bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Asymmetric Induction in the Aldol Addition Reactions of Methyl Ketone Enolates and Enolsilanes to β‐Substituted Aldehydes. A Model for Chirality Transfer.
Authors: EVANS D. A. , DUFFY J. L. , DART M. J.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Asymmetric Induction in Hydride Addition Reactions to β‐ Substituted Ketones. A Model for Chirality Transfer.
Authors: EVANS D. A. , DART M. J. , DUFFY J. L.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium‐Mediated Reaction of Cycloheptatriene with Aldehydes: A New “ Electron‐Reversed” Approach to the Functionalization of Seven‐Membered Ring.
Authors: SZYMONIAK J. , FELIX D. , MOISE C.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Addition of Organolithium Reagents to Imines.
Authors: DENMARK S. E. , NAKAJIMA N. , NICAISE O. J.‐C.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectra of Tetrachlorotetraazaporphins
Authors: KHELEVINA O. G. , TIMOFEEVA S. V. , BEREZIN B. D.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Isoindoline and Isoquinoline Derivatives Using Nickel(0)‐Catalyzed (2 + 2 + 2) Cocyclization.
Authors: SATO Y. , NISHIMATA T. , MORI M.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of Some Dithienopyridines and Their Methylides with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate.
Authors: TEMCIUC E. , HOERNFELDT A.‐B. , GRONOWITZ S.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Addition of Carbonyl Compounds to Tetramesitylgermasilene and Dimesitylgermylene.
Authors: BAINES K. M. , COOKE J. A. , VITTAL J. J.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tri‐ and Tetra‐Peptides Incorporating an α‐Amino Acid at the Anomeric Position of Mannofuranose.
Authors: ESTEVEZ J. C. , ESTEVEZ R. J. , ARDRON H. , WORMALD M. R. , BROWN D. , FLEET G. W. J.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the A/E/F Tricyclic Section of the Norditerpenoid Alkaloid Methyllycaconitine, a Potent Inhibitor of Neurotransmission.
Authors: BAILLIE L. C. , BEARDER J. R. , WHITING D. A.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Michellamines A‐C: Important anti‐HIV Agents.
Authors: HOYE T. R. , CHEN M. , MI L. , PRIEST O. P.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bromoxone.
Authors: GAUTIER E. C. L. , LEWIS N. J. , MCKILLOP A. , TAYLOR R. J. K.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Multifunctional Poly(2‐trimethylsilyl‐1,4‐ phenylenevinylene): A Novel, Silicon‐Substituted, Soluble PPV Derivative
Authors: HWANG D.‐H. , SHIM H.‐K. , LEE J.‐I. , LEE K.‐S.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Modeling Heterogeneous Catalyzed Reactions in Porous Media
Authors: Keil Frerich J.
Published: November 2011

Entwicklungen in der Modellierung heterogen‐katalytischer Prozesse, speziell quantenchemische Methoden für die Berechnung der Reaktionen am aktiven Zentrum und die Theorie des Übergangszustandes, werden dargestellt. Hinzu kommen die Beschreibung der Multikomponentendiffusion und Adsorption in den Poren der Katalysatorträger unter besonderer Berücksichtigung dieser Phänomene in Zeolithen. Abschließend wird die Optimierung von Porenstrukturen in Katalysatorträgern hinsichtlich vorgegebener Kriterien behandelt.
A Structural Investigation of Dimethylthallium(III) Thiolate and Selenolate Rings and Polymers
Authors: Briand Glen G. , Decken Andreas , Hunter Nicole M. , Wright John A. , Zhou Y.
Published: November 2011

The effects of increased steric bulk in dimethylthallium(III) chalcogenolates on oligomerization was examined. The facile reaction of Me3Tl with a series of benzenethiols and ‐selenols in toluene or thf resulted in the formation of [Me2TlS(2,6‐Me2C6H3)]∞ (2), [Me2TlS(2,4,6‐tBu3C6H2)]∞ (3), [Me2TlSe(C6H5)]2 (4), [Me2TlSe(2,4,6‐Me3C6H2)]∞ (5), and [Me2TlSe(2,4,6‐tBu3C6H2)]∞ (6). The solid‐state structure of 4 is dimeric with short intermolecular Tl···Se interactions, which yields an asymmetric Tl2Se2 core and a distorted tetrahedral C2Se2 bonding environment for the thallium. The increase in the steric bulk of the chalcogenolate ligand in compounds 2 and 5 results in the formation of polymeric structures with μ‐E[2,(4),6‐Me3C6H2] (E = S, Se) groups and distorted tetrahedral C2E2 bonding environments for the thallium. A further increase in the steric bulk of the phenylchalcogenolate resulted in the formation of chains of weakly coordinated monomers by means of the intermolecular Tl···E interactions in 3 (E = S) and 6 (E = Se). This work represents the first systematic study of diorganothallium thiolates and selenolates and compounds 4–6 represent the first structurally characterized examples of R2TlSeR′ species. A comparison of the structures of [Me2TlS(C6H5)]2 (1) and 2–6 with other group 13 analogue structures suggests that the degree of oligomerization differs for [Me2MSR′]n (M = Tl) versus the analogous (M = Al, Ga, and In) species. These findings areimportant in understanding the factors that govern oligomerization (i.e. ring size) and polymerization of diorganotriel chalcogenolates.
A H2/O2 Fuel Cell for In situ μ‐Raman Measurements. In‐depth Characterization of an Ionic Liquid Filled Nafion Membrane
Authors: Martinelli A. , Iojoiu C. , Sergent N.
Published: November 2011

We report the design of a H2/O2 (fuel) cell for in situ μ‐Raman spectroscopic measurements. The horizontal orientation of the cell is conceived to allow the penetration of the laser beam along the z‐axis from one electrode to the other. We show that during in‐depth analyses the Raman signal is not significantly lost and the axial resolution is sufficiently good to allow quantitative and qualitative spectral interpretation. We report “proof of principle” tests performed on Nafion membranes swelled with protic ionic liquids to demonstrate the validity of the design and the potentiality of the method. Our results confirm that this experimental setup can efficiently be used to follow structural changes and concentration gradients in the electrolyte of a fuel cell operando. In particular, we have been able to resolve both in time and in space the hydration state of the membrane as well as spatial variations for the $ {\rm SO}_3^- $ coordination shell during a compositional transient state.
Relationship between paraglottic space invasion and cervical lymph node metastasis in patients undergoing supracricoid partial laryngectomy
Authors: Joo Young‐Hoon , Park Jun‐Ook , Cho Kwang‐Jae , Kim Min‐Sik
Published: November 2011

Background

To investigate the relationship between paraglottic space (PGS) invasion and lymph node metastasis in patients undergoing supracricoid partial laryngectomy.

Methods

The study included 98 subjects with squamous cell carcinoma of the glottis.

Results

The PGS invasion rate was 60.2% (59/98), and a significant correlation was found between PGS invasion and cervical lymph node metastasis (p = .022). Fifteen of the 59 patients (25.4%) with PGS invasion, only 3 of the 39 patients (7.7%) without any evidence of PGS invasion had lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, a significant correlation was also found between PGS invasion and T classification (p < .001), vocal cord mobility (p < .001), and subglottic extension (p = .014), and patients with no evidence of PGS invasion possibly had a survival benefit (5‐year disease‐specific survival rate, 84% vs 64%; p = .118).

Conclusion

This study shows that PGS invasion is significantly related to cervical lymph node metastasis in patients undergoing supracricoid partial laryngectomy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Fear conditioning is disrupted by damage to the postsubiculum
Authors: Robinson Siobhan , Bucci David J.
Published: November 2011

The hippocampus plays a central role in spatial and contextual learning and memory, however relatively little is known about the specific contributions of parahippocampal structures that interface with the hippocampus. The postsubiculum (PoSub) is reciprocally connected with a number of hippocampal, parahippocampal and subcortical structures that are involved in spatial learning and memory. In addition, behavioral data suggest that PoSub is needed for optimal performance during tests of spatial memory. Together, these data suggest that PoSub plays a prominent role in spatial navigation. Currently it is unknown whether the PoSub is needed for other forms of learning and memory that also require the formation of associations among multiple environmental stimuli. To address this gap in the literature we investigated the role of PoSub in Pavlovian fear conditioning. In Experiment 1 male rats received either lesions of PoSub or Sham surgery prior to training in a classical fear conditioning procedure. On the training day a tone was paired with foot shock three times. Conditioned fear to the training context was evaluated 24 hr later by placing rats back into theconditioning chamber without presenting any tones or shocks. Auditory fear was assessed on the third day by presenting the auditory stimulus in a novel environment (no shock). PoSub‐lesioned rats exhibited impaired acquisition of the conditioned fear response as well as impaired expression of contextual and auditory fear conditioning. In Experiment 2, PoSub lesions were made 1 day after training to specifically assess the role of PoSub in fear memory. No deficits in the expression of contextual fear were observed, but freezing to the tone was significantly reduced in PoSub‐lesioned rats compared to shams. Together, these results indicate that PoSub is necessary for normal acquisition of conditioned fear, and that PoSub contributes to the expression of auditory but not contextual fear memory. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of lipopolysaccharide on alteration of phospholipids and their fatty acid composition in spleen and thymus by in vitro metabolic labeling
Authors: Sabarirajan Jayaraja , Vijayaraj Panneerselvam , Sarkar Mary , Nachiappan Vasanthi
Published: November 2011

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin, a potent stimulator of immune response and induction of LPS leads to acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is a life‐threatening disease worldwide with a high mortality rate. The immunological effect of LPS with spleen and thymus is well documented; however the impact on membrane phospholipid during endotoxemia has not yet been studied. Hence we aimed to investigate the influence of LPS on spleen and thymus phospholipid and fatty acid composition by [32P]orthophosphate labeling in rats. The in vitro labeling was carried out with phosphate‐free medium (saline). Time course, LPS concentration‐dependent, pre‐ and post‐labeling with LPS and fatty acid analysis of phospholipid were performed. Labeling studies showed that 50 µg LPS specifically altered the major phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol in spleen and phosphatidylcholine in thymus. Fatty acid analysis showed a marked alteration of unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids in spleen and thymus leading to immune impairment via the fatty acid remodeling pathway. Our present in vitro lipid metabolic labeling study could open up new vistas for exploring LPS‐induced immune impairment in spleen and thymus, as well as the underlying mechanism. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic characterization of the late and persistent effects of cadmium at low doses on the rat liver
Authors: Wang Bo , Wang Shi , Shao Chen , Wang Guangyi , Li Yang , Cai Lu
Published: November 2011

To investigate the late and persistent effects of cadmium (Cd) at low doses on the liver and its potential mechanisms, male Wistar rats were given i.p. injection of Cd as CdCl2 at 20 nmol kg−1 body weight every other day for 4 weeks. At weeks 20, 44 and 52, the livers from Cd‐treated and age‐matched control rats were examined pathologically and biochemically. Chronic exposure of rats to Cd at low doses induced mild pathological changes and persistent oxidative damage as well as cell proliferation. Hepatic proteins were analyzed with two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) and mass spectrometry. More than 1000 protein spots were detected by 2‐DE. Ten proteins were distinguishable between Cd‐treated and age‐matched control groups at week 52 week after Cd treatment. Two of them were significantly down‐regulated: prohibitin (PHB) and d‐dopachrome tautomerase (DDT). By western blotting the down‐regulated expression of PHB and DDT in the livers of Cd‐treated rats was confirmed in both early (week 20) and late (week 52) time points. To further examine the down‐regulation of antioxidant status in the Cd‐treated livers, other common antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione and one metal detoxification specific protein metallothionein, were also detected and found to be decreased, particularly at the late stage. These results suggest that mild histopathological changes, persistent oxidative damage and cell proliferation remained at the late stages (weeks 44–52) after rats were exposed to low‐dose Cd. These persistent changes may be associated with the persistent down‐regulation of cellular antioxidant systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonance Raman quantification of the redox state of cytochromes b and cin‐vivo and in‐vitro
Authors: Kakita Minoru , Kaliaperumal Venkatesh , Hamaguchi Hiro‐o
Published: November 2011

We observe the redox state changes with respiration of cytochromes b and c in mitochondria in a living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell as well as in isolated mitochondria with the very use of Raman microspectroscopy. The possibility of monitoring the respiration activity of mitochondria in vivo and in vitro by Raman microspectroscopic quantification of the cytochrome redox states is suggested. It will lead to a new means to assess mitochondrial respiration activity in vivo and in vitro without using any labelling or genetic manipulation. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Association of Illness Perceptions with Physical and Mental Health in Systemic Sclerosis Patients: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Arat Seher , Verschueren Patrick , De Langhe Ellen , Smith Vanessa , Vanthuyne Marie , Diya Luwis , den Heede Koen Van , Blockmans Daniel , De Keyser Filip , Houssiau Frédéric A. , Westhovens René
Published: November 2011

Objective

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between illness perceptions and the ability to cope with physical and mental health problems in a large cohort of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study in 217 systemic sclerosis patients from the Belgian Systemic Sclerosis Cohort. Illness perception and coping were measured by the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire and a coping questionnaire – the Coping Orientation of Problem Experience inventory (COPE). Physical and mental health‐related quality of life was measured by the 36‐item short‐form health survey (SF‐36), as were disease activity and several severity parameters. The relationship between illness perceptions and the ability to cope with physical/mental health problems was examined using multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

According to LeRoy's classification, 49 patients had limited SSc (lSSc), 129 had limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and 39 had diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). Median disease duration was five years and the modified Rodnan skin score was 4. Good physical health was significantly associated with the lcSSc subtype and low disease activity (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). The perception of ‘serious consequences’ and strong ‘illness identity’ correlated with poor physical health (p < 0.001). Good mental health was associated with low illness identity scores and low ‘emotional response’ scores (p < 0.001). Coping variables were less significantly correlated with physical and mental health compared with the illness perception items.

Conclusion

Illness representations contribute more than classical disease characteristics to physical and mental health. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Considerations in high‐resolution skeletal muscle diffusion tensor imaging using single‐shot echo planar imaging with stimulated‐echo preparation and sensitivity encoding
Authors: Karampinos Dimitrios C. , Banerjee Suchandrima , King Kevin F. , Link Thomas M. , Majumdar Sharmila
Published: November 2011

Previous studies have shown that skeletal muscle diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can noninvasively probe changes in the muscle fiber architecture and microstructure in diseased and damaged muscles. However, DTI fiber reconstruction in small muscles and in muscle regions close to aponeuroses and tendons remains challenging because of partial volume effects. Increasing the spatial resolution of skeletal muscle single‐shot diffusion‐weighted echo planar imaging (DW‐EPI) can be hindered by the inherently low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of muscle DW‐EPI because of the short muscle T2 and the high sensitivity of single‐shot EPI to off‐resonance effects and T2* blurring. In this article, eddy current‐compensated diffusion‐weighted stimulated‐echo preparation is combined with sensitivity encoding (SENSE) to maintain good SNR properties and to reduce the sensitivity to distortions and T2* blurring in high‐resolution skeletal muscle single‐shot DW‐EPI. An analytical framework is developed to optimize the reduction factor and diffusion weighting time to achieve maximum SNR. Arguments for the selection of the experimental parameters are then presented considering the compromise between SNR, B0‐induced distortions, T2* blurring effects and tissue incoherent motion effects. On the basis of the selected parameters in a high‐resolution skeletal muscle single‐shot DW‐EPI protocol, imaging protocols at lower acquisition matrix sizes are defined with matched bandwidth in the phase‐encoding direction and SNR. In vivo results show that high‐resolution skeletal muscle DTI with minimized sensitivity to geometric distortions and T2* blurring is feasible using the proposed methodology. In particular, a significant benefit is demonstrated from a reduction in partial volume effects for resolving multi‐pennate muscles and muscles with small cross‐sections in calf muscle DTI. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curtain coating of dilute suspensions
Authors: Chang Hsin‐Kuo , Shih Chia‐Jung , Liu Ta‐Jo , Tiu Carlos
Published: November 2011

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of particles in coating suspensions on the curtain coating window. Different concentrations of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles were dispersed in aqueous glycerol solutions. The maximum coating speed could be extended with the addition of PMMA particles provided the dynamic wetting line was beneath the falling curtain, the so‐called “hydrodynamic assist.” The extension of the maximum coating speed was found to be strongly dependent on the particle number density. The onset of air entrainment was strongly dependent on the ability of direct contact of particles in the suspension with the air film on the moving substrate. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Perceptual quality‐based image communication service framework for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Boluk Pinar Sarisaray , Baydere Sebnem , Harmanci A. Emre
Published: November 2011

Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have an increasing variety of multimedia‐based applications including image and video transmission. In these types of applications, multimedia sensor nodes should ideally maximize perceptual quality and minimize energy expenditures in communication. For the required perceptual quality to be obtained, quality‐aware routing is a key research area in WMSNs. However, mapping the system parameters to the end user's perceptual quality‐of‐service measures is a challenging task because of incomplete identification metrics. Unfortunately, unless disputable assumptions and simplifications are made, optimal routing algorithm is not tractable. In this paper, we propose a novel image transmission framework to optimize both perceptual quality and energy expenditure in WMSNs. Our framework aims to provide acceptable perceptual quality at the end user by using an analytical distortion prediction model that is able to predict the image distortion resulting from any given error pattern. The innovation of the proposed scheme lies in the combined use of a content‐aware packet prioritization with an energy‐aware and quality‐aware routing protocol, named as image quality‐aware routing. Additionally, it does not only propose an energy‐efficient route selection policy but also manages the network load according to the energy residues of nodes, thus leading to a great energy economy. The results reveal that the framework is capable of identifying true metrics for mapping required image quality to network parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Social Justice Scale (SJS)
Authors: Torres-Harding Susan R. , Siers Brian , Olson Bradley D.
Published: November 2011

The study describes the development of the Social Justice Scale (SJS). Practitioners, educators, students, and other members of the community differ on their attitudes and values regarding social justice. It is important to assess, not only individuals’ attitudes and values around social values, but also other constructs that might be related to social justice behaviors. The implication of Ajzen in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50:179–211, (1991) theory of planned behavior suggests that attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and social norms predict intentions, which then lead to behaviors. A scale was designed to measure social justice‐related values, attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intentions based on a four‐factor conception of Ajzen's theory. Confirmatory factor analysis and analyses for reliability and validity were used to test the properties of the scale.
Measles antibodies and response to vaccination in children aged less than 14 months: implications for age of vaccination
Authors: BORRÀS E. , URBIZTONDO L. , COSTA J. , BATALLA J. , TORNER N. , PLASENCIA A. , SALLERAS L. , DOMÍNGUEZ À. ,   the Working Group for the Study of Measles Immunity in Children
Published: November 2011

Passive immunity against measles decreases during the first months of life. The objective of this study was to determine titres of measles antibodies in children aged 9–14 months and their mothers before vaccination, and the children's response to vaccination. Blood samples were collected by capillary puncture before and 28 days after vaccination. Samples were obtained between February and June 2007 during an ongoing measles outbreak. Titres of specific measles IgG antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seroconversion was defined as the presence of antibodies after vaccination in subjects without antibodies before vaccination. Maternal antibodies were present in 37·7% of all 69 children included and in 45·1% of children aged 9 months. Of the 51 children in whom a second sample was obtained, 31 (60·8%) were seronegative before vaccination and 61·3% seroconverted. Interference of maternal antibodies was 30%. Advancing the first dose of measles vaccination from 15 to 12 months is a correct strategy, given the increase in the time of susceptibility of infants to measles.
INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS SPECIAL ISSUE IN HONOR OF KAZUO NISHIMURA: NONLINEAR DYNAMICS IN EQUILIBRIUM MODELS
Authors: Stachurski John , Venditti Alain , Yano Makoto
Published: November 2011

Over the past three decades, analysis of dynamics has come to the forefront of macroeconomic theory. A key impetus for progress on this front has been the connections developed between equilibrium growth theory, on one hand, and the field of nonlinear dynamics, on the other. Kazuo Nishimura's work has been at the center of these advances, and the lines of research he initiated remain an exciting area of study for young researchers with strong technical skills.
Tainted law? The Italian Penal Code, Fascism and democracy
Authors: Skinner Stephen
Published: November 2011

The current Italian Penal Code is the direct descendant of the 1930 Rocco Code. Originally a hybrid of authoritarian and liberal elements, but revised and reinterpreted in the postwar Republic, the Code was nevertheless introduced under the Fascists and has not been definitively replaced or renamed. Given such roots, this article argues that the Code's legitimacy can be questioned by considering the significance of the Fascist past in terms of the Code's symbolic, contextually narrative and memorial dimensions. On this basis the article develops a concept of tainted law in order to ground and direct analysis of law in relation to the anti-democratic past, arguing that critical engagement with the connections between law and the darker episodes of twentieth-century politico-legal history is vital to the construction and conservation of democratic legal systems today.
Impacts of midlatitude precursor emissions and local photochemistry on ozone abundances in the Arctic
Authors: Walker T. W. , Jones D. B. A. , Parrington M. , Henze D. K. , Murray L. T. , Bottenheim J. W. , Anlauf K. , Worden J. R. , Bowman K. W. , Shim C. , Singh K. , Kopacz M. , Tarasick D. W. , Davies J. , von der Gathen P. , Thompson A. M. , Carouge C. C.
Published: November 2011

We assess the impact of transport of pollution from midlatitudes on the abundance of ozone in the Arctic in summer 2006 using the GEOS‐Chem global chemical transport model and its adjoint. We find that although the impact of midlatitude emissions on ozone abundances in the Arctic is at a maximum in fall and winter, in July transport from North America, Asia, and Europe together contributed about 25% of surface ozone abundances in the Arctic. Throughout the summer, the dominant source of ozone in the Arctic troposphere was photochemical production within the Arctic, which accounted for more than 50% of the ozone in the Arctic boundary layer and as much as 30%–40% of the ozone in the middle troposphere. An adjoint sensitivity analysis of the impact of NOx emissions on ozone at Alert shows that on synoptic time scales in both the lower and middle troposphere, ozone abundances are more sensitive to emissions between 50°N and 70°N, with important influences from anthropogenic, biomass burning, soil, and lightning sources. Although local surface NOx emissions contribute to ozone formation, transport of NOx in the form of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) from outside the Arctic and from the upper troposphere also contributed to ozone production in the lower troposphere. We find that in late May and June the release of NOx from PAN decomposition accounted for 93% and 55% of ozone production at the Arctic surface, respectively.
Multihadron production greater than expected
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: November 2011

The cross section for the annihilation of an electron and a positron into hadrons is much higher than many had expected, according to new experiments performed with the electron–positron colliding beam devices at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator and at Adone in Frascati, Italy. Although the error bars are large, the multihadron production cross section is, for example, much higher than a simple quark model would predict.
Westinghouse tests 5-MW superconducting generator
Authors: Hein Steven M.
Published: November 2011

Researchers at Westinghouse have developed a superconducting electric generator, which is expected to produce five megawatts at 60 Hz. Except for its small size it is believed suitable for use as a utility generator. The Westing-house generator has been tested under open-circuit and short-circuit conditions.
Solar sea power
Authors: Zener Clarence
Published: November 2011

The French physicist Jacques D'Arsonval predicted in 1881 that Man would someday mine the ocean for heat to power his civilization, rather than mine the earth for fossil fuels. Specifically, he suggested that a heat engine operate between the warm upper layer and the cold deep water of the tropical oceans. The power delivered from such a heat engine may appropriately be called “solar sea power,” for the sun would rapidly restore to the upper layer the heat transferred to the cold deep water.
Augmenting mark–recapture with beach counts to estimate the abundance of little penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia
Authors: Cannell Belinda , Pollock Ken , Bradley Stuart , Wooller Ron , Sherwin William , Sinclair Jennifer
Published: November 2011

Context
Penguin Island supports the largest colony of little penguins in Western Australia. It is subjected to a suite of anthropogenic threats because of its proximity to an increasing urban population. For effective management of the colony, it is necessary to not only have knowledge of the size of the colony, but also the population trend of the colony.

Aims
To demonstrate a new cost-effective method of estimating the island-wide population of penguins on Penguin Island.

Methods
We estimated the island-wide population by combining mark–recapture sampling over 2 years on part of the island and beach counts of penguins arriving at night around the entire island. We estimated the abundance using closed population models, allowing for sex and time effects in capture probabilities. We had four capture occasions in 2008 only, and so considered heterogeneity of capture probabilities (Mh), using the Chao heterogeneity moment estimator. The proportion of all penguins counted that arrived at the four mark–recapture sites was then used to inflate the population estimate for the whole island.

Key results
In all, 62% of all penguins counted used the four mark–recapture sites. In 2007, there were an estimated 2369 ± 198 penguins, and 1543 ± 82 in 2008. When capture heterogeneity was allowed for in 2008, this estimate increased to 2069 ± 172.

Conclusions
Fewer eggs were laid and all measures of breeding performance were lower in 2008 than in 2007. Hence, the lower population estimate is most likely to represent fewer birds attempting to breed. However, further work on population estimates is required to determine whether capture heterogeneity occurs in both good and poor breeding years. Capture rates were affected by the presence of a full moon and high tides.

Implications
The estimate of the population can be used as part of the basis of a long-term monitoring program needed for effective management of the penguin colony. However, such studies must be coincident with the monitoring of a suite of reproductive and foraging parameters if short-term impacts of threats are to be recognised and well managed.
Efficacy of SpayVac® is excellent: a comment on Gray et al. (2010)
Authors: Fraker Mark A. , Brown Robert G.
Published: November 2011

In reporting the results of a trial of contraceptive vaccines in wild horses, Gray et al. (2010) misidentified one of the vaccines as SpayVac®, a porcine zona pellucida (pZP) vaccine that owes its typically very high efficacy to a special DepoVax® liposome technology. We believe that the absence of DepoVax® liposomes ought to have been considered as a possible explanation for the unexpectedly low efficacy that was observed.
Selective 5-HT1A-R-agonist Repinotan Prevents Remifentanil-induced Ventilatory Depression and Prolongs Antinociception
Authors: Guenther Ulf , Theuerkauf Nils U. , Huse Daniel , Boettcher Michael F. , Wensing Georg , Putensen Christian , Hoeft Andreas
Published: November 2011

Background

5-HT(1A)-R-agonist repinotan was shown to counteract a morphine-induced ventilatory depression but had pronociceptive effects at small doses (0.2 μg/kg). It remained to be clarified (1) whether a moderate dose of repinotan, sufficient to stimulate spontaneous breathing, impairs antinociception if plasma concentration decreases over time, and if (2) moderate doses prevent ventilatory depression if given before the opioid.

Methods

A dose-response curve of the repinotan effects on spontaneous minute ventilation during continuous remifentanil infusion in anesthetized rats was established to identify moderate doses: (1) tail-flick reflex latencies to assess nociception were recorded until 60 min after cessation of a continuous remifentanil infusion with or without a concomitant moderate repinotan dose (10 μg/kg), and (2) remifentanil boluses (2.5 μg/kg) were given after repinotan (10 and 20 μg/kg).

Results

(1) Remifentanil-induced antinociception lasted only 5 min after infusion was stopped (tail-flick reflex latencies; median [interquartile range], 97 [54-100]% of maximum possible effect; P = 0.034), but was extended by repinotan (10 μg/kg) to 30 min (tail-flick reflex latencies, 100 [75-100]% of maximum possible effect; P = 0.031). Repinotan (10 μg/kg) alone did not have any significant antinociceptive effect. (2) The ventilatory depression by remifentanil boluses (2.5 μg/kg; minute ventilation, -65 [-81 to -56]%; P = 0.031, n = 5) was blunted by repinotan (20 μg/kg; minute ventilation, -24 [-53 to 13]%; P = 0.313, compared with the pretreatment level).

Conclusions

Repinotan prevented remifentanil-induced ventilatory depression in spontaneously breathing, anesthetized rats. Although repinotan did not depress nociception itself, it prolonged the profound antinociception after discontinuation of remifentanil infusion.
PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF IMMERSION OBJECTIVES
Authors: Wilkins M. H. F.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

The precautions necessary in the use of immersion objectives are often not sufficiently observed. Immersion oils must be chosen for the particular make of objective used; if this is not done it is shown that considerable changes of tube length can take place.
THE DETERMINATION OP THE NUMERICAL APERTURE OF A CONDENSER
Authors: Hartley W. G.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

The N.A. of a condenser can be conveniently determined by the use of an Abbe apertometer in an inverted position. This is suitable for all substage condensers, dry and immersion, bright and dark field.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. (January, 1951.); VI.—THE VIRUS AND THE CELL
Authors: Findlay G. M.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The varying meanings which have been attached to the word “virus” are discussed. The present conception of a virus is an autocatalytic organism, largely composed of nucleoprotein and competing with the cell which it parasitizes for a substrate common to the virus and the cellular nucleoproteins. The cytological changes produced in cells by viruses are discussed and their analogies to those occurring in mutated cells are indicated. The hypothesis is put forward that as mutations can be induced in unicellular organisms by the addition of extrinsic nuclear material, so a virus‐infected cell can be regarded as a mutated cell. Some virus‐infected cells behave as malignant tumour cells, although viruses cannot be isolated from all malignant tumours. It is, however, suggested that the existence of apparently virus‐mutated malignant cells supports the theory which ascribes all malignant change to somatic mutation. Such somatic mutations would be brought about either by rearrangement of the pre‐existing genes, occurring spontaneously or as a result of some extrinsic stimulus (physical or chemical), or by the addition from outside of a virus‐nucleoprotein which acts as a mutagen.
VIII.—PREDECESSORS OF THE GLASS MICROMETER
Authors: Kisch Arnold I.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Some important forerunners of present‐day micrometers are described. Special attention is given to the expounders of each of these early devices and the practicability of the devices themselves. A brief description is given of a rare micrometer, made by John Cuff in the early eighteenth century, and now in the author's possession.
V.—ELECTRON MIOROSCOPY AND MICRODISSECTION
Authors: Bovey R.
Published: November 2011

A new technique is described for the preparation of biological specimens for electron microscope study, a de Fonbrune micromanipulator and an inverted microscope being used. The microdissection is made directly on the collodion film supported by a thin glass slide (cover‐slip) and afterwards the specimen is mounted on a grid. The method is illustrated with electron micrographs of nuclear and cell membranes, and its advantages are discussed.
XIX.—A MICROFORGE ATTACHMENT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPE
Authors: Powell E. O.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The device described enables a standard biological microscope to be adapted to the manufacture of micromanipulator tools. It has most of the features of the de Fonbrune microforge, but costs much less. The design is largely based on de Fonbrune's.
XX.—STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF SUCKLING MICE FOLLOWING INFECTION WITH A COXSACKIE VIRUS OF THE “A” GROUP (Var. Swiss)
Authors: Aumonier F. J.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

An account is given of the changes produced by a particular strain of Coxsackie virus in the skeletal muscles of young mice. These changes are: loss of striations (the “Z” and “H” bands disappearing before the “A” and “I”), swelling of the myofibrillæ, localized œdema, loss of all internal structure with generalized œdema, and finally regeneration if the animal lives.
XI.—MICROTOME KNIFE SHARPENING MACHINE
Authors: Lister W. C.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A method of setting microtome knives, which eliminates personal skill, is described.
A VECTOR THEORY OF PHASE CONTRAST AND INTERFERENCE CONTRAST: V. INTERFERENCE CONTRAST
Authors: Barer R.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The vector representation of interference contrast is discussed and it is shown that it leads to results identical in principle with those of phase contrast. Any problem in interference contrast can be expressed in terms of an equivalent phase‐contrast system and vice versa. After analysing a number of special cases, a simple method of interconversion between phase and interference contrast is described. The effects of varying the phase and amplitude controls of an interference contrast system are discussed in terms of the characteristics of the equivalent phase‐contrast system. It is shown that one of the most important advantages of interference contrast is that it enables Richter's condition to be obtained quite simply by making the two interfering beams equal in intensity. This enables any phase detail to be made perfectly black and is useful for quantitative measurements of phase change.
SOME SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN LAMBSKINS
Authors: Dempsey Mary
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The histological changes in the dermis of Kerry Hill lambs throughout a year have been investigated. The main change observed was in the sweat glands which were largest in the warmer months: the mechanism by which they appear and disappear is indicated. Fat varied irregularly. Elastin and reticulin were not found to vary according to age or season.
WATER‐SOLUBLE EMBEDDING MEDIA AND PERMANENT MOUNTANTS FOR USE IN HISTOLOGICAL WORK WITH BOTANICAL MATERIALS
Authors: Fell K. R. , Rowson J. M.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Further successful techniques for embedding botanical materials (leaf and stem of Rubus idœeus) in various polyethylene glycol media are outlined. A method of incorporating celloidin into polyethylene glycol media and polyethylene glycol monostearate (“Nonex 63B”) is described. The utility of the various embedding media is discussed. Details of permanent mounting of ribbons of serial sections in several polyvinyl alcohol mountants are given.

It is concluded that the methods are especially suitable for the rapid production of large numbers of permanently mounted thin serial sections, the cells of which are virtually undistorted. Such mounts therefore lend themselves particularly to reproduction by means of high‐power camera‐lucida or projection drawings. The utility of the mounts is enhanced by the incorporation of simple cellulosic stains into the polyvinyl alcohol mountants.

The use of celloidin in conjunction with these dehydrating and embedding reagents is concluded to be of limited application only, in this present work.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF FIBRE BUNDLES
Authors: Dempsey M. , Haines B. M. , Hitchborn J. H.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A résumé is given of the literature on the morphology of collagen fibre bundles, and the occurrence in them of elastin, reticular tissue, and a cement substance. Two methods of demonstrating reticular tissue have been investigated.

(1) Silver impregnation. A number of variations of the technique have been tried, and Foot's balanced solutions method has been adopted as the most satisfactory for skin. It gives clear, sharp preparations, in which (after toning with gold) collagen becomes rose‐red to rather purple in colour, and reticular tissue usually shows black. The fine binding fibrils around collagen fibre bundles did not stain as elastin, nor did they become black when impregnated with silver. Nevertheless, they are considered to be reticular tissue, since morphologically they resemble reticulin more closely than they do collagen.

(2) Swelling of fibres. Fibre bundles teased from the skin of cattle (calf and ox) and sheep (3–18 months) were soaked at a range of pH values in hydrochloric acid solutions. Calf fibre bundles from the leg swelled more readily and at higher pH values than those of the ox from the same position, in which the restrictive binding tissue was present as an intermittent sheath. The collagen fibres twisted into a rope‐like form and became entangled in the associated elastin fibres, which, therefore, played an important part in restricting the fibre bundles as they swelled. It is also inferred, though the investigation was not specially directed towards this point, that a cement substance is present, holding the collagen fibres into bundles even in the absence of reticular tissue and elastin.
A CARBON REPLICA TECHNIQUE FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF THE DIVISION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIÆ WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Bradley D. E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The surfaces of bacteria and similar organisms cannot be satisfactorily studied in the electron microscope because of the excessive mass thickness of the cells. The paper describes an adaptation of the carbon replica technique, which enables a surface examination to be carried out. Artifacts, which are often present when cells are examined directly, are even more apparent in replica studies. The nature and origin of these artifacts is fully discussed.

The replica technique is applied to a surface study of Saccharomyces cerevisiæ. By examining micrographs of replicas of budding scars and also of cells at various stages of division, it is possible to build up a plausible picture of the whole division process.
A NOTE ON NAVICULA MACULOSA DONKIN
Authors: Hendey N. Ingram
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The type specimens of Navicula maculosa Donkin and Navicula albinensis Grunow have been examined and the species are shown to be synonymous. Navicula maculosa Donkin in Peragallo, Diatomées marines de France, 1897–1908, is a misidentification and this species has been renamed.
AN INSECT COMPRESSOR
Authors: Crichton M. I.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A compressor for holding live insects under a dissecting microscope is described.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS I.—CALCIUM CARBONATE IN THE SCALE FROM WATER
Authors: Wallis T. E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Some examples of the variety found in the micro‐crystalline form of the scale obtained by boiling natural waters. Preparation of solutions for experimental investigations. Types of micro‐crystals of calcium carbonate and comparison with crystals of calcite and aragonite, and with the crystals of ice found in snow. Influence of temperature and of dissolved carbon dioxide. Modifications resulting from the presence of small traces of silicates, chlorides and sulphates in water.
X.—A METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF ASTRINGENCY OF VEGETABLE TAN‐LIQUORS
Authors: Mitra S. K. , Das D. K.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A microscopic technique for measuring astringency of vegetable tan‐liquors is described and the relative astringencies of some of the well‐known Indian vegetable tanning materials determined by the method are presented.