bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of the protective role of melatonin during phosphine-induced cardiotoxicity: focus on mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis
Authors: Asghari Mohammad Hossein , Abdollahi Mohammad , de Oliveira Marcos Roberto , Nabavi Seyed Mohammad
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Acute poisoning with aluminium phosphide (AlP) is a major cause of mortality in developing countries. AlP mortality is due to cardiac dysfunction leading to cardiomyocyte death. The main mechanism is an inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase in the cardiomyocyte mitochondria, resulting in a decreased ATP production and oxidative stress. Unfortunately, the administration of exogenous drugs does not meet the desired requirements of an effective therapy. Melatonin is an amphiphilic molecule and can easily pass through all cellular compartments with the highest concentration recorded in mitochondria. It is known as a vigorous antioxidant, acting as a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Our aim is to summarize the mechanisms by which melatonin may modulate the deteriorating effects of AlP poisoning on cardiac mitochondria.

Key findings

Melatonin not only mitigates the inhibition of respiratory chain complexes, but also increases ATP generation. Moreover, it can directly inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, thus preventing apoptosis. In addition, melatonin inhibits the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to hinder caspase activation leading to cell survival.

Based on the promising effects of melatonin on mitochondria, melatonin may mitigate AlP-induced cardiotoxicity and might be potentially suggested as cardioprotective in AlP-intoxicated patients.
Population Aging and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Projections for Canada
Authors: Ouellette‐Kuntz Hélène , Martin Lynn , McKenzie Katherine
Published: December 2016

Population aging is expected to have a dramatic impact on the need for services and supports among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The expected size of the population of older adults affected remains unknown. The aims of this paper are to present methods to project the age‐structure of the adult population with intellectual and developmental disabilities 10 years into the future, apply those methods to data from Ontario, Canada, and discuss their relative merit. Two methods were used. The first method relies on knowledge of the prevalence of intellectual and developmental disabilities across age groups in a given population and the corresponding census estimates for future years for the same age groups in that population. The second method requires knowledge of the age‐structure of the adult population with intellectual and developmental disabilities as well as age‐specific mortality rates for this population. This second method was applied using two sets of available mortality rates. Projections of the number of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities 45–84 years of age over a 10‐year period vary depending on the method used. The first method suggests a moderate increase (20.5%) while the second method suggests a small increase (4.1–8.4%) in that age group. It is important to be able to critically examine methods and assumptions used when claims are made about population growth and aging in relation to intellectual and developmental disabilities. Accurate age‐specific prevalence data and detailed population‐level mortality statistics specific to intellectual and developmental disabilities are required to plan for aging‐related services.
Geographical Barriers to Mental Health Service Care Among Individuals With an Intellectual Disability in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Ramsay Hugh , Mulryan Niamh , McCallion Philip , McCarron Mary
Published: December 2016

People with an intellectual disability (ID) are more likely to experience mental health difficulties than others. The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) states that health services should be provided close to people's own communities. This article examines differences in access to psychiatry services for those with an ID according to geography, in the context of a small European country (Republic of Ireland). The sample consisted of 753 individuals aged 40 and over with ID in the Republic of Ireland, with data collected from the Intellectual Disability Supplement of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (IDS‐TILDA). The primary outcome of interest was attendance with any psychiatrist and the primary independent variables were area of residence (health service region and degree of county urbanicity). Logistic regression was used to analyze associations, unadjusted and then controlling for age group, gender and level of ID. Secondary analysis examined factors associated with anti‐psychotic prescription without psychiatrist supervision. Treatment by a psychiatrist was associated with both health region (p = 0.029) and degree of urbanicity (p = 0.015) before controlling for group differences but only the health region was significantly associated after controlling for age, gender and level of ID. Antipsychotic use without a psychiatrist was associated with degree of urbanicity (p = 0.036) but not with health service region (p = 0.989). Geographic factors are associated with access to mental health services among those with ID in the Republic of Ireland. This may be partly due to movement of people with ID away from their area of origin, highlighting the need for locally tailored specialist ID mental health teams and for further research into barriers to treatment. Additional work in other countries will further understanding of similar roles of geographic factors in mediating mental health services access.
When Funding Meets Practice: The Fate of Contemporary Therapeutic Approaches and Self‐Determination in a Consumer‐Centred Disability Funding Scheme
Authors: McDonald Myfanwy , Davis Kate , Mahar Nicole
Published: December 2016

This article highlights the potential for a consumer‐centred model of funding (the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme, or the NDIS), to undermine therapeutic approaches in Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) that facilitate self‐determination amongst young children with a disability or developmental delay and their families. This process of undermining is not intentional but a consequence of deeply held cultural assumptions regarding how health care should be delivered and assessed. The article brings together multiple “strands” of evidence and theory regarding self‐determination, disability funding, therapeutic approaches within ECI, and cultural beliefs regarding health to demonstrate how a funding model founded on the principle of self‐determination could potentially undermine a therapeutic approach that supports the very same principle. The potential for this consumer‐centred disability funding (CCDF) scheme to undermine contemporary therapeutic approaches highlights a significant challenge—how to communicate the complexity of the evidence regarding effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches to parents of children with a disability without overwhelming them, and how to ensure that this CCDF scheme facilitates informed, meaningful choices for families.
Biotic vs abiotic drivers of seedling persistence in a tropical karst forest
Authors: Lin Yi‐Ching , Comita Liza S. , Johnson Daniel J. , Chen Mei‐Ru , Wu Shu‐Hui
Published: December 2016

Question

Quantifying the duration and drivers of seedling persistence is critical for understanding seedling dynamics and species co‐existence in plant communities. In this study, we incorporated data from multiple seedling censuses to characterize patterns of seedling persistence in a tropical karst forest. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of density dependence, habitat heterogeneity and recruitment timing on seedling persistence.

Location

A tropical karst forest in Taiwan.

Methods

Using data from 144 seedling plots censused every 3 mo from 2007 to 2012, we examined persistence times of 6399 seedlings of 36 species. Seedling survival was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Mixed effects Cox models were used to identify significant biotic (i.e. initial height, conspecific and heterospecific seedling and adult densities) and abiotic (i.e. mean elevation, convexity, slope, effective soil depth and recruitment time) drivers of seedling persistence at the community, guild and species levels.

Results

At the community level, newly recruited seedlings had a median survival time of 6 mo. Median survival time was higher for seedlings in the shade‐tolerant guild compared to seedlings in the shade‐intolerant guild (9 vs 3 mo). When all species were analysed together, seedling persistence significantly increased with increasing initial size and soil depth and significantly decreased with increasing density of conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbours. Drivers of seedling persistence tended to be guild and species specific, however negative effects of conspecific seedling neighbours were consistently detected in all models, indicating strong and pervasive conspecific negative density dependence. Significant effects of recruitment time, soil depth and convexity were revealed by guild‐ and species‐specific models, suggesting abiotic niche differences.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of multiple ecological processes for seedling persistence. Both abiotic and biotic factors may play an important role in species co‐existence in this forest via niche partitioning and negative density dependence. Among these factors, negative conspecific density dependence had the strongest and most consistent effect. In addition, soil depth played a key role in shaping seedling regeneration, likely through effects of soil moisture. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the ecology of karst forests. Analysing seedling persistence in karst forest expands our general understanding of forest dynamics and species co‐existence in tropical forests as a whole, especially at sites with high spatial heterogeneity.
Ceropegia thaithongiae sp. nov. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from northern Thailand and preliminary observations on impacts of climate change on its only known population
Authors: Kidyoo Manit , Paliyavuth Chanita
Published: December 2016

A new pendulous herb, Ceropegia thaithongiae Kidyoo (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), is described from northern Thailand. This plant is strictly endemic to Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary and critically endangered owing to it living in an ecosystem affected by frequent natural disturbances. It is here described, illustrated and compared to the similar species, C. mairei. Both species have fusiform rootstocks, 1–2‐flowered cymes, deeply bifid outer corona lobes and linear, hairy inner corona lobes. However, the new species can be distinguished by its glabrous stem, leaf covered with hairs on both surfaces and glabrous corolla tube and lobes.
Weight loss and waist reduction is associated with improvement in gastroesophageal disease reflux symptoms: A longitudinal study of 15 295 subjects undergoing health checkups
Authors: Park S.‐K. , Lee T. , Yang H.‐J. , Park J. H. , Sohn C. I. , Ryu S. , Park D. I.
Published: December 2016

Background

General obesity and abdominal obesity is an established risk factor of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, the influence of weight or waist change on improvement of GERD is unclear. Our aim was to investigate if weight loss or waist reduction improves GERD symptoms and esophagitis.

Methods

A retrospective longitudinal study of 15 295 subjects who underwent gastroscopy for a health checkup and reported GERD symptoms between 2011 and 2013, and repeated a checkup until 2014 was conducted. The improvement of GERD symptoms and esophagitis according to weight loss (≥−2, −0.5 to −2 kg/m2 in body mass index [BMI]), waist reduction (≥−5, −0.1 to −0.5 cm) and baseline BMI/waist circumference (WC) categories was assessed using logistic regression.

Key Results

Weight loss or waist reduction was associated with improvement in GERD symptoms only in subjects with general or abdominal obesity. Among subjects with general obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and decreased ≥2 kg/m2 in BMI, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of improvement in GERD symptoms was 2.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.70‐2.83). Among subjects with abdominal obesity (WC ≥90 cm) and decreased ≥5 cm in WC, the corresponding OR was 2.16 (95% CI 1.56‐2.90). There was no association between weight loss or waist reduction and improvement in esophagitis.

Conclusions & Inferences

Weight loss or waist reduction was associated with improvement in GERD symptoms only in subjects with general or abdominal obesity. Weight loss or waist reduction will be an important treatment option in obese patients.
Plants anticipating rain – a challenge for modelling climate change impacts
Authors: D. Stock William
Published: December 2016

This article is a Commentary on Ryan et al., 213: 625–633.
GLANDULAR TRICHOME‐SPECIFIC WRKY 1 promotes artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua
Authors: Chen Minghui , Yan Tingxiang , Shen Qian , Lu Xu , Pan Qifang , Huang Youran , Tang Yueli , Fu Xueqing , Liu Meng , Jiang Weimin , Lv Zongyou , Shi Pu , Ma Ya‐nan , Hao Xiaolong , Zhang Lida , Li Ling , Tang Kexuan
Published: December 2016

Artemisinin is a type of sesquiterpene lactone well known as an antimalarial drug, and is specifically produced in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua. However, the regulatory network for the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway remains poorly understood. Exploration of trichome‐specific transcription factors would facilitate the elucidation of regulatory mechanism of artemisinin biosynthesis.

The WRKY transcription factor GLANDULAR TRICHOME‐SPECIFIC WRKY 1 (AaGSW1) was cloned and analysed in A. annua. AaGSW1 exhibited similar expression patterns to the trichome‐specific genes of the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway and AP2/ERF transcription factor AaORA. A β‐glucuronidase (GUS) staining assay further demonstrated that AaGSW1 is a glandular trichome‐specific transcription factor.

AaGSW1 positively regulates CYP71AV1 and AaORA expression by directly binding to the W‐box motifs in their promoters. Overexpression of AaGSW1 in A. annua significantly improves artemisinin and dihydroartemisinic acid contents; moreover, AaGSW1 can be directly regulated by AaMYC2 and AabZIP1, which are positive regulators of jasmonate (JA)‐ and abscisic acid (ABA)‐mediated artemisinin biosynthetic pathways, respectively.

These results demonstrate that AaGSW1 is a glandular trichome‐specific WRKY transcription factor and a positive regulator in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, we propose that two trifurcate feed‐forward pathways involving AaGSW1, CYP71AV1 and AaMYC2/AabZIP1 function in the JA/ABA response in A. annua.
Variants of Brugada Syndrome and Early Repolarization Syndrome: An Expanded Concept of J‐Wave Syndrome
Authors: KIM SUNG‐HWAN , NAM GI‐BYOUNG , YUN SUNG‐CHEOL , CHOI HYUNG OH , CHOI KEE‐JOON , JOUNG BOYOUNG , PAK HUI‐NAM , LEE MOON‐HYOUNG , KIM SUNG SOON , PARK SEUNG‐JUNG , ON YOUNG KEUN , KIM JUNE SOO , OH IL‐YOUNG , CHOI EUE‐KEUN , OH SEIL , CHOI YUN‐SHIK , CHOI JONG IL , PARK SANG WEON , KIM YOUNG‐HOON , OH YONG‐SEOG , LEE MAN YOUNG , LIM HONG EUY , LEE YOUNG‐SOO , CHO YONGKEUN , KIM JUN , RHEE KYOUNG‐SUK , LEE DONG‐IL , CHO DAE KYOUNG , KIM YOU‐HO
Published: December 2016

Background

The role of J‐waves in the pathogenesis of ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurring in structurally normal hearts is important.

Methods

We evaluated 127 patients who received an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) for Brugada syndrome (BS, n = 53), early repolarization syndrome (ERS, n = 24), and patients with unknown or deferred diagnosis (n = 50). Electrocardiography (ECG), clinical characteristics, and ICD data were analyzed.

Results

J‐waves were found in 27/50 patients with VF of unknown/deferred diagnosis. The J‐waves were reminiscent of those seen in BS or ERS, and this subgroup of patients was termed variants of ERS and BS (VEB). In 12 VEB patients, the J/ST/T‐wave morphology was coved, although amplitudes were <0.2 mV. In 15 patients, noncoved‐type J/ST/T‐waves were present in the right precordial leads. In the remaining 23 patients, no J‐waves were identified. VEB patients exhibited clinical characteristics similar to those of BS and ERS patients. Phenotypic transition and overlap were observed among patients with BS, ERS, and VEB. Twelve patients with BS had background inferolateral ER, while five ERS patients showed prominent right precordial J‐waves. Patients with this transient phenotype overlap showed a significantly lower shock‐free survival than the rest of the study patients.

Conclusions

VEB patients demonstrate ECG phenotype similar to but distinct from those of BS and ERS. The spectral nature of J‐wave morphology/distribution and phenotypic transition/overlap suggest a common pathophysiologic background in patients with VEB, BS, and ERS. Prognostic implication of these ECG variations requires further investigation.
Detection of epistatic and environmental interaction QTLs for leaf orientation‐related traits in maize
Authors: Shi Yong , Wang Xiaobo , Guo Shulei , Ren Zhenzhen , Ku Lixia , Zhu Yuguang , Li Guohui , Qi Jianshuang , Zhang Xin , Ren Zhaobin , Chen Yanhui
Published: December 2016

Leaf architecture traits in maize are quantitative and have been studied by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping. However, additional QTLs for these traits require mapping and the interactions between mapped QTLs require studying because of the complicated genetic nature of these traits. To detect common QTLs and to find new ones, we investigated the maize traits of leaf angle, leaf flagging‐point length, leaf length and leaf orientation value using a set of recombinant inbred line populations and single nucleotide polymorphism markers. In total, 19 QTLs contributed 4.13–13.52% of the phenotypic effects to the corresponding traits that were mapped, and their candidate genes are provided. Common and major QTLs have also been detected. All of the QTLs showed significant additive effects and non‐significant additive × environment effects in combined environments. The majority showed additive × additive epistasis effects and non‐significant QTL × environment effects under single environments. Common and major QTLs provided information for fine mapping and gene cloning, and SNP markers can be used for marker‐assisted selection breeding.
Quantitative trait loci mapping of adult‐plant resistance to leaf rust in a Fundulea 900 × ‘Thatcher’ wheat cross
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Qi Aiyong , Zhou Yue , Xia Xianchun , He Zhonghu , Li Zaifeng , Liu Daqun
Published: December 2016

Wheat leaf rust (LR), caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia triticina (Pt), is a destructive foliar disease of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. The most effective, economic means to control the disease is resistant cultivars. The Romanian wheat line Fundulea 900 showed high resistance to LR in the field. To identify the basis of resistance to LR in Fundulea 900, a population of 188 F2:3 lines from the cross Fundulea 900/‘Thatcher’ was phenotyped for LR severity during the 2010–2011, 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 cropping seasons in the field at Baoding, Hebei Province. Bulked segregant analysis and simple sequence repeat markers were used to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for LR adult‐plant resistance in the population. Three QTLs were detected and designated as QLr.hebau‐1BL, QLr.hebau‐2DS and QLr.hebau‐7DS. Based on the chromosome positions and molecular marker tests, QLr.hebau‐1BL is Lr46, and QLr.hebau‐7DS is Lr34. QLr.hebau‐2DS was derived from ‘Thatcher’ and was close to Lr22. This result suggests that Lr22b may confer residual resistance on field nurseries when challenged with isolates virulent on Lr22b, or another gene linked to Lr22b confers this resistance from ‘Thatcher’. This study confirms the value of Lr34 and Lr46 in breeding for LR resistance in China; the contribution of the QTL to chromosome 2D needs further validation.
Digital technology in fixed implant prosthodontics
Authors: Joda Tim , Ferrari Marco , Gallucci German O. , Wittneben Julia‐Gabriela , Brägger Urs
Published: December 2016

Digital protocols are increasingly influencing prosthodontic treatment concepts. Implant‐supported single‐unit and short‐span reconstructions will benefit mostly from the present digital trends. In these protocols, monolithic implant crowns connected to prefabricated titanium abutments, which are created based on data obtained from an intraoral scan followed by virtual design and production, without the need of a physical master cast, have to be considered in lieu of conventional manufacturing techniques for posterior implant restorations. No space for storage is needed in the complete digital workflow, and if a remake is required a replica of the original reconstruction can be produced quickly and inexpensively using rapid prototyping. The technological process is split into subtractive methods, such as milling or laser ablation, and additive processing, such as three‐dimensional printing and selective laser melting. The dimensions of the supra‐implant soft‐tissue architecture can be calculated in advance of implant placement, according to the morphologic copy, and consequently are individualized for each patient. All these technologies have to be considered before implementing new digital dental workflows in daily routine. The correct indication and application are prerequisite and crucial for the success of the overall therapy, and, finally, for a satisfied patient. This includes a teamwork approach and equally affects the clinician, the dental assistant and the technician as well. The digitization process has the potential to change the entire dental profession. The major benefits will be reduced production costs, improvement in time efficiency and fulfilment of patients’ perceptions of a modernized treatment concept.
Implants for elderly patients
Authors: Schimmel Martin , Müller Frauke , Suter Valérie , Buser Daniel
Published: December 2016

In the developed world, the large birth cohorts of the so‐called baby boomer generation have arrived in medical and dental practices. Often, elderly patients are ‘young‐old’ baby boomers in whom partial edentulism is the predominant indication for implant therapy. However, the generation 85+ years of age represents a new challenge for the dental profession, as their lives are frequently dominated by dependency, multimorbidity and frailty. In geriatric implant dentistry, treatment planning is highly individualized, as interindividual differences become more pronounced with age. Nevertheless, there are four typical indications for implant therapy: (i) avoidance of removable partial prostheses; (ii) preservation of existing removable partial prostheses; (iii) stabilization of Kennedy Class I removable partial prostheses; and (iv) stabilization of complete prostheses. From a surgical point of view, two very important aspects must be considered when planning implant surgery in elderly patients: first, the consistent strive to minimize morbidity; and, second, the fact that coexisting medical risk factors are significantly more common in elderly patients. Modern three‐dimensional cone beam computed tomography imaging is often indicated in order to plan minimally invasive implant surgery. Computer‐assisted implant surgery might allow flapless implant surgery, which offers a low level of postoperative morbidity and a minimal risk of postsurgical bleeding. Short and reduced‐diameter implants are now utilized much more often than a decade ago. Two‐stage surgical procedures should be avoided in elderly patients. Implant restorations for elderly patients should be designed so that they can be modified to become low‐maintenance prostheses, or even be removed, as a strategy to facilitate oral hygiene and comfort in the final stage of life.
Screw retained vs. cement retained implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis
Authors: Wittneben Julia‐Gabriela , Joda Tim , Weber Hans‐Peter , Brägger Urs
Published: December 2016

A fixed dental prosthesis can be secured to an endosseous implant via cementation (using a provisional or definitive cement) on an implant abutment that is screw retained to the implant or directly in the implant via screw retention. The clinical decision as to which retention system best suits the individual patient depends on several factors. The aim of this review is to present a detailed overview of the factors potentially influencing whether to choose screw retention or cement retention. These factors include the individual indication, advantages and disadvantages of the different retention mechanisms, the retention provided, retrievability, provisionalization, esthetics and clinical performance, including failures and complications. The results of recently published systematic reviews on this topic are discussed and an overview is provided. A decision tree is presented to facilitate the clinical selection of the retention type. This overview concludes that the choice of retention type (screw retained or cement retained) might not influence the overall survival of the implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis, but may be responsible for the development of certain complications. The decision may depend on technical feasibility and on weighing the pros and cons.
Current state of the art of computer‐guided implant surgery
Authors: D'haese Jan , Ackhurst Johan , Wismeijer Daniel , De Bruyn Hugo , Tahmaseb Ali
Published: December 2016

The invention of computerized axial tomography (now known as computerized tomography) and developments of interactive software to allow virtual planning, with the aim to guide the surgery precisely toward a specific target, has dramatically improved general, as well as oral, surgery. Virtual dental implant planning allows for a prosthetically driven approach, resulting in the best possible design of the prosthesis, better esthetics, optimized occlusion and loading. This approach has also changed the surgical paradigm of using extensive flaps to obtain a proper view of the surgical area because flapless implant surgery, with or without immediate loading, has become more predictable. Two types of guided implant surgery protocols – static and dynamic – are described in the literature. The static approach, better known as computer‐guided surgery, refers to the use of a tissue‐supported surgical template. This reproduces the virtual implant position directly from computerized tomographic data and this information can be converted to guide templates to be used during surgery, with or without raising a mucoperiosteal flap. Dynamic guided surgery, also called navigation, reproduces the virtual implant position directly from computerized tomographic data and uses motion‐tracking technology to guide the implant osteotomy preparation. As the technology developed further, different levels of evidence were presented that showed various degrees of accuracy. Several protocols for guided surgery are available in the literature and are distinguished by different guide production techniques, methods of support and drilling/placement protocols. Currently, implant planning software using cone‐beam computerized tomography data has made it possible to plan the optical implant position virtually the optimal implant position, taking the surrounding vital anatomic structures and future prosthetic requirements into consideration. This paper summarizes the evolution and ongoing trends in digital and virtual planning and in implant surgery. The purpose of this overview was to clarify the different concepts in guided surgery and their respective advantages, disadvantages and limitations. The outcome of guided surgery is assessed in terms of implant survival, precision and complications. Clinical cases are given to demonstrate briefly the workflow and clinical guidelines for safe use of these approaches.
Implant surface roughness and patient factors on long‐term peri‐implant bone loss
Authors: De Bruyn Hugo , Christiaens Véronique , Doornewaard Ron , Jacobsson Magnus , Cosyn Jan , Jacquet Wolfgang , Vervaeke Stijn
Published: December 2016

Dental implant placement is a common treatment procedure in current dental practice. High implant survival rates as well as limited peri‐implant bone loss has been achieved over the past decades due to continuous modifications of implant design and surface topography. Since the turn of the millennium, implant surface modifications have focused on stronger and faster bone healing. This has not only yielded higher implant survival rates but also allowed modifications in surgical as well as prosthetic treatment protocols such as immediate implant placement and immediate loading. Stable crestal bone levels have been considered a key factor in implant success because it is paramount for long‐term survival, aesthetics as well as peri‐implant health. Especially during the past decade, clinicians and researchers have paid much attention to peri‐implant health and more specifically to the incidence of bone loss. This could furthermore increase the risk for peri‐implantitis, the latter often diagnosed as ongoing bone loss and pocket formation beyond the normal biological range in the presence of purulence or bleeding on probing. Information on the effect of surface topography on bone loss or peri‐implantitis, a disease process that is to be evaluated in the long‐term, is also scarce. Therefore, the current narrative review discusses whether long‐term peri‐implant bone loss beyond physiological bone adaptation is affected by the surface roughness of dental implants. Based on comparative studies, evaluating implants with comparable design but different surface roughness, it can be concluded that average peri‐implant bone loss around the moderately rough and minimally rough surfaces is less than around rough surfaces. However, due to the multifactorial cause for bone loss the clinical impact of surface roughness alone on bone loss and peri‐implantitis risk seems rather limited and of minimal clinical importance. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that certain patient factors, such as a history of periodontal disease and smoking, lead to more peri‐implant bone loss.
How to get statistically significant effects in any ERP experiment (and why you shouldn't)
Authors: Luck Steven J. , Gaspelin Nicholas
Published: December 2016

ERP experiments generate massive datasets, often containing thousands of values for each participant, even after averaging. The richness of these datasets can be very useful in testing sophisticated hypotheses, but this richness also creates many opportunities to obtain effects that are statistically significant but do not reflect true differences among groups or conditions (bogus effects). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how common and seemingly innocuous methods for quantifying and analyzing ERP effects can lead to very high rates of significant but bogus effects, with the likelihood of obtaining at least one such bogus effect exceeding 50% in many experiments. We focus on two specific problems: using the grand‐averaged data to select the time windows and electrode sites for quantifying component amplitudes and latencies, and using one or more multifactor statistical analyses. Reanalyses of prior data and simulations of typical experimental designs are used to show how these problems can greatly increase the likelihood of significant but bogus results. Several strategies are described for avoiding these problems and for increasing the likelihood that significant effects actually reflect true differences among groups or conditions.
Optimal measurements of hemodynamic response latency in fNIRS using the jackknife approach
Authors: Maheux Manon , Bisaillon‐Sicotte Étienne , Tabrizi Shirin , Armony Jorge L. , Lina Jean‐Marc , Jolicoeur Pierre
Published: December 2016

Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) permits measurements of changes in the concentration of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, typically with a higher sampling rate than with other imaging methods based on the hemodynamic response. We examined the potential of the fNIRS technique to estimate variations in the latency of hemodynamic responses to experimental events and sought optimal methods to maximize the reliability and reproducibility of latency effects. We used Monte Carlo simulations using subsamples of real fNIRS measures to estimate the statistical power of different approaches (such as fixed threshold, percent of peak, fractional‐area latency, for both individual‐subject estimates and estimates from jackknife averages) to detect a known simulated latency shift. The simulations used measures of hemodynamic responses in the temporal lobe from two groups of young adult participants who listened to auditory stimuli, one with a blocked presentation design and one with an event‐related design. We estimated the relative sensitivity of different latency measures and approaches to the measurement of latency effects of different magnitudes using realistic noise and signal‐to‐noise characteristics. In general, the jackknife approach provided the greatest statistical power to detect a known latency shift, without inflation of Type I error.
Data‐driven region‐of‐interest selection without inflating Type I error rate
Authors: Brooks Joseph L. , Zoumpoulaki Alexia , Bowman Howard
Published: December 2016

In ERP and other large multidimensional neuroscience data sets, researchers often select regions of interest (ROIs) for analysis. The method of ROI selection can critically affect the conclusions of a study by causing the researcher to miss effects in the data or to detect spurious effects. In practice, to avoid inflating Type I error rate (i.e., false positives), ROIs are often based on a priori hypotheses or independent information. However, this can be insensitive to experiment‐specific variations in effect location (e.g., latency shifts) reducing power to detect effects. Data‐driven ROI selection, in contrast, is nonindependent and uses the data under analysis to determine ROI positions. Therefore, it has potential to select ROIs based on experiment‐specific information and increase power for detecting effects. However, data‐driven methods have been criticized because they can substantially inflate Type I error rate. Here, we demonstrate, using simulations of simple ERP experiments, that data‐driven ROI selection can indeed be more powerful than a priori hypotheses or independent information. Furthermore, we show that data‐driven ROI selection using the aggregate grand average from trials (AGAT), despite being based on the data at hand, can be safely used for ROI selection under many circumstances. However, when there is a noise difference between conditions, using the AGAT can inflate Type I error and should be avoided. We identify critical assumptions for use of the AGAT and provide a basis for researchers to use, and reviewers to assess, data‐driven methods of ROI localization in ERP and other studies.
Introduction to the special issue on recentering science: Replication, robustness, and reproducibility in psychophysiology
Authors: Kappenman Emily S. , Keil Andreas
Published: December 2016

In recent years, the psychological and behavioral sciences have increased efforts to strengthen methodological practices and publication standards, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the value and reproducibility of published reports. These issues are especially important in the multidisciplinary field of psychophysiology, which yields rich and complex data sets with a large number of observations. In addition, the technological tools and analysis methods available in the field of psychophysiology are continually evolving, widening the array of techniques and approaches available to researchers. This special issue presents articles detailing rigorous and systematic evaluations of tasks, measures, materials, analysis approaches, and statistical practices in a variety of subdisciplines of psychophysiology. These articles highlight challenges in conducting and interpreting psychophysiological research and provide data‐driven, evidence‐based recommendations for overcoming those challenges to produce robust, reproducible results in the field of psychophysiology.
Comparison between the AC and DC measurement of electrodermal activity
Authors: Pabst Oliver , Tronstad Christian , Grimnes Sverre , Fowles Don , Martinsen Ørjan G.
Published: December 2016

Recording electrodermal activity is a well‐accepted physiological measurement for clinical approaches and research. Historically, applying a DC (direct current) signal to the skin to measure the conductance is the most common practice for exogenous recordings. However, this method can be subject to error due to electrode polarization even with “nonpolarizing” electrodes—a problem that can be eliminated with alternating current (AC) methodology. For that reason, Boucsein et al. () called for research demonstrating an AC method that is validated by comparison to standard DC methodology. Additionally, the complex structure of human skin has electrical properties that include both resistance and capacitance, and AC recording enables the measurement of skin susceptance (associated with current flow through capacitors). Finally, AC recording permits the simultaneous recording of the endogenous skin potential. In this paper, the results from a direct comparison between both methods are presented, which has not been reported previously. The results demonstrated excellent agreement between a 20 Hz AC method and a standard DC method, supporting the validity of the AC recording methodology employed. The results also showed that an applied voltage of 0.2 V is sufficient for DC recordings.
Optimism moderates psychophysiological responses to stress in older people with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Puig‐Perez S. , Hackett R. A. , Salvador A. , Steptoe A.
Published: December 2016

Optimism is thought to be beneficial for health, and these effects may be mediated through modifications in psychophysiological stress reactivity. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with reduced cardiovascular responses to stress and heightened cortisol over the day. This study assessed the relationships between optimism, stress responsivity, and daily cortisol output in people with T2D. A total of 140 participants with T2D were exposed to laboratory stress. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and cortisol were measured throughout the session. Cortisol output over the day was also assessed. Optimism and self‐reported health were measured using the revised Life Orientation Test and the Short Form Health Survey. Optimism was associated with heightened SBP and DBP stress reactivity (ps < .047) and lower daily cortisol output (p = .04). Optimism was not related to HR, cortisol stress responses, or the cortisol awakening response (ps > .180). Low optimism was related to poorer self‐reported physical and mental health (ps < .01). Optimism could have a protective role in modulating stress‐related autonomic and neuroendocrine dysregulation in people with T2D.
Relationship‐specific Investments and Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement with Heterogeneous Suppliers
Authors: Naghavi Alireza , Peng Shin‐Kun , Tsai Yingyi
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) enforcement on multinationals' choice of input suppliers and industry profits in a host economy. The framework consists of suppliers with heterogeneous capabilities who must engage in a relation‐specific investment to customize intermediate inputs upon a transfer payment by final producers. An outsourcing contract with better technologically endowed suppliers requires a lower transfer and generates a higher surplus. Stronger IPR enforcement leads firms to self‐select into better quality suppliers on average by reducing their outside option. Weak legal institutions instead make it possible for a larger range of suppliers, including the less capable ones, to form partnerships by granting them a larger outside option. A better IPR environment is more likely to harm lagging countries where the technology distribution is characterized by less capable suppliers.
Cortical Color and the Cognitive Sciences
Authors: Brogaard Berit , Gatzia Dimitria Electra
Published: December 2016

Back when researchers thought about the various forms that color vision could take, the focus was primarily on the retinal mechanisms. Since that time, research on human color vision has shifted from an interest in retinal mechanisms to cortical color processing. This has allowed color research to provide insight into questions that are not limited to early vision but extend to cognition. Direct cortical connections from higher‐level areas to lower‐level areas have been found throughout the brain. One of the classic questions in cognitive science is whether perception is influenced, and if so to what extent, by cognition and whether a clear distinction can be drawn between perception and cognition. Since perception is seen as providing justification for our beliefs about properties in the external world, these questions also have metaphysical and epistemological significance. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the areas where research on color perception can shed new light on questions in the cognitive sciences. A further aim of the paper is to raise some questions about color research that are in dire need of further reflection and investigation.
The Effects of Guanfacine and Phenylephrine on a Spiking Neuron Model of Working Memory
Authors: Duggins Peter , Stewart Terrence C. , Choo Xuan , Eliasmith Chris
Published: December 2016

We use a spiking neural network model of working memory (WM) capable of performing the spatial delayed response task (DRT) to investigate two drugs that affect WM: guanfacine (GFC) and phenylephrine (PHE). In this model, the loss of information over time results from changes in the spiking neural activity through recurrent connections. We reproduce the standard forgetting curve and then show that this curve changes in the presence of GFC and PHE, whose application is simulated by manipulating functional, neural, and biophysical properties of the model. In particular, applying GFC causes increased activity in neurons that are sensitive to the information currently being remembered, while applying PHE leads to decreased activity in these same neurons. Interestingly, these differential effects emerge from network‐level interactions because GFC and PHE affect all neurons equally. We compare our model to both electrophysiological data from neurons in monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and to behavioral evidence from monkeys performing the DRT.
Extreme lymphocytosis with myelomonocytic morphology in a horse with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Meichner Kristina , Kraszeski Blaire H. , Durrant Jessica R. , Grindem Carol B. , Breuhaus Babetta A. , Moore Peter F. , Neel Jennifer A. , Linder Keith E. , Borst Luke B. , Fogle Jonathan E. , Tarigo Jaime L.
Published: December 2016

An 11‐year‐old, 443‐kg Haflinger mare was presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a 2‐week history of lethargy and a 3‐day duration of anorexia, pyrexia, tachycardia, and ventral edema. Severe pitting edema, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and a caudal abdominal mass were noted on physical examination. An extreme leukocytosis (154.3 × 103/μL) and microscopic hematologic findings suggestive of myelomonocytic leukemia were observed. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal gammopathy and urine protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal light chain proteinuria. Necropsy and histopathology confirmed widespread neoplastic infiltration in many organs with a heterogenous population of cells; there was no apparent evidence of bone marrow involvement. Immunohistochemistry confirmed presence of a majority of B cells with a limited antigen expression, admixed with a lower number of T cells. Molecular clonality analysis of IgH2, IgH3, and kappa‐deleting element (KDE, B cell) on whole blood and KDE on infiltrated tissues revealed clonal rearrangements, and the KDE intron clones that amplified in blood and in infiltrated tissue were identical. In contrast, the clonality analysis of T‐cell receptor γ revealed no clonality on blood cells and infiltrated tissues. In conjunction with the histopathologic changes, the lesion was interpreted to be composed of neoplastic B cells with a reactive T‐cell population. Polymerase chain reaction testing for equine herpes virus 5 was negative. The final diagnosis was diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with a marked hematogenous component.
Heparinase‐modified thromboelastography in cats
Authors: Cuq Benoît , Dunn Marilyn E. , Bédard Christian
Published: December 2016

Background

Evaluation of underlying hemostatic function is challenging when feline patients are receiving an anticoagulant medication. Discontinuing the anticoagulant to obtain accurate results for hemostatic testing may lead to thrombotic complications. The addition of heparinase to blood samples may mitigate the effects of exogenous heparin and allow hemostatic testing.

Methods

Tissue factor (TF)‐activated thromboelastography (TEG) was performed using citrated whole blood from 19 cats. Assays were performed using citrated whole blood, with and without addition of unfractionated heparin to a concentration of 0.2 U/mL. For each blood sample, TEG assays were performed using a standard cup and a heparinase‐coated cup.

Key Findings

For TEG variables R, k, α‐angle, and MA, mean values were not statistically different when citrated blood was used with standard or heparinase‐coated cups. Heparinized blood assayed in standard cups displayed a significantly increased R and k, and significantly decreased α‐angle and MA when compared to heparinized blood assayed in heparinase‐coated cups. TEG variables for heparinized blood assayed in heparinase cups was not statistically different from those of the citrated whole blood without added heparin.

Significance

Heparinase modified, TF‐activated, TEG reverses heparin effects in feline‐citrated blood.
New aspects on the efficacy of high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins in patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Mayer B. , Depré F. , Ringel F. , Salama A.
Published: December 2016

Background and Objectives

The clinical significance of autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is reflected by bleeding and/or an increased bleeding risk due to low platelet counts. In most cases, treatment with high‐dose (1–2 g/kg body weight) intravenous immunoglobulin has been demonstrated to result in an increase in platelet counts after one day of treatment. Until now, there is little information on the true beginning of therapy effect in patients treated with high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin. In this study, we focused on the kinetic of platelet counts and cessation of bleeding within the first 24 h of treatment.

Materials and methods

Nineteen patients with chronic ITP were treated with high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin due to clinically relevant bleeding and/or for increased bleeding risk.

Results

Although the response was variable in treated patients, cessation of bleeding was observed within 12 h in all such affected patients (n = 7), even in patients with platelet counts that were not increased (n = 3). Furthermore, platelet counts were observed to increase already within 1 h in 10 (53%) patients and within 8 h in 12 (63%) patients.

Conclusions

From a clinical perspective, the onset of therapeutic effects of intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with ITP may occur at an earlier stage and be superior to that previously expected. Failure to measure an increase in platelets in the circulation of ‘non‐responders’ may be explained by an increased consumption of platelets due to recognizable or unrecognizable bleeding in such affected patients.