bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apps i anatomiundervisningen - perspektiver for et nyt learning design
Authors: Videbaek Solvej , Bøgh Nikolaj , Steffensen Ellen Hollands , Gullaksen Søren
Published: July 2017

Dansk

Formålet med denne artikel var at diskutere, hvordan Learning Design kan anvendes ved implementering af mobile platforme i undervisningen på universitetsniveau. Med udgangspunkt i teoretiske modeller og undervisernes overvejelser diskuteres brug af Learning Design og implementering informationsteknologi med afsæt i anvendelse af applikationer til tablets og smartphones i anatomiundervisningen på Aarhus Universitet. Sekundært præsenterer artiklen resultater fra et pilotprojekt i anatomiundervisningen på medicinstudiet, Aarhus Universitet, der viser, at de studerende er positivt indstillede over for informationsteknologi i undervisningen, at de er teknologiparate, og at anatomiapplikationerne forbedrer de studerendes oplevelse af tredimensional forståelse. Ved anvendelse af et veltilrettelagt Learning Design kan undervisningssessioner og kurser designes til i højere grad at anvende informations- og uddannelsesteknologi i integrerede læringsforløb.

English

The purpose of the this study was to discuss how Learning Design can be used when implementing mobile learning devices in education at universities. Based on theoretical models and the teachers’ thoughts and reflections, the use of Learning Design and implementation of information technology is discussed on the basis of using tablets and smartphones with anatomy specific applications in anatomy courses at the School of medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark. Secondarily, the results from a pilot project including tablets in anatomy teaching are presented, showing that the students have a positive attitude towards information technology in education, that they are used to using information technology in education, and that anatomy applications improve the students’ understanding of anatomy in three dimensions. By application of a well-designed Learning Design, teaching sessions can implement information- and educational technology in a combination of in-class and out-of-class.
Lektier Online - didaktisk design af et uformelt online læringsrum?
Authors: Dohn Nina Bonderup , Degnebolig Hanne Skipper , Lindhardt Pernille Holm , Lund Kirsten
Published: July 2017

I denne artikel undersøger vi det didaktiske design i Lektier Online; et online lektiehjælpstilbud for folkeskole- og gymnasieelever baseret på frivillige universitetsstuderende som lektiehjælpere. Vi identificerer fire betydninger af ’didaktisk design’, som alle behandles for Lektier Online. Vi opstiller en hypotese om Lektier Online-konceptet som frembydende et forholdsvis uformelt læringsrum samt tre eksplorative forskningsspørgsmål, der adresserer brugen af Lektier Online-platformens forskellige medier, deres virkemåde i læringskommunikationen mellem lektiehjælper og elev, samt muligheder for at kvalificere denne læringskommunikation didaktisk. Hypotese og forskningsspørgsmål undersøges gennem et eksplorativt observationsstudie, hvor lektiehjælpssessioner analyseres vha. positionerings- og affordanceteori. Vi konkluderer, at lektiehjælper og elev i samarbejde forhandler læringskommunikationen med anknytning til et lærer-elev narrativ og peger på, hvordan de primære kommunikationsmedier, tale og chat, samt de primære arbejdsmedier, digital tavle og Google Docs, bidrager i denne forhandling.
Bare et spil? Perspektiver i at bruge serious games i arbejdsmiljøundervisningen i erhvervsskolerne
Authors: Pedersen Helene Meldgaard , Bennedsen Gritt , Grytnes Regine
Published: July 2017

Et godt psykisk arbejdsmiljø på erhvervsskole og læreplads kan være afgørende for, om elever færdiggør deres uddannelse. For at ruste elever til at håndtere problematikker på arbejdspladsen, er det vigtigt med en relevant og virkelighedsnær undervisning i psykisk arbejdsmiljø. I denne artikel undersøger vi perspektiverne i at bruge et bestemt 'serious game', der kombinerer pædagogiske og spilrelaterede elementer, i undervisningen i psykisk arbejdsmiljø på erhvervsskoler i Danmark. Undersøgelsen fokuserer specifikt på læring: hvordan elever og lærlinge tilegner sig viden om de udfordringer og dilemmaer, de kan møde på en arbejdsplads.

Undervisningssitet www.ditarbejdslivnu.dk er et undervisningsmateriale til erhvervsskolernes undervisning i arbejdsmiljø, arbejdspladskultur og samarbejde. Sitet består af et Dilemmaspil, historier baseret på elevers og lærlinges arbejdserfaringer, en vidensbank samt didaktisk materiale. I artiklen inddrages data fra en afprøvning af undervisningssitet foretaget inden for fagene frisør, social- og sundhedshjælper, tømrer samt bygningsmaler.

Resultaterne peger på, at eleverne gennem brug af spillet motiveres til at forholde sig aktivt og reflekterende til de emner og dilemmaer, der præsenteres, og at de identificerer sig med de problematikker, der beskrives af andre unge i de autentiske historier. Ud fra et socialkonstruktivistisk læringsperspektiv diskuterer artiklen, hvilke perspektiver der er i at bruge ’serious games’ i arbejdsmiljøundervisningen.
Association of polymorphic markers of genes FTO, KCNJ11, CDKAL1, SLC30A8, and CDKN2B with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Russian population
Authors: Nikitin Aleksey G. , Potapov Viktor Y. , Brovkina Olga I. , Koksharova Ekaterina O. , Khodyrev Dmitry S. , Philippov Yury I. , Michurova Marina S. , Shamkhalova Minara S. , Vikulova Olga K. , Smetanina Svetlana A. , Suplotova Lyudmila A. , Kononenko Irina V. , Kalashnikov Viktor Y. , Smirnova Olga M. , Mayorov Alexander Y. , Nosikov Valery V. , Averyanov Alexander V. , Shestakova Marina V.
Published: July 2017

Background

The association of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with the KCNJ11, CDKAL1, SLC30A8, CDKN2B, and FTO genes in the Russian population has not been well studied. In this study, we analysed the population frequencies of polymorphic markers of these genes.

Methods

The study included 862 patients with T2DM and 443 control subjects of Russian origin. All subjects were genotyped for 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes using real-time PCR (TaqMan assays). HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were used to measure insulin resistance and β-cell secretory function, respectively.

Results

The analysis of the frequency distribution of polymorphic markers for genes KCNJ11, CDKAL1, SLC30A8 and CDKN2B showed statistically significant associations with T2DM in the Russian population. The association between the FTO gene and T2DM was not statistically significant. The polymorphic markers rs5219 of the KCNJ11 gene, rs13266634 of the SLC30A8 gene, rs10811661 of the CDKN2B gene and rs9465871, rs7756992 and rs10946398 of the CDKAL1 gene showed a significant association with impaired glucose metabolism or impaired β-cell function.

Conclusion

In the Russian population, genes, which affect insulin synthesis and secretion in the β-cells of the pancreas, play a central role in the development of T2DM.
The threshold for continuing saltation on Earth and other solar system bodies
Authors: Berzi D. , Valance A. , Jenkins J. T.
Published: July 2017

We predict the threshold for continuing saltation of spheres in a turbulent fluid that explicitly accounts for the influence of fluid drag, lubrication forces, bed roughness, and interparticle cohesion. This reduces the need for the fitting parameters employed in existing formulations. The theory is based on a highly idealized model of steady saltation as a collection of particles that follow the same average, periodic trajectory—a succession of identical jumps, collisions with the bed, and rebounds from it. The saltation threshold is first derived in the limit of large particle inertia and, then, extended to infer results when the viscous forces of the fluid and interparticle cohesion are not negligible. The theory is successfully compared with existing discrete element simulations of spheres interacting with a Reynolds‐averaged turbulent fluid and with wind tunnel experiments in a range of particle‐to‐fluid density ratios and particle Reynolds numbers for saltation in terrestrial and extraterrestrial conditions.
Occurrence of electrostatic solitary waves in the lunar wake
Authors: Rubia R. , Singh S. V. , Lakhina G. S.
Published: July 2017

An alternative generation mechanism for the electrostatic waves observed in the lunar wake during the first flyby of the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission in terms of slow and fast ion‐acoustic and electron‐acoustic solitons is proposed. The lunar wake plasma is modeled by fluid multicomponent magnetized plasma comprising hot protons, hot heavier ions, α particles (He++), electron beam, and suprathermal electrons following kappa distribution. The electric fields associated with the slow and fast ion‐acoustic and electron‐acoustic solitons are in the range of ∼(0.0003–17) mV m−1. This is in excellent agreement with observed electrostatic wave electric field of 5 to 15 mV m−1. The fast Fourier transform of soliton electric fields generates broadband spectra having peak frequencies (corresponding to peak in the power spectra) in the range of ∼(3–1800) Hz. This corresponds to wave frequencies being in the range of ∼(0.001–0.56)fpe, where fpe is the electron plasma frequency. This matches well with the observed frequency range of (0.01–0.4) fpe. Further, the widths and velocities of these solitons are in the range ∼(100–8000) m and ∼(30–1300) km s−1, respectively. Both, soliton widths and velocities, match well with the estimated wavelengths (a few hundred meters to a couple of thousand meters) and estimated phase velocities (of the order of 1000 km s−1) of the electrostatic waves in the lunar wake.
Using remote sensing to detect the polarized sunglint reflected from oil slicks beyond the critical angle
Authors: Lu Yingcheng , Zhou Yang , Liu Yongxue , Mao Zhihua , Qian Weixian , Wang Mengqiu , Zhang Minwei , Xu Jiang , Sun Shaojie , Du Peijun
Published: July 2017

The critical angle at which the brightness of oil slicks and oil‐free seawater is reversed occurs under sunglint and is often shown as an area of uncertainty due to different roughness and surface Fresnel reflection parameters. Consequently, differentiating oil slicks from the seawater in these areas using optical sensors is a challenge. Polarized optical remote sensing techniques provide complementary information for intensity imagery with different physical properties and, thus, possess the ability to resolve this difficult problem. In the polarized reflectance model, the degree of linear polarization (DOLP) of sunglint depends on accurately knowing the Stokes parameter for the reflected light, and varies with the refractive index of the surface layer and viewing angles. For the polarized detection of oil slicks, the highest sensitivity of the DOLP to the refractive index is located within the specular reflection direction where the sum of the solar and sensor zenith angles is 82.6°. The modeled results clearly indicate that the DOLP of oil slicks is weaker in comparison with oil‐free seawater under sunglint. Using measurements from the space‐borne Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) over the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, we illustrate that the PARASOL‐derived DOLP difference between the oil spill and seawater is obvious and is in accordance with the modeled results. These preliminary results suggest that the potential of multiangle measurement and feasibility of deriving refractive index of ocean surface from space‐borne sensors need further researches.
From Childhood to Adulthood: Disease Activity Trajectories in Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lim Lily Siok Hoon , Pullenayegum Eleanor , Feldman Brian M. , Lim Lillian , Gladman Dafna D. , Silverman Earl D.
Published: July 2017

Objective

No previous study has studied the longitudinal disease course of childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE). Our objectives are to assess distinguishable differences in disease activity trajectories in cSLE patients, determine baseline factors predictive of disease trajectory membership, and assess if the different disease activity trajectories are associated with different damage trajectories.

Methods

This is a retrospective, longitudinal inception cohort of cSLE patients. Patients were followed from diagnosis as children, until they were adults. SLE disease activity was modeled as a latent characteristic, jointly using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 and prednisone in a Bayesian growth mixture model. Baseline factors were tested for membership prediction of the latent classes of disease trajectories. Differences in damage trajectories by disease activity classes were tested using a mixed model.

Results

A total of 473 patients (82% females), with median age at diagnosis of 14.1 years, were studied. We studied 11,992 visits (2,666 patient‐years). We identified 5 classes of disease activity trajectories. Baseline major organ involvement, number of American College of Rheumatology criteria, and age at diagnosis predicted memberships into different classes. A higher proportion of Asians was in class 2 compared to class 5. Class 1 was associated with the most accrual of damage, while class 5 was associated with no significant damage accrual, even after 10 years.

Conclusion

There are 5 distinct latent classes of disease trajectory in patients with cSLE. Membership within disease trajectories is predicted by baseline clinical and demographic factors. Membership in different disease activity trajectory classes is associated with different damage trajectories.
Graphene Oxide Inserted Poly(N‐Vinylcarbazole)/Vanadium Oxide Hole Transport Heterojunctions for High‐Efficiency Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Park Young Ran , Choi Kyoung Soon , Kim Jong Chan , Seo Young Soo , Kim Soo Young , Kim Yong‐Jin , Choi Won Kook , Jeong Hu Young , Yang Woo Seok , Hong Young Joon
Published: July 2017

This study investigates the effect of graphene oxide (GO) interlayer on electrical and electroluminescent (EL) performances of quantum‐dot light emitting diodes (QD‐LEDs) with poly(N‐vinylcarbazole, PVK)/V2O5–x hole transport layers. The control QD‐LEDs basically consist of multilayer heterojunctions of hole transport/injection PVK/V2O5–x bilayers, QD light emission layer, and electron transport ZnO nanoparticle layer, all of which are sequentially spin coated on indium‐tin‐oxide/glass substrates. The QD‐LEDs with GO interlayer inserted between PVK and V2O5–x present superior electrical rectification and EL efficiency than those without GO interlayer. The hole‐only devices with GO interlayer evidence higher hole conduction capability than those without GO by an order of magnitude. From ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, the hole transport enhancement in PVK/GO/V2O5–x heterojunctions is found to be responsible for reduced height of the highest hole barrier at QD/PVK interface from 1.74 to 0.75 eV by means of downshift of energy levels of PVK. Such energy level variation of PVK is discussed in terms of heterointerfacial orbital hybridization at PVK/V2O5–x, which are validated by diverse spectroscopies. The ability of GO interlayer to shift the PVK energy levels can be exploited for developing high‐performance optoelectronics and electronics with hole transport organic/transition metal oxide heterojunctions.
Discovery of Small Molecules that Induce the Degradation of Huntingtin
Authors: Tomoshige Shusuke , Nomura Sayaka , Ohgane Kenji , Hashimoto Yuichi , Ishikawa Minoru
Published: July 2017

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by the aggregation of mutant huntingtin (mHtt), and removal of toxic mHtt is expected to be an effective therapeutic approach. We designed two small hybrid molecules (1 and 2) by linking a ligand for ubiquitin ligase (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1; cIAP1) with probes for mHtt aggregates, anticipating that these compounds would recruit cIAP1 to mHtt and induce selective degradation by the ubiquitin‐proteasome system. The synthesized compounds reduced mHtt levels in HD patient fibroblasts and appear to be promising candidates for the development of a treatment for HD.
A pixel‐based semi‐stochastic algorithm for the registration of geophysical images
Authors: Karamitrou Alexandra A. , Tsokas Gregory N. , Petrou Maria
Published: July 2017

The availability of overlapping geophysical data produced by different sensors provides complementary information about the investigation area. However, joint interpretation of these geophysical images is challenging. One common problem is the registration of the images that is necessary to compare features appearing in dissimilar datasets. Measurements in archeological geophysics are often performed by handheld devices therefore, the actual location of the measurement could be different from the planned one. These offsets are localized and essentially random. Consequently, it is impossible to correct them following usual deterministic approaches. This paper presents a novel registration method between geophysical images produced from different prospecting methods. We developed a semi‐stochastic, iterative registration algorithm that applies random local transformations in small randomly selected regions of the processed image. The algorithm uses the mutual information of the images as similarity measure due to its suitability in images of different modalities. We use a pair of images to train the algorithm and tune its parameters. Afterwards, we test the method with nine different pairs of geophysical images from various locations and characteristics. The results, in all cases, show a significant increase of the mutual information in comparison with the registration through geographical coordinates.
Brief Report: Defective Early B Cell Tolerance Checkpoints in Sjögren's Syndrome Patients
Authors: Glauzy Salomé , Sng Joel , Bannock Jason M. , Gottenberg Jacques‐Eric , Korganow Anne‐Sophie , Cacoub Patrice , Saadoun David , Meffre Eric
Published: July 2017

Objective

Central and peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoints are defective in many patients with autoimmune diseases, but the functionality of each discrete checkpoint has not been assessed in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). We undertook this study to assess this functionality in SS patients.

Methods

Using a polymerase chain reaction–based approach that allows us to clone and express, in vitro, recombinant antibodies produced by single B cells, we tested the reactivity of recombinant antibodies cloned from single CD19+CD21lowCD10+IgMhighCD27– newly emigrant/transitional B cells and CD19+CD21+CD10–IgM+CD27– mature naive B cells from 5 SS patients.

Results

We found that the frequencies of newly emigrant/transitional B cells expressing polyreactive antibodies were significantly increased in SS patients compared to those in healthy donors, revealing defective central B cell tolerance in SS patients. Frequencies of mature naive B cells expressing autoreactive antibodies were also significantly increased in SS patients, thereby illustrating an impaired peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoint in these patients.

Conclusion

Defective counterselection of developing autoreactive B cells observed in SS patients is a feature common to many other autoimmune diseases and may favor the development of autoimmunity by allowing autoreactive B cells to present self antigens to T cells.
Complexation Between (O‐Methyl)6‐2,6‐Helic[6]arene and Tertiary Ammonium Salts: Acid/Base‐ or Chloride‐Ion‐Responsive Host–Guest Systems and Synthesis of [2]Rotaxane
Authors: Shi Qiang , Han Ying , Chen Chuan‐Feng
Published: July 2017

Complexation between (O‐methyl)6‐2,6‐helic[6]arene and a series of tertiary ammonium salts was described. It was found that the macrocycle could form stable complexes with the tested aromatic and aliphatic tertiary ammonium salts, which were evidenced by 1H NMR spectra, ESI mass spectra, and DFT calculations. In particular, the binding and release process of the guests in the complexes could be efficiently controlled by acid/base or chloride ions, which represents the first acid/base‐ and chloride‐ion‐responsive host–guest systems based on macrocyclic arenes and protonated tertiary ammonium salts. Moreover, the first 2,6‐helic[6]arene‐based [2]rotaxane was also synthesized from the condensation between the host–guest complex and isocyanate.
Fixed‐Time Synchronization of a Class of Second‐Order Nonlinear Leader‐Following Multi‐Agent Systems
Authors: Li Hua , Zhu Ming , Chu Zhaobi , Du Haibo , Wen Guanghui , Alotaibi Naif D.
Published: July 2017

The fixed‐time synchronization problem for a class of second‐order nonlinear multi‐agent systems with a leader‐follower architecture is investigated in this paper. To achieve the fixed‐time tracking task, the design procedure is divided into two steps. At the first step, a distributed fixed‐time observer is designed for each agent to estimate the leader's state in a fixed time. Then, at the second step, based on the technique of adding a power integrator, a fixed‐time tracking controller for each agent is proposed such that the estimate leader's state can be tracked in a fixed time. Finally, an observer‐based fixed‐time controller is developed such that the leader can be tracked by all the followers in a fixed time, which can be predetermined. Simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Adaptation of the By-Band randomized clinical trial to By-Band-Sleeve to include a new intervention and maintain relevance of the study to practice
Authors: Rogers C A , Reeves B C , Byrne J , Donovan J L , Mazza G , Paramasivan S , Andrews R C , Wordsworth S , Thompson J , Blazeby J M , Welbourn R ,   By-Band-Sleeve study investigators, Agrawal S , Ajaz S , Koak Y , Ahmed A , Fakih N , Hakky S , Moorthy K , Purkayastha S , Awad S , Fareed K , Leeder P , Balupuri S , Carr W , Jennings N , Small P , Byrom R , Davies N , Carter N , Knight B , Somers S , Charalampakis V , Daskalakis M , Nijar R , Richardson M , Singhal R , Super P , Clarke M , Cota A , Finlay I , Dexter S , Hayden J , Mehta S , Sarela A , Kelly J , Mahon D , Noble H
Published: July 2017

Background

Recruitment into surgical RCTs can be threatened if new interventions available outside the trial compete with those being evaluated. Adapting the trial to include the new intervention may overcome this issue, yet this is not often done in surgery. This paper describes the challenges, rationale and methods for adapting an RCT to include a new intervention.

Methods

The By-Band study was designed in the UK in 2009–2010 to compare the effectiveness of laparoscopic adjustable gastric band and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for severe obesity. It contained a pilot phase to establish whether recruitment was possible, and the grant proposal specified that an adaptation to include sleeve gastrectomy would be considered if practice changed and recruitment was successful. Information on changing obesity surgery practice, updated evidence and expert opinion about trial design were used to inform the adaptation.

Results

The pilot phase recruited over 13 months in 2013–2014 and randomized 80 patients (79 anticipated). During this time, major changes in obesity practice in the UK were observed, with gastric band reducing from 32·6 to 15·8 per cent and sleeve gastrectomy increasing from 9·0 to 28·1 per cent. The evidence base had not changed markedly. The British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society and study oversight committees supported an adaptation to include sleeve gastrectomy, and a proposal to do so was approved by the funder.

Conclusion

Adaptation of a two-group surgical RCT can allow evaluation of a third procedure and maintain relevance of the RCT to practice. It also optimizes the use of existing trial infrastructure to answer an additional important research question. Registration number: ISRCTN00786323 (http://www.isrctn.com/).
Understand how marijuana impacts student‐athlete performance, well‐being
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: July 2017

ORLANDO, FLA. — While marijuana continues to become more acceptable socially, and even legally in many areas of the country, it's likely that pot use negatively impacts the athletic and academic success of at least some of your student‐athletes.
Recognize potential liability of AT staffing levels
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: July 2017

The recent wave of litigation over concussions has triggered a renewed emphasis on student‐athlete safety across the board. In addition, widely viewed instances of failure to remove some student‐athletes from a competition even though they're obviously injured, and other student‐athletes returning sooner than would otherwise seem appropriate, have fueled the intensity of the discussion on player safety.
Define and reward valued behaviors
Authors: Edmonds S. Chris
Published: July 2017

The material on this page is adapted from the article “Building a Positive, Purposeful, Productive Culture,” published in the Spring 2017 issue of Leader to Leader.
Nonlinear process monitoring using kernel nonnegative matrix factorization
Authors: Zhai Lirong , Zhang Yingwei , Guan Shouping , Fu Yuanjian , Feng Lin
Published: July 2017

This paper focuses on developing an advanced nonlinear process monitoring technique involving fault detection and identification methods. The new monitoring methods are proposed based on two nonlinear matrix factorization algorithms. Both factorizations use the kernel method to replace lower‐dimensional nonlinearity using higher‐dimensional linearity by nonlinearly mapping the data onto a high‐dimensional linear space. In the high‐dimensional linear space, also known as feature space, the first factorization decomposes the data matrix into two low‐rank matrix products, in which the first matrix factor is restricted to being orthogonal and non‐negative leading to a good performance in the subspace approximation of the original data. In the second factorization, a matrix consisting of all types of fault samples is decomposed into two low‐rank matrix products, in which the second matrix factor is restricted to being orthogonal and non‐negative providing a clear K‐means clustering interpretation. On the basis of the above two factorizations, the corresponding fault detection and identification methods are developed. Finally, the proposed approaches are used to monitor the penicillin fermentation process (PFP), and encouraging experimental results are achieved.
Microvascular proliferation is associated with aggressive tumour features and reduced survival in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ramnefjell Maria , Aamelfot Christina , Aziz Sura , Helgeland Lars , Akslen Lars A
Published: July 2017

Despite new treatment options in lung cancer, there is still a need for better biomarkers to assist in therapy decisions. Angiogenesis has been associated with tumour growth and dissemination, and the vascular proliferation index (VPI) is a valuable prognostic marker in other tumours. Nestin, a marker of immature endothelium, was previously applied in combination with Ki67 for proliferating endothelium as a novel marker (Nestin‐Ki67) of ongoing angiogenesis. Here, the prevalence and prognostic impact of vascular proliferation on lung cancer‐specific survival (LCSS) in lung adenocarcinomas was studied. Selected tumour slides from a cohort of 210 patients treated surgically for adenocarcinoma at Haukeland University Hospital (Norway) from 1993 to 2010 were stained for Nestin‐Ki67. VPI, the ratio between the density of proliferating vessels and the overall microvessel density were used, and the cut‐off value was set at 4.4% (upper quartile). High VPI was associated with the presence of blood vessel invasion (p = 0.007) and tumour necrosis (p = 0.007). Further, high VPI was significantly associated with reduced LCSS (p = 0.020). By multivariate analysis, VPI remained an independent prognostic factor for reduced LCSS (HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.04–2.68; p = 0.033) when adjusted for other prognostic clinico‐pathological features. In conclusion, microvessel proliferation assessed using the VPI was associated with aggressive tumour features such as blood vessel invasion and tumour necrosis and, independently, decreased LCSS. This marker should be further explored in separate cohorts, and in trials of anti‐angiogenesis therapy.
Electricity Prices Have Dropped, Natural Gas and Renewable Generation Make Gains
Authors:   FERC Staff
Published: July 2017

Current market measures show generally good news for end‐users in prices, increases in natural gas and renewables, and decreases in coal and nuclear.
Letter from the new Editor‐in‐Chief
Authors: Gewirtz Abigail H.
Published: July 2017

A free Video Cast to accompany this article can be found online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1464-066X/homepage/52-4-reading-abi.htm
The reliability and validity of ultrasound to quantify muscles in older adults: a systematic review
Authors: Nijholt Willemke , Scafoglieri Aldo , Jager‐Wittenaar Harriët , Hobbelen Johannes S.M. , van der Schans Cees P.
Published: July 2017

This review evaluates the reliability and validity of ultrasound to quantify muscles in older adults. The databases PubMed, Cochrane, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were systematically searched for studies. In 17 studies, the reliability (n = 13) and validity (n = 8) of ultrasound to quantify muscles in community‐dwelling older adults (≥60 years) or a clinical population were evaluated. Four out of 13 reliability studies investigated both intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) scores for reliability ranged from −0.26 to 1.00. The highest ICC scores were found for the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, upper arm anterior, and the trunk (ICC = 0.72 to 1.000). All included validity studies found ICC scores ranging from 0.92 to 0.999. Two studies describing the validity of ultrasound to predict lean body mass showed good validity as compared with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (r2 = 0.92 to 0.96). This systematic review shows that ultrasound is a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of muscle size in older adults. More high‐quality research is required to confirm these findings in both clinical and healthy populations. Furthermore, ultrasound assessment of small muscles needs further evaluation. Ultrasound to predict lean body mass is feasible; however, future research is required to validate prediction equations in older adults with varying function and health.
Hydrodynamic characteristics of an aerated coaxial mixing vessel equipped with a pitched blade turbine and an anchor
Authors: Hashemi Nasim , Ein‐Mozaffari Farhad , Upreti Simant R , Hwang Dae Kun
Published: July 2017

Background

In this work, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of an aerated coaxial mixing vessel composed of a centered impeller and a wall scraping anchor was conducted to investigate the effects of speed ratio, rotation modes (co‐rotating and counter‐rotating), and fluid viscosity on the local and global gas holdup values, flow pattern within the vessel, and turbulent kinetic energy. To validate the developed model, simulated gas holdup and gassed power uptake were compared with the measured experimental values. To gather experimental gas holdup values, an electrical resistance tomography technique was utilized.

Results

The results demonstrated that the co‐rotating coaxial mixer with a speed ratio higher than 10 provided a higher gas volume fraction within the vessel. It was also shown that the turbulent kinetic energy attained in the counter‐rotating mode was lower than those for the co‐rotating coaxial mixer in most regions within the mixing tank, especially near the vessel walls. The size and the number of circulation loops developed within the coaxial mixer were affected by the speed ratio.

Conclusion

It was demonstrated that speed ratio and rotation mode of the impellers affected the hydrodynamics developed within the aerated coaxial mixer. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of a full systematic review versus rapid review approaches to assess a newborn screening test for tyrosinemia type 1
Authors: Taylor‐Phillips Sian , Geppert Julia , Stinton Chris , Freeman Karoline , Johnson Samantha , Fraser Hannah , Sutcliffe Paul , Clarke Aileen
Published: July 2017

Background

Rapid reviews are increasingly used to replace/complement systematic reviews to support evidence‐based decision‐making. Little is known about how this expedited process affects results.

Objectives

To assess differences between rapid and systematic review approaches for a case study of test accuracy of succinylacetone for detecting tyrosinemia type 1.

Methods

Two reviewers conducted an “enhanced” rapid review then a systematic review. The enhanced rapid review involved narrower searches, a single reviewer checking 20% of titles/abstracts and data extraction, and quality assessment using an unadjusted QUADAS‐2. Two reviewers performed the systematic review with a tailored QUADAS‐2. Post hoc analysis examined rapid reviewing with a single reviewer (basic rapid review).

Results

Ten papers were included. Basic rapid reviews would have missed 1 or 4 of these (dependent on which reviewer). Enhanced rapid and systematic reviews identified all 10 papers; one paper was only identified in the rapid review through reference checking. Two thousand one hundred seventy‐six fewer title/abstracts and 129 fewer full texts were screened during the enhanced rapid review than the systematic review. The unadjusted QUADAS‐2 generated more “unclear” ratings than the adjusted QUADAS‐2 [29/70 (41.4%) versus 16/70 (22.9%)], and fewer “high” ratings [22/70 (31.4%) versus 42/70 (60.0%)]. Basic rapid reviews contained important inaccuracies in data extraction, which were detected by a second reviewer in the enhanced rapid and systematic reviews.

Conclusions

Enhanced rapid reviews with 20% checking by a second reviewer may be an appropriate tool for policymakers to expeditiously assess evidence. Basic rapid reviews (single reviewer) have higher risks of important inaccuracies and omissions.
Fast online replanning for interfraction rotation correction in prostate radiotherapy
Authors: Kontaxis Charis , Bol Gijsbert H. , Kerkmeijer Linda G. W. , Lagendijk Jan J. W. , Raaymakers Bas W.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

To enable fast online replanning for prostate radiotherapy with the inclusion of interfraction rotations and translations and investigate the possibility for margin reduction via this regime.

Methods

Online daily replanning for a 35‐fraction treatment for five prostate cases is simulated while accounting for anatomical transformations derived from fiducial marker data available in our clinic. Two online replanning strategies were simulated, compensating for: (a) rotation‐only in combination with a couch shift and (b) both translation and rotation without a couch shift. They were compared against our current clinical protocol consisting of a single offline plan used over all fractions with daily couch repositioning (translations only). For every patient, the above methods were generated for several planning margins (0–8 mm with 2 mm increments) in order to assess the performance of online replanning in terms of target coverage and investigate the possible dosimetric benefit for the organs at risk. The daily DVHs for each treatment strategy were used for evaluation and the non tumor integral dose (NTID) for the different margins was calculated in order to quantify the overall reduction of the delivered energy to the patient.

Results

Our system is able to generate a daily automated prostate plan in less than 2 min. For every patient, the daily treatment plans produce similar dose distributions to the original approved plan (average CTV D99 relative difference: 0.2%). The inclusion of both shifts and rotations can be effectively compensated via replanning among all planning margins (average CTV D99 difference: 0.01 Gy between the two replanning regimes). Online replanning is able to maintain target coverage among all margins, while — as expected — the conventional treatment plan is increasingly affected by the interfraction rotations as the margins shrink (average CTV D99 decrease: 0.2 Gy at 8 mm to 2.9 Gy at 0 mm margin). The possible gain in total delivered energy to the patient was quantified by the decreased NTID ranging from 12.6% at 6 mm to 32.9% at 0 mm.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that fast daily replanning can be utilized to account for daily rotations and translations based on the daily positioning protocol. A daily plan can be generated from scratch in less than 2 min making it suitable for online application. Given the large magnitude of prostate rotation around the LR axis, online correction for daily rotations can be beneficial even for the clinical 8 mm margin and could be utilized for treatments with small margin reduction mainly limited then by anatomical deformations and intrafraction motion. Our online replanning pipeline can be used in future treatments with online MR guidance that can lead to further safe reduction of the planning margins.
Physiotherapist‐led suprascapular nerve blocks for persistent shoulder pain: Evaluation of a new service in the UK
Authors: Salt E. , van der Windt D. A. , Chesterton L. , Mainwaring F. , Ashwood N. , Foster N. E.
Published: July 2017

Introduction

This service evaluation explored and reported findings from a new physiotherapist‐led service offering suprascapular nerve blocks (SSNBs) to patients with persistent shoulder pain.

Methods

We collected data before the SSNB injection and at the 6‐weeks and 6‐month follow‐up from consecutive patients with persistent shoulder pain being treated by physiotherapists or an anaesthetist. Outcomes were patient‐reported pain (numerical rating scale [NRS 0 to 10]), patient‐specific functional score (PSFS) and health‐related quality of life [the EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ5D‐5 L)]. Exploratory analyses compared baseline and follow‐up scores within each clinician delivery group (physiotherapists, anaesthetist).

Results

Forty patients (mean age 57 years [standard deviation {SD} 12]; 63% female) received an SSNB from a physiotherapist, eight patients (mean age 59 years [SD 11]; female 88%) received an SSNB from an anaesthetist. At the 6‐week follow‐up, the physiotherapy group showed a mean reduction in pain (on the NRS): 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 3.0) and an improvement in function (on the PSFS): –1.3 (95% CI –1.9 to −0.4). Similar changes were found in those treated by the anaesthetist (pain: 1.3 [95% CI –1.18 to 3.80]; function: –1.4 (95% CI –3.18 to 0.35]). Very small changes, that were not statistically significant, were found in EQ5D‐5 L scores. At the 6‐month follow‐up, the mean reduction in pain (NRS) was maintained at 2.0 (95% CI 0.99 to 2.95) for the physiotherapy group.

Conclusion

The results provide early, exploratory evidence that patients with persistent shoulder pain treated by physiotherapists using palpation‐guided SSNBs achieve clinically important changes in pain and function in the short and medium term.
The Effect of Different Types of Monitoring Strategies on Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jospe Michelle R. , Roy Melyssa , Brown Rachel C. , Williams Sheila M. , Osborne Hamish R. , Meredith‐Jones Kim A. , McArthur Jenny R. , Fleming Elizabeth A. , Taylor Rachael W.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of various monitoring strategies on weight loss, body composition, blood markers, exercise, and psychosocial indices in adults with overweight and obesity following a 12‐month weight loss program.

Methods

Two hundred fifty adults with BMI ≥ 27 were randomized to brief, monthly, individual consults, daily self‐monitoring of weight, self‐monitoring of diet using MyFitnessPal, self‐monitoring of hunger, or control over 12 months. All groups received diet and exercise advice, and 171 participants (68.4%) remained at 12 months.

Results

No significant differences in weight, body composition, blood markers, exercise, or eating behavior were apparent between those in the four monitoring groups and the control condition at 12 months (all P ≥ 0.053). Weight differences between groups ranged from −1.1 kg (−3.8 to 1.6) to 2.2 kg (−1.0 to 5.3). However, brief support and hunger training groups reported significantly lower scores for depression (difference [95% CI]: −3.16 [−5.70 to −0.62] and −3.05 [−5.61 to −0.50], respectively) and anxiety (−1.84, [−3.67 to −0.02]) scores than control participants.

Conclusions

Although adding a monitoring strategy to diet and exercise advice did not further increase weight loss, no adverse effects on eating behavior were observed, and some monitoring strategies may even benefit mental health.
Efficacy of a Community‐ Versus Primary Care–Centered Program for Childhood Obesity: TX CORD RCT
Authors: Butte Nancy F. , Hoelscher Deanna M. , Barlow Sarah E. , Pont Stephen , Durand Casey , Vandewater Elizabeth A. , Liu Yan , Adolph Anne L. , Pérez Adriana , Wilson Theresa A. , Gonzalez Alejandra , Puyau Maurice R. , Sharma Shreela V. , Byrd‐Williams Courtney , Oluyomi Abiodun , Huang Terry , Finkelstein Eric A. , Sacher Paul M. , Kelder Steven H.
Published: July 2017

Objective

This randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine comparative efficacy of a 12‐month community‐centered weight management program (MEND2‐5 for ages 2‐5 or MEND/CATCH6‐12 for ages 6‐12) against a primary care‐centered program (Next Steps) in low‐income children.

Methods

Five hundred forty‐nine Hispanic and black children (BMI ≥ 85th percentile), stratified by age groups (2‐5, 6‐8, and 9‐12 years), were randomly assigned to MEND2‐5 (27 contact hours)/MEND/CATCH6‐12 (121.5 contact hours) or Next Steps (8 contact hours). Primary (BMI value at the 95th percentile [%BMIp95]) and secondary outcomes were measured at baseline, 3 months (Intensive Phase), and 12 months (Transition Phase).

Results

For age group 6‐8, MEND/CATCH6‐12 resulted in greater improvement in %BMIp95 than Next Steps during the Intensive Phase. Effect size (95% CI) was −1.94 (−3.88, −0.01) percentage points (P = 0.05). For age group 9‐12, effect size was −1.38 (−2.87, 0.16) percentage points for %BMIp95 (P = 0.07). MEND2‐5 did not differentially affect %BMIp95. Attendance averaged 52% and 22% during the Intensive and Transition Phases. Intervention compliance was inversely correlated to change in %BMIp95 during the Intensive Phase (P < 0.05). In the Transition Phase, %BMIp95 was maintained or rebounded in both programs (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

MEND/CATCH6‐12 was more efficacious for BMI reduction at 3 months but not 12 months compared to Next Steps in underserved children. Intervention compliance influenced outcomes, emphasizing the need for research in sustaining family engagement in low‐income populations.
Growth of Carbon Nanotubes inside Boron Nitride Nanotubes by Coalescence of Fullerenes: Toward the World's Smallest Coaxial Cable
Authors: Walker Kate E. , Rance Graham A. , Pekker Áron , Tóháti Hajnalka M. , Fay Michael W. , Lodge Rhys W. , Stoppiello Craig T. , Kamarás Katalin , Khlobystov Andrei N.
Published: July 2017

The use of boron nitride nanotubes as effective nanoscale containers for the confinement and thermal transformations of molecules of C60‐fullerene is demonstrated. The gas‐phase insertion of fullerenes into the internal channel of boron nitride nanotubes yields quasi‐1D arrays, with packing arrangements of the guest fullerenes different from those in the bulk crystal and critically dependent on the internal diameter of the host nanotube. Interestingly, the confined fullerene molecules: i) exhibit dynamic behavior and temperature‐dependent phase transitions analogous to that observed in the bulk crystal, and ii) can be effectively removed from within the internal channel of nanotubes by excessive sonication in organic solvent, indicating weak host–guest interactions. The thermal treatment of fullerenes confined within nanotubes at 1200 °C in argon triggers the polymerization and coalescence of the guest fullerenes into carbon nanotubes inside boron nitride nanotubes affording a hybrid nanostructure—the world's smallest coaxial cable—on a preparative scale, as confirmed by high‐resolution bright‐field transmission electron microscopy imaging, electron‐energy‐loss spectroscopy, energy‐filtered transmission electron microscopy elemental mapping, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy.
Long‐term population trends of Sooty Terns Onychoprion fuscatus: implications for conservation status
Authors: Hughes B. John , Martin Graham R. , Giles Anthony D. , Reynolds S. James
Published: July 2017

Seabirds have suffered dramatic declines in population over recent decades. The most abundant seabirds of tropical oceans are Sooty Terns Onychoprion fuscatus and they have an IUCN Red List category of ‘Least Concern’. Ascension Island has the largest colony of Sooty Terns in the Atlantic Ocean and censuses between 1990 and 2013 have shown that its population size is static. In this study we have used historical data and recent censuses to describe the population status of Sooty Terns on Ascension Island over a century. We show that the breeding population contained over 2 million individuals in the 1870s and remained at this level for at least 70 years. However, the population declined from >2 million birds in 1942 to 350,000 birds by 1990. The population trend spanning a period equivalent to three generations of the species (63 years; 1942–2005) showed an approximate 84% decline in population size. Using IUCN criteria this suggests that Sooty Terns on Ascension could be considered ‘Critically Endangered'. We conclude that a re‐evaluation of Sooty Tern conservation status is necessary at the local level and possibly globally. Our study highlights that for long‐lived species historic demographic data should be considered when determining conservation status.
India—Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules
Authors: Shadikhodjaev Sherzod
Published: July 2017

In a proceeding that challenged the domestic content requirements (DCRs) of India's solar energy program, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) upheld the panel determination that the Indian government's measures violated its international obligations. The decision offers new insights into certain exceptions for environmental policies under the multilateral trading system and elaborates on the relevance of other international legal regimes to the compliance issue under WTO law. Further, it has the potential to increase export opportunities of many countries in the Indian renewable energy market.
Hanging-wall colluvial cementation along active normal faults
Authors: Mason Jack , Schneiderwind Sascha , Pallikarakis Aggelos , Mechernich Silke , Papanikolaou Ioannis , Reicherter Klaus
Published: July 2017

Many active normal faults throughout the Aegean juxtapose footwall limestone against hanging-wall colluvium. In places, this colluvium becomes cemented and forms large hanging-wall lobes or sheets of varying thickness attached to the bedrock fault. Investigations at the Lastros Fault in eastern Crete allow us to define criteria to distinguish between cemented colluvium and fault cataclasite (tectonic breccia), which is often present at bedrock faults. Macro- and microscopic descriptions of the cemented colluvium show that the colluvium was originally deposited through both rockfalls and debris flows. Stable isotope analyses of oxygen and carbon from 83 samples indicate that cementation then occurred through meteoric fluid flow in the fault zone from springs at localised positions along strike. Palaeotemperature calculations of the parent water from which the calcite cement precipitated are indicative of a climate between 7°C and 10°C colder than Crete’s present average annual temperature. This most likely represents the transition between a glacial and interglacial period in the late Pleistocene. Ground-penetrating radar also indicates that cemented colluvium is present in the hanging-wall subsurface below uncemented colluvium. Using these results, a model for the temporal development of the fault and formation of the cemented colluvium is proposed.