bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Tong Elisa K. , Glantz Stanton A.
Published: October 2007

Background—

The scientific consensus that secondhand smoke (SHS) increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by 30% is based on epidemiological and biological evidence. The tobacco industry has contested this evidence that SHS causes CVD, but how and why they have done it has not been described.

Methods and Results—

About 50 million pages of tobacco industry documents were searched using general keywords and names of industry consultants and scientists. Tobacco industry–funded epidemiological analyses of large data sets were used to argue against an epidemiological association between SHS and CVD and smoke-free regulations, but these analyses all suffered from exposure misclassification problems that biased the results toward the null. More recent industry-funded publications report an increased risk of CVD associated with SHS but claim a low magnitude of risk. When early tobacco industry–funded work demonstrated that SHS increased atherosclerosis, the industry criticized the findings and withdrew funding. RJ Reynolds focused on attacking the biological plausibility of the association between SHS and CVD by conducting indirect platelet aggregation studies, exposure chamber experiments, and literature reviews. Although these studies also suffered from exposure misclassification problems, several produced results that were consistent with a direct effect of SHS on blood and vascular function. Instead, RJ Reynolds attributed these results to an unproven epinephrine-related stress response from odor or large smoke exposure, which supported their regulatory and “reduced-harm” product development efforts. Philip Morris’ recent “reduced-harm” efforts seem supportive of a similar corporate agenda.

Conclusions—

The tobacco industry attempted to undermine the evidence that SHS causes CVD to fight smoke-free regulations while developing approaches to support new products that claim to reduce harm. The industry interest in preserving corporate viability has affected the design and interpretation of their cardiovascular studies, indicating the need for great caution in current debates about future tobacco industry regulation and development of reduced-harm tobacco products.
One Human Being, Three Early Christian Anthropologies An Assessment of Acta Andreae's Tenor on the Basis of Its Anthropological Views
Authors: Lanzillotta L. Roig
Published: October 2007

In spite of the important advances in the scholarly research of Acta Andreae during the twentieth century, the 1980's saw the revival of the old-fashioned and unjustified interpretation of the Acts as the product of an "orthodox" pen. By means of an internal analysis of its thought that focuses on the text's anthropological views, the present study argues that this view is hardly tenable and attempts to determine the orientation of Acta Andreae's mentality.
From the Prayer of the Apostle Paul to the Three Steles of Seth: Codices I, XI and VII from Nag Hammadi Viewed as a Collection
Authors: Painchaud Louis , Kaler Michael
Published: October 2007

While the individual texts in the various codices found near Nag Hammadi have been studied and discussed, relatively little attention has been paid to the motives underlying their original selection and organisation. Codices I, XI and VII in particular have been shown on palaeographical and codicological grounds to make up a sub-collection within the larger Nag Hammadi collection. Despite their doctrinal diversity, the texts found in these three codices were intended by their compilers to be read in sequence. The purpose of this article is to examine the logic behind this choice and arrangement of texts, and to advance the hypothesis that this three volume collection is intended to progressively introduce the reader to a heterodox and esoteric doctrine of religious conflict and polemic, in which the reader is invited to identify him- or herself with an embattled minority group within the larger Christian community, a group who nonetheless see themselves as enlightened and as being of the "lineage of the Father."
Revisiting Christian Oeyen: "The Other Clement" on Father, Son, and the Angelomorphic Spirit
Authors: Bucur Bogdan
Published: October 2007

This article contributes to research on Clement of Alexandria's pneumatology by revisiting and expanding upon Christian Oeyen's oft-neglected study Eine frühchristliche Engelpneumatologie bei Klemens von Alexandrien, published in 1966. It argues, first, that a study of Clement's Pneumatology cannot ignore the surviving portions of Clement's Hypotyposes (especially the Excerpta ex Theodoto, Eclogae Propheticae, and Adumbrationes), because these appear to have included treatises "On Prophecy" and "On the Soul." Secondly, it reaffirms Oeyen's thesis that Clement of Alexandria's Pneumatology is best understood within the framework of early Jewish and Christian speculation on the "first created" angelic spirits (πρωτó;κτιστoι). The article advances the discussion by providing a context for Clement's "angelomorphic Pneumatology": this phenomenon is part of a larger theological articulation, occurring in tandem with Spirit Christology and a marked binitarian orientation.
The Faces of the Father: "Pentadization" in the Manichaean Kephalaia (Chapter 21)
Authors: Pettipiece Timothy
Published: October 2007

One of the most striking characteristics of the first volume of Manichaean Kephalaia is the occurrence of five-part patterns in a wide variety of contexts. Even though the importance of pentads in Manichaeism has long been recognized, few attempts have been made to study what implications they might have for tracing the development of early Manichaean tradition. By examining the attribution of five qualities to the Father of Greatness in Kephalaia Chapter 21, this article suggests that a deliberate attempt was made to revise the Manichaean concept of divinity from one based on tetrads to one based on pentads.
Jets and Orography: Idealized Experiments with Tip Jets and Lighthill Blocking
Authors: Rhines P. B.
Published: October 2007

This paper describes qualitative features of the generation of jetlike concentrated circulations, wakes, and blocks by simple mountainlike orography, both from idealized laboratory experiments and shallow-water numerical simulations on a sphere. The experiments are unstratified with barotropic lee Rossby waves, and jets induced by mountain orography. A persistent pattern of lee jet formation and lee cyclogenesis owes its origins to arrested topographic Rossby waves above the mountain and potential vorticity (PV) advection through them. The wake jet occurs on the equatorward, eastern flank of the topography. A strong upstream blocking of the westerly flow occurs in a Lighthill mode of long Rossby wave propagation, which depends on βa2/U, the ratio of Rossby wave speed based on the scale of the mountain, to zonal advection speed, U (β is the meridional potential vorticity gradient, f is the Coriolis frequency, and a is the diameter of the mountain). Mountains wider (north–south) than the east–west length scale of stationary Rossby waves will tend to block the oncoming westerly flow. These blocks are essentially β plumes, which are illustrated by their linear Green function. For large βa2/U, upwind blocking is strong; the mountain wake can be unstable, filling the fluid with transient Rossby waves as in the numerical simulations of Polvani et al. For small values, βa2/U ≪ 1 classic lee Rossby waves with large wavelength compared to the mountain diameter are the dominant process. The mountain height, δh, relative to the mean fluid depth, H, affects these transitions as well. Simple lee Rossby waves occur only for such small heights, δh/h ≪ aβ/f, that the f/h contours are not greatly distorted by the mountain. Nongeostrophic dynamics are seen in inertial waves generated by geostrophic shear, and ducted by it, and also in a texture of finescale, inadvertent convection. Weakly damped circulations induced in a shallow-water numerical model on a sphere by a lone mountain in an initially simple westerly wind are also described. Here, with βa2/U ∼1, potential vorticity stirring and transient Rossby waves dominate, and drive zonal flow acceleration. Low-latitude critical layers, when present, exert strong control on the high-latitude waves, and with no restorative damping of the mean zonal flow, they migrate poleward toward the source of waves. While these experiments with homogeneous fluid are very simplified, the baroclinic atmosphere and ocean have many tall or equivalent barotropic eddy structures owing to the barotropization process of geostrophic turbulence.
Structure and Spacing of Jets in Barotropic Turbulence
Authors: Farrell Brian F. , Ioannou Petros J.
Published: October 2007

Turbulent flows are often observed to be organized into large-spatial-scale jets such as the familiar zonal jets in the upper levels of the Jovian atmosphere. These relatively steady large-scale jets are not forced coherently but are maintained by the much smaller spatial- and temporal-scale turbulence with which they coexist. The turbulence maintaining the jets may arise from exogenous sources such as small-scale convection or from endogenous sources such as eddy generation associated with baroclinic development processes within the jet itself. Recently a comprehensive theory for the interaction of jets with turbulence has been developed called stochastic structural stability theory (SSST). In this work SSST is used to study the formation of multiple jets in barotropic turbulence in order to understand the physical mechanism producing and maintaining these jets and, specifically, to predict the jet amplitude, structure, and spacing. These jets are shown to be maintained by the continuous spectrum of shear waves and to be organized into stable attracting states in the mutually adjusted mean flow and turbulence fields. The jet structure, amplitude, and spacing and the turbulence level required for emergence of jets can be inferred from these equilibria. For weak but supercritical turbulence levels the jet scale is determined by the most unstable mode of the SSST system and the amplitude of the jets at equilibrium is determined by the balance between eddy forcing and mean flow dissipation. At stronger turbulence levels the jet amplitude saturates with jet spacing and amplitude satisfying the Rayleigh–Kuo stability condition that implies the Rhines scale. Equilibrium jets obtained with the SSST system are in remarkable agreement with equilibrium jets obtained in simulations of fully developed β-plane turbulence.
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part II: Propagation Characteristics
Authors: Yang Gui-Ying , Hoskins Brian , Slingo Julia
Published: October 2007

Following the description of the horizontal and vertical structures of convectively coupled equatorial waves presented in Part I, here their propagation characteristics are investigated. Linear lagged regressions are used to produce their composite evolution, and the Radon transform technique is used to calculate their phase speeds. It is shown that coherent wave structures with convective coupling generally exist for about 1–2 weeks. Typical zonal wavenumbers are 6–8, wavelengths are 42°–64° of longitude, and typical periods are 4–8 days. The eastward phase speed of convectively coupled Kelvin waves is between 10 and 17 m s−1. The westward phase speed of the coupled mixed Rossby–gravity wave is between 10 and 15 m s−1, and the westward phase speed of the coupled n = 1 Rossby wave is between 7 and 9 m s−1. It is found that convection can produce stronger vertical coupling of phase speeds, and Doppler shifting by the ambient flow can modify phase speeds. There is further evidence that some waves tend to act as forcing agents for convection whereas others tend to be forced by convection. Eastward propagation of some n = 0 and 1 modes in the upper troposphere is also examined.
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part III: Synthesis Structures and Their Forcing and Evolution
Authors: Yang Gui-Ying , Hoskins Brian , Slingo Julia
Published: October 2007

Building on Parts I and II of this study, the structures of eastward- and westward-moving convectively coupled equatorial waves are examined through synthesis of projections onto standard equatorial wave horizontal structures. The interaction between these equatorial wave components and their evolution are investigated. It is shown that the total eastward-moving fields and their coupling with equatorial convection closely resemble the standard Kelvin wave in the lower troposphere, with intensified convection in phase with anomalous westerlies in the Eastern Hemisphere (EH) and with anomalous convergence in the Western Hemisphere (WH). However, in the upper troposphere, the total fields show a mixture of the Kelvin wave and higher (n = 0 and 1) wave structures, with strong meridional wind and its divergence. The equatorial total fields show what may be described as a modified first internal Kelvin wave vertical structure in the EH, with a tilt in the vertical and a third peak in the midtroposphere. There is evidence that the EH midtropospheric Kelvin wave is closely associated with SH extratropical eastward-moving wave activity, the vertical velocity associated with the wave activity stretching into the equatorial region in the mid–upper troposphere. The midtropospheric zonal wind and geopotential height show a pattern that may be associated with a forced wave.

The westward-moving fields associated with off-equatorial convection show very different behaviors between the EH midsummer and the WH transition seasons. In the EH midsummer, the total fields have a baroclinic structure, with the off-equatorial convection in phase with relatively warm air, suggesting convective forcing of the dynamical fields. The total structures exhibit a mixture of the n = 0, 1 components, with the former dominating to the east of convection and the latter to the west of convection. The n = 0 component is found to be closely connected to the lower-level n = 1 Rossby (R1) wave that appears earlier and seems to provide organization for the convection, which in turn forces the n = 0 wave. In the WH transition season the total fields have a barotropic structure and are dominated by the R1 wave. There is evidence that this barotropic R1 wave, as well as the associated tropical convection, is forced by the NH upper-tropospheric extratropical Rossby wave activity. In the EH, westward-moving lower-level wind structures associated with equatorial convection resemble the R1 wave, with equatorial westerlies in phase with the intensified convection. However, westward-moving n = −1 and n = 0 structures are also involved.
Mesoscale Predictability of Moist Baroclinic Waves: Convection-Permitting Experiments and Multistage Error Growth Dynamics
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Bei Naifang , Rotunno Richard , Snyder Chris , Epifanio Craig C.
Published: October 2007

A recent study examined the predictability of an idealized baroclinic wave amplifying in a conditionally unstable atmosphere through numerical simulations with parameterized moist convection. It was demonstrated that with the effect of moisture included, the error starting from small random noise is characterized by upscale growth in the short-term (0–36 h) forecast of a growing synoptic-scale disturbance. The current study seeks to explore further the mesoscale error-growth dynamics in idealized moist baroclinic waves through convection-permitting experiments with model grid increments down to 3.3 km. These experiments suggest the following three-stage error-growth model: in the initial stage, the errors grow from small-scale convective instability and then quickly [O(1 h)] saturate at the convective scales. In the second stage, the character of the errors changes from that of convective-scale unbalanced motions to one more closely related to large-scale balanced motions. That is, some of the error from convective scales is retained in the balanced motions, while the rest is radiated away in the form of gravity waves. In the final stage, the large-scale (balanced) components of the errors grow with the background baroclinic instability. Through examination of the error-energy budget, it is found that buoyancy production due mostly to moist convection is comparable to shear production (nonlinear velocity advection). It is found that turning off latent heating not only dramatically decreases buoyancy production, but also reduces shear production to less than 20% of its original amplitude.
The Effect of Cumulus Cloud Field Anisotropy on Domain-Averaged Solar Fluxes and Atmospheric Heating Rates
Authors: Hinkelman Laura M. , Evans K. Franklin , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Ackerman Thomas P. , Stackhouse Paul W.
Published: October 2007

Cumulus clouds can become tilted or elongated in the presence of wind shear. Nevertheless, most studies of the interaction of cumulus clouds and radiation have assumed these clouds to be isotropic. This paper describes an investigation of the effect of fair-weather cumulus cloud field anisotropy on domain-averaged solar fluxes and atmospheric heating rate profiles. A stochastic field generation algorithm was used to produce 20 three-dimensional liquid water content fields based on the statistical properties of cloud scenes from a large eddy simulation. Progressively greater degrees of x–z plane tilting and horizontal stretching were imposed on each of these scenes, so that an ensemble of scenes was produced for each level of distortion. The resulting scenes were used as input to a three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer model. Domain-averaged transmission, reflection, and absorption of broadband solar radiation were computed for each scene along with the average heating rate profile. Both tilt and horizontal stretching were found to significantly affect calculated fluxes, with the amount and sign of flux differences depending strongly on sun position relative to cloud distortion geometry. The mechanisms by which anisotropy interacts with solar fluxes were investigated by comparisons to independent pixel approximation and tilted independent pixel approximation computations for the same scenes. Cumulus anisotropy was found to most strongly impact solar radiative transfer by changing the effective cloud fraction (i.e., the cloud fraction with respect to the solar beam direction).
Characteristics and Momentum Flux Spectrum of Convectively Forced Internal Gravity Waves in Ensemble Numerical Simulations
Authors: Choi Hyun-Joo , Chun Hye-Yeong , Song In-Sun
Published: October 2007

Characteristics of convectively forced gravity waves are investigated through ensemble numerical simulations for various ideal and real convective storms. For ideal storm cases, single-cell-, multicell-, and supercell-type storms are considered, and for real cases, convection events observed during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) and in Indonesia are used. For each storm case, wave perturbations and the momentum flux spectrum of convective gravity waves in a control simulation with nonlinearity and cloud microphysical processes are compared with those in quasi-linear dry simulations forced by either diabatic forcing or nonlinear forcing obtained from the control simulation. In any case, gravity waves in the control simulation cannot be represented well by wave perturbations induced by a single forcing. However, when both diabatic and nonlinear forcing terms are considered, the gravity waves and their momentum flux spectrum become comparable to those in the control simulation, because of cancellation between wave perturbations by two forcing terms. These results confirm that the two forcing mechanisms of convective gravity waves proposed by previous studies based on a single convective event can be applied generally to various types of convective storms. This suggests that nonlinear forcing, as well as diabatic forcing, should be considered appropriately in parameterizations of convectively forced gravity waves.
Corrigendum
Authors: de Vries Hylke
Published: October 2007

In a recent paper, explicit expressions have been derived for obtaining and subsequently partitioning streamfunction growth rates for a class of quasigeostrophic models. Unfortunately, however, some typographical errors have been made in the final representation of the equations. It is the aim of this corrigendum to give the correct expressions. The author notes that the results in the two-paper miniseries on “Resonance in Optimal Perturbation Evolution” by de Vries and Opsteegh have been obtained using the correct expressions, as listed as Eqs. (1),–(3) below.
Cuba at the Crossroads
Authors: Khrushchev Sergei , Henthorne Tony L. , Latour Michael S.
Published: October 2007

The U.S. embargo has clearly been costly to the Cuban people, in terms of their health and well-being. Based upon the first author's firsthand, informal personal interactions with the Cuban people, including Cuban president Fidel Castro, as well as the authors' recent qualitative research in Cuba, this article contends that these past decades have fostered a deep degree of distrust between our two peoples. Despite this distrust, U.S. dollars are desired in the Cuban economy. As background, this case offers an historical chronology of Cuban tourism, including the “Special Period” following the demise of the Soviet Union. Current insight is offered into the nature and depth of distrust of the United States, based on interviews with Cuban hospitality managers. Recommendations are then offered for mitigating this problem including a call for in-depth, multifaceted basic and applied cross-cultural research to support intelligent cultural “bridge building” and joint ventures.
Socio-Economic Determinants of Everyday Violence in Indonesia: An Empirical Investigation of Javanese Districts, 1994—2003
Authors: Tadjoeddin Mohammad Zulfan , Murshed Syed Mansoob
Published: October 2007

Social violence in Indonesia centres around vigilantism/popular justice and group brawls. This kind of violence occurs frequently and, hence, can be described as `routine'. While episodic violence associated with intercommunal and secessionist strife gets most attention, the everyday type does not produce headlines, escaping academic scrutiny. As a result, there is no social policy to reduce everyday violence other than police responses. This study seeks to examine the socio-economic determinants of the `everyday' kind of social violence in Java. The authors employ count-data analysis of panel data for around 100 districts in Java during 1994—2003. Economic crises, which are measured by the size of economic contraction and the increase in poverty, are positively associated with the level of violence. Growth acceleration and poverty reduction are good for social harmony. The study finds a non-linear relationship, in the form of an inverted-U-shaped curve, between violence and the stages of development in terms of income and education. Initially, violence increases as income or education rises, but, later on, the level of violence falls as income or education continues to increase. This is because, at first, the opportunity cost of violence decreases, and then it increases. Therefore, an emphasis on human development in the early phase of development will have a strong violence-reducing impact.
A New Dataset on Infant Mortality Rates, 1816—2002
Authors: Abouharb M. Rodwan , Kimball Anessa L.
Published: October 2007

Systematic data on annual infant mortality rates are of use to a variety of social science research programs in demography, economics, sociology, and political science. Infant mortality rates may be used both as a proxy measure for economic development, in lieu of energy consumption or GDP-per-capita measures, and as an indicator of the extent to which governments provide for the economic and social welfare of their citizens. Until recently, data were available for only a limited number of countries based on regional or country-level studies and time periods for years after 1950. Here, the authors introduce a new dataset reporting annual infant mortality rates for all states in the world, based on the Correlates of War state system list, between 1816 and 2002. They discuss past research programs using infant mortality rates in conflict studies and describe the dataset by exploring its geographic and temporal coverage. Next, they explain some of the limitations of the dataset as well as issues associated with the data themselves. Finally, they suggest some research areas that might benefit from the use of this dataset. This new dataset is the most comprehensive source on infant mortality rates currently available to social science researchers.
The Interchangeability of Paid Staff and Volunteers in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Handy Femida , Mook Laurie , Quarter Jack
Published: October 2007

This article examines the interchangeability of paid and volunteer labor. It reports on estimates and prevalence of such interchangeability through a series of studies of Canadian nonprofits: two national surveys of nonprofit organizations and case studies of two hospitals. The first study found evidence that volunteers were replacing paid staff and that paid staff were replacing volunteers, sometimes in the same organization. The second study explored this pattern further and found the percentage of tasks that were interchangeable. The third study found that about two-thirds of the organizations in the sample agreed that the interchangeability of tasks occurred, but the data indicated that it was limited to about 12% of tasks, not dissimilar to the estimates from the case studies. The implications of the results are discussed, and a model for the interchangeability of paid and volunteer labor is presented.
Adaptive Capacity in Israeli Social Change Nonprofits
Authors: Strichman Nancy , Bickel W.E. , Marshood Fathi
Published: October 2007

Adaptive capacity, considered one of the essential organizational capacities for enabling nonprofits to achieve their missions, requires nonprofits to act as learning organizations and to use evaluation as a tool to enhance organizational learning and performance. Nonprofits at the start-up or growth phase face a particular set of challenges in maintaining their adaptive capacity. A theoretical framework for assessing a nonprofit's organizational readiness to improve its adaptive capacity was developed and applied to 10 emerging social change nonprofits in Israel. The results demonstrate the utility of the conceptual framework while providing insight into the day-to-day realities of organizational life that help to shape the adaptive capacity of the 10 nonprofits in the sample. Key issues relating to the adaptive capacity of the nonprofits and their particular stage of organizational development also are raised.
Nonprofit and Philanthropic Studies: International Overview of the Field in Africa, Canada, Latin America, Asia, the Pacific, and Europe
Authors: Mirabella Roseanne M. , Gemelli Giuliana , Malcolm Margy-Jean , Berger Gabriel
Published: October 2007

The growth of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) around the world has been accompanied by a concomitant growth in the number of education and training programs developed to provide management training to the leaders of these organizations. This article reports on the current configuration of international academic programs in nonprofit and philanthropic studies in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, Europe, and the Americas (apart from the United States), describing the various forms of education and training programs from country to country and continent to continent. The authors examine the similarities and differences in nonprofit management education programs in different parts of the world, seeking to explain why education programs have a range of forms indifferent parts of the world, according to different historical, institutional, and cultural contexts, thus furthering understanding of the asymmetries and complexities of existing NPO and NGO education and training programs.
The Nature of Undergraduate Nonprofit Education: Models of Curriculum Delivery
Authors: Dolch Norman A. , Ernst Marvin , McClusky John E. , Mirabella Roseanne M. , Sadow Jeffery
Published: October 2007

This research revisits, updates, and expands the research on undergraduate education from the 1996 Berkeley Conference as reported in O'Neill and Fletcher's edited book titled Nonprofit Management Education: U.S. and World Perspectives. First, the nature and types of undergraduate programs in the United States are examined from a national database developed by Mirabella that answers these questions: How many colleges and universities offer undergraduate nonprofit studies? What colleges and departments offer these? Do they award degrees or certificates? What types of courses are offered? Where do their graduates get jobs? Then, four curricular models used by American Humanics (AH) campuses for nonprofit education are examined: certificate programs, academic minors, academic majors, and programs combining the previous three. The relationships of AH programs to higher education trends are identified and undergraduate nonprofit education programs beyond AH are examined.
Social Appraisal of Adult ADHD
Authors: Canu Will H. , Newman Matthew L. , Morrow Tara L. , Pope Daniel L. W.
Published: October 2007

Objective: This study investigates social stigma associated with a diagnosis of ADHD in adulthood and whether Big Five personality traits predict appraisals of affected individuals. Method: A sample of 257 undergraduates rate the desirability of targets with ADHD, minor medical problems, and with no appreciable weakness, across several social engagement contexts. Results: Participants exhibit significantly less desire to engage with those with ADHD (as compared to both controls). Agreeableness, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness are found to predict appraisals of targets with and without ADHD, moderated by sex of the target and the beholder. Conclusion: It is suggested that fairly subtle, negative bias toward ADHD contributes to rejection of individuals with the disorder, particularly in academic and work settings. Findings also suggest peers' personalities do have some effect on appraisals of targets with ADHD ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(6) 700-710).
Discordance Between Psychometric Testing and Questionnaire-Based Definitions of Executive Function Deficits in Individuals With ADHD
Authors: Biederman Joseph , Petty Carter R. , Fried Ronna , Black Sarah , Faneuil Alicia , Doyle Alysa E. , Seidman Larry J. , Faraone Stephen V.
Published: October 2007

Objective: One suspected source of negative outcomes associated with ADHD has been deficits in executive functions. Although both psychometrically defined and self-reported executive function deficits (EFDs) have been shown to be associated with poor academic and occupational outcomes, whether these two approaches define the same individuals remains unknown. Method: Participants were 194 adults with ADHD from a case-control study of ADHD. Empirically based cutoffs were ascertained for an EFD diagnosis on both psychometric tests and scores on the Current Behavior Scale. Results: Results showed a modest overlap between the psychometric and self-reported definitions of EFDs. Whereas neuropsychological testing largely identified individuals with lower IQ and achievement testing, the behavioral questionnaire largely identified individuals with higher levels of ADHD symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, and interpersonal deficits. Conclusion: Results indicate that behavioral questionnaires cannot be used interchangeably with neuropsychological testing for the assessment of EFDs in adults with ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 12(1) 92-102)
Injury Among Stimulant-Treated Youth With ADHD
Authors: Marcus Steven C. , Wan George J. , Zhang Huabin F. , Olfson Mark
Published: October 2007

Objective: To assess risk factors for injury among children and adolescents treated with stimulants for ADHD. Method: An analysis was performed of pharmacy and service claims data from 2000-2003 California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) focusing on children and adolescents ages 6 to 17 years who initiated stimulant therapy for ADHD. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine associations of demographic and clinical characteristics with injury. Results: In a Cox proportional hazard model that controlled for background patient characteristics, patients ages 13 to 17 years, male gender, prescription of anxiolytic/hypnotic medications, and diagnosis of a mood disorder were each independently associated with increased risk of injury, whereas African American ancestry and other minority racial/ethnic ancestry were associated with lower risk. Youth with high stimulant medication possession ratios (MPR) had a nonsignificantly lower risk of injury as compared to those with a low stimulant MPR. Conclusion: These findings reveal several patient characteristics that may be associated with increased risk of injury among children and adolescents treated for ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 12(1) 64-69)
Medications Do Not Necessarily Normalize Cognition in ADHD Patients
Authors: Gualtieri C. Thomas , Johnson Lynda G.
Published: October 2007

Objective: Although ADHD medications are effective for the behavioral components of the disorder, little information exists concerning their effects on cognition, especially in community samples. Method: A cross-sectional study of ADHD patients treated with three different ADHD drugs was conducted. Patients' performance on a computerized neurocognitive screening battery was compared to untreated ADHD patients and normal controls (NML). A total of 177 ADHD patients aged 10 to 18, achieved a favorable response to one of the following medications: Adderall XR (AMP), atomoxetine (ATMX), and Concerta (MPH-OROS) compared to 95 untreated ADHD patients and 101 NML. Results: Significant differences were detected between normals and untreated ADHD patients. Treated patients performed better than untreated patients but remained significantly impaired compared to normal subjects. Conclusion: Even with optimal treatment, based on parents' and teachers' opinions, subtle and not-so-subtle neurocognitive impairments persisted in the ADHD patients. Some ADHD patients may require additional educational assistance, even in the face of successful medication treatment. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(4) 459-469)
Atomoxetine Treatment of ADHD in Children With Comorbid Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Spencer Thomas J. , Sallee F. Randy , Gilbert Donald L. , Dunn David W. , McCracken James T. , Coffey Barbara J. , Budman Cathy L. , Ricardi Randall K. , Leonard Henrietta L. , Allen Albert J. , Milton Denai R. , Feldman Peter D. , Kelsey Douglas K. , Geller Daniel A. , Linder Steven L. , Lewis Donald W. , Winner Paul K. , Kurlan Roger M. , Mintz Mark
Published: October 2007

Objective: This study examines changes in severity of tics and ADHD during atomoxetine treatment in ADHD patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). Method: Subjects (7-17 years old) with ADHD ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV) and TS were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with placebo ( n = 56) or atomoxetine (0.5-1.5 mg/kg/day, n = 61) for approximately 18 weeks. Results: Atomoxetine subjects showed significantly greater improvement on ADHD symptom measures. Treatment was also associated with significantly greater reduction of tic severity on two of three measures. Significant increases were seen in mean pulse rate and rates of treatment-emergent nausea, decreased appetite, and decreased body weight. No other clinically relevant treatment differences were observed in any other vital sign, adverse event, laboratory parameter, or electrocardiographic measure. Conclusion: Atomoxetine is efficacious for treatment of ADHD and its use appears well tolerated in ADHD patients with comorbid TS. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(4) 470-481)
A Pilot Study of the Feasibility and Efficacy of the Strategies to Enhance Positive Parenting (STEPP) Program for Single Mothers of Children With ADHD
Authors: Chacko Anil , Wymbs Brian T. , Flammer-Rivera Lizette M. , Pelham William E. , Walker Kathryn S. , Arnold Fran W. , Visweswaraiah Hema , Swanger-Gagne Michelle , Girio Erin L. , Pirvics Lauma L. , Herbst Laura
Published: October 2007

Objective: The Strategies to Enhance Positive Parenting (STEPP) program was developed to address putative factors related to poor engagement in and outcomes following traditional behavioral parent training (BPT) for single mothers of children diagnosed with ADHD. Method: Twelve single mothers of children with ADHD were enrolled in an initial investigation of the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the 9-week STEPP program. Results: Results indicated that the STEPP program was effective in reducing problematic child behavior and improving parental stress and psychopathology at posttreatment. The STEPP program resulted in high rates of treatment attendance and completion and consumer satisfaction with the program. However, results also indicated that the STEPP program did not improve childrens' overall psychosocial impairment and resulted in small effect size findings across measures. Conclusion: The results of the pilot study are encouraging but indicate a need to improve the potency and delivery of certain aspects of the STEPP program. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 12(3) 270-280)
Assessing the Validity of the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire—Short Form in Adults With ADHD
Authors: Mick Eric , Faraone Stephen V. , Spencer Thomas , Zhang Huabin F. , Biederman Joseph
Published: October 2007

Objective: The authors assessed the psychometric properties of the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire—Short Form (Q-LES-QSF) in adults with ADHD. Method: One hundred fifty ADHD and 134 non-ADHD adults from a case-control study and 173 adults randomized to placebo or methylphenidate were assessed with the Q-LES-QSF and the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS). Response to change was estimated by comparing change in Q-LES-QSF scores in responders and nonresponders in our randomized clinical trial. Results: Internal consistency of the Q-LES-QSF items was .88, and the correlation between the Q-LES-QSF total score and the SAS total T score was .72 in adults with ADHD. ADHD cases had statistically significantly poorer scores on the Q-LES-QSF than controls (76.5 ± 10.9 vs. 59.2 ± 17.3, p < .001), whereas ADHD responders showed Q-LES-QSF improvement compared to nonresponders (76.1 ± 12.0 versus 67.9 ± 14.5, p < .001). Conclusion: These results support the validity of the Q-LES-QSF as a measure of quality of life in adults with ADHD. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(4) 504-509)
ADHD With Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder
Authors: Connor Daniel F. , Doerfler Leonard A.
Published: October 2007

Objective: In children with ADHD who have comorbid disruptive behavior diagnoses distinctions between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) remain unclear. The authors investigate differences between ODD and CD in a large clinical sample of children with ADHD. Method: Consecutively referred and systematically assessed male children and adolescents with either ADHD ( n = 65), ADHD with ODD ( n = 85), or ADHD with CD ( n = 50) were compared using structured diagnostic interviews and parent, teacher, and clinician rating scales. Results: In children with ADHD, significant differences emerged between ODD and CD in the domains of delinquency, overt aggression, and ADHD symptom severity; ADHD with CD was most severe, followed by ADHD with ODD, and ADHD had the least severe symptoms. Distinctions between ADHD with CD and the other two groups were found for parenting, treatment history, and school variables. Conclusion: Within the limits of a cross-sectional methodology, results support clinically meaningful distinctions between ODD and CD in children with ADHD. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 12(2) 126-134)
International Migration: Security Concerns and Human Rights Standards
Authors: Crépeau François , Nakache Delphine , Atak Idil
Published: October 2007

Over the last two decades, the reinforcement of security-related migration policies has resulted in the perception of the foreigner, and especially the irregular migrant, as a category outside the circle of legality. The rights of foreigners in host countries have deteriorated due to the connection made between immigration and criminality. Restrictions imposed upon irregular migrants' basic political and civil rights have been accompanied by major obstacles to their access to economic and social rights, including the right to health. The events of 9/11 further contributed to this trend, which contradicts the basic premises of the human rights paradigm. Recent policy developments and ongoing international cooperation implementing systematic interception and interdiction mechanisms have led to the securitization of migration. The preventive and deterrent measures reinforce the security paradigm. By contrast, various national and international actors have been successful in defending irregular migrants' rights. At the domestic level, the involvement of the judiciary and civil society enhances the rights-based approach to foreigners. The role of judges is vital in holding policy-makers accountable for respecting the high national standards of human rights protection. This article elaborates on the dichotomy between the state's legitimate interest to ensure national security, and its domestic and international obligations to protect human rights for all, including irregular migrants. It focuses on the changing relationship between migration and security, on the one hand, and between state and individual, on the other hand. It affirms the necessity to recognize the pre-eminence of fundamental rights upon security concerns.
Refugees at Europe's Borders: The Moral Economy of Care
Authors: Watters Charles
Published: October 2007

In recent years the treatment of those seeking asylum in industrialized countries has been a matter of increasing international concern. Human rights organizations have documented instances of ill treatment and the summary expulsion of those trying to cross borders in the hope of a more secure existence. This article focuses on the treatment of asylum seekers and undocumented migrants at Europe's borders, presenting examples from Europe's southern border, Belgium and the UK. The idea of a moral economy of care is invoked which provides an overarching context in which legitimate and illegitimate asylum seekers and refugees are identified. The implications of a moral economy of care are explored in relation to the provision of mental health and social care services to refugees.
Culture, Power, and Practice in a Psychosocial Program for Survivors of Torture and Refugee Trauma
Authors: McKinney Kelly
Published: October 2007

Based on a case study of anthropological fieldwork at a small program located in the north-eastern USA, this article critically examines the development of culturally sensitive psychosocial models of care for survivors of torture and refugee trauma in western countries of resettlement. Fieldwork identified several unresolved tensions in the bicultural model of counseling, psychosocial models of care, and the field of refugee mental health. Despite efforts to develop an innovative treatment model, the culturalization of care and the emphasis placed on meeting social needs in interventions resulted in maintaining conventional relations of power within the mental health professions.
intergenerational learning between children and grandparents in east London
Authors: Kenner Charmian , Ruby Mahera , Jessel John , Gregory Eve , Arju Tahera
Published: October 2007

This study investigates the learning exchange between three— to six-year-old children and their grandparents, in Sylheti/Bengali-speaking families of Bangladeshi origin and monolingual English-speaking families living in east London. The following concepts from sociocultural theory are applied to this new area of intergenerational learning: `scaffolding', `synergy' leading to mutual benefits for the young child and their caregiver, `syncretizing' of knowledge from different sources, `funds of knowledge' within communities, and the transmission of knowledge or `prolepsis' between generations. Methods include an initial survey at a primary school to establish the range of learning activities taking place at home between grandparents and children, followed by case studies of nine families through interviews, video-recording and scrapbooks. Qualitative analysis of the data reveals how learning interactions are co-constructed by children and grandparents within a relationship of mutuality in which touch is a particularly significant mode of communication. The intergenerational exchange develops concepts and skills that complement children's school learning, and involves cultural continuity as well as change.
do instructional practices contribute to inequality in achievement?
Authors: Bodovski Katerina , Farkas George
Published: October 2007

We use multilevel modeling of ECLS-K data (a nationally representative sample of American kindergarteners) to describe the process and content of kindergarten mathematics instruction, as well as the associations of such instruction with achievement gaps by social class and race/ethnicity. Where instructional effectiveness is concerned, time spent on two of the process characteristics — traditional math and group/interactive activities — was significantly and positively associated with achievement gains. Time spent on three of the content variables — advanced counting, practical math, and single-digit operations — was associated with increased achievement. Time spent on basic numbers/shapes significantly decreased achievement. Classes with a high percentage of African American students were particularly likely to receive full-day kindergarten, which increased total instructional time, and this may have modestly decreased the achievement growth gap for these classes. Overall, kindergarten instructional practices were found to modestly reduce the mathematics achievement growth gap of African American students, but have no significant effects on the achievement growth gaps of lower social class or Hispanic students.
Softcore as Serialized (and Feminized) Featurette
Authors: Andrews David
Published: October 2007

The softcore serial (or “softcore featurette”) is a prolific sexploitation subgenre spawned by the early-nineties popularity of Red Shoe Diaries, Zalman King's late-night Showtime program. Like Red Shoe Diaries, the softcore serial is an elaborately feminized and aspirational form with a pointedly “postfeminist” sensibility. Though this subgenre is also a self-consciously apolitical form structured by double standards and essentialist stereotypes, contemporary feminists have nevertheless been increasingly inclined to condone it, a trend that may dovetail with a larger postfeminist receptiveness to traditional ideas of femininity. This article proposes that the softcore serial and its (post)feminist reception are most usefully framed as the product of three overlapping cultural contexts: the histories of postfeminist cultural production, of American sexploitation cinema, and of premium cable programming.