bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity of Polyphenolic Compounds against Candida glabrata
Authors: Salazar-Aranda Ricardo , Granados-Guzmán Graciela , Pérez-Meseguer Jonathan , González Gloria , De Torres Noemí
Published: September 2015

Opportunistic mycoses increase the morbidity and mortality of immuno-compromised patients. Five Candida species have been shown to be responsible for 97% of worldwide cases of invasive candidiasis. Resistance of C. glabrata and C. krusei to azoles has been reported, and new, improved antifungal agents are needed. The current study was designed to evaluatethe activity of various polyphenolic compounds against Candida species. Antifungal activity was evaluated following the M27-A3 protocol of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, and antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay. Myricetin and baicalein inhibited the growth of all species tested. This effect was strongest against C. glabrata, for which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was lower than that of fluconazole. The MIC values against C. glabrata for myricitrin, luteolin, quercetin, 3-hydroxyflavone, and fisetin were similar to that of fluconazole. The antioxidant activity of all compounds was confirmed, and polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity had the greatest activity against C. glabrata. The structure and position of their hydroxyl groups appear to influence their activity against C. glabrata.
Preparation of GST Inhibitor Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System and Its Reversal Effect on the Multidrug Resistance in Oral Carcinoma
Authors: Han Bing , Wang Yanli , Wang Lan , Shang Zuhui , Wang Shuang , Pei Jin
Published: September 2015

During the chemotherapy of cancer, drug resistance is the first issue that chemotherapeutic drugs cannot be effectively used for the treatment of cancers repeatedly for a long term, and the main reason for this is that tumor cell detoxification is mediated by GSH (glutathione) catalyzed by GST (glutathione-S-transferase). In this study, a GST inhibitor, ethacrynic acid (ECA), was designed to be coupled with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (MPEG–PLA) by disulfide bonds to prepare methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide)-disulphide bond-mthacrynic acid (MPEG–PLA–SS–ECA) as a carrier material of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of pingyangmycin (PYM) and carboplatin (CBP) were prepared, respectively, and their physicochemical properties were investigated. The ECA at the disulfide could be released in the presence of GSH, the pingyangmycin, carboplatin and ECA were all uniformly released, and the nanoparticles could release all the drugs completely within 10 days. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the prepared MPEG–PLA–SS–ECA/CBP and MPEG–PLA–SS–ECA/PYM nanoparticles in drug-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines SCC15/CBP and SCC15/PYM cells was 12.68 μg·mL−1 and 12.76 μg·mL−1, respectively; the resistant factor RF of them in the drug-resistant cells were 1.51 and 1.24, respectively, indicating that MPEG–PLA–SS–ECA nanoparticles can reverse the drug resistance of these two drug-resistant cells.
A Novel Fusion-Based Ship Detection Method from Pol-SAR Images
Authors: Wang Wenguang , Ji Yu , Lin Xiaoxia
Published: September 2015

A novel fusion-based ship detection method from polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (Pol-SAR) images is proposed in this paper. After feature extraction and constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection, the detection results of HH channel, diplane scattering by Pauli decomposition and helical factor by Barnes decomposition are fused together. The confirmed targets and potential target pixels can be obtained after the fusion process. Using the difference degree of the target, potential target pixels can be classified. The fusion-based ship detection method works accurately by utilizing three different features comprehensively. The result of applying the technique to measured Airborne Synthetic Radar (AIRSAR) data shows that the novel detection method can achieve better performance in both ship’s detection and ship’s shape preservation compared to the result of K-means clustering method and the Notch Filter method.
Surface Plasmon Scattering in Exposed Core Optical Fiber for Enhanced Resolution Refractive Index Sensing
Authors: Klantsataya Elizaveta , François Alexandre , Ebendorff-Heidepriem Heike , Hoffmann Peter , Monro Tanya
Published: September 2015

Refractometric sensors based on optical excitation of surface plasmons on the side of an optical fiber is an established sensing architecture that has enabled laboratory demonstrations of cost effective portable devices for biological and chemical applications. Here we report a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) configuration realized in an Exposed Core Microstructured Optical Fiber (ECF) capable of optimizing both sensitivity and resolution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of fabrication of a rough metal coating suitable for spectral interrogation of scattered plasmonic wave using chemical electroless plating technique on a 10 μm diameter exposed core of the ECF. Performance of the sensor in terms of its refractive index sensitivity and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of SPR response is compared to that achieved with an unstructured bare core fiber with 140 μm core diameter. The experimental improvement in FWHM, and therefore the detection limit, is found to be a factor of two (75 nm for ECF in comparison to 150 nm for the large core fiber). Refractive index sensitivity of 1800 nm/RIU was achieved for both fibers in the sensing range of aqueous environment (1.33–1.37) suitable for biosensing applications.
The Video Collaborative Localization of a Miner’s Lamp Based on Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks for Underground Coal Mines
Authors: You Kaiming , Yang Wei , Han Ruisong
Published: September 2015

Based on wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) deployed in an underground coal mine, a miner’s lamp video collaborative localization algorithm was proposed to locate miners in the scene of insufficient illumination and bifurcated structures of underground tunnels. In bifurcation area, several camera nodes are deployed along the longitudinal direction of tunnels, forming a collaborative cluster in wireless way to monitor and locate miners in underground tunnels. Cap-lamps are regarded as the feature of miners in the scene of insufficient illumination of underground tunnels, which means that miners can be identified by detecting their cap-lamps. A miner’s lamp will project mapping points on the imaging plane of collaborative cameras and the coordinates of mapping points are calculated by collaborative cameras. Then, multiple straight lines between the positions of collaborative cameras and their corresponding mapping points are established. To find the three-dimension (3D) coordinate location of the miner’s lamp a least square method is proposed to get the optimal intersection of the multiple straight lines. Tests were carried out both in a corridor and a realistic scenario of underground tunnel, which show that the proposed miner’s lamp video collaborative localization algorithm has good effectiveness, robustness and localization accuracy in real world conditions of underground tunnels.
Double Laser for Depth Measurement of Thin Films of Ice
Authors: Beltrán Manuel , Molina Ramón , Aznar Miguel , Moltó Carmina , Verdú Carlos
Published: September 2015

The use of thin films is extensive in both science and industry. We have created an experimental system that allows us to measure the thicknesses of thin films (with typical thicknesses of around 1 µm) in real time without the need for any prior knowledge or parameters. Using the proposed system, we can also measure the refractive index of the thin film material exactly under the same experimental conditions. We have also obtained interesting results with regard to structural changes in the solid substance with changing temperature and have observed the corresponding behavior of mixtures of substances.
Sustainable Cities and the Contribution of Historical Urban Green Spaces: A Case Study of Historical Persian Gardens
Authors: Rostami Raheleh , Lamit Hasanuddin , Khoshnava Seyed , Rostami Rasoul , Rosley Muhamad
Published: September 2015

Growing populations and rapid worldwide urbanization are recognized as constituting one of the most complex processes in the world and have raised concerns about the sustainability of cities. Sustainable development, a widely accepted strategic framework in city planning, singles out urban green spaces as a primary solution for addressing these issues. Growing empirical evidences indicate that the presence of natural areas contributes to a better quality of life in many ways. Urban green spaces serve as places of identity, memory, and belonging; enrich human life with meaning and emotions by providing important social and psychological benefits; and enhance the quality of life of citizens, which is a key component of sustainability. Despite our understanding of the benefits of urban green spaces, little is known about the benefits of historical urban green spaces. To highlight their importance with regard to environmental sustainability and citizens’ well-being, this study analyzes a number of historical Persian gardens that are still actively used by urban residents. The findings suggest that historical Persian gardens could accommodate many social functions and address many of the psychological issues relating to urban dwelling. It has been generally acknowledged that sense of community and place attachment is pivotal to creating sustainable urban environments. Historical gardens as physical components can cohesively weave together many parts of cities of any cities while providing places for public congregation as well as attracting a variety of local economic activities. All these attributes can make historical Persian gardens as a valuable municipal resource and a key ingredient for city’s living sustainability.
Stabilization of Organic Matter by Biochar Application in Compost-amended Soils with Contrasting pH Values and Textures
Authors: Jien Shih-Hao , Wang Chung-Chi , Lee Chia-Hsing , Lee Tsung-Yu
Published: September 2015

Food demand and soil sustainability have become urgent concerns because of the impacts of global climate change. In subtropical and tropical regions, practical management that stabilizes and prevents organic fertilizers from rapid decomposition in soils is necessary. This study conducted a short-term (70 days) incubation experiment to assess the effects of biochar application on the decomposition of added bagasse compost in three rural soils with different pH values and textures. Two rice hull biochars, produced through slow pyrolization at 400 °C (RHB-400) and 700 °C (RHB-700), with application rates of 1%, 2%, and 4% (w/w), were separately incorporated into soils with and without compost (1% (w/w) application rate). Experimental results indicated that C mineralization rapidly increased at the beginning in all treatments, particularly in those involving 2% and 4% biochar. The biochar addition increased C mineralization by 7.9%–48% in the compost-amended soils after 70 days incubation while the fractions of mineralized C to applied C significantly decreased. Moreover, the estimated maximum of C mineralization amount in soils treated with both compost and biochar were obviously lower than expectation calculated by a double exponential model (two pool model). Based on the micromorphological observation, added compost was wrapped in the soil aggregates formed after biochar application and then may be protected from decomposing by microbes. Co-application of compost with biochar may be more efficient to stabilize and sequester C than individual application into the studied soils, especially for the biochar produced at high pyrolization temperature.
Effects of Initial Symmetry on the Global Symmetry of One-Dimensional Legal Cellular Automata
Authors: Tanaka Ikuko
Published: September 2015

To examine the development of pattern formation from the viewpoint of symmetry, we applied a two-dimensional discrete Walsh analysis to a one-dimensional cellular automata model under two types of regular initial conditions. The amount of symmetropy of cellular automata (CA) models under regular and random initial conditions corresponds to three Wolfram’s classes of CAs, identified as Classes II, III, and IV. Regular initial conditions occur in two groups. One group that makes a broken, regular pattern formation has four types of symmetry, whereas the other group that makes a higher hierarchy pattern formation has only two types. Additionally, both final pattern formations show an increased amount of symmetropy as time passes. Moreover, the final pattern formations are affected by iterations of base rules of CA models of chaos dynamical systems. The growth design formations limit possibilities: the ratio of developing final pattern formations under a regular initial condition decreases in the order of Classes III, II, and IV. This might be related to the difference in degree in reference to surrounding conditions. These findings suggest that calculations of symmetries of the structures of one-dimensional cellular automata models are useful for revealing rules of pattern generation for animal bodies.
Passive Immunotherapy Protects against Enteric Invasion and Lethal Sepsis in a Murine Model of Gastrointestinal Anthrax
Authors: Huang Bruce , Xie Tao , Rotstein David , Fang Hui , Frucht David
Published: September 2015

The principal portal for anthrax infection in natural animal outbreaks is the digestive tract. Enteric exposure to anthrax, which is difficult to detect or prevent in a timely manner, could be exploited as an act of terror through contamination of human or animal food. Our group has developed a novel animal model of gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax for evaluation of disease pathogenesis and experimental therapeutics, utilizing vegetative Bacillus anthracis (Sterne strain) administered to A/J mice (a complement-deficient strain) by oral gavage. We hypothesized that a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) * that neutralizes the protective antigen (PA) component of B. anthracis lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET) could be an effective treatment. Although the efficacy of this anti-anthrax PA mAb has been shown in animal models of inhalational anthrax, its activity in GI infection had not yet been ascertained. We hereby demonstrate that passive immunotherapy with anti-anthrax PA mAb, administered at the same time as gastrointestinal exposure to B. anthracis, prevents lethal sepsis in nearly all cases (>90%), while a delay of up to forty-eight hours in treatment still greatly reduces mortality following exposure (65%). Moreover, passive immunotherapy protects against enteric invasion, associated mucosal injury and subsequent dissemination by gastrointestinal B. anthracis, indicating that it acts to prevent the initial stages of infection. * Expired raxibacumab being cycled off the Strategic National Stockpile; biological activity confirmed by in vitro assay.
Inhibitors of the Hepatitis C Virus Polymerase; Mode of Action and Resistance
Authors: Eltahla Auda , Luciani Fabio , White Peter , Lloyd Andrew , Bull Rowena
Published: September 2015

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a pandemic human pathogen posing a substantial health and economic burden in both developing and developed countries. Controlling the spread of HCV through behavioural prevention strategies has met with limited success and vaccine development remains slow. The development of antiviral therapeutic agents has also been challenging, primarily due to the lack of efficient cell culture and animal models for all HCV genotypes, as well as the large genetic diversity between HCV strains. On the other hand, the use of interferon-α-based treatments in combination with the guanosine analogue, ribavirin, achieved limited success, and widespread use of these therapies has been hampered by prevalent side effects. For more than a decade, the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) has been targeted for antiviral development, and direct-acting antivirals (DAA) have been identified which bind to one of at least six RdRp inhibitor-binding sites, and are now becoming a mainstay of highly effective and well tolerated antiviral treatment for HCV infection. Here we review the different classes of RdRp inhibitors and their mode of action against HCV. Furthermore, the mechanism of antiviral resistance to each class is described, including naturally occurring resistance-associated variants (RAVs) in different viral strains and genotypes. Finally, we review the impact of these RAVs on treatment outcomes with the newly developed regimens.
Comparative Analysis of Tat-Dependent and Tat-Deficient Natural Lentiviruses
Authors: Bose Deepanwita , Gagnon Jean , Chebloune Yahia
Published: September 2015

The emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infected humans has resulted in a global pandemic that has killed millions. HIV-1 and HIV-2 belong to the lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family. This genus also includes viruses that infect other vertebrate animals, among them caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV), the prototypes of a heterogeneous group of viruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), affecting both goat and sheep worldwide. Despite their long host-SRLV natural history, SRLVs were never found to be responsible for immunodeficiency in contrast to primate lentiviruses. SRLVs only replicate productively in monocytes/macrophages in infected animals but not in CD4+ T cells. The focus of this review is to examine and compare the biological and pathological properties of SRLVs as prototypic Tat-independent lentiviruses with HIV-1 as prototypic Tat-dependent lentiviruses. Results from this analysis will help to improve the understanding of why and how these two prototypic lentiviruses evolved in opposite directions in term of virulence and pathogenicity. Results may also help develop new strategies based on the attenuation of SRLVs to control the highly pathogenic HIV-1 in humans.
L'abbatiale de Marmoutier au Xe siècle
Authors: Lelong Charles
Published: September 2015

Les abbatiales romanes de Marmoutier.

Les fouilles sous le niveau de l'abbatiale gothique (1220-1320) ont permis de retrouver les vestiges de deux édifices antérieurs. Le plus ancien doit être daté de la fin du Xe siècle (vers 980) quand la famille comtale de Blois fit appel aux clunisiens. Le plan comportait une abside flanquée de deux absidioles, un transept et une nef à collatéraux. Les murs sont parementés de petit appareil grossier, de même les fondations mais les piliers, cruciformes au carré de transept, rectangulaires dans la nef, en moyen appareil à gros joints rubanés. Sol de béton à tuilots.

L'église qui lui a succédé était achevée lors de sa consécration en 1096, mais elle résultait de trois campagnes principales. Le chevet semble avoir été greffé sur l'église de 980 vers le milieu du XIe siècle. Le chœur très profond s'élevait sur une crypte desservie par deux petits escaliers coudés. Il était entouré par un déambulatoire surbaissé desservant des absidioles rayonnantes (non retrouvées), une chapelle orientale de transept et la crypte par un escalier établi postérieurement. La crypte parementée en moyen appareil s'articule en trois vaisseaux à petites voûtes d'arêtes ; les piliers de structure exceptionnelle emploient les colonnettes monolithes dans des combinaisons variées. Les chapiteaux, cubiques, s'inspirent de l'art carolingien ; l'un d'eux est décoré d'une chasse au cerf, sculptée à fleur de pierre mais de haute qualité. Dans un deuxième temps, vers 1070, furent bâtis, sur un plan plus vaste, le transept et les travées orientales de la nef, dans le même style que le transept de Saint-Martin de Tours. Enfin la nef fut allongée de trois travées au moins comme le prouvent bases et piliers. Au terme de ces travaux l'abbatiale du XIe siècle présentait un plan « en croix de Lorraine » (à deux transepts) : apparu par suite d'un changement de programme il ne doit rien à Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire qui a pu s'en inspirer en le systématisant.
Le contrôle de l’exécution du concordat de redressement d’une entreprise en difficulté en droit de l’Ohada
Authors: Gamaleu Kameni Christian
Published: September 2015

La lecture des dispositions de l’acte uniforme de l’Ohada portant organisation des procédures collectives d’apurement du passif laisse présager l’existence du contrôle de l’exécution du concordat de redressement d’une entreprise en difficulté. La mise en place des organes chargés d’assurer ce contrôle de même que la description des opérations de contrôle démontre la réalité de cette institution. Toutefois, une analyse approfondie desdites dispositions met en évidence les insuffisances internes et externes de ces opérations de contrôle. Afin de rendre l’exécution du concordat de redressement un processus fiable de préservation de l’entreprise en difficulté, il serait judicieux de revoir la réglementation de l’institution-contrôle.
Des rives de la Seine à celles du Mississipi : le fabuleux destin de la maxime contra non valentem agere non currit praescriptio
Authors: West Janke Benjamin , Licari François-Xavier
Published: September 2015

The relationship between Louisiana and France is not limited to written law. It also exists in one important extra-codal principle of prescription law : contra non valentem agere non currit praescriptio. In this regard, the juridical parenthood is tight. We will show that contra non valentem in Louisiana is the fruit of French doctrine and jurisprudence. Furthermore, we will bring to light the noticeable similarity of the maxim’s fate in France and Louisiana. Courts in both jurisdictions proclaimed it as dead, but despite the hostility it faced, contra non valentem evolved as a major component of prescription law. Finally, we will dispel a deep-rooted myth that contra non valentem does not apply to the domain of acquisitive prescription and reveal another strong convergence between Louisiana and France.
Réflexions sur l’idée de propriété
Authors: Moccia Luigi
Published: September 2015

Cette étude part de la constatation – qui fait partie désormais des clichés du discours juridique sur la propriété – de la perte de signification (ou, en tout cas, de la déformation conceptuelle subie pendant le siècle dernier) de l’idée de propriété (privée) entendue à la manière d’un droit absolu et bien exclusif d’appartenance à quelqu’un d’une chose (corporelle). L’auteur retrace des aspects spéculatifs et étymologiques concernant les différentes formes d’articulation et de différenciation de – et par rapport à – la notion de propriété (privée), pour arriver à la conclusion que, malgré la relativité apparente de la notion de propriété, ce qui semble caractériser le discours juridique en la matière est plutôt la «résilience » du concept, capable de s’adapter à des biens toujours nouveaux (surtout incorporels) et de se multiplier dans une série de nouveaux types, confirmant l’impossibilité de penser à la propriété toute seule, dans un espace conceptuel vide ou neutre, c’est-à-dire sans relations sémantiques avec les intérêts, les besoins, les sentiments de personnes, qui entourent et aussi définissent les différents domaines de sens dans lesquels l’idée de propriété, toujours la même et toujours en évolution, exprime son caractère multiforme et aussi énigmatique.
Rayonnement urbain et seigneuries autour d'Arras et de Douai au XIIIe siècle
Authors: Abbé Jean-Loup
Published: September 2015

De uitstraling van de middeleeuwse stad is op een gebied al beter bekend dan op een ander. Men heeft nog geen zeer duidelijk beeld van de betrekkingen met het omringende platteland en meer bepaald met de kleine adel. De adellijke families staan in de XIIIe eeuw in Douai en Arras niet afkerig tegen de stad en de stedelingen. Er bestaan heel wat contacten tussen deze twee werelden. De twee steden hebben een invloedssfeer waarvan de kern beperkt is tot een straal van 20 km. rond de stad. Hier zijn de contacten het meest intens en zichtbaar.
Etude historiographique des « Récits d'un Bourgeois de Valenciennes » (1253-1366)
Authors: Halsberghe Rosette
Published: September 2015

L'étude approfondie des « Récits d'un Bourgeois de Valenciennes » a eu comme but de rendre cette source plus accessible à l'historien. Nous avons voulu démontrer son origine valenciennoise au début du XVe siècle. Nous croyons même qu'il ne s'agit pas ici d'une copie, mais d'un autographe, rédigé probablement par un petit-fils de Jean Bernier, magistrat à Valenciennes. La confrontation entre le Bourgeois, Jean Froissart et Gilles le Muisit — auteurs contemporains, rapportant l'histoire du Hainaut au XIVe siècle — fait ressortir l'intérêt dominant du Bourgeois pour les événements politiques. La peste et la famine ne l'ont pas impressionné, vraisemblablement à cause de son absence de Valenciennes en 1349. Le texte ne peut donc être considéré que comme miroir partiel de son époque, puisque l'auteur ne nous renseigne que sur les faits dont il fut soit témoin, soit bien informé. Raison de plus d'en apprécier l'autorité.
Sedan, ville de frontière et d'étapes (1789-1794), d'après une chronique familiale
Authors: Colin Maurice
Published: September 2015

Il ne s'agit point ici d'une étude historique au sens propre du mot, si l'on entend par là que l'on s'efforce d'établir, à partir de documents soigneusement critiqués, la matérialité des faits. Mais, à travers une chronique familiale l'auteur a voulu exposer comment les événements révolutionnaires ont été ressentis par une famille sedanaise selon une certaine optique qui fait partie aussi de l'histoire.

Nous avions, dans un précédent article (« La vie quotidienne à Sedan de 1789 à 1794 », Revue historique ardennaise 1981, p. 59-82) parlé des répercussions de la Révolution sur la vie municipale et locale. Ici il s'agit du retentissement des opérations militaires sur une ville-frontière exposée à l'activité des émigrés tout proches, impliquée en 1792 dans la campagne d'Argonne, prise enfin en 1793 et 1794 dans les remous des combats du Hainaut ou de Belgique. Les éléments qui participent de près ou de loin à ces combats sont aussi peu homogènes que possible : il n'y a aucune ressemblance, même sous le rapport des motivations et du patriotisme, entre les gardes municipaux, les fédérés, les volontaires de 1791 et les représentants de l'ancienne armée royale, eux-mêmes très divisés mais liés par une tradition ancienne.
Etre « occupant » dans le Nord (vie militaire, culture, loisirs, propagande)
Authors: Dejonghe Étienne
Published: September 2015

Hoe zag het leven van een Duits militair eruit in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, in een garnizoen in een stad van de departementen Nord/Pas-de-Calais ? Ons beeld daarvan wordt op een onbewuste manier beinvloed door de mode. En de mode van vandaag heeft veeleer belangstelling voor het vers- chijnsel van de aanpassing en de nadruk ligt nu meer ophet goedaardig karakter van de dagelijkse kontakten tussen de bevolking en de bezetter. Maar was er ook diepgaand kontakt mogelijk ? Aan de ene kant war er het gewicht van de bezetting — in het noorden zwaarder dan elders in Frankrijk — en de lasten en opeisingen bij een bevolking die al anti-Duits was en zeer bezorgd om haar lot. Aan de andere kant isoleerde een barricade van verboden de Duitse militair van de bevolking. Voor drie verbodsbepalingen hebben wij hier spéciale aandacht :

1) de macht van de clichés : de Duitse pers en propaganda en de gids van de soldaat geven een afsto- tend beeld van de gemiddelde Fransman.

2) het sanitaire cordon gevormd door het militaire règlement met de bedoeling de soldaat te bescher- men tegen elke besmetting van fysische, morele of kulturele aard afkomstig uit de omgeving.

3) het samenhorigheidsgevoel van de Duitse gemeenschap die geen ander doel had. Rijsel had de voorkeur als plaats voor de sociale omgang.

In welke mate kon een individuele bezetter deze taboes doorbreken ? Het antwoord varieert vol- gens de plaats, het wapen, de duur van het verblijf, het statuut (administratief of militair, soldaat of officier, reservist of in aktieve dienst...).
La portée de l'action culturelle française en Allemagne de 1945 à 1949
Authors: Vaillant Jérôme
Published: September 2015

La France vaincue de 1940 participe sous l'impulsion du général de Gaulle à la guerre pour affirmer sa souveraineté et participer au règlement de l'après-guerre en Europe. La zone française d'occupation n'est définitivement délimitée qu'à la fin du mois de juillet 1945. L'occupation qui n'a pas été préparée se fait tout d'abord dans l'improvisation favorisant les initiatives personnelles au niveau local. Pour la politique culturelle, la question se pose de savoir si elle sera au service des intérêts politiques et militaires de la France ou si elle sera autre. Pour le directeur de l'Education publique, Raymond Schmittlein, la rééducation des Allemands ne peut être laissée aux Allemands eux- mêmes. Son action dans le domaine scolaire (importation du système français) restera éphémère. L'action de ceux qui ont su à l'époque marcher à contre-courant en recherchant le dialogue entre deux cultures et non la soumission de l'une à l'autre a davantage porté de fruits.
A comprehensive study of olefin metathesis catalyzed by Ru-based catalysts
Authors: Poater Albert , Cavallo Luigi
Published: September 2015

During a Ru-catalyzed reaction of an olefin with an alkylidene moiety that leads to a metallacycle intermediate, the cis insertion of the olefin can occur from two different directions, namely side and bottom with respect to the phosphine or N-heterocyclic ligand (NHC), depending on the first or second generation Grubbs catalyst. Here, DFT calculations unravel to which extent the bottom coordination of olefins with respect is favored over the side coordination through screening a wide range of catalysts, including first and second generation Grubbs catalysts as well as the subsequent Hoveyda derivatives. The equilibrium between bottom and side coordination is influenced by sterics, electronics, and polarity of the solvent. The side attack is favored for sterically less demanding NHC and/or alkylidene ligands. Moreover the generation of a 14-electron species is also discussed, with either pyridine or phosphine ligands to dissociate.
VEGETATION IMPACT ON THE DUNE STABILITY AND FORMATION ON THE LITHUANIAN COAST OF THE BALTIC SEA
Authors: URBONIENĖ Ramunė , KELPŠAITĖ Loreta , BORISENKO Ingrida
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study was to estimate vegetation coverage impact on the sandy beach and protective beach dune ridge (PBD) formation. Studies of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea coastal morphometric parameters and vegetation coverage projection were carried out from 1999 to 2011. In order to evaluate the dependence of the beach and the PBD morphometric parameters on the projection of vegetation coverage changes, correlation analyses were performed. A very strong link between vegetation projection coverage of the PBD top and beach width and incline of the eastern slope of PBD, and western slope vegetation projection coverage with the incline of the western slope of PBD were observed. A strong correlation relationship was observed between vegetation projection coverage of the PBD top and width of the PBD top. A medium relationship was noted between vegetation projection coverage of the PBD top with the width of the eastern slope. A negative relationship was noticed between the PBD western slope vegetation projection coverage and beach width. It may be admitted that the projection coverage of vegetation may be used as PBD’s parameter of stability as well as in the implementation of integrated coastal zone management.
DECISION MAKING IN THE ASSIGNMENT PROCESS BY USING THE HUNGARIAN ALGORITHM WITH OWA OPERATORS
Authors: VIZUETE-LUCIANO Emili , MERIGÓ José M. , GIL-LAFUENTE Anna M. , BORIA-REVERTER Sefa
Published: September 2015

Assignment processes permit to coordinate two set of variables so each variable of the first set is connected to another variable of the second set. This paper develops a new assignment algorithm by using a wide range of aggregation operators in the Hungarian algorithm. A new process based on the use of the ordered weighted averaging distance (OWAD) operator and the induced OWAD (IOWAD) operator in the Hungarian algorithm is introduced. We refer to it as the Hungarian algorithm with the OWAD operator (HAOWAD) and the Hungarian algorithm with the IOWAD operator (HAIOWAD). The main advantage of this approach is that we can provide a parameterized family of aggregation operators between the minimum and the maximum. Thus, the information can be represented in a more complete way. Furthermore, we also present a general framework by using generalized and quasi-arithmetic means. Therefore, we can consider a wide range of particular cases including the Euclidean and the Minkowski distance. The paper ends with a practical application of the new approach in a financial decision making problem regarding the assignment of investments.
SMALL HYDRO-POWER PLANT PROJECT SELECTION USING FUZZY AXIOMATIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Authors: KHANDEKAR Anant V , ANTUCHEVIČIENĖ Jurgita , CHAKRABORTY Shankar
Published: September 2015

There has been a rapid growth in construction activities during the last few decades owing to overall development in all facets of humanity. Due to technological advancements and ever increasing civilization, there is a persistent need of energy. Along with the conventional energy sources, the renewable energy sources have also significantly contributed to the rising energy needs. As a renewable source of energy, numerous small hydro-power plants (SHPPs) have been built up across the world in the recent past. Usually these SHPPs are being built and operated by the private developers complying with the government regulations. In order to assist a developer in selecting the most profitable and feasible SHPP for construction and subsequent operation, a method based on fuzzy axiomatic design principles is employed in this paper. The techno-commercial and socioeconomic criteria as considered for analyzing the feasibility of the candidate SHPPs are expressed qualitatively using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The performance of each SHPP is evaluated in terms of its total information content and the one with the least information content is selected to be the best venture for the required construction activity. The adopted methodology is found to have immense potential to the developers while selecting the most feasible project for construction.
FUZZY SETS AND FUZZY LOGIC IN MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING. THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROF. LOTFI ZADEH’S THEORY: INTRODUCTION
Authors: HERRERA-VIEDMA Enrique
Published: September 2015

„Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic in multi-criteria decision making. The 50th anniversary of Prof. Lotfi Zadeh’s theory: introduction" Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 21(5), pp. 677–683
EVOLUTION OF PERSIAN TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE THROUGH THE HISTORY
Authors: Hejazi Mehrdad , Hejazi Bina , Hejazi Saba
Published: September 2015

The architecture of Iran is wholly based on the comprehensive use of knowledge of both metaphysical and physical sciences. Architecture and structural engineering in Iran involve a great range of buildings distributed over a vast area from the borders of China to the Mediterranean coastlines. Certain design elements, developed by Iranian architecture and aesthetics, persisted for thousands of years and exerted a marked effect on other successive styles of construction throughout the world. Architecture in Iran solved complicated structural problems and created magnificent architectural masterpieces. In this paper, the evolution of Persian traditional architecture is discussed and a general overview of the paramount virtues of the traditional architecture and historical buildings of Iran with emphasis on structural and scientific features will be presented.
THE SOCIAL LIFE OF HISTORICAL NEIGHBOURHOODS: CASE STUDY OF A MIDDLE EASTERN CITY, SHIRAZ
Authors: Farahani Leila Mahmoudi , Lozanovska Mirjana
Published: September 2015

Historic neighbourhoods have usually shaped on an organic structure in regard to their residents’ requirements. Due to the limitations in mobility, historical neighbourhoods were usually able to perform as a small city comprising all the elements required for satisfying physical, social, and cultural needs. This paper seeks to explore the patterns of social life in the traditional settlements in Shiraz and investigate the elements that have shaped the social life of these neighbourhoods. Exploring the social structure of historic neighbourhoods may introduce new approaches to the design of contemporary suburbs and neighbourhoods in terms of their vitality and social life. A review of the literature and comparing it to the historical core in Shiraz shows that there are five contributing factors to the social life of historic neighbourhoods in Shiraz, including density, human scale development, walkability, mixed land-use and qualities of public spaces. Exploring the features of public places and communal facilities indicates that the fine social performance of these settlements is rooted in their compatibility and adaptability to the environment, the residents’ requirements and culture.
Activités quotidiennes et rythmes de vie de la personne âgée en Tunisie après le décès du conjoint
Authors: Nasraoui Mustapha
Published: September 2015

La mort du conjoint inhibe l’initiative de la personne âgée et augmente sa solitude. Cependant, le rétrécissement des activités quotidiennes n’affecte pas au même degré les domaines de la vie. Les activités religieuses, les activités familiales et les activités socio-affectives sont les moins touchées. Malgré l’existence de nombreuses similitudes entre les deux sexes, la veuve apparaît plus ouverte au changement et mieux adaptée à la nouvelle situation.
Facciones, linajes y conflictos urbanos en la Europa bajomedieval. Modelos y análisis a partir de Castilla y Toscana
Authors: Asenjo-González María , Zorzi Andrea
Published: September 2015

La conflictividad en los medios urbanos sigue siendo un tema de interés historiográfico de primer orden que en ocasiones se ha estudiado desde concepciones y apriorismos condicionantes, lo cual ha impedido conocer el desarrollo y el alcance de sus manifestaciones sociales, políticas, antropológicas y culturales. En las ciudades italianas el pretendido peso de los valores políticos heredados del mundo clásico y transferidos a la civilización occidental ha lastrado la percepción de su realidad histórica y en particular de una conflictividad, que encajaba mal con el compendio de las supuestas virtudes políticas del comune italiano. Para las ciudades castellanas el prisma de deformación sería el excesivo protagonismo político otorgado al poder monárquico y a su aparato institucional y normativo. Interpretación que se vio reforzada, en la década de los ochenta del siglo pasado, al conectarla con el origen del «estado moderno». Ese enfoque también ha limitado el estudio de la conflictividad urbana, en el marco de una sociedad política compleja, que también había gestionado el control de la violencia. Pero, tal y como se señala en el trabajo, el estudio de la conflictividad con menos condicionantes interpretativos puede arrojar mucha luz sobre cuestiones relevantes del funcionamiento social y de la historia urbana.
La conflictividad social en Palencia desde 1421 hasta la guerra de las Comunidades
Authors: Esteban Recio Asunción
Published: September 2015

Durante la Guerra de las Comunidades, en Palencia se produjo la toma del poder municipal por el bando comunero, que integraba a la mayoría de la población. Un hecho tan excepcional tiene su explicación en la conflictividad de la urbe en el siglo XV, que determinaría el declive del señorío episcopal, cuyo dominio sobre Palencia se remontaba a comienzos del siglo XI. La ciudad mantenía la reivindicación secular de integrarse en el ámbito del realengo para desvinculare del poder episcopal. Pero los conflictos entre el señorío, el concejo y los distintos grupos sociales provocaron constantes enfrentamientos, que adquirieron mayor virulencia con el creciente protagonismo del común, movilizado tanto contra los abusos del señor como contra los más poderosos de la ciudad, que rivalizaban por monopolizar el concejo. Esa constante conflictividad llevó a la intervención cada vez más frecuente de la corona en detrimento de la autoridad señorial, cuyo declive facilitó el fortalecimiento de la oligarquía local. La derrota comunera desarboló la lucha por la autonomía de la ciudad que, finalmente, se integraría en el realengo con Felipe II.
SHIP-1 Couples to the Dectin-1 hemITAM and Selectively Modulates Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Dendritic Cells in Response to Candida albicans
Authors: Blanco-Menéndez Noelia , del Fresno Carlos , Fernandes Sandra , Calvo Enrique , Conde-Garrosa Ruth , Kerr William G. , Sancho David
Published: September 2015

Dectin-1 (Clec7a) is a paradigmatic C-type lectin receptor that binds Syk through a hemITAM motif and couples sensing of pathogens such as fungi to induction of innate responses. Dectin-1 engagement triggers a plethora of activating events, but little is known about the modulation of such pathways. Trying to define a more precise picture of early Dectin-1 signaling, we explored the interactome of the intracellular tail of the receptor in mouse dendritic cells. We found unexpected binding of SHIP-1 phosphatase to the phosphorylated hemITAM. SHIP-1 colocalized with Dectin-1 during phagocytosis of zymosan in a hemITAM-dependent fashion. Moreover, endogenous SHIP-1 relocated to live or heat-killed Candida albicans–containing phagosomes in a Dectin-1–dependent manner in GM-CSF–derived bone marrow cells (GM-BM). However, SHIP-1 absence in GM-BM did not affect activation of MAPK or production of cytokines and readouts dependent on NF-κB and NFAT. Notably, ROS production was enhanced in SHIP-1–deficient GM-BM treated with heat-killed C. albicans, live C. albicans, or the specific Dectin-1 agonists curdlan or whole glucan particles. This increased oxidative burst was dependent on Dectin-1, Syk, PI3K, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, and NADPH oxidase. GM-BM from CD11c∆SHIP-1 mice also showed increased killing activity against live C. albicans that was dependent on Dectin-1, Syk, and NADPH oxidase. These results illustrate the complexity of myeloid C-type lectin receptor signaling, and how an activating hemITAM can also couple to intracellular inositol phosphatases to modulate selected functional responses and tightly regulate processes such as ROS production that could be deleterious to the host.
Effect of IL-7 Therapy on Naive and Memory T Cell Homeostasis in Aged Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Okoye Afam A. , Rohankhedkar Mukta , Konfe Audrie L. , Abana Chike O. , Reyes Matthew D. , Clock Joseph A. , Duell Derick M. , Sylwester Andrew W. , Sammader Partha , Legasse Alfred W. , Park Byung S. , Axthelm Michael K. , Nikolich-Žugich Janko , Picker Louis J.
Published: September 2015

Aging is associated with gradual deterioration of adaptive immune function, a hallmark of which is the profound loss of naive T cells (TN) associated with decline in thymic output and export of new cells into the peripheral T cell pool. Because the lymphotropic cytokine IL-7 plays crucial roles in both development of TN in the thymus and TN homeostasis in the periphery, we sought to determine the extent to which therapeutic administration of IL-7 could reverse TN deficiency in aging rhesus macaques (RM), either by enhancement of the demonstrably reduced thymopoiesis or by peripheral TN expansion. Our results indicate that treatment of both adult (8–15 y) and old (>20 y) RM with recombinant simian IL-7 (rsIL-7) results in only transient increases in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ TN numbers with no long-term benefit, even with repeated therapy. This transient effect was due to peripheral TN expansion and not enhanced thymic function, and appeared to be limited by induction of IL-7 nonresponsiveness. However, rsIL-7 therapy had a more promising effect on the central memory T cell (TCM) population (both CD4+ and CD8+) in adult and old RM, doubling the numbers of these cells in circulation and maintaining this larger population long term. IL-7 therapy did not reduce TCR diversity of the memory T cell compartment, suggesting that rsIL-7–induced expansion was symmetrical. Thus, although rsIL-7 failed to counter age-associated TN loss, the ability of this therapy to expand clonotypically diverse CD4+ and CD8+ TCM populations might potentially improve adaptive immune responsiveness in the elderly.
Continuous Antigenic Stimulation of DO11.10 TCR Transgenic Mice in the Presence or Absence of IL-1β: Possible Implications for Mechanisms of T Cell Depletion in HIV Disease
Authors: Ladell Kristin , Hazenberg Mette D. , Fitch Mark , Emson Claire , McEvoy-Hein Asgarian Bridget K. , Mold Jeff E. , Miller Corey , Busch Robert , Price David A. , Hellerstein Marc K. , McCune Joseph M.
Published: September 2015

Untreated HIV disease is associated with chronic immune activation and CD4+ T cell depletion. A variety of mechanisms have been invoked to account for CD4+ T cell depletion in this setting, but the quantitative contributions of these proposed mechanisms over time remain unclear. We turned to the DO11.10 TCR transgenic mouse model, where OVA is recognized in the context of H-2d, to explore the impact of chronic antigenic stimulation on CD4+ T cell dynamics. To model dichotomous states of persistent Ag exposure in the presence or absence of proinflammatory stimulation, we administered OVA peptide to these mice on a continuous basis with or without the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. In both cases, circulating Ag-specific CD4+ T cells were depleted. However, in the absence of IL-1β, there was limited proliferation and effector/memory conversion of Ag-specific T cells, depletion of peripheral CD4+ T cells in hematolymphoid organs, and systemic induction of regulatory Foxp3+CD4+ T cells, as often observed in late-stage HIV disease. By contrast, when OVA peptide was administered in the presence of IL-1β, effector/memory phenotype T cells expanded and the typical symptoms of heightened immune activation were observed. Acknowledging the imperfect and incomplete relationship between Ag-stimulated DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice and HIV-infected humans, our data suggest that CD4+ T cell depletion in the setting of HIV disease may reflect, at least in part, chronic Ag exposure in the absence of proinflammatory signals and/or appropriate APC functions.
Vibrio Vulnificus Necrotizing Fasciitis Associated with Acupuncture
Authors: Kotton Yael , Soboh Soboh , Bisharat Naiel
Published: September 2015

Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe life-threatening infection of the deep subcutaneous tissues and fascia. Infection with Vibrio vulnificus, a halophilic Gram-negative bacillus found worldwide in warm coastal waters, can lead to severe complications, particularly among patients with chronic liver diseases. We herein present an unusual case of necrotizing fasciitis caused by V. vulnificus triggered by acupuncture needle insertion. The patient, who suffered from diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and worked at a fish hatchery, denied any injury prior to acupuncture. This is the first ever reported case of V. vulnificus infection triggered by acupuncture needle insertion, clearly emphasizing the potential hazards of the prolonged survival of V. vulnificus on the skin. The potential infectious complications of acupuncture needle insertion are discussed.