bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online Games Preservation
Authors: Newman James
Published: February 2015

Game preservation is an emerging field of scholarship and practice that is concerned with the long‐term availability and documentation of digital games. The discipline tackles issues as diverse as material conservation to stabilize hardware and data forensics to retrieve code from damaged or obsolete storage formats. The dominant strategy for insuring access to digital games currently is emulation but this raises significant questions about the authenticity of reproduction as well as a host of legal challenges that arise from the copying of read‐only memories (ROMs) and circumvention of technical measures of protection such asDRM(digital rights management) systems. Documentary strategies focus on gathering contextual materials and capturing players' performances rather than preserving games in playable form. Online games further complicate preservation efforts with their technically complex client–server architectures and authentication systems, and gameplay that may comprise intricate, emergent, and massively multiplayer social interaction that is difficult to replicate or record.
Alternate Reality Games
Authors: Bakioğlu Burcu S.
Published: February 2015

Alternate reality gaming is an emerging game genre that blurs the lines between reality and fiction by conveying a hybrid gaming experience through online and offline mechanisms. Primarily developed from and for the internet, these games blend online and offline gameplay in such a way as to create playing fields in everyday spaces. Accordingly, they are considered to be a form of pervasive play. The genre is famous for its mantra “This is not a game.”
Online Games and Racism, Sexism, and Homophobia
Authors: Higgin Tanner
Published: February 2015

Organized as a rough chronology, this entry covers the topics of racism, sexism, and homophobia within online games, starting with multi‐user dungeons (MUDs) in the 1990s and moving through to the contemporaneous indie games movement with a predominant Western focus. This issue is framed as a political and discursive struggle between the dominant culture and the diversification of a medium designed, in many ways, as a bastion of normative White masculine heteronormativity in the face of eroding and indeterminate identity at the interface. Key topics include experimentation with and freedom from identity, stereotypes and intentional design, griefing (abusive game behavior) and trolling as discursive policing, and progressive game design.
ICT4Dande‐Business
Authors: Carmody Pádraig
Published: February 2015

There are extensive literatures on ICT4D and e‐business. They have been treated as substantially different fields as the former is often multistakeholder led, with prominent roles for the public and nonprofit sectors, while e‐business is primarily for profit and, consequently, led by the private sector. This entry explores different forms of e‐business and examines points of overlap with ICT4D. It concludes that ICT4D projects that support e‐business may have a greater chance of success than standalone ones.
Online Games, Player Experiences in
Authors: Reich Sabine , Vorderer Peter
Published: February 2015

The systematic description and explanation of people spending time with video (or computer) games is a relatively new topic for communication research. Theories, models, concepts, and the theoretical constructs that have been used in order to describe and explain these player experiences are not entirely new. They have been developed in different areas of psychology and communication and have only now been applied to playing online games. This entry systematizes player experiences along a list of well‐established constructs such as arousal, suspense, identification, flow, presence, involvement and immersion, and enjoyment, as well as in relation to the three motivations conceptualized in self‐determination theory.
Online Games and Counterplay
Authors: de Peuter Greig
Published: February 2015

The concept of counterplay posits that video games are a site of struggle. It designates a range of activities that challenge, subvert, or exceed the dominant representational, algorithmic, and commercial practices of digital games. In this entry, three subsets of counterplay are highlighted: (1) playing against the grain, encompassing quotidian resistant practices within and against normalizing features of an individual game; (2) interventions through which gamers use an existing game as a platform for online protest and otherwise disrupt ludic conventions by toying with the rules, code, or design of a mainstream game; and (3) tactical games, which are activist oriented standalone games that experiment with nontraditional game themes, mechanics, and applications, and tend to openly support political causes, expose injustice, and promote social change. Counterplay is a promising site of experimentation in alternative design values and cultures of productionvis‐à‐visprevailing game industry practices.
Impression Management in Social Media
Authors: Picone Ike
Published: February 2015

Self‐presentation, self‐representation, self‐expression, self‐publication, self‐promotion, self‐marketing, etc. are notions with distinct characteristics, stemming from different research traditions. Nonetheless they are often used interchangeably to describe our online presence and impression management. Although distinct, these concepts share a common theoretical basis, namely the “dramaturgical metaphor” proposed by Erving Goffman.
Transmedia
Authors: Ibrus Indrek
Published: February 2015

“Transmedia” is a term that emerged in the first decade of twenty‐first century to denote the strategies and practices of global media industries to develop content and tell stories across multiple media, including the digital platforms that enable new forms of interaction and audience participation. This entry discusses the rationales and implications of transmedia emergence from multiple disciplinary perspectives, including narratology and semiotic textual analysis, media economics and management studies, as well as audience and fan culture studies. Informed by empirical studies into transmedia production and consumption, the entry gives an overview of the evolution of transmedia practices, together with the reflective metadiscourses, policies and other codification practices.
Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (
MMORPG
s)
Authors: Lin Holin , Sun Chuen‐Tsai
Published: February 2015

Massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs) constitute a relatively recent game genre that contains elements from a variety of past game genres. While character development is still a central feature, MMORPGs are not just online extensions of console or personal computer role playing games. Instead, they offer vivid online worlds through which players share aspects of their daily lives while engaging in game activities. After reviewing the historical development of representative MMORPGs, this entry explains how they operate on a daily basis and on an international scale, their core gaming activities among players and between game systems and players, and how players build social lives around gameplay, thereby establishing a unique virtual world game culture.
e‐Commerce Recommender Systems
Authors: Boehmer Jan , Jung Yumi , Wash Rick
Published: February 2015

Recommender systems are a vital part of the way today's information society deals with information overload. Recommender systems help e‐commerce retailers to choose items to display based on customers' preferences, help users personalize search, and help streaming services create customized playlists. This entry describes multiple kinds of recommender systems and how they work. It also explains their historical and intellectual context, shows how they might affect users, and discusses current challenges.
Online Games and Digital Ethnography
Authors: Chee Florence M.
Published: February 2015

This entry provides an overview of the dynamic research area of games and digital ethnography. It reviews key theoretical and praxis oriented research concerning the application of an ethnographic toolset in order to elucidate social and cultural meaning‐making practices of those involved with games. The entry title contains two concepts, which are themselves subject to much dissection in an attempt to define: (1) online games and (2) digital ethnography. The objective of this entry is to give the reader a reasonable idea of the core conceptual underpinnings of the various ways these two concepts have been defined as they have been enacted together. That is, the conducting of digital ethnography in and around the context of games as a site of inquiry.
Online Behavior and Marketing, Monitoring of
Authors: Li Hairong , Huang Guanxiong
Published: February 2015

Synthesizing the multidisciplinary literature, this entry describes the advances in monitoring online consumers and marketing, including the processes of digital tracking, the characteristics of digital tracking data, and the applications of such data for communication research purposes. For future research, the entry calls for new ways to access proprietary digital tracking data and more studies on user privacy protection.
Online Games Characters, Avatars, and Identity
Authors: Looy Jan Van
Published: February 2015

Digital games play an important role in identity construction by offering role models with whom players can identify and whose behavior they can imitate. Unlike traditional media, digital games support monadic identification implying a change in self‐perception during gameplay. Two mechanisms underlie this mental association: perceived similarity and wishfulness, which is driven by the player's desire to be more like their avatar. According to self‐discrepancy theory, identifying with a game character helps a player to feel closer to his or her ideal self and to reduce negative psychological tension. Games function as a virtual laboratory in which players can experiment with different aspects of their selves. Avatar creation can be guided by identity motives or instrumental concerns related to performance in the game. Identification with online groups such as guilds provides an additional motivational layer for engaging in identity play and developing an in‐game social identity.
Online Games, Casual
Authors: Kultima Annakaisa
Published: February 2015

This entry discusses the phenomenon of casual games as a “casual turn” that has had considerable impact on digital game cultures and the game industry. An overview of the common examples of games and game genres is provided, together with a consideration of the perspectives of the audience and potential of these games. Eventually, the phenomenon is separated from the more narrow view of casual games as a game industry sector.
Social Media, Mining and Profiling in
Authors: Hu Xia , Liu Huan
Published: February 2015

The phenomenal rise of social media services in recent years presents new opportunities and challenges to both information consumers and service providers. With its growing popularity, social media has the potential to mine actionable patterns from a large amount of data to understand user behavior and to meet users' information needs. Profiling has the potential to better describe users and their relationships in social media. This entry introduces data mining and profiling in social media and discusses the characteristics of social media data in the context of research that is being undertaken in this area.
Social Media and Apps
Authors: den Bosch Wouter Van
Published: February 2015

“Apps” is an abbreviation for software applications developed specifically for use on mobile devices. The market for apps has grown exponentially over the last few years, sustained by rapid changes in hardware and software development methods and the marketing strategies of leading companies. This entry explains the association between mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets and the role of apps in the development of innovative products that are associated with social media platforms and services.
ICT4Dand Participatory Design
Authors: Dearden Andy , Haider Rizvi S. M.
Published: February 2015

Participatory interventions and research in social development have long been established as effective approaches for ensuring development for the poor and marginalized at the grassroots. Participation focuses on empowering communities, target groups, or beneficiaries by providing “space” in decision‐making for planning, execution, and evaluation of impacts of programs and schemes. The importance of participation is also realized in technology designing by adopting approaches that are more interactive and agile. Implementing effective participation in information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) requires careful attention to the nature and processes of participation and its human and relational dimensions.
ICT4D
, Regulation and Strategy
Authors: Gillwald Alison
Published: February 2015

This entry provides an overview of telecom reform, starting with the first round which saw the privatization of fixed line incumbents, the liberalization of the mobile market, and the establishment of national regulatory authorities. It tracks what can be regarded as a second round of reform compelled by the public availability of the internet and the convergence of traditionally distinct broadcasting platforms requiring, ultimately, in the current phase of regulatory reform, the regulation of an integrated networks, services, and content value chain – or broadband. This is done from a global South point of view in terms of the common challenges faced in countries with low penetration rates, less mature, generally less competitive markets, facing institutional capacity challenges, limited network extension, and high build‐out costs and with low national incomes.
Law and Technology
Authors: Marsden Christopher T.
Published: February 2015

This entry explains why technology and network architecture are the subjects of law and regulation, can have law‐like effects on society, and can be used as tools of the law. It includes historical examples from the predigital world to heighten appreciation of the difference the transition from analog to digital has made in this domain. The examples are technical standards for encryption and peer to peer (P2P) technologies, deep packet inspection (DPI) as an element of the traffic management/net neutrality debate, computer security and content censorship as issues that illustrate the relationship between technical issues and other regulatory matters (including digital rights management – DRM), and emerging legal issues. It discusses the various approaches taken by governments around the world, with examples of specific legal, regulatory, or policy approaches or tools from the US, the UK, and Europe. These areas are chosen as the most sophisticated and formally democratically accountable regions, whose lessons generally apply to other regions of the world.
Internet Governance
Authors: Laprise John , Musiani Francesca
Published: February 2015

Variously defined, the label “internet governance” refers to a wide variety of interactions between governments, the private sector, the technical community, and civil society as they pursue courses of action to develop, enhance, and regulate the internet. However, these groups and their members have distinct and sometimes opposing views and goals. Moreover, they have a varying degree of power depending upon particular circumstances and issues. Internet governance is also shaped by historical path dependencies forged during its creation in the United States under the guidance of the US Department of Defense, its subsequent development under US government stewardship, and its privatization and internationalization. Today, this complex scenario serves as the foundation for the global discussions, controversies, and infrastructure based “conflicts” among a vast array of stakeholders, with a variety of instruments at their disposal to shape the internet according to different agendas.
Social Media and Social Capital
Authors: Lampe Cliff
Published: February 2015

Social capital refers to the benefits that people receive through their connections to others in their social network. Various theorists have described the concepts of social capital in different ways, but the common denominator is that people are able to access a variety of resources through their relationships to others, and the nature of these resources depends to some extent on the type of relationship being accessed. Recently, researchers of computer mediated communication more generally and social media, in particular, have identified affordances of online social systems that may facilitate the relationship formation and maintenance activities that lead to social capital generation.
ICTand Gender
Authors: Buskens Ineke
Published: February 2015

This entry concerns the relationship between gender and information and communication technology (ICT) in the context of and for the purpose of development. After a brief discussion of gender concepts and a short historical overview of the field, the main research issues and questions are presented. Researchers' perspectives on the information society, their understanding of development, and their intentionalities toward the outcomes of their research define research orientation and design. Since project evaluation and researcher collaboration require acknowledgment of this diversity, this entry discusses these aspects. All stakeholders (researchers, research participants, and donors) are socialized in cultural environments that are grounded in gender inequality and, therefore, sexism in gender and ICT4D (ICT for development) research and the remedies to overcome it are also discussed, suggesting that striving for research quality and the imperative to overcome gender inequality in and through ICT4D projects requires nothing less than a commitment on the part of all stakeholders to become gender aware.
Internet Telephony
Authors: Bauer Johannes M. , Koning Kendall
Published: February 2015

This entry describes the provisioning of voice services using the internet. Often integrated with other multimedia services such as messaging, video, and document sharing, internet telephony offers a media‐rich environment of communication. The entry describes uses and effects, the political economy of internet telephony, and governance issues.
ICT4Dand Political Participation
Authors: Gurumurthy Anita , Chami Nandini
Published: February 2015

This entry discusses two approaches in contemporary scholarship to the study of the relationship between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and political participation: (1) sociopolitical changes associated with the impact of mediated electoral participation, participatory governance, and direct action, and (2) the impact of encounters between new forms of mediation and the social structures and cultural norms in the public sphere, rights, and the implications for citizenship in an increasingly informatized world.
Individualized Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Helfert SM , Reimer M , Höper J , Baron R
Published: February 2015

Patients with the same disease may suffer from completely different pain symptoms yet receive the same drug treatment. Several studies elucidate neuropathic pain and treatment response in human surrogate pain models. They show promising results toward a patient stratification according to the mechanisms underlying the pain, as reflected in their symptoms. Several promising new drugs produced negative study results in clinical phase III trials. However, retrospective analysis of treatment response based on baseline pain phenotyping could demonstrate positive results for certain subgroups of patients. Thus, a prospective classification of patients according to pain phenotype may play an increasingly important role in personalized treatment of neuropathic pain states. A recent prospective study using stratification based on pain‐related sensory abnormalities confirmed the concept of personalized pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain.
Systems Pharmacology Augments Drug Safety Surveillance
Authors: Lorberbaum T , Nasir M , Keiser MJ , Vilar S , Hripcsak G , Tatonetti NP
Published: February 2015

Small molecule drugs are the foundation of modern medical practice, yet their use is limited by the onset of unexpected and severe adverse events (AEs). Regulatory agencies rely on postmarketing surveillance to monitor safety once drugs are approved for clinical use. Despite advances in pharmacovigilance methods that address issues of confounding bias, clinical data of AEs are inherently noisy. Systems pharmacology—the integration of systems biology and chemical genomics—can illuminate drug mechanisms of action. We hypothesize that these data can improve drug safety surveillance by highlighting drugs with a mechanistic connection to the target phenotype (enriching true positives) and filtering those that do not (depleting false positives). We present an algorithm, the modular assembly of drug safety subnetworks (MADSS), to combine systems pharmacology and pharmacovigilance data and significantly improve drug safety monitoring for four clinically relevant adverse drug reactions.
Inhibition of Antiplatelet Effects of Aspirin by Nonopioid Analgesics
Authors: Hohlfeld T , Schrör K
Published: February 2015

In patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting, we noticed that low‐dose aspirin failed to inhibit platelet aggregation, potentially elevating the risk of thrombotic bypass occlusion. This “high on‐treatment platelet reactivity” was reproducible in vitro and could be transferred with patient plasma or urine to aspirin‐sensitive donor platelets, suggesting a drug/drug interaction. Loss of aspirin efficacy was associated with analgesia by dipyrone (metamizol) and initiated further study of the interaction between aspirin and other nonopioid analgesics.
Predicting Drug–Drug Interactions Involving Multiple Mechanisms Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling: A Case Study With Ruxolitinib
Authors: Shi JG , Fraczkiewicz G , Williams WV , Yeleswaram S
Published: February 2015

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to characterize the potential drug–drug interactions for ruxolitinib. A ruxolitinib physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was constructed using all baseline PK data in healthy subjects, and verified by retrospective predictions of observed drug–drug interactions with rifampin (a potent CYP3A4 inducer), ketoconazole (a potent CYP3A4 reversible inhibitor) and erythromycin (a moderate time‐dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4). The model prospectively predicts that 100–200 mg daily dose of fluconazole, a dual inhibitor of CYP3A4 and 2C9, would increase ruxolitinib plasma concentration area under the curve by ∼two‐fold, and that as a perpetrator, ruxolitinib is highly unlikely to have any discernible effect on digoxin, a sensitive P‐glycoprotein substrate. The analysis described here illustrates the capability of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict drug–drug interactions involving several commonly encountered interaction mechanisms and makes the case for routine use of model‐based prediction for clinical drug–drug interactions. A model verification checklist was explored to harmonize the methodology and use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Nocebo vs. Placebo: The Challenges of Trial Design in Analgesia Research
Authors: Vase L , Amanzio M , Price DD
Published: February 2015

The placebo effect in randomized clinical trials appears to have increased thereby contributing to problems of demonstrating statistically reliable effects of treatments that directly target biological mechanisms. The shortcomings of randomized clinical trials are currently discussed along with potential improvements of trial designs. In this review we explain how utilizing knowledge from the placebo and nocebo mechanisms literature could improve the information that can be obtained from randomized clinical trials. We present three major challenges in randomized clinical trials: (i) increasing placebo effects, (ii) variability of the placebo effect, and (iii) risk of un‐blinding. We then explain how recent placebo and nocebo studies of effects of verbal suggestion, expectancy, and emotions may improve understanding and discussion of increasing placebo effects, account/control for large parts of the variability of placebo effects, and suggest ways to improve blinding in future trials.
Targeting Leukocyte Trafficking for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Arseneau KO , Cominelli F
Published: February 2015

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune‐mediated inflammatory disease of the intestine that includes both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and afflicts nearly 1 million people throughout North America. As our understanding of IBD pathogenesis grows, several new therapies have been developed that use monoclonal antibodies to specifically target key mediators and biological pathways implicated in IBD immune dysfunction. One important pathway involves leukocyte trafficking and infiltration into the affected intestinal tissues. This review provides a summary of the different therapies that have been developed to inhibit leukocyte trafficking to the inflamed gut, and evaluates the relative safety and efficacy of these novel drugs within the context of existing medical therapies for IBD.
Advances, Nuances, and Potential Pitfalls When Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of RNA Interference
Authors: Battistella M , Marsden PA
Published: February 2015

The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) holds the potential to alter the paradigm of medical therapeutics. With the ability to selectively silence the function of a gene, RNAi not only provides an indispensable research tool for determining the function of a gene, but also offers potential for the development of novel therapeutics that will inhibit specific genes involved in disease. New concepts in therapeutics have been uncovered through the study of RNAi. Nuances have emerged. For instance, global RNAi pathways can be affected by somatic mutations in cancer and cellular stress, such as hypoxia. Also, viral gene therapy can have unexpected effects on endogenous short noncoding RNA pathways. Therefore, it is important to understand where RNAi therapeutics enter the processing pathways. We highlight the evolving use of RNAi as a new class of therapeutics, such as for amyloidosis, and address some of the anticipated challenges associated with its clinical application.
The Impact of Preclinical Irreproducibility on Drug Development
Authors: Freedman LP , Gibson MC
Published: February 2015

The development of novel therapeutics depends and builds upon the validity and reproducibility of previously published data and findings. Yet irreproducibility is pervasive in preclinical life science research and can be traced to cumulative errors or flaws in several areas, including reference materials, study design, laboratory protocols, and data collection and analysis. The expanded development and use of consensus‐based standards and well‐documented best practices is needed to both enhance reproducibility and drive therapeutic innovations.
A proposal for the restructuring of the Eurocode EN 1996‐1‐1 / Ein Vorschlag zur Neustrukturierung des Eurocode EN 1996‐1‐1
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

In this article an attempt is made to simplify the application of EC 6 by a strict and clear division of the EC 6 into calculation, execution and materials. The calculation engineer does not, therefore, need to get involved with building materials specific parameters, which make it much more difficult to get a view over the variety of possible combinations. The introduction of classes in the characteristics that are relevant for building materials means that the structural engineer specifies suitable quantities necessary for his task, the builder/product manufacturer by suitable methods and choice of unit/mortar combinations achieves the required classes and, the product manufacturer, in particular, should be entitled to have the possibility of the individual specification, e. g. as part of general appraisal certificates.
The First Total Synthesis of Sophoflavescenol, Flavenochromane C, and Citrusinol
Authors: Nguyen Van‐Son , Dong Lin‐Pei , Wang Sheng‐Chun , Wang Qiuan
Published: February 2015

The first total syntheses of sophoflavescenol (1), flavenochromane C (2), and citrusinol (3) were achieved. These three naturally occurring prenylated or prenyl‐cyclized flavonoids have important biological activities such as cytotoxicity against some cancer cell lines, or are lead compounds for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Starting from 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone and substituted benzaldehydes, the synthesis involved methoxymethyl protection, aldol condensation, cyclization, oxidation with dimethyldioxirane, O‐prenylation, microwave‐assisted Claisen rearrangement, deprotection, cyclization of the prenyl group, and dehydrogenation with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone. The overall yields of 1, 2, and 3 were 23, 17, and 16 %, respectively. All compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and MS. The key step of the synthetic route was a regioselective microwave‐assisted Claisen rearrangement to form an 8‐prenylated flavonoid from a 5‐O‐prenylflavonoid.
Review
Authors: Clark Ross
Published: February 2015

Queensland Canefields English of the Late Nineteenth Century. By Tom Dutton. Pacific Linguistics, Series D, No. 29. Canberra, Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. 1980. Pp. xiii + 147. Price: $A6.50.
Review
Authors: Alexander Paul
Published: February 2015

Urban Food Marketing and Third World World Rural Development. By T. S. Epstein. Croom Helm, London. 1982. Pp. 260. Price £13.95.
Review
Authors: Yengoyan Aram
Published: February 2015

The Aboriginal Population of Australia. By L. R. Smith. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1980. Pp. xx, 314, Tables, Figures, Bibliography, Indexes. Price: $9.50 (paperback).
REVIEW
Authors: Macintyre Martha
Published: February 2015

Melanesians and Missionaries. By Darrell Whiteman. Pasadena CA: William Carey Library. Pp. xviii + 541. Price: $US 15.95.
REVIEW
Authors: Gewertz Deborah
Published: February 2015

Gender and Social Life. Edited by Anna Yeatman. Special Issue No. 15, Social Analysis. Adelaide: University of Adelaide. 1984. Pp. 102. Price $A13.50.
REVIEW
Authors: Bulbeck F. David
Published: February 2015

Out of Asia: Peopling the Americas and the Pacific. Edited by R.L. Kirk and Emöke Szathmary. Canberra: The Journal of Pacific History Inc., Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University 1985. Pp. xiii +226. Price $A18.50.
WOMEN'S WORK: A CASE STUDY OF PROLETARIANIZATION OF PERI‐URBAN VILLAGERS IN VANUATU
Authors: Philibert Jean‐Marc
Published: February 2015

This study focuses on peri‐urban women in Vanuatu from 1972 to 1983 in order to measure the impact of a greater participation of women in the labour market, an increase in the number of consensual unions in the village, and the changing pattern of female migration. Not unexpectedly, these result in a loosening of ties between some villagers and village land. What matters even more is that such a loss of land rights endangers the ideological reproduction of this hybrid sociological form in Melanesia. In effect, peri‐urban villagers walk an ideological tightrope. What remains of their subsistence economy generates a corporate ideology under the form of discourses on the virtue of communality, and this is what distinguishes and preserves the village social field from that of the town. A loss of land rights may well lead to a questioning of communality and a realization of the hegemonic nature of the ideology of social undifferentiation.
GOD, CAESAR AND MAMMON AT CORONATION HILL
Authors: Maddock Kenneth
Published: February 2015

Australia is on the brink of a recession, and we have platinum, palladium and 350,000 ozs of gold locked up in Coronation Hill but we cannot go ahead and mine it because, all of a sudden, it has become a sacred site. It was not a sacred site fifty years ago.

Barry Coulter, Treasurer of the Northern Territory, 27/8/86
REVIEW
Authors: Brady Maggie
Published: February 2015

Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthropology. Edited by Mary Douglas Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. 1987. Pp.ix + 291.
REVIEW
Authors: Weiner James F.
Published: February 2015

Anthropology in the High Valleys: Essays on the New Guinea Highlands in Honour of Kenneth E. Read. Edited by L.L. Langness and Terrence E. Hays. Novato, California: Chandler and Sharp. 1987. Pp. ix + 392. Price: US$ 24.95.
REVIEWS
Authors: Kulick Don
Published: February 2015

Disentangling: Conflict Discourse in Pacific Societies. By Geoffrey M. White and Karen Ann Watson‐Gegeo (eds). Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1990. Pp. xiii +505. Price US$47.50.
The Impossible Aesthetic: the Abelam, the Moa Bird and Me
Authors: Losche Diane
Published: February 2015

This paper explores the ramifications of encounters which two Abelam men and the author had in the Australian Museum and Taronga Zoo in Sydney, 1982. Rather than place a ready‐made analytic framework on the men's experiences and rather than removing myself from the frame, as is usual in much anthropological analysis, I have chosen to explore the effects of these experiences on my own imagination. In the latter part of the paper I explore the way in which the imaginative entanglement of the Zoo and Museum experiences with my own memories has acted as a path of clues. This path has led to the development of the notion of sign which includes the idea of efficaciousness and transformation.
REVIEW
Authors: Thomas Nicholas
Published: February 2015

Aboriginal Artists of the Nineteenth Century. By Andrew Sayers. Melbourne: Oxford University Press 1994. pp. xiv + 162. $65.
Review
Authors: Helliwell Christine
Published: February 2015

The Peoples of Borneo. By Victor T. King. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1993. Pp. xii +339
Review
Authors: Mullins Steve
Published: February 2015

Quite a Colony: South Sea Islanders in Central Queensland 1867 to 1993. By Carol Gistitin. London, AEBIS Publishing, 1995. Pp. VII + 122. Price: $16.95
Review
Authors: Hinton Peter
Published: February 2015

The Khmers. By Ian Mabbett and David Chandler. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995. Pp. xii + 289. Price: A$49.95.
Review
Authors: Manderson Lenore
Published: February 2015

Taboo: Sex, identity and erotic subjectivity in anthropological fieldwork. Edited by Don Kulick and Margaret Willson. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Pp. xvi + 283.
Review
Authors: Robinson Kathryn
Published: February 2015

Telling Lives. Telling History. Autobiography and Historical Imagination in Modern Indonesia. Edited by Susan Rogers. University of California Press 1995. Pp xiii + 333.
Review
Authors: Craig Barry
Published: February 2015

Etsjopok avenging the ancestors. The Asmat bisj poles and a proposal for a morphological method. By Pauline van der Zee. Working Papers in Ethnic Art No.8, Department of Ethnic Art, University of Ghent, Belgium. 1996. Pp. 84. Price 400 BEF (+70 BEF postage).
Review
Authors: Hays Terence E.
Published: February 2015

A Place Against Time: Land and Environment in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. By Paul Sillitoe. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1996. Pp. xxv + 438. Price: £49.00. ISBN 3‐7186‐5925‐5.
Review
Authors: Wolfe Patrick
Published: February 2015

Invasion to Embassy: Land in Aboriginal Politics in New South Wales, 1770–1972. By Heather Goodall. Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with Black Books, 1996. Pp. xxiv + 421. Price $A29.95.
Review
Authors: Yengoyan Aram A.
Published: February 2015

Politics, Property and Law in the Philippine Uplands By Melanie G. Wiber. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1993. Pp. xxii+164.
Review
Authors: Lyons Martyn
Published: February 2015

Expériences coloniales: la Nouvelle Calédonie, 1853–1920. By Isabelle Merle. Paris (Editions Belin). 1995. Pp. 479.
Review
Authors: Glick Paula Brown
Published: February 2015

Cosmos and Society in Oceania. Edited by Daniel de Coppet and André Iteanu. Oxford: Berg, 1995. Pp. vi+338. Price: £44.95
Biros, Books and Big‐men: Literacy and the Transformation of Leadership in Simbu, Papua New Guinea
Authors: McKeown Eamonn
Published: February 2015

This article examines local strategies used to build leadership roles and enlist public support in a newly literate Papua New Guinean highlands rural community. The ethnographic evidence presented shows how the relationship between literacy and local ideas about modernisation and development has facilitated a shift in patterns of local political structures. When literacy is viewed as an unequally distributed and novel resource with inherently modernist connotations it becomes evident why male villagers in a contemporary highlands village endeavour to acquire and exploit it in rivalry with others. And while individual villagers market their reading and writing proficiency as a means to bolster their reputations within the existing socio‐political system, this has significance for traditional leadership and authority patterns, given that village leaders have traditionally been unschooled and therefore do not possess these highly regarded skills. To illustrate these processes I examine the political careers of two prominent villagers with particular attention to their respective claims to head two competing village‐based development projects. An analysis of the agendas they use to legitimate their authority roles in these projects makes clear how the quest to be seen to be literate has become a constitutive component of a prospective leader's repertoire of skills.
Bioactivity and bone healing properties of biomimetic porous composite scaffold:In vitroandin vivostudies
Authors: Veronesi Francesca , Giavaresi Gianluca , Guarino Vincenzo , Raucci Maria Grazia , Sandri Monica , Tampieri Anna , Ambrosio Luigi , Fini Milena
Published: February 2015

Tissue engineering (TE) represents a valid alternative to traditional surgical therapies for the management of bone defects that do not regenerate spontaneously. Scaffolds, one of the most important component of TE strategy, should be biocompatible, bioactive, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological properties and bone regeneration ability of a porous poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold, incorporating MgCO3‐doped hydroxyapatite particles, uncoated (PCL_MgCHA) or coated by apatite‐like crystals via biomimetic treatment (PCL_MgCHAB). It was observed that both scaffolds are not cytotoxic and, even if cell viability was similar on both scaffolds, PCL_MgCHAB showed higher alkaline phosphatase and collagen I (COLL I) production at day 7. PCL_MgCHA induced more tumor necrosis factor‐α release than PCL_MgCHAB, while osteocalcin was produced less by both scaffolds up to 7 days and no significant differences were observed for transforming growth factor‐β synthesis. The percentage of new bone trabeculae growth in wide defects carried out in rabbit femoral distal epiphyses was significantly higher in PCL_MgCHAB in comparison with PCL_MgCHA at 4 weeks and even more at 12 weeks after implantation. This study highlighted the role of a biomimetic composite scaffold in bone regeneration and lays the foundations for its future employment in the clinical practice. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2932–2941, 2015.
Affinity proteomics discovers decreased levels of AMFR in plasma from Osteoporosis patients
Authors: Qundos Ulrika , Drobin Kimi , Mattsson Cecilia , Hong Mun‐Gwan , Sjöberg Ronald , Forsström Björn , Solomon David , Uhlén Mathias , Nilsson Peter , Michaëlsson Karl , Schwenk Jochen M.
Published: February 2015

Purpose

Affinity proteomic approaches by antibody bead arrays enable multiplexed analysis of proteins in body fluids. In the presented study, we investigated blood plasma within osteoporosis to discovery differential protein profiles and to propose novel biomarkers candidates for subsequent studies.

Experimental design

Starting with 4608 antibodies and plasma samples from 22 women for an untargeted screening, a set of 72 proteins were suggested for further analysis. Complementing these with targets from literature and other studies, a targeted bead array of 180 antibodies was built to profile for 92 proteins in plasma samples of 180 women from two independent population‐based studies.

Results

Differential profiles between osteoporosis patients and matched controls were discovered for 12 proteins in at least one of the two study sets. Among these targets, the levels of autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR) were concordantly lower in plasma of female osteoporosis patients. Subsequently, verification of anti‐AMFR antibody selectivity was conducted using high‐density peptide and protein arrays, and Western blotting.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Further validation in additional study sets will be needed to determine the clinical value of the observed decrease in AMFR plasma levels in osteoporosis patients, but AMFR may aid our understanding of disease mechanisms and could support existing tools for diagnosis and monitoring of patient mobility within osteoporosis.
Quantitative surface scanning by Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry
Authors: Häbe Tim T. , Morlock Gertrud E.
Published: February 2015

RATIONALE

Only a few ambient ionization sources have been demonstrated to work quantitatively for surface scanning. A modification of the Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) interface is needed to improve the precision during the scanning of a high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) plate or any other surface or planar substrate, especially for quantitation without an internal standard correction.

METHODS

The substrate movement relative to the ion source outlet and the mass spectrometer inlet was optimized to improve the desorption, ionization, and capture of analytes. The substrate carrier was mounted at an angled position, thus reducing collisions between the deflected gas stream and the inner transfer tube wall. A special transfer tube, whose edge was angled towards the substrate and allowed a narrow set‐up of the ambient air gap, captured the deflected DART gas stream.

RESULTS

For the repeated DART‐MS scanning along five identical deposited bands of butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate a mean precision of 2.7% was obtained. A signal decay of 62% was observed after five scans. After HPTLC of methyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate and butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate, mean determination coefficients of 0.9937 and 0.9906 were obtained for five calibrations on five plates, respectively. The mean recovery of two control standards was 94% with a mean repeatability of 9% (%RSD, n = 5) obtained on five different plates.

CONCLUSIONS

The DART SVPA‐3DS system remained compact and the access to the substrate was kept wide open despite the optimized scan lane (spatial resolution at full width at half maximum 0.8 mm, height 3 mm). The performance data showed that the quantitative surface scanning was improved as well as the desorption efficacy and detectability using this modified DART‐MS interface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new authentication protocol for healthcare applications using wireless medical sensor networks with user anonymity
Authors: Li Xiong , Niu Jianwei , Kumari Saru , Liao Junguo , Liang Wei , Khan Muhammad Khurram
Published: February 2015

With the development and maturation of the wireless communication technologies, the wireless sensor networks have been widely applied in different environments to acquire specific information. The wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs), as a professional application of the wireless sensor networks in medicine, have attracted more and more attention because of its potential in improving the quality of healthcare services. Through the WMSNs, the parameters of patients' vital signs can be gathered from the sensor nodes equipped on the body of the patients and then can be accessed by the healthcare professionals by using a mobile device. By reason of the open feature of wireless communication, how to guarantee secure communication becomes an important issue. On the other hand, because the vital signs parameters are sensitive to the patients' health status and no one wants to reveal it to the others except the healthcare professionals, the protection of patients' privacy becomes another key issue for WMSNs applications. User authentication protocol with anonymity is the most basic and commonly used method to resolve the security and privacy issues of WMSNs. Recently, He et al. proposed an enhanced authentication protocol for healthcare applications using WMSNs to protect the security and privacy problems. However, we find that their scheme is incorrect in authentication and session key agreement phase. Besides, their scheme has no wrong password detection mechanism, which will not only waste the unnecessary computation and communication costs, but also may deduce the denial of service problem. In this paper, the biometric is introduced as the third authentication factor, and a new user anonymous authentication protocol based on WMSNs is designed so as to remove the drawbacks of the protocol of He et al. Compared with previous protocols, the new presented protocol enhances the security and also keeps the computation efficiency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herbivory on young tree seedlings in old‐growth and managed mountain forests
Authors: Nopp‐Mayr Ursula , Kempter Iris , Muralt Gerald , Gratzer Georg
Published: February 2015

Herbivory of invertebrates and rodents on tree seedlings in Northern temperate forests has been largely underestimated in the past and rarely addressed in studies. There is evidence that masting‐cycles of forest trees and subsequent rodents outbreaks become more frequent, leading to enhanced browsing pressure on forest regeneration. Consequently, studies exploring tree seedling mortality caused by different herbivores are required. We conducted a study on tree seedling losses in the Wilderness Area Dürrenstein, Austria on two old‐growth and one managed forest site. We conducted an exclosure experiment in two subsequent study years, using transplanted two‐month‐old tree seedlings of Picea abies, Abies alba, and Fagus sylvatica. Exclosures allowed access for invertebrates, invertebrates/rodents, and all potential herbivores. We also installed total exclosures, recording seedling losses due to climatic factors or pathogens. We calculated ZINB regressions assuming that seedling losses and seedling survival are distinct processes. Our results did not reveal fully consistent trends for both study years. The factor “treatment”, however, was significant in the ZINBs in both study years. Herbivory was a driving factor for tree regeneration in the studied forests depending on specific conditions in different years or tree species. In 2005, losses in the total exclosures and herbivory of rodents and invertebrates in the other treatments reached comparable extent. Loss rates differed not only in terms of forest management, but also between the two old‐growth forests. This, in connection with different herbivory of different tree species (higher losses of A. alba), strongly suggests the necessity of considering different herbivore guilds as drivers of tree species composition in late successional mountain forests.