bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability in Reaction Times of Normal and Educable Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Caffrey Bernard , Jones Judith D. , Hinkle Barbara R.
Published: September 2011

The present study explores the differences and variabilities in reaction times of normal and educable mentally retarded children. The reaction times of 10 normal and 10 mentally retarded students (1Q 45 to 70) were tested by the Lafayette visual choice reaction-time test. A Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test showed significant differences between the reaction times of the normals and retardates on both the simple and choice tasks. It is suggested that future research should consider other abnormalities, aside from low IQ, that accompany mental retardation.
Personality Characteristics of Volunteer Subjects
Authors: Neulinger John , Stein Morris I.
Published: September 2011

Two personality types, the Socially Oriented and the Intellectually Oriented, represented among female college undergraduate volunteers, showed differential rates of volunteering in favor of the Intellectually Oriented type. The personality dynamics of these types accord well with findings reported in the literature regarding the characteristics of volunteers and non-volunteers. The need for a systematic consideration of personality bias in sampling was pointed to.
Reduction of Noise Annoyance through Manipulation of Stressor Relevance
Authors: Munz David C. , Ruffner John W. , Cross John F.
Published: September 2011

In order to test the merit of considering noise from an informational viewpoint, 30 Ss were randomly assigned to either a high task-involvement (HTI) or low task-involvement (LTI) instruction group and performed pursuit rotor tracking under three conditions of moderate noise stress: task-related noise; task-unrelated noise; and no noise. No performance effects were evidenced. However, HTI Ss reported experiencing greater psychological discomfort under task-unrelated noise as compared with the other two noise conditions. Moreover, comparisons of post-experimental rankings of working condition preference supported this finding.
Effect of Intertrial Interval and Verbal Reinforcement on Choice of Front or Back Tongue Position
Authors: Dixon Paul W. , Cummings William C.
Published: September 2011

Intertrial intervals of 2 sec. as compared with 4 sec. significantly increased choice of front-articulated vowels as compared with back-articulated vowels in 4 reinforced and 4 non-reinforced groups of 5 Ss each. Ss who were native English speakers showed a significant preference for front over back-articulated vowels. The hypothesis that shorter intertrial intervals would increase conditioning was not supported since no reinforcement effects were found. Discrimination between the two response classes of front and back-articulated vowels was demonstrated in the 4 2-sec. intertrial interval groups as compared with the 4 4-sec. intertrial interval groups. The preference for front over back-articulated vowels and increased preference for the front over back-articulated vowels due to shorter intertrial intervals was discussed in terms of stimulus choice due to prior learning of English.
Size Estimation in Schizophrenia: Some Additional Controls
Authors: Neale John M. , Davis Dan , Cromwell Rue L.
Published: September 2011

Size estimation was studied in 14 hospital aides and the following four groups of 14 male schizophrenics: acute good premorbid paranoid, acute poor premorbid nonparanoid, chronic good premorbid paranoid, and chronic poor premorbid nonparanoid. Unlike previous studies: (1) Ss were at optical infinity from the stimuli to eliminate possible micropsia or macropsia, and (2) stimuli were viewed with an artificial pupil. Contrary to previous findings, no significant differences occurred among the groups in level of size estimation. As in previous studies, the thematic content of the stimuli influenced size-estimation levels but this variable did not interact with subject classification.
Perceived Parental Attitudes and Demographic Variables as Related to Maladjustment
Authors: Koutrelakos James
Published: September 2011

The relative contribution of perceived parental attitudes and of demographic variables to student maladjustment was investigated in 80 Ss who attended a college offering majors in the performing arts. As predicted the perception of parents as encouraging independence was negatively associated with maladjustment and better predicted maladjustment in the students than did the 7 demographic variables employed. Factor analysis identified 4 parental attitudinal patterns: mother's trust in S's judgment, father's trust in S's judgment, parental encouragement of independent living, and parental encouragement of independent effort. Although the joint father and mother attitude encouraging independent living was significant, it was the father's trust in the student's judgment which was found to be most important to the student's adjustment.
Manifest Anxiety, Field Dependency, and Task Performance
Authors: Dargel Russell , Kirk Roger E.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the effects of manifest anxiety and field dependency upon human perceptual motor performance. 32 female Ss were selected as high-anxious or low-anxious as defined by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and field-dependent or independent as defined by the Hidden Figures Test. These Ss performed 5 tasks differing in difficulty level. The results indicated that manifest anxiety did not affect performance on any of the tasks nor was there an interaction of manifest anxiety and field dependency. However, there was an effect attributable to field dependency for the moderately difficult tasks. These results are discussed in terms of (1) chronic and emotional reactivity hypotheses, (2) response competition, and (3) differences in perception of field-dependent and field-independent persons.
Comparison of First-Eye-Movement Detection Methods
Authors: Edwards David C. , Antes James R. , Adams Randall W. , Trumm Gerald A.
Published: September 2011

The first eye movement from a point of fixation was detected by direct observation of the eye, by electro-oculograph (EOG), and by corneal reflection apparatus. Essential agreement was obtained among the measures. Only with movements less than 5° were there serious numbers of discrepancies in detection against the criterion of photo-recorder corneal reflection measurement. A horizontal movement was detected more reliably than a vertical movement. The EOG was most likely to miss detection of a vertical movement. The efficiency of the measures with regard to movement detection and monitoring choice-looking-behavior were discussed.
Automating the EEG Report
Authors: Howard Gilbert , Howard Alfreda , Wittman Eleanor
Published: September 2011

As part of a continuing program for automating the storage and retrieval of clinical data, a procedure has been developed to handle electroencephalographic (EEG) data. Instead of dictating a report, the clinical electroencephalographer checks the appropriate findings on a data form which is then keypunched and machine processed. The computer report thus generated mirrors closely a typical EEG examination report.
Role of Lateral Inhibitory Interaction in Color Coding
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

A theory of color coding is presented which is applicable to both the Prevost-Fechner-Benham subjective color and the color sensation arising from retinal stimulation by a narrow band of the light spectrum. The primary features of the theory are: (1) three types of photoreceptors which are present in the retina in approximately equal numbers; (2) lateral inhibitory interaction among the photoreceptors; (3) a fixed temporal or serial order in which the relative response of each photoreceptor type is processed; and (4) an integration/interaction period of approximately 100 msec. On the basis of the theory, the operations for eliciting specific subjective colors are successfully predicted.
Effect of Selected Form Attachment Devices on Oral Stereognosis Scores
Authors: La Pointe Leonard L. , Williams William N.
Published: September 2011

12 adults with normal speech were tested on a 10-form task of intra-oral form identification (oral stereognosis) under three conditions: forms attached to stainless steel orthodontic wire, forms attached to nylon monofilament, and forms with no attachment device. No significant differences were found among conditions in either response accuracy or time.
Modification of the Grason-Stadler Experimental Rat Chamber
Authors: Davidson Robert S. , Streeb R. David , Bremser Robert
Published: September 2011

Several suggested modifications of a currently popular small animal experimental chamber are advanced in the hopes of facilitating common laboratory procedures, such as lever insertion and removal, animal transfer and liquid dipper operation.
Psychopatholgy and Perception of Physiques
Authors: Miller Alan R. , Stewart Robert A. , Steele Richard E. , Watson Richard A. R. , Newhauser David , Kiker Vernon
Published: September 2011

49 male prisoners, forming 4 diagnostic groups (normals, schizophrenics, passive-aggressives, and sociopaths) defined by actuarial MMPI tables, served as Ss. Diagnostic groups differed significantly in the consistency with which they stereotyped male physiques on the following concepts, child molester, follower, policeman, self, and criminal.
Stability of WISC Scores of Children Hospitalized for Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Tigay Barry , Kempler Hyman L.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest data on the WISC were obtained for 25 children who had been hospitalized with emotional disturbances. An analysis of the reliability coefficients and difference between means showed stability on verbal subtests is as high or higher than reliabilities reported for non-disturbed children using test-retest methods. One exception is the Comprehension subtest on which emotionally disturbed youngsters show considerably less stability than non-disturbed children. Stability on performance subtests is considerably lower for emotionally disturbed children than for non-disturbed in test-retest studies with the exception of Picture Arrangement which is more reliable than the test-retest data for normals. Performance and Full Scale IQ increase significantly on retesting.
Recognition of Prototype Deviants under Simultaneous and Sequential Comparison Conditions
Authors: Brown Bill R.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was conducted to determine the extent to which Ss encode relevant stimulus attributes and abstract conceptual rules in a pattern-recognition task involving complex multidimensional histoforms which are deviants of three different population prototypes. Task-memory requirements were varied in a multiple-alternative discrimination task by presenting stimuli either simultaneously or sequentially for comparison. Results showed that Ss learned the relevant dimensions along which the stimuli varied to the extent that they could only recognize histoforms as having approximately the same magnitudes of deviation from the prototypes. Performance was higher, however, under the simultaneous condition, suggesting that Ss failed to combine learned attributes into conceptual rules to a degree sufficient for a reduction in information processing and storage requirements to occur.
Effects of Temporal Relationship between Stimuli on Children's Discrimination Learning
Authors: Smothergill Daniel W.
Published: September 2011

Previous research indicates that temporal relations between discriminanda affect the discrimination process in children. An experiment was conducted to test two hypotheses: (a) simultaneous presentation of stimuli for same-different judgments results in learning the features which differentiate the stimuli; (b) successive presentation facilitates learning a schema of the standard stimulus. A transfer of training paradigm was used with 6- and 7-yr.-old children. Evidence of feature differentiation and schema learning was found; but both kinds of learning occurred under each of the presentation conditions. Procedural differences between this and other studies are noted as possible reasons for the discrepancies in results.
Perceptual Categorization: Factors Influencing Identification and Reproduction of Visual and Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Houck Robert L. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Using a near threshold auditory and three visual tasks, it was demonstrated that the more cues available for perceptual categorization, the fewer the errors made in reproductions of stimuli.
Cognition and Movement: Theoretical, Pedagogical and Measurement Considerations
Authors: Fowler W. , Leithwood K. A.
Published: September 2011

The paucity of recent daevelopmental research concerned with complex gross motor learning, particularly in the young child, can be partly attributed to lack of conceptual constructs and accompanying analytic-evaluative instruments. Such learning requires forms of cognitive mediation apparently fostered by analytic-integrative modes of teaching and learning. A theoretically based, empirically rested scheme for assessing the hierarchical complexity of gross motor tasks and sequences is elaborated in terms of both requisite cognitive involvement (structural organization) and underlying physical abilities (structural dynamics). The scheme is presented as one possible solution to the problem of quantifying task complexity and levels of skill to facilitate research and development in developmental psychology and education.
Directional Confusion as a Sign of Dyslexia
Authors: Ginsburg G. P. , Hartwick Ann
Published: September 2011

The concept of dyslexia is both important and ambiguous. In an effort to reduce the ambiguity of the concept, several hundred second-grade school children were tested for primary reading errors and for two non-reading characteristics often mentioned as signs of dyslexia. Through analyses based in large part on the logic of mixed-group validation (Dawes & Meehl, 1966), confusion in identification of left and right was implicated as a sign of dyslexia, and crossed hand-eye dominance was tentatively rejected as one. Thus, severe reading errors and directional confusion appear intertwined as components of dyslexia. Moreover, the study provided some support for the conceptual and practical potentials of the logic on which it was based.
Increased Probability of Error Repetition as a Function of Number of Successive Prior Repetitions
Authors: Marx Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

Data collected from 37 college students on a multiple-choice learning task indicated that errors were repeated more frequently the more often they had previously recurred. Neither differential pre-experimental strength nor Thorndikian spread of effect was supported as a causative factor.
An Explanation of Cooper and Runyon's Results on the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Pressey A. W. , Moro T. L.
Published: September 2011

Evidence is presented that a solid line is overestimated as compared to an empty space. On this basis it is argued that Cooper and Runyon's data (1970) on the Mueller-Lyer illusion is confounded by a filled-space illusion and that their results do not lead to any conclusions about the Mueller-Lyer illusion per se.
Reaction Time and Normetanephrine-Metanephrine Excretion under Intense Stimulation in Chronic Schizophrenics, Non-Psychotics, and Normals
Authors: Duke Marshall P.
Published: September 2011

Differential predictions stemming from opposing arousal theories of chronic schizophrenia were examined in terms of reaction time performance and metanephrine-normetanephrine excretion in arousing situations. It was found that schizophrenics and non-psychotics both manifested behavioral deficit; schizophrenics' normetanephrine level was lower than that of other groups; reactivity of schizophrenics and normals, both behavioral and biochemical, was similar; non-psychotics demonstrated a tendency toward no behavioral reactivity to intense stimulation but manifested a biochemical response not different from other groups. A theoretical conceptualization of behavioral and biochemical change in response to increasingly intense stimulation was developed utilizing two hypothesized cumulative reactivity functions.
Developmental Changes in the Perception of Inverted Triangular Forms: Closure and Order Effects
Authors: Landers W. F. , Cogan D. C. , Hart R. R.
Published: September 2011

90 preschool and school age children were required to judge the orientation of simple triangular forms of varying completeness presented in one of three orders: increasing completeness, decreasing completeness, and random. Results indicated that number of correct responses varied as a function of age, degree of closure, and presentation order. A reliable interaction between age and presentation order indicated that the random presentation order was more difficult for the younger children. These results were taken as substantial support for the perceptual development viewpoint typified by Gibson, Hebb, and Piaget.
Teachers' Perceptions of Levels of Performances of Students from an Economically Disadvantaged Urban Area
Authors: Cantwell Zita M.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis tested whether teachers' perceived levels of performance by grade (fifth and second) and subject area (language arts and mathematics) would be independent of performances on the Coloured Progressive Matrices by 175 fifth-grade and 216 second-grade students. Significant chi-squares suggested a direct relationship between perceptions and Matrices scores.
Factor Analysis of a Neuropsychological Battery for Children Aged 9 to 15
Authors: Klonoff Harry
Published: September 2011

A neuropsychological battery comprised of 29 Halstead-Reitan variables, 2 Benton variables, 1 Reitan-Kløve variable, 16 Kløve variables, and the 12 WISC variables was given to 200 normal children, ages 9 to 15. Results of a principal component factor analysis indicated that at least 19 different dimensions were being measured. The dimensions of neuropsychological functioning were: Directional Sequencing of Visual Stimuli, Verbal Fluency, Static Motor Steadiness, Directed Motor Steadiness, Tactile Discrimination Speed, Coordinated Motor Speed, Undirected Motor Speed, Manipulative Dexterity, Patterned Critical Discrimination, Form Reproduction Accuracy, Crossed-modality Consistency, Set for Provisional Solutions, Cue Resultant Shifting of Attention, Tactile Retention, Alternation Between Conceptual Realms, Directed Motor Speed, Analytic-synthetic Visual-motor Ability, Form Reproduction Speed and Auditory Recognition. Regression weights and composite score formulae for estimating S's scores on these 19 dimensions were presented. Dimensions corresponded to the verbal-performance division of the WISC. 14 factors were found to be relatively independent of psychometric measures of intelligence; 3 factors were interdependent with WISC performance variables; 1 factor was interdependent with a WISC verbal variable; 1 factor derived from WISC verbal variables. The derived factors were related to other factor analytic studies.
Cardiac Index of the Orientation Reaction as a Function of Anticipation Interval
Authors: Goyeche John R. M. , Thysell Richard V.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to investigate the form of the heart-rate (HR) response in anticipation of a brief visual stimulus and to determine whether the form of the response changed over trials. 14 college undergraduates were exposed to 12 presentations of a visual stimulus which they were asked to identify. Half the Ss were presented with the stimulus every 10 sec., half every 15 sec. HR was recorded for each second during the anticipation intervals. The results indicated that the cardiac anticipatory response in the 10-sec. group was triphasic—a slight deceleration, followed by an acceleration, followed by a deceleration of approximately equal magnitude, and that the response habituated during the last block of four trials. In the 15-sec. interval the anticipatory response was observed to be primarily biphasic (acceleration-deceleration) and still appeared to be in the process of development by Trial 12. The triphasic HR response was interpreted as an index of the cardiac orientation reaction which habituated as a temporal “neuronal model” was formed.
Analytic-Perceptual Style and Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Becker Joseph , Doctor Ronald M. , Miranda Manuel , Wallace Jean
Published: September 2011

Relations among analytic-perceptual style, awareness, and desire for reinforcement within a Taffel-type verbal conditioning paradigm were assessed. Witkin's Embedded-figures Test and Mayman's Rorschach form level scores were analyzed separately as indices of analytic-style. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression with linear contrasts. Embedded-figure scores did not relate to any others. But form level interactions with awareness and desire for reinforcement and a triple interaction provided limited support for the hypothesis that an active analytic style facilitates awareness and verbal conditioning, if the reinforcer is desired.
A Model for Multidimensional Similarity
Authors: Waern Yvonne
Published: September 2011

A multiplicative model is proposed for the similarity between stimuli varying in easily discerned dimensions. According to this model, the multidimensional similarity estimate equals a product, weighted by exponents, of the unidimensional estimates. The multiplicative model, together with two alternative ones, a vector model and an additive model, are tested in two experiments where the stimuli are varied in two dimensions. The multiplicative model seems to describe the empirical data most closely.
Effect of Presenting Matching Stimuli on the Orienting Response
Authors: Geer James H.
Published: September 2011

72 Ss were assigned to 4 experimental and 6 control groups in a study of the effects of 2 different levels of probability of occurrence of a matching stimulus and a standard stimulus upon the orienting response (OR) to those stimuli. In addition, the dimension of similarity of standard and matching stimuli was assessed at 2 levels. Using skin conductance as the measure of the OR, results indicated that generalization of habituation occurred. There was no evidence that the dimension of similarity of standard stimulus-matching stimulus affected the degree of generalization. It was concluded that theoretical models of the OR be cautious in assigning precise generalization of habituation a central position.
Bender-Gestalt Performance by Culturally Disadvantaged First Graders
Authors: Albott William L. , Gunn Harry E.
Published: September 2011

Bender-Gestalt error profiles were obtained from 35 Negro, culturally deprived, first graders. Scored by the Koppitz method, the profiles were compared with Koppitz norms and with data published by Henderson, et al. (1969). The results indicated that the current sample was significantly different in mean performance when compared with the norms ( z = 7.86, p < .001) but not when compared with the Henderson, et al. data ( t = 1.6, n.s.). Additional analyses showed a sex-by-error type interaction, with males making more errors on four of the six possible error types. Ss were also found to have the most difficulty with Designs 4, 7, and 8. Discussion pointed out error type and difficulty with particular designs were related. Areas of confounding were noted, and suggestions for additional research made.
Changes in Pursuit Rotor Performance Underlying the Period of “Postrest Upswing”
Authors: Frith C. D. , Tunstall Olive
Published: September 2011

Comparison of the changes in total time on target and mean hit length during performance on the pursuit rotor suggested that the changes in performance after a 24-hr. rest can be accounted for in terms of changes in S's rate of responding and in the extent to which he successfully matches the velocity of the target.
Effects of Task Complexity and Practice on Performance during Acute Alcohol Intoxication
Authors: Tarter Ralph E. , Jones Ben M. , Simpson C. Dene , Vega Arthur
Published: September 2011

A battery of psychological tests was administered to 26 medical students in a counterbalanced cross-over design to determine the effects of an acute dose of alcohol on perceptual, perceptual-motor and cognitive capacities. The tests included: temporal acuity (critical flicker fusion threshold), perceptual speed and attention (Stroop), perceptual-motor coordination (Purdue Pegboard), perceptual-motor speed (simple and choice reaction time), immediate memory (WAIS Digit Span), short-term memory (dichotic stimulation), and intellectual and conceptual capacity (Shipley Institute of Living Scale). Three general conclusions were drawn: (1) alcohol exerted a deteriorating effect on performance on all tasks except the Stroop, (2) retesting 48 hr. later showed that practice or familiarity with the task mitigated the effects of the alcohol, and (3) contrary to the hypothesis advanced by Jellineck and McFarland (1940), no systematic relationship was observed between task complexity and degree of impairment from the alcohol.
Visual Feedback and Phenomenal Causality during Self-Induced Motion
Authors: Spillmann Lothar
Published: September 2011

Von Holst's and Mittelstaedt's model of re-afference is discussed in relation to perceived causality during hand motion.
Aniseikonic Perception of Injured Areas of One's Own Body
Authors: Magee Michael , Fisher Seymour
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was evaluated that the greater the anxiety associated with a body area the more resistant it is to aniseikonic lens distortion. This was done by having men ( N = 42) hospitalized with serious body damage (in restricted body areas) view themselves in a full-length mirror while wearing aniseikonic lenses and report the degree to which various major body sectors appeared to be altered by the lenses. It was found, as predicted, that injured sectors were perceived as less altered than non-injured ones.
Children's Visual Regard and Manual Activity in Retention of Information about Spatial Position
Authors: Daehler Marvin W.
Published: September 2011

Pointing and visual regard were observed in 64 Ss, nursery school through second grade, to assess developmental differences in the use of overt activity to mediate position of a target moving at a constant speed. On some trials the target differed from other stimuli in the array; on some trials it was identical to other stimuli; and on the remaining trials the target was identical to other stimuli, but for short periods of time was invisible to S as it moved behind an opaque panel. Monitoring the course of the target through pointing occurred infrequently and primarily among nursery schoolers and was unrelated to correctly locating the target at the end of the trial or trial conditions. Continued visual monitoring did facilitate location of the target. However, youngest Ss failed to increase visual regard as a function of the target's similarity to other stimuli, and Ss in all but the oldest group generally had difficulty in detecting the reappearance of the target from behind the panel. The ability of the oldest children to extend the principle of a constant speed to an invisible target did not appear to be a function of an intervening stage in development in which an overt and detectable activity mediated the absent target's rate of movement.
Individual Differences in Information Processing: Comparison of Simple Visual Stimuli
Authors: Stone George C.
Published: September 2011

Information-processing approaches to cognitive function suggest a new way of viewing individual differences in intellectual capabilites. Response latencies of 40 young adults were measured in two batteries of visual comparison tasks, and a number of scores developed from these latencies were considered from a psychometric point of view. Data from three sessions per S did not permit reliable estimation of rational parameters but did support efforts to dissect the components of latency to a limited extent. Over-all latency was separated into latency in optimal trials and dispersion upward from this optimal value. The dispersion component was found to be common to a variety of tasks. Three-fourths of the variance in optimal latencies was common to all tasks. A portion of the remaining variance could be assigned, with only moderate reliability, to inter-individual variation in dealing with form and color information, to differences related to the task format (matching versus oddity), and to differences in gains with practice. Residual variance probably reflects task-specific factors as well as the effects of the immediate context within which a task is performed.
On Wessler's ‘Estimating IQ: Expertise or Examiner Effect?’: Research and Discussion
Authors: Page Stewart
Published: September 2011

In response to a study by Wessler (1970), further data concerning the accuracy with which examiners could estimate intelligence quotients was obtained. Each of 8 clinicians was asked to make predictions regarding the anticipated IQ scores of 38 psychiatric patients. Each tester also recorded length of acquaintance of each patient and rated each testing session along several rating scales. Correlations between various predicted and actual scores were highly significant. Also, sessions for which testers' pretest expectations were less closely fulfilled were ultimately rated by them as being less “successful” sessions. Results are discussed in terms of examiner effects and clinical expertise in prediction.
Effect of Ability Level upon Retention of a Balance Skill after Two Years
Authors: Carron Albert V.
Published: September 2011

The interactive effects of ability level and a 2-yr. layoff upon forgetting of a balance skill were examined. In an earlier study, Carron and Marteniuk (1970) tested 150 male Ss on the stabilometer, ranked them according to their initial ability level and selected 3 groups ( N = 20 in each) which consisted of the best performers (high-ability group), the worst performers (low-ability group) and the performers scoring closest to the median (average-ability group). No differences were evident following a 1- or a 7-day layoff but a significant interaction (resulting from a reminiscence effect for the high-ability group combined with forgetting for the average- and low-ability groups) was present following a 14-day layoff. Ss from the three ability groups were retested (high ability, N = 9; average ability, N = 8; and low ability, N = 13). While all groups showed forgetting and the high-ability Ss had a considerably smaller percentage of forgetting (23.8% for the high-ability versus 41.5% and 46.0% for the average- and low-ability groups), the interaction between ability groups and forgetting just failed to reach significance.
Do the Different Methods of Factor Analysis Still Give Almost Identical Results?
Authors: Guertin Wilson H.
Published: September 2011

The question is examined 30 yr. after Wolfle summarized the field to see if newer methods of factor analysis have changed the picture substantially. An eight-variable two-factor physical body measurement problem is solved with a variety of methods and different estimates of communality. All give very similar results after the factor matrix is rotated to the varimax criterion. Even the image covariance analysis and principal components solutions portray the same structure as found by more conventional common-factor procedures.
An Experimental Approach to the Psychology of Form Creation
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a series of experiments concerned with form creation. 48 Ss were individually requested to place 3 unpainted wooden bars on a black surface measuring 50 by 50 cm, so that the figure formed appeared to S to possess the maximum degree of beauty. An analysis of the patterns and statements by Ss suggest three working methods: (1) 24 Ss created their forms under the influence of an experience of dynamic forces, movement, etc., (2) 11 Ss created their forms under the influence of ideals, ideas, and fantasies, and (3) 13 Ss created their forms influenced by a combination of experience of forces, movement, etc., as well as by ideals, ideas and fantasies. The 48 forms were classified as groups of more or less similar shape or structure. The judged beauty of the form appears to depend on the angle of observation. One group experienced their forms as having maximum beauty at all angles, another group at one angle only, while a third group mentioned at several—two or more—angles. Relating qualities of Ss, called creative and other qualities of Ss, especially those of interest to the perceptual psychology was attempted. Use of such knowledge may be of value in teaching.
Encounter with Information in Selection Paradigm as a Function of Number of Relevant Dimensions
Authors: Dickstein Louis S.
Published: September 2011

Recent studies of the effect of the number of relevant dimensions upon concept attainment in the selection paradigm have not considered the amount of information encountered by Ss in their selections. The present study introduces several modifications in traditional procedure to allow for the measurement of this variable. Male college students attained unidimensional and conjunctive concepts with a 6-dimension 2-value array. Ss encountered information more rapidly the fewer the number of dimensions relevant to the concept. However, no significant difference was obtained with regard to the attainment of the concept itself.
Relation between Cardiac Patterns and Reading Performance in Second and Fourth Grade Children
Authors: Burgess Michael M. , Johnson Jacqueline R. , Silverman Joel S.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between reading performance and cardiac response patterns in young children. Continuous cardiac measures were taken on second and fourth grade boys and girls performing a reading task under Stress or No-stress conditions. Stress was introduced in order to manipulate cardiac level. Results indicated a significant but complex relationship between reading performance and: (1) Cardiac Response Patterns (Basal Cardiac Rate, Performance Cardiac Rare, Cardiac Rate Change); (2) Stress and Cardiac Response Pattern interaction; and (3) sex and age. The results generally confirmed and expanded previous findings.
Effectiveness of Two Methods of Finding the Least Common Denominator of unlike Fractions and Characteristics of Grade 5 Ss
Authors: Bat-Haee Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of two methods of finding the least common denominator—to be used in addition and subtraction of unlike fractions—was compared after 112 fifth graders were taught for 12 periods. Within each method-group, comparison of boys' and girls' performance on the posttest showed (a) the factoring method was more effective than inspection and (b), within each treatment, no significant difference in mathematic achievement was found for boys and girls.
Evanescence of Sensory Deprivation Effects: A Comment on Oleson and Zubek's “Effect of One Day of Sensory Deprivation …”
Authors: Suedfeld Peter
Published: September 2011

Oleson and Zubek (1970) found that sensory deprivation for 24 hr. did not produce significant deterioration in creative thinking and offered several possible explanations for this datum. It is suggested that the length of the test battery, a neglected variable in sensory deprivation research, may be a crucial factor; the administration of tests, by disrupting the deprivation situation, diminishes the very effect it is designed to measure.
Electromyographic Responses to Affective Visual Stimulation
Authors: Carroll Douglas
Published: September 2011

EMGs from flexor and extensor muscles were recorded during the presentation of affective visual stimuli. Dominant flexor muscle activity was observed with unpleasant visual stimuli. Extensor EMG was not differentially influenced by stimuli of different affect.
Dream Recall and Short-Term Memory
Authors: Cohen David B.
Published: September 2011

In comparison to psychophysiological variables such as stage of sleep and auditory arousal thresholds, psychological variables such as anxiety, “repression,” and cognitive style have demonstrated little or no relationship to frequency and amount of dream recall. Two studies yielded no support for an hypothesized correlation between amount of dream recall and short-term memory for verbally or visually encoded material. These and related findings are consonant with the infrequency of empirically demonstrated strong relationships between personality variables and amount of dream recall.
Time Perception as Related to Reading Achievement
Authors: Edelstein Ruth R. Greenberg
Published: September 2011

58 fourth and fifth grade children were given Time Questionnaires and a series of short time intervals to be reproduced. Analyses of covariance for three reading levels, controlling for intelligence and age, indicated a significant difference in scores on the Time Questionnaire but negligible differences in the constant error and the standard deviation scores for the reproduced intervals. When two extreme reading groups were compared, the standard deviation scores were significantly smaller for the “better” readers. These scores were also significantly related to the Time Questionnaire scores for the total sample. Sex differences on the questionnaire were confined to the “poorer” readers. The fact that Ss receiving small group remedial reading instruction were significantly more accurate in reproducing intervals suggests the possibility that heightened perceptual awareness may result from certain kinds of intensive instruction.
Gestalt Variables and Feature Measures as Predictors of Discrimination Latency for Polygon Patterns
Authors: Mavrides Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

A variable based on the Gestalt principle of organizational unity (meaningfulness) was combined with feature measures of polygons (reflecting area and jaggedness), and measures of differences in feature levels, in an attempt to predict discrimination latency for 20 polygons. Meaningfulness was evaluated through a free-learning, free-recall paired-associate task with polygons and numbers, and was found to be independent of all measures based on physical features of form. When meaningfulness was combined with dmax (a measure reflecting selective attention to the maximum discriminating feature) in an attempt to predict latency, a multiple correlation of .85 was obtained for 10 Ss (who had previously performed the paired-associate task), and a multiple correlation of .70 for another group of ten Ss (who performed only the discrimination-latency task). Direct feature measures were not significantly related to latency for either group of Ss, and latencies from the groups were significantly intercorrelated. Results were interpreted as indicating the existence of two independent predictors of discrimination latency—one based on the component feature measures of forms (dmax) and one on the organizational unity of forms (meaningfulness).
The Middleness Concept in Children
Authors: Rohles Frederick H.
Published: September 2011

To test the concept of middleness, 4 series of 7 problems each consisting of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 blocks were administered to 402 male and 381 female children between the ages of 36 and 155 mo. The task required S to select the middle block and the results showed that this ability began to emerge at the 3-yr. level, developed rapidly through year 6, and became asymptotic by the eighth year. A wide variance in the ability was exhibited but perfect performance on all of the problems was not found until age 13½. The use of the task as a test of cognitive development is discussed as well as alternate variations involving blocks of different colors, asymmetrical arrangements, paper-and-pencil forms, and verbal reinforcement.
Color Preference as a Function of Background and Illumination
Authors: Hopson Julie , Cogan Rosemary , Batson Carole
Published: September 2011

90 students with normal color vision reported color preferences for 10 3-in. X 5-in. Munsell papers with a Munsell value/chroma of 5/6 on white, gray, or black backgrounds with a 5-in. X 7-in. visual field exposed for 2-sec. intervals. Colors of short wave lengths tended to be preferred. Preferences for colors were less extreme when colors were viewed on a black background. Illumination intensity did not reliably affect color preferences. The importance of evaluating the extent of preference differences between colors adjacent in preference orders was discussed. Background brightness and illumination did not clearly resolve differences in preference orders found in earlier studies, and the possible influence of other stimulus variables was discussed.
Sociometry and Athletic Status of Adolescents, Critical Review of Research Literature
Authors: Murray C.
Published: September 2011

A review of literature on the relationship between measures of social acceptability and motor characteristics is presented: data inconsistencies are commented on and a plea made for further disciplined studies.
Pain and Distraction in Athletes and Non-Athletes
Authors: Walker June
Published: September 2011

48 female Ss were divided into an athletic and a non-athletic group for the purpose of ascertaining differences on the parameters of pain threshold, pain tolerance, distracted pain tolerance, neuromuscular skill, and distracted neuromuscular skill. Distraction failed to raise tolerance to pain, although pain adversely affected the skill performance of both groups. Athletes demonstrated a higher pain tolerance than did non-athletes.
Two Tests of Psychomotor Function in Detection of Organic Cerebral Damage in Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Alexander D. A.
Published: September 2011

A Digit Copying Test and the Gibson Spiral Maze were administered to compare the psychomotor performance of 14 elderly brain-damaged patients, 20 non-brain-damaged psychiatric controls and 40 normal controls. On each task the brain-damaged patients were significantly more retarded than control Ss.
Human Response to Whole-Body Vibration
Authors: Shoenberger Richard W.
Published: September 2011

Research concerning several types of human response to whole-body vibration is reviewed and evaluated. Major emphasis is on two categories of behavioral research, subjective judgments of vibration intensity and the effects of vibration on human performance. Discussion of the biodynamic response of the human body to vibration provides background information to aid the reader in understanding and interpreting vibration parameters and results of behavioral studies. Also included are considerations of the mechanisms through which vibration affects behavioral response, and some problems and shortcomings in human vibration research.
Group Effects on Individual Inferences
Authors: Guttentag Marcia , Wheeler Gloria
Published: September 2011

Group effects on individual inferences were studied to determine whether risky shifts in individual judgments would follow group decisions. Ss were asked to make likelihood ratio estimations in a non-cumulative condition and cumulative odds estimates in another condition. Ss were either in individual followed by group conditions or the reverse. Both natural and ad hoc 5-person groups were used. The normative model provided by Bayes' theorem was used to examine groups with effects on individual judgments. Natural and ad hoc groups did not differ. Noncumulative likelihood-ratio groups were veridical compared with the normative model. Although cumulative odds group were conservative in their judgments, no systematic shifts in a risky or conservative direction were found for either task. The group had an anchoring or conformity effect on later judgments of individuals, but this effect was not in the direction of veridicality.
Meaningfulness of Objects and Trigrams as Paired-Associate Stimulus and Response
Authors: Mueller Donald J. , Gumina James M.
Published: September 2011

Words and objects of high and low familiarity were compared as stimulus and response in a paired-associate experiment to show that word as stimulus in word-object pairs would produce greater learning than object as stimulus in object-word pairs. Words were CVC trigrams and objects were triglyphs made up of geometric shapes in a triplet construction comparable to the production of trigrams.
Achievement Differences between Black and White Professional Baseball Players in 1970
Authors: Bloomberg Morton
Published: September 2011

Major league black hitters compiled a significantly higher batting average during 1970 than white hitters. There was no significant difference between black pitchers and white pitchers in earned-run average.
Comparison of Parietal and Frontal Lobe Spatial Deficits in Man: Extrapersonal vs Personal (Egocentric) Space
Authors: Butters Nelson , Soeldner Carol , Fedio Paul
Published: September 2011

Patients with left-frontal, right-parietal, and right or left temporal-lobe damage were tested on two spatial tasks that involved either personal or extrapersonal spatial rotations. The results indicated a lesion-space dichotomy: the left-frontal patients were the most impaired group on the personal spatial task while the right-parietals were the most impaired on the extrapersonal spatial test. The temporal-lobe patients had little, if any, difficulty with either task. These data support the hypothesis that the frontal and parietal regions mediate qualitatively different spatial capacities.
Effect of L-Dopa on Electromyograph and Heart Rate of Parkinsonians
Authors: Devito Anthony J. , Riklan Manuel , Misiak Henryk
Published: September 2011

Electromyograph (EMG) and heart-rate recordings were taken from 17 parkinsonians before administration of L-Dopa and from 17 equated parkinsonians after a mean of 6.8 mo. of drug administration. Right and left EMGs were recorded by means of surface electrodes from the sternocleidomastoid muscles of the neck. Right EMG ratings, based primarily upon amplitude, were significantly lower for post-L-Dopa group than for pre-L-Dopa group; no significant difference between pre- and post-L-Dopa groups was found with respect to left EMG. No significant difference in heart rare was found between pre- and post-L-Dopa groups. It is suggested that the drug may differentially affect left-hemisphere functions. An explanation was proposed utilizing concepts of behavioral activation.
Cognitive Style and Influence of Success and Failure on Future Time-Perspective
Authors: Bauer Rudolph , Gillies John
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to test whether persons of global-passive cognitive style would be more influenced in their affective view of the future by a momentary experience of success and/or failure than active-analytic Ss. 60 university students were tested for cognitive style and subjected to one successful, failure, or neutral experience. The simple experience of success or failure in a laboratory task appeared to have, at least temporarily, a diffuse effect on the global-passive Ss' affective view of the future.
Further Correlates of the Barron Complexity Scale
Authors: Altmann H. A. , Conklin R. C.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to establish further correlates of the Barron Complexity Scale. Thirty-seven students were administered the Barron scale, Cline Interpersonal Perception Films, and the Haiman Scale for Measurement of Open Mindedness. These students were also rated for empathy. Significant correlations were found with the Barron scale and age, and with two of the Cline films, listening and seeing. Findings suggest that the more complex person has keener perceptual and listening skills than the less complex person
Some Sociometric Evidence for Validity of Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Simon William E.
Published: September 2011

A measure of perceived popularity was obtained from children scoring high and low on Coopersmith's (1967) recently developed Self-esteem Inventory. High self-esteem children perceived themselves as being significantly more popular ( p < .02) than low self-esteem children. This finding was interpreted as providing some degree of concurrent validity for Coopersmith's test.