bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated low‐temperature process for the fabrication of amorphous Si nanoparticles embedded in Al2O3 for non‐volatile memory application
Authors: Ilse Klemens , Schneider Thomas , Ziegler Johannes , Sprafke Alexander , Wehrspohn Ralf B.
Published: April 2016

A new low‐temperature, integrated fabrication process for multi layers of silicon nanoparticles (Si‐NPs) embedded in amorphous Al2O3 is presented. For this, a non‐thermal low‐pressure inductively coupled plasma process (LPICP) for Si‐NPs and thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 are combined. Storage characteristics of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structures are studied for non‐volatile memory application. The influence of typical fixed oxide charges in Al2O3 on the programming process and retention is investigated.

HAADF and EDX images of MOS structure with five layers of silicon nanoparticles.
Noble gases fingerprint a metasedimentary fluid source in the Macraes orogenic gold deposit, New Zealand
Authors: Goodwin Nicholas R. J. , Burgess Ray , Craw Dave , Teagle Damon A. H. , Ballentine Chris J.
Published: April 2016

The world-class Macraes orogenic gold deposit (∼10 Moz resource) formed during the late metamorphic uplift of a metasedimentary schist belt in southern New Zealand. Mineralising fluids, metals and metalloids were derived from within the metasedimentary host. Helium and argon extracted from fluid inclusions in sulphide mineral grains (three crush extractions from one sample) have crustal signatures, with no evidence for mantle input (R/Ra = 0.03). Xenon extracted from mineralised quartz samples provides evidence for extensive interaction between fluid and maturing organic material within the metasedimentary host rocks, with 132Xe/36Ar ratios up to 200 times greater than air. Similarly, I/Cl ratios for fluids extracted from mineralised quartz are similar to those of brines from marine sediments that have interacted with organic matter and are ten times higher than typical magmatic/mantle fluids. The Macraes mineralising fluids were compositionally variable, reflecting either mixing of two different crustal fluids in the metasedimentary pile or a single fluid type that has had varying degrees of interaction with the host metasediments. Evidence for additional input of meteoric water is equivocal, but minor meteoric incursion cannot be discounted. The Macraes deposit formed in a metasedimentary belt without associated coeval magmatism, and therefore represents a purely crustal metamorphogenic end member in a spectrum of orogenic hydrothermal processes that can include magmatic and/or mantle fluid input elsewhere in the world. There is no evidence for involvement of minor intercalated metabasic rocks in the Macraes mineralising system. Hydrothermal fluids that formed other, smaller, orogenic deposits in the same metamorphic belt have less pronounced noble gas and halogen evidence for crustal fluid-rock interaction than at Macraes, but these deposits also formed from broadly similar metamorphogenic processes.
Isolation and Characterization of Chicken Yolk Vitelline Membrane Lipids Using Eggs Enriched With Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Authors: Shinn Sara Elizabeth , Liyanage Rohana , Lay Jackson O. , Proctor Andrew
Published: April 2016

The vitelline membrane (VM) encloses the chicken egg yolk, separating it from albumen. The VM weakens during storage, and dietary lipid modification significantly affects its strength. However, no studies have characterize the fatty acyl residue (FA) composition of the VM, and reports of VM isolation and quantified lipid content are inconsistent. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to develop a washing and isolation method that removes residual yolk from VM without damage; (2) to determine the FA and lipid composition of CLA‐rich egg yolk VM, relative to controls; (3) to determine the effect of 20 days of refrigeration on VM FA and lipid composition. To determine VM FA and lipid composition, 36 hens received either a corn‐soybean meal‐based control diet (“Control”), or the Control supplemented with either 10 % soy oil (“Soy control”), or 10 % CLA‐rich soy oil (“CLA”) for 30 days. VM were analyzed the day of collection (“fresh”), or after 20 days of refrigeration (“refrigerated”). There were no differences in FA compositions of fresh and refrigerated membranes within a treatment. CLA‐rich yolk VM contains CLA, greater SFA, and significantly greater DHA relative to controls. Direct MALDI‐TOF–MS identified 15 phosphatidylcholines, three phosphatidylethanolamines, one sphingomyelin, and 15 triacylglycerols in VM. Lipid species that showed significant differences among egg types included nine phosphatidylcholines and six triacylglycerols. MALDI analysis indicated significant differences in nine lipid classes on the VM inner layer. After refrigeration, five lipid classes on the inner layer and seven lipid classes on the outer layer had statistically significant differences among VM types.
Crystallization Kinetics of Coconut Oil in the Presence of Sorbitan Esters with Different Fatty Acid Moieties
Authors: Sonwai Sopark , Podchong Pawitchaya , Rousseau Dérick
Published: April 2016

Sorbitan esters (SEs) are shown to strongly influence the solidification kinetics and fat crystal morphology, but not polymorphic behaviour, of coconut oil (CNO). Solid‐state SEs (sorbitan monopalmitate, monostearate, and tristearate) affect both the high‐ and low‐melting fractions of CNO by decreasing induction time and by increasing crystallization rate as well as the number concentration of crystals. Liquid‐state SEs (sorbitan monoleate and trioleate) and canola oil do not specifically influence the high‐ or low‐melting fraction of CNO but do slow crystallization and lengthen induction time. The influence of sorbitan monolaurate, the only SE with an acyl group similar to that of CNO, is shown to depend on the crystallization temperature. At temperatures below its melting point, it only affects CNO's high‐melting fraction; at temperatures above its melting point, crystallization of both fractions is extensively decelerated. The lack of influence in polymorphic behaviour by any SE confirms no alteration of subcell arrangement, suggesting a lack of complementarity with the crystallizing fat. Overall, these SEs significantly impact the crystallization kinetics of CNO; however, this largely depends on type and concentration.
Characterization of Male and Female Jojoba Plants Employing Antioxidants, Lipid Peroxidation and Physiological Studies
Authors: Kumar Jatin , Heikrujam Monika , Agrawal Veena
Published: April 2016

Jojoba, [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] is a commercially important dioecious, desert shrub which is mainly cultivated for liquid wax (oil) present in its seeds (40–60 %). The oil is being utilized by the cosmetic, pharmaceuticals, and other industries for certain formulations. In this study, gender based differences in biochemical and physiological parameters were examined in relation to natural drought conditions. The amount of protein, proline, cysteine, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and enzymatic activities were evaluated in leaves of male and female Jojoba genotypes. Significant differences between genders were found which was attributed to higher drought tolerance of males than females. Males showed higher contents of protein (113.05 ± 0.88 mg g−1 FW), proline (95.13 ± 2.33 µmol g−1 FW), cysteine (42.47 ± 2.69 µmol g−1 FW) than females (proteins: 70.77 ± 0.52 mg g−1 FW, proline: 66.61 ± 1.75 µmol g−1 FW, cysteine: 17.84 ± 3.00 µmol g−1 FW). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower in male genotypes (18.29 ± 0.53 µmol g−1 FW) than female genotypes (23.02 ± 0.70 µmol g−1 FW). Higher activities of catalase (CAT) [0.088 ± 0.005 nkat mg−1 protein], guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) [0.006 ± 0.001 nkat mg−1 protein], glutathione reductase (GR) [9.02 ± 0.04 nkat mg−1 protein], ascorbate peroxidase (APX) [4.28 ± 0.08 nkat mg−1 protein] and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [151.75 ± 3.58 nkat mg−1 protein] were found in males compared to females [CAT: 0.007 ± 00 nkat mg−1 protein, GPX: 0.003 ± 00 nkat mg−1 protein, GR: 6.40 ± 0.06 nkat mg−1 protein, APX: 3.08 ± 0.06 nkat mg−1 protein, SOD: 52.51 ± 1.73 nkat mg−1 protein]. Chlorophyll b content was also higher in males than females.
Dedicated Energy Crops and Crop Residues for Bioenergy Feedstocks in the Central and Eastern USA
Authors: Mitchell R. B. , Schmer M. R. , Anderson W. F. , Jin V. , Balkcom K. S. , Kiniry J. , Coffin A. , White P.
Published: April 2016

Dedicated energy crops and crop residues will meet herbaceous feedstock demands for the new bioeconomy in the Central and Eastern USA. Perennial warm-season grasses and corn stover are well-suited to the eastern half of the USA and provide opportunities for expanding agricultural operations in the region. A suite of warm-season grasses and associated management practices have been developed by researchers from the Agricultural Research Service of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and collaborators associated with USDA Regional Biomass Research Centers. Second generation biofuel feedstocks provide an opportunity to increase the production of transportation fuels from recently fixed plant carbon rather than from fossil fuels. Although there is no “one-size-fits-all” bioenergy feedstock, crop residues like corn (Zea maysL.) stover are the most readily available bioenergy feedstocks. However, on marginally productive cropland, perennial grasses provide a feedstock supply while enhancing ecosystem services. Twenty-five years of research has demonstrated that perennial grasses like switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.) are profitable and environmentally sustainable on marginally productive cropland in the western Corn Belt and Southeastern USA.
What Makes Long-Runout Landslides So Mobile?
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: April 2016

New research shows that acoustic waves rippling through some large landslides can reduce friction and allow slides to run out long distances.
Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) accelerate diabetic wound healing via the Notch signalling pathway
Authors: Yang Rong-Hua , Qi Shao-Hai , Shu Bin , Ruan Shu-Bin , Lin Ze-Peng , Lin Yan , Shen Rui , Zhang Feng-Gang , Chen Xiao-Dong , Xie Ju-Lin
Published: April 2016

Chronic, non-healing wounds are a major complication of diabetes. Recently, various cell therapies have been reported for promotion of diabetic wound healing. Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) are considered a powerful tool for tissue therapy. However, the effect and the mechanism of the therapeutic properties of ESCs in the diabetic wound healing are unclear. Herein, to determine the ability of ESCs to diabetic wound healing, a dorsal skin defect in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) mouse model was used. ESCs were isolated from mouse skin. We found that both the mRNA and protein levels of a Notch ligand Jagged1 (Jag1), Notch1 and Notch target gene Hairy Enhancer of Split-1 (Hes1) were significantly increased at the wound margins. In addition, we observed that Jag1 was high expressed in ESCs. Overexpression of Jag1 promotes ESCs migration, whereas knockdown Jag1 resulted in a significant reduction in ESCs migration in vitro. Importantly, Jag1 overexpression improves diabetic wound healing in vivo. These results provide evidence that ESCs accelerate diabetic wound healing via the Notch signalling pathway, and provide a promising potential for activation of the Notch pathway for the treatment of diabetic wound.
Frataxin and the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial iron-loading in Friedreich's ataxia
Authors: Chiang Shannon , Kovacevic Zaklina , Sahni Sumit , Lane Darius J.R. , Merlot Angelica M. , Kalinowski Danuta S. , Huang Michael L.-H. , Richardson Des R.
Published: April 2016

The mitochondrion is a major site for the metabolism of the transition metal, iron, which is necessary for metabolic processes critical for cell vitality. The enigmatic mitochondrial protein, frataxin, is known to play a significant role in both cellular and mitochondrial iron metabolism due to its iron-binding properties and its involvement in iron–sulfur cluster (ISC) and heme synthesis. The inherited neuro- and cardio-degenerative disease, Friedreich's ataxia (FA), is caused by the deficient expression of frataxin that leads to deleterious alterations in iron metabolism. These changes lead to the accumulation of inorganic iron aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix that are presumed to play a key role in the oxidative damage and subsequent degenerative features of this disease. Furthermore, the concurrent dys-regulation of cellular antioxidant defense, which coincides with frataxin deficiency, exacerbates oxidative stress. Hence, the pathogenesis of FA underscores the importance of the integrated homeostasis of cellular iron metabolism and the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox environments. This review focuses on describing the pathogenesis of the disease, the molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial iron-loading and the dys-regulation of cellular antioxidant defense due to frataxin deficiency. In turn, current and emerging therapeutic strategies are also discussed.
Price Mean Reversion, Seasonality, and Options Markets
Authors: Hart Chad E. , Lence Sergio H. , Hayes Dermot J. , Jin Na
Published: April 2016

Options on agricultural commodities with maturities exceeding one year seldom trade. One possible reason to explain this lack of trading is that we do not have an accurate option pricing model for products where mean reversion in spot‐price levels can be expected. Standard option pricing models assume proportionality between price variance and time to maturity. This proportionality is not a valid assumption for commodities whose supply response brings prices back to production costs. The model proposed here incorporates mean reversion in spot‐price levels and includes a correction for seasonality. Mean reversion and seasonality are both observed in the soybean market. The empirical analysis lends strong support to the model.
The Economy‐wide Impacts and Risks of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program
Authors: Arndt Channing , Pauw Karl , Thurlow James
Published: April 2016

We estimate the impact of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program using an economy‐wide approach. This approach yields benefit‐cost ratios about 60% higher than existing partial equilibrium studies, a result of our accounting for indirect benefits. Fertilizer response rates remain the determining parameter for benefit‐cost ratio levels. Even with lower‐end response rates, the program is pro‐poor and generates double‐dividends through higher and more drought‐resilient yields. Overall, for macro‐economically significant programs, our approach strongly complements survey‐based evaluations. For Malawi, our results buttress arguments for a focus on program improvements.
Natural history: an approach whose time has come, passed, and needs to be resurrected†
Authors: Able Kenneth W.
Published: April 2016

The development of our understanding of fish and other marine fauna, including my own over several decades, has proceeded from basic natural history to ecology and evolution, but we often need to return to natural history to address deficiencies in our attempts to manage fisheries, conserve habitats, and model ecosystems. This resurrection of natural history is still needed because of the complex life history of fish, and many other marine fauna, and the lack of appreciation of shifting baselines in marine environments. These inadequacies are especially evident when we try to address the effects of human influences, e.g. fishing, urbanization, and climate change relative to fisheries management and conservation. A solution lies in the rebirth of natural history studies, especially at “places” such as marine field stations. Long-term monitoring, especially, continues to provide critical insights. All of these approaches are limited by inadequate appreciation and, as a result, funding. The solutions are largely site and investigation specific but would be enhanced by a greater appreciation of the advantages of comprehensive, long-term studies in natural environments, especially with regard to the increasing worldwide emphasis on conservation and habitat restoration.
Interpreting the role of pH on stable isotopes in large benthic foraminifera
Authors: Robbins L. L. , Knorr P. O. , Wynn J. G. , Hallock P. , Harries P. J.
Published: April 2016

Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) are prolific producers of calcium carbonate sediments in shallow, tropical environments that are being influenced by ocean acidification (OA). Two LBF species, Amphistegina gibbosa (Order Rotaliida) with low-Mg calcite tests and Archaias angulatus (Order Miliolida) with high-Mg calcite tests, were studied to assess the effects of pH 7.6 on oxygen and carbon isotopic fractionation between test calcite and ambient seawater. The δ18O and δ13C values of terminal chambers and of whole adult tests of both species after 6 weeks were not significantly different between pH treatments of 8.0 and 7.6. However, tests of juveniles produced during the 6-week treatments showed significant differences between δ18O and δ13C values from control (pH 8.0) when compared with the treatment (pH 7.6) for both species. Although each individual's growth was photographed and measured, difficulty in distinguishing and manually extracting newly precipitated calcite from adult specimens likely confounded any differences in isotopic signals. However, juvenile specimens that resulted from asexual reproduction that occurred during the experiments did not contain old carbonate that could confound the new isotopic signals. These data reveal a potential bias in the design of OA experiments if only adults are used to investigate changes in test chemistries. Furthermore, the results reaffirm that different calcification mechanisms in these two foraminiferal orders control the fractionation of stable isotopes in the tests and will reflect decreasing pH in seawater somewhat differently.
An individual-based approach to year-class strength estimation
Authors: Thanassekos Stéphane , Latour Robert J. , Fabrizio Mary C.
Published: April 2016

Estimating year-class strength—the number of larvae hatched in a given year—from survey data is key to investigating fish population dynamics. Year-class strength can be estimated from catch-at-age data using catch curves. In practice, most catch-curve assumptions are violated, which can result in spurious estimates of year-class strength. Among the simplifying assumptions is that pooling individuals into annual age-classes provides a representation of the population age structure that is adequate for estimating mortality. This oversimplification is unnecessary when age data are available at finer scales, and can lead to biased results. We present a new method to estimate past year-class strength with a set of equations that apply to each sampled individual. Through the reconstruction of individual histories from hatch to capture, this approach takes full advantage of the individual resolution of survey data, enables the incorporation of the processes that violate catch-curve assumptions, and provides more accurate year-class strength estimates.
Biological Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis in
Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Cossentine J , Robertson M , Xu D
Published: April 2016

Whole-culture extracts of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner strains were assayed against larval and adult Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), an important invasive pest of many thin-skinned soft fruit crops in North America. Of the 22 serovars tested versus larval D. suzukii , strains of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis , kurstaki , thompsoni , bolivia , and pakistani caused high (75 to 100%) first-instar mortalities. Pupal mortality, measured as a failure of adults to emerge, varied with serovar. The first D. suzukii instar was the most susceptible of the three larval instars to B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1. Larval D. suzukii are shielded from crop treatments, as they develop under the skin of infested fruit, and adults would be a more vulnerable target for an efficacious strain of B. thuringiensis . Only one of the 21 B. thuringiensis serovars, var. thuringiensis , prepared as oral suspensions in sucrose for adult D. suzukii ingestion resulted in significant, albeit low mortality within 7 d. It is not a candidate for use in pest management, as it produces β -exotoxin that is toxic to vertebrates.
Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Prevalence and Bloodmeal Analysis in Triatomine Vectors of Chagas Disease From Rural Peridomestic Locations in Texas, 2013–2014
Authors: Gorchakov Rodion , Trosclair Lillian P. , Wozniak Edward J. , Feria Patricia T. , Garcia Melissa N. , Gunter Sarah M. , Murray Kristy O.
Published: April 2016

Protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, which affects millions of people in Latin America. Recently, the disease has been gaining attention in Texas and the southern United States. Transmission cycle of the parasite involves alternating infection between insect vectors and vertebrate hosts (including humans, wildlife, and domestic animals). To evaluate vector T. cruzi parasite burden and feeding patterns, we tested triatomine vectors from 23 central, southern, and northeastern counties of Texas. Out of the 68 submitted specimens, the majority were genetically identified as Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Stal, 1859), with a few samples of Triatoma sanguisuga (LeConte, 1855), Triatoma lecticularia (Stal, 1859), Triatoma rubida (Uhler, 1894), and Triatoma protracta woodi (Usinger, 1939). We found almost two-thirds of the submitted insects were polymerase chain reaction-positive for T. cruzi. Bloodmeal sources were determined for most of the insects, and 16 different species of mammals were identified as hosts. The most prevalent type of bloodmeal was human, with over half of these insects found to be positive for T. cruzi. High infection rate of the triatomine vectors combined with high incidence of feeding on humans highlight the importance of Chagas disease surveillance in Texas. With our previous findings of autochthonous transmission of Chagas disease, urgent measures are needed to increase public awareness, vector control in and around homes, and Chagas screening of residents who present with a history of a triatomine exposure.
No sign (yet) of intergalactic globular clusters in the Local Group
Authors: Mackey A. D. , Beasley M. A. , Leaman R.
Published: April 2016

We present Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) imaging of 12 candidate intergalactic globular clusters (IGCs) in the Local Group, identified in a recent survey of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) footprint by di Tullio Zinn & Zinn. Our image quality is sufficiently high, at ∼0.4–0.7 arcsec, that we are able to unambiguously classify all 12 targets as distant galaxies. To reinforce this conclusion we use GMOS images of globular clusters in the M31 halo, taken under very similar conditions, to show that any genuine clusters in the putative IGC sample would be straightforward to distinguish. Based on the stated sensitivity of the di Tullio Zinn & Zinn search algorithm, we conclude that there cannot be a significant number of IGCs with MV ≤ −6 lying unseen in the SDSS area if their properties mirror those of globular clusters in the outskirts of M31 – even a population of 4 would have only a ≈1 per cent chance of non-detection.
Advancements in mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics and glycomics
Authors: Lu Haojie , Zhang Ying , Yang Pengyuan
Published: April 2016

Protein N-glycosylation plays a crucial role in a considerable number of important biological processes. Research studies on glycoproteomes and glycomes have already characterized many glycoproteins and glycans associated with cell development, life cycle, and disease progression. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the most powerful tool for identifying biomolecules including glycoproteins and glycans, however, utilizing MS-based approaches to identify glycoproteomes and glycomes is challenging due to the technical difficulties associated with glycosylation analysis. In this review, we summarize the most recent developments in MS-based glycoproteomics and glycomics, including a discussion on the development of analytical methodologies and strategies used to explore the glycoproteome and glycome, as well as noteworthy biological discoveries made in glycoproteome and glycome research. This review places special emphasis on China, where scientists have made sizeable contributions to the literature, as advancements in glycoproteomics and glycomincs are occurring quite rapidly.
The MAXI/GSC Nova-Alert System and results of its first 68 months
Authors: Negoro Hitoshi , Kohama Mitsuhiro , Serino Motoko , Saito Hiroki , Takahashi Tomonori , Miyoshi Sho , Ozawa Hiroshi , Suwa Fumitoshi , Asada Masato , Fukushima Kosuke , Eguchi Satoshi , Kawai Nobuyuki , Kennea Jamie , Mihara Tatehiro , Morii Mikio , Nakahira Satoshi , Ogawa Yuji , Sugawara Aya , Tomida Hiroshi , Ueno Shiro , Ishikawa Masaki , Isobe Naoki , Kawamuro Taiki , Kimura Masashi , Masumitsu Takahiro , Nakagawa Yujin E. , Nakajima Motoki , Sakamoto Takanori , Shidatsu Megumi , Sugizaki Mutsumi , Sugimoto Juri , Suzuki Kazuhiko , Takagi Toshihiro , Tanaka Kazuki , Tsuboi Yohko , Tsunemi Hiroshi , Ueda Yoshihiro , Yamaoka Kazutaka , Yamauchi Makoto , Yoshida Atsumasa , Matsuoka Masaru
Published: April 2016

Various transient phenomena on a timescale ranging from seconds to days appear at unexpected sky positions in X-rays. MAXI, Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image, on the International Space Station has been monitoring about 95% of the sky a day and has detected transient objects since 2009 August. Here, we describe quasi-real-time data processing systems of MAXI and a subsequent nova-alert system to find transient objects, and present the capabilities for the nova-alert system to detect transient events with excess fluxes from ≳80 mCrab in a single scan transit to ≳8 mCrab for 4 d, and to send prompt alert information to the world in less than 30 s after the onboard detection of a burst, making the best use of the International Space Station (ISS) real-time network. We also report on highlights of scientific results obtained with the system until the end of the first extended mission phase, 2015 March. Including 15 X-ray novae solely or independently discovered, we have reported on 177 transient phenomena, such as X-ray bursts, outbursts, and state transitions of X-ray binaries and X-ray flares from active stars and blazars, via the Astronomer's Telegram, and on 63 burst phenomena of other types via the Gamma-ray Coordinates Network. We summarize the results of these transient sources and phenomena focusing on the detections with the nova-alert system, and some new transients yet unpublished or requiring attention.
The Location of Peak Upper Trapezius Muscle Activity During Submaximal Contractions is not Associated With the Location of Myofascial Trigger Points
Authors: Barbero Marco , Falla Deborah , Mafodda Luca , Cescon Corrado , Gatti Roberto
Published: April 2016

Aim:

To apply topographical mapping of the electromyography (EMG) amplitude recorded from the upper trapezius muscle to evaluate the distribution of activity and the location of peak activity during a shoulder elevation task in participants with and without myofascial pain and myofascial trigger points (MTrP) and compare this location with the site of the MTrP.

Materials and Methods:

Thirteen participants with myofascial pain and MTrP in the upper trapezius muscle and 12 asymptomatic individuals participated. High-density surface EMG was recorded from the upper trapezius muscle using a matrix of 64 surface electrodes aligned with an anatomic landmark system (ALS). Each participant performed a shoulder elevation task consisting of a series of 30 s ramped contractions to 15% or 60% of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force. Topographical maps of the EMG average rectified value were computed and the peak EMG amplitude during the ramped contractions was identified and its location determined with respect to the ALS. The location of the MTrP was also determined relative to the ALS and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between MTrP and peak EMG amplitude location.

Results:

The location of the peak EMG amplitude was significantly (P<0.05) different between groups (participants with pain/MTrP: −0.32±1.2 cm at 15% MVC and −0.35±0.9 cm at 60% MVC relative to the ALS; asymptomatic participants: 1.0±1.3 cm at 15% MVC and 1.3±1.1 cm relative to the ALS). However, no correlation was observed between the position of the MTrP and peak EMG amplitude during the ramped contractions at either force level (15%: r
s=0.039, P=0.9; 60%: r
s=−0.087, P=0.778).

Conclusions:

People with myofascial pain and MTrP displayed a caudal shift of the distribution of upper trapezius muscle activity compared with asymptomatic individuals during a submaximal shoulder elevation task. For the first time, we show that the location of peak muscle activity is not associated with the location of the MTrP.
Somatosensory Test Responses and Physical and Psychological Functioning of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Non-neuropathic Pain
Authors: Lim Shi Wei , Gunaratne Yodithya , Jaaniste Tiina , McCormick Marianne , Champion David
Published: April 2016

Objectives:

This study was designed to establish preliminary feasibility testing of a set of inherently benign somatosensory stimulus-response tests (to cutaneous and deep stimuli) for bedside or office evaluation of pain disorders in children and adolescents. Associations between, and the relative influence of, cutaneous somatosensory testing (SST) responses, deep SST responses, and psychological factors (depression, pain-related catastrophizing) on pain outcomes (worst pain intensity, pain-related disability) were considered.

Methods:

Sixty participants (6 to 18 y) were recruited from the pediatric chronic pain clinic. SST responses were assessed at the pain site (PS) and control sites to diverse stimuli (static/dynamic touch, punctate pressure, vibration, cool, deep pressure) using Colored Analogue Scales (CAS) with modified anchors. Validated measures of depression, pain-related catastrophizing, and pain-related functional interference were administered.

Results:

Responses at the PS were more frequently hypersensitive than hyposensitive for all SST measures except vibration. Deep pressure responses were the only statistically significant predictor of worst pain intensity. Depression and pain-related catastrophizing accounted for a statistically significant amount of variance of pain-related disability, over and above that which was accounted for by SST responses.

Discussion:

Preliminary feasibility of a set of somatosensory stimulus-response tests for bedside or office evaluation of pain disorders in children and adolescents was established. Deep pressure responses contributed unique information in predicting worst pain intensity but not functional interference. Although cutaneous SST responses at the PSs were frequently abnormal, cutaneous SST responses were not confirmed in this study to have clinical utility, but rather might be centrally mediated epiphenomena.
Effects of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Modulation by Flumazenil on Emergence from General Anesthesia
Authors: Safavynia Seyed A. , Keating Glenda , Speigel Iris , Fidler Jonathan A. , Kreuzer Matthias , Rye David B. , Jenkins Andrew , García Paul S.
Published: April 2016

AbstractAbstract

Flumazenil had a modest effect on accelerating emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Prolongation of sleep time in the first day after isoflurane anesthesia was significantly reduced by flumazenil. The data suggest that inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors can not only hasten emergence but can mitigate postanesthesia sleep disturbances.

Background

Transitions into conscious states are partially mediated by inactivation of sleep networks and activation of arousal networks. Pharmacologic hastening of emergence from general anesthesia has largely focused on activating subcortical monoaminergic networks, with little attention on antagonizing the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR). As the GABAAR mediates the clinical effects of many common general anesthetics, the authors hypothesized that negative GABAAR modulators would hasten emergence, possibly via cortical networks involved in sleep.

Methods

The authors investigated the capacity of the benzodiazepine rescue agent, flumazenil, which had been recently shown to promote wakefulness in hypersomnia patients, to alter emergence. Using an in vivo rodent model and an in vitro GABAAR heterologous expression system, they measured flumazenil’s effects on behavioral, neurophysiologic, and electrophysiologic correlates of emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.

Results

Animals administered intravenous flumazenil (0.4 mg/kg, n = 8) exhibited hastened emergence compared to saline-treated animals (n = 8) at cessation of isoflurane anesthesia. Wake-like electroencephalographic patterns occurred sooner and exhibited more high-frequency electroencephalography power after flumazenil administration (median latency ± median absolute deviation: 290 ± 34 s) compared to saline administration (473 ± 186 s; P = 0.042). Moreover, in flumazenil-treated animals, there was a decreased impact on postanesthesia sleep. In vitro experiments in human embryonic kidney-293T cells demonstrated that flumazenil inhibited isoflurane-mediated GABA current enhancement (n = 34 cells, 88.7 ± 2.42% potentiation at 3 μM). Moreover, flumazenil exhibited weak agonist activity on the GABAAR (n = 10 cells, 10.3 ± 3.96% peak GABA EC20 current at 1 μM).

Conclusions

Flumazenil can modulate emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. The authors highlight the complex role GABAARs play in mediating consciousness and provide mechanistic links between emergence from anesthesia and arousal.
A Retrospective Study of Success, Failure, and Time Needed to Perform Awake Intubation
Authors: Joseph Thomas T. , Gal Jonathan S. , DeMaria Samuel , Lin Hung-Mo , Levine Adam I. , Hyman Jaime B.
Published: April 2016

AbstractAbstract

This large retrospective analyses of 1,085 awake intubations performed in an academic hospital revealed that awake fiberoptic intubation added approximately 8 min of time in the operating room compared to asleep intubation techniques. Awake intubation was successfully performed with low failure rate (1%) and low complication rate (1.6%) under hemodynamically stable conditions.

Background

Awake intubation is the standard of care for management of the anticipated difficult airway. The performance of awake intubation may be perceived as complex and time-consuming, potentially leading clinicians to avoid this technique of airway management. This retrospective review of awake intubations at a large academic medical center was performed to determine the average time taken to perform awake intubation, its effects on hemodynamics, and the incidence and characteristics of complications and failure.

Methods

Anesthetic records from 2007 to 2014 were queried for the performance of an awake intubation. Of the 1,085 awake intubations included for analysis, 1,055 involved the use of a flexible bronchoscope. Each awake intubation case was propensity matched with two controls (1:2 ratio), with similar comorbidities and intubations performed after the induction of anesthesia (n = 2,170). The time from entry into the operating room until intubation was compared between groups. The anesthetic records of all patients undergoing awake intubation were also reviewed for failure and complications.

Results

The median time to intubation for patients intubated post induction was 16.0 min (interquartile range: 13 to 22) from entrance into the operating room. The median time to intubation for awake patients was 24.0 min (interquartile range: 19 to 31). The complication rate was 1.6% (17 of 1,085 cases). The most frequent complications observed were mucous plug, endotracheal tube cuff leak, and inadvertent extubation. The failure rate for attempted awake intubation was 1% (n = 10).

Conclusions

Awake intubations have a high rate of success and low rate of serious complications and failure. Awake intubations can be performed safely and rapidly.
Dermal Discolorations and Burns at Neuromonitoring Electrodes in Pediatric Spine Surgery
Authors: Sanders Austin , Andras Lindsay , Lehman Alison , Bridges Nancy , Skaggs David L.
Published: April 2016

Study Design.

Prospective review of consecutive patients.

Objective.

To evaluate the incidence and raise awareness of electrode discoloration that can occur in the operating room when using neuromonitoring.

Summary of Background Data.

To our knowledge there are no articles that discuss dermal discolorations following spine surgery.

Methods.

Following recognition of dermal discolorations in some patients, a prospective evaluation of all patients undergoing spine surgery with somatosensory-evoked potential and motor-evoked potential neuromonitoring using subdermal needle electrodes was carried out over a 16-month period for quality assurance and improvement.

Results.

A total of 201 consecutive patients with mean age of 14 years (4–25) were prospectively evaluated. Sixteen percent (33/201) had dermal discolorations associated with neuromonitoring. There were no significant differences in mean age (P = 0.624), height (P = 0.308), weight (P = 0.899), or body mass index (P = 0.571) between the patients with and without dermal discolorations. There was also no difference in prevalence of dermal discoloration by diagnosis (P = 0.490) or location of grounding pad and occurrence of dermal discoloration between groups (P = 0.268). The only difference noted was that patients without dermal discoloration had an average monopolar cautery setting of 46.8 W compared to 40.5 W for patients with dermal discolorations (P = 0.042). Of the 33 patients with a dermal discoloration, 27% (9/33) of these were on both the upper and lower extremities, 21% (7/33) on only the upper extremities, and 52% (17/33) on only the lower extremities. None of the dermal discolorations were painful or tender, and all resolved by 6-month follow-up. One patient did not have any dermal discoloration but did experience two full-thickness burns around the electrodes in one leg. The incidence of burns in this series was 0.5% (1/201).

Conclusion.

Dermal discolorations occurred in 16% of patients undergoing neuromonitoring for spine surgery. These common discolorations were painless and resolved by 6 months. More significant burns were uncommon, occurring in less than 1%.

Level of Evidence: 3
Modulation by Central MAPKs/PI3K/sGc of the TNF-α/iNOS-dependent Hypotension and Compromised Cardiac Autonomic Control in Endotoxic Rats
Authors: Sallam Marwa Y. , El-Gowilly Sahar M. , Abdel-Galil Abdel-Galil A. , El-Mas Mahmoud M.
Published: April 2016

Reduced blood pressure (BP) and cardiac autonomic activity are early manifestations of endotoxemia. We investigated whether these effects are modulated by central mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and related phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) signaling in conscious rats. The effect of pharmacologic inhibition of these molecular substrates on BP, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) responses evoked by intravascular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg) were assessed. LPS (1) lowered BP (2) increased HR, (3) reduced time [SD of beat-to-beat intervals (SDNN), and root mean square of successive differences in R-R intervals (rMSSD)], and frequency domain indices of HRV (total power and spectral bands of low and high-frequency), and (4) elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. The inhibition of TNF-α (pentoxifylline) or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, aminoguanidine) abolished hemodynamic, HRV, and inflammatory actions of LPS. Intracisternal (i.c.) injection of ODQ (sGC inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), and SP600125 (MAPKJNKinhibitor) mitigated the hypotensive and tachycardic actions of LPS but failed to affect associated decreases in HRV. MAPKp38inhibition by i.c. SB203580 produced exactly opposite effects. None of the LPS effects was altered after i.c. PD98059 (MAPKERK1/2inhibitor). Overall, central MAPKs/PI3K/sGC pathways variably contribute to the TNF-α/iNOS-dependent reductions in BP and HRV seen during endotoxic shock.
Novel Technique for Sampling of Breast Implant–associated Seroma in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: van Dorp Martijn , T’Kindt Johan , Mertens Marianne , Colpaert Steven D. M.
Published: April 2016

We describe a novel technique for the sampling of breast implant–associated seroma. Using a blunt-tip lipofilling cannula, we have the freedom of movement to sample all fluid collections and prevent the misfortunes of damaging the implant. Also, we have demonstrated the inability of the Coleman style I lipofilling cannula to perforate a silicone breast implant. This practical and reliable technique will prove to be useful in managing the breast implant–associated seroma, especially with the rising incidence of the anaplastic large cell lymphoma, where the sampling of seroma is mandatory.
Use of Short Messaging Service for Hypertension Management
Authors: Vargas Grecia , Cajita Maan Isabella , Whitehouse Erin , Han Hae-Ra
Published: April 2016

Background:

Mobile phone Short Message Service (SMS) is a tool now used by the health research community, providing the capability for instant communication between patients and health professionals. Greater understanding of how to best use SMS as a means to improve healthcare delivery and outcomes will foster innovation in research and provide an opportunity to progress as a public health community.

Purpose:

The purposes of this systematic review are 2-fold: (1) to provide insight on the most used mobile phone SMS practices and characteristics in hypertension (HTN) outcome-focused publications and (2) to critically evaluate empirical evidence associated with SMS utilization and BP outcomes.

Methods:

Two independent systematic literature searches were completed. The final selected studies each then underwent data extraction and quality-rating assessment, followed by an evaluation for a meta-analysis to measure mean difference of the change in BP.

Results:

A total of 6 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the review. Feasibility assessment for a meta-analysis was found unfavorable because of the variation among studies. Short Message Service interventions focused on BP management were most effective in studies featuring 2-way communication and individual patient-tailored content, and guided by evidence-based HTN management practices.

Implications:

Short Message Service interventions for HTN management were supported through evidence provided by the studies reviewed. Short Message Service holds strong potential to bring greater innovation to HTN management and care, especially in racial/ethnic minority populations that face psychosocial and structural barriers in healthcare access and utilization.
Knowledge of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Purpose and Function Among Nurses in the United States
Authors: Steffes Susanne S. , Thompson Elaine A. , Bridges Elizabeth M. , Dougherty Cynthia M.
Published: April 2016

Background:

Nurses play a crucial role in patient education and adaptation to having an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).

Objective:

The aim of this study was to assess cardiology nurses’ knowledge and confidence in providing education and support to ICD recipients.

Methods:

A cross-sectional descriptive survey was used to assess nurses’ knowledge and experience caring for ICD recipients in 2 academic medical centers in the Pacific Northwest, using an instrument developed in 2004 in the United Kingdom.

Results:

Nurses (N = 74) worked on cardiology units or clinics, primarily held a baccalaureate degree or higher (85%), and had 16 years or more of nursing experience and 6 to 10 years of cardiology experience. The overall average knowledge score was 77%, with knowledge about modern ICD technology averaging 55%. Nurses’ confidence, using 10-point scale, in preparing patients to receive an ICD implant was 6.32 ± 2.56, for preparing patients for discharge was 6.14 ± 2.43, and for providing education about ICD shocks was 6.63 ± 2.50. Nurses were most knowledgeable about factors that affect patient retention of knowledge and ICD-related environmental hazards. Nurses lacked knowledge about the basic ICD components, purpose of cardiac resynchronization, and dual-chamber ICDs. Factors associated with higher knowledge scores included past experience caring for a patient with an ICD and working in an electrophysiology outpatient clinic.

Conclusions:

The ICD knowledge of US nurses in 2015 was similar to that reported in the United Kingdom in 2004, with limited knowledge about the complexities of modern ICD devices. Such deficits in knowledge may affect the quality of education provided to ICD recipients in preparing them to live safely with an ICD.
Understanding Self-regulation Behaviors in South Asians With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Jiwani Rozmin B. , Cleveland Lisa M. , Patel Darpan I. , Virani Salim S. , Gill Sara L.
Published: April 2016

Background:

South Asians (SAs) have a well-documented risk for mortality related to coronary artery disease (CAD). However, there is a lack of evidence to guide the implementation and dissemination of primary and secondary interventions to control and deter progression of CAD in SAs.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to explore and describe self-regulation behaviors in SAs with CAD using Leventhal’s Common Sense Model.

Methods:

In this mixed-methods study, quantitative data were collected using 3 survey questionnaires (demographics, Illness Perception Questionnaire–Revised, and Coping/Self-Regulation Behaviors). Before completing the surveys, a subset of the sample (n = 20) participated in individual face-to-face or telephone interviews.

Results:

A total of 102 SAs were enrolled (age, 53.5 ± 9.98 years). On average, participants rated themselves high (63 ± 3.06) on negative perceptions. In addition, they discussed desi diet, stress, a lack of physical activity, ignoring symptoms, and kismet (fate) as the most important perceived causes of their CAD. Most of the participants modified their lifestyle after their CAD event. Participants expressed regret for not having changed their lifestyle earlier when they were experiencing early symptoms of their CAD.

Conclusion:

Findings from this study enhance the understanding of self-regulation behaviors of SAs with CAD. Ultimately, these findings will inform the development and implementation of targeted interventions that address culture-specific lifestyle modification for SAs with CAD.