bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ternary Organic Solar Cells with Reduced Graphene Oxide–Sb2S3 Hybrid Nanosheets as the Cascade Material
Authors: Balis Nikolaos , Konios Dimitrios , Stratakis Emmanuel , Kymakis Emmanuel
Published: May 2015

We demonstrate that the efficiency of a poly[N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)](PCDTBT):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric‐acid‐methyl‐ester (PC71BM) bulk heterojunction solar cell can be improved from 5.53 % to 6.81 % by incorporating reduced graphene oxide–antimony sulfide (rGO–Sb2S3) hybrid nanosheets as the third component. By using this hybrid as the cascade material, we combine the ultra‐conductive multi charge transfer paths provided by graphene with the favorable arrangement of the material energy bands due to the presence of Sb2S3 nanocrystals. The higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of rGO–Sb2S3 relative to PC71BM results in an increase of the open circuit voltage upon increasing the rGO–Sb2S3 concentration, while the photocurrent and fill factor are enhanced due to the presence of more exciton dissociation interfaces and more efficient charge transport.
Probability state modeling theory
Authors: Bagwell C. Bruce , Hunsberger Benjamin C. , Herbert Donald J. , Munson Mark E. , Hill Beth L. , Bray Chris M. , Preffer Frederic I.
Published: May 2015

As the technology of cytometry matures, there is mounting pressure to address two major issues with data analyses. The first issue is to develop new analysis methods for high‐dimensional data that can directly reveal and quantify important characteristics associated with complex cellular biology. The other issue is to replace subjective and inaccurate gating with automated methods that objectively define subpopulations and account for population overlap due to measurement uncertainty. Probability state modeling (PSM) is a technique that addresses both of these issues. The theory and important algorithms associated with PSM are presented along with simple examples and general strategies for autonomous analyses. PSM is leveraged to better understand B‐cell ontogeny in bone marrow in a companion Cytometry Part B manuscript. Three short relevant videos are available in the online supporting information for both of these papers. PSM avoids the dimensionality barrier normally associated with high‐dimensionality modeling by using broadened quantile functions instead of frequency functions to represent the modulation of cellular epitopes as cells differentiate. Since modeling programs ultimately minimize or maximize one or more objective functions, they are particularly amenable to automation and, therefore, represent a viable alternative to subjective and inaccurate gating approaches. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
An approach to consider behavioral plasticity as a source of uncertainty when forecasting species' response to climate change
Authors: Muñoz Antonio‐Román , Márquez Ana Luz , Real Raimundo
Published: May 2015

The rapid ecological shifts that are occurring due to climate change present major challenges for managers and policymakers and, therefore, are one of the main concerns for environmental modelers and evolutionary biologists. Species distribution models (SDM) are appropriate tools for assessing the relationship between species distribution and environmental conditions, so being customarily used to forecast the biogeographical response of species to climate change. A serious limitation of species distribution models when forecasting the effects of climate change is that they normally assume that species behavior and climatic tolerances will remain constant through time. In this study, we propose a new methodology, based on fuzzy logic, useful for incorporating the potential capacity of species to adapt to new conditions into species distribution models. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to include different behavioral responses of species when predicting the effects of climate change on species distribution. Favorability models offered in this study show two extremes: one considering that the species will not modify its present behavior, and another assuming that the species will take full advantage of the possibilities offered by an increase in environmental favorability. This methodology may mean a more realistic approach to the assessment of the consequences of global change on species' distribution and conservation. Overlooking the potential of species' phenotypical plasticity may under‐ or overestimate the predicted response of species to changes in environmental drivers and its effects on species distribution. Using this approach, we could reinforce the science behind conservation planning in the current situation of rapid climate change.
Black liquor and the hangover effect: fish assemblage recovery dynamics following a pulse disturbance
Authors: Piller Kyle R. , Geheber Aaron D.
Published: May 2015

Anthropogenic perturbations impact aquatic systems causing wide‐ranging responses, from assemblage restructuring to assemblage recovery. Previous studies indicate the duration and intensity of disturbances play a role in the dynamics of assemblage recovery. In August 2011, the Pearl River, United States, was subjected to a weak black liquor spill from a paper mill which resulted in substantial loss of fish in a large stretch of the main channel. We quantified resilience and recovery of fish assemblage structure in the impacted area following the event. We compared downstream (impacted) assemblages to upstream (unimpacted) assemblages to determine initial impacts on structure. Additionally, we incorporated historic fish collections (1988–2011) to examine impacts on assemblage structure across broad temporal scales. Based on NMDS, upstream and downstream sites generally showed similar assemblage structure across sample periods with the exception of the 2 months postdischarge, where upstream and downstream sites visually differed. Multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) indicated significant seasonal variation among samples, but found no significant interaction between impacted and unimpacted assemblages following the discharge event. However, multivariate dispersion (MVDISP) showed greater variance among assemblage structure following the discharge event. These results suggest that 2 months following the disturbance represent a time period of stochasticity in regard to assemblage structure dynamics, and this was followed by rapid recovery. We term this dynamic the “hangover effect” as it represents the time frame from the cessation of the perturbation to the assemblage's return to predisturbance conditions. The availability and proximity of tributaries and upstream refugia, which were not affected by the disturbance, as well as the rapid recovery of abiotic parameters likely played a substantial role in assemblage recovery. This study not only demonstrates rapid recovery in an aquatic system, but further demonstrates the value of continuous, long‐term, data collections which enhance our understanding of assemblage dynamics.
Characterization of 2D colloid aggregations created by optically induced electrohydrodynamics
Authors: Work Andrew H. , Williams Stuart J.
Published: May 2015

Rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP) is a technique for creating self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of spherical particles in a liquid medium, and dynamically controlling them though the simultaneous application of an electric field and optically induced temperature gradients. Previous work has investigated and characterized REP axisymmetric aggregations generated from a focus laser within a uniform electric field; work herein characterizes line‐shaped particle assemblies derived from the application of a linearly scanned laser. The resulting aggregations of spherical polystyrene particles (1 μm) suspended in low‐conductivity aqueous potassium chloride solution (KCl, 2.5 mS/m) resembled elliptical‐shaped crystalline geometries. The mean particle‐to‐particle spacing within the aggregation remained greater than 1.5 diameters for experiments herein (6.5 Vrms, 30 kHz) due to dipole–dipole repulsive forces. Interparticle spacing demonstrated a linear relationship (1.6–2.1 μm) with increasing scanning lengths (up to 83 μm), decreased from 1.9 to 1.7 μm with increasing scanning frequency (0.38–16 Hz) for a 53 μm scan length, and decreased from 2.0 to 1.6 μm with increasing laser power (11.9–18.8 mW) for a 59 μm, 16 Hz laser scan.
Electrothermal pumping with interdigitated electrodes and resistive heaters
Authors: Williams Stuart J. , Green Nicolas G.
Published: May 2015

Interdigitated electrodes are used in electrokinetic lab‐on‐a‐chip devices for dielectrophoretic trapping and characterization of suspended particles, as well as the production of field‐induced fluid flow via AC electroosomosis and electrothermal mechanisms. However, the optimum design for dielectrophoresis, that if symmetrical electrodes, cannot induce bulk electrohydrodynamic pumping. In addition, the mechanism of intrinsic electrothermal pumping is affected by the properties of the fluid, with thermal fields being generated by Joule Heating. This work demonstrates the incorporation of an underlying thin film heater, electrically isolated from the interdigitated electrodes by an insulator layer, to enhance bulk electrothermal pumping. The use of integrated heaters allows the thermal field generation to be controlled independently of the electric field. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the importance of geometrical arrangement of the heater with respect to the interdigitated electrodes, as well as electrode size, spacing, and arrangement. The optimization of such a system is a careful balance between electrokinetics, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics. The heater location and electrode spacing influence the rate of electrothermal pumping significantly more than electrode width and insulator layer thickness. This demonstration will aid in the development of microfluidic electrokinetic systems that want to utilize the advantages associated with electrothermal pumping while simultaneously applying other lab‐on‐a‐chip electrokinetics like dielectrophoresis.
Effects of bisphenol A on key enzymes in cellular respiration of soybean seedling roots
Authors: Nie Lijun , Wang Lihong , Wang Qingqing , Wang Shengman , Zhou Qing , Huang Xiaohua
Published: May 2015

The environmental endocrine disrupter bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous in the environment, with potential toxic effects on plants. Previous studies have found a significant effect of BPA on levels of mineral nutrients in plant roots, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. To determine how BPA influences root mineral nutrients, the effects of BPA (1.5 mg L–1, 3.0 mg L–1, 6.0 mg L–1, 12.0 mg L–1, 24.0 mg L–1, 48.0 mg L–1, and 96.0 mg L–1) on activities of critical respiratory enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase) were investigated in soybean seedling roots. After BPA exposure for 7 d, the low concentrations of BPA increased the activities of critical respiratory enzymes in roots, whereas opposite effects were observed in roots exposed to high concentrations of BPA, and the inhibitory effect was greater for higher BPA concentrations. In addition, evident morphological anomalies and decreases in root lengths and volumes were induced by high concentrations of BPA. Following withdrawal of BPA exposure after 7 d, the activities of respiratory enzymes and visible signs of toxicity recovered, and the extent of recovery depended on the type of enzyme and the BPA concentration. Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that the disturbance by BPA to activities of respiratory enzymes, which led to interference in the energy metabolism in roots, might be an effect mechanism of BPA on mineral element accumulation in plant roots. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2363–2369. © 2015 SETAC
Energy considerations in groundwater‐ridging mechanism of streamflow generation
Authors: Waswa George W. , Lorentz Simon A.
Published: May 2015

Groundwater ridging is the rapid rise of a shallow water table during a rainfall event, in an environment where, in the pre‐event period, the capillary fringe extends to the ground surface. Groundwater ridging is widely cited to account for the observed significant appearance of pre‐event water in a stream stormflow hydrograph. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain the groundwater‐ridging mechanism; and most recently, from a field study site in South Africa, an energy hypothesis was proposed, which explains that groundwater‐ridging water‐table rise is a result of rapid introduction and transmission of additional pressure head into the capillary fringe from an intense rainfall at the ground surface. However, there is a need for further analysis and evidence from other field study sites to confirm and support this newly proposed energy hypothesis. The objectives of this paper are, therefore, as follows: to review previous observations on groundwater ridging, from other study sites, in order to deduce evidence of the newly proposed energy hypothesis; to present and evaluate a one‐dimensional diffusion mathematical model that can simulate groundwater‐ridging water‐table rise, based on the newly proposed energy hypothesis; and to evaluate the importance of a capillary fringe in streamflow generation. Analysis of previous observations from other study sites generally indicated that the rate of groundwater‐ridging water‐table rise is directly related to the rainfall intensity, hence confirming and agreeing with the newly proposed energy hypothesis. Additionally, theoretical results by the mathematical model agreed fairly well with the field results observed under natural rainfall, confirming that the rapidly rainfall‐induced energy is diffusively transmitted downwards through pore water, elevating the pressure head at every depth. The results in this study also support the concept of a three‐end‐member stream stormflow hydrograph and contribute to the explanation of how catchments can store water for long periods but then release it rapidly during storm events. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Parent Education and Parenting Knowledge in Children's Language and Literacy Skills among White, Black, and Latino Families
Authors: Rowe Meredith L. , Denmark Nicole , Harden Brenda Jones , Stapleton Laura M.
Published: May 2015

This study investigated the role of parenting knowledge of infant development in children's subsequent language and pre‐literacy skills among White, Black and Latino families of varying socioeconomic status. Data come from 6,150 participants in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort. Mothers' knowledge of infant development was measured when children were 9 months old, and child language and pre‐literacy skills were measured during the fall of the preschool year prior to Kindergarten when children were approximately four years old. Mothers' knowledge of infant development was uniquely related to both maternal education and race/ethnicity. Reported sources of parenting information/advice also varied by education and race/ ethnicity and were related to parenting knowledge. Further, controlling for demographic factors, parenting knowledge partially mediated the relation between parent education and child language and pre‐literacy skills, and this relation differed by race/ethnicity. One way to eliminate socioeconomic status achievement gaps in children's early language and literacy skills may be to focus on parents' knowledge of child development, particularly in Latino families. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The challenges of water governance in Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: van Leeuwen Cornelis J , Dan Nguyen P , Dieperink Carel
Published: May 2015

Population growth, urbanization, pollution, and climate change pose urgent water challenges in cities. In this study, the sustainability of integrated water resources management in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) was evaluated using the City Blueprint approach. The City Blueprint is a set of 24 dedicated indicators divided over 8 categories (i.e., water security, water quality, drinking water, sanitation, infrastructure, climate robustness, biodiversity and attractiveness, and governance including public participation). The analysis showed that the rapid increase of water use for urban, industrial, and agricultural activities in HCMC has resulted in depletion of groundwater and severe pollution of both groundwater and surface water. Surface water quality, groundwater quality, biodiversity, and the sanitation of domestic and industrial wastewater are matters that need serious improvement. Current and future water supply in HCMC is at risk. HCMC can cope with it, but the 7 governance gaps as described by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are major obstacles for HCMC. Rainwater harvesting, pollution reduction, as well as wastewater reuse are among the practical options. Wastewater reuse could lower the water stress index to 10%. The window to do this is narrow and rapidly closing as a result of the unprecedented urbanization and economic growth of this region. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:345–352. © 2015 SETAC

Key Points

We reviewed IWRM in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) with the City Blueprint approach. This framework is a good start of the transition process of IWRM in cities. Urbanization, pollution, and climate change pose urgent challenges in HCMC. The study illustrates and confirms recent conclusions on water by the World Economic Forum.
Modeling technique of the conducted emission of integrated circuit under different temperatures
Authors: Berbel Nestor , Fernández‐García Raúl , Gil Ignacio
Published: May 2015

In this paper the temperature impact on conducted emissions of ICs up to 3 GHz has been analyzed. The electromagnetic conducted emissions of a commercial IC clock generator have been characterized and modeled from 293 K to 358 K. A temperature parametrized lumped‐electrical equivalent model including the PCB and IC behavior has been developed and validated by means of Feature Selective Validation. The results show that the passive distribution network is slightly affected by the temperature, whereas the IC conducted emission presents a clear temperature variation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GluN2B‐containing N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors compensate for the inhibitory control of synaptic plasticity during the early critical period in the rat visual cortex
Authors: Lee Changik , Joo Kayoung , Kim Myung‐Jun , Rhie Duck‐Joo , Jang Hyun‐Jong
Published: May 2015

In the visual cortex, synaptic plasticity is very high during the early developmental stage known as the critical period and declines with development after the critical period. Changes in the properties of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) have been suggested to underlie the changes in the characteristics of plasticity. However, it is largely unknown how the changes in the two receptors interact to regulate synaptic plasticity. The present study investigates the changes in the properties of NMDAR and GABAAR from 3 to 5 weeks of age in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the rat visual cortex. The impact of these changes on the characteristics of long‐term potentiation (LTP) is also investigated. The amplitude and decay time constant of GABAAR‐mediated currents increased during this period. However, the decay time constant of NMDAR‐mediated currents decreased as a result of the decrease in the proportion of the GluN2B subunit‐mediated component. Induction of NMDAR‐dependent LTP at 3 weeks depended on the GluN2B subunit, but LTP at 5 weeks did not. Enhancement of GABAAR‐mediated inhibition suppressed the induction of LTP only at 5 weeks. However, partial inhibition of the GluN2B subunit with a low concentration of ifenprodil allowed the GABAAR‐mediated suppression of LTP at 3 weeks. These results suggest that changes in the properties of NMDAR‐ and GABAAR‐mediated synaptic transmission interact to determine the characteristics of synaptic plasticity during the critical period in the visual cortex. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐6 receptor expression, localization, and involvement in pain‐sensing neuron activation in a mouse intervertebral disc injury model
Authors: Sainoh Takeshi , Orita Sumihisa , Miyagi Masayuki , Sakuma Yoshihiro , Yamauchi Kazuyo , Suzuki Miyako , Kubota Go , Oikawa Yasuhiro , Inage Kazuhide , Sato Jun , Fujimoto Kazuki , Shiga Yasuhiro , Inoue Gen , Aoki Yasuchika , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Ohtori Seiji
Published: May 2015

The pathological mechanism of intractable low back pain is unclear. However, intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a primary cause of low back pain, and pain‐related mediators, such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), have been correlated with discogenic pain. The objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of local IL‐6 and IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) expression after IVD injury as well as determine the involvement of IL‐6/IL‐6 signaling in discogenic pain. To do this, quantitative and immunohistological analyses in a mouse model of IVD injury were performed. Firstly, we measured the local expression levels of IL‐6 and IL‐6R in IVDs by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Secondly, we immunohistochemically confirmed their localization in injured IVDs. Lastly, we evaluated the effects of intradiscal injection of an IL‐6 inhibitor by evaluating pain‐related protein, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons that innervate IVDs. Injured IVDs showed increased production of IL‐6 and IL‐6R. IL‐6 and IL‐6R expression in the injured IVD were predominantly localized in the annulus fibrosus and endplate, and intradiscal injection of the IL‐6 inhibitor suppressed CGRP expression in the DRG neurons. These results show that IL‐6 and IL‐6R expression levels are responsive to IVD injury and that inhibition of IL‐6/IL‐6R signaling may be a promising analgesic treatment for degenerative disc diseases. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1508–1514, 2015.
Polyethylene glycol/graphene oxide coated solid‐phase microextraction fiber for analysis of phenols and phthalate esters coupled with gas chromatography
Authors: Hou Xiudan , Yu Hui , Guo Yong , Liang Xiaojing , Wang Shuai , Wang Licheng , Liu Xia
Published: May 2015

A new polyethylene glycol/graphene oxide composite material bonded on the surface of a stainless‐steel wire was used for solid‐phase microextraction. The layer‐by‐layer structure increased the adsorption sites of the novel fiber, which could facilitate the extraction of trace compounds. The polyethylene glycol/graphene oxide was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis, which verified that polyethylene glycol was successfully grafted onto the surface of graphene oxide. The performance of the polyethylene glycol/graphene oxide coated fiber was investigated for phenols and phthalate esters coupled with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection under the optimal extraction and desorption conditions, and the proposed method exhibited an excellent extraction capacity and high thermal stability. Wide linear ranges were obtained for the analytes with good correlation coefficients in the range of 0.9966–0.9994, and the detection limits of model compounds ranged from 0.003 to 0.025 μg/L. Furthermore, the as‐prepared fiber was used to determine the model compounds in the water and soil samples and satisfactory results were obtained.
A new theory on the pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma: Mucosal traction
Authors: Jackler Robert K. , Santa Maria Peter L. , Varsak Yasin K. , Nguyen Anh , Blevins Nikolas H.
Published: May 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Although the migration of its squamous outer surface of the tympanic membrane has been well characterized, there is a paucity of data available concerning the migratory behavior of its medial mucosal surface. Existing theories of primary acquired cholesteatoma pathogenesis do not adequately explain the observed characteristics of the disease. We propose a new hypothesis, based upon a conjecture that mucosal membrane interactions are the driving force in cholesteatoma.

Study Design

A retrospective chart review and a prospective observational cohort study in rats.

Methods

After developing the new theory, it was tested through both clinical and experimental observations. To evaluate whether impairment of middle ear mucociliary migration would influence cholesteatoma formation, a retrospective chart review evaluating cholesteatoma occurrence in a sizable population of patients with either primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or cystic fibrosis (CF) was performed. To study mucosal migration on the medial aspect of the tympanic membrane, ink tattoos were monitored over time in a rat model.

Results

No cholesteatomas were identified in either PCD patients (470) or in CF patients (1,910). In the rat model, mucosa of the posterior pars tensa migrated toward the posterior superior quadrant, whereas the mucosa of the anterior pars tensa migrated radially toward the annulus.

Conclusion

Mucosal coupling with traction generated by interaction of migrating opposing surfaces provides the first comprehensive theory that explains the observed characteristics of primary acquired cholesteatoma. The somewhat counterintuitive hypothesis that cholesteatoma is fundamentally a mucosal disease has numerous therapeutic implications.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:S1–S14, 2015
Subjective visual vertical testing in children and adolescents
Authors: Brodsky Jacob R. , Cusick Brandon A. , Kenna Margaret A. , Zhou Guangwei
Published: May 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Subjective visual vertical (SVV) is a vestibular test commonly used in adults that has not been well studied in children. In this test, the patient aligns a projected line with the perceived true vertical. Deviation of >2° is usually associated with utricular dysfunction and may also be seen with central vestibular lesions. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of SVV in children.

Study Design

Prospective, controlled study.

Methods

Thirty‐three children aged 7 to 18 years with (n = 21) and without (n = 12) dizziness underwent static SVV. History, exam, rotary chair, and caloric testing were used to categorize subjects with dizziness into groups with peripheral vestibular loss (PVL), benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (BPPV), central vertigo (CV), and nonvestibular dizziness (NVD).

Results

Mean SVV deviation was significantly higher in the peripheral vestibular loss group (n = 4; 2.1 ± 1.5) compared to BPPV (n = 5; 0.5 ± 0.3), CV (n = 7; 0.4 ± 0.3), NVD (n = 5; 0.6 ± 0.4), and control (n = 12; 0.7 ± 0.5) groups by one‐way analysis of variance (P = .002). SVV deviation >2° demonstrated a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 97% for PVL.

Conclusions

SVV is a simple, noninvasive test that provides a valuable contribution to the assessment of peripheral vestibular function in children.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 126:727–731, 2016
To stent or not to stent? A meta‐analysis of endonasal congenital bilateral choanal atresia repair
Authors: Strychowsky Julie E. , Kawai Kosuke , Moritz Ethan , Rahbar Reza , Adil Eelam A.
Published: May 2015

Objectives

The use of nasal stents as a postoperative adjunct following repair of choanal atresia remains controversial. The study objective was to systematically review the literature regarding the efficacy and safety of stenting following transnasal endoscopic repair of bilateral choanal atresia.

Study Design

Systematic review with meta‐analysis.

Methods

A comprehensive search in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Inclusion criteria included articles written in the English language with five or more subjects and clear intervention data and outcomes. Two independent reviewers screened studies for eligibility, appraised the level of evidence, extracted data, and resolved discrepancies by consensus. Successful surgery was defined as the absence of restenosis.

Results

Of 154 identified studies, 15 met inclusion criteria. Levels of evidence varied from level 3 to 4. Mean age at surgery ranged from 5 days to 25 months. Thirteen studies (n = 167 patients) included patients who were stented; the weighted pooled proportion of successful surgery was 65% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49–76%). Mean duration of stenting ranged from 48 hours to 16 weeks. Six studies (n = 42) evaluated patients who were not stented; the weighted pooled proportion of successful surgery was 64% (95% CI, 42–84%). Complications associated with stenting included alar injury, vestibular stenosis, columellar tear, and stent dislodgement or blockage.

Conclusions

Success rates for bilateral choanal atresia repair were similar with and without the use of nasal stents. The use of nasal stents may be associated with more complications. There is insufficient data to determine if mitomycin C is a useful therapeutic adjunct.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 126:218–227, 2016
Resistant starches differentially stimulate Toll‐like receptors and attenuate proinflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells by modulation of intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Bermudez‐Brito Miriam , Rösch Christiane , Schols Henk A. , Faas Marijke M. , de Vos Paul
Published: May 2015

Scope

Main objectives of this study were (1) to demonstrate direct signaling of starch on human dendritic cells (DCs), (2) to study whether this is mediated by the pattern recognition receptors such as Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and (3) to study whether intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are involved in modulating the starch induced immune activation of DCs.

Methods and results

Two different types of resistant starch, High‐maize® 260 (RS2) and Novelose® 330 (RS3) were characterized for their starch content and particle size. Human DCs and reporter cells for TLRs were incubated with starches and analyzed for NF‐kB/AP‐1 activation. Complex coculture systems were applied to study the cross‐talk. High‐maize® 260 predominantly binds to TLR2 while Novelose® 330 binds to TLR2 and TLR5. The strong immune‐stimulating effects of High‐maize® 260 were attenuated by starch‐exposed IECs illustrating the regulatory function of IECs. Despite these attenuating effects, DCs kept producing Th1 cytokines.

Conclusion

Resistant starch possesses direct signaling capacity on human DCs in a starch‐type‐dependent manner. IECs regulate these responses. High‐maize® 260 skews toward a more regulatory phenotype in coculture systems of DCs, IEC, and T cells.
Hydrophilic polymers grafted surfaces: preparation, characterization, and biomedical applications. Achievements and challenges
Authors: Gosecka Monika , Basinska Teresa
Published: May 2015

This paper describes various methods of preparation and characterization of supports (e.g. silicon, polymer, and metal) with grafted polymers and copolymers, which were tailored for biomedical applications. In particular, there are described methods related to preparation of substrates by surface modification leading to incorporation of initiators and, eventually, various polymerization methods yielding complete, dense, and efficient polymer or copolymer coverage with desired arrangement of polymers/copolymers chains, sufficient chains density, and thickness of a polymer layer. Special attention is drawn to the description of manufacturing of patterned polymer stimuli responsive brushes that are sensitive to changes, for example, temperature, pH, hydrophilicity, solvent, and ionic strength. Selected applications of supports containing tethered polymer brushes used as modern materials useful in biosciences, particularly as elements of biosensors, materials for diagnostics, and prostheses, as well as in other areas of micro‐technology and nanotechnology are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteome‐wide analysis of the amino terminal status of Escherichia coli proteins at the steady‐state and upon deformylation inhibition
Authors: Bienvenut Willy V. , Giglione Carmela , Meinnel Thierry
Published: May 2015

A proteome wide analysis was performed in Escherichia coli to identify the impact on protein N‐termini of actinonin, an antibiotic specifically inhibiting peptide deformylase (PDF). A strategy and tool suite (SILProNaQ) was employed to provide large‐scale quantitation of N‐terminal modifications. In control conditions, more than 1000 unique N‐termini were identified with 56% showing initiator methionine removal. Additional modifications corresponded to partial or complete Nα‐acetylation (10%) and N‐formyl retention (5%). Among the proteins undergoing these N‐terminal modifications, 140 unique N‐termini from translocated membrane proteins were highlighted. The very early time‐course impact of actinonin was followed after addition of bacteriostatic concentrations of the drug. Under these conditions, 26% of all proteins did not undergo deformylation any longer after 10 min, a value reaching more than 60% of all characterized proteins after 40 min of treatment. The N‐formylation ratio measured on individual proteins increased with the same trend. Upon early PDF inhibition, two major categories of proteins retained their N‐formyl group: a large number of inner membrane proteins and many proteins involved in protein synthesis including factors assisting the nascent chains in early cotranslational events. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD001979, PXD002012 and PXD001983 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001979, http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD002012 and http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001983).
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Wound Healing of Morus alba Root Extract by Up‐Regulating Keratin Filament and CXCL12/CXCR4 Signaling
Authors: Kim Kang‐Hoon , Chung Won‐Seok , Kim Yoomi , Kim Ki‐Suk , Lee In‐Seung , Park Ji Young , Jeong Hyeon‐Soo , Na Yun‐Cheol , Lee Chang‐Hun , Jang Hyeung‐Jin
Published: May 2015

Facilitation of the wound healing process is important because a prolonged wound site increases pain and the risk of infection. In oriental medicine, an extract of Morus alba root (MA) has usually been prescribed as traditional treatment for accelerating wound healing, and it has been proven to be safe for centuries. To study the molecular mechanism of MA‐mediated skin wound healing, we performed a primary cell culture and a skin explant culture and observed significant difference between the groups with and without MA extract. In the cellular system, a real‐time cell analysis and real‐time quantitative PCR were performed. It was found that MA extract enhanced proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner on Kera‐308 cell line, and up‐regulated keratin expression including wound‐induced Krt6a. In skin explant culture, the mRNA level derived from cell outgrowth displayed a tendency toward more up‐regulated mRNA associated keratin filaments and toward a more up‐regulated mRNA level of C‐X‐C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and a chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis signaling pathway downstream. In this process, we concluded that MA extract had a scientific possibility of wound repair by increasing intracellular and extracellular supports and by inducing a CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear gradient denoising: Finding accurate extrema from inaccurate functional derivatives
Authors: Snyder John C. , Rupp Matthias , Müller Klaus‐Robert , Burke Kieron
Published: May 2015

A method for nonlinear optimization with machine learning (ML) models, called nonlinear gradient denoising (NLGD), is developed, and applied with ML approximations to the kinetic energy density functional in an orbital‐free density functional theory. Due to systematically inaccurate gradients of ML models, in particular when the data is very high‐dimensional, the optimization must be constrained to the data manifold. We use nonlinear kernel principal component analysis (PCA) to locally reconstruct the manifold, enabling a projected gradient descent along it. A thorough analysis of the method is given via a simple model, designed to clarify the concepts presented. Additionally, NLGD is compared with the local PCA method used in previous work. Our method is shown to be superior in cases when the data manifold is highly nonlinear and high dimensional. Further applications of the method in both density functional theory and ML are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study of the morphology of ZnS thin films deposited on different substrates via chemical bath deposition
Authors: Gómez‐Gutiérrez Claudia M. , Luque P.A. , Castro‐Beltran A. , Vilchis‐Nestor A.R. , Lugo‐Medina Eder , Carrillo‐Castillo A. , Quevedo‐Lopez M. A. , Olivas A.
Published: May 2015

In this work, the influence of substrate on the morphology of ZnS thin films by chemical bath deposition is studied. The materials used were zinc acetate, tri‐sodium citrate, thiourea, and ammonium hydroxide/ammonium chloride solution. The growth of ZnS thin films on different substrates showed a large variation on the surface, presenting a poor growth on SiO2 and HfO2 substrates. The thin films on ITO substrate presented a uniform and compact growth without pinholes. The optical properties showed a transmittance of about 85% in the visible range of 300–800 nm with band gap of 3.7 eV. SCANNING 37:389–392, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bias in progression‐free survival analysis due to intermittent assessment of progression
Authors: Zeng Leilei , Cook Richard J. , Wen Lan , Boruvka Audrey
Published: May 2015

Cancer clinical trials are routinely designed to assess the effect of treatment on disease progression and death, often in terms of a composite endpoint called progression‐free survival. When progression status is known only at periodic assessment times, the progression time is interval censored, and complications arise in the analysis of progression‐free survival. Despite the advances in methods for dealing with interval‐censored data, naive methods such as right‐endpoint imputation are widely adopted in this setting. We examine the asymptotic and empirical properties of estimators of the marginal progression‐free survival functions and associated treatment effects under this scheme. Specifically, we explore the determinants of the asymptotic bias and point out that there is typically a loss in power of tests for treatment effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timing analysis of the PREEMPT RT Linux kernel
Authors: de Oliveira Daniel Bristot , de Oliveira Romulo Silva
Published: May 2015

In the theory of real‐time scheduling, tasks are described by mathematical variables, which are used in analytical models in order to prove schedulability of the system. On real‐time Linux, tasks are computer programs, and Linux developers try to lower the latencies caused by the Linux kernel, trying to achieve faster response for the highest‐priority task. Although both seek temporal correctness, they use different abstractions, which end up separating these efforts in two different worlds, making it hard for the Linux practitioners to understand and apply the formally proved models to the Linux kernel and for theoretical researchers to apply the restrictions imposed by Linux for the theoretical models. This paper traces a parallel between the theory of response‐time analysis and the abstractions used in the Linux kernel. The contribution of this paper is threefold. We first identify the PREEMPT RT Linux kernel mechanisms that impact the timing of real‐time tasks and map these impacts to the main abstractions used by the real‐time scheduling theory. Then, we describe a customized trace tool, based on the existing trace infrastructure of the Linux kernel, that allows the measurement of the delays associated with the main abstractions of the real‐time scheduling theory. Finally, we use this customized trace tool to characterize the timing lines resulting from the behavior of the PREEMPT RT Linux kernel. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cell as the mechanistic basis for evolution
Authors: Torday J.S.
Published: May 2015

The First Principles for Physiology originated in and emanate from the unicellular state of life. Viewing physiology as a continuum from unicellular to multicellular organisms provides fundamental insight to ontogeny and phylogeny as a functionally integral whole. Such mechanisms are most evident under conditions of physiologic stress; all of the molecular pathways that evolved in service to the vertebrate water–land transition aided and abetted the evolution of the vertebrate lung, for example. Reduction of evolution to cell biology has an important scientific feature—it is predictive. One implication of this perspective on evolution is the likelihood that it is the unicellular state that is actually the object of selection. By looking at the process of evolution from its unicellular origins, the causal relationships between genotype and phenotype are revealed, as are many other aspects of physiology and medicine that have remained anecdotal and counter‐intuitive. Evolutionary development can best be considered as a cyclical, epigenetic, reiterative environmental assessment process, originating from the unicellular state, both forward and backward, to sustain and perpetuate unicellular homeostasis.WIREs Syst Biol Med2015, 7:275–284. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1305

This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Synthesis, Surface and Interfacial Properties of Dodecyl Diphenyl Oxide Disulfonate with Different Counterions
Authors: Liu Xiaochen , Niu Jinping , Wang Xiaoyu
Published: May 2015

Dodecyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate with different counterions (C12MADS‐M, M = Na, Mg, Ca) were synthesized using dodecyl alcohol, diphenyl oxide and SO3 as reagents through alkylation–sulfonation–neutralization. The structure of the product was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry. The surface and interfacial prosperities were investigated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of C12MADS‐Na, C12MADS‐Mg and C12MADS‐Ca was 1.23 × 10−3, 5.25 × 10−4 and 5.37 × 10−4 mol/L, respectively. The surface tension at CMC (γCMC) of C12MADS‐Na, C12MADS‐Mg and C12MADS‐Ca was 43.2, 37.1 and 36.6 mN/m, respectively. Interfacial tensions between crude oil and C12MADS‐M aqueous solution gave only a small change in the calcium chloride concentrations ranging from 50 to 10,000 mg/L.
TADs as modular and dynamic units for gene regulation by hormones
Authors: Le Dily François , Beato Miguel
Published: May 2015

During cell differentiation epigenetic processes permit the establishment of a cell type specific transcriptome by limiting the fraction of the genome that will be expressed. Based upon steady‐state requirements and transcription factor expression, differentiated cells respond transiently to external cues by modulating the expression levels of subsets of genes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that the genome is organized non‐randomly in a hierarchy of structures within the nuclear space, where chromosome territories are segmented into Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) and sub‐domains. It remains poorly understood how this three‐dimensional organization of the genome participates in the acquisition of a cell‐specific program of gene expression. Furthermore, it is unknown whether this spatial framework influences the dynamic changes of gene expression that accompany alterations in the cell environment. In this review, we will discuss the impact of genome topology on the response of breast cancer cells to steroid hormones. We will cover steroid nuclear receptor mechanisms of action and discuss how topological organization of the genome, including segmentation into TADs, acts as a combinatorial platform to integrate signals whilst ultimately ensuring coordinate regulation of gene expression.
Benserazide, the first allosteric inhibitor of Coxsackievirus B3 3C protease
Authors: Kim Bo-Kyoung , Cho Joong-Heui , Jeong Pyeonghwa , Lee Youngjin , Lim Jia Jia , Park Kyoung Ryoung , Eom Soo Hyun , Kim Yong-Chul
Published: May 2015

Coxsackievirus B3 is the main cause of human viral myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Virally encoded Coxsackievirus 3C protease (3Cpro) plays an essential role in viral proliferation. Here, benserazide was discovered as a novel inhibitor from a drug library screen targeting Coxsackievirus 3Cpro using a FRET‐based enzyme assay. Benserazide, whose chemical structure has no electrophilic functional groups, was characterized as a non‐competitive inhibitor by enzyme kinetic studies. A molecular docking study with benserazide and its analogs indicated that a novel putative allosteric binding site was involved. Specifically, a 2,3,4‐trihydroxybenzyl moiety was determined to be a key pharmacophore for the enzyme's inhibitory activity. We suggest that the putative allosteric binding site may be a novel target for future therapeutic strategies.
Carbohydrate-rich breakfast attenuates glycaemic, insulinaemic and ghrelin response to ad libitum lunch relative to morning fasting in lean adults
Authors: Chowdhury Enhad A. , Richardson Judith D. , Tsintzas Kostas , Thompson Dylan , Betts James A.
Published: May 2015

Breakfast omission is associated with obesity and CVD/diabetes, but the acute effects of extended morning fasting upon subsequent energy intake and metabolic/hormonal responses have received less attention. In a randomised cross-over design, thirty-five lean men (n 14) and women (n 21) extended their overnight fast or ingested a typical carbohydrate-rich breakfast in quantities relative to RMR (i.e. 1963 (sd 238) kJ), before an ad libitum lunch 3 h later. Blood samples were obtained hourly throughout the day until 3 h post-lunch, with subjective appetite measures assessed. Lunch intake was greater following extended fasting (640 (sd 1042) kJ, P< 0·01) but incompletely compensated for the omitted breakfast, with total intake lower than the breakfast trial (3887 (sd 1326) v. 5213 (sd 1590) kJ, P< 0·001). Systemic concentrations of peptide tyrosine–tyrosine and leptin were greater during the afternoon following breakfast (both P< 0·05) but neither acylated/total ghrelin concentrations were suppressed by the ad libitum lunch in the breakfast trial, remaining greater than the morning fasting trial throughout the afternoon (all P< 0·05). Insulin concentrations were greater during the afternoon in the morning fasting trial (all P< 0·01). There were no differences between trials in subjective appetite during the afternoon. In conclusion, morning fasting caused incomplete energy compensation at an ad libitum lunch. Breakfast increased some anorectic hormones during the afternoon but paradoxically abolished ghrelin suppression by the second meal. Extending morning fasting until lunch altered subsequent metabolic and hormonal responses but without greater appetite during the afternoon. The present study clarifies the impact of acute breakfast omission and adds novel insights into second-meal metabolism.