bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the government document
Authors: Butt Leslie
Published: November 2020

In response to global initiatives, Indonesia has increased efforts to register all children at birth. Birth registration has a core goal to transform the act of childbirth into a legal statement about the obligations and entitlements of belonging to a nation-state. Drawing upon a multi-method exploratory study conducted in 2014 in four low-income, high out-migration Sasak communities in East Lombok, this chapter discusses childbirth and birth registration practices in families where the mother or father leave the island for extended periods of low-skill, temporary work. Migration, Sasak pregnancy practices, state childbirth management, and the meaning of documents become bound up with procedures by which the state seeks to align kin and other local relatedness in conformity with membership in the state. Despite the institutionalization of midwives as agents of birth registration, the limited success of state efforts to register children is evident in the ways that migrant families navigate, circumvent, ignore, and selectively exploit the official system, thereby supporting their priorities around work and family. The implications of these patterns for Indonesian birth registration goals are noted.
Reporting statistics on undernutrition and obesity
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley
Published: November 2020

The epidemiologies of undernutrition and obesity are conducted using standardized metrics in very regulated ways. Bodies are physical entities with economic, social, and medical correlates, and the standardization of bodily measures of undernutrition and obesity have political and economic implications. Most recently, their use has been mostly as proxies for health and mortality risk. This chapter describes the now historical process of bodily standardization through public health anthropometry at both extremes of body size, and examines how public health reporting of undernutrition and obesity informs the discourse of both of them at governmental level, once such measures are given the status of national statistics.
Body symbolics, obstetric practices, and the improvement of maternal health in Cambodia
Authors: Schantz Clémence
Published: November 2020

Cambodia is one of the nine countries worldwide to have reduced its maternal mortality rate by more than 75 per cent between 1990 and 2015. Whilst prior to the 2000s, childbirth in Cambodia used to be a private event, it has now become a biomedical event for women and their families. This chapter describes the findings of mixed-method research challenging the idealized vision of the United Nations regarding maternal health in Cambodia by describing obstetrical practices on the ground, from an empirical study led in several clinical settings in Phnom Penh, through participant observation, semi-structured interviews with health-care professionals and patients, questionnaires with pregnant women, to the examination of medical records from four Phnom Penh maternity wards. The findings demonstrate that the biomedicalization of childbirth in Cambodia has been accompanied by technologized delivery with extremely frequent use of surgical practices. In order to understand the population’s adherence to these practices, the chapter draws out a number of anthropological and demographic arguments. These biomedical practices are part of a symbolism of the body where the body is conceived as a receptacle, where the body humours must be able to circulate appropriately, and where the hot/cold balance must be respected. Childbirth as an opening of the body represents a danger for women because it threatens this equilibrium.
Concealed pregnancies and protected postpartum periods
Authors: Brunson Jan
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyses the delineation of what counts as a critical period for action and intervention in improving maternal health. Using ethnographic interviews alongside descriptive data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, it analyses two critical junctures for maternal health, the antepartum and postpartum periods, in the context of a particular peri-urban community of Nepal. The postpartum period is socially recognized as sutkeri for Hindu Nepalis, a forty-day period in which a woman who gave birth is considered ritually polluted, but also particularly susceptible to long-term health problems if proper care is not taken for her body in its vulnerable state. This perception of bodily vulnerability and mandated care while sutkeri exists in stark contrast to the absence of such notions and protective practices for the period of pregnancy. Pregnancy, an outwardly visible sign of sexual activity, is a state that one should hide or minimize in order to maintain one’s reputation and honour as a woman. Women worked to conceal their pregnancies, and typically no or little extra care was provided to women to meet their nutritional needs or to enable them to avoid hard physical labour. However, intersecting statuses, such as caste and class, and contexts, such as agricultural households and multi-generational households, crosscut any simple characterizations of the pregnancy and postpartum periods—even within the confines of a subgroup of the Nepali population (Parbatiya) in a single community and place.
Afterword
Authors: Charbit Yves , Petit Véronique , Qureshi Kaveri , Kreager Philip
Published: November 2020

The extent to which health interventions actually improve people’s lives, and the extent to which interventions may become objects of widespread fear and mistrust, are issues that have recurred many times throughout modern history. A dynamic arises at the conjunction of three formidable forces—local experience, institutional interventions, and scientific research—that is a compound of the fit, both good and bad, between them. Understanding this dynamism requires us not to privilege science, nor intervention programmes, nor local cultures—whether as the source of strengths, or weaknesses, in the collective effort to improve health. The Afterword reviews this dynamic, in two steps. First, it steps back from the conceptual and methodological detail of chapters in this book, giving a general view of the obstacles and challenges that remain. Historical prejudices, continuing limitations of data systems in monitoring migration and the spread of disease, the challenges posed for conventional demographics by climate change, and the longstanding demographic tendency to predefine implications of elementary fertility measurement, provide examples. Second, in the concluding sections, the chapter draws on the many case studies in the book to propose a preliminary typology of blockages that have arisen where there is a mismatch between research methods and the societies and cultures to which methods have been addressed. The anthropological demography of health, in the five-part structure of this book, provides an integrative framework which co-ordinates demography, epidemiology, history, linguistics, and other disciplines within a bottom-up, combined qualitative and quantitative approach to societies and their variation.
Listening to Reason in Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Scott Dominic
Published: November 2020

Focusing on Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, this book compares their views on the persuasiveness of moral argument: how far did they think it could reach beyond a narrow circle of believers and influence people more generally? Answering this question requires a wide–ranging approach, which examines their views on such topics as rationality, moral psychology, rhetoric, education, and gender. The first part of the book shows that for Plato certain kinds of argument are beyond the reach of most people, specifically arguments that make appeal to transcendent Forms. But he still thought that there is another level of argument, restricted to human psychology and politics, which could have a much wider appeal, especially if supplemented by the appropriate rhetoric. The second half of the book turns to the Nicomachean Ethics to determine Aristotle’s views about the reach of moral argument, as well as its purposes. He is certainly very restrictive when it comes to the kinds of argument pursued in the work itself, proposing to talk only to those who are mature in years and well brought up. Like Plato, however, he also allows for the possibility of another type of discourse, which is more rhetorical in nature and could benefit those who are less mature. Though mainly focused on the Republic and Nicomachean Ethics, this book also examines relevant passages from Plato’s Laws and Aristotle’s Politics.
The Longer Route
Authors: Scott Dominic
Published: November 2020

Is everyone able to follow the longer route? Apparently not: in Rep. V–VI, Socrates states that only a few can attain knowledge of the forms. There are three reasons for this. First, their appetitive and spirited parts would need to have been tamed so as not to distract them from philosophical inquiry. Second, the longer route requires as a preliminary the mathematical programme outlined in Rep. VII, which most people have not even begun. Third, attaining philosophical knowledge requires a number of natural attributes or talents, which are rarely found. So when Socrates says that most people are unable to acquire knowledge of forms he means that even in the ideal state, where their non-rational parts have been kept in check, they would still be unable to do so; their inability is not a product of living in a corrupt state.
Irrationality in Republic VIII–IX
Authors: Scott Dominic
Published: November 2020

This chapter continues to examine the account of irrationality in books VIII–IX, focusing on the democrat and the tyrant. It argues that, like the oligarch, both would be intransigent to moral argument. (This is despite the fact that the democrat shows some interest in philosophy and the tyrant experiences some shame and regret about his lifestyle.) However, we cannot simply infer from this that the majority of people would be similarly intransigent and unable to benefit from following the shorter route. We could make such an inference if most people fall into one or other of these types (the oligarch, the democrat, or the tyrant). But the text never claims that most people fall squarely under one of these three types, but simply that these types (together with timocracy) constitute the most basic forms of vice. In reality most people are combinations of different character types.
The Functions of the Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Scott Dominic
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines Aristotle’s purposes in writing the NE. His main goal is to clarify the nature of the human good (eudaimonia), enabling the statesman to understand the mark at which he should be aiming. But I argue that he is also concerned with something more protreptic: reinforcing the moral intuitions of his audience. This is not to say he is interested in converting an actual sceptic, but he does, like Plato in the Republic, combat the sceptical position in case his audience finds it appealing enough to relax their commitment to the intuitions imbued by their upbringing. I find evidence of moral reinforcement in X 1–6 and IX 4, which provide Platonically inspired arguments for the virtuous life.
Aristotle and Moral Scepticism
Authors: Scott Dominic
Published: November 2020

This chapter continues to look for evidence of moral reinforcement in the NE. My attention focuses initially on the function argument of NE I 7, which shows remarkable similarities to an argument used at the end of Republic I to convince the moral sceptic Thrasymachus that justice is necessary for happiness. I show how Aristotle synthesized this argument with the doctrine of the mean to provide a new argument that what we intuitively think of as virtues are indeed the qualities required for eudaimonia. Again, he is not attempting to convert an actual sceptic, but targeting the sceptical position in order to reinforce the moral convictions of his audience. In the second part of the chapter, I contrast the approach of the NE with Politics VII, where Aristotle does appear interested in the more ambitious task of converting the sceptic.
The Roles of Music and Habituation
Authors: Scott Dominic
Published: November 2020

Like Plato, Aristotle thought that early education affects one’s susceptibility to rational argument later in life. In the best case, the right education in childhood promotes a love of the kalon (the ‘beautiful’ or the ‘noble’) which makes one more receptive to moral argument in adulthood. However, when Plato describes early education in the Republic, he is mostly interested in music and poetry, whereas the NE focuses entirely on behavioural habituation. In this chapter I try to account for this difference by comparing their approaches to the kalon. Plato sees it as a property that is the same whether manifested in beautiful works of art or noble actions; hence the aesthetic can act directly as an introduction to the moral. For Aristotle, by contrast, they are distinct properties. So a musical training is a less direct way of introducing the young to moral value than habituation.
Conclusion
Authors: Scheer Monique
Published: November 2020

The concluding chapter makes that case that the concept of “enthusiasm” presented in this study might be useful as an analytical term, to be applied in further study beyond the confines of the religious context. Conviction about something always enlists the body and emotions for its maintenance and reinvigoration, which is to say that it is always also enthusiastic—but this enthusiasm takes on different styles due to a combination of ideology (what emotions are and how they work) and taste or preference, which is linked to social context. Observing that a reactivated reticence toward political emotion in Germany in response to the rise in right-wing populism reprises many of the patterns from debates over religious enthusiasm from previous centuries, the chapter reflects on the relations between a number of terms which, in binary constellations, find themselves on the other side of “rationality,” which has led us to think of them as naturally grouped together: emotion, belief, religion, and—recalling Weber—charisma, enchantment, presence. The chapter suggests that enthusiasm is one of these terms, one that captures how conviction enchants people.
Turnus ad portas
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

This paper offers a new analysis of Turnus’ attack on Aeneas’ camp at the beginning of Book 9 of the Aeneid that suggests the poet, rather than owing his inspiration to Homeric antecedents, is drawing a comparison with Hannibal’s assault on Rome. A number of parallels between the two attacks, which the contemporary Roman reader is likely to have recognized, are pointed out and enlarged upon. The actions of Hannibal and Turnus immediately before the attack are seem to be closely similar. Turnus’ spear-throw at the Roman camp is compared to Hannibal beating his spear on the Porta Capena, and both are linked to reminiscence of the formal declaration of war.
Virgil’s Roman chronography
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The paper considers the significance and unique character in the Aeneid of the number 333. The paper traces in some detail the chronological outline of sources on the date for the foundation of Rome in the Greek historians and Alban king-lists. It shows the relationships between Virgil’s chronology and this tradition, and the startling divergences that the poet has deliberately introduced. A solution to ‘the darkness around Virgil’s 333 years’ is suggested.
Virgil, history, and the Roman tradition
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Augustus’ typological recapitulation of the past lends weight to the impact of Virgil’s teleology: he is not merely the telos of Roman history, but embodies its greatest heroes and virtues. At the same time typology modifies the stark outline of a purely teleological presentation of Roman history; the stages in Rome’s undeviating advance are linked by association between the leading figures in that advance. For all its coherence and its importance in the history of ideas, Virgil’s conception of history has mixed, scattered, and often humble origins, in religious attitudes, in the traditions of patriotic oratory, in public representations of Roman family pride. As an interpreter of Roman history he was for his time uniquely intelligent and sophisticated, yet his vision has little if anything in common with orthodox historiography.
Doctus sermones utriusque linguae?
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The statement ‘a knowledge of Greek was universal in the Roman society of Cicero’s day’ may be taken as reflecting a generally held view, in which there is much less truth than one could wish. We need to consider the Romans’ capacity to understand classical Greek literary texts, let alone reproduce them, not as part of some ‘universal knowledge’ but on the basis of the evidence, such as it is, but from which we cannot assume in educated Romans, not even in authors, a fluent comprehension of all Greek literary texts. Some of the implications which this sceptical outlook may have for the Quellenforschung and for the readership of some Latin poets are indicated.
Virgil, Varro’s Imagines, and the Forum of Augustus
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

It is highly likely that many of the figures in Virgil’s ‘Parade of Heroes’ in Aeneid 6 had parallels with actual statues in Rome and in the Forum of Augustus. But since Virgil died in 19 BC and the Forum was not completed until 2 BC, there appears to be an irresoluble problem, which has excited a good deal of relatively futile scholarly debate. It seems, however, that there may have been a common source—Varro’s famous Imagines. It is at least a possibility that depiction in Varro was a significant factor in the delicate matter of choosing who was to be commemorated in the Forum.
From history to legend
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Students of early Roman history have been compelled to acknowledge the existence of a story, according to which, in 390 BC, the Capitol fell, like the rest of Rome, to the Gauls. Such a narrative evidently precludes the rousing of the sleeping garrison and hence the saving of the Capitol by the geese as narrated in Livy. Our earliest textual evidence does nothing to encourage acceptance of the traditional Livian version. The story of the geese is itself of a familiar and universal type and at a later stage geese and dogs were both involved in a commemorative ritual, on whose detail we are copiously and variously informed. The growth of a popular and patriotic tale could have led to this more complex pattern of growth.
Some problems of titulature in Roman literary history
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

To consider the evidence for the titles of works of Latin literature is at once depressing and rewarding: depressing in that Latinists are revealed repeatedly as the slaves of erroneous convention, rewarding on account of the fresh light shed upon the world of books at Rome and upon literary terminology. It should be stressed that Roman books did in general have titles, and that those titles were often demonstrably the author’s own. Authors emerge in this study as sharply and frequently aware of the titulus as a physical object and of the importance to be attached to thoughtful and significant titulature.
Illusion and reality in Latin topographical writing
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

A criticism of the epistemological foundations of much topographical writing: the attempt to bring Livy, Virgil, and other Latin authors into a state of agreement with the terrain causes particular alarm; for it is an easy but very dangerous step from exploring the countryside of Italy oneself to assuming that Livy or Virgil likewise thought it their business to explore the ground described in their narratives. This paper is concerned not so much with the question of whether Livy and Virgil were travellers and observers—some fairly striking arguments that they were not emerges in passing—as with that of why Roman topographical writing was of such exceptionally low quality.
The Aeneas-legend and the Aeneid
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Virgil’s own perception of the history and transmission of the story of Aeneas has been almost completely ignored. Given the general neglect of the question of Virgil’s prose sources, that becomes a little more easily understandable. This paper does not seek to weigh anew Virgil’s debts in detail to Cato, the annalists, and Varro, for example, but rather to explore how the development of the Aeneas-legend and the various strands and stages within that development are reflected within the epic. The development of the legend of Aeneas, so heavily politicized from a very early date, had left Virgil with prodigious problems of reorganization and justification.
Camilla, or the limits of invention
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Camilla is presented as the last of the leaders in Virgil’s Italic catalogue, which is neither exclusively epic in origin nor completely antiquarian in content. It is no surprise to discover historical and antiquarian elements in Virgil’s portrayal of Camilla, but we need to avoid the danger of a simplistic polarization between ‘invention’ and ‘inheritance’ in the analysis of a figure presented in such rich and impassioned detail. We should arrive at Camilla with the presupposition that we shall probably find invented and inherited elements coexisting, and with the awareness that both these aspects will probably be elusive and nuanced. The only legitimate way to study Camilla’s antecedents is in the wider context of Virgil’s sources for other Italic warriors, and the argument on the poet’s use of the sources is fundamental.
The Uses of Literacy and the Cena Trimalchionis
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The mental, cultural, and educational world of rich freedmen in the Roman Empire can be realistically reconstructed from the evidence throughout Petronius’ Cena. Such a study, supported by other literary texts where possible, and by epigraphic and artistic evidence where appropriate, sheds further light on just those questions of realism, narrative technique, and characterization which are so much in fashion in Petronian studies. It is no surprise to find functional literacy widespread among freedmen, since slave-owners were so easily able to augment the utility and commercial value of their slaves by training them within or outside the household, in basic literacy and in other skills. The latest epigraphic discoveries go far to confirm the general realism of the Cena and to explain some of the problems which Petronius’ text presents in respect of the engrossing question of popular literacy in the Roman world.
Chloreus’ trousers
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

For Propertius, the barbarism of Rome’s enemies was symbolized by their trousers, bracati militis arcus, a characteristic well suited to rousing racial prejudice in a Roman. Virgil, however, offers us a rather more complicated ideologue on languages, clothes, arms, and customs. Although the Trojans in the Aeneid are often condemned by their rivals and enemies as luxurious orientals, the Virgilian narrative does not in fact display the anti-Trojan prejudice that we find in Homer. Only by combining Phrygiis…armis (11.769) with barbara tegmina crurum (11.777) do we find an allusion to the possible identification of Trojans with barbarians.
Barbara tegmina crurum
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

In his use of barbara tegmina crurum, Aen. 11.777, Virgil avoids the everyday, banal term for the garment we know as ‘trousers’. He resorts to periphrasis of this type, using exalted terminology for the simplest and most humble aspects of daily life, in order to speak of all aspects of life as Homer does, but without offending the prudery of his contemporaries. The lexical agility he thereby displays is also a source of amusement for his readers and himself, and his imitators repeated this process in an even more humorous spirit. A number of examples, both from Virgil and other writers, are given here.
Virgil and the illusory footnote
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

An account of the ways in which Virgil refers to antecedent material or versions, and ancient reactions to those passages. The paper arises from a long-standing concern with the unpopular topic of the (prose) sources of the Aeneid and shows that in his use of fama, ut dicitur, etc. Virgil is if anything even more indirect, ambiguous, and polyvalent than usual and that the despised and neglected study of Virgil’s sources has here too something to offer.
Externi duces
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The concept of Aeneas having a somehow privileged position because of his status as externus is vital to both the texture and argument of Books 7–12 of the Aeneid. The word is used by the haruspex, by the oracle of Faunus, and the uates, and on two occasions Virgil sets forth an argument on the meaning of externus. Hiltbrunner gives a list of ancient attempts to explain the word externus in Virgil, but it seems to be a word which in itself is neutral, although its element appears several times in the genealogical context of the foundation of Rome and the origins of its patrician families.
Virgil and the poetry of explanations
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The whole Aeneid is a meditation on Roman history in which Aeneas’ sufferings lead directly to the altae moenia Romae. The paper summarizes the principal ways in which Virgil sets historical reference within epic narrative. Part of the reason why research hitherto has not come up with any answers to the questions that this paper tries to pose is that Virgil specialists tend to look too closely and exclusively at epic (and sometimes tragic) antecedents. We should perhaps look at two less obvious poetic genres: the literature of prophecy, and aetiological poetry. The Aeneid works, intellectually, as a new kind of epic, formally mythological, but often, in its implications, historical, because it has taken on (and this is the ‘mixing of genres’, never practised so radically or brilliantly elsewhere) a powerful, inspiring element from aetiological poetry
The prehistory of Latin poetry
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

A systematic examination of the testimonia for the earliest forms of literature in Italy and to see whether certain basic anxieties about the sources might in the end lead to a clearer understanding of how Greeks and Romans had set about describing the prehistory of Latin literature. When Roman antiquaries and grammarians turned to Greek models to describe their own literary prehistory, that suggests not natural indolence or cultural subservience, but sources either hopelessly confused and intractable or altogether wanting.
Rome without spectacles
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Not circuses, but ‘eye-glasses’. An examination of some of the problems that surround reading and writing at Rome. The history of books, reading, writing, and research in antiquity is a fascinating topic, endlessly rich and complex in its ramifications. It is worth dwelling briefly on some technical helps to the reader and writer at Rome, but, having done so, the use of the reader and the secretary raises broader questions. Readers and secretaries are important and neglected elements in any discussion of otium and negotium: they extend the range of activity, in space and time, of the public man.
The geography of the Georgics
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

A look at Virgil’s image of Italy in the Georgics, or rather at the startling lack of evidence on which to base such an enquiry, which leads one to an examination of the elements of formal panegyrics, and to certain curiosities in Virgil’s choice of geographical names. An appendix categorizing some of these place names provides a useful start for further study.
The Moretum decomposed
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Papers on the Moretum at one time aimed to analyse the ps.-Virgilian Moretum in terms of what the poem tells us in minute detail about subsistence farming (though the date is not secure and localization is quite uncertain). It emerges, however, that the detail is disconcertingly familiar and identifiably literary. That discovery invites us to reopen various issues in the discussion of the poem’s scope, genre, character, and humour.
Fraud as scholarship
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

This paper sets out Horsfall’s position on the acutely controversial ‘Helen Episode’ in Aeneid 2.567–88, analysing the text in detail, debunking the ‘fantasies’ of the Scholiasts, and giving his reasons for stating that the passage was not written by Virgil. His author, ‘Ignotus’, he sees as a highly skilled and gifted writer and imitator. There are no ‘lapses’—it is almost ‘too Virgilian’, but its textual credentials are deplorable. The author also gives examples of other lacunae in other classical authors which served to generate spurious supplement to fill them.
Poets and poetry in Virgil’s Underworld
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

From a discussion of the singular concentration in Aeneid 6 of material pointing towards archaic Latin poetry and present in the text leading up to and including the famous verses excudent alii…(6.847–53), we pass to Virgil’s view of poets and poetry at large in Aeneid 6: a number of passages make it clear that Elysium is filled with poets, and their importance to Virgil emerges from the rhetorical structure of the last third of Aeneid 6.
Exempla in Virgil’s Underworld
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

In Aeneid 6, Hercules and Dionysus point towards the deification of Augustus; the mythological poets amply scattered through Elysium may be there to launch a sense that Virgil too will one day tread those very same meadows as a reward for his service as poet to the state. And the great Romans of the ‘Heldenschau’? There as exempla to help persuade first Aeneas and secondly the Roman reader to shoulder the various burdens of the res publica.
Counterterrorism Between the Wars
Authors: Barton Mary S.
Published: November 2020

This is a book about terrorism, weapons, and diplomacy in the interwar years between the First and Second World Wars. It charts the convergence of the manufacture and trade of arms; diplomacy among the Great Powers and the domestic politics within them; the rise of national liberation and independence movements; and the burgeoning concept and early institutions of international counterterrorism. Key themes include: a transformation in meaning and practice of terrorism; the inability of Great Powers—namely, Great Britain, the United States, France—to harmonize perceptions of interest and the pursuit of common interests; the establishment of the tools and infrastructure of modern intelligence—including the U.S.-U.K. cooperation that would evolve into the Five Eyes intelligence alliance; and the nature of peacetime in the absence of major wars. Particular emphasis is given to British attempts to quell revolutionary nationalist movements in India and elsewhere in its empire, and to the Great Powers’ combined efforts to counter the activities of the Communist International. The facilitating roles of the Paris Peace Conference and League of Nations are explored here, in the context of the Arms Traffic Convention of 1919, the Arms Traffic Conference of 1925, and the 1937 Terrorism Convention.
Arms and Diplomacy in the Postwar Order, 1919–25
Authors: Barton Mary S.
Published: November 2020

While the peacemakers at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 did not anticipate the extensive revanchist and state-sponsored terrorism that would bedevil the Great Powers during the interwar years, members of the British delegation persuaded their French and American counterparts that the unprecedented scale of production of weapons in wartime would lead to an upsurge in global arms trafficking in peacetime. They signed the Convention for the Control of the Trade in Arms and Ammunition, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 10, 1919. National priorities and diverging security concerns in the years following the signing of treaty, however, took precedence over ratification and enforcement of the agreement. By the end of 1924, the League of Nations had emerged as the principal organization concerned with stopping international arms trafficking and keeping surplus munition stocks from being “distributed to persons and states who are not fitted to possess them.”
The Arms Traffic Conference of 1925
Authors: Barton Mary S.
Published: November 2020

In May 1925, the League of Nations convened a Conference for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition and in Implements of War in Geneva, Switzerland. Six weeks of negotiations resulted in a new Arms Traffic Convention (as well as the Geneva Protocol against the usage of chemical and biological weapons), which representatives from eighteen countries—including the United States, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan—signed on June 17. The United States led the way to that moment yet did not follow through on it afterward. The treaty, which lacked robust enforcement mechanisms, languished in national legislatures and never entered into force. Even so, it had a constructive legacy: the compilation and publication of statistics on gun-running. Intelligence based on open and closed sources collected for, and resulting from, the Arms Traffic Conference, indicated systematic violations of the European peace settlements and revealed a world awash in guns.
The Ontogeny of Quine’s Ontology
Authors: Frost-Arnold Greg
Published: November 2020

Quine’s philosophical views did not emerge fully formed in the 1930s; rather, they changed over the seven decades he was philosophically active. This chapter investigates two episodes in Quine’s ontological development: his engagement with Pythagoreanism (an Appendix with new primary sources is included), and his conversion from nominalism to Platonism about mathematics. These two topics might seem completely distinct. However, although they could conceivably be treated separately, this chapter treats them together by considering the role clarity plays in both these episodes. Quine’s changing views about the theoretical virtue of clarity, and which particular things are clear and which are not, help explain his ontological development. In particular, the chapter offers a new hypothesis about the causes of Quine’s conversion from nominalism to realism, in which his views about clarity play an essential role.
Quine on Ontology
Authors: Kemp Gary , Lugg Andrew
Published: November 2020

This chapter presents a section-by-section discussion of chapter 7 of W. V. Quine’s Word and Object, ‘Ontic Decision’. After outlining Quine’s earlier thinking about ontology, it considers his handling of the subject in the chapter––his most careful treatment of ontology in his ‘classical’ period––and comments on how he downplayed the importance of the issue in later works. Among the topics examined are his qualms about nominalism, his plumping for physical objects and sets, his insistence on the difference between concrete general terms and abstract singular terms, his argument that ‘attribute’ and ‘proposition’ are no more referential than ‘sake’ and ‘mile’, his handling of ideal objects such as infinitesimals and geometrical objects, his analysis of ‘ordered pair’, ‘natural number’, and other notions that require paraphrasing rather than elimination, his view of semantic ascent and how he views the philosophical project. Throughout the chapter attends to Quine’s emphasis on science, not common sense.
Quine vs. Quine
Authors: Sher Gila
Published: November 2020

How does Quine fare in the first decades of the twenty-first century? This chapter examines a cluster of Quinean theses that are especially fruitful in meeting some of the current challenges of epistemology and ontology. These theses offer an alternative to the traditional bifurcations of truth and knowledge into factual and conceptual-pragmatic-conventional, the traditional conception of a foundation for knowledge, and traditional realism. To make the most of Quine’s ideas, however, we have to take an active stance: accept some of his ideas and reject others, sort different versions of the relevant ideas, sharpen or revise some of the ideas, connect them with new, non-Quinean ideas, and so on. As a result the chapter pits Quine against Quine, in an attempt to identify those Quinean ideas that have a lasting value and sketch potential developments.
A New Look at Quine on Set Theory
Authors: Marfori Marianna Antonutti
Published: November 2020

This chapter first argues that while there are solid objections to be raised to Quine’s view, certain widespread arguments against result from overly crude and uncharitable interpretations of Quine. It then turns to the question of what kind of evidence it would take for a Quinean naturalist to change their mind about certain theses, such as the size of the set theoretic universe. It argues that Quineans might be moved to embrace further set-theoretic ontology in the light of the mathematical utility of large cardinals, and potentially even the ‘multiverse’ position on set theory.
What Quine (and Carnap) Might Say about Contemporary Metaphysics of Time
Authors: Deng Natalja
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the relations between Quine’s and Carnap’s metaontological stances on the one hand, and contemporary work in the metaphysics of time on the other. Contemporary metaphysics of time, like analytic metaphysics in general, grew out of the revival of the discipline that Quine’s critique of the logical empiricists made possible. At the same time, the metaphysics of time has in some respects strayed far from its Quinean roots. This chapter examines some likely Quinean and Carnapian reactions to elements of the contemporary scene. The main claim is that contemporary temporal metaphysics is characterized by a degree of metaphysical seriousness that goes beyond anything found in either Carnap or Quine. The chapter also suggests that there are affinities between Carnapian approaches to temporal ontology and deflationary attitudes towards the question of whether time passes.
Classics through Irish at University College, Galway, 1931–78
Authors: Moran Pádraic
Published: November 2020

This chapter provides a comparative analysis of the careers of George Thomson and Margaret Heavey in their endeavours to advance the instruction of Classics through the Irish language at University College, Galway. The political context in which two lectureships were established, one for Thomson and one for Heavey, is re-examined and it is argued that the process by which Thomson was appointed has been unduly romanticized. Thomson’s three years in his position are contrasted with Heavey’s career of over forty years, and new archival materials are adduced to rehabilitate Heavey’s reputation as the tireless champion of initiatives for teaching Classics through the medium of Irish at University College, Galway.
Dinneen’s Irish Virgil
Authors: Góráin Fiachra Mac
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the cultural and political reception of Virgil by the nationalist scholar, cleric, and Irish-language expert Patrick Dinneen. Dinneen forges connections between classical antiquity and the Irish experience, seeing himself as a latter-day Virgil, similarly dispossessed of his lands but engaged in the production of a national literature. Among his domesticating receptions of Virgil to the Irish context, he read the Georgics as a model for calling a people back to the land after civil strife. In Dinneen’s reading of Aeneid 6 as recommending a benign form of empire, however, the chapter pinpoints a tension between his favourable view of the Roman Empire as spreading civilization and Christianity, on the one hand, and the potential of empire for injustice and oppression, on the other.
Abjection and the Irish-Greek Fir Bolg in Aran Island Writing
Authors: Currie Arabella
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyses the reception history of the Fir Bolg, a legendary Irish people who sought refuge in Greece, were enslaved there, rebelled, and returned to Ireland where they were driven to the Aran Islands by invaders. The complex range of engagement with the Fir Bolg by Victorian and Celtic Revivalists, by anthropologists, diarists, travellers, writers, poets, and by scholars of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, is deeply entangled with identity politics in Ireland. Cast as abject figures the Fir Bolg are trapped in the primitivism of island writing that uses antiquity, including comparisons to Homeric islanders, to enshrine the past. But the Fir Bolg could be mobilized as revolutionary within the political discourse of Aran islanders, and the marked silence of J. M. Synge on the Fir Bolg (and on Homer) may activate their revolutionary potential. The Fir Bolg become resurgent under erasure.
Sinn Féin and Ulysses
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers a composite portrait of Sinn Féin from the dual perspectives of Robert Mitchell Henry, Professor of Latin at Queen’s University, Belfast, and James Joyce. Like other Irish classicists, such as Eric Robertson Dodds and Benjamin Farrington, Henry supported Irish independence and appears to have been a member of the Irish Volunteers. His book The Evolution of Sinn Féin is infused with ironies of Tacitean piquancy, and inverts parallels between the British and Roman empires to critique British colonialism. Meanwhile, Episode 12 of Joyce’s Ulysses presents the Sinn Féiner ‘Citizen’ (Cyclops/Cusack) alongside what is argued to be a thinly veiled parody of the controversial Celtic scholar Kuno Meyer, author of the first English translation of the medieval Irish Odyssey, the Merugud Uilix Maicc Leirtis—a work of which Joyce was surely aware. The result is a satire of narrow-minded nationalism as well as of the British Empire.
Corporate Governance: What Are the Issues?
Authors: Anheier Helmut K. , Abels Christoph M.
Published: November 2020

Traditionally, corporate governance is about agency problems caused by the division of ownership and control. This chapter moves beyond this understanding. Starting with a theoretical overview, the chapter reviews different approaches to corporate governance and discusses shareholder primacy in light of the increasing demand for corporate social responsibility. Afterwards, a brief history of the development of corporate governance codes is given, followed by the role of corporate governance during the global financial crisis. Different corporate governance mechanisms, such as independent directors, board composition, and member diversity, as well as executive remuneration are subsequently discussed. Problems specific to corporate governance of technology companies are also highlighted, as well as the lessons Germany’s co-determination law can teach for the understanding of board diversity. The chapter concludes with a brief reflection on shareholder primacy, a diversifying corporate world, and the future of corporate governance codes.
Listed Companies
Authors: Baums Theodor
Published: November 2020

Although corporate governance codes have spread across the European Union and beyond, and are regularly revised and adapted to changing national and international expectations of investors and other stakeholders, some important questions have not yet been unanimously answered. Two of these ongoing debates are addressed in this chapter. First, where should the line be drawn between statutory provisions and corporate governance codes as an instrument of self-regulation? Second, what is the rationale behind the idea of independent directors? In particular, how should independence be understood in relation to board members: independent of the incumbent management and company or independent of a controlling shareholder? The chapter discusses both questions using the example of the German Corporate Governance Code.
Corporate Governance in Small and Medium Enterprises
Authors: Gabrielsson Jonas , Huse Morten , Åberg Carl
Published: November 2020

The objective of this chapter is to discuss corporate governance in relation to small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). We examine the regulatory environment by reviewing corporate governance codes developed for SMEs as well as literature and research on corporate governance in SMEs. From this stance, we discuss the specificities of SMEs, including the multiple ideologies that often co-exist in these firms. Finally, the extended team production model of corporate governance is introduced. The model offers a balanced perspective on the full range of value-adding stakeholders in SMEs, and provides a set of guiding principles to improve the value creation potential of their corporate governance arrangements.
Corporate Governance Regulation for Public Benefit Foundations in Europe
Authors: Surmatz Hanna
Published: November 2020

This chapter seeks to answer whether corporate governance principles apply to public benefit foundations, taking into account the specific structure of philanthropic foundations as asset-based and purpose-driven organisations without owners and shareholders, and, if so, in which ways? In search of a response, the chapter reviews internal and external governance rules of public benefit foundations as tools to safeguard the will of the founder(s) and pursuit of the statutory public benefit purpose in a comparative perspective and places them in the context of recent policy. The chapter concludes that classical corporate governance theory, including principal–agent theory, is not suitable for public benefit foundations and more comprehensive principles should be further developed and tested. It also suggests that the interplay of hard law and soft law as well as internal and external governance elements seems necessary to provide appropriate governance approaches.
Non-profit Governance
Authors: Donnelly-Cox Gemma , Meyer Michael , Wijkström Filip
Published: November 2020

The non-profit governance literature is emerging, multilevel, and disparate. This chapter provides a critical review of the scholarly literature on non-profit governance, identifies the distinctive and currently most important theoretical frameworks in the field, and outlines the models of good non-profit governance that have emerged, discussing their main traits. The chapter also examines the positions and roles ascribed in the literature to constituents, stakeholders, and other claimant groups involved in non-profit organisations and develops a novel approach to distinguishing between analytically different categories of claimants. The approach is proposed as a tool for future non-profit governance research. After acknowledging the limitations of its scope and identifying upcoming issues in non-profit governance, the chapter concludes with discussion of three lacunae in the current scholarship on non-profit governance that need to be addressed.
Public Corporate Governance
Authors: Papenfuß Ulf
Published: November 2020

In light of the relevance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) for society and the serious governance challenges facing them, public corporate governance (PCG) is a crucial issue for scholars and practitioners. PCG can be defined as the legal and factual regulatory framework for control, supervision, and management of public organisations with independent economic management. This chapter outlines the basic concepts of PCG, major PCG challenges, and the potential and diffusion of public corporate governance codes. Furthermore, it shows the need for more empirical research and research perspectives for the PCG field to contribute to policy-making.