bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shelf–Open Ocean Exchange Forced by Wind Jets
Authors: Spall Michael A. , Pedlosky Joseph
Published: December 2017

The general problem of exchange from a shallow shelf across sharp topography to the deep ocean forced by narrow, cross-shelf wind jets is studied using quasigeostrophic theory and an idealized primitive equation numerical model. Interest is motivated by katabatic winds that emanate from narrow fjords in southeast Greenland, although similar topographically constrained wind jets are found throughout the world’s oceans. Because there is no net vorticity input by the wind, the circulation is largely confined to the region near the forcing. Circulation over the shelf is limited by bottom friction for weakly stratified flows, but stratification allows for much stronger upper-layer flows that are regulated by weak coupling to the lower layer. Over the sloping topography, the topographic beta effect limits the deep flow, while, for sufficient stratification, the upper-layer flow can cross the topography to connect the shelf to the open ocean. This can be an effective transport mechanism even for short, strong wind events because damping of the upper-layer flow is weak. A variety of transients are generated for an abrupt onset of winds, including short topography Rossby waves, long topographic Rossby waves, and inertial waves. Using parameters representative of southeast Greenland, katabatic wind events will force an offshore transport of O(0.4) Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) that, when considered for 2 days, will result in an offshore flux of O(5 × 1010) m3.
Republication of “A Propensity Score Matching Analysis of the Effects of Special Education Services”
Authors: Morgan Paul L. , Frisco Michelle L. , Farkas2 George , Hibel Jacob
Published: December 2017

Editor’s Note

Since the landmark enactment of Education of the Handicapped Act in 1975, special education supports and services have been provided to children with disabilities. Although costly, the intentionality of these specialized services has been to advance the educational and societal opportunities of children with disabilities as they progress to adulthood. For our republished article in this issue of JSE’s 50th anniversary volume, we have selected an article by Paul Morgan, Michelle Frisco, George Farkas, and Jacob Hibel. In this research, Morgan and his colleagues quantified the effectiveness of special education services on children’s learning and behavioral outcomes using large-scale longitudinal data. Their results challenge all education professionals to explore ways to increase the effectiveness of special education and to document research efforts that provide clear evidence that the services and supports provided to individuals with disabilities are improving the extent to which they fully experience the benefits of education and participate fully in society.
Miniaturized NIR spectroscopy for the determination of main carbohydrates in syrup
Authors: Henn Raphael , Kirchler Christian G. , Huck Christian W.
Published: December 2017

This article gives an insight into the advances of miniaturized spectrometers on their way to success dealing with the determination of main carbohydrates in syrups. To evaluate the performances of such portable spectrometers, a comparison of the prediction ability, applying Partial Least Squares Regression models, was carried out. Spectra were recorded using a commercially available handheld and a conventional benchtop spectrometer. This work shows that NIR spectroscopy (both benchtop and handheld) can be used for the determination of the main carbohydrates sucrose, glucose and fructose in syrups. Measuring these main constituents in syrups is of great importance in the producing industries. Usually, these sugars are determined via enzymatic hydrolysis with high accuracy, but this method is expensive, time- and resource-consuming. These drawbacks brought up the question of possible alternatives which, if possible, are not restricted to a laboratory environment. NIR spectroscopy fulfills those requirements and was therefore considered to be an attractive alternative for this application.
Development of a near infrared calibration model with temperature compensation using common temperature-difference spectra for determining the Brix value of intact fruits
Authors: Jannok Piyamart , Kamitani Yoshinori , Hironaka Kazunori , Shibayama Michio , Kawano Sumio
Published: December 2017

In order to create a calibration model with temperature compensation, the calibration method using the partial least squares regression based on the combined spectra measured at some different temperatures is promising. However, the method is time-consuming since it requires spectra acquisition at different temperatures. In addition, the sample quality may change during the period for the different temperature adjustment of samples. The spectra of the target fruit species of peaches, pears, and persimmons were measured at 25℃ using the interactance method. Spectra for 20℃ and 30℃ were created artificially using temperature-difference second derivative spectra from the 25℃-second derivative spectra. Then, the possibility of temperature-difference second derivative spectra of fruit(s) to create the correct 20℃ and 30℃ artificial second derivative spectra was evaluated. The temperature-difference second derivative spectra created from each target fruit species could be useful for each target fruit species while the common temperature-difference second derivative spectra created from the three target fruit species were useful for not only each target fruit species but also the other fruit species of apples. The calibration model for apples developed using the common temperature-difference second derivative spectra showed low standard error of performance and bias of 0.45°Brix and 0.09°Brix, respectively. The model could be applied well to the prediction sets of apples at 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃ with non-significant biases.
Classification of freshwater fish species by linear discriminant analysis based on near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Lv Hao , Xu Wenjie , You Juan , Xiong Shanbai
Published: December 2017

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to discriminate different species of freshwater fish samples. Samples from seven freshwater fish species of the family Cyprinidae (black carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus), grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus), silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead carp ( Aristichthys nobilis), common carp ( Cyprinus carpio), crucian ( Carassius auratus), and bream ( Parabramis pekinensis)) were scanned by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy from 1000 nm to 1799 nm. Linear discriminant analysis models were built for the classification of species. We inspected the effect of partial least square, principal component analysis, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, and fast Fourier transform on linear discriminant analysis. The results showed that the dimension reduction methods worked very well for this example. Linear discriminant analysis models which were combined with principal component analysis and fast Fourier transform could classify accurately all the samples under multiplicative scatter correction pre-processing. According to the loadings in principal component analysis, spectra wavelengths 1000, 1001, 1154, 1208, 1284, 1288, 1497, 1665, and 1770 nm were selected as effective wavelengths in linear discriminant analysis. The discriminant analysis was simplified by using effective wavelengths as independent variables in a linear discriminant analysis model. This study indicated that linear discriminant analysis combined with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy could be an effective strategy for the classification of freshwater fish species.
An alternative for the calculation of derivative spectra in the near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Antonov Liudmil
Published: December 2017

Savitzky-Golay differentiation procedure is a commonly used pre-processing technique in the near-infrared spectroscopy, being implemented in the instrumental or specialized data processing software. However, the spectra can be recorded linearly to the wavelength or energy scale depending on the available instrument, which leads to different derivative curves obtained by the Savitzky-Golay approach. The derivatives of the spectra linear to the wavelength scale tend to attenuate. A modified procedure, which avoids this problem, is described and the aim of this note is to bring this pre-processing alternative to the attention of the near-infrared specialists.
Tutorial: Items to be included in a report on a near infrared spectroscopy project
Authors: Williams Phil , Dardenne Pierre , Flinn Peter
Published: December 2017

There are nearly 40 items that should ideally be reported when an NIR (near infrared) spectroscopy project is completed, either as a report or as a scientific paper. However, in our reading of the extensive literature, many of the papers presented or published report no more than 6–10 of these. The purpose of this tutorial is to indicate all of the items and the reasons for reporting them. Most of the items that need to be reported are important for anyone who seeks to duplicate the type of application and methods reported in a peer-reviewed journal article for their own work. Practically, all of the items are significant to any worker if the eventual objective of their work is to extend it to the level of industrial application. The tutorial will summarize these items, and give some explanation for their inclusion. The tutorial should be useful to potential authors, as well as to reviewers.
Policy Challenges and Ethical Issues with the Breakthrough Technology: The Case of Synthetic Biology
Authors: Pang Samuel , Lee Sam Youl , Seul Ji Yung
Published: December 2017

Synthetic biology is an exciting field which has enormous potentials for solving various problems human beings are facing up such as genetic disease, food shortage and global warming. Many countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and China have invested heavily in this field but the negative aspect of such scientific breakthrough draws little attention. Since the harms synthetic biology can cause is not certain, it is neither safe nor proper to leave it to the hands of only experts. Currently researches on synthetic biology are being conducted without proper public discourse and consideration. One of the reasons for the lack of public discussion on synthetic biology is the speed of the development in the field. The field is innovating so fast that people have little chance to digest the consequence of such advances. Also the confusion on the definition of synthetic biology contributes to the lack of proper public discussion on the issue.

This article provides a new typology for definition of synthetic biology conceptualised by the authors and analyses the current state of synthetic biology in major countries. In addition, ethical issues associated with synthetic biology are discussed. Scientific transparency and participatory process are suggested as policy options to deal with them.
Biobanking in Estonia
Authors: Keis Aime
Published: December 2017

Estonia is a democratic, parliamentary republic with a health care system that is built on the principle of compulsory, solidarity-based insurance and the all-round availability of services of private service providers. Estonia has specific biobank legislation as well as oversight via data protection laws. Its population-based biobank, the Estonian Genome Center (EGCUT), established in 2001, is one of the largest biobanks in Europe, and its database may be used only for scientific research, public health research, and statistics. The EGCUT can issue data to a third party, but only in coded form. This comprehensive database of genotypic, phenotypic, health, and genealogical information represents about 5% of Estonia's adult population, and is the largest cohort ever gathered in Estonia. Government approval is required for international data sharing, and sharing can be further limited by the requirement of ethics approval and permission from Estonian government.
Regulating Privacy and Biobanks in the Netherlands
Authors: Hendriks Aart C. , van Hellemondt Rachèl E.
Published: December 2017

The Netherlands does not have any specific legislation pertaining to human biological materials and data collection by biobanks. Instead, these issues are governed by a patchwork of laws, codes of practices, and other ethical instruments, where special emphasis is given to the right to privacy and self-determination. While draft legislation for biobanking was scheduled to enter into force in 2007, as of mid-2015 such legislation was still under consideration, with the intent that it would focus particularly on individual self-determination, the interests of research, the use of bodily materials collected by biobanks for criminal law purposes, and dilemmas around results that are clinically relevant for biobank participants. Under the current framework, the amount of privacy protection afforded to data is linked to its level of identifiability. International sharing of personal data to non-EU/European Economic Area countries is allowed if these countries provide adequate protection.
Biobank and Genomic Research in Uganda: Are Extant Privacy and Confidentiality Regimes Adequate?
Authors: Nnamuchi Obiajulu
Published: December 2017

Not many African countries have been able to develop a robust system for regulating health research within their respective jurisdictions, particularly in the realm of biobanking and genomics. This is not without reason. Aside from underdevelopment and all that it entails or perhaps in consequence thereof, countries in the region have been unable to make significant strides in medical research. But there are exceptions. Amongst the few seeming success stories is Uganda. Nonetheless, although the country has developed what appears to be a functional framework to govern genomic research and biobanking, the consistency of key provisions with international standards, especially those pertaining to privacy of research participants and confidentiality of their health information, is not at all clear. Yet, making this determination – the main objective of this article – is critical in determining the adequacy of protection available to human research subjects in the country.
The European Union's Adequacy Approach to Privacy and International Data Sharing in Health Research
Authors: Stoddart Jennifer , Chan Benny , Joly Yann
Published: December 2017

The European Union (EU) approach to data protection consists of assessing the adequacy of the data protection offered by the laws of a particular jurisdiction against a set of principles that includes purpose limitation, transparency, quality, proportionality, security, access, and rectification. The EU's Data Protection Directive sets conditions on the transfer of data to third countries by prohibiting Member States from transferring to such countries as have been deemed inadequate in terms of the data protection regimes. In theory, each jurisdiction is evaluated similarly and must be found fully compliant with the EU's data protection principles to be considered adequate. In practice, the inconsistency with which these evaluations are made presents a hurdle to international data-sharing and makes difficult the integration of different data-sharing approaches; in the 20 years since the Directive was first adopted, the laws of only five countries from outside of the EU, Economic Area, or the European Free Trade Agreement have been deemed adequate to engage in data transfers without the need for further administrative safeguards.
Whither the “Improvement Standard”? Coverage for Severe Brain Injury afterJimmo v. Sebelius
Authors: Fins Joseph J. , Wright Megan S. , Kraft Claudia , Rogers Alix , Romani Marina B. , Godwin Samantha , Ulrich Michael R.
Published: December 2017

As improvements in neuroscience have enabled a better understanding of disorders of consciousness as well as methods to treat them, a hurdle that has become all too prevalent is the denial of coverage for treatment and rehabilitation services. In 2011, a settlement emerged from a Vermont District Court case, Jimmo v. Sebelius, which was brought to stop the use of an “improvement standard” that required tangible progress over an identifiable period of time for Medicare coverage of services. While the use of this standard can have deleterious effects on those with many chronic conditions, it is especially burdensome for those in the minimally conscious state (MCS), where improvements are unpredictable and often not manifested through repeatable overt behaviors. Though the focus of this paper is on the challenges of brain injury and the minimally conscious state, which an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 individuals suffer from in the United States, the post-Jimmo arguments presented can and should have a broad impact as envisioned by the plaintiffs who brought the case on behalf of multiple advocacy groups representing patients with a range of chronic care conditions.
How Genetics Might Affect Real Property Rights
Authors: Rothstein Mark A. , Rothstein Laura
Published: December 2017

New developments in genetics could affect a variety of real property rights. Mortgage lenders, mortgage insurers, real estate sellers, senior living centers, retirement communities, or other parties in residential real estate transactions begin requiring predictive genetic information as part of the application process. One likely use would be by retirement communities to learn an individual's genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. The federal Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination based on disability, but it is not clear that it would apply to genetic risk assessments. Only California law explicitly applies to this situation and there have been no reported cases.
Realizing Informed Consent in Times of Controversy: Lessons from the SUPPORT Study
Authors: Morse Robert J. , Wilson Robin Fretwell
Published: December 2017

This Essay examines the elegantly simple idea that consent to medical treatment or participation in human research must be “informed” to be valid. It does so by using as a case study the controversial clinical research trial known as the Surfactant, Positive Pressure, and Oxygenation Randomized Trial (“SUPPORT”). The Essay begins by charting, through case law and the adoption of the common rule, the evolution of duties to secure fully informed consent in both research and treatment. The Essay then utilizes the SUPPORT study, which sought to pinpoint the level of saturated oxygen that should be provided to extremely low birth weight infants to demonstrate modern complexities and shortcomings of the duty to secure informed consent. This Essay shows how the duty is measured by foreseeability of risks and benefits in human research and why federal regulators believed the tradeoffs in risk and benefits from differing oxygen levels administered in the support study were foreseeable. It then explores the contours of the duty to secure informed consent when applied to researchers who also serve as treating physicians, highlighting how common law duties differ in jurisdictions that apply the professional standard and those that apply the patient-centered material risk standard. This Essay provides new insight into what the law must do to make real the notion that [e]very human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his body.”
Involuntary Consent: Conditioning Access to Health Care on Participation in Clinical Trials
Authors: Yearby Ruqaiijah A.
Published: December 2017

American bioethics has served as a safety net for the rich and powerful, often failing to protect minorities and the economically disadvantaged. For example, minorities and the economically disadvantaged are often unduly influenced into participating in clinical trials that promise monetary gain or access to health care. This is a violation of the bioethical principle of “respect for persons,” which requires that informed consent for participation in clinical trials is voluntary and free of undue influence. Promises of access to health care invalidate the voluntariness of informed consent not only because it unduly induces minorities and the economically disadvantaged to participate in clinical trials to obtain access to potentially life saving health care, but it is also manipulative because some times the clinical trial is conducted by the very institutions that are denying minorities and the economically disadvantaged access to health care. To measure whether consent is voluntary and free of undue influence, federal agencies should require researchers to use the Vulnerability and Equity Impact Assessment tool, which I have created based on the Health Equity Impact Assessment tool, to determine whether minorities and the economically disadvantaged are being unduly influenced into participating in clinical trials in violation of the “respect for persons” principle.
An Assessment of the Human Subjects Protection Review Process for Exempt Research
Authors: Loe Jonathan D. , Winkelman D. Alex , Robertson Christopher T.
Published: December 2017

Medical and public health research includes surveys, interviews, and biospecimens — techniques that do not present substantial risks to subjects. Consequently, this research is exempt from regulation under the Federal Common Rule. Nevertheless, at many institutions, exempt research is frequently subject to the same regulatory process that is required for non-exempt research, requiring the consumption of time and resources for review by Institutional Review Board members or staff. The federal government has indicated an intention to reform and centralize this system, but has not yet specified the form that it will use instead. By examining the policies of the top 50 research institutions, this article assesses institutional practices surrounding exempt research, quantifies the extent of exempt-research review requirements, documents a problem of “over-compliance,” and makes recommendations for reform.
Enhanced detection of amino acids in hydrophilic interaction chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with carboxylic acids as mobile phase additives
Authors: Yin Dengyang , Hu Xunxiu , Liu Dantong , Du Wencheng , Wang Haibo , Guo Mengzhe , Tang Daoquan
Published: December 2017

Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry technique has been widely used in the analysis of biological targets such as amino acids, peptides, and proteins. In this work, eight common single carboxylic acids or diacids, which contain different pKa have been investigated as the additives to the analysis of amino acids. As the results, carboxylic acid additive can improve the signal intensity of acidity amino acids such as Asp and Glu and the chromatographic separation of basic amino acids such as Arg, His, and Lys. In particular, the diacids have better performance than single acids. The proposed mechanism is that the diacid has hydrogen bond interaction with amino acids to reduce their polarity/amphiprotic characteristics. Besides, oxalic acid has been found having better enhancement than phthalic acid by overall consideration. Therefore, we successfully quantified the 15 amino acids in Sepia bulk pharmaceutical chemical by using oxalic acid as the additive.
Neuropeptide imaging in rat spinal cord with MALDI-TOF MS: Method development for the application in pain-related disease studies
Authors: Sui Ping , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Artemenko Konstantin , Sun Wei , Bakalkin Georgy , Andersson Malin , Bergquist Jonas
Published: December 2017

Spinal cord as a connection between brain and peripheral nervous system is an essential material for studying neural transmission, especially in pain-related research. This study was the first to investigate pain-related neuropeptide distribution in rat spinal cord using a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) approach. The imaging workflow was evaluated and showed that MALDI TOF MS provides efficient resolution and robustness for neuropeptide imaging in rat spinal cord tissue. The imaging result showed that in naive rat spinal cord the molecular distribution of haeme, phosphatidylcholine, substance P and thymosin beta 4 were well in line with histological features. Three groups of pain-related neuropeptides, which are cleaved from prodynorphin, proenkephalin and protachykinin-1 proteins were detected. All these neuropeptides were found predominantly localized in the dorsal spinal cord and each group had unique distribution pattern. This study set the stage for future MALDI TOF MS application to elucidate signalling mechanism of pain-related diseases in small animal models.
Dependence of matrix effect on ionization polarity during LC–ESI–MS analysis of derivatized amino acids in some natural samples
Authors: Oldekop Maarja-Liisa , Rebane Riin , Herodes Koit
Published: December 2017

Matrix effect, the influence of co-eluting components on the ionization efficiency of the analyte, affects the trueness and precision of the LC–ESI–MS analysis. Derivatization can reduce or eliminate matrix effect, for example, diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (DEEMM) derivatives have shown less matrix effect compared to other derivatives. Moreover, the use of negative ion mode can further reduce matrix effect. In order to investigate the combination of derivatization and different ionization modes, an LC–ESI–MS/MS method using alternating positive/negative ion mode was developed and validated. The analyses in positive and negative ion modes had comparable limit of quantitation values. The influence of ESI polarity on matrix effect was investigated during the analysis of 22 DEEMM-derivatized amino acids in herbal extracts and honeys. Sample dilution approach was used for the evaluation of the presence of matrix effect. Altogether, 4 honeys and 11 herbal extracts were analyzed, and the concentrations of 22 amino acids in the samples are presented. In the positive ion mode, matrix effect was observed for several amino acid derivatives and the matrix effect was stronger in honey samples compared to the herbal extracts. The negative ion mode was free from matrix effect, with only few exceptions in honeys (average relative standard deviation over all analytes and matrices was 8%; SD = 7%). The matrix effect was eliminated in the positive ion mode by sample dilution and agreement between concentrations from the two ion modes was achieved for most amino acids. In conclusion, it was shown that the combination of derivatization and negative ion mode can be a powerful tool for minimizing matrix effect in more complicated applications.
Rapid detection of undesired cosmetic ingredients by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Ouyang Jie , An Dongli , Chen Tengteng , Lin Zhiwei
Published: December 2017

In recent years, cosmetic industry profits soared due to the widespread use of cosmetics, which resulted in illicit manufacturers and products of poor quality. Therefore, the rapid and accurate detection of the composition of cosmetics has become crucial. At present, numerous methods, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, were available for the analysis of cosmetic ingredients. However, these methods present several limitations, such as failure to perform comprehensive and rapid analysis of the samples. Compared with other techniques, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry offered the advantages of wide detection range, fast speed and high accuracy. In this article, we briefly summarized how to select a suitable matrix and adjust the appropriate laser energy. We also discussed the rapid identification of undesired ingredients, focusing on antibiotics and hormones in cosmetics.
Does Alcohol Catch the Eye? Investigating Young Adults’ Attention to Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Vincke Eveline , Vyncke Patrick
Published: December 2017

Many studies on young adults’ motivations for drinking overlook the symbolic aspects of alcohol use. However, research indicates that young adults’ alcohol consumption is also driven by signaling motivations. Although the interest of a receiver is a necessary prerequisite of a signal, no previous studies have verified whether drinking behavior indeed attracts young adults’ attention. Therefore, we conducted two studies. A two-part eye-tracking study ( N1 = 135, N2 = 140) showed that both young men and young women pay special visual attention to male and female drinking behavior. Additionally, a recall experiment ( N = 321) confirmed that observed male and female drinking is better remembered than observed nonsignaling, functional behavior. Moreover, alcoholic beverages also receive special attention, as they were recalled better than other functional products, and also nonalcoholic drinks similar in color and shape. In summary, the experiments clearly showed that male and female drinking behavior can be used as a signal, as both behaviors clearly function as an attention-attracting cue. Additionally, as alcoholic beverages draw more attention than nonalcoholic drinks, this attention is clearly linked to the alcohol element of the drinking behavior.
The effect of a running task on muscle shear elastic modulus of posterior lower leg
Authors: Ohya Shuhei , Nakamura Masatoshi , Aoki Takafumi , Suzuki Daichi , Kikumoto Takanori , Nakamura Emi , Ito Wataru , Hirabayashi Ryo , Takabayashi Tomoya , Edama Mutsuaki
Published: December 2017

Background

Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is one of the most common causes of exercise‐related leg pain in runners. Because stopping training due to pain from MTSS could decrease the athlete's competitiveness, it is necessary to construct MTSS prevention and treatment programs. However, the effect of running, which is believed to cause MTSS, on shear elastic modulus of the posterior lower leg is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 30 min of running on shear elastic modulus of the posterior lower leg in healthy subjects.

Methods

Twenty healthy males volunteered to participate in this study (age, 20.9 ± 0.6 y; height, 169.6 ± 4.5 cm; weight, 62.6 ± 5.2 kg). The shear elastic modulus of the posterior lower leg was measured using ultrasonic shear wave elastography before and immediately after a 30‐min running task.

Results

Shear elastic moduli of the flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior were significantly increased after 30 min running task. However, there were no significant changes in shear elastic moduli of the lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, peroneus longus and peroneus brevis.

Conclusion

The results suggested that the increases in shear elastic moduli of flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior after running could be a risk factor for running‐related MTSS development.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Management of Regional Lymph Nodes in Melanoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Society of Surgical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update
Authors: Wong Sandra L. , Faries Mark B. , Kennedy Erin B. , Agarwala Sanjiv S. , Akhurst Timothy J. , Ariyan Charlotte , Balch Charles M. , Berman Barry S. , Cochran Alistair , Delman Keith A. , Gorman Mark , Kirkwood John M. , Moncrieff Marc D. , Zager Jonathan S. , Lyman Gary H.
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To update the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)-Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) guideline for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in melanoma.

Methods

An ASCO-SSO panel was formed, and a systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding SLN biopsy and completion lymph node dissection (CLND) after a positive sentinel node in patients with melanoma.

Results

Nine new observational studies, two systematic reviews, and an updated randomized controlled trial of SLN biopsy, as well as two randomized controlled trials of CLND after positive SLN biopsy, were included.

Recommendations

Routine SLN biopsy is not recommended for patients with thin melanomas that are T1a (nonulcerated lesions < 0.8 mm in Breslow thickness). SLN biopsy may be considered for thin melanomas that are T1b (0.8 to 1.0 mm Breslow thickness or < 0.8 mm Breslow thickness with ulceration) after a thorough discussion with the patient of the potential benefits and risk of harms associated with the procedure. SLN biopsy is recommended for patients with intermediate-thickness melanomas (T2 or T3; Breslow thickness of > 1.0 to 4.0 mm). SLN biopsy may be recommended for patients with thick melanomas (T4; > 4.0 mm in Breslow thickness), after a discussion of the potential benefits and risks of harm. In the case of a positive SLN biopsy, CLND or careful observation are options for patients with low-risk micrometastatic disease, with due consideration of clinicopathological factors. For higher-risk patients, careful observation may be considered only after a thorough discussion with patients about the potential risks and benefits of foregoing CLND. Important qualifying statements outlining relevant clinicopathological factors and details of the reference patient populations are included within the guideline. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/melanoma-guidelines and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki .
The Effects of Biogeochemical Modification of Fe-Rich Smectite on the Fate of Pb
Authors: Koo Tae-hee , Kim Jee-young , Choi Jong-woo , Kim Jin-wook
Published: December 2017

Fe-rich smectite is ubiquitous in soil environments and closely linked to the fate and mobility of hazardous trace metals and particularly to the variations in the biogeochemical redox reactions of structural Fe that determine the sorption and desorption properties of clay minerals. The biotic/abiotic redox reactions of a Fe-rich smectite, nontronite (NAu-1), were performed at various reaction times using the Fe-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at 30°C and Na-dithionite (Na2S2O4), respectively. The extent of biotic Fe-reduction of NAu-1 after 30 days of incubation reached up to 10.7% of total Fe and the range of abiotic Fe-reduction varied from 4.9–46.6% at reaction times of 5 min, 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h. The biotically and abiotically Fe-reduced NAu-1 samples were spiked with Pb concentrations of 0.07, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg and incubated under aerobic or anaerobic conditions for 24 h.

The amounts of Pb in the supernatants were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) and Multi-collector (MC)-ICP-MS. The amounts of Pb removed from the supernatants were negatively related to the extent of Fe(III) reduction in the abiotically Fe-reduced NAu-1 samples. In contrast, less Pb (~15%) was removed from the biotically Fe-reduced NAu-1 samples with a similar extent of Fe(III) reduction. Changes in the isotopic 208/204Pb ratio indicated that the lighter 204Pb isotope was preferentially adsorbed to the NAu-1 samples with less Fe reduction and indicated that variations in the net layer charge affected isotopic fractionation. Significant differences in the 208/204Pb ratios for NAu-1 samples that were biotically Fe-reduced under anaerobic conditions were measured and indicate that the reversibility of the structural/chemical modifications that occur under redox conditions can affect Pb removal and, thus, isotope fractionation. These results collectively infer that the biogeochemical properties of clay minerals should be considered in order to understand the fate of trace metals in natural environments.
Análisis de la organización retórica de abstracts de artículos de investigación en Medicina Veterinaria
Authors: Cignetti Luciana , Guzmán María Soledad
Published: December 2017

Ha existido un difundido interés en el área de la Lingüística Aplicada en los estudios sobre géneros discursivos académicos en general, y dentro de los mismos, sobre los abstracts de artículos de investigación. Diferentes autores han estudiado la estructura retórica de abstracts de distintas disciplinas y en distintos idiomas. Sin embargo, en el campo de la Medicina Veterinaria, específicamente, no se han encontrado investigaciones al respecto. Por tal motivo, nos propusimos observar si existe una estructura retórica recurrente en abstracts de esta disciplina y si la misma se corresponde con la organización esquemática de los abstracts denominados informativos o indicativos, o si presentan una combinación de ambos (Lorés, 2004). Para ello, se realizó un estudio exploratorio a partir de un corpus de abstracts extraídos de las tres revistas de mayor factor de impacto en Medicina Veterinaria. El enfoque metodológico se basó en la descripción esquemática para el análisis de abstracts sugerido por Motta–Roth y Rabunske Hendges (1996). Los resultados indicaron que, si bien hubo un alto grado de conformidad con este modelo, la mayoría de los abstracts analizados presentó una estructura retórica IMRD, o alguna de sus variantes, lo que refleja la organización esquemática de los abstracts denominados de tipo informativo.
Estrategias discursivas en la interacción lingüística médico–paciente y médico–médico: aproximaciones desde la cortesía y la teoría de la valoración
Authors: Pérez Barajas Alan , Velasco Fuentes María Guadalupe
Published: December 2017

Mediante la presente comunicación pretendemos reflexionar acerca de las estrategias de interacción lingüística entre médicos y pacientes y las que solo se dan entre médicos donde categorías pragmático–discursivas como la cortesía, el posicionamiento del hablante y el involucramiento en las escenas verbalizadas que subyacen en el acto de consulta médica, emergen en un marco conversacional que permite examinar, desde la sociolingüística aplicada al análisis del discurso, el nivel de compromiso, gradación y actitud, como parte de un ejercicio valorativo desde la teoría de acomodación lingüística y la valoración propuestas por Martin y White, 2005; Levinson, 1987; Schilling–Estes, 2008 y Giles, Coupland, & Coupland (1991). En concreto, esta aportación pretende evidenciar no solo las distintas estrategias discursivas empleadas por unos y otros sino detectar y explicar las características que, desde un ejercicio lingüístico, los profesionales de la sociolingüística podemos ofrecer a los interesados en el acto mismo de consulta médica y sus implicaciones sociodiscursivas.
La evaluación en fragmentos narrativos incrustados en conversaciones coloquiales
Authors: Móccero Maria Leticia
Published: December 2017

En este trabajo analizamos fragmentos narrativos incrustados en conversaciones coloquiales en los que los participantes comparten información personal a la cual el interlocutor no tendría acceso de otra manera, y que implica algún tipo de riesgo o vulnerabilidad para la persona que comparte la información (self–disclosure). El corpus de esta investigación está formado por 30 fragmentos narrativos incrustados en las conversaciones que conforman el corpus E.C.Ar. (Español Coloquial de Argentina), compuesto por 60 grabaciones de encuentros entre estudiantes universitarios argentinos de entre 18 y 28 años de edad. Entendemos por fragmentos narrativos tanto aquéllos que tienen una estructura genérica (Martin, 1992) como las historias de todos los días que encontramos frecuentemente en la conversación, denominadas «historias breves» (small stories) (Bamberg, 2006, Georgakopoulou, 2007). Abordamos los textos desde una perspectiva dialógico–performativa (Riessman, 2008, Bamberg, 2012). Estos autores sostienen que los participantes en una conversación no solo intercambian información, sino que «ponen en escena» una representación de la situación que quieren narrar empleando tanto medios lingüísticos como paralingüísticos. Los resultados preliminares indican que los hablantes intentan resaltar su vulnerabilidad: se presentan como «víctimas de alguna situación y/o revelan sentimientos (nostalgia, tristeza vergüenza, enojo, entre otros). A tal fin, utilizan diferentes recursos, entre los que se cuentan distintos tipos de elementos evaluativos (léxico–gramaticales y prosódicos).
Educación afectivo-sexual de los niños y adolescentes con discapacidad intelectual
Authors: Berástegui Pedro-Viejo Ana , González M.ª Dolores
Published: December 2017

A pesar de los grandes avances en el mundo de la discapacidad intelectual (D.I.) y el conocimiento actual sobre la sexualidad, la sexualidad de las personas con discapacidad intelectual continúa siendo un tema polémico que genera muchas dudas a los profesionales y las familias. Veremos la diversidad, los componentes, y los procesos del desarrollo de la sexualidad en personas con D.I, destacando las barreras con las que se encuentran, para concluir indicando algunos apoyos familiares y educativos para superarlas.
Atención a la diversidad sexual
Authors: Torre Díaz Javier de la
Published: December 2017

La atención a la diversidad sexual en los centros de enseñanza requiere no sólo unas actuaciones concretas sino unos criterios educativos claros que integren las actuaciones a nivel individual, de aula y de centro, con el alumnado, con el profesorado y las familias. Expondremos estos criterios educativos en cuatro niveles. Un nivel de justicia, de unos mínimos morales exigibles para todos. Un nivel de crítica social y cultural que asuma la reformulación de unos roles de género más flexibles y una mayor diversidad sexual. Un nivel de acompañamiento de la construcción de las identidades sexuales que integre las distintas dimensiones de la sexualidad. Un nivel de acompañamiento educativo a las personas, a su conciencia individual, a su toma de decisiones.
Nacido en Siria
Authors: Fernández-Soto Concha , Majuelos Martínez Francisco , Pereira Domínguez Carmen
Published: December 2017

Debido a la guerra civil en Siria, en 2011, más de cuatro millones de sirios han dejado el país huyendo de la violencia. Más de la mitad de ellos son niños. Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, este hecho significa el mayor éxodo de refugiados del siglo XXI.El documental refleja el drama de los refugiados, en especial, desde el prisma de la infancia indefensa. A través de siete historias de guerra, dolorosas y desesperantes, vividas en silencio pero con afán de inocencia, valentía, esperanza y superación, entenderemos el sentido de haber nacido en Siria.Entre septiembre de 2015 y julio de 2016, se narra el viaje de estos niños desde que dejaron su país, destruido por la guerra.  Han atravesado el mar en patera hasta llegar a Turquía y luego a Serbia, Hungría, Croacia, Eslovenia, Alemania y Bélgica. Es una larga y cruda vivencia en campos de refugiados, en busca de un nuevo futuro.Nacido en Siria, nos ofrece la posibilidad de reflexionar para mejorar este conflicto humano.Además de tratar conocimientos cinematográficos, se analizan temas vinculados a los derechos humanos y valores como la convivencia pacífica.
A presença do lúdico no ensino dos modelos atômicos e sua contribuição no processo de ensino aprendizagem
Authors: Soares Emerson De Lima , Viçosa Cátia Silene Carrazoni Lopes , Taha Marli Spat , Folmer Vanderlei
Published: December 2017

Este trabalho descreve os resultados de uma atividade lúdica desenvolvida com 29 alunos de uma escola da Rede Pública da cidade de Uruguaiana/RS. O foco principal da pesquisa foi avaliar a contribuição das atividades lúdicas no processo de Ensino aprendizagem na área de Ciências da Natureza. Para tanto, trabalhamos com uma  turma de 8ª série em que abordamos o conteúdo relacionado aos modelos atômicosde forma lúdica, através da construção de maquetes dos referidos modelos. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da aplicação de pré e pósteste com perguntas relacionadas ao estudo das teorias atômicas, assim, utilizamos perguntas norteadoras para compilar os dados. Os resultados demonstram que o uso de atividades lúdicas comorecurso didático envolve os alunos na atividade e os aproxima dos conteúdos na área de Ciências da Natureza, tornando-os parte dela. Com a pesquisa concluímos ainda que, as atividades lúdicas aumentam o interesse dos alunos, a sociabilidade e são uma excelente ferramenta no auxilio ao docente.
Representaciones semióticas alrededor del concepto de función en estudiantes de ingeniería
Authors: Prada Núñez Raúl , Hernández Suárez César Augusto , Jaimes Contreras Luis Alberto
Published: December 2017

Este artículo retoma parte de una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio son las representaciones semióticas en la enseñanza alrededor del concepto de función en el cálculo diferencial. Tiene como objetivo analizar las representaciones semióticas a partir de la preferencia en los tipos de registro que adoptan los estudiantes alrededor del concepto de función en las carreras de ingeniería, específicamente, en la asignatura Cálculo Diferencial. Se toman como marco de referencia los trabajos de DUVAL (1993, 1998) y HITT (2000), los cuales evidencian favorabilidad derivada de la articulación coherentede los diversos registros de representación semiótica en los procesos de enseñanza (registro algebraico, registro gráfico, registro tabular, entre otros). La investigación se enmarca dentro de un diseño cuasi-experimental y nivel explicativo descriptivo. En los resultados encontrados se identificó que los estudiantes ingresan a la educación superior con bajo nivel conceptual de precálculo, lo que dificulta la comprensión de nuevos conceptos. Por otra parte, se evidencia que persiste el modelo de enseñanza tradicionalen el cual, como se ha mencionado en diferentes investigaciones, predomina el registroalgebraico sobre otros registros de representación, lo que, en el momento de resolver problemas rutinarios y no rutinarios, dificulta al estudiante la búsqueda de soluciones  acertadas. Se destaca que la articulación de los diversos registros de representación permite validar la teoría de DUVAL (1998), reafirmando que en la comprensión de los conceptos matemáticos no debe hacerse de manera directa, como en otras áreas, por lo que es necesario emplear distintas formas de representación y establecer una correcta conexión e intervinculación con el fin de garantizar el aprendizaje en los estudiantes.
Conteúdos ambientais no ensino de química: análise dos currículos, dos livros didáticos e matrizes de avaliação nacional no Brasil
Authors: Parga Lozano Diana Lineth
Published: December 2017

As pesquisas em educação em ciências hoje reclamam que é preciso formar sujeitos responsáveis nas ações, e críticos da realidade sócio ambiental; para isto se requer professores, organizações curriculares e avaliações que trabalhem nesta perspectiva. Assim, foi feita uma pesquisa para determinar a correspondência entre o ensino, a aprendizagem e a avaliação dos conteúdos ambientais nos currículos e livros didáticos para o ensino de química no Brasil. Fizemos uma análise de conteúdo dos parâmetros curriculares em sete livros de química e, nas provas “Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio: ENEM”. Encontramos que o ensino de química entorno aos conteúdos ambientais e as estratégias de ensino, no que tem a ver com o ambiental, nos parâmetros curriculares e na maioria de livros didáticos analisados, estão de acordo com os referenciais das pesquisas atuais em didática das ciências e na educação ambiental. Mas, nas provas de avaliação ENEM há pouco conteúdo relacionado com o ambiental, e estes poucos estão descontextualizados e se apresentam de maneira tradicional; portanto, não atendem às políticas educacionais ambientais, o que significa que há desarticulação entre o que se propõe ensinar de acordo com as políticas educacionais e o que se avalia nesta prova nacional.