bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbonaceous Materials: The Beauty of Simplicity
Authors: López-Salas Nieves , Antonietti Markus
Published: September 2021

The current mandates of a sustainable society and circular economy lead to the request that materials chemistry, but also chemistry as such, become significantly redesigned. Changes include the commonplace as the glassware we use, the minimization of wastes and side products or replacement strategies in the materials choice, among others. In this context, “carbons” are very versatile and already have found their place in a myriad of applications for a “carbon-neutral” society. They already take key enabling positions for sensors and biomaterials preparation, as energy conversion and storage electrodes, or as effluent remediation sorbents. Herein, we describe how carbon chemistry can be again re-designed to outperform benchmark materials in a number of fields, especially in energy storage, (electro)catalysis, as sorbents, but also in a new chemistry of the confined state.
Synthesis and Conformational Characteristics of Calix[4]arene Oligomers
Authors: Morie Masayuki , Sekiya Ryo , Haino Takeharu
Published: September 2021

Lower- and/or upper-rim functionalization of calix[4]arene realized a variety of calix[4]arene systems. Compared to these monomeric calix[4]arenes, covalently linked calix[4]arene oligomers have not been studied well. Calix[4]arene oligomers can be utilized as building blocks of supramolecular complexes as well as for the synthesis of calix[4]arene polymers. This background motivated us to develop synthetic procedures for calix[4]arene oligomers and to conduct conformational analysis of these oligomers. We produce oligomers ranging from the monomer to the pentamer. The coupling of the pentamer with 2,3-dibenzyloxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid can access a decamer and oligomers. NMR measurements, X-ray crystal structure analysis, and computational studies demonstrate that calix[4]arene oligomers can regulate their length by changing the conformations of the calix[4]arene cores.
Physical Activity Changes during the Spring 2020 COVID-19 Shutdown in the United States
Authors: Mel Astrid E. , Stenson Mary C.
Published: September 2021

Introduction/Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine how and why physical activity (PA) changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, from early March to June 2020 in the United States.

Methods

A survey was distributed on social media. US adult residents were asked about their PA habits before and during the spring shutdown, such as average days of exercise, minutes per session and session intensity, and likelihood of maintaining pandemic PA habits for 1 yr.

Results

A total of 873 individuals completed the survey. The sample was 85.3% female (n = 745) with an average age of 38.7 ± 12.9 yr. More than half (89.3%) of the participants were non-Hispanic White, 89.9% reported an income greater than $45,000, and 87.6% earned a bachelor’s degree or higher. The proportion of participants who reported meeting or exceeding the guidelines of 150 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA per week was 52.7%. The proportion of participants not meeting the PA guidelines decreased by 7.8% during the shutdown. The proportion of participants exceeding the PA guidelines increased by 11.3%. PA days per week significantly increased during the shutdown (3.75 ± 1.9 to 4.27 ± 2.1 d, P < 0.001), whereas minutes per session remained consistent (1.87 ± 0.95 to 1.93 ± 0.98 min, P = 0.10; 1, 1–30 min; 2, 31–60 min). Average intensity of exercise sessions significantly decreased (2.81 ± 1.16 to 2.62 ± 1.14, P = 0.001). Participants reported decreased fitness center access and more outdoor walking. Overall, 73.4% of the participants indicated they were likely to maintain shutdown PA habits for 1 yr. Almost all (93.8%) of those who increased their PA during the shutdown reported they were likely to maintain their habit for 1 yr. Participants who did not change were more likely to report they would maintain PA levels for 1 yr compared with those who decreased PA levels during the shutdown.

Conclusions

Generally, US adults increased PA during the COVID-19 shutdown. This study provides insight into how routine disruption may affect PA habits.
Quantifying the Supply Response of Private Schools to Public Policies
Authors: Dinerstein Michael , Smith Troy D.
Published: September 2021

School policies that cause a large demand shift between public and private schooling may cause some private schools to enter or exit the market. We study how the policy effects differ under a fixed versus changing market structure in the context of a public school funding reform in New York City. We find evidence of a reduction in private schools in response to the reform. Using a model of demand for and supply of private schooling, we estimate that 20 percent of the reform’s effect on school enrollments came from increased private school exit and reduced private school entry. (JEL H75, I21, I22, I28)
From Mad Men to Maths Men: Concentration and Buyer Power in Online Advertising
Authors: Decarolis Francesco , Rovigatti Gabriele
Published: September 2021

This paper analyzes the impact of intermediary concentration on the allocation of revenue in online platforms. We study sponsored search documenting how advertisers increasingly bid through a handful of specialized intermediaries. This enhances automated bidding and data pooling, but lessens competition whenever the intermediary represents competing advertisers. Using data on nearly 40 million Google keyword auctions, we first apply machine learning algorithms to cluster keywords into thematic groups serving as relevant markets. Using an instrumental variable strategy, we estimate a decline in the platform’s revenue of approximately 11 percent due to the average rise in concentration associated with intermediary merger and acquisition activity. (JEL C45, D44, G34, L13, L81, M37)
Oligopolistic Price Leadership and Mergers: The United States Beer Industry
Authors: Miller Nathan H. , Sheu Gloria , Weinberg Matthew C.
Published: September 2021

We study a repeated game of price leadership in which a firm proposes supermarkups over Bertrand prices to a coalition of rivals. Supermarkups and marginal costs are recoverable from data on prices and quantities using the model’s structure. In an application to the beer industry, we find that price leadership increases profit relative to Bertrand competition by 17 percent in fiscal years 2006 and 2007, and by 22 percent in 2010 and 2011, with the change mostly due to consolidation. We simulate two mergers, which relax binding incentive compatibility constraints and increase supermarkups. These coordinated effects arise even with efficiencies that offset price increases under Bertrand competition. (JEL G34, K21, L13, L14, L41, L66)
Projection of Private Values in Auctions
Authors: Gagnon-Bartsch Tristan , Pagnozzi Marco , Rosato Antonio
Published: September 2021

We explore how taste projection—the tendency to overestimate how similar others’ tastes are to one’s own—affects bidding in auctions. In first-price auctions with private values, taste projection leads bidders to exaggerate the intensity of competition and, consequently, to overbid—irrespective of whether values are independent, affiliated, or (a)symmetric. Moreover, the optimal reserve price is lower than the rational benchmark, and decreasing in the extent of projection and the number of bidders. With an uncertain common-value component, projecting bidders draw distorted inferences about others’ information. This misinference is stronger in second-price and English auctions, reducing their allocative efficiency compared to first-price auctions. (JEL D11, D44, D82, D83)
Patient doses in endovascular and hybrid revascularization of aortoiliac segment
Authors: Stanev Stefan , Kostova-Lefterova Desislava , Dineva Svetla
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

Constantly increasing number of procedures performed – endovascular or hybrid in patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease during the last decades finds its explanation in the lower morbidity and mortality rates, compared to bypass surgery. The purpose of the current survey was to estimate patients’ radiation exposure in aortoiliac segment after endovascular or hybrid revascularization and to study the main factors which have direct contribution.

Methods:

A retrospective study of 285 procedures conducted with the help of a mobile C-arm system in 223 patients was performed. Procedures were grouped according to criteria such as: type of intervention, vascular access, level of complexity and operating team. Different analyses were performed within the groups and dose values.

Results:

The median values of kerma–air product (KAP), the number of series and the peak skin dose (PSD) significantly increase with the increasing number of vascular accesses: for one access (16.68 Gy.cm2, 6 and 336 mGy), for two (56.93 Gy.cm2, 11 and 545 mGy), and for three (102.28 Gy.cm2, 15 and 781 mGy). Significant dependence was observed in the case of single access site between the type of access and the dose values: hybrid and retrograde common femoral artery/superficial femoral artery (CFA/SFA) endovascular accesses, 10.06 Gy.cm2/301 mGy and 13.23 Gy.cm2/318 mGy respectively, in contrast with the contralateral CFA and left brachial access, 33 Gy.cm2/421 mGy and 38.33 Gy.cm2/448 mGy respectively.

Conclusion:

The results demonstrate that the most important factors increasing the dose values are number and type of vascular accesses, followed by the combination and number of implanted stents with the complexity of the procedure. The PSD values for a single procedure were between 2 and 12 times lower than those IAEA proposed as trigger levels for radiation-induced erythema. This study shows that trigger levels were not reached even for patients with repeated procedures in the same segment in 1-year period.

Advances in knowledge:

The study gives important understanding and clarity on the growing awareness for dose-modifying factors during endovascular and hybrid revascularization of aortoiliac segment.
A retrospective review of MRI features associated with metastasis-free survival in women with breast cancer: focusing on skin thickening and skin enhancement
Authors: Mberu Valentine , McFarlane Jennifer , Macaskill E Jane , Evans Andrew
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

To identify associations between MRI-detected skin thickening and enhancement and metastasis-free survival (MFS) given recent reports of skin thickening on ultrasound being a poorer prognostic indicator.

Methods:

Interrogation of a prospectively collected database of ultrasound-visible breast lesions showed 214 lesions with pre-treatment MRIs available for analysis in a single centre. Data on MFS was prospectively collected. Retrospective MRI review was performed blinded to outcome. Imaging factors recorded were presence of skin thickening and enhancement, non-mass-enhancement (NME) and abnormal nodes, mass characteristics, perilesional oedema and background parenchymal enhancement. Statistical analysis used chi-squared test, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, the Log-rank test and receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results:

During a median follow-up period of 5.6 years, 21 (10%) of 212 patients developed distant metastases. Skin thickening [24 of 30 (80%) vs 169 of 184 (92%), p = 0.043] and skin enhancement [15 of 20 (75%) vs 178 of 194 (92%), p = 0.016] were associated with poorer MFS. Large index lesion size [p < 0.001, AUC 0.823], large sum of masses [p < 0.001, AUC 0.813], increasing total lesion extent including NME [p < 0.001, AUC 0.749] and abnormal axillary nodes [55 of 66 (83%) vs 138 of 148 (93%), p = 0.024] were also associated with poorer MFS.

Conclusions:

Skin thickening and enhancement on breast MRI are associated with poorer MFS. These findings should be taken into account when managing patients with invasive breast cancer.

Advances in knowledge:

Skin enhancement on breast MRI at diagnosis is associated with metastases development. Skin thickening on breast MRI is associated with future metastatic disease.
Eco-geographic patterns of child malnutrition in India and its association with cereal cultivation: An analysis using demographic health survey and agriculture datasets
Authors: Sanjeev Rama Krishna , Nuggehalli Srinivas Prashanth , Krishnan Bindu , Basappa Yogish Channa , Dinesh Akshay S. , Ulahannan Sabu K.
Published: September 2021

Background: High prevalence of maternal malnutrition, low birth-weight and child malnutrition in India contribute substantially to the global malnutrition burden. Rural India has disproportionately higher levels of child malnutrition. Stunting and wasting are the primary determinants of child malnutrition and their district-level distribution shows clustering in different geographies and regions. Cereals, particularly millets, constitute the bulk of protein intake among the poor, especially in rural areas in India where high prevalence of wasting persists.

Methods: The last round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS4) has disaggregated data by district, enabling a more fine-scale characterisation of the prevalence of markers of malnutrition. We used data from NFHS4 and agricultural statistics datasets to analyse relationship of prevalence of malnutrition at the district level and area under cereal cultivation. We analysed malnutrition through data on under-5 stunting and wasting by district. 

Results: Stunting and wasting patterns across districts show a distinct geographical and age distribution; districts with higher wasting showed relatively higher prevalence before six months of age. Wasting prevalence at district level was associated with higher cultivation of millets, with a stronger association seen for jowar and other millets (Kodo millet, little millet, proso millet, barnyard millet and foxtail millet). District level stunting was associated with higher district level cultivation of all crops (except other millets). The analysis was limited by lack of fine-scale data on prevalence of low birth-weight and type of cereal consumed.

Conclusions: Better cereal cultivation and consumption data will be needed to confirm causal pathways contributing to potential ecogeographic patterns. The cultivation of other millets has a strong association with prevalence of wasting. State-of-the-art studies that improve our understanding of bio-availability of amino acids and other nutrients from the prevalent dietary matrices of rural poor communities will be needed to confirm causal pathways contributing to potential eco-geographic patterns.
Parent priorities for research and communication concerning childhood outcomes following preterm birth
Authors: Ginnell Lorna , Boardman James P. , Reynolds Rebecca M. , Fletcher-Watson Sue
Published: September 2021

Background: Children born preterm (before 37 weeks of gestation) are at risk for several adverse childhood outcomes. Parent priorities for research into these outcomes, and preferences for receiving information about these risks, have not previously been established. Here we report the results of an online survey designed to understand parent priorities for research and their preferences for receiving information about childhood outcomes.

Methods: An online survey was circulated through social media and was completed by 148 parents of preterm children between the ages of 0 and 12 years from around the United Kingdom (UK). Survey questions were in the form of rating scale, multiple choice, ranking or open-ended free text questions. Descriptive analysis was applied to the quantitative data. Illustrative quotes were extracted from the qualitative free text data and a subset of these questions were analysed using framework analysis.

Results: Parent priorities for research centre around identification of factors which can protect against or improve adverse cognitive or developmental outcomes. The majority of parents would prefer for communication to begin within the first year of the child’s life. Parents reported a knowledge gap among health visitors, early years educators and schools.

Conclusions: In order to align with parent preferences, research should prioritise identification of protective factors and the development of effective interventions to improve outcomes. Training for health visitors and educational professionals could improve the experiences of families and children.
Tools for analysis and conditional deletion of subsets of sensory neurons
Authors: Santana-Varela Sonia , Bogdanov Yury D. , Gossage Samuel J. , Okorokov Andrei L. , Li Shengnan , de Clauser Larissa , Alves-Simoes Marta , Sexton Jane E. , Iseppon Federico , Luiz Ana P. , Zhao Jing , Wood John N. , Cox James J.
Published: September 2021

Background: Somatosensation depends on primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Transcriptional profiling of mouse DRG sensory neurons has defined at least 18 distinct neuronal cell types. Using an advillin promoter, we have generated a transgenic mouse line that only expresses diphtheria toxin A (DTA) in sensory neurons in the presence of Cre recombinase. This has allowed us to ablate specific neuronal subsets within the DRG using a range of established and novel Cre lines that encompass all sets of sensory neurons.   

Methods: A floxed-tdTomato-stop-DTA bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic reporter line (AdvDTA) under the control of the mouse advillin DRG promoter was generated. The line was first validated using a Nav1.8Cre and then crossed to CGRPCreER (Calca), ThCreERT2, Tmem45bCre, Tmem233Cre, Ntng1Cre and TrkBCreER (Ntrk2) lines. Pain behavioural assays included Hargreaves’, hot plate, Randall-Selitto, cold plantar, partial sciatic nerve ligation and formalin tests.

Results: Motor activity, as assessed by the rotarod test, was normal for all lines tested. Noxious mechanosensation was significantly reduced when either Nav1.8 positive neurons or Tmem45b positive neurons were ablated whilst acute heat pain was unaffected. In contrast, noxious mechanosensation was normal following ablation of CGRP-positive neurons but acute heat pain thresholds were significantly elevated and a reduction in nocifensive responses was observed in the second phase of the formalin test. Ablation of TrkB-positive neurons led to significant deficits in mechanical hypersensitivity in the partial sciatic nerve ligation neuropathic pain model.

Conclusions: Ablation of specific DRG neuronal subsets using the AdvDTA line will be a useful resource for further functional characterization of somatosensory processing, neuro-immune interactions and chronic pain disorders.
Fragmented selves: a first person account on trauma and dissociation
Authors: Karbouniaris Simona
Published: September 2021

This first person account on recovery from trauma and dissociation has been written by a social scientist who went through a long journey in mental health care before receiving adequate treatment. A steady therapeutic relationship paired with a different resources of the Comprehensive Resource Model eventually provided enough stability to overcome dissociation and process trauma. Although traditional psychotherapy is based on psychoanalytic framework, it was helpful to look for framings that affirm a social and hermeneutic dialogue. This paper provides reflections that have proven to be helpful for the author and that might be helpful for others with similar problems.
Editorial
Authors: Cyranka Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

From Editors
Dear Authors and Readers

As the Summer comes to an end and the energy of new academic year is felt in the air, we invite you to read the new issue of our journal. It begins with a first person account on recovery from trauma and dissociation written by a social scientist Simona Karbouniaris who went through a long journey in mental health care before receiving adequate treatment.
The second paper by Daniel Ehis Aigbonoga et al concerns a very important and interesting medical phenomenon - Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID), also known as body integrity dysphoria and xenomelia. This is a rare chronic psychiatric condition characterized by an intense and persistent desire to have one or both healthy limbs amputated or paralyzed. The subject was previously described inter alia by Sedda A, Kasten E, Blom RM and others [1-3].
A team of authors from Saint-Petersburg prepared a very valuable evaluation of levels of anxiety and depression in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), leading behavioral strategies for coping with stress and their correlation with the severity of dermatological symptoms in patients with AD, as well as the determination of psychotherapeutic targets for improving medical and mental health care for patients with AD. Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is a world widely considered to be clinical challenge for various healthcare professionals [4-6].
Knowledge of the patients of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology about lactation and breastfeeding during the Covid-19 pandemic and before the pandemic – a comparative study
Authors: Detka Karolina , Zwierzyńska Anna , Gruszka Jakub , Świercz Grzegorz , Adamczyk-Gruszka Olga
Published: September 2021

IntroductionThe mammary gland is a paired skin gland of women, responsible for the lactation process. It is synchronized with the operation of the endocrine system. The production of breast milk takes place after childbirth through the action of the hormonal and nervous systems. Secretion is controlled by prolactin and oxytocin. Its composition includes: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. It is rich in stem cells. The function of the gland is to secure the nutritional and energy needs of the newborn.Aim of the workThe aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the knowledge of the patients of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, WSZZ in Kielce about lactation and breastfeeding before and during the Covid-19 pandemic –a comparative study.Material and methods420 puerperae participated in the study. The first pre-COVID-19 pandemic group included 196 women, the second group during the pandemic period included 224 respondents. Among the puerperae, women aged over 30 constituted the most numerous age group.The Bioethics Committee of UJK (Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce) approved the study No. 16/2021.Statistical analysis was performed with the use of the Statistica computer program.ResultsThe patients living in the city have more knowledge about lactation and breastfeeding than the patients from rural areas.The older the patient and the greater the number of completed pregnancies and deliveries, the greater the knowledge about lactation and breastfeeding.The assessment of the involvement of medical personnel depends on the time when the patient gave birth.The period of the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the knowledge about reducing the risk of breast cancer in women.The patients from the pandemic period are more knowledgeable about breastfeeding and lactation than patients in the pre-pandemic period.
Overactive bladder
Authors: Zwierzyńska Anna
Published: September 2021

Urinary incontinence is a problem among both older and young women. The most common symptoms of this condition include urinary incontinence and an unpleasant odour. In order to conceal the ailments related to this problem, women change their lifestyle by limiting the amount of fluid consumed and not moving too far from home or places where toilets are located. The main source of information on this disease in women aged over 45 is books, magazines and websites. Medical personnel are only ranked behind them. In order to make a correct diagnosis of this disease and to start treatment, urodynamic examination, urinalysis, cystoscopy and imaging examinations should be performed. Urodynamic examination can be divided into two groups: invasive and non-invasive. The micturition diary is considered to be the basic urodynamic test. It allows for performing differential diagnosis of functional micturition disorders. It is characterized by high repeatability and correlation with clinical symptoms. Treatment options are dependent on the type of urinary incontinence. They may include conservative treatment, surgery and pharmacotherapy. Combining conservative methods with pharmacological or surgical methods brings the most beneficial results. Invasive methods are the last-line therapy.
Pleiotropic effects of vitamin D3
Authors: Egierska Dominika , Pietruszka Paulina , Burzyńska Paulina , Chruścicka Izabela , Buchta Justyna
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Vitamin D belongs to the group of fat-soluble vitamins. cholecalciferol (D3) and ergocalciferol (D2) are the most important forms. Vitamin D is associated with a regulatory role in calcium and phosphate metabolism. In recent years, there has been attention to its pleiotropic action. Aim: The aim of the study was to present the general characteristics of vitamin D and explore its relation with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, pain management, insulin resistance, influenza and chronic kidney disease (CKD).Description: VDR receptor has been detected in the cells of the intestines, bones, kidneys, heart, brain, prostate, breast, ovaries, skin. In the ovaries, vit. D3 affects the production of progesterone, estradiol or estrone which suggest its important role in the folliculogenesis and ovulation. Women with PCOS have significantly lower levels of vitamin D3 compared to healthy women. It has been suggested that the deficiency of this vitamin may be related to infertility. Research show that vit. D3 may affect the mechanisms of the inflammatory and nocyceptive pain perception. A significant connection has also been found between vit. D3 and the metabolism of the adipose tissue and insulin secretion. Vitamin D3 deficiency may increase the risk of development of obesity and insulin resistance as well as CKD.Summary: The observation of statistically significant correlation between the reduced level of vit. D3 and occurrence of numerous diseases indicates the need for further research to explain the mechanisms in which D3 deficiency may contribute to development of these diseases. This knowledge is important for the development of new prevention and treatment methods of the diseases mentioned in this article.
Management of wet AMD in an elderly patient - case report
Authors: Nowakowska Katarzyna , Raczkiewicz Przemyslaw , Lewkowicz Martyna , Raksa Karolina , Urbańska Karolina
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of central vision loss in elderly people over 50 years of age. It is characterized by the presence of drusen on the fundus and may be associated with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or geographic atrophy. AMD is a condition caused by many factors including environmental, genetic, and vascular. Currently, it affects over 25 million people worldwide, but with the progressive aging of the population, the incidence of the disease is increasing. Disease is therefore an important issue in geriatrics.Case report: A 75-year-old patient was referred to the General and Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinic of the Medical University of Lublin due to the three-week deterioration of visual acuity in the left eye. The visual acuity of the left eye was: counting fingers at a distance of 1.5 m. Initial cataracts of this eye and wet AMD were diagnosed. In July 2018. an injection of ranibizumab was administered into the vitreous humor of the left eye. After achieving an improvement in visual acuity to 0.2 (on Snellen charts), in September the patient was qualified to the Drug Program for the treatment of the wet form of AMD. From September to October 2019. the patient received 9 doses of ranibizumab. In October 2019. visual acuity improved to 0.4. In November, due to the unsatisfactory results of the therapy, the drug was changed to aflibercept. The patient received a total of 3 injections of this drug and his visual acuity improved to a value of 0.7. The last injection was given in July 2020 and the clinical condition and visual acuity stabilized. After the end of the drug program, the patient regularly shows up for checkups, and the visual acuity of the left eye has normalized since July 2020. and is now 0.4 (due in part to atrophic changes and scarring).Conclusions: Treatment of the wet form of AMD is a difficult and lengthy process. Early diagnosis of the disease, starting treatment as soon as possible, regular checkups and cooperation with the patient are very important for the success of the therapy. During 3 years of treatment, the patient experienced a significant improvement in visual acuity for one year. The treatment allowed the disease progression to slow down. The morphological condition of the retina improved. The applied treatment and management of the elderly patient turned out to be effective, and the achieved effects of the therapy are satisfactory.
Salmonella – still a threat? Epidemiological analysis of infecion
Authors: Ruszel Kinga , Dubel Robert , Chodun Wiktoria , Nieradko-Iwanicka Barbara
Published: September 2021

Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. These pathogen are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. The growing number of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat infections with this bacterium increases the use of alternative treatments. The species Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most commonly used probiotics to treat infectious diseases, including antibiotic diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea.It is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium. However, they have the ability to survive inside infected cells. These bacteria cause various clinical forms of disease. The most dangerous sticks of typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi) and paradurium (Salmonella paratyphi) multiply only in the human body and cause a very serious infectious disease - typhoid fever. In turn, non-malignant salmonella, Salmonella bongori and countless serological varieties of Salmonella enterica colonize the digestive tract of many animal species and are pathogenic to humans, causing gastroenteritis, i.e. acute salmonellosis, sometimes classified as food poisoning. All Salmonella infections begin with ingestion with contaminated food or water.
The importance of sleep in selected diseases
Authors: Egierska Dominika Magdalena , Pietruszka Paulina , Buchta Justyna
Published: September 2021

Introduction: There are specific differences in physiological and biochemical processes during sleep. Adenosine and melatonin are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms. During sleep, you can observe the secretion of growth hormone, a reduction in cortisol secretion, and a decrease in muscle tone and blood pressure. Sleep can have a major impact on the development of systemic diseases.Aim of the study: A review of the literature aimed at identifying selected negative factors influencing the quality of sleep and systemic diseases which are related to sleep disorders.State of knowledge: Factors that negatively affect sleep include stress, as well as excessive time spent in front of light-emitting screens. Long-term lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and psychiatric diseases. Summary: Sleep plays an important role in the proper functioning of the body. Its quality is affected by many factors. Sleep disorders can be both the effect and cause of many diseases. Especially in diagnosing psychiatric diseases, attention should be paid to the occurrence of sleep disorders.
Impact of physical activity on incidence of osteoporotic fractures - a review
Authors: Oszczędłowski Paweł , Niewęgłowski Kacper , Madoń Barbara , Nowaczek Justyna , Giermasiński Adrian
Published: September 2021

Introduction and purpose: The purpose od this study is to describe influence of participating in sporting activities on health of the bones. Osteoporosis is a disease of elderly people in which bone mineral density lowers. Physical activity was reported to increase bone mineral density.A brief description of the state of knowledge: Better physical performance is a positive factor that lowers the possibility of fracturing the bones of the elderly. Another factor that plays protective role is lean body mass and development of muscles. Training in young age can help to increase the bone mineral density, but the effect ceases with the passing of time, being much lower after decades. Multiple genes have impact on bone mineral density of the individual. Professional athletes have usually higher bone mineral density, but accumulation of microdamage in their bones can result in stress fractures. Training in elderly age is proven to increase bone mineral density of an individual, especially performing weight-bearing sports.Conclusions: Physical activity has been proven to positively affect health in many ways. One of them is strengthening the bones by increasing bone mineral density. As it increases, the possibility to break the bone lowers, which makes it an effective way to support the fight against the osteoporosis. It is especially important for women, who are more susceptible to osteoporotic fractures in post-menopausal age.
Pituitary gland imaging - review of the literature
Authors: Dąbrowska Izabela , Szydełko Joanna , Wolski Andrzej
Published: September 2021

Introduction: is an endocrine gland located upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella turcica).
Radiological procedures are playing essential role in present diagnostic of pituitary gland.
Pituitary tumours can now be visualized more accurately due to continued improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques with gadolinium enhancement.
Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge about radiological imaging of pituitary gland and in particular MRI scan procedures. In this paper we also want to show how the imaging of the pituitary gland looked like in the past and nowadays.
Description of knowledge: Diagnostic procedures play primary role in present diagnosis and treatment of pituitary gland and sella turcica tumours. It is crucial for further diagnostic procedures to locate the tumour its size and margins. Currently magnetic resonance imaging is the more important examination just after the laboratory results. That modality easily shows exact location and tumours smaller than 1 cm. Radiological differentiation of lessions wouldn’t be possible without contrast agents. The latest MRI study protocols involve dynamic and delayed sequences for better visualisation and differential diagnostic.
Conclusions: During the years radiological techniques evolved and gave us the perfect tool to visualize the pituitary gland and its pathologies.
Sexual dysfunction in patients with MDD treated with SSRIs - causes, measurement and prevention
Authors: Giermasinski Adrian , Próchnicka Magdalena , Nowak Dominika , Oszczędłowski Paweł , Nowaczek Justyna
Published: September 2021

Major Depressive Disorder(MDD) is serious psychiatric condition and they affect one in five people during their lifetime, the annual prevalence rates for the US population are 7.1% among adults, slightly more common among women (8.7%) than men (5.3%). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are among the pharmacological agents most commonly used in the treatment of MDD.

The mechanism of action of antidepressants is not yet fully understood. Currently, it is believed that the mechanism of the so-called down-regulation, i.e. reducing the density of receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, in this case mainly 5HT2 receptors. All of the antidepressants in use today have some common side effects. The side effect that will be discussed in the broadest possible way in this paper are sexual dysfunctions appearing during the therapy. Measuring the degree to which a given substance affects the sexual function of a patient diagnosed with MDD encounters many difficulties on its way. There are currently several questionnaires enabling such an assessment, the most common are CSFQ, ASEX and SexFX. Also the major problem is Post SSRI Sexual Disfunction. A number of animal studies have proven that prolonged exposure to SSRIs leave permanent changes in the CNS, but unfortunately, similar studies have not yet been conducted in humans. The aim of this study is to present the problem of sexual dysfunction as a side effect of SSRI therapy, to present the causes and to propose a strategy to combat SSRI-induced sexual dysfunctions.
Reports of recent years on physiotherapy and the health of children
Authors: Jaworski Piotr
Published: September 2021

The physiotherapy process in children is specific and requires much more patience and understanding than in adults. Working with a child is not only related to the physiotherapy of a small patient, but also in a very good cooperation between the parent-physiotherapist. The paper presents selected issues of children's therapy in the light of research papers published in renowned scientific journals dealing with medical issues.
The role of selected mechanisms of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes
Authors: Trojanowska Paulina , Chrościńska-Krawczyk Magdalena , Trojanowska Alina , Tywanek Ewa , Wronecki Jakub , Łuczyk Robert Jan
Published: September 2021

Understanding the important role of the non-specific immune response in protecting the body against the development of numerous diseases has become partially possible after the discovery of several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like or NOD-like receptors. A group of cytoplasmic proteins called the inflammasome, which detect PAMP and DAMP through the PRR receptors, is able to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and trigger an acute inflammatory reaction both in the extracellular and intracellular space. Low-grade systemic and local inflammation contributes to the development and progression of various conditions, including autoimmune and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, which until recently were not even considered inflammatory diseases. This review will discuss the role of innate immunity in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, focusing on the role of specific innate immunity receptors and insulin resistance involved in these diseases pathogenesis.
A child with vitiligo
Authors: Prylińska Monika , Marcin Kożuchowski  , Jakub Husejko
Published: September 2021

Vitiligo is a chronic skin condition which affects 0,5-2% of the world’s population, without any sex or ethnical predilection. Clinically it is characterized by the development of well-defined depigmented macules. Although its etiopathogenesis is exquisitely compound and remains not fully anderstood, it is known that it results from the destruction of melanocytes present in the skin. The aim of this paper is to present vitiligo clinical picture in a children population, its etiopathogenesis and available therapeutical methods. There are many therapeutic options for vitiligo, none of which is fully effective, hence appropriate patients education concerning various medical and cosmetic therapies, as well as the psychological aspects of the disease, is extremely important.
Risk of prostate cancer in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Góralczyk Wanesa , Borowiecka Monika , Mikos Eryk , Kanon Karol
Published: September 2021

Introduction: In recent years, an association between Parkinson’s disease and cancer has been reported with many clinical and epidemiological studies, encouraging the investigation of a potential common pathogenic pathway connected with both diseases. However, association between neurogenesis, medical treatment of Parkinson’s disease and occurence of prostate cancer (PCA) is still being discussed.

Brief description of the state of knowledge: There were carried out population-based case-control researches that checked the connection between Parkinson’s disease and the risk of prostate cancer in Western (Canada, USA, UK, Denmark, Sweden, Israel) and Asian (Taiwan) populations. Studies revealed that Parkinson’s disease had significant association with reduced risk of prostate cancer in most of studied populations (Western) and increased in Asian population.

Conclusions: Most of researches proved that Parkinson’s disease was associated with reduction of risk of prostate cancer, which decreased with increasing duration of Parkinson’s disease. The relationship between those conditions in Asian population needs to be checked in the future.
Saving Humanity: Despair and Death as Pedagogical Challenges while Caring about Human Existence
Authors: Orzelska Julita
Published: September 2021

The concepts analysed in this paper pertain to despair and death, since these are insufficiently present in pedagogical narrations. Despair and death, which accompany our existential experience throughout our lives, are most frequently treated one-sidedly, pejoratively, and presented as an expression of human evil. The thoughts of Paul Tillich, Viktor Frankl, Vittorino Andreoli and Krystian Lupa open a space for understanding despair and death as existential challenges a person needs to be capable of facing and should treat as valuable experience; an experience which creates an opportunity for a new dimension in our own appreciation of life.For this reason, an existentially oriented education seems to enable serious thought about a person in the context of their entire life.
The Moderating Effects of Self-esteem and Ego-resilience on the Relationship between Emotional Labor, Depressive Symptom, and Job Satisfaction in Nurses
Authors: Kim Taeyoun , Han Kuem Sun
Published: September 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify that emotional labor has effect on depressive symptom, job satisfaction, and moderating effect of self-esteem and ego-resilience of nurses.Methods: Data were collected by questionnaires from 224 nurses university hospitals from May 8 to May 19, 2017, analyzing by hierarchical multiple regression.Results: There was a significant positive correlation with emotional labor and depressive symptom. Also emotional labor was significant negative correlation with job satisfaction, self-esteem, and ego-resilience. Ego-resilience had a moderating effect that emotional labor affected depressive symptom and job satisfaction.Conclusion: In this study, Ego-resilience were found to have a significant moderating effect in relation to emotional labor, depressive symptom, and job satisfaction. Therefore, it's needed to consider the ego-resilience when developing emotional labor management program of nurses.
Effects of a Physical Activity Program based on Social Cognitive Theory for Old-Old Women with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Suh Soon Rim , Lee Jeong Hwa
Published: September 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to verify the effects of a physical activity program based on social cognitive theory for elderly women with knee osteoarthritis (KO).Methods: Ninety-two women aged over 75 with KO from one community center and five senior centers in G county participated. Groups of physical activity based on social cognitive theory (experimental, n=38), Thera-band physical activity (comparison, n=24), and no intervention (control, =30) participated in a 16-session, 8-week program.Results: Knee joint function, muscular strength, exercise self-efficacy, outcome expectations for exercise, social support, and social networks increased significantly in the experimental group compared to the other groups.Conclusion: Physical activity based on social cognitive theory most effectively increased physical function, self-efficacy, and social support of elderly women with KO.
Editorial
Authors: Guimarães Deborah Moreira
Published: September 2021

Editorial Vol. 10 N. 2Dossiê "Fenomenologia e Hermenêutica na América Latina"Português [PT]Español [ESP]English [ENG]
Radiolucent lines do not affect the longevity of highly cross-linked polyethylene cemented components in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Takaoka Yusuke , Goto Koji , Tamura Jiro , Okuzu Yaichiro , Kawai Toshiyuki , Kuroda Yutaka , Orita Kazuki , Matsuda Shuichi
Published: September 2021

Aims

We aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome of highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) cemented acetabular components and assess whether any radiolucent lines (RLLs) which arose were progressive.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 170 patients who underwent 187 total hip arthroplasties at two hospitals with a minimum follow-up of ten years. All interventions were performed using the same combination of HXLPE cemented acetabular components with femoral stems made of titanium alloy. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for the primary endpoint of acetabular component revision surgery for any reason and secondary endpoint of the appearance of RLLs. RLLs that had appeared once were observed over time. We statistically assessed potential relationships between RLLs and a number of factors, including the technique of femoral head autografting and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score.

Results

The mean follow-up period was 13.0 years (10.0 to 16.3). Femoral head autografting was performed on 135 hips (72.2%). One acetabular component was retrieved because of deep infection. No revision was performed for the aseptic acetabular loosening. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the primary and secondary endpoints were 98.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 88.6% to 99.8%) and 79.3% (95% CI 72.8% to 84.6%), respectively. RLLs were detected in 38 hips (21.2%), at a mean of 1.7 years (1 month to 6 years) postoperatively. None of the RLLs were progressive, and the presence of RLLs did not show a significant association with the survival and clinical score. RLLs were more frequently observed in hips without femoral head autografts than in those with autografts.

Conclusion

The use of HXLPE cemented acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty demonstrated excellent clinical outcomes after ten years, and no RLLs were progressive, and their presence did not affect the outcome. Femoral head autografting did not negatively impact the acetabular component survival or the appearance of RLLs. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(10):1604–1610.