bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring UAV's multi-domain joint anti-jamming intelligent decision algorithm
Authors: Li Ming , Ren Qinghua , Wu Jialong
Published: June 2021

To understand the complex communication environment of a UAV in battlefield, its unknown channel statistics information and poor intelligent jamming and anti-jamming capability, the multi-domain anti-jamming problem is studied, and a multi-domain joint anti-jamming intelligent decision algorithm is proposed. First, the channel selection method is adopted to deal with jamming in the frequency domain. A multi-arm slot machine's channel selection model is established, and the channel interference level is judged. Secondly, the moderate interference channel is suppressed in the power domain, and the model of its Stackelberg game is established. The game equalization is solved to obtain the best transmission power and reduce the overhead caused by channel switching. The simulation results show that the long-term rewards of the intelligent decision algorithm are significantly higher than those of the traditional multi-arm slot machine's algorithm and the random selection algorithm and that the average throughput of the communication system of the UAV is improved, thus proving the superiority of the intelligent decision algorithm.
Online trajectory planning for UCAV performing ground attacks based on threat modeling
Authors: Tang Jiayu , Li Xiangmin , Dai Jinjin
Published: June 2021

The paper studies how to plan the trajectories of an unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) that releases its airborne weapons and presents an online trajectory planning method based on threat modeling. Firstly, it analyzes the aerodynamic characteristics, engine thrust and fuel characteristics of the UCAV and builds its dynamic and kinematic models. Secondly, the trajectory planning model of the UCAV is formulated with flight performance constraints and battlefield threat constraints considered. To improve the accuracy of ground attacks, the envelope of a guided bomb's acceptable region of weapon release is studied, and the release center and posture of the guided bomb work as terminal planning conditions. Thirdly, an online trajectory planning method is proposed. With the help of threat modeling, the complicated trajectory planning problem is transformed into a simplified situation classification. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that the online planning method proposed in the paper can provide feasible trajectories for a UCAV to succeed in releasing its airborne weapons.
Nahrungsmittelallergien im Beratungsalltag – Erwartungen kontra Fakten
Authors: Enzel Ulrich
Published: June 2021

Nein, auch dieser Artikel wird das größte Rätsel um die Nahrungsmittelallergien nicht lösen können: Warum glaubt jeder 5. Deutsche, an (zumindest einer) solchen zu leiden, wo doch nur 6–8 % der Säuglinge, 4,2 % der Kinder und 1–3,7 % der Erwachsenen tatsächlich daran erkrankt sind? Umso wichtiger ist es, den Fokus auch auf die unterschiedlichen Krankheitsbilder zu richten, mit denen diese Allergieform verwechselt werden kann – ja, die sogar allzu häufig verkannt und daher nicht therapiert werden.
Trans*-Sexualität neu denken: Eine partizipative Interviewstudie zu gelingender Sexualität ohne Genitalangleichung
Authors: Hamm Jonas A. , Nieder Timo O.
Published: June 2021

Einleitung Studien zur Sexualität von trans* Personen sind häufig durch das heteronormative Bias geprägt, alle trans* Personen würden eine Genitalangleichung anstreben, um penil-vaginalen penetrativen Geschlechtsverkehr ausüben zu können, als (trans*) Mann in der insertiven, als (trans*) Frau in der aufnehmenden Rolle. Diese Studie untersucht erstmals die Sexualität von trans* Personen, die keine Genitalangleichung anstreben und mit ihrer Sexualität zufrieden sind.

Forschungsziele Ziel der Studie ist es, die individuelle Sexualität von Menschen dieser Personengruppe zu beleuchten und die intrapsychischen, interaktionellen und kollektiven Ressourcen zu analysieren, auf die sie dabei zurückgreifen. Darunter fallen auch Strategien, um den scheinbaren Widerspruch von Geschlechtsidentität und Körperlichkeit zu überbrücken.

Methoden Es wurden sechs leitfadengestützte qualitative Interviews durchgeführt und mithilfe einer inhaltlich strukturierenden qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Die Studie beinhaltete verschiedene partizipative Elemente. So wurden die Ergebnisse im Rahmen einer partizipativen Feedbackschleife durch die Teilnehmenden kommunikativ validiert.

Ergebnisse Die Teilnehmer_innen berichten von vielfältigen, genitalen wie non-genitalen sexuellen Praktiken, die unabhängig von den damit assoziierten Geschlechterrollen stattfinden. Dabei greifen sie auf verschiedene Ressourcen und Strategien zurück. Insbesondere wird die geschlechtsanzeigende Funktion von Genitalien auf drei Ebenen dekonstruiert: individuell durch die Teilnehmenden selbst, interaktionell über die Anerkennung ihrer Geschlechtsidentität durch sexuelle Partner_innen und kollektiv durch die Communitys, in denen sie sich bewegen.

Schlussfolgerung Die Studie entkräftet die oft unhinterfragte Vorannahme, dass trans* Personen per se ihre Genitalien nur widerwillig oder unter Erfahrungen von körperlicher Dysphorie in der Sexualität einsetzen. Mit den richtigen Ressourcen müssen sexuelle Rolle, Genitalienstatus und Geschlechtsidentität nicht stereotyp zusammenfallen, um gelingende Sexualität zu praktizieren.
Skala zur Messung der Qualität der Hebammenbegleitung während der Geburt aus der Perspektive der Nutzerinnen: Entwicklung und Validierung von MMAYbirth
Authors: Peters Mirjam , Kolip Petra , Schäfers Rainhild
Published: June 2021

In der Evaluation der Gesundheitsversorgung spielt zunehmend auch die Perspektive der Nutzerinnen eine bedeutsame Rolle. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der MMAYbirth entwickelt, ein Fragebogen, der die Qualität der Versorgung während der Geburt durch Hebammen aus der Perspektive der Frauen misst. Der Fragebogen wurde anhand psychometrischer Kennwerte geprüft (n = 1588). MMAYbirth umfasst 21 Items in 4 Sub-Skalen. Er ist ein reliables und kurzes Instrument zur Bewertung der Qualität der Hebammenbegleitung während der Geburt. Es kann zur routinemäßigen Evaluation, zum Vergleich verschiedener Versorgungsmodelle und in der Interventionsforschung eingesetzt werden. Es unterstützt damit die Ausrichtung der Hebammenarbeit an den Bedürfnissen von Frauen und ihren Familien.
Human Absorbed Dose Evaluation of [177Lu]Lu-IBA as a Bone Palliative Candidate
Authors: Ranjbar Hassan , Pourhabib Zahra
Published: June 2021

The role of lutetium-177 among bone-seeking radionuclides in targeted therapy is noteworthy. The clinical pharmacokinetics of ibandronate (IBA) indicates that this bisphonate has powerful bone mineral affinity. The aim of this study was to evaluate of [177Lu]Lu-IBA efficacy as a new compound.

The [177Lu]Lu-IBA was prepared by radiolabeling of IBA ligand to 177LuCl3 that was obtained by thermal neutron irradiation of enriched Lu2O3 sample. Produced [177Lu]Lu-IBA with high radiochemical purity was administered intravenously to mice. Biodistribution data were collected at 1, 4, 24, 48 h and 7 d post injections. With calculating accumulated activities in each organ and extrapolating mouse’s organs to human’s organs by the RADAR method and using OLINDA/EXM software the injected dose in various human organs was achieved.

[177Lu]Lu-IBA was produced with radiochemical purity nearly 96 %. Its biodistribution data showed the high uptake and durability in the skeletal tissues without significant uptake in other major organs.

The results showed that [177Lu]Lu-IBA has considerably good properties as a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical and therefore can be a candidate for bone pain palliative therapy in skeletal metastases; however, further biological studies are still needed.
Medizinische Versorgungszentren als eingetragene Genossenschaft – ein Zukunftsmodell?
Authors: Reinwald Stefan , Hoffmann Felix
Published: June 2021

Ziel der Studie Das Ziel ist die Erhebung von Erfahrungen genossenschaftlicher MVZ in Deutschland und die Ermittlung weiteren Forschungsbedarfs.

Methodik Die Forschungsfrage wird mittels Inhaltsanalyse von Satzungen und Interviews unter Einbeziehung einschlägiger Regelungen aus Genossenschaftsgesetz und SGB V beantwortet.

Ergebnisse In Deutschland existierten am 14.02.2020 3 genossenschaftliche MVZ. Die Gründung einer Genossenschaft ist mit geringen Hürden verbunden, bietet aber später Vorteile wie die bessere Mitbestimmung und flexiblere Aufnahme von Mitunternehmern.

Schlussfolgerung Die Rechtsform der Genossenschaft bietet MVZ die Möglichkeit, resiliente Strukturen in der ambulanten Versorgung zu etablieren, die nicht dem Profitstreben von Investoren unterworfen sind.
Recent Strategies in Non-Heme-Type Metal Complex-Catalyzed Site-, Chemo-, and Enantioselective C–H Oxygenations
Authors: Uchida Tatsuya , Doiuchi Daiki
Published: June 2021

C–H bonds are ubiquitous and abundant in organic molecules. If such C–H bonds can be converted into the desired functional groups in a site-, chemo-, diastereo-, and enantio-selective manner, the functionalization of C–H bonds would be an efficient tool for step-, atom- and redox-economic organic synthesis. C–H oxidation, as a typical C–H functionalization, affords hydroxy and carbonyl groups, which are key functional groups in organic synthesis and biological chemistry, directly. Recently, significant developments have been made using non-heme-type transition-metal catalysts. Oxygen functional groups can be introduced to not only simple hydrocarbons but also complex natural products. In this paper, recent developments over the last fourteen years in non-heme-type complex-catalyzed C–H oxidations are reviewed.

1 Introduction

2 Regio- and Chemo-Selective C–H Oxidations

2.1 Tertiary Site-Selective C–H Oxidations

2.2 Secondary Site-Selective C–H Oxidations

2.3 C–H Oxidations of N-Containing Molecules

2.4 C–H Oxidations of Carboxylic Acids

2.5 Chemo- and Site-Selective Methylenic C–H Hydroxylations

3 Enantioselective C–H Oxidations

3.1 Desymmetrizations through C–H Oxidations

3.2 Enantiotopic Methylenic C–H Oxygenations

4 Conclusion
Short-Term Follow-Up of the PROSTALAC Implant for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with an Infected Native/Total Hip
Authors: Chia Jean , Roy Alfred , Jackman Emma , Inglis Mark , Wilson Christopher
Published: June 2021

Infection after a total hip replacement (THR) is a significant complication for patients and is costly for health services. The two-stage Prosthesis with Antibiotic Loaded Acrylic (PROSTALAC) procedure has been the gold standard treatment for managing THR infections. The aim of this study is to evaluate using a one-stage PROSTALAC procedure as an alternative for patients who would otherwise not be able to undergo THR surgery due to a previous hip infection.

We evaluated nine cases where the PROSTALAC implant was used in the native hip. The reasons for surgery, clinical results, and complications were reviewed. An Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry data report verified that no patients were revised outside of our local center.

All patients reported symptomatic relief and satisfactory function, one patient had a peri-prosthetic fracture after experiencing a fall, and one patient underwent surgery for loosening of the joint. No cases were revised to another implant or had further infection. Minimum follow-up was 2 years.

Our results suggest that this implant is useful in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip with a history of previous infection or chronic infection of the native hip.
Disparities in Telemedicine Access: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Newly Established Infrastructure during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hsiao Vivian , Chandereng Thevaa , Lankton Robin L. , Huebner Jeffrey A. , Baltus Jeffrey J. , Flood Grace E. , Dean Shannon M. , Tevaarwerk Amye J. , Schneider David F.
Published: June 2021

Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to dramatic increases in telemedicine use to provide outpatient care without in-person contact risks. Telemedicine increases options for health care access, but a “digital divide” of disparate access may prevent certain populations from realizing the benefits of telemedicine.

Objectives The study aimed to understand telemedicine utilization patterns after a widespread deployment to identify potential disparities exacerbated by expanded telemedicine usage.

Methods We performed a cross-sectional retrospective analysis of adults who scheduled outpatient visits between June 1, 2020 and August 31, 2020 at a single-integrated academic health system encompassing a broad range of subspecialties and a large geographic region in the Upper Midwest, during a period of time after the initial surge of COVID-19 when most standard clinical services had resumed. At the beginning of this study period, approximately 72% of provider visits were telemedicine visits. The primary study outcome was whether a patient had one or more video-based visits, compared with audio-only (telephone) visits or in-person visits only. The secondary outcome was whether a patient had any telemedicine visits (video-based or audio-only), compared with in-person visits only.

Results A total of 197,076 individuals were eligible (average age = 46 years, 56% females). Increasing age, rural status, Asian or Black/African American race, Hispanic ethnicity, and self-pay/uninsured status were significantly negatively associated with having a video visit. Digital literacy, measured by patient portal activation status, was significantly positively associated with having a video visit, as were Medicaid or Medicare as payer and American Indian/Alaskan Native race.

Conclusion Our findings reinforce previous evidence that older age, rural status, lower socioeconomic status, Asian race, Black/African American race, and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity are associated with lower rates of video-based telemedicine use. Health systems and policies should seek to mitigate such barriers to telemedicine when possible, with efforts such as digital literacy outreach and equitable distribution of telemedicine infrastructure.
Evaluation of Clinical Decision Support to Reduce Sedative-Hypnotic Prescribing in Older Adults
Authors: Joglekar Natasha N. , Patel Yatindra , Keller Michelle S.
Published: June 2021

Objective We sought to characterize the performance of inpatient and outpatient computerized clinical decision support (CDS) alerts aimed at reducing inappropriate benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine sedative medication prescribing in older adults 18 months after implementation.

Methods We reviewed the performance of two CDS alerts in the outpatient and inpatient settings in 2019. To examine the alerts' effectiveness, we analyzed metrics including overall alert adherence, provider-level adherence, and reasons for alert trigger and override.

Results In 2019, we identified a total of 14,534 and 4,834 alerts triggered in the outpatient and inpatient settings, respectively. Providers followed only 1% of outpatient and 3% of inpatient alerts. Most alerts were ignored (68% outpatient and 60% inpatient), while providers selected to override the remaining alerts. In each setting, the top 2% of clinicians were responsible for approximately 25% of all ignored or overridden alerts. However, a small proportion of clinicians (2% outpatient and 4% inpatient) followed the alert at least half of the time and accounted for a disproportionally large fraction of the total followed alerts. Our analysis of the free-text comments revealed that many alerts were to continue outpatient prescriptions or for situational anxiety.

Conclusion Our findings highlight the importance of evaluation of CDS performance after implementation. We found large variation in response to the inpatient and outpatient alerts, both with respect to follow and ignore rates. Reevaluating the alert design by providing decision support by indication may be more helpful and may reduce alert fatigue.
Development of an 11-channel multi wavelength imaging diagnostic for divertor plasmas in MAST Upgrade
Authors: Feng X. , Calcines A. , Sharples R. M. , Lipschultz B. , Perek A. , Vijvers W. A. J. , Harrison J. R. , Allcock J. S. , Andrebe Y. , Duval B. P. , Mumgaard R. T. ,   MAST-U Team,   EUROfusion MST1 Team
Published: June 2021

Divertor detachment and alternative divertor magnetic geometries are predicted to be promising approaches to handle the power exhaust of future fusion devices. In order to understand the detachment process caused by volumetric losses in alternative divertor magnetic geometries, a Multi-Wavelength Imaging (MWI) diagnostic has recently been designed and built for the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak Upgrade. The MWI diagnostic will simultaneously capture 11 spectrally filtered images of the visible light emitted from divertor plasmas and provide crucial knowledge for the interpretation of observations and modeling efforts. This paper presents the optical design, mechanical design, hardware, and test results of an 11-channel MWI system with a field of view of 40°. The optical design shows better than 5 mm FWHM spatial resolution at the plasma on all 11 channels across the whole field of view. The spread of angle of incidence on the surface of each filter is also analyzed to inform the bandwidth specification of the interference filters. The results of the initial laboratory tests demonstrate that a spatial resolution of better than 5 mm FWHM is achieved for all 11 channels, meeting the specifications required for accurate tomography.
Shape programming lines of concentrated Gaussian curvature
Authors: Duffy D. , Cmok L. , Biggins J. S. , Krishna A. , Modes C. D. , Abdelrahman M. K. , Javed M. , Ware T. H. , Feng F. , Warner M.
Published: June 2021

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) can undergo large reversible contractions along their nematic director upon heating or illumination. A spatially patterned director within a flat LCE sheet, thus, encodes a pattern of contraction on heating, which can morph the sheet into a curved shell, akin to how a pattern of growth sculpts a developing organism. Here, we consider theoretically, numerically, and experimentally patterns constructed from regions of radial and circular director, which, in isolation, would form cones and anticones. The resultant surfaces contain curved ridges with sharp V-shaped cross sections, associated with the boundaries between regions in the patterns. Such ridges may be created in positively and negatively curved variants and, since they bear Gauss curvature (quantified here via the Gauss–Bonnet theorem), they cannot be flattened without energetically prohibitive stretch. Our experiments and numerics highlight that, although such ridges cannot be flattened isometrically, they can deform isometrically by trading the (singular) curvature of the V angle against the (finite) curvature of the ridge line. Furthermore, in finite thickness sheets, the sharp ridges are inevitably non-isometrically blunted to relieve bend, resulting in a modest smearing out of the encoded singular Gauss curvature. We close by discussing the use of such features as actuating linear features, such as probes, tongues, and grippers. We speculate on similarities between these patterns of shape change and those found during the morphogenesis of several biological systems.
A novel method for Lorentz force detuning compensation in multi-cell superconducting RF cavity and its validation at room temperature
Authors: Singh Kuldeep K. , Jain Vikas K. , Ghodke Dharmraj V. , Puntambekar Avinash
Published: June 2021

A tuner is an important element of a superconducting radio frequency (SCRF) cavity, which is used to tune the cavity at resonance frequency. The measurement and control of the pulsed detuning phenomenon is very challenging and can be measured in the superconducting state of the cavity at a high voltage gradient. This paper describes an innovative method and unique approach for the measurement of dynamic changes in resonance frequency of the SCRF cavity even at room temperature. For this purpose, a 1.3 GHz nine-cell prototype dressed cavity with RRCAT’s designed X-link tuning device is used. A test setup for measurements of dynamic changes in resonance frequency of the RF cavity has been designed and developed. The cavity response for piezo-excitation at various pulse widths has been determined. In order to simulate the Lorentz force detuning (LFD) effect, the source frequency has been modulated similar to the superconducting scenario in the SCRF cavity. To compensate the simulated detuning, a fast tuner is operated with half sinusoidal pulses at various combinations of pulse width and time advance to find out an optimum waveform. This optimized waveform will be used with a fast tuning control system to control LFD under actual operation conditions of the SCRF cavity.
All-experimental analysis of doubly resonant sum-frequency generation spectra: Application to aggregated rhodamine films
Authors: Busson Bertrand , Farhat Maissa , Nini Teunda Paul-Jérémy , Roy Sandra , Jarisz Tasha , Hore Dennis K.
Published: June 2021

A new method is proposed to analyze Doubly Resonant infrared–visible Sum-Frequency Generation (DR-SFG) spectra. Based on the transform technique, this approach is free from assumptions about vibronic modes, energies, or line widths and accurately captures through the overlap spectral function all required aspects of the vibronic structure from simple experimental linear absorption spectra. Details and implementation of the method are provided along with three examples treating rhodamine thin films about one monolayer thick. The technique leads to a perfect agreement between experiment and simulations of the visible DR-SFG line shapes, even in the case of complex intermolecular interactions resulting from J-aggregated chromophores in heterogeneous films. For films with mixed H- and J-aggregates, separation of their responses shows that the J-aggregate DR-SFG response is dominant. Our analysis also accounts for the unexplained results published in the early times of DR-SFG experiments.
Methods to accelerate high-throughput screening of atomic qubit candidates in van der Waals materials
Authors: Kuate Defo Rodrick , Nguyen Haimi , Ku Mark J. H. , Rhone Trevor David
Published: June 2021

The discovery of atom-like spin emitters associated with defects in two-dimensional (2D) wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductors presents new opportunities for highly tunable and versatile qubits. So far, the study of such spin emitters has focused on defects in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). However, hBN necessarily contains a high density of nuclear spins, which are expected to create a strong incoherent spin-bath that leads to poor coherence properties of spins hosted in the material. Therefore, identification of new qubit candidates in other 2DWBG materials is necessary. Given the time demands of ab initio methods, new approaches for rapid screening and calculations of identifying properties of suitable atom-like qubits are required. In this work, we present two new methods for rapid estimation of the zero-phonon line (ZPL), a key property of atomic qubits in WBG materials. First, the ZPL is calculated by exploiting Janak’s theorem. For finite changes in occupation, we provide the leading-order estimate of the correction to the ZPL obtained using Janak’s theorem, which is more rapid than the standard method (ΔSCF). Next, we demonstrate an approach to converging excited states that is faster for systems with small strain than the standard approach used in the ΔSCF method. We illustrate these methods using the case of the singly negatively charged calcium vacancy in SiS2, which we are the first to propose as a qubit candidate. This work has the potential to assist in accelerating the high-throughput search for quantum defects in materials, with applications in quantum sensing and quantum computing.
Speed-of-Sound Measurements and a Fundamental Equation of State for Propylene Glycol
Authors: Eisenbach Tim , Scholz Christian , Span Roland , Cristancho Diego , Lemmon Eric W. , Thol Monika
Published: June 2021

A fundamental equation of state was developed for propylene glycol. It is written in terms of the Helmholtz energy with the independent variables temperature and density. Due to its fundamental nature, it can be used to calculate all thermodynamic state properties from the Helmholtz energy and its derivatives with respect to the independent variables. Special attention was paid not only to accurately reproduce the available experimental data but also to correct extrapolation. Therefore, this equation can be used for application in mixture models. For the development of the present equation of state, the available literature data were supplemented with new experimental speed-of-sound measurements, which were conducted in the temperature range from 293.2 K to 353.2 K with pressures up to 20 MPa. High accuracy was achieved by applying the well-established double-path-length pulse-echo technique and a careful sample preparation.
3D reconstruction of dynamic behaviors of vacuum arcs under transverse magnetic fields via computer tomography
Authors: Wang Zhenxing , Pan Yangbo , Gong Yujie , Cao Bo , Zhou Zhipeng , Sun Liqiong , Geng Yingsan , Wang Jianhua
Published: June 2021

The transverse magnetic field (TMF) contacts make the vacuum arcs deviate from the axisymmetric structure, so complete spatiotemporal evolution information of the plasma cannot be obtained by adopting one- or two-dimensional (2D) diagnostic methods. To address the issues, computer tomography was introduced in this paper. First, a multi-angle diagnostic imaging system based on split fiber bundles was proposed, which used a high-speed camera to simultaneously acquire eight angles of the arc image over time. In addition, a tomography algorithm called the maximum likelihood expectation maximum with Split Bregman denoising was proposed to reconstruct the dynamic spatiotemporal characteristics of the arc under complex conditions. Then, the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of Cu i and Cr i particles inside the contact gap was obtained by adopting optical filters. The 3D distribution of the vacuum arc had shown an obvious asymmetrical pattern under the TMF contacts, and there was a ring-like aggregation zone inside the arc, which can cause severe ablation on the anode contacts. According to the reconstructed 3D distribution of Cu i and Cr i, it is found that the metal vapor was mainly concentrated near the electrode surface and showed a clear distribution of non-uniform aggregates, while the concentration of particles in the gap was low. Moreover, on the cathode surface, the cathode spots moved in the form of groups driven by the TMF, while the anode surface was ablated by the electric arc, and the metal vapor existed in the form of bands.
23Na NMR T1 relaxation measurements as a probe for diffusion and dynamics of sodium ions in salt–glycerol mixtures
Authors: D’Agostino Carmine , Davis Stefan J. , Abbott Andrew P.
Published: June 2021

Mixtures of sodium salts with oxygen-containing molecules are useful from the perspective of applications such as sodium ion batteries because they fill the gap between deep eutectic solvents and molten salt hydrates. In a previous work, the physical properties (such as diffusion coefficients, conductivity, viscosity, and glass transition temperature) of four salts, namely, Na2B4O7 · 10H2O, NaOAc · 3H2O, NaBr, and NaOAc, were measured with glycerol. Pulsed-field gradient (PFG) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was also used to measure self-diffusion coefficients of 1H-bearing species. However, the technique was not able to measure diffusion of sodium ions due to the very fast NMR relaxation rate of such species, resulting in loss of the PFG NMR signal. In the current work, this study is expanded using 23Na T1 relaxation measurements which, under certain assumptions, can be translated into diffusion coefficients. Analysis of the physical properties is then correlated with self-diffusion coefficient measurements to elucidate information about structure and ionic mobility. It is shown that NaOAc · 3H2O, NaBr, and NaOAc fit models for ionic conductivity and diffusion, which are consistent with ionic liquids where charge transport is limited by ionic mobility rather than the number of charge carriers. The waters of hydration of NaOAc · 3H2O do not appear to form a separate phase but are instead strongly coordinated to the cation. In contrast, Na2B4O7 · 10H2O appears to form a water-rich phase with enhanced sodium mobility.
Modeling of interfacial flows based on an explicit volume diffusion concept
Authors: Wang B. , Cleary M. J. , Masri A. R.
Published: June 2021

A novel volume of fluid (VoF) model called explicit volume diffusion (EVD) is developed for the simulation of interfacial flows, including those with turbulence and primary spray atomization. It is derived by volume averaging the VoF equations over an explicit, physically-defined length scale. Fluctuations at the sub-volume scales, which can arise due to interface dynamics or turbulence, are attenuated by the volume averaging process and their effects appear in unclosed terms representing sub-volume flux, sub-volume stress, and volume averaged surface tension force. Models are proposed for each of these. The sub-volume flux is closed by a gradient diffusion model and involves an explicit volume diffusion coefficient, that is, linked to the explicit length scale. The sub-volume stress closure introduces an explicit volume viscosity that can be augmented by a turbulent viscosity in turbulent flows. The volume averaged surface tension force closure is based on a fractal representation of the wrinkled sub-volume interface. To test the closures individually and the EVD model overall, a series of two-dimensional laminar and three-dimensional turbulent interfacial shear flows and a laboratory-scale airblast spray jet are considered. Numerical convergence is demonstrated by keeping the explicit volume length scale constant while refining the numerical grid such that the numerical diffusion diminishes and becomes overwhelmed by the explicit volume diffusion. Sensitivity analyses are also conducted for variations in the explicit length scale which may be linked to the boundary layer thickness on the light fluid side of the interface.
Magnon spin transport around the compensation magnetic field in easy-plane antiferromagnetic insulators
Authors: Shen Ka
Published: June 2021

In this work, we theoretically study the magnon spin transport in easy-plane antiferromagnetic insulators in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field. By exactly calculating the magnon spectrum, we find that the band splitting due to magnetic anisotropy can be fully compensated by the external field at a particular strength, which makes the dynamics nearly equivalent to an easy-axis antiferromagnet. As a result, the intrinsic magnon spin Hall effect due to the dipole–dipole interaction, previously predicted in easy-axis antiferromagnets, is activated in easy-plane antiferromagnets. The compensation feature also allows the field control of magnon spin lifetime and hence the spin diffusion length. The compensation feature is robust against biaxial anisotropy.
Velocity profiles of cyclones and anticyclones in a rotating turbulent flow
Authors: Parfenyev Vladimir M. , Vointsev Ivan A. , Skoba Alyona O. , Vergeles Sergey S.
Published: June 2021

Strong rotation makes an underlying turbulent flow quasi-two-dimensional that leads to the upscale energy transfer. Recent numerical simulations show that under certain conditions, the energy is accumulated at the largest scales of the system, forming coherent vortex structures known as condensates. We analytically describe the interaction of a strong condensate with weak small-scale turbulent pulsations and obtain an equation that allows us to determine the radial velocity profile U(r) of a coherent vortex. When external rotation is fast, the velocity profiles of cyclones and anticyclones are identical to each other and are well described by the dependence U(r)∝±r ln (R/r), where R is the transverse size of the vortex. As the external rotation decreases, this symmetry disappears: the maximum velocity in cyclones is greater and the position of the maximum is closer to the axis of the vortex in comparison with anticyclones. Besides, our analysis shows that the size R of the anticyclone cannot exceed a certain critical value, which depends on the Rossby and Reynolds numbers. The maximum size of the cyclones is limited only by the system size under the same conditions. Our predictions are based on the linear evolution of turbulent pulsations on the background of the coherent vortex flow and are accompanied by estimates following the nonlinear Navier–Stokes equation.
Recognition of reptile predator scent is innate in an endangered lizard species
Authors: Daniell Tara L. , Hutchinson Mark N. , Ainsley Phil , Gardner Michael G.
Published: June 2021

Chemical cues can alert prey to the presence of predators before the predator is within visual proximity. Recognition of a predator’s scent is therefore an important component of predator awareness. We presented predator and control scents to wild, wild-born captive, and predator-naive captive-born pygmy bluetongue lizards to determine (1) whether lizards respond to reptile chemical cues differently from controls, (2) whether captive lizards respond more strongly to a known predator than to other predatory reptiles, (3) whether captive-born lizards recognise predators innately, whether captive-born lizards have reduced predator recognition compared with wild lizards and whether time spent in captivity reduces responses to predators, and (4) whether the avoidance response to predator detection differs between naive and experienced lizards. There was no significant difference in the number of tongue flicks to predator scent among wild, wild-born and captive-born lizards, suggesting that predator detection is innate in the pygmy bluetongue lizard and time in captivity did not reduce predator recognition. The number of tongue flicks directed towards brown snake scent was significantly higher than that to the novel and water controls for all lizard origins. Lizards of all origins continued to bask in the presence of predator scents, suggesting that chemical cues alone may be insufficient to instigate an avoidance response and other cues may be required.
Composition and processing.
Authors: Bhattacherjee Anup K. , Tandon Dileep K.
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on the composition of guavas, pharmacological value, and processing into value-added products like juice, nectar, ready-to-serve beverages, jam, jelly and preserve, toffee/candy, and dehydrated products among others.
Specialty cuts.
Authors: Dole John M.
Published: June 2021

This chapter provides information on the impact of the production environment (greenhouse, tunnel and field), site selection, production and support systems, plant establishment, spacing, irrigation and weed control on the cultivation of specialty cut flowers.
VISTA is an activating receptor in human monocytes
Authors: Rogers Bryan M. , Smith Laura , Dezso Zoltan , Shi Xu , DiGiammarino Enrico , Nguyen Denny , Sethuraman Sunantha , Zheng Pingping , Choi Donghee , Zhang Dong , Nguyen Andrew , McGuire Kathleen , Liu Wei , Chung Namjin , Chao Debra T. , Ye Shiming , Starbeck-Miller Gabriel R.
Published: June 2021

As indicated by its name, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is thought to serve primarily as an inhibitory protein that limits immune responses. VISTA antibodies can dampen the effects of several concomitantly elicited activation signals, including TCR and TLR activation, but it is currently unclear if VISTA agonism could singly affect immune cell biology. In this study, we discovered two novel VISTA antibodies and characterized their effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by scRNA/CITE-seq. Both antibodies appeared to agonize VISTA in an Fc-functional manner to elicit transcriptional and functional changes in monocytes consistent with activation. We also used pentameric VISTA to identify Syndecan-2 and several heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis genes as novel regulators of VISTA interactions with monocytic cells, adding further evidence of bidirectional signaling. Together, our study highlights several novel aspects of VISTA biology that have yet to be uncovered in myeloid cells and serves as a foundation for future research.
Scattering of mesons in quantum simulators
Authors: Surace Federica Maria , Lerose Alessio
Published: June 2021

Simulating real-time evolution in theories of fundamental interactions represents one of the central challenges in contemporary theoretical physics. Cold-atom platforms stand as promising candidates to realize quantum simulations of non-perturbative phenomena in gauge theories, such as vacuum decay and hadron collisions, in prohibitive conditions for direct experiments. In this work, we demonstrate that present-day quantum simulators can imitate linear particle accelerators, giving access to S-matrix measurements of elastic and inelastic meson collisions in low-dimensional abelian gauge theories. Considering for definiteness a (1 + 1)-dimensional

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-lattice gauge theory realizable with Rydberg-atom arrays, we present protocols to observe and measure selected meson–meson scattering processes. We provide a benchmark theoretical study of scattering amplitudes in the regime of large fermion mass, including an exact solution valid for arbitrary coupling strength. This allows us to discuss the occurrence of inelastic scattering channels, featuring the production of new mesons with different internal structures. We present numerical simulations of realistic wavepacket collisions, which reproduce the predicted cross section peaks. This work highlights the potential of quantum simulations to give unprecedented access to real-time scattering dynamics.
Formation of nano-twinned 3C-SiC grains in Fe-implanted 6H-SiC after 1500-°C annealing*
Authors: Han Zheng , Wang Xu , Wang Jiao , Liao Qing , Li Bingsheng
Published: June 2021

A nano-twinned microstructure was found in amorphous SiC after high-temperature annealing. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction were performed to characterize the microstructure and phase transition in the recrystallization layer. After 1500 °C or 2-h annealing, 3C-SiC grains and numerous stacking faults on the {111} planes were visible. Some 3C-SiC grains have nano-twinned structure with {011} planes. Between the nano-twinned 3C-SiC grains, there is a stacking fault, indicating that the formation mechanisms of the nano-twinned structure are related to the disorder of Si atoms. The increase in the twin thickness with increasing annealing temperature demonstrates that the nano-twinned structure can sink for lattice defects, in order to improve the radiation tolerance of SiC.
On the algebra and groups of incompressible vortex dynamics
Authors: Müller Annette , Névir Peter
Published: June 2021

An algebraic representation for 2D and 3D incompressible, inviscid fluid motion based on the continuous Nambu representation of Helmholtz vorticity equation is introduced. The Nambu brackets of conserved quantities generate a Lie algebra. Physically, we introduce matrix representations for the components of the linear momentum (2D and 3D), the circulation (2D) and the total flux of vorticity (3D). These quantities form the basis of the vortex-Heisenberg Lie algebra. Applying the matrix commutator to the basis matrices leads to the same physical relations as the Nambu bracket for this quantities expressed classically as functionals. Using the matrix representation of the Lie algebra we derive the matrix and vector representations for the nilpotent vortex-Heisenberg groups that we denote by VH(2) and VH(3). It turns out that VH(2) is a covering group of the classical Heisenberg group for mass point dynamics. VH(3) can be seen as central extension of the abelian group of translations. We further introduce the Helmholtz vortex group V(3), where additionally the angular momentum is included. Regarding application-oriented aspects, the novel matrix representation might be useful for numerical investigations of the group, whereas the vector representation of the group might provide a better process-related understanding of vortex flows.
Characteristics of Lead and Zinc Polymetallic Deposit and Wall Rock Alteration Zoning in Luziyuan, Yunnan
Authors: Zeng Lei , Fan Li , Yao Si , Peng Feng , Yang Shan , Li Honggang , Liu Kun , Zhang Ke
Published: June 2021

Luzi Yuan lead and zinc polymetallic deposit is located at Zhenkang anticlinorium which is on the south section of baoshan block. Four main mineralized zones are included in this area, namely I, II, III and V. Among them, II-V1, II-V3 and III-V5 in NO II mineralized zone contain the main orebodies. Througn research the author believes that the deposit shows obvious mineralization alteration zonality from deep to superficial part. It appears that the orebodies are controlled by faulted structure and occur as banded, stratified, stratoid and veined in form along faut fractured zone in the trend of northeast. The analysis and summary of characteristics of mineralization and associated elemengts in this area in this paper provided basis for future prospecting works.
Characteristics of Tight Sandstone Cement in Panke Area
Authors: Shasha Yang , Yong Yang , Ying Chen , Kuanhong Xing , Kaide Liu
Published: June 2021

In order to improve the success rate of oil and gas exploration and further study the impact of tight sandstone cements on reservoirs, this paper uses a large number of rock thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, and physical property analysis to analyze the cements of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Panke area, southern Ordos Basin. Features have been studied in depth. The results show that the cements in the study area mainly include: authigenic cements such as illite and chlorite, carbonate cements such as iron calcite and iron dolomite, and siliceous cements. As the depth of the stratum increases and the temperature rises, the content of illite gradually increases; the main distribution area of chlorite cement is shallower than that of illite; with the increase of buried depth, the content of carbonate cement has a increase trend ; The content of siliceous cement in the deeper stratum is higher than that in the shallow layer.
Test and Analysis of Velocity Law of Flowing Water in Stratum of Bottom Contact Passages in Shield River-Crossing Section
Authors: Xiong Dongdong , Xu Chao , Song Xiangshuai
Published: June 2021

The method of combined hole arrangement on both banks and in the middle of the river was proposed for the test and analysis of the flowing water velocity in contact passages at the bottom of the Wulong River in order to address the insufficient reliability of the existing testing method for the flowing water velocity in the bottom stratum and its failure to truly reflect the data and law of the velocity in the stratum of bottom contact passages in the shield section. Meanwhile, the measurement time of each measuring hole has experienced the fluctuation cycle of the water level, enabling the parameters and law of the flowing water velocity obtained from the test to cover the complete spatial and temporal distribution range. Compared with the existing research, the method has a greatly improved data reliability, guiding the freezing reinforcement construction of bottom contact passages successfully. At the same time, the flow distribution law, velocity range and the law of influence of water fluctuation on the flow velocity revealed in this test can provide reference for related engineering projects in the region.
Research on Deformation Treatment and Control Technology of Tail Shield of Underwater Large Diameter Slurry Shield
Authors: Han Xiaoming , Zhang Feilei , He Yuan , Zhong Han
Published: June 2021

The Karnaphuli River underwater tunnel in Bangladesh is located at the estuary of the Karnaphuli River and is constructed with a Φ12.12m air-cushioned slurry pressure balance shield machine. The bottom section of the river mainly passes through a dense silty fine sand stratum, of which the standard penetration value and strength are high. When the shield tunneling got into to the sea area, the tail shield was significantly and unevenly deformed, which caused the shield machine to be trapped in the river bottom. Therefore, the characteristics and causes of the deformation of the shield tail during the tunneling boring process were analyzed on this basis. Studies have shown that the deformation of the tail shield was a gradual development process. If there is a slight lack of rigidity of the outer shell and tail shield on the outside of the shield, it tells that the large resistance of the ground caused by the deviation of shield tunneling is the main reason for the deformation. Besides, given the construction characteristics of the underwater shield and the limited working space in the shield machine, a linear rectification tool was designed. By summing up the rectification methods of the hole making in the tail shield, decompression with sand discharge, and incremental launching with loaded, local deformation of the tail shield was realized, so the trapped shield machine was successfully released. Finally, through the excavation experience after the shield restart, it is concluded that within 5cm of the tail shield steel plate deformation, the experience of deformation rebound can be achieved through measures such as sand discharge through radial holes and bentonite injection, which provides a reference for similar engineering projects in the future.
Connections for Bamboo Structures
Authors: Lao Hange
Published: June 2021

Bamboo is an outstanding, widely used historical green building material that features high strength, economic, and sustainability. The joints in a structure are the important points for resisting the loads. However, the connection of bamboo pole is always the major challenge during the construction. The thin-wall, hollow and other irregularities of this natural material contribute to the challenges of making connection systems. To utilising bamboo in the construction industry, this paper summarises the existing bamboo connection methods including both traditional and modern ones.
GFRP erosion depth model under alkaline solution erosion
Authors: Li Jiaxing , Yang Yongxin , Jia Bin , Huang Hui , Li Biao , Wang Tao
Published: June 2021

Based on the physical phenomenon of the fiber reinforced polymer material after the erosion of the liquid medium, the erosion law of the liquid medium on the FRP is analyzed. And considering the anisotropy of the FRP material, a FRP point source erosion depth model based on Fick’s law is proposed. Taking the glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) in alkali solution as an example, we carried out GFRP corrosion and aging test in alkaline solution, and the erosion depth of GFRP specimens was measured at 30, 90, 180, 360 and 720 days, respectively. At the same time, the water absorption rate of GFRP was used to calculate the erosion diffusion coefficient of solution medium. Through the comparison between the experimental value of erosion depth and the calculated value of erosion depth model, the error between the experimental data and the calculated data is within 10%, and the overall regularity is consistent. It shows that the erosion depth model of liquid medium proposed in this paper is reasonable and has high accuracy.