bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure Correlation Study of the Beckmann Rearrangement: X-ray Structural Analysis and 13C–13C 1-Bond Coupling Constant Study of a Range of Cyclohexanone Oxime Derivatives
Authors: Yeoh Shin Dee , Harris Benjamin L. , Simons Tristan J. , White Jonathan M.
Published: July 2012

The X-ray structures of a range of oxime derivatives (1 and 4), of cyclohexanone and 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone, where the electron demand of the oxygenated substituent on the oxime nitrogen (OR) is systematically varied were determined. It was established that as the OR group becomes more electron demanding, then the N–OR bond distance increases, consistent with the early stages of bond breakage. Concomitant with this structural effect was a noticeable closing up of the N1–C1–C2 bond angle, consistent with the early stages of migration of the antiperiplanar carbon onto the nitrogen substituent. These structural effects are consistent with the manifestation of the early stages of the Beckmann rearrangement in the ground state structures of these oxime derivatives. The carbon–carbon bond distances of the participating carbons in this rearrangement, however, did not vary in a systematic way with the electron demand of the OR substituent, suggesting that the structural effects are too small to be detected using X-ray crystallography. However, the 13C–13C 1-bond coupling constants, which are sensitive to the effects of hyperconjugation, were shown to vary in a systematic way with the electron demand of the OR substituent. Structural effects in the oxime 5 derivatives of 2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone, a substrate that is prone to Beckmann fragmentation rather than Beckmann rearrangement, were similar but smaller in magnitude.
Competitive and cooperative dynamics of large-scale brain functional networks supporting recollection
Authors: Fornito Alex , Harrison Ben J. , Zalesky Andrew , Simons Jon S.
Published: July 2012

Analyses of functional interactions between large-scale brain networks have identified two broad systems that operate in apparent competition or antagonism with each other. One system, termed the default mode network (DMN), is thought to support internally oriented processing. The other system acts as a generic external attention system (EAS) and mediates attention to exogenous stimuli. Reports that the DMN and EAS show anticorrelated activity across a range of experimental paradigms suggest that competition between these systems supports adaptive behavior. Here, we used functional MRI to characterize functional interactions between the DMN and different EAS components during performance of a recollection task known to coactivate regions of both networks. Using methods to isolate task-related, context-dependent changes in functional connectivity between these systems, we show that increased cooperation between the DMN and a specific right-lateralized frontoparietal component of the EAS is associated with more rapid memory recollection. We also show that these cooperative dynamics are facilitated by a dynamic reconfiguration of the functional architecture of the DMN into core and transitional modules, with the latter serving to enhance integration with frontoparietal regions. In particular, the right posterior cingulate cortex may act as a critical information-processing hub that provokes these context-dependent reconfigurations from an intrinsic or default state of antagonism. Our findings highlight the dynamic, context-dependent nature of large-scale brain dynamics and shed light on their contribution to individual differences in behavior.
Parental antagonism and parent–offspring co-adaptation interact to shape family life
Authors: Meunier Joël , Kölliker Mathias
Published: July 2012

The family is an arena for conflicts between offspring, mothers and fathers that need resolving to promote the evolution of parental care and the maintenance of family life. Co-adaptation is known to contribute to the resolution of parent–offspring conflict over parental care by selecting for combinations of offspring demand and parental supply that match to maximize the fitness of family members. However, multiple paternity and differences in the level of care provided by mothers and fathers can generate antagonistic selection on offspring demand (mediated, for example, by genomic imprinting) and possibly hamper co-adaptation. While parent–offspring co-adaptation and parental antagonism are commonly considered two major processes in the evolution of family life, their co-occurrence and the evolutionary consequences of their joint action are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the simultaneous and entangled effects of these two processes on outcomes of family interactions, using a series of breeding experiments in the European earwig,Forficula auricularia, an insect species with uniparental female care. As predicted from parental antagonism, we show that paternally inherited effects expressed in offspring influence both maternal care and maternal investment in future reproduction. However, and as expected from the entangled effects of parental antagonism and co-adaptation, these effects critically depended on postnatal interactions with caring females and maternally inherited effects expressed in offspring. Our results demonstrate that parent–offspring co-adaptation and parental antagonism are entangled key drivers in the evolution of family life that cannot be fully understood in isolation.
Alkaline earth metal salts of 1-naphthoic acid
Authors: Arlin Jean-Baptiste , Kennedy Alan R.
Published: July 2012

The structures of the Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba salts of 1-naphthoic acid are examined and compared with analogous structures of salts of benzoate derivatives. It is shown thatcatena-poly[[[diaquabis(1-naphthoato-κO)magnesium(II)]-μ-aqua] dihydrate], {[Mg(C11H7O2)2(H2O)3]·2H2O}n, exists as a one-dimensional coordination polymer that propagates only through Mg—OH2—Mg interactions along the crystallographicbdirection. In contrast with related benzoate salts, the naphthalene systems are large enough to prevent inorganic chain-to-chain interactions, and thus species with inorganic channels rather than layers are formed. The Ca, Sr and Ba salts all have metal centres that lie on a twofold axis (Z′ = 1 \over 2) and all have the common namecatena-poly[[diaquametal(II)]-bis(μ-1-naphthoato)-κ3O,O′:O;κ3O:O,O′], [M(C11H7O2)2(H2O)2]n, whereM= Ca, Sr or Ba. The Ca and Sr salts are essentially isostructural, and all three species form one-dimensional coordination polymers through a carboxylate group that forms threeM—O bonds. The polymeric chains propagatevia c-glide planes and throughMOMO four-membered rings. Again, inorganic channel structures are formed rather than layered structures, and the three structures are similar to those found for Ca and Sr salicylates and other substituted benzoates.
Poly[[(μ2-4,4′-bipyridine)(μ3-5-isonicotinamidoisophthalato)cobalt(II)] trihydrate]
Authors: Deng Yi-Fang , Xu Jin-Sheng , Chen Man-Sheng , Zhang Chun-Hua
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, {[Co(C14H8N2O5)(C10H8N2)]·3H2O}n, the CoIIcation is five-coordinated with a slightly distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry, and the 5-isonicotinamidoisophthalate ligands link CoIIatoms into a layered structure. These two-dimensional arrays are further pillared by rod-like 4,4′-bipyridine ligands to give a three-dimensional framework with pcu (primitive cubic) topology. The magnetic and adsorption properties of the title compound are also discussed.
N-[(E)-Thiophen-2-ylmethylidene]-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine
Authors: Booysen Irvin N. , Ismail Muhammed B. , Akerman Matthew P.
Published: July 2012

In the title thiophene-derived Schiff base compound, C12H8N2S2, the thiophene ring is slighty rotated from the benzothiazole group mean plane, giving a dihedral angle of 12.87 (6)°. The largest displacement of an atom in the molecule from the nine-atom mean plane defined by the non-H atoms of the benzothiazole ring system is 0.572 (1) Å, exhibited by the C atom at the 3-position of the thiophene ring. In the crystal, weak C—H...S hydrogen bonds involving the thiophene group S atom and the 4-position thiophene C—H group of a symmetry-related molecule lead to an infinite one-dimensional chain colinear with thecaxis. The structure is further stabilized by π–π interactions; the distance between the thiazole ring centroid and the centroid of an adjacent benzene ring is 3.686 (1) Å. The crystal studied was an inversion twin with the ratio of components 0.73 (3):0.27 (3).
Poly[diaqua(μ5-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylato)(μ4-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylato)trisilver(I)ytterbium(III)]
Authors: Zhu Si-Ming
Published: July 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Ag3Yb(C5HN2O4)2(H2O)2]n, contains three AgIions, one YbIIIion, two imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylate ligands and two coordinating water molecules. The YbIIIatom is eight-coordinated, in a bicapped trigonal prismatic coordination geometry, by six O atoms from three imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylate ligands and two coordinating water molecules. The two-coordinated AgIions exhibit three types of coordination environments. One AgIatom is bonded to two N atoms from two different imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylate ligands. The other two AgIatoms are each coordinated by one O atom and one N atom from two different imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylate ligands. These metal coordination units are connected by bridging imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylate ligands, generating a two-dimensional heterometallic layer. These layers are stacked along theaaxisviaO—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions to generate a three-dimensional framework.
Di-μ-acetato-κ4O:O-bis({N′-[(E)-phenyl(pyridin-2-yl-κN)methylidene]benzohydrazidato-κ2N′,O}copper(II))
Authors: Vineetha M. C. , Sithambaresan M. , Jacob Jinsa Mary , Kurup M. R. Prathapachandra
Published: July 2012

The binuclear molecule of the title compound, [Cu2(C19H14N3O)2(CH3COO)2], resides on a crystallographic inversion centre. It has anEconformation with respect to the azomethine double bond and aZconformation about the amide C=N bond. The CuIIatom has a slightly distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The crystal packing involves intermolecular C—H...O, C—H...N and C—H...π and two types of π–π interactions, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.9958 (10) and 3.7016 (13) Å.
2-Ethoxy-6-({2-[(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]benzyl}iminomethyl)phenol
Authors: Ambili K. U. , Sreejith S. S. , Jacob Jinsa Mary , Sithambaresan M. , Kurup M. R. Prathapachandra
Published: July 2012

The title compound, C25H26N2O4, exists in anEconformation with respect to each azomethine link. The two phenol-substituted benzene rings are twisted away from the plane of the diimine benzene ring by dihedral angles of 27.25 (5) and 56.67 (5)°. The molecular structure is stabilized by intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds.
2-(Naphthalen-1-yl)-N-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)acetamide
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Quah Ching Kheng , Nayak Prakash S. , Narayana B. , Sarojini B. K.
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C15H12N2OS, the naphthalene ring system [maximum deviation = 0.026 (1) Å] forms a dihedral angle of 85.69 (6)° with the thiazole ring [maximum deviation = 0.010 (1) Å]. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H...N hydrogen bonds generateR22(8) loops. The dimers are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains propagating along [110].
N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetamide
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Quah Ching Kheng , Nayak Prakash S. , Narayana B. , Sarojini B. K.
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C18H14ClNO, the naphthalene ring system [maximum deviation = 0.014 (9) Å] forms a dihedral angle of 74.8 (2)° with the benzene ring. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaN—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains propagating along [010].
2-[Hydroxy(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]acrylonitrile
Authors: Bakthadoss M. , Selvakumar R. , Madhanraj R. , Murugavel S.
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C11H11NO2, the mean planes formed by the benzene ring and the C and N atoms of the acryl group are almost orthogonal to each other, with a dihedral angle of 85.7 (1)°. During the structure analysis, it was observed that the unit cell contains large accessible voids, with a volume of 186.9 Å3, which may host disordered solvent molecules. This affects the diffraction pattern, mostly at low scattering angles. Density identified in these solvent-accessible areas was calculated and corrected for using the SQUEEZE routine inPLATON[Spek (2009),Acta Cryst.D65, 148–155]. Despite the presence of the hydroxy group in the molecule, no classical or nonclassical hydrogen bonds are observed in the structure. This may reflect the fact that the O—H group points towards the solvent-accessible void.
(Anilino{(Z)-2-[(E)-5-bromo-3-methoxy-2-oxidobenzylidene]hydrazin-1-ylidene-κ2O2,N2}methanethiolato-κS)(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-κ2N,N′)zincN,N-dimethylformamide monosolvate
Authors: Jacob Jinsa Mary , Prathapachandra Kurup M. R. , Ng Seik Weng
Published: July 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Zn(C15H12BrN3O2S)(C12H12N2)]·C3H7NO, contains two independent molecules with a similar structure. The doubly deprotonated Schiff base ligandO,N,S-chelates to the metal atom, and the three coordinating atoms along with one N atom of the substituted 2,2′-bipyridine ligand constitute the square plane of the distorted square pyramid surrounding the metal atom. The apical site is occupied by the second N atom of the substituted 2,2′-bipyridine. The secondary amine group of the Schiff base dianion forms a hydrogen bond to the O atom of the dimethylformamide solvent. In the crystal, the phenyl ring of one of the two Schiff base anions is disordered over two positions in a 1:1 ratio. The crystal studied is a racemic twin.
(3E,5E)-3,5-Bis(4-methylbenzylidene)-1-[3-(piperidin-1-yl)propanoyl]piperidin-4-one
Authors: Kia Yalda , Osman Hasnah , Murugaiyah Vikneswaran , Arshad Suhana , Razak Ibrahim Abdul
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C29H34N2O2, the central piperidine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, whereas the terminal one adopts a chair conformation. The mean plane of the central piperidine ring [maximum deviation = 0.384 (2) Å] makes dihedral angles of 64.82 (13) and 17.55 (13)° with the benzene rings. In the crystal, molecules are linked into a tape along thebaxisviaC—H...O interactions, generatingR22(20) andR21(6) graph-set motifs. C—H...π interactions are observed between the tapes.
trans-Bis[1-(2-benzamidoethyl)-3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene]dichloridopalladium(II)
Authors: Warsink Stefan , Roodt Andreas
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, [PdCl2(C21H23N3O)2], the PdIIatom is located on an inversion centre and is coordinated in a slightly distorted square-planar environment by the chloride andN-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands in mutualtranspositions. There are several hydrogen-bonding interactions, the most significant of which is a hydrogen bond between the amide moiety of the NHC and the chloride ligand. These hydrogen-bond interactions form a three-dimensional network.
2-(3,4-Dimethyl-5,5-dioxo-2H,4H-pyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]benzothiazin-2-yl)-N-(2-fluorobenzyl)acetamide
Authors: Ahmad Matloob , Siddiqui Hamid Latif , Ahmad Naveed , Aslam Sana , Parvez Masood
Published: July 2012

In the title molecule, C20H19FN4O3S, the heterocyclic thiazine ring adopts a half-chair conformation with the S atom displaced by 0.668 (4) Å from the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The mean planes of the benzene and pyrazole rings are inclined with respect to each other at a dihedral angle of 17.4 (3)°. The acetamide chain (O/N/C/C/C) linking the pyrazole and 2-fluorobenzyl rings is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.030 Å) and forms dihedral angles with the mean planes of these rings of 78.8 (2) and 78.89 (14)°, respectively. The crystal structure is stabilized by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions, resulting in a six-membered ring with anR21(6) motif, while C—H...O and C—H...F hydrogen-bonding interactions result in chains of molecules lying along thecaxis in a zigzag fashion.
4-Imino-2,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-1-benzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-3-amine
Authors: Kalashetti Mallikarjun B. , Fathima Nikhath , Khan Ashraf Y. , Begum Noor Shahina , Khazi I. M.
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C12H16N4S, the fused benzothiophene and the pyrimidine rings are coplanar [dihedral angle = 1.61 (6)°]. Three C atoms of the cyclohexene ring (at positions 3, 6 and 7) are disordered over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.702 (8):0.298 (8). The cyclohexene ring in both the major and minor components adopts a half-chair conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by N—H...N and C—H...N interactions, resulting in the formation of inversion dimers withR22(10) andR22(12) graph-set motifs.
2,5-Dichloro-N-(3-methylphenyl)benzenesulfonamide
Authors: Mughal Shumaila Younas , Khan Islam Ullah , Harrison William T. A. , Khan Muneeb Hayat , Arshad Muhammad Nadeem
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C13H11Cl2NO2S, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 76.62 (10)° and the C—S—N—C linkage between the rings adopts agaucheconformation [torsion angle = −51.4 (2)°]. A weak intramolecular C—H...O interaction closes anS(6) ring. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds generateR22(8) loops.
Diaquabis(4-formylbenzoato-κO1)bis(nicotinamide-κN1)cobalt(II)
Authors: Sertçelik Mustafa , Çaylak Delibaş Nagihan , Necefoğlu Hacali , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: July 2012

In the title complex, [Co(C8H5O3)2(C6H6N2O)2(H2O)2], the CoIIcation is located on an inversion center and is coordinated by two 4-formylbenzoate (FB) anions, two nicotinamide (NA) ligands and two water molecules. The four O atoms in the equatorial plane around the CoIIcation form a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement, while the slightly distorted octahedral coordination is completed by the two N atoms of the NA ligands in the axial positions. The dihedral angle between the carboxylate group and the adjacent benzene ring is 23.91 (9)°, while the pyridine and benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 88.84 (4)°. The coordinating water molecule links with the carboxylate groupviaan intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, N—H...O, O—H...O and weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a three-dimensional supramolecular network. π–π stacking between the parallel benzene rings of adjacent molecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.8505 (8) Å] may further stabilize the structure. A weak C—H...π interaction also occurs in the crystal.
3-(1H-1,3-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-2,7-dimethoxyquinoline
Authors: Alliouche Hayette , Bouacida Sofiane , Roisnel Thierry , Belfaitah Ali
Published: July 2012

In the title molecule, C18H15N3O2, the dihedral angle between the quinoline and benzimidazole ring systems is 23.57 (5)°. The C atoms of the methoxy groups are both close to being coplanar with their attached ring systems [deviations = 0.193 (2) and −0.020 (2) Å]. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond closes anS(6) ring. In the crystal, N—H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules intoC(4) chains propagating in [010]. Weak C—H...π interactions also occur.
3-Acetyl-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)thiourea
Authors: Gowda B. Thimme , Foro Sabine , Kumar Sharatha
Published: July 2012

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C11H14N2OS, the two N—H bonds areantito each other. There is an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generating anS(6) ring motif.In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaN—H...S hydrogen bonds with anR22(8) motif and N—H...O hydrogen bonds with anR22(12) motif into chains running along [1-10].
Heat Sink Effect on System Pressure and Mass Flow Rate in a Pumped Refrigerant Loop
Authors: Odom Brent A. , Sherbeck Jonathan A. , Prasher Ravi S. , Phelan Patrick E.
Published: July 2012

Pumped refrigerant loops (PRL) which are aimed at eventually cooling electronics often reject heat to a vapor compression cycle. A vapor compression cycle (VCC) uses a proportional, integral, and derivative controller to maintain desired conditions in its evaporator. These controllers apply an algorithm that has an associated time response. The time response and constant adjustment of the expansion valve in the VCC can result in rapid deviations from the set point temperature for the evaporator. When a PRL is coupled to a VCC through an intermediate process fluid, the result in the PRL can be rapid system-wide changes in pressure and mass flow rate depending on equipment specifications. Three options for removing heat from the PRL were evaluated for their effect on PRL system pressure and mass flow rate. Two of the options were variations of the coupling option using an FTS Maxicool RC100 recirculating chiller, while the third eliminated the coupling to the Maxicool’s VCC and used an ice water heat sink in its place. Rejecting heat from a PRL to an ice water heat sink provided more stable system pressures and mass flow rates and less of a propensity for premature dry out than rejecting heat through an intermediate process fluid to the MaxiCool’s VCC. The PRL priming time required when coupled to the ice water heat sink occurred in seconds rather than the minutes required when coupled to the VCC. For certain operating conditions in which thermal storage can be taken advantage of, the ice water heat sink can provide electricity usage cost savings of 10% or more over using a VCC alone. An ice water heat sink for a PRL has potential advantages over being coupled to a VCC, particularly for a laboratory experimental setup and potentially for larger applications.
Stability Analysis and Transient Response of Electrostatically Actuated Microbeam Interacting With Bounded Compressible Fluids
Authors: Sharafkhani N. , Shabani R. , Tariverdilo S. , Rezazadeh G.
Published: July 2012

This paper studies the stability and transient response of electrostatically excited microbeam interacting with bounded compressible fluid. At first, employing Fourier-Bessel series, the related eigenvalue problem of the coupled system is solved. Investigating the change in the free vibration properties of the system, a parametric study is done, accounting for changing physical properties and geometric dimensions of the bounded fluid. Then, considering the step response of the coupled system, pull-in time and voltage and also attraction zones of the microbeam are derived. It is shown that, beside the electrical property of the contained fluid, its inertial property could also change the transient response significantly. Fluid added mass by increasing the period of the free vibration response in stable condition also changes the pull-in time. In addition, it is found that the attraction zones of stable fixed points vary for different contained fluids that could change the sensitivity of the microbeam to uncertainty in the initial condition.
Five popular misconceptions about osmosis
Authors: Kramer Eric M. , Myers David R.
Published: July 2012

Osmosis is the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower to higher solute concentration. It is of central importance in plant and animal physiology and finds many uses in industry. A survey of published papers, web resources, and current textbooks reveals that numerous misconceptions about osmosis continue to be cited and taught. To clarify these issues, we re-derive the thermodynamics of osmosis using the canonical formalism of statistical mechanics and go on to discuss the main points that continue to lead to misunderstandings.
Vibrational spectra of N2: An advanced undergraduate laboratory in atomic and molecular spectroscopy
Authors: Bayram S. B. , Freamat M. V.
Published: July 2012

We describe an advanced undergraduate experiment to demonstrate molecular spectroscopy by measuring the vibrational energy spacing of nitrogen molecules in the gas phase. We show how the use of a simple and readily available AC discharge tube and a handheld spectrometer allows students to observe and measure the radiative collisional phenomena in the gas, and to scrutinize the resulting emission spectrum for an instructive analysis of the quantized vibrational potential of neutral as well as ionized N2.
The
In Planta
Transcriptome of Ralstonia solanacearum: Conserved Physiological and Virulence Strategies during Bacterial Wilt of Tomato
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan M. , Babujee Lavanya , Meng Fanhong , Milling Annett , Allen Caitilyn
Published: July 2012

Plant xylem fluid is considered a nutrient-poor environment, but the bacterial wilt pathogen
Ralstonia solanacearum
is well adapted to it, growing to 10
8
to 10
9
 CFU/g tomato stem. To better understand how
R. solanacearum
succeeds in this habitat, we analyzed the transcriptomes of two phylogenetically distinct
R. solanacearum
strains that both wilt tomato, strains UW551 (phylotype II) and GMI1000 (phylotype I). We profiled bacterial gene expression at ~6 × 10
8
 CFU/ml in culture or in plant xylem during early tomato bacterial wilt pathogenesis. Despite phylogenetic differences, these two strains expressed their 3,477 common orthologous genes in generally similar patterns, with about 12% of their transcriptomes significantly altered
in planta
versus in rich medium. Several primary metabolic pathways were highly expressed during pathogenesis. These pathways included sucrose uptake and catabolism, and components of these pathways were encoded by genes in the
scrABY
cluster. A UW551
scrA
mutant was significantly reduced in virulence on resistant and susceptible tomato as well as on potato and the epidemiologically important weed host
Solanum dulcamara
. Functional
scrA
contributed to pathogen competitive fitness during colonization of tomato xylem, which contained ~300 µM sucrose.
scrA
expression was induced by sucrose, but to a much greater degree by growth
in planta
. Unexpectedly, 45% of the genes directly regulated by HrpB, the transcriptional activator of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS), were upregulated
in planta
at high cell densities. This result modifies a regulatory model based on bacterial behavior in culture, where this key virulence factor is repressed at high cell densities. The active transcription of these genes in wilting plants suggests that T3SS has a biological role throughout the disease cycle.

IMPORTANCE
Ralstonia solanacearum
is a widespread plant pathogen that causes bacterial wilt disease. It inflicts serious crop losses on tropical farmers, with major economic and human consequences. It is also a model for the many destructive microbes that colonize the water-conducting plant xylem tissue, which is low in nutrients and oxygen. We extracted bacteria from infected tomato plants and globally identified the biological functions that
R. solanacearum
expresses during plant pathogenesis. This revealed the unexpected presence of sucrose in tomato xylem fluid and the pathogen’s dependence on host sucrose for virulence on tomato, potato, and the common weed bittersweet nightshade. Further,
R. solanacearum
was highly responsive to the plant environment, expressing several metabolic and virulence functions quite differently in the plant than in pure culture. These results reinforce the utility of studying pathogens in interaction with hosts and suggest that selecting for reduced sucrose levels could generate wilt-resistant crops.
Pain and behaviour changes in children following surgery
Authors: Power Nina Mary , Howard Richard F , Wade Angie M , Franck Linda S
Published: July 2012

Objectives

To quantify postoperative pain and problematic behaviour (PB) in children at home following day-case (same day admission and discharge) or inpatient (≥1 night in hospital) surgery, to identify factors associated with PB at 2 and 4 weeks after discharge and to determine whether pain is associated with PB after adjustment for other factors.

Patients and methods

Children scheduled for elective surgery were recruited to a descriptive study involving direct observation and self-report questionnaires. The principal outcomes were pain and PB on the 2nd post-discharge day and after the 1st, 2nd and 4th weeks.

Results

131 parents and their children (aged 2–12years) participated in the study. 93% of children had pain and 73% exhibited PB on day 2 after discharge. The incidence of pain and PB decreased over time, but 25% of children still had pain and 32% PB at week 4. Factors associated with PB were child's previous pain experience, parent and child anxiety and parent's level of education.

Conclusions

There was a high incidence of pain and PB persisting for several weeks after surgery in this cohort of children. Previous painful medical experiences and anxiety were important modifiable factors that require further attention from healthcare providers and researchers to potentially improve health and social outcomes for children after surgery.
Papillary Endolymphatic Sac Tumor: A Case Report
Authors: Arava S. , Soumya R. M. , Chitragar S. , Safaya R. , Chandrashekhar S. H. , Thakar Alok
Published: July 2012

Glandular tumors involving the middle ear are rare and distinguishing between adenoma and adenocarcinoma remains difficult. A distinct subclass of these tumors demonstrates microscopic papillary architecture and has a propensity to erode the petrous bone and extend intracranially. The term “aggressive papillary middle ear tumor” has recently been proposed to describe this more invasive type of middle ear tumor. These tumors cause symptoms even when microscopic in size. Although histologically benign, they have been locally destructive with frequent intracranial extension and patients may die of uncontrolled local disease. These tumors do not metastasize but there is single case report of drop metastasis to the spine in the literature. Hence this tumor must be distinguished from other benign tumors of the middle ear. These rare neoplasms constitute a distinct pathological entity and deserve wider recognition.
A Reconfigurable Coplanar Waveguide Bowtie Antenna Using an Integrated Ferroelectric Thin-Film Varactor
Authors: Pan K. C. , Brown D. , Subramanyam G. , Penno R. , Jiang H. , Zhang C. H. , Patterson M. , Kuhl D. , Leedy K. , Cerny C.
Published: July 2012

A novel printed antenna with a frequency reconfigurable feed network is presented. The antenna consists of a bowtie structure patch radiating element in the inner space of an annulus that is on a nongrounded substrate with a ferroelectric (FE) Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) thin film. The bowtie patch is fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line that also includes a CPW-based BST shunt varactor. Reconfiguration of the compact 8 mm × 8 mm system has been demonstrated by shifting the antenna system’s operating frequency 500 MHz in the 7–9 GHz band by applying a DC voltage bias.
Effect of a Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator on Induction of Apoptosis in Uterine Fibroids In Vivo
Authors: Horak Petr , Mara Michal , Dundr Pavel , Kubinova Kristyna , Kuzel David , Hudecek Robert , Chmel Roman
Published: July 2012

Aim. To determine if hormonal treatment induces apoptosis in uterine fibroids.Methods. Immunohistochemical examination of fibroid tissue, using avidin-biotin complex and cleaved caspase-3 antibody for detecting apoptosis, was performed in premenopausal women who underwent 12-week treatment with oral SPRM (6 patients with 5 mg and 5 patients with 10 mg of ulipristal acetate per day) or gonadoliberin agonist (GnRHa, 17 patients) and subsequent myomectomy or hysterectomy for symptomatic uterine fibroids. Ten patients with no presurgical hormonal treatment were used as controls.Results. Apoptosis was present in a significantly higher proportion of patients treated with ulipristal acetate compared to GnRHa (P=0.01) and to patients with no hormonal treatment (P=0.01). In contrast to an AI of 158.9 in SPRM patients, the mean AI was 27.5 and 2.0 in GnRHa and control groups, respectively. No statistical difference in the AI was observed between the two groups of patients treated with ulipristal acetate (5 mg or 10 mg).Conclusion. Treatment with ulipristal acetate induces apoptosis in uterine fibroid cells. This effect of SPRM may contribute to their positive clinical effect on uterine fibroids.
Dysregulation of the Autophagy-Endolysosomal System in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Related Motor Neuron Diseases
Authors: Otomo Asako , Pan Lei , Hadano Shinji
Published: July 2012

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a heterogeneous group of incurable motor neuron diseases (MNDs) characterized by a selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Most cases of ALS are sporadic, while approximately 5–10% cases are familial. More than 16 causative genes for ALS/MNDs have been identified and their underlying pathogenesis, including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, neural inflammation, protein misfolding and accumulation, dysfunctional intracellular trafficking, abnormal RNA processing, and noncell-autonomous damage, has begun to emerge. It is currently believed that a complex interplay of multiple toxicity pathways is implicated in disease onset and progression. Among such mechanisms, ones that are associated with disturbances of protein homeostasis, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy, have recently been highlighted. Although it remains to be determined whether disease-associated protein aggregates have a toxic or protective role in the pathogenesis, the formation of them results from the imbalance between generation and degradation of misfolded proteins within neuronal cells. In this paper, we focus on the autophagy-lysosomal and endocytic degradation systems and implication of their dysfunction to the pathogenesis of ALS/MNDs. The autophagy-endolysosomal pathway could be a major target for the development of therapeutic agents for ALS/MNDs.
HOMA-AD in Assessing Insulin Resistance in Lean Noncirrhotic HCV Outpatients
Authors: Michalczuk Matheus Truccolo , Kappel Camila Rippol , Birkhan Oscar , Bragança Ana Carolina , Álvares-da-Silva Mário Reis
Published: July 2012

Introduction. There is an association between HCV and insulin resistance (IR), which is currently assessed by HOMA-IR. There is evidence that HOMA-adiponectin (HOMA-AD) is more accurate, but its role in HCV patients is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate IR in an HCV sample and controls, in order to compare the accuracy of HOMA-IR and HOMA-AD.Methods. Ninety-four HCV outpatients aged <60 years who met the criteria of nondiabetic, nonobese, noncirrhotic, and nonalcohol abusers were included and compared to 29 controls. Fasting glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and lipid profiles were determined. IR was estimated by HOMA-IR and HOMA-AD.Results. The groups were similar regarding sex and BMI, but the HCV patients were older. The median insulin level was higher in the HCV group (8.6 mU/mL (6.5–13.7) versus 6.5 (4.3–10.7),P=0.004), as was median HOMA-IR (1.94 (1.51 to 3.48) versus 1.40 (1.02 to 2.36),P=0.002) and the prevalence of IR (38.3% versus 10.3% (P=0.009)). No differences were found in adiponectin levels (P=0.294) and HOMA-AD (P=0.393).Conclusion. IR is highly prevalent even in low-risk HCV outpatients. Adiponectin is not influenced by the presence of HCV. HOMA-AD does not seem to be useful in assessing IR in HCV patients.
A Survey and Proposed Framework on the Soft Biometrics Technique for Human Identification in Intelligent Video Surveillance System
Authors: Kim Min-Gu , Moon Hae-Min , Chung Yongwha , Pan Sung Bum
Published: July 2012

Biometrics verification can be efficiently used for intrusion detection and intruder identification in video surveillance systems. Biometrics techniques can be largely divided into traditional and the so-called soft biometrics. Whereas traditional biometrics deals with physical characteristics such as face features, eye iris, and fingerprints, soft biometrics is concerned with such information as gender, national origin, and height. Traditional biometrics is versatile and highly accurate. But it is very difficult to get traditional biometric data from a distance and without personal cooperation. Soft biometrics, although featuring less accuracy, can be used much more freely though. Recently, many researchers have been made on human identification using soft biometrics data collected from a distance. In this paper, we use both traditional and soft biometrics for human identification and propose a framework for solving such problems as lighting, occlusion, and shadowing.
Oleifolioside A, a New Active Compound, Attenuates LPS-Stimulated iNOS and COX-2 Expression through the Downregulation of NF-κB and MAPK Activities in RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Yu Hai Yang , Kim Kyoung-Sook , Lee Young-Choon , Moon Hyung-In , Lee Jai-Heon
Published: July 2012

Oleifolioside A, a new triterpenoid compound isolated fromDendropanax morbiferaLeveille (D. morbifera), was shown in this study to have potent inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS-)stimulated nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Consistent with these findings, oleifolioside A was further shown to suppress the expression of LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner at both the protein and mRNA levels and to significantly inhibit the DNA-binding activity and transcriptional activity of NF-κB in response to LPS. These results were found to be associated with the inhibition of the degradation and phosphorylation of IκB-αand subsequent translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit to the nucleus. Inhibition of NF-κB activation by oleifolioside A was also shown to be mediated through the prevention of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, our results suggest that oleifolioside A has the potential to be a novel anti-inflammatory agent capable of targeting both the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
Nonextraction Treatment of Severe Crowding with the Aid of Corticotomy-Assisted Orthodontics
Authors: Aljhani Ali S. , Zawawi Khalid H.
Published: July 2012

This paper illustrates the combined nonextraction orthodontic treatment with the corticotomy technique in an adult patient (age: 25 years and 3 months) with severely crowded arches to accelerate tooth movement and shorten the treatment time. Both her upper lateral incisors were congenitally absent and both upper central incisors’ roots were short. Initial fixed orthodontic appliances (bidimensional) were bonded and one week later buccal and lingual corticotomy with alveolar augmentation procedure in the maxilla and mandible was performed. Orthodontic activation to level and align and unravel the crowding was performed every two weeks. The total treatment time was 8 months with no adverse effects observed at the end of active treatment. The addition of the decortication procedure to the conventional orthodontic therapy decreased the duration of treatment significantly. Successful alignment of both arches with ideal overbite and overjet as well as adequate occlusion was achieved.
Common Fixed Points of Generalized Meir-Keeler Type Condition and Nonexpansive Mappings
Authors: Bisht R. K.
Published: July 2012

The aim of the present paper is to obtain common fixed point theorems by employing the recently introduced notion of weak reciprocal continuity. The new notion is a proper generalization of reciprocal continuity and is applicable to compatible mappings as well as noncompatible mappings. We demonstrate that weak reciprocal continuity ensures the existence of common fixed points under contractive conditions, which otherwise do not ensure the existence of fixed points. Our results generalize and extend Banach contraction principle and Meir-Keeler-type fixed point theorem.
Antiviral Activity ofIsatis indigoticaExtract and Its Derived Indirubin against Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Chang Shu-Jen , Chang Yi-Chih , Lu Kai-Zen , Tsou Yi-Yun , Lin Cheng-Wen
Published: July 2012

Isatis indigoticais widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for clinical treatment of virus infection, tumor, and inflammation, yet its antiviral activities remain unclear. This study probed antiviral activity ofI. indigoticaextract and its marker compounds against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).I. indigoticamethanol extract, indigo, and indirubin proved less cytotoxic than other components, showing inhibitory effect (concentration-dependent) on JEV replicationin vitro. Time-of-addition experiments proved the extract, indigo, and indirubin with potent antiviral effect by pretreatment (before infection) or simultaneous treatment (during infection), but not posttreatment (after entry). Antiviral action of these agents showed correlation with blocking virus attachment and exhibited potent virucidal activity. In particular, indirubin had strong protective ability in a mouse model with lethal JEV challenge. The study could yield anti-JEV agents.
Collaboration of Kras and Androgen Receptor Signaling Stimulates EZH2 Expression and Tumor-Propagating Cells in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Cai Houjian , Memarzadeh Sanaz , Stoyanova Tanya , Beharry Zanna , Kraft Andrew S. , Witte Owen N.
Published: July 2012

Elevation of the chromatin repression factor enhancer of zeste homolog (EZH2) is associated with progression and poor prognosis in several human cancers including prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms driving EZH2 expression are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the functional synergy in prostate cancers in mice resulting from activation of the androgen receptor, Kras, and Akt, which drives three of the most frequently activated oncogenic signaling pathways in prostate cancer. Although, any two of these three events were sufficient to promote the formation and progression of prostate cancer, only the synergy of androgen receptor and Kras signaling could elevate EZH2 expression and expand prostate cancer progenitor cells in vivo. Our findings have revealed a genetic mechanism resulting in enhanced EZH2 expression during the progression of aggressive prostate cancer, with important implications for understanding how to target advanced disease where cancer progenitor cells may be critical. Cancer Res; 72(18); 4672–81. ©2012 AACR.
Ganetespib (STA-9090), a Nongeldanamycin HSP90 Inhibitor, Has Potent Antitumor Activity in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Shimamura Takeshi , Perera Samanthi A. , Foley Kevin P. , Sang Jim , Rodig Scott J. , Inoue Takayo , Chen Liang , Li Danan , Carretero Julian , Li Yu-Chen , Sinha Papiya , Carey Christopher D. , Borgman Christa L. , Jimenez John-Paul , Meyerson Matthew , Ying Weiwen , Barsoum James , Wong Kwok-Kin , Shapiro Geoffrey I.
Published: July 2012

Purpose: We describe the anticancer activity of ganetespib, a novel non-geldanamycin heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) models.

Experimental Design: The activity of ganetespib was compared with that of the geldanamycin 17-AAG in biochemical assays, cell lines, and xenografts, and evaluated in an ERBB2 YVMA-driven mouse lung adenocarcinoma model.

Results: Ganetespib blocked the ability of HSP90 to bind to biotinylated geldanamycin and disrupted the association of HSP90 with its cochaperone, p23, more potently than 17-AAG. In genomically defined NSCLC cell lines, ganetespib caused depletion of receptor tyrosine kinases, extinguishing of downstream signaling, inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis with IC50 values ranging 2 to 30 nmol/L, substantially lower than those required for 17-AAG (20–3,500 nmol/L). Ganetespib was also approximately 20-fold more potent in isogenic Ba/F3 pro-B cells rendered IL-3 independent by expression of EGFR and ERBB2 mutants. In mice bearing NCI-H1975 (EGFR L858R/T790M) xenografts, ganetespib was rapidly eliminated from plasma and normal tissues but was maintained in tumor with t1/2 58.3 hours, supporting once-weekly dosing experiments, in which ganetespib produced greater tumor growth inhibition than 17-AAG. However, after a single dose, reexpression of mutant EGFR occurred by 72 hours, correlating with reversal of antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. Consecutive day dosing resulted in xenograft regressions, accompanied by more sustained pharmacodynamic effects. Ganetespib also showed activity against mouse lung adenocarcinomas driven by oncogenic ERBB2 YVMA.

Conclusions: Ganetespib has greater potency than 17-AAG and potential efficacy against several NSCLC subsets, including those harboring EGFR or ERBB2 mutation. Clin Cancer Res; 18(18); 4973–85. ©2012 AACR.
Rearrangement of the Myeloid/Lymphoid Leukemia Gene in Therapy-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Patients Previously Treated with Agents Targeting DNA Topoisomerase II
Authors: Mosad Eman , Abdou Madleen , Zaky Amen Hamdy
Published: July 2012

Background: Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemias (t-AML), with balanced translocations affecting the 11q23 point in the myeloid/lymphoid leukemia (MLL) gene, are one of the most serious complications of treatments with topoisomerase II inhibitors. However, only a few reports of t-AML exist. We aimed to study if these translocations are cumulative-dose-dependent, their frequency in therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and the relationship between their presence, the type of therapy and the response criteria. Methods: This retrospective study included 120 patients with various malignancies (108 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 8 Hodgkin’s disease and 4 neuroblastoma) in remission, being treated with topoisomerase 2 inhibitors; 74 had been diagnosed with therapy-related myelodysplasia and 46 did not have dysplasia. All bone marrow biopsy samples were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization for 11q23 point breakage in the MLL gene. Results: MLL gene rearrangement frequency was 6% in dysplastic versus 2% in nondysplastic groups; p < 0.001. It was associated with a worse overall survival (mean 13 ± 2 vs. 39 ± 3 months, log-rank p value <0.0001). It was dose-dependent with a cut-off value of 290 mg/kg of topoisomerase II inhibitors as assessed by ROC curve (area under the curve 0.84 ± 0.05, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: It is proposed that the MLL gene is etiopathogenetically relevant for hematological neoplasias transformation and survival.
Hypothermia: A Double-Edged Sword
Authors: Todaro Maria Chiara , Oreto Lilia , Gupta Anjan , Bajwa Tanvir , Khandheria Bijoy K.
Published: July 2012

Therapeutic hypothermia is currently used to reduce neurological ischemic damage in postcardiac arrest patients. Nevertheless, it has been associated with relevant side effects such as infections, bleeding, hypotension and hyperkalemia. Although hypothermia-induced coronary spasm is rare, its occurrence needs to be considered attentively as it adds a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest in patients with already-existing critical heart conditions.