bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bezafibrate mitigates oxidized‐low density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL)‐induced the attachment of monocytes to endothelial cells: An implication in atherosclerosis
Authors: Huang Huijun , Shen Yan
Published: July 2024

Background

Oxidized forms of low‐density lipoproteins (ox‐LDL)‐associated endothelial dysfunction and subsequent monocyte adhesion play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Bezafibrate (BEZ) is a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (pan‐PPAR) agonist licensed as a hypolipidemic drug. However, the effects of BEZ on endothelial dysfunction are less reported.

Objectives

In this study, we aim to investigate the protective effects of BEZ on ox‐LDL‐challenged vascular endothelial cells to evaluate its potential value in treating AS.

Methods

Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and THP‐1 cells were used to establish an In Vitro AS model. Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay, Real‐time PCR, Western blot analysis, and Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to test the data.

Results

As expected, treatment with BEZ suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A), tissue factor (TF), Interleukin 12 (IL‐12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1). BEZ was also found to inhibit ox‐LDL‐induced expression of the endothelial adhesion molecules vascular cellular adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) in HAECs. Correspondingly, BEZ prevented attachment of THP‐1 monocytes to ox‐LDL‐incubated HAECs. Mechanically, BEZ was found to prevent NF‐κB activation by reducing the levels of nuclear NF‐κB p65 and inhibiting luciferase activity of NF‐κB.

Conclusion

Our study revealed the pharmacological function of BEZ in protecting endothelial dysfunction against ox‐LDL, which may provide valuable insight for the clinical application of BEZ.
Future climate warming threatens coral reef function on World Heritage reefs
Authors: Quigley Kate M. , Baird Andrew H.
Published: July 2024

Climate change is the most significant threat to natural World Heritage (WH) sites, especially in the oceans. Warming has devastated marine faunas, including reef corals, kelp, and seagrass. Here, we project future declines in species and ecosystem functions across Australia's four WH coral reef regions. Model simulations estimating species‐level abundances and probabilities of ecological persistence were combined with trait space reconstructions at “present,” 2050 (+1.5°C of warming), and 2100 (+2°C) to explore biogeographical overlaps and identify key functional differences and forecast changes in function through time. Future climates varied by region, with Shark Bay projected to warm the most (>1.29°C), followed by Lord Howe, when standardized to marine park size. By 2050, ~40% of the Great Barrier Reef will exceed critical thresholds set by the warmest summer month (mean monthly maximum [MMM]), triggering mortality. Functional diversity was greatest at Ningaloo. At +1.5°C of warming, species and regions varied drastically in their functional responses, declined 20.2% in species richness (~70 extinctions) and lost functions across all reefs. At +2°C, models predicted a complete collapse of functions, consistent with IPCC forecasts. This variability suggests a bespoke management approach is needed for each region and is critical for understanding WH vulnerability to climate change, identifying thresholds, and quantifying uncertainty of impacts. This knowledge will aid in focusing management, policy and conservation actions to direct resources, rapid action, and set biodiversity targets for these reefs of global priority. As reefs reassemble into novel or different configurations, determining the winners and losers of functional space will be critical for meeting global landmark biodiversity goals.
Dominant role of the non‐forest woody vegetation in the post 2015/16 El Niño tropical carbon recovery
Authors: Fan Lei , Cui Tianxiang , Wigneron Jean‐Pierre , Ciais Philippe , Sitch Stephen , Brandt Martin , Li Xin , Niu Shuli , Xiao Xiangming , Chave Jérome , Wu Chaoyang , Li Wei , Yuan Wenping , Xing Zanpin , Li Xiaojun , Wang Mengjia , Liu Xiangzhuo , Chen Xiuzhi , Qin Yuanwei , Yang Hui , Tang Qiang , Li Yuechen , Ma Mingguo , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: July 2024

The extreme dry and hot 2015/16 El Niño episode caused large losses in tropical live aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks. Followed by climatic conditions conducive to high vegetation productivity since 2016, tropical AGC are expected to recover from large losses during the El Niño episode; however, the recovery rate and its spatial distribution remain unknown. Here, we used low‐frequency microwave satellite data to track AGC changes, and showed that tropical AGC stocks returned to pre‐El Niño levels by the end of 2020, resulting in an AGC sink of Pg C year−1 during 2014–2020. This sink was dominated by strong AGC increases ( Pg C year−1) in non‐forest woody vegetation during 2016–2020, compensating the forest AGC losses attributed to the El Niño event, forest loss, and degradation. Our findings highlight that non‐forest woody vegetation is an increasingly important contributor to interannual to decadal variability in the global carbon cycle.
Exploring Whether and How People Experiencing High Deprivation Access Diagnostic Services: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Authors: Vincent Christine , Fenge Lee‐Ann , Porter Sam , Holland Sharon
Published: July 2024

Introduction

To contribute to addressing diagnostic health inequalities in the United Kingdom, this review aimed to investigate determinants of diagnostic service use amongst people experiencing high deprivation in the United Kingdom.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted using three databases (EBSCO, Web of Science and SCOPUS) to search studies pertaining to diagnostic service use amongst people experiencing high deprivation. Search terms related to diagnostics, barriers and facilitators to access and deprivation. Articles were included if they discussed facilitators and/or barriers to diagnostic service access, contained participants' direct perspectives and focussed on individuals experiencing high deprivation in the United Kingdom. Articles were excluded if the full text was unretrievable, only abstracts were available, the research did not focus on adults experiencing high deprivation in the United Kingdom, those not including participants' direct perspectives (e.g., quantitative studies) and papers unavailable in English.

Results

Of 14,717 initial papers, 18 were included in the final review. Determinants were grouped into three themes (Beliefs and Behaviours, Emotional and Psychological Factors and Practical Factors), made up of 15 sub‐themes. These were mapped to a conceptual model, which illustrates that Beliefs and Behaviours interact with Emotional and Psychological Factors to influence Motivation to access diagnostic services. Motivation then influences and is influenced by Practical Factors, resulting in a Decision to Access or Not. This decision influences Beliefs and Behaviours and/or Emotional and Psychological Factors such that the cycle begins again.

Conclusion

Decision‐making regarding diagnostic service use for people experiencing high deprivation in the United Kingdom is complex. The conceptual model illustrates this complexity, as well as the mediative, interactive and iterative nature of the process. The model should be applied in policy and practice to enable understanding of the factors influencing access to diagnostic services and to design interventions that address identified determinants.

Patient or Public Contribution

Consulting lived experience experts was imperative in understanding whether and how the existing literature captures the lived experience of those experiencing high deprivation in South England. The model was presented to lived experience experts, who corroborated findings, highlighted significant factors for them and introduced issues that were not identified in the review.
Scoping review: Technology‐based nursing interventions for urinary incontinence for individuals 65 years and older
Authors: Gröning Rico , Schöttler Elisabeth , Michalski Stefan , Schmidt Stefan
Published: July 2024

To review and summarize the available evidence on technology‐based nursing interventions for urinary incontinence. Scoping review. A review of english and German research articles published up to April 2024 examining nursing interventions in older people (> = 65 years) was conducted. Studies were retrieved by searching the Medline electronic database via PubMed and CINAHL database. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The review followed the updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews published in 2020. Eight studies and three different types of interventions based on digital technologies were identified: sensor‐based interventions, app‐based interventions and computer‐based digital expert systems. The interventions showed positive and no effects. The studies showed a high variety in terms of study designs, settings, measurement instruments, measured outcomes and were consequently not comparable. The current research density is too low to recommend interventions. Therefore, more high‐quality studies are needed. Studies should be designed to be comparable, if possible. The definition of a core outcome set is therefore indicated. There is a research gap that should be closed by high‐quality and comparable studies so that patients can benefit from evidence‐based incontinence care in the future. Defining core outcomes can help to better compare future studies. Technology‐based interventions should be investigated specifically for older people in the future as, in addition to the potential for improved incontinence care, they also have the potential to reduce the burden on caregivers and conserve staff resources. No patient or public contribution.
Type I interferon induced during chronic viral infection favors B‐cell development in the thymus
Authors: Valbon Stefanie F , Lebel Marie‐Eve , Feldman H Alex , Condotta Stephanie A , Dong Mengqi , Giordano Daniela , Waggoner Stephen N , Melichar Heather J , Richer Martin J
Published: July 2024

Chronic viral infections cause thymic involution yet the potential for broader, longer‐term impact on thymic composition remains unexplored. Here we show that chronic, but not acute, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection promotes a unique population of immature B cells in the thymus. We show that chronic viral infection promotes signals within the thymus, including the expression of B‐cell activating factor (BAFF), that favor the maturation of this population as these cells acquire expression of CD19 and immunoglobulin M. Mechanistically, type I interferon (IFN‐I), predominantly IFNβ, signals to thymic hematopoietic cells, strongly delaying T‐cell development at the earliest precursor stage. Furthermore, IFN‐I signaling to the nonhematopoietic compartment provides a second signal essential to favor B‐cell differentiation and maturation within the thymus. Importantly, chronic infection yields changes in the B‐cell population for at least 50 days following infection, long after thymic atrophy has subsided. Thus, the inflammatory milieu induced by chronic viral infection has a profound, and long‐lasting, effect on thymic composition leading to the generation of a novel population of thymic B cells.
Effectiveness of buccal administration of dexmedetomidine and ketamine combination in paediatric dental sedation: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: El‐Rouby Sara H. , Crystal Yasmi O. , Elshafie Ahmed M. , Wahba Nadia A. , El‐Tekeya Magda M.
Published: July 2024

Background

Pain and anxiety can be considerable obstacles while treating paediatric dental patients. Moderate sedation is needed to treat uncooperative patients.

Aim

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of buccal administration of dexmedetomidine–ketamine combination versus dexmedetomidine.

Design

Fifty‐six uncooperative children were randomly assigned into two groups: Group I received buccal dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg) and ketamine (2 mg/kg) (DEX–KET), whereas Group II received buccal dexmedetomidine (4 μg/kg) (DEX). The effects of drugs were evaluated based on changes in vital signs, onset and duration of sedation, sedation level, analgesia, ease of treatment and procedural adverse effects.

Results

There were no significant differences in vital signs or sedation onset between the two groups. DEX–KET group showed shorter recovery time than DEX group (p < .0001). There were no statistically significant differences between both groups regarding sedation level at optimum sedation and during operative procedure (p = .064, p = .069 respectively). The ease of treatment was significantly better in DEX–KET group than in DEX group (p = .048). Procedural side effects and analgesic effects of the sedative drugs were comparable between both groups.

Conclusion

The combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine delivered buccally provided a better method of delivering care to uncooperative children with more rapid recovery than dexmedetomidine.
Untraded inter‐dependencies as auxiliary production factors for informal artisans in urban industrial clusters: An empirical study in Kumasi, Ghana
Authors: Takyi Godfred , Enu‐Kwesi Francis , Dinye Romanus
Published: July 2024

The concept and influence of untraded inter‐dependencies are under‐explored in the industrial cluster and informal economy literature. In this paper, we attempt to bridge this gap by extending the conventional Cobb‐Douglas production function to operationalising and testing the moderating effects of two forms of untraded inter‐dependencies in informal production. Based on the diffusion theory, we argue that knowledge‐sharing would favour informal production, as opposed to tool‐sharing. Using quantitative methods, 334 informal artisans were randomly sampled from three clusters in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana and analysed data obtained with moderating models and simple slopes plots. The tested models and fuzzy set configurations confirmed that knowledge‐sharing, but not tool‐sharing, has significant interaction effects on informal production. The optimal model derived would be one in which capital interacts with incremental knowledge‐sharing at the existing level of tool‐sharing among the artisans. This paper serves as an extension of new economic geography with an additional factor of untraded inter‐dependencies. As part of post‐COVID restoration and enhancement of informal production processes, we recommend city officials to deliberately plan and space clustered enterprises that enable the observed rates of interactions between production factors and untraded inter‐dependencies.
Annual gametogenic development of the Asiatic hard clam, Meretrix meretrix, collected from the west coast of Moheshkhali Island, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
Authors: Mia Md. Sujon , Akhter Sharmin , Yeasmine Selina , Ayesha Sumaiya Binte , Uddin M. Jasim
Published: July 2024

We investigated the annual gametogenic development of the Asiatic hard clam, Meretrix meretrix, collected from the west coast of Moheshkhali Island, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, by using biometry and histology through monthly sampling from July 2018 to June 2019. After biometric measurements, cross sections were cut for histology to determine the sex and gonadal maturity of the clams. Condition index (CI) showed two distinct peaks in July and December, which indicated that clams were ripe during these months, and a subsequent decrease in CI reflected spawning, which was consistent with histology. Our study revealed a biannual spawning cycle of the clams and gametogenesis starting in October and June. Spawning occurred from February to May and July to September. Maturity index (MI) showed two distinct peaks in July (3.50) and January (3.60) when most of the clams were in late developing or ripe stages. A gradual increase in temperature from annual minima in conjunction with decreasing salinity levels may trigger spawning in February, but spawning in July was initiated when salinity levels increased from annual minima. The data could be used by resource managers for the conservation of this commercial species and to time harvesting for the best quality clams without interrupting spawning activity.
Deciphering the tumour microenvironment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Prognostic insights from programmed death genes using machine learning
Authors: Tu Hongtao , Hu Qingwen , Ma Yuying , Huang Jinbang , Luo Honghao , Jiang Lai , Zhang Shengke , Jiang Chenglu , Lai Haotian , Liu Jie , Chen Jianyou , Guo Liwei , Yang Guanhu , Xu Ke , Chi Hao , Chen Haiqing
Published: July 2024

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), a prevalent kidney cancer form characterised by its invasiveness and heterogeneity, presents challenges in late‐stage prognosis and treatment outcomes. Programmed cell death mechanisms, crucial in eliminating cancer cells, offer substantial insights into malignant tumour diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. This study aims to provide a model based on 15 types of Programmed Cell Death‐Related Genes (PCDRGs) for evaluating immune microenvironment and prognosis in ccRCC patients. ccRCC patients from the TCGA and arrayexpress cohorts were grouped based on PCDRGs. A combination model using Lasso and SuperPC was constructed to identify prognostic gene features. The arrayexpress cohort validated the model, confirming its robustness. Immune microenvironment analysis, facilitated by PCDRGs, employed various methods, including CIBERSORT. Drug sensitivity analysis guided clinical treatment decisions. Single‐cell data enabled Programmed Cell Death‐Related scoring, subsequent pseudo‐temporal and cell–cell communication analyses. A PCDRGs signature was established using TCGA‐KIRC data. External validation in the arrayexpress cohort underscored the model's superiority over traditional clinical features. Furthermore, our single‐cell analysis unveiled the roles of PCDRG‐based single‐cell subgroups in ccRCC, both in pseudo‐temporal progression and intercellular communication. Finally, we performed CCK‐8 assay and other experiments to investigate csf2. In conclusion, these findings reveal that csf2 inhibit the growth, infiltration and movement of cells associated with renal clear cell carcinoma. This study introduces a PCDRGs prognostic model benefiting ccRCC patients while shedding light on the pivotal role of programmed cell death genes in shaping the immune microenvironment of ccRCC patients.
Erythropoietic protoporphyrias: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management
Authors: Minder Anna‐Elisabeth , Kluijver Louisa G. , Barman‐Aksözen Jasmin , Minder Elisabeth I. , Langendonk Janneke G.
Published: July 2024

The erythropoietic protoporphyrias consist of three ultra‐rare genetic disorders of the erythroid heme biosynthesis, including erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP1), X‐linked protoporphyria (XLEPP) and CLPX‐protoporphyria (EPP2), which all lead to the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in erythrocytes. Affected patients usually present from early childhood with episodes of severe phototoxic pain in the skin exposed to visible light. The quantification of PPIX in erythrocytes with a metal‐free PPIX ≥3 times the upper limit of normal confirms the diagnosis. Protoporphyria‐related complications include liver failure, gallstones, mild anaemia and vitamin D deficiency with reduced bone mineral density. The management is focused on preventing phototoxic reactions and treating the complications. Vitamin D should be supplemented, and DEXA scans in adults should be considered. In EPP1, even in cases of biochemically determined iron deficiency, supplementation of iron may stimulate PPIX production, resulting in an increase in photosensitivity and the risk of cholestatic liver disease. However, for patients with XLEPP, iron supplementation can reduce PPIX levels, phototoxicity and liver damage. Because of its rarity, there is little data on the management of EPP‐related liver disease. As a first measure, any hepatotoxins should be eliminated. Depending on the severity of the liver disease, phlebotomies, exchange transfusions and ultimately liver transplantation with subsequent haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are therapeutic options, whereby multidisciplinary management including porphyria experts is mandatory. Afamelanotide, an alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone analogue, is currently the only approved specific treatment that increases pain‐free sunlight exposure and quality of life.
Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in short‐circuit outpatient care: Is prostatic volume a limiting factor?
Authors: Maria Sánchez Rodríguez , Franco Marco , Freixa Sala Roger , Gasanz Serrano Carlos , Bernardello Ureta Mauro , Bultó Gonzalvo Ramón , Cervera Alcaide Jordi , Casanova García Carla , García Puche Mireia , Segura Alabart Maria , Areal Calama Juan José , Ágreda Castañeda Fernando
Published: July 2024

Introduction and Objectives

Our goals were to study prostatic volume as a limiting factor after HoLEP surgery with short‐circuit outpatient care (4 h) and to define other factors that affect the success of the proposed circuit.

Materials and Methods

An observational analysis and review was performed using a prospective database. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were included for patients who were scheduled for short‐circuit outpatient care (SCOC) and who underwent HoLEP between 2020 and 2023. We defined SCOC as a postoperative hospital stay of 4 h. Subjects who required more than 4 h in hospital were categorized as conventional hospital admission (CHA). A descriptive populational study was conducted, expressing the mean using a 95% confidence interval and percentages for the continuous variables. In order to analyze them, we used the Student's t‐test for the continuous variables and the chi‐squared test for the categorical variables.

Results

Sixty‐eight patients were included, 54 of which completed SCOC, which represented a success ratio of 79.5%. The mean age and prostatic volume of the whole cohort were 68.9 (±6.8) years and 79.5 (±29.1) mL, respectively. We found no significant differences in age, prostatic volume, antiplatelet drug use, indwelling bladder catheter, or applied energy among the subjects who completed SCOC and those who required CHA. No patient was presented with a complication of Grade 3 (or higher) in the modified Clavien–Dindo classification. At the six‐month follow‐up, no differences were observed in the uroflowmetry or International Prostate Symptoms Score variables.

Conclusions

Prostatic volume does not seem to be a limiting factor after undergoing HoLEP with short‐circuit outpatient care.
Cutaneous fusarium disease and leukaemias: A systematic review
Authors: Cortés‐López Paulina Nundehui , Guzmán‐Montijo Estefanía , Fuentes‐Venado Claudia Erika , Arenas Roberto , Bonifaz Alexandro , Pinto‐Almazán Rodolfo , Martínez‐Herrera Erick
Published: July 2024

The present study analyses the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with cutaneous fusarium through a systematic review of cases reported in literature. A total of 39 cases were included, of which 53% were men, 30% were women, and in 17% the sex was not specified. The age ranged from 5 to 85 years. Most cases were reported in Brazil, followed by Japan and United States of America. The most common agent was Fusarium solani, in 37.5% of the patients. Most of the affected individuals had acute myeloid leukaemia and some of the predisposing factors, which included induction chemotherapy, febrile neutropenia, and bone marrow transplantation. The clinical topography of the lesions was located in 27.5% and disseminated in 72.5%, with the most observed clinical feature outstanding the presence of papules and nodules with central necrosis in 47% of the cases. Longer survival was demonstrated in those treated with more than three antifungals. It is concluded that cutaneous fusarium is a complex and challenging clinical entity, infection in patients with leukaemias underscores the need for thorough care to decrease morbidity and mortality.
Evaluating the efficacy of few‐shot learning for GPT‐4Vision in neurodegenerative disease histopathology: A comparative analysis with convolutional neural network model
Authors: Ono Daisuke , Dickson Dennis W. , Koga Shunsuke
Published: July 2024

Aims

Recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly with large language models like GPT‐4Vision (GPT‐4V)—a derivative feature of ChatGPT—have expanded the potential for medical image interpretation. This study evaluates the accuracy of GPT‐4V in image classification tasks of histopathological images and compares its performance with a traditional convolutional neural network (CNN).

Methods

We utilised 1520 images, including haematoxylin and eosin staining and tau immunohistochemistry, from patients with various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). We assessed GPT‐4V's performance using multi‐step prompts to determine how textual context influences image interpretation. We also employed few‐shot learning to enhance improvements in GPT‐4V's diagnostic performance in classifying three specific tau lesions—astrocytic plaques, neuritic plaques and tufted astrocytes—and compared the outcomes with the CNN model YOLOv8.

Results

GPT‐4V accurately recognised staining techniques and tissue origin but struggled with specific lesion identification. The interpretation of images was notably influenced by the provided textual context, which sometimes led to diagnostic inaccuracies. For instance, when presented with images of the motor cortex, the diagnosis shifted inappropriately from AD to CBD or PSP. However, few‐shot learning markedly improved GPT‐4V's diagnostic capabilities, enhancing accuracy from 40% in zero‐shot learning to 90% with 20‐shot learning, matching the performance of YOLOv8, which required 100‐shot learning to achieve the same accuracy.

Conclusions

Although GPT‐4V faces challenges in independently interpreting histopathological images, few‐shot learning significantly improves its performance. This approach is especially promising for neuropathology, where acquiring extensive labelled datasets is often challenging.
BRIC in flux: Understanding the influence of energy policy uncertainty on foreign direct investment flows
Authors: Tabash Mosab I. , Farooq Umar , Issa Suzan Sameer
Published: July 2024

This research investigates the intricate relationship between energy policy uncertainty (EGU) and foreign direct investment (FDI) within the BRIC economies over a comprehensive 27‐year period, spanning from 1996 to 2022. Employing advanced econometric techniques such as FMOLS and DOLS for regression analysis, the study unravels the nuanced impacts of EGU on both FDI inflows (IFD) and outflows (OFD). Drawing upon a comprehensive data set, the analysis reveals a significant negative correlation between EGU and IFD, indicating that heightened energy policy uncertainties deter foreign capital from entering BRICS nations. Contrarily, the study unveils a paradoxical positive relationship between EGU and OFD, suggesting that energy policy uncertainties stimulate the outflow of FDI, reflecting the adaptive strategies of multinational corporations navigating uncertainties. The study further explores the role of government effectiveness, labour force and financial sector development, shedding light on their positive influences on IFD and negative impacts on OFD. These findings underscore the importance of effective governance, a skilled labour force, and financial sector development in attracting and retaining foreign investments. This research contributes to the literature on energy policy, governance and FDI, offering policymakers and businesses nuanced insights into crafting strategies that enhance the attractiveness of BRIC nations for foreign investments. The study's findings have implications for shaping stable energy policies, improving governance effectiveness and fostering conditions conducive to sustained economic growth and development.
Heat waves induce milkweed resistance to a specialist herbivore via increased toxicity and reduced nutrient content
Authors: López‐Goldar Xosé , Mollema Alyssa , Sivak‐Schwennesen Caz , Havko Nathan , Howe Gregg , Agrawal Anurag A. , Wetzel William C.
Published: July 2024

Over the last decade, a large effort has been made to understand how extreme climate events disrupt species interactions. Yet, it is unclear how these events affect plants and herbivores directly, via metabolic changes, and indirectly, via their subsequent altered interaction. We exposed common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) and monarch caterpillars (Danaus plexippus) to control (26:14°C, day:night) or heat wave (HW) conditions (36:24°C, day:night) for 4 days and then moved each organism to a new control or HW partner to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of heat exposure on each organism. We found that the HW directly benefited plants in terms of growth and defence expression (increased latex exudation and total cardenolides) and insect her'bivores through faster larval development. Conversely, indirect HW effects caused both plant latex and total cardenolides to decrease after subsequent herbivory. Nonetheless, increasing trends of more toxic cardenolides and lower leaf nutritional quality after herbivory by HW caterpillars likely led to reduced plant damage compared to controls. Our findings reveal that indirect impacts of HWs may play a greater role in shaping plant‐herbivore interactions via changes in key physiological traits, providing valuable understanding of how ecological interactions may proceed in a changing world.
Rice CRYPTOCHROME‐INTERACTING BASIC HELIX‐LOOP‐HELIX 1‐LIKE interacts with OsCRY2 and promotes flowering by upregulating Early heading date 1
Authors: Lee Sang‐Ji , Kim Yunjeong , Kang Kiyoon , Yoon Hyeryung , Kang Jinku , Cho Sung‐Hwan , Paek Nam‐Chon
Published: July 2024

Flowering time is a crucial adaptive response to seasonal variation in plants and is regulated by environmental cues such as photoperiod and temperature. In this study, we demonstrated the regulatory function of rice CRYPTOCHROME‐INTERACTING BASIC HELIX‐LOOP‐HELIX 1‐LIKE (OsCIBL1) in flowering time. Overexpression of OsCIB1L promoted flowering, whereas the oscib1l knockout mutation did not alter flowering time independent of photoperiodic conditions. Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue light photoreceptors that enable plants to sense photoperiodic changes. OsCIBL1 interacted with OsCRY2, a member of the rice CRY family (OsCRY1a, OsCRY1b, and OsCRY2), and bound to the Early heading date 1 (Ehd1) promoter, activating the rice‐specific Ehd1‐Heading date 3a/RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 pathway for flowering induction. Dual‐luciferase reporter assays showed that the OsCIBL1‐OsCRY2 complex required blue light to induce Ehd1 transcription. Natural alleles resulting from nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in OsCIB1L and OsCRY2 may contribute to the adaptive expansion of rice cultivation areas. These results expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling rice flowering and highlight the importance of blue light‐responsive genes in the geographic distribution of rice.
Technology‐based parent school: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cirlak Ahu , Kilicarslan Ebru
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the technology‐based parent school program.

Design

The study was conducted in the well‐child care outpatient clinic of a hospital in Turkey. Data were collected between October 31, 2022 and February 17, 2023. The parent school was prepared based on Meleis' transition theory.

Sample

Forty‐eight parents participated in the study. Parents in the intervention group participated in a 10‐week parent school program (five website modules, five online interactive group trainings, and counseling).

Measures

Data were collected before the program, after the program, and 1 month after the program.

Results

There were increases in the mean scores of the “Parent Skill Assessment Form” and “Skills Assessment Form for the Toddler Development” items in the intervention group compared to the control group. The difference between the groups in the mean scores of the Self‐Efficacy for Parenting Task Index Toddler Scale (1–3 years) was not statistically significant. However, the difference between the times was statistically significant.

Conclusion

It was concluded that the technology‐based parent school training program could guide parents with children aged 1–3 years on child‐rearing.

Trial registration

It was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov in May 2022 (NCT05370989).
Christianity and modern Japanese society: An historical overview
Authors: Tao Bo
Published: July 2024

This review article provides an overview of studies on Christianity in modern Japan, with a specific focus on works that address its social and political impact from a historical perspective. It first seeks to orient readers in the historical context within which the religion was transmitted to Japan, before delving into the notable works in the field. The scholarship indicates an evolution from an initial focus on missionary evangelism and narrowly defined church history to a more expansive outlook that encompasses the rich and complex lives of Japanese Christian leaders and their broader societal impact beyond church walls. Topics covered include Protestant missions, indigenous movements, women's education, social reform, and biographical studies. As a reflection of the author's area of interest, special attention will be paid to the case of the Christian social reformer Kagawa Toyohiko. The review will be limited to English‐language scholarship, although brief references will be made to Japanese‐language scholarship where appropriate.
Analyzing the effects of climate risk on discouraged borrowers: Deciphering the contradictory forces
Authors: Anastasiou Dimitris , Ballis Antonis , Kallandranis Christos , Lakhal Faten
Published: July 2024

We examine the impact of climate risk on discouraged borrowers among small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the eurozone, using a unique European Central Bank dataset focusing on the demand side of credit markets. We argue that two opposing channels may exist in this relationship: Either climate risk has a negative effect stemming from increased demand for sustainable or climate‐resilient projects that enhance creditworthiness, or climate risk has a positive effect arising from heightened climate uncertainty and risk aversion, leading to credit self‐rationing among SMEs. Our findings reveal that heightened climate risk prompts SMEs to self‐ration credit, leading to higher probabilities of discouraged borrowers. Our research deepens the understanding of the impact of climate risk on credit‐related decisions, stressing the need for proactive measures to integrate climate risk assessments into regulatory frameworks and lending practices. The findings underscore the vulnerability of SMEs to climate risk, emphasizing emphasizing the importance of tailored support mechanisms for economic resilience.
Exploring electron backscatter diffraction analysis as a tool for understanding stromatolite: Quantitative description of Cretaceous lacustrine stromatolite reveals formative processes and high‐resolution climatic cycles
Authors: Simonet Roda Mar , Kim Daeyeong , Brasier Alexander T. , Griesshaber Erika , Lee Jeong‐Hyun
Published: July 2024

Lacustrine stromatolites serve as important archives for recording environmental changes, and the detailed examination of their microfabrics is essential for understanding their formative processes and the environmental changes embedded within them. This study explored the application of Electron Backscatter Diffraction combined with Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy to investigate a well‐preserved middle Cretaceous lacustrine stromatolite from south‐eastern Korea, unveiling ultra‐high‐resolution sedimentary processes that are often challenging to observe using conventional methods. Two types of microsparitic layers and one type of crystalline layer are distinguished based on their texture, crystal morphology and elemental composition. Both microsparitic layers are micrometre‐thick and are characterized by poorly co‐oriented calcite grains, but differ in their composition. Type 1 is depleted in magnesium but enriched in detrital elements such as silicon and aluminium, likely originating from the trapping and binding of detrital sediments on microbial mats during rainy seasons. In contrast, type 2 is enriched in magnesium but devoid of detrital elements, interpreted to have formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate during dry seasons. The crystalline layers comprise fan‐shaped calcite crystals (ca 500 μm in length) with radiating internal structures, with their c‐axes oriented perpendicular to the stromatolite layers. These structures resemble those observed in some modern freshwater stromatolites, which are interpreted as imprints of cyanobacterial fascicules. While the cyclic occurrence of types 1 and 2 microsparitic layers might imply annual seasonal cycles, the less frequent crystalline layers are interpreted as a result of environmental changes occurring every 27 to 30 years. This is the first study to apply Electron Backscatter Diffraction to stromatolites, showcasing its potential in unravelling both the formative and diagenetic processes of ancient stromatolites.
Do firms with environmental, social, and governance reputational risk take into account board gender diversity? An analysis on a global scale
Authors: Tran Mai‐Minh‐Anh , Nguyen Ngoc‐Yen‐Chi , Quyen Nguyen‐Khanh‐Ha , Tran Phuong‐Nhu , Phan Nguyen‐Minh‐Thu , Le Anh‐Tuan
Published: July 2024

Objective

This article studies whether a firm's environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reputational risk influences board gender diversity. Besides, we are also interested in the moderating role of gender equality and country development level toward the relationship between reputational risk and board gender diversity.

Method

Using a comprehensive sample of firms from 52 countries between 2007 and 2019, we employ multiple regression with fixed effects. Our findings remain robust when using alternative measures of variables and addressing endogeneity concerns by employing a two‐stage systems generalized method of moments estimation and an instrumental variable approach.

Results

Companies with high levels of ESG reputational risk tend to add more women directors to resolve these problems. Furthermore, the empirical results point out that the positive impact of ESG reputational risk on board gender diversity is more pronounced for countries with a higher degree of gender equality or developed countries.

Conclusions

Overall, our study is the first international study to link ESG reputational risk via media channels to board gender diversity.
Greenhouse gas emissions from sandy soils amended with lime and gypsum under different initial soil pH and nitrogen sources
Authors: Ribeiro Pablo Lacerda , Hamta Zainuddin , Mühling Karl Hermann
Published: July 2024

Lime (CaCO3) application has led to an inconsistent mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from agricultural soils. In addition, only a few studies have investigated the impact of gypsum (CaSO4) on the release of GHGs. Therefore, here we investigated the impact of initial soil pH and nitrogen sources on CaSO4 and CaCO3 effectiveness in reducing the production of GHGs. We hypothesized that (i) liming presents the highest effectiveness in reducing GHGs when performed in acidic soil and under NO3−‐N fertilizer application, and (ii) application of CaSO4 is not effective in reducing GHG irrespective of the initial soil pH or nitrogen (N) source. Firstly, an incubation experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of initial soil pH using acidic soil and neutral soil amended with CaSO4 and CaCO3. Subsequently, a second incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of N source by applying calcium nitrate and urea in an acidic soil amended with CaSO4, CaCO3 and CaSO4 + CaCO3. The measured variables were soil , daily and cumulative emissions of N2O‐N, CO2‐C and CH4‐C, as well as NH4+‐N and NO3−‐N concentrations. CaCO3 did not affect N2O‐N emission under neutral soil pH, and NO3−‐N fertilizer application. However, CaCO3 increased N2O‐N release under acidic soil (+96%), and urea fertilizer application (+97%). Furthermore, CaCO3 and CaSO4 reduced CO2‐C emission from the neutral pH soil by 31%, and CaSO4 decreased the mean cumulative N2O‐N release from the soil fertilized with urea‐N by 43%. In conclusion, this study did not confirm liming as an alternative to reduce N2O‐N release under different initial soil pH and N sources. Furthermore, our results indicated that CaSO4 may decrease GHG emissions. Finally, these results suggest caution for considering liming as a strategy to mitigate N2O‐N emission from agriculture.
Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of land surface phenology in Shanxi Province from 2001 to 2020
Authors: Zhao Haipeng , Deng Xiangzheng , Wang Zehao
Published: July 2024

Land surface phenology encompasses variations in the life cycle events of plants induced by seasonal changes in environmental factors, primarily meteorological conditions. This study leverages Google Earth Engine to extract a comprehensive time series of two‐band Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI 2) from Landsat images. Utilizing relatively sparse data spanning from 2001 to 2020, a Bayesian hierarchical model is applied at a 30 m resolution to capture the continuous temporal evolution of phenology. The fitting results of this study demonstrate excellent performance, with annual correlation coefficients consistently exceeding 0.89. The findings indicate that between 2001 and 2020, the Start of Season in Shanxi advanced by an average of 0.79 days per year, the End of Season was delayed by an average of 0.83 days per year, and the Length of Season (LOS) extended by an average of 0.80 days per year. Spatial disparities in phenological periods in Shanxi are evident, with an average LOS of 192 days on 35–36° N and only 122 days on 40–41° N. Below 1200 m, phenological periods exhibit significant changes influenced by human activities, while between 1200 m and 2600 m, LOS shows a weak trend of shortening. Above 2600 m, there is a noticeable reduction in LOS. With an increasing slope, LOS increases from an average of 175 days to 187 days (>25°). This study, utilizing Shanxi as a case study, explores the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of vegetation phenology, aiming to support fine land management and enhance agricultural productivity.
Evaluation of oral herpes simplex virus shedding among solid organ transplant recipients: A pilot study
Authors: Fischer Molly D. , Green Margaret L. , Selke Stacy , Limaye Ajit P. , Wald Anna , Boeckh Michael J. , Phipps Amanda I. , Pergam Steven A. , Johnston Christine
Published: July 2024

Background

Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) frequently reactivate during immunosuppression and may be a risk factor for adverse outcomes after solid organ transplant (SOT). While suppressive antiviral therapy reduces the risk of symptomatic HSV reactivation, the kinetics of asymptomatic viral shedding with chronic immunosuppression after transplant are not well understood. We report the characteristics of oral HSV shedding among 15 HSV‐1 seropositive SOT recipients (n = 8 liver, n = 7 kidney, median age 58.5 years, median 20 months post‐transplant) who were not taking daily antiviral suppressive therapy.

Methods

Participants self‐collected oral swabs three times daily for 6 weeks for HSV quantification and recorded the presence of oral symptoms or lesions in a diary.

Results

Sample collection adherence was high (median 122 swabs/person, range: 85.7%–101.6% of expected swabs). Most participants (n = 12, 80%) experienced at least one shedding episode, with a median shedding rate of 8.9% (range: 0%–33.6%). There were 32 total shedding episodes, 24 (75%) of which occurred without symptoms or lesions. For episodes of known duration, the median length was 21.8 hrs (interquartile range: 10.8–46.1 hrs).

Conclusion

Most shedding episodes (78.1%) lasted >12 hrs, suggesting that twice‐daily sampling may be sufficient to detect most episodes. These data show that self‐collection of oral swabs is feasible for patients who have undergone SOTs and can provide insight into the frequency of oral HSV reactivation, which can be used to design future studies in this population.
Clinical approach to donor‐derived infection in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Phadke Varun K.
Published: July 2024

Donor‐derived infection is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of solid organ transplantation (SOT). Accurate and timely identification of unexpected infectious disease transmission events has implications not only for the recipient(s) experiencing infection, but also other recipients of organs or tissues from the same donor who may require additional testing or risk mitigation, as well as the broader organ transplant regulatory framework. This narrative review synthesizes data from published reports of symptomatic unexpected donor‐derived infections in SOT recipients to provide clinicians with a systematic approach to the evaluation of undifferentiated illnesses that may be of donor origin. Key reasons to consider donor‐derived infection include certain microbiologically proven infections in the recipient, especially early after transplant, characteristics of the donor or their management that suggest potential exposure to or infection with specific pathogens prior to organ procurement, and select clinical syndromes that occur in the post‐transplant period. Syndromes for which expedited consideration and evaluation of donor‐derived infection may be warranted include central nervous system infection, graft or perigraft complications developing in the absence of typical risk factors, and unexplained critical illness/sepsis syndrome in the early post‐transplant period. When embarking on an investigation of a suspected donor‐derived infection, clinicians should apply knowledge of the entire continuum of the organ procurement and transplant process to ensure unbiased and comprehensive data collection that will facilitate appropriate adjudication of these uncommon but high‐consequence events.
Canine corneal endothelial cell analysis using vital dyes and light microscopy
Authors: Soueid Yamit , Baransy Shaden , Goncharov Yulia , Keinan Yael , Sebbag Lionel
Published: July 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the use of vital dyes and light microscopy for assessing canine corneal endothelial morphology ex vivo.

Methods

The corneas of 40 canine eyes (n = 20 dogs) enucleated <24 h following euthanasia or death were isolated and flat‐mounted on a slide. Corneal endothelium was stained via 0.25% trypan blue followed by 0.5% alizarin red (pH 4.2), photographed, then the following morphological features were calculated using ImageJ: mean cell density (MCD), mean cell area (MCA), polymegathism (coefficient of variation of cell area), and pleomorphism (% hexagonality).

Results

Mean ± standard deviation (range) outcomes were: MCD, 2544 ± 541 cells/mm2 (1750–3922 cells/mm2); MCA, 431 ± 97 μm2 (251–626 μm2); polymegathism, 17 ± 2% (14%–22%); pleomorphism, 84 ± 3% (80%–90%). No significant differences (p ≥ .122) were noted for any outcome between male versus female or brachycephalic versus non‐brachycephalic dogs. Young dogs (<10 years) had lower MCA (p = .044), lower pleomorphism (p = .003), and higher MCD (p = .035) when compared to older dogs (≥10 years). Age was significantly (p ≤ .049) correlated with MCA (r = 0.467), MCD (r = −0.476), polymegathism (r = 0.444), and pleomorphism (r = 0.609).

Conclusions

The combination of vital dyes and light microscopy allowed for clear visualization and evaluation of the corneal endothelium in canine eyes ex vivo. Our findings can be used in future studies to deepen our understanding of the corneal endothelium in health and disease.