bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activation of Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolytic and Kallikrein Systems during Storage of Plasma
Authors: Blombäck M. , Chmielewska J. , Netré C. , Åkerblom O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This study deals with the question of how blood coagulation, kallikrein and fibrinolytic systems are affected by storage of plasma at +6 °C. Blood was collected into citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPD) or acid citrate dextrose (ACD) and the plasma samples were stored at +6 °C for 3 5 days. Samples were taken at weekly intervals for assays of various parameters of the different systems. No significant changes were observed in the levels of the main thrombin inhibitor, antithrombin III. At the end of the storage period, however, fibrinopeptide A levels increased markedly, particularly in the ACD plasma, indicating thrombin activation. There was no change in the plasminogen level, but a decrease in the levels of antiplasmin and urokinase inhibitors and an increase in the level of the fibrinogen degradation fragment Bβ 15–42 were observed, indicating activation of the fibrinolytic system. The level of antikallikrein activity decreased sharply in ACD plasma; CPD plasma was less affected. This decrease was parallel to the increase in spontaneous proteolytic activity and correlated with the increase in fibrinopeptide A. Prolonged storage of plasma at +6°C thus resulted in the activation of coagulation, fibrinolytic and kallikrein systems and decrease in inhibitors. The activation was much more pronounced in ACD than in CPD plasma.
Transplantation of Major ABO‐Incompatible Bone Marrow Depleted of Red Cells by Hydroxyethyl Starch1
Authors: Warkentin Phyllis I. , Hilden Joanne M. , Kersey John H. , Ramsay Norma K.C. , McCullough Jeffrey
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 23 bone marrow transplant recipients whose donors where major ABO‐incompatible received marrow depleted of red cells prior to infusion utilizing gravity sedimentation in hydroxyethyl starch. The in vitro red cell‐depletion procedure effectively removed 97.8% (mean) of the red cells from the harvested marrows and preserved 86.8% of the nucleated cells and 98.2% of the CFU‐C activity in 25.4% of the original volume. All recipients had a significant quantity of isohemagglutinins of both IgM and IgG classes demonstrable in their serum at the time of the marrow infusion. Patients were premedicated and well‐hydrated prior to the infusion and tolerated the infusion well. These patients demonstrated bone marrow engraftment at the same rate as did those patients whose marrow donors were either ABO‐identical or minor ABO‐incompatible. There was no difference in the incidence of or time to development of graft versus host disease, the incidence of graft rejection, or patient survival among the groups. Recipients of red cell‐depleted major ABO‐incompatible bone marrow transplants demonstrated production of donor‐type red cells somewhat later and required slightly more red cell transfusion support that did the other groups of recipients. This red cell‐depletion technique is safe and effective in the management of major ABO‐incompatible bone marrow transplantation.
A Combination of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies in Chronic Cold Agglutinin Disease: Immunologic Studies and Response to Splenectomy
Authors: Silberstein Leslie E. , Shoenfeld Yehuda , Schwartz Robert S. , Berkman Eugene M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient with chronic cold agglutinin disease and anti‐I antibody was studied. The titer of the patient's serum at 4°C was 700 with adult I RBC, 256 with cord RBC, 256 with adult i RBC. At room temperature the titers were decreased and the serum also reacted at a titer of 4,000 with enzyme treated adult I RBC. Dithiothreitol treatment of the serum and purified antibody decreased reactivity only slightly, indicating that the antibody was IgG. The heat eluate contained 1.2 mg/ml IgG kappa, but only 80 μg/ml IgM kappa. A hybridoma made by fusing the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes with a human myeloma cell line contained only IgM kappa (30 μg/ml) anti‐I activity. The IgM fraction of the heat eluate reacted similarly to the hybridoma supernatant. The IgG fraction resembled the serum and heat eluate. In this case study, IgG kappa and IgM kappa immunoglobulins, both possessing cold agglutinin activity, were present in the patient's serum. This finding is unusual in idiopathic cold agglutinin disease and in view of the predominance of an IgG cold agglutinin, splenectomy was recommended for treatment.
Transfusion Pattern of Fresh Frozen Plasma in a Medical School Hospital
Authors: Shaikh Bahu S. , Wagar Doris , Lau Peter M. , Campbell Earl W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 364 units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) used at the Medical College of Ohio Hospital between April and July 1982 were analyzed for their pattern of use. According to the criteria developed for the survey, 33% of the units were used for blood pressure support, 34% were used for clotting support, 14% were used for the combined reasons of blood pressure and clotting support, 11% of the units were used during therapeutic pheresis, and the remaining 7% were used for unidentified reasons. 39% of the FFP were given with red blood cells. Since FFP transfusions carry potentially more serious adverse effects than albumin/plasma protein fractions, their use as volume expanders, or to reconstitute whole blood, should be discouraged.
A Comparison between Fc Receptors for IgG1 and IgG3 on Human Monocytes and Lymphocytes Using Anti‐Rh Antibodies
Authors: Zupańska Barbara , Brojer Ewa , Maślanka Krystyna , Hallberg Torgny
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a rosette assay with human erythrocytes equally sensitized with anti‐Rh antibodies, the Fc receptor‐bearing (FcR) cells are much more numerous among monocytes than among lymphocytes. FcR monocytes could be detected using IgG1 and/or IgG3 antibodies although a higher percentage of FcR cells is observed with sera containing IgG3. FcR lymphocytes are detectable almost only with sera containing IgG3 antibodies. If the anti‐Rh antibodies are restricted to IgG1 none or single FcR cells could be found. The application of mixed rosette assay with fluorescein‐stained erythrocytes sensitized with IgG3 and unstained red cells sensitized with IgG1 allowed documentation of the presence of receptors for both subclasses on monocytes as well as on lymphocytes although some differences between these cells were observed. Almost all FcR monocytes bind both IgG subclasses, although in different proportions. On the contrary, most FcR lymphocytes bind only or mainly IgG3, but receptors for IgG1 can also be detected.
Alloimmunisation to HLA Antigens following Transfusion with Leucocyte‐Poor and Purified Platelet Suspensions
Authors: Fisher Marlene , Chapman Jeremy R. , Ting Alan , Morris Peter J.
Published: March 2009

24 previously non‐transfused patients were given three transfusions of 200 times 108 platelets at 14‐day intervals. Group I (12 patients) received leucocyte‐poor platelet suspensions with a mean contamination of 15 times 106 leucocytes per transfusion. Group II (12 patients) received platelets with <5 times 106 leucocytes per transfusion. 5 patients in group I and no patients in group II developed lymphocytotoxic antibodies (p == 0.037). Platelets with fewer than 5 times 106 leucocytes did not seem to stimulate a response to major histocompatibility antigens, but with a small contaminating dose of leucocytes appeared to be highly immunogenic.
Phospholipid Dependence of Wrb Antigen Expression in Human Erythrocyte Membranes
Authors: Rearden Ann
Published: March 2009

Phospholipid depletion of human erythrocyte membranes by phospholipase A2 modification markedly decreased binding of two monoclonal antibodies to the Wrb (Wright) blood group determinant on glycophorin A. Binding of seven monoclonal antibodies to other glycophorin A determinants, including anti‐M and anti‐N, was unaffected by phospholipid depletion. These results indicate that Wrb antigen expression is phospholipid‐dependent in human erythrocyte membranes.
Transfusion Syphilis, Survival of Treponema pallidum in Stored Donorblood1
Authors: van der Sluis J.J. , ten Kate F.J.W. , Vuzevski V.D. , Kothe F.C. , Aelbers G.M.N. , van Eijk R.V.W.
Published: March 2009

The hypothesis that experimentally determined survival times of Treponema pallidum in stored donorblood could be related to the number of treponemes initially present in the treponeme‐blood mixtures was investigated by inoculating rabbits with three graded doses of treponemes suspended in donor blood and stored at 4°C for various periods of time. The storage periods up to which living treponemes could be detected in the testes of the inoculated rabbits as well as those storage periods up to which seroconversion occurred are related to the number of treponemes present in the treponeme‐blood mixtures. Increasing numbers of treponemes present in the donor blood resulted in longer periods up to which positive results in both parameters were found. All available evidence suggests that the upper limit of seroconversion coincides with the upper limit of treponemal survival. Inoculation with 5times104 treponemes per ml of donor blood resulted in a treponemal survival time of 48 h, inoculation with 1.25times106 treponemes per ml in a treponemal survival time of 72 h and inoculation with 2.5times107 treponemes per ml donor blood in a survival time of 120 h.
Effect of Various Treatments of Gamma‐Globulin (IgG) for Achieving Intravenous Tolerance on the Capacity to Interact with Human Monocyte Fc Receptors: A Comparative Study
Authors: Jungi T. W. , Santer M. , Lerch P. G. , Barandun S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Gamma‐globulins for intravenous application (IgG‐IV), processed by various methods, were tested for their ability to interact with human monocyte Fc receptors by determining the dose required to inhibit monocyte Fc receptor‐mediated rosette formation and phagocytosis by half (ID50). Since dimeric and oligomeric IgG were found to be 2–3 times and 5–15 times more potent, respectively, than monomeric IgG, the varying proportions of polymeric IgG in intact IgG‐IV were corrected for by calculation. The results of the rosette formation and phagocytosis tests were closely correlated, and insignificant differences between preparations processed by the same procedure were noted, while considerable differences were found between different procedures. The decreasing order of inhibitory activity was DEAE‐Sephadex‐treated IgG, acid‐treated IgG, plasmin‐digested IgG, polyethylene glycol(PEG)‐precipitated IgG, IgG subjected to reduction/alkylation, IgG that underwent sulfitolysis, IgG treated with β‐propiolactone, and finally pepsin‐treated IgG. Thus, while mild procedures preserve the capacity of IgG to interact with monocyte Fc receptors, chemical modification severely interferes with this important effector function.
A New Intact Immunoglobulin for Intravenous Use Stabilized by Chemically Modified Gelatin Derivatives
Authors: Tomono Tsugikazu , Ikeda Kazuyo , Suzuki Tohru
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The stabilization of human immunoglobulin (IgG) by chemically modified gelatins (Haemaccel and Gelofusine) was investigated. The gelatins prevented IgG from aggregation induced by exposure to interfaces and lyophilization. The stabilization effects of the gelatins were significantly larger than those of amino acids or sugars. These investigations led to the large‐scale production of an immunoglobulin preparation for intravenous use in the clinic. The clinical product meets the Japanese minimum requirements for immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous use, and the long‐term preservation of this new freeze‐dried preparation has demonstrated its stability.
Intravascular Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction without Detectable Antibodies: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Harrison C.R. , Hayes T.C. , Trow L.L. , Benedetto A.R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case of intravascular hemolytic transfusion reaction without detectable antibodies occurring in a 55‐year‐old male is reported. Specificity for the C antigen in the Rh system was demonstrated by technetium‐99m red cell survival studies. A cell‐mediated mechanism of hemolysis was suspected and investigated. Previously reported cases are reviewed and discussed. The entity of intravascular hemolytic transfusion reaction associated with minimal symptoms and no detectable antibodies deserves further investigation.
Pulmonary Reaction Associated with Transfusion of Plasma Containing Anti‐5b
Authors: Nordhagen Rannveig , Conradi Marius , Drömtorp Signe M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient developed an acute respiratory distress syndrome with lung infiltrates during a transfusion of plasma. The transfused plasma was shown to contain a potent leucocyte agglutinating antibody of IgG type with anti‐5b specificity, reactive with the patient's cells. A review of the literature on similar transfusion‐related syndromes showed an association with more of less well‐defined white cell antibodies, mainly in the donors' plasma. The majority of donors were multiparous women. The anti‐5b in our donor was demonstrated only by granulocyte agglutination technique, as previously described antibodies in the five system. A long incubation procedure (20–25 h) seemed to be optimal for granulocyte agglutination.
Fetomaternal Transplacental Hemorrhage during Pregnancy and after Delivery
Authors: Bowman J. M. , Pollock J. M. , Penston L. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. One third of very weakly Rh‐immunized women show no increase in their level of Rh immunization during pregnancy and after delivery. Administration of 300 μg of Rh immune globulin at 6‐week intervals does not alter the incidence of lack of progression of Rh immunization in such women. Thirty‐three Rh‐positive women who ultimately delivered ABO‐compatible babies, had Kleihauer fetal transplacental hemorrhage (TPH) screening tests carried out at 2‐week intervals during pregnancy and shortly after delivery. One third of the 33 women had no detectable TPH (8) or a TPH of 0.01 ml of fetal red cells (3). We conclude that one third of weakly Rh‐immunized women failed to show any progression of their Rh immune response during pregnancy or after delivery because they were exposed to too few fetal red cells (0.01 ml or less) to produce such a response.
Analysis of Platelet Factor 3 in Platelet Concentrates Stored for Transfusion
Authors: Bode Arthur P. , Miller David T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The amount of platelet factor 3 (PF3) activity expressed in stored platelet concentrates (PC) was measured in conjunction with extracellular LDH levels. Standard manual techniques for preparation of PC resulted in PF3 and LDH levels remarkably higher than those observed in PC prepared by apheresis or special manual plateletpheresis. During storage of PC, PF3 activity rose 2‐ to 10‐fold, while LDH levels rose <2‐fold over starting values. Loss of LDH and appearance of PF3 expressed as a percent of total per platelet were significantly correlated only in standard, manual PC. Approximately half of the PF3 activity observed in any type of PC remained in the supernatant plasma after centrifugation. Upon gel filtration, the supernatant PF3 activity eluted in a high molecular weight peak containing phosphate and light‐scattering material. Our findings indicate that platelets in standard, citrated PC express PF3 in amounts that approach that of frozen‐thawed (lysed) platelets; however, the manner in which the PF3 activity appears suggests that stored platelets undergo a combination of activation and damage processes.
A New Platelet Antigen System, Yuka/Yukb
Authors: Shibata Yoichi , Miyaji Toru , Ichikawa Yoichi , Matsuda Isao
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We report a new platelet antigen (Yukb) involved in a case of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAITP). This antigen is considered to be a product of an allele of the Yuk gene, another allele of which codes for Yuka which was involved in 2 cases of NAITP. The Yuka and Yukb antigens are not expressed on thrombasthenic platelets which suggests that these antigens are present on platelet glycoprotein IIb and/or IIIa. The gene frequencies for Yuka and Yukb in the Japanese population were estimated to be 0.0083 and 0.9917, respectively.
Fetomaternal ABO Incompatibility and Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Authors: Bowman J. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Ninety‐one of 330 fetuses undergoing intrauterine fetal transfusion (IUT) had sufficient residual fetal red cells in their cord blood samples that their ABO blood groups could be determined. Ten of the 91(11%) were ABO incompatible with their mothers. The degree of Rh disease was severe in all 10. Three were hydropic in utero; 5 had the syndrome of hepatocellular damage; in 6, IUT were required between 22 and 26 weeks gestation. The expected incidence of ABO incompatible pregnancies in which the fetuses required IUT if ABO incompatibility had no effect on severity of Rh disease, is 9.7% versus the 11% observed. ABO incompatibility has no effect on ameliorating severity of erythroblastosis after Rh immunization has developed. ABO incompatibility between mother and father should not be taken into account when making decisions regarding the management of an Rh immunized pregnancy.
In vitro Effect on Stored Red Blood Cells and Platelets after a 15‐Hour Delayed Refrigeration of Whole Blood prior to Component Preparation in CPD‐AD
Authors: Koerner K. , Sahlmen P. , Stampe D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We extended the time of keeping whole blood at 20–24 °C to 15 h (overnight) after phlebotomy for preparing platelet concentrates. We have evaluated the in vitro characteristics of platelets and blood cells prepared from whole blood drawn into CPD‐AD, an anticoagulant containing 0.4 mM adenine and 1.5 times more dextrose than CPD. We studied in vitro red cell and platelet function of blood cooled either within 4 h after collection or after a 15‐hour delay. In vitro platelet function measured as hypotonic shock reaction, aggregation response to ADP and collagen and 14C‐serotonin uptake were not significantly different after preparation and after a 5‐day storage period. Units held at room temperature for 15 h after blood collection exhibited a level of 2,3‐DPG that was 45% of that exhibited by red cells held for 15 h at 1–6 °C. All other in vitro parameters of red cell concentrates measured during 35 days of storage were not significantly different. Based on these in vitro data blood drawn into CPD‐AD might be kept up to 15 h at room temperature prior to refrigeration in order to prepare platelet concentrates.
Identification of Anti‐Lea by Platelet Complement Fixation
Authors: Ando Bunei , Ibayashi Hiroshi
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two anti‐Lea sera which were able to detect Lea antigen on platelets were identified in a screening for anti‐platelet antibodies by means of a platelet complement fixation test. These two antisera hemolyzed erythrocytes without enzyme treatment. The anti‐Lea activity could be completely absorbed by red cells, platelets and lymphocytes of Le(a+b‐) donors but not by cells from Le(a‐b+) or Le(a‐b‐) donors. The antibody activity against red cells was eliminated by treatment of the antisera with dithiothreitol, thereby suggesting that the activity resided in the IgM class of immunoglobulins. As the anti‐Lea was more reactive at 37°C than at room temperature against both red cells and platelets, we suggest that transfusion of platelets of Lea‐negative donors should be considered for patients with this type of anti‐Lea.
Weak A Phenotypes Possibly Caused by Mutation1
Authors: Kościelak J. , Lenkiewicz B. , Zielenski J. , Seyfiied H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is described in which an apparent Ay phenotype was transmitted through 2 generations. We favor a mutation of the A allele as the most likely cause of the phenotype. Activities of the serum A‐gene‐specified transferase were not detected in any of the 3 family members with the Ay phenotypes.
Heterogeneity of Lewis Antibodies. A Comparison of the Reaction of Human and Animal Reagents with Synthetic Oligosaccharides
Authors: François A. , Sansonetti N. , Mollicone R. , Pendu J. Le , Galton J. , Jaulmes B. , Oriol R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human as well as animal anti‐Lewis reagents were shown to have different binding patterns to synthetic structures chemically related to the Lewis epitopes. Two main types of cross‐reactions were found: (1) Cross‐reactions among type 1 Lewis epitopes (Lea, Leb and Lewis disaccharide). This type of cross‐reaction among different type 1 structures was predominant in anti‐Lea reagents (16 out of 18), although it was also present in some anti‐Leb reagents (4 out of 14). (2) Cross‐reactions of Lea and Leb with their type 2 isomers X and Y. The Leb‐Y cross‐reaction was more frequent (7 out of 14) than the Lea‐X cross‐reaction (2 out of 18). The serological property of some anti‐Lewis reagents reacting with cord cells (‘Lex’) is also shown to be heterogenous although probably related to common features of the type 1 Lea and Leb epitopes and independent of the type 2 X and Y epitopes.
Polyagglutination in Hospitalized Patients: A Prospective Study
Authors: Buskila D. , Levene C. , Bird G.W.G. , Levene N.A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A hospital population at high risk for red cell polyagglutination was studied prospectively in search for cryptantigen exposure. The patients included in this study suffered from: malignancies, sepsis, direct antiglobulin test (DAT) negative anemias and various combinations of these three. 238 patients were examined, and 18 of these (7.6%) were found to have exposed cryptantigens on their erythrocytes. This is an unexpectedly high percentage. Our findings suggest that cryptantigen exposure on the red cells is a more common phenomenon than previously described, especially when looked for in a carefully chosen population. The red cells of these patients are potentially polyagglutinable, and screening with lectins will ensure their pretransfusion identification and evaluation.
Intravenous Treatment with Gammaglobulin in Adults with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Review of the Literature1
Authors: Bussel J. B. , Pham L. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The results of high‐dose intravenous gammaglobulin therapy (IVGG) of adults with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were reviewed in 28 published reports which included 282 patients. Overall, 64% of the patients responded to IVGG with a peak platelet count greater than 100,000/mm3; 83% had peak platelet counts greater than 50,000/mm3. Unmodified immunoglobulin was superior to modified immunoglobulin; 70% of the patients treated with the former having platelet increases to >100,000/mm3 compared to only 49% of those treated with the latter. More patients were refractory among those who had had ITP for at least 3 years. A higher peak platelet count immediately after IVGG administration was correlated with a longer duration of the platelet response. Patients above the age of 60 tended to have a weaker response to IVGG than did younger patients, and females tended to respond better than males. A pre‐IVGG platelet count of >10,000/mm3 was not associated with a poor response to IVGG. While there is still no way to reliably predict response prior to therapy in an individual patient, the above information may help in the decision of whether or not treatment with IVGG is likely to be successful. It also suggests that inhibition of antiplatelet antibody production is an important mechanism of IVGG effect at least in some patients.
Elimination of Viruses (Human Immunodeficiency, Hepatitis B, Vesicular Stomatitis and Sindbis Viruses) from an Intravenous Immunoglobulin Preparation
Authors: Hamamoto Yoshiaki , Harada Shinji , Yamamoto Naoki , Uemura Yahiro , Goto Takashi , Suyama Tadakazu
Published: March 2009

Abstract. More than 104 plaque‐forming units (pfu)/ml of HIV are inactivated during the alcohol fractionation step from plasma to fraction (Fr)‐II+III, >104 pfu/ml is inactivated from Fr‐II+III to Fr‐II and >104 pfu/ml is inactivated during the polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation process from Fr‐II+III to intravenous IgG (IVIG). The total inactivation rate from plasma to IVIG via Fr‐II+III or Fr‐II was calculated to be greater than 108 or 1012, respectively. The PEG fractionation method produces an intact and unmodified IVIG. In addition, the PEG fractionation method at a low ionic strength was found to be effective for the elimination of greater than 105 units of other viruses, including hepatitis B, vesicular stomatitis and Sindbis viruses.
Anti‐A of Donor Lymphocyte Origin in Three Recipients of Organs from the Same Donor
Authors: Bracey Arthur W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The development of iso‐ and alloantibodies reactive with recipient red blood cells subsequent to organ transplantation is an established phenomenon. However, development of self‐reactive antibodies in multiple recipients of organs from a single donor source has only been reported in one instance involving the formation of anti‐D after transplantation. We observed the development of a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction 10 days after transplantation of a group 0 liver into a group A recipient. Serologic studies revealed a positive direct antiglobulin test due to coating of autologous A cells with anti‐A. Close follow‐up of the group A recipients of the kidneys transplanted from the same group 0 donor revealed development of hemolysis secondary to anti‐A on day 11 in one recipient and hemolysis due to anti‐A on day 13 in a second recipient. Significant anemia, a 2–3 g/dl drop in hemoglobin, occurred in both kidney recipients. These findings suggest that recipient of organs from donors whose transferred lymphocytes have produced antirecipient RBC antibodies in another recipient may be at risk for developing a similar self‐limited hemolytic episode and should be followed accordingly.
How Much Blood for the World?1
Authors: Leikola J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Based on data from 96, and estimates from 32 countries with populations of over 1 million, it was calculated that the total amount of whole blood collected annually in the world in the early 1980s was about 75 million units. Of this, one‐third was collected by Red Cross and Red Crescent blood programmes. The index of donations per 1,000 population was on average 50.2 in industrial market countries, 9.5 in middle‐income countries and 1.1 in low‐income countries. For planning purposes donation rates in relation to health services are better than the population index. It seems that roughly 10 annual donations per acute hospital bed, or 0.40 donation per patient admission to these hospitals would be sufficient to provide adequate quantitites of blood and blood products for modern haemotherapy.
A New Platelet‐Specific Alloantigen Bra
Authors: Kiefel V. , Santoso S. , Katzmann B. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera obtained from 4 mothers of children with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia contained a platelet‐specific alloantibody, anti‐Brawhich defined an antigen apparently different from all known platelet alloantigens. All 4 fathers were Brapositive, whereas all mothers were Branegative. The minimal postnatal values of platelet counts ranged from 19×109to 75×109/1. Family studies showed that the Braantigen is inherited as an autosomal, codominant trait. Its antigen frequency in the German population is 20% (21 of 105 unrelated donors were positive). The estimated gene frequency is 0.11. The antibodies were identified by a glycoprotein‐specific enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies for antigen immobilization, while they could not reliably be detected by binding assays employing whole platelets (platelet immunofluorescence, indirect competitive ELISA).
Application of a Microtitre Plate Antiglobulin Technique to Determine the Incidence of Donors Lacking High Frequency Antigens
Authors: Gale S.A. , Rowe G.P. , Northfield F.E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Approximately 65,000 random blood donors have been screened by a microtitre low ionic strength saline antiglobulin technique over a 12‐month period. Antisera to high frequency antigens including: Vel, Lub, k, Kpb, Yta and Era were used. Additional sera including: anti‐Lan, ‐Coa, ‐Sc 1 and an antibody to an unidentified high frequency antigen, Mrs C.A., have been used as they became available. This has enabled the approximate frequencies of donors lacking the corresponding antigen, to be calculated.
A New Low‐Frequency Antigen BOW (Bowyer)
Authors: Chaves M.A. , Leak M.R. , Poole J. , Giles C.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. BOW is a ‘new’ low‐frequency red‐cell antigen, detected in 2 unrelated English blood donors, that is sensitive to α‐chymotrypsin and pronase. Anti‐BOW is present in many polyspecific reagents used to define low‐frequency antigens. Red‐cell groups of the proposita, R.B., and her family show that the BOW blood group segregates independently from the ABO, Rh, MNSs, P1 and Kell blood group systems.
Development of Lymphocytotoxic and Platelet Reactive Antibodies: A Prospective Study in Patients with Acute Leukaemia
Authors: Pamphilon Derwood H. , Farrell David H. , Donaldson Craig , Raymond Paul A. , Brady Clare A. , Bradley Benjamin A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lymphocytotoxic (LCT) and platelet reactive (PR) antibody (Ab) responses were serially determined in 49 patients with acute leukaemia. LCTAb were found in 20 patients and occurred in 13 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and 7 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Four differing patterns of LCTAb responses could be defined. Thirteen of 22 subjects showed marked reduction or loss of LCTAb. Indirect platelet immunofluorescence, measured by flow cytometry, provided the most convenient means of detecting PRAb which were found in 11 subjects and generally showed moderate or weak reactivity.
New Approach to Eliminate HLA Class I Antigens from Platelet Surface without Cell Damage: Acid Treatment at pH 3.0
Authors: Kurata Yoshiyuki , Oshida Machiko , Take Hironori , Furubayashi Takayasu , Nakao Hirohisa , Tomiyama Yoshiaki , Kanayama Yoshio , Nagao Nobuo , Okubo Yasuto , Yonezawa Takeshi , Tarui Seiichiro
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new method was studied for eliminating HLA class I antigens from the surface of platelets without damaging the cells. Platelets were exposed to an acid solution (pH 3.0) to eliminate the antigenicity of HLA class I antigens. The reduction in antigenicities of HLA class I common antigen and individual HLA class I antigens by acid treatment was marked. Patients' sera which contained multispecific HLA antibodies reacted with PBS‐treated platelets, but not with acid‐treated platelets. No changes were observed in the antigenicities of glycoprotein Ib or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. The viability of acid‐treated platelets was 83%. Ultrastructural investigations revealed no significant difference between the PBS‐treated platelets and acid‐treated platelets. The platelet function studies showed that the aggregation of acid‐treated platelets induced by various agonists was only slightly reduced compared with PBS‐treated platelets.

We propose that acid‐treated platelets are promising for clinical use in patients refractory to platelet transfusions and may be superior to chloroquine‐treated platelets for analysis of the specificity of antiplatelet antibodies.
A Novel Human Alloantibody in the Gerbich System
Authors: McShane K. , Chung A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A Gerbich‐negative Leach phenotype individual was identified on the basis of distinct morphological, biochemical, and serological characteristics of her red blood cells. This individual has produced an antibody which was reactive with the various Gerbich phenotypes including Ge:‐2,3 (Yus type) and Ge:‐2,‐3 (Ge type) cells; only her own and Leach phenotype cells were non‐reactive. It is suggested that this antibody represents an example of a new specificity, one which defines the Leach phenotype, in the Gerbich system.
Further Evidence for the Presence of A Antigen on Group B Erythrocytes through the Use of Specific Exoglycosidases
Authors: Goldstein Jack , Lenny Leslie , Davies Donald , Voak Douglas
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Certain antibodies have shown the ability to detect small amounts of A antigenic structures on certain group B cells. These rare cells that reverse group as B, are designated here as B(A) cells. Among the anti‐A antibodies capable of detecting these cells are MHO4 (an IgM murine monoclonal antibody) and polyclonal anti‐A derived from blood group O donors. The latter (anti‐A, B) have been adsorbed exhaustively with normal B cells, to deplete the serum of antibodies to group B antigen. The cell specificity detected by these antibodies can be removed only by an α‐Nacetylgalactosaminidase (A‐zyme) but not by an α‐galactosidase (B‐zyme). Inhibition studies show that these reactions can be inhibited by A secretor saliva and cannot be inhibited by B secretor saliva. Moreover, papain treatment of normal group B cells not previously agglutinable with these antibodies, now causes these cells to become reactive, and this specificity, too, is removed only by A‐zyme. These results suggest that low levels of blood group A antigen are being recognized by these antibodies and that these structures can exist not only on B(A) cells but on all group B erythrocytes.
Effect of Donation Time on Platelet Concentrates and Fresh‐Frozen Plasma. An in vitro Study
Authors: Huh Yang O. , Lichtiger Benjamin , Giacco Geoffrey G. , Guinee Vincent F. , Drewinko Benjamin
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To investigate the effect of donation time on the quality of blood components, we measured the platelet count and pH on platelet concentrates, and the factor V and VIII: C levels and fibrinopeptide A concentration on fresh‐frozen plasma by duration of donation time. Platelet concentrates and fresh‐frozen plasma were classified into three groups according to donation time: group 1, less than 10 min; group 2, 10–15 min, and group 3, longer than 15 min. Mean platelet counts of platelet concentrate were: group 1, 8.6±2.5 (in x 1010), group 2, 8.1±2.6, and group 3, 6.5±3.2 (p<0.05). The same pH was maintained in all three groups. The fibrinopeptide A concentrations in groups 1 and 2 were 24±53 and 169±64 ng/ml, respectively, while in group 3 all were >200 ng/ml, indicating correlation of a higher fibrinopeptide A level with longer donation time. Although a higher fibrinopeptide A level indicated a greater degree of thrombin generation, assays of factors V and VIII: C did not show decreased activity in groups 2 and 3.
Detection of Granulocyte Antibodies Using Flow Cytometric Analysis of Leucocyte Immunofluorescence
Authors: Veys P. A. , Gutteridge C.N. , Macey M. , Ord J. , Newland A.C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antigranulocyte antibodies are involved in the pathophysiology of a number of clinical disorders, which include: febrile transfusion reactions, severe pulmonary reactions to transfusion, auto‐immune neutropenia, drug‐induced neutropenia, and iso‐immune neonatal neutropenia. Owing to the inherent difficulties of manipulating granulocytes in vitro, many of the serological techniques described for the detection of antigranulocyte antibodies are complex and sometimes difficult to reproduce. We describe the detection of alloreactive granulocyte antibodies using flow cytometric analysis of donor leucocyte suspensions in an indirect immunofluorescent test. The technique provides a semiquantitative detecion of granulocyte antibodies in two groups of patients studied and, by providing as a comparison the reactivity on the corresponding mononuclear leucocytes, allows the distinction between granulocyte‐specific antibodies and antibodies directed against the histocompatibility antigens.
Kg, a New Low‐Frequency Red Cell Antigen Responsible for Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Ichikawa Y. , Sato C. , McCreary J. , Lubenko A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hemolytic disease of the newborn in a Japanese infant led to studies which indicate that an antibody detected in the maternal serum is recognizing a hitherto unknown red cell antigen. The antigen, which we have named Kg, was found in two generations of the family and it is inherited as a Mendelian dominant character. The maternal serum failed to react with the red cells of more than 600 random Japanese blood donors, 64 red cell samples known to possess low‐frequency antigens and all but one of 75 red cell samples known to lack high‐frequency antigens without recognized low‐frequency antigens. The father's red cells were tested extensively for established low‐frequency antigens; only Dia was demonstrated and the maternal antibody was shown not to contain anti‐Dia.
Use of Frozen Neutrophils in Serological Testing
Authors: Carrington P.A. , Walsh S. E. , Houghton J. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We describe an immunofluorescence test to detect neutrophil‐specific antibodies using neutrophils fixed to a slide and frozen prior to use. In titration studies using NA1, NA2 and NB1 antisera the technique was less sensitive than the standard immunofluorescence test but did enable slides to be stored for at least 5 months with no loss of NA1, NA2 and NB1 antigens. This technique can be used as a simple alternative to neutrophil cytoplasts for the identification of neutrophil antibodies. However, its use as a screening test in neutrophil serology is limited by the occurrence of false negative reactions with weakly reactive antisera.
Management of a Severe Transfusional Problem in a Patient with Alloantibody to Kpb (K4)
Authors: Kohan A.I. , Reybaud J.F. , Salamone H.J. , Rey J.A. , Rey C.E. , Villaravid N. , Papa S. , Goldztein S. Cyrulik , Calahonra R. , Avalos J.C. Sanchez
Published: March 2009

The case of a 58‐year‐old male with severe anemia after hemicolectomy is described. The patient proved to be Kp(b–), and the serum contained anti‐Kpb. Because no Kp(b–) donors were available, two incompatible units are administered after intravenous gammaglobulin (400 mg/kg/day) and hydrocortisone (500 mg). The tolerance was good, without signs of increased red cell destruction. Pending the arrival of compatible blood from the American Red Cross, the hematocrit reached 18%, and the direct antiglobulin test remained negative.
Results of the First International Granulocyte Serology Workshop
Authors: Lucas G. F. , Carrington P. A.
Published: March 2009

Eleven laboratories paticipated in the First International Workshop of Granulocyte Serology. Participants were asked to identify any granulocyte‐reactive antibodies present in 12 human sera distributed as unknown samples. Granulocyte immunofluorescence and granulocyte micro‐agglutination were the most commonly used techniques. The incidence of false‐positive and false‐negative reactions was 15 and 4%, respectively. Most laboratories were able to distinguish between granulocyte‐specific and anti‐HLA antibodies using platelet absorption. The identification of the specificity of granulocyte‐specific antibodies caused the most problems; these were correctly identified on only 57% of occasions.
Alternative Fuels for Platelet Storage: A Metabolic Study
Authors: Guppy M. , Whisson M. E. , Sabaratnam R. , Withers P. , Brand K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have studied the metabolism of platelets in vitro using washed platelets. Oxygen uptake and fuel utilization were measured. It was found that glucose is never oxidized to any significant extent and is always converted to lactate, regardless of oxygen availability. Oxidative metabolism fuels 70–100% of the ATP turnover, and oxygen uptake is the same whether the platelet is consuming glucose, acetate or only an unidentified endogenous fuel. When acetate is the added fuel, no endogenous fuel is oxidized, whereas the addition of glucose results in sparing of only 8% of endogenous fuel. Preliminary storage experiments using plasma‐free media show that an acetate‐containing buffered salt solution provided excellent storage conditions and that a medium without any exogenous fuel is better than one containing glucose. Thus we conclude that a successful storage medium should contain minimal amounts of glucose, and an oxidizable fuel such as acetate, in order to supplement the endogenous one.
Severe Intravascular Haemolysis in a Renal Transplant Recipient due to Anti‐B of Donor Origin
Authors: Orchard J. , Young N.T. , Smith C. , Thomas S. , Darke C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A group B recipient of a group 0 kidney developed severe intravascular haemolysis due to the formation of anti‐B. Immunoglobulin allotyping of donor serum, recipient serum and ‘unexpected’ anti‐B antibody showed the antibody to be of donor origin. The patient and donor genotypes were Gm 3;5/3;5 and Gm 1,2;21/1;21, respectively, and the anti‐B antibody allotype was Gm 1;21. The group B recipient of the other donor kidney showed no evidence of haemolysis. Possible factors influencing the occurrence and severity of post‐transplantation haemolysis are discussed. The production of anti‐A or anti‐B antibodies in non‐group 0 patients who receive group 0 organ transplants is well described [1–8]. We report a case of severe intravascular haemolysis in a group B patient who received a group 0 kidney, together with immunoglobulin allotyping studies which show conclusively that the antibody responsible for the haemolysis was of donor origin.
High Molecular Weight Aggregate Content of Heated and Unheated Factor VIII Products Determined by Fast‐Protein Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Dawes J. , Freeman L. , Dawson N. J. , Pepper D. S. , Barrowcliffe T. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The molecular‐weight distribution of proteins in factor VIII concentrates has been analysed by fast‐protein liquid chromatography. The proportion of high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) aggregates in one product increased on freeze‐drying and heating, with fibrinogen and fibronectin being the main protein components of the HMW peak. In all other concentrates, the HMW peak was less than or equal to 5% of the total protein content and there were no differences in HMW content according to purity or method of viral inactivation.
Red Cell Alloantibodies in Patients with Thalassemia
Authors: Spanos Th. , Karageorga M. , Ladis V. , Peristeri J. , Hatziliami A. , Kattamis Ch.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We present the results of tests carried out to detect alloimmunization against red cells in 1,200 patients (607 males and 593 females), transfused and followed up during the period 1981–1987 in our hospital. Of these patients, 1,135 were thalassemic and 65 had sickle cell/β‐thalassemia. In 162 patients who Received: blood matched for the ABO, rhesus and Kell systems from their first transfusion, the immunization rate was very low (3.7%). In a pilot group consisting of 83 patients with the same clinical characteristics, who Received: blood matched only for the ABO and Rh‐D antigens, there was a significant difference in the frequency of alloantibodies (15.7%, p<0.001). Of 1,038 patients who Received: blood only matched for ABO and Rh‐D 244 (23.5%) with one or more red cell alloantibodies were identified. Of these 1,038 patients, 973 were exclusively thalassemic. In 220 (22.6%) of them, alloantibodies were found. The sickle cell β‐thalassemia patients presented alloantibodies with a higher frequency (36.9%, 24/65). Only one antibody was found in 114 patients (51.8%) and two or more in 106 patients (48.2%). The alloimmunization significantly concerned the rhesus (34.0%) and Kell (29.8%) systems. Anti‐Kell was most often identified (28.5%). Alloimmunization appears considerably lower in patients in whom blood transfusion is started before the age of 3 than in those in whom it is started after that age (20.9 vs. 47.5%, p<0.0001).
Evidence that the Auberger Blood Group Antigens Are Located on the Lutheran Glycoproteins
Authors: Daniels Geoff
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Immunoblots of red cell membranes stained with eluates of alloanti‐Aua and alloanti‐Aub show that these antibodies recognize 2 membrane components from Au(a+) and Au(b+) cells, respectively. These structures, of apparent molecular weight (Mr) 79,000 and 85,000, are identical in appearance and mobility on a 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel to the Lutheran glycoproteins identified by alloanti‐Lub. Like the Lutheran glycoproteins, they showed a reduction in apparent Mr of about 1,500 after sialidase treatment. Red cell membrane components immunoprecipitated by a Lutheran‐related monoclonal antibody, were analysed with Lutheran and Auberger antibodies by immunoblotting. The Lutheran glycoproteins were revealed by anti‐Lub in precipitates from Au(a+b‐) Lu(a‐b+) and Au(a‐b+) Lu(a‐b+) cells, by anti‐Aua in precipitates from Au(a+b‐) Lu(a‐b+) cells and by anti‐Aub in precipitates from Au(a‐b+) Lu(a‐b+) cells. The same components were also recognized by anti‐Lua in precipitates from Lu(a+b‐) cells. Thus Aua and Aub antigens appear to be carried on the same red cell membrane structures as those carrying the Lutheran determinants. These results are particularly significant in the light of the very close phenotypic association between the Auberger and Lutheran blood groups which have been shown, by one family, to be controlled by genes at separate loci.
An Erythrocyte Glycoprotein of Apparent Mr 60,000 Expresses the Sc1 and Sc2 Antigens
Authors: Spring F. A. , Herron R. , Rowe G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Immunoblotting with human anti‐Sc1 and anti‐Sc2 locates the Sc1 and Sc2 antigens to an erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein of apparent Mr 60,000. The antigens are destroyed by pronase, and require intact disulphide bonds for expression. A proportion of the molecules carrying the Sc1 and Sc2 antigens are associated with red cell cytoskeleton preparations. Treatment of intact cells with an Endo F preparation resulted in the loss of the Sc2 antigen but not the Sc1 antigen, suggesting that the Sc2 antigen is dependent on the presence of one or more complex N‐glycans for its expression.
Orosomucoid (ORM) Typing by Isoelectric Focusing: Evidence for Several New Variants Including ORM1 and ORM2 Silent Alleles
Authors: Yuasa Isao , Umetsu Kazuo , Suenaga Kazuyuki , Ikebuchi Jun , Suzuki Tsuneo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human orosomucoid (ORM) is composed of two tightly linked loci, ORM1 and ORM2, located on chromosome 9q. Some haplotypes contain duplicated ORM1 or ORM2. The present study using isoelectric focusing has revealed seven ORM haplotypes including new variants and/or silent alleles detected in eight Japanese families. ORM1*5‐2‐ORM2*15 in combination with common ORM1*1‐ORM2*1 produced a five‐band pattern. ORM1*5‐ORM2*1 was observed in three families. ORM2*9 was coexistent with ORM1*1 or ORM1*2·1. ORM1*Q0 was linked to ORM2*1 or ORM2*14. ORM2*Q0 was suggested to be in association with ORM1*2. The ORM haplotypes with a silent gene must have arisen from unequal crossing‐over between the tandemly duplicated genes of ORM.
Clinical Efficacy of Five Filters Specific for Leukocyte Removal
Authors: Reverberi Roberto , Menini Cesare
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The clinical efficacy of 5 filters specific for leukocyte depletion was evaluated retrospectively. The patient population was composed of 191 thalassemics who received about 15,000 units of filtered blood in 28 months. The frequencies of reactions to filtered blood varied significantly (p<0.0001) according to the type of filter and were as follows: Erypur, 0.7%; Imugard, 2.7%; Leucostop, 0.7%; Miropore, 2.1%; Sepacell, 0.6%. There was a notable concordance between the efficacy in the leukocyte removal and the clinical performance of the filters. The 2 polyester filters examined combined good clinical and laboratory results with superior flow properties.