bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teachers’ screening estimations of speech–language impairments in primary school children in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Krishna Bahadur , Okalidou Areti , Anastasiadou Sofia
Published: January 2016

Background

The prevalence of speech‐language impairments in children have been estimated for several languages, primarily in developed countries. However, prevalence data is lacking for developing countries, such as Nepal.

Aims

(1) To obtain teacher estimates of incidence and overall prevalence of speech–language impairments and its subtypes as a function of gender, age and grade level; and (2) to validate the screening instrument on Nepalese children.

Methodology

The adapted teachers’ screening instrument, namely adapted Teachers’ Speech and Language Referral Checklist (a‐TSLRC), was administered in 2776 (690 and 2086) primary school children aged 5;00–11;11 years (mean = 8;11 years). The screening was conducted at four different points in time, i.e. Incidences I and II, and each incidence consisted of a testing and a retesting phase. Prior to this, teachers were trained in forum meetings, and an information sheet containing an overview of speech–language impairments, and guidelines/criteria for marking the occurrence of speech–language impairments in the TSLRC were disseminated.

Outcomes & Results

Overall prevalence of speech–language impairments in children was estimated as 8.11%. Specifically, overall speech problems were estimated as 4.68%, and language problems as 8.0%. Additionally, the prevalence by subtypes of speech–language impairments as categorized in the TSLRC were reported to be 2.95% for an articulation/phonological problems, 2.09% for stuttering, 3.42% for a voice problems, 4.97% for a receptive language problems and 7.74% for an expressive language problems. The internal consistency among items was sufficient and a good intra‐rater reliability was obtained.

Conclusions & Implications

The study indicates that the overall results of speech–language impairments in children via the adapted in‐Nepalese criterion‐referenced instrument are supported by international studies. In addition, justifiable reliability and validity was obtained. Therefore, based on these overall evidence, this instrument can be useful for the screening of speech–language impairments in primary school children in Nepal.
Magnaporthe oryzae aminosugar metabolism is essential for successful host colonization
Authors: Kumar Anil , Ghosh Sumit , Bhatt Dharmendra Nath , Narula Alka , Datta Asis
Published: January 2016

Pathogens encounter and metabolize a range of host‐derived metabolites while proliferating inside the host. Our understanding of these metabolites and their metabolic processes has remained largely incomplete. We investigated the role of the Magnaporthe oryzae N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catabolic pathway during rice infection. The catabolic pathway is composed of a GlcNAc transporter (MoNgt1), hexokinase(s), a GlcNAc‐6‐phosphate deacetylase (MoDac) and a GlcN‐6‐phosphate deaminase (MoDeam). A detailed characterization of the Δmongt1, Δmodac and Δmodeam null mutants revealed that a defect in GlcNAc catabolism impairs the pathogenicity of M. oryzae. These mutants showed severely reduced virulence in susceptible rice cultivar due to their inability to neutralize host‐derived reactive oxygen species and their failure to develop invasive hyphal growth within the host tissue. Interestingly, during oxidative stress, M. oryzae proliferated efficiently in GlcNAc‐containing media compared with other sugars, and the expression of fungal antioxidant genes was upregulated following GlcNAc treatment. However, GlcNAc inhibited the growth of the Δmodac and Δmodeam mutants, and this growth inhibition was enhanced during oxidative stress. These results suggest that GlcNAc helps fungus to overcome oxidative stress inside its host, perhaps by activating an antioxidant defence. In the absence of a functional catabolic pathway, GlcNAc becomes toxic to the cells.
Chytrids dominate arctic marine fungal communities
Authors: Hassett B. T. , Gradinger R.
Published: January 2016

Climate change is altering Arctic ecosystem structure by changing weather patterns and reducing sea ice coverage. These changes are increasing light penetration into the Arctic Ocean that are forecasted to increase primary production; however, increased light can also induce photoinhibition and cause physiological stress in algae and phytoplankton that can favour disease development. Fungi are voracious parasites in many ecosystems that can modulate the flow of carbon through food webs, yet are poorly characterized in the marine environment. We provide the first data from any marine ecosystem in which fungi in the Chytridiomycota dominate fungal communities and are linked in their occurrence to light intensities and algal stress. Increased light penetration stresses ice algae and elevates disease incidence under reduced snow cover. Our results show that chytrids dominate Arctic marine fungal communities and have the potential to rapidly change primary production patterns with increased light penetration.
Real Estate Fund Openings and Cannibalization
Authors: Downs David H. , Sebastian Steffen P. , Woltering René‐Ojas
Published: January 2016

This article examines the trade‐offs in launching new real estate funds, specifically open‐end, direct‐property funds. This investment vehicle, which is designed to provide the risk‐return benefits of private market real estate, is available to retail investors in a number of countries. At the same time, these funds are also subject to liquidity risk, because they hold an inherently illiquid asset in an open‐end structure. This format presents fund‐family managers with unique challenges, particularly with the decision to open new funds. The data consist of 2,127 German fund openings across 76 fund families in 12 asset classes over the 1992–2010 period. Including a wide range of asset classes allows for a comparison between real estate and other investment objectives. We find a substantial cannibalization effect across the existing real estate funds of a family, while we note the opposite effect—i.e., flows into existing funds increase following a fund opening within the same objective—for all other asset classes. Our analysis of fund opening determinants shows that inflows mitigate the cannibalization risk for new real estate funds. Additional evidence highlights the role of scale and scope economies in real estate fund openings. Overall, the results provide new insights into the relatively large size and small number of real estate funds when compared to mutual funds dedicated to other investment objectives.
Aeration and Foam Control in Baker's Yeast Production: Mapping Patents
Authors: Gélinas Pierre
Published: January 2016

A key ingredient in the baking industry, baker's yeast must be produced under strict controlled conditions. High yields of baker's yeast cannot be attained unless a huge quantity of air is injected into fermentation vats. This review of 245 patent specifications shows that inventors have paid much attention to the distribution of fine air bubbles in order to optimize oxygen transfer to the yeast cells. Technical solutions to reduce energy costs associated with aeration are also proposed. Intense aeration caused foaming problems, so mechanical destruction of foam was first proposed until inventions on specific chemical antifoams were patented. In recent years, the development of cheaper and more efficient foam control techniques has remained an issue. Aeration during yeast growth in tanks impairs its fermentative activity in anaerobic bread dough. Since the beginning of the 20th century, massive adoption of air‐grown fed‐batch baker's yeast probably encouraged sugar addition to stimulate yeast gassing activity in pan bread characterized by high loaf volume, especially those prepared under short dough fermentation conditions.
The Pleiotropic Effect of Glycodelin‐A in Early Pregnancy
Authors: Lee Cheuk‐Lun , Lam Kevin K. W. , Vijayan Madhavi , Koistinen Hannu , Seppala Markku , Ng Ernest H. Y. , Yeung William S. B. , Chiu Philip C. N.
Published: January 2016

Successful pregnancy depends largely on adequate placentation and maternal tolerance of the fetus. Glycodelin‐A is a glycoprotein abundant in the decidua during early pregnancy. It plays an important role in placental development and fetomaternal defense. Glycodelin‐A interacts by its unique carbohydrate side chains with the cell surface of various cell types in the human fetomaternal interface, particularly the trophoblasts and the immune cells, and modulates their functions and differentiation to permit successful pregnancy. Abnormal levels of glycodelin‐A in the endometrium, uterine flushings, and/or maternal serum correlate with unexplained infertility, early pregnancy loss, and recurrent miscarriage. This review integrates recent studies on the role of glycodelin‐A in placental development and fetomaternal tolerance in early pregnancy.
Dual Positive Regulation of Embryo Implantation by Endocrine and Immune Systems – Step‐by‐Step Maternal Recognition of the Developing Embryo
Authors: Fujiwara Hiroshi , Araki Yoshihiko , Imakawa Kazuhiko , Saito Shigeru , Daikoku Takiko , Shigeta Minoru , Kanzaki Hideharu , Mori Takahide
Published: January 2016

In humans, HCG secreted from the implanting embryo stimulates progesterone production of the corpus luteum to maintain embryo implantation. Along with this endocrine system, current evidence suggests that the maternal immune system positively contributes to the embryo implantation. In mice, immune cells that have been sensitized with seminal fluid and then the developing embryo induce endometrial differentiation and promote embryo implantation. After hatching, HCG activates regulatory T and B cells through LH/HCG receptors and then stimulates uterine NK cells and monocytes through sugar chain receptors, to promote and maintain pregnancy. In accordance with the above, the intrauterine administration of HCG‐treated PBMC was demonstrated to improve implantation rates in women with repeated implantation failures. These findings suggest that the maternal immune system undergoes functional changes by recognizing the developing embryos in a stepwise manner even from a pre‐fertilization stage and facilitates embryo implantation in cooperation with the endocrine system.
The finer points of writing and refereeing scientific articles
Authors: Bain Barbara J. , Littlewood Tim J. , Szydlo Richard M.
Published: January 2016

Writing scientific papers is a skill required by all haematologists. Many also need to be able to referee papers submitted to journals. These skills are not often formally taught and as a result may not be done well. We have reviewed published evidence of errors in these processes. Such errors may be ethical, scientific or linguistic, or may result from a lack of understanding of the processes. The objective of the review is, by highlighting errors, to help writers and referees to avoid them.
Eact, a small molecule activator of TMEM16A, activates TRPV1 and elicits pain‐ and itch‐related behaviours
Authors: Liu Shenbin , Feng Jing , Luo Jialie , Yang Pu , Brett Thomas J , Hu Hongzhen
Published: January 2016

Background and Purpose

TMEM16A, also known as anoctamin 1 channel, is a member of the Ca2+‐activated chloride channels family and serves as a heat sensor in the primary nociceptors. Eact is a recently discovered small molecule activator of the TMEM16A channel. Here, we asked if Eact produces pain‐ and itch‐related responses in vivo and investigated the cellular and molecular basis of Eact‐elicited responses in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons.

Experimental Approach

We employed behavioural testing combined with pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation approaches to identify transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) as the prominent mediator for Eact‐evoked itch‐ or pain‐related responses. We investigated the effects of Eact on TRPV1 and TMEM16A channels expressed in HEK293T cells and in DRG neurons isolated from wild type and Trpv1−/− mice using Ca2+ imaging and patch‐clamp recordings. We also used site‐directed mutagenesis to determine the molecular basis of Eact activation of TRPV1.

Key Results

Administration of Eact elicited both itch‐ and pain‐related behaviours. Unexpectedly, the Eact‐elicited behavioural responses were dependent on the function of TRPV1, as shown by pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation studies. Eact activated membrane currents and increased intracellular free Ca2+ in both TRPV1‐expressing HEK293T cells and isolated DRG neurons in a TRPV1‐dependent manner. Eact activation of the TRPV1 channel was severely attenuated by mutations disrupting the capsaicin‐binding sites.

Conclusions and Implications

Our results suggest that Eact activates primary sensory nociceptors and produces both pain and itch responses mainly through direct activation of TRPV1 channels.
A simplified stress analysis of rising salt domes
Authors: Heidari Mahdi , Nikolinakou Maria A. , Flemings Peter B. , Hudec Michael R.
Published: January 2016

We use a simple analytical model to estimate the stress field in density‐driven, rising salt domes and adjacent sediments, and to describe the evolution of these domes. We show that the pressure exerted by the salt pushing out against its wall rocks (the salt pressure) decreases linearly up the flank of the dome, but is always greater than the overburden stress. In fact, the salt pressure normal to the dome boundary is everywhere the maximum principal stress, whereas the hoop stress parallel to the circumference of the dome is the minimum stress. In addition, we quantitatively describe the critical stages of salt dome evolution (initiation, upbuilding, and downbuilding), relating these stages to sedimentation rate and basin thickness. This analysis also shows that even the highest sedimentation rates are unlikely to accumulate enough sediments to bury downbuilding domes as long as the salt supply is unrestricted. Despite the simplicity of the model, its predictions are in good agreement with field observations near salt domes. Overall, our analytical model can provide critical insight into the stress field perturbation in and near rising salt domes and can be used to assess the accuracy of numerical models and field measurements near these domes.
Cystatin C as a p53‐inducible apoptotic mediator that regulates cathepsin L activity
Authors: Mori Jinichi , Tanikawa Chizu , Funauchi Yuki , Lo Paulisally Hau Yi , Nakamura Yusuke , Matsuda Koichi
Published: January 2016

In response to various cellular stresses, p53 is activated and inhibits malignant transformation through the transcriptional regulation of its target genes. However, the full picture of the p53 downstream pathway still remains to be elucidated. Here we identified cystatin C, a major inhibitor of cathepsins, as a novel p53 target. In response to DNA damage, activated p53 induced cystatin C expression through p53 binding sequence in the first intron. We showed that cathepsin L activity was decreased in HCT116 p53+/+ cells after adriamycin treatment, but not in HCT116 p53−/− cells. We also found that knockdown of cystatin C reduced adriamycin‐induced caspase‐3 activation. Cystatin C expression was significantly downregulated in breast cancer cells with p53 mutations, and decreased cystatin C expression was associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer. Our findings revealed an important role of the p53–cystatin C pathway in human carcinogenesis.
Child and youth experiences and perspectives of cerebral palsy: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Lindsay S.
Published: January 2016

Background

Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common causes of physical disability in childhood, and many children with CP access rehabilitation services throughout their lives. The aim of this qualitative systematic review was to synthesize the experiences and perspectives of youth living with CP to inform the development of rehabilitation and social programmes.

Methods

A thematic qualitative synthesis integrating qualitative evidence was undertaken where six electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Healthstar, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Proquest and PsychInfo) were searched from 1980 to September 2014.

Results

Thirty‐three articles involving 390 youth, aged from 2 to 25 years, across six countries were included. Themes were classified according to the International Classification of Functioning Child and Youth Version framework. Youth's accounts focused on social inclusion and the physical environment (i.e. services and supports, transportation, accessibility, accommodations, safety and weather), the role of family and peers and participation (i.e. leisure and recreation, school and civic engagement). Youth described how body structure and function (i.e. pain and physical functioning, mental health, fatigue and unpredictability of body function) affected them – often disrupting their biographies. Some youth described personal factors such as independence, coping and body image that affected their ability to cope with their condition. There was much less focus on youth's experiences of mobility, activities of daily living and assistive devices.

Conclusions

Youth with CP experience pain, fatigue and impairments to body function, along with social exclusion, which can affect their biographies. However, youth had strategies to revise their biographies to maintain personal and social normalcy.
Effect of trabeculectomy on the accuracy of intraocular lens calculations in patients with open‐angle glaucoma
Authors: Bae Hyoung Won , Lee Yun Ha , Kim Do Wook , Lee Taekjune , Hong Samin , Seong Gong Je , Kim Chan Yun
Published: January 2016

Background

The objective of the study is to examine the effect of trabeculectomy on intraocular lens power calculations in patients with open‐angle glaucoma (OAG) undergoing cataract surgery.

Design

The design is retrospective data analysis.

Participants

There are a total of 55 eyes of 55 patients with OAG who had a cataract surgery alone or in combination with trabeculectomy.

Methods

We classified OAG subjects into the following groups based on surgical history: only cataract surgery (OC group), cataract surgery after prior trabeculectomy (CAT group), and cataract surgery performed in combination with trabeculectomy (CCT group).

Main Outcome Measures

Differences between actual and predicted postoperative refractive error.

Results

Mean error (ME, difference between postoperative and predicted SE) in the CCT group was significantly lower (towards myopia) than that of the OC group (P = 0.008). Additionally, mean absolute error (MAE, absolute value of ME) in the CAT group was significantly greater than in the OC group (P = 0.006). Using linear mixed models, the ME calculated with the SRK II formula was more accurate than the ME predicted by the SRK T formula in the CAT (P = 0.032) and CCT (P = 0.035) groups.

Conclusions

The intraocular lens power prediction accuracy was lower in the CAT and CCT groups than in the OC group. The prediction error was greater in the CAT group than in the OC group, and the direction of the prediction error tended to be towards myopia in the CCT group. The SRK II formula may be more accurate in predicting residual refractive error in the CAT and CCT groups.
Foster parent training programmes for foster youth: a content review
Authors: Benesh Andrew S. , Cui Ming
Published: January 2016

Foster parent training is a well‐recognized component of providing quality care in child welfare. Well‐trained foster parents can improve placement stability, reduce behavioural problems and encourage successful reunification or adoption. A review of the foster parent training programmes can provide a better understanding of the current state of foster parenting training and inform future practice and policy‐making. This review examined published and unpublished research on foster parent training conducted from 1970 to 2014 and provided an overview of the structure and content of 22 foster parent training programmes. Common patterns in the content and structure of foster parent training programmes are identified and discussed, highlighting trends towards multi‐session in‐service training with eclectic content. The development of new training programmes with strong theoretical grounding that train foster parents on specific behavioural skills is recommended.
Long‐term outcomes of osteotome sinus floor elevation without bone grafts: a clinical retrospective study of 4–9 years
Authors: Si Mi‐si , Shou Yi‐wen , Shi Yi‐tian , Yang Guo‐li , Wang Hui‐ming , He Fu‐ming
Published: January 2016

Objective

To evaluate the long‐term clinical and radiographic outcomes of dental implant placed using osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) without bone grafts, and to analyze the potential influence factors of implant survival and endo‐sinus bone remodeling.

Material and Methods

A retrospective study design was adopted. The clinical and radiographic data of 96 implants in 80 patients were collected after 4–9 (mean 5.40) years follow‐up. Implant failures, peri‐implant marginal bone loss (MBL), and endo‐sinus bone remodeling on the radiographs were evaluated. A life‐table analysis was used to assess the implant survival. Statistical models were established to investigate the potential influence factors of implant survival and endo‐sinus bone gain (ESBG).

Results

In total, nine implants in seven patients failed, giving the 9‐year cumulative survival rates of 90.6% and 91.3% for implant‐based analysis and patient‐based analysis, respectively. The mean MBL between implant installation and the 4‐ and 9‐year follow‐up visit was 0.46 ± 0.88 and 0.50 ± 1.69 mm, respectively. The average ESBG on radiographs was 2.95 ± 1.25 and 2.16 ± 1.13 mm at the 4‐ and 9‐year follow‐up. The final ESBG was found to be positively correlated to implant protrusion length after surgery without any other factors related. The implant survival rate was significantly lower in severe atrophic site (residual bone height <5 mm).

Conclusion

Osteotome sinus floor elevation without bone grafts is a predictable treatment modality in the long run. But it should be used with caution when the initial bone height of the edentulous site is lower than 5 mm. The final endo‐sinus bone height was found to be positively correlated to implant protrusion length measured on radiographs immediately after implant installation.
Effects of a collagen membrane positioned between augmentation material and the sinus mucosa in the elevation of the maxillary sinus floor. An experimental study in sheep
Authors: Scala Alessandro , Lang Niklaus P. , Velez Joaquin Urbizo , Favero Riccardo , Bengazi Franco , Botticelli Daniele
Published: January 2016

Objective

To assess the influence of a collagen membrane placed subjacent to a pristine sinus mucosa on the healing outcome of a sinus floor elevation procedure.

Materials and Methods

Eight Pelibuey sheep (Cubano rojo) underwent sinus floor elevation on both sides of the maxilla. At a randomly selected side (test), a collagen membrane was placed subjacent to the sinus mucosa, while the contralateral side (control) was left without the placement of a membrane. Deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) was used to fill the space created. A collagen membrane was placed bilaterally to cover the access osteotomy. After 4 months, biopsies were harvested and ground sections prepared. Morphometric analysis was performed in four different regions, three within the elevated area and one at the site of the osteotomy.

Results

The total percentages of mineralized new bone within the elevated area were 29.4 ± 16.2% and 30.9 ± 9.2% and of marrow spaces 44.0 ± 23.0% and 45.6 ± 14.1%, at the Non‐membrane and at the Membrane sites, respectively. A low content of connective tissue within the elevated area was noticed. A higher content of connective tissue was found in the osteotomy region, however. Remnants of DBBM granules were found at a percentage of 17–19%. No statistically significant differences were observed between test and control sites.

Conclusion

The application of a collagen membrane subjacent to the Schneiderian mucosa in a sinus floor elevation procedure did not influence the healing outcomes at all.
Risk indicators for Peri‐implantitis. A cross‐sectional study with 916 implants
Authors: Dalago Haline Renata , Schuldt Filho Guenther , Rodrigues Mônica Abreu Pessoa , Renvert Stefan , Bianchini Marco Aurélio
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to identify systemic and local risk indicators associated with peri‐implantitis.

Material and methods

One hundred eighty‐three patients treated with 916 osseointegrated titanium implants, in function for at least 1 year, were included in the present study. The implants were installed at the Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development of Dentistry (FUNDECTO) ‐ University of Sao Paulo (USP) ‐ from 1998 to 2012. Factors related to patient's systemic conditions (heart disorders, hypertension, smoking habits, alcoholism, liver disorders, hepatitis, gastrointestinal disease, diabetes mellitus I and II, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, menopause, osteoporosis, active periodontal disease, history of periodontal disease and bruxism), implant's characteristics (location, diameter, length, connection, shape, and antagonist), and clinical parameters (wear facets, periodontal status on the adjacent tooth, plaque accumulation on the adjacent tooth, modified plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, width of keratinized tissue and marginal recession).

Results

An increased risk of 2.2 times for history of periodontal disease (PD), 3.6 times for cemented restorations compared to screw‐retained prostheses, 2.4 times when wear facets were displayed on the prosthetic crown and 16.1 times for total rehabilitations when compared to single rehabilitations were found. Logistic regression analysis did not show any association between the implant's characteristics and peri‐implantitis.

Conclusions

A history of periodontal disease, cemented prostheses, presences of wear facets on the prosthetic crown and full mouth rehabilitations were identified as risk indicators for peri‐implantitis. Implants’ characteristics were not related to the presence of peri‐implantitis.
Role of genomics and transcriptomics in selection of reintroduction source populations
Authors: He Xiaoping , Johansson Mattias L. , Heath Daniel D.
Published: January 2016

The use and importance of reintroduction as a conservation tool to return a species to its historical range from which it has been extirpated will increase as climate change and human development accelerate habitat loss and population extinctions. Although the number of reintroduction attempts has increased rapidly over the past 2 decades, the success rate is generally low. As a result of population differences in fitness‐related traits and divergent responses to environmental stresses, population performance upon reintroduction is highly variable, and it is generally agreed that selecting an appropriate source population is a critical component of a successful reintroduction. Conservation genomics is an emerging field that addresses long‐standing challenges in conservation, and the potential for using novel molecular genetic approaches to inform and improve conservation efforts is high. Because the successful establishment and persistence of reintroduced populations is highly dependent on the functional genetic variation and environmental stress tolerance of the source population, we propose the application of conservation genomics and transcriptomics to guide reintroduction practices. Specifically, we propose using genome‐wide functional loci to estimate genetic variation of source populations. This estimate can then be used to predict the potential for adaptation. We also propose using transcriptional profiling to measure the expression response of fitness‐related genes to environmental stresses as a proxy for acclimation (tolerance) capacity. Appropriate application of conservation genomics and transcriptomics has the potential to dramatically enhance reintroduction success in a time of rapidly declining biodiversity and accelerating environmental change.
Cost‐effectiveness of a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) based follow‐up programme for colorectal cancer (the CEA Watch trial)
Authors: Verberne C. J. , Wiggers T. , Grossmann I. , de Bock G. H. , Vermeulen K. M.
Published: January 2016

Aim

The study CEA Watch (Netherlands Trial Register 2182) has shown that an intensified follow‐up schedule with more frequent carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) measurements but fewer outpatient visits detects more curable recurrences compared with the usual follow‐up protocol in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The aim of the study was to compare the cost and cost‐effectiveness between various follow‐up programmes.

Method

In total, 3223 patients with stage I–III CRC were followed between October 2010 and October 2012. Direct medical costs were calculated per patient adding the costs for all visits, CEA measurements and imaging. Productivity losses and travel expenses were calculated using answers from questionnaires. The cost‐effectiveness displayed the additional costs per additional patient with recurrent disease and used an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) to compare them.

Results

The mean yearly cost per patient was €548 in the intensified protocol and €497 in the control protocol. The ICER was €94 (95% CI €76–€157) per cent; to detect one additional patient with a recurrence in the intervention protocol compared with the control protocol would require an additional €9400. For curable recurrences, the ICER was €607 (95% CI €5695–€5728). Annual patient‐reported costs were €509 per year in the intervention protocol and €488 in the control protocol.

Conclusion

The current study demonstrates that the direct medical and patient‐reported cost of a newly introduced, safe and effective way of CRC follow‐up was comparable to that of standard care. The ICER per curable recurrence was considered acceptably low.
Cross‐National Governance Research: A Systematic Review and Assessment
Authors: Schiehll Eduardo , Martins Henrique Castro
Published: January 2016

Manuscript Type

Review

Research Question/Issue

Using a systematic literature review approach, we survey 192 cross‐national comparative studies published in 23 scholarly journals in the fields of accounting, economics, finance, and management for the period 2003 to 2014. The purpose is to synthesize and appraise the extant empirical research on the interplay between country‐ and firm‐level governance mechanisms and the effects on firm outcomes. Particular focus is placed on studies that examine firm economic performance.

Research Findings/Results

We identify and distinguish between two groups of cross‐national governance studies. The first type compares macro, country‐level outcomes and the second compares three different firm‐level outcomes: economic performance, governance mechanisms, and strategic decisions. We compare the theoretical frameworks used and further analyze the country‐level factors and firm‐level governance attributes that have been combined to investigate their interplay and the effects on firm outcomes. We find substantial variation in the use and measurement of country‐level factors as well as a variety of causal forms used to explain the combined effects of country‐ and firm‐level governance mechanisms. This wide variability precludes comparison, and consequently prevents identifying consistent patterns of influence between country‐level governance factors and firm‐level governance mechanisms and/or performance. We identify research gaps and provide fruitful directions for future research on this topic.

Theoretical Implications

The cross‐national governance research has been guided mainly by an economic perspective focusing on international differences in the effectiveness of specific governance mechanisms. Few comparative studies have integrated an institutional perspective or examined the external forces that drive the diffusion and use of specific governance mechanisms. Such integrative framework would improve the understanding of cross‐national differences in the salient dimensions of country‐level governance factors and how they mediate the effectiveness of firm‐level governance mechanisms.

Practitioner Implications

Our results reveal that firm‐ and country‐level governance mechanisms have been interacted and combined, either to address various agency problems or to compensate for a weak national environment. This calls for regulators and investors to consider national governance factors when assessing firm‐level governance practices.
Patients with Parkinson disease present high ambulatory blood pressure variability
Authors: Kanegusuku Hélcio , Silva‐Batista Carla , Peçanha Tiago , Silva‐Junior Natan , Queiroz Andreia , Costa Luiz , Mello Marco , Piemonte Maria , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Forjaz Cláudia
Published: January 2016

Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) present blunted nocturnal blood pressure fall and similar ambulatory blood pressure variability (ABPV) measured by standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) compared with healthy subjects. However, these classical indices of ABPV have limited validity in individuals with circadian blood pressure alterations. New indices, such as the average of daytime and night‐time standard deviation weighted by the duration of the daytime and night‐time intervals (SDdn) and the average real variability (ARV), remove the influence of the daytime and the night‐time periods on ABPV. This study assessed ABPV by SDdn and ARV in PD. Twenty‐one patients with PD (11 men, 66 ± 2 years, stages 2–3 of modified Hoehn & Yahr) and 21 matched controls without Parkinson disease (9 men, 64 ± 1 years old) underwent blood pressure monitoring for 24 h. ABPV was analysed by 24 h, daytime and night‐time SD and CV, and by the SDdn and ARV. Systolic/diastolic 24‐h and night‐time SD and CV were similar between the patients with PD and the controls. The patients with PD presented higher daytime systolic/diastolic CV and SD than the controls (10·4 ± 0·9/12·3 ± 0·8 versus 7·0 ± 0·3/9·9 ± 0·5%, P<0·05; 12·6 ± 1·0/9·1 ± 0·5 versus 8·6 ± 0·4/7·5 ± 0·3 mmHg, P<0·05, respectively) as well as higher systolic/diastolic SDdn (10·9 ± 0·8/8·2 ± 0·5 versus 8·2 ± 0·3/7·1 ± 0·2 mmHg, P<0·05, respectively) and ARV (8·8 ± 0·6/6·9 ± 0·3 versus 7·2 ± 0·2/6·0 ± 0·2 mmHg, P<0·05, respectively). In conclusion, patients with PD have higher ABPV than control subjects as assessed by SDd, CVd, SDdn and AVR.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Sildenafil‐Bosentan and Sildenafil‐Ambrisentan Combination Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Hakamata A , Odagiri K , Miyakawa S , Irisawa H , Takeuchi K , Inui N , Tanaka S , Uchida S , Watanabe H
Published: January 2016

To elucidate whether the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of sildenafil are influenced differently when it is coadministered with bosentan (S+B) or with ambrisentan (S+A), we evaluated the PK and PD profiles of sildenafil before and after 4–5 weeks of S+A or S+B treatment in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve of sildenafil was significantly higher in S+A treatment than in S+B treatment (165.8 ng•h/mL vs. 396.8 ng•h/mL, P = 0.018) and the oral clearance of sildenafil was significantly lower after S+A treatment than after S+B treatment (120.6 L/h/kg vs. 50.4 L/h/kg, P = 0.018). In the PD study, incremental shuttle walking distance was superior during treatment with S+A than during treatment with S+B (S+B; 280 m vs. S+A; 340 m, P = 0.042). There were no concerns about safety with either combination therapy regime.
Genetic and Nongenetic Factors Affecting Clopidogrel Response in the Egyptian Population
Authors: Khalil BM , Shahin MH , Solayman MHM , Langaee T , Schaalan MF , Gong Y , Hammad LN , Al‐Mesallamy HO , Hamdy NM , El‐Hammady WA , Johnson JA
Published: January 2016

Aspirin and clopidogrel are the mainstay oral antiplatelet regimens, yet a substantial number of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) still occur. Herein, we investigated genetic and nongenetic factors associated with clopidogrel response in Egyptians. In all, 190 Egyptians with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), treated with clopidogrel (75 mg/day) for at least a month, were genotyped for CYP2C19 *2, *3, *6, *8, *10, and *17, CES1 G143E and ABCB1*6 and *8. These variants along with nongenetic factors were tested for association with the risk of having MACE in clopidogrel‐treated patients. CYP2C19 loss‐of‐function (LOF) alleles carriers had increased risk of MACE vs. noncarriers (odds ratio 2.52; 95% confidence interval 1.23–5.15, P = 0.011). In a logistic regression, CYP2C19 LOF variants (P = 0.011), age (P = 0.032), and body mass index (BMI, P = 0.039) were significantly associated with the incidence of MACE in patients taking clopidogrel. CYP2C19 genetic variants, age, and BMI are potential predictors associated with variability to clopidogrel response in Egyptians.
Procurement with Reverse Auction and Flexible Noncompetitive Contracts
Authors: Zhou Sean X. , Tao Zhijie , Zhang Nianbing , Cai Gangshu (George)
Published: January 2016

This article investigates a hybrid procurement mechanism that combines a reverse auction with flexible noncompetitive contracts. A buyer adopts such mechanism to procure multiple units of a product from a group of potential suppliers. Specifically, the buyer first offers contracts to some suppliers who, if accepting the contract, do not participate in the auction while committing to selling a unit to the buyer at the price of the subsequent auction. For the suppliers rejecting the offers, they can join the subsequent auction with the other suppliers to compete on the remaining units. When the buyer offers only one flexible noncompetitive contract, we find that the selected supplier may accept the offer regardless of whether he knows his exact cost information. Meanwhile, the buyer can benefit from offering such a contract, as opposed to solely conducting a regular reverse auction or offering a noncompetitive contract that does not allow suppliers declining offers to join the subsequent auction. Moreover, we find that the suppliers' information about their own costs has a significant impact on the buyer's decision. When the buyer makes multiple offers, we analyze the resulting game behavior of the selected suppliers and demonstrate that the buyer can benefit more than just offering one such contract. Therefore, the hybrid procurement mechanism can be mutually beneficial for both the buyer and the selected suppliers.
ADA, a fast‐growth medium for Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
Authors: Botella L. , Čermáková V. , Bačová A. , Dvořák M.
Published: January 2016

The growth rate of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus was evaluated on five different media under laboratory conditions. Statistically significant differences were found among them, where H. fraxineus demonstrated the highest growth rate on ADA medium (a newly designed nutritive medium). This study suggests that ADA is a suitable medium for growing H. fraxineus.
Rapid identification of polymorphic sequences in non‐model fungal species: the PHYLORPH method tested in Armillaria species
Authors: Dutech C. , Prospero S. , Heinzelmann R. , Fabreguettes O. , Feau N.
Published: January 2016

Development of molecular markers for phylogenetic, population genetics and phylogeographic studies remains arduous in non‐model species with low or no genomic resources. Sequencing the whole or a large part of the genome of the target species using next‐generation sequencing technologies is considered a promising method, although it still needs a large investment in bioinformatics. To quickly find polymorphic markers in fungal species, we tested an alternative method, named PHYLORPH. This method allows users to quickly target polymorphic regions of single copy genes in fungi using public databases. We applied this method to Armillaria species, which are important fungal pathogens and saprophytes playing a central role in the dynamics of forest ecosystems worldwide. We isolated 32 single copy genes with numerous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites. A genetic analysis of two French populations validated the polymorphism of 80 among 92 SNPs tested, and seven of these sequences exactly reconstructed the known phylogenetic tree of four tested Armillaria species. These results confirmed that the PHYLORPH method is efficient to identify various markers at both the intra‐ and interspecific levels for fungal species with no or few previous genetic markers.
Stand factors influencingPinus halepensisdecline in north‐western Spain
Authors: Sanz‐Ros A. V. , Valladares F. , Diez J. J.
Published: January 2016

Although decline of Aleppo pine was observed long ago and several climatic and biotic factors have been previously associated with this complex process, site factors involved in this decline remain poorly understood. The objective of the work described here was to identify site factors associated with canopy condition. Canopy condition was estimated both by a visual estimation of defoliation, and by an indirect estimation of leaf area index (LAI) and other stand‐ and light‐related parameters through the analysis of hemispherical photographs. A high percentage of damaged trees (81%) along with high levels of defoliation in plots (up to 53%) and trees (up to 85%) were recorded. Regression models showed that the site factors associated with defoliation were basal area, age, crown depth and elevation, while those associated withLAIwere diameter at breast height, tree density and canopy openness. Analysis of hemispherical photographs proved to be a useful method forLAIestimation, but not for estimation of defoliation due to heterogeneous defoliation patterns caused by fungal pathogens detected in the study area. Soils and climatic conditions were common to all plots, so their influence could not be tested, but poor soil conditions and climatic restraints are known in this area, including low soil productivity, frequent summer droughts and high numbers of frost days. The results obtained suggest that several factors were associated with the decline ofPinus halepensis, including age, basal area, canopy openness, diameter, height and tree density. These factors can influence canopy condition, and thus, they might be acting as predisposing factors for the decline. The modulation of these factors is possible if suitable forest management strategies are applied, which could lead to a decrease of the decline incidence.
Stability and distribution of predator–prey systems: local and regional mechanisms and patterns
Authors: Lampert Adam , Hastings Alan
Published: January 2016

Explaining the coexistence and distribution of species in time and space remains a fundamental challenge. While species coexistence depends on both local and regional mechanisms, it is sometimes unclear which role each mechanism takes in a given ecosystem. Consequently, it is very hard to predict the response of the ecosystem to environmental changes. Here, we develop a model to study spatial patterns of coexistence, focusing on predator–prey and host–parasite populations. We show, both theoretically and empirically, that these systems may exhibit both local and regional patterns and mechanisms of coexistence. Changes in environmental parameters, such as spatial connectivity, may lead to a transition from regional to local coexistence or it may lead directly to extinction, depending on demographic parameters. This demonstrates the importance of simultaneously analysing interacting mechanisms that act at different spatial scales to understand the response of ecosystems to environmental changes.
Phylogenetic Correlation Between Male Nuptial Color and Behavioral Responses to Color Across a Diverse and Colorful Genus of Freshwater Fish (Etheostoma spp., Teleostei: Percidae)
Authors: Ciccotto Patrick J. , Mendelson Tamra C.
Published: January 2016

Sexual selection theory predicts that preferences in both sexes select for the elaboration of male nuptial coloration, with empirical evidence supporting these predictions. Empirical studies are often limited in their taxonomic inclusiveness, however, and typically do not examine how male and female preferences contribute to macroevolutionary patterns of male color variation across multiple lineages in a clade. This study examined color preferences in a group of dichromatic freshwater fishes known as darters (genus Etheostoma) that vary in the presence of male coloration. The strengths of attraction to black, blue, gray, and red models were tested in females of 18 species, in addition to males of five species. We found a positive association between the presence of red or orange on the body and the amount of time associating with red models, suggesting color variation is at least in part due to variation in female preferences between species. Males also spent more time associating with colors that most closely resembled conspecifics, suggesting that preferential responses to color in males also can contribute to the diversity of nuptial coloration in darters.
Intense selective hunting leads to artificial evolution in horn size
Authors: Pigeon Gabriel , Festa‐Bianchet Marco , Coltman David W. , Pelletier Fanie
Published: January 2016

The potential for selective harvests to induce rapid evolutionary change is an important question for conservation and evolutionary biology, with numerous biological, social and economic implications. We analyze 39 years of phenotypic data on horn size in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) subject to intense trophy hunting for 23 years, after which harvests nearly ceased. Our analyses revealed a significant decline in genetic value for horn length of rams, consistent with an evolutionary response to artificial selection on this trait. The probability that the observed change in male horn length was due solely to drift is 9.9%. Female horn length and male horn base, traits genetically correlated to the trait under selection, showed weak declining trends. There was no temporal trend in genetic value for female horn base circumference, a trait not directly targeted by selective hunting and not genetically correlated with male horn length. The decline in genetic value for male horn length stopped, but was not reversed, when hunting pressure was drastically reduced. Our analysis provides support for the contention that selective hunting led to a reduction in horn length through evolutionary change. It also confirms that after artificial selection stops, recovery through natural selection is slow.
True cementomas (cementoblastomas) associated with a nonvital left maxillary second premolar in an 11‐year‐old miniature horse
Authors: Luedke L. , Rawlinson J. E. , Sánchez M. D. , Bass L. , Engiles J.
Published: January 2016

An 11‐year‐old miniature horse gelding presented for a left maxillary facial swelling and surgical removal of 2 ovoid mineralised masses located near the tooth roots of the left maxillary second and third premolars. Preoperative radiographs were performed to triangulate the location of the calcified masses for removal, and an oral examination revealed that the left maxillary second premolar was nonvital with multiple feed‐packed pulp exposures. Both the radiographs and oral examination indicated that the mineralised masses were associated with the nonvital second premolar. Therefore, the tooth was extracted intraorally, and the masses were removed via a maxillary trephine dorsal to the extracted tooth. Both masses were submitted for histopathology, which diagnosed the masses as true cementomas (cementoblastomas) with adenomatous hyperplasia of the surrounding nasal glandular tissue.