bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of SARS-Cov-2 on Clinical Trial Unit workforce in the United Kingdom; An observational study
Authors: Delanerolle Gayathri , Hu Jintong , Cavalini Heitor , Yardley Lucy , Barnard-Kelly Katharine , Elliot Katheryn , Raymont Vanessa , Rathod Shanaya , Shi Jian Qing , Phiri Peter
Published: July 2022

Objective

The clinical trial unit (CTU) workforce in the UK have been delivering COVID-19 research since the inception of the pandemic. Challenges associated with COVID-19 research have impacted the global healthcare communities differently. Thus, the overall objective of the study was to determine the mental health impact among CTU staff working during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design

A mixed-methods based observational study was designed using a new workforce impact questionnaire using validated mental health assessments of Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pandemic Stress Index (PSI), Burnout Assessment Too-12 (BAT-12), General Self Efficacy Scale (GSE) and The Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS).

Setting

The Qualtrics platform was used to deploy the questionnaire where a quantitative analysis was conducted. The qualitative part of the study used the Microsoft Teams digital application to complete the interviews.

Participants

All participants were CTU staff within the United Kingdom.
Mechanistic model for booster doses effectiveness in healthy, cancer and immunosuppressed patients infected with SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Voutouri Chrysovalantis , Hardin C. Corey , Naranbhai Vivek , Nikmaneshi Mohammad R. , Khandekar Melin J. , Gainor Justin F , Stylianopoulos Triantafyllos , Munn Lance L. , Jain Rakesh K.
Published: July 2022

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are effective at limiting disease severity, but effectiveness is lower among patients with cancer or immunosuppression. Effectiveness wanes with time and varies by vaccine type. Moreover, vaccines are based on the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein that emerging variants may evade. Here, we describe a mechanistic mathematical model for vaccination-induced immunity, validate it with available clinical data, and predict vaccine effectiveness for varied vaccine platforms in the setting of variants with ability to escape immunity, increased virulence, or enhanced transmissibility. We further account for concurrent cancer or underlying immunosuppression. The model confirms enhanced immunogenicity following booster vaccination in immunosuppressed patients but predicts at least one more booster dose is required for these individuals to maintain protection. We further studied the impact of variants on immunosuppressed individuals as a function of the interval between multiple booster doses. Our model is useful for planning future vaccinations, and tailoring strategies to risk groups.

Significance Statement

Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are effective at preventing COVID-19 or limiting disease severity in healthy individuals, but effectiveness is lower among patients with cancer or immunosuppression. Here, we address the need for predictions of vaccine effectiveness over time by building on our mathematical framework to account for vaccination-induced immunity. A booster dose of both mRNA vaccines can induce a robust enhancement of both antibody levels and numbers of pertinent types of adaptive immune cells, which is predicted to provide sufficient protection for more than one year in healthy patients. However, our model suggests that for immunosuppressed people or patients with cancer receiving an immunosuppressive treatment, the booster effect may wane, and perhaps could be considered on a more frequent basis.
A signal-seeking Phase II trial of Durvalumab and Tremelimumab Focused on Advanced, Rare and Less Common Cancers
Authors: Thavaneswaran Subotheni , Lin Frank P , Kansara Maya , Grady John P , Espinoza David , Joshua Anthony M , Grimison Peter , Craft Paul , Cosman Rasha , Lee Chee , Harwood Kathleen , Chinchen Sarah , Corpuz Theresa , Ballinger Mandy , Sebastian Lucille , Simes John , Thomas David
Published: July 2022

Immune checkpoint blockade impedes the negative regulatory signals for T-cell response and permits more effective immune detection and eradication of cancer cells. This single-arm phase II clinical trial (ACTRN12616001019493) within the Molecular Screening and Therapeutics (MoST) program evaluates the clinical activity and safety of combination immunotherapy with durvalumab and tremelimumab in patients with advanced cancers, prioritsing rare cancers (<6 per 100,000 annual incidence) and patients having failed standard treatments for their cancer type.

Methods

Eligible patients were determined by the molecular tumour board based on the absence of actionable genomic findings (n=64) and biomarker enriched (n=48) at screening. Patients received durvalumab 1500 mg and tremelimumab 75 mg every four weeks for 4 cycles, followed by durvalumab alone for another 9 cycles. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS6) and secondary endpoints included objective response, time to progression (TTP) on trial to TTP on prior therapy (TTP2/TTP1>1.3), overall survival and treatment tolerability.

Results

Between December 2016 and 2019, 112 patients were enrolled on the study. There was a female predominance (55%), most had an ECOG performance status of 0 (66%), aged <65 years (75%), with rare cancers (84%). The PFS6 rate was 32% (95% CI 23 to 40%); 16 of 112(14%) achieved an objective response; TTP2/TTP1>1.3 for 22 of 63 (35%) patients with an evaluable ratio; median overall survival 11.9 months (95% CI 11.0 to 14.8), and there were no new safety concerns. High tumour cell PD-L1 correlated with improved PFS and OS and TMB with PFS alone. More PD-1+CD4+ T-cells and circulating follicular T-helper (cTfh) cells at baseline were strongly associated with better PFS and OS.

Conclusion

Durvalumab plus tremelimumab demonstrated a signal of clinical activity in treatment-refractory patients with rare cancers. A PFS6 of 32% and 35% of patients achieving a TTP2/TTP1>1.3 suggests an improved disease trajectory on trial. Translational correlates provided insights into biological associations with clinical outcomes across tumour types.
Booked Appointments System: An evaluation of the acceptability and feasibility of booked appointments in a large HIV clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Long Lawrence , Batiancila Rachel , Girdwood Sarah , Majuba Pappie , Lince-Deroche Naomi
Published: July 2022

Background

Long queues and overcrowding are common in many of South Africa’s public healthcare facilities and may negatively impact on the quality of care provided. In HIV-related services, this problem may also affect retention. Healthcare facilities that rely on a system of patient appointments scheduled by day, and not by time, may exacerbate these issues. This study aims to improve retention and care by understanding the challenges and advantages related to the current system of booking appointments and assessing the potential for alternative systems.

Methods

The study was conducted in Johannesburg, South Africa at an outpatient HIV treatment clinic set within a large, urban secondary-level teaching hospital. The study is cross-sectional and includes structured interviews with providers and patients. Medical records are linked with patient interviews and observations to determine actual waiting times.

Results

245 patients and 6 providers were interviewed. Of the patients interviewed, 64% were female, and 96% were Black African. Nearly a fifth of patients (19%) lost an average of USD 32 in income when attending their appointment. The most common reason for missing an appointment was that they could not be absent from work (40%), but despite this most respondents (65%) do not believe they face any challenges with the current system of booking appointments. Being able to arrive at a time convenient for them was considered a benefit by many (49%), but some (29%) recognized that this may result in overcrowding. The majority of respondents were in favor of appointments offered as a block of time in the morning or afternoon (88%) as well as appointments after work hours (85%). In comparison only just over half (58%) were in favor of booking appointments at a specific time. Most respondents (79%) believe the largest benefit to morning/afternoon block appointments would be the ability to show up at their own convenience during the block of time.

Conclusions

Patients value convenience highly. This may be explained by the need to be flexible around work schedules and transport options. It might be worth exploring a booking system in which patients are given a morning or afternoon appointment rather than a day. This may improve the distribution of patients throughout the day and as a result retention and care in a high-prevalence HIV setting.
3D-Printing in Radiation Oncology: Development and Validation of Custom 3D-Printed Brachytherapy Alignment Device and Phantom
Authors: Provenzano Destie , Aghdam Hamid , Goyal Sharad , Loew Murray , Rao Yuan James
Published: July 2022

Brachytherapy seeks to treat cancer through insertion of radioactive sources aligned by needles within standardized blocking templates. However, many patients have anatomy that does not conform to standard tools. We created a 3D printed device to provide customized needle alignment for a patient. Device was validated through CT scan and treatment plan creation on a custom anatomical phantom based on patient data. CT scan of a cervix tumor from anonymized patient data was used to develop a 3D printed brachytherapy alignment tool and phantom anatomical mold. Multiple materials were evaluated to match patient anatomy in density and Hounsfield Units present on CT scan, with additional considerations for toxicity, compliance, and practicality. Alignment device and molds were developed in PLA. Silicone of T20 hardness was used to create relevant anatomical organs (Uterus, Rectum, Bladder). Tumor tissue was mimicked by addition of 1CC of Iodine contrast agent to silicone. Device and needles were arranged, inserted into anatomical phantom, and scanned by CT to mimic brachytherapy procedure. 3D printed Silicone uterus of 1.08 g/cm^3 and 40 HU mimicked human uterus on CT scan. Constructed uterus dimensions of 6.5 cm x 5.5 cm x 3.3 cm were verified on imaging to be within + 1 mm of original patient scan. The 1 CC of contrast agent provided sufficient differentiation of “tumor” ring from “tissue.” CT scan and treatment plan creation verified that the alignment device provided correction insertion of needles into the phantom tumor tissue and uterus. This pilot study provides a potential methodology to develop future anatomical phantoms and alignment devices from CT scans of patient data. Additional modifications could make this a viable training tool for future residents and medical students to learn brachytherapy.

Key Points

3D printing can be leveraged to create a Brachytherapy alignment device from patient’s anatomy.

Anatomical phantom can be generated from 3D printing for use testing device or for training.

Relevant materials to create phantom that mimic patient’s anatomy on CT scan.

Generation of a treatment plan based on CT scan was able to validate device and phantom
Characterization of an ant colony (Paraponera clavata) during rest and relocation phases: an experimentally induced protocol
Authors: Rodriguez Alexandra , Fresneau Dominique , Cabanesa Guénaël
Published: July 2022

Understanding societies of individuals is a challenging task. In several ant species individuals seem to have the same physical characteristics and, in principle, could assume any role the social environment requires. However, most ants’ societies present a caste organization in their colonies with particular roles. For the biologist understanding the complex dynamics ruling a colony is hard due to the difficulty of collecting and classifying long term ant activities in the field. The relocation phenomena which generally correspond to perturbation phases suffered by ant colonies are critical moments in the colony history and require rapid and effective response from workers in order to ensure the survival of the colony and its setup in a new safe nest. How the colonial group deals with this process? Is there a particular organization of the workers during the relocation periods? Here, we applied an experimentally induced protocol in the laboratory combined with behavioral observations and hierarchical classifications in order to identify social roles in a ponerine species,Paraponera clavata, and the repartition of labor during two resting periods and two relocation phases. The method provided significant information concerning the social dynamics of ant colonies and contribute to understand how species copes with a novel and stressing situation conducing to the occupation of a novel available nest.
Transcriptome network analysis link perinatalStaphylococcus epidermidisinfection to microglia reprogramming in the immature hippocampus
Authors: Gravina Giacomo , Ardalan Maryam , Chumak Tetyana , Rydbeck Halfdan , Wang Xiaoyang , Ek Carl Joakim , Mallard Carina
Published: July 2022

Staphylococcus epidermidis(S. epidermidis) is the most common nosocomial pathogen in preterm infants and associated with increased risk of cognitive delay, however, underlying mechanisms are unknown. We employed morphological, transcriptomic and physiological methods to extensively characterize microglia in the immature hippocampus followingS. epidermidisinfection. 3D morphological analysis revealed activation of microglia afterS. epidermidis. Differential expression combined with network analysis identified NOD-receptor signalling and trans-endothelial leukocyte trafficking as major mechanisms in microglia. In support, active caspase-1 was increased in the hippocampus and using the LysM-eGFP knock-in transgenic mouse, we demonstrate infiltration of leukocytes to the brain together with disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Our findings identify activation of microglia inflammasome as a major mechanism underlying neuroinflammation following infection. The results demonstrate that neonatalS. epidermidisinfection share analogies with S. aureus and neurological diseases, suggesting a previously unrecognized important role in neurodevelopmental disorders in preterm born children.
Analytical editorial: Ensuring the future of our world: innovation, management and governance for sustainable growth
Authors: Alonso Dos Santos Manuel , Huertas González-Serrano María , Staniewski Marcin Waldemar
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This article presents the Special Issue (SI, 35-2) of ARLA, edited (not exclusively) with the best articles from the specialized conference of the Academy of Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Knowledge (ACIEK, 2021) conference and performs a bibliometric analysis on innovation, management, governance and sustainable growth.

Design/methodology/approach

Guest editors conduct a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the scholarly literature by examining the characteristics of publications and how articles published in this SI contribute to their growth.

Findings

Innovation, management and governance for sustainable growth is an area that revolves around five points: (1) sustainable innovation in SMEs, (2) technological innovation, social capital and information patents to create value chains and financial development in the textile industry, (3) knowledge management and competitiveness for growth and productivity, (4) social entrepreneurship, business ecosystems and startups for sustainable development and (5) marketing-based business strategies for sustainable development.

Practical implications

From the analysis conducted, it is concluded that more research is needed on knowledge management and competitiveness in developing countries, such as Latin American and African countries, and to compare the results with more developed countries.
Lean manufacturing and firms’ financial performance: the role of strategic supplier partnership and information sharing
Authors: Islami Xhavit
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of strategic supplier partnership and moderating role of information sharing (IS), in the relationship between lean manufacturing and firms’ financial performance (FP).

Design/methodology/approach

Utilizing the contingency approach, this study develops a research model to validate the proposition that a proper integration of supply chain (SC) practices enhances the financial performance of the firm. The study uses data from one hundred and fifty-seven manufacturing firms. The results are generated on structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS software.

Findings

The study finds that strategic supplier partnership partially mediates the relationship between lean manufacturing and FP, whereas, empirically, it could not demonstrate that IS significantly moderates the relationship between lean manufacturing and FP.

Practical implications

The paper theoretically develops logic for and empirically shows that strategic supplier partnership is an appropriate practice for mediating the impact of lean manufacturing on FP.

Originality/value

This strategic supply chain integration contributes to theory and demonstrates that SC practices’ correct synchronization and orchestration may realize superior FP. In addition, this research provides a sustainable strategic SC model that creates value and provides a competitive advantage for firms in the long term.
Experimental study on performance of CFRP-strengthened RC beams with geopolymer and epoxy
Authors: Liu Baocheng , Liu Jinliang , Wen Yanqian , Hu Qinglin , Liu Liang , Zhao Shili
Published: July 2022

Purpose

In this paper, to obtain shear and bending performance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-strengthened beams bonded by geopolymers, the effects of impregnated adhesive types, strengthened scheme, CFRP layer and pre-cracked width are investigated, and the performance of CFRP-strengthened beams is validated by the establishment of Finite Element Models (FEMs).

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, static loading test and finite element analysis of epoxy-CFRP-strengthened (ECS) and geopolymer-CFRP-strengthened (GCS) were carried out, and the bearing capacity and stiffness were compared, the results show that GCS reinforced concrete (RC) beam is feasible and effective.

Findings

The bearing capacity, crack distribution and development, load–deflection curves of GCS RC beams with different pre-crack widths were investigated. The reinforcement effect of geopolymer achieves the same as epoxy, effectively improving the ultimate bearing capacity of the beam, with a maximum increase rate of 28.9%. The failure mode of CFRP is broken in the yield failure stage of GCS RC beam with reasonable strengthening form, and the utilization rate of CFRP is improved. CFRP-strengthened layers, pre-cracked widths significantly affect the mechanical properties, and deformation properties of the strengthened beams.

Originality/value

Compared with ECS RC beams, the bearing capacity and stiffness of GCS RC beams are similar to or even better, indicating that GCS RC beam is feasible and effective. It is a new method for CFRP-strengthened beams, which not only conforms to the concept of national ecological civilization construction, but also provides an economical, environmentally friendly and excellent performance solution for structural reinforcement.
Overwhelmed by family, but supported by likeminded, trustworthy coworkers: effects on role ambiguity and championing behaviors
Authors: De Clercq Dirk , Pereira Renato
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This study addresses how and when the experience of family-induced work strain might steer employees away from efforts to promote innovative ideas. In particular, it proposes a mediating role of role ambiguity and moderating roles of two coworker resources (goal congruence and goodwill trust) in this process.

Design/methodology/approach

The research hypotheses are tested with data obtained from a survey administered among employees who work in a professional services organization.

Findings

An important explanatory mechanism that links family interference with work to diminished championing efforts is that employees hold beliefs that their job roles are unclear. The extent to which employees share work-related mindsets with coworkers, as well as their belief that coworkers are trustworthy, attenuate this harmful effect.

Practical implications

For HR managers, the study shows a clear danger that threatens employees who feel drained by significant family demands: The negative situation may escalate into work-related complacency (diminished championing), which then may generate even more hardships. As it also reveals though, employees can leverage high-quality coworker relationships to contain this danger.

Originality/value

This study adds to HR management research by investigating the role of negative spillovers from family to work in predicting idea championing, as explained by negative beliefs about job-related information deficiencies but buffered by high-quality coworker relationships.
Knockout of cardiac troponin I‐interacting kinase leads to cardiac dysfunction and remodelling
Authors: Qu Huilin , Zhang Yue , Zhang Wei , Zhu Yaxin , Xu Ruixia
Published: July 2022

Cardiac troponin I‐interacting kinase (TNNI3K) is a cardiac‐specific kinase that has been identified as a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases. However, the biological function of TNNI3K in cardiac dysfunction and remodelling remains elusive. In the present study, a Tnni3k cardiomyocyte‐specific knockout (Tnni3k‐cKO) mouse model was established. Echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function in mice. Heart failure markers were detected using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Haematoxylin and eosin staining, wheat germ agglutinin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, Sirius red staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to assess histopathological changes, cardiac hypertrophy, collagen deposition and myocardial apoptosis, respectively. Expression levels of TNNI3K, apoptosis‐related proteins, and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase were measured using Western blot analysis. Compared to wild‐type controls, cardiac dysfunction and cardiac remodelling of Tnni3k‐cKO mice increased gradually with age. Tnni3k‐cKO mice exhibited cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Upregulation of cleaved caspase‐3 in Tnni3k‐cKO mice appeared to be related to phosphorylation and activation of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling pathway. In conclusion, this study shows that TNNI3K is essential for cardiac development and function, providing new insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cardiac diseases.
Dural arteriovenous fistulae at the lateral foramen magnum: A series of two microsurgical cases
Authors: Law Him Pui , Zhuang Tin Fong , He Elvin Zhexi , Lui Hannaly Cheuk Hang , Wong George Kwok Chu
Published: July 2022

Aim

To study specific vascular anatomy of dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVFs) locating at the foramen magnum in patients admitted to our centre in the past year (2019–2020), and to evaluate effectiveness of microsurgical disconnection of DAVFs alone.

Patients and Methods

Two male patients were included. Neuroimaging results obtained on admission, including computer tomography, digital subtraction angiography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, were studied and compared. Digital subtraction angiography with selective injection to the external carotid artery was particularly explored to trace main feeding arteries and draining veins of DAVFs.

Results

Both patients had diffuse subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), particularly anterior to the medulla on initial computer tomography of the brain. Branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery were identified as main feeding arteries. Draining veins included anterior/posterior spinal veins and pterygopalatine venous plexus. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed DAVFs at the level of foramen magnum to C1 vertebra. Complete occlusion was achieved with far‐lateral microsurgical approach, with intra‐operative indocyanine green injection confirming no filling of venous pouch. Post‐operative follow‐up digital subtraction angiography demonstrated no angiographic evidence of residual DAVFs or new haemorrhages.

Conclusion

DAVFs at the foramen magnum could present as SAH. A combination of neuroimaging methods aid diagnosis and identification of underlying vascular anatomy. Satisfactory outcomes with complete occlusion were achieved with microsurgical approach alone.
Vertebroplasty with high‐viscosity cement versus conventional kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Kou Yu‐hui , Zhang Dian‐ying , Zhang Jin‐dong , Han Na , Yang Ming
Published: July 2022

Background

To evaluate outcomes following percutaneous vertebroplasty with high viscosity cement (PVP‐HVC) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) with normal‐viscosity cement in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs).

Methods

Pertinent studies were retrieved by searching five electronic databases up to July 2021. Additional records were identified via hand‐searching of related references. Risk ratio (RR) and weighted mean difference (WMD), with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated. A trial sequential analysis (TSA) was done for cement leakage.

Results

Twelve studies, embracing 1050 patients with OVCFs, were included. PVP‐HVC was superior to PKP with normal‐viscosity cement regarding risk of cement leakage (RR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54–0.83, I2: 45.1%) and operation time (WMD: −11.26, 95% CI: −14.78 to −8.34, I2: 88.8%). However, TSA revealed that a sufficient level of evidence for leakage reduction may have yet to be reached. PKP groups had a significant decrease in Cobb's angles postoperatively (within 1 month, WMD: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.85–3.48, I2: 0%; after 1 year, WMD: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.35–4.01, I2: 0%). There are no significant differences between the two procedures pertaining to injected cement volume, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and risk of adjacent vertebral fractures.

Conclusion

PVP‐HVC and PKP with normal‐viscosity cement are safe and effective treatments for the management of OVCF, but the former is superior to the latter in terms of procedure time. The potential of PVP‐HVC in reducing cement leaks remains to be validated by more well‐designed studies.
A new overlapped delta‐shaped anastomosis technique using linear staplers with reinforced bioabsorbable material for intracorporeal anastomosis during laparoscopic colectomy
Authors: Hokonohara Kentaro , Nepal Pramod , Mori Shinichiro , Kita Yoshiaki , Tanabe Kan , Kurahara Hiroshi , Arigami Takaaki , Matsushita Daisuke , Sasaki Ken , Nakajo Akihiro , Ohtsuka Takao
Published: July 2022

Aim

Totally laparoscopic colectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis (IA) is associated with less surgical trauma and wound related complications compared to laparoscopy‐assisted colectomy with extracorporeal anastomosis. Delta shaped anastomosis is a widely popular IA technique. In this study, we discuss a construction technique for an overlapped delta‐shaped anastomosis using a linear stapler with a reinforced bioabsorbable material.

Methods

We excised the bowel at a point 10 cm from the tumour on either sides and laid them in an overlapped fashion. The entry hole was created at a point 3 cm proximal to the right stump and 7 cm distal to the left stump on the antimesenteric side. Then, a 60‐mm linear stapler with reinforced bioabsorbable material was inserted inside each lumen and fired. Finally, the common entry hole was fixed with a suture in the middle, the bowel was elevated holding the bioabsorbable material, and closed using the linear stapler in a delta‐shaped manner.

Results

The technique was applied in five patients with tumours in the ascending, transverse, and descending colon. The median surgery time, anastomosis construction time and postoperative stay was 329 min (range 285–682 min), 19 min (range 14–29 min), and 12 days (range 9–15 days), respectively. There were no perioperative complications and only one postoperative complication.

Conclusion

The overlapped delta‐shaped anastomosis technique using linear staplers with reinforced bioabsorbable material appears to be both safe and feasible.
Preliminary study of carotid variables under ultrasound analysis as predictors for the risk of coronary arterial atherosclerosis
Authors: Cai Wen‐Bin , Wang Yi , Wang Jia , Guo Wan‐Gang , Duan Yun‐You , Zhang Li
Published: July 2022

Background

Carotid atherosclerosis by ultrasound scanning can be considered as an ideal window to reflect systemic artery atherosclerosis, which has aroused wide concern for predicting the severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis clinically. Ultrasound radio frequency (RF) data technology has enabled us to evaluate the carotid structure and elastic function precisely, for predicting the severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis.

Methods

Patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent coronary angiography and were assigned to four groups according to whether atherosclerotic plaque was found or not and it caused stenosis. Carotid artery intima‐media thickness (IMT) and arterial stiffness were investigated by quality intima‐media thickness (QIMT) and quality arterial stiffness (QAS) techniques during ultrasound scanning. Univariable and multivariable modeling were used to investigate correlations of carotid parameters to coronary artery atherosclerosis. Receive operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate diagnostic performance of these ultrasound variables.

Results

Carotid IMT and stiffness variables pulse wave velocity (PWV), α, β and compliance coefficient (CC) were statistically different between every two‐group's comparisons. IMT correlated with stiffness variables significantly with r = 0.70, 0.77, 0.63, and −0.39, respectively. All variables correlated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis with the odd ratio (OR) of 1.73, 1.67, 1.19, 1.23, and 0.56 accordingly as IMT, PWV, α, β and CC were concerned. The AUC of IMT, PWV, α, β and CC were 0.9257, 0.8910, 0.8016, 0.9383, 0.8581 with correctly classified rate of 88.16%, 83.77%, 78.07%, 86.84%, and 81.58%, respectively.

Conclusions

Carotid artery IMT and stiffness variable PWV, α, β and CC presented favorable predicting and differentiating values for patients with coronary atherosclerosis of different severity.
Group threat and voter turnout: Evidence from a refugee placement program
Authors: Heller‐Sahlgren Gabriel
Published: July 2022

We study the impact of refugee inflows on voter turnout in Sweden in a period when shifting immigration patterns made the previously homogeneous country increasingly heterogeneous. Analyzing individual‐level panel data and exploiting a national refugee placement program to obtain plausibly exogenous variation in immigration, we find that refugee inflows significantly raise the probability of voter turnout. Balancing tests on initial turnout as well as placebo tests regressing changes in turnout on future refugee inflows support the causal interpretation of our findings. The results are consistent with group‐threat theory, which predicts that increased out‐group presence spurs political mobilization among in‐group members.
Insights from auditory cortex for GABA+ magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of aging
Authors: Dobri Simon , Chen J. Jean , Ross Bernhard
Published: July 2022

Changes in levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) may underlie aging‐related changes in brain function. GABA and co‐edited macromolecules (GABA+) can be measured with MEGA‐PRESS magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The current study investigated how changes in the aging brain impact the interpretation of GABA+ measures in bilateral auditory cortices of healthy young and older adults. Structural changes during aging appeared as decreasing proportion of grey matter in the MRS volume of interest and corresponding increase in cerebrospinal fluid. GABA+ referenced to H2O without tissue correction declined in aging. This decline persisted after correcting for tissue differences in MR‐visible H2O and relaxation times but vanished after considering the different abundance of GABA+ in grey and white matter. However, GABA+ referenced to creatine and N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), which showed no dependence on tissue composition, decreased in aging. All GABA+ measures showed hemispheric asymmetry in young but not older adults. The study also considered aging‐related effects on tissue segmentation and the impact of co‐edited macromolecules. Tissue segmentation differed significantly between commonly used algorithms, but aging‐related effects on tissue‐corrected GABA+ were consistent across methods. Auditory cortex macromolecule concentration did not change with age, indicating that a decline in GABA caused the decrease in the compound GABA+ measure. Most likely, the macromolecule contribution to GABA+ leads to underestimating an aging‐related decrease in GABA. Overall, considering multiple GABA+ measures using different reference signals strengthened the support for an aging‐related decline in auditory cortex GABA levels.
The importance of coinage in the Carolingian world
Authors: Coupland Simon
Published: July 2022

The dramatic recent increase in the number of Carolingian coin finds offers significant new insights into the political, social and economic history of the period. Coins were produced in larger numbers, circulated more widely, and were used more commonly than has been assumed, though not in all regions. There was thus a range of regional economies which themselves changed over time. Many finds can be linked to trade, both long‐distance and local. A remarkably high degree of political and economic control is evident under the empire, but broke down in the 840s, and was only restored in West Francia.
Comparison of clinical and neuroimaging features between NOTCH3 mutations and nongenetic spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage
Authors: Chen Chih‐Hao , Chu Yung‐Tsai , Chen Ya‐Fang , Ko Tzu‐Yu , Cheng Yu‐Wen , Lee Ming‐Jen , Chen Pei‐Lung , Tang Sung‐Chun , Jeng Jiann‐Shing
Published: July 2022

Background and purpose

The NOTCH3 mutation is a common cause of hereditary cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and may be a cause of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). The aim was to investigate the clinical/imaging features for identifying the NOTCH3‐mutation‐related ICH.

Methods

The study was based on a cohort of 749 CSVD patients in Taiwan who received next‐generation sequencing of CSVD genes including NOTCH3. Patients with a history of ICH (n = 206) were included for analysis. The CSVD neuroimaging markers were compared between the patients with NOTCH3 and those without known genetic mutations.

Results

After excluding patients with other causes of ICH (structural lesions, systemic/medication related or amyloid angiopathy) and those without neuroimaging, 45 NOTCH3 mutation patients and 109 nongenetic ICH patients were included. The NOTCH3 mutation patients were more likely to have thalamic haemorrhage, a family history of stroke and more severe CSVD neuroimaging markers. A five‐point NOTCH3‐ICH score was constructed and consisted of a history of stroke in siblings, thalamic haemorrhage, any deep nuclei lacunae, any hippocampal cerebral microbleed (CMB) and a thalamic CMB >5 (one point for each). A score ≥2 had a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 64.2% in identifying the NOTCH3 mutation. The NOTCH3 mutation patients had a higher risk of recurrent stroke (9.1 vs. 4.5 per 100 person‐years, log‐rank p = 0.03) during follow‐up.

Conclusion

The patients with NOTCH3‐mutation‐related ICH had a higher burden of CMBs in the hippocampus/thalamus and a higher recurrent stroke risk. The NOTCH3‐ICH score may assist in identifying genetic causes of ICH.
Recent trends in abundance and fishing pressure of agency‐assessed small pelagic fish stocks
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Buratti Claudio C. , Díaz Acuña Erich , Hively Daniel , Kolding Jeppe , Kurota Hiroyuki , Baker Nicole , Mace Pamela M. , de Moor Carryn L. , Muko Soyoka , Osio Giacomo Chato , Parma Ana M. , Quiroz Juan‐Carlos , Melnychuk Michael C.
Published: July 2022

Small pelagic fishes are used for human consumption, fishmeal and fish oil. They constitute 25% of global fish catch and have been of considerable conservation concern because of their intermediate position in aquatic food webs, often being a dominant dietary component of marine predators. This paper provides an overview of trends in abundance and fishing pressure on small pelagic fish stocks from single‐species scientific assessments that constitute 60% of global small pelagic catch. While most individual stocks have exhibited wide variability in abundance (typical of small pelagics compared with other fish taxa), across stocks there has been remarkable stability in average fishing pressure and biomass since 1970. On average, since 1970, the biomass of assessed small pelagic stocks is estimated to have been slightly above the biomass that would produce maximum sustainable yield, but estimation of this quantity for highly fluctuating stocks is quite uncertain. There were significant differences among assessed regions, with the Mediterranean and Black Sea of greatest concern for high and growing fishing pressure. The 40% of global small pelagic fish catch not covered by single‐species quantitative stock assessments since 1970 comes largely from Asia, where catches have continued to increase. At regional levels, the average abundance of assessed small pelagic fish is largely unrelated to average fishing pressure, which we argue results both from the portfolio effect, where numerous stocks fluctuate with little correlation in abundance, and from the short life span of small pelagics coupled with recruitment largely independent of spawning abundance.
Design of a novel creep testing machine to investigate the creep life history of austenitic steel foil at elevated temperature
Authors: Farokhi Nejad Ali , Mohammed K. AL‐Fatlwe Fatima , Rahimian Koloor Seyed Saeid , Alipour Roozbeh , Davoudi Mohammadmahdi , Hamdi Mohd , Tamin Mohd Nasir
Published: July 2022

A novel creep testing machine was designed to test austenitic steel foil AISI 347 under the elevated temperature of 700°C. The creep test was repeated in five stress levels from low‐stress 55 MPa to severe applied stress 220 MPa for 0.25 mm thickness samples. The machine was equipped with a shield inert gas injection system, and tests were repeated in a nonoxidative area. The creep rupture behavior of the foil is well represented using the modified three‐parameter Theta Projection Concept model. Each model parameter is best represented as a function of the applied stress. Comparison between the results of creep life in different mediums shows that the oxidation effect was the dominant phenomenon in the creep process. Moreover, avoiding oxidation affects the steady‐state stage growth, and afterward, the creep life was increased by more than 40%. Post analyses of ruptured creep samples compare the creep cavitation at triple grain boundaries in a different environment.
Thermal trait variation may buffer Southern Ocean phytoplankton from anthropogenic warming
Authors: Bishop Ian W. , Anderson Stephanie I. , Collins Sinead , Rynearson Tatiana A.
Published: July 2022

Despite the potential of standing genetic variation to rescue communities and shape future adaptation to climate change, high levels of uncertainty are associated with intraspecific trait variation in marine phytoplankton. Recent model intercomparisons have pointed to an urgent need to reduce uncertainty in the projected responses of marine ecosystems to climate change, including Southern Ocean (SO) surface waters, which are among the most rapidly warming habitats on Earth. Because SO phytoplankton growth responses to warming sea surface temperature (SST) are poorly constrained, we developed a high‐throughput growth assay to simultaneously examine inter‐ and intra‐specific thermal trait variation in a group of 43 taxonomically diverse and biogeochemically important SO phytoplankton called diatoms. We found significant differential growth performance among species across thermal traits, including optimum and maximum tolerated growth temperatures. Within species, coefficients of variation ranged from 3% to 48% among strains for those same key thermal traits. Using SO SST projections for 2100, we predicted biogeographic ranges that differed by up to 97% between the least and most tolerant strains for each species, illustrating the role that strain‐specific differences in temperature response can play in shaping predictions of future phytoplankton biogeography. Our findings revealed the presence and scale of thermal trait variation in SO phytoplankton and suggest these communities may already harbour the thermal trait diversity required to withstand projected 21st‐century SST change in the SO even under severe climate forcing scenarios.
Clutch size of passerines increases with latitude in China, but egg size is conserved
Authors: Guo Yangyang , Lu Xin
Published: July 2022

The size and number of eggs are important components of reproductive strategies, with implications for offspring and parental fitness. Birds typically produce larger clutches in more poleward latitudes, in response to the strong seasonal peak of food availability required to raise young. However, changes in egg size impact the interpretation of this pattern, and latitudinal variation in egg size remains poorly explored. Here we comparatively investigate this issue at both interspecific and intraspecific levels, using datasets from 298 populations of 154 passerine species breeding in mainland China. Clutch size was larger toward the north, but egg size was relatively constant and therefore total clutch volume (clutch size × egg size) increased. No negative correlation was evident between egg size and clutch size along latitudinal gradients, suggesting the lack of a direct trade‐off between the two traits. This may be explained by latitudinally increased food availability and concentrated annual reproductive investment due to seasonal time constraints on raising more broods, arising from the later onset of reproduction at higher latitudes. In addition, the latitudinal patterns of egg size and clutch size appear to be independent of parental investment in terms of the lengths of incubation and nestling periods, which were similar for lower‐ and higher‐latitude birds. Our results shed light on the evolution of avian life histories across latitudinal gradients.
Ancestors and Descendants
Authors: Steiner Hillel
Published: July 2022

This article explores the implications of responsibility‐sensitive justice for one set of intergenerational rights and duties. It focuses on the distinctive set of rights and duties, pertaining to procreation and parenting, that can be derived from Left Libertarianism's foundational entitlements. Broadly speaking, those implied rights and duties are such that all children's ability levels should be of equal value at the threshold of adulthood.
Phenotypic and genetic diversity of domestic yak (Bos grunniens) in high‐altitude rangelands of Gilgit‐Baltistan, Pakistan
Authors: Hameed Asif , Schlecht Eva , Tariq Muhammad , Buerkert Andreas , Scheper Carsten , König Sven , Roessler Regina
Published: July 2022

Due to climate change, irrigated agriculture may become restricted in the mountain valleys in northern Pakistan in the future. Hence, the importance of yak (Bos grunniens) keeping in the mountain ranges as risk‐mitigating strategy for mountain dwellers will potentially increase. However, little is known about the current status of the domestic yak in this region. We therefore used phenotypic characteristics and 13 microsatellite loci to determine the phenotypic differences and the level of genetic differentiation between populations of six valleys. Larger body measures and partially different physical appearance were observed in Shimshal and Khaplu yaks, especially when compared with yaks in the Chapurson valley. Overall, the mean observed heterozygosity was similar to the mean expected heterozygosity. Average genetic diversity was highest in the Hopar population and lowest in the Haramosh population. A low FIS value indicated that individuals were less related than expected under a model of random mating. Three distinct genetic clusters were found for the six yak populations under study. Genetic distances were largest between Shimshal and Khaplu populations, and lowest between populations of Phandar and Hopar. It is concluded that yaks of Shimshal, Khaplu and Haramosh valleys were genetically distinct from yak populations in Chapurson, Hopar and Phandar valleys, indicating that the free‐range conditions and pastoral yak rearing system in the region have preserved the underlying genetic diversity of the yak populations.
Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on inactivation, morphological damage, and enzyme activity of Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: Deng Haotian , Cao Jijuan , Wang Dianfu , Zhu Jinyan , Ma Lidan
Published: July 2022

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a nonthermal processing technology that can maintain the original color, flavor and nutritional components of food during preservation. In this study, the mechanism of HHP to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 was studied and clarified. Along with the increase of treatment pressure, the total number of viable bacteria decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Different HHP treatments destroyed the integrity of E. coli O157:H7 cell membrane and had a certain effect on the content and activity of the whole protein profiles. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that HHP caused membrane damage of E. coli O157:H7. In addition, the effects of HHP on enzyme activity, glucose metabolism and iodonitrotetrazolium chloride metabolic reduction activity showed that HHP could interfere with glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway of E. coli O157:H7. In general, HHP has multiple targets for the inactivation mechanism of E. coli O157:H7.
Robotic‐assisted collaborative care
Authors: Callahan Christopher M. , Unutzer Jurgen
Published: July 2022

This Editorial comments on two articles by Reuben et al. and Lees Haggerty et al. in this issue.
Early SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated acute transverse myelitis: A case for neurotropism?
Authors: Lu Irene F. , Cornish Jack S. , Ashok Aadith , Chen Siew Kar , Athan Eugene , Hughes Andrew
Published: July 2022

There are increasing reports of immune‐mediated and para‐infectious syndromes beyond the well‐known respiratory manifestations of severe‐acute‐respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. However, the spectrum of severe neurological sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 remains undefined. We present the case of a 66‐year‐old female with rapidly progressive lower limb neurology 3 days post SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Clinical and radiological findings were in keeping with transverse myelitis and treatment success was achieved with methylprednisolone and remdesivir. This report will discuss the associations between SARS‐CoV‐2 and acute transverse myelitis. We believe this is one of few described cases of early SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated transverse myelitis secondary to neurotropism and the first successfully treated with the inclusion of remdesivir in the therapeutic regimen.