bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outbreaks of epizootic ulcerative syndrome in Kerala, India following episodes of flooding
Authors: Das BC , Haridas DV , Jacob N , Ramakrishnan A , PH AA , VJ RK , Pillai D
Published: December 2020

Large-scale fish mortality was observed in flood-affected fish farms across several parts of Kerala following heavy rainfall in August 2018 and 2019—nearly 53% above the normal monsoon rain that the region receives. The affected fish had severe haemorrhages and ulcers, typical of the highly infectious disease epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) caused by the water mould Aphanomyces invadans. In freshwater, snakeheads Channa spp. and in brackish water mullet (Mugilidae) and pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) were severely affected. EUS was observed in 4 freshwater fishes for the first time: dotted sawfin barb Pethia punctata (Cyprinidae), Malabar leaffish Pristolepis malabarica (Pristolepididae), mahecola barb Puntius mahecola (Cyprinidae) and giant snakehead Channa pseudomarulius (Channidae). Histology and molecular diagnosis confirmed the cause of mortality to be EUS. Fungal hyphae were also observed in deeply ulcerated fish, revealed by lactophenol cotton blue staining. The severity of the EUS outbreak was linked to the sudden change in water quality associated with the flood, such as lower water temperature, and decreases in pH, total alkalinity and total hardness.
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM AMINOMETHANESULFONATES
Authors: Khoma Ruslan , Ennan Alim , Chebotaryov Alexandr , Vodzinskii Sergey , Dlubovskii Ruslan , Toporov Sergey
Published: December 2020

The pH and conductometric study of the electrochemical properties of aqueous solutions (1∙10-4 ÷ 9∙10-3 М) YNHCH2SO3Na (Y = H, CH3, HOCH2CH2, (CH3)3C and C6H5CH2) was carried out. The values of the limiting electrical conductivity were calculated by extrapolation according to Shidlovsky. The activation parameters of the electrical conductivity of the systems “sodium aminomethanesulfonate – H2O” at 293-313 K were obtained.
The Effectiveness of Web Technologies on Students’ Self-Study Work in the English Language Learning Process
Authors: Azimova N.
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the effectiveness of Web technologies on students’ self-study work in the English language learning process and gives the reasons of the need to create a new model for its organization. The experience of language preparation in the process of teaching languages at the Tashkent State University of Economics is presented in the article. The importance of the Web technologies in model of organization of students’ independent work is developed and scientifically justified. The results of experimental studies aimed to test the effectiveness of the developed model of formation of professionally language competence of students are given in this paper.
The Current State of Distance Learning in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Omurkanova Ch.
Published: December 2020

Features of modern historical situations in the context of deep transformations in Kyrgyzstan official characterized the transition to a new modern approach, altering fundamentally the content and orientation of education, actually finds solution to the problems of the education system modernization in these conditions, according to today's requirements. Here, the availability and quality of education is a strategic decision of the question, so that the global nature on a national scale. Features contemporary historical situation in Kyrgyzstan is characterized by the transition to a new modern approach, altering fundamentally the content and orientation of education. Under these conditions actually finds solution to the problems of the education system modernization in accordance with today's needs. Here, the availability and quality of education decision is a strategic goal of a global nature on a national scale.
LPP Proposal for Public Education System
Authors: Tukhtabaeva Z.
Published: December 2020

The interest in learning foreign languages is increasing rapidly in Uzbekistan. The foreign language curriculum has undergone significant changes since 2012. However, several shortcomings that should be improved still exist in this sphere. This paper puts forward an LPP proposal to enhance the current teaching system of foreign languages in public education.
Socio-Economic Development of Shargun City in 1970-80
Authors: Tursunov J.
Published: December 2020

In this article, on the basis of archival sources and statistical materials, the development of the coal industry in the city of Shargun, as well as the socio-economic and cultural state of the city in 1970-1980 is studied. The town has undergone many positive changes in the socio-cultural sphere.
The Impact of Soviet Policy in Uzbekistan on Population Migration (Surkhandarya Region, 1930-1950)
Authors: Kholmuminov Kh. , Eshmuminov O.
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the policy of resettlement in Uzbekistan during the Soviet era and its consequences. This resettlement policy provides a scientific analysis of the social status and demographic characteristics of the resettled households, especially in Surkhandarya region.
Інституалізація державного контролю за додержанням законодавства України про захист персональних даних
Authors: Берназюк І. М.
Published: December 2020

У статті висвітлено окремі питання інституалізації державного контролю за додержанням законодавства про захист персональних даних в Україні. Установлено, що однією з вимог Конвенції про захист фізичних осіб у зв’язку з автоматизованою обробкою персональних даних та інших міжнародних актів у цій сфері є утворення державами-учасницями незалежного наглядового органу, який відповідав би за забезпечення дотримання державними органами вимог щодо захисту персональних даних особи.  Визначено, що посадовою особою, яка за законодавством України наділена повноваженнями у сфері здійснення державного контролю за дотриманням законодавства про захист персональних даних, є Уповноважений Верховної Ради України з прав людини. Автором проведено аналіз здійснення Уповноваженим Верховної Ради України з прав людини контрольних, адміністративно-юрисдикційних повноважень у сфері забезпечення додержання законодавства про захист персональних даних, а також повноважень щодо його участі в розробці нормативно-правових актів у відповідній сфері. Досліджено критерії незалежності державного органу при здійсненні своїх контрольних повноважень, визначені в міжнародних актах; проведено оцінку інституціональної спроможності Уповноваженого Верховної Ради України з прав людини у сфері здійснення державного контролю за додержанням законодавства про захист персональних даних. На підставі проведеного аналізу обґрунтовано доцільність утворення окремого незалежного наглядового органу у сфері захисту персональних даних, наділення його належними повноваженнями та забезпечення високого ступеня його незалежності, що відповідатиме досвіду деяких зарубіжних держав та сприятиме виконанню Україною прийнятих на себе зобов’язань відповідно до Угоди про асоціацію між Україною, з однієї сторони, та Європейським Союзом, Європейським співтовариством з атомної енергії і їхніми державами-членами, з іншої сторони.
Міжнародні стандарти забезпечення здійснення правосуддя в кримінальних провадженнях щодо корупційних злочинів
Authors: Хмелевська Н. В. , Гарматюк В. О.
Published: December 2020

У статті проаналізовано підходи до поняття міжнародних стандартів у сфері кримінального судочинства, визначено особливості таких стандартів саме в кримінальних провадженнях щодо корупційних злочинів та встановлено проблемні аспекти їх застосування, надано обґрунтовані висновки щодо розкриття поняття «міжнародні стандарти забезпечення здійснення правосуддя в кримінальних провадженнях щодо корупційних злочинів» як встановлених міжнародними договорами, згода на обов’язковість яких надана Верховною Радою України, гарантій здійснення правосуддя щодо фізичних та юридичних осіб у кримінальних провадженнях щодо корупційних злочинів та які забезпечують як дотримання прав таких осіб у кримінальних провадженнях, так й організацію діяльності судової влади.
Адміністративно-правові засади здійснення медичної та фармацевтичної діяльності в Україні
Authors: Ховпун О.С.
Published: December 2020

Статтю присвячено правовим засадам здійснення медичної і фармацевтичної діяльності в Україні. Визначені поняття медичної і фармацевтичної діяльності. Наведені законодавчі і підзаконні акти, які регулюють ліцензування цієї діяльності, правовий статус медичних і фармацевтичних працівників, закладів охорони здоров’я, фармацевтичних організацій, специфіку державного нагляду й державного управління у вказаних сферах суспільного життя. З’ясовано, що спеціальними нормативно-правовими актами, які встановлюють особливості ліцензування медичної і фармацевтичної діяльності є відповідні Ліцензійні умови провадження кожного з видів такої діяльності. Вони закріплюють організаційні, технологічні та кадрові вимоги до закладів охорони здоров’я і фармацевтичних організацій. Визначено нормативні засади правового статусу медичних і фармацевтичних працівників. Акцентовано увагу на нормативній основі для притягнення до кримінальної відповідальності за неналежне виконання своїх професійних обов’язків.
Право власності внутрішньо переміщених осіб як категоріальне визначення
Authors: Книш З.І.
Published: December 2020

Стаття присвячена визначенню права власності внутрішньо переміщених осіб як правової категорії. Наголошено, що право власності внутрішньо переміщених осіб потребує не лише юридичного визнання, а й повернення фактичного володіння. Окреслено зв’язок міграції та внутрішнього переміщення. Зазначено, що міграційні процеси, зокрема внутрішні переміщення, завжди пов’язані або із залишенням об’єкта власності, зокрема нерухомого майна, або з укладанням невигідних за ціною правочинів щодо рухомого майна з метою облаштування на новому місці. З’ясовано, що перед внутрішньо переміщеними особами постають такі проблеми щодо власності: знищення, пошкодження об’єктів власності; зайняття власності іншими особами; знищення документації на об’єкти власності; вселення в житло третіх осіб; грабіж або розкрадання власності. Указано, що, незважаючи на законну можливість внутрішньо переміщених осіб вимагати відшкодування вартості пошкодженої власності, це питання й досі залишається законодавчо неврегульованим. Наголошено, що юрисдикція України не поширюється на окремі окуповані території України, тому скласти акт обстеження пошкодженого об’єкта, як правило, неможливо. Визначено особливості права власності внутрішньо переміщених осіб.
Призначення судової молекулярно-генетичної експертизи на стадії досудового розслідування: проблеми та шляхи їх вирішення
Authors: Степанюк Р.Л. , Іонова В.В.
Published: December 2020

Стаття присвячена аналізу типових проблем, які мають місце в практиці призначення судової молекулярно-генетичної експертизи на стадії досудового розслідування. Автори виділили найбільш поширені помилки і недоліки, які зустрічаються в роботі спеціалістів-криміналістів і слідчих із предметами-носіями слідів біологічного походження й безпосередньо при призначенні експертизи ДНК. Сформульовано рекомендації щодо запобігання таких помилок. Відзначено неприпустимість переоцінки доказового значення висновків молекулярно-генетичної експертизи в кримінальному провадженні. З метою поліпшення якісного рівня практичної діяльності, пов'язаної з призначенням судової молекулярно-генетичної експертизи, рекомендовано вжити заходів щодо системної організації навчання працівників органів правопорядку навичкам поводження зі слідами біологічного походження, знань методичних основ молекулярно-генетичного дослідження, а також щодо поліпшення взаємодії слідчих органів та експертних установ.
Особливості діяльності митних органів щодо протидії контрабанді
Authors: Чумак В.В.
Published: December 2020

У статті досліджено сутність та особливості діяльності митних органів України щодо протидії контрабанді. Досліджено такі базові категорії, як: «митна безпека», «контрабанда», «митні органи України». Визначено, що митні органи України є одним із основних суб’єктів протидії контрабанді. Наголошено на правових засадах діяльності митних органів України щодо протидії контрабанді. Зроблено висновок, що з метою оперативного та ефективного здійснення контролю за дотриманням правил переміщення товарів (предметів) та транспортних засобів через митний кордон України митні органи України повинні бути наділені відповідним обсягом повноважень (у тому числі щодо проведення оперативно-розшукової діяльності).
INTERACTIVE RECREATION IN CITY HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Hniloskurenko Mariia
Published: December 2020

Studies of recreational processes in the city, the specifics of urban life, trends in the recreation areas organization both in domestic practice and in foreign experience are relevant and timely. Sustainable development of the city involves the stable functioning of the city structure to meet the material and spiritual needs of society, provide the rational use of available resources and potential, form the favourable conditions for human existence in the historically established environment of the city. This process is based on the search for optimal solutions of the city development, determination of the directions of urban areas functioning, taking into account the current trends and patterns of the urban structure development and the formation of relevant scenarios and plans on its bases.

The urban area on the whole is an important and limited city resource, therefore the effective use of existing territories is especially important for the sustainable development of the city. The creation of interactive recreation centres within the downtown historical buildings could be the solution to many problems, because interactivity implies diversity, which in terms of city-planning requires making of recreation areas as multifunctional and flexible spaces where the residents could spend their time interesting and useful. The public social space is necessary not only for satisfying the population’s needs, but also for their forming and developing. In the context of present-day segregation of city residents and the absence of permanent information-bearer channels, it is the city-planning streets and square interiors of the city that can become an information and communicative space. The role of public space restoration will provide for the integrity of the city in its city-planning, cultural and social aspects. After all, public spaces are one of the key components of an individual’s comfortable existence and coexistence with the society in general; these are places of collective and individual development and unity of people with the rich historical, architectural and natural heritage of urban substance. A solution of a city historical environment and cultural heritage preservation issue is a significant contribution to the future national development based on the study of the historical achievements of the past, which has no alternatives in creating the attractive interactive recreation areas in the centres of historical cities.
ICONOGRAPHY OF "THE LAST SUPPER" AND ITS ORIGINS IN THE MONUMENTS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ERA
Authors: Dmytrenko Nataliia
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the works of monumental painting, decorative and applied art and art of the book miniature of the early Christian era with the first images that refer to the prototypes of the "Last Supper". The research of iconography and the origins of the plot, namely, the influence of Roman art on the formation of iconography and artistic works of Christian art at its earliest stages of creation is the main line of the article. The main problems of identification of the plot, its symbols and use in various art forms are highlighted.In the study of the iconography of the plot "The Last Supper", the main difficulties arise with the origin of the plot, and therefore, with the use of evangelical or synoptic sources for its interpretation by masters who created these works of art. Times of dating, works of the early Christian era over time transformed even more and changed in the context of the development of iconography with its artistic peculiarities. The placement of Christ's disciples during the conduct of the sacrament, their posture, clothing, symbolism and details of the conditional interior, which accompany each work deserve detailed examination, art-study analysis and scientific explanation.In the study of the Byzantine book miniature of the early Christian era, it appears necessary to determine which part of the text from the Holy Scripture is illustrated alongside the image of the "Last Supper" and which additional miniatures accompany it. Also, special attention deserves exceptional and rare in the number of works of decorative and applied arts, in which the plot was embodied. In addition, to consider the origin and development of the iconography of the "Last Supper", it appears necessary to analyse and distinguish the differences in the iconography of works.The material of the article is illustrated by the works of the monumental art of the Roman catacombs and exhibits from the collection of the Louvre Museum, the State Historical Museum in Moscow, the Archbishopric Treasury of the Rossano Cathedral and the miniatures of the Cambridge Library of the Corpus Christi College.
MENEGUHKAN KEMBALI KONSEPSI PENDIDIKAN AKHLAK DALAM ISLAM
Authors: Setiawan Wari
Published: December 2020

In Islamic education view, education relates to good attitude or character. Cause, the students must be educated to be good man in living and life after.  Education as humanizing oh human, in Islamic view, directed to get actualization of good character. In teaching context, education components might be organized and designed for its internalization. This research was conducted by the study of libraries analytic using descriptive analysis of data sources in the form of books that contain information about character education from the point of view of Islamic education. So in the end, the results of the study gave a new thought to the concept of character education in accordance with the theories of character education in the view of Islam that gives strength and opportunity to be re-implemented until internalized in every student in the scope of Islamic education in particular.
STARATEGI PEMBELAJARAN DALAM MENCAPAI TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM
Authors: Maemunah Maemunah
Published: December 2020

Learning strategy is a set of methods designed by a teacher that must be adapted to the conditions and conditions that exist in his school. The more appropriate the strategy chosen by a teacher in teaching and learning activities in schools, the greater the chance of achieving the expected learning goals. Educational experts who prioritize the importance of learning strategies that must be considered by a teacher in the learning process. Like Mulyasa's opinion, pleasant learning is a learning process in which there is a strong cohesion between the teacher and students, without feeling forced or depressed. Fun learning is a pattern of good relations between teachers and students in the learning process. Some strategies that can be used by a teacher in the learning process contained here are Direct Learning Strategies, Indirect Learning Strategies, Interactive Learning Strategies, Learning Strategies through Experience, Independent Learning Strategies, Jigsaw Cooperative Strategies, Problem Based Learning Strategies, Contextual Learning Strategies, and Expository Learning Strategies (SPE).
O lugar da universidade pública: referência social ou fator de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas?
Authors: Faria José Henrique de , Walger Carolina de Souza
Published: December 2020

Este ensaio analisa se o lugar da avaliação concreta da universidade pública brasileira se dá em relação à sua referência social ou por ser uma instituição estratégica no desenvolvimento das forças produtivas. Por um lado, há um movimento para que as universidades públicas democratizem o acesso e respondam às demandas sociais. Por outro, há a defesa da formação técnica/profissional e avanço da ciência e tecnologia para a produção e reprodução do capital. A expansão da pesquisa e dos cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu no Brasil estabeleceu critérios produtivistas de avaliação, os quais passaram a ser um parâmetro para a própria universidade. Esse processo leva à destruição do projeto de universidade socialmente referenciada, substituindo-o por um projeto que expressa a ideologia neoliberal.
Educação Superior e movimentos sociais no Sul do Brasil: democratização do acesso e justiça cognitiva
Authors: Trevisol Joviles Vitório
Published: December 2020

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre o protagonismo e o papel exercido pelos movimentos sociais na formulação de políticas públicas de democratização do acesso à Educação Superior no Brasil. Os movimentos sociais (MS) vêm desafiando as universidades a se democratizarem de dentro para fora e de fora para dentro. O presente estudo tomou como referência espaço-temporal a região Sul do Brasil. A pesquisa empírica foi desenvolvida por meio do uso de métodos e de técnicas da pesquisa documental (atas, projetos, relatórios, matérias de jornais e revistas sobre a atuação dos MS, fotos, publicações variadas etc.) e de entrevistas. Ao todo foram realizadas 22 entrevistas com lideranças ligadas aos movimentos sociais dos três estados do Sul do Brasil. Por meio do conceito de “universidade pública e popular” os movimentos sociais defendem uma concepção que se diferencia tanto do modelo intelectual (humboldtiano) de universidade, quanto do modelo gerencial.
A Univille e o desenvolvimento: Educação Superior no norte e nordeste de Santa Catarina (1960-1990)
Authors: Coelho Ilanil , Sossai Fernando Cesar , Oliveira Therezinha Maria Novais de
Published: December 2020

Como a história de uma universidade se liga à noção de desenvolvimento? Como o processo de constituição de uma universidade regional no nordeste de Santa Catarina recontextualizou conceitos de desenvolvimento que circulavam pelo Brasil entre os anos 1960 a 1990? Essas são as questões que estruturam este artigo. Tomando a história da Univille como referência, tais questões são examinadas nas cinco partes que integram o texto. Além da bibliografia pertinente, no texto, analisamos o conteúdo de um conjunto de fontes primárias pesquisadas nos acervos do Centro Memorial, Laboratório de História Oral e Arquivo Central da Univille. O artigo conclui que, mais do que implantar conceitos de desenvolvimento concebidos em contextos alheios ao território catarinense, a criação da Univille evidenciou um intenso trabalho de tradução e recontextualização de noções difusas de desenvolvimento, adaptando-as de acordo com demandas do presente e visagens de futuro para as regiões norte/nordeste de Santa Catarina.
Universidade face às questões ambientais: reflexividade e formação de novos profissionais
Authors: Jacobi Pedro Roberto , Valdanha Neto Diogenes , Netto Anna Luisa Abreu
Published: December 2020

A universidade é ponto de convergência e motor privilegiado de aspectos do desenvolvimento cultural, social e econômico de uma nação. As emergências e problematicas socioambientais complexas colocam para esse espaço desafios para uma reestruturação curricular e de práticas de ensino interdisciplinares capazes de formar novos profissionais com habilidades de pensamento complexo e analítico para lidar melhor com a multicausalidade dessas questões. Nesse artigo discute-se o papel da universidade perante esse cenário, por meio da argumentação da inexorabilidade das questões socioambientais contemporâneas, e apontando possíveis caminhos de transformação em diálogo com a ciência pós-normal e ciência cidadã de modo interdisciplinar.
Implantátumok szubstruktúrájának illeszkedési lehetőségei az endostruktúrához
Authors: Kerkovits Bálint , Czinkóczky Béla , Kivovics Márton
Published: December 2020

Az implantátum és implantátumfejek illeszkedési módjai folyamatos változáson mennek keresztül, mégis kevés frissmagyar irodalmat találhatunk ebben a témában. A piacon megtalálható rengeteg féle kapcsolatot különböző aspektusokatfigyelembe véve hasonlítjuk össze, ami segíthet az adott indikációban megfelelő kapcsolattípus kiválasztásában.Brånemark eredeti, külső hatszöges implantátuma kiváló alternatíva a fogatlan páciensek ellátására. Az indikációk kiszélesedésévelazonban szükséges lett a hagyományos külső hatszög-konstrukció módosítása, illetve a belső kapcsolatokkifejlesztése. Az új indikációkban jelentkező csavarlazulás és törés fokozott incidenciáját így sikerült csökkenteni. A külsőkapcsolatok mikromozgása jelentős, és mikrorések is gyakrabban fordulnak elő a komponensek között, így bakteriális zárásukkevésbé kielégítő. A legjobb mechanikai és biológiai zárást a kúpos struktúrákkal lehet elérni, azonban nem rendelkeznekelfordulásgátló tulajdonsággal. A sokszöget vagy hornyot tartalmazó struktúrák rendkívül előnyösek szóló foghiányok pótlásaesetén, vagy szögtört implantátumfejek alkalmazásakor. A belső kapcsolatok erőeloszlása a csavarra és az implantátumranézve kedvezőbb, viszont a csont nagyobb terhelésben részesül, mint a külső kapcsolatoknál, így ezt is mérlegelnünk kell,mikor választásra kerül a sor. Esztétikai szempontból a belső kapcsolatok sokkal kedvezőbb eredményt nyújtanak.
Feedstock Contract Considerations for a Piedmont Biorefinery
Authors: Cundiff John , Grisso Robert “Bobby” , Fike John
Published: December 2020

A biorefinery purchasing feedstock (perennial grass) must offer contracts that provide the same opportunity to earn a profit for a feedstock contractor located 50 or 5 km from the biorefinery. The business plan presented here specifies that the biomass is purchased in satellite storage locations (SSLs), and the load-out and hauling costs are paid by the biorefinery. Contracts can be offered for harvest in September, October, and November, a three-month harvest window, or the harvest window can be extended to December, January, and February, a six-month harvest window. Required total storage capacity is 75% of annual consumption for the three-month window and 50% for the six-month window, a significant difference in total storage capacity (cost). The storage cost difference paid by the biorefinery is 5.27 and 3.52 USD/Mg for the three-month and six-month, respectively. Several issues must be addressed in the feedstock contracts: (1) earlier harvest, before plant senescence, means less nutrients are translocated back into the soil and more are removed at harvest; (2) harvest losses are higher for all harvests after the September harvest; and (3) storage losses increase with storage time in the SSL. Time of removal from the SSL is dictated by the biorefinery; thus, the feedstock contractor must be compensated. The contracts paid by the biorefinery, averaged across the entire annual consumption, were about the same for the three-month window, and six-month window. This result was obtained because fertilizer cost decreases and harvest losses increase as the harvest date increases; thus, the two factors tend to offset. Using a 77 USD/Mg base cost, representative feedstock payment at the SSL (no storage losses included) for contractors with various month contracts are September (84.30), October (85.54), November (86.72), December 88.63), January (89.98), and February (90.58). Subsequent compensation for storage losses depends on the amount of time the particular unit of biomass is in storage before shipment.
N2O and NO Emissions as Affected by the Continuous Combined Application of Organic and Mineral N Fertilizer to a Soil on the North China Plain
Authors: Liu Deyan , Sun Heyang , Liao Xia , Luo Jiafa , Lindsey Stuart , Yuan Junji , He Tiehu , Zaman Mohammad , Ding Weixin
Published: December 2020

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of the continuous application of organic and mineral N fertilizer on N2O and NO emissions under maize and wheat rotation on the North China Plain. This study included eight treatments: no fertilizer (control); mineral N fertilizer (Nmin) at a rate of 200 kg N ha−1 per season; 50% mineral fertilizer N plus 50% cattle manure N (50% CM), 50% chicken manure N (50% FC) or 50% pig manure N (50% FP); 75% mineral fertilizer N plus 25% cattle manure N (25% CM), 25% chicken manure N (25% FC) or 25% pig manure N (25% FP). The annual N2O and NO emissions were 2.71 and 0.39 kg N ha−1, respectively, under the Nmin treatment, with an emission factor of 0.50% for N2O and 0.07% for NO. Compared with the Nmin treatment, N2O emissions did not differ when 50% of the mineral N was replaced with manure N (50% CM, 50% FC and 50% FP), while annual NO emissions were significantly reduced by 49.0% and 27.8% under 50% FC and 50% FP, respectively. In contrast, annual N2O emissions decreased by 21–38% compared to the Nmin treatment when 25% of the mineral N was replaced with manure N (25% CM, 25% FC and 25% FP). Most of the reduction occurred during the maize season. The 25% CM, 25% FC and 25% FP treatments had no effect on NO emissions compared to the Nmin treatment. There was no obvious difference in annual N2O and NO emissions among the organic manures at the same application rate, probably due to their similar C/N ratio. Replacing a portion of the mineral fertilizer N with organic fertilizer N did not significantly affect crop grain yield, except for the 50% FC treatment in the wheat season. Overall, the results suggest that the combined application of 25% organic manure N plus 75% mineral fertilizer N had the most potential to mitigate N2O emissions while not affecting crop yield in the maize and wheat rotation system in this area of China.
Pre-Slaughter Sources of Fresh Meat Quality Variation: The Case of Heavy Pigs Intended for Protected Designation of Origin Products
Authors: Sardi Luca , Gastaldo Alessandro , Borciani Marzia , Bertolini Andrea , Musi Valeria , Garavaldi Anna , Martelli Giovanna , Cavallini Damiano , Nannoni Eleonora
Published: December 2020

This study focused on loin quality in Italian heavy pigs intended for the production of PDOs (Protected Designation of Origin) products, and investigated the pre-slaughter factors which negatively affect the quality of fresh meat. Data were collected on 44 shipments (loads) of pigs. Shipments were carried out under commercial conditions. Several pre-slaughter parameters were recorded within the entire process (on-farm, during transport, and at the slaughterhouse). On a subset of pigs (10 animals from every load, N = 440), serum cortisol and creatine kinase were measured and loin samples were analyzed for pH, instrumental color, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force, and sensory quality. Cluster analysis of the instrumentally-assessed meat quality parameters allowed the categorization of the shipments into two clusters: lower quality (LQ) and higher quality (HQ). Our results showed that the factors with significant differences between the two clusters were journey duration, ambient temperature, distance traveled, and irregular behaviors (slipping, falling, and overlapping) at unloading (all greater in LQ, p < 0.05). The pre-slaughter conditions associated with lower loin quality were ambient temperatures above 22 °C, distance traveled above 26 km, travel duration between 38–66 min, more than 5.9% of animals showing irregular behaviors at unloading.
Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS)-Based Wildlife Detection: A Review and Case Studies in Maritime Antarctica
Authors: Hyun Chang-Uk , Park Mijin , Lee Won Young
Published: December 2020

In wildlife biology, it is important to conduct efficient observations and quantitative monitoring of wild animals. Conventional wildlife monitoring mainly relies on direct field observations by the naked eyes or through binoculars, on-site image acquisition at fixed spots, and sampling or capturing under severe areal constraints. Recently, remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), also called drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), were successfully applied to detect wildlife with imaging sensors, such as RGB and thermal-imaging sensors, with superior detection capabilities to those of human observation. Here, we review studies with RPAS which has been increasingly used in wildlife detection and explain how an RPAS-based high-resolution RGB image can be applied to wild animal studies from the perspective of individual detection and population surveys as well as behavioral studies. The applicability of thermal-imaging sensors was also assessed with further information extractable from image analyses. In addition, RPAS-based case studies of acquisition of high-resolution RGB images for the purpose of detecting southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and shape property extraction using thermal-imaging sensor in King George Island, maritime Antarctica is presented as applications in an extreme environment. The case studies suggest that currently available cost-effective small-sized RPAS, which are capable of flexible operation and mounting miniaturized imaging sensors, and are easily maneuverable even from an inflatable boat, can be an effective and supportive technique for both the visual interpretation and quantitative analysis of wild animals in low-accessible extreme or maritime environments.
Fatty Acid Profile and Enterolactone Content of Early and Commercial Milk of Dairy Cows Supplemented with Flaked Flaxseed during the Dry Period
Authors: Bailoni Lucia , Da Dalt Laura , Gabai Gianfranco , Giaretta Elisa , Guzzo Nadia , Mantovani Roberto
Published: December 2020

Various supplementations in animal feeding have been investigate in order to enrich food of animal origin with n-3 fatty acids. Although the effects of flaxseeds inclusion in diets for lactating dairy have already been assessed, few studies have focused on this n-3 source supplementation during the transition period. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of flacked flaxseed (200 g/head/day; 2.13% DM) dietary treatment during the dry period on milk yield and quality in the 30 days after calving. In addition, the enterolactone content in plasma (before and after calving) and in milk of cows fed diets supplemented or not with flaxseed was considered. The study demonstrated that the carry-over effect on the milk profile of C18:2, C18:3 n-3, and C20:5 n-3 was significantly higher in flaxseed diet than in the control one at 4th day of lactation. A significant increase of enterolactone on milk from flaxseed fed cows was observed only at 15 sampling day. The quick modification in fatty acid (FA) profile of the milk in the first few days of lactation suggests that the carry over effect from pre-calving flaxseed feeding at this concentration was very short lasting.
Linking Human Perceptions and Spotted Hyena Behavior in Urban Areas of Ethiopia
Authors: Young Julie K. , Coppock D. Layne , Baggio Jacopo A. , Rood Kerry A. , Yirga Gidey
Published: December 2020

Humans have shaped carnivore behavior since at least the Middle Paleolithic period, about 42,000 years ago. In more recent times, spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in Ethiopia have adapted to living in urban areas, while humans have adapted to living with hyenas. Yet, relationships between coexisting humans and carnivores are rarely addressed beyond mitigating conflicts. We provided a case study for how to broadly think about coexistence and how to study it when measuring if humans and carnivores affect one another. We collected data in four Ethiopian cities: Mekelle, Harar, Addis Ababa, and Arba Minch. We held focus groups and key informant interviews that incorporated feedback from 163 people, representing a wide array of religious, economic, and educational backgrounds. We also determined how many hyenas resided in these cities, hyena behavioral responses to humans using a flight initiation test, and problem-solving abilities via puzzle box trials. We found that in three of the cities, hyenas and humans coexist at high densities and frequently encounter each other. While all participants recognized the importance of hyenas as scavengers to maintain a clean environment, there was pronounced variation in cultural perspectives across cities. For example, while the people of Harar revere hyenas in spiritual terms, in Arba Minch hyenas were regarded as nuisance animals. Hyenas were universally respected as a formidable predator across cities but reports of attacks on livestock and humans were few. Flight initiation tests revealed hyenas fled at significantly closer distances in Harar and Addis Ababa than in Mekelle. Hyenas succeeded at solving a puzzle box in Harar but not in Mekelle. These variable behavior in hyenas correlated to different human perceptions. Our case study results suggest that the hyena–human dynamic is highly variable across these locations. We conclude by exploring the implications of these findings for how humans and hyenas can shape one another’s behavior. Developing studies to link human perceptions and animal behavior could advance wildlife conservation, especially in urban areas.
A Parametric Computational Study of RC Building Structures under Corner-Column Removal Situations
Authors: Buitrago Manuel , Bertolesi Elisa , Garzón-Roca Julio , Sagaseta Juan , Adam José M.
Published: December 2020

Building progressive collapse is currently one of the hottest topics in the structural engineering field. Most of the research carried out to date on this topic has been focused on the structural analysis of the failure of one or more columns in a building to determine the Alternative Load Paths (ALPs) the structure can activate. Past research was mainly focused on extreme situations with high loads and large structural deformations and, to a lesser extent, research looked at lower loads used in design accidental situations, which requires a different set of assumptions in the analysis. This paper describes a study aimed at analysing accidental design situations in corner-column removal scenarios in reinforced concrete (RC) building structures and evaluating the available real ALPs in order to establish practical recommendations for design situations that could be taken into account in future design codes. A wide parametric computational analysis was carried out with advanced Finite Element (FE) models which the authors validated by full-scale tests on a purpose-built building structure. The findings allowed us to: (i) establish design recommendations, (ii) demonstrate the importance of Vierendeel action and (iii) recommend Dynamic Amplification Factors (DAFs) for design situations.
Challenge of Utilization Vegetal Extracts as Natural Plant Protection Products
Authors: Suteu Daniela , Rusu Lacramioara , Zaharia Carmen , Badeanu Marinela , Daraban Gabriel
Published: December 2020

Natural plant protection products (known as biopesticides), derived from natural materials (plants, bacterial strains, and certain minerals) that can be used to control pests, are an alternative to plant protection chemicals (known as pesticides) due to certain advantages: less toxic to humans and the environment, no release/leaching of harmful residues, and usually much specific to the target pests. This review focuses on the systematization of information highlighting the main advantages related to the natural plant protection products used, the extractive methods of obtaining them, their physical-chemical analysis methodology, the specific constituents responsible for their pesticide effects, the mechanisms of action, and methods for direct application on vegetable crops or on seeds stored in warehouses, in order to eliminate the adverse effects occurred in the case of plant protection chemicals use. Special attention has been accorded to natural plant protection products from the spontaneous flora of Moldova (Romania’s macroeconomic region NE), which can be considered a resource of valuable secondary metabolites, especially in the form of vegetable essential oils, with biological effects and biopesticide routes of action. All presented information concludes that biopesticides can successfully replace the chemical plant protection products on small farms and especially in silos (seeds and cereals).
Impact of Technical, Human, and Organizational Risks on Reliability of Fire Safety Systems in High-Rise Residential Buildings—Applications of an Integrated Probabilistic Risk Assessment Model
Authors: Tan Samson , Weinert Darryl , Joseph Paul , Moinuddin Khalid
Published: December 2020

The current paper presents an application of an alternative probabilistic risk assessment methodology that incorporates technical, human, and organizational risks (T-H-O-Risk) using Bayesian network (BN) and system dynamics (SD) modelling. Seven case studies demonstrate the application of this holistic approach to the designs of high-rise residential buildings. An incremental risk approach allows for quantification of the impact of human and organizational errors (HOEs) on different fire safety systems. The active systems considered are sprinklers, building occupant warning systems, smoke detectors, and smoke control systems. The paper presents detailed results from T-H-O-Risk modelling for HOEs and risk variations over time utilizing the SD modelling to compare risk acceptance in the seven case studies located in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, and UK. Results indicate that HOEs impact risks in active systems up to ~33%. Large variations are observed in the reliability of active systems due to HOEs over time. SD results indicate that a small behavioral change in ’risk perception’ of a building management team can lead to a very large risk to life variations over time through the self-reinforcing feedback loops. The quantification of difference in expected risk to life due to technical, human, and organizational risks for seven buildings for each of 16 trial designs is a novel aspect of this study. The research is an important contribution to the development of the next generation building codes and risk assessment methods.
Biotribology in Arthroplasty: Worn Surfaces Investigation on Ceramic Hip Femoral Heads Considering Wettability
Authors: Affatato Saverio , Ruggiero Alessandro
Published: December 2020

Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for total hip replacement are considered the best choice to avoid problems such as osteolysis and wear, mainly related to soft bearings. The aim of this work was to investigate in a comparative way different kinds of ceramic femoral heads for total hip replacements from a biotribological point of view, discussing the results obtained in terms of topographies, presence of metal transfer (MT) phenomena, and wettability on their worn surfaces in a tribological framework. Different ceramic femoral heads derived from in vitro wear tests, retrieved form patients, and brand new total hip replacements were investigated. The patients group had an average age of 60 years (ranging from 27 to 83). In most cases, the cause of failure was aseptic loosening of the acetabular component. Roughness analyses were performed to measure the tribological surface evolution of the material; an SEM and EDS investigation on the explanted heads proves and quantified MT, while the wettability was measured through a novel optical laboratory set-up with the aim to furnish useful data in the framework of synovial lubrication phenomena acting in the tribosystem. For the average roughness measurements on explanted specimens were considered three parameters (Ra = the average area between the roughness profile and its mean line; Rt = the vertical distance from the deepest valley to the highest peak of the roughness profile; and Rsk = it is the skewness and it is a measure of the asymmetry of the amplitude distribution function. In other words, the skewness indicates whether a surface is dominated by peaks or by valleys) and their values were: Ra 0.22 ± 0.12 μm, Rt 34.5 ± 13.5 μm and Rsk −0.01 ± 11.3; on the new specimens we measured Ra 0.01 ± 0.001 μm, Rt 0.12 ± 0.09 μm, and Rsk = 5.67 ± 8.7; for the in vitro specimens they were Ra 0.05 ± 0.12 μm, Rt 0.71 ± 1.4 μm and Rsk 7.73 ± 20.6. The wettability angle measurements showed hydrophilic surfaces for all femoral heads considered in this study with small differences between the three investigated categories, allowing to discuss their effects on the biobearings’ lubrication phenomena.
LC-ESI-MS/MS-MRM Profiling of Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Junipers of Different Origin
Authors: Olech Marta , Nowak Renata , Ivanova Diana , Tashev Alexander , Boyadzhieva Stanislava , Kalotova Galina , Angelov George , Gawlik-Dziki Urszula
Published: December 2020

This study was aimed at identifying new efficient antioxidant juniper species and their metabolites, which are responsible for this activity. About 30 juniper representatives were assayed for antioxidant activity (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging) and total polyphenol content (TPC). The most active species were identified, and their most abundant polyphenols were quantified by the LC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method. In the group of studied species, J. ashei (mountain cedar) leaf extract was outlined as the best antioxidant with the highest TPC. Catechin was revealed as the most abundant polyphenol in the J. ashei extract, contributing to its superior antioxidant properties. An in-depth analysis of antioxidant capacity was also performed. The higher metal-chelating activity was observed in the case of J. sibirica (0.83 mg DE/mL), whereas the lowest was observed for J. communis (3.2 mg dry extract (DE)/mL) extracts. All efficient antioxidant extracts were also able to inhibit lipoxygenase. EC50 values ranged from 1.77 to 2.44 mg DE/mL. The most effective inhibitors were J. ashei and J. formozana extracts, which acted as uncompetitive lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors. The presented results have potential application in the pharmacy and cosmetics for the generation of antioxidant compositions based on naturally derived lead compounds for the prevention of oxidative-stress associated organ-degenerative diseases, cancer, or other free radical-induced disorders.
Deep Unsupervised Embedding for Remote Sensing Image Retrieval Using Textual Cues
Authors: Rahhal Mohamad M. Al , Bazi Yakoub , Abdullah Taghreed , Mekhalfi Mohamed L. , Zuair Mansour
Published: December 2020

Compared to image-image retrieval, text-image retrieval has been less investigated in the remote sensing community, possibly because of the complexity of appropriately tying textual data to respective visual representations. Moreover, a single image may be described via multiple sentences according to the perception of the human labeler and the structure/body of the language they use, which magnifies the complexity even further. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised method for text-image retrieval in remote sensing imagery. In the method, image representation is obtained via visual Big Transfer (BiT) Models, while textual descriptions are encoded via a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network. The training of the proposed retrieval architecture is optimized using an unsupervised embedding loss, which aims to make the features of an image closest to its corresponding textual description and different from other image features and vise-versa. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed architecture, experiments are performed on two datasets, obtaining plausible text/image retrieval outcomes.