bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Work on the Phacopidae
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

It is worth while to examine the value and definition of certain of the older generic or sub-generic groups, for there is much difference in the usage of the terms, and in the interpretation of their rank and value. This is especially the case with Acaste and Phacopidella, for the author of the latter name wrongly included in it such forms as Ac. downingiae and others of a diverse type, though they differed in important particulars from the species Ph. glockeri Barr. which he chose as the type of Phacopidella as above observed (see Glockeria). Other new and old generic terms appear to have been also used in too broad a sense, and there is no general agreement as to their limitation.
Some Variations in Ulocrinus and Hydreionocrinus
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

In furtherance of an intention expressed in a former paper (Geol. Mag., Vol. LXIII, 1926, p. 143), I propose, in this communication, to give some statistics of the anal variations in 542 cups, all of which are referred to the genus Ulocrinus. Additional details are also given of similar variations in 130 cups referred to Hydreionocrinus. Fifty of the latter have already been dealt with elsewhere (Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. xvi, pt. iii, 1917–18, p. 383), but to complete the survey of the anal area in the four groups of cups for the present, it is thought advisable to include them here. The classification here adopted is the same as that given for Eupachycrinus calyx and Zeacrinus konincki, namely:—
Some Lower Cretaceous Corals from Eastern Venezuela
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

Mr. J. V. Harrison, B.Sc., has recently collected some coral limestones from two localities in Venezuela, which he has entrusted to me for identification and description. The corals indicate the existence in eastern Venezuela of a rich fauna, for the specimens include fragments of seven genera. Some of the corals are too small for specific, and some for certain generic determination but as there appears no likelihood of further material being collected, it seems advisable to describe what is available to direct attention to an interesting and varied coral fauna. The two localities represented are Port Piritu, on the shore of the great bay west of the town of Barcelona in eastern Venezuela, and Punceres to the west of the Gulf of Paria between the two branches of the Rio San Juan and due west of the lower course of that river. A map, for which I am indebted to the Anglo-Persian Oil Co., through Mr. S. Lister James, shows that the position of Punceres is at about 10° N., 631/2° W. The corals were collected during surveys made for that Company, which has paid for the accompanying plate.
Cauldrons of Subsidence
Authors: Schwarz E. H. L.
Published: May 2009

In their memoir on the Cauldron Subsidence of Glencoe, the authors, Messrs. Bailey, Clough, and Maufe, showed that the structure owes its origin to a cylinder that has sunk; around the edges there are various crush phenomena, culminating in fusion and actual lava. Alongside Glencoe is the granite mountain of Glen Etive, defined by a circular fault, and thus representing a cylinder that has been pushed up. The authors discuss the bearing of their work on general questions of geology; they show that the cylinder may simply sink, and the top be covered with the rocks originally in place upon it. Branca described a similar case in the Ries in Swabia. In others the circular fault has served as the orifice from which lava has been poured over the floor of the pit, as in the Hegau.
Ontogenetic and other Variations in Volutospina spinosa
Authors: Stuart Alan
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusions

One hundred and thirty-two shells of Athleta (Volutospina) spinosa (L.), have been examined, the majority being well enough preserved to permit of detailed measurements being made. The variation in the breadth/height ratio was found to indicate an increase with the age of the individual, approximately according to the equation B = 0·4444h + 0·00256h + 0·000027h. Spire height expressed as a percentage of the height is greatest in young shells, those less than one centimetre in height having values of thirty-three and thirty-four per cent, whereas fully grown individuals have a mode of twenty-seven per cent.

The variations in ontogeny are not considerable, in only one case have the differences from the normal type been recognized by earlier writers as worthy of specific distinction. It is probable that Athleta (Volutospina) trisulcata (L.) is a variety of Athleta (Volutospina) spinosa.

The correlation between the various ontogenetic factors is small, for example, that for the incidence of the fifth tubercle and its disappearance is only — 0·144. On the whole the variations in each of the several characters are independent of the variations in the other characters.

This series of specimens is clearly a group in which the latitude of variation is small, and may be contrasted with such groups as that of Planorbis multiformis, in which the variation was described by Professor Hickling (9).

I wish to thank Dr. A. E. Trueman for much helpful criticism and advice during the progress of this work, and Professor E. J. Evans, of the Physics department in this college, for the use of apparatus.
The Sedimentary and Volcanic Rocks of Western Togoland
Authors: Robertson Thomas
Published: May 2009

In a former paper, a short sketch of the geographical and geological features of Western Togoland was given. The main geological divisions, excluding recent deposits, may be tabulated thus:-
The Limestone Hills of the Kinta Valley Tinfield, Federated Malay States: their Geology and Physiographic Origin
Authors: Cameron W. E.
Published: May 2009

The limestone hills of the Kinta Valley, standing up with white cliff faces from an almost level plain, form a prominent and picturesque feature of this prolific tinfield, and attract attention and present a varying scene as viewed from different points in the valley of the Kinta River. Their mode of origin has been the subject of marked divergence of opinion amongst geologists acquainted with them, as has also their age in relation to the series of metamorphic sediments found in the same valley.
Contemporaneous Volcanic Activity in East Fife
Authors: Balsillie David
Published: May 2009

In a previous contribution to the Geological Magazine the opinion was put forward, based upon an examination of field evidence available in the neighbourhood of Largo, that the assumption of a Permian age for the old volcanoes of East Fife should no longer be sustained. It will be remembered by those interested in the matter, that whereas this district afforded remarkably clear evidence of contemporaneous volcanic action during Lower Carboniferous times, no confirmation was forthcoming of Sir A. Geikie's wholly different structural interpretation of an overlying unconformable sheet of post-Carboniferous ash. The purpose of this paper is to supplement the conclusions arrived at three years ago, and to note one or two additional field exposures that seem likewise to indicate contemporary eruptive activity among the Lower Carboniferous rocks of East Fife.
An Outline of Chinese Geology
Authors: Lee J. S.
Published: May 2009

To the south of the Tsing-ling Range the above classification of the Sinian System no longer holds good. The Kisinling Limestone of western Hu-peh—a massive grey limestone grading downwards into a slaty limestone and slates—has yielded in its upper part gigantic Orthoceras, or the pagoda stone, and other Ordovician fossils; and is therefore regarded as equivalent to the upper and the middle part of the Sinian in north-east China. Unconformably underlying the Kisinling Limestone, a glacial deposit, the Nantou Tillite, was found by Willis and Blackwelder at Nan-tou, near the north-western entrance of the I-chang Gorge (about long. 111° 10′ E., lat. 30° 45′ N.). Mr. V. K. Ting has verbally informed the writer that this interesting deposit extends towards the south-west for a considerable distance. The occurrence of Asaphus and Trinucleus to the south of Ning-kiang (about long. 106° E., lat. 32° 45′ N.) makes it highly probable that, there, the upper Sinian is exposed among other folded Palæozoic strata.
Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

AMONG the Echinoids from the Limestone Lenticles of Shenley Hill (Leighton Buzzard), sent to me from the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge (see Geol. Mag., Vol. LVIII, 1921, p. 57), one specimen of the many Pyriniform examples at once attracted attention by its preservation, relatively large size, and superficial resemblance to Holectypus. A brief comment on the specimen (No. 3 of the series) was made in the note already cited; further and more detailed examination, preceded by removal of matrix, has revealed additional features of much interest. Though averse to diagnosis of new genera or species based on single specimens, I have felt compelled to adopt that course in this case, in default of acquaintance with any described types to which the Shenley Echinoid could be assimilated. It is quite likely that other specimens, congeneric if not conspecific, may exist in collections; according to their preservation or the idiosyncrasy of individuals they may be labelled Holectypus, Conulus, or Pyrina with equal probability. It is even possible that some of the numerous species of Pyrina (including Pseudopyrina and Globator), already described, may be referable to the genus here introduced; but more details of morphology than are often supplied in systematic diagnoses and figures are needed before order can come out of the chaotic series of Cretaceous Echinonëidæ.
Ammonites from the Upper Lias, Railway-cutting, Bloxham, Oxon
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

IMMEDIATELY east of Bloxham Station is a cutting through the Marlstone and basement beds of the Upper Lias. The Liassic deposits are now for the most part hidden by vegetation, but when the line was made and for some years subsequently large numbers of fossils—principally ammonites—were collected from them. Several geologists have published particulars concerning the section. The writer has in his collection a number of ammonites from here, which have been examined by Dr. A. E. Trueman. The object of this communication is to place on record the result of his examination.
Some Characteristic Structural Types in Eastern Asia and their Bearing upon the Problem of Continental Movements
Authors: Lee J. S.
Published: May 2009

We have perhaps gone a little further into the detail of these five zones than is justified by the nature of this paper. But as we shall see later, unless the supreme importance of these east and west zones be fully appreciated, we should be at a loss to explain the peculiar arrangement of the several mountain ranges that swell forward towards the continental margin, as well as the succession of island arcs that border the continental mass of Eastern Asia.
Fossils from the Blue Mountains of Jamaica
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

Mr. G. M. STOCKLEY, F.G.S. in 1925 made the interesting discovery of fossils near the top of Blue Mountain Peak, the highest summit in Jamaica, at the considerable altitude of about 7,000 feet. Unfortunately the material he collected was lost on the way down by a horse slipping and throwing his fossils down a ravine. He told me, however, that he was almost sure there was a species of Inoceramus among them. Dr. C. A. Matley, F.G.S. collected some specimens at the same locality a year or two later. On looking over his collection, however, I could not find any fossils which might fix beyond doubt the age of the beds. During a recent visit to Blue Mountain Peak I was able to spend enough time at the locality to make a small collection of fossils which I now endeavour to describe.
Some Characteristic Structural Types in Eastern Asia and their Bearing upon the Problem of Continental Movements
Authors: Lee J. S.
Published: May 2009

Lastly a reference must be made to the nu-delta structures which characterize the contact zone between the continent of Eastern Asia and the floor of the Pacific. in the Sakhalin-Yezo-Kuriles system we find, by experiment, that the northern part of the system was pressed towards the continent to a greater extent than the southern part of it. This is a consequence to be naturally expected. In the Kuriles we find a succession of fractures which prove, beyond any doubt, that the region to the west of those lines effected a southerly or south-westerly horizontal shear against the Pacific. Such a movement not being parallel to the continental border, would necessarily arouse a lateral compression between the continent and the ocean base. Now since the southern terminus of the triangular area covered by the system lies against the Inshan zone which behaved as a strengthening rib on the part of the continental mass against lateral pressure, it would be extremely difficult for the southern apex of the triangular area to shift westward. On the other hand the northern part of the area does not encounter such extraordinary resistance. Consequently the whole area suffers a counter-clockwise twisting movement with the result that the nu-delta system was generated. In this way we are able to understand how the Sakhalin-Yezo-Kuriles system was produced through a southward movement of Eastern Asia.
On the Family Cyclidae Packard
Authors: Hopwood Arthur T.
Published: May 2009

The genus Cyclus contains a number of small Arthropoda which are found in the Carboniferous rocks of Europe and the United States. As a rule the fossils are small, less than an inch in diameter, and very often they are enclosed in ironstone nodules. Consequently they are generally overlooked and are rarely found in collections.
On Some English Species of the GenusStylophyllopsis
Authors: Straw S. H.
Published: May 2009

The three species of corals which form the subject of this communication are all from the Lower Lias of the west and centre of England. They were originally described by Duncan3as species ofMontlivaltia, viz.M. rugosa, M. mucronata, andM. victoriae. But in 1890 it was suggested by Freeh4that many of the so-calledMontlivaltiaandThecosmiliafrom the English Lias should be included in the genusStylophyllopsis, established by him in that year for certain Triassic corals which possessed in their septal structure, and in other features of lesser importance, characters sufficiently distinctive to justify their separation fromMontlivaltia. Owing, however, to the absence from Duncan's monograph of satisfactory representations of transverse and longitudinal sections, the generic determination of the English forms remained in every case uncertain.
The Occurrence of Zinc in the Ballachulish Granodiorite
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: May 2009

The question of the zinc content of the Ballachulish granodiorite (Geol. Mag., Dec, 1924, p. 554) has now been thoroughly investigated, Dr. E. G. Zies, of this laboratory, having very kindly interested himself in the matter.
Minor Structures in the Lower Greensand of W. Kent and E. Surrey.
Authors: Brown H. J. W.
Published: May 2009

The Lower Greensand forms a well-wooded range of hills in Kent and Surrey which is known in Kent as the Ragstone Range. Between Ashford and Leith Hill this range is broken by the consequent streams of the Stour, Medway, and Mole, and by the obsequent streams of the Shode, Oxted Brook, and that part of the Eden known as Gibb's Brook.
The Evishanoran Esker, Tyrone.
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

A valuable monograph on “The Glacial Geology of the North-West of Ireland” (Proc. R. Irish Acad., xxxvi, 1924, pp. 174–314, pls. 8 and 9) by Professor J. K. Charlesworth describes the complex glacial phenomena of Tyrone. He endorses the main conclusion of my paper on the Irish Bskers (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1920, vol. 210, pp. 115–51) that they are usually deposited along the margin of a glacier, and are not due to subglacial rivers. The two works further agree in their rejection of the long advocated theory that Irish glaciation was dominated by a huge dome of ice which accumulated as snow above the Central Plain and over-rode the surrounding mountains. That view, due to Hull (Physic. Geol. and Geogr. Ireland, 1878, p. 228), has in later years been advocated, amongst others, by Mr. T. Hallissy (Proc. R. Irish Acad., xxxi, part 7, 1914, p. 9), and also by him in association with the late Professor Cole (Handb. Reg. Geol, Ireland, 1924, p. 46; Cole, ibid., British Isles, 1916, p. 328). The lines of ice movement marked on my map (op. cit., 1920, p. 143) illustrating the distribution of the Irish eskers are fundamentally inconsistent with the traditional theory; I am therefore glad to find that theory emphatically rejected by Professor Charlesworth. He adduces convincing evidence that the ice was formed on the mountains and flowed from them on to the plains. In two minor questions Professor Charlesworth differs from the views of my paper. I remarked (op. cit., p. 133) that the eskers of Tyrone are “different in several respects” from those of the Central Plain. I did not state the differences as I mentioned the Tyrone eskers only in reference to the subglacial formation of eskers; and as they gave no support to that process, I briefly referred to them as having had the same marginal origin as the typical eskers of the Central Plain.
Radioactivity and the Earth's Thermal History. Part V: The Control of Geological History by Radioactivity
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

In Part IV of this paper the theory that the earth has continuously cooled down from a former molten state was shown to lead to limitations of temperature and to a distribution of rock-types at moderate depths which, taken together, made it impossible for igneous activity to have taken place as we know it to have done. It was argued that this conclusion definitely proved the theory to be wrong. Now, instead of deducing the distribution of rock-types in depth from their radioactive contents, the method of attack will be reversed and an attempt will be made to determine the downward distribution independently, so that the radioactive effects may be deduced without reference to any limiting hypothesis of a steadily cooling earth.
The Distribution of British Carboniferous Nautiloids
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

WITH the exception of the Catalogue of Fossil Cephalopoda by Foord in the British Museum (Natural History) and the same author's monograph Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland, the bibliography of this family as represented in Carboniferous time is scattered through many volumes and publications. Not one of the publications makes any attempt to define the precise horizon in the Carboniferous Series at which any one of the species occurs, or indicates its persistence in geological time.
The Existence of Diamond-bearing “Pipes” in Brazil
Authors: Walls Robert R.
Published: May 2009

THERE has been great controversy as to whether or not there exist in Brazil diamond-bearing “pipes” such as are found in South Africa. That something of the kind should exist seems to be pretty well acknowledged, but any evidence in support of the discovery of a “pipe” has always been very meagre. The following observations made by the writer on a few mines in the neighbourhood of Diamantina, in the state of Minas Geraes, might be of interest on this somewhat vexed question.
Echinoidea from Western Persia
Authors: Gregory J. W. , Currie Ethel
Published: May 2009

THE Geological Department of Glasgow University has recently received from Dr. W. R. Smellie and Mr. J. V. Harrison some fossils collected by them which throw further light on the age of the limestones of the Persian arc at the north-western end of Luristan, about 100 miles north-east of Baghdad. The locality, Gilan, is on a tributary of the Diala, about 30 miles south-east of Kasr-i-Shirin, a well-known station on the main road from Baghdad to Teheran. The geology of this part of the Persian frontier has been investigated by J. de Morgan (Miss. Sci. Perse, vol. iii, pt. i, Étud. Géol., 1905, pp. 71–112), who has given a geological map (ibid., pl. xix) of an area about 60 miles south-east of Gilan. De Morgan has identified there a folded series of Cretaceous and Eocene limestones, with lacustrine and gypsiferous Miocene beds. The locality at which the fossils were collected by Messrs. Smellie and Harrison is in line with the strike of the rocks in the area of de Morgan's map.
A Metamorphosed Nodular Shale previously described as a “Spotted” Metamorphic Rock
Authors: Wager L. R.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for 1895 and again in 1898 W. M. Hutchings gave a petrological description of a shale, metamorphosed by the Whin Sill of Teesdale, which showed three unusual features. Scattered irregularly through the hardened shale were large nodules about the size of a pea which Hutchings considered to be the results of the metamorphism, in fact to be unusually well-developed “spots”. The second peculiarity was that both matrix and nodules contained considerable amounts of an isotropic material which was maintained to be the result of incomplete crystallization of a dense solution formed from the constituents of the shale during metamorphism. Finally, the detrital quartz grains of the shale were found to be extensively replaced by muscovite or more rarely other minerals. A reexamination has been made of the rock and also, by the courtesy of Professor G. Hickling, of Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, of certain of Hutchings's slices. In this note it is not intended to redescribe what has been ably described in Hutchings's papers, but as briefly as possible to make two corrections of Hutchings's conclusions.
An Upper Carboniferous Fauna from the Amotape Mountains, North-Western Peru
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton
Published: May 2009

As reported in the Geological Magazine, Vol. LX, 1923, p. 432, fossiliferous Carboniferous rocks were discovered by Messrs. C. Barrington Brown and R. A. Baldry in the Amotape Mountains of North-Western Peru, and their collection (comprising Cephalopoda, Lamellibranchia, Gasteropoda, Brachiopoda, Polyzoa, Crinoidea, etc.) presented to the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. This was augmented in 1924 by the presentation of a further collection made during a new visit to the area. In addition to the kindness of the two field investigators in allowing this fauna to he examined by the author, the latter wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. C. Barrington Brown for drawing most of the figures.
An Upper Carboniferous Fauna from the Amotape Mountains, North-Western Peru
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton
Published: May 2009

There are two well-preserved internal moulds in the collection which are very close indeed to the forms referred to Meek's species by Girty, but unfortunately nothing is known of the external ornamentation of the Peruvian specimens.
The Magmatic Origin of Ores
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

Of late years a great deal has been written on the genesis of ore-deposits, and in particular much space has been devoted to more or less controversial discussions of the possibility of a magmatic origin for many important types, both in individual instances and by way of generalizations. The widespread acceptance in many quarters of a belief in the derivation of such deposits on a wholesale scale from igneous magmas may perhaps to some extent be regarded as a natural reaction from some of the theories of markedly contrasted character that prevailed almost universally in past times. The “swing of the pendulum” is such a well-known psychological phenomenon that it is unnecessary to enlarge on it here. It is applicable to nearly all branches of knowledge, and of ignorance, and was long ago summarized in the law that action and reaction are equal and opposite. If a theory is pushed too far, it is inevitable that in a while it will be regarded as wholly, or for the most part, erroneous, although it may nevertheless contain a good deal of truth. Most of these difficulties and controversies arise from the ineradicable habit of generalizing too broadly, and the rest of them can generally be traced to misunderstandings as to the precise meaning of the terms employed. In the history of the scientific study of ore deposits both of these sources of error have undoubtedly played an important part.
Notes on the Pleistocene Deposits of the Cambridge District
Authors: Marr J. E. , King W. B. R. , Kennard A. S. , Woodward B. B.
Published: May 2009

One of us has described these deposits in two papers read before the Geological Society (Q.J.G.S.), vol. lxxv, 1919, p. 204; vol. lxxxii, 1926, p. 101.
On a Custerite-bearing Contact Rock from California
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

The mineral custerite [Ca(F,OH)]2SiO3 was first described from a limestone contact rock from Custer, Co. Idaho, the associated minerals being diopside, garnet, and magnetite. There appears to be no further record of this mineral from contact zones, though the related cuspidine [Ca(F,OH)]2SiO3 is known from Vesuvius and Franklin Furnace. In examining some metamorphosed limestones from the well-known mineral locality of Crestmore, California, the writer has found that custerite occurs in a vesuvianite rock in some abundance. As the mineral associations of this custerite are different from that of the original custerite, and owing to the very rare occurrence of this mineral, it is deemed of sufficient interest to describe this association briefly. The rock consists largely of idioblastic vesuvianite, these crystals being cemented together by a light brown base which proves to consist almost entirely of custerite, monticellite, and calcite. The custerite forms comparatively large shapeless areas enclosing subidioblastic crystals of monticellite. Under the microscope the custerite is seen to be colourless with a distinct cleavage, parallel to which lamellar twinning is developed. Sections cut perpendicular to the twin lamellae show symmetrical extinction of 6°.
Shugo: A Mud-Volcano in the Western Caucasus. With a theory of the origin of mud-volcanoes and their significance with regard to oil-production
Authors: Oswald Felix
Published: May 2009

In the summer of 1915 I had occasion to visit some of the oilfields of the Western Caucasus, with the view of locating new oil-wells. During my study of the geology of the petroliferous areas on the northern slope of the Caucasus I was able to ride to the Shugo crater, the easternmost of the mud-volcanoes of the Taman peninsula. This crater is situated on the watershed between the Shugo and Chekups Rivers, about five miles south-west of the village Varen-nikovsk. From a distance, as I rode uphill from the wide, alluvial plain of the Kuban River, the picturesque and well-wooded foothills did not disclose any semblance of a mud-volcano, but on climbing the southern slope of the hill, a most unsuspected and striking view was suddenly revealed. Here at my feet lay a nearly perfect crater, about ¾ mile in diameter (Pl. XXI, Fig. 1).
The English Eskers
Authors: Kendall P. F.
Published: May 2009

The discussion by Professor Gregory in the February GeologicalMagazine of certain ridges of glacial deposits in various widely separated areas seems to call for some comment. I am not familiar with all the examples classified by Professor Gregory any more than he is, but a couple of examples visited by him, and that I have examined many times, may serve as tests of his trustworthiness as a field observer in Glacial Geology and his competence as a commentator upon the observations of others.
Dolomitization in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Midlands
Authors: Parsons L. M.
Published: May 2009

The middle portion of the D1 beds seen in the Gratton Dale section consists of about 630 feet of dark dolomitic limestones, which appear to be confined to a definite horizon in the sequence. The impression one at first receives is that here are definitely bedded dolomites probably of contemporaneous origin, and this material has already been referred to as a thick bed of dolomite. Working northwards down the dale, i.e. ascending the sequence, one finds that the vertical passage from normal limestone into dolomitic material above is everywhere obscured. Similarly the upper limit of the dolomitized beds is covered, so that it is impossible to say whether the metasomatism abruptly ceases with a certain bed or dies out gradually in the higher strata. In the affected part of the sequence the dolomitization appears persistent in Gratton Dale, and at a few places only have I found lateral transitions, one or two examples on either side of the dale. The most marked transition is on the western side, towards the upper part of the altered material. Here light-coloured limestones are seen to pass laterally within a few yards into darker dolomitic material, with which it contrasts. Careful examination shows that these limestones on both sides of the Dale are really transitions, and are not interbedded with dolomite, a matter of considerable significance. North-westwards the dolomitization extends for some distance up Long Dale which joins Gratton Dale at right angles.
Notes on the Tertiary of Southern Lower California (Mexico)
Authors: Zürich Arnold Heim
Published: May 2009

During spring and summer of 1915, an expedition was sent to the peninsula of Lower California (Baja California) by a Swiss Colonization Company. The scientific work was under the direction of the writer, who enjoyed excellent assistance from his friends Prof. Dr. Ad. Hartmann, of Aarau, and Top. Eng. E. Kluth, of Zurich. Although little time was available for stratigraphic studies, some of our observations of that almost unknown country seem to be worthy of publication.
The Traprain Law Phonolite
Authors: MacGregor A. G.
Published: May 2009

Are-examination of the trachytoid phonolite of Traprain Law was undertaken on the suggestion of Mr. E. B. Bailey, in order to determine the characteristics and mode of occurrence of the nepheline contained in it. The slides examined were those of the Geological Survey collection and nine new ones specially cut from material recently obtained. During the course of the examination sodalite and olivine were detected in the rock. These minerals have not been mentioned in previous accounts of the petrography of Traprain Law, and sodalite seems to have been described in only one other rock from the British Isles (14).
Notes on the Doleritic Intrusions of East Fife
Authors: Balsillie D.
Published: May 2009

The following brief notes compiled mainly some years ago will, it is hoped, convey information supplementary to that provided in the Memoir on the Geology of Eastern Fife (Appendix, pt. ii), and are to be regarded as useful only where they furnish particulars not already available from that source.
The Karstlands of Western Yugoslavia
Authors: Wray D. A.
Published: May 2009

Western Yugoslavia, which broadly corresponds to the ancient Roman province of Illyricum, includes Dalmatia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro, together with the western portions of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia. It is a region of high geological interest, for within it and the adjoining portions of Italy the “Carso” or“Karst” lands are developed on a scale perhaps unequalled elsewhere. Considerable attention has been devoted from time to time to their leading features by Austrian, Italian, and Serbian geologists, though the study of these land forms has hitherto received but little attention in England. No excuse therefore seems necessary for drawing attention to some of the more salient features of this interesting district.
The Geology of the Far East Rand and the Heidelberg District, Southern Transvaal.—A Retrospect
Authors: Hatch F. H.
Published: May 2009

Heidelberg, a town of insignificant proportions, lies 30 miles due south-east of Johannesburg at the foot of the Zuikerboschrand, a range of hills running south-west towards the Vaal River and made up of the volcanic beds of the Ventersdorp System and of the Elsburg series at the top of the Witwatersrand System. Travelling south-east from the Zuikerboschrand, the whole of the Witwatersrand formation is traversed in descending order. The district, which extends south-west of Heidelberg to Goedverwachting, a distance of 20 miles, and south-east to Greylingstad, another 30 miles, has a complicated geological structure, the succession being disturbed by faulting, broken by numerous igneous intrusions and obscured by frequent outliers of the Karroo formation. It is well known to the mining community on account of the fact that a gold-bearing conglomerate bed has been worked profitably at the Nigel Mine since the earliest days of the gold-fields, while numerous other reef outcrops in different parts of the district have induced much active prospecting, which has continued to the present day.
Notes on the Fauna of the Lower Devonian Beds of Torquay
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In spite of Freeh's detailed work on the Devonian Aviculidæ, the application of the specific name costata to certain members of the genus Pterinea is even now a matter of some dispute, and Drevermann considers that Freeh included under this name some shells which properly belong to Pt. Pailletei De Vern. Walther and Fuchs have more recently described the internal characters. Williams has chosen the species as the type of his new subgenus Cornellites.
Notes on the Fauna of the Lower Devonian Beds of Torquay
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Definition.—Shell large, elliptical, subquadrate; valves moderately convex; inferior margin very slightly curved, almost straight; posterior end well rounded above, truncated below and straight, meeting inferior margin at rather more than a rightangle; cardinal margin very slightly arched, nearly straight, but passing gradually into posterior margin; anterior end rounded. Beak large, rounded, prominent, subcentral, elevated above hingeline, incurved, not directed forwards. Umbonal ridge nanow, straight, running obliquely backwards to posterior lower angle of valve and causing a slight angulation of the surface. Shell ornamented with regular equidistant sharp concentric lamellose striæ about 30–40 in number, rather suddenly bent at an obtuse angle on crossing the umbonal ridge.
Wegener's Displacement Theory
Authors: Lake Philip
Published: May 2009

In examining ideas so novel as those of Wegener it is not easy to avoid bias. A moving continent is as strange to us as a moving earth was to our ancestors, and we may be as prejudiced as they were. On the other hand, if continents have moved many former difficulties disappear, and we may be tempted to forget the difficulties of the theory itself and the imperfection of the evidence. Those who study the distribution of animals and plants must be especially subject to this temptation, and it will be instructive to note how far they agree in their demands upon the moving continents.
A Boring at Calcutt, near Cricklade, Wiltshire
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

In the early half of 1922 a boring (“jumped”) was made by Mr. H. G. Godwin, of Quenington, Fairford, Gloucestershire, for Mr. Oswald Collier, of Calcutt, in search of water. The site of the borehole is at Calcutt—¼ in. above the “C” in Calcutt on 6 in. map, 5 S.W., Wilts.
An Aeolian Pleistocene Deposit at Clevedon
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

The deposits which are the subject of this paper have already attracted some attention, because of their connexion with the contents of a small, though highly fossiliferous bone-cave at a placecalled Holly Lane (Figs. 1, 2), discovered by Mr. G. E. Male, of Clevedon, towards the close of the year 1905. Mr. Male worked at it for many weeks, and with his brother, Dr. H. C. Male, of Croydon. collected hundreds of bones, though unfortunately considerable numbers had been already thrown away. In the following year Professor Sidney Reynolds also began to collect, and obtained about 500 more. Probably not less than 2,000 have been preserved. They are now in the museums at Jermyn Street (London), Bristol, and Taunton, and in Dr. Male's collection. The vertebrates were named by Mr. E. T. Newton, Professor Reynolds, and Mr. Martin Hinton (with notes by Mr. S. G. Shattoek, of the Royal College of Surgeons, and by Professor Sir W. Boyd Dawkins), and the gasteropods by Mr. E. T. Newton, the shells having lately been re-examined and the list revised by Mr. A. S. Kennard.
I.—The Mineral Condition of the Calcium Carbonate in Fossil Shells
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J. , Little Otway H.
Published: May 2009

A recent paper by Mr. A. R. Horwood on “Aragonite in the y Middle Lias” raises again the question of the condition of the calcium carbonate in fossil shells. Mr. Horwood speaks (p. 176) of Jurassic shells as being “preserved in aragonite”, and quotes Dr. Sorby as being of the same opinion. But is Mr. Horwood sure that his shells are still in the aragonite condition? Sorby, when he writes of “aragonite shells”, means as a rule shells that were formed of aragonite at the time of the death of the originating animal; but he describes how, in many of our fossiliferous rocks, such shells are represented either by hollow spaces or by pseudomorphs in granular caleite. He points out that oolitic grains, originally consisting of aragonite, have similarly been changed into calcite, the more stable form of calcium carbonate. Some oolitic grains, however, were thought by him to have consisted of calcite from the outset. Doelter, after summing up Linck's researches on calcite and aragonite, states that calcareous oolites now consist of calcite; and we have no doubt that the “recrystallized aragonite concretions”, quoted by Mr. Horwood from Sorby, were held by Sorby to be at the time of examination in the calcite state.
V.—Notes on some Upper Devonian Arthrodira from Ohio, U.S.A., in the British Museum (Natural History)
Authors: Hussakof L.
Published: May 2009

Some years ago the British Museum acquired from Dr. William Clark a collection of the remarkable Arthrodira found by him in the Upper Devonian shales of Ohio. In this material there are several specimens which were described as new before being brought to Europe, but concerning which there has been more or less doubt among students of the Arthrodira. Hitherto, however, it has been quite impossible to dispel this doubt since the material necessary to a comparative study of the forms in question is to be found only in America. Last year I enjoyed the privilege of going over this material in the British Museum, thanks to the courtesies extended to me by Dr. Arthur Smith Woodward, F.R.S., the Keeper of Geology, and as I had just come from a study of the American forms I was in a position to resolve these doubtful cases. The results of this study are presented in the following pages.
V.—The Neolithic Remains of Colonsay, in the Western Isles of Scotland
Authors: Wright W. B. , Peach Angus M.
Published: May 2009

The more exact investigation of the distribution and mode of occurrence of Neolithic remains has received a much needed stimulus from the publication of Professor Brögger's memoir dealing with the position of the strandlines in South-Eastern Norway during the stone age of that country. It has been clearly demonstrated in this important work that it is possible to distinguish, even in the relatively short-lived Neolithic culture, certain phases of chronological value, and to correlate these phases, by means of the distribution of the implements which characterize them, with the successive stages in the elevation of the land which affected Scandinavia in postglacial times. It has become clear, therefore, that the careful registration and description of Neolithic relics may lead to the most important scientific results, and it will be realized by all who indulge in archæological collecting that an exact determination of the locality of any find and of the relations it bears to the superficial deposits of the neighbourhood, more especially to the old shorelines which border the coasts of the British Isles, is of the utmost importance.
IV.—A Note on the Geology of the Littoral of the Gold Coast Colony between Elmina and Sekondi, West Coast of Africa
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

The following note on the rocks of the shore-line of part of the Gold Coast Colony are a result of a short journey I undertook there in 1910. On that occasion I landed at Cape Coast Castle and travelled westward, staying successively at Elmina, Chama, and Sekondi.
I.—The Fundamental Problems of Petrogenesis, or the Origin of the Igneous Rocks
Authors: Lœwinson-Lessing Franz
Published: May 2009

The second fundamental problem of petrogenesis is the following question:—By what processes have there been derived, from the original magma or magmas, all other magmas known as igneous rocks? It is now almost universally admitted that many igneous rocks are genetically connected and produced from an original magma by differentiation, and that in many cases differentiation may be considered as liquation or separating into secondary magmas. But is differentiation (Spaltungen) alone sufficient to explain the formation of all igneous rocks? And by what is a magma stimulated to differentiation? These are two questions which must be elucidated. It must be first of all emphasized that not every magma is subject to differentiation. My standpoint is that the principal factors producing and regulating differentiation are on one side the process of crystallization (differentiation by crystallization,Krystallizations-differenzierung), and on the other the chemical composition of the magma and its tendency to the formation of eutectics (magmatic differentiation).
IV. On the Existence of Pre-Cambrian Life-eras
Authors: Roberts George E.
Published: May 2009

There has been no lack, in the history of geological science, of suggestions as to how our knowledge may be advanced upon those obscure questions which yet ask for solution, both in the physical and palæontological departments of the study. Sometimes, by a surprising intellectual endeavour, we have been carried up to the moon, and asked to discover where its missing waters are, without which our useful satellite appears to be a sort of ‘house to let,’—the idea having got into the mind which originated the enquiry, that the earth had appropriated the said waters for the necessities of a supposed cataclysmal epoch. Also, we have been taken down, by speculative thinkers, at divers times, to depths beneath our terraqueous surface, and asked to pin some fundamental articles of faith upon schemes which show all existing there to be either fire, or water, or a zone of meterorite-mineral, or one of soild steel, or that, nothing existing there, the interior of our planet is a vacuum.
I.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

The study of the nature and causes of the phenomena of volcanic activity, which for some time previously seemed to have almost fallen into abeyance, has during the last few years attracted the attention of many patient observers and earnest thinkers. In proof of this statement, we need only point to the valuable essays upon the subject which have recently been published by Dana, James Hall, Le Conte, Shaler, Hilgard, Sterry Hunt, and others in America, and to those by Mr. Mallet, Captain Hutton, the Rev. O. Fisher, and others in this country.
III.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites: Continued from page 30
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

A meteoric iron, weighing 407 tolas (about 10 lbs.), fell at Nidigullam, and penetrated the ground to the depth of twenty inches. Those who saw the meteor describe it as very large and beautiful, and as exhibiting increased brilliance when it burst. The explosion was followed by a series of rumbling noises. The meteorite passed over Parvatypore from N. to S.; the people of the village were greatly alarmed, and one man, near whom it fell, was stunned. The villagers “carried it off to their temple, and, much alarmed, were found making púja to it.” The author of the notice in the Proceedings considers that this aerolite contains no stony matter, and he states that it is marked with striæ lying obliquely to its greatest length, which is 6½ inches. The lamented Dr. Stoliczka, however, was of opinion, from the description of the striation, that it is a stone containing much iron, “like the Mooltan aerolite which fell some short time ago.”
II.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: on Some Wenlock Species of Lichas
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The entire collection of Wenlock fossils made by T. W. Fletcher, Esq., which is now in the Woodwardian Museum, affords unsurpassed facilities for studying the material on which a large number of species of trilobites were founded. Particularly is this the case with those of the genus Lichas, and a recent examination of the types and other specimens which Fletcher used in writing his paper “Observations on Dudley Trilobites” (Q.J.G.S., 1850, vol. vi, pp. 235–239, pls. xxvii and xxvii bis) has led me to make the following notes upon them. I have also had the privilege, through the kindness of Dr. Arthur Smith Woodward, F.R.S., of examining the specimens in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road.
III.—Neolithic Flint Implements from the Northern Desert of the Fayûm, Egypt
Authors: Beadnell H. J. L.
Published: May 2009

In the course of my work in the deserts of the Fayûm during the last two years I found that over a certain area to the north of the eastern end of the Birket el Qurun lake flint implements, many of very fine workmanship, were of frequent occurrence. The accompanying Plates illustrate the common and most perfect types (reduced to about one-third).
V.—The Permanence of River Valleys
Authors: Hill Rev. E.
Published: May 2009

A Good deal has been written on the permanence of ocean basins, but about the permanence of river valleys I have never noticed any discussion. The causes which tend to maintain the existence of a river valley are indeed obvious and simple; probably this simplicity and obviousness are the very reasons why so little has been said. Yet even if superfluous it may be interesting to bring together some of these causes, such at least as have come into my mind.

What actions can even temporarily obliterate a channel cut into the surface of the land? Submergence followed by re-elevation: what will that effect? During submergence sediment may be deposited. If this be deposited as a mantle of equal thickness over the whole bottom, the surface on re-elevation would have the same shape as before; hills and valleys would reappear of equal relative heights and depths. Probably, however, the amount of sediment would be greater in greater depths: more would be deposited in valleys than over hills. Then on re-elevation the surface would appear with features smoothed down, but not obliterated. Where a valley had been, a valley would again be; less deep, but with a fall in the same direction, tributaries in the same position, and the same catchment basin as before. Rain and rivers would resume their old courses and their old work; the valleys would be the same as before. Imagine even the most improbable case of a sedimentation such as should bury hills and valleys alike; let every feature vanish as a path is hidden beneath a sheet of snow; even then the valley would reassert itself.