bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A proposal of port scan detection method based on Packet‐In Messages in OpenFlow networks and its evaluation
Authors: Ono Daichi , Guillen Luis , Izumi Satoru , Abe Toru , Suganuma Takuo
Published: June 2021

By quickly detecting a port scan and blocking the culprit host from the network, it is possible to minimize the spread of the damage by infected hosts and malicious users. In the past, various Software‐Defined Networking (SDN)‐based methods have been proposed, whose main advantage is the lower overhead compared to traditional methods that collect and analyze all captured traffic. On the other hand, due to the polling process used in these methods, it is necessary to set a short interval (e.g., few seconds) to keep the attacks' detection as short as possible. However, when the attack frequency is very low compared to normal traffic, there is an unnecessary overhead. In this paper, we propose a port scan detection method that considers the characteristics of Packet‐In messages sent from the OpenFlow (OF) switch to the controller. This allows a prompt detection and with less overhead than conventional polling methods. The evaluation was conducted using both simulated and real traffic data. Results confirm that the proposed method can detect port scans with lower overhead than existing methods.
Linearized and decoupled structure‐preserving finite difference methods and their analyses for the coupled Schrödinger–Boussinesq equations
Authors: Deng Dingwen , Wu Qiang
Published: June 2021

In this paper, a three‐level finite difference method (FDM), which preserves energy and mass conservative laws, is first derived for one‐dimensional (1D) nonlinear coupled Schrödinger–Boussinesq equations (NCSBEs). Using the discrete energy analysis method, error estimations have been proven to be in L2‐, H1‐, and L∞‐norms, respectively. Secondly, this energy‐ and mass‐preserving FDM (EM‐FDM) is generalized to solve NCSBEs in two dimensions. Also, by the discrete energy method, it is shown that numerical solutions provided by the generalized EM‐FDM method for two‐dimensional (2D) NCSBEs converge to exact solutions with a convergent rate of in L2‐ and H2‐norms. By the embedding relations , we further derive that the numerical solutions are convergent with an order of in ‐ and ‐norms. Finally, numerical results confirm the exactness of theoretical results, and the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
Wars of Dependence: Contested Histories Among Tolai People of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Martin Keir
Published: June 2021

In this article, I look at the ways in which a number of forms of providing for a livelihood have increased in importance in the region in this period and explore the ways in which they have created the possibility for new ascriptions of dependence and independence. I explore these issue with particular reference to Tolai people of Papua New Guinea's East New Britain province, where the wealth of ethnographic and archival material going back many decades provides the possibility for a particularly rich and deep historical perspective. Wage labour has increased in importance for many communities in the past few decades. Similarly, resource extraction and cash‐cropping have also expanded in scale and importance in many parts of the region in recent decades. I argue that shifting evaluations of dependence come in and out of vision in relationship to these trends and these shifting evaluations are themselves central components of the construction of new hierarchies and relations of dependence.
Effect of time on quality of parent–child communication in pediatric cancer
Authors: Cowfer Brittany A. , Dietrich Mary S. , Akard Terrah Foster
Published: June 2021

Background

A diagnosis of childhood cancer results in new parent–child communication challenges. Little is known about how communication changes over time after diagnosis or relapse. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time since diagnosis and relapse on quality of parent–child communication. We hypothesized that there would be a positive correlation between time and quality of parent–child communication.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study in children (7–17 years) with relapsed/refractory cancer and their caregivers, who spoke English, were not cognitively impaired, and had internet access. Parents were recruited through Facebook ads. Parents and children completed the Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS), a 20‐item measure of communication quality, with openness and problem subscales. Spearman's rho (rs) coefficients assessed correlations between PACS scores and time since diagnosis/relapse.

Results

There was a statistically significant negative correlation between parent PACS scores and time since child's cancer diagnosis (rs = −0.21, p = .02), indicating a tendency for overall worsening communication as time since diagnosis increased. There was a positive correlation between the parent PACS problem scores and time since diagnosis (rs = +0.22, p = .01), indicating more problematic communication as time since diagnosis increased. Correlations of time since relapse and PACS scores were small and not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Parent–child communication worsens over time following a child's cancer diagnosis with more communication problems, contrary to our hypothesis. Future studies are needed to evaluate intervention timing to best support parent–child communication beyond the new‐diagnosis period.
Hydrogen bonding probes electron density variations at the basic center in substituted alkyl benzoates: Theory and experiment
Authors: Cheshmedzhieva Diana , Ilieva Sonia , Hadjieva Boriana , Galabov Boris
Published: June 2021

Theoretical computations of charge density parameters are juxtaposed to experimental spectroscopic shifts induced by hydrogen bonding for a series of 21 substituted in the aromatic ring ethyl and methyl benzoates. Strong correlations between atomic charges at the proton accepting atom and the shifts of methanol O–H frequencies are established. Hirshfeld, Charge Model 5 (CM5), and natural population analysis (NPA) atomic charges are evaluated using ωB97X‐D/6‐311++G(3df,2pd) and MP2/6‐311++G(3df,2pd) computations. The results obtained reveal the power of hydrogen bond measurements in characterizing the variations of electron densities at the proton accepting center within a series of structurally related molecules. The limits of application of the approach are outlined.
Initiation and changes in use of social media for peer support among young adult cancer patients and survivors
Authors: Lazard Allison J. , Collins Meredith K. Reffner , Hedrick Ashley , Horrell Lindsey N. , Varma Tushar , Love Brad , Valle Carmina G. , Benedict Catherine
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Social isolation is a prominent challenge for many young adults with cancer. Despite desires for peer‐to‐peer connections through technology, little is known about how young adults initiate or use social media for support over time.

Methods

We interviewed young adults with cancer (n = 45; age 18–39, in or post cancer treatment) to explore their initiation of social media for support, changes in use over time, and types of connections sought.

Results

Young adults with cancer learn about online support through individual personal recommendations, advocacy organizations, or searching on Google or social media. Most were reluctant to use social media support initially because of feeling overwhelmed—from diagnoses, abundance of online information, or demands of participation—and joined when informational and emotional needs arose. Many wished they had joined earlier. Some participants use social media to make close connections while others simply want to “see” others' shared experiences or crowdsource information.

Conclusion

Young adults with cancer often haphazardly find online support from personal recommendations or Internet searches. Desires for social media connections are not one‐size‐fits‐all; there are important audience segmentations for the degree and type of peer support.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

Better promotion of online social support options and benefits—early in one's cancer timeline and systematically through healthcare providers, cancer organizations, or family and friends—could improve access to helpful peer‐to‐peer support.
Peak oxygen uptake correlates with indices of sarcopenia, frailty, and cachexia in older Japanese outpatients
Authors: Sugie Masamitsu , Harada Kazumasa , Takahashi Tetsuya , Nara Marina , Fujimoto Hajime , Kyo Shunei , Ito Hideki
Published: June 2021

Background

Peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) is known not only as an index of aerobic fitness but also one of an index of life expectancy. Frailty, sarcopenia, and cachexia are associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships of peak VO2 with the features of sarcopenia, frailty, and cachexia, to provide insight into which might mediate the poor prognosis.

Methods

The first group of participants was 175 community‐dwelling older Japanese outpatients (58 men and 117 women; mean age 77.6 ± 6.4 years), in whom we assessed the features of sarcopenia, frailty, and cachexia, and measured peak VO2 during cardiopulmonary exercise. To confirm the relationships, we analysed another group of 162 participants (77.3 ± 5.5 years).

Results

There were significant correlations between peak VO2 and the features of sarcopenia, frailty, and cachexia, with the exception of high sensitivity C‐reactive protein. Multiple linear regression analysis for the prediction of peak VO2 (mL/min) identified following formula: predicted peak VO2 = −11.6 × age (years) + 25.5 × haemoglobin concentration (g/dL) + 114.2 × skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m2) + 8.9 × hand grip strength (kg) + 226.4 × usual walking speed (m/s) − 65.8 × fatiguability (absence 0, presence 1) − 177.4 × chronic heart failure (absence 0, presence 1) + 437.1 (R2 = 0.627, P < 0.001). The validity of the formula was confirmed with another group (r = 0.78, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study has identified the features of sarcopenia, frailty, and cachexia that are related to peak VO2 in an older population.
Assessment of the rapid effect of dupilumab in two cases of severe asthma comorbid with recurrent eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Kai Yoshiro , Yoshikawa Masanori , Matsuda Masayuki , Fukuoka Atsuhiko , Fujita Yukio , Yamauchi Motoo , Muro Shigeo
Published: June 2021

Dupilumab, a human monoclonal antibody against interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐13, has been approved for treating severe asthma and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS). Patients with ECRS are often candidates for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). However, a considerable number of patients have recurrent ECRS. ECRS is an important factor influencing asthma control. Here, we present two cases of severe asthma and recurrent ECRS after ESS. Although they had been treated with inhaled corticosteroids and a long‐acting β2‐agonist, they experienced frequent asthma exacerbations. Laboratory examinations revealed increased serum eosinophils and immunoglobulin E (IgE). Furthermore, the Asthma Control Test (ACT) score and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) were indicative of airway obstruction. After treatment with dupilumab, asthma, rhinosinusitis symptoms, and pulmonary function improved remarkably. Dupilumab therapy improved quality of life in these patients with severe asthma and ECRS.
A nonlinear parameter varying observer for real‐time damper force estimation of an automotive electro‐rheological suspension system
Authors: Pham Thanh‐Phong , Sename Olivier , Dugard Luc
Published: June 2021

This paper proposes a nonlinear parameter varying (NLPV) observer to estimate, in real‐time, the damper force of an electrorheological (ER) damper in a road vehicle suspension system. The objectives are to minimize the effects of bounded unknown road profile disturbances and measurement noises on the estimation errors in the framework. Furthermore, the nonlinearity coming from the damper model (and considered in the observer formulation) is handled through a Lipschitz condition. The observer inputs are data given by two low‐cost sensors (two accelerometers data from the sprung mass and the unsprung mass). For performance assessment, the observer is implemented on a 1/5‐scaled real vehicle testbench of GIPSA‐lab, namely INOVE (see www.gipsa‐lab.fr/projet/inove). Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed observer in terms of the ability to estimate the damper force in real‐time and to minimize the effects of measurement noises and road disturbances.
Approximating the distance to monotonicity of Boolean functions
Authors: Pallavoor Ramesh Krishnan S. , Raskhodnikova Sofya , Waingarten Erik
Published: June 2021

We design a nonadaptive algorithm that, given oracle access to a function which is ‐far from monotone, makes poly queries and returns an estimate that, with high probability, is an ‐approximation to the distance of to monotonicity. The analysis of our algorithm relies on an improvement to the directed isoperimetric inequality of Khot, Minzer, and Safra (SIAM J. Comput., 2018). Furthermore, we rule out a poly‐query nonadaptive algorithm that approximates the distance to monotonicity significantly better by showing that, for all constant every nonadaptive ‐approximation algorithm for this problem requires queries. This answers a question of Seshadhri (Property Testing Review, 2014) for the case of nonadaptive algorithms. We obtain our lower bound by proving an analogous bound for erasure‐resilient (and tolerant) testers. Our method also yields the same lower bounds for unateness and being a ‐junta.
Build community for student‐veterans
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: June 2021

Joshua Perschbacher, Director of Veterans Education and Transition Services at the University of Missouri, St. Louis, first felt called back to higher education when he was enlisted in the U.S. Navy. One of Perschbacher's responsibilities involved personnel staffing and scheduling, including sending people to the Transition Assistance Program classes. During the scheduling process, Perschbacher would consistently hear the same stories from those enlisted: My chief told me now isn't a good time to leave the Navy. There aren't any jobs out there for civilians. It's not a good time; I should just stay enlisted. “I didn't believe any of that, but the cognitive dissonance is real,” Perschbacher said.
Highly Dispersed Cu/Graphene Nanocatalyst Guided by MOF Structure: Application to Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation
Authors: San Xiaoguang , Gong Xiaohui , Hu Yanbing , Hu Yue , Wang Guosheng , Qi Jian , Meng Dan , Jin Quan
Published: June 2021

The dispersion of heterogeneous catalyst is directly related to the performance. In this work, highly dispersed Cu/graphene catalyst was successfully prepared by adopting a “template genetic inheritance” (TGI). The metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) were introduced between the graphene sheets. Due to the spatial structure of MOFs, the Cu atoms arranged in the expected direction after removing the MOFs skeleton, which lead to a highly orderly dispersion of the Cu particles with uniform sized. Meanwhile, graphene provided a large specific surface area and a carbon source for in‐situ reduction of CuO. Furthermore, the CO2 hydrogenation to methanol performance was analyzed and more than 22 % conversion of CO2 and 84 % selectivity of methanol was achieved. This work provides a simple and novel strategy for the preparation of highly dispersed metal particle supported catalysts, which may be used in catalysis and other fields.
CoMoO4 Nanoneedles/Carbon Cloth for High‐Performance Supercapacitors: Maximizing Mass Loading by Reaction Time
Authors: Wang Jing , Wang Chen , Wang Shen , Wang Jun , Cao Wenping , Wang Zhuang
Published: June 2021

Herein, CoMoO4 nanoneedles were first directly grown on carbon cloth through a facile one‐pot water bath method. Interestingly, with the extension of reaction time, the mass loading of CoMoO4 on carbon cloth (CoMoO4/CC) increases gradually. As a pseudocapacitors material, the CoMoO4/CC electrode obtained at 10 hour (CoMoO4/CC‐10) displays a higher specific capacitance (2100 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g) than those of the other CoMoO4/CC electrodes. Furthermore, the CoMoO4/CC‐10 electrode also shows a good rate performance 64.29 % and excellent cycle property 94.53 % after 10000 cycles. An asymmetric supercapacitor device using the CoMoO4/CC‐10 as a positive and active carbon (AC)/CC as a negative electrode achieves high specific capacitance 184 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g, specific energy 65.42 Wh/kg (with the specific power 2880 W/kg), specific power 12000 W/kg (with the specific energy 40.18 Wh/kg) and cycle performance 94.29 % after 10000 times. These electrochemical performances demonstrate the as‐prepared CoMoO4 nanoneedles will be a promising pseudocapacitor material for application in energy storage.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates: A Review
Authors: Amira Aϊcha , Aouf Zineb , K'tir Hacène , Chemam Yasmine , Ghodbane Racha , Zerrouki Rachida , Aouf Nour‐Eddine
Published: June 2021

α‐Aminophosphonates play an important role across several fields, including organic synthesis and various potential applications. This review paper surveys recent achievements in the synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates, it summarizes the main synthetic routes towards α‐Aminophosphonates that are known and it describes their biological proprieties from January2010 till December
Special attention is devoted to green chemical approaches including catalysts, ultrasonic and microwave irradiations. We hope this paper will be a useful resource for researchers and that it will help them to work in this emerging research area.
Silver Nanoparticles for Colorimetric Detection and Discrimination of Mercury Ions in Lake Water
Authors: Zou Yu , Pang Jingyu , Zhang Fang , Chai Fang
Published: June 2021

As the most toxic heavy metal, mercury (Hg) has been considered as the greatest environmental threat and it reach ubiquitous in industrial waste water and extended to environment. The detection of Hg2+ in environmental water is a crucial work for both protecting the environment and human health. Colorimetric assay exhibits visual discriminating and simple readout. This work presents the selective sensing of metal ion (Hg2+) by silver particles (Ag NPs), which were functionalized by galactosamine and synthesized via simple one pot method, with the average particle diameter of 18.75±0.49 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as low as 7.92 nM. The colorimetric probe can also be performed in real water sample with good selectivity, and recovery was found to be 95–102 %, indicating can be used for on‐line determination of Hg2+ in the complex aqueous solutions. Additionally, the good catalytic performance of Ag NPs was demonstrated by hydrogenation of p‐nitrophenol and potassium ferricyanide in water samples.
NIR‐II Responsive Hollow Magnetite Nanoclusters for Targeted Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Guided Photothermal/Chemo‐Therapy and Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wang Xingyu , Li Changwei , Qian Junchao , Lv Xiaotong , Li Hong , Zou Jinglu , Zhang Jiahui , Meng Xiangfu , Liu Hongji , Qian Yong , Lin Wenchu , Wang Hui
Published: June 2021

Phototherapy in the second near‐IR (1000–1700 nm, NIR‐II) window has achieved much progress because of its high efficiency and relatively minor side effects. In this paper, a new NIR‐II responsive hollow magnetite nanocluster (HMNC) for targeted and imaging‐guided cancer therapy is reported. The HMNC not only provides a hollow cavity for drug loading but also serves as a contrast agent for tumor‐targeted magnetic resonance imaging. The acid‐induced dissolution of the HMNCs can trigger a pH‐responsive drug release for chemotherapy and catalyze the hydroxyl radical (·OH) formation from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide for chemodynamic therapy. Moreover, the HMNCs can adsorb and convert NIR‐II light into local heat (photothermal conversion efficacy: 36.3%), which can accelerate drug release and enhance the synergistic effect of chemo‐photothermal therapy. The HMNCs show great potential as a versatile nanoplatform for targeted imaging‐guided trimodal cancer therapy.
Bottom Interfacial Engineering for Methylammonium‐Free Regular‐Structure Planar Perovskite Solar Cells over 21%
Authors: Leng Shibing , Wang Luyao , Wang Xin , Zhang Zhanfei , Liang Jianghu , Zheng Yiting , Jiang Jinkun , Zhang Zhiang , Liu Xiao (Xiao) , Qiu Yuankun , Chen Chun-Chao
Published: June 2021

Formamidinium cesium (FACs) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with the exclusion of methylammonium (MA) cations often have greatly improved device stability; however, their inferior performance compared with MA‐based devices has impeded the real application. Among various device engineering strategies, bottom interfacial engineering is a promising method to simultaneously achieve the passivation of interfacial defects and the crystallization control of perovskite. Herein, a simple and effective bottom interfacial design is presented to improve the efficiency and stability of FACs PSCs by capping o‐phenanthroline derivatives on the ZnO electron transporting layer (ETL). The most efficient modifier, 4,7‐Dichloro‐1,10‐phenanthroline (Cl‐phen), can improve the crystallinity of the perovskite film by chlorinated surface and passivate the defects of ZnO by reducing surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies. In addition, Cl‐phen modified ZnO shows better energy alignment with FACs perovskite and increases the built‐in electric field cascade by 80 mV. As a result, a champion device efficiency of 21.15% is obtained using ZnO/Cl‐phen bilayer ETL. The stability has also been improved using ZnO/Cl‐phen bilayer ETL, in which 91.5% of initial PCE is retained after 1500 h of storage at ambient environment (RH: 40–50%) without encapsulation.
From Micro to Nanoscale: A Critical Review on the Concept, Production, Characterization, and Application of Starch Nanostructure
Authors: Tagliapietra Bruna Lago , de Melo Bruna Guedes , Sanches Edgar A. , Plata‐Oviedo Manuel , Campelo Pedro H. , Clerici Maria Teresa Pedrosa Silva
Published: June 2021

Evaluation of nanoparticles obtained from starch is still on a laboratory scale and many challenges need to be overcome up to the industrial scale. In this review, information about the study and development of nanostarches are reported based on a discussion of concepts, production methods, as well as physico‐chemical and technological characterization, safety and applications. The usual methods of producing nanostarches (such as acid hydrolysis, enzymatic pretreatment, high pressure homogenization and ultrasound) are discussed in this review, as well as the advancement of applications in the food industry (as in Pickering emulsion, carriers, films and nanocomposite production). Due to the wide variety of data, a protocol for the analysis of starch nanostructures is suggested. However, methods for quantifying starch nanoparticles are based on yield by weight, and no quantification method has yet been presented for processed products. All reports present a promising future for several areas, both in research and industrial applications, as they are considered as open doors to the many challenges on this research area.
Gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy on small and large scales: Toward the extension of lung spectroscopic monitoring to adults
Authors: Lin Yueyu , Lundin Patrik , Krite Svanberg Emilie , Svanberg Katarina , Svanberg Sune , Sahlberg Anna‐Lena
Published: June 2021

Numerous natural materials are porous, contain free gas and are scattering light strongly. Scattering brings about a strong trapping of light and an associated prolonged transit time for photons through a medium. In contrast to the matrix materials, gas enclosures require very narrowband laser radiation for probing. We have in the present study used the gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy method to study free oxygen in thin (cm) samples utilizing a tunable diode laser, while a pulsed dye laser was employed in corresponding measurements on larger samples, up to the meter scale. Time‐resolved spectroscopy was in both cases used to assess the temporal distribution of the detected photons, mapping the path lengths through the media, which ranged between few centimeters up to 100 m. This study explores the feasibility to extend recent successful monitoring of gases in neonatal infant lungs to the case of larger children or even adults, which could have very important applications, for example, in ventilator setting optimization for severely ill patients, suffering, for example, from SARS‐CoV‐2. The conclusion of our work is that this goal most realistically can be reached by applying intratracheal laser light illumination at the 1 W power level, employing a tapered amplifier, injected with a distributed feedback diode‐laser oscillator output and combined with wavelength‐modulation spectroscopy.
Role of Notch pathway in effect of mono‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate on the proliferation and cell cycle of SH‐SY5Y cell
Authors: Zhang Bo , Li Xu , Zhang Xueting , Ye Jiaming , Zhao Weisen , Zhang Meng , Xing Jiqiang , Qi Wen , Ye Lin
Published: June 2021

Neuroblastoma (NB) is an estrogen‐dependent tumor. Mono‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) has an estrogen‐like effect. However, the effects of MEHP on the progression of NB are not well illustrated. This study was to clarify the effect of Notch pathway on proliferation and cell cycle of SH‐SY5Y cell induced by MEHP. The viability of SH‐SY5Y and BE2C cells were detected by CCK8; cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry; the protein expression levels of Notch pathway and cell cycle related proteins were detected by Western‐blot. Results show that MEHP exposure can promote cell proliferation and altered the cell cycle. MEHP exposure can up‐regulate the expression of C‐MYC, Cyclin D1, Bcl‐2 and affected the Notch pathway. In conclusion, MEHP exposure can promote NB cell proliferation and affect the cell cycle and apoptosis. Notch pathway plays a critical role in accelerating the cell cycle and inhibiting the apoptosis of SH‐SY5Y cells caused by MEHP.
Luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside inhibits cell proliferation and modulates apoptosis through the AKT signaling pathway in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Ho Hsin‐Yu , Chen Ping‐Ju , Lo Yu‐Sheng , Lin Chia‐Chieh , Chuang Yi‐Ching , Hsieh Ming‐Ju , Chen Mu‐Kuan
Published: June 2021

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an unnoticeable malignant tumor with a high potential of lymphatic metastasis, and its prevalence is high in Asia. Ionizing radiation is the mainstay of treatment for patients with NPC without metastasis. However, patients with metastatic lesions require advanced treatments such as chemotherapy. The present study investigated the apoptotic effect of luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside on NPC cells and elucidated its underlying signaling mechanisms. The results revealed that luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside significantly reduced the proliferation of NPC cell lines (NPC‐039 and NPC‐BM). Flow cytometry and morphological analysis results demonstrated that luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside treatment induced S and G2/M cell cycle arrest, chromatin condensation, and apoptosis. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential was observed to be depolarized with an increasing concentration of luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside. Proteins involved in the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, such as death receptor, caspase‐3, caspase‐8, caspase‐9, and Bcl‐2 family proteins (Bax, t‐Bid, Bcl‐2, and Bcl‐xL), were downregulated and upregulated after treatment with luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside, respectively. Moreover, the addition of a PI3K/AKT inhibitor enhanced the activation of poly‐ADP‐ribose‐polymerase (PARP) and attenuated cell viability, indicating that luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside induced apoptosis in NPC cells through the AKT signaling pathway. These results indicated that the apoptosis of NPC cells modulated by luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside may be preceded by mitochondrial depolarization, cell cycle arrest, extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathway activation, and AKT signaling modulation. Thus, luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside can be a promising anticancer agent against human NPC.
Magnetic particles for multidimensional in vitro bioanalysis
Authors: Lin Gungun
Published: June 2021

Multidimensional or multiplex bioanalysis represents a crucial approach to improve diagnostic precision, increase assay throughput and advance fundamental discoveries in analytical industry, life science, and nanomedicine. Along this line, bio‐interfacing magnetic particles have been playing an important role. Fully exploiting the properties of magnetic particles is the key to tailoring recent technology development for better translational outcomes. In this mini‐review, typical magneto‐physical dimensions of magnetic particles are introduced. Recent progress of implementing these dimensions with advanced sensor and actuator technologies in multiplex bioanalysis is discussed. Outlooks on potential biomedical applications and challenges are provided.
Successful treatment of a presumed autoimmune subepidermal bullous dermatosis in a horse
Authors: Saadi Aram , Dalir‐Naghadeh Bahram , Mohammadi Rahim , Tehrani Aliasghar
Published: June 2021

Autoimmune subepidermal bullous dermatoses are rarely described in the horse. Few reported cases have not been cured favourably. A 15‐year‐old male horse was presented with general ulcerative and blistering lesions on skin and oral cavity. Histopathological evaluation of skin biopsy specimens revealed dermal and epidermal separation with subepidermal vesicles and mild infiltration of inflammatory cells (predominantly mononuclear cells). Clinical, historical and histopathological examinations demonstrated a subepidermal vesicular dermatosis. Treatment was initiated with dexamethasone at 0.05 mg/kg IM daily for 3 days, followed by oral prednisolone at 1 mg/kg daily for 2 months. A complete resolution of clinical signs was observed after 2 months, and no recurrence was observed after 24 months follow‐up. No adverse effects were observed.
Vulnerability and resilience of power systems infrastructure to natural hazards and climate change
Authors: Schweikert Amy E. , Deinert Mark R.
Published: June 2021

The value of critical infrastructure rests in the services they provide. Electricity in particular underpins the operation of hospitals, schools, financial systems, transportation assets, telecommunications, and water treatment, and affects many other aspects of daily life. There is an emerging recognition of power systems as complex adaptive systems and a proliferation of work on how to make them more resilient in the face of natural hazards and climate change. However, the term “resilience” is often used to encompass important, but distinct, aspects of infrastructure analysis including vulnerability, asset hardening, resistance to failure and risk management. As work in this domain has evolved through disciplines from risk management, economics, engineering and policy, the term “resilience” has often remained vague or referred to broad aspects of infrastructure performance under hazard events. Here we argue it is important to distinguish asset hardening and risk management from aspects of a system that allow it to deliver services even when some of its components fail. Understanding infrastructure vulnerability and risk are key components of resilient power system assessments. However, differentiating vulnerability from functional resilience (service delivery even when components fail) can help identify gaps in data, modeling and decision making. We propose that continued progress in this area can be made by unifying these areas of work through (1) understanding vulnerability and risk management in the context of hazards and climate change and (2) an orientation of resilient service delivery as a unifying concept for resilience analysis.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies
Life Design for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future
Authors: Di Maggio Ilaria , Ginevra Maria Cristina , Santilli Sara , Nota Laura , Soresi Salvatore
Published: June 2021

Societies today are highly complex and often impacted by uncertainty, rapid change, globalization, and inequality, all of which have significant impact on the wellbeing of people. These changes make it more difficult not only for a great part of the population to live in the present, but also for succeeding generations to aspire to and imagine a possible future. Considering this, career guidance needs a change of pace that can only be associated with investments in inclusion and sustainability. In this chapter we provide a brief historical excursion through the social role that career guidance has played through the years, and then outline possible actions that career guidance professionals could take so as to embrace, sustain, and foster the creation of a better future for everyone and to contribute to the creation of inclusive and sustainable societies.
Developing Coping Skills in the Early Years: A Positive Educational Approach
Authors: Frydenberg Erica , Deans Jan , Liang Rachel
Published: June 2021

There are numerous ways to construe positive education in the early years, particularly as it relates to wellbeing and positive emotional outcomes. The teaching of coping skills provides tools for wellbeing within a positivist framework through emphasising the use of productive coping strategies and reducing the use of unhelpful, non-productive strategies. This chapter provides an example of teaching coping skills in early childhood: the Early Years Coping Project. The project helped young children articulate and understand coping constructs and provided tools to help parents and teachers to assess children’s coping. Visual tools facilitated the development of children’s coping skills in classroom activities. Parents were encouraged to develop their parenting skills and their own coping, utilising the emotion and coping language that is common to them and their children. The parent program was subsequently adapted in a format that was readily communicated to a culturally diverse population, using the generic frameworks and constructs of coping. Coping concepts and constructs have subsequently been incorporated into a COPE-Resilience curriculum. We highlight several applications and extensions of the curriculum. Coping skills provide a template for healthy social-emotional development that can be utilised in different contexts throughout life.
Helping Students Find Their Way to Meaning: Meaning and Purpose in Education
Authors: Steger Michael F. , O’Donnell Maeve B. , Morse Jessica L.
Published: June 2021

Meaning in life is a cornerstone of wellbeing and flourishing. Emerging generations express intense interest, and even anxiety, about living and working in a meaningful way, yet contemporary society seems ill-equipped to provide them with constructive pathways to meaning. In this chapter, we place meaning in life theory and research in the context of positive education, and suggest a number of simple activities and tools, as well as a broader perspective on meaning and purpose, that both can be integrated into positive education programs and also may be used as the very basis for integrating such programs. Meaning in life captures our universal desire for life to be significant, coherent, and purposeful. By helping students begin and continue to take steps on pathways to meaning, positive educational institutions may profoundly assist the flourishing of students in their care and the communities in which those institutions and students thrive.
Positive Education with Disadvantaged Students
Authors: Roffey Sue , Quinlan Denise
Published: June 2021

If anyone needs positive education, it is young people who struggle with adversities in their lives and for whom the school may be their only place of refuge, stability, and welcome. Students who experience challenging life events often do not learn or behave well at school, and as a consequence may be marginalised, punished, or even excluded. These pupils then learn that they are unwanted and worthless. This can have a far-reaching impact not only on these young people, but also on others at the school and our future communities. This chapter outlines major issues that young people are facing across the world, associated outcomes, protective factors, and how schools can help. We include case studies at the school, city, and community levels, describing actions to address the needs of disadvantaged students and the impact these are having, illustrating specific aspects of positive education that can make a difference and may help to break negative intergenerational cycles. What we have learned through these studies makes a positive difference; what is good practice for disadvantaged young people is invariably good practice for all students.
Four Fundamental Distinctions in Conceptions of Wellbeing Across Cultures
Authors: Joshanloo Mohsen , Van de Vliert Evert , Jose Paul E.
Published: June 2021

One of the key roles of culture is to shape how human groups pursue personal and collective wellbeing, and thus each culture contains prescriptions and customs about how to achieve optimal functioning and wellbeing. This chapter identifies four fundamental differences in the conceptualizations of mental wellbeing across cultures. The identified differences are in the centrality of hedonic experience, self-enhancement, autonomy, and the relevance of contextual factors in determining wellbeing. These overlapping dynamics provide a framework for categorizing and making sense of existing cross-cultural findings on mental wellbeing. The chapter discusses the theoretical and empirical implications of the reviewed cross-cultural findings for international measurements of wellbeing. We argue that various measures of wellbeing may function differently in different global regions, with crucial implications for how countries are ranked based on wellbeing. Our review also highlights the relevance of cross-cultural variations in the concepts of wellbeing for designing interventions and policies and evaluating their effectiveness across cultures.
Teacher and Staff Wellbeing: Understanding the Experiences of School Staff
Authors: McCallum Faye
Published: June 2021

The health of the teaching profession is essential for the innovation and productivity potential of our young people. Teachers are faced with preparing young people for an unknown future, with the reduction of manual tasks and an increased focus on people skills, problem-solving, and creative thinking. Teachers are critical in helping students achieve, belong, and develop socially and emotionally. But how well prepared are teachers and other school staff for shifting conditions, and how satisfied and productive are they? The reality is that many teachers, leaders, and school staff are struggling. Drawing on two research studies, this chapter explores experiences of staff wellbeing. Findings indicate that for young people to be well, to achieve at school, and to be prepared for the future, teachers must also be well. Strategies for supporting teacher wellbeing and implications for the future are discussed. A well-educated population is key to a nation’s prosperity, peace, and human flourishing.
Positive Education Pedagogy: Shifting Teacher Mindsets, Practice, and Language to Make Wellbeing Visible in Classrooms
Authors: Waters Lea
Published: June 2021

This chapter puts forward three key ideas for expanding the field of positive education. First, I call for the field to develop evidence-based ways to implicitly deliver wellbeing practices in addition to the current delivery mode of explicit programs. Second, I suggest that the current practice of teaching the content of wellbeing would benefit from including approaches that also build the contexts for wellbeing. Third, I recommend that the field must empower teachers to utilize their own teaching expertise as compared to simply delivering a pre-designed wellbeing curriculum. The core “change lever” to incorporate implicit approaches, build contexts for wellbeing, and empower teachers is that of pedagogy. “Positive Education Pedagogy” reflects the idea that how a teacher educates, not just what is taught, is a key factor in building student wellbeing. Infusing positive education into teacher pedagogy allows wellbeing to be built in all classes and subjects across the entire school and not just in those classes that explicitly teach positive education programs. To demonstrate these ideas, a qualitative case study investigating the outcomes of a positive pedagogical intervention is presented. Results of this study found that teachers who are trained in positive education pedagogy are able to legitimize, action, and spread wellbeing. Positive education pedagogy creates change within the teacher, across classrooms, and throughout the school. These findings are explained through three key positive psychology theories: mindsets, broaden and build, and systems informed positive psychology (SIPP).
Positive Professional Practice: A Strength-Based Reflective Practice Teaching Model
Authors: White Mathew A.
Published: June 2021

While positive education research has grown over the past decade, making strides in measurement, interventions, and applications, it has also been criticised for lacking consistent guiding theoretical frameworks, heavily emphasising psychology over education, and being driven by unacknowledged pedagogical assumptions. This chapter argues that a particular stumbling block has been ignoring the professional practice of positive education; that is, what positive education teachers do and how they know they are having an impact. To addresses this gap, this chapter introduces a strength-based reflective practice model for teachers that integrates the Values in Action classification of character strengths with Brookfield’s four lenses for reflective practice, which consists of: (1) the students’ eyes, (2) colleagues’ perceptions, (3) personal experience, and (4) theory. The model aims to provide a method for critical self-reflection, thereby helping to enable effective professional practice. Through this model, perhaps positive education can become a pedagogy that has found its practice.
Trauma-Aware Practice and Positive Education
Authors: Brunzell Tom
Published: June 2021

In this chapter, positive education is reframed using advances in understanding through trauma-informed perspectives for schools educating students impacted by trauma and systemic educational disadvantage. In order to de-silo trauma-informed teaching and positive education, trauma-aware perspectives are first introduced, including priorities for intervention arising from a systematic review of trauma-aware teacher practice models. Next, positive education is repositioned as a developmental step for teacher practice to fortify wellbeing strategies within the classroom. Then, recommendations are provided, giving guidance for how teachers can begin this practice within their own schools. The chapter concludes with recommendations to support teacher wellbeing in the face of secondary traumatic stress, vicarious effects of childhood trauma, and workplace burnout.
Self-Determination in Positive Education
Authors: Wehmeyer Michael L. , Cheon Sung Hyeon , Lee Youngsun , Silver Matthew
Published: June 2021

One of the constructs that has been widely researched in positive psychology is self-determination, which refers generally to acting volitionally, based upon one’s own preferences, interests, and values. This chapter overviews conceptualizations of self-determination in the context of theories of agentic human behaviour, motivational psychology, and disability. Two primary theoretical perspectives on self-determination, Self-Determination Theory and Causal Agency Theory, are discussed, and their relative contributions to understanding the development of self-determination examined. Three education-based interventions that have been derived from these theoretical perspectives are described, as well as the evidence supporting their implementation: an intervention to increase teacher skills and knowledge to be autonomy-supportive; a schoolwide intervention that emphasizes autonomy, competency, and relationships; and a teaching model that enables teachers to teach students to self-regulate problem-solving leading to setting and attaining educational goals. To create schools that benefit all students, we need to focus on promoting student agency, student ownership over learning, and meaningfulness and purpose.
FOLDOUT: A Through Foliage Surveillance System for Border Security
Authors: Bolakis Christos , Mantzana Vasiliki , Michalis Pantelis , Vassileiou Aggelos , Pflugfelder Roman , Litzenberger Martin , Hubner Michael , Pastore Gaetano , Oricchio Domenico , Desplas Marie , Ansart Marie , Santovito Maria Rosaria , Pica Giulia , Patino Luis , Ferryman James , Kriechbaum-Zabini Andreas
Published: June 2021

Improved methods for border surveillance are necessary to ensure an effective and efficient EU border management. In the border control context, as defined by the Schengen Border Code, border surveillance is defined as “the surveillance of borders between border crossing points and the surveillance of border crossing points outside the fixed opening hours, in order to prevent persons from circumventing border checks”. In this paper, an overview of an EU-funded program related to border security called FOLDOUT is described. FOLDOUT’s focus is on through foliage detection in the inner and outermost regions of the EU. The proposed FOLDOUT system will assist border guards by providing prompt detection of illegal activity at borders and trace the movement and routes prior to arrival in border areas. Different sensors will be developed to detect and locate people and vehicles operating under the coverage of trees and other foliage over large areas. In achieving this, a holistic system employing fused advanced ground, aerial and space-based sensors mounted on StratobusTM and satellite platforms is presented. The system will be demonstrated in different countries in order to test the performance under different weather conditions. Current results are related to FOLDOUT fusion demonstrator system which takes detections from three independent sensor types and unifies detections to eliminate inconsistencies and allow for a global view of activity in the border area.
From Restorative Building to Regenerative Economy: A Model-Theoretical Analysis on Bio-based Plastics for the Construction Industry
Authors: Friedrich Daniel
Published: June 2021

With the introduction of the Construction Products Directive EU305:2011, architects are more than ever required to select products with a high proportion of renewable raw materials. Only then will it be possible to internalise, hence to compensate, for environmental damage caused by technologies that do not conserve resources and are energy-intensive. Using a novel bio-based wood-plastic composite (WPC) as an example, this chapter shows that internalisation can be successful if conventional fossil plastics are “greened” by adding renewable biomass. The results show that this is only the case if the bio-content is not too high but exceeds a minimum value. The degree of sustainability depends on the assessment of the extent of damage to the environment and society. The optimal level of internalisation can then become allocatively efficient, meaning that the costs of avoiding plastics do not increase more than the damage costs decrease. The findings demonstrate that environmental protection can also be economically meaningful and potentially contributes to increasing social welfare in society. A paradigm shift towards restorative economy in construction should take this principle into account.