bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacogenetic Approach to Tramadol Use in the Arab Population
Authors: Kwon Chan-Hyuk , Ha Min Woo
Published: August 2024

Tramdol is one of most popular opioids used for postoperative analgesia worldwide. Among Arabic countries, there are reports that its dosage is not appropriate due to cultural background. To provide theoretical background of the proper usage of tramadol, this study analyzed the association between several genetic polymorphisms (CYP2D6/OPRM1) and the effect of tramadol. A total of 39 patients who took tramadol for postoperative analgesia were recruited, samples were obtained, and their DNA was extracted for polymerase chain reaction products analysis followed by allelic variations of CYP2D6 and OPRM A118G determination. Numerical pain scales were measured before and 1 h after taking tramadol. The effect of tramadol was defined by the difference between these scales. We concluded that CYP2D6 and OPRM1 A118G single nucleotide polymorphisms may serve as crucial determinants in predicting tramadol efficacy and susceptibility to post-surgical pain. Further validation of personalized prescription practices based on these genetic polymorphisms could provide valuable insights for the development of clinical guidelines tailored to post-surgical tramadol use in the Arabic population.
Glutathione-S-Transferase Theta 2 (GSTT2) Modulates the Response to Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Immunotherapy in Bladder Cancer Patients
Authors: Rahmat Juwita N. , Tham Sin Mun , Ong Ting Li , Lim Yew Koon , Patwardhan Mugdha Vijay , Nee Mani Lata Raman , Kamaraj Revathi , Chan Yiong Huak , Chong Tsung Wen , Chiong Edmund , Esuvaranathan Kesavan , Mahendran Ratha
Published: August 2024

Glutathione-S-transferases (GST) enzymes detoxify xenobiotics and are implicated in response to anticancer therapy. This study evaluated the association of GST theta 1 (GSTT1), GSTT2, and GSTT2B with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) response in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treatment. In vitro assessments of GSTT2 knockout (KO) effects were performed using cell lines and dendritic cells (DCs) from GSTT2KO mice. Deletion of GSTT2B, GSTT1, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of GSTT2 was analysed in patients (n = 205) and healthy controls (n = 150). Silencing GSTT2 expression in MGH cells (GSTT2BFL/FL) resulted in increased BCG survival (p < 0.05) and decreased cellular reactive oxygen species. In our population, there are 24.2% with GSTT2BDel/Del and 24.5% with GSTT2BFL/FL. With ≤ 8 instillations of BCG therapy (n = 51), 12.5% of GSTT2BDel/Del and 53.8% of GSTT2BFL/FL patients had a recurrence (p = 0.041). With ≥9 instillations (n = 153), the disease recurred in 45.5% of GSTT2BDel/Del and 50% of GSTT2BFL/FL. GSTT2FL/FL patients had an increased likelihood of recurrence post-BCG therapy (HR 5.5 [1.87–16.69] p < 0.002). DCs from GSTT2KO mice produced three-fold more IL6 than wild-type DCs, indicating a robust inflammatory response. To summarise, GSTT2BDel/Del patients respond better to less BCG therapy and could be candidates for a reduced surveillance regimen.
Long-Term, Sex-Specific Effects of GCRsim and Gamma Irradiation on the Brains, Hearts, and Kidneys of Mice with Alzheimer’s Disease Mutations
Authors: Varma Curran , Schroeder Maren K. , Price Brittani R. , Khan Khyrul A. , Curty da Costa Ernesto , Hochman-Mendez Camila , Caldarone Barbara J. , Lemere Cynthia A.
Published: August 2024

Understanding the hazards of space radiation is imperative as astronauts begin voyaging on missions with increasing distances from Earth’s protective shield. Previous studies investigating the acute or long-term effects of specific ions comprising space radiation have revealed threats to organs generally considered radioresistant, like the brain, and have shown males to be more vulnerable than their female counterparts. However, astronauts will be exposed to a combination of ions that may result in additive effects differing from those of any one particle species. To better understand this nuance, we irradiated 4-month-old male and female, wild-type and Alzheimer’s-like mice with 0, 0.5, or 0.75 Gy galactic cosmic ray simulation (GCRsim) or 0, 0.75, or 2 Gy gamma radiation (wild-type only). At 11 months, mice underwent brain and heart MRIs or behavioral tests, after which they were euthanized to assess amyloid-beta pathology, heart and kidney gene expression and fibrosis, and plasma cytokines. Although there were no changes in amyloid-beta pathology, we observed many differences in brain MRIs and behavior, including opposite effects of GCRsim on motor coordination in male and female transgenic mice. Additionally, several genes demonstrated persistent changes in the heart and kidney. Overall, we found sex- and genotype-specific, long-term effects of GCRsim and gamma radiation on the brain, heart, and kidney.
Dynamics of Actin Filaments Play an Important Role in Root Hair Growth under Low Potassium Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Li Mingyang , Liu Shihang , Wang Jinshu , Cheng Xin , Diao Chengxuan , Yan Dabo , Gao Yue , Wang Che
Published: August 2024

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for the growth and development of plants. Root hairs are the main parts of plants that absorb K+. The regulation of plant root hair growth in response to a wide range of environmental stresses is crucially associated with the dynamics of actin filaments, and the thick actin bundles at the apical and sub-apical regions are essential for terminating the rapid elongation of root hair cells. However, the dynamics and roles of actin filaments in root hair growth in plants’ response to low K+ stress are not fully understood. Here, we revealed that root hairs grow faster and longer under low K+ stress than the control conditions. Compared to control conditions, the actin filaments in the sub-apex of fast-growing wild-type root hairs were longer and more parallel under low K+ stress, which correlates with an increased root hair growth rate under low K+ stress; the finer actin filaments in the sub-apex of the early fully grown Col-0 root hairs under low K+ stress, which is associated with low K+ stress-induced root hair growth time. Further, Arabidopsis thaliana actin bundling protein Villin1 (VLN1) and Villin4 (VLN4) was inhibited and induced under low K+ stress, respectively. Low K+ stress-inhibited VLN1 led to decreased bundling rate and thick bundle formation in the early fully grown phase. Low K+ stress-induced VLN4 functioned in keeping long filaments in the fast-growing phase. Furthermore, the analysis of genetics pointed out the involvement of VLN1 and VLN4 in the growth of root hairs under the stress of low potassium levels in plants. Our results provide a basis for the dynamics of actin filaments and their molecular regulation mechanisms in root hair growth in response to low K+ stress.
Implementing Clinical Case Discussions to Enhance Clinical Reasoning Skills: A Pilot Study in an Italian Medical School
Authors: Colonnello Valentina , Zodl Aurelia , Agnoletti Davide , Lischeid Kilian , Cimbalnik Lena , Weidenbusch Marc , Fischer Martin R. , De Ponti Fabrizio , Rausch Christian
Published: August 2024

Background: Clinical reasoning (CR) is fundamental in medical education. However, the Italian curriculum has not incorporated a structured CR format yet. Therefore, we introduced the Clinical Case Discussions (CCD), to medical students attending the University of Bologna as a tool for developing CR abilities. CCDs are a case-based peer-teaching format, simulating the diagnostic process using published patient cases. Methods: Students of all clinical years of the University of Bologna Medical School were invited to voluntarily participate in a two-day CCD training program. They completed pre- and post-training questionnaires assessing their expectations before and impressions after the training and comparing learning outcomes to their usual classes. Results: Twenty-one students participated in this pilot program. Before the training, more than half of the participants expressed either interest or a strong interest in all proposed learning objectives. Afterward, 84.6% of the students stated that the training much exceeded (63.5%) or exceeded (23.1%) their expectations considering its utility for their future medical activities. A total of 92.3% strongly agreed (84.6%) or agreed (7.7%) to have improved their CR. Conclusions: Although this pilot program had some intrinsic limitations, the students’ positive feedback on this CCD format (combining the benefits of case-based learning and peer teaching) encourages further research on its potential role in the Italian curriculum.
From Information to Knowledge: A Role for Knowledge Networks in Decision Making and Action Selection
Authors: Kanwal Jagmeet S.
Published: August 2024

The brain receives information via sensory inputs through the peripheral nervous system and stores a small subset as memories within the central nervous system. Short-term, working memory is present in the hippocampus whereas long-term memories are distributed within neural networks throughout the brain. Elegant studies on the mechanisms for memory storage and the neuroeconomic formulation of human decision making have been recognized with Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine and in Economics, respectively. There is a wide gap, however, in our understanding of how memories of disparate bits of information translate into “knowledge”, and the neural mechanisms by which knowledge is used to make decisions. I propose that the conceptualization of a “knowledge network” for the creation, storage and recall of knowledge is critical to start bridging this gap. Knowledge creation involves value-driven contextualization of memories through cross-validation via certainty-seeking behaviors, including rumination or reflection. Knowledge recall, like memory, may occur via oscillatory activity that dynamically links multiple networks. These networks may show correlated activity and interactivity despite their presence within widely separated regions of the nervous system, including the brainstem, spinal cord and gut. The hippocampal–amygdala complex together with the entorhinal and prefrontal cortices are likely components of multiple knowledge networks since they participate in the contextual recall of memories and action selection. Sleep and reflection processes and attentional mechanisms mediated by the habenula are expected to play a key role in knowledge creation and consolidation. Unlike a straightforward test of memory, determining the loci and mechanisms for the storage and recall of knowledge requires the implementation of a naturalistic decision-making paradigm. By formalizing a neuroscientific concept of knowledge networks, we can experimentally test their functionality by recording large-scale neural activity during decision making in awake, naturally behaving animals. These types of studies are difficult but important also for advancing knowledge-driven as opposed to big data-driven models of artificial intelligence. A knowledge network-driven understanding of brain function may have practical implications in other spheres, such as education and the treatment of mental disorders.
The Role of Triglyceride/HDL Ratio, Triglyceride–Glucose Index, and Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value in the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome and Predicting Mortality
Authors: Bilgin Murat , Akkaya Emre , Dokuyucu Recep
Published: August 2024

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the predictive importance of various clinical and laboratory parameters in the differential diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Understanding these predictors is critical for improving diagnostic accuracy, guiding therapeutic decisions, and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes. Methods: The study included a total of 427 patients diagnosed with ACS, comprising 142 with unstable angina, 142 with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and 143 with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The data were collected from medical records of patients treated at a tertiary care hospital between January 2020 and December 2024. In addition to other biochemical parameters, triglyceride/HDL ratio (THR), triglyceride–glucose index (TGI), and Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value (PIV) were calculated and compared. Results: THR, TGI, PIV, and mortality rate were statistically higher in the STEMI group (p = 0.034, p = 0.031, p = 0.022, p = 0.045, respectively). The risk factors were found to be significantly associated with STEMI in the multiple logistic regression analysis and included age, total cholesterol, triglycerides, diabetes mellitus, smoking, cTnI, LVEF, THR, TGI, and PIV. High THR increases the risk of STEMI (AUC = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.62–0.72, p = 0.020). High THR increases the risk of mortality in ACS patients (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.65–0.75, p = 0.004). THRs above 3.5 are associated with higher risk. Sensitivity is 75% and specificity is 60%. High TGI increases the risk of mortality in ACS patients (AUC = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.68–0.78, p = 0.007). TGIs above 8.5 are associated with higher risk. Sensitivity is 78% and specificity is 63%. High PIVs increase the risk of mortality in ACS patients (AUC = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.70–0.80, p = 0.009). PIVs above 370 are associated with higher risk. Sensitivity is 80% and specificity is 65%. The combination of TGI, THR, PIV, and cTnI has the highest predictive capability over individual parameters for STEMI and mortality. Conclusions: We found that age, total cholesterol, triglycerides, cTnI, THR, TGI, and PIV increase, low LVEF, presence of diabetes mellitus, and smoking have predictive values for STEMI and mortality in patients with ACS. Unlike the studies in the literature, this is the first study in which cTnI, THR, TGI, and PIV values were evaluated together in ACS and mortality prediction.
EUS-Guided Vascular Interventions: Recent Advances
Authors: Singh Sahib , Chandan Saurabh , Inamdar Sumant , Kadkhodayan Kambiz S. , Dhar Jahnvi , Samanta Jayanta , Facciorusso Antonio
Published: August 2024

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided vascular interventions were first reported in 2000 in a study that evaluated the utility of EUS in sclerotherapy of esophageal varices. Currently, gastric variceal therapy and portosystemic pressure gradient (PPG) measurements are the most widely utilized applications. Ectopic variceal obliteration, splenic artery embolization, aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm treatment, portal venous sampling, and portosystemic shunt creation using EUS are some of the other emerging interventions. Since the release of the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA)’s commentary in 2023, which primarily endorses EUS-guided gastric variceal therapy and EUS-PPG measurement, several new studies have been published supporting the use of EUS for various vascular conditions. In this review, we present the recent advances in this field, critically appraising new studies and trials.
Clinical Impact of Self-Recognition of Recurrent Acute Myocardial Infarction: From KRMI-RCC
Authors: Kim Kyehwan , Kim Moojun , Seo Chang-Ok , Kim Hangyul , Kim Hye Ree , Kang Min Gyu , Koh Jin-Sin , Park Jeong Rang , Kim Rock Bum , Ryu Dong Ryeol , Lee Jang Hoon , Kim Moo Hyun , Youn Tae-Jin , Hyun Dae Woo , Kim Shin-Jae , Rhee Sang Jae , Park Sang-Don , Hong Young Joon , Lee Jae-Geun , Song Pil Sang , Kim Sang Min , Lee Seung Jin , Hwang Jin-Yong
Published: August 2024

Background/Objectives: Self-recognition of recurrent myocardial infarction (re-MI) may be essential for reducing prehospital time contrast to awareness of re-MI symptoms. However, data on the current status and clinical impact of self-recognition of re-MI are limited in the contemporary period. Thus, this study aimed to increase this body of knowledge. Methods: We enrolled 1018 patients with re-MI using data from the Korean Registry of Acute Myocardial Infarction for Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centres. The patients were classified into self-recognised MI and unrecognised MI groups, and the differences between them were compared. Results: The rate of self-recognition among the patients with previous experience of MI was only 52.4%. Among the patients with re-MI, factors associated with self-recognition included recent first MI within 3 years, prior dyslipidaemia, two or more MI symptoms, and the male gender (p < 0.05). Factors associated with a lack of recognition were older age (≥70 years), prior stroke, and cancer history (p < 0.05). The proportion of symptoms-to-emergency room arrival time within 90 min among the patients with ST-elevation MI was significantly higher in the self-recognised group than in the unrecognised group (52.6% vs. 31.6%, p < 0.001). The self-recognised group showed a lower in-hospital mortality rate (1.5% vs. 6.2%, p < 0.001), and this benefit was maintained even after 1 year (hazard ratio: 0.53; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Only half of the patients who previously experienced a MI recognised a re-MI when it occurred. This recognition reduced prehospital delay and led to higher survival rates, which highlights the importance of patient education as well as objective monitoring devices, irrespective of individual recognition ability for immediate response.
Cognitive Function in Patients with Psychotic and Affective Disorders: Effects of Combining Pharmacotherapy with Cognitive Remediation
Authors: Maihofer Eva I. J. , Sachs Gabriele , Erfurth Andreas
Published: August 2024

Background: Cognitive impairment is a relevant problem in psychiatry and can be well assessed with a cross-diagnostic test such as the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP). The aim of our pilot study is to assess cognitive impairment in acute psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and depression using the German version of the SCIP (SCIP-G). We also investigate whether cognitive dysfunction improves over the course of the inpatient treatment, where patients are offered a combination of pharmacological treatment and cognitive remediation. Methods: A total of 143 adult inpatients were included in the study. Cognitive testing was performed using two different forms of the SCIP-G. All patients received state-of-the-art pharmacotherapy and cognitive remediation using the COGPACK® software package version 6.06. Results: Based on the ICD-10 Criteria for Research, 54 patients were given an F2 diagnosis (schizophrenia and schizotypal and delusional disorders). Thirty-nine patients met the criteria for bipolar disorder (F30 and F31) and fifty for depression (F32 and F33). At baseline, a significant difference was observed between the SCIP total scores of the F2 and F32/33 patients (p < 0.001) and between the F2 and F30/31 groups (p = 0.022). At the second measurement time point, the SCIP total score showed significant improvement in all three groups (p < 0.001), and there was no statistically significant interaction between SCIP total score and diagnostic groups (p = 0.860). Conclusions: Cognitive dysfunction is present in psychiatric disorders and can be easily assessed during an inpatient hospital stay. In our sample, patients with a psychotic disorder were more cognitively impaired at baseline than patients with an affective disorder. Inpatient treatment, consisting of pharmacotherapy and cognitive remediation, improved cognitive deficits. Patients with psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and depression showed similar improvements in cognitive performance.
The Role of Adrenomedullin as a Predictive Marker of the Risk of Death and Adverse Clinical Events: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Sacco Matteo Antonio , Gualtieri Saverio , Cordasco Fabrizio , Tarallo Alessandro Pasquale , Verrina Maria Cristina , Princi Aurora , Bruni Andrea , Garofalo Eugenio , Aquila Isabella
Published: August 2024

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a vasodilatory peptide that plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular health through its various biological functions. ADM was discovered in the acidic extract of human pheochromocytoma tissue and has been recognized for its significant effects on the vascular system. The main functions of ADM include vasodilation, controlling blood pressure and maintaining vascular integrity, although its role on cardiovascular health is broader. Research has shown that elevated levels of adrenomedullin have been observed in a large number of severe diseases, with high risk of death. In this work, we examined the role of ADM as a predictive molecule of the risk of mortality and adverse clinical outcome through a narrative review of the scientific literature. The results were divided based on the pathologies and anatomical districts examined. This review demonstrates how ADM shows, in many diseases and different systems, a close correlation with the risk of mortality. These results prove the value of ADM as a prognostic marker in various clinical contexts and diseases, with utility in the stratification of the risk of clinical worsening and/or death and in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. The results open new perspectives with respect to the concrete possibility that ADM enters clinical practice as an effective diagnostic and prognostic marker of death as well as a molecular target for therapies aimed at patient survival.
Local Antibiotic Infusion in Periprosthetic Joint Infection Following Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Jarusriwanna Atthakorn , Mu Wenbo , Parvizi Javad
Published: August 2024

Local antibiotic infusion has emerged as a promising adjunctive therapy, delivering high concentrations of antibiotics directly to the infection site. This approach aims to enhance eradication of pathogens while minimizing systemic side effects associated with prolonged antibiotic use. This narrative review encompassed 10 articles focused on all three procedures of surgical intervention for periprosthetic joint injection (PJI) following total hip arthroplasty (THA): debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR), single-stage revision arthroplasty, and two-stage revision arthroplasty. Recent studies report success rates ranging from 90 to 100% in patients undergoing DAIR, 82 to 100% in single-stage revision arthroplasty, and 80% in two-stage revision arthroplasty. The adjunctive use of local antibiotic infusion alongside surgical treatment for PJI following THA provides high success rates and is associated with low systemic complications, such as renal toxicity. Further research, particularly high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs), is warranted to validate and refine treatment protocols, ensuring consistent efficacy and safety.
The Value of Mandibular Indices on Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Secondary Causes of Low Bone Mass
Authors: Poiană Ioana Ruxandra , Dobre Ramona , Pițuru Silviu-Mirel , Bucur Alexandru
Published: August 2024

Background: As implant treatment cases increase, many cases of failure/side effects also occur. Generally, dental clinics determine the density of the jawbone using cone beam CT (CBCT). Considering the known potential role of this tool for bone assessment in primary osteoporosis, this study evaluated patients with secondary endocrine causes of low bone mass. Methods: The study included 83 patients with endocrine causes of osteoporosis who were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), trabecular bone score (TBS), and mental foramen (MF) region CBCT. The following CBCT indices were measured: anterior (A)—thickness of inferior mandibular cortex 10 mm anterior from MF; molar (M)—thickness of inferior mandibular cortex 10 mm posterior from MF; posterior (P)—thickness of inferior mandibular cortex 25 mm posterior from MF; symphysis (S)—thickness of inferior mandibular cortex equidistant from the centers of right and left MF. Results: The highest correlation coefficient in the secondary causes group was between the A index and the lumbar BMD (r = 0.375, p = 0.001) and the P index and the femoral neck BMD (r = 0.38, p = 0.001). Hypercortisolism seems to be the most predictable cause of secondary osteoporosis using the A, M, and P indices. The A, M, and P indices showed predictive values of the bone micro-architecture that was evaluated using TBS score, and were statistically significant. The symphysis index does not significantly predict osteoporosis or impaired bone micro-architecture. Conclusions: These findings support the potential usefulness of A, M, and P CBCT-derived radiomorphometric mandibular indices in secondary osteoporosis, underlining the well-known effects of these pathologies on bone micro-architecture rather than bone quantity.
Inhalational Drug Devices: Revisiting the Linchpin of Asthma Management
Authors: Saxena Damini , Murugesan Neveda , Evbayiro Uyioghosa D. , Ngassa Marina K. , Adrish Muhammad
Published: August 2024

Asthma remains a prevalent condition among all age groups globally. First-line treatment requires the delivery of medications into the distal respiratory tract via inhalers. Using appropriate inhaler techniques is a significant challenge in achieving disease control. A variety of inhalers are available for treating asthma, and selecting the appropriate inhaler type for any given patient is crucial to achieving and maintaining symptomatic control. This review will discuss the anatomy and physiology behind drug delivery via inhalers, the types of inhalers currently available for use, nebulizers, and future directions in the delivery of inhaled medications for asthma.
Evaluating the Utility of Clinical Scores APACHE, CURB, SOFA, and NEWS2 at Admission and 5-Days after Symptom Onset in Predicting Severe COVID-19 in Patients with Diabetes
Authors: Ion Radu , Kimidi Jaya Shankar Sai Kumar , Kalapala Chaitanya , FNU Oktrian , Chandrababu Varshika Ramakrishnan , Desireddygari Omprakash Reddy , Grigras Mirela Loredana , Rosca Ovidiu , Bratosin Felix , Cioca Flavius , Timar Romulus , Negrean Rodica Anamaria
Published: August 2024

The elevated risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with diabetes underscores the need for effective predictive tools. This study aimed to assess the predictive accuracy of APACHE II, CURB-65, SOFA, and NEWS2 scores at critical time points in diabetic patients diagnosed with COVID-19, aiming to guide early and potentially life-saving interventions. In a prospective cohort study conducted from January 2021 to December 2023, adult patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were evaluated. Clinical scores were calculated at admission and five days post-symptom onset, with data analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression to determine areas under the curve (AUC) and hazard ratios (HR) for severe outcomes. Among the 141 diabetic patients studied, ROC analysis revealed high AUC values for SOFA (0.771 at admission, 0.873 at day five) and NEWS2 (0.892 at admission, 0.729 at day five), indicating strong predictive accuracy for these scores. The APACHE II score’s AUC improved from 0.698 at admission to 0.806 on day five, reflecting worsening patient conditions. Regression analysis showed significant HRs associated with exceeding threshold scores: The SOFA score HR at day five was 3.07 (95% CI: 2.29–4.12, p < 0.001), indicating a threefold risk of severe outcomes. Similarly, the APACHE II score showed an HR of 2.96 (95% CI: 2.21–3.96, p < 0.001) at day five, highlighting its utility in predicting severe disease progression. The SOFA and NEWS2 scores demonstrated excellent early predictive accuracy for severe COVID-19 outcomes in diabetic patients, with significant AUC and HR findings. Continuous score monitoring, especially of APACHE II and SOFA, is crucial for managing and potentially mitigating severe complications in this vulnerable population. These tools can effectively assist in the timely escalation of care, thus potentially reducing morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Effects of Periarticular Multimodal Drug Injection on Pain Control, Early Mobilization, and Length of Hospital Stay in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Chen Jian-Jiun , Wu Yun-Che , Hung Chuan-Yu , Lee Cheng-Hung , Wang Jun-Sing
Published: August 2024

We investigated the effects of periarticular multimodal drug injection (PMDI) on postoperative pain control, patients’ mobilization, and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We retrospectively enrolled patients who underwent unilateral TKA between 2019 and 2020. The formula for PMDI included 0.5 mL epinephrine (1 mg/mL), 1 mL ketorolac (30 mg/mL), 0.5 mL morphine (10 mg/mL), and 20 mL bupivacaine hydrochloride (5 mg/mL), mixed with 60 mL normal saline. The outcomes of interest included (1) the amount of patient-controlled anesthesia (PCA) consumption in the first 24 h after the surgery, (2) early mobilization within 24 h after the surgery, and (3) the length of hospital stay. A total of 127 patients were analyzed. Compared with patients who did not receive PMDI, those who received PMDI had lower consumption of PCA in the first 24 h (β coefficient −29.9, 95% CI −51.9 to −7.9, p = 0.008), higher odds of early mobilization within 24 h (odds ratio 8.263, 95% CI 3.041 to 22.453, p < 0.001), and shorter length of hospital stay (β coefficient −0.705, 95% CI −1.158 to −0.252, p = 0.003). We suggest that PMDI may be considered for patients undergoing TKA to improve the quality of care and shorten their length of hospital stay.
Performance and Microstructure of Grouting Materials Made from Shield Muck
Authors: Wu Zhenxu , Ye Chaoliang , Cao Fengxu
Published: August 2024

In response to the environmental pollution caused by transportation and accumulation of large-scale shield muck, the on-site reutilization of shield muck is an effective approach. This study explored the feasibility of silty clay muck to prepare muck grout. Through orthogonal experiments, the effects of cement, fly ash, shield muck, admixture, and the water–solid ratio on the fresh properties and mechanical properties of muck grout were studied. The performance prediction model was established Additionally, the intrinsic relationships between the compressive strength and microstructure of shield muck grouting materials were explored through multi-technology microstructural characterization. The results indicate that the content of muck and the water–solid ratio have a greater significant influence on the bleeding ratio, flowability, setting time, and volume shrinkage rate of muck grout compared to other factors. Cement has a greater significant influence on the compressive strength of muck grout than other factors. An optimal mix proportion (12% for cement, 18% for fly ash, 50% for muck, 0.465 for water–solid ratio, 19.5% for river sand, and 0.5% for bentonite) can produce grouting materials that meet performance requirements. The filling effect of cementitious substances and the particle agglomeration effect reduce the internal pores of grouting materials, improving their internal structure and significantly enhancing their compressive strength. Utilizing shield muck as a raw material for shield synchronous grouting is feasible.
Stability and Performance of Commercial Membranes in High-Temperature Organic Flow Batteries
Authors: Van Cauter Chiari J. , Li Yun , Van Herck Sander , Vankelecom Ivo F. J.
Published: August 2024

Redox flow batteries (RFB) often operate at extreme pH conditions and may require cooling to prevent high temperatures. The stability of the battery membranes at these extreme pH-values at high temperatures is still largely unknown. In this paper, a systematic screening of the performance and stability of nine commercial membranes at pH 14 and pH ≤ 0 with temperatures up to 80 °C is conducted in an organic aqueous RFB. Swelling, area resistance, diffusion crossover, battery performance and membrane stability after 40–80 °C temperature treatment are shown, after which a recommendation is made for different user scenarios. The Aquivion E98-05 membrane performed best for both the Tiron/2,7-AQDS battery and the DHPS/Fe(CN)6 battery at 40 mA/cm2, with stable results after 1 week of storage at 80 °C. At 80 mA/cm2, E-620-PE performed best in the DHPS/Fe(CN)6 battery, while Sx-050DK performed best in the Tiron/2,7-AQDS battery.
Experimental Characterization and First-Principles Calculations of Zn Segregation at the β″-Mg5Al2Si4/Al Interfaces in Al-Mg-Si Alloys
Authors: Li Ying , Yu Mingyang , Xiao Wei , Li Yanan , Yan Lizhen , Yu Rui , Li Xiwu , Li Zhihui , Zhang Yongan , Xiong Baiqing
Published: August 2024

In 6000-series Al-Mg-Si alloys, Zn is commonly added to enhance the aging response for improved properties. However, the segregation of Zn to interfaces and its interaction mechanisms with strengthening phases remain unclear. Combining experiments and theoretical calculations, we systematically investigated Zn segregation behavior at the β″/Al interfaces in Al-Mg-Si alloys. Using a modified β″-Mg5Al2Si4 model, we determined that the interface (100)β″//(130)Al has a slightly smaller formation energy of 1.06 kJ/mol, while (001)β″//(3¯20)Al has a relatively smaller interfacial energy of 116 mJ/m2. HAADF-STEM analysis revealed these interfacial morphologies and atomic distributions, showing that Zn atoms not only enter the β″ phase but are also inclined to segregate at the interfaces by occupying the Si3/Al sites. Furthermore, the stability of the β″/Al interfaces and the Zn segregation behavior are well explained at the atomic scale, with calculations showing that stronger hybridization between Zn-3d and Si-3s orbitals facilitates Zn segregation at the interfaces.
Influence of High-Temperature Aggressive Environments on the Durability of Composites Reinforced with Refractory Particles
Authors: Rusinov Peter , Kurapov George , Rusinova Anastasia , Semadeni Maxim , Sereda Polina
Published: August 2024

The problem of increasing heat resistance and corrosion and erosion resistance of gas turbine units in compressor stations was solved through the development of new layered materials containing nanostructured grains. The authors carried out a destruction analysis of gas turbine units in compressor stations. It was shown that after 10–30,000 h of operation, the greatest damage occurred when the gas turbine operated in dusty environments at high temperatures (or in air environments with a high salt content). The developed layered composites include the thermal barrier and functional reinforced nanostructured layers consisting of refractory carbides and oxides. This paper describes the destruction mechanism of gas turbine units under the influence of high-temperature aggressive environments. As a result, a new formation technology for reinforced nanostructured layered composites has been developed. The developed composition makes it possible to increase the heat resistance of materials by approximately 10 times. This significantly increases the reliability and durability of gas turbine units in compressor stations. The structural and mechanical parameters of the layered nanostructured heat-resistant composites have been studied.
Transient Expression Vector Construction, Subcellular Localisation, and Evaluation of Antiviral Potential of Flagellin BP8-2
Authors: Chen Yahan , Zhong Jianxin , Lu Meihuan , Yang Chengde
Published: August 2024

This study used the DNA of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Ba168 as a template to amplify the flagellin BP8-2 gene and ligate it into the fusion expression vector pCAMBIA1300-35S-EGFP after digestion for the construction of the expression vector pCAMBIA1300-EGFP-BP8-2. Next, using Nicotiana benthamiana as receptor material, transient expression was carried out under the mediation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1. Finally, the transient expression and subcellular localisation of flagellin BP8-2 protein were analysed using the imaging of co-transformed GFP under laser confocal microscopy. The results showed that flagellin BP8-2 was localised in the cell membrane and nucleus, and the RT-PCR results showed that the BP8-2 gene could be stably expressed in tobacco leaf cells. Furthermore, there was stronger antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection in Nicotiana glutinosa than in BP8-2 and ningnanmycin, with an inhibitory effect of 75.91%, protective effect of 77.45%, and curative effect of 68.15%. TMV movement and coat protein expression were suppressed, and there was a high expression of PR-1a, PAL, and NPR1 in BP8-2-treated tobacco leaf. These results suggest that flagellin BP8-2 inhibits TMV by inducing resistance. Moreover, BP8-2 has low toxicity and is easily biodegradable and eco-friendly. These results further enrich our understanding of the antiviral mechanisms of proteins and provide alternatives for controlling viral diseases in agriculture.
Rapid Determination of 12 Classes of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Water Samples from Environmental Forensic Cases
Authors: Li Bing , Wang Meihui , Cheng Kuan , Guo Xueyan , Dong Ruyin , Yun Keming , Ma Dong
Published: August 2024

The widespread use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) with different physico–chemical properties poses a great threat to the environment and human health. Simultaneous detection of different classes of PFASs is a difficult task, especially for rapid analysis of polluted water samples in environmental forensic cases. In this study, a simple sample preparation ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry was established for the detection of PFASs in a wide range of water matrices. By optimizing the conditions of pretreatment and the parameters of the instrument, the developed method provided good linearity of calibration standards (R2 > 0.99), and demonstrated excellent MLOQ (0.008–1.2 µg/L), with spiked recoveries ranging from 57.7% to 151% for 47 targets in surface water samples, and from 45.7 to 165% for 46 targets in ground and waste water samples, respectively. This method required an injection volume of 3 µL and an analysis time of only 18 min per sample. The validation method was successfully applied to the analysis of 20 environmental water samples, in which 15 target substances with different concentrations were detected, with total concentrations of 0.082 to 262.455 μg/L. The method is simple and exclusive, and can rapidly confirm the occurrence of PFASs in different water samples, providing a convenient and fast high-throughput analysis, which is especially suitable for the application in the environmental forensic investigation of PFASs pollution.
Artemisinin and Its Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents
Authors: Wen Luan , Chan Ben Chung-Lap , Qiu Ming-Hua , Leung Ping-Chung , Wong Chun-Kwok
Published: August 2024

Artemisinin is a natural sesquiterpene lactone obtained from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Artemisia annua L. (qinghao). Artemisinin and its derivatives share an unusual endoperoxide bridge and are extensively used for malaria treatment worldwide. In addition to antimalarial activities, artemisinin and its derivatives have been reported to exhibit promising anticancer effects in recent decades. In this review, we focused on the research progress of artemisinin and its derivatives with potential anticancer activities. The pharmacological effects, potential mechanisms, and clinical trials in cancer therapy of artemisinin and its derivatives were discussed. This review may facilitate the future exploration of artemisinin and its derivatives as effective anticancer agents.
Penicillides from Penicillium and Talaromyces: Chemical Structures, Occurrence and Bioactivities
Authors: Salvatore Maria Michela , Nicoletti Rosario , Fiorito Filomena , Andolfi Anna
Published: August 2024

Penicillide is the founder product of a class of natural products of fungal origin. Although this compound and its analogues have been identified from taxonomically heterogeneous fungi, they are most frequently and typically reported from the species of Talaromyces and Penicillium. The producing strains have been isolated in various ecological contexts, with a notable proportion of endophytes. The occurrence of penicillides in these plant associates may be indicative of a possible role in defensive mutualism based on their bioactive properties, which are also reviewed in this paper. The interesting finding of penicillides in fruits and seeds of Phyllanthus emblica is introductory to a new ground of investigation in view of assessing whether they are produced by the plant directly or as a result of the biosynthetic capacities of some endophytic associates.
Enhanced Thermal Stability of Conductive Mercury Telluride Colloidal Quantum Dot Thin Films Using Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Malachosky Edward W. , Ackerman Matthew M. , Stan Liliana
Published: August 2024

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are valuable for their potential applications in optoelectronic devices. However, they are susceptible to thermal degradation during processing and while in use. Mitigating thermally induced sintering, which leads to absorption spectrum broadening and undesirable changes to thin film electrical properties, is necessary for the reliable design and manufacture of CQD-based optoelectronics. Here, low-temperature metal–oxide atomic layer deposition (ALD) was investigated as a method for mitigating sintering while preserving the optoelectronic properties of mercury telluride (HgTe) CQD films. ALD-coated films are subjected to temperatures up to 160 °C for up to 5 h and alumina (Al2O3) is found to be most effective at preserving the optical properties, demonstrating the feasibility of metal–oxide in-filling to protect against sintering. HgTe CQD film electrical properties were investigated before and after alumina ALD in-filling, which was found to increase the p-type doping and hole mobility of the films. The magnitude of these effects depended on the conditions used to prepare the HgTe CQDs. With further investigation into the interaction effects of CQD and ALD process factors, these results may be used to guide the design of CQD–ALD materials for their practical integration into useful optoelectronic devices.
Substrate Charge Transfer Induced Ferromagnetism in MnSe/SrTiO3 Ultrathin Films
Authors: Huang Chun-Hao , Gantepogu Chandra Shekar , Chen Peng-Jen , Wu Ting-Hsuan , Liu Wei-Rein , Lin Kung-Hsuan , Chen Chi-Liang , Lee Ting-Kuo , Wang Ming-Jye , Wu Maw-Kuen
Published: August 2024

The observation of superconductivity in MnSe at 12 GPa motivated us to investigate whether superconductivity could be induced in MnSe at ambient conditions. A strain-induced structural change in the ultrathin film could be one route to the emergence of superconductivity. In this report, we present the physical property of MnSe ultrathin films, which become tetragonal (stretched ab-plane and shortened c-axis) on a (001) SrTiO3 (STO) substrate, prepared by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The physical properties of the tetragonal MnSe ultrathin films exhibit very different characteristics from those of the thick films and polycrystalline samples. The tetragonal MnSe films show substantial conductivity enhancement, which could be associated with the presence of superparamagnetism. The optical absorption data indicate that the electron transition through the indirect bandgap to the conduction band is significantly enhanced in tetragonal MnSe. Furthermore, the X-ray Mn L-edge absorption results also reveal an increase in unoccupied state valance bands. This theoretical study suggests that charge transfer from the substrate plays an important role in conductivity enhancement and the emergence of a ferromagnetic order that leads to superparamagnetism.
WS2 with Controllable Layer Number Grown Directly on W Film
Authors: Zhang Yuxin , Feng Shiyi , Guo Jin , Tao Rong , Liu Zhixuan , He Xiangyi , Wang Guoxia , Wang Yue
Published: August 2024

As a layered material with single/multi-atom thickness, two-dimensional transition metal sulfide WS2 has attracted extensive attention in the field of science for its excellent physical, chemical, optical, and electrical properties. The photoelectric properties of WS2 are even more promising than graphene. However, there are many existing preparation methods for WS2, but few reports on its direct growth on tungsten films. Therefore, this paper studies its preparation method and proposes an innovative two-dimensional material preparation method to grow large-sized WS2 with higher quality on metal film. In this experiment, it was found that the reaction temperature could regulate the growth direction of WS2. When the temperature was below 950 °C, the film showed horizontal growth, while when the temperature was above 1000 °C, the film showed vertical growth. At the same time, through Raman and band gap measurements, it is found that the different thicknesses of precursor film will lead to a difference in the number of layers of WS2. The number of layers of WS2 can be controlled by adjusting the thickness of the precursor.
The Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Nutritional Supplementation in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials
Authors: Schuldesz Amanda Claudia , Tudor Raluca , Nandarge Prashant Sunil , Elagez Ahmed , Cornea Amalia , Ion Radu , Bratosin Felix , Prodan Mihaela , Simu Mihaela
Published: August 2024

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, debilitating neurological condition for which current treatments often focus on managing symptoms without curing the underlying disease. Recent studies have suggested that dietary supplements could potentially modify disease progression and enhance quality of life. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a dietary supplement in patients with MS, with a specific focus on its impact on disease progression, symptom management, and overall quality of life. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, utilizing an exhaustive search across the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to 23 February 2024. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials. Nine clinical trials involving 318 participants were analyzed, with dosages ranging from 600 mg to 1200 mg of EGCG daily, although most studies had only a 4-month follow-up period. Results indicated that EGCG supplementation, particularly when combined with coconut oil, led to significant improvements in metabolic health markers and functional abilities such as gait speed and balance. One trial observed significant improvements in the Berg balance scale score from an average of 49 to 52 after four months of treatment with 800 mg of EGCG daily. Additionally, interleukin-6 levels significantly decreased, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects. Measures of quality of life such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale showed significant improvements after EGCG supplementation. However, primary outcomes like disease progression measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of lesion activities showed minimal or no significant changes across most studies. EGCG supplementation appears to provide certain symptomatic and functional benefits in MS patients, particularly in terms of metabolic health and physical functionality. However, it does not significantly impact the primary disease progression markers such as EDSS scores and MRI lesions. These findings underscore the potential of EGCG as a supportive treatment in MS management, though its role in altering disease progression remains unclear. Future research should focus on long-term effects and optimal dosing to further elucidate its therapeutic potential.