bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral Microencapsulated LiveSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCells for Use in Renal Failure Uremia: Preparation and In Vivo Analysis
Authors: Coussa Razek , Martoni Christopher , Bhathena Jasmine , Urbanska Aleksandra Malgorzata , Prakash Satya
Published: July 2010

Orally administrable alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules containing live yeast cells was investigated for use in renal failure. At all times, yeast cells remain inside the microcapsules, which are then excreted in the stool. During their gastrointestinal passage, small molecules, like urea, diffuse into the yeast microcapsules where they are hydrolyzed. Orally administrating these microcapsules to uremic rats was found to decrease urea concentrations from7.29±0.89 mmol/L to6.12±0.90 mmol/L over a treatment period of eight weeks. After stopping the treatment, the urea concentrations increased back to uremic levels of7.64±0.77 mmol/L. The analysis of creatinine concentrations averaged39.19±4.33 μmol/L,50.83±5.55 μmol/L, and50.28±7.10 μmol/L for the normal-control, uremic-control and uremic-treatment groups, respectively. While creatinine concentrations for both uremic-control and uremic-treatment groups did not differ among each other (P>.05), they were, however, significantly higher than those of the normal control group (P<.05). Uric acid concentrations averaged80.08±26.49 μmol/L,99.92±26.55 μmol/L, and86.49±28.42 μmol/L for the normal-control, uremic-control and uremic-treatment groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in both calcium and phosphate concentrations among all three groups (P>.05). The microbial populations of five tested types of bacteria were not substantially altered by the presence of the yeast APA encapsulated yeast (P>.05).
Correlation between Colored Doppler Echography of Fetal Thyroid Goiters and Histologic Study
Authors: Ceccaldi Pierre-François , Cohen Sandra , Vuillard Edith , Guimiot Fabien , Delezoide Anne-Lise , Poujade Olivier , Ducarme Guillaume , Oury Jean-François , Luton Dominique
Published: July 2010

Fetal thyroid is essential for normal fetus development. Echography of fetuses from mothers with Graves’ disease is extremely specific for detecting an intrauterine thyroid dysfunction. We report the first correlation of two cases between color Doppler and histologic study of fetal thyroid goiters.
Testing of Low-Risk Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Chest Pain
Authors: Amsterdam Ezra A. , Kirk J. Douglas , Bluemke David A. , Diercks Deborah , Farkouh Michael E. , Garvey J. Lee , Kontos Michael C. , McCord James , Miller Todd D. , Morise Anthony , Newby L. Kristin , Ruberg Frederick L. , Scordo Kristine Anne , Thompson Paul D. ,   on behalf of the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research
Published: July 2010

The management of low-risk patients presenting to emergency departments is a common and challenging clinical problem entailing 8 million emergency department visits annually. Although a majority of these patients do not have a life-threatening condition, the clinician must distinguish between those who require urgent treatment of a serious problem and those with more benign entities who do not require admission. Inadvertent discharge of patients with acute coronary syndrome from the emergency department is associated with increased mortality and liability, whereas inappropriate admission of patients without serious disease is neither indicated nor cost-effective. Clinical judgment and basic clinical tools (history, physical examination, and electrocardiogram) remain primary in meeting this challenge and affording early identification of low-risk patients with chest pain. Additionally, established and newer diagnostic methods have extended clinicians' diagnostic capacity in this setting. Low-risk patients presenting with chest pain are increasingly managed in chest pain units in which accelerated diagnostic protocols are performed, comprising serial electrocardiograms and cardiac injury markers to exclude acute coronary syndrome. Patients with negative findings usually complete the accelerated diagnostic protocol with a confirmatory test to exclude ischemia. This is typically an exercise treadmill test or a cardiac imaging study if the exercise treadmill test is not applicable. Rest myocardial perfusion imaging has assumed an important role in this setting. Computed tomography coronary angiography has also shown promise in this setting. A negative accelerated diagnostic protocol evaluation allows discharge, whereas patients with positive findings are admitted. This approach has been found to be safe, accurate, and cost-effective in low-risk patients presenting with chest pain.
Heparin Cofactor II Protects Against Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Remodeling Via Attenuation of Oxidative Stress in Mice
Authors: Sumitomo-Ueda Yuka , Aihara Ken-ichi , Ise Takayuki , Yoshida Sumiko , Ikeda Yasumasa , Uemoto Ryoko , Yagi Shusuke , Iwase Takashi , Ishikawa Kazue , Hirata Yoichiro , Akaike Masashi , Sata Masataka , Kato Shigeaki , Matsumoto Toshio
Published: July 2010

Heparin cofactor II (HCII), a serine protease inhibitor, inhibits tissue thrombin action after binding with dermatan sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of the vascular system. We previously reported that heterozygous HCII-deficient (HCII
+/−
) humans and mice demonstrate acceleration of vascular remodeling, including atherosclerosis. However, the action of HCII on cardiac remodeling never has been determined. HCII
+/+
and HCII
+/−
mice at age 25 weeks were infused with angiotensin II (Ang II; 2.0 mg/kg/d) for 2 weeks by an osmotic mini-pump. Echocardiography revealed acceleration of cardiac concentric remodeling in HCII
+/−
mice and larger left atrial volume in HCII
+/−
mice than in HCII
+/+
mice. Histopathologic studies showed more prominent interstitial fibrosis in both the left atrium and left ventricle in HCII
+/−
mice than in HCII
+/+
mice. Daily urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, a parameter of oxidative stress, and dihydroethidium-positive spots, indicating superoxide production in the myocardium, were markedly increased in Ang II-treated HCII
+/−
mice compared to those in HCII
+/+
mice. Cardiac gene expression levels of atrial natriuretic peptides and brain natriuretic peptides, members of the natriuretic peptide family, Nox 4, Rac-1, and p67
phox
as components of NAD(P)H oxidase, and transforming growth factor-β1 and procollagen III were more augmented in HCII
+/−
mice than in HCII
+/+
mice. However, administration of human HCII protein attenuated all of those abnormalities in Ang II-treated HCII
+/−
mice. Moreover, human HCII protein supplementation almost abolished cardiac fibrosis in Ang II-treated HCII
+/+
mice. The results indicate that HCII has a protective role against Ang II-induced cardiac remodeling through suppression of the NAD(P)H oxidase-transforming growth factor-β1 pathway.
Discriminative Word Alignment by Linear Modeling
Authors: Liu Yang , Liu Qun , Lin Shouxun
Published: July 2010

Word alignment plays an important role in many NLP tasks as it indicates the correspondence between words in a parallel text. Although widely used to align large bilingual corpora, generative models are hard to extend to incorporate arbitrary useful linguistic information. This article presents a discriminative framework for word alignment based on a linear model. Within this framework, all knowledge sources are treated as feature functions, which depend on a source language sentence, a target language sentence, and the alignment between them. We describe a number of features that could produce symmetric alignments. Our model is easy to extend and can be optimized with respect to evaluation metrics directly. The model achieves state-of-the-art alignment quality on three word alignment shared tasks for five language pairs with varying divergence and richness of resources. We further show that our approach improves translation performance for various statistical machine translation systems.
Query Rewriting Using Monolingual Statistical Machine Translation
Authors: Riezler Stefan , Liu Yi
Published: July 2010

Long queries often suffer from low recall in Web search due to conjunctive term matching. The chances of matching words in relevant documents can be increased by rewriting query terms into new terms with similar statistical properties. We present a comparison of approaches that deploy user query logs to learn rewrites of query terms into terms from the document space. We show that the best results are achieved by adopting the perspective of bridging the “lexical chasm” between queries and documents by translating from a source language of user queries into a target language of Web documents. We train a state-of-the-art statistical machine translation model on query-snippet pairs from user query logs, and extract expansion terms from the query rewrites produced by the monolingual translation system. We show in an extrinsic evaluation in a real-world Web search task that the combination of a query-to-snippet translation model with a query language model achieves improved contextual query expansion compared to a state-of-the-art query expansion model that is trained on the same query log data.
The Story of James and Ellen Hebden: The First Family of Pentecost in Canada
Authors: Sloos William
Published: July 2010

When Ellen Hebden received Spirit baptism on November 17, 1906, she was regarded by many as the first known person in Canada to speak in tongues. Her dramatic experience ignited a revival that launched her Toronto mission into the forefront of the emerging Pentecostal movement. Ellen and her husband, James, became prominent Pentecostal pioneers and accomplished numerous groundbreaking achievements. Yet, despite their formative role in the birth of the Canadian Pentecostal movement, the story of the Hebdens has been largely shrouded in mystery. Where did they originate? How did they come to Toronto? What happened to them after the revival had waned? These questions have remained unanswered for nearly one hundred years of Pentecostal history. This article will answer these questions and firmly establish the Hebdens as the first family of Pentecost in Canada.
The Necessity of Historicism
Authors: Ankersmit Frank
Published: July 2010

Rankean historicism is ordinarily seen nowadays as an outdated nineteenth century fashion and that we could not possibly tolerate in our modern intellectual homes. In opposition to this common wisdom I argue that historicism ‐ i.e. the claim that the nature of a thing is to be found in is history ‐ is no less true for all writing of history as it was in the days of Ranke. So Ranke was right, after all. I shall argue my untimely thesis by focusing on the historian’s language and by insisting that all the claims made by historicists such as Ranke make eminently sense if read as claim not about objects having existed in the past itself but about the language used by historians in their attempt to account for the past.
Reforming sanitary-epidemiological service in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: an exploratory study
Authors: Gotsadze George , Chikovani Ivdity , Goguadze Ketevan , Balabanova Dina , McKee Martin
Published: July 2010

Background

Public health services in the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe were delivered through centrally planned and managed networks of sanitary-epidemiological (san-epid) facilities. Many countries sought to reform this service following the political transition in the 1990s. In this paper we describe the major themes within these reforms.

Methods

A review of literature was conducted. A conceptual framework was developed to guide the review, which focused on the two traditional core public health functions of the san-epid system: communicable disease surveillance, prevention and control and environmental health. The review included twenty-two former communist countries in the former Soviet Union (fSU) and in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).

Results

The countries studied fall into two broad groups. Reforms were more extensive in the CEE countries than in the fSU. The CEE countries have moved away from the former centrally managed san-epid system, adopting a variety of models of decentralization. The reformed systems remain mainly funded centrally level, but in some countries there are contributions by local government. In almost all countries, epidemiological surveillance and environmental monitoring remained together under a single organizational umbrella but in a few responsibilities for environmental health have been divided among different ministries.

Conclusions

Progress in reform of public health services has varied considerably. There is considerable scope to learn from the differing experiences but also a need for rigorous evaluation of how public health functions are provided.
Patterns of medical pluralism among adults: results from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan
Authors: Shih Chun-Chuan , Su Yi-Chang , Liao Chien-Chang , Lin Jaung-Geng
Published: July 2010

Background

Medical pluralism (MP) can be defined as the employment of more than one medical system or the use of both conventional and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for health and illness. A population-based survey and linkage with medical records was conducted to investigate MP amongst the Taiwanese population. Previous research suggests an increasing use of CAM worldwide.

Methods

We collected demographic data, socioeconomic information, and details about lifestyle and health behaviours from the 2001 Taiwan National Health Interview Survey. The medical records of interviewees were obtained from National Health Insurance claims data with informed consent. In this study, MP was defined as using both Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) services in 2001. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated for factors associated with adopting MP in univariate and multiple logistic regression.

Results

Among 12,604 eligible participants, 32.5% adopted MP. Being female (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.30 - 1.61) and young (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.15 - 1.66) were factors associated with adopting MP in the multiple logistic regression. People with healthy lifestyles (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.19 - 1.53) were more likely to adopt MP than those with unhealthy lifestyles. Compared with people who had not used folk therapy within the past month, people who used folk therapy were more likely to adopt MP. The OR of adopting MP was higher in people who lived in highly urbanised areas as compared with those living in areas with a low degree of urbanisation. Living in an area with a high density of TCM physicians (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.69 - 2.84) was the strongest predictor for adopting MP.

Conclusion

MP is common in Taiwan. Sociodemographic factors, unhealthy lifestyle, use of folk therapy, and living in areas with a high density of TCM physicians are all associated with MP. People who had factors associated with the adoption of MP may be at risk for adverse health effects from interactions between TCM herbal medicine and WM pharmaceuticals.
Characterization of a heat resistant ß-glucosidase as a new reporter in cells and mice
Authors: McCutcheon Susan C , Jones Ken , Cumming Sarah A , Kemp Richard , Ireland-Zecchini Heather , Saunders John C , Houghton Carol A , Howard Louise A , Winton Douglas J
Published: July 2010

Background

Reporter genes are widely used in biology and only a limited number are available. We present a new reporter gene for the localization of mammalian cells and transgenic tissues based on detection of the bglA (SYNbglA) gene of Caldocellum saccharolyticum that encodes a thermophilic β-glucosidase.

Results

SYNbglA was generated by introducing codon substitutions to remove CpG motifs as these are associated with gene silencing in mammalian cells. SYNbglA expression can be localized in situ or detected quantitatively in colorimetric assays and can be co-localized with E. coli β-galactosidase. Further, we have generated a Cre-reporter mouse in which SYNbglA is expressed following recombination to demonstrate the general utility of SYNbglA for in vivo analyses. SYNbglA can be detected in tissue wholemounts and in frozen and wax embedded sections.

Conclusions

SYNbglA will have general applicability to developmental and molecular studies in vitro and in vivo.
Course of seasonal influenza A/Brisbane/59/07 H1N1 infection in the ferret
Authors: McBrayer Alexis , Camp Jeremy V , Tapp Ron , Yamshchikov Vladimir , Grimes Sheila , Noah Diana L , Jonsson Colleen B , Bruder Carl E
Published: July 2010

Every year, influenza viruses infect approximately 5-20% of the population in the United States leading to over 200,000 hospitalizations and 36,000 deaths from flu-related complications. In this study, we characterized the immune and pathological progression of a seasonal strain of H1N1 influenza virus, A/Brisbane/59/2007 in a ferret model. The immune response of the animals showed a dose-dependent increase with increased virus challenge, as indicated by the presence of virus specific IgG, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies. Animals infected with higher doses of virus also experienced increasing severity of clinical symptoms and fever at 2 days post-infection (DPI). Interestingly, weight loss was more pronounced in animals infected with lower doses of virus compared to those infected with a higher dose; these results were consistent with viral titers of swabs collected from the nares, but not the throat. Analyzed specimens included nasal and throat swabs from 1, 3, 5, and 7 DPI as well as tissue samples from caudal lung and nasal turbinates. Viral titers of the swab samples in all groups were higher on 1 and 3 DPI and returned to baseline levels by 7 DPI. Analysis of nasal turbinates indicated presence of virus at 3 DPI in all infected groups, whereas virus was only detected in the lungs of animals in the two highest dose groups. Histological analysis of the lungs showed a range of pathology, such as chronic inflammation and bronchial epithelial hypertrophy. The results provided here offer important endpoints for preclinical testing of the efficacy of new antiviral compounds and experimental vaccines.
Understanding adult interests and needs: the pitfalls in wanting to know
Authors: Rohwer Debbie
Published: July 2010

This article discusses the challenges of gathering data from adults, citing a series of research steps that were made in an investigation of adult musicians and non-musicians. The article concludes with considerations for how information might be gathered in adult settings.
Music Alive! In the Yakima Valley
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: July 2010

This is an account of an ongoing project embedded within a university programme in music teacher education, designed and developed in the spirit of community music's embrace of musical exchanges within and between communities. The project is aimed at providing musicians-becoming-teachers
with first-hand interaction with children and youth of the Yakama Indian and Mexican-American cultural communities. Documentation is provided detailing the challenges and rewards of knowing diversity through musical engagements in communities far from the comforts of campus life.
Creativity and bipolar disorder: Living with mental illness
Authors: Amsel Peter
Published: July 2010

Is it possible to find something positive about living with an illness that can, at times, be debilitating: an illness that can lead to death? This difficult and perhaps even troubling question is addressed from the perspective of an award-winning composer and writer who has been living
with bipolar affective disorder for more than half of his life. Exploring the issues of creativity and how bipolar disorder has influenced such an integral part of the human experience, this article opens the door to a new level of understanding, both of the creative process and of an illness
that is still accompanied by a mystique and stigma for those afflicted. Through the use of historical antecedents, the author demonstrates that mental illness does not only contribute to the creative process of one individual today, it has contributed to our cultural landscape for centuries.
Exhibiting science in Portugal: Practices and representations in museums
Authors: Delicado Ana
Published: July 2010

This article discusses the role played by science museums in the public understanding of science in a semi-peripheral country, Portugal. It is based on the assumption that museums are at the intersection of science and society, being strongly influenced by what happens in the scientific
field and in society at large, and that in a globalised world, they are susceptible to both international trends and national specificities. The article describes how in the last decade both the scientific system and the field of science museums have developed in Portugal, whereas visitor
numbers and the connection to society have remained weak. The content analysis of a scientific exhibition on nuclear research and technology shows that the deficit mode of envisaging the relation between science and the public still persists.
Temperatura-base e soma térmica de subperíodos do desenvolvimento de Aspilia montevidensis
Authors: Fagundes Joelma Dutra , Streck Nereu Augusto , Storck Lindolfo , Reiniger Lia Rejane Silveira
Published: July 2010

Aspilia montevidensis é uma planta herbácea, perene, de ocorrência natural no Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, onde é considerada planta daninha. Ainda não foi muito estudada, especialmente no que se refere ao seu desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a temperatura-base e a duração de alguns subperíodos do ciclo de desenvolvimento de A. montevidensis. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Santa Maria (RS), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial envolvendo seis épocas de transplantio (20/12/05 e 14/2, 6/3, 4/4, 5/5 e 8/6/06) e sete posições nas hastes das plantas. A unidade experimental foi uma planta cultivada em vaso preenchido com substrato comercial. As datas dos estádios de desenvolvimento transplante (T); botão visível (BV); capítulo aberto (CA) e capítulo senescente (CS) foram registradas na haste principal e laterais de primeira e segunda ordem. A temperatura-base dos subperíodos T-BV e BV-CS foi estimada por três métodos e, após, calculada a duração, em ºC dia, dos subperíodos T-BV, BV-CA e CA-CS. A soma térmica diária foi calculada a partir do transplante. A temperatura base estimada para os subperíodos T-BV e BV-CS foi de 13 ºC e 7 ºC respectivamente. Na duração em ºC dia do subperíodo T-BV teve variação entre hastes e épocas de cultivo, com duração mínima de 489,1 e máxima de 1269,4 ºC dia. A duração em ºC dia dos subperíodos BV-CA e CA-CS, em geral, não houve variações entre hastes e épocas, sendo ao redor de, respectivamente, 179,8 e 97,2 ºC dia.
Negação e diferença em Platão
Authors: Souza Eliane Christina de
Published: July 2010

Platão, ao tratar da negação no diálogo Sofista, afirma que sempre que enunciamos o que não é, não enunciamos algo contrário ao que é, mas algo diferente. A negação significa cada parte da natureza da diferença em antítese ao que é. Tal tratamento da negação resulta da necessidade de resolver alguns problemas colocados pelo eleatismo. Propõe-se indicar esses problemas e examinar o tratamento que Platão dá ao não-ser como diferença.
Descrição da dinâmica de alimentação de idosas institucionalizadas
Authors: Roque Francelise Pivetta , Bomfim Fernanda Maria Santana , Chiari Brasília Maria
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Descrever a dinâmica alimentar de idosas institucionalizadas no que se refere aos aspectos clínicos de deglutição, cognitivos, comportamentais e ambientais ligados à alimentação. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo observacional transversal prospectivo, que descreveu a dinâmica de alimentação de 30 idosas residentes numa instituição de longa permanência. Alguns dos aspectos analisados foram registrados por observadores no momento da alimentação e outros em filmagem da refeição de cada idosa. Os dados foram apresentados de forma descritiva e comparados à literatura. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 83,7 anos. Os diagnósticos médicos mais prevalentes foram síndrome demencial e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Foram observados: ingestão oral pobre em 73,3% das idosas, tempo médio de alimentação de 10,1 minutos, posicionamento inadequado em 46,7% das refeições, alterações atitudinais em 16,7% e comportamentais em 40% das idosas. A assistência foi requerida por 56,6% das idosas, tendo sido provida a 70,6% desses casos, e julgada inadequada em 66,6% deles. Eram edêntulas 44,4% das idosas, das quais 46,1% utilizavam prótese dentária total, sendo predominante a inadequação da adaptação, do estado de conservação e da higiene (83,4%). A prevalência de alterações de deglutição foi igual a 23,3%, sendo as mais prevalentes os resíduos alimentares após a deglutição, tosse durante a alimentação e alteração vocal após a deglutição. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se presença significativa de fatores ambientais, cognitivos e comportamentais ligados à alimentação que podem oferecer risco à deglutição. Também se identificaram outras alterações específicas da deglutição, cujo gerenciamento é importante para evitar complicações da saúde destas idosas.
Perfil fonoaudiológico da comunidade do Dendê: perspectiva para ações futuras
Authors: Antunes Denise Klein
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Traçar o perfil fonoaudiológico da comunidade do Dendê, caracterizando os aspectos de linguagem oral e escrita, voz, audição e motricidade orofacial, a partir de queixas referidas. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório-descritivo, realizado a partir da aplicação de protocolo abordando aspectos gerais e fonoaudiológicos, com base nas informações contidas nos prontuários das 335 famílias assistidas pela Fonoaudiologia na comunidade do Dendê, totalizando 1704 sujeitos. RESULTADOS: Grande parte das famílias do Dendê, 70%, ganha até dois salários mínimos. Observou-se que 20,6% da população infantil apresentou queixas de problemas de linguagem, sendo 21,2% delas, de dificuldade de aprendizagem escolar. Houve ocorrências do hábito de sucção de chupeta em 50,4% das crianças, seguido da mamadeira em 42,2%, com até dois anos de idade. Nas crianças entre dois e seis anos ainda observou-se uso elevado destes hábitos, sendo 31,2% uso da mamadeira e 29,7% sucção de chupeta. A sucção digital foi observada em 9,1% das crianças acima de seis anos. Houve um baixo percentual de queixas auditivas, assim como de voz, em apenas 2,2% da população. CONCLUSÃO: Foi verificado que as alterações fonoaudiológicas mais prevalentes estavam relacionadas à presença de hábitos orais, seguidas por aspectos da linguagem oral e escrita. No entanto, um baixo nível de queixas de audição e de voz foi relatado. A realização de um diagnóstico situacional ajuda no redirecionamento das atividades postas em prática na comunidade, visando a população assistida. Isto é alcançado por meio de iniciativas educativas de prevenção e promoção de saúde, as quais devem conduzir a resultados melhores, mais rápidos e mais eficazes.
Rates of Water Entry in the Three Great Soil Groups After Seven Years in Grasses and Small Grains1
Authors: Mazurak Andrew P. , Conard Elverne C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Grasses stabilized soil structure, whereas cultivation of plots in small grain rotation did not. Water entry was higher in soils cropped to cool‐season grasses than in soils cropped to warm‐season grasses. There were no statistically significant differences between the rates of water entry into soil of plots fertilized with ammonium nitrate and of those not fertilized.
The Use of Population Subdivision in Effecting a Stratification of Gene Frequencies for Reaction in Alfalfa to Pseudopeziza medicaginis1
Authors: Adams M. W. , Semeniuk G.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Twelve 3‐plant groups of alfalfa, composed at random from 36 plants that were uniformly resistant to common leafspot and randomly intercrossed within groups, produced progenies that differed significantly in mean reaction to the disease. This was interpreted to indicate that in critically‐sized subdivisions of a breeder's population, the evolutionary force of chance can be employed to effect a gene frequency stratification of the population. The relationship of this effect to inbreeding was noted.
Seed Treatments to Delay Barley Emergence1
Authors: McGowan A. A. , Williams W. A.
Published: July 2010

Several types of seed treatments were tested to delay the emergence of barley, primarily to improve the growth of legumes undersown at the same time. The period from sowing to 50% emergence was up to 394% as long for treated seeds as for untreated seeds (a delay of 24 days), but total emergence was reduced as much as 42%. CCC and paraffin wax were more promising treatments than abscisic acid, gamma−radiation, or polyurethane varnish. Paraffin did not delay emergence as long as did CCC, especially at low temperatures, but CCC had a more detrimental effect on total emergence.
Response of Bragg Soybean to TIBA (2,3,5‐Triiodobenzoic Acid)1
Authors: Clapp J. G.
Published: July 2010

Studies involving the use of TIBA (2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid) on indeterminate soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] have shown that increased grain yields are more likely to occur when the growth regulator is applied as a single application during flower initiation. TIBA studies using determinate varieties are more limited. Results from these studies are more erratic and yield increases are more likely to be associated with a much earlier time of application.

In order to determine the most appropriate method of applying TIBA to determinate soybeans, a single rate (38g/ha) of TIBA was applied to the soybean variety ‘Bragg’ either in a single or in multiple applications during early vegetative growth stages for two years in field experiments.

TIBA applications during the two, four, or six trifoliolate growth stage increased soybean yields over the 2‐year period. These yield increases ranged from 7.0 to 9.8%.

In general, a single application was just as effective as multiple applications in increasing yields.

Plant height was reduced by as much as 13.3% when TIBA was applied at either the four or six trifoliolate growth stage. This reduction in plant height did not help reduce lodging as has been reported for TIBA applications made later in the growing season on indeterminate varieties. In this study TIBA either had no effect on lodging or increased lodging.
Straw Placement: Its Effect on Nitrification of Anhydrous Ammonia1
Authors: Cochran V. L. , Koehler F. E. , Papendick R. I.
Published: July 2010

Residue and its mode of placement in the soil are known to influence soil biological processes under certain conditions, including nitrification of applied ammoniacal fertilizers. In this experiment, the effect of straw placement on the nitrification of anhydrous NH3 was studied in the laboratory. Gaseous NH3 was line injected into Walla Walla silt loam at a 15‐cm depth, simulating a field application into soil: without straw, with the equivalent of 13.5 metric tons/ha of straw applied in a band at the 15‐cm depth and with straw, mixed uniformly in the surface 15 cm of soil. The NH3 retention zone was sampled periodically for 10 weeks and analyzed for NH+ 1‐N, NO− 2‐N, NO− 3‐N, and soil pH. Air samples were withdrawn periodically from the soil systems for determining CO2 and O2.

Straw and its placement mode had little effect on the nitrification rate of the applied NH3. Presumably because of the large amount of straw in the retention zone, both the NH+ 1‐N and NO− 3‐N concentrations were generally highest where the anhydrous NH3 was injected directly into the straw band. However, the percentage of recovery of the applied N as NH+ 1‐N, by extraction with KC1, was only slightly higher from the banded straw treatment than for either the mixed straw or no‐straw treatments during the first 6 weeks of the experiment. This difference disappeared later. Differences in NO− 3‐N recovery among treatments were small and not significant. Approximately 60% of the applied N had nitrified by the 10th week following N application. Oxygen and CO2 concentrations indicated that adequate aeration prevailed throughout the incubation period with only minor differences among the treatments.

Apparently any competitive effect by microorganisms for NH+ 4‐N in straw decomposition was eliminated by the high NH+ 4‐N concentrations in the NH3, retention zone, and the partial sterilization of the retention zone by the NH3 did not affect nitrifying activity in the presence of straw differently than in residue‐free soil.
Evaluation of Glyphosate as a Harvest‐Aid Chemical on Cotton1
Authors: Cathey George W. , Barry Harrison R.
Published: July 2010

Regrowth is sometimes a problem after defoliation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine], a systemic herbicide, has been suggested as a regrowth suppressant. Glyphosate rates of 1.12 to 4.48 kg/ha were used in greenhouse studies to measure effects on leaf abscission and regrowth inhibition. Treatments of DEF (S,S,S,‐tributylphosphorotrithioate) at 1.26 kg/ha mixed with glyphosate at either 0, 1.12, 2.24, or 3.36 kg/ were used in a field experiment to determine effects of these treatments on defoliation, regrowth, yield, and various boll, seed, and fiber properties. Bolls that dehisced 0 to 25 days after treatment were used for boll, seed, and fiber property measurements.

Glyphosate suppressed regrowth development when used either alone or in combination with DEF, and enhanced defoliation when the two chemicals were applied as a mixture. Seed cotton yield and most boll components were not affected by glyphosate treatments. Seed index was reduced by glyphosate treatments of 3.36 kg/ha, and a significant interaction between glyphosate rates and boll development was indicated for seed vigor. This research indicates that glyphosate can be an effective harvest‐aid on cotton when used in combinations with the defoliant chemical DEF.
Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on a Bromegrass and Alfalfa Mixture Grown Under Two Systems of Pasture Management. II. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake and Concentration in Herbage1
Authors: Nuttall W. F.
Published: July 2010

Yield response and botanical composition changes of a bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) and alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) herbage mixture were related to applied N and P fertilizers in previous experiments. Herbage quality also can be affected by these elements. To determine the relationship between N and P fertilizers applied and nutrient uptake, the concentration of N and P was measured in the herbage mixtures taken from two pasture management treatments, “Put and Take” and “Fed Barley.”

Nitrogen and P uptake by bromegrass and alfalfa was significantly related by regression analyses to N and P fertilizer applied. Nitrogen uptake ranged from 90 to 211 kg N/ha and P uptake from 6.3 to 18.9 kg P/ha. N uptake in herbage was greater than applied fertilizer N (45, 90, and 135 kg N/ha) with some exceptions and P uptake was less than applied P fertilizer (20 kg P/ha). Nitrogen uptake measured for 2 years after the last addition of fertilizer was curvilinearly related to residual N fertilizer. Phosphorus uptake also was curvilinearly related to residual N except for the “Fed Barley” treatment and linearly (positively) related to P fertilizer for 2 years after the last addition.

Concentration of N in bromegrass herbage was highly related to applied N fertilizer and ranged from 2.1 to 3.5%. Concentration of N in alfalfa also was highly related to applied N fertilizer in the second cut of the “Put and Take” pasture management treatment and in the first cut of the “Fed Barley” pasture treatment. Percentage N in alfalfa ranged from 2.8 to 4.0%. Concentration of P in pasture herbage was increased by P fertilizer and ranged from 0.16 to 0.30% in alfalfa and 0.16 to 0.31% in bromegrass.

As N uptake in herbage was greater than applied N fertilizer with the exception of the highest rates of N applied without P, symbiotic N fixation by the alfalfa plant and soil N would make up for the difference between applied N and that removed by the herbage. As P was applied at a greater rate than what was removed in the herbage, a net accumulation of P would occur in the roots and soil. As the forage was pastured, much of the nutrients in the herbage would be returned to the soil by cattle excrement which would not occur if all herbage or seed were removed under other harvesting systems.
Effect of Banded and Broadcast Placement of Cu Fertilizers on Correction of Cu Deficiency1
Authors: Varvel G. E.
Published: July 2010

Preliminary investigations on the organic soils (Histosols) in northern Minnesota indicated that Cu was the main limiting factor for small grain production, especially for hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Yield increases of 2,240 kg/ha were obtained with Cu applied. The experiments in this study were conducted to determine the affect of Cu carrier, Cu rate, and their placement on grain yield of hard red spring wheat. Five experiments were conducted during the 1977 and 1978 growing seasons on two organic soil series, Brophy and Cathro. The treatments consisted of placement comparisons of broadcast vs banded applications of CuSO4·5H2O and Cu chelate (5% Cu) derived from Cu HEDTA at various rates. A control plot with no Cu applied was also included in the treatments. Grain was harvested at maturity and the yields were determined. Severe Cu deficiency was observed in all five experiments and significant responses to Cu were obtained. The response obtained was dependent upon the carrier, rate, and placement. The most significant finding was that the broadcast application of CuSO4 worked extremely well, but when banded it did not correct the Cu deficiency. The effectiveness of both Cu carriers and the rate of Cu needed varied widely and depended mainly on the method of application and specifically the amount of incorporation.
Navy Bean Seed Vigor and Field Performance in Relation to Microwave Radiation1
Authors: Spilde L. A.
Published: July 2010

The effects of microwave irradiation of seed have been evaluated for many years on numerous crops, but information is limited concerning the effect on navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seed lots were exposed to 2450‐MHz electric fields of three intensities for various time periods and tested for germination, vigor, and seed yield in laboratory and field studies for 2 yr. Seed exposed to temperatures ranging from 38 to 49°C had significantly increased germination percentage. Seed vigor tests were less conclusive. Exposure of seed to a high power level (500 W) or to seed temperatures above 62°C reduced germination and vigor. The effect of radiation at high seed moisture content (180 g kg−1) was similar to the low moisture content level (90 g kg−1).
Transpiration and Soil Water Usage by Oat as Affected by Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Beardmore R. A. , Linscott D. L.
Published: July 2010

Changes in transpiration of plants as influenced by herbicides may or may not significantly affect soil water uptake in the field. We compared effects of the relatively new herbicides fluazifop [(±)‐butyl‐2‐(4‐{[5‐(trifuoromethyl)‐2‐pyridinyl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate], haloxyfop [methyl‐2‐(4‐{[3‐chloro‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2‐pyridinyl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate], and sethoxydim {2‐[1‐(ethoxyimino)butyl]‐5‐2[2‐(ethylthio)propyl]‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one} applied at various rates to oat (Avena sativa L.) at the 5‐ to 6‐cm stage on transpiration, soil water use, and plant development. In controlled environments, transpiration rates in oat declined about 6 d after herbicide treatment. Time for and the degree of transpiration reduction were herbicide and herbicide‐rate dependent, as were the reductions in plant weight and leaf number. First reductions in soil moisture under laboratory conditions were found 10 d after treatment of oat with fluazifop and haloxyfop and 12 d after treatment with sethoxydim. Similarly, in the field fluazifop treatment required 9 d and haloxyfop and sethoxydim 11 d before significant differences in soil moisture occurred. The correlation coefficient of soil matric potential and dry weight of oat in the field was −0.89 and −0.90, respectively, for 2 yr, 1984 and 1985. Reduction of oat dry matter and soil water use in the field was also herbicide rate dependent.
Effect of Method and Plant Sample on Nitrogen Fixation Estimates in Soybean
Authors: Vasilas B. L. , Nelson R. L. , Vanden Heuvel R. M.
Published: July 2010

The labor involved in collecting total plant dry matter limits the number of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes that can be evaluated for N2 fixation. Therefore, a 2‐yr experiment was conducted on a Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudoll) to determine if genotypic differences in plant N derived from fixation (N2 fixed) and percentage of plant N derived from fixation (% Ndfa) could be detected by isotope dilution or difference (total N) method analysis of whole plant samples (whole plant sample including abscised material), shoot samples (whole plant samples‐abscised material), or seed samples. Five experimental soybean lines derived from a ‘Williams’ ✕ ‘Kanrich’ cross and ‘Harosoy’ were tested. Estimates of N2 fixed and % Ndfa generated by isotope dilution analysis of whole plant samples ranged from 36 to 113 kg ha−1 and 17 to 48%, respectively. More genotypic separations were possible with isotope dilution than with the difference method. Separation on the basis of % Ndfa by isotope dilution was not affected by plant sample. More genotypic separations on the basis of N2 fixed were possible by isotope dilution analysis of whole plant or shoot samples than by analysis of seed samples.
Reducing Erosion from Surface Irrigation by Furrow Spacing and Plant Position
Authors: Sojka R. E. , Brown M. J. , Kennedy‐Ketcheson E. C.
Published: July 2010

Erosion is a serious problem in many furrow‐irrigated fields. Erosion abatement can be costly or inconvenient. Plant placement, row spacing, and choice of trafficked or non‐trafficked furrow have not been thoroughly exploited for furrow erosion control. It was hypothesized that reducing furrow spacing and plant distance to the furrow would reduce erosion for equal amounts of water applied. A study in 1986 and 1987 observed the effect of narrow rows or twin rows with plants in close proximity to the furrow on infiltration, sediment loss, and yields in three crops grown under conventional tillage on a Portneuf silt loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthids) with 1% slope. Yields of twin‐row dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) significantly increased in both years (P < 0.05), whereas yield of sugarbeet or corn (Beta vulgaris L., or Zea Mays L.) were not affected significantly by any planting pattern. Sediment loss, runoff, and the ratio of sediment loss to infiltration were greatly reduced by twin‐row configurations, and somewhat reduced, although less consistently, by narrow single‐row configurations. The results point the way to a lowcost, low‐maintenance method of reducing furrow erosion.
Evaluation of Soil and Plant Nitrogen Tests for Maize on Manured Soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain
Authors: Sims J. Thomas , Vasilas Bruce L. , Gartley Karen L. , Milliken Bill , Green V.
Published: July 2010

Improved N management programs for fertilizers and manures are needed in the Atlantic Coastal Plain because of concerns about agriculture's role in groundwater contamination with nitrate‐N. We conducted a 3‐yr study (1990–1992) at 56 locations in Delaware to evaluate the use of soil and plant N tests as components of a manure‐based N management program for maize. In Phase 1 (15 sites), a factorial design was used; main plots were either poultry manure (PM, at 4.5 Mg ha−1) applied at planting or starter fertilizer (SF, at 30 kg N ha−1) and split plots were six rates of sidedress N. Phase 2 was conducted on 41 farms and evaluated the response of maize to sidedress N (0 to 268 kg N ha−1). The pre‐sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) and two quicktests (the Nitrachek and Cardy meters) were used to identify N‐sufficient sites in both phases. In Phase 1, we also evaluated the effect of time and depth of PSNT sampling and two plant N tests: the leaf chlorophyll meter (LCM; 1992 only) and the late‐season stalk nitrate test. Maize response to sidedress N was rare at manured sites, and the ratio of total N added as manure and/or fertilizer to maize yield was consistently lower than the commonly used value of 17.8 kg N Mg−1 maize (1.0 pound N bushel−1 maize). Average ratios for manured and nonmanured sites in Phase 1 were 13.0 and 13.2 kg N Mg−1 maize. The PSNT effectively identified N‐sufficient or N‐deficient sites ≈70% of the time. Delaying sampling, deeper sampling, or using NH4‐N + NO3‐N instead of NO3‐N alone did not significantly improve predictive accuracy of the PSNT. The stalk nitrate test was found to be effective at identifying sites that were nonresponsive to sidedress N; our critical range was 0.7 to 2.0 g NO3‐N kg−1. The LCM results were encouraging and suggest that further research should be conducted on its use as an alternative to the PSNT. The Nitrachek meter was better correlated with laboratory measurements of soil NO3‐N (r2 = 0.87***) than the Cardy meter (r2 = 0.60***) and should be an effective means to identify N‐sufficient sites under field conditions.
USE OF A BEOWULF CLUSTER FOR ESTIMATION OF RISK USING SWAT
Authors: Whittaker Gerald
Published: July 2010

Estimation of uncertainty using agronomic models typically requires a Monte Carlo study with a large number of simulations. Parallel computation dramatically speeds repetitive computation of this sort. The use of a Beowulf cluster parallel computer offers a low cost method of parallel computing that is fairly simple to construct, but application information is specialized, with little concerning agronomic model simulation. The objective in this note is to present a method of simulation using an agronomic model on a Beowulf cluster. To facilitate the analysis of uncertainty, the method performs the simulations within the R statistical computing environment. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was run for 1200 annual simulations on varying numbers of processors for speed comparisons. The cluster achieved close to the theoretical speed increase as the simulation results were stored in an R object. Two examples of nonparametric estimation of uncertainty are presented.
Meiotic Behavior of a Hodo Sorgo ✕ Johnsongrass Hybrid1
Authors: Bennett Hugh W. , Merwine Norman C.
Published: July 2010

Meiosis Of ‘Hodo’ sorgo was slightly more irregular than that reported for other varieties of Sorghum bicolor, notably by having a higher frequency of quadrivalent associations. Meiosis of the fertile interspecific S. bicolor × S. halepense hybrid was almost as regular as that of S. halepense, johnsongrass, and suggests close genomic relationship of the parental species. The 2n chromosome number was 20 for Hodo sorgo, 40 for johnsongrass, and 40 for the interspecific hybrid. The mean chromosome association was: Hodo sorgo, 8.2 II, and .91 IV; jonhsongrass, .19 I, 11.81 II, .09 III, 3.31 IV, .09 V, .28 VI, and .06 VIII; F1 hybrid, .04 I, 7.2 II, .17 III, 4.6 IV, .02 V, .7I VI, .02 VII, and .27 VIII. The frequent occurrence of quadrivalents in the hybrid suggests that part of the parental chromosomes are quite similar if not identical. Although the origin of octoploid (2n=40) johnsongrass is uncertain, experimental evidence substantiates the hypothesis that the species is an autopolyploid derived from S. bicolor.