bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dry matter losses of grass, lucerne and maize silages in bunker silos
Authors: Koehler Brigitte , Diepolder Michael , Ostertag Johannes , Thurner Stefan , Spiekers Hubert
Published: July 2018

An efficient feed management is important for a sustainable and economic agricultural production. One of the main points for improving the efficiency is the reduction of feed losses. In the present investigation the dry matter (DM) losses of grass, lucerne and maize silages in farm scaled bunker silos were analysed. The method of determining DM losses was the total-in versus total-out DM mass flow of the silos, including the determination of DM content and other silage parameters via manual sampling. The results taken from 48 silos showed on average for all investigated crops 9–12% of DM losses. Density and feed out rate showed a negative correlation to DM losses in maize silages. According to the applied method for determining DM losses on farm scale, a guideline of 8% can be suggested for maximum DM losses in bunker silos for grass and maize silages. The described method seems to be applicable for improving the feed management by using largely automated measurements on the harvest and feeding side.
Silage extracts used to study the mode of action of silage inoculants in ruminants
Authors: Muck Richard , Weinberg Zwi G. , Contreras-Govea Francisco E.
Published: July 2018

Lucerne and two maize crops were ensiled with and without Lactobacillus plantarum and fermented for 4 or 60 d to assess the effect of inoculant on in vitro rumen fermentation of the resulting silages. Water and 80% ethanol extracts of the silages were also analysed for effects on in vitro rumen fermentation. The inoculant affected lucerne silage characteristics but had little effect on the maize silages. In vitro fermentation of the silages showed few effects except increased microbial biomass yield (MBY) at 24 h in the inoculant-treated lucerne silages. In vitro fermentation of the lucerne silage water extracts produced no differences due to treatment except for reduced MBY in the inoculant-treated extracts. The ethanol extracts produced results inconsistent with the in vitro results of the silages. Consequently it appears that the factor in in vitro fermentation of inoculated silages causing increased MBY was in neither the water nor ethanol extracts.
Fosfilt filters in an agricultural catchment: a long-term field-scale
Authors: Kirkkala Teija , Ventelä Anne-Mari , Tarvainen Marjo
Published: July 2018

Diffuse load mitigation is a prevailing global challenge due to the eutrophication of water bodies. We report here long-term nutrient removal performance of two on-site sand filters (F1 and F2) in southwestern Finland, established in the 1990s. The sand filters were enhanced with a layer of phosphorus binding material Fosfilt-s, a side product of titanium dioxide production. The monitoring periods were 4.5 and 3.5years for F1 and F2, respectively. F1 only worked for some months due to blockage of the crushed stone layer. After renovation (1999), the filter worked for a year but then the Fosfilt-s layer clogged and the filter increased suspended solids (SS) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loads by 36% and 19% on average, respectively. Total P (PTOT) load was not affected. The structure and performance of F2 were more successful due to a better water distribution system. On average, 61% ofthe inflowing suspended solids, 37% of the PTOT and 45% of the DRP were removed during the monitoring period. We conclude that these filter types have the potential to be further developed into useful tools for nutrient load reduction. Development work should be focused on the treatment of subsurface drainage waters with high concentrations of dissolved nutrients, in particular. Long term field data is needed, because laboratory tests cannot fully simulate natural circumstances.
Rehujen jalostusarvolaskelmista
Authors: Mäki Antti
Published: July 2018

Artikkelissa on käsitelty lähinnä teoreettiselta kannalta rehujen jalostusarvolaskelmia, niiden merkitystä maatalouden kannattavuuskysymyksissä sekä jalostusarvolaskelmien puutteellisuuksia ja niiden tulosten käyttöä rajoittavia tekijöitä. Kun suomenkielinen termi korvaushinta ilmaisee rehujen arvon ainoastaan yksipuolisesti karjatalouden kannalta katsottuna, aiheuttaa sekaannusta verrattuna vastaaviin vieraskielisiin termeihin ja suomenkieliseen korvikearvo-termiin, olisi tarkoitukseen paremmin soveltuvaa termiä jalostusarvo käytettävä korvaushinnan asemesta. Ajatusyhteydestä riippuen voidaan käyttää myös jalostushintaa merkitsemään rehuista jalostamalla saatua taloudellista tulosta. Jalostusarvolaskelma olisi pyrittävä laatimaan siten, että tulos osoittaa kaikelle kotoiselle rehulle saadun jalostushinnan. Alempien tuotantokustannustensa perusteella olisi laidunrehun arvoksi ry:ä kohden laskettava puolet kotoisten rehujen keskimääräisestä jalostushinnasta. Muiden rehujen jalostushinta olisi laskettava ry-arvon, valkuaismäärän ja täyttävyyden perusteella. Karjatalouden ja kasvinviljelyksen kannattavuuskysymysten arvostelemiseen voidaan käyttää joko bruttojalostusarvoa tai nettojalostusarvoa, kuitenkin siten, että ainoastaan samoilla perusteilla laadittujen laskemien tuloksia verrataan toisiinsa. Kun bruttojalostusarvolaskelmaan ei sisälly ns. välillisiä kustannuksia, olisi laskelma suuremman yksinkertaisuutensa ja tulostensa luotettavuuden tähden soveltuvissa kohdin asetettava nettojalostusarvolaskelman edelle. Bruttojalostusarvoja ei voida käyttää rehujen arvioimiseen muiden kotieläinryhmien eikä eri viljelyskasvien tuotantokustannuslaskelmissa. Nettojalostusarvoja ei voida verrata samojen rehujen myyntihintaan ottamatta huomioon, että karjatalouden välilliset kustannukset, jotka sisältyvät nettojalostusarvolaskelman kustannuksiin, on suoritettava rehujen myyntihinnasta. Käytettäessä jalostusarvoja varastojen arvioimiseen ei korkokustannusta voida sisällyttää peruskustannukseen. Muiden kotieläinryhmien käyttämien rehujen hinnoittamiseen ja varastojen arvioimiseen voidaan käyttää ainoastaan rehujen keskimääräisiä, yleistä tasoa osoittavia jalostusarvoja. Nettojalostusarvolaskelmissa olisi rakennusten korko ja kuoletus vertailukelpoisten tulosten saavuttamiseksi laskettava joko käyttämällä annuiteettia tai laskettava korkokustannus puoleksi kunkin rakennuksen uudisarvon mukaisesta korkokustannuksesta. Jalostusarvolaskelmien suurimpana heikkoutena on pidettävä tulosten riippuvaisuutta käytettyjen rehujen laadusta sekä perusrehun (tai kotoisen rehun) määrästä verrattuna karjalle käytettyjen rehujen kokonaismäärään ja tilalla käytettävissä olevien rehujen määrään. Ratkaisevana tekijänä karjatalouden kannattavuutta arvosteltaessa on pidettävä käytettävissä olevista rehuista saatavaa kokonaishintaa. Vertailukelpoisten tulosten saavuttamiseksi olisi rehujen jalostusarvo laskettava muunnettua rehunviljelysalan hehtaaria kohden.
Distribution of thiamin (Vitamin B1) and fat in wheat grain
Authors: Pulkki L. H. , Puutula K.
Published: July 2018

The chief purpose of the experiments has been to find out the thiamin content of the different parts of wheat grain. Special attention has been paid to the relation of the thiamin and fat content in germ, in the outer bran tissues, and in flours of different grades. On comparing the yeast fermentation method and thiochrome method with each other the former gave 45 to 85 per cent higher values for thiamin than the latter. The results presented in this paper were obtained by using the thiochrome method. All thiamin, as well as crude fat, ash, and fiber contents are given on dry basis. 70 to 80 per cent of the thiamin contained in wheat is concentrated in the germ end of the kernel. In analysis there were obtained the following contents for the germ preparations separated in a special way; ash 5.6 & 5.7 %; thiamin 35.1 & 35.0 μg/g; fat 18.8 & 15.8 % (the corresponding figures of whole kernel; 1.8 & 2.0 %; 3.9 & 3.5 μg/g; and 2.0 & 2.0 %). The thiamin content of the germ preparation was accordingly 9 to 10 times and the fat content 8 to 10 times greater than that on whole kernel so that the relation of the thiamin and fat contents in the germ preparation was about the same as in whole kernel. The content of ash, on the contrary, vas comparatively much lower in germ. The thiamin content of the outer bran tissues of wheat is very low. A small quantity of bran containing thiamin only about a quarter (0.9 μg/g) of the amount contained in whole kernel (3.8 μg/g) was separated with a scouring apparatus of simple construction. It was further possible to separate material about 7 per cent of the weight of grain from its surface without more than 7 per cent decrease in the thiamin content; while the decrease in the fiber content was greater by far (about 40 per cent). The relation crude fat/thiamin is greater in bran tissues than in whole kernel. Analytical data are given of milling products and a series of flours of a commercial mill which was obtained by mixing mill streams in an order according to the ascending ash content. The possibility to control the amount of thiamin in commercial flour and its physiological value on the ground of the ash and fat contents is discussed. On the ground of the fat analysis it is to some extent possible to decide whether the vitamin or mineral substances found in flour has come into it »in a natural way» i.e. as a result of a high rate of extraction, or if a remarkable part of the nutrient in question has been added into it.
A statistical study of the effect of excessive feeding of calcium and phosphorus supplements on the blood calcium and phosphorus of dairy cows
Authors: Saarinen P.
Published: July 2018

A statistical study of the effects of the feeding of large amounts of calcium and phosphorus supplements on the level of these minerals in the blood of dairy cows was made on the basis of 274 blood samples collected from 15 herds. The effects of four presumably independent variables, the actual amount of either calcium or phosphorus in the ration, milk yield, stage of lactation and the Ca/P ratio of the ration, were investigated simultaneously. When the level of calcium in the blood (x1) was considered as the dependent variable, it showed a possibly significant correlation only to two of the above mentioned independent variables, e.g., to Ca/P ratio (x2) and milk yield (x3). The coefficients of partial correlation obtained were r12,3 = + 0.3766 and r13,2 = + 0.1545 and that of multiple correlation r1(23) = 0.3966. These correlations can be expressed quantitatively with the following equation: x1 = 4.88 + 0.427 · x2 + 0.0373 · x3, where x1 = the amount of calcium in blood in mg. per 100 ml, x2 = the Ca/P ratio of the ration and x3 = kilograms of milk produced per day. When the effect on the level of inorganic phosphorus in mg. per 100 ml. of blood (x1) was investigated similarly, again only two of the variables studied, e.g., the actual amount of phosphorus (g. per day) in the ration (x2) and the milk yield (x3) appeared to be effective. The coefficients of partial and multiple correlations obtained were r12,3 = + 0.4861, r13,2 = - 0.1447 and r1(23) = 0.4892. This effect expressed as a linear function, is given by the following equation: x1 = 3.59 + 0.0142 · x2 - 0.0304 · x3. When the cations Na+, K+,and Ca++, and the anions CL- and HPO4-- were determined separately in the blood, the total amount of cations expressed in chemical equivalents exceeded the total equivalent amount of inorganic anions to an amount that was about twice the equivalent amount of the bicarbonate alkali reserve of the blood. The total cation excess varied independenly of the Ca/P ratio of the ration, but the latter showed a negative correlation to the bicarbonate alkali reserve, probably due to an increasing amount of organic acids in the blood. No effect on the pH of either blood of feces was noticed. It is concluded that an excessive amount of phosphate may be conducive to maintaining a high blood inorganic phosphate level. Similarly, a high Ca/P ratio of the ration or an excessive amount of calcium carbonate in the feed, along with proper rumen fermentation, may be conducive to maintaining a high calcium content in the blood of high producing dairy cows.
Influence of lime and fertilizers upon the mineralization of peat nitrogen in incubation experiments
Authors: Kaila Armi , Soini Sylvi , Kivinen Erkki
Published: July 2018

An attempt has been made to elucidate the influence of lime and fertilizers upon the mineralization of peat nitrogen under laboratory conditions. The main object was to study differences between the responce of various kinds of peats to these treatments and to the incubation under conditions favourable for the activity of microorganisms. The material consisted of eight peat samples from North Finland. Four of them were fen peats with a virgin productivity of 6—8. The other four originated from untillable bogs with a virgin productivity of 1—3. All the samples were from virgin peat lands and only slightly decomposed. In spite of the different origins of these peat groups no marked differences in their chemical composition and characteristics could be found. This was supposed to be due to their low degree of decomposition. In the first large incubation experiment carried out at 15°—22 °C the accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen during the B—lo8—10 months of incubation was relatively high in all the limed samples, but marked nitrification occurred also in most of the un-limed samples, the Sphagnum fuscum peat being the most prominent exception. On the average, the effect of lime upon the total accumulation of mineral nitrogen was positive only in three of the fen peats and in the Sphagnum fuscum sample. In the second experiment lime seemed to stimulate the ammonification in the Sphagnum peats during the first month of incubation, but later on the accumulation of mineral nitrogen was found to be almost equally intensive in the limed and un-limed samples. No significant effect of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers could be stated in the incubation experiments. The same was true in respect to the effect of copper sulphate, zinc chloride or ammonium molybdate. The influence of ash upon the changes in the mineral nitrogen content of one fen peat was supposed to be due to its neutralizing agencies. The accumulation of mineral nitrogen, particularly of ammonium nitrogen, was highest in the untreated samples. Although some superiority of the fen peats to the Sphagnum peats in respect to the speed of the accumulation of mineral nitrogen could be stated, the differences between these groups after the prolonged incubation were negligible. This can be explained by the different intensity of immobilization and denitrification of nitrogen in these peats under the conditions of the experiments. It also may be taken to mean that no distinct differences existed between the decomposability of the nitrogen compounds of these slightly humified fen peats and Sphagnum peats.
The epidemic of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici) on spring wheat in South-West Finland in 1951, primarily from the breeder’s point of view
Authors: Kivi Erkki I.
Published: July 2018

The paper reports on the black stem rust epidemic in South-West Finland in summer 1951, primarily from a plant breeder’s point of view. The report is based on the material collected by the Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Plant Breeding, from the spring wheat cultivations of South-West Finland and the Department’s trial field at Jokioinen. 1. Black stem rust was quite general in spring wheat throughout the southwest of Finland. In the extreme south-western part of the country the crop losses caused by drought and black stem rust were up to and over 50 per cent. In the eastern district of the area under review the damage by black stem rust was negligible in spite of heavy infection. 2. The coefficient of the correlation between the amount of black stem rust and 1,000 grain weight in the material collected from farms was —0.77 ± 0.04, and in a material obtained from the trial field —0.81 ± 0.05. 3. All the varieties grown in South-West Finland were susceptible to black stem rust. Kärn II, Diamant and Diamant II showed practically the same degree of infection. Thanks to its early ripening, the early Apu wheat in certain cases avoided heavy black stem rust infection. 4. On the trial field the north European varieties proved definitely more susceptible than many of the American varieties. Black stem rust was the most widespread of the wheat rusts in summer 1951 (cf. Table 3). 5. The younger breeding material revealed clearly the general susceptibility to black stem rust of the origins. It also showed the favourable effect on the descendants of the resistant parent strains employed in certain crosses. 6. A study of the origins of the Finnish varieties showed that hardly any varieties resistant to black stem rust have been employed as parents for our present commercial varieties.
The significance of soil microorganisms as a limiting factor in infection of clover by Sclerotinia trifoliorum erikss. at different times of the year
Authors: Halkilahti Anna-Marja
Published: July 2018

In the petri dish trials the mycelia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum in sterilized soil samples generally infected clover quite readily. In unsterilized samples the infection was less severe and showed marked variations in different years and at different times of the year. In the outdoor trials clover became less infected in the middle of the summer than in the spring and autumn. On the other hand, in the thermostat trials, where the temperature was constantly 7—10°C, the temperature at the time of taking the soil samples did not have a pronounced effect on the extent of clover infection. Liming of the soil caused a marked decrease in the severity of clover rot infection. In some autumns clover plants growing in soil samples taken from fallow were more seriously infected than those growing in soil from a clover field. As a rule, however, there were only slight variations in the extent of infection in the soil samples taken at the same time from the various areas of the field cultivated in different ways. In general, the highest numbers of microorganisms in the soil were found in the autumn and the lowest in the spring. In clover fields there were often more microorganisms – particularly in the autumn – than in fallow. Liming caused an increase in the numbers of soil microbes. S. trifoliorum infected clover very severely at temperatures of 0—5°C; in the range 5—21°C the infection grew generally milder the more the temperature was found to be rising. At temperatures of 5– 10°C an increase in the numbers of soil microbes resulted in a decrease in the infection of the clover. Still higher temperatures, which did not increase the numbers of soil microorganisms, nevertheless enhanced the antagonistic power of the soil.
Certain parasites of fungal sclerotia
Authors: Erviö Leila-Riitta
Published: July 2018

Rhizopus nigricans EHRENB., Sporotrichum carnis Brooks & Hansford, Coniothyrium minitans CAMPB. (two isolates) and Acrostalagmus roseus BAINIER proved to infect sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum, S. sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea in laboratory experiments. The most effective of these was A. roseus.
Some features in the Finnish climate affecting cereal harvesting
Authors: Pessi Yrjö
Published: July 2018

On the basis of the present results the inference can be drawn that in Finland weather-induced prerequisites for a lowering of the moisture content of cereals to the desirable level for combine harvesting are the better the earlier the cereals ripen. Weather conditions in which sprouting in the ear is possible occur most commonly during August and September. They are commonest in Helsinki during the period between August 20th and September 10th, although they are not decisively less prevalent at any other time during these months. In more northerly locations weather conditions conducive to sprouting in the ear are rare in the second half of September.
The fate of water-soluble phosphate applied to some mineral soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

The distribution of applied water-soluble phosphorus in the various fractions of soil inorganic phosphorus was studied in an incubation experiment under the laboratory conditions. Samples of twelve soils were incubated for three months at room temperature with the applications of KH2P04 in amounts corresponding to 100, 200, or 500 mg P/kg of soil. The results of the fractionation showed that in most samples the applied phosphorus could be found almost completely in the fluoride-soluble and alkali-soluble fractions, the part of the former being the higher and that of the latter the lower the higher the rate of the phosphate application. Similar results were obtained also when the fractionation was performed after the samples had been in contact with the phosphate solutions only for two hours. Analyses of samples from two field trials were in accordance with these results. The soils tended to have a characteristic pattern of phosphate retention which in extreme cases means an almost complete sorption of the applied phosphate either as the fluoride-soluble form or as the alkali-soluble form. In most soils, however, the distribution was more equal. Usually the fluoride-soluble part of the recovered phosphorus tended to be somewhat higher than the alkali-soluble part. This tendency was more distinct in regard to the newly retained phosphorus. The effect of phosphate fertilizers in our soils is discussed on the basis of the results.
Eräiden puuvartisten koristekasvien talvehtimisesta Viikissä, Jyväskylässä, Kauhajoella ja Rovaniemellä
Authors: Kaukovirta Erkki
Published: July 2018

Viikiin (Helsinki), Jyväskylään, Kauhajoelle ja Rovaniemelle keväällä 1961 ja 1962 perustetuilla havaintoistutuksilla seurattiin yhteensä 59:n eri puuvartisen koristekasvin talvehtimista ensimmäisinä istutuksen jälkeisinä talvina. Viimeiset nyt selostetuista havainnoista tehtiin keväällä 1965. Havaintotulokset osoittivat, että myös yleisesti kestävinä pidettyjen koristepuiden ja -pensaiden taimet ovat ensimmäisinä istuksen jälkeisinä talvina arkoja pakkasvaurioille. Kaikkein kestävimpinäkin pidetyistä pensaista vain Ribes alpinum selvisi kaikilla koepaikoilla vaurioitta. Hydrangea paniculata, Salix alba v. sericea, Juniperus chinensis (muodot ’Pfitzeriana’ ja ’Plumosa aurea’) J. virginiana ja Picea glauca ’Conica’ osoittautuivat selvästi aroiksi kaikilla koepaikoilla. Jyväskylässä ja Kauhajoella muita arempia olivat edellisten lisäksi Acer ginnala, A. tataricum, Berberis thunbergii ’Atropurpurea’, Chaenomeles japonica, Spiraea x vanhouttei, Syringa reflexa ja Viburnum opulus ’Roseum’. Rovaniemellä tyydyttävään kasvun alkuun päässeiksi voitiin kevääseen 1965 mennessä katsoa vain Acer ginnala, Berberis thunbergii, B. x ottawensis, Crataegus coccinea, Lonicera tatarica, Malus sargentii, Potentillat, Ribes alpinum, Spiraea hypericifolia, Syringa josikaea ja S. sweginzowii sekä samat havupensaat kuin Viikissä. Tehtyjen havaintojen perusteella niiden päivien lukumäärä, jolloin lämpötila oli alle —20° C, vaikutti selvemmin pakkasvaurioiden määrään – kuin useissa tapauksissa alle 30° C:n laskeneet – alhaisimmat todetut lämpötilat. Tämä tuli esiin varsinkin siellä, missä lumipeitteen suojaava vaikutus jäi vähäiseksi. Paikallisten olojen vaikutus kävi esille varsinkin Acer-lajien talvehtimisessa, joka oli epäyhtenäistä. Niin ikään kaikkein runsaimmaksi muodostuneet pakkasvauriot, talven 1962—1963 aikana Viikissä, osoittivat paikallisten olojen vaikutuksen talvehtimiseen. Tilia cordatan talvehtimisen epäonnistumista Jyväskylässä on myös pidettävä paikallisista oloista johtuneena. Ne kasvit, joiden voidaan kevääseen 1965 mennessä tehtyjen havaintojen perusteella katsoa menestyvän eri koepaikoilla, on taulukoissa 3—6 ilmaistu nimen edessä olevalla tähdellä.
Calcium, magnesium and potassium in clay, silt and fine sand fractions of some Finnish soils
Authors: Kaila Armi , Ryti Ritva
Published: July 2018

Samples of three layers of ten mineral soils were separated into the fractions
Über die jahreszeitlichen Variationen im Nährstoffgehalt der Leber
Authors: Antila Pirkko , Varesmaa Elina , Niinivaara F. P.
Published: July 2018

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es gewesen, die eventuellen jahreszeitlichen Variationen in dem Nährstoffgehalt der Leber festzustellen. Die Lebern wurden im Juni, September, Januar und April analysiert. Insgesamt wurden 4 zusammengesetzte Rinder- und 4 Schweineleberproben untersucht. Jede Probe enthielt die Lebern von 5 verschiedenen Tieren. Aus den Proben wurde die chemische Zusammensetzung, der Vitamin-A-, Thiamin-, Eisen- und Kupfergehalt bestimmt. Die Fettsäurenzusammensetzung des Fettes wurde aus Proben bestimmt, die im Herbst, Winter und Frühjahr entnommen worden waren. Von den untersuchten Nährstoffen zeigten nur die Vitamin-A-Werte deutliche jahreszeitliche Variationen. Am Ende der Weideperiode war der Vitamin-A-Gehalt der Rinderleber mit 68.000 i.E./100 g über 7-fach höher als zu Beginn der Weideperiode mit 9000 i.E./100 g. Die grössten Unterschiede in den Vitamin-A-Werten der Rinder- und Schweineleber traten in den im Herbst untersuchten Proben auf, als der Vitamin-A-Gehalt der Schweineleber fast nur halb so gross war als derjenige der Rinderleber.
Maanviljelijä- ja palkansaajaruokakuntien ravintomenojen riippuvuus eräistä tekijöistä
Authors: Honkanen Maire
Published: July 2018

Edellä on tarkasteltu ravintomenojen riippuvuutta useista eri tekijöistä regressioanalyysin avulla vv. 1959/60 maaseudun kulutustutkimusta varten kerätyn aineiston perusteella. Tällöin on havaittu mm., ettei kaloritarpeeseen perustuva kuluttajayksikköasteikko parhaiten sovellu käytettäväksi silloin, kun tarkastellaan ravintomenoja. Useiden menoerien on havaittu olevan riippuvuussuhteessa (taul. 1 ja 2) mm. perheenemännän ansiotyössä olemiseen sekä lasten ja kuluttajayksiköiden lukumäärään ruokakunnassa. Samoin esiintyy riippuvuutta joidenkin menoerien ja vuoden eri jaksojen sekä maantieteellisten alueiden kesken. Aineiston ryhmittely eri menoeriin ei kuitenkaan ole suonut mahdollisuuksia mm. yksikköhinnaltaan kalliiden ja suhteellisen halpojen ruoka-aineiden osuuden tarkempaan selvittämiseen ravintobudjetissa. Koska käytettyä aineistoa ei voida pitää koko maaseudun väestöä edustavana, tulosten on lähinnä katsottava antavan viitteitä niistä seikoista, joihin ravintomenojen lähemmässä tarkastelussa tulee kiinnittää huomiota.
Determination of starch by the amyloglucosidase method
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Salmi Marja
Published: July 2018

A method of determining starch based on the use of amyloglucosidase is presented. In the method the sugars are extracted from the sample with 80 % ethanol, the starch is gelatinised by boiling with water for 10 minutes, after which it is hydrolysed into glucose by amyloglucosidase at pH 4.8 at 40°C (20—22 hours) or at 60°C (4—5 hours). The reducing sugars are determined. Purification of the solution for the sugar determination is not necessary for cereal products, peas and potatoes. For vegetables and legumes ionexchange purification reduces the results by 0—0.3 per cent units. The buffer concentration in the sugar determination should be less than 0.01 M. The method was found to give a 100 per cent result for pure starch preparations. The purity of the hydrolysates was examined by paper chromatography and it was observed that, at least for some materials poor in starch, the starch hydrolysate contains small amounts of other sugars besides glucose. However, with a short hydrolysing time these amount to only 0.2—0.3 % of the original dry matter. The repeatability of the method is good, 1—1 ½ %. The analysis of a series of 8—9 samples takes about 12 hours.
Entwicklungsrhythmen von Obstgewächsen in Finnland II. Blütenentwicklung einiger Kultursorten von Ribes nigrum L. und von R. alpinum L. in verschiedenen geographischen Breiten Finnlands
Authors: Zeller Otti
Published: July 2018

In den Jahren 1962 und 1964 wurden in Finnland an 6 verschiedenen Standorten zwischen dem 60.° und 70.° nördlicher Breite die Blütendifferenzierung und die Blütenentwicklung an einjährigen Langtrieben der Schwarzen Johannisbeersorten Brödtorp und Lepaan musta und der beiden Wildarten Ribes alpinum L. und Ribes spicatum Robson in With. entwicklungsmorphologisch und entwicklungsgeschichtlich geklärt. Die Untersuchungen brachten folgende Ergebnisse: Die Blütenknospen am einjährigen Langtrieb und die Einzelblüten an der Blütentraube zeigen eine ausgeprägte basitone Förderung. Die Blüteninduktion ist abhängig vom Ende der Wachstumsperiode der Langtriebe. Sie beginnt im basalen Triebabschnitt, während das Wachstum am Triebende noch langsam weiterläuft. In Helsinki, in Südfinnland, liegen Blütendifferenzierung und der grösste Teil der Blütenentwicklung noch in der Vegetationsperiode von August bis Anfang Oktober. In den Wintermonaten vollziehen sich weitere Entwicklungsschritte. In Rovaniemi, am Polarkreis, ist die vegetative Wachstumsperiode im extremen Langtag ausgeprägter als in Helsinki. Sie schliesst erst am Ende der Vegetationsperiode ab und die Triebenden verholzen oft ungenügend. Die Blütendifferenzierung setzt wenige Tage vor dem kurzen Herbst ein. Die Blütenanlagen gehen auf sehr niederen Entwicklungsstufen in den Winter. Die jüngsten Blütenanlagen aus der Endzone der Infloreszenz sterben im Winter ab. Die Hauptphase der Blütenentwicklung liegt im Frühsommer des folgenden Jahres. Im Winter besteht keine gesicherte Weiterentwicklung der Blütenprimordien. Untersuchungen an Ribes alpinum am 61.° nördlicher Breite und an Ribes spicatum am 69° 45’ nördlicher Breite zeigen, dass hier Blütendifferenzierung und Blütenentwicklung in der gleichen für den Anbau günstigen Periodizität ablaufen wie in Helsinki.
Yhteistoiminta maanviljelijöiden välillä
Authors: Honkala Kauko
Published: July 2018

Edellä selostettu tutkimus on kohdistunut 200 maanviljelijään keskiarvoa vauraammalla maatalousseudulla. Kolme neljästä viljelijästä oli yhteistoiminnassa muiden viljelijöiden kanssa. Joka kolmas yhteistoimintaryhmä oli ihmistyövoiman vaihtoa ja n. 60 % kaikista ryhmistä oli tekemisissä maatalouskoneiden kanssa. Pienviljelijät vaihtoivat työtä, suuremmilla tiloilla yhteistyö useammin liittyi koneisiin. Nuoremmat ikäluokat enemmän suosivat yhteistyötä yleensä ja erityisesti koneiden vaihtoa. Yhteistoiminnan määrä ei ollut riippuvaisuussuhteessa tilan koneistumisasteeseen, mutta kylläkin jossain määrin isännän uudistuksellisuuteen. Yhteistoiminnassa olivat kaikenkokoiset tilat keskenään, joskin yhteistoiminta hieman useammin tapahtui samankokoisten tilojen välillä. Suunnilleen joka kolmas kumppaneista oli sukulainen. Tilakoon kasvaessa tai isännän iän aletessa näytti sukulaisten osuus kasvavan. Asenteet maatalouteen yleensä eivät näyttäneet riippuvan yhteistoiminnallisuudesta. Viljelijät olivat tyytyväisiä nykyiseen yhteistoimintaansa. Se ei ollut huomattavasti vähentänyt heidän itsenäisyyttään. Enemmistö ei maininnut mitään epäkohtia, ja melkein kaikki ajattelivat jatkaa vallitsevaa yhteistoimintaa. Mitä intensiivisemmin viljelijä oli yhteistoiminnassa, sitä myönteisemmin hän suhtautui yhteistoiminnan lisäämiseen. Mutta jos yhteistoiminta uhkasi supistaa hänen itsemääräämisoikeuttaan, hänen asenteensa muuttui kielteiseksi. Yhteistoiminta maanviljelijöiden välillä on vanha perinne, joka on elänyt maatalouden voimakkaasta muuttumisesta huolimatta meidän päiviimme asti. Se on kyllä jossain määrin muuttunut, mm. koneiden vaihto ja koneiden yhteisomistus ovat tulleet uutena muotona työnvaihdon rinnalle. Mutta muuttuminen juuri osoittaa elinkelpoisuutta, joka mahdollistaa myös tietoisen muuttamisen nykyolosuhteisiin soveltuvaksi. Pienen tilakokomme takia nimenomaan koneistamisen kannattavuus muodostaa vaikean ongelman, jonka eräs ratkaisu saattaisi löytyä lisääntyvästä yhteistoiminnasta. Yhteistoiminta olisi siis taloudelliselta kannalta katsottuna hyvä ratkaisu. Mutta muotoja suunniteltaessa ja pyrittäessä elvyttämään on muistettava, että yhteistoiminta viljelijöiden välillä on ennen kaikkea sosiaalinen ilmiö. Jos se kyetään suunnittelemaan ja toteuttamaan siten, että sen piirissä vallitsevat ihmissuhteet ovat osallistujia tyydyttäviä, on yhteistoiminta mahdollista ja antaa myös hyvän taloudellisen tuloksen. Mutta jos ihmissuhteet ovat sopimattoman organisaatiomuodon tai taitamattoman asioiden hoitamisen tai osallistujien sopeutumattoman luonteen takia ristiriitaisia, ei yhteistoiminta onnistu hyvin eikä liioin johda hyvään taloudelliseenkaan tulokseen.
Apatite as a phosphorus fertilizer
Authors: Salonen Martti
Published: July 2018

In pot trials, where very acid Sphagnum fuscum peat has been used as a growth substance, a finely ground but chemically untreated apatite concentrate has given a noticeable phosphorus effect for pine as well as for oats. Even a scarce liming has significantly diminished the phosphorus effect and a satisfactory liming has altogether stopped it. Apatite may be a suitable phosphorus fertilizer in forest manuring on bog peat soils. The carbonate included as an impurity in apatite may also be beneficial. By the use of not readily soluble phosphorus fertilizers one may diminish the possibilities of phosphorus entering water systems; this should be taken into consideration when the areas to be fertilized are very large.
Trace element contents of plants as a function of readily soluble soil trace elements
Authors: Sillanpää Mikko , Lakanen Esko
Published: July 2018

The use of acid ammonium acetate (pH 4.65) as an extractant for plant available trace elements (Mg included) was studied on a total of 216 soil samples and of timothy samples from corresponding sites. Significant correlations between the results of soil and plant analyses were obtained for the eight elements studied in following soil groups: (1) Clay soils: Ni, Co, Cu (2) Coarse mineral soils: Ni, Co, Pb, Mg, Mo (3) Mineral soils (Groups 1 + 2): Ni, Co, Pb, Cu, Mo, Zn (4) Organogenic soils: Ni, Co, Pb, Mg, Mn (5) Whole material: Ni, Co, Pb, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn.
Residual effect of rock phosphate and superphosphate
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

Results are reported of the residual effect of North African finely ground rock phosphate and superphosphate in two field trials on acid fine sand and humus soils. During the first seven years of these trials 166 kg P/ha was applied either as rock phosphate or as superphosphate to cereals and mixed leys. Then crops were grown for three years without any application of phosphorus fertilizers. The phosphorus analyses of the soil at the end of the seventh experimental year proved that the largest part of rock phosphate occurred in the acid soluble fraction, probably mainly as unweathered apatite. The superphosphate phosphorus seemed to be accumulated as fluoride-soluble and alkali-soluble forms. In the trial on the humus soil of a fairly high productivity, the residual effect of both fertilizers on three oat crops was insignificant. In the trial on the poorer fine sand soil, the residues of both fertilizers produced significant and mutually equal increases in the dry matter yields of the oat crop in the first year and of the hay crops in the second and third years. The tendency to a higher phosphorus content in the graminaceous plants from the superphosphate plots resulted in a higher uptake of phosphorus from these plots as compared with the phosphorus yield from the rock phosphate plots; only in the third year the difference was no more significant. Attention was paid to the good capacity of red clover to use phosphorus of rock phosphate.
Carnation wilt diseases caused by fungi in Finland
Authors: Jamalainen E. A. , Ruotsalainen Laina
Published: July 2018

From 81 carnation samples collected in 1967—68 from nurseries in different parts of the country were identified 17 species of fungus, from a total of 177 fungus isolates. Among these, Fusarium oxysporum was most widespread, 31.1 %. F. arthrosporioides, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, Alternaria tenuis and Cladosporium sp. occurred in considerable quantities. The percentage of Phialophora cinerescens was 1.1 %. In the inoculation trials F. oxysporum behaved as a strongly pathogenic, infecting plants via the air through cut surfaces and via the soil by root-penetration. A. tenuis, F. avenaceum and F. culmorum infected carnations only from the air through cut surfaces. In the fungicide trials against F. oxysporum, spraying the plants infected via the soil proved ineffective. The trials were made with the systemic Benlate (1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamic acid, methyl ester 50 %), Plantvax (2,3-Dihydro-5-carboxanilido- 6-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-4,4-dioxide), Vitavax (2,3-Dihydro-5-caboxanilido-6-methyl-1,4-oxathiin), and with the non-systemic Dithane M-45 (mancozeb 80 %), Orthocide 50 (captan 50 %) and Pomarsol Forte (thiram 80 %). The dipping of rooted cuttings into Benlate and Dithane M-45 compounds to a certain extent delayed the process of wilting.
Syysviljojen talvituhosienien torjunta PCNB:llä
Authors: Pessi Yrjö , Ylänen Mikko , Savas O. E. , Nieminen M. , Leskelä Auvo , Syvälahti Jorma
Published: July 2018

Tehdyissä kokeissa vuosina 1966—69 on Kotkaniemen koetilalla Vihdissä saatu PCNB-käsittelyllä useimmiten huomattavia sadonlisäyksiä rukiilla ja syysvehnällä. Alustavat kokeet osoittavat, että 50 %:sen PCNB-ruiskutejauheen, joka sisältää täyteaineena ammoniumsulfaattia, levitys alkutalven löyhälle lumelle tai sijoitus lumen läpi rivilannoituskoneella lannoitteeseen sekoitettuna maan pinnalle, antaa yhtä hyviä tuloksia kuin ennen lumen tuloa tapahtunut levityskin.
Influence of irrigation and supply of available nitrogen on growth and nutrient content of spring wheat
Authors: Kaila Armi , Elonen Paavo
Published: July 2018

In the dry summer 1969 the effect of irrigation and supply of available nitrogen on the production of dry matter and on the N, P, K, Mg, and Ca content of the aerial parts of spring wheat was studied on the basis of samples collected at various stages of development from a field trial. Shoots collected from the irrigated plots (30 mm water on June 9 and 30 mm water on June 17) in the middle and at the end of June had a higher content of all the nutrients studied than those from the nonirrigated plots although at the latter date also the dry matter yield was markedly increased by irrigation. Later, the larger production of dry matter on the irrigated plots decreased this difference and resulted in equal or even somewhat lower contens of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca in the ears and straw, and also in the grains. An improvement in the supply of available nitrogen tended to increase the dry matter yield and the content of K, Mg, and Ca in the vegetative parts of the plant; the N content was increased also in the ears and grains. The positive interaction of water and nitrogen supply was distinct in the production of dry matter and in the uptake of nutrients. The high grain yields produced by irrigation and good or very good nitrogen supply were attributed, at least partly, to the more intensive uptake of nutrients during the period of vigorous growth in June. It was emphasized that the improvement of the efficiency of plant production by irrigation and placement of fertilizers may result in an impoverishment of the soil of other nutrients.
Aluminium and acidity in Finnish soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

In the present study an attempt was made to study by statistical methods the proportion of Al of the exchange acidity of 298 soil samples of various kind, and to what extent the titratable nonexchangeable acidity in these soils is connected with Al, when Al soluble in Tamm’s acid oxalate was used as its indicator. Unbuffered N KCI replaced Al only from soil samples with a pH less than 5.3 in 0.01 M CaCl2 . In this part of the material, Al corresponded, on the average, to one third of the exchange acidity of mineral soil samples, and to 16 per cent of that of organic soils. The amount of Al was usually the higher the lower the soil pH, but the correlation was close only in the group of clay soils. Titratable nonexchangeable acidity was estimated as the difference of the amount of acidity neutralized at pH 8.2 and the corresponding amount of exchange acidity replaced by unbuffered KCI. In 100 clay soil samples it was, on the average, 12.0 ± 1.3 me/100 g, in 42 samples of silt and loam soils 8.8 ± 1.8 me/100 g, in 99 sandy soils 8.9 ± 1.1 me/100 g and in 57 organic soils 49.1 ± 6.8 me/100 g. There was no correlation between titratable nonexchangeable acidity and the clay content within various soil groups. In the clay soils exalate soluble Al alone explained 78.3 %, in the silt and loam soils 59.8 %, in the sandy soils 6.5 %, and in the organic soils 0.6 % of the variation in titratable nonexchangeable acidity. Taking into account the content of organic C increased the rate of explanation only to 82.1 % in clay soils, to 84.1 % in silt and loam soils, to 83,1 % in sandy soils, and to 63.7 % in the organic soils. Further, adding the soil pH increased the rate of explanation 5.8 to 9.6 per cent units in various soil groups, but considering of oxalate soluble Fe did no more distinctly increase the part of variation explained, except in the organic soils. Regression equations were calculated for the relationship of these variables. According to the partial correlation coefficients and to the β-coefficients, the relative importance of oxalate soluble Al in explaining the variation in titratable nonexchangeable acidity was in the clay soils higher than even that of organic C content, but in the other mineral soil groups it was less important than both C content and pH; in the organic soils even oxalate soluble Fe appeared to be slightly more important.
Effect of large doses of zinc bacitracin on voluntary intake, mastication and digestibility of hay in adult ruminants
Authors: Syrjälä Liisa
Published: July 2018

Two cows were used in the trials. They received timothy hay as their only feed. As the antibiotic doses were increased during the experiment, the cows’ hay consumption decreased. The maximum zinc bacitracin doses were 80—100 mg per kg live weight. Sieve fractionations of the faeces were made to investigate the efficiency of the mastication of the feed. The crude faeces fractions increased with increases in the zinc bacitracin doses, indicating that the mastication of the food was depressed. Lignin was used as an indicator when investigating the digestibility of the food. The results show that zinc bacitracin depressed the digestibility of the plant cell wall substances. There was also a decrease in the digestibility of the other constituents of the hay.
Arbetsbehovet och på det påverkande faktorer vid radmyllning och kombinerad radmyllning och sådd
Authors: Pehkonen Aarne
Published: July 2018

För att klarlägga arbetsbehovet vid radmyllning och kombinerad radmyllning och sådd utfördes arbetsstudier åren 1968—70. Enligt undersökningen bar arbetsbehovet varierat kraftigt och alla på arbetsbehovet påverkande faktorer har ej kunnat utredas tillräckligt noggrannt. I medeltal har arbetsbehovet vid radmyllning varit 51 min/ha och vid kombinerad radmyllning och sådd 70 min/ha. I vartdera arbete har huvudtiden, d.v.s. körning med billarna i jorden utgjort mindre än hälften av operationstiden. Enligt undersökningen har den körda hastigheten kraftigt påverkat arbetskapaciteten. Hastigheten har till och med omintetgjort verkningarna av maskinernas olika arbetsbredd. Körhastigheten fastställes enligt undersökningen inte enbart av maskinen och arbetsförhållandena, utan de mänskliga faktorerna är i delta avseende synnerligen betydande. De mänskliga faktorerna spelar dessutom in inte endast på hastigheten, utan även genom påfyllnings- och vändningstiderna på det totala arbetsbehovet. Därför är det sist och slutligen människan som bestämmer, huru nära den teoretiska maximala arbetskapaciteten man kommer.
Growth of weeds in cereal populations
Authors: Erviö Leila-Riitta
Published: July 2018

The weeds in this study consisted mainly of Chenopodium album, Stellaria media, Viola arvensis, Polygonum convolvulus, P. aviculare and P. lapathifolium. Increasing cereal seed rates reduced the numbers, individual weights and total yields of the most abundant species, Chenopodium album. The decreases in plant weight and total yield of the weeds were very steep when the cereal seed rate was raised from 25 to 200 kg/ha. Increases in the seeding rate reduced the total yields of weeds rather than their numbers. The effect of the cereal on weeds became apparent as soon as heading of the cereal was complete and was further enhanced by prolonged competition. Added nitrogen raised the weed yields at cereal seed rates of 25—100 kg/ha but reduced them at higher seed rates. Nitrogen also raised the yield and individual plant weight of C. album. Cereal seed rate did not affect the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents of the weeds grown among the crop. Due to larger total weed yields, however, the amounts of these nutrients in the weeds were higher in sparse than in dense cereal populations.
The ram circle as a progeny testing method
Authors: Syväjärvi Jouko , Varo Mikko
Published: July 2018

Ram circles are used to obtain progeny from sire rams on a number of different farms in order that the effect of farm on progeny may be equalized and, concurrently, the selection of mate be a random one. The objective is the achievement of reliable progeny evaluations of the rams as a result of cooperation between farms. The Finnish experiment covered four farms, and four rams were used to service the four flocks containing a total of 66 ewes. In the spring, 163 lambs were born. In the autumn 40 male lambs were selected from this number at random and were slaughtered, dissected and evaluated. The results were analysed by covariance analysis, and the effects of the dam, the litter and the age of animal were eqalized. The effect of the farm on the early growth and the liveweight of the lambs was considerable, but it decreased with the ageing of the lambs. The effect of farm on the characteristics of the carcass was without significance. The variation between sires was greater than the variation due to error concerning almost all the characteristics, and in four cases the differences were significant at a probability level of 95 per cent. The differences will probably emerge more clearly if the number of farms and the number of rams in the circle are increased. In the experiment this time the number of progeny on the various farms was far from even. On the basis of slaughter results, however, estimates could be produced of the order of superiority of the sires.
Effects of soil moisture on the germination and emergence of sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.)
Authors: Aura Erkki
Published: July 2018

By means of theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments, this study attempted to elucidate the effects of excessive and of inadequate soil moisture on the germination and seedling emergence of sugar beet. The results of this study confirmed the opinion that water contained in the sugar beet seed or surrounding the seed as a water film is a barrier to the adequate intake of oxygen by the seed only when the value of the water potential is close to zero. The soil water potential at which the passage of oxygen into the seed is prevented depends largely on the structure of the seed bed. With a semi-permeable membrane of cellulose acetate and a solution of polyethylene glycol, it was shown that the sugar beet seed will still germinate fairly well at a potential of —10 atm, but at —13 atm germination is slight. The soil water potential appeared to have nearly the same effect on germination as did the water potential of the polyethylene glycol solution. The seedling emergence percentage was, however, smaller than the germination percentage in experiments with the semi-permeable membrane. This was considered to be caused by the slow extension growth of the radicle due to a low water potential, at the stage of seedling emergence. According to studies made, the initial water intake of the sugar beet seed planted in soil is rapid. Poor contact between the seed and the soil slows down water intake and seedling emergence, but does not impair the final seedling emergence. Removal of the fruit coat was shown to improve germination markedly when the water potential is low. This treatment would have little practical significance, since the growth of the radicle at a low water potential is very slow.