bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing Paradigms of Citizenship and the Exclusiveness of the Demos
Authors: Cohen Jean L.
Published: March 2007

Three distinct components of the citizenship principle have been identified in the literature: a political principle of democracy, a juridical status of legal personhood and a form of membership and political identity. The modern paradigm of citizenship was based on the assumption that these components would neatly map onto one another on the terrain of the democratic welfare state. Globalization, new forms of transnational migration, the partial disaggregation of state sovereignty and the development of human rights regimes have rendered this model anachronistic. Only if the various elements of the citizenship principle are disaggregated and reinstitutionalized on independent levels of governance, some national, some supranational, will the exclusiveness constitutive of the ideal of citizenship be tempered with the demands of justice.
Chapter 11 When and How To Import Technology: Issues in Technology Transfer
Authors: Kamenetzky Mario
Published: March 2007

One issue underlying all others when technology transfer occurs is the need to build capacity. This capacity is needed in order to know what to buy, when to buy, from whom to buy, and how to buy. These decisions should always be taken by those working within a country's economy, particularly the decision on what to buy, which is value laden.
Teaching and Learning About Science and Social Policy
Authors: Benne Kenneth D. , Birnbaum Max
Published: March 2007

This material originally appeared as part of a larger publication developed by ERIC, unden a contract with the National Institute of Edu cation, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, as a practical resource for teaching about science-related social issues. It was pub lished jointly by ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education and the Sociat Science Education Consortium.
Distance Learning Classrooms: A Critique
Authors: Waltz Scott B.
Published: March 2007

In an atmosphere of shrinking state funds for edu cation and the glistening power of information technology, the administrators of educational institutions, especially higher education, are investing heavily in the construction and increased use of distance learning classrooms. Yet, in this rush to be both economi cally streamlined and technologically advanced, few policy makers are inquiring into the educational bene fits actually proffered to the end users, that is, teachers and students. This article advances such an inquiry by revealing how the equipment in such facilities explic itly or implicitly embodies, and thereby determines, pedagogical choices. Such "hardwired" pedagogy may enhance the type and amount of data flow, but it effectively restricts the options for teaching and learn ing on the part of both the teacher and the student. Furthermore, virtual classrooms functionally transfer parametric control of classroom interaction from the participants to the equipment and therefore to the technicians, accountants, bureaucrats, manufacturers, and engineers.
Moral Education: An Evaluation of the Effect of Moral Dilemma Discussions for Sixth Graders
Authors: Rosenkoetter Lawrence I. , Alderman Melba K. , Nelson Raymond , Ottaviano Matthew
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the effectiveness of classroom moral dilemma discussions. The moral reasoning of sixth graders was assessed before and after an eight week moral education program. Students led by teachers with extended training made greater progress than students led by teachers with limited preparation. Likewise, classrooms led by teachers who were able to assess students' level of moral reasoning were more effective. Results failed to indicate a strong relationship between traditional student measures and stage growth induced by developmental moral education.
Academic Stress Among Early and Mid Adolescents In England and in The United States
Authors: West Charles K. , Wills Carol L. , Sharp Alex
Published: March 2007

The extent of academic stress appears to be very similar across the samples from both cultures. Four factors emerged: parental stress, peer stress, importance of school, and fear of failure. These factors are common among adolescents sampled in both countries. One main difference in percent of common variance was noted. In the factor, peer stress, the common variance for the United States' subjects is 33 percent, whereas for English subjects the common variance is 22 percent. The common variance for other factors are roughly equivalent.
Parental Influences of Adolescent Self-Esteem*
Authors: Openshaw D. Kim , Thomas Darwin L. , Rollins Boyd C.
Published: March 2007

Two contemporary theoretical explanations of adolescent self-esteem, symbolic interaction and social learning, were investigated and compared. Special attention focused on the relative effect of selected variables, representing each explanation, on four dimensions of self-esteem. A stratified random sample of 184 families with adolescents provided self-report data. Multiple regression and bivariate analysis resulted in evidence for the general conclusions that: (1) adolescent self-esteem was more a function of the reflected appraisal of the parents than it was of adolescents modeling their parents' self-esteem; and (2) female adolescents were more likely to be influenced by their parents than were male adolescents. In addition, the study suggests that when researchers investigate adolescent self-esteem, it is essential that they take into account its various dimensions, as well as the sex of the parent and the-adolescent.
The Development of Sex Differences in Friendship Patterns and Peer Group Structure During Adolescence
Authors: Montemayor Raymond , Komen Roger Van
Published: March 2007

In a naturalistic study of sex differences in friendship patterns and peer group structure during adolescence, 130 groups composed of 321 adolescents were observed in three high schools and six out-of-school settings. No sex differences were found in the percentages of males and females observed in dyads or with a companion of the opposite-sex. Male friends knew each other longer than did female friends or male-female friends. Lastly, during adolescence, groups observed out of school became smaller and more heterosexual, while in-school groups remained large and unisexual. The need for further observational research on the patterning of male and female relationships during the transition from childhood to early adolescence was emphasized.
Social Structure and Social Cognition in Early Adolescence: Affiliative Patterns
Authors: Cairns Robert B. , Perrin Jane E. , Cairns Beverley D.
Published: March 2007

To investigate the relations between perceptions of the social structure and affiliative patterns in early adolescence, subjects in three grades of a junior high school were studied in a multi-method, longitudinal research design. Interview, observational, and rating procedures were employed to obtain information about the effective social clusters within each class. After one year, the social structure of the 7th grade (now 8th) was reassessed. The results indicate high levels of consensus (in terms of accuracy, lack of intrusion) among adolescents in their conceptions of the social systems of which they are a part. This outcome was obtained across three grades and across gender groups within each grade. The perceived social clusters were closely related to the occurrence of behavioral interchanges of a non-negative sort. Episodes of interpersonal conflict were as likely to occur with persons outside the individual's social cluster as with persons who were co-members. Implications of these findings for sociometric assessment and the veridicality of self-attributions are discussed.
Perceptions of Efficacy and Legitimacy of Parental Influence Techniques by Children and Early Adolescents
Authors: Paikoff Roberta L. , Collins W. Andrew , Laursen Brett
Published: March 2007

Age-related differences in behavioral expectations, attributions, and evaluations have long been considered factors in parent-child relationships uring the transition to adolescence, but little is known about such differences. In a two-phase procedure, 217 second, fifth, and eighth grade males and females were first asked to predict parental efficacy in twelve stories depicting one of three different parental strategies for gaining children's compliance: power assertion, laissez faire behavior, and induction. The measure also included scales for attributions for each story child's compliance and for evaluations of both parent and child characters. Second, a random subsample of the subjects (N = 66) were interviewed individually to assess perceptions of story characters, story events and correspondence between story and actual parent-child interactions. Fifth and eighth graders rated child's compliance as more likely in both induction and power assertion stories than in laissez faire stories, but second graders did not discriminate among the three influence methods. Eighth graders rated parent characters in the power assertion stories less favorably than in induction stories. Predicted differences between preadolescents' and adolescents' reactions to fictional parental behavior were more pronounced in evaluations of story characters than in behavioral predictions and causal attributions.
Stages of Ethnic Identity Development in Minority Group Adolescents
Authors: Phinney Jean S.
Published: March 2007

Stages of ethnic identity development were assessed through in-depth interviews with 91 Asian-American, Black, Hispanic, and White tenth-grade students, all American born, from integrated urban high schools. Subjects were also given questionnaire measures of ego identity and psychological adjustment. On the basis of the interviews, minority subjects were coded as being in one of three identity stages; White subjects could not be reliably coded. Among the minorities, about one-half of the subjects had not explored their ethnicity (diffusion/foreclosure); about one-quarter were involved in exploration (moratorium); and about one-quarter had explored and were committed to an ethnic identity (ethnic identity achieved). Ethnic-identity-achieved subjects had the highest scores on an independent measure of ego identity and on psychological adjustment. The process of identity development was similar across the three minority groups, but the particular issues faced by each group were different.
Demystifying Family Treatment of the "Teflon" Adolescent
Authors: Brown-Standridge Marcia D. , Fischer Judith L.
Published: March 2007

Adolescents who appear impervious to adult injunctions, admonitions, and consequences are described. Early adolescence, immediate-family interactions, extended-family patterns, and contextual stressors converge to promote development of "Teflon " behavior in the adolescent. This article suggests a contextual family therapy approach to disrupting the Teflon behavior, including treatment of the adolescent impasse, treatment of the parental impasse, and creating a new context for non-Teflon behavior. A case example illustrates the themes developed in the article.
Identity Development and Academic Achievement in Early Adolescence
Authors: Streitmatter Janice L.
Published: March 2007

Data from 208 sixth, seventh and eighth graders were analyzed to examine the relationship between academic achievement, school attendance, and identity development. Regression analysis results indicated that students who held higher Diffusion scores on the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS) showed a lower absence rate and lower math achievement scores; those with higher Moratorium scores showed a higher absence rate and higher math scores; and those with higher EOM-EIS Interpersonal Achievement scores did better on the math achievement measure than did their peers. In addition, for those who scored higher on the Foreclosure scale, a negative relationship was demonstrated with absence, math scores, and language scores. These results indicated that the identity status of middle-level students bears a significant relationship to th1eir academic achievement, particularly for those who tend to score high on the measure of Foreclosure.
The Use of Interdisciplinary Teaming and its Influence on Student Self-Concept in Middle Schools
Authors: Stefanich Greg P. , Wills Fred A. , Buss Ray R.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the degree to which interdisciplinary teaming was implemented in middle schools and the resulting impact of interdisciplinary teaming on students' self-concepts. The degree of interdisciplinary teaming was measured by means of the stages-of-concern and level-of-use instruments that are components of the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM). Student self-concept was measured by the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. Results showed that the majority of teachers and administrators in Iowa schools are at the early stages of usage of interdisciplinary team teaching. Approximately one-fifth of nonuser teachers use some elements of interdisciplinary team teaching. Students who attended middle schools with high levels of interdisciplinary teaming had higher self-concepts than students who attended middle schools with low levels of interdisciplinary teaming. Thus, interdisciplinary teaming appears to play a role in favorably mediating the self-concepts of middle school students.
Decision Making in One-Parent and Two-Parent Families
Authors: Jacobs Janis E. , Bennett Marcia A. , Flanagan Constance
Published: March 2007

This study investigated information selection and the influence of individual family members on decision outcomes during the transition into early adolescence. Members of 39 two-parent families and members of 30 one-parent families participated in the study. Participants completed four decision tasks independently and then came to a joint decision within their family. Mothers and fathers in both one- and two-parent families were more likely to use information concerning health or safety and past experience; however, their children were more likely to use information concerning the preferences of a group of peers or a single friend. Parents in these families also had more influence on the joint decisions of the family than did their children if only the first family choice was considered. If more than one individual and family choice was considered, influence on the joint decision by adolescents and parents did not differ. Age within the adolescent group interacted with respondent for information selection by two-parent families and for outcome influence in one-parent families.
Dimensions Underlying Problem Behaviors, Emotions, and Related Psychosocial Factors in Early and Middle Adolescents
Authors: Brack Catherine J. , Brack Greg , Orr Donald P.
Published: March 2007

The study investigated the relationships of problem behaviors, emotions, and psychosocial factors. Self-report measures of the variables were obtained from 711 junior high school students from 12 to 16 years of age. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) of the data identified a three-dimensional model "positive coping resources/negative coping re-sources," "rebellion from adult norms/conformity to adult norms," and "secretive! obvious") that fit both for males and for females and accounted for 85% of the variance in the data. The model suggested that males who do not have positive coping resources (adult support inside or outside of the family and high self-esteem) may externalize (act out) their problems whereasfemales who lack positive coping resources may internalize their problems and report depressive symptoms. Intervening with these adolescents to increase their positive coping resources, particularly supportive adults in their environment, may assist them to limit their internalizing and externalizing behaviors.
Caucasian and Hispanic Early Adolescent Substance Use
Authors: Flannery Daniel J. , Vazsonyi Alexander T. , Rowe David C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of parenting, personality, and school adjustment on early adolescent substance use. The sample consisted of 1,023 6th and 7th graders (mean age = 12.7 years) about equally divided between males and females. Using structural equation modeling, similarity in developmental process across gender and ethnic groups was confirmed. Hierarchical nested modeling revealed few direct effects of personality or parenting on experimentation or illicit use; rather, both latent traits were mediated by school adjustment. The final mediated model demonstrated excellent fit, accounting for 59% of the total variance in licit substance use and 21% of the variance in illicit use. Findings indicate (a) similarity in etiology of early adolescent substance use across gender and ethnicity; (b) the importance of examining multiple domains of influence on adolescent substance use; and (c) the need to examine mediated versus direct effects models in predicting early adolescent substance use.
Persistence of Drug Trafficking Behaviors and Intentions among Urban African American Early Adolescents
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Stanton Bonita , Black Maureen M. , Feigelman Susan
Published: March 2007

Longitudinal data obtained 6 months apart from 132 urban African American adolescents, 9 through 15 years of age, were analyzed to assess the stability and predictability of behaviors, intentions, and perceptions regarding drug trafficking. Drug trafficking behaviors, intentions, and perceptions were relatively stable over time. Although rates of drug trafficking were low (7%o), about two-thirds of the youth involved at baseline were still involved 6 months later Males were more likely to be involved than females. Previous involvement was the best predictor for subsequent behavior and intention. Baseline intention was not predictive of subsequent behavior but was predictive of subsequent intention. Perceptions, particularly those regarding extrinsic rewards and response costs of drug trafficking, were predictive of subsequent behavior and intention. The youth appeared to differentiate between drug selling and drug delivering. These results represent the first longitudinal description of the natural history of involvement in drug trafficking from a community-based cohort.
Older Siblings as Socializers of Younger Siblings’ Empathy
Authors: Tucker Corinna Jenkins , Updegraff Kimberly A. , McHale Susan M. , Crouter Ann C.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the ways in which older siblings’personal qualities and sibling relationship experiences were associated with younger siblings’levels of empathy during early adolescence and preadolescence were explored. Participants were 199 sibling dyads (mean years of age = 11 and 8, respectively) who were interviewed using two procedures: (a) in their homes about their family relationships and personal qualities and (b) in a sequence of seven nightly telephone interviews about their daily activities and companions. Multiple regression analyses were conducted separately by younger siblings’gender to examine the relations of older siblings’personal qualities and sibling relationship experiences to younger siblings’ empathy. Analyses revealed that younger sisters’ as compared to younger brothers’ empathy was related differentially to their older siblings’ personal qualities and to the nature of their sibling relationship. Additional analyses to examine younger siblings’ personal qualities and sibling relationship experiences as potential predictors of older siblings’ empathy generally were nonsignificant, indicating that older siblings enhance younger siblings’empathy rather than vice versa.
A Theoretical and Practical Framework for Service-Learning in Marketing: Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle
Authors: Petkus Ed
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide a framework for the design and implementation of service-learning courses in marketing. First, this article describes an experiential learning framework to be used as a guide for planning, designing, implementing, and evaluating a service-learning course. Second, this article specifies in detail service-learning implementation strategies for particular marketing courses. Third, this article describes actual methodology and outcomes of a service-learning case history for a consumer behavior course.
Expanding Marketing Curriculums to Meet Current Needs: A Case for Including Direct Marketing
Authors: Clabaugh Maurice G. , Wallace Joanna R.
Published: March 2007

Presently, one of the fastest growing and most dynamic segments in marketing is that of direct client contact or direct marketing. Yet, most marketing curriculum planners have failed to fully acknowledge its importance in their curriculum. This article describes the scope and influence of direct marketing and presents implications for marketing educators.
Peer Evaluations: An Empirical Test of their Validity and Reliability
Authors: Clark Gary L.
Published: March 2007

This article reports an investigation of the reliability and validity of a peer evaluation method used to assign grades to students working on a client-sponsored class project. The 256 student subjects studied were undergraduate and graduate students and marketing and nonmarketing majors. The results suggest that the method described here provides an accurate measurement of how much effort a group member contributes to the completion of his or her group's project.
Export to Win: A Useful International Marketing Simulation
Authors: Butler Daniel D. , Herbig Paul
Published: March 2007

Currently, a dearth of simulations for use in international marketing courses exists. Those few simulations that are available have been designed exclusively for international business courses concentrating on the nonmarketing managerial and financial aspects of a multinational corporation. These simulations have limited use in the international marketing domain. This article provides an overview of a computer-generated export simulation found to be very useful for students of international marketing.
Rethinking Marketing Research Education: A Conceptual, Analytical, and Empirical Investigation
Authors: Giacobbe Ralph W. , Segal Madhav N.
Published: March 2007

A conceptual model is used to clarify and augment prior research findings related to the effectiveness of current educational programs in meeting the needs of marketing research practitioners. The model identifies several areas of study that have been overlooked by researchers. The comprehensive framework presented here provides a strong theoretical model capable of identifying and explaining various relationships affecting the professional and educational training and development of marketing researchers. An empirical study was undertaken to investigate whether a difference exists between educators' perceptions of graduate students' needs in preparation for marketing research careers and the educational services typically provided by graduate programs in business. Results indicate that educators perceive a significant gap between their expectations and the services existing graduate programs in business provide.
Exploring Student Interest in Entrepreneurship Courses
Authors: Duke Charles R.
Published: March 2007

A technique for evaluating student interest in entrepreneurship courses was used to direct development of a curriculum. New venture creation and small business courses held highest interest. Support courses in marketing and finance were followed by specialty courses in creativity, innovation, and corporate entrepreneurship. Differences in student responses were explored.
Effective Pedagogy for Student-Team Projects
Authors: Batra Madan M. , Walvoord Barbara E. , Krishnan Krish S.
Published: March 2007

Two pedagogical tools—the instructor's response to an initial draft of student-team projects and the group-project outline—are shown to be useful for enhancing the quality of term-long team projects in a marketing class. Findings are based upon students' assessment of the effectiveness of numerous pedagogical tools. Suggestions are offered for supervising student teams.
The Political Environment in the Global Marketing Curriculum: What to Cover and How to Cover it
Authors: Priovolos George V.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the major topics composing the political environment of international marketing and the pedagogical approaches that could be used to teach them. Based on a survey of seven popular international marketing textbooks, several detailed suggestions on what topical areas to cover and how to cover them in order to enhance the teaching/learning experience in international marketing courses are provided.
Accessibility: An Alternative Method of Ranking Marketing Journals?
Authors: Polonsky Michael Jay , Jones Gary , Kearsley Megan J.
Published: March 2007

Instead of using citations or marketing academics™ perceptual ranking of journals, this article examines the ranking of marketing journals using Australian university library holdings, in either hard copy or full-text electronic format. This measure was used as a proxy for broad-based accessibility of marketing journals. The study found that the accessibility rankings differed significantly from the most recent U.S. perceptual rankings, and it is suggested that in some situations, the accessibility ranking may be a more appropriate measure than other approaches. An examination of journal characteristics and their relationship to holdings in Australian university libraries was also undertaken. It was found that the year in which the journal started publication and its perceived importance within the United States (i.e., perceptual ranking) had a statistical impact on the proportion of Australian university libraries holding the journal.
Outlook for Intergovernmental Science and Technology: Partnership or Manipulation?
Authors: Rycroft Robert W. , Regens James L.
Published: March 2007

The decade of the 1980s has tested the American federal system. Budget deficits, international economic competition, and other pressures have forced local, state, and federal officials to restructure their relationships. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in the area of science and technology (S&T) policy. Traditionally dominated by the federal government, S&T decisions increasingly have become intergovernmental in character. But true partnerships have been difficult to develop and maintain. These difficulties are outlined through an examination of two distinct "eras" of intergovernmental S&T policy. Then as assessment is made of current and projected intergovernmental S&T initiatives. It is argued that a major complicating factor, generally overlooked in analyses of this policy arena, is the "international connection." Program implementation, participant views, and institutional cultures appear to be key factors in integrating this international dimension.
Organizing Local Agencies to Promote Economic Development
Authors: Fleischmann Arnold , Green Gary P.
Published: March 2007

Significant changes over the past two decades have intensified efforts by American cities to promote economic development. Yet, researchers and policymakers generally have ignored the extent to which communities differ in their economic development strategies. This article extends previous research with an examination of the variation in the way cities organize their bureaucracies to promote economic development. Findings indicate that larger cities and those with a wide range of economic development programs and higher property tax burdens are most likely to have a separate department for promoting development. Moreover, in cities that are more dependent upon manufacturing, local governments avoid leaving economic development in the hands of existing line departments. The results suggest that in smaller communities, officials may be unwilling or unable to centralize their development efforts, and in larger and more economically vulnerable cities, separate agencies may be used to resolve coordination problems, make growth a more visible issue, and overcome bureaucratic inertia in development programs.
The Changing Responsibilities of County Governments: Data from a National Survey of County Leaders
Authors: Streib Gregory , Waugh William L.
Published: March 2007

}This article reports findings from a national survey of county administrators, executives, and commission chairs from counties with an executive or an administrator that indicate counties are battling to meet rising administrative and policy demands with inadequate authority. An examination of 23 different policy areas revealed that modern counties confront some of our society's most vexing problems, most of which are primarily of an urban character. A multivariate analysis indicated that population changes associated with increased urbanization influenced respondent attitudes concerning some policy issues. Also, the South was identified as the region where county government is under the greatest stress. It is suggested that researchers should approach the use of county demographic data with caution.
The Paradox of Citizen Service Evaluations and Tax/Fee Preferences: the Case of Two Small Cities
Authors: Benton J. Edwin , Daly John L.
Published: March 2007

This study of two small cities in Florida helps us understand the paradox of local government citizens holding inconsistent views of service evaluations and tax/fee preferences. The analysis suggests that this inconsistency results from citizen attitudes being predicated on different considerations. Whereas service evaluations appear to be based on general attitudes toward city government and the community, tax/fee preferences are influenced more by self-interest factors. Moreover, self-interest indicators seem to be better predictors of tax/fee views for services that are associated with specific groups of city residents (e.g., parks and recreation).
The Language of State Agency Executive Transitions
Authors: Orosz Janet Foley
Published: March 2007

Destructive metaphors used by one state's agency directors in describing the executive transition experience justify the initial anxiety typically felt by employees during periods of leadership change. Awareness of the words leaders use to grasp and deal with phases of organizational disruption can lead to an understanding of the dysfunctions of organizational change—and possibly to the substitution of metaphors leading to greater organizational health.

This article calls attention to the destructive potential of current transition metaphors and suggests some substitute metaphors. It also provides an example of metaphorical analysis.
Advancing Praxis
Authors: Zanetti Lisa A.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the current condition of critical theory in public administration. Despite 15 years of consideration in the field, critical approaches remain marginal. The author argues that there are several reasons for this failure to progress. Philosophically, critical theory in public administration has overemphasized its discourse-theoretical component at the expense of practical research and action, a situation that renders praxis unlikely. To become an integrated research program, critical theory in public administration must more actively employ critical research methodologies to connect theory with practice. The author suggests participatory research in the traditions of Freire and Gramsci as one possibility for advancing praxis.
Comparing Public and Private Organizations
Authors: Scott Patrick G. , Falcone Santa
Published: March 2007

Over the past several years, a growing body of research has compared public and private organizations, using a variety of approaches to examine which organizational attributes are shared across sectors and which are primarily sector specific. Although the evidence has yet to resolve the debate over differences between public and private organizations, three underlying conceptual frame works have emerged: the generic approach, the core approach, and more recently, the dimensional approach. This study compares the relative utility of each framework, using a national sample of public, private, and hybrid research and development laboratories. The findings provide support primarily for the core and dimensional framework, with personnel functions and external outputs better explained by the core approach, and internal resource acquisition functions better explained by the dimensional approach. This article discusses these findings and their implications for future comparative research.
Radical Democratic Thought and Contemporaryamerican Public Administration
Authors: Ventriss Curtis
Published: March 2007

This article argues that radical democratic thought, although to a large extent theoretically ignored in public administration, has an important role to play in raising critical issues that are interwoven with the political and economic fabric of society itself. Specifically, it contends that radical thought challenges the field to reconceptualize the role of democratic citizenship in a modern polity and to rethink the theoretical and intellectual development of public administration theory.
The Impact of Jewish Values on Marketing and Business Practices
Authors: Friedman Hershey H.
Published: March 2007

Judaism, which relies on the Torah for its written law, has had a great impact on marketing and business. The Torah is replete with precepts dealing with business, and the Talmud, the source of Jewish oral law, elaborates and expands Torah law. The process is ongoing, and rabbinical authorities today build on the decisions of their predecessors to apply Jewish law to modern problems. Some of the issues examined in this article include honesty in the marketplace, fair pricing, employer-employee relations, and environmental issues. Jewish law is not only concerned with practical legal advice but in encouraging individuals to go beyond the requirements of the law and practice the “way of the pious.” Judaism does not have a negative attitude toward business and wealth—indeed, most of the Talmudic sages had occupations, and some were quite wealthy—but riches must be acquired honestly and used to help the poor, the needy, and the stranger.
A Rationalization for Macromarketing Concepts and Definitions
Authors: Shawver Donald L. , Nickels William G.
Published: March 2007

Editor's Note: The authors present a rationalization for macromarketing concepts and definitions by reviewing the evolution of macromarketing concepts and then summarizing the consensus definition that emerged from the 3rd Macromarketing Seminar held at University of Rhode Island in 1978. An earlier version of this paper appeared in Macromarketing: New Steps on the Learning Curve, G. Fisk and R. Nason, eds. (1979), Boulder: University of Colorado Business Research Division.
The Transformation of Retailing Institutions: Beyond the Wheel of Retailing and Life Cycle Theories
Authors: Markin Rom J. , Duncan Calvin P.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews existing and accepted theories of retail institution growth and develop ment, and incorporates them into the construction of an improved conceptual framework that adequately explains the evolution of retailing institutions. The framework emphasizes the role of environmental factors and highlights the potential contributions of functionalism, conflict theory, and the notions of evolution and adaptation.
Marketing in the Emerging World Order
Authors: Dholakia Nikhilesh , Dholakia Ruby Roy
Published: March 2007

The world order is changing. Marketing is touched by these changes in many different ways. This paper presents a brief review of the changes occurring in the world order in several economic dimensions such as investments, trade, aid, and technology. It is argued that these changes would alter the nature of marketing in the Western world, particularly in the United States. Potential and needed changes in marketing are explored under three categories: marketing as a system of institutions, marketing as a system of actions, and marketing as a system of ideas.
A Failure in Marketing Technology Transfer: The Case of Rice Distribution in the Ivory Coast
Authors: Etgar Michael
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the experience and the development of a government controlled vertical marketing system for rice in the Ivory Coast, a small African country. It presents the government rationale for replacing a privately operated channel with numerous intermediaries with a vertically integrated channel, and explores reasons for the failure of this decision derived from transactions economics.
Intellectualization in Macromarketing: A World Disenchanted
Authors: Monieson David D.
Published: March 2007

The reification of macromarketing proceeds relentlessly as a necessary condition for the development of macromarketing science. But it can become an illusory science relevant unto itself and not to human concerns. To be truly a social science, human values have to be incorporated so that the by humans in the service of humans.
1989 Macromarketing Seminar Abstracts
Authors: Mittelstaedt Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The fourteenth annual Macromarketing Conference was held at the University of Toledo, August 9-13, 1989. Twenty papers are abstracted below.
A Marketing History of American Pewter and its Competitors
Authors: Witkowski Terrence H.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a marketing history of American pewter and the materials with which it once competed. Pewter was popular from colonial times through the early 1800s, when sales peaked, but then commenced a sharp decline. By 1880, the industry had virtually disappeared. This article describes how this occurred, explains why, and offers some implications for marketing thought.
Control and Geometrical Considerations for an Articulated Robot Hand
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroaki
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the grasping and manipulation of ob jects by an articulated robot hand. Necessary conditions for the grasping and manipulating abilities of a robot hand are determined, and ways to control the hand based on these conditions are proposed. The efficiency is illustrated on an experimental basis for a 3-finger, 12-joint robot hand.
Automatic Grasp Planning in the Presence of Uncertainty
Authors: Brost Randy C.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an algorithm for automatic planning of robot grasping motions that are insensitive to bounded uncer tainties in the object's location. The algorithm plans parallel- jaw grasping motions for arbitrary two-dimensional polygo nal objects, which need not be of uniform density. Grasping motions are viewed as parameterized operations, where the parameter values that describe an individual operation define an operation space of all possible operations. By combining an analysis of object geometry and the physics of friction, the planning algorithm divides the operation space into regions, where all operations within a given region produce the same final grasping configuration. Task uncertainties are then included by shrinking these regions by the amount of uncer tainty present. The smaller regions that remain after shrink ing indicate all those operations that will successfully result in a given grasping configuration, even if the worst-case combination of errors occurs.

Moreover, the grasping operations presented in this paper intrinsically reduce task uncertainty. If an operation is cho sen from a region and executed, then two degrees of uncer tainty will be removed from the object's position when the operation is completed.

It is shown that simple squeeze-grasp operations are not sufficient for grasping all possible objects, and offset-grasp and push-grasp operations are added to increase the scope of the planner. The planner has been implemented, and the resulting program has been tested with an industrial manipu lator.
A Survey of General- Purpose Manipulation
Authors: Grupen Roderic A. , Henderson Thomas C. , McCammon Ian D.
Published: March 2007

A general-purpose manipulator, in conjunction with other sensory modalities, can be used to measure the three-dimen sional character of the environment, support object recogni tion and localization procedures, and perform alternately as a delicate and powerful manipulator. This paper surveys the technologies which support general-purpose manipulation. While machines are capable of outperforming the human hand in specific applications, there is no machine capable of addressing the variety of tasks accomplished by our hands. We begin, therefore, by discussing the human hand. Some of the "bioware" supporting manipulation and haptics in humans is described. The development of hardware to sup port general-purpose manipulation is progressing rapidly. We focus on tactile sensing techniques and their role in percep tion. A variety of mechanical manipulators used in research and the methods employed to control them are presented. Finally, we discuss properties of the task, the manipulator, and the object which constrain the selection of manipulation strategies.
A New Class of Robust Control Laws for Tracking of Robots
Authors: Zhihua Qu  , Dawson Darren M. , Lim S.Y. , Dorsey John F.
Published: March 2007

A new class of robust control algorithms is proposed for the trajectory following problem of a robot manipulator. It is shown that every proposed control can guarantee three kinds of global stability results based on the designer's choice: uni formly and ultimately bounded stability, asymptotic stability, and exponential stability. Exact knowledge of robot dynamics is not required except that unknown dynamics must be bounded in Euclidean norm by a second-order polynomial function with known coefficients.
Nonlinear and Adaptive Control of Force and Compliance in Manipulators
Authors: Seraji Homayoun
Published: March 2007

This paper presents new position-based force and compliance con trol schemes for robot manipulators using nonlinear and adaptive controllers. The proposed controllers are simple and can easily be implemented in the outer feedback loop that encloses the inner Cartesian position control system supplied by the robot manufac turer. In the position-based force control approach, adaptive PID and nonlinear PI controllers are proposed for setpoint tracking in which the controller gains are adjusted on-line as functions of the force error. In the position-based compliance control approach, nonlinear and adaptive PD controllers are developed to achieve a desired behavior at contact, where the controller gains are func tions of the contact force. Dynamic simulation results for a 7-DOF Robotics Research Corporation (RRC) arm are presented to demon strate the efficacy of the adaptive compliance control scheme in executing contact tasks. Experimental results are also presented to illustrate nonlinear force control of the RRC arm. The results demonstrate that the proposed nonlinear PI controller, where the integral gain is a sigmoidal function of the force error, yields supe rior performance compared to afixed-gain PI controller by produc ing a fast force response with a small settling time while preventing oscillations. Finally, the nonlinear PD compliance controller is im plemented on the RRC arm and experimental results are presented. These results demonstrate that the nonlinear PD controller, where the proportional gain is a hyperbolic function of the contact force, exhibits less sensitivity to the surface stiffness than afixed-gain PD controller.
Tracking Naturally Occurring Indoor Features in 2-D and 3-D with Lidar Range/ Amplitude Data
Authors: Adams M.D. , Kerstens A.
Published: March 2007

Sensor-data processing for the interpretation of a mobile robot's indoor environment, and the manipulation of this data for reliable localization, are still some of the most important issues in robotics. This article presents algorithms that determine the true position of a mobile robot, based on real 2-D and 3-D optical range and inten sity data. We start with the physics of the particular type of sensor used, so that the extraction of reliable and repeatable information (namely, edge coordinates) can be determined, taking into account the noise associated with each range sample and the possibility of optical multiple-path effects. Again, applying the physical model of the sensor, the estimated positions of the mobile robot and the uncertainty in these positions are determined. We demonstrate real experiments using 2-D and 3-D scan data taken in indoor environ ments. To update the robot's position reliably, we address the prob lem of matching the information recorded in a scan to, first, an a priori map, and second, to information recorded in previous scans, eliminating the need for an a priori map.
Efficient Computation of Algebraic Invariants from Higher-Degree Implicit Polynomials Using Tensor-Based Representation
Authors: Kaveti Satish , Eam Khwang Teoh  , Han Wang
Published: March 2007

Higher-degree implicit polynomials and moments provide useful global descriptors for complex curves and surfaces. In this paper, a tensor-based approach for obtaining Euclidean and affine invariants from coefficients of higher-degree implicit polynomials has been pro posed. The algorithm is an extension of the matrix-based approach by Taubin, but unlike the previous works, it is not based on partial derivative forms or symbolic computation. Owing to the close re lationship between algebraic invariants and moment invariants, the approach is equally applicable to moment invariants.
Melodic Line and Emotion: Cooke's Theory Revisited
Authors: Kaminska Zofia , Woolf Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Melodic line as an emotion-carrying attribute of music was examined in an attempt to test Cooke's (1959) theory, which posits the existence of a basic set of melodic lines or "terms" which convey a particular emotional meaning. Four bi-polar dimensions of emotional expression, Sorrow-Joy, Continuation-Finality, Constancy-Outburst and Submissiveness-Assertiveness, were abstracted from Cooke's descriptions of "basic terms" and validated (Experiment 1) as capturing the main features of meaning embodied in the terms. In Experiment 2 participants rated each of the basic terms on each of the four dimensions of emotional expression. Significant inter-participant agreement was found for all terms on all four dimensions, with this agreement generally in accord with theoretical predictions from Cooke's theory. The findings suggest that musical line can convey emotional meaning in a principled way, but offer only limited support for Cooke's theory. The findings are considered in the context of theories of origin of codes of emotional meaning in music.
Aspects of Stylistic Knowledge: What Are Different Styles Like and Why Do We Listen to Them?
Authors: Tekman Hasan Gurkan , Hortacsu Nuran
Published: March 2007

Stylistic knowledge is one of many ways in which listeners may respond to musical styles. As a form of conceptual knowledge, stylistic knowledge has multiple facets. We examined stylistic knowledge of a college student population in Turkey by questioning them about how similar they thought different styles were, which descriptive qualities they associated with different styles of music, and for what reasons people would listen to different styles. We discovered that our respondents represented the similarity among musical styles in a systematic way that could be described by a small number of dimensions. There was also considerable consensus on how musical styles and reasons for listening to them could be described. Musical styles were described with reference to an evaluative, an activity, and a peacefulness dimension. Reasons for listening could be subsumed under four factors: background, movement, identity, and appreciation. Musical styles differed in how closely they were associated with these descriptive dimensions and reasons for listening. How the styles were perceived was also affected by the stylistic preferences of the respondents.