bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Song of Exile, Four-Way Voice
Authors: Cheng CHANG , Liao Yun Chan
Published: September 2016

In this chapter, Taiwanese reporters CHANG Cheng and LIAO Yun-chang consider the status of writings by Southeast Asian migrant workers and marriage migrants residing in Taiwan—including writings appearing in multilingual newspaper and book series that solicit and print personal essays written by Southeast Asian migrants in Taiwan, as well as works submitted for literature prizes that specifically target writings by migrants in Taiwan. This chapters argues that these texts—despite being written mostly by nonprofessional authors who are not Taiwan citizens and furthermore are often not writing in Chinese—should be included within the category of “Taiwan literature”; essays by migrant authors permit these lower-class foreign workers to recount their feelings and experiences and share them with Taiwan’s other residents.
Genre Occludes the Creation of Genre
Authors: Admussen Nick
Published: September 2016

This chapter argues that one of the strongest influences on contemporary Chinese prose poetry is Bing Xin’s 1955 translation of Rabindranath Tagore’s poetry collectionGitanjali. By declining to reproduce the music of Tagore’s Bengali original, and suppressing the Biblical diction of his English version, Bing Xin created a version of his odes to the “religion of man” that implicitly opposes his insistence on poetry’s untranslatability. Instead, she argues that rejecting culturally specific prosodies allows her to faithfully reproduce the content of Tagore’s poetry. This paradigm exalts prose as a transparent, modern, and realist way to write; when it is used to render the subjective, passionate occasions ofGitanjali, the result is a mode of writing that treats transcendental feelings as concretely as it does the objects of daily life. The chapter ends with a call to study generic origins outside the bounds of the genres in question.
Reading Lu Xun’s Early Essays in Relation to Marxism
Authors: Murthy Viren
Published: September 2016

Lu Xun was claimed and canonized as a Marxist by the Chinese Communist Party, while Japanese and Western critics frequently read his work as a critique of modernity. Whereas the latter approach tends to trace the continuity in his writings, the Marxist approach largely brackets his earlier work. This chapter attempts to bring Marxist theory in dialogue with Lu Xun’s work in a different way, by focusing on his early writings and reading them in relation to various theorists. Through a close reading of two of Lu Xun’s early essays, “On the Destruction of Malevolent Voices” and “Imbalanced Cultural Development,” this chapter examines debates within the Marxist tradition, especially about issues related to global capitalism and the possibilities of a socialist future in countries on the periphery of the world-system. In this way, Lu Xun and Marxist theory can illuminate one another.
Eileen Chang and the Genius Art of Failure
Authors: Sang Deborah Tze-lan
Published: September 2016

A favorite with critics intent on theorizing a female literature in Chinese, Eileen Chang’s works offer fertile ground for investigating the gender politics of representation. Ironically for one of the most acclaimed twentieth-century Chinese writers, Chang was obsessed with failure. Although failure is fascinating precisely because of its unpredictability—one can fall short of or deviate from the definition of success in such a multiplicity of ways that it is difficult to generalize—we can note that it is often through failure and a panoply of negative emotions that Chang calls gender and sexual norms into question. In another twist, Chang’s fascination with failure manifests itself as a repeated exploration of the romantic, moral, and political failings of the modern girl, an exploration that implicitly responds to the discourse on the shortcomings of the modern girl that ran rampant in the Chinese media throughout the 1930s–1940s.
Malaysia as Method
Authors: Bernards Brian
Published: September 2016

Set during a 1987 police crackdown on protestors challenging the discriminatory policies of the Malaysian government, Malaysian Chinese author Xiao Hei’s “A Literary Record of October 27 and Other Things” (1989) uses postcolonial Malaysia’s thirtieth national anniversary to reflect upon institutionalized ethnolinguistic minoritization. Through intertextual citation, Xiao Hei’s novella not only constitutes a collaborative historical record ofMa Hua(Malaysian Chinese/Sinophone Malaysian) literature, but also a polyvocal interrogation of its own ethnolinguistic literary taxonomy. Xiao Hei’s strategic representation of Malaysia as historical experience, contested polity, claimed nation, and rejected state apparatus exposes how the ethnolinguistic taxonomy reinforces national estrangement. Drawing from Kuan-hsing Chen’s proposal of “Asia as method,” this chapter argues that Malaysia in Xiao Hei’s novella alternatively functions as a mediating site for the decolonization of Malaysian national literature’s ethnolinguistic basis as well as the deimperialization of an overseas Chinese literary framework prioritizing ethnicity/language over locality.
The Secrets of Language
Authors: Bachner Andrea
Published: September 2016

In his 2009 poetry collectionQing/man (Light/Slow), Taiwanese poet Chen Li returns to a traditional Chinese form of anagrammatic poetry, the genre of the hidden-character poem (yinzi shi), a rebus-like poetic riddle that focuses on the graphic form the sinograph, by providing clues to its riddle in the form of descriptions of, references to, and graphic components of a given Chinese character. This chapter uses the genre and theory of anagrams as its starting point for a reflection on language, literary creation, and translation, from Ernest Fenollosa’s reflections on the ideographic method to Ferdinand de Saussure’s work on a phonetically understood anagrammar of Indo-European poetry and Haroldo de Campos’s reflections on the poetic resonances in logographic and alphabetic scripts. Rather than essentializing the graphic nature of the Chinese script, Chen Li’s poetic revitalization of the genre of the hidden-character poem challenges preconceived notions of linguistic difference (between sound and script) with an interest in words under words, in the components of (and below) language that constitute language as a concrete practice and allows for a thought of language as duplicitous and multilayered phenomenon.
Identities and Bodies in Early Modern Studies
Authors: Loomba Ania
Published: September 2016

This essay reflects on intersectionality as a perspective in early modern studies, and how it can be brought into productive conversation with the question of embodiment. It argues that we can use recent work on gender and sexuality in non-Western contexts to rethink our understanding of these categories, and also their relationship to racial and colonial history. It then looks at some key writings about the black body in the medieval and early modern periods to show how their concern with the question of embodiment, or how the physical attributes of the body (such as skin colour), is connected to what lies inside (be that the soul, or religious faith, or particular moral traits, sexual desire, or fluids and secretions that ensure procreation), helps us understand the intimacy of the vocabularies of race and global contact with those of gender and sexuality.
Shakespeare. Same Sex. Marriage
Authors: Crawford Julie
Published: September 2016

‘Shakespeare. Same-sex. Marriage.’ looks at the relationship between feminist and gay and lesbian criticism of Shakespeare over the last three decades, particularly as it concerns the relationship between same-sex relations and marriage and the family. It examines this relationship both in the context of contemporary historiography—how historians have conceived of marriage and the family in Shakespeare’s lifetime—and contemporary feminist and gay/lesbian and queer politics—how scholars have seen marriage as the antithesis of homosexuality, and, more recently as its happy apotheosis. Throughout, the essay focuses on marriage’s surprisingly stable role not only as the central organizing principle of social life, but as the terminus for most forms of gender and sexual freedom.
‘Strange Things in Hand’
Authors: Neely Carol Thomas
Published: September 2016

Drawing on Freud’s categories of perversion (domination, abjection, scopophilia, exhibitionism, fetishism) and Eve Sedgwick’s analysis of erotic triangles, the essay reinterprets the marriage plots of Shakespeare’s The Merry Wives of Windsor. Pleasurably and painfully perverse desires circulate through multiple erotic triangles that are unstable and concatenating and fluidly form and re-form not just, as usual, ‘between men’ but also between women; characters participate in more than one. Countering the conventional male homosocial cuckoldry triangle of Falstaff, Ford, and Ford’s wife is the woman-anchored homosocial adultery triangle of Mistress Ford, Mistress Page, and Falstaff; in the courtships for the hand of Anne Page, odder triangles are spawned. All circulate power and pleasure in every direction so that the institution of marriage incites and is sustained by circulating desires. Categories of gender and sexual identity are revealed to be permeable and fungible, and distinctions between the normative and the non-normative are undone.
Exit Pursued by a Bear
Authors: Quilligan Maureen
Published: September 2016

Is the bear in A Winter’s Tale an actual bear, or merely a man in a bear suit? And what difference would it make were it real? The essay argues that the bear could well have been a live bear as there were a number of them accessible to performances at the Globe. Further, the actuality of the bear would have called attention to the two other ‘animal’ bodies in the play, Hermione’s pregnant body in the first three acts, and her real, aged body in the statue scene in Act 5. The reality of the bear would then have stressed the otherwise critically overlooked insistence by the play on the non-artificial nature of embodied creativity in female parturition and the acceptance of the force of time on human physicality, in direct contrast to the male-dominated creativity of The Tempest, in which art is magic and not at all natural.
The Textile Black Body
Authors: Smith Ian
Published: September 2016

In addition to cosmetic applications for early modern ‘blackface’ theatrical representation, the essay posits that performers used a variety of racial prostheses, most notably cloth and animal skins. In The Merchant of Venice, Morocco’s description of his own body as ‘shadowed livery’—that is, dyed cloth worn by a servant or apprentice—reveals a complex metatheatrical consciousness indebted to this prosthetic blackface tradition. Morocco’s identification with livery connects specifically to Lancelot, the other liveried character in the play whose servant uniform contextualizes Morocco’s corporal blackness as a sign of membership in a social underclass. The play’s mercantile ethos, reflecting John Wheeler’s assessment from A Treatise of Commerce that pervasive economic interests bring ‘all things into commerce’, creates the conditions for category violations: people are perceived as commodities, and none more insidiously than Morocco, the textile black man, read, in turn, as a powerful antecedent for post-Enlightenment constructions of race.
Government Censorship and Aaron Copland’s Lincoln Portrait during the Second Red Scare
Authors: DeLapp-Birkett Jennifer
Published: September 2016

Aaron Copland suffered during the Second Red Scare that swept the United States after World War II. When Congressman Fred Busbey announced that the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) had compiled “a long record of questionable affiliations” proving Copland a “communist sympathizer” or “fellow traveler,” the 1953 Eisenhower inaugural committee cancelled a planned performance of Copland‘s Lincoln Portrait, and the allegations became national news. Copland’s progressive politics of the 1930s, his involvement in the 1949 Waldorf Peace Conference, and his association with the State Department--which some considered dangerously tolerant of homosexuals--made him a target for anti-communism of the Hearst press, the American Legion, the entertainment industry blacklist Red Channels, J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI, and Senator Joseph McCarthy. Copland narrowly escaped “naming names.” Though his public reputation ultimately recovered, in the early years of the Cold War his creative spark and cultural influence were sadly diminished.
HARPOCRATES at Work
Authors: Law Hedy
Published: September 2016

This article examines music censorship in the Old Regime France by focusing on the politics of theater. More specifically, it analyzes the politics of silence in eighteenth-century pantomime, a type of theatrical dumb show made popular by the Forains. As an example, it considers Les Oracles d’Harpocrate, ou le dieu du silence à la foire by Charles-François Pannard, performed by the troupe Nouveau Spectacle-Pantomime in August 1746. The article shows how Pannard’s pantomime politicizes silence by featuring Harpocrates, the Egyptian god of silence. Using Harpocrate as a trope indicative of a culture of politicized silence, this essay offers a putative model correlating silence and singing, arguing that Harpocrates helps explain silence as a counter-censorship strategy in late eighteenth-century French operas and plays, including Beaumarchais’s Figaro plays and his opera Tarare (1787).
A Critical Resource
Authors: Alix Claire
Published: September 2016

This chapter presents the availability of wood in different subregions of Arctic North America and discusses its use and importance through time and across space in Arctic human settlements. The main wood resource available along the treeless Arctic coast was driftwood, a resource for which availability varied with climate and environmental conditions. Detailed data on early wood used as fuel are scant, but remains are known as early as the first settlement of Alaska. For some archaeologists, availability of wood as fuel is tightly linked to the early colonization of Eastern Beringia at the end of the Pleistocene. In later cultural developments, abundant wood remains show the resource as critical for architecture and small carpentry. Hunting and transport required wood constructions, making wood a valuable commodity. Arctic permafrost leads to remarkable preservation, providing the opportunity to analyze and better understand wood technology and use even in the most remote areas.
First Maritime Cultures of the Aleutians
Authors: Davis Richard , Rogers Jason , Knecht Richard
Published: September 2016

The earliest-known settlements in the Aleutians are approximately 9,000 years old. They herald the beginning of the Anangula phase of the Eastern Aleutian archaeological sequence. These first inhabitants came from the Alaska Peninsula and probably stemmed from the Paleoarctic tradition and ultimately from western Beringia. Despite climatic changes and volcanic eruptions, it appears that the Aleutians remained inhabited from the earliest time, as witnessed by the clear evidence of technological continuity. By approximately 6,000 years ago populations developed a successful adaptation to maritime resources and expanded throughout the entire Aleutian chain and had contact with several populations over widespread areas of the western Arctic.
Late Dorset
Authors: Appelt Martin , Damkjar Eric , Friesen Max
Published: September 2016

Late Dorset culture represents the final manifestation of the long-lived Paleoeskimo tradition in the eastern Arctic. Late Dorset occupied an enormous region from Victoria Island to Northern Labrador, and resettled the High Arctic, bringing them to Ellesmere Island and northwest Greenland. Alongside these expansions, long-distance exchange networks were further developed and intensified, perhaps bound together by the aggregation sites located at places with a particular high concentration of seasonally available subsistence resources. Late Dorset aggregation sites are particular visible due to their rows of stone-built hearths and/or “longhouses.” Late Dorset cosmology is visible in several aspects of architecture, as well as through analysis of the more than 1,200 miniature carvings of animals and humans that are known from the period.
Pre-Dorset Culture
Authors: Park Robert , Milne S. Brooke
Published: September 2016

This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the widespread and diverse Pre-Dorset culture, known from the central and eastern parts of the Canadian Arctic between 4500 and 2700 B.P. The Pre-Dorset were mobile foragers, moving across the landscape to exploit seasonally available land and sea mammals in different locales, although the extent of their movements varied considerably. The lithic component of their technology has been more intensively studied than the organic component due to differential preservation; it too is characterized by considerable variability. The chapter summarizes the finds from several sites and explores the difficulty in defining Pre-Dorset as a single cohesive entity due both to its history of research and its enormous geographic extent.
The Denbigh Flint Complex of Northern Alaska
Authors: Tremayne Andrew H. , Rasic Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides a summary of what is currently known about the Denbigh Flint complex of northwest Alaska. Old and new data are used to present an updated chronology for their appearance and disappearance in Alaska. Sourcing studies show migratory pulses or trade across Bering Strait brought Siberian obsidian to Alaska over 4,000 years ago, adding support to origin models positing an Arctic Small Tool tradition source population in Asia. The chapter revisits such issues as the population’s economic orientation, subsistence, and their maritime adaptations, which remain poorly understood. It also assesses the relationship between technology, site types, mobility, and regional settlement patterns, concluding that some Denbigh groups were indeed highly mobile foragers with a specialized reliance on migratory caribou herds. Gaps in current knowledge are emphasized and future research directions are suggested.
Greenlandic Dorset
Authors: Jensen Jens Fog
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides a summary of the Greenlandic Dorset culture, previously known as Independence II or Dorset I. Greenlandic Dorset is one aspect of a particularly dynamic period in eastern Arctic prehistory, which saw significant culture change and movement, and which has resulted in the recognition of several regional variants. Important characteristics of Greenlandic Dorset are outlined, with special focus on chronology, artifact style, architecture, and human ecology. Key localities are described in order to indicate the variability in Greenlandic Dorset settlement patterns. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the relationship of Greenlandic Dorset with other contemporary cultures including “transitional” and Early Dorset.
“A Fanatic of Order in an Epoch of Confusing Turmoil”
Authors: Meierhenrich Jens , Simons Oliver
Published: September 2016

This handbook engages with the critical ordering of Schmitt’s writings, investing in the proper contextualization of his polycentric thought. More important than whether Schmitt’s positions and concepts are relevant in the twenty-first century is how to read Schmitt so as to grasp the original meanings of his many publications. The handbook intends to provoke debate about the relevance of his canon for thinking about the present. It argues that the motif of order is central to making sense of Schmitt’s contributions to law, the social sciences, and the humanities, as well as that his contributions to diverse disciplines constituted a trinity of thought. Schmitt’s political thought cannot be understood without reference to his legal and cultural thought; his legal thought was informed equally by his political and cultural thought; and his cultural thought contains important traces of his political and legal thought. This theoretical and substantive overlap was deliberate.
Transdiagnostic Mechanisms and Treatment for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Chu Brian C. , Temkin Andrea B. , Toffey Kristin
Published: September 2016

Transdiagnostic approaches promise robust conceptualizations of pathology and efficient and generalizable treatments by providing researchers with a novel way to integrate basic science, treatment research, and developmental psychopathology. It has inspired innovations in treatment development by distilling the most powerful treatment components from our library of evidence-based treatments. Transdiagnostic approaches have proved especially appealing in the youth domain given high rates of comorbidity and rapid developmental change. The chapter begins with an introduction to transdiagnostic conceptual definitions and history, then reviews state of the art cognitive, behavioral, and social research that explains mechanisms in the onset or maintenance of pathology using a transdiagnostic lens. It concludes with a review of the early efforts of transdiagnostic researchers to develop interventions to address multiple disorders simultaneously in children and adolescents. In all, the chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the foundation and future directions of this emerging field.
The Rise of Suburban Poverty
Authors: Allard Scott W. , Paisner Sarah Charnes
Published: September 2016

This article examines the suburbanization of poverty in metropolitan areas with a particular focus on the experience of the United States. The discussion highlights key trends and likely causes of suburban poverty and provides an overview of various attempts to classify heterogeneity across suburbs. We believe the trends and consequences observed in the United States are relevant to a broad host of global settings, some of which have been struggling with high rates of suburban poverty for some time. The article closes by identifying gaps in current knowledge related to the suburbanization of poverty and highlighting the implications of the suburbanization of poverty for safety net policy.
Sentencing Indigenous Offenders in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Authors: Marchetti Elena , Anthony Thalia
Published: September 2016

In common law countries that have been colonized, the colonized peoples are overrepresented in criminal justice statistics and in rates of incarceration. Sentencing laws and court processes have, for some time, undergone changes to reduce or address the continuing rise of indigenous over-incarceration. This essay focuses on three colonized common law countries: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in examining what legal strategies have been used to transform judicial reasoning and practice to take into account the particular experiences and circumstances of indigenous offenders. Whether these changes have improved the situation in practice is explored in this essay. The essay concludes by examining what role and responsibilities judicial officers should have in administering justice for peoples who have been, and continue to be, dispossessed of their culture, laws, and language by the process of colonization, and suggests directions for future research.
Terrorism
Authors: Uniacke Suzanne
Published: September 2016

This article explores the connection between terrorism and the ethics of war, specifically the relevance of the moral wrongfulness of terrorism in elucidating one important aspect of the ethics of war. It begins with an overview of terrorism’s central features and the ethical issues associated with terrorism. It then discusses two considerations. First, terrorism can occur within civil society as well as in contexts of armed combat or war. Second, terrorist tactics are answerable to principles that govern ethically acceptable conduct of war, not the other way around. The chapter also tackles the question of whether the jus in bello principle of discrimination that prohibits targeting innocent people ought to represent an absolute prohibition, as opposed to a very stringent constraint. It argues that an analysis of the structure of terrorism and its distinctive wrongfulness can be helpful in morally interpreting the jus in bello principle of discrimination.
Understanding Procreative Beneficence
Authors: Savulescu Julian , Kahane Guy
Published: September 2016

Procreative beneficence (PB) prescribes that reproducers should select the child (or children) they could have, who is expected to have the best life, or at least as good a life as the others, based on the relevant, available information. Much criticized, this claim is also misunderstood: it is not an absolute obligation but similar in force to claims such as “you should give your child the best education.” This chapter clarifies the PB principle and explores competing reasons to it such as normative uncertainty, distributive justice, or reproductive liberty. It concludes that the two best objections to PB are that it requires a conception of human well-being and is committed to the existence of impersonal reasons. However, that person-affecting reasons are stronger than impersonal reasons lessens the force of some objections to PB such as that it involves sacrifices on the part of procreators.
Freedom and the (Posthumous) Harm Principle
Authors: Boonin David
Published: September 2016

The Harm Principle maintains that the only legitimate reason for limiting a person’s freedom is to prevent that person from harming others. The Posthumous Harm Thesis maintains that it is possible for an act to harm a person even if the act takes place after the person is dead. If this is true, then acts that might otherwise appear to be harmless may in fact prove to harm someone, and acts that might otherwise appear to be consistent with the Harm Principle might turn out to violate it. One must therefore consider whether posthumous harm is possible. This chapter sets out a three-premise argument in defense of the Posthumous Harm Thesis, considers some of the objections that have been raised against them, and examines ways to overcome these objections. Its goal is to show that the argument for the Posthumous Harm Thesis is considerably more robust than is often thought.
Non-Domination
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: September 2016

How should freedom be characterized as a political ideal? This chapter explores one such view, commonly called “republican” or sometimes “neo-Roman,” which holds that the specific sort of freedom a well-ordered society ought to promote is freedom from domination. Recently, a number of new challenges to this view have been raised. The most important of these are that republicans have failed to develop a conception of freedom distinct in any meaningful sense from the non-interference conception and, in concentrating on relationships of domination, inappropriately narrowed the scope of freedom. This chapter argues that when we carefully attend to the suggestion that a conception of freedom ought to serve as a central public ideal for well-ordered societies, these particular challenges can be seen to fail. Some other challenges are shown to remain, however.
First Report of a 16SrI (Aster Yellows) Group Phytoplasma in Phlox in the United States
Authors: Sathoff Andrew E. , Rajendran Deepak , Wannemuehler Seth D. , Sweeney Katarina , Manan Fazal , Kosgey Zennah C. , Garber Lillian H. , Lockhart Benham E.
Published: September 2016

Phlox are herbaceous perennial ornamentals native to North America grown for their flower color, range in flowering time, scent, and differing forms. Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris, first found to occur in Chinese asters, is spread by aster leafhoppers and in 2001 was reported to be a serious threat to phlox. There have been several reports of Ca. P. asteris in garlic and small grains in Minnesota. This is the first report of Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris in phlox in Minnesota and the United States.

Accepted for publication 28 June 2016. Published 6 September 2016.
The G143A Mutation is Responsible for Strobilurin Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora cf. flagellaris, a Leaf Blight and Purple Seed Stain Pathogen of Louisiana Soybean
Authors: Albu Sebastian , Price Trey , Doyle Vinson , Padgett Boyd , Schneider Ray
Published: September 2016

Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain are economically important diseases of soybean throughout the Lower Mississippi River Valley and Gulf South USA. Fungicide resistance was documented in Louisiana in the pathogen population using radial growth assays. Using some of the same isolates, a portion of the cytochrome b gene was sequenced. The G143A mutation was found in resistant isolates, and results correlated with radial growth assays 97% of the time.

Accepted for publication 1 September 2016.
Comparing Avocado, Swamp Bay, and Camphortree as Hosts of Raffaelea lauricola Using a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-Labeled Strain of the Pathogen
Authors: Campbell A. S. , Ploetz R. C. , Rollins J. A.
Published: September 2016

Raffaelea lauricola, a fungal symbiont of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, causes laurel wilt in members of the Lauraceae plant family. North American species in the family, such as avocado (Persea americana) and swamp bay (P. palustris), are particularly susceptible to laurel wilt, whereas the Asian camphortree (Cinnamomum camphora) is relatively tolerant. To determine whether susceptibility is related to pathogen colonization, a green fluorescent protein-labeled strain of R. lauricola was generated and used to inoculate avocado, swamp bay, and camphortree. Trees were harvested 3, 10, and 30 days after inoculation (DAI), and disease severity was rated on a 1-to-10 scale. By 30 DAI, avocado and swamp bay developed significantly more severe disease than camphortree (mean severities of 6.8 and 5.5 versus 1.6, P < 0.003). The extent of xylem colonization was recorded as the percentage of lumena that were colonized by the pathogen. More xylem was colonized in avocado than camphortree (0.9% versus 0.1%, P < 0.03) but colonization in swamp bay (0.4%) did not differ significantly from either host. Although there were significant correlations between xylem colonization and laurel wilt severity in avocado (r = 0.74), swamp bay (r = 0.82), and camphortree (r = 0.87), even severely affected trees of all species were scarcely colonized by the pathogen.
Alternative Colposcopy Techniques
Authors: Hermens Marjolein , Ebisch Renée M. F. , Galaal Khadra , Bekkers Ruud L. M.
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the diagnostic value of alternative (digital) colposcopy techniques for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or worse in a colposcopy population.

DATA SOURCES:

MEDLINE, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception up to January 11, 2016, for studies that evaluated the diagnostic value of alternative (digital) colposcopy techniques.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:

Inclusion criteria were: 1) an alternative (digital) colposcopy technique was used in a colposcopy population; 2) a histologic outcome was reported, classified as CIN, differentiating between mild dysplasia or less (CIN 1 or less), and moderate dysplasia or worse (CIN 2 or greater); 3) the entire cervix was scanned at once or a per-woman analysis was performed; 4) no other topical application than acetic acid and Lugol's solution was used; 5) at least three eligible studies had to be available within a single technique; and 6) studies obtained research ethics approval. Language was restricted to English.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:

Two reviewers assessed the eligibility of the identified articles. Disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. We found six studies on fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy, including 2,530 women, with a pooled sensitivity of 93% (95% confidence interval [CI] 89–95%) and specificity of 62% (95% CI 47–76%). Four studies on dynamic spectral imaging were found including 1,173 women with a pooled sensitivity of 69% (95% CI 48–85%) and specificity of 83% (95% CI 76–88%). We found three studies on optical coherence tomography including 693 women with a pooled sensitivity of 48% (95% CI 32–64%) and specificity of 77% (95% CI 52–91%). Previously published conventional colposcopy results showed a sensitivity of 61% (95% CI 58–63%) and a specificity of 85% (95% CI 83–86%).

CONCLUSION:

Alternative (digital) colposcopy techniques may result in increased sensitivity and specificity, but no recommendation for introduction in clinical practice can be made yet.
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in Pregnancy
Authors: Codsi Elisabeth , Tweet Marysia S. , Rose Carl Hans , Arendt Katherine W. , Best Patricia J. M. , Hayes Sharonne N.
Published: September 2016

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a major cause of myocardial infarction in pregnancy and the postpartum period. It occurs predominantly in young women with few or no conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis and has been clinically underrecognized. Treatment differs from that of myocardial infarction as a result of atherosclerosis and the diagnosis should be considered in all parturient and postpartum patients with acute coronary syndrome. Complications of spontaneous coronary artery dissection include recurrence, congestive heart failure, and death. Thus, specialist obstetrician–gynecologists and maternal–fetal medicine specialists need to gain knowledge of spontaneous coronary artery dissection to improve outcomes.
Structural Failure Sites in Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse
Authors: Chen Luyun , Lisse Sean , Larson Kindra , Berger Mitchell B. , Ashton-Miller James A. , DeLancey John O. L.
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:

To test the null hypothesis that six factors representing potential fascial and muscular failure sites contribute equally to the presence and size of a cystocele: two vaginal attachment factors (apical support and paravaginal defects), two vaginal wall factors (vaginal length and width), and two levator ani factors (hiatus size and levator ani defects).

METHODS:

Thirty women with anterior-predominant prolapse (women in a case group) and 30 women in a control group underwent three-dimensional stress magnetic resonance imaging. The location of the anterior vaginal wall at maximal Valsalva was identified with the modified Pelvic Inclination Coordinate System and the six factors measured. Analysis included repeated-measure analysis of variance, logistic regression, and stepwise linear regression.

RESULTS:

We identified a collinear triad consisting of apical location, paravaginal location, and hiatus size that were not only the strongest predictors of cystocele size, but were also highly correlated with one another (r=0.84–0.89, P<.001) for the presence and size of the prolapse. Together they explain up to 83% of the variation in cystocele size. Among the less significant vaginal factors, vaginal length explained 19% of the variation in cystocele size, but no significant difference in vaginal width existed. Women in the case group were more likely to have abnormalities in collinear triad factors (up to 80%) than vaginal wall factors (up to 23.3%). Combining the strongest collinear triad with the vaginal factors, the model explained 92.5% of the variation in cystocele size.

CONCLUSION:

Apical location, paravaginal location, and hiatus size are highly correlated and are strong predictors of cystocele presence and size.
Spectrum of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies and their treatments
Authors: Pinal-Fernandez Iago , Mammen Andrew L.
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review

This review aims to describe the spectrum of clinical, histological, and serological features in patients with immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNMs).

Recent findings

Autoantibodies recognizing the signal recognition particle (SRP) or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) define two unique subtypes of necrotizing myositis patient with distinct clinical features. For example, the major histocompatibility class II human leukocyte antigen allele DRB1∗11:01 is a strong immunogenetic risk factor for developing anti-HMGCR autoantibodies whereas B∗5001 and DQA1∗0104 are over-represented in patients with anti-SRP autoantibodies. Furthermore, statin exposure is a risk factor only for anti-HMGCR autoantibodies. And while skeletal muscle involvement is predominant in most patients with both autoantibodies, lung involvement appears in ∼20% of anti-SRP-positive patients but is more rare in anti-HMGCR-positive patients. Of note, ∼20% of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR positive patients have significant lymphocytic infiltrates on muscle biopsy and thus would not be formally categorized as having IMNM; aside from this, these patients are clinically indistinguishable from other patients with the same autoantibody profile.

Anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR autoantibodies define unique populations of IMNM patients. It may be more appropriate to subtype myositis patients based on these autoantibodies than on their muscle biopsy features.
Symptom Trajectories After Military Blast Exposure and the Influence of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Walker William C. , Franke Laura M. , Sima Adam P. , Cifu David X.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (blast mTBI) is a signature wound of recent US military conflicts in the Middle East, but the relatedness of postconcussive symptoms (PCS) to the blast mTBI is unclear, and longitudinal symptom data are sparse.

Objectives:

To characterize postdeployment symptom levels and trajectories and to determine relationship to blast mTBI.

Methods:

A total of 216 participants within 2 years of blast exposure during deployment underwent structured interviews or algorithmic questionnaires for blast mTBI. Detailed symptom inventories for PCS, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression were taken serially at enrollment, 6 months, and 12 months later. Repeated-measure analysis of variance models were built.

Results:

Up to 50% of participants had at least 1 high-grade blast mTBI (with posttraumatic amnesia), 31% had low-grade only, and 19% had neither. Within the entire cohort, all 4 composite symptom scores started high and stayed unchanged. Between blast mTBI groups, symptom scores differed at every time point with some evidence of convergence over time. The PCS groups, different by definition to start, diverged further over time with those initially more symptomatic becoming relatively more so.

Conclusions:

History of blast mTBI accompanied by posttraumatic amnesia is associated with greater nonspecific symptoms after deployment, and prognosis for improvement when symptoms are prominent is poor.
Is Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Effective for Traumatic Brain Injury? A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature and Recommendations for the Field
Authors: Crawford Cindy , Teo Lynn , Yang EunMee , Isbister Caitlin , Berry Kevin
Published: September 2016

Objective:

This systematic review examines the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) to make evidence-based recommendations for its application and future research.

Methods:

A comprehensive search was conducted to identify studies through 2014. Methodological quality was assessed and synthesis and interpretation of relevant data was performed.

Results:

Twelve randomized trials were included. All mild TBI studies demonstrated minimal bias and no statistically significant differences between HBO2 and sham arms. Statistically significant improvement occurred over time within both groups. Moderate-to-severe TBI studies were of mixed quality, with majority of results favoring HBO2 compared with “standard care.” The placebo analysis conducted was limited by lack of details.

Conclusions:

For mild TBI, results indicate HBO2 is no better than sham treatment. Improvements within both HBO2 and sham groups cannot be ignored. For acute treatment of moderate-to-severe TBI, although methodology appears flawed across some studies, because of the complexity of brain injury, HBO2 may be beneficial as a relatively safe adjunctive therapy if feasible. Further research should be considered to resolve the controversy surrounding this field, but only if methodological flaws are avoided and bias minimized.
A Retrospective Review of Orbital Decompression for Thyroid Orbitopathy with Endoscopic Preservation of the Inferomedial Orbital Bone Strut
Authors: Finn Avni P. , Bleier Benjamin , Cestari Dean M. , Kazlas Melanie A. , Dagi Linda R. , Lefebvre Daniel R. , Yoon Michael K. , Freitag Suzanne K.
Published: September 2016

Purpose:

To determine incidence of new-onset diplopia, resolution of preexisting diplopia, and impact on proptosis resulting from endoscopic orbital decompression with and without preservation of the inferomedial orbital strut for thyroid orbitopathy.

Methods:

Retrospective review of all patients undergoing endoscopic 2- or 3-wall decompression with or without preservation of the strut for thyroid orbitopathy from January 2012 to June 2015.

Results:

Twenty-six patients (45 orbits) were included and divided into 4 primary categories: 2-wall decompression with strut preservation (4 orbits, 8%), 2-wall decompression with strut removal (7 orbits, 16%), 3-wall decompression with strut preservation (27 orbits, 60%), and 3-wall decompression with strut removal (7 orbits, 16%). The incidence of new-onset diplopia was 20% (2/10 patients without preoperative diplopia) overall and 16% in the strut preservation group (1/6 patients without preoperative diplopia). Resolution of diplopia occurred in 4 of 16 patients (25%) with preoperative diplopia, and all 4 had been treated with a 3-wall decompression with strut preservation. Resolution of diplopia in the group treated with strut preservation was 36% (4/11 patients with preoperative diplopia), and 0% of the 5 diplopic patients treated without strut preservation. Reduction in proptosis was statistically greater in those treated with strut removal (p = 0.003).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that endoscopic orbital decompression with preservation of the inferomedial bone strut results in a comparable to lower rate of new-onset diplopia compared with other reported techniques. When combined with 3-wall balanced decompression, this technique demonstrates a high rate of resolution of preexisting diplopia.
Whole blood: back to the future
Authors: Spinella Philip C. , Cap Andrew P.
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review

We present data comparing whole blood with blood components and summarize the data that support increased availability of whole blood for patients with life-threatening bleeding.

Recent findings

Recent data indicate that whole-blood transfusion is associated with improved or comparable survival compared with resuscitation with blood components. These data complement randomized controlled trials indicating that platelet-containing blood products stored at 4 °C have superior hemostatic function, compared with platelet-containing blood products at 22 °C. Whole blood is rarely available in civilian hospitals and, thus, is rarely transfused into patients with hemorrhagic shock. Misconceptions that whole blood must be ABO specific, that whole blood cannot be leukoreduced and maintain platelets, and that cold storage causes loss of platelet function have limited its availability. Understanding that these barriers are not insurmountable will improve the availability of whole blood and facilitate its use. In addition, there are logistical advantages of whole-blood-based resuscitation, as compared with component therapy, for hemorrhagic shock.

Low titer Group O whole blood stored for up to 21 days at 4 °C merits further study to compare its efficacy and safety with current resuscitation approaches for patients with life-threatening bleeding.
Congenital Vascular Malformations of the Liver
Authors: Burdall Oliver C. , Grammatikopoulos Tassos , Sellars Maria , Hadzic Nedim , Davenport Mark
Published: September 2016

A link between congenital vascular malformation (CVM) of the liver and trisomy 21 has been suggested. We reviewed all children with trisomy 21 referred for investigation to a specialist pediatric hepatobiliary unit (1985–2015). Forty‐five children with trisomy 21 were identified; 7 (15%) had a defined CVMs (4 girls). All such infants were also diagnosed with a range of cardiac defects. CVMs were divided according to the nature of the vascular connection. Group (i) (n = 3): Abnormal venovenous anomaly. This included portocaval shunt and patent ductus venosus (n = 2). Group (ii) (n = 4): Involvement of all 3 vascular systems. Two infants had arterioportal hypertension caused by hepatic arteries feeding into a left portal vein aneurysm within the umbilical fissure. Two infants had more complex hepatic artery to hepatic vein shunts developing early cardiorespiratory failure with progressive jaundice. Our series shows a clear association between cardiac anomalies and CVM in children with trisomy 21.
Repeated therapeutic lumbar punctures in cryptococcal meningitis – necessity and/or opportunity?
Authors: Chang Christina C. , Perfect John R.
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review

Overall, 50–70% of patients with cryptococcal meningitis have raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Multiple international treatment guidelines recommend repeated therapeutic lumbar punctures as adjunctive management. Here, we review the recent evidence for the role of repeated lumbar punctures on clinical outcome in cryptococcal meningitis and also review the increasing body of data utilizing these repeated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples as a window into understanding immunopathogenesis of cryptococcal meningitis.

Recent findings

Adjunctive dexamethasone led to higher adverse advents and disability and poorer CSF fungal clearance. Performance of a therapeutic lumbar puncture is associated with 69% relative survival protection. An activated innate immune system in the CSF is associated with future cryptococcosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome development. The zebrafish model is being utilized in cryptococcal studies allowing live visualization of central nervous system invasion.

Therapeutic lumbar punctures are a critical part of cryptococcal meningitis management and CSF immunological assays are increasingly being performed in research settings. Finer manipulation of CSF removal and safer surgical techniques for intracranial pressure management applicable to resource-limited settings are needed. More precise and validated guidelines in resource-available settings would be an improvement for care. We look forward to identifying a set of biomarkers, easily performed in routine laboratories or at point-of-care, so as to translate these assays into clinical care. Wide-scale ‘–omic’ studies are likely to be required in future cryptococcal meningitis studies to improve our understanding of this deadly fungus.
Prelicensure Simulation-Enhanced Interprofessional Education
Authors: Palaganas Janice C. , Brunette Veronique , Winslow Betty
Published: September 2016

Summary Statement

This review explores the state of prelicensure interprofessional education (IPE) using simulation-based education (SBE) by examining studies that use SBE for prelicensure IPE through a critical review of the research literature. We focus particularly on studies that included experiential SBE with reported measures and formal IPE with prelicensure participants from at least 2 health care professions. Fifty-four studies met criteria. We explore these studies, providing a compilation of information (e.g., educational, simulation, and research methods used; outcome measures reported; and demographics of learner groups), identifying themes that may affect learning, as well as surfacing challenges and gaps in the field. The quality and rigor of the existing literature is inadequate to confidently determine factors that affect learning through simulation-enhanced IPE. We suggest that more rigorous research criteria be included in future studies and a list of reporting items be provided, where future publications can enhance knowledge to guide best practice in simulation-enhanced IPE.