bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology of the Thoracic Veins and Left Atrium in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Initiated by Superior Caval Vein Ectopy
Authors: HUANG BIEN‐HSIEN , WU MEI‐HAN , TSAO HSUAN‐MING , TAI CHING‐TAI , LEE KUN‐TAI , LIN YENN‐JIANG , HSIEH MING‐HSIUNG , LEE SHIH‐HUANG , CHEN YI‐JEN , KUO JEN‐YUAN , CHEN SHIH‐ANN
Published: August 2010

Introduction: The structural changes of the superior caval vein, pulmonary veins, and left atrium in atrial fibrillation initiated by superior caval vein ectopy have not been reported.

Methods and Results: Nine patients with atrial fibrillation initiated by superior caval vein ectopic beats (male = 5, 54 ± 10 years) and 15 control (n = 15, male =  10, 52 ±  8 years) without any cardiac arrhythmias were included in this study. Using gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonant angiography with three‐dimensional reconstruction, the parameters of the superior caval vein morphology (length, various diameters, area, eccentricity, and volume) were measured. The morphological parameters of the four pulmonary veins (diameter, ostial area, and eccentricity) were also measured at the pulmonary vein–left atrial junction in an oblique sagittal section from the multiple‐plane reconstruction images. The left atrial diameters and volume were measured. The different morphological parameters were compared between the two groups. The patients with atrial fibrillation initiated by superior caval vein ectopic beats exhibited a more eccentric structure of the second part of the superior caval vein as compared to the control group. All the ectopic beats initiating atrial fibrillation were located in the second part of the superior caval vein. Furthermore, the patients with atrial fibrillation initiated by superior caval vein ectopic beats had a larger superior caval vein volume, left atrial volume, and pulmonary vein size, and more eccentric pulmonary vein ostia than the controls.

Conclusion: Structural changes of the superior caval vein were demonstrated in the patients with atrial fibrillation initiated by superior caval vein ectopic beats. These findings might explain the arrhythmogenic mechanism of atrial fibrillation initiated by superior caval vein ectopy.
Étude des asymétries dans les grandes dysmorphies
antéro-postérieures
Authors: Oueiss Arlette , Pages Camille , Treil Jacques , Braga José , Baron Pascal , Faure Jacques
Published: August 2010

Le modèle céphalométrique à 14 points permet une description complète de l’anatomie
cranio-faciale avec trois niveaux d’analyse : la charpente ou l’enveloppe, les bases
osseuses, les arcades alvéolo-dentaires. L’étude de cas de dysmorphies antéro-postérieures
« limite chirurgicale » permet d’intéressantes observations sur les asymétries, leurs
descriptions, leurs liens avec les autres pathologies, leurs genèses. L’asymétrie apparaît
comme un excès global d’une hémi-face, affectant les trois sens de l’espace, même s’il y a
souvent cliniquement prédominance de l’un d’entre eux. Les cas ortho-morphiques de classe
I d’Angle sont affectés d’une petite asymétrie « normale » par excès droit. Dans les
grandes pathologies de classe III, l’excès droit s’accentue alors qu’il s’estompe dans les
grandes pathologies de classe II.
Traitement interceptif de classe III : une étude de cohorte à
long terme
Authors: Gebeile-Chauty Sarah , Perret Mélanie , Schott Anne-Marie , Aknin Jean-Jacques
Published: August 2010

L’objectif de cette étude rétrospective à court et long terme était d’évaluer le
traitement interceptif des classes III dans la pratique courante orthodontique.
L’échantillon était composé de 69 enfants divisés en deux groupes en fonction du
traitement interceptif réalisé : 31 dans le groupe F (masque facial) et 38 dans le groupe
M (multi-attache interceptif avec élastiques de classe III). Une étude céphalométrique de
Pancherz a été effectuée à l’aide de téléradiographies de profil au début de l’étude
(t0, après traitement actif (t1et 29 mois après t1
(t2. Les deux groupes ont été comparés au début de l’étude par le t-test et
le test du Khi-2 : il n’y avait pas de différence entre les groupes F et M exceptée la
divergence, qui était plus importante dans le groupe M. La comparaison à long terme (phase
interceptive et post–interceptive soit à six ans) a montré que (i) le surplomb était
corrigé et le décalage molaire était stable dans les deux groupes, (ii) le décalage
alvéolaire était stable et (iii) le décalage sagittal n’a pas été amélioré dans chaque
groupe. À t2, il n’y avait pas de différence, que ce soit sur le plan
qualitatif ou quantitatif entre les groupes M et F. Au final, plus de 80 % des enfants
n’ont pas eu besoin d’une chirurgie orthognathique.
Current State of Intellectual Property on Recombinant Vaccines in India
Authors: Govindas Preeti , Manchikanti Padmavati
Published: August 2010

Vaccines produced by genetic engineering techniques are known to have lesser side effects and greater stability. There are 12 companies producing recombinant vaccines in India. The present study attempts to analyse the patenting portfolio and firms strategies in the recombinant vaccine sector in India. Most of the granted patents in India are on combination vaccines and the other major areas of focus are related to vaccines for Dengue, Tuberculosis, Cancer, Hepatitis and bacterial infections. Sixty-eight per cent of the patents granted on recombinant vaccines in India are owned by companies and 32 per cent of the patents are owned by research institute. In the post product regime there is increase in patent filing in India by both Indian and foreign companies.
The Turkish Pharmaceutical Market
Authors: Tokgöz Turgut
Published: August 2010

The Turkish pharmaceutical market is one of the fastest growing markets around the world. Health policies and social security coverage has changed significantly during the past years, paving the way for a solid growth in the pharmaceutical market. Legislation regulating the industry is in line with European Union norms and regulations. The outlook is promising but as in other countries, public authorities are continuously trying to suppress prices of medicines. Thus, there are serious challenges ahead.
An Analysis of Zimbabwean Hotel Managers' Perspectives on Workforce Diversity
Authors: Mkono Muchazondida
Published: August 2010

Human resource management academics have built a strong case for diversity management, although the concept is not without its flaws. Modern workplaces, and especially hotel workplaces, are characterised by a high degree of diversity: people from different cultural, educational and social backgrounds have to work together towards the achievement of organisational goals. Much of the work on diversity management (DM) has, however, been done in the developed world. With this background in mind, this research set out to analyse Zimbabwean hotel managers' perspectives on workforce diversity, and DM practices in Zimbabwe's hotel industry. Data were collected through an interview survey with 38 human resource managers in 38 hotels located in various towns around Zimbabwe. It was found that most managers accept and tolerate rather than value diversity. The findings also suggest that human resource practices in the industry are still based on the traditional concepts such as Equal Opportunities and Non-discrimination.
Acceptor switching and axial rotation of the water dimer in matrices, observed by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Ceponkus J. , Uvdal P. , Nelander B.
Published: August 2010

Several isotopologues of the water dimer have been studied in different matrices (Ne, Ar, Kr, and p-H2) at very low temperatures. A fine structure, which is more or less matrix independent and very similar for different intramolecular fundamentals of the same isotopologic dimer, is present on the high wavenumber side of the main component. The bound OD (OH) stretches of the donor have temperature dependent components. The fine structure and temperature dependency is interpreted as evidence for acceptor switching and rotation of the water dimer around its O–O axis in the matrices studied here. The slow nuclear spin equilibration in H2O inhibits the thermal equilibration between the acceptor switching states in H2O–DOH and H2O–DOD. The condensed environment slows down the acceptor switching rate compared to the gas phase. The antisymmetric stretch of the proton acceptor is assigned by combining information from different matrices with the rotation-acceptor switching model.
Design of microcontroller based system for automation of streak camera
Authors: Joshi M. J. , Upadhyay J. , Deshpande P. P. , Sharma M. L. , Navathe C. P.
Published: August 2010

A microcontroller based system has been developed for automation of the S-20 optical streak camera, which is used as a diagnostic tool to measure ultrafast light phenomenon. An 8 bit MCS family microcontroller is employed to generate all control signals for the streak camera. All biasing voltages required for various electrodes of the tubes are generated using dc-to-dc converters. A high voltage ramp signal is generated through a step generator unit followed by an integrator circuit and is applied to the camera’s deflecting plates. The slope of the ramp can be changed by varying values of the capacitor and inductor. A programmable digital delay generator has been developed for synchronization of ramp signal with the optical signal. An independent hardwired interlock circuit has been developed for machine safety. A LABVIEW based graphical user interface has been developed which enables the user to program the settings of the camera and capture the image. The image is displayed with intensity profiles along horizontal and vertical axes. The streak camera was calibrated using nanosecond and femtosecond lasers.
Hydrogen refinement during solid phase epitaxy of buried amorphous silicon layers
Authors: Pyke D. J. , McCallum J. C. , Johnson B. C.
Published: August 2010

The effect of hydrogen on the kinetics of solid phase epitaxy (SPE) have been studied in buried amorphous Si layers. The crystallization rate of the front amorphous/crystalline (a/c) interface is monitored with time resolved reflectivity. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used to examine H implanted profiles at selected stages of the anneals. The H retardation of the SPE rate is determined up to a H concentration of 2.3×1020 cm−3 where the SPE rate decreases by 80%. Numerical simulations are performed to model the H diffusion, the moving a/c interfaces and the refinement of the H profile at these interfaces. Despite the high H concentration involved, a simple Fickian diffusion model results in good agreement with the SIMS data. The segregation coefficient is estimated to be 0.07 at 575 °C. A significant fraction of the H escapes from the a-Si layer during SPE especially once the two a/c interfaces meet which is signified by the lack of H-related voids after a subsequent high temperature anneal.
Polymer translocation into laterally unbounded confined environments
Authors: Luo Kaifu , Metzler Ralf
Published: August 2010

Using Langevin dynamics simulations in three dimensions, we investigate the dynamics of polymer translocation into the regions between two parallel plane walls with separation R under a driving force F. Compared with an unconfined environment, the translocation dynamics is greatly changed due to the crowding effect of the partially translocated monomers. The translocation time τ initially decreases rapidly with increasing R and then saturates for larger R, and the confined environment leads to a nonuniversal dependence of τ on F.
Scales of guide field reconnection at the hydrogen mass ratio
Authors: Lapenta G. , Markidis S. , Divin A. , Goldman M. , Newman D.
Published: August 2010

We analyze the signatures of component reconnection for a Harris current sheet with a guide field using the physical mass ratio of hydrogen. The study uses the fully kinetic particle in cell code IPIC3D to investigate the scaling with mass ratio of the following three main component reconnection features: electron density cavities along the separatrices, channels of fast electron flow within the cavities, and electron phase space holes due to the Buneman instability in the electron high speed channels. The width and strength of the electron holes and of the electron cavities are studied up the mass ratio proper of hydrogen, considering the effect of the simulation box size, and of the boundary conditions. The results compare favorably with the existing data from the Cluster and Themis missions and provide quantitative predictions for realistic conditions to be encountered by the planned magnetospheric multiscale mission.
Communication: Evidence of dynamic heterogeneity in glassy polymer monolayers from interface microrheology measurements
Authors: Kandar A. K. , Bhattacharya R. , Basu J. K.
Published: August 2010

We have developed a novel nanoparticle tracking based interface microrheology technique to perform in situ studies on confined complex fluids. To demonstrate the power of this technique, we show, for the first time, how in situ glass formation in polymers confined at air-water interface can be directly probed by monitoring variation of the mean square displacement of embedded nanoparticles as a function of surface density. We have further quantified the appearance of dynamic heterogeneity and hence vitrification in polymethyl methacrylate monolayers above a certain surface density, through the variation of non-Gaussian parameter of the probes.
A new large area lanthanum hexaboride plasma source
Authors: Cooper C. M. , Gekelman W. , Pribyl P. , Lucky Z.
Published: August 2010

A new 18×18 cm2 active area lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) plasma source for use in a dc discharge has been developed at UCLA. The cathode consists of four tiled LaB6 pieces indirectly heated to electron emission (1750 °C) by a graphite heater. A molybdenum mesh anode 33 cm in front of the LaB6 accelerates the electrons, ionizing a fill gas to create a 20×20 cm2 nearly square plasma. The source is run in pulsed operation with the anode biased up to +400 V dc with respect to the cathode for up to 100 ms at a 1 Hz repetition rate. Both the cathode and anode “float” electrically with respect to the chamber walls. The source is placed in a toroidal chamber 2 m wide and 3 m tall with a major radius of 5 m. Toroidal and vertical magnetic fields confine the current-free plasma which follows the field in a helix. The plasma starts on the bottom of the machine and spirals around it up to four times (120 m) and can be configured to terminate either on the top wall or on the neutral gas itself. The source typically operates with a discharge current up to 250 A in helium making plasmas with Te<30 eV, Ti<16 eV, and ne<3×1013 cm−3 in a background field of 100 G<Bo<320 G, giving a magnetized plasma with 0.1<β<1.
Photodissociation dynamics of the phenyl radical via photofragment translational spectroscopy
Authors: Negru Bogdan , Goncher Scott J. , Brunsvold Amy L. , Just Gabriel M. P. , Park Dayoung , Neumark Daniel M.
Published: August 2010

Photofragment translational spectroscopy was used to study the photodissociation dynamics of the phenyl radical C6H5 at 248 and 193 nm. At 248 nm, the only dissociation products observed were from H atom loss, attributed primarily to H+o-C6H4 (ortho-benzyne). The observed translational energy distribution was consistent with statistical decay on the ground state surface. At 193 nm, dissociation to H+C6H4 and C4H3+C2H2 was observed. The C6H4 fragment can be either o-C6H4 or l-C6H4 resulting from decyclization of the phenyl ring. The C4H3+C2H2 products dominate over the two H loss channels. Attempts to reproduce the observed branching ratio by assuming ground state dynamics were unsuccessful. However, these calculations assumed that the C4H3 fragment was n-C4H3, and better agreement would be expected if the lower energy i-C4H3+C2H2 channel were included.
The interfacial properties of MgCl2 thin films grown on Ti(0001)
Authors: Karakalos S. , Siokou A. , Sutara F. , Skala T. , Vitaliy F. , Ladas S. , Prince K. , Matolin V. , Chab V.
Published: August 2010

Photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation (SRPES), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS) were used in order to study the MgCl2/Ti(0001) interface. A clear hexagonal LEED pattern confirmed the presence of a quite large grain of Ti(0001) on the substrate while no new superstructure was formed after deposition of MgCl2 either at room or at elevated temperatures. A series of high resolution spectra after step by step MgCl2 deposition and gradual annealing indicated strong interaction between MgCl2 and the substrate while ISS measurements showed that there is no migration of Ti atoms into the deposit layers. Additional quantities of deposited MgCl2 grew stoichimetrically on top of the chemically active interface. Annealing at ∼350 °C caused clustering of the MgCl2 multilayer and TPD results showed that they desorbed stoichimetrically at temperatures between 360 and 380 °C. The interfacial TiClxMgy species dissociated by the disruption of the Cl–Mg bonds at temperatures higher than 400 °C and metallic Mg evaporated. The Cl atoms remained attached on the Ti surface but they did not form any ordered structure even after annealing at 730 °C. The present results indicate the occurrence of charge transfer at the Ti/MgCl2 interface through the Cl ligands and provide valuable information for catalyst design.
Note: Multiscale scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Chassagne L. , Blaize S. , Ruaux P. , Topçu S. , Royer P. , Alayli Y. , Lérondel G.
Published: August 2010

Combining the nanoscopic and macroscopic worlds is a serious challenge common to numerous scientific fields, from physics to biology. In this paper, we demonstrate nanometric resolution over a millimeter range by means of atomic-force microscopy using metrological stage. Nanometric repeatability and millimeter range open up the possibility of probing components and materials combining multiscale properties i.e., engineered nanomaterials. Multiscale probing is not limited to atomic-force microscopy and can be extended to any type of scanning probe technique in nanotechnology, including piezoforce microscopy, electrostatic-force microscopy, and scanning near-field optical microscopy.
Spin dependent Compton scattering study of magnetic transitions in Ir doped CeFe2
Authors: Ahuja B. L. , Sharma B. K. , Purvia V. , Tiwari S. , Koizumi A. , Nagao T. , Sakurai Y. , Sakai N.
Published: August 2010

First and second order magnetic transitions in Ce(Fe0.97Ir0.3)2 are studied using the magnetic Compton scattering technique. The measurements on polycrystalline sample were carried out at SPring8, Japan for different temperatures and magnetizing fields using 175 keV elliptically polarized synchrotron radiation. The temperature dependent magnetic effects (ratio between magnetic scattering intensity and charge scattering intensity) show the magnetic transitions from antiferromagnetic→ferromagnetic→paramagnetic phases which are consistent with the magnetization data. The temperature and field dependent spin-polarized momentum densities have been analyzed mainly in terms of contribution from Fe(3d) and Ce(4f) sites to determine their role in the formation of total spin moments and thereby magnetic transitions.
Photodamage of mesotetraphenylporphyrin under one- and two-photon excitation
Authors: Wen Ya-nan , Liu Yu-qiang , Yang Zhen-ling , Yang Yan-qiang , Guo Xi-ming
Published: August 2010

Photoinduced damage behavior of mesotetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) under one- and two-photon excitation with femtosecond laser pulses is investigated in the present work. Quenching in the luminescent intensity is observed. Results suggest that laser irradiation on TPP mainly causes two simultaneously occurring photoprocesses: photodamage and formation of a porphine-type photoproduct. The damage rate exhibits a linear dependence on the incident light power in one-photon excitation, whereas in two-photon excitation, the power dependence of the damage rate turns out to be exponential. The photoproduct formed in one- and two-photon excitation is identical. This product, which is observed to possess superior photostability and two-photon absorbing ability compared with the original TPP sensitizer, is likely to be treated as a secondary photosensitizer in the activation process of photodynamic therapy (PDT). This work might be helpful for the drug evaluation in the practical application of PDT.
Effects of distorted lattice and nonequal-valvence substitution on the long lasting phosphorescence of Eu2+ and Gd3+ doped RMg2(PO4)2 (R=Sr,Ba) phosphors
Authors: Liu Liyan , Pang Ran , Li Chengyu , Su Qiang
Published: August 2010

The afterglow of Eu2+ activated SrMg2(PO4)2 can be greatly enhanced by the codoping of Gd3+, as well as an interesting phenomenon of the improvement of the efficiency of the excitation light. However, Eu2+ activated BaMg2(PO4)2 does not show the phosphorescence until the codoping of Gd3+. It is suggested that the codoping of Gd3+ improve the electron storage ability of material by acting as electron-trapping centers resulted from the nonequal-valence substitution of Gd3+ replacing Sr2+ and Ba3+. And the Gd3+-induced enhancement of the excitation efficiency of Eu and Gd codoped SrMg2(PO4)2 is due to the improvement of the energy transfer efficiency caused by the distortion of lattice of Gd3+ located at the sites of Sr2+.
InGaN/GaN nanorod array white light-emitting diode
Authors: Lin Hon-Way , Lu Yu-Jung , Chen Hung-Ying , Lee Hong-Mao , Gwo Shangjr
Published: August 2010

Conventional InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes based on planar quantum well structures do not allow for efficient long-wavelength operation beyond the blue region due to a strong quantum confined Stark effect in lattice-mismatched polar InGaN quantum wells. Here we overcome the limitation by using self-assembled GaN nanorod arrays as strain-free growth templates for thick InGaN nanodisks. In combination with enhanced carrier localization and high crystalline quality, this approach allows us to realize full-color InGaN nanodisk emitters. By tailoring the numbers, positions, and thicknesses of polychromatic nanodisk ensembles embedded vertically in the GaN nanorod p-n junction, we are able to demonstrate natural white (color temperature ∼6000 K) electroluminescence from InGaN/GaN nanorod arrays.
Temperature dependence of the key electro-optical characteristics for midinfrared emitting quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Botez D. , Kumar S. , Shin J. C. , Mawst L. J. , Vurgaftman I. , Meyer J. R.
Published: August 2010

The equations for threshold-current density Jth, differential quantum efficiency ηd, and maximum wallplug efficiency ηwp,max for quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) are modified for electron leakage and backfilling. A thermal-excitation model of “hot” injected electrons from the upper laser state to upper active-region states is used to calculate leakage currents. The calculated characteristic temperature T0 for Jth is found to agree well with experiment for both conventional and deep-well (DW) QCLs. For conventional QCLs ηwp,max is found to be strongly temperature dependent; explaining experimental data. At 300 K for optimized DW-QCLs, front-facet, continuous-wave ηwp,max values >20% are projected.
Linear correlation between uncompensated antiferromagnetic spins and exchange bias in Mn–Ir/Co100−xFex bilayers
Authors: Tsunoda Masakiyo , Takahashi Hirokazu , Nakamura Tetsuya , Mitsumata Chiharu , Isogami Shinji , Takahashi Migaku
Published: August 2010

A correlation between uncompensated (UC) antiferromagnetic (AF) spins and exchange bias (EB) strength was investigated for Mn74Ir26/Co100−xFex bilayers. The EB strength had a maximum at x=25 at. %, and the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism of Mn, representing the UC-AF spins, changed systematically in sign and magnitude with respect to x. A linear correlation was found between the EB strength and the root mean square magnitude of the UC-Mn spins. The hidden parameter connecting these two quantities might be exchange coupling energy at the heterointerface, which varies as a function of the ferromagnetic layer composition.
Enhanced ferroelectric properties in Mn-doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3 thin films derived from chemical solution deposition
Authors: Wang Lingyan , Ren Wei , Shi Peng , Chen Xiaofeng , Wu Xiaoqing , Yao Xi
Published: August 2010

Mn-doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) thin films derived from chemical solution deposition have been investigated. 2 mol % manganese acetate was introduced into the polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified KNN precursor solution to prepare the KNN thin films. It was found that Mn doping can increase the dielectric constant and decrease the dielectric loss, as well as significantly decrease the leakage current. The leakage current density of Mn-doped KNN film is about 3×10−6 A/cm2 at an electric field of 50 kV/cm, which is 104 times lower than that of the undoped film (about 3×10−2 A/cm2). These are attributed to the decrease in the concentration in oxygen vacancies and free carrier-holes by increasing the valence of Mn during thermal treatment. As a result, well saturated polarization-electric field hysteresis loops were obtained in the Mn-doped KNN thin films.
Active control of group velocity by use of folded dielectric axes structures
Authors: Liu Kun , Lu Wenjie , Chen Yuping , Chen Xianfeng
Published: August 2010

A method was demonstrated for slowing light signals in electro-optical periodically poled lithium niobate. A forbidden band gap can be formed when the transverse electric field exceeds zero. The group velocity of a light near the band gap can be delayed via changes in electric field strength or wavelength, with a maximum delay of 20 ns in the experiment, which is attractive for electro-optical signal processing and all-optical signal processing.
Strong effects of magnetic anisotropy on exchange coupling and magnetotransport properties of ferromagnetic/NiO/ferromagnetic trilayers
Authors: Liu X. H. , Liu W. , Guo S. , Gong W. J. , Feng J. N. , Zhang Z. D.
Published: August 2010

Strong effects of the magnetic anisotropy on the exchange coupling are observed in FM1/NiO(6 nm)/FM2 trilayers with ferromagnetic (FM) layers Co or Fe. Different magnetic properties are found for Co/NiO/Fe and Fe/NiO/Co trilayers with Ag sublayer and cover layer. The Ag sublayer strongly affects the magnetic anisotropy of FM/antiferromagnetic (FM/AF) bilayers and further influences the exchange coupling in FM1/NiO/FM2 trilayers. In particular, the sign of the magnetoresistance changes from negative after zero-field cooling to positive after field cooling, which is due to a reversal of the Co spin polarization. Furthermore, the interfacial coupling between FM and NiO enhances the blocking temperature of NiO.
Industrial Clustering and Technological Innovation in China: New Evidence from the ICT Industry in Shenzhen
Authors: Wang Cassandra C , Lin George C S , Li Guicai
Published: August 2010

The relationship between industrial clustering and technological innovation has been a subject of intense enquiry and heated debate. We examine the actual pattern of industrial clustering and technological innovation in China, focusing on the information and communication technology (ICT) industry. With our systematic analysis of the data gathered at the national level we found no significant relationship between spatial agglomeration and economic performance. Our questionnaire survey and personal interviews conducted in Shenzhen—China's leading special economic zone—revealed a peculiar pattern consistent with that at the national level. Although there existed frequent and intensive production linkages among firms in the Shenzhen ICT industrial cluster, the innovative performance of these firms has been rather poor. Most of the ICT manufacturing firms obtained their core technology through internal research and development (R & D) activities rather than through technology transfer or knowledge spillover. There is a lack of interest among firms to seek cooperation and communication based on knowledge, technology, or R & D activities with other firms in the same cluster. The peculiar pattern of clustering and innovation in China suggests that technological innovation may have a divergent regional trajectory more sophisticated than that which has been described in the existing theory of industrial clusters. The study closes with a plea to go beyond a relational turn in economic geography and to take more seriously the roles played by actors and agents within different bounded and grounded institutional and regional contexts.
An evaluation of the collapse and recovery of the yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) stock on the Grand Bank
Authors: Brodie William B. , Walsh Stephen J. , Maddock Parsons Dawn
Published: August 2010

Brodie, W. B., Walsh, S. J., and Maddock Parsons, D. 2010. An evaluation of the collapse and recovery of the yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) stock on the Grand Bank. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1887–1895. In 1994, the biomass of yellowtail flounder on the Grand Bank had declined to 20% of the biomass associated with the maximum sustainable yield (Bmsy) because of overfishing in the 1980s, and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) declared a moratorium on fishing of this stock (and several others in the area). After 4 years of moratorium, the biomass had quadrupled, the fishery was reopened, and the biomass is now well above Bmsy. Based on advice developed within a precautionary approach framework, total allowable catches were set corresponding to a fishing mortality of ≤0.67 × Fmsy. When the fishery was reopened in 1998, several measures to reduce the fishing mortality and ensure continued recovery were introduced. We review and evaluate the science and the management strategies developed during the decline, collapse, and recovery, noting that yellowtail flounder is the only groundfish stock on the Grand Bank that has fully recovered after its collapse. Key management measures included the elimination of fishing by non-NAFO vessels, protection of strong year classes, and keeping the fishing mortality below 0.67 × Fmsy. Although overfishing is viewed as causing the stock decline, productivity was strongly affected by climatic conditions during the collapse and recovery. Changes in water temperature coincided with major changes in the catch and fishing mortality.
Feeding the world healthily: the challenge of measuring the effects of agriculture on health
Authors: Hawkesworth Sophie , Dangour Alan D. , Johnston Deborah , Lock Karen , Poole Nigel , Rushton Jonathan , Uauy Ricardo , Waage Jeff
Published: August 2010

Agricultural production, food systems and population health are intimately linked. While there is a strong evidence base to inform our knowledge of what constitutes a healthy human diet, we know little about actual food production or consumption in many populations and how developments in the food and agricultural system will affect dietary intake patterns and health. The paucity of information on food production and consumption is arguably most acute in low- and middle-income countries, where it is most urgently needed to monitor levels of under-nutrition, the health impacts of rapid dietary transition and the increasing ‘double burden’ of nutrition-related disease. Food availability statistics based on food commodity production data are currently widely used as a proxy measure of national-level food consumption, but using data from the UK and Mexico we highlight the potential pitfalls of this approach. Despite limited resources for data collection, better systems of measurement are possible. Important drivers to improve collection systems may include efforts to meet international development goals and partnership with the private sector. A clearer understanding of the links between the agriculture and food system and population health will ensure that health becomes a critical driver of agricultural change.
Competition for land
Authors: Smith Pete , Gregory Peter J. , van Vuuren Detlef , Obersteiner Michael , Havlík Petr , Rounsevell Mark , Woods Jeremy , Stehfest Elke , Bellarby Jessica
Published: August 2010

A key challenge for humanity is how a future global population of 9 billion can all be fed healthily and sustainably. Here, we review how competition for land is influenced by other drivers and pressures, examine land-use change over the past 20 years and consider future changes over the next 40 years.

Competition for land, in itself, is not a driver affecting food and farming in the future, but is an emergent property of other drivers and pressures. Modelling studies suggest that future policy decisions in the agriculture, forestry, energy and conservation sectors could have profound effects, with different demands for land to supply multiple ecosystem services usually intensifying competition for land in the future.

In addition to policies addressing agriculture and food production, further policies addressing the primary drivers of competition for land (population growth, dietary preference, protected areas, forest policy) could have significant impacts in reducing competition for land. Technologies for increasing per-area productivity of agricultural land will also be necessary. Key uncertainties in our projections of competition for land in the future relate predominantly to uncertainties in the drivers and pressures within the scenarios, in the models and data used in the projections and in the policy interventions assumed to affect the drivers and pressures in the future.
Globalization's effects on world agricultural trade, 1960–2050
Authors: Anderson Kym
Published: August 2010

Recent globalization has been characterized by a decline in the costs of cross-border trade in farm and other products. It has been driven primarily by the information and communication technology revolution and—in the case of farm products—by reductions in governmental distortions to agricultural production, consumption and trade. Both have boosted economic growth and reduced poverty globally, especially in Asia. The first but maybe not the second of these drivers will continue in coming decades. World food prices will depend also on whether (and if so by how much) farm productivity growth continues to outpace demand growth and to what extent diets in emerging economies move towards livestock and horticultural products at the expense of staples. Demand in turn will be driven not only by population and income growth, but also by crude oil prices if they remain at current historically high levels, since that will affect biofuel demand. Climate change mitigation policies and adaptation, water market developments and market access standards particularly for transgenic foods will add to future production, price and trade uncertainties.
Dimensions of global population projections: what do we know about future population trends and structures?
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , KC Samir
Published: August 2010

The total size of the world population is likely to increase from its current 7 billion to 8–10 billion by 2050. This uncertainty is because of unknown future fertility and mortality trends in different parts of the world. But the young age structure of the population and the fact that in much of Africa and Western Asia, fertility is still very high makes an increase by at least one more billion almost certain. Virtually, all the increase will happen in the developing world. For the second half of the century, population stabilization and the onset of a decline are likely. In addition to the future size of the population, its distribution by age, sex, level of educational attainment and place of residence are of specific importance for studying future food security. The paper provides a detailed discussion of different relevant dimensions in population projections and an evaluation of the methods and assumptions used in current global population projections and in particular those produced by the United Nations and by IIASA.
Inland capture fisheries
Authors: Welcomme Robin L. , Cowx Ian G. , Coates David , Béné Christophe , Funge-Smith Simon , Halls Ashley , Lorenzen Kai
Published: August 2010

The reported annual yield from inland capture fisheries in 2008 was over 10 million tonnes, although real catches are probably considerably higher than this. Inland fisheries are extremely complex, and in many cases poorly understood. The numerous water bodies and small rivers are inhabited by a wide range of species and several types of fisher community with diversified livelihood strategies for whom inland fisheries are extremely important. Many drivers affect the fisheries, including internal fisheries management practices. There are also many drivers from outside the fishery that influence the state and functioning of the environment as well as the social and economic framework within which the fishery is pursued. The drivers affecting the various types of inland water, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and wetlands may differ, particularly with regard to ecosystem function. Many of these depend on land-use practices and demand for water which conflict with the sustainability of the fishery. Climate change is also exacerbating many of these factors. The future of inland fisheries varies between continents. In Asia and Africa the resources are very intensely exploited and there is probably little room for expansion; it is here that resources are most at risk. Inland fisheries are less heavily exploited in South and Central America, and in the North and South temperate zones inland fisheries are mostly oriented to recreation rather than food production.
Food security and marine capture fisheries: characteristics, trends, drivers and future perspectives
Authors: Garcia Serge M. , Rosenberg Andrew A.
Published: August 2010

World population is expected to grow from the present 6.8 billion people to about 9 billion by 2050. The growing need for nutritious and healthy food will increase the demand for fisheries products from marine sources, whose productivity is already highly stressed by excessive fishing pressure, growing organic pollution, toxic contamination, coastal degradation and climate change. Looking towards 2050, the question is how fisheries governance, and the national and international policy and legal frameworks within which it is nested, will ensure a sustainable harvest, maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and adapt to climate change. This paper looks at global fisheries production, the state of resources, contribution to food security and governance. It describes the main changes affecting the sector, including geographical expansion, fishing capacity-building, natural variability, environmental degradation and climate change. It identifies drivers and future challenges, while suggesting how new science, policies and interventions could best address those challenges.
Tumor heterogeneity is an active process maintained by a mutant EGFR-induced cytokine circuit in glioblastoma
Authors: Inda Maria-del-Mar , Bonavia Rudy , Mukasa Akitake , Narita Yoshitaka , Sah Dinah W.Y. , Vandenberg Scott , Brennan Cameron , Johns Terrance G. , Bachoo Robert , Hadwiger Philipp , Tan Pamela , DePinho Ronald A. , Cavenee Webster , Furnari Frank
Published: August 2010

Human solid tumors frequently have pronounced heterogeneity of both neoplastic and normal cells on the histological, genetic, and gene expression levels. While current efforts are focused on understanding heterotypic interactions between tumor cells and surrounding normal cells, much less is known about the interactions between and among heterogeneous tumor cells within a neoplasm. In glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) amplification and mutation (EGFRvIII/ΔEGFR) are signature pathogenetic events that are invariably expressed in a heterogeneous manner. Strikingly, despite its greater biological activity than wild-type EGFR (wtEGFR), individual GBM tumors expressing both amplified receptors typically express wtEGFR in far greater abundance than the ΔEGFR lesion. We hypothesized that the minor ΔEGFR-expressing subpopulation enhances tumorigenicity of the entire tumor cell population, and thereby maintains heterogeneity of expression of the two receptor forms in different cells. Using mixtures of glioma cells as well as immortalized murine astrocytes, we demonstrate that a paracrine mechanism driven by ΔEGFR is the primary means for recruiting wtEGFR-expressing cells into accelerated proliferation in vivo. We determined that human glioma tissues, glioma cell lines, glioma stem cells, and immortalized mouse Ink4a/Arf−/−astrocytes that express ΔEGFR each also express IL-6 and/or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) cytokines. These cytokines activate gp130, which in turn activates wtEGFR in neighboring cells, leading to enhanced rates of tumor growth. Ablating IL-6, LIF, or gp130 uncouples this cellular cross-talk, and potently attenuates tumor growth enhancement. These findings support the view that a minor tumor cell population can potently drive accelerated growth of the entire tumor mass, and thereby actively maintain tumor cell heterogeneity within a tumor mass. Such interactions between genetically dissimilar cancer cells could provide novel points of therapeutic intervention.
Early abscisic acid signal transduction mechanisms: newly discovered components and newly emerging questions
Authors: Hubbard Katharine E. , Nishimura Noriyuki , Hitomi Kenichi , Getzoff Elizabeth D. , Schroeder Julian I.
Published: August 2010

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many key processes in plants, including seed germination and development and abiotic stress tolerance, particularly drought resistance. Understanding early events in ABA signal transduction has been a major goal of plant research. The recent identification of the PYRABACTIN (4-bromo-N-[pyridin-2-yl methyl]naphthalene-1-sulfonamide) RESISTANCE (PYR)/REGULATORY COMPONENT OF ABA RECEPTOR (RCAR) family of ABA receptors and their biochemical mode of action represents a major breakthrough in the field. The solving of PYR/RCAR structures provides a context for resolving mechanisms mediating ABA control of protein–protein interactions for downstream signaling. Recent studies show that a pathway based on PYR/RCAR ABA receptors, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2Cs (PP2Cs), and SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2s (SnRK2s) forms the primary basis of an early ABA signaling module. This pathway interfaces with ion channels, transcription factors, and other targets, thus providing a mechanistic connection between the phytohormone and ABA-induced responses. This emerging PYR/RCAR–PP2C–SnRK2 model of ABA signal transduction is reviewed here, and provides an opportunity for testing novel hypotheses concerning ABA signaling. We address newly emerging questions, including the potential roles of different PYR/RCAR isoforms, and the significance of ABA-induced versus constitutive PYR/RCAR–PP2C interactions. We also consider how the PYR/RCAR–PP2C–SnRK2 pathway interfaces with ABA-dependent gene expression, ion channel regulation, and control of small molecule signaling. These exciting developments provide researchers with a framework through which early ABA signaling can be understood, and allow novel questions about the hormone response pathway and possible applications in stress resistance engineering of plants to be addressed.
Systematic screen reveals new functional dynamics of histones H3 and H4 during gametogenesis
Authors: Govin Jérôme , Dorsey Jean , Gaucher Jonathan , Rousseaux Sophie , Khochbin Saadi , Berger Shelley L.
Published: August 2010

Profound epigenetic differences exist between genomes derived from male and female gametes; however, the nature of these changes remains largely unknown. We undertook a systematic investigation of chromatin reorganization during gametogenesis, using the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae to examine sporulation, which has strong similarities with higher eukaryotic spermatogenesis. We established a mutational screen of histones H3 and H4 to uncover substitutions that reduce sporulation efficiency. We discovered two patches of residues—one on H3 and a second on H4—that are crucial for sporulation but not critical for mitotic growth, and likely comprise interactive nucleosomal surfaces. Furthermore, we identified novel histone post-translational modifications that mark the chromatin reorganization process during sporulation. First, phosphorylation of H3T11 appears to be a key modification during meiosis, and requires the meiotic-specific kinase Mek1. Second, H4 undergoes amino tail acetylation at Lys 5, Lys 8, and Lys 12, and these are synergistically important for post-meiotic chromatin compaction, occurring subsequent to the post-meiotic transient peak in phosphorylation at H4S1, and crucial for recruitment of Bdf1, a bromodomain protein, to chromatin in mature spores. Strikingly, the presence and temporal succession of the new H3 and H4 modifications are detected during mouse spermatogenesis, indicating that they are conserved through evolution. Thus, our results show that investigation of gametogenesis in yeast provides novel insights into chromatin dynamics, which are potentially relevant to epigenetic modulation of the mammalian process.
The death of an analysand: transference, countertransference and desire
Authors: Schaverien Joy
Published: August 2010

This paper is offered as an exploration of transference and countertransference issues when, in the process of analysis, the analysand becomes terminally ill. Written from the point of view of the analyst, eros and boundary issues are discussed. It is proposed that those who are about to die may form particularly intense erotic attachments and that this is characteristic of a speeded up individuation process. The paper is based on the case of a suicidally depressed man who formed an immediate, dependent and erotic transference. After three months, he was diagnosed as having an inoperable lung cancer. From then on the analytic frame was challenged by pressures to act out in a number of different ways. It is argued that gender difference and the heterosexual pairing facilitated the differentiation of adult, sexual and Oedipal feelings from infantile, pre‐Oedipal ones. Maintenance of the analytic frame enabled the individuation process to continue to the end.
Dissociation and the Self in the magical pre‐Oedipal field
Authors: Salman Sherry
Published: August 2010

This paper explores the clinical relevance of Jung's idea of the Self in pre‐Oedipal and pre‐individuation psychology. Incorporating data from neurobiology and recent theories of memory and narrative reconstruction, a post‐modern conception of the Self is proposed akin to what Jung called a ‘dream of totality’. Such a conception of the Self is distinguished from a reified structure or a deified imago, and is considered to be that aspect of psychological functioning consonant with emerging meanings, and the birth of new psychological ground. Links are made back to Flournoy, William James, and depth psychology's early interest in teleology, the occult, and the creative capacities of the psyche.

Updating this mystery tradition, clinical material illustrates how narratives of the Self are present in such pre‐Oedipal dynamics as dissociation and projective identification. These dynamics are understood not only as primitive defences but as reconstitutive symbolic metaphors and mythopoetic expressions of an emergent rather than a superordinate Self.
The Journal of Analytical Psychology's Internet Discussion Forum
Authors: Hewison David
Published: August 2010

Jan Wiener ‘Confidentiality and paradox: the location of ethical space’

Hester McFarland Solomon ‘Origins of the ethical attitude’