bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expanded Access as a source of real‐world data: An overview of FDA and EMA approvals
Authors: Polak Tobias B. , van Rosmalen Joost , Uyl – de Groot Carin A.
Published: March 2020

Aims

To identify, characterize and compare all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approvals that included real‐world data on efficacy from expanded access (EA) programmes.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of FDA (1955–2018) and EMA (1995–2018) regulatory approval documentation. We automated searching for terms related to EA in 22,506 documents using machine learning techniques. We included all approvals where EA terms appeared in the regulatory documentation. Our main outcome was the inclusion of EA data as evidence of clinical efficacy. Characterization was based on approval date, disease area, orphan designation and whether the evidence was supportive or pivotal.

Results

EA terms appeared in 693 out of 22,506 (3.1%) documents, which referenced 187 approvals. For 39 approvals, data from EA programmes were used to inform on clinical efficacy. The yearly number of approvals with EA data increased from 1.25 for 1993–2013 to 4.6 from 2014–2018. In 13 cases, these programmes formed the main evidence for approval. Of these, patients in EA programmes formed over half (median 71%, interquartile range: 34–100) of the total patient population available for efficacy evaluation. Almost all (12/13) approvals were granted orphan designation. In 8/13, there were differences between regulators in approval status and valuation of evidence. Strikingly, 4 treatments were granted approval based solely on efficacy from EA.

Conclusion

Sponsors and regulators increasingly include real‐world data from EA programmes in the efficacy profile of a treatment. The indications of the approved treatments are characterized by orphan designation and high unmet medical need.
Generic instruments for drug discontinuation in primary care: A systematic review
Authors: Michiels‐Corsten Matthias , Gerlach Navina , Schleef Tanja , Junius‐Walker Ulrike , Donner‐Banzhoff Norbert , Viniol Annika
Published: March 2020

Aims

The aim of this systematic review was to identify generic instruments for drug discontinuation in patients with polypharmacy in the primary care setting.

Methods

We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE, 8 guideline databases (AWMF, NICE, NGC, SIGN, NHMRC, CPG, KCE), the Cochrane Library and grey literature (Google) in 2016 and 2017. Two independent researchers screened and analysed data. The drug discontinuation instruments of the included publications were described and classified.

Results

We identified 16 relevant publications. Here we found complex algorithms as well as instruments composed of distinct sequential steps. Two guidelines are constructed as electronic web‐applications. Instruments revealed diverging emphases on the stages of deprescribing, i.e. preparation, drug evaluation, decision‐making and implementation. Accordingly, 3 types of instruments emerged: general frameworks, detailed drug assessment tools and comprehensive discontinuation guidelines.

Conclusion

Diverse generic instruments exist for different areas of applications in regard to drug discontinuation. However, there is still a need for practical and user‐friendly tools that support physicians in communicational aspects, visualise trade‐offs and also enhance patient involvement.
A new technique for peri‐implant recession treatment: Partially epithelialized connective tissue grafts. Description of the technique and preliminary results of a case series
Authors: Frisch Eberhard , Ratka‐Krüger Petra
Published: March 2020

Background

Data on implant recession coverage (RC) are very scarce.

Purpose

To present a new surgical approach and preliminary results for the treatment of peri‐implant soft tissue recession via partially epithelialized connective tissue grafts (PECTGs).

Materials and Methods

We harvested PECTGs from the palate using a double‐blade scalpel. All donor sites were sutured and covered with a stent. Dissection lines were placed minimally coronal to the mucogingival border. The recipient areas were prepared epiperiostally. All PECTGs were sutured with the keratinized mucosa (KM) portion toward the local KM tissue and were subsequently widely covered by the local mucosal tissue layer.

Results

Fifteen patients with 22 implants were available for follow‐up. The recession depth at baseline was 2.4 ± 1.1 mm (median: 2.5). After a mean observational period of 5 years, we found a mean recession value of 0.4 ± 0.5 mm (median: 0). We found a mean increase in the peri‐implant KM width of 2.2 ± 1.1 mm (median: 1.5). In all cases, progression of the recession had stopped. None of the grafts was lost. The mean RC was 2 ± 0.9 mm (median: 1.5 mm) [88 ± 20% (median: 100)]. Complete RC was found in 64% of the implants. The results have remained stable for up to 13 years.

Conclusion

Soft tissue recession around dental implants may successfully be treated using the PECTG technique.
Population and Noncompartmental Pharmacokinetics of Sodium Oxybate Support Weight‐Based Dosing in Children and Adolescents With Narcolepsy With Cataplexy
Authors: Chen Cuiping , Rosen Carol L. , Ruoff Chad , Boyce Leslie H. , Parvataneni Rupa , Zomorodi Katie , Brantley Scott , Sale Mark , Plazzi Giuseppe
Published: March 2020

The pharmacokinetics (PKs) of sodium oxybate (SXB) was evaluated in a subset of participants from a study of SXB treatment in children (aged 7–11 years; n = 11) and adolescents (aged 12–17 years; n = 18) with narcolepsy with cataplexy. PK evaluation was conducted over 2 nights during the period when participants received a stable nightly SXB dose. The SXB dose on night 1 was half of night 2 and was administered in two equally divided doses: dose 1 was administered > 2 hours after the evening meal, and dose 2 was administered ≥ 4 hours after dose 1. Noncompartmental PK analysis demonstrated higher plasma concentrations post‐dose 2 vs. post‐dose 1, higher than dose‐proportional increases in area under the concentration‐time curve from 0 to 4 hours (AUC0–4h) after dose 1, indicating nonlinear clearance, and better correlation between exposure and mg/kg than exposure and gram dose. To confirm the noncompartmental findings, identify factors affecting SXB PK, and compare with prior results in adults, a population PK (PopPK) model was established combining PK data from the current study with prior data from adults (132 healthy volunteers and 13 with narcolepsy). A two‐compartment PopPK model with first‐order absorption and nonlinear clearance from the central compartment described the data well. PopPK identified weight as the main intrinsic factor and food as the main extrinsic factor affecting SXB PK, and predicts similar PK profiles on a mg/kg basis across ages. These results, along with previously reported efficacy and safety outcomes, support weight‐based SXB dose initiation in pediatric patients.
Isolated right superior vena cava drainage into the left atrium: An uncommon cause of persistent hypoxia in a neonate
Authors: Gulati Rashmi , Smith Trevor , Siow Maria , Batten Lynn
Published: March 2020

This report describes the case of a 13‐day‐old African American female with persistent hypoxia found to have an isolated right superior vena cava (RSVC) draining into the left atrium (LA) confirmed with contrast echocardiography.
Accounting for stochasticity in demographic compensation along the elevational range of an alpine plant
Authors: Andrello Marco , de Villemereuil Pierre , Carboni Marta , Busson Delphine , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Gaggiotti Oscar E. , Till‐Bottraud Irène
Published: March 2020

Demographic compensation arises when vital rates change in opposite directions across populations, buffering the variation in population growth rates, and is a mechanism often invoked to explain the stability of species geographic ranges. However, studies on demographic compensation have disregarded the effects of temporal variation in vital rates and their temporal correlations, despite theoretical evidence that stochastic dynamics can affect population persistence in temporally varying environments. We carried out a seven‐year‐long demographic study on the perennial plant Arabis alpina (L.) across six populations encompassing most of its elevational range. We discovered demographic compensation in the form of negative correlations between the means of plant vital rates, but also between their temporal coefficients of variation, correlations and elasticities. Even if their contribution to demographic compensation was small, this highlights a previously overlooked, but potentially important, role of stochastic processes in stabilising population dynamics at range margins.
Reorganizing theSingle‐ParentFamily System: Exploring the Process Perspective on Divorce
Authors: Van Gasse Dries , Mortelmans Dimitri
Published: March 2020

Objective

This study investigated how single parents reorganize their family system after divorce.

Background

Families are dynamic systems that change over time and adapt to crises. Family researchers often approach divorce as a discrete event, however; and little is known about how single parents overcome this crisis and carry on with their lives. Therefore, we investigated the process of how single parents reorganize their households after divorce.

Method

Qualitative analysis based on grounded theory was used to code in‐depth retrospective interviews. Two sources of interviews, as well as triangulation and confirmation techniques, were developed to improve the validity of the study. Sensitizing concepts were derived from Olson's circumplex model and life course theory.

Results

The reorganization process after divorce is described as having six successive stages, each with particular needs and challenges. By overcoming challenges, single parents move on from one phase to another, ultimately finding a new balance.

Conclusion

Single‐parent family systems, like other family systems, strive for homeostasis and search for a new equilibrium in which it is possible to organize and coordinate various life spheres. This is not a linear process, however, and single parents may experience setbacks.

Implications

It can be difficult for family practitioners to help people through the process of divorce and reorganization as a single parent because every experience is individual and atypical. However, our findings suggest that there are certain stages that practitioners can monitor to increase the pace of the reorganization process.
Cannabidiol alleviates hemorrhagic shock‐induced neural apoptosis in rats by inducing autophagy through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway
Authors: Lin Bo , Gao Youguang , Li Zhiwang , Zhang Zhiming , Lin Xianzhong , Gao Jinpeng
Published: March 2020

Recently, several studies have reported that the pharmacological effects exerted by cannabidiol (CBD) are partially related to the regulation of autophagy. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy provides protection against ischemia‐induced brain injury. However, the protective effect of CBD against mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis in hemorrhagic shock (HS)‐induced brain injury has not been studied. In the present study, we observed the protective effects of CBD against neural mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis in a rat model of HS. In addition, CBD increased Beclin‐1 and LC3II expression and reduced P62 expression, which were indicative of autophagy. CBD treatment attenuated the neural apoptosis induced by HS, as reflected by restoring mitochondrial dysfunction, downregulation of BAX, neuro‐apoptosis ratio and NF‐κB signaling activation, and upregulation of BCL2 in the cerebral cortex. Such protective effects were reversed by 3‐Methyladenine, a specific autophagy inhibitor, indicating that the protective effects of CBD treatment involved autophagy. LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, significantly inhibited CBD‐induced autophagy, demonstrating that PI3K/AKT signaling is involved in the CBD’s regulation of autophagy. Furthermore, we found that CBD treatment upregulated PI3K/AKT signaling via cannabinoid receptor 1. Therefore, these findings suggested that CBD treatment protects against cerebral injury induced by HS‐mediated mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to reinforce autophagy.
Discovery of the oldest known biomarkers provides evidence for phototrophic bacteria in the 1.73 Ga Wollogorang Formation, Australia
Authors: Vinnichenko Galina , Jarrett Amber J. M. , Hope Janet M. , Brocks Jochen J.
Published: March 2020

The discovery of mid‐Proterozoic (1.8–0.8 billion years ago, Ga) indigenous biomarkers is a challenge, since biologically informative molecules of such antiquity are commonly destroyed by metamorphism or overprinted by drilling fluids and other anthropogenic petroleum products. Previously, the oldest clearly indigenous biomarkers were reported from the 1.64 Ga Barney Creek Formation in the northern Australian McArthur Basin. In this study, we present the discovery of biomarker molecules from carbonaceous shales of the 1.73 Ga Wollogorang Formation in the southern McArthur Basin, extending the biomarker record back in time by ~90 million years. The extracted hydrocarbons illustrate typical mid‐Proterozoic signatures with a large unresolved complex mixture, high methyl alkane/n‐alkane ratios and the absence of eukaryotic steranes. Acyclic isoprenoids, saturated carotenoid derivatives, bacterial hopanes and aromatic hopanoids and steroids also were below detection limits. However, continuous homologous series of low molecular weight C14–C19 2,3,4‐ and 2,3,6‐trimethyl aryl isoprenoids (AI) were identified, and C20–C22 AI homologues were tentatively identified. Based on elevated abundances relative to abiogenic isomers, we interpret the 2,3,6‐AI isomer series as biogenic molecules and the 2,3,4‐AI series as possibly biogenic. The biological sources for the 2,3,6‐AI series include carotenoids of cyanobacteria and/or green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae). The lower concentrated 2,3,4‐AI series may be derived from purple sulphur bacteria (Chromatiaceae). These degradation products of carotenoids are the oldest known clearly indigenous molecules of likely biogenic origin.
Traits mediate drought effects on wood carbon fluxes
Authors: Hu Zhenhong , Chen Han Y. H. , Yue Chao , Gong Xiao Ying , Shao Junjiong , Zhou Guiyao , Wang Jiawei , Wang Minhuang , Xia Jianyang , Li Yongtao , Zhou Xuhui , Michaletz Sean T.
Published: March 2020

CO2 fluxes from wood decomposition represent an important source of carbon from forest ecosystems to the atmosphere, which are determined by both wood traits and climate influencing the metabolic rates of decomposers. Previous studies have quantified the effects of moisture and temperature on wood decomposition, but these effects were not separated from the potential influence of wood traits. Indeed, it is not well understood how traits and climate interact to influence wood CO2 fluxes. Here, we examined the responses of CO2 fluxes from dead wood with different traits (angiosperm and gymnosperm) to 0%, 35%, and 70% rainfall reduction across seasonal temperature gradients. Our results showed that drought significantly decreased wood CO2 fluxes, but its effects varied with both taxonomical group and drought intensity. Drought‐induced reduction in wood CO2 fluxes was larger in angiosperms than gymnosperms for the 35% rainfall reduction treatment, but there was no significant difference between these groups for the 70% reduction treatment. This is because wood nitrogen density and carbon quality were significantly higher in angiosperms than gymnosperms, yielding a higher moisture sensitivity of wood decomposition. These findings were demonstrated by a significant positive interaction effect between wood nitrogen and moisture on CO2 fluxes in a structural equation model. Additionally, we ascertained that a constant temperature sensitivity of CO2 fluxes was independent of wood traits and consistent with previous estimates for extracellular enzyme kinetics. Our results highlight the key role of wood traits in regulating drought responses of wood carbon fluxes. Given that both climate and forest management might extensively modify taxonomic compositions in the future, it is critical for carbon cycle models to account for such interactions between wood traits and climate in driving dynamics of wood decomposition.
Intraspecific and biogeographical variation in foliar fungal communities and pathogen damage of native and invasivePhragmites australis
Authors: Allen Warwick J. , DeVries Aaron E. , Bologna Nicholas J. , Bickford Wesley A. , Kowalski Kurt P. , Meyerson Laura A. , Cronin James T.
Published: March 2020

Aim

Recent research has highlighted that the relationship between species interactions and latitude can differ between native and invasive plant taxa, generating biogeographical heterogeneity in community resistance to plant invasions. In the first study with foliar pathogens, we tested whether co‐occurring native and invasive lineages of common reed (Phragmites australis) exhibit non‐parallel latitudinal gradients in foliar fungal communities, pathogen susceptibility and damage, and whether these biogeographical patterns can influence the success of invasion.

Location

North America.

Time period

2015–2017.

Major taxa studied

Perennial grassP. australis.

Methods

We surveyed 35P. australisfield populations, spanning 17° latitude and comprising four phylogeographical lineages, including one endemic to North America and one invasive from Europe. For each population, we quantified the percentage of leaf pathogen damage and cultured fungi from diseased leaves, which we identified using molecular tools. To assess whether latitudinal gradients in pathogen damage had a genetic basis, we inoculated plants from 73 populations with four putative pathogens in a complementary common garden experiment and measuredP. australissusceptibility (i.e., diseased leaf area).

Results

We isolated 84 foliar fungal taxa.Phragmites australislineage influenced fungal community composition but not diversity. Despite the invasive EuropeanP. australislineage being the least susceptible to three of the four pathogens tested in the common garden experiment, pathogen damage in the field was similar between native and invasive lineages, providing no evidence that release from foliar pathogens contributes to the success of invasion. Genetically based latitudinal gradients in pathogen susceptibility observed in the common garden were isolate specific and obscured by local environmental conditions in the field, where pathogen damage was threefold higher for northern compared with southern populations, regardless of lineage.

Main conclusions

Our results highlight that host plant lineage and genetically based biogeographical gradients strongly influence foliar fungal communities and pathogen susceptibility, but do not translate to patterns of pathogen damage observed in the field.
User idea implementation in open innovation communities: Evidence from a new product development crowdsourcing community
Authors: Liu Qian , Du Qianzhou , Hong Yili , Fan Weiguo , Wu Shuang
Published: March 2020

In collaborative crowdsourcing communities for open innovation, users generate and submit ideas as idea co‐creators. Firms then select and implement valuable ideas for new product development. Despite the popularity and success of these open innovation communities, relatively little is known about the factors that determine the implementation of the user‐generated ideas. Based on research on individual creativity, we propose a conceptual model integrating users' previous experience, idea presentation characteristics and feedback valence to explain the likelihood of idea implementation. We validate our research model with a panel data analysis of 43 550 ideas submitted by 16 360 users in the MIUI new product development community hosted by Xiaomi, a large electronics manufacturing company in China. We find an inverted U‐shaped relationship between users' past successful experience and idea implementation. Furthermore, the length of ideas is positively associated with the likelihood of idea implementation. There is also an inverted U‐shaped relationship between supporting evidence and idea implementation. Finally, we demonstrate the negative effect of positive feedback and the positive effect of negative feedback on idea implementation. These findings offer rich insights to understand the phenomenon of open innovation better. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
New insights into the crystallization process of sol‐gel–derived 45S5 bioactive glass
Authors: Nawaz Qaisar , de Pablos‐Martín Araceli , Martins de Souza e Silva Juliana , Hurle Katrin , Jaimes Altair T. Contreras , Brauer Delia S. , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: March 2020

In this work the influence of thermal treatment conditions on crystallization of a sol‐gel‐derived 45S5 bioactive glass was evaluated using DSC, XRD, TEM, EDX, and X‐ray nanocomputed tomography (nano‐CT). Temperature and time of the thermal treatment strongly influence the composition of the crystalline phases. At the onset of the glass transition temperature (600°C), combeite crystallizes as the main phase along with a calcium silicate‐phosphate phase, which decomposes into rhenanite from 2 hours of thermal treatment at this temperature. At the crystallization temperature (700°C), combeite remains as the main crystalline phase. Additionally, Na2Ca2Si2O7 crystalline phase is formed. Our results provide a basic platform for tailoring the crystalline phases by controlling the nucleation and growth of crystalline phases via thermal treatments. Different morphologies (round particles, stacked layers, toothpick‐like, and long features) were discerned by TEM as a function of temperature and time of treatment. It is the first time that bioactive glass is investigated by nano‐CT at laboratory scale. This novel technique enables the 3D visualization of features in the nanometer range, giving clear information about the volumetric distribution of phases in the sample.
Effect of catalyst on carbon nanotubes synthesis on titanium diboride via chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Lin Jia , Yang Yihang , Zhang Houan , Li Fenqiang , Huang Guimei , Wang Jinhuo
Published: March 2020

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were in situ synthesized on titanium diboride (TiB2) substrates using different catalysts (Fe, Co, and Ni) via ethylene chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The effects of various catalysts on the quality and quantity of grown CNTs were investigated using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman characterization techniques. Next, as‐received powders were sintered by spark plasma sintering to obtain compact bulk composites. The effects of the metallic catalysts as sintering aids on the microstructural and mechanical properties of TiB2‐based composites were also studied. Results show that metal Ni not only plays a significant role in the catalyst to produce larger numbers of CNTs but also promotes the densification of TiB2 ceramics in sintering and has been shown to provide good reinforcement. Maximum values of flexural strength (1093 ± 19 MPa) and toughness (13.9 ± 0.3 MPa ·m1/2) were obtained using the Ni catalyst, which were significantly higher than the same values for Fe and Co catalysts.
Umbrella review of family‐focused care interventions supporting families where a family member has a long‐term condition
Authors: Smith Joanna , Ali Parveen , Birks Yvonne , Curtis Penny , Fairbrother Hannah , Kirk Susan , Saltiel David , Thompson Jill , Swallow Veronica
Published: March 2020

Aim

The aim of this study was to summarize reviews of family‐focused care interventions that support families with a family member with a long‐term condition across the life course.

Design

Umbrella review.

Data sources

Medline (1946–2019), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2019), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effect and EMBASE (1947–2019), CINAHL (1981–2019), Health Technology Assessment Database (2019) and PsycInfo (1806–2019).

Review Methods

All authors independently undertook title/abstract screening, data extraction and quality appraisal on a cluster of papers, working in groups of two or three to reach a consensus. The AMSTAR tool was used to appraise the quality of the studies and descriptive syntheses were undertaken.

Results

Fifteen reviews met the selection criteria. Overall family‐focussed care and associated terms were poorly defined. Typically interventions were educational or psychological therapy/counselling with the goal of empowering individuals to manage their condition. There is some evidence that family‐focused care interventions can improve clinical/biological health measures and self‐care outcomes such as treatment adherence. Multicomponent psychosocial interventions that include cognitive‐behavioural therapy, skills training, education and support and are focused on wider family members appear to improve family relationships and martial functioning.

Conclusion

Long‐term conditions have an impact on individual and family health and well‐being, yet the impact of family‐focused care interventions on family outcomes was overall inconclusive. A better understanding of how family‐focused care interventions improve the health and well‐being of individuals and their families is needed to promote the inclusion of family‐focused care into practice.

Impact

Supporting people with a long‐term condition is a key health and social care priority. Family‐focused care interventions have potential to improve the health and well‐being of individuals and families, but there is a need to evaluate their clinical and cost‐effectiveness. The findings from this review could be used by funding bodies when commissioning research for long‐term conditions.
Treatment of granuloma annulare and related granulomatous diseases with sulphasalazine: a series of 16 cases
Authors: Yang Y.W. , Lehrer M.D. , Mangold A.R. , Yiannias J.A. , Nelson S.A. , Pittelkow M.R.
Published: March 2020

Background

Granuloma annulare (GA) and the related annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (AEGCG) and interstitial granulomatous dermatitis (IGD) are idiopathic histiocytic inflammatory disorders, which are frequently recalcitrant to treatment.

Objectives

Evaluate the efficacy of sulphasalazine in treating GA, AEGCG and IGD.

Methods

Sixteen patients were identified with granulomatous disease who were treated with sulphasalazine between September 2015 and September 2019. Outcomes were based on patients’ and providers’ subjective evaluations.

Results

Sixteen patients were included in the study (ages 56–89, four male and twelve female). Previous treatments were attempted in fifteen patients. Clinical improvement was seen in fourteen patients (87.5%). Initial improvement was noted within a mean (SD) of 66.4 (35.1) days after starting therapy, with increasing benefits over time. Ten patients (62.5%) reported complete or near‐complete clearance, three patients (18.8%) reported significant improvement, and one (6.3%) reported partial improvement. Twelve patients elected to stop or reduce therapy, resulting in relapse or worsening in five patients.

Conclusions

Sulphasalazine may be considered as treatment for GA and GA‐related conditions.
Covid‐19 and the digestive system
Authors: Wong Sunny H , Lui Rashid NS , Sung Joseph JY
Published: March 2020

The novel coronavirus disease is currently causing a major pandemic. It is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), a member of the Betacoronavirus genus that also includes the SARS‐CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. While patients typically present with fever and a respiratory illness, some patients also report gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Studies have identified the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in stool specimens of infected patients, and its viral receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 was found to be highly expressed in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. These suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 can actively infect and replicate in the gastrointestinal tract. This has important implications to the disease management, transmission, and infection control. In this article, we review the important gastrointestinal aspects of the disease.
Saving the Costa Verde's Waves: Surfing and Discourses of Race–Class in the Enactment of Lima's Coastal Infrastructure
Authors: Viatori Maximilian , Scheuring Brandon
Published: March 2020

Este artículo examina las recientes protestas de los surfistas en contra de la expansión de carreteras a lo largo de la Costa Verde, la cual consiste en un tramo de playas y acantilados de arena que brinda a los residentes de Lima, Perú, acceso al Océano Pacífico. Argumentamos que, en sus protestas, los surfistas buscaban defender una promulgación particularmente histórica sobre la infraestructura de la Costa Verde, la cual garantizaría las condiciones actuales para producir olas manejables. Sin embargo, esta representación de la naturaleza de la Costa Verde históricamente se ha enraizado y ha reproducido construcciones discursivas de raza y clase en las geografías sociales de la élite de Lima. Nuestro análisis de los esfuerzos de los surfistas para salvar sus olas revela los mecanismos (o medios) sutiles en que las desigualdades más profundas se reproducen, a veces involuntariamente, en las luchas por la infraestructura.
A Theory of Capitalist Slavery
Authors: Clegg John
Published: March 2020

The relationship between slavery and capitalism has become a renewed topic of debate, yet scholars have not been able to agree on a definition of capitalism. In this article I first clear up some misconceptions and situate the debate in the Marxian tradition from which it arose. I argue that while non‐Marxian accounts of capitalism fail to explain the key social transformations that have accompanied the rise of capitalism globally, Marxian accounts have failed to comprehend similar transformations that occurred on American slave plantations in the 19th century. I then present a general model of capitalism, building on earlier work by Brenner and Wood, that both incorporates and explains the distinctive dynamics of capitalist slavery in the antebellum South.
Effects of Azolla spp. as feed ingredient on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chicken
Authors: Samad Fadzlin A. A. , Idris Lokman H. , Abu Hassim Hasliza , Goh Yong Meng , Loh Teck Chwen
Published: March 2020

The feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of Azolla spp. inclusion in feed ingredient of broiler chickens. Two hundred of day‐old broiler chicks were raised in Farm 15, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The birds were individually wing banded, weighed and allocated into four treatment groups (control: 0% of Azolla spp., T1: 5% of Azolla spp., T2: 10% of Azolla spp. and T3: 15% of Azolla spp.). Each group has five replicates and ten birds per pen. All the birds were fed ad libitum during the feeding trial, which lasted 42 days. During the end of the starter and finisher phase, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Ileal digesta sample was collected to determine the nutrient digestibility of the Azolla spp. on broiler chickens. Azolla spp. nutritional content was 5.14% dry matter, 24.82% crude protein, 16.64% crude fibre, 2.00% ether extract, 11.59% ash, 34.95% nitrogen‐free extract, 42.52% neutral detergent fibre, 31.15% acid detergent fibre, 16.86% acid detergent lignin, 11.37% hemicellulose and 14.29% cellulose. The result from this study showed T3 (15% of Azolla spp.) has significantly highest (p < .05) in overall body weight gain. However, in terms of feed intake and feed conversion ratio, there were no significant differences (p > .05) among treatments. For the nutrient digestibility experiment, the findings showed compared with a control group, feeding of 10% or 15% of Azolla spp. led to significant improvement (p < .05) in nutrient digestibility. The studies conclude the inclusion of Azolla spp. up to 15% in broiler chicken feed ration can improved growth of body performance and showed no adverse effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of the birds.
Associations of maternal resources with care behaviours differ by resource and behaviour
Authors: Basnet Sulochana , Frongillo Edward A. , Nguyen Phuong Hong , Moore Spencer , Arabi Mandana
Published: March 2020

Care is important for children's growth and development, but lack or inadequacy of resources for care can constrain appropriate caregiving. The objectives of this study were to examine whether maternal resources for care are associated with care behaviours specifically infant and young child feeding, hygiene, health‐seeking, and family care behaviours. The study also examined if some resources for care are more important than others. This study used baseline Alive & Thrive household surveys from Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Ethiopia. Measures of resources for care were maternal education, knowledge, height, nourishment, mental well‐being, decision‐making autonomy, employment, support in chores, and perceived instrumental support. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations of resources for care with child‐feeding practices (exclusive breastfeeding, minimum meal frequency, dietary and diversity), hygiene practices (improved drinking water source, improved sanitation, and cleanliness), health‐seeking (full immunization), and family care (psychosocial stimulation and availability of adequate caregiver). The models were adjusted for covariates at child, parents, and household levels and accounted for geographic clustering. All measures of resources for care had positive associations with care behaviours; in a few instances, however, the associations between the resources for care and care behaviours were in the negative direction. Improving education, knowledge, nutritional status, mental well‐being, autonomy, and social support among mothers would facilitate provision of optimal care for children.
Habitat light sets the boundaries for the rapid evolution of cichlid fish vision, while sexual selection can tune it within those limits
Authors: Schneider Ralph F. , Rometsch Sina J. , Torres‐Dowdall Julián , Meyer Axel
Published: March 2020

Cichlid fishes' famous diversity in body coloration is accompanied by a highly diverse and complex visual system. Although cichlids possess an unusually high number of seven cone opsin genes, they express only a subset of these during their ontogeny, accounting for their astonishing interspecific variation in visual sensitivities. Much of this diversity is thought to have been shaped by natural selection as cichlids inhabit a variety of habitats with distinct light environments. Also, sexual selection might have contributed to the observed visual diversity, and sexual dimorphism in coloration potentially co‐evolved with sexual dimorphism in opsin expression. We investigated sex‐specific opsin expression of several cichlids from Africa and the Neotropics and collected and integrated data sets on sex‐specific body coloration, species‐specific visual sensitivities, lens transmission and habitat light properties for some of them. We comparatively analysed this wide range of molecular and ecological data, illustrating how integrative approaches can address specific questions on the factors and mechanisms driving diversification, and the evolution of cichlid vision in particular. We found that both sexes expressed opsins at the same levels—even in sexually dimorphic cichlid species—which argues against coevolution of sexual dichromatism and differences in sex‐specific visual sensitivity. Rather, a combination of environmental light properties and body coloration shaped the diversity in spectral sensitivities among cichlids. We conclude that although cichlids are particularly colourful and diverse and often sexually dimorphic, it would appear that natural rather than sexual selection is a more powerful force driving visual diversity in this hyperdiverse lineage.
Transitions from Infinite to Finite Games as Critical Moments
Authors: Donohue William A.
Published: March 2020

This theory article argues that negotiation is often played as a finite game that consists of a known number of players using an agreed‐upon set of rules (when parties are bargaining in good faith) aimed at achieving a specific outcome. However, activities and events leading up to negotiation can be viewed as an infinite game that has no fixed entities such as personnel, rules, and outcomes. Thus, a critical moment occurs when parties agree to make the transition from some infinite game, like conflict, to the finite game of negotiation. This article explores the conditions leading up to this critical transition and provides two examples of negotiations—one that successfully made the transition and one in which the transition did not occur—to illustrate how these conditions function in actual contexts.
Effects of nonnutritive sweeteners on body weight and BMI in diverse clinical contexts: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Laviada‐Molina Hugo , Molina‐Segui Fernanda , Pérez‐Gaxiola Giordano , Cuello‐García Carlos , Arjona‐Villicaña Ruy , Espinosa‐Marrón Alan , Martinez‐Portilla Raigam Jafet
Published: March 2020

There is an ongoing debate about the possible influences of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) on body weight. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with NNS to assess their impact on body weight. We systematically searched for RCTs at least 4 weeks in duration, evaluating the effect of NNS on body weight, both in subjects with healthy weight and in subjects with overweight/obesity at any age, and compared the effects of NNS vs caloric and noncaloric comparators. The primary outcome was the difference in body weight between NNS and comparators. Twenty studies were eligible (n = 2914). Participants consuming NNS showed significant weight/BMI differences favouring NNS compared with nonusers. Grouping by nature of comparator revealed that NNS vs placebo/no intervention and NNS vs water produced no effect. When comparing NNS vs sucrose, significant weight/BMI differences appeared favouring NNS. Consumption of NNS led to significantly negative weight/BMI differences in unrestricted energy diets, but not in weight‐reduction diets. Participants with overweight/obesity and adults showed significant favourable weight/BMI differences with NNS. Data suggest that replacing sugar with NNS leads to weight reduction, particularly in participants with overweight/obesity under an unrestricted diet, information that could be utilized for evidence‐based public policy decisions.
Mutation screening of 17 candidate genes in a cohort of 67 probands with early‐onset high myopia
Authors: Liu Fang , Wang Junwen , Xing Yiqiao , Li Tuo
Published: March 2020

Purpose

To detect variants in 17 known potentially causative genes for non‐syndromic myopia in 67 Tujia Chinese patients with early‐onset high myopia (eo‐HM).

Methods

DNA from 67 unrelated patients with early onset (<7 years old) high myopia (refraction error ≤ −6.00D or axial length > 26 mm) were subjected to whole‐exome sequencing (WES). Variants in 17 candidate genes were analysed by multistep bioinformatics analysis. Subsequently, Sanger sequencing was used to verify identified candidate mutations and to assess available family members for co‐segregation with myopia.

Results

A multistep systematic analysis of variants in 17 potentially causative genes for eo‐HM revealed four novel pathogenic mutations and three potential pathogenic mutations in 4 of 17 genes in 7 of 67 (10.4%) probands. The pathogenic group included one missense mutation (c.100G > C, p.Asp34His) and one splice donor mutation (c.989 + 1G >A) in ARR3, one missense mutation (c.995C > A, p.Thr332Lys) in NDUFAF7 and one novel frameshift mutation (c.726dupA, p.Arg243fs*140) in SLC39A5. The potential pathogenic group included two missense mutations (c.3266A > G, p.Tyr1089Cys; c.913G > A, p.Glu305Lys) in ZNF644 and one missense mutation (c.960T > A, p.His320Gln) in NDUFAF7. Sequence changes were confirmed by Sanger sequencing; all had an allele frequency <0.01 in the 1000G, EVS, ExAC and gnomAD databases. Additionally, both the pathogenic and potentially pathogenic mutations were predicted to be damaging by SIFT, Polyphen‐2, PROVEAN, MutationTaster2, CADD and REVEL except the p.Tyr1089Cys and p.Glu305Lys changes were predicted to be neutral by PROVEAN.

Conclusion

Our research provides more evidence to support the hypothesis that mutations in ARR3, SLC39A5 and NDUFAF7 are disease‐causing genes for eo‐HM and broadens the eo‐HM mutation spectrum among different ethnic groups. It also deepens understanding of the contributions of ARR3, SLC39A5, and NDUFAF7 to eo‐HM.
Elevating seed oil content in a polyploid crop by induced mutations in SEED FATTY ACID REDUCER genes
Authors: Karunarathna Nirosha L. , Wang Haoyi , Harloff Hans‐Joachim , Jiang Lixi , Jung Christian
Published: March 2020

Plant‐based oils are valuable agricultural products, and seed oil content (SOC) is the major yield component in oil crops. Increasing SOC has been successfully targeted through the selection and genetic modification of oil biosynthesis. The SOC in rapeseed declined during the seed maturation and eventually caused the final accumulated seed oil quantity. However, genes involved in oil degradation during seed maturity are not deeply studied so far. We performed a candidate gene association study using a worldwide collection of rapeseed germplasm. We identified SEED FATTY ACID REDUCER (SFAR) genes, which had a significant effect on SOC and fatty acid (FA) composition. SFAR genes belong to the GDSL lipases, and GDSL lipases have a broad range of functions in plants. After quantification of gene expression using RNA‐seq and quantitative PCR, we used targeted (CRISPR‐Cas mediated) and random (chemical) mutagenesis to modify turnover rates of seed oil in winter rapeseed. For the first time, we demonstrate significant increase of SOC in a crop after knocking out members of the BnSFAR4 and BnSFAR5 gene families without pleiotropic effects on seed germination, vigour and oil mobilization. Our results offer new perspectives for improving oil yield by targeted mutagenesis.
Reaction of a heterozygous tomato hybrid bearing the Mi‐1.2 gene to 15 Meloidogyne species
Authors: Gabriel Márcia , Kulczynski Stela M. , Muniz Marlove F. B. , Boiteux Leonardo S. , Carneiro Regina M. D. G.
Published: March 2020

Many root‐knot nematode (RKN) species (Meloidogyne spp.) are polyphagous and cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of their preferential hosts, leading to significant losses. It is known that the dominant Mi‐1.2 gene in tomato confers resistance to the three most important RKN species—M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria, and minor species—M. ethiopica, M. hispanica, and M. luci. However, little information is available about resistance of tomatoes carrying this gene to other tomato‐infecting RKN species. In this study, resistance conferred by the Mi‐1.2 gene/locus was evaluated against populations of 15 Meloidogyne species, employing tomato cultivars Santa Clara (homozygous recessive mi‐1.2/mi‐1.2, susceptible) and Debora Plus (heterozygous Mi‐1.2/mi‐1.2, resistant). Debora Plus was susceptible only to M. enterolobii and M. hapla, and was resistant to the other Brazilian populations of M. arenaria, M. ethiopica, M. exigua, M. hispanica, M. incognita, M. inornata, M. izalcoensis M. javanica, M. konaensis, M. luci, M. morocciensis, M. paranaensis, and M. petuniae. Mi‐1.2 is located on tomato chromosome 6 within a cluster of seven homologous genes of the nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) family; further research is required to confirm if this multiple Meloidogyne spp. resistance phenotype is controlled exclusively by Mi‐1.2 or by combined action of other closely linked genes. This evaluation of resistance of the Debora Plus cultivar to several Meloidogyne species suggests that the Mi‐1.2 gene/locus may reduce losses induced by a wide range of Meloidogyne spp. Further studies using additional resistant cultivars and other populations of Meloidogyne spp. are needed to confirm these results.
Patient‐related complexity of nursing care in acute care hospitals – an updated concept
Authors: Huber Evelyn , Kleinknecht‐Dolf Michael , Kugler Christiane , Spirig Rebecca
Published: March 2020

Rational

The interest in complexity of nursing care has grown in science and practice in recent years because of changed patient profiles and higher average levels of patient acuity in acute care hospitals.

Aim

The aim of this study was to redefine the concept of patient‐related ‘complexity of nursing care’ in acute care hospitals.

Design

The hybrid model for concept development was chosen.

Methods

In a first theoretical phase, we performed a narrative literature review regarding defining elements of patient‐related ‘complexity of nursing care’ and developed a working definition. In the fieldwork phase, we investigated collective case studies representing 12 nursing care situations. The theoretical phase was updated before all findings were synthesised, and in the final analytical phase, the preliminary working definition was refined.

Ethics

An ethical committee judged the study as unproblematic (waiver no. 82/14 from 5 December 2014).

Results

The concept was redefined confirming previous understandings of patient‐related ‘complexity of nursing care’ as a dynamic, relational concept characterised by the instability, variability and uncertainty that exist. The extent of complexity was determined by multifaceted patient problems and resources as well as extensive knowledge, experience, attention and caring skills of registered nurses interacting with each other.

Limitations

The study did not include organisation‐related complexity of nursing care.

Conclusions

The redefinition of the concept may support a common understanding of patient‐related demands on nursing care among practitioners, managers and politicians which is important regarding patient safety and health nursing staff.
Directing Syntactic Traffic
Authors: Sobin Nicholas
Published: March 2020

While much work in generative syntax has adopted bottom‐up syntactic derivation, a number of factors favor a top‐down approach. This article offers a new articulation of the top‐down Merge Right–Branch Right approach. In accord with the general Minimalist goals that computation should be carried out in small domains, that structure is based on binary pairings, and that grammatical mechanisms should, as far as possible, be limited to those that are logically necessary, three hypotheses are advanced: (i) that downward movement/copying of elements is driven by theta marking; (ii) that a[D] parameteroperates across a range of syntactic constructions to direct displaced elements either through the syntactic structure or into a memory buffer to reach their points of selection/theta marking; and (iii) that the concept of the memory buffer previously proposed in the literature should be modified so that some but not all displaced elements enter it. The [D]‐parameter hypothesis offers a common basis for a variety of syntactic phenomena: short movement in expletive sentences, T‐to‐C movement inwhquestions, the Comp–trace effect, and the anti‐Comp–trace effect seen in relative clauses.