bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Environmental Factors on Oryzalin Activity
Authors: Nelson James E. , Meggitt William F. , Penner Donald , Ladlie James S.
Published: May 2019

Effects of temperature, sunlight, soil incorporation and surface irrigation on the phytotoxicity of oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) were studied. The activity of oryzalin applied 4 to 6 weeks prior to planting was enhanced by covering the soil with plastic as measured by the inhibition of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. 'Sexauer G-701′] root growth. Growth chamber studies demonstrated that oryzalin phytotoxicity to grain sorghum was greater at 20 and 25 C than at 30C. The control of foxtail millet[Setaria italica(L.) Beauv. #5SETIT] bristly foxtail[Setaria verticillata(L.) Beauv. # SETVE], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE), and smooth pigweed (Amarantbus hybridusL.), and injury to grain sorghum increased as the thoroughness of mechanical incorporation of oryzalin into soil increased. The phytotoxicity of surface-applied oryzalin increased with increasing amounts of irrigation water until it equaled the level of a preplant-incorporated treatment.
Leaching and Degradation ofdl-Strigol in Soil
Authors: Hsiao Andrew I. , Worsham A. Douglas , Moreland Donald E.
Published: May 2019

Leaching ofdl-strigol at six rates between 0.3 and 4.5 kg/ha through columns of sandy loam soil was estimated using a witchweed [Striga asiatica(L.) Kuntze # STRLU] germination bioassay. After 21 days of leaching daily with 1.27 cm of simulated rainfall, about 86% of the applied chemical remained in the top 2.5 cm of the soil, about 6% in the zone between 2.5 and 7.5 cm, and less than 1% in the soil at depths between 7.5 and 30 cm. However, even with the lowest rate of the chemical application, sufficientdl-strigol was leached to a soil depth between 22.5 and 30 cm to cause most, if not all, of the witchweed seeds to germinate. These results suggest thatdl-strigol has a potential for use as an effective tool for a witchweed control or eradication program. No significant degradation of the chemical occurred in moist soil during the 21-day period.
Absorption and Translocation of Triclopyr in Honey Mesquite (Prosopis julifloravar.glandulosa)
Authors: Bovey Rodney W. , Hein Hugo , Meyer Robert E.
Published: May 2019

Leaves of greenhouse-grown honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell # PRCJG] initially absorbed more triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} from application of the ester than the amine salt. After 24 h, however, honey mesquite had absorbed 66% of the applied ester formulation and 72% of the amine formulation. Triclopyr was rapidly transported from the treated leaf to other plant parts. Triclopyr concentrations recovered 4 h after treatment in the upper canopy, lower canopy, and roots averaged 0.12, 0.19, and 0.09 μg, respectively. Concentrations of triclopyr recovered after 24 h were not significantly different than after 4 h in the canopy. No ester from ester application was recovered in the canopy, other than that in the treated leaf. Triclopyr recovered from stems of honey mesquite in the field ranged from 0.16 to 0.72 μg/g in phloem and from 0.04 to 0.20 μg/g in xylem from a broadcast spray application of the butoxyethanol ester at 1.12 kg/ha. Concentrations of triclopyr were usually not significantly different in either the upper or lower stems whether sampled 3 or 30 days after treatment.
Solar Heating of the Soil: Effect on Weed Control and on Soil-Incorporated Herbicides
Authors: Rubin Baruch , Benjamin Abraham
Published: May 2019

Solar heating (SH) of the soil by mulching it with transparent polyethylene (PE) during the hot season elevated the soil temperature by 10 to 18 C above that of the non-mulched soil. SH for 4 to 5 weeks resulted in effective control of most summer and winter annual weeds, the effect lasting for more than 5 months after PE removal.Melilotus sulcatusDesf.,Astragalus boeticusL. and bull mallow (Malva nicaeensisAll. # MALNI) were not controlled by SH. Perennial weeds which propagate from vegetative parts were only partially controlled with short SH, but mulching for 8 to 10 weeks improved control. Mulching the soil with perforated or shaded transparent PE or black PE resulted in a smaller increase of soil temperature and thus less efficient weed control. A combination of SH with soil-incorporated EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) or vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) did not improve the weed control over SH alone, but significantly enhanced the disappearance of the herbicides from the soil. SH inhibited the disappearance of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} but did not change the residual phytotoxicity of bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil). SH treatment improved plant growth and increased the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘895′) and turnip (Brassica rapaL. ‘Purple top’), but not of parsley (Petroselinum sativumHoffm.).
Influence of Picloram Alone or Plus 2,4-D on Control of Wild Oats (Avena fatua) with Four Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: O'Sullivan P. Ashley
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted for 2 yr to determine the influence of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and a commercial mixture of picloram plus 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] (1:16, w/w) on control of wild oats (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) with four postemergence herbicides. The phytotoxicity to wild oats of barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) or difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium) in 1981 and diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy] propanoic acid} or flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine] in 1981 and 1982 was reduced when these herbicides were applied in a mixture with picloram plus 2,4-D. Consequently, the use of these mixtures for broad-spectrum weed control in one spray operation is not recommended. Picloram applied at a rate equivalent to the amount present in the picloram plus 2,4-D mixture did not influence the control of wild oats obtained with any herbicide, indicating that the antagonism was due to the 2,4-D component of the picloram plus 2,4-D mixture.
PARTITI E CLASSE PARLAMENTARE NEGLI ANNI SETTANTA
Authors: Guadagnini Marila
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'opinione che la classe politica è stata ed è centrale nel nostro sistema più che in altre nazioni ha una storia assai lunga, quasi quanto la storia stessa dei partiti, così come una lunga tradizione ha la discussione circa il basso grado di efficienza e di legittimità che caratterizza l'élite politica. La continuità con cui tali problemi paiono connaturati col sistema politico spiega forse la particolare attenzione dedicata in Italia, sia sul piano teorico che su quello della ricerca empirica, al tema delle élites: basti pensare alle riflessioni dei teorici della classe politica o alle numerose ricerche empiriche condotte su questo argomento nel dopoguerra.
INTRODUZIONE
Authors: L.M.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Questa rivista è di «riflessione», assai piò che di «intervento». La nostra convinzione di fondo era (ed è) che in Italia non fosse necessaria un'altra pubblicazione di parte, vicina a qualche area o tendenza politica, ma piuttosto una rivista che servisse ad approfondire, a capire meglio, i maggiori fenomeni politici dell'epoca in cui viviamo e, in particolare, della nostra democrazia. Iniziando il secondo decennio di vita Giovanni Sartori ha riassunto la linea perseguita con queste parole: «Una scienza politica faziosa, comiziante, propagandante, non è; intendo, non è scienza e nemmeno, in alcun modo, conoscenza» (questa rivista, X, 1980). Dal che non consegue che ci siamo arroccati in una torre d'avorio. A dimostrazione del contrario basterà ricordare il dibattito dedicato alle correnti interne ai partiti politici nel 1972, o il numero unico sui sindacati nel 1973, quando appariva che proprio quei due fenomeni, cioè la crescente importanza delle correnti partitiche e dei sindacati, fossero le novità piò importanti per il sistema politico italiano all'inizio degli anni settanta; oppure i molti saggi sulla democrazia e gli aspetti centrali ad essa legati, quali elitismo, competizione, pluralismo, quando sembrava che la crisi delle democrazie occidentali caratterizzasse la seconda metà del decennio; o, infine, i diversi contributi sui partiti e sistemi di partito, pubblicati in vari anni, quando queste istituzioni parevano sottoposte a sfida e, certo, a trasformazione.
The Demise of the Revenue Farm System in the Federated Malay States
Authors: Butcher John G.
Published: May 2019

Within the space of a few years a remarkable transformation took place in the taxation system of the Federated Malay States (FMS). Up until the early 1900s the British administration of these states relied, as had the sultans and chiefs from whom the British had taken control in the 1870s, on the revenue farm system for collecting many taxes. Most revenue farms were constituted according to the standard pattern found elsewhere in Southeast Asia at this time and in Europe up to the eighteenth century. The government granted a private contractor, the revenue farmer, the exclusive right to collect a certain tax in a specified area for a set number of years in return for a fixed rent, and the farmer kept for himself any money which he collected over and above what he owed the government in rent. A great variety of taxes were collected in this way. There were farms to collect the export duty on atap, firewood, timber, and rattan; most towns had market farms; and in Perak there was even a ‘farm of river turtle eggs’.
Subcommunal Participation and Leadership Cohesiveness of the Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Singapore
Authors: Fong Mak Lau
Published: May 2019

Using reproduced inscription data the present study examines two social facets of the Chinese in nineteenth-century Singapore. The first facet pertains to group participation (economic and social) and it was found that the average amount of donations made by the Hokkiens to their subcommunal organizations was much higher than that given by the Cantonese and Hakkas.

On the other hand, more Cantonese and Hakka people contributed to their subcommunal organizations. The interplay of differential economic status and organizational objectives is heuristic in explaining this discrepancy.
Missionaries and the Intellectual History of Africa: A Historical Survey
Authors: Etherington Norman
Published: May 2019

Historical studies of Christian missionaries in Africa have not prospered in recent years. TheJournal of African History, which printed six articles on missionaries during the first ten years of its existence, has only printed two articles on the subject in the course of the last ten years. Only one book on missionaries has been published by a major university press in Britain or America since 1972. Very occasionally articles about missionaries appear in theInternational Journal of African Historical StudiesandAfrican Affairsbut never in theCanadian Journal of African Studiesor theJournal of Modern African Studies.
Adult Learning Styles – Implications for Adult Educators Working in Aboriginal Communities
Authors: McGrath W.J.
Published: May 2019

In the Northern Territory there are about 20 adult educators based in Aboriginal communities where the traditional life-style is still experienced to a great degree. These adult educators are required to identify the further education and training needs of the community and to implement programs to meet these needs. In this brief paper I shall examine ways in which the study of Aboriginal adult learning styles can be of use to these adult educators.

Before looking at specific Aboriginal learning styles it is necessary to look at those which are generally universally agreed upon as the basic learning styles applicable to adults. This is necessary in order to ensure that adult educators have a foundation on which to base some identifiably different learning styles inherent in Aboriginal culture.
Adaptive Anti-Disturbance Method for Magnetometer and INS Integration in a Road Vehicle
Authors: Wu Zongkai , Wang Wei
Published: May 2019

The integration of magnetometers and Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) is widely used in low-cost navigation systems. However, even if the system has been calibrated, random magnetic disturbances still appear in practical applications, which lead to large heading errors. To solve this problem, an adaptive anti-disturbance method to overcome random magnetic disturbance is proposed. First, disturbances are classified and analysed in detail based on actual road vehicle driving data. Then an Adaptive Robust Extend Kalman Filter (AREKF) is designed to resist sudden disturbances. However, an AREKF may accumulate errors slowly when a long-term disturbance exists. Considering this situation, this paper proposes that AREKF is used to maintain accuracy in the early stages, at the same time as the magnetometer is quickly calibrated with a Kalman filter. Then, the new magnetometer parameters are put into the AREKF to suppress long-term disturbances. Finally, cascading these two modules, not only the sudden disturbance can be overcome, but the situation of long-term disturbances can be suppressed. The results of simulation and an actual driving test show that the proposed method can effectively overcome random magnetic disturbances in both the short and long term.
“‘A Sweat Shop of the Whole Nation’: The Fair Labor Standard Act and the Failure of Regulatory Unionism”
Authors: O’Brien Ruth
Published: May 2019

The history of the American welfare state is often recounted as a long line of missed opportunities. As the story goes, the absence of a labor party, or American exceptionalism, helped create a weak welfare state. Initially, some political scientists, labor economists, and historians attributed American exceptionalism to the pure and simple unionism of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). In the 1990s, however, a number of political scientists and legal historians revised their understanding of American exceptionalism. Given the legal bias within the common law that benefited individuals rather than groups, conservative state and federal court judges pursued peremptory legal strategies, like the labor injunction, that shaped the course of the American labor movement. It was repressive state action, the revisionists argue, that explains why organized labor, and the unions that came to dominate the movement, pursued a less expansive vision of trade unionism and the American state.
Rural Free Delivery as a Critical Test of Alternative Models of American Political Development
Authors: Kernell Samuel
Published: May 2019

During roughly the half-century straddling the turn of the twentieth century, America’s national government underwent a dramatic transformation. It proceeded on two fronts, politics and administration. At the beginning of the era, politicians were deeply enmeshed in a system of patronage and graft reflecting their indebtedness to the local and state political parties without whose support their careers would have languished. Local party organizations recruited and sponsored candidates, ran election campaigns, and directed subsequent career moves among its cadre of politicians. In return, these politicians used their offices to stoke the party machine with a steady supply of patronage appointments and government contracts. By the end of the era, a variety of state and national reforms had effectively dismantled the patronage system.
The Use of Liability Rules in Controlling Hazardous Waste Accidents: Theory and Practice
Authors: Opaluch James J.
Published: May 2019

Economists since Pigou have advocated the use of economic incentives for controlling environmental degradation. In a similar vein, environmental economists have long lamented a near unanimous reliance of environmental policy on the use of direct regulation. However, several pieces of legislation, as well as common law doctrine, provide strict liability for damages from a variety of pollution incidents. The term strict liability means that a polluter is liable for the penalty imposed for a pollution incident irrespective of intent, fault, or even knowledge of the pollution incident. Negligence need not be proved, thus strict liability allows for no defense of due care or conformance with common practice.
Factor Demand and Returns to Scale in Milk Production: Effects of Price, Substitution and Technology
Authors: Hoque Anwarul , Adelaja Adesoji
Published: May 2019

A translog cost function was estimated using pooled time series-cross section data from five Northeastern States to study structural changes in the dairy industry. The approach given in the duality theory was found useful in estimating the input demand structure under changing input prices and technology conditions. The estimated Allen partial elasticities of substitution show the existence of substitution between energy and non-energy inputs in dairy farming. Despite input price increases the dairy industry maintained competitiveness as seen by the returns to scale parameters.
Variability of New York's Agricultural Use Values and Its Implications for Policy
Authors: Boisvert Richard N. , Bills Nelson L.
Published: May 2019

This paper compares two alternative estimates of agricultural use values in New York, one based on comparable sales information and the other on capitalized yearly income. Emphasis is placed on the variability of the values over the 1973–83 period and its implications for taxpayer equity and the financing of local governments.
A Note on Forecasting with Econometric Models
Authors: Allen P. Geoffrey
Published: May 2019

Forecasts made by econometricians are typically conditioned on actual values of explanatory variables, even when at the time of the forecast, such variables might not be available. As a first step, one might test the adequacy of econometric specification by comparing conditional post sample forecasts with those of a univariate ARIMA model. Second, when explanatory variables must themselves be forecast, those for which this can be done only badly, should be omitted from the final model. A better forecast will result. An example of screening out badly forecasted explanatory variables is presented.
Implementing a Communication Curriculum for Special Education
Authors: Power D. J.
Published: May 2019

Traditionally, like most members of the teaching profession, special educators have tended to see a “curriculum” as being a document: a document which specifies the kinds of content that needs to be taught to pupils, and is usually quite free of statements about methods and materials to be used in teaching those contents. Most special schools have produced such documents, and a large number of them have been enshrined in collections such as the Fearon Reference Systems’ Curriculum development library (1978, ff). In earlier days such documents in the language area listed by school year the parts of speech which pupils should learn during that year; in later days they tended to talk about patterns of sentences and the order in which they could be acquired (that of Alice Streng, 1972, is a good example of this latter type). More recently, books such as those of Blackwell, Engen, Fischgrund and Zarcadoolas (1978), Kretschmer and Kretschmer (1978) and McLean and Snyder-McLean (1978) have begun to reflect changes in general language teaching theory, and hence emphasise the teaching of functional communications with less emphasis on the structures of English syntax, although this has not disappeared entirely. Increasingly also, the influence of general language theory and method is being reflected in such documents, and one finds frequent reference to such general theorists as Crystal, Fletcher and Garman (1976), Breen and Candlin (1978), Schiefelbusch (1978a, 1978b) and Tough (1976).
Planning for Special Education Needs
Authors: O’Connor Peter D.
Published: May 2019

By the end of this decade we may well look back on the beginning of the 1980’s as a watershed period in the provision of services for children with special needs in Australia. This period from 1979 to 1983 has been an era in which several state and national reports on needs in special education, teacher education and related areas have been published and placed before Federal and State governments for action. Yet, as fate would have it, this has been a period of great economic difficulty dominated by contractionary budgets at the Federal level with inevitable restraint at State levels. It has also been a period of record unemployment with the average person much more concerned about unemployment, family budgets and survival than social issues such as provision of appropriate and rightful resources to educate handicapped children and adults. Indeed, the visibility and relevance of education generally as a social and political issue has been subjugated by more pressing survival issues.
Monitoring and improving antipsychotic adherence in outpatient forensic diversion programs
Authors: Meyer Jonathan M.
Published: May 2019

Outpatient diversion programs present an opportunity for severely mentally ill defendants to receive psychiatric treatment and have alleged offenses dismissed by the court. Moreover, the successful completion of pretrial diversion is associated with fewer post-program arrest and jail days. The target patient population for such programs is typically people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but the care of such patients in outpatient settings presents challenges for monitoring treatment fidelity, specifically antipsychotic adherence, as low adherence rates are associated with increased rates of recidivism. Presented here is a review of evidence-based strategies that must be employed to track antipsychotic adherence in outpatient diversion programs, including pill counts, use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics, and determination of plasma antipsychotic levels to assess adherence and the adequacy of antipsychotic treatment. Antipsychotic therapy remains the foundation of schizophrenia treatment, but only through the use of all available modalities can clinicians maximize the odds that schizophrenia patients in pretrial diversion maintain psychiatric stability and successfully complete mental health court mandates.
A polarization and band reconfigurable cross-slot antenna for multiband application
Authors: Saraswat Kapil , Harish A. R.
Published: May 2019

A polarization and band reconfigurable cross-slot antenna for multiband applications is presented in this paper. The antenna consists of four p–i–n diodes embedded in the cross-shaped slot in a ground plane and excited by a microstrip feed line. The p–i–n diodes are placed in such a way that they produce multiple bands, with linearly and circularly polarized (CP) radiation. By switching the states of the p–i–n diodes, the sense of rotation of the electric field in CP radiation can be reconfigured. The proposed structure can be configured to produce two bands that radiate linearly polarized waves or three bands, where, two are linearly polarized and one is CP. The proposed design concepts are validated bythe CST studio suite as well as measurementsare carried out on fabricated prototypes.
Influence of application timing and herbicide rate on the efficacy of tolpyralate plus atrazine
Authors: Metzger Brendan A. , Soltani Nader , Raeder Alan J. , Hooker David C. , Robinson Darren E. , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: May 2019

Effective POST herbicides and herbicide mixtures are key components of integrated weed management in corn; however, herbicides vary in their efficacy based on application timing. Six field experiments were conducted over 2 yr (2017–2018) in southwestern Ontario, Canada, to determine the effects of herbicide application timing and rate on the efficacy of tolpyralate, a new 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor. Tolpyralate at 15, 30, or 40 g ai ha−1in combination with atrazine at 500 or 1,000 g ai ha−1was applied PRE, early POST, mid-POST, or late POST. Tolpyralate + atrazine at rates ≥30 + 1,000 g ha−1provided equivalent control of common lambsquarters and Powell amaranth applied PRE or POST, whereas no rate applied PRE controlled common ragweed, velvetleaf, barnyardgrass, or green foxtail. Common ragweed, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, and Powell amaranth were controlled equally regardless of POST timing. In contrast, control of barnyardgrass and green foxtail declined when herbicide application was delayed to the late-POST timing, irrespective of herbicide rate. Similarly, corn grain yield declined within each tolpyralate + atrazine rate when herbicide applications were delayed to late-POST timing. Overall, the results of this study indicate that several monocot and dicot weed species can be controlled with tolpyralate + atrazine with an early to mid-POST herbicide application timing, before weeds reach 30 cm in height, and Powell amaranth and common lambsquarters can also be controlled PRE. Additionally, this study provides further evidence highlighting the importance of effective, early-season weed control in corn.
Laboratory Flume Experiments on the Formation of Spanwise Large Wood Accumulations: I. Effect on Backwater Rise
Authors: Schalko I. , Lageder C. , Schmocker L. , Weitbrecht V. , Boes R.M.
Published: May 2019

Transported large wood (LW) in rivers may lead to accumulations at natural or artificial obstructions. The hydraulic and geomorphic conditions change due to these accumulations. Backwater rise as well as scour can evolve in the vicinity of such an accumulation. In this first companion paper, results of hydraulic model tests are presented on backwater rise due to spanwise LW accumulations in combination with a movable bed. The findings are summarized in design equations and allow the estimation of (1) characteristic LW volume generating the primary backwater rise, (2) effect of LW accumulation shape and bed material on resulting backwater rise, and (3) effect of LW volume on backwater rise. Compared to a fixed bed, movable bed reduces backwater rise as the open cross‐section area and thus discharge capacity increase. This work improves the understanding and predictability of the formation and impact of spanwise LW accumulations at natural or artificial obstructions (e.g., LW retention racks).
Role of the South Pacific Convergence Zone in West Antarctic Decadal Climate Variability
Authors: Clem Kyle R. , Lintner Benjamin R. , Broccoli Anthony J. , Miller James R.
Published: May 2019

Regional atmospheric circulation along coastal West Antarctica associated with the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) mediates ice shelf melt that governs Antarctica's contribution to global sea level rise. In this study, the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is identified as a significant driver of ASL variability on decadal time scales. Using the Community Earth System Model, we impose a positive sea surface temperature anomaly in the SPCZ that reproduces an increase in convective rainfall in the southwest SPCZ that has been observed in recent decades, consistent with the negative phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Many of the major climate shifts across West Antarctica during the 2000‐2014 period when the IPO was negative can be explained via a teleconnection over the ASL emanating from the SPCZ. Knowledge of these relationships significantly enhances our understanding and interpretation of past and future West Antarctic climate variability.
Urban Expansion and Drying Climate in an Urban Agglomeration of East China
Authors: Luo Ming , Lau Ngar‐Cheung
Published: May 2019

Urban land expansion is one of the most conspicuous aspects of urbanization and has profound impacts on regional climate change. Most studies, however, focus on its impacts on surface temperature, and possible effects on atmospheric humidity are less known. By examining the humidity changes in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration of China during 1961–2014, we find a prominent urban dry island (UDI) effect in this urban agglomeration, as characterized by reduced humidity and increased vapor pressure deficit in the urban core area. In the past decades, the UDI effect has been significantly intensified by rapid urban land expansion. Urban expansion contributes to around half of the decrease in atmospheric humidity and the increase in vapor pressure deficit in urban areas. These effects are particularly stronger in wet hot summer and relatively weaker in cold dry winter. We suggest that the UDI effect should be considered in future urban planning, landscape design, and climate change assessment and mitigation.
Improved Performance of ERA5 in Arctic Gateway Relative to Four Global Atmospheric Reanalyses
Authors: Graham Robert M. , Hudson Stephen R. , Maturilli Marion
Published: May 2019

Here we evaluate five atmospheric reanalyses in an Arctic gateway during late summer. The reanalyses include ERA5, ERA‐Interim, Japanese 55 year Re‐Analysis (JRA‐55), Climate Forecasting System Reanalysis‐version 2 (CFSv2), and Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications‐version 2 (MERRA‐2). We use observations from 50 radiosondes launched in the Fram Strait around 79‐80°N, between 25 August and 11 September 2017. Crucially, data from 27 radiosondes were not transmitted to the Global Telecommunications System and therefore not assimilated into any reanalysis. In most reanalyses, the magnitude of wind speed and humidity errors is similar for profiles with and without data assimilation. In cases without data assimilation, correlation coefficients (R) exceed 0.88 for temperature, wind speed, and specific humidity, in all reanalyses. Overall, the newly released ERA5 has higher correlation coefficients than any other reanalyses as well as smaller biases and root‐mean‐square errors, for all three variables. The largest improvements identified in ERA5 are in its representation of the wind field, and temperature profiles over warm water.
Relationship Between the Pacific‐North American Pattern and the Frequency of Tropical Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Song Jinjie , Klotzbach Philip J.
Published: May 2019

The frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific during June–November has a significant inverse correlation with the concurrent Pacific‐North American (PNA) pattern from 1965 to 2016. During low PNA years, more TCs form north of 12.5°N, with significantly greater TC occurrences from 15 to 20°N, compared to high PNA years. The difference in TC genesis location can be explained by the differences in the genesis potential index derived from the environmental variables in both PNA phases. The PNA influences TC formation primarily by modulating large‐scale dynamic conditions, with thermodynamic conditions playing a lesser role. In low PNA years, low‐level anomalous cyclonic lows over the Philippines and in the subtropical central Pacific provide significant positive relative vorticity anomalies favorable for TC genesis. Additionally, there is also less vertical wind shear to the north of the Philippines due to enhanced winds at low levels and weaker winds at upper levels.
Patterns of Floodplain Spatial Heterogeneity in the Southern Rockies, USA
Authors: Wohl Ellen , Iskin Emily
Published: May 2019

Floodplain spatial heterogeneity describes the three‐dimensional patchiness of floodplain substrate, surface elevation, and land cover. This heterogeneity results primarily from lateral channel migration and avulsion and decreases under diverse forms of management. Heterogeneity influences floodplain storage time, resilience to disturbance, and biodiversity. We use a data set of 37 floodplain segments covering a range of drainage areas and channel geometries from sites in the Southern Rocky Mountains to examine correlations between floodplain spatial heterogeneity and lateral valley confinement, drainage area, channel planform, and river management. We hypothesized that heterogeneity correlates most strongly with channel planform but found that the best explanatory statistical model included drainage area, planform, and gradient. Pairwise comparisons of means indicate that straight channels have the least heterogeneous floodplains and meandering channels have the greatest, while braided and anastomosing channels have intermediate values. Pairwise comparison of managed and unmanaged river corridors indicates that these populations are significantly different.
In-vivo microscopy reveals the impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa social interactions on host colonization
Authors: Rezzoagli Chiara , Granato Elisa T , Kümmerli Rolf
Published: May 2019

Pathogenic bacteria engage in social interactions to colonize hosts, which include quorum-sensing-mediated communication and the secretion of virulence factors that can be shared as “public goods” between individuals. While in-vitro studies demonstrated that cooperative individuals can be displaced by “cheating” mutants freeriding on social acts, we know less about social interactions in infections. Here, we developed a live imaging system to track virulence factor expression and social strain interactions in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizing the gut of Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that shareable siderophores and quorum-sensing systems are expressed during infections, affect host gut colonization, and benefit non-producers. However, non-producers were unable to successfully cheat and outcompete producers. Our results indicate that the limited success of cheats is due to a combination of the down-regulation of virulence factors over the course of the infection, the fact that each virulence factor examined contributed to but was not essential for host colonization, and the potential for negative frequency-dependent selection. Our findings shed new light on bacterial social interactions in infections and reveal potential limits of therapeutic approaches that aim to capitalize on social dynamics between strains for infection control.
A novel missense PTEN mutation identified in a patient with macrocephaly and developmental delay
Authors: Ueno Yuichi , Enokizono Takashi , Fukushima Hiroko , Ohto Tatsuyuki , Imagawa Kazuo , Tanaka Mai , Sakai Aiko , Suzuki Hisato , Uehara Tomoko , Takenouchi Toshiki , Kosaki Kenjiro , Takada Hidetoshi
Published: May 2019

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) plays an important role in tumor suppression. A germline mutation in the PTEN gene induces not only PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, including Cowden syndrome, but also macrocephaly/autism syndrome. Here, we describe a boy with macrocephaly/autism syndrome harboring a novel missense heterozygous PTEN mutation, c.959T>C (p.Leu320Ser). Interestingly, a previously reported nonsense mutation resulting in p.Leu320X was found in Cowden syndrome patients. Our case may be suggestive of a genotype-phenotype correlation.
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase is a molecular target of potent anticancer agents identified from phenotype-based drug screening
Authors: Yamaguchi Daisuke , Imaizumi Takamichi , Yagi Kaori , Matsumoto Yuichi , Nakashima Takayuki , Hirose Akiyo , Kashima Naomi , Nosaka Yukino , Hamada Tomoko , Okawa Katsuya , Nishiya Yoichi , Kubo Kazuo
Published: May 2019

Phenotypic screening in drug discovery has been revived with the expectation of providing promising lead compounds and drug targets and improving the success rate of drug approval. However, target identification remains a major bottleneck in phenotype-based drug discovery. We identified the lead compounds K542 and K405 with a selective inhibition of cell viability against sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 (SGPL1)-transduced ES-2 cells by phenotypic screening. We therefore performed an in vivo pharmacological examination and observed the antitumor activity of K542 in an HT-1080 tumor-bearing mouse xenograft model. SGPL1 was expected to be a therapeutic target in some cancers, suggesting that these lead molecules might be promising candidates; however, their mechanisms of action still remain unexplained. We therefore synthesized the affinity probe Ind-tag derived from K542 and identified the proteins binding to Ind-tag via a pull-down experiment. Proteomics and biochemical analyses revealed that the target molecule of these lead compounds was Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). We established K542-resistant DLD-1 and HT-1080 cells, and genetic analyses of these cells identified a missense mutation in the NAMPT-encoding gene. This enzymatic experiment clearly showed that K393 exerts enzymatic inhibition against NAMPT. These proteomics, genetics and biochemical analyses clarified that compounds K542 and K405 were NAMPT inhibitors.
ATAC-seq reveals alterations in open chromatin in pancreatic islets from subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bysani Madhusudhan , Agren Rasmus , Davegårdh Cajsa , Volkov Petr , Rönn Tina , Unneberg Per , Bacos Karl , Ling Charlotte
Published: May 2019

Impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic islets is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Altered chromatin structure may contribute to the disease. We therefore studied the impact of T2D on open chromatin in human pancreatic islets. We used assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) to profile open chromatin in islets from T2D and non-diabetic donors. We identified 57,105 and 53,284 ATAC-seq peaks representing open chromatin regions in islets of non-diabetic and diabetic donors, respectively. The majority of ATAC-seq peaks mapped near transcription start sites. Additionally, peaks were enriched in enhancer regions and in regions where islet-specific transcription factors (TFs), e.g. FOXA2, MAFB, NKX2.2, NKX6.1 and PDX1, bind. Islet ATAC-seq peaks overlap with 13 SNPs associated with T2D (e.g. rs7903146, rs2237897, rs757209, rs11708067 and rs878521 near TCF7L2, KCNQ1, HNF1B, ADCY5 and GCK, respectively) and with additional 67 SNPs in LD with known T2D SNPs (e.g. SNPs annotated to GIPR, KCNJ11, GLIS3, IGF2BP2, FTO and PPARG). There was enrichment of open chromatin regions near highly expressed genes in human islets. Moreover, 1,078 open chromatin peaks, annotated to 898 genes, differed in prevalence between diabetic and non-diabetic islet donors. Some of these peaks are annotated to candidate genes for T2D and islet dysfunction (e.g. HHEX, HMGA2, GLIS3, MTNR1B and PARK2) and some overlap with SNPs associated with T2D (e.g. rs3821943 near WFS1 and rs508419 near ANK1). Enhancer regions and motifs specific to key TFs including BACH2, FOXO1, FOXA2, NEUROD1, MAFA and PDX1 were enriched in differential islet ATAC-seq peaks of T2D versus non-diabetic donors. Our study provides new understanding into how T2D alters the chromatin landscape, and thereby accessibility for TFs and gene expression, in human pancreatic islets.
Phase behavior and design rules for plastic colloidal crystals of hard polyhedra via consideration of directional entropic forces
Authors: Karas Andrew S. , Dshemuchadse Julia , van Anders Greg , Glotzer Sharon C.
Published: May 2019

We show how directional entropic forces (which are set by particle shape) give rise to distinct behaviors in entropic systems with translational order and orientational disorder.
Stability and biosimilarity assessment of infliximab using an orthogonal testing protocol and statistically-guided interpretation of peptide mapping
Authors: Hassan Lamiaa A. , Shatat Sara M. , Eltanany Basma M. , Al-Ghobashy Medhat A. , Abbas Samah S.
Published: May 2019

With the growing number of biosimilars, healthcare providers opt to switch costly originator products with biosimilars.
Stable suprachannels via a columnar cyclodimeric ensemble: exchange and matrix of various liquid guests in SCSC fashion
Authors: Hyun Soomin , Yang Lingling , Kim Dongwon , Jung Ok-Sang
Published: May 2019

This columnar molecular ensemble is an efficient, tolerant, and reproducible suprachannel matrix for structural determination of general liquid compounds via easy single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) guest exchange without any desolvation process.
Regulation of magnetic relaxation behavior by replacing 3d transition metal ions in [M2Dy2] complexes containing two different organic chelating ligands
Authors: Wang Hui-Sheng , Yin Cheng-Ling , Hu Zhao-Bo , Chen Yong , Pan Zhi-Quan , Song You , Zhang Yi-Quan , Zhang Zai-Chao
Published: May 2019

Two [MIII2DyIII2] complexes (M = Fe for 1 and Co for 2) with mixed organic ligands were obtained. Complex 2 exhibits single molecule magnet behavior with Ueff = 64.0(9) K.
New series of honeycomb ordered oxides, Na3M2SbO6 (M(ii) = Mn, Fe, (Mn, Fe), (Mn, Co)): synthesis, structure and magnetic properties
Authors: Yadav Dileep Kumar , Sethi Aanchal , Shalu Shalu , Uma S.
Published: May 2019

New members, Na3M2SbO6 (M = Mn, Fe) belonging to the honeycomb family of oxides have been identified through chemical tuning of the oxidation states. The stabilization of Mn2+ (d5) and Fe2+ (d6) cations in the honeycomb geometry lead to various magnetic interactions.
Aerobic, metal-free synthesis of 6H-chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin-6-ones
Authors: Ton Nhan N. H. , Dang Ha V. , Phan Nam T. S. , Nguyen Tung T.
Published: May 2019

A Friedländer-based method for transition-metal free, aerobic synthesis of chromene-fused quinolinones is reported.
Catalyst systems for selective catalytic reduction + NOx trapping: from fundamental understanding of the standard SCR reaction to practical applications for lean exhaust after-treatment
Authors: Gramigni Federica , Selleri Tommaso , Nova Isabella , Tronconi Enrico
Published: May 2019

Physical mixtures of NOx adsorbers and SCR catalysts both for fundamental studies and for abatement of cold start NOx emissions.
Excellent carrier transport materials produced by controlled molecular stacking and their application in flexible organic electronic devices
Authors: Han Yong Woon , Song Ho Jun , Jeon Sung Jae , Lee Hyoung Seok , Ko Eui Jin , Song Chang Eun , Sung Tae Hyun , Moon Doo Kyung
Published: May 2019

Research studies based on flexible organic electronic devices regarding the relationship between carrier transport and molecular stacking are actively reported.
Li2Ni0.2Co1.8O4 having a spinel framework as a zero-strain positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Ariyoshi Kingo , Orikasa Yuki , Kajikawa Kensuke , Yamada Yusuke
Published: May 2019

A zero-strain insertion material of Li2Ni0.2Co1.8O4 having a spinel framework was synthesized and showed very small dimensional change during charge–discharge reaction with large volumetric capacity.
Modulating the electronic structure of ultrathin layered double hydroxide nanosheets with fluorine: an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Liu Zhijuan , Dong Chung-Li , Huang Yu-Cheng , Cen Jiajie , Yang Haotian , Chen Xiaobo , Tong Xiao , Su Dong , Wang Yanyong , Wang Shuangyin
Published: May 2019

Herein, we effectively modulate the electronic structure of Co3Fe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) by F-doping using a CHF3-plasma etching technique.
Correction: Ultrasmall-sized SnS nanosheets vertically aligned on carbon microtubes for sodium-ion capacitors with high energy density
Authors: Zhao Jing , Wang Guiling , Hu Rong , Zhu Kai , Cheng Kui , Ye Ke , Cao Dianxue , Fan Zhuangjun
Published: May 2019

Correction for ‘Ultrasmall-sized SnS nanosheets vertically aligned on carbon microtubes for sodium-ion capacitors with high energy density’ by Jing Zhao et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 4047–4054.
Open vessel free radical photopolymerization of double network gels for biomaterial applications using glucose oxidase
Authors: Mohammed Ali A. , Aviles Milan Juan , Li Siwei , Chung Justin J. , Stevens Molly M. , Georgiou Theoni K. , Jones Julian R.
Published: May 2019

Use of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) allowed open vessel free radical photopolymerization (FRP) of PAAm and PAMPS and enabled double network hydrogels with good mechanical properties.
ZnO/WSe2 vdW heterostructure for photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Hu Fafei , Tao Luqi , Ye Huaiyu , Li Xiandong , Chen Xianping
Published: May 2019

Hydrogen production by water splitting using a particular photocatalyst has received extensive attention as a substitute for clean energy sources.
Two- and one-dimensional quantum spin Hall states in stanene-functionalized GaTe and InTe matrices
Authors: Menshchikova T. V. , Rusinov I. P. , Golub P. , Sklyadneva I. Yu. , Heid R. , Isaeva A. , Kuznetsov V. M. , Chulkov E. V.
Published: May 2019

The surface and edge electronic structures as well as underlying chemical bonding characteristics in van der Waals topological materials GaSnTe and InSnTe are studied.
Constructing moisture-stable hybrid lead iodine semiconductors based on hydrogen-bond-free and dual-iodine strategies
Authors: Liu Guang-Ning , Zhao Ruo-Yu , Xu Rang-Dong , Liu Qisheng , Xu Bo , Wang Yang-Yang , Wu Qian , Wang Jun-Nuan , Nie Yong , Li Cuncheng
Published: May 2019

Hydrogen-bond-free and dual-iodine strategies are first demonstrated to construct stable hybrid perovskites with desired band gaps.
Communicative Strengths in Severe Aphasia: The Famous People Protocol and Its Value in Planning Treatment
Authors: Holland Audrey , Forbes Margaret , Fromm Davida , MacWhinney Brian
Published: May 2019

Purpose

This clinical focus article describes the development and use of the Famous People Protocol (FPP), a clinical tool for observing the strategies people with severe aphasia (PWSA) can use to communicate when speech is limited. Its goal is to provide a systematic approach to identifying individually appropriate communication strategies for PWSA.

Method

Though not a test, the FPP's development and pilot testing were consonant with qualitative approaches to test development. Eighty-one people with aphasia and 37 nonaphasic participants were given the current version of FPP and the Western Aphasia Battery–Revised (WAB-R;
Kertesz, 2006
). This clinical focus article reports on the 36 PWA who scored near or below the mean WAB score of the larger group.

Results

The FPP has a maximum score of 100 based on (a) identification of famous people in different categories, entertainers, athletes, U.S. presidents, sports figures, and internationally famous people, and (b) responses to additional questions about the famous people. Identification is scored quantitatively on a 3-point scale, and question responses are scored correct (1) or incorrect (0). Mean scores for the PWSA and control groups were 54.6 and 95.2, respectively. FPP and WAB-R scores were moderately correlated (
r
= .67). Qualitative results describe the variety of strategies that PWSA used on the FPP.

Conclusions

The FPP is a way for clinicians to engage PWSA in an activity that can reveal personally relevant strategies to help PWSA communicate more effectively. The strategies can then become the basis for subsequent training on using them conversationally. Appendixes provide examples of clinical approaches.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication Use by Individuals With Huntington's Disease: Benefits and Challenges of Implementation
Authors: Diehl Sarah , de Riesthal Michael
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this article was to describe the complex symptoms associated with Huntington's disease (HD) and how they influence implementation of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) services to address communication impairments. Three case studies with varied presentation, AAC recommendations, and overall outcomes are presented followed by a discussion on common challenges of AAC intervention for this population.

Conclusion

Providing AAC services to individuals with HD can be complicated due to variability in symptoms, access to services, funding, and communication partner support. It is important to understand HD and consider the complex presentation of symptoms that impact appropriate AAC strategies and intervention. Further research is needed to improve guidelines available to clinicians.