bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiac Hypertrophic and Pro-Remodelling Effects of Leptin
Authors: Karmazyn Morris , Gan Xiaohong Tracey
Published: January 2024

Since its initial discovery in 1994, the adipokine leptin has received extensive interest as an important satiety factor and regulator of energy expenditure. Although produced primarily by white adipocytes, leptin can be synthesized by numerous tissues including those comprising the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular function can thus be affected by locally produced leptin via an autocrine or paracrine manner but also by circulating leptin. Leptin exerts its effects by binding to and activating specific receptors, termed ObRs or LepRs, belonging to the Class I cytokine family of receptors of which six isoforms have been identified. Although all ObRs have identical intracellular domains, they differ substantially in length in terms of their extracellular domains, which determine their ability to activate cell signalling pathways. The most important of these receptors in terms of biological effects of leptin is the so-called long form (ObRb), which possesses the complete intracellular domain linked to full cell signalling processes. The heart has been shown to express ObRb as well as to produce leptin. Leptin exerts numerous cardiac effects including the development of hypertrophy likely through a number of cell signaling processes as well as mitochondrial dynamics, thus demonstrating substantial complex underlying mechanisms. Here, we discuss mechanisms that potentially mediate leptin-induced cardiac pathological hypertrophy, which may contribute to the development of heart failure.
Mcl-1 Protein and Viral Infections: A Narrative Review
Authors: Wyżewski Zbigniew , Stępkowska Justyna , Kobylińska Aleksandra Maria , Mielcarska Adriana , Mielcarska Matylda Barbara
Published: January 2024

MCL-1 is the prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 family. It prevents the induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms dictating the host cell viability gain importance in the context of viral infections. The premature apoptosis of infected cells could interrupt the pathogen replication cycle. On the other hand, cell death following the effective assembly of progeny particles may facilitate virus dissemination. Thus, various viruses can interfere with the apoptosis regulation network to their advantage. Research has shown that viral infections affect the intracellular amount of MCL-1 to modify the apoptotic potential of infected cells, fitting it to the “schedule” of the replication cycle. A growing body of evidence suggests that the virus-dependent deregulation of the MCL-1 level may contribute to several virus-driven diseases. In this work, we have described the role of MCL-1 in infections caused by various viruses. We have also presented a list of promising antiviral agents targeting the MCL-1 protein. The discussed results indicate targeted interventions addressing anti-apoptotic MCL1 as a new therapeutic strategy for cancers as well as other diseases. The investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in viral infections engaging MCL1 may contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of cell death and survival balance.
MicroRNA Targets PAP1 to Mediate Melanization in Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) Infected by Metarhizium anisopliae
Authors: Zhang Zhantao , Jin Fengliang , Huang Junlin , Mandal Surajit De , Zeng Lu , Zafar Junaid , Xu Xiaoxia
Published: January 2024

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in important biological processes by regulating post-transcriptional gene expression and exhibit differential expression patterns during development, immune responses, and stress challenges. The diamondback moth causes significant economic damage to crops worldwide. Despite substantial advancements in understanding the molecular biology of this pest, our knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in regulating key immunity-related genes remains limited. In this study, we leveraged whole transcriptome resequencing data from Plutella xylostella infected with Metarhizium anisopliae to identify specific miRNAs targeting the prophenoloxidase-activating protease1 (PAP1) gene and regulate phenoloxidase (PO) cascade during melanization. Seven miRNAs (pxy-miR-375-5p, pxy-miR-4448-3p, pxy-miR-279a-3p, pxy-miR-3286-3p, pxy-miR-965-5p, pxy-miR-8799-3p, and pxy-miR-14b-5p) were screened. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that pxy-miR-279a-3p binds to the open reading frame (ORF) and pxy-miR-965-5p to the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of PAP1. Our experiments demonstrated that a pxy-miR-965-5p mimic significantly reduced PAP1 expression in P. xylostella larvae, suppressed PO activity, and increased larval mortality rate. Conversely, the injection of pxy-miR-965-5p inhibitor could increase PAP1 expression and PO activity while decreasing larval mortality rate. Furthermore, we identified four LncRNAs (MSTRG.32910.1, MSTRG.7100.1, MSTRG.6802.1, and MSTRG.22113.1) that potentially interact with pxy-miR-965-5p. Interference assays using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) revealed that silencing MSTRG.7100.1 and MSTRG.22113.1 increased the expression of pxy-miR-965-5p. These findings shed light on the potential role of pxy-miR-965-5p in the immune response of P. xylostella to M. anisopliae infection and provide a theoretical basis for biological control strategies targeting the immune system of this pest.
Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interfaces (RPNIs) in Animal Models and Their Applications: A Systematic Review
Authors: González-Prieto Jorge , Cristóbal Lara , Arenillas Mario , Giannetti Romano , Muñoz Frías José Daniel , Alonso Rivas Eduardo , Sanz Barbero Elisa , Gutiérrez-Pecharromán Ana , Díaz Montero Francisco , Maldonado Andrés A.
Published: January 2024

Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interfaces (RPNIs) encompass neurotized muscle grafts employed for the purpose of amplifying peripheral nerve electrical signaling. The aim of this investigation was to undertake an analysis of the extant literature concerning animal models utilized in the context of RPNIs. A systematic review of the literature of RPNI techniques in animal models was performed in line with the PRISMA statement using the MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase databases from January 1970 to September 2023. Within the compilation of one hundred and four articles employing the RPNI technique, a subset of thirty-five were conducted using animal models across six distinct institutions. The majority (91%) of these studies were performed on murine models, while the remaining (9%) were conducted employing macaque models. The most frequently employed anatomical components in the construction of the RPNIs were the common peroneal nerve and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Through various histological techniques, robust neoangiogenesis and axonal regeneration were evidenced. Functionally, the RPNIs demonstrated the capability to discern, record, and amplify action potentials, a competence that exhibited commendable long-term stability. Different RPNI animal models have been replicated across different studies. Histological, neurophysiological, and functional analyses are summarized to be used in future studies.
Prognostic Significance of Glycolysis-Related Genes in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Kadasah Sultan F.
Published: January 2024

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one of the most common malignancies. There is growing evidence that glycolysis-related genes play a critical role in tumor development, maintenance, and therapeutic response by altering tumor metabolism and thereby influencing the tumor immune microenvironment. However, the overall impact of glycolysis-related genes on the prognostic significance, tumor microenvironment characteristics, and treatment outcome of patients with LUSC has not been fully elucidated. We used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset to screen glycolysis-related genes with prognostic effects in LUSC and constructed signature and nomogram models using Lasso and Cox regression, respectively. In addition, we analyzed the immune infiltration and tumor mutation load of the genes in the models. We finally obtained a total of glycolysis-associated DEGs. The signature model and nomogram model had good prognostic power for LUSC. Gene expression in the models was highly correlated with multiple immune cells in LUSC. Through this analysis, we have identified and validated for the first time that glycolysis-related genes are highly associated with the development of LUSC. In addition, we constructed the signature model and nomogram model for clinical decision-making.
Whole Exome Sequencing as a First-Line Molecular Genetic Test in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies
Authors: Vetri Luigi , Calì Francesco , Saccone Salvatore , Vinci Mirella , Chiavetta Natalia Valeria , Carotenuto Marco , Roccella Michele , Costanza Carola , Elia Maurizio
Published: January 2024

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) are severe neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by recurrent, usually early-onset, epileptic seizures accompanied by developmental impairment often related to both underlying genetic etiology and abnormal epileptiform activity. Today, next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) allow us to sequence large portions of DNA quickly and with low costs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of whole-exome sequencing (WES) as a first-line molecular genetic test in a sample of subjects with DEEs characterized by early-onset drug-resistant epilepsies, associated with global developmental delay and/or intellectual disability (ID). We performed 82 WESs, identifying 35 pathogenic variants with a detection rate of 43%. The identified variants were highlighted on 29 different genes including, 3 new candidate genes (KCNC2, STXBP6, DHRS9) for DEEs never identified before. In total, 23 out of 35 (66%) de novo variants were identified. The most frequently identified type of inheritance was autosomal dominant de novo (60%) followed by autosomal recessive in homozygosity (17%) and heterozygosity (11%), autosomal dominant inherited from parental mosaicism (6%) and X-linked dominant de novo (6%). The most frequent mutations identified were missense (75%) followed by frameshift deletions (16%), frameshift duplications (5%), and splicing mutations (3%). Considering the results obtained in the present study we support the use of WES as a form of first-line molecular genetic testing in DEEs.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Type 2 Diabetes Polygenic Risk Scores in an Independent European Population
Authors: Brīvība Monta , Atava Ivanna , Pečulis Raitis , Elbere Ilze , Ansone Laura , Rozenberga Maija , Silamiķelis Ivars , Kloviņš Jānis
Published: January 2024

Numerous type 2 diabetes (T2D) polygenic risk scores (PGSs) have been developed to predict individuals’ predisposition to the disease. An independent assessment and verification of the best-performing PGS are warranted to allow for a rapid application of developed models. To date, only 3% of T2D PGSs have been evaluated. In this study, we assessed all (n = 102) presently published T2D PGSs in an independent cohort of 3718 individuals, which has not been included in the construction or fine-tuning of any T2D PGS so far. We further chose the best-performing PGS, assessed its performance across major population principal component analysis (PCA) clusters, and compared it with newly developed population-specific T2D PGS. Our findings revealed that 88% of the published PGSs were significantly associated with T2D; however, their performance was lower than what had been previously reported. We found a positive association of PGS improvement over the years (p-value = 8.01 × 10−4 with PGS002771 currently showing the best discriminatory power (area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) = 0.669) and PGS003443 exhibiting the strongest association PGS003443 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.899). Further investigation revealed no difference in PGS performance across major population PCA clusters and when compared with newly developed population-specific PGS. Our findings revealed a positive trend in T2D PGS performance, consistently identifying high-T2D-risk individuals in an independent European population.
Measuring Trajectory Similarity Based on the Spatio-Temporal Properties of Moving Objects in Road Networks
Authors: Dorosti Ali , Alesheikh Ali Asghar , Sharif Mohammad
Published: January 2024

Advancements in navigation and tracking technologies have resulted in a significant increase in movement data within road networks. Analyzing the trajectories of network-constrained moving objects makes a profound contribution to transportation and urban planning. In this context, the trajectory similarity measure enables the discovery of inherent patterns in moving object data. Existing methods for measuring trajectory similarity in network space are relatively slow and neglect the temporal characteristics of trajectories. Moreover, these methods focus on relatively small volumes of data. This study proposes a method that maps trajectories onto a network-based space to overcome these limitations. This mapping considers geographical coordinates, travel time, and the temporal order of trajectory segments in the similarity measure. Spatial similarity is measured using the Jaccard coefficient, quantifying the overlap between trajectory segments in space. Temporal similarity, on the other hand, incorporates time differences, including common trajectory segments, start time variation and trajectory duration. The method is evaluated using real-world taxi trajectory data. The processing time is one-quarter of that required by existing methods in the literature. This improvement allows for spatio-temporal analyses of a large number of trajectories, revealing the underlying behavior of moving objects in network space.
Fast Object Detection Leveraging Global Feature Fusion in Boundary-Aware Convolutional Networks
Authors: Fan Weiming , Yu Jiahui , Ju Zhaojie
Published: January 2024

Endoscopy, a pervasive instrument for the diagnosis and treatment of hollow anatomical structures, conventionally necessitates the arduous manual scrutiny of seasoned medical experts. Nevertheless, the recent strides in deep learning technologies proffer novel avenues for research, endowing it with the potential for amplified robustness and precision, accompanied by the pledge of cost abatement in detection procedures, while simultaneously providing substantial assistance to clinical practitioners. Within this investigation, we usher in an innovative technique for the identification of anomalies in endoscopic imagery, christened as Context-enhanced Feature Fusion with Boundary-aware Convolution (GFFBAC). We employ the Context-enhanced Feature Fusion (CEFF) methodology, underpinned by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), to establish equilibrium amidst the tiers of the feature pyramids. These intricately harnessed features are subsequently amalgamated into the Boundary-aware Convolution (BAC) module to reinforce both the faculties of localization and classification. A thorough exploration conducted across three disparate datasets elucidates that the proposition not only surpasses its contemporaries in object detection performance but also yields detection boxes of heightened precision.
Large Area Growth of Silver and Gold Telluride Ultrathin Films via Chemical Vapor Tellurization
Authors: Ghomi Sara , Lamperti Alessio , Alia Mario , Casari Carlo Spartaco , Grazianetti Carlo , Molle Alessandro , Martella Christian
Published: January 2024

Developing a method for the growth of ultrathin metal chalcogenides, potentially targeting the two-dimensional (2D) limit, has a pivotal impact on various nanotechnological device applications. Here, we employed a vapor deposition scheme, based on tellurization, to induce the heterogenous chemical reaction between solid Ag and Au precursors, in the form of ultrathin films, and Te vapors. We characterized the morphological and structural properties of the grown tellurides by using atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The developed tellurization methodology provides a key advancement in the picture of growing ultrathin noble metal tellurides and holds great potential for applications in different technological fields.
Sperm Competition and Paternity in the Endangered Firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Lampyrinae)
Authors: Fu Xinhua , Meyer-Rochow Victor , Ballantyne Lesley , Zhu Xinlei , Zhang Qiyulu
Published: January 2024

The endangered terrestrial firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Olivier) is endemic to China. Populations of P. pectoralis have decreased dramatically due to urbanization and pollution. Breeding and re-introduction to a suitable habitat may save the species from becoming extinct. Because of its polyandrous character, an investigation into the possibility of sperm competition and paternity outcomes from multiple matings was initiated to better understand its reproductive physiology. To achieve these goals, 13 SSR markers were developed. The results of paternity experiments indicate there is a significant difference between P3 and P1 or P2. The female reproductive system has three spermathecae which accept sperm from different matings, and no bursa or spermatophore-digesting organ is developed. Our research established that multiple inseminations with sperm from different males occur, leading to competition between ejaculates. The benefits of such competition include an increasing number of sperm in the ejaculates of competing males and the consequential increase in fertilized eggs (thus, fecundity), and thereby a higher chance of genetic diversity and fitness in the offspring of the firefly P. pectoralis.
Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Lateral Recess Decompression for Octogenarian Patients
Authors: Ahn Yong , Jung Jun-Hyeok
Published: January 2024

The incidence of radiculopathy due to lumbar spinal stenosis has been on the increase in the aging population. However, patients aged ≥ 80 years hesitate to undergo conventional open surgery under general anesthesia because of the risk of postoperative morbidity and adverse events. Therefore, less invasive surgical alternatives are required for the elderly or medically handicapped patients. Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar lateral recess decompression (TELLRD) may be helpful for those patients. This study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of TELLRD for treating radiculopathy in octogenarian patients. A total of 21 consecutive octogenarian patients with lumbar foraminal stenosis underwent TELLRD between January 2017 and January 2021. The inclusion criterion was unilateral radiculopathy, which stemmed from lumbar lateral recess stenosis. The pain source was verified using imaging studies and selective nerve blocks. Full-scale lateral canal decompression was performed using a percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic approach under local anesthesia. We found the pain scores and functional status improved significantly during the 24-month follow-up period. The clinical improvement rate was 95.24% (20 of 21 patients) with no systemic complication. In conclusion, endoscopic lateral recess decompression via the transforaminal approach is practical for octogenarian patients.
Cardiac Device Therapy in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update
Authors: Caba Bogdan , Vasiliu Laura , Covic Maria Alexandra , Sascau Radu , Statescu Cristian , Covic Adrian
Published: January 2024

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are frequently interconnected and their association leads to an exponential increase in the risk of both fatal and non-fatal events. In addition, the burden of arrhythmias in CKD patients is increased. On the other hand, the presence of CKD is an important factor that influences the decision to pursue cardiac device therapy. Data on CKD patients with device therapy are scarce and mostly derives from observational studies and case reports. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is associated with decreased mortality, reduced heart failure symptoms, and improved renal function in early stages of CKD. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are associated with a significant reduction in the mortality of CKD patients only for the secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) is preferred in patients who meet the established criteria. The need for cardiac pacing is increased three-fold in dialysis patients. CKD is an independent risk factor for infections associated with cardiac devices.
Perioperative Diaphragm Dysfunction
Authors: Hu Jinge , Guo Ruijuan , Li Huili , Wen Hong , Wang Yun
Published: January 2024

Diaphragm Dysfunction (DD) is a respiratory disorder with multiple causes. Although both unilateral and bilateral DD could ultimately lead to respiratory failure, the former is more common. Increasing research has recently delved into perioperative diaphragm protection. It has been established that DD promotes atelectasis development by affecting lung and chest wall mechanics. Diaphragm function must be specifically assessed for clinicians to optimally select an anesthetic approach, prepare for adequate monitoring, and implement the perioperative plan. Recent technological advancements, including dynamic MRI, ultrasound, and esophageal manometry, have critically aided disease diagnosis and management. In this context, it is noteworthy that therapeutic approaches for DD vary depending on its etiology and include various interventions, either noninvasive or invasive, aimed at promoting diaphragm recruitment. This review aims to unravel alternative anesthetic and operative strategies that minimize postoperative dysfunction by elucidating the identification of patients at a higher risk of DD and procedures that could cause postoperative DD, facilitating the recognition and avoidance of anesthetic and surgical interventions likely to impair diaphragmatic function.
Cardiovascular Effects of Cosmic Radiation and Microgravity
Authors: Giacinto Omar , Lusini Mario , Sammartini Emanuele , Minati Alessandro , Mastroianni Ciro , Nenna Antonio , Pascarella Giuseppe , Sammartini Davide , Carassiti Massimiliano , Miraldi Fabio , Chello Massimo , Pelliccia Francesco
Published: January 2024

Recent spaceflights involving nonprofessional people have opened the doors to the suborbital space tourism business. However, they have also drawn public attention to the safety and hazards associated with space travel. Unfortunately, space travel involves a myriad of health risks for people, ranging from DNA damage caused by radiation exposure to the hemodynamic changes that occur when living in microgravity. In fact, the primary pathogenetic role is attributed to cosmic radiation, since deep space lacks the protective benefit of Earth’s magnetic shielding. The second risk factor for space-induced pathologies is microgravity, which may affect organ function and cause a different distribution of fluid inside the human body. Both cosmic radiation and microgravity may lead to the alteration of cellular homeostasis and molecular changes in cell function. These, in turn, might have a direct impact on heart function and structure. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the fact that spaceflights constitute a novel frontier in biomedical research. We summarize the most important clinical and experimental evidence regarding the cardiovascular effects of cosmic radiation and microgravity. Finally, we highlight that unraveling the mechanisms underlying how space radiation and microgravity affect the cardiovascular system is crucial for identifying potential countermeasures and developing effective therapeutic strategies.
Salivary Gland Transplantation as a Promising Approach for Tear Film Restoration in Severe Dry Eye Disease
Authors: Chen Jiayi , Bai Tianyi , Su Jiazeng , Cong Xin , Lv Lan , Tong Louis , Yu Haozhe , Feng Yun , Yu Guangyan
Published: January 2024

With increased awareness of dry eye disease (DED), a multitude of therapeutic options have become available. Nevertheless, the treatment of severe DED remains difficult. In a patient whose DED is related to the loss of lacrimal function without severe destruction of the salivary glands, autologous transplantation of the latter as functioning exocrine tissue to rebuild a stable tear film is an attractive idea. All three major and minor salivary glands have been used for such transplantation. Due to the complications associated with and unfavorable prognosis of parotid duct and sublingual gland transplantation, surgeons now prefer to use the submandibular gland (SMG) for such procedures. The transplantation of the SMG not only has a high survival rate, but also improves dry eye symptoms and signs for more than 20 years post-surgery. The regulation of the secretion of the transplanted SMG is critical because the denervated SMG changes its mechanism of secretion. Innovative procedures have been developed to stimulate secretion in order to prevent the obstruction of the Wharton’s duct and to decrease secretion when postoperative “epiphora” occurs. Among the minor salivary glands, the transplantation of the labial salivary glands is the most successful in the long-term. The measurement of the flow rates of minor salivary glands and donor-site selection are critical steps before surgery.
The Ultrasound Renal Stress Test for the Assessment of Functional Renal Reserve in Kidney Transplantation: A Pilot Study in Living Donors
Authors: Nalesso Federico , Martino Francesca K. , Bogo Marco , Bettin Elisabetta , Alessi Marianna , Stefanelli Lucia F. , Silvestre Cristina , Furian Lucrezia , Calò Lorenzo A.
Published: January 2024

In the evolving landscape of nephrology and kidney transplants, assessing renal functional reserve (RFR) in living kidney donors is essential for ensuring donor safety and successful transplantation. This study explores the use of the Intra-Parenchymal Renal Resistive Index Variation (IRRIV) test, a novel non-invasive method, to measure RFR in living donors. Our observational study included 11 participants undergoing living kidney donations, evaluated using the IRRIV-based Renal Stress Test (RST) before and 12 months post-nephrectomy. The study demonstrated significant changes in creatinine and eGFR CKD-EPI levels post-donation, with an average creatinine rise from 69 to 97 µmol/L and a reduction in eGFR from 104 to 66 mL/min/1.73 m2. These variations align with the expected halving of nephron mass post-nephrectomy and the consequent recruitment of RFR and hyperfiltration in the remaining nephrons. This pilot study suggests that the IRRIV-based RST is a practical, safe, and reproducible tool, potentially revolutionizing the assessment of RFR in living kidney donors, with implications for broader clinical practice in donor eligibility evaluation, even in borderline renal cases. Furthermore, it confirms the feasibility of RST in living kidney donors and allows us to assess the sample size in 48 donors for a future study.
Changes in Intestinal Flora and Serum Metabolites Pre- and Post-Antitumor Drug Therapy in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Tian Zhenyu , Liu Yan’e , Zhu Dan , Cao Baoshan , Cui Ming
Published: January 2024

Objective: this study aimed to identify the relationships between gut microbiota, metabolism, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment outcomes, which are presently unclear. Methods: in this single-center prospective cohort study, we investigated changes in the gut microbiota and serum metabolite profile in 60 patients with NSCLC after four cycles of anticancer therapy. Results: The microbial landscape of the gut exhibited a surge in Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobiota populations, alongside a decline in Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota. Furthermore, a significant shift in the prevalence of certain bacterial genera was noted, with an increase in Escherichia/Shigella and Klebsiella, contrasted by a reduction in Bifidobacterium. Metabolomic analysis uncovered significant changes in lipid abundances, with certain metabolic pathways markedly altered post-treatment. Correlation assessments identified strong links between certain gut microbial genera and serum metabolite concentrations. Despite these findings, a subgroup analysis delineating patient responses to therapy revealed no significant shifts in the gut microbiome’s composition after four cycles of treatment. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the critical role of gut microbiota changes in NSCLC patients during anticancer treatment. These insights pave the way for managing treatment complications and inform future research to improve patient care by understanding and addressing these microbiota changes.
Medication-Related Hospital Admissions and Emergency Department Visits in Older People with Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vonna Azizah , Salahudeen Mohammed S. , Peterson Gregory M.
Published: January 2024

Limited data are available regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and medication-related hospitalisations or emergency department (ED) visits in older adults with diabetes, especially since the emergence of newer antidiabetic agents. This systematic review aimed to explore the nature of hospital admissions and ED visits that are medication-related in older adults with diabetes. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies in English that reported on older adults (mean age ≥ 60 years) with diabetes admitted to the hospital or presenting to ED due to medication-related problems and published between January 2000 and October 2023 were identified using Medline, Embase, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases. Thirty-five studies were included. Medication-related hospital admissions and ED visits were all reported as episodes of hypoglycaemia and were most frequently associated with insulins and sulfonylureas. The studies indicated a decline in hypoglycaemia-related hospitalisations or ED presentations in older adults with diabetes since 2015. However, the associated medications remain the same. This finding suggests that older patients on insulin or secretagogue agents should be closely monitored to prevent potential adverse events, and newer agents should be used whenever clinically appropriate.
The Role of Vortioxetine in the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms in General Hospital Psychiatry: A Case-Series and PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Weiss Francesco , Pacciardi Bruno , D’Alessandro Giulia , Caruso Valerio , Maremmani Icro , Pini Stefano , Perugi Giulio
Published: January 2024

Depressive symptoms are a customary finding in hospitalized patients, particularly those who are undergoing long hospitalizations, underwent major surgical procedures or suffer from high levels of multimorbidity and frailty. The patients included in this case series shared high degrees of frailty-complexity and were evaluated within the ordinary consultation and liaison psychiatry service of the University Hospital in Pisa, Italy, from September 2021 to June 2023. Patients were administered at least one follow-up evaluation after a week and before discharge. To relate this case series to the extant literature, a comprehensive systematic review of vortioxetine safety and efficacy was performed. None of the six patients included developed serious safety issues, but one patient complained of mild-to-moderate nausea for some days after the vortioxetine introduction. Five out of six patients exhibited at least a slight clinical benefit as measured by the clinical global impression scale. Of the 858 entries screened via Scopus and Medline/PubMed, a total of 134 papers were included in our review. The present case series provides preliminary evidence for vortioxetine’s safety in this healthcare domain. The literature reviewed in this paper seems to endorse a promising safety profile and a very peculiar efficacy niche for vortioxetine in consultation and liaison psychiatry.
General Treatment and Ophthalmic Management of Peters’ Anomaly
Authors: Wowra Bogumil , Dobrowolski Dariusz , Parekh Mohit , Wylęgała Edward
Published: January 2024

Peters’ anomaly (PA) is a manifestation of complex disorders in the development of the anterior segment of the eye. The most recognizable feature of the disease is a doughnut-shaped central corneal opacity and adhesions between the opacity and underlying iris. Glaucoma is observed in 30–70% of patients, with up to 50% of the patients showing concomitant vision-threatening disorders. Up to 60% of patients have systemic abnormalities or developmental delays. Being a rare malformation, PA is one of the most common congenital indications for corneal transplantation in infants. Penetrating keratoplasty is used as the primary method of treatment in cases with corneal opacification of a degree that forbids visual development in both eyes. The heterogeneity of co-occurring ophthalmic and systemic malformations in the spectrum of PA determines the wide range of success, defined by various endpoints: graft clarity or visual acuity. Although surgical advancement has made corneal grafting possible in younger children, it has a higher graft failure rate and worse visual prognosis than adult keratoplasty. Optical sector iridectomy, pupil dilation, or cornea rotation can alternatively be performed. Satisfying results of pediatric keratoprosthesis in particular cases of PA have been described. Postoperative treatment of PA aims to maintain a clear optical pathway and prevent amblyopia. This article therefore aims at reporting the ophthalmic treatment and need for multidisciplinary management of PA, including pharmacological and surgical treatment.
Introduction of a Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit in a Teaching Hospital Is Associated with a Reduced Length of Hospital Stay in Noncardiac Surgery: A Single-Centre Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Authors: Koning Nick J. , Lokin Joost L. C. , Roovers Lian , Kallewaard Jan Willem , van Harten Wim H. , Kalkman Cor J. , Preckel Benedikt
Published: January 2024

Background: A post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) may improve postoperative care compared with intermediate care units (IMCU) due to its dedication to operative care and an individualized duration of postoperative stay. The effects of transition from IMCU to PACU for postoperative care following intermediate to high-risk noncardiac surgery on length of hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) utilization, and postoperative complications were investigated. Methods: This single-centre interrupted time series analysis included patients undergoing eleven different noncardiac surgical procedures associated with frequent postoperative admissions to an IMCU or PACU between January 2018 and March 2019 (IMCU episode) and between October 2019 and December 2020 (PACU episode). Primary outcome was hospital length of stay, secondary outcomes included postoperative complications and ICU admissions. Results: In total, 3300 patients were included. The hospital length of stay was lower following PACU admission compared to IMCU admission (IMCU 7.2 days [4.2–12.0] vs. PACU 6.0 days [3.6–9.1]; p < 0.001). Segmented regression analysis demonstrated that the introduction of the PACU was associated with a decrease in hospital length of stay (GMR 0.77 [95% CI 0.66–0.91]; p = 0.002). No differences between episodes were detected in the number of postoperative complications or postoperative ICU admissions. Conclusions: The introduction of a PACU for postoperative care of patients undergoing intermediate to high-risk noncardiac surgery was associated with a reduction in the length of stay at the hospital, without increasing postoperative complications.
The Odds of One-Year Mortality in Bedridden Geriatric Patients Discharged from Acute Rehabilitation Ward Are Increased Eightfold If the Patients Have Three or More Complications
Authors: Aljinović Jure , Barun Blaž , Poljičanin Ana , Kero Darko , Matijaca Marija , Dujmović Dora , Marinović Ivanka
Published: January 2024

Low muscle strength, functional score at discharge, and complications during a ten-day rehabilitation hospital stay can affect mortality rates in bedridden geriatric patients. This was a prospective observational study in a cohort of 105 bedridden geriatric patients admitted to the Rehabilitation ward after a major illness or surgery. All participants had a severe dependency on another person (Barthel’s Index < 60). The one-year mortality rate in this cohort was 15.2%, with further subdivision according to the number of complications: 61.5% in patients with ≥3 complications during hospitalization, 17.6% in patients with two complications, 9.5% with one complication, and 3% in patients with no complications. The Barthel Index at discharge (OR = 0.95; p = 0.003) and ≥3 medical complications (OR = 8.33; p = 0.005) during rehabilitation ward stay were significant predictors for one-year mortality. The odds of one-year mortality after discharge increased eightfold in patients with ≥3 medical complications. Sarcopenia, age, and sex were not significant predictors of mortality in this cohort. The 10-day acute rehabilitation was too short to achieve progress from severe to moderate independence in 60% of patients. The Barthel Index at discharge and a number of complications affect the mortality rate. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of mortality and functional outcomes in bedridden geriatric patients.
Aluminum Nanocomposites Reinforced with Al2O3 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties
Authors: Rocha Francisca , Simões Sónia
Published: January 2024

This work comprehensively investigates the production and characterization of an innovative nanocomposite material and an aluminum matrix reinforced with Al2O3 nanoparticles. The powder metallurgy route was used to produce the nanocomposite, and subsequent microstructural and mechanical characterizations were conducted to evaluate its performance. The nanoparticles and metal powders were dispersed and mixed using ultrasonication, followed by cold pressing and sintering. The results indicated that dispersion using isopropanol made it possible to obtain nanocomposites efficiently through powder metallurgy with a high density and an 88% increase in hardness compared to the Al matrix. The process led to the production of nanocomposites with high densification if the volume fraction of the reinforcement did not exceed 1.0 wt.% of Al2O3. The volume fraction of the reinforcement plays an essential role in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite because as it increases to values above 1.0 wt.%, it becomes more difficult to disperse through ultrasonication, which results in less promising results. The addition of Al2O3 significantly affects the Al matrix’s microstructure, which influences the mechanical properties. However, this new approach is proving effective in producing Al matrix nanocomposites with high mechanical properties.
Effects of Strengthening Exercises on Human Kinetic Chains Based on a Systematic Review
Authors: Adeel Muhammad , Lin Bor-Shing , Chaudhary Muhammad Asad , Chen Hung-Chou , Peng Chih-Wei
Published: January 2024

Kinetic chains (KCs) are primarily affected by the load of different activities that recruit muscles from different regions. We explored the effects of strengthening exercises on KCs through muscle activation. Four databases were searched from 1990 to 2019. The muscles of each KC, their surface electromyography (sEMG), and the exercises conducted were reported. We found 36 studies that presented muscle activation using the percent (%) maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) or average sEMG for nine KCs in different regions. The % MVIC is presented as the following four categories: low (≤20%), moderate (21~40%), high (41~60%), and very high (>60%). Only four studies mentioned muscle activation in more than three KCs, while the remaining studies reported inconsistent sEMG processing, lacked normalization, and muscle activation in one or two KCs. The roles of stabilizers and the base of support in overhead throwing mobility using balance exercises were examined, and the concentric phase of chin-up and lat pull-down activated the entire KC by recruiting multiple muscles. Also, deep-water running was shown to prevent the risk of falls and enhance balance and stability. In addition, low-load trunk rotations improved the muscles of the back and external oblique activation. Based on this study’s findings, closed-chain exercises activate more groups of muscles in a kinetic chain than open-chain exercises. However, no closed or open chain exercise can activate optimal KCs.
Biclustering of Log Data: Insights from a Computer-Based Complex Problem Solving Assessment
Authors: Xu Xin , Zhang Susu , Guo Jinxin , Xin Tao
Published: January 2024

Computer-based assessments provide the opportunity to collect a new source of behavioral data related to the problem-solving process, known as log file data. To understand the behavioral patterns that can be uncovered from these process data, many studies have employed clustering methods. In contrast to one-mode clustering algorithms, this study utilized biclustering methods, enabling simultaneous classification of test takers and features extracted from log files. By applying the biclustering algorithms to the “Ticket” task in the PISA 2012 CPS assessment, we evaluated the potential of biclustering algorithms in identifying and interpreting homogeneous biclusters from the process data. Compared with one-mode clustering algorithms, the biclustering methods could uncover clusters of individuals who are homogeneous on a subset of feature variables, holding promise for gaining fine-grained insights into students’ problem-solving behavior patterns. Empirical results revealed that specific subsets of features played a crucial role in identifying biclusters. Additionally, the study explored the utilization of biclustering on both the action sequence data and timing data, and the inclusion of time-based features enhanced the understanding of students’ action sequences and scores in the context of the analysis.
New Techniques in Motion Control and Path Planning of Marine Vehicles
Authors: Xing Bowen , Li Bing
Published: January 2024

Currently, with the continuous improvements and advancements in artificial intelligence, wireless data transmission, and sensing technologies, increasing amounts of marine vehicles are being designed and applied to promote the marine economy and protect the environment [...]
Tsunami Inundation Modelling in a Built-In Coastal Environment with Adaptive Mesh Refinement: The Onagawa Benchmark Test
Authors: Aljber Morhaf , Lee Han Soo , Jeong Jae-Soon , Cabrera Jonathan Salar
Published: January 2024

In tsunami studies, understanding the intricate dynamics in the swash area, characterised by the shoaling effect, remains a challenge. In this study, we employed the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) method to model tsunami inundation and propagation in the Onagawa town physical flume experiment. Using the open-source flow solver Basilisk, we implemented the Saint-Venant (SV) equations, Serre–Green–Naghdi (SGN) equations, and a nonhydrostatic multilayer (ML) extension of the SGN equations. A hydraulic bore tsunami-like wave was used as the input boundary condition. The objective was to assess the efficiency of the AMR method with nonhydrostatic tsunami models in overcoming limitations in 2D and quasi-3D models in flume experiments, particularly with respect to improving accuracy in arrival time and run-up detection. The results indicate improved performance of the SGN and SV models in determining tsunami arrival times. The ML model demonstrated enhanced wave run-up simulations on complex built-in terrain. The refined roughness coefficient determined using the ML solver captured the arrival time well in the northern section of the Onagawa model, albeit with a 1 s delay. The AMR method offered a computationally stable solution with an 86.3% reduction in computational time compared to a constant grid. While effective, the nonhydrostatic models entail the use of a great deal of computational resources.
Intelligent Task Allocation and Planning for Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) Using Self-Attention Mechanism and Locking Sweeping Method
Authors: Luo Jing , Zhang Yuhang , Zhuang Jiayuan , Su Yumin
Published: January 2024

The development of intelligent task allocation and path planning algorithms for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) is gaining significant interest, particularly in supporting complex ocean operations. This paper proposes an intelligent hybrid algorithm that combines task allocation and path planning to improve mission efficiency. The algorithm introduces a novel approach based on a self-attention mechanism (SAM) for intelligent task allocation. The key contribution lies in the integration of an adaptive distance field, created using the locking sweeping method (LSM), into the SAM. This integration enables the algorithm to determine the minimum practical sailing distance in obstacle-filled environments. The algorithm efficiently generates task execution sequences in cluttered maritime environments with numerous obstacles. By incorporating a safety parameter, the enhanced SAM algorithm adapts the dimensional influence of obstacles and generates paths that ensure the safety of the USV. The algorithms have been thoroughly evaluated and validated through extensive computer-based simulations, demonstrating their effectiveness in both simulated and practical maritime environments. The results of the simulations verify the algorithm’s capability to optimize task allocation and path planning, leading to improved performance in complex and obstacle-laden scenarios.
Comparative Study of Predictive Models for the Detection of Patients at High Risk of Inadequate Colonic Cleansing
Authors: Gimeno-García Antonio Z. , Sacramento-Luis Davinia , Cámara-Suárez Marta , Díaz-Beunza María , Delgado-Martín Rosa , Cubas-Cubas Ana T. , Gámez-Chávez María S. , Pinzón Lucía , Hernández-Negrín Domingo , Jiménez Alejandro , González-Alayón Carlos , de la Barreda Raquel , Hernández-Guerra Manuel , Nicolás-Pérez David
Published: January 2024

Background: Various predictive models have been published to identify outpatients with inadequate colonic cleansing who may benefit from intensified preparations to improve colonoscopy quality. The main objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of three predictive models for identifying poor bowel preparation in outpatients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods: This cross-sectional study included patients scheduled for outpatient colonoscopy over a 3-month period. We evaluated and compared three predictive models (Models 1–3). The quality of colonic cleansing was assessed using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval for each model. Additionally, we performed simple and multiple logistic regression analyses to identify variables associated with inadequate colonic cleansing and developed a new model. Results: A total of 649 consecutive patients were included in the study, of whom 84.3% had adequate colonic cleansing quality. The AUCs of Model 1 (AUC = 0.67, 95% CI [0.63–0.70]) and Model 2 (AUC = 0.62, 95% CI [0.58–0.66]) were significantly higher than that of Model 3 (AUC = 0.54, 95% CI [0.50–0.58]; p < 0.001). Moreover, Model 1 outperformed Model 2 (p = 0.013). However, the new model did not demonstrate improved accuracy compared to the older models (AUC = 0.671). Conclusions: Among the three compared models, Model 1 showed the highest accuracy for predicting poor bowel preparation in outpatients undergoing colonoscopy and could be useful in clinical practice to decrease the percentage of inadequately prepared patients.