bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Does a Headquarters Economy Look Like?
Authors: Shaver J. Myles
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, and its economic and social vitality. It presents data on the significant concentration of many types of business headquarters in the region and describes the evolution of headquarters over time. Based on these data, the chapter describes why well-established explanations for the geographic concentration of business and headquarters activity fail to explain the Minneapolis-St. Paul experience (e.g., industry clusters or business incentives). The chapter describes the empirical regularities that a novel explanation for this headquarters economy has to explain. It highlights that a valid explanation will have to be one about creating and growing new businesses into large companies, and sustaining or reinventing large, established companies.
Coping with Public Health Emergencies of International Concern
Authors: Hunger Iris
Published: November 2018

This chapter looks at the part of international order relating to surveillance and response to public health emergencies of international concern, which in turn forms part of the broader partial international order on global health. The main actor on international health emergencies control is the World Health Organization (WHO), with the International Health Regulations (IHR) being the applicable legally binding document. Based on much older sanitary agreements, the IHR came into being in 1969. Looking in detail at the response to the major international health emergencies following the complete overhaul of the IHR in 2005—pandemic influenza declared in 2009, polio 2014, Ebola 2014, and Zika 2016—this chapter argues that the WHO has become considerably more effective over the last two decades in countering international health emergencies, and that the international order on health emergencies response is remarkably robust, having so far not shown signs of disintegration or decline.
The European Peace and Security Order at Risk
Authors: Richter Wolfgang
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the regional order of Europe after the end of the Cold War by discussing its actors, interests, institutions, norms, and principles to determine if the peace and security “between Vancouver and Vladivostok” is at stake. Hence, the global influence of the continental order is put into its historical and institutional context. The maintenance of this order has become increasingly difficult as the extensions of both the EU and NATO to the East, the failed assertiveness of the OSCE, and the conflicts in Georgia and Ukraine have shown. The main risks lay in the fragile relations between Russia and the West and it remains open if the current negative trend will be reversed. However, the chapter suggests the strengthening of the OSCE, a new NATO–Russia accord and more cooperation in global security challenges as feasible countermeasures.
East Asia’s Evolving Regional Order and its Global Implications
Authors: Morrison Charles E.
Published: November 2018

Many trends in East Asia, such as the consolidation of nation-states and the growth of economic interdependence and regional cooperation, support a more robust “partial order.” However, geo-political issues, especially China’s ambitions and inter-Korean relations remain significant question marks, intensified by uncertainty about the USA. Asian countries generally benchmark rather than challenge many principles of the liberal international order, but there are cultural traditions and modern preferences at variance with Western political liberalism. The weight of Asia suggests that as a truly global system evolves, there will be some compromise between Western and Eastern concepts of order, all the more likely as domestic support for international liberalism has eroded in parts of the West, notably the USA.
Bride Price and the Well-Being of Women
Authors: Lowes Sara , Nunn Nathan
Published: November 2018

Bride price, a payment from the groom to the bride’s family at the time of marriage, is a common cultural practice in many African societies. We examine the relationship between the bride price amount and a range of outcomes using a sample of 317 couples from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Motivated by common concerns associated with high bride price, we examine whether payment of a higher bride price is associated with earlier marriage and higher fertility; a greater acceptance of domestic violence; decreased ability of the wife to leave her husband; lower-quality marriages; and lower levels of happiness for the wife. We find evidence that women for whom a high bride price was paid are less accepting of domestic violence and are happier.
Democratizing Against the Grain
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: November 2018

Equality in representation and decision-making is crucial to gender equality; it can also help address concerns about cultural bias in the framing of supposedly universal rights. Yet achieving this equality is proving an uphill struggle in self-proclaimed democracies supposedly committed to egalitarian principles. In systems of authority that define themselves against what they perceive as the overly conflictual practices of democracy, or that explicitly endorse a hierarchy, there is not even that language of political equality and democratic legitimacy in which to make the case. This chapter demonstrates the dependence on this language in most of the arguments deployed to promote greater representation of women and minority groups, and warns against excess confidence in contexts where the self-image takes a different form. One implication is that there is sometimes a trade-off between pressing for women’s participation in every decision-making arena and arguing for non-negotiable constitutional guarantees of gender equality. The chapter draws on material from South Africa.
Women’s Participation in the Public Domain Under Human Rights Law: Towards a Participatory Equality Paradigm Shift
Authors: Rubio-Marín Ruth
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores how human rights law has contributed to the shift towards participatory gender equality by legitimating the adoption of quotas and parity mechanisms to ensure women’s equal participation in decision-making. Since the adoption of CEDAW, human rights law has moved away from formal equality notions that simply affirm women’s equal political rights. Instead, we see growing endorsement of substantive equality doctrines that validate the adoption of gender quotas, initially as temporary special measures to ensure women equal opportunities, and, more recently, as permanent measures targeting the gender-balanced composition of an ever-expanding range of public and private governance bodies. The chapter explores how human rights law connects this participatory turn to issues of pluralism, calling attention to the need for public bodies to represent the full diversity of the population, and calling on state parties to increase the participation of women from ethnic minorities, indigenous groups, and religious minorities.
Gender Parity in the Religious and Political Sphere of Israel
Authors: Pinto Meital
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores recent struggles for gender parity in Israel. At the level of national politics, efforts to secure gender quotas in the parliament have largely failed. Some struggles for gender parity in the religious sphere have been more successful, however. Religious Jewish and Muslim women reject the idea that they need to choose between ‘your religion or your rights’, and have increasingly established their right to shape the norms of their religious community. For example, Muslim women have secured the right to have women appointed as arbitrators within Shari’a family courts; and Jewish women have secured the right to elect judges to rabbinical courts. These efforts are, to date at least, limited in scope, leaving significant forms of gender discrimination in place. However, the chapter nonetheless argues that these bottom-up struggles for gender parity within the religious sphere are significant movements towards reconciling gender equality and multiculturalism.
Territorial Jurisdiction and Positive Obligations of an Occupied State
Authors: Yudkivska Ganna
Published: November 2018

The international law of occupation—as it has developed since the nineteenth century—traditionally regulates the conduct and obligations of occupying forces. Very little is said about the obligations of an occupied State, or a ‘victim’ State. This chapter focuses on a limited practice of the European Court of Human Rights in developing some principles in this respect. The main emphasis is put on the landmark judgment Ilascu v Moldova and Russia, in which, for the first time, the Court has found that a State, which lost effective control over a part of its territory and was unable to exercise its jurisdiction there, still had some positive obligations deriving from its de jure jurisdiction. It is argued that the Court’s approach represented a new development in international law, which traditionally considered human rights obligations to be primarily triggered by an effective territorial control. It is further discussed that it might be quite difficult to reconcile positive obligations towards people remaining in occupied territories with a State’s obligation to refrain from supporting separatist regimes. Substitution of effective control for the concept of ‘positive obligations’ necessitates a very delicate assessment of different political, diplomatic, judicial, and other measures, which requires a high degree of sensitivity on the part of the international court. The scope of the positive obligations of an injured State vis-à-vis the positive obligations of an occupying State needs to be elucidated further.
The ECHR and Responsibility of the State: Moving Towards Judicial Integration
Authors: Motoc Iulia , Justus Vasel Johann
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses the recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), reaching the conclusion that the Court’s approach evolves towards judicial integration. After analysing the notion of lex specialis with regards to the question of responsibility and jurisdiction, as (implicitly) proposed by the ECtHR in the Catan judgement, the chapter considers the question of the attribution of conduct introduced for the first time in the Jaloud judgment. The chapter draws a parallel between the notion of effective control used in the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ’s) Nicaragua case and the Chiragov case. It argues that the Courts ruling in Chiragov is closer to the criteria of effective control imposed by the ICJ. The analysis will display that, in both recent decisions, the Court is moving towards judicial integration in the sense of a reasoned difference between the responsibility of human rights and general international law. It is evident that the European Convention of Human Rights is no self-contained regime.
The UN Security Council, State Responsibility, and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Sicilianos Linos-Alexandre
Published: November 2018

The European Court of Human Rights is in the process of refining its conceptual tools for determining the responsibility of the States Parties to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) acting in execution of a Security Council resolution. Where the implementation of resolutions involving the use of force is concerned, the Court’s recent case law has shown a shift towards systematic acceptance of the extraterritorial scope of the ECHR. As to whether the conduct in issue should be attributed to the States Parties or to the UN, the Court now makes a clear distinction between operations authorized by the Security Council and UN peacekeeping operations. The implementation of UN economic sanctions will be addressed differently according to whether or not the respondent State is a member of the EU. The criterion of ‘equivalent protection’ is only applicable in the former scenario. And in any event, it needs to be applied cautiously on a case-by-case basis. As regards the enforcement of economic sanctions by non-EU Member States, the Court tends to interpret Security Council resolutions in a manner consistent with the obligations deriving from the ECHR. More generally, the Court’s approach is oriented towards systemic harmonization rather than towards normative conflict.
A Moving Target
Authors: Webb Philippa
Published: November 2018

The last 50 years have seen significant changes in the law of immunity. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has, over the past 15 years in particular, played an influential role in the law applicable to this ‘moving target’. This chapter examines three approaches of the ECtHR to the identification of general international law: (i) the ECtHR looking to the International Court of Justice; (ii) the ECtHR looking to national practice; and (iii) the ECtHR looking to the work of the International Law Commission and the provisional application of treaties. Although the ECtHR strives to locate itself within general international law, it necessarily approaches the immunities of States, officials, and international organizations through the lens of Article 6 ECHR and whether the immunity in question constitutes a legitimate and proportionate restriction on the right of access to court. This has, at times, taken the Court down a different path to other judicial bodies and we can identify the emergence of a ‘European approach’ to the role of immunity in employment disputes.
Philosophy, Theology, and Christian Virtue
Authors: Austin Michael W.
Published: November 2018

This chapter contains a preliminary discussion of the importance and centrality of humility for the Christian moral life, and examines some initial ways of understanding the nature of this virtue, including a discussion of the biblical term tapeinophrosune. This word can be translated as humility or lowliness of mind. There are different ways of understanding the nature of humility, i.e., there is controversy over what it is and what it requires of those who seek to exemplify this trait. The main focus of the chapter is an explanation and defense of analytic moral theology, the methodological approach the book takes in its analysis of the moral virtue of humility. This chapter argues that analytic moral theology can help to clarify the nature of humility in a way that is conducive to moral and spiritual formation, if it is done with these ends in mind.
Contemporary Applications
Authors: Austin Michael W.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines how the Christian virtue of humility is applicable to issues in personal and social ethics. It demonstrates several ways in which humility can be robustly action-guiding. The chapter also explores some of the ways in which humility is relevant to many of the classic spiritual disciplines, such as prayer, fasting, solitude, silence, and service. Next, it considers humility’s relevance to issues concerning religious pluralism and tolerance. It concludes with a discussion of the variety of ways in which humility is essential for a flourishing family life and its status as a virtue in the context of sport.
Introduction: Subjects and Systems
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2018

The Introduction sets out the problem this book addresses: organizations, in which individuals seem to be nothing but ‘cogs’, have become extremely powerful, while being apparently immune to moral criticism. Organizations—from public bureaucracies to universities, police departments, and private corporations—have specific features that they share qua organizations. They need to be opened up for normative theorizing, rather than treated as ‘black boxes’ or as elements of a ‘system’ in which moral questions have no place. The Introduction describes ‘social philosophy’ as an approach that addresses questions at the meso-level of social life, and situates it in relation to several strands of literature in moral and political philosophy. It concludes by providing a preview of the chapters of the book.
Rules and their Discontents
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2018

Drawing on real-life examples and the philosophical literature on moral rules, this chapter discusses the problems that can arise because organizations are rule-based structures. From a moral perspective, rules are double-edged: there are good moral reasons to obey them, especially in organizational contexts, but they are blunt tools that can do injustice to the underlying social reality, which is far more fine-grained and complex than rules could ever grasp. In addition, rules have a psychological dimension, especially when they are tied to incentives: they can refocus our attention, and crowd out the intrinsic motivation to do the right thing. To live with the ‘iron cage’ of organizational rules, individuals and organizations need to remain attentive to their double-edged character, and install mechanisms for preventing injustice to atypical cases. This analysis also throws light on the use of ‘codes of ethics’ in organizations.
Public Inquiries, Policy Learning, and the Threat of Future Crises
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: November 2018

This book is animated by a simple but very important question. Can post-crisis inquiries deliver effective lesson-learning which will reduce our vulnerability to future threats? Conventional wisdom suggests that the answer to this question should be an emphatic no. Inquiries are regularly vilified as costly wastes of time that illuminate very little and change even less. This book, however, draws upon evidence from an international comparison of post-crisis inquiries in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the post-crisis inquiry is an effective means of learning from disaster and that they consistently encourage policy reforms that enhance our resilience to future threats. This evidence is accompanied by a re-booted conceptualization of the public inquiry, which better recognizes the complexity of the modern state, the challenges of policy learning within it, and contemporary forms of public policy scholarship.
Conclusion
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: November 2018

This chapter concludes the book by first summarizing its key arguments, which relate to the effectiveness of inquiries and the ways in which we conceptualize them. It then then moves on to discuss some ways in which inquiries might be designed more effectively to enhance their lesson-learning functions. This discussion focuses upon five areas: institutional amnesia and the loss of lessons over time; problematic forms of policy transfer; street-level resistance to inquiry lessons; the dangers of policy refinement; and the need to properly synthesize legal-judicial logics into inquiry formats. In each of these areas, recommendations are proposed for those who design, staff, and implement future public inquiries.
A Brief History of the Italian Wars
Authors: Bowd Stephen D.
Published: November 2018

In 1494 King Charles VIII of France (1483–98) decided to extend French influence southwards and led a force of 30,000 men into Italy. The invasion was followed by interventions by his successors Louis XII (1498–1515) and Francis I (1515–47), as well as by the sporadic involvement of the Spanish King Ferdinand of Aragon (1479–1516) and by the emperor-elect Maximilian (1493–1519), and finally Emperor Charles V (1519–58), which drew parts of Italy into the Spanish empire. These monarchs clashed bloodily at battles such as Fornovo (1495), Agnadello (1509), Ravenna (1512), Novara (1513), Marignano (1515), La Biccoca (1522), and Pavia (1525). For these princes Italy offered a rich prize, for many Italian princes the alliances with the ultramontane powers provided opportunities to extend their power, but for many Italian civilians the wars were a disaster.
Remembering and Representing the Massacre
Authors: Bowd Stephen D.
Published: November 2018

The rhetoric of violence during the Italian Wars assumed different forms in the poetry, painting, chronicles, sculpture, and other objects which can be linked to war and mass murder. These rhetorical expressions drew on classical and scriptural precedents and were sometimes common to different textual genres, or crossed from one medium to another—for example from the print to the maiolica dish. Although the emotional range of such evidence appears quite muted in comparison with modern representations of war and violence, nevertheless Renaissance Italians were able to explore the experience of war by means of the ancient language of the passions, the dehumanization and objectification or enumeration of casualties, and through the potent lens of Christian martyrdom.
Cities and Immigration
Authors: de Shalit Avner
Published: November 2018

Immigration is no doubt one of the most urgent political issues all over the world. Academics and politicians have been discussing the question of how states should cope with immigrants; but 96 per cent of immigrants end up in cities, and in Europe and the USA a large majority of the immigrants settles in seven or eight cities only. So how should cities integrate immigrants? Should cities be allowed to design their autonomous integration policies? Could they issue visas to immigrants? Should immigrants be granted voting rights in local elections before naturalization? And how do cities think about these issues? What can we learn from cities which are thought to be successful in integrating and assimilating immigrants? Is there a model of integration within the city which is morally superior to other models? How can an immigrant’s well-being through having a sense of place be maintained? All these questions are discussed in this book both empirically and normatively. The book is based on hundreds of in-depth discussions of these matters with city dwellers in several cities in Europe and the USA. It shifts the discourse on immigration from ‘thinking like a state’ to ‘thinking like a city’.
Introduction
Authors: de Shalit Avner
Published: November 2018

Immigration should be discussed within the context of the city rather than the state because cities are now quite autonomous political entities and because nearly all immigrants settle in cities. Hence the meeting between locals and immigrants take place in the context of urban life rather than as citizens of the state. The book’s three questions are presented: should cities be in charge of deciding whether to allow immigrants to settle in the city? If yes, what local political rights should be granted to immigrants? And is there a model of integration which is superior to other models? The latter involved a comparative study of three such models, in Amsterdam, Berlin, and Jerusalem.
‘Hang the Kaiser’
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

There is interest in prosecuting war crimes committed by Germany from the first weeks of the war. The execution of Edith Cavell and the sinking of the Lusitania help build public outrage and a desire for justice. The plan to try the Kaiser germinates when George Curzon and Georges Clemenceau meet in Paris immediately after the armistice in November 1918. Curzon and Lloyd George convince the Imperial War Cabinet to ask the Law Officers of the Crown to examine the question of charging the former Emperor, as well as the former Crown Prince, ‘for the crime against humanity of having caused the war’ and ‘for offences, by one or both, against international law during the war’, with the purpose of ‘bringing home to one or both the responsibility for the acts charged’. Lloyd George makes trial of the Kaiser part of his election campaign, using the slogan ‘hang the Kaiser’.
Making the Case in International Law
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

Two French law professors, Ferdinand Larnaude and Albert de Lapradelle, prepare a report for their government on the legal issues involved in prosecuting the Kaiser, something that they recommend enthusiastically. The British set up a committee of experts that also studies the legal difficulties, recommending prosecution, although not unanimously. The French are mainly interested in atrocities perpetrated in the parts of their country that were occupied. The British focus on such issues as submarine warfare. Both groups of experts concur in dividing the types of charges that might be made against the Kaiser into waging a war of aggression, violating the treaties of neutrality, and unlawful conduct during the conflict, and believe Kaiser Wilhelm II cannot invoke immunity before an international tribunal.
The Dutch Are Divided
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

The Kaiser’s legal status is initially uncertain because he did not formally abdicate his thrones until the end of November. As a neutral state, the Netherlands was required to detain foreign combatants. The Netherlands had many pro-German elements, including the Royal Court and the Foreign Minister. But many in the country did not welcome his arrival. The government denied charges that the Kaiser was invited into the country by the Queen. There were fierce debates in Parliament and in the press about whether he should be allowed to remain in the country. Dutch experts set out the legal framework of the Kaiser’s presence in the country.
Early Theories of the Sound Film
Authors: Buhler James
Published: November 2018

Chapter 2 examines several major theories that emerged during the transition to sound film, when even the definition of the sound film was contested. The theories of sound film that arose during the transitional decade from 1926 to 1935 focused on the closely related forms of recorded theater and silent film and worked to articulate how sound film differed from them. They also gave considerable attention to asynchronous sound in part because it was a figure specific to sound film (or in any event more difficult to produce in other art forms) and in part because asynchronous sound had affinities with montage. The chapter focuses on five important theorists who wrote prolifically during the transition years: Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Béla Balázs, Rudolf Arnheim, and Harry Potamkin.
Theories of the Classical Sound Film
Authors: Buhler James
Published: November 2018

Chapter 3 examines theories after the sound film had been codified. The characteristic forms of theory became the grammar and typology: the goal was to map the potential formal relations between image and sound. This chapter considers six theoretical models focusing on the treatment of music and the relationship of the soundtrack to narrative: Eisenstein’s concept of vertical montage and the modes of synchronization that he developed from the concept; Aaron Copland’s typology of functions for film music; Hanns Eisler and Theodor W. Adorno’s response to Eisenstein, their critique of Hollywood practice, and their list of “bad habits”; and the formal typologies offered by Raymond Spottiswoode, Siegfried Kracauer, and Roger Manvell and John Huntley, which all seek to map the conceptual space of the image–sound relationship in film.
Introduction to the Digital Street
Authors: Lane Jeffrey
Published: November 2018

The first chapter introduces the concept of the digital street. The author argues that a digital form of street life plays out alongside the neighborhood on social media. The author discusses how the traditional boundaries of street life and the street code in particular have shifted as neighborhood space extends online. Black and Latino teenagers now experience their neighborhood differently from previous generations. The author explains the fieldwork this book is based upon. The author describes meeting “Pastor” and becoming an outreach worker in his peace ministry and then taking on additional roles online and offline with teenagers and concerned adults. This introductory chapter also gives background on access to smartphones and the Internet. A brief description of the contents of each chapter and the order of the chapters is provided.
Pastor
Authors: Lane Jeffrey
Published: November 2018

Chapter 4 focuses on how Pastor reinvents the social role of the street pastor for the digital street era. The chapter examines Pastor’s uses of social media and mobile communication to anticipate youth violence and mobilize neighborhood adults. But Pastor’s intervention falls short of lasting peace. This chapter discusses the possibilities and limitations of Pastor’s role within the bigger question of what adults other than police can do to control teenagers involved in street conflict. It draws on the author’s experience “running with Pastor,” which reveals the broad scope of Pastor’s online and offline operation as well as its practical shortcomings outside the umbrella of the Harlem Children’s Zone.
Introduction
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

The introduction analyzes the impact of modernization and population growth on Madrid’s society from the 1850s to the 1930s, attending to the widening of social inequalities and the escalation of problems such as crime, epidemics, and poverty. In addition, the introduction lays out the theoretical framework of the book. On one hand, it explores the different ways in which the relationship between marginality and social control can manifest in society and accounts for the way in which music can help to negotiate those tensions. On the other hand, it explores the construction of discourse around the categories music, noise, and sound. The media used those categories to marginalize certain sound and musical practices and to prompt legal and police action against the groups that owned them.
A Public Nuisance
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter documents the early presence of organilleros in the streets of Spanish cities from the 1860s on and analyzes their impact on Madrid’s society during the ensuing decades. Considered an exotic amusement during the 1860s, organilleros came to be seen as sources of “noise” and social disorder soon after. Although the information available on organilleros makes it hard to describe their social background accurately, it is likely that some of them were rural immigrants who took up organ grinding intermittently when other sources of income failed. Their impact on the public sphere raised awareness about the effects of sound and prompted legal measures that could be considered as the first attempts to spread an “aural” hygiene in Madrid. For this reason, organilleros played a key role in the modernization of this city.
The Demise and Enshrining of Organilleros
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes how the modernization and cultural transformation of Madrid and Spain during the First World War raised fears among conservative social critics and journalists that Spanish traditions and identity would be wiped out. These critics ascribed organilleros the same function as flamenquismo, that is, that of serving as bulwarks against the influence of jazz and modern “foreign” culture. Once seen as one of Madrid’s foremost public enemies, organilleros now started to be regarded with nostalgia and as a symbol of national identity. This new perception was reinforced as the organilleros’ reputation for harassing women was compared with that of Don Juan. Don Juan was not only one of Spain’s foremost literary myths, but his importance grew in the 1920s as debates about sexuality in Spain used Don Juan as a prism to analyze the sexual mores of Spanish society.
Conquering the Public Space
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter presents an account of the San Bernardino band as the public facade of that workhouse. The image of children who had been picked up from the streets, disciplined, and taught to play an instrument as they marched across the city in uniform helped broadcast the message that the municipal institutions of social aid were contributing to the regeneration of society. This image contrasted with the regime of discipline and punishment inside the workhouse and thus helped to legitimize the workhouse’s public image. The privatization of social aid from the 1850s meant that the San Bernardino band engaged with a growing range of institutions and social groups and carried out an equally broad range of social services. It was thus able to serve as the extension through which Madrid’s authorities could gain greater intimacy with certain population sectors, particularly with the working classes.
Dilemmas of Interaction
Authors: Vanderschraaf Peter
Published: November 2018

Problems of interaction, which give rise to justice, are structurally problems of game theory, the mathematical theory of interactive decisions. Five problems of interaction are introduced that are all intrinsically important and that help motivate important parts of the discussions in subsequent chapters: the Farmer’s Dilemma, impure coordination, the Stag Hunt, the free-rider problem, and the choice for a powerless party to acquiesce or resist. Elements of noncooperative game theory essential to analyzing problems of justice are reviewed, including especially games in the strategic and extensive forms, the Nash equilibrium, the Prisoner’s Dilemma, and games of incomplete information. Each of the five motivating problems is reformulated game-theoretically. These game-theoretic reformulations reveal precisely why the agents involved would have difficulty arriving at mutually satisfactory resolutions, and why “solutions” for these problems call for principles of justice to guide the agents’ conduct.
Multinational Banks and Supranational Supervision
Authors: Calzolari Giacomo , Colliard Jean-Edouard , Lóránth Gyongyi
Published: November 2018

Supervision of multinational banks (MNBs) by national supervisors suffers from coordination failures. We show that supranational supervision solves this problem and decreases the public costs of an MNB’s failure, taking its organizational structure as given. However, the MNB strategically adjusts its structure to supranational supervision. It converts its subsidiary into a branch (or vice versa) to reduce supervisory monitoring. We identify the cases in which this endogenous reaction leads to unintended consequences, such as higher public costs and lower welfare. Current reforms should consider that MNBs adapt their organizational structures to changes in supervision.

Received January 9, 2017; editorial decision September 15, 2018 by Editor Philip Strahan. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Encouraging patients to disclose their lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) status: oncology health care providers’ perspectives
Authors: Banerjee Smita C , Staley Jessica M , Alexander Koshy , Walters Chasity B , Parker Patricia A
Published: November 2018

A compelling touted strategy for reducing discrimination towards lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients is improving communicative competence of health care providers (HCPs); however, evidence base for describing communication practices between HCPs and LGBT patients is scarce. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine HCP experiences and perspectives as they relate to patient sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) disclosure, perceived communication and structural/administrative challenges in interactions with LGBT patients, and suggestions for improving care of LGBT patients. The sample consisted of 1,253 HCPs, who provided open-ended responses to an online cross-sectional survey conducted at a Comprehensive Cancer Center in the Northeastern United States. The open-ended responses were inductively and deductively coded for key themes and sub-themes. The results demonstrated an array of useful communication strategies employed by oncology HCPs to encourage LGBT patients’ SOGI disclosure (direct questions regarding sexual orientation, use of the term “partner,” and using correct pronouns), communication and structural/administrative challenges faced by HCPs in providing care (HCP own fears and biases, transgender patient care, insurance issues, and procedural challenges for LGBT patients), and suggested recommendations from oncology HCPs to improve their care delivery for LGBT patients (more provider-based training, improving awareness of LGBT-friendly resources, establishing trusting relationships, and not assuming sexuality or gender identity). These findings have implications for developing and evaluating training programs to improve LGBT sensitivity and communication among HCPs, and encourage SOGI disclosure in an open and judgment-free health care environment.
Infant Safe Sleep Practices in the United States
Authors: Bombard Jennifer M. , Kortsmit Katherine , Cottengim Carri , Johnston Emily O.
Published: November 2018

Risk of sleep-related infant deaths can be reduced by improving safe sleep practices.
Understanding the role of speech language pathologists in managing dysphagia
Authors: Clark Sarah , Ebersole Barbara
Published: November 2018

Collaboration between nurses and speech language pathologists is vital to the screening and management of dysphagia in acute care settings. This article examines each discipline's role in caring for patients with dysphagia.
The “Line Sign” Is a Rapid and Efficient Diagnostic “Test” for Morphea: Clinicopathological Study of 73 Cases
Authors: Yang Sarah , Draznin Michelle , Fung Maxwell A.
Published: November 2018

Histologic clues that facilitate rapid diagnosis of morphea at scanning magnification have been described but not well studied. We examined 73 cases of morphea and 42 control cases to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a novel histopathological feature—“the line sign (LS)”—a prominent, straight interface between subcutis and adjacent collagen. The sensitivity of LS was shown to be the most sensitive feature among 4 other existing histopathological features. Its specificity, however, was not the highest among the other features and needs to be evaluated further in future studies to confirm the usefulness of LS as a diagnostic tool for morphea.
A Novel, Sterilized Microvascular Tissue Product Improves Healing in a Murine Pressure Ulcer Model
Authors: Gimble Jeffrey M. , Frazier Trivia , Wu Xiying , Uquillas Andrea Alarcon , Llamas Claire , Brown Theodore , Nguyen Doan , Tucker H. Alan , Arm Douglas M. , Peterson Dale R. , Bunnell Bruce A.
Published: November 2018

Background:

Processed microvascular tissue (PMVT), a human structural allograft, is derived from lyophilized human tissue containing microcirculatory cellular components. Since PMVT serves as a source of extracellular matrix (ECM), growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines modulating angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, and endogenous cell recruitment, we hypothesized its application would accelerate wound regeneration in a validated pressure ulcer (PU) model developed in C57BL/6 mice using two 24-hour cycles of skin ischemia/reperfusion created by placement and removal of external magnets.

Methods:

Two identical PU injuries (n = 50 female mice) were treated with (a) topical particulate PMVT, (b) injected rehydrated PMVT, or (c) saline control injection, and assessed daily for closure rates, scab formation/removal, and temperature. A baseline control cohort (n = 5) was euthanized at day 0 and treatment group cohorts (n = 5) were killed at 3, 7, or 14 days postinjury. The PU injuries were collagenase-digested for flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory, reparative, and stem cell frequencies and analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histology and immunofluorescence.

Results:

PMVT-accelerated wound closure, most notably, topical PMVT significantly increased mean closure from d5 (13% versus -9%) through d13 (92% versus 38%) compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) controls (P < 0.05). PMVT also hastened scab formation/removal, significantly accelerated disappearance of inflammatory myeloid (CD11b+) cells while upregulating α-smooth muscle actin, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and placental growth factor and raised skin temperature surrounding the PU site, consistent with increased blood flow.

Conclusions:

These results indicate that PMVT has potential as an advanced treatment for restoring normal tissue function in ischemic wounds and merits clinical study.
Pancreatic Hormone Responses to Mixed Meal Test in New-onset Prediabetes/Diabetes After Non-necrotizing Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Pendharkar Sayali A. , Singh Ruma G. , Bharmal Sakina H. , Drury Marie , Petrov Maxim S.
Published: November 2018

Aim:

To investigate the pancreatic hormone responses to mixed meal test, in particular changes in insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and their interrelationship, in individuals with new-onset prediabetes or diabetes after non-necrotizing acute pancreatitis (NODAP) compared with healthy controls.

Methods:

Twenty-nine individuals with NODAP and 29 age-and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. All participants (after fasting for at least 8 h) were given 12 oz. of BOOST drink and blood samples were collected before and after stimulation to measure insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide. Indices of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS, 1/fasting insulin, Raynaud, and Matsuda) and insulin secretion (HOMA-β, Stumvoll, insulinogenic index 30ʹ and 60ʹ) were calculated. Repeated measures analyses were conducted in the unadjusted and adjusted models.

Results:

Insulin and C-peptide levels were significantly higher in individuals with NODAP compared with controls during mixed meal test in both the unadjusted (P=0.001 for both) and adjusted (P=0.004 and P=0.006, respectively) models. HOMA-IS (P=0.005), 1/fasting insulin (P=0.018), Raynaud index (P=0.018), and Matsuda index (P=0.021) were significantly lower in individuals with NODAP, whereas HOMA-β (P=0.028) and Stumvoll index (P=0.013) were significantly higher. Glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide levels did not differ significantly between NODAP and controls during mixed meal test in both the unadjusted (P=0.345 and P=0.206, respectively) and adjusted (P=0.359 and P=0.158, respectively) models.

Conclusions:

Decreased insulin sensitivity, β-cell compensation, and no significant change in postprandial levels of glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide characterize NODAP. The above findings may help develop an evidence-based protocol with a view to optimize control of glucose homeostasis in NODAP.
Xenogeneic transplantation and tolerance in the era of CRISPR-Cas9
Authors: Cowan Peter J. , Hawthorne Wayne J. , Nottle Mark B.
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review

The use of genetically modified donor pigs has been integral to recent major advances in xenograft survival in preclinical nonhuman primate models. CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology has dramatically accelerated the development of multimodified pigs. This review examines the current and projected impact of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated donor modification on preventing rejection and potentially promoting tolerance of porcine xenografts.

Recent findings

CRISPR-Cas9 has been used to engineer several genetic modifications relevant to xenotransplantation into pigs, including glycosyltransferase knockouts (GGTA1, CMAH, β4GALNT2, A3GALT2 and combinations thereof), other knockouts (SLA-I, ULBP1, PERV and GHR), and one knock-in (anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody transgene knocked into GGTA1). Although the use of these pigs as donors in preclinical nonhuman primate models has been limited to a single study to date, in-vitro analysis of their cells has provided invaluable information. For example, deletion of three of the glycosyltransferases progressively decreased the binding and cytotoxicity of preexisting immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in human sera, suggesting that this ‘triple-KO’ pig could be a platform for clinical xenotransplantation.

CRISPR-Cas9 enables the rapid generation of gene-edited pigs containing multiple tailored genetic modifications that are anticipated to have a positive impact on the efficacy and safety of pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
Ovarian Endometrioid Carcinoma Misdiagnosed as Mucinous Carcinoma: An Underrecognized Problem
Authors: Woodbeck Randi , Kelemen Linda E. , Köbel Martin
Published: November 2018

Primary mucinous carcinoma of the ovary is uncommon, and while numerous studies have focused on improving our ability to distinguish these tumors from gastrointestinal metastases, recent data suggest that up to one fifth are still misdiagnosed with a previously underrecognized culprit: endometrioid carcinoma. Using an index case of an ovarian endometrioid carcinoma with mucinous differentiation masquerading as a mucinous carcinoma, we sought to identify the most efficient biomarker combination that could distinguish these 2 histotypes. Eight immunohistochemical markers were assessed on tissue microarrays from 183 endometrioid carcinomas, 77 mucinous carcinomas, and 72 mucinous borderline tumors. Recursive partitioning revealed a simple 2-marker panel consisting of PR and vimentin. The combination of PR absence and vimentin absence could predict mucinous tumors with a sensitivity of 95.1%, a specificity of 96.7%, and an overall accuracy of 96.0%. Additional marker combinations did not improve accuracy. The 5-yr ovarian cancer-specific survival for mucinous carcinoma was significantly worse than endometrioid carcinoma (70% vs. 86%, respectively, P=0.02). Our proposed 2-marker algorithm allows diagnostic distinction between mucinous and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas when morphology is not straightforward. Given key differences in the underlying biology and clinical behavior of these 2 histotypes, improved diagnostic precision is essential for guiding appropriate management and treatment.
Detection of Calcified Aortic Plaques in an Apolipoprotein E Animal Model Using a Human Computed Tomography System for Ultra–High-resolution Imaging
Authors: Manta Calin , Meyer Mathias , Géraud Cyrill , Roscher Mareike , Goerdt Sergij , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Henzler Thomas , Ong Melissa M.
Published: November 2018

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of detecting calcified aortic plaques in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-KO) mice using a state-of-the-art human computed tomography (CT) system.

Materials and Methods:

Eleven ApoE-KO and 9 wild-type mice, all male, were examined in this study. After intraperitoneal injection of 6.6% ketamine all mice underwent 2 ultra–high-resolution CT protocols on a third-generation dual-source CT system at 120 kVp and 130 kVp tube voltage, both performed with a tube current time product of 1300 mAs. Images (0.4 mm) with an increment of 0.2 mm were reconstructed using an iterative reconstruction algorithm. Calcium detectability and scores (Agatston, volume, mass) were determined with a dedicated human calcium scoring software (CaScoring). After the CT examination, a calcium quantification assay of the aortae was performed to determine the aortic calcium content of each mouse. The CT scan time ranged between 40 and 48 seconds. All mice survived the procedure.

Results:

Calcified plaques could be detected in 8 of 11 ApoE-KO mice. Quantification of calcium levels showed significant differences between those with morphologic calcium plaques detected in CT and those without (3.44±1.6 μg Ca2+/mg vs. 0.33±0.35 μg Ca2+/mg; P<0.05). The receiver-operating characteristics analysis revealed a total calcium cut-off value of 0.71 μg Ca2+/mg for the detection using calcium score algorithms (specificity: 100% and sensitivity: 90%).

Conclusion:

Using a state-of-the-art human CT protocol and an in-human–established calcium scoring system allows for the detection and quantification of calcified aortic plaques in ApoE-KO mice. These results may facilitate preclinical imaging for translational and longitudinal atherosclerotic research studies.