bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sheet-on-belt branched TiO2(B)/rGO powders with enhanced photocatalytic activity
Authors: Xing Huan , Wen Wei , Wu Jin-Ming
Published: May 2018

TiO2(B) is usually adopted to construct phase junctions with anatase TiO2 for applications in photocatalysis to facilitate charge separation; its intrinsic photocatalytic activity, especially when in the form of one- or three-dimensional nanostructures, has been rarely reported. In this study, a sheet-on-belt branched TiO2(B) powder was synthesized with the simultaneous incorporation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The monophase, hierarchically nanostructured TiO2(B) exhibited a reaction rate constant 1.7 times that of TiO2(B)/rGO and 2.9 times that of pristine TiO2(B) nanobelts when utilized to assist the photodegradation of phenol in water under UV light illumination. The enhanced photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the significantly increased surface area and enhanced charge separation.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) D Allele as a Risk Factor for Increase Serum Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 in Psoriasis Patients
Authors: Abd Elneam Ahmed I. , Al-Dhubaibi Mohammed Saleh , Abd Alrheam Ali Ismaiel Ali
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disease. It is characterised by autoimmune, environmental factors and complex genetic disorder.AIM: To explore the role of IL-6, IL-8, and ACE I/D polymorphism in the pathogenesis of Psoriasis and investigation of the relationship between ACE polymorphism and occurrence of psoriasis.PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, we took 73 psoriasis patients and 47 healthy patients as a control. These two groups subjected to analysis for ACE gene I/D polymorphism by PCR and biochemical methods.RESULTS: The serum levels of ACE, IL-8 and IL-6 were statistically significantly higher in psoriasis patients compared to healthy subjects (P < 0.001). ID and DD polymorphism were more common in psoriasis patients than healthy subjects. Also, D allele was significantly over-represented in patients compared to controls (52.7% Vs 35.1%).CONCLUSION: ACE gene polymorphism might grant susceptibility to develop psoriasis.
Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Diet, Metformin or Insulin
Authors: Simeonova-Krstevska Slagjana , Bogoev Milco , Bogoeva Ksenija , Zisovska Elizabeta , Samardziski Igor , Velkoska-Nakova Valentina , Livrinova Vesna , Todorovska Irena , Sima Aneta , Blazevska-Siljanoska Vesna
Published: May 2018

AIM: Aim of the study was to compare outcomes of pregnancy in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) treated with metformin, insulin, or diet.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 48 women with GDM treated with metformin, 101 with insulin, and 200 women on a diet from the Outpatient Department of Endocrinology and University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Skopje.RESULTS: The groups were comparable in age, smoking cigarettes and positive family history of diabetes. Mean glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) at 37 gestation week, mean fasting, postprandial glycaemia, and gestational age at delivery were lower in diet and metformin than insulin group. No differences in mode of delivery were observed between the metformin and insulin group. Women in metformin group had a significantly lower incidence of LGA newborns than diet and insulin groups. The percent of SGA new-borns was higher in insulin group than diet and metformin groups. The incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia was statistically significantly higher in the insulin group than in the metformin and diet group.CONCLUSION: Metformin in women with GDM can improve maternal and neonatal outcomes compared with those treated with diet or insulin.
The Correlation between Daily Lens Wear Duration and Dry Eye Syndrome
Authors: Lubis Rodiah Rahmawaty , Gultom Monica Tumiar Hanna
Published: May 2018

AIM: To analyze the correlation between the daily lens wear duration and dry eye syndrome.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was an analytic cross sectional study using consecutive sampling conducted among the students in Economy and Bussiness Faculty and Faculty of Humanities in University of Sumatera Utara aged between 17 to 23 that wore contact lens continously for at least a year and 5 days a week. The symptoms were assessed using Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) and interview about their contact lens comfort; eye drops usage, contact lens washing habit, daily circumstances, places to buy contact lens and personal experince in wearing contact lens.RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 53 students. All of them were female and wore softlens wearers. The mean duration of daily wear was 8.19 ± 2.20 hours. The most common symptom experienced was dry eye and the least symptom experienced was removing lens. The most frequent symptom experienced was closing eyes and the least frequent symptom experienced was removing lenses. This study used Exact Test as analysis statistic method. The result was p > 0.05 which means there is no correlation between daily lens wear duration and dry eye syndrome.CONCLUSION: This study showed that dry eye syndrome was not correlated with daily lens wear duration, but affected by many factors such as contact lens, lens care solution, eye drops usage and environment.
Evaluation of Combined Topical Ozone and Steroid Therapy in Management of Oral Lichen Planus
Authors: Mostafa Basma , Zakaria Mai
Published: May 2018

AIM: The present study aims to assess the therapeutic effect of the combination of topical ozone and steroid therapy in comparison to topical ozone alone versus topical steroid as a control in the management of atrophic - erosive oral lichen planus (OLP).METHODS: Sixty-six patients are having atrophic-erosive OLP were included in the study. They were randomly divided into three equal groups to be treated with topical corticosteroids alone (steroid group) as control, topical ozone alone (ozone group) or combination of topical steroids and ozone (combined group). Assessment of pain and sign scores was done before and after each treatment modality.RESULTS: The results revealed that the greatest significant percentage of change and subsequent improvement in pain and sign scores were recorded in the combined group.CONCLUSION: Reported data in this study using the combination of ozone and steroid therapy could provide a new promising safe and effective adjunct therapy for management of OLP.
The Role of CYP2A6 Genetic Polymorphism in Nicotine Dependence and Tobacco Consumption among Bataknese Male Smokers
Authors: Soeroso Noni Novisari , Zain-Hamid Rozaimah , Sinaga Bintang Y. M. , Sadewa Ahmad Hamim , Syafiuddin Tamsil , Syahruddin Elisna , Tann Gino , Mutiara Erna
Published: May 2018

AIM: This research aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine dependence and its relation to the number of cigarette consumption among Bataknese smokers.METHOD: This study was a cross-sectional study involving 140 research subjects in Medan, Indonesia.RESULTS: Nicotine dependence rates were found to be significantly associated with the number of cigarette consumption expressed in the Brinkman Index.CONCLUSION: The *1A wild-type alleles have a greater risk of high-very high dependence rate compared to the other variants.
Nicholas of Cusa and the So-called Cologne School of the 13th and 14th Centuries
Authors: Fiamma Andrea
Published: May 2018

L’article aborde, d’un point de vue historique et d’après l’étude des manuscrits, la question du rapport entre Nicolas de Cues († 1464) et ladite « École de Cologne » – Albert le Grand, Ulrich de Strasbourg, Hugues Ripelin de Strasbourg, Dietrich de Freiberg, Maître Eckhart et Berthold de Moosburg. Dans cette approche, sont soulignés quelques moments de la vie de Nicolas de Cues, en particulier l’amitié avec Heymeric de Campo entre 1425 et 1429, le débat avec Johannes Wenck (1442 à 1449) et la rencontre avec Denys le Chartreux en 1451.
Généalogie de l’alchimie et interprétation alchimique de la Bible au xiv e siècle : qui fuerint primi inventores hujus artis
Authors: Kahn Didier
Published: May 2018

On édite ici une généalogie de l’alchimie extraite des gloses du Textus alkimie ( xiv e  s.), érigeant Hermès Trismégiste en primus inventor et recourant au mythe des deux stèles préservant le savoir humain de la destruction du monde. Des sources sont identifiées : un traité de magie hermétique, et un traité d’alchimie traduit de l’arabe, jusqu’alors inconnu, qui ouvre une discussion, très précoce, sur la possibilité d’une exégèse alchimique de la Bible. Le Qui fuerint est aussi une source directe du Livre attribué à l’alchimiste fictif Bernard le Trévisan ( ca . 1500), ce qu’on montre en les comparant.
L’excision imposée, l’excision choisie et la haine de soi
Authors: Landa Eva
Published: May 2018

Prenant en compte la diversité des pratiques impliquées sous le terme d’« excision » et des contextes où elles se développent, ce texte examine le cas de femmes et de féministes qui justifient ou défendent ces pratiques, les imposent à leurs filles ou choisissent d’en faire l’expérience elles-mêmes, et tente de déterminer si cela relève d’une haine de soi.
Philip Roth et l’Histoire juive : une relation en mouvement constant
Authors: Landa Dora
Published: May 2018

L’article présente une réflexion sur certains aspects de l’œuvre de Philip Roth où la thématique juive est l’axe principal. Pour aborder des situations traumatiques récentes de l’histoire juive, en particulier la Shoah, Philip Roth adopte des ressources narratives comme l’utilisation du double, lui permettant d’élargir sa perspective et d’éviter des stéréotypes et des généralisations infructueuses. Ces ressources rendent possible une approche inhabituelle du rapport conflictuel israélo-arabe, la prise de position de l’auteur et son attitude à l’égard de sa condition juive continuant à susciter la polémique.
La problématique du risque dans le financement de projets innovants : une analyse juridique et managériale du crowdfunding base sur le rendement financier
Authors: Moussavou Jean , Branellec Gurvan
Published: May 2018

Le crowdfunding (CF) s’inscrit aujourd’hui comme une alternative majeure au financement de projets innovants. Il suscite cependant certains questionnements s’agissant des risques supportés par l’investisseur : qu’est-ce que le risque en CF ? Comment celui-ci est-il évité, atténué ou empêché ? Dans quels cas la responsabilité des plateformes de crowdfunding (PC) et/ou celle des porteurs de projets est-elle engagée ? À ces questions, nous répondons en positionnant l’analyse à la croisée des sciences de gestion et du droit, et en nous focalisant sur le CF basé sur le rendement financier. L’approche méthodologique concilie étude de cas par comparaisons intersites et analyse des dispositifs réglementaires de prévention des risques. Les résultats permettent de saisir les déterminants du risque, leur intégration dans l’activité des PC, et présente les solutions juridiques visant à protéger l’épargne des investisseurs. L’analyse alimente la littérature en développement dans le CF pour laquelle la réglementation n’a reçu que très peu d’attention. Codes JEL : G2, K2, O
Les déterminants de la confiance de l’internaute dans le contexte d’une collecte de crowdfunding
Authors: Khelladi Insaf , Castellano Sylvaine , Bertaud Aurore
Published: May 2018

La place de la confiance dans le succès d’une collecte de crowdfunding demeure un champ peu exploré. Cette étude cherche à comprendre les leviers de la confiance chez les internautes. La littérature sur les motivations des porteurs de projets et des contributeurs, ainsi que les facteurs de succès d’une collecte, est enrichie par les recherches sur la confiance et ses caractéristiques dans un contexte d’achat en ligne et d’investissement monétaire, générant un modèle conceptuel sur les déterminants de la confiance chez l’internaute dans le cadre d’une collecte de crowdfunding . Un questionnaire est administré via une enquête en ligne, ciblant des communautés françaises ayant un intérêt affiché pour le crowdfunding . Les résultats montrent que la confiance de l’internaute dans un contexte de crowdfunding se construit à l’aide de facteurs liés à la qualité du projet, aux caractéristiques relationnelles et au comportement du porteur de projet, ainsi qu’au comportement de l’internaute lui-même. Codes JEL : L26, M13, M31
Le financement participatif (ou le crowlending ) aux PME et TPE : mythes et réalités d’une innovation financière
Authors: Ben Slimane Faten , Rousselet Evelyne
Published: May 2018

Nous nous intéressons au financement participatif sous forme de prêt ( crowdlending ) à destination des entreprises. Cette innovation financière connaît un engouement croissant. L’objectif de notre recherche est d’apprécier sa capacité à bouleverser l’accès au financement des PME/TPE, donc de confronter ce qui pourrait être un mythe à la réalité. Le socle de notre étude repose sur une étude approfondie des plateformes françaises articulant des entretiens avec leurs dirigeants et une étude documentaire. Elle a été complétée par une étude qualitative auprès d’experts du financement. L’analyse met en évidence que si les plateformes de crowdlending sont susceptibles de modifier en profondeur l’accès des PME/TPE françaises au crédit, c’est moins par leur ouverture à un nombre d’entreprises plus large ou leur capacité à mobiliser la foule que par la réaction qu’elles peuvent provoquer dans les banques et la recomposition de la filière du crédit qu’elles sont susceptibles d’insuffler. Codes JEL : O30, G23, M13
Modèle d’affaires de l’equity crowdfunding en France en 2016 : un état des lieux
Authors: Attuel-Mendes Laurence , Bonescu Mihaela , Raymond Silsa
Published: May 2018

Au lendemain de la crise économique, un nouvel acteur du financement a pris son essor, le crowdfunding. Sans concurrencer la finance traditionnelle, il se positionne comme un complément au financement des entreprises. En s’associant aux professionnels de l’investissement, ce secteur montre qu’il est en pleine évolution. Dans un domaine encore neuf et innovant, il est intéressant d’approfondir le modèle des plateformes d’ equity crowdfunding afin de déterminer si certaines se démarquent du modèle classique et dans quelle mesure elles peuvent contribuer à l’élan du financement de l’économie. Pour ce faire, le modèle d’Osterwalder et Pigneur a été retenu afin de procéder à une analyse concurrentielle des plateformes françaises d’ equity crowdfunding . Les plateformes se caractérisent principalement par leur ancrage national et le caractère général des activités financées. Elles présentent les mêmes éléments d’attractivité respectivement pour les entrepreneurs (gouvernance et accompagnement) et les investisseurs (ticket d’entrée et rendement).
Renoncer aux soins périnataux : quelles conséquences sur l’état de santé du nourrisson ?
Authors: Ancelot Lydie , Bonnal Liliane , Depret Marc-Hubert
Published: May 2018

De nombreuses études ont mis au jour les mécanismes intergénérationnels à l’œuvre dans la construction des inégalités de santé. Ces travaux convergent vers l’idée que l’état de santé d’un individu est en grande partie lié aux comportements adoptés par ses parents, parfois avant même sa naissance. Cette contribution vient compléter cette idée et ces études. Notre objectif est d’étudier l’impact du renoncement aux soins de la future mère sur l’état de santé de son nourrisson à la naissance. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons les données de l’Enquête nationale périnatale réalisée en 2010. Nous montrons que la probabilité qu’un nourrisson naisse avec un problème de santé augmente si sa mère a, durant sa grossesse, à la fois rencontré un problème de santé et renoncé à des soins. Classification JEL  : I12, I14, P36.
Généralisation de la complémentaire santé d’entreprise
Authors: Pierre Aurélie , Jusot Florence , Raynaud Denis , Franc Carine
Published: May 2018

Depuis le 1 er  janvier 2016, les employeurs du secteur privé ont obligation de proposer et de financer partiellement une complémentaire santé à tous leurs salariés. Dans ce travail, nous simulons les gains et les pertes de bien-être à attendre de cette réforme sur l’ensemble de la population en mobilisant la théorie de l’utilité espérée. Les résultats montrent que la réforme augmente le bien-être collectif si et seulement si les salaires et les primes des contrats restent inchangés. En considérant que les primes des contrats individuels augmentent du fait de l’accord national interprofessionnel (ANI), l’impact de la réforme est quasi nul sur le bien-être collectif. Le gain en bien-être des salariés qui bénéficient de la réforme est alors contrebalancé par la perte de bien-être subie par les personnes couvertes en individuel ou que la réforme oblige à s’assurer. En considérant en sus que les employeurs intègrent le montant de leur subvention aux salaires, l’ANI réduit fortement le bien-être collectif. Classification JEL  : I13, D63.
Théâtre et philosophie. Le dithyrambe et la légende
Authors: Regnault François
Published: May 2018

Théâtre et philosophie : ils passent pour être nés en même temps chez les Grecs, comme par miracle : le miracle grec. Aussi suis-je parti d’une série de huit courts dialogues babyloniens du vii e  siècle av. J.-C., entre un maître et son esclave, qui passent pour du théâtre avant la philosophie (et dont une analyse par Jean Bottéro montre que ce n’en est pas). Pour les Grecs, l’historien Louis Gernet préfère parler de création que de miracle. La question a des résonances nietzschéeennes : Naissance de la tragédie, Naissance de la philosophie sont des titres de Nietzsche. Aussitôt, son hypothèse se propose : à l’issue de ses tentatives, assez artificielles, de faire coïncider philosophies présocratiques et tragédie grecque, Nietzsche conclura à la contamination du vrai théâtre, dionysien, par la philosophie, socratique (Euripide et Socrate) : « Socrate destructeur de la tragédie ». La philosophie (grecque) aurait donc tué le théâtre (grec). On reprend ensuite la mise en question par Platon de la tragédie et des poètes (qui ne concerne, tout de même, que les gardiens de la République). Nietzsche imaginera étrangement que Platon ait voulu concurrencer le théâtre par son art du dialogue. La question de la tragédie suscite alors un long détour historique et philologique par l’ouvrage du grand philologue Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, La Tragédie attique (celle, exclusive, d’Athènes), qui récuse l’origine dionysienne de la tragédie (comme Jean-Pierre Vernant conteste de son côté l’opposition nietzschéenne fatidique Apollon/Dionysos). Wilamowitz traite avec la plus grande précision des rapports effectifs de la tragédie avec la religion, et de la question redoutable du dithyrambe, supposé par Aristote à l’origine de la tragédie, alors qu’il continue pourtant à exister en même temps qu’elle. Enfin, il fait d’Eschyle le fondateur authentique du tragique et de son rapport essentiel avec la légende (et donc avec l’épopée). On ne s’étend pas sur la suite, sauf à remarquer que les dialogues écrits par les philosophes aient le moindre rapport avec ce que nous appelons « théâtre ». Et sauf à creuser peut-être le rapport éventuel, chez Heidegger, entre la différence ontologique et le tragique, il semble donc que la question « théâtre et philosophie » reste ouverte, ou se solde par un non liquet.
Une pensée en jeu de scène
Authors: Guénoun Denis
Published: May 2018

Un spectacle intitulé Aux corps prochains – Sur une pensée de Spinoza (créé au Théâtre national de Chaillot en 2015) se propose de mettre à l’épreuve de la scène la célèbre formule de l’Éthique : « Ce que peut un corps, nul ne l’a déterminé » (III, ii, sc.). Mais il ne s’agit pas, dans cette tentative, de confier à des acteurs des énoncés philosophiques, ni de chercher à les illustrer par la mise en scène. L’expérience consiste à se demander, par des moyens scéniques, de quelle nature est le non-savoir du corps dont cet aphorisme fait état, et comment il peut être engagé dans des actions de la vie ordinaire : se lever, se laver, fuir, fêter, déclarer, actions par lesquelles des corps peuvent manifester une capacité à surprendre radicalement la connaissance qu’on croyait avoir d’eux. Le rapport entre théâtre et philosophie voudrait donc être éclairé ici, non pas à partir de ce que les philosophes ont écrit sur le théâtre, mais en examinant une proposition qui cherche à mettre au travail une pensée philosophique dans la pratique d’un jeu de scène.
L’Illusion de Pierre Corneille. L’optique philosophique et le temps de comprendre
Authors: Kintzler Catherine
Published: May 2018

L’Illusion de Pierre Corneille se présente comme une expérience critique vécue en même temps par les personnages et les spectateurs : seule la scène, dans son dispositif parlant, optique et temporel, peut la déployer. C’est une leçon de choses sur la possibilité et la dissipation de l’illusion comme phénomènes conjoints. En comprenant le mécanisme de l’illusion, on découvre qu’on avait toujours eu tout, depuis le début, sous les yeux : ainsi, comprendre, c’est comprendre pourquoi on n’avait pas compris. Le dispositif théâtral est lui-même un objet méditatif, une cristallisation de pensée inséparable de deux dimensions constitutives du théâtre. D’abord la scène, à la fois dans ce qui la sépare et la relie à la salle et dans sa profondeur. Ensuite la temporalité. Car c’est le temps second qui, par sa rétroactivité, fait surgir la configuration morale : le sentiment qu’il aurait fallu voir. La pièce est finie au moment où, une fois la profondeur déployée, toute la durée traversée jusqu’à ce moment vient se précipiter dans le seul instant qui vaut : celui de l’intellection. Dans cette pièce rigoureusement classique, l’esthétique « baroque » est mise en abyme et en dérision, renvoyée à sa platitude, puis elle est réordonnée par l’économie de la vision à d’autres principes plus simples d’intelligibilité.
Philosopher à hauteur d’enfant
Authors: Paquet Dominique
Published: May 2018

L’auteur, dans cet article, analyse la façon dont elle crée une fiction philosophique pour le jeune public et comment la théâtralité en surgit. Fondée sur un axe spatio-temporel lié à l’esthétique et à la poétique des philosophes choisis, apparaissent les personnages conceptuels ou ceux de l’Idiot questionneur. Le dialogue est ensuite analysé comme vecteur de la philosophie, à la fois dans sa discursivité et ses structures stylistiques. Enfin, l’auteur conclut à la nécessité de voir le texte théâtral comme un matériau textuel susceptible de générer des pratiques philosophiques en ateliers.
Comparison Study of Funduscopic Examination Using a Smartphone-Based Digital Ophthalmoscope and the Direct Ophthalmoscope
Authors: Wu Amy Ruomei , Fouzdar-Jain Samiksha , Suh Donny W.
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

To assess the ease of use of the D-EYE digital ophthalmoscope (D-EYE Srl, Padova, Italy) in retinal screening against the conventional direct ophthalmoscope. The digital ophthalmoscope used comprised a smartphone equipped with a D-EYE lens that produces digital retinal images.

Methods:

Twenty-five medical students were given 30 minutes of instruction regarding how to use a direct ophthalmoscope and D-EYE digital ophthalmoscope by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Afterwards, they used two methods to view the fundus under dim light on two undilated volunteer participants under supervision of the pediatric ophthalmologist. Each student had to describe their findings and show the video taken from the smartphone to the pediatric ophthalmologist. Students also completed a survey rating their experience using each method.

Results:

Ninety-two percent of the medical students preferred the D-EYE digital ophthalmoscope to the direct ophthalmoscope. Students were also able to identify the optic nerve and macula in a shorter amount of time and review the images to confirm their findings. Overall, the medical students showed a strong preference for the D-EYE digital ophthalmoscope that was statistically significant (
P
< .001).

Conclusions:

The D-EYE digital ophthalmoscope is a practical device that could be incorporated into medical education and clinical practice. Survey results revealed that most students preferred the D-EYE digital ophthalmoscope due to the recording features and larger image of the fundus.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2018;55(3):201–206.]
Feeding dysfunctions and failure to thrive in neonates with congenital heart diseases
Authors: Mangili Giovanna , Garzoli Elena , Sadou Youcef
Published: May 2018

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common neonatal congenital malformation. The variety and severity of clinical presentation depend on the cardiac structures involved and their functional impact. The management of newborns with CHD requires a multidisciplinary approach, in which the nutritional aspect plays an important role. An adequate caloric intake during either preand post-surgical period, in fact, improves the outcome of these patients. In addition, the failure to thrive of these children in childhood has been related to long-term cognitive delay (attention deficit disorders, aggressive behaviour and poor social and emotional development). To date, there is a lack of standardized feeding protocols and caloric goals about how to feed neonates with CHD, and current practice varies widely between centres. The latest American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition guidelines reiterate the importance of proteins, and recommend early start of enteral nutrition, also in the most severe heart diseases, such as univentricular forms. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the most frequent and feared complication of early feeding of these newborns, often represents an obstacle in spreading this practice. Furthermore, as demonstrated in premature infants, breastfeeding seems to reduce the incidence of NEC. That is why breastfeeding must be encouraged, even if it can be difficult for these mothers due to delivery complications, associated with infant disease. In addition, eating difficulties may persist even after discharge, because these patients require nutritional support through nasogastric tubes or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies.
Intimate partner violence: The need for an alternative primary preventive approach in Botswana
Authors: Ogundipe Radiance M. , Woollett Nataly , Ogunbanjo Gboyega , Olashore Anthony A. , Tshitenge Stephane
Published: May 2018

Intimate partner violence is a common social problem which causes considerable relationship stress and results in significant morbidity and mortality of the victims. Botswana, like many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, has tried to address the problem of intimate partner violence with legislations prescribing punitive measures for the perpetrators and protection for the victims. The effectiveness of these measures in reducing the prevalence of intimate partner violence is doubtful. This article is to motivate for an alternative primary preventive approach to the problem as a more pragmatic option.
The relationship between lecturers’ beliefs and their actual methods of reading instruction: An Ethiopian case study
Authors: Gidalew Tesfaye A. , Van den Berg Geesje
Published: May 2018

The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between lecturers’ beliefs and the actual methods they use in teaching reading. The study, which was conducted in teacher training colleges in the Amhara Region in Ethiopia, showed quite a number of discrepancies. The findings revealed that although in many cases lecturers were aware of the required methods to teach reading in the classroom, they did not use them. If students are not taught the necessary skills to enable them to read fluently and with comprehension in English as their second language, the implications might be far-reaching. Possible consequences will be lack of confidence and motivation to read and study in English. Furthermore, as teaching of English second language reading is not only of utmost importance as a foundation for learning in higher education, but also the language of teaching and learning in Ethiopia, the most important implication is that it might deprive students from being successful in their studies. The findings of this study will benefit lecturers and higher education institutions. The study not only creates awareness of possible discrepancies that might exist between lecturers’ beliefs and their actual practices but also recommends lecturers to be involved in continuous training on how to confidently use the best reading methods to assist students to be fluent readers and literate students, and be able to study in the language of teaching and learning.
Results from Monsanto's Beachell–Borlaug International Scholars Program
Authors: Runge Edward , Baltensperger David
Published: May 2018

Core Ideas

The Scholars Program enhanced interaction of professors and scientists between developed and developing/transition countries.

The Scholars Program supported 89 Ph.D. students in wheat and rice breeding from 30 different countries.

The Scholars Program required training in developed as well as developing or transition countries.

The 40‐hour leadership training course was highly regarded.

Monsanto's Beachell–Borlaug International Scholars Program (MBBISP) is named after the greatest wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeders of the 20th century. Monsanto, through the MBBISP, invested $13 million over an 8‐year period for training rice and wheat breeders from around the world. The judging panel for MBBISP selected 89 scholars from 432 applicants. The selected scholars were from 30 different countries. Scholars selected included 35 women and 54 men, 37 in rice breeding and 52 in wheat breeding. Currently 23 scholars are still completing their Ph.D. programs (as of 2018). This past year, Monsanto established the “Ted Crosbie MBBISP Impact Award” to begin recognizing notable contributions by a scholar, not only in wheat and rice breeding, but also in other crops. Scholar impact is just beginning to be recognized since the earliest graduates have been employed for less than 6 years. To be eligible for this award, scholars must have received their Ph.D. Bhoja Basnet, who is in charge of International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center's (CIMMYT's) hybrid wheat breeding program, was selected to receive the Ted Crosbie MBBISP Impact Award for 2017. Employment of scholars post Ph.D. is reviewed.
Social Life of Maps in America, 1750-1860
Authors: Brückner Martin
Published: May 2018

This book examines the rise of maps as a best-selling media platform wielding unprecedented cultural influence in America between 1750 and 1860. During this period, maps became affordable for first time to ordinary men and women looking to understand their place in the world; maps quickly entered American schools where they shaped reading and other cognitive exercises; giant wall maps became public spectacles; and miniature maps became expressive of personal journeys. The book argues that by the same token maps were tools of geographic information or imperial political power, their very materiality rendered them into uniquely sociable objects whose visual and material expressions affected commercial practices and graphic arts, ritual performances and the communication of emotions, even facilitating postwar reconciliation. Richly illustrated and the first comprehensive history to document everyday map encounters in early America, this book provides new perspectives on American print culture and commodity circulation. Exploring the relationship between geography and the decorative arts, literacy and visual education, spatial cognition and social organization, the book reveals how a map-oriented ontology became injected into a broad range of cultural compositions that shaped the lives of the American people.
The Manufactured Map, 1790–1830
Authors: Brückner Martin
Published: May 2018

The symbolic and social value of maps changed irreversibly at the turn of the nineteenth century when Mathew Carey and John Melish introduced the business model of the manufactured map. During the decades spanning the 1790s and 1810s respectively, Carey and Melish revised the artisanal approach to mapmaking by assuming the role of the full-time map publisher who not only collected data from land surveyors and government officials but managed the labor of engravers, printers, plate suppliers, paper makers, map painters, shopkeepers, and itinerant salesmen. As professional map publishers, they adapted a sophisticated business model familiar in Europe but untested in America. This chapter documents the process of economic centralization and business integration critical to the social life of preindustrial maps and responsible for jump-starting a domestic map industry that catered to a growing and increasingly diverse audience.
The Industrial Map, 1820–1860
Authors: Brückner Martin
Published: May 2018

During the antebellum decades, the patterns of map production and consumption were profoundly altered by technological innovations. The inventions of machine-made paper, lithographic printing, steam-powered presses, and an expanded transportation network altered the faces of the American map industry and the map themselves. Adapting the business models explored by Carey and Melish, a new generation of Philadelphia map publishers, in particular Henry S. Tanner and Samuel A. Mitchell, experimented with a new form of map authorship based on production teams and modern business practices. By pooling the knowledge of map designers as well as engravers and colorists familiar with different printing techniques, and by controlling the construction of special map paper and sales networks, they introduced new designs that changed the look of maps and their materiality. Finally, this chapter shows how the art of mapmaking became increasingly tied to the art of map selling; bolstered by a decline in production costs, a single map design would support multiple material formats, from erasable pasteboards and atlas maps to multicolored wall maps and handkerchief maps.
Preface
Authors: Brückner Martin
Published: May 2018

Providing a survey of critical approaches to maps adopted by historians, bibliographers, and art historians, the preface emphasizes that, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, cartographic literacy was anything but a common competence. It was a skill and habit that had to be learned and practiced in order to become a major mode of communication. Because maps were also commercial goods, much of their value—be it informational, symbolic, or restorative—emerged during the social process of exchange. After describing the book’s method of inquiry adapted from visual studies, material culture, historical phenomenology, and economic history, the preface provides a short summary of the book’s main parts and chapters.
Postwar Civic and Civil Rights Unionism
Authors: Goldberg David
Published: May 2018

This chapter charts the growth of the Vulcan Society in both numbers and stature during the postwar era. Led by Wesley Williams’ protégé, Robert Lowery, this second generation of Black firefighters rapidly expanded the organization’s size, civic engagement, public profile, and influence within the FDNY and Democratic politics by the early 1960s.
A Black Face in a High Place, Fire Commissioner Robert O. Lowery
Authors: Goldberg David
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on John Lindsay’s appointment of Robert O. Lowery to serve as the FDNY’s Fire Commissioner during the onset of one of the most tumultuous periods in the department’s history, “the War Years.” Within the department itself, the first half of “the War years were characterized by a highly racialized, contentious, internal struggle for institutional control that escalated throughout John Lindsay’s and Robert Lowery’s two terms in office. Efforts to reform departmental race relations, increase minority access and representation, and maintain fire protection levels were complicated by budget problems, escalating racial, political, and cultural conflicts; rising workloads; labor militancy; and white backlash.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Michael D.
Published: May 2018

The Introduction provides an overview of how many people in the Border South states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri – a region where political actors had traditionally favored compromise on sectional issues – by the middle of the 1850s worried that the slavery controversy would disrupt the Union. Set against the backdrop of an 1857 Independence Day ceremony honoring the late Henry Clay, the Introduction emphasizes the strong Unionist tradition of Border South politicians. It also demonstrates the difficulty of securing a compromise in the midst of the secession crisis, when sectional polarization had become very intense. This chapter also introduces the concept of proslavery Unionism, or the belief that staying in the Union provided the best protections for the institution of slavery, that was so important to political leaders in the Border South.
A Representation of Almost Every Interest and Pursuit in the Union
Authors: Robinson Michael D.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the political, economic, and social trajectory of the Border South during the decade of the 1850s. Utilizing census data, it demonstrates the importance of slavery to the Border South and its inhabitants. Moreover, this chapter emphasizes that Border South politicians were quite in touch with the politics of slavery, not unlike politicians in the other eleven slaveholding states. The chapter illuminates the diversity of the Border South economy over the course of the 1850s, and compares the region’s economy to the rest of the South. It also shows how the Democratic Party had made great gains in the Border South over the decade and suggests that some white border southerners had by the end of the 1850s embraced the radical political idea of secession.
We Are Approaching a Crisis Pregnant with Immense and Momentous Results
Authors: Robinson Michael D.
Published: May 2018

This chapter follows the political aftermath of John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859. Brown, an abolitionist, attempted to start a massive slave rebellion and although unsuccessful, the incursion added another layer of animosity to the sectional conflict and made it all the more difficult for white border southerners to adhere to a middle ground position between the North and the South. The possibility of future abolitionist attacks, which would undoubtedly take place on the soil of the Border South, pushed some white border southerners into the secessionist ranks and undercut the arguments of political moderates who espoused a proslavery Unionist outlook. This chapter also investigates the political divisions within the region by exploring the contest for Speaker of the House of Representatives which took place in the U.S. Congress just weeks after Brown’s raid.
Compromise May Restore the Union, but the Sword Can Never Preserve It
Authors: Robinson Michael D.
Published: May 2018

This chapter continues the story of the Unionist Offensive in the Border South, carrying it through the tumultuous period when six Lower South states followed South Carolina out of the Union. The secession of the Lower South placed added pressure on the Border South states, as did the fact that John Crittenden and his allies in the U.S. Congress were unable to get a comprehensive compromise package passed. This chapter focuses closely on the conditional nature of Border South Unionism and shows how without a compromise settlement, many white border southerners became more amenable to the possibility of secession. Some also adopted a neutral attitude at this juncture, hoping to avoid taking sides with either the Union or the Confederacy.
Cultural Logics of Reenactment
Authors: Rymsza-Pawlowska M. J.
Published: May 2018

While the performance of the past has a longer history that dates back to the tableaux vivants and the pageants of the 19th and early 20th centuries, this chapter argues that by the 1970s, re-enactment was on the rise as a strategy for engaging history; for evidence, many reenactments as part of Bicentennial. The end of the chapter focuses on the Bicentennial Wagon Train and the diverging experiences and expectations of planners, participants and audiences to show that re-enactment as a practice leads to many different forms of meaning making.
Order and the Problem of Law
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the impact of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act. It argues that the legal and moral demands being made by the Slave Power severed the relationship between law, on the one hand, and order on the other. Before 1850 it was antiabolitionists who were prone to use violence in Northern cities to break up antislavery meetings; afterwards the militancy was on the side of those, as in the notorious Anthony Burns case in Boston, who opposed slave catchers, even though the latter had the law on their side. Even Northerners who disdained antislavery agitation were driven to see slavery as an active threat to order and stability.
The Militant Negro Domestic, 1945–1965
Authors: Farmer Ashley D.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 begins in the late 1940s, and documents how postwar black women radicals collectively constructed the political identity of the “Militant Black Domestic.” Using their political tracts, satire, and pamphlets, this chapter shows how black women used this trope to reimagine black working-class women as grassroots political actors who critiqued American imperialism, promoted black self-determination, forged international radical alliances, and advocated for women’s equality. The chapter also reveals how, through their writings about the Militant Black Domestic, black women radicals sustained and further developed early twentieth-century black nationalist expressions, laying the groundwork for future gender-specific expressions of Black Power.
The Pan-African Woman, 1972–1976
Authors: Farmer Ashley D.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 explores how black women activists extended these gendered debates beyond American borders. It contextualizes their interest in and identification with the African and Pan-African liberation struggles of the 1970s and explores their speeches and conference resolutions from the 1972 All-Africa Women’s Conference and the 1974 Sixth Pan-African Congress as examples of how they articulated their ideal of the “Pan-African Woman.” The chapter illustrates how black women activists theorized a political identity that advocated for African-centered politics and gender equality across ideological, geographical, and organizational lines. It also foregrounds how they repositioned black American women at the forefront of diasporic liberation struggles, challenging black men’s real and imagined positions as the leaders of global Black Power struggles.
A Breed in Any Other Place
Authors: Woods Rebecca J. H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores “native” British breeds within the context of agricultural improvement at the turn of the nineteenth century, arguing that the idea of a native breed arose at the same time and in opposition to that of an “improved” breed. Breeds were understood to encompass the relationship between heredity, anthropogenic selection, and the influence of climate or environment, although which of these factors was understood to take precedence could and did vary. As breeders increasingly selected their animals for early maturity, meatiness, or particular kinds of wool in the case of sheep in conformation with market imperatives, “native” came to signal a type of livestock defined more by its relationship to a particular place within Great Britain than by its degree of breeding. A growing propensity for moving animals from place to place, and combining existing breeds into new types of livestock, such as Shorthorn cattle or New Leicester sheep, informed these developments.
The Modes
Authors: Ahmad Irfan
Published: May 2018

This chapter scripts an alternative genealogy of critique—tanqīd/naqd—in the Islamicate traditions of South Asia in Urdu. Building on the works of Martin Bernal, Michael Herzfeld, and John Keane, it interrogates the prevalent views of Greece as the birthplace of anthropology, democracy, critique, and so on. Subjecting canonical works on Urdu literary criticism and taking, inter alia, Shamsur Rahman Faruqi’s writings as illustration, it documents the secularist and secularizing premise of Urdu literature and how it was designed as distinct from religion but aligned to territorial nationalism. In contrast, central to the alternative genealogy is the premise that God Himself is the source of critique. God sent prophets for reform (iṣlāḥ). To reform was to critique and to critique was to reform. In the "religious" texts and social practices of "traditional" ʿulema thus a different notion of critique emerges—a notion that doesn't reject the Greek, pre-Muhammad, or Western traditions but which simultaneously can't be subsumed within them. The chapter traces elements of this genealogy through the Qurʾān, prophetic lives, and the early community constituted around Muhammad and his companions. Maududi and his interlocutors read, craft, elaborate, configure, update, and modify that tradition of critique.
The State
Authors: Ahmad Irfan
Published: May 2018

Combining “contextual studies” by anthropologists and “textual studies” by humanists, Chapter 5 discusses comprehensive critiques of Maududi’s understandings of the state. It focuses on critiques by “traditional” former Jamaat members: Manzur Nomani, Vahiduddin Khan, and Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi as well as critiques by five “modern” Jamaat sympathizers. The aim is not simply to show that individuals critique Maududi but to equally demonstrate how critique is undertaken. How ideas, types of knowledge, forms of authority, language capacity, motivations, the (un)sayable, notions about private and public, hair style, readings of past and future, tears, joy, and much else inform and are played out in the enterprise of critique. That is, critique is connected to a form of life. Critics of Maududi are ambivalent, however. Some agree with the spirit of Maududi’s critical enterprise, but find its relevance skewed in the future. Others differentiate universalist Maududi from nationalist Maududi, to extend the former to encompass concerns and aspirations of humanity beyond the divides of faith and ethnicity. For such critics, Maqāṣid al-sharīʿā, among others, is the medium to pursue such a universalism. Yet others continue to underline the relevance of his ideas for a state by re-interpreting him differently.
The Difference
Authors: Ahmad Irfan
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 documents vibrant critiques of Maududi’s Janus-like neopatriarchate. It shows how people connected to the Jamaat criticized Maududi’s position on such issues as veiling, women’s participation in the public domain (including work and cinema), questions of eligibility to become head of state, studying in co-educational institutions, and issues of gender and knowledge. It also accounts for the factors enabling Maududi’s critique. It concludes by discussing what such critiques of Maududi’s neopatriarchate mean. Is it theoretically productive to describe such critiques as inaugurating an Islamic feminist discourse? Here, as elsewhere, the chapter reflects on the author’s earlier understanding to signal a reassessment. The key contention here is that the diverse critiques of Maududi’s position on women makes it clear that Islam, contra assertions by many feminists, can also be a critical language for empowering women.