bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Fluorescence Ion‐Sensory Properties of the First Dehydropyridoannulene‐Type Cyclophane with Enforced Exotopic Metal Ion Binding Sites
Authors: Baxter Paul. N. W.
Published: June 2003

The new twistophane 4 has been synthesised, which comprises a conjugated dehydropyridoannulene‐type macrocyclic scaffold with outwardly projecting nitrogen‐donor sites for the purpose of metal ion coordination. The macrocyclíc structure of 4 was assigned by using spectroscopic methods, and shown to exist in a twisted and chiral ground state conformation by semi‐empirical theoretical calculations. A detailed spectroscopic investigation into the metal ion binding properties of 4 and precursor 11 revealed that they functioned as selective complexants, affording a fluorescence quenching output response characteristic of PdII and HgII ions. Furthermore, 4 also signalled the presence of FeII, CoII, NiII and AgI ions by the precipitation of coordination polymers, and exhibited reversible proton‐triggered fluorescence quenching behaviour. Macrocycle 4 thus represents a unique type of molecular sensory platform, which may find a wealth of potential applications such as the detection of heavy‐metal pollutants, as well as for the fabrication of proton‐switchable materials and coordination polymers with novel electronic and magnetic properties.
New Labour and youth justice
Authors: Smith David
Published: May 2003

The paper discusses the reasons for the large amount of critical commentary that New Labour's reforms of the youth justice system have attracted. It explores the extent to which there is something ‘new’ about these reforms, suggesting that there are important differences when New Labour's approach is compared with its predecessor's. It then discusses the main lines of critical commentary on the reforms, concluding that much of it is over‐abstract and insufficiently empirically informed. The paper concludes with some ambiguous evidence on what the impact of the reforms has actually been. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early childhood services: evolution or revolution?
Authors: Pugh Gillian
Published: May 2003

This paper considers what progress has been made towards the development of a coherent national policy on services for young children under eight and their families. Since the election of a ‘new’ Labour government in 1997, services for children and families have been higher on the public agenda than at any time in living memory. Much has been achieved, through additional funding, expansion of services, and a more coordinated approach to service provision. But there is still a severe shortage of day care places for children under three, too few appropriately trained staff, a heavy reliance on short term funding, and no agreement on the overall policy on and purpose of early childhood services. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Labour and education
Authors: Tomlinson Sally
Published: May 2003

This article documents some of New Labour's education policies which, despite a rhetoric of inclusion, have largely ensured that education remains divided and divisive. Continuing faith in market choice and competition; continuing selection by private, grammar and specialist schools; a ‘diversity’ of schools with unequal intakes and resources; a standards agenda that requires more testing, assessment and centralised control of teachers and the curriculum; and a retention of an academic‐vocational divide has sharpened divisions and insecurities rather than working for the common good. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes for children's health and well‐being
Authors: Kurtz Zarrina
Published: May 2003

Health outcomes are implicit in the government's major policies on reducing poverty, unemployment and social exclusion, and in environmental regeneration, as well as in explicitly targeted policies for modernising the National Health Service. The impact of policies in childhood are regarded as a key feature in determining socioeconomic outcomes in many domains, among which mental health plays a particularly important part. But although early intervention is recognised as crucial in the achievement of socioeconomic and health policy aims, outcomes in children and for children have only recently received full recognition. This article outlines the impact that government policies may have on health outcomes for children. However, the assessment of changes in health status is difficult and mostly relies on proxy measures. The evidence that any changes can be related to policy is extremely limited and mostly based on small‐scale and locally specific projects. What can be learnt from these and from collective analysis of linked projects, such as those funded through the CAMHS Innovation Grant, is discussed. Because of the attention paid by the government to evidence‐based policy, outcomes in all domains will become known before long for major national children's policy initiatives such as the Sure Start programme, highlighting the crucial and continuing need for evaluation of the ways in which policies are implemented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From parity to subsidiarity? children's policy in Northern Ireland under New Labour: the case of child welfare
Authors: Pinkerton John
Published: May 2003

The central challenge in evaluating any aspect of children's policy in Northern Ireland is finding a way to combine acknowledgement of the political violence and instability that marks it out from other UK jurisdictions with recognising its experience as a variation on shared themes. In this paper the devolution agenda of New Labour is related to the progress being made in the peace process and its implications for children's policy considered through focusing on child welfare. With illustrations from policy, legislation and practice, the traditional social policy commitment to ‘parity’ is shown to have always involved negotiation and accommodation between the realities of the region and Westminster's objectives. It is suggested that under New Labour that is continuing and that the term ‘subsidiarity’ may prove helpful in describing and engaging in this process. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's services in the UK 1997–2003: problems, developments and challenges for the future
Authors: Little Michael , Axford Nick , Morpeth Louise
Published: May 2003

This article reviews developments in children's services since 1997 and considers their effect on children in need by examining government statistics, recent additions to the evidence‐base, and data from two studies conducted by the authors. It shows that there has been extensive service development, mainly beyond the Department of Health, and considerable effort to improve assessment and administrative data. The limits to what can be demonstrably achieved by children's services, particularly in a short period, are acknowledged, and it is argued that the approach of providing predominantly low level interventions to large groups may need re‐thinking if significant and lasting changes to children's development are to be secured. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poor children1
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan
Published: May 2003

This article explores trends in child poverty in the UK since 1979 and examines the extent to which the government is making progress in pursuit of its objective to abolish child poverty in 20 years. The spatial distribution of child poverty is examined by country, local authority and ward. The characteristics of households containing poor children are presented and research on the dynamics of child poverty reviewed. Child poverty in the UK trebled during the 1980s and has only just begun to fall slowly. Child poverty is heavily spatially concentrated and the risks of child poverty are concentrated in certain types of household. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of Labour on policies for children and young people in Wales
Authors: Williams Catriona
Published: May 2003

This contribution outlines the importance of devolution for policy initiatives relevant to Welsh children and young people including some of the issues that existed prior to devolution regarding appropriate policies for Wales. It goes on to consider the reality of the devolution settlement in relation to legislative powers, giving examples such as the Children's Commissioner for Wales and secondary legislation such as prohibiting the physical chastisement of children by childminders. It also considers the approach of the Welsh Assembly Government to matters such as partnership working, transparency, openness and implementing the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It concludes with a focus on the challenge of implementing the pioneering policy aspirations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scotland's children and the new parliament
Authors: Cohen Bronwen
Published: May 2003

The establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999 has raised the profile of children's issues and allowed more time for debate and legislation. This has led to some key developments, including a decision to establish a Children's Commissioner, more legislative provisions enabling children's views to be taken into account, and a more explicit commitment to ‘child and family centred’ working. A Ministerial Task Force has been established to ‘drive forward progress on integrated children's services’. Some pre‐school and school age child care services have seen significant growth but the structure of services remains fragmented. A National Education Debate has strengthened the Scottish Executive's resolve to maintain its distinctive education policies and reaffirm its commitment to comprehensive schooling and an ‘equality of outcomes’ approach. New Community Schools put education in the driving seat of change, offering a vehicle for establishing new kinds of services and relationships between services, sectors and age groups. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Access and achievement or social exclusion?’ are the government's policies working for disabled children and their families?
Authors: Russell Philippa
Published: May 2003

The past decade has seen significant developments in policy and practice for disabled children and their families. In particular there is a new focus upon access and inclusion, with increasing awareness of the need to see disabled children and families as active partners within policy development and implementation. There is growing awareness of the implications of disability discrimination legislation across children's services and of the importance of improving arrangements for early identification and intervention to maximise disabled children's participation within mainstream services. The National Service Framework, the advent of Children's Trusts and a new Special Education Needs (SEN) Action Programme, together with the introduction of direct payments, give encouraging messages about multi‐agency working and a strategic and ‘joined up’ approach to childhood disability. However, many disabled children and their families continue to experience discrimination, poverty and social exclusion. The challenge for the Government is to ensure that disabled children are ‘mainstreamed’ across all policy initiatives and to recognise the talents and ambitions of disabled children and their families in service design and implementation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CLIP‐170 interacts with dynactin complex and the APC‐binding protein EB1 by different mechanisms
Authors: Goodson Holly V. , Skube Susan B. , Stalder Romaine , Valetti Caterina , Kreis Thomas E. , Morrison Ewan E. , Schroer Trina A.
Published: June 2003

CLIP‐170 is a “cytoplasmic linker protein” implicated in endosome‐microtubule interactions and in control of microtubule dynamics. CLIP‐170 localizes dynamically to growing microtubule plus ends, colocalizing with the dynein activator dynactin and the APC‐binding protein EB1. This shared “plus‐end tracking” behavior suggests that CLIP‐170 might interact with dynactin and/or EB1. We have used site‐specific mutagenesis of CLIP‐170 and a transfection/colocalization assay to address this question in mammalian tissue culture cells. Our results indicate that CLIP‐170 interacts, directly or indirectly, with both dynactin and EB1. We find that the CLIP‐170/dynactin interaction is mediated by the second metal binding motif of the CLIP‐170 tail. In contrast, the CLIP‐170/EB1 interaction requires neither metal binding motif. In addition, our experiments suggest that the CLIP‐170 /dynactin interaction occurs via the shoulder/sidearm subcomplex of dynactin and can occur in the cytosol (i.e., it does not require microtubule binding). These results have implications for the targeting of both dynactin and EB1 to microtubule plus ends. Our data suggest that the CLIP‐170/dynactin interaction can target dynactin complex to microtubule plus ends, although dynactin likely also targets MT plus ends directly via the microtubule binding motif of the p150Glued subunit. We find that CLIP‐170 mutants alter p150Glued localization without affecting EB1, indicating that EB1 can target microtubule plus ends independently of dynactin. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 55:156–173, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes
Authors: Pantuck Allan J. , Zisman Amnon , Dorey Frederich , Chao Debby H. , Han Ken‐ryu , Said Jonathan , Gitlitz Barbara , Belldegrun Arie S. , Figlin Robert A.
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

The current study was performed to determine the impact of the presence of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy on the survival and response to immunotherapy of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was performed with outcome assessment based on the chart review of demographic, clinical, and pathologic data from 1087 patients. Patients with RCC who did not present with metastatic disease, who did not undergo nephrectomy as part of their cancer treatment, and those in whom either the lymph node (N) or metastatic (M) status was unknown, were excluded. A total of 322 M1 patients who met these criteria and who underwent nephrectomy for unilateral RCC formed the principal study population.

RESULTS

Two hundred thirty‐six patients presented with N0M1 disease and 86 patients presented with N+M1 disease. In M1 patients, the presence of positive regional lymph nodes was associated with larger sized, higher grade, locally advanced primary tumors that were more commonly associated with sarcomatoid features. N0M1 patients were more likely to achieve an objective response to systemic immunotherapy compared with N+M1 patients (P = 0.01). N+M1 patients overall had worse short‐term and long‐term survival compared with N0M1 patients, with a median survival of 10.5 months compared with 20.4 months, respectively. The median survival of N0M1 patients was improved to 28 months in those who received adjunctive immunotherapy (P = 0.0008), whereas the median survival of patients with N+M1 disease was the same in those treated with and those treated without adjunctive immunotherapy (P = 0.18).

CONCLUSIONS

Even in the modern era of systemic immunotherapy, the presence of regional lymphadenopathy exerts a detrimental effect on the survival of patients with metastatic RCC. Lymph node status is a strong predictor of the failure to achieve either an objective immunotherapy response or an improvement in survival when immunotherapy is given as an adjunctive treatment after cytoreductive nephrectomy. However, in multivariate analysis, including both clinical and pathologic variables, lymph node status was found to have less of an impact on survival than primary tumor stage and grade and patient performance status. Cancer 2003;97:2995–3002. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11422
Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia in children previously treated for a solid tumor
Authors: Bouyn Celine Icher‐De , Leclere Jerome , Raimondo Graziella , le Pointe Hubert Ducou , Couanet Dominique , Valteau‐Couanet Dominique , Hartmann Olivier
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

The detection of hepatic nodules, particularly in patients treated for a previous malignancy, raises a diagnostic dilemma. Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver is an uncommon, benign tumor in children and must be differentiated from malignant hepatic lesions. The etiology of FNH is obscure, and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. FNH may be a reaction to localized vascular abnormalities and circulatory disturbances. The goal of the current study was to identify risk factors for the occurrence of FNH in children who had received prior treatment for a malignant tumor.

METHODS

The current retrospective study examined 14 cases of FNH in pediatric patients who previously had been treated for a malignancy. Diagnosis was based on clinical and radiologic findings and was proven histologically in four cases.

RESULTS

FNH lesions were discovered by chance during routine examination in 78% of patients. The incidence of FNH was particularly high in the current series (0.45%) compared with the incidence in the general pediatric population. High doses of alkylating agents (e.g., busulfan or melphalan), venoocclusive disease, and liver radiotherapy may be responsible for injury to the vascular endothelium and subsequent localized circulatory disturbances. FNH is characterized by the absence of complications after its detection; therefore, only close follow‐up is recommended.

CONCLUSIONS

FNH appears to be a late complication of an iatrogenic vascular disease in children with a history of malignancy. Cancer 2003;97:3107–13. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11452
Invariant measures on G/Γ for split simple Lie groups G
Authors: Einsiedler Manfred , Katok Anatole
Published: June 2003

We study the left action α of a Cartan subgroup on the space X = G/Γ, where Γ is a lattice in a simple split connected Lie group G of rank n > 1. Let μ be an α‐invariant measure on X. We give several conditions using entropy and conditional measures, each of which characterizes the Haar measure on X. Furthermore, we show that the conditional measure on the foliation of unstable manifolds has the structure of a product measure. The main new element compared to the previous work on this subject is the use of noncommutativity of root foliations to establish rigidity of invariant measures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large deviations for random walks in a random environment
Authors: Varadhan S. R. S.
Published: June 2003

We prove two large deviation principles for random walks in a random environment: one for quenched walks in general ergodic environments and the other for averaged walks in a product environment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What's so different about older people?
Authors: Woods Bob T.
Published: May 2003

This paper introduces the special section on psychological therapy with older adults. It is widely accepted that the provision of health services, including psychological services, to older people is subject to ageism. There is no justification for arbitrary age cut‐offs in making decisions about the appropriateness of psychological treatment, and good practice with younger adults is just as applicable in later life. The specialist aspects of working with older adults, which are highlighted in this paper, include working with people with cognitive impairment, the recognition of the importance and impact of past events and the importance of the social context in which older people find themselves. These aspects are not unique to work with older adults, and indeed should also be considered in work with younger adults. However, they form a constant backdrop to psychological therapy with older adults, which has an increasingly strong evidence‐base to underpin it. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working with older people: implications for schema theory
Authors: James Ian A.
Published: May 2003

Working with older people requires therapists to examine issues regarding information processing often not dealt with by therapists working with younger patients. It is suggested that these processing issues may be especially salient to therapists working with older people, owing to their greater reliance on their theoretical knowledge of memory (declarative, procedural, working etc.) and neuropsychology. The present paper draws on this more holistic background, and presents a theory designed to facilitate therapy in general: particularly schema focused therapy for both the young and old.

Employing knowledge and models routinely used in an older people's setting, this paper redefines schemata in terms of networks of information and memories rather than viewing them solely as self‐referent beliefs (e.g. I am worthless; I am inadequate). This change in perspective allows us to see schemata more validly as elaborate structures, composed of many elements, including behavioural, emotional and visceral features. A rationale in support of this holistic perspective is outlined, together with a review of its implications in terms of schema assessment and change techniques. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some implications of attachment theory for understanding psychological functioning in old age: an illustration from the long‐term psychological effects of World War Two
Authors: McCarthy Gerard , Davies Stephen
Published: May 2003

This paper aims to outline some of the implications of attachment theory for understanding the way in which older adults deal with the salient developmental tasks of later life. The paper aims to illustrate this theme by exploring the way in which negative childhood attachment‐related experiences brought about by the Second World War may have adversely affected the way in which some of the current generation of older adults function in old age. The paper begins with a brief introduction to attachment theory and research and then moves on to consider some of the ways in which the Second World War may have affected the attachment‐related experiences of the United Kingdom population. Finally, some of the clinical implications of attachment theory are briefly discussed, and the implications for assessing and treating older adults are considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When late life brings a diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and early life brought trauma. A cognitive‐analytic understanding of loss of mind
Authors: Sutton Laura
Published: May 2003

This paper contrasts the loss of mind from the loss of brain cells in Alzheimer's Disease and other neurodegenerative conditions with the threats to one's mind from the mindlessness of others from a cognitive‐analytic perspective. Case studies are presented that show how the therapeutic framework of Cognitive‐Analytic Therapy (CAT: Ryle 1990, 1995, 1997) can bring containment for both client and therapist for clients facing this dilemma, particularly when past trauma is potentially overwhelming. This is set in a dialogue with the pioneering work of Tom Kitwood (1990, 1995, 1997) in dementia care, in which Kitwood's thesis of the ‘malignant social psychology’ surrounding people with dementia is re‐stated in terms of ‘reciprocal roles’ developed in Cognitive‐Analytic Therapy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life review: treating the dyadic family unit with dementia
Authors: Haight Barbara K. , Bachman David L. , Hendrix Shirley , Wagner Mark T. , Meeks Alison , Johnson Jolene
Published: May 2003

The application of reminiscence with people with dementia is reviewed, and promising findings identified. This paper distinguishes life review from other, less specific, forms of reminiscence. It is carried out over several months, on a one‐to‐one basis and covers the person's entire life in a structured way, encouraging evaluation of memories and events. A life story is a tangible outcome of the life review process, and is created by the person with dementia, containing pictures and words and other memorabilia selected by the person him/herself. This paper describes early qualitative and quantitative results from a project evaluating life review work carried out jointly with the person with dementia and his caregiver, compared with life review carried out with the caregiver alone, and an untreated control group. 22 dyads have entered the study. The mood of the person with dementia (as rated by the caregiver) was significantly improved for those people with dementia participating actively in the life review, although their cognitive function decreased slightly. Caregivers participating in the life review, alone or with the person with dementia, reported significantly reduced burden and behaviour problems in the person with dementia. Two case studies illustrate how life review, with its emphasis on active listening, may enable the person to ‘move on’ from being apparently preoccupied with particular memories or concerns. Further evaluative work is required to confirm the usefulness of this promising therapeutic approach with people with dementia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A series of brief cognitive therapy interventions with people experiencing both dementia and depression: a description of techniques and common themes
Authors: Scholey Keith A , Woods Bob T.
Published: May 2003

Depression in the context of dementia is common, but treatment approaches are under‐developed. This paper presents one of the first case series of cognitive therapy interventions with individuals with concurrent dementia and depression. Seven patients diagnosed as having mild/moderate dementia (MMSE range 20–30) each received eight individual cognitive therapy sessions. On average, there was a statistically significant 3.7 point improvement on the Geriatric Depression Scale (30 items). Two of the patients showed a significant Reliable Change Index. It is argued that with some modification a cognitive therapy approach can facilitate a reduction in the level of depression experienced by this particular group. In this sample, impaired cognitive abilities did not prove to be an insurmountable obstacle to the application of cognitive therapy. A number of common themes arose, including attributions about the cause of the cognitive impairment, catastrophic thinking regarding the implications of the diagnosis and the emergence of previous trauma. Whilst a full understanding of the interrelationship between dementia and depression has yet to be developed, a body of literature is developing that describes some of the skills necessary for this type of work. Controlled studies of psychological treatments for depression in dementia are now required. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do people with dementia benefit from psychological interventions offered on a group basis?
Authors: Scott Julie , Clare Linda
Published: May 2003

Psychological interventions, whether directed at cognitive functioning or emotional expression, are frequently offered on a group basis to people with dementia. This paper aims to review the range of therapies offered and to evaluate the evidence for their effectiveness. Four categories of group therapy are identified: early approaches to enhancing well‐being (reality orientation, validation and reminiscence); methods aimed at improving memory and cognition (cognitive stimulation and memory training); psychotherapy; and support. Although the review demonstrates the wide range of group work offered, and the creativity of practitioners in this area, relatively little formal evaluation has been undertaken. It is therefore difficult to reach firm conclusions regarding evidence for efficacy. There is a need for more research, and future evaluations should pay increased attention to the selection of appropriate methodologies and outcome measures, the question of clinical relevance and the issue of individual differences in response to intervention. In addition, it will be important to enable people with dementia and their family members to play a role in determining what interventions are relevant and acceptable, and what outcomes are desirable. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difficult behaviour and dementia in nursing homes: five cases of psychosocial intervention
Authors: Moniz‐Cook Esme , Stokes Graham , Agar Sharon
Published: May 2003

Psychosocial interventions in five people, who presented with uncooperative and difficult behaviour at mealtimes and during assistance with self‐care tasks, are described. In four cases, a single case experimental design was used. The results are discussed in the context of ‘rementia’ and a broadly defined functional analytic perspective to assessment and intervention. In contrast to the standard neurogenic‐disease paradigm, a person‐centred holistic model of dementia is proposed for the understanding and amelioration of distress in people with dementia who are seen as difficult or ‘challenging’. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the KOSSEL and the X‐ray Rotation‐Tilt Technique
Authors: Bauch J. , Ullrich H.‐J. , Böhling M. , Reiche D.
Published: June 2003

There are world‐wide efforts to analyse micron regions of compact samples by means of X‐ray diffraction (“X‐ray Microdiffraction”). Two micro diffraction procedures, the KOSSEL technique excited by electron or synchrotron radiation beams and the new X‐ray Rotation‐Tilt Method (XRT), are compared to show their possibilities and limitations. Some selected examples of new applications are presented.
X‐ray structural phase analysis of CdTe semiconductor annealed in air
Authors: Heiba Z. K.
Published: June 2003

X‐ray structural phase analysis of CdTe semiconductor, thermally annealed in air at temperature range 373‐773 K and annealing time 24 hrs, is investigated applying Rietveld method. The results showed that at low temperatures < 523 K, oxygen diffuses into the (1/21/21/2) interstitial sites of the CdTe lattice and its relative occupancy increases with the annealing temperature. For higher temperatures ≥ 523 K, the thermally grown oxide CdTeO3 phase is developed on expense of CdTe phase. The percentage phase abundance of each phase is determined at each temperature applying a standardless method. The rate of oxidation with temperature is found to be non‐linear.
Transient and quasi‐stationary simulation of heat and mass transfer in Czochralski silicon crystal growth
Authors: Voigt A. , Weichmann C. , Nitschkowski J. , Dornberger E. , Hölz R.
Published: June 2003

The formation of grown‐in defects in silicon crystals is controlled by the concentration of intrinsic point defects. Under steady state conditions the type of the prevailing point defect species is linked to the ratio of pull rate and temperature gradient in the crystal at the solidification front. It has been shown that this ratio as well as computed point defect distributions are in good agreement with experimental data. In this paper we compare a coupled transient heat transfer and transient point defect transport model with quasi steady state simulations at various time steps. Both simulations show the same qualitative results, quantitative differences in temperature are less than 1 %. But already for constant pull rates the defect distributions show qualitative differences between transient and quasi steady state simulations. Therefore, for a detailed understanding how defects are related to growth conditions, the thermal history should not be neglected.
Modeling analysis of liquid encapsulated Czochralski growth of GaAs and InP crystals
Authors: Yakovlev E. V. , Kalaev V. V. , Bystrova E. N. , Smirnova O. V. , Makarov Yu. N. , Frank‐Rotsch Ch. , Neubert M. , Rudolph P.
Published: June 2003

The results of three‐dimensional unsteady modeling of melt turbulent convection with prediction of the crystallization front geometry in liquid encapsulated Czochralski growth of InP bulk crystals and vapor pressure controlled Czochralski growth of GaAs bulk crystals are presented. The three‐dimensional model is combined with axisymmetric calculations of heat and mass transfer in the entire furnace. A comprehensive numerical analysis using various two‐dimensional steady and three‐dimensional unsteady models is also performed to explore their possibilities in predicting the melt/crystal interface geometry. The results obtained with different numerical approaches are analyzed and compared with available experimental data. It has been found that three‐dimensional unsteady consideration of heat and mass transfer in the crystallization zone provides a good reproduction of the solidification front geometry for both GaAs and InP crystal growth.
Depressive symptoms and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a US sample
Authors: Saydah Sharon H. , Brancati Frederick L. , Golden Sherita Hill , Fradkin Judith , Harris Maureen I.
Published: June 2003

Objective

There is some evidence to suggest that individuals with depression are at an almost twofold increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, but results are far from conclusive. Therefore, to determine if depressive symptoms increased the risk of type 2 diabetes, we conducted longitudinal analyses using data from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow‐up Survey (NHEFS).

Research design and methods

Participants included individuals who were white or African‐American, did not report previous diagnosis of diabetes, and who completed the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) questionnaire in the 1982–1984 study (n = 8870). Participants were followed up for incident‐diagnosed diabetes through 1992 (mean follow‐up 9.0 years).

Results

There were 1444 (15.9%) participants with high depressive symptoms in the 1982–1984 study (CES‐D scoren ≥ 16). During follow‐up, there were 465 incident cases of diabetes. Incidence of diabetes was 6.9/1000 person years among those with high depressive symptoms, 6.0/1000 person years among those with moderate symptoms, and 5.0/1000 person years among those with no symptoms. After adjusting for age, sex, and race, the relative hazard (RH) of diabetes among those with high depressive symptoms was 1.27 (95% CI: 0.93 to 1.73) compared to those without symptoms. Further adjustment for education and known diabetes risk factors (body mass index and physical activity) further attenuated the relationship (RH 1.11, 95% CI: 0.79 to 1.56).

Conclusions

There was no increased incidence of diabetes for those with high or moderate depressive symptoms compared to those with no depressive symptoms. These results do not support the etiologic relationship of depression predisposing individuals to diabetes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minalrestat and leukocyte migration in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Cruz J. W. C. M. , Soto‐Suazo M. W. , Hohman T. C. , Akamine E. H. , Zorn T. T. , Fortes Z. B.
Published: June 2003

Background

We recently demonstrated that aldose reductase inhibition was effective in restoring the reduced migratory capacity of leukocytes in diabetic rats. To investigate the mechanism(s) involved in the restoring effect, we used minalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor.

Methods

In sodium pentobarbital–anesthetized (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) alloxan‐diabetic or galactosemic male Wistar rats, the internal spermatic fascia was exteriorized, and the number of leukocytes rolling along the venular endothelium and the number of leukocytes sticking to the vascular wall after topical application of zymosan‐activated plasma or leukotriene B4 (1 ng/ml), as well as after the application of a local irritant stimulus (carrageenan, 100 µg), were determined using intravital microscopy. Data from animals that were treated with and those that were not treated with minalrestat (10 mg/kg/d by gavage) were compared.

Results

The reduced number of leukocytes rolling along the venular endothelium (by about 70%) and the number of adhered and migrated leukocytes in postcapillary venules (by 60%) were significantly restored to control values after minalrestat treatment. Total or differential leukocyte counts, venular blood flow velocity or wall shear rate were not altered by minalrestat treatment. The expression of ICAM‐1 and P‐selectin, cell adhesion molecules involved in the interaction of leukocyte‐endothelium, reduced in diabetic rats was restored by minalrestat treatment.

Conclusion

We conclude that an enhanced flux through the polyol pathway might be involved in the reduced expression of ICAM‐1 and P‐selectin contributing to the impaired leukocyte–endothelial interactions in diabetes mellitus and that aldose reductase inhibition restores the defect, restoring the reduced expression. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Islet transplantation: where do we stand now?
Authors: Hirshberg Boaz , Rother Kristina I. , Harlan David M.
Published: June 2003

After many years of limited success in islet transplantation, researchers developing this procedure have made great strides, and several centers have now reported that islet transplantation can result in long‐term insulin independence for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The improved quality of life achieved in some islet allograft recipients suggests that this important line of investigation should proceed. Yet, several factors limit the technique and these hurdles must be overcome before it can be considered a practical treatment for the millions of individuals with diabetes, be it type 1 or type 2. Most obvious is the gross disparity between the number of islets available for clinical transplantation and the number of patients with diabetes who might benefit. Other important limitations, too often lost in the discussion, include complications associated with the technique itself, the toxicity of currently available immunosuppressive drugs, and the imperfect glycemia control achieved in most patients. In fact, our ongoing analysis as to whether transplantation‐based therapy improves survival for patients with type 1 diabetes suggests that, for many at least, the opposite may be true. Two variables, as yet undefined, also need to be considered: (1) can the procedure, when done well, prevent or reverse diabetes‐associated complications and (2) what are the long‐term consequences of intrahepatic islets? Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consideration based on simulation for a DWDM system composed of a wide‐band optical phase conjugator and dispersion‐flattened transmission line
Authors: Yao Bing , Hanawa Masanori , Takahara Mikio , Ichikawa Yuichi
Published: May 2003

In wavelength division multiplexing transmission, nonlinear effects such as cross phase modulation between the pulses of channels with different wavelengths due to overtaking causes pulse distortion and timing jitter. In particular, deterioration of the transmission characteristics caused by cross phase modulation becomes more conspicuous when the incident peak power becomes larger. In order to realize a wavelength division multiplexing transmission system with a higher bit rate over a longer distance, a high incident peak power that maintains a high SNR is indispensable and a technique to compensate the effect of cross phase modulation is needed. In this paper, computer simulation demonstrates that, by placing a broadband phase conjugator at the center of the dispersion‐flattened transmission line, the cross phase modulations caused in the first half and the latter half are canceled and its effect can be reduced. It is further shown that the transmission system with the present configuration can increase the incident peak power by 5 dB over that using nonlinear transmission, which is considered effective for high densities in the case of wavelength division multiplexing transmission with a frequency use efficiency of 0.32 bit/s/Hz. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(11): 84–92, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10005
A study on channel efficiency for SDMA with an adaptive array
Authors: Suzuki Tohru , Ohgane Takeo , Ogawa Yasutaka
Published: May 2003

Recently, in order to improve channel use efficiency, the SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) system has been proposed. In this paper, an adaptive array is applied to a cellular system and the SDMA system with MMSE‐based weight control performed for fixed channel assignment and dynamic channel assignment is discussed. In addition to the conventional blocking rate and the forced call termination rate, the ISR (Incomplete Service Rate) is defined as a new QoS (Quality of Service) and its characteristics are evaluated. Further, the occupation rate within the home cell by the SDMA system is studied with random assignment. It is found that the capacity increases by a factor of 2.08 with a blocking rate of 3% when the SDMA system is combined with a fixed channel assignment of nine cell repetition. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(11): 75–83, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10069
Measurement and analysis for transmission characteristics of microstrip line covered with lossy magnetic sheet
Authors: Saito Akihiko , Nishikata Atsuhiro
Published: May 2003

For EMI protection in high‐frequency regions beyond 1 GHz, composite materials made of rubber filled with soft magnetic metal powders have been used. With such materials, resonances in metal casings for amplifiers and coupling between transmission lines can be suppressed. In this paper, to provide a low‐pass‐type filter characteristic to the transmission line on a printed circuit board, a method is studied for covering a microstrip line (MSL) with such a composite material sheet and the necessary analysis is carried out. First, the propagation characteristics and the characteristic impedance of the MSL are derived numerically. Based on such information, the transmission and reflection characteristics as a filter are evaluated. Since the product of the complex relative permeability and the complex relative permittivity of the composite material sheet is larger than that of the substrate in this case, the quasi‐TEM mode approximation does not hold. Hence, the frequency domain finite‐difference (FDFD) method taking into account all electromagnetic field components is used for the analysis of the MSL. In the experiment, S11 and S21 of the MSL with its section coated with a composite material sheet are measured and compared with the analysis results. The computed results exhibit the same tendency as the measured data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(11): 66–74, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10100
High‐speed bulk data transfer architecture for Gbit/s throughput
Authors: Kotabe Satoshi , Hashimoto Masashi , Hagimoto Kazuo
Published: May 2003

When bulk data is transferred between end hosts over an IP network, a known problem is the limited throughput obtained at the application level due to the memory copy processing load between the kernel buffer and the user buffer depending on the operating system. To solve this problem, in this paper we propose a high‐speed bulk data transfer architecture called Network Direct Memory Access (Network DMA) and describe its design, implementation, and test results. The purpose of Network DMA is to be a transport function installed on a network interface card (NIC) and to achieve high‐speed and reliable data transfers over a network between the user buffers of the end hosts without requiring operating system‐specific processing. An application will use the data transfer function provided by a new interface capable of directly specifying the send destination host and the target transfer buffer. Based on the proposed architecture, we developed a 622‐Mbit/s ATM NIC and Gigabit Ethernet NIC incorporating the Network DMA. The ATM NIC we developed achieved a continuous transfer throughput of 540 Mbit/s (99% bandwidth usage efficiency at the application level) in data transfer tests between general‐purpose PCs. The Gigabit Ethernet NIC achieved an 800 Mbit/s continuous transfer throughput. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(11): 57–65, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10107
Hybrid active integrated antenna arrays with a 23‐GHz MMIC oscillator
Authors: Kawasaki Shigeo , Yasuoka Yoshihisa , Sasaki Ryosuke
Published: May 2003

An ultrasmall active integrated antenna 2.5 cm square was fabricated by combining an MMIC oscillator and planar slot antennas. The design of array antennas by simulation and analysis of their injection locking characteristics are presented. Beam steering and the effect of packaging are considered in the measurement, and the effect of the metal reflector plate behind the array antenna is studied. A small active integrated antenna is placed at the focal point of a parabolic antenna. Its operation as a receiving integrated antenna with a self‐oscillating mixer for communication satellite is confirmed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(11): 46–56, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10115
Polarization controlled microstrip antenna
Authors: Nishiyama Eisuke , Takenaka Kouichi , Aikawa Masayoshi
Published: May 2003

More new functionalities and performance capabilities are required for antenna technologies for the next generation. In this paper, to meet such an objective, a basic study is carried out on the realizability of a polarization control function for a planar antenna. For a square microstrip antenna with a degenerate resonant mode, realization of orthogonal polarization control by switching control of the high‐frequency surface currents is proposed. The realizability of this function is verified by means of simulation and experiments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(11): 38–45, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10116
Experimental study for optimizing self‐oscillating mixer with electromagnetically coupled antenna element
Authors: Park KoDong , Sakurazawa Shigeaki , Arai Hiroyuki
Published: May 2003

Recently, extensive research has been carried out on active antennas using microwave transistors such as GaAs FETs for mobile communications and millimeter‐wave applications. The active antenna including a built‐in oscillator using GaAs FET devices does not require a mixer and has the advantage of reduced attenuation in transmission lines. In this paper, with a view to enhancing the output level of the IF when an active antenna is used as a self‐oscillating mixer, the addition of an electromagnetically coupled antenna such as a dipole, monopole, loop, and patch is proposed. Experimental studies are carried out on the self‐oscillating mixer with such an electromagnetically coupled element. In order to enhance the output level of the IF, conditions for optimum shapes and positions of the parasitic element are obtained. From the results of an experiment using a dipole and a loop for which the coupling of the parasitic element near the active device significantly affects the IF output level, it is confirmed that the oscillation becomes unstable if the spacing between the FET and the parasitic element is less than 3 mm. In a monopole with a structure that can increase the spacing from the active device, improvement of IF output by about 20 dB at the maximum can be obtained. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(11): 30–37, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10118