bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A copy number gain of the 6p arm is linked with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an array‐based comparative genomic hybridization study
Authors: Chochi Yasuyo , Kawauchi Shigeto , Nakao Motonao , Furuya Tomoko , Hashimoto Kiichiro , Oga Atunori , Oka Masaaki , Sasaki Kohsuke
Published: November 2008

In accordance with cancer progression, genomic aberrations accumulate in cancer cells in a stepwise fashion. However, whether there are genomic changes linked with tumour progression remains unclarified. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the relationship between genomic alterations and clinical stages in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A technology of array‐based CGH using DNA chips spotted with 1440 BAC clones was applied to 42 surgically removed HCCs to examine the DNA copy number aberrations. A frequent copy number gain was detected on chromosomal regions 1q, 8q and Xq. In particular, gains of 1q42.12, 1q43 and 8q24.3 were detected in more than 65% of tumours. A frequent copy number loss was detected on chromosomal regions 1p, 4q, 6q, 8p and 17p. Losses of 8p21 and 17p13 were detected in more than 55% of HCCs. However, the DNA copy number gains of clones on 6p and 8q24.12 were more frequent in stage III/IV tumours than in stage I/II tumours (p < 0.001). In particular, the gain of the whole 6p was virtually limited to advanced‐staged HCCs. The gain of the whole 6p is suggested to be a genomic marker for the late stages in HCCs. These observations therefore support the concept of genomic staging in HCC. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IntelliMS: A platform to efficiently manage and visualize tandem mass spectral data
Authors: Kwon Min‐Seok , Lee Hyoung‐Joo , Jeong Seul‐Ki , Lee Eun‐Young , Cho Sang Yun , Paik Young‐Ki
Published: November 2008

With the development of high‐speed mass spectrometric techniques, it becomes important to manage large amounts of spectrometric data accurately. We have developed a new data management system with a visualization function named IntelliMS, which can load data into a search engine, filter out the insignificant data, create diagrams of the identification process from spectra to protein and share all the resulting datasets. This software can be used to efficiently manage complicated mass spectral data and the corresponding protein identification information obtained from various proteomics analyses.
2‐D DIGE profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma tissues identified isoforms of far upstream binding protein (FUBP) as novel candidates in liver carcinogenesis
Authors: Zubaidah Ramdzan M. , Tan Gek San , Tan Sandra B. E. , Lim Seng Gee , Lin Qingsong , Chung Maxey C. M.
Published: November 2008

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer worldwide and is often characterized by aggressive tumour behaviour and poor prognosis. One of the major etiologies is hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV) infections. In order to better comprehend the molecular mechanisms involved in HCC progression, we performed a systematic analysis on moderately and poorly differentiated human HCC tissues using 2‐D DIGE coupled to MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS. A total of 52 and 26 proteins were found to be dysregulated in moderately and poorly differentiated HCC tissues, respectively. For the first time, the over‐expression of a novel protein family, far upstream binding proteins (FUBPs) was identified in both stages of HCC and confirmed by western blots. FUBPs are of particular interest due to their transcriptional activity on the oncogene, c‐myc. It has generally been accepted that c‐myc plays an important role in HCC progression but its exact activators remain poorly understood. Interestingly, we also observed elevated c‐myc levels in the tissues used in this study by western blot analysis. We therefore propose that the FUBP family of proteins may be one of the possible upstream players that are involved in modulating the c‐myc levels in HCC tumorigenesis.
A method based on bead flows for spot detection on 2‐D gel images
Authors: Langella Olivier , Zivy Michel
Published: November 2008

A method has been developed to detect spots on 2‐D gel images. It is based on an analogy with beads flowing uphill on the surface of the gel image and on the analysis of their paths. This method does not need image smoothing, thereby allowing for conservation of the resolution of the original image. In addition, it allows for the detection of overlapping spots, even when there is no valley between their centres.
Effect of nanoscale confinement on the glass transition temperature of free‐standing polymer films: Novel, self‐referencing fluorescence method
Authors: Kim Soyoung , Roth Connie B. , Torkelson John M.
Published: November 2008

The effect of nanoscale confinement on the glass transition temperature, Tg, of freely standing polystyrene (PS) films was determined using the temperature dependence of a fluorescence intensity ratio associated with pyrene dye labeled to the polymer. The ratio of the intensity of the third fluorescence peak to that of the first fluorescence peak in 1‐pyrenylmethyl methacrylate‐labeled PS (MApyrene‐labeled PS) decreased with decreasing temperature, and the intersection of the linear temperature dependences in the rubbery and glassy states yielded the measurement of Tg. The sensitivity of this method to Tg was also shown in bulk, supported PS and poly(isobutyl methacrylate) films. With free‐standing PS films, a strong effect of confinement on Tg was evident at thicknesses less than 80–90 nm. For MApyrene‐labeled PS with Mn = 701 kg mol−1, a 41‐nm‐thick film exhibited a 47 K reduction in Tg relative to bulk PS. A strong molecular weight dependence of the Tg‐confinement effect was also observed, with a 65‐nm‐thick free‐standing film exhibiting a reduction in Tg relative to bulk PS of 19 K with Mn = 701 kg mol−1 and 31 K with Mn = 1460 kg mol−1. The data are in reasonable agreement with results of Forrest, Dalnoki‐Veress, and Dutcher who performed the seminal studies on Tg‐confinement effects in free‐standing PS films. The utility of self‐referencing fluorescence for novel studies of confinement effects in free‐standing films is discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2754–2764, 2008
Anomalous training effect in exchange‐biased MnPd/Co bilayers
Authors: Phuoc Nguyen Nguyen , Thuy Nguyen Phu , Tuan Nguyen Anh
Published: November 2008

Exchange bias has been studied for a series of MnPd/Co bilayers sputtered onto Si(100) by an RF sputter‐deposition system. The double‐shifted loops with an anomalous training effect have been observed. The manifestation of double‐shifted loops is interpreted as the coexistence of positive exchange bias and negative exchange bias, which is in agreement with the temperature dependence and the observed anomalous training effect. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐order spatial coherence of indirect excitons in coupled quantum wells
Authors: Mouchliadis Leonidas , Ivanov Alexei L.
Published: November 2008

We discuss a k∥‐filtering effect for the optical coherence function of indirect excitons in coupled quantum wells. In far‐field optical experiments the light collected from the low‐energy excitons inside the radiative zone produces interference patterns due to the very small difference between their momenta. This small fraction of the exciton distribution is further reduced due to the angular aperture of the experimental apparatus which corresponds to a maximum wavevector and results in a damped oscillatory behavior of the coherence function.

Calculation of the optical coherence function above the phase transition temperature yields a coherence length consistent with the experiments, in contrast to the actual coherence length of indirect excitons which is smaller by an order of magnitude. The k∥‐filtering effect can naturally explain the recently observed large coherence lengths without the assumption of a condensed or superfluid phase. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrafast intensity correlation measurements of quantum dot microcavity lasers
Authors: Aßmann M. , Berstermann T. , Wiersig J. , Gies C. , Jahnke F. , Kistner C. , Reitzenstein S. , Forchel A. , Bayer M.
Published: November 2008

We present an experimental technique, which allows us to determine the second order correlation function g(2) (t, t + τ) with picosecond time resolution. The method involves a streak camera which is modified such that a signal at fixed wavelength can be monitored after each pulsed laser excitation. From these measurements insight into the quantum optical properties of light emission from semiconductor nanostructures with dynamics on the sub‐ns time scale can be taken.

To demonstrate the possibilities of our setup, we present time resolved g(2)‐measurements of quantum dot VCSEL micropillar emission. We show, that our measurement scheme enables us to determine the transition from predominantly spontaneous emission towards stimulated emission and the temporal evolution of the intensity correlation function. Additionally, we are also able to identify unexpected features like dynamical antibunching. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A way to a single frequency precession of an inhomogeneous ensemble of electron spins in InGaAs quantum dots
Authors: Greilich A. , Spatzek S. , Efros Al. L. , Yugova I.A. , Yakovlev D.R. , Reuter D. , Wieck A.D. , Bayer M.
Published: November 2008

We show a possible way to the realization of a robust macroscopical quantum bit on the basis of an inhomogeneous ensemble of electron spins. In our case, electrons are confined in a self‐assembled (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots which are excited by a periodical laser pulses. The precession of electron spins in a transversemagnetic field is monitored by the time‐resolved Faraday rotation technique. Due to mode‐locking effect and a focusing of the electron spins precession on a discrete number of modes by the nuclei it should be possible to drive all the electron spins into a single precession mode. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Naphthenic acids as indicators of crude oil biodegradation in soil, based on semi‐quantitative electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Hughey Christine A. , Minardi Carina S. , Galasso‐Roth Samantha A. , Paspalof George B. , Mapolelo Mmilili M. , Rodgers Ryan P. , Marshall Alan G. , Ruderman Daniel L.
Published: November 2008

Crude oil contaminated soil cores were collected from a basin that contained oily solids left from three decades of oil production. Hydrocarbon biomarker analyses revealed that the soil extracts were moderately biodegraded compared with the non‐degraded source oil. The degree of biodegradation also decreased with core depth (7 cm to 1 m). These data were correlated to compositional changes observed in acidic NSO‐compounds that were selectively ionized and mass resolved by negative ion electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT‐ICR MS). Among the NSO‐compounds ionized, the increase in naphthenic acid concentration (e.g., acyclic and alicyclic carboxylic acids) best correlated with the increase in biodegradation (e.g., from non‐degraded to moderately degraded) as determined by the hydrocarbon biomarker analyses. The most biodegraded surface extracts (7 cm) exhibited an 80% increase in the abundance of acids relative to the source oil. Use of an internal standard allowed the semi‐quantitative determination of the total naphthenic acid concentration, which decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with soil depth. Furthermore, the shift to higher double bond equivalents (DBEs), from acyclic to alicyclic acids, indicated that the increase in acids in the soil extracts was predominately due to biotic processes. This work demonstrates the potential of ESI FT‐ICR MS as a semi‐quantitative tool to monitor the production of naphthenic acids during crude oil biotransformation in the environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relation of technology to politics in infrastructure development: the chain phenomenon and its relation to sustainable development
Authors: Sutheerawatthana Pitch , Minato Takayuki
Published: November 2008

This article claims that an analysis of secondary effects of technology is essential for sustainable development. It then proposes the idea of chain effects defined as the creation of a series of solutions subsequent to the initial impacts of an infrastructure. It depicts the mechanism of how a series of solutions forms orders of decision‐making processes in accordance with interests of particular groups of stakeholders. The analysis employs an eclectic approach consisting of the concept of ‘what governs’ and ‘who governs’. From the viewpoint of ‘what governs’, it indicates at least three patterns of chain. The analysis of the chain, from the viewpoint of ‘who governs’, suggests an interesting characteristic of stakeholders' decisions. Two case studies are taken for the discussion to develop propositions associated with the political aspects of infrastructure development. They include successive advantage‐taking behaviors by particular groups of stakeholders, and embedded values along the process of chain. Sustainable development of infrastructure is unlikely to be achieved without consideration of chain effects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Evaluation of the instrument for three‐dimensional atom probe (3DAP)
Authors: Kaneko T. , Ito S. , Yamashita C. , Mayama N. , Iwata T. , Nojima M. , Taniguchi M. , Owari M.
Published: November 2008

This paper reports the evaluation and operation of laser pulse assisted three‐dimensional atom probe (3DAP). With wide angle acceptance using femto second pulse laser, high speed time to digital converter, and newly designed sample‐extraction electrode integrated sample holder, we can get high performance, easy to treat and wide angle 3DAP. The change of the resolution in the application to pure metals such as Mo was observed when the laser condition (laser polarization and implied voltage) was changed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mercury‐induced oxidative stress in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Authors: Shiyab Safwan , Chen Jian , Han Fengxiang X. , Monts David L. , Matta Fank B. , Gu Mengmeng , Su Yi , Masad Motasim A.
Published: November 2008

Mercury, a potent neurotoxin, is released to the environment in significant amounts by both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. No natural hyperaccumulator plant has been reported for mercury phytoremediation. Few studies have been conducted on the physiological responses of Indian mustard, a higher biomass plant with faster growth rates, to mercury pollution. This study investigated the phytotoxicity of mercury to Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and mercury‐induced oxidative stress in order to examine the potential application of Indian mustard to mercury phytoremediation. Two common cultivars (Florida Broadleaf and Longstanding) of Indian mustard were grown hydroponically in a mercury‐spiked solution. Plant uptake, antioxidative enzymes, peroxides, and lipid peroxidation under mercury stress were investigated. Antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT; peroxidase, POD; and superoxide dismutase, SOD) were the most sensitive indices of mercury‐induced oxidative response of Indian mustard plants. Indian mustard effectively generated an enzymatic antioxidant defense system (especially CAT) to scavenge H2O2, resulting in lower H2O2 in shoots with higher mercury concentrations. These two cultivars of Indian mustard demonstrated an efficient metabolic defense and adaptation system to mercury‐induced oxidative stress. A majority of Hg was accumulated in the roots and low translocations of Hg from roots to shoots were found in two cultivars of Indian mustard. Thus Indian mustard might be a potential candidate plant for phytofiltration/phytostabilization of mercury contaminated waters and wastewater. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Effects of UVA and visible light on the photogenotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene
Authors: Botta Céline , Di Giorgio Carole , Sabatier Anne‐Sophie , De Méo Michel
Published: November 2008

This study investigated the role of UVA/visible light (U, 320–800 nm) and visible light (V, 400–800 nm) in the phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity of two ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and Pyrene (Pyr). These mechanisms were evaluated by the WST‐1 test and the comet assay on normal human keratinocytes (NHK) and by the micronucleus test on CHO cells. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed through the induction of 8‐oxodeoxyguanine (8‐oxodG) lesions by immunofluorescence staining in NHK. Results of the WST‐1 test revealed the phototoxic properties of BaP and Pyr after irradiation with U and V lights. BaP presented the highest phototoxic properties. Results of the comet assay showed that U‐ and V‐irradiated BaP and Pyr induced increasing rates of DNA single‐strand breaks in NHK, in a dose dependent manner. The tested PAH could also induce increased levels of micronuclei in CHO cells after U and V irradiations. Increasing 8‐oxodG levels were detected after U and V irradiations in BaP‐ and Pyr‐treated keratinocytes and confirmed the involvement of ROS in the photogenotoxicity of PAH. Overall, this study highlighted the existence of an alternative pathway of PAH genotoxicity that is induced by UVA and/or visible light. Visible light is suggested to photoactivate PAH by a mechanism which is mainly based on oxidative reactions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Critical role of PBEF expression in pulmonary cell inflammation and permeability
Authors: Liu Peng , Li Hailong , Cepeda Javier , Zhang Li Qin , Cui Xiuyun , Garcia Joe G.N. , Ye Shui Qing
Published: November 2008

Previous studies in our lab have identified pre‐B‐cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF) as a novel biomarker in acute lung injury. This study continues to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of PBEF in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury in pulmonary cell culture models. Our results revealed that IL‐1β induced PBEF expression in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells at the transcriptional level and a −1535 T‐variant in the human PBEF gene promoter significantly attenuated its binding to an IL‐1β‐induced unknown transcription factor. This may underlie the reduced expression of PBEF and thus the lower susceptibility to acute lung injury in −1535T carriers. Furthermore, overexpression of PBEF significantly augmented IL‐8 secretion and mRNA expression by more than 6‐fold and 2‐fold in A549 cells and HPAEC, respectively. It also significantly augmented IL‐1β‐mediated cell permeability by 44% in A549 cells and 65% in endothelial cells. The knockdown of PBEF expression significantly inhibited IL‐1β‐stimulated IL‐8 secretion and mRNA level by 60% and 70%, respectively, and the knockdown of PBEF expression also significantly attenuated IL‐1β‐induced cell permeability by 29% in epithelial cells and 24% in endothelial cells. PBEF expression also affected the expression of two other inflammatory cytokines (IL‐16 and CCR3 genes). These results suggest that PBEF is critically involved in pulmonary vascular and epithelial inflammation and permeability, which are hallmark features in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. This study lends further support to our finding that PBEF is a potential new target in acute lung injury.
Direct pro‐arrhythmogenic effects of angiotensin II can be suppressed by AT1 receptor blockade in human atrial myocardium
Authors: von Lewinski Dirk , Kockskämper Jens , Rübertus Sven‐Ulrich , Zhu Danan , Schmitto Jan D. , Schöndube Friedrich A. , Hasenfuss Gerd , Pieske Burkert
Published: November 2008

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice. Indirect evidence from clinical trials demonstrates that chronic inhibition of the renin–angiotensin‐system (RAS) significantly reduces the incidence of AF. Since mechanisms of this protective effect of RAS‐blockade are poorly understood, we directly tested proarrhythmic effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) in human atrial myocardium.

Methods:

Isolated trabeculae from human atrial appendages (n = 80) were electrically stimulated. We assessed isometric force and incidence of arrhythmic extra contractions (AECs) with and without increasing concentrations of Ang II (1–1000 nmol/L) in the absence or presence of receptor‐blockade by saralasin (non‐specific ATR‐antagonist), irbesartan (AT1R‐antagonist) or PD123319 (AT2R‐antagonist).

Results:

Twitch force and AECs concentration‐dependently increased with Ang II. Effects became significant at concentrations >1 nmol/L Ang II and were maximal at 1000 nmol/L (increase in twitch force to 157±14% and AECs from 0 to 80%) saralasin and irbesartan partially prevented the inotropic effect of 100 nmol/L Ang II (by 4±12% and 68±6%; p<0.05), and completely prevented the occurrence of AECs.

Conclusion:

Ang II exerts direct pro‐arrhythmic effects in human atrial myocardium. These effects are mediated by AT1‐receptors and can be prevented by AT1R‐blockade. This mechanism may contribute to the beneficial effects of RAS‐blockade on AF in clinical trials.
Identification of the P‐TEFb complex‐interacting domain of Brd4 as an inhibitor of HIV‐1 replication by functional cDNA library screening in MT‐4 cells
Authors: Urano Emiko , Kariya Yumi , Futahashi Yuko , Ichikawa Reiko , Hamatake Makiko , Fukazawa Hidesuke , Morikawa Yuko , Yoshida Takeshi , Koyanagi Yoshio , Yamamoto Naoki , Komano Jun
Published: November 2008

We conducted a phenotypic cDNA screening using a T cell line‐based assay to identify human genes that render cells resistant to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1). We isolated potential HIV‐1 resistance genes, including the carboxy terminal domain (CTD) of bromodomain‐containing protein 4 (Brd4). Expression of GFP‐Brd4‐CTD was tolerated in MT‐4 and Jurkat cells in which HIV‐1 replication was markedly inhibited. We provide direct experimental data demonstrating that Brd4‐CTD serves as a specific inhibitor of HIV‐1 replication in T cells. Our method is a powerful tool for the identification of host factors that regulate HIV‐1 replication in T cells.
Comparison of Quality of Life in Advanced Laryngeal Cancer Patients after Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy vs Total Laryngectomy
Authors: Trivedi Nirav Pravin , Swaminathan Dhanya Kalathungal , Thankappan Krishnakumar , Chatni Shilpa , Kuriakose Moni Abraham , Iyer Subramania
Published: November 2008

Objective

To compare quality of life (QOL) of patients with advanced laryngeal cancers treated by total laryngectomy with those who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

Study Design

This is a cross‐sectional study of the patients treated in our institution who have completed one year of follow‐up and were disease‐free at the time of evaluation.

Subjects and Method

Forty patients treated for advanced cancer of the larynx (stage III/IV), either by concurrent chemoradiation (11) or total laryngectomy and postoperative radiation (29), have been included in this study. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Head and Neck (FACT‐H&N) version 4 questionnaire was used.

Results

Total scores for overall QOL are equal in both treatment groups (P = 0.69). Scores for individual components are similar in both treatment groups. However, dryness of mouth is significantly worse in the chemoradiotherapy group (P = 0.01) and ability to communicate with others is poorer in the laryngectomy group (P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Long‐term overall QOL remains similar in all the patients treated for advanced carcinoma of the larynx irrespective of treatment modality.
Incidence and Histopathological Behavior of Papillary Microcarcinomas: Study of 429 cases
Authors: Pakdaman Michael N. , Rochon Louise , Gologan Olguta , Tamilia Michael , Garfield Natasha , Hier Michael P. , Black Martin J. , Payne Richard J.
Published: November 2008

Objective

We aim to present papillary microcarcinoma (PMC) incidence at a university teaching hospital, to compare characteristics of PMC in relation to size, and to assess for significant difference in PMC incidence among patients with non‐PMC thyroid malignancies.

Materials and Methods

Pathology results were reviewed for consecutive total thyroidectomies between 2002 and 2007 (n = 860). Statistical significance was calculated using χ2 or, when unavailable, Fisher exact test.

Results

PMC was found in 429 cases, which is 49.9 percent of all total thyroidectomies. In PMC ≥5 mm, 25.1 percent had extrathyroidal extension vs 9.1 percent for <5 mm (P < 0.001). When 4 mm is used as a threshold, P value was 300–fold smaller. Incidence in patients with any non‐PMC thyroid malignancy was 51.6 percent against 47.2 percent in all other patients (P = 0.203).

Conclusions

In this study, PMC was found in 49.9 percent of patients, which, to our knowledge, is higher than any other reported incidence. A threshold of ≥4 mm was more significant than 5 mm for carrying increased risk for extrathyroidal spread. There was no significant difference in PMC incidence in patients with malignant vs benign disease.
REM‐Associated Nasal Obstruction: A Study with Acoustic Rhinometry during Sleep
Authors: Morris Luc G.T. , Burschtin Omar , Setlur Jennifer , Bommelje Claire C. , Lee Kelvin C. , Jacobs Joseph B. , Lebowitz Richard A.
Published: November 2008

Objective

Obstructive sleep apnea events are more common in REM sleep, although there is no relationship between sleep phase and pharyngeal airway status. We studied the patency of the nasal airway during REM and non‐REM sleep with the use of acoustic rhinometry.

Methods

Serial acoustic rhinometric assessment of nasal cross‐sectional area was performed in 10 subjects, before sleep and during REM and non‐REM sleep. All measurements were standardized to a decongested baseline with mean congestion factor (MCF).

Results

MCF in the seated position was 10.6% (±3.7) and increased with supine positioning to 16.2% (±2.3). In REM sleep, MCF was highest, at 22.3% (±1.7). In non‐REM sleep, MCF was lowest, at 2.3% (±3.1). All interstage comparisons were statistically significant on repeated measures ANOVA (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

REM sleep is characterized by significant nasal congestion; non‐REM sleep, by profound decongestion. This phenomenon may be attributable to REM‐dependent variation in cerebral blood flow that affects nasal congestion via the internal carotid system. REM‐induced nasal congestion, an indirect effect of augmented cerebral perfusion, may contribute to the higher frequency of obstructive events in REM sleep.
Public planning with business delivery of excellent urban public transport
Authors: Barter Paul A
Published: November 2008

A trend for the public sector to take greater responsibility for public transport outcomes is the focus for this paper, in particular the rise of models with proactive public-sector planning but business provision of services, usually under service contracts. Case studies from several continents are used to explore this trend, including several that are widely hailed as success stories. It is argued that this model represents a reassertion of public sector control and that portraying service contracts in public transport as ‘privatisation’ misses the point that it marks a defeat for a deregulation agenda. This is clear especially from examples in Latin America and Asia where this model has been replacing approaches with very weak public sector oversight. The paper also highlights that this model has been emerging via a number of different pathways and from a wide range of initial circumstances, including some surprisingly low-income contexts.
Central City Size, Metropolitan Institutions and Political
Participation
Authors: Kelleher Christine A. , Lowery David
Published: November 2008

Despite decades of research, our understanding of how institutional contexts
influence urban political participation remains muddled. It is argued here that
this confusion arises from the diversity of competing hypotheses, failures to
conceptualize the causal processes underlying these hypotheses thoroughly, and
the use of inadequate controls for rival hypotheses. A more comprehensive
specification of the relationship between metropolitan jurisdictional contexts
and two modes of participation is provided. After a presentation of a
theoretical framework organizing the many extant hypotheses, these are tested,
using survey data collected by the Knight Foundation from 2002 in twenty-five
urban counties. Contrary to prior work, it is found that the size of local
governments is positively associated with participation, while governmental
fragmentation diminishes the propensity for political action.
A Vote Against Europe? Explaining Defection at the 1999 and 2004
European Parliament Elections
Authors: Hobolt Sara B. , Spoon Jae-Jae , Tilley James
Published: November 2008

Governing parties generally win fewer votes at European Parliament elections than
at national electionsmost common explanation for this is that European elections
are ‘second order national elections’ acting as mid-term
referendums on government performance. This article proposes an alternative,
though complementary, explanation: voters defect because governing parties are
generally far more pro-European than the typical voter. Additionally, the more
the campaign context primes Eurosceptic sentiments, the more likely voters are
to turn against governing parties. A multi-level model is used to test these
propositions and analyse the effects of individual and contextual factors at the
1999 and 2004 European Parliament elections. Both European and domestic concerns
matter to voters; moreover, campaign context plays an important role in shaping
vote choices.
Original and Ongoing Theological Issues through One Hundred Years of the Harvard Theological Review
Authors: Lamberth David C.
Published: November 2008

The first words of the inaugural issue of the Harvard Theological Review in January 1908 were those of Francis Greenwood Peabody, Plummer Professor of Christian Morals and sometime Dean of the Faculty of Divinity, from 1901–1906. An ordained Unitarian minister, Peabo, as he was affectionately called by the undergraduates, was known most prominently around College haunts for having convinced the Corporation (the President and Fellows of Harvard College) to make Chapel attendance optional while he was Preacher to the University. More importantly, however, he was the main proponent of Social Ethics in both the College and the Divinity School and Harvard's own expositor of the Social Gospel some years before Walter Rauschenbusch made that term popular. Peabody was also a key professor of German thought and theology in the Divinity School.
The Future of the Harvard Theological Review in a Global and Interreligious Age
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: November 2008

We celebrate the Harvard Theological Review's 100th anniversary with admiration for this splendid journal; but we may also share the uncertainty Francis Greenwood Peabody expressed in the opening paragraph of the first article of the first issue:

The time may appear to many persons inopportune for the launching of a Journal of Theology. The tide of theological interest may seem to have ebbed so low as to leave no channel for such a venture; the professions of the ministry fails to win recruits; the queen of the sciences is deposed from her throne; critics are announcing the rout of the theological schools. The machinery of the churches, it is true, revolves with energy, but it does not seem to be geared into the wheels of the working world; and the deliberations of the theologians are frankly regarded by great numbers of people with indifference, if not with contempt.
Between Logocentrism and Lococentrism: Alambrista Challenges to Traditional Theology
Authors: Premawardhana Devaka
Published: November 2008

“Olhe, um terrorista!” yelled the construction worker as I passed. I was living in Salvador, Brazil, where eighty percent of the population identifies as something other than white. Though not sharing the same ancestry as my neighbors, I never, as a moreno (brown-skinned person), stood out to them as different. Yet to the man who pointed me out that day, I did. He apparently had been watching the news: another round of Arab men arrested on suspicion of plotting a terror attack. It was a small moment, an aberration amidst the abundance of hospitality I was enjoying in a country not my own. Born in Sri Lanka and raised in the United States, I chose to move to Brazil mainly for personal enrichment—to study and practice liberation theology in a land regarded as one of its homes. With so varied and privileged a background, I saw myself as something of a supra-cultural globetrotter, immune to other peoples' limitations of cultural and national identity. Whenever crossing what others referred to as borders, I rarely ceased to feel centered. Yet that day—the day I was labeled a terrorist—I suffered something of the migrant's anguish, the de-centering humiliation that typically accompanies the border crosser.
Negative Theologies and the Cross
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: November 2008

So many postmodern theologians are busy retrieving “negative theology,” while others label such retrievals “misconstruals,” that observers might be tempted to conclude that there was, or is, such a single thing as “negative theology.” Yet anyone seeking a definition or even sampling relevant texts encounters a diverse array of premodern apophatic authors with a multiplicity of negative theologies. I here survey some of the diverse strands of Christian negative theology and argue in favor of one strand of that tradition in relation to Christ, the incarnation, and the cross.
Helminth species diversity of mammals: parasite species richness is a host species attribute
Authors: BORDES F. , MORAND S.
Published: November 2008

Studies investigating parasite diversity have shown substantial geographical variation in parasite species richness. Most of these studies have, however, adopted a local scale approach, which may have masked more general patterns. Recent studies have shown that ectoparasite species richness in mammals seems highly repeatable among populations of the same mammal host species at a regional scale. In light of these new studies we have reinvestigated the case of parasitic helminths by using a large data set of parasites from mammal populations in 3 continents. We collected homogeneous data and demonstrated that helminth species richness is highly repeatable in mammals at a regional scale. Our results highlight the strong influence of host identity in parasite species richness and call for future research linking helminth species found in a given host to its ecology, immune defences and potential energetic trade-offs.
Music, blackness and national identity: three moments in Colombian history
Authors: Wade Peter
Published: November 2008

The study of music and national identity has been limited, in my view, by some underlying assumptions. The first is connected to some influential ideas on nationalism, while the second has to do with long-standing ideas about the relation between music and identity. On nationalism, many approaches place too much emphasis on the homogenising tendencies of nationalist discourse, whereas, in my view, homogenisation exists in a complex and ambivalent relationship with the construction of difference by the same nationalist forces that create homogeneity. In a related fashion, with respect to music and identity, several studies of Latin American musical styles and their socio-political context – for example, ones focusing on the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Brazil – display a tendency to set up a model of homogenising elitesversusdiversifying and resistant minorities.
Sitars and bossas: World Music influences
Authors: van der Lee Pedro
Published: November 2008

Popular music is sometimes discussed from a rather ethnocentric viewpoint, lacking awareness of, or not acknowledging, influences assimilated from non-Western musics, while in the field of ethnomusicology, issues such as the preservation of traditional styles (see Baumann 1992, pp. 11–15) remain important, but there is an increased interest in the processes of change and the effects of technology (see, for example, Wallis and Malm 1984). As Western and traditional styles interact, changes occur, and as Frith puts it: ‘popular music study rests on the assumption that there is no such thing as a culturally “pure” sound’ (1989, p. 3).
Visualising 1950s hits on Your Hit Parade
Authors: Burns Gary
Published: November 2008

Although many TV shows from the 1950s seem very odd when viewed today, one of the most peculiar relics of all is Your Hit Parade. This is especially true in light of our current understanding of what it means to visualise a song on television. Although music video looked strange when first seen in the 1970s and early 1980s, it is now highly conventionalised and part of the cultural backdrop. By contrast, Your Hit Parade gropes uneasily to connect the radio past with the burgeoning and increasingly estranged record and television industries of the 1950s. As an aesthetic document, Your Hit Parade is instructive in its display of unproductive tensions: narrative and dramatic visualisations clashing with a simpler, non-representational variety style; pop domesticating an inchoate rock and roll; and a lackadaisical parade struggling to become a quasi-eventful countdown.
‘Going down the pub!’: The pub rock scene as a resource for the consumption of popular music
Authors: Bennett Andrew
Published: November 2008

In this article I want to consider the importance of the pub rock scene as a resource for the consumption of popular music. Considering its role as one of the primary sites for the production and consumption of live music, very little has been written about pub rock. Moreover, in those studies that have made reference to pub rock, emphasis has often been placed upon its role as a training ground for musicians and songwriters (see, for example, Laing 1985, p. 8), or as a stepping stone to full-time professional music-making rather than ‘a locally expressed and tangible manifestation of music in its own right’ (Finnegan 1989, p. 235). Indeed, if only a few published works exist on the production of pub rock then there are, to the best of my knowledge, no studies devoted to pub rock audiences. What I want to do here is to begin redressing this imbalance. I will focus upon two specific examples of pub rock audiences and thus hope to demonstrate that the production of pub rock is inextricably linked to the localised patterns of consumption that inform its reception, and that the significance which an audience attaches to a particular pub rock event is an essential, if not the essential, aspect of that event. The first audience study presented here is drawn from my experience of working as a part-time musician in a pub rock band. The second study, which pursues a slightly different line of enquiry to the first, is based upon fieldwork material that I am currently collecting as part of my doctoral studies at Durham University.
Making artistic popular music: the goal of true folk
Authors: Blacking John
Published: November 2008

There is good evidence that for over ninety-nine per cent of human history, and for ninety-seven per cent of the time since the emergence of our own species (homo sapiens sapiens) approximately 70,000 years ago, all music was popular, in so far as it was shared and enjoyed by all members of a society. If there were distinctions of style within a society's music, they were accepted as sings of functional or social differentiation rather than as barriers to mutual communication. Distinctions between sacred and secular music, between music for young and old or men and women, were generally drawn within the style of each music culture, and, at least in principle, a member of one group could perform and appreciate the music of another group in the same society.
Really the ‘Walking Blues’: Son House, Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson and the development of a traditional blues
Authors: Cowley John
Published: November 2008

On the surface, a study of the evolution of a particular regional Afro-American folk-music style does not appear to be directly connected with the development of popular music. Yet, in one way or another since the 1930s, Son House, Robert Johnson and Muddy Waters, aspects of whose music I discuss here, have all influenced both the development of black blues and, in a much wider context, American and European popular music in general. Johnson and then House became cult figures of the 1960s American folk-music ‘revival’; Waters's Chicago rhythm and blues, which he developed in the late 1940s, have sustained him with black and, subsequently, white audiences since that time, his early commercial recordings being absorbed and sometimes emulated by groups such as the Rolling Stones.
Some institutional aspects of pop and rock in Hungary
Authors: Szemere Anna
Published: November 2008

‘I think that no one really wants pop music to become art because it is enough as entertainment, and if it were just a bit better, one could not look at it with an indulgent smile…’ In this bitter way János Bródy, a member of the once legendary beat group, Illés, formulated his opinion about the institutions responsible for the production, function, reception and, last but not least, the quality of pop (rock, beat) music, that is to say, the music of the young in Hungary. Whether rock or pop can be regarded as art at all or whether it is by nature an inferior genre is a question beyond the scope of this article. I am concerned here with some of the basic functional principles of the institutions of pop life and their impact on the music itself in this country in the past fifteen to twenty years. I would like to discuss these problems in terms of autonomy and self-expression rather than in terms of claimed aesthetic values, since I find the former a basic condition of producing values in this type of music.t This belief is supported by a close look at the history of Hungarian pop: it seems that under favourable social and political conditions, that is, in a period of social and cultural dynamism, characterised by an open, tolerant or relatively supportive media policy, pop music can produce (as it obviously did in the second half of the sixties) artistic values too, and give authentic expression to the aspirations, attitudes and ethos of a very large segment of the young population.
Capitalism and Romantic ideology in the record business
Authors: Stratton Jon
Published: November 2008

Given the existing capitalist determinants on the structure of the popular music industry, the record companies, because of their economic importance, not only represent one moment in a system where the music moves from artist to audience, but also generate both the artist, as producer for the industry, and the audience, as consumer for the industry's products — and both as living facets of an ideology best described as Romantic. Romanticism, whilst lived as being in opposition to capitalist concerns founded on rationality and standardisation, in fact supports capitalism by providing both an enabling rationale for invention and a sustaining emphasis on the individual which allows cultural products to be viewed as something other than simply more commodities. The Otherness of culture in capitalist society may be viewed as the manifestation of the necessary but repressed ‘irrational’ qualities which bring into existence and sustain the rational, ordered structure of capitalist practice. In the record business, both the rational aspects of capitalism and the Romanticism of its Other are highlighted by virtue of the highly developed capitalist nature of the culture industry.
‘Play it again Sam’: Some notes on the productivity of repetition in popular music
Authors: Middleton Richard
Published: November 2008

Repetition, as a component of musical structure in popular songs, has long played an important part in ‘popular common-sense’ definitions, and criticisms, of the music. ‘It's monotonous’; ‘it's all the same’; ‘it's predictable’: such reactions have probably filtered down from the discussions of mass culture theorists. From this point of view, repetition (within a song) can be assimilated to the same category as what Adorno termed standardisation (as between songs). Of course, the significance of the role played by such techniques in the operations of the music industry – their efficacy in helping to define and hold markets, to channel types of consumption, to pre-form response and to make listening easy – can hardly be denied; it is, however, equally difficult to reduce the function of repetition simply to an analysis of the ‘political economy’ of popular music production and its ideological effects. Despite Adorno's critical assault (see Adorno 1941), despite later twists to the theory by, for instance, Fredric Jameson (1981), who argues that rather than being a negative quality of mass culture, repetition is simply a fundamental characteristic of all cultural production under contemporary capitalism, the question of repetition refuses to go away. Why do listeners find interest and pleasure in hearing the same thing over again? To be able to answer this question, which has troubled not only mass cultural theory but also traditional philosophical aesthetics, as well as more recent approaches such as psychoanalysis and information theory, would tell us more about the nature of popular music, and hence, mutatis mutandis, about music in general, than almost anything else. We must start by locating repetition within an overall theory of musical syntax.
Sentimentality and high pathos: popular music in fascist Germany
Authors: Wicke Peter
Published: November 2008

This article deals with one of the darkest chapters in the history of popular music: the way in which it was pressed into the service of the cynical and ultra-reactionary goals of German fascism between the years 1933 and 1945. The aim, however, is not simply to fill a gap in historical accounts, which hitherto have always ignored this period. The subject is far from being merely of historical interest: it concerns the mechanisms whereby popular music can be socially and politically misused – mechanisms to which it can more easily fall victim, the more professionally it is produced. It is a fatal error to assume, for example, that popular music serving reactionary interests unmasks itself self-evidently as such. Rather, at no time has the lack of political responsibility on the part of performing musicians and composers been so clear, and had such disastrous eventual consequences, as was the case in Germany between 1933 and 1945. And this is what makes the subject as topical today, forty years after the ending of fascist tyranny in Germany, as it was then. ‘Continuity and change’ requires that the bitter experience of the past be combined with the urgent call to learn lessons from it now, after so long. The next time could be the last time!
Beyond the reef: role conflict and the professional musician in Hawaii
Authors: Lewis George H.
Published: November 2008

There have been, since Becker's pioneering work in the field of jazz (Becker 1951), a small handful of empirical studies that have focused on the popular musician in society – most specifically with respect to the conflicts such musicians can feel between what they want to play and what is demanded of them by their audience and the larger commercial market. Becker pointed out the vast differences between the expectations of the audience, those of the employers and those of the performer. In general, the audience expects the musician to play commercially popular tunes in an orthodox manner. The employer, concerned about money, applies financial sanctions to coerce the musician to fulfil audience expectations. The musicians, on the other hand, prefer to play the more individually expressive and esoteric forms of their music – in this case, jazz.