bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of Technology Readiness Levels for Superconducting Electric Machinery
Authors: Santos Bárbara Maria Oliveira , Dias Fernando Jorge Monteiro , Trillaud Frederic , Sotelo Guilherme Gonçalves , de Andrade Junior Rubens
Published: August 2023

Superconducting electric machines (SEMs) have the potential to be commercially available in the coming years. This commercialization depends on the availability of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) produced on a large scale. HTSs have high current densities and low losses, making them the leading technology choice for future light and compact high-power-density superconducting rotating machines, with a particular niche for high torque at low frequency. The advantages of SEM in its fully superconducting design or hybrid configuration (conventional stator, superconducting rotor) inherit from the characteristics of the superconductor material. So, they can show greater efficiency at a higher power density and lighter frame than their conventional counterparts for an equivalent power rating. Applications like electric aircraft, naval propulsion, and wind turbines, among others, are likely to use SEMs if the rated power has to be increased beyond what is technically available with conventional technology. In this context, this paper reviews SEMs and their applications. However, it also aims to highlight the main the literature projects with a minimal Technology Readiness Level (TRL) larger than three. Due to the diversity of the superconductors’ characteristics and the variety of machines, the modes of operation of SEMs can be quite distinct from conventional machines. Taking into account such diversity, SEMs are presented and sorted out by their operational principles and the choice of superconducting material. Finally, the future perspectives of SEM are discussed.
Experimental and DEM Simulation Study on the Mechanical Characteristic and Strain Energy Evolution of Longmaxi Shale under a Confining Pressure Unloading Path
Authors: Yin Pengfei , Yang Shengqi , Gao Feng , Tian Wenling
Published: August 2023

Drilling vertical and horizontal wellbores in the shale reservoir may trigger the in-situ stress release around the wellbore walls and change the original stress equilibrium state, leading the wellbores to instability. This stress change in the wellbore corresponds to the stress paths of confining pressure unloading and axial stress loading under laboratory conditions. In this paper, according to the conventional triaxial compression test results, laboratory experiments and DEM simulations by PFC2D were conducted to deeply study the strength, failure, strain energy evolution, and micro-crack damage mechanism of shale specimens under confining pressure unloading conditions. The shale specimens at different bedding inclinations were tested under different initial axial stress levels and confining pressure unloading rates, with fixed initial unloading confining pressure. This research revealed that confining pressure unloading induces greater plastic deformation, more micro-crack damage and strain energy dissipation, and a more complex failure pattern. The strain energy dissipation and dilatation under confining pressure unloading conditions are mainly induced by the generation and accumulation of tensile cracks. Moreover, the unloading rate has a significant effect on the mechanical properties, and the high unloading rate enhances the failure strength and induces more strain energy dissipation and micro tensile cracks. For the wellbore drilling in shale formations, when the buried depth and vertical stress are fixed, the lower the lateral stress is, the easier it is to form tensile failure around the wellbore wall in the drilling process, and the more induced fractures will be generated in the formation around the wellbore.
Performance and Emissions of a CI-ICE Fuelled with Jatropha Biodiesel Blends and Economic and Environment Assessment for Power Generation in Non-Interconnected Areas
Authors: García-Mariaca Alexander , Villalba Jorge , Carreño Uriel , Aldana Didier
Published: August 2023

An experimental investigation into the effects of Jatropha biodiesel (JB) blends on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine was performed, and an economic and environmental assessment of the Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) crop for JB production and its use was also presented. The results revealed that when the engine operates with JB blends in proportions of up to 10%, the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increases to 37.5% at full engine load, and the engine’s thermal efficiency is reduced by 10% regarding diesel operation. A reduction in the specific emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matter with JB blends of up to 75% of the engine load was found. On the other hand, specific carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions, with regard to diesel, increased by 21.8 and more than 100%, respectively. The lower heating value (LHV) was the property that most influenced the engine’s performance and emissions fuelled with JB blends, because JB has a lower value of LHV than diesel. Finally, the economic and environmental assessment showed that Colombian soil is well-suited to JCL crops. The use of JB instead of palm biodiesel could mean a decrease of 27,730 USD/day and 1588 kg/day of CO2 emissions.
Three-Dimensional CFD Simulation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell
Authors: Corda Giuseppe , Cucurachi Antonio , Fontanesi Stefano , d’Adamo Alessandro
Published: August 2023

The energy shift towards carbon-free solutions is creating an ever-growing engineering interest in electrolytic cells, i.e., devices to produce hydrogen from water-splitting reactions. Among the available technologies, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis is the most promising candidate for coping with the intermittency of renewable energy sources, thanks to the short transient period granted by the solid thin electrolyte. The well-known principle of PEM electrolysers is still unsupported by advanced engineering practices, such as the use of multidimensional simulations able to elucidate the interacting fluid dynamics, electrochemistry, and heat transport. A methodology for PEM electrolysis simulation is therefore needed. In this study, a model for the multidimensional simulation of PEM electrolysers is presented and validated against a recent literature case. The study analyses the impact of temperature and gas phase distribution on the cell performance, providing valuable insights into the understanding of the physical phenomena occurring inside the cell at the basis of the formation rate of hydrogen and oxygen. The simulations regard two temperature levels (333 K and 353 K) and the complete polarization curve is numerically predicted, allowing the analysis of the overpotentials break-up and the multi-phase flow in the PEM cell. An in-house developed model for macro-homogeneous catalyst layers is applied to PEM electrolysis, allowing independent analysis of overpotentials, investigation into their dependency on temperature and analysis of the cathodic gas–liquid stratification. The study validates a comprehensive multi-dimensional model for PEM electrolysis, relevantly proposing a methodology for the ever-growing urgency for engineering optimization of such devices.
Partial Discharge-Originated Deterioration of Insulating Material Investigated by Surface-Resistance and Potential Mapping
Authors: Florkowski Marek , Kuniewski Maciej
Published: August 2023

The endurance of medium- and high-voltage electrical insulation is a key reliability element in a broad spectrum of applications that cover transmission and distribution levels, the transportation segment, the industrial environment, and power electronics-based energy-conversion systems. The high electric-field stress and high-frequency switching phenomena as well as the impact of environmental conditions lead to the occurrence of partial discharges (PD) and the subsequent deterioration of electrical insulation. Partial discharges usually occur inside solid insulation materials in tiny voids that may either be located adjacent to the electrodes or in the bulk of dielectric material. This effect refers to both AC and DC systems; however, AC voltage is usually much more intensive as compared to DC voltage. This paper describes a novel combined approach based on surface-resistance and potential mapping to reveal the effects of internal processes and the deterioration of insulating material due to the actions of partial discharges. To realize the research objective, the following two-step approach was proposed. Multi-point resistance mapping enables us to identify the spots of discharge channels, manifesting a-few-orders-of-magnitude-lower surface resistance as compared to untreated areas. In addition, surface-potential mapping that was stimulated by corona-charge deposition reflects quasi-equipotential clusters and the related polarity-dependent dynamics of charge decay. A high spatial and temporal resolution allows for the precise mapping and tracing of decay patterns. Experiments were carried out on polyethylene (PE) and Nomex specimens that contained embedded voids. During PD events, the effective discharge areas are identified along with the memory effects that originate from the accumulation of surface charges. Long-term aging processes may drive the formation of channels that are initiated from the deteriorated micro clusters, in turn, penetrating the bulk isolation. The presented methodology and experimental results extend the insight into PD mechanisms and internal surface processes.
A Review on Dry Deposition Techniques: Pathways to Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Hwang Jae-Keun , Jeong Seok-Hyun , Kim Donghwan , Lee Hae-Seok , Kang Yoonmook
Published: August 2023

This review discusses the use of evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, and sputtering as the three main dry deposition techniques currently available for fabricating perovskite solar cells. We outline the distinct advantages that each method offers in terms of film quality, control, and scalability. Additionally, recent advancements in process optimization and the integration of dry deposition with other fabrication techniques are highlighted. Thus, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of dry deposition processes to produce high-performance perovskite solar cells and aids researchers and industry professionals in selecting the most suitable technique for the fabrication of efficient and stable devices.
An Interface-Fitted Fictitious Domain Finite Element Method for the Simulation of Neutrally Buoyant Particles in Plane Shear Flow
Authors: Liang Yi , Wang Cheng , Sun Pengtao
Published: August 2023

In this paper, an interface-fitted fictitious domain finite element method is developed for the simulation of fluid–rigid particle interaction problems in cases of rotated particles with small displacement, where an interface-fitted mesh is employed for the discrete scheme to capture the fluid–rigid particle interface accurately, thereby improving the solution accuracy near the interface. Moreover, a linearization and decoupling process is presented to release the constraint between velocities of fluid and rigid particles in the finite element space, and to make the developed numerical method easy to be implemented. Our numerical experiments are carried out using two different moving interface-fitted meshes; one is obtained by a rotational arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) mapping, and the other one through a local smoothing process among interface-cut elements. A unified velocity is defined in the entire domain based on the fictitious domain method, making it easier to develop an interface-fitted mesh generation algorithm in a fixed domain. Both show that the proposed method has a good performance in accuracy for simulating a neutrally buoyant particle in plane shear flow. This approach can be easily extended to fluid–structure interaction problems involving fluids in different states and structures in different shapes with large displacements or deformations.
Frailty Prevalence and Association with Clinical Outcomes in Interstitial Lung Disease, Asthma, and Pleural Disease
Authors: Verduri Alessia , Carter Ben , Rice Ceara , Laraman James , Barton Eleanor , Clini Enrico , Maskell Nick A. , Hewitt Jonathan
Published: August 2023

Background: Frailty is a syndrome characterised by increased vulnerability to negative outcomes. Interstitial lung disease (ILD), asthma, and pleural disease are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and impact of frailty in adult patients with these diseases. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for studies reporting on frailty in ILD, asthma, and pleural disease. MeSH terms including interstitial lung disease, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Non-specific Interstitial Pneumonia, Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, systemic sclerosis-associated ILD, connective tissue disease-associated ILD, and frailty were used as key words. The primary outcome was prevalence of frailty. Where enough contextually homogeneous studies were included, a pooled random-effects meta-analysis was performed with mortality and hospitalisation as the outcomes. Results: The review found three studies relating to frailty in asthma. No studies relating to pleural disease and frailty were identified. The median prevalence in asthma was 9.5% (IQR, 7.8–11.3). Six relevant studies incorporating 1471 ILD patients (age 68.3 ± SD2.38; 50% male) were identified, which were either cohort or cross-sectional design rated either good or fair. The median prevalence of frailty was 48% (IQR, 25–50). There was a positive association between frail ILD patients and increased risk of long-term mortality (pooled OR, 2.33 95%CI 1.31–4.15, I2 9%). One study reported a hospitalization rate of HR = 1.97(1.32–3.06) within 6 months in frail ILD patients. Conclusions: Frailty is very common and associated with increased mortality in patients with ILD. There are still minimal data regarding the prevalence of frailty and its influence on the risk in this population.
Crystal Structure of the Catalytic Domain of a Botulinum Neurotoxin Homologue from Enterococcus faecium: Potential Insights into Substrate Recognition
Authors: Gregory Kyle S. , Hall Peter-Rory , Onuh Jude Prince , Mojanaga Otsile O. , Liu Sai Man , Acharya K. Ravi
Published: August 2023

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent toxins known, causing the deadly disease botulism. They function through Zn2+-dependent endopeptidase cleavage of SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins, preventing vesicular fusion and subsequent neurotransmitter release from motor neurons. Several serotypes of BoNTs produced by Clostridium botulinum (BoNT/A-/G and/X) have been well-characterised over the years. However, a BoNT-like gene (homologue of BoNT) was recently identified in the non-clostridial species, Enterococcus faecium, which is the leading cause of hospital-acquired multi-drug resistant infections. Here, we report the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of a BoNT homologue from Enterococcus faecium (LC/En) at 2.0 Å resolution. Detailed structural analysis in comparison with the full-length BoNT/En AlphaFold2-predicted structure, LC/A (from BoNT/A), and LC/F (from BoNT/F) revealed putative subsites and exosites (including loops 1–5) involved in recognition of LC/En substrates. LC/En also appears to possess a conserved autoproteolytic cleavage site whose function is yet to be established.
Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Aroma Terpeniods Biosynthesis Pathways of Primula forbesii Franch. and the Functional Characterization of the PfDXS2 Gene
Authors: Jia Yin , Yin Xiancai , Yang Hongchen , Xiang Yuanfen , Ding Keying , Pan Yuanzhi , Jiang Beibei , Yong Xue
Published: August 2023

Primula forbesii Franch. is a unique biennial herb with a strong floral fragrance, making it an excellent material for studying the aroma characteristics of the genus Primula. The floral scent is an important ornamental trait that facilitates fertilization. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the floral scent in Primula is unknown. In order to better understand the biological mechanisms of floral scents in this species, this study used RNA sequencing analysis to discuss the first transcriptome sequence of four flowering stages of P. forbesii, which generated 12 P. forbesii cDNA libraries with 79.64 Gb of clean data that formed 51,849 unigenes. Moreover, 53.26% of the unigenes were annotated using public databases. P. forbesii contained 44 candidate genes covering all known enzymatic steps for the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes, the major contributor to the flower’s scent. Finally, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase gene of P. forbesii (PfDXS2, MK370094), the first key enzyme gene in the 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of terpenoids, was cloned and functionally verified using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGs). The results showed that PfDXS2-silencing significantly reduced the relative concentrations of main volatile terpenes. This report is the first to present molecular data related to aroma metabolites biosynthesis pathways and the functional characterization of any P. forbesii gene. The data on RNA sequencing provide comprehensive information for further analysis of other plants of the genus Primula.
Homeostatic Regulation of the Duox-ROS Defense System: Revelations Based on the Diversity of Gut Bacteria in Silkworms (Bombyx mori)
Authors: Shu Qilong , Guo Xiqian , Tian Chao , Wang Yuanfei , Zhang Xiaoxia , Cheng Jialu , Li Fanchi , Li Bing
Published: August 2023

The Duox-ROS defense system plays an important role in insect intestinal immunity. To investigate the role of intestinal microbiota in Duox-ROS regulation herein, 16S rRNA sequencing technology was utilized to compare the characteristics of bacterial populations in the midgut of silkworm after different time-periods of treatment with three feeding methods: 1–4 instars artificial diet (AD), 1–4 instars mulberry leaf (ML) and 1–3 instars artificial diet + 4 instar mulberry leaf (TM). The results revealed simple intestinal microbiota in the AD group whilst microbiota were abundant and variable in the ML and TM silkworms. By analyzing the relationship among intestinal pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and microorganism composition, it was identified that an acidic intestinal environment inhibited the growth of intestinal microbiota of silkworms, observed concurrently with low ROS content and a high activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, TPX, CAT). Gene expression associated with the Duox-ROS defense system was detected using RT-qPCR and identified to be low in the AD group and significantly higher in the TM group of silkworms. This study provides a new reference for the future improvement of the artificial diet feeding of silkworm and a systematic indicator for the further study of the relationship between changes in the intestinal environment and intestinal microbiota balance caused by dietary alterations.
Renal Glucose Release after Unilateral Renal Denervation during a Hypoglycemic Clamp in Pigs with an Altered Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis after Late-Gestational Dexamethasone Injection
Authors: Nistor Marius , Schmidt Martin , Klingner Carsten , Klingner Caroline , Schwab Matthias , Bischoff Sabine Juliane , Matziolis Georg , Rodríguez-González Guadalupe Leticia , Schiffner René
Published: August 2023

Previously, we demonstrated in pigs that renal denervation halves glucose release during hypoglycaemia and that a prenatal dexamethasone injection caused increased ACTH and cortisol concentrations as markers of a heightened hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA) during hypoglycaemia. In this study, we investigated the influence of an altered HPAA on renal glucose release during hypoglycaemia. Pigs whose mothers had received two late-gestational dexamethasone injections were subjected to a 75 min hyperinsulinaemic–hypoglycaemic clamp (<3 mmol/L) after unilateral surgical denervation. Para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance, inulin, sodium excretion and arterio–venous blood glucose difference were measured every fifteen minutes. The statistical analysis was performed with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. PAH, inulin, the calculated glomerular filtration rate and plasma flow did not change through renal denervation. Urinary sodium excretion increased significantly (p = 0.019). Side-dependent renal net glucose release (SGN) decreased by 25 ± 23% (p = 0.004). At 25 percent, the SGN decrease was only half of that observed in non-HPAA-altered animals in our prior investigation. The current findings may suggest that specimens with an elevated HPAA undergo long-term adaptations to maintain glucose homeostasis. Nonetheless, the decrease in SGN warrants further investigations and potentially caution in performing renal denervation in certain patient groups, such as diabetics at risk of hypoglycaemia.
Lipidomic Approaches in Common and Rare Cerebrovascular Diseases: The Discovery of Unconventional Lipids as Novel Biomarkers
Authors: Potenza Antonella , Gorla Gemma , Carrozzini Tatiana , Bersano Anna , Gatti Laura , Pollaci Giuliana
Published: August 2023

Stroke remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Identifying new circulating biomarkers able to distinguish and monitor common and rare cerebrovascular diseases that lead to stroke is of great importance. Biomarkers provide complementary information that may improve diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of progression as well. Furthermore, biomarkers can contribute to filling the gap in knowledge concerning the underlying disease mechanisms by pointing out novel potential therapeutic targets for personalized medicine. If many “conventional” lipid biomarkers are already known to exert a relevant role in cerebrovascular diseases, the aim of our study is to review novel “unconventional” lipid biomarkers that have been recently identified in common and rare cerebrovascular disorders using novel, cutting-edge lipidomic approaches.
Sub-Cellular Dynamic Analysis of BGC823 Cells after Treatment with the Multi-Component Drug CKI Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Shang Wenhao , Ye Anpei , Tong Yu-Kai
Published: August 2023

Multi-component drugs (MCDs) can induce various cellular changes covering multiple levels, from molecular and subcellular structure to cell morphology. A “non-invasive” method for comprehensively detecting the dynamic changes of cellular fine structure and chemical components on the subcellular level is highly desirable for MCD studies. In this study, the subcellular dynamic processes of gastric cancer BGC823 cells after treatment with a multi-component drug, Compound Kushen Injection (CKI), were investigated using a homemade, high-resolution, confocal Raman spectroscopy (RS) device combined with bright-field imaging. The Raman spectra of the nucleus, cytoplasm and intracellular vesicles (0.4–1 μm) were collected simultaneously for each cell treated with CKI at different times and doses. The RS measurements showed that CKI decreased the DNA signatures, which the drug is known to inhibit. Meanwhile, the CKI-induced subcellular dynamic changes in the appearance of numerous intracellular vesicles and the deconstruction of cytoplasm components were observed and discussed. The results demonstrated that high-resolution subcellular micro-Raman spectroscopy has potential for detecting fine cellular dynamic variation induced by drugs and the screening of MCDs in cancer therapy.
The Single-Dose Application of Interleukin-4 Ameliorates Secondary Brain Damage in the Early Phase after Moderate Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
Authors: Walter Johannes , Mende Jannis , Hutagalung Samuel , Alhalabi Obada T. , Grutza Martin , Zheng Guoli , Skutella Thomas , Unterberg Andreas , Zweckberger Klaus , Younsi Alexander
Published: August 2023

Activation of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) pathway ameliorates secondary injury mechanisms after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI); therefore, we assessed the effect of a therapeutic IL-4 administration on secondary brain damage after experimental TBI. We subjected 100 C57/Bl6 wildtype mice to controlled cortical impact (CCI) and administered IL-4 or a placebo control subcutaneously 15 min thereafter. Contusion volume (Nissl staining), neurological function (hole board, video open field, and CatWalkXT®), and the immune response (immunofluorescent staining) were analyzed up to 28 days post injury (dpi). Contusion volumes were significantly reduced after IL-4 treatment up to 14 dpi (e.g., 6.47 ± 0.41 mm3 vs. 3.80 ± 0.85 mm3, p = 0.011 3 dpi). Macrophage invasion and microglial response were significantly attenuated in the IL-4 group in the acute phase after CCI (e.g., 1.79 ± 0.15 Iba-1+/CD86+ cells/sROI vs. 1.06 ± 0.21 Iba-1/CD86+ cells/sROI, p = 0.030 in the penumbra 3 dpi), whereas we observed an increased neuroinflammation thereafter (e.g., mean GFAP intensity of 3296.04 ± 354.21 U vs. 6408.65 ± 999.54 U, p = 0.026 in the ipsilateral hippocampus 7 dpi). In terms of functional outcome, several gait parameters were improved in the acute phase following IL-4 treatment (e.g., a difference in max intensity of −7.58 ± 2.00 U vs. −2.71 ± 2.44 U, p = 0.041 3 dpi). In conclusion, the early single-dose administration of IL-4 significantly reduces secondary brain damage in the acute phase after experimental TBI in mice, which seems to be mediated by attenuation of macrophage and microglial invasion.
Advancing Nerve Regeneration: Translational Perspectives of Tacrolimus (FK506)
Authors: Daeschler Simeon C. , Feinberg Konstantin , Harhaus Leila , Kneser Ulrich , Gordon Tessa , Borschel Gregory H.
Published: August 2023

Peripheral nerve injuries have far-reaching implications for individuals and society, leading to functional impairments, prolonged rehabilitation, and substantial socioeconomic burdens. Tacrolimus, a potent immunosuppressive drug known for its neuroregenerative properties, has emerged in experimental studies as a promising candidate to accelerate nerve fiber regeneration. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of tacrolimus by exploring the postulated mechanisms of action in relation to biological barriers to nerve injury recovery. By mapping both the preclinical and clinical evidence, the benefits and drawbacks of systemic tacrolimus administration and novel delivery systems for localized tacrolimus delivery after nerve injury are elucidated. Through synthesizing the current evidence, identifying practical barriers for clinical translation, and discussing potential strategies to overcome the translational gap, this review provides insights into the translational perspectives of tacrolimus as an adjunct therapy for nerve regeneration.
Regulation of Grain Chalkiness and Starch Metabolism by FLO2 Interaction Factor 3, a bHLH Transcription Factor in Oryza sativa
Authors: Tang Xianyu , Zhong Weiping , Wang Kunmei , Gong Xin , Xia Yunong , Nong Jieying , Xiao Langtao , Xia Shitou
Published: August 2023

Chalkiness is a key determinant that directly affects the appearance and cooking quality of rice grains. Previously, Floury endosperm 2 (FLO2) was reported to be involved in the formation of rice chalkiness; however, its regulation mechanism is still unclear. Here, FLO2 interaction factor 3 (OsFIF3), a bHLH transcription factor, was identified and analyzed in Oryza sativa. A significant increase in chalkiness was observed in OsFIF3-overexpressed grains, coupled with a round, hollow filling of starch granules and reduced grain weight. OsFIF3 is evolutionarily conserved in monocotyledons, but variable in dicotyledons. Subcellular localization revealed the predominant localization of OsFIF3 in the nucleus. The DAP-seq (DNA affinity purification sequencing) results showed that OsFIF3 could affect the transcriptional accumulation of β-amylase 1, α-amylase isozyme 2A-like, pectinesterase 11, β-glucosidase 28 like, pectinesterase, sucrose transport protein 1 (SUT1), and FLO2 through the binding of the CACGTG motif on their promoters. Moreover, FLO2 and SUT1 with abundant OsFIF3 binding signals showed significant expression reduction in OsFIF3 overexpression lines, further confirming OsFIF3’s role in starch metabolism regulation and energy material allocation. Taken together, these findings show that the overexpression of OsFIF3 inhibits the expression of FLO2 and SUT1, thereby increasing grain chalkiness and affecting grain weight.
Epithelial Galectin-3 Induced the Mitochondrial Complex Inhibition and Cell Cycle Arrest of CD8+ T Cells in Severe/Critical COVID-19
Authors: Wang Yudie , Yang Cheng , Wang Zhongyi , Wang Yi , Yan Qing , Feng Ying , Liu Yanping , Huang Juan , Zhou Jingjiao
Published: August 2023

Previous research suggested that the dramatical decrease in CD8+ T cells is a contributing factor in the poor prognosis and disease progression of COVID-19 patients. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we conducted Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell T cell receptor sequencing (scTCR-seq) analysis, which revealed a proliferative-exhausted MCM+FASLGlow CD8+ T cell phenotype in severe/critical COVID-19 patients. These CD8+ T cells were characterized by G2/M cell cycle arrest, downregulation of respiratory chain complex genes, and inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis. CellChat analysis of infected lung epithelial cells and CD8+ T cells found that the galectin signaling pathway played a crucial role in CD8+ T cell reduction and dysfunction. To further elucidate the mechanisms, we established SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a-transfected A549 cells, and co-cultured them with CD8+ T cells for ex vivo experiments. Our results showed that epithelial galectin-3 inhibited the transcription of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III/IV genes of CD8+ T cells by suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1). Further findings showed that the suppression of NRF1 translocation was associated with ERK-related and Akt-related signaling pathways. Importantly, the galectin-3 inhibitor, TD-139, promoted nuclear translocation of NRF1, thus enhancing the expression of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III/IV genes and the mitochondrial biogenesis of CD8+ T cells. Our study provided new insights into the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and identified potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of severe/critical COVID-19 patients.
Soft Computing to Predict Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction via CPT Results
Authors: Ghanizadeh Ali Reza , Aziminejad Ahmad , Asteris Panagiotis G. , Armaghani Danial Jahed
Published: August 2023

Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction (EISL) can cause significant damage to structures, facilities, and vital urban arteries. Thus, the accurate prediction of EISL is a challenge for geotechnical engineers in mitigating irreparable loss to buildings and human lives. This research aims to propose a binary classification model based on the hybrid method of a wavelet neural network (WNN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to predict EISL based on cone penetration test (CPT) results. To this end, a well-known dataset consisting of 109 datapoints has been used. The developed WNN-PSO model can predict liquefaction with an overall accuracy of 99.09% based on seven input variables, including total vertical stress (σv), effective vertical stress (σv′), mean grain size (D50), normalized peak horizontal acceleration at ground surface (αmax), cone resistance (qc), cyclic stress ratio (CSR), and earthquake magnitude (Mw). The results show that the proposed WNN-PSO model has superior performance against other computational intelligence models. The results of sensitivity analysis using the neighborhood component analysis (NCA) method reveal that among the seven input variables, qc has the highest degree of importance and Mw has the lowest degree of importance in predicting EISL.
Influence of Additives on the Mechanical Characteristics of Hardox 450 Steel Welds
Authors: Baskutis Saulius , Baskutiene Jolanta , Dragašius Egidijus , Kavaliauskiene Lina , Keršiene Neringa , Kusyi Yaroslav , Stupnytskyy Vadym
Published: August 2023

The aim is to overcome the issues of high-hardness material welding by different additives used to achieve the desired improvements. The research is focused on Hardox 450 steel welding and factors to be considered in order to maintain the required mechanical properties of the weld. The selection of best suited welding materials or additives, including filler metals and shielding gases, are within the important factors to be taken into account. During the welding of Hardox 450 steel, cobalt, nickel, tungsten and titanium additives and cobalt and tungsten mixture additives were used and their influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the fusion and heat-affected zones was investigated. The microstructure of the weld zone is related to certain mechanical properties of the weld and heat-affected zone, such as hardness, tensile and bending strength, yield strength, strain at ultimate tensile strength, the Young’s modulus and elongation. Research has shown significant differences in the mentioned parameters depending on specific additives used in the welds. It can be concluded that tungsten, used as an additive, increased the hardness of the heat-affected and fusion zones up to 478 HV; the combined presence of cobalt and tungsten additives improves the strength of the seam up to 744 MPa during tensile; and in the case of bending, nickel, when used as an additive, increased ductility (the bending modulus reached the limit of 94 GPa) and at the same time, decreased the risk of cracking. The obtained results highlight the possibilities for strengthening the welded joint of Hardox 450 steel using different additives or their mixtures. The research conclusions and recommendations aim at improving the quality and mechanical properties of welded Hardox 450 steel joints in various applications.
Comparative Study on UV Degradation of Black Chinese Lacquers with Different Additives
Authors: Liu Wenjia , Liu Xinyou , Lv Jiufang
Published: August 2023

This study investigates the UV degradation of black Chinese lacquer by incorporating carbon black and ferrous hydroxide as additives. The purpose of this research is to understand the effects of these additives on the degradation behavior of the lacquer film. Different concentrations of carbon black powder (1%, 3%, and 5%) and Fe(OH)2 (10%, 20%, and 30%) were added to the lacquer following traditional techniques. The main methods employed for analysis were gloss loss measurement, color change assessment, SEM imaging, FTIR spectroscopy, and XPS analysis. The results demonstrate a significant decrease in gloss levels and an increase in lightness values with increasing ultraviolet exposure time. SEM images reveal the formation of cracks in the lacquer film. FTIR analysis indicates oxidation of the urushiol side chain and an increase in oxidation products. The infrared difference spectrum highlights the differences between the additives, with Fe(OH)2 showing a lower impact on the spectra compared to carbon black. XPS analysis confirms the oxidation of the C-H functional group and the presence of C-O-C and C-OH groups. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the influence of carbon black and ferrous hydroxide additives on the UV degradation of black Chinese lacquer and suggests the protective effect of Fe(OH)2 against UV aging. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the degradation mechanisms and provide insights for improving the UV resistance of Chinese lacquer coatings. Further research can explore alternative additives and optimization strategies to mitigate UV-induced degradation.
Effects of Rapid Quenching on Grain Boundary Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy
Authors: Yan Qiao , Qiu Yu , Yang Mingjun , Lu Qiang , Lin Han , Yang Mingbo , Li Kai , Du Yong
Published: August 2023

Precipitate free zones (PFZs) near grain boundaries generally soften alloys. The quenching rate after solution treatment is an important factor influencing the width of PFZs in Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy. This study explored the effects of high quenching rates on the grain boundary microstructures and mechanical properties of an Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy. Samples of various thickness were quenched in water at room temperature and in ethylene glycol at −40 °C, respectively. The results showed that the rapidly quenched samples at −40 °C exhibited better comprehensive mechanical properties than the water-quenched samples. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the rapidly quenched samples had wider PFZs, shorter intragranular precipitates, and larger grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) than water-quenched samples. It is proposed that when the quenching rate exceeds the critical cooling rate, e.g., in water quenching or rapid quenching, the formation of PFZs is controlled by the solute depletion mechanism rather than the vacancy depletion mechanism. The nucleation and growth of GBPs thus lead to the depletion of solute atoms, resulting in wider PFZs rather than thinner PFZs according to previous knowledge. This research provides valuable insights into the application of rapid quenching technology for modifying alloys’ microstructures and properties.
Recent Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Soft Magnetic Materials: A Review
Authors: Rodriguez-Vargas Bryan Ramiro , Stornelli Giulia , Folgarait Paolo , Ridolfi Maria Rita , Miranda Pérez Argelia Fabiola , Di Schino Andrea
Published: August 2023

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive set of processes that are being employed lately to process specific materials used in the fabrication of electrical machine components. This is because AM allows for the preservation or enhancement of their magnetic properties, which may be degraded or limited when manufactured using other traditional processes. Soft magnetic materials (SMMs), such as Fe–Si, Fe–Ni, Fe–Co, and soft magnetic composites (SMCs), are suitable materials for electrical machine additive manufacturing components due to their magnetic, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. In addition to these, it has been observed in the literature that other alloys, such as soft ferrites, are difficult to process due to their low magnetization and brittleness. However, thanks to additive manufacturing, it is possible to leverage their high electrical resistivity to make them alternative candidates for applications in electrical machine components. It is important to highlight the significant progress in the field of materials science, which has enabled the development of novel materials such as high-entropy alloys (HEAs). These alloys, due to their complex chemical composition, can exhibit soft magnetic properties. The aim of the present work is to provide a critical review of the state-of-the-art SMMs manufactured through different AM technologies. This review covers the influence of these technologies on microstructural changes, mechanical strengths, post-processing, and magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization (MS), coercivity (HC), remanence (Br), relative permeability (Mr), electrical resistivity (r), and thermal conductivity (k).
Special Issue: “Computational Mechanics of Structures and Materials”
Authors: Bacciocchi Michele , Tarantino Angelo Marcello , Luciano Raimondo , Majorana Carmelo
Published: August 2023

Computational methods have always affected many engineering fields due to their enormous potential and ability to facilitate various tasks [...]
Multi-Color Printed Textiles for Ultraviolet Radiation Measurements, Creative Designing, and Stimuli-Sensitive Garments
Authors: Sąsiadek-Andrzejczak Elżbieta , Kozicki Marek
Published: August 2023

This work concerns the new idea of textile printing with a multi-color system using pastes containing compounds sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A screen printing method based on a modified CMYK color system was applied to a cotton woven fabric. Aqueous printing pastes were prepared from thickening and crosslinking agents and UV-sensitive compounds: leuco crystal violet (LCV), leuco malachite green (LMG), and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) instead of the system’s standard process colors: cyan, magenta, and yellow. Depending on the number of printed layers and the type of UV radiation (UVA, UVB, and UVC), the modified textile samples change color after irradiation from white to a wide range of colors (from blue, red, and green to purple, brown, and gray). Based on reflectance measurements, the characteristic parameters of the one-, two-, and three-color-printed samples in relation to absorbed dose were determined, e.g., dose sensitivity, linear and dynamic dose response, and threshold dose. This printing method is a new proposal for UV dosimeters and an alternative standard for textile printing. Furthermore, the developed method can be used for the securing, marking, and creative design of textiles and opens up new possibilities for such stimulus-sensitive reactive printing.
Recent Research Developments of 4D Printing Technology for Magnetically Controlled Smart Materials: A Review
Authors: Wang Hujun , Zhao Jinqiu , Luo Zhuo , Li Zhenkun
Published: August 2023

Traditional printed products have to some extent affected the development of smart structures and their application in multiple fields, especially in harsh environments, due to their complex mechanisms and control principles. The 4D printing technology based on magnetically controlled smart materials exploits the advantages of magnetically controlled smart materials with good operability and security, and its printed smart structures can be obtained under magnetic field drive for unfettered remote manipulation and wireless motion control, which expands the application of printed products in complex environments, such as sealed and narrow, and has broad development prospects. At present, magnetically controlled smart material 4D printing technology is still in its infancy, and its theory and application need further in–depth study. To this end, this paper introduces the current status of research on magnetically controlled smart material 4D printing, discusses the printing process, and provides an outlook on its application prospects.
A Decision-Focused Learning Framework for Vessel Selection Problem
Authors: Tian Xuecheng , Guan Yanxia , Wang Shuaian
Published: August 2023

Maritime transportation safety is pivotal in international trade, with port state control (PSC) inspections being crucial to vessel safety. However, port authorities need to identify substandard vessels effectively because of resource constraints and high costs. Therefore, we propose robust predictive models and optimization strategies for vessel selection, using the random forest (RF) algorithm. We first use a traditional RF model serving as a benchmark, denoted as model M0. Then, we construct model M1 by refining the RF algorithm with a batch-processing method, thereby providing a better measure of the relative relationship between the predicted deficiency counts within a batch of ships. Then, we propose model M2, incorporating a decision-focused learning (DFL) framework into the tree construction process, enhancing the decision performance of the algorithm. In addition, we propose a variant model of M2, denoted as M2-0, considering the worst-case scenario when designing the decision loss function. By conducting experiments with data from the port of Hong Kong, we demonstrate that models M1 and M2 offer superior decision-making performance compared to model M0, and model M2 outperforms model M2-0 in both decision performance and stability. We further verify the robustness of these models by testing them under various instance scales. Overall, our study enhances the PSC inspection efficiency, ultimately bolstering maritime transportation safety.
Anti-Atopic Dermatitis Activity of Epi-Oxyzoanthamine Isolated from Zoanthid
Authors: Huang Chieh-Chen , Lo Yuan-Hsin , Hsu Yu-Jou , Cheng Yuan-Bin , Kung Chia-Chi , Liang Cher-Wei , Chang Der-Chen , Wang Kang-Ling , Hung Chi-Feng
Published: August 2023

Atopic dermatitis (AD, eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin and occurs most frequently in children but also affects adults. However, common clinical treatments provide limited relief and have some side effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop new effective therapies to treat AD. Epi-oxyzoanthamine is a small molecule alkaloid isolated from Formosan zoanthid. Relevant studies have shown that zoanthamine alkaloids have many pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-lymphangiogenic functions. However, there are no studies on the use of epi-oxyzoanthamine on the skin. In this paper, epi-oxyzoanthamine has been shown to have potential in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Through in vitro studies, it was found that epi-oxyzoanthamine inhibited the expression of cytokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, and it reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation was induced in a mouse model using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in vivo. The results showed that epi-oxyzoanthamine significantly decreased skin barrier damage, scratching responses, and epidermal hyperplasia induced by DNCB. It significantly reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, ear thickness, and spleen weight, while also increasing surface skin hydration. These results indicate that epi-oxyzoanthamine from zoanthid has good potential as an alternative medicine for treating atopic dermatitis or other skin-related inflammatory diseases.
Gynecological Fistulae—Has Anything Changed in the Diagnosis and Treatment over the Last Decade? A Narrative Literature Review
Authors: Misiak Marek , Dworak Michalina , Wyszomirska Małgorzata , Kurt Maria , Walędziak Maciej , Różańska-Walędziak Anna
Published: August 2023

Gynecological fistulae are a rare but severe complication of radiation therapy, pelvic surgery, prolonged labor, cesarean deliveries, or inflammatory bowel diseases. A gynecological fistula is an abnormal pathway formed between the urinary and gynecological tract, most commonly located between the urinary bladder and vagina. Vesico-uterine and vesicovaginal fistulae are an important health issue, common in women of reproductive age in developing countries with limited access to obstetrical care. Various surgical techniques have been described for VVF repair, depending on the location, severity, and cause of the fistula and the surgeon’s experience. The purpose of our review was to evaluate the present state of knowledge about the prevalence and treatment of gynecological fistulae. The PubMed scientific database was searched for original articles on the subject of gynecological fistulae that had been published between 2013 and 2023.