bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To chew or not to chew: fecal particle size in herbivorous reptiles and mammals
Authors: Fritz Julia , Hummel Jürgen , Kienzle Ellen , Streich W. Jürgen , Clauss Marcus
Published: July 2010

A major difference between reptile and mammalian herbivores is that the former do not masticate their food. Actually, food particle size reduction by chewing is usually considered one of the adaptations facilitating the higher metabolic rates of mammals. However, quantitative comparisons of ingesta particle size between the clades have, to our knowledge, not been performed so far. We measured mean fecal particle size (MPS) in 79 captive individuals of 14 reptile herbivore species (tortoises, lizards, and Corucia zebrata) by wet sieving and compared the results with a mammalian dataset. MPS increased with body mass in both clades, but at a significantly higher level in reptiles. Limited evidence in free‐ranging and captive individuals of Testudo hermanni indicates that in reptiles, the ability to crop food and food particle size significantly influence fecal particle size. The opportunistic observation of a drastic particle size difference between stomach and intestinal contents corroborates findings that in reptiles, in contrast to terrestrial mammals, significant ingesta particle size reduction does occur in the gastrointestinal tract, most likely owing to microbial action during very long ingesta retention. Whether behavioral adaptations to controlling ingesta particle size, such as deliberate small bite sizes, are adaptive strategies in reptiles remains to be investigated. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:579–586, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hox expression in the American alligator and evolution of archosaurian axial patterning
Authors: Mansfield Jennifer H. , Abzhanov Arhat
Published: July 2010

The avian body plan has undergone many modifications, most associated with adaptation to flight and bipedal walking. Some of these modifications may be owing to avian‐specific changes in the embryonic Hox expression code. Here, we have examined Hox expression in alligator, the closest living relative of birds, and an archosaur with a more conservative body plan. Two differences in Hox expression between chick, alligator, and other tetrapods correlate with aspects of alligator or bird‐specific skeletal morphology. First, absence of a thoracic subdomain of Hoxc‐8 expression in alligator correlates with morphological adaptations in crocodilian thoracic segments. Second, Hoxa‐5, a gene required to pattern the cervical–thoracic transition, shows unique patterns of expression in chick, alligator, and mouse, correlating with species‐specific morphological patterning of this region. Given that cervical vertebral morphologies evolved independently in the bird and mammalian lineages, the underlying developmental mechanisms, including refinement of Hox expression domains, may be distinct. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:629–644, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The ARRIVE guidelines, a welcome improvement to standards for reporting animal research
Authors: Danos Olivier , Davies Kay , Lehn Pierre , Mulligan Richard
Published: July 2010

Here we introduce the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) guidelines, produced by the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), which are published in this issue of the journal with our endorsement, and will be incorporated into our Instructions to Authors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ASPP interaction network: electrostatic differentiation between pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic proteins
Authors: Benyamini Hadar , Friedler Assaf
Published: July 2010

The ASPP proteins are apoptosis regulators: ASPP1 and ASPP2 promote, while iASPP inhibits, apoptosis. The mechanism by which these different outcomes are achieved is still unknown. The C‐terminal ankyrin repeats and SH3 domain (ANK‐SH3) mediate the interactions of the ASPP proteins with major apoptosis regulators such as p53, Bcl‐2, and NFκB. The structure of the complex between ASPP2ANK‐SH3 and the core domain of p53 (p53CD) was previously determined. We have recently characterized the individual interactions of ASPP2ANK‐SH3 with Bcl‐2 and NFκB, as well as a regulatory intramolecular interaction with the proline rich domain of ASPP2. Here we compared the ASPP interactions at two levels: ASPP2ANK‐SH3 with different proteins, and different ASPP family members with each protein partner. We found that the binding sites of ASPP2 to p53CD, Bcl‐2, and NFκB are different, yet lie on the same face of ASPP2ANK‐SH3. The intramolecular binding site to the proline rich domain overlaps the three intermolecular binding sites. To reveal the basis of functional diversity in the ASPP family, we compared their protein‐binding domains. A subset of surface‐exposed residues differentiates ASPP1 and ASPP2 from iASPP: ASPP1/2 are more negatively charged in specific residues that contact positively charged residues of p53CD, Bcl‐2, and NFκB. We also found a gain of positive charge at the non‐protein binding face of ASPP1/2, suggesting a role in electrostatic direction towards the negatively charged protein binding face. The electrostatic differences in binding interfaces between the ASPP proteins may be one of the causes for their different function. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stamm‐ und milieuspezifische Aminosäuremuster in Claviceps purpurea bei saprophytischer Kultur
Authors: Böhmer Sylvia‐Anett , Leistner H‐U. , Schlee D.
Published: July 2010

Es wird der Gehalt der freien, mit 80%igem Äthanol extrahierbaren Aminosäuren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Prolins mittels automatischer Analyse bestimmt und seine Beziehung zur Synthese der Tripeptidseitenkette der Peptidalkaloide von Claviceps purpurea diskutiert.

Wie Versuche mit den Stämmen pepty 695 („Produzent”︁) und pur 221 („Nichtproduzent”︁) bei saprophytischer Kultur auf den Nährlösungen 720 („Produktionsmedium”︁) und M 10 („Nicht‐produktionsmedium”︁) zeigen, sind in Abhängigkeit von der Kulturdauer (1 bis 13 Tage) für die Differenzen im Aminosäuremuster eher Milieubedingungen als Stammspezifika verantwortlich. Mengenmäßig treten die Aminosäuren Ala, γ‐Abu, Glu, Asp, Arg, Lys, Pro und die Säureamide Gln und Asn hervor. Try konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. In beiden Stämmen wird bei Kultur auf NL 720 Arg zu Kulturende akkumuliert. Der „Nichtproduzent”︁ pur 221 zeichnet sich durch hohe Prolinmengen aus. Unter den gewählten Bedingungen hat der Prolingehalt keine Wirkung auf die Alkaloidausbeute.
Production of valine by a Bacillus sp.
Authors: Chattopadhyay S. P. , Banerjee A. K.
Published: July 2010

A bacterium isolated from Burdwan (India) soil was found to accumulate l‐valine in the growth medium and identified to be a strain of Bacillus subtilis. The strain is able to grow and accumulate valine in a purely synthetic medium, but supplementation of the synthetic medium with either Casamino acids or yeast extract or with both, significantly improves the yield. The entire fermentation period can be divided into a growth phase and a production phase, which can be prolonged by adjustment of pH to the neutral range. Among the different carbon and nitrogen sources tested glucose at 8.5% and l‐glutamic acid at 0.8%, respectively, were found most suitable. Cane sugar molasses tested as a substitute for glucose significantly stimulated growth but valine production was less. Different vitamins tested stimulated growth and valine yield and an inoculum level of 10% (v/v) of the medium was found to be optimal. The yield of valine under optimal conditions was found to be 4.53 g per litre of the medium. Valine has been isolated in crystalline form from the fermented broth by ion exchange resin chromatography and found to be a pure sample of the l‐isomer.
Etude de l'α amylase de la paroi de Pichia burtoniiBOIDIN
Authors: Moulin G. , Galzy P.
Published: July 2010

La présence d'une α amylase pariétale de Pichia burtonii BOIDIN est étudiée. Deux formes ont été trouvées. Une fraction facilement extractible au moyen d'un tampon phosphate 20 mM et une fraction fortement liée à la paroi. Le pH optimum est 6,2.

L'activité enzymatique n'est pas modifiée par les ions K+, Na+, NH4+. Elle est fortement inhibée par EDTA et les métaux lourds.
Remarque sur la régulation de la biosynthèse de l'α amylase de Pichia burtonii B
Authors: Moulin G. , Galzy P.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of amylolytic enzymes by Pichia burtonii strain CBS 6141 requires the presence of etarch, maltose, and saccharose. Glucose exerts a strong repression which completely inhibited snzyme induction.

Dans un précédent article (MOULIN et GALZY 1978) nous avons décrit les propriétés générales d'une α amylase présente dans la paroi de Pichia burtonii BOIDIN. Nous étudierons ici quelques aspects de la régulation de la biosynthèse de cet enzyme.
Wachstumskinetik einer thiaminbedürftigen Candida lipolytica bei Thiaminlimitation: Auftreten einer linearen Wachstumsphase
Authors: Müller P. J. , Ermakova I. T. , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

The growth kinetics of batch cultures of the thiamine requiring Candida lipolytica 695 was investigated. It was established that a phase of logarithmic growth is followed by a linear growth phase. The time length of the linear phase and the relative increasing of the biomass during the linear phase are nearly constant and independend of the concentration of thiamine. The existence of the linear phase is discussed in connection with a constant activity of one of the two 2‐ketoacid dehydrogenases as a bottle neck enzyme which needs thiamine pyrophosphate as coenzyme. Critical intracellular thiamine concentrations were calculated necessary for transition from the logarithmic to the linear phase and from the logarithmic to the stationary growth phase. Without the existence of the second critical thiamine concentration the linear growth would continue infinitely.
Fermentation, isolation, and biological activity of maduramycin: A new antibiotic from Actinomadura rubra
Authors: Fleck W. F. , Strauss D. G. , Meyer Jutta , Porstendorfer Gisela
Published: July 2010

In a continuing search for new antibiotics, the species Actinomadura rubra (Sveshnikova et al.) J. MEYER et M. SVESHNIKOVA 1974 (strain IMET 13001) was found to produce a red pigment with indicator properties, designated maduramycin. The pigment (C28H22O10; m.w. 518 m/e−; m.p. 305‐310 °C (dec.); uvmax 225.307 nm) possesses a strong antimicrobial activity against grampositive bacteria, including strains which produce inactivating enzymes for some commercial antibiotics. Maduramycin forms a complex with serum albumin, but no complex formation with DNA was observed using absorption spectroscopic and polarographic methods. Maduramycin additionally inhibits the action of some enzymes. The LD50 of maduramycin in mice was > 250 mg/kg on intraperitoneal administration. Fermentation, isolation, and some of the chemical and biological properties of this new antibiotic are described.
Kinetics of growth and substrate consumption of Escherichia coli ML 30 on two carbon sources
Authors: Hegewald E. , Knorre W. A.
Published: July 2010

When E. coli ML 30 is grown in batch culture on a mineral salt medium containing a mixed carbon source of glucose and pyruvate, there is no sequential utilization of the carbon sources. The consumption of glucose and pyruvate takes place simultaneously with reciprocal influence (inhibition) on rates of substrate uptake. The specific growth rate is greater than μp max for pyruvate but smaller than μs max for glucose. In the paper three cases of kinetics of growth and of substrate consumption at several combinations of initial substrate concentrations are considered. A mathematical model is proposed and investigated. The model allows to describe the growth on glucose or on pyruvate not only as singular carbon sources, but also as a mixed carbon source with reciprocal inhibition on rates of substrate uptake. By data fitting parameters of growth and substrate consumption were found.
Gewinnung und Charakteristik von Proteasen aus Thermoactinomyces vulgaris I. Proteasen aus thermophilen Mikroorganismen (Literaturüberblick)
Authors: Ruttloff H. , Klingenberg P. , Behnke U. , Leuchtenberger A. , Täufel A.
Published: July 2010

Es wird ein Literaturüberblick zur Gewinnung und Charakteristik von Proteasen aus thermophilen Mikroorganismen gegeben. Nach einem allgemeinen Überblick zur Problematik der Thermophilie wird auf die von Schimmelpilzen und Bakterien produzierten proteolytischen Enzyme eingegangen. Besonders hervorgehoben werden die Protease aus Streptomyces rectus var. proteolyticus, die „Aminopeptidase I”︁ aus Bacillus stearothermophilus sowie das Thermolysin aus B. thermoproteolyticus.
Aufnahme von markiertem Zink durch Chlorella unterschiedlichen Zinkgehalts
Authors: Wihlidal H. , Broda E.
Published: July 2010

Chlorella fusca was grown asynchronously for 2 weeks in media with different Zn concentrations up to 10−3 m. Growth was optimal at 10−5 m Zn. The Zn contents of the algae were followed by activation analysis. They increased with increasing Zn concentration in the media, and, except with the lowest Zn concentrations, with time. Further, the uptake of labelled Zn (65Zn) from 5 · 10−6 m solution by cells of known Zn content was measured at 30 °C during one day in minimum and optimum conditions (dark/nitrogen or light/air, respectively). The rate of uptake showed a maximum with algae grown in a medium with 10−5 m Zn. However, algae exposed to a lethal Zn concentration (10−3 m) also absorbed much Zn; this anomalous uptake is ascribed to a breakdown of the cell membrane as a permeability barrier.
An alteration in outer membrane permeability associated with a division lesion in a strain of Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Ahmed N. , Rowbury R. J.
Published: July 2010

Salmonella typhimurium strain 4a is a temperature sensitive mutant with defects in both septation and separation. The separation lesion was reversed by phenethylalcohol but this agent failed to allow septation or growth at restrictive temperature. Organisms of strain 4a grown at 42 °C were, unlike the parental strain, resistant to lysis by lysozyme plus EDTA and lipopolysaccharide was poorly extracted by EDTA from cultures of strain 4a grown at 42 °C. Such cultures may, therefore, be resistant to lysis with lysozyme plus EDTA not because the murein is altered but because the EDTA fails to permeabilize the outer membrane to lysozyme. In confirmation of this, murein isolated from strain 4a after growth at 42 °C showed the same sensitivity to lysozyme as murein from the parental strain. In spite of the altered envelope properties of strain 4a after growth at 42 °C, no major changes in protein or phospholipid composition have so far been demonstrated.
Steroidtransformation mit immobilisierten Mikroorganismen. II. Abbau der Seitenkette von Cholesterol mit immobilisierten Zellen von Nocardia erythropolis
Authors: Atrat P. , Hüller E. , Buchar M. J. , Arinbasarova A. Y. , Koschtschejenko K. A.
Published: July 2010

The degradation of cholesterol side chain was studied by immobilized cells of Nocardia erythropolis in the presence of an inhibitor of the microbial steroid‐skeleton‐degradation. Different immobilized preparations such as DEAE‐cellulose adsorbates, ionic cross‐linked polymer gels, i.e., A1/Coalginates and polyacrylates, respectively, and polyethylene maleic acid anhydride supports have shown a high transformation activity yielding the C22‐ and C19‐degradation products. No side chain degradation activity could be observed after immobilization of the cells in polyacrylamide gel under usual conditions caused by the toxic effect of the acrylamide monomer on the Nocardia cells.
Regulative influence of o‐aminobenzoic acid (OABA) on the biosynthesis of nourseothricin in cultures of Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b. V. Effect of OABA on cytochrome levels and amino acid transport
Authors: Gräfe U. , Steudel A. , Bocker H. , Thrum H.
Published: July 2010

o‐Aminobenzoic acid (OABA) known by its stimulatory effect on streptothricin biosynthesis by Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b was found to suppress specifically the formation of cytochrome a‐type terminal oxidase while the levels of the b‐ and c‐type cytochromes apparently remained unaffected. This change was coupled to decreased capacity of transport of u‐14C‐L‐alanine and u‐14C‐L‐glutamic acid into the mycelium, giving rise to delay of amino acid catabolism and decreased production of nitrogen catabolites within the cell. The above results provide supporting evidence for conjectures recently published by us concerning the control by nitrogen catabolites of the secondary metabolism of this strain. As a summary a scheme is proposed showing several hypothetic mechanisms by which nitrogen catabolite regulation of nourseothricin production could be accomplished.
Das cyclische Nucleotidsystem von Aspergillus nidulans unter dem Einfluß von Methylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamat (MBC). I. Ein hypothetisches Mitosemodell
Authors: Künkel W. , Römer W. , Künkel W.
Published: July 2010

The influence of methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate (MBC) on the cyclic nucleotide system of germinating Aspergillus nidulans conidia has been investigated throughout the cell cycle.

The content in cyclic adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cGMP) is rapidly decreased in the course of conidia swelling and has been found not to be influenced by MBC. On the other hand, influence of MBC leads, in inhibited nuclear division, to a significant increase of the intracellular cAMP level in the G2‐period between the eighth and tenth hour after incubation. The adenylate cyclase activity has not been significantly influenced during this period by MBC treatment. On the contrary, the cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase activity has been decreased. The cGMP content of germinating conidia decreased, contrary to cAMP by MBC treatment between the seventh and twelfth hour. Activity of guanylate cyclase has been generally stimulated in the presence of MBC, whereas that of the cGMP‐specific phosphodiesterase as a result of mitosis inhibition has been blocked.

The influence of the cyclic nucleotide system on mitosis is discussed in terms of a hypothetical model.
Stability of Streptomyces hygrosocpicus IMET JA 6599 under different cultivation conditions in the chemostat
Authors: Hilliger M. , Müller P. J.
Published: July 2010

The stability of the macrolide antibiotic‐producing strain Streptomyces hygroscopicus IMET 6599 (wild type) was in vestigated during cultivation in a chemostat with glucose limitation. No changes in the antibiotic‐producing ability were found. But under special experimental conditions which consist of a sequence of nearly steady states interrupted by batch processes linked with excess of glucose, colonies with vigorous changed morphology and a green pigment after transfer to surface culture were obtained. The antibiotic activity of the wild type and of the green selectant decreased during the special experimental conditions. The formation of the green selectant is discussed in connection with changes in the glucose or energy metabolism.
Effects of the antimicrotubular cancerostatic drug nocodazole on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Künkel W.
Published: July 2010

Nocodazole completely inhibited cell division of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contrary to methylbenzimidazole‐2‐ylcarbamate, estimated by cell counting. Growth as measured by turbidity and dry weight estimations, however, was not influenced. Treatment for two hours with nocodazole interrupts the budding cycle of the yeast within a period when bud and mother cells have reached equal sizes. Dependent on duration of nocodazole treatment stretched or dumb‐bell shaped nuclei are localized between bud and mother cell or two daughter nuclei are present.

It has been shown by electron microscopy that nocodazole neither destroyed karyo‐ nor ground‐plasmic microtubules. The spindle pole bodies (spb), however, reached double the normal size approximately.
Biochemical characteristics of non‐streptomycin‐producing mutants of Streptomyces griseus I. Role of NAD (P)‐glycohydrolase in cell differentiation
Authors: Gräfe U. , Roth M. , Christner A. , Bormann E. J.
Published: July 2010

Five non‐streptomycin‐producing mutants of an industrial strain of Streptomyces griseus lacking aerial mycelium formation were compared with their genetic ancestor and another producing mutant with regard to the NAD(P)‐glycohydrolase activity during cultivation on different media. By contrast to producing strains, all the Str− Amy− mutants displayed much lower mycelial and extracellular levels of enzyme, thus confirming earlier contentions concerning its involvement in the regulation of aerial mycelium formation. A tentative model is shown of the mechanism of control by phospho‐adenosinediphospho‐ribose of the intermediary metabolism at the sites of the citric acid cycle and the catabolism of the carbohydrates during distinct stages of cell differentiation. On the other hand, in the producing strain the biosynthesis of NAD(P)‐glycohydrolase was demonstrated to depend on the regime of fermentation. Repeated stages of submerged cultivation in stirred fermentors resulted in suppression of enzyme formation without concomitant change of the mycelial capacity to produce streptomycin. This suggests that there is no direct involvement of NAD(P)‐glycohydrolase in the control of antibiotic biosynthesis.
Struktur der Zellwandpolysaccharide in der Futtereiweiß‐Hefe Candida spec. H. VI. Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung der Glucane
Authors: Grimmecke H. D. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

Alkali‐soluble glucan was obtained from Candida spec. H by extraction with dilute sodium hydroxide. This minor component is quite heterogeneous in molecular size, has a highly branched structure and contains 19% β(1,3)‐, 24% β(1,6)‐ and only 2% β(1,2)‐linkages

Other minor polysaccharide components have been isolated by acetic acid extraction. They have been identified as glycogen and linear β(1,6)‐glucan, respectively

The major component is a 1,2‐, 1,3‐, 1,6‐glucan branched in 1,2,3‐, 1,3,6‐ and 1,2,6‐positions, containing chitin. So we can confirm that different yeasts may differ in glucan structures which vary considerably both in the degree of branching and molecular size.
Verwertung von L‐Aspartat, L‐Malat und Fumarat durch Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Höfer M. , Flossmann K.‐D.
Published: July 2010

Strains of Pasteurella multocida use L‐aspartate, L‐malate and furmarate, respectively, as substrates for production of succinic acid which accumulates in the medium. As was established by studies with 14C and 3H labelled substrates, the degradation of these substances proceeds analogous via the citric acid cycle.
Heterotrophic growth and nitrogen fixation in the filamentous blue‐green algaAnabaena sp.
Authors: Sahu Jayanti , Adhikary S. P.
Published: July 2010

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of five different organic substrates viz. lactose, fructose, mannose, xylose and sodium acetate on the heterotrophic growth characteristics with emphasis on growth, pigment composition, heterocyst frequency and nitrogen fixation ofAnabaenathe. under light and dark conditions. Lactose was found to be the best carbon source to support the heterotrophic growth of the alga. Phycoerythrin pigments were synthesized in photoheterotrophic cultures but pigment production was not observed in dark‐grown cultures. The alga fixed nitrogen to a limited extent in the dark in pure inorganic medium. But when suitable organic substrates were supplemented, appreciable nitrogen fixation was observed in dark heterotrophic as well as in photoheterotrophic cultures.
Einfluß des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks auf die Citronensäuresynthese durch Saccharomycopsis lipolytica aus n‐Paraffinen
Authors: Stottmeister U. , Behrens U. , Göhler W.
Published: July 2010

The dependence of growth formation of citric acids (citrate: isocitrate = 1:1) on oxygen partial pressure of an alkane utilising yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica was investigated. During growth oxygen corresponds to a MICHAELIS‐MENTEN‐kinetics (Ks = 2.0 · 10−6 m). The respiration quotient RQ for a dissolved oxygen concentration in the range of 10–100% (air saturation) is 0.46 ± ± 0.04

The phase of product formation is characterized by 3 sections. Immediately after N‐exhaustion the cell activities are the highest. They decline during the first 30 hours of production. Besides the production of reserve material in this first section the highest production rate for citrate and isocitrate is observed. The rate of citric acid production depends on the oxygen partial pressure and is governed by MICHAELIS‐MENTEN‐kinetics. The specific production rate and the rate of oxygen consumption correspond to Ks‐values of 4.0 · 10−5 and 3.3 · 10−5 M, respectively

The RQ‐value declines to a constant value of 0.23 ± 0.02 and is not influenced by oxygen partial pressures in the range of 10–100% (related to air saturation)

During the second section cell activities remain nearly constant for about 100 h. Due to this constancy the following equation could be derived: 14 O2 + C15H32 2 C6H8O7 + 3 CO2 ‐ 8 H2O. In the third section the cell activities decline again.
Myxobakterien (Myxobacterales) auf Blattoberflächen
Authors: Rückert G.
Published: July 2010

140 leaf samples were examined, 73 of which ( = 52.1%) contained myxobacteria. Three species of the genus Myxococcus, M. virescens, M. fulvus and M. coralloides, could be found more or less frequently in the phyllosphere of woody plants and annuals. Archangium gephyra was observed only once. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of myxobacteria between evergreen leaves and leaves from deciduous trees and shrubs. Fruit‐trees yielded the best results.
Mannan‐Lokalisation durch Concanavalin A im Zusammenhang mit elektronenmikroskopischen und chemisch‐analytischen Untersuchungen an unterschiedlich präparierten Zellwänden der Futtereiweißhefe Candida spec. H
Authors: Fischer W. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

Regions of different electron densities after concanavalin A‐peroxidase‐reaction have been observed in cell walls of intact cells as well as in isolated cell walls: In the peripheral region of intact cell walls two mannan layers appear. Treating isolated cell walls with pronase, NaOH, ethylendiamine or citrate buffer, respectively, we find con A binding spots in the inner cell wall regions which appear electrontransparent in the untreated cell walls. Apparently the mannan component of the inner cell wall regions is masked by proteins. In correspondence with chemical analysis our results cannot confirm the existence of inner cell wall regions which are free of mannan.
Changes in cytoplasmic ultrastructure during submerged cultivation of a peptide alkaloids‐producing strain of Claviceps purpurea (FR.) TUL
Authors: Lösecke W. , Neumann D. , Schmauder H.‐P. , Gröger D.
Published: July 2010

A strain of Claviceps purpurea, designated Pepty 695/S produces ergotoxine alkaloids under particular conditions of fermentation. The onset of alkaloid synthesis occurs around the second day of cultivation. Alkaloid formation is connected with morphological and ultrastructural changes. In the first 3‐5 days of cultivation short thickened, septated hyphae, organized in plectenchymatic pellets as well as large single cells are formed. The hyphae are ultrastructurally characterized by increasing number of lipid droplets, deposits of glycogen and by extended ER membrances, which apparently may form numerous vesicles. The correlations between lipid and alkaloid synthesis are discussed.
Zusammenhang zwischen Protein‐ und Polysaccharidgehalt in zellwandmodifizierten Mutanten von Candida spec. H
Authors: Köllin Ruth , Tröger R.
Published: July 2010

The contents of protein (as total N) and of polysaccharides from 38 mutants of Candida spec. H were analyzed. The results were obtained by calculation iof the correlation‐coefficient. It expresses a significant interrelation between both characters: An increase of one of the contents implied a decrease of the other one. Some mutants show higher concentrations of protein in comparison with the normal ratio between cell wall‐polysaccharides and protein.
Electron microscopic demonstration of negative surface charges on cytoplasmic membrances of Bacillus subtilis with protamine‐ferritin
Authors: Mach F. , Bergmann P. , Pfüller U. , Wölfel L.
Published: July 2010

The application of a protamine‐ferritin conjugate for labelling of isolated protoplast membranes of Bacillus subtilis S 13/1 is desribed. Contrary to Mycoplasma membranes which could only be labelled on the outer side of the membrane, ferrtin was deposited on both membrane sides as a single layer without cluster formation.
Zur Bildung und Wirkung der Epimerase von Azotobacter vinelandii
Authors: Wetzler Chr. , Behrens U.
Published: July 2010

After exhaustion of the C‐source, terminating the accumulation of the extracellular polysaccharide, the excretion of the epimerase is increased, accordingly the moiety of guluronosyls of the alginate is augmented. Epimerization reactions with an epimerase preparation with commercial alginates from algae lead to higher conversion rates than with alginate from Azotobacter vinelandii. It is reasoned that the acetyl groups of bacterial alginate perform a steric hinderance. Because of the small amount of guluronosyls in Azotobacter alginate, these alginates do not form gels with Ca++.
Einfluß von Phosphatmangel auf Wachstum und makromolekulare Zellzusammensetzung von Candida spec. H
Authors: Brückner B. , Tröger R.
Published: July 2010

With Candida spec. H during phosphate starvation the changes occurring in the macromolecular cell composition and growth parameters were studies. In the absence of exogenous phosphate, but in the presence of carbon source (n‐alkanes or glucose) and nitrogen source, the cells exponentially grow some time, whereas cell composition undergoes several changes. Both the lated, especially with n‐alkanes as carbon source. The carbohydrate content increased only slight, although the carbon source was in excess. The results were discussed.
A screening method for autoregulators of anthracycline‐producing streptomycetes
Authors: Eritt Inge , Gräfe U. , Fleck W. F.
Published: July 2010

A novel method was proposed for screening of autoregulators by anthracycline‐producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. By means of a modified cosynthesis procedure, an indicator strain was detected capable of producing both leukaemomycin and aerial mycelium only in the presence yielding organisms and their mutants, but also by a streptomycin‐producing strain of Streptomyces griseus as well as its non‐differentiation derivative.
Biochemical characteristic of non‐streptomycin‐producing mutants of Streptomyces griseus. II. Lipids and fatty acid composition of vegetative mycelia
Authors: Gräfe U. , Reinhardt G. , Krebs D. , Roth M. , Bormann E. J.
Published: July 2010

Five non‐streptomycin‐producing non‐aerial‐mycelium‐forming mutants (Str‐Amy‐) of Streptomyces griseus obtained either by spontaneous degeneration or during continuous cultivation of the high‐producing aerial‐mycelium‐forming parent strain HP (Str+Amy+) were checked with regard to the composition of mycelial lipid material. All the Str‐Amy‐derivatives differed from their ancestor strain HP by an increased ration of 12‐methyltetradecanoic acid (aC15:0) to isopalmitic acid (iC16:0) during growth on a chemically defined medium lacking branched‐chain amino acids. This finding attests alterations in the availability of precursors for the biosynthesis of methyl‐ branched fatty acids. The qualitative composition of phospholipids and other polar lipids in one mutant group was found to be similar to the progenitor strain but, additionally, both a yellow pigment and a neutral lipid component were produced in excess. A second type of mutant differed by its incapability to form ornithinolipids even under phosphate limitation. Changes of phospholipid composition were demonstrated in the course of fermentation. Formation of ornithinolipid was suppressed by an excess of inorganic phosphate in the medium, while the portions of phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin increased strongly. Furthermore, the formation of ornithinolipids was influenced by nitrogen sources. These results suggest that the composition of membrane of S. griseus varies in dependence upon the composition of the medium and the age of the mycelium.
Formation of fertile aerial mycelium within asporogenous streptomycetes as induced by fungal metabolites
Authors: Küster E. , Attaby H. S. H.
Published: July 2010

Asporogenous streptomycetes, e. g. Streptomyces flavochromogenes and S. luteolutescens, become able to form fertile aerial mycelium when they are cultivated in close contact with fungi. This may be caused by the production and secretion of fungal metabolites which induce or stimulate the aerial mycelium formation. An attempt was made to characterize the stimulatory factor. Among the numerous fungi tested the most active ones were Cladosporium cladosporioides and Drechslera erythrospila.
Fatty acid composition of lipids of Escherichia coli W 1655 F+ and its stable protoplast type L‐form
Authors: Gumpert J. , Schade W. , Krebs D. , Baykousheva S. , Ivanova E. , Toshkov As.
Published: July 2010

The comparative fatty acid analysis of extractable and non‐extractable lipids of Escherichia coli W 1655 F+ and its stable protoplast type L‐form shows quantitative as well as qualitative differences. From 10 different fatty acids obtained 16:0, 17:0, and 18:0 are present at about the same quantities in the lipid fractions of the bacterial and L‐form. The absence of larger amounts of 12:0, 14:0, and 14:βOH fatty acids in non‐extractable L‐form lipids reflects the loss of the cell wall in L‐form cells. 16:1 fatty acid was found in L‐form lipids only. This qualitative difference and the 2–3 times higher content of 18:1 in L‐form lipids and the 7 times lower content of cyc 19:0 in extractable lipids of the L‐form may be interpreted as alterations characteristic for the changed composition of the cytoplasmic membrane in L‐form cells.
Bistability in the glucose and energy metabolism of ammonia‐limited chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli ML 30
Authors: Müller P. J. , Von Frommannshausen Beate
Published: July 2010

Recently bistability in the pyruvate production of ammonia‐limited glucose‐grown Escherichia coli ML 30 chemostat cultures was evidenced. The present investigation shows that the state of higher pyruvate production is connected with a lower glycogen content than in cells in the state of lower pyruvate production.

The results support the view of a regulation of bistability on the step of pyruvate consumption by the citric acid cycle.

Pronounced differences in energy formation in the two states of glucose bistability are discussed.
Spore differentiation in relation to certain antibiotics in the blue‐green alga Nodularia spumigena MERTENS
Authors: Pandey R. K. , Talpasayi E. R. S.
Published: July 2010

Induction of spore differentiation is achieved within three days in Nodularia spumigena by incubating the cultures at 35°C in the light. Morphologically detectable sporulation and spore germination could not occur in the presence of chloramphenicol, streptomycin and penicillin. But chloramphenicol‐supplemented cultures developed prominent cyanophycin granules. Synthesis of these granules seems to be a non‐ribosomal phenomenon.
Characterization of two strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by biological, biochemical, immunological and electron microscopical techniques
Authors: El‐Ahdal A. M. E. , Mayer F. , El Afifi S. I. , Allam E. K.
Published: July 2010

Two strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) isolated from tomato plants were characterized by biological, biochemical, immunological and electron microscopical techniques including immuno‐electron microscopy. The biological tests indicated, on the basis of symptoms observed on differential hosts, differences between the two strains. However, detailed studies with the other techniques mentioned above did not reveal significant differences.
Leukaemomycin‐geblockte Mutanten des Streptomyces griseus und ihre Pigmente II. Neue 7‐Hydroxy‐bisanhydro‐rhodomycinone aus der Mutante ZIMET 41707/1P
Authors: Ihn W. , Wagner C. , Fleck W. F. , Tresselt D. , Eritt I. , Sedmera P.
Published: July 2010

Various blocked mutants were isolated from three leukaemomycin‐(daunomycin‐)producing strains IMET JA 3933, IMET JA 5142 and IMET JA 5570 of Streptomyces griseus by NTG and UV treatments. Among them, one class of four mutants ZIMET 43707/1P, IMET JA 5570/3P, IMET JA 5570/10P and IMET JA 5142/01P1 produced new blue and red pigments. Two red compounds designated 1PI and 1PII are the main components of the pigment complex produced by culture of the blocked mutant ZIMET 43707/1P. This paper describes the isolation of 1PI and IPII; furthermore, the spectral and physicochemical properties of these anthracyclinones and the elucidation of their structures are reported.
Hybridization of yeasts by protoplast fusion: Ploidy level of hybrids resulting from fusions in haploid strains of Pichia guilliermondii
Authors: Klinner U. , Böttcher F.
Published: July 2010

Hybrids produced by protoplast fusion between auxotrophic mutants of the same strain contained the parental markers heterozygously, as indicated by induced mitotic segregation. Even within the same fusion combination the hybrids differed in their mitotic stability and their induced mitotic segregation pattern. The occurrence of aneuploids was proved. The ploidy of the hybrids did not exceed the diploid level in any case.
The katabatic wind regime at Adelie Land, Antarctica
Authors: Parish Thomas R. , Wendler Gerd
Published: July 2010

The coastal sections of Adelie Land in East Antarctica experience the strongest and most persistent slope (katabatic) winds recorded about the continental periphery. The area was first explored during Mawson's 1911–14 Australasian Antarctic Expedition; the annual average surface wind speed at the base camp of Cape Denison was approximately 20 m s−1 during the course of the 2‐year stay in Antarctica. Field traverses conducted by the Mawson group and the subsequent establishment of additional bases and more recent deployment of automatic weather stations suggest that the zone of extreme katabatic winds is not confined to the Cape Denison site, but rather, extends several hundred kilometres inland from the coast and at least 60 km west along the coast. Numerical simulations of the Adelie Land katabatic wind regime have been conducted using a primitive equation three‐dimensional model. Results confirm the extreme wind conditions over the Adelie Land region and strongly suggest that the confluence of cold air drainage currents from the interior towards Adelie Land is responsible for the anomalous katabatic wind intensity.
The effect of domain shape on principal components analyses
Authors: Legates David R.
Published: July 2010

In a recent article, Richman criticized principal components analysis for not reflecting the spatial covariance structure observed in the data owing to an overdependence on the shape of the domain. This assertion, originally posited by Buell, is re‐examined using Buell's correlation functions and the geophysically based studies cited by Richman. Two examples—gauge‐corrected, global precipitation and global surface air temperature—are given to illustrate that even though both fields are from the same domain, maps of the spatial distribution of the loadings on the first four principal components are highly dissimilar. These fields are mapped using a rectangular (cylindrical equal‐area) projection and compared with other geophysically based studies that have employed rectangularly shaped domains as well as the rectangular domain mapping of Buell's correlation functions. Results indicate that component loading patterns are mainly determined by the structure exhibited in the dispersion matrix and only influenced by the domain shape (through spatial autocorrelation) to a limited degree.
Rainfall anomaly patterns in dry and wet years over Nigeria
Authors: Olaniran O. J.
Published: July 2010

Rainfall amount and rainfall frequency for five individual dry and five individual wet years were compared with the 1941–1987 averages for Nigeria. Five spatial‐anomaly types were found to emerge for dry years, namely above average rainfall in southern Nigeria but below average rainfall in northern Nigeria (spatial type I), above average rainfall in the centre but below average rainfall in the coastal and extreme northern parts of the country (spatial type II) and below average rainfall in southern Nigeria but above average rainfall in northern Nigeria (spatial type III). The other two anomaly types are country‐wide occurrence of below average rainfall (spatial type IV) and country‐wide occurrence of above average rainfall (spatial type V). These spatial‐anomaly types also hold true for wet years, except that the spatial type II is replaced by the occurrence of below average rainfall in the centre but above average rainfall in the coastal and extreme northern parts of the country (spatial type VI).

The spatial type I and II anomalies support the hypothesis of a restricted northward advance of the Inter Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) in dry years and on a complementary basis the spatial patterns for the rainfall amount anomaly (RAA) and the rainfall frequency anomaly (RFA) depicted these two anomaly types in 40 per cent of the monthly periods for the set of dry years considered. The spatial type IV anomaly, which occurs during the peak of the rainy season, supports the hypothesis of a weakening of the rainy season intensity and on a complementary basis the spatial patterns for the RAA and the RFA depicted this pattern in 30 per cent of the monthly periods for the dry years studied. This shows that both hypotheses are valid for explaining dry years in subtropical West Africa.

The spatial type III and V anomalies support the hypothesis of a considerable northward incursion of the ITD in wet years. It was found that the spatial patterns of the RAA depicted these anomaly types in 53.3 per cent of the monthly periods whilst the spatial patterns of the RFA depicted the anomaly types in 66.7 per cent of the monthly periods for the set of wet years considered.
Some updated statistical assessments of the surface temperature response to increased greenhouse gases
Authors: Schönwiese Christian‐D. , Runge Kirsten
Published: July 2010

In an earlier study we analysed the surface temperature response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations based on long‐term observational climate time series using multiple regression statistical techniques. Moreover, these assessments were compared with the results from general circulation model experiments. Recently we have used improved climate data sets, added ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation) forcing to our multiple regression models, improved the volcanic forcing parameters and introduced phase shifts of the temperature response to the forcing parameter time series. In addition, we used not only CO2 but also ‘equivalent’ CO2 concentrations accounting for additional greenhouse gases. The results of these updated assessments are briefly summarized.
Modelling the differential impact of 1984 and 1950 sea‐surface temperatures on sahel rainfall
Authors: Druyan Leonard M. , Hastenrath Stefan
Published: July 2010

Experiments with the GISS general circulation model are analysed to evaluate the differential impact of the contrastingly different 1984 and 1950 sea‐surface temperature (SST) patterns on simulated precipitation over sub‐Saharan Africa. Simulations yielded significantly lower August rainfall with 1984 SST as compared with 1950 SST. Differences in the moisture convergence into the Sahel responsible for the different resultant precipitation conditions are related to different evolutions of key circulation features. These are, in turn, consistent with some 1984 vs. 1950 SST differences in the Atlantic Ocean. In the model scenario, anomalously warm surface waters in July 1984 deepened the near‐equatorial trough over the coastal waters adjacent to north‐west Africa, promoting a circulation that eventually inhibited moisture advection from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel. This atmospheric evolution included a southward expansion of the West African Mid‐tropospheric jet, which has been observed to occur during dry summers. The study suggests that this structure is a symptom of drought rather than a cause.
An approach to reconstruction of temperature on a seasonal basis using historical documents from China
Authors: Wang Risheng , Wang Shaowu , Fraedrich Klaus
Published: July 2010

A methodology is presented for reconstructing past climates on a seasonal basis using historical data from chronicles and documents in China. This procedure consists of three steps: first, individual climate indicators are identified and scaled by ordinal numbers (or grades) based on their individual statistics; secondly, the cold (warm) climate index is defined as a function of the scaled indicators. Finally, the climate index is calibrated in terms of temperatures by regression with recent observations. This methodology is applied to constructing the temperature series of the last 500 years in China, based on which climate variations are studied. Spectrum analysis shows variability in about 200, 80, 30, and 22–year cycles.
Nocturnal air and road surface temperature variations in complex terrain
Authors: Bogren Jörgen , Gustavsson Torbjörn
Published: July 2010

This paper is part of an ongoing project dealing with the modelling of local climate for predicting temperature variations and risks of road slipperiness under various synoptic conditions. Temperature recordings from mobile measurements taken along road stretches have been analysed to determine the influence of valleys on the variation in air and road surface temperatures. During clear, calm nights, the variation in air temperature between valley bottoms and surrounding areas can be related to geometric properties of valleys, such as depth and width. It is seen that temperature differences between valleys and surrounding areas increase with increasing depth and width. The prevailing wind speed has been found to be a major factor controlling the variation in temperature. The variation in air temperature is totally smoothed out in situations in which there is an ambient wind speed exceeding 3 m s−1. In the interval 2–3 m s−1, the degree of wind exposure in valleys is of importance for the magnitude of the air temperature differences. Counter‐radiation from clouds has been found to significantly reduce the intensity of cold air pools. Under partly cloudy situations (3–5 octas) with no wind, the temperature difference between valley bottoms and surrounding areas differs by approximately 6°C in comparison with clear, calm situations. The relationship between differences in air and road surface temperature has also been studied. In general, an increase in cold air pool intensity of 1°C lowers the road surface temperature by 0·4°C.