bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmonic Properties of SrVO3 Bulk and Nanostructures
Authors: Su Chia‐Ping , Ruotsalainen Kari , Nicolaou Alessandro , Gatti Matteo , Gloter Alexandre
Published: January 2023

Correlated metals, such as SrVO3 (SVO) or SrNbO3, are promising materials for optical devices such as transparent conductors. Here, a real‐space and reciprocal‐space electron‐energy‐loss‐spectroscopy (EELS) investigation of SVO bulk and nanostructures is reported. An intense 1.35 eV excitation with a weak energy dispersion is observed in the loss function and is attributed to a bulk plasmonic excitation from the 3d‐t2g orbitals. Ab initio calculations done within a time‐dependent density functional theory framework reveal that a 1.5 band renormalization is sufficient to reproduce quantitatively this d–d plasmon energy and dispersion. The corresponding localized surface plasmon (LSP) peaks are measured by EELS on various nanostructures and are compared to finite‐difference time‐domain simulations. These LSPs exhibit quality factors above canonical materials (e.g., indium tin oxide) in the near‐infrared regime, demonstrating that SVO is also a material of high interest for plasmonic applications. Finally, by phasing out the surface plasmon contribution with EELS collected at minute off‐dipolar conditions, the bulk‐type plasmonic values are retrieved with nanometrical resolution. Core–shelled electronic structures are then observed for nanorods designed by focused ion beam (FIB), revealing a bandgap opening due to FIB damage. It is envisioned that similar bulk measurement can be feasible for most of the transition metal oxide nanostructures.
Covalent Organic Framework Nanobowls as Activatable Nanosensitizers for Tumor‐Specific and Ferroptosis‐Augmented Sonodynamic Therapy
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Xia Shujun , Chen Liang , Chen Yu , Zhou Jianqiao
Published: January 2023

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications. COFs‐based nanosensitizers with uniform nanoscale morphology and tumor‐specific curative effects are in high demand; however, their synthesis is yet challenging. In this study, distinct COF nanobowls are synthesized in a controlled manner and engineered as activatable nanosensitizers with tumor‐specific sonodynamic activity. High crystallinity ensures an ordered porous structure of COF nanobowls for the efficient loading of the small‐molecule sonosensitizer rose bengal (RB). To circumvent non‐specific damage to normal tissues, the sonosensitization effect is specifically inhibited by the in situ growth of manganese oxide (MnOx) on RB‐loaded COFs. Upon reaction with tumor‐overexpressed glutathione (GSH), the “gatekeeper” MnOx is rapidly decomposed to recover the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability of the COF nanosensitizers under ultrasound irradiation. Increased intracellular ROS stress and GSH consumption concomitantly induce ferroptosis to improve sonodynamic efficacy. Additionally, the unconventional bowl‐shaped morphology renders the nanosensitizers with enhanced tumor accumulation and retention. The combination of tumor‐specific sonodynamic therapy and ferroptosis achieves high efficacy in killing cancer cells and inhibiting tumor growth. This study paves the way for the development of COF nanosensitizers with unconventional morphologies for biomedicine, offering a paradigm to realize activatable and ferroptosis‐augmented sonodynamic tumor therapy.
Who has to act? A qualitative exploration of emerging adults' critical consciousness during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Quiles Taina B. , Hoyt Lindsay T. , Dotson Miranda P. , Castro Elena Maker , May Madeline , Cohen Alison K.
Published: January 2023

The COVID‐19 pandemic and violence against people of Color during 2020 brought troubling racial inequities to the forefront of American discourse. In line with the Critical Consciousness (CC) and Social Justice Youth Development (SJYD) frameworks, emerging adults may have developed their capacity for critical reflection, motivation, and action against systemic inequities. We drew from interviews with 27 emerging adults (ages 18–23) across the US, and used thematic analysis to explore differences in their reflections, motivations to act, and actions based on their racial/ethnic identification. We found nuanced variability in their critical reflections based on self, social, or global awareness and experiences of marginalization. White and Asian emerging adults used vague language or expressed feeling their reflections were insufficient. Black and Latinx emerging adults emphasized the importance of education and raising awareness. Although all emerging adults took action based on a sense of duty, few engaged in critical action; decisions to take in‐person action varied based on whether they viewed racism or COVID‐19 as a greater threat. Findings demonstrate that emerging adults' experiences of racialization may have related to their CC development. We share implications for community psychologists conducting antiracist research addressing White fragility and dismantling racial hierarchy.
Clinical outcomes and prognostic risk factors of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: Results from the BCH‐LCH 2014 protocol study
Authors: Cui Lei , Wang Chan‐Juan , Lian Hong‐Yun , Zhang Li , Ma Hong‐Hao , Wang Dong , Chen Fen‐Fen , Zhang Qing , Yang Ying , Wei Ang , Huang Xiao‐Tong , Zhu Ting , Wang Tian‐You , Li Zhi‐Gang , Zhang Rui
Published: January 2023

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare myeloid neoplasm mainly affecting young children. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of 449 pediatric patients enrolled in the BCH‐LCH 2014 study. 52.6% of patients were classified with single‐system (SS) LCH, 28.1% with multisystem (MS) risk organ negative (RO−) LCH, and 19.4% with MS RO+ LCH. Three hundred ninety‐six patients (88.2%) were initially treated with first‐line therapy based on the vindesine‐prednisone combination. One hundred thirty‐nine patients who lacked a response to initial treatment were shifted to second‐line therapy, 72 to intensive treatment Arm S1 (a combination of cytarabine, cladribine, vindesine, and dexamethasone), and 67 to Arm S2 (without cladribine). The 5‐year overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), and relapse rates were 98.2% (median: 97.6 months), 54.6% (median: 58.3 months), and 29.9%, respectively. MS RO+ patients had the worst prognosis among the three clinical subtypes. For the patients initially treated with first‐line therapy, the 5‐year OS, PFS, and relapse rates were 99.2%, 54.5%, and 29.3%, respectively. Patients in Arm S1 had a significantly better prognosis than patients in Arm S2 (5‐year PFS: 69.2% vs. 46.5%, p = .042; relapse rate: 23.4% vs. 44.2%, p = .031). Multivariate analysis revealed that early treatment response, the involvement of RO, skin, and oral mucosa, as well as laboratory parameters, including CRP and γ‐GT, were independent risk factors for the PFS of LCH. Thus, the prognosis of LCH in children has been improved significantly with stratified chemotherapy, and progression and relapse remained the challenges, especially for RO+ patients.
Incidence of adverse events for procedural sedation and analgesia for cardioversion using thiopental in elderly patients: a multicenter prospective observational study
Authors: Hayashi Minoru , Norii Tatsuya , Albright Danielle , Crandall Cameron
Published: January 2023

Aim

The incidence and characteristics of thiopental‐related adverse events (AEs) in elderly patients during procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) have not been well studied. We aimed to characterize thiopental‐related AE in elderly patients during PSA and compare the incidence of AE in elderly patients with non‐elderly adults.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of the Japanese Procedural Sedation and Analgesia Registry (JPSTAR). We included all adult patients who received thiopental for PSA in the emergency departments and excluded patients who received concomitant sedative(s) in addition to thiopental or patients with missing body weight data. We compared the incidence of AE between the non‐elderly (18–64 years) and elderly groups (≥65 years).

Results

The JPSTAR had data on 379 patients who received thiopental for PSA and included 311 patients for analysis. Most (222/311, 71.3%) were elderly. Cardioversion was the most common reason for PSA (96.1%). The AE incidence between groups overall was similar, however, hypoxia was significantly more frequent in the elderly compared with the non‐elderly group (10.3% versus 2.2%; adjusted odds 5.63, 95% confidence interval 1.27–25.0). The initial and total doses of thiopental were significantly lower in the elderly group than in the non‐elderly group (1.95 mg/kg versus 2.21 mg/kg and 2.33 mg/kg versus 2.93 mg/kg, respectively).

Conclusions

Although elderly patients received lower doses of thiopental, hypoxic events were significantly more frequent in this group compared with the non‐elderly patients. However, the AE incidence was similar.
Comparing autism phenotypes in children born extremely preterm and born at term
Authors: Joseph Robert M. , Lai Emily R. , Bishop Somer , Yi Joe , Bauman Margaret L. , Frazier Jean A. , Santos Hudson P. , Douglas Laurie M. , Kuban Karl K. C. , Fry Rebecca C. , O'Shea T. Michael
Published: January 2023

Children born preterm are at increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is limited knowledge about whether ASD phenotypes in children born preterm differ from children born at term. The objective of this study was to compare ASD core symptoms and associated characteristics among extremely preterm (EP) and term‐born children with ASD. EP participants (n = 59) from the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn Study who met diagnostic criteria for ASD at approximately 10 years of age were matched with term‐born participants from the Simons Simplex Collection on age, sex, spoken language level, and nonverbal IQ. Core ASD symptomatology was evaluated with the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised (ADI‐R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Developmental milestones, anthropometrics, seizure disorder, and psychiatric symptoms were also investigated. The EP group had lower parent‐reported symptom scores on ADI‐R verbal communication, specifically stereotyped language, and restricted, repetitive behaviors. There were no between‐group differences on ADI‐R nonverbal communication and ADI‐R reciprocal social interaction or with direct observation on the ADOS‐2. The EP group was more likely to have delayed speech milestones and lower physical growth parameters. Results from female‐only analyses were similar to those from whole‐group analyses. In sum, behavioral presentation was similar between EP and IQ‐ and sex‐matched term‐born children assessed at age 10 years, with the exception of less severe retrospectively reported stereotyped behaviors, lower physical growth parameters, and increased delays in language milestones among EP‐born children with ASD.
Aided‐efflux and high production of β‐amyrin realized by β‐cyclodextrin in situ synthesized on surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zhu Ying , Zhou Chen , Liu Xia , Li Xinying , Shi Caifang , Zhang Yapeng , Wang Ying , Li Chun
Published: January 2023

As a plant‐derived pentacyclic triterpenoid, β‐amyrin has been heterogeneously synthesized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, β‐amyrin is intracellularly produced in a lower gram scale using recombinant S. cerevisiae, which limits the industrial applications. Although many strategies have been proven to be effective to improve the production of β‐amyrin, the intracellularly accumulation is still a challenge in reaching higher titer and simplifying the extraction process. To solve this problem, the amphiphilic β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) has been previously employed to aid the efflux of β‐amyrin out of the cells. Nevertheless, the supplemented β‐CD in the medium is not consistent with β‐amyrin synthesis and has the disadvantage of rather high cost. Therefore, an aided‐efflux system based on in situ synthesis of β‐CD was developed in this study to enhance the biosynthesis of β‐amyrin and its efflux. The in situ synthesis of β‐CD was started from starch by the surface displayed cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) on yeast cells. As a result, the synthesized β‐CD could capture 16% of the intracellular β‐amyrin and improve the total production by 77%. Furthermore, more strategies including inducing system remodeling, precursor supply enhancement, two‐phase fermentation and lipid synthesis regulation were employed. Finally, the production of β‐amyrin was increased to 73 mg/L in shake flask, 31 folds higher than the original strain, containing 31 mg/L of extracellular β‐amyrin. Overall, this work provides novel strategies for the aided‐efflux of natural products with high hydrophobicity in engineered S. cerevisiae.
Internet‐of‐medical‐things integrated point‐of‐care biosensing devices for infectious diseases: Toward better preparedness for futuristic pandemics
Authors: Parihar Arpana , Yadav Shalu , Sadique Mohd Abubakar , Ranjan Pushpesh , Kumar Neeraj , Singhal Ayushi , Khare Vedika , Khan Raju , Natarajan Sathish , Srivastava Avanish K.
Published: January 2023

Microbial pathogens have threatened the world due to their pathogenicity and ability to spread in communities. The conventional laboratory‐based diagnostics of microbes such as bacteria and viruses need bulky expensive experimental instruments and skilled personnel which limits their usage in resource‐limited settings. The biosensors‐based point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostics have shown huge potential to detect microbial pathogens in a faster, cost‐effective, and user‐friendly manner. The use of various transducers such as electrochemical and optical along with microfluidic integrated biosensors further enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of detection. Additionally, microfluidic‐based biosensors offer the advantages of multiplexed detection of analyte and the ability to deal with nanoliters volume of fluid in an integrated portable platform. In the present review, we discussed the design and fabrication of POCT devices for the detection of microbial pathogens which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The electrochemical techniques and current advances in this field in terms of integrated electrochemical platforms that include mainly microfluidic‐ based approaches and smartphone and Internet‐of‐things (IoT) and Internet‐of‐Medical‐Things (IoMT) integrated systems have been highlighted. Further, the availability of commercial biosensors for the detection of microbial pathogens will be briefed. In the end, the challenges while fabrication of POC biosensors and expected future advances in the field of biosensing have been discussed. The integrated biosensor‐based platforms with the IoT/IoMT usually collect the data to track the community spread of infectious diseases which would be beneficial in terms of better preparedness for current and futuristic pandemics and is expected to prevent social and economic losses.
Development of a mammalian neurosensory full‐thickness skin equivalent and its application to screen sensitizing stimuli
Authors: Freer Matthew , Darling Nicole , Goncalves Kirsty , Mills Kevin J. , Przyborski Stefan
Published: January 2023

Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are an increasingly popular research tool due to limitations associated with animal testing for dermatological research. They recapitulate many aspects of skin structure and function, however, many only contain two basic cell types to model dermal and epidermal compartments, which limits their application. We describe advances in the field skin tissue modeling to produce a construct containing sensory‐like neurons that is responsive to known noxious stimuli. Through incorporation of mammalian sensory‐like neurons, we were able to recapitulate aspects of the neuroinflammatory response including secretion of substance P and a range of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in response to a well‐characterized neurosensitizing agent: capsaicin. We observed that neuronal cell bodies reside in the upper dermal compartment with neurites extending toward the keratinocytes of thestratum basalewhere they exist in close proximity to one another. These data suggest that we are able to model aspects of the neuroinflammatory response that occurs during exposure to dermatological stimuli including therapeutics and cosmetics. We propose that this skin construct can be considered a platform technology with a wide range of applications including screening of actives, therapeutics, modeling of inflammatory skin diseases, and fundamental approaches to probe underlying cell and molecular mechanisms.
Comparing threeXRtechnologies in reviewing performance‐based building design: A pilot study of façade fenestrations
Authors: Zhao Shenghuan , Ni Yaxue , Dong Guozheng , Tian Jianglan , Chen Yulin
Published: January 2023

Extended reality (XR), including augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR), can make complex information more intuitively understandable. However, it still needs to be determined which XR technology is the most suitable for reviewing performance‐based building design, during which architects check whether design strategies increase energy efficiency, indoor environment quality and so forth. It requires comprehensive design and simulation information to be vividly represented. The authors develop three XR apps (AR, MR, and VR) to interactively visualize façade fenestration geometries and indoor illuminance simulations. Then XR technologies are assessed by 120 students and young architects, from task performance and engagement level two aspects. The task performance is measured by correct rate and time consumption two indicators, while the engagement level is measured by usability and interest two indicators. Evaluation results show that compared to AR and VR, MR is the best XR technology for this aim. VR outperforms AR on three indicators except for usability. By exposing three different XR technologies' performances in aiding fenestration design, this study increases the practical value of applying XR to the building design field.
RGD Cyclopeptide Equipped with a Lysine‐Engaging Salicylaldehyde Showing Enhanced Integrin Affinity and Cell Detachment Potency
Authors: Sacco Giovanni , Arosio Daniela , Paolillo Mayra , Gloger Andreas , Scheuermann Jörg , Pignataro Luca , Belvisi Laura , Dal Corso Alberto , Gennari Cesare
Published: January 2023

Salicylaldehyde (SA) derivatives are emerging as useful fragments to obtain reversible‐covalent inhibitors interacting with the lysine residues of the target protein. Here the SA installation at the C terminus of an integrin‐binding cyclopeptide, leading to enhanced ligand affinity for the receptor as well as stronger biological activity in cultured glioblastoma cells is reported.
Soft Matter Engineering for the Fabrication of Functionalized Casein Microparticles
Authors: Asaduzzaman Md , Schulte Jann , Gebhardt Ronald
Published: January 2023

The structural features of the most abundant milk protein casein can be exploited for the targeted production of microparticles with desired properties. After the addition of pectin, the so‐called casein micelles reversibly form aggregates of several µm in size, which change their shape due to shear and elongation forces. The soft properties are crucial for the subsequent solidification into stable casein microparticles during film drying. Based on pH‐dependent experiments, we show how we analyze and tailor the swelling and disintegration properties of the microparticles for future controlled and instant release applications.
Glucose in the photobox – a new method for photometric glucose determination in chemistry classes by using digital media
Authors: Fleischer Holger , Reinmold Marco , Salzner Jens , Lühken Arnim
Published: January 2023

Mit der photometrischen Verfolgung der Oxidation von Glucose in einer schwach alkalischen Iod‐Kaliumiodid‐Stärke‐Lösung wird eine neue Methode vorgestellt, um Glucose quantitativ zu bestimmen. Durch die Oxidation der Glucose sinkt die Konzentration des blauen Polyiodid‐Amylose‐Komplexes, was sich photometrisch verfolgen lässt. Unter Bedingungen einer Kinetik pseudo‐erster Ordnung ist die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit proportional zur Extinktion der Lösung. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante k‘ dieser Reaktion ist proportional zu c0(Glucose). Damit kann über die Geschwindigkeitskonstante k‘ eine unbekannte Glucose‐Konzentration ermittelt werden. Die Datenauswertung erfordert einfache Kenntnisse in der Reaktionskinetik. Die in der Lösung ablaufenden Reaktionen lassen sich zur Vertiefung der Themen chemische Gleichgewichte und Redoxreaktionen nutzen. Das Verfahren ist für einen Einsatz im Chemieunterricht der Sekundarstufe 2 geeignet und kann motivierend zur Analyse verschiedener Erfrischungsgetränke und Säfte eingeführt werden. Schließlich ermöglicht die Messmethode den Einsatz digitaler Medien im Chemieunterricht. Das Photometer kann dazu durch ein Smartphone ersetzt werden, wenn eine App installiert ist, die die Farbtiefe der Lösung zeitaufgelöst analysieren kann. Der Bau einer entsprechenden „Photometer‐Messzelle“ wird beschrieben. Die Messergebnisse mit dem Smartphone stimmen sehr gut mit denen aus dem Photometer überein.
Development of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID‐19 vaccination in children and adolescents: A systematic review
Authors: Fatima Maurish , Khan Muhammad H. A. , Ali Muhammad S. , Osama Muhammad , Cheema Huzaifa A. , Ahmed Aleena , Nisar Amna , Murad Muhammad W. , Farooq Hareem , Aemaz Ur Rehman Muhammad , Swed Sarya , Akbar Usman A.
Published: January 2023

Myocarditis and pericarditis have been reported after COVID‐19 vaccine administration in children and adolescents, raising the concern about their possible association with these vaccines. The objective was to explore the incidence, clinical presentation, and association of myocarditis and pericarditis with COVID‐19 vaccines in children and adolescents. We conducted a systematic literature search on three databases, that is, Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, and EMBASE from inception till March 2022. A total of three case reports, four case series, and six observational studies were included in the review. For case reports and case series, the mean age of the patients was 17.4 years, with 96.9% being male. Chest pain (n = 31, 93.9%), fever (n = 18, 54.5%), myalgias (n = 15, 45.4%) and headache (n = 9, 27.2%) were the most common presentations. Out of 33 patients, 32 (96.9%) of patients received Pfizer‐BioNTech whereas only one (3.03%) received Moderna (mRNA 1273). Clinical investigations revealed ST elevation (n = 32, 97%), and elevated CRP (n = 9, 27.2%) and cardiac troponin (n = 29, 87.8%). The pooled incidence of myocarditis and pericarditis from observational studies was (0.00063%) and (0.000074%) %, respectively. Myocarditis and pericarditis in children and adolescents after the COVID‐19 vaccines were more prevalent among males and more commonly observed after the second dose of Pfizer. Though the overall incidence was low, however, the clinicians should consider myocarditis and pericarditis as probable diagnosis when encountering young patients, with a history of vaccine administration, presenting with suggestive findings.
Optical Physical Mechanisms of Helicene Carbon Nanohoop with Möbius Topology
Authors: Li Ning , Sun Mengtao
Published: January 2023

Optical and spectral properties of carbon nanohoop with Möbius topology is of great interest in nano‐science and nano‐technology. And it can be imagined that it has a lot of unexpected potential application prospects. However, theoretical calculations based on some figure‐of‐eight helicene carbon nanohoop with Möbius topology are still insufficient. Therefore, in this paper, we theoretically study the optical and spectral properties of figure‐of‐eight helicene carbon nanohoop with Möbius topology. Optical and spectral properties are analyzed with visualization method of transition density matrix and charge density difference, which reveal the unique characterization of carbon nanohoop with Möbius topology. Our results can not only deepen the understanding of the optical physical mechanisms of the nanorings with mobius carbons, but also provide deeper insight on optical properties and potential design on optical nanodevices.
Cobalt Nanoparticles Anchored on N‐Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Yeast for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Sun Jiankang , Wang Zhengyun , Xu You , Zhang Tiansui , Zhu Deyu , Li Guangfang , Liu Hongfang
Published: January 2023

Biomass‐derived carbon materials have received extensive attention for use in high‐performance electrocatalysts. In this study, a highly efficient electrocatalyst is developed with Co nanoparticles anchored on N‐doped porous carbon material (CoNC) by using yeast as a biomass precursor through a facial activation and pyrolysis process. CoNC exhibits comparable catalytic activity with commercial 20 % Pt/C for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with a half‐wave potential of 0.854 V. A home‐made primary Zn–air battery exhibited an open circuit potential of 1.45 V and a peak power density of 188 mW cm−2. Moreover, the discharge voltage of the primary battery maintained at a stable value up to 9 days. The enhanced performance of CoNC was probably ascribed to its high content of pyridinic‐N and graphitic‐N species, extra Co loading and porous structure, which provided sufficient active sites and channels to promote mass/electron transfer for ORR. This work provides a promising strategy to develop an efficient non‐noble metal carbon‐based electrocatalyst for fuel cells and metal–air batteries.
An adaptive two‐level hierarchical controller for universal power sharing and performance enhancement of hybrid energy storage‐supported AC/DC microgrids
Authors: Satheesan Jithin , Thankappan Nair Rajeev
Published: January 2023

The uncertainties in generation from renewable energy sources and randomness in electric vehicle charging/discharging make the generation and load in the grid more volatile. The large‐scale integration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles has necessitated the remodeling of conventional control schemes in the microgrid. This article presents an adaptive two‐level hierarchical controller that enriches hybrid AC/DC microgrid performance. The virtual synchronous machine‐based primary controller determines the operating mode of the interlinking converter. In addition, it maintains the system's stability by providing virtual inertia support. The communication‐based secondary controller adaptively chooses the scaling factors based on hybrid AC/DC microgrid operating conditions. The adaptive secondary control loop implemented with the primary controller and hybrid energy storage system reduces the frequency/voltage deviations under extreme load volatility and enhances the transient and steady‐state performance. The novelty of the proposed two‐level hierarchical controller is that the general purpose adaptive scheme improves the power sharing in the microgrid under normal and volatile source and load conditions. The simulations and experimental results confirm the efficacy of the proposed controller. Furthermore, the hierarchical two‐level controller performance is validated using real‐time experiments on a hardware‐in‐the‐loop simulator, OPAL‐RT, and Raspberry Pi microcontroller. The real‐time analysis ascertains that the proposed two‐level hierarchical controller effectively preserves the frequency and voltage profiles and provides accurate power sharing between the subgrids.
Real‐time estimation of the electron temperature profile in DIII‐Dby leveragingneural‐networksurrogate models
Authors: Morosohk Shira , Schuster Eugenio
Published: January 2023

Control of both the magnitude and the shape of tokamak profiles will be necessary to achieve stable, high‐performance plasmas. In order to reject disturbances in real time, feedback‐control algorithms rely on accurate real‐time knowledge of the plasma state. When diagnostics alone are insufficient, because they are limited in number or their measurements are too noisy, observers can be used to combine diagnostic data with a response model to provide a better estimation of different plasma properties. An observer has been developed to estimate the electron temperature profile in real time using both diagnostic data from the Thomson scattering system and a model based on the electron heat transport equation describing the evolution of the electron temperature profile. Neural network surrogate models are leveraged to help improve the overall model prediction while staying within computation time constraints for real‐time use. The observer algorithm is shown in offline tests to produce smooth profiles that are consistent with both the diagnostic data and the electron heat transport equation. When implemented into the real‐time plasma control system, this observer will provide valuable information on the electron temperature profile to many potential feedback‐control applications.
The comparative evaluation of CK17 expression in histologic and cytological sections of oral squamous‐cell carcinoma using immunohistochemistry
Authors: Torabinia Nakisa , Razavi Sayed Mohammad , Sarrafpour Babak , Ziaei‐Rad Elnaz
Published: January 2023

Backgroud

Squamous‐cell carcinoma of the mouth accounts for 90% of all oral cancers and despite advances in treatment methods, its 5‐year survival rate is reported to be about 68%. This is due to the late diagnosis of the disease and its resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments. One of the methods for diagnosing oral lesions is exfoliative cytology, which is a noninvasive method and can be easily carried out in a dental office.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to find a method that in addition to being fast, accurate and less aggressive has high value and a good degree of accuracy for diagnosis of oral squamous‐cell carcinoma.

Materials and Methods

In this descriptive‐analytical study, 14 patients who were diagnosed with oral squamous‐cell carcinoma and 14 specimens from exfoliative cytology of the same tissue before surgery were examined. Immunohistochemically stained specimens were examined by two pathologists simultaneously. Next, five nonoverlapping sections with magnification (×400) and the number of cells stained with the cytokeratin marker 17 are counted and the average percentage of each slide is determined. One‐sample t‐test is used to analyze the data and significance level in tests is considered 0.05.

Results

In examining the diagnostic value of cytology, we concluded that out of 280 affected cells, 211 cells were stained. Therefore, the sensitivity of cytology in the diagnosis of squamous‐cell carcinoma of the mouth is 75.4%. In other words, cytology correctly identifies 75.4% of affected cells as affected. Also, the positive predictive value of cytology was 100%.
Preparation of Fe−Co−LDH/MXene modified electrode for sensitive determination of arsenic (III) in aquatic system
Authors: Chen Luyi , Xiao Ping , Hu Bin , Wang Yiwen , Yang Jianmao , Liu Jianyun
Published: January 2023

3‐dimensional (3D) Fe−Co−LDH/MXene composite was synthesized by in‐situ synthesis and assembly of Fe−Co−LDH rod around MXene under hydrothermal condition. Due to the unique 3D configuration and good conductivity, the obtained Fe−Co−LDH/MXene modified glassy carbon electrode (Fe−Co−LDH/MXene/GCE) showed excellent electrochemical activity for As(III) detection. Via square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry, the response current on Fe−Co−LDH/MXene/GCE had good linear relationship with As(III) concentrations (1∼1000 ppt) with superior sensitivity (0.22 μA ppt−1 cm−2) and low detection limit (0.9 ppt). The mechanism of As(III) adsorption was demonstrated. The electrode showed excellent anti‐interference ability. Real water sample analysis demonstrated the Fe−Co−LDH/MXene/GCE was deployable in aqua‐system.
A Review of Chemically Induced Intercalation and Deintercalation in Battery Materials
Authors: Odetallah Mariam , Kuss Christian
Published: January 2023

Intercalation is the fundamental process underlying lithium‐ion batteries and related technologies. While intercalation is electrochemically induced in batteries, it can also be performed with chemical redox agents. In principle, the two processes are equivalent, although there can be differences, such as rate control, side reactions, and charge transfer mechanisms. Chemically induced intercalation can be used where electrochemical methods are impractical or impossible and continues to inspire innovative applications. This chemistry is important in synthesis and pretreatment of intercalation materials, with novel impactful applications emerging that range from lithium recycling to intercalation material‐based redox flow batteries. This review summarizes the use of chemical intercalation and serves as a resource for selecting and optimizing methods specific to material and application. Covering the whole life cycle of intercalation materials: development, synthesis, use, and finally recycling, it can be expected that these reactions will continue to have great impact on the path toward efficient and cheap energy storage.
Lightweight and efficient privacy‐preserving mutual authentication scheme to secure Internet of Things‐based smart healthcare
Authors: Das Sangjukta , Namasudra Suyel
Published: January 2023

In recent years, Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been adopted in numerous application areas, such as healthcare, agriculture, industrial automation, and many more. The use of IoT and other technologies like cloud computing and machine learning has made the modern healthcare system to be smart, automated, and efficient. However, the continuous proliferation of cyber‐attacks on IoT devices has increased IoT challenges like data security, privacy protection, authentication, and so forth. In smart healthcare systems, due to the lack of authentication protocols, attackers can undermine the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of both smart healthcare devices and data, which can be life‐threatening in some situations. In this article, a privacy‐preserving mutual authentication scheme for IoT‐enabled healthcare systems is proposed to achieve lightweight and effective authentication of network devices. To support the processing capabilities of the IoT devices, this proposed authentication scheme is designed using lightweight cryptographic primitives, namely XOR, concatenation, and hash operation. The proposed scheme can establish a secure session between an authorized device and a gateway, and prevent unauthorized devices from getting access to healthcare systems. The security analysis and performance analysis assess the proposed authentication technique's effectiveness over existing well‐known schemes.
Behavioral status modulates CA2 influence on hippocampal network dynamics
Authors: He Hongshen , Wang Yi , McHugh Thomas J.
Published: January 2023

Dynamic interactions between the subregions of the hippocampus are required for the encoding and consolidation of memory. While the interplay and contributions of the CA1 and CA3 regions are well understood, we continue to learn more about how CA2 differentially contributes to the organization of network function. For example, CA2 place cells have been reported to be less spatially tuned during exploration, but uniquely capable of coding place while an animal stops. Here we applied chemogenetics to transiently silence CA2 pyramidal cells and found that CA2 influences hippocampal dynamics in a state‐dependent manner. We find that during rest, CA2 inhibition reduces synchronization across regions (CA1, CA2, CA3) and frequency bands (low‐gamma‐ and ripple‐band). Moreover, during new learning CA1 place field formation is slower in the absence of CA2 transmission and during pausing, CA1 pyramidal cells are less excitable without CA2 drive. On the network level, a novel convolutional neural network (SpikeDecoder) was employed to show subregion and state‐dependent changes in spatial coding that agree with our observations on the single cell level. Together these data suggest additional novel roles for CA2 in governing and differentiating hippocampal dynamics under discrete behavioral states.
Synthesizing Strained Azatriseptane Frameworks
Authors: Zhang Kai , El Bitar Nehme Mélissa , Hope Philip A. , Rickhaus Michel
Published: January 2023

Embedding seven‐membered rings into polycyclic aromatic molecules is attractive as they can exert an influence on molecular conformation that ultimately changes the solubility and π‐electronics. The considerations in designing and synthesizing a highly strained azatriseptane framework are discussed herein. We employ a twofold macrocyclization strategy to form the [7,7,7]‐system and through scoping various strategies identify that the Friedel–Crafts approach is the key. In addition to the successes presented here, the synthetic limitations we have identified highlight the key challenges in forming triseptane frameworks and pave the way for second‐generation analogues that may have various applications in optical and electronic organic materials.
Frictional material selection of dry clutch disc based on the weighted factor and finite element methods
Authors: Doos Qasim M. , Hussain Ihsan Y. , Al‐Sahb Wassan Abd , Abdullah Oday I. , Al‐Tamimi Adnan Naji Jameel
Published: January 2023

The main task of the frictional facing of a clutch disc is to transfer the power from the driving to the driven parts. High frictional heat will be generated when the frictional facing comes into contact with the moving surfaces (flywheel and pressure plate). In this research paper, the selection of the frictional‐facing material of the clutch disc has been investigated to obtain the optimal thermal behavior of the clutch system. It used five different frictional materials (St37‐2, HCC, G95, LUK, and Tiger), and then applied the Weighted Factor Method to find the optimal frictional material that can be used in the clutch disc. In the second part, an axisymmetric finite element (FE) model has been developed to simulate the working of the clutch system during the heating phase. A comparison was made between the results of the thermal problem using the FE method and the Weighted Factor Method, where a high agreement was obtained between them to determine the optimal frictional material for the clutch disc. It was found that the frictional material (HCC) is the superior one with the highest performance index equal to 90.7 and the lowest values of the maximum temperature (353.7 K). In contrast, the frictional material (St37‐2) is the poorest one, with the lowest performance index equal to 30.7 and the highest values of the maximum temperature (378.2 K).
Which implied volatilities contain more information? Evidence from China
Authors: Wang Linyu , Ji Yifan , Ni Zhongxin
Published: January 2023

This paper aims to examine the information capacity of implied volatility (IV) estimated with model‐based and model‐free methods. Among the model‐free approaches, we further divide them into direct estimation (DE) and indirect estimation (INDE) approaches according to the computational process. We study the predictability of different implied volatilities on realized volatility over various forecasting horizons based on the Chinese option data. The out‐of‐sample results indicate that all the IVs contain the information transmitted by option market, and have predictive ability on the realized volatility. Using three different loss functions, we find that the implied volatilities estimated with DE approach contain more information. When considering different market scenarios, we find model‐based implied volatility performs best during the stable period and the DE approach always works well no matter the investor sentiment is normal or abnormal. Moreover, we also discuss the predictability of implied volatility on crash risk. Our results remain robust by using alternative realized volatility and alternative rolling windows.
Magnetic fields enable precise spatial control over electrospun fiber alignment for fabricating complex gradient materials
Authors: Tindell Raymond Kevin , Busselle Lincoln P. , Holloway Julianne L.
Published: January 2023

Musculoskeletal interfacial tissues consist of complex gradients in structure, cell phenotype, and biochemical signaling that are important for function. Designing tissue engineering strategies to mimic these types of gradients is an ongoing challenge. In particular, new fabrication techniques that enable precise spatial control over fiber alignment are needed to better mimic the structural gradients present in interfacial tissues, such as the tendon‐bone interface. Here, we report a modular approach to spatially controlling fiber alignment using magnetically‐assisted electrospinning. Electrospun fibers were highly aligned in the presence of a magnetic field and smoothly transitioned to randomly aligned fibers away from the magnetic field. Importantly, magnetically‐assisted electrospinning allows for spatial control over fiber alignment at sub‐millimeter resolution along the length of the fibrous scaffold similar to the native structural gradient present in many interfacial tissues. The versatility of this approach was further demonstrated using multiple electrospinning polymers and different magnet configurations to fabricate complex fiber alignment gradients. As expected, cells seeded onto gradient fibrous scaffolds were elongated and aligned on the aligned fibers and did not show a preferential alignment on the randomly aligned fibers. Overall, this fabrication approach represents an important step forward in creating gradient fibrous materials, where such materials are promising as tissue‐engineered scaffolds for regenerating functional musculoskeletal interfacial tissues.
Smallholder farmers' knowledge on the use of bioslurry as a soil fertility amendment input for potato production in Kenya
Authors: Mwakidoshi Emmanuel R. , Gitari Harun H. , Muindi Esther M. , Wamukota Andrew , Seleiman Mahmoud F. , Maitra Sagar
Published: January 2023

A survey was conducted on farmers' fields at Werugha and Wusi‐Kishamba wards in Taita Taveta County, Kenya, to assess the factors influencing farmers' decisions on the use of bioslurry in the management of soil fertility. Knowledge gaps on bioslurry use provide contrasting claims about the value of bioslurry from source, storage and handling, crop types, soil, and climate conditions, and as a fertilizer. The majority of the farmers in the study sites double up as dairy farmers which has resulted in enormous production of under‐utilized cow dung. Over‐dependence on the use of inorganic fertilizers leads to the destruction of soil physical and biological properties; hence, the provision of essential nutrients required by plants for growth and development is not achieved at the maximum recommended rates. This results in a yield decrease with potato yield ranging from 8 to 15 t ha−1, which is 2‐ to 3‐times below the achievable yield of 40 t ha−1. A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to 120 small‐scale farmers within the two wards. Results showed that the use of bioslurry has not been well adopted by farmers from the two wards as only 18% responded to using bioslurry on their farms whereas 78% relied on chemical fertilizers and other forms of manures such as farmyard manure. However, even those using slurry had since been reported to have challenges with its use and application. The 36% of farmers who applied bioslurry alone did so due to its availability considering the high cost of inorganic fertilizers while those who combined it with inorganic fertilizers had faith in chemical fertilizers and that they aimed at achieving high crop yields. The major challenges farmers faced while using slurry on their farms were reported to be on lack of knowledge on the exact quantity to be applied per unit area and on the storage of excess slurry from biodigesters. This implied that even though slurry was available, it was still not useful to the farmers due to under/over application and poor storage. The study, therefore, recommends capacity‐building programs and agricultural extension services to be developed, to ensure adequate knowledge on bioslurry use and adoption by smallholder farmers in the management of soil fertility in enhancing crop productivity.
Gathering speed and countering tensions in the rapid learning health system
Authors: Reid Robert J. , Greene Sarah M.
Published: January 2023

The vision of the learning health system (LHS), conceptualized 15 years ago, is for the rapid generation, use, and spread of high‐quality evidence that yields better health experiences, outcomes, efficiencies, and equity in everyday practice settings across communities. However, despite the emergence of many useful LHS frameworks and examples to guide adoption, large gaps remain in the speed and consistency with which evidence is generated and used across the range of settings from the bedside to the policy table. Gaps in progress are not surprising, however, given the tensions that predictably arise when key stakeholders—researchers, health systems, and funders—comingle in these efforts. This commentary examines eight core tensions that naturally arise and offers practical actions that stakeholders can take to address these tensions and speed LHS adoption. The urgency for attenuating these tensions and accelerating health system improvements has never been higher. Timeliness, rigor, and prioritization can be aligned across stakeholders, but only if all partners are intentional about the operational and cultural challenges that exist.
Kirchhoff type elliptic equations with double criticality in Musielak–Sobolev spaces
Authors: Gupta Shilpa , Dwivedi Gaurav
Published: January 2023

This paper aims to establish the existence of a weak solution for the nonlocal problem:

where
is a bounded and smooth domain containing two open and connected subsets
and
such that
and
is the
‐Laplace operator. We assume that
reduces to
in
and to
in
, the nonlinear function
acts as
on
and as
on
for sufficiently large
. To establish the existence results in a Musielak–Sobolev space, we use a variational technique based on the mountain pass theorem.
Reconstruction for 7T high‐resolution whole‐brain diffusion MRI using two‐stage N/2 ghost correction and L1‐SPIRiT without single‐band reference
Authors: Pan Ziyi , Ma Xiaodong , Dai Erpeng , Auerbach Edward J. , Guo Hua , Uğurbil Kâmil , Wu Xiaoping
Published: January 2023

Purpose

To combine a new two‐stage N/2 ghost correction and an adapted L1‐SPIRiT method for reconstruction of 7T highly accelerated whole‐brain diffusion MRI (dMRI) using only autocalibration scans (ACS) without the need of additional single‐band reference (SBref) scans.

Methods

The proposed ghost correction consisted of a 3‐line reference approach in stage 1 and the reference‐free entropy method in stage 2. The adapted L1‐SPIRiT method was formulated within the 3D k‐space framework. Its efficacy was examined by acquiring two dMRI data sets at 1.05‐mm isotropic resolutions with a total acceleration of 6 or 9 (i.e., 2‐fold or 3‐fold slice and 3‐fold in‐plane acceleration). Diffusion analysis was performed to derive DTI metrics and estimate fiber orientation distribution functions (fODFs). The results were compared with those of 3D k‐space GRAPPA using only ACS, all in reference to 3D k‐space GRAPPA using both ACS and SBref (serving as a reference).

Results

The proposed ghost correction eliminated artifacts more robustly than conventional approaches. Our adapted L1‐SPIRiT method outperformed 3D k‐space GRAPPA when using only ACS, improving image quality to what was achievable with 3D k‐space GRAPPA using both ACS and SBref scans. The improvement in image quality further resulted in an improvement in estimation performances for DTI and fODFs.

Conclusion

The combination of our new ghost correction and adapted L1‐SPIRiT method can reliably reconstruct 7T highly accelerated whole‐brain dMRI without the need of SBref scans, increasing acquisition efficiency and reducing motion sensitivity.