bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of jasmonic acid treatment of Brassica nigra on the attraction of pollinators, parasitoids, and butterflies
Authors: Bruinsma Maaike , IJdema Harm , Van Loon Joop J.A. , Dicke Marcel
Published: May 2008

Herbivore‐induced plant defences influence the behaviour of herbivores as well as that of their natural enemies. Jasmonic acid is one of the key hormones involved in both these direct and indirect induced defences. Jasmonic acid treatment of plants changes the composition of defence chemicals in the plants, induces volatile emission, and increases the production of extrafloral nectar. However, few studies have addressed the potential influence of induced defences on flower nectar chemistry and pollinator behaviour. These have shown that herbivore damage can affect pollination rates and plant fitness. Here, we have investigated the effect of jasmonic acid treatment on floral nectar production and the attraction of pollinators, as well as the effect on the behaviour of an herbivore and its natural enemy. The study system consisted of black mustard plants, Brassica nigra L. (Brassicaceae), pollinators of Brassica nigra (i.e., honeybees and syrphid flies), a specialist herbivore, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and a parasitoid wasp that uses Pieris larvae as hosts, Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We show that different trophic levels are differentially affected by jasmonic acid‐induced changes. While the herbivore prefers control leaves over jasmonic acid‐treated leaves for oviposition, the parasitoid C. glomerata is more attracted to jasmonic acid‐treated plants than to control plants. We did not observe differences in pollinator preference, the rates of flower visitation by honeybees and syrphid flies were similar for control and jasmonic acid‐treated plants. Plants treated with jasmonic acid secreted less nectar than control plants and the concentrations of glucose and fructose tended to be lower than in nectar from control plants. Jasmonic acid treatment resulted in a lower nectar production than actual feeding damage by P. rapae caterpillars.
Predation and oviposition by predatory Stethorus japonicus, Oligota kashmirica benefica, and Scolothrips takahashii in egg patches of various spider mite species
Authors: Kishimoto Hidenari , Adachi Ishizue
Published: May 2008

Predation and oviposition by three predacious insects [Scolothrips takahashii Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Stethorus japonicus H. Kamiya (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Oligota kashmirica benefica Naomi (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)] were examined using egg patches of three spider mite species [Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher), Tetranychus urticae Koch, and Panonychus mori Yokoyama (all Acari: Tetranychidae)] that are pest species on Japanese pear [Pyrus serotina Rehder (Rosaceae)]. Scolothrips takahashii females consumed more prey and laid more eggs in A. viennensis and T. urticae egg patches than in P. mori egg patches. Females also left P. mori egg patches sooner than they left other egg patches even at high prey density. Predation and oviposition of S. takahashii in a prey patch were greatly enhanced by the complicated webs produced by A. viennensis. Stethorus japonicus females consumed significantly more prey and laid more eggs in A. viennensis egg patches than in P. mori egg patches, with intermediate values in T. urticae egg patches, reflecting the quality of each spider mite species as prey. Oligota kashmirica benefica females consumed more prey and laid more eggs in A. viennensis and T. urticae egg patches than in P. mori egg patches, particularly at high prey density. However, predation and oviposition by O. kashmirica benefica increased greatly with increasing prey density, even in P. mori egg patches, indicating that prey density was the most important factor in predation and oviposition by this species. These results are discussed in relation to the potential effect of each predator on the suppression of different spider mite species on Japanese pear.
Seed‐based systematic discovery of specific transcription factor target genes
Authors: Mrowka Ralf , Blüthgen Nils , Fähling Michael
Published: May 2008

Reliable prediction of specific transcription factor target genes is a major challenge in systems biology and functional genomics. Current sequence‐based methods yield many false predictions, due to the short and degenerated DNA‐binding motifs. Here, we describe a new systematic genome‐wide approach, the seed‐distribution‐distance method, that searches large‐scale genome‐wide expression data for genes that are similarly expressed as known targets. This method is used to identify genes that are likely targets, allowing sequence‐based methods to focus on a subset of genes, giving rise to fewer false‐positive predictions. We show by cross‐validation that this method is robust in recovering specific target genes. Furthermore, this method identifies genes with typical functions and binding motifs of the seed. The method is illustrated by predicting novel targets of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB). Among the new targets is optineurin, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of acquired blindness caused by adult‐onset primary open‐angle glaucoma. We show experimentally that the optineurin gene and other predicted genes are targets of NF‐κB. Thus, our data provide a missing link in the signalling of NF‐κB and the damping function of optineurin in signalling feedback of NF‐κB. We present a robust and reliable method to enhance the genome‐wide prediction of specific transcription factor target genes that exploits the vast amount of expression information available in public databases today.
Licochalcone A Inhibits the Growth of Colon Carcinoma and Attenuates Cisplatin‐Induced Toxicity without a Loss of Chemotherapeutic Efficacy in Mice
Authors: Lee Chang Ki , Son Seung Hwa , Park Kwang Kyun , Park Jung Han Yoon , Lim Soon Sung , Kim Sook‐Hyang , Chung Won Yoon
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Although chemotherapy has an important function in the treatment of most solid tumours, its clinical applications are limited by severe side effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, ototoxicity and neurotoxicity. Recently, a growing amount of attention has been focused on the investigation of the effects of chemopreventive agents on the inhibition of cancer cell growth and toxicity in combination with chemotherapeutics. The aim of this study was to determine whether licochalcone A (LCA) has the potential to serve as a beneficial supplement during cisplatin chemotherapy. We found that the administration of LCA alone significantly inhibited the size of the solid tumours in CT‐26 cell‐inoculated Balb/c mice, without any detectable induction of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. LCA also suppressed cell proliferation by reducing DNA synthesis of CT‐26 murine colon cancer cells in a dose‐dependent manner. LCA did not affect the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin. Furthermore, LCA inhibited the cisplatin‐induced kidney damage characterized by increases in the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, as well as the cisplatin‐induced liver damage characterized by increases in the serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. The repeated oral administration of LCA prior to cisplatin treatment exerted a preventive effect on the cisplatin‐mediated increases in the serum nitric oxide and the tissue lipid peroxidation levels, and recovered the depleted reduced glutathione levels in the tissues. These results suggest that supplementation with LCA may be beneficial in counteracting the side effects of cisplatin therapy in cancer patients.
Effects of different Nitrogen forms and osmotic stress on water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Guo S. , Zhou Y. , Li Y. , Gao Y. , Shen Q.
Published: May 2008

A hydroponic experiment with simulated water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) was conducted in greenhouse to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) forms (; and the mixture of and ) on water stress tolerance and water use efficiency (WUE and WUET) of different rice cultivars. Two rice cultivars (cv. ‘Shanyou 63’ hybrid indica and ‘Yangdao 6’ indica, China) were grown under non‐water‐ or water‐stressed condition [10% (w/v) PEG, molecular weight 6000] with different N forms for 3 weeks. Under non‐water stress, the biomass of Shanyou 63 was 50.0% and 64.3% and of Yangdao 6 was 6.9% and 87.8% higher under the supply of mixture of and than either under the sole supply of or , respectively; under water stress, the biomass of both rice cultivars decreased in all three nitrogen forms compared with non‐water stress; however, the inhibitory effect of water stress on biomass varied between and nutrition; the reduction of dry matter was significantly higher in than in nutrition. Compared with non‐water stress, under water stressed condition, WUE of both two rice cultivars significantly decreased in supply; WUE did not vary in and the mixture supply. It is concluded that (a) the resistance of water stress of rice seedlings is related to nitrogen form; (b) under water stress, could maintain a higher WUE compared with ; (c) hybrid indica rice seedlings have a higher water stress tolerance than indica rice seedlings.
For Pedagogues and Others
Authors: Aitken F. R. G.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

ATLAS OF GEOGRAPHY. By Kenneth B

NEW ZEALAND IN OUTLINE: A PICTORIAL GEOGRAPHY. By Kenneth B
The Geology of New Zealand
Authors: Benson W. N.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

GEOLOGICAL MAP OF NEW ZEALAND. With descriptive booklet The Outline of the Geology of New Zealand. By Officers of the Geological Survey
An American Text
Authors: Cotton C. A.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

A TEXTBOOK OF GEOMORPHOLOGY. By Philip G. Worcester
THE LOCATION OF MANUFACTURING IN NEW ZEALAND*
Authors: Linge G. J. R.
Published: May 2008

It is well known that the four main districts, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin, together with Lower Hutt, employ a high proportion of the workers engaged in manufacturing activities. The use of unweighted percentages shows that Auckland has more than half the number of persons employed in these districts, and one‐third of all the workers. This, however, is not surprising for Auckland is the largest centre of population. On the other hand, the use of weighted quotients shows that Lower Hutt is, for its size of working population, a highly concentrated industrial area, with fifty percent of all persons working in the district employed in manufacturing. The same method also introduces the Hastings district as one of the five in which manufacturing has more than its proportionate share of all employees, whereas Wellington has fewer workers in industry than might otherwise be expected. On the other hand it has a larger proportion than elsewhere of persons engaged in commercial and administrative activities. The use of location factors enables objective comparisons to be made be‐between the various districts, and these in turn could be used in planning future development. The method is not specific enough to allow precise statements to be made about future development, because the groups of industry used are broad and administrative districts arc necessarily adopted to describe industrial areas. Its tentative use here, however, serves to indicate the direction along which further research is necessary to explain the present patterns of location more precisely and to forecast future and desirable trends in industrial localisation in New Zealand.
The Use of Long Time Series Climatological Observations to Determine Climatic Trends
Authors: HESSELL J. W. D.
Published: May 2008

This case illustrates some of the difficulties which arise in the determination of climatic trends using long observation series composed of several components from diffrerent sites. Only in a very few cases can a long climatological series be regarded as being truly homogenous.
Channel Change on the Lower Manawatu River
Authors: Page K. J. , Heerdegen Ft. G.
Published: May 2008

1Lecturer in Geography, School of Applied Science, Riverina College of Advanced Education, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia

2Senior Lecturer in Geography, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Theoretically‐informed analysis: A comment on Morrison's Exploring Patterns of Company Takeovers in New Zealand
Authors: Heron Richard Le
Published: May 2008

This note urges great caution in the uncritical adoption of any ‘standard method’ in geographical research. Morrison's (Exploratory Data Analysis or EDA) strategy is reminiscent of the technique‐driven studies of the 1960s in geography that were heavily criticised within a decade (Morrison 1985, 1983). A case is presented which demonstrates that early reliance on EDA is a risky venture if the objective is an explanatory one.
Trading Strategies for New Zealand: The GATT, CER and Trade Liberalisation
Authors: ROBINSON GUY M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract.Despite the dramatic post‐1984 changes in the management of the New Zealand economy, including the establishment of a more diverse pattern of trading partners and products, there remain significant external constraints. New Zealand's position outside major trading blocs is problematic at a time of declining terms of trade for agro‐commodities. In this essay, the strategies pursued to improve New Zealand's trading position are considered with special reference to the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Closer Economic Relations (CER) with Australia, and the promotion of trade liberalisation.
Pacific Futures? Geography and Change in the Pacific Islands
Authors: OVERTON JOHN
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The alarm raised by the prospect of global warming and rising sea levels has led to concern about the future of Pacific Island states. Although major problems may eventuate from global climatic change, this paper argues that the range, magnitude and uncertainty of other mainly social and economic processes is such that simple prediction is impossible. Instead a more wide ranging geographical approach is required which recognises both regional diversity and human activity and response.
Mesoclimatology: Present Themes and Future Prospects
Authors: McKENDRY IAN G.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Some results of recent research into mesoscale phenomena and climate are reviewed –notably sea breezes, cyclonic eddies, dry lake circulations, urban climates and topoclimates –with particular reference to New Zealand. Extension of this work into modelling and prediction of climate change is likely, and the case for a more integrated geography –one which could fruitfully address questions relating to environmental inputs and societal adjustments which are currently neglected by physical geography –is made.
New Zealand and Environmentalism: An Outsider's View
Authors: O'RIORDAN TIMOTHY
Published: May 2008

Abstract. This paper is a personal perspective on how New Zealand appears to have changed in its approach to environmental management in the twenty years since 1 first came to know and love the country.
“They Changed the Rules”: Farm Family Responses to Agricultural Deregulation in Southland, New Zealand
Authors: WILSON OLIVIA
Published: May 2008

Agricultural deregulation in the mid‐1980s altered the economic and political climate in which farm families in New Zealand operate. The results of a survey of sheep/beef farmers in Southland shows that the main response to the new conditions and the rural downturn was to ‘self exploit’. Impacts varied, depending on farm finances at the start of the downturn. Farming practices and farmers' attitudes changed… but only partly because of deregulation.
The Recreational Value of In‐Stream Flows
Authors: COCKLIN CHRIS , FRASER IAIN , HARTE MICHAEL
Published: May 2008

The decision in 1988 by the Rangitikei‐Wanganui Catchment Board to allocate flows away from use for electricity generation into recreation use brought into focus the conflict between market and non‐market valuation of river uses. The travel cost method (TCM) of non‐market valuation is used to estimate the in‐stream recreation values of the Upper Wanganui and Whakapapa rivers.
A Critical Appraisal of the Global Warming Debate
Authors: FREITAS C R DE
Published: May 2008

Major changes are occurring in the global warming debate. Popular alarmist views are giving way to more balanced assessments of the situation. There is now greater emphasis on the lack of consensus among climatologists on fundamental scientific issues related to climate change.
Re‐thinking Employment and Unemployment
Authors: LEVETT ALLAN , DWYER TOM
Published: May 2008

According to ‘official’ monetarist economic theory in New Zealand unemployment is temporary. The assertion is contradicted by the admission that unemployment may be here to stay. A post industrial theory of work offers a more satisfactory explanation of unemployment and leads to different policies. The crucial ingredient is an effective national system of life‐long learning. Unemployment can then be regarded as a transition in the life course when new kinds of work and new ways of contributing to the community can be explored.
Making a Difference on Jobs
Authors: HARRIS PETER
Published: May 2008

While macroeconomic settings and the regulator environment matter, something more is needed to deal with unemployment. That involves infrastructure redevelopment, to boost private sector investment and productivity growth, industry policy to capture the full benefits of market conditions and a strategic partnership with Maori for full use of Iwi resources.
Myths for Environmental Management
Authors: MURRAY JEFF , SWAFFIELD SIMON
Published: May 2008

Myths help resolve differences in the policy process. The Resource Management Act 1991 is underpinned by four linked policy myths. ideas about resources, sustainable management, integration and rational planning. Implementing the Act will require acknowledging the myths in order to relieve conflicts inherent in the legislation.
REVIEWS
Authors: Young Elspeth
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Geographic Systems: Developments and Applications, Edited by Les Worrall, New York: Belhaven Press, 1990.

The Urge to Clear the ‘Bush’: A Study of Native Forest Clearance on Farms in the Catlins District of New Zealand 1861–1990 By G.A. Wilson

Southeast Asia. A Region in Transition By Johnathan Rigg.

Greater Cook Strait ‐Form and Flow By T.F. W. Harris

Neotectonics and Resources By J. Cosgrove & M. Jones

New Zealand and International Migration: A Digest and Bibliography Number 2 Edited by Andrew D. Trlin and Paul Spoonley, Palmerston North: Department of Sociology, Massey University

Mining, Indigenous Peoples and Development in Australasia By J. Connell and R. Howitt, Sydney University Press, Sydney, NSW, 1991.

Pacific Asia By David Drakakis‐Smith.

Plains of Promise, Rivers of Destiny, Water Management and The Development of Queensland 1824–1990 By J.M. Powell, Boolanong, Bowen Hills, Queensland

Dictionary of Environmental Science By G. Jones, A. Robertson, J. Forbes and G. Hollier.

Land Use Change in Modern Japan (Nihon No Kindaika To Tochi Riyo Henka) By Yukio Himiyama

Inventing Places: Studies in Cultural Geography By Kay Anderson and Fay Gale
Shaken, Not Stirred
Authors: HAY IAIN
Published: May 2008

In a remarkable and yet largely unheralded piece off legislation, the New Zealand government has reshaped national provisions for earthquake insurance. Three major sets off issues emerge from the 1993 Earthquake Commission Act and warrant detailed investigation. The A ct will encourage significant changes in patterns of regional development in New Zealand, it heralds a simultaneous globalisation and localisation of earthquake risk through the mechanism of insurance and it gives new regulatory powers to insurers in New Zealand society.
‘Eating and Earning Your Crust Under the Same Roof’
Authors: ARMSTRONG NICOLA
Published: May 2008

Telework (paid work performed at home using new communications technologies) is a research site where concerns about globalisation, flexible work, technology and gender relations coalesce. My research suggests that the permeability of the boundary between home and work leads to power struggles around the use of domestic space and is symbolic of the wider negotiation of the conflicted identities of worker, parent and partner.
Dynamics of Difference
Authors: KINDON SARA
Published: May 2008

In this paper, I outline the empowerment methodologies used in workshops with Balinese women and men and discuss the different dynamics and responses they generated. I also evaluate the methodologies and offer some reflections on their applicability to future feminist research in geography.
Wilderness Perception Mapping
Authors: KLISKEY A D
Published: May 2008

Mapping actual and predicted perceptions of wilderness enables the impact of resource use activities upon wilderness to be modelled. The Heaphy Road in the Northwest portion of New Zealand's South Island is used to evaluate the effects of a particular scenario on perceived wilderness.
Soils ‐ Two Current Issues in Australia
Authors: LOUGHRAN R J
Published: May 2008

Soil erosion status and soil contamination are important ingredients of environmental monitoring for resource management. Research on these questions by physical geographers in Australia is reviewed.
Musical Words, Musical Worlds
Authors: McLEAY COLIN R.
Published: May 2008

The recent ‘cultural turn’ in human geography has neglected music and its impact in the construction and understanding of landscape and the politics of place. Using the songs of the rockgroup U2 to show how geographic imagery is used for political purposes, this paper attempts to ‘breakthe silence’ of contemporary cultural geography.
Digital Analysis of Shoreline Change
Authors: O'REGAN P. R. , MORAD M. , CHALMERS A.I.
Published: May 2008

This paper examines the potential of digital mapping techniques for the analysis and mapping of shoreline change. The discussion is illustrated through a case‐study of the coastal environment of TePuru in the Coromandel Peninsula.
Reflections on New Zealand Water
Authors: BURTON LLOYD
Published: May 2008

Implementing the RMA compels those responsible for managing the allocation and end‐use of water resources to simultaneously address several conceptual issues. These include the forced expansion of the range of relevant management values, the determination of whether water is a commons or a commodity, regionalism, opportunity costs in allocation, and efficiency of end‐use. New Zealand's relative success in this endeavour can provide important lessons for other English‐speaking common law nations around the Pacific Rim.
From Sustainable Development Objectives to Indicators of Progress
Authors: PARKER PAUL
Published: May 2008

Local communities are adopting sustainable development goals as outlined in Agenda 21. The pressure‐state‐response model proposed by the OECD and adopted in Australia is extended with environmental sustainability and environmental health indicators to emphasise interaction between the bio‐physical and socio‐economic sub‐systems. Indicators are selected with the participation of local residents to monitor sensitive local environmental concerns, to motivate change and to provide benchmarks for comparison with other areas. Partnerships are proposed to use established programmes to provide much of the data required.
Agricultural Sustainability
Authors: SMITH W. , SAUNDERS L.
Published: May 2008

In conventional economic terms, the withdrawal of government support for agriculture in 1984 may have resulted in a revitalised and stronger farm sector. This paper uses evidence gathered from 16 case study farms in the Tararua District to argue that such a perspective ignores the long‐term social and environmental impact of the policy reforms. It questions whether New Zealand's commitment to sustainable agriculture can be met without comprehensive public policies that address the underlying social and economic causes of environmental damage.
Towards a National Landslide Information Base for New Zealand
Authors: GLADE THOMAS , CROZIER MICHAEL
Published: May 2008

Landslides constitute a problem as a natural hazard, as a factor in land development decisions, and as a major process in the depletion of New Zealand's soil resource. There are compelling social, economic, and legislative reasons for obtaining and accessing information on landslide activity. As a way of improving a currently weak information base, recommendations are given for establishing an information system appropriate to specific management functions.
Agriculture in Recession
Authors: TAYLOR MICHAEL
Published: May 2008

The paper explores the extent of regional variations in farm financial performance in the broadacre livestock sector in Australia between 1984‐85 and 1990‐91. Widespread regional shifts are demonstrated. From a series of multivariate analyses, it is suggested that financial performance has been maintained by shifting the burden of production into more marginal physical environments, with the implication that the practices may be environmentally unsustainable.
Water Resource Management and Regional Development
Authors: EPPS ROGER , SORENSEN TONY
Published: May 2008

This article argues that integrated outcomes from a merger between water managers and regional development agencies are likely to be more effective in terms of employment creation than the output from the individual entities. There is potential to accommodate the needs of the riverine ecosystems and add value to water without reducing the economic benefits to those with substantial vested interests in the irrigation industry in the north west of NSW.
We Don't Want to See Our Neighbours' Washing
Authors: FAIRWEATHER JOHN R.
Published: May 2008

In a qualitative study of smallholders around Christchurch 58 people on 33 smallholdings were interviewed about perceptions of the rural lifestyle. Intending smallholders, those who had just obtained building permits, sought income typically from horticulture and lifestyle which valuing privacy, clean air, freedom and quietness, and which was good for raising children. Existing smallholders, those who obtained building permits five years ago, emphasised country living. Typically their economic expectations had not been met, from horticultural or animal land uses and these had not developed to the extent hoped. They enjoyed lifestyle values of openness, quietness, clean air, animals and lowered pressure. Few smallholders had left out of dissatisfaction and returned to the city.
Farm Size Change in New Zealand
Authors: MORAN WARREN
Published: May 2008

The size of farm holdings is a commonly used indicator of change in rural societies and economies. This paper reviews the explanation for changes in farm size in developed western countries and identifies the inadequacy of national data in presenting an accurate explanation of change. The literature is characterised by relative neglect of the influence of different farming systems, policy and legislative changes and other factors. In New Zealand, national farm size has decreased since the mid‐1970s, but the experiences of different parts of the country has varied considerably. Farm size has decreased the most where subdivision and intensification of land use have taken place, whilst in some pastoral regions farm size has been maintained or has even increased.
Social and Cultural Aspects of Natural Hazards Perception and Response
Authors: GREGORY GEOFF , LOVERIDGE ALISON , GOUGH JANET
Published: May 2008

Focus groups conducted in two urban areas in New Zealand explored perceptions of natural hazards and disaster preparedness. The groups were structured by socio‐economic status, gender, age, and cultural background. Participants were generally aware of likely major hazard events but few maintained emergency kits or had prepared emergency plans. People held an optimistic attitude, believing they could cope with disaster. Differences amongst the groups included the inability of lower socio‐economic groups to afford emergency kits or insurance and evidence of strong supportive networking among Maori and Samoan groups.
Branding Strategies and Languages of Consumption
Authors: PAWSON ERIC
Published: May 2008

This article seeks to contribute to the limited literature on languages of consumption by focusing on the ways in which brands help to articulate the relationships between producers and consumers. A particular theme is the invention and exploitation of identities of place employed in branding strategies. This is illustrated by case studies of ‘clean, green’ New Zealand, and of corporate branding activites in the brewing and wine making industries.
Queen(s‘) Street or Ponsonby Poofters? Embodied HERO Parade Sites
Authors: JOHNSTON LYNDA
Published: May 2008

In this paper I highlight some spatial and body politics of the HERO parade, Aotearoa/New Zealand's biggest gay pride parade. The proposed site change of the HERO parade, from Queen Street to Ponsonby Road, was debated at length in local newspapers. This debate can be theorised as contingent on western hierarchical dualisms such as mind/body, public/ private, straight/gay. 1 offer an embodied geography through a focus on the constitutive relationship between bodies and places.
Recent Coastal Change in Canterbury‐ the case of Lake Forsyth/Wairewa
Authors: SOONS JANE M.
Published: May 2008

Documentary and anecdotal evidence is presented to supplement geomorphological evidence for the conversion of Lake Forsyth (Wairewa) from marine inlet to brackish to freshwater lake within near historic time. Growth of the barrier across the lake outlet is likely to continue in the future.
A National Park Revisited Assessing Change in Recreational Use of Arthur's Pass National Park
Authors: ESPINER STEPHEN R. , SIMMONS DAVID G.
Published: May 2008

At a time of increasing visitation and activity diversification, the relationship between use and conservation of New Zealand's national parks is under scrutiny. During this period it is especially important that resource use is understood and monitored over time. Using a replicative format this paper documents the findings of two visitation studies undertaken in Arthur's Pass National Park fifteen years apart. The findings suggest that, despite some strong elements of stability, there are indications of considerable change in use patterns at this site. Data presented are acquiescent in supporting the thesis that Arthur's Pass National Park is undergoing a transition initially shaped by wider social and economic pressures and manifest at the Park by increasing use for commercial purposes, an intensification of use, and increasing numbers of visitors from overseas. While continued research into visitation trends is encouraged, the authors also advise that the challenge of replicative studies in natural resource settings should not be underestimated.
Coping with Rural Change: Finding a Place for the Elderly in Sustainable Communities
Authors: JOSEPH ALUN E. , CHALMERS A.I. (LEX)
Published: May 2008

This paper reports on some individual constructions of ageing and how these relate to the mutual sustainability of lives and communities in the changing rurality of New Zealand in the 1990s. The Arena Society model is used to organise a discussion of the impact of technology on settlement systems, with reference to changes in the provision of banking services and their impact on the elderly. The views of older people living in the village of Tirau in the Waikato are used to ground the analysis in human experience. The concluding discussion focuses on the potential contribution of older rural residents to the ‘multiple agency’ that communities will need for survival in the ‘open society’.
End of an Era? Population Geography in New Zealand at the Turn of the Century
Authors: BEDFORD RICHARD
Published: May 2008

Research into and teaching on population issues in New Zealand's university geography departments is at a crossroads. A significant cohort of New Zealand population geographers who gained their graduate and post‐graduate training during the 1950s and 1960s is rapidly diminishing as a result of retirements and late career shifts. In the much more competitive university environment of the 1990s staff are either not being replaced, or their positions and programmes are being reshaped as part of radical restructuring of the social sciences and humanities. This paper reflects on recent developments in population geography in New Zealand, highlighting the contributions made by three of the country's most prominent researchers and teachers in what is fast becoming a dying field of discourse in university geography departments. The paper concludes on an ambivalent note about prospects for geographers in the era of sub‐replacement fertility and the heightened attention that will be accorded to migration processes.
Migration of Entrepreneurs from Hong Kong: Background, Trendsand Impacts
Authors: SKELDON RONALD
Published: May 2008

This paper critically examines the movement of entrepreneurs from Hong Kong within the context of whether Chinese culture predisposes them to become entrepreneurs: that the type of business relations and networks that the Chinese employ is in some way distinct from those of other groups because of Confucianism and unique ‘Asian values’. This interpretation is found severely wanting. Entrepreneurs are seen to be but one type of migrant from China and Hong Kong, and there are significant differences within Chinese migrant groups. We need to move away from vague cultural explanations to consider the context in which migrant groups find themselves before a satisfactory analytical framework for ethnic entrepreneurship can be constructed. The case of entrepreneurs moving to Canada is taken to illustrate recent policy changes and the impact of entrepreneurs on destination economies.
Career Migration as Personal Biography: New Zealand Case Studies
Authors: HEENAN BRIAN
Published: May 2008

The paper is based on autobiographical details of residential mobility for a small sample of New Zealand male career professionals collected in 1981. Classified by cohort and employment sector, the information is used to examine migration in the context of personal career development. Aspects explored include age of entry to the workforce, frequency of movement, migration and career promotion, and the spatial structure of migration. Also discussed, in conclusion, is the impact on career‐related migration of the surge of national economic restructuring initiated in 1984.
(Anti?) Colonial Women Writing War
Authors: MORIN KAREN M.
Published: May 2008

This paper examines the wartime literature of Sarah Selwyn, Mary Ann Martin, and Caroline Abraham, all wives of prominent church and government men in colonial Aotearoa/New Zealand. Along with their husbands these women became leading participants in the “pamphlet war” surrounding the justice and legality of the colonial government's survey and confiscation of Māori land at Taranaki, c. 1850–1860. I analyze the socio‐spatial frameworks of these colonial women, linking them with their protest narratives of the Taranaki confiscations and ensuing war. The anti‐colonial position articulated by these women must be viewed within the context of ideological constraints on women's participation in public life, but also within the context of expanded social and spatial boundaries of such high‐placed colonials, the gendered space of the episcopal residences during wartime, the women's networks of communication, and their material and discursive links to public arguments taking place in England over colonial conflicts.
Mountain Biking in the Manawatu Region: Participants, Perceptions, and Management Dimensions
Authors: LEBERMAN SARAH , MASON PETER
Published: May 2008

The increase in the number of mountain bikers world‐wide has raised a number of issues associated with impacts and appropriate management strategies. Studies in the USA, UK and New Zealand have indicated a growing concern with environmental impacts, demonstrated attitudes of other recreationalists to mountain bikers and identified a number of management issues. This article presents the findings from field research conducted during the southern summer of 1997/8. The research was carried out in association with the Palmerston North City Council (PNCC) and the Manawatu Mountain Bike Club. The aims of the research were to investigate the demographics of mountain bikers and related management issues. Key findings of the field research were that: access to mountain biking opportunities was a problem; information provision was poor; there was conflict between user groups; there was a lack of agreement on whether there should be dedicated or multi‐use tracks. The article discusses how the research findings have been used to assist in the creation of an outdoor recreation and tourism strategy for Palmerston North. A model for managing recreation /tourism activities is also suggested.
‘What Goes Around Comes Around’: Informal Activities and Reciprocity Networks in Westport, New Zealand
Authors: SCOTT GARY
Published: May 2008

The article reports the results of a survey into the informal activities of 47 households in the unemployment‐affected small town of Westport, New Zealand. Overall levels of household informal participation are found to be fairly high across all income groups. There is an abundance of informal resources in the surrounding area and a longstanding local culture encouraging participation. However, differentiated ‘established local’ and ‘new local’ reciprocity networks, reflecting broader scale processes of social and economic fragmentation, have emerged since a major round of state and private sector restructuring occurred in 1987.
Illuminating Sea‐Level Fall around AD 1220–1510 (730‐440 cal yr BP) in the Pacific Islands: Implications for Environmental Change and Cultural Transformation
Authors: NUNN PATRICK D.
Published: May 2008

This paper focuses on the climatic transition between the Little Climatic Optimum (approximately AD 750–1300 or 1200‐650 cal yr BP) and the Little Ice Age (approximately AD 1300–1800 or 650‐150 cal yr BP) in the Pacific Islands. This transition was marked by rapid temperature and sea‐level fall, and perhaps by sharply‐increased precipitation associated with an increase in El Nino frequency.

Examples from throughout the Pacific Islands demonstrate the possible and/or likely effects of sea‐level fall at this time on inland horticulture through water‐table fall; on coral reefs and lagoons through the emergence of reef surfaces and the consequent reduction of nearshore water circulation; on the emergence of reef islets and the conversion of tidal inlets to brackish lakes. The effects of such changes on human lifestyles are explored.
Small Scale Enterprises in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia: Flexible Specialisation at Work?
Authors: TURNER SARAH
Published: May 2008

Using field work material from small scale enterprises in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia, this paper examines the debate concerning whether the flexible specialisation paradigm is applicable to small enterprises in developing country contexts, or whether ‘survivalism’ is a more appropriate description of current production organisation. It is found that whilst there is some evidence for flexible specialisation, this is overshadowed by constraints to flexible specialisation from within and outside the enterprises, and ‘survivalism’ is closer to reality for the enterprises studied.
Iron Age Vegetation Dynamics and Human Impacts on the Vegetation of Upper Mun River Floodplain, N.E. Thailand1
Authors: BOYD W.E. , MCGRATH R.J.
Published: May 2008

Here we present a revised interpretation of pollen analyses at Iron Age archaeological sites on the floodplain of the Mun River, northeast Thailand. Following publication of a full chronometric data set for these sites, it has become apparent that the original and admittedly tentative conclusions from the pollen analyses require reassessment. The original account was flawed in two ways: the presumed time span of the record was considerably longer than we believe it to be now; and our correlation between neighbouring sequences was in error. Our new understanding of the evidence allows us to present a vegetation history of the study area that is confined to the details of land use and human impact during the latter half of the Thai Iron Age. Here we also are able to identify ecological groups and landscape partitioning patterns during that period. In particular, we record phases of human impact, with periods of forest clearance and its replacement by grasslands with likely rice cultivation and arboriculture.
The Manawatu Dunefield: Environmental Change and Human Impacts
Authors: HESP PATRICK A.
Published: May 2008

Four stages of environmental change are apparent in the Manawatu coastal landscape: the first stage was that of a world wide sea level rise and initiation of the first major dune phase (Foxton or phase I) in the Manawatu. This was followed by a second dune‐building phase (Motuiti or phase II), which was probably initiated by climate change. The second stage occurred in the last 600 to 1000 or so years when Maori first occupied the area, rapidly causing the extinction of a range of fauna, significantly altering the vegetation cover and potentially initiating or assisting the development of a new dune phase (Waitarere or phase 111). The latter part of the Waitarere phase (phase IV) or episode may have been initiated by Europeans in the last 150 years. The third stage of environmental change occurred in the period 1940 to 1990 when large scale sand sheets and transgressive dunefields were significantly stabilised by humans, and parabolic dunes were created. A fourth stage is just beginning where an entirely new suite (or episode) of parabolic dunes has developed from blowouts within the foredune in the last 10 years. Overall, human impact has wrought major environmental changes to one of the greatest examples of Holocene dunefields in New Zealand.
The Ethics of Place and Environmental Change: Some Examples from the South Pacific
Authors: RAINE PETER
Published: May 2008

This paper concerns place and ‘placelessness’, and suggests links between those two and types of environmental ethic. An historical analysis of place based ethics and environmental degradation draws on examples from the Pacific basin. Finally, relationships between environmental ethics and traditional patterns of resource exploitation are proposed for several island societies.
Public Perceptions of Natural Character in New Zealand: Wild Nature Versus Cultured Nature
Authors: NEWTON BRONWYN M. , FAIRWEATHER JOHN R. , SWAFFIELD SIMON R.
Published: May 2008

Results of empirical research undertaken in New Zealand to determine public perceptions of natural character in the biophysical environment are presented and related to recent theoretical literature. The research comprised two distinct case studies using Q method and photographs, in which participants evaluated natural character in terms of their own landscape experiences by ranking the photographs in order of preference. The results confirm prevailing responses to nature recently specified in North American literature, and have some policy implications for environmental management in New Zealand.
Air Pollution Exposure Index for New Zealand
Authors: SCOGGINS AMANDA , FISHER GAVIN
Published: May 2008

This study proposes a regional air pollution exposure index (RAPEI) for Auckland, Canterbury, Otago and Wellington regions. The air pollution index multiplies an emission index (NOx emissions kg/annum), a surrogate for ambient air pollution levels, with a population density index (people per sq km), a surrogate for population exposure. Census Area Units (CAUs), and subsequently defined “key areas” within a region are ranked from 0 to 16. This is one method of investigating the effectiveness of air quality monitoring networks and identifying urban exposure airsheds in New Zealand. Results verified New Zealand's urban exposure airsheds and highlighted areas that may be potential “hot spots” in terms of relatively high ambient air pollution levels and potentially high population exposures. It is possible that these areas should be closely monitored. The GIS‐based maps also show New Zealand's permanent and temporary air quality monitoring stations.
Lessons for New Zealand from Britain's Foot and Mouth Epidemic
Authors: JAY MAIRI , MORAD MUNIR , BELL ANGELA
Published: May 2008

This paper explores some implications for New Zealand's rural community of Britain's foot and mouth epidemic in the light of growing international trade and travel, and changes in New Zealand's rural society.

The paper includes ecological mapping with a projected/likely spatial distribution of an epidemic in New Zealand, and an assessment of the possible institutional and social responses in the wake of a disease outbreak. It notes the course of the epidemic in Britain, and possible differences and similarities in institutional response frameworks between Britain and New Zealand.
The Resource Management Act 1991 and the Practice of Environmental Governance in New Zealand: The Example of Lake Taupo
Authors: McKenzie Stephen
Published: May 2008

On 1 October 1991 the Resource Management Act 1991 came into force. The enactment of this legislation was supposed to herald the start of a brave new world in environmental governance in New Zealand. Since that time the Act has never been far from controversy in the popular press and in the academic literature. The paper briefly reviews the debates in the academic literature about the Act and argues that the debates could benefit from a theoretically informed analysis of the impact of the Act on specific environmental initiatives. This paper draws on the Lake Taupo Water Quality Project to illustrate how this type of analysis may uncover practical, relevant and interesting insights for law reform, policy making and practice hidden by conventional discourses on the Act.
Are Seafarers Migrants? ‐ Situating Seafarers in the Framework of Mobility and Transnationalism
Authors: Borovnik Maria
Published: May 2008

Seafarers are a unique occupational group who are recruited, by international agencies and work under contract on board ships of different kinds: merchant cargo and container ships; deep sea fishing vessels; and cruise ships. Seafarers “travel” either globally or regionally over varying distances. This paper seeks to find a place for the movement of seafarers in the existing theoretical context of labour migration. They undertake a particular type of circulatory or ‘transversal’ labour migration, and have established a special form of social identity. Locating them within theoretical migration and transnational concepts will contribute a new perspective.