bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoantibodies Against Ubiquitous and Confined Antigens in Patients With Ocular, Neuro-Ophthalmic and Congenital Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Goldberg-Murow Monica , Cedillo-Peláez Carlos , Concha-del-Río Luz Elena , Cheja-Kalb Rashel , Salgar-Henao María José , Orozco-Velasco Eduardo , Luna-Pastén Héctor , Gómez-Chávez Fernando , Ibarra Antonio , Correa Dolores
Published: May 2021

Toxoplasma gondii infection can trigger autoreactivity by different mechanisms. In the case of ocular toxoplasmosis, disruption of the blood-retinal barrier may cause exposure of confined retinal antigens such as recoverin. Besides, cross-reactivity can be induced by molecular mimicry of parasite antigens like HSP70, which shares 76% identity with the human ortholog. Autoreactivity can be a determining factor of clinical manifestations in the eye and in the central nervous system. We performed a prospective observational study to determine the presence of autoantibodies against recoverin and HSP70 by indirect ELISA in the serum of 65 patients with ocular, neuro-ophthalmic and congenital cerebral toxoplasmosis. We found systemic autoantibodies against recoverin and HSP70 in 33.8% and 15.6% of individuals, respectively. The presence of autoantibodies in cases of OT may be related to the severity of clinical manifestations, while in cases with CNS involvement they may have a protective role. Unexpectedly, anti-recoverin antibodies were found in patients with cerebral involvement, without ocular toxoplasmosis; therefore, we analyzed and proved cross-reactivity between recoverin and a brain antigen, hippocalcin, so the immunological phenomenon occurring in one immune-privileged organ (e.g. the central nervous system) could affect the environment of another (egg. the eye).
The Development and Precision of a Custom-Made Skitester
Authors: Lemmettylä Teemu , Heikkinen Teemu , Ohtonen Olli , Lindinger Stefan , Linnamo Vesa
Published: May 2021

In the sport of cross-country skiing, equipment has a direct influence on results. Ski teams do extensive testing of different ski base grinds and products on a yearly basis. To achieve reliable results, the quality of methods used for testing skis needs to be taken in to account in addition to factors including the physical characteristics of testing personnel and changes in weather conditions. The aim of this study was to introduce a custom-made skitester, that was developed for testing skis on real snow, in laboratory conditions, and to evaluate its precision. The current skitester is capable of glide testing both classic and skate skis as well as kick simulation for the testing of grip waxes. In the present study, glide testing precision was completed in three different conditions. Velocity and pressure of skis were evaluated in three different temperature conditions. During kick simulation, precision was determined in one temperature condition. For glide testing, the precision of the measurement unit was able to distinguish the differences between skis with a relative variation of 0.6–1.1%. However, the track preparation process caused variation. For kick simulation, precision of the measurement unit was slightly higher (2.5%), and track preparation caused less variation. The skitester is capable of distinguishing the differences between both skate and classic cross-country skis with certain limitations.
Clinical Aspects of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis With Severe Ocular Complications in Taiwan
Authors: Ma David Hui-Kang , Tsai Tsung-Ying , Pan Li-Yen , Chen Shin-Yi , Hsiao Ching-Hsi , Yeh Lung-Kun , Tan Hsin-Yuan , Lu Chun-Wei , Chen Chun-Bing , Chung Wen-Hung
Published: May 2021

Purpose: Over the last decade, there has been tremendous progress in the treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). To understand whether this has resulted in better ophthalmic outcomes, we aimed to study the incidence of severe ocular complications (SOCs) in the acute and chronic stage among SJS/TEN patients, major causative medications, and therapeutic effect of medical and surgical treatment.

Methods: Using electronic medical records review of patients of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch from 2010 to 2020, 119 patients (236 eyes) received ophthalmic consultation during the acute stage and were retrospectively studied. Sotozono's grading score systems for acute and chronic SJS/TEN were employed for accessing correlation between acute and chronic presentations, the therapeutic effect of systemic etanercept treatment, and outcome of early amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) performed in patients with severe acute SOCs.

Results: There were 46 male and 73 female patients with a mean age of 45.6 ± 22.7 years old (2–90 years), and follow-up time of 408.3 ± 351.0 (116–1,336) days. The numbers of patients with SJS, overlap syndrome, and TEN were 87, 9, and 23, respectively. In total, 109 eyes (55 patients) had acute SOCs, which comprised 46.2% of patients who underwent ophthalmic examination. Antiepileptics were the most common category of culprit drugs causing SOCs in the acute stage. At the end of follow-up, there were 14 eyes (9 patients) with chronic SOCs (5.9%), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cold medicine were the most common causative medications that were associated with severe chronic sequela. The correlation between Sotozono's acute and chronic grading score showed a positive relationship [Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r) = 0.52, p < 0.001]. The average chronic grading scores in patients receiving systemic corticosteroid combined with etanercept treatment were significantly lower than those receiving corticosteroid only, Finally, the average chronic grading scores in patients receiving AMT <7 days after onset were significantly lower than those performed beyond 7 days.

Conclusion: Our study implies that acute manifestation can be an indicator for chronic sequelae. Additional early etanercept treatment and early AMT showed beneficial effect in reducing chronic ocular sequela.
Gait Impairment and Upper Extremity Disturbance Are Associated With Total Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden
Authors: Hou Yutong , Li Yue , Yang Shuna , Qin Wei , Yang Lei , Hu Wenli
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose: Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD)—including white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), lacunes, and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS)—is related to gait impairment. However, the association between the total magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cSVD burden and gait and upper extremity function remains insufficiently investigated. This study aimed to assess the correlation between the total MRI cSVD burden score and gait impairment as well as upper extremity impairment.

Method: A total of 224 participants underwent MRI scans, and the presence of lacunes, WMHs, CMBs, and EPVS was evaluated and recorded as a total MRI cSVD burden score (range 0–4). Gait was assessed by 4-m walkway, Tinetti, Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) tests. Upper extremity function was assessed by 10-repeat hand pronation-supination time, 10-repeat finger-tapping time, and 10-repeat hand opening and closing time.

Result: The mean age of the 224 participants was 60.6 ± 10.5 years, and 64.3% were men. Independent of age, sex, height, and vascular risk factors, multivariable linear regression analyses showed that a higher total MRI cSVD burden score was related to a shorter stride length, wider step width, higher cadence, and poorer performance on the Tinetti, TUG, and SPPB tests and upper extremity tests (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Total MRI cSVD burden was associated with gait impairment and upper extremity disturbances, suggesting that total MRI cSVD burden might contribute to motor function decline. Longitudinal studies are required to determine whether there is a causal relationship between total MRI cSVD burden and motor function decline.
Mechanisms and Neuroprotective Activities of Stigmasterol Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Cell Death via Sirtuin Family
Authors: Pratiwi Reny , Nantasenamat Chanin , Ruankham Waralee , Suwanjang Wilasinee , Prachayasittikul Virapong , Prachayasittikul Supaluk , Phopin Kamonrat
Published: May 2021

Background: Accumulating studies have confirmed that oxidative stress leads to the death of neuronal cells and is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the compelling evidence, there is a drawback to the use of the antioxidant approach for AD treatment, partly due to limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Phytosterol is known to exhibit BBB penetration and exerts various bioactivities such as antioxidant and anticancer effects, and displays a potential treatment for dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and dementia.

Objective: In this study, the protective effects of stigmasterol, a phytosterol compound, on cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were examined in vitro using human neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y cells).

Methods: MTT assay, reactive oxygen species measurement, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, apoptotic cell measurement, and protein expression profiles were performed to determine the neuroprotective properties of stigmasterol.

Results: H2O2 exposure significantly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cells thereby inducing apoptosis. On the contrary, pretreatment with stigmasterol maintained ROS levels inside the cells and prevented oxidative stress-induced cell death. It was found that pre-incubation with stigmasterol also facilitated the upregulation of forkhead box O (FoxO) 3a, catalase, and anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in the neurons. In addition, the expression levels of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) were also increased while acetylated lysine levels were decreased, indicating that SIRT1 activity was stimulated by stigmasterol, and the result was comparable with the known SIRT1 activator, resveratrol.

Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that stigmasterol could be potentially useful to alleviate neurodegeneration induced by oxidative stress.
Nicotinamide Riboside Enhances Endothelial Precursor Cell Function to Promote Refractory Wound Healing Through Mediating the Sirt1/AMPK Pathway
Authors: Wang Zhen-hua , Bao Xiao-gang , Hu Jun-jie , Shen Si-bo , Xu Guo-hua , Wu Ye-lin
Published: May 2021

Lack of vascularization is directly associated with refractory wound healing in diabetes mellitus (DM). Enrichment of endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) is a promising but challenging approach for the treatment of diabetic wounds. Herein, we investigate the action of nicotinamide riboside (NR) on EPC function for improved healing of diabetic wounds. Db/db mice that were treated with NR-supplemented food (400 mg/kg/d) for 12 weeks exhibited higher wound healing rates and angiogenesis than untreated db/db mice. In agreement with this phenotype, NR supplementation significantly increased the number of blood EPCs and bone marrow (BM)-derived EPCs of db/db mice, as well as the tube formation and adhesion functions of BM-EPCs. Furthermore, NR-supplemented BM-EPCs showed higher expression of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), and lower expression of acetylated peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC-1α) than BM-EPCs isolated from untreated db/db mice. Knockdown of Sirt1 in BM-EPCs significantly abolished the tube formation and adhesion function of NR as well as the expression of p-AMPK and deacetylated PGC-1a. Inhibition of AMPK abolished the NR-regulated EPC function but had no effect on Sirt1 expression, demonstrating that NR enhances EPC function through the Sirt1-AMPK pathway. Overall, this study demonstrates that the oral uptake of NR enhances the EPC function to promote diabetic wound healing, indicating that NR supplementation might be a promising strategy to prevent the progression of diabetic complications.
Exercising for Insulin Sensitivity – Is There a Mechanistic Relationship With Quantitative Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mass?
Authors: Paquin Jasmine , Lagacé Jean-Christophe , Brochu Martin , Dionne Isabelle J.
Published: May 2021

Skeletal muscle (SM) tissue has been repetitively shown to play a major role in whole-body glucose homeostasis and overall metabolic health. Hence, SM hypertrophy through resistance training (RT) has been suggested to be favorable to glucose homeostasis in different populations, from young healthy to type 2 diabetic (T2D) individuals. While RT has been shown to contribute to improved metabolic health, including insulin sensitivity surrogates, in multiple studies, a universal understanding of a mechanistic explanation is currently lacking. Furthermore, exercised-improved glucose homeostasis and quantitative changes of SM mass have been hypothesized to be concurrent but not necessarily causally associated. With a straightforward focus on exercise interventions, this narrative review aims to highlight the current level of evidence of the impact of SM hypertrophy on glucose homeostasis, as well various mechanisms that are likely to explain those effects. These mechanistic insights could provide a strengthened rationale for future research assessing alternative RT strategies to the current classical modalities, such as low-load, high repetition RT or high-volume circuit-style RT, in metabolically impaired populations.
Etiology Exploration of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease From Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution Perspective: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Zhu Ke , Guo Yongsong , Zhao Chenghao , Kang Shixin , Li Jialiang , Wang Jiexin , Tang Zhaohui , Lin Bing , Li Weihong
Published: May 2021

Background: From the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitution theory perspective, the phlegm-dampness constitution is thought to be closely related to the occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, this viewpoint still lacks rigorous statistical evidence. This study aimed to test the association between the phlegm-dampness constitution and NAFLD.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study. Participants were residents living in Chengdu, China, undergoing health checkups at the health management center of Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between December 2018 and September 2020. TCM constitution type was diagnosed by DAOSH four examinations instrument, NAFLD was diagnosed according to the liver ultrasonography and medical history. Multivariate logistic regression and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to analyze a total of 1,677 qualified data.

Results: 1,037 participants had biased constitution(s), 67.8% of which had mixed constitutions (with at least two constitutions). Among 1,677 participants, the phlegm-dampness constitution was associated with the yang-deficiency, yin-deficiency, dampness-heat, qi-depression, and blood-stasis constitutions. The correlation coefficients were 0.11, 0.32, 0.42, 0.20, 0.14, respectively. Between the phlegm-dampness constitution and NAFLD, the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was 2.05 (1.57–2.69) in the crude model. After adjusting for age, gender, Body mass index (BMI), other biased constitutions, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, the OR reduced to 1.51 (1.04–2.18). The associations of seven other biased TCM constitutions and NAFLD were not statistically significant in the fully adjusted model. The PSM analysis showed consistent results with the logistic regression.

Conclusions: Among eight biased TCM constitutions, the phlegm-dampness constitution is independently associated with NAFLD. We speculate the phlegm-dampness constitution is a risk factor of NAFLD. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this causal relationship in the future. In addition, inconsistent with some TCM practitioners' experience, we disagree that the blood-stasis constitution is associated with NAFLD.
Case Report: Occupation Radiation Disease, Skin Injury, and Leukemia After Accidental Radiation Exposure
Authors: Hao Xiaoji , Ye Anfang , Yu Shunfei , Ni Qianying , Guo Jiadi , Wang Xiangguo , Gao Shenyong , Lai Zhongjun , Zhao Yaoxian , Xuan Zhiqiang
Published: May 2021

Objective: Follow-up observation of radiation accident in which a worker developed acute radiation disease and eventually died of leukemia. The case provided key practical information for the study on clinical effects of radiation on the health of workers.

Case Presentation: We observed and followed-up the progression and effect of radiation exposure at various stages in a 28-year-old male patient. We examined the chromosomal morphology, white blood cell count, and sperm count. Laboratory tests for leukemia diagnosis and other clinical parameters were performed.

Results: After the patient was irradiated, the white blood cell level decreased, the sperm count dropped to 0, and the libido completely disappeared. The patient's chromosome aberration cell rate and total chromosome aberration cell rate were 7.33 and 7.66%, respectively. Examination of leukemia diagnostic experiments revealed that abnormal cells accounted for 60%; bone marrow examination showed that prolymphocytes abnormally proliferated, accounting for 89%, and had positive extracellular iron staining. After the initial treatment, the patient's white blood cell level increased and was finally maintained at a normal level, the sperm count returned to normal levels, and libido was restored. The patient died of acute lymphoblastic leukemia 34 years after the exposure.

Conclusion: More attention has been paid to the long-term effects of ionizing radiation-induced malignant tumors. The occupational protection of radiographic inspection workers should be strengthened to reduce and avoid occupational injuries to protect the health and safety of workers.
Perspective: Did Covid-19 Change Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Surgery Approach?
Authors: Ciriaco Paola , Carretta Angelo , Bandiera Alessandro , Muriana Piergiorgio , Negri Giampiero
Published: May 2021

The novel coronavirus (Covid-19), as of January 2021, infected more than 85 million people worldwide, causing the death of about 1,840 million. Italy had more than 2 million infected and about 75,000 deaths. Many hospitals reduced their ordinary activity by up to 80%, to leave healthcare staff, wards, and intensive care unit (ICU) beds available for the significant number of Covid-19 patients. All this resulted in a prolonged wait for hospitalization of all other patients, including those with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) eligible for surgery. The majority of thoracic surgery departments changed the clinical-therapeutic path of patients, re-adapting procedures based on the needs dictated by the pandemic while not delaying the necessary treatment. The establishment of Covid-19-free hub centers allowed some elective surgery in NSCLC patients but most of the operations were delayed. The technology has partly facilitated patients' visits through telemedicine when security protocols have prevented face-to-face assessments. Multidisciplinary consultations had to deal also with the priority of the NSCLC cases discussed. Interpretation of radiologic exams had to take into account the differential diagnosis with Covid-19 infection. All the knowledge and experience of the past months reveal that the Covid-19 pandemic has not substantially changed the indications and type of surgical treatment in NSCLC. However, the diagnostic process has become more complex, requiring rigorous planning, thus changing the approach with the patients.
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Control Program in Slovakia
Authors: Mandelik Rene , Bires Jozef , Ozsvari Laszlo , Hodnik Jaka Jakob , Vilcek Stefan
Published: May 2021

As for other European countries, IBR is a significant cause of financial losses in cattle in Slovakia. The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic prepared a voluntary IBR control program for cattle farms in 1995, which was implemented in 1996. In subsequent years, 48-119 farms/year enrolled in the voluntary IBR control program. Since the end of 2006, the IBR control program became compulsory by law for all cattle farms in Slovakia. Serology was used to identify infected animals using a conventional ELISA amongst non-vaccinated cattle and a gE specific ELISA in cattle vaccinated with marker vaccine. Eradication is based on culling when the serological prevalence of IBR in a herd is below 15%. When the prevalence is higher than 15%, the culling is combined with the application of a marker vaccine. A radical method where all animals are slaughtered is used with the agreement of the farmer when appropriate, especially for very small herds. Depending upon the selected eradication method, the antibody positive cattle can be gradually replaced in the herds to eliminate financial losses due to the disease. The movement of cattle is under strict control requiring a health certificate issued by the state veterinary authority and the movement must be recorded in the central livestock registry. The next step for herds is monitoring to achieve official IBR-free status. Based on the official figures from The State Veterinary and Food Administration, 60.2% herds were free of IBR in Slovakia in 2020.
Ethosomes and Transethosomes for Mangiferin Transdermal Delivery
Authors: Sguizzato Maddalena , Ferrara Francesca , Hallan Supandeep Singh , Baldisserotto Anna , Drechsler Markus , Malatesta Manuela , Costanzo Manuela , Cortesi Rita , Puglia Carmelo , Valacchi Giuseppe , Esposito Elisabetta
Published: May 2021

Mangiferin is a natural glucosyl xanthone with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, making it suitable for protection against cutaneous diseases. In this study ethosomes and transethosomes were designed as topical delivery systems for mangiferin. A preformulation study was conducted using different surfactants in association with phosphatidylcholine. Vesicle dimensional distribution was monitored by photon correlation spectroscopy, while antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity were respectively assessed by free radical scavenging analysis and MTT on HaCaT keratinocytes. Selected nanosystems were further investigated by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, while mangiferin entrapment capacity was evaluated by ultracentrifugation and HPLC. The diffusion kinetics of mangiferin from ethosomes and transethosomes evaluated by Franz cell was faster in the case of transethosomes. The suitability of mangiferin-containing nanovesicles in the treatment of skin disorders related to pollutants was investigated, evaluating, in vitro, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of ethosomes and transethosomes on human keratinocytes exposed to cigarette smoke as an oxidative and inflammatory challenger. The ability to induce an antioxidant response (HO-1) and anti-inflammatory status (IL-6 and NF-kB) was determined by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The data demonstrated the effectiveness of mangiferin loaded in nanosystems to protect cells from damage. Finally, to gain insight into the keratinocytes’ uptake of ethosome and transethosome, transmission electron microscopy analyses were conducted, showing that both nanosystems were able to pass intact within the cells.
Galangin Resolves Cardiometabolic Disorders through Modulation of AdipoR1, COX-2, and NF-κB Expression in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet
Authors: Prasatthong Patoomporn , Meephat Sariya , Rattanakanokchai Siwayu , Khamseekaew Juthamas , Bunbupha Sarawoot , Prachaney Parichat , Maneesai Putcharawipa , Pakdeechote Poungrat
Published: May 2021

Galangin is a natural flavonoid. In this study, we evaluated whether galangin could alleviate signs of metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiac abnormalities in rats receiving a high-fat (HF) diet. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were given an HF diet plus 15% fructose for four months, and they were fed with galangin (25 or 50 mg/kg), metformin (100 mg/kg), or a vehicle for the last four weeks. The MS rats exhibited signs of MS, hypertrophy of adipocytes, impaired liver function, and cardiac dysfunction and remodeling. These abnormalities were alleviated by galangin (p < 0.05). Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations and expression were high in the plasma and cardiac tissue in the MS rats, and these markers were suppressed by galangin (p < 0.05). These treatments also alleviated the low levels of adiponectin and oxidative stress induced by an HF diet in rats. The downregulation of adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the upregulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression were recovered in the galangin-treated groups. Metformin produced similar effects to galangin. In conclusion, galangin reduced cardiometabolic disorders in MS rats. These effects might be linked to the suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress and the restoration of AdipoR1, COX-2, and NF-κB expression.
Preparation and Electron-Beam Surface Modification of Novel TiNi Material for Medical Applications
Authors: Anikeev Sergey G. , Shabalina Anastasiia V. , Kulinich Sergei A. , Artyukhova Nadezhda V. , Korsakova Daria R. , Yakovlev Evgeny V. , Vlasov Vitaly A. , Kokorev Oleg V. , Hodorenko Valentina N.
Published: May 2021

A new approach to fabricate TiNi surfaces combining the advantages of both monolithic and porous materials for implants is used in this work. New materials were obtained by depositing a porous TiNi powder onto monolithic TiNi plates followed by sintering at 1200 °C. Then, further modification of the material surface with a high-current-pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) was carried out. Three materials obtained (one after sintering and two after subsequent beam treatment by 30 pulses with different pulse energy) were studied by XRD, SEM, EDX, surface profilometry, and by means of electrochemical measurements, including OCP and EIS. Structural and compositional changes caused by HCPEB treatment were investigated. Surface properties of the samples during their storage in saline for 10 days were studied and a model experiment with cell growth (MCF-7) was carried out for the unmodified sample with an electron beam to detect cell appearance on different surface locations.
A Review of Power System Fault Diagnosis with Spiking Neural P Systems
Authors: Liu Yicen , Chen Ying , Paul Prithwineel , Fan Songhai , Ma Xiaomin , Zhang Gexiang
Published: May 2021

With the advancement of technologies it is becoming imperative to have a stable, secure and uninterrupted supply of power to electronic systems as well as to ensure the identification of faults occurring in these systems quickly and efficiently in case of any accident. Spiking neural P system (SNPS) is a popular parallel distributed computing model. It is inspired by the structure and functioning of spiking neurons. It belongs to the category of neural-like P systems and is well-known as a branch of the third generation neural networks. SNPS and its variants can perform the task of fault diagnosis in power systems efficiently. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of these models, which can perform the task of fault diagnosis in transformers, power transmission networks, traction power supply systems, metro traction power supply systems, and electric locomotive systems. Furthermore, we discuss the use of these models in fault section estimation of power systems, fault location identification in distribution network, and fault line detection. We also discuss a software tool which can perform the task of fault diagnosis automatically. Finally, we discuss future research lines related to this topic.
Wikidata Support in the Creation of Rich Semantic Metadata for Historical Archives
Authors: Colla Davide , Goy Annamaria , Leontino Marco , Magro Diego
Published: May 2021

The research question this paper aims at answering is the following: In an ontology-driven annotation system, can the information extracted from external resources (namely, Wikidata) provide users with useful suggestions in the characterization of entities used for the annotation of documents from historical archives? The context of the research is the PRiSMHA project, in which the main goal is the development of a proof-of-concept prototype ontology-driven system for semantic metadata generation. The assumption behind this effort is that an effective access to historical archives needs a rich semantic knowledge, relying on a domain ontology, that describes the content of archival resources. In the paper, we present a new feature of the annotation system: when characterizing a new entity (e.g., a person), some properties describing it are automatically pre-filled in, and more complex semantic representations (e.g., events the entity is involved in) are suggested; both kinds of suggestions are based on information retrieved from Wikidata. In the paper, we describe the automatic algorithm devised to support the definition of the mappings between the Wikidata semantic model and the PRiSMHA ontology, as well as the process used to extract information from Wikidata and to generate suggestions based on the defined mappings. Finally, we discuss the results of a qualitative evaluation of the suggestions, which provides a positive answer to the initial research question and indicates possible improvements.
Recognition of Customers’ Impulsivity from Behavioral Patterns in Virtual Reality
Authors: Moghaddasi Masoud , Marín-Morales Javier , Khatri Jaikishan , Guixeres Jaime , Chicchi Giglioli Irene Alice , Alcañiz Mariano
Published: May 2021

Virtual reality (VR) in retailing (V-commerce) has been proven to enhance the consumer experience. Thus, this technology is beneficial to study behavioral patterns by offering the opportunity to infer customers’ personality traits based on their behavior. This study aims to recognize impulsivity using behavioral patterns. For this goal, 60 subjects performed three tasks—one exploration task and two planned tasks—in a virtual market. Four noninvasive signals (eye-tracking, navigation, posture, and interactions), which are available in commercial VR devices, were recorded, and a set of features were extracted and categorized into zonal, general, kinematic, temporal, and spatial types. They were input into a support vector machine classifier to recognize the impulsivity of the subjects based on the I-8 questionnaire, achieving an accuracy of 87%. The results suggest that, while the exploration task can reveal general impulsivity, other subscales such as perseverance and sensation-seeking are more related to planned tasks. The results also show that posture and interaction are the most informative signals. Our findings validate the recognition of customer impulsivity using sensors incorporated into commercial VR devices. Such information can provide a personalized shopping experience in future virtual shops.
Joint Channel Estimation and Synchronization Techniques for Time-Interleaved Block-Windowed Burst OFDM
Authors: Martins João , Conceição Filipe , Gomes Marco , Silva Vitor , Dinis Rui
Published: May 2021

From a conceptual perspective, beyond-5G technologies promise to deliver very low latency, even higher data rates, and ultrareliable connections for future generations of communication systems. Modulation schemes based on orthogonal frequency-domain multiplexing (OFDM) can accommodate these requirements for wireless systems. Several hybrid OFDM-based systems, such as the time-interleaved block-windowed burst–OFDM (TIBWB–OFDM), are capable of achieving even better spectral confinement and power efficiency. This paper addresses the implementation of the TIBWB–OFDM system in more realistic and practical wireless link scenarios by addressing the challenges of proper and reliable channel estimation and frame synchronization. We propose to incorporate a preamble formed by optimal correlation training sequences such as the Zadoff–Chu (ZC) sequences. The added ZC preamble sequence is used to jointly estimate the frame beginning through signal-correlation strategies and a threshold decision device, and acquire channel-state information (CSI) by employing estimators on the basis of the preamble sequence and transmitted data. The employed receiver estimators show that it is possible to detect the TIBWB–OFDM frame beginning and highlight the robustness of the TIBWB–OFDM technique to imperfect channel estimations by showing that it can provide comparatively close BER performance to the one where the CSI is perfectly known.
The Cortical “Upper Motoneuron” in Health and Disease
Authors: Lemon Roger N.
Published: May 2021

Upper motoneurons (UMNs) in motor areas of the cerebral cortex influence spinal and cranial motor mechanisms through the corticospinal tract (CST) and through projections to brainstem motor pathways. The primate corticospinal system has a diverse cortical origin and a wide spectrum of fibre diameters, including large diameter fibres which are unique to humans and other large primates. Direct cortico-motoneuronal (CM) projections from the motor cortex to arm and hand motoneurons are a late evolutionary feature only present in dexterous primates and best developed in humans. CM projections are derived from a more restricted cortical territory (‘new’ M1, area 3a) and arise not only from corticospinal neurons with large, fast axons but also from those with relatively slow-conducting axons. During movement, corticospinal neurons are organised and recruited quite differently from ‘lower’ motoneurons. Accumulating evidence strongly implicates the corticospinal system in the early stages of ALS, with particular involvement of CM projections to distal limb muscles, but also to other muscle groups influenced by the CM system. There are important species differences in the organisation and function of the corticospinal system, and appropriate animal models are needed to understand disorders involving the human corticospinal system.
Conservative Non-Surgical Management of Horizontal Root-Fractured Maxillary Incisors in a Young Male with Angle Class II, Division 2, Malocclusion
Authors: Biagi Roberto , Bardini Giulia , Guidazzi Giuseppe , Spinas Enrico
Published: May 2021

Horizontal root fractures are a rare emergency in a dental office. The injury involves periodontal ligament, cementum, dentine and pulp. The healing is influenced by the location of the root fracture, the displacement of the fragments and the status of the pulp. This report presents a clinical case of horizontal fractures to both maxillary central incisors due to an act of violence. The type of occlusion has avoided a severe diastasis of the coronal parts with a subsequent damage to the pulp and periodontum. The fractures were treated with an orthodontic splint without any further therapy and hard tissue healing was observed. A careful diagnosis and well-timed treatment planning usually allow a cost-efficient and biologically-oriented therapy with a favorable outcome.
Model-Based Identification of Alternative Bidding Zones: Applications of Clustering Algorithms with Topology Constraints
Authors: Colella Pietro , Mazza Andrea , Bompard Ettore , Chicco Gianfranco , Russo Angela , Carlini Enrico Maria , Caprabianca Mauro , Quaglia Federico , Luzi Luca , Nuzzo Giuseppina
Published: May 2021

The definition of bidding zones is a relevant question for electricity markets. The bidding zones can be identified starting from information on the nodal prices and network topology, considering the operational conditions that may lead to congestion of the transmission lines. A well-designed bidding zone configuration is a key milestone for an efficient market design and a secure power system operation, being the basis for capacity allocation and congestion management processes, as acknowledged in the relevant European regulation. Alternative bidding zone configurations can be identified in a process assisted by the application of clustering methods, which use a predefined set of features, objectives and constraints to determine the partitioning of the network nodes into groups. These groups are then analysed and validated to become candidate bidding zones. The content of the manuscript can be summarized as follows: (1) A novel probabilistic multi-scenario methodology was adopted. The approach needs the analysis of features that are computed considering a set of scenarios defined from solutions in normal operation and in planned maintenance cases. The weights of the scenarios are indicated by TSOs on the basis of the expected frequency of occurrence; (2) The relevant features considered are the Locational Marginal Prices (LMPs) and the Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs); (3) An innovative computation procedure based on clustering algorithms was developed to group nodes of the transmission electrical network into bidding zones considering topological constraints. Several settings and clustering algorithms were tested in order to evaluate the robustness of the identified solutions.
Extended Exergy Analysis (EEA) of Italy, 2013–2017
Authors: Biondi Alfonso , Sciubba Enrico
Published: May 2021

In recent years, many studies have been published on the applications of exergy analyses to complex systems, including entire countries. Oddly, the results, although consistent, appear to lead to divergent conclusions. The underlying problem is that in a “pure” thermodynamic analysis, the so-called “externalities”, i.e., labor, capital, and environmental costs, are often neglected or only approximately included in the picture. In 1998, an extension of the theory that included the exergy content of the externalities was introduced, called “extended exergy accounting” (EEA). Its novelty consisted of the explicit inclusion of the exergy embodied in the externalities. The aim of this work is to use the results of the extended exergy accounting to obtain an indicator that can be used to assess the sustainable development of a country. First, a novel methodological approach to the theory is presented, based on the exploitation of a very large dataset obtained from several national and European statistical institutions. After a brief discussion of the theory, an application to the case of Italy is developed over a 5 years time window (2013–2017). The paper includes a comparison with the concurrent evolution of other sustainability indicators and of the gross domestic product (GDP) indicator. The results show a consistent trend for EE as compared with those of other indicators, and also convincingly proves that this trend is incompatible with that of the GDP. The EE indicator is called the exergy footprint, which also displays a remarkable sensitivity to both environmental and economic factors.
Torrefaction of Agricultural and Wood Waste: Comparative Analysis of Selected Fuel Characteristics
Authors: Cahyanti Margareta Novian , Doddapaneni Tharaka Rama Krishna C. , Madissoo Marten , Pärn Linnar , Virro Indrek , Kikas Timo
Published: May 2021

Abundant biomass is a potential energy source. However, it possesses several challenges when considered for energy applications. Torrefaction, a thermal pretreatment process can improve the properties of biomass as energy source. This study focused on comparing effect of torrefaction operating parameters on agricultural and wood wastes properties as fuel. The physiochemical properties, composition, moisture-biomass interaction and ash melting behavior were determined. The result show that higher torrefaction temperature and longer residence time increased lignin content, reduced hemicellulose and cellulose content. The moisture uptake of torrefied biomass was reduced in the range 2.47–9.94% compared with raw biomass depending on torrefaction temperature that indicate torrefied biomass was more hydrophobic than raw biomass. The moisture adsorption isotherm curve shows type II isotherm based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller’s (BET) classification and was best described by the Oswin model. In addition, torrefaction treatment showed significant influence on the melting behavior of the biomass ash. Especially for agricultural wastes, the fouling tendency shifted from serious range to low range with torrefaction treatment. Torrefaction showed promise for improving fuel characteristics of the studied biomass.
Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation Profiles between Teinturier and Non-Teinturier Cultivars during Ripening
Authors: Tian Meng-Bo , Yuan Lin , Zheng Ming-Yuan , Xi Zhu-Mei
Published: May 2021

Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.
Systematic Review of Sleep Characteristics in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Maksoud Rebekah , Eaton-Fitch Natalie , Matula Michael , Cabanas Hélène , Staines Donald , Marshall-Gradisnik Sonya
Published: May 2021

(1) Background—Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a multifaceted illness characterized by profound and persistent fatigue unrelieved by rest along with a range of other debilitating symptoms. Experiences of unrefreshing and disturbed sleep are frequently described by ME/CFS patients. This is the first systematic review assessing sleep characteristics in ME/CFS. The aim of this review is to determine whether there are clinical characteristics of sleep in ME/CFS patients compared to healthy controls using objective measures such as polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing. (2) Methods—the following databases—Pubmed, Embase, Medline (EBSCO host) and Web of Science, were systematically searched for journal articles published between January 1994 to 19 February 2021. Articles that referred to polysomnography or multiple sleep latency testing and ME/CFS patients were selected, and further refined through use of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality and bias were measured using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. (3) Results—twenty observational studies were included in this review. The studies investigated objective measures of sleep quality in ME/CFS. Subjective measures including perceived sleep quality and other quality of life factors were also described. (4) Conclusions—Many of the parameters measured including slow- wave sleep, apnea- hypopnea index, spectral activity and multiple sleep latency testing were inconsistent across the studies. The available research on sleep quality in ME/CFS was also limited by recruitment decisions, confounding factors, small sample sizes and non-replicated findings. Future well-designed studies are required to understand sleep quality in ME/CFS patients.
The Effect of Menopause Hypoestrogenism on Osteogenic Differentiation of Periodontal Ligament Cells (PDLC) and Stem Cells (PDLCs): A Systematic Review
Authors: Di Naro Edoardo , Loverro Matteo , Converti Ilaria , Loverro Maria Teresa , Ferrara Elisabetta , Rapone Biagio
Published: May 2021

(1) Background: Menopause is a physiological condition typified by drastic hormonal changes, and the effects of this transition have long-term significant clinical implications on the general health, including symptoms or physical changes. In menopausal women, the periodontium can be affected directly or through neural mechanism by oestrogen (E2) deficiency. The majority of the biological effects of E2 are modulated via both oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) and oestrogen receptor- β (ERβ). There is evidence that hypoestrogenism has a substantial impact on the aetiology, manifestation and severity of periodontitis, via the regulation of the expression of osteoprogesterin and RANKL in human periodontal ligament cells through ERβ. However, the mechanistic understanding of oestrogen in periodontal status has been partially clarified. The aim of this paper was to synopsize the recent scientific evidence concerning the link between the menopause and periodontitis, through the investigation of physio-pathological impact of the oestrogen deficiency on osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and PDLSC, as well as the dynamic change of ERα and ERβ. (2) Methods: Search was conducted for significant studies by exploring electronic PubMed and EMBASE databases, and it was independently performed by two researchers. All studies on the impact of oestrogen level on alveolar bone resorption were searched from 2005 to July 2020. Data selection was in concordance with PRISMA guidelines. (3) Results: Eight studies met the criteria and were included in this systematic review. All studies reported that oestrogen deficiency impairs the osteogenic and osteoblastic differentiation of PDL cells and oestrogen affects the bone formation capacity of cells. Seven studies were conducted on animal samples, divided into two groups: the OVX animals and animals who received the sham operation. (4) Conclusions: There is a multitude of data available showing the influence of menopause on periodontal status. However, the evidence of this line to investigation needs more research and could help explain the physiological linkage between menopause state and periodontal disease.
Novel Symmetrical Cage Compounds as Inhibitors of the Symmetrical MRP4-Efflux Pump for Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Kreutzer David , Döring Henry , Werner Peter , Ritter Christoph A. , Hilgeroth Andreas
Published: May 2021

Within the last decades cancer treatment improved by the availability of more specifically acting drugs that address molecular target structures in cancer cells. However, those target-sensitive drugs suffer from ongoing resistances resulting from mutations and moreover they are affected by the cancer phenomenon of multidrug resistance. A multidrug resistant cancer can hardly be treated with the common drugs, so that there have been long efforts to develop drugs to combat that resistance. Transmembrane efflux pumps are the main cause of the multidrug resistance in cancer. Early inhibitors disappointed in cancer treatment without a proof of expression of a respective efflux pump. Recent studies in efflux pump expressing cancer show convincing effects of those inhibitors. Based on the molecular symmetry of the efflux pump multidrug resistant protein (MRP) 4 we synthesized symmetric inhibitors with varied substitution patterns. They were evaluated in a MRP4-overexpressing cancer cell line model to prove structure-dependent effects on the inhibition of the efflux pump activity in an uptake assay of a fluorescent MRP4 substrate. The most active compound was tested to resentisize the MRP4-overexpressing cell line towards a clinically relevant anticancer drug as proof-of-principle to encourage for further preclinical studies.