bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress induced TDP-43 mobility loss independent of stress granules
Authors: Streit Lisa , Kuhn Timo , Vomhof Thomas , Ludolph Albert C. , Weishaupt Jochen H. , Gebhardt J. Christof M. , Michaelis Jens , Danzer Karin M.
Published: March 2022

TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is closely related to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and translocates to stress granules (SGs). The role of SGs as aggregation-promoting “bioreactors” for TDP-43, however, is still under debate. We analyzed TDP-43 mobility and localization under different stress and recovery conditions using live cell single-molecule tracking and super-resolution microscopy. Besides reduced mobility within SGs, a stress induced decrease of TDP-43 mobility in the cytoplasm and the nucleus was observed. Stress removal led to a recovery of TDP-43 mobility, which strongly depended on the stress duration. ‘Stimulated-emission depletion microscopy’ (STED) and ‘tracking and localization microscopy’ (TALM) revealed not only TDP-43 substructures within stress granules but also numerous patches of slow TDP-43 species throughout the cytoplasm. The data provide new insights into the aggregation of TDP-43 in living cells and provide evidence suggesting that TDP-43 oligomerization takes place in the cytoplasm separate from SGs.
Architecture of the yeast Pol III pre-termination complex and pausing mechanism on poly-dT termination signals
Authors: Girbig Mathias , Xie Juanjuan , Grötsch Helga , Libri Domenico , Porrua Odil , Müller Christoph W.
Published: March 2022

RNA polymerase (Pol) III is specialized to transcribe short, abundant RNAs, for which it terminates transcription on poly-thymine (dT) stretches on the non-template (NT) strand. When Pol III reaches the termination signal, it pauses and forms the pre-termination complex (PTC). Here, we report cryo-EM structures of the yeast Pol III PTC and complementary functional states at 2.7-3.9 Å resolution. Pol III recognizes the poly-dT termination signal with subunit C128 that forms a hydrogen-bond network with the NT-strand and, thereby, induces pausing. Mutating key interacting residues interferes with transcription termination in vitro, impairs yeast growth, and causes global termination defects in vivo confirming our structural results. Additional cryo-EM analysis reveals that C53-C37, a Pol III subcomplex and key termination factor, participates indirectly in Pol III termination. We propose a mechanistic model of Pol III transcription termination and rationalize why Pol III, unlike Pol I and Pol II, terminates on poly-dT signals.
Hominoid-specific sulcal variability is related to face perception ability
Authors: Parker Benjamin J. , Voorhies Willa I. , Jiahui Guo , Miller Jacob A. , Willbrand Ethan , Hallock Tyler , Furl Nicholas , Garrido Lúcia , Duchaine Brad , Weiner Kevin S.
Published: March 2022

Human perception requires complex cortical networks that function at neuroanatomical scales of microns and temporal scales of milliseconds. Despite this complexity, what if just one morphological feature of the brain could predict perceptual ability? Here, we tested this hypothesis with pre-registered analyses of neuroanatomy and face perception in neurotypical controls (NTs) and individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DPs). Results show that the length of the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS), a hominoid-specific tertiary sulcus in ventral temporal cortex (VTC), was shorter in DPs than NTs. Furthermore, individual differences in MFS length in the right, but not left, hemisphere predicted individual differences in face perception. These results support theories linking brain structure and function to perception, as well as indicate that one feature – variability in MFS length – can predict face perception. Finally, these findings add to growing evidence supporting a role of morphological variability of late developing, tertiary sulci and individual differences in cognition.
Integrative analysis of transcriptomics in human craniofacial development reveals novel candidate disease genes
Authors: Yankee Tara N. , Wilderman Andrea , Winchester Emma Wentworth , VanOudenhove Jennifer , Cotney Justin
Published: March 2022

Craniofacial disorders are among the most common of all congenital defects. A majority of craniofacial development occurs early in pregnancy and to fully understand how craniofacial defects arise, it is essential to observe gene expression during this critical time period. To address this we performed bulk and single-cell RNA-seq on human craniofacial tissue from embryonic development 4 to 8 weeks post conception. This data comprises the most comprehensive profiling of the transcriptome in the early developing human face to date. We identified 239 genes that were specifically expressed in craniofacial tissues relative to dozens of other human tissues and stages. We found that craniofacial specific enhancers are enriched within 400kb of these genes establishing putative regulatory interactions. To further understand how genes are organized in this program we constructed coexpression networks. Strong disease candidates are likely genes that are coexpressed with many other genes, serving as regulatory hubs within these networks. We leveraged large functional genomics databases including GTEx and GnomAD to reveal hub genes that are specifically expressed in craniofacial tissue and genes which are resistant to mutation in the normal healthy population. Our unbiased method revealed dozens of novel disease candidate genes that warrant further study.
Path vectors: a neural code for sequential memory
Authors: Pang Rich , Recanatesi Stefano
Published: March 2022

While recalling lists of unrelated items is highly challenging we can recall much longer sequences structured as an episode or story. It is unknown why these patterns have such a striking influence on memory. We introduce a model where the experience of an episode or story is represented as a path through a pre-existing network of cognitive states. We demonstrate that by summing the neural representations of the visited states, this path can be transformed into a simple neural code: a path vector. We show how, by leveraging sparse connectivity and high dimensionality, path vectors provide robust codes for a large set of sequences and can be decoded mechanistically for memory retrieval. Fitting our model to data reveals how human free and serial recall may emerge from adapting coding mechanisms tuned for sequences aligned with existing network paths. We thus posit that sequences such as episodes or stories map more directly to existing cognitive network paths than arbitrary lists, with the latter eliciting paths that tend to interfere and impair recall. Our model suggests that mnemonic strategies like imposing narrative structure on a list act to improve recall by reducing such path interference. This work illuminates a simple bioplausible means for flexibly recruiting existing cognitive structures to encode new memories.
Complex extracellular biology drives surface competition inBacillus subtilis
Authors: Jautzus Theresa , van Gestel Jordi , Kovács Ákos T.
Published: March 2022

In nature, many bacteria grow on surfaces, where they form cell collectives that compete for space. Within these collectives, cells often secrete molecules that benefit surface spreading by, for example, reducing surface tension or promoting filamentous growth. Although we have a detailed understanding of how these molecules are produced, much remains unknown about their role in surface competition. Here, we examine sliding motility inBacillus subtilisand compare how secreted molecules, essential for sliding, affect cooperation and competition on the surface. We specifically examine (i) the lipopeptide surfactin, (ii) the hydrophobin protein BslA and (iii) exopolysaccharides (EPS). We find that these molecules have a remarkably different effect on competition: whereas surfactin acts like a common good, which is costly to produce and benefits cells throughout the surface, BslA and EPS are cost-free and act locally. Accordingly, surfactin deficient mutants can exploit the wild-type strain in competition for space, while BslA and EPS mutants cannot. Using a mathematical model, we show that three factors are important in predicting the outcome of surface competition: the costs of molecule synthesis, the private benefits of molecule production, and the diffusion rate. Our results underscore the intricate extracellular biology that can drive bacterial surface competition.
The trait specific timing of accelerated genomic change in the human lineage
Authors: Kun Eucharist , Sohail Mashaal , Narasimhan Vagheesh M.
Published: March 2022

Humans exhibit distinct characteristics compared to our primate and ancient hominin ancestors including bipedal locomotion and enhanced neurocognitive ability, but the timing of accelerated changes in these traits is uncertain. To investigate if specific trait-associated variation show enrichment during particular periods of human evolution, we combine genome wide association study (GWAS) data from 70 traits, spanning multiple categories including AI-based image-derived morphological phenotypes of the brain, heart, and skeletal tissues with data from 12 different evolutionary regions obtained from comparative functional genomics, multi-species alignments from long read sequencing, and ancient DNA reflecting 4 different major evolutionary divergence points. These regions cover epigenetic differences in the brain between humans and rhesus macaques, various human accelerated regions (HARs) including regions from the Zoonomia Project, ancient selective sweeps, and Neanderthal introgressed alleles. Using two complementary approaches to examine enrichment between GWAS loci and genomic regions, we show that more phenotypes are enriched in earlier periods of divergence of humans with macaques and chimps, and less so during the divergence with Neanderthals. These traits span respiratory, dermatological, reproductive, metabolic, and psychiatric domains along with skeletal and brain imaging traits, consistent with striking morphological changes between humans and other primates. Among brain imaging traits, we observe an enrichment of SNPs associated with the longitudinal fasciculus in human-gained epigenetic elements since macaques, the visual cortex in HARs, and the thalamus proper in Neanderthal introgressed alleles, implying associated functions such as language processing, decision making, relay of sensory signals, and motor control are enriched at different evolutionary depths.
Quantitative imaging reveals PI3Kδ inhibition reduces rhinovirus-induced damage of small airway epithelia in ex vivo cultured human precision cut lung slices from COPD patients
Authors: Dvornikov Dmytro , Halavatyi Aliaksandr , Khan Muzamil Majid , Zimmermann Natalie , Cross Amy , Poeckel Daniel , Melnikov Emil , Tischer Christian , Leyrer Johannes , Schneider Marc A , Muley Thomas , Winter Hauke , Hessel Edith , Beinke Soren , Pepperkok Rainer
Published: March 2022

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major causes of disability and death worldwide and a significant risk factor for respiratory infections. Rhinoviral infections are the most common trigger of COPD exacerbations which lead to a worsening of disease symptoms, decline in lung function and increased mortality. The lack of suitable disease models to study the relevant cellular and molecular mechanism hinders the discovery of novel medicines that prevent disease progression in exacerbating COPD patients. We used quantitative multi-color imaging of COPD and control patient derived human precision-cut lung slices (hPCLS) to study the impact of rhinovirus infection on the structure and function of the small airway epithelium. Data analysis highlighted that COPD-derived hPCLS have a higher cellular density and basal cell hyperplasia, more unciliated airway surface areas with mucus overproduction, and shorter cilia length compared to control hPCLS. In response to rhinovirus 16 infection, COPD-derived hPCLS secreted higher amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and displayed decreased epithelial integrity and reduced airway ciliation. Finally, treatment with a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor reduced secretion of rhinovirus-induced cytokines and ameliorated rhinovirus-induced damage to COPD small airway epithelia. Thus, these data demonstrate the potential of quantitative imaging to assess complex airway functions in a patient-derived lung tissue model system, and indicate that targeting PI3Kδ might be a promising therapeutic opportunity to limit rhinovirus-induced airway damage in exacerbating COPD patients.

PI3Kδ inhibition reduces rhinovirus-mediated damage of small airway epithelia from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients
Structural motifs for subtype-specific pH-sensitive gating of vertebrate otopetrin proton channels
Authors: Teng Bochuan , Kaplan Joshua P. , Liang Ziyu , Kreiger Zachary , Tu Yu-Hsiang , Burendei Batuujin , Ward Andrew , Liman Emily R.
Published: March 2022

Otopetrin (OTOP) channels are proton-selective ion channels conserved among vertebrates and invertebrates and with no structural similarity to other ion channels. There are three vertebrate OTOP channels (OTOP1, OTOP2, and OTOP3), of which one (OTOP1), functions as a sour taste receptor. Whether OTOP channels are gated by, as well as permeating, protons was not known. Here, by comparing functional properties of the three vertebrate proton channels with patch-clamp recording and cytosolic pH microfluorimetry, we provide evidence that each is gated by external protons. OTOP1 and OTOP3 are both activated by extracellular protons, with a sharp threshold of pHe <6.0 and 5.5 respectively, while OTOP2 is negatively gated by protons, and more conductive at alkaline extracellular pH (>pH 9.0). Strikingly, we found that we could change pH-sensitive gating of OTOP2 and OTOP3 channels by swapping extracellular linkers that connect transmembrane domains. Swaps of linkers within the N domain changed the relative conductance at alkaline pH, while swaps within the C domain tended to change the rates of OTOP3 current activation. We conclude that members of the OTOP channel family are proton-gated (acid-sensitive) proton channels and that the gating apparatus is distributed across multiple extracellular regions within both the N and C domains of the channels. In addition to the taste system, OTOP channels are found in the vestibular and digestive systems, where pH sensitivity may be tuned to specific functions.
Automated Analysis of Neuronal Morphology through an Unsupervised Classification Model of Neurites
Authors: Zehtabian Amin , Fuchs Joachim , Eickholt Britta J. , Ewers Helge
Published: March 2022

Brain function emerges from a highly complex network of specialized cells that are interlinked by billions of synapses. The synaptic connectivity between neurons is established between the elongated processes of their axons and dendrites or, together, neurites. To establish these billions of often far-reaching connections, cellular neurites have to grow in highly specialized, cell-type dependent patterns covering often mm distances and connecting with thousands of other neurons. The outgrowth and branching of neurites are tightly controlled during development and are a commonly used functional readout of imaging in the neurosciences. Manual analysis of neuronal morphology from microscopy images, however, is very time intensive and error prone. Especially fully automated segmentation and classification of all neurites remain unavailable in open-source software. Here we present a standalone, GUI-based software for batch-quantification of neuronal morphology in fluorescence micrographs with minimal requirements for user interaction. Neurons are segmented using a Hessian-based algorithm to detect thin neurite structures combined with intensity- and shape-based detection of the cell body. To measure the number of branches in a neuron accurately, rather than just determining branch points, neurites are classified into axon, dendrites and their branches of increasing order by their length using a geodesic distance transform of the cell skeleton. The software was benchmarked against a large, published dataset and reproduced the phenotype observed after manual annotation before. Our tool promises greatly accelerated and improved morphometric studies of neuronal morphology by allowing for consistent and automated analysis of large datasets.
High-throughput calculation of atomic planar density for compounds
Authors: Baird Sterling G. , Sparks Taylor D.
Published: February 2022

A large collection of element-wise planar densities for compounds obtained from the Materials Project is calculated using brute force computational geometry methods, where the planar density is given by the total fractional area of atoms intersecting a supercell's crystallographic plane divided by the area of the supercell's crystallographic plane. It is demonstrated that the element-wise maximum lattice plane densities can be useful as machine learning features. The methods described here are implemented in an open-source Mathematica package hosted at https://github.com/sgbaird/LatticePlane.
Exploring the process of management system implementation: a case of Six Sigma
Authors: De Mast Jeroen , Lameijer Bart A. , Linderman Kevin , Van de Ven Andrew
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to discover the learning mechanisms and temporal dynamics of implementing systems (Six Sigma) as it unfolds over time.

Design/methodology/approach

The data come from a European engineering company that was implementing a Six Sigma-based quality management system (QMS) over a seven-year period. The analysis is based on an event-sequence reconstruction of the implementation process as it unfolded over time and discovers four different learning mechanisms that emerged: programmatic, persistent, adaptive and dialectical learning mechanisms. The research follows a process design study, where the authors study how the process unfolds over time.

Findings

Much of the literature on implementing management systems suggests that implementation follows a prescribed sequence of “turn-key” steps. However, the findings show that only 40% of all events were driven by prescribed “turn-key” generic practices, while 56% of events required constructing new practices via adaptive and dialectical learning. Moreover, the implementation process did not proceed in a linear programmatic fashion, but instead followed a punctuated equilibrium pattern, which alternated between periods of incremental change and major organizational change. The study also found that implementation required changing many complementary organizational structures and practices that were interdependent with the management system (i.e. Six Sigma). By understanding the implementation process, managers can better assess the time and effort involved, better adapt the system to their situated context and predict critical junctures where implementation could break down.

Originality/value

This research complements the few studies that have examined the process of implementing management systems. Most studies examine factors or conditions that result in implementation success (the what of implementing systems), but few examine the process of implementation and the learning that takes place during implementation (the how of implementing systems), which is a complex nonlinear process that involves different modes of learning.
Achieving SDG 5, gender equality and empower all women and girls, in developing countries: how aid for trade can help?
Authors: Roy Chandan Kumar , Xiaoling Huang
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether aggregate and sectoral disbursement of aid for trade (AfT) facilitates achieving gender equality and women empowerment in aid-recipient developing countries for the period 2005–2019.

Design/methodology/approach

The study develops static and dynamic panel data and empirical specifications and employs fixed effects and generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation techniques to estimate the impact of aggregate AfT and different categories of AfT on women empowerment. The study uses the Gender Inequality Index (GII) and Global Gender Gap Index (GGI) as the proxy measures of SDG-5, where the higher (lower) value of GII (GGI) implies higher gender disparities and lower women empowerment, and vice versa.

Findings

The study finds that aggregate AfT and aid disbursement for the development of economic infrastructure, productive capability building and trade policy and regulations contribute significantly to achieve women empowerment by reducing gender inequalities concerning the labour force and political participation, education enrolment and better healthcare and by increasing gender gap index in relation to economic participation, educational attainment, health and survival and political empowerment. The impact of aggregate AfT and its different categories is found significant only in low- and lower-middle-income developing countries. The findings also indicate that the impact of AfT is not noticeably different across different regions of the world as well as the religious belief of the developing countries.

Practical implications

The study recommends that more allocation of gender-responsive AfT, whether aggregated or disaggregated, significantly helps women empowerment and assists developing economies to achieve SDG-5.

Originality/value

This study is one of the few that investigate the impact of aggregate AfT on gender inequality and women empowerment. This is the foremost study that examines the effects of each individual category of AfT on women empowerment vis-à-vis SDG-5.
A cross-industry comparison of how women leaders experience gender bias
Authors: Stephenson Amber L. , Dzubinski Leanne M. , Diehl Amy B.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

This paper compares how women leaders in four US industries–higher education, faith-based non-profits, healthcare and law–experience 15 aspects of gender bias.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used convergent mixed methods to collect data from 1,606 participants. It included quantitative assessment of a validated gender bias scale and qualitative content analysis of open-ended responses.

Findings

Results suggest that, while gender bias is prevalent in all four industries, differences exist. Participants in higher education experienced fewer aspects of gender bias than the other three industries related to male culture, exclusion, self-limited aspirations, lack of sponsorship and lack of acknowledgement. The faith-based sample reported the highest level of two-person career structure but the lowest levels of queen bee syndrome, workplace harassment and salary inequality. Healthcare tended towards the middle, reporting higher scores than one industry and lower than another while participants working in law experienced more gender bias than the other three industries pertaining to exclusion and workplace harassment. Healthcare and law were the two industries with the most similar experiences of bias.

Originality/value

This research contributes to human resource management (HRM) literature by advancing understanding of how 15 different gender bias variables manifest differently for women leaders in various industry contexts and by providing HRM leaders with practical steps to create equitable organizational cultures.
An investigation for integration of deep learning and digital twins towards Construction 4.0
Authors: Kor Mergen , Yitmen Ibrahim , Alizadehsalehi Sepehr
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential integration of deep learning (DL) and digital twins (DT), referred to as (DDT), to facilitate Construction 4.0 through an exploratory analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed approach involving qualitative and quantitative analysis was applied to collect data from global industry experts via interviews, focus groups and a questionnaire survey, with an emphasis on the practicality and interoperability of DDT with decision-support capabilities for process optimization.

Findings

Based on the analysis of results, a conceptual model of the framework has been developed. The research findings validate that DL integrated DT model facilitating Construction 4.0 will incorporate cognitive abilities to detect complex and unpredictable actions and reasoning about dynamic process optimization strategies to support decision-making.

Practical implications

The DL integrated DT model will establish an interoperable functionality and develop typologies of models described for autonomous real-time interpretation and decision-making support of complex building systems development based on cognitive capabilities of DT.

Originality/value

The research explores how the technologies work collaboratively to integrate data from different environments in real-time through the interplay of the optimization and simulation during planning and construction. The framework model is a step for the next level of DT involving process automation and control towards Construction 4.0 to be implemented for different phases of the project lifecycle (design–planning–construction).
Evaluation of CHROMagar™ Candida Plus chromogenic agar for the presumptive identification of Candida auris
Authors: Tamura Takashi , Alshahni Mohamed Mahdi , Makimura Koichi
Published: March 2022

Skin colonization by the emerging pathogen Candida auris is common in outbreaks within medical settings. Culture‐based screening of patients is an effective management strategy to control the pathogen, and the newly developed CHROMagar™ Candida Plus medium is claimed to enable the presumptive identification of C. auris. Here, we evaluated the use of this medium with 63 C. auris strains comprising its four well‐established clades, as well as genetically related comparators, including species from the Metschnikowia clade. The colors and halos of both confluent growth and discrete colonies of all the tested strains were compared. It was found that on CHROMagar™ Candida Plus, C. auris formed characteristic white colonies with blue‐green halos that were more evident after 72 hr of incubation at 35°C than after 48 hr. However, distinguishing between closely related species such as Candida haemulonii, Candida pseudohaemulonii, and Candida duobushaemulonii required the consideration of parameters other than color, including colony size and growth ability at 35°C. In conclusion, the novel chromogenic medium CHROMagar™ Candida Plus constitutes an easy screening tool for C. auris.
Group and individual social network metrics are robust to changes in resource distribution in experimental populations of forked fungus beetles
Authors: Costello Robin A. , Cook Phoebe A. , Formica Vincent A. , Brodie Edmund D.
Published: February 2022

Social interactions drive many important ecological and evolutionary processes. It is therefore essential to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that underlie social patterns. A central tenet of the field of behavioural ecology is the expectation that the distribution of resources shapes patterns of social interactions.

We combined experimental manipulations with social network analyses to ask how patterns of resource distribution influence complex social interactions.

We experimentally manipulated the distribution of an essential food and reproductive resource in semi‐natural populations of forked fungus beetles Bolitotherus cornutus. We aggregated resources into discrete clumps in half of the populations and evenly dispersed resources in the other half. We then observed social interactions between individually marked beetles. Half‐way through the experiment, we reversed the resource distribution in each population, allowing us to control any demographic or behavioural differences between our experimental populations. At the end of the experiment, we compared individual and group social network characteristics between the two resource distribution treatments.

We found a statistically significant but quantitatively small effect of resource distribution on individual social network position and detected no effect on group social network structure. Individual connectivity (individual strength) and individual cliquishness (local clustering coefficient) increased in environments with clumped resources, but this difference explained very little of the variance in individual social network position. Individual centrality (individual betweenness) and measures of overall social structure (network density, average shortest path length and global clustering coefficient) did not differ between environments with dramatically different distributions of resources.

Our results illustrate that the resource environment, despite being fundamental to our understanding of social systems, does not always play a central role in shaping social interactions. Instead, our results suggest that sex differences and temporally fluctuating environmental conditions may be more important in determining patterns of social interactions.
MoOpy2 is essential for fungal development, pathogenicity, and autophagy in Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Cai Ying‐Ying , Wang Jing‐Yi , Wu Xi‐Yu , Liang Shuang , Zhu Xue‐Ming , Li Lin , Lu Jian‐Ping , Liu Xiao‐Hong , Lin Fu‐Cheng
Published: March 2022

The development and pathogenicity of the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of destructive rice blast disease, require it to perceive external environmental signals. Opy2, an overproduction‐induced pheromone‐resistant protein 2, is a crucial protein for sensing external signals in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the biological functions of the homologue of Opy2 in M. oryzae are unclear. In this study, we identified that MoOPY2 is involved in fungal development, pathogenicity, and autophagy in M. oryzae. Deletion of MoOPY2 resulted in pleiotropic defects in hyphal growth, conidiation, germ tube extension, appressorium formation, appressorium turgor generation, and invasive growth, therefore leading to attenuated pathogenicity. Furthermore, MoOpy2 participates in the Osm1 MAPK pathway and the Mps1 MAPK pathway by interacting with the adaptor protein Mst50. The interaction sites of Mst50 and MoOpy2 colocalized with the autophagic marker protein MoAtg8 in the preautophagosomal structure sites (PAS). Notably, the ΔMoopy2 mutant caused cumulative MoAtg8 lipidation and rapid GFP‐MoAtg8 degradation in response to nitrogen starvation, showing that MoOpy2 is involved in the negative regulation of autophagy activity. Taken together, our study revealed that MoOpy2 of M. oryzae plays an essential role in the orchestration of fungal development, appressorium penetration, autophagy and pathogenesis.
“If no one grieves, no one will remember”: Cultural palimpsests and the creation of social ties through rituals
Authors: Prickett Pamela J. , Timmermans Stefan
Published: March 2022

Classic sociological theories hold that rituals offer opportunities for community integration and cohesion. Rituals allow people to come together across many differences and experience similar thoughts and feelings. Death rituals raise existential questions about the purpose of society and generally foster preexisting social ties. This paper examines the efforts of a US community of volunteers who gather to bury unclaimed, or “abandoned,” babies. Drawing on ethnographic research over a two‐year period, we advance the concept of cultural palimpsest to capture the process by which a gathering of strangers turns a potentially divisive political issue in to a community forming event. We find that in their efforts to mourn babies to whom they have no connection, these volunteers temporarily foster new social bonds that allow them to work through unresolved grief. Similar processes of ritualistically inverting social meanings occur whenever people gather to turn potentially negative into group forming events.
Association of smoking, lung function and COPD in COVID‐19 risk: a two‐step Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Au Yeung Shiu Lun , Li Albert Martin , He Baoting , Kwok Kin On , Schooling C Mary
Published: February 2022

Background and Aims

Smoking increases the risk of severe COVID‐19, but whether lung function or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mediate the underlying associations is unclear. We conducted the largest Mendelian randomization study to date, to our knowledge, to address these questions.

Design

Mendelian randomization study using summary statistics from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS), FinnGen and UK Biobank. The main analysis was the inverse variance weighted method, and we included a range of sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the findings.

Setting

GWAS which included international consortia, FinnGen and UK Biobank.

Participants

The sample size ranged from 193 638 to 2 586 691.

Measurements

Genetic determinants of life‐time smoking index, lung function [e.g. forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and different severities of COID‐19.

Results

Smoking increased the risk of COVID‐19 compared with population controls for overall COVID‐19 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.19 per standard deviation (SD) of life‐time smoking index, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11–1.27], hospitalized COVID‐19 (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.42–1.97) or severe COVID‐19 (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.10–1.98), with directionally consistent effects from sensitivity analyses. Lung function and COPD liability did not appear to mediate these associations.

Conclusion

There is genetic evidence that smoking probably increases the risk of severe COVID‐19 and possibly also milder forms of COVID‐19. Decreased lung function and increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease do not seem to mediate the effect of smoking on COVID‐19 risk.
Effects of lunar phase and temperature on bat activity and species richness at varying altitudes in the Kunene Region, Namibia
Authors: Mushabati Lina M. , Eiseb Seth J. , Benda Petr , Laverty Theresa M.
Published: February 2022

Bat activity and species richness patterns are often used to assess bat population trends. Understanding how environmental conditions affect bat activity is thus important for bat conservation, but understudied across much of Africa. To address this information gap, we examined the effects of environmental factors (i.e. lunar phase and ambient temperature) on bat activity and species richness in the northern Namib Desert, Namibia. From May 2016 to March 2017, we deployed long‐term acoustic detectors at three locations of varying altitudes to record bat activity and captured bats to confirm species identities once per month. In total, we recorded 5865 passes from six bat families, with Vespertilionidae and Molossidae occurring at all sites. Lunar phase did not significantly affect activity on full moon versus new moon nights. Bat activity generally peaked at all sites in the early evenings independent of lunar phase, suggesting that foraging just after sunset may be adaptive. Ambient temperature had a negative effect on bat activity at all sites and bats were not active when temperatures were >35°C or ≤11°C, but bat activity peaked during the summer months. Despite differences in temperatures across sites, community composition was not related to altitude. Long‐term monitoring of desert bat activity and species richness is important not only for addressing large knowledge gaps about the population trends and behaviours of these Namibian species and about bats in arid landscapes more generally, but also for informing local bat conservation efforts across a range of environmental conditions.
‘I can't go, I can't afford it’: Financial concern amongst health students undertaking rural and remote placements during COVID‐19
Authors: Jessup Belinda , Hoang Ha , Podubinski Tegan , Obamiro Kehinde , Bourke Lisa , Hellwege Barbara , Jatrana Santosh , Heaney Susan , Farthing Annie , Sheepway Lyndal , Rasiah Rohan
Published: March 2022

Introduction

As the coronavirus pandemic unfolded during 2020, widespread financial uncertainty emerged amongst university students across the globe. What is not yet clear is how Australian health students were financially impacted during the initial stages of the pandemic and whether this influenced their ability to undertake planned rural or remote placements.

Objective

To examine (a) financial concern amongst health students during COVID‐19, (b) the financial implications of changes to planned rural or remote placements and (c) the impact of these factors on students' ability to undertake placements during the pandemic.

Design

Mixed‐methods design involving an online survey (n = 1210) and semi‐structured interviews (n = 29). Nursing, medical and allied health students with a planned University Department of Rural Health‐facilitated rural or remote placement between February and October 2020 were invited to participate.

Findings

54.6% of surveyed students reported financial concern during COVID‐19. Financial concern correlated with both changes in financial position and employment, with 36.6% of students reporting a reduction in income and 43.1% of students reporting a reduction in, or cessation of regular employment. Placement changes yielded a range of financial implications. Cancelled placements saved some students travel and accommodation costs, but left others out of pocket if these expenses were prepaid. Placements that went ahead often incurred increased accommodation costs due to limited availability. Financial concern and/or financial implications of placement changes ultimately prevented some students from undertaking their rural or remote placement as planned.

Discussion

Many nursing, allied health and medical students expressed financial concern during COVID‐19, associated with a loss of regular employment and income. Placement changes also presented unforeseen financial burden for students. These factors ultimately prevented some students from undertaking their planned rural or remote placement.

Conclusion

Universities need to consider how best to align financially burdensome placements with the personal circumstances of students during periods of economic uncertainty.
Innovation across cultures: Connecting leadership, identification, and creative behavior in organizations
Authors: Bracht Eva M. , Monzani Lucas , Boer Diana , Haslam S. Alexander , Kerschreiter Rudolf , Lemoine Jérémy E. , Steffens Niklas K. , Akfirat Serap Arslan , Avanzi Lorenzo , Barghi Bita , Dumont Kitty , Edelmann Charlotte M. , Epitropaki Olga , Fransen Katrien , Giessner Steffen , Gleibs Ilka H. , González Roberto , Laguía González Ana , Lipponen Jukka , Markovits Yannis , Molero Fernando , Moriano Juan A. , Neves Pedro , Orosz Gábor , Roland‐Lévy Christine , Schuh Sebastian C. , Sekiguchi Tomoki , Song Lynda Jiwen , Story Joana S. P. , Stouten Jeroen , Tatachari Srinivasan , Valdenegro Daniel , van Bunderen Lisanne , Vörös Viktor , Wong Sut I. , Youssef Farida , Zhang Xin‐an , van Dick Rolf
Published: March 2022

Innovation is considered essential for today's organizations to survive and thrive. Researchers have also stressed the importance of leadership as a driver of followers' innovative work behavior (FIB). Yet, despite a large amount of research, three areas remain understudied: (a) The relative importance of different forms of leadership for FIB; (b) the mechanisms through which leadership impacts FIB; and (c) the degree to which relationships between leadership and FIB are generalizable across cultures. To address these lacunae, we propose an integrated model connecting four types of positive leadership behaviors, two types of identification (as mediating variables), and FIB. We tested our model in a global data set comprising responses ofN = 7,225 participants from 23 countries, grouped into nine cultural clusters. Our results indicate that perceived LMX quality was the strongest relative predictor of FIB. Furthermore, the relationships between both perceived LMX quality and identity leadership with FIB were mediated by social identification. The indirect effect of LMX on FIB via social identification was stable across clusters, whereas the indirect effects of the other forms of leadership on FIB via social identification were stronger in countries high versus low on collectivism. Power distance did not influence the relations.
Adherence to endoscopic surveillance for advanced lesions and colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: an AEG and GETECCU collaborative cohort study
Authors: Ballester Maria Pilar , Mesonero Francisco , Flórez‐Diez Pablo , Gómez Concepción , Fuentes‐Valenzuela Esteban , Martín Noelia , Senosiain Carla , Vela Milagros , Fernández‐Clotet Agnes , Pérez Pablo , Rubín de Célix Cristina , Calviño‐Suárez Cristina , Hermida Benito , Muñoz Roser , González‐Vivo Maria , Brunet Eduard , Jiménez Nuria , Botella Belén , Yebra Jorge , Suárez‐Ferrer Cristina , Bouhmidi Abdel , López‐Serrano Antonio , Ponferrada Ángel , Dueñas Carmen , Mínguez Miguel ,   Young Group of AEG and GETECCU
Published: February 2022

Background and Aims

Patients with colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Current guidelines recommend endoscopic surveillance, yet epidemiological studies show poor compliance. The aims of our study were to analyse adherence to endoscopic surveillance, its impact on advanced colorectal lesions, and risk factors of non‐adherence.

Methods

A retrospective multicentre study of IBD patients with criteria for CRC surveillance, diagnosed between 2005 and 2008 and followed up to 2020, was performed. Following European guidelines, patients were stratified into risk groups and adherence was considered when surveillance was performed according to the recommendations (±1 year). Cox‐proportional regression analyses were used to compare the risk of lesions. p‐values below 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

A total of 1031 patients (732 ulcerative colitis, 259 Crohn’s disease and 40 indeterminate colitis; mean age of 36 ± 15 years) were recruited from 25 Spanish centres. Endoscopic screening was performed in 86% of cases. Adherence to guidelines was 27% (95% confidence interval, CI = 24–29). Advanced lesions and CRC were detected in 38 (4%) and 7 (0.7%) patients respectively. Adherence was associated with increased detection of advanced lesions (HR = 3.59; 95% CI = 1.3–10.1; p = 0.016). Risk of delay or non‐performance of endoscopic follow‐up was higher as risk groups increased (OR = 3.524; 95% CI = 2.462–5.044; p < 0.001 and OR = 4.291; 95%CI = 2.409–7.644; p < 0.001 for intermediate‐ and high‐ vs low‐risk groups).

Conclusions

Adherence to endoscopic surveillance allows earlier detection of advanced lesions but is low. Groups at higher risk of CRC are associated with lower adherence.
A limited number of species is sufficient to assign a vegetation plot to a forest vegetation unit
Authors: Maciejewski Lise , Pinto Paulina E. , Wurpillot Stéphanie , Drapier Jacques , Cadet Serge , Muller Serge , Agou Pierre , Renaux Benoît , Gégout Jean‐Claude
Published: February 2022

Aims

Inventorying the habitats composing Natura 2000 sites is mandatory in the European Union and is necessary to implement relevant conservation measures. Vegetation plots, recording the presence or abundance of all plant species co‐occurring within a plot, are currently used to identify terrestrial Natura 2000 habitat types, whose descriptions are mainly based on phytosociological units. However, vegetation plots are time‐consuming and frequently restricted to the growing season. Moreover, no vegetation plots can be regarded as exhaustive, and significant inter‐observer variation has been highlighted. We studied whether reducing the number of recorded species and the time spent carrying out a vegetation plot had an impact on vegetation unit assignment using species presence. We also studied if vegetation plots recorded in winter could be used for vegetation unit assignment.

Location

Mainland France.

Methods

We used 273 vegetation plots covering French temperate and mountainous forests. The time at which species were sighted was recorded. We also estimated whether a species was recognisable in winter. We used a classification program to compare assignments based on complete and incomplete vegetation plots.

Results

Ten species and five minutes were sufficient to assign a plot to an association, and to an alliance, seven species and four minutes. Vegetation unit assignment proved feasible in winter, especially at the alliance level.

Conclusions

We confirmed that a limited number of species is sufficient to assign vegetation plots to vegetation units. However, mapping habitats requires habitat identification and delimitation. This study confirms current field habits, particularly when creating a habitat map, usually based on a limited number of recorded species. Lastly, it confirms that the use of vegetation plots coming from a great variety of sources is relevant to create habitat time series, crucial tools for monitoring habitats at a national scale.
From paediatric formulations development to access: Advances made and remaining challenges
Authors: Litalien Catherine , Bérubé Sophie , Tuleu Catherine , Gilpin Andrea , Landry Émilie Kate , Valentin Marie , Strickley Robert , Turner Mark A.
Published: March 2022

Developing suitable paediatric formulations and ensuring access to them by the greatest number of the 2.2 billion children worldwide are equally important to provide optimal pharmacotherapy. This review focuses on the progress made over the last two decades with paediatric oral formulations with respect to evidence for acceptability and dosing flexibility of liquid and solid oral dosage forms. It also discusses the clinical needs for, and the access to, paediatric formulations for existing authorised medicines. A significant body of new knowledge now supports the acceptability of solid oral dosage forms in children, resulting in an increasing number of medicines commercialised as multiparticulates, including minitablets that are starting to be brought to market. However, there are gaps with these formulations that deserve more research. Even though efforts have been made to identify medicines in need of age‐appropriate formulations, there is no common priority list shared internationally. Such prioritisation would help to develop paediatric formulations with the greatest potential for providing a health benefit to children worldwide. In addition, available data highlight that paediatric formulation access is fragmented and unequal, with commercialisation of suitable paediatric formulations too often limited to some countries/regions. We propose actions to better align decisions during the development of paediatric formulations and promote a more globalised approach to facilitate registration pathways between different jurisdictions. Furthermore, discussions about alignment between approval, pricing and reimbursement processes should also happen, leaving working in siloes behind us. It is time for adults to start thinking outside the box for children.
Multisource Single-Cell Data Integration by MAW Barycenter for Gaussian Mixture Models
Authors: Lin Lin , Shi Wei , Ye Jianbo , Li Jia
Published: February 2022

One key challenge encountered in single-cell data clustering is to combine clustering results of data sets acquired from multiple sources. We propose to represent the clustering result of each data set by a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and produce an integrated result based on the notion of Wasserstein barycenter. However, the precise barycenter of GMMs, a distribution on the same sample space, is computationally infeasible to solve. Importantly, the barycenter of GMMs may not be a GMM containing a reasonable number of components. We thus propose to use the minimized aggregated Wasserstein (MAW) distance to approximate the Wasserstein metric and develop a new algorithm for computing the barycenter of GMMs under MAW. Recent theoretical advances further justify using the MAW distance as an approximation for the Wasserstein metric between GMMs. We also prove that the MAW barycenter of GMMs has the same expectation as the Wasserstein barycenter. Our proposed algorithm for clustering integration scales well with the data dimension and the number of mixture components, with complexity independent of data size. We demonstrate that the new method achieves better clustering results on several single-cell RNA-seq data sets than some other popular methods.