bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization of gliomas and glioneuronal tumors amid Noonan syndrome: cancer predisposition examined
Authors: Shatara Margaret , Schieffer Kathleen M. , Melas Marilena , Varga Elizabeth A. , Thomas Diana , Bucknor Brianna A. , Costello Heather M. , Wheeler Gregory , Kelly Benjamin J. , Miller Katherine E. , Rodriguez Diana P. , Mathew Mariam T. , Lee Kristy , Crotty Erin , Leary Sarah , Paulson Vera A. , Cole Bonnie , Abdelbaki Mohamed S. , Finlay Jonathan L. , Lazow Margot A. , Salloum Ralph , Fouladi Maryam , Boué Daniel R. , Mardis Elaine R. , Cottrell Catherine E.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

In the setting of pediatric and adolescent young adult cancer, increased access to genomic profiling has enhanced the detection of genetic variation associated with cancer predisposition, including germline syndromic conditions. Noonan syndrome (NS) is associated with the germline RAS pathway activating alterations and increased risk of cancer. Herein, we describe our comprehensive molecular profiling approach, the association of NS with glioma and glioneuronal tumors, and the clinical and histopathologic characteristics associated with the disease.

Methods

Within an institutional pediatric cancer cohort (n = 314), molecular profiling comprised of paired somatic disease–germline comparator exome analysis, RNA sequencing, and tumor classification by DNA methylation analysis was performed.

Results

Through the implementation of paired analysis, this study identified 4 of 314 (1.3%) individuals who harbored a germline PTPN11 variant associated with NS, of which 3 individuals were diagnosed with a glioma or glioneuronal tumor. Furthermore, we extend this study through collaboration with a peer institution to identify two additional individuals with NS and a glioma or glioneuronal tumor. Notably, in three of five (60%) individuals, paired genomic profiling led to a previously unrecognized diagnosis of Noonan syndrome despite an average age of cancer diagnosis of 16.8 years. The study of the disease-involved tissue identified signaling pathway dysregulation through somatic alteration of genes involved in cellular proliferation, survival, and differentiation.

Discussion

Comparative pathologic findings are presented to enable an in-depth examination of disease characteristics. This comprehensive analysis highlights the association of gliomas and glioneuronal tumors with RASopathies and the potential therapeutic challenges and importantly demonstrates the utility of genomic profiling for the identification of germline cancer predisposition.
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin accelerate particle transport velocity in murine tracheal epithelium via substance-specific receptor pathways: dependency on intra- and extracellular Ca2+ sources
Authors: Schmidt Götz , Greif Isabelle , Müller Sabrina , Markmann Melanie , Edinger Fabian , Sander Michael , Koch Christian , Henrich Michael
Published: September 2024

Background

The unique ability of the respiratory tract to protect the integrity of the airways by removing potentially harmful substances is defined as mucociliary clearance. This complex physiological mechanism protects the lower airways by ridding them of pollutants and pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the potential influence of clinically relevant vasopressors on mucociliary clearance.

Material and methods

The particle transport velocity (PTV) of isolated murine tracheae was measured as a surrogate for mucociliary clearance under the influence of dopamine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin. Inhibitory substances were applied to elucidate relevant signal transduction cascades and the value and origin of calcium ions. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) were performed to identify the expression of vasopressin receptor subtypes.

Results

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin significantly increased the PTV in a dose-dependent manner with half maximal effective concentrations of 0.58 µM, 1.21 µM, and 0.10 µM, respectively. Each substance increased the PTV via separate receptor pathways. While dopamine acted on D1-like receptors to increase the PTV, norepinephrine acted on β-adrenergic receptors, and vasopressin acted on V1a receptors. RT-PCR revealed the expression of V1a in the murine whole trachea and tracheal epithelium. PTV increased when protein kinase A was inhibited and norepinephrine or vasopressin were applied, but not when dopamine was applied. Phospholipase C inhibition decreased the PTV when vasopressin was applied. In general, maximum PTV was significantly reduced when extracellular calcium entry was inhibited. When intracellular calcium stores were depleted, no increase in PTV was observed after administering all three substances. Inositol trisphosphate receptor activation was found to be pivotal in the increase in murine PTV after applying dopamine and vasopressin.

Discussion

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin accelerate the murine PTV via substance-specific receptor pathways. Further investigations should assess the value and interaction of these substances on mucociliary clearance in clinical practice.
Comparative mitogenomic analysis of Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. zeae suggests recombination events during its evolutionary history
Authors: Mendoza Hector , Lamb Emma A. , Thomas Joshua , Tavares Derica Goncalves , Schroeder Luke A. , Müller Christian , Agrawal Nisha , Schirawski Jan , Perlin Michael H.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Modern understanding of the concept of genetic diversity must include the study of both nuclear and organellar DNA, which differ greatly in terms of their structure, organization, gene content and distribution. This study comprises an analysis of the genetic diversity of the smut fungus Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. zeae from a mitochondrial perspective.

Methods

Whole-genome sequencing data was generated from biological samples of S. reilianum collected from different geographical regions. Multiple sequence alignment and gene synteny analysis were performed to further characterize genetic diversity in the context of mitogenomic polymorphisms.

Results

Mitochondria of strains collected in China contained unique sequences. The largest unique sequence stretch encompassed a portion of cox1, a mitochondrial gene encoding one of the subunits that make up complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This unique sequence had high percent identity to the mitogenome of the related species Sporisorium scitamineum and Ustilago bromivora.

Discussion

The results of this study hint at potential horizontal gene transfer or mitochondrial genome recombination events during the evolutionary history of basidiomycetes. Additionally, the distinct polymorphic region detected in the Chinese mitogenome provides the ideal foundation to develop a diagnostic method to discern between mitotypes and enhance knowledge on the genetic diversity of this organism.
Coordination and adaptation of water processes in Populus euphratica in response to salinity
Authors: Li Duan , Si Jianhua , Ren Xiaozong
Published: September 2024

Water processes secure plant survival and maintain their ecosystem function. Salinity affects water processes, but the mechanisms remain unclear and may depend on the degree of salinity stress. To improve the understanding of the cooperation of plant organs involved in water processes under salinity stress, we determined hydraulic, gas exchange, and physiological and biochemical parameters in Populus euphratica Oliv. under different salinity stresses. The results suggested that P. euphratica enhanced water transport efficiency in a salinity-stress environment, and the strengthening effect of roots in the water transfer process was greater than that of the aboveground parts. P. euphratica also increased water use efficiency and water transport efficiency in mild and moderate salinity stress (less than 200 mmol/L NaCl) but was adversely affected by heavy salinity stress (more than 300 mmol/L NaCl). Furthermore, P. euphratica increased its water storage by regulating antioxidant enzyme scavenging capacity and osmoregulation, which resulted in coordinated greater water utilization and enhanced water transport among plant organs and indicated that the adverse effects on water processes triggered by salinity stress depended on the extent of salt stress. P. euphratica lessened stress-induced damage and maintained plant productivity by coordination and cooperation of water processes under certain levels of salinity. Research on the coordination and cooperation involving water processes in riparian forests in saline areas provides the scientific basis for riparian plant protection and restoration.
The Philippines’ acquiescent ascension
Authors: Putra Bama Andika
Published: September 2024

One of the puzzles to the Philippines’ middle power status is how it responds to great power rivalries in the Indo-Pacific. As a claimant state to the South China Sea, its responses in the maritime domain could reveal unique foreign policy patterns on how middle powers respond to overlapping maritime borders. However, the middle power literature cannot make sense of the inconsistencies in the Philippines’ foreign policy vis-à-vis the South China Sea, showcasing deference and defiance policies between 2016 and 2023. This study argues that bridging role theory into middle power literature can retrieve a more nuanced understanding of how middle powers behave. Utilizing primary and secondary data, this qualitative inquiry captures state narratives of the Philippines’ role conceptions and concludes: (1) Duterte’s abandonment of the US alliance and appeasement to China as ‘active independent’ and ‘anti-imperialist agent’ role conceptions; and (2) Marcos’s alignment to the US regional order, sea-based power projections, and leverage of the Philippines’ arbitral ruling representing ‘faithful ally’ and ‘example’ role conceptions. Bridging role theory in assessing maritime diplomatic actions allows for a nuanced understanding of why foreign policy inconsistencies occur.
Systematic review of teacher well-being research during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Aziku Millicent , Zhang Baohui
Published: September 2024

Introduction

The COVID-19 period posed great challenges to global education systems, especially teachers even after lock-down. Teachers' wellbeing has been a concern because they have to balance health with work. Since the role of teachers is pivotal in education, there is increased in research on their wellbeing status.

Method

The current systematic review aims to analyze the distribution of research on teacher wellbeing from 2020 to mid-February 2024 using a quantitative method. It focuses on yearly distribution of studies, the research methods adopted by scholars, and the group of teachers investigated over the period. The PRISMA guidelines were followed, and 103 empirical studies were selected for the analysis.

Results

The review shows notable increase in research, particularly in 2022 and 2023, representing 37.9% and 35.9% of studies, respectively. This suggests a growing interest in teacher wellbeing among educational researchers. The findings also indicate that researchers mostly adopted quantitative methods in form of surveys (79.6%) for studies on teacher wellbeing. However, there has been an increase in qualitative and mixed-methods research recently, with qualitative research accounting for 9.7% and mixed-method research accounting for 10.7%. The review also identified a greater focus on teachers in general than on specific group of teachers.
The emotional involvement of physicians in the Oncology Intensive Care Unit: a phenomenological-hermeneutic study
Authors: Tringali Debora , Carli Bernardo , Chelazzi Cosimo , Villa Gianluca , Lanini Iacopo , Bianchi Antonio , Amato Alessandra , Romagnoli Stefano , Lauro Grotto Rosapia
Published: September 2024

Background

This phenomenological-hermeneutic study is about the experiences of physicians in the Oncology Intensive Care Unit of the Careggi University Hospital, in Florence. The Oncology Intensive Care Unit is a place of great emotional impact and can be create stressful situations. The emotional labor can lead to the development of cynicism, depersonalization and emotional exhaustion. The objective of the study was to learn about and come into contact with the experiences of operators who operate in a highly specialized and critical context.

Method

A semi-structured interview was conducted on 11 physicians in the Oncology Intensive Care Unit of careggi hospital. The interviews were transcribed and subjected to content analysis using the phenomenological-hermeneutic method. The results concerning the emotional involvement of doctors were placed in three macro categories: difficulties, what helps and needs.

Results

The interviews highlight the difficulty doctors have in coming into contact with the potentially deadly disease and a further aggravating element appears to be the identification with the patient himself. This condition of difficulty can lead doctors to commit medical errors or to reduce the quality of care.

Conclusion

The results that emerged provide a more detailed understanding of the landscape of emotional reactions of working with the cancer patient in the intensive care unit. In light of the high emotional burden and the inherent possibility of developing burnout in this target population of health care workers, knowing the main critical issues and needs reported may facilitate a more effective tailored intervention.
Expanding trauma education during war: pediatric trauma fundamentals training in Ukraine
Authors: Mills David , Schmid Alexis , Lewander David , Gonnet Michelle , Lopatniuk Oleksii , Demetska Oleksandra , Sorokina Olena , Bolonska Anna , Sunderwirth Ramona , Kivlehan Sean , Murray Kathleen , Niescierenko Michelle
Published: September 2024

Introduction

On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale offensive in Ukraine, resulting in significant casualties to civilians, including children. As part of a seven-stream trauma education initiative, a novel pediatric trauma fundamentals course (PTF) was developed to provide standalone pediatric trauma education by our academic/NGO partnership. The objective of the program was to develop, implement, and evaluate a novel PTF educational course in the active armed conflict zone of Ukraine.

Methods

A novel two-day PTF course was internally developed, translated into Ukrainian, and implemented across eight Oblasts (regions) in Ukraine from November 2022 to December 2023. Participants completed pre-and post-assessments in knowledge and self-confidence, and critical skills were assessed against objective skill checklists. Change in knowledge and self-confidence were analyzed, respectively, with the nonparametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test and McNemar’s test for paired data. Anonymous course evaluations were solicited after each course. Six to eight-week follow-up surveys were conducted to assess skill utilization and stewardship.

Results

Four hundred and forty-six Ukrainian health care providers were trained during 30 courses across 8 Oblasts in Ukraine during the intervention period. Aggregated knowledge and self-confidence significantly improved across all measures. Ukrainian instructors of courses received higher raw scores across all evaluation points on instructor feedback surveys as compared to international instructors. Six to eight-week follow-up surveys demonstrated participants had positive views of the training, have used the training on patients, and have taught the material to other health care providers.

Discussion

Our novel PTF intervention demonstrates a successful partnership-based model for implementing pediatric trauma education in an active conflict zone in Ukraine. Challenges to implementing such programs can be mitigated through strategic partnership-based models between academic institutions and organizations with local knowledge and expertise. Ukrainian instructors provide course experiences similar or superior to international instructors, likely due to multiple factors related to language, culture, and context.
Cholera outbreak trends in Nigeria: policy recommendations and innovative approaches to prevention and treatment
Authors: Eneh Stanley , Onukansi Francisca , Anokwuru Collins , Ikhuoria Ogechi , Edeh Gabriel , Obiekwe Sochima , Dauda Zakariya'u , Praise-God Awoyemi , Okpara Chizaramekpere
Published: September 2024

Cholera, an acute diarrheal infection from ingesting contaminated food or water, remains a significant public health threat in Nigeria, especially in areas lacking safe water and sanitation. Characterized by severe watery diarrhea, cholera can cause dehydration and death if untreated. Historical data shows cholera's endemic nature in Nigeria, with notable outbreaks since 1970, including major ones in 1991, 1999, 2010, 2018, and 2024. According to a descriptive study in Nigeria, the 1991 outbreak reported 59,478 cases and 7,654 deaths, with a Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) of 12.9%. In 2010, there were 41,787 cases and 1,716 deaths, with a CFR of 4.1% across 18 states, mainly affecting impoverished communities and children. The 2018 outbreak had 43,996 cases and 836 deaths, with a CFR of 2% in 20 states, a 240% increase from 2017. By mid-2024, there were 1,579 suspected cases and 54 deaths (CFR 3.4%) in 32 states. This paper evaluates cholera trends in Nigeria and proposes effective preventive and treatment strategies. Policy recommendations highlight the need for improved WASH infrastructure, enhanced surveillance, and rapid response mechanisms. Innovative approaches like case-area targeted interventions (CATI) and increased public health education are crucial for mitigating future outbreaks and achieving the goal of reducing cholera deaths by 90% by 2030.
Three technical challenges of scaling from social virtual reality to metaverse(s): interoperability, awareness and accessibility
Authors: Steed Anthony
Published: September 2024

The development of metaverse systems is marked by uncertainty regarding their technical architecture and the scope of their capabilities. Current social virtual reality (SVR) systems offer glimpses of future metaverse environments but remain fragmented, with limited interoperability, poor discoverability, and challenges in preserving assets and social capital across different platforms. Drawing parallels with the evolution of the Internet and World Wide Web, the essay argues that while certain metaverse standards may emerge naturally, fundamental challenges persist, particularly concerning client software. The essay highlights three overlooked yet critical issues for user experience: interoperability, scalable awareness, and accessibility. These challenges, often underemphasized in current standards discussions, are crucial for the practical development of user-friendly metaverse systems.
Creating New Types of Plants—The Art of Plant Breeding
Authors: Stewart Victoria , Nganga Mwaura Livingstone , Henry Isabelle M. , Comai Luca
Published: September 2024

We eat or interact with crops every day for food (tomatoes, lettuce, apples, rice, etc.), for feeding animals (hay, corn), or for a wide variety of other uses (wood, cotton). All crops come from wild plants that do not look anything like the ones we buy at the store. That is because they have been selected to look and behave in very specific ways that fit the needs of farmers, sellers, and us—the consumers. The process of developing new varieties is called breeding. Plant breeding is a complicated and lengthy process. Why do we need to breed plants? Because climate and environmental conditions are changing quickly and breeding new varieties that can survive in these new conditions or meet new needs is even more critical than before. In this article, we explain why breeding takes so long, and we discuss recent scientific findings that might help speed up the process.
Early vs. interval approach to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a retrospective observational study from Pakistan
Authors: Raja Sandesh , Ali Azzam , Kumar Dileep , Raja Adarsh , Samo Khursheed Ahmed , Memon Amjad Siraj
Published: September 2024

Background

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the preferred treatment for acute cholecystitis (AC). However, the optimal timing for LC in AC management remains uncertain, with early cholecystectomy (EC) and interval cholecystectomy (IC) being two common approaches influenced by various factors.

Methods

This retrospective study, conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, aimed to compare the outcomes of EC vs. IC for AC management. Patient data from January 2019 to September 2019 were analyzed with a focus on operative complications, duration of surgery, and postoperative hospital stay. The inclusion criteria were based on the Tokyo Guidelines, and patients underwent LC within 3 days of symptom onset in the EC group and after 6 weeks in the IC group.

Results

Among 147 eligible patients, 100 underwent LC (50 in each group). No significant differences were observed in the sex distribution or mean age between the two groups. The EC group experienced fewer operative complications (12%) than the IC group (34%), with statistically significant differences observed. Nevertheless, no substantial variations in operative time or postoperative hospital stay were observed between the groups.

Conclusion

Reduced complications in the EC group underscore its safety and efficacy. Nonetheless, further validation through multicenter studies is essential to substantiate these findings.
Subgroup Behaviors and Factors Influencing Compliance With COVID-19 Preventive Measures Among Undergraduate Students in Southern Thailand
Authors: Anujan Nonlapan , Sripaew Supakorn , Ngamchaliew Pitchayanont
Published: September 2024

Objective

To investigate clusters of students’ COVID-19 preventive behaviors and their associated factors.

Methods

We surveyed undergraduate students using an online questionnaire at a regional university in southern Thailand, between April and June 2022. Statistical analyses included latent class analysis and multinomial regression analysis.

Results

Three latent classes were identified: moderately consistent practitioner (7.5%), high compliance overall (48.9%), and good compliance with routine safeguards (43.6%). Females tended to have high compliance overall (RRR 2.46 95% CI 1.23–4.94), and higher academic performance was associated with high compliance overall and good routine safeguards. Perceived threats from COVID-19 were associated with good compliance with routine safeguards (RRR 4.21 95% CI 1.70–10.45). Benefits of actions and clear cues to action were associated with high overall compliance (RRR 5.24 95% CI 2.13–12.90). Students who perceived feasibility were more likely to be moderately consistent practitioners.

Conclusion

The common clusters of the students’ preventive behaviors were high compliance overall and good compliance with routine preventions. Female, academic performance, perceived threats, and perceived benefits and cues to action were associated with compliance.
AASA: A Priori Adaptive Splitting Algorithm for the Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem
Authors: Torkzaban Nariman , Gholami Anousheh , Baras John S. , Golden Bruce L.
Published: September 2024

The split delivery vehicle routing problem (SDVRP) is a relaxed variant of the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) where the restriction that each customer is visited precisely once is removed. Compared with CVRP, the SDVRP allows a reduction in the total cost of the routes traveled by vehicles. The exact methods to solve the SDVRP are computationally expensive. Moreover, the complexity and difficult implementation of the state-of-the-art heuristic approaches hinder their application in real-life scenarios of the SDVRP. In this paper, we propose an easily understandable and effective approach to solve the SDVPR based on an a priori adaptive splitting algorithm (AASA) that improves the existing state of the art on a priori split strategy in terms of both solution accuracy and time complexity. In this approach, the demand of the customers is split into smaller demand values using a splitting rule in advance. Consequently, the original SDVRP instance is converted to a CVRP instance which is solved using an existing CVRP solver. While the proposed a priori splitting rule in the literature is fixed for all customers regardless of their demand and location, we suggest an adaptive splitting rule that takes into account the distance of the customers to the depot and their demand values. Our experiments show that AASA can generate solutions comparable to the state of the art, but much faster.
Convergence of AI and Urban Emergency Responses: Emerging Pathway toward Resilient and Equitable Communities
Authors: Sun Li , Li Haijiang , Nagel Joseph , Yang Siyao
Published: September 2024

Urban communities have long been pivotal in wealth creation and technological innovation. In the contemporary context, their modus operandi is intricately tied to a diverse array of critical infrastructure systems (CISs). These systems—encompassing utilities, transportation, communication, and more—are indispensable for daily life; however, historical lessons underscore that the ever-growing interdependence among modern CISs has sapped their robustness. Furthermore, this vulnerability is compounded by the intensifying natural hazards catalysed by climate change, leaving urban communities with eroded resilience. Against this backdrop, pilot studies have harnessed breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) to chart a new course toward resilient urban communities. This paper illuminates AI-driven resilience by reviewing the latest research in key aspects including (1) the limitation of state-of-the-art resilience assessment frameworks; (2) emergency response as a novel blueprint featuring swift response following catastrophes; (3) efficient loss assessment of CISs using AI algorithms; and (4) machine-learning-enabled autonomous emergency response planning. The remaining challenges and hardships faced on the journey toward resilient urban communities are also discussed. The findings could contribute to the ongoing discourse on enhancing urban resilience in the face of increasingly frequent and destructive climate hazards.
Acute Effects of Soft Tissue Modalities on Muscular Ultrasound Characteristics and Isometric Performance
Authors: Sobolewski Eric , Topham William , Hosey Ryan , Waheeba Nora , Rett Thelen
Published: September 2024

Prior to training, many athletes perform different soft-tissue preparation protocols. Many of these protocols involve stretching, foam rolling, and/or percussion massage. Many of these modalities have been studied, but not as a group to observe muscle alterations and differences in males and females. In total, 40 (20 males, 20 females) participants performed five minutes of static stretching, foam rolling, and percussion massage. Pre- and post-isometric leg strength, muscle activation and ultrasound assessments (cross-sectional area, echo intensity, pennation angle, fascicle length, and muscle thickness) were taken. The results indicate that there is no significant difference among modalities, and that they do not significantly alter any muscle characteristic or improve performance. There is a significant difference in size between males and female, with males having larger muscle and greater pennation angles than females. This allows males to generate significantly more muscle force. However, they both respond similarly to each modality. In conclusion, the muscle response to static stretching, foam rolling, and percussion massage do not differ among modalities and do not contribute to an increase or decrease in maximal isometric knee extension with similar effects between males and females.
Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Heat Island Intensity in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration Based on GEE
Authors: Meng Fei , Qi Lifan , Li Hongda , Yang Xinyue , Liu Jiantao
Published: September 2024

Urban agglomerations significantly alter the regional thermal environment. It is urgent to investigate the evolution and influence mechanisms of urban agglomeration heat island intensity from a regional perspective. This study is supported by Google Earth Engine long-term MODIS data series. On the basis of estimating surface urban heat island intensity (SUHI) in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2001 to 2020 based on the suburban temperature difference method, the causes of heat islands in the urban agglomeration were analyzed by using geographical detector analysis. Additionally, the heat island proportion (PHI) and SUHI indicators were used to compare and analyze the changing characteristics of the urban heat island effect of ten representative cities. The research reveals the following: (1) The average SUHI of the study area increased from 0.11 °C in 2001 to 0.29 °C in 2020, with an average annual increase rate of 0.009 °C. (2) According to the results of the geographical detector analysis, SUHI was influenced by several driving factors exhibiting obvious seasonal variations. (3) SUHI difference between cities is significant in the summer (1.52 °C), but smallest in the winter; the PHI difference between cities is larger in the autumn (46.7%), while it is smaller in the summer. The research findings aim to effectively serve the formulation of collaborative development plans for the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration.
Driving Factors and Decoupling Effects of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture in Southwest China
Authors: Tang Ruiyi , Chu Yuanyue , Liu Xiaoqian , Yang Zhishan , Yao Jian
Published: September 2024

In light of the growing demand for green and low-carbon development, the advancement of low-carbon agriculture in alignment with China’s specific national circumstances is imminent. Given this urgency, the accounting of non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China’s agricultural system is still in the process of continuous research and improvement. Therefore, in this paper, we present an account of agricultural non-CO2 GHG emissions in Southwest China from 1995 to 2021, based on the carbon emission coefficient method. Furthermore, we explore the extent of the influence of the drivers and the relationship with economic development, utilizing the Stochastic Impact of Regression of Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model and the Tapio model. We observe a general trend of increasing and then decreasing non-CO2 GHG emissions from agriculture in the Southwest region, with a pattern of higher in the center and lower in the east and west. Economic, demographic, structural, and technological levels show different degrees of impact in different provinces, favoring the development of targeted agricultural planning policies in each region. For the majority of the study period, there was a weak or strong decoupling between economic growth and GHG emissions. Finally, recommendations are made to promote low-carbon agricultural development in Southwest China, providing a database and policy support to clarify the GHG contribution of the agricultural system.
Monoaminergic Modulation of Learning and Cognitive Function in the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Boyle Natalie , Betts Sarah , Lu Hui
Published: September 2024

Extensive research has shed light on the cellular and functional underpinnings of higher cognition as influenced by the prefrontal cortex. Neurotransmitters act as key regulatory molecules within the PFC to assist with synchronizing cognitive state and arousal levels. The monoamine family of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, play multifaceted roles in the cognitive processes behind learning and memory. The present review explores the organization and signaling patterns of monoamines within the PFC, as well as elucidates the numerous roles played by monoamines in learning and higher cognitive function.
Effect of Chronic Tibolone Administration on Memory and Choline Acetyltransferase and Tryptophan Hydroxylase Content in Aging Mice
Authors: Castillo-Mendieta Tzayaka , Bautista-Poblet Guadalupe , Coyoy-Salgado Angélica , Castillo-García Emily L. , Pinto-Almazán Rodolfo , Fuentes-Venado Claudia Erika , Neri-Gómez Teresa , Guerra-Araiza Christian
Published: September 2024

Gonadal steroids exert different effects on the central nervous system (CNS), such as preserving neuronal function and promoting neuronal survival. Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone reduce neuronal loss in the CNS in animal models of neurodegeneration. However, hormone replacement therapy has been associated with higher rates of endometrial, prostate, and breast cancer. Tibolone (TIB), the metabolites of which show estrogenic and progestogenic effects, is an alternative to reduce this risk. However, the impact of TIB on memory and learning, as well as on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) levels in the hippocampus of aging males, is unknown. We administered TIB to aged C57BL/6J male mice at different doses (0.01 or 1.0 mg/kg per day for 12 weeks) and evaluated its effects on memory and learning and the content of ChAT and TPH. We assessed memory and learning with object recognition and elevated T-maze tasks. Additionally, we determined ChAT and TPH protein levels in the hippocampus by Western blotting. TIB administration increased the percentage of time spent on the novel object in the object recognition task. In addition, the latency of leaving the enclosed arm increased in both TIB groups, suggesting an improvement in fear-based learning. We also observed decreased ChAT content in the group treated with the 0.01 mg/kg TIB dose. In the case of TPH, no changes were observed with either TIB dose. These results show that long-term TIB administration improves memory without affecting locomotor activity and modulates cholinergic but not serotonergic systems in the hippocampus of aged male mice.
The Local Rhombus-Shaped Flap—An Easy and Reliable Technique for Oncoplastic Breast Cancer Surgery and Defect Closure in Breast and Axilla
Authors: Fansa Hisham , Linder Sora
Published: September 2024

Primarily, breast-conserving therapy is an oncological intervention, but eventually it is judged by its cosmetic result. Remaining cavities from tumor resection can promote seromas, delay healing and cause lasting discomfort. Additionally, volume loss, dislocation of nipple/areola and fat necrosis lead to (cosmetically) unfavorable results, aggravated by radiotherapy. Oncoplastic surgery can reduce these sequelae. A local flap that has rarely been used in breast cancer surgery is the Limberg rhombic flap. The tumor defect is planned as a rhombus. The sides of the rhombus are of equal length and ideally have an angle of 60° and 120°. The flap that closes the defect is planned as an extension of equal length of the short diagonal. The second incision of the flap is placed according to the defect angle of 60°, running parallel to the defect at the same length. This creates a second rhombus. The flap is transposed into the defect, and the donor area is primarily closed. It is axially perfused and safe with a 1:1 length-to-width ratio. Compared to local perforator flaps, defect closure is easily managed without microsurgical skills. In the breast, the flap can be used in volume replacement and volume displacement techniques as an all-layer flap to cover defects, or it can be deepithelialized and buried. In the axilla, it can cover full-thickness defects when skin is involved. The advantages of the rhombic flap are its safety and simplicity to add volume and close defects, thus reducing the complexity of oncoplastic surgery.
The Role of Macrophage Polarization-Associated Gene Expression in the Oncological Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Dong , Li Yankun , Wang Guanwu , Dahl Edgar , Luedde Tom , Neumann Ulf Peter , Bednarsch Jan
Published: September 2024

Background: The induced repolarization of tumor growth-promoting M2 macrophages into tumor growth-inhibiting M1 macrophages is a matter of intensive research and is expected to lead towards a novel targetable approach in HCC therapy. Methods: Differentially expressed M2 macrophage-related genes between normal and tumor samples with high and low M2 macrophage infiltration in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and TCGA datasets were identified. A risk score was constructed based on univariate Cox analysis and LASSO-penalized Cox regression analysis. The relationship between the different risk score groups and clinical pathological characteristics as well as immune infiltration characteristics was studied. Subsequently, a nomogram was constructed to predict patients’ prognosis. Western blot and RT-qPCR were carried out to validate the results in human HCC samples. Results: Increased M2 macrophage infiltration was associated with a shorter overall survival (OS). Four important M2 macrophage-related genes (SLC22A1, CPS1, SLC10A1, CYP2C9) were discovered to be strongly correlated with OS and M2 macrophage infiltration. A nomogram incorporating the signature and tumor stage was developed for final clinical translation. Conclusions: SLC22A1, CPS1, SLC10A1 and CYP2C9 genes are associated with tumor-promoting M2 macrophage infiltration and might be potential targets for macrophage-related immunotherapy in HCC patients. Further, this four-gene signature is a potential tool for predicting prognosis in these patients.
Metabolic Adaptation in Epilepsy: From Acute Response to Chronic Impairment
Authors: Liotta Agustin , Loroch Stefan , Wallach Iwona , Klewe Kristoffer , Marcus Katrin , Berndt Nikolaus
Published: September 2024

Epilepsy is characterized by hypersynchronous neuronal discharges, which are associated with an increased cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and ATP demand. Uncontrolled seizure activity (status epilepticus) results in mitochondrial exhaustion and ATP depletion, which potentially generate energy mismatch and neuronal loss. Many cells can adapt to increased energy demand by increasing metabolic capacities. However, acute metabolic adaptation during epileptic activity and its relationship to chronic epilepsy remains poorly understood. We elicited seizure-like events (SLEs) in an in vitro model of status epilepticus for eight hours. Electrophysiological recording and tissue oxygen partial pressure recordings were performed. After eight hours of ongoing SLEs, we used proteomics-based kinetic modeling to evaluate changes in metabolic capacities. We compared our findings regarding acute metabolic adaptation to published proteomic and transcriptomic data from chronic epilepsy patients. Epileptic tissue acutely responded to uninterrupted SLEs by upregulating ATP production capacity. This was achieved by a coordinated increase in the abundance of proteins from the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation system. In contrast, chronic epileptic tissue shows a 25–40% decrease in ATP production capacity. In summary, our study reveals that epilepsy leads to dynamic metabolic changes. Acute epileptic activity boosts ATP production, while chronic epilepsy reduces it significantly.
High Diagnostic Yield and Clinical Utility of Next-Generation Sequencing in Children with Epilepsy and Neurodevelopmental Delays: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Charouf Daniel , Miller Derryl , Haddad Laith , White Fletcher A. , Boustany Rose-Mary , Obeid Makram
Published: September 2024

Advances in genetics led to the identification of hundreds of epilepsy-related genes, some of which are treatable with etiology-specific interventions. However, the diagnostic yield of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in unexplained epilepsy is highly variable (10–50%). We sought to determine the diagnostic yield and clinical utility of NGS in children with unexplained epilepsy that is accompanied by neurodevelopmental delays and/or is medically intractable. A 5-year retrospective review was conducted at the American University of Beirut Medical Center to identify children who underwent whole exome sequencing (WES) or whole genome sequencing (WGS). Data on patient demographics, neurodevelopment, seizures, and treatments were collected. Forty-nine children underwent NGS with an overall diagnostic rate of 68.9% (27/38 for WES, and 4/7 for WGS). Most children (42) had neurodevelopmental delays with (18) or without (24) refractory epilepsy, and only three had refractory epilepsy without delays. The diagnostic yield was 77.8% in consanguineous families (18), and 61.5% in non-consanguineous families (26); consanguinity information was not available for one family. Genetic test results led to anti-seizure medication optimization or dietary therapies in six children, with subsequent improvements in seizure control and neurodevelopmental trajectories. Not only is the diagnostic rate of NGS high in children with unexplained epilepsy and neurodevelopmental delays, but also genetic testing in this population may often lead to potentially life-altering interventions.
Associations between Various Inflammatory Markers and Carotid Findings in a Voluntary Asymptomatic Population Sample
Authors: Nyárády Balázs Bence , Dósa Edit , Kőhidai László , Pállinger Éva , Gubán Renáta , Szőnyi Ádám , Kiss Loretta Zsuzsa , Bagyura Zsolt
Published: September 2024

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and atherosclerosis is the key factor promoting its development. Carotid intima-media thickening and the presence of carotid plaques are important indices of cardiovascular risk. In addition, inflammation is a major and complex factor in the development of atherosclerosis. The relationships between carotid atherosclerosis and certain inflammatory markers have rarely been studied in healthy individuals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the associations between subclinical carotid atherosclerosis and various inflammatory biomarkers in a large Caucasian population free of evident CVD. In addition to recording study participants’ demographic characteristics, anthropometric characteristics, and atherosclerotic risk factors, laboratory tests were performed to measure levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-23, IL-33, interferon (IFN)-α2, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. This study included 264 asymptomatic individuals with a median age of 61.7 years (interquartile range, 54.5–67.5 years); 45.7% of participants were male. Participants were divided into two groups according to their carotid status: the normal carotid group, comprising 120 participants; and the pathological carotid group, comprising 144 participants. Compared with the normal carotid group, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were significantly more common and serum levels of HbA1c, IL-8, and MCP-1 were significantly higher in the pathological carotid group. Multivariate regression analysis revealed significant positive associations between pathological carotid findings and serum levels of IL-8 (highest tertile, OR: 2.4, p = 0.030) and MCP-1 (highest tertile, OR: 2.4, p = 0.040). Our results suggest that IL-8 and MCP-1 may serve as early indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis, thereby helping to identify individuals at increased risk of CVD before the onset of clinical symptoms.
Evaluating the Dermatological Benefits of Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus): A Comparative Analysis of Extracts and Fermented Products from Different Plant Parts
Authors: Lee Chanwoo , Cho Hana , Kim Myunsoo , Kim Boae , Jang Young-Pyo , Park Junseong
Published: September 2024

Skin ageing is influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, with excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure being a significant contributor. Such exposure can lead to moisture loss, sagging, increased wrinkling, and decreased skin elasticity. Prolonged UV exposure negatively impacts the extracellular matrix by reducing collagen, hyaluronic acid, and aquaporin 3 (AQP-3) levels. Fermentation, which involves microorganisms, can produce and transform beneficial substances for human health. Natural product fermentation using lactic acid bacteria have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, whitening, and anti-wrinkle properties. Snowberry, traditionally used as an antiemetic, purgative, and anti-inflammatory agent, is now also used as an immune stimulant and for treating digestive disorders and colds. However, research on the skin benefits of Fermented Snowberry Extracts remains limited. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the skin benefits of snowberry by investigating its moisturising and anti-wrinkle effects, comparing extracts from different parts of the snowberry plant with those subjected to fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum. Chlorophyll-free extracts were prepared from various parts of the snowberry plant, and ferments were created using Lactobacillus plantarum. The extracts and ferments were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine and compare their chemical compositions. Moisturising and anti-ageing tests were conducted to assess the efficacy of the extracts and ferments on the skin. The gallic acid content remained unchanged across all parts of the snowberry before and after fermentation. However, Fermented Snowberry Leaf Extracts exhibited a slight decrease in chlorogenic acid content but a significant increase in ferulic acid content. The Fermented Snowberry Fruit Extract demonstrated increased chlorogenic acid and a notable rise in ferulic acid compared to its non-fermented counterpart. Skin efficacy tests revealed that Fermented Snowberry Leaf and Fruit Extracts enhanced the expression of AQP-3, HAS-3, and COL1A1. These extracts exhibited distinct phenolic component profiles, indicating potential skin benefits such as improved moisture retention and protection against ageing. These findings suggest that Fermented Snowberry Extracts could be developed into effective skincare products, providing a natural alternative for enhancing skin hydration and reducing signs of ageing.
Kinetic Modeling of In Vivo K+ Distribution and Fluxes with Stable K+ Isotopes: Effects of Dietary K+ Restriction
Authors: Youn Jang H. , Gili Stefania , Oh Youngtaek , McDonough Alicia A. , Higgins John
Published: September 2024

Maintaining extracellular potassium (K+) within narrow limits, critical for membrane potential and excitability, is accomplished through the internal redistribution of K+ between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) in concert with the regulation of renal K+ output to balance K+ intake. Here we present evidence from high-precision analyses of stable K+ isotopes in rats maintained on a control diet that the tissues and organs involved in the internal redistribution of K+ differ in their speed of K+ exchange with ECF and can be grouped into those that exchange K+ with ECF either rapidly or more slowly (“fast” and “slow” pools). After 10 days of K+ restriction, a compartmental analysis indicates that the sizes of the ICF K+ pools decreased but that this decrease in ICF K+ pools was not homogeneous, rather occurring only in the slow pool (15% decrease, p < 0.01), representing skeletal muscles, not in the fast pool. Furthermore, we find that the dietary K+ restriction is associated with a decline in the rate constants for K+ effluxes from both the “fast” and “slow” ICF pools (p < 0.05 for both). These results suggest that changes in unidentified transport pathways responsible for K+ efflux from ICF to ECF play an important role in buffering the internal redistribution of K+ between ICF and ECF during K+ restriction. Thus, the present study introduces novel stable isotope approaches to separately characterize heterogenous ICF K+ pools in vivo and assess K+ uptake by individual tissues, methods that provide key new tools to elucidate K+ homeostatic mechanisms in vivo.