bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Subversive Obedience of Proust and Freud
Authors: Lerner L. Scott
Published: July 2005

Examining the manuscript archives of Proust's In Search of Lost Time, along with the published versions of the novel, I show how Gilberte Swann's profanation of her Jewish father paradoxically constitutes an act of subversive obedience to a Jewish paternal mandate. Freud, whose deferred obedience to a similar mandate has been described by Yosef Yerushalmi, serves as a frame for the essay.
Yiddish Modernisms: Red Emma Goldman
Authors: Reizbaum Marilyn
Published: July 2005

This essay considers the Jewish and/or Yiddish presence within the debates around art and politics that underlie the development of modernism, particularly in the United States. To do so, it focuses on the figure of Emma Goldman, whose work and life played out the debate, often in the Yiddish language. Particular attention is given to parallel texts in Yiddish and English that address the topic of art and politics. Goldman is brought into view both for what she can offer to a more expansive understanding of the modernist movement and, as the essay suggests, for the resonance with the current discussions of ethics and aesthetics that she and her anarchist cohort provide.
In Search of "the Jew" in Djuna Barnes's Nightwood: Jewishness, Antisemitism, Structure, and Style
Authors: Trubowitz Lara
Published: July 2005

This essay examines Djuna Barnes's transformation of the figure of the Jew in Nightwood from a racial and religious category into a narratological category. I argue that this transformation loosens Jewishness from Nightwood's actual Jewish characters, establishing a paradoxical equivalence between the statements "Jewishness is everywhere" and "Jews are nowhere," a paradox that is crucial to the structure of Nightwood itself. Drawing on letters that Barnes wrote to her friend and fellow writer, Emily Coleman, I show how this alteration reflects a complex convergence between essentialist and anti-essentialist conceptions of Jews in Barnes's work, and in modernism more generally.
Gertrude Stein and Zionism
Authors: Will Barbara
Published: July 2005

In contrast with other Jewish modernists, Gertrude Stein's relationship to Jewish concerns has been, until recently, little explored. No one has yet examined Stein's curious relationship to the Zionist movement or the text she wrote in response to Zionism's political agenda after World War I. Through a close reading of "The Reverie of the Zionist" (1920), this essay examines Stein's political and aesthetic response to Zionism. It places this response in a historical context, looking at Stein's personal ties to Zionism. It also considers the ways in which "Reverie" anticipates Stein's later ideas about nationalism and "the Jews" during the 1930s.
A Note on the History of Genitive Marking in Austronesian Languages
Authors: Blust R. A
Published: July 2005

Three forms of the genitive phrase marker have been proposed for Proto-Austronesian:
*ni, *na, and *nu. While there is universal agreement on the form of this
reconstructed system, reconstruction of the meanings/functions of these forms
has been far more problematic. It is argued that *nu marked the genitive of common
nouns, while *ni and *na marked the genitive of singular and plural personal
nouns respectively. The evidence supporting this reconstruction forces a
reconsideration of the *ni-phrases posited by Robert Blust in this journal in
1974:"Proto-Austronesian syntax: The first step" (13:1-15).
Kena as a Third Type of Malay Passive
Authors: Chung Siaw-Fong
Published: July 2005

Two types of passive in Malay are compared using corpora examples, the dipassive
and the kena adversative passive. It is proposed that the latter is constrained by pragmatic
specifications related to the contexts in which it appears. In one analysis, 50
instances of each of these two passives collected from two newspapers were compared
as to their frequency, degree of transitivity, and two pragmatic functions: their
connotations and their register. The results show that the kena adversative passive is
lower in frequency, higher in transitivity, less formal in register, and that it has a negative
connotation for recipients of the actions when compared with the dipassive.
In a second analysis, an additional 100 examples of the kena adversative passive
were collected (50 from classical Malay manuscripts and 50 from Internet sources)
and compared with the instances from newspaper articles. The results show that the
kena passives from all three sources reflect similar features of transitivity and pragmatic
use in discourse. Some of the kena instances from the Internet display more
colloquial usage than those from the other sources, manifest, for example, by simplified spellings in kena phrases and by the frequent occurrence of code-switching
whereby an English past participle form is used following kena (as in kena caught).
On the Notion "Adjective" in Toqabaqita
Authors: Lichtenberk Frantisek
Published: July 2005

Toqabaqita has three classes of lexemes that function as modifiers of nouns.
One class, the largest one, contains stative intransitive verbs. These lexemes
(and similarly functioning lexemes in other Oceanic languages) are a counterexample
to the typology of parts-of-speech systems of Hengeveld, Rijkhoff,
and Siewierska (Journal of Linguistics 40:527-70, 2004), according to which
verbs can only function as the heads of predicate phrases. The second class
contains only two members, which are nouns. The third class contains only
one member. This lexeme, which developed historically from a noun, can
function only as a noun modifier and is the sole adjective in the language. In
the development of the noun-modifying function of the lexemes in the second
and the third classes, dependency reversal took place, whereby the original
head position in a noun phrase became the modifier position, and vice versa.
Some Notes on the Proto-Austronesian Words for 'Water'
Authors: Dyen Isidore
Published: July 2005

Dempwolff's reconstructiion of *wayeR 'water' is reviewed. The meaning
'fresh water' is suggested. The initial *w may have been dialectally distributed
with a probably older *kw. Chamorro's treatment of *w is formulated and its
relevance to the evidence for *kw is challenged. The articulation of *R may
have not been a velar spirant in all PAn dialects in view of the agreement of
Bonfia, Palauan, and Yapese on sibilance. In some dialects there may have
been a paragogic vowel after the *R and that vowel itself may have been followed
by a glottal stop. Finally, evidence for a medial *S has been found.
Australian Languages Reconsidered: A Review of Dixon (2002)
Authors: Evans Nicholas
Published: July 2005

Is the Australian linguistic area, because of its unique history, one in which the established methods of historical and comparative linguistics have limited appropriateness? Do neighboring languages in this situation come to share an "equilibrium level" of 50 percent basic vocabulary regardless of their degree of genetic relatedness? Is the Pama-Nyungan grouping totally without foundation and something that must be discarded if any progress is to be made in studying the nature of the linguistic situation in Australia? Are Australian scholars more hesitant than scholars elsewhere to criticize the work of colleagues? These and other "deliberately unorthodox" views of R. M. W. Dixon set forth in Australian Languages (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002) are countered, while conceding that the book brings together an enormous amount of historically and typologically relevant material in one place.
Final Consonants in Remote Oceanic
Authors: Lynch John
Published: July 2005

This paper examines retention and loss of Proto-Oceanic final consonants in
three different groups of Remote Oceanic languages in the light of Blevins's
recent discussion in this journal of the unnaturalness of final C-loss within
the wider Austronesian family. Languages of (i) northwest Malakula, (ii)
southern Vanuatu, and (iii) the Loyalty Islands and northern New Caledonia
do not experience the total or near-total loss of final consonants that is commonplace
elsewhere within Remote Oceanic. Each group shows partially different
patterns of retention and loss from the others, and there are also some
differences between members of the same group; but in no case was there a
rule deleting all final consonants. There were, however, rules deleting all
final vowels, and this V-deletion process may have created a situation in
which final consonants were more resistant to loss than in languages with
predominantly open final syllables. I will suggest that in each of these three
areas consonants were lost by means of natural rules, and that a series of natural
rules, rather than a single unnatural rule, may be the explanation for
cases in other subgroups where all final consonants have been lost.
Positional Slots in Saliba Complex Verbs
Authors: Margetts Anna
Published: July 2005

Saliba, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea, has complex predicates
in which two or more stems combine to form a single word. The stems in
these complex verbs can express a number of functions including cause and
result, manner, directionality, and other adverbial-like functions. It is possible
to identify a number of positional slots in these constructions, based on
the sequential ordering and cooccurrence restrictions of stems. The slots in
complex verbs host different classes of stems, and different types of relations
between the slots can be distinguished.
What the Rawas Dialect Reveals about the Linguistic History of Rejang
Authors: McGinn Richard
Published: July 2005

Core vocabularies of five major dialects of Rejang are derived from Proto-
Malayo-Polynesian etyma mediated by a reconstructed protolanguage, Proto-
Rejang, crucial evidence for which is provided by Rawas, a previously neglected
dialect. Every etymon turns out to be reconstructable on the basis of just two dialects-either Rawas and Pesisir or (more often) Rawas and Kebanagung. One
clear conclusion is that the Rawas area represents the oldest Rejang settlement in
Sumatra. While a few minor claims made in previous work on Rejang historical
phonology are corrected or refuted by the Rawas evidence, the most important
findings are confirmed. Thus, (a) individual Rejang dialects have undergone
more changes (splits and mergers) of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian vowels than any
other known Austronesian group; (b) Proto-Rejang underwent two accent shifts,
first to a Malay-type pattern (a modified form of penultimate word-stress) and
then to the contemporary word-final stress pattern; and (c) complex conditions,
including vowel harmony conditions, are needed to preserve regularity in the
majority of sound changes affecting Rejang dialects.
Sulka of East New Britain: A Mixture of Oceanic and Papuan Traits
Authors: Reesink Ger P
Published: July 2005

Sulka, spoken along Wide Bay in the East New Britain province of Papua New
Guinea, is known as an isolate Papuan language. In the area where Austronesian and
Papuan languages have been in contact over the last three-and-a-half millennia, this
is one of a number of languages that are difficult to classify. The question is often
raised whether a language is basically Papuan or Austronesian, with some kind of
borrowing from the other linguistic stock. In this paper it is argued that clusters of
features can shed light on the genealogical or contact history of a language. On this
basis, Sulka can be typified as having ancient Papuan (non-Austronesian) roots, but
with a number of morphosyntactic constructions and some vocabulary that are associated
with the Oceanic branch of Austronesian, in particular the languages of the St.
George linkage. It is hypothesized that some Western Oceanic innovations may
actually have originated in Papuan languages such as Sulka.
Ritual and the Social Construction of Sacred Artifacts: An Analysis of Analects 6.25
Authors: Alt Wayne
Published: July 2005

Some well-known translations of the words attributed to the Master in Analects 6.25, "gu bu gu gu zai gu zai," are analyzed and sorted out.It is argued that this passage can be given a consistent reading and an interpretation that coheres with a major theme of the text, namely that the ontological status of a thing, like that of a person, is relative to the practice of constitutive rules and conventions.
Vaibhasika Metaphoricalism
Authors: Goodman Charles
Published: July 2005

Scholars have proposed several different interpretations of the doctrine of no-self found in the Buddhist Abhidharma literature. It is argued here that two of these, Constitutive Reductionism and Eliminativism, are ruled out by textual evidence. A third, the Eliminative Reductionism of Siderits, is much closer to the intent of the texts.We can refine it further by attending to the role of metaphor in Vaibhāsika accounts of the no-self doctrine. If we update this view by drawing on analytic philosophy, the result is a variety of metaphoricalism that portrays statements about composite, persisting objects as literally false but practically useful and approximately true. This theory could be relevant to contemporary discussions of reductionism in personal identity.
A Copper Rule versus the Golden Rule: A Daoist-Confucian Proposal for Global Ethics
Authors: Huang Yong
Published: July 2005

Here a moral principle called the "Copper Rule" is developed and defended as an alternative to the Golden Rule. First, the article focuses on two problems with the Golden Rule's traditional formulation of "Do (or don't do) unto others what you would (or would not) have them do unto you": it assumes (1) the uniformity of human needs and preferences and (2) that whatever is universally desired is good. Second, it examines three attempts to reformulate the Golden RuleâMarcus Singer's general interpretation, Allan Gewirth's rationalization, and R. M. Hare's imaginative role reversalâ to show why they all fail to save the Golden Rule from difficulty.Third, the rich resources of the Chinese Confucian-Daoist philosophical traditions are appropriated to develop a "Copper Rule" as an alternative moral principle: "Do (or don't do) unto others as they would (or would not) have us do unto them." This moral principle not only avoids the two problems, but also has additional advantages.Finally, the "Copper Rule" is defended against three objections or counterarguments: what if people ask you (forexample) (1) to kill someone else, (2) to kill them, or (3) to kill yourself? The appropriate response is merely to trace the implications of the "Copper Rule" rather than add any ad hoc arguments.
The Problematic of Continuity: Nishida KitarÅ and Aristotle
Authors: Jiang Tao
Published: July 2005

This essay is an attempt to explain Nishida's logic of the predicate in its challenge to the Aristotelian object logic that is the foundation of substance metaphysics. It offers a comparative analysis of the critical issue of continuity so as to show why Nishida thinks Aristotelian logic cannot deal with the problematic of continuity of change while his own logic of the predicate can. It further explores the significance of Nishida's logic in providing the foundation for a non-substance ontology of dynamic reality.
Distinguishing Soto and Rinzai Zen: Manas and the Mental Mechanics of Meditation
Authors: Zhu Rui
Published: July 2005

Scholars have underestimated and misunderstood the distinction between Sōtō and Rinzai, the two major branches of Zen Buddhism, because they have either parroted the sectarian polemics of the schools themselves or, as in the case of prominent scholars Carl Bielefeldt and T. P. Kasulis, dismissed these polemics as deriving from institutional politics rather than substantive doctrinal or practical differences. Here it is attempted for the first time to understand the polemics of these two schools as reflecting a real disparity in concept and practice.The psychological concept of manas of the Yogācāra or "mind-only" school, a Buddhist philosophical tradition that is foundational to Mahāyāna Buddhist meditation practice and to Zen, is investigated.This concept is used to explicate the mental mechanics of meditation in order to appreciate the criticisms of classical Zen Masters directed against each other and thereby to understand important conceptual and practical differences between the two schools.
Comparison of Sampling Techniques for In-Line Monitoring Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Wikström Håkan , Lewis Ian R. , Taylor Lynne S.
Published: July 2005

Raman spectroscopy is currently of interest as a process monitoring tool for pharmaceutical unit operations. In this study, the performance characteristics of Raman spectrometers with different sampling optics have been investigated in the context of process monitoring, with emphasis being placed on assessing homogeneity in powder blends and following changes in solid-state form during wet granulation. A novel large spot non-contact Raman sampling device was compared with a traditional small spot size non-contact sampling device and an immersion probe. The large spot non-contact optics provided significant advantages over the standard systems both as a result of the enhanced sampling volume and because of the greater robustness of the system to fluctuations in the sampling distance during the wet granulation process.
Two-Point Separation in Far-Field Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Based on Two-Color Fluorescence Dip Spectroscopy, Part I: Experimental Evaluation
Authors: Watanabe Takeshi , Iketaki Yoshinori , Omatsu Takashige , Yamamoto Kimihisa , Fujii Masaaki
Published: July 2005

The two-point resolution of a novel two-color far-field super-resolution fluorescence microscopy was evaluated by measuring fluorescent beads 100 nm in diameter. This microscopy is based on a combination of two-color fluorescence dip spectroscopy and a phase-modulation technique for a laser beam. By simply introducing two-color laser light, the size of the fluorescent image of a bead was shrunk down to a diameter of 250 nm from the diffraction-limited image with a diameter of 360 nm. For two closely adjacent fluorescent beads with a separation distance of 350 nm, the two-color microscope clearly gave separated fluorescence images, while the conventional one-color fluorescence microscope could not resolve them. It has been proved that our technique breaks Rayleigh's diffraction limit.
Calibration Models for the Vinyl Acetate Concentration in Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers and its On-Line Monitoring by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics: Use of Band Shifts Associated with Variations in the Vinyl Acetate Concentration to Improve the Models
Authors: Watari Masahiro , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: July 2005

The present study investigates calibration models for the vinyl acetate (VA) concentration in ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers and its on-line monitoring by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. The key point in the present study is to make use of band shifts associated with concentration changes in the vinyl acetate (VA) for the improvement of the models. NIR spectra of EVA in melt and solid states were measured by a Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) on-line monitoring system and a FT-NIR laboratory system. Some of the bands in the NIR spectra for both states show significant shifts with the variations in the VA concentration. The peak shifts induced by the VA concentration changes are larger in the solid-state EVA than those in the melt-state EVA. We have developed calibration models for the VA concentration in the solid-state EVA and investigated how to improve the calibration models. The factor analysis of partial least squares (PLS) regression has suggested that the wavenumber shifts caused by the VA concentration changes affect the calibration models for the VA concentration in EVA. From the analysis, it has been proposed that the wavenumbers in the spectrum of one sample in nine EVA samples (VA concentration range: 0–41.1%) are shifted for the improvement of the calibration models, and the effects of the proposed method have been confirmed by using the PLS calibration models for the VA concentration in the solid EVA samples. As the next step, the effects of the wavenumber shift method have been explored for the calibration models for the VA concentration in the melt-state EVA. After that, the discrimination method using the score plots of PLS and the application sequence for the on-line monitoring to use the proposed wavenumber shift method were studied. The simulation results using the discrimination and wavenumber shift methods have shown that those methods are very effective to improve the predicted values of the calibration models for the online monitoring of the VA concentration in the melt-state EVA.
Middle Infrared, Quantum Cascade Laser Optoelectronic Absorption System for Monitoring Glucose in Serum
Authors: Martin W. Blake , Mirov Sergey , Venugopalan Ramakrishna
Published: July 2005

Advances in middle infrared technology are leading researchers beyond the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and to the quantum cascade laser. While most research focuses on gas-phase detection, recent research explores its use for condensed-phase matter studies. This work investigates its use for monitoring biologically relevant samples of glucose in serum. Samples with physiological glucose concentrations were monitored with a laser at 1036 cm−1. A 0.992 R2 linearity value was observed. In addition, using another laser at 1194 cm−1 as a measure of the background spectroscopic characteristics, a linearity of 0.998 R2 was observed. The average predictive standard errors of the mean (SEM) were 32.5 and 24.7 mg/dL, respectively, for each method. Quantum cascade lasers could be used to develop middle infrared devices for uses beyond the confines of the laboratory.
Effect of Laser-Induced Crater Depth in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Emission Features
Authors: Corsi Michela , Cristoforetti Gabriele , Hidalgo Montserrat , Iriarte Daniela , Legnaioli Stefano , Palleschi Vincenzo , Salvetti Azenio , Tognoni Elisabetta
Published: July 2005

The influence of crater depth on plasma properties and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) emission has been evaluated. Laser-induced plasmas were generated at the surface and at the bottom of different craters in a copper sample. Plasmas produced at the sample surface and at the bottom of the craters were spatially and temporally resolved. LIBS emission, temperature, and electronic number density of the plasmas were evaluated. It is shown that the confinement effect produced by the craters enhances the LIBS signal from the laser-induced plasmas.
Simple Raman Instrument for in vivo Detection of Macular Pigments
Authors: Ermakov Igor V. , Ermakova Maia R. , Gellermann Werner
Published: July 2005

Raman spectroscopy holds promise as a novel noninvasive technology for the quantification of the macular pigments (MP) lutein and zeaxanthin. These compounds, which are members of the carotenoid family, are thought to prevent or delay the onset of age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. It is highly likely that they achieve this protection through their function as optical filters and/or antioxidants. Using resonant excitation in the visible region, we measure and quantify the Raman signals that originate from the carbon double bond (C=C) stretch vibrations of the π-conjugated molecule backbone. In this manuscript we describe the construction and performance of a novel compact MP Raman instrument utilizing dielectric angle-tuned band-pass filters for wavelength selection and a single-channel photo-multiplier for the detection of MP Raman responses. MP concentration measurements are fast and accurate, as seen in our experiments with model eyes and living human eyes. The ease and rapidity of Raman MP measurements, the simplicity of the instrumentation, the high accuracy of the measurements, and the lack of significant systematic errors should make this technology attractive for widespread clinical research.
Joint Inversion of Multi-Modal Spectroscopic Data of Wheat Flours
Authors: Anderssen R. S. , Carter E. , Osborne B. G. , Wesley I. J.
Published: July 2005

The application of calibration and prediction (CAP) to joint measurements of near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectra for the same reference data requires the development of joint inversion methodologies for the implementation of the calibration step. Joint inversion has been successfully utilized in geophysical prospecting and in medical diagnosis, where the need to perform CAP is not involved. However, the obvious ways in which joint inversion might be implemented in spectroscopy, where some form of CAP must be performed, do not appear to work. Here, a new methodology, leap-frog calibration and prediction (LF-CAP), is proposed. It allows naturally for the information in the joint NIR and Raman spectra to yield a quite robust predictor of the property of interest. This new procedure is examined in some detail. The major limitation of CAP, as a strategy for recovering information from indirect measurements, is that it is a one-step process, in that the calibration step can only be applied once. If multiple independent spectral data are available for the same reference data, then the leap-frog implementation of CAP turns the recovery of information into an iterative process that converges under a wide range of circumstances.
New Robust Bilinear Least Squares Method for the Analysis of Spectral-pH Matrix Data
Authors: Goicoechea Héctor C. , Olivieri Alejandro C.
Published: July 2005

A new second-order multivariate method has been developed for the analysis of spectral-pH matrix data, based on a bilinear least-squares (BLLS) model achieving the second-order advantage and handling multiple calibration standards. A simulated Monte Carlo study of synthetic absorbance-pH data allowed comparison of the newly proposed BLLS methodology with constrained parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and with the combination multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) technique under different conditions of sample-to-sample pH mismatch and analyte–background ratio. The results indicate an improved prediction ability for the new method. Experimental data generated by measuring absorption spectra of several calibration standards of ascorbic acid and samples of orange juice were subjected to second-order calibration analysis with PARAFAC, MCR-ALS, and the new BLLS method. The results indicate that the latter method provides the best analytical results in regard to analyte recovery in samples of complex composition requiring strict adherence to the second-order advantage. Linear dependencies appear when multivariate data are produced by using the pH or a reaction time as one of the data dimensions, posing a challenge to classical multivariate calibration models. The presently discussed algorithm is useful for these latter systems.
Fluorescence Enhancement of Carbendazim in the Presence of Cyclodextrins and Micellar Media: A Reappraisal
Authors: Maggio Rubén M. , Piccirilli Gisela N. , Escandar Graciela M.
Published: July 2005

This study focuses on the spectrofluorimetric behavior of the pesticide carbendazim in the presence of selected organized assemblies and also on their potential analytical applications. The relatively weak fluorescence emission band of carbendazim is significantly enhanced by micellar media formed by sodium dodecyl sulfate, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and decyltrimethylammonium bromide. The influence of the surfactant structures, concentrations, and working experimental conditions on the fluorescence spectra of carbendazim was thoroughly evaluated and discussed. Although the interaction of carbendazim with different cyclodextrins is rather weak, it was corroborated that the fluorescence intensity of this compound in the presence of (2-hydroxy)propyl β-cyclodextrin is increased by a factor of two. Among the studied organized media, the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide produced the largest signals for the compound of interest. Consequently, the optimal working conditions for the spectrofluorimetric determination of carbendazim in the presence of the latter detergent were analyzed, concluding that previous literature reports should be reconsidered.
Improved Understanding of Factors Contributing to Quantification of Anhydrate/Hydrate Powder Mixtures
Authors: Rantanen Jukka , Wikström Håkan , Rhea Francis E. , Taylor Lynne S.
Published: July 2005

Different spectroscopic approaches have proved to be excellent analytical tools for monitoring process-induced transformations of active pharmaceutical ingredients during pharmaceutical unit operations. In order to use these tools effectively, it is necessary to build calibration models that describe the relationship between the amount of each solid-state form of interest and the spectroscopic signal. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopic methods have been evaluated for the quantification of hydrate and anhydrate forms in pharmaceutical powders. Process type spectrometers were used to collect the data and the role of the sampling procedure was examined. Multivariate regression models were compared with traditional univariate calibrations and special emphasis was placed on data treatment prior to multivariate modeling by partial least squares (PLS). It was found that the measured sample volume greatly affected the performance of the model whereby the calibrations were significantly improved by utilizing a larger sampling area. In addition, multivariate regression did not always improve the predictability of the data compared to univariate analysis. The data treatment prior to multivariate modeling had a significant influence on the quality of predictions with standard normal variate transformation generally proving to be the best preprocessing method. When the appropriate sampling techniques and data analysis methods were utilized, both NIR and Raman spectroscopy were found to be suitable methods for the quantification of anhydrate/hydrate in powder systems, and thus the method of choice will depend on the conditions in the process under investigation.
Infrared Specular Reflection Spectroscopy of Rough Metallic Substrates
Authors: Caron Jerome , Jacquet Denis
Published: July 2005

A study of the infrared reflectance of rough metallic surfaces is presented. We show that one reflectance measurement, made in the specular direction under specific conditions, allows the accurate calculation of the shape of the roughness histogram. As a theoretical background, we use modified expressions from Kirchhoff theory for surface scattering. To illustrate our method, we present experimental results obtained with surfaces having a multimode histogram, which means having several different populations with distinct peaks. For these surfaces, we observe oscillations in the regularly decreasing reflectance (with decreasing wavelength) that are created by a partial interference phenomenon between the peaks. To our knowledge, this effect is presented for the first time in the literature. Our study demonstrates that some very useful information can be obtained in the infrared spectrum of metallic substrates, although they do not have any absorption band. We hope that our results help further the understanding of complex spectral data obtained on such scattering substrates covered with organic films.
Determination of Molecular Orientation of Uniaxially Stretched Polyamide Fibers by Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy: Comparison of X-Ray Diffraction and Birefringence Methods
Authors: Vasanthan N.
Published: July 2005

Polarized infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been used to determine the crystalline and amorphous orientation of polyamide fibers. The transition moment angle of the band at 936 cm−1 of PA66 was determined to be 48° using IR spectroscopy and birefringence measurement. The crystalline orientation of PA66 fibers was estimated from the band at 936 cm−1 while the amorphous orientation of PA66 fibers was obtained by an indirect method. The α crystalline orientation of PA6 has been obtained using the band at 930 cm−1 and the amorphous orientation of PA6 has been determined using the band at 1124 cm−1. Crystalline orientation increased rapidly at low draw ratios (DR < 3) and increased slowly at higher draw ratios (DR > 3) for both PA66 and PA6 fibers, while the amorphous orientation increased slowly throughout the whole extension range for PA66 fibers. A good correlation was found between the crystalline orientation values obtained by infrared spectroscopy and other methods such as X-ray diffraction for PA66 and PA6 fibers. On the basis of this observation, it has been concluded that polarized infrared spectroscopy can be used reliably to measure the orientation of polyamide fibers without combining with other techniques.
Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Microspectroscopy Study of Bacillus Subtilis Engineered without Dipicolinic Acid: The Contribution of Calcium Dipicolinate to the Mid-Infrared Absorbance of Bacillus Subtilis Endospores
Authors: Perkins D. L. , Lovell C. R. , Bronk B. V. , Setlow B. , Setlow P. , Myrick M. L.
Published: July 2005

Mid-infrared spectra of spores of two strains of Bacillus subtilis, PS832 (wild-type) and FB122 ( sleB spoVF), that are isogenic except for the two mutations in FB122 were obtained by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) reflectance microspectroscopy. The mutations in FB122 cause the spores of this strain to be devoid of dipicolinic acid (pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; DPA), a biomarker characteristic of bacterial spores. Analysis of these two strains by difference spectroscopy revealed a spectrum similar to that of calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA), a chelate salt of DPA. This difference spectrum was compared to mid-infrared spectra of both DPA and CaDPA, and was attributed to CaDPA only. This is the first report known to the authors of a genetically engineered organism being used to identify the spectral contribution of a particular cellular component.
Influences of Monosaccharides and its Glycosidic Linkage on Infrared Spectral Characteristics of Disaccharides in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Kanou Mikihito , Nakanishi Kenichi , Hashimoto Atsushi , Kameoka Takaharu
Published: July 2005

The infrared spectral characteristics of ten different types of disaccharides (trehalose, kojibiose, nigerose, maltose, isomaltose, trehalulose, sucrose, turanose, maltulose, and palatinose) and five different types of monosaccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose, talose, and fructose) in aqueous solutions (H2O and D2O) were determined. The infrared spectra were collected using the Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ATR) method and comparisons between the degrees of absorption band-shift of the saccharide spectra in the H2O solution with those in the D2O solution with respect to the saccharide concentrations were done. The study revealed that the wavenumber shifts in the bands of mono- and disaccharides in the H2O and D2O solutions could be used as an indicator of the level of interaction between the saccharides and water. The study also focused on the glycosidic linkage position and the constituent monosaccharides and found that they have a significant influence on the infrared spectroscopic characterization of disaccharides in an aqueous solution.
The Far-Anchor Effect: Errors in the Perception of Motion and Implications for Aviation Safety
Authors: Young Karen R. , Mershon Donald H. , Hicks Leigh Jay
Published: July 2005

The far-anchor effect is responsible for a motion-in-depth illusion that has only recently been recognized. When viewing conditions are limited, motions in depth of a farther target in a two-object display may readily be perceived as opposite motions in depth of the nearer target. The present studies determined whether this error could be avoided through controlled fixation or training with feedback. Under conditions of reduced visibility, participants (college students) viewed 64 two-target presentations varying in the position of the moving target and its direction of motion. Neither fixation instructions nor informational feedback about motion errors affected the occurrence of the basic illusion, nor did a vertical separation of the targets eliminate the main effect, indicating the robustness of the motion illusion under some relatively realistic variations. Such errors in judging motion in depth have significance for both midair collisions between aircraft and ground-incursion accidents under conditions of reduced visibility. Potential applications include the elaboration of examples used in pilot training programs or in training programs for ground personnel.
Impact of Aviation Highway-in-the-Sky Displays on Pilot Situation Awareness
Authors: Williams Kevin W.
Published: July 2005

Thirty-six pilots (31 men, 5 women) were tested in a flight simulator on their ability to intercept a pathway depicted on a highway-in-the-sky (HITS) display. While intercepting and flying the pathway, pilots were required to watch for traffic outside the cockpit. Additionally, pilots were tested on their awareness of speed, altitude, and heading during the flight. Results indicated that the presence of a flight guidance cue significantly improved flight path awareness while intercepting the pathway, but significant practice effects suggest that a guidance cue might be unnecessary if pilots are given proper training. The amount of time spent looking outside the cockpit while using the HITS display was significantly less than when using conventional aircraft instruments. Additionally, awareness of flight information present on the HITS display was poor. Actual or potential applications of this research include guidance for the development of perspective flight display standards and as a basis for flight training requirements.
The Perceived Urgency of Speech Warnings: Semantics versus Acoustics
Authors: Hellier Elizabeth , Edworthy Judy , Weedon Ben , Walters Kathryn , Adams Austin
Published: July 2005

The relationship between the semantics of words and the acoustics of the way they are spoken is explored. Actors spoke warning signal words in urgent, nonurgent and monotone style, and participants rated the urgency of the words. Results showed effects for signal word and style of presentation. Acoustic analysis showed that the urgent words were spoken at higher frequency with a broader pitch range and were louder than the nonurgent or monotone words. These acoustic differences were used to synthesize artificial versions of signal words in urgent and nonurgent formats. The urgent words were rated as more urgent than the nonurgent words, a finding attributable to their differing acoustics. Within each speaking style the words were acoustically the same, yet effects for signal word were found, suggesting that semantics is also important in urgency perception. This research has implications for the design and implementation of speech warning systems, particularly those in which urgency mapping is required.
A Statistical Method for Predicting Automobile Driving Posture
Authors: Reed Matthew P. , Manary Miriam A. , Flannagan Carol A. C. , Schneider Lawrence W.
Published: July 2005

A new model for predicting automobile driving posture is presented. The model, based on data from a study of 68 men and women in 18 vehicle package and seat conditions, is designed for use in posturing the human figure models that are increasingly used for vehicle interior design. The model uses a series of independent regression models, coupled with data-guided inverse kinematics, to fit a whole-body linkage. An important characteristic of the new model is that it places greatest importance on prediction accuracy for the body locations that are most important for vehicle interior design: eye location and hip location. The model predictions were compared with the driving postures of 120 men and women in five vehicles. Errors in mean eye location predictions in the vehicles were typically less than 10 mm. Prediction errors were largely independent of anthropometric variables and vehicle layout. Although the average posture of a group of people can be predicted accurately, individuals' postures cannot be predicted precisely because of interindividual posture variance that is unrelated to key anthropometric variables. The posture prediction models developed in this research can be applied to posturing computer-rendered human models to improve the accuracy of ergonomic assessments of vehicle interiors.
Effects of a Biocybernetic System on Vigilance Performance
Authors: Mikulka Peter J. , Scerbo Mark W. , Freeman Frederick G.
Published: July 2005

The present study was designed to determine whether a biocybernetic, adaptive system could enhance vigilance performance. Participants were asked to monitor the repetitive presentation of white bars on a computer screen for occasional increases in length. An index of task engagement was derived from participants' electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and was used to change the presentation rate of events among 3 values (6, 20, and 60 events/min). Under a negative feedback contingency, event rates increased if the engagement index decreased and, conversely, decreased if the index increased. Under positive feedback, the opposite contingency existed. Each experimental participant had a yoked control partner who received the same pattern of changes in event rates irrespective of his or her EEG activity. The results showed that better vigilance performance was obtained under negative feedback and that the performance of the yoked participants was similar to that of their experimental partners. These findings suggest that it may be possible to improve monitoring performance on critical activities such as air traffic control and radar and sonar operation through a pattern of event rate changes that do not rely on an operator's overt behavior.
Color and Defective Color Vision as Factors in the Conspicuity of Signs and Signals
Authors: O'Brien Kylie A. , Cole Barry L. , Maddocks Jennifer D. , Forbes Andrew B.
Published: July 2005

The conspicuity of road traffic signs and signals for a group of observers with the color vision defect of deuteranopia is compared with that for a control group of observers with normal color vision. Conspicuity was measured by the proportion of reports of target objects detected in 300-ms presentations of projected slides of road scenes. There were two instructions, one designed to measure attention conspicuity and the other, search conspicuity. The attention conspicuity of red, orange, and green color-coded traffic control devices was significantly less for deuteranopes than for the observers with normal color vision, but this was not true for yellow and blue color-coded signs. This result is consistent with our understanding of the color perceptions of deuteranopes. The reduction of conspicuity was not so great for the search conspicuity condition. We conclude that redundant color coding does contribute to the conspicuity of signs and signals and that deuteranopes---and probably those with other severe forms of defective color vision---have a significantly reduced ability to notice colored targets, such as road signs and signals, in complex visual environments. The actual and potential application of this work is in the design of signs so they are conspicuous, especially when the user group includes people with defective color vision.
The Effect of Typing Posture on Wrist Extensor Muscle Loading
Authors: Keir Peter J. , Wells Richard P.
Published: July 2005

High static loading of the forearm extensor musculature has been observed during keying tasks. To reduce the level of loading, one must first understand the contributing factors. A simulation of the human finger was used to determine muscle force contributions during a static index finger key press at several wrist postures. The planar model included active and passive muscle forces of the intrinsic and extrinsic finger muscles. The model was expanded to include the passive forces from the other fingers as well as the weight of the hand to determine the exertion required of the wrist extensor muscles to maintain the given wrist and finger postures. Model results indicated that greater than 25% of maximal exertion is required of the wrist extensors when the wrist is extended to 30°. The increased moment contribution from passive forces of the extrinsic finger flexor muscles was responsible for the majority of the increased wrist extensor contribution as the wrist was extended. These findings are in relative agreement with previous electromyographic studies and may indicate a mechanism for forearm extensor pain in office workers. Potential applications of this research include ergonomic modeling of the upper limb to determine internal loads that may lead to work-related disorders.
Psychophysical Assessments of Image-Sensor Fused Imagery
Authors: Krebs William K. , Sinai Michael J.
Published: July 2005

The goal of this study was to determine the perceptual advantages of multiband sensor-fused (achromatic and chromatic) imagery over conventional single-band nighttime (image-intensified and infrared) imagery for a wide range of visual tasks, including detection, orientation, and scene recognition. Participants were 151 active-duty military observers whose reaction time and accuracy scores were recorded during a visual search task. Data indicate that sensor fusion did not improve performance relative to that obtained with single-band imagery on a target detection task but did facilitate object recognition, judgments of spatial orientation, and scene recognition. Observers recognition and orientation judgments were improved by the emergent information within the image-fused imagery (i.e., combining dominant information from two or more sensors into a single displayed image). Actual or potential applications of this research include the deployment of image-sensor fused systems for automobile, aviation, and maritime displays to increase operators' visual processing during low-light conditions.
Differences between Vehicle Lateral Displacement on the Road and in a Fixed-Base Simulator
Authors: Blana Evi , Golias John
Published: July 2005

This work investigates differences in lateral displacement when driving on curved and straight road sections in real-road and simulator conditions. We observed 100 licensed drivers on a rural road and 100 in a fixed-base simulator. Speed and lateral position on the real road were measured using videocameras. The analysis indicates that the mean vehicle lateral displacement is in general higher on the real road than in the simulator. However, these differences decrease for higher speeds at curved sections and for lower speeds at straight sections. It was also found that the standard deviation of the vehicle lateral displacement is significantly lower on the real road than the corresponding values in the simulator, at either curved or straight sections. Actual or potential applications of this research are related to a more realistic assessment of driving behavior scenarios derived on the basis of simulation experiment results.
Experimental Comparisons of Data Entry by Automated Speech Recognition, Keyboard, and Mouse
Authors: Mitchard Helen , Winkles Jim
Published: July 2005

In a series of experiments isolated-word automated speech recognition (ASR) was compared with keyboard and mouse interfaces for three data entry tasks: textual phrase entry, selection from a list, and numerical data entry. To effect fair comparisons, the tasks were designed to minimize the transaction cycle for each input mode and data type, and the main comparisons used times from only correct data entries. With the hardware and software employed the results indicate that for inputting short phrases, ASR competes only if the typist's speed is below 45 words per minute. For selecting an item from a list, ASR offers an advantage only if the list length exceeds 15 items. For entering numerical data, ASR offers no advantage over keypad or mouse. An extrapolation to latency-free ASR suggests that even as hardware and software become faster, human factors will dominate and the results would shift only slightly in favor of ASR.