bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fearing the Future of Empirical Psychology: Bem's (2011) Evidence of Psi as a Case Study of Deficiencies in Modal Research Practice
Authors: LeBel Etienne P. , Peters Kurt R.
Published: November 2011

In this methodological commentary, we use Bem's (2011) recent article reporting experimental evidence for psi as a case study for discussing important deficiencies in modal research practice in empirical psychology. We focus on (a) overemphasis on conceptual rather than close replication, (b) insufficient attention to verifying the soundness of measurement and experimental procedures, and (c) flawed implementation of null hypothesis significance testing. We argue that these deficiencies contribute to weak method-relevant beliefs that, in conjunction with overly strong theory-relevant beliefs, lead to a systemic and pernicious bias in the interpretation of data that favors a researcher's theory. Ultimately, this interpretation bias increases the risk of drawing incorrect conclusions about human psychology. Our analysis points to concrete recommendations for improving research practice in empirical psychology. We recommend (a) a stronger emphasis on close replication, (b) routinely verifying the integrity of measurement instruments and experimental procedures, and (c) using stronger, more diagnostic forms of null hypothesis testing.
An Acoustic and Perceptual Study of Final Stops Produced by Profoundly Hearing Impaired Adolescents
Authors: Khouw Edward , Ciocca Valter
Published: November 2011

Purpose

This study investigated formant frequencies for their role as acoustic and perceptual correlates to the place of articulation of Cantonese final stops produced by profoundly hearing impaired speakers.

Method

Speakers were 10 Cantonese adolescents (mean age = 13;5 [years;months]) who were profoundly hearing impaired (HI). Control speakers were 10 adolescents (mean age = 13;5) with normal hearing. Stimuli were Cantonese words that were minimally contrastive in place of final stops (/p, t, k/). Listeners were 10 final-year speech therapy students. The frequencies of F1, F2, and F3 were measured at the middle, 40 ms before the end, and at the end of the vocalic segments.

Results

Control speakers distinguished place contrasts through formant frequency differences at the end positions of the vowels. HI speakers produced final stops with missing formant transitions and neutralized vowels preceding final stops. Listeners relied on F2 transition cues for stops produced by control speakers, whereas F1 and F3 transition cues were used for stops produced by HI speakers.

Conclusions

Formant frequencies of final stops produced by HI speakers showed reduced place distinction. When listeners identified the place of final stops produced by HI speakers, they relied on formant frequency cues that were different from those used for stops produced by control speakers.
Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists: Making Critical Cross-Disciplinary Connections For Quality Care in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
Authors: Muñoz Karen , Blaiser Kristina
Published: November 2011

Widespread realization of newborn hearing screening has made it possible to routinely identify hearing loss shortly after birth, expanding opportunities for children born with permanent hearing loss. For children to reach their full potential, high-quality comprehensive services need to be provided in a timely manner. Because the roles of the audiologist and speech-language pathologist vary significantly from family to family in an American Sign Language approach, this article focuses primarily on the roles these professionals serve within a listening and spoken language communication approach. An overview of components of quality assessment and intervention for audiology and speech-language pathology are discussed, as are the benefits and opportunities of interdisciplinary collaboration. Newborn hearing screenings, advanced hearing technology, and early education have the potential to affect the lives of children with hearing loss and their families; however, successful families and children rely on quality, collaborative intervention from their service providers. Together, speech-language pathologists and audiologists can better understand a child’s responses to sound, more effectively set hearing technology to maximize access to sound, and support parents in their ability to help their children reach their full potential.
Local extinction and colonisation in native and exotic fish in relation to changes in land use
Authors: Kopp Dorothée , Figuerola Jordi , Compin Arthur , Santoul Frédéric , Céréghino Régis
Published: November 2011

Distribution patterns of many native and exotic fish species are well documented, yet little is known about the temporal dynamics of native and exotic diversity in relation to changes in land use. We hypothesised that colonisation rates would be higher for exotic fish species and that extinction rates would be higher for native species in large stream systems. We also predicted that cold-water species would be more impacted than thermally tolerant species. To test these hypotheses, we used generalised linear mixed models to compare changes in native and exotic fish species richness over 10 years in a French drainage basin subjected to landscape alterations. Exotic fish were more susceptible to local extinction than the native ones. Extinction was greater among cold-tolerant species and at higher elevations. Colonisation by exotic species was higher at lower elevations. Although a decade of expanding urbanisation affected fish colonisation, agricultural lands experienced higher extinction rates. In the context of global changes in land use and population pressure, our study suggests that the temporal dynamics of fish diversity are driven by landscape alterations as well as by the thermal tolerance of species.
Evaluation of maize grain and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) as energy sources for breeding rams based on hormonal, sperm functional parameters and fertility
Authors: Selvaraju Sellappan , Raju Priyadarshini , Rao Somu Bala Nageswara , Raghavendra Subbarao , Nandi Sumantha , Dineshkumar Dhanasekaran , Thayakumar Allen , Parthipan Shivashanmugam , Ravindra Janivara Parameswaraiah
Published: November 2011

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of different sources of dietary energy (maize vs polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) on semen functional parameters and fertility of adult rams. Eighteen adult rams were divided into two groups (maize and PUFA, n = 9). The main energy source for the rams in the maize group was coarsely ground maize grain, whereas in the PUFA group it was sunflower oil (rich in 18 : 2 linoleic acid, an omega-6 acid). The ration was fed for a minimum period of 60 days and thereafter semen was collected for evaluation. The proportion of progressive forward motility was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the PUFA group compared with the maize group. Sperm lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde formation (µM per 1 × 109 spermatozoa) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the PUFA group compared with the maize group. When the semen was diluted with Tris–egg yolk–citrate buffer and incubated for 24 h at 4°C, the proportions of plasmalemma integrity, the sperm subpopulation positive for functional membrane and acrosomal integrities, and mitochondrial membrane potential were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in PUFA-fed than in maize-fed animals. The different sources of energy did not influence the serum and seminal plasma IGF-I levels. The cleavage rate (percentage) did not differ significantly between PUFA- (45.4 ± 4.91) and maize- (44.63 ± 6.8) fed animals. In conclusion, PUFA feeding influenced sperm quality by altering or stabilising membrane integrity. The present study indicates that PUFA may improve semen quality but did not improve in vitro fertilisation.
Melatonin administration does not alter muscle glycogen concentration during recovery from exhaustive exercise in rats
Authors: Özdemir Özgür , Özdem Sebahat , Özkaya Yaşar Gül
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of melatonin administration on muscle glycogen concentration during recovery after exhaustive swimming exercise in sedentary and trained rats. Male Wistar rats were assigned to one of four groups: sedentary control (C), sedentary melatonin‐injected (M), exercise‐trained (T), and trained and melatonin‐injected (MT) groups. Exercise‐trained groups were subjected to six weeks of swimming exercise. All rats completed an exhaustive swimming exercise. Two daily subcutaneous injections of melatonin at a dose of 3 mg·kg−1 were given to the rats in the M and MT groups immediately after the exhaustive exercise. Plasma melatonin, glucose and lactate concentrations, and glycogen concentrations of the soleus and epitrochlearis muscle tissues were measured after exhaustive exercise. Plasma lactate concentration was significantly lower in the T and MT groups than in the C group. Plasma melatonin concentration was higher in the supplemented groups than in the C group. Plasma glucose concentration was significantly higher in the T and MT groups than in the C group. Both epitrochlearis and soleus muscle glycogen concentrations were higher in the trained groups than in the C group. In conclusion, although exercise training results in improvement in muscle glycogen, exogenous melatonin administration after exhaustive exercise did not restore the glycogen concentrations in fast‐ or slow‐twitch muscle tissues.
Cell cycle regulation in hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Pietras Eric M. , Warr Matthew R. , Passegué Emmanuelle
Published: November 2011

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to all lineages of blood cells. Because HSCs must persist for a lifetime, the balance between their proliferation and quiescence is carefully regulated to ensure blood homeostasis while limiting cellular damage. Cell cycle regulation therefore plays a critical role in controlling HSC function during both fetal life and in the adult. The cell cycle activity of HSCs is carefully modulated by a complex interplay between cell-intrinsic mechanisms and cell-extrinsic factors produced by the microenvironment. This fine-tuned regulatory network may become altered with age, leading to aberrant HSC cell cycle regulation, degraded HSC function, and hematological malignancy.
Mus81-mediated DNA cleavage resolves replication forks stalled by topoisomerase I–DNA complexes
Authors: Regairaz Marie , Zhang Yong-Wei , Fu Haiqing , Agama Keli K. , Tata Nalini , Agrawal Surbhi , Aladjem Mirit I. , Pommier Yves
Published: November 2011

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) topoisomerases are essential for removing the supercoiling that normally builds up ahead of replication forks. The camptothecin (CPT) Top1 (topoisomerase I) inhibitors exert their anticancer activity by reversibly trapping Top1–DNA cleavage complexes (Top1cc’s) and inducing replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In this paper, we propose a new mechanism by which cells avoid Top1-induced replication-dependent DNA damage. We show that the structure-specific endonuclease Mus81-Eme1 is responsible for generating DSBs in response to Top1 inhibition and for allowing cell survival. We provide evidence that Mus81 cleaves replication forks rather than excises Top1cc’s. DNA combing demonstrated that Mus81 also allows efficient replication fork progression after CPT treatment. We propose that Mus81 cleaves stalled replication forks, which allows dissipation of the excessive supercoiling resulting from Top1 inhibition, spontaneous reversal of Top1cc, and replication fork progression.
hERG1a N-terminal eag domain–containing polypeptides regulate homomeric hERG1b and heteromeric hERG1a/hERG1b channels: A possible mechanism for long QT syndrome
Authors: Trudeau Matthew C. , Leung Lisa M. , Roti Elon Roti , Robertson Gail A.
Published: November 2011

Human ether-á-go-go–related gene (hERG) potassium channels are critical for cardiac action potential repolarization. Cardiac hERG channels comprise two primary isoforms: hERG1a, which has a regulatory N-terminal Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain, and hERG1b, which does not. Isolated, PAS-containing hERG1a N-terminal regions (NTRs) directly regulate NTR-deleted hERG1a channels; however, it is unclear whether hERG1b isoforms contain sufficient machinery to support regulation by hERG1a NTRs. To test this, we constructed a series of PAS domain–containing hERG1a NTRs (encoding amino acids 1–181, 1–228, 1–319, and 1–365). The NTRs were also predicted to form from truncation mutations that were linked to type 2 long QT syndrome (LQTS), a cardiac arrhythmia disorder associated with mutations in the hERG gene. All of the hERG1a NTRs markedly regulated heteromeric hERG1a/hERG1b channels and homomeric hERG1b channels by decreasing the magnitude of the current–voltage relationship and slowing the kinetics of channel closing (deactivation). In contrast, NTRs did not measurably regulate hERG1a channels. A short NTR (encoding amino acids 1–135) composed primarily of the PAS domain was sufficient to regulate hERG1b. These results suggest that isolated hERG1a NTRs directly interact with hERG1b subunits. Our results demonstrate that deactivation is faster in hERG1a/hERG1b channels compared to hERG1a channels because of fewer PAS domains, not because of an inhibitory effect of the unique hERG1b NTR. A decrease in outward current density of hERG1a/hERG1b channels by hERG1a NTRs may be a mechanism for LQTS.
Feedback control of the proximity to marginal RWM stability using active MHD spectroscopy
Authors: Hanson J M , Reimerdes H , Lanctot M J , In Y , La Haye R J , Jackson G L , Navratil G A , Okabayashi M , Sieck P E , Strait E J
Published: November 2011

DIII-D experiments yield the first proof-of-principle results in feedback control of the proximity to the resistive wall mode (RWM) stability boundary using an active MHD spectroscopic stability measurement and neutral beam injection heating. In contrast to calculations of the stability of reconstructed equilibria, the spectroscopic measurement is independent of the assumed RWM stability model. The real-time implementation enables the control system to react to unforeseen changes in plasma parameters and hence stability limits. In the experimentally accessed regime, near but below the ideal-MHD no-wall limit for the n = 1 external kink instability, the control dynamics are described by a linear model that depends on the plasma stored energy. This model is used to aid in optimizing feedback gain settings.
A Chromosomal Insertion Toolbox for Promoter Probing, Mutant Complementation, and Pathogenicity Studies in Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Monteiro Freddy , Solé Montserrat , van Dijk Irene , Valls Marc
Published: November 2011

We describe here the construction of a delivery system for stable and directed insertion of gene constructs in a permissive chromosomal site of the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. The system consists of a collection of suicide vectors—the Ralstonia chromosome (pRC) series—that carry an integration element flanked by transcription terminators and two sequences of homology to the chromosome of strain GMI1000, where the integration element is inserted through a double recombination event. Unique restriction enzyme sites and a GATEWAY cassette enable cloning of any promoter::gene combination in the integration element. Variants endowed with different selectable antibiotic resistance genes and promoter::gene combinations are described. We show that the system can be readily used in GMI1000 and adapted to other R. solanacearum strains using an accessory plasmid. We prove that the pRC system can be employed to complement a deletion mutation with a single copy of the native gene, and to measure transcription of selected promoters in monocopy both in vitro and in planta. Finally, the system has been used to purify and study secretion type III effectors. These novel genetic tools will be particularly useful for the construction of recombinant bacteria that maintain inserted genes or reporter fusions in competitive situations (i.e., during plant infection).
Geometric algorithms for sensor networks
Authors: Gao Jie , Guibas Leonidas
Published: November 2011

This paper surveys the use of geometric methods for wireless sensor networks. The close relationship of sensor nodes with their embedded physical space imposes a unique geometric character on such systems. The physical locations of the sensor nodes greatly impact on system design in all aspects, from low-level networking and organization to high-level information processing and applications. This paper reviews work in the past 10 years on topics such as network localization, geometric routing, information discovery, data-centric routing and topology discovery.
On the initialization of soil carbon models and its effects on model predictions for England and Wales
Authors: Foereid B. , Bellamy P. H. , Holden A. , Kirk G. J. D.
Published: November 2011

The initial distribution of carbon (C) between model pools can strongly influence predictions of soil C models. Models are often initialized by assuming that C stocks are near steady state, but in many cases this is unrealistic. We explored different ways of initializing the DAYCENT model over the range of soils and climate in England and Wales. We ran the model for the main soil types on arable land and managed grass, identified by taking the top five soil‐land use combinations in each of 87 50‐km grid squares, giving 376 ‘sites’ distributed across the two countries. We compared three initialization methods: (i) using the soil C contents and pool distributions (‘soil microbe C’, ‘slow C’ and ‘passive C’ in DAYCENT) predicted for steady state under the prevailing conditions; (ii) using the steady‐state pool distributions but with the true, initial soil C content; and (iii) by fitting the initial pool distribution to the rates of change in soil C observed in the National Soil Inventory (NSI) of England and Wales during the 1980s and 1990s. The calculated mean net primary production (NPP), and hence C inputs to the soil, was realistic for arable land and permanent grass in England and Wales. The calculated rates of change in soil C were sensitive to the initialization method. Method 1 predicted little change with the actual climate over the NSI survey period and simulated management, but Methods 2 and 3 predicted losses of C. Methods 2 and 3 gave similar trends averaged across soil types and locations, but there were large differences for individual soils and locations. The relationships between losses and the mean soil C content were approximately linear with Methods 2 and 3, but the slopes differed. The predicted losses varied with different climate scenarios applied over the NSI survey period. The predicted differences between climate scenarios were less sensitive to initialization method than to C content. We discuss generic implications for modelling.
Indirect facilitation promotes macrophyte survival and growth in freshwater ecosystems threatened by eutrophication
Authors: Le Bagousse‐Pinguet Yoann , Liancourt Pierre , Gross Nicolas , Straile Dietmar
Published: November 2011

1. Eutrophication is a major threat for freshwater ecosystems. Submerged aquatic plants (macrophytes) can maintain clear water conditions in eutrophic lakes by competing with phytoplankton for light and nutrients. The interactions between macrophytes and phytoplankton may lead to indirect facilitation among plants and the maintenance of high macrophyte diversities in eutrophic conditions. Nonetheless, the role of indirect facilitation in promoting macrophyte‐dominated clear water states under eutrophication has never been demonstrated experimentally despite important implications for these ecosystems.

2. We predicted that (i) submerged aquatic plants buffer negative consequences of eutrophication by strongly affecting biotic (phytoplankton) and environmental conditions (light, nutrients) in the water column, (ii) competition with phytoplankton results in indirect facilitation among submerged aquatic plants, and (iii) the response to indirect facilitation depends on the tolerance of submerged aquatic plants to light attenuation by phytoplankton.

3. We experimentally simulated eutrophication through fertilization and manipulated the presence of neighbouring plants in a mesocosm. By manipulating the presence of neighbours with and without fertilization, we were able to test whether competitive or facilitative interactions occur during the eutrophication of lakes.

4. Fertilization caused turbid water states by increasing phytoplankton content and light attenuation. The presence of neighbouring plants reduced phytoplankton growth and promoted survival and biomass production of macrophytes under eutrophication.

5. Synthesis. Indirect facilitation among plants can buffer the direct negative interactions between aquatic plants and phytoplankton. Indirect facilitation may prevent the decline in aquatic plant diversity of freshwater ecosystems threatened by eutrophication. Because the experimental design used here is comparable to the manipulations frequently carried out across a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems, this study may contribute to the comparison of patterns and processes in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Regional divergence and mosaic spatial distribution of two closely related damselfly species (Enallagma hageniandEnallagma ebrium)
Authors: BOURRET A. , McPEEK M. A. , TURGEON J.
Published: November 2011

North AmericanEnallagmadamselflies radiated during the Pleistocene, and species differ mainly by reproductive structures. Although morphologically very different,Enallagma hageniandEnallagma ebriumare genetically very similar. Partitioning of genetic variation (AFLP), isolation by distance and clustering analyses indicate that these morphospecies are locally differentiated genetically. Spatial analyses show that they are rarely sympatric at local sites, and their distributions form a mosaic of patches where one is clearly dominant over hundreds of square kilometers. However, these morphospecies are also not genetically more similar when they are sympatric, indicating that hybridization is probably not occurring. Given that these morphospecies are ecologically equivalent, strong assortative mating, reproductive interference and fast post‐glacial recolonization may explain the origin and maintenance of these distributional patches across eastern North America. By limiting opportunities for gene flow, reproductive interference may play an unsuspected role in accelerating genetic differentiation in the early phases of nonecological speciation.
Temperature stress increases hybrid incompatibilities in the parasitic wasp genus Nasonia
Authors: KOEVOETS T. , Van De ZANDE L. , BEUKEBOOM L. W.
Published: November 2011

Hybrid incompatibilities, measured as mortality and sterility, are caused by the disruption of gene interactions. They are important post‐zygotic isolation barriers to species hybridization, and much effort is put into the discovery of the genes underlying these incompatibilities. In hybridization studies of the haplodiploid parasitic wasp genus Nasonia, genic incompatibilities have been shown to affect mortality and sterility. The genomic regions associated with mortality have been found to depend on the cytotype of the hybrids and thus suggest cytonuclear incompatibilities. As environmental conditions can affect gene expression and gene interaction, we here investigate the effect of developmental temperature on sterility and mortality in Nasonia hybrids. Results show that extreme temperatures strongly affect both hybrid sterility (mainly spermatogenic failure) and mortality. Molecular mapping revealed that extreme temperatures increase transmission ratio distortion of parental alleles at incompatible loci, and thus, cryptic incompatible loci surface under temperature stress that remain undiscovered under standard temperatures. Our results underline the sensitivity of hybrid incompatibilities to environmental factors and the effects of unstable epistasis.
Immunohistochemical analysis of Marinesco bodies, using antibodies against proteins implicated in the ubiquitin‐proteasome system, autophagy and aggresome formation
Authors: Odagiri Saori , Tanji Kunikazu , Mori Fumiaki , Kakita Akiyoshi , Takahashi Hitoshi , Kamitani Tetsu , Wakabayashi Koichi
Published: November 2011

Marinesco bodies (MBs) are spherical eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. Previous immunohistochemical studies have shown that MBs are positive for ubiquitin, p62 and SUMO‐1, suggesting the involvement of ubiquitination and related proteins in the formation or disaggregation of MBs. However, the involvement is not thoroughly understood. Therefore, we immunohistochemically examined the midbrain from five control subjects ranged from 53 to 84 years old. MBs were positive for various proteins implicated in the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (ubiquitin, p62, EDD1, NEDD8, NUB1, SUMO‐1 and SUMO‐2), aggresome formation (HDAC6) and autophagy (ubiquitin, p62, LC3, GABARAP and GATE‐16). These findings suggest that proteins related to ubiquitination, proteasomal degradation and autophagy are involved in the formation or disaggregation of MBs.
A Group III histidine kinase (mhk1) upstream of high‐osmolarity glycerol pathway regulates sporulation, multi‐stress tolerance and virulence of Metarhizium robertsii, a fungal entomopathogen
Authors: Zhou Gang , Wang Jie , Qiu Lei , Feng Ming‐Guang
Published: November 2011

The role of Metarhizium robertsii Group III histidine kinase (mhk1) in regulating various phenotypes of the fungal entomopathogen and the transcripts of 25 downstream genes likely associated with the phenotypes were probed by constructing Δmhk1 and Δmhk1/mhk1 mutants. All examined Δmhk1 phenotypes except unchanged sensitivity to fungicide (dimethachlon) differed significantly from those of wild type and Δmhk1/mhk1, which were similar to each other. Significant phenotypic changes in Δmhk1 included increased conidial yields on two media, increased tolerance to H2O2, decreased tolerance to menadione, increased tolerance to hyperosmolarity, increased conidial thermotolerance, decreased conidial UV‐B resistance and reduced virulence to Tenebrio molitor larvae. The mhk1 disruption elevated the transcripts of nine genes, including two associated with conidiation (flbC and hymA) and three encoding catalases but decreased seven other gene transcripts, including three for superoxide dismultases, under normal conditions. The high‐osmolarity glycerol pathway MAPK phosphorylation level in Δmhk1 culture was increased 1.0‐ to 1.8‐fold by KCl, sucrose and menadione stresses but reduced drastically by H2O2 or heat (40°C) stress, accompanied with different transcript patterns of all examined genes under the stresses. Our results confirmed the crucial role of mhk1 in regulating the expression of the downstream genes and associated phenotypes important for the fungal biocontrol potential.
Family therapy in Macau: development, challenges and opportunities
Authors: Chan Simon Tak‐mau
Published: November 2011

Family therapy in Macau is in its early stages of development. The Satir model and structural family therapy were the first two therapies introduced. Later on, solution‐focused brief therapy and narrative therapy were also introduced. Macau has been undergoing dramatic socioeconomic changes since the relaxation of the gambling licenses. In sociocultural terms this has led to significant changes: the so‐called ‘dealer's complex’, gambling, drug abuse and youth deviance have become more prevalent. To address complicated family problems, various counselling institutes and training centres were established to conduct family therapy. However, there are still some limitations and challenges that must be addressed in order to have a thriving family therapy profession in Macau.
Unbalanced triangle in the social dilemma of trust: Internet studies of real‐time, real money social exchange between China, Japan, and Taiwan
Authors: Liu James H. , Yamagishi Toshio , Wang Feixue , Schug Joanna , Lin Yicheng , Yu Szihsien , Takahashi Chisato , Huang Li‐Li
Published: November 2011

Using a dyadic game theory paradigm, three experiments on the social dilemma of trust were conducted over the Internet in real time, involving real money. It was predicted and found that in‐group favouritism in trusting behaviour was contingent on historical relationships between societies. In the China–Japan experiment, mainland Chinese but not Japanese trusted and made fair allocations to in‐group members more than out‐group members, and out‐group trust was best predicted by positive stereotypes of the out‐group for Chinese and identity for Japanese. In the China–Taiwan experiment, Taiwanese but not Mainland Chinese trusted in‐group members more than out‐group members, and in‐group trust for Taiwanese was best predicted by perceptions of current realistic threats. In the Taiwan–Japan experiment, there were slight in‐group favouring tendencies in trust, and positive stereotypes of the out‐group were the best predictors of out‐group trust. Japanese were unique in not displaying in‐group favouring behaviour at all, whereas both Chinese and Taiwanese were context specific in their in‐group favouritism. Stereotypes, social identities, perceptions of realistic threat, and historical anger made significant contributions to predicting trusting behaviour, but overall these survey measures only accounted for small and inconsistent amounts of variance across the three experiments.
Carbon Tax and OPEC’s Rents Under a Ceiling Constraint*
Authors: Dullieux Rémy , Ragot Lionel , Schubert Katheline
Published: November 2011

We study the Markov‐perfect Nash equilibrium (MPNE) of a game between oil‐importing countries, who seek to maintain the atmospheric carbon concentration under a given ceiling, and oil‐exporting countries. The oil‐importing countries set a carbon tax and the oil‐exporting countries control the producer price. We obtain implicit feedback rules and explicit non‐linear time paths of extraction, carbon tax, and producer price. Consumers are always able to reap some share of the scarcity and monopoly rents, whereas producers partially pre‐empt the carbon tax only if the marginal damage under the ceiling is small. We compare the MPNE to the efficient, open‐loop, and cartel‐without‐tax equilibria.
Amyloid β: linking synaptic plasticity failure to memory disruption in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Ma Tao , Klann Eric
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 140–148.

Mounting evidence suggests that amyloid beta‐induced impairments in synaptic plasticity that is accompanied by cognitive decline and dementia represent key pathogenic steps of Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we review recent advances in the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s disease‐associated synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits, and how these mechanisms could provide novel avenues for therapeutic intervention to treat this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
Identification and biology of β‐secretase
Authors: Kandalepas Patty C. , Vassar Robert
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 55–61.

Our knowledge of the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has advanced tremendously since the discovery of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation in diseased brains. Accumulating evidence suggests that Aβ plays a causative role in AD. The β‐secretase enzyme, beta‐site APP cleaving enzyme‐1 (BACE1), is also implicated in AD pathogenesis, given that BACE1 cleavage of amyloid precursor protein is the initiating step in the formation of Aβ. As a result, BACE1 inhibition has been branded as a potential AD therapy. In this study, we review the identification and basic characteristics of BACE1, as well as the progress in our understanding of BACE1 cell biology, substrates, and phenotypes of BACE1 knockout mice that are informative about the physiological functions of BACE1 beyond amyloid precursor protein cleavage. These data are crucial for predicting potential mechanism‐based toxicity that would arise from inhibiting BACE1 for the treatment or prevention of AD.
Effects of a brief Valsalva manoeuvre on hemodynamic response to strength exercises
Authors: Niewiadomski Wiktor , Pilis Wiesław , Laskowska Dorota , Gąsiorowska Anna , Cybulski Gerard , Strasz Anna
Published: November 2011

Strength training is a recommended measure against loss of strength and muscle mass because of age‐ or illness‐induced inactivity. Strength exercises may impose heavy cardiovascular load by increasing heart rate and blood pressure. To increase strength efficiently, a heavy load has to be applied; this, however, leads to a spontaneous Valsalva manoeuvre, which additionally raises blood pressure. Avoidance of this manoeuvre is recommended. If the additional rise in arterial blood pressure caused by Valsalva manoeuvre is smaller than intrathoracic or intracranial pressures during this manoeuvre, Valsalva manoeuvre may actually protect arteries located in the thorax and in the brain by diminishing transmural pressure acting across these vessels. Effect of controlled breathing or brief Valsalva manoeuvre on arterial pressure at rest and during knee extension against 15‐repetition maximum resistance was evaluated. In 12 healthy young men blood pressure was measured continuously and non‐invasively, knee angle, speed of respiratory air or mouth pressure (MP) were continuously registered. Each combination of respiratory and exercise manoeuvres was repeated six times, for every of last three repetitions peak and trough systolic and diastolic pressure were determined. Strength exercises elevated peak pressures more than trough pressures, systolic more than diastolic. Valsalva manoeuvre increased only peak systolic and peak diastolic pressure. This increase was in average lesser than MP, thus rendering an argument in favour of protective role of brief Valsalva manoeuvre because of decline in transmural pressure acting on thoracic and possibly cerebral arteries. However, there was strong individual variability, and in few instances, arterial pressure increased because of brief Valsalva manoeuvre more than MP; thus in some subjects, the manoeuvre might enhance transmural pressure acting on thorax arteries.
Pravastatin‐induced proangiogenic effects depend upon extracellular FGF‐2
Authors: Shiota Masayuki , Hikita Yuko , Kawamoto Yukiko , Kusakabe Hiromi , Tanaka Masako , Izumi Yasukatsu , Nakao Takafumi , Miura Katsuyuki , Funae Yoshihiko , Iwao Hiroshi
Published: November 2011

The HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to exert several protective effects on the vasculature that are unrelated to changes in the cholesterol profile, and to induce angiogenesis. The proangiogenic effect exerted by statins has been attributed to the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in endothelial cells; however, it is unclear how statins activate this pathway. Pravastatin‐mediated activation of Akt and MAPK occurs rapidly (within 10 min.) and at low doses (10 nM). Here, we hypothesized that FGF‐2 contributes to the proangiogenic effect of statins. We found that pravastatin, a hydrophilic statin, induced phosphorylation of the FGF receptor (FGFR) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. SU5402, an inhibitor of FGFR, abolished pravastatin‐induced PI3K/Akt and MAPK activity. Likewise, anti‐FGF‐2 function‐blocking antibodies inhibited Akt and MAPK activity. Moreover, depletion of extracellular FGF‐2 by heparin prevented pravastatin‐induced phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK. Treatment with FGF‐2 antibody inhibited pravastatin‐enhanced endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. These observations indicate that pravastatin exerts proangiogenic effects in endothelial cells depending upon the extracellular FGF‐2.
Flexibility in phenology and habitat use act as buffers to long‐term population declines in UK passerines
Authors: Salido L. , Purse B. V. , Marrs R. , Chamberlain D. E. , Shultz S.
Published: November 2011

Ecological responses to environmental change are wide‐ranging, from alterations in the timing of life‐history events to range and population changes. Explaining the variation across species in these responses is essential for identifying vulnerable species and for developing adequate conservation or mitigation strategies. Using population trend data from the UK Breeding Bird Survey, this study examined the association between long‐term population trends (1994–2007) and phenological, life‐history and resource‐use traits of UK passerine species. Phenology, as well as productivity and resource use were significantly associated with long‐term population trends. Average laying date and first clutch laying period were key predictors, with higher population growth rates associated with earlier laying dates and longer laying periods. This suggests that flexibility in the duration of reproductive periods buffers species against environmental changes. Average laying period was particularly important for migrant species. Flexibility in laying dates for these species is constrained by their arrival dates; mean change in arrival date over a twenty‐five year period strongly predicted population trends amongst migrant species. Besides the key role phenological flexibility plays in buffering population declines, we also showed that more productive, generalist species were less likely to have declining populations than species with specialized habitat requirements, particularly those associated with farmland and urban areas and those reliant on highly seasonal food items (i.e. invertebrate eaters). These results underscore the need for a multi‐faceted approach to understanding the mechanisms governing population trends. Additionally, species’ sensitivity to environmental change is likely to depend on interactions between species‐specific phenology, habitat and resource‐use traits.
Vitamin D status of pregnant and non‐pregnant women of reproductive age living in Hanoi City and the Hai Duong province of Vietnam
Authors: Hien Vu Thi Thu , Lam Nguyen Thi , Skeaff C Murray , Todd Joanne , McLean Judy M. , Green Timothy J.
Published: November 2011

Vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy has been associated with a number of adverse outcomes for both mother and child. Vitamin D insufficiency has been well described in many populations of both pregnant and non‐pregnant women of childbearing age, but there is a lack of data on women living in South‐East Asia. We measured plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D in a representative sample of pregnant (n = 64) and non‐pregnant (n = 477) women (15–49 years) living in Hanoi City (n = 270) and rural Hai Duong Province (n = 271) in northern Vietnam. Mean 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (95% confidence interval) concentration was 81 (79, 84) nmol L−1. Mean 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration differed between urban and rural (78 vs. 85 nmol L−1; P = 0.016), farming and non‐farming (89 vs. 77 nmol L−1; P < 0.001) but not pregnant and non‐pregnant or older vs. younger women. Only one woman had a 25‐hydroxyvitamin D less than 25 nmol L−1, a concentration indicative of vitamin D deficiency. Of the women, 7% and 48% of the women were vitamin D insufficient based on cut‐offs for plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D of 50 and 75 nmol L−1, respectively. Mean plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of these Vietnamese women were much higher than those reported in other studies of pregnant and non‐pregnant women in the region.
Systemic lupus erythematosus: A genetic review for advanced practice nurses
Authors: Robinson Marcia , Sheets Cook Sarah , Currie Leanne M.
Published: November 2011

Purpose: To review the symptom presentation, genetic aspects, and available treatment options for individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Primary care providers should be vigilant in identifying symptoms, which may be related to SLE, perform adequate assessment, and diagnostic testing in order to arrive at an early diagnosis.

Data sources: Extensive literature review of textbook, clinical, medical, and nursing journals.

Conclusions: Lupus is a multigenic autoimmune disease, which requires the clinician to be hypervigilant by collecting a thorough family history and performing a complete physical assessment of the patient. There is an array of treatment modalities, both experimental and proven therapies, which improve signs and symptoms associated with SLE. Numerous medications are available for symptom management: anti‐inflammatory agents for patients with musculoskeletal presentation, and steroids or antimalarials for those with more extensive organ involvement.

Implications for practice: In SLE, the overall aim of management is to determine the extent of disease and prevent extensive organ involvement. Therefore, when diagnosed in a timely manner, most patients will survive and are able to manage their disease.
Characterization and Preparation of Aspergillus niger Naringinase for Debittering Citrus Juice
Authors: Ni Hui , Chen Feng , Cai Huinong , Xiao Anfeng , You Qi , Lu Yunzhen
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Naringinase from Aspergillus niger was prepared and characterized to evaluate its effectiveness in debittering citrus juice. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by sulfate fractionation and chromatographies on Q‐Sepharose, Sephacryl S‐200, and S‐100 HR columns, and estimated by gel filtration chromatography (GFC) to have a molecular weight (MW) of 131 kDa, of which its subunit was measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be around 65.5 kDa. The enzyme showed active and stable pH ranges both within 4.5 to 5.0. Its optimal temperature was in the range of 45 to 55 °C. Freeze drying provided an estimated enzymatic recovery of 95.9%, greater than spray drying with the recovery at 55.6%. The freeze‐drying powder could retain its enzymatic activity stably at 4 °C for 6 mo. Also, the enzyme in 0.220 U/mL citrus juice could sufficiently remove the naringin for the bitterness. Oral acute toxicity study revealed the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the naringinase powder was >10 g/kg in mice. The contents of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), the aerobic plate count, and coliform number in the enzyme powder all met the criteria for food use. These characteristics suggest that the naringinase from A. niger is efficient and suitable for debittering the citrus juice, and the process consisting of fermentation, salt precipitation, ion exchange, ultrafiltration, and freeze drying is a promising means to prepare the naringinase for food industry, setting up a strong base to enzymatically debitter citrus juice.

Practical Application:  This study focused on characterization, preparation, and validation of naringinase from A. niger, which provided useful information on how to prepare, store, and use the naringinase. In addition, this naringinase met the safety standards for food use and showed strong ability to remove the bitter taste from citrus juice, which provided useful information for interested readers, and the food industry.
Evaluating and Giving Feedback to Mentors: New Evidence‐Based Approaches
Authors: Anderson Lauren , Silet Karin , Fleming Michael
Published: November 2011

A comprehensive mentoring program includes a variety of components. One of the most important is the ongoing assessment of and feedback to mentors. Scholars need strong active mentors who have the expertise, disposition, motivation, skills, and the ability to accept feedback and to adjust their mentoring style. Assessing the effectiveness of a given mentor is no easy task. Variability in learning needs and academic goals among scholars makes it difficult to develop a single evaluation instrument or a standardized procedure for evaluating mentors. Scholars, mentors, and program leaders are often reluctant to conduct formal evaluations, as there are no commonly accepted measures. The process of giving feedback is often difficult and there is limited empirical data on efficacy. This article presents a new and innovative six‐component approach to mentor evaluation that includes the assessment of mentee training and empowerment, peer learning and mentor training, scholar advocacy, mentee–mentor expectations, mentor self‐reflection, and mentee evaluation of their mentor. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 71–77
A genetic system for Geobacter metallireducens: role of the flagellin and pilin in the reduction of Fe(III) oxide
Authors: Tremblay Pier‐Luc , Aklujkar Muktak , Leang Ching , Nevin Kelly P. , Lovley Derek
Published: November 2011

Geobacter metallireducens is an important model organism for many novel aspects of extracellular electron exchange and the anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds, but studies of its physiology have been limited by a lack of techniques for gene deletion and replacement. Therefore, a genetic system was developed for G. metallireducens by making a number of modifications in the previously described approach for homologous recombination in Geobacter sulfurreducens. Critical modifications included, among others, a 3.5‐fold increased in the quantity of electrotransformed linear DNA and the harvesting of cells at early‐log. The Cre‐lox recombination system was used to remove an antibiotic resistance cassette from the G. metallireducens chromosome permitting the generation of multiple mutations in the same strain. Deletion of the gene fliC, which encodes the flagellin protein, resulted in a strain that did not produce flagella, was non‐motile, and was defective for the reduction of insoluble Fe(III). Deletion of pilA, which encodes the structural protein of the type IV pili, inhibited the production of lateral pili as well as Fe(III) oxide reduction and electron transfer to an electrode. These results demonstrate the importance of flagella and pili in the reduction of insoluble Fe(III) by G. metallireducens and provide methods for additional genetic‐based approaches for the study of G. metallireducens.
Violent Conflict and Human Capital Accumulation
Authors: Justino Patricia
Published: November 2011

The objective of this paper is to review the available evidence on one important micro‐level mechanism linking civil wars and long‐term development outcomes, namely the level and access to education of civilian and combatant populations affected by violence. The paper is particularly concerned with the long‐term human capital consequences of lost education.
Sheet Orientation Effects on the Hot Formability Limits of Lightweight Alloys
Authors: Abu-Farha Fadi , Hector Louis G.
Published: November 2011

The formability curves of AZ31B magnesium and 5083 aluminum alloy sheets were constructed using the pneumatic stretching test at two different sets of forming conditions. The test best resembles the conditions encountered in actual hydro/pneumatic forming operations, such as the superplastic forming (SPF) and quick plastic forming (QPF) techniques. Sheet samples were deformed at (400 °C and 1 × 10−3 s−1) and (450 °C and 5 × 10−3 s−1), by free pneumatic bulging into a set of progressive elliptical die inserts. The material in each of the formed domes was forced to undergo biaxial stretching at a specific strain ratio, which is simply controlled by the geometry (aspect ratio) of the selected die insert. Material deformation was quantified using circle grid analysis (CGA), and the recorded planar strains were used to construct the forming limit curves of the two alloys. The aforementioned was carried out with the sheet oriented either along or across the direction of major strains in order to establish the relationship between the material’s rolling direction and the corresponding limiting strains. Great disparities in limiting strains were found in the two orientations for both alloys; hence, a “composite FLD” is introduced as an improved means for characterizing material formability limits.