bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citrus Rust Mite Control (CRM), 1984
Authors: Childers Carl C.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were assigned to 3 x 5 (15-tree) plots in a randomized block design replicated 4 times in both tests. Three sample trees were selected from each 15-tree plot. Each plot was separated from adjacent plots by 2 trees within the row and 3 rows between treatments. Sprays were applied with 250 gal per acre using an FMC 4000CP airblast sprayer driven at 1.5 mph. In Test 1, MK 936 at 10.7 oz was tank mixed with 1 gal 7N oil in 250 gal water/acre and applied to treatment 3 only. The remaining treatments consisted of the miticide only and all treatments were applied on 1 Jun. On 24 Jul, MK 936 at 5.35 oz was tank mixed with 1 gal 7N oil and 6 lb tribasic copper sulphate in 250 gal water/acre and applied to treatment 2 only. On 7 Aug, 6 lb tribasic copper sulphate in 250 gal/acre was applied to the entire block in Test 1. In addition to the treatment application in Test 2 on 25 Jun, 6 lb tribasic copper sulphate in 250 gal of water/acre was applied with an airblast sprayer to the entire block on 8 and 9 Aug. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy perimeter of each sample tree at various time intervals before and after spraying of test materials. Live motile citrus rust mites were counted within a 1 cm2 area using a 10X hand lens on 2 shaded fruit surfaces. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living CRM was recorded as 1 observation. The percentage of surface russeting due to CRM feeding injury was estimated by examining 50 fruit at random around the canopy perimeter of each sample tree (N = 600) in Aug and Nov for both tests.
Control of California Red Scale on Citrus, Riverside, CA, 1984
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G.
Published: March 2022

The field of oranges was divided into 9-tree (3 x 3) plots and pesticides were applied with an oscillating boom sprayer (500 psi, 1.4 mph, 68 oscillations/min) at a rate of ca. 2130 gal/acre on 18 Jul ’83. The field of lemons was divided into single-tree plots and pesticides were applied with a hand sprayer at 530 psi from the ground and from a tower at a rate of ca. 22 gal/tree (1970 gal/A) on 30 Jun ’83. Pretreatment counts were taken from each of the lemon single-tree plots (22 Jun ’83) and from the center tree of the orange plots (10 May and 21 Jun ’83) by counting the proportions of twigs (9-inch terminal twigs, N = 52/plot) and the proportion of fruit (N = 41/plot) infested with live CRS. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with the plots blocked to provide similar twig pretreatment counts within blocks and 4 replicates in each field. Posttreatment counts (proportions infested with live CRS) were taken in the lemons on 5 Dec ’83 (Winter) (N = 52 twigs, 41 fruit/ plot) and 24 Apr ’84 (Spring) (N = 75 twigs, 50 fruit/plot). Posttreatment counts were taken in the oranges on 5 Jan ’84 (Winter) (N = 52 twigs, 41 fruit from the center tree of each plot) and 14 May ’84 (Spring) (N = 120 twigs, 60 from the center tree of each plot and 15 from each of the 4 adjacent trees from the quadrant that faces the center tree).
Pecan, Pecan Nut Casebearer Insecticide Efficacy Tests, 1984
Authors: Ring Dennis R. , Harris Marvin K.
Published: March 2022

Test blocks of at least 6 trees were established in Adriance Orchard on the Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Farm, Burleson County near College Station, Texas. Tests included trees of the Brake, Desirable, Graking, Mahan, Stuart, and Success Cultivars. Counts of pecan nut casebearer were made on 14 May ’84, by examining nutlets for 1st summer generation larval entry. Cluster entry on that date was 3.52% ± 0.86% (n = 10). Treatments were timed using the degree day model for the pecan nut casebearer and field inspections for egg deposition and nut entry. All chemicals were applied with a John Bean Speed Sprayer® as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of runoff. Phytotoxicity to foliage or nuts was not noted from the materials used in this test.
Asparagus Beetle Control on Asparagus, 1983
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M.
Published: March 2022

Asparagus was planted in the spring of 1982 near Benson, NC. Single row plots 10 ft long with 60-inch centers were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Difolatan was applied 20 Jun and 14 Jul. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle delivering 50 gal/acre at 60 psi. Applications of Di-Syston 8EC and Sevin 80SP were made on 13 Jun, and additional treatments of Sevin 80SP at 2 different rates were made on 20 and 27 Jun. Counts of eggs, larvae and adults were made on 12, 22, 29 Jun and 8 Jul.
Caterpillar Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1982
Authors: Leibee Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted 25 Oct in Myakka fine sand on the University of Florida’s Agricultural Research and Education Center in Sanford. A plot consisted of one 30-ft row with 12-inch plant spacing. Each plot row was separated by 2 implanted rows; row spacing was 30 inches. Nemacur 15G 2 lb (AI)/acre was applied pretransplant in a 15-inch band for nematode control. Vegedex 4EC at 4 lb (AI)/acre was applied for weed control. Treatments were replicated in 4 times in a randomized complete block design separated by 25 ft weed-free alleys. Sprays were applied with a COa pressurized sprayer mounted on an Allis-Chalmers model G tractor. Three nozzles were used per row; 1 overhead (TX24) and 2 drop (TX12) on each side. The delivery rate was 50 gpa with a boom pressure of about 50 psi and a speed of 2 mph. Sprays were applied 3, 10, 18, 22, and 30 Nov, 14, 22, and 29 Dec. In each plot twenty plants were rated for damage on the head and first 4 wrapper leaves on 3 Jan using a scale of 1-6 as in Greene et al., Journal of Economic Entomology, 62(4):798-800. The percentage of heads that were marketable was based on the frequency of heads with damage ratings of 3 or less.
Control of the Gray Garden Slug on Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Shelton A.M. , Wilsey W.T. , North R.C.
Published: March 2022

Field and greenhouse trials were conducted simultaneously. Field. Slugs were collected from commercial cabbage fields from 9-11 Oct, and transferred to plots set up in an RCB design with 4 replicates at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Ten slugs were placed on 1 selected plant/plot on 11 Oct and the following day treatments were applied. Foliar insecticides were applied with a 2-row tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles/row and delivering 35 gal/acre at 50 psi. Deadline bait (4% Metaldehyde) was applied in a line of drops 3-4 inches apart around the infested plant. Seventy-two hours after treatment slugs were counted on the dissected plants, the ground around the plants, and adjacent plants.
Control of Cabbageworm Complex, 1983
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted 2 Jim near Benson, NC. Single row plots 10 ft long on 42-inch centers were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. White plastic mulch covered the plots. Insecticide applications were made on 16, 23, 30 Jun, 7, 18 and 25 Jul using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle operated at 60 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Bravo 500 was applied 7 and 21 Jul. Damage ratings were made 19 Jul.
Insect Control on Celery, Fall, 1983
Authors: Zehnder G. W. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted on 10 Aug at the Univ. of Calif. South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, CA. The crop was sprinkle irrigated for 3 wk and drip irrigated thereafter. Experimental plots were 3 beds wide (40-inch centers) by 50 ft long with 1 untreated buffer row between plots. Each bed contained 2 rows of plants 6-8 inches apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied weekly with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer from 25 Aug through 10 Nov, except on 29 Sept when rain precluded treatment. As plant height and foliage density increased, nozzles varied from 1-3 per row and carrier (H2O) increased from 50-100 gal/acre. Hollow cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50-mesh screens. All treatments except Avermectin included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 40). Evaluation of beet armyworm and black cutworm damage was based on the number of damaged plants found in 10 randomly selected plants/replicate (80/ treatment) from the center 2 rows of each replicate at harvest. When plants reached a suitable height, 4 inches X 8 inches pupal trays were inserted between rows and the no. of leafminer larvae, puparia, and pupae and leafminer parasites collected in trays were counted on 11, 18, 26 Oct and 1 and 8 Nov. Four trays were counted in each replicate.
Sweetcorn, Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm Control, 1984
Authors: All J. N. , Javid A. , Guillebeau P. L. , Chamberlin J. R. , All J. D.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted 31 May, ’84, at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. Soil type was Appling coarse sandy loam. A randomized complete block experimental design with 2-row plots x 6.5-m long X 1-m row width X 1-in alleys and with 5 replicates was used. Plants were treated with a full cone spray using an air pressure sprayer at 30 psi in a final volume of 500 1/ha directed on the plant ears. Plots were sprayed 9 times beginning at the initiation of silking on 16 Jul, and continuing 18, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30 Jul, 1 and 3 Aug. All ears in the center 6-m of row were examined on 6 Aug for the presence of corn earworm larvae or damage.
Control of Lepidopteran Larvae on Late Season Silking Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1984
Authors: Bowman James S. , Everich Robert
Published: March 2022

This study utilized sweet corn planted on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N.H. on 22 Jun ’84. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. The treatments were applied by spraying the silk zone on each side of the row on 16, 20, 24 and 28, Aug, ’84 using a B & G CO2 pressurized (40 p.s.i.) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 29 gal/acre. Evaluation of the percentage of injury to the ears by the corn earworm, European corn borer, and fall armyworm was made at harvest time on 31 Aug ’84.
Seed Maggot Control, 1985
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

A hand-pushed ‘V’ belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds and distribute insecticide granules or powder in the furrow. A 2-4 inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over the row to increase oviposition in the vicinity of the seeds. Each plot consisted of single row treatments 15 ft long, 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All in-house seed treatments were made 24 Jun and each crop planted in separate plots 1 Jul. Damage counts were made 10 Jul. Emerged seedlings in each row were counted, with an avg % calculated on the number of damaged plants observed. Seed maggot populations were relatively low with all plots receiving minor damage.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1985
Authors: Speese John , Zehnder Geoffrey
Published: March 2022

Cabbage transplants were planted on 5 Sep at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research Station, Painter, Virginia. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Cabbage was transplanted with 17-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 75 gal water per acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 15, 23, and 28 Oct. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct counts of the numbers of (ICW), (CL), and (FAW) on 5 randomly chosen plants per treatment. On 15 Nov, damage ratings were determined as in Greene et al., Journal of Economic Entomology, 62(4):798-800. Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below are considered marketable.
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards, 1985.
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Vates’ collards were direct seeded in 4-row plots 35 ft long on 23 July ’84. Plants were spaced 4 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each 2-row plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on 28 Aug; 4, 11, 18, 23 Sep; 2 and 10 Oct. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage―odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage―few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage―moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage―most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage―crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Apple, Mite Control, 1984
Authors: Hall F. R. , Aim S. R.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 20-year-old Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Jonathan, and Stayman apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft in dilute sprays (270-300 gal/acre). We used a randomized design with each cultivar as a replicate. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 psi on 10 and 29 May, 5 and 20 Jun, 3 and 17 Jul, and 1 and 15 Aug. All treatments included Cyprex 65WP at ½ lb/100 gal. European red mite (ERM) populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves per tree, brushing mites onto glass plates treated with Tween 20 in the laboratory.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insect Pests on Late-Planted Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Treat’ sweet corn were planted 11 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 nozzle over each row calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using Tee-Jet 8006 nozzle tips; foliar sprays at silking were applied with 4 nozzles/row, directed at the ear zone, which delivered 83 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated and the outer 2 rows were untreated guard rows. Whorl treatments were applied on 12 Aug and 23 Aug. Foliar sprays at silking were applied on 5, 9, 12, 16, and 19 Sep. Ten plants from the center 2 rows were evaluated on 26 Aug for (FAW) damage and numbers of worms. The categories for FAW whorl feeding damage are as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage, 0-10% whorl feeding; (2) moderate damage, 10-25% whorl feeding; (3) heavy damage, 25-50% whorl feeding; (4) severe damage, 50-75% whorl feeding, tassel damaged; and (5) whorl destroyed. At harvest (26 Sep) 20 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for ‘worm’ damage as “none” (clean, no damage evident), “tip damaged” (less than 3.6 cm tip damage) and “culls” (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm and/or side or bottom damage). On 29 Oct 20 stalks from the center 2 rows of each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear and each 2.5 cm of (ECB) damage was recorded as 1 cavity.
Control of the European Corn Borer and Fall Armyworm by a Full-Season Program of Aerial Applications of Baythroid, 1985
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Two adjacent commercial fields, located near Benton Center, NY, were used for this test. One field was treated twice with EPN and once with Penncap-M while the other field was treated 3 times with Baythroid. A Grumman Air Cat, delivering 3 gal/acre, was used to apply 3 applications (23, 30 Aug and 7 Sep) of each treatment to the corn beginning in the green-tassel stage. Control was assessed by removing 100 randomly-selected ears from each field and examining them for injury and the presence of Lepidoptera.
Control of Thrips on Cucumbers, 1985
Authors: Muruvanda Devaiah A. , Beardsley John W.
Published: March 2022

Cucumbers were planted 21 Mar at Waimanalo Experiment Station, Waimanalo, HI. Treatment plots consisted of 3 rows, 6.09 m long by 4.57 m wide. Plants within the row were 0.45 m apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were made 14 and 30 May, by hand using a ‘Maruyama Power Sprayer’, with a single nozzle which was operated at 100 psi to deliver 100 gal/acre. Thrips counts were made on leaves on 6 May, 20 May, and 5 Jun. Populations of thrips were recorded by examining 10 randomly selected leaves (third fully expanded leaf from tip) per plot. Prior to counting, thrips were fixed in place by application of an aerosol hairspray over both surfaces of sampled leaves.
Control of Thrips and Aphids on Cucumbers, 1984
Authors: Nafus D. , Schreiner I. , Bjork C.
Published: March 2022

A spray trial was initiated to investigate whether commonly available spray materials could control both Thrips palmi, a recent immigrant to Guam, and the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii. Cucumbers were planted 11 May ’84. Each plot consisted of two 12-ft rows with 4 ft between rows. Plots were separated by 4 ft and the cucumbers were trained to grow within their own plot. Each row contained 6 hills 2 ft apart. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Plots were sprayed weekly from 30 May to 1 Aug. Pesticides were applied with a Solo backpack sprayer, and Triton B-1956 was added as a sticker. The number of thrips and sphids was estimated as follows: in the first sample, 10 tips were chosen at random, and the third leaf back from the first fully separated leaf was clipped and bagged. In the laboratory the numbers of thrips and aphids within a 45 cm2 circle were counted. In the second and third samples, 20 tips were chosen at random in each plot, and the eighth leaf back from the tip was removed and processed as above. Samples were taken 11 Jun, 27 Jun and 10 Jul. To measure yield, all the cucumbers produced in each plot were picked and weighed.
Spider Mite Control on Eggplant, 1984
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Black Magic’ and ‘Black Beauty’ eggplant was transplanted 21 May, near Benson, NC. ‘Black Beauty’ plants were transplanted in plots treated with Vendex (1 lb Al/acre) and untreated check 1. ‘Black Magic’ was transplanted in the remainder of the plots. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 84-inch centers replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide tests were conducted in these plots until 22 Aug and Kelthane 4F (0.5 lb Al/acre) was applied to all plots on 12 Jun and 19 Jul for mite control. On termination of the insecticide test, a trial for mite control was conducted. Treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 80 gal/acre at 60 psi. Miticide applications were made 23 Aug and 29 Aug. Damage ratings were made 22 Aug and 5 Sep.
Control of Spider Mites on Hops, Idaho, 1984
Authors: Baird Craig R. , Bishop Guy W. , Johnston Richard L.
Published: March 2022

Miticides were applied as foliar sprays on commercial hops near Caldwell, Idaho. Each plot was .01 acre, 9 hills. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Miticides were applied 3 Aug ’84 using a Solo Air Blast Mist Blower at 50 gal/acre. Mite counts were made by randomly picking 10 leaves per replicate. Leaves were brushed through a brushing machine and mite counts were made under a dissecting microscope.
Cabbage Looper and Green Peach Aphid Control on Lettuce, 1985
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment consisted of two 30-ft rows replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plot was planted 18 Jul and later thinned to ca. 12 inches. Row spacing was 36 inches. Treatment applications were made 2 Oct using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer delivering 32 gpa through 1 nozzle/row. Counts were made 3 Oct by dissecting 3 heads/plot and counting GPA and CL.
Pea Insect Control, 1985
Authors: Flood Brian R.
Published: March 2022

Plots were planted 16 May ’85, so that expected pest moth flights would coincide with pea bloom. A randomized complete block design of four blocks contained 16 treatments each 10 ft × 50 ft. The treatments were applied after 10% bloom on 8 Jul with a CO2 activated boom plot sprayer (2.5 mph, 20 gpa, 8002 Tee Jet tips on 19-inch centers). At harvest, 14 days after this treatment, an evaluation of aphids, cutworms, and loopers was made in 10 separate 1-sq ft samples per replicate. Each sample was assessed for the total number of aphids and larvae; the larvae were classified as early instar (E), mid-instar (M), or late instar (L).
Insect Control in Peppers, 1985
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E.
Published: March 2022

Bell, sweet banana and hot cherry peppers were transplanted on 6 May at the MSU Horticultural Experimental Staton in Sodus, MI (Berrien Co.). Each plot was 3 rows wide (5 ft spacing between rows) by 15-ft long. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (= blocks) per treatment for each pepper variety. Treatments were applied to the center row of each plot with a CO2 pressurized hand held sprayer at 30 gpa on 1, 8, 15 and 22 Aug. Efficacy was determined by examining 2 plants from the center row of each plot on a weekly basis. Entire plants were examined for ECB egg masses, 4 leaves per plant were examined for GPA, and 20 mature fruit from the center of each plot were examined for ECB damage at harvest (28 Aug).
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Pyrethroid Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 10 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots consisted of 3 rows that were 25 ft long and 3 ft wide and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with two drop nozzles/row calibrated to deliver 45 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 7, 19 Jun, 3 and 8 Jul. Plant % defoliation caused by CPB was recorded on 3, 8 and 11 Jul. Numbers of CPB larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 12 Jun. All data were taken from the middle row. Potatoes were harvested on 30 Jul. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Apple, Mite Control, 1984
Authors: Hall F. R. , Aim S. R.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 34-year-old ‘Cortland’ apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft in dilute sprays (ca 8 gal per tree). We used a randomized complete block design, with 4 single-tree replications per treatment. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 psi to all plots on 29 May, 5 and 19 Jun, 2, 16 and 31 Jul, and 14 Aug. All treatments included Cyprex 65 WP at ½ lb/100 gal. European red mite (ERM) populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves per tree collected at chest height around the periphery of the tree. Mites were brushed onto glass plates treated with Tween 20 in the laboratory.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1985
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates, planted 23 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1984. The 3-m space between blocks was bare soil. The 4-row plots were separated by 2 rows of untreated potatoes. All rows were machine planted 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy seed pieces (ca. 75g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 7 foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (1681 g/ha the weeks of 8 and 15 Jul, 2242 g/ha the weeks of 22, 29 Jul, 12, 19 and 26 Aug) and 1 application of Ridomil 2E (1.17 1/ha 31 Jul). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of the data using log10 (x + 1). Means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Duncan’s new multiple range test and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 11.2, 13.8, and 6.1 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 mo was 15.6, 19.4 and 17.2°C. Approximately 40 overwintered adult beetles were added to each plot on 26 Jun to supplement the natural population.
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1985
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A.
Published: March 2022

Test compounds were applied as dilute sprays (270-300 gal/acre) to mature ‘Cortland’ apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart. A completely randomized design was utilized, with 4 replications per treatment. Compounds were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi on the following dates: 22 Apr. (pink (P)), 7 May (petal fall (PF)) and 30 May. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest-height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed onto glass plates coated with Tween 20.
Foliar Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1984
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Wallace Jean , Gurecki Tom , Rebarchak Paul , Yocum John O.
Published: March 2022

Certified, Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted in Hagerstown silt loam soil at the Southeastern Field Research Station at Landisville, PA, on 3 May, with a 9-inch spacing between plants. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. Plots consisted of four 25-ft rows planted 34 inches apart. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in-furrow at planting for all treatments and the control. A 3.0 lb (AI)/acre Temik treatment was also included. Dithane M-45 was applied at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre on a 5-7 day schedule for potato late blight control. The foliar insecticides were applied 22 Jun and 1 Aug, and 15 Aug with a George White boom sprayer in 22 gal per acre at 66 psi. Ten stems per plot were sampled before and after sprays for all stages of CPB. Control plots were sampled weekly beginning 12 Jun. A subjective damage estimate was also assessed, 1 for little or no damage through 5 for more than 75% defoliation. One 25-ft row per plot was harvested 4 Oct and graded by size.
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1985
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied as dilute sprays (390-400 gal/acre) to 21-year-old ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees planted 35 ft by 35 ft apart. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 replications per treatment. Compounds were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi on 26 Jun. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest-height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed onto glass plates coated with Tween 20.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied as dilute sprays (270-300 gal/acre) to mature ‘Cortland’ apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart. A completely randomized design was utilized, with 4 replications per treatment. Compounds were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi. Dates of application were 19 Apr (tight cluster (TC)), 3 May (petal fall (PF)), 16 May (first cover (IC)), 30 May (second cover (2C)), 14 Jun (third cover (3C)), 28 Jun (fourth cover (4C)), 11 Jul (fifth cover (5C)), 24 Jul (sixth cover (6C)) and 8 Aug (seventh cover (7C)). All treatments included Captan 50WP at 2 lb/100 gal. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest-height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed onto glass plates coated with Tween 20. Rosy apple aphid (RAA) infestations were evaluated by counting curled clusters per tree. Spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM) and white apple leafhopper (WALH) infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree. The number of infested terminals per tree were used to evaluate potato leafhopper (PLH) and green apple aphid (AA) infestations. Japanese beetle (JAP) and woolly apple aphid (WAA) infestations were evaluated by counting infested branches and areas per tree, respectively.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied as dilute sprays (210-220 gal/acre) to 21-year-old ‘Rome Beauty’ apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 replications per treatment. Applications were made with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi. Dates of application were 22 Apr (tight cluster (TC)), 8 May (petal fall (PF)), 22 May (first cover (1C)), 3 Jun (second cover (2C)), 18 Jun (third cover (3C)), 1 Jul (fourth cover (4C)), 17 Jul (fifth cover (5C)), 29 Jul (sixth cover (6C)) and 13 Aug (seventh cover (7C)). All treatments included Captan 50WP at 2 lb/100 gal. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest height from the periphery of each tree, and brushing the mites onto glass plates coated with Tween 20. Green apple aphid (AA) infestations were evaluated by counting infested terminals per tree. White apple leafhopper (WALH) and spotted tentiform leaf-miner (STLM) infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree. The number of curled clusters, infested areas and infested branches per tree were used to evaluate infestations of rosy apple aphid (RAA), woolly apple aphid (WAA) and Japanese beetle (JAP), respectively.
Potato Aphid Control with Nematicides/Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Zalom Frank G. , Roberts Phil A. , Wilson L. T.
Published: March 2022

Nine soil treatments applied for nematode control were evaluated for their effect on potato aphid (PA) populations on processing tomatoes. A commercial tomato field located near Woodland, CA was used for the tests. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design and consisted of double-row beds, 1.5 m wide and 32.3 m long. Tomatoes were direct seed planted on 25 Mar ’85, thinned to approximately 2 plants/25.0 cm/row at the 5-leaf stage and were furrow irrigated. Soil type was a very fine sandy loam (Laugenour). Temik, Nemacur and Dasanit treatments were shanked 5.1 cm deep into the soil and 7.0-10.0 cm outside of seedline at planting. Telone was shanked 25.0 cm into the soil on 20 Feb. Vydate was shanked in like granulars, but under pressure and with a small amount of water at plant emergence (17 Apr) followed on 13 May with a second application. Soil-Prep was applied on 21 Feb by soaking the entire raised bed with 6.4 cm of water containing the treatment using 2 drip lines/bed spaced 33.0 cm apart with emitters every 30.0 cm. Proportion infested plants was determined by examining the second or third true leaf above the cotyledon for the presence of PA on 10 randomly selected plants/replicate/observation date.
Control of Colorado Beetle with Electrostatic and Conventional Sprayers, 1985
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Ohio 7870’ tomato transplants were planted in 25-foot rows on 15 May ’85. Plots consisted of a treatment row buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches with 12 inches between plants within the row. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Conventional spray treatments were applied at a rate of 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied with a custom built row crop sprayer equipped with 6 drop nozzles/row. Electrostatic sprays were applied with a hand-held ElectrodynR sprayer made by ICI. All the bozzles (nozzles plus bottle) were calibrated to deliver 0.10 ml/s of formulation which, when (raveling at a speed of 2 mph delivers 0.8 pt/acre of formulation. The flow rate cannot be altered, so rate changes were accomplished by altering ihe speed of travel. Treatments were applied on 27 Jun, 3 and 29 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB larvae/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 6 Aug ’85.
Insecticide Efficacy Against Western Flower Thrips, Georgia, 1985
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were tested against Western flower thrips on tomato bedding plants. All plants were moderately infested with thrips, with the species composition approximately 90% Frankliniella occidentalis and 10% Echinothrips americanus Morgan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 plants per treatment plot and each plot replicated 4 times. All materials were applied with a compressed air sprayer, 8003 nozzle, at 30-35 psi until runoff. Pretreatment counts were made the same day as pesticide application. After spraying, the plants were placed on greenhouse benches. Efficacy was based on the total number of thrips (adult and immature) found on each plant with the aid of a magnifying lens.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1985
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Trans plants were set 12 Mar, 18 inches apart on 2.5-ft wide by 8-inch high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design. On 15 Apr, at least 1 TSSM-infested bean leaf from a laboratory colony was placed on each plant of each plot. Vendex and Ethion treatments were applied 6, 13, 21 and 28 May; Omite treatments were applied on the latter three dates; and BAS 276 00 I treatments were applied only on the last date. Applications were made with a hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 85-90 gal/acre. On 30 May, the terminal leaflet of the 7th leaf from the top os 10 branches/plot were collected. TSSM were removed from 5 of the leaflets from each plot with a leaf-brushing machine and were deposited on a rotating, detergent-coated glass plate. This was repeated for the remaining 5 leaflets for each plot. The no. of living TSSM on a rectangular cross section of each plate (l/20th of the area of the plate) was counted and the no. were totaled for both plates for each plot. On 5 Jun, the percentage of foliage visibly damaged by TSSM was rated 1-12 by the Horsfall-Barrett rating system where increasing values represent increasing % of affected foliage. Two persons independently rated each plot and their ratings were averaged prior to analysis.
Control of Tomato Fruitworm Control in Puerto Rico on Three Tomato Cultivars, 1984-85
Authors: Watrin Clifford G. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes werf planted at the Fortuna Research and Development Center of the University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Fortuna, PR. Three varieties, PR-82 and PR-101, advanced breeding lines from the Puerto Rico program and the well known U.S. cultivar, Walter, were used. Seedlings were transplanted to the field 10 Dec. Treatments consisted of 4 rows of 5 plants each with 36-inch spacing between rows and 16-inch spacing within rows. Each treatment (variety × spray, including an untreated control) was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. PR 101 was not included in all of the insecticidal spray treatments because we had insufficient plants. Foliar sprays were either weekly or biweekl) from 17 Dec through 7 Mar using a CO2 powered hand-sprayer delivering 50 gal of water/acre at 35 psi. Our intended objective was evaluation of the efficacy of reduced insecticide spray applications for control of tomato pinworm, Keifera lycopersicella (Walsingham), control on 3 tomato line:, thought to vary in pinworm susceptibility. Pinworm populations failed to materialize, however tomato fruitworm was abundant enough to caust economic injury. Plots were harvested 12-13 Mar, and the fruit scored as to marketable (essentially unblemished), showing evidence of fruitworm injury, and unmarketable for reasons other than evident insect injury. The latter category, included cracking and other fruit defects.
Control of Insect Pests of Forage Alfalfa, 1985.
Authors: Arnett W. Harold
Published: March 2022

A 10-yr-old stand of alfalfa located at the Main Station Field Laboratory, Reno, NV was used for this study. Treatments were applied when alfalfa was 14-16 inches tall with 30-40% of terminals showing alfalfa weevil damage. Plots were 25 × 50 ft with treatments replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a CO2 activated bicycle plot sprayer calibrated to deliver 18.5 gpa at 35 psi. Treatments were on May 24 and posttreatment samples were taken on May 27, 31 and jun 7, 14 and consisted of 10 sweeps of a standard net taken at random from each replicate. Conditions at treatment were calm, sunny and 78°F. No measurable precipitation occurred during study period.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1984
Authors: Foster David E. , Wintersteen Wendy K.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected foliar insecticides for the control of potato leafhoppers were tested near Ames, IA. Plots measuring 40 × 70 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on Jul 27 when the crop was in the early bud stage and approximately 12 inches tall. All treatments were applied using a CO2 propelled, 10-ft boom sprayer fitted with Tee Jet 8004 LP flat fan nozzles centered on 20 inches, and mounted on a Honda 100 ATV. All treatments were applied at a pressure of 12 psi and a rate of 10 gal/acre. Weather conditions at the time of treatment were clear with a 2-5 mph breeze from the southwest. The temperature ranged from 74-80°F, and the ca. RH 60%. Leafhopper numbers were sampled immediately prior to and 1, 5, and 10 days after treatment. Samples were taken by making 10 pendulum sweeps along the longitudinal axis of each plot. No phototoxicity was observed.
Armyworm Control in Barley Using Pydrin 2.4EC
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

A completely random experimental design was used with three replications at the Eastern Virginia Research Station in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were 12 × 12 ft spaced 6 ft apart. Spray concentrate was applied with a CO3 sprayer at 22 psi that delivered 11.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Flat Fan, Tee Jet AL8002, nozzels were used. The efficacy of Pydrin 2.4EC was determined 1-, 7-, and 14-days after application by inspecting 3 row-ft (on both sides of a single row) for the presence of live larvae.
Efficacy of Comite Against Corn Spider Mites, Aerial Test 1985
Authors: Buschman Lawrent L. , Harrison Lloyd
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in furrow-irrigated corn in Finney County, KS. Two treatments and a check were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in each of 2 fields 3 mi apart. Treatments were applied with a Thrush 600 (wing span = 45.5 ft) flying 105 mph using Spraying Systems #5 hollow cone nozzles at 22 psi and a volume of 2 gpa. Treated plots were 75 rows wide (188 ft) or 3 plane swaths (62.5 ft each), while the untreated plots were 50 rows wide (125 ft). Treatments were applied 23 Jul ca. 1 week pre-tassel, when the sky was overcast, air temperature was 78°F and the wind was 6-10 mph from the SSE. Mites were counted on 3 marked leaves of 5 flagged plants in each plot. The plants were 150 ft from the end of each plot, and were spaced 5 rows apart starting 60 ft from the plot edge. Mite readings were made Jul 24 and 31 and Aug 6, 15, and 28. Predator mites were counted 28 Aug. Grain yields were determined by hand harvesting 10 row-ft from each row including a flagged plant. All yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
Efficacy of Three Residual Miticides for Season-Long Spider Mite Control in Corn, 1985
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in furrow-irrigated corn planted at the Garden City Experiment Station in Finney County, KS. Fourteen treatments and a check were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft) and 50 ft long and surrounded by a 10-ft border of untreated corn. Miticide treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10-ft boom extending over 4 rows. Three hollow cone nozzles were directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18-inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal of water with 30 psi of CO2 pressure. The first set of treatments was applied 27 Jun to mid-whorl stage corn (9th collar visible). The second set of treatments was applied 12 Jul to late-whorl stage corn (14th collar visible). The third set of treatments was applied 26 Jul to silk stage corn. Mite counts were made by visually searching the leaves of flagged plants in each plot for larger mites (mostly adult females). These plants had previously been infested (1 wk pretreatment) with mites, 4 plants with TSSM from a newly established greenhouse colony, and 4 plants with Banks grass mites from an infested corn field. This test was designed to test these miticides against both the Banks grass mite and the TSSM; however, the plots were found to contain predominantly TSSM when the posttreatment counts were made. Therefore, the counts from all 8 plants in each plot were combined for analysis. Season totals were computed by summing across sampling dates for each treatment. Where samples were not taken during the early part of the season, the average number of mites in the untreated plots was used to calculate the season totals, 6.7 and 39.9 for 27 Jun and 10 Jul, respectively. The percent TSSM was obtained from mite samples collected with a vacuum sampler from each of the 2 groups of flagged plants in each plot. Forty mites from each sample were selected at random and mounted for microscopic examination and species determination. Grain yields were determined by hand harvesting 20 row-ft from each of the 2 center rows in each plot on 1-4 Sep. All yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
No-Till Field Corn, Yield and Infestation Response to Various Insecticides Applied Pre and Post-Emer-Gence for Stalk Borer Control, 1985
Authors: Highland H. Brett , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticides were evaluated for their effect on plant damage and yield in no-till field corn infested with stalk borers in Montgomery County, VA, in a field with a history of stalk borer infestation. Pioneer 3233 field corn was planted on 1 May in 38-inch rows no-till in winter rye. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design measuring 4 rows × 50 ft × 4 replicates per treatment. Pre-emergence tests 1 and 2 were treated on 3 May by tank mixing atrazine at 1.5 qt/acre, simazine at 1.5 qt/acre, paraquat at 1 qt/acre and the different insecticides for each treatment and test with liquid nitrogen at the rate of 50 gal/acre. The postemergence test was treated on 17 May by tank mixing water with the different insecticides plus 3 ml X-77 spreader-sticker and applying the mixture over the plots at the rate of 20 gal/acre. Corn treated postemergence was in the 2-3 true leaf stage. A back pack compressed air sprayer equipped with 2 fan type nozzles (Teejet 8003) delivered the liquid nitrogen, herbicide, insecticide mixtures or the water insecticide mixtures, 3 mph and 30 psi over the 4 rows of each plot. Stalk borer infestations were taken in each test on 31 May by counting the number of infested plants in the middle 2 rows of each plot. Grain yields were determined for each test on 11 Oct by hand harvesting ears out of 25 row ft of each of the middle 2 rows per plot.
Apple, Apollo Summer Threshold Test, 1985
Authors: Hamilton George C. , Herman Elizabeth , Swift Fred C.
Published: March 2022

A 15-year-old orchard located at the Rutgers Fruit Research & Development Center, Cream Ridge, NJ was used in this test. Sprays were applied to 3 single-tree replicates of ‘Yellow Delicious’ arranged in a randomized complete block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree; 300 GPA) using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 200 psi. Sprays were applied on 9 Jul. For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Captan and Polyram as needed. European red mite estimates were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per replicate, brushing the mites onto glass plates and counting mobile mites. S. punctum densities were estimated by 3-minute counts of larvae, pupae and adults. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × Y], where MD1 = mite days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Data were transformed to × + 1, or arcsin (x) prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. In the table numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (alpha = 0.05, DMRT).
First Generation European Corn Borer, Handplots, Wray, Co, 1985
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 2 Jul ‘85 to 44 to 48-inch center-pivot irrigated corn. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 11.5 gal/acre at 30 psi through 2 nozzles S003) mounted on a 2.5-ft boom. Granules were applied through a gravity flow metering and spreading device. Plots were 2 50-ft rows separated With a single buffer row and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were evaluated on 25 Jul ‘85 by dissecting 10 plants Which showed leaf feeding damage per plot and counting the number of live 3rd-5th stage larvae and cavities per plant.
Common Stalk Borer Control in No-Till Field Corn, 1985
Authors: Starner Van R.
Published: March 2022

This commercial field test was conducted in cooperation with Matt and Dave Young of Red Knob Farms near Little Britain, PA, in southern Lancaster County. Insecticide applications were made by these farmers with conventional ground equipment. In one 13-acre field a severe common stalk borer infestation had occurred in 1984, requiring replanting. Winter rye was sown in the fall 1984 and was cut for ryelage 25 Apr ‘85. On 9 May ‘85, ‘HP470’ field corn was no-till planted on 30-inch centers using a 4-row White 5400 no-till planter equipped with granular applicators. Furadan 15G was applied at 10 lb/acre (1.5 lb (AI)/acre) the entire length of the field in alternating strips, such that the first 14 rows (35 ft) were treated, then 28 rows not treated, followed by 14 rows treated. Four days later on 13 May ‘85, an herbicidal tank-mix application was made, including Bladex 4L (2.5 pt/acre), Atrazine 4L (2 pt/acre), Paraquat (.5 pt/acre), Dual 8E (1.25 pt/acre) and X-77 (1 pt/acre) in 25 gal water/acre, on the first and third 14-row strips (35 ft boom width). Pydrin 2.4EC at 8 oz/acre (.15 lb(AI)/acre) was then added to this tank-mix and applied to the second and fourth 14-row strips. This exact procedure sample sites each 50 ft long within the middle 2 rows of each of the 14-row treatments established. All plants at each of these sample sites were examined for common stalk borer feeding damage. A second evaluation was similarly conducted on 26 Jun ‘85, using 1 adjacent row on each side of the 2 middle rows of each treatment. All plants damaged by common stalk borer were removed and dissected, and the number of larvae recorded. Actual corn silage yields were determined 11 Sep ‘85 by commercially chopping corn from the middle 2 rows of each 14-row treatment, the entire length of the field. Silage was collected in trucks and weighed at a local scales, and % moisture was determined with the farmers’ moisture tester.