bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Gene accordions” cause genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity in clonal populations of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Belikova Darya , Jochim Angelika , Power Jeffrey , Holden Matthew T. G. , Heilbronner Simon
Published: July 2020

Gene tandem amplifications are thought to drive bacterial evolution, but they are transient in the absence of selection, making their investigation challenging. Here, we analyze genomic sequences of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 isolates from the same geographical area to identify variations in gene copy number, which we confirm by long-read sequencing. We find several hotspots of variation, including the csa1 cluster encoding lipoproteins known to be immunogenic. We also show that the csa1 locus expands and contracts during bacterial growth in vitro and during systemic infection of mice, and recombination creates rapid heterogeneity in initially clonal cultures. Furthermore, csa1 copy number variants differ in their immunostimulatory capacity, revealing a mechanism by which gene copy number variation can modulate the host immune response.
Understanding the genetic determinants of the brain with MOSTest
Authors: van der Meer Dennis , Frei Oleksandr , Kaufmann Tobias , Shadrin Alexey A. , Devor Anna , Smeland Olav B. , Thompson Wesley K. , Fan Chun Chieh , Holland Dominic , Westlye Lars T. , Andreassen Ole A. , Dale Anders M.
Published: July 2020

Regional brain morphology has a complex genetic architecture, consisting of many common polymorphisms with small individual effects. This has proven challenging for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Due to the distributed nature of genetic signal across brain regions, multivariate analysis of regional measures may enhance discovery of genetic variants. Current multivariate approaches to GWAS are ill-suited for complex, large-scale data of this kind. Here, we introduce the Multivariate Omnibus Statistical Test (MOSTest), with an efficient computational design enabling rapid and reliable inference, and apply it to 171 regional brain morphology measures from 26,502 UK Biobank participants. At the conventional genome-wide significance threshold of α = 5 × 10−8, MOSTest identifies 347 genomic loci associated with regional brain morphology, more than any previous study, improving upon the discovery of established GWAS approaches more than threefold. Our findings implicate more than 5% of all protein-coding genes and provide evidence for gene sets involved in neuron development and differentiation.
Publisher Correction: Spatial planning with long visual range benefits escape from visual predators in complex naturalistic environments
Authors: Mugan Ugurcan , MacIver Malcolm A.
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Integrating drone-borne thermal imaging with artificial intelligence to locate bird nests on agricultural land
Authors: Santangeli Andrea , Chen Yuxuan , Kluen Edward , Chirumamilla Raviteja , Tiainen Juha , Loehr John
Published: July 2020

In conservation, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) carrying various sensors and the use of deep learning are increasing, but they are typically used independently of each other. Untapping their large potential requires integrating these tools. We combine drone-borne thermal imaging with artificial intelligence to locate ground-nests of birds on agricultural land. We show, for the first time, that this semi-automated system can identify nests with a high performance. However, local weather, type of arable field and height of the drone can affect performance. The results’ implications are particularly relevant to conservation practitioners working across sectors, such as biodiversity conservation and food production in farmland. Under a rapidly changing world, studies like this can help uncover the potential of technology for conservation and embrace cross-sectoral transformations from the onset; for example, by integrating nest detection within the precision agriculture system that heavily relies on drone-borne sensors.
Author Correction: 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase mutation induces steatosis and hepatic injury in zebrafish
Authors: Park Ki-Hoon , Ye Zhi-wei , Zhang Jie , Hammad Samar M. , Townsend Danyelle M. , Rockey Don C. , Kim Seok-Hyung
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
A nomogram model for screening the risk of diabetes in a large-scale Chinese population: an observational study from 345,718 participants
Authors: Xue Mingyue , Su Yinxia , Feng Zhiwei , Wang Shuxia , Zhang Mingchen , Wang Kai , Yao Hua
Published: July 2020

Our study is major to establish and validate a simple type||diabetes mellitus (T2DM) screening model for identifying high-risk individuals among Chinese adults. A total of 643,439 subjects who participated in the national health examination had been enrolled in this cross-sectional study. After excluding subjects with missing data or previous medical history, 345,718 adults was included in the final analysis. We used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator models to optimize feature selection, and used multivariable logistic regression analysis to build a predicting model. The results showed that the major risk factors of T2DM were age, gender, no drinking or drinking/time > 25 g, no exercise, smoking, waist-to-height ratio, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, fatty liver and gallbladder disease. The area under ROC was 0.811 for development group and 0.814 for validation group, and the p values of the two calibration curves were 0.053 and 0.438, the improvement of net reclassification and integrated discrimination are significant in our model. Our results give a clue that the screening models we conducted may be useful for identifying Chinses adults at high risk for diabetes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the utility and feasibility of this model in various settings.
A mitochondria-targeted coenzyme Q peptoid induces superoxide dismutase and alleviates salinity stress in plant cells
Authors: Asfaw Kinfemichael Geressu , Liu Qiong , Xu Xiaolu , Manz Christina , Purper Sabine , Eghbalian Rose , Münch Stephan W. , Wehl Ilona , Bräse Stefan , Eiche Elisabeth , Hause Bettina , Bogeski Ivan , Schepers Ute , Riemann Michael , Nick Peter
Published: July 2020

Salinity is a serious challenge to global agriculture and threatens human food security. Plant cells can respond to salt stress either by activation of adaptive responses, or by programmed cell death. The mechanisms deciding the respective response are far from understood, but seem to depend on the degree, to which mitochondria can maintain oxidative homeostasis. Using plant PeptoQ, a Trojan Peptoid, as vehicle, it is possible to transport a coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) derivative into plant mitochondria. We show that salinity stress in tobacco BY-2 cells (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bright Yellow-2) can be mitigated by pretreatment with plant PeptoQ with respect to numerous aspects including proliferation, expansion, redox homeostasis, and programmed cell death. We tested the salinity response for transcripts from nine salt-stress related-genes representing different adaptive responses. While most did not show any significant response, the salt response of the transcription factor NtNAC, probably involved in mitochondrial retrograde signaling, was significantly modulated by the plant PeptoQ. Most strikingly, transcripts for the mitochondrial, Mn-dependent Superoxide Dismutase were rapidly and drastically upregulated in presence of the peptoid, and this response was disappearing in presence of salt. The same pattern, albeit at lower amplitude, was seen for the sodium exporter SOS1. The findings are discussed by a model, where plant PeptoQ modulates retrograde signalling to the nucleus leading to a strong expression of mitochondrial SOD, what renders mitochondria more resilient to perturbations of oxidative balance, such that cells escape salt induced cell death and remain viable.
Author Correction: Effect of iron and magnesium addition on population dynamics and high value product of microalgae grown in anaerobic liquid digestate
Authors: Ermis Hande , Guven-Gulhan Unzile , Cakir Tunahan , Altinbas Mahmut
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: Reciprocal semantic predictions drive categorization of scene contexts and objects even when they are separate
Authors: Leroy Anaïs , Faure Sylvane , Spotorno Sara
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: Snow depths’ impact on soil microbial activities and carbon dioxide fluxes from a temperate wetland in Northeast China
Authors: Wang Xue , Bai Xueyuan , Ma Liang , He Chunguang , Jiang Haibo , Sheng Lianxi , Luo Wenbo
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Publisher Correction: Discordance for genotypic sex in phenotypic female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is related to a reduced sdY copy number
Authors: Brown Morgan S. , Evans Brad S. , Afonso Luis O. B.
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Association of pro-inflammatory soluble cytokine receptors early during hepatocellular carcinoma stereotactic radiotherapy with liver toxicity
Authors: Ng Sylvia S. W. , Zhang Hong , Wang Lisa , Citrin Deborah , Dawson Laura A.
Published: July 2020

Plasma levels of soluble factors early during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) were evaluated in relation to radiation liver injury, tumor response, and risk of early death. No significant differences were found in baseline plasma levels of AFP, CXCL1, and HGF amongst HCC patients with different Child Pugh scores. Higher levels of sTNFRII (P < 0.001), and lower levels of sCD40L (P < 0.001) and CXCL1 (P = 0.01) following one to two fractions of SBRT were noted in patients who developed liver toxicity vs. those who did not. High circulating levels of AFP (HR 2.16, P = 0.04), sTNFRII (HR 2.27, P = 0.01), and sIL-6R (HR 1.99, P = 0.03) early during SBRT were associated with increased risk of death 3 months post treatment. Plasma levels of the studied factors early during SBRT were not associated with tumor response. A pro-inflammatory systemic environment is associated with development of liver toxicity and increased risk of early death following SBRT.
Aerobic Oxidations Reactions Using Metal-free Homogeneous Systems
Authors: Unglaube F. , Mejía E.
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides an overview and a critical analysis on the most recent advances on the field of homogeneous metal-free oxidation catalysts. Special focus will be put on the accepted and proposed reaction mechanisms, as well as on the possibilities and limitations of these systems. Moreover, we will compare them to the known and well-established metal-based and enzymatic systems, which in turn will be discussed in separate chapters of this book. The modus operandi for the majority of metal-free oxidation systems involves electron-transfer processes from gaseous oxygen to the substrate with the intermediacy semi-stable organic radicals, although closed-shell transition states have also being reported. N-Oxyl catalysts are used here as benchmark to illustrate the specific properties and reactivity that a compound requires to be a good oxidation catalyst. Moreover, hypervalent iodine compounds, bio-mimetic and bio-inspired systems and other systems based on elemental catalysts and radical cations are presented and discussed.
Benchmark and parameter tuning of hybrid functionals for fast calculation of excitation energies of AIEgens
Authors: Gong Junyi , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: July 2020

We did an investigation of 16 popular hybrid functionals in excitation energy simulations by time-dependent density functional theory over a benchmark based on the experimental results of aggregation-induced emission luminogens built using a consistent methodology.
Gastrointestinal digestion and cecal fermentation of a mixed gel of lean pork meat and resistant starch in mice
Authors: Wang Xi-xi , Yu Xia , Wang Yu , Li Pei-jun , Xu Bao-cai , Cai Ke-zhou , Chen Cong-gui
Published: July 2020

A mixed gel of lean meat and RS promoted gastrointestinal digestion and cecalfermentation in mice.
Fenretinide binding to the lysosomal protein saposin D alters ceramide solubilization and hydrolysis
Authors: Milliken Brandon T. , Melegari Lindy , Smith Gideon L. , Grohn Kris , Wolfe Aaron J. , Moody Kelsey , Bou-Abdallah Fadi , Doyle Robert P.
Published: July 2020

Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid pharmaceutical linked to ceramide build-upin vivo.
Straightforward preparation of highly loaded MWCNT–polyamine hybrids and their application in catalysis
Authors: Campisciano Vincenzo , Burger René , Calabrese Carla , Liotta Leonarda Francesca , Lo Meo Paolo , Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Giacalone Francesco
Published: July 2020

Two MWCNT–polyamine hybrids were prepared, fully characterised, and used as catalysts for different C–C bond forming reactions.
Chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed atroposelective and diastereoselective synthesis of 9-aryltetrahydroacridines
Authors: Shao You-Dong , Han Dan-Dan , Ma Wen-Yue , Cheng Dao-Juan
Published: July 2020

A chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed atroposelective annulation between 2-aminoaryl ketones and alicyclic ketones has been developed to access a new library of enantioenriched axially chiral 9-aryltetrahydroacridines.
Correction: Increasing efficiency of perovskite solar cells using low concentrating photovoltaic systems
Authors: Baig Hasan , Kanda Hiroyuki , Asiri Abdullah M. , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Mallick Tapas
Published: July 2020

Correction for ‘Increasing efficiency of perovskite solar cells using low concentrating photovoltaic systems’ by Hasan Baig et al., Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2020, 4, 528–537, DOI: 10.1039/c9se00550a.
Anionic redox reactions and structural degradation in a cation-disordered rock-salt Li1.2Ti0.4Mn0.4O2 cathode material revealed by solid-state NMR and EPR
Authors: Geng Fushan , Hu Bei , Li Chao , Zhao Chong , Lafon Olivier , Trébosc Julien , Amoureux Jean-Paul , Shen Ming , Hu Bingwen
Published: July 2020

The cation-disordered rock-salt Li1.2Ti0.4Mn0.4O2 is studied by solid-state NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy during the first cycle. The anionic redox and structural degradation mechanism are discussed.
Bioinformatics analysis of key genes and pathways in Hashimoto thyroiditis tissues
Authors: Zheng Long , Dou Xiaojie , Song Huijia , Wang Pengwei , Qu Wei , Zheng Xianghong
Published: July 2020

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, and the incidence of HT continues to increase. Long-term, uncontrollable HT results in thyroid dysfunction and even increases carcinogenesis risks. Since the origin and development of HT involve many complex immune processes, there is no effective therapy for HT on a pathogenesis level. Although bioinformatics analysis has been utilized to seek key genes and pathways of thyroid cancer, only a few bioinformatics studies that focus on HT pathogenesis and mechanisms have been reported. In the present study, the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset (GSE29315) containing 6 HT and 8 thyroid physiological hyperplasia samples was downloaded, and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, Gene Ontology analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, protein–protein interaction analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis were performed. In total, 85 DEGs, containing 76 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated DEGS, were identified. The DEGs were mainly enriched in immune and inflammatory response, and the signaling pathways were involved in cytokine interaction and cytotoxicity. Moreover, ten hub genes were identified, and IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL6/JAK/STAT3, and inflammatory pathways may promote the origin and progression of HT. The present study indicated that exploring DEGs and pathways by bioinformatics analysis has important significance in understanding the molecular mechanisms of HT and providing potential targets for the prevention and treatment of HT.
Collaborative representation‐based locality preserving projections for image classification
Authors: Gou Jianping , Yang Yuanyuan , Liu Yong , Yuan Yunhao , Du Lan , Yang Hebiao
Published: July 2020

Graph embedding has attracted much more research interests in dimensionality reduction. In this study, based on collaborative representation and graph embedding, the authors propose a new linear dimensionality reduction method called collaborative representation‐based locality preserving projection (CRLPP). In the CRLPP, they assume that the similar samples should have similar reconstructions by collaborative representation and the similar reconstructions should also have the similar low‐dimensional representations in the projected subspace. CRLPP first reconstructs each training sample using the collaborative representation of the other remaining training samples, and then designs the graph construction of all training samples, finally establishes the objective function of graph embedding using the collaborative reconstructions and the constructed graph. The proposed CRLPP can well preserve the intrinsic geometrical and discriminant structures of high‐dimensional data in low‐dimensional subspace. The effectiveness of the proposed is verified on several image datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state‐of‐art dimensionality reduction.
Necklace: a novel long text detection model
Authors: Qin Xiao , Chu Xutao , Yuan Changan , Zhao Qi
Published: July 2020

This study proposes a new text detection model and a novel tag generation method for long text detection in natural scenes. The background suppression module is added to the network architecture to integrate feature mapping of each channel, weaken background features, enhance text features, and improve detection accuracy. In the design of the regression frame, the use of elliptical geometric regression, through the formation of long text through a plurality of elliptical connections, better fit the shape of the text line to solve the problem of long text detection. The proposed method has achieved the performance of state‐of‐art in the popular datasets.
Research of interval reduction in variable precision rough set
Authors: Chen Shenghai , Jiang Fengying , Mi Xianwu
Published: July 2020

The essence of reduction is to find a minimal attribute subset having the same classification ability without inducing new inconsistency with a given decision information system. In variable precision rough set, interval reduction based on β‐classification quality leads to several kinds of reduction anomalies. In this study, the authors define interval reduction based on β‐lower approximation distribution to avoid all kinds of reduction anomalies. The merger of condition classes is discussed and a method is presented to get interval reduction based on the ordered discernibility matrix of condition classes. The property of interval core attribute which is the most important attribute on the given ‐interval is also discussed and a method is given to calculate core attribute on β‐lower approximation distribution hierarchy. In addition, the core attribute set is usually used as the original subset in the heuristic algorithm for attribute reduction.
Complete distal deltoid muscle detachment: a case report
Authors: Madi Naji S. , Issa Rayane , Koaik Youssef , Al-Taki Muhyeddine
Published: July 2020

Background The deltoid is a large triangular muscle at the shoulder. It attaches proximally to the clavicle, acromion and scapula, while distally it attaches to the lateral deltoid tuberosity. Ruptures are rare, and the literature only reports cases of proximal detachment. In this article, we report the first case of distal traumatic deltoid muscle detachment and its successful management.

Case A young female sustained a traumatic injury following a Jet Ski accident with loss of consciousness. A complete distal rupture of the deltoid muscle was diagnosed after the basic functions were regained and a thorough musculoskeletal examination could be conducted. A conservative approach helped her to regain an acceptable shoulder function, but there was persistent pain upon activity and cosmetic scarring. The patient underwent surgical reconstruction. Postoperatively, she recovered satisfactorily.

Discussion Distal detachment of the deltoid muscle is rare. The choice for surgical treatment may be undertaken based on several factors including functional status and patient-based assessment.
Pain Perception in Taekwondo: Relationship to Injury, Experience, and
Time Loss
Authors: Zhao Renee T. , Kandil Abdullah , Nguyen Danh V. , Campos Luis , Amin Nirav H. , Chang Eric Y.
Published: July 2020

While the majority of sports medicine literature discusses the incidence and
rehabilitation of sports injuries, there is a paucity regarding an
athlete’s perception of pain during these injuries. This study
describes the relationship between the perception of pain from injuries in a
Taekwondo collegiate conference and injury characteristics such as injury
type, location, mechanism, time loss, and the athlete’s competitive
experience. In our study, we obtained reports from 62 Taekwondo athletes who
were injured during the 2008–2009 Pacific West Taekwondo Conference
collegiate season. Pain was recorded using the Numeric Rating Scale for Pain
during athletes’ acute injury and at two weeks, six weeks, and
subsequent monthly follow-ups. Pain scores were highest for
sprain/strains (mean 5.4, standard error 0.47) and injuries to the
lower body (mean 5.6, standard error 0.36). By mechanism, falls (mean 5.8,
standard error 0.67) reported the highest levels of pain. There was a
significant positive association between pain and time loss, where an
increase in pain score of 1 point was associated with about 0.85 days
(standard error 0.37) of time lost from training (p=0.0284).
Notably, head injuries, although potentially more devastating and attracting
widespread concern, were considered less painful.
Thermal varicose treatment under hypnosis
Authors: Josnin Matthieu
Published: July 2020

Hypnosis has undergone great developments throughout the history of mankind. Medical hypnosis is a much more recent medical discipline that has been slow to be recognized as such. Today it has a well-defined place and there is no longer any doubt as to its effectiveness, as evidenced by its establishment in our services and the number of publications about it. The management of varicose veins of the lower limbs by thermal ablation is a very good indication for hypnosis, then called hypnoanalgesia. Practitioners who are well trained and experienced in hypnosis can use it during these procedures and bring undeniable comfort to their patients. A protocol is presented here adapted to the practice of this ablation procedure while meticulously following the principles of Ericksonian hypnosis.
Atemänderungen durch kurze chemosensorische Reize lassen sich nicht absichtlich unterdrücken
Authors: Gudziol Hilmar , Diemer Ulrike , Lehnich Holger , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando , Bitter Thomas
Published: July 2020

Einleitung Atemänderungen auf wiederholte kurze olfaktorische Reize werden als objektiver Indikator für die Intaktheit des Riechsystems eingesetzt. Bislang war nicht untersucht, ob sich olfaktorisch-induzierte Änderungen inspiratorischer und exspiratorischer Zeitparameter willentlich unterdrücken lassen. Das Gleiche gilt auch für Atemänderungen infolge schwacher CO2-Reize.

Methodik 34 gesunde erwachsene Normosmiker wurden während entspannter regelmäßiger Nasenatmung über ein Fluss-Olfaktometer mit 9 unterschiedlich konzentrierten H2S und 3 schwachen CO2-Reizimpulsen inspirationssynchron stimuliert. Sie wurden instruiert, ihre regelmäßige Nasenatmung während der Reizung willentlich beizubehalten. Eine deutliche Atemänderung lag vor, wenn sich die Dauer der Inspiration (DIN) oder der Exspiration (DEX) des ersten Reizatemzugs außerhalb der doppelten Standardabweichung des Mittelwertes von 5 prästimulatorischen regelmäßigen Atemzügen befand. Dabei konnte es sich um Verkürzungen oder Verlängerungen von DIN oder DEX handeln.

Resultate Trotz hoher Motivation ließen sich die induzierten Atemänderungen nicht absichtlich unterdrücken. Die Ruheatmung reagierte auf beide Stimulanzien sowohl mit Änderungen der inspiratorischen als auch der exspiratorischen Zeitparameter. Es überwogen jedoch die exspiratorischen Reaktionen. CO2 evozierte mehr Atemänderungen als H2S. Die Reaktionshäufigkeit war bei H2S-Reizen nicht konzentrationsabhängig. Starke H2S-Reize induzierten häufiger Verkürzungen als Verlängerungen von DEX.

Schlussfolgerungen Chemosensorisch ausgelöste Atemänderungen lassen sich nicht absichtlich unterdrücken. Sie bieten daher ein zusätzliches Werkzeug, um die Funktionstüchtigkeit der nasalen chemosensorischen Afferenzen zu überprüfen.
Selective 1,4-Addition of Organolithiums to Maleate Monoesters with Application for a Short Efficient Route to Azaindanones
Authors: Liu Zhuqing , Hyde Alan M. , Klapars Artis , Chung John Y. L. , Lam Yu-hong , Yasuda Nobuyoshi
Published: July 2020

The ability of maleate half-ester salts to serve as electrophilic partners in 1,4-conjugate addition reactions with control of regioselectivity has previously been explored in only a limited context with soft nucleophiles. We have demonstrated that benzylic anions of picolines, as well as enolates of ketones, esters, and nitriles, react with lithium 4-(tert-butoxy)-4-oxobutenoate in a completely regioselective manner. This new method was applied to an expedient two-step process for preparing a key azaindanone intermediate for the clinical-candidate drug MK-8666.
Selective Chemical Modification of DNA with Boronic Acids by On-Column CuAAc Reactions
Authors: Smietana Michael , Debiais Mégane , Vasseur Jean-Jacques , Müller Sabine
Published: July 2020

The use of the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction for the preparation of oligonucleotide conjugates is by now familiar. However, the selective introduction of boronic acids into DNA and RNA sequences by CuAAC reactions has long been considered impossible due to the incompatibility of the boronic acid moiety with copper salts. Here we describe two new methods for the selective on-column functionalization of oligonucleotides with boronic acids via two different CuAAC reactions. The first one allows the introduction of a phenylboronic acid at the 5′-extremity of oligonucleotides, while the selective intrastrand positioning of the modification can be achieved with the second one. Both methods were applied to the DNA and RNA series (up to a 20-mer) with good isolated yields and excellent purities. These results illustrate the potential of the reported methods for selective incorporation of boronic acids into oligonucleotides.
Management of Patients with Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Requiring Surgery
Authors: Carpenter Dustin , Liou Peter , Mathur Abhishek
Published: July 2020

Cirrhosis significantly increases surgical morbidity and mortality as it causes derangement of multiple organ systems and physiological processes. As such, chronic liver disease and the resultant portal hypertension present distinct perioperative challenges. The risk conveyed by liver disease is dependent on its etiology, the severity of liver dysfunction, the degree to which other organ systems are affected, and the type and timing of surgery to be performed. Careful preoperative planning as well as informed intra- and postoperative decision-making strategies are key factors in ensuring acceptable outcomes in the surgical management of cirrhotic patients. This review will discuss the challenges that cirrhosis with portal hypertension presents to the surgeon, intensivist, and anesthesiologist alike, and identifies key perioperative strategies to mitigate these risks.
Classification, Categorization, and Algorithms for Articular Cartilage Defects
Authors: Leary Emily , Stoker Aaron M. , Cook James L.
Published: July 2020

There is a critical unmet need in the clinical implementation of valid preventative and therapeutic strategies for patients with articular cartilage pathology based on the significant gap in understanding of the relationships between diagnostic data, disease progression, patient-related variables, and symptoms. In this article, the current state of classification and categorization for articular cartilage pathology is discussed with particular focus on machine learning methods and the authors propose a bedside–bench–bedside approach with highly quantitative techniques as a solution to these hurdles. Leveraging computational learning with available data toward articular cartilage pathology patient phenotyping holds promise for clinical research and will likely be an important tool to identify translational solutions into evidence-based clinical applications to benefit patients. Recommendations for successful implementation of these approaches include using standardized definitions of articular cartilage, to include characterization of depth, size, location, and number; using measurements that minimize subjectivity or validated patient-reported outcome measures; considering not just the articular cartilage pathology but the whole joint, and the patient perception and perspective. Application of this approach through a multistep process by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians and scientists holds promise for validating disease mechanism-based phenotypes toward clinically relevant understanding of articular cartilage pathology for evidence-based application to orthopaedic practice.
Big trouble for little fish: identifying Australian freshwater fishes in imminent risk of extinction
Authors: Lintermans Mark , Geyle Hayley M. , Beatty Stephen , Brown Culum , Ebner Brendan C. , Freeman Rob , Hammer Michael P. , Humphreys William F. , Kennard Mark J. , Kern Pippa , Martin Keith , Morgan David L. , Raadik Tarmo A. , Unmack Peter J. , Wager Rob , Woinarski John C. Z. , Garnett Stephen T.
Published: July 2020

Globally, freshwater fishes are declining at an alarming rate. Despite much evidence of catastrophic declines, few Australian species are listed as threatened under national legislation. We aim to help redress this by identifying the Australian freshwater fishes that are in the most immediate risk of extinction. For 22 freshwater fishes (identified as highly threatened by experts), we used structured expert elicitation to estimate the probability of extinction in the next ~20 years, and to identify key threats and priority management needs. All but one of the 22 species are small (<150mm total length), 12 have been formally described only in the last decade, with seven awaiting description. Over 90% of these species were assessed to have a >50% probability of extinction in the next ~20 years. Collectively, the biggest factor contributing to the likelihood of extinction of the freshwater fishes considered is that they occur in small (distributions ≤44km2), geographically isolated populations, and are threatened by a mix of processes (particularly alien fishes and climate change). Nineteen of these species are unlisted on national legislation, so legislative drivers for recovery actions are largely absent. Research has provided strong direction on how to manage ~35% of known threats to the species considered, and, of these, ~36% of threats have some management underway (although virtually none are at the stage where intervention is no longer required). Increased resourcing, management intervention and social attitudinal change is urgently needed to avert the impending extinction of Australia’s most imperilled freshwater fishes.
Erythrocyte-driven immunization via biomimicry of their natural antigen-presenting function
Authors: Ukidve Anvay , Zhao Zongmin , Fehnel Alexandra , Krishnan Vinu , Pan Daniel C. , Gao Yongsheng , Mandal Abhirup , Muzykantov Vladimir , Mitragotri Samir
Published: July 2020

Significance

Red blood cells perform the unique function of capturing certain pathogens in blood and presenting them to the immune cells in the spleen. We developed a strategy based on this innate immune function of red blood cells to deliver vaccine nanoparticles to the spleen. This biomimetic strategy induced a strong vaccination response without the need for foreign adjuvants.
Earwig fan designing: Biomimetic and evolutionary biology applications
Authors: Saito Kazuya , Pérez-de la Fuente Ricardo , Arimoto Kôichi , Seong Young ah , Aonuma Hitoshi , Niiyama Ryuma , You Zhong
Published: July 2020

Significance

We report a geometrical drawing method enabling to reproduce the complex wing-folding pattern of earwigs. Although the earwig wing has unique properties with an outstanding potential for engineering, such as an extreme compactness when fully creased or self-folding behavior, its design process had not been resolved, which limited practical applications. We provide the means of reconfiguring the modeled earwig wing to satisfy flexible designing needs, including a dedicated software. The new method can also reconstruct the wing folding of Paleozoic earwig relatives, which provides the rare chance to infer evolutionary patterns based on spatial (morphofunctional) constraints. This research represents a step toward using the earwig wing as a model for artificial deployable structures of various sizes and materials.
A 1.4-million-year-old bone handaxe from Konso, Ethiopia, shows advanced tool technology in the early Acheulean
Authors: Sano Katsuhiro , Beyene Yonas , Katoh Shigehiro , Koyabu Daisuke , Endo Hideki , Sasaki Tomohiko , Asfaw Berhane , Suwa Gen
Published: July 2020

Significance

We report a rare example of a 1.4-million-y-old large bone fragment shaped into handaxe-like form. This bone tool derives from the Konso Formation in southern Ethiopia, where abundant early Acheulean stone artifacts show considerable technological progression between ∼1.75 and <1.0 Mya. Technological analysis of the bone tool indicates intensive anthropogenic shaping. Edge damage, polish, and striae patterns are consistent with use in longitudinal motions, such as in butchering. The discovery of this bone handaxe shows that advanced flaking technology, practiced at Konso on a variety of lithic materials, was also applied to bone, thus expanding the known technological repertoire of African Early PleistoceneHomo.
Towards a digital sociolinguistics
Authors: Leuckert Sven , Leuckert Martin
Published: July 2020

This paper investigates to what extent the ‘Community of Practice’ (CoP) concept can be applied to the subreddits r/leagueoflegends, r/linguistics, and r/rupaulsdragrace. Using qualitative and quantitative corpus-linguistic methods, the study analyses users’ self-understanding of the subreddits, how often and in which contexts they discuss the concept of community, how often they frequent different subreddits, and which words they typically use online. The paper relies on frequency analysis, manual analysis of tokens, and an innovative system of rating user contributions in order to understand their posting behaviour. Although there are limitations, all important criteria defining CoPs are met by the subreddits. The chapter thus shows that corpus-linguistic methods are useful for the investigation of social media from a sociolinguistic perspective.
Working with images and emoji in the 🦆 Dukki Facebook Corpus
Authors: Collins Luke
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, I demonstrate how researchers can incorporate image content and emoji into corpus approaches to social media data. I present data from the Facebook Page of Dukki Gifts & Souvenirs, an independent business based in Nottingham, U.K. and, using a simple annotation scheme, I show how researchers can incorporate image content and emoji into frequency and collocation analysis in order to examine the patterns of use for images in this dataset. I discuss some of the adjustments required to extend approaches conventionally applied to written forms of data to image content, including how this might affect the way we think of core concepts, such as collocation.
The enhancement of fat oxidation during the active phase and suppression of body weight gain in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 deficient mice
Authors: Sato Tomoki , Sayama Neo , Inoue Mizuki , Morita Akihito , Miura Shinji
Published: July 2020

We investigated whether the deletion of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) 1 would affect carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, and body weight by using the GPD1 null mice (BALB/cHeA (HeA)). We found that fat oxidation in HeA mice was significantly high during the early active phase than in BALB/cBy (By) mice used as a control under ad libitum conditions. Metabolic tracer experiment revealed that fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle of HeA mice tended to be high. The energy expenditure and fat oxidation in HeA mice under fasting conditions were significantly higher than that in the By mice. Moreover, we monitored body weight gain in HeA mice under ad libitum feeding and found lower body weight gain. These data indicate that GPD1 deficiency induces enhancement of fat oxidation with suppression of weight gain. We propose that GPD1 deletion contributes to the reduction of body weight gain via enhancement of fat oxidation.
A novel three step protocol to isolate extracellular vesicles from plasma or cell culture medium with both high yield and purity
Authors: Zhang Xiaogang , Borg Ellen G. F. , Liaci A. Manuel , Vos Harmjan R. , Stoorvogel Willem
Published: July 2020

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane encapsulated nanoparticles that can function in intercellular communication, and their presence in biofluids can be indicative for (patho)physiological conditions. Studies aiming to resolve functionalities of EV or to discover EV‐associated biomarkers for disease in liquid biopsies are hampered by limitations of current protocols to isolate EV from biofluids or cell culture medium. EV isolation is complicated by the >105‐fold numerical excess of other types of particles, including lipoproteins and protein complexes. In addition to persisting contaminants, currently available EV isolation methods may suffer from inefficient EV recovery, bias for EV subtypes, interference with the integrity of EV membranes, and loss of EV functionality. In this study, we established a novel three‐step non‐selective method to isolate EV from blood or cell culture media with both high yield and purity, resulting in 71% recovery and near to complete elimination of unrelated (lipo)proteins. This EV isolation procedure is independent of ill‐defined commercial kits, and apart from an ultracentrifuge, does not require specialised expensive equipment.
First law of black hole mechanics with fermions
Authors: Aneesh P B , Chakraborty Sumanta , Hoque Sk Jahanur , Virmani Amitabh
Published: July 2020

In the last few years, there has been significant interest in understanding the stationary comparison version of the first law of black hole mechanics in the vielbein formulation of gravity. Several authors have pointed out that to discuss the first law in the vielbein formulation one must extend the Iyer–Wald Noether charge formalism appropriately. Jacobson and Mohd (2015 Phys. Rev. D
92 124010) and Prabhu (2017 Class. Quantum Grav.
34 035011) formulated such a generalisation for symmetry under combined spacetime diffeomorphisms and local Lorentz transformations. In this paper, we apply and appropriately adapt their formalism to four-dimensional gravity coupled to a Majorana field and to a Rarita–Schwinger field. We explore the first law of black hole mechanics and the construction of the Lorentz-diffeomorphism Noether charges in the presence of fermionic fields, relevant for simple supergravity.
Multilayer graphene coated vanadium(V) oxide as electrodes for intercalation based brackish water desalination
Authors: Baburaj Abhijit , Puthirath Anand B , Jain Amit , Palanisamy Duraivelan , Salpekar Devashish , Balachandran Janakiraman , Kabbani Mohamad A , Hernandez F C Robles , Hughes Gerry , Babu Ganguli , Ajayan Pulickel M
Published: July 2020

Present work explores graphene-coated vanadium pentoxide (G-V2O5) as novel electrosorption material for the desalination of low molarity saline/brackish water. During the desalination cycles, along with the electrical double layer formation at the graphene layer, ion intercalation is observed in the honeycomb structure of the hydrothermally grown V2O5 layer leading to an improvement in Na+ and Cl− ion removal from the brackish water. The conventional capacitance tests by pairing G-V2O5 electrodes in a three-electrode cell shows a remarkable capacitance value of 500 F g−1, and the capacitive deionization process over 50 cycles at 5, 10 and 15 mM concentration (NaCl) gives a maximum salt adsorption capacity of 12.5 mg of NaCl per gram of electrode. Utilizing the faradaic and non-faradaic process for electrosorption desalination paves a way towards exploring alternative materials and their hybrids for water purification applications.
Synthesis of layered silicon-graphene hetero-structures by wet jet milling for high capacity anodes in Li-ion batteries
Authors: Malik Romeo , Huang Qianye , Silvestri Laura , Liu Danqing , Pellegrini Vittorio , Marasco Luigi , Venezia Eleonora , Abouali Sara , Bonaccorso Francesco , Lain Michael J , Greenwood David , West Geoff , Shearing Paul R , Loveridge Melanie J
Published: July 2020

While silicon-based negative electrode materials have been extensively studied, to develop high capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), implementing a large-scale production method that can be easily transferred to industry, has been a crucial challenge. Here, a scalable wet-jet milling method was developed to prepare a silicon-graphene hybrid material to be used as negative electrode in LIBs. This synthesized composite, when used as an anode in lithium cells, demonstrated high Li ion storage capacity, long cycling stability and high-rate capability. In particular, the electrode exhibited a reversible discharge capacity exceeding 1763 mAh g−1 after 450 cycles with a capacity retention of 98% and a coulombic efficiency of 99.85% (with a current density of 358 mA g−1). This significantly supersedes the performance of a Si-dominant electrode structures. The capacity fade rate after 450 cycles was only 0.005% per cycle in the 0.05–1 V range. This superior electrochemical performance is ascribed to the highly layered, silicon-graphene porous structure, as investigated via focused ion beam in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy tomography. The hybrid electrode could retain 89% of its porosity (under a current density of 358 mA g−1) after 200 cycles compared with only 35% in a Si-dominant electrode. Moreover, this morphology can not only accommodate the large volume strains from active silicon particles, but also maintains robust electrical connectivity. This confers faster transportation of electrons and ions with significant permeation of electrolyte within the electrode. Physicochemical characterisations were performed to further correlate the electrochemical performance with the microstructural dynamics. The excellent performance of the hybrid material along with the scalability of the synthesizing process is a step forward to realize high capacity/energy density LIBs for multiple device applications.
A novel Ag/AgO/carboxymethyl chitosan bacteriostatic hydrogel for drug delivery
Authors: Xu Yanqin , Liu Jie , Guan Shumin , Dong Aotong , Cao Yuan , Chen Changguo
Published: July 2020

pH-sensitive Ag/AgO/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) bacteriostatic hydrogels and Ag/AgO/CMCS/Aspirin (ASP) carrier hydrogels were prepared by Ag/AgO in situ precipitation method, and the effects of swelling, degradation, drug release and antibacterial properties of hydrogels were studied. The network of Ag/AgO/CMCS/ASP drug-loaded gels produced was mainly cross-linking by hydrogen bonding and intermolecular forces, and the cross-linking silver was mainly present in the elemental Ag and Ag2+ states. Under the condition of buffer solution pH = 7.4, the cumulative release amount of Ag/AgO/CMCS/ASP drug-loaded gel was 75.20% within 12 h, and the inhibition rate of Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) reached the maximum of 92.32%, which had broad application prospects in the medical field.
Effect of Fe on the high-temperature tribological behavior of NiAl/WC-Fex self-lubricating composites produced by thermal explosion
Authors: Liu Xinying , Yuan Jianjun , Lou Shumei , Li Dongmin , Cheng Wenquan
Published: July 2020

Abstracts

In order to improve the self-lubricating properties of NiAl-WC composite, a novel solid-lubricating material, NiAl/WC-Fex (x = 5, 10, 15 and 20 in weight percent) composites were synthesized by thermal explosion using Ni-Al-WC-Fe mixed powders. The microstructure, phase constituent, and tribological behavior of NiAl/WC-Fex composites at 800 °C were studied. According to the results, the addition of Fe could reduce the cracks of the composites. Compared with NiAl/WC, the increased Fe content could reduce the friction coefficient and high-temperature wear rate due to its enhanced ductility, oxidation, and low shearing strength. In particular, composite with 10 wt% Fe content had the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate because of the self-lubricating behavior of Fe at elevated temperature. The result also showed that the wear mechanism of NiAl/WC-Fex is related to Fe content at high-temperature.
Mirage to Miraj: Opening Muslimerican Latitudes in Americanist Scholarship
Authors: Marr Tim
Published: July 2020

What do Islamic perspectives and Muslim sensibilities disclose when they are integrated as elements of both US diversity and planetary transculturalism? This review essay appraises how four recently published books demonstrate different ways of writing Arab and Islamic angles of analysis into the ambit of US literary scholarship. They exemplify practices that help to overcome impediments of language, ideology, geography, and religion to derive emergent insights from a fuller consideration of Muslimerican expressions. Through their study of multiple forms of cultural expression, these authors help to lay out critical and creative latitudes that reveal some of the resources radiating from embodied Arab and Muslim ways of being in the world. By processing a parallax of perspectives about lived Islamic involvements through art and expression, these studies expose the poverty of the mirage and accustom readers to a Miraj of Muslimerican visions, a journey that opens for Americans a more comprehensive worldliness informed by human resources of religious imaginality.

Their scholarship reveals postsecular and surprisingly progressive resources of ethics, dissent, and creativity that critical considerations of Muslimness provide for a broader transnationalism in US cultural and literary study.