bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENTRE EL EMPRENDEDURISMO Y LA SUBSISTENCIA
Authors: Bustillos Bailey Antonio , Sanchez Nogales Cecilia , López Murillo Sara , Campara Arroyo Guerel
Published: May 2020

El propósito de la investigación es realizar una revisión exploratoria de las escuelas de pensamiento existentes acerca de emprendedurismo y contrastar con la situación actual de Bolivia, tomando como referencia investigaciones pasadas hechas por organismos internacionales que nos muestran una situación de emprendedurismo que no se ajusta a la realidad del paí­s.El primer paso de la investigación fue la revisión de documentos que permitieron tener un concepto claro de lo que es un emprendedor, como resultado se obtuvo varias escuelas de pensamiento y varios autores que dan a conocer que es un emprendedor y cuáles son sus caracterí­sticas, posteriormente se toma una postura respecto de las escuelas la cual es la "Escuela de Schumpeter".Para poder llevar a cabo esta investigación se procede a tomar un test emprendedor con el cual se determina la cantidad real de emprendedores y diferencia a los supervivientes, la segunda técnica aplicada a esta investigación son las historias de vida a través de las cuales se respalda la información obtenida por el test emprendedor.Palabras Claves:Emprendedurismo, Empresarialidad, Entorno cultural, Impacto económico, escuela Schumpeteriana
AbstractThe purpose of the research is to conduct an exploratory review of existing schools of thought about entrepreneurship and contrast with the current situation in Bolivia, taking as a reference past research done by international organizations that show us an entrepreneurial situation that does not conform to the reality of the country.The first step of the investigation was the review of documents that allowed to have a clear concept of what an entrepreneur is, as a result several schools of thought were obtained and several authors who make it known that he is an entrepreneur and what are their characteristics, later a position is taken regarding the schools which is "Schumpeter"™s School".In order to carry out this research, an entrepreneurial test is used to determine the actual number of entrepreneurs and differentiate the survivors, the second technique applied to this research is the life stories through which the information obtained by the entrepreneurial test.KeyboardEntrepreneur, Entrepreurship, Cultural environment, Economic impact, Schumpeter"™s School
Suspended and Restored Activities of a Nearby Supermassive Black Hole
Authors: Wang J. , Xu D. W. , Sun S. S. , Feng Q. C. , Li T. R. , Xiao P. F. , Wei J. Y.
Published: May 2020

The discovery of spectral type transition of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), the so-called “changing-look” (CL) phenomenon, challenges the widely accepted AGN paradigm, not only in the orientation-based unified model, but also in the standard disk model. In past decades, only a couple of nearby repeat changing-look active galactic nuclei (CL-AGNs) have been identified. Here we report spectroscopic observations of UGC 3223 over the course of 18 yr, from 2001 onwards. Combining the spectrum taken in 1987 by Stirpe, we have witnessed its type transitions from

over 32 yr, and captured a long-lived (at least 10 yr) thorough “turn-off” state with a spectrum typical of a Seyfert 2 galaxy. The long-term thorough turn-off state probably suggests a once-dormant and an awakening central engine in UGC 3223. We argue that the (dis)appearance of the broad Balmer emission lines can be explained by the disk–wind broad-line region model given the evolution of the calculated Eddington ratio of accretion of the supermassive black hole.
HD 165054: An Astrometric Calibration Field for High-contrast Imagers in Baade’s Window
Authors: Nguyen Meiji M. , De Rosa Robert J. , Wang Jason J. , Esposito Thomas M. , Kalas Paul , Graham James R. , Macintosh Bruce , Bailey Vanessa P. , Barman Travis , Bulger Joanna , Chilcote Jeffrey , Cotten Tara , Doyon Rene , Duchêne Gaspard , Fitzgerald Michael P. , Follette Katherine B. , Gerard Benjamin L. , Goodsell Stephen J. , Greenbaum Alexandra Z. , Hibon Pascale , Hom Justin , Hung Li-Wei , Ingraham Patrick , Konopacky Quinn , Larkin James E. , Maire Jérôme , Marchis Franck , Marley Mark S. , Marois Christian , Metchev Stanimir , Millar-Blanchaer Maxwell A. , Nielsen Eric L. , Oppenheimer Rebecca , Palmer David , Patience Jennifer , Perrin Marshall , Poyneer Lisa , Pueyo Laurent , Rajan Abhijith , Rameau Julien , Rantakyrö Fredrik T. , Ren Bin , Ruffio Jean-Baptiste , Savransky Dmitry , Schneider Adam C. , Sivaramakrishnan Anand , Song Inseok , Soummer Remi , Tallis Melisa , Thomas Sandrine , Wallace J. Kent , Ward-Duong Kimberly , Wiktorowicz Sloane , Wolff Schuyler
Published: May 2020

We present a study of the HD 165054 astrometric calibration field that has been periodically observed with the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI). HD 165054 is a bright star within Baade’s Window, a region of the galactic plane with relatively low extinction from interstellar dust. HD 165054 was selected as a calibrator target due to the high number density of stars within this region (∼3 stars per square arcsecond with H < 22), necessary because of the small field of view of the GPI. Using nine epochs spanning over five years, we have fit a standard five-parameter astrometric model to the astrometry of seven background stars within close proximity to HD 165054 (ρ < 2″). We achieved a proper motion precision of ∼0.3 mas yr−1 and constrained the parallax of each star to be ≲1 mas. Our measured proper motions and parallax limits are consistent with the background stars being a part of the galactic bulge. Using these measurements, we find no evidence of any systematic trend of either the plate scale or the north angle offset of GPI between 2014 and 2019. We compared our model describing the motions of the seven background stars to observations of the same field in 2014 and 2018 obtained with Keck/NIRC2, an instrument with excellent astrometric calibration. We find that the predicted position of the background sources is consistent with that measured by NIRC2, within the uncertainties of the calibration of the two instruments. In the future, we will use this field as a standard astrometric calibrator for the upgrade of GPI and potentially for other high-contrast imagers.
Wide-band Rotation Measure Synthesis
Authors: Pratley Luke , Johnston-Hollitt Melanie
Published: May 2020

Rotation measure synthesis allows the estimation of Faraday dispersion via a Fourier transform and is the primary tool to probe cosmic magnetic fields. We show this can be considered mathematically equivalent to the one-dimensional (1D) interferometric intensity measurement equation, albeit in a different Fourier space. As a result, familiar concepts in 2D intensity interferometry designed to correctly account for a range of instrumental conditions can be translated to the analysis of Faraday dispersion. In particular, we show how to model the effect of channel averaging during Faraday reconstruction, which has to date limited the progress of polarimetric science using wide-band measurements. Further, we simulate 1D sparse reconstruction with channel averaging for realistic frequency coverages, and show that it is possible to recover signals with large rotation measure values that were previously excluded from possible detection. This is especially important for low-frequency and wide-band polarimetry. We extended these ideas to introduce mosaicking in Faraday depth into the channel-averaging process. This work thus provides the first framework for correctly undertaking wide-band rotation measure synthesis, including the provision to add data from multiple telescopes, a prospect that should vastly improve the quality and quantity of polarimetric science. This is of particular importance for extreme environments that generate high magnetic fields such as those associated with pulsars and fast radio bursts, and will allow such sources to be accurately used as probes of cosmological fields.
Propulsion of Spacecraft to Relativistic Speeds Using Natural Astrophysical Sources
Authors: Lingam Manasvi , Loeb Abraham
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we explore from a conceptual standpoint the possibility of using natural astrophysical sources to accelerate spacecraft to relativistic speeds. We focus on light sails and electric sails, which are reliant on momentum transfer from photons and protons, respectively, because these two classes of spacecraft are not required to carry fuel on board. The payload is assumed to be stationed near the astrophysical source, and the sail is subsequently unfolded and activated when the source is functional. By considering a number of astrophysical objects such as massive stars, microquasars, supernovae, pulsar wind nebulae, and active galactic nuclei, we show that terminal speeds approaching the speed of light might be realizable under idealized circumstances provided that sufficiently advanced sail materials and control techniques exist. We also investigate the constraints arising from the sail’s material properties, the voyage through the ambient source environment, and the passage through the interstellar medium. While all of these considerations pose significant challenges to spacecraft, our analysis indicates that they are not insurmountable in optimal conditions. Finally, we sketch the implications for carrying out future technosignature searches.
Can Subphotospheric Magnetic Reconnection Change the Elemental Composition in the Solar Corona?
Authors: Baker Deborah , Driel-Gesztelyi Lidia van , Brooks David H. , Démoulin Pascal , Valori Gherardo , Long David M. , Laming J. Martin , To Andy S. H. , James Alexander W.
Published: May 2020

Within the coronae of stars, abundances of those elements with low first ionization potential (FIP) often differ from their photospheric values. The coronae of the Sun and solar-type stars mostly show enhancements of low-FIP elements (the FIP effect) while more active stars such as M dwarfs have coronae generally characterized by the inverse-FIP effect (I-FIP). Here we observe patches of I-FIP effect solar plasma in AR 12673, a highly complex βγδ active region. We argue that the umbrae of coalescing sunspots, and more specifically strong light bridges within the umbrae, are preferential locations for observing I-FIP effect plasma. Furthermore, the magnetic complexity of the active region and major episodes of fast flux emergence also lead to repetitive and intense flares. The induced evaporation of the chromospheric plasma in flare ribbons crossing umbrae enables the observation of four localized patches of I-FIP effect plasma in the corona of AR 12673. These observations can be interpreted in the context of the ponderomotive force fractionation model which predicts that plasma with I-FIP effect composition is created by the refraction of waves coming from below the chromosphere. We propose that the waves generating the I-FIP effect plasma in solar active regions are generated by subphotospheric reconnection of coalescing flux systems. Although we only glimpse signatures of I-FIP effect fractionation produced by this interaction in patches on the Sun, on highly active M stars it may be the dominant process.
Detailed Abundances in the Galactic Center: Evidence of a Metal-rich Alpha-enhanced Stellar Population
Authors: Thorsbro B. , Ryde N. , Rich R. M. , Schultheis M. , Renaud F. , Spitoni E. , Fritz T. K. , Mastrobuono-Battisti A. , Origlia L. , Matteucci F. , Schödel R.
Published: May 2020

We present a detailed study of the composition of 20 M giants in the Galactic center with 15 of them confirmed to be in the nuclear star cluster. As a control sample we have also observed 7 M giants in the Milky Way disk with similar stellar parameters. All 27 stars are observed using the NIRSPEC spectrograph on the KECK II telescope in the K-band at a resolving power of R = 23,000. We report the first silicon abundance trends versus [Fe/H] for stars in the Galactic center. While finding a disk/bulge-like trend at subsolar metallicities, we find that [Si/Fe] is enhanced at supersolar metallicities. We speculate on possible enrichment scenarios to explain such a trend. However, the sample size is modest and the result needs to be confirmed by additional measurements of silicon and other α-elements. We also derive a new distribution of [Fe/H] and find the most metal-rich stars at [Fe/H] = +0.5 dex, confirming our earlier conclusions that the Galactic center hosts no stars with extreme chemical compositions.
What Makes Lyα Nebulae Glow? Mapping the Polarization of LABd05
Authors: Kim Eunchong , Yang Yujin , Zabludoff Ann , Smith Paul , Jannuzi Buell , Lee Myung Gyoon , Hwang Narae , Park Byeong-Gon
Published: May 2020

“Lyα nebulae” are giant (∼100 kpc), glowing gas clouds in the distant universe. The origin of their extended Lyα emission remains a mystery. Some models posit that Lyα emission is produced when the cloud is photoionized by UV emission from embedded or nearby sources, while others suggest that the Lyα photons originate from an embedded galaxy or active galactic nucleus (AGN) and are then resonantly scattered by the cloud. At least in the latter scenario, the observed Lyα emission will be polarized. To test these possibilities, we are conducting imaging polarimetric observations of seven Lyα nebulae. Here we present our results for LABd05, a cloud at z = 2.656 with an obscured, embedded AGN to the northeast of the peak of Lyα emission. We detect significant polarization. The highest polarization fractions P are ∼10%–20% at ∼20–40 kpc southeast of the Lyα peak, away from the AGN. The lowest P, including upper limits, are ∼5% and lie between the Lyα peak and AGN. In other words, the polarization map is lopsided, with P increasing from the Lyα peak to the southeast. The measured polarization angles θ are oriented northeast, roughly perpendicular to the P gradient. This unique polarization pattern suggests that (1) the spatially offset AGN is photoionizing nearby gas and (2) escaping Lyα photons are scattered by the nebula at larger radii and into our sightline, producing tangentially oriented, radially increasing polarization away from the photoionized region. Finally we conclude that the interplay between the gas density and ionization profiles produces the observed central peak in the Lyα emission. This also implies that the structure of LABd05 is more complex than assumed by current theoretical spherical or cylindrical models.
Properties of AGN Multiband Optical Variability in the HSC SSP Transient Survey
Authors: Kimura Yuki , Yamada Toru , Kokubo Mitsuru , Yasuda Naoki , Morokuma Tomoki , Nagao Tohru , Matsuoka Yoshiki
Published: May 2020

We study variability of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) by using the deep optical multiband photometry data obtained from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC SSP) survey in the COSMOS field. The images analyzed here were taken with 8, 10, 13, and 15 epochs over three years in the g, r, i, and z bands, respectively. We identified 491 robust variable AGN candidates, down to i = 25 mag and with redshift up to 4.26. Ninety percent of the variability-selected AGNs are individually identified with the X-ray sources detected in the Chandra COSMOS Legacy survey. We investigate their properties in variability by using structure function analysis and find that the structure function for low-luminosity AGNs (L
bol ≲ 1045 erg s−1) shows a positive correlation with luminosity, which is the opposite trend for the luminous quasars. This trend is likely to be caused by a larger contribution of the host galaxy light for lower-luminosity AGNs. Using the model templates of galaxy spectra, we evaluate the amount of host galaxy contribution to the structure function analysis and find that dominance of the young stellar population is needed to explain the observed luminosity dependence. This suggests that low-luminosity AGNs at 0.8 ≲ z ≲ 1.8 are predominantly hosted in star-forming galaxies. The X-ray stacking analysis reveals the significant emission from the individually X-ray undetected AGNs in our variability-selected sample. The stacked samples show very large hardness ratios in their stacked X-ray spectrum, which suggests that these optically variable sources have large soft X-ray absorption by dust-free gas.
Examining a Peak-luminosity/Decline-rate Relationship for Tidal Disruption Events
Authors: Hinkle Jason T. , Holoien Thomas W.-S. , Shappee Benjamin. J. , Auchettl Katie , Kochanek Christopher S. , Stanek K. Z. , Payne Anna V. , Thompson Todd A.
Published: May 2020

We compare the luminosity, radius, and temperature evolution of the UV/optical blackbodies for 21 well-observed tidal disruption events (TDEs), 8 of which were discovered by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae. We find that the blackbody radii generally increase prior to peak and slowly decline at late times. The blackbody temperature evolution is generally flat, with a few objects showing small-scale variations. The bolometric UV/optical luminosities generally evolve smoothly and flatten out at late times. Finally, we find an apparent correlation between the peak luminosity and the decline rate of TDEs. This relationship is strongest when comparing the peak luminosity to its decline over 40 days. A linear fit yields

=

 + 

in cgs, where

.
Twin Stars and the Stiffness of the Nuclear Equation of State: Ruling Out Strong Phase Transitions below 1.7 n0 with the New NICER Radius Measurements
Authors: Christian Jan-Erik , Schaffner-Bielich Jürgen
Published: May 2020

We explore the connection between the stiffness of a hadronic equation of state (EoS) with a sharp phase transition to quark matter to its tidal deformability. For this we employ a hadronic relativistic mean field model with a parameterized effective nucleon mass to vary the stiffness in conjunction with a constant speed of sound EoS for quark matter. We compute multiple scenarios with phase transitions according to the four possible cases of a hybrid star EoS with a stable second branch. We demonstrate how the effective nucleon mass can be constrained by using gravitational-wave data. We find that certain values of the effective nucleon mass are incompatible with GW170817 and a phase transition simultaneously. By using the recent NICER measurements of J0030+0451 we constrain our results further and find that strong phase transitions with a visible jump in the mass–radius relation are ruled out at 1σ at densities below 1.7 times saturation density.
Garlic Extract (Allicin) Improves the Proliferation of Endothelial Progenitor Cell (EPC) from Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Yudi Her Oktaviono  , Pikir Budi Susetyo , Alzahra Fatimah , Al-Farabi Makhyan Jibril , Putri Alisia Yuana
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND: The reduced number and function of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients aggravate endothelial dysfunction and inhibit neovascularization, thus lead to atherosclerosis. Garlic is currently believed to increase the number and function of EPC.
AIM: Therefore, this in vitro study was conducted to analyze the effect of garlic extract (allicin) on the proliferation of EPC in patients with SCAD.
METHODS: Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood of eight SCAD patients and cultured on colony-forming unit (CFU)-Hill medium for 3 days. Samples were divided into two groups: Group treated with allicin and control group. The treatment group was then divided into three subgroups which received 10, 50, and 100 mg/ml of doses and incubated for 48 h. EPC proliferation was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay. Immunohistochemical method of CD34+ was performed for EPC identification. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and ANOVA.
RESULTS: MTT assay showed a significant increase in EPC proliferation in the allicin group compared to the control group (0.2811 ± 0.008 vs. 0.194 ± 0.151, p < 0.05) and significant improvements were observed in each dose increment. CFU-Hill quantification shows the addition of EPC colony in high-dose allicin. Immunohistochemical method shows positive CD34+ expression.
CONCLUSION: Allicin increases EPC proliferation dose-dependently from peripheral blood of SCAD patients.
Characteristics and Medium-term Outcomes of Takayasu Arteritis–related Renal Artery Stenosis: Analysis of a Large Chinese Cohort
Authors: Sun Ying , Dai Xiaomin , Lv Peng , Dong Zhihui , Ma Lingying , Yan Yan , Lin Jiang , Jiang Lindi
Published: May 2020

Objective.

To investigate the characteristics of patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA)-related renal artery stenosis and identify the predictors of medium-term adverse outcomes.

Methods.

Data for 567 patients registered in the East China Takayasu arteritis cohort, a large prospective observational cohort, up to April 30, 2019, were retrospectively analyzed.

Results.

Renal artery stenosis was confirmed in 172/567 (30.34%) patients, with left renal artery involvement seen in 73/172 (42.44%) patients. Renal insufficiency at presentation (HR 2.37, 95% CI 1.76–15.83, P = 0.03), bilateral renal artery involvement (HR 6.95, 95% CI 1.18–21.55, P = 0.01), and severe stenosis (> 75%; HR 4.75, 95% CI 1.08–11.33, P = 0.05) were predictors of adverse outcomes. A matrix model constructed using 3 variables (renal function, stenosis severity, and bilateral renal artery involvement) could identify 3 risk groups. Revascularization was performed for 46 out of 172 (26.74%) patients. Patients without preoperative treatment had higher rate of restenosis (41.46% vs 16.67%, P < 0.01) and worsening hypertension (25.93% vs. 10.53%, P < 0.01) after the procedure. Nonreceipt of preoperative treatment (HR 6.5, 95% CI 1.77–32.98, P = 0.04) and active disease at revascularization (HR 4.21, 95% CI 2.01–21.44, P = 0.04) were independent predictors of adverse outcomes after revascularization.

Conclusion.

Patients with TA-associated renal artery stenosis and uncontrolled or worsening hypertension or/and renal function may benefit from revascularization. Those who have received preoperative treatment may have more favorable revascularization outcomes. Prognosis appears to be poorer for patients with renal insufficiency at presentation, bilateral artery involvement, and severe stenosis.
Les civilisations n’ont plus de surmoi !
Authors: Diatkine Gilbert
Published: May 2020

Le concept de « surmoi culturel » est présent sous des formes diverses dans toute l’œuvre de Freud. Il repose sur des apports extérieurs à la psychanalyse qui se sont tous avérés fragiles, et il a poussé Freud à prendre des positions sexistes qui ont tout de suite choqué beaucoup d’analystes. Les civilisations passent par des périodes de latence après des crises graves qui ressemblent à la période de latence qui succède au conflit œdipien, mais cette analogie ne suffit pas à dire que les civilisations ont un « surmoi ».
La tradition carabine de l’internat de médecine
Authors: Ringanadépoullé Séverine
Published: May 2020

En s’étayant sur les concepts de la psychanalyse des groupes et des institutions, cet article s’attache à comprendre les processus psychiques inconscients au sein d’espaces groupaux traditionnels peu communs. La problématique s’intéresse aux fonctions qui soutiennent le travail de culture de la tradition carabine pour ces sujets apprentis médecins. L’auteure propose une lecture du malêtre contemporain de René Kaës (2012) à travers l’ethnographie du dispositif traditionnel appartenant aux origines de l’internat de médecine. L’internat est la période par laquelle les internes en médecine deviennent des médecins. La liminarité constitutive de ce moment de passage s’accompagne et s’encadre en salle de garde grâce à la perpétuation des rituels de sa tradition originelle. Ce dispositif traditionnel n’échappe pas aux bouleversements hypermodernes. Néanmoins, l’analyse du déclin de la tradition carabine questionne autant qu’elle éclaire la complexité des besoins des nouvelles générations d’internes en médecine.
Perspectives culturelles en psychologie projective
Authors: Azoulay Catherine
Published: May 2020

La psychologie projective d’orientation psychanalytique s’attache à évaluer le fonctionnement psychique d’un sujet à l’aide de tests projectifs dont les plus utilisés en France sont le Rorschach et le tat . Elle étudie la dynamique du monde interne, c’est-à-dire les identifications et les conflits en regard de la différence des sexes et des générations, les angoisses et les mécanismes de défense. Toutefois, si l’on considère que la dynamique intra-psychique s’élabore dans et par un environnement culturel donné, se pose, dans l’évaluation de tout sujet, la prise en compte de la différence culturelle que R. Kaës a appelé la troisième différence. Dès lors, nous nous confrontons, avec nos évaluations projectives, à des questions à la fois passionnantes et d’une grande complexité. Dans cet article, certaines questions seront soulevées afin de créer une dynamique de débat : en quoi le concept de contre-transfert culturel de Devereux peut-il être utile dans la relation sujet/clinicien au cours d’un bilan projectif ? Au-delà de cette question, quelle part peut-on attribuer à l’environnement culturel dans la mise en évidence du fonctionnement psychique d’un sujet et éventuellement de troubles psychiques et comment en rendre compte ? Enfin, nos outils doivent-ils être transformés pour accéder au psychisme d’un autre culturellement différent ?
Outer Layer Breaks and Asymptomatic Schisis Detachment: Clinical Considerations
Authors: Malagola Romualdo , Contestabile Maria Teresa , Villani Gianfrancesco M , De Santis Ercole M , Recupero Santi M
Published: May 2020

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To provide a detailed description of the clinical features that are considered forerunners of symptomatic complications in asymptomatic degenerative retinoschisis, and to show that in selected cases at this stage prophylactic photocoagulation may be a better choice than mere observation.

* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three eyes of 27 patients with asymptomatic bullous degenerative retinoschisis and outer layer breaks (OLBs) were studied through binocular indirect dynamic ophthalmoscopy and retinal biomicroscopy with the Goldmann 3-mirror lens, fundus drawings, and photographs where feasible. Argon laser treatment was performed on each eye: first, around the posterior border of the schisis to achieve a full-thickness retinal scar, and then on the schisis itself to promote scarring of the retinal pigment epithelium, thus avoiding retinal detachment. The follow up was 2 years minimum after treatment.

* RESULTS: OLBs usually involved the largest schises when multiple retinal splittings were present. Breaks were single in 18 eyes (peripheral in 16 and posterior in 2) and multiple in 25 (peripheral in 15 and posterior in 10). Overall, 23 eyes showed asymptomatic retinal detachment (schisis detachment): 20 with peripheral outer layer breaks and 3 with posterior breaks. Schisis detachment was localized to the schisis area in the first group, whereas it extended beyond the posterior boundary of retinoschisis in the latter. After treatment, no posterior progression of retinoschisis was noted nor did symptomatic retinal detachment arise. Only 1 eye had complications in the second step of the treatment that was later resolved with medical care.

* CONCLUSION: Prophylactic Argon laser photocoagulation can be used safely in the asymptomatic stage of bullous retinoschisis with outer layer breaks to avoid the onset of acute symptomatic retinal detachment.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2002;33:368-372]
Rome as the last universal empire in the ideological discourse of the 2nd century BCE
Authors: Russo Federico
Published: May 2020

Beginning with a reassessment of passages from Polybius and other 2nd-century BCE sources, this study aims to show that the concept of a universal empire was an important issue in Roman, philo-Roman, and anti-Roman propagandistic discourse during Rome’s oversea wars. In addition, it will show that the incorporation of Rome into the scheme of translatio imperii (the succession of universal empires) belongs to this same ideological environment. This is in contrast to the prevailing view in scholarship which argues that this theme was only codified later, in a late-republican or even early-imperial tradition.
Rome and the four-empires scheme in Pre-Rabbinic Jewish literature
Authors: Sharon Nadav
Published: May 2020

While it is well-known that the rabbis of the late Roman period often identified the Roman Empire with the fourth empire of Daniel’s visions, this paper deals with Jewish treatments of the Danielic scheme in an earlier era – following the Roman conquest of Judea and preceding the rabbinic era. This issue is complex given that the Romans themselves possessed similar traditions in which their empire constituted the fifth, everlasting empire. After exploring the differences between the Danielic and the Greco-Roman forms of the scheme, this paper examines the scheme’s re-interpretation, or reformulation (or lack thereof), in a variety of pre-rabbinic Jewish texts, spanning the mid-1st century BCE (a period almost immediately after the Roman conquest of Judea in 63 BCE), until the early 2nd century CE.
Comparer Rome, Alexandre et Babylone : la question de l’exceptionnalité de l’empire de Rome aux IVe-VIe siècles
Authors: Inglebert Hervé
Published: May 2020

Le débat sur l’exceptionnalité de l’empire de Rome dura de 200 avant notre ère à 700 après notre ère, dans trois contextes successifs. Le premier fut celui des auteurs classiques, de Polybe à Plutarque, qui comparèrent l’empire de Rome à celui d’Alexandre avec des arguments géographiques et de mœurs. Le deuxième contexte de réflexion fut celui des rabbins qui, du IIe au VIIe siècle, intégrèrent Rome dans une histoire divine dialectique de Rome-Ésaü et d’Israël-Jacob. Le dernier contexte de discussion fut celui des chrétiens, qui comparèrent d’abord l’empire de Rome à celui du Christ, puis qui insistèrent sur sa dimension messianique à cause de la naissance de Jésus de Nazareth sous le règne d’Auguste et qui enfin comparèrent parfois historiquement, et non seulement typologiquement, les empires de Rome et de Babylone. Mais la référence à Alexandre ne disparut pas totalement du discours chrétien, et la comparaison historique entre Rome et Babylone fut une originalité latine entre 417 et 425 avec Orose et Augustin.
Gouverner l’empire, se gouverner soi-même : réflexions sur la notion de maiestas dans la littérature de la République et du Principat
Authors: Dubouloz Julien
Published: May 2020

Les magistrats romains sont-ils les représentants de Rome jusque dans leurs comportements privés ? L’article a pour objectif d’étudier la place accordée au gouvernement de soi dans la qualification des magistrats et sénateurs à gouverner l’empire. L’étude prend pour point de départ une anecdote au centre de la Controverse 9.2 de Sénèque le père, à propos de L. Flamininus (cos. 192 a. n. è.), ses différentes versions et les textes qui peuvent en être rapprochés (chez Cicéron et Tacite, surtout). Il apparaît que la question du comportement privé des magistrats occupe déjà une place dans le procès de repetundis de la République, mais qu’elle constitue surtout un enjeu sous le Principat : c’est la majesté de Rome qui est mise en danger par le comportement personnel de ses représentants. De ce fait, l’ethos personnel, composante essentielle dans la définition de l’aristocratie romaine de gouvernement, devient aussi un instrument du contrôle exercé sur la classe dirigeante par l’empereur, mais aussi par elle-même, de manière intériorisée.
Power and piety: Roman and Jewish perspectives
Authors: Berthelot Katell
Published: May 2020

This paper explores different aspects of the association made in ancient sources between power and piety, contrasting Roman and Jewish perspectives, and bearing in mind that Romans and Jews each considered themselves to be exceptionally pious peoples. I examine not only how ancient sources saw Roman power as being based on piety and as potentially threatened by religious negligence, but also how Roman victory was associated in both Roman and Jewish sources with Jewish superstition, impiety, or sin. Conversely, I show how Israel’s faithfulness to the covenant and the commandments could be seen by Jews as a real threat to Roman power that would ultimately lead to Israel’s victory against the empire. Finally, some Jewish sources show that there was yet another way of articulating the relationship between Roman power and Jewish piety – the very existence of Rome was conceived as being dependent upon Jewish prayers and blessings, or the presence of Israel within the Roman Empire.
Ce que peut l’Empire : les caractéristiques et les limites du pouvoir romain d’après l’Histoire ecclésiastique d’Eusèbe de Césarée
Authors: Morlet Sébastien
Published: May 2020

Dans l’Histoire ecclésiastique d’Eusèbe, le pouvoir romain apparaît comme un fait providentiel, apparu avec l’Incarnation, et n’est évoqué sous son aspect militaire, pour l’essentiel, que dans la mesure où il met fin au judaïsme. Adjuvant fondamental du christianisme, il présente cependant des frontières et, à la différence de ce dernier, ne s’identifie pas avec la terre habitée. Marqué par des limites temporelles, il se révèle impuissant lorsqu’il persécute. Il n’est plus alors l’instrument de la Providence, mais du diable qui cherche à s’opposer à Dieu. Le pouvoir romain ne tient plus son origine, pour Eusèbe, de facteurs humains ou de la Fortune, mais des chrétiens qui prient pour lui, de la Providence qui l’assiste, ou de la piété des empereurs. Mais l’originalité du propos d’Eusèbe ne consiste pas seulement à dire que les Romains sont puissants dans la mesure où Dieu le veut et où ils se plient à sa volonté, mais, plus fondamentalement, à les décrire comme les simples instruments d’une Providence qui s’épanouit dans l’histoire.
Romans and Iranians: experiences of imperial governance in Roman Mesopotamia
Authors: Andrade Nathanael
Published: May 2020

This article examines the perspectives offered by Syriac or bilingual (Syriac-Greek) textual traditions whose provenance can be traced with certainty or high probability to 3rd-century Osrhoene, in Upper Mesopotamia. They offer us glimpses of how certain Edessenes, especially Christians, experienced the impact of Roman imperialism at a critical juncture: the incremental integration of Osrhoene into the Roman provincial system. But they also provide insight into how Edessenes perceived the Iranian imperial powers to their east (Parthian and Sasanian) and to what extent they deemed the Roman empire to have features that distinguished it from other imperial states.
Practices and Perceptions of Nurses Regarding Child Visitation in Adult Intensive Care Units
Authors: Desai Priti P. , Flick Samantha L. , Knutsson Susanne , Brimhall Andrew S.
Published: May 2020

Background

Provision of developmentally appropriate support for child visitors in adult intensive care units (ICUs) would benefit patients and young visitors. Research on best practices for child visitation in adult ICUs is limited.

Objectives

To explore the perceptions and practices of nurses working in adult ICUs in the United States regarding child visitation and the role of child life specialists in this setting.

Methods

Data were collected from 446 adult ICU nurses via a cross-sectional survey. The survey explored perceptions and practices regarding child visitation, access to child-friendly resources, and the feasibility of having a child life specialist in adult ICUs.

Results

Several participants (303, 67.9%) felt that children were at risk for psychological trauma from visiting an adult ICU. Some participants (122, 27.4%) reported that their ICUs did not have policies for child visitation. Logistic regression showed that nurses with a master’s degree were 1.8 times (P < .05) more likely to believe that young children (0-5 years) should visit. Nurses (105 of 197, 53.3%) were more likely to allow young children to visit if the patient was the child’s parent or if the patient was dying. Child-friendly resources were not routinely available. Nurses expressed that adult ICUs could benefit from child life specialists facilitating child visitation.

Conclusions

Nurses were inconsistently open to child visitation. Exceptions for older children (> 6 years), children whose parent was the patient, patients’ illness severity, and end of life allowed more child visitation. Ways to facilitate child-friendly visitation in adult ICUs are discussed.
Feasibility and Acceptability of a Palliative Approach Screening Tool in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Venis Jane , Dodek Peter
Published: May 2020

Background

Identifying critically ill patients who have unmet needs for palliative care is the first step in integrating the palliative approach for patients and their families into intensive care units.

Objective

To explore how palliative care is addressed in an intensive care unit and to develop and test a screening tool for unmet needs that may be met through the palliative approach.

Methods

A mixed-methods study was conducted in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital to explore the palliative approach. Focus groups and a survey were used to identify items for the screening tool. After pilot testing of the tool, interviews were conducted to refine the content.

Results

The first focus group (14 participants) revealed participants’ frustration with unclear communication and a desire for better collaboration among health care team members regarding patients with serious life-limiting illnesses and their families. The survey (response rate: 20%; 30 of 150) showed clinicians’ preference for items that identify specific needs rather than diagnoses. The second focus group (8 participants) yielded strategies to operationalize the tool for all patients in the intensive care unit. After 2 separate pilot testing cycles, bedside nurses noted that use of the screening tool prompted earlier discussions and broader assessments of what is meaningful to patients and their families.

Conclusion

Development of a screening tool for unmet palliative care needs among intensive care unit patients is feasible and acceptable and may help to systematically integrate the palliative approach into routine care for critically ill patients.
CARD9-Associated Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 Are Required for Protective Immunity of a Multivalent Vaccine against Coccidioides posadasii Infection
Authors: Campuzano Althea , Zhang Hao , Ostroff Gary R. , dos Santos Dias Lucas , Wüthrich Marcel , Klein Bruce S. , Yu Jieh-Juen , Lara Humberto H. , Lopez-Ribot Jose L. , Hung Chiung-Yu
Published: May 2020

Coccidioides species are fungal pathogens that can cause a widely varied clinical manifestation from mild pulmonary symptom to disseminated, life-threatening disease. We have previously created a subunit vaccine by encapsulating a recombinant coccidioidal Ag (rCpa1) in glucan–chitin particles (GCPs) as an adjuvant-delivery system. The GCP-rCpa1 vaccine has shown to elicit a mixed Th1 and Th17 response and confers protection against pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in mice. In this study, we further delineated the vaccine-induced protective mechanisms. Depletion of IL-17A in vaccinated C57BL/6 mice prior to challenge abrogated the protective efficacy of GCP-rCpa1 vaccine. Global transcriptome and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of murine bone marrow–derived macrophages after exposure to this vaccine revealed the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) that are associated with activation of C-type lectin receptors (CLR) Dectin-1– and Dectin-2–mediated CARD9 signaling pathway. The GCP formulation of rCpa1 bound soluble Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 and triggered ITAM signaling of corresponding CLR reporter cells. Furthermore, macrophages that were isolated from Dectin-1−/−, Dectin-2−/−, and CARD9−/− mice significantly reduced production of inflammatory cytokines in response to the GCP-rCpa1 vaccine compared with those of wild-type mice. The GCP-rCpa1 vaccine had significantly reduced protective efficacy in Dectin-1−/−, Dectin-2−/−, and CARD9−/− mice that showed decreased acquisition of Th cells in Coccidioides-infected lungs compared with vaccinated wild-type mice, especially Th17 cells. Collectively, we conclude that the GCP-rCpa1 vaccine stimulates a robust Th17 immunity against Coccidioides infection through activation of the CARD9-associated Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 signal pathways.
Does intraoperative frozen section really predict significant positive surgical margins after robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy? A retrospective study
Authors: Choi Se Young , Chi Byung Hoon , Kim Tae-Hyoung , Lim Bumjin , Lee Wonchul , You Dalsan , Kim Choung-Soo
Published: May 2020

We investigated the relationship between positive surgical margin (PSM)-related factors and biochemical recurrence (BCR) and the ability of intraoperative frozen sections to predict significant PSM in patients with prostate cancer. The study included 271 patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy with bilateral nerve sparing and maximal urethral preservation. Intraoperative frozen sections of the periurethra, dorsal vein, and bladder neck were analyzed. The ability of PSM-related factors to predict BCR and significant PSM was assessed by logistic regression. Of 271 patients, 108 (39.9%) had PSM and 163 (60.1%) had negative margins. Pathologic Gleason score ≥8 (18.9% vs 7.5%, P = 0.015) and T stage ≥T3a (51.9% vs 24.6%, P < 0.001) were significantly more frequent in the PSM group. Multivariate analysis showed that Gleason pattern ≥4 (vs <4; hazard ratio: 4.386; P = 0.0004) was the only significant predictor of BCR in the PSM cohort. Periurethral frozen sections had a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 84.2% in detecting PSM with Gleason pattern ≥4. Multivariate analysis showed that membranous urethra length (odds ratio [OR]: 0.79, P = 0.0376) and extracapsular extension of the apex (OR: 4.58, P = 0.0226) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positive periurethral tissue (OR: 17.85, P < 0.0001) were associated with PSM of the apex. PSM with Gleason pattern ≥4 is significantly predictive of BCR. Intraoperative frozen sections of periurethral tissue can independently predict PSM, whereas sections of the bladder neck and dorsal vein could not. Pathologic examination of these samples may help predict significant PSM in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy with preservation of functional outcomes.
On-Board System Requirements for V2V Safety Communications
Authors:   DSRC Technical Committee
Published: May 2020

This standard specifies the system requirements for an on-board vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety communications system for light vehicles1, including standards profiles, functional requirements, and performance requirements. The system is capable of transmitting and receiving the SAE J2735-defined basic safety message (BSM) [1] over a dedicated short range communications (DSRC) wireless communications link as defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1609 suite and IEEE 802.11 standards [2] to [6].
Separation of powers according to the new amendments to the constitution of Georgia-problems and prospects
Authors: Goradze George
Published: May 2020

The article looks at the last amendments to the Constitution of Georgia. By this amendments Georgia moves into parliamentary system. However, there are some questions: Does this system comply with European standards of parliamentary system? How will this system work in Georgia? Is a parliamentary system ideal model for Post-Soviet countries and particularly for Georgia? The article is divided into two parts: The first part looks at the new redaction of the Constitution of Georgia and the new system of governance which will be established by this constitutional changes. By analysis the author comes to the conclusion that new amendments to the constitution will serve as a guarantee of a long-standing stay in the government for the ruling political party; In the second part of the article the author discusses the negative aspects of a parliamentary system in general. Here main question is “how will the Parliament control the executive branch and its leader who is the head of the ruling party and the parliamentary majority, as well? It may be vice versa.” In the author’ opinion one of the ways for a parliamentary system is to elect a non-party president through a universal suffrage.
Renascence of the administrative jurisdiction in Hungary
Authors: Horváth Edit
Published: May 2020

The administrative jurisdiction is one of the guarantees of the civil legal security. However, a state has to „grow up” to this as to every legal guaranties. Administrative jurisdiction, and within it the creation of an independent administrative procedural order has been cause for much excitement in the law-making community basically from the early 1990 s, when control over administrative rulings became genuinely possible again. It was thus unsurprising that the codification of the Act on the procedural code of public administration was followed with interest, and the professional and scientific community gave regular updates on the status of the codification. Therefore, the fact that the president did not sign the Act passed by the National Assembly, but sent it to the Constitutional Court for evaluation instead caused a major stir. Based on the decision 1/2017. (I. 17.) of the Constitutional Court, the National Assembly eventually modified a number of provisions in the Act on the administrative procedural code and passed the Act again, which was then promulgated on March 1, 2017 as Act I/2017 on the administrative procedural code, and became effective, as per initial plans, on January 1, 2018. The article is not an ode to the Hungarian administrative jurisdiction or to the new independent administrative procedural code, but a historical and mainly legal analysis.
The Relationship of Personality Traits with English Speaking Anxiety
Authors: Vural Haldun
Published: May 2020

Speaking in front of people is challenging even in one’s own language. Since personality and speaking anxiety are interrelated, students’ personality types are important to find out the reasons for their anxiety. The aim of the current study is to determine the personality traits of the participants; to investigate their foreign language speaking anxiety levels; and to find out whether students’ personality traits significantly predict their foreign language speaking anxiety. According to the results, extraversion, openness and conscientiousness significantly and negatively but neuroticism and agreeableness significantly and positively predict foreign language speaking anxiety. The majority have agreeableness which predicts foreign language speaking anxiety positively; this may explain why people cannot speak English in our country.