bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syntheses and coordination chemistry of bis(4‐pyridyl)‐ and mixed (4‐pyridyl) (2‐pyridyl)‐phospholes
Authors: Lescop Christophe , Toupet Loïc , Réau Régis
Published: April 2011

The syntheses, spectroscopic characterizations, and X‐ray structures of two new N,P,N‐ligands 1 and 2 are described. These ligands are based on a central 2,5‐substituted phosphole ring and have, respectively, two 4‐pyridyl moieties, or one 4‐pyridyl moiety and one 2‐pyridyl moiety as substituents. The coordination chemistry of these ligands has been investigated. A Au(I)‐complex 5 bearing ligand 1 as a P‐donor and a Pt(II) complex 6 featuring ligand 2 as a P,N‐chelate were obtained. Complex 6 spontaneously evolves to complex 7 bearing a 2‐phospholene ring. Spectroscopic characterizations for complexes 5–7 as well as the X‐ray crystal structure of 7 are described. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:339–347, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20687
Synthesis and coordination chemistry of 4‐azabenzimidazole derivatives
Authors: Jahnke Mareike C. , Brackemeyer Dirk , Pape Tania , Hahn F. Ekkehardt
Published: April 2011

A facile method for the preparation of N1‐ (1a–6a) and N3‐alkylated (1b–6b) 4‐azabenzimidazole derivatives is presented. Both isomers were obtained by alkylation of 4‐azabenzimidazole. The isomers were separated, and the preferred formation of the N1‐alkylated derivatives (1a–6a) was observed. The C2‐proton in the alkylated benzimidazoles can be exchanged for an iodine atom by treatment with methyl lithium and iodine, leading to N‐alkylated 2‐iodo‐4‐azabenzimidazoles 7a,b and 8a. 2,2′‐Bis(4‐azabenzimidazole) derivatives 9a,b and 10a were isolated as by‐products of the proton–halogen exchange. Treatment of the N1‐ or N3‐methyl‐4‐azabenzimidazoles 1a,b with methyl lithium and N‐chlorosuccinimide as a chlorine source proceeded to give 2‐chloro‐4‐azabenzimidazoles 11a,b without formation of the coupling products, but the yield of 2‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐4‐azabenzimidazole 11a is low (9%) whereas 2‐chloro‐3‐methyl‐4‐azabenzimidazole 11b has been obtained in reasonable yield (49%). The reaction of 3‐butyl‐2‐iodo‐4‐azabenzimidazole 7b with [IrCl2Cp*]2 gave the iridium complex 12, where 3‐butyl‐2‐iodo‐4‐azabenzimidazole is coordinating to the metal center via the N1 atom. The reaction of the N1‐alkylated 4‐azabenzimidazole with chloroacetone gave the corresponding 1‐alkyl‐3‐(2‐oxopropyl)‐4‐azabenzimidazolium chlorides 13–17 in good yields. The chloride counterion was exchanged for a tetrafluoroborate anion for two derivatives leading to compounds 18 and 19. Carbene complexes were obtained by treatment of 1‐butyl‐3‐(2‐oxopropyl)‐4‐azabenzimidazolium chloride 15 with silver oxide, followed by transmetalation with [AuCl(tht)] or [IrCl2Cp*]2 leading to the gold(I) (20) and iridium(III) complexes (21) with 1‐butyl‐3‐(2‐oxopropyl)‐4‐azabenzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene ligand. Removal of the 2‐oxopropyl protecting group by treatment with silica gel proceeded in the case of the iridium complex to give complex 22, possessing an NH,NR‐stabilized carbene ligand, while it failed for the gold(I) complex. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:476–490, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20711
Intended and unintended consequences of a proposed national tax on sugar‐sweetened beverages to combat the U.S. obesity problem
Authors: Dharmasena Senarath , Capps Oral
Published: April 2011

Monthly data derived from the Nielsen Homescan Panel for calendar years 1998 through 2003 are used to estimate the effects of a proposed tax on sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs). Most arguments in describing the ramifications of a tax fail to consider demand interrelationships among various beverages. To circumvent this shortcoming we employ a variation of Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. The consumption of isotonics, regular soft drinks and fruit drinks, the set of SSBs, is negatively impacted by the proposed tax, while the consumption of fruit juices, low‐fat milk, coffee, and tea is positively affected. Diversion ratios are provided identifying where the volumes of the SSBs are directed as a result of the tax policy. The reduction in the body weight as a result of a 20% tax on SSBs is estimated to be between 1.54 and 2.55 lb per year. However, not considering demand interrelationships would result in higher weight loss. Unequivocally, it is necessary to consider interrelationships among non‐alcoholic beverages in assessing the effect of the tax. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TWO EXPLICIT OPTIMUM DESIGN METHODS FOR A SIMPLE IRRIGATION DELIVERY SYSTEM: COMPARATIVE APPLICATION
Authors: Dercas N. , Valiantzas J. D.
Published: April 2011

Most designers of simple pressure water delivery systems for irrigation purposes use very simple empirical pipe selection methods based on arbitrary concepts (unit head loss, velocity, and per cent head loss methods), without taking into account economic criteria. These methods do not lead to an optimal solution. In this article two explicit optimum design methods for simple irrigation delivery systems and their comparative application are presented. In the first method, a simple equation allows us to calculate explicitly the critical values of discharges corresponding to the available pipe diameters. The second method calculates the optimum economic diameter for every pipeline of the network. For the calculation of the friction losses a new explicit formula proposed for the Darcy–Weisbach equation was used. Comparison with the economic method indicates good performance by these new methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SEM‐EDS technique employed in evaluating the aggregation behaviors of amphiphilic ABC‐type triblock copolymers in mixed solvents with tuned polarities
Authors: Xu Jing , Hou Zhaosheng , Tang Xinde , Cheng Jinyong , Li Tianduo
Published: April 2011

In this paper, a scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) technique has been developed for evaluating the aggregation structure of amphiphilic fluorinated ABC‐type triblock copolymers MeOPEO16‐PSt220‐PFHEA22 in mixed solvents with different polarities. The polarities of mixed solvents can be tuned by changing volume ratios of toluene, anhydrous ethanol, and distilled water, which leads to the changes in morphology and size of self‐assembled colloidal particles of the copolymers in the system. The aggregation behaviors of the copolymers are revealed by SEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and corresponding SEM‐EDS techniques. The variations in concentrations of O and F elements over the thickness of copolymers particles give direct evidence for a better understanding of the arrangement of each block segment of copolymers in solution. And the technique can also help to explain the aggregation structure of micro‐ or nanomaterial with shell‐core structure. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of human ovarian teratoma hair by using AFM, FT‐IR, and Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Kim Kyung Sook , Lee Jinwoo , Jung Min‐Hyung , Choi Young Joon , Park Hun‐Kuk
Published: April 2011

The structural, physical, and chemical properties of hair taken from an ovarian teratoma (teratoma hair) was first examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), and Raman spectroscopy. The similarities and differences between the teratoma hair and scalp hair were also investigated. Teratoma hair showed a similar morphology and chemical composition to scalp hair. Teratoma hair was covered with a cuticle in the same manner as scalp hair and showed the same amide bonding modes as scalp hair according to FT‐IR and Raman spectroscopy. On the other hand, teratoma hair showed different physical properties and cysteic acid bands from scalp hair: the surface was rougher and the adhesive force was lower than the scalp hair. The cystine oxides modes did not change with the position unlike scalp hair. These differences can be understood by environmental effects not by the intrinsic properties of the teratoma hair. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Degradable Elastomeric Block Copolymers Based on Polycaprolactone by Free‐Radical Chemistry
Authors: Grabe Norman , Zhang Yi , Agarwal Seema
Published: April 2011

New degradable, transparent, and elastomeric materials based on PCL are reported in this work. These are block copolymers of PCL with a copolymer of MMA and MDO, i.e. P(MMA‐co‐MDO)‐b‐PCL‐b‐P(MMA‐co‐MDO). A PCL‐based macro‐azoinitiator is used for preparing the block copolymers by free‐radical chemistry. The free‐radical copolymerization of MDO with MMA provides CL units distributed randomly on the PMMA backbone of the second block. This provides the advantage of bringing degradability to the whole system. The detailed structural characterization of the new polymers, their properties evaluation like thermal and mechanical are also reported. The materials are degradable, transparent, and elastomeric depending upon the copolymer composition and block length.

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Polytellurophenes
Authors: Jahnke Ashlee A. , Seferos Dwight S.
Published: April 2011

Will polytellurophenes bridge the gap between conjugated polymer and inorganic solid‐state semiconductors? Polytellurophenes are a virtually unexplored class of conjugated polymer. In this paper, the synthetic methodologies that have been used to prepare polytellurophenes are chronicled. The properties of the resulting polymers are discussed and their potential for use as electronic materials is evaluated. It is far too early to know if these materials will lead to a useful class of thin‐film semiconductors, however some key challenges associated with their synthesis and implementation are outlined. These challenges will need to be addressed as the conjugated polymer research community begins to utilize this area of the periodic table.

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Long‐term management issues in restless legs syndrome
Authors: Chokroverty Sudhansu
Published: April 2011

Restless legs syndrome is a neurologic movement and sleep disorder with lifelong symptoms causing considerable morbidity. Several short‐term and some long‐term open‐label and double‐blind clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of dopaminergic treatment in restless legs syndrome. Long‐term treatment, however, is associated with the emergence of vexing long‐term side effects that pose a challenge for physicians. These long‐term complications can be broadly categorized as disease‐related (impact on sleep and acute exacerbation of restless legs syndrome symptoms), and medication issues (augmentation, sleep attacks, impulse control disorders, addiction and dependence, site reaction, occasionally sleep apnea, fibrotic complications, and weight gain). © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of levetiracetam for dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wong Kitty K. , Alty Jane E. , Goy Amanda G. , Raghav Sanjay , Reutens David C. , Kempster Peter A.
Published: April 2011

Background:

This randomized double blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study investigated the antidyskinetic effects of levetiracetam in Parkinson's disease.

Methods:

Sixteen participants with levodopa‐induced dyskinesia were enrolled. Hourly videotaped dyskinesia assessments scored by the Goetz method and hourly Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor subscale scoring were conducted on 1 day at the end of each treatment period.

Results:

Dyskinesia was slightly less on placebo (P = .26). Patient diary records also showed less dyskinesia on placebo (P = .10). Parkinsonism was a little worse on levetiracetam, at borderline statistical significance (P = .05).

Conclusions:

Levetiracetam was well tolerated at doses up to 2000 mg per day, but we did not detect any antidyskinetic properties. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Deep brain stimulation for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: A case series targeting subregions of the globus pallidus internus
Authors: Martínez‐Fernández Raul , Zrinzo Ludvic , Aviles‐Olmos Iciar , Hariz Marwan , Martinez‐Torres Irene , Joyce Eileen , Jahanshahi Marjan , Limousin Patricia , Foltynie Thomas
Published: April 2011

Deep brain stimulation remains an experimental treatment for patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Currently, a major controversial issue is the choice of brain target that leads to optimal patient outcomes within a presumed network of basal ganglia and cortical pathways involved in tic pathogenesis. This report describes our experience with patients with severe refractory Gilles de la Tourette syndrome treated with globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation. Five patients were selected for surgery, 2 targeting the posteroventral globus pallidus internus and 2 targeting the anteromedial region. The remaining patient was first targeted on the posterolateral region, but after 18 months the electrodes were relocated in the anteromedial area. Tics were clinically assessed in all patients pre‐ and postoperatively using the Modified Rush Video protocol and the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Obsessive‐compulsive behaviors were quantified with the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome–Quality of Life Scale was also completed. All patients experienced improvements in tic severity but to variable extents. More convincing improvements were seen in patients with electrodes sited in the anteromedial region of the globus pallidus internus than in those with posterolateral implants. Mean reduction in the Modified Rush Video Rating scale for each group was 54% and 37%, respectively. Our open‐label limited experience supports the use of the anteromedial globus pallidus internus as a promising target for future planned randomized double‐blind trials of deep brain stimulation for patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Serum urate and probability of dopaminergic deficit in early “Parkinson's disease”
Authors: Schwarzschild Michael A. , Marek Kenneth , Eberly Shirley , Oakes David , Shoulson Ira , Jennings Danna , Seibyl John , Ascherio Alberto ,   on behalf of the Parkinson Study Group PRECEPT Investigators
Published: April 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate whether higher levels of urate, an antioxidant linked to a lower likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease, is also a predictor of having a dopamine transporter brain scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit. In a cross‐sectional study of 797 mildly affected, untreated parkinsonian subjects diagnosed with early Parkinson's disease in the Parkinson Research Examination of CEP‐1347 Trial, we investigated the relationship at baseline between serum urate and striatal dopamine transporter density, determined by single‐photon emission computed tomography of iodine‐123‐labeled 2‐β‐carboxymethoxy‐3‐β‐(4‐iodophenyl)tropane uptake. A scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit was defined as lowest putamen iodine‐123‐labeled 2‐β‐carboxymethoxy‐3‐β‐(4‐iodophenyl)tropane > 80% age‐expected putamen dopamine transporter density. The odds of having a scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit rose across increasing quintiles of urate level, with an age‐ and sex‐adjusted odds ratio of 3.2 comparing the highest to the lowest urate quintile (95% confidence interval, 1.5–7.2; P for trend = .0003), and remained significant after adjusting for potential confounding factors. The association was significant in men but not women, regardless of whether common or sex‐specific quintiles of urate were used. Higher levels of urate were associated with a greater likelihood of a scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit among subjects with early untreated parkinsonism in the Parkinson Research Examination of CEP‐1347 Trial. The findings support the diagnostic utility of urate in combination with other determinants. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Correlation of functional recovery with the course of electrophysiological parameters after free muscle transfer for reconstruction of the smile in irreversible facial palsy
Authors: Michaelidou Maria , Herceg Malvina , Schuhfried Othmar , Tzou Chieh‐Han John , Pona Igor , Hold Alina , Mittlböck Martina , Paternostro‐Sluga Tatjana , Frey Manfred
Published: April 2011

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether processes of denervation and reinnervation, as measured by electrodiagnostic methods, correlate with clinical function, as measured by three‐dimensional (3D) video analysis and whether electrodiagnostic data can serve as a prognostic indicator. Methods: Eighteen patients with facial palsy were investigated by 3D video analysis, needle electromyography, and electrical muscle testing at 6, 12, and 18 months after free muscle transplantation for smile reconstruction. Results: Electrophysiological parameters determined 6 months postoperatively correlated significantly with the index of dynamic symmetry 12 and 18 months postoperatively. Conclusions: Processes of reinnervation can be detected earlier by electrophysiological analysis than by quantified clinical analysis. Pathological spontaneous activity alone and combined assessment with motor unit action potentials in the early postoperative stage are strong prognostic indicators. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Non‐Gaussian positive‐definite matrix‐valued random fields with constrained eigenvalues: Application to random elasticity tensors with uncertain material symmetries
Authors: Guilleminot J. , Soize C.
Published: April 2011

This paper is devoted to the construction of a class of prior stochastic models for non‐Gaussian positive‐definite matrix‐valued random fields. The proposed class allows the variances of selected random eigenvalues to be specified and exhibits a larger number of parameters than the other classes previously derived within a nonparametric framework. Having recourse to a particular characterization of material symmetry classes, we then propose a mechanical interpretation of the constraints and subsequently show that the probabilistic model may allow prescribing higher statistical fluctuations in given directions. Such stochastic fields turn out to be especially suitable for experimental identification under material symmetry uncertainties, as well as for the development of computational multi‐scale approaches where the randomness induced by fine‐scale features may be taken into account. We further present a possible strategy for inverse identification, relying on the sequential solving of least‐square optimization problems. An application is finally provided. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tandem stem cell rescue as consolidation therapy for high‐risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Qayed Muna , Chiang Kuang‐Yueh , Ricketts Richard , Alazraki Adina , Tahvildari Ali , Haight Ann , George Brad , Esiashvili Natia , Katzenstein Howard M.
Published: April 2011

Background

Despite aggressive treatment for high‐risk neuroblastoma (NB), event‐free survival (EFS) remains <40%. In single arm studies, intensifying therapy with high‐dose chemotherapy and tandem autologous stem cell rescue (HDC/SCR) improved outcome. We retrospectively describe our institutional experience in using HDC/SCR for patients with high‐risk NB, focusing on outcome and acute toxicities.

Methods

Eighty‐four patients with high‐risk NB at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta treated over a 12‐year time period underwent HDC/SCR as part of upfront therapy; 28 patients received a single HDC/SCR and 56 patients received tandem HDC/SCR. The two groups were compared in terms of EFS, overall survival (OS), and acute transplant related toxicities.

Results

Patients who received tandem HDC/SCR had a significantly improved EFS compared with patients who received a single HDC/SCR (4‐year EFS 59.3 ± 6.7% vs. 26.8 ± 9.2%, P = 0.01). Similarly, the 4‐year OS was improved in patients receiving tandem HDC/SCR, though this did not reach statistical significance (70.6 ± 9.2% vs. 44.7 ± 11.2%, P = 0.06). Multivariate regression confirmed the prognostic role of the treatment group. None of the patients who underwent a single HDC/SCR developed veno‐occlusive disease (VOD), while 17% of patients who underwent tandem HDC/SCR developed mild‐to‐severe VOD. Rates of other transplant‐related acute toxicities were similar.

Conclusion

Tandem HDC/SCR for patients with high‐risk NB seems to improve survival without significant increases in acute toxicities. This needs to be validated in randomized prospective trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 448–452. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative peptidomic analysis by a newly developed one‐step direct transfer technology without depletion of major blood proteins: Its potential utility for monitoring of pathophysiological status in pregnancy‐induced hypertension
Authors: Araki Yoshihiko , Nonaka Daisuke , Tajima Atsushi , Maruyama Mayuko , Nitto Takeaki , Ishikawa Hitoshi , Yoshitake Hiroshi , Yoshida Emiko , Kuronaka Noriko , Asada Kyoichi , Yanagida Mitsuaki , Nojima Michio , Yoshida Koyo , Takamori Kenji , Hashiguchi Teruto , Maruyama Ikuro , Lee Lyang‐Ja , Tanaka Kenji
Published: April 2011

We have recently developed a new target plate (BLOTCHIP®) for MALDI‐MS. An advantage of this procedure is that it does not require the lowering of protein concentrations in test samples prior to analysis. Accordingly, this new technology enables the detection of peptides present in blood samples, including those that would otherwise be adsorbed to abundant blood proteins and would thus escape detection. Using this technology, we analyzed the peripheral blood of patients with pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH; the most common serious complication of pregnancy) to test a potential utility of the technology for monitoring of the pathophysiological status. In the present study, we found 23 characteristic peptides for PIH in the blood serum of pregnant women. Offline LC‐MALDI MS/MS identified 7 of the 23 peptides as fragments derived from kininogen‐1 (three peptides), fibrinogen‐α, complement component C4‐A/B, α‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein and inter‐α‐trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4. 2‐D scatter plots with combinations of the peptides found in the present study can be grouped for pregnant women with/without PIH, which would be satisfactory reflected for their status. Additionally, the levels of most of these peptides found were significantly decreased by albumin/IgG depletion prior to BLOTCHIP® analysis in accordance with conventional proteomics procedures. These results indicated that BLOTCHIP® analysis can be applied for discovery study of PIH biomarker candidates.
Force feedback in a piezoelectric linear actuator for neurosurgery
Authors: De Lorenzo Danilo , De Momi Elena , Dyagilev Ilya , Manganelli Rudy , Formaglio Alessandro , Prattichizzo Domenico , Shoham Moshe , Ferrigno Giancarlo
Published: April 2011

Background

Force feedback in robotic minimally invasive surgery allows the human operator to manipulate tissues as if his/her hands were in contact with the patient organs. A force sensor mounted on the probe raises problems with sterilization of the overall surgical tool. Also, the use of off‐axis gauges introduces a moment that increases the friction force on the bearing, which can easily mask off the signal, given the small force to be measured.

Methods

This work aims at designing and testing two methods for estimating the resistance to the advancement (force) experienced by a standard probe for brain biopsies within a brain‐like material. The further goal is to provide a neurosurgeon using a master–slave tele‐operated driver with direct feedback on the tissue mechanical characteristics. Two possible sensing methods, in‐axis strain gauge force sensor and position–position error (control‐based method), were implemented and tested, both aimed at device miniaturization. The analysis carried out was aimed at fulfilment of the psychophysics requirements for force detection and delay tolerance, also taking into account safety, which is directly related to the last two issues. Controller parameters definition is addressed and consideration is given to development of the device with integration of a haptic interface.

Results

Results show better performance of the control‐based method (RMSE < 0.1 N), which is also best for reliability, sterilizability, and material dimensions for the application addressed.

Conclusions

The control‐based method developed for force estimation is compatible with the neurosurgical application and is also capable of measuring tissue resistance without any additional sensors. Force feedback in minimally invasive surgery allows the human operator to manipulate tissues as if his/her hands were in contact with the patient organs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinematic fundamentals of a biomechatronic laparoscopy system
Authors: Ortiz Simón J. L. , Minor Martínez A. , Ordorica Flores R. , Limón Aguilar J. L. , Suaste E.
Published: April 2011

Background

Optical assistance in laparoscopic surgery is essential for an optimal procedure. Unlike conventional surgery, it requires new systems to reduce spatial location time, navigation and cleanliness without compromising surgical quality. This article shows the kinematic analysis of a new bio‐mechatronic design to assist laparoscopic visual perspective in real time, either during training or in surgery.

Methods

The bio‐mechatronic system is analyzed in order to get the kinematic model of the system.

Results

The set of kinematic equations for the bio‐mechatronic system are presented here. The system has been tested functionally in several surgical procedures successfully.

Conclusion

The analysis shows the workspace under postural conditions of navigation in real time, where it is possible to get visually self assistance during training or specific surgeries. The new bio‐mechatronic system has been tested in training with inanimate and biological models, in veterinary surgery and pediatrics, with the appropriate consent and respecting the Treaty of Helsinki. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
JDAMA: Java database application mutation analyser
Authors: Zhou Chixiang , Frankl Phyllis
Published: April 2011

Database application programs are ubiquitous; hence, good techniques for testing them are needed. Several approaches to testing database applications have been proposed recently, including test generation techniques and adequacy criteria. Tuya et al. proposed mutation‐based adequacy criteria for database queries and developed a set of mutation operators for Structured Query Language SELECT statements. This paper extends that approach by integrating it with analysis and instrumentation of the application bytecode. The design and implementation of a tool, Java Database Application Mutation Analyser (JDAMA), are described. JDAMA instruments application bytecode so as to compare the results of queries executed by the application under test to the results of mutants of those queries. JDAMA can be used to support mutation testing for Java database applications. A second, potentially more useful application of JDAMA is to support experiments evaluating testing techniques for database applications, in which query mutation is used to seed faults into subject applications. The paper illustrates these uses of JDAMA with experiments comparing two approaches to test generation and experiments evaluating coverage criteria. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Quantification of Oil and Protein in Cottonseed by Low‐Field Time‐Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Horn Patrick J. , Neogi Purnima , Tombokan Xenia , Ghosh Supriyo , Campbell B. Todd , Chapman Kent D.
Published: April 2011

Modification of cottonseed quality traits is likely to be achieved through a combination of genetic modification, manipulation of nutrient allocation, and selective breeding. Oil and protein stores account for the majority of mass of cottonseed embryos. A more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between lint quality, lint yield, and embryo reserve accumulation will assist breeders in their efforts to improve seed value. Here we report the development of a rapid, nondestructive, simultaneous method for quantifying oil and protein levels within cottonseed by low‐field 1H time‐domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD‐NMR). This approach is suitable for a minimal amount of seed and represents an accurate (oil R2 = 0.998, protein R2 = 0.95), noninvasive alternative to conventional, time‐consuming chemical extractions. We demonstrate the value of this approach by surveying seed reserve content, identifying extremes of either protein and/or oil, in two sets of diverse germplasm.
Isotope thermometry in melt‐affected ice cores
Authors: Moran T. , Marshall S. J. , Sharp M. J.
Published: April 2011

A statistically significant relationship is observed between stable water isotopes (δ18O) and melt amounts in a melt‐affected firn core (SSummit) taken from the Prince of Wales Icefield, Ellesmere Island, Canada. By contrast, a low‐melt firn core taken from a higher‐elevation, higher‐latitude location on the same icefield shows no relationship between these variables. We interpret this as evidence for meltwater‐induced isotopic enrichment at SSummit. A percent melt–based correction slope is applied to isotopic values from SSummit. Uncorrected and corrected temperature records derived from the raw and corrected δ18O values are compared to bias‐corrected temperature data from the NCEP Reanalysis. Improvements are observed in the isotopic reconstruction of SSummit annual precipitation‐weighted temperatures when we correct for meltwater enrichment, with a reduction from +0.6°C to 0.0°C in the mean annual error and a decrease in root‐mean‐square error from 1.8°C to 1.6°C. The correction factor appears to overcorrect isotopic modification during high melt years such as 1999, during which SSummit experienced nearly 70% more melt than the average from 1975 to 2000. Excluding 1999 data from the correction analysis results in a slight reduction in mean absolute error from 1.4°C to 1.3°C. These results suggest that melt‐induced isotopic modification cannot be corrected in very high melt years.
The Lejeunea tumida species group is positively polyphyletic (Lejeuneaceae: Jungermanniopsida)
Authors: Renner Matt A. M. , Brown Elizabeth A. , Wardle Glenda M.
Published: April 2011

A phylogeny based on nrITS1 and trnL–F sequences resolves the Lejeunea tumida species group polyphyletic with individuals belonging in two clades either side of the basal-most node within Lejeunea. It is impossible for the Lejeunea tumida species group to be more polyphyletic and still be attributed to the same genus under the existing generic classification. A simulation-based approach to testing the null hypothesis of group monophyly rejects this at the P < 0.01 level of significance. Bayesian tests find very strong support for polyphyly, given the data. The monophyly of L. tumida s.s. + L. colensoana is fully supported; however, although Lejeunea tumida s.s. is nested within L. colensoana, this position is not supported. Both L. oracola and L. rhigophila are resolved as monophyletic. Whereas there is moderate support for the monophyly of L. rhigophila, there is no support for the monophyly of L. oracola. Neither is the monophyly of L. oracola + L. rhigophila supported in Bayesian or parsimony analysis.
Effects of pellet ELM pacing on mitigation of type-I ELM energy loss in KSTAR and ITER
Authors: Kim Ki Min , Na Yong-Su , Yi Sumin , Kim Hyunseok , Kim Jin Yong , Hong Sang Hee
Published: April 2011

Control of type-I ELMy H-mode by pellet injection is numerically investigated for KSTAR and ITER. Inverse proportionality of pellet-induced edge localized mode (ELM) energy loss to pellet injection frequency is found to be similar with spontaneous ELMs in KSTAR. Pellet injection frequency is proposed to be a key parameter to control the ELM frequency and resultantly the ELM energy loss. Extending KSTAR modelling, a pellet-induced density perturbation model is applied to the ELMy H-mode discharge of ITER so that the control of type-I ELMy H-mode by pellet injection is demonstrated to check the availability of pellet ELM pacing for mitigating ELM peaks in ITER. The simulation predicts that 25 MJ of energy loss could be released by type-I ELM in ITER which exceeds the material limit of plasma-facing components (PFCs). However, the ELM pacing simulation indicates that pellet injection from high-field side and low-field side in ITER can significantly mitigate the ELM energy loss by up to a factor of 7.35 at 20 Hz of pellet injection. The performance of pellet pacing is expected to be effective but still might be insufficient to satisfy engineering restrictions of PFCs. Further improvements of mitigation performance will be required to achieve fully controlled ELMy H-mode plasmas in ITER.
Physics and engineering design of the accelerator and electron dump for SPIDER
Authors: Agostinetti P. , Antoni V. , Cavenago M. , Chitarin G. , Marconato N. , Marcuzzi D. , Pilan N. , Serianni G. , Sonato P. , Veltri P. , Zaccaria P.
Published: April 2011

The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (PRIMA) is planned to be built at Consorzio RFX (Padova, Italy). PRIMA includes two experimental devices: a full size ion source with low voltage extraction called SPIDER and a full size neutral beam injector at full beam power called MITICA. SPIDER is the first experimental device to be built and operated, aiming at testing the extraction of a negative ion beam (made of H− and in a later stage D− ions) from an ITER size ion source. The main requirements of this experiment are a H−/D− extracted current density larger than 355/285 A m−2, an energy of 100 keV and a pulse duration of up to 3600 s.

Several analytical and numerical codes have been used for the design optimization process, some of which are commercial codes, while some others were developed ad hoc. The codes are used to simulate the electrical fields (SLACCAD, BYPO, OPERA), the magnetic fields (OPERA, ANSYS, COMSOL, PERMAG), the beam aiming (OPERA, IRES), the pressure inside the accelerator (CONDUCT, STRIP), the stripping reactions and transmitted/dumped power (EAMCC), the operating temperature, stress and deformations (ALIGN, ANSYS) and the heat loads on the electron dump (ED) (EDAC, BACKSCAT).

An integrated approach, taking into consideration at the same time physics and engineering aspects, has been adopted all along the design process. Particular care has been taken in investigating the many interactions between physics and engineering aspects of the experiment. According to the ‘robust design’ philosophy, a comprehensive set of sensitivity analyses was performed, in order to investigate the influence of the design choices on the most relevant operating parameters.

The design of the SPIDER accelerator, here described, has been developed in order to satisfy with reasonable margin all the requirements given by ITER, from the physics and engineering points of view. In particular, a new approach to the compensation of unwanted beam deflections inside the accelerator and a new concept for the ED have been introduced.
Transition from equilibrium ignition to non-equilibrium burn for ICF capsules surrounded by a high-Z pusher
Authors: Li Ji W. , Chang Lei , Li Yun S. , Li Jing H.
Published: April 2011

For the ICF capsule surrounded by a high-Z pusher which traps the radiation and confines the hot fuel, the fuel will first be ignited in thermal equilibrium with radiation at a much lower temperature than hot-spot ignition, which is also the low temperature ignition. Because of the lower areal density for ICF capsules, the equilibrium ignition must be developed into a non-equilibrium burn to shorten the reaction time and lower the drive energy. In this paper, the transition from the equilibrium ignition to non-equilibrium burn is discussed and the energy deposited by α particles required for the equilibrium ignition and non-equilibrium burn to occur is estimated.
Plasma rotation and transport in MAST spherical tokamak
Authors: Field A.R. , Michael C. , Akers R.J. , Candy J. , Colyer G. , Guttenfelder W. , Ghim Y.-c. , Roach C.M. , Saarelma S.
Published: April 2011

The formation of internal transport barriers (ITBs) is investigated in MAST spherical tokamak plasmas. The relative importance of equilibrium flow shear and magnetic shear in their formation and evolution is investigated using data from high-resolution kinetic- and q-profile diagnostics. In L-mode plasmas, with co-current directed NBI heating, ITBs in the momentum and ion thermal channels form in the negative shear region just inside q
min. In the ITB region the anomalous ion thermal transport is suppressed, with ion thermal transport close to the neo-classical level, although the electron transport remains anomalous. Linear stability analysis with the gyro-kinetic code GS2 shows that all electrostatic micro-instabilities are stable in the negative magnetic shear region in the core, both with and without flow shear. Outside the ITB, in the region of positive magnetic shear and relatively weak flow shear, electrostatic micro-instabilities become unstable over a wide range of wave numbers. Flow shear reduces the linear growth rates of low-k modes but suppression of ITG modes is incomplete, which is consistent with the observed anomalous ion transport in this region; however, flow shear has little impact on growth rates of high-k, electron-scale modes. With counter-NBI ITBs of greater radial extent form outside q
min due to the broader profile of E × B flow shear produced by the greater prompt fast-ion loss torque.
Headaches
Authors: Sylla Patricia
Published: April 2011

Headaches 118

Hydrocephalus 122

Shunts and shunt complications 124

Subarachnoid haemorrhage 126

Intra-cerebral haemorrhage 128

Cavernous sinus thrombosis 129

Saggital sinus thrombosis 130

Cerebral tumours 131

'Facial pain' conditions may also present as a headache. This can be a clinical entity in its own right or the manifestation of extra-cranial disease. ...
Basic	principles
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: April 2011

Abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Infection	control
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: April 2011

Abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Systematic	microbiology
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: April 2011

Abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Gastroenterological emergencies
Authors: Ramrakha Punit S. , Moore Kevin P. , Sam Amir
Published: April 2011

Acute upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding 1 224

Acute upper GI bleeding 2 226

Acute upper GI bleeding 3 228

Peptic ulcer disease 230

Erosive gastritis/oesophagitis 230

Variceal haemorrhage: medical management 232

Variceal haemorrhage: further management 234

Mallory–Weiss tear 234

Acute gastroenteritis: assessment 236

Bacterial gastroenteritis ...
Emergencies in HIV-positive patients
Authors: Ramrakha Punit S. , Moore Kevin P. , Sam Amir
Published: April 2011

Emergency presentations of HIV infection 480

Factors influencing presentation in HIV disease 482

HIV testing 484

Clinical indicator diseases for adult HIV infection 486

Primary HIV infection (PHI) 487

Acute neurological conditions in HIV-positive patients: assessment 488

Acute neurological conditions in HIV-positive patients: investigations 490...
Practical procedures
Authors: Ramrakha Punit S. , Moore Kevin P. , Sam Amir
Published: April 2011

Arterial blood sampling 736

Arterial line insertion 1 738

Arterial line insertion 2 740

Central line insertion 742

Internal jugular vein cannulation 744

Subclavian vein cannulation 746

Ultrasound (US)-guided central venous catheterization 1 748

US-guided central venous catheterization 2 750

Pulmonary artery catheterization 1 752...
Research in palliative care
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter looks at research in palliative care, covering methodological difficulties, ethical difficulties, practical difficulties, and differentiating audit, service evaluation and research.
Principles of drug use in palliative care1
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter provides a short introduction to the principles of drug use in palliative care.
The use of drugs beyond licence
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter discusses the use of drugs beyond license. It discusses what is legally allowable with regards to prescribing outside the licence, and when this may be justified.
The management of pain
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter covers physical pain in patients with cancer, assessment of pain, pain classification, principles of pain management, breakthrough pain, step 1 analgesics, step 2 analgesics, and step 3 analgesics. The chapter also covers opioid equivalence for transdermal patches, approximate equivalent doses for opioid analgesics for adults, neuropathic pain, anaesthetic procedures in palliative care, chemical neurolysis for cancer pain, and pain and difficulties in communication.
Sweating and fever
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter covers the definition, causes, and management of sweating and fever.
Respiratory symptoms
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter looks at respiratory symptoms, specifically breathlessness and cough.
Occupational therapy
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter provides a brief introduction to occupational therapy, including occupational history and treatment planning.
Physiotherapy
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter provides a brief introduction to physiotherapy, including physiotherapy interventions.
Palliative care in the home
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter on palliative care in the home covers patients’ needs, barriers to community palliative care, improving community palliative care, key elements of the Gold Standards Framework, specific issues in community palliative care, working partnerships, respite care, and a perspective from a resource-poor country.
Fitness to drive
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter covers fitness to drive, including drugs and conditions that may affect the ability to drive.
Dermatomes
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter consists of a diagram showing dermatomes.
Tissue donation
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: April 2011

This chapter briefly covers issues surrounding tissue donation.
Oxford Handbook of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: April 2011

This is a unique and comprehensive guide to ENT aimed at medical students and junior doctors. The detailed management plans and rationale for treatments, along with their advantages and disadvantages are useful for anyone managing patients with ENT and head and neck disorders.
Investigations in ENT
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: April 2011

Pure tone audiometry (PTA) 54

Tympanometry 56

Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) 60

Auditory brainstem response (ABR) 62

ENG and calorics 64

Calorics 65

Children’s hearing assessment 66

CT scan 67

MRI scan 68

Allergy testing 70

This is the most common method used for assessing hearing. The examination will ideally take place in a soundproof booth. To avoid cheating, the patient should not be able to see the audiometer controls....
The inner ear
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: April 2011

Structure and function of the inner ear 110

Hearing loss 114

Presbyacusis 116

Noise-induced hearing loss 118

Idiopathic sudden hearing loss 120

Autoimmune ear disease 122

Ototoxicity 124

Hereditary hearing loss 126

Syndromic hearing loss I 128

Syndromic hearing loss II 130

Non-organic hearing loss (NOHL) ...
The thyroid
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: April 2011

Embryology and anatomy of the thyroid 274

Thyroid enlargement (goitre) 276

Thyroid neoplasia 278

Thyroid investigations 280

Treatment of thyroid conditions 282

Risks and complications of thyroid surgery 283

Thyroid problems are frequent topics in both undergraduate and postgraduate exams. It is therefore well worth investing some time in understanding the thyroid....
Ward care
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: April 2011

Preoperative care 330

Special considerations 331

Postoperative care 332

Care of myocutaneous and free flaps 334

Tracheostomy care 335

Communication with patients and relatives 336

Discharge planning 337

The process of pre-assessment has become established. In many units nurse-led, pre-assessment clinics can identify problems ahead of the planned surgery date, thus avoiding costly delays in the operating schedule. These clinics can only run efficiently if there is good communication between the doctor, nurse, and the anaesthetist....
A systematic review of suicidal behaviour in old age: a gender perspective
Authors: Fung Yuen‐Ling , Chan Zenobia CY
Published: April 2011

Aim.  This article presents the findings of a systematic review of the literature on suicidal behaviour in old age, specifically examining gender differences.

Background.  Numerous studies have reported that older people are at a higher risk for suicide than other age groups in most countries. Rarely do they examine whether there are differences in suicidal behaviour among older males and females.

Design.  Systematic review.

Methods.  Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify English language reports of research about suicide and suicide attempts in old age. Studies were assessed for inclusion based on inclusion criteria. Key results concerning suicide in old age were extracted and synthesised.

Results.  Twenty‐two gender‐specific studies on suicidal behaviour in old age were identified. All studies were of the quantitative type. Five factors affecting suicide by gender in old age were identified from the selected papers.

Conclusions.  Most findings concluded that older males had a higher risk of suicide than older females. Some findings nevertheless revealed that the risk factors for one socio‐demographic group may be less relevant to others and that people operate differently in different social contexts. Further in‐depth exploration on the gender‐specific characteristics in old‐age suicide is recommended.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Health professionals are encouraged to increase their knowledge of the risk factors leading to suicide in old age in their local contexts and to be able to identify potential victims and render timely and appropriate intervention. They should also be ready to open up their service boundaries and develop collaborative partnerships with local agencies and the general public.