bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Setting the Stage
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M.
Published: November 2019

The Institute of Medicine report, To Err Is Human, which led the news in late 1999 with a charge that “medical errors” were killing 44,000 to 120,000 Americans each year, gave patient safety “celebrity status.” But the emergence of patient safety as a major concern on the public agenda was not a given. In this chapter, the authors raise questions about why it developed at this time even though the problem of medical harm had long been known, why it was understood as “error” as opposed to “risk” or “hazard,” and, finally, who gained control of the reform effort and to what end.
Reflection
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M.
Published: November 2019

Reviewing the evolution of patient safety over time, we see a discursive shift from harm to “error.” The “error” framing is used to advance the authority of scientific-bureaucratic managerial medicine and to diminish the traditional authority of clinical expertise. Psychologist Sidney Dekker noted that four different voices appear in patient safety discourses: epistemological (what happened?), preventative (how can it be prevented?), boundary-maintaining (were there violations or impermissible activities?), and existential (what is the reason for this suffering?). Discussions in one voice tend to be dissatisfying for the others, but the “error” framing addresses all four: an error occurred, errors can be prevented, violators should be punished, moral wrong leads to suffering. In summary, patient safety’s rise resulted from five factors: a general decrease in risk tolerance, the industrialization of healthcare, reframing harm as “error,” brief input from safety sciences holding out potential for improvement, and medicine’s effort to retain control of healthcare internally. Ironically, these factors also tended to make patient safety activity ineffective since they bounded out insights, skills, and theories from the safety sciences.
Debating Sex Work
Authors: Flanigan Jessica , Watson Lori
Published: November 2019

In this “for and against” book Lori Watson argues for a sex equality approach to prostitution in which buyers are criminalized and sellers are decriminalized (the Nordic Model). Jessica Flanigan argues that sex work should be fully decriminalized. Watson defends the Nordic Model on the grounds that prostitution is an exploitative and unequal practice that entrenches existing patterns of gendered injustice. Watson also argues that full decriminalization of prostitution is incompatible with existing occupational health and safety standards and securing worker autonomy and equality. Watson further argues that sex trafficking and prostitution are functionally similar such that the distinction is irrelevant for public policy; attacking demand is necessary to address the inequalities that fuel both. Flanigan argues that sex work should be decriminalized because restrictions on the sale and purchase of sex violate the rights of sex workers and their clients. Flanigan also suggests that decriminalization would have better consequences than policies that expose sex workers and their clients to criminal penalties, and that once we consider that public officials can also stand in relations of subordination to citizens, decriminalization is a more egalitarian approach than alternative policies.
Defending Decriminalization
Authors: Jessica Flanigan
Published: November 2019

Many scholars, activists, and officials oppose decriminalization. First, some people argue that criminal penalties do not violate rights because people do not have rights to buy or sell sex. Others object that decriminalization would increase the prevalence of sex work, which is worse than other jobs, and so paternalistic limits on the industry are justified. Another set of objections presses the claim that the sex industry has negative externalities, such as increased rates of sexual transmission of disease, human trafficking, rape, or crime. Finally, some claim that a decriminalized sex industry would exacerbate existing economic or social inequalities. This chapter shows that these objections do not succeed in justifying alternatives to decriminalization.
The Most Famous Graph in Microbiology
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R.
Published: November 2019

Like a dance, the ebbs and flows in the incidence of Bacillus influenzae meningitis after birth changed with the changing bactericidal activity of the children’s blood as they age. It is likely the most famous graph in all of bacteriology, taught in nearly every microbiology/immunology class in the world, and is a memorable way to understand the unique epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in children. More important, the graph represents a paradigm shift in the understanding of meningitis: Susceptibility to the infection is inversely related to the power of the blood to kill the bacteria (e.g., immunity), and both susceptibility and immunity are related to age.
The False Promises of Sovereignty
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce
Published: November 2019

The last chapter showed how struggles to be Jewish in Israel seem like a narrowing maze with no exit. This chapter considers the nature of that maze. It focuses on two cases of observant Jewish Israelis who come into conflict with the state over what it means to live according to their understandings of Jewishness. It shows that what appears as a religious-secular divide is far more complex. It is sometimes a religious-religious divide and is always part of a process of producing a national majority of sovereign citizens through disaggregation and conflation of modern categories of identity—religion and nation. Framed with Kafka’s “City Coat of Arms,” it shows how alliances of convenience can undermine political positions, in this case strengthening nationalism and territorial expansion at the expense of traditional Judaism.
The Jewish Question Again
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the persistence of the Jewish Question or Problem in the state that aimed to liberate Jews. For example, many people expected the ultra-Orthodox, or Haredim, to “assimilate” to Israeli culture and become the “new Jews” of the Zionist project. In other places such “progress” that undermines local cultural groups often results in liberal expressions of outrage. But the case of ultra-Orthodox Jews has not produced the same reaction. The ultra-Orthodox are seen as part of the Israeli hegemon in opposition to Palestinian Arabs who are the indigenous under threat of elimination. This chapter again suggests that the definition of indigeneity be expanded beyond geographical ties to include forms of social organization and ways of life that might be threatened. Thus, both Palestinian Arabs and Haredi (and other) Jews are at risk—one facing elimination through Zionist territorial expansion, the other through the forces of Zionist assimilation.
Obedient Authoritarians or Lay Darwinists?
Authors: Bilewicz Michał
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the role of ideology in genocides, beyond the traditional conservatism–liberalism distinction. This chapter analyzes ideological views in greater detail by reviewing established psychological concepts, such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, as well as conspiracy theories, racial health ideology, and the concept of Lebensraum that formed the ideological foundation of the Holocaust and other large-scale crimes. Authoritarian ideology accurately explains the behavior of desk killers, bureaucrats responsible for organizing the mass murder. Social dominance ideology seems to give a more general explanation of genocide—it can be found in German social Darwinism, the idea of Lebensraum, the Nazi eugenic program, and the illusions spread by occupiers among the victims and the bystanders. The chapter suggests that deep study of ideologies might provide important insight into perpetrators’ worldviews and into their justifications of criminal acts, as well as an explanation of bystanders’ and victims’ behavior.
The Many Roles of Dehumanization in Genocide
Authors: Haslam Nick
Published: November 2019

In genocide studies, dehumanization is commonly understood as a preparatory step on the path to mass killing. On this understanding, the perpetrator’s propaganda explicitly likens victims to animals, and these dehumanizing metaphors enable violence. The author argues that the role of dehumanization in genocide is considerably broader and more multifaceted than this account suggests. Subtle forms of dehumanization precede the tactical use of explicit animal metaphors, and dehumanizing metaphors are not always expressed in language or invariably animalistic in content. Dehumanization not only is a prelude to violence but also facilitates violent acts in the present and justifies and minimizes violence after it has been committed. Finally, an account that posits dehumanization as a stage of the genocidal process fails to recognize that some aspects of genocidal violence do not require the dehumanization of victims.
Communist Revolutions at the Borderland
Authors: Han Enze
Published: November 2019

Chapter 5 examines China’s support for communist insurgencies in Burma and Thailand. It analyzes the legacies of the insurgency by the Communist Party of Burma and what that insurgency means for Myanmar’s failure in state building and consolidation over the borderland territories. In Thailand, the Communist Party of Thailand insurgency instilled a strong sense of urgency in the Thai government, which led to a counteractive campaign of state and nation building by the Thai government. The Thai nationalist emphasis on nation, king, and religion and the image of royal benevolence was imposed and spread throughout the area as a result. In China’s own case, the initiation of the Cultural Revolution resulted in large numbers of urban Red Guards being sent to the borderland areas in Yunnan. Through the settlement of Han Chinese youth in the borderland area, the Chinese state created a human dimension in its consolidation of the border region.
Conclusion
Authors: Han Enze
Published: November 2019

Chapter 9 concludes with some theoretical reflection on the neighborhood effect of state and nation building. More pertinent to the borderland area examined in this book, it also looks at recent developments in China’s push for more regional economic integration and the implications for both Myanmar and Thailand. By documenting the historical development of variations in these state and nation buildings, and their contemporary manifestations, the book emphasizes how asymmetrical power relations across national borders have deep consequences for how politics along the border are structured and the diverse outcome in state consolidation and national identity construction. Specifically, the book has pointed out the substantial influence the PRC has in the political dynamic of the borderland. With its growing power asymmetry over its southern neighbors, its influence is bound to increase, along with possible resistance against its influence.
The Musicalization of Speech and the Breakdown of the Film Soundtrack Hierarchy
Authors: Kulezic-Wilson Danijela
Published: November 2019

Chapter 5 explores how the musicalization of speech undermines the traditional classical soundtrack hierarchy based on the dominance of the spoken word. Using examples from Drake Doremus’s Breathe In, Harmony Korine’s Spring Breakers, and Shane Carruth’s Upstream Color, this chapter asserts that the musical approach to the soundtrack as a whole challenges unwritten laws regarding speech intelligibility and redundancy, replacing the familiar hierarchy with a more fluid relationship in which music and speech alternately come in and out of focus. The case studies demonstrate how narrative information can be conveyed through nonverbal means—mise-en-scène, editing, characters’ body language, expressive close-ups—emphasizing musicality as the primary guiding principle of this practice.
Greek
Authors: Adler William
Published: November 2019

Christian authors and scribes are mainly responsible for the relatively intact survival of the writings of Philo and Josephus, along with the scattered fragments from various other Hellenistic Jewish apologists, commentators, historians, and poets. Byzantine Christianity is also a valuable witness to the Greek text of Second Temple parabiblical writings. Among other things, Christian authors found in these sources insights into the meaning of the biblical text, confirmation of the truth and antiquity of Christian teachings, and raw material for historiography.
Christian authors and scribes are mainly responsible for the relatively intact survival of the writings of Philo and Josephus, along with scattered fragments from Jewish apologists, commentators, historians, and poets of the Hellenistic age. Clement, Origen, and Eusebius of Caesarea (among others) found in these sources confirmation of the truth and antiquity of Christian teachings, and raw material for historiography. While official categorization of parabiblical works from Second Temple Judaism as “apocrypha” may have eroded confidence in their authority, it did not ensure their demise. As late as the 12th century, Byzantine chroniclers and commentators continued to cite approvingly from the Book of Enoch and the Book of Jubilees.
Georgian
Authors: Gippert Jost
Published: November 2019

Within the 1500 years of Georgian literacy, Jewish literature of the Second Temple period is represented by biblical apocrypha and pseudepigrapha as well as a translation of Josephus’s Antiquitates. Among the former, it is especially the ancient versions of Wisdom, Sirach, and the Apocalypsis of Ezra (IV Ezra), preserved in the Oshki-Bible of 978 CE, that deserve special interest. Beyond, the Georgian tradition is comparatively rich in apocryphal texts that are related to Genesis, including two versions of the Vita Adae and various adaptations of the Caverna Thesaurorum. Whereas some of these texts are of noteworthy age (eleventh to fifteenth centuries) and based on Greek or Armenian models, some others such as the Historia de Melchisedech are late translations from Russian (eighteenth to nineteenth centuries). Josephus’s Antiquitates were mostly translated from Greek by the Hellenizing school of Gelati (eleventh to twelfth centuries); chapters 16 to 20 were added in the nineteenth century on a Russian basis.
Enochic Traditions
Authors: Boccaccini Gabriele
Published: November 2019

The period between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries is a crucial yet neglected period in the reception history of Enochic traditions. The Enoch books were “lost” in the West; Enoch, however, was anything but forgotten in Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Hermetic circles. The Christian Cabalists (Pico della Mirandola, Johannes Reuchlin, Guillaume Postel) were the first to actively pursue the search for the lost Enoch. In the mid-sixteenth century with the arrival of the first Ethiopic monks from Ethiopia also came the news that 1 Enoch was there preserved. Rumors about the presence of an Enoch manuscript in the library of Nicolas de Pereics were widespread but proved to be unfounded. While Enoch remained popular in esoteric and visionary circles, the publication of the Greek fragments by Scaliger in 1606 led to the composition of the first scholarly commentaries by Sgambati (1703), Sarnelli (1710), and Fabricius (1713). Eventually, in 1773, James Bruce came back from Ethiopia with four MSS of 1 Enoch. Having emancipated the text from esoteric and magic concerns, contemporary research on Enoch could now begin with the publication, in 1821, of the first English translation of 1 Enoch by Richard Laurence.
Theoretical Underpinnings
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses familiarity from a cognitive psychological lens. For example, it examines cognitive theories of familiarity. It discusses the discrepancy-attribution hypothesis, heuristics, and valence and how each of these can lead to a sense of familiarity. The chapter also discusses face processing and face recognition. Typically, people process faces either holistically or featurally; this chapter describes how face familiarity is either enhanced or hindered by the way in which faces are processed. Given the understanding of how familiarity impacts people’s ability to process and recognize a face, the chapter discusses how familiarity also influences facial recognition irrespective of the eyewitness paradigm. The chapter then discusses research concerning exposure duration and remember–know–guess and familiarity. It concludes with a discussion of face recognition in a legal context.
Factors That Can Interact with Familiarity
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses system variables that are under the control of the criminal justice system and can be manipulated after the crime has occurred, such as the type of lineup procedure shown to the eyewitness. The chapter first discusses recall memory and the different interviewing protocols and how these may interact with familiarity to influence an eyewitness’ memory of the perpetrator as well as the environment and event. Next, the chapter focuses on recognition memory, specifically lineup identification. The different lineup procedures used to collect eyewitness evidence are discussed, in addition to how each procedure may promote higher rates of accuracy and eyewitness confidence when a familiar-stranger is the perpetrator. Last, the chapter discusses unconscious transference and the commitment effect.
How Persuasive Is an Eyewitness Who Is Familiar with the Defendant?
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on familiarity in the courtroom. Specifically, this chapter describes how familiarity between an eyewitness and a defendant affects juror decision-making in terms of perceptions of guilt and credibility of both the eyewitness and the defendant. The chapter describes how familiarity has been operationalized in the juror decision-making literature and discusses various definitions of familiarity, such as exposure duration, number of exposures, and the context of the relationship between the eyewitness and defendant. Research examining how familiarity influences jurors’ judgments is summarized. The chapter also discusses the association between familiarity and eyewitness confidence and its impact on jurors. The chapter concludes by describing familiarity within the context of real court cases, the use of expert testimony, and how familiarity may have affected judges’ rulings.
From Newcomers to Incipient Constituency
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the reception of the Europeans of Algeria in Toulon, where politicians and civil society mobilized to help them. The Var department contained milieus sympathetic to the cause of French Algeria. The major Mediterranean port of the French Navy was located in Toulon, thus home to a concentration of right-wing conservatives. During the Algerian War, nationalist organizations opposed to the colony’s independence used Toulon as a base for activism, recruitment, and mobilization. When the settlers arrived, the right-wing politicians who governed this city were ready to quit the Gaullist party. After the ex-colonials arrived, they took this step.
Discourse and Politics
Authors: Veugelers John W.P.
Published: November 2019

This chapter distinguishes between front- and back-stage discourse in locating the nature and extent of the affinity between the ex-colonials and the far right. The front stage discourse of the far right avoids the folkways, Orientalism, and collective memory of the French of Algeria, whose front-stage discourse in turn avoids partisanship. The backstage discourse of each reveals a stronger affinity: the party newspaper shows a preoccupation with French Algeria (as well as Pétainism); and the private discourse of the ex-colonials shows signs of nativism, populism, anti-communism, and suspicion of Islam. Divergences remain, significantly, over republicanism, anti-Semitism, and the deeper tradition of the French far right.
Identity, Ethics, and the Deaf Community
Authors: Burke Teresa Blankmeyer
Published: November 2019

From the vantage point of philosophy, this chapter discusses identities using a philosophical stance with specific focus on the ethics dimension of what deaf identity means. The author, a deaf philosopher, explores the American Sign Language representation of the word philosophy and briefly describes the role of philosophy per se in exploring the roles of metaphysics and epistemology. She introduces an analytical philosophical approach to the topic of ethics and deaf identities that involves concept clarification, analysis of brief examples, and posing specific kinds of questions that are typical of this discipline. The chapter ends with a plea for academics and community participants to continue exploring explicit identification of beliefs about the nature and meaning of deaf identity.
The Body as a Canvas: Developing a Deaf Bodily Habitus in Deaf Signing Preschools
Authors: Graham Patrick J. , Tobin Joseph J.
Published: November 2019

The authors of this chapter, one deaf and one hearing, are educational anthropologists who explore how deaf bodies become social agents that mediate the spaces around them. They describe their research in signing preschools located in three different countries that provide opportunities for deaf children to learn their country’s formal sign language, be introduced to Deaf culture, and acquire a Deaf habitus. There are detailed examples of the process by which these children acquire social awareness and physical approaches to create cultural perspectives of their bodies as representative of their society and of deaf identities. Readers will see how teachers can support the early development of a Deaf bodily habitus by introducing Deaf cultural norms of eye gaze, attention elicitation strategies, joint attention, facial expressions, and body language, which are some of the building blocks of a culturally Deaf identity.
Minimizing the Impact of Language Deprivation and Limited Access to Role Models on Deaf Identity Development in Children and Young Adults: Global Perspectives for Positive Change
Authors: De Clerck Goedele A. M. , Golos Debbie
Published: November 2019

The implications of language deprivation for identity development in deaf people are not frequently treated in the literature. For this chapter, a deaf anthropologist/social scientist and a hearing deaf educator partnered to explore the implications of language deprivation for deaf identities and present strategies to encourage the internalization of positive deaf identities in the face of limited linguistic input. The reader will find descriptions of the impact of language deprivation from a global perspective on two periods of the life course: early childhood and young adulthood. To counteract this deprivation, the authors describe research-based interventions that combine language and identity development using creative visual and digital approaches of storytelling and exposure to Deaf role models for both children and young adults.
Stories in the Building of Deaf Identity: The Potential of Life Storytelling to Enhance Deaf Flourishing and Well-Being
Authors: De Clerck Goedele A. M.
Published: November 2019

To encourage resilience and well-being, this chapter by a deaf anthropologist, social scientist and psychotherapist describes storytelling as a strategy that is critical for the formation of personal and collective deaf identities. She introduces the “anthropology of deaf flourishing” to illustrate how deaf identity can be understood as a complex process of learning through interacting with changing cultural contexts and multiple communities in which deaf people participate and narrate their life experiences. The signed storytelling is framed as a cultural resource and tool for transformation that enables deaf storytellers to generate agency, position themselves contextually, and creatively alter their stories to increase their potential. Findings from a study in the United Kingdom support the power of storytelling as a deaf cultural resource that allows deaf refugees to internalize the potential for resilience and well-being.
The Innate Right of Humanity and the Right to Justification
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: November 2019

At the heart of Rainer Forst’s systematic approach to political philosophy is the ‘right to justification’, which, he contends, underlies and provides the basis for all other rights that people have against each other. Drawing on Kant, Rawls, and Habermas, Forst seeks to characterize this right through an examination of the claims that human beings, as free and equal and as rational and social, have against those whose acts affect them. This chapter considers two versions of the idea that everyone who is suitably affected has a right to have the actions (including the effects of those actions) of others justified to them.
Practical Justice
Authors: Schlink Bernhard
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines practical justice, the practice of solving problems that are generally understood as problems pertaining to justice, wherever these arise. It juxtaposes Forst’s paradigm of justice as justifiability with a paradigm of distributive justice. Contradicting Adorno’s famous dictum that there could be no right life within the false one, the chapter follows an ethos of practice which consists in acting in accordance with the demands of justice notwithstanding unjust contexts around us. It then defends the distributive paradigm against criticism, noting that justice also distributes the burden of argumentation in a particular way, as well as the close relation between equality and freedom.
Proportionality and Justification
Authors: Klatt Matthias
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents a normative defense of proportionality’s absolute validity, arguing that proportionality is one of the central rules that establish the space of reasons. Proportionality enables the construction of a justified and well-founded basis for the rational application of human rights. The normative basis of proportionality lies in a moral right to justification. To explore this idea, the chapter begins by explaining the meaning of a right to justification. Next, it explores how it relates to the proportionality test. Building upon the distinction between internal and external justification of rights reasoning, it also addresses the universality problem that consists in doubts about the global validity of the right to justification. It defends the international and transnational validity of the right to justification against claims to cultural relativity by discussing the application of human rights. This, in turn, allows a defense of Forst’s right to justification as a robust fundament of discursive global constitutionalism.
Harden the Health Care System, and Make It Smarter
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

Climate change will introduce new stresses to human health, and not only from the geographical expansion of vector-borne diseases. Because climate change affects basic elements central to human survival—air, food, and water—more people in more places will face public health threats. Despite the clear and present danger climate change poses to public health, the efforts of the medical profession and public health authorities to date have not matched the urgency of the problem and remain too reactive. This chapter focuses on a relatively narrow but important element of the response—the reliability and effectiveness of the systems for delivering medical services. Communities, governments, and global institutions must develop ways to provide health care in a changing climate. It will be important to harden the infrastructure supporting the health care system so it can withstand climate impacts and still deliver services. Health care systems must also be made smarter, which means training health care providers about climate-exacerbated conditions, putting in place predictive and early-warning systems, and finding more effective ways to protect and attend to the most vulnerable people.
Buffer Growing Inequality
Authors: and Hill
Published: November 2019

Climate change will touch virtually every country in the world and every region of the United States, but it will not affect every place and person equally. Small island states, for example, face an existential risk from sea-level rise and industry loss. The impacts of climate change deprive communities of resources, and social prejudice can impose the bulk of that scarcity on women and girls, with severe consequences. This chapter describes how climate change magnifies existing economic and social inequalities and identifies strategies that can help buffer this effect. Looking through a wide-angle lens, it views the nexus of climate change and inequality from a global perspective before homing in on the United States.
Who Did It? Attribution of Cyber Intrusions and the Jus in Bello
Authors: Banks William
Published: November 2019

The central concepts that make up the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) have not been easy to adapt to cyber operations. In addition to their kinetic history and orientation, the core LOAC principles do not in most instances anticipate the kind of cyber-specific analysis that should accompany the use of increasingly advanced cyber systems and tools in conflict. Cyber operations rarely cause physical damage, much less injury or death. More often they cause cyber harm—by corrupting, manipulating or stealing data, denying access to a website, or interfering temporarily with the functionality of information systems. Or they indirectly disrupt or damage objects that are not part of the cyber domain. Measuring the harm from a cyber incident and calculating that harm in ways that the LOAC credits remains challenging, as does defining and distinguishing civilian and military objects, and accounting for the indirect effects of cyber operations. The LOAC also has not settled on a legal status for critical national security-related components of the cyber domain, including data and dual-use infrastructure.
The Law of Armed Conflict Implications of Covered or Concealed Cyber Operations
Authors: Corn Gary P. , Pascucci Peter P.
Published: November 2019

This chapter addresses the complex Law of War issues of distinction as applied to cyber operations. Cyberspace is now widely recognized as an operational domain of conflict and states are adopting cyber capabilities and operational constructs as means and methods of warfare at an increasing rate. Owing to the nature of this new and unique domain, operations security is at a premium. The use of cover and concealment and, at some level, the deception inherent thereto directly implicates in novel ways the traditional LOAC rules designed to ensure respect for the principle of honor in the conduct of hostilities and to protect civilians and civilian objects from the dangers of war. These rules must be interpreted in light of the unique aspects of cyberspace and the distinctive challenges it poses. A better understanding of how the cardinal principle of distinction and the LOAC rules meant to implement it awaits elucidation through state practice and opinion. In the meantime, thoughtful discussion and detailed analysis of the issues of perfidy, ruses, and the passive precautions rule are necessary to ensure that the spirit and intent of the LOAC are properly balanced against military necessity.
Sanctuary Cities, Crime, and Incorporation
Authors: Collingwood Loren , O’Brien Benjamin Gonzalez
Published: November 2019

One of the chief complaints raised against sanctuary cities is that they can increase crime, while one argument in their favor is that they can increase the incorporation of Latino and immigrant communities. This chapter analyzes both the positive and negative effects of sanctuary polices, finding that these policies have no effect on crime rates when comparable cities are compared to one another and when crime rates pre/post sanctuary are examined. The findings show that sanctuary policies can have positive effects, potentially increasing both Latino voter turnout and police force representation. While sanctuary policies are found to have few downsides and potential positive benefits, antisanctuary legislation like Texas’s SB4 are found to have a negative effect. In high-immigrant areas, antisanctuary legislation is found to depress the number of 911 calls, suggesting that antisanctuary legislation does in fact reduce crime reporting, as opponents claim.
Book Burning—American Style
Authors: Peiss Kathy
Published: November 2019

The American military government in Germany faced a particular problem of mass acquisitions tied to postwar occupation policy. The Allies had agreed to purge Nazism from the German book world. The military confiscated countless volumes, sequestering and even destroying them. Bookstores and publishers had been forced to surrender these works. Over time this became an operation to make an entire body of published works inaccessible and unreadable. Communications experts, social scientists, progressive educators, and librarians applied their expertise to achieve this goal. However, when Order No. 4 was issued, requiring the confiscation and destruction of all Nazi material, including books in public libraries, many Americans accused the military of engaging in book burning. The episode reveals tensions over the relationship between reading, freedom, democracy, and the wartime state.
A Hermeneutic of True Reform
Authors: Blanchard Shaun
Published: November 2019

This chapter argues that the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, are best understood through a triadic grid: ressourcement (retrieval of past Christian thought and texts, especially scripture and of the church fathers), aggiornamento (updating), and the development of doctrine. It highlights four areas in which Vatican II sought to reform the Church—ecclesiology, religious liberty, liturgy and devotions, and ecumenism. The interpretation of Vatican II is still heavily contested. The chapter argues that the best hermeneutic for interpreting the council, advanced by Pope Benedict XVI and praised by John O’Malley, is a “hermeneutic of reform,” a theologically rigorous and historically conscious hermeneutic that sees Vatican II as having “continuity and discontinuity on different levels” with past teaching. It argues that such a hermeneutic can aid conciliar interpretation and deepen reflection on the nature of Catholic reform through a study of forerunners of Vatican II, who attempted aggiornamento and ressourcement.
Shared Reality
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

What makes us human? Why do humans deal with the world in the ways that we do? The usual answer is that it is our intelligence. When it comes to intelligence, we believe we are special. When it comes to motivation, we believe we are basically the same as other animals. But human motivation is also special. This book describes why human motivation is special and how it makes us who we are. Humans want to experience that their feelings, beliefs, and concerns are shared by others. They want to experience that what matters to them about the world, what objects, events, and issues are worthy of attention, also matters to other people. And what humans share with others is what they experience to be real. It is a shared reality. This book tells the story of how our shared reality motivation defines who we are. It makes us strong as individuals and as groups. It can also tear us apart. Different modes of shared reality emerge during human childhood, and emerged during human evolution, that determine our experience of the world around us and how we deal with it. Our motivation to create shared realities determines how we talk to each other and remember the events in our lives. The story of shared reality is the story of how we feel, what we know, our attitudes and opinions, our sense of self, what we strive for and how we strive, and how we get along with others.
How We Strive
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

Much of our lives is spent experiencing our journey in pursuit of goals. Indeed, it can be argued that how we strive is our life. And, just as what we strive for involves shared realities with others, how we strive also involves shared realities with others. We learn from others what are the appropriate ways to pursue particular goals, just as toddlers early on learn the shared practices of their family and community. The importance of shared reality in how we go about our daily lives is evident not only in our customs or rituals but also in the strategies we choose when pursuing goals. Individuals with shared promotion goals, which is relatively common in the United States, are more likely to pursue their goals in an extroverted, eager manner. Individuals with shared prevention goals, which is relatively common in Japan, are more likely to pursue their goals in a conscientious, vigilant manner. The promotion and prevention shared realities define who we are motivationally: what counts as success or failure and its motivational significance; how we see the world (global and abstract versus local and concrete); and how we deal with the world (emphasize speed and innovative thinking versus accuracy and analytical reasoning). It even impacts when we prefer more or less risky options when making decisions: Prevention prefers the risk option that best maintains or restores the (nonloss) status quo, whereas shared promotion prefers the risk option that best allows progress beyond the (nongain) status quo.
Perspectival Movement
Authors: Pierson Ryan
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the use of perspectival movement (or camera movement) in animation practice. In particular, it argues that the ambiguity of the out-of-field space that perspectival movement creates entails a suppression of another kind of ambiguity: the graphic ambiguity of marks on a surface. Thus, much of the history of animated space can be seen as a history of trade-offs between the possibilities of camera movement and those of graphic metamorphoses. However, two films—Norman McLaren’s Blinkity Blank (1955) and Caroline Leaf’s The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa (1977)—manage to combine these possibilities, creating spaces that seem to transform themselves as the camera moves through them.
Andeans Found Their Own Towns
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

In the early 1600s, commoner Andeans moved back to their former hamlets, but refounded them as annexes of their reducciones, with grid-pattern design, and incipient cabildo and cofradías. Annexes furthered the fragmentation of pre-Conquest ethnic groups begun with reducción, as only some ayllus were included in each annex. To create their new annex towns, Indios Ladinos (those literate in Spanish) got permission from Spanish political and religious authorities, but they met resistance from local priests who accused them of fleeing Christianity to return to idolatry. Andeans persevered because the towns, with their cabildos, and saints and cofradías had become central to defining community and legitimate membership in it, making it easier for forasteros (“foreigners”) to join. This self-government by commoners was a colonial innovation, but Andeans adapted town institutions, organizing them through their ayllus, making them thoroughly Andean. These Andean commoner-led repúblicas laid the groundwork for political solidarity and sovereignty.
Axioms in Frege
Authors: Blanchette Patricia A.
Published: November 2019

Frege’s conception of axioms is an old-fashioned one. According to it, each axiom is a determinate non-linguistic proposition, one with a fixed subject-matter, and with respect to which the notion of a ‘model’ or an ‘interpretation’ makes no sense. As contrasted with the fruitful modern conception of mathematical axioms as collectively providing implicit definitions of structure-types, a conception on which the range of models of a set of axioms is of the essence of those axioms’ significance, Frege’s view is a dinosaur. This essay investigates some of the philosophically-important aspects of that dinosaur, in order to shed light on Frege’s understanding of the foundational role of axioms, and on some of the ways in which our current conception of such axiomatic virtues as independence and categoricity have (and in some cases have not) been informed by a move away from Frege’s understanding of the foundational role of axioms.
The Context Principle in Frege’s Grundgesetze
Authors: Linnebo Øystein
Published: November 2019

According to Frege’s context principle, we must never to ask for the meaning of a word in isolation but only in the context of a sentence. The context principle poses some very hard interpretive challenges; not only are the ideas themselves hard, but relevant parts of Frege’s view change in the course of his career. This principle plays a crucial role in the Grundlagen, especially in Frege’s answer to the question of how numbers and other logical objects are ‘given to us’. By contrast, the context principle figures less prominently in the Grundgesetze. This article argues that, appearances to the contrary, the context principle survives in Frege’s magnum opus, where it still has an important role to play. Reflection on this role sheds important new light on the principle. More specifically, I argue that the context principle must be disentangled from the problematic idea of ‘recarving of content’; that the principle is fully compatible with Frege’s compositional semantics; and that it suggests a more ‘lightweight’ conception of mathematical objects than is typically associated with Frege.
Grundgesetze and the Sense/Reference Distinction
Authors: Klement Kevin C.
Published: November 2019

Frege developed the theory of sense and reference while composing his Grundgesetze and considering its philosophical implications. The Grundgesetze is thus the most important test case for the application of this theory of meaning. I argue that evidence internal and external to the Grundgesetze suggests that he thought of senses as having a structure isomorphic to the Grundgesetze expressions that would be used to express them, which entails a theory about the identity conditions of senses that is relatively fine-grained, though still coarser than some other commentators have suggested. While this interpretation does not make Frege’s ontological commitment to the denizens of a “third realm” as profligate as some have alleged, it is sufficiently bloated to lead to Cantorian paradoxes and diagonal contradictions independent of his Basic Law V.
Frege on Creation
Authors: Hallett Michael
Published: November 2019

In §§138–47 of the Basic Laws of Arithmetic, Frege attacks the notion that mathematical objects can be ‘created’, criticising Stolz, Hankel, and Dedekind directly, and Cantor and Hilbert indirectly. This paper tries to assess exactly what Frege’s criticism criticises, concentrating particularly on Frege’s opposition to Dedekind and Hilbert. Frege’s ostensible target is arbitrariness, and the need for consistency proofs and the method of achieving them. However, the analysis here argues that the real target is the hidden existential assumptions which are called on, as well as the attempt to avoid what Frege would consider proper definitions. This is then compared to Frege’s description of his own procedure. In the light of this, the paper concludes that Frege’s criticism is unfair, that he attacks these other mathematicians for not doing what he himself is unable to do. At the end, attention is also drawn to another attack on the idea that we create mathematics, that of Gödel. Gödel’s core concerns and core arguments differ from Frege’s, many of them being rooted in the various incompleteness phenomena discovered long after Frege’s work. Nevertheless, there are parallels, which it would be instructive to pursue.
Mathematical Creation in Frege’s Grundgesetze
Authors: Ebert Philip A. , Rossberg Marcus
Published: November 2019

We discuss a passage from Grundgesetze der Arithmetik that raises doubts regarding Frege’s attitude towards platonism. First, we motivate a platonist interpretation of Frege’s mature philosophy of mathematics and outline his conception of the aims of definition. We then present the passage which prima facie raises doubts about a platonist interpretation of his logicism. We then survey and discuss readings of this passage by other interpreters. Finally, we present an interpretation that renders the passage compatible with a platonist interpretation of Frege and offers an explanation of Frege’s rather uncharacteristic concessive attitude in the passage.
Second-Order Abstraction Before and After Russell’s Paradox
Authors: Schirn Matthias
Published: November 2019

In this article, I discuss certain aspects of Frege’s paradigms of second-order abstraction principles, Hume’s Principle and Basic Law V, with special emphasis on the latter. I begin by arguing that, contrary to a widespread view, Frege did not express any dissatisfaction with Basic Law V before 1902. In particular, he did not raise any doubt about its assumed logical nature. I then show why Frege nonetheless fails to justify Basic Law V as a primitive logical truth along the lines of the semantic justification that he provides for the other axioms of his system. In subsequent sections, I argue (a) that Frege could not have chosen Hume’s Principle as a logical axiom, neither before 1902 nor after 1902; (b) that even if in the wake of Russell’s Paradox Frege had accepted Hume’s Principle as a logical axiom, such an axiom could not have replaced Basic Law V which was designed to introduce logical objects of a fundamental and irreducible kind and to afford us the right cognitive access to them; (c) that Frege most likely held that the two sides of Basic Law V express different thoughts; (d) that for Basic Law V or for any other Fregean abstraction principle that is laid down as an axiom of a theory, the case in which both real epistemic value and self-evidence are given their due is ruled out. I make a proposal as to how Frege might have escaped this epistemic dilemma.
Formal Arithmetic Before Grundgesetze
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: November 2019

A speculative investigation of how Frege’s logical views change between Begriffsschrift and Grundgesetze der Arithmetik and how this might have affected the formal development of logicism.
Definitions in Begriffsschrift and Grundgesetze
Authors: Kremer Michael
Published: November 2019

Frege’s definitions in Part III of Begriffsschrift introduce novel forms of variable-binding and quantification. Frege’s commentary, however, shows that he did not fully grasp the logical significance of his notation, treating the new variables as themselves somehow defined. In Grundgesetze, such issues are avoided by exploiting the value-range notation as a substitute for functional abstraction, relying on the inconsistent Basic Law V. In presenting Frege’s Theorem without appeal to Basic Law V, Richard Heck reinstates a generalized form of the notation of Begriffsschrift by using a higher-order logic employing generalized variable-binding to form names of higher-level functions. Heck and Robert May suggest that by the time of Grundgesetze Frege had achieved the necessary understanding of variable-binding to appreciate Heck’s notation. However, even the later Frege had only a piecemeal characterization of what we now see as falling together as variable-binding. For him, different forms of variable-binding do different logical work, marked by distinct ranges of variables. Eliminating the value-range notation in his definitions after the manner of Heck would require rethinking the role of variable-binding operators. This would not be philosophically cost-free for Frege, though there is some slight evidence that Frege may have begun to move in this direction toward the end of his career.