bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect social media on Social Behavior of Youth in California, USA
Authors:   California University of Pennsylvania, Heinonen Cogburn Fischer
Published: February 2022

Social media means websites and applications that enable users to develop and share content or participate in social networking. Social media is an online platform that people use to build social networks or social connections with other individuals with similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life relations. Thus, the study sought to examine the effect of social media on social behavior among the youth in California, USA. The study was literature-based. The study's findings were based on the results from the prior studies. The study results showed that social media influences the social behavior of youth. Social media platforms enable individuals to have conversations, share information and develop internet content. The speed of the internet has changed the way people receive information. The research concluded that as modern technology increased, online social networking had become the routine for every individual. Online networking has broadened the quality and rate of coordinated initiatives for various people. Social media plays an essential duty in influencing culture, economy, and overall view of the world, so users should be mindful of its positive impact. Youth are connected with social media daily. The benefits of social media are more highlighted regularly instead of its negative elements, which are very hardly ever discussed. The study suggested that social media may increase or widen our knowledge and enhance the professional connection between the youth. The study recommended that people be educated on exactly how to handle their privacy settings, warning them concerning what details they include in social media posts, including what is in their photos, urging that they do not connect with anyone online unless they understand them in real life already. The community/people are advised to take on the good aspects of social media and disregard the negative effects. Keywords: Social media, behavior change, youth, California, USA
KillCancer: nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy to kill cancer
Authors: Oliveira Sabrina
Published: February 2022

KillCancer: nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy to kill cancer

KILLCANCER aims to better understand and advance a new form of targeted photodynamic therapy, a cancer therapy that is local, and may induce long-term protection through activation of the immune system. This new form makes use of nanobodies to render the therapy more effective and cancer specific. We have obtained encouraging results that support further testing in the veterinary clinic.
Extended Distribution of Hyptis Brevipes Poit. in India
Authors: Paul T. , Kumar Anant
Published: February 2022

Hyptis brevipes Poit. (Lamiaceae), an exotic species had been reported earlier from Andaman Islands but so far not yet been reported from mainland of India. Now this species has been collected from Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, Darjeeling District, West Bengal and reported here as new distributional record from mainland of India.
Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 Terhadap Tingkat Kesejahteraan Penduduk di Provinsi Maluku Utara
Authors: Santoso Insaf
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic that has hit Indonesia since March 2020 until now has had a fairly large impact. From a macro perspective, BPS reported that there was a contraction in economic growth, an increase in the number of poor people and unemployment resulting in a decline in the level of welfare of the population. North Maluku Province also experienced a similar problem, namely a decline in the level of population welfare as measured by per capita household expenditure. To identify the pattern of decline, descriptive statistical analysis is used based on Susenas panel data for the March-September 2020 period. The results of the analysis show that the COVID-19 pandemic has had an unfavorable impact on per capita expenditure. The characteristics of the households that are significantly affected are those who live in urban areas. In this region, the largest decline occurred in those with the status of informal workers and the elderly.
Manajemen Bantuan Operasional Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan pada Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri
Authors: Hamzah Fauzi , Wahidin Didin , Mulyadi Sima
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran yang jelas tentang manajemen BOS dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan pada Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri melalui kegiatan perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, dan pengawasan, serta untuk mendeskripsikan kendala dalam pengelolaan dana BOS dan solusi pada kendala yang dihadapi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, metode studi kasus, serta teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian meliputi: 1) perencanaan disusun dalam bentuk Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Madrasah (RKAM) berdasarkan usulan berbagai kegiatan, 2) pengorganisasian berbentuk Tim Pengelola BOS dengan pembagian tugas dan tanggungjawab yang masih bersifat global, 3) pelaksanaan berupa penggunaan dana BOS, pelaporan, dan pertanggungjawaban, 4) pengawasan berupa pengawasan melekat yang dilakukan oleh Kepala Madrasah, Tim BOS Kabupaten, dan Tim BOS Provinsi, 5) kendala yang dihadapi dalam pengelolaan dana BOS bervariasi, namun kendala yang paling sering muncul adalah berkaitan dengan sumber daya manusia yang kurang mampu mengelola BOS secara optimal, dan 6) solusi pada kendala dalam pengelolaan dana BOS salah satunya adalah dengan mengoptimalkan peran Kepala Madrasah dan Bendahara dalam pengelolaan dana BOS. Simpulan penelitian adalah pengelolaan dana BOS dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan pada madrasah tsanawiyah negeri sudah dilaksanakan walaupun belum optimal dan masih memerlukan perbaikan secara serius pada aspek perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, maupun pengawasan.
Asumsi Dasar pada Ilmu Pengetahuan yang menjadi Basis Penelitian Pendidikan Islam
Authors: Prasetyo Eko Budi , Natsir Nanat Fatah , Haryanti Erni
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang asumsi dasar pada ilmu pengetahuan yang menjadi basis penelitian pendidikan islam. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini menggunakan metode atau pendekatan kepustakaan (library research), bahwa studi pustaka atau kepustakaan dapat diartikan sebagai serangkaian kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan metode pengumpulan data pustaka, membaca dan mencatat serta mengolah bahan penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa asumsi dalam kajian filsafat ilmu tergolong ke dalam kelompok ontologi, yaitu bab yang membahas tentang hakikat yang ada. Untuk mengolah pengetahuan menjadi ilmu pengetahuan (sains) perlu dilakukan penelitian dan eksperimen menggunakan metode ilmiah. Asumsi berperan sebagai dugaan atau andaian terhadap objek empiris untuk memperoleh pengetahuan, yang diperlukan sebagai arah atau landasan bagi kegiatan penelitian sebelum sesuatu yang diteliti tersebut terbukti kebenarannya. Penelitian merupakan alat untuk mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan yang hasilnya akan menemukan teori-teori baru maupun induksi-konsultasi. Begitupun dalam mengembangkan ilmu pendidikan Islam perlu diadakan penelitian. Asumsi-asumsi dasar ilmu pengetahuan sebagai basis penelitian Islam bersumberkan dari empirisme, rasionalisme, intuisi, maupun wahyu. Penelitian pendidikan Islam mencakup penelitian terhadap pengetahuan filsafat pendidikan Islam, pengetahuan mistik Pendidikan Islam dan Ilmu Pendidikan Islam. Dari penelitian Ilmu Pendidikan Islam (sains yang empiris) itu akan mucul teori yang selanjutnya disesuaikan dengan ajaran Islam. Teori-teori itulah yang kelak disebut teori Ilmu Pendidikan Islam.
Analisis Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Keislaman dalam Pembentukan Karakter Anak Asuh di Pesantren Yatim Balita Adhsa Grogol Sukoharjo
Authors: Dewi Astuti
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui internalisasi nilai-nilai keislaman dalam pembentukan karakter anak asuh. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan internalisasi nilai-nilai keislaman yang diterapkan di Pesantren Yatim Balita Adhsa Grogol Sukoharjo tahun 2020 dilaksanakan melalui proses kegiatan pendidikan yang dilaksanakan secara terjadwal (formal) dan kegiatan pendidikan yang tidak terjadwal, terintegrasi dalam kehiduan sehari-hari (informal) dengan menekankan pada keteladanan. Nilai-nilai keislaman yang ditanamkan ada anak asuh meliputi nilai illahiyah yang terdiri dari: peningkatan iman, Islam, Ikhsan, Taqwa, tawakal, ikhlas,  sabar dan syukur. Sedangkan  nilai insaniyah yang ditanamkan meliputi: Silaturahmi, Ukhuwah, Musawah, Husnuzan, Tawaduk, Al-wafa, Al-insyirah, Iffah, dan Al-munfiqun. Efektifitas internalisasi nilai-nilai keislaman dalam pembentukan karakter anak asuh di Pesantren Yatim Balita Adhsa Grogol Sukoharjo tahun 2020 sangat berperan (efektif).
One Award — Two Obstacles: Double Trouble When Enforcing Arbitral Awards in China
Authors: Jingzhou Tao
Published: February 2022

The present article will give an overview of the Chinese system of cancellation and enforcement of arbitral awards in China and will underline the particularities that foreign creditors should be aware of.
The Dampening Effect of Foreign Mandatory Laws
Authors: Bansal Sharad
Published: February 2022

Party autonomy – a foundational facet of international arbitration – is often at loggerheads with public policy elements. A recurrent debate in international arbitration has been the extent of limits imposed by public policy on party autonomy. One aspect of this debate is when parties expressly opt for a law governing the merits of the dispute, can an arbitral tribunal derogate from such law and apply a mandatory rule which it finds to be relevant to the dispute? This issue has repercussions on the enforceability of arbitration agreements as well as arbitral awards where mandatory rules are involved. In this article, the author argues that arbitrators are bound to apply mandatory laws notwithstanding the fact that such a measure constitutes a departure from the lex contractus, since parties inherently lack the capacity to contract out of mandatory rules. To the extent that mandatory rules reflect public policy they now cast a limit to parties’ lex contractus.
Waiver of the Right to Set-Aside and Resist the Enforcement of an Arbitral Award: An Indian Perspective
Authors: Dunna Gracious Timothy
Published: February 2022

Setting aside an award and/or resisting the enforcement of the award is the only recourse an award-debtor has following the issuance of the adverse award. It has been suggested that such processes could be long drawn and deprive the successful party the early recovery of the fruits of its successful resolution. Some have suggested that perhaps parties could agree to waive their right to apply for setting aside and/or to resist the enforcement of the award upon its making. Such waivers require the consideration of whether they would eventually be enforceable. This article seeks to discuss the thorny problems for an Indian perspective, examining the perspective of the Indian courts and related legislative framework.

Waiver, Set-Aside, Annulment, Enforcement, India, Arbitration
Dispelling Due Process Paranoia: Fairness, Efficiency And The Rule Of Law
Authors: Menon Sundaresh
Published: February 2022

The phenomenon of due process paranoia is a real and growing problem in international arbitration. It potentially exacerbates the trend of rising costs and delays in international arbitration, undermines the significance of due process, and reinforces the erroneous conception that the goals of due process and efficiency are inherently opposed. It overlooks the fact that the concept of due process in international arbitration has been carefully calibrated so that it refrains from absolutism and contains a window through which considerations of efficiency can properly feature. Perhaps most significantly, due process paranoia compounds the problems of the rapidly growing complexity of disputes and the inertia that has slowed the reform of longstanding procedures that arbitration’s users neither require nor desire. In these ways, due process paranoia threatens the legitimacy of international arbitration.

due process paranoia, complexity problem, legitimacy of international arbitration, rule of law.
Procedural Considerations In Cietac Arbitrations Seated In Vienna
Authors: Peter Adolf
Published: February 2022

This article analyses some of the most important legal implications of international arbitrations seated in Vienna and administered by the newly established European Arbitration Centre of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC). First, the article focuses on consolidations, joinders and multiple contracts, particularly in the context of supply chains involving multiple parties. The article demonstrates that the CIETAC Rules offer a more effective approach for consolidations, and the Vienna Rules vest the arbitral tribunal with a broader discretionary power for granting a joinder. Second, the article addresses arbitration agreements involving a consumer. If the seat of an arbitration is in Austria, strict legal requirements have to be fulfilled regarding the conclusion of arbitration agreements with consumers. Third, the article covers interim and conservatory measures by comparing the CIETAC Rules with the Vienna Rules and introduces possible solutions for the CIETAC European Arbitration Centre to submit an application for interim or conservative measures to the competent Chinese courts. Fourth, the article discusses the requirement of foreign (non-Chinese) elements in contracts to be able to select non-Chinese arbitration institutions and non- Chinese substantive law. Are foreign funded enterprises (seated in Mainland China) allowed to agree on a Vienna-seated arbitration administered by the CIETAC European Arbitration Centre?

consolidations, joinders, supply chains, CIETAC European Arbitration Centre, interim measures in China, foreign-related arbitrations, arbitration agreementswith consumers, CIETAC arbitrations seated in Vienna.
Analysis of Salt Production, Consumption and Import in Indonesia
Authors: Mardoni Ziecky
Published: February 2022

This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of (1) consumption, capital, and labor on salt production in Indonesia (2) production, salt prices, imports, and Gross Domestic Product on salt consumption in Indonesia (3) consumption, exchange rates, and Gross Domestic Product on imports salt in Indonesia. This type of research is descriptive and associative. While this type of data is documentary data, the source of information is secondary data and data in the form of time series from 1986 - 2018. Simultaneous equation model analysis tools with the Two Stages Least Squared (TSLS) method. This study concludes that consumption of salt, capital, and labor has a significant influence on salt production in Indonesia. Salt production, salt prices, salt imports, and Gross Domestic Product significantly influence salt intake. Salt consumption and Gross Domestic Product have a significant effect on salt imports in Indonesia. Based on these results, the policy suggested is that the Government, through the Ministry of Agriculture, must issue a policy to encourage capital increase for salt production activities. In addition, the Government is also expected to increase the quantity and quality of workers who work in the industry so that the production of salt itself can be improved.
A Critical Study of Great Expectations as a Prism to Victorian England
Authors: Chourasia Dr. Prabhat
Published: February 2022

Great Expectations is an eternal masterpiece of Charles Dickens. He shows how circumstances compel us to mold our expectations in various hues. He is an ace delineator of character and Great Expectations is no exception. It reflects Victorian England in its truest sense. Pip, Joe, Estella, Miss Havisham, Jaggers, Wemmick, Mrs. Joe, and all other characters present the truth and reality of the contemporary time. Pip, the protagonist of this novel is overwhelmed by various expectations. He wants to become rich, notable and one of the most important personalities of England. For this research paper, both the primary and the secondary sources of information are analyzed and used. Let's see how various characters of this novel represent contemporary Victorian Society? The main focus of this article is to bring into consideration the process of maturation and self-discovery, from childhood to adulthood is simply be shown through the character of Pip. Charles Dickens once said, "I love my novels because they are the means to express my experience in contemporary society and the action of its people.
Un matiz nuevo en la delimitación del ámbito subjetivo de protección de las directivas antidiscriminación: diferencia de trato entre sujetos de la misma categoría protegida.
Authors: Rivas Vallejo Pilar
Published: February 2022

El ámbito subjetivo de la protección contra la discriminación por discapacidad abarca a cualquier diferencia de trato conectada con la condición protegida, aunque esta se dispense comparativamente frente a otros trabajadores que también padecen una discapacidad, sobre la base de la fecha en la que esta fue certificada y acreditada frente al empresario.
The subjective scope of protection against disability discrimination covers any difference in treatment connected with the protected condition, even if it is dispensed comparatively compared to other workers who also suffer from a disability, based on the date on which it was certified or shown to the employer.
Reducción de jornada por cuidado de hijo y discriminación indirecta por razón de sexo: cálculo del descanso (retribuido como trabajo efectivo) tras la realización de guardias médicas
Authors: Rodríguez Escanciano Susana
Published: February 2022

La búsqueda de la igualdad permite constatar, dentro de la discriminación genérica de la mujer, un fenómeno más específico y más grave, el de la mujer con responsabilidades familiares, que es objeto de una doble discriminación por su condición femenina y por su posición familiar como cuidadora. Esta circunstancia es todavía más preocupante, si cabe, cuando se trata de pretericiones sibilinas amparadas en parámetros aparentemente neutros como la aplicación del principio de proporcionalidad en las reducciones de jornada por cuidado de hijo, capaz de provocar que la realización de guardias médicas vaya acompañada de un consecuente menor tiempo de descanso retribuido.
The search for equality makes it possible to identify, within the generic discrimination against women, a more specific and more serious phenomenon, that of women with family responsibilities, who are subject to double discrimination because of their female condition and because of their family position as carers. This circumstance is even more worrying, if possible, when it comes to sibylline preteritions covered by apparently neutral parameters such as the application of the principle of proportionality in the reduction of working hours for childcare, which means that medical on-call duty is accompanied by a consequent reduction in paid rest time as effective work
El despido colectivo por causas productivas en un centro de trabajo de una empresa multi-centros: elementos configuradores y negociación colectiva gestional o participativa.
Authors: Monereo Pérez José Luis
Published: February 2022

Esta sentencia del Tribunal Supremo versa sobre el despido colectivo y la necesidad de ajustar la plantilla a la actividad desarrollada en el "centro de trabajo" afectado en el marco de una empresa multi-centros a través de despidos basados en "causas productivas". El despido es ajustado a derecho: se acredita la causa productiva; se cumplen con los requisitos de la fase de consulta-negociación colectiva participativa, que termina sin acuerdo colectivo de reorganización o reestructuración; y asimismo la racionalidad y proporcionalidad de las medidas de extinción contractual adoptadas a iniciativa del empresario.
This Supreme Court ruling deals with collective dismissal and the need to adjust the workforce to the activity carried out in the "work center" affected in the framework of a multi-center enterprise through redundancies based on "productive causes". The dismissal is adjusted to the right: The productive cause is credited; the requirements of the consultation-collective bargaining phase, which ends without collective agreement of reorganization or restructuring, are met; and the rationality and proportionality of the contractual extinction measures adopted at the initiative of the employer.
El fin del contrato para obra o servicio determinado vinculado a la duración de la contrata (cambio de doctrina).
Authors: Cavas Martínez Faustino
Published: February 2022

Corrigiendo doctrina anterior, la STS núm. 1137/2020, de 29 de diciembre, dictada por el Pleno de la Sala Cuarta, declara que la decisión de una empresa de externalizar parte de su actividad no genera para la auxiliar una específica causa de temporalidad atendible mediante un contrato de obra o servicio determinado.
Rectifying previous doctrine, the Fourth Chamber of the Suprem Court meeting in plenary sesión, declares in sentence number 1137/2020, of December 20, that the decision to outsource part of the activity does not generate a specific cause of temporality that the auxiliary company can attend through a contract for a specific work or service.
Suspensión de contratos de trabajo por causa de fuerza mayor en el contexto de la pandemia COVID-19.
Authors: García Murcia Joaquín
Published: February 2022

El concepto de fuerza mayor manejado por las normas de urgencia aprobadas durante la pandemia covid-19 es de creación legal y concreción administrativa y está vinculado en exclusiva a la situación de excepcionalidad derivada de esa crisis sanitaria y de la declaración del estado de alarma.
The emergency regulations approved during the covid-19 pandemic have created a particular concept of force majeure, which has been developed by the Labour Administration. It is a concept linked exclusively to the exceptional situation resulting from this health crisis and the declaration of the state of alarm.
Development Of Learning Device Approach Realistic Mathematics To Improve Mathematical Communication Skills Of Students
Authors: Anugrah Mulia Tampubolon  , Hasibuan Isra Suna , Hasibuan Annim , Suzana Yenny
Published: February 2022

Products of research development of this device is an educational learning realistic mathematics that is valid, practical and effective, which can improve the ability of mathematical communication students. This research aims to develop learning tools education math realistic valid, practical and effective. The research design used is 4-D. The subject of the trials in this study were students of VIII-1 and VIII-2 SMP Negeri 27 Medan T.A. 2020/2021. The results of the process of the development of these learning tools are (1) the education learning realistic mathematics and the learning included in the category of valid; (2) criteria of learning education of realistic mathematics using the learning tools included in the high category; and (3) the criteria of the effectiveness of learning tools education math realistic based on: (a) mastery learning students in the classical style of 85,71%; (b) the criteria for the attainment of the use of the learning time is included in the high category; (c) criteria for the achievement of the ability of teachers to manage the learning included in the good category; and (d) many students gave a positive response against the components and activities of the learning has been achieved.
Implementation Of Constructivism Learning Theory In Science
Authors: Dinelti Fitria  , Jamaris  , Sufyarma
Published: February 2022

This study aims to identify and understand the implementation of constructivism learning theory in science. The method used in this study uses a library method or approach (library research). Data obtained through literature study. The results showed that constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction rather than passively receiving information. Teaching methods based on constructivist views are very useful to help students' learning. The following are practices derived from cognitive psychology that can help students understand, recall and apply essential information, concepts and skills. They are used to make lessons relevant, activate students' prior knowledge, help elaborate and organize information, and encourage questioning. Important concepts from this perspective are advanced organizers, analogies, and elaboration.  Teaching science from a constructivist perspective aims to give students knowledge of science in such a way that they not only understand the concepts and principles of science, but also the significance of science learning
Implementation of Education Quality Assurance in Order to Improve School Quality at SMK Mekarmukti Garut
Authors: Sudarajat AM  , Soeganda Priyatna  , Ida Tedjawiani  , R. Supyan Sauri
Published: February 2022

This research describe about Education Quality Assurance System is the entire function of education management that develops the duties and responsibilities in measuring and assessing the fulfillment of quality standards. SMK Mekarmukti Garut is one of the schools that has implemented the Primary and Secondary Education Quality Assurance System, which is in accordance with the established indicators, namely the Eight National Education Standards.
Research on a Real-time Reliability Evaluation Method Integrated with Online Fault Diagnosis: Subsea All-electric Christmas Tree System as a Case Study
Authors: Liu Peng , Shen Dagang , Cao Jinfeng
Published: February 2022

The subsea all-electric Christmas tree is key equipment in subsea production systems. If a failure occurs, the marine environment will be seriously polluted. Therefore, strict reliability analysis and measures to improve reliability must be performed before such equipment is launched, which is crucial to safe subsea production. A real-time reliability evaluation method for the all-electric Christmas tree mechanical system integrated with the static Bayesian network fault diagnosis stage is proposed in this paper, which realizes the identification of the fault type of the components and the real-time reliability evaluation of the mechanical system under different failure rates of the components. As a supplement to the method, by using mutual information to conduct sensitivity analysis on the reliability of the mechanical system, the importance of the basic events of each component on the reliability of the system is finally given. The proposed method provides significant theoretical support for the maintenance of the subsea all-electric Christmas tree and can be extended to the reliability evaluation of general subsea production systems.
Deep Learning Based Models for Offline Gurmukhi Handwritten Character and Numeral Recognition
Authors: Mahto Manoj Kumar , Bhatia Karamjit , Sharma Rajendra Kumar
Published: February 2022

Over the last few years, several researchers have worked on handwritten character recognition and have proposed various techniques to improve the performance of Indic and non-Indic scripts recognition. Here, a Deep Convolutional Neural Network has been proposed that learns deep features for offline Gurmukhi handwritten character and numeral recognition (HCNR). The proposed network works efficiently for training as well as testing and exhibits a good recognition performance. Two primary datasets comprising of offline handwritten Gurmukhi characters and Gurmukhi numerals have been employed in the present work. The testing accuracies achieved using the proposed network is 98.5% for characters and 98.6% for numerals.
Application of computer vision to egg detection on a production line in real time.
Authors: Ulaszewski Maciej , Janowski Robert , Janowski Andrzej
Published: February 2022

In this paper we investigate the application of computer vision to the problem of egg detection on a production line in real-time. For this purpose a dedicated software was designed and implemented that exploited the advantages of neural networks or template matching approaches. To verify the correctness of the developed software as well as to confirm its applicability to real life problems a number of carefully designed experiments have been carried out. These experiments let us reveal what approaches are best suited for supporting egg detection on a production line in real-time.
An Efficient BoF Representation for Object Classification
Authors: Vinoharan Veerapathirapillai , Ramanan Amirthalingam
Published: February 2022

The Bag-of-features (BoF) approach has proved to yield better performance in a patch-based object classification system owing to its simplicity. However, often the very large number of patch-based descriptors (such as scale-invariant feature transform and speeded up robust features, extracted from images to create a BoF vector) leads to huge computational cost and an increased storage requirement. This paper demonstrates a two-staged approach to creating a discriminative and compact BoF representation for object classification. As a preprocessing stage to the codebook construction, ambiguous patch-based descriptors are eliminated using an entropy-based and one-pass feature selection approach, to retain high-quality descriptors. As a post-processing stage to the codebook construction, a subset of codewords which is not activated enough in images are eliminated from the initially constructed codebook based on statistical measures. Finally, each patch-based descriptor of an image is assigned to the closest codeword to create a histogram representation. One-versus-all support vector machine is applied to classify the histogram representation. The proposed methods are evaluated on benchmark image datasets. Testing results show that the proposed methods enables the codebook to be more discriminative and compact in moderate sized visual object classification tasks.
Der japanische Film
Authors: Adachi-Rabe Kayo
Published: February 2022

Die Reihe "Filmgeschichte kompakt" richtet den Blick auf den internationalen Film. Jeder Band ist der Filmgeschichte eines einzelnen Landes oder eines transnationalen Phänomens gewidmet – und soll dabei eine kompakte, verlässliche und leicht zugängliche Einführung für den cineastisch und/oder wissenschaftlich interessierten Leser bieten. Der historische Überblick wird ergänzt durch eine Auflistung der wichtigsten, d. h. am stärksten kanonisierten Regisseure und Filme des jeweiligen Landes sowie weiterführende Literatur in das Thema.

Der erste Band von "Filmgeschichte kompakt" ist dem japanischen Film gewidmet. Stille Meditation, rein ästhetische Entfaltung, vitale Bewegungsdynamik, Schmerzhaftes, das zu Tränen rührt, kompromisslose politische Diskussion, obsessive Sinnlichkeit, gnadenlose Gewaltakte, Schauder, der das Blut gefrieren lässt, heitere Unterhaltung, grenzenlose Imagination – der Vielfalt des japanischen Films begegnen wir heute als einem integralen Bestandteil unserer globalen Kinokultur. Der Band erläutert die einzigartige, aber universal funktionierende Qualität der japanischen Filmkunst, insbesondere, wie sie sich in einem historischen Prozess zwischen der landesspezifischen Wahrnehmungstradition und dem Einfluss der internationalen Repräsentationsformen sowie in der technischen Entwicklung des Mediums herausmodellierte. Fokussiert wird auf die epochenbildenden Werke der vertretenen Regisseure und Künstler, von den Anfängen der Kinematografie bis zur Gegenwart.
Intelligent Mine Periphery Surveillance Using Microwave Radar
Authors: Kumar Singh Pritam , Kumar Chaulya Swades , Kumar Singh Vinod
Published: February 2022

This paper deals with an intelligent mine periphery surveillance system, which has been developed by CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India, as an aid for keeping constant vigilance on a selected area even in adverse weather conditions like foggy weather, rainy weather, dusty environment, etc. The developed system consists of a frequency modulated continuous wave radar, a pan-tilt camera, a wireless sensor network, a fast dedicated graphics processing unit, and a display unit. It can be spotting an unauthorized vehicle or person into the opencast mine area, thereby avoiding a threat to safety and security in the area. When an intrusion is detected, the system automatically gives an audio-visual warning at the intrusion site where the radar is installed as well as in the control room. The system has the facility to record the intrusion data as well as video footage with timestamp events in the form of a log. Further, the system has a long-range detection capability covering around 400 m distance with an integration facility using a dynamic wireless sensor network for deploying multiple systems to protect the extended periphery of an opencast mine. The field trial of this low-cost mine periphery surveillance system has been carried out at Tirap Opencast Coal Mine of North Eastern Coalfields in Margherita Area, Assam, India and it has proved its efficacy in preventing revenue loss due to illicit mining, unauthorized transportation of minerals, and ensuring safety and security of the mine to a great extent.
Non-invasive Alternatives for Liposuction
Authors: Irvine Duncan Diane , Chilukuri Suneel , Kent David , Hoffmann Klaus , Tingsong Lim
Published: February 2022

Body dissatisfaction due to an increased amount of subcutaneous fat, muscle laxity and/or skin imperfection poses a great concern for today’s society. Invasive surgical procedures intended for an immediate improvement of body contour such as liposuction were perceived as a means of restoring the optimum body shape. However, the invasive nature of liposuction plus a certain amount of discomfort and downtime leads to increasing popularity in the noninvasive esthetic procedures. This chapter aims to emphasize the use of latest noninvasive technologies as a viable alternative to the liposuction. Three patient cases with different levels of treatment outcomes were reviewed. Patients received treatments either with high-intensity focused electromagnetic field (HIFEM) procedure or a combination of HIFEM and synchronized radiofrequency (RF), optionally followed by the simultaneous therapy by targeted pressure energy (TPE) plus monopolar RF. HIFEM alone resolves muscle laxity, reduces the separation of abdominal muscles and reduces abdominal adipose tissue. When combined with synchronized RF, the effect on muscle and fat tissue is enhanced. Concomitant use of monopolar RF and TPE shows considerable improvements in skin quality, including diminished skin laxity or cellulite. The use of HIFEM, RF and TPE technologies can be a good noninvasive liposuction alternative.
Physiochemical Properties and Removal Methods of Phenolic Compounds from Waste Waters
Authors: Gucbilmez Yesim
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, phenol and chlorophenols are investigated in terms of their production histories, physiochemical properties, pollution resources, and removal methods. It is seen that both phenol and chlorophenols are highly toxic compounds, produced from natural and anthropogenic sources, which are hazardous to both humans and the environment even at very low concentrations. The typical industries which produce phenol and chlorophenol pollution are petrochemical, textile, plastics, resin, dye, pharmaceutical, iron and steel, pulp and paper industries as well as the petroleum refineries, and coal gasification operations. Phenol is a highly corrosive and nerve poisoning agent. It causes harmful health effects, such as sour mouth, diarrhea, and impaired vision. It is also toxic for the ecosystem with toxicity levels ranging between 10-24 mg/L for humans, 9-25 mg/l for fish, and lethal blood concentration around 150-mg/100 ml. Chlorophenols found in natural waters or drinking water also cause serious health problems such as histopathological alterations, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity among others. Due to the aforementioned reasons, the phenolic compounds in wastewaters or drinking water must be removed using a suitable wastewater treatment method such as adsorption, extraction, electrochemical oxidation, biodegradation, catalytic wet air oxidation, or enzyme treatment among others.
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Control, and Prevention of Bovine Staphylococcal Mastitis
Authors: Vidlund Jessica , Deressa Gelalcha Benti , Swanson Stephanie , costa Fahrenholz Isabella , Deason Camey , Downes Caroline , Kerro Dego Oudessa
Published: February 2022

Bovine mastitis is the single most costly disease usually caused by Bacteria. The genus Staphylococcus is major bacteria that cause mastitis in dairy cattle. Staphylococci that cause bovine mastitis are commonly divided into two major groups such as 1) Staphylococcus aureus and 2) non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). Staphylococcus aureus causes clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. Accurate diagnosis of Staphylococcus species can be made by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF), 16S RNA gene sequencing, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In well-managed dairy farms that fully applied mastitis control measures, the incidence of S. aureus mastitis significantly reduced. However, staphylococcal mastitis is still major problem in most farms due to variation in management and presence of some species of non-aureus staphylococci in the environment. There is no effective vaccine that prevent staphylococcal mastitis. Treatment with antibiotics is increasingly less effective and increases development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Sustainable non-antibiotic staphylococcal mastitis prevention measures such as vaccines, probiotics, good herd health management and other improved methods are required. To develop an innovative control tool detailed understanding of staphylococcal virulence factors, pathogenesis, and host immunological responses is critically important. This chapter discusses the pathogenesis, host responses and current control and prevention methods.
Bats and Ecosystem Management
Authors: M. Soliman Kareem , W. Emam Wiame
Published: February 2022

Bats are among the most misperceived and undervalued animals on the planet. For wildlife ecologists, they are wonderful and incredibly fascinating creatures, but people’s feelings about bats are often negative, perhaps because bats are so mysterious. Unfortunately, these fears and myths about bats threaten conservation, biodiversity, and the entire ecosystem. Bats are among the most diverse and geographically dispersed group of living mammals. They contribute to several ecosystem services and act as biological pest crop control agents. Their abundance may reflect changes in populations of arthropod prey species. Also, bats have significant potentials as bioindicators that demonstrate measurable responses to climate change and habitat loss and that induce large-scale impacts on the biota. Indeed, bat conservation is fundamental not only for biodiversity, but also because these flying mammals provide essential ecological and economic services to humans.
Post Covid 19: An Innovative System to Supply 100% Treated Fresh Air for Improving City Liveability
Authors: Elsarrag Esam , Elsarraj Mohammad
Published: February 2022

Prior to COVID-19, densely occupied areas were already suspected of making employees sick. Post-COVID-19, there is an urgent need to improve air quality and ventilation standards shall change. However, any changes to ventilation must consider other negative consequences including energy and health and well-being impacts from thermal discomfort and exposure to pollutants. The need for moving away from traditional energy sources and to find alternate energy sources is undoubtedly one of the primary objectives for a sustainable progress to humankind. The design and construction of buildings in hot-humid climates requires high energy consumption typically for air conditioning due to higher thermal loads. A further increase in ventilation rates will have intensive impact in energy consumption and infrastructure loads. This chapter presents the performance of an innovative fully integrated smart ventilation system with low energy consumption. It is all in one ventilating and air conditioning system that provides efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable cooled fresh air for open or enclosed spaces whilst achieving thermal comfort. Based on the application, it consists of multistages that can dehumidify and cool the air to the required comfort level. The system has shown 50–60% reduction in energy consumption compared with conventional systems.
Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: Panda Subrat , Das Ananya , Singh Kaushiki , Baruah Prateeti , Sharma Anusuya
Published: February 2022

Ectopic pregnancy is defined as the implantation of a fertilised egg outside the uterine cavity. The site of ectopic pregnancy are Fallopian tube. Cervix, ovary, peritoneal cavity, or uterine scars. Other two site of implantation are cornual pregnancy and interstitial pregnancy. Diagnostic tests for ectopic pregnancy include a urine pregnancy tests, Serum beta hcG and ultrasound. The instant result of a urine pregnancy test is a useful pointer for the clinician to suspect an ectopic pregnancy. The test is a useful triage tool for clinicians to rule out a pregnancy when the clinical situation is not clear such as a patient who is not sure of dates, does not remember or is in a state of shock and the history cannot be elicited. Ultrasound remains the mainstay of the diagnosis and high index of suspicion and a detailed history are pre-requisite of scanning. Different ultrasonography feature are diagnostic of different site of implantation. For uterine scar pregnancy ultrasonologic criteria are not validated still now.
Snake Venom
Authors: Pushpa Arokia Rani Asirwatham , Serena McConnell Marie
Published: February 2022

Venomous snakes belonging to the family Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae and Hydrophidae, produces snake venom in order to facilitate immobilization and digestion of prey, act as defense mechanism against threats. Venom contains zootoxins which is a highly modified saliva that is either injected via fangs during a bite or spitted. The modified parotid gland, encapsulated in a muscular sheath, present on each side of the head, below and behind the eye, have large alveoli which temporarily stores the secreted venom and later conveyed by a duct to tubular fangs through which venom is injected. Venoms are complex mixtures of more than 20 different compounds, mostly proteins and polypeptides, including proteins, enzymes and substances with lethal toxicity which are either neurotoxic or haemotoxic in action and exert effects on nervous/muscular impulses and blood components. Lots of research are directed to use venoms as important pharmacological molecules for treating various diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease etc.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Its Effect on Human Health
Authors: Mohseni Mojtaba , Djawadi Benyamin , Khazaei Noushin
Published: February 2022

Escherichia coli (E. coli) has many serotypes. The O157:H7 E. coli serotype is the most prominent serotype of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. It produces the Shiga toxin, which is one of the most important virulent factors discovered till today and has different subtypes with different antigenic and molecular traits. Consumption of contaminated water, milk or even eating an uncooked raw meat can cause bloody diarrhea that can end up in a life-threatening disease, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This is a condition that affects endothelial cells in the blood vessels and leads to thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) that can cause blood clots formation in small blood vessels. The E. coli O157:H7 can be isolated from patient’s stool and be identified by serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting methods. This special strain of E. coli can be used as a biological weapon, as it can be so dangerous and has the ability to spread easily form person to person.
Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: Adeniyi Mayowa
Published: February 2022

Stress can be described as the perception of discomforts physically, psychologically, or physico-psychologically. During stress, the perceived discomfort indicates there is a deviation from homeostasis. In stress, there is a nonspecific physiological response to stressors, a group of stress-inducing phenomena. Stress-inducing phenomena can be defined as environmental insults, such as perturbed levels of light, temperature, chemicals, ambient oxygen, and noise. Response to stress occurs via the chemical messenger-mediated sympathetic nervous system including the autonomic-adrenal axis. Furthermore, the chemical messenger-mediated sympathetic nervous system determines nonhormonal effects which are often devised as general stress markers. Examples of general stress markers include changes in heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose, baroreflex sensitivity, among others.
Photodynamic Therapy in Complex Therapy of Retroperitoneal Tumors in Children
Authors: Rostovtsev N.M. , Polyakov V.G. , Kuzmina N.E.
Published: February 2022

During the period from 2009 to 2021, 93 patients aged 0–11 years (48 boys and 45 girls) with retroperitoneal tumors were treated. There were 66 patients with nephroblastoma and 27 patients with adrenal neuroblastoma among them. As per treatment strategies, the patients were separated into two groups: the control group and the study group. The control group (comparison) received therapy according to the protocols, whereas the study group consisted of patients who received photodynamic therapy (PDT) in addition to the standard treatment. The control group consists of 47 patients with retroperitoneal tumors, including 35 patients with nephroblastoma and 12 patients with adrenal neuroblastoma. The study group included 46 children: 31 patients with nephroblastoma and 15 patients with adrenal neuroblastoma. The 5-year survival rate in the control group was 74.5%, and it was 91.3% in the study group (p = 0.030). Recurrent tumors developed in 14.9% of the patients in the control group, while in the study group, relapse occurred in 8.7% of the patients (p = 0.357). The PDT used in this study for treatment of retroperitoneal tumors improves the results of surgical treatment. It also appreciably increases the survival rate of patients with retroperitoneal tumors. Overall, PDT is a hopeful antitumor approach and can be effectively used in the complex therapy of retroperitoneal tumors in children.
New Insights into Beethoven’s Deafness
Authors: Stevens Michael
Published: February 2022

There have been many theories proposed to explain the deafness of Ludwig van Beethoven, because his history is complex. Evidence of otosclerosis is lacking, because close gross examination of Beethoven’s middle ear at autopsy did not find any otosclerotic foci. His slowly progressive hearing loss over a period of years differs from the reported cases of autoimmune hearing loss, which is rapidly progressive over a period of months. The absence of mercury in Beethoven’s hair and bone samples leads us to conclude that his deafness was not due to syphilis, because in that era, syphilis was treated with mercury. Microscopic examination of bone samples and examination of the middle ear have found no evidence of Paget’s Disease. High levels of lead found deep in the bone suggest repeated exposure over a long period of time. The finding of shrunken cochlear nerves at his autopsy is consistent with axonal degeneration due to heavy metals such as lead. Chronic low-level exposure, like Beethoven’s, causes sensory and autonomic findings rather than the classic wrist drop due to motor neuropathy. Beethoven’s physicians thought that he had alcohol dependence. He particularly liked wine to which lead had been added to improve the flavor. A live patient reported in 2021 from Italy with a slowly progressive hearing loss and other symptoms like Beethoven had, was found to have lead poisoning. Therefore, the most likely cause of Beethoven’s deafness was his consumption of wine tainted with lead.