Error identification in orbital laser altimeter data by machine learning
Authors: Stenzel Oliver , Thor Robin , Hilchenbach Martin 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p&gt;Orbital Laser altimeters deliver a plethora of data that is used to map planetary surfaces [1] and to understand interiors of solar system bodies [2]. Accuracy and precision of laser altimetry measurements depend on the knowledge of spacecraft position and pointing and on the instrument. Both are important for the retrieval of tidal parameters. In order to assess the quality of the altimeter retrievals, we are training and implementing an artificial neural network (ANN) to identify and exclude scans from analysis which yield erroneous data. The implementation is based on the PyTorch framework [3]. We are presenting our results for the MESSENGER Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) data set [4], but also in view of future analysis of the BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA) data, which will arrive in orbit around Mercury in 2025 on board the Mercury Planetary Orbiter [5,6]. We further explore conventional methods of error identification and compare these with the machine learning results. Short periods of large residuals or large variation of residuals are identified and used to detect erroneous measurements. Furthermore, long-period systematics, such as those caused by slow variations in instrument pointing, can be modelled by including additional parameters.&lt;br&gt;[1] Zuber, Maria T., David E. Smith, Roger J. Phillips, Sean C. Solomon, Gregory A. Neumann, Steven A. Hauck, Stanton J. Peale, et al. &amp;#8216;Topography of the Northern Hemisphere of Mercury from MESSENGER Laser Altimetry&amp;#8217;. Science 336, no. 6078 (13 April 2012): 217&amp;#8211;20. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1218805.&lt;br&gt;[2] Thor, Robin N., Reinald Kallenbach, Ulrich R. Christensen, Philipp Gl&amp;#228;ser, Alexander Stark, Gregor Steinbr&amp;#252;gge, and J&amp;#252;rgen Oberst. &amp;#8216;Determination of the Lunar Body Tide from Global Laser Altimetry Data&amp;#8217;. Journal of Geodesy 95, no. 1 (23 December 2020): 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-020-01455-8.&lt;br&gt;[3] Paszke, Adam, Sam Gross, Francisco Massa, Adam Lerer, James Bradbury, Gregory Chanan, Trevor Killeen, et al. &amp;#8216;PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library&amp;#8217;. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (2019): 8026&amp;#8211;37.&lt;br&gt;[4] Cavanaugh, John F., James C. Smith, Xiaoli Sun, Arlin E. Bartels, Luis Ramos-Izquierdo, Danny J. Krebs, Jan F. McGarry, et al. &amp;#8216;The Mercury Laser Altimeter Instrument for the MESSENGER Mission&amp;#8217;. Space Science Reviews 131, no. 1 (1 August 2007): 451&amp;#8211;79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9273-4.&lt;br&gt;[5] Thomas, N., T. Spohn, J. -P. Barriot, W. Benz, G. Beutler, U. Christensen, V. Dehant, et al. &amp;#8216;The BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BELA): Concept and Baseline Design&amp;#8217;. Planetary and Space Science 55, no. 10 (1 July 2007): 1398&amp;#8211;1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.03.003.&lt;br&gt;[6] Benkhoff, Johannes, Jan van Casteren, Hajime Hayakawa, Masaki Fujimoto, Harri Laakso, Mauro Novara, Paolo Ferri, Helen R. Middleton, and Ruth Ziethe. &amp;#8216;BepiColombo&amp;#8212;Comprehensive Exploration of Mercury: Mission Overview and Science Goals&amp;#8217;. Planetary and Space Science, Comprehensive Science Investigations of Mercury: The scientific goals of the joint ESA/JAXA mission BepiColombo, 58, no. 1 (1 January 2010): 2&amp;#8211;20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.09.020.&lt;/p&gt;