bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iodine‐Catalyzed or ‐Mediated Reactions in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Samanta Subhadeep , Mondal Shovan
Published: August 2021

Transition metal‐catalyzed reactions are the heart of modern organic synthetic chemistry. In most cases, the synthesis of target molecules involved at least one or more transition metals such as palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, iridium, rhenium, cobalt, copper, iron, etc. But these transition metals are costly, toxic, and sometimes very difficult to separate from the target product. Instead of transition metals, molecular iodine or iodide salts have drawn the attention of modern organic synthetic chemists over a few decades due to their inexpensiveness, tolerance, and environmentally benign nature. So molecular iodine or iodide catalyzed reactions are highly efficient, atom‐economical, easy to control, eco‐ friendly protocol rather than transition metal‐catalyzed reactions. But many iodine‐catalyzed or mediated reactions, toxic solvents like tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4 dioxane, dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethylformamide (DMF), benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, n‐hexane, etc. are used which is a major concern in terms of environmental issues. Therefore, our present endeavour focuses on the recent developments (mainly in the period 2005–2020) of the iodine‐catalyzed or iodine‐mediated various reactions like oxidative additions, condensation reactions, C−C, C−N, C−O, C−S cross‐couplings etc. consciously performed in an aqueous medium to avoid environmental hazardous, which is a thrust area to the young researchers.
The role of religion in One Health. Lessons from the Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus) and other human–non‐human primate interactions
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Gargi , Tate Vijay , Gadre Vishal , Trivedy Chetan
Published: August 2021

Being revered as deities in some religions of the world, non‐human primates (NHPs) often share the same space as humans. Such coexistence and interactions with humans, especially around places of worship, have been known to cause significant changes to the behavior and diet of the NHPs in India. Moreover, the interface may also create an opportunity for zoonotic spillover, similar to the majority of newly emerging or re‐emerging infections that are found to originate from animal sources. These include the SARS COV‐2 virus responsible for the current COVID‐19 pandemic; a catastrophic “One Health” crisis; that has highlighted the interconnections between the health of humans, animals, and the environment. Religious beliefs could potentially influence perceptions, actions, and subsequent One Health outcomes resulting from human–animal interaction, which could impact human and animal welfare. Greater insight in this area could provide a better understanding of the complex relationships between humans and NHPs; that may play an important role in mitigating conflict as well as the spillover of zoonotic disease at the human–NHP interface.
A Zwitterionic Heterobimetallic Gold–Iron Complex Supported by Bis(N‐Heterocyclic Imine)Silyliumylidene
Authors: Hanusch Franziska , Munz Dominik , Sutter Jörg , Meyer Karsten , Inoue Shigeyoshi
Published: August 2021

The facile synthesis of the first bis‐N‐heterocyclic imine‐stabilized chlorosilyliumylidene 1 is reported. Remarkably, consecutive reaction of 1 with PPh3AuCl and K2Fe(CO)4 gives rise to the unique heterobimetallic complex 1,2‐(MesNHI)2‐C2H4‐ClSiAuFe(CO)4 (4). The overall neutral complex 4 bears an unusual linear Si−Au−Fe structure and a rare anagostic interaction between the d10‐configured gold atom and a CH bond of the mesityl ligand. According to the computational analysis and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, the formal Fe‐oxidation state remains at −II. Thus, the electronic structure of 4 is best described as an overall neutral—yet zwitterionic—heterobimetallic “Si(II)+‐Au(I)+‐Fe(‐II)2−”‐silyliumylidene complex, derived from double anion exchange. The computational analysis indicates strong hyperconjugative back donation from the gold(I) atom to the silyliumylidene ligand.
Synthesis of Multicompositional Onion‐like Nanoparticles via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Khan Murtaza , Guimarães Thiago R. , Kuchel Rhiannon P. , Moad Graeme , Perrier Sébastien , Zetterlund Per B.
Published: August 2021

Synthesis of multicompositional polymeric nanoparticles of diameters 100–150 nm comprising well‐defined multiblock copolymers reaching from the particle surface to the particle core was conducted using surfactant‐free aqueous macroRAFT emulsion polymerization. The imposed constraints on chain mobility as well as chemical incompatibility between the blocks result in microphase separation, leading to formation of an onion‐like multilayered particle morphology with individual layer thicknesses of approximately 20 nm. The approach provides considerable versatility in particle morphology design as the composition of individual layers as well as the number of layers can be tailored as desired, offering more complex particle design compared to approaches relying on self‐assembly of preformed diblock copolymers within particles. Microphase separation can occur in these systems under conditions where the corresponding bulk system would not theoretically result in microphase separation.
Zeolite‐Tailored Active Site Proximity for the Efficient Production of Pentanoic Biofuels
Authors: He Jiang , Wu Zhijie , Gu Qingqing , Liu Yuanshuai , Chu Shengqi , Chen Shaohua , Zhang Yafeng , Yang Bing , Chen Tiehong , Wang Aiqin , Weckhuysen Bert M. , Zhang Tao , Luo Wenhao
Published: August 2021

Biofuel production can alleviate reliance on fossil resources and thus carbon dioxide emission. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) refers collectively to a series of important biorefinery processes to produce biofuels. Here, well‐dispersed and ultra‐small Ru metal nanoclusters (ca. 1 nm), confined within the micropores of zeolite Y, provide the required active site intimacy, which significantly boosts the chemoselectivity towards the production of pentanoic biofuels in the direct, one‐pot HDO of neat ethyl levulinate. Crucial for improving catalyst stability is the addition of La, which upholds the confined proximity by preventing zeolite lattice deconstruction during catalysis. We have established and extended an understanding of the “intimacy criterion” in catalytic biomass valorization. These findings bring new understanding of HDO reactions over confined proximity sites, leading to potential application for pentanoic biofuels in biomass conversion.
Interfacial Linkage and Carbon Encapsulation Enable Full Solution‐Printed Perovskite Photovoltaics with Prolonged Lifespan
Authors: Tian Tian , Zhong Jun‐Xing , Yang Meifang , Feng Wenhuai , Zhang Chengxi , Zhang Wenjing , Abdi Yaser. , Wang Lianzhou , Lei Bing‐Xin , Wu Wu‐Qiang
Published: August 2021

Simplified perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated with the perovskite layer sandwiched and encapsulated between carbon‐based electron transport layer (ETL) and counter electrode (CE) by a fully blade‐coated process. A self‐assembled monolayer of amphiphilic silane (AS) molecules on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrate appeals to the fullerene ETL deposition and preserves its integrity against the solvent damage. The AS serves as a “molecular glue” to strengthen the adhesion toughness at the TCO/ETL interface via robust chemical interaction and bonding, facilitating the interfacial charge extraction, increasing PCEs by 77 % and reducing hysteresis. A PCE of 18.64 % was achieved for the fully printed devices, one of the highest reported for carbon‐based PSCs. AS‐assisted interfacial linkage and carbon‐material‐assisted self‐encapsulation enhance the stability of the PSCs, which did not experience performance degradation when stored at ambient conditions for over 3000 h.
Einzelpartikel‐Nanoelektrochemie für die Untersuchung der Aktivität der elektrokatalytischen Sauerstoffentwicklungsreaktion an Co3O4 Nanowürfeln
Authors: Quast Thomas , Varhade Swapnil , Saddeler Sascha , Chen Yen‐Ting , Andronescu Corina , Schulz Stephan , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: August 2021

Co3O4‐Nanowürfel werden hinsichtlich ihrer intrinsischen elektrokatalytischen Aktivität gegenüber der Sauerstoffevolutionsreaktion (OER) mittels Single‐Entity‐Elektrochemie untersucht. Die elektrochemische Rasterzellmikroskopie (SECCM) liefert Daten über die elektrokatalytische OER‐Aktivität von mehreren einzelnen Bereichen der Oberfläche, die genau einen Co3O4‐Nanowürfel bei einer vergleichsweisen großen Zahl solcher Einzelpartikelmessungen mit ausreichender statistischer Reproduzierbarkeit untersuchen. Messungen von einzelnen Co3O4‐Nanowürfeln auf Nanoelektroden ermöglichen einen beschleunigten Stresstest durch die OER unter stark alkalischen Bedingungen mit Stromdichten von bis zu 5.5 A cm−2, und erlauben die Bestimmung von TOF‐Werten von bis zu 2.8×104 s−1 bei 1.92 V vs. RHE für Oberflächen‐Co‐Atome eines einzelnen kubischen Nanopartikels. Die Realisierung solch hoher Stromdichten in Kombination mit der Transmissions‐Elektronenmikroskopie an identischer Stelle ermöglicht die Visualisierung der Bildung einer Oxy(hydroxid)‐Oberflächenschicht während der Elektrokatalyse. Die Kombination zweier unabhängiger Single‐Entity‐Elektrochemie‐Verfahren bildet die Grundlage für die Aufklärung der Struktur‐Aktivitäts‐Beziehungen einzelner Elektrokatalysator‐Nanopartikel mit gut definierter Oberflächenstruktur.
Muonium Addition to aperi‐Trifluoromethylated 9‐Phosphaanthracene Producing a High‐Energy Paramagnetic π‐Conjugated Fused Heterocycle
Authors: Koshino Kota , Kojima Kenji M. , McKenzie Iain , Ito Shigekazu
Published: August 2021

In this communication, we report muon spin rotation/resonance (μSR) studies for understanding radical reactivity of 10‐mesityl‐1,8‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐9‐phosphaanthracene. Transverse‐field muon spin rotation (TF‐μSR) and muon avoided level‐crossing resonance (μLCR) measurements successfully visualized a paramagnetic species produced by regioselective addition of muonium (Mu) to the skeletal phosphorus atom. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the P‐muoniation product suggested two possible isomers. Whereas the most stable isomer including the envelope‐type phosphorus heterocycle shows considerably different hyperfine coupling constants (hfcs) from those of the TF‐μSR and μLCR, the metastable structure accompanying the almost planar tricyclic π‐conjugated skeleton could simulate the experimentally determined hfcs. The metastable planar π‐conjugated paramagnetic tricyclic‐fused skeleton is promoted by the larger zero‐point energy due to the light muon (μ+), one ninth of the proton mass.
Halogen Bonded Chiral Emitters: Generation of Chiral Fractal Architecture with Amplified Circularly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Zheng Shuyuan , Han Jianlei , Jin Xue , Ye Qiang , Zhou Jin , Duan Pengfei , Liu Minghua
Published: August 2021

Self‐assembled chiroptical materials have attracted considerable attention due to their great applications in wide fields. During the chiral self‐assembly, it remains unknown how achiral molecules can affect the assembly process and their final chiroptical performance. Herein, we report an achiral molecule directed chiral self‐assembly via halogen bonds, exhibiting not only an unprecedented chiral fractal architecture but also significantly amplified circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Two axially chiral emitters with halogen bond sites co‐assemble with an achiral 1,4‐diiodotetrafluorobenzene (F4DIB) and well‐ordered chiral fractal structures with asymmetry amplification are obtained. The enhancement of the dissymmetry factors of the assemblies was up to 0.051 and 0.011, which was approximately 100 folds than those of the corresponding molecules. It was found that both the design of the chiral emitter and the highly directional halogen bond played an important role in hierarchically chirality transfer from chiral emitters to the micrometer scale chiral fractal morphology and amplified dissymmetry factors. We hope that this strategy can give a further insight into the fabrication of structurally unique featured highly efficient chiroptical materials.
Engineering Nanorobots for Tumor‐Targeting Drug Delivery: From Dynamic Control to Stimuli‐Responsive Strategy
Authors: Huang Lujia , Chen Fangmin , Lai Yi , Xu Zhiai , Yu Haijun
Published: August 2021

Nanotechnology has been widely applied to the fabrication of drug delivery systems in the past decades. Recently, with the progress made in microfabrication approaches, nanorobots are steadily becoming a promising means for tumor‐targeting drug delivery. In general, nanorobots can be divided into two categories: nanomotors and stimuli‐responsive nanorobots. Nanomotors are nanoscale systems with the ability to convert surrounding energies into mechanical motion, whereas stimuli‐responsive nanorobots are featured with activatable capacity in response to various endogenous and exogenous stimulations. In this minireview, the dynamic control of nanomotors and the rational design of stimuli‐responsive nanorobots are overviewed, with particular emphasis on their contribution to tumor‐targeting therapy. Moreover, challenges and perspectives associated with the future development of nanorobots are presented.
PhotocatalyzedE→ZContra‐thermodynamic Isomerization of Vinyl Boronates with Binaphthol
Authors: Brégent Thibaud , Bouillon Jean‐Philippe , Poisson Thomas
Published: August 2021

The photocatalytic contra‐thermodynamicE→Zisomerization of vinyl boronates by using a binaphthol catalyst is disclosed. The reaction, based on the transient formation of a suitable chromophore with a BINOL derivative as the catalyst, allowed geometrical isomerization in good‐to‐excellentZ/Eratio and excellent‐to‐quantitative yields. The mechanism of thisE→Zcontra‐thermodynamic isomerization was studied, and the formation of a transient chromophore species is suggested.
Association of obesity and annual health care utilization and spending among long‐term cancer survivors
Authors: Han Xuesong , Jemal Ahmedin , Zheng Zhiyuan , Nogueira Leticia , Khushalani Jaya , Chen Zhuo , Yabroff K. Robin
Published: August 2021

Background

Obesity is associated with a substantial health and economic burden in the general population in the United States. This study estimates the excess health care utilization and medical spending associated with overweight and obesity among long‐term cancer survivors.

Methods

Long‐term cancer survivors (≥2 years after their diagnosis) aged ≥18 years (N = 12,547) were identified from the nationally representative 2008‐2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. A 2‐part modeling approach was used to calculate the average annual care utilization and spending by service type. Excess care utilization and spending associated with overweight (25 kg/m2 ≤ body mass index [BMI] < 30 kg/m2), obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), and severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2), in comparison with normal weight (18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2), were estimated.

Results

Compared with normal‐weight cancer survivors, overweight survivors had comparable care utilization and medical spending; survivors with obesity had an additional $3216 (95% CI, $1940‐$4492) of medical spending, including $1243 (95% CI, $417‐$2070) on hospital inpatient services and $1130 (95% CI, $756‐$1504) on prescriptions per person per year. The excess annual medical spending associated with obesity among long‐term cancer survivors translated to $19.7 billion in 2016 in the United States. The excess medical spending was magnified in cancer survivors with severe obesity ($5317 [95% CI, $2849‐$7785], which translated to $6.7 billion in 2016). Excess care utilization and medical spending were mostly explained by comorbid conditions related to obesity.

Conclusions

For long‐term cancer survivors, obesity was associated with increased health care utilization and substantial excess medical spending. This suggests that policies and practices promoting a healthy lifestyle and achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight for cancer survivors may reduce their health care utilization and economic burden.
Cardiac remodeling after anthracycline and radiotherapy exposure in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study
Authors: Jefferies John L. , Mazur Wojciech M. , Howell Carrie R. , Plana Juan C. , Ness Kirsten K. , Li Zhenghong , Joshi Vijaya M. , Green Daniel M. , Mulrooney Daniel A. , Towbin Jeffrey A. , Martinez Hugo R. , Goldberg Jason F. , Howell Rebecca M. , Srivastava Deo Kumar , Robison Leslie L. , Hudson Melissa M. , Armstrong Gregory T.
Published: August 2021

Background

Limited data exist regarding left ventricular remodeling patterns observed in adult survivors of childhood cancer after therapy.

Methods

Among 1190 adult survivors diagnosed with childhood cancer (median age at diagnosis, 9 years [interquartile range (IQR), 3.8‐14.4 years]; age at evaluation, 35.6 years [IQR, 29.5‐42.8 years]), treatment exposures included anthracyclines (n = 346), chest radiotherapy (n = 174), both (n = 245), or neither (n = 425). Prospective echocardiographic assessment compared survivors with 449 noncancer controls classified according to left ventricle geometric patterns. Associations between left ventricle geometric patterns and decreased exercise tolerance were assessed.

Results

Overall, 28.2% of survivors (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.6%‐30.8%) exhibited concentric remodeling, 2.4% (95% CI, 1.6%‐3.5%) exhibited eccentric hypertrophy, and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.6%‐1.9%) exhibited concentric hypertrophy. A greater proportion of survivors who received only chest radiotherapy (41%) had concentric remodeling compared with those who received only anthracyclines (24%), both (27%), or neither (27%; all P < .001), and all were greater than the proportions in noncancer controls (18%; all P < .05). Concentric remodeling was associated with radiation exposure, but not with anthracycline exposure, in multivariable models. Survivors who had concentric remodeling were more likely to have a maximal oxygen uptake peak <85% compared with those who had normal geometry (81.0% vs 66.3%; odds ratio, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.15‐2.68).

Conclusions

Chest radiation therapy, but not anthracycline therapy, increased the risk for concentric remodeling in survivors of childhood cancer. The presence of concentric remodeling was associated with increased exercise intolerance.
Cytologic features of sex cord‐stromal tumors in women
Authors: Edmund Liz N. , Salama Abeer M. , Murali Rajmohan
Published: August 2021

Background

Gynecologic sex cord‐stromal tumors (SCSTs) arise from sex cords of the embryonic gonad and may display malignant behavior. We describe the cytomorphologic features of SCSTs in females, including adult and juvenile granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs and JGCTs), Sertoli‐Leydig cell tumors (SLCTs), and steroid cell tumors (SCTs).

Methods

We retrieved available cytology slides from females with a histologic diagnosis of sex cord‐stromal tumor between 2009 and 2020 from institutional archives and reviewed their cytoarchitectural features.

Results

There were 25, 2, 2, and 1 cytology specimens from 19, 2, 2, and 1 patients (aged 7‐90 years, median 57 years) with AGCT, JGCT, SLCT, and SCT, respectively. Features common to all SCSTs included 3‐dimensional groups, rosettes, rare papillary fragments, abundant single cells and naked nuclei. Rosettes and a streaming appearance of cell groups were only seen in AGCTs, which also rarely featured eosinophilic hyaline globules and metachromatic stroma. AGCTs exhibited high nuclear:cytoplasmic (N:C) ratios, with mild nuclear pleomorphism, uniform nuclei with finely granular chromatin, nuclear grooves and small nucleoli; in contrast, other SCSTs lacked rosettes and nuclear grooves and had generally lower N:C ratios, greater nuclear pleomorphism, coarse chromatin and more abundant cytoplasm. Mitotic figures, necrosis, and inflammation were rarely identified.

Conclusions

AGCTs show cytomorphologic features that are distinct from those of other SCSTs. Careful evaluation of the cytological features and ancillary studies (eg, immunochemistry for FOXL2, inhibin and calretinin, or sequencing for FOXL2 mutations) can aid in the accurate diagnosis of these tumors.
A Euglycemic Glucose Clamp Study to Evaluate the Bioavailability of LY2963016 Relative to Insulin Glargine in Healthy Chinese Subjects
Authors: Liu Hui , Wang Feng , Ji Yongjia , Ma Tianyang , Li Hongying , Linnebjerg Helle , Chua Laiyi , Tham Lai San , Yu Yerong
Published: August 2021

Insulin glargine (IGlar) and LY2963016 (LY IGlar) are long‐acting insulin analogs with identical primary amino acid sequences. We conducted a randomized, open‐label, 2‐treatment, 2‐period, crossover study in healthy Chinese subjects to evaluate the relative bioavailability of LY IGlar to IGlar and pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of LY IGlar. Subjects (n = 58) were randomized to receive single subcutaneous doses (0.5 U/kg) of LY IGlar and IGlar with a ≥7‐day washout period between study treatments. Serum was collected before and up to 24 hours after dosing to assess PK characteristics. PD characteristics were assessed by euglycemic clamp up to 24 hours after dosing. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to fit the log‐transformed primary PK (maximum observed concentration and area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 to 24 hours) and PD parameters (maximum glucose infusion rate and total amount of glucose infused during clamp period). The geometric least squares means ratios (90% confidence interval) of LY IGlar to IGlar for maximum observed concentration and area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 to 24 hours were 0.961 (0.887‐1.04) and 0.941 (0.872‐1.01), respectively. The geometric least squares means ratios (90% confidence interval) of LY IGlar to IGlar were 0.91 (0.85‐0.98) for maximum glucose infusion rate and 0.89 (0.82‐0.97) for total amount of glucose infused during clamp period. LY IGlar demonstrated similarity to IGlar in PK and PD characteristics following single‐dose (0.5 U/kg) administration in healthy Chinese subjects.
Mn2+‐Phos‐Tag Polyacrylamide for the Quantification of Protein Phosphorylation Levels
Authors: Markandran Kasturi , Xuan Jane Vanetta Lee En , Yu Haiyang , Shun Lim Meng , Ferenczi Michael A.
Published: August 2021

This paper provides a guideline for optimizing and utilizing Mn2+ Phos‐tag gel technology to separate phosphorylated proteins from their unphosphorylated counterparts. It provides key insights into methods for careful sample preparation and experimental directions for determining the appropriate Phos‐tag gel compositions and electrophoresis and western blotting conditions. This protocol has been used to successfully resolve proteins extracted from cardiac and skeletal muscles. The guidelines can be extended for optimizing protocols to resolve proteins from other cells or tissue sources. With this, phosphoproteomics and the elucidation of underlying mechanisms of disease progression can be accelerated. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Chemoenzymatic Oxosulfonylation‐Bioreduction Sequence for the Stereoselective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Sulfones
Authors: López‐Agudo Marina , Ríos‐Lombardía Nicolás , González‐Sabín Javier , Lavandera Iván , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente
Published: August 2021

A series of optically active β‐hydroxy sulfones has been obtained through an oxosulfonylation‐stereoselective reduction sequence in aqueous medium. Firstly, β‐keto sulfones were synthesized from arylacetylenes and sodium sulfinates to subsequently develop the carbonyl reduction in a highly selective fashion using alcohol dehydrogenases as biocatalysts. Optimization of the chemical oxosulfonylation reaction was investigated, finding inexpensive iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3 ⋅ 6H2O) as the catalyst of choice. The selection of isopropanol in the alcohol‐water media resulted in high compatibility with the enzymatic process for enzyme cofactor recycling purposes, providing a straightforward access to both (R)‐ and (S)‐β‐hydroxy sulfones. The practical usefulness of this transformation was illustrated by describing the synthesis of a chiral intermediate of Apremilast. Interestingly, the development of a chemoenzymatic cascade approach avoided the isolation of β‐keto sulfone intermediates, which allowed the preparation of chiral β‐hydroxy sulfones in high conversion values (83–94 %) and excellent optical purities (94 to >99 % ee).
Preface to the Special Issue of ChemSusChem on Advanced Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Brabec Christoph J. , Heeney Martin , Kim Youngkyoo , Luscombe Christine K.
Published: August 2021

Organic solar cells have garnered much interest as an Earth‐abundant and low‐energy‐production renewable energy source. In their Editorial to the Special Issue on Advanced Organic Solar Cells, Guest Editors Christoph Brabec, Martin Heeney, Youngkyoo Kim, and Christine Luscombe introduce this exciting field and discuss some of the Special Issue's contents.
Insights into the Operation of Noble‐Metal‐Free Cocatalyst 1T‐WS2‐Decorated Zn0.5Cd0.5S for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Zhou Wei , Tang Yuan , Tan Xin , Zhang Yizhong , Geng Zikang , Guo Yuchen , Liu Lequan , Yu Tao , Ye Jinhua
Published: August 2021

Due to inefficient charge separation and low surface catalytic conversion efficiencies, cocatalysts are required for achieving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Being a noble‐metal‐free cocatalyst, metallic 1T‐WS2 with excellent conductivity can function for this reaction. Herein, 1T‐WS2/Zn0.5Cd0.5S is constructed via a simple and feasible grinding approach. The composite containing 7.5 % 1T‐WS2 in 1T‐WS2/Zn0.5Cd0.5S achieves a hydrogen evolution rate of 61.65 mmol g−1 h−1 and an external quantum efficiency of 8.04 % at 420 nm, which is 37 times that of bare Zn0.5Cd0.5S (1.67 mmol g−1 h−1). The electrical conductivity of metallic 1T‐WS2 reduces the transfer impedance at the interface and thus accelerates the non‐radiative energy transfer and electron transport rate. The different Fermi levels of 1T‐WS2 and Zn0.5Cd0.5S form a Schottky junction, which promotes the transfer of photogenerated electrons from Zn0.5Cd0.5S to 1T‐WS2. More importantly, the close interface contact between 1T‐WS2 and Zn0.5Cd0.5S results in strong electron interactions, which is conducive to the spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. This work will further expand the application of 1T‐WS2 in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution process.
Prognose des Verbrauchs grauer Energie über die Lebensdauer von Gebäuden
Authors: Zimmermann Josef , Reiser Maximilian
Published: August 2021

Das Bauen in Städten und Ballungsräumen gehört weltweit zu den größten Ressourcenverbrauchern. Das Gebäudeenergiegesetz (GEG) in Deutschland stellt Anforderungen an den energetischen Standard für den Neubau. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Reduktion des Primärenergiebedarfs für die Wärmeversorgung im Betrieb. Die erforderliche nicht erneuerbare Primärenergie (graue Energie) der in Gebäuden eingesetzten Materialien und der damit einhergehende Ressourcenverbrauch ist jedoch zusätzlich zu beachten. Die bei der Errichtung von Gebäuden umgesetzte graue Energie wurde bereits vielfach untersucht und beschrieben. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der anfallenden grauen Energie über den gesamten Lebenszyklus von Immobilien. Insbesondere werden die Aufwendungen nach der Errichtung für Instandsetzung und Entsorgung untersucht. Hierzu wird ein Prognosemodell auf Basis der Methodik der Standardraumstrukturen von Kornblum und Greitemann entwickelt und auf das Beispiel einer Wohnimmobilie angewandt.
The campus of the future needs hands‐on learning, stackable certificates
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: August 2021

“We've really found community colleges to be at the forefront of innovative and experiential learning,” James Pfeiffer, Associate Principal at BNIM Architects, said at a session at the annual conference for the Society of Campus and University Planners.
Best practices for recruiting, retaining diverse adult students at community colleges
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: August 2021

A new report points out the disparity in earning a bachelor's degree between white Americans and Americans   of color, and offers solutions for campuses looking to close equity gaps in degree attainment in higher education. The report, “Strategies for Improving Postsecondary Credential Attainment Among Black, Hispanic, and Native American Adults,” was produced by the Community College Research Center and the Lumina Foundation, and examines data from three different studies.
Clinician's commentary: Atypia in urinary tract cytology specimens
Authors: Patel Sunil H.
Published: August 2021

At the 18th International Congress of Cytology in Paris in 2013, the “Paris Group” created standardized reporting system/criteria for urine cytopathology. This reporting system provided evidence‐based criteria for all the urine cytopathologic diagnosis in aims to avoid atypia being used a “waste basket.” The addition of standard classification system greatly helps minimizing atypia diagnosis; however, clinicians, specifically, urologist, are still left without a clear set of guidelines for how to approach atypia. Prospective collaborate work with cytopathologists and urologist can help solve the dreaded atypia cytology pathological report and provide a framework and guidelines on management, providing better care to our patients.
Pleistocene dynamics of the Eurasian steppe as a driving force of evolution: Phylogenetic history of the genus Capsella (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Žerdoner Čalasan Anže , Hurka Herbert , German Dmitry A. , Pfanzelt Simon , Blattner Frank R. , Seidl Anna , Neuffer Barbara
Published: August 2021

Capsella is a model plant genus of the Brassicaceae closely related to Arabidopsis. To disentangle its biogeographical history and intrageneric phylogenetic relationships, 282 individuals of all five currently recognized Capsella species were genotyped using a restriction digest‐based next‐generation sequencing method. Our analysis retrieved two main lineages within Capsella that split c. one million years ago, with western C. grandiflora and C. rubella forming a sister lineage to the eastern lineage consisting of C. orientalis. The split was attributed to continuous latitudinal displacements of the Eurasian steppe belt to the south during Early Pleistocene glacial cycles. During the interglacial cycles of the Late Pleistocene, hybridization of the two lineages took place in the southwestern East European Plain, leading to the allotetraploid C. bursa‐pastoris. Extant genetic variation within C. orientalis postdated any extensive glacial events. Ecological niche modeling showed that suitable habitat for C. orientalis existed during the Last Glacial Maximum around the north coast of the Black Sea and in southern Kazakhstan. Such a scenario is also supported by population genomic data that uncovered the highest genetic diversity in the south Kazakhstan cluster, suggesting that C. orientalis originated in continental Asia and migrated north‐ and possibly eastwards after the last ice age. Post‐glacial hybridization events between C. bursa‐pastoris and C. grandiflora/rubella in the southwestern East European Plain and the Mediterranean gave rise to C. thracica. Introgression of C. grandiflora/rubella into C. bursa‐pastoris resulted in a new Mediterranean cluster within the already existing Eurasian C. bursa‐pastoris cluster. This study shows that the continuous displacement and disruption of the Eurasian steppe belt during the Pleistocene was the driving force in the evolution of Capsella.
Trends in the treatment and survival of heart failure patients: a nationwide population‐based study in the Czech Republic
Authors: Táborský Milos , Skála Tomas , Lazárová Marie , Aiglová Renata , Špinar Jindrich , Špinarová Lenka , Vítovec Jiri , Kautzner Josef , Melenovský Vojtech , Málek Filip , Dušek Ladislav , Jarkovský Jiri , Benešová Klara , Vícha Marek , Linhart Ales
Published: August 2021

Aims

A retrospective nationwide observational analysis of diagnoses, procedures, and treatment reported to the Czech National Registry of Reimbursed Health Services between 2012 and 2018.

Methods and results

Prevalence of heart failure (HF) patients increased from 176 496 (1679.4 per 100 000 population) in 2012 to 285 745 (2689.0 per 100 000 population) patients in 2018 (mean age 74.4 ± 12.8 years). In the last years, a stable incidence of HF patients was observed (544 per 100 000 population in 2016 vs. 551 per 100 000 population in 2018; P = 0.310). Mortality rate decreased from 20.55% in 2012 to 15.89% in 2018. The number of hospitalized patients remained similar (318.2 per 100 000 population in 2012 vs. 311.8 per 100 000 population in 2018; P = 0.479). The most used drugs were diuretics (173 295; 60.6%) and beta‐blockers (178 823; 62.6%), followed by angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors 120.581; 42.2%; angiotensin II receptor blockers 47 216; 16.5%). Even though the whole number of implanted devices in HF patients increased steadily (from 25 205 in 2012 to 45 363 in 2018), the prevalence of all devices (pacemakers and defibrillators) in the HF patients remained about the same (14.3% in 2012; 15.9% in 2018).

Conclusions

The study included all patients with HF in the Czech Republic. These are the first nationwide data of HF epidemiology in the Eastern bloc. The incidence of HF remains stable in the last years. Due to aging of the population, the prevalence of HF significantly increased in the last 6 years. Despite a continuous increase in the prevalence of HF and a suboptimal utilization of its pharmacological therapy, mortality decreased, and the number of hospitalized patients remained the same.
Nucleic Acid Integrated Technologies for Electrochemical Point‐of‐Care Diagnostics: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Surucu Ozge , Öztürk Elif , Kuralay Filiz
Published: August 2021

The need for routine and immediate healthcare monitoring has inspired “near‐patient testing” or in other words “point‐of‐care testing (POCT)”. Therefore, POCT can be defined as laboratory tests that are performed at the patient's bedside or in the immediate vicinity of the incident. Among many POCTs, nucleic acid‐based testing has attracted enormous attention for the diagnosis of important genetic, inherited and infectious diseases such as cancer and coronavirus. In this review, we outline the integration of nucleic acids into the remarkable electrochemical point‐of‐care diagnostics including microfluidic, paper and smartphone‐based approaches, CRISPR/Cas and liquid biopsy related systems and DNA damage monitoring.
2‐Methylimidazole‐assisted Morphology Modulation of a Copper‐based Metal‐organic Framework Transducer for Enhanced Electrochemical Peroxidase‐like Activity
Authors: Li Junji , Liu Zi‐Xuan , Li Yi‐Xuan , Shu Guofang , Zhang Xue‐Ji , Marks Robert S. , Shan Dan
Published: August 2021

A tailored metal‐organic framework transducer material Cu−BDC(NH2)@2‐MI was synthesized with 2‐methylimidazole as competitive ligand for the modulation of its morphology and catalytic activity. 2‐MI effectively helped the deprotonation of 2‐aminoterephthalic acid and enabled the fast generation of MOF crystals at room temperature. More importantly, this 2‐MI‐doped MOF exhibited well‐tuned morphology and was able to assist efficient redox procedures in electrochemical H2O2 reduction. Therefore, a prototype H2O2 sensor can present decent linear ranges from 10 μM to 13.28 mM and a detection limit of 0.97 μM. This novel design could boost the utilization of proprietary MOFs materials out of laboratory.
Anti‐arthritic effect of chicken embryo tissue hydrolyzate against adjuvant arthritis in rats (X‐ray microtomographic and histopathological analysis)
Authors: Rzhepakovsky Igor , Anusha Siddiqui Shahida , Avanesyan Svetlana , Benlidayi Mehmet , Dhingra Kunaal , Dolgalev Alexander , Enukashvily Natella , Fritsch Tilman , Heinz Volker , Kochergin Stanislav , Nagdalian Andrey , Sizonenko Marina , Timchenko Lyudmila , Vukovic Marko , Piskov Sergey , Grimm Wolf‐Dieter
Published: August 2021

Finding new, safe strategies to prevent and control rheumatoid arthritis is an urgent task. Bioactive peptides and peptide‐rich protein hydrolyzate represent a new trend in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. The resulting tissue hydrolyzate of the chicken embryo (CETH) has been evaluated for acute toxicity and tested against chronic arthritis induced by Freund's full adjuvant (modified Mycobacterium butyricum) in rats. The antiarthritic effect of CETH was studied on the 28th day of the experiment after 2 weeks of oral administration of CETH at doses of 60 and 120 mg/kg body weight. Arthritis was evaluated on the last day of the experiment on the injected animal paw using X‐ray computerized microtomography and histopathology analysis methods. The CETH effect was compared with the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg). Oral administration of CETH was accompanied by effective dose‐dependent correction of morphological changes caused by the adjuvant injection. CETH had relatively high recovery effects in terms of parameters for reducing inflammation, inhibition of osteolysis, reduction in the inflammatory reaction of periarticular tissues, and cartilage degeneration. This study presents for the first time that CETH may be a powerful potential nutraceutical agent or bioactive component in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Freestanding Nitrogen‐Doped Carbons with Hierarchical Porosity for Environmental Applications: A Green Templating Route with Bio‐Based Precursors
Authors: Mohseni Mojtaba , Utsch Nikolai , Marcks Christian , Demeestere Kristof , Du Laing Gijs , Yüce Süleyman , Keller Robert G. , Wessling Matthias
Published: August 2021

Powdery hierarchical porous carbons serve as cost‐effective, functional materials in various fields, namely energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemistry, and water/wastewater treatment. Such powdered activated carbons (PAC) limit new module designs and require further preparation steps, for example, adding polymeric binders, to be shaped into a standalone geometry. Polymeric binders, however, can block PACs’ catalytic and active sites and, more importantly, pose the risk of secondary pollution for environmental purposes, especially in the context of clean water supply. This study introduces a novel synthesis method for fabricating freestanding nitrogen‐doped carbons with hierarchical porosity using chitosan and sucrose as green precursors. Chitosan supplies nitrogen and acts as a backbone, giving a freestanding geometry to the final product, and sucrose is a carbon‐rich precursor. The proposed method employs ice‐ and hard‐templating for macropores and mesopores and combines carbonization and activation steps with no required activating agent. Final freestanding carbons function as adsorbents for removing persistent pollutants, as binder‐free electrodes with high specific surface area and capacitive current, and as tubular gas diffusion electrodes for oxygen reduction reactions. These freestanding carbons enable new module designs and can be scaled‐up by numbering‐up, serving as bio‐based functional materials for a wide range of applications involving porous heteroatom‐doped carbons.
Geochronology and petrogenesis of Triassic low‐Ti mafic intrusions in Funing: Implications for the tectonic evolution of Nanpanjiang Basin, SW China
Authors: Jiang Wen , Yan Quanren , Xia Wenjing , Deng Li
Published: August 2021

The Nanpanjiang Basin, one of the largest Triassic turbidite basins in the South China Block, has long been disputed with respect to its tectonic affinity. To better understand the tectonic processes of the basin, we conducted geological mapping, geochronological, and geochemical studies on the mafic intrusions (the Anding group) in Funing emplaced within the southern Nanpanjiang Basin. The Anding group mafic intrusions in Funing consist of gabbronorite and gabbroic diorite, and they are characterized by low TiO2 (0.54–1.18 wt%) and Ti/Y ratios (162–222), low (La/Yb)CN ratios (3.28–4.19), flat REE patterns, pronounced negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies. These mafic intrusions can be further divided into two subgroups: the Group 1 at 244 ± 3 Ma and the Group 2 at 224 ± 2 Ma. The Group 1 exhibits negative Eu anomalies, high Th/Hf ratios (1.61–1.91), high (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios (0.708710–0.711843), and low εNd(t) values (−6.70 to −7.82), while the Group 2 exhibits positive Eu anomalies, lower Th/Hf ratios (1.05–1.07), lower (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios (0.708397–0.708425) and higher εNd (t) values (−3.28 to −3.21). Both the Group 1 and Group 2 are derived from partial melting of spinel‐bearing lithospheric mantle and formed at an intracontinental back‐arc setting. These results, combined with regional considerations, support a new model that the Triassic Nanpanjiang Basin is an intracontinental back‐arc extensional basin triggered by the westward subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate, and the Triassic magmatism in Funing was a response to the extension.
Exploring reported genes of microglia RNA‐sequencing data: Uses and considerations
Authors: van Wageningen Thecla A. , Gerrits Emma , Palacin i Bonson Sara , Huitinga Inge , Eggen Bart J. L. , van Dam Anne‐Marie
Published: August 2021

The advent of RNA‐sequencing techniques has made it possible to generate large, unbiased gene expression datasets of tissues and cell types. Several studies describing gene expression data of microglia from Alzheimer's disease or multiple sclerosis have been published, aiming to generate more insight into the role of microglia in these neurological diseases. Though the raw sequencing data are often deposited in open access databases, the most accessible source of data for scientists is what is reported in published manuscripts. We observed a relatively limited overlap in reported differentially expressed genes between various microglia RNA‐sequencing studies from multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's diseases. It was clear that differences in experimental set up influenced the number of overlapping reported genes. However, even when the experimental set up was very similar, we observed that overlap in reported genes could be low. We identified that papers reporting large numbers of differentially expressed microglial genes generally showed higher overlap with other papers. In addition, though the pathology present within the tissue used for sequencing can greatly influence microglia gene expression, often the pathology present in samples used for sequencing was underreported, leaving it difficult to assess the data. Whereas reanalyzing every raw dataset could reduce the variation that contributes to the observed limited overlap in reported genes, this is not feasible for labs without (access to) bioinformatic expertise. In this study, we thus provide an overview of data present in manuscripts and their supplementary files and how these data can be interpreted.
Ayahuasca may help to improve self‐compassion and self‐criticism capacities
Authors: Domínguez‐Clavé Elisabet , Soler Joaquim , Elices Matilde , Franquesa Alba , Álvarez Enric , Pascual Juan C.
Published: August 2021

Objective

Ayahuasca is a psychedelic brew that originated in the Amazon basin. The psychological effects of this drug are becoming better understood due to the growing research interest in identifying new potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of emotion dysregulation and other disorders. Previous studies suggest that ayahuasca enhances mindfulness‐related capacities (decentering, non‐judging, non‐reacting and acceptance) and emotion regulation. The aim of the present exploratory study was to determine the effects of ayahuasca on self‐compassion in a community sample.

Methods

We administered validated questionnaires (the Self‐Compassion Scale‐Short Form and Forms of Self‐Criticism and Self‐Reassurance) to evaluate pre‐post changes in self‐compassion and self‐criticism/self‐reassurance in 45 volunteers (27 women; 60%) before and after (≤24 h) an ayahuasca ceremony. Most participants (n = 29; 67.4%) had previously used ayahuasca.

Results

Ayahuasca resulted in significant improvements, with medium to large effect sizes (η2 = 0.184–0.276), in measures of self‐compassion (p < 0.05), self‐criticism (p < 0.01) and self‐reassurance (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that ayahuasca promotes well‐being and self‐compassion, which could have a therapeutic effect on individuals with negative affect and other psychopathological conditions. Large, controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Donor‐derived M2 macrophages attenuate GVHD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hanaki Ryo , Toyoda Hidemi , Iwamoto Shotaro , Morimoto Mari , Nakato Daisuke , Ito Takahiro , Niwa Kaori , Amano Keishiro , Hashizume Ryotaro , Tawara Isao , Hirayama Masahiro
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is frequent and fatal complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and characteristically involves skin, gut, and liver. Macrophages promote tissue regeneration and mediate immunomodulation. Macrophages are divided into two different phenotypes, classically activated M1 (pro‐inflammatory or immune‐reactive macrophages) and alternatively activated M2 (anti‐inflammatory or immune‐suppressive macrophages). The anti‐inflammatory effect of M2 macrophage led us to test its effect in the pathophysiology of GVHD.

Methods

GVHD was induced in lethally irradiated BALB/c mice. M2 macrophages derived from donor bone marrow (BM) were administered intravenously, while controls received donor BM‐mononuclear cells and splenocytes. Animals were monitored for clinical GVHD and analyzed.

Results

We confirmed that administering donor BM‐derived M2 macrophages attenuated GVHD severity and prolonged survival after HSCT. Moreover, donor BM‐derived M2 macrophages significantly suppressed donor T cell proliferation by cell‐to‐cell contact in vitro.

Conclusions

We showed the protective effects of donor‐derived M2 macrophages on GVHD and improved survival in a model of HSCT. Our data suggest that donor‐derived M2 macrophages offer the potential for cell‐based therapy to treat GVHD.
Insights into Proton Coupled Electron Transfer in the Field of Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Pann Johann , Viertl Wolfgang , Roithmeyer Helena , Pehn Richard , Hofer Thomas S. , Brüggeller Peter
Published: August 2021

Artificial photosynthesis with respect to water splitting is usually divided into water oxidation catalysis (WOC) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Though in the combined redox dissociation of water into oxygen and hydrogen no protons and electrons occur, both half reactions show photoinduced proton coupled electron transfer (PCET). Regarding a classical approach, photosensitizers (PS) deliver electrons and protons that are accepted by water reduction catalysts (WRC) containing suitable basic atoms like nitrogen working as proton relays. However, the mechanisms of PCET reactions differ, where concerted proton electron transfer (CPET) is an elementary step. In CPET simultaneous electron and proton transfer occurs in the femtoseconds range, being rapid when compared to the periods for coupled vibrations and solvent modes. This has to be distinguished from stepwise electron and proton transfer, leading to underlying thermodynamics of the intermediates. DFT calculations based on X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data help to specify the different reaction pathways. A plethora of experimental procedures are used in order to verify the theoretical predictions. Among them femtosecond pump‐probe spectroscopic measurements play an important role. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry (CV) has proven to be also a powerful tool. In the case of electrochemical PCET rotating‐disk electrode voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry complete the experimental tools. In this minireview a selection of examples, where PCET occurs is discussed with respect to possible mechanisms and used methods.