bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European forest vulnerability to hydraulic failure: an ecohydrological approach
Authors: Druel Arsene , Martins Nicolas , Cochard Herve , DeCaceres Miquel , Delzon Sylvain , Mencuccini Maurizio , Torres-Ruiz José , Ruffault Julien
Published: February 2023

The current acceleration of climate change in Europe makes it essential to assess spatially the impact of drought and heat waves on forest disturbances risk (mortality, wildfire risk, etc…). Recent studies have shown that hydraulic failure is a key driver of forest disturbances. Hydraulic failure can be modelled with state-of-the-art plant hydraulic models that are driven by climate data and different traits including (i) hydraulic traits (such as xylem cavitation resistance and stomatal regulation), (ii) leaf area index and (iii) total soil water capacity. Among these traits soil water capacity is highly sensitive, but is poorly available at large scale.In this study we used the process based plant hydraulic model SUREAU (Cochard et al., 2021; Ruffault et al 2022) to estimate hydraulic failure risk for forest at the European scale for the last 3 decades. To initialize the model we used spatialized  climate (ERA5), LAI data (from Copernicus remote sensing) and land cover (ESA CCI). Species hydraulic traits for major European species were extracted from global databases. In order to initialize the total soil water capacity at European scale and compensate the lack of soil water data, we developed an algorithm of model inversion based on ecohydrological assumption. The ecohydrological assumption is that forest adjust their total available water capacity through rooting depth, for a given climate, traits combination and Leaf area index to maintain a low embolism rate under normal conditions (excluding extreme drought). Our simulation approach simulations allowed to spatialized forest vulnerability to drought and to map total soil water capacity under forest stands.
Wherever You Go, There You Are — Evolution of Cometary Dust Trails Produced by Outbursts
Authors: Gritsevich Maria , Nissinen Markku , Ryske Jorma , Suomela Jari , Oksanen Arto , Mäkelä Veikko , Silber Elizabeth , Trigo-Rodríguez Josep Maria
Published: February 2023

In the recent paper [1] we introduced the Dust Trail kit model capable of describing the evolution of a cometary dust trail. The model accounts for solar radiation pressure effects, gravitational disturbance caused by Venus, Earth and Moon, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, and gravitational interaction of the particles in the trail with the parent comet itself. Excellent accuracy of computations is due to their implementation in Orekit Open Source Library for Operational Flight Dynamics, which executes Dormad-Prince numerical integration methods with higher precision. We demonstrate performance of the model by studying the comet 17P/Holmes, which underwent through a massive outburst in October 2007 — the largest documented outburst by a comet thus far. We simulate several particle populations with sizes ranging from 0.001 to 1 mm and by varying assumptions about ejection speed distribution of the particles at the start of the outburst. The model is validated against our earlier observations of the trail obtained in common nodes for 0.5 and 1 revolutions. Using these data, we made predictions for the two-revolution dust trail behavior near the outburst point and the observability from Earth of the cometary material released in the event [1]. We have further developed a set of Python scripts to calculate position of the dust trail for observatory topographical location coordinates [2]. Using these predictions, a set of new observations of the 2007 outburst dust trail was obtained in February, March, October, and December 2022. The trail is still observable by using even moderate ground-based telescopes. The existence of an observable dust trail requires sunlight scattered by a significant number of micron-sized particles produced in the phenomena. Both the surface brightness and the position of the dust trail are within the limits of the published predictions provided by the Dust Trail kit model [1, 2]. References1. Gritsevich M., Nissinen M., Oksanen A., Suomela J., Silber E.A. (2022). Evolution of the dust trail of comet 17P/Holmes, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 513(2), 2201–2214, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac8222. Nissinen M., Gritsevich M. (2022). Instructions on where and how to observe the comet 17P/Holmes dust trail. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6977358
Tree roots lack dormancy and can advance budburst when warmed
Authors: Malyshev Andrey , Kreyling Juergen , Blume-Werry Gesche
Published: February 2023

The initiation of tree growth in spring is typically linked to leaf-out. Bud dormancy drives budburst timing while dormancy of tree roots has largely remained unexplored, although the latter can shape below-ground growth and carbon dynamics. As roots experience different temperatures from buds, their dormancy dynamics and growth timing can differ and need to be studied, in order to better understand above- and below-ground growth responses to climate warming.We evaluated differences in dormancy dynamics between roots and buds in Fagus sylvatica and Populus nigra by quantifying the amount of warmth required to initiate above and below-ground growth from October to February. We furthermore carried out seven experiments, manipulating only the soil temperature prior to or during tree leaf-out to evaluate the potential of warmer roots to advance budburst timing. Soil temperature was manipulated via snow removal, heating buried wires, insulated pots, soil as well as chamber soil warming, using tree seedlings and adult trees of Fagus sylvatica as well as tree seedlings of Betula pendula.Root dormancy was virtually absent in comparison to the much deeper and variable bud dormancy, with roots being able to start growing immediately after being exposed to warm temperatures during the winter. Furthermore, warmer soil temperature advanced budburst in the meta-analysis of all soil temperature manipulation experiments. Therefore, differences in root and bud dormancy dynamics and their interaction likely explain the non-synchronized below and above-ground growth periods, both processes requiring separate predictions under climate warming.
Properties of smoke plumes and associated clouds from the Australian 2019/2022 wildfiresidentified using dual polarisation weather radar observations
Authors: Guyot Adrien , Turner Kathryn , Brook Jordan , Soderholm Joshua , Protat Alain , McGowan Hamish
Published: February 2023

The 2020 worldwide bushfire activity was the most intense and widespread since the existence of satellite-based observational capabilities. The economic, societal, and ecological consequences have been immense: in Australia alone, the 2019-2020 Black Summer bushfires resulted in an economic cost of more than $100 billion, a burnt area of more than 18 M ha, 10,000 destroyed buildings, 34 direct deaths and more than 400 deaths due to smoke exposure. On the Australian East Coast, these intense wildfires lasting for almost two months produced very large smoke plumes and often fire-triggered thunderstorms - pyrocumulonimbus. These plumes and storms were predominantly within the range of operational weather radars, enabling observations of the plume thermodynamics, kinetics, and their composition. Here, we present two months of observations from a dual pol weather radar located near Sydney: a newly developed texture- and machine learning-based method enables us to extract smoke plumes and associated clouds from complex weather radar scenes including clear air and sea clutter. The characteristics of these smoke plumes are quantified including cloud top heights, volumes, projected areas, horizontal extends and daily dynamics. Using dual polarisation data, in-depth insights can be gained on the plumes’ microphysics and the transition zone from smoke to pyrocumulus and pyrocumulonimbus. These high-resolution observations contribute to a better understanding of smoke plume dynamics and provide the foundations to develop nowcasting tools to predict associated hazards such as fire-triggered storms such as downbursts, plume collapse, and ember transport.
Goldeneye –a multisource AI-enabled earth observation platform for mining applications
Authors: Paavola Marko
Published: February 2023

The Goldeneye project has implemented a unique combination of remote sensing and positioning technologies, exploiting Earth observation and Earth GNSS data, together with data fusion and processing powered by data analytics and machine-learning algorithms. The platform allows satellites, drones and in-situ sensors to collect high-resolution data, which can be processed and converted into actionable intelligence for safety, environmental monitoring and overall productivity, allowing more efficient exploration, extraction and closure. These tools have been demonstrated in 5 field trials in Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Kosovo and Finland, and the initial results show significant time and cost savings, even up to 80%, for example, in exploration and mine safety, environmental and operations reporting. The project has a duration of 3,5 years and an EC funding of €8.36M. The multidisciplinary consortium includes industrial partners, SMEs, academic/research centres and end-users.The project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No [869398].
Trade-off scenarios in energy transition: The impact of social preferences and ecosystem services
Authors: Salak Boris , Hunziker Marcel , Grêt Regamey Adrienne , Spielhofer Reto , Wissen Hayek Ulrike , Kienast Felix
Published: February 2023

The siting of large energy facilities is a major challenge in countries where environmental and landscape issues related to outdoor recreation, place attachment, or tourism are publicly discussed, as the choice of the "optimal" location always depends on perspective. To allow informed decisions by policy makers, landscape research should provide data on current and potential future land use, public perceptions of landscapes and energy infrastructure etc. Decision support tools can convey this information to end users and help them to mimic tradeoffs between landscape issues and renewable energy development. However, these trade-offs often focus on techno-economic aspects and ignore environmental and social aspects. In this presentation, an optimization technique (MARXAN) is applied to mimic siting of renewable energy in Switzerland. Each potential energy site has costs in terms of ecosystem services and social preferences. MARXAN optimizes the selection of these sites to produce a given energy output at the lowest cost. It is shown that when focusing on the (often) common techno-economic approach, ecological costs peak while social costs are moderate compared to ecologically and socially oriented siting strategies. When siting incorporates ecosystem service costs, both spatial stress (claimed square kilometers of landscape for renewable energy infrastructure development) and social impacts peak, and when social costs are incorporated, both spatial and ecosystem service impacts turn out to be quite moderate. The results highlight the implications of a potential paradigm shift by showing the impact of integrating ecological and social information to provide informed decision support.
Sequential development of shear zones in a Metamorphic Core Complex: cause and consequences in the Menderes Massif (Western Turkey)
Authors: Roche Vincent , Jolivet Laurent , Scaillet Stéphane , Tuduri Johann , Bouchot Vincent , Guillou-Frottier Laurent , Bozkurt Erdin
Published: February 2023

During the Cenozoic, the Menderes Massif (western Turkey) records several tectonic and thermal events from subduction to collision, then back-arc extension. But the detailed timing of the succession of different P-T regimes and deformation until today remains debated. To address this, we targeted the main shear zones, providing for the first time a full picture of the 40Ar/39Ar system across the massif. This approach is combined with Tmax, and P-T estimates tied to kinematic-structural data. Extensive sampling along the large top-S Selimiye shear zone allows constraining the deformation at least between 44 and 33 Ma. This shear zone acted as a thrust and was active under HT-MP (530 - 590 °C and 8.5 - 10 kbar). Conversely, the top-S South Menderes Detachment System is associated with a younging of 40Ar/39Ar ages related to exhumation and strain localization during the Late Oligo-Miocene in the Central Menderes Massif. The Bozdağ top-S shear zone then allowed the exhumation of the Bayındır nappe at ~ 21 Ma from high-temperature metamorphic conditions (590 °C). Based on these new elements, we propose for the first time a detailed scenario of the Menderes Massif evolution from the Late Cretaceous to the Present. We finally discuss why the Menderes Massif belongs currently to the regions with the highest geothermal potential in the world. We propose that geothermal activity here is not of magmatic origin but rather associated with active extensional tectonics (detachments) related to the Aegean slab dynamics (i.e., slab retreat and tearing).
Developer obligations as an alternative financing instrument for Nature-based Solutions in Flemish cities: an urban planning law perspective
Authors: Van Esbroeck Caroline
Published: February 2023

Implementing Nature-based Solutions (NBS) will be crucial in the context of the urban environment, as the global share of greenhouse gas emissions attributed to urban areas is - according to the latest IPCC report - increasing. In 2020, urban emissions were estimated at 29 GtCO2-eq. These emissions represent 67-72% of the global share. In that sense, NBS can play an important role. On the one hand, by reducing emissions, and on the other hand, by adapting the environment to the consequences of climate change, such as making the urban environment more resilient to the heat island effect and the increased risk of flooding.Although investments in NBS infrastructures are considered a cost-effective way to achieve future societal and environmental benefits, the current public spending in Flanders (Belgium) still needs to be increased. As a result, the gap between investments and the societal need for NBS is growing. In contrast to the limited public spending, the private capital seeking for investments is abundant. Yet, the potential to invest private capital in NBS is not fully exploited. NBS projects typically have sizeable upfront costs and diffuse and long-term societal benefits that are not easily captured in steady cash flows. In order to attract private investments to NBS, new business models and alternative financing mechanisms are needed.This research focuses on land value capture instruments as an alternative financing mechanism for NBS. The interest in this topic, and especially in developer obligations as an alternative financing instrument, has recently grown exponentially among scholars. The developer obligations are related to permits for additional buildings/constructions. In Flanders, however, the legal preconditions imply that the developer’s obligation must have a direct link with the project. This leaves little room for using (incomes from) developer obligations in a non-site-specific way. Although, those additional buildings and the associated sealing of soil, have a clear link with its heat island effect in the cities. Mitigating measures such as cooling nature, forestry, and water surfaces in and near the cities are therefore of vital importance in this era of climate change. In this research, the legal context in Flanders will be assessed through in-depth doctrinal legal research. By illustration, the legal framework will be applied to the Stiemervalley NBS case in Genk.
Statistical analysis of CME-flare relationship in Solar Cycle 24
Authors: Giovannelli Luca , Berrilli Francesco , Del Moro Dario
Published: February 2023

The prediction of both solar flares and coronal mass ejections is of paramount importance for the impact of space weather on our technology-based society. We revise the statistics of CME-flare relationship on Solar Cycle 24  using the GOES database and a CME database recently released. The latter was developed using  the Drag-Based Model (DBM) to assess the quality of such a database, distinguishing accelerated and decelerated CMEs. Furthermore we exploit the R* and D parameters based on the magnetic flux measured in the proximity of the Polarity Inversion Lines in active regions to classify flaring regions in different classes. Finally we study the CME-flare relationship for those classes for Solar Cycle 24.
Profiling Saharan Airborne Dust with UAV-based in-situ Instrumentation during the ASKOS Experiment in Cape Verde
Authors: Kezoudi Maria , Marenco Franco , Papetta Alkistis , Keleshis Christos , Ryder Claire , Kandler Konrad , Girdwood Joe , Stopford Chris , Wienhold Frank , Gao Ru-Shan , Marinou Eleni , Amiridis Vassilis , Mocnik Grisa , Baars Holger , Sciare Jean
Published: February 2023

The ASKOS experimental campaign of European Space Agency (ESA) was organised by the National Observatory of Athens, and aimed at the calibration and validation of the Aeolus satellite aerosol/cloud product. Airborne observations were performed by the Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C) team of the Cyprus Institute at the Cesaria Evora International Airport of the island of São Vicente in Cape Verde between 10 and 30 June 2022. These in-situ aerosol measurements were conducted using the advanced Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) of the Unmanned System Research Laboratory (USRL), equipped with specialised aerosol in-situ sensors, capturing the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) from ground up to 5.3 km Above Sea Level (ASL). The new custom-designed Composite Bird (CoBi) USRL and Skywalker UAVs (Kezoudi et al., 2021), were equipped with Optical Particle Counters (OPCs), samplers and backscatter sondes.25 UAV vertical flights were performed in total, with 11 of them during night. The altitude of the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) was mainly observed from ground up to about 1.0 km ASL, whereas during most of the flights, high concentrations of dust particles were found between 1.5 and 5.0 km ASL. Results obtained from OPCs show the presence of particles sizing up to 20 um within MBL and up to 40 um within SAL. Further information on morphology and mineralogy of observed particles will be given by the offline analysis of collected samples under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). COBALD observations alongside ground-based lidar measurements agree on the presence of non-spherical particles within dust layers.  Ongoing exploitation of airborne observations along with coincident and collocated ground-based measurements will provide a complete picture for comparison with Aeolus data, particularly in relation to aerosols, where we have the most to learn.
Application of a time-domain method to estimate the attenuation quality factor from the Geysers geothermal field microearthquake records
Authors: Zollo Aldo , Nazeri Sahar , Zhen Jin , De Landro Grazia
Published: February 2023

To determine the crustal rock rheological properties and model wave propagation in an anelastic attenuating medium, it is necessary to determine the quality factor Q, which expresses the fraction of friction-dissipated energy to total seismic energy. Measuring time-broadening of the first P- and S-wave pulses, we propose a time-domain method to estimate the frequency-independent Q parameter of body waved from microearthquake records. We assume a uniform velocity, circular rupture model as represented by a triangular moment rate/displacement function, whose attenuated velocity pulse widths are analyzed in the near-source distance range. The attenuated velocity pulse width data allow the calculation of the source parameters, including rupture duration/radius and stress drop values, as well as the attenuation factor t* (travel distance/quality factor), used to determine the attenuation structure in the study area. It is noted that the constant coefficient of the pulse-width vs t* relationship, required for calculating the t* catalog, have been calibrated for a triangular displacement waveform through simulation analysis. An evaluation of the methodology was carried out on 126 micro-events with Mw ranging from 1 to 3 located around the PRATI-9 and PRATI-29 injection wells at the Geyser geothermal field, California. The analysis of the P- and S-waves indicates a Qp range of 55 to 100 and a Qs range of 89 to 189. To validate the the t* data, we have inverted them to obtain a 1D QP model that matches consistently with the profiles derived from existing tomographic QP models in the area.
An unexpected fossil lagerstätte under the Early Triassic hyperthermal event showing a modern-type marine ecosystem
Authors: Dai Xu , Davies Joshua H.F.L. , Brayard Arnaud , Song Haijun ,   Guiyang Biota research team
Published: February 2023

Following the most severe mass extinction event during the Phanerozoic, the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME, ~251.9 Ma), Early Triassic marine fossil communities were thought to be depauperate, poorly diversified, and dominated by abundant and cosmopolitan disaster or opportunistic taxa. Full re-establishment of complex marine ecosystems was thought to have not occurred until, ~8 million years after the PTME, being represented by the Luoping Biota. The highly suppressed Early Triassic marine ecosystem has been thought to be a consequence of recurrent environmental stresses, including high sea surface temperature, episodes of oceanic acidification, and anoxic/euxinic events mainly occurring during the Permian-Triassic transition, the late Dienerian and late Smithian. Alternatively, it can also result from preservation and sampling biases, which are often neglected in many previous works. Here, we report an exceptionally preserved Early Triassic fossil assemblage, the Guiyang Biota, from the Daye Formation near Guiyang, South China. The Guiyang Biota comprises at least 12 classes and 19 orders, including diverse fish fauna and malacostracans, revealing a trophically-complex marine ecosystem. High-precision U-Pb dating shows that the age of the Guiyang Biota is 250.83 +0.07/-0.06 million years ago. This is only 1.08 ± 0.08 million years after the severe Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and this assemblage therefore represents the oldest known Mesozoic lagerstätte so far. The Guiyang Biota indicates the rapid rise of modern-type marine ecosystems after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.
Highlights and lessons learned from groundwater investigations in the framework of Nagra’s exploratory boreholes for a deep geological repository
Authors: Stopelli Emiliano , Waber Niklaus , Heidinger Michael , Lorenz Gesine , Müller Herwig , Traber Dani
Published: February 2023

The Swiss National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (Nagra) carried out an underground investigation program for a comparative evaluation of possible sites for a deep geological repository (DGR) for nuclear waste. Between 2019 and 2022, one inclined and eight vertical multi-purpose exploratory boreholes were drilled in three siting regions in northern Switzerland.In the frame of these works, accurate groundwater sampling and analytical data interpretation has been fundamental to derive solid information on groundwater composition, evolution, and residence times in aquifers limiting the low permeability sequence of the host rock (Opalinus Clay) and the confining units.Eighteen deep groundwater samples were successfully collected from the Malm, Keuper and Muschelkalk aquifers at depths between approx. 350 m and 1150 m below ground level. The following selected highlights and lessons learned regarding hydrochemical groundwater characterisation will be presented:Procedures to correct analytical results for the contamination of groundwater with different types of drilling fluids, using artificial and environmental tracer data and geochemical modelling approaches;
Krypton-81 (T1/2 229 ka) in the groundwaters was successfully analysed and, combined with hydrochemical and isotopic data, helped to constrain groundwater mixtures and model residence times far beyond the classical carbon-14 method;
Tools to cope with technical challenges at a drill site resp. in deep exploratory boreholes (i.e. time constraints, low groundwater flow rates).
We demonstrate that a high level of quality for hydrochemical and isotope data of groundwaters can be reached even under challenging operational conditions.The hydrochemical data of groundwater and the profiles of natural tracers in pore water are relevant datasets to constrain the site model used in the site selection process and in the long-term performance assessment for a DGR.
Impact of the location of tropical convection on climate variability
Authors: Montoya-Carramolino Lucía , Losada Teresa , Martín-Rey Marta
Published: February 2023

The Equatorial Mode, characterized by the anomalous warming of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Atlantic region, leads the interannual variability of the tropical Atlantic during the boreal summer causing impacts both in tropical and extratropical regions. However, this pattern and its teleconnections, are not stationary; and the origin of such changes continues to be subject of enquiry and debate.With this premise, in the present work, we evaluate the possible influence of a displacement of the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone), mediated by a radiative perturbation, on the pattern of the Equatorial Mode and its connection with the Pacific. More particularly, we examine two perturbation experiments that reduce the incident shortwave radiation in two latitude bands: NEXT in the northern extratropics and STRO in the southern tropics. The analysis is carried out from a multi-model perspective, using the data of 8 CMIP5 coupled climate models from the Extratropical-Tropical Interaction Model Intercomparison Project (ETIN-MIP).Our results suggest that the strengthening of the ITCZ over the Atlantic equatorial band, is capable of generating changes in the mean state of the equatorial Atlantic, as well as conditions of enhanced variability on the interannual scale. In addition, it is found that the westward shift of the SST warm anomalies in the Equatorial Mode and the existence of a more variable mean state in the equatorial Atlantic and Pacific, are key in the intensification of the Atlantic-Pacific connection.
Reservoir-Instantaneous-Unit-Hydrograph: the reservoirs effect on travel time distribution and peak discharge reduction
Authors: Cipollini Stefano , Volpi Elena , Fiori Aldo
Published: February 2023

Several processes and mechanisms affect flood frequency curves at different spatial and temporal scales, such as the operation of reservoirs. In this work we present a new framework to estimate the peak discharge reduction for every possible spatial configurations of reservoirs, by introducing the novel concept of Reservoir-influenced Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (RIUH). The RIUH represents the probability distribution of the travel time of an area, influenced (i.e. typically increased) by the presence of reservoirs. The results show the impact of single and multiple reservoirs on peak discharge reduction by varying their location and storage coefficients. Mainly, the reservoirs located in series reduce the peak discharge at the outlet; on the contrary, reservoirs located on the tributaries of the main river, which drain a smaller area, do not show a strong effect. This framework is exemplified for a real catchment (Central Italy) by investigating different configurations of reservoirs.
Modelling the atmospheric chlorine 36 dry deposition on grass using micrometeorology
Authors: Sourabie Deo-Gratias , Hebert Didier , Benedetti Lucilla , Vitorge Elsa , Lourino-Cabana Beatriz , Guillou Valery , Maro Denis
Published: February 2023

Chlorine 36 (36Cl, T1/2 = 301,000 years) is a radionuclide with natural and anthropogenic origin that can be rejected during decommissioning of nuclear power plants or chronically during recycling of used nuclear fuels. Once emitted into the atmosphere, chlorine 36 (gas and particles) can be transferred to the soil and vegetation cover by dry and wet deposition. However, quantitative constraints of these deposits are very scarce. Because of its relatively high mobility in the geosphere and its high bioavailability, chlorine 36 fate in the environment should be studied for environmental and human impact assessments.The aim of this study is therefore to develop dry depositional models for the gaseous and particulate fractions of chlorine 36. The model used for the parameterization of gaseous chlorine 36 dry deposition on grass is the << Big-leaf >> model based on the electrical analogy (Seinfield 1985). It was adapted from the Bah (2020) model developed for iodine. For particulate chlorine 36, the Damay-Pellerin (2017) model was used. This model requiring the diameter of particulate chlorine 36 to be known, a sample of aerosol was taken in the chlorine 36 plume to determine on which particle size it is fixed. The sampling was performed on a low pressure impinger (LPI, DEKATI) of 13 levels for particles with diameters between 30nm and 10μm. In order to obtain model input data, meteorological and micrometeorological parameters were measured continuously at the IRSN La-Hague technical platform (PTILH, France). The PTILH is located 2 km north of Orano La-Hague plant which emits small quantities of chlorine 36. An ultrasonic anemometer (Young 81000V) installed at a height of 4,5 m from the ground measured the direction (°), the velocity u (m/s) and the air friction velocity u* (m/s), the sensible heat flux H, the Monin-Obukhov length (L) and the atmospheric stability (1/L). A weather station (Spectrum Watchdog, series 2000) measured temperature Ts (°C), relative humidity RH (%), dew point (°C), global radiation SR (Wat/m2) and photosynthetic active radiation PAR (μM/m2.s). Sampling campaigns of 2 weeks were also conducted at the PTILH site to determine experimental depositional rates of chlorine 36. Chlorine 36 measurements were carried out by acceleration mass spectrometry at CEREGE-LN2C (France).The particle size distribution of the aerosol sample from chlorine 36 plume shows two peaks, a main one at 2μm and a second one at 10μm, typical distribution of marine aerosol. The models yield chlorine 36 depositional velocities between 6,7.10-3 and 10-2 m/s for the particulate fraction, and between 5.10-3 and 1,3.10-2 m/s for the gaseous one. The total dry depositional velocities (particles and gas) calculated from the model are less than one order of magnitude than the ones obtained experimentally.
The Effects of the Large Scale Synoptic fields in the High Latitude PBL states.
Authors: Fochesatto Gilberto Javier , Keller Douglas , Dieudonné Elsa , Brett Natalie , Law Kathy , Bekki Slimane , Atkinson David , Wellton Ellsworth , Peterson Eric
Published: February 2023

Polar and sub-polar winters represent outstanding opportunities to study the PBL state in connection to the synoptic meteorological fields. In the high latitudes, the absence of a diurnal cycle combined with the presence of an anticyclone feature promotes surface radiative cooling resulting in the formation of a surface based temperature inversion (stably-stratified structure). Under such meteorological conditions, large scale subsidence promotes adiabatic compression (i.e., warming in upper levels) promoting the formation of elevated temperature inversions layers. This multilayered configuration represents a significant challenge for micro-scale/mesoscale modeling and air pollution dispersion as well as for the transport of the local contamination to the global arctic air shed. However, this structure is fragile and can be disrupted by dynamic and radiative effects caused by synoptic variability affecting the PBL state. Thus, significant changes in the PBL state are verified when synoptic situation changes (i.e, warm air advections and more mesoscale frontogenesis).In this contribution, we describe the state of the PBL linked to the synoptic large scale variability using the high resolution thermodynamic profiling datasets from the 2022 ALPACA field experiment in Fairbanks, Alaska. High resolution synoptic scale reanalysis datasets are used to detail dynamic processes coupled to atmospheric dynamics in the PBL state.- 
The Nature of the Cimmerian Continent
Authors: Şengör A.M. Celâl , Altıner Demir , Zabcı Cengiz , Sunal Gürsel , Lom Nalan , Öner Tayfun
Published: February 2023

We have compiled local stratigraphic, structural, palaeobiogeographical and reliable isotopic age data from the remnants of the Cimmerian Continent from western Turkey to Malaysia with a view to understanding its nature and evolution. Our principal conclusions are the following:1) The entire northwestern margin of Gondwana-Land was an extensional Pacific-type continental margin much like the present-day western Pacific during the Permo-Carboniferous characterised by typical Gondwana-Land biotas.2) Beginning with the Permian, the Cimmerian Continent began to pull away from the northeastern margin of Gondwana-Land from Turkey in the west to Malaysia in the east, although in Thailand and Malaysia rifting may have started already during the earlierst Carboniferous.3) Synchronously with this rifting, the Wašer/Rushan-Pshart/ Banggong Co-Nu Jiang ocean, herein called the Maera, began opening in the Permian isolating the Lhasa/Victoria Land block from the rest of the Cimmerian Continent. In fact, the Himalayan sector of the Neo-Tethys may have opened slightly later than the Maeran ocean.4) Central Iran consisted of two parts: the northest Iranian extensional area and the multi-block Central Iranian Continent consisting of the Yazd, Posht-e Badam, Tabas and the Lut blocks. These blocks were stacked against one another horizontally as a consequence of the Cimmeride collisions in the Pamirs and Afghanistan while Albors was rifted away from the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, as the latter was also rifting away from Gondwana-Land, stretching northwestern Iran into its present-day triangular shape.5) Significant arc magmatism characterised the entire Cimmerian continent from one end to the other during the Permian to the Liassic interval.We thus maintain that the Cimmerian Continent was the site of supra-subduction extension throughout its history until it collided with Laurasia during the medial to late Jurassic. In some areas the collision may have been earlier. The Maeran ocean remained opened until the Aptian. The best analogue for the evolution of the Cimmerian Continent and its attendant small oceans is the present-day southwest Pacific arc/marginal basin systems from the Tonga-Kermadec system in the east as far west as Australia.
Learning Geo-Edu-Ethics at Junior High School
Authors: Gordini Gloria , Astore Elena
Published: February 2023

The project was created to enhance and promote knowledge needed by students toacquire scientific contents, including specialized ones, through various learning tools.By doing so, our pupils also had the chance to improve their English languageproficiency as a way of communication in the scientific world.The idea for this educational activity came after the experience of the Covid 19pandemic, which shockingly proved how extensive the problem of adults in ourcommunities is who are unable to trust, understand, discern or judge scientificinformation. We realized then how important it is to start working already in MiddleSchool to provide students with an ability to investigate scientific problems asscientists do, using logic, experiment and evidence. Teaching science in school can be a difficult task and there is the risk of making itboring or hard to understand. So with the 7th graders in the 2021/2022 school year, incollaboration with the researchers from the University of Tromso, we decided toclose the textbooks and exploit their curiosity towards current environmental issues.The most interesting and perhaps challenging part of the project was the proposal tohold a scientific conference open to parents and to the local community. Using the scientific conference as an "educational pretext" wasfundamental because the kids learned to discuss together and share their "researchor discoveries" just like scientists do in an actual scientific conference. This helped them to take their accomplishments very seriously. The project was also enriched thanks to the collaboration of the teachers andstudents of a local Science High School, whose students tutored our young pupils. Theyhelped them to do research and develop ideas for their papers.In conclusion, collaborating peer to peer as well as with older students and withresearchers overseas, presenting their works in front of an audience in a publicspace, have given students the confidence and hope that their contribution isimportant and that they can play their part in understanding and managing theirfuture challenges ahead.
Cooling of the 2021 & 2022 Fagradalsfjall lavas: surface deformation and magnetic signatures
Authors: Skúladóttir Jóhanna Malen , Piispa Elisa Johanna , Belart Joaquin Munoz Cobo , Geirsson Halldór , Drouin Vincent , Hutchinson Kimberley Jean
Published: February 2023

Lavas are known to cool and contract following their emplacement, resulting in measurable subsidence at their surface. Magnetic surveying of the cooling lava can also provide insight into the causation of such subsidence, whether it be due to for example lava tunnel collapse and/or cooling of the lava. Repeated geodetic, photogrammetric, and magnetic measurements can be used to monitor the subsidence and can help determine the cooling rate of the lava. Here, we present initial results on subsidence and total magnetic field of the Fagradalsfjall lavas (Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland), which were emplaced in March-September 2021 and August 2022. The post-emplacement deformation of the lavas is measured from comparison of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) in 2x2 m derived from aerial photogrammetric surveys, in-situ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveys of benchmarks in the lava flow, and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). The DEM differences show subsidence of up to 7 m in the first year since the end of the 2021 eruption. Magnetic measurements were performed using drone surveys (MagArrow magnetometer suspended on DJI Matrice 600) and hiking profiles (GEM Systems GSM-19 Overhauser magnetometer). Our preliminary results show quite variable magnetization of the lavas. We suggest that the low magnetic anomalies are either associated with internal structures or show evidence of hot lava still above its Curie temperature and possibly even in liquid form and coincide roughly with the higher subsidence rates. During the August 2022 eruption, when the new lava was partly emplaced on top of the 2021 lava field, some of the older lava squeezed out from the western border of the 2021 flow, demonstrating that the 2021 lavas were still partly in liquid form. We expect the 2021-2022 lavas to continue to subside as the lava cools down and contracts, and plan further studies to provide insight into the cooling processes.
Jupiter’s magnetic field and the generation and control of decameter radiation observed by the Juno spacecraft during the prime mission
Authors: Martos Yasmina M , Connerney John , Imai Masafumi , Farrell William , Kurth William
Published: February 2023

Decametric radio emissions (DAM) originating in Jupiter’s polar magnetosphere ought to originate on magnetic field lines at the local electron gyrofrequency. The Io-related DAM have received the most attention since the 1980’s. The maximum frequency of these emissions ought to be bounded by the maximum magnetic field strength above the footprint of the instantaneous Io Flux Tube (IFT). However, there remains a lack of agreement between the frequency extent of Io-related decameter radiation and the frequency extent predicted by Jovian magnetic field models. Here, we analyze peak frequencies and source locations of Io and non-Io-related DAM observed by Juno during the prime mission (~10,600 events) and show how the latest magnetic field model can accommodate and control Io-DAM. We note that the observed peak frequencies appear to be truncated at 37 MHz although the magnetic field in the northern hemisphere would allow events to 55 MHz at some longitudes. Lower frequencies than the ones allowed by the magnetic field are consistently observed for most of the Io’s longitude. To reconcile this discrepancy, we analyze the upper electron density limit distribution along the magnetic field lines, the possible existence of plasma cavities and the locations in the magnetosphere where the extraordinary mode is no longer achieved. For this, we make use of beaming angles of Io-DAM and the geometry of the Jovian magnetic field.
Which type of atmospheric circulations promoted formation of loess in the Middle Danube Basin during the last million years?
Authors: Markovic Slobodan , Guo Zhentang , Hao Qingzhen , Ludwig Patrick , Gavrilov Milivoj , Begg Ivana Cvijanovic , Peric Zoran
Published: February 2023

Loess covers huge parts of the continents, especially in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. However, except in the case of formation of the Chinese Loess Plateau, which is linked with the East Asian Monsoon, we do not know the potential relationship between loess formation and responsible air circulation types in any other loess region. Comparison between Serbian and Chinese loess-paleosol sequences provide general similarities of magnetic records. This transcontinental correlation reveals also that there are significant similarities between the magnetic records of northern Serbia and the central Chinese loess plateau. The general multi-millennial variations of magnetic proxies are almost identical in these distant major loess regions. This correspondence appears to be also similar with the globally integrated marine records, potentially suggesting accordance in soil formation processes on Eurasian scale. However, median grain size and other parameters of textural variations indicate significant differences in variations of median grain size between Serbian and Chinese loess-paleosol records. These textural differences point that Serbian loess is formed as a consequence of completely different air circulation than in the case of Chinese loess plateau. Robust evidence of grain size variations recorded in the Serbian loess indicates significant synchronicity with the appearance of Ice Rafted Debris events identified from deep sea cores in the North Atlantic during the last one million years. Higher contribution of coarse grains, the thickness of loess layers and increase of sedimentation rates in Serbian loess-paleosol sequences is associated with a more pronounced decrease of sea surface temperatures in the Western than in Eastern Mediterranean. These differences in the sea surface temperatures between the Western Mediterranean and Eastern Mediterranean illustrate more polar front fluctuations between the Pyrenees and Alps influencing the more frequent cyclone genesis in Genova gulf, as an important regional climatic anomaly. This enhanced cyclonic activity significantly influences the hydro-climatic process in the Danube Basin responsible for loess formation.
Variation of the Moon’s Solar-Induced Hydrogen Cycle during a Solar Storm
Authors: Misra Prabhakar , White Kennedi , Farrell William M. , Tucker Orenthal J.
Published: February 2023

Observations of surficial OH/H2O in regolith grains on the Moon’s surface indicate variability on diurnal timescales 1–3 consistent with the variability of the solar wind proton flux and local surface temperature. Recent Monte Carlo models accounting for hydrogen diffusion and the degassed H2 exosphere support the theory of solar wind implantation being the primary driver of the lunar hydrogen cycle 4. In this presentation, we will report modeling results of the dynamical response of surficial OH content and the H2 exosphere during a Coronal Mass Ejection event, for which the proton flux can be a factor of 20 larger than nominal solar wind conditions 5,6. Observations of the response of hydrogen in the lunar environment during a solar storm event would provide strong support for solar wind implantation being the principal mechanism producing surface OH content and H2 exosphere.Acknowledgment: Financial support from LEADER (NASA Award# 80NSSC20M0019) is gratefully acknowledged. 1. Li, S. et al. New formation processes of lunar surface water in Earth’s magnetotail. Nat Astron Accepted, (2023).2. Li, S. & Milliken, R. E. Water on the surface of the Moon as seen by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper: Distribution, abundance, and origins. Sci Adv 3, 1–12 (2017).3. Grumpe, A., Wöhler, C., Berezhnoy, A. A. & Shevchenko, V. v. Time-of-day-dependent behavior of surficial lunar hydroxyl/water: Observations and modeling. Icarus 321, 486–507 (2019).4. Tucker, O. J., Farrell, W. M. & Poppe, A. R. On the Effect of Magnetospheric Shielding on the Lunar Hydrogen Cycle. J Geophys Res Planets 126, (2021).5. Killen, R. M., Hurley, D. M. & Farrell, W. M. The effect on the lunar exosphere of a coronal mass ejection passage. Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets 117, 1–15 (2012).6. Farrell, W. M. et al. Solar-Storm/Lunar Atmosphere Model (SSLAM): An overview of the effort and description of the driving storm environment. J Geophys Res Planets 117, (2012).
Substantial net emissions of reactive nitrogen from intensively managed grassland on bog peat soil
Authors: Wintjen Pascal , Rüffer Jeremy , Offermanns Liv , Ammann Christof , Brümmer Christian
Published: February 2023

Drained agriculturally used peatlands are hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions. Their exchange of reactive nitrogen (Nr) with the atmosphere, however, has been less investigated, mainly due to challenges in accurate and feasible flux measurements. In this study, we present data from a two-year field campaign on intensively managed grassland on bog peat soil. We used a modified custom-built converter called TRANC with fast time response connected to a dual-channel chemiluminescence detector (CLD) for eddy flux measurements of total reactive nitrogen (∑Nr) and total odd nitrogen (NOy). The difference of the two channels was taken for an estimation of reduced nitrogen (NHx). We found good agreement between time-integrated Nr concentrations from TRANC and a DELTA denuder sampler system. Over the two-year observation period, roughly two thirds of all recorded half-hourly ∑Nr and NHx fluxes were positive, i.e. indicating ecosystem Nr loss to the atmosphere. Emission peaks occurred after fertilization events and mainly during the warmer months. Monthly median ∑Nr fluxes were ranging between -8 to 57 ng N m-2 s-1. We further found an enhancement of emissions under dry conditions and clear diurnal patterns in all Nr fluxes with peaks occurring around noon and close-to-neutral exchange during nighttime. The net loss of ∑Nr to the atmosphere was calculated to reach 9.3 kg N ha-1 in 2020 and 6.7 kg N ha-1 in 2021. Our setup allowed for an estimation of NHx emission factors, at least for the organic inputs. Taking one week after each fertilization into account by summing up all recorded and gap-filled fluxes, emission factors for NHx were in the range of 1.2 to 2.5% of added fertilizer nitrogen. Our study demonstrates the applicability of the modified TRANC converter for eddy flux measurements and provides useful data for understanding N cycling in agroecosystems to derive sustainable management options for farmers and conservationists.