bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L51386 Survey and Analysis of Flue Gas Treatment Methods Phase 1
Authors: Elsea
Published: August 2023

Impending air quality regulations and emissions limitations may require control of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from pipeline compressor stations. This study was done to determine if viable "add on" control technologies exist. The project was divided into two phases. Phase I was a survey and phase II was a field evaluation.
CEPA-05-44R1 Pipeline Surface Loading Screening Process and Assessment of Surface Load Dispersing Methods
Authors: Warman  , Hart  , Francini
Published: August 2023

This effort evaluates methods used to calculate loads on pipelines including API 1102, especially with respect to shallow cover situations. The effort focus on the feasibility oa a phased analysis approach that would eliminate the need to perform detailed calculations in many cases. It also addressed using various temporary load-spreading measures and other mitigation techniques to identify which methods are the most effective.
LX24422 Proposed New Guidelines for ASME B31.8 on Assessment of Dents and Mechanical Damage
Authors: Rosenfeld
Published: August 2023

This work proposes new guidelines to assess the integrity of pipes with dents or mechanical damage.
L52114 Efficient use of Cathodic Polarization Criteria
Authors: Thompson
Published: August 2023

A series of long term polarization tests were performed to investigate efficient use of the 100mV polarization growth/decay for demonstrating CP effectiveness. Several conclusions were drawn. Absolute time limits for measuring polarization growth or decay could not be justified. Simple extrapolation of polarization growth or decay curves also could not be justified; future extrapolation needs to be mechanistically based. The application of CP can change the local environment at a steel surface including creating passivity. Redox reactions in soils complicate analysis of polarization data. For a particular system at constant applied current, formation and decay rates are similar. However, Initial polarization has less magnitude than subsequent polarizations.
NR196802 Study of the Fundamentals of Crack Formation and Extension
Authors: Hahn
Published: August 2023

The work establishes the factors underlying the relation between flat plates and pressure vessels for the range of flaw sizes likely to be important in line-pipe steels when failure proceeds by the ductile shear mode. As a result, reasonably good estimates of failure pressure can now be made without prior full-scale test experience. The new results are also being used to develop an analysis of the speed of ductile cracks propagating in pipes.Section 2: Slip Induced Crack Formation in Mild Steel: The primary purpose of this work was the relation between microstructure and cleavage fracture.

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L52095 Gas Coupled Ultrasonic Pipeline Inspection
Authors: Teitsma
Published: August 2023

Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) pipe inspection devices ("pigs") measure wall loss in a gas pipeline, but not the remaining wall thickness that determines the remaining strength. In addition, the precision of MFL tools is limited to 10% of the wall thickness, and the technology cannot find cracks, including stress corrosion cracking. For pipeline operators, the 10% limit means extra digs are required to ensure that all severe corrosion has been found. Another drawback is that this inspection technique offers little ability to monitor corrosion growth rates to determine where mitigation is effective and where it needs to be improved. Ultrasonic inspection has found cracks and measures the remaining wall thickness with a precision of a few percent. However, ultrasonic inspection currently requires putting a liquid couplant in a gas pipeline. Transducers specialized for inspection in high-pressure gas and specialized inspection methods can eliminate the need for a liquid couplant, bringing the advantages of ultrasonic inspection to gas pipelines. We have advanced the technique to where it is now reliable enough to measure full wall thickness for calibrating MFL pigs, and measuring corroded areas in the lab.
L52036 High Pressure Design for New Pipelines
Authors: Wolodko
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project was to review the state-of-the-art with respect to high pressure pipelines and to evaluate the technical feasibility of high pressure designs for new construction of onshore pipelines. The study includes a review of issues pertaining to the implementation of high pressure pipeline designs, as well as detailed analysis in two identified areas of importance: 1) the sizing of potential impact zones for high pressure, rich gas service, and 2) the assessment of various ductile fracture arrest models.
L41019 Gas Measurement Committee Report
Authors: House
Published: August 2023

This report and its specifications and recommendations relate to and should be understood to be confined to the following two types of orifice meters: (1) orifice meters whose orifices are circular and which are to be placed concentric with the pipeline, and in which the upstream and downstream taps are placed in the flanges, commonly known as 'flange connection' type, (2) orifice meters whose orifices are circular and which are to be placed concentric with the pipeline, an din which the upstream and downstream taps are placed in the pipeline, commonly know as 'pipe connection' or 'full flow' type. Its studies and experiments during the last five year period have enabled the Committee to evaluate more full than has before been possible many of the factors not fully understood prior to this work, which enter into the problem of natural gas measurement through the use of orifice meters of these types.
L41032 Calibration Requirements for Applying the MIVC Technique to Pipeline Stress Measurements
Authors: Kwun  , Tennis
Published: August 2023

The primary objectives of this project were to (1) determine the variability of the magnetically induced velocity change (MIVC) and its stress dependence among pipes of the same grade material manufactured during different time periods and (2) evaluate the extent of calibration required for a given grade pipe material to apply the MIVC technique for stress measurements. In this project, X-52 grade was chosen as the target material for evaluation, A total of five pipe samples, fabricated during times ranging from the 1950s to the 1990s were investigated. The pipes varied in both diameter (20 and 30 inches) and wall thickness (0.25 to 0.52 inch).
NR198107 Evaluation of the Properties of High Strength Large Diameter Pipeline Fittings
Authors: Williams
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this investigation were (a) to determine the uniformity of properties in large diameter pipeline fittings and (b) to determine how well the properties measured using specimens obtained directly from the fitting corresponded with the properties reported by the manufacturer. Studies of two quenched-and-tempered fittings were described in previous reports. This report describes similar studies conducted on two normalized fittings and compares the results obtained from the evaluation of the normalized fittings with those obtained from the quenched-and-tempered fittings in the earlier studies.
GRl-99-0279 Market Drivers and Probable Trends in the Utilization of Natural Gas Storage - 1999 Update
Authors: Beckman Kenneth , Cates H. C. , Schultz Keith
Published: August 2023

The study consisted of a survey of natural gas storage users and providers to determine Approach the current needs for various types of storage services and probable trends for the next five years. Approximately 350 representatives from various types of natural gas users and suppliers were contacted, including Local Distribution Companies (LDCs),
Electric Generation Companies (Generators), combination utilities (LDC/UEGs), both gas and electric Municipal Utilities (Municipals), and Industrial Gas Users (Industrials). Pipelines, Producers, and Marketers (PPM) were also included, and for purposes of this analysis, have been grouped together.
NR198304 Correlation of the Results of Stepwise - Cracking Tests with Service Experience in Sour Gas
Authors: Williams
Published: August 2023

The increasing need to transport sour gas in pipelines has resulted in considerable interest in using a simple laboratory procedure for measuring the resistance of pipe steels to stepwise cracking. Significant differences were found in the susceptibility to stepwise cracking and it was concluded that there was a fairly good correlation between the results of the laboratory tests and pipes in service. Both the hydrogen sulfide content and the presence of inhibitors strongly affected this correlation.
L51986 Natural Gas Sample Collection and Handling Phase II Simulated Field Conditions
Authors: Kelner  , Britton  , Sparks
Published: August 2023

Phase II was originally planned as a series of field tests to confirm the results of the sampling methods performance tests conducted during Phase I. However, the API Chapter 14.1 Gas Sampling Research Working Group chose to have the tests conducted at a newly developed wet gas test facility located at the Colorado Engineering Experiment Station (CEESI), in Nunn, Colorado. Three general tests were conducted. Test Plan I was intended to investigate the effects of sample point location on on-line gas chromatograph (GC) analyses and on spot sampling methods. Test Plan II was intended to investigate the effects of sample point location on on-line GC analyses and to compare several spot sampling methods when sampling from the same point. Test Plan III was intended to investigate the effects of coupling configurations and cylinder temperature on two specific methods: Helium Pop, and purging - Fill/Empty.
L51989 Submarine Pipeline On-Bottom Stability-Volume 1-Analysis and Design Guidelines
Authors: Inc. Kellogg Brown and  Root.
Published: August 2023

The state-of-the-art in Pipeline stability design has been changing very rapidly recently. The physics governing on-bottom stability are much better understood now than they were eight years ago. This is due largely because of research and large scale model tests sponsored by PRCI. Analysis tools utilizing this new knowledge have been developed. These tools provide the design engineer with a rational approach for weight coating design, which he can use with confidence because the tools have been developed based on full scale and near full scale model tests. These tools represent the state-of-the-art in stability design and model the complex behavior of pipes subjected to both wave and current loads. These include; hydrodynamic forces which account for the effect of the wake (generated by flow over the pipe) washing back and forth over the pipe in oscillatory flow; and, the embedment (digging) which occurs as a pipe resting on the seabed is exposed to oscillatory loadings and small oscillatory deflections.

This report has been developed as a reference handbook for use in on-bottom pipeline stability analysis and design. It consists of two volumes. Volume one is devoted to descriptions of the various aspects of the problem: the pipeline design process ocean physics, wave mechanics, hydrodynamic forces, and meteorological data determination geotechnical data collection and soil mechanics stability design procedures. Volume two describes, lists, and illustrates the analysis software. Diskettes containing the software and examples of the software are also included in Volume two. This publication was formally titled: AGA On Bottom Stability Software.
GRI-91-0329 Gas Reservoir Wellbore Orientation Screening Study
Authors: Maurer William , Deskins Gregory
Published: August 2023

This Final Report summarizes the results of a project to develop a preliminary screening process to assist reservoir engineers in evaluating various gas reservoir prospects. A gas reservoir screening program was developed during the project. Designed for use with desktop PCs, GMOD is an analytical gas well production model based on published theoretical reservoir models and is capable of generating well production data quickly and efficiently for horizontal, vertical, slant, and hydraulically-fractured vertical gas wells.

A parametric study was performed to investigate the effects of numerous well bore and reservoir parameters on gas well productivity. This study was conducted with GMOD and other in-house Maurer Engineering programs. Wellbore and reservoir parameters were varied independently and effects on gas production from the four well types were determined.

A survey of the gas industry was conducted to determine the extent of the application of horiz.ontal drilling technology to gas exploration. The results show that at least 76 horizontal gas wells have been drilled and that the use of horizontal drilling technology for gas production will continue to increase in the future.
L51898 Performance of Blistered FBE-Coated Pipe
Authors: Ruschau  , Beavers
Published: August 2023

The industry needs to enable field operators to make informed decisions about remedial actions to take when an FBE-coated pipeline is excavated and blisters are found. The objectives of this study were to determine the corrosion rate of steel beneath blistered but holiday-free FBE coatings in order to determine the effectiveness of cathodic protection through these coatings, and to evaluate the effect of increased levels of cathodic protection on the rate of degradation of these coatings.
L52019 Evaluating the Size of Weld Defects Using Automated Ultrasonic Testing
Authors: Morgan
Published: August 2023

The use of X-rays to test the girth welds of pipelines during construction is gradually giving way to new automated ultrasonic technology.� This has many advantages, including the ability to measure the size of any defect present.� This allows small, benign defects to be left in the weld without any reduction in its strength.

The critical size of any defect is its extent through the pipe wall thickness (its �height�), and, to a lesser extent, its length along the weld.� The accuracy of measuring these quantities is clearly important in ensuring that the small effects left are indeed small.� There has been little data available on the effectiveness of the sizing process.�

This study used existing ultrasonic data to evaluate size accuracies against measurements taken when the weld was cut open.� A good range of types of defect was available.

It is concluded that the size values estimated are generally safely over-sized.� This makes for a conservative estimate of the defects significance.� Except for one defect of difficult shape, other exceptions can be ascribed to the variability of operator interpretation.
L11977 Studies of the Bauschinger Effect in Pipe Steels
Authors: Williams
Published: August 2023

An investigation was conducted to determine the variations in yield strength of pipe steels attributable to the Bauschinger effect, a phenomenon common to all metals, in which the plastic strain in one direction reduces the yield strength in the reverse direction. The Bauschinger effect can be an important factor in determining the mechanical properties of line pipe. The initial objective was to determine whether the Bauschinger effect is a more important factor in determining the yield strength of pipe manufactured from fine-grain, controlled-rolled steel than it is for lower strength pipe steels. A second objective was to determine whether changes in yield behavior that result from the Bauschinger effect were modified by thermal treatments of the type used to apply thin-film coatings to pipe.

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L52079 Internal Corrosion in Dry Gas Pipelines During Upsets
Authors: Gartland
Published: August 2023

The main objective of the present project has been to develop a computer program, named GasCor, that can be used to estimate the corrosion related risk of operating dry gas pipelines under conditions where upsets may occur. An upset is here considered as an event that may cause corrosive liquid water to be present in some part of the pipeline within a certain time period. The computer program is meant to be a screening tool that can assist in the evaluation of the severity of the corrosion rate as well as in the location of the positions where the most significant corrosion is to be expected. The latter may be of importance for the planning of an inspection program.
L51720 Pipe Axial Flaw Failure Criteria - PAFFC Version 1.0 Users Manual and Software
Authors: Leis B.N. , Ghadiali N. D.
Published: August 2023

In the early 1970's, the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc.(PRCI) developed a failure criterion for pipes that had a predominately empirical basis. This criterion was based on flaw sixes that existed prior to pressurization and did not address possible growth due to the pressure in service or in a hydrostatic test or during the hold time at pressure in a hydrotest. So long as that criterion was used within the scope of the underlying database and empirical calibration, the results of its predictions were reasonably accurate. However, with the advent of newer steels and the related increased toughness that supported significant stable flaw growth, it became evident that this criterion should be updated. This updating led to the PRCI ductile flaw growth model (DFGM) that specifically accounted for the stable growth observed at flaws controlled by the steel's toughness and a limit-states analysis that addressed plastic-collapse at the flaw. This capability provided an accurate basis to assess flaw criticality in pipelines and also the means to develop hydrotest plans on a pipeline specific basis. Unfortunately, this enhanced capability came at the expense of increased complexity that made this new capability difficult to use on a day-today basis. To counter this complexity, this capability has been recast in the form of a PC computer program. Benefit: This topical report contains the computer program and technical manual for a failure criterion that will predict the behavior of an axially oriented, partially through the wall flaw in a pipeline. The model has been given the acronym PAFFC which stands for Pipe Axial Flaw Failure Criteria. PAFFC is an extension of a previously developed ductile flaw growth model, L51543, and can account for both a flaw's time dependent growth under pressure as well as its unstable growth leading to failure. As part of the output, the user is presented with a graphical depiction of the flaw sizes in terms of combinations of flaw length and depth, that will fail (or survive) a given operating or test pressure. As compared to existing criteria, this model provides a more accurate prediction of flaw behavior for a broad range of pipeline conditions.
PR-312-15201-Z01 Balko OK Compressor Station 102 Data Summary and Initial AERMOD Performance Assessment
Authors: Panek Jeffrey , McCarthy James , Krol Alan , Huth Adrian
Published: August 2023

In 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopted a 1-hour nitrogen dioxide (NO2) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 100 parts per billion (ppb) or approximately 188 micrograms per cubic meter (�g/m3) that is considerably more stringent than the longstanding annual standard of 53 ppb (100 �g/m3). New or modified compressor units may be encumbered by federal or state regulatory requirements to demonstrate compliance with the NO2 NAAQS using AERMOD, EPA's dispersion model, because the new NAAQS greatly reduces the compliance margin. AERMOD was developed and validated with a primary focus on larger sources with taller stacks, such as electric utility boilers, which results in model conservatism for sources such as compressor stations with shorter stacks that result in near-field modeled impacts. However, a comprehensive dataset was not available to understand AERMOD conservatism. This project developed a comprehensive dataset based on 13 months of monitoring at a compressor station in Oklahoma, including ambient monitoring of ozone and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), meteorological data, and reciprocating engine emissions. This final report summarizes planning and execution of the data collection effort, reviews the resulting dataset, and provides an initial assessment of AERMOD performance based on this dataset. In addition to this report, the dataset will be released to EPA and the public so that it is accessible to the modeling community for other projects that are investigating specific aspects of AERMOD performance.

This includes both the report and the associated data in Excel format.
PR-268-134501-R01 Pipeline Seismic Design and Assessment Guideline
Authors: Honegger Douglas
Published: August 2023

This project provides an update to the 2004 PRCI document Seismic Guidelines for the Design and Assessment of Natural Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbon Pipelines (2004 Seismic Guidelines). The 2004 PRCI Seismic Guidelines were prepared over a three-year period from 1998 to 2001 and represented the state of practice at that time. The 2016 revision to the PRCI Seismic Guidelines was largely completed in 2014 and similarly represents the state of practice at the time of the revisions. The 2017 revision is intended to provide a consistent basis for defining project-specific design procedures and requirements to assure acceptable pipeline performance under a wide variety of potential seismic hazards. In addition, some appendices that were judged to provide little added value have been removed.
PR-312-12206-R02 FTIR Formaldehyde Measurement at Turbine NESHAP and Ambient Levels
Authors: McCarthy James , Panek Jeffrey , McGrath Tom
Published: August 2023

When natural gas is combusted, formaldehyde is formed as an intermediate product as methane is converted to CO2 during combustion. Formaldehyde is regulated by the U.S. EPA as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) under National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) regulations, and both turbines and reciprocating engines are listed source categories where EPA is required to develop regulations. NESHAPs have been adopted for natural gas-fired combustion turbines and reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE), with initial regulations in 2004 that included a 91 parts per billion (ppb) standard for new turbines at "major source" facilities. However, the Turbine NESHAP was "stayed" by EPA as the agency considered whether natural gas-fired turbines should be regulated (i.e., whether those turbines would be "delisted" or removed from the rule). In response to a legal challenge regarding EPA's failure to meet Clean Air Act mandated schedules, EPA recently indicated that it plans to initiate a required periodic review of the Turbine NESHAP and that review will also address the delisting request. The "residual risk and technology review" (RTR) for the Turbine NESHAP will likely be conducted in 2018. Revisions to the regulation may be proposed when that review process is complete.

Formaldehyde is ubiquitous (e.g., naturally formed through atmospheric chemistry even if not directly emitted), and there is also the potential that atmospheric levels and atmospheric chemistry are not adequately understood. Earlier pipeline industry testing of turbine formaldehyde emissions using refined methods indicated exhaust formaldehyde below 100 ppb and near the method detection limit. Anecdotal data from that test program showed ambient levels comparable to turbine exhaust in some cases, with naturally occurring emissions from an adjacent corn field resulting in ambient concentrations higher than formaldehyde exhaust levels. Evidence of "high" ambient formaldehyde levels (relative to turbine exhaust) may provide context and a counterargument to restrictive formaldehyde regulations.

Understanding turbine formaldehyde emissions as compared to ambient levels is challenged by the ability to measure formaldehyde concentrations less than 100 parts per billion (ppb). Extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) methods were developed for combustion exhaust formaldehyde measurement. However, measuring the ultra-low levels from turbines, commensurate with the NESHAP standard, will likely pose challenges. This project measured ambient formaldehyde levels using FTIR testing for comparison to the NESHAP standard. Significant challenges for conducting such measurements are apparent, which presents technical questions related to the feasibility of implementing emissions tests for the Turbine NESHAP standard.
PR-388-143604-R01 Identifying Coating Faults and Severity Through Electrolyte Resistivity Measurement
Authors: Onuoha Chukwuma Candidus , McDonnell Shamus
Published: August 2023

Soil resistivity is one of the most important variables that is used to ascertain the corrosivity of an electrolyte around a pipe. This is crucial information that enhances the classification, prioritization and selection of locations prone to external corrosion during External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) or pipeline integrity assessment when combined with results from cathodic protection and coating surveys.

The Wenner Four-Pin method is commonly used in the industry for soil resistivity measurements. It entails perpendicular measurements with four equidistant pins away from the pipe to avoid any interference from the buried metallic pipe. However, the resistivity of soil samples taken away from the pipe might not be similar to the actual soil condition at the pipe location, possibly due to environmental polarization and changes in soil mixing due to previous construction activities. This could lead to an erroneous prioritization of coating faults and soil corrosivity assessment during pipeline integrity corrosion evaluations.

In this study, measurements of soil resistivity conducted at different depths on top of and adjacent to a buried coated pipe using the Wenner Four-Pin method indicated that this method is less susceptible to errors arising from interference from the buried coated metallic pipe. The resistance of the coating actually increased the measured resistivity. This confirms that soil resistivity measurements should be taken on top of the pipe whenever possible to improve the prioritization of coating faults and ensure pipeline integrity.
PR-420-143719-R01 Commercial Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Technology Applications Program
Authors: Robert Gillian
Published: August 2023

The work described herein is to show the engineering requirements for long term, continuous monitoring of ground movement with satellite radar over a region with natural growth and large variations in ground water. The project provided monitoring of the British Petroleum America Inc. (BP) Olympic pipeline localized to an area of known ground movement in Washington State.

This project was part of several projects (ROW-6G, ROW-6D, ROW-3J) that partnered with California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo (CalPoly SLO) and Electricore to prepare a white paper that was submitted in response to a solicitation issued by the Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) for research ideas that focused on the Commercial Remote Sensing and Spatial Information (CRS and SI) technologies program for transportation infrastructure development and construction.
PR-214-073510-R01 Full Scale Fatigue Testing of Dents (Plain and Interacting with Welds and Metal Loss)
Authors: Tiku Sanjay , Semiga Vlad , Dinovitzer Aaron , John Binoy
Published: August 2023

Note that this version of the final report DOES NOT include the suite of experimental data.
PR-405-163600-R01 Assessing High Voltage DC Interference Risks on Buried Pipelines
Authors: Baete Christophe
Published: August 2023

This report refers to the activities performed in the frame of PRCI project on the evaluation of interference risk from high voltage power lines (HVDC) on buried pipelines. There exist different types of HVDC systems and configurations and only some of them may affect pipeline corrosion and safety.

First, a literature study was performed to identify the various HVDC system configurations and operational conditions, to define the corrosion and safety threats on pipelines and the parameters influencing the interference level. Next, simulations were performed to understand how the operational conditions of the HVDC system, the pipeline properties, the cathodic protection settings and the soil conditions determine the magnitude of DC stray current corrosion and voltage induced safety risk. Lastly, industrial cases were simulated and mitigative measures were proposed.

Guidelines are proposed for estimating the risk associated with HVDC lines.

This report has a related webinar.
PR-350-114511-R04 Refined Methodology for Assessment of Weld High-Low Misalignment
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

This project provides an understanding of the impacts of misalignment on the integrity of girth welds and rational limits for misalignment for incorporation into existing standards. Two sets of recommendations were developed in this project: (1) recommendations on the incorporation of rational limits for misalignment into workmanship criteria, and (2) recommendations on rational limits for misalignment for applications of alternative flaw acceptance criteria, such that those in API 1104 Annex A and CSA Z662 Annex K.
NPR199201 Standard Sound Power Level Specification and Measurement Procedure
Authors: Crocker Malcolm , Raju P , Yang S
Published: August 2023

These guidelines describe a method for in-situ determination of the sound power level of the noise sources in indoor or outdoor environments for gas compressor station equipment using sound intensity measurements. The guidelines contain information on instrumentation, installation and operation of the source, procedures for the selection of a measurement surface, procedures for the sampling of sound intensity on the measurement surface, procedures for the

calculation of sound power level, and techniques that can be used to qualify the measurement environment. Typical results obtained for different types of equipment in a gas compressor station using these guidelines are summarized.
L21173 A Hydrogen Energy System
Authors: Gregory D.P.
Published: August 2023

An evaluation of the potential to produce and transport hydrogen by pipeline. Includes economic drivers for a hydrogen economy, methods of production, pipeline transmission and storage specific issues, interchangeability, and safety. Pipeline issues include pipeline capacity, thermophysical properties, and mixed natural gas/hydrogen applications,
PR-3-84-R01 Axial Compression of Line Pipe
Authors: Johns T.G. , Kuznetsov E. N. , Tamm M. A.
Published: August 2023

Experimental work where thin wall pipe is subjected to axial compressive loading. Evaluates wavelike buckling associated with compressive axial loading.
NG-18-900-R01 Ductile Fracture Experiments on Separated and Non-Separated Gas Transmission Pipe
Authors: Maxey W.A. , Eiber R. J.
Published: August 2023

To study ductile fracture behavior in 48-inch-diameter pipe made of materials that do and do not show separations on the fracture surface.
L51844 Hydrostatic Testing of Transmission Pipelines - When it is Beneficial and Alternatives
Authors: Leis Brian
Published: August 2023

The results of a two-phase project that evaluated when pressure-based proof testing is effective and alternatives when it is not.
NG-18-903-R01 Steady-State Crack Propagation in Pressurized Pipelines
Authors: Popelar C. , Rosenfield A. R. , Kanninen M. F.
Published: August 2023

This focuses on the development of a theoretical model for unstable crack propagation and crack arrest in a pressurized pipeline is extended in this paper by including the effect of backfill. The approach being developed involves four essential aspects of crack propagation in pipelines. These four components of the problem are, (1) a shell theory characterization of the dynamic deformation of a pipe with a plastic yield-hinge behind an axially propagating crack, (2) a fluid-mechanics treatment of the axial variations in the gas pressure acting on the pipe walls, (3) an energy-based dynamic fracture mechanics formulation for the crack-driving force, and (4) measured values of the dynamic energy absorption rate for pipeline steels.
JTM16-VM The APIA Method of Designing Against Prenetration
Authors: Venton Philip , Mannucci Gianluca
Published: August 2023

The 1997 revision of the Australian Standard for design and construction of gas and liquid petroleum pipelines required each pipeline to be designed to control external interference through a combination of physical and procedural methods. However it did not provide guidance on how to judge when control by resistance to penetration was effective in controlling an identified external interference threat.

In developing a revision to the Standard, the responsible committee focussed on developing a soundly research based set of rules that would ensure that the industry adopted a common approach to penetration resistance when applied as a physical control of external interference. This was intended to ensure that a minimum standard for external interference can be relied on for each pipeline.

Notwithstanding considerable research effort both in Australia and overseas, the conclusion drawn, (and reported to this JTM in 2005) was so conservative that it was unreasonable and unacceptable, particularly when its application was mandatory.

Analysis of data from "real" excavators has provided a rational basis for the committee to revise the approach and incorporated requirements for resistance to penetration which, when used with a combination of multiple and independent physical and procedural controls are considered to be sufficient to reduce the risk of pipeline failure to an acceptable level.
DTRS56-04-T-0005 Fires in an LNG Facility - Assessments, Models and Risk Evaluation
Authors: Raj Phani K.
Published: August 2023

The models used at present to evaluate the potential hazard areas around large LNG fires were developed with field test data from smaller diameter (1.8 m to 15 m) fires. These models are, however, applied to predict hazard distances from fires much larger in size compared to the experimental fires. Recent publication of the results from a series of tests conducted in 1987 with 35 m diameter LNG fires indicates that large LNG fires tend to generate significant amount of black soot. The black soot is postulated to be generated from incomplete and inefficient combustion of fuel vapors due to reduced oxygen diffusion into the combustion zone near the core of the fire. This phenomenon (of black soot production) in large LNG fires reduces the radiant heat hazard expectations in areas surrounding such fires.

In this project, a review was undertaken of the different types and sizes of fires that could occur in a LNG facility and from ship releases, either due to accidental releases or from deliberate acts. The models associated with each of the fire scenarios have been reviewed. A new generation LNG pool fire model ("PoFMISE") has been developed based on data from a number of tests with both LNG and other hydrocarbon fluids. This model is applicable to small as well as large LNG fires and includes the formation of smoke and the consequent diminution of radiant heat output from the fire. The results of the model agree with experimental results for mean emissive power for fires of less than 35 m. Results for larger fires indicate substantial reduction in mean emissive power with almost 50% reduction for a 300 m diameter fire compared to the values used in current models. This implies that the currently predicted hazard distances for large fires are high (by factors of 2 to 3, after accounting for atmospheric absorption). The report also provides guidance with an illustrative procedure to calculate the risk from different types and sizes of fires that may occur in a LNG facility.
CGX-00-003 Tenaris Double Joint for Deep Water Applications Subjected to Large Cyclic Plastic Strains
Authors: Vito L.F. Di , Mannucci G. , Demofonti G. , Cumino G. , Izquierdo A. , Daguerre F. , Quintanille H. , Tivelli M.
Published: August 2023

The evaluation of the defect tolerance assessment for girth welded joints of seamless pipes for off-shore applications when subjected to large cyclic plastic strains. The reeling laying technique, which is considered to be the most severe from this point of view, has been considered and studied in depth in order to determine how the several plastic strain cycles suffered by the joint during the laying could affect the defect tolerability. Advanced Engineering Critical Assessment methods have been considered in the analysis as the BS 7910 FAD approach implemented with the corrections recommended by more recent studies (such as DNV-OS-F101) about the structures subjected to large plastic deformations. Then the reliability and conservativeness of the setup ECA procedure have been discussed on the basis of a dedicated large scale segment tests program performed on girth weld joints realized in house by Tenaris on X65 grade seamless pipe for deepwater applications. The paper demonstrated the good behavior of the Tenaris Double Joint by both toughness and tensile properties point of view by the light of the more recent and advanced ECA methodologies.
693JK31810007 Process Safety Management Consensus Standards and Regulatory Requirements for LNG Facilities
Authors: Valerio Matthew
Published: August 2023

This project evaluated consensus standards, best practices, and regulatory requirements related to process safety management (PSM) topics to support DOT PHMSA's strategy to update its regulatory requirements for safety management systems for LNG facilities in 49 CFR Part 193. The project commenced on August 1, 2018, and supported PHMSA as it responded to President Trump's April 10, 2019, Executive Order to initiate a rulemaking to update 49 CFR 193.

At PHMSA's direction, the analysis primarily focused on comparing PSM-related requirements in 49 CFR 193 and its primary incorporated-by-reference industry-standard NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas to those in 1) 29 CFR 1910.119 (OSHA's PSM Standard); and 2) API Recommended Practice 1173 Pipeline Safety Management Systems. The project team also reviewed more than 15 additional leading global references related to PSM as supplementary resources to help ensure a robust and thorough analysis for PHMSA.
API-WCR Investigation and Prediction of Cooling Rates During Pipeline Maintenance Welding
Authors: Bubenik T. A. , Fischer R.D. , Whitacre G.R. , Jones D.J. , Kiefner J.F. , Cola M. , Bruce W.A.
Published: August 2023

Investigates and improves methods of predicting cooling rates during pipeline maintenance welding. This project was funded by the American Petroleum Institute. The work was performed by Battelle Memorial Institute and Edison Welding Institute. The scope of work included (1) a review of three previous research efforts to develop satisfactory methods for welding appurtenances to in-service pipelines, (2) a review of a pipeline leak and rupture incidents associated with appurtenances, (3) the enhancement of existing analytical models for predicting cooling rates and temperatures during welding on an in-service pipeline, and (4) validation of the thermal-analysis models by performing welds on pipelines carrying three different liquid-petroleum products. The thermal-analysis models can be used to help develop maintenance welding procedures for repair and hot tap welding applications and to reassess the condition of existing installations. This work was cofounded by PRC.
DTPH56-15-T-00002 Paper Study on Risk Tolerance
Authors: Flamberg Stephanie , Rose Susan , Kurth Bob , Sallaberry Cedric
Published: August 2023

A literature review to assess what regulatory bodies and industries have done to define risk tolerances criteria. This was supplemented with data gathered from a survey of pipeline industry members about their risk management decision-making processes. The information was used to identify methods for defining risk tolerability criteria and highlighting practices used across the pipeline industry.
DTRT57-09-C-10046 Digital Imaging of Pipeline Mechanical Damage and Residual Stress
Authors: Jablonski David
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this program was to enhance the characterization of mechanical damage in pipelines through the application of digital eddy current imaging. Lift-off maps can be used to develop quantitative representations of mechanical damage and magnetic permeability maps can be used to determine residual stress patterns around mechanical damage sites. Note that magnetic permeability is also affected by microstructure variations due to plastic deformation and plowing. High-resolution digital images provide an opportunity for automated analysis of both size and shape of damage and a permanent archival record that can be compared against future measurements to detect changes in size or shape of the damage. Also, multiple frequency measurements will enable volumetric and even through-wall imaging at mechanical damage sites to support further risk assessment efforts.
PR-186-9412-R01 Cathodic Protection in DC Stray Current Areas
Authors: Lawson K.M. , Thompson N.G.
Published: August 2023

The objectives of the research were (1) to develop reliable measurement techniques to assess the level of cathodic protection (CP) in stray current areas, (2) to develop reliable CP criteria in the presence of stray currents, and (3) to identify and assess procedures used to mitigate any deleterious effects of the stray currents. The scope of the effort focused on the review of existing technology for the criteria, measurement techniques, and mitigation procedures. In addition, new technologies for pipeline monitoring were developed. Assessment of the new and existing technologies was conducted in both field and laboratory evaluations.
PR-186-9126-R01 Evaluation of Commercial Systems for Measuring Cathodic Protection
Authors: Thompson N.G. , Lawson K.M.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this research was to provide an evaluation of commercially available CP survey equipment used for measuring off-potentials on a pipeline. The objective was accomplished by a series of field evaluations on operating pipelines designed to provide a wide range of conditions for evaluating the instrumentation. The primary incentive for this research was to provide the participating PRC members with an evaluation of the off-potential measurement systems commercially available, such that a basis is established for considering and selecting the most appropriate equipment for their particular application.
PR-185-9316-R01 Development of a Laser-Based System for Mapping External Corrosion Damage on Pipeline
Authors: Bruce W.A. , Romer D.J. , Barborak D.M. , Yapp D.
Published: August 2023

Describes a simple laser-based system that can be used in the field to accurately and efficiently measure corrosion damage on the external surface of an exposed pipeline. The system that was developed uses a laser-based range sensor that projects a stripe of laser light on the pipe surface then uses optical triangulation to construct three-dimensional contour maps of corroded areas. Software that incorporates the RSTRENG method was developed for use in assessing corroded areas in these contour maps.
DTRS56-04-T-0002 Determining Reassessment Intervals Through Corrosion
Authors: Song Frank , Sridhar Narasi
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this program are to develop methods based on sound fundamental principles to estimate: (1) external corrosion rates, especially in CP shielded areas, and (2) internal corrosion rates by considering pipeline-relevant factors for gas and liquid lines. Mathematical models will be developed to achieve the above goal. The models will be compared with field and laboratory data for validity and the models will be simplified to a format that is applicable to pipeline operators to estimate pipeline external or/and internal corrosion rate. It is recognized that the development of fundamental, physics-based models to predict corrosion rates for each of these areas is a daunting task. Therefore, this project aims to develop models that can be used to predict the pipeline corrosion rate in some scenarios that are relatively conservative and are expected to occur more commonly in the field. The goals were (1) external corrosion rate calculation, (2) internal corrosion rate calculation, (3) validation of the external corrosion rate calculation, (4) field validation of the internal corrosion rate calculation, and (5) reporting and recommendations.
PR-218-9119-R01 Review and Critique of Dent Acceptability Criteria for Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Kiefner John F.
Published: August 2023

An independent review of PRCI Project PR 201-927, "Pipeline Repair Mechanics". The review applies to the evaluation of plain dents and includes a model for related fitness for service.
L20040 Natural Gas Transmission System Optimization
Authors: Dantzig George
Published: August 2023

This document describes the formulation of a mathematical model for evaluating the operation of a gas system, with the objective of maximizing net profits by optimizing gas purchases, sales, and storage, combined with compressor operation. The report details two methods: a "linear programming model" based on linear approximations about steady-state flow patterns, and the 'network approach' which can handle reverse flow and adequately represent the packing and drafting of pipelines. The report details the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. Although any transient flow simulator can be used with these methods, familiarity with PIPETRAN IV (Catalog # L20000) and its mathematical derivation (Catalog # L20005) are recommended.
PR-218-123727-R01 Determining the Equivalence of ILI and Hydrotesting
Authors: Haines Harvey
Published: August 2023

One of the goals of the NDE-4A project was to determine the equivalency of ILI and Pressure Testing. This report looks at the overview of each of the two integrity inspection techniques work, and the potential problems and advantages of each.
DE2004833409 Internal Repair of Pipelines
Authors: Gordon Robin , Bruce Bill , Harris Ian , Harwig Dennis , Ritter George , Mohr Bill , Boring Matt , Porter Nancy , Sullivan Mike , Neary Chris
Published: August 2023

The two broad categories of fiber-reinforced composite liner repair and deposited weld metal repair technologies were reviewed and evaluated for potential application for internal repair of gas transmission pipelines. Both are used to some extent for other applications and could be further developed for internal, local, structural repair of gas transmission pipelines.
PR-153-126-R01 Continental Shelf Bottom Boundary Layer Model Vol 1 - Theoretical Model Development
Authors: Grant William D. , Glenn Scott M.
Published: August 2023

The development of an offshore pipeline stability model that includes combined wave and current interaction, moveable bed effects, stratification due to temperature and salinity, stratification due to suspended sediment, and planetary rotation.
PR-138-907-R01 Test Kit Manual Field Sampling and Analysis of Contaminant Ions on Pipe Surfaces
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

This document contains instructions for the sampling of steel pipe surfaces for contaminant ions using electrolytic limpet cell extraction or direct contact extraction with chromatographic papers, and analytical test methods for chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, and ferrous iron ions. The electrolytic limpet cell sampling method is the preferred technique for the recovery of ion contaminants from all pipe surfaces. Contact paper sampling may be used when operating conditions make the use of electrolytic limpet cell sampling impractical or inconvenient. Examples of sampling and analysis data forms to facilitate record keeping are located at the end of the manual.