bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lunar Rock Compositions and Some Interpretations
Authors: Engel A. E. J. , Engel Celeste G.
Published: October 2006

Samples of igneous "gabbro," "basalt," and lunar regolith have compositions fundamentally different from all meteorites and terrestrial basalts. The lunar rocks are anhydrous and without ferric iron. Amounts of titanium as high as 7 weight percent suggest either extreme fractionation of lunar rocks or an unexpected solar abundance of titanium. The differences in compositions of the known, more "primitive" rocks in the planetary system indicate the complexities inherent in defining the solar abundances of elements and the initial compositions of the earth and moon.
Oxygen, Silicon, and Aluminum in Lunar Samples by 14 MeV Neutron Activation
Authors: Ehmann William D. , Morgan John W.
Published: October 2006

Abundances of oxygen, silicon, and aluminum in 27 lunar rocks and
c
aliquants of lunar soil have been determined by 14 MeV neutron activation. Mean abundances and standard deviations of individual abundances (in weight percent) within each type are: type A (2 rocks), 38.5 ± 1.2 oxygen, 18.9 ± 0.8 silicon, and 4.0 ± 0.4 aluminum; type B (7 rocks), 39.4 ± 1.0 oxygen, 18.7 ± 0.8 silicon, and 5.0 ± 0.6 aluminum; type C (18 rocks), 41.1 ± 1.0 oxygen, 19.7 ± 0.7 silicon, and 6.6 ± 0.5 aluminum; soil (3 aliquants), 40.8 ± 1.2 oxygen, 20.2 ± 0.2 silicon, and 7.2 ± 0.1 aluminum. Oxygen abundances are lower than those in most common terrestrial rocks and are comparable to those found in certain types of stony meteorites. From these results the lunar soil is most similar to the type C lunar rocks.
Chemical Composition of Lunar Material
Authors: Maxwell John A. , Abbey Sydney , Champ W. H.
Published: October 2006

Chemical and emission spectrographic analyses of three Apollo 11 samples, 10017-29, 10020-30, and 10084-132, are given. Major and minor constituents were determined both by conventional rock analysis methods and by a new composite scheme utilizing a lithium fluoborate method for dissolution of the samples and atomic absorption spectroscopy and colorimetry. Trace constituents were determined by optical emission spectroscopy involving a d-c arc, air-jet controlled.
Rare Gases, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen: Concentrations and Isotopic Composition in Lunar Material
Authors: Hintenberger H. , Weber H. W. , Voshage H. , Wänke H. , Begemann F. , Vilscek E. , Wlotzka F.
Published: October 2006

The concentrations and isotopic abundances of the rare gases have been investigated in fines and three types of rocks. The results obtained from different grain-size fractions and from samples etched to different degrees with nitric and hydrofluoric acids demonstrate the strong concentrations of the solar-wind component in the surface layers of the grains. Exposure ages as well as gas retention ages have been determined in different types of Apollo 11 material. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and other gases have been analyzed by a high-resolution mass spectrometer. As compared with that in terrestrial water, deuterium is depleted by at least a factor of 3 in the investigated type C rocks.
Tritium and Argon Radioactivities in Lunar Material
Authors: Fireman Edward L. , D'Amico James C. , DeFelice James C.
Published: October 2006

Tritium and argon radioactivities, attributable to galactic and solar cosmic-ray interactions, were measured in lunar soil and in three lunar rocks. The tritium in the soil, 325 ± 17 disintegrations per minute per kilogram, is slightly higher than that in the rocks, 212 to 250 dpm/kg. For two rocks, the tritium was combined with the helium-3 in order to calculate exposure ages of 375 ± 40 and 205 ± 25 million years. The argon-37 radioactivities, 21.0 to 27.2 dpm/kg, and the argon-39 radioactivities, 12.1 to 16.4 dpm/kg, are slightly higher than those in stony meteorites. Higher exposure ages were obtained from the argon isotopes than from tritium and helium-3. On the basis of the known galactic cosmic-ray flux and the known cross section, at least half of the observed radioactivities are produced by solar cosmic rays.
Elemental Compositions and Ages of Lunar Samples by Nondestructive Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
Authors: O'Kelley G. Davis , Eldridge James S. , Schonfeld E. , Bell P. R.
Published: October 2006

A gamma-ray spectrometry system with low background was used to determine the radioactivity of crystalline rocks, breccias, and fine material. Nuclides identified were
40
K,
232
Th,
238
U,
7
Be,
22
Na,
26
Al,
44
Ti,
46
Sc,
48
V,
52
Mn,
54
Mn, and
56
Co. Concentrations of K, Th, and U ranged between 480 and 2550, 1.01 and 3.30, and 0.26 and 0.83 parts per million, respectively. Concentrations of thorium and uranium were those of terrestrial basalts, while the potassium concentrations were near values for chondrites. Products of low-energy nuclear reactions showed pronounced concentration gradients at rock surfaces. Concentrations of K and of
22
Na determined here were combined with concentrations of rare gases to estimate gas-retention ages and cosmic-ray exposure ages with ranges of 2200 to 3200 and 34 to 340 million years, respectively, for three rocks.
Mineralogy and Petrology of Some Lunar Samples
Authors: Agrell S. O. , Scoon J. H. , Muir I. D. , Long J. V. P. , McConnell J. D. C. , Peckett A.
Published: October 2006

Chemical analyses and norms of four samples are presented which confirm original estimates of low silica, unusual abundance of titania, and low oxidation state of the rocks. Accounts are given of mineralogy and petrology of fine- and coarse-grained igneous rocks and microbreccias with emphasis on chemical composition of individual minerals and glasses. The glasses are either spheres that scatter widely around the composition of lunar basalts or coating glasses that approximate basalts and microbreccias in composition.
Search for Magnetite in Lunar Rocks and Fines
Authors: Jedwab Jacques , Herbosch Alain , Wollast Roland , Naessens Georges , Van Geen-Peers Nicole
Published: October 2006

Magnetite crystals larger than 2 micrometers are absent from rocks and fines. Smaller opaque spheres in the fines can tentatively be identified as magnetite. Their concentration is not higher than 1 × 10
-6
particle per particle smaller than 1 millimeter. In the fines from the sampling site, the contribution of material similar to type 1 carbonaceous meteorites is insignificant, either because it never existed, or because it was evaporated or comminuted by impact or was diluted by indigenous material. Other magnetite habits typical of carbonaceous meteorites or possibly of cosmic dust or comets were also sought without success—such as rods, platelets, framboids, spherulites, and idiomorphic crystals.
Mineralogy and Petrology of Coarse Particulate Material from Lunar Surface at Tranquillity Base
Authors: King Elbert A. , Carman Max F. , Butler John C.
Published: October 2006

Five grams of coarse fines (10085,11) contains 1227 grains, mostly mafic holocrystalline rock fragments, microbreccia, and glass spatter and agglomerates with less abundant anorthosite fragments and regularly shaped glass. The crystalline lithic fragments in the coarse fines and microbreccias represent a closely related suite of gabbroid igneous rocks that have a wider range of modal analyses and textures than seen in the larger crystalline rock samples returned by Apollo 11. Petrographic evidence of shock metamorphism is common, and the abundant glass is almost all shock-produced. None of the glass observed is similar to tektite glass.
Mineralogy, Petrology, and Surface Features of Lunar Samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16
Authors: Carter James L. , MacGregor I. D.
Published: October 2006

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.
Lunar Glasses and Micro-Breccias: Properties and Origin
Authors: Fredriksson K. , Nelen J. , Melson W. G. , Henderson E. P. , Andersen C. A.
Published: October 2006

Impact has been an important rock-forming process on the moon. Electron- and ion-probe analyses of major and minor elements show that most glasses and chondrule-like particles formed by shock melting of various proportions of mainly pyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite. This is the first direct evidence that chondrule-like molten droplets can form in impact events. Welding and shock lithification resulted in rocks texturally similar to chondrites but composition rules out the moon as source for chondrites. Impact craters on a nickel-iron sample evidence the importance of secondary impacts by accelerated lunar matter.
Shock Metamorphism in Lunar Samples
Authors: von Engelhardt W. , Arndt J. , Müller W. F. , Stöffler D.
Published: October 2006

Indications of shock metamorphism produced by pressures up to the megabar region have been observed in the fine material and the breccias, but very rarely in the coarser fragments of crystalline rocks. These indications are deformation structures in plagioclase and pyroxene, diaplectic plagioclase glasses, and glasses formed by shock-induced melting of lunar rocks. Two sources of shock waves have been distinguished: primary impact of meteorites and secondary impact of crater ejecta. There are two major chemical types of shock-induced melts. The differences in chemistry may be related to impact sites in mare and highland areas.
Shock-Wave Damage in Minerals of Lunar Rocks
Authors: Sclar Charles B.
Published: October 2006

The mineral fragments that constitute the Apollo 11 microbreccia and fines show a number of shock-induced microstructural effects including multiple twinning on (001) in clinopyroxene and incipient development of lattice-controlled discontinuities in olivine. These structures coupled with the effects of shock-induced melting as manifested by spherules and angular fragments of glass and their partly to completely crystallized equivalents indicate that Apollo 11 materials were subjected to weak to moderate shocks with associated peak pressures of the order of 100 to 200 kilobars.
Luminescence, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and Optical Properties of Lunar Material
Authors: Geake J. E. , Dollfus A. , Garlick G. F. J. , Lamb W. , Walker C. , Steigmann G. A. , Titulaer C.
Published: October 2006

Dust samples have been found to luminesce weakly under proton excitation, but not under ultraviolet. Damage, recovery, and heating effects have been investigated. Chips of breccia show luminescence, from white inclusions only, under ultraviolet and protons. Some rock chips show general luminescence, mainly from plagioclase. No natural or excited thermoluminescence has been found for dust or chips. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum shows the same broad Fe
3+
dipole resonance for dust and for some chips; other chips show no response. The polarization characteristics of dust are found to be identical to those of the Sea of Tranquillity, independently of proton damage. Chips show characteristics unlike any part of the lunar surface.
Sound Velocity and Compressibility for Lunar Rocks 17 and 46 and for Glass Spheres from the Lunar Soil
Authors: Schreiber Edward , Anderson Orson L. , Sogat Naohiro , Warren Nicholas , Scholz Christopher
Published: October 2006

Four experiments on lunar materials are reported: (i) resonance on glass spheres from the soil; (ii) compressibility of rock 10017; (iii) sound velocities of rocks 10046 and 10017; (iv) sound velocity of the lunar fines. The data overlap and are mutually consistent. The glass beads and rock 10017 have mechanical properties which correspond to terrestrial materials. Results of (iv) are consistent with low seismic travel times in the lunar maria. Results of analysis of the microbreccia (10046) agreed with the soil during the first pressure cycle, but after overpressure the rock changed, and it then resembled rock 10017. Three models of the lunar surface were constructed giving density and velocity profiles.
Search for Porphyrins in Lunar Dust
Authors: Hodgson Gordon W. , Peterson Etta , Kvenvolden Keith A. , Bunnenberg Edward , Halpern B. , Ponnamperuma C.
Published: October 2006

Evidence for porphyrins was obtained in the Apollo 11 bulk sample of lunar dust by fluorescence spectrometry and analytical demetallation. The indicated porphyrins showed major fluorescence excitation at 390 nanometers. Abundance was about 10
-10
gram of porphyrin per gram of dust. Similar pigments were found in exhaust products from tests of a lunar descent engine. The similarity of results suggests that most if not all of the indicated porphyrin aggregate of the lunar sample probably was synthesized from rocket fuel during the landing of the lunar module. These compounds may be the product of a novel high-temperature synthesis of cosmochemical interest.
Tolerance to Polyinosinic ⋅ Polycytidylic Acid in NZB/ NZW Mice
Authors: Steinberg Alfred D. , Daley Gerald G. , Talal Norman
Published: October 2006

Immunological tolerance to polyinosinic ⋅ polycytidylic acid was induced in NZB/NZW mice. This is the first experimental induction of tolerance to a nucleic acid antigen.
Nucleotide Sequence of an RNA from Cells Infected with Adenovirus 2
Authors: Ohe K. , Weissman S. M.
Published: October 2006

The principal nucleotide sequence of an RNA in KB cells infected with adenovirus 2 has been determined. As isolated, the molecule shows some terminal and internal heterogeneity. The sequence permits extensive base pairing and contains prominent repeating sequences. A portion of the sequence resembles a sequence found in several transfer RNA's.
ST-Feline Fibrosarcoma Virus: Induction of Tumors in Marmoset Monkeys
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Wolfe Lauren G. , Theilen Gordon H. , Snyder Stanley P.
Published: October 2006

Two newborn marmosets, inoculated with a cell-free extract of feline fibrosarcomas, developed multiple sarcomas and died within 46 days of inoculation, whereas two of these animals inoculated with a crude homogenate developed no tumors. This susceptibility to a mammalian RNA sarcoma virus suggests that marmosets may be particularly suitable for attempts to isolate infectious agents from man.
Glucose Production by Lamprey Meninges
Authors: Rovainen C. M.
Published: October 2006

Meningeal tissue of the lamprey larva produces glucose during incubation and contains glucose-6-phosphatase and large amounts of glycogen. Little glucose is liberated by brains from which meninges have been removed. This primitive meningeal tissue may produce glucose for use by the brain during periods of metabolic stress.
Proinsulin: Metabolic Effects in the Human Forearm
Authors: Fineberg S. E. , Merimee Thomas J.
Published: October 2006

Five subjects were studied by the forearm perfusion technique with proinsulin at a final plasma concentration of 1.76 × 10
-9
millimole per milliliter. Two of these subjects were studied with single-component insulin at a concentration of 1.96 × 10
-9
millimole per milliliter. Proinsulin is, in general, biologically less potent than single-component insulin. In contrast to insulin, its effects upon adipose tissue are for the most part greater than upon muscle.
Somatic Association in
Avena sativa
L.
Authors: Dubuc J. P. , McGinnis R. C.
Published: October 2006

Root tip cells of hexaploid oats Avena sativa L. were examined at mitotic metaphase, and distances between homologous as well as between nonhomologous chromosomes were measured and their frequency distributions compared. Nonhomologous chromosomes were scattered at random in the cells studied. In contrast, the mean distance between homologous chromosomes was significantly shorter. There is a tendency for somatic association of homologs in this species.
[8-Arginine]-Vasopressinoic Acid: An Inhibitor of Rabbit Kidney Adenyl Cyclase
Authors: Douša Tomas , Hechter Oscar , Walter Roderich , Schwartz I. L.
Published: October 2006

Neurohypophyseal hormones and several synthetic analogs stimulate adenyl cyclase prepared from rabbit kidney medullary tissue. [8-Arginine]-vasopressinoic acid inhibits the stimulation of medullary adenyl cyclase by neurohypophyseal peptides but does not influence the action of parathyroid hormone on adenyl cyclase from kidney cortex.
Polyinosinic Acid ⋅ Polycytidylic Acid: Inhibition of DNA Synthesis Stimulated by Isoproterenol
Authors: Serota Frederic T. , Baserga Renato
Published: October 2006

Polyinosinic acid ⋅ polycytidylic acid (poly I ⋅ poly C) inhibits isoproterenol-stimulated DNA synthesis in salivary glands of mice. A single intraperitoneal injection of 250 micrograms of poly I ⋅ poly C inhibits the stimulation of DNA synthesis when given 10 minutes before isoproterenol or at any time during the 20-hour lag period between the injection of isoproterenol and the subsequent DNA synthesis. The inhibition caused by poly I ⋅ poly C is not due to a generalized toxic action but seems to be exerted through a relatively selective mechanism. Polyuridylic acid and diethylaminoethyl dextran are less effective in inhibiting isoproterenol-stimulated DNA synthesis.
Heterozygous Beta Thalassemia: Balanced Globin Synthesis in Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Schwartz Elias
Published: October 2006

In two patients with heterozygous beta thalassemia the rates of synthesis of the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin were equal in nucleated red cell precursors, although beta chain synthesis was reduced in peripheral blood reticulocytes. This finding suggests a relative instability of beta chain messenger RNA in beta thalassemia.
Bone Marrow and Spleen: Dissociation of Immunologic Properties by Cortisone
Authors: Levine Mark A. , Claman Henry N.
Published: October 2006

Bone marrow and spleen cells react differently after treatment with cortisone acetate in vivo. Antibody-forming, hematopoietic, and proliferative responses of spleen cells are reduced, while bone marrow cell responses are not. The stimulation of spleen cells by phytohemagglutinin is abolished, but the response of marrow cells is enhanced. These reactions provide functional markers for the different cells involved in immunologic responses.
DNA Synthesis in the Anterior Pituitary of the Male Rat: Effect of Castration and Photoperiod
Authors: Hymer W. C. , Mastro Andrea , Griswold Elaine
Published: October 2006

Castration increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine into total DNA in the anterior pituitary gland. Furthermore, there was a threefold increase in the percentage of labeled basophils 1 month after castration. Exposure of rats to constant light or dark also changed DNA synthesis; these changes depended on age of the animal and on exposure length. The results reflect physiologically induced mitotic activity in specific classes of pituitary cells and further suggest that neuroendocrine mechanisms may be involved in control of cell turnover in the gland.
Plant-Pathogenic Mycoplasma-Like Organism: Maintenance in vitro and Transmission to
Zea mays
L.
Authors: Chen Tseh-An , Granados Robert R.
Published: October 2006

Mycoplasma-like bodies, isolated from corn plants that were infected with Rio Grande strain of corn stunt, were maintained in an artificial cell-free medium. The agent apparently multiplied. Leafhopper vectors that were injected with the pure cultures transmitted the agent to healthy corn plants and induced the corn stunt disease.
Cerebral Acid Hydrolase Activities: Comparison in "Quaking" and Normal Mice
Authors: Kurtz Donald J. , Kanfer Julian N. , Kennedy Joseph P.
Published: October 2006

The activity of several acid hydrolase enzymes was determined in whole brain homogenates of adult "quaking" and normal mice. A striking decrease was found in alpha-mannosidase and, to a lesser extent, aryl sulfatase levels in the samples from the mutant animals. The activities of the other "lysosomal" enzymes were only slightly lowered.
Cytoplasmic Extraction: Polyribosomes and Heterogeneous Ribonucleoproteins without Associated DNA
Authors: Fromson David , Nemer Martin
Published: October 2006

Two methods are described for preparing cytoplasmic extracts from sea urchin embryos. One method, involving homogenization, yields DNA structures that cosediment with polyribosomes and subribosomal ribonucleoproteins. In addition this method also yields extraneous structures containing RNA that cosediment with polyribosomes. The DNA is not associated with polyribosomes, as shown by buoyant density analysis. Furthermore, this DNA appears to be spurious, because its release into a cytoplasmic extract does not occur when a different method of cell disruption, involving passage of embryos through a hypodermic needle, is used. With this second method, polyribosomes are obtained without extraneous cosedimenting RNA structures and subribosomal ribonucleoproteins are obtained in the virtual absence of DNA.
Ages of Fossil Penguins in New Zealand
Authors: Simpson George Gaylord
Published: October 2006

The age of a New Zealand specimen generally believed to represent the oldest known penguin, hitherto considered early Eocene (Heretaungan), has been restudied by the New Zealand Geological Survey and is early Miocene. The oldest known penguins are from the late Eocene. The reported great range of a single species,
Palaeeudyptes antarcticus
, from late Eocene to late Oligocene or early Miocene (Kaiatan to Waitakian) is not acceptable. Dating of some other specimens is less precise than previously reported.
Mediation of Immunity to Tumor Isografts in Mice by Heterologous Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Ramming Kenneth P. , Pilch Yosef H.
Published: October 2006

The growth of tumor isografts in inbred mice is inhibited by intraperitoneal injections of syngeneic spleen incubated, in vitro, with ribonucleic acid extracted from guinea pigs immunized with the same mouse tumor. This inhibition is partially tumor-specific. Treatment with ribonuclease abolishes the response.
Formation of Virus-like Particles by Bone Cells in Mice with a High Incidence of Spontaneous Leukemia
Authors: Schofield Brian H. , Barrett Charles P. , Doty Stephen B. , Figge Frank H. J. , Robinson Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Bone samples from potentially leukemic and leukemic mice revealed numerous 90- to 110-nanometer particles morphologically identical to murine leukemia virus. Particles were observed budding from plasma membranes of osteocytes and osteoblasts but were most numerous in osteocyte lacunae. Particles were not observed in bone samples from mice which rarely develop leukemia.
Vitamin B
12
Binders of Chicken Serum and Chicken Proventriculus Are Immunologically Similar
Authors: Sonneborn D. W. , Hansen H. J.
Published: October 2006

Two substances that bind vitamin B
12
are found in chickens, one in the serum and another in the proventriculus. Their molecular weights, as estimated from gel filtration on Sephadex, are approximately 113,000 and 96,000, respectively. Antibody elicited in rats against the proventriculus binder reacts against both binders.
Chemical Composition of the Lunar Surface in a Terra Region near the Crater Tycho
Authors: Patterson James H. , Turkevich Anthony L. , Franzgrote Ernest J. , Economou Thanasis E. , Sowinski Kenneth P.
Published: October 2006

More precise and comprehensive analytical results for lunar surface material in a terra region have been derived from the data of the alpha-scattering experiment on Surveyor 7. The silicon content and the low sodium abundance are close to that of mare material. The abundances of titanium and iron are at least a factor of 2 lower, whereas the abundances of aluminum and calcium are significantly higher. The analytical results provide direct evidence for chemical differentiation in the moon and indicate a lunar crust of appreciably lower density than the whole moon and with lower density and higher albedo than lunar mare material.
Ultrastructure of Secretory and High-Polymer Serum Immunoglobulin A of Human and Rabbit Origin
Authors: Svehag S- E. , Bloth B.
Published: October 2006

Electron micrographs of immunoglobulins A from human and rabbit colostrum, which were purified on tall agarose columns, revealed Y-shaped molecules (125 by 140 angstroms). The linear dimensions of the arms were 55 to 75 by 25 to 30 angstroms. A molecular model is postulated in which two immunoglobulin A monomers are superimposed on each other in a close-packed state with the secretory piece inserted in the constant region of the α-chains. High-polymer (11 or 13
S
) immunoglobulin A molecules (total span 100 to 110 angstroms) from human serum were composed of four arms (50 to 55 by 20 angstroms) joined at a contrast-rich center.
Fixation Produced by Conflict
Authors: Karsh Eileen B.
Published: October 2006

All rats given a choice between a rewarded alternative and a conflict alternative (rewarded and punished) developed position fixations when the position of the alternatives was reversed. In contrast, all animals given one rewarded alternative and another nonrewarded (or punished and nonrewarded) alternative learned to choose the rewarded side during 25 successive reversals.
Transcontinental Tidal Gravity Profile across the United States
Authors: Kuo J. T. , Jachens R. C. , Ewing M. , White G.
Published: October 2006

Data obtained from a transcontinental tidal gravity profile across the United States were analyzed. Results for the principal tidal constituents M
2
and O
1
have shed light on the long-standing problem of the indirect influence of ocean tides on the solid-earth tide. The profile consists of nine observational stations distributed almost evenly around latitudes 39 to 41 degrees north across the United States. The observed values of the gravimetric factor and the phase were found to depend on the tidal characteristics of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. There is no observable correlation between tidal gravity parameters and the regional geology. When the influence of ocean tides is taken into account, it is possible for the first time to bring the gravimetric factors and phases for all the stations of a transcontinental network into a consistent system within the framework of the earth tidal theory.
Gene for Improved Nutritional Value in Barley Seed Protein
Authors: Munck L. , Karlsson K. E. , Hagberg A. , Eggum B. O.
Published: October 2006

Genetically dependent 20 to 30 percent increase in lysine per 16 grams of nitrogen results in improved nutritional values in feeding trials with mice and rats. The recessive gene was selected from the World Barley Collection. Other amino acids are also influenced by the gene. Protein content segregates independently of the changed amino acid pattern. The gene putatively influences the matrix proteins, which characteristically adhere to the starch grains in meal preparations. The morphological character permits rapid microscopic screening of single seeds without affecting viability. Low yield is considerably improved by crossing and selection.
Phosphonolipids: Localization in Surface Membranes of
Tetrahymena
Authors: Kennedy Kathleen E. , Thompson Guy A.
Published: October 2006

Approximately 60 percent of the phospholipids from the membrane sheath of
Tetrahymena pyriformis
cilia contain 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid. This is more than twice the concentration found in total cell lipids. The resistance of these lipids to hydrolytic enzymes suggests that they increase the stability of the surface membranes.
Ribosomes from Spores of
Bacillus cereus
T
Authors: Feinsod Fred M. , Douthit H. A.
Published: October 2006

Data from analytical ultracentrifuge studies suggest that polymers of ribosomes exist in dormant spores of
Bacillus cereus
T.
Covalent Polymers of Water
Authors: O'Konski Chester T.
Published: October 2006

A new covalent structural scheme for water polymers is proposed. The observed properties of "polywater" are related to the structures of the suggested homologous series of molecules. Mechanisms of formation are suggested.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides: Root Uptake versus Vapor Contamination of Soybean Foliage
Authors: Nash Ralph G. , Beall M. Leroy
Published: October 2006

The major environmental source of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) residues in soybean plants arises from vapor movement from contaminated soil surfaces. In contrast, the presence of dieldrin, endrin, and heptachlor results primarily from root uptake and translocation through stems to leaves and seeds.
Photochemical Oxidants: Effect on Starch Hydrolysis in Leaves
Authors: Hanson George P. , Stewart William S.
Published: October 2006

Starch-filled leaves of plants which have been subjected to low dosages of naturally occurring photochemical oxidants, ozone, or peroxyacetyl nitrate hydrolyze their starch more slowly when placed in the dark. Delayed hydrolysis occurs irrespective of whether the oxidants were applied during the light or dark period. Occasionally this effect is evident only in the intervenal areas.
Δ
1
-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Structure of a Major Metabolite
Authors: Nilsson I. M. , Agurell S. , Nilsson J. L. G. , Ohlsson A. , Sandberg F. , Wahlqvist M.
Published: October 2006

Δ
1
-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the major psychotomimetically active compound of Cannabis, was metabolized in vitro by the 10,000g supernatant from rabbit liver. By mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, the major metabolite was identified as 7-hydroxy-Δ
1
-tetrahydrocannabinol. The latter compound of Cannabis, was metabolized in vitro by the 10,000g supernatant from
Frequency-Specific Relation between Hippocampal Theta Rhythm, Behavior, and Amobarbital Action
Authors: Gray J. A. , Ball G. G.
Published: October 2006

The frequency of the hippocampal theta rhythm in freely moving rats varies predictably in relation to behavior in a simple learning situation. The theta rhythm may be driven by electrical stimulation of the medial septal area at frequencies within the theta range. The threshold for septal driving is lowest at that frequency which the rat displays in response to frustrative nonreward; the driving threshold is selectively raised at this frequency by sodium amobarbital. It is suggested that the behavioral effects of amobarbital are due to a disruption of the theta frequency normally displayed in response to nonreward.
Australia Antigen: Distribution during Cohn Ethanol Fractionation of Human Plasma
Authors: Schroeder Duane D. , Mozen Milton M.
Published: October 2006

When plasma containing a hepatitis-associated antigen (Au/SH) is fractionated, the antigen is localized in fractions III and IV with none in fraction II and only small amounts in fractions I and V. The amount of antigen found in each of these fractions is probably not predictive of clinical infectivity of Cohn ethanol fractions from normal pooled plasma.
Pollution Problems, Resource Policy, and the Scientist
Authors: Eipper Alfred W.
Published: October 2006

Through exponential increase in population, accompanied by rapid industrial and agricultural expansion, we have reached the point where decisions involving the use of natural resources are much more important and also much more difficult than they were even 10 years ago. The same conditions that make decisions more urgent make them more time-consuming. The Cayuga Lake case illustrates many aspects of a present-day resource management controversy.
X-ray Measurements near High-Power Klystrons
Authors: Lehman Richard L.
Published: October 2006

The intensity and quality of the x-radiation outside the lead shielding around ultrahigh-frequency and S-band klystrons were measured as a function of high voltage, pulse frequency, and microwave power output by use of ionization chambers. Independent 20 percent increases in each variable gave, respectively, 8-, 1.2-, and 1.5-fold increases in the intensity, and 36, 1, and 4 percent increases in the mean energy of the x-rays.
Vacuolar Perfusion Technique for
Nitella
Internodal Cells
Authors: Strunk Thomas H.
Published: October 2006

A method has been developed for continuous control of the vacuolar composition of the giant internodal cells of the alga
Nitella
. During perfusion of the vacuole, cyclosis and spontaneous action potentials were evident, while the membrane potential and resistance were 86 and 58 percent of normal, respectively. The membrane system remained intact and functional during perfusion.
Embossing Arabic Letters and Numbers on New Raised-Line Polyethylene Paper: An Aid for the Blind
Authors: Barr Ruth L.
Published: October 2006

A new polyethylene paper may be marked on a hard surface with an ordinary oversize ball-point pen or dull pencil point. Where the paper is marked, a raised-line imprint appears on the same side of the paper as that used for writing. This imprint may be both felt and seen. Newly blinded and partially sighted persons are able to read ordinary Arabic letters and numerals after a few trials.
Power Plants: Effects of Chlorination on Estuarine Primary Production
Authors: Hamilton D. H. , Flemer D. A. , Keefe Carolyn W. , Mihursky J. A.
Published: October 2006

Steam electric stations may reduce primary production of cooling water by 91 percent as a result of chlorine applications for control of fouling organisms. Bacterial densities and concentrations of chlorophyll a are also reduced. Slight stimulation of production may occur in the absence of chlorination. Based on the available supply of "new" water, we calculate a maximum loss of primary production of 6.6 percent for the adjacent tidal segment of the Patuxent River.
Automated Continuous Culture of Mammalian Cells in Suspension
Authors: Peraino Carl , Bacchetti Silvia , Eisler William J.
Published: October 2006

A system has been developed for the continuous culture of mammalian cells in suspension. The system maintains constant cell concentrations (monitored as the degree of light scattering) over a wide range of previously selected values by automatic additions of known amounts of medium and simultaneous withdrawals of equal volumes of cell suspension.
Divergent Biological Effects of Adenosine and Dibutyryl Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate on the Isolated Fat Cell
Authors: Solomon Solomon S. , Brush James S. , Kitabchi Abbas E.
Published: October 2006

Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate stimulated production of carbon dioxide and lipid from glucose, whereas its dibutyryl derivative inhibited this conversion. Addition of the dibutyryl derivative to the isolated fat cell further stimulated lipolysis induced by adrenocorticotropic hormone, whereas addition of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate inhibited this lipolysis. Hence, measured by these two parameters, the biologic properties of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and its dibutyryl derivative are distinctly different.
Vesicular and Synaptoplasmic Synthesis of Acetylcholine
Authors: Ritchie A. Kaita , Goldberg Alan M.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis and distribution of acetylcholine has been studied in the isolated synaptosome. Binding or contamination of [
14
C]acetylcholine in the synaptic vesicle fraction represents 1.5 percent of the total amount found in the synaptoplasm (synaptosomal cytoplasm). However, when the [
14
C]acetylcholine is derived solely by synthesis from labeled choline, then the labeled acetylcholine in the synaptic vesicle is 15 percent of the amount of acetylcholine synthesized in the synaptoplasm. The results suggest that the [
14
C]acetylcholine found in the vesicle fraction of synaptosomes incubated with labeled choline is due to vesicular synthesis.
Chromosomal Aberrations Induced in Barley by LSD
Authors: Singh M. P. , Kalia C. S. , Jain H. K.
Published: October 2006

Seeds of hulled barley (
Hordeum vulgare
) were germinated and then treated with LSD. Preparations of squashed root tips stained with Feulgen revealed extensive chromosomal aberrations, most of which were chromosome breaks. Nearly half of the breaks occurred in the region of the primary constriction.
Replicating DNA: Structure of Colicin Factor E1
Authors: Inselburg Joseph , Fuke Motohiro
Published: October 2006

Replicating circular molecules of colicin factor E1 have been isolated from minicells produced by a colicinogenic derivative of
Escherichia coli
P678-54. The replicating structures observed in electron micrographs are circular molecules with two branched points. Several structures found among the replicating molecules are interpretable as replicating rolling circles.
Oil Spills: Method for Measuring Their Extent on the Sea Surface
Authors: Estes John E. , Golomb Berl
Published: October 2006

It is difficult to estimate the area affected by an oil spill at sea, the degree of coverage by oil pollutants within the affected area, and the quantity of pollutants involved. Estimates of volumes and flow rates are based on estimated changes in areal extent of the spill. Uncertainties in measurement of area degrade the accuracy of estimating other parameters. To resolve this problem, available stock components have now been assembled into a system that yields repeatable, economical measurement of the areal extent of oil spills at acceptable levels of accuracy. The system comprises overflights with a thermal infrared imaging system, densitometric color enhancement of the infrared images, and automatic digital planimetry of the areas of specified image densities.
Science and Politics: Free Speech Controversy at Lawrence Laboratory
Authors: Boffey Philip M.
Published: October 2006

The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, one of the nation's most distinguished scientific institutions, has been struck by a series of "free speech" controversies in recent months. The laboratory, which is operated by the University of California and is almost entirely funded by the Atomic Energy Commission, has facilities in two California locations, Berkeley and Livermore. Each has been under fire for allegedly stifling open discussion of controversial issues.

The Berkeley facility, a leading center for the study of high-energy physics and fundamental nuclear science, has been split by an internal debate over the right of scientists to hold formal political discussions at the laboratory during their lunch hours. The controversy has led to the banning of meetings, the circulating of petitions and counterpetitions bearing hundreds of names, the publishing of an underground newspaper, and the suspension of a controversial physicist.

The Livermore facility, a major center for developing nuclear weapons, has been accused of trying to muzzle two staff scientists who contend that existing radiation standards are too lax to protect the public from nuclear radiation hazards. Livermore has also been the target of demonstrations and of a lawsuit seeking to open the weapons laboratory to allow discussions between outsiders and staff scientists concerning the implications of weapons research. The article below discusses the controversy at the Berkeley laboratory, where only unclassified research is performed. A subsequent article will discuss the conflict at security-conscious Livermore.
Early Holocene Oöids in Modern Littoral Sands Reworked from a Coastal Terrace, Southern Tunisia
Authors: Fabricius Frank H. , Berdau Dietrich , Münnich Karl-Otto
Published: October 2006

Locally, Early Holocene (Atlanticum) oöids, dated with carbon-14, form the major compound in the Recent near-shore sediments of the Gulf of Gabes (southern Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea). They are reworked from coastal oölites and are not forming today. The Holocene oölites crop out at the seaward side of a coastal terrace, while the oölitic rocks from the inland side give a straightforward carbon-14 age of 20,000 to 30,000 years before the present. The entire terrace was formerly dated as Tyrrhenian III (= last interglacial time).
Deep-Sea Tides 1250 Kilometers off Baja California
Authors: Filloux Jean
Published: October 2006

The tidal pressure fluctuations on the sea floor were read by a sensitive optical sensor that detects the rotations of a multiturn Bourdon helix. The record was analyzed in terms of the transfer functions between tidal elevations and gravitational driving. Off California, the semidiurnal tide attenuates considerably faster than the diurnal tide. Neither species satisfies the rate of decay expected from a Kelvin wave.
Prolonged Learning and Split-Brain Cats
Authors: Sechzer Jeri A.
Published: October 2006

A definite relation is shown between interhemispheric transfer and speed of learning. Split-brain cats were trained in a variety of discriminations, and the success or failure of interhemispheric transfer was evaluated with regard to rate of learning. When interhemispheric transfer succeeds, learning time is normal; when interhemispheric transfer fails, learning time is prolonged, becoming at least twice that of normal. Retention is also poor in those animals that exhibit prolonged learning. A normal learning curve appears to be the product of interaction between both cerebral hemispheres during learning.
New Wheats and Social Progress
Authors: Reitz Louis P.
Published: October 2006

Will the upward trend in all food production, so dramatically exemplified by the new wheats, be adequate to meet the needs of the growing population? Yes, for a while. No one knows for how long. The prophets of doom will undeniably be proved right in the long run unless their basic assumptions are nullified by concrete acts, and soon. At some point in time, either a zero population growth must be achieved or vast new sources of food must be developed, and purchasing power increased. There is nothing on the research horizon to reject "a prodigious need for mankind to practice human husbandry". Our waste products have reached levels that cause major concern, and it may well be that both agricultural and social advancement will be halted by the demands dictated by population growth and the by-products of what now passes for progress but also brings environmental unbalance. At least, life will be different, and it may be catastrophic. The "Three Ancients" who helped plan and then, after a quarter of a century, reviewed the agricultural research and development work of the Rockefeller Foundation in developing nations concluded:
Cadmium Toxicity Decreased by Dietary Ascorbic Acid Supplements
Authors: Fox M. R. Spivey , Fry Bert E.
Published: October 2006

Feeding the environmental toxicant cadmium to young Japanese quail for 4 weeks produced growth retardation, severe anemia, low concentrations of iron in the liver, and high concentrations of cadmium in the liver. Dietary ascorbic acid supplements almost completely prevented the anemia and improved the growth rate but did not markedly alter concentrations of iron or cadmium in the liver.
Administering and Managing the U.S. and Soviet Space Programs
Authors: Kohler Foy D. , Harvey Dodd L.
Published: October 2006

This raises a fundamental question about the management, in its largest sense, of the U.S. space program and the other activities undertaken in response to the Sputnik experience. Has the whole operation represented but another highly successful one-shot exercise in crisis management, or has it represented incorporation into American society of a new way to organize, systematically and purposefully, the development and use of scientific and technological resources to the furtherance of national goals? It is too early to discern the answer to this question. But how it is answered will heavily weight any final appraisal of the comparative results of the U.S. and Soviet space programs.
Apollo 12 Seismic Signal: Indication of a Deep Layer of Powder
Authors: Gold Thomas , Soter Steven
Published: October 2006

The seismic signal caused by the Apollo 12 lunar module is interpreted in terms of propagation between source and receiver through a layer of powder in which sound velocity increases with depth. This increase, which is due to compaction, extends over several kilometers and leads to a concentration of seismic waves toward the surface. Computer simulations with the use of ray acoustics and on the assumption of a randomly undulating lunar surface approximate well the observed signal. Seismic amplitudes are greatly enhanced in such a medium compared to solid rock, so that the observed signal requires less power to be transmitted than previously estimated.
Deuterium: Natural Variations Used as a Biological Tracer
Authors: Gleason Jim D. , Friedman Irving
Published: October 2006

The suggestion is made that isotope tracing be carried out by monitoring the natural variations in deuterium concentrations. As an example, the natural variations in deuterium concentrations between food and water collected in Illinois and food and water collected in Colorado were used to determine the residence time of water in the blood and urine of rats. We observed not only a 5½-day turnover time of water in the blood and urine, but also evidence for the influx of water vapor from the atmosphere through the lungs into the blood.
Cyclic Cytidine 2′,3′-Phosphate: Molecular Structure
Authors: Coulter Charles L. , Greaves Marsha L.
Published: October 2006

Monoclinic crystals of the sodium salt of cytidine 2′,3′-phosphate contain two anions in the asymmetric unit. Both bases are in the
syn
conformation, and the nucleotides are stacked together into an antiparallel stranded ribbon with the bases 3.3 angstroms apart. One ribose ring is planar, and the other has oxygen-1′ puckered toward carbon-5′. The phosphorus atoms in the five-membered ester rings are puckered toward the sugars. The conformations about the carbon-4′—carbon-5′ bonds are
gauche-trans
and
gauche-gauche
.
Pregnancies after Chemotherapy of Trophoblastic Neoplasms
Authors: Van Thiel David H. , Ross Griff T. , Lipsett Mortimer B.
Published: October 2006

We have analyzed 88 pregnancies in 50 women who had previously been treated for gestational trophoblastic neoplasms with chemotherapeutic agents. No increase in fetal wastage, congenital abnormalities or complicated pregnancies was noted, suggesting that these drugs do not damage human oocytes in the doses and time periods used. The possibility that recessive mutations have been induced but were undetected cannot be evaluated definitively at present.
Plasticity of Synchronous Activity in a Small Neural Net
Authors: Kristan William B. , Gerstein George L.
Published: October 2006

Electrical activity from three neurons at a time was recorded in a pleural ganglion of
Aplysia
. Synchronous activity could be temporally patterned by electrical stimulation over a single nerve. After a period of pairing with electrical stimuli over another nerve the degree and time course of the synchrony were altered. Such alterations reverted after 5 to 30 minutes.
Human Cortical Neuronal Cell Line: Establishment From a Patient with Unilateral Megalencephaly
Authors: Ronnett Gabriele V. , Hester Lynda D. , Nye Jeffrey S. , Connors Karen , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: October 2006

A cell line has been established in continuous culture of human cerebral cortical neurons obtained from a patient with unilateral megalencephaly, a disorder associated with continued proliferation of immature neuronal cells. When differentiated in the presence of nerve growth factor, 1-isobutyl-3-methylxanthine, and dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), the cells display mature neuronal morphology with numerous long, extensively branched processes with spines and varicosities. The cells stain positively for neurofilament protein and neuron-specific enolase (selective neuronal markers) but are negative for glial markers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100, and myelin basic protein. The cells also stain positively for the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, somatostatin, cholecystokinin-8, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. These cells may facilitate characterization of neurons in the human central nervous system.