bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Movendo-se para dentro, para fora, através e além das tensões entre experiência e construção social na teoria somática
Authors: Green Jill , Grebler (trad.) Maria Albertina Silva , Pizarro (trad.) Diego
Published: September 2019

Este artigo é uma análise reflexiva dos movimento da autora através dos posicionamentos de diferentes teorias somáticas. Enquanto alguns teóricos e praticantes da Somática concentram-se nas questões do Eu e do conhecimento experiencial, outros movem-se para um universo mais pós-moderno ao olharem para os corpos e para a experiência somática como construções sociais. A autora narra seus movimentos através dessas teorias e em direção a uma visão pós-moderna não-binária da Somática que não dispensa o papel da experiência. Duas narrativas servem como instrumentos por meio dos quais a autora confronta essas questões.
Association between adolescent rough‐and‐tumble play and conduct problems, substance use, and risk‐taking behaviors: Findings from a school‐based sample
Authors: Garcia Mathieu , Aubron Valérie , Salla Julie , Hanne‐Poujade Sandrine , Teymoori Ali , Michel Grégory
Published: September 2019

Rough‐and‐tumble play (RTP), also known as play fighting, is a common form of play frequently reported and studied by researchers. However, one important limitation of past research in the area of RTP has been the neglect of the adolescence period. Consequently, little is known about the function of adolescent RTP as well as about clinical characteristics of youth who engage in this activity after childhood. In a school‐based sample of 1,771 middle school students (ages 9–16 years), the current study sought to address this gap by examining, via bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, the potential cross‐sectional associations of adolescent RTP with (a) selected demographic variables, (b) conduct problem symptoms, (c) substance use, and (d) risk‐taking behaviors, including adjustment for several demographic confounders. Results indicated that adolescents reporting higher rates of conduct problem symptoms were more likely to report a recent participation in RTP. In addition, substance use (experimentation and current consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) and risk behaviors assessed all were strongly associated with an increased likelihood of reporting an engagement in RTP. This finding suggests that participation in this activity probably implicates particular phenotypic characteristics including the propensity to engage in health‐damaging behaviors. But the most profound issue raised by this research concerns the strong relationship between RTP and great levels of conduct disorder symptoms, suggesting a possible significant change in the functional significance of RTP in the adolescence period.
Thermal Transport in 2D Semiconductors—Considerations for Device Applications
Authors: Zhao Yunshan , Cai Yongqing , Zhang Lifa , Li Baowen , Zhang Gang , Thong John T. L.
Published: September 2019

The discovery of graphene has stimulated the search for and investigations into other 2D materials because of the rich physics and unusual properties exhibited by many of these layered materials. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), black phosphorus, and SnSe among many others, have emerged to show highly tunable physical and chemical properties that can be exploited in a whole host of promising applications. Alongside the novel electronic and optical properties of such 2D semiconductors, their thermal transport properties have also attracted substantial attention. Here, a comprehensive review of the unique thermal transport properties of various emerging 2D semiconductors is provided, including TMDs, black‐ and blue‐phosphorene among others, and the different mechanisms underlying their thermal conductivity characteristics. The focus is placed on the phonon‐related phenomena and issues encountered in various applications based on 2D semiconductor materials and their heterostructures, including thermoelectric power generation and electron–phonon coupling effect in photoelectric and thermal transistor devices. A thorough understanding of phonon transport physics in 2D semiconductor materials to inform thermal management of next‐generation nanoelectronic devices is comprehensively presented along with strategies for controlling heat energy transport and conversion.
Unambiguously Enhanced Ultraviolet Luminescence of AlGaN Wavy Quantum Well Structures Grown on Large Misoriented Sapphire Substrate
Authors: Sun Haiding , Mitra Somak , Subedi Ram Chandra , Zhang Yi , Guo Wei , Ye Jichun , Shakfa Mohammad Khaled , Ng Tien Khee , Ooi Boon S. , Roqan Iman S. , Zhang Zihui , Dai Jiangnan , Chen Changqing , Long Shibing
Published: September 2019

High‐quality epitaxy consisting of Al1−xGaxN/Al1−yGayN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with sharp interfaces and emitting at ≈280 nm is successfully grown on sapphire with a misorientation angle as large as 4°. Wavy MQWs are observed due to step bunching formed at the step edges. A thicker QW width accompanied by a greater accumulation of gallium near the macrostep edge than that on the flat‐terrace is observed on 4° misoriented sapphire, leading to the generation of potential minima with respect to their neighboring QWs. Consequently, a significantly enhanced photoluminescence intensity (at least ten times higher), improved internal quantum efficiency (six times higher at low excitation laser power), and a much longer carrier lifetime are achieved. Importantly, the wafer‐level output‐power of the ultraviolet light emitting diodes on 4° misoriented substrate is nearly increased by 2–3 times. This gain is attributed to the introduction of compositional inhomogeneities in AlGaN alloys induced by gallium accumulation at the step‐bunched region thus forming a lateral potential well for carrier localization. The experimental results are further confirmed by a numerical modeling in which a 3D carrier confinement mechanism is proposed. Herein, the compositional modulation in active region arising from the substrate misorientation provides a promising approach in the pursuit of high‐efficient ultraviolet emitters.
Self‐Healable Black Phosphorus Photodetectors
Authors: Zhang Ye , Zhang Feng , Xu Yiguo , Huang Weichun , Wu Leiming , Zhang Yupeng , Zhang Xiuwen , Zhang Han
Published: September 2019

Black phosphorus (BP) has become one of the most promising materials for photoelectronic devices due to its excellent properties. However, the intrinsic instability of BP has severely hindered its practical applications. In this contribution, a hydrophobic polyionic liquid poly(1‐hexyl‐3‐vinylimidazolium) hexafluorophosphate salt (PIL‐TFSI) is applied to encapsulate BP quantum dots to form BP‐PIL for photo‐electrochemical‐type photodetector (PD) application. From both the results of experiment and density functional theory, the significantly enhanced stability of BP as well as the fluorination of BP is found. The as‐prepared PDs exhibit obviously improved photoresponse behavior (542 nA cm−2) and negligible attenuation after 90 days. In addition, the self‐healing capability can be found in the prepared PDs and the typical ON/OFF signals can still be detected after 50 cycles due to the self‐healing nature of PIL‐TFSI. It is believed that the introduction of PIL‐TFSI provides a new route for enhancing the stability of BP‐based photoelectronic devices in practical applications.
Hemiketal‐Keto Tautomerism in 2‐Deoxy‐δ‐lactones Mediated by 2‐Lithiothiazole in Solution State: A Formal Synthesis of DAH, Kamusol and Their C5 Epimers
Authors: Chand Hemender R. , Bhattacharya Asish K.
Published: September 2019

The reactions of 2‐lithiothiazole on 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐2‐deoxyglyconolactones have been studied, which resulted in the formation of two products, major (3,4,6‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐2‐deoxy‐1‐(2‐thiazolyl) glycal) and minor products 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐2‐deoxy‐1‐(2‐thiazolyl) glycal hemiketal. The hemiketal‐keto tautomerism in solution was observed in the minor product. The tautomerism has been studied in various organic solvents and their ratios have been determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The major product from the reaction of 2‐lithiothiazole with 2‐deoxygluconolactone was utilized for the synthesis of 3‐deoxy‐D‐arabino‐2‐heptulosonic acid DAH 4 a and 3‐deoxy‐D‐arabino‐2‐heptulopyranose commonly known natural product kamusol 6 a via acid catalyzed hydration followed by stereoselective methyl glycoside bond formation. Similarly, major product from 2‐deoxygalactonolactone furnished 5‐epi‐DAH 4 b (C‐5 epimer of 4 a) and 5‐epi‐kamusol 6 b (C‐5 epimer of 6 a). The minor product has also been utilized for the synthesis of DAH 4 a, 5‐epi‐DAH 4 b, kamusol 6 a and 5‐epi‐kamusol 6 b through a common intermediate, α‐methyl glycosylated product.
High Phase‐Purity 1T‐MoS2 Ultrathin Nanosheets by a Spatially Confined Template
Authors: Chen Xiaoyu , Wang Zumin , Wei Yanze , Zhang Xing , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Zhang Lijuan , Yang Nailiang , Yu Ranbo
Published: September 2019

The crystal phase plays an important role in controlling the properties of a nanomaterial; however, it is a great challenge to obtain a nanomaterial with high purity of the metastable phase. For instance, the large‐scale synthesis of the metallic phase MoS2 (1T‐MoS2) is important for enhancing electrocatalytic reaction, but it can only be obtained under harsh conditions. Herein, a spatially confined template method is proposed to synthesize high phase‐purity MoS2 with a 1T content of 83 %. Moreover, both the confined space and the structure of template will affect the purity of 1T‐MoS2; in this case, this approach was extended to other similar spatially confined templates to obtain the high‐purity material. The obtained ultrathin nanosheets exhibit good electrocatalytic activity and excellent stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Flüssige metastabile Vorstufen von Ibuprofen als Zwischenprodukt der Nukleation in wässriger Lösung
Authors: Wiedenbeck Eduard , Kovermann Michael , Gebauer Denis , Cölfen Helmut
Published: September 2019

Der Nukleationsmechanismus von Kristallen kleiner organischer Moleküle wurde durch Computersimulationen postuliert, doch bisher mangelt es an experimentellen Nachweisen. Hier wurde ein experimenteller Ansatz entwickelt, mit dem die frühen Stadien der Kristallisation von Ibuprofen als Modellsystem aufgezeigt werden. Ibuprofen vollzieht eine flüssig‐flüssig Entmischung. Die binodalen und spinodalen Grenzen dieser Mischungslücke wurden analysiert und der flüssige Charakter der Phase wurde bestätigt. Ein Anstieg der Viskosität hält die kinetische Stabilität der dichten flüssigen Phase aufrecht, die intermolekularen Abstände entsprechen denen in den Kristallstrukturen. Die dichte flüssige Phase wurde als Vorläuferphase der Nukleation von Ibuprofen identifiziert, bei der zunächst eine Verdichtung stattfindet und sich erst später eine strukturelle Ordnung ausbildet. Diese Entdeckung verspricht die Möglichkeit, schwerlösliche Wirkstoffe in wässriger Lösung über klassische Löslichkeitsgrenzen hinaus zu befördern.
Hierarchical Micro‐Mesoporous Carbon‐Framework‐Based Hybrid Nanofibres for High‐Density Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Cheng Hengyang , Meng Jinku , Wu Guan , Chen Su
Published: September 2019

Advanced methods, allowing the controllable synthesis of ordered structural nanomaterials with favourable charges transfer and storage, are highly important to achieve ideal supercapacitors with high energy density. Herein, we report a microliter droplet‐based method to synthesize hierarchical‐structured metal–organic framework/graphene/carbon nanotubes hybrids. The confined ultra‐small‐volume reaction, give well‐defined hybrids with a large specific‐surface‐area (1206 m2 g−1), abundant ionic‐channels (narrow pore of 0.86 nm), and nitrogen active‐sites (10.63 %), resulting in high pore‐size utilization (97.9 %) and redox‐activity (32.3 %). We also propose a scalable microfluidic‐blow‐spinning method to consecutively generate nanofibre‐based flexible supercapacitor electrodes with striking flexibility and mechanical strength. The supercapacitors display large volumetric energy density (147.5 mWh cm−3), high specific capacitance (472 F cm−3) and stably deformable energy‐supply.
Changes in shelf life and quality of fresh hull‐less barley noodles during storage
Authors: Zheng Yanyan , Wang Zhenhua , Tuersuntuoheti Tuohetisayipu , Wang Ziyuan , Liang Shan , Wang Xinyue , Zhang Min
Published: September 2019

Background and objectives

In order to study the quality changes of fresh hull‐less barley noodles (FHBN) during storage, the total plate count (TPC), cooking quality, color, texture, and moisture characteristic of FHBN were investigated at 0 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr, 18 hr, 24 hr, and 30 hr of storage at 25°C.

Findings

The FHBN deteriorated after storage for 24 hr (TPC was 1.4 × 106 CFU/g), while the fresh wheat noodles (FWN) deteriorated after 18 hr (TPC was 106 CFU/g). In addition, T21 and T22 in FWN were bigger than that in FHBN and the moisture in FWN was more easily lost. During the storage of FHBN, the cooking loss ratio and percentage of broken noodles increased significantly, while L* and aw decreased. The proportion of strongly bound water decreased, while the proportion of weakly bound water and free water increased. During the safe storage period, the hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness showed a decline trend while the hardness and gumminess increased after deterioration.

Conclusions

Fresh hull‐less barley noodles had longer shelf life and better water‐holding capacity compared with FWN. The cooking quality, texture characteristics, and brightness reduced significantly during storage, and the increase in TPC, water loss, and migration were the main reason of this phenomenon.

Significance and novelty

The shelf life of FHBN and FWN stored at 25°C was compared, and the causes that resulted in the differences were analyzed. Through the correlation analysis, the reason for the decline in the quality of FHBN was obtained.
Amide‐phosphonium Salt Catalyzed Enantioselective Vinylogous Mannich Addition of Coumarins to Isatin Imines
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Shuo , Ding Weizhong , Wang Chenghan , Chen Jie , Cao Weiguo , Wu Xiaoyu
Published: September 2019

An asymmetric vinylogous Mannich reaction between 3‐cyano‐4‐methylcoumarins and N‐Boc isatin imines catalysed by amide phosphonium salt is described. This method allows the formation of intriguing adducts bearing both 3‐aminooxindole and coumarin moieties in excellent yields with excellent enantioselectivities. The utility of this method was illustrated by a gram scale synthesis using as low as 0.1 mol % of catalyst without chromatographic purification, and removal of the Boc protecting groups on the primary amine functionality in Mannich products.
Effects of temperature non‐uniformity and effective viscosity on pyrometric cone deformation
Authors: Hsieh Peter Y.
Published: September 2019

Pyrometric cone deformation is used to measure heat work or the combined effect of temperature and time during ceramic firing. Finite‐element analysis shows that stationary‐state temperature non‐uniformity in a pyrometric cone during constant‐rate heating can account for differences in observed endpoint temperatures at different heating rates. Thermophysical modeling provides evidence that two‐phase viscous flow plays an important role in pyrometric cone deformation. The Einstein‐Roscoe equation is used to calculate the effective viscosity of partially molten pyrometric cones during viscous flow deformation, with the solid phase volume fraction determined through thermophysical modeling and the molten phase viscosity estimated with the Modified Quasichemical Model. A correlation was found between the endpoint deformation temperatures of pyrometric cones and corresponding Littleton softening point temperatures; however, the approach fails when viscous flow is not the principal deformation mechanism and when the initial glass fraction exceeds the equilibrium molten phase fraction predicted by thermophysical modeling.
Retracted: Overexpression of long noncoding RNA SLC26A4‐AS1 inhibits the epithelial–mesenchymal transition via the MAPK pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Wang Duo‐Ping , Tang Xiao‐Zhun , Liang Quan‐Kun , Zeng Xian‐Jie , Yang Jian‐Bo , Xu Jian
Published: September 2019

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is recognized as one of the most prevalent types of thyroid cancer with poor prognosis. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has undergone an intensive study for their involvement in tumor treatment. This study intends to unravel the association of lncRNA SLC26A4‐AS1 with PTC. Initially, PTC‐related expression profiling data (GSE33630) was utilized to screen differentially expressed lncRNAs in PTC and the underlying mechanisms involved with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Moreover, PTC tumor tissues and paracancerous tissues were arranged to determine expressions of TP53, SLC26A4‐AS1, and genes related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, SLC26A4‐AS1 was overexpressed or underexpressed and JNK was underexpressed through cell transfection to examine the effect of SLC26A4‐AS1 on PTC via MAPK pathway. Besides, tumor formation in nude mice was used to verify the fore experiment. LncRNA SLC26A4‐AS1 regulating TP53 had the potential to participate in PTC by regulating the MAPK pathway. SLC26A4‐AS1 was expressed poorly in PTC. Notably, SLC26A4‐AS1 elevated E‐cadherin expression while it reduced that of ERK and Vimentin. In addition, the overexpression of SLC26A4‐AS1 inactivated the MAPK pathway by promoting TP53 and decreased cell migration, proliferation, and invasion. In addition to all these effects, the overexpression of SLC26A4‐AS1 promoted apoptosis of TPC‐1 cells. Additionally, the overexpression of lncRNA SLC26A4‐AS1 reduced xenograft tumor volume in nude mice. Furthermore, the effect of SLC26A4‐AS1 overexpression was found to be promoted after the MAPK pathway inactivation. Taken together, the overexpression of lncRNA SLC26A4‐AS1 coffered anti‐oncogenic effects on PTC through the inactivation of the MAPK pathway.
Focal adhesion kinase regulates tractional collagen remodeling, matrix metalloproteinase expression, and collagen structure, which in turn affects matrix‐induced signaling
Authors: Rajshankar Dhaarmini , Wang Baiyu , Worndl Elizabeth , Menezes Sara , Wang Yongqiang , McCulloch Christopher A.
Published: September 2019

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is critical for collagen expression but its regulation of collagen remodeling is not defined. We examined the role of FAK in the degradation and reorganization of fibrillar collagen. Compared with wild‐type (WT) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, FAK null (FAK−/−) fibroblasts generated twofold (p < .0001) higher levels of ¾ collagen I fragment and expressed up to fivefold more membrane‐type matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). When plated on stiff collagen substrates, compared with WT, FAK−/− cells were smaller (threefold reduced cell surface area; p < .0001) and produced fivefold fewer cell extensions (p < .0001) that were 40% shorter (p < .001). When cultured on soft collagen gels (stiffness of ~100 Pa) for 6–48 hr, cell spreading and cell extension formation were reduced by greater than twofold (p < .05 and p < .0001, respectively) while collagen compaction and alignment were reduced by approximately 30% (p < .0001) in FAK−/− cells. Similar results were found after treatment with PF573228, a FAK inhibitor. Reconstitution of FAK−/− cells with FAK mutants showed that compared with WT, cell extension formation was reduced twofold (p < .0001) in the absence of the kinase domain and sixfold (p < .0001) with a Y397F mutant. Enhanced collagen degradation was exhibited by the mutants (~threefold increase; p < .0001 of ¾ collagen fragments without kinase domain or Y397F mutant; p < .01). Compared with FAK+/+ cells, matrices produced by FAK−/− cells generated higher levels of β1 integrin activation (p < 0.05), extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, and production of ¾ collagen I fragment by human gingival fibroblasts. Collectively these data indicate that (a) the kinase activity of FAK enhances collagen remodeling by tractional forces but inhibits collagen degradation by MMPs; (b) FAK influences the biological activity of fibroblast‐secreted extracellular matrices, which in turn impacts β1 integrin and ERK signaling, and collagen degradation.
Eagle visitation rates to carrion in a winter scavenging guild
Authors: Watson James W. , Vekasy Mark S. , Nelson Jon D. , Orr Matthew R.
Published: September 2019

Understanding the behavioral ecology of species of conservation concern can help to inform better management. During winters 2011 through 2017, we placed camera traps at stations baited with carrion to investigate characteristics of winter scavenging by golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in eastern Washington and Oregon, USA. Our objectives were to better understand exposure risk of individual eagles to lead contaminants and evaluate factors that affect eagle visitation to carrion to inform measures that reduce lead exposure. We studied photo sequences from 108 traps ( = 2,725 ± 306 [SE] images/trap) and used plumage and physical characteristics to track visitation of 183 individual golden eagles and 90 bald eagles at deer (Odocoileus spp.) carrion until it was totally consumed. At least 1 eagle visited 76% of traps ( = 2.5 ± 0.3 unique eagles/trap). On average, an eagle visited a trap 3.4 ± 0.2 times (range = 1–19 visits) over 1.9 ± 0.1 days (range = 1–9 days). We used general linear mixed models to identify influences on number of eagle visits and pooled visit duration. Individual golden eagles visited carrion about 25% more often and 50% longer than bald eagles, and individual juvenile eagles visited carrion more often and longer than immature and adult eagles. On average, an eagle made an additional visit to carrion for every golden eagle that came to the same trap. Eagles spent less time at offal ( = 26.2 ± 6.4 min) than at a whole carcass ( = 92.9 ± 7.5 min), and understory vegetation immediately surrounding carrion was associated with a 30% reduction in visitation time. In the Pacific Northwest during winter, adult and juvenile golden eagles, by virtue of their abundance and visitation to carrion compared to the immature age class and bald eagles of all ages, have the highest potential for exposure to anthropogenic effects from carrion visitation. Concealment of offal piles in vegetation may reduce, but not eliminate, eagle use because of competing scavengers that expose carrion locations. We found no evidence that carrion proximity to nearest known nests, topography, or snow cover affect visitation by eagles. Thus, short of using alternative ammunition to lead, we recommend burial or removal of offal from hunter‐killed ungulates. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Abundance of Probiotics and Butyrate‐Production Microbiome Manages Constipation via Short‐Chain Fatty Acids Production and Hormones Secretion
Authors: Zhuang Min , Shang Wenting , Ma Qiuchen , Strappe Padraig , Zhou Zhongkai
Published: September 2019

Scope

The characteristics of gut microbiota and host metabolism are hypothesized to be associated with constipation status, but the regulation mechanism is not fully understood. Thus, the current study investigates the effect of constipation symptoms on gut functionality following the modulation of gut microbiota and metabolites via dietary fiber intervention.

Methods and results

Constipation causes a significantly reduced short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production and a higher level of iso‐butyrate. The feces of constipated people are characterized with inhibited Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae and Roseburia abundance. Desulfovibrionaceae is identified to be an important endotoxin producer in constipated patients, and a butyrate‐enriched SCFAs profile achieved by dietary fiber supplement accelerates gastrointestinal transit and increases the thickness of the mucosal layer, possibly through triggering the secretion of colonic hormones and enhancing the expression of tight junction proteins for maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. More importantly, an interacting regulatory mechanism among SCFAs, in particular butyrate and propionate, may be involved in signaling between the microbiome and host cells in the colon.

Conclusion

Gut microbiota, characterized with enriched butyrate‐producing and depressed Desulfovibrionaceae bacteria, attenuates constipation symptoms through promoting intestinal hormones secretion and maintaining gut barrier integrity.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in systemic mastocytosis treated with allogeneic bone marrow transplant: A case report
Authors: Srinivasan Anand , Ilonze Chibuzo C , Travis Stephen R. , Crawford David
Published: September 2019

Systemic mastocytosis is a rare entity in pediatrics, usually associated with mutations in the c‐KIT gene. We describe a Caucasian female who presented with severe systemic mastocytosis with food allergies requiring prolonged total parenteral nutrition. Her course was further complicated by the onset of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which responded poorly to conventional chemotherapy. She underwent an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant that resulted in resolution of all symptoms related to systemic mastocytosis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. She is now disease‐free and without any complications two years after the transplant.
Salicylate increased ascorbic acid levels and neuronal activity in the rat auditory cortex
Authors: Duan Qingchuan , Ma Furong , Zhang Jie
Published: September 2019

Importance

Clinical observations have implied a central origin for tinnitus and potential therapeutic effects of ascorbic acid (AA); however, the detailed mechanisms remain undetermined.

Objective

To investigate changes in the AA levels and neural activity in the auditory cortex (AC) during salicylate‐induced tinnitus.

Methods

Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) saline group, which received an intraperitoneal saline injection; (2) SS group, which received an intraperitoneal sodium salicylate (SS) injection (350 mg/kg); and (3) SS+Lido group, which received an intraperitoneal SS injection (350 mg/kg) and lidocaine delivered to the AC by microdialysis. For each group, we firstly used an in vivo microdialysis technique to investigate the concentrations of AA in the AC; and secondly, we recorded the neural activity in the AC using a single‐unit recording technique.

Results

The AA concentration in the SS group significantly increased after SS injection, whereas that of the saline group did not change. The AA concentration in the SS+Lido group also showed an increasing trend but was significantly lower than that in the SS group. In the electrophysiological study, the spontaneous firing rate of the SS group was significantly higher than that of the saline group. In addition, the proportion of short interval discharges was also higher in the SS group than in the saline group. Both differences were reversed by lidocaine treatment.

Interpretation

Our data suggest that the elevation of AA levels in the AC may be related to increased neuronal activity, which may represent the mechanism underlying salicylate‐induced tinnitus.
A Unique System for Registering One‐Photon Signals in the Ultraviolet Range from An Isomeric 229mTh Nucleus Implanted on Thin SiO2/Si Films
Authors: Lebedinskii Yury Yu. , Borisyuk Petr V. , Chubunova Elena V. , Kolachevsky Nikolay N. , Vasiliev Oleg S. , Tkalya Evgene V.
Published: September 2019

Currently, an urgent task related to creating a nuclear frequency standard is the identification of a low‐lying nuclear state in the thorium‐229 isotope. Herein, a method for measuring the single‐photon energy during the decay of an isomeric thorium‐229 nucleus implanted in a wide‐gap dielectric SiO2 (Eg = 9 eV) is developed. The proposed method utilizes thin silicon oxide layers obtained by thermal oxidization of the pure silica wafers, which allows measurement of the energy of photons in the ultraviolet (UV) range using an electronic spectrometer. The modeling study of electronic state excitation is provided via UV radiation from Kr, Xe, and D resonance discharging lamps. The obtained spectra are analyzed, and a method for determining the UV photon's energy is proposed.
Low Lying Magnetic States of the Mixed Valence Cobalt Ludwigite
Authors: Matos Maria Oswald Machado , Terra Joice , Ellis Donald
Published: September 2019

There are two interpretations offered for the different structural and magnetic properties of the mixed valence homometallic ludwigites, Co3O2BO3 and Fe3O2BO3. One of them associates the physical behavior to charge ordering processes among the cations, as is well known in simpler oxides. The other attributes the effects to local pairwise magnetic interactions. Recently, first‐principles calculations in the iron ludwigite have shown that the structural cation dimerization is due to the formation of strong magnetic dyads supporting the second model. Herein, the dominance of magnetic interactions to explain the absence of dimerization in the cobalt compound is confirmed. Density functional noncollinear spin calculations are carried out on Co3O2BO3 to determine its low‐temperature magnetic order. Low spin is found on trivalent cobalt sites, thus preventing the formation of the ferromagnetic dyad, the mechanism which favors dimerization in Fe3O2BO3. It is concluded that the difference between high‐spin Fe3+ and low‐spin Co3+ pairwise interactions is responsible for the observed differences between the two compounds. The pairwise magnetic interactions also explain the difference between the existence of low‐temperature bulk antiferromagnetic state in the Fe ludwigite and its absence in the Co material.
Emission at 1.6 μm from InAs Quantum Dots in Metamorphic InGaAs Matrix
Authors: Zhan Wenbo , Ishida Satomi , Kwoen Jinkwan , Watanabe Katsuyuki , Iwamoto Satoshi , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: September 2019

Growth of InAs quantum dots (QDs) in metamorphic InGaAs matrix for long‐wavelength laser applications on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is demonstrated. Metamorphic InGaAs matrix is based on a five‐step graded InGaAs metamorphic buffer layer (MBL) with a final indium composition of about 40%. Reciprocal space mapping for the asymmetrical (−2 2 4) and (2 2 4) reflections along the [−1 1 0] and [1 1 0] directions shows anisotropic relaxation along these two directions. The metamorphic InGaAs matrix is more relaxed along [−1 1 0] direction but nearly fully strained along [1 1 0] direction. InAs QDs are embedded in two InGaAs confining layers with the same indium composition. Emission at 1.6 μm from metamorphic InAs QDs and 1.42 μm emission from metamorphic InGaAs matrix at room temperature (RT) are observed, respectively. The activation energy of ≈94.6 meV is obtained.
2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride/Cadmium Sulfide Heterostructure as a Promising Water‐Splitting Photocatalyst
Authors: Wang Guangzhao , Zhi Yan , Bo Maolin , Xiao Shuyuan , Li Yue , Zhao Wenxi , Li Yadong , Li Yang , He Zelong
Published: September 2019

This research calculates the structural, optical, and electronic properties of original and strained hexagonal boron nitride/cadmium sulfide (h‐BN/CdS) heterostructures using a hybrid density functional method. The electron transfer from CdS to h‐BN sheet leads to the formation of electric field across the interface, which is beneficial for efficient separation of electron–hole pairs. The bandgaps of heterostructures decrease with the increase in the strain. In addition, biaxial strain can obviously tune the bandgaps and band alignments of h‐BN/CdS heterostructures. The heterostructures in the strain range from 0% to 6% possess suitable bandgaps for visible light utilization and appropriate band alignments for spontaneous production of hydrogen and oxygen. Especially, the original, −2% strained, and 2% strained h‐BN/CdS heterostructures can be easy to form due to the negative interface formation energy. The original and 2% strained h‐BN/CdS heterostructures are potential candidates as water‐splitting photocatalysts.
Turbostratic Stacking Effect in Multilayer Graphene on the Electrical Transport Properties
Authors: Negishi Ryota , Wei Chaopeng , Yao Yao , Ogawa Yui , Akabori Masashi , Kanai Yasushi , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Taniyasu Yoshitaka , Kobayashi Yoshihiro
Published: September 2019

The carrier transport properties of a multilayer graphene with the turbostratic stacking structure are evaluated by transfer characteristics in a field‐effect transistor and Hall‐effect measurement with van der Pauw geometry. Herein, the multilayer graphene with the turbostratic stacking structure is synthesized by graphene overlayer growth on a monolayer graphene template using a chemical vapor deposition method. The sheet resistance of the inner layer in the grown multilayer graphene is lower than that of the monolayer graphene used as a growth template. This is caused by a screening effect due to the multistacking. Moreover, the value of carrier mobility in the grown multilayer graphene is higher than that of the monolayer graphene template. The enhancement of carrier mobility is caused by a turbostratic stacking effect where the band structure of the multilayer graphene is similar to that of the monolayer graphene. These results indicate that the synthesis technique of the multilayer graphene with the turbostratic stacking structure using the graphene template is effective to improve the carrier transport properties in the multilayer graphene sheet.
Recycling Control of Histological Xylol: A Chemometric Approach
Authors: Abraham Emilia del C. , Angelo José A. D' , Mammana Sabrina B. , Lascalea Gustavo E. , Altamirano Jorgelina C.
Published: September 2019

Fractional distillation was applied to recycle and reuse histological xylol waste. A new sample preparation technique for analyzing liquid samples by transmission FTIR spectroscopy was developed and validated. Pressing time, sample volume, and xylol volatility were the optimized variables to acquire good quality spectra by using the KBr pellet technique. The suitability of this technique for analyzing a volatile sample, xylol, was contrasted against a non‐volatile coal sample. Semi‐quantitative IR‐derived ratios were calculated and used as input variables in principal components analysis (PCA). One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was applied to determine whether the samples of distillate, xylol waste, and commercial xylol showed significant differences among them. Unlike currently used analytical methodologies based on GC, the proposed methodology based on FTIR‐PCA‐ANOVA provided a simple way to monitor the samples (including xylol waste containing water traces and paraffin) throughout xylol recycling process. The results indicated there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between commercial and recycled xylol, being comparable.
BaCo1‐xNbxO3−δ as a Promising Cathode for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Niu Yongchao , Kong Yu , Sun Chengzhi , Song Xueqin , Zhang Naiqing , Sun Kening
Published: September 2019

Nb2O5 doped BaCoO3‐δ was synthesized using traditional solid‐state reaction method. The electrochemical performance, physical properties and rate‐determining step of BaCo1‐xNbxO3−δ as a cathode material for intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT‐SOFCs) were investigated. The introduction of Nb in BaCo0.8Nb0.2O3‐δ(BCN20)brings a stable cubic phase and a relative lower TEC (∼16.94×10‐6 K−1) compared BCN20 with other Co‐based perovskites. The oxygen vacancy concentration (δ) for BCN20 symmetrical cell is 0.153. The area specific resistance (ASR) of BCN20 symmetrical cell is merely 0.0397 Ω⋅cm2 at 700 °C. Base on the above findings, BCN20 has a great electrochemical performance as a cathode material for IT‐SOFCs. Furthermore, we studies the reaction mechanism of BCN20 and concluded that desorption and diffusion of oxygen molecules is the oxygen reduction rate limiting step. Finally, full cell with BCN20 as cathode was tested and peak power density was measured to be 1042 mW⋅cm−2 at 800 °C.
CuBr2‐promoted Cyclocondensation of Amidines with Aminoalcohols/Aminothiols for the Synthesis of 2‐Oxazolines, 2‐Oxazines and 2‐Thiazolines under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Zhao Rui , Yan Min , Zhang Ruiqin , Ma Yongmin , Chen Jing
Published: September 2019

The reaction of amidines with aminoalcohols/aminothiols catalyzed by CuBr2 was investigated. Various amidines were successfully converted into the corresponding 2‐oxazolines, 2‐thiazolines and 2‐oxazines with good yields under solvent‐free conditions, rendering this method highly versatile and environmentally friendly.
Understanding the Acetalization Reaction Based on its Reaction Path Network
Authors: Sumiya Yosuke , Tabata Yotaro , Maeda Satoshi
Published: September 2019

We have theoretically investigated the mechanism of the acetalization reaction of acetaldehyde using the artificial force induced reaction (AFIR) method and the rate constant matrix contraction (RCMC) method. A systematic search for reaction paths by the AFIR method resulted in a reaction path network including 162 local minima and 599 transition states. By applying the RCMC method to the network, the time hierarchy of the network was revealed. Using the network and the RCMC method, the overall rate constants and the equilibrium constant including conformational entropy contributions were evaluated. The discussion demonstrates how multicomponent reactions that proceed through multiple steps are understood from their reaction path networks.
Clinical and MRI efficacy of sc IFN β-1a tiw in patients with relapsing MS appearing to transition to secondary progressive MS: post hoc analyses of PRISMS and SPECTRIMS
Authors: Freedman Mark S. , Brod Staley , Singer Barry A. , Cohen Bruce A. , Hayward Brooke , Dangond Fernando , Coyle Patricia K.
Published: September 2019

This study evaluated efficacy of subcutaneous (sc) interferon beta-1a (IFN β-1a) 44 µg 3 × weekly (tiw) in patients appearing to transition from relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) to secondary progressive MS (SPMS). The PRISMS study included 560 patients with RRMS (EDSS 0–5.0; ≥ 2 relapses in previous 2 years), and the SPECTRIMS study included 618 patients with SPMS (EDSS 3.0–6.5 and ≥ 1-point increase in previous 2 years [≥ 0.5 point if 6.0–6.5]) randomly assigned to sc IFN β-1a 44 or 22 µg or placebo for 2–3 years, respectively. These post hoc analyses examined five subgroups of MS patients with EDSS 4.0–6.0: PRISMS (n = 59), PRISMS/SPECTRIMS (n = 335), PRISMS/SPECTRIMS with baseline disease activity (n = 195; patients with either ≥ 1 relapse within 2 years before baseline or ≥ 1 gadolinium-enhancing lesion at baseline), PRISMS/SPECTRIMS without baseline disease activity (n = 140), and PRISMS/SPECTRIMS with disease activity during the study (n = 202). In the PRISMS and PRISMS/SPECTRIMS subgroups, sc IFN β-1a delayed disability progression, although no significant effect was observed in PRISMS/SPECTRIMS subgroups with activity at baseline or activity during the study (regardless of baseline activity). In the PRISMS/SPECTRIMS subgroup, over year 1 (0–1) and 2 (0–2), sc IFN β-1a 44 µg tiw significantly reduced annualized relapse rate (p ≤ 0.001), and relapse risk (p < 0.05) versus placebo. Similar results were seen for the PRISMS/SPECTRIMS with baseline disease activity subgroup. Subcutaneous IFN β-1a reduced T2 burden of disease and active T2 lesions in the PRISMS/SPECTRIMS subgroups overall, with and without baseline activity. In conclusion, these post hoc analyses indicate that effects of sc IFN β-1a 44 µg tiw on clinical/MRI endpoints are preserved in a patient subgroup appearing to transition between RRMS and SPMS.
ERCP-related perforations: a population-based study of incidence, mortality, and risk factors
Authors: Langerth Ann , Isaksson Bengt , Karlson Britt-Marie , Urdzik Jozef , Linder Stefan
Published: September 2019

Background

Perforations related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are rare but feared adverse events with highly reported morbidity and mortality rates. The aim was to evaluate the incidence and outcome of ERCP-related perforations and to identify risk factors for death due to perforations in a population-based study.

Methods

Between May 2005 and December 2013, a total of 52,140 ERCPs were registered in GallRiks, a Swedish nationwide, population-based registry. A total of 376 (0.72%) were registered as perforations or extravasation of contrast during ERCP or as perforation in the 30-day follow-up. The patients with perforation were divided into fatal and non-fatal groups and analyzed for mortality risk factors. The case volume of centers and endoscopists were divided into the upper quartile (Q4) and the lower three quartile (Q1–3) groups. Furthermore, fatal group patients’ records were reviewed.

Results

Death within 90 days after ERCP-related perforations or at the index hospitalization occurred in 20% (75 out of 376) for all perforations and 0.1% (75 out of 52,140) for all ERCPs. The independent risk factors for death after perforation were malignancy (OR 11.2, 95% CI 5.8–21.6), age over 80 years (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.0–7.4), and sphincterotomy in the pancreatic duct (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–7.5). In Q4 centers, the mortality was similar with or without pancreatic duct sphincterotomy (14% vs. 13%, p = 1.0), but in Q1–3 centers mortality was higher (45% vs. 21%, p = 0.024).

Conclusions

ERCP-related perforations are severe adverse events with low incidence (0.7%) and high mortality rate up to 20%. Malignancy, age over 80 years, and sphincterotomy in the pancreatic duct increase the risk to die after a perforation. The risk of a fatal outcome in perforations after pancreatic duct sphincterotomy was reduced when occurred at a Q4-center. In the case of a complicated perforation a transfer to a Q4-center may be considered.
Pelvic Floor Muscle Parameters Affect Sexual Function After 8 Weeks of Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Hwang Ui-jae , Lee Min-seok , Jung Sung-hoon , Ahn Sun-hee , Kwon Oh-yun
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is often associated with female sexual dysfunction. We investigated which pelvic floor muscle (PFM) parameters (strength, power, and endurance) are associated with improvement of sexual function after 8 weeks of transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) training.

Aim

This study was performed to determine the effects of TES in the seated position on PFM parameters and female sexual function and to identify correlation between improved PFM parameters and sexual function after 8 weeks of TES training in women with SUI.

Methods

The present study was performed between August 2018 and November 2018 in women with SUI who were randomized into a TES group (n = 17) or a control group (n = 17). One subject in each of the TES and control groups ultimately withdrew during the intervention due to a lack of time. Both groups were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention.

Main Outcome Measure

As outcome measures, PFM parameters (strength, power, and endurance) and female sexual function were assessed using a perineometer and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), respectively.

Results

The final study population consisted of 32 women with SUI. There were significant differences in PFM strength, power, and endurance and FSFI domain scores (desire, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, and total score) in both between-group analyses (TES vs control group) and within-group analyses (pre-TES vs post-TSE). Change in PFM endurance had the highest association with change in total FSFI total score (r = 0.437; P = .006), and change in PFM power had the highest association with change in FSFI satisfaction (r = 0.420; P = .008).

Conclusion

TES in a seated position showed a beneficial effect on sexual function in females with SUI. Consideration of PFM parameters associated with FSFI domain scores may be important when developing intervention guidelines to improve female sexual function.
Choroidal Thickness Profile in Normal Iranian Eyes with Different Refractive Status by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Heirani Mohsen , Heravian Shandiz Javad , Shojaei Ahmad , Narooie-Noori Foroozan
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To investigate the choroidal thickness and its association with age, gender, spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL) in a sample of Iranian population with different refractive status using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Methods:

In a cross-sectional study, a total of 469 right eyes of 469 healthy subjects comprising 194 (41.4%) males and 275 (58.6%) females were examined. The mean age was 32.76 ± 15.77 years (range, 4-60 years). All subjects were divided into different groups according to their refractive status, age, and AL. The choroidal thickness was evaluated through enhanced-depth imaging (EDI) modality at subfoveal (Sf), 1, and 3 mm nasal (N1 and N3, respectively), temporal (T1 and T3, respectively), superior (S1 and S3, respectively), and inferior (I1 and I3, respectively) to the foveal center.

Results:

In the whole population, the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness (SfChT) was 329.83 ± 70.33 μm, and the choroid was thickest at S1 (342.04 ± 71.28 μm) and thinnest at N3 (209.00 ± 66.0 μm). Our data indicated a significant difference in the mean choroidal thickness across all points in different age groups (P < 0.0001). For emmetropic, myopic, and hyperopic subjects, mean SfChT values were 346.64 ± 59.63, 319.66 ± 73.17, and 364.00 ± 74.54 μm, respectively. Linear regression estimated that SfChT decreased about 12.8 and 8.71 μm for every 10 years of aging and each diopter increasing in myopia, respectively. Additionally, the SfChT decreased as 13.48 μm per mm increase in AL.

Conclusions:

The mean SfChT of a sample of Iranian emmetropic subjects was 346.64 ± 59.63 μm. The choroidal thickness has a decreasing trend with increasing age, and the choroid is thinner in myopes and thicker in hyperopes compared with emmetropic subjects. In the whole participants, the thickest and thinnest points were S1 and N3, respectively.
Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra
Authors: Boyd Stephen , Vandenberghe Lieven
Published: September 2019

This groundbreaking textbook combines straightforward explanations with a wealth of practical examples to offer an innovative approach to teaching linear algebra. Requiring no prior knowledge of the subject, it covers the aspects of linear algebra - vectors, matrices, and least squares - that are needed for engineering applications, discussing examples across data science, machine learning and artificial intelligence, signal and image processing, tomography, navigation, control, and finance. The numerous practical exercises throughout allow students to test their understanding and translate their knowledge into solving real-world problems, with lecture slides, additional computational exercises in Julia and MATLAB®, and data sets accompanying the book online. Suitable for both one-semester and one-quarter courses, as well as self-study, this self-contained text provides beginning students with the foundation they need to progress to more advanced study.