bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: Relationships to disease phenotypes, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and treatment approaches
Authors: Kato Atsushi , Peters Anju T. , Stevens Whitney W. , Schleimer Robert P. , Tan Bruce K. , Kern Robert C.
Published: September 2021

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common clinical syndrome that produces significant morbidity and costs to our health system. The study of CRS has progressed from an era focused on phenotype to include endotype‐based information. Phenotypic classification has identified clinical heterogeneity in CRS based on endoscopically observed features such as presence of nasal polyps, presence of comorbid or systemic diseases, and timing of disease onset. More recently, laboratory‐based findings have established CRS endotype based upon specific mechanisms or molecular biomarkers. Understanding the basis of widespread heterogeneity in the manifestations of CRS is advanced by findings that the three main endotypes, Type 1, 2, and 3, orchestrate the expression of three distinct large sets of genes. The development and use of improved methods of endotyping disease in the clinic are ushering in an expansion of the use of biological therapies targeting Type 2 inflammation now and perhaps other inflammatory endotypes in the near future. The purpose of this review is to discuss the phenotypic and endotypic heterogeneity of CRS from the perspective of advancing the understanding of the pathogenesis and improvement of treatment approaches and outcomes.
Very preterm infants displayed similar imitation skills to full‐term infants at term equivalent age
Authors: Koenig‐Zores Claire , Davy‐Monteil Mathilde , Vincent Véronique , Astruc Dominique , Meyer Nicolas , Kuhn Pierre
Published: September 2021

Aim

Very preterm infants are exposed to an atypical environment that could alter their developmental trajectory. We aimed to examine neonatal imitation, a foundation of social cognition, in very preterm and full‐term infants.

Methods

In Strasbourg, France, between 2015 and 2018, we prospectively investigated the development of imitation skills. Very preterm (27 to 33 weeks of gestational age, n = 20) and full‐term infants (n = 20) were enrolled using four gestures: tongue protrusion, mouth opening, sequential finger movements and hand movements. All testing were performed in infants at term‐equivalent age. Two independent and blinded observers coded the behaviour of each infant on video recording. Facial expressions or hand movements, similar to the one presented, were quantified and classified according to their timing.

Results

A total of 37 out of 40 infants imitated at least one gesture. The very preterm and term infants did not differ in the presence of imitation or its timing for the four gestures tested. The very preterm infants displayed more imitation abilities for sequential finger movement. Tongue protrusion and sequential finger movement were the particularly strong imitated gesture in both groups.

Conclusion

These findings are the first to show similar neonatal imitation in term and very preterm infants. Our results may support early parent‐infant social interactions.
Multidisciplinary decision‐making strategies may reduce the need for secondary surgery in complex colonic polyps – A systematic review and pooled analysis
Authors: Parker Jody , Gupta Sunnia , Torkington Jared , Dolwani Sunil
Published: September 2021

Aim

The recognition of complex colonic polyps is increasing. Management varies considerably and the impact of this on clinical outcomes is unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the impact of group decision‐making strategies and defined selection criteria on the treatment outcomes of complex colonic polyps.

Method

A systematic literature review identified studies reporting complex polyp treatment outcomes and describing their decision‐making strategies. Databases searched included PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus. Articles were identified by two blinded reviewers using defined inclusion criteria. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO and performed in line with PRISMA guidelines.

Results

There were 303 identified articles describing treatment outcomes of complex colonic polyps. Only nine of these fully described the decision‐making strategy and met the inclusion criteria. Adverse events ranged from 1.3% to 10% across the studies. Unsuspected malignancy and secondary surgery rates ranged from 2.4% to 15.4% and 3.3% to 43.9%, respectively. Grouping of articles into a hierarchy of decision‐making strategies demonstrated a sequential reduction in secondary surgery rates with improving strategies. There were no differences in comparisons of adverse event or unsuspected malignancy rates.

Conclusions

There is limited description of decision‐making strategies and variability in reporting of studies describing complex polyp treatment outcomes. The use of multidisciplinary decision‐making and defined selection criteria may reduce the need for secondary surgical intervention in complex colonic polyps, but further evidence is required to draw definite conclusions.
Dupilumab effectiveness for the treatment of patients with concomitant atopic dermatitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis
Authors: Napolitano Maddalena , Maffei Marianna , Patruno Cataldo , Leone Carlo Antonio , Di Guida Adriana , Potestio Luca , Scalvenzi Massimiliano , Fabbrocini Gabriella
Published: September 2021

Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin (IL) 4 and IL13 pathways. We performed a retrospective observational study to evaluate the efficacy of dupilumab for the treatment of adult patients referred to our department, from January 2019 to May 2021, with a diagnosis of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and concomitant chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), with a clinical indication for dupilumab treatment. Skin disease activity was assessed using EASI, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pruritus (P‐NRS) and sleep (S‐NRS), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). The CRSwNP activity was evaluated using 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22), endoscopic nasal polyp score (ENPS), nasal congestion or obstruction score (scale 0–3), loss‐of‐smell score (scale 0–3), and rhinosinusitis disease severity (visual analog scale 0–10 cm). A significant improvement of all the score values was recorded assessing patients at baseline, week (W)16, and W24. In particular, concerning the CRSwNP, a reduction of ENPS score (baseline: 4.9 ± 1.85; W16: 2.49 ± 1.42, p < 0.01; W24: 1.68 ± 1.25, p < 0.01) and SNOT‐22 (baseline: 35.9 ± 19.11; W16: 12.85 ± 6.31, p < 0.01; W24: 10.71 ± 7.29, p < 0.01) was observed. Furthermore, dupilumab is a labeled drug for the treatment of both AD and CRSwNP. The use of a single drug to obtain the improvement up to the near remission of AD and CRSwNP increases not only patient's compliance with the treatment, but also the benefits in terms of health cost related to these chronic diseases.
Untangling the complexity of priority effects in multispecies communities
Authors: Song Chuliang , Fukami Tadashi , Saavedra Serguei
Published: September 2021

The history of species immigration can dictate how species interact in local communities, thereby causing historical contingency in community assembly. Since immigration history is rarely known, these historical influences, or priority effects, pose a major challenge in predicting community assembly. Here, we provide a graph‐based, non‐parametric, theoretical framework for understanding the predictability of community assembly as affected by priority effects. To develop this framework, we first show that the diversity of possible priority effects increases super‐exponentially with the number of species. We then point out that, despite this diversity, the consequences of priority effects for multispecies communities can be classified into four basic types, each of which reduces community predictability: alternative stable states, alternative transient paths, compositional cycles and the lack of escapes from compositional cycles to stable states. Using a neural network, we show that this classification of priority effects enables accurate explanation of community predictability, particularly when each species immigrates repeatedly. We also demonstrate the empirical utility of our theoretical framework by applying it to two experimentally derived assembly graphs of algal and ciliate communities. Based on these analyses, we discuss how the framework proposed here can help guide experimental investigation of the predictability of history‐dependent community assembly.
WORDS THAT MIGHT SAVE NECKS: PHILIPP KHABO KOEPSELL, EPISTEMIC MURDER AND POETIC JUSTICE1
Authors: Colvin Sarah
Published: September 2021

I begin with a poem of Koepsell's that questions the writing of poetry in times of political upheaval, and whether words can save necks. I then examine the collection Die Akte James Knopf for possible answers to those questions. José Medina conceptualises epistemic death, and Koepsell reveals the closeness of epistemic and actual death. I read Die Akte James Knopf as both a poetry collection and a dossier of evidence in a case of epistemic murder; it uncovers the mechanisms of racialised knowledge production/perpetuation, and produces what David Lloyd has called poetic justice. Medina writes of guerilla pluralism, which in this context I call provoking pluralism, because it privileges linguistic intervention over violence. In its grammar and effects, provoking pluralism is both irritating and potentially generative. I also conceive of ‘guerilla epistemology’, which operates a reversal, or revolution, of epistemic privilege. Koepsell provokingly acknowledges that the violence of epistemic injustice is, like other kinds of violence, tied to pleasure: racialised injustice sells. With his poetry and strategic use of humour, I argue, he produces counter‐pleasure, which infiltrates dominant knowledge and stimulates change. It might one day save someone's neck.
The shaping ability of WaveOne Gold, TRUShape and XP‐endo Shaper systems in oval‐shaped distal canals of mandibular molars: A microcomputed tomographic analysis
Authors: Poly Ane , Marques Fernando , Moura Sassone Luciana , Karabucak Bekir
Published: September 2021

Aim

To compare the shaping ability of a heat‐treated centric reciprocating file system (WaveOne Gold), a heat‐treated eccentric rotary multifile system (TRUShape 3D Conforming Files), and a heat‐treated expandable one‐file rotary system (XP‐endo Shaper) extending its activation time, in preparing oval‐shaped root canals in extracted mandibular molars by means of microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) analysis.

Methodology

Thirty moderately curved oval‐shaped distal roots of mandibular molars were selected. The normality of canal length, curvature angle, volume, surface area, structure model index, and aspect ratio were confirmed. The samples were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10). Micro‐CT scans were taken before and after canals were instrumented using WaveOne Gold (size 35, .06 taper), or TRUShape (size 30, .06v taper), both following the manufacturer's instructions, or XP‐endo Shaper following a new protocol with extended activation time. The mechanical preparation time for each sample was recorded. Pre‐ and postoperative images were analysed for the percentage of unprepared canal areas and the percentage of removed dentine. Data were compared between groups using the statistical analyses one‐way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < .05).

Results

The percentage of unprepared canal areas was significantly higher with WaveOne Gold (% 11.5 ± 4.0) and TRUShape (% 12.4 ± 5.8) compared with XP‐endo Shaper (% 5.2 ± 2.6) (p < .05). XP‐endo Shaper removed significantly more dentine (3.3 ± 1.5 mm3) than WaveOne Gold (1.8 ± 0.8 mm3) and TRUShape (1.9 ± 0.8 mm3) (p < .05). No significant differences were seen for mechanical preparation time between WaveOne Gold (79 ± 31 s), TRUShape (104 ± 41 s) and XP‐endo Shaper (71 ± 23 s) (p > .05).

Conclusions

The comparison of three recognized root canal filing systems has shown that with similar preparation times, the XP‐endo Shaper removed more dentine (mm3) leaving less unprepared canal wall area (%) than WaveOne Gold and TRUShape when preparing oval‐shaped root canals of extracted mandibular molars.
A SEARCH MODEL OF EARLY EMPLOYMENT CAREERS AND YOUTH CRIME
Authors: Mancino M. Antonella
Published: September 2021

A large fraction of disadvantaged young individuals makes money from crime, and yet their labor market is usually studied ignoring the presence of the criminal sector. Consistent with the empirical evidence, I build a two‐sector model of frictional labor search to study crime and employment outcomes jointly, and estimate it using a panel data set of young offenders. I use the model to illustrate sizable interactions between sectors, and show that, aiming at the same reduction in crime, policies targeting the legal labor sector generate larger welfare gains, and at a comparable cost, than traditional policies focusing on the criminal sector.
Exogenous ochronosis associated with hydroquinone: a systematic review
Authors: Ishack Stephanie , Lipner Shari R.
Published: September 2021

Exogenous ochronosis is a potential side effect associated with hydroquinone, and treatment is often unsatisfactory. Our study objectives were to review data on hydroquinone‐associated ochronosis to determine risk factors for patients experiencing this adverse event. On September 27, 2020 (MEDLINE/PubMed), and October 30, 2020 (Scopus and Web of Science), databases were searched for “ochronosis + hydroquinone” by both authors to reduce risk basis. PRISMA reporting guidelines were used to select 56 articles with a total of 126 patients with hydroquinone‐associated ochronosis. Included articles described hydroquinone‐associated ochronosis. Articles were excluded if they had irrelevant content, were non‐English language text, and were non‐case studies. Full text articles were assessed and recorded. Cross‐tabulation analysis was performed on categorical data, and Fisher exact test was performed. Ochronosis was most often reported in middle‐aged women (53.2%), of African descent (45.2%), Black races (55.5%), and Fitzpatrick skin types V–VI (52.4%). It was most frequently reported with unknown and hydroquinone concentrations greater than 4% (32.5 and 35.7% cases, respectively). Median duration of use was 5 years, with only four cases reported with courses 3 months or shorter and eight cases reported with use 1 year or less. All patients presented with facial blue‐black or gray‐blue macules in a reticulate, lace‐like fashion. Histopathology consistently showed solar elastosis and brownish‐yellow, ‘banana‐shaped’ fibers between degenerated collagen fibers of the papillary dermis. Based on these findings, we conclude that hydroquinone in concentrations above 4% and in treatment courses longer than 3 months may be associated with new‐onset ochronosis.
El surgimiento, el fin y la sustitución del experimento de reglamentación laboral transnacional en Bangladesh
Authors: KANG Youbin
Published: September 2021

Cinco años después del derrumbe del Rana Plaza en 2013 –en el que murieron 1133 trabajadores–, el Acuerdo sobre Incendios y Seguridad de los Edificios en Bangladesh, programa multipartito para la reglamentación laboral de la industria de la confección, fue suspendido por la Corte Superior del país. El Acuerdo, considerado un prometedor ejemplo de regulación transnacional, nunca se institucionalizó localmente. De su investigación archivística y etnográfica la autora deduce que lo que condujo a su terminación y sustitución fue la falta de apoyo generalizado de los empleadores y trabajadores locales, así como del Gobierno, a pesar de que mejoró las condiciones de seguridad en las fábricas.
Migración interna, remesas y participación laboral en la India rural desde una perspectiva de género
Authors: KHAN Mohd Imran , BARUAH Ashapurna
Published: September 2021

Este artículo examina el impacto de las remesas de migrantes internos en la oferta de trabajo de hombres y mujeres de los hogares receptores en la India rural. Las estimaciones con variables instrumentales y datos de la National Sample Survey indican que el efecto es negativo. Las remesas no parecen afectar a la participación en el trabajo asalariado regular, pero se asocian a una disminución de la participación en el trabajo asalariado ocasional y en el trabajo familiar no remunerado, y a un aumento del empleo no subordinado, especialmente entre las mujeres del hogar. Además, las remesas aumentan significativamente la participación femenina en las tareas domésticas.
Nanocrystalline high‐entropy carbide ceramics with improved mechanical properties
Authors: Ma Mengdong , Sun Yanan , Wu Yingju , Zhao Zhisheng , Ye Li , Chu Yanhui
Published: September 2021

The nanocrystalline (Hf0.25Zr0.25Ta0.25Ti0.25)C high‐entropy carbide ceramics were successfully prepared through high‐pressure sintering of the self‐synthesized nanopowders for the first time. The results showed that the relative density, grain size, hardness, and elastic modulus of all the as‐prepared samples increased gradually with the increase of sintering temperatures from 1200 to 1600°C. The as‐fabricated samples at 1600°C possessed a relative density of 97.1% and a mean grain size of 98 ± 35 nm and simultaneously exhibited good comprehensive mechanical properties with Vickers hardness of 25.7 ± 0.6 GPa and fracture toughness of 4.3 ± 0.4 MPa·m1/2 at room temperature due to the grain refinement strengthening mechanism and microcrack deflection and bridging toughening mechanism. In addition, they showed a linear decrease in high‐temperature Vickers hardness with the increase of the temperature from room temperature to 1000°C, which was determined by the combined effects of the intrinsic softening of HEC‐1 ceramics at elevated temperature and the presence of ZrO2 impurity phase at the grain boundaries.
Outcomes of temporary pacing using active fixation leads and externalized permanent pacemakers in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection and pacemaker dependency
Authors: Zhou Xu , Ze Feng , Li Ding , Li Xuebin , Wang Bin
Published: September 2021

Introduction

The incidence of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections is increasing. Complete device and lead removal are recommended for all patients with definite CIED system infection. In patients with pacemaker dependency, temporary pacing before reimplantation is necessary. In this study, temporary pacing using active fixation leads (TPAFL) was evaluated.

Methods

We reviewed data from consecutive patients implanted with TPAFL after transvenous lead extraction at our center between November 2014 and October 2020.

Results

TPAFL were placed in 334 patients. The mean age was 64.5 ± 16.4 years and 76.3% were males. Two hundred and forty (72%) were treated due to local pocket infection and 94 (28%) systemic infection. The indication for temporary pacing was sick sinus syndrome in 135 (40.4%) patients and complete or high‐grade atrioventricular (AV) block in 199 (59.6%) patients. The most common access site for lead implantation was the ipsilateral subclavian or axillary vein (78.9%). A new permanent CIED was reimplanted at 10.3 ± 9.2 days (median 10, range: 2–70) after implantation of the temporary pacing. There were five (1.5%) adverse events related to the temporary pacing during hospitalization. The median follow‐up duration was 23.1 months (interquartile range [IQR], 7.2–43.4 months). Only one patient (0.3%) developed recurrent CIED infection.

Conclusion

TPAFL is safe and effective in pacemaker‐dependent patients after infected CIED removal. The rate of temporary pacing‐related complications, including lead dislodgment and reinfection of CIED is relatively low.
Immune defence mechanisms presented in liver homogenates and bile of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)
Authors: González‐Silvera Daniel , Cuesta Alberto , Esteban Maria Ángeles
Published: September 2021

Because the role of the liver of fishes in providing possible immunity remains largely unknown, the aim of this work was to identify and characterize different humoral defence mechanisms in the liver homogenates and bile of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) for the first time. Total protein levels and several immune parameters (complement activity, lysozyme and immunoglobulin M level) were studied. Furthermore, the activity of some lytic (proteases, antiproteases, esterase, alkaline phosphatase) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) enzymes was determined. Finally, bacteriostatic activity on three opportunist fish pathogens (Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio angillarum and Photobacterium damselae) was measured. Lysozyme and antiprotease activity were undetected in liver and bile, while natural haemolytic complement activity was only detected in bile, and immunoglobulin M was detected in both samples. The levels of proteases, esterase and antioxidant enzymes were greater in bile than in liver homogenates, while the level of alkaline phosphatase was very low in both samples. In addition, while no bacteriostatic activity was detected on liver homogenates, the bile revealed a very potent bacteriostatic activity against all the tested pathogenic bacteria. These results corroborate that fish liver – especially fish bile – contains many factors involved in innate immunity that could be useful for better understanding the role of the liver as an organ involved in fish immune functions as well as the possible contribution of bile to gut mucosal immunity.
Combined analyses of translatome and transcriptome in Arabidopsis reveal new players responding to magnesium deficiency
Authors: Li Yaxin , Li Qianqian , Beuchat Gabriel , Zeng Houqing , Zhang Cankui , Chen Li‐Qing
Published: September 2021

Translational control of gene expression, including recruitment of ribosomes to messenger RNA (mRNA), is particularly important during the response to stress. Purification of ribosome‐associated mRNAs using translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) followed by RNA‐sequencing facilitates the study of mRNAs undergoing active transcription and better proxies the translatome, or protein response, to stimuli. To identify plant responses to Magnesium (Mg) deficiency at the translational level, we combined transcriptome and translatome analyses. Excitingly, we found 26 previously unreported Mg‐responsive genes that were only regulated at the translational level and not the transcriptional level, during the early response to Mg deficiency. In addition, mutants of the transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), the H+/CATION EXCHANGER 1 and 3 (CAX1 and CAX3), and UBIQUITIN 11 (UBQ11) exhibited early chlorosis phenotype under Mg deficiency, supporting their functional involvement in ion homeostasis. Overall, our study strongly supports that TRAP‐seq combined with RNA‐seq followed by phenotype screening could facilitate the identification of novel players during stress responses.
Amyloid pathology and synaptic loss in pathological aging
Authors: Gkanatsiou Eleni , Nilsson Johanna , Toomey Christina E. , Vrillon Agathe , Kvartsberg Hlin , Portelius Erik , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Brinkmalm Ann , Lashley Tammaryn , Brinkmalm Gunnar
Published: September 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory dysfunction and cognitive decline. Pathological aging (PA) describes patients who are amyloid‐positive but cognitively unimpaired at time of death. Both AD and PA contain amyloid plaques dominated by amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. In this study, we investigated and compared synaptic protein levels, amyloid plaque load, and Aβ peptide patterns between AD and PA. Two cohorts of post‐mortem brain tissue were investigated. In the first, consisting of controls, PA, AD, and familial AD (FAD) individuals, synaptic proteins extracted with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane‐buffered saline (TBS) were analyzed. In the second, consisting of tissue from AD and PA patients from three different regions (occipital lobe, frontal lobe, and cerebellum), a two‐step extraction was performed. Five synaptic proteins were extracted using TBS, and from the remaining portion Aβ peptides were extracted using formic acid. Subsequently, immunoprecipitation with several antibodies targeting different proteins/peptides was performed for both fractions, which were subsequently analyzed by mass spectrometry. The levels of synaptic proteins were lower in AD (and FAD) compared with PA (and controls), confirming synaptic loss in AD patients. The amyloid plaque load was increased in AD compared with PA, and the relative amount of Aβ40 was higher in AD while for Aβ42 it was higher in PA. In AD loss of synaptic function was associated with increased plaque load and increased amounts of Aβ40 compared with PA cases, suggesting that synaptic function is preserved in PA cases even in the presence of Aβ.

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“You Can't Fix Your Brain”: Exploring concussion experiences of children and parents
Authors: Campbell Alyson , Plourde Vickie , Hartling Lisa , Scott Shannon D.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

To explore the experiences, information needs and preferences of children who have had a concussion and their parents who have cared for them.

Design

Qualitative description.

Methods

Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted via Zoom with children who have had a concussion between ages 5 and 16 years and parents who have cared for a child with a concussion. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed.

Results

Fourteen interviews were conducted with children and parents who have experiences with concussion. Four major themes were identified: (1) mechanism of injury and concussion symptoms experienced by children, (2) parent concerns, emotions, and health care experience with child's concussion, (3) concussions affect more than just your head and, (4) health information seeking, and preferences of parents and children related to concussion. Children and their parents have unique experiences, information needs and preferences regarding concussion.

Practice Implications

This information offers valuable insights about developing resources about childhood concussion that parents and children will find useful and relevant. This research has direct relevance to healthcare professionals who may encounter children with concussion in their daily practice so they can ensure the needs of children and families are being met. Our findings will be used to create the content for an innovative knowledge translation tool about pediatric concussion.
Landscape‐scale population connectivity in two parasitoid species associated with the spruce budworm: Testing the birdfeeder effect using genetic data
Authors: Legault Simon , Wittische Julian , Cusson Michel , Brodeur Jacques , James Patrick M. A.
Published: September 2021

Periodic and spatially synchronous outbreaks of insect pests have dramatic consequences for boreal and sub‐boreal forests. Within these multitrophic systems, parasitoids can be stabilizing agents by dispersing toward patches containing higher host density (the so‐called birdfeeder effect). However, we know little about the dispersal abilities of parasitoids in continuous forested landscapes, limiting our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of host–parasitoid systems, and constraining our ability to predict forest resilience in the context of global changes. In this study, we investigate the spatial genetic structure and spatial variation in genetic diversity of two important species of spruce budworm larval parasitoids during outbreaks: Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck (Braconidae) and Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck) (Ichneumonidae). Using parasitoids sampled in 2014 from 26 and 29 locations across a study area of 350,000 km2, we identified 1,012 and 992 neutral SNP loci for A. fumiferanae (N = 279 individuals) and G. fumiferanae (N = 382), respectively. Using DAPC, PCA, AMOVA, and IBD analyses, we found evidence for panmixia and high genetic connectivity for both species, matching the previously described genetic structure of the spruce budworm within the same context, suggesting similar effective dispersal during outbreaks and high parasitoid population densities between outbreaks. We also found a significant negative relationship between genetic diversity and latitude for A. fumiferanae but not for G. fumiferanae, suggesting that northern range limits may vary by species within the spruce budworm parasitoid community. These spatial dynamics should be considered when predicting future insect outbreak severities in boreal landscapes.
Microbes support enhanced nitrogen requirements of coral holobionts in a high CO2 environment
Authors: Meunier Valentine , Geissler Laura , Bonnet Sophie , Rädecker Nils , Perna Gabriela , Grosso Olivier , Lambert Christophe , Rodolfo‐Metalpa Riccardo , Voolstra Christian R. , Houlbrèque Fanny
Published: September 2021

Ocean acidification is posing a threat to calcifying organisms due to the increased energy requirements of calcification under high CO2 conditions. The ability of scleractinian corals to cope with future ocean conditions will thus depend on their ability to fulfil their carbon requirement. However, the primary productivity of coral holobionts is limited by low nitrogen (N) availability in coral reef waters. Here, we employed CO2 seeps of Tutum Bay (Papua New Guinea) as a natural laboratory to understand how coral holobionts offset their increased energy requirements under high CO2 conditions. Our results demonstrate for the first time that under high pCO2 conditions, N assimilation pathways of Pocillopora damicornis are jointly modified. We found that diazotroph‐derived N assimilation rates in the Symbiodiniaceae were significantly higher in comparison to an ambient CO2 control site, concomitant with a restructured diazotroph community and the specific prevalence of an alpha‐proteobacterium. Further, corals at the high CO2 site also had increased feeding rates on picoplankton and in particular exhibited selective feeding on Synechococcus sp., known to be rich in N. Given the high abundance of picoplankton in oligotrophic waters at large, our results suggest that corals exhibiting flexible diazotrophic communities and capable of exploiting N‐rich picoplankton sources to offset their increased N requirements may be able to cope better in a high pCO2 world.
Joint Decomposition of Business and Financial Cycles: Evidence from Eight Advanced Economies*
Authors: Winter Jasper de , Koopman Siem Jan , Hindrayanto Irma
Published: September 2021

We discuss a model‐based simultaneous decomposition of multiple time series in short‐term and medium‐term cyclical dynamics. We associate short‐term dynamic features with the business cycle and medium‐term dynamic features with the financial cycle. For eight advanced economies, we analyse a set of macroeconomic and financial time series data. A strong and common finding among all economies is the co‐cyclicality of medium‐term cycles, especially those corresponding to house price and gross domestic product variables. We also find empirical evidence that the house price is partly driven by the credit cycle. Most cyclical movements in the country‐specific time series appear to be driven by domestic rather than global factors.
Implications of mistletoe parasitism for the host metabolome: A new plant identity in the forest canopy
Authors: Lázaro‐González Alba , Gargallo‐Garriga Albert , Hódar José Antonio , Sardans Jordi , Oravec Michal , Urban Otmar , Peñuelas Josep , Zamora Regino
Published: September 2021

Mistletoe–host systems exemplify an intimate and chronic relationship where mistletoes represent protracted stress for hosts, causing long‐lasting impact. Although host changes in morphological and reproductive traits due to parasitism are well known, shifts in their physiological system, altering metabolite concentrations, are less known due to the difficulty of quantification. Here, we use ecometabolomic techniques in the plant–plant interaction, comparing the complete metabolome of the leaves from mistletoe (Viscum album) and needles from their host (Pinus nigra), both parasitized and unparasitized, to elucidate host responses to plant parasitism. Our results show that mistletoe acquires metabolites basically from the primary metabolism of its host and synthesizes its own defence compounds. In response to mistletoe parasitism, pines modify a quarter of their metabolome over the year, making the pine canopy metabolome more homogeneous by reducing the seasonal shifts in top‐down stratification. Overall, host pines increase antioxidant metabolites, suggesting oxidative stress, and also increase part of the metabolites required by mistletoe, which act as a permanent sink of host resources. In conclusion, by exerting biotic stress and thereby causing permanent systemic change, mistletoe parasitism generates a new host‐plant metabolic identity available in forest canopy, which could have notable ecological consequences in the forest ecosystem.
Eligible neonatal donors after circulatory determination of death (Maastricht type III): A national survey of level III NICUs
Authors: Caserío Sonia , Arnaez Juan ,   the Neo‐Spain Donation Group
Published: September 2021

Background

Organ donation continues to increase worldwide, but in general paediatric patients remain less likely to receive a transplant. The inclusion of neonates as donors after cDCD should be considered in an effort to increase donation rates.

Methods

The survey for a cross‐sectional national study of potential cDCD neonatal donors (Maastricht type III) was sent to all 90 level III Spanish neonatal units to explore: 1) protocols, education, and specific opinions on donation and 2) potential cDCD that could have been eligible over a 2‐year period (2014–2015).

Results

Forty‐five centers (50%) completed the survey, and 38/45 gave information about potential eligible donors. In 16% of the centers specific protocols on neonatal donation exist. All hospitals demanded more specific training, and 65% noted that the donation process could be a problem in the family's dismissal of the child.

During the study period 46 805 neonates were admitted in the 38 centers, and 625 neonates died. Ninety‐five born at a gestational age ≥34 weeks and above 2000 gr died after an EoL decision, 38 (40%) and 13 (14%) of them due to neonatal encephalopathy and multiple congenital anomalies, respectively. There were 31 (33%) elegible infants who died in less than 120 min due to pathologies that did not contraindicate donation.

Conclusions

Neonatal cDCD could help to reduce the gap between the supply of and demand for organs according to the potentially eligible patients emerging from this study. Training in EoL and donation processes should be provided to healthcare professionals.
Delayed sequential abdominal wall closure in pediatric liver transplantation to overcome “large for size” scenarios
Authors: Molino José Andrés , Hidalgo Ernest , Quintero Jesús , Coma Ana , Ortega Juan , Juamperez Javier , Mercadal‐Hally María , Riera Lluis , Riaza Lucia , Bilbao Itxarone , Dopazo Cristina , Caralt Mireia , Pando Elisabeth , Gómez‐Gavara Concepción , Charco Ramón
Published: September 2021

Background

Primary abdominal wall closure after pediatric liver transplantation (PLT) is neither always possible nor advisable, given the graft‐recipient size discrepancy and its potential large‐for‐size scenario. Our objective was to report the experience accumulated with delayed sequential closure (DSC) guided by Doppler ultrasound control.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of DSC performed from 2013 to March 2020.

Results

Twenty‐seven DSC (26.5%) were identified out of 102 PLT. Transplant indications and type of grafts were similar among both groups. In patients with DSC, mean weight and GRWR were 9.4 ± 5.5 kg (3.1–26 kg) and 4.7 ± 2.4 (1.9–9.7), significantly lower and higher than the primary closure cohort, respectively. The median time to achieve definitive closure was 6 days (range 3–23 days), and the median number of procedures was 4 (range 2–9). Patients with DSC had longer overall PICU (22.5 ± 16.9 vs. 9.1 ± 9.7 days, p < .05) and hospital stay (33.4 ± 19.1 vs 23, 9 ± 19.8 days (p < .05). These differences are less remarkable if the analysis is performed in a subgroup of patients weighing less than 10 kg. Two patients presented vascular complications (7.4%) within DSC group. No differences were seen when comparing overall, 3‐year graft and patient survival (96% and 96% in the DSC group).

Conclusions

DSC is a simple and safe technique to ensure satisfactory clinical outcomes to overcome “large for size” scenarios in PLT. In addition, we were able to avoid using a permanent biological material for closing the abdomen.
Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation affect vagally mediated heart rate variability? A living and interactive Bayesian meta‐analysis
Authors: Wolf Vinzent , Kühnel Anne , Teckentrup Vanessa , Koenig Julian , Kroemer Nils B.
Published: September 2021

Non‐invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), have considerable potential for clinical use. Beneficial effects of taVNS have been demonstrated on symptoms in patients with mental or neurological disorders as well as transdiagnostic dimensions, including mood and motivation. However, since taVNS research is still an emerging field, the underlying neurophysiological processes are not yet fully understood, and the replicability of findings on biomarkers of taVNS effects has been questioned. The objective of this analysis was to synthesize the current evidence concerning the effects of taVNS on vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), a candidate biomarker that has, so far, received most attention in the field. We performed a living Bayesian random effects meta‐analysis. To keep the synthesis of evidence transparent and up to date as new studies are being published, we developed a Shiny web app that regularly incorporates new results and enables users to modify study selection criteria to evaluate the robustness of the inference across potential confounds. Our analysis focuses on 16 single‐blind studies comparing taVNS versus sham in healthy participants. The meta‐analysis provides strong evidence for the null hypothesis (g = 0.014, CIshortest = [−0.103, 0.132], BF01 = 24.678), indicating that acute taVNS does not alter vmHRV compared to sham. To conclude, there is no support for the hypothesis that vmHRV is a robust biomarker for acute taVNS. By increasing transparency and timeliness, the concept of living meta‐analyses can lead to transformational benefits in emerging fields such as non‐invasive brain stimulation.
Gender, occupational diversity of R&D teams and patents generation: an application to Spanish firms
Authors: Teruel Mercedes , Segarra‐Blasco Agustí
Published: September 2021

This paper studies the relationship between gender and occupational diversity in R&D teams and their capacity to generate patents. It is based on an extensive sample of 4,085 firms from the Spanish Community Innovation Survey over the 2004‒2014 period. Applying an exponential Poisson regression that controls for endogeneity through the generalised method of moments, the empirical results show that gender diversity has an ambiguous effect. Although it affects patents negatively, this impact is non‐significant for patents with international protection. Patent generation is however positively affected by the diversity of categories in the R&D teams. Hence, the key question is not gender per se but rather the occupational status of the R&D teams.
IL‐17A is a common and critical driver of impaired lung function and immunopathology induced by influenza virus, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Liu Xiaoming , Nguyen Thi Hiep , Sokulsky Leon , Li Xiang , Garcia Netto Keilah , Hsu Alan Chen‐Yu , Liu Chi , Laurie Karen , Barr Ian , Tay Hock , Eyers Fiona , Foster Paul S. , Yang Ming
Published: September 2021

Background and objective

Influenza virus (FLU), rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the most common acute respiratory infections worldwide. Infection can cause severe health outcomes, while therapeutic options are limited, primarily relieving symptoms without attenuating the development of lesions or impaired lung function. We therefore examined the inflammatory response to these infections with the intent to identify common components that are critical drivers of immunopathogenesis and thus represent potential therapeutic targets.

Methods

BALB/c mice were infected with FLU, RV or RSV, and lung function, airway inflammation and immunohistopathology were measured over a 10‐day period. Anti‐IL‐17A mAb was administered to determine the impact of attenuating this cytokine's function on the development and severity of disease.

Results

All three viruses induced severe airway constriction and inflammation at 2 days post‐infection (dpi). However, only FLU induced prolonged inflammation till 10 dpi. Increased IL‐17A expression was correlated with the alterations in lung function and its persistence. Neutralization of IL‐17A did not affect the viral replication but led to the resolution of airway hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, anti‐IL‐17A treatment resulted in reduced infiltration of neutrophils (in RV‐ and FLU‐infected mice at 2 dpi) and lymphocytes (in RSV‐infected mice at 2 dpi and FLU‐infected mice at 10 dpi), and attenuated the severity of immunopathology.

Conclusion

IL‐17A is a common pathogenic molecule regulating disease induced by three prevalent respiratory viruses. Targeting the IL‐17A pathway may provide a unified approach to the treatment of these respiratory infections alleviating both inflammation‐induced lesions and difficulties in breathing.
On the variation of bi‐periodic waves in the transverse direction
Authors: Henderson Diane M. , Carter John D. , Catalano Megan E.
Published: September 2021

Weakly nonlinear, bi‐periodic patterns of waves that propagate in the ‐direction with amplitude variation in the ‐direction are generated in a laboratory. The amplitude variation in the ‐direction is studied within the framework of the vector (vNLSE) and scalar (sNLSE) nonlinear Schrödinger equations using the uniform‐amplitude, Stokes‐like solution of the vNLSE and the Jacobi elliptic sine function solution of the sNLSE. The wavetrains are generated using the Stokes‐like solution of vNLSE; however, a comparison of both predictions shows that while they both do a reasonably good job of predicting the observed amplitude variation in , the comparison with the elliptic function solution of the sNLSE has significantly less error when the ratio of ‐wavenumber to the two‐dimensional wavenumber is less than about 0.25. For ratios between about 0.25 and 0.30 (the limit of the experiments), the two models have comparable errors. When the ratio is less than about 0.17, agreement with the vNLSE solution requires a third‐harmonic term in the ‐direction, obtained from a Stokes‐type expansion of interacting, symmetric wavetrains. There is no evidence of instability growth in the ‐direction, consistent with the work of Segur and colleagues, who showed that dissipation stabilizes the modulational instability. Finally, there is some extra amplitude variation in , which is examined via a qualitative stability calculation that allows symmetry breaking in that direction.
Should we individualize training based on force‐velocity profiling to improve physical performance in athletes?
Authors: Lindberg Kolbjørn , Solberg Paul , Rønnestad Bent R. , Frank Martin Thorsen , Larsen Tommy , Abusdal Gøran , Berntsen Sveinung , Paulsen Gøran , Sveen Ole , Seynnes Olivier , Bjørnsen Thomas
Published: September 2021

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an individualized training program based on force‐velocity (FV) profiling on jumping, sprinting, strength, and power in athletes. Forty national level team sport athletes (20 ± 4years, 83 ± 13 kg) from ice‐hockey, handball, and soccer completed a 10‐week training intervention. A theoretical optimal squat jump (SJ)‐FV‐profile was calculated from SJ with five different loads (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg). Based on their initial FV‐profile, athletes were randomized to train toward, away, or irrespective (balanced training) of their initial theoretical optimal FV‐profile. The training content was matched between groups in terms of set x repetitions but varied in relative loading to target the different aspects of the FV‐profile. The athletes performed 10 and 30 m sprints, SJ and countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat, and a leg‐press power test before and after the intervention. There were no significant group differences for any of the performance measures. Trivial to small changes in 1RM squat (2.9%, 4.6%, and 6.5%), 10 m sprint time (1.0%, −0.9%, and −1.7%), 30 m sprint time (0.9%, −0.6%, and −0.4%), CMJ height (4.3%, 3.1%, and 5.7%), SJ height (4.8%, 3.7%, and 5.7%), and leg‐press power (6.7%, 4.2%, and 2.9%) were observed in the groups training toward, away, or irrespective of their initial theoretical optimal FV‐profile, respectively. Changes toward the optimal SJ‐FV‐profile were negatively correlated with changes in SJ height (r = −0.49, p < 0.001). Changes in SJ‐power were positively related to changes in SJ‐height (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and CMJ‐height (r = 0.32, p = 0.044), but unrelated to changes in 10 m (r = −0.02, p = 0.921) and 30 m sprint time (r = −0.01, p = 0.974). The results from this study do not support the efficacy of individualized training based on SJ‐FV profiling.
Analysis of spatiotemporal mobility of shared‐bike usage during COVID‐19 pandemic in Beijing
Authors: Chai Xinwei , Guo Xian , Xiao Jihua , Jiang Jie
Published: September 2021

The entire world is experiencing a crisis in public health and the economy owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Understanding human mobility during the pandemic helps to formulate interventional strategies and resilient measures. The widely used bike‐sharing system (BSS) could illustrate the activities of urban dwellers over time and space in big cities; however, it is rarely reported in epidemiological research. In this article, we analyze the BSS data to examine the human mobility of shared‐bike users, detecting the key time nodes of different pandemic stages and demonstrating the evolution of human mobility owing to the onset of the COVID‐19 threat and administrative restrictions. We assessed the net impact of the pandemic using the results of co‐location analysis between shared‐bike usage and points of interest. Our results demonstrate that the pandemic has reduced overall bike usage by 64.8%; however, a subsequent average increase (15.9%) in shared‐bike usage has been observed, suggesting partial recovery of productive and residential activities, although far from normal times. These findings could be a reference for epidemiological research, and thereby aid policymaking in the context of the current COVID‐19 outbreak and other epidemic events at the city scale.