bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disarming abusers: Domestic violence protective order (DVPO) firearm restriction processes and dispositions
Authors: Kafka Julie M. , Moracco Kathryn E. , Williams Deanna S. , Hoffman Claire G.
Published: March 2022

Research summary

We investigated the degree to which legislatively mandated firearm restrictions for domestic violence protective orders (DVPOs) have been implemented in North Carolina. We used a representative sample of n = 406 DVPO hearings (2016–17) and found that defendant access to firearms was seldom discussed (23.81%). Among granted orders (n = 303), 69.5% prohibited defendant firearm possession (n = 238) but only 38.61% ordered firearm surrender (n = 143). There were higher odds of restrictions when the defendant had threatened to kill the plaintiff (OR for prohibited possession: 2.25, CI: 1.02, 4.97; OR for firearm surrender: 1.93, CI: 1.09, 3.40); no other lethality indicators were significant. Judges verbally announced firearm restrictions only in one out of three cases (30.87% of DVPOs granted with prohibited possession; 33.02% of firearm surrender cases).

Policy implications

Protocol to assess firearm access, implement firearm restrictions, and communicate these provisions to litigants must be more clearly and consistently applied in the courtroom.
Testing the ability of chitosan nanoparticles to improve development and performance of honey bee colonies during early spring
Authors: Abou‐Shaara Hossam F.
Published: March 2022

Chitosan has shown promising results in improving bee health. The experiments of this study investigated the effects of using chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) on honey bee colonies. CHNPs were added into the bee feed at three concentrations: 10, 30, and 60 ppm (i.e. CHNPs 10, CHNPs 30, and CHNPs 60). The effects of these treatments on activities and performance of bee colonies were compared during early spring in addition to a control group without CHNPs. The survival experiment supported the safety of these concentrations of CHNPs to bees. The data from the apiary showed the superior results of CHNPs 30 and CHNPs 60 on comb building, hygienic behavior, stored food, and colony strength significantly than CHNPs 10 and the control group. No significant variations generally were found between CHNPs 30 and CHNPs 60 as well as between CHNPs 10 and the control group in the measured parameters. The mean numbers of dead bees in front of beehive entrances supported the absence of negative effects of CHNPs on bee colonies. The study emphasized the role of chitosan nanoparticles in enhancing performance and activities of bee colonies especially with CHNPs 30 and CHNPs 60 after winter season.
Chromosome‐scale genome assembly provides insights into speciation of allotetraploid and massive biomass accumulation of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)
Authors: Zhang Shengkui , Xia Zhiqiang , Li Can , Wang Xiaohan , Lu Xianqin , Zhang Wenqing , Ma Haizhen , Zhou Xincheng , Zhang Weixiong , Zhu Tingting , Liu Pandao , Liu Guodao , Wang Wenquan , Xia Tao
Published: March 2022

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) is an important forage, biofuels and industrial plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas globally. It is characterized with robust growth and high biomass. We sequenced its allopolyploid genome and assembled 2.07 Gb into A’ and B subgenomes of 14 chromosomes with scaffold N50 of 8.47 Mb, yielding a total of 77,139 genes. The allotetraploid speciation occurred approximately 15 Ma after the divergence between Setaria italica and Pennisetum glaucum, according to a phylogenetic analysis of Pennisetum species. Double whole‐genome duplication (WGD) and polyploidization events resulted in large‐scale gene expansion, especially in the key steps of growth and biomass accumulation. Integrated transcriptome profiling revealed the functional divergence between subgenomes A’ and B. A’ subgenome mainly contributed to plant growth, development and photosynthesis, whereas the B subgenome was primarily responsible for effective transportation and resistance to stimulation. Some key gene families related to cellulose biosynthesis were expanded and highly expressed in stems, which could explain the high cellulose content in elephant grass. Our findings provide deep insights into genetic evolution of elephant grass and will aid future biological research and breeding, even for other grasses in the family Poaceae.
Efficacy of leflunomide as a steroid‐sparing agent in treatment of Indian giant cell arteritis patients: A 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Das Shyamashis , Goswami Rudra Prosad , Sinha Debanjali , Ghosal Anirban , Datta Ashis , Sarkar Sanjukta
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of leflunomide as a steroid‐sparing agent among Indian patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) and to assess the changes of “halo sign” within affected arteries, detected ultrasonographically, after remission.

Methods

In this prospective observational study, patients fulfilling American College of Rheumatology criteria for GCA and having halo sign in temporal artery ultrasound were treated with leflunomide and predefined tapering dose of prednisolone. Ultrasounds of temporal and axillary arteries were done at baseline and after remission were achieved.

Results

Twenty‐two GCA patients were followed up for a median duration of 24 months (interquartile range, IQR: 18‐33). All patients showed clinical improvement and steroids could be stopped in 17 out of 22 patients. Median time to achieve remission (symptom‐free with normal inflammatory markers) was 3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4‐3.6) months. Median time to achieve reduction to prednisolone dose <5 mg/d was 9 months (95% CI: 7‐11). Prednisolone dose could be reduced in all patients while on leflunomide, suggesting steroid‐sparing effect and a steroid‐free remission could be achieved after a median of 14 months (95% CI: 9.4‐18.6). Ultrasonographically, all patients showed improvement of halo signs, after 8 weeks (IQR 7.25‐12). Seven patients experienced a clinical relapse after 12 months (IQR: 5‐21) of initial remission. The predictors of relapse were duration of symptoms before initiation of immunosuppression therapy and delayed achievement remission by strict criteria.

Conclusion

This study showed efficacy and safety of leflunomide as a steroid‐sparing agent in Indian GCA patients.
Developing legume‐supported cropping systems in Europe: Have we overlooked something?
Authors: Murphy‐Bokern Donal
Published: March 2022

Why are legume crops rare in Europe even though they grow well there? This opinion paper brings together concepts from crop physiology, classical economics and sociotechnical theory to address this question. It argues for increased focus on research and innovation on crop performance. The starting point is that trade policy no longer explains the marginalisation of legumes. A more recent premise that mutually supporting social, technical and agricultural factors have combined over time to establish and maintain the current cropping systems is also incomplete. However, these propositions have led to significant investment in research on niche value chains in the hope that these will combine within transition pathways to break through system incumbency that “locks out” legumes. It is argued here that this approach is incomplete for crops because the scaling up and agglomeration of niche processing and marketing activities does not improve the fundamental crop resource capture and conversion processes in the field upon which farm productivity depends. Reconsideration of some economic and crop physiological basics is required. Farmers aim to make rational decisions and to focus on what they do best. The principles behind international trade described in the 19th century and the fundamental biophysical crop‐level processes that were elucidated in the 1960s together explain the cropping choices many European farmers make. We need more focus on raising the on‐farm performance and competitiveness of the legume crops themselves and the farming systems in which they are grown. Efficient, productive legume crops are important also if we are to avoid a trade‐off between environmental gains in Europe and disbenefits elsewhere because of effects on global trade.
Spatial separation of prey from livestock facilitates coexistence of a specialized large carnivore with human land use
Authors: Xiao L , Hua F , Knops J M H , Zhao X , Mishra C , Lovari S , Alexander J S , Weckworth B , Lu Z
Published: March 2022

There is an increasing emphasis in conservation strategies for large carnivores on facilitating their coexistence with humans. Justification for coexistence strategies should be based on a quantitative assessment of currently remaining large carnivores in human‐dominated landscapes. An essential part of a carnivore's coexistence strategy has to rely on its prey. In this research, we studied snow leopards Panthera uncia whose habitat mainly comprises human‐dominated, unprotected areas, to understand how a large carnivore and its primary prey, the bharal Pseudois nayaur, could coexist with human land use activities in a large proportion of its range. Using a combination of livestock census, camera trapping and wildlife surveys, across a broad gradient of livestock grazing intensity in a 363 000 km2 landscape on the Tibetan Plateau, we found no evidence of livestock grazing impacts on snow leopard habitat use, bharal density and spatial distribution, even though livestock density was 13 times higher than bharal density. Bharal were found to prefer utilizing more rugged habitats at higher elevations with lower grass forage conditions, whereas livestock dominated in flat valleys at lower elevations with higher productivity, especially during the resource‐scarce season. These findings suggest that the spatial niche separation between bharal and livestock, together with snow leopards' specialized bharal diet, minimized conflicts and allowed snow leopards and bharal to coexist in landscapes dominated by livestock grazing. In recent years, reduced hunting and nomadic herder's lifestyle changes towards permanent residence may have further reinforced this spatial separation. Our results indicated that, for developing conservation strategies for large carnivores, the niche of their prey in relation to human land‐use is a key variable that needs to be evaluated.
Intravenous hypertonic saline to reduce intraocular pressure: the effect of splitting the bolus
Authors: Inborr Pia , Harju Mika , Kivelä Tero T.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) and pain after a single versus split bolus of intravenous hypertonic saline (IVHTS).

Methods

In a prospective, randomized, interventional trial, we enrolled patients with an IOP of 22–34 mmHg. Twenty patients in Group 1 received IVHTS as a single bolus of 1 mmol/kg 23.4% sodium chloride, and 13 patients in Group 2 received two boli of 0.5 mmol/kg separated by 10 min. They graded pain at the infusion site. We measured IOP, heart rate and blood pressure before and 10 and 20 min after IVHTS.

Results

Eighteen patients (90%) in Group 1 felt pain (median, 6.5; range, 0–10). In Group 2, 11 patients (85%) felt pain after the first bolus (median, 6.0; range, 0–8) and 12 (92%) after the second one (median, 8; range, 0–10). We found no difference in pain grade between the groups after their first bolus (p = 0.33) or between the first bolus of Group 1 and the second bolus of Group 2 (p = 0.47). The median IOP reduction in Group 1 was 6.5 mmHg (range, 2–16) at 10 min and 7.0 mmHg (range, 4–16) at 20 min (p < 0.001 for both). In Group 2, the corresponding reductions after the second bolus were 9.0 mmHg (range, 4–10; p = 0.002) and 8.0 mmHg (range, 6–11; p = 0.002). The IOP reduction at 10 and 20 min was comparable between groups (p = 0.094 and p = 0.41, respectively).

Conclusion

Splitting the bolus did not reduce pain associated with IVHTS. Single bolus is consequently recommended.
Floristic types of high‐Andean wetlands from northwest Argentina and their remote‐sensed characterization at a regional scale
Authors: Izquierdo Andrea E. , Blundo Cecilia , Carilla Julieta , Foguet Javier , Navarro Carlos J. , Casagranda Elvira , Chiappero María Fernanda , Vaieretti María Victoria
Published: March 2022

Aims

High‐Andean vegas are key functional wetlands in the Puna ecoregion. Plant communities in combination with ecogeographic characteristics determine their functional processes. In this study, we identified groups of vegas based on their plant composition and characterized these groups with spatial and spectral variables representing their ecogeographic context.

Location

Argentine Puna and High‐Andean ecoregions.

Methods

We recorded the species composition and cover of plants in 50 vegas distributed along a ecogeographic gradient. We calculated six spatial and 14 spectral variables for each vega. We performed a correspondence analysis (CA) to explore species data and used the site's scores in a k‐means analysis to identify groups of vegas. Then, we characterized each group of vegas with spatial and spectral variables with the v.test using the ‘catdes’ function in the FactoMineR package.

Results

The CA showed five groups of vegas segregated by the plant species composition. Each group was related to different spatial and spectral variables showing an ecogeographic gradient. Vegas with Poaceas were located at higher altitude and lower latitude and longitude (Group 1, Festuca nardifolia and Deschampsia hackelii). Vegas dominated by cushion species had higher humidity (Group 2, Oxychloe andina), and higher and more stable productivity (Group 3, Eleocharis pseudoalbibracteata), while vegas with halophytic species were associated with a larger area, higher salinity, and lower humidity (Group 4, Amphiscirpus nevadensis), and lower productivity (Group 5, Lycium humile and Salicornia pulvinata).

Conclusions

Our results are the first floristic classification and remote‐sensing characterization of high‐Andean vegas at a regional scale. This information shows the variation of these ecosystems and suggests that remote sensing, complemented with field information, could help to identify types of vegas at regional scales. This information is relevant for land planning and sustainable management of these key ecosystems in the context of threats of global change.
Increasing abundance of an invasive C4grass is associated with larger community changes away than at home
Authors: Hábenczyus Alida A. , Tölgyesi Csaba , Pál Róbert , Kelemen András , Aradi Eszter , Bátori Zoltán , Sonkoly Judit , Tóth Edina , Balogh Nóra , Török Péter
Published: March 2022

Aim

We evaluated stands of the invasive grass,Sporobolus cryptandrusin its native North American range and its non‐native European range, where it is a recent invader. Our aim was to reveal how the species’ increasing abundance affects functional diversity and the ecosystem service‐provisioning capacities of plant communities in both ranges.

Location

Sand grasslands in the Kiskunság, Hungary and in Montana, USA.

Methods

All vascular plant species and their relative abundances were recorded in a stratified random manner in 1 m × 1 m plots in each range, using the following cover categories ofSporobolusas strata: 1%–25%, 26%–50%, 50%–75%, and 75%–100%. The functional characteristics of the plant communities in the two continents were compared. We performed comparisons of the communities both with and without includingSporobolus.

Results

IncreasingSporoboluscover resulted in a lower functional diversity and species richness, reduced average specific leaf area and increased the height of whole plant communities in both ranges but these effects were significantly stronger in the non‐native stands.Sporobolusalso negatively affected the cover of insect‐pollinated plant species and the proportion of native perennials, switching the rest of the community from perennial‐dominated to annual‐dominated. In plant communities withoutSporobolus, increasingSporoboluscover led to a higher specific leaf area and seed mass in both ranges, but average height was decreasing along theSporobolusabundance gradient in the native range, whereas it was increasing in the non‐native range.

Conclusions

The spread ofSporobolus, away from its native range, leads to the impoverishment of host communities and compromises the biomass and floral resource‐provisioning capacity of the vegetation to higher trophic levels. Tackling the spread of this new invader should therefore be a priority task.
Virtual special issue: Insights from a landscape ecological perspective for tropical biology and conservation
Authors: Watling James I. , Urbina‐Cardona J. Nicolás
Published: March 2022

We conducted a keyword search to sample a subset of research on landscape ecology published in Biotropica between 2016 and mid‐2021. Our search returned 112 studies, which we summarize in terms of focal taxon and habitat. From this pool of studies, we selected 14 papers for the virtual special issue “Insights from a Landscape Ecological Perspective for Tropical Biology and Conservation.” The 14 papers selected exemplify notable trends in recent research in landscape ecology and provide an opportunity to highlight suggestions for high‐impact future research: 1) continuing to expand how we think about responses to landscape change by embracing new measures of immunology and gene expression, 2) documenting the conservation value of small habitats as essential reservoirs of biodiversity, 3) clarifying the relative impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation, with particular emphasis on cross‐scale studies from a variety of landscapes and taxonomic groups.
Investigation into the enablers and barriers of career satisfaction among Australian oral health therapists
Authors: Chen Dennis , Hayes Melanie J , Holden Alexander C L
Published: March 2022

Objectives

This qualitative study explored the enablers and barriers of career satisfaction among Australian oral health therapists (OHTs) and the reasons behind career changes.

Methods

Participants were recruited in 2 ways: 1) recruitment posts were made on the Facebook pages of two professional groups; and 2) an email was sent to the Doctor of Dental Medicine students of the University of Sydney School of Dentistry, inviting those with OHT qualifications to participate. Each participant completed a semi‐structured interview which was guided by open‐ended questions. The average interview length was 45 min. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and manually coded. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data was completed using an inductive approach.

Results

Twenty‐one OHTs participated in this study. The enablers of OHT career satisfaction include clinical practice, job variety, career flexibility, being in a supportive team environment and the opportunity for constant learning and growth. The barriers to career satisfaction include musculoskeletal problems, restrictions on the scope of practice use, psychological stress and lack of recognition from others. OHTs remain in the profession due to stable income and employment opportunities. The main reasons for retirement were burnout and pursuing dentistry. OHTs pursue dentistry to expand their scope of practice.

Conclusion

This study revealed the enablers and barriers of OHT career satisfaction in an Australian context. OHTs are an important component of modern dental workforces, and reasons for attrition within the workforce are essential for maintaining responsiveness to community oral health needs.
Factors associated with weight gain prevention in young adults with serious mental illness
Authors: Browne Julia , Xie Haiyi , Wolfe Rosemarie S. , Naslund John A. , Gorin Amy A. , Aschbrenner Kelly A.
Published: March 2022

Aim

The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with weight gain prevention among young adults with serious mental illness who participated in the Fit Forward randomized controlled trial evaluating lifestyle interventions adapted for this high‐risk group. The aims were to: (1) examine baseline differences between participants that gained weight and those that lost or maintained weight at six and 12 months, and (2) evaluate whether changes in weight control strategies were associated with weight gain prevention at 6 and 12 months.

Methods

This study was a secondary analysis of the Fit Forward Study. Participants were young adults (age 18–35) with a serious mental illness and a body mass index in the overweight or obese range. Participants completed assessments at baseline and 6 and 12 months. t‐Tests and chi‐squared tests were used to examine baseline differences between those that gained weight and those that lost/maintained weight. Logistic regression was used to evaluate whether changes in weight control strategies were associated with weight gain prevention in the sample overall.

Results

Lower baseline BMI was significantly associated with weight gain prevention at six and 12 months. Greater increases in weight control strategies total score and psychological coping subscale were significantly associated with weight gain prevention at six and 12 months.

Conclusions

Weight control strategies, particularly psychological coping tools that support positive thinking and reduce negative self‐talk should be considered as core strategies in healthy lifestyle interventions aimed at preventing weight gain in young adults with serious mental illness.
Artificial selections for death‐feigning behavior in beetles show correlated responses in amplitude of circadian rhythms, but the period of the rhythm does not
Authors: Miyatake Takahisa , Abe Masato S. , Matsumura Kentarou , Yoshii Taishi
Published: March 2022

One of the most important survival strategies of organisms is to avoid predators. Studying one of such strategies, namely, death‐feigning behavior, has recently become more common. The success or failure of this antipredator strategy will be affected by the circadian rhythms of both prey and predator because death feigning sometimes has a diurnal rhythm. However, few studies have analyzed the effects of differences in circadian rhythms on predator‐avoidance behavior at the genetic level. Recently, the relationship between genes relating to circadian rhythm and death‐feigning behavior, an antipredator behavior, has been established at the molecular level. Therefore, in this study, we compared three circadian rhythm‐related traits, the free‐running period of rhythms, amplitude of circadian rhythms, and total activity of strains of three Tribolium species that were artificially selected for the death‐feigning duration: short (S‐strains) and long (L‐strains) durations. As a result, the amplitude of circadian rhythms and total activity were significantly different between S‐ and L‐strains, but there was no difference in the free‐running periods of the rhythm between the strains in T. castaneum, T. confusum, and T. freemani. Although the relationship between death‐feigning behavior and activity has been reported for all three species, a genetic relationship between the duration of death feigning and the amplitude of circadian rhythms has been newly found in the present study. It is important to investigate the relationship between antipredator strategies and circadian rhythms at the molecular level in the future.
Efficacy of hydrotherapy, spa therapy, and balneotherapy for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: a systematic review
Authors: Moini Jazani Arezoo , Ayati Mohammad Hossein , Nadiri Ata Allah , Nasimi Doost Azgomi Ramin
Published: March 2022

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are chronic inflammatory diseases that have significant skin complications.

Objective

The purpose of this systematic study was to evaluate the evidence obtained from human studies on the effects of hydrotherapy, spa therapy, and balneotherapy in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

Methods

The present systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) statements. Also, for this study databases such as Embase, PubMed, Scopus ProQuest, and sciences direct database were searched from the beginning to April 2021.

Results

All human studies that examined the effect of balneotherapy, spa therapy, and hydrotherapy on psoriasis and atopic dermatitis were published in the form of a full article in English. In the end, only 22 of the 424 articles met the criteria for analysis. Most studies have shown that balneotherapy, spa therapy, and hydrotherapy may reduce the effects of the disease by reducing inflammation and improving living conditions. In addition, the results of the Downs and Black score show that seven studies received very good scores, three studies received good scores, nine studies received fair scores, and three studies received poor scores.

Conclusions

The results of studies also showed that hydrotherapy leads to an improvement in the PASI score index. Nevertheless, more clinical trials are needed to determine the mechanism of action of hydrotherapy on these diseases.
Ocean currents shape the genetic structure of a kelp in southwestern Africa
Authors: Assis Jorge , Neiva João , Bolton John J. , Rothman Mark D. , Gouveia Licínia , Paulino Cristina , Mohdnasir Hasliza , Anderson Robert J. , Reddy Maggie M. , Kandjengo Lineekela , Kreiner Anja , Pearson Gareth A. , Serrão Ester A.
Published: March 2022

Aim

Drivers of extant population genetic structure include past climate‐driven range shifts and vicariant events, as well as gene flow mediated by dispersal and habitat continuity. Their integration as alternative or complementary drivers is often missing or incomplete, potentially overlooking relevant processes and time scales. Here we ask whether it is the imprint of past range shifts or habitat connectivity driven by oceanographic transport that best explain genetic structure in a poorly understood model, a forest‐forming African kelp.

Location

Southwestern coast of Africa (Benguela current region).

Taxon

Laminaria pallida.

Methods

We estimated genetic variability along the species distributional range using 14 microsatellite markers. This genetic variability was compared to estimates of past range shifts derived from species distribution modelling for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the mid‐Holocene (MH) and the present, and estimates of habitat connectivity derived from oceanographic biophysical modelling.

Results

The species is structured in two clusters, a southern cluster with much richer (allelic richness A: 10.40 ± 0.33) and unique (private alleles PA: 56.69 ± 4.05) genetic diversity, and a northern cluster (A: 4.75 ± 0.17; PA: 6.70 ± 1.45). These clusters matched well‐known biogeographical regions and their transition coincided with a dispersal barrier formed by upwelled offshore transport. No major range shifts or vicariant events were hindcasted along the present range, suggesting population stability from the LGM to the present.

Main conclusions

Habitat connectivity, rather than past range shifts, explains the extant population structure. Future environmental requirements of the species along the Benguela upwelling system are projected to persist or even intensify, likely preserving the observed genetic patterns for the years to come. Yet, the differentiation and endemicity between clusters, and the isolation structured by the regional oceanography, implies high conservation value for genetic biodiversity, and even more if considering the ecological, social and economic services provided by kelp forests.
Optimal ablation strategy for arrhythmia recurrence following persistent atrial fibrillation ablation; anatomy or electrophysiology?
Authors: Choudhury Moinuddin , Mahida Saagar
Published: March 2022

The optimal strategy for ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF) remains to be defined. Established substrate‐based ablation techniques, particularly techniques targeting complex electrograms, with complementary linear ablation for organized atrial tachycardias, have been associated with modest success rates. Recently, the development of VoM ethanol ablation (Et‐VoM) has facilitated ablation of previously inaccessible arrhythmogenic substrate. This has allowed comparison of a standardized anatomically‐guided protocol with Et‐VOM to a traditional electrophysiology‐guided approach for PsAF ablation.
Macroeconomic Implications of Student Debt: A State‐Level Analysis
Authors: BAHADIR BERRAK , GICHEVA DORA
Published: March 2022

Using state‐level data for the 2003–2019 period, we show that the rise in outstanding student debt in the United States has contributed to lower consumption growth in the medium run. The estimated effects are larger when we use an instrumental variable approach identifying the hypothetical impact of an increase in student debt without an associated increase in educational attainment. This approach exploits variations in state appropriations for higher education, federal student loan limits, and interest rates on federal loans. We also find suggestive evidence that expansions in student loans lead to subsequent increases in credit card debt.
Sciatic nerve injury rebalances the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in rats with persistent changes to their social behaviours
Authors: Sosa M. Karmina , Boorman Damien C. , Keay Kevin A.
Published: March 2022

Increased glucocorticoids characterise acute pain responses, but not the chronic pain state, suggesting specific modifications to the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)‐axis preventing the persistent nature of chronic pain from elevating basal glucocorticoid levels. Individuals with chronic pain mount normal HPA‐axis responses to acute stressors, indicating a rebalancing of the circuits underpinning these responses. Preclinical models of chronic neuropathic pain generally recapitulate these clinical observations, but few studies have considered that the underlying neuroendocrine circuitry may be altered. Additionally, individual differences in the behavioural outcomes of these pain models, which are strikingly similar to the range of behavioural subpopulations that manifest in response to stress, threat and motivational cues, may also be reflected in divergent patterns of HPA‐axis activity, which characterises these other behavioural subpopulations. We investigated the effects of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) on adrenocortical and hypothalamic markers of HPA‐axis activity in the subpopulation of rats showing persistent changes in social interactions after CCI (Persistent Effect) and compared them with rats that do not show these changes (No Effect). Basal plasma corticosterone did not change after CCI and did not differ between groups. However, adrenocortical sensitivity to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) diverged between these groups. No Effect rats showed large increases in basal plasma ACTH with no change in adrenocortical melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) expression, whereas Persistent Effect rats showed modest decreases in plasma ACTH and large increases in MC2R expression. In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of Persistent Effect rats, single labelling revealed significantly increased numbers of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) +ve and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) +ve neurons. Double‐labelling revealed fewer GR +ve CRF +ve neurons, suggesting a decreased hypothalamic sensitivity of CRF neurons to circulating corticosterone in Persistent Effect rats. We suggest that in addition to rebalancing the HPA‐axis, the increased CRF expression in Persistent Effect rats contributes to changes in complex behaviours, and in particular social interactions.
Long‐Run Risk: Is It There?
Authors: LIU YUKUN , MATTHIES BEN
Published: March 2022

This paper documents the existence of a persistent component in consumption growth. We take a novel approach using news coverage to capture investor concern about economic growth prospects. We provide evidence that consumption growth is highly predictable over long horizons—our measure explains between 23% and 38% of cumulative future consumption growth at the five‐year horizon and beyond. Furthermore, we show a strong connection between this predictability and asset prices. Innovations to our measure price 51 standard portfolios in the cross section and our one‐factor model outperforms many benchmark macro‐ and return‐based multifactor models.
PALD encoding a lipid droplet‐associated protein is critical for the accumulation of lipid droplets and pollen longevity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Fei , Han Xiao , Guan Huan , Xu Mei Chen , Dong Yu Xiu , Gao Xin‐Qi
Published: March 2022

Pollen longevity is critical for plant pollination and hybrid seed production, but few studies have focused on pollen longevity.

In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis thaliana gene, Protein associated with lipid droplets (PALD), which is strongly expressed in pollen and critical for the regulation of pollen longevity.

PALD was expressed specifically in mature pollen grains and the pollen tube, and its expression was upregulated under dry conditions. PALD encoded a lipid droplet (LD)‐associated protein and its N terminus was critical for the LD localization of PALD. The number of LDs and diameter were reduced in pollen grains of the loss‐of‐function PALD mutants. The viability and germination of the mature pollen grains of the pald mutants were comparable with those of the wild‐type, but after the pollen grains were stored under dry conditions, pollen germination and male transmission of the mutant were compromised compared with those of the wild‐type.

Our study suggests that PALD was required for the maintenance of LD quality in mature pollen grains and regulation of pollen longevity.
Perception as controlled hallucination
Authors: Tiehen Justin
Published: March 2022

“Perception is controlled hallucination,” according to proponents of predictive processing accounts of vision. I say they are right that something like this is a consequence of their view but wrong in how they have pursued the idea. The focus of my counterproposal is the causal theory of perception, which I develop in terms of a productive concept of causation. Cases of what otherwise seem like successful perception are instead mere veridical hallucination if predictive processing accounts are correct, I argue, because of the role played within such accounts by absences, which cannot enter into productive causal relations. I offer two arguments in support of the productive theory of perception. The first is loosely Kantian, focusing on the role that receptivity and spontaneity play in perception. The second focuses on what perception and hallucination have in common. I conclude with a series of objections and replies.
Translating scholars: Theorizing modern South Asian ‘Ulama’ studies
Authors: Mian Ali Altaf
Published: March 2022

We are witnessing an exciting renaissance in scholarship on modern South Asian Muslim religious scholars (‘ulama’). This article examines how this new scholarship repositions earlier academic conversations in distinctive ways to make several signal moves: (a) centering the political (particularly the theme of sovereignty); (b) complexifying the study of religious authority by attention to textuality, embodiment, and internal criticism; and finally (c) taking the transnational turn and tracing ‘ulama’ communities in the South Asian diaspora. The article also considers the public scholarship of three academics who have begun asking the question: What are the ethics and politics of translating ‘ulama’ life‐worlds beyond the etic‐emic and secular‐religious frameworks?
Make It Till You Break It: Toward a Typology of De‐Commemoration
Authors: Adams Tracy , Guttel‐Klein Yinon
Published: March 2022

Challenging traditional understandings of the past, the toppling of statues of prominent historical figures highlights the ongoing negotiation of collectives with their pasts and the importance of commemoration practices in meaning‐making processes. In Israel, this phenomenon is complex and nuanced, despite its appearance as a lack of concern with revisiting the past. Accordingly, this research examines current practices of de‐commemoration in Israel as a unique tool of social and political protest. Drawing upon qualitative and multimethod studies that combine text analysis, in‐depth interviews, participant observations, and archival work, we suggest a hierarchical typology of de‐commemoration—desecration, reframing, and planned obsolescence—establishing how each practice renegotiates with the present through alteration of the form of commemorated material. Questioning previous understanding regarding the prominence of the past, and building on the unique Israeli case, analysis demonstrates how practices of de‐commemoration are influenced by the transnational climate of change, consciously adhering to the need to realign commemorated pasts in line with the conflicts of the present. Commemoration and de‐commemoration thus complement and build on one another, constituting the civil religion of any given collective. Contributing to current discussions regarding the normative attributions of collective memory, we show how nothing is set in stone.
Replacing Sedentary Behavior With Physical Activity of Different Intensities: Implications for Physical Function, Muscle Function, and Disability in Octogenarians Living in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: del Pozo-Cruz Jesus , Irazusta Jon , Rodriguez-Larrad Ana , Alfonso-Rosa Rosa M. , Álvarez-Barbosa Francisco , Raimundo Armando , Ferreira Soraia , Rezola-Pardo Chloe , del Pozo Cruz Borja
Published: March 2022

Background: We investigated the associations of replacing sedentary behavior (SB) with physical activity of different intensities on the physical function of octogenarians living in long-term care facilities. Methods: This pooled study recruited 427 older adults aged 80 years and older (69.1% female; body mass index: 27.53). For 345 participants who provided valid data, we assessed device-measured time spent in SB, light-intensity physical activity (LIPA), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). We assessed lower limb physical function, strength, mobility, and disability. We used compositional data analysis to investigate the associations of replacing SB with physical activity on the outcomes. Results: Reallocation of SB to LIPA and MVPA was associated with a higher number of 30-second Chair Stand cycles (LIPA: +0.21, MVPA: +1.81; P < .001), greater peak force (LIPA: +11.96 N, MVPA: +27.68 N; P < .001), peak power (LIPA: +35.82 W, MVPA: +92.73 W; P < .001), peak velocity (LIPA: +0.03 m/s, MVPA: +0.12 m/s; P < .001), higher levels of grip strength (LIPA: +0.68 kg, MVPA: +2.49 kg; P < .001), and less time in the Time Up and Go (LIPA: −7.63 s, MVPA: −12.43 s; P < .001). Conclusions: Replacing SB with LIPA or MVPA is associated with physical function and disability of older adults living in long-term care facilities.
A 2-Year Evaluation of Professional Development Workshops Focused on Physical Education and School Physical Activity
Authors: Dauenhauer Brian , Krause Jennifer M. , Cox Dannon G. , Hodgin Katie L. , McMullen Jaimie , Carson Russell L.
Published: March 2022

Purpose: This study evaluated the impact of 1-day workshops on teachers’ knowledge, practices, and dispositions using known characteristics of quality professional development and Guskey’s five levels of professional development evaluation. Method: Eight workshops were evaluated over a 2-year period using pre/post surveys, end-of-workshop surveys, observations, interviews, and artifacts. Results: Participants reported high levels of satisfaction and trainer effectiveness scores at the end of workshops. Statistical analyses revealed improvements in four of six outcome variables 4 weeks after workshop completion: self-reported knowledge, utilization of implementation strategies, presence of a community of continued learning, and teacher efficacy. Qualitative data corroborated these results but offered mixed evidence of teacher implementation and improved student outcomes. Discussion/Conclusion: Findings confirm that 1-day workshops aligned with characteristics of quality professional development are highly valued by participants and can improve teachers’ knowledge and efficacy, but teacher practice and student learning may be more difficult to influence and document.
Sec-Dependent Secretion of Subtilase SptE in
Haloarchaea
Facilitates Its Proper Folding and Heterocatalytic Processing by Halolysin SptA Extracellularly
Authors: Mei Sha , Li Moran , Sun Yiqi , Deng Xi , Chen Nifan , Liu Yang , Yin Jing , Luo Hongyi , Wu Yi , He Dan , Gan Fei , Tang Bing , Tang Xiao-Feng
Published: March 2022

While Tat-dependent haloarchaeal subtilases (halolysins) have been extensively studied, the information about Sec-dependent subtilases of haloarchaea is limited. Our results demonstrate that proper maturation of Sec-dependent subtilase SptE of
Natrinema
sp. strain J7-2 depends on the action of halolysin SptA from the same strain, yielding multiple hetero- and autocatalytic mature forms.
The Usefulness of Antigen Testing in Predicting Contagiousness in COVID-19
Authors: Lopera Tulio J. , Alzate-Ángel Juan Carlos , Díaz Francisco J. , Rugeles María T. , Aguilar-Jiménez Wbeimar
Published: March 2022

The importance of our results is the excellent agreement between the Standard Q COVID-19 antigen test and the viral culture, indicating that it is important as a marker of contagiousness. Due to its high positive predictive value in situations of a high prevalence of infection, positive results do not require confirmation with another test.
Gravity field aspects for identification of cosmic impact structures on Earth
Authors: Klokočník* Jaroslav , Bezděk* Aleš , Kostelecký* Jan
Published: March 2022

We studied the following proven as well as hypothetical impact craters (among others), and some of the relevant results are reviewed in this chapter: (1) a hypothetical impact structure in Saginaw Bay, Great Lakes, Michigan; (2) a putative impact crater basin under the ice of Antarctica in Wilkes Land; (3) two recently discovered subglacial impact craters in Greenland; (4) a possible huge impact crater in Kotuykanskaya in a remote area of Siberia near the proven impact crater Popigai; and (5) a hypothetical impact object Burckle on the bottom of the Indian Ocean. They were tested using the gravity data derived from the recent gravity field model EIGEN 6C4 (with ground resolution of ~9 km). Our method is novel; we introduce gravity aspects (descriptors) to augment traditional gravity anomalies. The following gravity aspects were used: (a) gravity disturbances/anomalies, (b) second derivatives of the disturbing potential (the Marussi tensor), (c) two of three gravity invariants, (d) their specific ratio (known as 2D factor), (e) strike angles, and (f) virtual deformations. These gravity aspects are sensitive in various ways to the underground density contrasts. They describe the underground structures (not only the craters) more carefully and in more detail than the traditional gravity anomalies could do alone. Our results support geological evidence of the impact craters found by others in many cases or suggest new impact places for further study.
The Buckskin-Rawhide and northern Plomosa Mountains metamorphic core complexes, west-central Arizona, USA
Authors: Singleton* John S. , Seymour Nikki M. , Strickland Evan D.
Published: March 2022

The Buckskin-Rawhide and northern Plomosa Mountains in west-central Arizona are metamorphic core complexes that record NE-directed, large-magnitude extension in the early to middle Miocene. Both core complexes consist of mylonites exposed in the footwall of corrugated, low-angle detachment faults. The Late Cretaceous Orocopia Schist and early Miocene intrusions dominate the mylonitic footwall of the northern Plomosa Mountains. The Orocopia Schist was emplaced during low-angle subduction of the Farallon plate and exhibits the hallmarks of the underplated Laramide subduction complexes, including blocks of metasomatized peridotite encased in quartzofeldspathic schist. In the Buckskin-Rawhide Mountains, carbonate-rich metasedimentary rocks that were buried to midcrustal depths by Mesozoic thrust faults preferentially absorbed Miocene footwall strain and localized the Buckskin detachment fault. A correlation between distinct granodiorite in the footwall of the Buckskin detachment fault in the eastern Bouse Hills and a hanging-wall conglomerate sourced from this granodiorite provides constraints on middle Miocene displacement across the detachment fault and indicates that displacement increased northeastward in the slip direction. The termination of slip on the Buckskin detachment fault also younged northeastward, largely ending by ca. 19 Ma in the western Bouse Hills and ca. 17 Ma in the westernmost Buckskin Mountains, but continuing to <16 Ma in the southern Buckskin Mountains and to ca. 12 Ma in the eastern Buckskin Mountains. Late stages of slip on the detachment fault record minor NW-SE shortening during amplification of corrugation folds. Postdetachment faulting across the region was dominated by dextral and oblique-dextral slip on NW-striking faults influenced by the Pacific–North America plate boundary. Locations visited on this three-day field trip highlight the structural evolution of these metamorphic core complexes.
Coronary microvascular disease: coronary flow reserve and the complementary role of positron emission tomography and angiography
Authors: Aun Jonathan A , Hulten Edward , Saad Elie
Published: March 2022

We present the case of a woman in her 30s with chronic residual chest pain accompanied by dyspnoea on exertion despite multiple evaluations and cardiac testing over a period of nearly 14 years. Ultimately, she underwent N-13 Ammonia positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging, which demonstrated mild three-vessel microvascular disease. Coronary microvascular disease (CMD) plays a major role in determining myocardial ischaemia in many cardiovascular conditions. The diagnosis relies on indirect measurement of coronary flow reserve (CFR), which may be evaluated both invasively and non-invasively. Assessing CFR not only allows for successful diagnosis of CMD but holds powerful prognostic value for cardiovascular mortality. PET myocardial perfusion imaging is a complementary tool to coronary angiography to achieve diagnosis in a non-invasive, highly accurate and reproducible manner.
Superior gluteal artery perforator flap salvaged via hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Authors: Park Sean K , Schank Kyle J , Engwall-Gill Abigail , Clarkson James H W
Published: March 2022

The superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flap can be challenging and in common with all flaps can develop venous and arterial insufficiency. Several prior studies have demonstrated the successful utility of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in the salvage of compromised flaps, mainly with deep inferior epigastric perforator, latissimus dorsi or transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps. SGAP flaps are autologous alternatives to abdominal-based flaps and provides adequate adipose tissue for breast reconstruction. We report a case of a woman in her 50s who underwent a delayed bilateral breast reconstruction using SGAP free flaps. Postoperatively, venous congestion of her right breast flap was noted for which she was referred for HBOT. An acceptable aesthetic result was achieved following 17 HBOT treatments. This is the first case we can find in the published literature of ischaemic SGAP free flap being salvaged by HBOT.