bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Root and shoot studies of summer cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and baby corn (Zea mays) under intercropping system with different levels of fertility and stress-mitigating chemicals
Authors: BIJARNIA ANJU , TETARWAL J P , BIJARNIA ARJUN LAL
Published: May 2024

An experiment was conducted during summer seasons of 2019 and 2020 at College of Agriculture (Agriculture University, Kota), Ummedganj, Rajasthan, to study the root and shoot of summer cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and baby corn (Zea mays L.) under intercropping system with different levels of fertility and stress-mitigating chemicals. The experiment was laid out in a split-split plot design with 4 replications having 30 treatment combinations with 5 intercropping systems [sole cowpea; sole baby corn; cowpea + baby corn (2:1); cowpea + baby corn (3:1); and cowpea + baby corn (4:1)] in the main plot and 3 fertility levels, viz. 100; 125; and 150% RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer) in subplot and 2 stress mitigating chemicals (0.5% CaCl2 and 1% KNO3 at flowering and pod development stage of cowpea) in sub-sub plot. Results revealed significant increase in shoot weight, root weight, root-to-shoot ratio, cowpea equivalent yield (CEY) and number and dry weight of nodules in 2:1 row cowpea + baby corn intercropping system over other row ratios. The 2:1 row ratio significantly increased root:shoot ratio of cowpea by 20.9, 15.2, and 7.3% over sole cowpea, 4:1 and 3:1 row ratio, respectively, and resulted in the highest root-to-shoot ratio for baby corn, recording 18.3, 14.5, and 6.8% increase over sole baby corn, 4:1, and 3:1 row ratios of cowpea and baby corn, respectively. Further shoot weight, root weight, root:shoot ratio in cowpea and baby corn, CEY and the number and dry weight of nodules in cowpea exhibited a notable increase in 150% RDF as compared to lower fertility levels (100 and 125% RDF). Applying 150% RDF resulted in a significantly higher root:shoot ratio for both cowpea and baby corn, with increases of 11.3 and 4.5% over 100 and 125% RDF for cowpea, and 11.6 and 5.5% over 100 and 125% RDF for baby corn, respectively. Foliar application of 0.5% CaCl2 at the flowering and pod-developing stages significantly augmented all the aforementioned parameters for both cowpea and baby corn.
Exploring available water resources in Bahraich district of Uttar Pradesh: A comprehensive study
Authors: CHAUDHARI SHIV SHANKER , SUDHISHRI SUSAMA , DASS ANCHAL , KHANNA MANOJ , KUMAR PRAMOD , SEHGHAL VINAY KUMAR , PADARIA RABINDRA , V A BLESSY , KUMAR LOVE
Published: May 2024

Present study was carried out during 2018–22 at Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh focusing on groundwater, runoff, and canal water suggesting that a sizable database is essential for effectively managing water resources. Groundwater quantity was estimated using water level fluctuation (WLF), runoff using GIS coupled with curve number and canal water volume using equivalent length factor methods. This study revealed that the contribution of groundwater was more than 52.5%, whereas runoff (45.61%) and canal water (1.89%). Higher amounts of total available water observed in Mihipurwa (305.3 million cubic meter, MCM), Mahsi (211.6 MCM), Chittaura (189.3 MCM) and Nawabganj (184.4 MCM) blocks due to denser vegetation cover and moderate to low curve number values, while Risia (96.5 MCM) had the lowest amounts of available water in juxtaposition with the other blocks due to high industrial draft, higher drop down in the depth of post-monsoon groundwater level and minimal canal water irrigation. The sandy soil predominant in Jarwal had the lowest annual runoff (117.54 mm) while Nawabganj had the highest (359.84 mm) followed by Balha and Huzoorpur due to having a higher elevation over the other blocks. The runoff ratio was found to be larger in Nawabganj (27.74%), followed by Balha (23.06%) and lowest in Mihipurwa (14.89%) followed by Chittaurah (14.91%). Kaisarganj (11.6 MCM) had the highest amount of canal water resources accessible, followed by Mahsi (6.8 MCM) and Huzoorpur (6.1 MCM), while Balha and Nawabganj had the lowest amounts of canal water resources at 0.1 MCM.
Some aspects of bidomain modeling with volume conductors
Authors:   Integrative Neuroscience Initiative, Melbourne, Australia 3145, Poznanski Roman R.
Published: May 2024

The concept of dynamic multiscaling has changed our approach to multi-neuronal cable theory. Previously, computational neuroscientists considered individual neurons as neural masses or compartmental models, but now a distributed representation of single neurons as ionic cable structures is most likely to lead to a greater understanding of how the distribution of ionic channels and synaptic input along the dendrites of a few neurons can offset the collective behavior of a large ensemble of neurons and, therefore, provide a measure of the dynamical brain. This change in perspective forms the basis of volume conductor-bidomain modeling, a new method that captures multiscalar electrophysiology.
Profile: Victoria Janssens
Authors: Whitelaw Jackie
Published: May 2024

Irish engineer Victoria Janssens has recently applied her talents in Hong Kong on the Zaha Hadid-designed hotel tower at the City of Dreams, Macau, and on the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta – all thanks to a decision to risk working overseas. She talks to Jackie Whitelaw.
Guía Esencial de Medicina Interna en el Primer Nivel de Atención Tomo 19
Authors: Martinez Vera Andrea Gabriela , Gordillo Cueva Pablo Marcelo , Yánez Tobar Juan Carlos , Acuña Cantillo Fabian Andrés , Chalén Franco Dayanna Roxana , Guananga Castro John Joseph , Gaibor Mendoza Horacio Enrique , Gaibor Mendoza Napoleon Marcos , Quishpe Briones Abigail Estefanía , Grijalva Villegas Hugo Alberto , Neira Verduga Maria De Fatima , Neira Verduga Jaime Andres , Vargas León Yanina De Jesús , Toledo Cascante Jessica Fernanda , Vásquez Zambrano Nicole Lissette , Medina Castro Karla Doménica , Gómez Sánchez Karla Stefania
Published: May 2024

La medicina interna constituye la piedra angular de la atención primaria de salud, y el décimo noveno tomo de la serie "Guía Esencial de Medicina Interna en el Primer Nivel de Atención" ofrece una invaluable contribución a la práctica clínica diaria de los profesionales de la medicina. Esta obra se erige como un recurso fundamental para médicos de atención primaria, residentes y estudiantes de medicina que buscan comprender y abordar eficazmente las patologías más comunes en este ámbito.
Comparative Analysis of Folk Song Styles in The Huizhou Region
Authors: Yan Tingyu , Yu Hong , Tang Jiajun
Published: May 2024

The folk songs of the Huizhou region in Guangdong Province, China, are richly diverse and embody the area's profound cultural heritage. This study examines three distinct regional folk songs: the Huiyang Jiege, Ruhu Fishing Song, and Huidong Fishermen's Song, aiming to delineate their musical styles and cultural expressions and how they mirror the local culture. Utilizing both questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews, this research engages with 326 residents and 16 cultural experts from various counties within Huizhou City. The study methodically evaluates the artistic features of these folk songs—including melody, theme, and lyrics—and investigates their transmission in contemporary times. The findings reveal that while these songs stem from a common cultural background, they exhibit distinct regional traits in their expression and social roles. For instance, the Huiyang Jiege is noted for its simple structure, whereas the Ruhu Fishing Song and Huidong Fishermen's Songs focus more on emotional expression and social interaction. The study advocates for enhanced local government support and collaborative research initiatives with universities. Additionally, it suggests leveraging modern media technologies to promote and preserve these folk songs as vital cultural assets. By thoroughly analyzing these locally distinctive folk songs, this research contributes to the academic field of ethnomusicology and offers valuable insights into the preservation and perpetuation of regional culture.
Officer Perceptions of Mandatory Annual Physical Fitness Standards
Authors: Conor J. Strack Officer , Bugg Dr. David
Published: May 2024

One of the most important topics regarding law enforcement is officer fitness, or the larger concern, a lack thereof. Lack of fitness can be correlated to instances of inappropriate use of force and the public outcry of police brutality. Physical conditioning can directly assist an officer in achieving their main objective of every shift which is to go home healthy and safe. Increased fitness increases confidence and provides officers with a greater window of opportunity to de-escalate, showing the public that less drastic measures may be taken in handling stressful confrontations. Failure to set or maintain standards of fitness has in some cases, opened the door to civil litigation such as in Parker v District of Columbia where the proceedings showed that the District of Columbia was deliberately indifferent to physical standards resulting in significant financial compensation. Agencies should consider that an officer’s shift and work environment may indirectly lead to a lack of attention to health and fitness. A “complacency kills” approach may be able to outline the dangers of these lapses in standards but if a pathway cannot be created for these officers, then it may only reinforce the negative thought that they may not go home.
Perceived Traits of Intelligent Personal Assistants (IPAS) on Social Commerce Intention and Acceptance by Incorporating the Personality Traits: A Research Model
Authors: Liu Chang
Published: May 2024

AI plays a significant role in social commerce. To foster the acceptance of AI technologies for social commerce, it is important to understand people's use of IPAs. This paper proposes a research model on the perceived traits of IPAs in relation to social commerce intention and acceptance by incorporating personality traits. The paper suggests that perceived competence, perceived intelligence, perceived playfulness, and perceived trustworthiness are the major constructs used to measure perceived IPA traits. Furthermore, the paper concludes that personality traits such as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism moderate the relationship between perceived IPA traits and social commerce intention. Research hypotheses, research methodology, and research instruments are also presented in this ongoing research paper.
A descriptive analysis of research productivity in the Journal of Music Therapy as measured by authorship and affiliations: 2000-2015
Authors: Silverman Michael J. , Reimnitz Lacey , Uban Jake
Published: May 2024

To date, the authors are not aware of any researcher who has studied research productivity solely specific to the Journal of Music Therapy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine research productivity within the Journal of Music Therapy by descriptively analysing the first authors and their respective institutional affiliations of refereed articles within the journal from 2000-2015. We hand-searched all refereed articles in the Journal of Music Therapy from 2000-2015 and created a database of first authors and their affiliations. From 2000-2015, 181 different first authors published articles in the Journal of Music Therapy. The most frequently publishing author had 15 articles (Silverman), while five authors published six articles (Cevasco, Gregory, Lim, VanWeeldon, and Walworth), and four authors published four articles (Gooding, Hilliard, Register, and Waldon). From 2000-2015, authors from 91 different universities or colleges and 26 non-university institutions published articles in the Journal of Music Therapy. Authors affiliated with Florida State University (42 articles), the University of Kansas (24 articles), and the University of Minnesota (13 articles) published the most articles. The long lists of contributing first authors and their respective affiliations highlight the selectivity and diversity of the Journal of Music Therapy. However, there are other ways – including citations and journal impact factors – to measure research eminence and the authors caution against generalisations. Suggestions for future research, limitations and implications are provided.
Soundscapes of Wellbeing in Popular Music (Gavin J. Andrews, Paul Kingsbury & Robin Kearns, Eds.)
Authors: Reigersberg Muriel E. Swijghuisen
Published: May 2024

This is a review of the book "Soundscapes of Wellbeing in Popular Music" edited by Gavin J. Andrews, Paul Kingsbury and Robin Kearns.
Title: Soundscapes of Wellbeing in Popular Music | Editors: Gavin J. Andrews, Paul Kingsbury & Robin Kearns | Publication year: 2014 | Publisher: Ashgate | Pages: 320 | ISBN: 978-1937440534
tribute to Chava Sekeles (17 October 1936 – 24 March 2018)
Authors: Elefant Cochavit , Roginsky Efrat
Published: May 2024

A tribute to Chava Sekeles (17 October 1936 – 24 March 2018)
A Psychometric Review of Universal Reading Screeners Approved by the State Board of Education
Authors: Morgan Lindee , Wenke Joseph , Dandy Kristina
Published: May 2024

In 2023, the Georgia Legislature passed the Georgia Early Literacy Act (HB 538), representing a sweeping reform effort to improve the quality of early reading instruction in the state. HB 538 requires schools to screen children in kindergarten through third grade three times yearly. Related to this requirement, HB 538 requires that the State Board of Education approve a list of 16 universal reading screeners that can: 1) provide relevant information to target instruction, 2) measure foundational literacy skills, 3) identify students who are struggling to acquire reading skills, and 4) be used to monitor progress. The purpose of this review is to provide a supplement to the SBOE’s approved list so that Local Education Agencies (LEAs) can assess the relative psychometric strength of each screener as they select the most appropriate screener for the students they serve. We compiled information regarding each screener's reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity to create an exposition of their strengths and weaknesses. We found that GaDOE's approved list contains numerous tools with acceptable psychometric properties; however, large variability in the amount of psychometric data available for each screener is problematic. LEAs are recommended to consider psychometric strength as a critical factor when selecting an early literacy screener.
The Effects of Question-Answer-Relationship (QAR) Instruction on Standardized Reading Comprehension Test Scores of Third-Grade Students
Authors: Green Susan , Mraz Maryann
Published: May 2024

Despite many school reform initiatives designed to ensure reading proficiency for all students, recent reports from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reveal that only 37 percent of fourth-grade students and only 34 percent of eighth-grade students performed at or above the proficiency levels measured in reading (NAEP, 2017). This quantitative study used a non-equivalent control group design to examine the impact of direct instruction of the Question-Answer-Relationship (QAR) strategy on standardized reading test scores of third-grade students. It also specifically examined the impact of direct instruction of the QAR strategy on traditionally underserved students' standardized test scores. A two-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted. Adjusted marginal mean post-test scores in the group receiving treatment of the QAR strategy (64.580) were higher than the mean post-test scores of students who did not receive QAR instruction (56.382). Adjusted marginal mean post-test scores of students who did not receive QAR instruction (56.382). Adjusted marginal mean post-test scores of historically underserved students showed no significant differences (60.05 and 60.90, respectively). In addition, adjusted marginal mean post-test scores of historically underserved and non-historically underserved students who received QAR instruction showed no significant differences (54.48 and 58.29).
Looking for It: Language, Literacy, and History in Place
Authors: Panther Leah , Hochuli Caitlin
Published: May 2024

Within this article, we explore how teachers, researchers, and community members—including youth—worked in collaborative conversations and place-based projects to explore the languages, stories, and histories of their local Georgia communities. By examining the process of “looking for it,” as one youth researcher puts it, this article explores three inquiry practices Georgia youth use to identify and sustain community language and literacy practices: personal storytelling, walking histories, and breaking bread. These community literacies resulted in youth having a stronger sense of self and community and understanding the relationship between them. Additionally, the practices spurred critical thinking, historical inquiry, and socioemotional learning. Community exploration through community literacies created the foundation for place-based language, literacy, and history research to take root and flourish.
Exploring The Use Of Tiktok Educational Video To Increase Students’ Vocabulary At SMKN 02 Batu
Authors: Amelia Lutfi Rasyidah , Adi Sugeng Susilo
Published: May 2024

Vocabulary is essential for English learners to understand the material. To increase students' interest in learning new words, medias can be used. This study aims to evaluate the practicability of TikTok as an EFL educational platform based on students' perceptions and assist educators in this regard. This study employs a qualitative method using a questionnaire and interviews to determine the number of TikTok users and to gather information from interviewees to provide a comprehensive description and elucidate the perceptions of students. Purposive sampling was used to select 27 students majoring in Agricultural Product Processing Agribusiness from SMKN 02 BATU, of which 5 were chosen for interviews. The interview session identified five themes related to students' perception of TikTok educational videos and their impact on vocabulary development: 1) content type, 2) benefits, 3) advantages, 4) weaknesses, and 5) impacts. The results revealed that students mostly learn new vocabulary effectively through TikTok since it provides a practical way to understand the meaning through real-life examples from TikTok. The study found that using media to teach English to vocational students is more effective than using textbooks, despite some students finding it distracting. This suggests that implementing TikTok educational videos in the future could be more effective than previous methods.
ՎԱՆԱԿԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԿԱՆՈՆՆԵՐԸ ԵՒ ԾԻՍԱԿԱՐԳԵՐԸ ՀԱՅՈՑ ՄԵՋ. Գիրք առաջին
Authors: ԹՈՒՄԱՆՅԱՆ ԼՈՒՍԻՆԵ
Published: May 2024

Գրքում ներկայացված է վանականության կարգերի հաստատումը Հայաստանում՝ կապադովկյան և եգիպտական ազդեցությամբ: Համախմբված և վերլուծված են այն կանոնները,որոնք կիրառվել են հայկական վանքերում: Ներկայացված են անապատականների ու վանականների ուտեստը և Սեղան օրհնելու կարգը: Լուսաբանված են հայկական սկզբնաղբյուրների վկայությունները Վանական ուխտադրության ծիսակարգերի մասին, և վերլուծված է սույն ծեսերի բովանդակությունը: Գիրքը նախատեսված է վանականությամբ հետաքրքրվող անձանց, հայագետների, աստվածաբանների և ընթերցող լայն հասարակության համար։
Pengaruh Metode Pencucian Dengan Air Garam Terendam Terhadap Kontaminasi Telur Cacing Parasit Usus Pada Sayur Lalapan Kubis (Brassica Oleracea Var. Capitata)
Authors: Benaya Yamin Onesiforus  , Elisa Rinihapsari  , Puri Dwi Asih
Published: May 2024

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is commonly consumed in raw as lalapan (secondary dish) in daily meal. Lalapan is raw vegetables which is commonly consumed in Javanese people as secondary dish. Consumption of raw vegetables has a potential for helminth infection. This research is an experimental study. In this study, three methods of washing cabbage by using running water, submerged water, and submerged brine were carried out. Different treatments aim to find out more effective methods in preventing the transmtion of parasitic helminths through cabbage vegetables. In the washing method using running water, it is hoped that worm eggs will be washed away along with the dirt in the cabbage vegetable strands. In the washing method using submerged water, it is hoped that worm eggs can be detached from the strands of cabbage vegetables and float on the surface of the water used for washing. Meanwhile, in the washing method using submerged brine, it is expected that the worm eggs will fall and settle at the bottom of the washing container. Chi-square test result in p value = 0,273 between washing method using submerged water and submerged brine, which can be interpreted as there is no difference in contamination results between the washing method using submerged water and submerged brine. Running water gave the best result with no contamination found in cabbage leaves.
Overview of Bronchoscopy and Its Employment in Pulmonary Emphysema
Authors: Arab Ola , Kourieh Lana
Published: May 2024

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure usually performed by a specialist for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in the airway passages. There are two main types of procedure: rigid and flexible bronchoscopy, in addition to developed types such as ultrasound and navigational bronchoscopy to help improve the required outcome. There are several indications for bronchoscopy, but the leading one is suspicion of lung cancer, followed by detection of possible pulmonary infection. On the other hand, hypoxia is the main contraindication for his operation. A precise clinical history of the patient should be taken and multiple tests should be provided before the procedure. Sampling can be done in different ways depending on the indication. Overall, bronchoscopy is a minimum invasive procedure and complications are uncommon, especially for highly experienced doctors. However, patients with chronic pulmonary disorders such as COPD patients must be handled cautiously, especially when treated under sedation and those who have exacerbations.
Clinical Significance of Robot Manipulators for Grasp, Balance, and Gait Recovery (from the Medical Point of View)
Authors: B. Koleva Ivet , R. Yoshinov Radoslav , R. Yoshinov Borislav
Published: May 2024

Robots and virtual reality are now introduced in clinical neurorehabilitation practice. The inclusion of robots in the complex rehabilitation program supports functional recovery, ameliorates the quality of care, and increases the quality of life of patients. Grasp, balance, and gait are important activities, necessary for autonomy in everyday life. Therefore, grasp and gait recovery are important indices of the efficacy of neurorehabilitation. The application of robotic rehabilitation accelerates the process of grasp and gait training, improves the balance and gait stability, and ameliorates the independence of patients in everyday life. We have clinical experience with patients suffering from different neurological and neurosurgical conditions: hemiparesis after cerebral vascular accident, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome and after neurosurgical intervention for brain or spinal cord aneurysm, tumor, or trauma. Here, we present some of our own results in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis and with inferior paraparesis after spinal cord injury. We consider that the introduction of robots in the process of grasp, balance, and gait recovery of patients with neurological conditions and after neurosurgical interventions can be very useful for neurorehabilitation clinical practice.
Value Added Care: Improving Quality with Decreased Costs in Robotic Assisted Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Green Alexandra , Alexander Ashley , Malone Bethany
Published: May 2024

Diseases of the colon and rectum, such as diverticulitis or cancer, are increasing and occurring in younger populations. Although robotic assisted surgery can be more expensive for the index operation, robotic assisted colorectal surgery decreases length of stay, need for narcotics, and the amount of time needed off work for recovery. Robotic surgery also introduces new opportunities for simulation training which allows developing surgeons to improve their technique without risk to a live patient. These benefits contribute to decreased healthcare costs for the system as a whole as well as mitigate downstream effects on the economy due to loss of productivity and tax revenue. Robotic assisted surgery also facilitates video-based mentorship. Video mentorship can be used to improve surgical care and health equity nationally and internationally. Robotic surgery may also provide future opportunities for integration of CT scans into the operative field or artificial intelligence to improve surgeon performance and accuracy.
Comprehensive Interventions in End-Stage Cardiomyopathy: Mechanical Circulatory Support and Heart Transplantation
Authors: Mihai Cornea Alexandru , Rodriguez Guillermo , Ligia Cornea Alina
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the primary indications for employing mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation in the treatment of end-stage cardiomyopathy. It emphasizes the specific types of support, patient selection criteria, optimal timing for intervention, and the prevalent varieties of mechanical assistance devices currently utilized. The chapter delves into nuanced patient outcomes concerning both temporary and long-term support, while also offering a succinct overview of the evolving perspectives within this field. Heart transplantation serves as the ultimate resource for cardiomyopathy patients for whom conventional medical therapy has proven ineffective. This section centers on delineating the indications and contraindications for heart transplantation, emphasizing patient care protocols, early and late postoperative complications, and the future trajectories in this domain. A critical analysis scrutinizes and compares the efficacy and applicability of mechanical assistance against heart transplantation within this patient cohort. Given the intricacies of surgical interventions for cardiomyopathy, the chapter outlines prospects, encompassing advancements such as xenotransplantation and the integration of new mechanical assist devices into the evolving landscape of treatments.
Alkaloids from Plant Extracts as Corrosion Inhibitors for Metal Alloys
Authors: Lebrini Mounim
Published: May 2024

Plant extracts are used as corrosion inhibitors in various industrial applications. They can be employed as active compounds with corrosion inhibiting properties as they often contain natural compounds, such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. They can be utilized in the formation of a protective film, in which active compounds extracted from plants can form a protective film on the metal surface, thus preventing corrosion by isolating the metal from the corrosive environment. They can also exhibit specific inhibitory action, where certain compounds extracted from plants can react specifically with metal ions released during the corrosion process, thus forming stable complexes that delay or prevent corrosion. Plant extracts are often perceived as more environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic corrosion inhibitors, as they are generally biodegradable and nontoxic. Plant extracts can be used in industries, such as the petroleum industry, food industry, and drinking water production, where corrosion can cause significant damage. However, it should be noted that the effectiveness of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors may vary depending on various factors, such as the chemical composition of the extract, concentration, metal substrate, and environmental conditions. Comprehensive studies are required to assess their effectiveness in specific applications.
People Vulnerability before, during and after a Disaster: A Dynamic Taxonomic Approach
Authors: Karma Sofia , Zanut Stefano , Crișan Monica , Agnesi Consuelo , Duca Gabriella
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a taxonomic approach to vulnerability precursors and relevant inhibitors, tackling the entire disaster management cycle, through the analysis of various vulnerability factors “before, during, after” a disaster. Specifically, following the analysis of various existing approaches and models of human vulnerability in disasters, this work proposes an actionable roadmap to identify the criticality points (Critical Vulnerability Indicators - CVIs) under a comprehensive and inclusive approach. In this regard, the following aspects have been elicited: (i) the background; intrinsic weaknesses or possible non-compliance conditions, as well as the social and economic status; (ii) the human-environment interaction; (iii) the governance model; policies and approaches to disaster risk management; (iv) the tools; application of new technologies and modeling tools. This taxonomic approach allows the comprehensive understanding of vulnerability associated with different vulnerable groups and beyond; it aims at a better understanding of the mechanisms that activate and maintain vulnerability, under a dynamic and contextual perspective, highlighting the importance of human variability and interaction with the physical environment. The proposed vulnerability analysis approach could help the policymakers or the relevant authorities to identify the critical points for building inclusive disaster risk reduction and resilience strategies.
Construction Techniques Related to Clay Soils: A Case Study in Africa
Authors: Mubiru David , Bulolo Sam
Published: May 2024

Clay, as one of the soils, must be assessed before being used for particular purposes such as cement production, and the assessment involves detailed site investigations conducted through laboratory or in situ equipment; thus, over the years, different systems or methods, such as stabilization, earth building, nanotechnology, and investigations methods, have been improved. However, although improvements have been made, there are still challenges and gaps within the systems and processes in terms of construction, consumption, usage, properties, etc.
Peace Promotion through Restorative Community Design: Five Case Studies in Latin America
Authors: Cardona Ignacio , Izquiel María , Lucena Norelys , Labropoulos Lore , La Roche Martin
Published: May 2024

Representative democracy is in crisis worldwide, notably in Latin America, where governments struggle to meet public expectations, exacerbating frustrations due to socioeconomic instability, poverty, violence, inequality, and a perceived inability to address these issues. Disenchantment often leads to the rise of authoritarian regimes, where a minority dictates decisions, initially appearing effective but ultimately favoring those in power and neglecting the majority. Such regimes frequently disregard civil liberties and the rule of law, fostering criminal violence and societal upheaval. In response, we propose the Restorative Community Design (RCD) framework, which fosters participatory democracy values by empowering communities to design their spaces in which they live. This chapter explores RCD concepts and case studies from Buenos Aires, Celaya, La Paz, Lima, and Pichincha. The framework systematically integrates urban design, community psychology, sociology, and restorative justice to foster community engagement and peace promotion strategies. Ten lessons learned from these examples conclude the discussion.
The Increasing Need for Inclusive Leadership for Academic Loyalty in Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Gbobaniyi Olabode
Published: May 2024

Higher education institutions (HEIs) and tertiary education have continued to evolve over the centuries. This evolution brings along also the need for leadership to understand their contribution to ensuring tertiary education and HEIs remain relevant by being centers of innovation to the communities they serve. As a result, the future HEIs depend on its leadership and it allows its academics, as members of collectives, to communicate and negotiate with their institutions, through their leaders and managers, to be recognized and supported for their understanding and practices. Inclusive leadership provides academics with a feeling of a sense of belonging, thus contributing to the vision and goals of the HEIs. On their part, HEIs are meant to continually be centers of innovation, and to achieve this, they must provide leadership that is inclusive by ensuring equality, diversity, and inclusion. This will enable academics to perceive and understand the institutional support available to them towards their innovativeness and achieving their professional goals and ambitions. This chapter explored the influence of inclusive leadership in higher education institutions, from an inclusive approach, on academic innovation based on the purview of its antecedents and consequences on perceived institutional support (PIS).
The Role of NGOs in Bangladesh During the COVID-19 Pandemic Followed by the Floods in the Northern Districts
Authors: Abu Hasnath Syed , Baser Shahadat
Published: May 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh during 2020−2022 caused a severe health crisis and unprecedented economic disruptions, with millions of job losses. These issues were exacerbated by the two unprecedented flash floods in mid-2022 in the northeastern districts of Sylhet and Sunamgonj, making the country recovering from the pandemic more vulnerable. The situation required an effective collective response from governmental and civil society organizations, including local and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs and INGOs), to provide millions of affected people with affordable healthcare and offer shelter to the seven million-plus displaced flood victims. This chapter provides an in-depth discussion on the role and performance of some NGOs and INGOs and a few selected corporate and civil society organizations, frequently organized as foundations, in providing medical supplies, food, and finance, as well as material and emotional support to the victims. As will be shown, small NGOs were, in some cases, instrumental in saving the lives of hundreds of people during these turbulent times. While this does not undermine the key role of large national and international NGOs, we recommend providing more international aid to bigger and smaller grassroots NGOs. These entities should also be given greater governmental support to ensure that such initiatives fully benefit the communities in need.
Noninvasive Diagnostic Methods in Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Peng Ying , He Shubei , Kang Ning
Published: May 2024

Liver cirrhosis is a condition characterized by the gradual development of liver fibrosis and the disruption of hepatic lobules. Patients who have decompensated cirrhosis face a significant risk of severe complications, including ascites, esophageal varices, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial to preventing further liver damage, reducing morbidity and mortality associated with complications, and improving the prognosis. Additionally, timely diagnosis and accurate assessment of liver cirrhosis are critical for effective management and treatment. While liver biopsy has long been considered the gold standard for diagnosing cirrhosis, it has well-known limitations, including invasiveness, sampling error, and high expense. These limitations have restricted its widespread use in clinical practice. As a result, noninvasive diagnostic methods for liver cirrhosis have been proposed as alternatives to liver biopsy. Current noninvasive methods encompass liver and spleen stiffness measurements, ultrasound, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as serum biomarkers. Additionally, emerging technologies, such as omics, have led to the identification of novel biomarkers. However, the diagnostic performances of these methods vary among studies. Further, research and standardization of these methods are necessary to enhance their diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility in the evaluation of liver cirrhosis.
Global Corporate Social Responsibility: The Significance of International Guidelines and Standards
Authors: Thulani Bongani Makhanya Monument , Faith Vezi-Magigaba Makhosazana , David Nkonde Sipho
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the critical role international norms and standards play in shaping global Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices. As global firms operate in multiple jurisdictions, adherence to a single set of values becomes increasingly important. This chapter examines the effects of important frameworks such as ISO 26000, the UN Global Compact, and GRI Standards on CSR implementation around the world. It analyses their global effectiveness in encouraging sustainable business practices, stakeholder engagement, and accountability procedures. Furthermore, the chapter elucidates the difficulties in establishing consistent CSR outcomes across diverse cultural, legislative, and economic environments. This chapter contributes to a better understanding of how standardised CSR frameworks support responsible business conduct in an increasingly linked global setting by shedding light on the diverse influence of international norms. The methodology used in this chapter was secondary sources, and the acquired data was examined utilising text content to derive significant insights. Eight recommendations are put forward by this chapter on how companies or businesses ought to follow the CSR guidelines and standards as well as seven recommendations for future research direction.
Perspective Chapter: Navigating the Changing Landscape – Innovations and Transformations in Tertiary Education
Authors: Karimi Hengameh , Khawaja Sarwar
Published: May 2024

The tertiary education sector is now experiencing significant transformation due to a combination of factors, such as developments in technology, the process of globalisation, and the changing demands of society. The aim of this chapter is to conduct a comprehensive examination of the innovative strategies and transformational patterns that are influencing the future direction of tertiary education. The analysis begins by looking at the historical progression of tertiary education, emphasising key milestones and developments that have shaped its trajectory. Following this, the analysis delves into current challenges and trends encountered by the sector, including the increasing need for accessible and flexible educational prospects, as well as the growing importance of digital literacy and employability skills. In addition, the chapter explores innovative approaches of teaching and learning, with a focus on student-centred pedagogies, partnerships with the industry, and the utilisation of developing technology. Tertiary institutions may effectively respond to the changing environment by actively addressing the requirements of diverse learners and stakeholders. This will help cultivate a culture of innovation and excellence in education.
IoT Framework Application to SHM Systems
Authors: Hidalgo-Fort Eduardo , Blanco-Carmona Pedro , Serrano-Chacon Alvaro , José Mascort-Albea Emilio , Muñoz-Chavero Fernando , González-Carvajal Ramón , Jesús Torralba-Silgado Antonio , Jaramillo-Morilla Antonio
Published: May 2024

This chapter presents and details a complete IoT solution for secure, synchronous, low-power, wireless and unattended structural health monitoring (SHM), whose architecture can be parameterised to any type of structure to be monitored, thanks to its modular design based on an embedded real-time operating system at the node level and a microservices architecture at the application level. This solution is validated by means of its deployment, together with two commercial reference systems, in two experimental use cases in two different structures: on the one hand, a bridge located at the Engineering School of the University of Seville (Spain) and, on the other hand, the Homage Tower of the Utrera’s Castle (Spain). The results obtained place this work as a novel solution in the current state of the art.
Increasing Mango Production Efficiency under the Fast-Changing Climate
Authors: Antwi-Boasiako Augustine , Amponsah Priscilla , Adoma Opoku Jacinta , Coulibaly Daouda , Mintah Paul
Published: May 2024

Mango (Mangifera indica) is an economically and nutritionally significant fruit crop in the tropical and subtropical regions. The demand for mango fruits and processed products has been high both in the internal and external markets due to its taste and its associated health benefits. In meeting the demands requirement, reengineering the various tools that are available to improve mango production in response to the varied stresses in their environment, especially in the era of climate change, is crucial. The prime goal is to demonstrate the effects of climate change on mango growth, yield and quality while showing interventions that have been deployed to combat it. The chapter focuses on the role climate variability plays in the growth and yield parameters of mango trees, as well as the improvement objectives and approaches employed in enhancing their production and quality. It offers the diverse progress made in overcoming the biotic stresses that hinder mango production as well as the intervention made in improving the nutritional and quality traits of mangoes while offering directions for future research works on mango trees.
Thymectomy in Children
Authors: Karagüzel Güngör , Bahadır Kutay
Published: May 2024

Surgical diseases of the thymus are rare in childhood. Although thymic hyperplasia, myasthenia gravis (MG), and ectopic thymic cysts/tissues are relatively more frequent among these ones, thymectomy is commonly performed during congenital cardiac surgery and for thymoma. The indication and timing for thymectomy in thymic hyperplasia and non-thymomatous MG is controversial due to their unpredictable course. Such complex cases should be evaluated by a multidisciplinary team at a tertiary center. In thymic hyperplasia and MG, as a general management policy, thymectomy is recommended when all conservative approaches fail. Excision is the first option in symptomatic ectopic thymic cysts or tissues. There are three basic access routes for thymectomy: (I) transsternal, (II) transcervical, and (III) endoscopic (thoracoscopic/robotic). Additionally, when the extent and limits of the excision procedure are considered, the surgical techniques can be further classified in three groups: (I) simple/standard thymectomy, (II) extended thymectomy, (III) radical/maximal thymectomy. Most of the thymic disorders in children are treated with simple thymectomy, which can be performed through thoracoscopic approach. Transsternal access is usually preferred for a large thymus or advanced thymomas. Available literature supports that thymectomy can make a significant contribution to relieving generalized symptoms in selected cases of thymic hyperplasia and MG. Morbidity after thymectomy in children is minimal and mortality is negligible.
The Pleistocene Maritime Migration of Modern Humans in Northern Wallacea: The Cases of Topogaro in Sulawesi and Bubog in Mindoro
Authors: Ono Rintaro , Pawlik Alfred , Fuentes Riczar
Published: May 2024

Around 50,000 years ago, early modern humans migrated from Island Southeast Asia and via the Wallacean islands into the continent of Sahul in Oceania by several sea crossings. The Wallacean archipelago can be broadly divided into northern Wallacea comprising the northern Indonesian islands and most of the Philippine islands, except Palawan, and southern Wallacea with the southern Indonesian islands and Timor. This chapter focuses on the cases of early modern human maritime migration and resource use in northern Wallacea during the late Pleistocene. Of the Pleistocene sites in northern Wallacea, two important sites are presented and discussed: the Goa Topogaro cave complex in central Sulawesi, Indonesia, now dated to 42 ka, and the Bubog rock-shelter sites in Mindoro, Philippines, dated to at least 35 ka, based on our excavations. We discuss both localities in their regional context, as well as their role in maritime migration and seafaring in Wallacea and Sahul, and provide a comparison with other cases in the Ryukyu Islands, adjacent to northern Wallacea.
Cybersecurity Global Clashes in the Era of AI
Authors: Peck Patrícia , Arthuso Lucas
Published: May 2024

This article explores the human challenges on Cybersecurity Culture at the time of AI, considering diversity, internet international cybercrime organizations, the “naive behavior” of the user, and the lack of technical capacity, skills, tools, and collaboration of the authorities, in different countries. The technological revolution promoted by artificial intelligence (AI) brings with it advances and challenges, especially in the field of cybersecurity. Governments around the world are moving to regulate the ethical use of AI, as in the EU and Brazil’s draft laws. Cybersecurity can benefit from AI, helping to detect threats and automate tasks for proactive security measures. However, it also introduces risks such as deepfake exploitation and sophisticated social engineering schemes, which pose financial, physical, and psychological threats. In addition, ubiquitous computing, especially in smart cities with IoT devices, amplifies security challenges, with APIs playing a key role in facilitating communication between interconnected devices, but also presenting risks such as authentication breaches and incorrect security settings that can lead to systems becoming unavailable. Therefore, this article will explain how to develop a digital economy reliable and safe, considering the new AI applications and the necessity to apply governance best practices and rules of ethics, privacy, security by design to have sustainable innovation to continue developing the industry 5.0 for the future.
Dexmedetomidine Versus Fentanyl on Time to Extubation in Patients with Morbid Obesity Undergoing Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Bakr Doha Mohammed , Behery Youssef Rasha , Mohamed Maged Salah , Khalil Moataz Salah
Published: May 2024

Background: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is an effective method for managing obesity. While opioids are used for their hemodynamic stability and their ability to reduce intraoperative stress, they also have reported side effects. Dexmedetomidine (DEX), an α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, is noted for its analgesic and anesthetic-sparing effects, leading to a higher quality of recovery. Objectives: The study aims to compare the effects of fentanyl and dexmedetomidine (DEX) on the recovery of morbidly obese patients following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Methods: This randomized, double-blind study involved 64 patients, equally divided into two groups. The Dexmedetomidine group (Group D) received an intravenous (IV) loading dose of dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg) over 15 minutes before anesthesia induction, followed by a 10 mL saline 0.9% infusion over 60 seconds during induction. Post-intubation, dexmedetomidine was administered at 0.5 μg/kg/h. The Fentanyl group (Group F) received a volume-matched saline 0.9% IV over 15 minutes pre-induction and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) diluted in 10 ml saline 0.9% IV over 60 seconds during induction. After intubation, a continuous fentanyl infusion was maintained at a rate of 1 μg/kg/hr. Results: Extubation time was significantly shorter in the Dexmedetomidine group (Group D) at 8.25 ± 2.7 minutes compared to the Fentanyl group (Group F) at 10.47 ± 2.17 minutes, with a P-value of 0.001. Intraoperative heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were also significantly lower in Group D than in Group F. Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores were significantly lower in Group D compared to Group F upon arrival at the post-anesthesia care unit and at 2 hours postoperatively (P-value < 0.05). Additionally, the morphine dose consumed in the first 12 hours after surgery was significantly lower in Group D (5.75 ± 2.20 mg) compared to Group F (8 ± 2.38 mg), with a P-value of 0.001. Conclusions: For morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, dexmedetomidine (DEX) proves to be an effective anesthetic choice. It not only reduces extubation time but also lowers early postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores and opioid consumption within the first 12 hours following surgery.