bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral Engineering Via Complex Patterns of Circular Nano-Object Miniarrays: II. Concave Patterns Tunable by Integrated Lithography Realized by Circularly Polarized Light
Authors: Tóth Emese , Sipos Áron , Fekete Olivér A. , Csete Mária
Published: November 2020

The use of circularly polarized beams in interferometric illumination of colloid sphere monolayers enables the direct fabrication of rectangular patterns composed of circular nanohole miniarrays in metal films. This paper presents a study on the spectral and near-field effects of complex rectangular patterns consisted of a central nanoring and slightly rotated satellite nanocrescents in azimuthal orientations, which promote coupling between localized and propagating plasmons. To inspect the localized modes separately, we investigate the spectral responses and near-field phenomena of hexagonal patterns composed of uniform nanorings and nanocrescents, which can be fabricated by a single, homogeneous, circularly polarized beam incident perpendicularly and obliquely, respectively. To understand the interaction of localized and propagating modes, we analyze artificial rectangular patterns composed of a singlet nanoring, a singlet horizontal nanocrescent, and a quadrumer of four slightly rotated nanocrescents. The results demonstrate that on the rectangular pattern of a singlet horizontal nanocrescent the interacting C2 and C1 localized resonances in the C orientation ($$0^{\circ }$$

0
∘

azimuthal angle) and the U localized resonance coupled with propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in the U orientation ($$90^{\circ }$$

90
∘

azimuthal angle) manifest themselves in similar split spectra. Moreover, split spectra appear due to the coupling of the azimuthal orientation independent localized resonance on the nanorings and the SPPs propagating on their rectangular pattern in the U orientation. The spectral response of the complex miniarray pattern can be precisely tuned by varying the geometrical parameters of the moderately interacting nanoholes and the pattern period. In appropriate configurations, the fluorescence of the dipolar emitters is enhanced, which has potential applications in bio-object detection.
Principali test di stimolo e di inibizione per la patologia antero-ipofisaria: avvertenze per l’uso nella popolazione di età superiore ai 65 anni
Authors: Caputo Marina , Mele Chiara , Ferrero Alice , Leone Ilaria , Marzullo Paolo , Prodam Flavia , Aimaretti Gianluca
Published: November 2020

Sommario

La fisiopatologia dell’invecchiamento non è ancora stata del tutto chiarita sebbene numerosi filoni di ricerca siano attivi in questo ambito in considerazione dell’aumento della vita media della popolazione generale. Il sistema endocrino riveste un ruolo critico in questo contesto in quanto, durante l’invecchiamento, avvengono importanti modifiche nel pattern secretorio dell’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi e nella sua sensibilità ai meccanismi di feedback. Risulta pertanto evidente come, nell’ambito della quotidiana pratica clinica, sia necessaria un’interpretazione critica dei principali test endocrinologi per lo studio delle patologie ipofisarie nella popolazione over 65, per la quale spesso non esistono cut-off età-specifici.
Kant and Global Distributive Justice
Authors: Loriaux Sylvie
Published: November 2020

This Element argues that although Kant's political thought does not tackle issues of global poverty and inequality head on, it nonetheless offers important conceptual and normative resources to think of our global socioeconomic duties. It delves into the Kantian duty to enter a rightful condition beyond the state and shows that a proper understanding of this duty not only leads us to acknowledge a duty of right to assist states that are unable to fulfil the core functions of a state, but also provides valuable hints at what just transnational trade relations and a just regulation of immigration should look like.
Everyday Life in the Aztec World
Authors: Berdan Frances , Smith Michael E.
Published: November 2020

In Everyday Life in the Aztec World, Frances Berdan and Michael E. Smith offer a view into the lives of real people, doing very human things, in the unique cultural world of Aztec central Mexico. The first section focuses on people from an array of social classes - the emperor, a priest, a feather worker, a merchant, a farmer, and a slave - who interacted in the economic, social and religious realms of the Aztec world. In the second section, the authors examine four important life events where the lives of these and others intersected: the birth and naming of a child, market day, a day at court, and a battle. Through the microscopic views of individual types of lives, and interweaving of those lives into the broader Aztec world, Berdan and Smith recreate everyday life in the final years of the Aztec Empire.
Product formalisms for measures on spaces with binary tree structures: representation, visualization, and multiscale noise
Authors: Bassu Devasis , Jones Peter W. , Ness Linda , Shallcross David
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we present a theoretical foundation for a representation of a data set as a measure in a very large hierarchically parametrized family of positive measures, whose parameters can be computed explicitly (rather than estimated by optimization), and illustrate its applicability to a wide range of data types. The preprocessing step then consists of representing data sets as simple measures. The theoretical foundation consists of a dyadic product formula representation lemma, and a visualization theorem. We also define an additive multiscale noise model that can be used to sample from dyadic measures and a more general multiplicative multiscale noise model that can be used to perturb continuous functions, Borel measures, and dyadic measures. The first two results are based on theorems in [15, 3, 1]. The representation uses the very simple concept of a dyadic tree and hence is widely applicable, easily understood, and easily computed. Since the data sample is represented as a measure, subsequent analysis can exploit statistical and measure theoretic concepts and theories. Because the representation uses the very simple concept of a dyadic tree defined on the universe of a data set, and the parameters are simply and explicitly computable and easily interpretable and visualizable, we hope that this approach will be broadly useful to mathematicians, statisticians, and computer scientists who are intrigued by or involved in data science, including its mathematical foundations.
Generic Newton points and the Newton poset in Iwahori-double cosets
Authors: Milićević Elizabeth , Viehmann Eva
Published: November 2020

We consider the Newton stratification on Iwahori-double cosets in the loop group of a reductive group. We describe a group-theoretic condition on the generic Newton point, called cordiality, under which the Newton poset (that is, the index set for non-empty Newton strata) is saturated and Grothendieck’s conjecture on closures of the Newton strata holds. Finally, we give several large classes of Iwahori-double cosets for which this condition is satisfied by studying certain paths in the associated quantum Bruhat graph.
Surveillance and identification of clusters of healthcare workers with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Multidimensional interventions at a comprehensive cancer center
Authors: Ariza-Heredia Ella J. , Frenzel Elizabeth , Cantu Sherry , Carlson Mary , Thomas Georgia , Khawaja Fareed , Raad Issam I. , Chemaly Roy F.
Published: November 2020

Background:

Cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. In this report, we describe 3 clusters of COVID-19 infections among healthcare workers (HCWs), not associated with patient exposure, and the interventions undertaken to halt ongoing exposure and transmission at our cancer center.

Methods:

A cluster of cases was defined as 2 or more cases of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–positive COVID-19 among HCWs who work in the same unit area at the same time. Cases were identified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing. Contact tracing, facility observations, and infection prevention assessments were performed to investigate the 3 clusters between March 1 and April 30, 2020, with subsequent implementation of containment strategies.

Results:

The initial cluster involved HCWs from an ancillary services unit, with contacts traced back to a gathering in a break room in which 1 employee was symptomatic, although not yet diagnosed with COVID-19, with subsequent transmission to 7 employees. The second cluster involved 4 employees and was community related. The third cluster involved only 2 employees with possible transmission while working in the same office at the same time. A step-up approach was implemented to control the spread of infection among employees, including universal masking, enhanced cleaning, increase awareness, and surveillance testing. No nosocomial transmission to patients transpired.

Conclusions:

To our knowledge, this is the first report of a hospital-based cluster of COVID-19 infections among HCWs in a cancer hospital describing our steps to mitigate further transmission.
The role of the social vulnerability index in personal protective equipment shortages, number of cases, and associated mortality during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Michigan skilled nursing facilities
Authors: LeRose Jennifer J. , Merlo Courtney , Duong Phong , Harden Kelsi , Rush Rebecca , Artzberger Adam , Sidhu Nikki , Sandhu Avnish , Chopra Teena
Published: November 2020

The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) is used to stratify community need for support during disasters. We evaluated relationships between the SVI and personal protective equipment shortages, COVID-19 caseload, and mortality rates in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). In SVI quartile 4, personal protective equipment shortages were 2.3 times those in SNFs in quartile 1; COVID-19 case loads were 1.6 times those of SNFs in quartile 1; and mortality rates in were 1.9 times those of SNFs in SVI quartile 1.
Putative role of vitamin D in the mechanism of alcoholism and other addictions – a hypothesis
Authors: Galyuk Tanya M. , Loonen Anton J.M.
Published: November 2020

Objective:

Vitamin D deficiency may be a clinical problem in patients with addictions. The authors systematically searched for studies addressing vitamin D and addiction and develop a hypothesis which can direct future research of the possible mechanistic role of vitamin D in the process of addiction.

Methods:

Systematic review of the literature found in PubMed and EMBASE followed by narrative review combined with clinical experiences leading to hypotheses for future research.

Results:

Only five articles were identified about a role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of addiction. Their results are in line with a possible influence of vitamin D in dopaminergic transmission. The cerebral vitamin D status depends on the functionality of genetic variants of vitamin D receptor and other involved genes. Routine serum calcidiol levels may not adequately reflect cerebral vitamin D status. Uncertainty exists regarding appropriate calcidiol blood levels and proper dosages for affecting the central nervous system (CNS).

Conclusions:

The putative pathophysiological role of vitamin D in substance abuse has been insufficiently studied which calls to more studies how to measure cerebral vitamin D status in clinical practice. Research is indicated whether vitamin D supplementation should use higher dosages and aim to reach higher calcidiol serum levels. Measuring dopaminergic functioning within the prefrontal cortex as reflected by neuropsychological tests selected as suitable could be a appropriate proxy for the cerebral vitamin D status when studying the pharmacogenomics of this functionality in patients.
Compact groups in which all elements have countable right Engel sinks
Authors: Khukhro E. I. , Shumyatsky P.
Published: November 2020

A right Engel sink of an elementgof a groupGis a set${\mathscr R}(g)$such that for everyx∈Gall sufficiently long commutators$[...[[g,x],x],\dots ,x]$belong to${\mathscr R}(g)$. (Thus,gis a right Engel element precisely when we can choose${\mathscr R}(g)=\{ 1\}$.) It is proved that if every element of a compact (Hausdorff) groupGhas a countable right Engel sink, thenGhas a finite normal subgroupNsuch thatG/Nis locally nilpotent.
Association between common early-childhood infection and subsequent depressive symptoms and psychotic experiences in adolescence: a population-based longitudinal birth cohort study
Authors: Chaplin Anna B. , Jones Peter B. , Khandaker Golam M.
Published: November 2020

Background

Childhood infections are associated with adult psychosis and depression, but studies of psychotic experiences (PEs) and depressive symptoms in childhood, adolescence, and early-adulthood are scarce. Previous studies have typically examined severe infections, but studies of common infections are also scarce.

Methods

Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort, we examined associations of the number of infections in childhood from age 1.5 to 7.5 years with depressive symptom scores at age 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, and 19 years, and with PEs at 12 and 18 years. We performed additional analysis using infection burden (‘low’ = 0–4 infections, ‘medium’ = 5–6, ‘high’ = 7–9, or ‘very high’ = 10–22 infections) as the exposure.

Results

The risk set comprised 11 786 individuals with childhood infection data. Number of childhood infections was associated with depressive symptoms from age 10 (adjusted beta = 0.14; standard error (s.e.) = 0.04; p = <0.01) to 17 years (adjusted beta = 0.17; s.e. = 0.08; p = 0.04), and with PEs at age 12 (suspected/definite PEs: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.27). These effect sizes were larger when the exposure was defined as very high infection burden (depressive symptoms age 17: adjusted beta = 0.79; s.e. = 0.29; p = 0.01; suspected/definite PEs at age 12: adjusted OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.25–2.05). Childhood infections were not associated with depressive/psychotic outcomes at age 18 or 19.

Conclusions

Common early-childhood infections are associated with depressive symptoms up to mid-adolescence and with PEs subsequently in childhood, but not with these outcomes in early-adulthood. These findings require replication including larger samples with outcomes in adulthood.
Psychotic disorders in young adults with perinatally acquired HIV: a UK case series
Authors: Mallik I. , Pasvol T. , Frize G. , Ayres S. , Barrera A. , Fidler S. , Foster C.
Published: November 2020

Background

Increasing numbers of children with perinatally acquired HIV (PaHIV) are transitioning into adult care. People living with behaviourally acquired HIV are known to be at more risk of psychosis than uninfected peers. Young adults living with PaHIV face numerous risk factors; biological: lifelong exposure to a neurotrophic virus, antiretroviral medication and immune dysfunction during brain development, and environmental; social deprivation, ethnicity-related discrimination, and migration-related issues. To date, there is little published data on the prevalence of psychotic illness in young people growing up with PaHIV.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective case note review of all individuals with PaHIV aged over 18 years registered for follow up at a dedicated clinic in the UK (n = 184).

Results

In total, 12/184 (6.5%), median age 23 years (interquartile range 21–26), had experienced at least one psychotic episode. The presentation and course of the psychotic episodes experienced by our cohort varied from short-lived symptoms to long term illness and nine (75%) appear to have developed a severe and enduring mental illness requiring long term care.

Conclusion

The prevalence of psychosis in our cohort was clearly above the lifetime prevalence of psychosis in UK individuals aged 16–34 years, which has been reported to be 0.5–1.0%. This highlights the importance of clinical vigilance regarding the mental health of young people growing up with PaHIV and the need to integrate direct access to mental health services within the HIV centres providing medical care.
THE GROWTH OF THE SOYBEAN FRONTIER IN SOUTH AMERICA: THE CASE OF BRAZIL AND ARGENTINA
Authors: Klein Herbert S. , Vidal Luna Francisco
Published: November 2020

In the past 50 years, South America has emerged as the dominant world producer of soybeans, a crop of no significance in the region before the middle of the 20th century. As of the crop year 2019/2020, Brazil and Argentina produced 176 million tons which is over half of all world production and these two countries alone will also account for 57 per cent of all Soybeans exported in international trade. How this new agricultural product evolved in these two principal regional producers is the aim of this study. Here we attempt to examine the historical evolution of soybean production in Brazil and Argentina and try to show the unique patterns of production in each of the two crucial states.
Development and validation of a simple risk score for diagnosing COVID-19 in the emergency room
Authors: Sung Joowhan , Choudry Naveed , Bachour Rima
Published: November 2020

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to escalate and place pressure on hospital system resources, a proper screening and risk stratification score is essential. We aimed to develop a risk score to identify patients with increased risk of COVID-19, allowing proper identification and allocation of limited resources. A retrospective study was conducted of 338 patients who were admitted to the hospital from the emergency room to regular floors and tested for COVID-19 at an acute care hospital in the Metropolitan Washington D.C. area. The dataset was split into development and validation sets with a ratio of 6:4. Demographics, presenting symptoms, sick contact, triage vital signs, initial laboratory and chest X-ray results were analysed to develop a prediction model for COVID-19 diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression was performed in a stepwise fashion to develop a prediction model, and a scoring system was created based on the coefficients of the final model. Among 338 patients admitted to the hospital from the emergency room, 136 (40.2%) patients tested positive for COVID-19 and 202 (59.8%) patients tested negative. Sick contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case (3 points), nursing facility residence (3 points), constitutional symptom (1 point), respiratory symptom (1 point), gastrointestinal symptom (1 point), obesity (1 point), hypoxia at triage (1 point) and leucocytosis (−1 point) were included in the prediction score. A risk score for COVID-19 diagnosis achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82–0.92) in the development dataset and 0.85 (95% CI 0.78–0.92) in the validation dataset. A risk prediction score for COVID-19 can be used as a supplemental tool to assist clinical decision to triage, test and quarantine patients admitted to the hospital from the emergency room.
Effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir on COVID-19-related pneumonia in a child with COVID-19-associated Kawasaki disease
Authors: Orbak Zerrin , Laloglu Fuat , Akat Hulya
Published: November 2020

The large outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading all over the world rapidly. There have recently been publications in the literature regarding the relationship between COVID-19 and Kawasaki disease, but there is no sufficient knowledge about the treatment and follow-up.
Alcohol consumption and sleep quality: a community-based study
Authors: Zheng Dandan , Yuan Xiaodong , Ma Chaoran , Liu Ying , VanEvery Hannah , Sun Yujie , Wu Shouling , Gao Xiang
Published: November 2020

Objective:

To assess the association between total alcohol intake, specific alcoholic beverages and sleep quality in a community-based cohort.

Design:

A cross-sectional study.

Setting:

The Kailuan community, China.

Participants:

Included were 11 905 participants who were free of a history of CVD, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, dementia and head injury in or prior to 2012. Alcohol consumption (amount and frequency intake) and alcoholic beverage type were collected in 2006 (baseline) and 2012. Participants were grouped into non-, light- (women: 0–0·4 serving/d; men: 0–0·9 serving/d), moderate- (women: 0·5–1·0 serving/d; men: 1·0–2·0 servings/d) and heavy- (women: >1·0 servings/d; men: >2·0 servings/d) drinkers. Overall sleep quality was measured in 2012 and included four sleep parameters (insomnia, daytime sleepiness, sleep duration, snoring/obstructive sleep apnoea).

Results:

We observed a dose–response association between higher alcohol consumption in 2006 and worse sleep quality in 2012 (Ptrend < 0·001), after adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status, smoking status, physical activity, obesity, plasma lipid profiles, diabetes and hypertension. A similar association was observed when alcohol consumption in 2012 was used as exposure. Alcohol was associated with higher odds of having short sleep duration (adjusted OR for heavy- v. non-drinkers = 1·31; 95 % CI: 1·09, 1·57) and snoring (adjusted OR for heavy- v. non-drinkers: 1·38; 95 % CI: 1·22, 1·57). Consumption of hard liquor, but not beer or wine, was significantly associated with poor sleep quality.

Conclusions:

Higher alcohol consumption was associated with poorer sleep quality and higher odds of having snoring and short sleep duration.
Protected Areas Are Not Safe from Climate Change
Authors: Sima Richard
Published: November 2020

A new study showing the most vulnerable protected areas—the poles and the subtropics—could help prioritize their care.
Atlantic Deep Water Formation Occurs Primarily in the Iceland Basin and Irminger Sea by Local Buoyancy Forcing
Authors: Petit Tillys , Lozier M. Susan , Josey Simon A. , Cunningham Stuart A.
Published: November 2020

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a key mechanism in the climate system, delivers warm and salty waters from the subtropical gyre to the subpolar gyre and Nordic Seas, where they are transformed into denser waters flowing southward in the lower AMOC limb. The prevailing hypothesis is that dense waters formed in the Labrador and Nordic Seas are the sources for the AMOC lower limb. However, recent observations reveal that convection in the Labrador Sea contributes minimally to the total overturning of the subpolar gyre. In this study, we show that the AMOC is instead primarily composed of waters formed in the Nordic Seas and Irminger and Iceland basins. A first direct estimate of heat and freshwater fluxes over these basins demonstrates that buoyancy forcing during the winter months can almost wholly account for the dense waters of the subpolar North Atlantic that are exported as part of the AMOC.
Pan‐Spectrum Fitting Formula for Suprathermal Particles
Authors: Liu Zixuan , Wang Linghua , Wimmer‐Schweingruber Robert F. , Krucker Säm , Mason Glenn M.
Published: November 2020

We propose a pan‐spectrum fitting formula of suprathermal particles,
, where J is the particle flux (or intensity), E is the particle energy, A is the amplitude coefficient, E0 represents the spectral transition energy, α (>0) describes the sharpness and width of spectral transition around E0, and the power‐law index β1 (β2) gives the spectral shape before (after) the transition. This formula incorporates many commonly used spectrum functions as special cases. When α goes to infinity (zero), this spectral formulabecomes the classical double‐power‐law (logarithmic‐parabola) function. When both β2 and E0 approach infinity and α is equal to 1, this formula can be simplified to the Ellison‐Ramaty function. Under some other specific parameter conditions, this formula can be transformed to the Kappa or Maxwellian distribution. Considering the uncertainties in both particle intensity and energy, we improve the fitting method and fit this pan‐spectrum formula well to the representative energy spectra of various suprathermal particle phenomena including SEPs (electrons, protons, 3He, and heavier ions), ESPs, bow‐shocked electrons, solar wind suprathermal electrons, anomalous cosmic rays, and hard X‐rays. Therefore, this pan‐spectrum fitting formula would help us comparatively examine the properties of energy spectrum of different suprathermal particle phenomena typically with a single energy break.
Internal Tide Cycle and Topographic Scattering Over the North Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Lahaye Noé , Gula Jonathan , Roullet Guillaume
Published: November 2020

Internal tides are a predominant source of high‐frequency variability and diapycnal mixing in the ocean. Understanding their dynamics and lifecycle is necessary to better understand their role in the ocean circulation. In this study, we describe and quantify internal tide generation, propagation, and dissipation in a sector of the North Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, using high‐resolution numerical simulations with realistic bathymetry and stratification. We show that the generation and dissipation of internal tides, as well as the distribution of internal tides among vertical modes, exhibit high spatial variability. We find that topographic scattering leads to a significant transfer of energy toward high vertical modes and thereby enhances internal tide dissipation. On average, and especially on the ridge, this mechanism is dominant over the conversion from the barotropic tide for transferring energy to high (7) vertical modes. The magnitude of the scattering of the first baroclinic internal mode is found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Phase Characterization of Cold Sector Southern Ocean Cloud Tops: Results From SOCRATES
Authors: Zaremba Troy J. , Rauber Robert M. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Hayman Matthew , Finlon Joseph A. , Stechman Daniel M.
Published: November 2020

For a given cloud, whether the cloud top is predominately made up of ice crystals or supercooled liquid droplets plays a large role in the clouds overall radiative effects. This study uses collocated airborne radar, lidar, and thermodynamic data from 12 high‐altitude flight legs during the Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES) to characterize Southern Ocean (SO) cold sector cloud top phase (i.e., within 96 m of top) as a function of cloud top temperature (CTT). A training data set was developed to create probabilistic phase classifications based on High Spectral Resolution Lidar data and Cloud Radar data. These classifications were then used to identify dominant cloud top phase. Case studies are presented illustrating examples of supercooled liquid water at cloud top at different CTT ranges over the SO (−3°C < CTTs < −28°C). During SOCRATES, 67.4% of sampled cloud top had CTTs less than 0°C. Of the subfreezing cloud tops sampled, 91.7% had supercooled liquid water present in the top 96 m and 74.9% were classified entirely as liquid‐bearing. Liquid‐bearing cloud tops were found at CTTs as cold as −30°C. Horizontal cloud extent was also determined as a function of median cloud top height.
Seasonal and Latitudinal Variations of Dayside N2/CO2 Ratio in the Martian Thermosphere Derived From MAVEN IUVS Observations
Authors: Yoshida N. , Nakagawa H. , Terada N. , Evans J. S. , Schneider N. M. , Jain S. K. , Imamura T. , Chaufray J.‐Y. , Fujiwara H. , Deighan J. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: November 2020

The dayside N2/CO2 at 140 km altitude in the Martian thermosphere has been investigated by the imaging ultraviolet spectrograph (IUVS) aboard the Mars atmosphere and volatile evolution spacecraft during the period from October 2014 to May 2018. We find that N2/CO2 at 140 km altitude varies significantly in the range of 0.02–0.20 and shows a seasonal sinusoidal trend. The higher value appears during aphelion and the lower value during perihelion. Variations of observed N2/CO2 ratio at 140 km are mainly associated with CO2 number density. Thus, while we found that N2/CO2 varies at a given altitude, we could not identify variations at a given pressure level. In order to reveal the drivers of N2/CO2 variations at 140 km, we examine the effects of surface N2/CO2, thermospheric temperature, and homopause altitude. The variations of homopause altitude could be the dominant driver of changes in N2/CO2. Inferred dayside homopause altitudes derived from IUVS observations show an anti‐correlation with the trend of N2/CO2 at 140 km. Distributions of CO2 density at the inferred homopause altitudes suggest that dayside homopause altitude is mainly controlled by inflation and contraction of the lower atmosphere. Additionally, N2/CO2 shows a clear latitudinal dependence for Ls = 80°–100°. Higher N2/CO2 values appear in the southern winter hemisphere, corresponding to lower homopause altitude by ∼30 km. Meanwhile, the latitudinal dependence of both N2/CO2 and homopause altitude disappears for Ls = 340°–360°.
Polysubstance use in the U.S. opioid crisis
Authors: Compton Wilson M. , Valentino Rita J. , DuPont Robert L.
Published: November 2020

Interventions to address the U.S. opioid crisis primarily target opioid use, misuse, and addiction, but because the opioid crisis includes multiple substances, the opioid specificity of interventions may limit their ability to address the broader problem of polysubstance use. Overlap of opioids with other substances ranges from shifts among the substances used across the lifespan to simultaneous co-use of substances that span similar and disparate pharmacological categories. Evidence suggests that nonmedical opioid users quite commonly use other drugs, and this polysubstance use contributes to increasing morbidity and mortality. Reasons for adding other substances to opioids include enhancement of the high (additive or synergistic reward), compensation for undesired effects of one drug by taking another, compensation for negative internal states, or a common predisposition that is related to all substance consumption. But consumption of multiple substances may itself have unique effects. To achieve the maximum benefit, addressing the overlap of opioids with multiple other substances is needed across the spectrum of prevention and treatment interventions, overdose reversal, public health surveillance, and research. By addressing the multiple patterns of consumption and the reasons that people mix opioids with other substances, interventions and research may be enhanced.
Correction: Advances in targeted therapy mainly based on signal pathways for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Kang Yuanbo , He Weihan , Ren Caiping , Qiao Jincheng , Guo Qiuyong , Hu Jingyu , Xu Hongjuan , Jiang Xingjun , Wang Lei
Published: November 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Native mass spectrometry reveals the initial binding events of HIV-1 rev to RRE stem II RNA
Authors: Schneeberger Eva-Maria , Halper Matthias , Palasser Michael , Heel Sarah Viola , Vušurović Jovana , Plangger Raphael , Juen Michael , Kreutz Christoph , Breuker Kathrin
Published: November 2020

Nuclear export complexes composed of rev response element (RRE) ribonucleic acid (RNA) and multiple molecules of rev protein are promising targets for the development of therapeutic strategies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), but their assembly remains poorly understood. Using native mass spectrometry, we show here that rev initially binds to the upper stem of RRE IIB, from where it is relayed to binding sites that allow for rev dimerization. The newly discovered binding region implies initial rev recognition by nucleotides that are not part of the internal loop of RRE stem IIB RNA, which was previously identified as the preferred binding region. Our study highlights the unique capability of native mass spectrometry to separately study the binding interfaces of RNA/protein complexes of different stoichiometry, and provides a detailed understanding of the mechanism of RRE/rev association with implications for the rational design of potential drugs against HIV-1 infection.
Microbiota-directed fibre activates both targeted and secondary metabolic shifts in the distal gut
Authors: Michalak Leszek , Gaby John Christian , Lagos Leidy , La Rosa Sabina Leanti , Hvidsten Torgeir R. , Tétard-Jones Catherine , Willats William G. T. , Terrapon Nicolas , Lombard Vincent , Henrissat Bernard , Dröge Johannes , Arntzen Magnus Øverlie , Hagen Live Heldal , Øverland Margareth , Pope Phillip B. , Westereng Bjørge
Published: November 2020

Beneficial modulation of the gut microbiome has high-impact implications not only in humans, but also in livestock that sustain our current societal needs. In this context, we have tailored an acetylated galactoglucomannan (AcGGM) fibre to match unique enzymatic capabilities of Roseburia and Faecalibacterium species, both renowned butyrate-producing gut commensals. Here, we test the accuracy of AcGGM within the complex endogenous gut microbiome of pigs, wherein we resolve 355 metagenome-assembled genomes together with quantitative metaproteomes. In AcGGM-fed pigs, both target populations differentially express AcGGM-specific polysaccharide utilization loci, including novel, mannan-specific esterases that are critical to its deconstruction. However, AcGGM-inclusion also manifests a “butterfly effect”, whereby numerous metabolic changes and interdependent cross-feeding pathways occur in neighboring non-mannanolytic populations that produce short-chain fatty acids. Our findings show how intricate structural features and acetylation patterns of dietary fibre can be customized to specific bacterial populations, with potential to create greater modulatory effects at large.
Autozygosity influences cardiometabolic disease-associated traits in the AWI-Gen sub-Saharan African study
Authors: Ceballos Francisco C. , Hazelhurst Scott , Clark David W. , Agongo Godfred , Asiki Gershim , Boua Palwende R. , Xavier Gómez-Olivé F. , Mashinya Felistas , Norris Shane , Wilson James F. , Ramsay Michèle
Published: November 2020

The analysis of the effects of autozygosity, measured as the change of the mean value of a trait among offspring of genetic relatives, reveals the existence of directional dominance or overdominance. In this study we detect evidence of the effect of autozygosity in 4 out of 13 cardiometabolic disease-associated traits using data from more than 10,000 sub-Saharan African individuals recruited from Ghana, Burkina Faso, Kenya and South Africa. The effect of autozygosity on these phenotypes is found to be sex-related, with inbreeding having a significant decreasing effect in men but a significant increasing effect in women for several traits (body mass index, subcutaneous adipose tissue, low-density lipoproteins and total cholesterol levels). Overall, the effect of inbreeding depression is more intense in men. Differential effects of inbreeding depression are also observed between study sites with different night-light intensity used as proxy for urban development. These results suggest a directional dominant genetic component mediated by environmental interactions and sex-specific differences in genetic architecture for these traits in the Africa Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic Studies (AWI-Gen) cohort.
A translational program that suppresses metabolism to shield the genome
Authors: Balukoff Nathan C. , Ho J. J. David , Theodoridis Phaedra R. , Wang Miling , Bokros Michael , Llanio Lis M. , Krieger Jonathan R. , Schatz Jonathan H. , Lee Stephen
Published: November 2020

Translatome reprogramming is a primary determinant of protein levels during stimuli adaptation. This raises the question: what are the translatome remodelers that reprogram protein output to activate biochemical adaptations. Here, we identify a translational pathway that represses metabolism to safeguard genome integrity. A system-wide MATRIX survey identified the ancient eIF5A as a pH-regulated translation factor that responds to fermentation-induced acidosis. TMT-pulse-SILAC analysis identified several pH-dependent proteins, including the mTORC1 suppressor Tsc2 and the longevity regulator Sirt1. Sirt1 operates as a pH-sensor that deacetylates nuclear eIF5A during anaerobiosis, enabling the cytoplasmic export of eIF5A/Tsc2 mRNA complexes for translational engagement. Tsc2 induction inhibits mTORC1 to suppress cellular metabolism and prevent acidosis-induced DNA damage. Depletion of eIF5A or Tsc2 leads to metabolic re-initiation and proliferation, but at the expense of incurring substantial DNA damage. We suggest that eIF5A operates as a translatome remodeler that suppresses metabolism to shield the genome.
Liquid water contains the building blocks of diverse ice phases
Authors: Monserrat Bartomeu , Brandenburg Jan Gerit , Engel Edgar A. , Cheng Bingqing
Published: November 2020

Water molecules can arrange into a liquid with complex hydrogen-bond networks and at least 17 experimentally confirmed ice phases with enormous structural diversity. It remains a puzzle how or whether this multitude of arrangements in different phases of water are related. Here we investigate the structural similarities between liquid water and a comprehensive set of 54 ice phases in simulations, by directly comparing their local environments using general atomic descriptors, and also by demonstrating that a machine-learning potential trained on liquid water alone can predict the densities, lattice energies, and vibrational properties of the ices. The finding that the local environments characterising the different ice phases are found in water sheds light on the phase behavior of water, and rationalizes the transferability of water models between different phases.
Porous perovskite films integrated with Au–Pt nanowire-based electrodes for highly flexible large-area photodetectors
Authors: Saraf Rohit , Fan Hua , Maheshwari Vivek
Published: November 2020

Flexible, large-area, and stable perovskite photodetectors have drawn increasing widespread research attention for next-generation wearable and portable optoelectronic devices. However, high mechanical durability coupled with large device area and enhanced environmental stability has not been demonstrated yet to attain practical viability. Herein, a highly bendable, stable, and large-area (3 cm2) flexible polystyrene incorporated perovskite photodetector is presented. Due to the formation of a porous polystyrene-perovskite composite film in a single step it allows unprecedented mechanical stability, maintaining 85% of its original photocurrent value after 10,000 bending cycles at a bending angle of 120°. Equally crucial, the solution-processed self-assembled Pt–Au nanochains were developed to provide a simple and fast method of patterning the conductive and flexible electrodes onto the filter substrate. The optimized polystyrene-perovskite photodetector exhibits a high responsivity up to 2.73 A W−1, a maximum specific detectivity of 6.2 × 1013 Jones, and a superior switching ratio of 1.0 × 104. In addition, the polystyrene-perovskite photodetector yields excellent stability under the combined stresses of moisture, ambient air, and room light, and retains 92% of its original performance for over 30 days. All these results demonstrate that this work provides a facile and cost-effective approach that paves the way to develop high-performance, stable, and highly flexible optoelectronic devices.
A harmonised, high-coverage, open dataset of solar photovoltaic installations in the UK
Authors: Stowell Dan , Kelly Jack , Tanner Damien , Taylor Jamie , Jones Ethan , Geddes James , Chalstrey Ed
Published: November 2020

Solar photovoltaic (PV) is an increasingly significant fraction of electricity generation. Efficient management, and innovations such as short-term forecasting and machine vision, demand high-resolution geographic datasets of PV installations. However, official and public sources have notable deficiencies: spatial imprecision, gaps in coverage and lack of crucial meta data, especially for small-scale solar panel installations. We present the results of a major crowd-sourcing campaign to create open geographic data for over 260,000 solar PV installations across the UK, covering an estimated 86% of the capacity in the country. We focus in particular on capturing small-scale domestic solar PV, which accounts for a significant fraction of generation but was until now very poorly documented. Our dataset suggests nameplate capacities in the UK (as of September 2020) amount to a total of 10.66 GW explicitly mapped, or 13.93 GW when missing capacities are inferred. Our method is applied to the UK but applicable worldwide, and compatible with continual updating to track the rapid growth in PV deployment.
Identification and dereplication of endophytic Colletotrichum strains by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry and molecular networking
Authors: Barthélemy Morgane , Guérineau Vincent , Genta-Jouve Grégory , Roy Mélanie , Chave Jérôme , Guillot Régis , Pellissier Léonie , Wolfender Jean-Luc , Stien Didier , Eparvier Véronique , Touboul David
Published: November 2020

The chemical diversity of biologically active fungal strains from 42 Colletotrichum, isolated from leaves of the tropical palm species Astrocaryum sciophilum collected in pristine forests of French Guiana, was investigated. The collection was first classified based on protein fingerprints acquired by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) correlated with cytotoxicity. Liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) data from ethyl acetate extracts were acquired and processed to generate a massive molecular network (MN) using the MetGem software. From five Colletotrichum strains producing cytotoxic specialized metabolites, we predicted the occurrence of peptide and cytochalasin analogues in four of them by MN, including a similar ion clusters in the MN algorithm provided by MetGem software. Chemoinformatics predictions were fully confirmed after isolation of three pentacyclopeptides (cyclo(Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-Val), cyclo(Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu) and cyclo(Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-Ile)) and two cytochalasins (cytochalasin C and cytochalasin D) exhibiting cytotoxicity at the micromolar concentration. Finally, the chemical study of the last active cytotoxic strain BSNB-0583 led to the isolation of four colletamides bearing an identical decadienamide chain.
Molecular data suggest multiple origins and diversification times of freshwater gammarids on the Aegean archipelago
Authors: Hupało Kamil , Karaouzas Ioannis , Mamos Tomasz , Grabowski Michał
Published: November 2020

Our main aim was to investigate the diversity, origin and biogeographical affiliations of freshwater gammarids inhabiting the Aegean Islands by analysing their mtDNA and nDNA polymorphism, thereby providing the first insight into the phylogeography of the Aegean freshwater gammarid fauna. The study material was collected from Samothraki, Lesbos, Skyros, Evia, Andros, Tinos and Serifos islands as well as from mainland Greece. The DNA extracted was used for amplification of two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and two nuclear markers (28S and EF1-alpha). The multimarker time-calibrated phylogeny supports multiple origins and different diversification times for the studied taxa. Three of the sampled insular populations most probably represent new, distinct species as supported by all the delimitation methods used in our study. Our results show that the evolution of freshwater taxa is associated with the geological history of the Aegean Basin. The biogeographic affiliations of the studied insular taxa indicate its continental origin, as well as the importance of the land fragmentation and the historical land connections of the islands. Based on the findings, we highlight the importance of studying insular freshwater biota to better understand diversification mechanisms in fresh waters as well as the origin of studied Aegean freshwater taxa.
Multi-level analysis of reproduction in an Antarctic midge identifies female and male accessory gland products that are altered by larval stress and impact progeny viability
Authors: Finch Geoffrey , Nandyal Sonya , Perretta Carlie , Davies Benjamin , Rosendale Andrew J. , Holmes Christopher J. , Gantz J. D. , Spacht Drew E. , Bailey Samuel T. , Chen Xiaoting , Oyen Kennan , Didion Elise M. , Chakraborty Souvik , Lee Richard E. , Denlinger David L. , Matter Stephen F. , Attardo Geoffrey M. , Weirauch Matthew T. , Benoit Joshua B.
Published: November 2020

The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, is a wingless, non-biting midge endemic to Antarctica. Larval development requires at least 2 years, but adults live only 2 weeks. The nonfeeding adults mate in swarms and females die shortly after oviposition. Eggs are suspended in a gel of unknown composition that is expressed from the female accessory gland. This project characterizes molecular mechanisms underlying reproduction in this midge by examining differential gene expression in whole males, females, and larvae, as well as in male and female accessory glands. Functional studies were used to assess the role of the gel encasing the eggs, as well as the impact of stress on reproductive biology. RNA-seq analyses revealed sex- and development-specific gene sets along with those associated with the accessory glands. Proteomic analyses were used to define the composition of the egg-containing gel, which is generated during multiple developmental stages and derived from both the accessory gland and other female organs. Functional studies indicate the gel provides a larval food source as well as a buffer for thermal and dehydration stress. All of these function are critical to juvenile survival. Larval dehydration stress directly reduces production of storage proteins and key accessory gland components, a feature that impacts adult reproductive success. Modeling reveals that bouts of dehydration may have a significant impact on population growth. This work lays a foundation for further examination of reproduction in midges and provides new information related to general reproduction in dipterans. A key aspect of this work is that reproduction and stress dynamics, currently understudied in polar organisms, are likely to prove critical in determining how climate change will alter their survivability.
Phonon mode potential and its contribution to anharmonism
Authors: Jochym Paweł T. , Łażewski Jan , Szuszkiewicz Wojciech
Published: November 2020

We present systematic ab-initio study on the phonon mode potential as a source of anharmonicity in the crystal. As an example, the transverse optical (TO) mode potential in PbTe has been fitted to density-functional-theory calculated energies of phonons excited with different amplitudes of mode displacements. The corresponding equation of motion has been analytically and numerically solved in 1D and 2D space, respectively. The solution is used for constructing the ensemble of 10,000 systems with potential and kinetic energies selected according to the thermal equilibrium distributions. The velocity auto-correlation function derived from the computed trajectories is then used to calculate the profile of the phonon spectrum for the TO an LA modes at three temperatures of 100, 300, and 600 K. This technique allows for determination of the contribution of non-quadratic potential of the phonon mode to the anharmonicity in the crystal and its effect on the phonon spectrum.