bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Meniscal Healing following Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Repair: A Comparison between Two Suture Materials
Authors: Okazaki Yuki , Furumatsu Takayuki , Hiranaka Takaaki , Zhang Ximing , Kintaka Keisuke , Higashihara Naohiro , Tamura Masanori , Kodama Yuya , Kamatsuki Yusuke , Ozaki Toshifumi
Published: July 2022

Recently, transtibial pullout repair of the medial meniscus (MM) posterior root tear (PRT) has become widely accepted and provides satisfactory clinical outcomes. Widening after cyclic loading or ultimate failure load using different suture materials and configurations has been studied. However, no study has compared the clinical outcomes using different suture materials. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes after performing MMPRT pullout repair using different suture materials. We hypothesized that better clinical outcomes would be achieved using ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tape compared with a normal polyester suture. Thirty-seven patients who underwent MM posterior root repair between November 2019 and May 2020 were retrospectively investigated. Pullout repair was performed using a hollow no. 0 polyester suture (n = 14) and UHMWPE tape (n = 23). Clinical outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at 1 year postoperatively, using the Lysholm knee score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score. The meniscal healing status was assessed using an arthroscopic scoring system (range: 0–10). All clinical scores were improved significantly in both groups. However, significantly higher meniscal healing scores and decreased VAS pain scores were observed in the UHMWPE group (7.3 ± 0.9 and 7.7 ± 11.3, respectively) than in the polyester group (5.6 ± 2.1 and 18.4 ± 18.6, respectively; p < 0.01). Suture cut-out and loss of the root continuity were observed in some cases (three cases [21.4%] in the polyester suture group and one case [4.3%] in the UHMWPE tape group). Both suture materials led to satisfactory clinical outcomes at 1 year postoperatively, whereas the UHMWPE tape was useful for obtaining good meniscal healing and decreasing the VAS pain score.
Reduction of the Number of Live Animals Used for Microsurgical Skill Acquisition: An Experimental Randomized Noninferiority Trial
Authors: Eșanu Victor , Stoia Alexandra I. , Dindelegan George C. , Colosi Horaţiu A. , Dindelegan Maximilian G. , Volovici Victor
Published: July 2022

Background Live animals have been used for decades as one of the many training models for developing surgical skills. Microsurgery in particular relies on training for skill acquisition and maintenance, using live animal models, especially rats (murine models). Efforts are underway to reduce the number of rats sacrificed to achieve this objective.

Methods A group of students with minimal microsurgical experience, after having gone through a basic microsurgical course, were randomly split into three equal groups, all three groups following a 24-week standard training program based on low- and medium-fidelity training models with standardized murine training days. In addition to the standard training regimen, each participant performed supplementary training on live rats every 4, 6, or 8 weeks. According to the training program, the procedures have been performed on chicken legs, flower petals, and rats, each procedure being blindly assessed and evaluated using validated models and scales. The primary evaluated outcome was the Stanford Microsurgery and Resident Training (SMaRT) scale result of the final rat anastomosis performed by each group, for which the tested hypothesis was one of noninferiority. The secondary outcomes were represented by the final rat anastomosis time, final chicken leg anastomosis result and time, and the final petal score.

Results After the 24th week, no differences were observed between the three groups regarding their microsurgical skills, as measured by the aforementioned surgical outcomes. All participants improved significantly during the study (mean [standard deviation] 19 ± 4 points on the SMaRT scale), with no significant differences between the groups, p < 0.001 for noninferiority.

Conclusion A training regimen based on low- and moderate-fidelity models, with the addition of training on a live rat every 8 weeks was noninferior to a training regimen that used a live rat every 6 weeks and also noninferior to a training regimen that used a live rat every 4 weeks.
Management Considerations for Unicompartmental Osteoarthritis in Athletic Populations: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Wake Jeffrey L. , Chung Brandon , Bottoni Craig R. , Zhou Liang
Published: July 2022

Unicompartmental osteoarthritis in the young athlete poses a challenge for both patients and providers. Coronal plane malalignment is frequently a concomitant finding that adds to the complexity of management. Military surgeons are presented unique challenges, in that they must consider optimal joint-preservation methods while returning patients to a high-demand occupational function. Management options range from lifestyle changes to surgical interventions. We present a concise review of the available literature on this subject, with a specific focus on indications and outcomes within the military and young athletic population.
Increment of Maternal Mortality Among Admissions for Childbirth in Low-risk Pregnant Women in Brazil: Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic?
Authors: Michels Bruna Depieri , Marin Daniela Ferreira D'Agostini , Iser Betine Pinto Moehlecke
Published: July 2022

Objective To assess the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mortality among admissions for childbirth in 2020 in relation of the last 10 years.

Methods An ecological study with pregnant women who underwent hospital births at the Brazilian unified public health service (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym) in Brazil from 2010 to 2020. The mortality among admissions for childbirth was obtained based on the number of admissions for childbirth with reported death as outcome divided by the total number of admissions. The underlying gestational risk and route of delivery were considered based on the national surveillance system. The average mortality for the period between 2010 and 2019 (baseline) was compared with the rate of deaths in 2020 (1st pandemic year); the rate ratio was interpreted as the risk of death in 2020 in relation to the average of the previous period (RR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results In 2020, the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic, 1,821,775 pregnant women were hospitalized for childbirth and 651 deaths were reported, which represents 8.7% of the total hospitalizations and 11.3% of maternal deaths between 2010 and 2020. There was an increase in maternal mortality after births in 2020 compared with the average for the period between 2010 and 2019, specially in low-risk pregnancies, both in vaginal (RR = 1.60; 95%CI:1.39–1.85) and cesarean births (RR = 1.18; 95%CI:1.04–1.34).

Conclusion Maternal mortality among admissions for childbirth according to SUS data increased in 2020 compared with the average between 2010 and 2019, with an increment of 40% in low-risk pregnancies. The increase was of 18% after cesarean section and of 60% after vaginal delivery.
Weakly nonlinear incompressible Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in plane geometry
Authors: Yang G. W. , Wu J. F. , Wang L. F. , Ye W. H. , Zhang W. Y.
Published: July 2022

A weakly nonlinear (WN) theoretical model for the two-dimensional incompressible Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) is proposed. Its solution form is the complete expansion in real space. The transition from linear to nonlinear growth is analytically studied via third-order solutions of plane KHI initiated by a single-mode surface perturbation. The difference between the WN growth of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) in plane geometry and the WN growth of the KHI in plane geometry is discussed. It is found that there are resonance solutions in the higher harmonics of KHI but not in RTI. The vertex of spikes and bubbles is deflected because of the shearing effect in KHI compared with that in RTI. The spike velocity increases with the Atwood number before a particular time and then inversely after that time. There is no such reversal in RTI. However, the bubble velocity with the Atwood number of KHI has the same evolution rule as that of RTI. In addition to the influence of initial perturbation on the nonlinear saturation amplitude, the influence of Atwood number on the nonlinear saturation amplitude of the fundamental mode is obtained. Finally, compared with the numerical simulations, at the same initial conditions, the analytical solutions up to the third harmonics are well consistent with the simulated datum in the linear and weakly nonlinear stages for a widely varied Atwood number.
On the structure of SbTeI
Authors: Sereika R. , Žaltauskas R. , Varnagiris Š. , Urbonavičius M. , Liu F. , Ding Y. , Milčius D.
Published: July 2022

Antimony telluroiodide (SbTeI) is predicted to be a promising material in many technological applications based on theoretical simulations; however, the bulk structure solution remains elusive. We consolidate SbTeI belonging to the base-centered monoclinic lattice with a space group C 2/m by combining single crystal x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy techniques. The atomic arrangement of the reported crystal structure is remarkable with one-dimensional double-chains forming two-dimensional blocks. In this structure, the Sb3+ ion is surrounded by Te2− and I−, which is distinguishable by an incomplete polyhedron resulting in 5s2 (Sb) lone pair electrons in the valence band. Manipulation of this material with pressure to induce novel structures and properties is highly anticipated.
Extraction of local spin-coupled states by second quantized operators
Authors: Nakatani Kaho , Higashi Masahiro , Sato Hirofumi
Published: July 2022

We present a methodology for analyzing chemical bonds embedded in the electronic wave function of molecules, especially in terms of spin correlations or so-called “local spin.” In this paper, based on biorthogonal second quantization, the spin correlation functions of molecules are naturally introduced, which enables us to extract local singlet and local triplet elements from the wave function. We also clarify the relationship between these spin correlations and traditional chemical concepts, i.e., resonance structures. Several chemical reactions, including the intramolecular radical cyclization and the formation of preoxetane, are demonstrated to verify the analysis method numerically.
Prediction of high-temperature polymer dielectrics using a Bayesian molecular design model
Authors: Liu Di-Fan , Feng Qi-Kun , Zhang Yong-Xin , Zhong Shao-Long , Dang Zhi-Min
Published: July 2022

Machine learning has shown its great potential in the accelerated discovery of advanced materials in the field of computational molecular design. High-temperature polymer dielectrics are urgently required with the emerging applications of energy-storage dielectric film capacitors under high-temperature conditions. Here, we demonstrate the successful prediction of polymers with a high dielectric constant (ɛ) and high glass transition temperature (Tg) using a Bayesian molecular design model. The model is trained on a joint data set containing 382 computed ɛ values using density functional perturbation theory and experimentally measured Tg values of ∼7000 polymers to build relative quantitative structure–property relationships and identify the promising polymers with specific desired range of dielectric constant and glass transition temperature. From the hypothetical polymer candidates, ten promising polymers are proposed based on their predicted properties and synthetic accessibility score for high-temperature dielectric film capacitors’ application. Moreover, 250k novel polymer structures are generated with the model to support future polymer informatics research. This work contributes to the successful prediction of high-temperature polymer dielectrics using machine learning models.
Compensating the distorted OAM beams with near zero time delay
Authors: Jia Qi , Feng Rui , Shi Bojian , Sun Fangkui , Zhang Yanxia , Li Hang , Li Xiaoxin , Cao Yongyin , Wang Jian , Ding Weiqiang
Published: July 2022

Vortex beams, carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), have great potential to increase the information capacity of optical communication systems for the orthogonality and infinite mode number. For OAM beams propagating in free space, however, the atmospheric turbulence may cause mode distortions and hinder their utilization in practice. In this work, we propose a kind of diffractive deep neural network (D2NN) to compensate the distorted OAM beams. Different from those D2NNs reported before, the network reported here is dissipative, rather than unitary. In our system, the common features of various wavefront distortions are extracted and compensated, while the random distortions are filtered out by a diaphragm, which is achieved by constructing an improved loss function. The results show that multiple OAM beams with different degrees of distortions can be compensated simultaneously, and good agreement between simulations and experiments is obtained. The D2NN based OAM beam compensating reported here will greatly improve the robustness and efficiency of free space optical communication.
Modeling and analyzing parametric sensitivity of annular flow between car and hoistway of ultra-high-speed elevator
Authors: Zhang Qing , Jing Hao , Yang Guifa , Zhang Ruijun , He Qin
Published: July 2022

The annular flow field between the car and the hoistway of an elevator is an important part of the piston effect. It is, thus, important to study the law of airflow in the annular space to reduce the piston effect. The study establishes a theoretical model of annular flow between the car and the hoistway of an ultra-high-speed elevator based on the semi-empirical theory of turbulence and the Bernoulli principle to obtain the law of distribution and the characteristic position of annular flow velocity. The correctness of the theoretical model was verified by comparing its calculations with the results of experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The effects of the speed of the car and its length as well as the blocking ratio and length of the hoistway on the distribution of annular flow velocity are analyzed, and the general law of influence of parametric changes on annular flow is summarized. The results show that the distribution of flow velocity in the annulus was positive, then became negative, and finally tended to zero with increasing distance from the wall. The characteristic velocity in the annular flow field was reliant on many factors, and its distribution was most significantly affected by the velocity of the car, followed by the blocking ratio and height of the hoistway.
Numerical investigation of flow around two cylinders in tandem above a scoured bed
Authors: Yang Bo , Liang Bingchen , Zhang Qin , Meng Xun , Matvey Kraposhin , Epikhin Andrey
Published: July 2022

Flow mechanisms around two cylinders in tandem arrangement above a scoured bed have been investigated using the three-dimensional unsteady Navier–Stokes equations with the Spalart–Allmaras improved delayed detached-eddy simulation model. A turbulent inlet boundary layer generation method is adopted to obtain more realistic inlet boundary conditions. First, uniform flow over a single cylinder at Re = 3900 and flow over a single cylinder above scoured beds at Re = 6000 were simulated to validate the numerical model, boundary layer generation method, and mesh density effect. Second, two cylinders in the tandem arrangement above scoured beds with six different pitch ratios L/D are investigated numerically in terms of instantaneous vortex characteristics, the hydrodynamic force, and time-averaged flow fields. The simulation results in scoured beds are compared with simulations under the near flat wall and wall-free conditions. The major findings can be summarized as follows. (1) When L/D≤2.0, the wake of two tandem cylinders is dominated by the intermittent shedding, and the downstream sand dune in the scoured bed hinders the Kármán vortex formation at the rear of the downstream cylinder. Lift force fluctuations of the two cylinders have small amplitudes, and their spectra show a multi-peak distribution and no dominant peak frequency in the spectrum of the upstream cylinder. A squarish cavity-like recirculation zone is formed between two cylinders at L/D=2.0. (2) When L/D≥3.0, the periodic vortex shedding is evident in the wake of the upstream cylinder, and the small sand berm between two cylinders has an impact on the bottom shear layer of the upstream cylinder. The downstream cylinder is periodically impacted by the vortices shed from the upstream cylinder. Lift force spectra of the upstream and downstream cylinders have the same peak frequency. (3) Due to the influence of scoured bed and the inlet boundary layer, the time-averaged lift coefficient of the upstream cylinder remains negative when L/D≥1.5, and the critical spacing for drag inversion is relatively smaller compared with under wall-free conditions. The negative pressure coefficient values of the upstream cylinder are smaller than the values in near flat wall and wall-free conditions.
Low effective mechanical advantage of giraffes’ limbs during walking reveals trade-off between limb length and locomotor performance
Authors: Basu Christopher , Hutchinson John R.
Published: July 2022

Giraffes (
Giraffa camelopardalis
) possess specialized locomotor morphology, namely elongate and gracile distal limbs. While this contributes to their overall height and enhances feeding behavior, we propose that the combination of long limb segments and modest muscle lever arms results in low effective mechanical advantage (EMA, the ratio of in-lever to out-lever moment arms), when compared with other cursorial mammals. To test this, we used a combination of experimentally measured kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRFs), musculoskeletal modeling, and inverse dynamics to calculate giraffe forelimb EMA during walking. Giraffes walk with an EMA of 0.34 (±0.05 SD), with no evident association with speed within their walking gait. Giraffe EMA was about four times lower than expectations extrapolated from other mammals, ranging from 0.03 to 297 kg, and this provides further evidence that EMA plateaus or even diminishes in mammals exceeding horse size. We further tested the idea that limb segment length is a factor which determines EMA, by modeling the GRF and muscle moment arms in the extinct giraffid
Sivatherium giganteum
and the other extant giraffid,
Okapia johnstoni. Giraffa
and
Okapia
shared similar EMA, despite a four to sixfold difference in body mass (
Okapia
EMA = 0.38). In contrast,
Sivatherium,
sharing a similar body mass with
Giraffa,
had greater EMA (0.59), which we propose reflects behavioral differences, such as a somewhat increased capability for athletic performance. Our modeling approach suggests that limb length is a determinant of GRF moment arm magnitude and that unless muscle moment arms scale isometrically with limb length, tall mammals are prone to low EMA.
Massive covidization of research citations and the citation elite
Authors: Ioannidis John P. A. , Bendavid Eran , Salholz-Hillel Maia , Boyack Kevin W. , Baas Jeroen
Published: July 2022

Massive scientific productivity accompanied the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the citation impact of COVID-19 publications relative to all scientific work published in 2020 to 2021 and assessed the impact on scientist citation profiles. Using Scopus data until August 1, 2021, COVID-19 items accounted for 4% of papers published, 20% of citations received to papers published in 2020 to 2021, and >30% of citations received in 36 of the 174 disciplines of science (up to 79.3% in general and internal medicine). Across science, 98 of the 100 most-cited papers published in 2020 to 2021 were related to COVID-19; 110 scientists received ≥10,000 citations for COVID-19 work, but none received ≥10,000 citations for non–COVID-19 work published in 2020 to 2021. For many scientists, citations to their COVID-19 work already accounted for more than half of their total career citation count. Overall, these data show a strong covidization of research citations across science, with major impact on shaping the citation elite.
The ZCCHC14/TENT4 complex is required for hepatitis A virus RNA synthesis
Authors: Li You , Misumi Ichiro , Shiota Tomoyuki , Sun Lu , Lenarcic Erik M. , Kim Hyejeong , Shirasaki Takayoshi , Hertel-Wulff Adriana , Tibbs Taylor , Mitchell Joseph E. , McKnight Kevin L. , Cameron Craig E. , Moorman Nathaniel J. , McGivern David R. , Cullen John M. , Whitmire Jason K. , Lemon Stanley M.
Published: July 2022

Despite excellent vaccines, resurgent outbreaks of hepatitis A have caused thousands of hospitalizations and hundreds of deaths within the United States in recent years. There is no effective antiviral therapy for hepatitis A, and many aspects of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) replication cycle remain to be elucidated. Replication requires the zinc finger protein ZCCHC14 and noncanonical TENT4 poly(A) polymerases with which it associates, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that ZCCHC14 and TENT4A/B are required for viral RNA synthesis following translation of the viral genome in infected cells. Cross-linking immunoprecipitation sequencing (CLIP-seq) experiments revealed that ZCCHC14 binds a small stem-loop in the HAV 5′ untranslated RNA possessing a Smaug recognition-like pentaloop to which it recruits TENT4. TENT4 polymerases lengthen and stabilize the 3′ poly(A) tails of some cellular and viral mRNAs, but the chemical inhibition of TENT4A/B with the dihydroquinolizinone RG7834 had no impact on the length of the HAV 3′ poly(A) tail, stability of HAV RNA, or cap-independent translation of the viral genome. By contrast, RG7834 inhibited the incorporation of 5-ethynyl uridine into nascent HAV RNA, indicating that TENT4A/B function in viral RNA synthesis. Consistent with potent in vitro antiviral activity against HAV (IC
50
6.11 nM), orally administered RG7834 completely blocked HAV infection in

Ifnar1
−/−

mice, and sharply reduced serum alanine aminotransferase activities, hepatocyte apoptosis, and intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltrates in mice with acute hepatitis A. These results reveal requirements for ZCCHC14-TENT4A/B in hepatovirus RNA synthesis, and suggest that TENT4A/B inhibitors may be useful for preventing or treating hepatitis A in humans.
The effects of using two varieties of one language on cognition
Authors: Alrwaita Najla , Houston-Price Carmel , Pliatsikas Christos
Published: July 2022

Although the question of whether and how bilingualism affects executive functions has been extensively debated,
less attention has been paid to the cognitive abilities of speakers of different varieties of the same language, in linguistic
situations such as bidialectalism and diglossia. Similarly to the bilingual situation, in bidialectalism and diglossia speakers
have two language varieties that are active at the same time. However, these situations have been argued to potentially provide
varied, and possibly fewer, opportunities for mixing or switching between the varieties, which may in turn lead to different
cognitive outcomes than those reported in bilingualism. Here we review the available evidence on the effects of bidialectalism and
diglossia on cognition, and evaluate it in relation to theories of the effects of bilingualism on cognition. We conclude that
investigations of bilingualism, bidialectalism and diglossia must take into account the conversational context and, in particular,
the opportunities for language switching that this affords.
Delineating a serotonin 1B receptor circuit for appetite suppression in mice
Authors: Li Li , Wyler Steven C. , León-Mercado Luis A. , Xu Baijie , Oh Youjin , Swati  , Chen Xiameng , Wan Rong , Arnold Amanda G. , Jia Lin , Wang Guanlin , Nautiyal Katherine , Hen René , Sohn Jong-Woo , Liu Chen
Published: July 2022

Triptans are a class of commonly prescribed antimigraine drugs. Here, we report a previously unrecognized role for them to suppress appetite in mice. In particular, frovatriptan treatment reduces food intake and body weight in diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, the anorectic effect depends on the serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptor (Htr1b). By ablating Htr1b in four different brain regions, we demonstrate that Htr1b engages in spatiotemporally segregated neural pathways to regulate postnatal growth and food intake. Moreover, Htr1b in AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) contributes to the hypophagic effects of HTR1B agonists. To further study the anorexigenic Htr1b circuit, we generated Htr1b-Cre mice. We find that ARH Htr1b neurons bidirectionally regulate food intake in vivo. Furthermore, single-nucleus RNA sequencing analyses revealed that Htr1b marks a subset of AgRP neurons. Finally, we used an intersectional approach to specifically target these neurons (Htr1bAgRP neurons). We show that they regulate food intake, in part, through a Htr1bAgRP→PVH circuit.
Dependence of maximum mass of strange star on finite strange quark mass (m
s ≠ 0)
Authors: Goswami K B , Saha A , Chattopadhyay P K
Published: July 2022

In this article we analyze a class of compact object in spheroidal geometry described by Vaidya–Tikekar model and MIT bag model equation of state considering the finite mass of strange quark (m
s). The maximum mass and radius is found by maximizing the square of radial sound velocity

(

v

r

2

)

at the centre. For monotonically decreasing nature of the sound velocity we note that an upper limit of the spheroidal parameter (λ) exists. Therefore for the calculation of maximum mass arbitrary choice of λ is not possible. The effect of strange quark mass on the maximum mass is found to satisfy previously obtained result (Li et al 2021 Eur. Phys. J. C 81 921). To apply the present model we consider the compact stars 4U 1608-52 and 4U 1820-30. The stability of strange quark matter inside these compact objects is explored by taking different values of the bag constant B. It is found that 4U 1608-52 may be categorized as strange star with wider stability window for three-flavor quark matter whereas 4U 1820-30 only shows metastability. The model is found to be stable against small radial perturbation. One possible drawback of the present model is the prediction of maximum mass from mass-radius plot. For this reason we have predicted the maximum mass from alternative approach.
Transient characteristics of β-Ga2O3 nanomembrane Schottky barrier diodes on various substrates
Authors: Lai Junyu , Seo Jung-Hun
Published: July 2022

In this paper, transient delayed rise and fall times for beta gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) nanomembrane (NM) Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) formed on four different substrates (diamond, Si, sapphire, and polyimide) were measured using a sub-micron second resolution time-resolved electrical measurement system under different temperature conditions. The devices exhibited noticeably less-delayed turn on/turn off transient time when β-Ga2O3 NM SBDs were built on a high thermal conductive (high-k) substrate. Furthermore, a relationship between the β-Ga2O3 NM thicknesses under different temperature conditions and their transient characteristics were systematically investigated and verified it using a multiphysics simulator. Overall, our results revealed the impact of various substrates with different thermal properties and different β-Ga2O3 NM thicknesses on the performance of β-Ga2O3 NM-based devices. Thus, the high-k substrate integration strategy will help design future β-Ga2O3-based devices by maximizing heat dissipation from the β-Ga2O3 layer.
Photoconductive and photovoltaic metal-semiconductor-metal κ-Ga2O3 solar-blind detectors with high rejection ratios
Authors: Cui Mei , Xu Yang , Sun Xinyu , Wang Zhengpeng , Gong Hehe , Chen Xuanhu , Hu Tiancheng , Zhang Yijun , Ren Fang-fang , Gu Shulin , Ye Jiandong , Zhang Rong
Published: July 2022

The metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure is a popular architecture for developing Ga2O3 solar blind photodetectors. The nature of metal-semiconductor contact is decisive for the operation mode, gain mechanism and device performances. In this contribution, κ-Ga2O3 MSM solar-blind photodetectors with Ti/Ga2O3 Ohmic and Ni/Ga2O3 Schottky contacts were constructed on the high-quality Si-doped κ-Ga2O3 epilayer grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The Ti/κ-Ga2O3/Ti Ohmic MSM device is operated in a photoconductive mode, exhibiting a maximum responsivity of 322.5 A W−1 and a high rejection ratio of over 105, but with an undesirable sub-gap response and high dark current. In comparison, the Ni/Ga2O3/Ni photodiode with a back-to-back Schottky configuration is operated in a mixed photovoltaic and photoconductive mode, demonstrating a decent photoresponsivity of 0.37 A W−1, a maintained high rejection ratio of 1.16 × 105, a detectivity of 3.51 × 1013 Jones and the elimination of slow photoresponse from sub-gap states. The frequency-dependent photoresponse and transient photocurrent characteristics indicate that the persistent photoconductivity effect is responsible for the high gain achieved in the Ti/Ga2O3/Ti photoconductor, and the dominant slow transient decay component is a fingerprint of photoexcited carrier trapping and repopulation. The response speed is improved in the Ni/Ga2O3/Ni Schottky MSM device, whereas carrier transport across interdigitated fingers is affected by bulk traps, limiting the overall response-bandwidth merit.
False vacuum decay: an introductory review
Authors: Devoto Federica , Devoto Simone , Di Luzio Luca , Ridolfi Giovanni
Published: July 2022

We review the description of tunnelling phenomena in the semi-classical approximation in ordinary quantum mechanics and in quantum field theory. In particular, we describe in detail the calculation, up to the first quantum corrections, of the decay probability per unit time of a metastable ground state. We apply the relevant formalism to the case of the standard model of electroweak interactions, whose ground state is metastable for sufficiently large values of the top quark mass. Finally, we discuss the impact of gravitational interactions on the calculation of the tunnelling rate.
A CNN-LSTM-based domain adaptation model for remaining useful life prediction
Authors: Liu Huixiang , Chen Wenbai , Chen Weizhao , Gu Yu
Published: July 2022

Remaining useful life (RUL) estimation is fundamental to prediction and health management technology. Traditional machine learning generally assumes that the training and testing sets are independent and identically distributed. As distribution differences exist in real scenarios, this assumption hinders the effectiveness of the traditional machine learning methods. Aiming at these problems, we propose a CNN-LSTM-based domain adaptation framework for RUL prediction in this work. A shared encoding network and domain adaptation mechanism is introduced to decrease the data distribution discrepancy between the source and target domains. A cross-linking architecture is also developed for feature fusion, which considers the features at different levels to guarantee that the generated fusion features contain sufficient information for prognosis. Extensive experiments are then conducted to verify the superiority of the proposed framework. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model has excellent performance, especially for equipment with more complex working conditions and data.
Free energy calculation of crystalline solids using normalizing flows
Authors: Ahmad Rasool , Cai Wei
Published: July 2022

Taking advantage of the advances in generative deep learning, particularly normalizing flow, a framework, called Boltzmann generator, has recently been proposed to generate equilibrium atomic configurations from the canonical ensemble and determining the associated free energy. In this work, we revisit Boltzmann generator to motivate the construction of the loss function from the statistical mechanical point of view and to cast the training of the normalizing flow model in a purely unsupervised manner that does not require any sample of the atomic configurations from the equilibrium ensemble. We further show that the normalizing flow framework furnishes a reference thermodynamic system, very close to the real thermodynamic system under consideration, that is suitable for the well-established free energy perturbation methods to determine accurate free energy of solids. We then apply the normalizing flow to two problems: temperature-dependent Gibbs free energy of perfect crystal and formation free energy of monovacancy defect in a model system of diamond cubic Si. The results obtained from the normalizing flow are shown to be in good agreement with that obtained from independent well-established free energy methods.
Investigation of ion collision effect on electrostatic sheath formation in weakly ionized and weakly collisional plasma
Authors: Lee Haneul , Kim Nam-Kyun , Lee Myeong-Geon , Kwon Ji-Won , Son Sung Hyun , Bae Namjae , Park Taejun , Park Seolhye , Kim Gon-Ho
Published: July 2022

The effects of ion collisions on plasma–sheath formation are investigated experimentally for a low-density and low-pressure discharge. The space potential and ion velocity distribution measurements at high spatial resolution show that the ion collision properties observed in the presheath are maintained in the plasma–sheath transition region. The potential drop in the transition region indicates the existence of ionization as an effect of ion collisions in the transition region owing to the non-negligible density of the electrons penetrating the sheath. Based on comparisons between the space potential measurements and Riemann’s presheath–sheath transition solution, the ion collision length λ
i was determined as a key parameter in the presheath and transition region. And it represents that the thermal properties of ions and neutral gases affects space potential by the charge exchange and ionization collisions. The existence of the ion collision effect in the transition region suggests possible influence on the incident conditions of ions and electrons near the sheath edge. Consequently, the energy distributions of ions and electrons incident on the material surface facing the sheath are sensitive to the collisionality and operating conditions.
Blazar-boosted dark matter at Super-Kamiokande
Authors: Granelli Alessandro , Ullio Piero , Wang Jin-Wei
Published: July 2022

Dark matter particles near the center of a blazar, after being accelerated by the elastic collisions with relativistic electrons and protons in the blazar jet, can be energetic enough to trigger detectable signals at terrestrial detectors.
In this work, focusing on the blazars TXS 0506+056 and BL Lacertae, we derive novel limits on the cross section of the elastic scattering between dark matter and electrons by means of the available Super-Kamiokande data.
Thanks to the large blazar-boosted dark matter flux, the limit on the dark matter-electron scattering cross section for dark matter masses below 100 MeV can be as low as ∼ 10-38 cm2, that is orders of magnitude stronger than the analogous results from galactic cosmic rays.
Towards high-accuracy classifying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders using CNN-LSTM model
Authors: Wang Cheng , Wang Xin , Jing Xiaobei , Yokoi Hiroshi , Huang Weimin , Zhu Mingxing , Chen Shixiong , Li Guanglin
Published: July 2022

Objective. The neurocognitive attention functions involve the cooperation of multiple brain regions, and the defects in the cooperation will lead to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders for children. The current ADHD diagnosis is mainly based on a subjective evaluation that is easily biased by the experience of the clinicians and lacks the support of objective indicators. The purpose of this study is to propose a method that can effectively identify children with ADHD. Approach. In this study, we proposed a CNN-LSTM model to solve the three-class problems of classifying ADHD, attention deficit disorder (ADD) and healthy children, based on a public electroencephalogram (EEG) dataset that includes event-related potential (ERP) EEG signals of 144 children. The convolution visualization and saliency map methods were used to observe the features automatically extracted by the proposed model, which could intuitively explain how the model distinguished different groups. Main results. The results showed that our CNN-LSTM model could achieve an accuracy as high as 98.23% in a five-fold cross-validation method, which was significantly better than the current state-of-the-art CNN models. The features extracted by the proposed model were mainly located in the frontal and central areas, with significant differences in the time period mappings among the three different groups. The P300 and contingent negative variation (CNV) in the frontal lobe had the largest decrease in the healthy control (HC) group, and the ADD group had the smallest decrease. In the central area, only the HC group had a significant negative oscillation of CNV waves. Significance. The results of this study suggest that the CNN-LSTM model can effectively identify children with ADHD and its subtypes. The visualized features automatically extracted by this model could better explain the differences in the ERP response among different groups, which is more convincing than previous studies, and it could be used as more reliable neural biomarkers to help with more accurate diagnosis in the clinics.
Investigations on a fuzzy process: effect of diffusion on calibration and particle identification in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers
Authors: Lister A. , Stancari M.
Published: July 2022

Ionization electron diffusion in Liquid Argon Time
Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) has typically been considered at the
detector design stage, but little attention has been given to its
effects on calibration and particle identification. We use a
GEANT4-based simulation to study how diffusion impacts these
techniques, and give consideration to how this effect is
simulated. We find that diffusion can cause a drift-dependent bias
to both the median and Most Probable Value (MPV) of
dQ/dx distributions. The bias is estimated to be
∼ 2.5% (median) and ∼ 5.0% (MPV) for typical maximum drift
times in currently running LArTPCs before adding detector specific
considerations such as electric field non-uniformities. This
indicates that these metrics should not be used for calibration
without care, contrary to the conventional wisdom. The impact of
diffusion on the ability of LArTPCs to separate muons and protons is
small, and not expected to pose any problems in future
detectors. Diffusion may however be a significant source of
systematic uncertainty when separating particles of more similar
masses (muons and pions, kaons and protons). Separation of such
populations may be improved by implementation of a drift-time
dependent particle identification.
Energy reconstruction of hadronic showers at the CERN PS and SPS using the Semi-Digital Hadronic Calorimeter
Authors: Boumediene D. , Pingault A. , Tytgat M. , W. Baek Y. , Kim D-W. , Lee S.C. , Min B.G. , Park S.W. , Deguchi Y. , Kawagoe K. , Miura Y. , Mori R. , Sekiya I. , Suehara T. , Yoshioka T. , Caponetto L. , Combaret C. , Garillot G. , Grenier G. , Ianigro J-C. , Kurca T.Q. , Laktineh I. , Liu B. , Li B. , Lumb N. , Mathez H. , Mirabito L. , Steen A. , Calvo Alamillo E. , Carrillo C. , Fouz M.C. , Garcia Cabrera H. , Marin J. , Navarrete J. , Puerta Pelayo J. , Verdugo A. , Corriveau F. , Emberger L. , Graf C. , de Silva L.M.S , Simon F. , Winter C. , Bonis J. , Breton D. , Cornebise P. , Gallas A. , Jeglot J. , Irles A. , Maalmi J. , Pöschl R. , Thiebault A. , Richard F. , Zerwas D. , Cvach J. , Janata M. , Kovalcuk M. , Kvasnicka J. , Polak I. , Smolik J. , Vrba V. , Zalesak J. , Zuklin J. , Duan Y.Y. , Li S. , Guo J. , Hu J.F. , Lagarde F. , Shen Q.P. , Wang X. , Wu W.H. , Yang H.J. , Zhu Y.F.
Published: July 2022

The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadronic CALorimeter (SDHCAL) is the
first technological prototype in a family of high-granularity
calorimeters developed by the CALICE Collaboration to equip the
experiments of future lepton colliders. The SDHCAL is a sampling
calorimeter using stainless steel for absorber and Glass Resistive
Plate Chambers (GRPC) as a sensitive medium. The GRPC are read out
by 1 cm× 1 cm pickup pads combined to a
multi-electronics. The prototype was exposed to hadron beams in
both the CERN PS and the SPS beamlines in 2015 allowing the test of
the SDHCAL in a large energy range from 3 GeV to 80 GeV. After
introducing the method used to select the hadrons of our data and
reject the muon and electron contamination, we present the energy
reconstruction approach that we apply to the data collected from
both beamlines and we discuss the response linearity and the energy
resolution of the SDHCAL. The results obtained in the two beamlines
confirm the excellent SDHCAL performance observed with the data
collected with the same prototype in the SPS beamline in 2012. They
also show the stability of the SDHCAL in different beam conditions
and different time periods.
Semi-quantum digital signature protocol based on Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering
Authors: Xia Chenyang , Li Huifang , Hu Jie
Published: July 2022

We present a new semi-quantum signature protocol which is suitable for participant without quantum capabilities to communicate securely. In addition, the application of EPR steering is first extended to the field of quantum digital signature in our protocol. On the one hand, in order to avoid attacks by attackers, our protocol allows one participant to determine the identity of the other, if the steering conditions for EPR steering are satisfied. On the other hand, original message can be transmitted between participants via EPR steering. Moreover, our scheme is simple to implement and more efficient. The security analysis shows that our protocol can avoid the attack of deny, forgery and entangle-measure.
A study of sustainable peat cultivation implemented by the community of Tumbang Nusa Village, Central Kalimantan
Authors: Hardiansyah G , Junaidi  , Yusro F , Mariani Y , Roslinda E , Kusrini N , Diba F , Oktoriana S , Erianto  , Iskandar  , Burhanuddin  , Pranoto D Y B , Ekawati S , Silviani  , Surati  , Ramawati  , Prasetyo B D , Handoyo  , Charity D , Wanjaya A H , Nurdwiansyah D
Published: July 2022

Peatlands have enormous potential to produce food sources for supporting population growth. Farmers generally prefer plants that can adapt to changing conditions. However, challenges remain, such as limited knowledge of local community about peatlands’ function and management. Local community practices endogenous knowledge to manage peatlands, but it is rarely documented as best practice for peatlands management in Indonesia. This study aims to understand endogenous management implemented by local community for sustainable peat cultivation. The management is currently considered as the best solution to solve problems related to peatlands management. The study was carried out in Tumbang Nusa Village, Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, using a semi-participatory approach with a stratified purposive sampling for selecting participants of in-depth interviews and field observations. An investigation of endogenous management related to biophysical aspects that determines sustainability was done by identifying main characteristics of peatlands in the dry season. The data were analyzed qualitatively by using Use Value. The results show that the community applied agroforestry systems interspersed with introduced plants. There were seven patterns implemented by the community, including pineapple-forest crops-seasonal fruit-food based, rubber-forest crops-seasonal fruit/food-based, a combination of forest plants, a combination of forest plants-annual introduced plants, a combination of forest plants-annual/food crops, and a combination of annual crops. The seven patterns based on the local wisdom are suitable for peatlands. It is in accordance with modern peat management which considered as the form of a pure Paludiculture and an intensive semi Paludiculture.
Biomass and carbon accumulations of acacia trees planted on tropical peatlands
Authors: Setiawan Budi Indra , Soewarso  , Wahyudi Agus , Setiawan Iwan , Setiawan Baron
Published: July 2022

Acacia (Acacia crassicarpa) is a fiber source for pulp industries, adaptive on tropical peatlands and has been planted intensively since the early seventies. Considering the fragility of peat and its low nutrient content along with the complication to manage water conducive environment to the tree growth, the sustainability of this plantation is under rudimentary inquiry. Peat loss may occur due to subsidence, emission, and surface runoff whilst biomass accumulation will result in carbon enhancement. This study aims 1) to evaluate growths of Acacia trees planted on tropical peatlands with different peat thicknesses; 2) to obtain allometric model to represent the growth of the tree parts; and 3) to estimate biomass and carbon accumulations and their rate in a few rotations. Destructive samples were taken from three different sites with different peat thicknesses and separated into the root, knud (buttress root), stem, branch, and leaf. An allometric model was introduced to represent each growth of the tree parts and to estimate the accumulation of biomass and carbon. The result shows Acacia grew better in thick peatlands, larger than 1 meter. The model can relate the tree parts specifically to estimate the tree biomass. In one hectare of one rotation within 5 years, total biomass ranges 36.3–443.7 tonnes, and total carbon absorbed ranges 17.4–213.0 tonnes. Thus, successive rotations would potentially result in additional thickness of organic matter at the rate of 0.07– 2.08 cm/y, and carbon enrichment at the rate of 1.74–19.98 tonnes/y. This biomass and carbon enrichments would lessen the losses and greenhouse gas emission from the peatlands.
Peatland characterization and laccase activity on smallholder oil palm plantation in Padang Pariaman and West Pasaman, West Sumatra
Authors: Harianti Mimien , Prasetyo Teguh Budi , Emalinda Oktanis , Junaidi  , Pulunggono Heru Bagus
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this research was studying peat characteristics and laccase activity as a bioindicator for decomposition processes. Studied peatlands were managed by private land farmers or smallholders with minimum tillage. Peat characteristics in topsoil Ketaping Padang Pariaman and Pasaman had pH value of more than 4, ash content was higher than 10-60%, a low water content (1505%. Peat water level fluctuated, but not exceeding 80 cm in both locations. Peatlands in Ketaping Padang Pariaman possessed high laccase activity, ranging from 1.8-562 πmol/g, while in Pasaman was about 200 πmol/g. Laccase activity was decreased with distance from channel due to an increase of water content. Peatlands in both locations had a high enzyme activity, mainly in topsoil. It indicated that peatlands have undergone decomposition processes.