bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holistic versus monomeric strategies for hydrological modelling of human-modified hydrosystems
Authors: Nalbantis I. , Efstratiadis A. , Rozos E. , Kopsiafti M. , Koutsoyiannis D.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The modelling of human-modified basins that are inadequately measured constitutes a challenge for hydrological science. Often, models for such systems are detailed and hydraulics-based for only one part of the system while for other parts oversimplified models or rough assumptions are used. This is typically a bottom-up approach, which seeks to exploit knowledge of hydrological processes at the micro-scale at some components of the system. Also, it is a monomeric approach in two ways: first, essential interactions among system components may be poorly represented or even omitted; second, differences in the level of detail of process representation can lead to uncontrolled errors. Additionally, the calibration procedure merely accounts for the reproduction of the observed responses using typical fitting criteria. The paper aims to raise some critical issues, regarding the entire modelling approach for such hydrosystems. For this, two alternative modelling strategies are examined that reflect two modelling approaches or philosophies: a dominant bottom-up approach, which is also monomeric and, very often, based on output information, and a top-down and holistic approach based on generalized information. Critical options are examined, which codify the differences between the two strategies: the representation of surface, groundwater and water management processes, the schematization and parameterization concepts and the parameter estimation methodology. The first strategy is based on stand-alone models for surface and groundwater processes and for water management, which are employed sequentially. For each model, a different (detailed or coarse) parameterization is used, which is dictated by the hydrosystem schematization. The second strategy involves model integration for all processes, parsimonious parameterization and hybrid manual-automatic parameter optimization based on multiple objectives. A test case is examined in a hydrosystem in Greece with high complexities, such as extended surface-groundwater interactions, ill-defined boundaries, sinks to the sea and anthropogenic intervention with unmeasured abstractions both from surface water and aquifers. Criteria for comparison are the physical consistency of parameters, the reproduction of runoff hydrographs at multiple sites within the studied basin, the likelihood of uncontrolled model outputs, the required amount of computational effort and the performance within a stochastic simulation setting. Our work allows for investigating the deterioration of model performance in cases where no balanced attention is paid to all components of human-modified hydrosystems and the related information. Also, sources of errors are identified and their combined effect are evaluated.
Evapotranspiration modelling at large scale using near-real time MSG SEVIRI derived data
Authors: Ghilain N. , Arboleda A. , Gellens-Meulenberghs F.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. We present an evapotranspiration (ET) model developed in the framework of the EUMETSAT "Satellite Application Facility" (SAF) on Land Surface Analysis (LSA). The model is a simplified Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) scheme that uses as input a combination of remote sensed data and atmospheric model outputs. The inputs based on remote sensing are LSA-SAF products: the Albedo (AL), the Downwelling Surface Shortwave Flux (DSSF) and the Downwelling Surface Longwave Flux (DSLF). They are available with the spatial resolution of the MSG SEVIRI instrument. ET maps covering the whole MSG field of view are produced from the model every 30 min, in near-real-time, for all weather conditions. This paper presents the adopted methodology and a set of validation results. The model quality is evaluated in two ways. First, ET results are compared with ground observations (from CarboEurope and national weather services), for different land cover types, over a full vegetation cycle in the Northern Hemisphere in 2007. This validation shows that the model is able to reproduce the observed ET temporal evolution from the diurnal to annual time scales for the temperate climate zones: the mean bias is less than 0.02 mm h−1 and the root-mean square error is between 0.06 and 0.10 mm h−1. Then, ET model outputs are compared with those from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). From this comparison, a high spatial correlation is noted, between 80 to 90%, around midday. Nevertheless, some discrepancies are also observed and are due to the different input variables and parameterisations used.
Thermal structure and drainage system of a small valley glacier (Tellbreen, Svalbard), investigated by ground penetrating radar
Authors: Bælum K. , Benn D. I.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Proglacial icings accumulate in front of many High Arctic glaciers during the winter months, as water escapes from englacial or subglacial storage. Such icings have been interpreted as evidence for warm-based subglacial conditions, but several are now known to occur in front of cold-based glaciers. In this study, we investigate the drainage system of Tellbreen, a 3.5 km long glacier in central Spitsbergen, where a large proglacial icing develops each winter, to determine the location and geometry of storage elements. Digital elevation models (DEMs) of the glacier surface and bed were constructed using maps, differential GPS and ground penetrating radar (GPR). Rates of surface lowering indicate that the glacier has a long-term mass balance of −0.6 ± 0.2 m/year. Englacial and subglacial drainage channels were mapped using GPR, showing that Tellbreen has a diverse drainage system that is capable of storing, transporting and releasing water year round. In the upper part of the glacier, drainage is mainly via supraglacial channels. These transition downglacier into shallow englacial "cut and closure" channels, formed by the incision and roof closure of supraglacial channels. Below thin ice near the terminus, these channels reach the bed and contain stored water throughout the winter months. Even though no signs of temperate ice were detected and the bed is below pressure-melting point, Tellbreen has a surface-fed, channelized subglacial drainage system, which allows significant storage and delayed discharge.
Transient Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome caused by Traumatic Incomplete Posterior Vitreous Detachment
Authors: Lorusso Massimo , Ferrari Luisa Micelli , Leozappa Marco , Modoni Andrea P. , Ferrari Tommaso Micelli
Published: March 2011

Purpose

To report transient vitreomacular traction (VMT) syndrome following acute blunt trauma associated with incomplete posterior vitreous detachment.

Methods

The authors present the analysis of 2 eyes of consecutive patients with acute VMT following mild blunt trauma. Both patients reported a sudden decrease in visual acuity and metamorphopsia. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images showed typical VMT syndrome.

Results

The development of complete posterior vitreous detachment demonstrated by OCT, after 15 and 30 days, respectively, was associated with complete resolution of symptoms and complete recovery of foveal architecture.

Conclusions

The authors report spontaneous resolution of VMT associated with blunt trauma. As spontaneous resolution may occur in some eyes with VMT following traumatic acute incomplete vitreous detachment, a period of observation may be considered prior to vitrectomy. Spectral domain OCT is a useful tool in following the evolution of these patients.
Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers as the Basis of Chiral Gels for the Distinction of Enantiomers by Partially Oriented Nmr Spectroscopy
Authors: Büchler Silke S.D. , Kummerlöwe Grit , Luy Burkhard
Published: March 2011

Introduction

In modern, high resolution NMR spectroscopy, anisotropic parameters play an important role. They can be measured with the help of liquid crystalline mesophases or stretched polymer gels as so-called alignment media. Biologically occurring chiral polymers are of special interest as alignment media for this technique because they allow enantiomers to be distinguished.

Methods

Biopolymers have been studied by deuterium 1D and J-BIRDd,X-HSQC NMR experiments with respect to their ability to distinguish enantiomers and a summary of existing biopolymers for the task is given.

Results

Gelatin is shown to distinguish D-proline from L-proline and next to already known biopolymers, gellan gum is introduced as a novel biologically derived polymer that is able to partially align solute molecules.

Conclusions

Biologically occurring and biodegradable polymers are well suited as alignment media and in many cases are able to distinguish enantiomers. As the orienting properties are different for different media and solute molecules, the bandwidth of corresponding polymers will be further increased in the future.
Three Sides of a Coin: In Conversation with Ben Zvi And Nogalski, Two Sides of a Coin
Authors: Landy Francis
Published: March 2011

This is a response to E. Ben Zvi and J. D. Nogalski, Two Sides of a Coin: Juxtaposing Views on Interpreting the Book of the Twelve/The Twelve Prophetic Books (Gorgias Press, 2009). Nogalski is a major proponent of the thesis that the Twelve Minor Prophets are a redactional unity, while Ben Zvi is its most forthright sceptic. After summarizing the views of both scholars, the author introduces some considerations from his perspective as a literary critic. In particular, he contends that: i) the question of literary unity is an extremely fraught one; ii)arguments for the unity of the Twelve tend to ignore contrast; and iii) the hypothesis that the Twelve were redacted as a book raises acutely not only the methodological difference between redaction-critical and reader-oriented approaches, but also the question of whether prophets were poets, characterized by literary daring. The article concludes with reflections on models of reading in antiquity, and the opposition between metanarratives and marginality.
Zechariah 8 As Revision and Digest of Zechariah 1–7
Authors: Assis Elie
Published: March 2011

It is generally accepted that Zech 1–8 consists of two distinct sections: Zech 1–6 and Zech 7–8. This article argues that the main divide is between chapters 1–7 and ch. 8. Zech 8 is a collection of oracles that offers a revision and digest of sections of the previous chapters in Zech 1–7. These oracles re-quote key phrases of units in Zech 1–7, re-word similar ideas, or use different wordings for similar ideas. Texts in Zech 8, at times, modify those they parallel or complete them. In addition, this article shows that a characteristic feature of many of the literary units in chapter 8, in comparison with chapters 1–7, is that they emphasize greater hope and comfort.
Divine Mediation and the Rise of Civilization in Mesopotamian Literature and in Genesis 1–11
Authors: Melvin David P.
Published: March 2011

An analysis of the portrayal of the origins of human civilization in Mesopotamian literature, in comparison with that of Genesis 1–11, reveals discontinuity with regard to the divine mediation of civilization. In Mesopotamian texts, civilization is of divine origin and is mediated to humans from the divine sphere, whereas in Genesis 1–11 civilization is of human origin and is associated with the downward spiral of humanity, resulting from the human acquisition of illicit divine “knowledge” in Genesis 3.
“The Tallest Man Cannot Reach Heaven; the Broadest Man Cannot Cover Earth” – Reconsidering the Proverb and its Biblical Parallels
Authors: Samet Nili
Published: March 2011

An ancient Mesopotamian proverb states: "even the tallest man cannot reach heaven; even the broadest man cannot cover earth". This proverb, occurring in different contexts, periods and versions, expresses the limitedness of the human ability, physically as well as mentally. The proverb seems to stand at the background of several biblical passages, especially Deut 30:11–13; Amos 9:2–3; Job 11:8–9; Job 28:12–22; and Ps 139:8–10. This article seeks to re-examine the different manifestations of the proverb, and to trace the development of the topoi reflected in it, with a focus on their adaptation in the Hebrew Bible.
Closure in Samson
Authors: Broida Marian
Published: March 2011

In recent decades several scholars have argued for the coherence of Judges 13–16 based on its multiple internal thematic and structural parallels. Yet previous generations of scholars considered Judges 13–16 to be a loose cycle of stories. Exploration of the narrative’s closural mechanisms suggests two primary reasons that the episodes strike readers as disconnected: powerful closural devices at the ends of some individual units, particularly evident in 15:17–20, and a relative lack of cohesive ties between units, especially with regard to consistently-portrayed supporting characters and references to Samson’s hair. Samson’s redactors chose to build elaborate webs of thematic and structural connections rather than make a few simple changes that would enhance readers’ perception of a continuous plot. One plausible reason is that the redactors prioritized structural unity—specifically, a large-scale if atypical ring composition—over a coherent plot, with verse 15:20 enhancing, not hindering, the reader’s sense of coherence.
The Book of Samuel: Its Composition, Structure and Significance as a Historiographical Source
Authors: Garsiel Moshe
Published: March 2011

The book of Samuel contains ancient and original materials and both main versions were composed as early as the tenth century BCE. But the earlier of the two versions was edited and integrated within the latter enlarged one, and eventually lost its separate existence. Despite some late additions, minor changes, and even copyists’ errors; despite the slight and limited interventions of the Deuteronomistic editorial work; and despite the difference in the theological and social agenda of its two earlier authors, the book of Samuel in its last version still remains the earliest comprehensive source which integrates various original documents and testimonies of ancient time and especially of the transition from the period of the Judges to the period of the united monarchy.
“And Many Beasts” (Jonah 4:11): The Function and Status of Animals in the Book of Jonah
Authors: Shemesh Yael
Published: March 2011

This article examines the special role and function of animals in the book of Jonah. Throughout the book, all elements of creation (natural forces, flora and fauna) serve as emissaries of the Lord. Among animals, this applies specifically to the “great fish” and the worm. Their subjection to God’s will contrasts with the behavior of His human messenger, Jonah, who runs away and tries to evade his mission. At the end of the book animals are viewed as part of the penitent community and an object for divine forgiveness, alongside the human citizens of Nineveh. In fact, the book’s concluding words are “many beasts,” who also merit God’s mercy. I believe there may be a link between the role of animals in the story as divine emissaries and their special status as members of the community and as worthy of divine compassion.
Nehemiah 5: No Economic Crisis
Authors: Guillaume Philippe
Published: March 2011

The crisis described in Nehemiah 5 serves as the literary backdrop for the presentation of Nehemiah as the paradigmatic generous patron. Current social-scientific exegesis of the HB tends to use Nehemiah 5 to support the notion of a structural economic crisis in Yehud. This article argues that Nehemiah 5 and these social-scientific readings make excellent theology but poor economic history.
State‐feedback stabilization for a class of more general high order stochastic nonholonomic systems
Authors: Zhao Yan , Yu Jiangbo , Wu Yuqiang
Published: March 2011

This paper studies the problem of state‐feedback stabilization control for a class of high order stochastic nonholonomic systems with disturbed virtual control directions and more general nonlinear drifts. By using the backstepping approach, we develop a recursive controller design procedure in the stochastic setting. To get around the stabilization burden associated with nonholonomic systems, a switching control strategy is exploited in this procedure. The tuning function technique is applied in the design to avoid the disadvantage of overparameterization. It is shown that, under some conditions, the designed controller could ensure that the closed‐loop system is almost asymptotically stabilized in probability. It is noted that the obtained conclusion can be extended to multi‐input systems. A simulation example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Release Properties of Pressurized Microgel Templated Capsules
Authors: Schmidt Stephan , Fernandes Paulo A. L. , De Geest Bruno G. , Delcea Mihaela , Skirtach Andre G. , Möhwald Helmuth , Fery Andreas
Published: March 2011

Direction‐specific release induced through osmotic pressure inside giant microcapsules is realized and monitored at high and low concentrations of encapsulated polymer. A clear correlation between the release kinetics upon opening the shell and encapsulated polymer concentration is observed. This has been independently confirmed by shell opening via nanoindentation and laser radiation. To quantify these observations, the internal pressure of the capsules is determined by analysis of mechanical tests performed via colloidal probe AFM. As expected, larger amounts of encapsulated material lead to increased internal pressures and enhanced release kinetics. The results show how drug release can be accelerated by encapsulation of osmotic pressure generating species. Such pressurized capsules systems show large ejection velocities and are envisioned as an inexpensive biolistic transfection device for in vitro applications.
A Mesoporous Iron‐Based Fluoride Cathode of Tunnel Structure for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Li Chilin , Gu Lin , Tong Jianwei , Tsukimoto Susumu , Maier Joachim
Published: March 2011

A fluoride‐based cathode (FeF3·0.33H2O) for lithium batteries, the synthesis of which has been reported recently (C. L. Li et al. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3650), is described in terms of structure, morphology, and performance. A self‐assembled mesoporous morphology connected with a high specific surface area is obtained through the soft template role of the ionic liquid. The fluoride exhibits a one‐dimensional tunnel structure produced by continuous hexagonal cavities, in which hydration water molecules are located. The high Li‐intercalation activity of carbon‐free FeF3·0.33H2O is expected to be associated with various factors, including electrolyte‐infiltratable mesoporosity, wide Li+‐insertable channels, and medium conductivities. A single solid‐solution reaction mechanism is indicated by potentiostatic intermittent titration technique and ex situ X‐ray diffraction at different reactive potentials.
High‐Performance, Phosphorescent, Top‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with p–i–n Homojunctions
Authors: Wang Qiang , Tao Youtian , Qiao Xianfeng , Chen Jiangshan , Ma Dongge , Yang Chuluo , Qin Jingui
Published: March 2011

High‐performance, green, orange, and red top‐emitting organic light‐emitting diodes (TOLEDs) with p–i–n homojunction are demonstrated. An excellent ambipolar host, 2,5‐bis(2‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (o‐CzOXD), which has good thermal and morphological stabilities, a high triplet energy level, and equally high electron and hole mobilities, is chosen as the organic host material for the homojunction devices. By electrical doping, the carrier injection and transporting characteristics are greatly improved. The optical structure is optimized in view of light emission of different colors to enhance the color purity and improve the view characte­ristics. As a result, high efficiency p–i–n homojunction TOLEDs with saturated intrinsic emission of the emitting materials and angular independence of the emission are realized. The performances of these p–i–n homojunction TOLEDs are even higher than the multi‐layer heterojunction bottom‐emitting devices using the same emitting layers.
Synthesis of α‐Diazo Carbonyl Compounds with the Shelf‐Stable Diazo Transfer Reagent Nonafluorobutanesulfonyl Azide
Authors: Chiara Jose Luis , Suárez José Ramón
Published: March 2011

Nonafluorobutanesulfonyl azide is a shelf‐stable, cost‐effective and general diazo transfer reagent for the efficient synthesis of α‐diazo carbonyl compounds in excellent yields and in very short reaction times, under mild conditions. The diazo products can be readily isolated in pure form after a simple aqueous extractive work‐up that avoids chromatographic purification in most cases. Because of its high efficiency and wide substrate scope, shelf‐stability, relatively low cost, and ease of product purification, nonafluorobutanesulfonyl azide offers an advantageous alternative to other commonly used diazo transfer reagents.
Plant shift ability evaluation for abnormal situation management
Authors: Noda Masaru , Nishitani Hirokazu
Published: March 2011

We propose an evaluation method that utilizes the redundancy of operator assignments to improve plant shift ability under abnormal conditions. The redundancy of operator assignments is the total number of patterns of operator assignments to shifts, which are able to cope with a specified abnormal condition in a plant. By investigating abnormal situations with low redundancy levels, we can identify the bottlenecks in that particular shift. These bottlenecks can then be corrected with carefully planned educational programs. We concluded that evaluating the redundancy of operator assignments plays an important role in improving shift abilities under abnormal situations and results in safer, more robust operations. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissolved organic matters transformation and sludge characteristics in zeolite‐enhanced contact‐adsorption regeneration‐stabilization process
Authors: Wu Zhichao , Zhang Xinying , Wang Zhiwei , Wei Tianye , An Ying , Wang Xu
Published: March 2011

Dissolved organic matters (DOM) transformation and sludge characteristics were studied in a new‐type modified process, i.e. the zeolite‐enhanced contact‐adsorption regeneration‐stabilization (ZCS) process. The techniques such as three‐dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, gel filtration chromatography and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy were used to gain a deep understanding of organic pollutants removal patterns and sludge characteristics in the process. Three peaks were readily identified from the EEM fluorescence spectra of DOM in each treatment unit, which were related to aromatic protein‐like substances, tryptophan protein‐like substances and visible fulvic acid‐like substances, respectively. It was found that the molecules with molecular weight < 10 kDa were significantly degraded. Compared to conventional‐activated sludge (CAS) system, the sludge in the ZCS system showed a good settling ability, with lower ratio of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)/tightly bound EPS and lower ratio of polysaccharides/proteins. In FT‐IR spectra of sludge in the ZCS system, there were a sharper band at 1033 cm−1 and two new bands at 783 and 459 cm−1, related to the addition of zeolite. Other bands were weaker, but at similar locations with the CAS system, indicating similar organic composition and structure of the two kinds of sludges. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation and thermal analysis of the filling stage in the injection molding process: Role of the mold‐polymer interface
Authors: El Otmani Rabie , Zinet Matthieu , Boutaous M'hamed , Benhadid Hamda
Published: March 2011

Computer simulation is one of the most efficient ways to assist engineers to find a good design solution and to produce high quality plastic parts. The prediction of the parameter evolution during material forming requires a fair understanding of the interaction between the material properties and the process. One of the problems encountered in numerical simulation of the injection molding process is the tracking of the polymer‐air front or interface during the filling stage (Haagh et al., Int Polym Proc 1997, 12, 207). This article presents a numerical simulation of a nonisothermal molten polymer flow in a cavity as in the injection molding process. The continuity and complete Navier‐Stokes equations are coupled with the level set convective equation to predict the flow front and the fountain flow effect. The fluid behavior is modeled by the Cross‐Arrhenius model. Thanks to the use of the level set method, a special focus is made on the polymer‐mold interfacial heat transfer, and the effect of a variable thermal contact resistance is thoroughly investigated. A new interpretation of the flow marks defect causes, based on the interfacial heat flux analysis, is then suggested. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Shear properties of acrylic under high strain rate loading
Authors: Gelu Tamrat Abishu , Joshi S. S. , Naik N. K.
Published: March 2011

Acrylic is being used in structural applications because of its higher resistance to projectile impacts. High strain rate shear loading is one of the critical conditions. In the present study, properties of typical acrylic under high strain rate shear loading are presented. Torsional Split Hopkinson Bar apparatus was used for the studies in the shear strain rate range of 290 per sec to 791 per sec. Thin‐walled tubular specimens with hexagonal flanges were used for the experimental studies. Details of specimen configuration, data acquisition, and processing are presented. Shear strength is presented as a function of shear strain rate. It is observed that the shear strength at high strain rate is enhanced up to 25% compared with that at quasi‐static loading in the range of parameters considered. Comparison of torque versus time behavior derived from signals obtained from strain gauges mounted on incident bar and transmitter bar is also presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Boron removal by glucamine‐functionalized hydrogel beads in batch fashion
Authors: Ersan Hülya Yavuz , Pinarbasi Sila
Published: March 2011

In this study, poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) gel beads were synthesized, then it was functionalized to yield glucamine carrying hydrogel beads as a sorbent for boron uptake. The batch‐mode sorption studies were performed to obtain the optimum resin concentration and pH for boron removal. The results showed that percent of boron removal increased with increasing amount of resin and reached 98% at 12 mg‐resin/mL‐solution. The boron removal did not effected much with the change of pH between 4 and 9. The boron adsorption isotherm is in good accordance with the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The equilibrium adsorption amount of boron is 13.5 mmol g−1 at optimum conditions which is 5 to 50 times higher than the other boron selective adsorbents recorded in literature. Desorption studies showed that 100% elution is possible with HCl. As a conclusion the glucamine carrying hydrogel beads can be effectively used for uptake of boron from aqueous solutions because of their high boron adsorption capacity and reusability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of UV curable urethane acrylate resins treatments on the physical properties of medium‐ and small‐diameter softwoods
Authors: Lu Kun‐Tsung , Wu Jun‐Wei
Published: March 2011

This study analyzed the effects of ultraviolet curable urethane acrylate resin (UV resin) treatments on surface homogeneity, dimensional stability, and change in colors of medium‐ and small‐ diameter softwoods produced in Taiwan. The UV resins were formulated with urethane acrylate oligomer/methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer by the weight ratio of 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10, and 3% of photoinitiator (benzil dimethyl ketal) by the total weight of UV resins was added, respectively. Four kinds of softwoods, including Taiwanina, China fir, Taiwan incense cedar and Japanese fir with a diameter of 10–15 cm were obtained from Hui‐Sun Forest Station, Taiwan. Results show that the oligomer derived from 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2‐HEMA) and polymeric toluene diisocyanate (PTDI) by the molar ratio of NCO/OH = 1.0 could be readily synthesized and the prepared UV resin were also easily applied to the woods at room temperature and normal pressure. The surface hardness and moisture excluding efficiency (MEE) of woods were markedly enhanced and correlated with the increased in oligomer content of the UV resins as well as the homogeneity of softwood surfaces were also improved. According to the antiswelling efficiency (ASE), the increased in dimensional stability of woods were achieved; especially for the lower specific gravity China fir had the greatest improved efficiency of 60.68% at oligomer/MMA ratio of 80/20. In addition, a massive, colorful, and warm feeling in sense of sight on UV resin‐treated wood, which would appeal to most people, was also obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Structure and properties of poly(butylene succinate) filled with lignin: A case of lignosulfonate
Authors: Lin Ning , Fan Dongkuan , Chang Peter R. , Yu Jiahui , Cheng Xiaochun , Huang Jin
Published: March 2011

A new kind of blend material was prepared by the incorporation of lignosulfonate calcium (LS), as the filler, into biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), as the polymeric matrix, with the process of melt mixing and subsequent compression molding. The nucleation of LS improved the crystalline properties of the PBS component in the blends. Combined with the rigidity nature of the LS filler, the Young's modulus values of the blends were enhanced. Furthermore, the introduction of LS in this biodegradable polyester slightly increased the hydrophilicity of the blends, shown as higher values of water uptake at equilibrium; this might facilitate the biodegradation of hydrophobic polyesters. Consequently, this study opened one way of enhancing the rigidity and decreasing the cost of biodegradable PBS‐based polymeric plastics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Morphologies and properties of nanocomposite films based on a biodegradable poly(ester)urethane elastomer
Authors: Cho Tae Woong , Kim Seong Woo
Published: March 2011

Biodegradable poly(ester)urethane (PU) elastomer‐based nanocomposite films incorporated with organically modified nanoclay were prepared with melt‐extrusion compounding followed by a casting film process. These films were intended for application as biodegradable food packaging films, with their enhanced gas barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties and good flexibility. From both X‐ray diffraction measurements and transmission electron microscopy observations, the coexistence of intercalated tactoids and exfoliated silicate layers in the compounded PU/clay nanocomposite films was confirmed. In addition, the morphology exhibited a clay dispersion state in the matrix and was influenced by the incorporated nanoclay content. The effects of the nanoclay loading level on the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of the compounded nanocomposites were also investigated. As a result, it was revealed that the addition of nanoclay up to a certain level resulted in a remarkable improvement in the thermal properties in terms of thermal stability and the degree of thermal shrinkage; mechanical properties, including dynamic storage modulus and tensile modulus; and oxygen/water‐vapor barrier properties of the nanocomposite films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of well‐defined block copolymer having one polystyrene segment and another poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) segment with RAFT polymerization
Authors: Yao Zhen , Zhang Jiang‐Shan , Chen Mu‐Lang , Li Ben‐Ju , Lu Ying‐Ying , Cao Kun
Published: March 2011

Block copolymers, polystyrene‐b‐poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride), have been prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique using three different approaches: 1‐phenylethyl phenyldithioacetate (PEPDTA) directly as RAFT agent, mediated polystyrene (PS) block as the macromolecular PS‐RAFT agent and mediated poly(styrene‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) block with alternating sequence as the macromolecular SMA‐RAFT agent. Copolymers synthesized in the one‐step method using PEPDTA as RAFT agent possess one PS block and one SMA block with gradient structure. When the macromolecular RAFT agents are employed, copolymers with one PS block and one alternating SMA block can be produced. However, block copolymers with narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) can only be obtained using the PS‐RAFT agent. The MWD deviates considerably from the typical RAFT polymerization system when the SMA is used as the RAFT agent. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Evolution of the Muscles of Facial Expression in a Monogamous Ape: Evaluating the Relative Influences of Ecological and Phylogenetic Factors in Hylobatids
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Diogo Rui , Waller Bridget M. , Bonar Christopher J. , Liebal Katja
Published: March 2011

Facial expression is a communication mode produced by facial (mimetic) musculature. Hylobatids (gibbons and siamangs) have a poorly documented facial display repertoire and little is known about their facial musculature. These lesser apes represent an opportunity to test hypotheses related to the evolution of primate facial musculature as they are the only hominoid with a monogamous social structure, and thus live in very small groups. Primate species living in large groups with numerous social relationships, such as chimpanzees and rhesus macaques, have been shown to have a complex facial display repertoire and a high number of discrete facial muscles. The present study was designed to examine the relative influence of social structure and phylogeny on facial musculature evolution by comparing facial musculature complexity among hylobatids, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. Four faces were dissected from four hylobatid species. Morphology, attachments, three‐dimensional relationships, and variation among specimens were noted and compared to rhesus macaques and chimpanzees. Microanatomical characteristics of the orbicularis oris muscle were also compared. Facial muscles of hylobatids were generally gracile and less complex than both the rhesus macaque and chimpanzee. Microanatomically, the orbicularis oris muscle of hylobatids was relatively loosely packed with muscle fibers. These results indicate that environmental and social factors may have been important in determining morphology and complexity of facial musculature in the less social hylobatids and that they may not have experienced as strong selection pressure for mimetic muscle complexity as other, more social primates. Anat Rec, 294:645–663, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Cecal Appendix: One More Immune Component With a Function Disturbed By Post‐Industrial Culture
Authors: Laurin Michel , Everett Mary Lou , Parker William
Published: March 2011

This review assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the cecal appendix, its apparent function, and its evolution. The association of the cecal appendix with substantial amounts of immune tissue has long been taken as an indicator that the appendix may have some immune function. Recently, an improved understanding of the interactions between the normal gut flora and the immune system has led to the identification of the appendix as an apparent safe‐house for normal gut bacteria. Further, a variety of observations related to the evolution and morphology of the appendix, including the identification of the structure as a “recurrent trait” in some clades, the presence of appendix‐like structures in monotremes and some non‐mammalian species, and consistent features of the cecal appendix such as its narrow diameter, provide direct support for an important function of the appendix. This bacterial safe‐house, which is likely important in the event of diarrheal illness, is presumably of minimal importance to humans living with abundant nutritional resources, modern medicine and modern hygiene practices that include clean drinking water. Consistent with this idea, epidemiologic studies demonstrate that diarrheal illness is indeed a major source of selection pressure in developing countries but not in developed countries, whereas appendicitis shows the opposite trend, being associated with modern hygiene and medicine. The cecal appendix may thus be viewed as a part of the immune system that, like those immune compartments that cause allergy, is vital to life in a “natural” environment, but which is poorly suited to post‐industrialized societies. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny of the Shell Bones of Embryos of Podocnemis unifilis (Troschel, 1848) (Testudines, Podocnemididae)
Authors: Lima Fabiano Campos , Santos André Luiz Quagliatto , Vieira Lucélia Gonçalves , Da Silva‐Junior Luiz Martins , Romão Mariluce Ferreira , De Simone Simone Borges Salgueiro , Hirano Líria Queiroz Luz , Silva Juliana Macedo Magnino , Montelo Kennedy Mota , Malvásio Adriana
Published: March 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate the sequence of shell bone formation in the embryos of the Pleurodira, Podocnemis unifilis. Their bones and cartilage were collected and cleared before staining. The shell was also examined by obtaining a series of histological slices. All the bony elements of the plastron have independent ossification centers, which subsequently join together and retain two fontanelles until the period of hatching. This turtle has a mesoplastra, which is characteristic of the Podocnemididae. The carapace begins to form concurrently with the ossification of the ribs at the beginning of stage 20. All the plates, except the suprapygal, initiate ossification during the embryonic period. The main purpose of the histological investigation was to highlight the relationship between the formation of the carapace and ribs with that of the neural plates. The costal and neural plates were found not to independent ossification centers, but to be closely related to components of the endoskeleton, originating as expansions of the perichondral collar of the ribs and the neural arches, respectively. Considering the ribs as an endoskeletal element of the carapace, the carapace and plastron begin ossification at the same stage in P. unifilis. This pattern reveals similarities with other Pleurodira, as well as evident variations, such as the presence of the seven neural bones and the presence of only one ossification center in the nuchal plate. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resident perceptions of anatomy education: A survey of medical school alumni from two different anatomy curricula and multiple medical specialties
Authors: Bohl Michael A. , Gest Thomas R.
Published: March 2011

In 2004, the University of Michigan Medical School reduced its gross anatomy curriculum. To determine the effect of this reduction on resident perceptions of their clinical preparedness, we surveyed alumni that included residents from the original and new shortened curricula. A Likert‐scale survey was sent to four classes of alumni. Respondents were compared in old curriculum (OC) and new curriculum (NC) groups, surgical specialty (SS) and nonsurgical specialty (NS) groups, and subgroups of SS and NS were compared for differences between OC and NC. Mean response scores were compared using independent samples T‐tests. As a single population (n = 110), respondents felt their anatomy education prepared them well for residency, that a more robust anatomy curriculum would be helpful, that dissection was important to their residency preparation, and that a 4th year anatomy elective was effective in expanding their anatomy education and preparing them for residency. No significant difference existed between OC and NC groups, neither as a whole nor as SS and NS subgroups. The SS group felt dissection was more important to their residency preparation than the NS group (P = 0.001) and that a more robust anatomy curriculum would have better prepared them for residency (P = 0.001). Thirty percent of SS respondents who did not take a 4th year elective commented that they wish they had. Fourth year anatomy electives were highly valued by residents, and respondents felt that they should be offered to students as a way of revisiting anatomy following the 1st year of clinical training. Anat Sci Educ 4:126–131, 2011. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Prognostic models based on statistical flowgraphs
Authors: Collins David H. , Huzurbazar Aparna V.
Published: March 2011

We present a framework for developing hierarchical models for predicting system health (e.g. probability of failure within a given mission duration), based on component‐level reliability and degradation models. Component models may be specified as parametric probability distributions or nonparametrically as empirical distribution functions. Flowgraph methods are then used to predict the system failure time distribution. We illustrate with an application to aircraft maintenance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paper 4: EUROCAT statistical monitoring: Identification and investigation of ten year trends of congenital anomalies in Europe
Authors: Loane Maria , Dolk Helen , Kelly Alan , Teljeur Conor , Greenlees Ruth , Densem James ,   and a EUROCAT Working Group
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND

As part of EUROCAT's surveillance of congenital anomalies in Europe, a statistical monitoring system has been developed to detect recent clusters or long‐term (10 year) time trends. The purpose of this article is to describe the system for the identification and investigation of 10‐year time trends, conceived as a “screening” tool ultimately leading to the identification of trends which may be due to changing teratogenic factors.

METHODS

The EUROCAT database consists of all cases of congenital anomalies including livebirths, fetal deaths from 20 weeks gestational age, and terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomaly. Monitoring of 10‐year trends is performed for each registry for each of 96 non‐independent EUROCAT congenital anomaly subgroups, while Pan‐Europe analysis combines data from all registries. The monitoring results are reviewed, prioritized according to a prioritization strategy, and communicated to registries for investigation. Twenty‐one registries covering over 4 million births, from 1999 to 2008, were included in monitoring in 2010.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant increasing trends were detected for abdominal wall anomalies, gastroschisis, hypospadias, Trisomy 18 and renal dysplasia in the Pan‐Europe analysis while 68 increasing trends were identified in individual registries. A decreasing trend was detected in over one‐third of anomaly subgroups in the Pan‐Europe analysis, and 16.9% of individual registry tests. Registry preliminary investigations indicated that many trends are due to changes in data quality, ascertainment, screening, or diagnostic methods. Some trends are inevitably chance phenomena related to multiple testing, while others seem to represent real and continuing change needing further investigation and response by regional/national public health authorities. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011.© 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term effect of inoculum pretreatment on fermentative hydrogen production by repeated batch cultivations: Homoacetogenesis and methanogenesis as competitors to hydrogen production
Authors: Luo Gang , Karakashev Dimitar , Xie Li , Zhou Qi , Angelidaki Irini
Published: March 2011

Long‐term effects of inoculum pretreatments (heat, acid, loading‐shock) on hydrogen production from glucose under different temperatures (37°C, 55°C) and initial pH (7 and 5.5) were studied by repeated batch cultivations. Results obtained showed that it was necessary to investigate the long‐term effect of inoculum pretreatment on hydrogen production since pretreatments may just temporarily inhibit the hydrogen consuming processes. After long‐term cultivation, pretreated inocula did not enhance hydrogen production compared to untreated inocula under mesophilic conditions (initial pH 7 and pH 5.5) and thermophilic conditions (initial pH 7). However, pretreatment could inhibit lactate production and lead to higher hydrogen yield under thermophilic conditions at initial pH 5.5. The results further demonstrated that inoculum pretreatment could not permanently inhibit either methanogenesis or homoacetogenesis, and methanogenesis and homoacetogenesis could only be inhibited by proper control of fermentation pH and temperature. Methanogenic activity could be inhibited at pH lower than 6, both under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, while homoacetogenic activity could only be inhibited under thermophilic condition at initial pH 5.5. Microbial community analysis showed that pretreatment did not affect the dominant bacteria. The dominant bacteria were Clostridium butyricum related organisms under mesophilic condition (initial pH 7 and 5.5), Thermoanaerobacterium sp. related organisms under thermophilic condition (initial pH 7), and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum related organisms under thermophilic condition (initial pH 5.5). Results from this study clearly indicated that the long‐term effects of inoculum pretreatments on hydrogen production, methanogenesis, homoacetogenesis and dominant bacteria were dependent on fermentation temperature and pH. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1816–1827. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of metformin and other biguanides in forensic whole blood samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sørensen Lambert K.
Published: March 2011

Metformin is an anti‐diabetic drug in the biguanide class which also includes phenformin and buformin. Because of the potential adverse effects of the biguanides, a reliable liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method using pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization was developed for the quantification of the drugs in both live and post‐mortem human whole blood. The blood proteins were precipitated by the addition of a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile, and the extract was cleaned up by cation‐exchange solid‐phase extraction to eliminate ion suppression effects. The separation was performed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Matrix‐matched calibrants combined with isotope dilution of metformin were used for calibration. The detection limits were 0.01 mg/L for metformin and phenformin and the relative intra‐laboratory reproducibility standard deviations were less than 6% at concentrations of 1–10 mg/L. The mean true recoveries were greater than 86%.