bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Palindrome Dual PPARγ‐GPR40 Agonists for Treating Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Luévano Ana , Almanza‐Pérez Julio C. , Ortiz‐Andrade Rolffy , Lara‐González Samuel , Santillán Rosa , Navarrete‐Vázquez Gabriel , Giacoman‐Martínez Abraham , Lazzarini‐Lechuga Roberto C. , Bautista Elihú , Hidalgo‐Figueroa Sergio
Published: September 2024

This work describes a first attempt of palindromic design for dual compounds that act simultaneously on peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and G‐protein‐coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The compounds were synthesized by multi‐step chemical reactions and the relative mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, GPR40, and GLUT‐4 were measured in cultured C2 C12 muscle cells and RIN‐m5 f β‐pancreatic cells. In addition, insulin secretion and GLUT‐4 translocation were measured. Compound 2 displayed a moderate increase in the mRNA expression of PPARγ and GPR40. However, the translocation of the GLUT‐4 transporter was 400 % with a similar effect to pioglitazone. The in vivo effect of compound 2 was determined at 25 mg/kg single dose using a normoglycemic and non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) rat models. Compound 2 showed basal plasma glucose in diabetic rats with feed intake, which is associated with the moderate release of insulin measured in cells. Surprisingly, the glucose does not decrease in normoglycemic rats. Compound 2 maintained significant interactions with the GPR40 and PPARγ receptors during molecular dynamics. Altogether, the results demonstrate that compound 2, with a palindromic design, simultaneously activates PPARγ and GPR40 receptors without inducing hypoglycemia.
Role of the Quantum Interactions in H2 Adsorption on Late Transition Metal Chelated Linkers of Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Joshi Himani , Pakhira Srimanta
Published: September 2024

Transition metal (Tm) chelation is an effective strategy to achieve optimal binding enthalpy (▵H) of H2‐adsorption in the linkers of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The first principle‐based DFT method has been implemented to determine the H2 adsorption in nine organic linkers chelated with transition metal atoms from Cr to Zn. The obtained range of binding enthalpy for single H2 adsorbed on the pure and chelated complexes is −7 to −20 kJ/mol, which is required for onboard H2 storage. The Linker‐3 chelated with Ni (II) metal exhibits the most favorable binding enthalpy of approximately −18.72 kJ/mol for the single adsorbed H2 molecule, which falls within the physisorption range. Some of the complexes have shown the binding enthalpy range between physisorption and chemisorption, i. e., in that case, H2 binds via Kubas interactions. However, physisorption‐based complexes are preferable to others because physisorption is a reversible process with rapid kinetics. This study reveals that the dispersion, polarization, and electrostatic interactions mainly contribute to the binding enthalpy of H2 adsorption. Molecular surface potential analysis verifies the origin of induced dipole moment in the H2 molecule, which enhances the hydrogen adsorption in transition metal chelated COFs.
Enhanced active disturbance rejection speed controller for permanent magnet synchronous motors using virtual friction feedback technique
Authors: Dong Dingfeng , Huang Wenxin , Zhu Shanfeng , Bu Feifei
Published: September 2024

Active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) has been widely promoted in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives for its simple design and remarkable anti‐disturbance characteristics. To further improve the control performance, a variety of advanced ADRC schemes have been proposed in recent years. However, the majority of them focused on constructing more complicated extended state observers (ESOs) while ignoring the utilization of state feedback. Motivated by the above issue, this article proposes an enhanced virtual friction ADR speed controller (VFADRC). It is distinguished by the simpler structure compared with other ADRC schemes. Besides, the introduced zero in disturbance rejection function of VFADRC contributes to the preferable anti‐disturbance response. Moreover, the enhanced configuration of VFADRC proposed in the article further improves the speed dynamics and robustness to inertia variations. Both the theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the excellent performance of the proposed ADR controller.
Prediction factors and models for chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review of the literature
Authors: Yang Yan , Yang Bixia , Wang Bin , Zhou Hua , Yang Min , Liu Bicheng
Published: September 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a major chronic disease seriously affecting human health. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for about 90% of DM patients, which is the largest type. Approximately 25–35% of T2DM patients develop kidney disease, which not only impacts the survival rate and quality of life but also, to the family and society, are of great economic burden. Early identification of high‐risk T2DM patients with kidney disease is crucial for initiating targeted prevention and treatment measures in time to reduce or delay the occurrence and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Previous studies have identified a variety of clinical predictors for the progression of renal function in T2DM patients, including proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, blood glucose, blood pressure, serum uric acid, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, duration of DM, age, gender, race, family history of DM, and diabetic retinopathy. Clinical prediction models based on conventional clinical indicators are instrumental in evaluating the risk of kidney disease in T2DM patients, assisting in patient risk stratification. This article systematically reviews the clinical prediction factors and prediction models associated with the progression of renal function in T2DM patients, providing a comprehensive and current reference for improved clinical assessment of the risk of renal function progression.
PRP, Exosomes, and Stem Cells: An International Perspective
Authors: Singh Nupur , Brown Angela N. , Gold Michael H.
Published: September 2024

Background

Regenerative medicine is a novel, developing field centered on efforts to repurpose the body's own molecular makeup to target specific problems. Specifically, the use of stem cells, platelet‐rich plasma, and exosomes is rapidly expanding. Internationally, there remain different guidelines and a variety of medical uses, encouraging an exploration into the medical and cosmetic benefits offered.

Aims

This study aims to investigate current literature on the international perspectives of PRP, stem cells, and exosomes to present a global review on how these are obtained and utilized.

Methods

A literature search was conducted on PubMed reviewing PRP, exosomes, and stem cells, among other related topics, and their applications in medical, pharmacologic, and dermatologic fields. Research produced by various global regions was examined to identify similarities and differences.

Results

Stem cells have been successfully implemented in the oncology and dermatology realms as a result of their plasticity and ability to quickly replicate and divide. Platelet‐rich plasma is of strong interest due to platelets' extracellular vesicles and their unmatched abilities. Exosomes are actively being studied in the fields of neurology and rheumatology, among others. International guidelines are reviewed based on regulations of these materials. Potential ethical barriers of isolation and source utilization are explored.

Conclusions

The perspectives and findings considered here stress the potential expanding uses of PRP, stem cells, and exosomes on a global scale. We highlight the need for further clinical studies and international collaboration among varying guidelines to best utilize these tools in the field of dermatology and medicine.
Enhanced Insulin Secretion Through Upregulation of Transcription Factors by Hydroalcoholic Extract of Securigera securidaca Seeds in Diabetic Animal Model
Authors: Hasani Maryam , Abbasi‐Oshaghi Ebrahim , Khomari Fatemeh , Kiani Bahar , Mirzaei Fatemeh , Alipourfard Iraj , Khodadadi Iraj , Tayebinia Heydar , Babaei Mohammad , Alizadeh‐Fanalou Shahin , Bahreini Elham
Published: September 2024

Aim

In previous studies, the researchers observed an increase in insulin secretion in STZ‐treated diabetic rats following treatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of Securigera securidaca (HESS) seeds. This study focuses on the relationship between the antioxidant properties of HESS with changes in diabetic pancreatic tissue and the gene expression of factors that impact insulin secretion.

Methods

In this controlled experimental study, three varying doses of HESS were administered to three groups of diabetic rats induced by STZ. Oxidative stress indicators like total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS) and malondialdehyde were assessed in both pancreatic and liver tissues. Pancreatic histology was studied post‐haematoxylin staining. Insulin and FGF21 levels in the blood were measured using the ELISA method. The expression of Nrf2 and FGF21 genes in the pancreas and liver, along with MafA and PDX‐1 genes in the pancreas, was quantified using real‐time PCR.

Results

The administration of HESS in varying doses led to a dose‐dependent rise in blood insulin levels and a decrease in blood glucose levels and oxidative stress. By reducing oxidative stress, HESS treatment lowered the heightened levels of NRF2 and FGF21 in the liver and pancreas of diabetic rats, improving pancreatic tissue health. As oxidative stress decreased, the expression of MafA and PDX1 genes in the pancreas approached levels seen in healthy rats.

Conclusion

HESS elicits an increase in insulin secretion through the mitigation of oxidative stress and tissue damage, as well as the modulation of gene expression related to the insulin transcription factors PDX‐1 and MafA.
Myocardial viability assessment during Impella support with 18‐fluorodesoxyglucose PET imaging
Authors: Baldetti Luca , Busnardo Elena , Pazzanese Vittorio , Ricchetti Gianluca , Barone Giuseppe , Sacchi Stefania , Calvo Francesco , Gramegna Mario , Pieri Marina , Ingallina Giacomo , Camici Paolo Guido , Ajello Silvia , Scandroglio Anna Mara
Published: September 2024

Formal assessment of myocardial viability (MV) is challenging in acute myocardial infarction‐related cardiogenic shock (AMI‐CS) patients receiving Impella mechanical circulatory support, as the cardiac magnetic resonance gold standard technique is not feasible due to the metallic components of the device. 18‐fluorodesoxyglucose metabolic myocardial positron emission tomography (18FDG‐PET) may represent a valid and feasible alternative to obtain semi‐quantitative and objective evidence of MV during Impella support. We hereby report the first series of sequential AMI‐CS patients who received 18FDG‐PET scanning to assess MV during Impella support to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of this approach. In this cohort no adverse events occurred during 18FDG‐PET scans, and all images were of excellent quality. This study provides a pragmatic guidance on how to perform this imaging modality during Impella support and finally confirms the safety and feasibility of this advanced imaging method also in this vulnerable cohort of patients.
Correlation between coronary calcification and cardiac structure in non‐dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Rao Siyi , Weng Mengjie , Lian Ruoshan , Zhuo Yongjie , Lin Jiaqun , You Danyu , Cui Jiong , Chen Yi , Wan Jianxin
Published: September 2024

Aims

We aim to explore the correlation between coronary artery calcification (CAC) score (CACS) and cardiac structure and function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, create a clinical prediction model for severe CAC associated with cardiac ultrasound indexes.

Methods and results

The study included 178 non‐dialysis CKD patients who underwent CACS testing and collected general information, serological indices, cardiac ultrasound findings and follow‐up on renal function, heart failure (HF) manifestations and re‐hospitalization. The mean age of participants in the study cohort was 67.4 years; 59% were male, and 66.9% of patients had varying degrees of comorbid CAC. CKD patients with CACS > 100 were older, predominantly male and had a higher proportion of smoking, diabetes and hypertension (P < 0.05) compared with those with CACS = 0 and 0 < CACS ≤ 100, and had higher brain natriuretic peptide, serum magnesium and fibrinogen levels were also higher (P < 0.05). CACS was positively correlated with left atrial inner diameter (LAD), left ventricular end‐diastolic inner diameter (LVDd), left ventricular volume at diastole (LVVd), output per beat (SV) and mitral orifice early diastolic blood flow velocity/early mitral annular diastolic myocardial motion velocity (E/e) (P < 0.05). We tested the associations between varying degrees of CAC and HF and heart valve calcification using multivariable‐adjusted regression models. The risk of HF in patients with severe CAC was about 1.95 times higher than that in patients without coronary calcification, and the risk of heart valve calcification was 2.46 times higher than that in patients without coronary calcification. Heart valve calcification and HF diagnosis, LAD and LVDd are essential in predicting severe CAC. During a mean follow‐up time of 18.26 ± 10.17 months, 65 (36.52%) patients had a composite renal endpoint event, of which 36 (20.22%) were admitted to renal replacement therapy. Patients with severe CAC had a higher risk of progression of renal function, re‐admission due to cardiovascular and renal events and more pronounced symptoms of HF (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

There is a correlation between CACS and cardiac structure and function in non‐dialysis CKD patients, which may mainly involve abnormalities in left ventricular structure and cardiac diastolic function. CAC may affect renal prognosis and quality of survival in CKD patients. Based on clinical information, HF, valvular calcification status and indicators related to left ventricular hypertrophy can identify people at risk for severe CAC.
Prevalence and characteristics of upfront diuretic resistance in acute heart failure: The P‐Value‐AHF study
Authors: Baumberger Julia , Dinges Sabine , Lupi Eleonora , Wolters Thomas , Stüssi‐Helbling Melina , Cippà Pietro E. , Bellasi Antonio , Huber Lars C. , Arrigo Mattia
Published: September 2024

Aims

Diuretic resistance (i.e., insufficient diuretic and natriuretic response to an appropriate dose of intravenously administered loop diuretic) is a major cause of insufficient decongestion in acute heart failure (AHF). Early assessment of diuretic and natriuretic response already after the first administration of loop diuretic is currently recommended, but few data exist on the prevalence and characteristics of upfront diuretic resistance in AHF. The aim of this sub‐study of the P‐Value‐AHF randomized clinical trial was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of upfront diuretic resistance in patients presenting with AHF in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

Consecutive patients presenting with a clinical diagnosis of AHF, ≥1 sign of congestion, and NT‐proBNP >1000 ng/L between February and June 2024 were prospectively screened. Loop diuretics were administered per protocol: 40 mg furosemide i.v. in diuretic‐naïve patients and those on oral torasemide <40 mg, 80 mg furosemide i.v. in patients on oral torasemide ≥40 mg daily. Urine output was measured over the following 2 h and in patients with urine volume <300 mL, urine sodium concentration was additionally measured in a spot sample. Upfront diuretic resistance was defined as urine volume <300 mL in 2 h and urine sodium concentration <70 mmol/L.

Results

From a total of 127 screened AHF patients presenting to the ED, 17 subjects were excluded after denial of informed consent and 17 could not be treated according to the protocol due to one or more exclusion criteria. Of the remaining 93 per‐protocol‐treated patients, 91 showed an adequate diuretic response either in terms of urine volume or urine sodium concentration. Only two of 93 patients (2.2%) met the criteria of upfront diuretic resistance. In a post‐hoc analysis, patients with diuretic resistance had higher prevalence of chronic kidney or liver diseases, markedly lower blood pressure and heart rate, markedly higher serum creatinine and potassium levels, and lower serum sodium. Notably, clinical signs of congestion, circulating NT‐proBNP, and left‐ventricular ejection fraction were similar in both groups.

Conclusions

Upfront diuretic resistance in an unselected population of AHF patients presenting to the ED affects only a minority of patients. These data highlight the importance of a standardized, protocolized approach to decongestive treatment in AHF, which includes the rapid administration of loop diuretics in an adequate dose. Pre‐existing chronic kidney disease and high creatinine levels were more prevalent in patients with diuretic resistance.
Real world experience in effect of torsemide vs. furosemide after discharge in patients with HFpEF
Authors: Li Xiao , Si Jinping , Liu Ying , Xu Danyan
Published: September 2024

Aims

Few studies have focused on the effect of torsemide versus furosemide after discharge on prognosis in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This single‐centre retrospective real‐world study was conducted to evaluate the effect of torsemide versus furosemide after discharge on all‐cause mortality and rehospitalization for heart failure in patients with HFpEF.

Methods

Consecutive patients who were diagnosis with HFpEF after discharge between January 2015 and April 2018 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University and who had been treated with torsemide or furosemide were included in this study. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. The second outcome was rehospitalization for heart failure.

Results

A total of 445 patients (mean age 68.56 ± 8.07, female 55%) were divided into the torsemide group (N = 258) or furosemide group (N = 187) based on the treatment course at discharge from the hospital. During a mean follow‐up of 87.67 ± 11.15 months, death occurred in 68 of 258 patients (26.36%) in the torsemide group and 60 of 187 patients (30.09%) in the furosemide group [hazard ratio (HR) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57–1.15, P = 0.239]. Rehospitalization for heart failure occurred in 111 of 258 patients (43.02%) in the torsemide groups and 110 of 187 patients (58.82%) in the furosemide group (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49–0.85, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Compared with furosemide, torsemide did not significantly reduce all‐cause mortality, but there was association between torsemide and reduced rehospitalization for heart failure in patients with HFpEF.
Development and validation of a machine learning‐based approach to identify high‐risk diabetic cardiomyopathy phenotype
Authors: Segar Matthew W. , Usman Muhammad Shariq , Patel Kershaw V. , Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Butler Javed , Manjunath Lakshman , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Verma Subodh , Willett DuWayne , Kao David , Januzzi James L. , Pandey Ambarish
Published: September 2024

Aims

Abnormalities in specific echocardiographic parameters and cardiac biomarkers have been reported among individuals with diabetes. However, a comprehensive characterization of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM), a subclinical stage of myocardial abnormalities that precede the development of clinical heart failure (HF), is lacking. In this study, we developed and validated a machine learning‐based clustering approach to identify the high‐risk DbCM phenotype based on echocardiographic and cardiac biomarker parameters.

Methods and results

Among individuals with diabetes from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort who were free of cardiovascular disease and other potential aetiologies of cardiomyopathy (training, n = 1199), unsupervised hierarchical clustering was performed using echocardiographic parameters and cardiac biomarkers of neurohormonal stress and chronic myocardial injury (total 25 variables). The high‐risk DbCM phenotype was identified based on the incidence of HF on follow‐up. A deep neural network (DeepNN) classifier was developed to predict DbCM in the ARIC training cohort and validated in an external community‐based cohort (Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS]; n = 802) and an electronic health record (EHR) cohort (n = 5071). Clustering identified three phenogroups in the derivation cohort. Phenogroup‐3 (n = 324, 27% of the cohort) had significantly higher 5‐year HF incidence than other phenogroups (12.1% vs. 4.6% [phenogroup 2] vs. 3.1% [phenogroup 1]) and was identified as the high‐risk DbCM phenotype. The key echocardiographic predictors of high‐risk DbCM phenotype were higher NT‐proBNP levels, increased left ventricular mass and left atrial size, and worse diastolic function. In the CHS and University of Texas (UT) Southwestern EHR validation cohorts, the DeepNN classifier identified 16% and 29% of participants with DbCM, respectively. Participants with (vs. without) high‐risk DbCM phenotype in the external validation cohorts had a significantly higher incidence of HF (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.61 [1.18–2.19] in CHS and 1.34 [1.08–1.65] in the UT Southwestern EHR cohort).

Conclusion

Machine learning‐based techniques may identify 16% to 29% of individuals with diabetes as having a high‐risk DbCM phenotype who may benefit from more aggressive implementation of HF preventive strategies.
Trispyrazolyl Borate Iron Thiolate Complexes and the Dependence of their O2‐Reactivity on the Reaction Space
Authors: Weißer Kilian , Cula Beatrice , Limberg Christian
Published: September 2024

The work presented here investigates whether the TpMesFe+ moiety, which had been previously found to mediate the dioxygenation of cysteine and cysteamine, can do the same with simple thiols, which are not functionalized by an amine group. Accordingly, the complexes TpMesFeSR (R=Ph, iPr) were synthesized and after full characterization exposed to O2. They were found to react unselectively to yield sulfinates, disulfides, and thiosulfones as products. The sulfinate complex TpMesFeO2S‐p‐Tol was prepared independently and found to be air‐stable, suggesting that the additional products are not formed via overoxidation or subsequent reactions of coordinated sulfinate product. To investigate whether the larger reaction space, opened up due to the missing amine donor is responsible, a Tp‐ligand functionalized by a pyridyl donor was employed. A corresponding Tp‐iron(II) chlorido complex was prepared and converted through salt metathesis reactions into the respective thiolate analogues, which were fully characterized and structurally authenticated. However, subsequent O2 reactivity studies did not show an improved selectivity. The reason may lie in a more open reaction pocket in combination with an electronic situation which is less ideal than in case of TpMesFe(cysteamine).
CuI/CuII Chiral Homoleptic Complexes: Study of Self‐Recognition and Self‐Discrimination
Authors: Dussart Caitlyn , Bonnefont Antoine , Bellemin‐Laponnaz Stéphane
Published: September 2024

The formation of ML2 homoleptic copper(I) and copper(II) complexes from bidentate chiral ligands with C2 symmetry, comprising three types of substituents (namely benzyl, indanyl and phenyl groups), was investigated. The formation of homochiral or heterochiral complexes can be influenced by the nature of the substituents and the geometry induced by the oxidation state of the metal. All the complexes were isolated and characterized, in particular in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction studies. In solution, cyclic voltammetry was used to study ligand association and discrimination induced by the CuI/CuII transition.
Self‐Calibrating Copper‐Based Metal Organic Frameworks for Ratiometric Electrochemical Sensing of Creatinine
Authors: Alanazi Ahmed Z. , Alhazzani Khalid , Ali Al‐Montaser Bellah H. , Darweesh Mahmoud , Ibrahim Hossieny , El‐Wekil Mohamed M
Published: September 2024

Nanostructures that can undergo redox reactions have significant potential for electrochemical analysis. They can act as signal amplifiers to determine concentrations of targets in biological samples. In this work, a rational combination of electroactive copper‐based metal‐organic frameworks (Cu‐MOFs) and ferrocene carboxylic acid (Fc) was designed for ratiometric electrochemical detection of creatinine. The synthesized Fc@Cu‐MOFs exhibited two redox signals from the Cu2+/Cu+ and Fe3+/Fe2+ systems in the skeleton of Cu‐MOFs and Fc, respectively. In the presence of chloride (Cl−), the oxidation current of Cu+ increased due to formation of solid‐state cuprous chloride (CuCl). Adding strong Cu+ chelators, e. g. creatinine, coordinated with Cu+ and caused the current output of solid‐state CuCl to decrease significantly. The anodic current of Fc did not appreciably change, serving as an internal reference signal. The ratiometric responses (ICu(I)/IFc) changed with increasing concentrations of creatinine from 0.017–130 μM with a detection limit (S/N=3) of 0.005 μM. The main advantages of Fc@Cu‐MOFs are the low LOD, high selectivity, and reliability, making it a suitable platform for determining creatinine in human serum and urine samples. The as‐fabricated sensor is a reliable approach for determining (bio) molecules that can form stable complexes with Cu+ ions.
Enhancing fire safety and thermal performance: Wood composites with bio‐based phase change materials and fire retardants for building applications
Authors: Grzybek Jakub , Nazari Meysam , Jebrane Mohamed , Terziev Nasko , Petutschnigg Alexander , Schnabel Thomas
Published: September 2024

This work explores the elaboration of wood particle‐based composites incorporating bio‐based phase change materials, with epoxidized linseed oil or clay as a binder. Fire performance evaluation of the novel composites includes an assessment to determine the impact of the addition of boric acid as a fire retardant, as well as the incorporation of recycled paper fibres containing boric acid, and the application of trimethoxymethylsilane coating. The study employs thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry under uniform external irradiance, with a T‐history method to analyse thermal behaviour. Results indicated that fire retardants do not compromise the energy functionality of bio‐based phase change material composites, exhibiting a latent heat of approximately 50 J/g. The density ranges from 750 to 875 kg/m3. The use of clay as a binder improves fire performance, leading to a 60% decrease in total heat release and 52% of the composite mass remaining after analysis. Although enhancing fire performance presents challenges, incorporating wood particles in clay demonstrates a promising potential approach for safe use in building applications, contributing to energy efficiency in indoor heating and cooling. The findings contribute valuable insights into these materials for creating safer and more efficient building solutions, particularly in terms of thermal regulation and fire safety.
Effect of varying dietary fatty acid patterns on early‐life food allergy in rats
Authors: Liu Manman , Chen Cheng , Wang Junjuan , Han Shiwen , Duan Sufang , Li Fang , Man‐Yau Szeto Ignatius , Liu Yali , Che Huilian , Liu Changqi
Published: September 2024

The prevalence of food allergies is increasing worldwide, affecting approximately 8% of children. Food allergies that develop early in life can persist throughout an individual's life. Dietary patterns, particularly those involving fatty acids (FAs), play an important role in the regulation of immune cells, thereby affecting the development of food allergies. Aimed to investigate the effects of different FA patterns on food allergies, this study established a sensitised infant rat model and fed it with feeds containing different types of FAs. We then assessed the clinical allergy symptoms, immune balance, and gut microbiota. Our animal allergy model revealed that diets rich in specific FAs exerted different regulatory effects on food allergies. Notably, n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on food allergies, accompanied by a reduction in allergy symptoms, lower serum antibody levels, and modulation of T cell differentiation. By contrast, high levels of medium‐chain FAs promoted the occurrence and progression of food allergies. In addition, various dietary FA patterns have varying impacts on the gut microbiota, influencing overall diversity, microbial composition, and function. N‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs may be associated with a significant increase in the copy number of 15‐cis‐phytoene synthase in the intestinal flora. These findings suggest that dietary intake of different FAs during early life can affect an individual's susceptibility to food allergies by shaping the gut microbiota, which may offer a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of food allergies.
Do longer job hours matter for maternal mental health? A longitudinal analysis of single versus partnered mothers
Authors: Simpson Julija , Wildman John , Bambra Clare , Brown Heather
Published: September 2024

Over the past decade, single mothers have experienced increasing work requirements both in the UK and in other developed countries. Our aim was to examine if increasing job hours are associated with mental health of single mothers compared to partnered mothers. Using 13 waves of the Understanding Society Survey (2009–2023), we estimated the relationship between changing job hours and mental health using difference‐in‐difference event study design, accounting for differential treatment effects across time and individuals. We also investigated the role of potential mechanisms, including role strain and additional income. Our findings suggest that increasing job hours from part‐time to full‐time is associated with an instantaneous decrease in mental health of 0.19 standard deviations for single mothers [95% CI: −0.37;−0.01], with no effect for partnered mothers. Further analyses suggest increased role strain for single mothers as a mechanism helping explain these differences. The negative effects of increasing job hours and increased role strain should be considered when developing future welfare policies for single mothers, to ensure that greater work requirements do not undermine the mental health of the already vulnerable population group.
COVID‐19‐induced granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A case report of a 16‐year‐old East Asian and literature review
Authors: Jiang Rong , Zhou Haibo , Wen Long , Kong Xianglong , Zhou Zhiguo
Published: September 2024

Objective

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV) is divided into granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis, and eosinophilic GPA. It is one of the most severe and potentially fatal autoimmune inflammatory conditions. The etiology and pathology of AAV are complex and poorly understood. Since the onset of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, numerous reports have documented GPA cases following COVID‐19, suggesting a potential link between COVID‐19 and the development of GPA. This case report discusses a 16‐year‐old East Asian boy who developed GPA with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage after contracting COVID‐19. Additionally, a literature review was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of this disorder.

Methods

The study involved a retrospective analysis of the data of a case of GPA post‐COVID‐19 infection, aiming to summarize the clinical characteristics of GPA post‐COVID‐19 infection through a search of databases (PubMed, Wanfang Data, and CNKI), supplemented by standard searches in Google Scholar, Cochrane, Scopus, and LitCovid, and to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the literature.

Results

A total of 12 cases were identified and, when combined with the present case, yielded 13 cases of GPA post‐COVID‐19 infection, comprising 5 males and 8 females with an average age of (40.6 ± 19.5) years. The interval between COVID‐19 infection and the diagnosis of GPA varied from 1 day to 3 months across all cases. Mortality was reported at 7.7% (1/13). The most common clinical manifestations included cough (69.2%) and dyspnea (46.1%). Computed tomography scans revealed ground‐glass opacities and multifocal pulmonary nodules. In all cases, positive findings for c‐ANCA and protease 3‐antibody were observed. Renal involvement was observed in more than half of the patients.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Rv2652c enhances intracellular survival by inhibiting host immune responses
Authors: Li Jihong , Dou Yafeng
Published: September 2024

Backgrounds

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen responsible for tuberculosis, secretes a multitude of proteins that modulate the host's immune response to ensure its own persistence. The region of difference (RD) genes encoding proteins play key roles in TB immunity and pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the roles of the majority of RD‐encoded proteins remain to be elucidated.

Objects

To elucidate the role of Rv2652c located in RD13 in Mtb on bacterial growth, bacterial survival, and host immune response.

Methods

We constructed the strain MS_Rv2652c which over‐expresses Mtb RD‐encoding protein Rv2652c in M. smegmatis (MS), and compared it with the wild strain in the bacterial growth, bacterial survival, virulence of Rv2652c, and determined the effect of MS_Rv2652c on host immune response in macrophages.

Results

Rv2652c protein is located at cell wall of MS_Rv2652c strain and also an integral component of the Mtb H37Rv cell wall. Rv2652c can enhance the resistance of recombinant MS to various stressors. Moreover, Rv2652c inhibits host proinflammatory responses via modulation of the NF‐κB pathway, thereby promoting Mtb survival in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that cell wall protein Rv2652c plays an important role in creating a favorable environment for bacterial survival by modulating host signals and could be established as a potential TB drug target.
Ferret reproductive control: what are we supposed to do now?
Authors: Ash Louise
Published: September 2024

Background: Ferrets (Mustello furo) are an increasingly popular pet in the UK, and with this rise in popularity comes a greater need for the general practitioner to be familiar with the basic care of this species. Reproductive control in ferrets is not as straightforward as that of dogs and cats, and the options are not clear cut; however, it is inevitable that the topic of neutering will be raised by ferret owners.

Aim of the article: This article aims to provide readers with the knowledge required to enable an active conversation with the ferret owner to select the most appropriate reproductive control option for their pet.
Harnessing marginal gains for smarter working
Authors: Silver‐MacMahon Helen
Published: September 2024

Within the busy veterinary practice, the thought of making change can seem overwhelming. The marginal gains theory is concerned with small incremental changes which, when added together, make a significant improvement. In this article we explore the application of marginal gains in the veterinary world. By focusing on how we can make small, consistent improvements in practice, change is not only possible, but practical too.
Biological potential of Argyrolobium roseum (Camb.) Jaub & Spach mediated silver nanoparticles and their effect on the growth of wheat seeds
Authors: Muneer Arooj , Akhtar Wasim , Samad Memoona , Zafar Sadia , Fatima Iram , Abidi Syed Hussain Imam , Kalsoom Razia , Shahbaz Amir
Published: September 2024

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant‐based derivatives is getting attention for biological applications because of their small dimensions and shape. In this study, AgNPs were prepared using leaf extract of Argyrolobium roseum (A. roseum) (Camb.) Jaub. & Spach. and then characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet–visible absorption (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The UV‐visible spectrum displayed a absorption peak at 450 nm and x‐ray diffraction depicted a crystalline nature of biogenic NPs. FTIR analysis showed various functional groups involved in the reduction and capping of AgNPs while SEM revealed the spherical form of synthesized AgNPs. The antibacterial assay was conducted using disc diffusion assay and highest inhibition zones were recorded against Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) (9.6 ± 0.5 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (8.6 ± 0.5 mm). The antioxidant potential was assessed via DPPH scavenging assay and highest percentage inhibition (89%) was observed at 100 μg/mL. Subsequently, different concentrations of A. roseum AgNPs were applied on the wheat seedlings to investigate its effects on different growth parameters. After applying AgNPs, significant increase in the fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), leaf number (LN) and chlorophyll content (CC) in wheat (Akbar‐2019 variety) seedlings was observed in comparison to the control seedlings. Overall, A. roseum mediated synthesis of AgNPs was cost‐effective and safe and can be used in agriculture, biomedical and other fields.

Research Highlights

Synthesis and characterization of A. roseum AgNPs was done.

Biogenic AgNPs revealed potent antibacterial and antioxidant potential.

A. roseum mediated AgNPs also increases the growth and germination of wheat seedlings.
Improved protocol for histological and histopathological preparation of large eyes
Authors: Zhang Mingliang , Lima e Silva Raquel , Zhou Lingli , Hackett Sean F. , Campochiaro Peter A. , Shen Jikui
Published: September 2024

The development of new treatments for ocular diseases often requires investigating eyes similar in size and structure to human eyes. Such studies are challenging because analyzing the histopathology of large, human‐sized eyes can be technically difficult. In particular, obtaining high‐quality frozen sections is almost impossible due to the formation of ice crystals in the vitreous, which causes crush artifacts during the procedures of section and post sectioning manipulations. Herein, we describe a new method that provides high‐quality frozen sections for large eyes and demonstrate its usefulness in the eyes of rabbits, pigs, minipigs, monkeys, and humans. We observed that artifactual separation of the photoreceptors from the retinal pigment epithelium is minimized and photoreceptor morphology is preserved. This method can be highly beneficial for investigators seeking to translate new treatments for ocular disease into the clinic.

Research Highlights

Histopathological analysis of large and human‐sized eyes presents significant challenges, particularly in obtaining high‐quality frozen sections.

A multistep fixation followed by vitreous removal and replacement ensures better cryopreservation and embedding of large eyes, minimizing the morphological and structural retinal loss found in many studies.

Our results demonstrate that a multistep fixation and cryopreservation method for large eyes in histopathology consistently minimizes the artifactual separation of photoreceptors from the retinal pigment epithelium, thereby preserving photoreceptor morphology and providing high‐quality frozen sections.

A new method providing high‐quality sections is necessary and will be highly useful for investigators aiming to translate new treatments for ocular diseases into clinical applications.
Initial Experience of Metabolic Imaging With Hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI in Kidney Transplant Patients
Authors: Liu Xiaoxi , Lai Ying‐Chieh , Cui Di , Kung Shiang‐Cheng , Park Meyeon , Laszik Zoltan , Larson Peder E. Z. , Wang Zhen J.
Published: September 2024

Background

Kidney transplant is the treatment of choice for patients with end‐stage renal disease. Early detection of allograft injury is important to delay or prevent irreversible damage.

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of hyperpolarized (HP) [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI for assessing kidney allograft metabolism.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Six participants (mean age, 45.2 ± 12.4 years, two females) scheduled for kidney allograft biopsy and five patients (mean age, 59.6 ± 10.4 years, two females) with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Field Strength/Sequence

Three Tesla, T2‐weighted fast spin echo, multi‐echo gradient echo, single shot diffusion‐weighted echo‐planar imaging, and time‐resolved HP 13C metabolite‐selective imaging.

Assessment

Five of the six kidney allograft participants underwent biopsy after MRI. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine protein‐to‐creatine ratio (uPCR) were collected within 4 weeks of MRI. Kidney metabolism was quantified from HP [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI using the lactate‐to‐pyruvate ratio in allograft kidneys and non‐tumor bearing kidneys from RCC patients.

Statistical Tests

Descriptive statistics (mean ± SD).

Results

Biopsy was performed a mean of 9 days (range 5–19 days) after HP [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI. Three biopsies were normal, one showed low‐grade fibrosis and one showed moderate microvascular inflammation. All had stable functioning allografts with eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and normal uPCR. One participant who did not undergo biopsy had reduced eGFR of 49 mL/min/1.73 m2 and elevated uPCR. The mean lactate‐to‐pyruvate ratio was 0.373 in participants with normal findings (N = 3) and 0.552 in participants with abnormal findings (N = 2). The lactate‐to‐pyruvate ratio was highest (0.847) in the participant with reduced eGFR and elevated uPRC. Native non‐tumor bearing kidneys had a mean lactate‐to‐pyruvate ratio of 0.309.

Data Conclusion

Stable allografts with normal findings at biopsy showed lactate‐to‐pyruvate ratios similar to native non‐tumor bearing kidneys, whereas allografts with abnormal findings showed higher lactate‐to‐pyruvate ratios.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
A discrete time‐to‐event model for the meta‐analysis of full ROC curves
Authors: Stoye Ferdinand Valentin , Tschammler Claudia , Kuss Oliver , Hoyer Annika
Published: September 2024

The development of new statistical models for the meta‐analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies is still an ongoing field of research, especially with respect to summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In the recently published updated version of the “Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy”, the authors point to the challenges of this kind of meta‐analysis and propose two approaches. However, both of them come with some disadvantages, such as the nonstraightforward choice of priors in Bayesian models or the requirement of a two‐step approach where parameters are estimated for the individual studies, followed by summarizing the results. As an alternative, we propose a novel model by applying methods from time‐to‐event analysis. To this task we use the discrete proportional hazard approach to treat the different diagnostic thresholds, that provide means to estimate sensitivity and specificity and are reported by the single studies, as categorical variables in a generalized linear mixed model, using both the logit‐ and the asymmetric cloglog‐link. This leads to a model specification with threshold‐specific discrete hazards, avoiding a linear dependency between thresholds, discrete hazard, and sensitivity/specificity and thus increasing model flexibility. We compare the resulting models to approaches from the literature in a simulation study. While the estimated area under the summary ROC curve is estimated comparably well in most approaches, the results depict substantial differences in the estimated sensitivities and specificities. We also show the practical applicability of the models to data from a meta‐analysis for the screening of type 2 diabetes.
The effect of terroir on volatilome fingerprinting and qualitative attributes of non‐irrigated grapes reveals differences on glycosylated aroma compounds
Authors: Georgiadou Egli C. , Mina Minas , Valanides Nicolas , Taliadorou Anna‐Maria , Koundouras Stefanos , D'Onofrio Claudio , Bellincontro Andrea , Mencarelli Fabio , Barbayiannis Nikolaos , Fotopoulos Vasileios , Manganaris George A.
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

‘Xynisteri’ is considered as the reference white grape cultivar in Cyprus with remarkable adaptation to adverse edaphoclimatic conditions and appreciable oenological properties that renders it as an appropriate cultivar for studies within a global context due to climate change. To this aim, two distinct non‐irrigated plots with different climatic conditions, soil properties and levels of rainfall were selected; Koilani [KO, altitude 800 m, 76% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content, pH 7.97, average temperature: 16.5 °C, rainfall: 229 mm] and Kyperounda (KY, altitude 1200 m, CaCO3‐free soil, pH 6.47, average temperature: 14.9 °C, rainfall: 658 mm). An array of physiological, biochemical and qualitative indices during successive developmental stages (BBCH 75–89) were determined. During the advanced on‐vine developmental stages (BBCH 85–89), the aromatic profile of grapes was assessed with the employment of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Such analysis was complemented with non‐destructive chemometric analyses.

RESULTS

Berry ripening process substantially differed on the examined plots; BBCH 89 stage reached at 267 and 303 Julian days for KO and KY, respectively. Results indicated that berry weight, soluble solids content (SSC) and α‐amino nitrogen were higher in KO than in KY, with exception made for ammonium nitrogen content. A total of 75 compounds, including aliphatic alcohols, benzenic compounds, phenols, vanillins, monoterpenes and C13‐norisoprenoids were identified and quantified. The variations of mesoclimatic conditions affected the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles at the fully‐ripe stage, showing a considerable rise in glycosylated aroma compounds, especially monoterpenes and benzenic compounds. In particular, the higher amount of glycosylated aroma compounds were obtained in KY berries up to mid‐ripe, whereas KO showed higher glycosylated aroma compounds at fully‐ripe stage. Results reported herein indicate that aroma profile of ‘Xynisteri’ grapes varied substantially in the examined terroirs. Interestingly, the limited rainfall in KΟ non‐irrigated vine did not compromise qualitative and aromatic properties of berries.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study aimed at dissecting the impact of terroir on bush‐trained, non‐irrigated grapevines of a cultivar appropriate for extreme climate change scenarios. The volatilome fingerprint was highly variable among the examined plots; such results can be further exploited at vinification level towards production of single vineyard premium end products. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.