bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary approach to the management of children with female genital mutilation (FGM) or suspected FGM: service description and case series
Authors: Creighton Sarah M , Dear Joanna , de Campos Claudia , Williams Louise , Hodes Deborah
Published: March 2016

Objective

To describe the first dedicated clinic in the UK for children with suspected or confirmed female genital mutilation (FGM) including referral patterns, clinical findings and subsequent management.

Design and setting

A prospective study of all children seen in a dedicated multidisciplinary FGM clinic for children over a 1-year period.

Population

Patients aged under 18 years referred for clinical assessment or for a second opinion on Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) images.

Methods and main outcome measures

Data were collected on reasons for referral, demography, genital examination findings including FGM type, and clinical recommendations.

Results

38 children were referred of whom 18 (47%) had confirmed FGM; most frequently type 4 (61%). Social care and police referred 78% of cases. According to UK law FGM had been performed illegally in three cases. Anonymous information given to the police led to the referral of six children, none of whom had had FGM.

Conclusions

Mandatory reporting and increased media attention may increase the numbers of referrals of children with suspected FGM. This patient group have complex needs and management in a dedicated multidisciplinary service is essential. Paediatricians and gynaecologists should have the skills to carry out the consultation and detect all types of FGM including type 4 which was the most common type seen in this series. This is the first dedicated FGM service for children in the UK and similar clinics in high-prevalence areas should be established.
A systematic approach to the characterisation of human impact injury scenarios in sport
Authors: Payne Thomas , Mitchell Séan , Halkon Ben , Bibb Richard
Published: March 2016

Background

In contact sports (eg, American football or rugby), injuries resulting from impacts are widespread. There have been several attempts to identify and collate, within a conceptual framework, factors influencing the likelihood of an injury. To effectively define an injury event it is necessary to systematically consider all potential causal factors but none of the previous approaches are complete in this respect.

Aims

First, to develop a superior deterministic contextual sequential (DCS) model to promote a complete and logical description of interrelated injury event factors. Second, to demonstrate systematic use of the model to construct enhanced perspectives for impact-injury research.

Method

Previous models were examined and elements of best practice synthesised into a new DCS framework description categorising the types of causal factors influencing injury. The approach's internal robustness is demonstrated by consideration of its completeness, lack of redundancy and logical consistency.

Results

The model's external validity and worth are demonstrated through its use to generate superior descriptive injury models, experimental protocols and intervention opportunities. Comprehensive research perspectives have been developed using a common rugby impact-injury scenario as an example; this includes: a detailed description of the injury event, an experimental protocol for a human-on-surrogate reconstruction, and a series of practical interventions in the sport of rugby aimed at mitigating the risk of injury.

Conclusions

Our improved characterisation tool presents a structured approach to identify pertinent factors relating to an injury.
A widespread three-component mechanism for the periplasmic modification of bacterial glycoconjugates
Authors: Mann Evan , Whitfield Chris
Published: March 2016

The diverse structures of bacterial glycoconjugates are generally established during the early stages of synthesis by the activities of nucleotide sugar-dependent glycosyltransferases active in the cytoplasm. However, in some cases, further modifications of varying complexity occur after the glycoconjugate is exported to the periplasm. These processes are distinguished by the involvement of polyprenyl monosphosphoryl donors and require glycosyltransferases possessing GT-C folds. Established prototypes are found in modifications of some bacterial lipopolysaccharides, where 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose is added to lipid A and glucose side branches are used to modify O-antigens. Here we review the current understanding of these systems and describe similarities to other periplasmic glycan modifications in bacteria and the N-glycosylation pathway for assembly of eukaryotic glycoproteins.
URANS Studies of Effect of Eccentricity on Ship–Lock Interactions
Authors: Meng Qingjie , Wan Decheng
Published: March 2016

The unsteady viscous flow around a 12000TEU ship model entering the Third Set of Panama Locks with different eccentricity is simulated by solving the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations in combination with the [Formula: see text]SST turbulence model. Overset grid technology is utilized to maintain grid orthogonality and the effects of the free surface are taken into account. The hydrodynamic forces, vertical displacement as well as surface pressure distribution are predicted and analyzed. First, a benchmark test case is designed to validate the capability of the present methods in the prediction of the viscous flow around the ship when maneuvering into the lock. The accumulation of water in front of the ship during entry into a lock is noticed. A set of systematic computations with different eccentricity are then carried out to examine the effect of eccentricity on the ship–lock hydrodynamic interaction.
Numerical Investigations of Waves Interacting with Free Rolling Body by Modified MPS Method
Authors: Zhang Youlin , Tang Zhenyuan , Wan Decheng
Published: March 2016

In this paper, interaction between regular waves and free roll motion of a two-dimensional (2D) floating body is investigated by our in-house meshless particle solver MLParticle-SJTU based on modified moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method. Numerical wave tank (NWT) is developed to calculate the interaction between waves and floating body, including wave-maker module and free roll motion module. The comparison between the numerical wave elevation and analytical solution shows that the MLParticle-SJTU solver can provide acceptable accuracy of wave making. Roll motion and force acting on the floating body in waves are in good agreement with experimental results. Profiles of the wave surface surrounding floating body are presented.
A Quasi-Conforming Point Interpolation Method (QC-PIM) for Elasticity Problems
Authors: Xu X. , Zheng Z. Q. , Gu Y. T. , Liu G. R.
Published: March 2016

It is well known that a high-order point interpolation method (PIM) based on the standard Galerkin formations is not conforming, and thus the solution may not always be convergent. This paper proposes a new interesting technique called quasi-conforming point interpolation method (QC-PIM) for solving elasticity problems, by devising a novel scheme that smears the discontinuity. In the QC-PIM, the problem domain is first discretized by a set of background cells (typically triangles that can be automatically generated), and the average displacements on the interfaces of the two neighboring cells are assumed to be equal. We prove that when the size of background cells approaches to zero, all the additional potential energy coming from the discontinuous displacement field becomes zero, which ensures the pass of the standard patch test and hence the convergence. Numerical experiments verify that QC-PIM can produce the convergent solutions with higher accuracy and convergent rate that is in between fully conforming linear and quadratic models.
An Essentially Non-Oscillatory Spectral Deferred Correction Method for Conservation Laws
Authors: Kadioglu Samet Y. , Colak Veli
Published: March 2016

We present a computational method based on the Spectral Deferred Corrections (SDC) time integration technique and the Essentially Non-Oscillatory (ENO) finite volume method for the conservation laws (one-dimensional Euler equations). The SDC technique is used to advance the solutions in time with high-order of accuracy. The ENO method is used to define high-order cell edge quantities that are then used to evaluate numerical fluxes. The coupling of the SDC method with a high-order finite volume method (Piece-wise Parabolic Method (PPM)) for solving the conservation laws is first carried out by Layton et al. in [Layton, A. T. and Minion, M. L. [2004] “Conservative multi-implicit spectral deferred correction methods for reacting gas dynamics,” J. Comput. Phys. 194(2), 697–714]. Issues about this approach have been addressed and some improvements have been added to it in [Kadioglu et al. [2012] “A gas dynamics method based on the spectral deferred corrections (SDC) time integration technique and the piecewise parabolic method (PPM),” Am. J. Comput. Math. 1–4, 303–317]. Here, we investigate the implications when the PPM method is replaced with the well-known ENO method. We note that the SDC-PPM method is fourth-order accurate in time and space. Therefore, we kept the order of accuracy of the ENO procedure as fourth-order in order to be able to make a consistent comparison between the two approaches (SDC-ENO versus SDC-PPM methods). We have tested the new SDC-ENO technique by solving several test problems involving moderate to strong shock waves and smooth/complex flow structures. Our numerical results show that we have numerically achieved the formally fourth-order convergence of the new method for smooth problems. Our numerical results also indicate that the newly proposed technique performs very well providing highly resolved shock discontinuities and fairly good contact solutions. More importantly, the discontinuities in the flow test problems are captured with essentially no-oscillations. We have numerically compared the fourth-order SDC-ENO scheme to the fourth-order SDC-PPM method for the same test problems. The results are similar for most of the test problems except in some cases the SDC-PPM method suffers from minor oscillations compared to SDC-ENO scheme being completely oscillation free.
Summary Report for PSTP2013
Authors: Poelker M. , Crabb D. G.
Published: March 2016

The 15[Formula: see text] International Workshop on Polarized Source Targets and Polarimeters was held at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville during September 9–13, 2013. It was sponsored jointly by the University of Virginia, Jefferson Laboratory and the International Spin Physics Committee. A summary of the workshop was presented.
Recent Developments in Nucleon Spin Decomposition
Authors: Hatta Yoshitaka
Published: March 2016

I review the recently achieved, complete gauge invariant decomposition of the nucleon spin and clarify its connection to twist-three GPDs. I also discuss how to compute the gluon helicity [Formula: see text] on a lattice.
Proton Quark Helicity Structure via W-Boson Production in PP Collision @ Phenix
Authors: Giordano F.
Published: March 2016

The spin structure of the proton has been long studied in the past decades, but, while the contributions to the proton spin from valence quarks is by now precisely known, large uncertainties are still affecting our knowledge of the sea quark contributions. The measurement of single-spin asymmetries of the parity violating W production in pp collision allows a (quasi-)model independent access to the flavor-dependent light sea quark contributions. Being maximally parity violating, the [Formula: see text] charge can be directly realted to the quark and antiquark flavor, and in addition, moving from forward to backward rapidities with respect to the polarized proton beam direction it is possible to change the relative contributions of u, d, anti-u, anti-d quarks, thus accessing each light-quark spin alignment with respect to the proton spin. At PHENIX, the W boson produced in pp collision at center of mass energies of about 500 GeV is accessed via its decays into electron (muon) at central (forward) rapidities. Here the status of the analysis and the most updated results is reported.
J/ψ Longitudinal Double Spin Asymmetry Measurement at Forward Rapidity in p + p Collisions at s = 510 GeV
Authors: Yu Haiwang
Published: March 2016

The polarized gluon distribution, as described by the polarized parton distribution function [Formula: see text], is an important part of the spin structure of the nucleon; however the current data have very limited constraints on [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]. During the 2013 RHIC run, the PHENIX experiment collected 146 pb[Formula: see text] of longitudinally polarized [Formula: see text] data at [Formula: see text] GeV with an average beam polarization of 52%. At this energy, [Formula: see text] particles are predominantly produced through gluon-gluon interactions and thus the longitudinal double spin asymmetry, [Formula: see text], is sensitive to the gluon polarization inside the proton. We measure the [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] in the rapidity range [Formula: see text] by detecting the decay [Formula: see text] pairs using the PHENIX muon detector arms. In this kinematic range, [Formula: see text] is sensitive to the polarized gluon distribution at small [Formula: see text] as well as at moderate [Formula: see text] where recent RHIC data on jet and [Formula: see text] production show possible evidence for significant gluon polarization. Compared to previous measurements in 2005 and 2006, the Run 2013 data set has roughly twenty times more statistics and will allow us to measure [Formula: see text] with a statistical uncertainty at [Formula: see text]% level. In these preceedings, the latest status of this analysis will be presented.
Double Helicity Asymmetries of Forward Neutral Pions from s = 510 GeV pp Collisions at STAR
Authors: Dilks Christopher J.
Published: March 2016

Longitudinally polarized [Formula: see text] scattering experiments provide access to gluon polarization via measurement of the double helicity asymmetry, [Formula: see text]. At the completion of the 2013 RHIC running period, a significant dataset of [Formula: see text]s corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 46 [Formula: see text] (2012) and 8 [Formula: see text] (2013) produced from polarized [Formula: see text] scattering at [Formula: see text] GeV with an average beam polarization of approximately [Formula: see text] was acquired. The [Formula: see text] kinematics were measured via isolation cones by the STAR Forward Meson Spectrometer, an electromagnetic calorimeter covering a forward pseudorapidity range of [Formula: see text]. The asymmetric [Formula: see text] subprocess becomes more dominant in this forward region than in the midrapidity region; furthermore, asymmetry measurements in the forward region are sensitive to low-[Formula: see text] gluons. Progress on [Formula: see text] determined from forward [Formula: see text] events, complementing previous midrapidity measurements, are presented.
Transverse Spin Azimuthal Asymmetries in SIDIS at COMPASS: Multidimensional Analysis
Authors: Parsamyan Bakur
Published: March 2016

COMPASS is a high-energy physics experiment operating at the SPS at CERN. Wide physics program of the experiment comprises study of hadron structure and spectroscopy with high energy muon and hadrons beams. As for the muon-program, one of the important objectives of the COMPASS experiment is the exploration of the transverse spin structure of the nucleon via spin (in)dependent azimuthal asymmetries in single-hadron production in deep inelastic scattering of polarized leptons off transversely polarized target. For this purpose a series of measurements were made in COMPASS, using 160 GeV/c longitudinally polarized muon beam and transversely polarized [Formula: see text] (in 2002, 2003 and 2004) and [Formula: see text] (in 2007 and 2010) targets. The experimental results obtained by COMPASS for unpolarized target azimuthal asymmetries, Sivers and Collins effects and other azimuthal observables play an important role in the general understanding of the three-dimensional nature of the nucleon. Giving access to the entire twsit-2 set of transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions and fragmentation functions COMPASS data triggers constant theoretical interest and is being widely used in phenomenological analyses and global data fits. In this review main focus is given to the very recent results obtained by the COMPASS collaboration from first ever multi-dimensional extraction of transverse spin asymmetries.
New COMPASS Results on Transverse Spin Asymmetries in Hadron Pair Production in DIS
Authors: Sbrizzai G.
Published: March 2016

The COMPASS measurements of the azimuthal asymmetries in the hadron pairs production in DIS on transversely polarised targets are here presented. Results on oppositely charged pion and kaon pairs produced on both deuteron and proton targets are shown. They have been used to update the calculation of the Transversity function which was previously extracted from the asymmetries measured from un-identified hadron pairs. Also a new method for the direct measurement of the integral of Transversity using both COMPASS and BELLE results is presented.
High Precision Measurement of Transversity Using Di-hadron Correlations in p↑+p Collisions at sNN = 500 GeV
Authors: Skoby Michael J.
Published: March 2016

The transversity distribution, which describes transversely polarized quarks in a transversely polarized nucleon, is a fundamental component of the current picture of the spin structure of the nucleon, and is only loosely constrained by existing semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering data. The di-hadron interference fragmentation function (IFF), which describes the fragmentation of transversely polarized quarks, is expected to give rise to spin-dependent di-hadron correlations in p[Formula: see text]+p collisions. Significant di-hadron correlations have recently been measured at RHIC in p[Formula: see text]+p collisions at [Formula: see text] = 200 GeV at mid-rapidity. In 2011, STAR collected p[Formula: see text]+p data at [Formula: see text] = 500 GeV, allowing STAR to extend these di-hadron asymmetries into a previously unexplored kinematic region. The status of the charge-ordered pion pair asymmetry measurement from [Formula: see text] = 500 GeV p[Formula: see text]+p collisions will be presented.
Working with Wilson Lines
Authors: Van der Veken Frederik F.
Published: March 2016

We present an algorithm to express Wilson lines that are defined on piecewise linear paths in function of their individual segments, reducing the number of diagrams needed to be calculated. The important step lies in the observation that different linear path topologies can be related to each other using their color structure. This framework allows one to easily switch results between different Wilson line topologies, which is helpful when testing different structures against each other.
Hard Exclusive Meson Production at COMPASS
Authors: ter Wolbeek Johannes
Published: March 2016

The concept of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) combines two-dimensional spatial information given by form factors, with longitudinal momentum information from Parton Distribution Functions. GPDs provide comprehensive description of the nucleon structure involving a wealth of new information. For instance, according to Ji’s sum rule, the GPDs [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] enable access to the total angular momenta of quarks, antiquarks and gluons. While [Formula: see text] can be approached using measurements of electroproduction cross sections, asymmetry measurements in hard exclusive meson production off transversely polarized targets can help to constrain the GPD [Formula: see text] and chiral-odd GPDs.

In 2007 and 2010 the COMPASS experiment at CERN collected data by scattering a [Formula: see text] muon beam off a transversely polarized NH3 target. Exclusive vector-meson production [Formula: see text] with a [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] meson in the final state is studied and five single-spin and three double-spin azimuthal asymmetries are measured.
Wigner Distributions of Quark
Authors: Mukherjee Asmita , Nair Sreeraj , Ojha Vikash Kumar
Published: March 2016

Wigner distribution functions are the quantum analogue of the classical phase space distribution and being quantum implies that they are not genuine phase space distribution and thus lack any probabilistic interpretation. Nevertheless, Wigner distributions are still interesting since they can be related to both generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and transverse momentum dependent parton distributions (TMDs) under some limit. We study the Wigner distribution of quarks and also the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of quarks in the dressed quark model.
Spin Physics with Photons — Technical Highlights and Spin-Offs
Authors: Thomas A.
Published: March 2016

The spin, as a fundamental property of a particle, has been a main object of investigation in particle and nuclear physics research in recent decades. For complete spin investigation, one requires a polarized target in addition to polarized beams and a recoil polarimeter. The advent of advanced beam and large acceptance detector technologies has driven the development of highly polarized, full angular acceptance targets. The Crystal Ball detector with its unique capability to cope with multi photon final states is used in Mainz at the A2 real photon facility in combination with a frozen spin polarized target. Technical highlights from the development of thin superconducting magnets to provide a longitudinal and transverse polarization are presented. A continuous polarization in the ‘DNP’-mode is on the way. Another promising technology investigation is going in the direction of ‘Active Polarized Targets’ to use the target as an intrinsic part of the detector. This requires from the scintillating material and front-end electronics to operate at cryogenic temperatures.
Transverse and Longitudinal Lambda Polarization in Lepton Scattering by Unpolarized Nucleons at HERMES
Authors: Karyan G.
Published: March 2016

Transverse and longitudinal polarization of [Formula: see text] hyperons has been studied. The transfere of polarization from high-energy positron to [Formula: see text] hyperon has been measured. The longitudinal spin transverse coefficient is found to be [Formula: see text] = [Formula: see text]. The transverse polarization of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] hyperons has been measured in inclusive quasireal photoproduction process for various target nuclei. The polarization observed is positive for light target nuclei and compartaible with zero for heavy target nuclei.
Polarimetry for Stored Polarized Hadron Beams
Authors: Stephenson E. J.
Published: March 2016

Feasibility studies using 0.97-GeV/c polarized deuterons to determine the suitability of storage rings in the search for intrinsic electric dipole moments have led to new developments in storage ring polarimeters. Efficiency has increased with the use of thick carbon targets. The calibration of the effects of geometric and rate-dependent errors has made possible the subtraction of these systematic errors, resulting in sensitivities at or below 10[Formula: see text] to polarization changes during the time of the store. Tagging polarimeter events with the clock time had made available the turn number for each event, making possible longitudinal profile and horizontal polarization measurements. These have been used to explore the correction of second-order contributions to decoherence using sextupole fields, yielding horizontal polarization lifetimes as long as 20 minutes. Such studies may be extended to protons and 3He.
Effect of Overlapping Intrinsic Spin Resonances on e-Lens Lattices from FY13 Polarized Proton Run
Authors: Ranjbar Vahid H.
Published: March 2016

During the 2013 Polarized Proton run RHIC was run with a lattice designed to accommodate the phases necessary for the Electron lens. This lattice resulted in significant changes in magnitude and distribution of the intrinsic resonances. The overall magnitude of the strong intrinsic resonances were smaller, however the neighbouring weak intrinsic resonances grew. We present results from 2D direct tracking with 5,000 particles and 2D lattice independent tracking .
DNP with Trityl Radicals in Deuterated Polyethylene
Authors: Wang Li , Meyer W. , Berlin A. , Herick J. , Hess C. , Reicherz G.
Published: March 2016

Chemically doping with trityl radicals was performed in fully deuterated polyethylene. The behavior of paramagnetic centers has been investigated by ESR X-band spectrometer. The highest deuteron polarization was 8% at 2.5 T and 1 K with a spin concentration of [Formula: see text] spins/g.
Studies of Transverse-Momentum-Dependent Distributions with a Fixed-Target ExpeRiment Using the LHC Beams (AFTER@LHC)
Authors: Massacrier L. , Anselmino M. , Arnaldi R. , Brodsky S. J. , Chambert V. , den Dunnen W. , Didelez J. P. , Genolini B. , Ferreiro E. G. , Fleuret F. , Gao Y. , Hadjidakis C. , Hřivnáčová I. , Lansberg J. P. , Lorcé C. , Mikkelsen R. , Pisano C. , Rakotozafindrabe A. , Rosier P. , Schienbein I. , Schlegel M. , Scomparin E. , Trzeciak B. , Uggerhøj U. I. , Ulrich R. , Yang Z.
Published: March 2016

We report on the studies of Transverse-Momentum-Dependent distributions (TMDs) at a future fixed-target experiment –AFTER@LHC– using the [Formula: see text] or Pb ion LHC beams, which would be the most energetic fixed-target experiment ever performed. AFTER@LHC opens new domains of particle and nuclear physics by complementing collider-mode experiments, in particular those of RHIC and the EIC projects. Both with an extracted beam by a bent crystal or with an internal gas target, the luminosity achieved by AFTER@LHC surpasses that of RHIC by up to 3 orders of magnitude. With an unpolarised target, it allows for measurements of TMDs such as the Boer-Mulders quark distributions and the distribution of unpolarised and linearly polarised gluons in unpolarised protons. Using polarised targets, one can access the quark and gluon Sivers TMDs through single transverse-spin asymmetries in Drell-Yan and quarkonium production. In terms of kinematics, the fixed-target mode combined with a detector covering [Formula: see text] allows one to measure these asymmetries at large [Formula: see text] in the polarised nucleon.
Opportunities with Polarized Hadron Beams
Authors: Lorenzon Wolfgang
Published: March 2016

Spin physics at future hadron facilities provide unique opportunities for the study of QCD well beyond those available at existing facilities. Opportunities with polarized protons in the Fermilab Main Injector are discussed that encompass polarized Drell-Yan scattering of unprecedented precision and also enable measurements of transversity, helicty and other transverse momentum dependent distributions. Forthcoming measurements at COMPASS-II that aim to test fundamental predictions of non-perturbative QCD, and complementary studies at RHIC-Spin that address, among others, open puzzles such as the sharing of the nucleon spin among its constituents are also discussed.
Cross Section and Asymmetry Measurement of Very Forward Neutral Particle Production at RHIC
Authors: Goto Yuji
Published: March 2016

Although air shower observations at the surface of the earth have been developed in order to understand the origin of the ultra high energy cosmic rays, the observations have uncertainties in interpretation of the observed data from the present phenomenological nuclear collision models. Precision measurements of the very forward particle production in the collider experiments improve understanding of particle production processes in the nuclear collisions, and provide large influences on interpretation of the observed data and the origin of the cosmic rays. On the other hand, a large 10% single transverse-spin asymmetry in neutron production from transversely polarized proton collisions was found at the RHIC collider at BNL. It has provided a valuable input for understanding particle production processes in the polarized proton collisions. We will have a new collider experiment at RHIC which has a high resolution and a wide coverage of transverse momentum measurements in order to figure out elementary processes of the air shower generation.
Nucleon Partonic Spin Structure to be Explored by the Unpolarized Drell-Yan Program of COMPASS Experiment at CERN
Authors: Chang Wen-Chen
Published: March 2016

The observation of the violation of Lam-Tung relation in the [Formula: see text] Drell-Yan process triggered many theoretical speculations. The TMD Boer-Mulders functions characterizing the correlation of transverse momentum and transverse spin for partons in unpolarized hadrons could nicely account for the violation. The COMPASS experiment at CERN will measure the angular distributions of dimuons from the unpolarized Drell-Yan process over a wide kinematic region and study the beam particle dependence. Significant statistics is expected from a successful run in 2015 which will bring further understanding of the origin of the violation of Lam-Tung relation and of the partonic transverse spin structure of the nucleon.
Dawn of High Energy Spin Physics — In Memory of Michel Borghini
Authors: Masaike Akira
Published: March 2016

High energy spin physics with the polarized proton target in 1960s is shown. The dynamic polarization in which the electronic polarization is transferred to protons in paramagnetic material by means of magnetic coupling was proposed at the beginning of 1960s. The first N-N experiment using a polarized proton target was performed with the crystal of La[Formula: see text]Mg[Formula: see text] (NO[Formula: see text]24H[Formula: see text]O at CEN-Saclay and Berkeley in 1962, followed by [Formula: see text]-p experiments in several laboratories. Protons in organic materials were found to be polarized up to 80% in [Formula: see text]He cryostats in 1969. It was helpful for large background experiments. High proton polarization was interpreted in the spin temperature theory. Spin frozen targets were constructed in early 1970s and used for experiments which require wide access angle. Michel Borghini was a main player for almost all the above works.
Physiological Functions of Cyclic Electron Transport Around Photosystem I in Sustaining Photosynthesis and Plant Growth
Authors: Yamori Wataru , Shikanai Toshiharu
Published: March 2016

The light reactions in photosynthesis drive both linear and cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI). Linear electron transport generates both ATP and NADPH, whereas PSI cyclic electron transport produces ATP without producing NADPH. PSI cyclic electron transport is thought to be essential for balancing the ATP/NADPH production ratio and for protecting both photosystems from damage caused by stromal overreduction. Two distinct pathways of cyclic electron transport have been proposed in angiosperms: a major pathway that depends on the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5) and PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE 1 (PGRL1) proteins, which are the target site of antimycin A, and a minor pathway mediated by the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase–like (NDH) complex. Recently, the regulation of PSI cyclic electron transport has been recognized as essential for photosynthesis and plant growth. In this review, we summarize the possible functions and importance of the two pathways of PSI cyclic electron transport.
Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan
Authors: Pauly Markus , Keegstra Kenneth
Published: March 2016

Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
Innovative Tools and Technology for Analysis of Single Cells and Cell–Cell Interaction
Authors: Konry Tania , Sarkar Saheli , Sabhachandani Pooja , Cohen Noa
Published: March 2016

Heterogeneity in single-cell responses and intercellular interactions results from complex regulation of cell-intrinsic and environmental factors. Single-cell analysis allows not only detection of individual cellular characteristics but also correlation of genetic content with phenotypic traits in the same cell. Technological advances in micro- and nanofabrication have benefited single-cell analysis by allowing precise control of the localized microenvironment, cell manipulation, and sensitive detection capabilities. Additionally, microscale techniques permit rapid, high-throughput, multiparametric screening that has become essential for -omics research. This review highlights innovative applications of microscale platforms in genetic, proteomic, and metabolic detection in single cells; cell sorting strategies; and heterotypic cell–cell interaction. We discuss key design aspects of single-cell localization and isolation in microfluidic systems, dynamic and endpoint analyses, and approaches that integrate highly multiplexed detection of various intracellular species.
Microfluidics for High-Throughput Quantitative Studies of Early Development
Authors: Levario Thomas J. , Lim Bomyi , Shvartsman Stanislav Y. , Lu Hang
Published: March 2016

Developmental biology has traditionally relied on qualitative analyses; recently, however, as in other fields of biology, researchers have become increasingly interested in acquiring quantitative knowledge about embryogenesis. Advances in fluorescence microscopy are enabling high-content imaging in live specimens. At the same time, microfluidics and automation technologies are increasing experimental throughput for studies of multicellular models of development. Furthermore, computer vision methods for processing and analyzing bioimage data are now leading the way toward quantitative biology. Here, we review advances in the areas of fluorescence microscopy, microfluidics, and data analysis that are instrumental to performing high-content, high-throughput studies in biology and specifically in development. We discuss a case study of how these techniques have allowed quantitative analysis and modeling of pattern formation in the Drosophila embryo.
Multiscale Materials Modeling in an Industrial Environment
Authors: Weiß Horst , Deglmann Peter , in 't Veld Pieter J. , Cetinkaya Murat , Schreiner Eduard
Published: March 2016

In this review, we sketch the materials modeling process in industry. We show that predictive and fast modeling is a prerequisite for successful participation in research and development processes in the chemical industry. Stable and highly automated workflows suitable for handling complex systems are a must. In particular, we review approaches to build and parameterize soft matter systems. By satisfying these prerequisites, efficiency for the development of new materials can be significantly improved, as exemplified here for formulation polymer development. This is in fact in line with recent Materials Genome Initiative efforts sponsored by the US government. Valuable contributions to product development are possible today by combining existing modeling techniques in an intelligent fashion, provided modeling and experiment work hand in hand.
The Immunology of CD1- and MR1-Restricted T Cells
Authors: Mori Lucia , Lepore Marco , De Libero Gennaro
Published: March 2016

CD1- and MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1)-restricted T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens, such as lipids and small metabolites, and account for a major fraction of circulating and tissue-resident T cells. They represent a readily activated, long-lasting population of effector cells and contribute to the early phases of immune response, orchestrating the function of other cells. This review addresses the main aspects of their immunological functions, including antigen and T cell receptor repertoires, mechanisms of nonpeptidic antigen presentation, and the current evidence for their participation in human and experimental diseases.
Genetics of Cardiac Developmental Disorders: Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Growth and Relevance to Heart Failure
Authors: Wilsbacher Lisa , McNally Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2016

Cardiac developmental disorders represent the most common of human birth defects, and anomalies in cardiomyocyte proliferation drive many of these disorders. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms of prenatal cardiac growth. Trabeculation represents the initial ventricular growth phase and is necessary for embryonic survival. Later in development, the bulk of the ventricular wall derives from the compaction process, yet the arrest of this process can still be compatible with life. Cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth form the basis of both trabeculation and compaction, and mouse models indicate that cardiomyocyte interactions with the surrounding environment are critical for these proliferative processes. The human genetics of left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy suggest that cardiomyocyte cell-autonomous mechanisms contribute to the compaction process. Understanding the determinants of prenatal or early postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth provides critical information that identifies risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and its associated complications of arrhythmias and thromboembolic events.
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Thomer Lena , Schneewind Olaf , Missiakas Dominique
Published: March 2016

Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium colonizing nares, skin, and the gastrointestinal tract, frequently invades the skin, soft tissues, and bloodstreams of humans. Even with surgical and antibiotic therapy, bloodstream infections are associated with significant mortality. The secretion of coagulases, proteins that associate with and activate the host hemostatic factor prothrombin, and the bacterial surface display of agglutinins, proteins that bind polymerized fibrin, are key virulence strategies for the pathogenesis of S. aureus bloodstream infections, which culminate in the establishment of abscess lesions. Pathogen-controlled processes, involving a wide spectrum of secreted factors, are responsible for the recruitment and destruction of immune cells, transforming abscess lesions into purulent exudate, with which staphylococci disseminate to produce new infectious lesions or to infect new hosts. Research on S. aureus bloodstream infections is a frontier for the characterization of protective vaccine antigens and the development of immune therapeutics aiming to prevent disease or improve outcomes.
Japan Has Great Expectations for a Hydrogen Society
Authors: Behling Noriko , Williams Mark C , Managi Shunsuke
Published: March 2016

Japan is implementing a long-term strategic energy policy that could transform the country into a "Hydrogen Society." The new policy started this year and is to be carried out over the next 30 years and beyond. The Hydrogen Society Policy consists of three phases of activities and goals, each phase covering about 10 years and overwrapping with the subsequent phases. During Phase 1, Japan will engage in large-scale commercialization of stationary fuel cells, fuel cell vehicles, and hydrogen refueling stations. The policy is a daring undertaking that no other country has ever attempted; indeed, it is Japan's desperate measure for desperate times. The driving factor for the country to embark on such a dramatic plan was the grave threat to the nation's economy, environment, and energy security caused by the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011. For the past 40 years, Japan depended on thermal power and nuclear energy. Since the 3.11, all nuclear power generation has been shut down—except for a two facilities that recently were restarted—forcing Japan to depend on thermal power almost entirely. As a result, the country's imports of foreign fuels soared, rapidly draining national wealth, increasing CO2 emissions, and lowering the country's energy self-sufficiency. This paper will examine the factors that drove Japan to implement the Hydrogen Society Policy, the concept of Japan's future hydrogen society, Phase 1 activities and their goals, the first-year government budget for Phase 1, and Japan's near term perspective of the economic returns from the Hydrogen Society Policy.
High Performance MEA Development and Application for High Power Output DMFC
Authors: Wan Nianfang , Oku Kenta , Guo Zhen , Takakuchi Hiroaki , Ohashi Masakazu
Published: March 2016

By optimizing the MEA design and utilizing novel thin electrolyte membrane, we have developed high performance MEA for DMFC capable of providing more than 300mW/cm2 when supplying with ambient pressure air and liquid methanol. The MEA with ultra-thin membrane has achieved high power density without compromising fuel efficiency and energy density. The single cell durability has been performed under accelerating ageing protocol, which is expected to have lifetime of around 40,000 hours under normal working conditions. The big size MEA fabricated in-house has been applied to the development of high power output DMFC stack and system. With the new MEA, more than 1KW of stable power output has been obtained during uninterrupted operation of 100 hours each time. The long working time and high reliability are well suited for back-up power application. The stack with over 1KW output has demonstrated less than 10% degradation after operating more than 2000 hours.
Comparison of Fuel Consumption and Fuel Cell Degradation Using an Optimised Controller
Authors: Fletcher Tom , Thring Rob H , Watkinson Martin , Staffell Iain
Published: March 2016

The Energy Management Strategy (EMS) of any hybrid vehicle is responsible for determining the operating state of many components on board the vehicle and therefore has significant effect on the fuel economy, emissions, ageing of components and vehicle drive-ability. It is generally accepted that Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) can be used to produce a near-optimal control strategy provided that an accurate Markov model of the drive-cycle is available, and the cost function used for the optimisation is representative of the true running cost of the vehicle. The vast majority of research in this field focussing solely on the optimisation of the fuel economy, however for a fuel cell hybrid vehicle, the degradation of the fuel cell contributes significantly to the overall running cost of the vehicle, and should therefore be included in calculation of the running cost during the optimisation process. In this work, an optimised controller using SDP is developed for a campus passenger vehicle in order to minimise the lifetime cost of both fuel consumption and fuel cell degradation. The vehicle is then simulated over a number of typical journey’s obtained from data logging during its use on the University of Birmingham’s campus. It is shown that the expected lifetime cost due to fuel cell degradation massively outweighs the cost of the fuel consumed.
Verification of Appropriate Temperature Range of Acid Accelerant in Hydrogen Generation System from NaBH4
Authors: Funakawa Ryo , Fukuzawa Taishi , Tomoda Keisuke , Hoshi Nobukazu , Katayama Noboru , Yoshizaki Atsuhiro , Hirata Keiichi
Published: March 2016

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) generates hydrogen by hydrolysis of powdery NaBH4. The hydrogen generation rate is accelerated with the use of an acid solution as an accelerant when the system is started up in low temperature. In addition, it was confirmed that no short-term degradation arises in the characteristics of 5 kW stack of fuel cells, even if rapid hydrogen generation system with adding an acid accelerant was used. However, the effectiveness to use an acid accelerant in high temperature has never examined; therefore, an appropriate temperature range in which the acid accelerant is effectively acting has not been determined. So, this research clarified the appropriate temperature range obtaining the sufficient reaction acceleration rate of an acid accelerant in high temperature. A result of the experiment using the hydrogen generation system showed that the reaction acceleration rate of the acid accelerant decreased with rising reaction temperature. In addition, the result also showed that the hydrogen generation rate with the acid accelerant was lower than the rate without the acid accelerant at 95°C.
24 Hour Test of the Fuel Cell System for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Gilljam Martin , Weydahl H , Lian T , Johannessen T C , Holm S I , Hasvold J Ø
Published: March 2016

The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) has a long experience with power sources for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). FFI has designed and built a power supply system based on a water-cooled and air-supplied PEM fuel cell stack from Ballard, run on air. Hydrogen is supplied from a pressure tank, while oxygen is produced by catalytic decomposition of industrial grade hydrogen peroxide. Excess hydrogen is catalytically combined with oxygen in the internal atmosphere of the pressure hull. The fuel cell system is fully automated and self-regulating according to the set current. A 24 hour continuous test of the system was conducted in a sealed pressure hull under water. The system showed stable and reliable performance throughout the test, with only a small and regenerative voltage decrease.
A Novel Hybrid Reformer-Electrolyzer-Purifier (REP) for Distributed Production of Low-Cost, Low Greenhouse Gas Hydrogen
Authors: Zhao Li , Brouwer Jacob , Jahnke Fred , Lambrech Matt , Patel Pinakin
Published: March 2016

To evaluate the overall economic benefits of hydrogen production, delivery and dispensing of the novel hybrid Reformer-Electrolyzer-Purifier (REP) technology, cost analysis was carried out and compared to various hydrogen production technologies using H2A Analysis Models. The hydrogen cost contributions are compared amongst REP, steam methane reforming (SMR) and proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME) technologies within a forecourt hydrogen production facility, that is, hydrogen production at the fueling station. The hydrogen production cost of the REP production facility is below the DOE cost target and the total delivered hydrogen cost of hydrogen from the REP production facility is attractive ($3.73/gge) and below the hydrogen cost of the SMR production facility. Sensitivity analysis is also carried out to identify the impacts of each cost component variable.