bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of a Transmission for Wheelchairs Intended to Humans with Locomotors Disabilities
Authors: Geonea Ionut , Romanescu Alina Elena , Racila Laurentiu , Dumitru Ilie
Published: January 2016

In this paper is presented the development of a wheelchair intended to be use by the people with locomotors disabilities. They are presented various solutions of kinematics schemes proposed to be implemented as a mechanical transmission for the wheelchair. The developed wheelchair integrates a mechanical transmission which allows the movement in a straight line, and also in cornering. The mechanical transmission implemented contains a bevel gearbox. The purpose of the bevel gearbox is to multiply the moment transmitted to the motor wheels for movement on uneven terrain. They are presented aspects concerning the design of the wheelchair frame an of implemented bevel gearboxes.
Agri Tourism as a Risk Management Strategy in Rural Agriculture Sector: with Special Reference to Developing Countries
Authors: Mahaliyanaarachchi Rohana P
Published: January 2016

This article reviewed literature on potential of agri tourism as a risk management strategy in rural agriculture sector with special reference to developing countries. Reviewing literature indicated that agri tourism as a risk management strategy in rural agriculture sector has an immense potential to contribute to manage the risk in agricultural economy. Evidence from the production and price fluctuations during last three to four decades in both conventional agriculture sector with intensive production of rice, vegetables, and other subsistence crops and plantation agriculture sector with intensive production of tea, rubber, coconut, coffee, etc shows that they are highly vulnerable to external factors such as internal & international politics, climate change and whether pattern changers, market and trade slumps, etc. Sudden and unanticipated influences of these external factors cause higher risks in sustainability of agriculture sector and it results in the collapse of both micro and macro economies in a country. This paper attempts to discuss how agri tourism can be introduced to agriculture sector as a supplementary income source as a risk management strategy which is less susceptible to above mentioned externalities. Further, agri tourism will motivate and encourage farming communities to raise their crops in eco friendly approach and to conserve the biodiversity of farms which will minimize the internal risk factors of farming such as pest and disease outbreaks, soil degradation, etc. Research studies has shown that a well-developed agri tourism industry would result in a market mechanism generating additional income of US $251 to US $364 million annually in counties like Dominican Republic. Agri tourism sector would improve sustainable agricultural practices by maintaining and increasing positive externalities and nonmarket services provided by agriculture. Agri tourism products and services would have the added benefit of promoting sustainable agricultural practices too. This is a good option for farmers and planters who are willing to diversify their farming operations that will help bringing more economic activities to rural areas sustaining livelihoods of the rural people. In addition, agri tourism not only allows farmers to enjoy greater economic benefits through managing risks, but also helps to retain the young generation of the farming community in the rural areas instead of migrating to urban areas for better livelihoods. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol.11, No 1, January 2016, pp. 1-12
A Comparative Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity in Fruit Juice of Sri Lankan Sweet Orange Cultivars vis a vis Sour Orange
Authors: Herath H. M. P. D. , Chamikara M. D. M. , Dissanayake D. R. R. P. , Dissanayake M. D. M. I. M. , Ishan M. , Rajapakse S. , Sooriyapathirana S. D. S. S.
Published: January 2016

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), a key fruit species, is considered as a primary ingredient in herbal medical formulations against ailments such as food borne diseases. Sour orange (C. aurantium) is also very famous as a medicinal plant. There are six commonly grown sweet orange cultivars in Sri Lanka (Arogya, Bibila sweet, MKD, Sisila, BAN and MT) but the antibacterial activity present in their fruit juice is not well documented. Therefore, the present study was conducted to characterize the antibacterial activity of the fruit juice of these sweet oranges in comparison to sour orange and also to establish DNA barcodes for the tested cultivars for precise identification. Fruit juice was collected from sweet orange cultivars and sour orange and antibacterial activity was measured against three model pathogenic bacterial species, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. After employing filter paper disc method, the diameter of zone of bacterial inhibition (DZI) was measured as the parameter of antibacterial activity. The genomic DNA was extracted from all the tested plants and PCR amplified using trnH–psbA primer pair and subjected to DNA sequencing, followed by alignment analysis and dendrogram construction. Arogya and MKD did not show any antibacterial activity (DZI = 0.0 mm), whereas Sisila, BAN and MT showed antibacterial activity only against E. coli and S. aureus (mean DZI of 8.2 mm and 8.4 mm respectively). Bibila sweet and sour orange showed significantly higher antibacterial activity against all E. coli, S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (mean DZI of 10.2 mm, 10.5 mm and 7.8 mm respectively). DNA barcoding provided unique sequence identifiers for each cultivar. These antibacterial activity data in combination with DNA barcodes could help to develop new cultivars through breeding to promote the sweet orange industry in Sri Lanka.The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol.11, No 1, January 2016, pp.13-23
Impact of Insurgence on the Agricultural Development in Nigeria
Authors: Ojogho O. , Egware R. A.
Published: January 2016

Low agricultural production and productivity in Nigeria over the years compared to leading countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Brazil have been largely ascribed to low fertilizer usage, low utilization of improved seed, inadequate government expenditure and the inability to compete with other sectors. The issues of environmental sustainability, capital accumulation, foreign exchange earnings ability and well-being vis-á-vis production, productivity and agricultural development are rarely considered. The study examined the impact of insurgence on the agricultural development in Nigeria using secondary time-series data collected on Nigerian agricultural share of GDP, infant mortality rate, CO2 emission from fuel combustion and level of food production as proxies for agricultural transformation for the years, 1960-2011 while Nigerian civil war, Boko-Haram, Niger-Delta, Fulani herdsmen insurgences were used as proxies for insurgence. The data were analysed using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) after testing for stationarity, co-integration and lag selection using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Johansen and the Schwarz’s Bayesian Information Criterion (SBIC) statistics respectively. The results from the VECM showed that a unit decrease in previous year food production level would increase the share of agriculture to GDP by 4.26% the following year while a shift from non-insurgence to insurgence in any year by Boko-Haram, Niger-Delta and Fulani herdsmen reduced the share of agriculture to GDP by 17.56%, 19.45% and 17.47% respectively. A similar shift from non-insurgence to insurgence in any year by Boko-Haram and Fulani herdsmen insurgences reduced food production level, on average, by 10.21 and 4.69 tonnes respectively while a shift from non-insurgence to insurgence in any year by Niger-Delta crisis and Fulani herdsmen increased CO2 emission, on average, by about 5% and 8% respectively. It is inferred, from the results, that agricultural development should be all-embracing since its component elements have a long-run equilibrium relationship, that insurgence indirectly impact on agricultural development through its effect on the change in food production level, the share of agriculture to GDP, CO2 emission from fuel combustion and infant mortality, and that attempt at ignoring the insurgence by any sect from any region, whether religious, cultural, or communal is also a threat to agricultural development.The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol.11, No 1, January 2016, pp.35-41
Vegetative Growth and Yield Associated Flowering Time Variation in Sri Lankan Rice “Hondarawala”
Authors: Rathnathunga E. U. U. , Senanayake S. G. J. N. , Dissanayake N. , Seneweera S. , Geekiyanage S.
Published: January 2016

Breeding new varieties adaptable for changing climate is an essential need in sustainable rice production. Around 2000 Sri Lankan rice accessions at Plant Genetic Resources Centre (PGRC), Sri Lanka have not been fully characterized for the yield potential and sensitivity to mild photoperiodic differences for days to flowering (DF). DF is a candidate key determinant in yield components in rice and understanding the physiological and molecular nature for DF is important to manipulate crop yield through breeding programmes. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of 15 Hondarawala accessions from PGRC using selected 37 morphological characters and DF. DF varied from 58-189 days while accession number 3988 did not flower until 200th day of seed germination. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that four principle components (PA) explained 86.5% of total observed variation. Variation of DF positively associated with most of morphological characters of vegetative growth while a few characters were negatively associated. In the dendogram, 10 clusters formed at rescale distance of 5. Widely variable DF accessions distributed among clusters. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol.11, No 1, January 2016, pp.42-52
Development and Quality Evaluation of Ready to Bake Vegetarian Cake Mix
Authors: Wijewardana R. M. N. A. , Nawarathne S. B. , Wickramasinghe I.
Published: January 2016

Three different formulas of ready to bake vegetarian cake mixes were prepared and quality and storability were analyzed. Proximate composition, beta carotene, colour (Lightness, redness and yellowness) of flour mix in terms of L*, a* and b* and total plate count were determined (n=3).The results were analyzed by completely randomized design using ANOVA by SAS statistical package and mean separation was done by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at α= 0.05. The initial moisture content of cake mix 1, 2 and 3 were 5.23%, 6.41% and 5.61% and it was increased up to 5.63%, 6.79% and 5.84% respectively. High percentage of fat was recorded in Mix-1 (T1) and the least in Mix-3 (T3) and least in Mix 2 (T2) . All three mixes were not exceeded the safe limit of water activity for microorganisms (aw = 0.6) and resulted low microbial load (1.8*103). Addition of pumpkin flour and bale powder proportionately increased the yellowness of flour mixes and the L*, a* and b* colour values were significantly (p<0.05).The prepared cakes were analyzed for physico-chemical properties and consumer acceptability using 5 point Hedonic scale. Mix- 3 (T3) that containing wheat flour, rice flour, bael powder and pumpkin flour 10%, 17%, 3%, and 15% respectively was identified as the most suitable combination of ready to bake vegetarian cake mix (dry mix) and could be stored for 90 days without noticeable quality deterioration. According to the results obtained, the vegetarian ready to bake cake mix 3 was identified as the most preferable formula with the highest consumer acceptability. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol.11, No 1, January 2016, pp.53-61
Multiple Inflammatory Cytokines Converge To Regulate CD8+ T Cell Expansion and Function during Tuberculosis
Authors: Booty Matthew G. , Nunes-Alves Cláudio , Carpenter Stephen M. , Jayaraman Pushpa , Behar Samuel M.
Published: January 2016

The differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells is a dynamically regulated process that varies during different infections and is influenced by the inflammatory milieu of the host. In this study, we define three signals regulating CD8+ T cell responses during tuberculosis by focusing on cytokines known to affect disease outcome: IL-12, type I IFN, and IL-27. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we compared wild-type and cytokine receptor knockout CD8+ T cells within the same mouse following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Four weeks postinfection, IL-12, type 1 IFN, and IL-27 were all required for efficient CD8+ T cell expansion in the lungs. We next determined if these cytokines directly promote CD8+ T cell priming or are required only for expansion in the lungs. Using retrogenic CD8+ T cells specific for the M. tuberculosis Ag TB10.4 (EsxH), we observed that IL-12 is the dominant cytokine driving both CD8+ T cell priming in the lymph node and expansion in the lungs; however, type I IFN and IL-27 have nonredundant roles supporting pulmonary CD8+ T cell expansion. Thus, IL-12 is a major signal promoting priming in the lymph node, but a multitude of inflammatory signals converge in the lung to promote continued expansion. Furthermore, these cytokines regulate the differentiation and function of CD8+ T cells during tuberculosis. These data demonstrate distinct and overlapping roles for each of the cytokines examined and underscore the complexity of CD8+ T cell regulation during tuberculosis.
Motivational Interviewing to Increase Postdischarge Antibiotic Adherence in Older Adults with Pneumonia
Authors: Eyler Rachel , Shvets Kristina , Blakely Michelle L.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-led, motivational interviewing on antibiotic adherence following discharge in older adults with pneumonia. SETTING: Inpatient medical wards in a large tertiary academic medical center. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION:
Older adults diagnosed with pneumonia were enrolled from December 1, 2013, to August 1, 2014, at Yale-New Haven Hospital. PRACTICE INNOVATION: Motivational interviewing—a patient-centered method of communication—has gained recognition as a tool that can aid pharmacists
in addressing negative health behaviors (e.g., medication adherence, health screenings, substance abuse during counseling sessions). However, the potential role of motivational interviewing in older adults to improve medication adherence during transitions of care is not clear. In this study,
in addition to standard discharge care, older adults hospitalized with pneumonia who were randomized to the intervention group received enhanced care: pharmacist-led motivational interviewing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Evaluation of adherence to prescribed antibiotic regimens and
patient satisfaction with the motivational interviewing, enhanced-care session. RESULTS: Ultimately, 87% of patients in the intervention group (n = 16) compared with 64% of patients in the control group (n = 14) were adherent to their antibiotic regimens. Patient satisfaction with
the motivational interviewing intervention was high. CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-led motivational interviewing sessions have the potential to positively influence antibiotic adherence rates and patient satisfaction.
Ergodic-nonergodic transition in tapped granular systems: The role of persistent contacts
Authors: Gago Paula A. , Maza Diego , Pugnaloni Luis A.
Published: January 2016

Static granular packs have been studied in the last three decades in the frame of a modified equilibrium statistical mechanics that assumes ergodicity as a basic postulate. The canonical example on which this framework is tested consists in the series of static configurations visited by a granular column subjected to taps. By analyzing the response of a realistic model of grains, we demonstrate that volume and stress variables visit different regions of the phase space at low tap intensities in different realizations of the experiment. We show that the tap intensity beyond which sampling by tapping becomes ergodic coincides with the forcing necessary to break all particle-particle contacts during each tap. These results imply that the well-known "reversible" branch of tapped granular columns is only valid at relatively high tap intensities.Received: 2 November 2015,  Accepted: 22 December 2015; Edited by: C. S. O'Hern; Reviewed by: A. Baule, Queen Mary University of London, UK.; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.080001Cite as: P A Gago, D. Maza, L A Pugnaloni, Papers in Physics 8, 080001 (2016)This paper, by P A Gago, D. Maza, L A Pugnaloni, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
Mainstreaming in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Obstacles Facing Learning Disabilities Resource Room
Authors: Al-Zoubi Suhail Mahmoud , Bani Abdel Rahman Majdoleen Sultan
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to identify the obstacles facing learning disabilities resource room (LDRR). The sample of the study consisted of 42 teachers working in learning disabilities resource room (LDRR) at Najran in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A questionnaire was developed and distributed to the sample of the study. The results indicated that there were obstacles facing LDRR related to learning disabilities teacher, collaboration of others, and facilities and equipment. 
The Validity and Reliability of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy Module Development for University Support Staff
Authors: Abdul Jalil Nurul Iman , Mahfar Mastura
Published: January 2016

This study introduces the Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy Module for university support staff in lessening their irrational beliefs and job stress which more emphasize on cognitive aspect beside emotion and behavioural aspects. The Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT) which introduced by Albert Ellis (1994) was employed as a guideline in developing the module. The process of module’s development content was compiled based on the four sub modules, namely Self-acceptance, Feelings, Beliefs and Disputation which adapted from previous REBT practitioners and researchers. After the module developed, the analysis of validity and reliability were tested. The content validity of the module was evaluated by five experts and the result indicated that the value of validity coefficient is high which is .91. Meanwhile, the reliability analysis was tested by employing a questionnaire based on the steps of module’s activity. The result showed that the value of reliability coefficient is also high which is .98. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the REBT Module has a high validity and reliability which can be utilized by support staff at university. 
A Pedagogical Perspective on Promoting English as a Foreign Language Writing through Online Forum Discussions
Authors: Jose Jayaron , Abidin Mohammed Jafre Zainol
Published: January 2016

Use of educational technologies has become increasingly significant in the field of English Language Learning. Both the teachers and students are dependent on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and its different tools for teaching and learning in particular, and socialization in general. The scope and significance of the study on the use of ICT tool such as online discussion forum in facilitating English as a foreign language teaching and learning therefore is quite relevant considering its potential in exchanging information using the target language (L2). The study included 56 participants (N=56) at post-foundation level from Al Musanna College of Technology in Oman with the objective to find out the effectiveness of online forum discussions on the learners’ EFL (English as a Foreign Language) writing performance in terms of its linguistic complexity. The experimental group (N = 28) was involved in synchronous online forum discussion, and the control group (N = 28) was engaged in asynchronous blog writing for a period of one semester. Pre-test and posttest were administered to collect quantitative data, and the participants of the experimental group were interviewed to collect the qualitative data. The post-test analysis of the quantitative data found no significant (p = 0.05) statistical difference between the groups’ writing performance in terms of linguistic complexity. However, the analysis of the qualitative data collected through interview found that the use of online forum discussion in facilitating EFL writing has much positive effect on the learning process. The findings, discussion and recommendations are included in this article.
Robust Control with Genetic Algorithms of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Driving an Elastic Load Variable Inertia
Authors: Loukdache Azzouz , Elbelkacemi Mourad , Elimrani Abdelhakim Ameur
Published: January 2016

The goal of this work is to contribute to the conception rules of the synthesis law control in order to give them a robust character. We study the issue of controlling of the synchronous motor driving a mechanical load. This load, driven by an elastic joint, presents a variable and bounded inertia. The synthesis of simple correctives and methods of the best corrective in the parameter variation interval are presented. In this paper, the synthesis rules of a PID regulator on which we added an optimization iterative method based on the system behavior expertise and genetic algorithm. This phase made it possible to give simple rules of synthesis and the parameterization of optimization method so as to find the three optimal degrees of correction freedom. The results are validated by simulation by means of MATLAB Simulink and present a better dynamic performance of the proposed control law.
Protection of Privacy in Designing of Residential Complexes Architecture and Its Effect on Constructive Relations among the Residents
Authors: Javanshir Shirin
Published: January 2016

Abode is the most important provider of civilization and house is the best protection of social culture of the society. Abode is the protector of the family dynasty and the relations among its members. Having suitable abode like other human needs is one of the primary rights of humans and it has been emphasized in constitutional law (article thirty one). Lack of abode and its unsuitable quality has direct and close relation with increasing of delinquency, divorce and social disruption and it is accounted as a deterrent factor in social, cultural and mental development and moderation. Also not having abode causes to create the social abnormal phenomena such as sleep street, hutment and slum that such life gives abnormal personality structure to the person. Lack of abode or its unsuitable quality is accounted an effective factor in creating phenomena like anxiety, depression and behavorial disorders and causes to decrease the mental and physical resistence of the person in facing with problems. Therefore planning for protection of privacy and residents independency despites the existence of healthy and constructive social interactions in residential complexes is an important thing. The purpose of this research is discussing about the importance of constructive privacy existence in residential complexes and the manner, quality and effective factors in formation of it. In order to promote the research, descriptive-analytic methodology has been applied and the method of information collecting is in the kind of documentary study which is embarked to analyze the received information by using of qualitative contents analysis.
Factorial Design Analysis of Zn(II) Ions Adsorption on Thermally Treated Rice Husk
Authors: Ong Keat Khim , Farhan A. T. Ahmad , Yunus W. M. Z. Wan , Zaidi Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad , Jabit M. L. , Fitrianto A. , Safidin K. M. , Rauf U. F. Abdul , Ros F. Che , Hussin A. G. , Ahmad M. B.
Published: January 2016

Adsorption of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions by thermally treated rice husk was investigated using factorial experimental design to study effects of heating temperature and period of rice husk, pH, initial Zn(II) ion concentration, adsorption temperature and contact time, and adsorbent dosage. Main and interaction effects of these factors were analyzed using statistical techniques and the results were analyzed statistically using the Student’s t-analysis and analysis of variance which were used to determine significant factors that affect the percentage removal of Zn(II). These significant factors were heating temperature of rice husk, pH, initial metal concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. The interaction between two different effects also affects the percentage removal of Zn(II) ions. These include the interactions between heating temperature of rice husk and initial metal concentration, pH and initial metal concentration, and pH and the adsorbent dosage.
DGA Method-Based ANFIS Expert System for Diagnosing Faults and Assessing Quality of Power Transformer Insulation Oil
Authors: Bin Yaacob Mohd Muhridza , Hussein Ahmed Raisan , Bin Othman Mohd Fauzi
Published: January 2016

Accurate fault diagnostics and assessment of electrical power transformer insulation oil for lifelong endurance are the key issues addressed in this research. The durability of a transformer is significantly determined by the quality of its insulation oil, which deteriorates over time due to temperature fluctuations and moisture content. Protecting transformers from potential failure through early and precise diagnosis of faults and through efficient assessment of oil quality during the actual conduct of the operation can avoid sizeable economic losses. The ANFIS Expert System that uses intelligent software plays an important role in this regard. The dissolved gas analysis (DGA) in oil is a reliable method for diagnosing faults and assessing insulation oil quality in transformers. The safeguarding teams of transformer power stations often suffer from the occurrence of sudden faults, which result in severe damages and heavy monetary loss. The oil in transformers must be appropriately treated to circumvent such failures. In this research, an ANFIS Expert System was used to diagnose faults and to assess the status and quality of insulation oil in power transformers. A suitable treatment was identified using the Rogers ratio method depending on the DGA in oil. The graphical user interface from the MATLAB environment was used and proven effective for fault diagnosis and oil quality evaluation. The training algorithm is capable of assessing oil quality according to the specifications of the IEEE standard C57-104 and the IEC standard 60599.
Criteria of Equality of Modal Frequency of Micromechanical Gyroscopes-Accelerometers Sensitive Elements
Authors: Konoplev Boris , Lysenko Igor , Ezhova Olga
Published: January 2016

In this work the topology of the integrated micromechanical sensor of LL-type is developed. Using the condition of equality of modal frequencies of sensitive elements of the micromechanical sensor in both modes along the one axis the criterion of the coincidence is obtained, the criterion of modal frequencies of sensitive elements of the micromechanical sensor in a sense mode along the two axis is obtained, dependences of the ratio of beam length on thickness of a structural layer are showed, the results of numerical simulation of modal frequencies of the micromechanical sensor sensitive element in a drive mode or a sense mode is obtained using the criterion. Using the criterion, it is possible to achieve coincidence of intrinsic vibration frequencies of a sensitive element in a sense mode that provides the same sensitivity to the angular velocities. Coincidence of frequency of forced vibrations in a drive mode with vibration frequencies of a sense mode along both axis of sensitivity can be achieved by using electrostatic elasticity.
Mean Field Theory in Doing Logic Programming Using Hopfield Network
Authors: Velavan Muraly , Ridzuan bin Yahya Zainor , Nazri bin Abdul Halif Mohamad , Sathasivam Saratha
Published: January 2016

Logic program and neural networks are two important perspectives in artificial intelligence. Logic describes connections among propositions. Moreover, logic must have descriptive symbolic tools to represent propositions. Meanwhile representation of neural networks on the other hand is in non-symbolic form. The objective in performing logic programming revolves around energy minimization is to reach the best global solutions. On the other hand, we usually gets local minima solutions also. In order to improve this, based on the Boltzmann machine concept, we will derive a learning algorithm in which time-consuming stochastic measurements of collerations are replaced by solutions to deterministic mean field theory (MFT) equations. The main idea of mean field algorithm is to replace the real unstable induced local field for each neuron in the network with its average local field value. Then, we build agent based modelling (ABM) by using Netlogo for this task.
Inputs Price Transmission Effect on Marketing Margins on Fisheries Products of Iran
Authors: Saravani Mahdi , Dahmarde Ghaleno Nazar
Published: January 2016

Volatility and instability of inputs price and products on the one hand and high marketing margins, on the other hand are the main characters of inefficient marketing of agricultural products. So in this paper we will consider the Prices Transmission of Inputs and Marketing Costs on Marketing Margin of Fisheries Products during 2004 to 2014. The variables examined in this study which were extracted from the website of Fisheries and Statistics Center of Iran, include hot and cold water fish prices (Larve and Fingerling), Fishmeal and Concentrate (inputs), transport and labor costs and amount of used inputs. The results show that Necessary and sufficient conditions for coincidence of inputs price transmission has rejected and mediators through asymmetrical transmission of input prices to retails increase marketing margin and thereby earn profits. The coincident test also in the transfer of marketing costs showed asymmetry coincidence of marketing costs. The variable of total amount of inputs that is considered as an explanatory variable to ensure assume constant returns to scale in marketing margin model, Its impact on marketing margins is incremental and statistically significant. The process trend variable coefficient also shows that market margins will increase over time. To improve this situation it is suggested to establish the Notification institutions of market.
Determining Aquifers and Bedrock of Qaen Plain by the Resistance Measurement Method
Authors: Hajizadeh Farnusch , Reza Akhondi Saeed
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study is to determine aquifers and bedrock of Qaen plain by the resistance measurement method. Using symmetrical Schlumberger electrode array, the most common method to detect underground water, Qaen plain was located in the west of Khanik village situated in the North East of drainage basinto the West of Aliabad village situated in the West of drainage basinat 159 electric sounding stations along 13 profiles under the geoelectrical operation. Profiles were along the south East-North West. At most, the half of the Electrode distance was 500 meters in the Schlumberger array. Interpretation of geoelectric sounding was done using the Partial and computer compliancemethod (using ipi2win Software). The obtained results of the Geoelectrical operation were interpreted and drawn by resistivity section, resistivity profiles, the apparent resistivity maps of the different flow lines (AB including 200, 600, and 1000 meters), and isobath map of the rock.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 10, No. 1
Authors: Lee Sunny
Published: January 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 10, No. 1
Failure and Collapse of Building Structures in the Cities of Yaoundé and Douala, Cameroon from 2010 to 2014
Authors: Tchamba Jean Claude , Bikoko Théodore Gautier L. J.
Published: January 2016

The failure and collapse of buildings in most cases result in loss of lives and properties. The incessant collapses of buildings nowadays are so enormous that it has become a serious concern to the professionals in the building industry, clients, governments, and general public. In most cases, the architects and engineers who are directly involved in the construction of such building are held responsible for building collapse. The purpose of this study was to elaborate various cases of building structures collapsed that occurred in Yaoundé and Douala, Cameroon between 2010 and 2014 and to investigate the factors causing such incidents. The methods employed in the collection of data include the administration of questionnaire to professionals in the building industry (professional engineers, architects and construction professionals), site inspections and case studies for the sites. The data collected were analysed using descriptive and analytical statistics. The findings show that the collapse of some buildings in major cities in Cameroon (Yaoundé and Douala) can be attributed to absence of soil investigation and foundation, structural design, detailing, degradation due to environmental factors, use of poor quality materials and concrete processing. In the two case studies considered, the study revealed that the major causes of building failures were excessive loading, structural design, degradation due to environmental factors and other causes. The paper concludes by recommending possible measures to be undertaken by government and other regulatory bodies in the building industry to avert this.
Analysis of the Data Using a Semantic Network as a Tool for Management Non-Conformities in Quality Management System
Authors: Ivanov Nikolay
Published: January 2016

The article discusses the use of a semantic network in a management of nonconformities in quality management systems. It describes basic network elements and their mapping to basic concepts of the management of nonconformities. The author gives an example of a fragment of the semantic network to illustrate the visual representation of management of nonconformities data detected in practice of real construction organization. The article includes the block diagram of algorithm, which shows how to add a new node-nonconformity into the semantic network.
Ergonomic Knob Design Validation for Improved Musculoskeletal Comfort
Authors: Ng Poh Kiat , Hang Tan Yue , Siong Jee Kian , Wah Thong Li , Ai Yeow Jian , Yean Ng Chiew
Published: January 2016

Ergonomic control devices can minimise risks of hand-related injuries. The pinch force exerted on a control knob during operations can be minimised so that excessive physical stress and strain on the hands are reduced. This improves working performance. Studies indicate that milling machine control knobs are difficult to operate. Hence, this study aims to validate an ergonomic knob design against a milling machine knob design to determine the extent of musculoskeletal comfort improvement. An ergonomic knob is designed based on a knurled spherical knob with ergonomics features. A validation is performed by requesting 12 participants to turn the knobs in clockwise and counterclockwise directions. Pinch force data is recorded. Findings show that the ergonomic knob reduces more than 55 % of pinch force compared to the milling machine knob replica. This study is useful for machine designers in the development of safer and more ergonomic knobs for various equipment, apparatus and devices.
A Novel Sulfonated Alkyl Ester Surfactant to Reduce Interfacial Tensions in a Wide Range Salinity with Monovalent and Divalent Ions
Authors: Marhaendrajana Taufan , Kurnia Rani , Wahyuningrum Deana , Fauzi Iqbal
Published: January 2016

A novel sulfonated alkyl ester (SAE) was developed. The sulfonated alkyl ester has unique chemical structures that aimed to combine the advantages of ester-based and sulfonate-based surfactant in one compound. This surfactant was studied for its performance to reduce interfacial tensions in a wide range of salinity with monovalent and divalent ions and in a light and heavy oil samples. The study showed that the sulfonated alkyl ester surfactant gives a good performance in a light oil sample in a high monovalent ion concentration and also give a good performance in a heavy oil sample in both low and high concentration of monovalent and divalent ions solution.
Crowdfunding: A New Untapped Opportunity for Biotechnology Start-ups?
Authors: Azar Sholeh , Mackey Timothy Ken
Published: January 2016

Crowdfunding is an evolving popular Internet-based process used to raise funding that has been employed by a few start-ups in the biotechnology industry. To solicit crowdfunding, companies profile their case on a specialized web platform (generally called a â€œcrowdfunding portalâ€) to site members (i.e., the â€œcrowdâ€) who choose which projects they would like to fund, in exchange for financial and nonfinancial inducements. We examine the evolving commercial and regulatory crowdfunding landscape and also identifies case studies of biotechnology industry use. We have found that a variety of crowdfunding mechanisms have been used and this alternative financing strategy may represent a viable option for biotechnology start-ups during early stage research or early stage clinical trials. A successful crowdfunding campaign may pave the way for the enterpriseâ€™s future capital formation phases by attracting angel investors or venture capital because it shows that the business or project is viable. Crowdfunding, like all other forms of capital formation, requires careful planning and execution before, during, and after a campaign. Strategies that appropriately tap into this innovative and disruptive use of technology and social networks may prove to be a unique capital formation niche for biotechnology start-ups; one that has yet to be fully leveraged.
Investment in Life Sciences in Scotland: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Henderson Andrew
Published: January 2016

As the global life sciences industry changes, the most successful regions in attracting inward investment will be those that evolve and adapt to provide the most attractive offer. In Scotland, the government is developing an environment to “push” its life sciences sector to complement the strong “pull” that these changes in the global life sciences industry and in investor sentiment have created.The Scottish Government and the life sciences industry have developed a strategy that aims to anchor in Scotland those businesses that provide vital skills and market access; increase the number of more resilient companies and comprehensive supply chains; and attract new inward investment and talent that will build on Scotland’s existing capabilities.The Scottish Government is improving on the country’s existing strengths and aims to capitalise on prior investment in Scotland’s research excellence, particularly in areas such as stem cells and regenerative medicine and ”precision medicine”, where there are significant current and emerging commercial opportunities.
Protein-G-based human immunoglobulin G biosensing by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Tsugimura Kaiki , Ohnuki Hitoshi , Endo Hideaki , Tsuya Daijyu , Izumi Mitsuru
Published: January 2016

A highly sensitive biosensor based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was developed for the determination of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). Protein G, which specifically binds to IgG, was employed as the molecular receptor. Protein G was covalently immobilized on interdigitated electrodes through a mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) composed of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and 6-mercaptohexanol. It was found that the mixing ratio of the SAM markedly affected the sensor performance. The sample prepared on 25% MUA SAM exhibited a linear behavior in the concentration range of 0.01–10 ng/mL, which is a record low detection for EIS-based IgG sensors. On the other hand, the sample on 100% MUA SAM showed no IgG-sensing action. A possible mechanism of the mixing ratio that affects the sensing performance was proposed.
Solid phase extraction and metabolic profiling of exudates from living copepods
Authors: Selander Erik , Heuschele Jan , Nylund Göran M. , Pohnert Georg , Pavia Henrik , Bjærke Oda , Pender-Healy Larisa A. , Tiselius Peter , Kiørboe Thomas
Published: January 2016

Copepods are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. They exude bioactive compounds that mediate mate finding or induce defensive traits in prey organisms. However, little is known about the chemical nature of the copepod exometabolome that contributes to the chemical landscape in pelagic habitats. Here we describe the development of a closed loop solid phase extraction setup that allows for extraction of exuded metabolites from live copepods. We captured exudates from male and femaleTemora longicornisand analyzed the content with high resolution LC-MS. Chemometric methods revealed 87 compounds that constitute a specific chemical pattern either qualitatively or quantitatively indicating copepod presence. The majority of the compounds were present in both female and male exudates, but nine compounds were mainly or exclusively present in female exudates and hence potential pheromone candidates. Copepodamide G, known to induce defensive responses in phytoplankton, was among the ten compounds of highest relative abundance in both male and female extracts. The presence of copepodamide G shows that the method can be used to capture and analyze chemical signals from living source organisms. We conclude that solid phase extraction in combination with metabolic profiling of exudates is a useful tool to develop our understanding of the chemical interplay between pelagic organisms.
On the propagation and mode conversion of auroral medium frequency bursts
Authors: Broughton M. C. , LaBelle J. , Kim E.‐H. , Yoon P. H. , Johnson J. R. , Cairns I. H.
Published: January 2016

Auroral medium frequency (MF) bursts are broadband, impulsive radio emissions associated with local substorm onsets. MF bursts consist of a characteristic fine structure whereby the higher frequencies arrive 10–100 ms before the lower frequencies. LaBelle (2011a) proposed that MF bursts originate as Langmuir/Z mode waves on the topside of the ionosphere that mode‐convert to LO mode waves and propagate to ground level, with the fine structure resulting by propagation delays due to the topside ionospheric density profile. We investigate three aspects of this mechanism. First, full‐wave calculations are used to simulate the MF burst fine structure using a realistic ionospheric density profile. The delay between the highest and lowest frequencies is 21 ms. This value is smaller than the experimentally determined delays of ∼100 ms presented in Bunch and LaBelle (2009), but differences between the topside electron number density profile used in the simulations and the number density profile during disturbed conditions make comparisons only approximate. Second, the Landau damping of Langmuir/Z mode waves on the topside ionosphere is calculated, assuming the electron distribution function consists of a cold background population (ne0) and a warm secondary population (nse). The Landau damping is small when nse/ne0 = 0.04% (consistent with Maggs and Lotko (1981)) but is significant when nse/ne0 > 0.4%. Finally, full‐wave calculations are used to determine the mode conversion efficiency from Langmuir/Z mode waves to LO mode waves. These imply that waves would suffer an attenuation of wave energy density of approximately 5–10% if they are generated with their wave vectors in a narrow cone centered around the local magnetic field. Taken together, these calculations suggest that for small values of nse/ne0 <0.4%, the mechanism proposed by LaBelle (2011a) is a plausible explanation for the origin of MF bursts.
The Antarctic Slope Current near 30°E
Authors: Dong Jun , Speer Kevin , Jullion Loic
Published: January 2016

The Antarctic Slope Current flows westward above the continental slope of Antarctica, entering the Weddell Sea near 30°E and supplying dense water to the deep overturning cell there, and contributing to global Antarctic Bottom Water formation. Observations from the 2008 I6S hydrographic section are used to investigate the strength of the Slope Current near 30°E. A prominent topographic feature, the Gunnerus Bank, diverts the Slope Current upstream of this longitude, and has a large effect on the current's structure, splitting it into a coastal and offshore component. The bank also enhances water mass mixing and lateral exchange across the slope. As part of the 2008 occupation, an additional line was made along the crest of the bank, forming a closed volume over the western side. By combining hydrographic and Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements in this box using an inverse method, the Slope Current transport is estimated to be 9.6 ± 2.3 Sv; the transport associated with the Antarctic Slope Front is 4.0 ± 0.3 Sv, of which 1.8 ± 0.3 Sv enters the Weddell Gyre as recently formed dense water.
The 2011 Tohoku tsunami south of Oahu: High‐frequency Doppler radio observations and model simulations of currents
Authors: Benjamin L. R. , Flament P. , Cheung K. F. , Luther D. S.
Published: January 2016

A 16 MHz high‐frequency Doppler radio (HFDR) deployed on the south shore of Oahu (Hawaii) detected oscillatory radial currents following the arrival of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. The observations over a two‐dimensional area provided an opportunity for intercomparison with the spatial patterns of currents and the resonant modes predicted by a nonhydrostatic model. Over the 50 m deep Penguin Bank, extending west from Molokai, the observed currents are intensified in two areas: 43 min period currents of 0.27 m s−1 lasting 6 h are observed on the south part of the bank, while 27 min period currents of 0.14 m s−1 lasting 2 h are observed on the north. The spatial EOFs suggest that standing full‐waves and 3/2 waves formed over the bank. Modeled currents over Penguin Bank are similar to the observations but their north‐south asymmetry is less pronounced than observed. Nearshore, observed alongshore currents showed long‐period oscillations of 43 min that stretched along the entire coastline, while modeled currents show strong evidence for edge waves. EOF analysis of the nearshore signal suggests that the HFDR and model reveal different processes. The discrepancy might be attributed to the fact that both the Penguin Bank and nearshore observations are limited by HFDR sensitivity to azimuthal sidelobe contamination and decreased angular resolution at high steering angles.
Dispersion of a tracer in the deep Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Ledwell James R. , He Ruoying , Xue Zuo , DiMarco Steven F. , Spencer Laura J. , Chapman Piers
Published: January 2016

A 25 km streak of CF3SF5 was released on an isopycnal surface approximately 1100 m deep, and 150 m above the bottom, along the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico, to study stirring and mixing of a passive tracer. The location and depth of the release were near those of the deep hydrocarbon plume resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil well rupture. The tracer was sampled between 5 and 12 days after release, and again 4 and 12 months after release. The tracer moved along the slope at first but gradually moved into the interior of the Gulf. Diapycnal spreading of the patch during the first 4 months was much faster than it was between 4 and 12 months, indicating that mixing was greatly enhanced over the slope. The rate of lateral homogenization of the tracer was much greater than observed in similar experiments in the open ocean, again possibly enhanced near the slope. Maximum concentrations found in the surveys had fallen by factors of 104, 107, and 108, at 1 week, 4 months, and 12 months, respectively, compared with those estimated for the initial tracer streak. A regional ocean model was used to simulate the tracer field and help interpret its dispersion and temporal evolution. Model‐data comparisons show that the model simulation was able to replicate statistics of the observed tracer distribution that would be important in assessing the impact of oil releases in the middepth Gulf.