bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Phloem Nitrate Transporters, NRT1.11 and NRT1.12, Are Important for Redistributing Xylem-Borne Nitrate to Enhance Plant Growth
Authors: Hsu Po-Kai , Tsay Yi-Fang
Published: September 2013

This study of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) nitrate transporters NRT1.11 and NRT1.12 reveals how the interplay between xylem and phloem transport of nitrate ensures optimal nitrate distribution in leaves for plant growth. Functional analysis in Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that both NRT1.11 and NRT1.12 are low-affinity nitrate transporters. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis showed higher expression of these two genes in larger expanded leaves. Green fluorescent protein and β-glucuronidase reporter analyses indicated that NRT1.11 and NRT1.12 are plasma membrane transporters expressed in the companion cells of the major vein. In nrt1.11 nrt1.12 double mutants, more root-fed 15NO3  − was translocated to mature and larger expanded leaves but less to the youngest tissues, suggesting that NRT1.11 and NRT1.12 are required for transferring root-derived nitrate into phloem in the major veins of mature and larger expanded leaves for redistributing to the youngest tissues. Distinct from the wild type, nrt1.11 nrt1.12 double mutants show no increase of plant growth at high nitrate supply. These data suggested that NRT1.11 and NRT1.12 are involved in xylem-to-phloem transfer for redistributing nitrate into developing leaves, and such nitrate redistribution is a critical step for optimal plant growth enhanced by increasing external nitrate.
2,5-Bis[4-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole and its one-dimensional polymeric complex with ZnCl2
Authors: Hou Shan , Liu Qi-Kui , Li Yan-An , Ma Jian-Ping , Dong Yu-Bin
Published: September 2013

2,5-Bis[4-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole (L), C26H20N4O, forms one-dimensional chainsviatwo types of intermolecular π–π interactions. Incatena-poly[[dichloridozinc(II)]-μ-2,5-bis[4-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole], [ZnCl2(C26H20N4O)]n, synthesized by the combination ofLwith ZnCl2, the ZnIIcentres are coordinated by two Cl atoms and two N atoms from twoLligands. [ZnCl2L]nforms one-dimensionalP(plus) andM(minus) helical chains, where theLligand has different directions of twist. The helical chains stack togetherviainterchain π–π and C—H...π interactions.
Four related diethyl [(arylamino)(4-ethynylphenyl)methyl]phosphonates
Authors: Ouahrouch Abdelaaziz , Krim Jamal , Taourirte Moha , Lazrek Hassan B. , Engels Joachim W. , Bats Jan W.
Published: September 2013

Crystal structures are reported for four related diethyl [(arylamino)(4-ethynylphenyl)lmethyl]phosphonate derivatives, namely diethyl [(4-bromoanilino)(4-ethynylphenyl)methyl]phosphonate, C19H21BrNO3P, (I), diethyl ((4-chloro-2-methylanilino){4-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]phenyl}methyl)phosphonate, C23H31ClNO3PSi, (II), diethyl ((4-fluoroanilino){4-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]phenyl}methyl)phosphonate, C22H29FNO3PSi, (III), and diethyl [(4-ethynylphenyl)(naphthalen-2-ylamino)methyl]phosphonate, C23H24NO3P, (IV). The conformation of the anilinobenzyl group is very similar in all four compounds. The P—C bond has an approximately staggered conformation, with the aniline and ethynylphenyl groups ingauchepositions with respect to the P=O double bond. The two six-membered rings are almost perpendicular. The sums of the valence angles about the N atoms vary from 344 (2) to 351 (2)°. In the crystal structures, molecules of (I), (III) and (IV) are arranged as centrosymmetric or pseudocentrosymmetric dimers connected by two N—H...O=P hydrogen bonds. The molecules of (II) are arranged as centrosymmetric dimers connected by Cmethyl—H...O=P hydrogen bonds. The N—H bond of (II) is not involved in hydrogen bonding.
(Hexafluorosilicato-κ2F,F′)bis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′)zinc(II) methanol monosolvate
Authors: Seidel Rüdiger W. , Dietz Christina , Breidung Jürgen , Goddard Richard , Oppel Iris M.
Published: September 2013

The title compound, [Zn(SiF6)(C12H8N2)2]·CH3OH, contains a neutral heteroleptic tris-chelate ZnIIcomplex,viz.[Zn(SiF6)(phen)2] (phen is 1,10-phenanthroline), exhibiting approximate molecularC2point-group symmetry. The ZnIIcation adopts a severely distorted octahedral coordination. As far as can be ascertained, the title complex represents the first structurally characterized example of a ZnIIcomplex bearing a bidentate-bound hexafluorosilicate ligand. A density functional theory study of the isolated [Zn(SiF6)(phen)2] complex was undertaken to reveal the influence of crystal packing on the molecular structure of the complex. In the crystal structure, the methanol solvent molecule forms a hydrogen bond to one F atom of the hexafluorosilicate ligand. The hydrogen-bonded assemblies so formed are tightly packed in the crystal, as indicated by a high packing coefficient (74.1%).
Chloridobis[2-(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanamine-κ2P,N](triphenylphosphane-κP)ruthenium(II) chloride toluene monosolvate
Authors: Brown Robert J. , Amenta Donna S. , Gilje John W. , Yap Glenn P. A.
Published: September 2013

The aminophosphane ligand 1-amino-2-(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane [Ph2P(CH2)2NH2] reacts with dichloridotris(triphenylphosphane)ruthenium(II), [RuCl2(PPh3)3], to form chloridobis[2-(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanamine-κ2P,N](triphenylphosphane-κP)ruthenium(II) chloride toluene monosolvate, [RuCl(C18H15P)(C14H16NP)2]Cl·C7H8or [RuCl(PPh3){Ph2P(CH2)2NH2}2]Cl·C7H8. The asymmetric unit of the monoclinic unit cell contains two molecules of the RuIIcation, two chloride anions and two toluene molecules. The RuIIcation is octahedrally coordinated by two chelating Ph2P(CH2)2NH2ligands, a triphenylphosphane (PPh3) ligand and a chloride ligand. The three P atoms are meridionally coordinated, with the Ph2P– groups from the ligands beingtrans. The two –NH2groups arecis, as are the chloride and PPh3ligands. This chiral stereochemistry of the [RuCl(PPh3){Ph2P(CH2)2NH2}2]+cation is unique in ruthenium–aminophosphane chemistry.
Cs2.91Na1.34Fe3+0.25[Fe3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]·5H2O, a member of the Maus's salt family
Authors: Mereiter Kurt
Published: September 2013

The title compound, tricaesium sodium iron(III) μ3-oxido-hexa-μ2-sulfato-tris[aquairon(III)] pentahydrate, Cs2.91Na1.34Fe3+0.25[Fe3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]·5H2O, belongs to the family of Maus's salts, K5[Fe3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]·6H2O, which is based on the triaqua-μ3-oxido-hexa-μ-sulfato-triferrate(III) anion, [Fe3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]5−, with Fe in a characteristically distorted octahedral coordination environment, sharing a common cornerviaan oxide O atom. Cs in four different cation sites, Na in three different cation sites and five water molecules link the anions in three dimensions and set up a crystal structure in which those parts parallel to (001) and within 0.05 <z< 0.95 have a distinct trigonal pseudosymmetry, whereas the cation arrangement and bonding nearz∼ 0 generate a clear-cut noncentrosymmetric polar edifice with the monoclinic space groupC2. The structure shows some cation disorder in the region nearz ∼ {1\over 2}, where one Na atom in octahedral coordination is partly substituted by Fe3+, and a Cs atom is substituted by small amounts of Na on a separate nearby site. One Na atom, located on a twofold axis atz= 0 and tetrahedrally coordinated by four sulfate O atoms of two [Fe3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]5−units, plays a key role in generating the noncentrosymmetric structure. Three of the seven different cation sites are on twofold axes (one Na+site and two Cs+sites), and all other atoms of the structure are in general positions.
1-Carboxymethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride 2-(3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)acetate monohydrate: a crystal stabilized by imidazolium zwitterions
Authors: Zhang Heng , Chang Liangliang , Wang Na , Xuan Xiaopeng
Published: September 2013

The title compound, C6H9N2O2+·Cl−·C6H8N2O2·H2O, contains one 2-(3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)acetate inner salt molecule, one 1-carboxymethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium cation, one chloride ion and one water molecule. In the extended structure, chloride anions and water molecules are linkedviaO—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming an infinite one-dimensional chain. The chloride anions are also linked by two weak C—H...Cl interactions to neighbouring methylene groups and imidazole rings. Two imidazolium moieties form a homoconjugated cation through a strong and asymmetric O—H...O hydrogen bond of 2.472 (2) Å. The IR spectrum shows a continuous D-type absorption in the region below 1300 cm−1and is different to that of 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Xuan, Wang & Xue (2012).Spectrochim. Acta Part A,96, 436–443].
Two seven-membered heterocycles with 1,2-diaza ring N atoms: 3,5,7-triphenyl-1,2-diazacyclohepta-1(7),2-diene and 3,7-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-1,2-diazacyclohepta-1(7),2-diene
Authors: Shi Yao-Cheng , Duan Hong-Yang
Published: September 2013

The title compounds, 3,5,7-triphenyl-1,2-diazacyclohepta-1(7),2-diene, C23H20N2, (I), and 3,7-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-1,2-diazacyclohepta-1(7),2-diene, C23H20N2O2, (II), constitute the first structurally characterized examples of seven-membered heterocycles with 1,2-diaza ring N atoms. Compound (I) crystallizes in the space groupP\overline{1}, with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit that differ in the conformation of one of the phenyl rings, while (II) crystallizes in the space groupC2/c. The C5N2ring in each of (I) and (II) adopts a twist-boat conformation. Compound (I) exhibits neither C—H...π interactions nor π–π stacking interactions, whereas (II) shows both intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds and a C—H...π interaction that joins the molecules into an infinite chain in the [010] direction.
Zolmitriptan oxalate and zolmitriptan camphorsulfonate: the first structural study of salt complexes of the antimigraine drug zolmitriptan
Authors: Sridhar Balasubramanian , Ravikumar Krishnan , Hariharakrishnan Venkatasubramanian
Published: September 2013

Zolmitriptan hydrogen oxalate [(S)-dimethyl(2-{5-[(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}ethyl)azanium hydrogen oxalate], C16H22N3O2+·C2HO4−, (I), and zolmitriptan camphorsulfonate [(S)-dimethyl(2-{5-[(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}ethyl)azanium (S,R)-{2-hydroxy-7,7-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-yl}methanesulfonate], C16H22N3O2+·C10H15O4S−, (II), are the first reported salt complexes of the antimigraine drug zolmitriptan. Compound (I) crystallizes in the space groupP21with two molecules of protonated zolmitriptan and two oxalate monoanions in the asymmetric unit, while compound (II) crystallizes in the space groupP212121with one protonated zolmitriptan molecule and one camphorsulfonate anion in the asymmetric unit. The orientations of the ethylamine side chain and the oxazolidinone ring with respect to the indole ring of the zolmitriptan cation are different for (I) and (II). In (I), they are oriented in opposite directions and the molecule adopts a step-like appearance, while in (II) the corresponding side chains are folded in the same direction, giving the molecule a cup-like appearance. The zolmitriptan molecules of (I) form anR22(8) dimer, while in (II) they form a helical chain with aC(11) motif. The oxalate monoanions of (I) interact with the zolmitriptan cations and extend the dimer into a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network. In (II), the camphorsulfonate anion forms anR22(15) ring motif with the zolmitriptan cation.
When does diversity matter? Species functional diversity and ecosystem functioning across habitats and seasons in a field experiment
Authors: Frainer André , McKie Brendan G. , Malmqvist Björn
Published: September 2013

Despite ample experimental evidence indicating that biodiversity might be an important driver of ecosystem processes, its role in the functioning of real ecosystems remains unclear. In particular, the understanding of which aspects of biodiversity are most important for ecosystem functioning, their importance relative to other biotic and abiotic drivers, and the circumstances under which biodiversity is most likely to influence functioning in nature, is limited.

We conducted a field study that focussed on a guild of insect detritivores in streams, in which we quantified variation in the process of leaf decomposition across two habitats (riffles and pools) and two seasons (autumn and spring). The study was conducted in six streams, and the same locations were sampled in the two seasons.

With the aid of structural equations modelling, we assessed spatiotemporal variation in the roles of three key biotic drivers in this process: functional diversity, quantified based on a species trait matrix, consumer density and biomass. Our models also accounted for variability related to different litter resources, and other sources of biotic and abiotic variability among streams.

All three of our focal biotic drivers influenced leaf decomposition, but none was important in all habitats and seasons. Functional diversity had contrasting effects on decomposition between habitats and seasons. A positive relationship was observed in pool habitats in spring, associated with high trait dispersion, whereas a negative relationship was observed in riffle habitats during autumn.

Our results demonstrate that functional biodiversity can be as significant for functioning in natural ecosystems as other important biotic drivers. In particular, variation in the role of functional diversity between seasons highlights the importance of fluctuations in the relative abundances of traits for ecosystem process rates in real ecosystems.
Linking habitat selection and predation risk to spatial variation in survival
Authors: DeCesare Nicholas J. , Hebblewhite Mark , Bradley Mark , Hervieux David , Neufeld Lalenia , Musiani Marco
Published: September 2013

A central assumption underlying the study of habitat selection is that selected habitats confer enhanced fitness. Unfortunately, this assumption is rarely tested, and in some systems, gradients of predation risk may more accurately characterize spatial variation in vital rates than gradients described by habitat selection studies.

Here, we separately measured spatial patterns of both resource selection and predation risk and tested their relationships with a key demographic trait, adult female survival, for a threatened ungulate, woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou Gmelin). We also evaluated whether exposure to gradients in both predation risk and resource selection value was manifested temporally through instantaneous or seasonal effects on survival outcomes.

We used Cox proportional hazards spatial survival modelling to assess the relative support for 5 selection‐ and risk‐based definitions of habitat quality, as quantified by woodland caribou adult female survival. These hypotheses included scenarios in which selection ideally mirrored survival, risk entirely drove survival, non‐ideal selection correlated with survival but with additive risk effects, an ecological trap with maladaptive selection and a non‐spatial effect of annual variation in weather.

Indeed, we found positive relationships between the predicted values of a resource selection function (RSF) and survival, yet subsequently incorporating an additional negative effect of predation risk greatly improved models further. This revealed a positive, but non‐ideal relationship between selection and survival. Gradients in these covariates were also shown to affect individual survival probability at multiple temporal scales. Exposure to increased predation risk had a relatively instantaneous effect on survival outcomes, whereas variation in habitat suitability predicted by an RSF had both instantaneous and longer‐term seasonal effects on survival.

Predation risk was an additive source of hazard beyond that detected through selection alone, and woodland caribou selection thus was shown to be non‐ideal. Furthermore, by combining spatial adult female survival models with herd‐specific estimates of recruitment in matrix population models, we estimated a spatially explicit landscape of population growth predictions for this endangered species.
Climate Change Adaptive Capacity in Santiago de Chile: Creating a Governance Regime for Sustainability Planning
Authors: Barton Jonathan R.
Published: September 2013

For most urban areas, the challenges of adaptation are as urgent as those of mitigation. This is particularly the case where adaptive capacity is weak, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries, and the benefits of global mitigation in the short term will be experienced beyond 2050. A focus on adaptive capacity‐building in these vulnerable settings is imperative. Much of the emphasis in climate change since the early 1990s has been on basic science and how public policy should respond to it; less attention has been paid to the governance implications and connections with wider development processes. This article explores the governance challenges of adaptation in the Santiago Metropolitan Region. It points to weaknesses in the water and energy sectors, which have highly sectoral, horizontally unintegrated institutional structures and instruments that pose significant challenges for adaptation. Such cases point to the need to engage with both the wider planning concerns of existing development strategies and the basic elements of transdisciplinarity, finance and human capital‐building, in order to forge a more integrated adaptation response. Without an engagement with the governance issue and wider debates around metropolitan planning and socioeconomic development, it is unlikely the response will move beyond a limited physical infrastructure investment programme.
Self‐Interest vs. Greed and the Limitations of the Invisible Hand
Authors: Clements Matthew T.
Published: September 2013

Markets can only function well if there is an appropriate legal framework to restrict the behavior of market participants; however, the legal framework is inevitably inadequate. A “greedy” market participant that seeks to gain at the expense of others can usually find some way to do so. This might be done within the legal framework, or it might involve a violation of the law that is difficult to enforce. Since the legal system does not generally guarantee that markets can function efficiently, there is a role for other institutions to foster a more enlightened self‐interest as a social norm and thus improve efficiency.
Some Useful Concepts for Development Economics in the Tradition ofLatinAmerican Structuralism
Authors: Vera Leonardo
Published: September 2013

The aim of this article is to provide a selective account of some of the most important conceptual contributions of theLatinAmerican structuralist tradition to the area of development economics. We argue that this account may help modern development economics theory overcome visible limitations and develop in a more fruitful way. We trace back the origin of these conceptualizations and identify some recent and scant efforts to incorporate them into the mainstream economic development literature. We try to clarify the meaning of the concepts and amplify their current economic significance for developing countries. The constructs selected are: (1) structural change, (2) structural disequilibrium, (3) bottlenecks, (4) structural heterogeneity, (5) endogenous nucleus of technological dynamization, (6) social disarticulation, and (7) conflict‐led instability.
Double Movement, Globalization, and the Crisis
Authors: Özgür Gökçer , Özel Hüseyin
Published: September 2013

This article asks whether the process of financial globalization and its recent crisis can be explained by Karl Polanyi's notion of the double movement and argues, in tune with this notion, that capitalist market relations depend on certain institutional arrangements and yet the development of the market forces deteriorates these institutions' arrangements to such extent that even the “capitalist business itself had to be sheltered from the unrestricted working of the market mechanism” (Polanyi 1944: 193).
European Periphery Crises, International Financial Markets, and Democracy
Authors: Garcia‐Arias Jorge , Fernandez‐Huerga Eduardo , Salvador Ana
Published: September 2013

This article analyzes the origin and causes of the recent economic and financial crises, mainly for the countries located in the periphery of the European Union (EU), as well as their evolution and transformation into social, political, and institutional crises.

After explaining the differential impact of the crises on EU economies, we analyze how the economic policies developed thus far not only are unable to resolve the current crisis pattern but also actually entail a risk to the present democratic models by transferring the legitimate control over governments from citizens and democratic parliaments to unelected, nonrepresentative international financial markets.
Political Consumerism in Context: An Experiment on Status and Information in Ethical Consumption Decisions
Authors: Hudson Mark , Hudson Ian , Edgerton Jason D.
Published: September 2013

This article investigates two possible explanations for willingness to engage in ethical consumption: increased status and improved information about the benefits of ethical consumption for producers and for nature. We approach our hypotheses through an experimental method in which people are asked, under varying conditions, to choose between fair trade and “conventional” coffee. Unexpectedly, status and information provision did not significantly affect consumption decisions. Implications of our findings for the ethical consumption literature and strategies aimed at increasing ethical consumption are discussed.
Cultural knowledge, category label, and social connections: Components of cultural identity in the global, multicultural context
Authors: Wan Ching , Chew Pony Yuen‐Ga
Published: September 2013

Cultural identity refers to the psychological connection between an individual's self and a culture. In this paper, we identify three components that make up an individual's cultural identity – cultural knowledge, category label, and social connections. The cultural knowledge component connects an individual with a culture through the individual's direct endorsement of what are widely known to be the culture's central characteristics. The category label component connects an individual with a culture through the individual's depersonalized membership in a cultural collective. The social connections component connects an individual with a culture through networks of specific social relationships. The three components are conceptually distinct, and yet may have interconnections in influencing the development of cultural identity. We examine the implications of the three components on cultural identification processes in the context of multiculturalism and global cultural contact.
Stressors and well‐being in low socio‐economic statusMalaysian adolescents: The role of resilience resources
Authors: Noor Noraini M. , Alwi Azlin
Published: September 2013

The present study examined the relationship between stressors, resilience resources, and well‐being in adolescents with low socio‐economic status in Malaysia. The specific aims were: (i) to differentiate between resilient and non‐resilient adolescents in terms of their resilience resources; and (ii) to examine the role of resilience resources on the relationship between stressors and well‐being. In a sample of 197 adolescents aged 12–16 years (mean = 13.77,sd = 1.49), results of thek‐mean clustering technique identified 37.5% of the adolescents as resilient (high stressor, high well‐being), 31.0% as maladjusted (high stressor, low well‐being), and the rest, adapted (low stressor, high well‐being). Resilient adolescents were found to have significantly higher scores on all the identified resilience resources (personality, mother–child communication, social support, school coherence, and teacher support) compared to the non‐resilient maladjusted group. Results of structural equation modelling also showed that these resilience resources acted both as mediator and moderator in the relationship between stressors and well‐being. These findings are discussed with respect to the current literature on resilience and well‐being.
Perioperative hypothermia in patients undergoing major colorectal surgery
Authors: Mehta Ojas H. , Barclay Karen L.
Published: September 2013

Background

Perioperative hypothermia occurs frequently and can have serious health‐related and financial consequences. Despite multiple warming methods available, perioperative hypothermia remains prevalent. To be effective, preventative measures must be timely and target patients most at risk. The aim of this retrospective review was to document the incidence and patterns of hypothermia in patients undergoing major colorectal surgery.

Methods

Hospital records were used to obtain demographic and clinical information on 255 patients undergoing major colorectal surgery over one year. Temperatures were recorded from five perioperative time‐points and correlated with potential contributing factors.

Results

Most patients (74%) experienced mild hypothermia, which was most common intraoperatively. Elective patients experienced the greatest drop in temperature between admission and commencement of surgery while emergency patients experienced a similar drop intraoperatively. The most significant determinant of intraoperative hypothermia was core temperature at the start of surgery (P < 0.01). Factors increasing hypothermia at the start of surgery were an elective presentation, an arrival temperature below 36.5°C (P < 0.01) and an age greater than 70 years (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Mild hypothermia in patients undergoing major colorectal surgery is common, despite preventative measures. Core temperatures prior to commencement of the operation should be optimized with both active and passive warming measures, particularly for older patients and those arriving with lower core temperatures. Elective patients should also have their temperatures monitored as closely, if not more closely, than emergency patients. Preventing early declining trends in core temperature may positively influence later perioperative temperatures and improve outcomes.
Fixed‐angle locking proximal humerus plate: an evaluation of functional results and implant‐related outcomes
Authors: Pak Ponnaren , Eng Kevin , Page Richard S.
Published: September 2013

Background

Displaced and unstable proximal humeral fractures are challenging injuries to treat. Proximal humeral locking plates are a recent development for the treatment of these complex fractures.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of 23 patients with 23 proximal humeral fractures treated with the Synthes locking proximal humerus plate. These were Neer two‐, three‐ and four‐part fractures. Follow‐up was at a mean of 22 months and included clinical assessment using the Constant score (CS) and the Short Form‐12 health questionnaire. Radiographic assessment was performed to assess implant‐related complication in relation to the initial fracture pattern and the presence of adequate medial support.

Results

The mean CS for all patients was 60.4 (range, 29–85). The mean adjusted CS was 82% (range, 30–117), active forward flexion 127 degrees and the active abduction 115 degrees. Initial fracture pattern, the presence or absence of adequate medial support and age did not significantly influence the clinical scores. Complications included one infection, two cases of avascular necrosis, two cases of varus collapse with screw penetration and one non‐union. The overall reoperation rate was 26%. There was an increased rate of complications in those with inadequate medial support (P = 0.0183) and a trend to higher complication rates in four‐part fractures.

Conclusion

Using the locking proximal humerus plate for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures is an acceptable procedure with comparable outcomes with historical controls, but with a complication rate of 30%. More important than implant selection, however, is the ability to achieve a stable reduction with calcar support.
Soy and soy isoflavones in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: van Die M. Diana , Bone Kerry M. , Williams Scott G. , Pirotta Marie V.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To evaluate the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy and safety of soy/isoflavones in men with prostate cancer (PCa) or with a clinically identified risk of PCa.

Patients and Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and the Cochrane Library databases were searched.

We identified RCTs investigating soy/soy isoflavones as dietary supplements or dietary components for the secondary prevention or treatment of PCa in men with PCa or with a clinically identified risk of developing PCa. Studies of multi‐component formulations were excluded.

Six authors were contacted for further information for the meta‐analyses.

Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk‐of‐ bias tool.

The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews was followed.

Results

Of the eight RCTs that met the inclusion criteria, six restricted recruitment to men diagnosed with PCa, while two included men with clinically identified risk of PCa.

A large degree of heterogeneity was found with respect to dosages and preparations of soy/isoflavones administered.

Most studies had small sample sizes and were of short duration.

The risk of bias was assessed as low in all assessed studies except for one, for which the risk of bias was unclear. Meta‐analyses of the two studies including men with identified risk of PCa found a significant reduction in PCa diagnosis after administration of soy/soy isoflavones (risk ratio = 0.49, 95% CI 0.26, 0.95).

Meta‐analyses indicated no significant differences between groups for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels or sex steroid endpoints (sex hormone‐binding globulin [SHBG], testosterone, free testosterone, oestradiol and dihydrotestosterone).

Conclusions

The results of a meta‐analysis of two studies suggest there may be support for epidemiological findings of a potential role for soy/soy isoflavones in PCa risk reduction; however, a clear understanding of the impact of soy/isoflavones on PSA, total testosterone, free testosterone and SHBG levels in men with, or at identified risk of, PCa could not be derived from these data, given the limitations of sample size and study duration in individual trials.

A good safety profile is shown by this meta‐analysis for soy/soy isoflavones supplementation.
Evaluation of ABO blood group as a prognostic marker in renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Authors: de Martino Michela , Waldert Matthias , Haitel Andrea , Schatzl Georg , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Klatte Tobias
Published: September 2013

Objective

To evaluate ABO blood group as a prognostic marker in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Patients and Methods

This retrospective study included 556 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for RCC at a single institution.

The associations of ABO blood group with clinical and pathological variables were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis and chi‐squared tests.

The impact on overall survival (OS) and RCC‐specific survival (RCC‐SS) was analysed using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results

Blood group O was associated with the absence of lymph node metastases (P = 0.034) and the presence of bilateral RCC (P = 0.017).

No associations with age, gender, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, T stage, M stage, grade and histological subtype were observed.

In univariable and multivariable survival analysis, ABO blood group was not associated with OS and RCC‐SS.

Conclusions

In the present study, ABO blood group was not linked with RCC prognosis.

Blood group O may be associated with the absence of lymph node metastases and the presence of bilateral RCC.

External validation in larger cohorts is necessary.
Possible pathogenic role of T helper type 9 cells and interleukin (IL)-9 in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Ma L , Xue H-B , Guan X-H , Shu C-M , Zhang J-H , Yu J
Published: September 2013

T helper type 9 (Th9) cells are a novel identified subset of CD4+ T helper cells, which could partly contribute to allergic inflammation, while the precise contribution of Th9 cells in atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unknown. We aimed to explore the possible role of Th9 cells in AD pathogenesis. The Th9 cell percentage, transcription factor PU.1 and cytokine interleukin (IL)-9 mRNA levels, as well as IL-9 serum concentration in peripheral circulation, were measured in AD patients, psoriasis patients and healthy controls. The Th9 cell percentage, PU.1 and IL-9 expression levels of AD patients were all increased significantly compared with the other two control groups (P < 0·01), and correlated positively with SCORing Atopic Dermatitis index, serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) levels (P < 0·05). In simple AD patients and AD patients complicated by allergic rhinitis or asthma, there were no significant differences in the Th9 cell percentage, PU.1 and IL-9 expression levels between them. At the same time, IL-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA levels were detected in AD lesions and normal skin samples, which were both distinctly elevated in AD lesions, and there was a positive association between them (P < 0·01). Keratinocytes were cultured with IL-9 stimulation and the secretion of VEGF was detected. IL-9 can promote the secretion of VEGF by keratinocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the expansion of the Th9 cell subset, up-regulation of the PU.1 transcription factor and increased secretion of the IL-9 cytokine may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, which may be supported by the increased release of VEGF by keratinocyes after IL-9 stimulation.
A Human Clinical, Histological, Histomorphometrical, and Radiographical Study on BiphasicHA‐Beta‐TCP30/70 in Maxillary Sinus Augmentation
Authors: Mangano Carlo , Sinjari Bruna , Shibli Jamil A. , Mangano Francesco , Hamisch Sabine , Piattelli Adriano , Perrotti Vittoria , Iezzi Giovanna
Published: September 2013

Background

By mixing hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics can be obtained, and by varying their ratio it is possible to tailor the characteristics of the biomaterial.

Purpose

The aim of the present human study was to evaluate the histological and radiographical aspects of bone formation in maxillary sinus augmentation using a 30/70HA‐beta‐TCPwith a reticular structure.

Materials and Methods

A total of 12 patients, undergoing two‐stage sinus augmentation procedure usingHA‐beta‐TCPat a ratio of 30/70, were included in the present study. After a 6‐month healing period, during implant insertion, radiographical analysis was performed, and then the bone core biopsies were harvested and processed for histology.

Results

At radiographic evaluation, the bone gain was on average 6.85 ± 0.60 mm.HA‐beta‐TCP30/70 appeared to be lined by newly formed bone, with no gaps at the interface. The histomorphometric analysis revealed 26 ± 2% of residual grafted biomaterial, 29 ± 3% of newly formed bone, and 45 ± 2% of marrow spaces.

Conclusions

The present results indicate histologically the high biocompatibility and osteoconductivity ofHA‐beta‐TCP30/70, and clinically its successful use for sinus augmentation procedures.
Effect of Leukocyte‐ and Platelet‐Rich Fibrin (L‐PRF) on Bone Regeneration: A Study in Rabbits
Authors: Knapen Michel , Gheldof Damien , Drion Pierre , Layrolle Pierre , Rompen Eric , Lambert France
Published: September 2013

Background

The positive effect of leukocyte‐ and platelet‐rich fibrin (L‐PRF) on osteogenesis has been widely described in vitro. However, clinical and preclinical studies are very little and controversial in demonstrating a significant beneficial effect of L‐PRF in bone regeneration.

Purpose

The goal of the present study was to compare the potential effect of L‐PRF in a standardized model.

Materials and Methods

A total of 72 hemispheres were implanted on the calvaria of 18 rabbits and filled with three different space fillers: L‐PRF, bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA), BHA + L‐PRF, and an empty hemisphere was used as control. Six rabbits were sacrificed at three distinct time points: 1 week, 5 weeks, and 12 weeks. Histological and histomorphometrical analyses were carried out.

Results

At the early phase of bone regeneration (1 week), from a descriptive analysis, a higher proportion of connective tissue colonized the regeneration chamber in the two groups containing BHA particles. Nevertheless, no statistical differences were found within the four groups in terms of bone quantity and quality at each timepoint (p = .3623).

Conclusions

According to the present study, L‐PRF does not seem to provide any additional effect on the kinetics, quality, and quantity of bone in the present model of guided bone regeneration.
A Multifactorial Analysis to Identify Predictors of Implant Failure and Peri‐Implant Bone Loss
Authors: Vervaeke Stijn , Collaert Bruno , Cosyn Jan , Deschepper Ellen , De Bruyn Hugo
Published: September 2013

Objective

To identify risk factors for failure and bone loss of implants in a large study sample on the basis of multivariate analyses.

Materials and Methods

Patient files of all patients referred for implant treatment from November 2004 to December 2007 were scrutinized, and information on implant‐ and patient‐related factors was collected. The study sample in this retrospective cohort study consisted of both partially dentate and fully edentulous patients referred for various indications. The only inclusion criterion was a follow‐up of at least 2 years. Implant survival and bone loss were assessed by an external investigator (SV) comparing digital periapical radiographs taken during recall visits with the postoperative ones. Univariate and multivariate tests were adopted to identify possible risk indicators for implant failure and peri‐implant bone loss.

Results

Twenty‐one of 1,320 (1.6%) implants were lost in 19 of 376 (5.1%) patients (210 female, 166 male; mean age 56, range 17–82) after a mean follow‐up of 32 months (range 24–62). Based on multivariate analysis, only smoking (p = .001) and recall compliance (p = .010) had a significant influence on implant failure, with smokers more prone to failure. The overall mean bone loss was 0.36 mm (SD 0.68, range 0.00–7.10). Smoking (p = .001) and jaw of treatment (p = .001) affected peri‐implant bone loss. More peri‐implant bone loss was observed in smokers and in the maxilla. A clear discrepancy was found between univariate and multivariate analysis with regard to identification of risk factors.

Conclusion

Multivariate analysis demonstrated that implant‐related factors did not affect the clinical outcome, but smoking was identified as a predictor for implant failure. Predictors for peri‐implant bone loss were smoking and jaw of treatment.
Responses of different geographic populations of two potato tuber moth species to genetic variants of Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus
Authors: Zeddam Jean‐Louis , Léry Xavier , Gómez‐Bonilla Yannery , Espinel‐Correal Carlos , Páez David , Rebaudo François , López‐Ferber Miguel
Published: September 2013

Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) belongs to the genus Betabaculovirus of the arthropod‐infecting Baculoviridae. PhopGV is able to infect several gelechiid species. Among them are the potato tuber moths Phthorimaea operculella Zeller and Tecia solanivora Povolny (both Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). In various South American countries, PhopGV‐based biopesticides are used to control either P. operculella or T. solanivora. Many trials have indicated that a particular viral isolate can exhibit very distinct pathogenicity when infecting different host species or different populations of one host species. In this study, we compared host–pathogen interactions using various PhopGV isolates and various populations of P. operculella and T. solanivora. Virus isolates from P. operculella were more pathogenic against their original host species than against T. solanivora. A PhopGV isolated from T. solanivora was less efficient against P. operculella. In addition, virus isolates differed in pathogenicity toward their hosts (i.e., lethal concentrations of isolates ranged from low to high). Unexpectedly, we also found that host populations of one species from distinct geographic origins did not differ significantly in susceptibility to the same PhopGV isolate. This was the case for both host species and for five PhopGV isolates. Comparative restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of 11 isolates including those used in bio‐assays indicated three main regions of variation in the genome of PhopGV, corresponding to the regions of open reading frame PhopGV046, gene PhopGV129 (egt), and repeat 9 (located between open reading frames PhopGV083 and PhopGV084). Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the insertions/deletions present in these regions were carried out for the most variable isolate, JLZ9f. The results are discussed in the context of the production and use of PhopGV as a biological agent against these two pest species.
Industrial‐strength ecology: trade‐offs and opportunities in algal biofuel production
Authors: Shurin Jonathan B. , Abbott Rachel L. , Deal Michael S. , Kwan Garfield T. , Litchman Elena , McBride Robert C. , Mandal Shovon , Smith Val H.
Published: September 2013

Microalgae represent one of the most promising groups of candidate organisms for replacing fossil fuels with contemporary primary production as a renewable source of energy. Algae can produce many times more biomass per unit area than terrestrial crop plants, easing the competing demands for land with food crops and native ecosystems. However, several aspects of algal biology present unique challenges to the industrial‐scale aquaculture of photosynthetic microorganisms. These include high susceptibility to invading aquatic consumers and weeds, as well as prodigious requirements for nutrients that may compete with the fertiliser demands of other crops. Most research on algal biofuel technologies approaches these problems from a cellular or genetic perspective, attempting either to engineer or select algal strains with particular traits. However, inherent functional trade‐offs may limit the capacity of genetic selection or synthetic biology to simultaneously optimise multiple functional traits for biofuel productivity and resilience. We argue that a community engineering approach that manages microalgal diversity, species composition and environmental conditions may lead to more robust and productive biofuel ecosystems. We review evidence for trade‐offs, challenges and opportunities in algal biofuel cultivation with a goal of guiding research towards intensifying bioenergy production using established principles of community and ecosystem ecology.
Resistin affects lipid metabolism during adipocyte maturation of 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Ikeda Yoshito , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki , Hama Susumu , Kajimoto Kazuaki , Kogure Kentaro
Published: September 2013

Resistin, an adipose‐tissue‐specific secretory factor, aggravates metabolic syndrome through impairment of glucose metabolism. Previously, we demonstrated that resistin expression was induced in both 3T3‐L1 cells and primary pre‐adipocytes derived from Zucker obese rats during the process of differentiation and maturation (Ikeda Y, Hama S, Kajimoto K, Okuno T, Tsuchiya H & Kogure K (2011) Biol Pharm Bull 34, 865–870). However, the biological function of resistin in adipocytes is poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the effects of resistin knockdown on the biological features of 3T3‐L1 cells. We found that lipid content was significantly decreased in 3T3‐L1 cells transfected with anti‐resistin small interfering RNA (siRNA) after adipocyte differentiation. While expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α was not affected, protein expression and transcriptional activity levels of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), which upregulates transcription of lipogenic genes, decreased after anti‐resistin siRNA treatment. Moreover, gene expression of fatty acid synthase and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase 2, which are known to be regulated by ChREBP, were also suppressed by resistin knockdown. In contrast, activity of the fatty acid β‐oxidation‐regulating protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 increased. These results suggest that resistin knockdown induces suppression of lipid production and activation of fatty acid β‐oxidation. Consequently, resistin may affect lipid metabolism during adipocyte maturation.
Experimental and simulation analysis in edge cracking for cold rolled thin strip
Authors: Xie H. B. , Jiang Z. Y. , Yuen W. Y. D.
Published: September 2013

Edge cracks in rolled metal products occur occasionally, which influence the rolled strip properties and productivity significantly. Previous studies have indicated that the crack initiation at high plastic strain amplitude mainly occurs at the grain boundaries and stress concentration zone. The mechanics of crack propagation is still not fully identified, especially in the cold rolled thin strip. In this research, experimental investigation and associated analysis have been conducted on the edge crack evolution for thin strip in cold rolling. Three‐dimensional finite element numerical simulations have been conducted to assist in better understanding of crack propagation at the rolled strip edge. The impacts of the reduction and the friction coefficients on crack propagation are analysed. Simulation result shows that the thickness reduction and friction influence significantly the propagation of edge cracks. The optimum rolling schedule to obtain crack‐free products in metal forming of thin strip is discussed.
Between two families: the social meaning of remittances for Vietnamese marriage migrants in Singapore
Authors: YEOH BRENDA S. A. , LENG CHEE HENG , DUNG VU THI KIEU , YI'EN CHENG
Published: September 2013

Scholars who have applied transnational perspectives to studies of migration and remittances have called for a move beyond the developmentalist approach to accommodate an expanded understanding of the social meanings of remittances. Researchers working in Asia have begun to view the remittances of money, gifts and services that labour migrants send to their families as transnational ‘acts of recognition’, as an enactment of gendered roles and identities, and as a component of the social practices that create the ties that bind migrants to their ‘home’ countries. In this article, we depart from the more common focus on remittance behaviour among labour migrants and turn instead to examine how, as marriage migrants, Vietnamese women generate and confer meaning on the remittances they send. First, from the women's viewpoint, we discuss the extent to which expectations vested in being able to generate remittances for the natal family by marrying a Singaporean man not only translate into motivation for marriage migration but also shape the parameters of the marriage. Second, we show how sending remittances are significant to the women as ‘acts of recognition’ in the construction of gendered identities as filial daughters, and, through the ‘connecting’ and ‘disconnecting’ power of remittances, in the reimagining of the transnational family. Third, we discuss the strategies that women devise in negotiating between the conflicting demands and expectations of their natal and marital families and in securing their ‘place’ between two families. We base our findings on an analysis of interviews and ethnographic work with Vietnamese women and their Singaporean husbands through commercial matchmaking agencies.