bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

Chapter 14 “Terrestrial ecosystems” focuses on the use of eDNA analysis for the study of terrestrial organisms, especially those found in or associated with soil. While eDNA-based analyses have rapidly gained momentum in the freshwater ecology community, first for single-species detection and more recently for diversity surveys, their success has been less immediate among terrestrial ecologists. Soil microbiologists are a notable exception, as they quickly realized that targeting DNA directly in the environment could free them from cultivating microorganisms prior to any community census. This chapter first addresses the particularities of detectability, persistence, and mobility of eDNA in soil. Then, it revisits several remarkable studies dealing with the characterization of plant, earthworm, or soil microbial communities, as well as soil functional diversity. Finally, Chapter 14 reviews one of the most fascinating opportunities offered by eDNA metabarcoding (i.e., the possibility to carry out multitaxa diversity surveys).
Paleoenvironments
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

One of the most fascinating facets of eDNA lies in the possibility of exploiting it to reconstruct past environments in paleoecology and in archaeology. Chapter 15, entitled “Paleoenvironments,” reviews different pioneer studies that scrutinized ancient eDNA extracted from different substrates (e.g., lake sediments, permafrost, or archaeological midden material), to address a wide range of questions. These include, for example, the taxonomic identification of archaeological fish bones in Madagascar from bulk samples, the reconstruction of past plant communities based on the large-scale analysis of permafrost samples, or the assessment of past human diet in Greenland based on midden material. Midden material from archaeological sites represents a valuable source of information for tracking food habits of ancient human communities. It also provides information about the surrounding biodiversity, using humans as biodiversity samplers, which is also explored here.
Host-associated microbiota
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

DNA-based approaches have enabled the multifaceted role of microbes for the fitness and performance of their host to be revealed. The increasing recognition of the crucial role of microorganisms for the fitness and performance of plants and animals has led to the concepts of holobiont (i.e., a host and its microbiota), and hologenome (i.e., the collective genomes of a holobiont). Here a brief review is provided of the advances that have been made in this field by using DNA-based approaches. Chapter 16 “Host-associated microbiota” summarizes this area of research by presenting past and recent major findings, as well as new research avenues for unraveling host-microbiota interactions in non-model animals and plants.
Analysis of bulk samples
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

Chapter 18 “Analysis of bulk samples” deals with the particular case of biodiversity surveys based on bulk samples. A bulk sample is an environmental sample containing mainly organisms from the taxonomic group under study, such as insect samples obtained from a Malaise trap, or eukaryote-enriched samples obtained from filtered or size-fractionated water samples. One important characteristic of bulk samples is that they usually provide good-quality DNA in high amounts. Chapter 18 presents several seminal studies based on bulk samples that aimed at monitoring arthropod, nematode, or marine metazoan diversity. The advantages and limitations of the classical barcoding COI marker versus metabarcoding markers for bulk sample analysis are also discussed. Finally, Chapter 18 reviews two alternative strategies to limit the taxonomic biases associated with the use of the COI marker (i.e., mitochondrial enrichment via differential centrifugation or capture, followed by extraction and shotgun sequencing).
Epicurean Economic and Social Undertones of Satires 1.1–3
Authors: Yona Sergio
Published: March 2018

In this chapter, the philosophical observations of Philodemus concerning the nature of imparting ethical advice are connected more fully to Horace’s three introductory satires, in which he explores and criticizes Roman society for its many foibles, including its obsession with wealth acquisition, unhealthy sexual affairs, and lack of mutual forbearance in friendships. It attempts to show how some of Philodemus’ works, especially treatises like On Property Management, On Wealth, On Choices and Avoidances, and On Anger, as well as his poetic treatment of sex in the Epigrams, contribute to the philosophical and ethical coherence of Horace’s attacks on the vices prevalent in Rome in his day and age.
Flattery, Patronage, Wealth, and Epicurean Ethics
Authors: Yona Sergio
Published: March 2018

Having examined Horace’s ethical credentials and his positive relationship with Maecenas, which the poet claims is based on virtue alone as opposed to poetic talent, this chapter looks at Horace’s ultimately self-serving portrayal of flatterers, which draws heavily from Philodemus’ treatise On Flattery. This begins with his negative but entertaining character portrait of an opportunistic toady, who accosts Horace in the street and whose methods for gaining Maecenas’ attention provide stark contrast with the disposition and approach of Horace as described previously. Next comes Horace’s exposition of the tactics employed by legacy-hunters, which again serves to promote his own agenda as a true friend of Maecenas. The proof of this relationship is given in the next satire, in which Horace thanks his generous patron for the gift of the Sabine estate, which itself becomes the venue for withdrawal and philosophical discussion as Philodemus recommends in On Property Management.
Of Fragments and Feelings
Authors: Beck Hans
Published: March 2018

Drawing on the tenets of the emotional or affective turn in the Humanities and Social Sciences, the article revisits the topic of Roman funeral orations (laudationes funebres). Several funeral speeches from the Republican period survive in fragments. These have become the object of in-depth philological and historical scholarship. Beyond the typical approach to fragments and corresponding orations, which is characterized as content-based, Beck zooms in on the moment when the speeches were delivered. In doing so, he captures the full breadth of the sensory experience of funeral orations in the Forum: their visual display, their soundscape and issues of audibility, as well as the scents that magnified the emotional experience. The article concludes that it was through emotional economies rather than authentic contents that funeral oratory wielded a lasting impact over Roman society.
Fragments of Epideictic Oratory
Authors: Pepe Cristina
Published: March 2018

Funeral eulogies are among the older examples of Roman oratory. The practice of honouring the dead with a laudatio funebris (funeral oration) was in the earliest stage reserved to males, but from the late Republic it became customary for women as well. This chapter examines the fragments and testimonia of female funeral eulogies. Although these remains are not abundant, they open some significant unusual perspectives on Roman oratory. First, they show how a speaker managed the task of eulogizing a woman in a society where the rules of rhetoric were laid out by men and intended for the encomium of men. Secondly, they raise other issues which go beyond the boundaries of ‘gender’ differences: laudationes funebres were performed in different venues and before different audiences, according to the social standing of the speaker and the deceased. These aspects strongly affected the aim of the speech, its content, and its style.
What Black Death was to Western Europe, Communism was to Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

I argue in this chapter that despite its ultimate social, economic, and moral bankruptcy, communism imposed on Poland after 1945 sowed the seeds of the country’s economic success after 1989. The old, feudal social structures were bulldozed to snap Poland out of growth-inhibiting extractive society equilibrium, creating a classless society, boosting social mobility, and securing good quality of education for all. Forced industrialization and unprecedented labour movements supported solid GDP growth rates in Poland until the 1960s, but low returns on investment, lack of technological progress, and external shocks caused declining growth rates in the 1970s, and economic stagnation in the 1980s. I conclude that the assumption that if Poland had returned to capitalism after 1945, it would have developed as quickly as the West, is simplistic. I show that a capitalist Poland would have faced significant challenges to growth, and convergence with the West would not have been guaranteed.
Poland’s Transition Success Story
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

In this chapter I assess the optimal way to measure countries’ economic performance and assert that changes in median income are a better measure than GDP. I also argue in favour of increased focus on measurement of well-being, quality of life, and happiness. I document Poland’s historically unprecedented success, increasing its income from around $10,300 in 1990 to almost $27,000 PPP in 2017, becoming the most successful economy in Europe and among its peers in the world. I claim that Poland’s economic success is unique because it was achieved despite the country’s lack of natural resources, low debt leverage, and a vibrant democracy. It is unique also because Poland’s growth was inclusive; it was the only democratic country in the post-Soviet camp in which 100 per cent of society increased their incomes faster than in the West. Higher incomes translated into the highest levels of well-being and happiness on record.
Fundamental Sources of Poland’s Growth
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

In this chapter I focus on the fundamental causes of the Polish growth miracle, namely the adoption of Western institutions. I start by documenting how the prospect of the EU accession drove the institution building. I show what institutions Poland adopted and how they were key to the country’s economic performance. I argue that Poland was among the fastest adopters of Western institutions, which helped it grow more rapidly than other transition economies. I then focus on the fundamental question of why Poland wanted to adopt good institutions from the West. I argue that Poland built good institutions because of the positive legacy of communism, a historically unprecedented social consensus to ‘return to Europe’, Westernized and growth-oriented elites, and emergence of a strong middle class. Western European readiness to embrace Eastern Europe was also critical. I conclude by offering insights and policy recommendations for other countries.
Conclusions and the Way Forward
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

In this chapter I summarize the main conclusions of the book and describe scenarios for the future. I provide twelve lessons from Poland’s economic success, including the difficulty of moving from an extractive to an inclusive society, the importance of a strong and efficient state, and the need for a more interdisciplinary study of economics. I argue that Poland has never been more prosperous, humane, safe, civilized, and happy than today, and that progress will continue. Poland might reach the level of income of Spain, but is not likely to reach the levels of the core of Europe, Germany, France, or the Netherlands. This would require that Poland becomes a creator rather than an absorber of ideas. It would necessitate further changes in the country’s developmental DNA, in its institutions, and culture. Poland has made a great start. But it has only reached the end of the beginning.
Intentionality
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

This chapter argues for two main claims. First, it is argued that, unlike the notion of intentionality central to modern philosophy of mind, Brentano’s notion of intentionality has nothing to do with mental states’ capacity to track elements in the environment; rather, it has to do with a phenomenal feature in virtue of which conscious experiences present something to the subject. Secondly, it is argued that, contrary to common wisdom in Brentano scholarship, there is no real evidence that Brentano took intentionality to be a relation to immanent objects; rather, his mature theory clearly casts intentionality as an intrinsic, non-relational property, and a property in the first instance of subjects (rather than of subjects’ internal states).
Introduction
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

Reformers in England saw losses as well as gains in the Reformation. John Leland and John Bale recorded the contents of monastic libraries. Matthew Parker recovered manuscripts from the past. The Elizabethan Society of Antiquaries, comprised of lawyers, scholars, and country gentlemen, developed methods of ascertaining accurate information about the past. William Camden, the author of Annals of Elizabeth (1615, Latin) and Britannia (1586, Latin), wrote a new kind of history: dispassionate, based on reliable evidence, and concerned with changes in society. Fifty years after Camden’s lifetime, Thomas Fuller followed methods and approaches that the antiquaries and their successors employed, while developing ideas very much his own.
Apprenticeship
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

In 1634 Fuller became the minister of the parish at Broadwindsor, in Dorset. This provided him the opportunity to know John White, the minister in nearby Dorchester. White, the spiritual and moral leader of the town became a pastoral model for Fuller. In this setting, Fuller wrote The Historie of the Holy Warre, the first English history of the Crusades. His use of medieval sources was extensive, and his analysis of the motives and tactics of western leaders is shrewd and persuasive. Elected to the clerical Convocation that met in 1640, during sessions of the first Parliament to be called in eleven years, Fuller dissented from the leadership of Archbishop William Laud, who sought to impose more stringent rules or canons on the Church of England. This Convocation, continuing to meet after Parliament was dissolved, passed canons whose legality was contested. War with the Scots ensued over religious issues, forcing the king to call what came to be known as the Long Parliament.
Contemporary Historian
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

Fuller’s Church-History reflects his own experiences of revolution. Its last part is one of the earliest accounts of the Civil War era, antedating accounts by Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, and Thomas Hobbes. He begins with divisions in the English Church during Queen Elizabeth’s reign and proceeds with events in his own lifetime, especially in the reign of Charles I. He sees the Caroline political and ecclesiastical regime, especially the role of Archbishop Laud, as having alienated many nonconformists, as well as provoking the Scots to attack. The trial and execution of King Charles following the defeat of the royalist cause is somber. The Church-History cites reasons for the regime’s failure that have often been overlooked. Responses to the work by Peter Heylyn were followed by Fuller’s detailed, anguished, and determined reply. Fuller’s contemporary analysis of one the great upheavals in British history is a striking account of what happened and why.
Social Historian
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

Fuller’s History of the Worthies of England (1662), the first biographical dictionary in England, was published after his death. Fuller relied heavily on books and documents, but he also traveled widely, interviewing the most knowledgeable persons he could find and gaining knowledge first-hand of his country’s commodities, enterprises, buildings, and natural features. The work is organized on a county-by-county basis, and the notable individuals are listed in chronological, rather than alphabetical order. The result is a treatment of notable persons across many centuries in the context of the social, economic, political, and cultural contexts in which they lived. Fuller saw England as distinguished in many ways by industriousness and ingenuity as well as by a concern for the common good. The Worthies is one of the most original historical works in early modern England and is unexcelled as an analysis of the society that Fuller and his contemporaries knew.
Transnational Standards and Empty Spaces
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: March 2018

A vast new world of transnational standards has emerged, covering issues from human rights to sustainability to food safety. This chapter develops a framework for making sense of this new global order. It is tempting to imagine that global rules can and should bypass corrupt, incapacitated, or illegitimate governments in poor and middle-income countries. This assumption must be rejected if we want to understand the consequences of global rules and the prospects for improvement. After showing how a combination of social movements, global production networks, and neoliberalism gave rise to transnational private regulation, the chapter builds the foundations for the comparative approach of this book. The book’s comparative analysis of land and labor in Indonesia and China sheds light on two key fields of transnational governance, their implications in democratic and authoritarian settings, and the problems of governing the global economy through private regulation.
Purity and Danger
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the project to certify sustainable forestry in Indonesia. Although the field of forest certification was created in large part to counteract deforestation in Southeast Asia, the growth of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in Indonesia proved to be quite slow and contentious. Companies that did get certified often struggled to reform destructive logging practices and tense relationships with communities. This chapter asks why forest certification was underdeveloped and what kinds of reforms it brought about. Drawing on interviews with practitioners and documentary evidence, the chapter shows how certification was impeded not only by convoluted market linkages but also by democratization and domestic governance of land. As indigenous communities pressed their claims to customary land rights, companies seeking FSC certification struck new bargains, but most often these amounted to shallow solutions to deep problems.
Beneath Compliance
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers the concrete implications of labor-related corporate social responsibility (CSR) in consumer products industries in China. As China became the “factory to the world” the discourse and practice of CSR greatly expanded. But restrictions on workers’ rights, the marginal status of migrant workers, and a “dormitory labor regime” that facilitates long working hours are difficult to square with global norms. Using qualitative evidence from interviews, the chapter reveals problems with factory auditing and corporate compliance initiatives that have allowed exploitative practices to continue despite the embrace of CSR. Using quantitative data on a sample of workers and factories in Guangdong province, the chapter examines the practical implications of SA8000 certification and other private standards. In several ways, the chapter shows how compliance with private rules has been redefined to be compatible with the repressive Chinese context.
The Relationship between Human Development and Economic Growth
Authors: Stewart Frances , Ranis Gustav , Samman Emma
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the interactions between economic growth and human development, as measured by the Human Development Index, theoretically and empirically. Drawing on many studies it explores the links in two chains, from economic growth to human development, and from human development to growth. Econometric analysis establishes strong links between economic growth and human development, and intervening variables influencing the strength of the chains. Because of the complementary relationship, putting emphasis on economic growth alone is not a long-term viable strategy, as growth is likely to be impeded by failure on human development. The chapter classifies country performance in four ways: virtuous cycles where both growth and human development are successful; vicious cycles where both are weak; and lopsided ones where the economy is strong but human development is weak, or conversely ones where human development is strong but the economy is weak.
Reporting user research findings to the development team
Authors: Mirza-Babaei Pejman
Published: March 2018

As part of conducting research, reporting must occur. In addition to communicating the research result accurately, a report must motivate the team to act on the result, which often means modifying their build to increase the quality of their product. Approaches used to report user research findings back to the development team are just as important as the findings themselves. If the findings are not communicated to the development team effectively, the developers may not take action and miss potentially critical changes that could have made a difference in the development cycle and overall success of the project. If user researchers conduct the best possible study, identify the most critical issues, but fail to communicate or explain the findings in a way that motivates the development team, then changes may not occur. Many chapters in this book discuss methodologies for conducting user research; this chapter focuses on approaches to communicate the findings to the development team.
Punching above your weight: how small studios can leverage data for an unfair advantage
Authors: Charest Lysiane
Published: March 2018

This chapter is aimed at small-to-medium-sized studios wanting to introduce analytics into their development process. It focuses on concepts and techniques that are most useful for smaller studios, and that require minimal skills. While money is always an issue, plenty of free analytics tools exist, whether they are third-party tools or simple in-house solutions. The chapter details how the most important factor is the availability of human resources.
Running user tests with limited resources and experience
Authors: Huguenin Julien
Published: March 2018

In this chapter, we aim to give ideas on how to run user tests (aka playtests) with limited resources. You may be a developer trying to test your game on the side, or someone trying (or has been tasked) to test a game. We will ramp up from almost no resources whatsoever to the basis to create a dedicated lab space.
Strategies for understanding and researching mobile games in context
Authors: Schirra Steven , White Brooke
Published: March 2018

Mobile games are deeply integrated into players’ everyday lives. In this chapter, we introduce methods such as paper prototyping and diary studies that consider both the unique form-factor of mobile touchscreen devices and the need to understand users’ context for gameplay. We consider the constraints of lab-based research for mobile games, and discuss strategies for conducting mobile studies in and out of the lab.
Involving players with special needs in Games User Research
Authors: Gerling Kathrin , Linehan Conor , Mandryk Regan
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides an overview of challenges that emerge from the involvement of players with special needs in game development, focusing on user involvement in early design stages, and challenges that emerge during playtesting. Through three case studies focusing on young children, people with disabilities, and older adults, we offer insights into appropriate methodology for GUR with diverse audiences. Additionally, we discuss strategies to establish a respectful and empowering process for user involvement.
Frontlines in Games User Research
Authors: Drachen Anders , Mirza-Babaei Pejman , Nacke Lennart E.
Published: March 2018

Games User Research (GUR) methods and principles are evolving rapidly in keeping pace with the innovation rates in games. Every day brings new insights and practices, and new technologies keep expanding the borders of GUR. In this conclusion, we briefly outline some of the areas where innovations are being made or the front lines expanding in GUR, from new contexts, technologies, measures, production concepts, platforms, on to special topics such as telemetry, virtual reality, and psycho-physiological measures.
Knowledge and the Cathartic Value of Repentance
Authors: Rabinowitz Dani
Published: March 2018

An austere form of legalism lies at the heart of Judaism. Apart from a limited set of exceptions, every adult Jew is required to observe the full gamut of relevant biblical and rabbinic laws. Success in this endeavor is handsomely rewarded and failure severely punished. Despite the apparent bleakness of this legalism, the system licenses a divine pardon in cases where the offending individual repents. This chapter opens with a discussion of this clemency, as understood by Moses Maimonides, before moving on to a reading of a Talmudic debate that introduces an epistemic puzzle regarding repentance. With the epistemic contours of repentance thus exposed, the remainder of the chapter deals with the manner in which Timothy Williamson’s work on knowledge can undermine the cathartic value of repentance. The chapter concludes with a short note marking the implications for Christianity and Islam.
Partisanship, Demagoguery, and the Decline of Politik after 1815
Authors: Scheipers Sibylle
Published: March 2018

After 1815, Clausewitz grew increasingly frustrated about the decline in Prussia’s reform project. Clausewitz’s concerns about the potential deterioration of public life and political institutions only grew in the aftermath of the events of 1817 to 1819 in Prussia, such as the Wartburg-Fest and the murder of the conservative playwright Kotzebue. None the less, he continued to defend the Prussian Landwehr (militia) against its increasingly numerous detractors. For Clausewitz, the Landwehr, and more broadly the involvement of the people in the defence of their country, fulfilled a political role in that it served as a quasi-constitutional expression of popular sovereignty that united the people and harmonized reason and passion rather than dividing them into parliamentary factions led by populist agitators.
From Small Wars to On War
Authors: Scheipers Sibylle
Published: March 2018

Chapter 5 traces the lines from Clausewitz’s early intellectual engagement with small war to his magnum opus, On War. It shows how Clausewitz’s lifelong concern with the integration of reason and emotions/passion runs like a red thread through to his mature theory of war. In contrast to this continuity regarding the integration of reason and emotions/passion, Clausewitz’s thought on the role of people’s war evolved while he was writing On War. Whereas, in the reform years, people’s war had constituted an exceptional measure as a response to the exceptional situation of Napoleonic imperialism, in On War, people’s war became firmly integrated into Clausewitz’s theory of major war as the option of last resort to stave off conquest. As such, people’s war could even function as the custodian of the European balance of power. In this respect, Clausewitz proved to be an earlier (implicit) theorist of deterrence.
Conclusions
Authors: Scheipers Sibylle
Published: March 2018

The conclusion summarizes the arguments of the book and evaluates them with respect to contemporary strategic problems. Even though the book highlights the role of small war for Clausewitz’s theory of war, we cannot draw any straightforward lessons for small wars in the twenty-first century. Clausewitz’s thinking on small war was geared towards defensive people’s war on European territory—a situation that is not likely to arise in the near future. However, taking Clausewitz as a starting point can help us ask questions about other timely strategic problems—namely, the dilemmas of deterrence, the role of the armed forces in late-modern democracies, and the responsibilities of the military commander in the process of strategy-making.
Scandalous Error
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2018

The Gregorian calendar reform of 1582, which provides the basis for the present-day Western civil calendar, has often been portrayed as a triumph of early modern scientific culture and an expression of papal ambition in the wake of the Counter-Reformation. Much less attention has been paid to our calendar’s intellectual and material roots in the European Middle Ages, when the reckoning of time by means of calendrical cycles was a topic of central importance to education and learned culture. For centuries prior to the Gregorian reform, astronomers, mathematicians, theologians, and even Church councils had been debating the necessity of improving or emending the existing ecclesiastical calendar, which throughout the Middle Ages kept growing out of sync with the astronomical phenomena at an alarming pace. Scandalous Error uses a broad base of sources, many of them unpublished or previously unknown, to paint the first full-scale survey of the medieval debate surrounding the calendar and its astronomical underpinnings.
Introduction
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2018

The introduction to this book sets the stage with some framing remarks on the significance of computus in the context of medieval culture and on the ‘calendar problem’ as confronted by medieval scholars. It provides several examples to highlight the importance of calendrical reckoning to the life of the Latin Church and gives some indication of how and why the growing inaccuracies in the date of Easter came to be regarded as a major scandal that could only be removed by a calendar reform. It continues with a discussion of previous research on the topics covered by the book before concluding with a summary of its eight chapters.
Input Recognition
Authors: Hilliges Otmar
Published: March 2018

Sensing of user input lies at the core of HCI research. Deciding which input mechanisms to use and how to implement them such that they work in a way that is easy to use, robust to various environmental factors and accurate in reconstruction of the users intent is a tremendously challenging problem. The main difficulties stem from the complex nature of human behavior which is highly non-linear, dynamic and context dependent and can often only be observed partially. Due to these complexities, research has turned its attention to data-driven techniques in order to build sophisticated and robust input recognition mechanisms. In this chapter we discuss the most important aspects that constitute data-driven signal analysis approaches. The aim is to provide the reader with an overall understanding of the process irrespective of the exact choice of sensor or machine learning algorithm.
Combinatorial Optimization for User Interface Design
Authors: Oulasvirta Antti , Karrenbauer Andreas
Published: March 2018

Combinatorial optimization offers a rigorous but powerful approach to user interface design problems, defining problems mathematically such that they can be algorithmically solved. Design is defined as algorithmic combination of design decisions to obtain an optimal solution defined by an objective function. There are strong rationale for this method. First, core concepts such as ’design task’, ’design objective’, and ’optimal design’ become explicit and actionable. Second, solutions work well in practice, even for some problems traditionally out of reach of manual solutions. The method can assist in the generation, refinement, and adaptation of design. However, mathematical expression of HCI problems has been challenging and curbed applications. This chapter introduces combinatorial optimisation from user interface design point of view, and addresses two core challenges: 1) mathematical definition of design problems and 2) expression of evaluative knowledge such as design heuristics and predictive models of interaction.
Practical Formal Methods in Human–Computer Interaction
Authors: Dix Alan
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores how precise formal methods can be used effectively and practically in interaction design. The term ‘formal methods’ in computer science refers to a suite of techniques drawing on mathematical notions of sets, logic, and functions or precise diagrammatic notations, most of which are currently primarily focused on safety-critical applications in the aerospace or nuclear industries. While research into broader use of these methods could be regarded as a theoretical interest, the early development of formal methods was driven as much by practical considerations as theory. This chapter features two case studies on formal notations and their use in areas of practical interaction design beyond safety-critical applications, as well as understood, used, and appropriated by clients and designers who have no formal training or expertise. Each offers specific notations and techniques to the reader and also explores more general lessons for creating practical formal methods for HCI.
Economic Models of Interaction
Authors: Azzopardi Leif , Zuccon Guido
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides a tutorial on how economics can be used to model the interaction between users and systems. Economic theory provides an intuitive and natural way to model Human-Computer Interaction which enables the prediction and explanation of user behaviour. A central tenet of the approach is the utility maximisation paradigm where it is assumed that users seek to maximise their profit/benefit subject to budget and other constraints when interacting with a system. By using such models it is possible to reason about user behaviour and make predictions about how changes to the interface or the users interactions will affect performance and behaviour. In this chapter, we describe and develop several economic models relating to how users search for information. While the examples are specific to Information Seeking and Retrieval, the techniques employed can be applied more generally to other human-computer interaction scenarios. Therefore, the goal of this chapter is to provide an introduction and overview of how to build economic models of human-computer interaction that generate testable hypotheses regarding user behaviour which can be used to guide design and inform experimentation.
Computational Methods for Socio-Computer Interaction
Authors: Fu Wai-Tat , Gao Mingkun , Jin Do Hyo
Published: March 2018

From the Arab Spring to presidential elections, various forms of online social media, forums, and networking platforms have been playing increasing significant roles in our societies. These emerging socio-computer interactions demand new methods of understanding how various design features of online tools may moderate the percolation of information and gradually shape social opinions, influence social choices, and moderate collective action. This chapter starts with a review of the literature on the different ways technologies impact social phenomena, with a special focus on theories that characterize how social processes are moderated by various design features of user interfaces. It then reviews different theory-based computational methods derived from these theories to study socio-computer interaction at various levels. Specific examples of computational techniques are reviewed to illustrate how they can be useful for influencing social processes for various purposes. The chapter ends with how future technologies should be designed to improve socio-computer interaction.
Inheritance in Early Liberal Writings
Authors: Halliday Daniel
Published: March 2018

This chapter surveys discussions of inherited wealth from John Locke to John Stuart Mill. Attention is paid to the gradual evolution of argument, driven in part by the way in which successive thinkers were able to take into account the emerging effects of the Industrial Revolution. Themes in early liberal perspectives on inheritance include concerns about the inefficiency of dynastic wealth concentrations, social hierarchy, and idleness. In addition to providing a historical survey that will be of interest to readers wishing to study the history of political philosophy, the chapter also seeks to identify which elements of the views expressed retain philosophical force and which have become outdated in view of changes in economic conditions and the nature of capital.
The Utilitarian Case against Iterated Bequests
Authors: Halliday Daniel
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on the utilitarian preoccupation with regulating inheritance tax proposals according to their incentive effects. The chapter begins by extending the discussion of John Stuart Mill. Special attention is then paid to Eugenio Rignano’s proposal to make inheritance tax ‘progressive over time’. The core idea of the Rignano scheme is to impose higher tax liabilities on inheritance that comes from prior inheritance or, in other words, to tax second-generation inheritance at a higher rate than first-generation. The main aim in the chapter is to identify the extent to which this proposal draws strength from the utilitarian commitments that motivated it, while also having some independent appeal. This distinction is articulated partly through evaluating some criticisms of the Rignano scheme that proved influential between the world wars, when the proposal enjoyed some prominence.
‘Stinking in the Grave’
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the creation of conforming Puritanism, a powerful alternative to Presbyterianism in Puritan thought. This strain of Puritanism reconciled the demands of edifying reform with conformity to the Established Church, by proposing a model of godly episcopacy and showing the benefits of conformity. In the 1570s, Matthew—now a key player in Elizabethan Puritanism—argued that ‘edifying reform’ could only be secured in the Established Church. Drawing on arguments about godly magistracy first used in the vestment crisis, Matthew stressed that as part of the Established Church, ministers could rely on magistrates to exercise the monarch’s powers in the Church in order to pursue godly reform. Popularized by increasingly virulent anti-Catholicism, this vision of godly magistracy secured conformity but was potentially seditious.
Tobie Matthew
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores Matthew’s book collection, showing how the experience of developing libraries in Oxford and Bristol shaped his own book collecting. Rare Frankfurt book catalogues offer an invaluable insight into how Matthew purchased some of his books, while other sources point to a network of booksellers in York, London, and Oxford dealing in new and in second-hand books. This chapter also examines the guiding principles behind Matthew’s book collecting, seeing how these evolved over Matthew’s career. Matthew owned one of the largest private collections of books in early modern England, and this chapter explores contemporary ideas of what a library was and whether Matthew aspired to create one. The chapter concludes by examining the network of friends, colleagues, and patrons reflected in gifts to his library, asking how Matthew, and others, presented themselves through the marks of ownership they made in their books.
Curbing Illicit Financial Flows
Authors: Liang Xiaodon
Published: March 2018

Illicit financial flows (IFFs) drain state finances and economic vitality, with disproportionate impact on developing economies. IFFs—including money laundering, tax evasion, and tax avoidance—pose a transnational problem addressed so far through international regimes of coordination and cooperation. But meaningful reductions in IFFs require addressing the root of the problem: information asymmetries. Developed nations and tax havens know where money is hidden and profits are made, while developing nations do not. Since the international system of global finance creates the incentive structure and permissive environment for illicit flows, it is at this level that states must focus their policy-making attention. New information-sharing mechanisms, such as automatic exchange of tax information and public country-by-country tax reporting, can level the playing field and enable lower-income states to effectively address the IFF problem.
On bended knee
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

In Platonic spirituality, people leave behind corporeal concerns and ascend to contemplation of The One or The Good; in Christianity, people assemble on foot or in wheelchairs to worship God with their body. The main argument of this chapter is that the best way to understand what it is to worship God with one’s body is to borrow from speech-act theory the idea of one act counting as another: my act of kneeling at this point in the liturgy counts as my act of humbling myself before God. The two acts are, as it were fused: body and mind together. After some discussion of the good achieved by worshipping God with our bodies and minds fused rather than with our minds alone, the chapter concludes with some speculations as to why the body is considerably more important in Orthodox liturgical enactments than it is, say, in traditional Reformed-Presbyterian enactments.
What are those without faith doing in liturgical enactments?
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

Often there are, among those who participate in some liturgical enactment by saying the prescribed words and performing the prescribed bodily actions, some who are lacking in faith: they do not have faith that the doctrines presupposed by the prescribed acts of worship are true. Why do they nonetheless participate in the way described? And what are they doing when they participate? Are they just going through the motions? Is that possible? Or are they, for example, thanking God even though they lack faith that God exists and is worthy of being thanked? Is that possible? These are the main questions addressed in this chapter. The chapter closes with a discussion and appraisal of the sincerity movement in eighteenth-century England, whose members insisted that worshippers should only say what they feel at the moment; to act otherwise would be insincere. And insincerity is a vice.
Liturgical love
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

The topic of this chapter is liturgical enactments as manifestations of love. A distinction is drawn between two forms of love that Jesus enjoined: neighbor love, and Christ-like friendship love. A distinction is also drawn between two ways in which love can be manifested: it can be put into practice or exercised, and it can be expressed symbolically. Using these distinctions, the chapter then analyzes in detail some of the ways in which both Christ-like friendship love and neighbor love are not only expressed symbolically in the liturgy but exercised. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of liturgical enactments as formative of love by being manifestations of love.
Participation and Interest Representation
Authors: Krzywdzinski Martin
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on participation and interest representation practices in automotive plants in Russia and China. It discusses opportunities for employee participation at various levels: the micro level of teams (self-organization and involvement in improvement processes), forms of direct employee-management communication, and the representative employee voice through unions. With regard to union representation, it examines whether the existing formal participation and representation rights in Russia actually result in participation, or whether these rights are undermined by informal practices. It analyzes opportunities for participation in Chinese factories, where voice remains under the control of the Communist Party and its subordinate union. It shows considerable differences between Russian and Chinese plants and finds surprisingly well-developed participation and interest representation approaches in the Chinese cases.
The Block Universe from Special Relativity
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

Before explaining how the God’s-eye view resolves the impasse of theoretical physics and foundations of physics created by the ant’s-eye view, the book presents a detailed argument for the block universe. Accordingly, the main thread of chapter 2 shows how the relativity of simultaneity resolves the paradoxes associated with time dilation and length contraction that result from special relativity. A short argument is then presented showing how the relativity of simultaneity implies a block universe, that is, the co-reality or co-existence of the past, present, and future. Philosophy of Physics for Chapter 2 provides a detailed argument for block universe, taking into account all counterarguments and assumptions of the abridged argument in the main thread. Foundational Physics for Chapter 2 shows how the second postulate of special relativity leads to time dilation and length contraction, and it contains the Lorentz transformations for the spacetime events used in the main thread.
Coda for Ants
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

The epilogue summarizes and reviews the main claims of the book pertaining to the problems of the dynamical universe paradigm and the resolution of those problems via the adynamical block universe alternative called Relational Blockworld (RBW). The new physics RBW is expected to generate—and must provide in order to be considered a viable alternative to the dynamical paradigm— has been provided. RBW’s debt to the late John Wheeler is acknowledged and it is argued that the RBW model is an affirmation and instantiation of the five main principles Wheeler said ought to govern any attempt at quantum gravity and unification. Finally, if RBW with its neutral monism is true, RBW should lead not only to a new paradigm in physics but also to a new paradigm in cognitive science and consciousness studies.
English Mythography in its European Context, 1500-1650
Authors: Hartmann Anna-Maria
Published: March 2018

Greco-Roman mythology and its reception are at the heart of the European Renaissance, and mythographies—texts that collected and explained ancient myths—were considered indispensable companions to any reader of literature. Despite the importance of this genre, English mythographies have not gained sustained critical attention, because they have been wrongly considered mere copies of their European counterparts. This monograph studies the English mythographies written between 1577 and 1647 by Stephen Batman, Abraham Fraunce, Francis Bacon, Henry Reynolds, and Alexander Ross. By placing their texts into a wider, European context, it reveals the unique English take on the genre. The book unfolds the role myth played in the wider English Renaissance culture (religious conflicts, literary life, natural philosophy, poetics, and Civil War politics) and shows, for the first time, the considerable explanatory value it holds for the study of English Renaissance literature. Finally, this book is a contribution to the history of myth philosophy. It reveals how early modern England answered a question we still find fascinating today: what is myth?