bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perilous choices: landscapes of fear for adult birds reduces nestling condition across an urban gradient
Authors: Grade Aaron M. , Lerman Susannah B. , Warren Paige S.
Published: July 2021

Predator fear effects influence reproductive outcomes in many species. In non‐urban systems, passerines often respond to predator cues by reducing parental investment, resulting in smaller and lighter nestlings. Since trophic interactions in urban areas are highly altered, it is unclear how passerines respond to fear effects in human‐altered landscapes. Nestlings of passerines in urban areas also tend to be smaller and lighter than their rural counterparts and are often exposed to high densities of potential predators yet experience lower per capita predation—the predation paradox. We suggest fear effects in urban habitats could be a significant mechanism influencing nestling condition in birds, despite lowered predation rates. We manipulated exposure of nesting birds to adult‐consuming predator risk in residential yards across a gradient of urbanization to determine the relative influence of urbanization and fear on nestling condition. We found nestlings had reduced mass in nests exposed to predator playbacks as well as in more urban areas. Despite lower per capita predation rates in urban areas, fear effects from increased predator densities may influence passerine fitness through reduced nestling condition. As urban development expands, biodiversity conservation hinges on a deeper mechanistic understanding of how urbanization affects reproductive outcomes.
Belowground community turnover accelerates the decomposition of standing dead wood
Authors: Bradford Mark A. , Maynard Daniel S. , Crowther Thomas W. , Frankson Paul T. , Mohan Jacqueline E. , Steinrueck Corinna , Veen G. F. (Ciska) , King Joshua R. , Warren Robert J.
Published: July 2021

Standing dead trees (snags) decompose more slowly than downed dead wood and provide critical habitat for many species. The rate at which snags fall therefore influences forest carbon dynamics and biodiversity. Fall rates correlate strongly with mean annual temperature, presumably because warmer climates facilitate faster wood decomposition and hence degradation of the structural stability of standing wood. These faster decomposition rates coincide with turnover from fungal‐dominated wood decomposer communities in cooler forests to codomination by fungi and termites in warmer regions. A key question for projecting forest dynamics is therefore whether temperature effects on wood decomposition arise primarily because warmer conditions facilitate faster decomposer metabolism, or are also influenced indirectly by belowground community turnover (e.g., termites exert additional influence beyond fungal‐plus‐bacterial mediated decomposition). To test between these possibilities, we simulate standing dead trees with untreated wooden posts and follow them in the field across 5 yr at 12 sites, before measuring buried, soil–air interface and aerial post sections to quantify wood decomposition and organism activities. High termite activities at the warmer sites are associated with rates of postfall that are three times higher than at the cooler sites. Termites primarily consume buried wood, with decomposition rates greatest where termite activities are highest. However, where higher microbial and termite activities co‐occur, they appear to compensate for one another first, and then to slow decomposition rates at their highest activities, suggestive of interference competition. If the range of microbial and termite codomination of wood decomposer communities expands under climate warming, our data suggest that expansion will accelerate snag fall with consequent effects on forest carbon cycling and biodiversity in forests previously dominated by microbial decomposers.
Biodiversity assessment across a dynamic riverine system: A comparison of eDNA metabarcoding versus traditional fish surveying methods
Authors: Hallam Jane , Clare Elizabeth L. , Jones John Iwan , Day Julia J.
Published: July 2021

While many studies have considered the ability of eDNA to assess animal communities in lacustrine settings, fewer have considered riverine systems, particularly those spanning the environmental gradients present in large river basins. Such dynamic systems are challenging for eDNA biomonitoring due to differing eDNA transport distances in rivers and the effects of river chemistry. To address this challenge, we focused on the Thames River system, UK, which has exceptional historical fish records providing a baseline to test the accuracy of eDNA metabarcoding in recovering fish community structure across both fresh and tidal zones. Two primer sets targeting 12S and CO1 regions were used to capture fish communities across the Thames catchment, from the upper freshwaters to the mid estuary. eDNA was collected at 35 sites, 14 of which were simultaneously paired with traditional fish surveys for direct comparison. We demonstrated that eDNA metabarcoding consistently detected more freshwater species than traditional methods, despite extensive sampling effort using the latter. In contrast, metabarcoding did not perform as well as traditional approaches in estuarine waters, although results included the novel detection of the protected sea lamprey. We further demonstrated that minor variations in the recovery of all approaches would not impact on the assessment of simple ecological models of community structure and, thus, some variability between approaches should not be viewed as a serious hindrance to uptake. Rather, our findings support a growing consensus that eDNA can reliably detect fish communities across dynamic freshwater habitats.
Separation of short and medium‐chain fatty acids using capillary electrophoresis with indirect photometric detection: Part I: Identification of fatty acids in rat feces
Authors: Pham Uyen , Alvarado Luis , Suess Gregory J. , Shamsi Shahab A. , Frantz Kyle
Published: July 2021

Short and medium‐chain fatty acids (SMCFAs) are known as essential metabolites found in gut microbiota that function as modulators in the development and progression of many inflammatory conditions as well as in the regulation of cell metabolism. Currently, there are few simple and low‐cost analytical methods available for the determination of SMCFA. This report focuses on SMCFA analysis utilizing CE with indirect photometric detection (CE‐IPD). A ribonucleotide electrolyte, 5’‐adenosine mono‐phosphate (5’‐AMP), is investigated as an IPD reagent due to its high molar absorptivity and dynamic reserve compatible with separation and detection of SMCFA. The operating parameters like the composition of organic solvent, millimolar concentrations of the complexing agent (alpha‐cyclodextrin), 5’‐AMP and non‐absorbing electrolyte (boric acid), as well as the applied voltage, are optimized for resolution, efficiency, and signal‐to‐noise ratio. A baseline resolution of all nine SMCFAs is achieved in less than 15 min. Additionally, the developed CE‐IPD method shows promising potential to identifying SMCFA in rat fecal supernatant. The presented analytical assay is simple, economical, and has considerably good repeatability. The intraday and interday RSD of less than 1 and 2% for relative migration time, as well as less than 14 and 15% for peak area, respectively, were obtained for SMCFA in fecal solution.
Modeling and optimization of operating parameters on fast pyrolysis of palm oil biomass wastes based on different kinetics schemes
Authors: Thu Kyaw , Reungpeerakul Taweesak , Yamsaengsung Ram , Sangwichien Chayanoot
Published: July 2021

The main purpose of this work is to optimize the effects of operating parameters on the yield of products from fast pyrolysis of four palm oil biomasses (empty fruit bunch [EFB], palm shell [PS], palm mesocarp fiber [PMF], and oil palm fronds [OPF]) in a fluidized bed reactor. Three kinetics schemes (simple, global, and advanced) were applied to predict the yield of pyrolytic products (liquid [bio‐oil], gas, and char). The results from the simulation of three kinetics schemes compared with the reported experimental data. The results from global and advanced kinetics schemes showed better prediction than simple kinetics scheme. The influence of the operating parameters such as biomass constituents, vapor residence time, reaction temperature and particle size on the fast pyrolysis of palm oil biomasses was investigated using the global kinetics scheme. Moreover, the yield of pyrolysis products was also classified using the advanced kinetics scheme. The results indicated that EFB biomass with particle size of 0.3 mm gave the maximum yield of liquid product due to its higher cellulose content compared to other palm oil biomasses (OPF, PMF, and PS) at reaction temperature of 773 K and vapor residence time of 1 s.
Optimization of catalytic performance of Pt@HZSM‐5/HMS micro/mesopores promoted by Sn and Re for toluene total oxidation using RSM
Authors: Parsafard Nastaran
Published: July 2021

Catalytic oxidation of toluene over a series of Pt‐(Sn/Re)‐HZSM‐5/HMS catalysts has been studied at atmospheric pressure and 200–500°C temperature. The results show when the Sn and Re were incorporated into the catalysts, a clear improvement in catalytic activity could be observed in toluene oxidation. The key process parameters including temperature, time on stream, and Sn/Re weight ratio were optimized by response surface methodology integrated central composite design. The suggested optimization model showed satisfactory correlation between the predicted and actual results. The temperature was the most significant parameter affecting on the toluene conversion and CO2 selectivity, whereas Sn/Re ratio is another effective parameter.
Evaluation of Cadmium Transfer from Soil to the Human Body Through Maize Consumption in a Cadmium Anomaly Area of Southwestern China
Authors: Duan Zhibin , Zheng Yu , Luo Yang , Wu Yonggui , Wen Jichang , Wu Jianye
Published: July 2021

Evaluating the bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and transferability of cadmium (Cd) in soil–grain–human systems is essential in areas with a Cd anomaly in the karst region of southwestern China. In the present study, the main controlling factors and prediction models for Cd transfer in a soil–grain–human system were investigated in a typical area where natural processes and anthropogenic activities interact in the karst region of southwestern China. The environmental availability of Cd (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid- and CaCl2-extractable Cd [CdCaCl2]) in the soil varies significantly because of the diversity of soil properties. However, Cd concentrations in the maize grain were significantly related only to the CdCaCl2 concentrations in the soil (r = 0.595, p < 0.01), indicating that soil CdCaCl2 is a good indicator for evaluating Cd uptake by maize grain. Of all the measured soil properties, the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the soil calcium (Casoil) were the most important factors influencing Cd accumulation in the soil–maize grain system. A transfer model combining CdCaCl2, soil CEC, and Casoil was sufficiently reliable for predicting Cd accumulation in the maize grain (R2 = 0.505). Although there is room for improvement regarding the prediction performance of the chain model combining soil CdCaCl2 with Casoil to predict the bioaccessible Cd concentration in maize grain (R2 = 0.344 for the gastric phase and R2 = 0.356 for the gastrointestinal phase), our findings provide a useful reference to further explore a model that can be used for a relatively rapid and reliable estimation of dietary Cd exposure for specific regions prior to crop harvest. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2923–2934. © 2021 SETAC.

Abstract

Cdgrain = total Cd in maize grain; CEC = cation exchange capacity; SE = standard error. Evaluation of cadmium bioavailability, bioaccessibility and transferability in a soil-grain-human system from an area with a cadmium anomaly in the karst region of southwestern China: Influential factors and prediction models.
Assessing Mode Effects of At‐Home Testing Without a Randomized Trial
Authors: Kim Sooyeon , Walker Michael
Published: July 2021

In this investigation, we used real data to assess potential differential effects associated with taking a test in a test center (TC) versus testing at home using remote proctoring (RP). We used a pseudo‐equivalent groups (PEG) approach to examine group equivalence at the item level and the total score level. If our assumption holds that the PEG approach removes between‐group ability differences (as measured by the test) reasonably well, then a plausible explanation for any systematic differences in performance between TC and RP groups that remain after applying the PEG approach would be the operation of test mode effects. At the item level, we compared item difficulties estimated using the PEG approach (i.e., adjusting only for ability differences between groups) to those estimated via delta equating (i.e., adjusting for any systematic differences between groups). All tests used in this investigation showed small, nonsystematic differences, providing evidence of trivial effects associated with at‐home testing. At the total score level, we linked the RP group scores to the TC group scores after adjusting for group differences using demographic covariates. We then compared the resulting RP group conversion to the original TC group conversion (the criterion in this study). The magnitude of differences between the RP conversion and the TC conversion was small, leading to the same pass/fail decision for most RP examinees. The present analyses seem to suggest little to no mode effects for the tests used in this investigation.
Depositional environment of Middle Triassic organic‐rich shales in the Ordos Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Zhao Xiangdong , Wang Wei , Xie Guwei , Pan Songqi , Jarzembowski Edmund A. , Zheng Daran
Published: July 2021

The Middle Triassic Tongchuan Formation in the Ordos Basin of northwestern China is a typical lacustrine deposit. A major component of this formation is thick layers of organic‐rich shales that are probably a potential hydrocarbon source and preserve the earliest known Mesozoic‐type lacustrine ecosystem. The exact depositional environment of the shales in the Tongchuan Formation, however, remains unknown. To address this question, we carried out high‐resolution carbon (δ13Corg) and sulphur (δ34Spy) isotope analysis as well as undertook total organic carbon (TOC)/pyrite contents and pyrite morphology investigation, and framboidal pyrite size measurements in shales of the Bawangzhuang section of the southern Ordos Basin. Remarkably high TOC (23 ± 9%) and pyrite (7 ± 3%) contents were obtained from the shales, which indicate a large amount of organic carbon and pyrite burial during shale deposition. Framboids are the dominant pyrite morphology in the pyrite crystals and show large and variable mean diameters (7.0 ± 1.7 μm to 14.3 ± 6.8 μm) across the section, indicating oxic–dysoxic bottom water during shale deposition. δ13Corg and δ34Spy revealed narrow and less variable values, ranging from −31.8‰ to −28.1‰, and −4.1‰ to 4.9‰, respectively. The δ13Corg values suggest balanced and consistent carbon cycles. Integrated with pyrite content and morphological patterns, consistent δ34Spy values probably demonstrate a relatively open environment for the formation of sedimentary pyrite, and thus a shallow chemocline that was quite close to the water‐to‐sediment interface during shale deposition. Overall, the organic‐rich shales of the Tongchuan Formation were probably deposited under oxic–dysoxic bottom‐water conditions. Shallow chemocline depth combined with moderately high sedimentation rate and high primary productivity may have played crucial roles in the deposition and formation of the organic‐rich shales in the Tongchuan Formation. The shallow chemocline also facilitates the fossil preservation in a lacustrine environment.
Postsecondary schooling ideologies of Nepalese American families in the United States
Authors: Hailu Meseret F.
Published: July 2021

In this article, I explore the postsecondary schooling ideologies of Nepalese American refugee families in the United States. Framing these ideologies through the theory of transnationalism, I demonstrate how parent and family engagement—facilitated in part by the RISE Colorado program—allows individuals to forge cross‐country connections and foster a sense of global citizenship. Specifically, the findings from this qualitative analysis suggest that resettled parents and families link their country of origin (Nepal) to their country of settlement (the United States) by sharing stories of their migration and encouraging their children to diligently pursue higher education. The Nepalese American families in this study have a wealth of educational knowledge gained from their migration and refugee experiences, although they may not readily acknowledge their knowledge as valuable. These findings have implications for higher education practice, including: the rhetoric used on college campuses, the utility of mentoring clusters, and the development of orientation and family engagement programs.
Conceptualizations of power and agency among members of refugee communities in the state of Colorado
Authors: Ramos Delma , Sarubbi Molly
Published: July 2021

Applying Gaventa's three‐dimensional model of power, this article examines conceptualizations of power and agency among parent refugees from Burma and Nepal residing in the state of Colorado. The perspectives presented in this article illuminate factors that shape how parent refugees define and understand power and agency in supporting their children's postsecondary education in a new country. The varying perspectives and understandings of power and agency among parents from Burma and Nepal are informed by their past lived experiences in their country of origin and their experiences in their current country of residence, with some parents reporting feelings of powerlessness compared to others who are confident in their ability to engage and support their children's postsecondary educational journeys at home and through school engagement.
Refugees and the audit culture of international higher education in the United States
Authors: Wolfgram Matthew
Published: July 2021

Refugees overcome high barriers to survive, resettle in the United States, and thrive in their new communities. On account of the protracted nature of modern conflicts, refugees are now often displaced for a decade or more, while living in refugee camps or in urban settings, prior to being resettled to a country of ultimate destination. Some refugees obtain education during their displacement, including college and graduate education and professional credentialing. Upon resettlement to the United States, many refugees lack or cannot obtain the needed “official copies” of their credentialing documents (transcripts, diplomas, syllabi, etc.), and for many of these highly skilled and professionally qualified individuals, their continued education or professional work is thwarted by the vetting process designed to review international students. This article argues that the bureaucratic culture and practices—or “audit culture”—of the internationalization of higher education in the United States is a major and unnecessary barrier to the access and success of higher education for refugees, to the integration of refugees into the professional workforce, and to the flourishing of the refugee community as a whole. The article (1) introduces the contexts of refugee displacement, resettlement, and education in the United States; (2) develops a semiotic framework to analyze the bureaucratic practices involved in vetting refugees’ credentials, (3) documents the audit culture of the internationalization of higher education which is the context in which the education credentials of refugees are evaluated; (4) illustrates with a set of brief life‐histories of refuges in Wisconsin how this audit culture operates as a barrier to their higher education and professional success; and (5) argues that refugees (and others with refugee background) are deserving of special consideration by postsecondary institutions in the United States.
Understanding the lived higher education experiences of students from refugee backgrounds: Recommendations for future practice
Authors: Felix Vivienne
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this article is to understand the lived higher education experiences of students from refugee backgrounds. Limited to the context of educational experiences in the United States, this work is guided by insights from a phenomenological study of refugee students’ experiences. From their experiences, five key themes were identified. Those themes were mobility and higher education; transnational experiences; negotiating a bicultural identity; connections to a community of national origin; and sources of support for persisting in higher education. These themes are used to inform the recommendations for professional practice.
Role of calcium in hormone‐independent and ‐resistant breast cancer
Authors: Cyrus Kedra , Wang Qiaochu , Sharawi Zeina , Noguchi Glyn , Kaushal Mudit , Chang Tiffany , Rydzewski William , Yeguech William , Gibrel Fatima , Psaltis John B. , Haddad Bassem R. , Martin Mary Beth
Published: July 2021

Approximately one‐third of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast tumors fail to respond to or become resistant to hormonal therapy. Although the mechanisms responsible for hormone resistance are not completely understood, resistance is associated with alterations in ERα; overexpression of proteins that interact with the receptor; and hormone‐independent activation of the receptor by growth factor signal transduction pathways. Our previous studies show that in estrogen dependent breast cancer cells, activation of the epidermal growth factor signaling pathway increases intracellular calcium which binds to and activates ERα through sites in the ligand‐binding domain of the receptor and that treatment with extracellular calcium increases the concentration of intracellular calcium which activates ERα and induces hormone‐independent cell growth. The present study asked whether overexpression of calcium channels contributes to the hormone‐independent and ‐resistant phenotype of breast cancer cells and whether clinically used calcium channel blockers reverse hormone independence and resistance. The results show that hormone‐independent and ‐resistant cells overexpress calcium channels, have high concentrations of intracellular calcium, overexpress estrogen responsive genes and, as expected, grow in the absence of estradiol and that treatment with calcium channel blockers decreased the concentration of intracellular calcium, the expression of estrogen responsive genes and cell growth. More importantly, in hormone‐resistant cells, treatment that combined a calcium channel blocker with an antiestrogen reversed resistance to the antiestrogen.
Associations between acculturation, perceived discrimination and subjective well‐being among Syrian adolescents living in Turkey
Authors: Güler Abdurrahim , Yıldırım Murat
Published: July 2021

Although numerous studies have documented the associations between perceived discrimination, acculturation and well‐being in immigrants, far fewer have examined these associations in adolescent immigrants in the context of forced displacement. The focus of this study was to refine our understanding of the link between acculturation, perceived discrimination and subjective well‐being in understudied forcibly displaced Syrian adolescents residing in Turkey. The data were collected from 181 Syrian adolescents (53.19% girls) aged between 10 and 16 years (Mage = 13,SD = 1.53). The participants completed measures of acculturation, perceived discrimination, positive affect and negative affect alongside demographic variables. The results indicated that boys reported more experience of positive affect while girls reported more experience of negative affect. Younger adolescents reported greater positive affect, higher heritage acculturation and lesser negative affect. Adolescents who had higher host acculturation and experienced low perceived discrimination had a greater positive, whereas adolescents who experienced perceived discrimination had a greater negative affect. Host acculturation and perceived discrimination significantly contributed to the variance in explaining positive and negative affect over and above the age and gender. The results elucidate our understanding in terms of acculturation and perceived discrimination that significantly contribute to subjective well‐being in the context of forcibly displaced Syrian adolescents.
Successful treatment of metastatic bladder cancer by gemcitabine‐cisplatin re‐challenge after pembrolizumab
Authors: Arai Takayuki , Takeuchi Nobuyoshi , Sazuka Tomokazu , Sato Hiroaki , Imamura Yusuke , Sakamoto Shinichi , Komiya Akira , Ichikawa Tomohiko
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The advent of pembrolizumab has contributed to improved treatment outcomes for metastatic urothelial carcinoma, but the outcomes of treatments after second‐line treatment have not been established.

Case presentation

A 72‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital with gross hematuria and diagnosed with suspicion of bladder cancer cT1N0M0. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed, but local recurrence and multiple lung metastases appeared 5 months after surgery. Although gemcitabine‐cisplatin was performed as first‐line chemotherapy, the local lesion increased, and pembrolizumab was used as a second‐line treatment. Pembrolizumab was also ineffective; however, re‐challenge with gemcitabine‐cisplatin as third‐line treatment produced a good therapeutic effect.

Conclusion

We report a successful case in which gemcitabine‐cisplatin re‐challenge after pembrolizumab therapy was effective in metastatic bladder cancer. Re‐administration of chemotherapy after immune checkpoint inhibitors may be a broadly effective treatment option.
NH3 emission responses to irrigation time and the initial moisture from urea applied to three soils in the North China Plain*
Authors: Dong Wenxu , Xing Hanbing , Chen Suying , Hu Chunsheng
Published: July 2021

Water management affects NH3 emission in complex ways due to its influence on nitrogen transformation and movement. This study aimed to determine the effect of irrigation timing on NH3 emission from urea at different initial moistures. A pot experiment was conducted based on three typical soils (Fluvisols, Cambisols, and Luvisols) in the North China Plain. Each soil was treated to three levels of initial moisture (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) and irrigated with 40 mm water 0, 6, and 12 hr after applying urea. The results showed that NH3 loss ranged from 0.2 to 14.2 kg N ha−1, with the greatest loss in Fluvisols, followed by Cambisols, and the lowest in Luvisols. The loss of NH3 increased with initial moisture for all three soils. But there was no significant effect of irrigation time on NH3 emission, although the contents of NH4+ in surface soil were higher for delayed irrigation than for immediate irrigation. Additionally, the NO3− content was increased in Luvisols with delayed irrigation at a high initial water content, which may have promoted leaching. Therefore, delaying irrigation by up to 12 hr did not cause a significant increase in NH3 emission. However, fertilization and irrigation should be carried out with lower moisture, especially for Luvisols to prevent ammonia emission or nitrate leaching.
Zur Toxizität von Butonat, Trichlorfon und Dichlorvos gegenüber Escherichia coli und Enterobacter aerogenes
Authors: Grahl K. , Stelzer W. , Stottmeister S.
Published: July 2021

Butonat, Trichlorfon und Dichlorvos sind für Escherichia coli und Enterobacter aerogenes erst in relativ hohen Konzentrationen akut toxisch. Eine negative Beeinflussung der Wachstunisrate tritt im Konzentrationsbereich ≧1000 mg 1−1 (Butonat, Trichloifon) bzw. ≧250 mg 1−1 (Dichlorvos) ein. Bis zu diesen Konzentrationsbereichen werden die Wirkstoffe durch die Bakterien inaktiviert bzw. metabolisiert. Die Bestimmung der Wachstunisrate erfolgt über den Sauerstoffverbrauch der Kultur im SAPROMAT AP 12. Die Wirkstoffkonzentrationen werden dünnschichtchromatographisch analysiert.
Die Nährstoffverteilung in Sedimenten norddeutscher Seen und Hinweise auf den Austausch Sediment—Pelagial
Authors: Mothes G.
Published: July 2021

Über die Zusammensetzung der oberflächennahen Sedimentsehichten norddeutscher Seen und Weiher (Schwerpunkt Stechlinseegebiet) wird berichtet. Gegenüberstellungen des oligotrophen und eutrophen Typs, produktionsarmer und ‐reicher bis überdüngter Gewässer zeigen, daß vor allem dem Phosphor in seiner Verteilung im Sediment ein besonderer Zeigerwert zukommt. Die Verhältnisse Interstitialwasser zu partikulärem Anteil sowie Orthophosphat zu Gesamtphosphat im Interstitialwasser spielen neben dem Gesamtgehalt eine wesentliche Rolle. Das Steigen des C: P‐Verhältnisses während des Eutrophierungsvorganges bedingt bei Sanierungsmaßnahmen eine entsprechende Absenkung mit einer C‐Oxydation im Sediment.
Zellphysiologische Untersuchungen mittels Elodea canadensis Michx. zur Biotropie diphosphonsäurchaltiger Stabilisatoren der Wasserhärte
Authors: Reinhardt E. , Weise G. , Burger G. , Ulbricht H.
Published: July 2021

Elodea canadensis Michx, reagiert auf Wasser, das das Präparat FERROFOS DFL (1‐Hydroxyalkan‐1,1‐diphosphonsäure als aktive Substanz) enthält,1 je nach ihrer Herkunft, der Konzentration des Härtestabilisators, dem Pufferimgsvermögen des Substrates, der Einwirkungstemperatur und der Jahreszeit zellphysiologisch unterschiedlich. 0,1%ige Lösungen mindern die Wasserpermeabilität der Zellen signifikant und verlängern folglich die Deplasmolysezeit der Protoplasten, Geringere Konzentrationen stören den Deplasmolysevorgang bei den Standortvarianten unterschiedlich. Pufferung auf den Neutralbereich erhöht die Empfindlichkeit der Zellen, wenn selbst nur >0,01 ppm eine halbe Stunde auf die Elodea‐Zellen eingewirkt haben. Bei 10 °C ist die Reaktivität des FERROFOS DFL gegenüber 20 °C deutlich vermindert, so daß die Protoplasten auch temperaturdifferent auf die Prüfsubstanz reagieren. Im Winter scheinen die Testpflanzen gegenüber dem Diphosphonsäurepräparat sensibler als während des Sommers zu sein. Veränderungen der Phytotoxizität von Zink‐, Kadmium‐ oder Kupferionen können nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Methods of Analyzing Quinones in Water and Their Application in Studying the Effects of Hydrophytes on Phenols. Part 5: Elimination of Carcinogenic Amines from Solutions under the Action of Nitella
Authors: Stom D. J. , Timofeeva S. S. , Kashina N. F. , Bielykh L. J. , Souslov S. N. , Boutorov V. V. , Apaktzin M. S.
Published: July 2021

Under laboratory conditions and conditions similar to practice in the shore region of the lake Baikal, Nitella was added to aqueous solutions of benzidine and α‐naphthylamine in the concentration range of 10−3 … 10−4 M. The results are summarized graphically in in tables. The two substances were accumulated in the protoplasm of the Nitella cells in considerable quantities.
Einfluß der TTC‐Konzentration auf die Dehydrogenasenaktivität von Mikroorganismen
Authors: Miksch K.
Published: July 2021

Die aus dem Sediment eines Gewässers isolierte Mischpopulation von Bakterien wurde auf Nährbouillon kultiviert sowie über unterschiedlich lange Zeit an Glucose und Phenol adaptiert. Die zur Bestimmung der Dehydrogenasenaktivität optimale Konzentration des TTC lag für die verschiedenen Kulturen zwischen 0,04 und 0,2 Volumenprozent der Bakterien‐Suspension bzw. zwischen 0,1 bzw. 1 mg TTC/mg TS · h bezogen auf die getrocknete Bakterienbiomasse bei einstündiger Inkubation. Die Unterschiede in der Formazanbildung wie in der toxischen Wirkung des TTC sind abhängig von der Struktur der einzelnen Bakterienzelle wie von der Struktur der Belebtschlammflocken und dem ,,Alter“ der Kultur, weniger abhängig vom Substrat.
Effects of γ‐Rays on Hatching' of the Eggs and Survival Period of Fries of Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Shrivastava R. S. , Dwivedi P.
Published: July 2021

The eggs of Cyprinus carpio were irradiated by 5 different strengths: 0.0258, 0.129, 0.258, 0.516 and 1.29 C/kg (100, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 R) of γ‐rays in the batches of 50 fertilized eggs.

The activities of eggs and hatched fries were noted after irradiation doses. The hatching percentages of the eggs were reported for each group.

The percentage of hatched eggs of Cyprinus carpio after radiation doses of 0.0258, 0.129, 0.258, 0.516 and 1.29 C/kg (100, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 R) was 30%, 24%, 28%, 30%, and 34%, respectively.

The 50% mortality period of fries for the above strengths of the γ‐rays was 8 days, 7 days, 6 days. 4 days and 4 days, respectively. The survival period of the fries was 11 days, 9 days, 8 days, 7 days and 6 days, respectively.

All fries hatched from the eggs irradiated by γ‐rays showed early hatching, a higher percentage of mortality, a retarded and abnormal development of the body.

A statistical analysis of the results by the correlation coefficient also proved that the hatching percentages of the fries and the survival period of fries are directly proportional to the strength of the γ‐rays and inversely proportional to the strength of γ‐rays, respectively.
Biochemisch‐makrophytische Methode der Nährstoffeliminierung aus Oberflächenwässern auf der Grundlage der Infiltration
Authors: Pietsch W.
Published: July 2021

Die natürlichen Fähigkeiten und Eigenschaften von Makrophytenbeständen, insbesondere bestimmter Pflanzengruppen der überschwemmungswiesen, für Nährstoffeliminierung und Grundwasseranreicherung werden der biochemisch‐makrophytischen Methode zugrunde gelegt. Am Beispiel von Kleinstsickerbecken wird die Methode zur Nährstoffelimination aus Oberflächenwässern beschrieben. Prinzip, Durchführung und Auswertung der Methode werden am Beispiel verschiedener Makrophytenarten für verschiedene hydrochemische Parameter anhand von Grenzwerten, Eliminierungs‐ und Infiltrationsraten dargestellt.

Geeignete Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Methode für wasserwirtschaftliche und landeskulturelle Zwecke werden besprochen.
Primary Productivity in Relation to the Abiotic Factors in a Temporary Freshwater Pond
Authors: Nasar S. A. K. , Sharma M.
Published: July 2021

The primary production in the small pond (3.5 m long, 1.5 m wide, 1.5 m deep) was measured in winter from November to April by means of the bright‐dark‐flask method at an exposure for 24 hours. The following results were obtained: gross production 0.9 … 11 g C/m3d, net production 0.8 … 7 g C/m3d, respiration 0.5 … 5.6 g C/m3d, P/R quotient 19.6 … 0.18. The results are discussed in connection with chemical and hydrographie parameters as well as with the hydrological situation.
The Hydrophobicity of Hydrocarbondissolved Benz (a) pyrene
Authors: Krasnoschekova R. , Gubergrits M.
Published: July 2021

With carcinogenic benz(a)pyrene as an example the distribution of polycyclic arenes in the hydrocarbon‐water system is shown to be independent of the hydrophobicity of hydrocarbon present as their carrier and to be constant for the series of paraffins and benzene studied in both fresh and salt water.

The hydrocarbon‐carrier hinders the penetration of benz(a)pyrene into water, the free energy of the system increases (~ by 4.5 kJ/mole) due to an increase of the hydrophobic interaction of molecules.

The increase in temperature from 20 to 50 °C influences the distribution of benz(a)pyrene in the hydrocarbon‐water system insignificantly.

Changes in standard thermodynamic parameters of the transition of polycyclic arene from the solution in alkane (benzene) into water (enthalpy Δ H°, entropy Δ S°, and free energy Δ G°) are calculated. Negative values of entropy point to the additional “structurization” of water in the course of the solution of hydrocarbons in it. Mineral salts do not influence the transition of carcinogenic arene into water.
Primary Productivity Studies on Freshwater Fish‐Ponds of Bhagalpur, India
Authors: Nasar S. A. K.
Published: July 2021

A one year study from October 1972 to September 1973 in four freshwater fishponds of Bhagalpur (87° 02' E long, and 25° 15'N lat.), India, has shown that a high phytoplankton primary production occurred twice during the annual cycle. There were seasonal variations in the production rate with a great fluctuation in the maximum and minimum values (3 … 4 times). Amongst the ponds studied, the highest daily production recorded was 6.93 g C/m2/day in Pond I and the minimum was 0.82 g C/m2/day in Pond II. The highest annual gross production was estimated to be 1611.98 g C/m2/y in Pond I, next in the order was 1543 g C/m2/y in Pond IV and then 1155.7.5 g C/m2/y in Pond I and the minimum was 641.75 C/m2/y in Pond II. It has also been observed that in certain months the net:gross ratio recorded was zero, while the community respiration as percentage of the gross production value reached 100% in few months. A comparison has been made in the annual production of temperate and tropical freshwater systems and this indicates that tropical waters are more productive than the temperate waters. Various physico‐chemical factors such as rainfall, light, temperature and alkalinity may regulate or limit production.
Probleme der Kühlwasserversorgung großer Blockeinheiten aus wasserwirtschaftlicher Sicht
Authors: Salinger Ch.‐M.
Published: July 2021

Die Versorgung großer Blockeinheiten von Dampfkraftwerken mit Kühlwasser ergibt eine Reihe schwieriger Probleme, die vor allem aus der Forderung nach einer wassersparenden Technologie und der Vermeidung umweltfeindlicher Produkte resultieren. Für eine wirksame Lösung werden drei Möglichkeiten beschrieben:

— Die Optimierung des chemischen Status für das gesamte Kühlwasserregime,

— die Wiederverwendung betriebsinterner Abwässer,

— die Anwendung von Sparschaltungen für die bedarfsgerechte Versorgung der Nebenkühlstellen mit Brauchwasser.

Die derzeit technologische Ausführbarkeit bzw. die Grenzen und Randbedingungen ihrer Anwendbarkeit werden diskutiert.
Die Regenerierung von Ionenaustauschern im Gleich‐ und Gegenstromverfahren
Authors: Wiegleb K. , Kittner H.
Published: July 2021

Im Ergebnis von Untersuchungen zur Nitrateliminierung aus Trinkwasser wurde nachgewiesen, daß die nutzbare Volumenkapazität (NVK) von Austauscherharzen bei gleichem Regeneriermitteleinsatz nach Anwendung des Gegenstromverfahrens mit abwärtsgerichteter Beladung kleiner ist als nach Regenerierung im Gleichstromverfahren. Diese zu verallgemeinernde Erkenntnis ist in vergleichenden Betrachtungen der beiden Regenerierverfahren bei Ionenaustauschprozessen grundsätzlich zu berücksichtigen und kann z. B. bei geringen Schlupfanforderungen zu wirtschaftlichen Vorteilen des Gleichstromverfahrens führen. Außerdem ist der komplexe Einfluß des Faktors ,,Regeneriermittelmenge“ im Ionenaustauschprozeß dargestellt.
Influence of pH on the Toxicity of Phenol and its Two Derivatives Pentachlorophenol and Dinitrophenol to Some Fresh Water Teleosts
Authors: Dalela R. C. , Rani Saroj , Rani Sarita , Verma S. R.
Published: July 2021

— The fish Colisa fasciatus, Saccobranchus fossilis and Notopterus notopterus were exposed to phenol, pentachlorophenol and dinitrophenol at four pH levels, i. e. 4.6 + 0.12, 6.0±0.14, 7.3 ±0.10 and 8.8 ±0.13, to evaluate the effect of pH on the toxicity of these chemicals.

— A change in pH from 7.3 ± 0.10 to 6.0 ± 0.14 increased toxicity to a certain degree while a change from 7.3 ± 0.10 to 4.6 ± 0.12 potentiated the toxicity of phenol, pentachlorophenol and dinitrophenol 5.05, 19.30 and 22.33 times, respectively for Notopterus notopterus, 3.59, 4.39 and 4.73 times, tespectively for Colisa fasciatus and 3.04, 4.68 and 5.85 times, respectively for Saccobranchus fossilis.

— A change in pH from 7.3 ± 0.10 to 8.8 ± 0.13 has a protective effect on the toxicities.
Using brief habit reversal and an interdependent group contingency to reducepublic‐speakingspeech disfluencies
Authors: Perrin Christopher J. , Hensel Sarah A. , Lynch Durie L. , Gallegos Lisa R. , Bell Kendall , Carpenter Kristen
Published: July 2021

This study replicated and extended previous research on the effectiveness of brief habit reversal, consisting of awareness training and competing response training (silent pause) in reducing the rate of speech disfluencies during public speaking. Nine university students, divided into 3 groups, delivered short speeches on a novel topic. Brief habit reversal combined with an interdependent group contingency resulted in a meaningful reduction in speech disfluencies with only 1 group requiring booster sessions. Relative to baseline, competing responses increased for all participants but only remained high for 1 participant following training. Reductions in speech disfluencies maintained during follow‐up when participants presented in front of a small audience.
Human health risk of mercury in street dust: A case study of children in the vicinity of compact fluorescence lamp factory, Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Phan Dinh Quang , Addai‐Arhin Sylvester , Jeong Huiho , Cahya Nugraha Willy , Viet Pham Hung , Tominaga Nobuaki , Ishibashi Yasuhiro , Arizono Koji
Published: July 2021

Urban dust has been contaminated with toxic heavy metals from various diffused sources. On August 28, 2019, the compact fluorescence lamp (CFL) factory that generates light for Rang Dong Light Source and Vacuum Flask in Hanoi City in Vietnam was accidentally fired. The assessment for Hg contamination and its human health impact 2 months after the incident was conducted in autumn 2019. The heavy Hg pollution is still found near CFL. Additionally, localized Hg pollution by air and wind direction was identified at sites in the northeast direction from CFL. Namely, in the area located downstream of the southwest monsoon wind, Hg had a trend higher than other directions. The hazard quotient (HQ) and the hazard index (HI) were evaluated by four routes of Hg exposure pathways. The HI values for children and adults in the most polluted site (Site 15) were 0.968 and 0.468, respectively. This meant that children who lived around this site and commuted to schools were the most at risk regarding the potential adverse health effects of Hg in street dust around the polluted areas. This study also showed that Hg levels were affected by wind direction and that the higher Hg levels in the most polluted sites resulted from the wind flow to the sites. This study revealed that street dust may be a useful tool for the assessment of human and environmental health.
Tranexamic acid‐loaded hemostatic nanoclay microsphere frameworks
Authors: Denry Isabelle , Nédélec Jean‐Marie , Holloway Julie A.
Published: July 2021

Fast acting topical hemostatic agents play a key role in hemorrhage control. Retarding fibrinolysis is also critical in improving coagulation, thereby expanding chances of survival. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the physical properties, loading capacity and hemostatic efficacy of newly developed nanoclay microsphere frameworks (NMFs) loaded with tranexamic acid (TA), as antifibrinolytic agent. Nanoclay compositions were prepared with increasing levels of TA. Results showed that TA was successfully incorporated into the nanoclay structure and released when solvated with ethanol. Both doped and undoped NMFs significantly decreased activated partial thromboplastin time and increased clot stiffness, which was attributed to significantly thinner fibrin fibers and a denser clot structure.
On strongly regular designs admitting fusion to strongly regular decomposition
Authors: Sankey A. D.
Published: July 2021

A strongly regular decomposition of a strongly regular graph is a partition of the vertex set into two parts on which the induced subgraphs are strongly regular, or cliques or cocliques. Strongly regular designs (srd's) as defined by D. G. Higman are coherent configurations of rank 10 with two fibers in which the homogeneous configuration on each fiber is a strongly regular graph. Haemers and Higman proved the equivalence between strongly regular decompositions, excluding special cases, and srd's with certain parameter conditions. Here we obtain this result by examining the srd's that admit a fusion to a strongly regular graph on the full vertex set. We derive equivalent conditions to Theorem 2.8 of Haemers and Higman by elementary methods. Incorporating recent works of Hanaki and Klin and Reichard, a table of feasible parameter sets for this class of srd's is presented along with a discussion of known constructions. In two cases, nonexistence is observed due to nonexistence of the strongly regular graph obtained through fusion. One of these is also ruled out by Hobart's generalized Krein conditions, applied to srd's. As strongly regular decompositions of the complete graph have sparked interest with recent papers we observe that in our situation this occurs only when the constituent graphs are also complete and the design is trivial.
Row‐column factorial designs with multiple levels
Authors: Rahim Fahim , Cavenagh Nicholas J.
Published: July 2021

An row‐column factorial design is an arrangement of the elements of a factorial design into a rectangular array. Such an array is used in experimental design, where the rows and columns can act as blocking factors. Formally, for any integer , let . The (full) factorial design with replication is the multiset consisting of occurrences of each element of ; we denote this by . A regular row‐column factorial design is an arrangement of the elements of into an array (which we say is of type ) such that for each row (column) and fixed vector position , each element of occurs times (respectively, times). Let . We show that an array of type exists if and only if (a) and ; (b) ; (c) , and (d) if then 4 divides . Godolphin showed the above is true for the case when and are powers of 2. In the case , the above implies necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a pair of mutually orthogonal frequency rectangles (or ‐rectangles) whenever each symbol occurs the same number of times in a given row or column.
Ultrastructural and histological descriptions of the oropharyngeal cavity of the rock pigeon Columba livia dakhlae with special refer to its adaptive dietary adaptations
Authors: Abumandour Mohamed M. A. , El‐Bakary Neveen E. R. , Elbealy Eman R. , El‐Kott Attalla , Morsy Kareem , Haddad Seham S. , Madkour Naglaa , Kandyel Ramadan M.
Published: July 2021

The current investigation gave a full ultrastructural and histological description of the oropharyngeal cavity of the rock‐pigeon Columba livia dakhlae. Our study carried on 10 heads of adult rock pigeons by gross, scanning, and light microscopic examination, in addition to the immunohistochemical analysis of the cytokeratin of the dorsal surface mucosa epithelium and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (PCNA) immunoreactivity. The pointed apex of the elongated tongue covered rostrally and laterally with numerous caudally directed scales‐like papillae. The dorsal surface of the apex and body was covered with numerous caudally directed scales‐like filiform papillae. The U‐shaped transverse papillary crest carried caudally directed pointed triangular conical papillae with two giant papillae. The elevated caudal area of the lingual body contains little numbers of the opening of the lingual gland. The laryngeal mound is divided into two symmetrical halves by rostral fissure and caudal laryngeal fissure into the right and left half. There were four palatine ridges: two lateral, middle, and median ridges. The choanal field bounded by the two lateral palatine ridges and containing the median choanae. The rostral part of the palatine cleft bounded laterally by a line of the small caudally directed conical papillae, while the caudal part was free from these papillae. There was a little number of taste buds in the palate. The high magnification of the rostral part of the beak is covered with directed rods‐like projections. In conclusion, the obtained results described the adaptations of the tongue and its belonged structures with the feeding demand of the rock‐pigeon.