bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Business and the Humanities: An Aristotelian Approach to Business Ethics
Authors: Solomon Robert C
Published: November 2023

Business ethics has finally become an established subject and concern. Ethics courses are now given in virtually every business school in the country and often are required. Elementary textbooks and a few classic case studies have given way to sophisticated theories and hands-on problem solving. The once separate concerns of the humanities and business have started to meet, cooperate, and consolidate their interests and their efforts. “Business ethics” is no longer jeered as an oxymoron. Indeed, it is treated in some business circles with solemnity, even reverence, as a kind of magic that distinguishes the best and most successful corporations. Undergraduate business majors and M.B.A. students crowd into our classrooms, curious about all the fuss and confident, at least, that the very title of the course on their transcript can only do them some good.
Business Ethics and Modes of Ethical Reasoning
Authors: Brenkert George
Published: November 2023

A central problem in the development and understanding of business ethics is the relation between moral principles or laws and particular cases. Does business ethics, for example, simply apply the principles of theoretical ethics to concrete cases?1 Is it “merely” a concern that what theoretical ethicists do gets applied to the real world and not simply left to gather dust in the halls of academia? Or, on the contrary, does business ethics focus on particular cases because the principles and abstract issues of theoretical ethicists are largely, if not wholly, irrelevant? In short, is business ethics a practical extension of modern ethics, or does it represent a revolution in the relation between moral principles and particular cases?2 It is crucial that we sort out these relations if we are to understand the nature of business ethics.
Specialists Of The Supernatural In The Hebrew Bible
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

In the portion of the Hebrew Bible describing the pre-exilic period the text presents three distinct social models. To each model there corresponds a precise typology of relations between power and techniques of the supernatural. These models are not perfectly consistent, either internally or in their application in various passages of the biblical text. These inconsistencies can be at tributed to discrepancies among the sources and to the re-editing that occurred throughout the centuries of the formation of the texts. To complicate matters further, various redactional hands emphasized one or another point from time to time.
Healers And Saviors Of The Eastern Mediterranean In Preclassical Times
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

“Salvation” in the sense it acquired in some of the “Oriental” religions of the Roman Empire was not a concern of the cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean, at least before Greek mysticism (Sabbatucci 1) or “mysteriosophy” (Bianchi2) was “invented.” Whether such a “salvation” ever became a popular concern is a problem that has often (Teixidorbeen discussed, and possibly still should be; but I for one lack the competence to do so.
Making Room For The Written Law
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

TheHebrew Bible (or the Old Testament, as some believers in a further testament like to call it) contains a written law (or, better, a written toriih, to use the correct term, which is not identical in meaning to our term law).1 That toriih which is contained in some books of the Bible is clearly the very core and pivot of the Bible itself. Now, the law contained in these books is considered to be, and presented as, inspired by the national god Yahweh, and the term toriih is today also the name of the first part of the Bible, which contains not only the laws but also the story of how those laws came to be given by the deity to the people of Israel, as well as the earliest story of that people and of its god.
The Housing Problem
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

Postwar Germany experienced a serious, immediate housing crisis. Fully 22% of the 1939 housing stock in the area that became the Federal Republic was totally destroyed or so badly damaged as to be unsalvageable; another 23% suffered some degree of damage. The number of homeless people was further swollen by the influx of refugees from the east. Between 1945 and 1950, some 600,000 refugees settled in Northrhine-Westphalia alone. Five years after the war, 11% of these still lived in camps or other emergency housing. These disheartening figures quite naturally preoccupied planners and politicians. Nonetheless, at least among themselves, they also viewed the postwar housing crisis as part of a greater, long-term housing problem in urban Germany.
Town Planning to 1945
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

While all Germans struggled with the postwar housing crisis, town planners urgently sought to control and direct reconstruction, including the building of new housing, through meticulous, systematic planning. Planners all over the Federal Republic believed they had an obligation to lay the groundwork for cities of the future, not simply to rebuild the cities of the past. Many of the central issues addressed by the planners have already been touched on, including the best location for housing construction, the retention or modification of the historic street pattern, the renewal of slum areas, and the desire to reduce population densities in the inner cities. Earlier chapters considered these issues in the context of the construction of individual buildings or smaller ensembles. This chapter examines the broader framework within which reconstruction planners conceived their task.
Planning and Planners after 1945
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

The end of the war only momentarily halted the feverish reconstruction planning that had been going on since late 1943, as the occupying armies temporarily assumed the responsibilities of local government and purged government offices of leading Nazi enthusiasts. Only in a few cities could the chief wartime planners–Kiel’s Herbert Jensen, Freiburg’s Joseph Schlippe, and Lübeck’s Hans Pieper, for example–continue working. Most senior planners were removed from office or allowed to resign. Sometimes the purge affected lesser officials as well, although this varied widely from place to place. Naturally the central agencies in Berlin that had sponsored urban planning were abolished along with the Reich government. The members of the Arbeitsstab Wiederaufbauplanung, planners in Speer’s ministry and in the German Labor Front, scattered across Germany, seeking refuge in cities where they hoped to be able to work, either as private architect/planners or as employees of new city governments or even as employees of the occupying powers.
Reconstruction and Building Law
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

“Town planning is town-planning law turned into stone,” or so believed Germany’s postwar planners. Convinced that only strong planning and building laws could turn their plans into reality, all wanted to see the jumble of inherited state and local ordinances transformed into a new, coherent body of law. They feared that without new laws, the rebuilt cities would reproduce the flaws that afflicted the unplanned cities of the previous century.
Conclusion
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

In 1945, German planners and architects agreed that the war’s devastation offered Germany a unique opportunity to correct the failings of the urban blight produced by the industrial and population expansion of the second half of the nineteenth century. For them, this was the bright side of the catastrophe of World War II, and they envisioned a thorough modernization of the urban fabric. Consequently planners disliked the term Wiederaufbau—reconstruction—because it suggested a return to prewar conditions rather than a future orientation. As Darmstadt’s chief planner Peter Grund asked in 1952, “Can we and do we want to be satisfied with restoring what has been destroyed? Haven’t the spiritual and material bases of our lives to a great extent been transformed?” It was not the recreation of old cities that was needed but rather the building of new cities for modern conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

“Medicine has many faces. Whatever your interests and talents are, there is a place for you to express them in this profession.” These words have always stayed with me, even though they were spoken almost fifty years ago on a September day in a large auditorium at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. The speaker was the dean, Dr. John Mck. Mitchell, addressing the freshman class on its first official day. I was there as an observer, part of a team of research sociologists from Columbia University, just embarking on a study of medical education. Little did I realize that Dr. Mitchell’s words would apply to me as well as to the neophyte medical recruits. Within a few years, I was to become a faculty member of a medical school, embarked on a career that was just being identified with a name, “medical sociology.”
Country Competitiveness
Authors: Kogut Bruce
Published: November 2023

This is a book of contributed chapters, including detailed case studies, which demonstrates that competition, whether among countries or firms, is driven by advantages that cannot easily be imitated or diffused. Cheap labour can be imitated but is not desirable; capital moves easily across borders; new products are copied within a few years. What is difficult to imitate are the organizing practices of work, as applied to the factory, to the firm, and to the relations among firms and other institutions. The chapters are by an international group of scholars from the US, France, Germany, the UK, and Japan. Contributors: Giovanni Dosi, Bruce Kogut, Mark Fruin, Toshi Nishiguchi, John Dunning, David Parkinson, Christopher Midler, Florence Charue, Juliet Webster, D. Hugh Whittaker, Ulrich Juergens, Horst Kern, Michael Schumann, Arndt Sorge, Marc Maurice, James R. Lincoln, Eleanor D. Westney, Gary Herrigel
Introduction
Authors: Kogut Bruce
Published: November 2023

The history of the industrial world reveals striking cycles in economic leadership among countries. The first great industrial empire was the British. At the turn of this century, the United States was recognized as the preeminent economic power in the world. And, there is solid evidence to believe that current economic leadership is increasingly shared by Japan.
Rationalization and Work in German Industry
Authors: Schumann Horst Kern Michael
Published: November 2023

In Industriearbeit und Arbeiterbewusstsein (Industrial Work and Workers’ Consciousness), published in 1970, we argued that Taylorism was still in force in several German industries in the 1950s and 1960s. Work restructuring had caused a double polarization of the work force: between many unskilled workers and a few skilled ones within “direct” departments, on the one hand, and between a majority of direct workers and a minority of skilled indirect workers, on the other hand. But in a follow-up study, Das Ende der Arbeitsteilung? (The End of the Division of Labor?) published in 1984, we found many cases in which management could increase efficiency only by relaxing the division of labor and by utilizing the work force within a more complex and more highly integrated work organization. We concluded that the old Taylorist parallelism between increased efficiency on the one hand and downgrading and dequalification on the other had become outdated (Kern and Schumann 1989).
A French-style Sociotechnical Learning Process: The Robotization of Automobile Body Shops
Authors: Charue Christophe Midler Florence
Published: November 2023

Within a decade of the experimental introduction of the first robots in industry in the 1970s, robotics rapidly became the subject of national discussion in France, involving government, organized labor, and management (Bayart 1985). Media attention fell along two axes. Some commentators claimed that robotics would rapidly encompass all industry—an assertion not supported by any valid economic analysis. The profitability of these new machines, which involve heavy investments, was assumed. Another media focus was on robotics’ “social consequences,” including massive reduction of employment, expansion of swing shifts, uncertainty regarding future qualification requirements, and difficulty in reconverting the existing labor force.
The Governance of Japanese and U.S. Manufacturing Affiliates in the U.K.: Some Country-specific Differences
Authors: Dunning John H
Published: November 2023

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to country-specific characteristics affecting the competitiveness and strategic behavior of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their foreign affiliates (see, in particular, Dunning 1981, 1990, and Porter 1990). It has been found that as firms have increased the number and extent of their foreign operations, their ownership-specific advantages have become more related to the coordination of cross-border production and less to the competitive strengths that may have prompted the investment in the first place (Kogut 1983, Dunning 1988). Nonetheless, research has revealed noticeable country-specific differences, not only in the industrial and geographical patterns of MNE activity, but in the ownership and organizational structures of that activity and its impact on the economic welfare of host countries.
Disenthralling Sociology
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

In 1964, in part as a tribute to the late C. Wright Mills who had died two years earlier and in equal measure as an organizing device for sociologists concerned with the serious study of larger sociopolitical issues, I edited a volume entitled The New Sociology.1 However favorably this compendium was reviewed, the volume had only limited immediate impact on the profession. People interested in perfect methodological exercises hardly paused to worry about, much less take seriously, the need to look at the big picture; whereas the growing legion of sociological discontents to whom the book was also aimed were taken up with movement politics of one persuasion or another and had little time for or interest in sociological work.
Fascism, Communism, and Social Theory
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

The first three chapters emphasized the inner history and traditions of sociology—intellectual moorings that strongly determined its current malaise. But sociology also operates within larger intellectual contexts derived largely from an American experience that is selectively derived and defined. In Europe, the wartime conflict between Nazi Germany and Communist Russia polarized the two varieties of totalitarianism. The polarity also made possible a choice between bad (Nazi) and good (Communist) forms of totalitarianism. This spilled over into the postwar era and, indeed, made disbelievers in the Cold War out of a substantial portion of American academics—in particular, the sociologists. With the exception of a small handful of courageous figures, sociologists managed to go through the entire cycle of 1945–91 without producing a body of comparative analysis of democratic and totalitarian social structures. That silence of the sociological lambs itself serves to define the strange impact of the larger culture.
The Origins And Development Of Classical Hinduism
Authors: Basham A L
Published: November 2023

The late A.L. Basham was one of the world’s foremost authorities on ancient Indian culture and religion. Modeled on his monumental work The Wonder That Was India, this account of the origins and development of classical Hinduism represents a lifetime of reflection on the subject, and offers an intriguing introduction to one of the richest of all Asian traditions. Synthesizing Basham’s great knowledge of the art, architecture, literature, and religion of South Asia, this concise history traces the spiritual life of India from the time of the Indus Culture (around 2700 B.C.E) through the crystallization of classical Hinduism in the first centuries of the common era. It chronicles as well the rise of other mystical and ascetic traditions, such as Buddhism and Jainism, and follows Hinduism’s later incarnations in the West, making it an especially comprehensive introduction to the subject. Unlike Christianity or Islam, Hinduism was not inspired by single great prophet but rather evolved organically. The wide range of influences and sources--along with the great number of sacred texts in ancient languages--can make the Hindu system of faith and practice seem almost impenetrable to the uninitiated. With its vivid presentation of Hinduism’s sources--from the warrior Aryans to the wandering ascetics--and its clearly written explanations and analyses of the major Hindu texts--among them the Rg-veda, the Brahmanas, Upanishads, and the Mahabharata and Ramayana--The Origins of Classical Hinduism clarifies much of Hinduism’s enduring mystique. With an especially helpful bibliography, numerous illustrations of Hindu art never before published, and a lucid, accessible style, this book is must reading for anyone who has ever been intrigued by this fascinating religion.
Witnesses in the Wilderness
Authors: Petersen Rodney L
Published: November 2023

Speculation about our witnesses moved quickly in a variety of directions in seventeenth-century Anglo-American piety. Thomas Goodwin summarized what was hoped by those who carried our theme to the New World, that the temple built by the witnesses in “those churches in New England “ might be free of “corruptions and defilements, “ and constitute a “protection and sanctuary “ from the power of the Gentiles (Rev. 11:2), that is, from those churches left unreformed or halfreformed. This was their “errand into the wilderness, “ of the newly discovered continent. However constituted, it was soon difficult for many to outline the task precisely as it hinged upon the significance one gave to the religious upheaval, or Reformation, in the sixteenth century. Was it an event of temporal moment to be equated with Christ’s first Advent or merely another date on the apocalyptic calendar?3 Put differently, was the Church it birthed the faithful Church---or its members merely a faithful remnant, perhaps only a reforming order in some ways analogous to earlier medieval reform movements?
Women’s Works of Devotion: Feasts, Fairs, and Festivities
Authors: Brown Irene Q
Published: November 2023

These interview segments come from an anthropological study of a Lutheran Pietist congregation in modern-day Stockholm. They are the words of two women who will help us to understand an important aspect of the religious life of an older Episcopal woman from New England. She no longer goes to church every Sunday, but she has made a major commitment to the church’s soup kitchen, which I view as a significant expression of her spirituality.
Theory, Theology, and Episcopal Churchwomen
Authors: Miles Margaret R
Published: November 2023

Questions surrounding a theory of women’s participation in past and present American Episcopal churches may take two foci. First, the particular question about the present: Why do—or, more pointedly, how can—women participate in the Episcopal Church? The second focus is more general; it assumes that work on a particular content—women in Episcopal congregations-may also yield the possibility of a critique or nuancing of more wide-ranging theoretical questions, such as why women support patriarchal institutions. No doubt there are many problematic reasons for doing so, but are there any “good” reasons, and how can legitimate reasons be recognized and theorized? This essay will consider the second set of questions first, exploring some theoretical approaches to women’s activities in established institutions. I will tum then to the particular question, asking whether the theories we have examined can contribute to understanding women’s contemporary situation in the Episcopal Church.
The New Humanism As A Hermeneutics Of A “Participatory Morphology” And As A Spiritual Vision
Authors: Cave David
Published: November 2023

Eliade’s new humanism is a hermeneutical program of what I call a “participatory morphology.’’ However implicitly or explicitly he articulated a methodology, Eliade lived out the full implications of his hermeneutical discoveries. He lived in a constant dialogue between experience and method. The importance of this relationship between experience and method is understood when placed within the context of the hermeneutical tradition. Out of this tradition Eliade contributed his own transformative and universal hermeneutics of a distinctive style and vision.
Deception and Personal Wholeness
Authors: Rue Loyal
Published: November 2023

I have said that all human behavior can be construed in relation to a search for two goals, personal wholeness and social coherence, or as an expression of frustration at failure to attain them. This chapter explores the role of deception in the achievement of personal wholeness. The subject matter threatens to be complex and elusive, but at least the questions before us are simple and straightforward: What is a person? What constitutes personal wholeness? What is the role of deception in the achievement of personal wholeness?
Deception and Social Coherence
Authors: Rue Loyal
Published: November 2023

I Have suggested that human survival is contingent upon the achievement of two penultimate goals, personal wholeness and social coherence. In chapter 3 we considered the nature of personality, the conditions for personal wholeness, and the role of deception in the achievement of those conditions. The present chapter will be developed in a parallel fashion. Here we will ask: What is the nature of society? What are the conditions for social coherence? What is the role of deception in the achievement of the conditions for social coherence?

Any contemporary social theory must begin by reconciling evolutionary biology with the fact of sociality. It is an axiom of evolutionary biology that organisms are programmed in such ways as to maximize their own reproductive interests. But if self-interest is a given, then one might suppose that even a modicum of social order would be an unlikely possibility. If individuals are essentially self-serving, then one might expect that interactions between them would be so thoroughly fraught with conflicts of interest that a sustainable social order would be out of the question. But of course examples of social order are everywhere to be found and cannot be denied.
The Saving Grace of Noble Lies
Authors: Rue Loyal
Published: November 2023

The focus of this book is about to change. In the Introduction I indicated that the bulk of my argument would serve as a preface to a noble lie that might give us resources for reenchanting the universe despite the maladaptive truth of nihilism. Having done with the preface, we may now turn to the context and the substance of a noble lie for our troubled age.

In 1864 Pope Pius IX issued the Syllabus of Errors, a document listing eighty propositions which he condemned as unacceptable to faithful Christians. The document amounted to a wholesale rejection of modernity and a stern call to the Roman Catholic laity to hold fast to the conventions of medieval piety.
Conclusion
Authors: Lachmann Richard
Published: November 2023

Capitalism and nation-states were not created by visionaries or by grand strategists or by obsessive-compulsive Protestants. Elites and nonelites alike were rational in that they were aware of their own interests, they knew when they were endangered by enemies, they could accurately assess each party’s relative capacities, and they could chose allies in their struggles based on cold-blooded political considerations rather than sentiment or tradition. The new social relations and political institutions of early modem Europe developed step-by-step as cautious elites sought to preserve the privileges and powers they already enjoyed. The few elites whose series of mostly defensive maneuvers produced enormous and unanticipated changes in their societies never intended to create new social relations or new modes of production. They truly were capitalists in spite of themselves.
Prophetic Figures in Late Second Temple Jewish Palestine
Authors: Gray Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Based on a revised Oxford University doctoral dissertation, this work examines the evidence from Josephus for prophetic figures in Jewish Palestine in the late Second Temple period, approximately 150 BCE to 70CE. Recent years have seen renewed interest in the question of how Jesus of Nazareth should be classified in terms of religious or social "type." Was he a teacher, prophet, miracle-worker, magician, charismatic or militant revolutionary? Although there is no real consensus among New Testament scholars on this question, "prophet" is probably the leading contender. If this designation is to be meaningful, however, a clearer picture of first-century Jewish prophecy in general is essential. The present work is intended as a contribution towards a better understanding of Jewish prophecy around the time of Jesus. Josephus is without question our most important source of information about events in Palestine in this period. Although Josephus is often cited in works on early Jewish prophecy, however, there has until now been no separate study of this material. Gray here not only offers the first comprehensive examination of Josephus' writings on specific prophetic figures, but also analyses in detail his general views on prohecy and the prohetic claim he makes for himself.
Josephus and the Belief that Prophecy Had Ceased
Authors: Gray Rebecca
Published: November 2023

The interpretation of the evidence concerning individual prophetic figures in Jewish Palestine in the late Second Temple period has, to a very large degree, been determined by more general convictions about the nature and status of prophecy in this period. For that reason, this investigation begins with a discussion of these larger issues.
Translation from Arabic
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Until the Renaissance and the Reformation, that is, until the period when the great wave of translations from scriptures and classics began in the West, Arabic was probably the most widely translated language in the world, both in the number of books translated and in the number of languages into which these translations were made. Arabic was therefore also the language in connection with which the problems of translation had been most carefully and systematically considered. It may be noted in passing that the first book ever printed in England was the Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, printed in 1477. This was an English version of an Arabic original, the Kitiib Mukhtar al-Hikam wa-Mahasin al-Kilam, written in about the middle of the eleventh or early twelfth century by a certain Mubashir ibn Patik. The first critical edition of the Arabic text appeared in 1958.
The Question of Orientalism
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Imagine a situation in which a group of patriots and radicals from Greece decides that the profession of classical studies is insulting to the great heritage of Hellas and that those engaged in these studies, known as classicists, are the latest manifestation of a deep and evil conspiracy, incubated for centuries, hatched in Western Europe, fledged in America, the purpose of which is to denigrate the Greek achievement and subjugate the Greek lands and peoples. In this perspective, the entire European tradition of classical studies-largely the creation of French romantics, British colonial governors (of Cyprus, of course), and poets, professors, and proconsuls from both countries-is a long-standing insult to the honor and integrity of Hellas and a threat to its future. The poison has spread from Europe to the United States, where the teaching of Greek history, language, and literature in the universities is dominated by the evil race of classicists-men and women who are not of Greek origin, who have no sympathy for Greek causes, and who, under a false mask of dispassionate scholarship, strive to keep the Greek people in a state of permanent subordination.
Other People’s History
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In his famous visionary poem “Locksley Hall,” written in 1842, the English poet Tennyson expresses a view, fairly common at that time, of the relative importance of European and Oriental history: “Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.” Cathay of course is China, and a cycle of Cathay implies that although the history of China is very long, it consists of meaningless repetition. Europe, in contrast, is a place where things happen, important things, and quickly.
The Return of Islam
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In the great medieval French epic of the wars between Christians and Saracens in Spain, the Chanson de Roland) the Christian poet endeavors to give his readers or, rather, listeners some idea of the Saracen religion. According to this vision, the Saracens worshiped a trinity consisting of three persons: Muhammad, the founder of their religion, and two others, both of them devils, Apollin and Tervagant. To us this seems comic, and we are amused by medieval man unable to conceive of religion or indeed of anything else except in his own image. Since Christendom worshiped its founder in association with two other entities, the Saracens also had to worship their founder, and he too had to be one of a trinity, with two demons co-opted to make up the number. In the same spirit one finds special correspondents of European and American newspapers describing the civil war in Lebanon in terms of right-wing and left-wing factions. Just as medieval Christian man could conceive of religion only in terms of a trinity, so his modem descendant can conceive of politics only in terms of a theology or, as we say nowadays, ideology, of left-wing and right-wing forces and factions.
Religious Coexistence and Secularism
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The term “coexistence,” as it is used at the present time, implies a willingness to live at peace, and perhaps even in mutual respect, with others. It might therefore be useful to begin with a glance at the notion of “otherness,” which, no doubt as a result of the conspicuous failures of coexistence-religious, national, racial, social, ideological-in our century, has received a good deal of attention of late.
Diffusion Flames
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A
Published: November 2023

Unlike premixed flames, diffusion flames do not have a burning velocity. Interest therefore lies in their internal structure, in their rates of energy release, in rates of transport of fuel and oxidizer into the flame (burning rates), and in necessary conditions for their existence and extinction. For many purposes, diffusion-flame investigations become investigations of transport phenomena. Transport rates are of critical importance in the burning of fuel droplets, in the burning of liquid pools, and in the burning of solid slabs of fuel, for example; two distinct phases (states of matter) must be considered in these processes.
Flammability, Explosions, And Detonations
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A
Published: November 2023

There is both fundamental and practical interest in knowing what constitutes a combustible mixture capable of experiencing deflagration or detonation and in determining what it takes to ignite such a mixture or to make it produce the strong pressure pulses normally associated with explosions. These problems in flammability, ignition, and explosions are addressed in the present chapter. They involve the self-acceleratory character of combustion and the definition of critical conditions needed for self-acceleratory behavior to occur. Some of the experimental observations, as well as theoretical approaches that describe them, will be reviewed.
Turbulent Combustion
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A
Published: November 2023

In most practical combustion devices the flow is turbulent. Therefore there has always been strong applied interest in turbulent combustion. Thus far we have studiously avoided mentioning turbulence, except where absolutely necessary, because of the complications that it introduces. Important combustion principles can be defined and understood much more easily without considering turbulence. The presentation of these principles has now been completed, and the stage therefore is set to proceed to address questions of turbulent combustion. This subject is approached here keeping in mind the basic combustion ideas of the previous chapters. The orientation will stress fundamentals and the inherent scientific interest in this complex subject, paying less attention to seeking answers to practical problems.
Ambience and Embodiment of Transcendental Dreams
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: November 2023

One significant influence on American interest in Asian religions was trade, for it was through trade and missionary accounts that most Americans in the nineteenth century encountered artifacts of or references to Asian culture. Of course, the Transcendentalists were literati, and their knowledge of Asian religious and philosophical teachings came largely through European scholarship and translation, which we consider primarily in the context of Transcendentalist books and articles. But the ambience within which Tran scendentalism appeared was conditioned by American trade connections to Asian countries. Although it is impossible to discuss here in any depth the history of American commerce with Asian countries, it is important to recognize the general patterns of American trade with Asia from the 1830s to the 1880s.
Transcendentalist Periodicals and the Orient
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: November 2023

Throughout its history, the Transcendentalist movement generated periodicals in order to disseminate its various viewpoints. Although these journals at first seem remarkably diverse-ranging from the quasi-millennialism of The Harbinger to the literary elite published in The Dial to the liberal religious contentiousness of The Radical and The Index-in fact Transcendentalist periodicals maintained some continuity from the 1830s to the 1880s. With occasional exceptions, all the periodicals share a secular millennialism, a religious liberalism, and an editors’ and contributors’ attraction to what might be called nascent comparative religion. All of the Transcendentalist periodicals can be defined by their relation to Emersonian Transcendentalism, and all reflect, sometimes in peculiar ways, the characteristic American ideology of progress that conditioned virtually the whole of Transcendentalist Orientalism.
A Last Stern Struggle: Henry Highland Garnet and Liberation Theory
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

At least one generation of Garnets had died in Maryland slavery and two more, by the time of Henry Highland Garnet’s birth in 1815, faced that possibility. Indeed, oppression in the Garnet family was aggravated as births and deaths took place, leaving an influence on Henry that he later drew on in formulating his strategy for making slaves aware of the consequences of continued degradation in slavery. His grandfather had gone through the whole process of captivity in Africa, the middle passage, and enslavement in America, where he also saw his offspring, Henry’s father, enslaved.
“I Want to Be African”:Paul Robeson and the Ends of Nationalist Theory and Practice, 1914-1945
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

With displays of scholarly and athletic brilliance, Paul Robeson won attention at Rutgers during World War I. After Columbia Law, he revealed such light as an artist that he was hailed as the finest bass-baritone in the world and as one of the leading actors of his time. All the while, he was fashioning a theory of culture to help liberate his people and, increasingly, to support the cause of the oppressed, irrespective of race. For nearly fifty years his devotion to peoples of African descent, mount ing even as his interest in other peoples gained ground, was the motive power behind his political and intellectual endeavors.
Paul Robeson’s Here I Stand
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

A discussion of Robeson’s early life, “A Home in That Rock” goes far toward explaining why Robeson was later able to affirm, in remarkable measure, the revolutionary ethic at the heart of the song. Robeson’s roots were established in a religion that reveals African influences through musical creativity that allows virtually no break between the sacred and the secular; indeed, the sacred music could be said to contain seeds of the blues and jazz that bloomed in the first decade of Robeson’s life. The role of the Negro home in that process deserves attention, especially when that home was, as was Paul Robeson’s, headed by a minister: “Here in this little hemmed-in world where home must be theatre and concert hall and social center, there was a warmth of song.
Going Through the Storm: The Great Singing Movements of the Sixties
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

Betty Mae Fikes recalled that the influence of her courageous grandmother was so profound that she felt she was “born into the movement.” With that special relationship to its past and present, she was keen that the movement not be misrepresented: “We are taking the place prepared for us by King; so we must get our history right. We must lay the foundation for others.” The importance of the movement in her life was unmistakable, and it brought back a rush of memories: “I see around me now all the beautiful people who made me what I am today. I could be calling names from now until midnight and still be calling them. The movement must be experienced before you can understand it.” As “Nobody Knows the Trouble I See” was being sung in the background, she confessed: “When I’m down and out, I hum it out, sing my Gospel, hug myself real tight, and look up. Someone greater than us understands. Gospel is our heritage.”
Working Without a Net
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2023

In this book Foley offers a major new theory of rationality. His aim is to escape the ‘doldrums of Descartes’ by lowering the standard for what is rational from his impossibly demanding level of certainty. Foley takes a belief’s being rational as a matter of its seeming from some perspective to be objectively likely to be true. This makes for an attractive mix of subjective and objective components in his concept of rationality. The subjective component makes rationality attainable; the objective component preserves the discipline of external constraint.
Women, Love, and Virtue in the Thought of Edwards and Franklin
Authors: Bloch Ruth H
Published: November 2023

As major American intellectuals in the midst of the transition from Puritanism to the new Protestant middle-class morality of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin stood at an important juncture in the development of ideas about women and marital love. Although neither of them wrote extensively about relationships between men and women, their often implicit ideas reveal difficulties they had reconciling traditional Puritan with newer points of view. Their shared preoccupation with human morality, as well as their personal relationships with women, unavoidably raised basic questions about the role of human attachment in the generation of virtue. Their often internally contradictory answers to these questions at once resisted and encouraged broader changes in the American cultural understanding of women and love. The Puritans before them, as many historians have shown, accorded marriage fundamental social value as the core of the “little commonwealth” of the family. Regarded as the basic unit of society, familial relationships served as the primary locus of religious education and the enforcement of the moral code.
Introduction
Authors: Colle Ralph Del
Published: November 2023

Amid the renaissance of christologies proposed by Roman Catholic theologians since the Second Vatican Council there has been an important substream that we may identify as Spirit-christology. Spirit, Spirit-orientated, pneumatological or pneumatologically orientated christologies have all been mentioned as serious options for theological reflection and construction. As an alternative christological model, Spiritchristology can be proposed as a substitute for traditional Logos-christology; but for the most part, with only slight exception, Catholic theologians have envisaged Spiritchristology as a complement. to Logos-christology, hoping to enhance the older model with a much needed pneumatological element.
“A Good Enough England”: Foreign Relations in the Gilded Age, 1877–1893
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

By 1882, many Americans insisted that their country must control an isthmian canal, and when Great Britain showed no willingness to scrap the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, providing for joint ownership and operation, the ever brash New York Herald offered its trans-Atlantic cousin some gratuitous advice. If Britain felt compelled to impose its designs on other peoples, the Herald opined, it should “take another turn” at the Boers, the Zulus, or the Afghans. “She need not bother with this side of the sea. We are a good enough England for this hemisphere.”
Nixon, Kissinger, and the End of the Postwar Era, 1969–1974
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

It was an act without precedent in the annals of twentieth-century U.S. diplomacy: the odd couple of President Richard M. Nixon and National Security Adviser Henry A. Kissinger devising and implementing a foreign policy imaginative in concept and radical in some of its essential elements. The two men perceived the dramatic changes that had occurred since the end of World War II and set out to craft what Nixon called a “new approach to foreign policy to match a new era of international relations.”1 Keenly aware of the relative decline in U.S. power, they adapted by exploiting the rivalry between their two Communist adversaries, scaling back commitments, and using regional powers to promote world order. These self-styled realists operated in the manner of the great nineteenth-century European diplomatists they so admired. Shutting out the foreign policy bureaucracy, Congress, and indeed the nation, acting in secrecy and often with great dramatic flair, they pulled off in 1972—their year of triumph— breathtaking achievements, grandly staged summits in Moscow and more incredibly in Beijing, and the possibility of peace in Vietnam, helping to seal Nixon’s smashing reelection victory in November.
Inhomogeneous Superconductors
Authors: Šimánek Eugen
Published: November 2023

This monograph provides an up-to-date introduction to the theory of quantum fluctuations in inhomogeneous superconducting materials. It is suitable as a graduate text as it has grown out of the author’s extensive notes from a graduate-level course several years previously. Since then, the material has been constantly updated and revised with the result that this book is the most current one on the important and wide-ranging topic of inhomogeneous superconductors.
Regular Arrays without Dissipation
Authors: Šimánek Eugen
Published: November 2023

Superconducting phase transitions in granular systems have been a target of intensive research for more than two decades. One class of such systems consists of bulk grains (diameter< 50 µm)weakly coupled through Josephson point contacts. Samples of this kind are made by pressing together, in an epoxy resin, slightly oxidized superconducting grains. Rosenblatt et al. (1970) have studied the resistivities of arrays, consisting of about 106 point contacts between the Nb grains.
Two-Dimensional Superconductors
Authors: Šimánek Eugen
Published: November 2023

So far we have considered phase transitions in arrays that exhibit conventional order (with (cos θ) ≠ 0) in the superconducting phase. Three dimensional arrays with or without charging energy belong to this category. For two-dimensional arrays with charging energy one must distinguish between the T= 0 and the finite-temperature regimes. According to Section 2.9, the partition function for T= 0 can be mapped onto that of a classical (2 +1)-dimensional problem, which exhibits conventional ordering and a phase transition into a disordered phase upon increasing the charging energy.
Introduction
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

The three states of matter, solid, liquid, and gas, are well known to us. As the temperature is elevated, solid is liquefied and liquid is evaporated to form a gaseous state. If we further increase the temperature, the molecules constituting the gas are decomposed into atoms and the atoms are then decomposed into electrons and positively charged ions. The degree of ionization increases as the temperature rises. For the case of hydrogen gas at normal pressure, the ionization becomes almost complete at a temperature of about 2-3 x 104 K or 2-3 eV. The fully ionized gas formed in this way is called high-temperature plasma. It consists of a large number of negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons, both electron and protons moving at high speed randomly. The neg negative charge of the electrons cancels the net positive charge of the protons in the plasma. This is called the overall charge neutrality of the plasma.
The Tyranny of Taxonomy
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

A significant portion of my childhood, including some of its most pleasant moments, was spent around the dining room table where my parents, my sister, and I gathered each day for the ritual of our evening meal. The seating arrangement was absolutely invariant, nor (so far as I can recall) did the possibility of variation ever occur to any of us. Always my father and mother sat facing one another at that end of the table which we all understood to be its head.
The Secularization of Conscience
Authors: Mosko Charles C , Chambers II John Whiteclay
Published: November 2023

If the citizen soldier can be traced back to the origins of the modern Western state, an equally durable social type is the conscientious objector to military service. Conscientious objection is at the core of the individual’s relationship to the state because it challenges what is generally seen as the most basic of civic obligations-— the duty to defend one’s country. At the same time, allowing the right to refuse to bear arms has become a hallmark of the liberal democratic society. Although conscientious objection is a long-standing phenomenon, only in recent times has it become a major factor affecting armed forces and society. What we call the “new conscientious objection” differs from the old in motive, size, and extent. The contemporary refusal to bear arms is likely to be more secular than religious in origin, to be a widespread rather than marginal occurrence, and to include service people in uniform as well as conscription resisters. No general account of civil-military relations in liberal industrialized democracies is complete without a reference to principled resistance to military service.