bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slow‐Speed Two‐Stroke Engines
Authors: Kyrtatos Nikolaos P.
Published: April 2017

A slow‐speed two‐stroke crosshead diesel engine directly driving a large slow‐turning propeller is today the preferred propulsion arrangement for most merchant ships because of its simplicity, reliability, and lower fuel consumption. The design and construction of modern slow‐speed engines is presented, detailing the various components and assemblies, as well as considering the issues of lubrication, cooling materials, and combustion. The requirements for large merchant ship propulsion and their implications on engine design are introduced, highlighting the issue of engine rating. The concept of engine designer companies and several engine building licensees is outlined, describing the established practices of such arrangements. The recent developments in the design of large slow‐speed marine engines are summarized, briefly expanding on each of three general targets, namely improved fuel consumption, reduced emissions, and increased reliability.
Fluid–Structure Interactions in Marine Engineering
Authors: Ma Qingwei , Sriram Venkatachalam , Yan Shiqiang
Published: April 2017

Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) must be dealt with in marine engineering in order to design and construct safe and functional marine structures. This article aims to give some basic ideas about the FSI in the following aspects: (i) what FSI is and how to model it and (ii) what are the major issues and how they are tackled.
Mechanical Testing of Metals
Authors: Singh Ramesh
Published: April 2017

This article describes various material properties and how to verify or evaluate them by mechanical testing.
Nondestructive Testing Methods
Authors: Wright Martyn
Published: April 2017

NDT (nondestructive testing) is a family of specialized technical inspection methods that provide information about the condition of materials and components without destroying them. NDT examines actual production pieces and reveals the presence of flaws that can be evaluated against accept/reject criteria.

It is one of the major tools of quality control and is firmly entrenched in quality programs of industries such as aerospace, automotive, defense, pipeline, power generation, preventative maintenance, refinery, and the marine industries.

It is a mature technology concept within all of the above industries and is supported by continued research and development.

There are several established NDT methods currently in industrial use. New methods are being constantly researched and developed, and many of the established methods have their effectiveness and efficiency enhanced by conversion to electronic, computerized, or robotic operations.

The subject of NDT ranges from simple techniques such as visual examination of surfaces, through the well‐established methods of radiography, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle crack detection, to new and much specialized methods.

The main methods in common use are as follows: (i) visual inspection, (ii) liquid penetrant inspection, (iii) magnetic particle inspection, (iv) eddy current inspection, (v) radiographic inspection, and (vi) ultrasonic inspection.
Gas Turbines for Marine Applications
Authors: Sayma Abdulnaser I.
Published: April 2017

Gas turbines have been established as the main power plant for all medium to large aircraft propulsions due to their superior power‐to‐weight ratio. They also have a significant and growing share in the power‐generation sector as a result of the relatively low initial cost, short installation time, high efficiency when operated in combined cycle configurations, and low emissions compared to other fossil fuel power plants. However, their share in the marine propulsion sector is very small because of the more economically viable well‐established diesel engine systems. Gas turbines have lower efficiency and poor part load performance. They are however favored when space and weight are at a premium or when high speed is required. It is conceivable that their use may increase, as emission restrictions get tougher. This article aims at giving an overview of gas turbine technology aimed at ship propulsion. Future prospects of carbon neutral zero emissions gas turbine systems are also explored.
Lubrication Requirements for Two‐ and Four‐Stroke Marine Reciprocating Engines
Authors: Aabo Kjeld , Rohbogner Christoph
Published: April 2017

Providing coverage of the lubrication requirements for two‐ and four‐stroke marine reciprocating engines, this article deals with topics such as lubrication systems for the piston/cylinder liner and the crankcase for two‐stroke engines, fuel types, and lubrication for four‐stroke engines and the criteria and considerations for engine lubrication, including contamination risks.
Regulatory and Classification Limits
Authors: Abrahamsen Kai A.
Published: April 2017

This article reviews the requirements for all aspects of noise and vibration onboard or emitted from ships. Requirements are important to avoid undesired health, safety, and environmental influence from noise and vibration. Concise requirements are also important as design and engineering goals during construction of ships.
Submarine Design
Authors: Andrews David
Published: April 2017

This article introduces the main issues relevant to the design of military submarines, whether conventionally (diesel electric) or nuclear powered. The general design and acquisition procedures are taken to be essentially common with other naval vessels, and these issues have been covered in the associated article on warship design. Issues of propulsion machinery and specific details on combat systems likely to be fitted on such submarines are also covered in other articles. This article summarizes the technical features of a submarine that makes their design highly constrained by the physics of operating such large fast vessels at depth in the oceans.

Taking the “tear drop” shaped external configuration of modern submarines as read, the choices the designer has in regard to overall form, internal arrangement, and configuration of the pressure hull and external features are addressed. The dominant constraints of static control of a neutrally buoyant form, which is highly sensitive to longitudinal weight distribution changes, are explained and include the basis of the trim polygon. Resistance and propulsion issues are seen as strongly interacting with the machinery choices. The principal structural collapse modes of the pressure hull are outlined. The issue of dynamic control of submarines is addressed but like discussion of structural behavior is done without recourse to advanced mathematical treatment. The key references for further in depth study are provided.
Safety of Compliant or Floating Platforms
Authors: Bryant Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2017

The exploitation of deepwater oil and gas reservoirs has required that flexible or “compliant” structural designs be used to mitigate the impact of hurricane forces of wind, waves, and currents at water depths exceeding about 1000 ft. Compliant structures include compliant towers, tension leg platforms, spars, semisubmersibles, and FPSOs (floating production, storage, and offloading). These compliant structures tend to be large, are located in deepwater far from shore, and can have a large contingent of personnel on board. These attributes and the movement associated with compliant offshore structures can increase the risk associated with many major accident hazards. Being located far from shore, it is important to bring a hazardous situation under control quickly since it may require hours for assistance to arrive. This article identifies where risks are likely to increase with a compliant design and discusses approaches to mitigating these risks.
FPSO
Authors: Newport Andrew
Published: April 2017

Floating production storage and offloading systems (FPSOs) are ship‐shaped oil and gas production units, which can operate in a large range of water depths and environmental conditions. FPSOs typically receive unprocessed fluids from subsea wells; separate and treat the oil, water, and gas; and store the oil in the vessels' cargo tanks for offloading to shuttle tankers. The water is either cleaned and discharged overboard or reinjected into the reservoir. Similarly, the gas is conditioned and compressed, and either exported via a pipeline or reinjected into the reservoir.

This article describes the three principal components of an FPSO; the vessel, the topsides and the mooring system. The alternatives of converted tanker and purpose‐built hull are discussed, and alternative mooring systems and offloading options are presented.

The relocation of FPSOs is also briefly discussed.
Semisubmersibles
Authors: Mansour Alaa M. , Greiner Bill , Wu Chunfa , Simon Nithin , Srabian Garabed , Bagaria Ashish
Published: April 2017

Semisubmersible platforms are one of the widely used floaters in the offshore and marine industry. They can support the operating topside well above the mean sea level through a number of vertical columns. They gain their buoyancy mainly from pontoon structures at the lower end of the columns well below the water surface. Columns also contribute to the buoyancy of the platform. Semisubmersible platforms are recognized for their high stability provided by widely separated columns and their buoyant cross‐sectional area. This high stability enables semisubmersible floaters to support topsides at high elevations away from direct wave impact.

Compared to ship‐shaped floaters, semisubmersibles offer much lower motion response in harsh wave environments. The improved response is driven by the longer system natural periods and the lower hydrodynamic loads on the pontoon due to their position deep below the water surface away from the wave action.

In this article, a description of the semisubmersibles and their key applications as related to the offshore and marine fields are presented. This article also provides an overview of the fabrication, transportation, and installation operations of semisubmersibles. Elaborations on the design considerations of semisubmersibles including hull sizing, stability, weight control, global performance, hull structure, and hull system are included. Overview of the riser systems that can be hosted on semisubmersible is also presented. This article concludes with a high level summary of the new trend and next‐generation semisubmersibles.
Inspection Strategies
Authors: Gibbs Brian
Published: April 2017

Inspection Strategy focuses on the management processes required to develop the critical in‐service inspection plan for offshore fixed structures. In this context, inspection is the physical activity of observing, measuring, or testing that is performed intermittently to allow an assessment of the integrity of the structure at progressive points in time. To optimize the benefits of these activities the types of inspections and the frequency of inspection need to be determined strategically, taking into account safety of people and the environment, key physical aspects of the platform, it's age, past and future intended use, and regulatory compliance. The strategy needs to be kept evergreen by periodically reviewing key performance indicators along with other critical factors including changes in industry standards and regulations. A separate but related method of obtaining data for integrity assessment is through monitoring, which is the continual observation or measurement of key aspects using a variety of electronic tools.
The Impact of Geology on Offshore Development
Authors: Sears Stephen O.
Published: April 2017

The geology of offshore oil and gas fields varies widely, but imposes constraints and opportunities for developing offshore hydrocarbons. This becomes evident during the E&P Life Cycle (Find‐Develop‐Produce) as the field geology influences locating and testing exploration prospects with seismic and wildcat drilling, optimizing the number and location of development wells and production facilities, and the field's production rates and ultimate recovery. To reduce geologic uncertainty, a stepwise approach to acquiring information is usually employed, as shown by two examples. The Tahoe Field in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico and the Lula Field in the Brazil Offshore Subsalt both utilized a similar approach to offshore development, which allowed for increasing understanding of the field geology while reducing uncertainty.
Overview of Petroleum Reservoir Engineering Concepts
Authors: Hughes Richard G.
Published: April 2017

An overview of reservoir engineering concepts for conventional resources is presented in this article. Various reservoir fluid types and their phase behavior are described and its relevance for the reserves estimates is established. Understanding of the flow in reservoir and wellbore flow rates is crucial for economical production. For multiple wells in a large field, the simulation tools can provide guidance for the reservoir management to maximize the production and the asset value.
Hybrids
Authors: Thomas David P. , Fatica Giulio , Palladini Roberto , Hidajat Realino
Published: April 2017

This article provides an introduction to the hybrid riser system, which combines both rigid and flexible riser technologies. Hybrid riser systems are developed as an alternative to address potential issues related to the use of flexible risers and steel catenary risers in deep water (around 1000 m and deeper), namely the high pressure and high temperature that the risers are subjected to, the high hang‐off load at the vessel, and the riser response to the extreme and fatigue environmental conditions. Particular focus is put on the freestanding vertical rigid pipe (single‐line hybrid riser), or bundle of pipes (bundled hybrid riser or hybrid riser tower), tensioned by an external buoyancy can connected at the top, and a flexible jumper that connects the rigid riser section to the host vessel. The components that make up a typical hybrid riser are discussed, followed by high level analysis and design guidelines.
Riser Fatigue
Authors: Chappell John , Brownlee Kirk
Published: April 2017

Fatigue is a function of loading, geometry, and material parameters. Numerous articles have been written on accumulation of fatigue damage in risers and their associated components. Today, metallurgists gave a good understanding about cracking and fatigue mechanisms in materials, which has allowed fit for service materials. Statistical databases have improved allowing better characterization of the long‐term seastate environment. Fracture mechanics and inspection methods have enabled better estimates of inspection intervals and life cycles. However, as with all technologies, engineers and designers must be aware of the limitations of the tools with which they are working, and therefore, use accordingly. This article discusses, on a high level, fatigue of risers used to connect subsea wells to floating production systems with regards to cracking mechanisms; cyclic loading due to wind, wave, and current; and applicability, assumptions, and limitations of S–N fatigue and fracture mechanics fatigue.
Hydroelastic Response of Very Large Floating Structures
Authors: Iijima Kazuhiro
Published: April 2017

This article outlines methods for hydroelastic response evaluation required for the design of a VLFS (very large floating structure). Since the hydroelasticity is a problem of interference between fluid actions and structural deformation, the methods need modeling both in fluid and structural domains. Further, they need to combine techniques to enhance the computational efficiency as the analysis domain of the VLFS, or the number of unknowns to be solved, is large. On the other hand, a modeling with an appropriate complexity is necessary depending on which design stage you are at and what type of output is anticipated. Various typical methods proposed so far are reviewed after the theoretical backgrounds are given. The characteristics of the hydroelastic response are also explained by using an analytical solution to a simple VLFS model. The hydroelastic response is characterized by the response to a wave whose wavelength is equal to the characteristic length defined by a few parameters for the VLFS model and the resonant response with respect to the flexible modes.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Authors: Hauerhof Elena
Published: April 2017

The ocean has vast resources that could contribute to solving planet energy needs. One of them is a hydrothermal energy which exploitation from the seabed has the greatest short‐ and long‐term potential. This article explores the technological challenges in exploiting the seabed as a source of energy and suggests possible future applications for power generation from the seabed.

The novel approach for collecting power from the hydrothermal vent fields implements thermoelectric generators. The number of energy extraction concepts including preliminary design options, either tapping a temperature gradient directly from the plumes of a hydrothermal vent or using high pressure thermosyphons installed in a well on the hydrothermal mounds, are also covered. These alternatives can provide clean and reliable power with less environmental impact on the surrounding ecosystem. In addition, three technology progress‐based scenarios are proposed as possible applications of the hydrothermal energy, extracted from the seabed.
Physical Modeling of Foundation Systems
Authors: Gaudin Christophe , O'Loughlin Conleth
Published: April 2017

This article presents the fundamental principles associated with the physical modeling of geotechnical problems, with an emphasis on the performance and design of offshore foundations systems. The similitude principles necessary for reduced scale modeling of an offshore foundation to exhibit an identical behavior to the full‐scale structure it represents are discussed. The necessity of achieving an identical stress state between the model and the prototype is demonstrated, leading to the development of centrifuge modeling. Centrifuge technology, including model preparation, instrumentation, data acquisition, and motion control, is presented, and an example application related to pipeline soil interaction during laying is discussed.
Port Equipment and Technology
Authors: Negenborn Rudy R. , Schott Dingena L. , Corman Francesco
Published: April 2017

The economic relevance of ports is related to the flows of goods they can handle and move, and it is strongly related to economic development. Due to trends in increasing port size, the effect of port size on economies of scale, and the tendency to bundle demand and operations into very large ports, port equipment and its management is becoming crucial for a port's efficiency.

This article reviews the equipment and technology used at ports, with a major focus on containerized and dry bulk transport. An outlook over the future of port equipment points out their efficient management, with a clear trend for increasing support from information–communication technology and automation. This happens at the level of individual machines, as well as at the level of stakeholders (community systems). Via the intelligent interaction of technology and equipment in a coherent integrated system, efficient inter‐ and intraterminal operations can be achieved.
War and Battle in the Roman World, 700BC–AD235
Authors: Erdkamp Paul
Published: April 2017

The major developments in early Rome were the evolution of a state army and an increase in the scale and tempo of warfare. Initially, Roman warfare was fought against neighboring states. Following Rome's acquisition of the Italian peninsula in the mid‐republic, attention first turned to the conquest of Rome's Hellenistic neighbors and then in the late republic to Gaul. Afterward, Rome continued to expand the boundaries of its empire intermittently under the emperors. The Roman army of the mid‐republic consisted of heavy infantry (triarii,hastati,principes) arranged in maniples supported by light infantry (velites). Though military duty was originally a requirement of all able‐bodied male citizens, the late republic saw the rise of professional armies. The maniple, which distinguished soldiers by age and class, was replaced by the more flexible cohort as the main tactical unit within the legion. Light infantry and cavalry were supplied by allied states, while the heavy infantry were drawn from Italy. In the Augustan period, armies were stationed for longer periods in the same location and legions became permanent fixtures. Roman tactics generally favored the deployment of heavy infantry in the center with lightly armed troops on the wings and rear, usingballistaefor sieges and to scatter enemy formations. The army had an established system for acquiring and distributing supplies, using water and land routes and strategically placed depots. Through the abilities of experienced generals, an efficient army structure, and well‐organized logistics, the Roman army became an essential tool in empire‐building.
The Lamian War, 323–322BC
Authors: Sprawski Sławomir
Published: April 2017

Alexander the Great's death prompted many Greek states to respond to an Athenian appeal to unite in overthrowing Macedonian domination. The availability of substantial finances and discharged mercenaries aided the Greek cause, while the Macedonian world was still in turmoil. Antipater, regent in Macedon, was besieged in Lamia and the Thessalian cavalry defeated Macedonian forces coming to his relief. At sea, however, the Athenian navy proved no match for the might of new Macedonian fleets, while on land the fragmenting Greek alliance was eventually defeated by Antipater. Athens capitulated, being forced to accept the replacement of its democracy.
Dynastic Wars, 260–145
BC
Authors: McKechnie Paul
Published: April 2017

Division of the post‐Alexander world did not lead to a cessation of hostilities. Competition for influence in the Aegean Greek world led to several substantial naval engagements, while competing claims to Palestine and Syria resulted in a series of “Syrian” wars between Ptolemies and Seleucids. One result of these protracted conflicts, which diminished Macedonian resources and forced the successor kingdoms to rely increasingly on non‐Greek forces, was the emergence of other powers: the Parthians on the Iranian plateau and Pergamum in western Asia Minor, where Gallic migrants had been threatening the safety of Greek cities.
The Goths and the Romans, 376–378
Authors: Lee Doug
Published: April 2017

In the late 360 s the Roman frontier along the Danube, which had been quiet for a generation, came under severe pressure as tribal groups led by Gothic elites attempted to cross the river to escape the approaching threat of Hunnic domination. Roman attempts to manage the process failed, with the result that substantial and desperate groups of tribesmen roamed south of the Danube, eventually ravaging the Thracian plain south of the Haemus mountains. Emperor Valens confronted them near Adrianople but the ensuing battle resulted in the destruction of the Roman army and his own death.
Justinian and Persia, 527–562
Authors: Whitby Michael
Published: April 2017

The truce on Rome's eastern frontier lasted until 527, when religious allegiances and frontier control provoked new hostilities. After five years of fluctuating war in which the Romans were commanded by the young Belisarius, an Endless Peace was concluded in 532, but fighting resumed in 540. Khusro overran much of Syria, capturing Antioch and reaching the Mediterranean, but he could not sustain such successes: Dara and Edessa resisted, and by mutual agreement warfare became confined to Lazica, where the Romans eventually managed to stabilize their authority by recapturing the key city of Petra. Peace was signed for 50 years in 562.
Characteristics and Course of Enthesitis in a Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Inception Cohort
Authors: Rumsey Dax G. , Guzman Jaime , Rosenberg Alan M. , Huber Adam M. , Scuccimarri Rosie , Shiff Natalie J. , Bruns Alessandra , Feldman Brian M. , Eurich Dean T. ,   the Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children Emphasizing Outcomes Investigators
Published: April 2017

Objective

To describe the prevalence, associated characteristics, and course of enthesitis in a juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) inception cohort.

Methods

Canadian children newly diagnosed with JIA between 2005 and 2010 were categorized using International League of Associations for Rheumatology criteria at the 6‐month visit and followed in the Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children Emphasizing Outcomes (ReACCh‐Out) cohort for up to 5 years. The presence of entheseal tenderness on examination at 33 sites shown on a homunculus was recorded at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months after enrollment. Enthesitis was defined as entheseal tenderness at more than 1 site or on more than 1 occasion. Analyses consisted of descriptive statistics and linear mixed models for longitudinal data.

Results

Of 1,406 patients, 219 (16%) had enthesitis and, of those with enthesitis, 141 (64%) were classified as having enthesitis‐related arthritis (ERA). Children with enthesitis were more often older (10.7 versus 7.5 years), male (57% versus 31%), and with polyarthritis (57% versus 41%) and sacroiliac involvement (30% versus 4%). Entheseal tenderness was most frequent at the calcaneal plantar fascial insertion (39%), Achilles tendon insertion (31%), and tibial tuberosity (30%). The mean number of tender entheseal sites decreased in parallel with active joint counts. There was no difference in active joint counts over time in children with or without enthesitis (P = 0.73).

Conclusion

Enthesitis was observed in 16% of patients with JIA, but only two thirds were categorized as having ERA. Contrary to expectations, most children with enthesitis had polyarticular involvement. The course of enthesitis paralleled the course of active joint counts.
Transparent and Gas‐Permeable Liquid Marbles for Culturing and Drug Sensitivity Test of Tumor Spheroids
Authors: Li Hualin , Liu Peng , Kaur Guneet , Yao Xi , Yang Mengsu
Published: April 2017

Transparent nanoparticle‐based liquid marbles with high gas‐permeability are prepared to culture tumor spheroids in 3D without the need of supplementary growth factor. The culturing process of spheroids from a population of cancer cells or a single cell in the transparent liquid marbles can be optically recorded continuously. Compared to monolayer cells and spheroids generated in multiwell plate, tumor spheroids cultured in the liquid marbles show enhanced viability under the treatment of chemotherapeutic drugs and small interfering RNA.
The Formation and Evolution of Creased Morphologies Using Reactive Diffusion in Ultrathin Polymer Brush Platforms
Authors: Brooks Karson , Razavi Mir Jalil , White Evan M. , Wang Xianqiao , Locklin Jason
Published: April 2017

Precisely controlling the morphology in thin film coatings has emerged as an important tool used to tune surface properties in a wide variety of applications. Previously, a method is reported to fabricate nanoscale surface creases with a high degree of control over crease size and shape using microcontact printing to perform post‐polymerization modification on reactive polymer brush surfaces. In this work, this approach has been expanded to manipulate crease morphology in reactive thin films, using only a drop of a reactive, viscous polymer, and crease formation has been investigated with a combination of experimental observations and computational validations. The effects of various rate constants of the reactive polymer brush scaffold, hydrostatic pressure within the droplet of reactive polymer, diffusion profile, and the evolution of the creased morphologies with reaction time are examined in order to better understand crease formation in ultrathin films.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Quinazoline‐Based Heterocycles through Phosphine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric [3+3] Annulation of Morita−Baylis−Hillman Carbonates with Azomethine Imines
Authors: Zhou Leijie , Yuan Chunhao , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Lei , Gao Zhenzhen , Wang Chang , Liu Honglei , Wu Yang , Guo Hongchao
Published: April 2017

Enantioselective synthesis of chiral quinazoline‐based heterocycles is achieved through a chiral phosphine‐catalyzed [3+3] annulation reaction of quinazoline‐based 1,3‐dipoles with Morita−Baylis−Hillman carbonates. The reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions to give various chiral heterocyclic compounds in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities. Further diverse elaborations of the annulation products work well to produce novel tetrahydroquinazoline derivatives.

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Palladium/Phosphorus‐Doped Porous Organic Polymer as Recyclable Chemoselective and Efficient Hydrogenation Catalyst under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Ding Zong‐Cang , Li Cun‐Yao , Chen Jun‐Jia , Zeng Jia‐Hao , Tang Hai‐Tao , Ding Yun‐Jie , Zhan Zhuang‐Ping
Published: April 2017

A new type of phosphorus‐doped porous organic polymer (POP) has been readily synthesized through a Heck reaction, which could be used not only as a support but also a ligand for palladium nanoparticles. The dual‐functional material supported palladium nanocatalyst was used for the efficient and chemoselective hydrogenation of varieties of nitroarenes and α,β‐unsaturated compounds, as well as for the synthesis of indoles from 2‐nitrophenylacetonitrile under 1 atm hydrogen in green solvents at room temperature. No obvious aggregation and loss of catalytic activity of the new nanocatalyst were observed after 10 runs in the reaction.

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Growth and breakup of a wet agglomerate in a dry gas–solid fluidized bed
Authors: Boyce Christopher M. , Ozel Ali , Kolehmainen Jari , Sundaresan Sankaran , McKnight Craig A. , Wormsbecker Michael
Published: April 2017

Significance

Using CFD‐DEM simulations, a wet agglomerate of particles was placed in a void region of a dry vigorously fluidized bed to understand how wet agglomerates grow or breakup and how liquid spreads when agglomerates interact with dry fluidized particles. In the CFD‐DEM model, cohesive and viscous forces arising from liquid bridges between particles were modeled, as well as a finite rate of liquid bridge filling. The liquid properties were varied between different simulations to vary Bond number (surface tension forces/gravitational forces) and Capillary number (viscous forces/surface tension forces) in the system. Resulting agglomerate behavior was divided into regimes of (i) the agglomerate breaking up, (ii) the agglomerate retaining its initial form, but not growing, and (iii) the agglomerate retaining its initial form and growing. Regimes were mapped based on Bo and Ca. Implications of agglomerate behavior on spreading of liquid to initially dry particles were investigated. This article identifies a new way to map agglomerate growth and breakup behavior based on Bo and Ca. In modeling both liquid forces and a finite rate of liquid transfer, it identifies the complex influence viscosity has on agglomeration by strengthening liquid bridges while slowing their formation. Viewing Ca as the ratio of bridge formation time to particle collision and separation time capture why agglomerates with high Ca struggle to grow. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2520–2527, 2017
Hydrophobic surface modification of FMSS and its application as effective sorbents for oil spill clean‐ups and recovery
Authors: Oribayo Oluwasola , Pan Qinmin , Feng Xianshe , Rempel Garry L.
Published: April 2017

Superhydrophobic sponge‐like materials are attracting more attention in recent years as potential sorbent materials for oil spill clean‐up. In this work, the authors report the incorporation of hydrophobic structural features into a superhydrophilic pristine formaldehyde‐melamine‐sodium bisulfite copolymer sponge (FMSS) by N‐acylation with a fatty acid derivative, for use as an oil sorbent in oil spill clean‐ups. This resulted in our ability to transform the surface properties of the sponge skeleton to superhydrophobic with a contact angle of 143°. The acylated FMSS (a‐FMSS) was shown to retain the interconnected porous structure, and was characterized with microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. Sorption experiments with engine oil and chloroform showed that a‐FMSS had a very high oil sorption capacity (amounting to 99 and 168.2 times its own weight respectively) than commercial nonwoven polypropylene sorbent. In this view, a‐FMSS is considered to be a promising oil sorbent for potential applications in large‐scale oil spill clean‐ups. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4090–4102, 2017
Linking particle properties to dense suspension extrusion flow characteristics using discrete element simulations
Authors: Ness Christopher , Ooi Jin Y. , Sun Jin , Marigo Michele , McGuire Paul , Xu Han , Stitt Hugh
Published: April 2017

Extrusion is a widely used process for forming suspensions and pastes into designed shapes, and is central to the manufacture of many products. In this article, the extrusion through a square‐entry die of non‐Brownian spheres suspended in Newtonian fluid is investigated using discrete element simulations, capturing individual particle‐particle contacts and hydrodynamic interactions. The simulations reveal inhomogeneous velocity and stress distributions, originating in the inherent microstructure formed by the constituent particles. Such features are shown to be relevant to generic paste extrusion behavior, such as extrudate swell. The pressure drop across the extruder is correlated with the extrudate flow rate, with the empirical fitting parameters being linked directly to particle properties such as surface friction, and processing conditions such as extruder wall roughness. Our model and results bring recent advances in suspension rheology into an industrial setting, laying foundations for future model development, predictive paste formulation and extrusion design. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3069–3082, 2017
Three families with mild PMM2‐CDG and normal cognitive development
Authors: Vals Mari‐Anne , Morava Eva , Teeäär Kai , Zordania Riina , Pajusalu Sander , Lefeber Dirk J. , Õunap Katrin
Published: April 2017

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are caused by defective glycosylation of proteins and lipids. PMM2‐CDG is the most common subtype among the CDG. The severity of PMM2‐CDG is variable. Patients often have a recognizable phenotype with neurological and multisystem symptoms that might cause early death. We report six patients from three families who are diagnosed with a clinically mild PMM2‐CDG and have normal cognitive development. All these patients had delayed gross motor skills with mild‐to‐moderate neurological findings. Cerebellar hypoplasia was detected in all siblings for whom brain MRI was performed. In 5/6 children the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) showed normal cognitive development with full scale IQ scores ranging from borderline to average. Four patients were diagnosed with PMM2‐CDG at the age of 8 years or later as their neurological symptoms were quite mild and they had been able to participate in regular school programs. We report patients with p.Val231Met/p.Arg239Trp and p.Ile120Thr/p.Gly228Cys genotypes which may cause milder variants of PMM2‐CDG.
Personality assessment and model comparison with behavioral data: A statistical framework and empirical demonstration with bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Martin Jordan S. , Suarez Scott A.
Published: April 2017

Interest in quantifying consistent among‐individual variation in primate behavior, also known as personality, has grown rapidly in recent decades. Although behavioral coding is the most frequently utilized method for assessing primate personality, limitations in current statistical practice prevent researchers’ from utilizing the full potential of their coding datasets. These limitations include the use of extensive data aggregation, not modeling biologically relevant sources of individual variance during repeatability estimation, not partitioning between‐individual (co)variance prior to modeling personality structure, the misuse of principal component analysis, and an over‐reliance upon exploratory statistical techniques to compare personality models across populations, species, and data collection methods. In this paper, we propose a statistical framework for primate personality research designed to address these limitations. Our framework synthesizes recently developed mixed‐effects modeling approaches for quantifying behavioral variation with an information‐theoretic model selection paradigm for confirmatory personality research. After detailing a multi‐step analytic procedure for personality assessment and model comparison, we employ this framework to evaluate seven models of personality structure in zoo‐housed bonobos (Pan paniscus). We find that differences between sexes, ages, zoos, time of observation, and social group composition contributed to significant behavioral variance. Independently of these factors, however, personality nonetheless accounted for a moderate to high proportion of variance in average behavior across observational periods. A personality structure derived from past rating research receives the strongest support relative to our model set. This model suggests that personality variation across the measured behavioral traits is best described by two correlated but distinct dimensions reflecting individual differences in affiliation and sociability (Agreeableness) as well as activity level, social play, and neophilia toward non‐threatening stimuli (Openness). These results underscore the utility of our framework for quantifying personality in primates and facilitating greater integration between the behavioral ecological and comparative psychological approaches to personality research.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Hispidanin A
Authors: Deng Heping , Cao Wei , Liu Rong , Zhang Yanhui , Liu Bo
Published: April 2017

Asymmetric total synthesis of the dimeric diterpenoid hispidanin A was accomplished by non‐catalytic Diels–Alder cycloaddition at room temperature. The synthesis relies on iron‐catalyzed coupling to construct a Z‐configured trisubstituted alkene, an iron‐catalyzed radical cascade to generate a labdane‐type diene, and both Yamamoto cationic polyene cyclization and palladium‐catalyzed Stille coupling to generate a totarane‐type dienophile.
The behavioral and physiological effects of high‐fat diet and alcohol consumption: Sex differences in C57BL6/J mice
Authors: Gelineau Rachel R. , Arruda Nicole L. , Hicks Jasmin A. , Monteiro De Pina Isabella , Hatzidis Aikaterini , Seggio Joseph A.
Published: April 2017

Background and Objective

Animal studies can be a great tool to investigate sex differences in a variety of different ways, including behavioral and physiological responses to drug treatments and different “lifestyle variables” such as diets. Consumption of both high‐fat diets and alcohol is known to affect anxiety behaviors and overall health. This project investigated how high‐fat diet and alcohol access and its combination affected the behavior and physiology of male and female C57BL/6J mice.

Method

Mice were separated into three food groups: high‐fat diet, 10% fat diet, and regular chow, and each group was paired with either water or 10% alcohol. Behavioral assays included diet and alcohol preference, light‐dark box, open field, and feeding and drinking measurements. Physiological measures included glucose tolerance tests and measurement of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, insulin, and leptin levels.

Results

Females and males differed in the open field, as male mice decreased activity, while females increased activity when consuming high‐fat diet. While females consumed more ethanol than males, alcohol consumption was able to improve glucose tolerance and increase anxiety in both sexes. Lastly, females were more resistant to the physiological changes caused by high‐fat diet than males, as females consuming high‐fat diet exhibited decreased insulin secretion, less change to brain‐derived neurotrophic factor levels, and better glucose tolerance than males consuming high‐fat diet.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the response to high‐fat diet and alcohol consumption is sex dependent and that males are more affected both behaviorally and physiologically by high‐fat diet compared to females.
Therapist response to a distressed client: Differences in active listening and changes in negative affect
Authors: Altabef David , Meier Scott , Reynolds Amy , Delucia Janice , Friedling Lily
Published: April 2017

Background

While talking through distress can help ease client distress, listening to distressed individuals can be a challenging task for psychotherapists who do so routinely.

Aims

Consequently we explore factors that account for variance in emotional reactions to distress among therapists. These included beliefs about responsibility for helping, professional training, and demographic variables.

Materials & Methods

Seventy‐one psychotherapists observed an online video of a distressed individual and then completed measures of negative affect (NA), therapist beliefs about their role, and demographics and professional training. Participants also wrote a brief response after the video describing what they would say to the distressed individual.

Results

Findings suggested a complex set of relations among variables. Female therapists who were Counselling Psychologists and reported lower need for control in therapeutic situations were more likely to employ active listening (AL) responses and evidence NA decreases post‐video. Female Counselling Psychologists who wrote a non‐AL response, however, evidenced an increase in NA pre‐post video.

Discussion

Results suggested the potentially important role of active listening responses in helping therapists to manage their negative affect in response to distressed individuals. Active listening responses were associated with gender, professional training, and therapists’ beliefs about role.

Conclusion

We discuss implications of these results for therapist training and research in occupational stress and burnout.
Israeli Paediatricians' Attitudes and Experiences of Reporting Child Maltreatment and Related Training Needs
Authors: Jedwab Merav , Benbenishty Rami
Published: April 2017

Healthcare professionals and particularly paediatricians have a significant responsibility to diagnose and report child maltreatment. In situations where there is a suspicion of maltreatment, the professionals have to report the case to the authorities. Even though reporting is mandatory, previous research indicates that health professionals tend to report only a few of their suspected cases. The aims of the current study are to: (1) examine paediatricians' attitudes and experiences concerning the identification and reporting of suspected child abuse and neglect cases; (2) assess paediatricians' training needs; and (3) examine the associations between paediatricians' attitudes and years of experience with suspected maltreatment handling and their training needs. A sample of 200 Israeli paediatricians, all members of the Israeli Paediatric Association, completed telephone interviews regarding their attitudes, experiences and training needs. The findings indicate high rates of reporting and a need for additional training. Paediatricians who had less experience with such cases or those with minimal training were more likely to ask for training. There was no significant correlation between the paediatricians' attitudes and years of experience. The authors suggest the development of specialised training programmes that will provide paediatricians with theoretical knowledge and practical skills related to child abuse and neglect.

‘Paediatricians have a significant responsibility to diagnose and report child maltreatment’

Key Practitioner Messages

Health professionals are often required by law to report any reasonable suspicion of child abuse or neglect.

Prior studies indicate that there are various barriers to reporting.

Studies indicate a need for further theoretical and practical training and education of health professionals.

‘There are various barriers to reporting’
Activity‐Based Probes for HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
Authors: Byrne Robert , Mund Thomas , Licchesi Julien D. F.
Published: April 2017

Activity‐based probes (ABPs) have been used to dissect the biochemical/structural properties and cellular functions of deubiquitinases. However, their utility in studying cysteine‐based E3 ubiquitin ligases has been limited. In this study, we evaluate the use of ubiquitin‐ABPs (Ub‐VME and Ub‐PA) and a novel set of E2–Ub‐ABPs on a panel of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases. Our in vitro data show that ubiquitin‐ABPs can label HECT domains. We also provide the first evidence that, in addition to the RBR E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin, E2–Ub‐ABPs can also label the catalytic HECT domains of NEDD4, UBE3C, and HECTD1. Importantly, the endogenous proteasomal E3 ligase UBE3C was also successfully labelled by Ub‐PA and His‐UBE2D2–Ub‐ABP in lysate of cells grown under basal conditions. Our findings provide novel insights into the use of ABPs for the study of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases.
Uranyl Photocleavage of Phosphopeptides Yields Truncated C‐Terminally Amidated Peptide Products
Authors: Elnegaard Rasmus L. B. , Møllegaard Niels Erik , Zhang Qiang , Kjeldsen Frank , Jørgensen Thomas J. D.
Published: April 2017

The uranyl ion (UO22+) binds phosphopeptides with high affinity, and when irradiated with UV‐light, it can cleave the peptide backbone. In this study, high‐accuracy tandem mass spectrometry and enzymatic assays were used to characterise the photocleavage products resulting from the uranyl photocleavage reaction of a tetraphosphorylated β‐casein model peptide. We show that the primary photocleavage products of the uranyl‐catalysed reaction are C‐terminally amidated. This could be of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry, as efficient peptide amidation reactions are one of the top challenges in green pharmaceutical chemistry.
Novel case of resolution of hypsarrhythmia following tuber resection in a patient with infantile spasms and tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Marsh Robert , Nichols Courtney , Payne Mary
Published: April 2017

Key Clinical Message

This article describes a case involving the resolution of hypsarrhythmia, a generalized abnormalEEGpattern, following focal resection of a cortical tuber in a patient with tuberous sclerosis.
Recurrent myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma: a case report
Authors: Jagadesh Niveditha , Miller Daniel H. , Schenk William , Attia Steven , Sherman Courtney E. , Cortese Cherise , May Byron C. , Miller Robert C.
Published: April 2017

Key Clinical Message

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma is a rare sarcoma which typically presents in the extremities and is treated by definitive surgery. In recurrent disease, the reported utilization of radiotherapy is increasing, and more modern techniques such as intensity‐modulated radiotherapy may be improving long‐term outcomes.