bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do evidence‐based guidelines change clinical practice patterns?
Authors: Kessel Line , Erngaard Ditte , Flesner Per , Andresen Jens , Hjortdal Jesper
Published: December 2016

In 2013, the Danish Health and Medicines Authorities published a National Clinical Guideline on the treatment of age‐related cataracts. The guideline provided evidence‐based recommendations on the indication for cataract surgery, cataract surgery in patients with age‐related macular degeneration, on the use of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) to correct preoperative corneal astigmatism, the use of intracameral and topical antibiotics to prevent endophthalmitis, choice of anti‐inflammatory medication to control postoperative inflammation and prevent cystoid macular oedema, the use of immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery and on the postoperative check‐up of patients. A questionnaire was sent to all members of the Danish Ophthalmological Society before and after publication of the guideline. The responses showed that the guideline had changed practice patterns so that surgeons were more likely to prescribe non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory eye drops and to not prescribe topical antibiotic eye drops after the guideline was published. Other parameters, most notably the use of toric IOLs and use of postoperative examinations were more guided by reimbursement standards than by evidence‐based medicine. Thus, evidence‐based guidelines do change practice patterns unless they are counteracted by the reimbursement system.
The assessment of individual moral goodness
Authors: Chiu Raymond B. , Hackett Rick D.
Published: December 2016

In a field dominated by research on moral prescription (business ethics) and moral prediction (behavioral ethics), there is poor understanding of the place of moral perceptions in organizations alongside philosophical ethics and causal models of ethical outcomes. As leadership failures continue to plague organizational health and firms recognize the wide‐ranging impact of subjective bias, scholars and practitioners need a renewed frame of reference from which to reconceptualize their current understanding of ethics as perceived in individuals. Based on an assessment and selection perspective from the field of human resource management, an alternative to conventional deductive‐prescriptive approaches is proposed based on a pluralistic concept referred to as moral goodness. An inductive‐descriptive theory‐building framework is constructed based on three interrelated streams of inquiry to yield insight concerning both formal and informal instances of assessment. Recommendations are proposed for the application of the framework to future research and practice.
Measuring the age distribution in Canadian social spending
Authors: Kershaw Paul , Anderson Lynell
Published: December 2016

Canadian governments do not report how their spending breaks down by age. To help fill this void, we document a method to measure total annual social spending per capita for older and younger parts of the population. We estimate that governments combined in 2012 to spend between $33,321 and $40,152 per person age 65+, $13,635 and $14,800 per person age 45 to 64, and $10,406 and $11,614 per person under 45. Measuring the annual age distribution in social spending is necessary for evaluating Canadian commitments to intergenerational equity, and making policy adaptations to socioeconomic and demographic trends facing older and younger citizens.
A Semi‐Autonomous Mexican Peasant Community and Globalization: The Role of the Cacique (Broker) in Maintaining Traditional Agroecology
Authors: Gilruth‐Rivera Jean
Published: December 2016

After the Mexican Revolution of 1910, a peasant community of indigenous heritage retained a certain autonomy central to perpetuating its traditional agroecosystems. In great measure, this autonomy resulted from the cacique's opposition to the implementation of modern transportation systems. Thus, the region's physical isolation is deceptive but endured until the 1980s. The local leader impeded incorporation into wider markets, thwarting globalization. The community was articulated with the larger society through mechanisms which conserved its semi‐autonomy, revitalized its pre‐Revolution ties to the traditional regional market and political/administrative center, and promoted life styles of peasants with fewer resources who complemented open fields of basic subsistence crops with diverse fruit orchards, two traditional agroecosystems widespread in central Mexico, and who used sustainable water management practices to irrigate the orchards.
Borders Out of Register: Edge Effects in the U.S.–Mexico Foodshed
Authors: Bellante Laurel , Nabhan Gary Paul
Published: December 2016

This paper addresses how food systems and transboundary food supply chains are mediated and shaped by (cross‐) cultural and geopolitical borders that function as selective filters. We focus on the ways in which the political boundary in a formerly cohesive foodshed generates “edge effects” that affect (1) food safety, and (2) food waste, particularly in desert communities adjacent to the U.S.–Mexico border. We hypothesize that as these various boundary lines get “out of register” with one another, their dissonance creates both unexpected impacts as well as opportunities for positive change. This initial analysis demonstrates how multiple (and often permeable) social, economic, and ecological edges intersect with food supply chain vulnerabilities and economic opportunities at the border. Drawing on examples from food safety and food waste surrounding the “Ambos Nogales” port of entry on the Arizona‐Sonora border, we document the ways in which the border produces ecological and social edge effects that are dissonant with the official legal boundary.
Diverse ontogenies of reciprocal and prosocial behavior: cooperative development in Fiji and the United States
Authors: House Bailey R.
Published: December 2016

Contingent reciprocity is an important foundation of human cooperation, but we know little about how reciprocal behavior develops across diverse societies, nor about how the development of reciprocal behavior is related to the development of prosocial behavior more broadly. Three‐ to 16‐year‐old children were presented with the opportunity to control the allocation of real food rewards in a binary‐choice cooperative dilemma. Within dyads children alternated making choices across multiple trials, and reciprocal behavior emerged in three diverse populations (rural Fijian villages, and urban communities in both Fiji and the United States) by age 7–8. There was more societal variation in prosocial behavior than in reciprocal behavior, and there were more substantial differences between Fijians and Americans than between rural and urban populations. This suggests that the development of prosocial behavior is not driven entirely by the development of reciprocity, and differences in prosocial behavior across rural Fijians and urban Americans may not be due only to differences across rural and urban populations.
Apocalyptic Eschatology: Lutheran‐Pentecostal Reflections on the End
Authors: Chan Michael J. , Miller Joshua C.
Published: December 2016

This paper initiates a Lutheran‐Pentecostal conversation around the topic of apocalyptic eschatology. Both groups have deep historical commitments to the apocalyptic theology of the Bible, even though they often have expressed these commitments in vastly different ways. We offer a historical and constructive outline of Lutheran apocalyptic eschatology, drawing attention to points of consonance and dissonance vis‐à‐vis Pentecostal forms of eschatology. We conclude with a series of generative questions that are meant to shape future Lutheran‐Pentecostal exchanges.
When a Theological Institution Becomes Ecumenical: A Focus on the Process and Experience
Authors: Hegertun Terje
Published: December 2016

Det teologiske menighetsfakultet, or MF Norwegian School of Theology, has undergone an extensive development. From representing a strong Lutheran confessionalism, the new face of the faculty has changed to be more ecumenical in character. This article presents this story, gives insights into the historical process, and presents the current experiences of opening the school to non‐Lutheran students and teachers. On the basis of this “case study,” the article reflects on ecumenical perspectives that could be constructive for the twenty‐first century.
Quality of life and paediatric stroke: the shadows of things that may be
Authors: D Lo Warren
Published: December 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Kornfeld et al. on pages 45–51 of this issue.
Continuous soil carbon storage of old permanent pastures in Amazonia
Authors: Stahl Clément , Fontaine Sébastien , Klumpp Katja , Picon‐Cochard Catherine , Grise Marcia Mascarenhas , Dezécache Camille , Ponchant Lise , Freycon Vincent , Blanc Lilian , Bonal Damien , Burban Benoit , Soussana Jean‐François , Blanfort Vincent
Published: December 2016

Amazonian forests continuously accumulate carbon (C) in biomass and in soil, representing a carbon sink of 0.42–0.65 GtC yr−1. In recent decades, more than 15% of Amazonian forests have been converted into pastures, resulting in net C emissions (~200 tC ha−1) due to biomass burning and litter mineralization in the first years after deforestation. However, little is known about the capacity of tropical pastures to restore a C sink. Our study shows in French Amazonia that the C storage observed in native forest can be partly restored in old (≥24 year) tropical pastures managed with a low stocking rate (±1 LSU ha−1) and without the use of fire since their establishment. A unique combination of a large chronosequence study and eddy covariance measurements showed that pastures stored between −1.27 ± 0.37 and −5.31 ± 2.08 tC ha−1 yr−1while the nearby native forest stored −3.31 ± 0.44 tC ha−1 yr−1. This carbon is mainly sequestered in the humus of deep soil layers (20–100 cm), whereas no C storage was observed in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. C storage in C4 tropical pasture is associated with the installation and development of C3 species, which increase either the input of N to the ecosystem or the C:N ratio of soil organic matter. Efforts to curb deforestation remain an obvious priority to preserve forest C stocks and biodiversity. However, our results show that if sustainable management is applied in tropical pastures coming from deforestation (avoiding fires and overgrazing, using a grazing rotation plan and a mixture of C3 and C4 species), they can ensure a continuous C storage, thereby adding to the current C sink of Amazonian forests.
More than meets the eye: the changing face of histopathology
Authors: Underwood James C E
Published: December 2016

This personal reflection on trends in histopathology over the past 50 years draws upon experience of professional training and practice in the specialty in the UK. Developments during this period often resulted from new therapies (and their adverse effects) necessitating greater precision in the histopathological classification of disease, for which morphology alone can be insufficient. Conversely, histopathology has contributed to advances in our understanding of disease, leading directly to novel and more effective treatments. New infections, some involving histopathology in their discovery, have also led to fresh diagnostic challenges. Increasingly, patients have benefited from fundamental changes in professionalism in pathology. Through audit, external quality assurance, continuing professional development, standardized reporting, and increasing specialization, the consistency and reliability of histopathological diagnoses have steadily improved. Regarding the specialty's future, some now see rivalry between the morphological and molecular approaches to diagnosis and classification, particularly for neoplastic disease. An integrated strategy led by the specialty is more likely to strengthen histopathology and ultimately to have the greatest benefit for patients.
Histopathology of vaccine‐preventable diseases
Authors: Solomon Isaac H , Milner Danny A
Published: December 2016

The widespread use of vaccines has been one of the most important medical advances in the last century, saving trillions of dollars and millions of lives. Despite local eradication of some infections, travellers returning from affected areas may cause outbreaks through reintroduction of pathogens to individuals who are unable to receive vaccines for medical reasons or who have declined vaccination for non‐medical reasons. Infections that would otherwise be uncommonly encountered by anatomical pathologists should therefore remain in the differential diagnosis for immunocompromised and unvaccinated patients. We review here the histopathological features and ancillary testing required for diagnosis of all illnesses preventable by vaccines that are currently approved for use by the United States Food and Drug Administration, organized into three sections: viral infections preventable by routine vaccination (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus, polio, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza, and human papillomavirus), bacterial infections preventable by routine vaccination (diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and meningococcus), and infections with specific vaccine indications (anthrax, typhoid, tuberculosis, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, smallpox, and adenovirus). Histopathology for the less common diseases is illustrated in this review. Awareness of a patient's immune and/or vaccine status is a crucial component of the infectious disease work‐up, especially for rare diseases that may not otherwise be seen.
Postchemotherapy changes in testicular germ cell tumours: biology and morphology
Authors: Berney Daniel M , Lu Yong‐Jie , Shamash Jonathan , Idrees Muhammad
Published: December 2016

Advances in modern chemotherapy and targeted treatments have resulted in lengthened survival in a variety of tumour types in the last decade. Increasingly in the 21st century, postchemotherapy resections are considered as a possible mode of treatment. Due to their exquisite chemosensitivity, resection of postchemotherapy masses has long been part of the armamentarium of treatment in testicular germ cell neoplasia, which has resulted in a variety of new morphological variants being described after treatment. Here we discuss the possible reasons for germ cell tumour chemosensitivity and hypotheses on the biological pathways leading to resistance to treatment, as well as an outline of the diverse morphology of those tumours which prove recalcitrant to standard treatment methods. The large range of morphologies and their diagnostic challenges may throw light upon the future problems to be encountered in non‐germ cell solid tumour pathology, as the resection of postchemotherapy masses becomes increasingly important in patient management.
External and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the Larger Euro‐Area Countries
Authors: Angelini Elena , Ca’ Zorzi Michele , Forster van Aerssen Katrin
Published: December 2016

A balanced current account in the euro area has disguised sizable imbalances at the country level, exposing the common currency area to severe pressures during the financial crisis. The key contribution of this paper is to evaluate the adjustment process using the New Multi Country Model (NMCM) at the country and sectoral levels. The model suggests that a recovery in wage competitiveness reduces external deficits but has only mildly expansionary effects at the cost of higher net borrowing by households. It also suggests that the impact of an aggregate demand shock in Germany is not enough to lead to a rebound in economic activity and address external imbalances in the rest of the euro area. Finally, the presence of supportive external conditions, while facilitating the implementation of vital reforms, would not necessarily unravel intra‐euro‐area imbalances.
The Effects of a Job‐Creation Scheme: Evidence from Regional Variation in Program Capacities
Authors: Eppel Rainer
Published: December 2016

In direct job‐creation schemes, unemployed individuals at risk of permanent labor market exclusion are offered temporary subsidized employment in public‐ or nonprofit‐sector firms in combination with skills training and sociopedagogical support. The main aim is to stabilize and qualify them for later re‐integration into the regular labor market. Exploiting exogenous regional variation in population‐group–specific program capacities, I find that, on average, such a program eases the transition out of unemployment but has no long‐term effect on regular employment.
How A Smartphone Network Detects Earthquakes in Real Time
Authors: Finazzi Francesco
Published: December 2016

With the aid of thousands of accelerometers and some statistical know-how, Francesco Finazzi has built a crowd-sourced early warning system for major quakes
A Major Selection Problem
Authors: Jones Corey , Garwood Kathleen Campbell , Strandberg Alicia Graziosi
Published: December 2016

Corey Jones, Kathleen Campbell Garwood and Alicia Graziosi Strandberg dig into US Census data to investigate the gender pay gap, and the gender imbalance in college major enrolments
Serious Games
Authors: Nguyen Thanh
Published: December 2016

Thanh Nguyen explains how game theory and algorithms are being used to optimise security and patrol schedules to thwart terrorist attacks
Bringing Coals to Newcastle
Authors: Ryan Louise M. , Wand Matt P. , Malecki Alan A.
Published: December 2016

Making effective public policy decisions is challenging at the best of times, but especially in the context of environmental regulation, which typically requires managing opposing interests and strong opinions from industry and private citizens. In this case study, Louise Ryan, Matt Wand and Alan Malecki show how statistical analysis can help resolve conflict and inform effective decision-making under uncertainty
Effects of corn steep water pretreatment on the rheological and microstructural properties of Ga‐kenkey
Authors: Saalia Firibu Kwesi , Amponsah Amma Konadu , Asante Nii Darko , Owusu‐Brafi Nana Kwame , Amoa Betty Bediako , Affrifah Nicole Sharon , Sefa‐Dedeh Samuel
Published: December 2016

The rheological and textural characteristics of Ga‐kenkey are critical for consumer acceptability of the product. This work studied the effects of corn steep water pretreatment with potassium metabisulfite on the rheological properties of Ga‐kenkey. The pasting properties of corn dough obtained from corn that was soaked in water treated with and without potassium metabisulfite were determined using the Brabender viscoamylograph. The viscoelastic properties of Ga‐kenkey obtained from the sulfited and nonsulfited steeped corn were determined using the TAXT2i Texture Analyzer. There was no detectable residual sulfur dioxide in Ga‐kenkey obtained from metabisulfite treated corn. Metabisulfite treatment of steep water did not significantly change the pasting temperature of corn dough (80.15–80.40 °C). However, viscosities of the pastes increased tremendously for dough obtained from corn that was steeped in metabisulfite treated water. In particular, while viscosity at 50‐Hold for dough obtained from metabisulfite treated corn was 191BU, it was 140BU for dough obtained from nonmetabisulfite treated corn. The stress relaxation parameters indicated that Ga‐kenkey obtained from corn that was steeped in metabisulfite treated water exhibited more pronounced elastic behavior (equilibrium modulus, Ee = 0.695 kPa) and were stiffer than that obtained from corn that was steeped in water without metabisulfite treatment (equilibrium modulus, Ee = 0.399 kPa). SEM showed that Ga‐kenkey obtained from both soaking treatments had some amounts of native starch, but Ga‐kenkey obtained from sulfited steep water showed a more compact microstructure with more extensive starch transformations than that obtained from nonsulfited steep water.

Practical applications

Kenkey is a staple food in Ghana, and its processing and sale provide employment to many people. The operations in this cottage industry need to be standardized and eventually industrialized. Consequently, the effects of key unit operations on product quality characteristics need to be rationalized and improved. In the traditional kenkey process, the corn steep water is typically discarded without further treatment. However, disposing large quantities of corn steep water without pretreatment will eventually raise environmental problems because of the foul smell. Steeping corn in dilute potassium metabisulfite will retard the growth of putrefactive organisms and prevent foul odor development in the steep water, but may affect the textural characteristics of Ga‐Kenkey.
Evaluation of a National E‐Mentoring Program for Ethnically Diverse Student Nurse‐Midwives and Student Midwives
Authors: Valentin‐Welch Maria
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The US racial profile is changing rapidly, yet the nursing and midwifery professions are not evolving accordingly. The lack of racial and ethnic diversity within these health professions negatively affects efforts to eliminate persistent health disparities. To address this issue, the Midwives of Color Committee (MOCC) of the American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) created a national online mentoring program in 2011 to support midwifery students of color. An evaluation of the program is reported here.

Methods

This was a descriptive study conducted via online surveys mailed to 44 mentors and 42 mentees who participated in the program during 2012. Categorical survey responses were compared between groups, and open‐ended responses were evaluated for common themes.

Results

Response rates differed across groups. Half of the mentors responded (50%), while only 38.1% of the mentees responded. The majority of mentors and mentees rated the program as either excellent or good and felt the program should continue. Both mentors and mentees shared similar positive ratings about the effectiveness of the application, speed with which matching occurred, and satisfaction with mentee‐mentor match; they also share less favorable ratings regarding frequency of communication, impact of geographic proximity, and academic support need and response. Both groups desired to live closer to one another and communicate more.

Discussion

This study suggests that the online mentoring program for student midwives of color currently being offered should continue but with enhancements to improve the face‐to‐face mentoring experience, including the use of computer‐based technology. Other program improvements are also recommended. To be truly effective, mentoring programs must meet the needs of mentors and mentees; future evaluations should clarify their potential as an important tool for increasing diversity.
Teachers and Coaches in Adolescent Social Networks Are Associated With Healthier Self‐Concept and Decreased Substance Use
Authors: Dudovitz Rebecca N. , Chung Paul J. , Wong Mitchell D.
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Poor academic (eg, “I am a bad student”) and behavioral (eg, “I am a troublemaker”) self‐concepts are strongly linked to adolescent substance use. Social networks likely influence self‐concept. However, little is understood about the role teachers and athletic coaches play in shaping both academic and behavioral self‐concepts.

METHODS

We analyzed cross‐sectional surveys of 929 9th‐12th grade low‐income minority adolescents in Los Angeles assessing self‐concept, social networks, and 30‐day use of alcohol, marijuana and other drugs. We performed generalized estimating equations, accounting for clustering at the school level and controlling for family and peer influences and contextual factors. We also tested whether self‐concept‐mediated associations between relationships with teachers or coaches and 30‐day substance use.

RESULTS

More perceived teacher support was associated with lower odds of marijuana and other drug use and better academic and behavioral self‐concepts. Behavioral self‐concept mediated the associations between teacher support and substance use.

CONCLUSIONS

By facilitating relationships with adults and improving teachers' capacity to build supportive environments, schools may positively shape how adolescents see themselves, which might help reduce adolescent substance use.
Nutrition Quality of US School Snack Foods: A First Look at 2011‐2014 Bid Records in 8 School Districts
Authors: Wang Y. Claire , Hsiao Amber , Chamberlin Peter , Largay McKenzie , Archibald Abbie , Malone Andrew , Stevelos JoAnn
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

As part of the Healthy, Hunger‐Free Kids Act, snacks, and desserts sold in K‐12 schools as of the 2014‐2015 school year are required to meet the “Smart Snacks” nutritional guidelines. Although studies exist in tracking progress in local and national efforts, the proportion of snack food procured by school districts compliant with the Smart Snacks standard prior to its full implementation is unknown.

METHODS

We repurposed a previously untapped database, Interflex, of public bid records to examine the nutritional quality of snacks and desserts procured by school districts. We selected 8 school districts with at least 90% complete data each year during 2011‐2012, 2012‐2013, and 2013‐2014 school years and at locations across different regions of the United States. We quantified the amount of calories and sugar of each product contained in the won bids based on available online sources and determined whether the produce complied with Smart Snack guidelines.

RESULTS

In all 8 districts (snack expenditure analyzed ranging from $152,000 to $4.4 million), at least 50% of snack bids were compliant with the US Department of Agriculture Smart Snacks standard during the 2013‐2014 school year. Across sampled districts, we observed a general trend in lower caloric density (kcal per product) and sugar density (grams of sugar per product) over a 3‐year period.

CONCLUSIONS

Many districts across the country have made headway in complying with the Smart Snack guidelines, though gaps remain.
It Takes a Village: Promoting Parent and Family Education on Healthy Lifestyles for Minnesota Secondary Students
Authors: Hearst Mary O. , Wang Qi , Grannon Katherine , Davey Cynthia S. , Nanney Marilyn S.
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

This study examines school strategies to educate parents over time about physical activity and nutrition and how those strategies are related to adolescent health behaviors.

METHODS

Data from the Minnesota School Health Profiles Lead Health Education Teacher survey (2008‐2012) and the Minnesota Student Survey (MSS, 2013) included provisions for parent education about physical activity and nutrition and student physical activity and dietary intake behaviors. Analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.3. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to examine changes over time in school policies. Adjusted linear regression models examined cross‐sectional association between school policies (2012) and school‐level mean student outcomes (2013).

RESULTS

Parent education about physical activity and nutrition was constant over time, with the exception of a decrease in physical activity education in schools with low minority enrollment. There was a positive relationship between schools offering physical activity education for parents and the number of days a student meets physical activity and water consumption recommendations. There was no relationship between strategies for nutrition education and dietary intake.

CONCLUSIONS

School providing strategies for parent engagement around student physical activity and nutrition may increase parent engagement overall and improve adolescent and school‐related outcomes.
Global Equality of Educational Opportunity: Creating the Conditions for all Students to Succeed
Authors: Schleicher Andreas , Zoido Pablo
Published: December 2016

How does equality of education opportunity compare globally? What policy options do different countries have when trying to improve performance and tackle inequality at the same time? What policies are countries implementing? These are some of the questions this article addresses. While the article does not provide definitive answers, or one‐size fits all solutions, it does paint a picture of what different countries are achieving in terms of reducing education inequalities and how when trying to provide all students regardless of background with equal educational opportunity, thus enhancing social mobility.
From Deficiency to Strength: Shifting the Mindset about Education Inequality
Authors: Zhao Yong
Published: December 2016

The “achievement gap” as a symptom of persistent social inequity has plagued American education and society for decades. The vast chasm in academic achievement has long existed along racial and poverty lines. Children of color and from low‐income families have, on average, performed worse on virtually all indicators of academic success: standardized test scores, high school graduation rates, and college matriculation rates. This gap perpetuates the existing inequalities in society. Efforts to close the achievement gap have had little effect. The gap remains and has actually widened. This article argues the gap is symptomatic of the deficit‐driven education paradigm. Fixing the traditional paradigm is unlikely to close the gap because the paradigm reinforce and reproduces educational and social inequity by design. To work toward more educational and social equity, we need to adopt a different paradigm of education. The new paradigm should work on cultivating strengths of individual students instead of fixing their deficits.
The Career Pathways Movement: A Promising Strategy for Increasing Opportunity and Mobility
Authors: Schwartz Robert B.
Published: December 2016

As the movement to raise academic standards has grown over the past 25 years, so has the notion grown that the primary purpose of the American high school is to prepare all students for college. High school students and their families have increasingly bought into the notion that the only legitimate destination after high school is “college.” The “college for all” mantra has to some degree been fueled by the dire predictions of economists that we were headed into a world in which there were only going to be two kinds of jobs: high‐skill, high‐wage jobs for those with at least a 4‐year degree; and low‐wage, low‐skill jobs for everyone else. The career pathways movement—based on the premise that everyone needs something beyond a high school diploma but not necessarily a 4‐year degree, and designed to connect young people to middle‐skill jobs in such growing fields as information technology, health care, and advanced manufacturing—offers a promising route to upward mobility for those young people not well served by our current education system.
Children's Reasoning about Poverty, Economic Mobility, and Helping Behavior: Results of a Curriculum Intervention in the Early School Years
Authors: Mistry Rashmita S. , Nenadal Lindsey , Griffin Katherine M. , Zimmerman Frederick J. , Cochran Hasmik Avetisian , Thomas Carla‐Anne , Wilson Christopher
Published: December 2016

This study evaluated the efficacy of an inquiry‐based poverty curriculum unit on students’ beliefs about causes of poverty, economic mobility, and helping behaviors. Participants were 89 kindergarten, first‐ and second‐grade students (mean age = 6.81 years, SD = .93) across two intervention and two control classrooms. Students in intervention classrooms participated in a 5‐ to 7‐week curriculum unit focused on poverty. Preintervention results showed no differences in outcomes by condition. Postintervention results indicated that, compared to the control condition, students in the intervention were more likely to say that poverty is malleable over time and less likely to suggest giving money to poor families as a way to help. There were no differences, however, by condition in the types of causal attributions that students provided (i.e., individualistic, fatalistic, and structural). Implications for theory and educational practice regarding teaching about economic inequality and mobility are discussed.
Carrying on Kurt Lewin's Legacy in Many Current Domains Lewin Award 2015
Authors: Zimbardo Philip G.
Published: December 2016

It is a great honor for me to receive this honor in the name of my professional model and idol, Kurt Lewin. I want to begin by sharing some of his unique history, which may not be widely known. Then, I will outline some of my research programs that were influenced by Lewin's pioneering thinking, experiments, and social applications. Part of my generalist orientation also comes from appreciation of the breadth of his interests. I shall describe my research on: social influence, time perspective, evil, shyness, everyday heroism, and using films to share social psychology to the general public (as in the new Hollywood movie of The Stanford Prison Experiment). I will also touch upon some of the curious coincidences in our life stories.
Unstructured play for anxiety in pediatric inpatient care
Authors: Al‐Yateem Nabeel , Rossiter Rachel C.
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of unstructured play activities on the anxiety levels of hospitalized children.

Methods

A nonequivalent control group pretest posttest design was employed for this study. The sample included children (N = 165) ages 4–7 years admitted to a large pediatric referral center in the United Arab Emirates. The control group (n = 84) received usual care, while the experimental group (n = 81) engaged in age‐appropriate unstructured play activities using disposable games and toys. Parents and siblings, if present, were encouraged to participate. Research assistants conducted the play activities twice a day, with 30‐min morning and evening sessions. Anxiety was measured at baseline and at the end of days 2 and 3 with a translated form of the Short–State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children.

Results

Anxiety scores in both groups were similar at baseline and decreased significantly over the 3 days. Compared with the control group, anxiety scores in the intervention group were significantly lower on day 2 (12.7 ± 2.3 vs. 10.7 ± 2.5, p = .003) and day 3 (10.6 ± 2.2 vs. 9.47 ± 2.4, p < .001). The greatest decrease occurred in the percentage of children in the experimental group with medium‐level anxiety scores: baseline (n = 61, 75%), day 2 (n = 24, 30%), and day 3 (n = 0, 0%).

Conclusions

This simple, low‐cost play intervention implemented by nurses resulted in statistically and clinically significant decreases in the anxiety levels of children in an acute inpatient setting.
Temporal–spatial distribution of an island‐based offshore population of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the equatorial Atlantic
Authors: Milmann Lucas C. , Danilewicz Daniel , Baumgarten Julio , Ott Paulo H.
Published: December 2016

A little‐studied common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population inhabits the offshore waters surrounding Saint Paul's Rocks, a Brazilian marine protected area in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Five field expeditions (May 2011–May 2013) were conducted to characterize the habitat use, population size, and site fidelity of this population. Three different survey methods were employed: line‐transect surveys, land‐based surveys, and photo‐identification surveys. A population size of 23 individuals (19–28, CI 95%), which were present on most sampling days (>90% of surveys), was estimated. The maximum resighting interval of photo‐identified animals was 9 yr and 3 mo for five distinct individuals, based on data from nonsystematic efforts that have been ongoing since 2004. The dolphins exhibited strong site fidelity, as the minimum convex polygon (MCP, 95%) method revealed that they restricted their movements to a 0.5 km2 area across seasons and a 0.99 km2 area across years (95% kernel). The dolphins preferred shallow waters close to the archipelago (<1.2 km from the islands), especially on the eastern and southeastern sides, where oceanographic models have revealed persistent upwelling that may result from underwater currents and where food may be more predictably available.
Acoustic classification of dolphins in the California Current using whistles, echolocation clicks, and burst pulses
Authors: Rankin Shannon , Archer Frederick , Keating Jennifer L. , Oswald Julie N. , Oswald Michael , Curtis Alex , Barlow Jay
Published: December 2016

Passive acoustic monitoring of dolphins is limited by our ability to classify calls to species. Significant overlap in call characteristics among many species, combined with a wide range of call types and acoustic behavior, makes classification of calls to species challenging. Here, we introduce BANTER, a compound acoustic classification method for dolphins that utilizes information from all call types produced by dolphins rather than a single call type, as has been typical for acoustic classifiers. Output from the passive acoustic monitoring software, PAMGuard, was used to create independent classifiers for whistles, echolocation clicks, and burst pulses, which were then merged into a final, compound classifier for each species. Classifiers for five species found in the California Current ecosystem were trained and tested using 153 single‐species acoustic events recorded during a 4.5 mo combined visual and acoustic shipboard cetacean survey off the west coast of the United States. Correct classification scores for individual species ranged from 71% to 92%, with an overall correct classification score of 84% for all five species. The conceptual framework of this approach easily lends itself to other species and study areas as well as to noncetacean taxa.
COMMENTARY ON THE CHANGING NATURE OF EXECUTIVE CONTROL IN PRESCHOOL
Authors: Willoughby Michael T.
Published: December 2016

In this commentary, I provide a critical evaluation of Espy and colleagues' proposal to use a bifactor modeling approach to characterize children's performance on executive control tasks. I draw attention to an old idea regarding treating items as causal or effect indicators of their latent constructs. I remind readers that factor analytic approaches, including the bifactor model that is proposed here, assume that executive control tasks are effect indicators of the latent construct of executive control. I suggest that executive control tasks may be better conceptualized as causal indicators. I further suggest that these different modeling approaches will result in markedly different conclusions about the nature of executive control—including predictors and outcomes of executive control that were the focus of this monograph.
Engendering the sociology of expertise
Authors: Azocar Maria J. , Ferree Myra Marx
Published: December 2016

This paper delineates areas of research for the emergent sociology of expertise. We review how expertise has been studied in the sociology of professions, sociology of work, and sociology of science and technology, and we show the contribution that intersectionality can make in understanding processes of gendering expertise.
The Effect of Graston Massage Therapy on Talocrural Joint Range of Motion
Authors: Palmer Thomas G. , Wilson D, Bradley , Kohn Mallory , Miko Sarah
Published: December 2016

The Graston technique (GT) is prescribed to increase range of motion (ROM) in pathological patients, however little evidence exists regarding the effect GT has on healthy soft tissue joint ROM. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect GT would have on ankle dorsifl xion when compared with traditional static stretching (TS) among 50 healthy track and field volunteers. Participants were randomly assigned to a GT, TS, or control group. GT yielded a greater increase in talocrural joint dorsifl xion when compared with TS. GT seems to provide mobility to healthy tissue, such as fascia and muscle not previously reported.
The Use of Maximum Strength Measures as a Predictor of Rapid Force Production and Strength Endurance
Authors: Kollock Roger O. , Van Lunen Bonnie , Ringleb Stacie I. , Onate James
Published: December 2016

The ability to produce force rapidly and to maintain it is essential to sports performance. Although rapid force production and endurance are indispensable characteristics of optimal health and performance, assessing these qualities of strength is difficult because of clinician time constraints. The purpose of this study was to determine if peak force is a predictor of rate of force production and strength endurance. The results indicated peak force is a predictor of rate of force development, but not strength endurance. Clinicians should assess both maximum strength and endurance to gain a more complete picture of lower extremity strength deficits.
Examining the Relationship Between Chronic Ankle Instability Symptoms and Dual-Task Balance Performance
Authors: Burcal Christopher J. , Wikstrom Erik A.
Published: December 2016

Dual-task interference is a phenomenon that often results in performance tradeoffs when simultaneously completing tasks. Inconsistent results in the literature suggest an individualistic response to dual-tasking among chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients. We aim to examine the relationship between dual-task balance outcomes and patient- and clinician-oriented outcomes as well as injury characteristics in CAI patients. We identified moderate correlations between a higher number of ankle rolling instances in the past 3 months and worse balance while dual-tasking. Our results highlight the potential individualistic nature of dual-task impairments that may be masked within larger group comparisons.
Inguinal Disruption in an Elite Collegiate Basketball Player: A Case Report
Authors: Winkelmann Zachary K. , Games Kenneth E.
Published: December 2016

An 18-year-old, male collegiate basketball athlete complained of right testicular pain following basketball activities. The patient’s imaging denoted edema within the pubis at the insertion of the adductor longus tendon and rectus sheath aponeurosis consistent with inguinal disruption. The patient underwent conservative rehabilitation and attempted to return to participation with increased pain. Subsequently, the patient underwent surgery. Following surgical intervention, the patient underwent 6 weeks of rehabilitation with basketball-specific considerations. On conclusion, the patient was pain free and returned to activity. This case is unique due to the insidious onset, sport in which the patient participated, and failed conservative management.
The Time Course of Perceptual Recovery Markers After Match Play in Division I-A College American Football
Authors: Fullagar Hugh H.K. , Govus Andrew , Hanisch James , Murray Andrew
Published: December 2016

Purpose:

To investigate the recovery time course of customized wellness markers (sleep, soreness, energy, and overall wellness) in response to match play in American Division I-A college football players.

Methods:

A retrospective research design was used. Wellness data were collected and analyzed for 2 American college football seasons. Perceptions of soreness, sleep, energy, and overall wellness were obtained for the day before each game (GD–1) and the days after each game (GD+2, GD+3, and GD+4). Standardized effect-size (ES) analyses ± 90% confidence intervals were used to interpret the magnitude of the mean differences between all time points for the start, middle, and finish of the season, using the following qualitative descriptors: 0–0.19 trivial, 0.2–0.59 small, 0.6–1.19 moderate, 1.2–1.99 large, <2.0 very large.

Results:

Overall wellness showed small ES reductions on GD+2 (d = 0.22 ± 0.09, likely [94.8%]), GD+3 (d = 0.37 ± 0.15, very likely), and GD+4 (d = 0.29 ± 0.12, very likely) compared with GD–1. There were small ES reductions for soreness between GD–1 and GD+2, GD+3, and GD +4 (d = 0.21 ± 0.09, likely, d = 0.29 ± 0.12, very likely, and 0.30 ± 0.12, very likely, respectively). Small ES reductions were also evident between GD–1 and GD+3 (d = 0.21 ± 0.09, likely) for sleep. Feelings of energy showed small ESs on GD+3 (d = 0.27 ± 0.11, very likely) and GD+4 (d = 0.22 ± 0.09, likely) compared with GD–1.

Conclusion:

All wellness markers were likely to very likely worse on GD+3 and GD+4 than on GD–1. These findings show that perceptual wellness takes longer than 4 d to return to pregame levels and thus should be considered when prescribing training and/or recovery.
Ionic Liquids Impact the Bioenergy Feedstock-Degrading Microbiome and Transcription of Enzymes Relevant to Polysaccharide Hydrolysis
Authors: Wu Yu-Wei , Higgins Brendan , Yu Chaowei , Reddy Amitha P. , Ceballos Shannon , Joh Lawrence D. , Simmons Blake A. , Singer Steven W. , VanderGheynst Jean S.
Published: December 2016

Pretreatment using ionic liquids (IL) is a promising approach for the conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels. Because IL can be inhibitory to enzymes and microorganisms involved in downstream hydrolysis and fermentation steps, discovery of IL-tolerant organisms and enzymes is critical for advancing this technology. Employing metatranscriptomics in the analysis of IL-enriched cultures facilitated tracking of dynamic changes in a complex microbial community at the level of gene transcription and doing so with genome resolution. Specific organisms were discovered that could simultaneously tolerate a moderate IL concentration and transcribe a diverse array of cellulolytic enzymes. Gene sequences of cellulolytic enzymes and efflux pumps from those same organisms were also identified, providing important resources for future research on engineering IL-tolerant organisms and enzymes.
Genomewide Dam Methylation in Escherichia coli during Long-Term Stationary Phase
Authors: Westphal Lacey L. , Sauvey Peter , Champion Matthew M. , Ehrenreich Ian M. , Finkel Steven E.
Published: December 2016

While it has been shown that methylation remains relatively constant into early stationary phase of
E. coli
, this study goes further through death phase and long-term stationary phase, a unique time in the bacterial life cycle due to nutrient limitation and strong selection for mutants with increased fitness. The absence of methylation at GATC sites can influence the mutation frequency within a population due to aberrant mismatch repair. Therefore, it is important to investigate the methylation status of GATC sites in an environment where cells may not prioritize methylation of the chromosome. This study demonstrates that chromosome methylation remains a priority even under conditions of nutrient limitation, indicating that continuous methylation at GATC sites could be under positive selection.
Vertical muscle transposition with silicone band belting in VI nerve palsy
Authors: Dourado Leite Ricardo , Freitas Cristina , Guimaraes Sandra
Published: December 2016

A woman aged 60 years developed a Millard-Gubler syndrome after a diagnosis of a cavernous angioma in the median and paramedian areas of the pons. In this context, she presented a right VI nerve palsy, right conjugate gaze palsy, facial palsy and left hemiparesis. To improve the complete VI nerve palsy, we planned a modified transposition approach, in which procedure we made a partial transposition of vertical rectus with a silicone band that was fixated posteriorly. After the procedure, the patient gained the ability to slightly abduct the right eye. We found no compensatory torticollis in the primary position of gaze. There was also an improvement of elevation and depression movements of the right eye. We obtained satisfactory results with a theoretically reversible technique, which is adjustable intraoperatively with no need of muscle detachment, preventing anterior segment ischaemia and allowing simultaneous recession of the medial rectus muscles, if necessary.