bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRUE HOUSEHOLD EQUIVALENCE SCALES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POOR IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: van der Gaag Jacques , Smolensky Eugene
Published: March 2005

In this paper we deal with the question of which measures of economic well‐being are adequate to identify those groups of households in the U.S. whose economic conditions justify public concern and assistance. We derive a utility based measure of economic well‐being from the estimation of a complete set of consumer demand equations. The demand system is Lluch's Extended Linear Expenditure System (Lluch, 1973). Household characteristics are incorporated using the scaling method proposed by Barten (1966). Using the welfare indicator derived, we study the composition of the poorest part of the population, using data from the 1972–73 Consumer Expenditure Survey. We compare our results with those obtained using various other welfare indicators, including the official U.S. poverty line. We show that using different family composition adjustments significantly and systematically affects just who are considered to be at the bottom of the welfare distribution. We finally suggest that program designers therefore can improve their target efficiency by carefully selecting from among the acceptable indices of welfare when defining program eligibility.
DEFINING AND MEASURING THE PUBLIC SECTOR: SOME INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Authors: Pathirane Leila , Blades Derek W.
Published: March 2005

The public sector is defined here to include government plus public enterprises. Historically, economists and statisticians have been more concerned with its separate components than with the public sector as a whole, but it is suggested that the public sector may be an appropriate concept for studying several current problems of economic policy.

While there is general agreement as to what constitutes government, countries have differing views about what makes an enterprise public. Differences in country definitions of public enterprises are identified as one of the main problems in making international comparisons for the public sector.

Statistics are presented for up to 16 OECD countries on the share of the public sector in total final demand, value added, employment, and net lending. It is argued that there is rarely a unique answer to the question “How big is the public sector?” For most countries judicious selection of data and careful definition will lead to different conclusions about the size and growth of the public sector.

Because of the lack of data, it is not possible to analyse public sectors in developing countries in the same detail as OECD countries. The evidence available suggests that while public sectors are about the same size in both OECD and developing countries, public enterprises play a more important role in the latter.
SOME CONCEPTUAL DILEMMAS IN THE USE OF PRESENT NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Authors: Schimmler Harry
Published: March 2005

The following note is a very concise summary of a paper2 that was presented at the 17th General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth at Montvillargenne, August, 1981. As such it may be considered a new paper, although it contains practically all the conceptual issues of the original paper. As in the original paper its intention is only to place these issues before a wider audience, while specific solutions will have to wait for a more detailed treatment. All issues concern certain conceptual dilemmas, arising in particular in the use of national accounts when available concepts do not coincide with those for which data are sought. A decision to change the existing basic concepts would however require not only the support of the scholars in this field but also the co‐operation of the users of national accounts. Due to extreme summarizing, certain statements are now fairly compact—compared with the original paper. It is nevertheless hoped that the basic problems still shine through. The following note gives instances in which the traditional national accounts, as established according to existing rules and statistics, may not suffice for actual data requirements, yielding differences in growth rates of several percentage points.
COMMENT MESURER LA CONTRIBUTION DU SECTEUR NON STRUCTURE A LA PRODUCTION NATIONALE DANS LES PAYS DU TIERS MONDE?*
Authors: Charmes Jacques
Published: March 2005

This article discusses methods of integrating the “informal sector” in the national accounts of developing countries. This sector, defined generally as composed of producers who do not keep formal accounts, is difficult to capture by usual statistical collection techniques, and therefore is often neglected. The paper develops the requirements for a direct inquiry approach to obtaining data for this sector, emphasizing the need for national, exhaustive, and periodic coverage. It then proceees to propose methods of analysis for informal sector enterprises with and without fixed locations, tailored to the specific characteristics of each trade. The final section presents some results of application of the proposed methods in Tunisia and Niger.
THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON PENSION POLICY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 1979: NET WEALTH DISTRIBUTIONS BY TYPE AND AGE FOR THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Cartwright William S. , Friedland Robert B.
Published: March 2005

A household survey was done for the U.S. President's Commission on Pension Policy (1979‐81). This paper reports on the net wealth of families in the United States for the year 1979, the first wave of the survey. The survey was begun in September 1979 and was a two‐wave, nationwide random sample of households in the United States. The survey instrument gathered information on income, wealth, labor supply, participation in pension plans, vesting status, entitlement to various benefits, attitudinal views on retirement, social security wealth, and individual demographic characteristics. Details of the survey methodology are reported. A response rate of sixty‐two percent was achieved among the 6,384 dwelling units in the first wave. Imputations are made to calculate the wealth embodied in private and public employee‐based pensions. Included in this valuation is an adjustment for expected vesting status in the pension plan. Net wealth is examined by type and age of the head of household. The average net wealth of the family is $53,956, and the average value of retirement wealth is $3,281 which comprises about 5 to 6 percent of net wealth. The striking changes in the portfolio of net wealth are depicted over the cross‐section of age cohorts. The oldest age cohort, 65 and over, is found to have for retirement wealth the lowest frequency of ownership, the lowest proportion of their portfolio in this form of wealth, and the second to lowest average value.
INFLATION, INFLATION ACCOUNTING AND ITS EFFECT, CANADIAN MANUFACTURING, 1966–82*
Authors: Daly D. J.
Published: March 2005

This paper provides estimates of the effects of inflation in Canada on the reported rate of return in manufacturing from 1966 to 1982. It provides estimates for several different concepts of rate of return (both for all assets, whether financed by equity or debt, and for the narrower equity to the owners) and for both a narrow and wide range of financial assets. Comparisons are made with similar studies for the United Kingdom. Such studies show that reported profits are overstated and total assets are undervalued during and after periods of inflation with traditional accounting concepts relative to an economic concept designed to maintain the firm as an ongoing entity.

The paper also discusses a number of factors that have contributed to the marked drop in the rate of return in Canadian manufacturing when both income and assets are valued at replacement costs. Some of these factors are also present in the other industrialized countries, such as increased raw materials prices, and a slower increase in productivity. Other factors have been relatively more important in Canada than in other countries, such as the historically higher level of production costs in Canada than in the United States and Japan, the two most important countries in Canadian trade. This is important during a period of tariff reductions when international competition in manufactured products is widespread.

Although corporate profits and the adjusted profits rates of return were depressed by the severity of the 1981‐82 recession, some of the key factors depressing the rates of return are longer‐term in nature. A continued persistence of these factors during the balance of the 1980s could contribute to restraint in business investment in manufacturing when total returns on a replacement cost basis are so much below the corporate long‐term cost of capital.

This paper applies the concepts of inflation accounting to total Canadian manufacturing for the period from 1966 to 1982. Measures of rates of return for individual years are provided, both on the basis of total assets and on the basis of the net assets attributable to the owners. There are four sections in the paper after an introduction. Section 2 is a brief conceptual statement and outlines the methods. Section 3 makes comparisons with similar studies for the United Kingdom and summarizes the results of this and other studies. Section 4 discusses the environmental factors for Canadian manufacturing that appear to contribute to the lower rates of return in recent years. Section 5 discusses the implications of the results for future business decisions.
THE CONCEPT OF MACROECONOMIC COST AND ITS UTILITY
Authors: Marczewski Jean
Published: March 2005

The proposed “Variable Domestic Cost” includes all net payments by sectors belonging to the productive system (enterprises, credit institutions and government) to all other sectors (households, private non‐profit organizations and the rest of the world). Compared with the rate of growth of demand, represented by Gross Domestic Marketable Product at current prices, the rate of growth of VDC per unit produced forms the “profitability function of the nation.” Profitability is positively related to the rate of economic growth and to the price/cost relation. A relative deceleration of unit VDC stimulates economic growth, which enlarges the positive difference between price and cost, and that, in turn, accelerates economic growth. Inversely, a relative acceleration of unit VDC brakes economic growth, while a slowdown in production raises unit costs and depresses prices. The resulting fall in profitability stops economic growth.

The main explanatory variables of demand are World trade, monetary and fiscal policy and import prices. The main components of VDC are enterprises' wage costs, social benefits minus social contributions and the government wage bill minus direct taxes payable by households. The fact that in West Germany all these unit costs were increasing more slowly than in France explains why Geman economic growth, much slower than French before 1975, outpaced it after that year, achieving a lower rate of inflation, a larger positive balance of trade and a higher appreciation of the national currency.

The concept of VDC is a useful contribution to the theories of inflation and of economic fluctuations and provides a possible explanation of structural unemployment. Maintaining VDC at a lowest possible level should be considered a major object of economic policy.
A NEW SET OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF REAL PRODUCT AND PRICE LEVELS ESTIMATES FOR 130 COUNTRIES, 1950–1985
Authors: Summers Robert , Heston Alan
Published: March 2005

A new set of international comparisons covering the period 1950–85 is developed here for 121 market and 9 centrally planned economies. This new so‐called Penn World Table (Mark 4), a completely revised and updated expansion of an equivalent table published by the authors in 1984, draws on the data of two previously unavailable international comparison benchmark studies. This article presents a detailed description of all estimation procedures, and excerpts from the overall DATA TABLE covering two years, 1980 and 1985. Three computer diskettes accompanying this article (and also available from the authors) contain the complete 36–year, 60,000 entry DATA TABLE in a form that economizes on scarce journal space and is immediately machine‐readable. For the 121 market economies, the DATA TABLE gives annually, in addition to population and exchange rates, real product and price level estimates for four different national income concepts, and for the major subaggregates, consumption, investment, and government. Only population and real gross domestic product estimates are given for the nine centrally planned economies, however.

This new table is one more step toward the goal of establishing a new worldwide System of Real National Accounts.
GUIDELINES TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX
Authors: Keuning Steven J. , de Ruuter Willem A.
Published: March 2005

The increasing number of countries for which a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) has been compiled testifies to the usefulness of this integrated data framework. Considerable resources are always involved in the construction of a SAM, for it provides a comprehensive description of an economy with emphasis on distributive aspects. This means that, unlike other data systems, incomes and expenditures of several categories of households and their relation to the production structure, the balance of payments and transactions by other institutions are shown.

However, apart from this minimum requirement, no standardized concepts and guidelines for SAM construction are as yet available. Although a SAM should stay as close as possible to the specific (institutional) reality of the economy it describes, some general remarks as to its design and compilation are in order. This paper represents a first attempt in that direction. After a general introduction to SAMs, each stage of the construction process is reviewed in turn.

The construction process begins with the overall design of the system and various options are discussed. This section includes a schematic representation of a fairly extensive SAM. Next, the sources for the SAM need to be identified, and a provisional checklist is given here. After an overview of considerations regarding the choice of a reference year, the topic of classification in the SAM is reviewed in detail. Finally, the paper describes how the different data sets might be integrated and reconciled for consistency.

The guidelines may also aid in designing a time schedule and in organizing the work when constructing a SAM.
NEW ESTIMATES OF SWEDISH HISTORICAL GDP SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY*
Authors: Krantz Olle
Published: March 2005

The first Swedish historical national accounts were compiled in the 1930s, and that pioneering work formed the main basis for later estimates until now. In this paper, an attempt to construct new historical accounts for 1800–1980 is presented. First, the methodology is discussed, particularly concerning series in constant prices adapted for analysis of growth and structural changes. In principle Paasche deflators should be used, but for such a long period they are inadequate due to the huge changes in the goods composition of production as well as of consumption and investment. Instead, a division of the whole period into shorter subperiods is made and within these, Paasche deflators are applied. Then the series for the deflation periods can be linked in order to arrive at longer series. Second, some findings of the work (still in progress) are reported. The new series show a slower growth rate in the second half of the nineteenth century than the earlier ones, and Sweden can internationally no longer be seen as the country where this period's economic miracle took place. Instead, concerning rate of growth of GDP per capita as well as its level, Sweden seems to have been a middle‐way country compared to other European countries. In the first half of the 20th century, on the other hand, the growth rate was high in an international comparison. The Swedish sectoral changes followed a general pattern with decreasing agricultural and increasing industrial shares. The service share was not unusually high in the nineteenth century. Within this service production a very distinct pattern of structural change is evident. Finally, a plea is made for a regional breakdown of the national GDP data in order to obtain a better understanding of the economic growth and modernization process.
CONCEPTUAL INCONGRUITY IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Authors: Sunga Pretom S.
Published: March 2005

This paper is presented as a general contribution to discussions underway with respect to the revision of the SNA. The author argues that underlying premises in the current (1968) version of the SNA tend to favour quantitative aspects of production and that the treatment of certain financial items such as interest and valuation of inventory change have been compromised in regard to their effects on production.

The need for alternative approaches to these components in the subaccounts of the SNA is emphasized, the rationale involved is explained and modifications to some of the subaccounts are proposed. The alternative approaches affect the boundaries of production and it is argued that the new boundaries would provide a more realistic representation of current values of gross domestic product. It is also noted that the modified production accounts are more compatible with the balance sheet subaccounts.

The author shows that production subaccounts on input‐output and productivity are based on the need for quantitative measures in analysing growth in the volume of goods and services produced and of productivity to determine efficiency of factor utilization. It is argued that the existing conceptual structure of these two subaccounts meet these needs and should be retained in their present form.
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND INEQUALITY IN THE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF LABOR AND NONLABOR INCOME
Authors: Black Dan A. , Hayes K. J. , Slottje D. J.
Published: March 2005

This paper utilizes a joint distribution model of labor and nonlabor income that allows us to analyze the impact of demographic change in the U.S. on the marginal distributions of these two income components over time. The beta distribution of the second kind is the hypothetical statistical distribution used in this study to approximate the observed income graduation. This distribution is sum stable which allows us to compare and contrast the marginal distributions in a consistent manner, a property most hypothesized functional forms of income distribution do not possess. We are in effect using a hyperparameter model to do our estimation. We examined the impact of changes over time in labor force participation and population on the marginal distributions of labor and nonlabor income. We disaggregated the variables by sex and age cohorts and found that changes in the age distribution and in the labor supply behavior of women in particular has had a significant effect on the marginal income distributions over time. We also found that the results vary when we examined overall changes in the labor force participation rate vis a vis changes in women's labor force participation separately. The findings are consistent for both income components.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF LABOR COSTS IN MANUFACTURING
Authors: Hooper Peter , Larin KathrynA.
Published: March 2005

This paper presents a comparative study of the levels of unit labor costs in the manufacturing sectors of several countries. We begin by surveying earlier estimates of relative productivity and unit labor cost levels and evaluating the various methodologies that have been used in previous studies. Empirical estimates of relative unit labor costs, based on output levels that are translated at purchasing power parity exchange rates, are then presented and compared to earlier estimates. The results show that the relative levels of unit labor costs in the United States and abroad have fluctuated significantly in recent years, due largely to movements in nominal exchange rates. In 1988, unit labor costs in the United States were below the average level of other industrialized countries, but were significantly above the level in a representative newly industrialized country, Korea. Insofar as unit labor costs serve as an indicator of international competitiveness, these results imply that the competitiveness of the U.S. manufacturing sector had improved significantly since 1985, at least with respect to other major industrialized countries.
HOUSEHOLDS, STANDARD OF LIVING, AND INEQUALITY
Authors: Ringen Stein
Published: March 2005

The standard of living of individuals does not depend so much on the income they themselves earn as on the total income of the household to which they belong and how the household organizes the use of its income. It is important to develop methods of income analysis which incorporate the household factor. In income distribution analysis, it is now common to take into consideration household size and composition in relative interpretations of income levels. In this paper it is suggested that the same methodology can be used for the purpose of absolute interpretations of income levels. The result is an alternative to per capita measures of standard of living which is sensitive not only to national income and population size, but also to household formation. This approach is applied to Norwegian data for the period from 1970 to 1986 as to trends in the average standard of living and standard of living inequality, and the redistributive impact of transfer and tax policies.
THE REAL RATE OF U.S. NATIONAL SAVING
Authors: Eisner Robert
Published: March 2005

The conventional measure of national saving in U.S. accounts does not include saving in consumer durables, public investment, or intangible capital. It reflects a measure of net foreign investment that relates in considerable part to original cost rather than market values. It also does not include real capital gains.

Comprehensive, adjusted measures of national saving are calculated for as many of the years from 1946 to 1989 as relevant components are available. They generally suggest much larger rates of national saving than are usually recognized. They also cast a sharp and substantially different light on the likely effects of policies designed to increase provision for the future.
THE STANDARD OF LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Slesnick Denial T.
Published: March 2005

A common approach to the evaluation of the standard of living is based on a function of real income. In the United States this often takes the form of CPI‐deflated mean household income. Material well‐being is more appropriately evaluated using a consumption‐based index. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys we find that real mean income provides an inaccurate representation of the level and trend of the standard of living relative to real per equivalent total expenditure in the postwar United States. The differences between real income and real total expenditure per household equivalent member are found at all levels of aggregation.
HOUSEHOLD SAVING IN THE U.S.
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Kennickell Arthur B.
Published: March 2005

In this paper the authors present evidence on household saving in the U.S. based on the panel data from the 1983 and 1986 waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances. Saving is measured in these surveys as the change in wealth over the three‐year period. Using a variety of models, we are able to explain only about 7 percent of the variation in the level of saving. Demographic factors appear to be modestly useful in explaining saving. However, one fact is very clear from the patterns of correlation extracted so far: either the measurement error in the data is quite large, or idiosyncratic factors are very important in explaining saving behavior, or both.
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMER EXPENDITURE INEQUALITIES IN INDIA: A DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS
Authors: Mishra Padmaja , Parikh Ashok
Published: March 2005

The objectives of this study are to decompose household consumer expenditure inequalities in India by regions (states) and sectors (urban‐rural) for the years 1977–78 and 1983 based on the National Sample Survey data. A class of Generalised Entropy measures is used. Our results consistently indicate that the inequality within states contributes much more towards national inequality and within‐sector inequality explains a large part of state level inequality. The inequality at state levels has shown a decline from 1977–78 to 1983 due to a better monsoon season in 1983, and anti‐poverty programmes.
THE “REAL” CHINESE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) FOR THE PRE‐REFORM PERIOD 1952–77
Authors: Wu Harry X.
Published: March 2005

This paper develops an econometric method based on the relationship between GDP and NMP to estimate an unknown Chinese GDP series of 1952–77 using recently available Chinese GDP data of 1978–90 and a reconstructed NMP series of 1952–90. In this manner, a long‐term (1952–90) series of China's GDP has been obtained for long‐term analyses. A reassessment of Chinese economic performance of 1952–90 using this series suggests that the paper's estimate provides a reasonable reflection of both the Chinese pre‐and post‐reform economic growth in terms of production structure, growth pattern and policy changes. A series of China's per capita GDP in U.S. dollars which is comparable to the World Bank's estimate for the early 1980s has also been obtained.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF INTER‐INDUSTRY WAGE DIFFERENTIALS
Authors: Gittleman Maury , Wolff Edward N.
Published: March 2005

We use OECD data to examine inter‐industry wage differentials (relative wages among industries) for 14 OECD countries over the period 1970–85. We find, first, that the industrial wage structures have shown remarkable stability over time in terms of rank order for all the countries in the sample. Second, despite their rank order stability, wage structures show a tendency to expand or contract. While the U.S. has shown increasing industry wage dispersion between 1970 and 1985, the pattern is very mixed for other countries. Unionization is a significant factor in explaining cross‐country differences. Third, industry wage rankings show some evidence of becoming increasingly similar across nations over time, and this movement is associated with a convergence of per capita incomes. Fourth, industry wage differentials are positively related to an industry's productivity growth, output growth, capital intensity, and export orientation.
REAL GDP IN THE SEVEN COLONIES OF AUSTRALASIA: 1861–1991
Authors: Cashin Paul A.
Published: March 2005

Using data on regional money stocks, a variant of Fisher's (1911) quantity theory of money identity, and a technique first suggested by Doblin (1951) and Friedman (1961), this paper presents the first consistently‐based estimates of real GDP in each of the seven British colonies of Australasia for the period 1861–1991. Examination of the historical pattern of growth in the regional economies of Australasia has not previously been undertaken, due in particular to the dearth of data on aggregate incomes for the colonies (later states) of Australia. The data calculated here reveal the historical pattern of the domination of New South Wales, Victoria and New Zealand in real Australasian GDP, and the shrinkage of the cross‐sectional dispersion of real per capita GDP in the seven colonies over this 13 1‐year period.
ELEMENTARY AGGREGATES, MICRO‐INDICES AND SCANNER DATA: SOME ISSUES IN THE COMPILATION OF CONSUMER PRICE INDICES
Authors: Silver Mick
Published: March 2005

The paper argues for the use of scanner data from EPOS systems for use in the compilation of consumer price indices. A number of methods of calculating micro‐indices from such data are outlined. Scanner data for colour television sets in the U.K. are used as an example. The Tornqvist chained index is used as a benchmark against which alternative formulations, including those based on representative products, can be judged, the errors often being substantial. The paper argues for the use of scanner data, illustrates methods of compiling micro‐indices and points to the potential for serious errors from conventional methods.
GENERATIONAL ACCOUNTING—AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ablett John
Published: March 2005

This paper presents a set of generational for Australia, following the approach developed in the U. S. by Auerbach, Gokhale and Kotlikoff. In Contrast to the Auerbach et al., results for the U. S., the generational accounts presented here do not imply that a disproportionately high fiscal burden will have to be borne by future generations in Australia. In the paper, generational accounts are used to estimate intergenerational redistribution related to policy changes in the area of public retirement pensions.
FROM MARGINALISM TO INSTITUTIONALISM: DISTRIBUTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE FINNISH PENSION REGIME
Authors: Jäntti Markus , Kangas Olli , Ritakallio Veli‐Matti
Published: March 2005

This study offers a longitudinal scrutiny of the development of pension policy in Finland and evaluates the impacts that the shift from a “marginal” to an “institutional” welfare state imposed on economic well‐being among the elderly. The data that are used stem from household budget surveys from 1966 to 1990. During that period, average income of the elderly doubled in real terms, legislated pensions replaced other sources of income, the traditional cycle of poverty, where the elderly had a higher risk of poverty, disappeared, and income differences between the elderly diminished.
THE DISTRIBUTIONAL CONSEQUENCES DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF RUSSIA'S TRANSITION
Authors: Doyle Chris
Published: March 2005

We consider the distributional consequences at a national level in Russia during the initial phase of market reforms between the mid‐1980s and the early 1990s. Although the incomes of many individuals changed favourably under the reforms during this period, average real household per capita income declined between 1985 and 1992. In particular during the first year of major reform in 1992 households at the lower end of the income distribution seemed to incur the largest fall in income. As a consequence there was a rise in measured income inequality. The Gini coefficient, estimated by various researchers to have been around 27 percent between the late 1960s and early 1990s. we estimate to have increased to 32.2 percent by the end of 1992. We also estimate that poverty increased with 18.5 percent of the population on incomes lying below the official subsistence level at the end of 1992.
A TAXONOMY OF MULTILATERAL METHODS FOR MAKING INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PRICES AND QUANTITIES
Authors: Hill Robert J.
Published: March 2005

A taxonomy of multilateral methods is developed. All the main methods are classified within the taxonomy. It is then shown that methods in the same class share many of the same properties. Therefore the taxonomy should help practitioners to appreciate the wide range of alternative methods for making international comparisons, the relationships between methods, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each method.
CHILD SUPPORT IN THE U.S.: CAN FATHERS AFFORD TO PAY MORE?
Authors: Miller Cynthia , Garfinkel Irwin , McLanahan Sara
Published: March 2005

This paper presents up‐to‐date estimates of the ability of non‐resident fathers to pay child support. While no nationally representative data exist on the incomes of fathers, this issue has become more pertinent in recent years, as child support has become an important national issue. We find that fathers on average are able to pay nearly five times more in child support than they currently pay, and also that low income fathers can afford to pay substantially more than they actually pay. We also find that changes in nonmarital childbearing and the returns to education have had only minimal effects on trends in fathers' incomes.
PERSONAL SECTOR WEALTH IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1920–56
Authors: Solomou Solomos , Weale Martin
Published: March 2005

In the United Kingdom there is a wide range of sources which make it possible to construct a series for components of personal wealth for the period 1920–56. The data are consistent with contemporary estimates produced for specific years in the 1920s and 1930s. They indicate that a stock‐market boom and the effects of deflation and low interest rates on the nominal value of the national debt took the wealth/income ratio in the mid‐1930s to a level not seen again until the housing boom of the 1980s.
LIFETIME AND VERTICAL INTERTEMPORAL INEQUALITY, INCOME SMOOTHING, AND REDISTRIBUTION: A SOCIAL WELFARE APPROACH
Authors: Salas Rafael , Rabadan Isabel
Published: March 2005

Between and within‐households intertemporal inequality indices are proposed to highlight the vertical and lifetime (i.e. cyclical) components of overall intertemporal inequality. Comparison with the classical static inequality indices is made. Income redistribution and smoothing (i.e. stabilization) are conveniently defined as the public policy impact on welfare, by means of the relative increase in intertemporal vertical and cyclical equity, respectively. The issue is important as many public policies are aimed at both (vertical and cyclical equity) objectives. Our approach provides a more appropriate evaluation of the desirability of public reforms aimed at achieving a greater vertical and cyclical equity, within a social welfare framework.
WAGE DIFFERENTIALS AND OCCUPATIONAL WAGE PREMIA: FIRM‐LEVEL EVIDENCE FOR BRAZIL AND CHILE
Authors: Mizala Alejandra , Romaguera Pilar
Published: March 2005

This paper examines wage differentials at the firm level in Chile and Brazil, using data for 1985 and 1991, and 1987 respectively. The high level of disaggregation in the data available for Chile enables us also to analyze the degree to which wage differentials between individual employers are similar across occupations.

The results of this study reaffirm those of previous research pointing to non‐competitive explanations for wage differentials, specifically providing clear evidence that inter‐firm wage premia are highly correlated across occupations.
INCOME REDISTRIBUTION THROUGH THE TAX SYSTEM: A SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF TAX REFORM
Authors: Yagi Tadashi , Tachibanaki Toshiaki
Published: March 2005

In this paper, we consider reforming the tax system to a comprehensive income tax model in order to amend the differential treatment of income sources. Our simulation analysis shows that the tax reform improves the effectiveness of the tax system on the redistribution of all sources of income including earned income, financial wealth income, and imputed rent. The analysis of incidence of the tax reform suggests that the tax burden for young renters decreases the most and that for young loan‐free land owners increases the most through this tax reform.
AN EVALUATION OF THE USE OF HEDONIC REGRESSIONS FOR BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONSUMER PRICE INDICES
Authors: Silver Mick
Published: March 2005

The importance of adjusting for quality changes in the measurement of consumer prices, and the role hedonic regressions can play in achieving this, is well recognised. However, the use of such regressions can take different forms, including (i) adjustments by statistical offices for non‐comparable substitutions via the matched models method, (ii) direct estimates from the coefficients on dummy variables for time, and (iii) exact hedonic and superlative indices corresponding to a constant utility formulation from an economic theoretic approach. The literature on these approaches generally deals with each in isolation; the purpose of this paper is to outline and evaluate them in order to draw conclusions as to their practical suitability for the compilation of quality‐adjusted consumer prices indexes. The case is argued for a move towards the last of these approaches, which developments in electronic data retrieval (scanner data) now make feasible. The paper concludes with the results of some empirical work comparing the results of the direct method with those from the exact, superlative, approach.
CERTAIN PROBLEMS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS 1993–A CASE STUDY OF CANADA
Authors: Lal Kishori
Published: March 2005

The international System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) was implemented in Canada in November 1997, but with some modifications. Our occasional departures from the 1993 SNA affect the overall GDP only marginally and are primarily in the sector details. This paper provides a brief description of some of the most important differences still remaining between the 1997 Canadian System of National Accounts and the 1993 SNA. It will be very useful Lo know if other countries have faced or are facing similar problems in their implementation of the 1993 SNA. A collection of such reports from many countries will provide us very useful and rich source material for possible changes in the future version of the international SNA.
THE INEQUALITY OF EMPLOYMENT AND SELF‐EMPLOYMENT INCOMES: A DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS FOR THE U.K.
Authors: Parker Simon C.
Published: March 2005

U.K. employment and self‐employment income inequality are analysed over 1979–94/95. Robust inequality decompositions reveal occupation to be a relatively important and hitherto neglected determinant of earnings inequality. In contrast, self‐employment income inequality is harder to explain, although occupation is also the most important single factor in the mid‐1990s. The paper also provides a novel implementation of a decomposition of changes in Kolm's inequality index.
TROPICS AND INCOME: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE U.S. STATES
Authors: Ram Rati
Published: March 2005

A simple regression of personal income per capita for the U.S. states is estimated from cross‐section data for the years 1929, 1950, 1970 and 1990 with each state's distance from the equator as the regressor. While proximity to the equator is noted to have a sizable adverse effect on income, elasticity of personal income per capita with respect to “tropicality” shows a steady and somewhat dramatic decline during this 60‐year period. The estimates indicate that the disadvantage of tropicality is not immutable, and need not imply a developmental determinism.
HOUSEHOLD SAVING IN THE '90s: EVIDENCE FROM CROSS‐SECTION WEALTH SURVEYS
Authors: Sabelhaus John , Pence Karen
Published: March 2005

This paper uses a series of cross‐section surveys to measure how wealth accumulation and active saving rates varied across cohort‐groups during the early and mid 1990s. Our estimated rates of saving and wealth change across cohorts show a somewhat more dramatic life‐cycle pattern than found in previous studies, in part because we use a new technique, and in part because the cross‐section wealth surveys we use oversample the wealthiest families whose behavior dominates aggregate changes. Adjusting the wealth‐change rates for bequests and subtracting out the capital gains component of wealth change move the estimates in the direction of results from previous studies, but the biggest changes in that direction result from excluding the top of the wealth distribution in each year.
Screening for Temporomandibular Disorders: History and Clinical Examination
Authors: Nassif N. Joseph , Hilsen Kenneth L.
Published: March 2005

A temporomandibular disorder (TMD) conference was convened in 1982 by the president of the American Dental Association. One of the objectives was to develop guidelines for a brief screening history and examination relative to TMD in order to determine whether there is a need for a more comprehensive evaluation, Based on these guidelines and under the auspices of the American College of Prosthodontists, this article discusses a simplified TMD screening and examination form that requires minimum time for both the patient (history) and health care provider (examination) to complete. Succinct recommendations are also presented to enable the health care provider to quickly determine if a more detailed TMD history and examination are warranted.
Titanium Palate Maxillary Overdenture: A Clinical Report
Authors: Stevenson Gene C. , Connelly Mark E.
Published: March 2005

A clinical technique of using a cast titanium base in a maxillary overdenture for a patient with bruxism who has a history of repeated midline denture fractures is presented. The advantages of a metal palate and the favorable properties of titanium are discussed. This treatment provides the practitioner with a practical option for successfully treating difficult overdenture or conventional denture patients.
Finite Element Stress Analysis of Tooth‐to‐Implant Fixed Partial Denture Designs
Authors: Misch Craig M. , Ismail Y.H.
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of this study was to conduct a three‐dimensional finite element stress analysis to compare models representing a natural tooth and an integrated implant connected with rigid and nonrigid prostheses.

Materials and Methods The mathematical models described an integrated implant connected to a second premolar tooth with a three‐unit metal‐ceramic fixed partial denture. In one model, the tooth and implant were rigidly connected, and in the other, a nonrigid connection was assumed. From a simulated vertical load the computer generated resultant stress contours and values (compressive and tensile) in horizontal and vertical dimensions.

Results A comparison of the magnitude and pattern of stresses generated in the models shows minimal differences. Although the maximum stress values were slightly higher in some areas of the rigid prosthesis model, the differences were negligible.

Conclusions Based on the similarities in both the patterns of stress contours and the stress values generated in the two models, advocating a nonrigid connection because of a biomechanical advantage may be erroneous.
Common Errors in Panoramic Radiography of Edentulous Patients
Authors: Glass Birgit Junfin , Seals Richard R. , Williams Earl O.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Instructions for patient positioning during panoramic radiography usually describe positioning dentate patients, and errors in patient positioning are commonly identified by distortion of the dentition. The purposes of this study were to identify common errors in panoramic radiography of edentulous patients, describe the image distortions that can be expected with positioning errors in edentulous patients, and review quality assurance methods that improve the diagnostic value of panoramic films.

Materials and Methods

Panoramic films were randomly selected from the inactive files of 75 edentulous patients seen at the dental school for complete denture construction. The radiographs were numbered and reviewed by a board‐certified oral and maxillofacial radiologist trained to identify errors in panoramic radiography.

Results

Of the 75 panoramic radiographs examined, only 6 films (8.0%) were free of errors, and 67 films (89.3%) had one or more errors in patient positioning and 33 films (44.0%) had one or more technical errors. The most common positioning errors in were positioning the chin too high (32 films, 41.3%) and positioning the patient too far forward (26 films, 34.7%).

Conclusions

Without modification, manufacturer's instructions for positioning dentate patients during panoramic radiography may result in positioning errors on the panoramic radiographs of edentulous patients. Proper training and appropriate attention to detail while exposing and developing panoramic films are required to ensure maximum diagnostic benefits for edentulous patients.
Cantilever and Implant Biomechanics: A Review of the Literature, Part 2
Authors: Rodriguez Arthur M. , Aquilino Steven A. , Lund Peter S.
Published: March 2005

In Part 2 of this literature review, a summary of the literature regarding the determination of acceptable cantilever lengths for fixed implant prostheses is presented. Studies examining the possible effects of biomechanical stress on both the implant prosthesis and the supporting bone are also discussed.
A Convenient Method for Guarding Against Localized Mucositis During Radiation Therapy
Authors: Wang Russell , Boyle Ann
Published: March 2005

Metal restorations, such as full gold crowns and dental implants, can cause forward and back scatter radiation during radiation therapy with a dose enhancement to adjacent tissues. Mucositis, one of the most common complications of the radiation treatment of oral, as well as other head and neck malignancies can result. A method for constructing a buccolingual guard in the clinical setting using hydroplastic material is described. The guard can be easily oriented and adapted to an existing radiation stent, adding positional stability and patient comfort. When adequate thickness of material is used, the guard can attenuate forward and back scatter radiation, separate the adjacent tissues from metal restorations, and protect the oral mucosa from localized incidents of mucositis.
The Prosthodontic Management of Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Literature Review. Part II. Maintaining the Apical Seal
Authors: Goodacre Charles J. , Spolnik Kenneth J.
Published: March 2005

Part II of the three‐part literature review series addresses factors related to prosthodontic treatment that can affect the apical seal and endodontic success.
Fabrication of a Duplicate Denture From an Existing Complete Denture
Authors: McCarthy Sandra L.
Published: March 2005

A technique is presented that describes the fabrication of a duplicate denture using the patient's existing complete denture. This procedure enables the practitioner to offer patients an alternative to being without a denture during a laboratory reline of an existing denture. A vinyl polysiloxane impression material is used to impress the polished surface of the existing denture as well as to block out undercuts on the impression surface of the denture before pouring a stone cast. Because of the stability of the impression material used, most of the laboratory procedures can be accomplished separate from the clinical appointment.
Relining an Ocular Prosthesis: A Case Report
Authors: Smith Rick M.
Published: March 2005

There are times when a patient who has an ocular prosthesis may need surgery to correct an anophthalmic socket defect or to replace an implant. When such a situation arises, it may not be possible to construct a new prosthesis soon after surgery. In this article, a technique for relining an ocular prosthesis is described.
Repair of a Removable Partial Denture Using Gold Occlusals
Authors: Cobb George W.
Published: March 2005

Limited interarch space causes maintenance problems with removable partial dentures. The problem of abrasion and breakage of acrylic resin teeth, the concomitant supraeruption of opposing natural teeth, and possible decrease of vertical dimension of occlusion can be prevented or minimized with cast‐gold occlusals. Use of metal occlusals has been advocated on newly constructed removable partial dentures, but not on existing prostheses with severely worn or broken denture teeth. This article describes a repair procedure for a removable partial denture where minimal interarch distance resulted in wear and breakage of denture teeth. A thin, abraded denture tooth that had been repaired numerous times was prepared and covered with a cast gold restoration. The problem of abrasion and breakage of the acrylic resin tooth was solved and the service life of the prosthesis was extended.