−1, respectively. The effects of different
environmental parameters on the OH sink were investigated, and quantified,
where possible. Precipitation caused short-term spikes in total OH
reactivity, which were followed by below-normal OH reactivity for several
hours. Biomass burning increased total OH reactivity by 2.7 to
9.5 s−1. We present a temperature-dependent parameterization of OH
reactivity that could be applied in future models of the OH sink to further
reduce our knowledge gaps in tropical-forest OH chemistry.
Background conditions for an urban greenhouse gas network in the Washington, DC, and Baltimore metropolitan region
Authors: Karion Anna , Lopez-Coto Israel , Gourdji Sharon M. , Mueller Kimberly , Ghosh Subhomoy , Callahan William , Stock Michael , DiGangi Elizabeth , Prinzivalli Steve , Whetstone James
Published: April 2021

Abstract. As city governments take steps towards establishing emissions reduction
targets, the atmospheric research community is increasingly able to assist in tracking emissions reductions. Researchers have established systems for
observing atmospheric greenhouse gases in urban areas with the aim of
attributing greenhouse gas concentration enhancements (and thus emissions) to the region in question. However, to attribute enhancements to a particular
region, one must isolate the component of the observed concentration
attributable to fluxes inside the region by removing the background, which is
the component due to fluxes outside. In this study, we demonstrate methods to
construct several versions of a background for our carbon dioxide and methane
observing network in the Washington, DC, and Baltimore, MD, metropolitan region. Some of these versions rely on transport and flux models, while others are based on observations upwind of the domain. First, we evaluate the
backgrounds in a synthetic data framework, and then we evaluate against real observations from our urban network. We find that backgrounds based on upwind
observations capture the variability better than model-based backgrounds,
although care must be taken to avoid bias from biospheric carbon dioxide
fluxes near background stations in summer. Model-based backgrounds also
perform well when upwind fluxes can be modeled accurately. Our study evaluates
different background methods and provides guidance in determining background methodology that can impact the design of urban monitoring networks.
In-depth characterization of submicron particulate matter inter-annual variations at a street canyon site in northern Europe
Authors: Barreira Luis M. F. , Helin Aku , Aurela Minna , Teinilä Kimmo , Friman Milla , Kangas Leena , Niemi Jarkko V. , Portin Harri , Kousa Anu , Pirjola Liisa , Rönkkö Topi , Saarikoski Sanna , Timonen Hilkka
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in air pollution. Aerosol particle chemical composition is highly variable depending on the season, hour
of the day, day of the week, meteorology, and location of the measurement site. Long measurement periods and highly time-resolved data are
required in order to achieve a statistically relevant amount of data for assessing those variations and evaluating pollution episodes. In this study, we
present continuous atmospheric PM1 (particulate matter < 1 µm) concentration and composition measurements at an urban
street canyon site located in Helsinki, Finland. The study was performed for 4.5 years (2015–2019) and involved highly time-resolved
measurements by taking advantage of a suite of online state-of-the-art instruments such as an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), a multi-angle
absorption photometer (MAAP), a differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS), and an Aethalometer (AE). PM1 consisted mostly of organics, with
mean mass concentrations of 2.89 µg m−3 (53 % of PM1) followed by inorganic species (1.56 µg m−3,
29 %) and equivalent black carbon (eBC, 0.97 µg m−3, 18 %). A trend analysis revealed a decrease in BC from fossil fuel
(BCFF), organics, and nitrate over the studied years. Clear seasonal and/or diurnal variations were found for the measured atmospheric
PM1 constituents. Particle number and mass size distributions over different seasons revealed the possible influence of secondary organic
aerosols (SOAs) during summer and the dominance of ultrafine traffic aerosols during winter. The seasonality of measured constituents also impacted the particle's coating and absorptive properties. The investigation of pollution episodes observed at the site showed that a large fraction of
aerosol particle mass was comprised of inorganic species during long-range transport, while during local episodes eBC and organics prevailed
together with elevated particle number concentration. Overall, the results increased knowledge of the variability of PM1 concentration and
composition in a Nordic traffic site and its implications on urban air quality. Considering the effects of PM mitigation policies in northern
Europe in the last decades, the results obtained in this study may be considered illustrative of probable future air quality challenges in
countries currently adopting similar environmental regulations.
Comment on “Synergetic use of IASI and TROPOMI space borne sensors for generating a tropospheric methane profile product”
Authors: Ceccherini Simone
Published: April 2021

Abstract. A great interest is growing about methods that combine measurements from two or more instruments that observe the same species either in different spectral regions or with different geometries. Recently, a method based on the Kalman filter has been proposed to combine IASI and TROPOMI methane products. We show that this method is equivalent to the Complete Data Fusion method. Therefore, the choice between these two methods is driven only by the advantages of the different implementations. From the comparison of the two methods a generalization of the Complete Data Fusion formula, which is valid also in the case that the noise error covariance matrices of the fused products are singular, is derived.
Effects of Earth system feedbacks on the potential mitigation of large-scale tropical forest restoration
Authors: Koch Alexander , Brierley Chris , Lewis Simon L.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. To achieve the Paris Agreement requires aggressive mitigation strategies alongside negative emission technologies.
Recent studies suggest that increasing tree cover can make a substantial contribution to negative emissions, with the tropics being the most suitable region from a biogeophysical perspective.
Yet these studies typically do not account for subsequent carbon cycle and climate responses to large-scale land-use change.
Here we quantify the maximum potential temperature and CO2 benefits from pantropical forest restoration, including the Earth system response, using a fully coupled, emission-driven Earth system model (HadGEM2-ES).
We perform an idealised experiment where all land use in the tropics is stopped and vegetation is allowed to recover, on top of an aggressive mitigation scenario (RCP2.6).
We find that tropical restoration of 1529 Mha increases carbon stored in live biomass by 130 Pg C by 2100 CE.
Whilst avoiding deforestation and tropical restoration in the tropics removes 42 Pg C compared to RCP2.6, the subsequent reduction in extratropical and ocean carbon uptake means that carbon in the atmosphere only reduces by 18 Pg C by 2100.
The resulting small CO2 (9 ppm) benefit does not translate to a detectable reduction in global surface air temperature compared to the control experiment.
The greatest carbon benefit is achieved 30–50 years after restoration before the Earth system response adjusts to the new land-use regime and declining fossil fuel use.
Comparing our results with previous modelling studies, we identify two model-independent key points: (i) in a world where emission reductions follow the Paris Agreement, restoration is best deployed immediately, and (ii) the global carbon cycle response to reduced emissions limits the efficacy of negative emissions technologies by more than half.
We conclude that forest restoration can reduce peak CO2 mid-century, but it can only modestly contribute to negative emissions.
Carbon emissions and removals from forests: new estimates, 1990–2020
Authors: Tubiello Francesco N. , Conchedda Giulia , Wanner Nathan , Federici Sandro , Rossi Simone , Grassi Giacomo
Published: April 2021

Abstract. National, regional and global CO2 emissions and removals from
forests were estimated for the period 1990–2020 using as input the country
reports of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020. The new Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
estimates, based on a simple carbon stock change approach, update published
information on net emissions and removals from forests in relation to (a)
net forest conversion and (b) forest land. Results show a significant
reduction in global emissions from net forest conversion over the study
period, from a mean of 4.3 in 1991–2000 to 2.9 Gt CO2 yr−1 in
2016–2020. At the same time, forest land was a significant carbon sink
globally but decreased in strength over the study period, from −3.5 to
−2.6 Gt CO2 yr−1. Combining net forest conversion with forest
land, our estimates indicated that globally forests were a small net source
of CO2 to the atmosphere on average during 1990–2020, with mean net
emissions of 0.4 Gt CO2 yr−1. The exception was the brief period
2011–2015, when forest land removals counterbalanced emissions from net
forest conversion, resulting in a global net sink of −0.7 Gt CO2 yr−1. Importantly, the new estimates allow for the first time in the
literature the characterization of forest emissions and removals for the decade just
concluded, 2011–2020, showing that in this period the net contribution of
forests to the atmosphere was very small, i.e., a sink of less than −0.2 Gt CO2 yr−1 – an estimate not yet reported in the literature. This
near-zero balance was nonetheless the result of large global fluxes of
opposite sign, namely net forest conversion emissions of 3.1 Gt CO2 yr−1 counterbalanced by net removals on forest land of −3.3 Gt CO2 yr−1. Finally, we compared our estimates with data independently
reported by countries to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change,
indicating close agreement between FAO and country emissions and removals
estimates. Data from this study are openly available via the Zenodo portal
(Tubiello, 2020), with DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3941973, as well as in the
FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database) emissions database (FAO, 2021a).