bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of Chiral Molecular Clefts Related to Troeger′s Base
Authors: Turner Jennifer J. , Harding Margaret M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Troeger′s Base Derivatives: New Life for Old Compounds
Authors: Valik Martin , Strongin Robert M. , Kral Vladimir
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Polymer‐Supported and Combinatorial Synthesis of β‐Lactam Compounds — An Update
Authors: Laborde Maria A. , Mata Ernesto G.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐Phase Chemistry in the Total Synthesis of Non‐Peptidic Natural Products
Authors: Cironi Pablo , Alvarez Mercedes , Albericio Fernando
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Application of Olefin Metathesis to the Synthesis of Biologically Active Macrocyclic Agents
Authors: Van de Weghe Pierre , Eustache Jacques
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fullerenes: Introduction and Overview of Their Biological Properties
Authors: Thakral Seema , Mehta R. M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Transition Metal Catalyzed Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation Reactions Using Novel Chiral Ferrocenes and Cyclophanes
Authors: Hou Xue Long , You Shu Li , Tu Tao , Deng Wei Ping , Wu Xun Wei , Li Ming , Yuan Ke , Zhang Tang Zhi , Dai Li Xin
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Recognition and Catalysis: From Macrocyclic Receptors to Molecularly Imprinted Metal Complexes
Authors: Karakhanov Edward A. , Karapetyan Lyusyen M. , Kardasheva Yulia S. , Maksimov Anton L. , Runova Elena A. , Skorkin Vitaliy A. , Terenina Maria V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Control of the β‐Hydride Elimination Making Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions More Diversified
Authors: Lu Xiyan
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
You Are Sitting on a Gold Mine!
Authors: Toniolo Claudio , Formaggio Fernando , Kaptein Bernard , Broxterman Quirinus B.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogenation in the Microwave Field under Hydrogen Pressure
Authors: Heller E. , Holzgrabe U.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Retinoic Acid Metabolism Blocking Agents (RAMBAs) for Treatment of Cancer and Dermatological Diseases
Authors: Njar Vincent C. O. , Gediya Lalji , Purushottamachar Puranik , Chopra Pankaj , Vasaitis Tadas Sean , Khandelwal Aakanksha , Mehta Jhalak , Huynh Carlic , Belosay Aashvini , Patel Jyoti
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Applications of Chiral Organoselenium Compounds in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Braga Antonio L. , Luedtke Diogo S. , Vargas Fabricio , Braga Rodolpho C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Fluorination Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Palladium Complexes
Authors: Hamashima Yoshitaka , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Greener Media in Chemical Synthesis and Processing
Authors: Avalos Martin , Babiano Reyes , Cintas Pedro , Jimenez Jose L. , Palacios Juan C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Maleimide Spacers as Versatile Linkers in the Synthesis of Bioconjugates of Anthracyclines
Authors: Le Sann Christine
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pharmacological Activities of Natural Triterpenoids and Their Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Dzubak Petr , Hajduch Marian , Vydra David , Hustova Alica , Kvasnica Miroslav , Biedermann David , Markova Lenka , Urban Milan , Sarek Jan
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Developments in Preparative Enzymatic Syntheses of Carbohydrates
Authors: Rowan Andrew S. , Hamilton Chris J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Vinylic SN2 Reaction
Authors: Okuyama Tadashi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organic Synthesis, Chemical Properties, and Biological Activities of Cyclic Bis(3′‐5′) Diguanylic Acid (c‐di‐GMP) and Its Analogues
Authors: Hyodo Mamoru , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Karaolis David K. R.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses and Properties of vic‐Disulfoxides
Authors: Ishii Akihiko
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Environmentally Friendly Electroorganic Synthesis Using Solid‐Supported Acids and Bases
Authors: Tajima Toshiki , Fuchigami Toshio
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design of Targeting Ligands in Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Storr Tim , Thompson Katherine H. , Orvig Chris
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal Complexes of Maltol and Close Analogues in Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Thompson Katherine H. , Barta Cheri A. , Orvig Chris
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrophilicity Index
Authors: Chattaraj Pratim Kumar , Sarkar Utpal , Roy Debesh Ranjan
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dynamic and Structural Properties of Sphingolipids as Driving Forces for the Formation of Membrane Domains
Authors: Sonnino Sandro , Prinetti Alessandro , Mauri Laura , Chigorno Vanna , Tettamanti Guido
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Interactions of Antitumor Metallodrugs with Serum Proteins: Advances in Characterization Using Modern Analytical Methodology
Authors: Timerbaev Andrei R. , Hartinger Christian G. , Aleksenko Svetlana S. , Keppler Bernhard K.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemical Genetics
Authors: Walsh Daniel P. , Chang Young‐Tae
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Green Chemistry and the Health Implications of Nanoparticles
Authors: Albrecht Matthew A. , Evans Cameron W. , Raston Colin
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mesoporous Hybrid Thin Films: The Physics and Chemistry Beneath
Authors: Soler‐Illia G. J. A. A. , Innocenzi P.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solubility Enhancers for Oral Drug Delivery: Can Chemical Structure Manipulation Be Avoided?
Authors: Kim Chong‐Kook , Park Jeong‐Sook
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemometrics: Achievements and Prospects
Authors: Rodionova O. Ye. , Pomerantsev A. L.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Simulation of Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Hunt P. A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cytochromes c′: Biological Models for the S = 3/2, 5/2 Spin‐State Admixture?
Authors: Weiss Raymond , Gold Avram , Terner James
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Catalysts and Catalytic Processes
Authors: Gladden L. F. , Mantle M. D. , Sederman A. J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Analytical Potential of Moessbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Semenov V. G. , Moskvin L. N. , Efimov A. A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organic Reagents in Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis
Authors: Savvin S. B. , Shtykov S. N. , Mikhailova A. V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid Polymer Electrolytes Studied by NMR Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations
Authors: Spevacek Jiri , Brus Jiri , Dybal Jiri
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Some finite difference methods for a kind of GKdV equations
Authors: Lai X. , Cao Q.
Published: August 2006

In this paper, some finite difference schemes I, II, III and IV, are investigated and compared in solving a kind of mixed problem of generalized Korteweg‐de Vries (GKdV) equations especially the relative errors. Both the numerical dispersion and the numerical dissipation are analysed for the constructed difference scheme I. The stability is also obtained for scheme I and the constructed predictor–corrector scheme IV by using a linearized stability method. Other two schemes, II and III, are also included in the comparison among these four schemes for the numerical analysis of different GKdV equations. The results enable one to consider the relative error when dealing with these kinds of GKdV equations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Concept for Photovoltaic Cells: Clusters of Titanium Dioxide Encapsulated within Zeolites as Photoactive Semiconductors
Authors: Álvaro Mercedes , Carbonell Esther , Atienzar Pedro , García Hermenegildo
Published: August 2006

Discrete clusters of TiO2 (of only a few titanium atoms) are prepared within the internal micropore space of zeolite Y (4.8 wt % Ti loading) and characterized by Raman spectroscopy (rutile‐ and anatase‐like structures), electron microscopy combined with elemental analyses (coincident Si and Ti spatial distribution), and X‐ray diffraction (minor zeolite crystallinity decrease). The parent TiO2@Y sample is modified either by adsorption of acid‐organic compounds (benzoic and 4‐aminobenzoic acids or catechol) or by nitrogen doping. After modification, the optical UV/Vis spectrum of the parent TiO2@Y (onset of the absorption band at wavelengths <300 nm and bandgap of 4.2 eV) changes, and the appearance of new bands expanding to the visible region is observed. In contrast to the inactive zeolite Y matrix, all the zeolite‐encapsulated TiO2 species exhibit a photovoltaic response. The influence of the I2/I3− concentration in the electrolyte solution on the temporal profile of the photovoltage clearly shows that I2/I3− is also a suitable carrier for the positive charge in zeolite‐based photovoltaic devices. The photocurrent response and the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell based on zeolite‐encapsulated TiO2 materials depend on the nature of the organic modifier and on the N‐doping. The most efficient photovoltaic cell is that based on N‐doped TiO2@Y, which exhibits a VOC (voltage at open circuit) of 270 mV, an ISC of 5.8 μA (current at short circuit), and a fill factor (FF) of 0.4. Although these values are low compared to current dye‐sensitized TiO2 solar cells, our findings could open up a promise for a stimulating research on the photovoltaic activity of zeolite‐based host–guest solids.
From necessity to responsibility: evidence for corporate environmental citizenship activities from a developing country perspective
Authors: Küskü Fatma
Published: August 2006

The objective of this study is to focus on corporate activities conducted to protect and preserve the environment, and to evaluate these activities with respect to social responsibility in a developing country setting. This study also tries to find out whether corporations take part in these activities due to social expectations and legal obligations or due to their own social awareness. The data was collected from Turkey, which is a good example of a developing country with its economic situation. Corporations from the automotive, pharmaceutical and textile industries were studied, as the products and the process of production of these industries pose a threat to the environment. The research findings show that in adopting environmental citizenship policies corporations are more influenced by ‘obligatory regulations’ coming from institutional forces than by ‘voluntary regulations’ coming from their own social awareness. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Homoepitaxial Growth on a 4H‐SiC C‐Face Substrate
Authors: Kojima K. , Kuroda S. , Okumura H. , Arai K.
Published: August 2006

Homoepitaxial growth on a 4H‐SiC carbon face (C‐face) was investigated. The C‐face showed a similar site‐competition phenomenon to that seen on a 4H‐SiC Si‐face. This site‐competition phenomenon was distinctly sensitive to growth pressure. The surface morphology of the C‐face epitaxial layer was sensitive to surface imperfections on the substrate. The growth window of 4° off‐axis, C‐face substrates was shown to be wider than that of the corresponding Si‐face. A specular surface morphology without a bunched step structure was obtained over a whole 2 inch C‐face substrate with a vicinal off‐angle of 0.5°.
Reducing Planar Defects in 3C–SiC
Authors: Nagasawa H. , Yagi K. , Kawahara T. , Hatta N.
Published: August 2006

The planar defects that occur at the 3C–SiC/Si(001) interface can be classified as anti‐phase boundary (APB) and stacking‐fault (SF). In order to reduce SFs and APBs simultaneously, 3C–SiC is grown on undulant‐Si in which the surface is covered with continuous slopes oriented in the [110] and [$ \bar 1 \bar 1$0] directions. This eliminates APBs at each slope of an undulation via step‐flow epitaxy. In addition, SFs with an exposed C‐face on the (001) surface (SFC) are eliminated via self‐vanishing, while those with an exposed Si‐face on the (001) surface (SFSi) form triangular shapes that expand with increasing 3C–SiC thickness. To remove any SFSithat cannot be eliminated on the undulant Si, an advanced SF reduction method involving homoepitaxial growth, called switch‐back epitaxy (SBE), is investigated.
Thick Silicon Carbide Homoepitaxial Layers Grown by CVD Techniques
Authors: Henry A. , ul Hassan J. , Bergman J. P. , Hallin C. , Janzén E.
Published: August 2006

The growth of thick epitaxial SiC layers needed for high‐voltage, high‐power devices is described for two types (horizontal and vertical) of hot‐wall (HW) CVD reactors. In both cases, the advantages of HWCVD are the better cracking efficiency of the precursor gases and better temperature distribution together with low input power. Characterizations of some examples of thick SiC layers grown are given.
Thermodynamic Aspects of the Growth of SiC Single Crystals using the CF‐PVT Process
Authors: Chaussende D. , Blanquet E. , Baillet F. , Ucar M. , Chichignoud G.
Published: August 2006

The main trends that govern the continuous‐feed physical vapor transport (PVT), bulk‐crystal‐growth process is investigated experimentally, together with thermodynamic and computation fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. Several chemical systems are considered. An analysis of the chemistry of every successive step (CVD, transfer, and PVT) is presented first. The effects of hydrogen and chlorine are then investigated. Then, the interaction between the different steps is discussed. The strong chemical interaction which exists between the CVD and the PVT zones is demonstrated to require the consideration of the whole process and not the two zones separately.
Growth of Silicon Carbide Bulk Crystals with a Modified Physical Vapor Transport Technique
Authors: Müller R. , Künecke U. , Queren D. , Sakwe S. A. , Wellmann P.
Published: August 2006

In this paper, the development of the modified physical vapor transport (M‐PVT) method for SiC bulk crystal growth is reviewed. For this technique, elements from CVD are combined with the conventional PVT (physical vapor transport) method to achieve a better process and particularly dopant control. To this end, an additional gas flow is introduced directly into the growth chamber of a PVT growth system. For stable crystal growth it is important that the additional gas flow is of the same order of magnitude as the SiC‐species flow by sublimation. Doping experiments resulted in phosphorous concentrations up to 1.5 × 1018 cm–3 and aluminum concentrations up to 1.3 × 1020 cm–3 using a PH3‐flow and a solid aluminum source in an external reservoir as dopant source, respectively. Also, the growth of a crystal with alternating p‐ and n‐type regions for the investigation of the charge carrier‐dependant dislocation evolution in SiC is presented to illustrate the outstanding flexibility that is offered by the M‐PVT method.
Prediction of radiosensitivity in human bladder cell lines using nuclear chromatin phenotype
Authors: Rajab Nor F. , McKenna Declan J. , Diamond Jim , Williamson Kate , Hamilton Peter W. , McKelvey‐Martin Valerie J.
Published: August 2006

Background:

Nuclear texture analysis measures phenotypic changes in chromatin distribution within a cell nucleus, while the alkaline Comet assay is a sensitive method for measuring the extent of DNA breakage in individual cells. The authors aim to use both methods to provide information about the sensitivity of cells to ionizing radiation.

Methods:

The alkaline Comet assay was performed on six human bladder carcinoma cell lines and one human urothelial cell line exposed to γ‐radiation doses from 0 to 10 Gy. Nuclear chromatin texture analysis of 40 features was then performed in the same cell lines exposed to 0, 2, and 6 Gy to explore if nuclear phenotype was related to radiation sensitivity.

Results:

Comet assay results demonstrated that the cell lines exhibited different levels of radiosensitivity and could be divided into a radiosensitive and a radioresistant group at >6 Gy. Using stepwise discriminant analysis, a subset of important nuclear texture features that best discriminated between sensitive and resistant cell lines were identified A classification function, defined using these features, correctly classified 81.75% of all cells into their radiosensitive or radioresistant groups based on their pretreatment chromatin phenotype. Posttreatment chromatin changes also varied between cell lines, with sensitive cell lines showing a relaxed chromatin conformation following radiation, whereas resistant cell lines exhibited chromatin condensation.

Conclusions:

The authors conclude that the alkaline Comet assay and nuclear texture methodologies may prove to be valuable aids in predicting the response of tumor cells to radiotherapy. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Retransmission strategies for an acceptable quality of HDTV in the wireless and wired home scenario
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Frederik , Moeneclaey Marc , Vleeschauwer Danny De
Published: August 2006

We evaluate the performance of various retransmission schemes to achieve the goal of less than one visible distortion in twelve hours for high definition television. The focus is on an indoor wireless link and a DSL link, and we consider systems where the packets are protected by means of retransmissions with and without forward error correcting (FEC) codes. In order to achieve a satisfactory performance with restricted latency, we propose an unconventional retransmission procedure. The overall conclusion is that retransmissions without FEC achieve the best performance with the lowest latency, lowest overhead and lowest complexity, both in the wireless and the wired home scenario. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidermal transient down‐regulation ofretinol‐binding protein 4and mirror expression ofapolipoprotein Ebandestrogen receptor 2aduring zebrafish fin and scale development
Authors: Tingaud‐Sequeira Angèle , Forgue Jean , André Michèle , Babin Patrick J.
Published: August 2006

Very little is known about the molecular control of skin patterning and scale morphogenesis in teleost fish. We have found radially symmetrical epidermal placodes with down‐regulation ofretinol‐binding protein4 (rbp4) expression during the initial paired fin and scale morphogenesis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). This finding may be related to changes in keratinocyte cytodifferentiation and/or the integument retinoid metabolism.rbp4transcripts are expressed afterward in the central epidermis of the scale papilla and gradually extend to the epidermis, covering the growing scale, whereas no transcripts were detected in posterior margin epidermis. In contrast, induction ofapolipoprotein Eb(apoeb) and up‐regulation ofestrogen receptor 2a(esr2a) transcripts were observed in the epidermis at initiator sites of zebrafish ectodermal/dermal appendage morphogenesis. This expression was maintained in the posterior margin epidermis of the formed scales.esr2awas also strongly expressed in neuromasts, whereas norbp4andapoebtranscripts were detected in these mechanosensory structures. The observed epidermal molecular events suggest that epidermis patterning is due to an activator–inhibitor mechanism operational at epidermal–dermal interaction sites.rbp4transcript expression was also strongly down‐regulated by 1‐phenyl‐2‐thio‐urea (PTU). As this inhibitor is commonly used to block obscuring pigmentation during in situ hybridization studies, this finding suggests that PTU should be used with caution, particularly in studying skin development. Developmental Dynamics 235:3071–3079, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and function of the columnar patterning gene msh in late embryonic brain development of Drosophila
Authors: Sprecher Simon G. , Hirth Frank
Published: August 2006

In Drosophila, specification of neural identity requires a network of conserved transcription factors, such as the columnar genes for dorsoventral patterning. Here, we analyze the expression and function of the columnar patterning gene muscle specific homeobox (msh) in late embryonic brain development. Expression of msh is observed in all brain neuromeres, including neurons and neuropile glia. Functional analysis demonstrates that msh is essential for proper development of the tritocerebral neuromere and brain neuropile glia. Thus, msh mutants display a severe loss of neural and glial tissue together with axonal patterning defects. This gap‐like phenotype initially correlates with defects in neural and glial cell formation and during later embryonic development is associated with increased apoptotic activity. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the columnar patterning gene msh is required for correct tritocerebral neuromere development, as well as for neuropile glia formation and axogenesis in embryonic brain development of Drosophila. Developmental Dynamics 235:2920–2929, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quetiapine in anorexia nervosa patients: An open label outpatient pilot study
Authors: Powers Pauline S. , Bannon Yvonne , Eubanks Rebecca , McCormick Terry
Published: August 2006

Objectives:

The main objective of the study was to determine whether quetiapine was effective in reducing scores on the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) in anorexia nervosa (AN) patients. Secondary objectives included determining whether quetiapine was effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. In addition, the effect on weight was determined.

Method:

In an open label design, 19 patients with AN but without schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were given 150–300 mg quetiapine daily over a 10 week period. Results were analyzed using last observation carried forward (LOCF).

Results:

Fourteen patients completed the study and all but one of the 5 patients who dropped out returned for an early termination visit. Scores on the total, general psychopathology, and depression scales of the PANSS declined significantly (p = .024, .010, .0005, respectively) at LOCF. There were improvements in several measures of anxiety, depression, and obsessive compulsive symptoms. Mean weight gain was modest at 1.6 lbs (0.73 kg). Adverse events were generally mild and no patients discontinued due to adverse events

Conclusion:

Quetiapine was well‐tolerated and patients had significant improvements in several subscales of the PANSS as well as decreases in measures of anxiety and depression. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Highly Ordered Functional Organosilicas by Template‐Directed Hydrolysis‐Polycondensation of Chiral Camphorsulfonamide Precursors
Authors: Gadenne Benoît , Hesemann Peter , Polshettiwar Vivek , Moreau Joël J. E.
Published: August 2006

Trialkoxysilylated camphorsulfonamides have been used for the synthesis of functional organosilicas in a template‐directed hydrolysis‐polycondensation with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The sol–gel transformation leading to the formation of highly ordered materials indicates that trialkoxysilylated camphorsulfonamides allow the synthesis of functional organosilicas with high structural regularity. This behaviour arises from the affinity of the chiral precursors towards the lyotropic phase of the ionic surfactants in the aqueous hydrolysis‐polycondensation mixture. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Controlled Synthesis of 3d–4d Heterobimetallic Complexes of a Symmetrical Tetraiminodiphenolate Macrocycle – Structural, Spectroscopic, and Redox Properties
Authors: Dutta Bula , Adhikary Bibhutosh , Flörke Ulrich , Nag Kamalaksha
Published: August 2006

The mononuclear complexes [Rh(LH2)Cl2](ClO4)·3H2O (1) and [Pd(LH2)](ClO4)2 (2) of the tetraiminodiphenolate macrocycle L2– have been synthesized by the transmetallationreaction between [Pb(LH2)](ClO4)2, and RhCl3·xH2O and Na2[PdCl4], respectively. In these compounds, the uncoordinated imino nitrogen atoms are protonated and are hydrogen bonded to the phenolate oxygen atoms to stabilize them against hydrolytic cleavage. Using these mononuclear complexes, the following heterodinuclear complexes: [RhIIICl2(L)PdII](X) [X = ClO4 (3), PF6 (4)], [PdII(L)MII(H2O)2](ClO4)2 [M = Mn (5), Fe (6), Co (7), Ni (8)], [PdII(L)MII](ClO4)2 [M = Cu (9), Zn (10)]; and the dipalladium(II) complex [Pd2L](ClO4)2 (11) have been synthesized. The crystal structure determined for [RhCl2(L)Pd](PF6) (4) shows an axially elongated octahedral geometry for RhIII and a square‐planar geometry for PdII. In [PdII(L)CuII](ClO4)2 (9), both the metal ions lie in the flat plane of the macrocyclic ligand and they are positionally disordered with equal occupancies. The CuII center has an apically elongated square‐pyramidal geometry due to the weak perturbation by an oxygen atom of a perchlorate anion. Complexes 2, 10, and 11 on excitation at 400 nm exhibit luminescence at room temperature at 505, 437, and 443 nm, respectively. Spectrofluorimetric titrations of [PdII(LH2)]2+ with the acetate salts of zinc(II) and palladium(II) have shown that the formation of [Pd(L)Zn]2+ and [Pd2L]2+ complex species are accompanied by blue shift of luminescence with increased and reduced emission intensities, respectively. The hyperfine‐shifted 1H NMR spectral features of the paramagnetic compounds 7–9 have been analyzed by determining their longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times. Cyclic and square‐wave voltammetric measurements have been carried out for complexes 7–9 in acetonitrile. For complexes 8 and 9, reversible one‐electron reduction occurs with E1/2 = –0.10 V for PdIICuII/PdIICuI and –0.80 V for PdIINiII/PdIINiI versus Ag/AgCl. Complex 7 undergoes irreversible reduction for cobalt(II) at –0.78 V. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Interpreting references to group membership in context: feelings about intergroup contact depending on who says what to whom
Authors: Tropp Linda R. , Bianchi Rebecca A.
Published: August 2006

Contact research often manipulates the salience of group membership, with little consideration of how such manipulations affect feelings toward intergroup contact, and how contextual features may moderate its effects. We propose that feelings toward intergroup contact may not depend solely on the degree to which group membership appears to be salient, but on how references to group membership are interpreted in the intergroup context. Two experimental studies examined how references to group membership may be interpreted differently depending on their source (ingroup or outgroup) and the recipient (minority or majority), and how these interpretations predict feelings toward cross‐group interactions. In Study 1, references to group membership were interpreted more negatively from an outgroup source among majority participants, yet a reverse pattern was observed for minority participants. Similar effects were obtained in Study 2, yet participants tended to respond negatively when an outgroup member referred specifically to their group. Moreover, feelings about cross‐group interactions were predicted only (Study 1) and strongly (Study 2) by the degree to which outgroup members' references were interpreted negatively, beyond what was predicted by participants' general awareness of group membership. Implications of these findings for future research on contact and salience are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overcoming ego depletion: the influence of exemplar priming on self‐control performance
Authors: Martijn Carolien , Alberts Hugo J. E. M. , Merckelbach Harald , Havermans Remco , Huijts Annemiek , de Vries Nanne K.
Published: August 2006

Self‐regulation research suggested that active self‐control depends on a limited resource. Therefore the capacity for self‐control is lower among people who already exercised control, a phenomenon labelled as ego depletion. This experiment examines whether priming of a persistent person exemplar may help to overcome ego depletion. Half of the participants engaged in a demanding self‐control task (solving extremely difficult labyrinths) whereas the other half took part in a task that demanded little self‐control (solving easy labyrinths). Then, half of the participants received a person exemplar prime related to persistence; the other half received a neutral prime. Finally, participants' persistence on a subsequent self‐control task (squeezing a handgrip) was measured. The effect of a person exemplar prime on a subsequent self‐control task depended on initial self‐control demands. Participants who exercised high initial self‐control and were then presented with a persistent exemplar prime showed assimilation. Their handgrip persistence was higher than the persistence of participants who received a neutral prime. Under conditions of low initial self‐control the opposite pattern was found. A persistent person prime resulted in contrast and resulted in lower handgrip performance as compared to those who received a neutral prime. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpersonal leveling, independence, and self‐enhancement: a comparison between Denmark and the US, and a relational practice framework for cultural psychology
Authors: Thomsen Lotte , Sidanius Jim , Fiske Alan Page
Published: August 2006

We argue that the relational model that people use for organizing specific social interactions in any culture determines whether people self‐enhance. Self‐enhancement is not a functional consequence of the (independent or interdependent) cultural model of self. Across three studies, Danes self‐enhanced considerably less than did Americans but were more independent on the Twenty Statements Test, made more individual attributions about social life, made more autonomous scenario choices, and were more independent on the self‐construal scale. Public modesty did not account for these Danish‐American differences in self‐enhancement. However, Danes practiced interpersonal leveling, preferring equality of outcome more than did Americans. This leveling strongly and inversely predicted self‐enhancement within both cultures and mediated Danish‐American differences in self‐enhancement. In contrast, no independence measure systematically predicted self‐enhancement within both cultures nor mediated the cultural differences in self‐enhancement. This dissociation of independence and self‐enhancement demonstrates that self‐enhancing downward social comparisons are not functionally necessary for an independent concept of self. We conclude that social relationships, not the model of the self, mediate the mutual constitution of psyche and culture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retracted:Making sense of war: using the interpretation comparison model to understand the Iraq conflict
Authors: Stapel Diederik A. , Marx David M.
Published: August 2006

The current research addressed the issue of how people use the past to compare and interpret the present. Using the logic of the Interpretation Comparison Model (ICM) we examined two factors (distinctness of past events and ambiguity of target event) that may influence how people make sense of a real world event (the Iraq War) within the context of past events (World War II and Vietnam). Extending earlier ICM studies, we used new manipulations and measures to examine the impact of these two factors. Results show that higher levels of (manipulated as well as measured) distinctness lead to contrastive evaluations about the Iraq War (and involved politicians) as a function of past wars. Lower levels of distinctness lead to assimilative evaluations, but only when the meaning of the target stimulus was somewhat ambiguous. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creative idea generation: harmony versus stimulation
Authors: Nemeth Charlan Jeanne , Ormiston Margaret
Published: August 2006

The literature on maintaining versus changing membership of groups has generally favored stable membership, not only for more cohesion and morale but for better performance via comfort and shared experiences. On the other hand, research on the stimulating properties of dissent, debate and diversity would argue for a change in membership in that it would provide access to differing views and stimulate more divergent and creative thought. The present study investigated idea generation when membership was maintained versus completely changed. We predicted and found that maintaining membership increases comfort and also the perception of creativity but not actual creative behavior whereas changing membership results in a less comfortable experience but also an increase in the number and creativity of the ideas generated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interindividual‐intergroup discontinuity as a joint function of acting as a group and interacting with a group
Authors: Wildschut Tim , Insko Chester A. , Pinter Brad
Published: August 2006

An experiment assessed the prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) choices of a set of three persons who interacted with another supposed set of three persons. There were four conditions: (1) group‐on‐group (both three‐person sets constrained by a majority vote), (2) group‐on‐one (only own three‐person set constrained by a majority vote), (3) one‐on‐group (only other three‐person set constrained by a majority vote), (4) one‐on‐one (neither three‐person set constrained by a majority vote). The four conditions were compared with three orthogonal contrasts. Consistent with the assumption that interindividual interactions are less competitive than interactions involving groups, the first contrast indicated that there were fewer competitive choices in the one‐on‐one condition than in the other three conditions pooled. Consistent with the assumption that competitiveness can flow either from acting as a group or interacting with a group, the second contrast found no significant difference between the group‐on‐one and one‐on‐group conditions. Finally, consistent with the assumption that the interindividual‐intergroup discontinuity effect is a joint function of acting as a group and interacting with a group, the third contrast revealed that there were more competitive choices in the group‐on‐group condition than in the one‐on‐group and group‐on‐one conditions pooled. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social creativity strikes back: improving motivated performance of low status group members by valuing ingroup dimensions
Authors: Derks Belle , van Laar Colette , Ellemers Naomi
Published: August 2006

Motivation of stigmatized group members to perform on status‐relevant ‘outgroup’ dimensions can be impaired after ingroup failure. Three experiments examined whether social creativity by valuing ingroup dimensions (dimensions on which an ingroup outperforms an outgroup) can increase motivation and performance on outgroup dimensions. It was hypothesized that under high social identity threat, motivation on the outgroup dimension would benefit from valuing an ingroup dimension. Experiments 1 and 2 show that when social identity threat is increased, low status group members who personally value ingroup dimensions show higher motivation to perform on the outgroup dimension. Experiment 3 shows that the induction of high contextual value of both ingroup and outgroup dimensions improves low status group members' well‐being and motivated performance on the outgroup dimension. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐ambivalence and reactions to success versus failure
Authors: Riketta Michael , Ziegler René
Published: August 2006

People differ in the extent to which their self‐evaluations fluctuate in response to positive and negative events. This research tests whether self‐ambivalence predicts this self‐evaluative reactivity. Participants first completed measures of self‐ambivalence and baseline self‐esteem. Next, they were induced a success or failure experience in a cognitive task and finally rated their cognitive self‐evaluations (task‐specific ability, state self‐esteem) and affective reactions (self‐feelings, mood). Self‐ambivalence was associated with stronger effects of the success/failure manipulation on cognitive self‐evaluations but not on affective reactions, with baseline self‐esteem controlled. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeing is believing: how participants in different subcultures judge people's credulity
Authors: Mitchell Peter , Souglidou Marianna , Mills Laura , Ziegler Fenja
Published: August 2006

We presented a scenario in which a protagonist saw an object in Location A but later heard a message saying it was in Location B. Participants judged where the protagonist believed the object was. In one condition, participants had additional information that the message was true. Those from an individualistic subculture tended to judge that the protagonist believed the message when they (the participants) knew it was true but disbelieved the message when they had no additional information. In contrast, participants from a collectivist subculture tended to judge that the protagonist believed the message in both circumstances. The results suggest that culture is related with subtle aspects of understanding the mind and especially how people evaluate messages. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation and characterization of rabbit liver apothioneins by capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Andón Balbina , Barbosa José , Sanz‐Nebot Victoria
Published: August 2006

The present study establishes a method for the separation and characterization of rabbit liver metallothionein (MT) subisoforms by capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI‐TOF‐MS) via a sheath‐flow interface. Directly coupled‐CE‐MS enables the extraction of specific molecular weight information and thereby facilitates the identification of peaks when no reference materials are available, as in the case of MT subisoforms. The analysis described here revealed the presence of the apothioneins MT‐1a, MT‐2d, and MT‐2e, belonging to MT‐I sample, and MT‐2a, MT‐2b, and MT‐2c, belonging to MT‐II. Several non‐N‐acetylated forms were also detected as traces appearing with their respective acetylated forms in both samples. Similar results were found when MALDI‐TOF experiments were performed, identifying all the sequenced rabbit liver MTs as apo‐MT‐forms, as in the CE‐ESI‐MS coupling.
Peak identification in capillary isoelectric focusing using the concept of relative peak position as determined by two isoelectric point markers
Authors: Wu Jiaqi , Huang Tiemin
Published: August 2006

In CIEF analysis, sample peaks can be identified by their relative peak positions (RPP) that are determined using only two internal pI markers. The two internal pI marker peaks should bracket, as close as possible, the sample peaks. The RPP values of the sample peaks are then calculated using the pI values, peak positions of the two pI markers, and peak position of the sample. Use of this method can effectively compensate for pH gradient distortions that often occur as a result of salts. Also, as shown by the results of this paper, regardless of the linearity of the pH gradient established by the given carrier ampholytes, sample peaks can be identified within an SD of 0.1 pH unit in RPP (<2% RSD) as long as the sample is run using the same carrier ampholytes and maintaining salt concentrations in the range of 0–15 mM.
Monolithic media in microfluidic devices for proteomics
Authors: Ro Kyung Won , Nayak Ranu , Knapp Daniel R.
Published: August 2006

Considerable effort has been invested in the development of integrated microfluidic devices for fast and highly efficient proteomic studies. Among various fabrication techniques for the preparation of analytical components (separation columns, reactors, extractors, valves, etc.) in integrated microchips, in situ fabrication of monolithic media is receiving increasing attention. This is mainly due to the ease and simplicity of preparation of monolithic media and the availability of various precursors and chemistries. In addition, UV‐initiated photopolymerization technique enables the incorporation of multiple analytical components into specified parts of a single microchip using photomasks. This review summarizes preparation methods for monolithic media and their application as microfluidic analytical components in microchips.
Permanent surface modification of polymeric capillary electrophoresis microchips for protein and peptide analysis
Authors: Liu Jikun , Lee Milton L.
Published: August 2006

Because of their surface heterogeneity, proteins readily adsorb on polymeric substrates via various interactions, which adversely affects the performance of polymeric microfluidic devices in electrophoresis‐based protein/peptide analysis. Therefore, it is necessary to use surface modification techniques such as dynamic coating or more complicated permanent surface modification, which has broader application and better performance, to render the polymeric microchannels protein‐resistant. This manuscript is a review of the surface chemistry of microfluidic devices used for electrophoretic separations of proteins and peptides. The structural complexity of proteins as it relates to adsorption is described, followed by a review of the mechanisms and structural characteristics of protein‐resistant surfaces. Permanent surface modification techniques used in grafting protein‐resistant materials onto the surfaces of electrophoresis microchannels fabricated from polymer substrates are summarized and successful examples are presented.