bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intimacy and Sexual Relationships
Authors: Birnie‐Porter Carolyn
Published: April 2016

Intimacy is an important quality in romantic and sexual relationships and is associated with greater overall well‐being. Current research on intimacy focuses on the dyadic nature of intimate experiences, where individuals both disclose important information about themselves and are responsive to each other. Intimacy is especially relevant for sexual relationships, given that perceiving one's partner as being responsive during sexual activity (i.e., as being understanding, caring, and accepting) is associated with greater sexual satisfaction. Intimacy during sexual activity, also known as sexual intimacy, is related to but distinct from intimacy in general.
Internet and Gender
Authors: Ono Hiroshi , Zavodny Madeline
Published: April 2016

This entry provides a brief review of the literature on gender and the Internet. Earlier studies on the subject were rather descriptive because the overarching purpose was to identify and to monitor the gaps. The emerging trend in the literature is more reflective and nuanced. The topic has become more interdisciplinary, moving beyond communications and social sciences, and reaching into medicine and health sciences, among others. Owing to more extensive data collection and more precise survey instruments, researchers are applying advanced research methods with convincing results. The empirical evidence is more international, encompassing developing countries in addition to industrialized economies. These advances have cleared a wider field. Gender and the Internet is engaging a broader audience and becoming a more mature area of research, both richer in context and more firmly rooted in theory.
Skin Lightening/Bleaching
Authors: Levine Susan , Powell Crystal , Davids Lester M. , Jacobs Meagan
Published: April 2016

Skin bleaching, also known as skin lightening has long been a practice among black and dark skinned populations around the world. Despite the variety of well‐known iatrogenic effects, the use of skin bleaching products (“Xessel” as they are referred to by the Senegalese) among women around the world continues to increase. Skin bleaching involves the use of various cosmetic products such as cream, soap, and lotions. Other products include the use of gel, toothpaste, bleach, washing powder, and battery acid. It is believed that the most common reasons for using skin‐lightening products is the notion of colorism, meaning the preference for lighter skin and a social hierarchy based on skin tone. Other reasons for continued use of skin‐lightening cosmetics include combating uneven skin tone, reducing the signs of aging, and treating other dermatological problems including “acne, melasma, and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation.” This entry looks at the practices of and motivations behind the use of skin‐lightening products in different areas of the world, with a focus on South Africa.
Sexual Regulation and Social Control
Authors: Brock Deborah
Published: April 2016

In contemporary Western societies sexual regulation is produced through a combination of sociolegal relations centering on state formation, truth regimes that privilege certain notions about sexuality while marginalizing others, and normalizing discourses that establish the normative ordering and reordering of social life. Sexual regulation extends from the macro processes of state policy and transnational politics to the micro processes of identity creation and self‐formation. It is pervasive throughout social relations, including those that, on the surface, appear quite removed from sexuality. Studies of sexual regulation have been inspired foremost by Michel Foucault's (1926–1984) three‐volumeThe History of Sexuality, particularly Volume 1. Among other contributions, Foucault directed researchers to move beyond a social control perspective on sexuality to an approach that centers specific conditions for the government of sexualities, and the normalization of particular identities, beliefs, and practices.
Women's and Feminist Activism inWesternEurope
Authors: Buikema Rosemarie
Published: April 2016

First‐ and second‐wave Western European feminists struggled to realize full access to civil rights for women and the creation of a participatory democracy that ensured social solidarity. They consequently stressed the fact that in addition to the struggle for civil rights, women needed to contest the dominant images of womanhood. However, the initial deeply political commitment to participatory democracy and social justice included goals which, with hindsight, simultaneously served the neoliberal vocabulary of autonomy, choice, and meritocratic advancement. The ethical–political second‐wave nuance, one geared toward justice for all rather than merely toward equality and emancipation, needs to be reactivated in the context of twenty‐first‐century feminist activism. The challenge for twenty‐first‐century third‐wave feminists, therefore, is to develop and practice an activism that continues truly to connect the local and the global, the private and the public, the personal and the political, the empirical and the symbolical.
Asexual Activism
Authors: de Lappe Joseph
Published: April 2016

Asexual activism is associated with the increasing public visibility of asexual identities and orientation. Although it is linked to older sexual and gender social movements, such as the various LGBT+ movements, there are key differences. Asexual activism has been facilitated by the Internet; the proliferation of asexual‐orientated blogs, websites, and digital online communities such as AVEN (The Asexual Visibility and Education Network) have enabled its rapid progression. It can therefore also be labeled a digital social movement that impacts upon its character and aims. Like many sexual and gender social movements, asexual activism has a contentious strand, a lifestyle strand, and an identity strand. Each of these involves different repertoires of action and engagement. However, they can be characterized by a common desire to promote the visibility of asexual identities and orientations within and without the asexual community, to safeguard their citizenship and rights. They can also be characterized by a desire to challenge the sexual imperative (the tacit assumption that to lead a healthy life one must lead a sexually active life).
Matriarchy
Authors: Janssen Diederik F.
Published: April 2016

The hypothesis of an ancient female‐dominated society or matriarchy derives largely from mythological evidence. It has, furthermore, often been considered an unsubstantiated origin myth for social movements from feminism to communism. Matriarchy's history can be read more broadly as illuminating a range of late nineteenth and twentieth century debates about gender, modernity, myth, history, scientific discourse, and utopianism. The empirical case of matriarchal societies, too, requires attention to the way anthropologists have settled on (or how they may alternatively problematize) ideas of social governance, social rank, and power. To contrast matriarchy and patriarchy by ranking male and female gender along indices of formal status shortchanges the lived experience of preclassical, non‐Western, and even most of modern Western culture.
LGBT
Activism in
S
outh
A
sia
Authors: Khubchandani Kareem
Published: April 2016

South Asia is home to successful and impressive LGBT activist organizations: the Humsafar Trust (Mumbai), Naz Male Health Alliance (Karachi), Bandhu Society (Dhaka), Equal Ground (Colombo), and the Blue Diamond Society (Kathmandu). Many of these organizations center HIV/AIDS outreach with at‐risk populations, address the harassment of gay men and transgender women, and work to ameliorate cultural and political circumstances for LGBT people. However, to understand activism in South Asia, we must also attend to informal sites of social action, education, and community‐making. It is in these settings that we might evidence the activist labor of women and transgender men in the movement, and also find critiques and learn the limits of the NGO industrial complex.
Images of Gender and Sexuality inLatinAmerica
Authors: Lewis Vek
Published: April 2016

In Latin America, gender – and its related matrix, sexuality – has a discernible history. Prominent images that have emerged since the birth of the idea of Latin America (as a semi‐mythical homogeneous construct under the Euro‐American gaze) are tied to and echo through this history. They are important not just for their abstract, symbolic value, but also because of their socially structuring potential. They matter because of the way in which they configure roles, relations, and identities in Latin American society and embody ideological forces connected to the maintenance of inequalities of power.
Communism and Gender in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Maynard Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

This entry examines the context of the United States after World War II as a case study for understanding how the discursive constructions of gender and political systems can be mutually constitutive. The discourse surrounding communism as a looming and insidious threat was not only mirrored by but informed by postwar handwringing about the state of American masculinity and the fear of homosexuality. This entry looks to popular and influential texts of the postwar era that shaped the conversations around political and gendered subjectivity, including Arthur Schlessinger's “The Vital Center” and the Kinsey Report, and traces how popular suspicion surrounding gender expression and communism grew as “commonsense” knowledge of normative gender and sexuality was undermined.
Identity Politics
Authors: Bernstein Mary
Published: April 2016

Identity politics is used as a term primarily to critique a variety of different types of political and cultural activism. The term itself is understood in ways that are often diametrically opposed. This entry provides an overview of the critiques of identity politics and responses to those critiques as they relate to gender and sexuality.
Pacifism, Peace Activism, and Gender
Authors: Heineman Kenneth J.
Published: April 2016

American peace activism and women's rights have been linked since the early nineteenth century. Reform‐minded women sought to enter the political arena to crusade against slavery, alcohol consumption, and militarism – particularly opposing male aggression and gender‐based violence at home and abroad. Pacifism, which stood at the heart of women‐led peace movements through the twentieth century, often fared poorly as activists broke away to support particular wars. Many women activists across the centuries have come from middle‐class and evangelical Protestant and pacifist Quaker backgrounds. Whether in the nineteenth or twentieth century, women peace activists have had to struggle to enter a male‐dominated political debate over American foreign policy.
Women as Cultural Markers/Bearers
Authors: Winter Bronwyn
Published: April 2016

Women have been mobilized as cultural markers/bearers in relation to both nationalist discourse and subnational identity politics. Their role has been both symbolic, to represent the nation or culture, and functional, to transmit it (to their children and to other women). Women have borne the weight of cultural representation through prescriptions concerning their appropriate appearance and behavior, but at the same time women deeply internalize culture and the religious traditions that often inform it. Particularly in anti‐colonial or racial minority contexts, religion and culture have been politically mobilized and women have been called upon as both cultural emblems and as cultural police, in relation to other women. The scholarship examines both the deployment of women as symbols through their appearance and behavior, and women's own ambiguous relationships to these cultural roles, whether as participants (willing or not), defenders, and advocates, educators through maternal transmission of values to daughters and sons, or alternatively as resistants who attempt to create new cultural values.
Bifurcated Consciousness
Authors: Cannon Julie Ann Harms
Published: April 2016

When taken together, the elements that contribute to the bifurcation of consciousness are at the same time alienating and liberating. For each of these scholars there is a moment when the alienating effects of “othering” becomes more than just a painful personal experience. Consider the double‐consciousness for African Americans addressed by Du Bois, women and the feminine mystique for Friedan, Smith's bifurcated consciousness of women within sociology and sociological discourse, the decentering of African American women for hooks, the outsider‐within for Collins, and Anzaldúa's borderland. Indeed, when the fragmentation of the oppressed is reconciled with a deeper understanding of oppressive social structures and ideologies, the individual consciousness is transformed, creating both a more authentic sense of self/group and the deconstruction and reimagining of dominant ideologies and practices. Racism, sexism, heterosexism, classism, feminism, Western thought, and other sources of oppression are best changed from below, from those who experience them in their everyday lives.
C
hristianity, Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Sommer Jamie M.
Published: April 2016

Christianity has had a major impact on the way people view, understand, and interpret gender and sexuality. Many of its teachings have changed over time due to recent developments in the social scientific understanding of gender and sexuality. Today, Christianity still stands as a major influence on gendering humans and reinforcing heterosexuality. These Christian ideals have also impacted political outlooks and policy change.
N
iddah
Authors: Cohen Ilana
Published: April 2016

Niddah is a term used within Jewish law to refer to a woman who is menstruating and thus considered ritually impure. The term originates from the book of Leviticus, and is a designation that is part of a larger biblical code on ritual impurity. This code proscribes specific observances and purifying behaviors for various bodily emissions and conditions, including menstruation and childbirth; these observances are elaborated upon and discussed in great detail in the Talmud, the codified body of Jewish law. The laws of Niddah are closely observed in Orthodox Jewish communities and prohibit contact, sexual or otherwise, between a menstruating woman and her husband during the days of her period and for another 7 days until she immerses in a mikva (ritual bath) and is then considered ritually pure again.
Women's and Feminist Activism inEasternAfrica
Authors: Luft Aliza
Published: April 2016

Eastern Africa has the highest rate of women's political representation in government worldwide. This remarkable fact is the result of Eastern African women's movements. Although women were politically active prior to colonialism and during the independence movements that brought about its end, the co‐optation of women's movements by authoritarian parties after colonialism forced many women to organize only as dictated by the state. Changing international norms, the influence of global and regional women's movements, and the end of significant conflicts in the 1980s and 1990s provided political opportunities for Eastern African women. In response, Eastern African women mobilized to push their governments for change.
Senior Women and Sexuality in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Ramos Katherine , Fulton Jessica J.
Published: April 2016

This entry provides an overview of sex and sexuality in older adult women. Current prevalence rates within the United States, including details about facilitators and inhibitors to sexual activity and sexual interest in the aging are discussed. Furthermore, issues and difficulties regarding personal, social, and environmental contexts are provided to examine how ageist and stereotypical notions about sex impact comfort and willingness to discuss sexuality among senior women. Benefits of how sex and sexual activity in improving health and psychological well‐being in older age are also noted. Recommendations for clinicians and physicians which include providing basic sex education and using the five A's (assess, advise, agree, assist, and arrange) approach are described to enhance medical encounters. Consideration of the increased representation of culturally, ethnically, and racially diverse older adult women in the United States, and abroad is encouraged to improve upon further research endeavors examining the nuances of sex and sexuality in older adult women.
Footbinding
Authors: D'Andrea Sarah
Published: April 2016

Footbinding is the practice of wrapping a young girl's feet in a cotton or silk cloth to prevent growth and transform their natural shape. Ideally, they were to resemble unopened lotus flower buds, and measure only three inches in length. The specific origin of footbinding is unclear, but it is commonly thought to have begun among the court and royal families in the tenth or eleventh century. Though footbinding was practiced for centuries, it eventually drew criticism from a variety of sources, and officially ended in 1949 under Chinese Communist rule.
LGBT
Activism in the
Caribbean
Authors: Nolan Rachel E.
Published: April 2016

This entry presents an overview of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activism in the Caribbean. It examines major geopolitical developments that have shaped LGBT culture and rights development, focusing particularly on histories of colonialism and neocolonialism that have contributed to discourses of sexuality in the region. Discussion of activist movement here aims to be both pan‐Caribbean and nation‐specific in scope, offering concise case studies of local LGBT movement in Jamaica, Haiti, and Cuba.
Global Gag Rule
Authors: Baird Karen L.
Published: April 2016

The global gag rule disqualifies foreign non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) from receiving US family planning funds if they provide counseling on abortion, discuss the availability of abortion, or participate in political debate on abortion with the intent of making it more widely available. This rule limits free speech, infringes on women's access to full reproductive healthcare, and would be illegal in the United States.
Community Other Mothers
Authors: Docka‐Filipek Danielle
Published: April 2016

Collins defines “othermothers” as “women who assist bloodmothers by sharing mothering responsibilities,” and represents the practice as a defining characteristic of black communities. Most literally, “othermothering” refers to the practice of grandmothers, sisters, aunts, cousins, or other women assuming responsibility for the care and development of children, through practices ranging from temporary childcare to more long‐term care or adoption. More broadly, “othermothering” refers to “mothering” that extends beyond parent–child relationships to include care for the broader community via forms of activism that take up collective responsibility for nurturance, advocacy, and justice on the behalf of others. The concept of othermothering therefore serves as a challenge to frameworks that posit the atomized nuclear family as the most “functional” of all family forms, presenting an alternative to normative structures that otherwise exclude “familial” bonds outside of orthodox forms.
Environmental Politics and Women's Activism
Authors: Kennedy Emily Huddart
Published: April 2016

Environmental politics focuses on the place of the environment in public discourse and action. Thus it encompasses a broader range of activities than environmental justice but does include environmental justice within its auspices. Literature on gender and environmental politics can be simplified by accounting for three lines of inquiry: the role of women in public office, women's engagement in environmental issues in the public sphere, and public expectations of women in environmental politics.
Violence against Women in Global Perspective
Authors: Jones Angela Lewellyn
Published: April 2016

Violence against women continues to be one of the world's most pressing concerns. Women and girls face violence throughout their lives: dating violence, physical and sexual violence, and femicide. The long‐standing practice of male privilege worldwide creates an environment where women live with constant threats of physical and sexual violence, even death.
Personal is Political
Authors: Lee Theresa Man Ling
Published: April 2016

In the history of feminist movement, the phrase “personal is political” was associated with “radical feminism” which emerged in the late 1960s in the United States. At the heart of radical feminism was the view that the so‐called personal lives of women were in fact rife with power relations which consistently placed women in an inferior position to men, and even directly under their control. This was wrong and had to be redressed by society as a political issue that mattered to all rather than as a personal problem that individual women faced.
Violence against Women, Movements against
Authors: Thompson Martha E.
Published: April 2016

Historically, violence against women has been an accepted practice across the globe. Violence against women activism emerged as part of women's rights, women's liberation, and womanist movements of the second half of the twentieth century. Collective actions to end violence against women vary in emphasis of accountability, victim support, and empowerment and in levels of advocacy, including individual, relationship, community, societal, and global. Activism against violence against women has influenced international and national governments and civil organizations to frame violence against women as a social issue and establish extensive services for women and girls who have experienced violence. Anti‐violence movements have also expanded women's legal protections, educational and economic development, and political participation and decision‐making. Feminist activism continues to challenge entrenched values and practices that condone violence against women and continues to deepen understanding of connections among different types of violence against women, state violence, and global inequalities. Critical analysis of intersections of gender and other forms of oppression and creating cultural values and practices supporting communication, problem‐solving, and conflict resolution without violence remain central to social movements against violence against women.
Feminist Ethnography
Authors: Ghosh Sanjukta T.
Published: April 2016

Though the phrase “feminist ethnography” emerged only in the late 1980s, the discipline had existed long before then. At its most fundamental level, feminist ethnography is a qualitative research methodology emerging out of anthropology – a discipline that examines the lived experiences of a community “in its natural habitat.” It is a data‐gathering approach that has been used not just in anthropology, but also in cultural studies, women's and gender studies, geography, education, and sociology, among other disciplines. This entry discusses the historical roots of feminist ethnography and the crisis that has plagued each of its three main parts: data collection, interpretation, and presentation of that data. The critiques of each of these three parts, from feminist, poststructuralist, and postcolonial theorists for their androcentric and Eurocentric perspectives, have shaped the contours of what we today call “feminist ethnography.”
Feminist Methodology
Authors: Naples Nancy A.
Published: April 2016

Feminist methodology is the approach to research that has been developed in response to concerns by feminist scholars about the limits of traditional methodology to capture the experiences of women and others who have been marginalized in academic research.
Communism inEasternEurope
Authors: Guenther Katja M.
Published: April 2016

Communist Eastern Europe presents a rich terrain for examining the relationships between state, society, and gender. Communist states sought to undermine the social bond to the family and to promote women's integration into the workforce, but left cultural expectations about gender divisions in the household intact. Women thus entered into historically men‐dominated occupations, but also shouldered the burden of domestic labor. In spite of many similarities in policy approaches, communist countries varied in their efforts at organizing gender relations, reflecting the diversity of the region.
Subadult dietary variation at Trino Vercellese, Italy, and its relationship to adult diet and mortality
Authors: Reitsema Laurie J. , Vercellotti Giuseppe , Boano Rosa
Published: April 2016

Objectives

Early‐life nutrition is a predisposing factor for later‐life outcomes. This study tests the hypothesis that subadults from medieval Trino Vercellese, Italy, who lived to adulthood consumed isotopically different diets compared with subadults who died before reaching adulthood. We have previously used a life history approach, comparing dentine and bone of the same adult individuals (“subadults who lived”), to elucidate dietary variation across the life span. Here, we examine diets of “subadults who died” from the same population, estimated from subadult rib collagen, to explore whether dietary behaviors of subadults who lived differed from those of subadults who died.

Methods

Forty‐one subadults aged six months to 14.5 years were studied through stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of collagen.

Results

Individuals were weaned by age 4 years, with considerable variation in weaning ages overall. Post‐weaning, diets of subadults who died comprised significantly less animal protein than diets of subadults who lived. Isotopic values of the two oldest individuals, 13.5 and 14.5 years, show the same status‐based variation in diet as do adults from the population.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that incorporating animal protein in diet during growth and development supported medieval subadults' ability to survive to adulthood. Isotopic similarities between adults and older subadults suggest “adult” dietary behaviors were adopted in adolescence. Stable isotope evidence from subadults bridges a disparity between ontogenetic age categories and socioculturally meaningful age categories in the past, and sheds light on the underpinnings of health, mortality, growth, and disease in the bioarchaeological record. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:653–664, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling efforts in the key areas of thermal management and safety of lithium ion battery cells: a mini review
Authors: Effat Mohammed B. , Wu Chili , Ciucci Francesco
Published: April 2016

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are no doubt a primary power source for numerous applications around us. Therefore, it is intrinsic to be long lasting and safe during operation—two issues that are tackled by thermal management. The purpose of this article is to enable the reader to get an informative overview about thermal management and safety of LIB in a quick but efficient manner. In this regard, the article reviews the modeling efforts conducted in four key areas of the topics, namely, (1) electrochemical models, (2) electrochemical–thermal coupled models, (3) cooling of LIB, and (4) LIB abuse and thermal runaway. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orlistat response to missense mutations in lipoprotein lipase
Authors: Chen Huayou , Jia Jinru , Ni Zhong , Vastermark Ake , Wu Bangguo , Le Yilin , Jawad Ullah
Published: April 2016

The human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a therapeutic target for obesity, and inhibition of LPL with the approved small molecule agent orlistat has been widely used in clinic to treat obesity‐related health problems such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, a variety of missense mutations in LPL protein have been observed, which may cause resistance or sensitization for orlistat, largely limiting the clinical applications of orlistat in obesity therapy. Here, we integrated molecular dynamics simulations and enzyme inhibition to investigate orlistat response to 16 disorder‐associated missense mutations in LPL catalytic domain. It was found that most mutations have a modest effect on orlistat binding, and only few can exert strong impact to the binding. Three unfavorable (Trp86Arg, Ile194Thr, and Glu242Lys) and two favorable (His136Arg and Gly188Glu) mutations were identified, which can alter the binding affinity and inhibitory activity of orlistat considerably. Structural and energetic analysis revealed that these potent mutations induce orlistat resistance and sensitization by directly influencing the intermolecular interaction between LPL and orlistat or by indirectly addressing allosteric effect on LPL structure.
Structures and Electronic Properties of Cu3On (n = 1–6) Clusters using ab initio Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Bae Gyun‐Tack
Published: April 2016

We studied the structures and electronic properties of copper oxide clusters, Cu3O
n

(n = 1–6), using ab initio Monte Carlo simulations and density functional theory calculations. All lowest energy structures of neutral and charged Cu3O
n

clusters with n = 1–6 are optimized with the B3LYP functional and LANL2DZ basis set. We found that the lowest energy structures of neutral and charged Cu3O
n

(n = 1–6) clusters are planar or near‐planar. Selected electronic properties including atomization energies, ionization energies, electron affinities, second difference in energies, HOMO–LUMO gaps, and Bader charges are calculated and examined for each n. We concluded that the Cu3O3
cluster is the first ring structure and the most stable structure.
Evaluate risks, make a plan to improve the safety of sporting events
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: April 2016

Keeping students, alumni, and all the other spectators safe at big sporting events on campus can seem like a daunting task. But in the years since 9/11, best practices have emerged that will help you keep campus venues safe.
Follow 10 tips for website redesign success
Authors: Pavlik Amelia
Published: April 2016

If you're tasked with redesigning the website for your department or unit, there's so much to consider to ensure a creative, effective presentation. Being able to find materials easily and engage with the site could give students and others the information they need to stay safe on campus.
Anonymous student‐created texting hotline provides mental health support
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: April 2016

Creating a safe campus environment for your students includes providing them with understanding regarding depression, anxiety, and other mental health obstacles blocking their road to a productive college career. Three students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have taken matters into their own hands to lower on‐campus suicide rates by creating an anonymous community help hotline, called Lean On Me. Citing the 12 undergraduate and graduate student suicides that MIT has seen in the past decade, three students used their coding ability to create the hotline, which connects troubled students to their peers for support. The hotline was created in 24 hours by students Andy Trattner, Nikhil Buduma and Linda Jing as part of MIT's annual HackMIT hackathon in the fall of 2015.
ChemInform Abstract: CATIONIC POLYHYDRIDE CLUSTER COMPLEXES OF IRIDIUM WITH CHELATING DIPHOSPHINE LIGANDS. X‐RAY CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF (IR2H5(PH2P(CH2)3PPH2)2)BF4 AND (IR3H7(PH2P(CH2)3PPH2)3)(BF4)2
Authors: WANG H. H. , PIGNOLET L. H.
Published: April 2016

Der durch Behandlung von Chlorocyclooctadien‐(l ,5)‐Ir(I)‐ Dimerem mit AgBF4 und 1,3Bis‐[diphenylphosphino]‐propan erhaltene Diphosphin‐ ÄI Ir(I)‐Komplex (I) reagiert mit H2 unter Sauerstoff ausschluß zu den beiden Titelkomplexen (II) und (III) (keine Ausb.‐Angaben).
ChemInform Abstract: ZWITTERIONIC ADDUCTS BETWEEN A STRONGLY ELECTROPHILIC KETONE AND TERTIARY AMINES
Authors: SCHILLING M. L. M. , ROTH H. D. , HERNDON W. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Ketone (I) ergeben mit dem Amin (II) die zwitterionischen Komplexe (III).
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF α‐CYANO GROUPS ON NEIGHBORING GROUP PARTICIPATION IN CARBONIUM ION REACTIONS
Authors: GASSMAN P. G. , TALLEY J. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Tosylate (Ia) und (IIa) werden aus den entsprechenden 7‐Ketonen durch Umsetzung mit Na‐bisulfit/KCN und anschließender Tosylierung der erhaltenen Cyanhydrine (Ausb. 55 ‐58%), dargestellt (54‐7l%).
ChemInform Abstract: THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITIONS OF CARBAMATES. IV. THE ETHYL N‐METHYLCARBAMATE SYSTEM
Authors: DALY N. J. , ZIOLKOWSKI F.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung Me‐NH‐CO‐O‐Et zerfällt zwischen 600‐650 K in zwei konkurrierenden Reaktionen 1. Ordnung zu Methylamin + CO2 + Ethylen bzw. zu Me‐NCO + Et‐OH.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF α,β‐UNSATURATED ETHERS. 17. OXIDATIONS S BY PERMANGANATE AND OSMIUM TETRAOXIDE
Authors: TOYOSHIMA K. , OKUYAMA T. , FUENO T.
Published: April 2016

Die Oxidation von Vinylethern (I) mit Osmiumtetroxid (II) und Kaliumpermanganat (III) als Oxidationsmittel wird kinetisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF 2,3‐DIARYLBUTA‐1,3‐DIENES FROM 1,4‐DIMETHOXYBUT‐2‐YNE
Authors: ISHINO Y. , NISHIGUCHI I. , TAKIHIRA F. , HIRASHIMA T.
Published: April 2016

Aus 1,4‐Dimethoxy‐2‐butin (I) erhält man mit den Arylgrignardverbindungen (II) in Gegenwart von CuBr die 2,3‐Diaryl‐l ,3‐butadiene (III); daneben werden die isomeren Verbindungen (IV) bzw. (V) je nach den Substituenten erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: TWO DIRECTIONS OF THE REACTION OF PHOSPHORYLATION BY PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE
Authors: FRIDLAND S. V. , DMITRIEVA N. V. , SALAKHOV I. S.
Published: April 2016

Läßt man auf den aus Styrol (I) und Phosphorpentachlorid (II) in Benzol entstehenden Komplex (III) Antimontrifluorid einwirken, dann entsteht ein trennbares Gemisch aus dem β‐Styryl‐tetrafluorphosphoran (IV) und dem Difluorid (V).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF SUPEROXIDE WITH IRON PORPHYRINS IN APROTIC SOLVENTS. A HIGH SPIN FERRIC PORPHYRIN PEROXO COMPLEX
Authors: MCCANDLISH E. , MIKSZTAL A. R. , NAPPA M. , SPRENGER A. Q. , VALENTINE J. S. , STONG J. D. , SPIRO T. G.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Untersuchung der Reaktion von K02 mit Chloroporphyrinatoeisen(III)‐Komplexen werden in Abhängigkeit von den verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen, speziell von der Natur der Lösungsmittel, drei unterschiedliche Reaktionswege beobachtet: 1. die Einelektronreduktion unter Bildung von Fe(II)‐porphyrin und Disauerstoff.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF N4‐ACYLATED N1,N8‐BIS(ACYL)SPERMIDINES. AN APPROACH TO THE SYNTHESIS OF SIDEROPHORES
Authors: BERGERON R. J. , MCGOVERN K. A. , CHANNING M. A. , BURTON P. S.
Published: April 2016

Benzylamin (Ia) reagiert mit Acrylnitril zum Monoaddukt (Ib), das mit 4‐Chlorbutyronitril weiter zum Dinitril (II) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF THE CYCLIC AMIDOACETAL CARBAMATE MOIETY OF THE MAYTANSINOIDS
Authors: GORMLEY G. JUN. , CHAN Y. Y. , FRIED J.
Published: April 2016

Ziel der Arbeit ist es, einen Syntheseweg für die Oxazingruppierung des Maytansins, das ausgeprägte Antitumorwirkung besitzt, auszuarbeiten.
ChemInform Abstract: REARRANGEMENT REACTION OF N‐HALO‐S‐((1,2‐BENZISOXAZOL‐3‐YL)METHYL)SULFOXIMINE TO THE CORRESPONDING α‐HALO SULFOXIMINE
Authors: YOSHIDA T. , NARUTO S. , NISHIMURA H.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Benzisoxazolyl‐sulfoximinen (I) erhält man durch Behandlung mit Brom/Pyridin, N‐Brom‐succinimid und N‐Chlor‐succinimid entsprechende Halogenierungsprodukte (II).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF N‐FORMYLPYRIDONES ‐ SELECTIVE ESTERIFICATION OF PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY ALCOHOLS WITH N‐ACYLPYRIDONES
Authors: EFFENBERGER F. , KEIL M. , BESSEY E.
Published: April 2016

Selektive Veresterung primärer, sekundärer und tertiärer Alkohole mit N‐Acylpyridonen.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION OF α‐PHENYLSUCCINIMIDES WITH MANGANESE(IV) OXIDE
Authors: ICHIMURA K. , WATANABE S. , OCHI H.
Published: April 2016

Die Oxidation der α‐Phenylsuccinimide (I) mit MnOz führt zu den α‐Phenylmaleinimiden (II) und den Bissuccinimiden (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SPLITTING OF SILYLATED N‐(α‐PHENOXYBENZYL)PHENYLURETHANES
Authors: SINITSA A. D. , PARKHOMENKO N. A. , MARKOVSKII L. N.
Published: April 2016

Die Isocyanate (I) addieren Phenol (II) unter Bildung der Urethane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: THE FORMATION OF TWO KINDS OF THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES BY THE REACTION OF THE 4H‐PYRAN‐4‐THIONE DERIVATIVE WITH DIMETHYLOXOSULFONIUM METHYLIDE IN A ONE‐POT PROCESS
Authors: YAMAOKA H. , MISHIMA I. , HANAFUSA T.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Pyranthions (I) mit der Titelverbindung (II) liefert die Produkte (III), (IVa) (IVb), (V) und (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: CLEAVAGE OF α,β‐UNSATURATED NITRILES. PREPARATION OF 2‐SUBSTITUTED BENZIMIDAZOLES
Authors: EL‐BAYOUKI K. , HAMMAD M.
Published: April 2016

Die α‐Cyanozimtsäurederivate (I) reagieren mit o‐Phenylendiamin (II) zu den Benzimidazolen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEXES OF CHROMIUM(II) HALIDES WITH THIOUREA AND SUBSTITUTED THIOUREAS
Authors: LARKWORTHY L. F. , NELSON‐RICHARDSON M. H. O.
Published: April 2016

Die Komplexe (II) und (III) wurden durch Reaktion einer Lösung der Cr‐halogenide in Aceton mit einer Acetonsuspension der Liganden (I) unter verschiedenen Bedingungen dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON METAL CARBOXYLATES. 16. ELECTROCHEMICAL GENERATION AND SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF THE (RE2(O2CR)4X2)‐ ANIONS (X = CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE)
Authors: SRINIVASAN V. , WALTON R. A.
Published: April 2016

Mittels cyclischer Voltammetrie und Coulometrie wird die elektrochemische Reduktion der aus entsprechenden Octahalogenodirhenat(III)‐Salzen erhaltenen Re(III)‐carboxylate (I) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC NITROSYL CHEMISTRY. 13. REACTIONS OF SODIUM DIHYDRIDOBIS(2‐METHOXYETHOXY)ALUMINATE WITH SOME CATIONIC AND NEUTRAL NITROSYL COMPLEXES
Authors: HAMES B. W. , LEGZDINS P. , OXLEY J. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktionen von Nitrosylkomplexen mit dem Titelaluminat (II) werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON STEROIDS. PART CLV. SYNTHESIS OF CORTICOSTEROID HAPTENS POSSESSING G THE BRIDGE AT THE C‐4 POSITION
Authors: HOSODA H. , MIYAIRI S. , NAMBARA T.
Published: April 2016

Zahlreiche Corticosteroide (I)‐(III) werden nach größ‐ tenteils bekannten Methoden synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHETIC METHOD OF 3‐FORMYLCEPHALOSPORINS
Authors: SUGAWARA T. , MASUYA H. , KAWANO Y. , MATSUO T. , KUWADA Y.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Cephalosporinlactonen (I) erhält man über die entsprechenden Silylether mit Brom die Bromlactone (II), die mit Dimethylsulfoxid in ein Gemisch der Hydroxylactone (III) und der Isomeren (IV) übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: OPTICAL ABSORPTION OF SILVER IN PHOTOCHROMIC GLASSES: OPTICALLY INDUCED DICHROISM
Authors: NOLAN D. A. , BORRELLI N. F. , SCHREURS J. W. H.
Published: April 2016

Das Absorptionsspektrum von UV‐geschwärzten photochromen Gläsern auf Aghalogenid‐Basis ändert sich mit der Glaszusammensetzung und der photochromen Wärmebehandlung.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF OXYGEN EVOLUTION IN BASIC MEDIUM AT A NICKEL ELECTRODE
Authors: BRONOEL G. , REBY J.
Published: April 2016

Der anhand von i = f(OH′, n)‐Kurven vorgeschlagene Mechanismus umfaßt einen OH′‐ Entladungsschritt, gefolgt von einer chemischen Rekombination des gebildeten OHads mit OH′‐Ionen zu Oäds, das dann oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF RARE EARTH TRIIODIDE HYDRATES
Authors: HEINIOE O. + , LESKELAE M. + , NIINISTOE L. +
Published: April 2016

Die Seltenerdmetalltriiodid‐Hydrate LnI3°C n H2O bilden hygroskopische Kristalle mit n = 9 für Ln: La‐Ho und n = 8 für Ln: Er‐Lu incl.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITIONS OF PHOSPHACUMULENYLIDENE TO ACYL‐, THIOACYL‐, AND IMIDOYLHETEROCUMULENES
Authors: BESTMANN H. J. , SCHMID G. , SANDMEIER D. , GEISMANN C.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Wolf‐Umlagerung des Dibenzoyl‐diazomethans (I) entsteht das Keten (II), das mit (III) zu einem Betain (IV) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 1,3‐DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS WITH NITRYL CHLORIDE
Authors: PROSTENIK M. V. , DUMIC M. , BOSNJAK N.
Published: April 2016

Die aktive Methylen‐ gruppe der 1,3‐Dicarbonylverbindungen (I) reagiert unter Substitution mit N02Cl zu den Chlor‐, Dichlor‐ und Oximinoderivaten (IIa) bis (IIe).
ChemInform Abstract: THERMOLYSIS OF O‐ALKYLNITROSOBENZENES. UNUSUALLY READY (1,5) HYDROGEN SHIFT INVOLVING A NITROSO GROUP
Authors: OKAZAKI R. , WATANABE M. , INAGAKI Y. , INAMOTO N.
Published: April 2016

Thermolyse des Nitrosobenzols (Ia) in Benzol liefert die Produkte (IIa)+(IIIa); in Methanol entstehen zusätzlich die Verbindungen (IV) und (V), und in Gegenwart des Diesters (VI) wird neben (IIIa) die Verbindung (VII) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: DIFFERENT REGIOSELECTIVE BEHAVIOR OF ORGANOLITHIUM AND ORGANOMAGNESIUM REAGENTS TOWARD PYRIDAZINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: FATEEN A. K. , MOUSTAFA A. H. , KADDAH A. M. , SHAMS N. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Oxodihydropyridazine (I) und (IV) reagieren mit Phenyllithium (II) in ähnlicher Weise zu den Addukten (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ENAMINOSULFONIUM SALTS. 6. A SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF CYANOMORPHOLINOBICYCLO(N.1.0)ALKANES
Authors: VILSMAIER E. , SCHEIBER L.
Published: April 2016

Die Enamine (II) werden mit (I) in die Sulfoniumverbindungen (III) umgewandelt, die mit Natriumcyanid die substituierten Bicycloalkane (IV) und (V) liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: FOUR‐ AND FIVE‐MEMBERED PHOSPHORUS HETEROCYCLES. 44. 1,2,3Σ2‐DIAZAPHOSPHOLE CHEMISTRY ‐ 4‐PHOSPHINO AND 4‐PHOSPHORYL DERIVATIVES
Authors: WEINMAIER J. H. , BRUNNHUBER G. , SCHMIDPETER A.
Published: April 2016

4‐Phosphino‐ und 4‐Phosphorylderivate.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION BETWEEN SUPEROXIDE ION AND THE SUPEROXIDE COORDINATED IN A COBALT(III) COMPLEX
Authors: NATARAJAN P. , RAGHAVAN N. V.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktionen des pulsradiolytisch in wäßrigen , O2‐gesättigten Lösungen erzeugten Superoxidions mit den u‐Superoxo‐Co?II)‐Komplexen (I) und (III) werden verfolgt, indem die quantitative Bildung der p‐Peroxo‐Komplexe (II) und (IV) mittels spektrophotometrischer Pulsradiolyse beobachtet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PALLADIUM(II)‐PROMOTED CYCLIZATIONS OF OLEFINIC SILYL ENOL ETHERS. PREPARATIONS OF Σ‐(1‐SUBSTITUTED 3‐OXOCYCLOPENTYL)METHYLPALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES AND THEIR OXIDATIVE REARRANGEMENTS
Authors: ITO Y. , AOYAMA H. , SAEGUSA T.
Published: April 2016

Die Silylenolether (I) reagieren mit Dichloro‐bis‐[benzonitrill‐Pd zu den dimeren 0‐0xohexenyl‐Pd‐Komplexen (II), die sich beim Erhitzen in Acetonitril unter intramolekularer Cyclisierung des Liganden in die luftstabilen Oxo‐ cyclopentylmethyl‐Komplexe (III) umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE, STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF (+)‐MUSCARINE
Authors: MUBARAK A. M. , BROWN D. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Dibenzoat (I) des 2,5‐Anhydro‐D‐glucitols erhält man mit Tosylchlorid und Methylat das tosylierte Epoxid (II), das mit Natrium‐bis‐(methoxyethoxy)‐alanat zu den beiden Diolen (III) und (IV) im Verhältnis 12 : 1 reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 4‐NITROPHENYL ESTERS OF THYMIDINE 3′‐PHOSPHATE AND 3′‐PHOSPHOROTHIOATE USING A NEW PHOSPHORYLATING AGENT
Authors: NIEWIAROWSKI W. , STEC W. J. , ZIELINSKI W. S.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Substitution des entsprechenden Dichlorids mit Anilin zugängliche Verbindung (II) reagiert mit dem Thymidin (I) zu den Diastereomeren (III), die durch Säulenchromatographie getrennt werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: CALCIFEROL AND ITS RELATIVES. PART 27. A SYNTHESIS OF 1α‐HYDROXYVITAMIN N D3 BY WAY OF 1α‐HYDROXYTACHYSTEROL3
Authors: KOCIENSKI P. J. , LYTHGOE B.
Published: April 2016

Umsetzung des Des‐AB‐cholesten‐Derivats (Ib) [erhältlich aus dem entsprechenden Chlorid von (Ia) mit Na‐p‐toluolsulfinat (92%)] mit dem Aldehyd (II) (Darstellung beschrieben) führt zu einem Diastereomerengemisch der Benzoyloxysulfone (IIIa), das durch reduktive Eliminierungsreaktion (Naamalgam) den Bis‐ether (IIIb) von 1α‐Hydroxy‐tachystering, liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF CHLOROPHOSPHINES
Authors: MATSCHINER H. , TANNEBERG H.
Published: April 2016

Die Reduktion von Phenyldichlorophosphin (I) in Acetonitril bei konstantem Potential führt zur Abscheidung des Cyclopentaphosphins (II).
ChemInform Abstract: METAL CLUSTER CATALYSIS. 4. CATALYSIS OF HYDROFORMYLATION BY CO4(CO)8‐X(μ2‐CO)2(PPH3)X(μ4‐PPH)2, X = O OR 2: CLUSTERS AS CATALYSTS
Authors: PITTMAN C. U. JUN. , WILEMON G. M. , WILSON W. D. , RYAN R. C.
Published: April 2016

Der Co‐Cluster (IIIa) sowie das aus ihm und Triphenylphosphin in siedendem Toluol dargestellte Bis‐ [triphenylphosphin]‐Derivat (IIIb) katalysieren die Hydroformylierung von Penten‐ (1) (I) und Penten‐(2) (II) zu den Aldehyden (IV), (V) und (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: RESTRICTED ROTATION ABOUT THE CARBON‐NITROGEN SINGLE BOND OF 1‐ARYL‐4,6‐DIMETHYLPYRIMIDIN‐2(1H)‐ONES AND THE CORRESPONDING THIONES
Authors: KASHIMA C. , KATOH A.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Kondensation von Acetylaceton mit den entsprechenden N‐Aryl‐harnstoffen bzw. ‐thioharnstoffen (HCl/ EtOH, Aoder H,SO4/Benzol, A) in 89‐98proz.Ausb. erhältlichenracemischen Pyrimidinone bzw. Pyrimidinthione (I) werden durch überführen in die Pyrimidiniumsalze (II), Umkristallisieren aus einem geeigneten Lösungsmittel und Neutralisation in die optisch aktiven (I)‐Rotationsisomeren aufgetrennt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION OF 3‐METHYL‐O‐PHENYLENEDIAMINE WITH AROMATIC ALDEHYDES
Authors: RAO C. V. C. , VEERANAGAIAH V. , REDDY K. K. , RAO N. V. S.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:2‐molare Kondensation von 3‐Methyl‐o‐phenylendiamin (I) und den aromatischen Aldehyden (II) verläuft exothemi und führt zu den 1,2‐Diaryl‐substituierten und den 2‐Aryl‐substituierten Benzimidazolen (III) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SILICA GEL SUPPORTED PHOSPHONIUM SALTS AS MICELLAR AND PHASE‐TRANSFER CATALYSTS
Authors: TUNDO P. , VENTURELLO P.
Published: April 2016

Es wird festgestellt, daß an Silicagel gebundene Phosphoniumsalze wie die Verbindung (I) als Phasentransfer‐Katalysatoren und Micellarkatalysatoren wirken.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME REACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC AMIDES WITH SULFUR AND SODIUM POLYSULFIDES
Authors: ABRAHAM K. M. , SCHIFF R.
Published: April 2016

Um die Verhältnisse in Natrium/Schwefel‐Batterien zu untersuchen ,wurden die Acetamide (I) mit Natriumpolysulfiden und Schwefel bei 130°C während großen Zeiträumen behandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES AND EVALUATION OF KETALS, HEMITHIOKETALS, AND DITHIOKETALS OF CONJUGATED STYRYL KETONES PRINCIPALLY FOR ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY
Authors: DIMMOCK J. R. , SMITH L. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Vinylketonen (I) erhält man nach bereits bekannten Methoden mit den entsprechenden Hydroxy‐ bzw. Mercaptoverbindungen (II) und (IV) die Ketale (III) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOPROPYLIDENE FORMATION IN 7,7‐DIBROMONORCAR‐ε‐ENE OXIDES. SYNTHESIS OF DERIVATIVES OF HOMOBENZVALENE OXIDE
Authors: TAYLOR R. T. , PYRTOCZKO D. F.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Dibromnorcarenen (I) werden mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure die Epoxide (II) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATISIERUNG VON 3,4‐DIHYDRO‐2H‐CARBAZOLONEN‐(1) MIT PYRIDINHYDROCHLORID
Authors: BISAGNI E. , DUCROCQ C. , NGYUYEN CHI HUNG NGYUYEN CHI HUNG
Published: April 2016

Die Dihydrocarbazolone (Ia) bzw. (Ib) geben in siedendem Pyridinhydrochlorid unter Demethylierung und Aromatisierung die Produkte (Ic) und (IIa) bzw. (Id) und (IIb), wobei die Produktverteilung mit der Reaktionszeit variiert; die (Ia)‐ bzw. (Ib)‐Immeren (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) verhalten sich analog und liefern Gemische aus (IIIc) und (IVa) bzw. (IIId) und (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: BIPHENYLENES AND HETEROCYCLIC ANALOGS OF BIPHENYLENE. PART I. PREPARATION OF BIPHENYLENE AND OCTACHLOROBIPHENYLENE BY VACUUM PYROLYSIS OF BENZO(C)CINNOLINES; PYROLYSIS OF BENZO(C)CINNOLINE N‐OXIDE
Authors: KANOKTANAPORN S. , MACBRIDE J. A. H.
Published: April 2016

Vakuumpyrolyse des Benzocinnolins (II) bzw. seines Octachlorderivates (III) verläuft unter Stickstoff‐Bliminierung zu den Biphenylenen (I) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION OF DERIVATIVES CONTAINING THE IMIDAZO(2.1‐B)THIAZINE AND 1,2,4‐TRIAZOLO(3,2‐B)(1,3)THIAZINE SYSTEMS
Authors: CLAYTON J. P. , O'HANLON P. J. , KING T. J.
Published: April 2016

Das Mercaptotriazol (I) und das Mercaptoimidazol (IV) cyclisieren mit dem Diester (II) zu den Triazolo‐ (IIIa) bzw. den Imidazoloestern (Va).