bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The correct phylogenetic position of Lotus conimbricensis Brot. (Leguminosae, Loteae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences
Authors: Faria Miguel , Harris D. , Visnevschi-Necrasov Tatiana , de Sousa Manuel , Nunes Eugénia
Published: February 2012

The correct phylogenetic position of Lotus conimbricensis Brot. (Leguminosae, Loteae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences

The nrDNA ITS sequence determined in Lotus conimbricensis in a previous phylogenetic study was unusual, in that it was almost identical to those retrieved from the morphologically distinct species L. subbiflorus. In the present study we sequenced new specimens of both species to reassess the phylogenetic position of L. conimbricensis. We conclude that the ITS sequence of L. conimbricensis used in the earlier analyses was most likely erroneous, and in fact L. conimbricensis is not closely related to L. subbiflorus. Critical reexamination of previously published data indicates that several other similar errors may exist for other Lotus species, and these should be checked before taxonomic conclusions are made.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungal associations in shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) under conventional agriculture
Authors: Priyadharsini Perumalsamy , Pandey Radha , Muthukumar Thangavelu
Published: February 2012

Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungal associations in shallot (Allium cepaL. var.aggregatum) under conventional agriculture

We examined roots of the shallot (Allium cepaL. var.aggregatum), one of the most popular cultivated crops of the family Aliaceae, cultivated under conventional agriculture for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and dark septate fungal endophyte (DSE) associations. All the plants had dual colonization of both AMF and DSE associations. The intermediate-type AMF morphology in the shallot is the first report of this AMF type for the family Aliaceae. The extents of total AMF and DSE colonization ranged from 20.7 to 67.3% and 3.6 to 35.3% respectively and varied significantly among fields. Though no significant relationship existed between total AMF and DSE variables, they were correlated to the soil variables. Significant correlations existed between soil P and microscelerotia and also between soils N and K and AMF spore numbers. A total of six AMF spore morphotype belonging toGlomusandScutellosporawere identified.Scutellospora calosporawas the most dominant morphotype in the studied fields.
Classification of mesic grasslands and their transitions of South Transdanubia (Hungary)
Authors: Lengyel Attila , Purger Dragica , Csiky János
Published: February 2012

Classification of mesic grasslands and their transitions of South Transdanubia (Hungary)

Relevés from meadows and pastures of South Transdanubia (Hungary) are evaluated by clustering and ordination methods. The relevé selection focused on the Arrhenatheretalia order but its transitions towards other types were also included. The groups of relevés are delimited and described according to differential, dominant and constant species. Ecological conditions of the groups were compared using indicator values. Nine groups were distinguished, four of them belonging strictly to the order Arrhenatheretalia. Each alliance of Arrhenatheretalia presented in the study area (Cynosurion, Arrhenatherion) was represented by two groups. Groups from these two alliances are separated along a light gradient, while groups of the same alliance differ in nutrient values. Within Cynosurion, the nutrient-poor group cannot be identified unambiguously as any syntaxa previously known from Hungary. The nutrient-rich Cynosurion meadows are similar to Lolio-Cynosuretum, however, they show a stronger relationship with wet meadows. Within Arrhenatherion, Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum is recognised as a hay meadow of nutrient-rich soils. The other meadow type is similar to Filipendulo-Arrhenatheretum, thus raising syntaxonomical problems. There are transitional groups towards semi-dry andwet meadows, one dynamic phase and one outlier group among the other five clusters.
Reconstruction of the Switched Reluctance Motor Stator
Authors: El-Kharashi Eyhab , Hassanien Hany
Published: February 2012

Reconstruction of the Switched Reluctance Motor Stator

The paper re-designs the conventional 6/8 switched reluctance motor (SRM) by a particular way to minimize the losses. The flux loops are shortened by making each two stator teeth incorporated in one magnetic circuit only. Subsequently the flux does not cross in some iron parts of the stator core backs. These unused iron sections are taken off consequently the iron losses decreased. Now the stator consists of three separated sections and they are fixed inside non-magnetic cylinder. The copper losses also are decreased because less copper windings are used to produce the same amount of the output torque as the flux paths become short then the flux density increases. The analysis and comparison of the 6/8 SRM before and after the re-design process are presented. A m files Matlab software is used to simulate the dynamic performance. Then the paper proceeds to examine different control techniques to the new design. The hysteresis and PI controllers are used as classical method to control the SRM. Then the artificial neural network (ANN) is used to test the new control techniques.
Soft Decision Fano Decoding of Block Codes Over Discrete Memoryless Channel Using Tree Diagram
Authors: Kumar H. , Sripati Udupi , Shetty K. , Shankarananda B.
Published: February 2012

Soft Decision Fano Decoding of Block Codes Over Discrete Memoryless Channel Using Tree Diagram

A novel low complexity soft decision technique which allows the decoding of block codes with tree structure is proposed. These codes are shown to have a convenient tree structure that allows Fano decoding techniques to be used to decode them. The Fano algorithm searches through the tree structure of the block code for a path which has the optimal value of the Fano metric function. When a new candidate codeword is found, an optimality check is performed on it by using the threshold. If checked successfully, the candidate codeword is the most likely codeword and the search stops. The basic idea of this approach is to achieve a good error performance progressively in a minimum number of steps. For each decoding step, the error performance is tightly bounded and the decoding is terminated at the stage where either optimum or near optimum error performance is achieved. As a result, more flexibility in the trade off between performance and decoding complexity is provided. Some examples of the tree construction and the soft decision Fano decoding procedure are discussed.
The Green Hazards: A Meta-Analysis of Green Tobacco Sickness
Authors: Achalli Sonika , Shetty Shishir Ram , Babu Subhas G
Published: February 2012

Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) has been one of the unexplored areas of occupational health safety. The condition mainly affects the tobacco harvesters. The condition is prevalent in Asian and South American tobacco harvesters. Although transient, the condition can affect multiple organ systems. The objective of this review is to extensively discuss the background, epidemiology, clinical features and measures to counter the problem.A literature search of Medline with terms such as “green”, “tobacco” and “sickness” was done covering years 1970-2007. All studies, reviews and commentaries on health effects of farming green tobacco and preventing the disease were included.Green Tobacco Sickness is caused by the absorption of nicotine through the skin from wet tobacco plants who have direct contact with tobacco plants during cultivation and harvesting. The early symptoms often include headache and nausea followed by vomiting, weakness, pallor, dizziness, headaches, increased perspiration, chills, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and increased salivation which may also progress to extreme conditions like prostration, shortness of breath, and occasional fluctuations in blood pressure or heart rate. The duration of the illness is usually between one and three days. The use of protective, water-resistant clothing, chemical-resistant gloves, plastic aprons and rainsuits with boots and socks has reduced the chances of contracting GTS.It is important to educate the tobacco workers and the employers about GTS in order to reduce its incidence. An international level awareness campaign has to be taken up and more stringent workers safety regulations have to be formulated.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v2i1.4963 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012) 11-14
Mental Health at Work Place
Authors: Halder Susmita , Mahato Akash Kumar
Published: February 2012

Mental health denotes a symptom free mind and fair level of emotional well being. Be it home or workplace; mental health of an individual is subjected to environmental stressors that may reduce one’s state of well being. The workplace in particular can be a very tiring environment for anyone. The stress of long working hours, ever increasing targets, managing coworkers and subordinates can take a toll on a persons mind and prove very toxic to one's mental and physical health in long run. It is difficult for persons with full blown mental illness to continue at work; but it generally takes a gradual course, before an individual shows full blown symptoms of a particular illness. Thus it becomes necessary to constantly check mental health and stress level of workers. The article discusses mental health, particularly in work place occupational stress and the related issues.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v2i1.5915 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012) 2-6
Epidemiological Study and Estimating of Accidents Distribution in Construction Industry Workers in Yazd City by Appling Time Series until 2011.
Authors: Halvani Gholamhossein , Ibrahemzadih Mehrzad
Published: February 2012

Millions of construction industry accidents occur in the world cause troubles and injuries to workers and consequently economical loosing every year. The aim of this paper is an epidemiological study and determination of an estimator model for accidents of construction industry until 2011, for the first time, in Yazd city.This study is a descriptive, analytical and modeling. The questionnaire contains the variables such as age, occupation, type of accident, injured part and the results of accident.Fatal rate of workers who hadn’t insurance was more than those who had which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The most rate of accident was falling (48.58%) and the less was chocking (29%). The highest level of injured was related to hands and feet and then head injury (22.27%). The relationships of accident results with kind of occupation and also part of body were statistically significant in construction industry (p<0.001). After testing many models, time series model of quadratic form was the closest model to the trend of data. This model estimation shows that if the situation be the same as now in 1390 the cases will be more than 300 per year. So this model recommended making change in the trend for preventing the accidents in future.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v2i1.5917 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012) 26-30
Health status of child laborers in Nepal
Authors: Joshi Sunil Kumar , Shrestha Suvash , Shrestha Resha , Vaidya Subhadra
Published: February 2012

BackgroundAddressing child labor involves ensuring good health of existing child laborers in addition to reducing their number.ObjectiveTo determine different physical and psychological health problems among child laborers in Nepal.Methods and materialThis study compares the status of health between Nepalese child laborers and school going children of similar age. Nineteen different kinds of labors were selected and the child laborers in those work sectors were included in the study. Two medical doctors examined the children individually, and a psychologist assessed the level of stress indicators among the child laborers. Thus, clinical and psychological assessment were done, and compared with the same among school going children.ResultsA total of 313 child laborers and 200 school children were included in the study. Most of the laborers (82, 26.2%) were engaged in overland transportation and vehicle repair works. Child workers had significantly poor health status than the school going children, in term of pallor, absence of BCG vaccination, lack of de-worming, dermatitis, discharge from eyes, and ear – nose – throat problems. Two hundred eighty eight (92.1%) of the child workers had at least one psychological stress symptom.ConclusionsThe health status of child laborers is not satisfactory. Thus, measures to ensure quality health should receive priority while addressing child labor.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v2i1.5918 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012) 31-38
A Review on Mechanical & Physical Hazards at Domestic Kitchen
Authors: Mondal Jaita
Published: February 2012

Kitchen is one of the most important aspects in our life. We wait eagerly for the delicious foodstuffs of our kitchenette. However, many simple but repetitive kitchen activities can be a threat to our health. Such as peeling potatoes, chopping, and picking up heavy pots and kettles, overstretching to reach to utensils or ingredients etc. can cause or aggravate pain & discomfort in hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder and neck (Physical hazards).  Musculoskeletal problems are not only the one, but various accidents also happen in domestic kitchen (Mechanical Hazards). Traumatic and repetitive injuries related to kitchen tasks include lacerations, cut, slips & falls, tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, thermal strains, burn etc.  Those menaces generally occur due to poor ergonomics, as poor work practices, poor quality equipment and poorly maintained equipment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v2i1.5920 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012) 7-10
Concurrent and Predictive Relationships Between Compulsive Internet Use and Substance Use: Findings from Vocational High School Students in China and the USA
Authors: Sun Ping , Johnson Carl Anderson , Palmer Paula , Arpawong Thalida E. , Unger Jennifer B. , Xie Bin , Rohrbach Louise A. , Spruijt-Metz Donna , Sussman Steve
Published: February 2012

Purpose: Compulsive Internet Use (CIU) has increasingly become an area of research among process addictions. Largely based on data from cross-sectional studies, a positive association between CIU and substance use has previously been reported. This study presents gender and country-specific longitudinal findings on the relationships between CIU and substance use. Methods: Data were drawn from youth attending non-conventional high schools, recruited into two similarly implemented trials conducted in China and the USA. The Chinese sample included 1,761 students (49% male); the US sample included 1,182 students (57% male) with over half (65%) of the US youth being of Hispanic ethnicity. Path analyses were applied to detect the concurrent and predictive relationships between baseline and one-year follow-up measures of CIU level, 30-day cigarette smoking, and 30-day binge drinking. Results: (1) CIU was not positively related with substance use at baseline. (2) There was a positive predictive relationship between baseline CIU and change in substance use among female, but not male students. (3) Relationships between concurrent changes in CIU and substance use were also found among female, but not male students. (4) Baseline substance use did not predict an increase in CIU from baseline to 1-year follow-up. Conclusions: While CIU was found to be related to substance use, the relationship was not consistently positive. More longitudinal studies with better measures for Internet Addiction are needed to ascertain the detailed relationship between Internet addiction and substance use.
Comparison of Culture and Molecular Identification of Bacteria in Chronic Wounds
Authors: Rhoads Daniel D. , Wolcott Randall D. , Sun Yan , Dowd Scot E.
Published: February 2012

Clinical diagnostics of chronic polymicrobial infections, such as those found in chronic wounds, represent a diagnostic challenge for both culture and molecular methods. In the current retrospective study, the results of aerobic bacterial cultures and culture-free bacterial identification using DNA analyses were compared. A total of 168 chronic wounds were studied. The majority of bacteria identified with culture testing were also identified with molecular testing, but the majority of bacteria identified with the molecular testing were not identified with culture testing. Seventeen (17) different bacterial taxa were identified with culture, and 338 different bacterial taxa were identified with molecular testing. This study demonstrates the increased sensitivity that molecular microbial identification can have over culture methodologies, and previous studies suggest that molecular bacterial identification can improve the clinical outcomes of patients with chronic wounds.
Isolation and Identification of Cellulolytic Bacteria from the Gut of Holotrichia parallela Larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Huang Shengwei , Sheng Ping , Zhang Hongyu
Published: February 2012

In this study, 207 strains of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from the gut of Holotrichia parallela larvae. These bacterial isolates were assigned to 21 genotypes by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). A partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis and standard biochemical and physiological tests were used for the assignment of the 21 representative isolates. Our results show that the cellulolytic bacterial community is dominated by the Proteobacteria (70.05%), followed by the Actinobacteria (24.15%), the Firmicutes (4.35%), and the Bacteroidetes (1.45%). At the genus level, Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas, Ochrobactrum, Rhizobium, Cellulosimicrobium, and Microbacterium were the predominant groups, but members of Bacillus, Dyadobacter, Siphonobacter, Paracoccus, Kaistia, Devosia, Labrys, Ensifer, Variovorax, Shinella, Citrobacter, and Stenotrophomonas were also found. Furthermore, our results suggest that a significant amount of bacterial diversity exists among the cellulolytic bacteria, and that Siphonobacter aquaeclarae, Cellulosimicrobium funkei, Paracoccus sulfuroxidans, Ochrobactrum cytisi, Ochrobactrum haematophilum, Kaistia adipata, Devosia riboflavina, Labrys neptuniae, Ensifer adhaerens, Shinella zoogloeoides, Citrobacter freundii, and Pseudomonas nitroreducens are reported to be cellulolytic for the first time in this study. Our results indicate that the scarab gut is an attractive source for the study of novel cellulolytic microorganisms and enzymes useful for cellulose degradation.
Atlantinone A, a Meroterpenoid Produced by Penicillium ribeum and Several Cheese Associated Penicillium Species
Authors: Dalsgaard Petur W. , Petersen Bent O. , Duus Jens Ø. , Zidorn Christian , Frisvad Jens C. , Christophersen Carsten , Larsen Thomas O.
Published: February 2012

Atlantinone A has been isolated from the psychrotolerant fungus Penicillium ribeum. The exact structure of the compound was confirmed by mass spectrometric and 1- and 2D NMR experiments. Atlantinone A was originally only produced upon chemical epigenetic manipulation of P. hirayamae, however in this study the compound was found to be produced at standard growth conditions by the following species; P. solitum, P. discolor, P. commune, P. caseifulvum, P. palitans, P. novae-zeelandiae and P. monticola. A biosynthetic pathway to atlantinone A starting from andrastin A is proposed.
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
Authors: Howe Peter
Published: February 2012

It is with great appreciation that we acknowledge the following reviewers who have served our research community by reviewing manuscripts for Nutrients in 2011. [...]
Receptor and Channel Heteromers as Pain Targets
Authors: Berg Kelly A. , Patwardhan Amol M. , Akopian Armen N.
Published: February 2012

Recent discoveries indicate that many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and channels involved in pain modulation are able to form receptor heteromers. Receptor and channel heteromers often display distinct signaling characteristics, pharmacological properties and physiological function in comparison to monomer/homomer receptor or ion channel counterparts. It may be possible to capitalize on such unique properties to augment therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. For example, drugs specifically targeting heteromers may have greater tissue specificity and analgesic efficacy. This review will focus on current progress in our understanding of roles of heteromeric GPCRs and channels in pain pathways as well as strategies for controlling pain pathways via targeting heteromeric receptors and channels. This approach may be instrumental in the discovery of novel classes of drugs and expand our repertoire of targets for pain pharmacotherapy.
Mind-Body Practices in Integrative Medicine
Authors: Walach Harald , Ferrari Marie-Louise Gander , Sauer Sebastian , Kohls Niko
Published: February 2012

Mind-Body practices have become increasingly popular as components of psychotherapeutic and behavior medicine interventions. They comprise an array of different methods and techniques that use some sort of mental-behavioral training and involve the modulation of states of consciousness in order to influence bodily processes towards greater health, well-being and better functioning. Mind-body practices may thus be interpreted as the salutogenetic mirror image of psychosomatic medicine, where psychophysiological and health consequences of specific psychological states are studied, such as stress arousal, psychological trauma or depression. This contribution examines the empirical evidence of the most common mind-body techniques with regard to their salutogenetic potential. We concisely discuss some aspects of the mind-body problem, before we consider some historical aspects and achievements of psychosomatic medicine. We then turn to some prominent mind-body practices and their application, as well as the empirical database for them.
A Vision-Based Driver Nighttime Assistance and Surveillance System Based on Intelligent Image Sensing Techniques and a Heterogamous Dual-Core Embedded System Architecture
Authors: Chen Yen-Lin , Chiang Hsin-Han , Chiang Chuan-Yen , Liu Chuan-Ming , Yuan Shyan-Ming , Wang Jenq-Haur
Published: February 2012

This study proposes a vision-based intelligent nighttime driver assistance and surveillance system (VIDASS system) implemented by a set of embedded software components and modules, and integrates these modules to accomplish a component-based system framework on an embedded heterogamous dual-core platform. Therefore, this study develops and implements computer vision and sensing techniques of nighttime vehicle detection, collision warning determination, and traffic event recording. The proposed system processes the road-scene frames in front of the host car captured from CCD sensors mounted on the host vehicle. These vision-based sensing and processing technologies are integrated and implemented on an ARM-DSP heterogamous dual-core embedded platform. Peripheral devices, including image grabbing devices, communication modules, and other in-vehicle control devices, are also integrated to form an in-vehicle-embedded vision-based nighttime driver assistance and surveillance system.
Optimizing SOI Slot Waveguide Fabrication Tolerances and Strip-Slot Coupling for Very Efficient Optical Sensing
Authors: Passaro Vittorio M. N. , La Notte Mario
Published: February 2012

Slot waveguides are becoming more and more attractive optical components, especially for chemical and bio-chemical sensing. In this paper an accurate analysis of slot waveguide fabrication tolerances is carried out, in order to find optimum design criteria for either homogeneous or absorption sensing mechanisms, in cases of low and high aspect ratio slot waveguides. In particular, we have focused on Silicon On Insulator (SOI) technology, representing the most popular technology for this kind of devices, simultaneously achieving high integration capabilities, small dimensions and low cost. An accurate analysis of single mode behavior for high aspect ratio slot waveguide has been also performed, in order to provide geometric limits for waveguide design purposes. Finally, the problem of coupling into a slot waveguide is addressed and a very compact and efficient slot coupler is proposed, whose geometry has been optimized to give a strip-slot-strip coupling efficiency close to 100%.
Quorum Sensing and Bacterial Social Interactions in Biofilms
Authors: Li Yung-Hua , Tian Xiaolin
Published: February 2012

Many bacteria are known to regulate their cooperative activities and physiological processes through a mechanism called quorum sensing (QS), in which bacterial cells communicate with each other by releasing, sensing and responding to small diffusible signal molecules. The ability of bacteria to communicate and behave as a group for social interactions like a multi-cellular organism has provided significant benefits to bacteria in host colonization, formation of biofilms, defense against competitors, and adaptation to changing environments. Importantly, many QS-controlled activities have been involved in the virulence and pathogenic potential of bacteria. Therefore, understanding the molecular details of quorum sensing mechanisms and their controlled social activities may open a new avenue for controlling bacterial infections.
Development of nuclear microsatellite markers for the fonio, Digitaria exilis (Poaceae), an understudied West African cereal
Authors: Barnaud Adeline , Vignes Hélène , Risterucci Ange‐Marie , Noyer Jean‐Louis , Pham Jean‐Louis , Blay Carole , Buiron Marylène , Vigouroux Yves , Billot Claire
Published: February 2012

• Premise of the study: We developed nuclear microsatellite primers to explore the genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and evolutionary history of the fonio (Digitaria exilis), an understudied cereal cultivated in West Africa.

• Methods and Results: We used a microsatellite‐enriched library approach to isolate and characterize 38 nuclear primer pairs (31 di‐, five tri‐, and two tetranucleotide repeats), of which 21 were polymorphic and exhibited a clear pattern in 36 accessions from West Africa. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 22, with a mean of 4.71, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.03 to 0.93.

• Conclusions: The developed set of 21 polymorphic SSR markers will provide tools for population and evolutionary genetics studies of the cultivated fonio.
Continuous-flow catalytic asymmetric hydrogenations: Reaction optimization using FTIR inline analysis
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Bootwicha Teerawut , Sugiono Erli
Published: February 2012

The asymmetric organocatalytic hydrogenation of benzoxazines, quinolines, quinoxalines and 3H-indoles in continuous-flow microreactors has been developed. Reaction monitoring was achieved by using an inline ReactIR flow cell, which allows fast and convenient optimization of reaction parameters. The reductions proceeded well, and the desired products were isolated in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Phosphoramidate Prodrugs of (−)-β-D-(2R,4R)-dioxolane-thymine (DOT) as Potent Anti-HIV Agents
Authors: Wang Peiyuan , Rachakonda Suguna , Zennou Veronique , Keilman Meg , Niu Congrong , Bao Donghui , Ross Bruce S , Furman Phillip A , Otto Michael J , Sofia Michael J
Published: February 2012

Background:

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are an effective class of agents that has played a vital role in the treatment of HIV infections. (−)-β-D-(2R,4R)-dioxolane-thymine (DOT) is a thymidine analogue that is active against wild-type and NRTI-resistant HIV-1 mutants. It has been shown that the anti-HIV activity of DOT is limited due to poor monophosphorylation. Methods: To further enhance the anti-HIV activity of DOT, an extensive structure-activity relationship analysis of phosphoramidate prodrugs of DOT monophosphate was undertaken. These prodrugs were evaluated for anti-HIV activity using Hela CD4 β-gal reporter cells (P4-CCR5 luc cells).

Results:

Among the synthesized prodrugs, the 4-bromophenyl benzyloxy L-alanyl phosphate derivative of DOT was the most potent, with a 50% effective concentration of 0.089 μM corresponding to a 75-fold increase in activity relative to the parent nucleoside DOT with no increased cytotoxicity. The metabolic stability of a selected number of potent DOT phosphoramidates was also evaluated in simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid, human plasma and liver S9 fractions.

Conclusions:

A series of new phosphoramidate prodrugs of DOT were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of HIV replication in vitro. Metabolic stability studies indicated that these DOT phosphoramidate derivatives have the potential to show acceptable stability in the gastrointestinal tract, but they metabolize rapidly in the liver.
La grande exclusion à partir du livre de X. Emmanuelli et C. Malabou
Authors: Jordana Huguette
Published: February 2012

Résumé Il s’agit d’une relecture du livre de Xavier Emmanuelli et Catherine Malabou, La grande exclusion  : un syndrome clinique qui n’est pas une urgence sociale mais il est urgent de le réaliser. Une tentative de compréhension du « grand exclu » à l’appui de la neurobiologie et de la psychanalyse.
Analyse socio-juridique de l'urgence sociale
Authors: Rullac Stéphane
Published: February 2012

Résumé L’urgence sociale a connu trois temps dans son développement socio-juridique : 1994, 2007-2009 et 2010. Ce cheminement débute dans une logique d’ordre dérogatoire, encadrée essentiellement par des circulaires, vers l’intégration normative de références opposables, en passant par les soubresauts de l’affirmation de droits, que seules les lois permettent dans un contexte de forte contestation. La connaissance de l’évolution de l’environnement juridique de l’urgence sociale peut aider ce secteur à s’affirmer davantage comme un ensemble de dispositifs de droits communs qui s’extrait péniblement de ses racines caritatives.
« Il fait froid, il fait nuit... »
Authors: Murat Hervé
Published: February 2012

Résumé De tout temps, les sociétés ont organisé par la loi ou par la charité la prise en charge des « indigents, nécessiteux ou crève-la-faim ». L’urgence sociale paraît adaptée à la conjoncture économique et sociale dans ses termes, son organisation, ses actions. Elle n’est que l’habillage de dispositifs plus anciens, passoire du traitement social que la société met en place pour prendre en charge les exclus de la modernité, les victimes de la crise, les handicapés sociaux.
Les urgences d'admission à la pouponnière
Authors: Duquenne Dominique
Published: February 2012

Résumé Les questions qui se posent sur l’urgence de l’admission effective d’un enfant permettent d’apporter des éléments de réponse aux familles, d’orienter les premiers axes d’observation des professionnels en charge de l’enfant accueilli. La prise en compte des familles dans ce contexte de placement en urgence, la déclinaison administrative des décisions judiciaires et les nouvelles modalités de rencontre des familles avec leur enfant dans le contexte institutionnel seront également abordées.
La grossesse : « un état d'urgence »
Authors: Rajon Anne-Marie
Published: February 2012

Résumé La grossesse était qualifiée autrefois d’« état intéressant », et sa surveillance concernait d’abord la mère. L’enfant restait dans le secret, et la plupart du temps, rien ne venait interrompre la continuité somatique et psychique du déroulement de la gestation. La surveillance prénatale est aujourd’hui dominée par des technologies de dépistage qui, du fait de leurs enjeux, bouleversent la temporalité de la grossesse. Elle ne dure plus neuf mois, mais se trouve fragmentée en une succession de périodes de quelques semaines qui constituent chacune des étapes décisives. Ainsi, découvrir sa grossesse, et la déclarer, conduit à se trouver dans une situation que l’on peut qualifier d’« état d’urgence ».
La retraite et le temps
Authors: Oppenheim Daniel
Published: February 2012

Résumé La retraite, après l’adolescence et le devenir parent, est une scansion majeure de notre vie. Située dans le champ professionnel, elle coïncide avec d’autres dans le champ du privé. Elle en réactualise d’autres, et d’autres pertes, parfois anciennes, et nous incite à réévaluer nos choix de vie, notre valeur, notre identité, notre place dans notre histoire familiale et la continuité générationnelle, nos positions d’enfant et de parent, ce qui nous a été transmis et ce que nous transmettons, notre rapport au désir et à la mort. Y réfléchir est souhaitable pour aider le retraité en souffrance.
L'art d'inventer la lisibilité d'une institution. Une expérience de création d'affiche en crèche, entre rencontres et coopérations
Authors: Fanfant Véronique
Published: February 2012

Résumé La pratique professionnelle peine à rendre lisible son articulation entre travail social, éducatif et politique. La création expérimentale d’une affiche conçue pour la lisibilité d’un projet institutionnel est relatée à partir d’observations, d’analyses, de questionnements qui peuvent intéresser le secteur du travail social. Des questions sur la notion de « passage », de la représentation du « politique », du « financement » sont interrogées à partir de « symboles » représentant des images qui visent à l’origine un public professionnel international. Une affiche destinée à voyager ?
Un lieu pour vivre ensemble
Authors: Lassagne Frédéric
Published: February 2012

Résumé L’intégration voire l’inclusion sont aujourd’hui les orientations prioritaires du secteur médico-social et de l’Éducation nationale soutenues par un projet de société. L’expérience du cesdda Paulin-Andrieu à Toulouse permet de rappeler l’intérêt que peut avoir un accueil en internat pour des enfants sourds ou dysphasiques. Il s’agit de proposer à des jeunes de sortir de leur isolement, de faire l’expérience du collectif, de se retrouver autour d’une langue commune, afin qu’ils s’ouvrent au monde et soient en situation de faire l’expérience de l’altérité dans une démarche de construction identitaire.
Une demande qui devient ordinaire ou devrait le devenir Pourquoi les soins psychiques en périnatalité sont-ils nécessaires ?
Authors: Pelloux Anne-Sylvie
Published: February 2012

Résumé À partir de trois observations cliniques issues de sa pratique en centre médico-psychologique petite enfance, l’auteur illustre diverses problématiques rencontrées en périnatalité : remaniements psychiques de la femme enceinte, dépression postnatale, troubles des interactions précoces et troubles psychofonctionnels du bébé. Nature des demandes, fonction contenante du suivi au cmp et du réseau périnatal, clinique de la narrativité et processus psychodynamiques sont les axes principalement développés.
Repères actuels en parentalité
Authors: Le Run Jean-Louis
Published: February 2012

Résumé Les évolutions du couple et de la famille interpellent le sociologue comme le clinicien. Les recherches sur la parentalité partent habituellement du parent, référant leurs analyses au père ou à la mère, alors qu’aujourd’hui ces fonctions sont plus floues et souvent déployées sur plusieurs adultes de référence. L’auteur propose une organisation des fonctions parentales en partant des besoins des enfants, et distingue fonction phorique, d’identité, d’altérité et libidinale, indispensables au développement psychoaffectif de l’enfant et de l’adolescent. Ce modèle est utile en clinique comme en situation d’évaluation, et une application aux dysparentalités est esquissée.
Les nouvelles demandes adolescentes entre désirs, pulsions, jouissances et limites
Authors: Hoffmann Christian
Published: February 2012

Résumé La reconnaissance de nouvelles subjectivités s’articulant à la variabilité des normes par la construction identitaire de pratiques de soi peut contribuer à éclairer ce qu’on appelle aujourd’hui les « nouvelles pathologies » qui englobent les « pathologies de la limite » et les subjectivations des rapports aux désirs, aux pulsions et aux jouissances. Les demandes des adolescents qui s’adressent aujourd’hui aux thérapeutes s’en trouvent modifiées.
Libéralisme et anticolonialisme
Authors: Clément Alain
Published: February 2012

Résumé Avec la Révolution française, l’effondrement de l’empire colonial français se confirme même si, au tout début du nouveau siècle, Napoléon tente de reconquérir les possessions perdues. Ce déclin s’est accompagné d’une très importante critique de la part des économistes, à l’encontre des institutions coloniales et du processus de colonisation dont les premiers éléments furent versés au débat dans les années 1750-1789. Les arguments économiques s’imposent de plus en plus avec des auteurs comme Say, Canard ou Sismondi. Toutefois, la critique n’est pas unanime puisque des auteurs comme Ferrier, Ganilh ou Page vont développer une position nettement plus favorable aux institutions coloniales sur la base d’un autre calcul économique.
L'effet conditionnel des ressources naturelles sur les institutions
Authors: Couttenier Mathieu
Published: February 2012

Résumé On démontre empiriquement que les ressources naturelles ne sont pas un facteur de dé térioration systématique de la qualité institutionnelle d’un pays. Les régimes parlementaires ne connaissent aucun effet de la rente, tirée des ressources naturelles, sur leurs institutions. En revanche, les systèmes présidentiels sont soumis à un effet non linéaire (courbe en U in versé) des ressources naturelles sur les institutions. Pour de faibles montants de ressources naturelles, les institutions fournissent suffisamment d’incitations pour éviter la mise en place d’institutions de mauvaise qualité tournées vers l’extration de la rente. En revanche, si les institutions ne fournissent pas des incitations suffisantes, on observe alors une détérioration de la qualité institutionnelle. Cet effet n’apparaît que dans les régimes présidentiels. Si l’on ré d uit l’échantillon aux pays démocratiques, les résultats sont identiques.
L'efficacité du marché des organes
Authors: Sambuc Cléa
Published: February 2012

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de discuter les conséquences de la création d’un marché des organes en termes d’efficacité économique. Par efficacité économique, nous entendons : la capacité des prix à lutter contre la pénurie et la pertinence organisationnelle d’un marché des organes. Nous montrerons que, sous aucune de ces formes, l’efficacité du marché des organes n’est une évidence.
End-to-end models for marine ecosystems: Are we on the precipice of a significant advance or just putting lipstick on a pig?
Authors: Rose Kenneth A.
Published: February 2012

There has been a rapid rise in the development of end-to-end models for marine ecosystems over the past decade. Some reasons for this rise include need for predicting effects of climate change on biota and dissatisfaction with existing models. While the benefits of a well-implemented end-to-end model are straightforward, there are many challenges. In the short term, my view is that the major role of end-to-end models is to push the modelling community forward, and to identify critical data so that these data can be collected now and thus be available for the next generation of end-to-end models. I think we should emulate physicists and build theoretically-oriented models first, and then collect the data. In the long-term, end-to-end models will increase their skill, data collection will catch up, and end-to-end models will move towards site-specific applications with forecasting and management capabilities. One pathway into the future is individual efforts, over-promise, and repackaging of poorly performing component submodels (“lipstick on a pig”). The other pathway is a community-based collaborative effort, with appropriate caution and thoughtfulness, so that the needed improvements are achieved (“significant advance”). The promise of end-to-end modelling is great. We should act now to avoid missing a great opportunity.
Francisella tularensis Inhibits the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways To Delay Constitutive Apoptosis and Prolong Human Neutrophil Lifespan
Authors: Schwartz Justin T. , Barker Jason H. , Kaufman Justin , Fayram Drew C. , McCracken Jenna M. , Allen Lee-Ann H.
Published: February 2012

Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that infects many cell types, including neutrophils. We demonstrated previously that F. tularensis inhibits NADPH oxidase assembly and activity and then escapes the phagosome to the cytosol, but effects on other aspects of neutrophil function are unknown. Neutrophils are short-lived cells that undergo constitutive apoptosis, and phagocytosis typically accelerates this process. We now demonstrate that F. tularensis significantly inhibited neutrophil apoptosis as indicated by morphologic analysis as well as annexin V and TUNEL staining. Thus, ∼80% of infected neutrophils remained viable at 48 h compared with ∼50% of control cells, and ∼40% of neutrophils that ingested opsonized zymosan. In keeping with this finding, processing and activation of procaspases-8, -9, and -3 were markedly diminished and delayed. F. tularensis also significantly impaired apoptosis triggered by Fas crosslinking. Of note, these effects were dose dependent and could be conferred by either intracellular or extracellular live bacteria, but not by formalin-killed organisms or isolated LPS and capsule, and were not affected by disruption of wbtA2 or FTT1236/FTL0708—genes required for LPS O-antigen and capsule biosynthesis. In summary, we demonstrate that F. tularensis profoundly impairs constitutive neutrophil apoptosis via effects on the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, and thereby define a new aspect of innate immune evasion by this organism. As defects in neutrophil turnover prevent resolution of inflammation, our findings also suggest a mechanism that may in part account for the neutrophil accumulation, granuloma formation, and severe tissue damage that characterizes lethal pneumonic tularemia.
Helicobacter Pylori in periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis patients with and without type II diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sambashivaiah Savita , Bilichodmath Shivaprasad , Nanjaiah Nanjammanni , Kulal Rithesh
Published: February 2012

This randomized controlled study evaluated the association of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) with chronic periodontitis patients with and without type II Diabetes Mellitus. H. pylori is considered to be a pathogen responsible for gastritis, peptic ulcers and a risk factor for gastric cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of H. pylori with chronic periodontitis patients with and without type II diabetes mellitus before and after treatment. The prevalence of H. pylori in periodontal pockets was determined by rapid urease test in a 36 patients, which were grouped as Group 1 (Healthy subjects), Group II (chronic periodontitis patients) and Group III (Chronic periodontitis patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus), 12 in each group before treatment by collecting plaque samples. After treatment, 12 plaque samples were collected and prevalence H. pylori was detected. Group II and Group III had a significantly higher rate of positive results for H. pylori compared to healthy subjects before treatment. After treatment, H. pylori were not detected in Group II and in Group III Only one of 12 chronic periodontitis patients with Type II diabetes mellitus had H. pylori in the periodontal pocket. The prevalence of H. pylori did not differ significantly between the chronic periodontitis patients with and without type II diabetes mellitus. Meticulous scaling and root planning will reduce the prevalence of H. pylori in periodontal pockets.
Prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in usar soils of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Deshmukh Sunil Kumar , Verekar Shilpa Amit
Published: February 2012

Alkaline soils commonly called as Usar soil having pH 7.5 to 11.0 is commonly found in regions having poor drainage and little percolation. These soils occupy vast tracts of barren lands in the northern parts of India. These areas are frequently visited by man and animals, however there are no reports on the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi from the Usar soils. The purpose of this research was to study the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in the alkaline Usar soil. To investigate the occurrence of soil keratinophilic fungi from Usar soil, 120 samples were collected from five districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Lucknow, Bareilly, Azamgarh, Balia and Pratapgarh. Keratinophilic fungi were isolated by the hair baiting techniques using human hair as keratin bait. The cultures were identified using macro- and micro morphological features. Eighty-tow strains of keratinophilic fungi were recovered from 120 (68.33%) soil samples. The isolated fungi were composed of ten species of five genera viz. Chrysosporium indicum (19.16%), Microsporum gypseum (12.5%), Chrysosporium tropicum (10.0%), Chrysosporium pannicola (7.5%), Trichophyton terrestre (5.83%), Chrysosporium lucknowense (4.16%), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (3.33%), Gymnascella dankailensis (3.33%), Gymnoascus reessii (1.66 %) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (1.66 %). The presence of keratinophilic fungi in the Usar soils of Uttar Pradesh, India indicates that these fungi do occur at higher alkalinity.
Tenuazonic acid: a promising antitubercular principle from Alternaria alternate
Authors: Sonaimuthu Visalakchi , Parihar Swati , Prakash Thakur Jay , Luqman Suaib , Saikia Dharmendra , Chinotiya Chandan S. , Jhonpaul Muthumary , Negi Arvind Singh
Published: February 2012

Bioactivity guided isolation of dichloromethane extract of Alternaria alternata identified tenuazonic acid (1) as potentially active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, MIC at 250 μg/mL concentration. This active metabolite 1, was also evaluated for osmotic hemolysis using the erythrocyte as a model system. It was observed that this fungal metabolite showing antitubercular activity exhibited concentration dependent toxicity to human erythrocytes.
Volume and surface changes in vero cell and its nucleus after infection with measles virus: a stereological study
Authors: Noorafshan Ali , Motamedifar Mohammad , Karbalay-Doust Saied
Published: February 2012

Measles virus has no or indistinctive cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell couture system. Employment of some detecting methods like plaque assay or stereologic experiments, as a method of detecting of viral infection in the cells would be applicable. The aim of this study was investigating the early changes in quantitative parameters of measles virus infected Vero cells. Stereological methods using invariator, were applied for the first time to estimate cell and nucleus volume and cell surface of the infected Vero cell line with the measles virus.This method can be applied on other cultured cells.Vero cells grown in tissue culture plates for 48 hours at 36˚C were infected with 100TCID50 of AiK strain of measles virus. Volume and surface of the infected Vero cells were studied at 4, 9 and 25 hours post infection along with uninfected control cells. The mean cell volume and surface of the cells infected with measles virus, increased ~87% and ~50%, respectively, 4 hours post-infection, as compared with the uninfected control. The nuclei did not show any differences. The mean parameters of infected cells in other time intervals showed no significant difference comparing with the control cells. Although there are other specific methods, stereology may be used as an integrated protocol to detect cytophatic changes of the measles virus infected cells early in the permissive cell culture system.