bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS RASIO LAPORAN KEUANGAN UNTUK MENILAI KINERJA PERUSAHAAN PT PAKUWON JATI TBK
Authors: Febriyani Rosalyn
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja keuangan PT Pakuwon Jati TBK ditinjau dari rasio solvabilitas, likuiditas, profitabilitas dan aktivitas pada tahun 2014 sampai dengan tahun 2019. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder, dimana penulis mendapatkan data secara tidak langsung melalui Website BEI, Laporan Tahunan PT Pakuwon Jati dan studi media. Adapun metode data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi dan studi data yang berkaitan dengan keuangan PT Pakuwon Jati Tbk tahun 2014 - 2019.Hasil analisis laporan keuangan menggunakan pengukuran Rasio Likuiditas, Rasio Leverage, Rasio Aktivitas, Rasio Profitabilitas. dapat digunakan untuk menilai posisi keuangan perusahaan dan membantu proses pengambilan keputusan, menurut penulis dapat dikatakan kondisi keuangan perusahaan cukup baik, dan bagi investor hasil dari rasio keuangan tersebut dapat menumbuhkan kepercayaan untuk menanamkan dananya. di perusahaan. Analisis Du Pont System menunjukkan peningkatan kemampuan perusahaan dalam mengelola asetnya untuk menghasilkan laba dan tingkat laba bersih yang diperoleh pemilik perusahaan atas modal yang diinvestasikan.
ANALISA PENILAIAN KINERJA KEUANGAN PT BARAMULTI SUKSES SARANA
Authors: Ayu Budhiarti Annisa
Published: May 2021

Perhitungan kinerja keuangan ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui baik atau buruknya hasil kinerja keuangan perusahaan. Perusahaan yang terorganisir dengan baik selalu membuat laporan keuangan seperti neraca rugi laba. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan populasi Laporan kuangan PT. Baramulti Sukses Sarana, Tbk. Variabel yang digunakan dalam analisa ini adalah rasio likuiditas, solvabilitas, aktivitas, profitabilitas dan Du Pont System. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah PT. Baramulti Sukses Sarana memiliki kinerja yang masih kurang baik karena dari keempat rasio keuangan menunjukkan angka yang fluktuatif yang berarti perusahaan belum mampu melakukan efektivitas semua sumber daya perusahaan dan menghasilkan laba secara maksimal setiap tahunnya.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI STRENGTH (KEKUATAN YANG DIMILIKI OLEH PERUSAHAAN): LOKASI, PENGETAHUAN, INFRASTRUKTUR DAN MODAL KERJA (LITERATURE REVIEW MANAJEMEN PEMASARAN)
Authors: Yona sari Selvi
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi strength ( kekuatan yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan), yaitu: Lokasi, Pengetahuan, Infrastruktur dan Modal Kerja . Metode penulisan artikel ilmiah ini adalah dengan metode kualitatif dan studi literature atau Library Research. Hasil artikel literature review ini adalah:  1) Lokasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Strenght; 2 Pengetahuan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Strenght;  3) Infrastruktur berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Strenght., dan Modal Kerja berpengaruh  positif dan signifikan berpengaruh terhadap Strenght
PERAN MULTIMEDIA DALAM PERKULIAHAN E-LEARNING: KAJIAN PENERAPAN DALAM PROSES PEMBELAJARAN DI PERGURUAN TINGGI
Authors: Islahulben Islahulben , Catur Widayati C.
Published: May 2021

Konsep yang terkenal dengan sebutan e-Learning ini membawa pengaruh terjadinya proses transformasi pendidikan konvensional ke dalam bentuk digital, baik secara isi (contents) dan sistemnya. Saat ini konsep e-Learning sudah banyak diterima oleh masyarakat dunia, terbukti dengan maraknya implementasi e-Learning di Perguruan Tinggi. e-Learning memungkinkan dosen dan mahasiswa untuk mengakses informasi yang akurat dan up-to-date tanpa hambatan ruang dan waktu. Kemudahan mengakses e-Learning membuat dosen dan mahasiswa  dapat belajar dari mana saja dan kapan saja asal memiliki koneksi internet yang memadai. Kesimpulannya adalah: (1) dosen dapat memberikan model pembelajaran secara daring dengan model yang mudah diterima dan dipahami oleh mahasiswa (2) mahasiswa dapat dengan mudah mengambil matakuliah dimanapun tanpa terbatas lagi pada batasan institusi dan negara; (3) Mahasiswa dapat dengan mudah berguru dan berdiskusi dengan para tenaga ahli atau pakar di bidang yang diminatinya; (4) Materi kuliah bahkan dapat dengan mudah diambil di berbagai penjuru dunia tanpa tergantung pada perguruan tinggi dimana mahasiswa belajar.
LITERATURE REVIEW DETERMINASI MOTIVASI DAN KINERJA: ANALISIS KOMPENSASI (BONUS) DAN PROMOSI JABATAN (STUDY PADA PT.SDS)
Authors: Gunawan Nico
Published: May 2021

Pra riset ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk membangun hipotesis penelitian dengan menggunakan motode deskriptif. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari kompensasi (bonus) dan promosi jabatan terhadap motivasi dan kinerja karyawan. Hasil dari literature review ini adalah hipotesis yang akan digunakan dalam riset selanjutnya oleh penulis.
ANALISIS RASIO KEUANGAN PT. SURYA SEMESTA INTERNUSA TBK DENGAN INDUSTRI BUILDING CONSTRUCTION YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2014-2019
Authors: Erwanda Fery
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis kinerja keuangan pada PT. Surya Semesta Internusa Tbk yang dibandikan dengan total industri dengan menggunakan analisis rasio keuangan dan analisis du pont. Data yang digunakan adalah laporan keuangan periode 2014 -2019 yang terdaftar di bursa efek indonesia dengan sub sektor building construction dengan total perushaan sebanyak 17 perusahaan. Dengan jumlah perusahaan dengan laporan keuangan yang lengkap sebanyak 12 perusahaan. Maka sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 12 perusahaan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan mampu menjadi acuan dan  tolak ukur perusahaan dalam menilai kinerja keuangannya
LITERATURE REVIEW: MODEL PENGUKURAN KINERJA DOSEN DAN ORGANIZATIONAL CITEZENSHIP BEHAVIOR BERDASARKAN KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU, BUDAYA KERJA DAN PERILAKU INDIVIDU
Authors: Bayu Putra Ramdani , Fitri Hasmaynelis
Published: May 2021

Pengembangan suatu penelitian peran dari riset terdahulu atau riset yang relevan adalah sangat penting, karenakan dapat membantu dan berfungsi untuk memperkuat kajian teoritis dan fenomena hubungan atau pengaruh antar variabel dalam suatu penelitian. Artikel ini mereview dan berupaya untuk mengkonfirmasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja Dosen dan organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) yang meliputi karakter individu, budaya organisasi dan Perilaku individu. Studi literatur Manajemen Sumberdaya Manusia hasil dari library risearch adalah bahwa: 1). Karakteristik individu berpengaruh terhadap kinerja dosen; 2). Budaya kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja dosen; 3) perilaku individu berpengaruh terhadap kinerja dosen; 4). organizational citizenship behavior berpengaruh terhadap kinerja dosen; 5). Karakteristik individu berpengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior; 6). Budaya kerja berpengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior; 7). Perilaku individu berpengaruh terhadap organizational citizenship behavior; 8). Karakteristik individu berpengaruh terhadap kinerja dosen melalui organizational citizenship behavior; 9). Budaya kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja dosen melalui organizational citizenship behavior;  dan 10). Perilaku individu berpengaruh terhadap kinerja dosen melalui organizational citizenship behavior
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERUBAHAN PERILAKU PASIEN KANKER DAN DAYA BELINYA SELAMA MASA PANDEMI TERHADAP OBAT KEMOTERAPI, DAN POLA PROMOSI (SUATU KAJIAN STUDI LITERATUR MANAJEMEN PEMASARAN)
Authors: Christantyo Hartojo , Manggala Wiranata , Febrianto Febrianto , Ali Hapzi
Published: May 2021

Industri farmasi juga salah satu industri yang mengalami dampak dari perubahan perilaku konsumen dan daya belinya terhadap layanan institusi kesehatan selama pandemi Covid-19, dan hal ini mempengaruhi penggunaan Obat Kemoterapi pada masa pandemi saat ini. Cara industri farmasi dalam menghadapi perubahan perilaku konsumen kesehatan dengan aktifitas promosi yang berbeda adalah kunci keberhasilannya dalam menghadapi kondisi pada masa pandemi.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI BRAND EQUITY: BRAND TRUST, BRAND IMAGE, PERCEIVED QUALITY, & BRAND LOYALTY
Authors: Pandiangan Kasman , Masiyono Masiyono , Dwi Atmogo Yugi
Published: May 2021

Luaran yang ingin dicapai pada kajian ini menghasilkan Literature Review dari faktor-faktor penting yang menimbulkan Brand Equity. Telah banyak kajian penelitian sebelumnya menemukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Brand Equity. Namun, faktor- faktor penting yang menjadi pertimbangan utama terbentuknya Brand Equity berdasarkan telaah penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya yang relevan adalah Brand Trust, Brand Image, Perceived Quality, & Brand Loyalty. Kajian ini memberikan kontribusi faktual dan relevan dalam menghasilkan model empiris untuk dikembangkan pada penelitian selanjutnya.
ÂŞIKLIK GELENEĞİNİN GÜNCELLENMESİ BAĞLAMINDA OZAN ALİ DAĞCI
Authors: AVCI Cevdet
Published: May 2021

Türk kültür tarihinde coğrafi, dinî ve sosyo-ekonomik değişimler edebî ve estetik yapıları etkilemiştir. Kaynağı Orta Asya’daki ozan-baksı geleneğine dayanan âşıklık geleneği bu değişim süreçlerinde şekillenmiştir. Ozanlık/âşıklık geleneği, İslam öncesi dönemden bugüne sanatçı tipi, konu, şekil ve içerik özellikleri bakımından yeni kültür çevrelerine uyum sağlamıştır. Geleneğin sürekliliğinde sanatçı tipi ve yaratıcılığının önemli rolü vardır. Sözlü kültür ortamında toplumsal bellek taşıyıcısı olan âşık tipi sanatçı, yazılı ve elektronik kültür ortamlarında da benzer işlevleri yerine getirmiştir. 20. yüzyılda gelenek temsilcilerinin yetişmesinde kentleşme ve iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle birlikte yaygınlaşan medya ortamları etkili olmuştur. Bu süreçte bir taraftan geleneği temsil eden sanatçı tipi yeni özellikler kazanırken diğer taraftan karakteristik özelliklerinin bir bölümünü yitirmiştir. Makalede Ozan Ali Dağcı bu yaklaşım biçimiyle ele alınmıştır. Ozan Ali Dağcı’nın hayatı ve şiirleriyle ilgili bilgiler ve âşıklık geleneği konusundaki görüşleri, kendisiyle mülakat yöntemiyle yapılan derlemede kayıt altına alınmıştır. Ozan Ali Dağcı’nın irticalen şiir söylemesi, saz çalması ve atışma yapabilmesi âşıklık geleneği içerisinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucunu doğurmaktadır. Ozan Ali Dağcı’nın sözlü, yazılı ve elektronik kültür ortam yaratıcılığına dayanan şiirleri, köy ve köy çevresi, kent hayatı ve popüler kültürü kapsayan muhtevaya sahiptir. Dağcı, yeni şartlar ve çevre içerisinde âşıklık geleneğinin güncellenmesine sanatçı tipi, ürün ve icra ortamı bakımından örnek teşkil etmektedir.
The interaction between load and coupling during dynamic manual materials handling tasks
Authors: Mirka Gary A. , Baker Ann , Harrison Angela , Kelaher Dan
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of coupling and load magnitude on trunk dynamics during lifting activities. Subjects lifted a box that simulated three levels of coupling: good, fair and poor and seven levels of mass: ranging from 4.5-31.5 kg. The dependent variables were the peak dynamic moment generated about the lumbosacral joint and the peak vertical ground reaction forces produced during the lift. The results show that at low levels of box mass there are no significant differences in trunk dynamics and resulting peak dynamic moment across the different coupling conditions. However, when loads greater than 13.5 kg were lifted, a change in the normal dynamics of the lifting motion was noted, but only in the poor coupling condition, indicating an interaction between load and coupling. The results of this study indicate that the role of coupling under dynamic lifting conditions has both a perceptual and biomechanical basis that need to be considered when designing manual materials handling tasks.
Carpal tunnel syndrome causation among VDT operators
Authors: Matias Aura C. , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: May 2021

A total of 100 female VDT operators, who performed a variety of office functions, were studied at a major midwestern university. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of job exposure, posture, psychosocial and personal factors on carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) comparing between CTS and non-CTS subjects. The results of the study suggest that the main causation of CTS are long periods of continuous typing activity, static and bent postures of the wrist, seating posture and the individual's wrist size. It was found that CTS subjects spent longer time and a greater proportion of their work involving keyboarding than the non-CTS subjects. CTS subjects tended to assume more extended and deviated wrist postures as well as forward leaning seating postures than the non-CTS subjects. Furthermore, non-CTS subjects were found to have wider wrists than the CTS subjects.
Crane movement limiting device design for safe operation near power lines
Authors: Imbeau Daniel , Paques Joseph-Jean , Bergeron Sylvie , Bourbonnière Réal
Published: May 2021

Performance of experienced crane operators in stopping rotational movements of a crane platform was compared with that of an automatic braking system. Sixteen certified crane operators performed boom movements towards a segment of a typical power line using a 100 tons lifting capacity crane equipped with a fixed-length 18 m long boom, a single lifting cable, and hard ball hook. The 18 m boom was later replaced with a 49 m boom to vary crane geometry and motion response. In all trials, a 1500 kg (3500 lb) load was hooked to the lifting cable. In critical operating conditions, the control input strategy used by the experienced crane operators could yield a stopping angle comparable to that of the automatic braking system. However, when compared with the automatic braking system, the operators had a better control on the oscillations of the load during the stopping maneuver. The data collected in this experiment were used to specify two key parameters in the design of a crane movement limiting device.
Wrist strength limitations to manual exertion capability
Authors: Al-Eisawi Khaled W. , Kerk Carter J. , Congleton Jerome J.
Published: May 2021

This study evaluated wrist strength limitations to manual exertion capability in two-dimensional static biomechanical modeling. The researchers hypothesized that wrist strength does not limit manual exertion capability - an assumption commonly made in many strength biomechanical models. An experiment was conducted on 15 right-handed males of college age. Isometric wrist flexion strength was measured at two elbow angles: 90 degree and 135 degree and in two wrist positions: neutral and 45 degree extended. Isometric wrist radial deviation strength was measured at the same two elbow angles and in two wrist positions: neutral and 30 degree ulnarly deviated. Minimum wrist strength limits for which wrist strength does not limit maximal moments about the elbow in manual hand exertions were calculated and compared to their corresponding measured wrist strength moments using paired t-tests. In general, wrist strength was non-limiting. However, wrist flexion strength in the 45 degree extended wrist posture was limiting. Weak-wrist subjects showed more wrist strength limitations than strong-wrist subjects.
Postural adaptations to standing VDT work
Authors: Foster Rosemary S. , Adams Laurence P. , van Geems Barbara A. , Bridger Robert S.
Published: May 2021

A laboratory study was conducted in order to investigate postural adaptations to constrained standing during VDT work sessions. Standing postures were observed in six different workspaces which were designed using combinations of foot position (which was either constrained or unconstrained) and varied VDT screen height. Subjects at work were recorded stereophotogrammetrically and postural variables were obtained in three dimensions. Postural adaptation was found to be significantly asymmetrical with the weight carried on the left. The constrained foot position resulted in more bending forward from the hip. Raised screen height resulted in decreased neck flexion and increased hip flexion. It was concluded that recommendations for seated VDT work are not always applicable to standing VDT work.
Spade design, lumbar motions, risk of low-back injury and digging posture
Authors: Bridger Robert S. , Sparto Patrick , Marras William S.
Published: May 2021

A laboratory investigation of the ergonomics of digging is reported. Data on lumbar motions, ground reaction forces and posture were obtained simultaneously as subjects transferred sand from one container to another while standing on a force platform. Digging with a conventional spade was found to carry a substantial probability of inclusion in a high-risk group for low back injury. A prototype two-handled spade reduced the probability by approximately 8%. used but this was partly offset by an increase in twisting. From a fundamental point of view, the prototype merits further evaluation. Digging is a hazardous task when conventional spades are used and that ergonomic redesign can reduce the risk of back injury.
Transferring ergonomics: A methodology for self diagnosis of workplace problems
Authors: Sullivan M. Aileen , Corlett E. Nigel
Published: May 2021

The pressure from recent and imminent Health and Safety legislation, both in Western Europe and Canada, has increased the awareness of the important contributions of ergonomics. At the same time it has become clear that ergonomists will never be plentiful enough to attack all workplace problems. In today's world economy, often, many companies lack the resources to employ an ergonomist. This creates a need for the transfer of ergonomics to non-ergonomists so that they can address their own workplace problems themselves. To transfer this skill in an effective and safe way requires a methodology which will incorporate a knowledge base, techniques for identifying mismatches between the people and their work, and ways to assist the users to interpret the results of the analyses and implement the necessary changes. Some useful ergonomics techniques are presented to assist people in assessing their own workplaces. They include techniques which measure work demands and their causes, equipment and environment analysis procedures and techniques that assess the potential for musculo-skeletal injuries.
Changes in hairdressers' work techniques and physical capacity during rehabilitation
Authors: Nevala-Puranen Nina , Halonen Merja , Tikkanen Ritva , Arokoski Jari P.A.
Published: May 2021

Changes in the work techniques, physical capacity, musculoskeletal symptoms and work ability of hairdressers were studied after occupationally oriented medical rehabilitation for pain symptoms in the neck and shoulders, upper limbs or back. The measurements were carried out in the beginning of the rehabilitation course and after a follow-up period of 1.5 years. The synchronized video-electromyographic data on each subject's habitual work techniques were utilized in teaching and training for improving the ergonomic characteristics of the hairdressers' work. The mean muscle activity of the trapezius muscles was 612% voluntary contraction (MVC) in the beginning of the rehabilitation and 38% follow-up. The musculoskeletal pain index decreased from 5.0 to 2.6 (p=0.03) during the follow-up. This result showed that the occupationally oriented rehabilitation had positive effects on the hairdressers' daily work techniques, physical capacity, work ability, and subjective well-being.
An industrial application of a work design and evaluation methodology
Authors: Quintana Rolando , Barrón García Etelvina
Published: May 2021

A work design and evaluation methodology was developed for the design of new workstations, or to evaluate and improve existing ones in industry. This audit methodology will address ergonomic, productivity, and International Standards Organization compliance requirements. The methodology was implemented and tested in an automobile wire harness inspection workstion. Upon analysis and experimentation, the work design and evaluation methodology was shown to have face and construct validity. The re-design of the evaluated workstation based on the methodology resulted in the minimization of ergonomic disorder hazards, and a 44% increase in throughput.
Psychophysical and physiological comparison of squat and semi-squat lifting by young males
Authors: Straker Leon , Cain Carol
Published: May 2021

A comparison between semi-squat and squat techniques was made for floor to knuckle height lifting using maximum acceptable weight (MAW), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate. Semi-squat lifting resulted in greater MAW with lower RPE and lower heart rate compared to squat lifting. Discomfort was most commonly reported in knees/quadriceps with squat lifting. Twelve of the 13 subjects preferred the semi-squat technique. The results provide evidence that the semi-squat technique may have benefits over the squat technique for lifting a medium sized box from floor to knuckle height.
Ergonomic analysis of grapevine pruning and wine harvesting to define work and hand tools design requirements
Authors: Wakula Jurij , Beckmann Thomas , Hett Michael , Landau Kurt
Published: May 2021

Knowledge of the stress-strain analysis while grapevines pruning and wine harvesting in vineyards will make a significant contribution towards reducing the risk of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) in the upper limbs of vineyard workers. The stress-strain analysis in field and laboratory studies show that pruning grapevines and wine harvesting involves a combination of dynamic and sensorimotoric work, and also a high incidence of ergonomically undesirable postures of the trunk, the upper limbs and the head irrespective of cutting tools used. The information obtained can be applied in the ergonomic redesign of pruning tasks and pruning tools to reduce incidence of trauma.
Comparison of force measurement systems for hand tools
Authors: Niemelä Tanja , Leppänen Markku , Päivinen Minna , Mattila Markku
Published: May 2021

Ergonomic properties of a pair of pruning shears were tested using a new laboratory measurement system for non-powered hand tools. With this system, it is possible to measure simultaneously the EMG activity of two muscles, the opening angle of hand tool blades by means of a potentiometer and, by means of strain gages, the force transmitted to the handle. A measurement system was tested by comparing the forces needed to cut wood of a certain diameter, and the actual force required, as measured by a material-testing system. The correlation between forearm flexor muscle activity and the compression force created by the user was investigated. The evaluation of the experimental testing system for non-powered hand tools has shown that there are methods for the measurement of force demand and opening angle. However, some improvements are recommended before this measurement system is used widely in the field.
Exercise and ergonomics-focused group counseling among female farmers
Authors: Perkiö-Mäkelä Merja
Published: May 2021

The objective of this randomized controlled intervention study with a 6 year follow-up period was to evaluate the short and long-term effects of group counseling intervention on physical activity and fitness, musculoskeletal symptoms and work ability. The participants were 126 female farmers aged 25--45 years from dairy farms. The groups were given muscular and aerobic training and training in ergonomic work techniques and lectures on the work environment, work methods and personal protective equipment, nutrition and weight control, musculoskeletal disorders and coping with life. The data were obtained with questionnaires, and physical fitness tests that were carried out before and after the 21/2 month intervention and in the 1, 3 and 6 year follow-ups. Exercise and ergonomics-focused group counseling had positive short-term effects on physical activity and positive long-term effects on musculoskeletal symptoms. Therefore, such activities, when they are persistent and associated with habitual worktasks, can be recommended to occupational health services.
Effect of elastic lumbosacral supports on lumbar spine mechanical stresses
Authors: Hackney Jim
Published: May 2021

Subjects lifted a 6.82 kg weight from the floor to 1.23 meters high using an elastic lumbosacral support worn the conventional way, without a support, and with the support wide side forward. The lifts were analyzed using the "Lift-track" 2 dimensional analysis program, and the results subjected to repeated measures design analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Bonferroni analysis. This study indicates that use an elastic lumbosacral support is able to influence lifting posture enough to have a significant effect on mechanical stress being placed on the L5-S1 joint in lifting from the floor, if worn with the wide side facing the abdomen. Wearing the support in the conventional manner had no significant effect in reducing the mechanical stress on the lumbar spine.
Effects of lumbar curvature on low back pain risk factors during repetitive postural loading
Authors: Mientjes Martine I.V. , Norman Robert W.
Published: May 2021

Effects of lumbar spine curvature on reducing risk factors for reporting low back pain (LBP) at work were assessed for a “light” but repetitive simulated workplace assembly job. Nine women stood at a target trunk angle of 30° and assembled plastic toys on a table for 25 minutes in one minute work cycles, at a work/recovery ratio of 55/5 seconds. Flexed (rounded back) postures, often observed in industry, and lordotic (hollow back) postures maintained by back extensor muscles and proposed to reduce risk by reducing shear forces, were studied. Spinal loading was imposed by torso weight only. Twenty-five minutes of this simulated job produced discomfort scaled as “strong” to “very strong” regardless of spinal posture. Lordosis required median EMGs of 15% MVC. Flexed postures lowered back extensor EMG to as little as 5% MVC but not to zero. This apparently “light” job seems to expose people to quite high risk of reporting LBP (estimated at about 80%), mainly because of high cumulative spine loads, regardless of the spinal posture adopted.
Task parameters affecting human physical ability and willingness to lift: An ecological approach
Authors: Karwowski Waldemar , Gielo-Perczak Krystyna , Moxley David , Rodrick David
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to analyze human perception of load heaviness in manual material handling tasks under varying task parameters taking into consideration participants’ physical ability and willingness to lift loads. These conditions were: 1) box color, 2) instruction set, and 3) space confinement. The effect of each parameter on the maximum acceptable weight that people are willing to lift was investigated. This study showed that the box color significantly affects a participant's perception of weight. The average maximum acceptable weight participants were willing to lift was higher for the black boxes than for the white boxes in both open and constrained spaces. When using the white boxes, the maximum acceptable weight participants were willing to lift was smaller in the confined space than in the open space. This study introduces an ecological approach to manual handling tasks and proposes the paradigm of maximum acceptable weight of load (MAWL) to the maximum loads that people perceive they are able and willing to lift (MLWL).
Strength demands of line handlers on the Panama canal
Authors: Gallagher Sean , Unger Richard L.
Published: May 2021

Vessels transiting the Panama Canal are guided through the locks using locomotives attached by means of towlines (made of wire rope), which are fastened to bitts on the deck by line handlers. The latter activity requires high pulling strength demands and is thought to be a cause of the high incidence of low back disorders in these workers. At the invitation of the Panama Canal Commission, NIOSH researchers evaluated the strength demands of line handlers and the strength capabilities of a line handling crew. Strength demands measured during a transit indicated high pulling force demands for attaching ropes to the bow and stern bitts (< 1000 N), but lower force requirements for midships bitts (< 400 N). Tests of pulling strength capabilities of a line handling crew suggest that at least 4–5 line handlers are needed to perform the most demanding tasks. When pulling upwards or downwards on a rope in a team effort, ordering the crew according to stature appears important. Simulation of slippery deck conditions resulted in a 13% decrease in team pulling strength. Though the short duration of the study prevented an extensive evaluation, the data obtained provides insight into the design aspects of occupations where team-pulling activities are required.
Kinematics of the foot during slips
Authors: Chambers April J. , Margerum Sarah , Redfern Mark S. , Cham Rakié
Published: May 2021

Slip and fall accidents are often listed among the leading generators of injuries. The goals of this study were to (1) describe the foot kinematics during unexpected slips, and (2) to compare the foot kinematics during gait in unexpected slippery environment and when warnings of slippery environments are provided. Five participants walked on dry and glycerol-contaminated floors, while varying the participant's a-priori knowledge of the floor's contaminant condition. Foot kinematics were recorded at 500 Hz from 5 Optotrak LEDs placed on the slipping foot. In unexpected slips, all participants slipped and fell, whereas under the warning conditions, all participants slipped and recovered. Foot kinematics were affected by the warning conditions. More specifically, the heel's vertical velocity just prior to impact and foot-floor angle at heel contact decreased in alert/known slippery environments compared to unexpected slips. Slip distances and velocities were greater in unexpected slips. Finally, the impact of recovery attempts on the heel's kinematics were evident earlier in stance when participants knew or suspected the floor was slippery. Thus, the a-priori perception of slippery surfaces affects the foot kinematics and outcome of slipping.
Utility of using a force and moment wrench to describe hand demand
Authors: Morose Tanya , Greig Michael , Wells Richard
Published: May 2021

This study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of using a force and moment wrench to describe the demand on the distal arm tissues and perceived exertion during static gripping tasks. Five right hand dominant university students, who were free of hand or wrist disorders, completed a total of 87 maximum and submaximum gripping tasks. All trials were completed while standing, with the arm adducted and elbow flexed to ninety degrees. The wrist posture was near neutral in all axes during the exertions. Activation levels for muscles of the forearm and hand and rating of perceived exertion were collected. Participants handled objects using 3 grips (cylindrical grip, lateral pinch and pulp pinch) in 8 different ways. The equivalent force and moment wrench for the tasks were also exerted on a modified pinch/grip dynamometer, affixed to a six degree of freedom force cube. This instrumentation allowed the simultaneous collection of the 3 forces, 3 moments and the pinch/grip force about the grip centre. It was expected that the demands of a task and the instrumented task wrench reproduction would be the same, and therefore the slope of the linear regression for the EMG and RPE scatterplots would be equal to one. The RPE slopes ranged from 0.99 (lateral pinch) to 1.11 (cylindrical grip), with R2 greater than 0.89 for all grips. The mean slope for EMG of all muscles ranged from 0.89 (lateral pinch) to 1.38 (pulp pinch), with mean R2 of 0.61 to 0.68. The force and moment wrench system for the categorization of prehension appears to capture the demands on the distal arm tissues and perceived exertion during standardized laboratory holding tasks.
A computer-based system for the use of electromyographic methods for the measurement of physiological costs associated with operating hand-held tools and computer input devices
Authors: Strasser Helmut , Kluth Karsten , Keller Erwin
Published: May 2021

Electromyography enables the measurement of the intensity of muscle exertions which are demanded when working with hand-held tools and controls as well as when performing repetitive manual movements. Utilizing multi-channel recording devices, comprehensive physiological responses of working muscles can be quantified in figures and numbers, whereby more or less ergonomically designed tools lead to different physiological costs in terms of muscle strain associated with work. A computer-based system was developed for the suitable application of electromyography, a technique which requires differentiated and detailed knowledge of the possibilities and limitations as well as a substantial amount of experience. Software packages provide programs for the recording, analysis, and evaluation of myoelectric data. Knowledge about practical methods of appropriate recording and processing of myoelectric data which has been accumulated and further developed during the last decade has been fed into the program system. The same is true for a set of investigations already carried-out and published. Making use of the specifically developed and well-proven software packages which can be loaded into almost all PCs for recording, analyzing, and standardizing electromyographic data, even a user who until now is less familiar with these tasks gains access to electromyography as an efficient and important ergonomic method which is applicable with reasonable expenditure both in the laboratory and in the field.
Estimated and experienced subjective assessment of the ergonomic quality of a keyboard
Authors: Keller Erwin , Fleischer René , Strasser Helmut
Published: May 2021

At an ergonomically optimized VDU-workstation, a group of 10 test subjects (Ss) carried out a typing task both at the test keyboard and a reference computer keyboard. The participants' personal subjective assessments concerning the working conditions with the two keyboards and the layout of the ergonomic model were recorded via specially designed questionnaires. These were given prior to, and after, the working tests and, therefore, reflected ratings without and with working experience. The posture of the hand, the lower and the upper arm, and the shoulder during text input were evaluated quite differently as a consequence of using the two keyboards. The working posture associated with the conventional keyboard was never assessed positively. The ratings always reached positive values when operating the ergonomic model. The handling of the keyboard and the overall impression were also in favor of the test keyboard as a result of the working tests. Comfort and effort while typing at the keyboards also differed substantially and were in favor of the test keyboard. The same was true for altogether 10 items of the questionnaire, aiming at evaluation of details of the ergonomic keyboard and its overall appearance.
Torso kinematics and low back disorder risk as a function of pallet orientation
Authors: Jorgensen Michael J. , Handa Amit , Veluswamy Prabaharan
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to assess the affect of pallet location on torso kinematics during lifting. Participants transferred 11.3 kg boxes to pallets at two orientations and two distances from a constant lift origin. When reorienting the pallet from 180° to 90°, torso twist, lateral and sagittal torso kinematics increased when palletizing to various locations on the pallet when keeping the pallet distance far. Torso flexion increased slightly at the lowest level on the pallet independent of the pallet distance. When keeping the pallet distance close, torso twist kinematics decreased only when palletizing to the highest and closest position of the pallet. When reorienting the pallet from 180° to 90° adjacent to the lift origin, the best strategy to reduce torso kinematics appears to be to eliminate the transferring of loads to the lowest level of the pallet, and keeping the pallet close to the lift origin.
Relationship between risk factors and musculoskeletal disorders in the nursing profession: A systematic review
Authors: Sherehiy Bohdana , Karwowski Waldemar , Marek Tadeusz
Published: May 2021

A systematic review of the published literature was carried out in order to identify the most important risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the nursing profession. A standardized checklist was used in order to assess the methodological quality of the publications selected for the review. Specific criteria were established to assess the strength and consistence of evidence for potential risk factors for MSD. The results support a notion of the importance of physical work-related factors for the development of musculoskeletal problems in nursing. Lifting in awkward and forward-bent postures were especially high-risk tasks that resulted in variety of reported musculoskeletal problems. This review also revealed that psychosocial factors, especially work organization issues and "social relations at work" were strongly related to the musculoskeletal outcomes in the studied population. Such risk factors as psychological job demands and job control were also associated with musculoskeletal problems; however, the evidence concerning these factors were weak and inconsistent. Further research is needed to establish the moderating and combined effects of different risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in the nursing profession.
Influence of dynamic factors on calculating cumulative low back loads
Authors: Callaghan Jack P. , Keown Kiera , Andrews David M.
Published: May 2021

This study examined the error induced in estimating cumulative low back loading for exposure to dynamic manual materials handling tasks by using either static or quasi-dynamic biomechanical models when compared to a dynamic model. Ten male subjects performed three sagittal plane lifting tasks at three different lifting speeds and using three different hand loads. Digitized video recordings and measured hand forces were collected in order to calculate cumulative L4/L5 spinal loading (compression, moment, joint shear, and reaction shear) using rigid link and single muscle equivalent biomechanical models. Cumulative loading was calculated using three modeling approaches: static, quasi-dynamic, and dynamic. The calculation of cumulative loading using the dynamic model was set as the "gold standard" and error in the static and quasi-dynamic approaches was determined by comparison with the dynamic model. The use of a quasi-dynamic model resulted in an average error of −2.76% across all 10 subjects, 3 tasks, 3 lifting speeds and 3 masses. The static model had an average error of −12.55%. The error in both modeling approaches was significantly effected by the type of task performed, mass lifted, speed of lift, and model variable examined indicating that neither model produced consistent errors across the lifting parameters. The small errors associated with the quasi-dynamic model indicates that it holds promise as a method to reduce the amount of data required to estimate cumulative loading yet still preserve the dynamic loading exposure of a manual materials handling task.
Personal protective equipment affecting functional anthropometric measurement
Authors: Kozey John , Reilly Tara , Brooks Chris
Published: May 2021

This study provides information on the affects of immersion suit wear on the maximum reach envelope of industrial offshore workers. In this study the total maximum reach envelope was measured using a computerized potentiometric system which records the 3-dimensional reach volume. The reach volume was then partitioned into vertical and horizontal sectors to closely examine the effect of the suit on the reach. Specific regions of the maximum reach envelope were significantly affected by the use of the suit. The changes were documented in terms of the linear changes in vertical reach and angular changes in shoulder motion.
Relative workload prediction using data dependent systems (DDS) modeling
Authors: Abdelhamid Tariq , Everett John G.
Published: May 2021

Expressing absolute workload as a percentage of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), commonly known as relative workload, is recommended by many work physiologists because it provides a subject-specific workload and enables accurate assessment of physical fatigue. The specific aim of this research is to develop a direct method to predict relative workload from in-situ collected sub-maximal oxygen uptake data without the need to determine maximum oxygen uptake. The method is developed based on a hypothesis that oxygen uptake data are serially dependent, and that by using data dependent systems (DDS) modeling and time series analysis techniques a regression model between relative workload and a statistical characteristic of collected oxygen uptake data can be developed. The technique was developed using twenty subjects and validated on five. The estimated standard error of prediction using the developed technique for relative workload (%VO2max) is ± 3.4% and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is ± 0.5 litre · min-1. Validation subjects' results indicated that the mean square error of the regression model is not seriously biased and gives an appropriate indication of the predictive capability of the selected regression model. With further development, the technique presented will be valuable in identifying excessively demanding tasks based on a more subject-specific workload.
Whole-body vibration exposure experienced by mining equipment operators
Authors: Eger Tammy , Salmoni Alan , Cann Adam , Jack Robert
Published: May 2021

Whole-body vibration exposure levels were measured during the operation of fifteen different types of mobile mining equipment commonly used in Ontario mines. A tri-axial seat pad accelerometer was used to measure vibration exposure when the mining vehicle was operated from a seated position and a tri-axial accelerometer secured to floor, between the operator's feet, was used to measure vibration exposure when the mining equipment was operated from a standing position. Measurements were conducted in accordance with the procedures described in the 1997 ISO 2631-1 standard. Determination of likely health risks for equipment operators were based on a comparison of the measured vibration exposure levels with Health Guidance Caution Zone limits presented in Annex B of the ISO 2631-1 standard. Six vehicles (UG haulage truck, bulldozer, 3.5 yard LHD, cavo loader, muck machine, and personnel carrying tractor) were above the Health Guidance Caution Zone limit, assuming an eight hour exposure period while four vehicles (grader, 7 yard LHD, scissor lift truck and locomotive) were within the Health Guidance Caution Zone limit.
Effect of pressure suit on functional reach
Authors: Uppu Nageswara Rao , Aghazadeh Fereydoun , Nabatilan Larry
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of wearing a VKK-6M pressure suit on functional reach limitations. Participants' reach data were collected with and without-suit and analyzed to see the effect of pressure suit on reach. The study concludes that wearing pressure suit reduces the average reach significantly by 3.57 cm. The 5th percentile Asian and American reach envelopes are derived for placement of critical cockpit controls. Population-reach study shows a significant difference in shoulder breadth of Americans and Asians, but no apparent relationship between bideltoid breadth and thumb tip reach is found.
Overhead work: Identification of evidence-based exposure guidelines
Authors: Grieve Jason R. , Dickerson Clark R.
Published: May 2021

Overhead work is one determinant of the genesis and propagation of shoulder occupational musculoskeletal disorders and muscle fatigue. This is a result of a combination of organizational, biomechanical and physiological factors. In this paper, evidence for identification of the mechanisms of fatigue and injury associated with overhead work is presented in the context of ergonomic design guidance. Secondarily, although significant research efforts have analyzed and interpreted overhead work, there are limited resources available to ergonomists in which theoretical and practical concerns are combined in a single source. This review paper aims to address this deficiency by reporting on the mechanisms of exposure in overhead work and their associated negative health and performance outcomes.
Physiological responses of core and skin temperature of two age groups to working in the cold at −3°C and −24°C
Authors: Kluth Karsten , Penzkofer Mario , Strasser Helmut
Published: May 2021

It has not yet been established whether an age-related organization of the work and rest times for order-pickers working in deep cold-storage depots with chill room and cold store is necessary or not. In order to assess the physical effects of order-picking of cold food at about +3°C and of frozen food at about −24°C, 30 male subjects (Ss) were classified into two age groups (20- to 35-year-olds and 40- to 65-year-olds). Their body core temperature was taken every 15 min at the tympanum, and the skin temperature was measured at several positions during whole-day working shifts. The discontinuously registered temperature at the tympanum yielded a decrease of up to 1.5K in the case of the younger Ss and of up to 2.2K for the older Ss in comparison to the value at the outset. A complete warming-up during the breaks was often not possible. The slight falling of the core temperature during the work in the cold store, measured for both age groups to a different extent, could be compensated by all Ss during the breaks. There were no age-related differences in the results of the measured skin temperatures. Significantly lower temperatures were recorded merely at the nose as well as at the fingers and the toes when working in the cold store. The work in the chill room can be considered as unproblematic.
Heat acclimation and its relation to resting core temperature and heart rate
Authors: Bröde Peter , Schütte Martin , Kampmann Bernhard , Griefahn Barbara
Published: May 2021

Acclimation as an adaptive response of the human body to repeatedly occurring heat stress causes a reduction of core temperature (Tco) and heart rate (HR) at the end of heat exposure. The analysis of three acclimation series (WBGT =33.5°C) showed that the lowering of Tco and HR occurred already in the resting period preceding heat stress. The lowered resting values accounted for a substantial part of the beneficial effects of acclimation and may be mainly induced by the physical exercise, as a similar reduction of resting values was also observed under thermally neutral conditions. Expanding the database with short-term acclimation series revealed that the resting values were less reduced for females compared to males, but that the same relations between resting and final Tco and HR existed. The results further suggest that the reduction of resting Tco reflects long term effects of adaptation whereby the resting HR also depends on unspecific situational influences. The lowering of the initial values might be a suitable instrument when considering the effects of acclimation in thermoregulatory models for the assessment of heat stress at the workplace.