bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constrained Choice: Children's and Adults’ Attribution of Choice to a Humanoid Robot
Authors: Flanagan Teresa , Rottman Joshua , Howard Lauren H.
Published: October 2021

Young children, like adults, understand that human agents can flexibly choose different actions in different contexts, and they evaluate these agents based on such choices. However, little is known about children's tendencies to attribute the capacity to choose to robots, despite increased contact with robotic agents. In this paper, we compare 5‐ to 7‐year‐old children's and adults’ attributions of free choice to a robot and to a human child by using a series of tasks measuring agency attribution, action prediction, and choice attribution. In morally neutral scenarios, children ascribed similar levels of free choice to the robot and the human, while adults were more likely to ascribe free choice to the human. For morally relevant scenarios, however, both age groups considered the robot's actions to be more constrained than the human's actions. These findings demonstrate that children and adults hold a nuanced understanding of free choice that is sensitive to both the agent type and constraints within a given scenario.
A Slippery Myth: How Learning Style Beliefs Shape Reasoning about Multimodal Instruction and Related Scientific Evidence
Authors: Nancekivell Shaylene E. , Sun Xin , Gelman Susan A. , Shah Priti
Published: October 2021

The learning style myth is a commonly held myth that matching instruction to a student's “learning style” will result in improved learning, while providing mismatched instruction will result in suboptimal learning. The present study used a short online reasoning exercise about the efficacy of multimodal instruction to investigate the nature of learning styles beliefs. We aimed to: understand how learning style beliefs interact with beliefs about multimodal learning; characterize the potential complexity of learning style beliefs and understand how this short exercise might influence endorsements of learning styles. Many participants who believed in the learning style myth supported the efficacy of multimodal learning, and many were willing to revise their belief in the myth after the exercise. Personal experiences and worldviews were commonly cited as reasons for maintaining beliefs in learning styles. Findings reveal the complexity of learning style beliefs, and how they interact with evidence in previously undocumented ways.
How much does formula versus chaining matter for a cost‐of‐living index? The CPI‐U versus the C‐CPI‐U
Authors: Kurtzon Gregory
Published: October 2021

A large economics literature has debated the best formula to estimate a cost‐of‐living index (COLI). This study shows that formula does not matter for many purposes for an index chained at a monthly frequency once chain drift has been removed. Spurious chain drift is removed with a new method revealing the large majority of the difference between the CPI‐U and the C‐CPI‐U (a COLI) is due to the CPI‐U weights effectively chaining at the biennial frequency, rather than the difference in formula assumptions. This sufficiently justifies the C‐CPI‐U and similar chained indexes while also showing their assumptions are not critical.
DDX3 interacts with USP9X and participates in deubiquitination of the anti‐apoptotic protein MCL1
Authors: Lai Ming‐Chih , Chen Yi‐Pin , Li Ding‐An , Yu Jau‐Song , Hung Hsin‐Yuan , Tarn Woan‐Yuh
Published: October 2021

Here, we describe a novel interaction between the RNA helicase DDX3 and the deubiquitinase ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 9 X‐linked (USP9X) in human cells. Domain mapping studies reveal that the C‐terminal region of DDX3 interacted with the N terminus of USP9X. USP9X was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm where the interaction between DDX3 and USP9X occurred. USP9X was not visibly enriched in cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) under oxidative stress conditions, whereas overexpression of GFP‐DDX3 induced SG formation and recruited USP9X to SGs in HeLa cells. Luciferase reporter assays showed that depletion of USP9X had no significant effect on DDX3‐mediated translation. Given that DDX3 is not ubiquitinated upon ubiquitin overexpression, it is unlikely that DDX3 serves as a substrate of USP9X. Importantly, we found that ubiquitinated MCL1 was accumulated upon depletion of USP9X and/or DDX3 in MG132‐treated cells, suggesting that USP9X and DDX3 play a role in regulating MCL1 protein stability and anti‐apoptotic function. This study indicates that DDX3 exerts anti‐apoptotic effects probably by coordinating with USP9X in promoting MCL1 deubiquitination.
Disentangling Time Use, Food Environment, and Food Behaviors Using Multi‐Channel Sequence Analysis
Authors: Liu Bochu , Widener Michael J. , Smith Lindsey G. , Farber Steven , Minaker Leia M. , Patterson Zachary , Larsen Kristian , Gilliland Jason
Published: October 2021

Geographic access to food retailers has long been considered an important determinant of food‐related behaviors. Despite methodological improvements in assessing food environments, their associations with food behaviors have remained inconsistent. We argue that one possible reason for these inconsistencies is the lack of information about how an individual’s time use dynamics play out in space. To this point, few studies on the combined effects of food geography and time use on food behaviors exist, and methods to achieve such analyses have been underdeveloped. In this study, we propose a novel application of multi‐channel sequence analysis (MCSA) to identify joint patterns of time use and food‐related geographic contexts. We explore how those spatiotemporal patterns are associated with individuals’ food shopping and food‐related household chores. This analytical workflow is demonstrated using time use diaries and GPS trajectories collected in Toronto in 2019. This test case identifies spatiotemporal patterns with distinctive characteristics of disaggregated time use and spatial exposure to food retail and finds associations between these distinct space‐time patterns and participation in food‐related activities. This application of MCSA affords a promising novel approach for food environment researchers to perform nuanced assessments of the sequenced spatiotemporal contexts in which food‐related behaviors occur.
Saproxylic beetles trace deadwood and differentiate between deadwood niches before their arrival on potential hosts
Authors: Graf Marlene , Lettenmaier Ludwig , Müller Jörg , Hagge Jonas
Published: October 2021

Deadwood provides a variety of habitats for saproxylic beetles. Whereas the understanding of the drivers promoting saproxylic beetle diversity has improved, the process of deadwood colonisation and beetle's potential to trace resources is poorly understood. However, the mechanisms facilitating deadwood detection by saproxylic beetles appears to be essential for survival, as deadwood is usually scattered in time and space.

To investigate whether saproxylic beetles distinguish before their arrival on potential hosts between alive trees and deadwood (lying, stumps, standing), deadwood arrangement (aggregated, distributed) and different heights on standing resources (bottom = 0.5 m, middle = 4–5 m, top = 7.30–11.60 m), we sampled saproxylic beetles with sticky traps in a deadwood experiment.

We found on average 67% higher abundance, 100% higher species numbers and 50–130% higher species diversity of colonising saproxylic beetles consistently for all deadwood types compared to alive trees with a distinct community composition on lying deadwood compared to the other resource types. Aggregated deadwood arrangement, which is associated with higher sun‐exposure, had a positive effect on species richness. The abundance, species number and diversity, was significantly higher for standing deadwood and alive trees at the bottom section of tree trunks. In contrast to living trees, however, the vertical position had an additional effect on the community composition on standing deadwood.

Our results indicate that saproxylic beetles are attracted to potential deadwood habitats and actively select specific trunk sections before arriving on potential hosts. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of sun‐exposed resources for species richness in saproxylic beetles.
Three‐dimensional evaluation of tooth preparation forms in paediatric zirconia crowns: An in vitro study
Authors: Chae Yong Kwon , Lee Hyeonjong , Hyun Hong‐Keun , Lee Hyo‐Seol , Choi Sung Chul , Nam Ok Hyung
Published: October 2021

Background

Though prefabricated zirconia crowns (PZCs) differ from stainless steel crowns and have different preparation guidelines for optimal crown adaptation, little is known about how clinicians prepare teeth for PZCs.

Aim

To investigate the prepared tooth forms for PZCs and identify the shared patterns of tooth preparation.

Design

Twenty participants prepared primary maxillary first molars and mandibular second molars for PZCs. A model with ideally prepared tooth was digitally generated as a reference. The prepared teeth were digitally scanned and superimposed on the reference. Three‐dimensional analysis software was used to evaluate the discrepancy between ideal and prepared surface for overall surface and subdivided area.

Results

Half of the surfaces received excessive reduction, and 24% showed error within 0.2 mm (p < .001) in maxilla. 41.6% of surfaces showed error within 0.2 mm, and 20% were excessively prepared (p = .002) in mandible. The highest discrepancies were found at the mesiopalatal line angles (maxillary) and at the distobuccal line angles (mandibular). Significant discrepancies were observed on the occlusal surfaces, especially at the cusps.

Conclusions

Tooth preparations for PZCs showed wide variations related to depth among the participants.
Oxidation inhibition behaviors of HfB2‐MoSi2‐SiC oxygen blocking coating prepared by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Yang Qingqing , Ren Xuanru , Zhang Menglin , Zhu Lu , Chu Hongao , Feng Peizhong
Published: October 2021

The HfB2‐MoSi2‐SiC oxygen blocking coatings were prepared by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique, whose oxidation inhibition ability was further strengthened by the pre‐oxidation treatment. The effect of MoSi2 content and pre‐oxidation treatment process on the oxygen blocking ability of the HfB2‐MoSi2‐SiC coating at 1973 K were conducted. After SPS, for the HfB2‐MoSi2‐SiC coatings with 20 wt%, 40 wt%, and 60 wt% MoSi2, the relative density of the coatings are 92.6%, 93.9%, and 85.6%, respectively. Owing to the enhanced compactness of the coatings, increasing MoSi2 content can significantly improve the protection efficiency of the coatings during the activation oxidation stage. However, due to the increased formation of gaseous by‐products during the inerting oxidation stage, excessive MoSi2 weaken the oxidation inhibition ability of the coatings. The sufficient dispersion of Hf‐oxides nanocrystals in the glass layer conduces to enhance the oxygen blocking ability of the glass layer, making the 40HfB2‐40MoSi2‐20SiC coating present the best oxidation protective ability. The pre‐oxidation treatment at 1773 K conduces to form the steady glass layer with fewer defects at the cost of a lower oxidation consumption of the coating, which enhanced the protection efficiency of the coating from 96.9% to 99.8% and reduced the oxygen permeability from 0.13% to 0.028%.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): A promising class of antimicrobial compounds
Authors: Erdem Büyükkiraz Mine , Kesmen Zülal
Published: October 2021

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are compounds, which have inhibitory activity against microorganisms. In the last decades, AMPs have become powerful alternative agents that have met the need for novel anti-infectives to overcome increasing antibiotic resistance problems. Moreover, recent epidemics and pandemics are increasing the popularity of AMPs, due to the urgent necessity for effective antimicrobial agents in combating the new emergence of microbial diseases. AMPs inhibit a wide range of microorganisms through diverse and special mechanisms by targeting mainly cell membranes or specific intracellular components. In addition to extraction from natural sources, AMPs are produced in various hosts using recombinant methods. More recently, the synthetic analogues of AMPs, designed with some modifications, are predicted to overcome the limitations of stability, toxicity and activity associated with natural AMPs. AMPs have potential applications as antimicrobial agents in food, agriculture, environment, animal husbandry and pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we have provided an overview of the structure, classification and mechanism of action of AMPs, as well as discussed opportunities for their current and potential applications.
Metabolite and transcriptome analyses revealed the modulation of fructo-oligosaccharide on ileum metabolism of Taiping chickens
Authors: Ma Fang , Luo Lintong , Gao Xiang
Published: October 2021

Aim

The metabolic markers and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) were screened, and the response of FOS to the ileum metabolic pathway of Taiping chickens was analysed.

Methods and Results

Prebiotic are widely used in agricultural breeding for care and maintenance of animal health, especially FOS. Metabonomics evaluation of ileum of Taiping chicken ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadruple time of-flight high-sensitivity mass spectrometry showed that 93 differentially altered metabolites were identified and divided into eight categories, of which organic acids and derivatives was the most important one. Transcriptomic analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in drug metabolism-cytochrome p450, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome p450, retinol metabolism and fat digestion and absorption. Integrated analysis of metabolite profiles and gene expression revealed that the significantly up-regulated GSTT1 was significantly correlated with most of the different lipid metabolites, suggesting that GSTT1 may play an important role in FOS regulation of lipid metabolism.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that supplementation of FOS can have a positive effect on gut metabolites, which may contribute to the overall health with indigenous chickens.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Insight into the responses of intestinal prebiotics of Taiping chicken is helpful to understand the role of prebiotics in maintaining intestinal microflora balance and improving immune response and productivity of poultry from the molecular and metabolic levels.
Genomic inferences in a thermophilous grasshopper provide insights into the biogeographic connections between northern African and southern European arid‐dwelling faunas
Authors: Ortego Joaquín , González‐Serna María José , Noguerales Víctor , Cordero Pedro J.
Published: October 2021

Aim

Although thermophilous and arid‐dwelling relict biotas constitute a singular component of European biodiversity of high conservation value, we still largely ignore their biogeographic history. In this study, we investigate the geographical diversification of the Maghrebian‐Levantine crested grasshopper and its colonization of semiarid habitats of southeastern Iberia to gain insights into the historical processes underlying the biogeographic connections between northern African and southern European arid‐dwelling faunas.

Location

Mediterranean region.

Taxon

Crested grasshoppers Dericorys millierei and Dericorys carthagonovae (Orthoptera: Dericorythidae).

Methods

We used genomic data (ddRAD‐seq) to quantify the genetic structure of populations, infer the phylogenetic relationships among them, estimate divergence times, and elucidate the demographic processes accompanying the colonization of southeastern Iberia. Genomic‐based inferences were interpreted in the light of eustatic sea‐level reconstructions and species’ range dynamics derived from palaeodistribution modelling at fine temporal resolution.

Results

Clustering analyses showed a strong genetic structure and phylogenomic inference revealed that Iberian populations are nested within a Maghrebian clade. Molecular dating analyses indicated that all lineages diverged during the Pleistocene (<1.6 Ma), with point estimates coinciding with glacial periods and the accompanying sea level drops. According to palaeodistribution modelling, the species experienced severe range contractions during the coldest stages of the Pleistocene.

Main conclusions

Our results indicate that the colonization of the Iberian Peninsula likely took place during the marked sea level drops characterizing the high‐amplitude climatic oscillations of the late Quaternary (<0.5 Ma), which considerably reduced overseas distances between northern African and southern European landmasses and might have eased transmarine exchanges of terrestrial faunas. These findings emphasize the high relevance of the Maghreb region as a source of European thermophilous biotas and corroborate post‐Messinian biogeographic connections between the two continents despite the barrier effect of the Mediterranean Sea.
A comparative study of efficacy and safety of autologous fat grafting versus Platelet‐rich plasma in the treatment of post‐acne scars
Authors: Shetty Vinma H. , Bhandary Sanath N. , Bhandary Roopa , Suvarna Chintaman
Published: October 2021

Background

Platelet‐rich plasma is a useful adjuvant therapy in the treatment of acne scars. Fat is as ideal soft tissue filler.

Aims

To compare the efficacy and safety of subcision with autologous fat grafting versus subcision with intradermal Platelet‐rich plasma for the treatment of acne scars.

Methods

Twenty‐four patients were divided into two groups with 12 patients each. One group subjected to single session of subcision with autologous fat grafting. Second group treated with subcision followed by intradermal Platelet‐rich plasma monthly once for 3 months. High resolution digital photographs taken before and after every session. Single blinded physician assessment was also done.

Results

In quantitative acne scar assessment scoring, both group of patients showed significant percentage of improvement in acne scars, 61.23 ± 9.48% in patients treated with subcision followed by autologous fat grafting and 44.16 ± 7.28% in patients treated with subcision followed by intradermal PRP. At the time of enrolment, 33.3% (n = 8) of patients had Grade A (milder) scarring, 50% (n = 12) had Grade B (moderate) scarring while 16.7% (n = 4) had Grade C (severe) scarring. After the completion of the treatment, it was found that 75% (n = 18) of patients were in Grade A while 20.8% (n = 5) of patients were in Grade B (p < 0.05; significant).

Conclusion

Both the treatment modalities, i.e., autologous fat grafting and intradermal PRP were effective and safe for the treatment of acne scars and results in each group was significant (p < 0.001). But there were no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups (p = 0.23).
Bioremediation of a polymetallic, arsenic-dominated reverse osmosis reject stream
Authors: Staicu L.C. , Wόjtowicz P.J. , Baragaño D. , Pόsfai M. , Molnár Z. , Ruiz-Agudo E. , Gallego J.L.R.
Published: October 2021

The treatment of metal-laden industrial effluents by reverse osmosis is gaining in popularity worldwide due to its high performance. However, this process generates a polymetallic concentrate (retentate) stream in need of efficient post-treatment prior to environmental discharge. This paper presents results on the bioremediation (in batch mode) of a metal-laden, arsenic-dominated retentate using Shewanella sp. O23S as inoculum. The incubation of the retentate for 14 days under anoxic conditions resulted in the following removal yields: As (8%), Co (11%), Mo (3%), Se (62%), Sb (30%) and Zn (40%). The addition of 1 mmol l−1 cysteine increased the removal rate as follows: As (27%), Co (80%), Mo (78%), Se (88%), Sb (83%) and Zn (90%). The contribution of cysteine as a source of H2S to enhancing the removal yield was confirmed by its addition after 7 days of incubations initially lacking it. Additionally, the cysteine-sourced H2S was confirmed by its capture onto headspace-mounted Pb-acetate test strips that were analysed by X-ray diffraction. We show that real metal-laden industrial effluents can be treated to medium-to-high efficiency using a biological system (naturally sourced inocula) and inexpensive reagents (yeast extract, lactate and cysteine).
Shigella flexnerisubverts host polarized exocytosis to enhance cell‐to‐cell spread
Authors: Herath Thilina U. B. , Roy Arpita , Gianfelice Antonella , Ireton Keith
Published: October 2021

Shigella flexneriis a gram‐negative bacterial pathogen that causes dysentery. Critical for disease is the ability ofShigellato use an actin‐based motility (ABM) process to spread between cells of the colonic epithelium. ABM transports bacteria to the periphery of host cells, allowing the formation of plasma membrane protrusions that mediate spread to adjacent cells. Here we demonstrate that efficient protrusion formation and cell‐to‐cell spread ofShigellainvolves bacterial stimulation of host polarized exocytosis. Using an exocytic probe, we found that exocytosis is locally upregulated in bacterial protrusions in a manner that depends on theShigellatype III secretion system. Experiments involving RNA interference (RNAi) indicate that efficient bacterial protrusion formation and spread require the exocyst, a mammalian multi‐protein complex known to mediate polarized exocytosis. In addition, the exocyst component Exo70 and the exocyst regulator RalA were recruited toShigellaprotrusions, suggesting that bacteria manipulate exocyst function. Importantly, RNAi‐mediated depletion of exocyst proteins or RalA reduced the frequency of protrusion formation and also the lengths of protrusions, demonstrating that the exocyst controls both the initiation and elongation of protrusions. Collectively, our results reveal thatShigellaco‐opts the exocyst complex to disseminate efficiently in host cell monolayers.
Rosmarinic Acid: A Naturally Occurring Plant Based Agent Prevents Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics and Apoptosis in Ultraviolet‐B‐Irradiated Human Skin Cells
Authors: Gupta Divya , Archoo Sajida , Naikoo Shahid Hussain , Abdullah Sheikh Tasduq
Published: October 2021

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the leading cause of premature skin aging and skin cancer. UVB mediated mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as one of the causative factors of UVB induced oxidative imbalance and apoptosis. Here, we report that UVB leads to mitochondrial fragmentation by causing imbalance in the markers regulating mitochondrial dynamics, which further contributes to ROS imbalance and activation of mitochondrial apoptotic signals. Several studies have demonstrated natural products as inhibitors of mitochondrial fission. However, to our knowledge, not much evidence has been gathered regarding utilization of Rosmarinic acid (RA) against UVB orchestrated mitochondrial fragmentation responses. Thus, in our study, we present the evidence of the efficacy of RA as a modulator of mitochondrial dynamics in UVB irradiated skin cells to prevent oxidative imbalance and apoptosis thereby preventing UVB induced photodamage.
The historical postulate is not the basis of self‐nonself discrimination: A response to Bretscher's proposal
Authors: Anderson Colin C.
Published: October 2021

Peter Bretscher was the first to envision that the problem of self‐nonself discrimination in the adaptive immune system could be solved by positing that antigen inactivates single lymphocytes, whereas antigen‐mediated lymphocyte cooperation is required to stimulate their activation. These ideas led to a two‐signal model for lymphocyte activation: an antigen‐specific signal that when generated alone results in tolerance and the combination of two (or more) antigen‐specific signals resulting in lymphocyte activation and immunity. This 'quorum model' is consistent with the concept known as the historical postulate that posits that the early life timing of antigen exposure is the key to self‐tolerance. Bretscher proposes that the historical postulate is ‘the basis, at level of the system, for self‐nonself discrimination’ and contends that the Danger model violates this postulate. Herein I argue that the data do not support putting the historical postulate alone at the top of the hierarchy of concepts underlying self‐nonself discrimination. The location of antigen is at least as important because it determines whether central tolerance will be engaged. Location of antigen together with timing of antigen exposure are major factors determining whether quorum, the basis for self‐nonself discrimination, is achieved.
Minimally invasive cranial ostectomy for the treatment of impinging dorsal spinous processes in 102 standing horses
Authors: de Souza Therese C. , Crowe Oliver M. , Bowles Danielle , Poore Luke A. , Suthers Joanna M.
Published: October 2021

Objective

To describe a minimally invasive cranial ostectomy for the treatment of impingement of dorsal spinous processes (DSPs) in the standing horse.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

One hundred two horses with impinging DSPs.

Methods

The case records of all horses that had the described technique between 2011 and 2019 were reviewed. All sites of impinging DSPs were treated under standing sedation and local anesthesia. The minimally invasive cranial ostectomy of the caudal DSP was performed with bone rongeurs through multiple small incisions.

Results

Of the 102 horses treated with this technique, no surgical complications were recorded. Median (range) long‐term follow‐up for all horses was 18 months (12–50 months) postoperatively. Of the 66 horses available for follow‐up that were still alive, 53 horses (80%) had complete resolution of clinical signs and returned to the intended work. There were 36 horses with a concurrent orthopedic issue presurgery, and 25/36 (69%) returned to the same level of intended work; of the horses with no evidence of another orthopedic issue presurgery, 28/30 (93%) returned to the same level of intended work.

Conclusion

Minimally invasive cranial ostectomy of the caudal DSP had a good success rate in horses with impingment of DSPs.

Clinical Significance

The described minimally invasive ostectomy technique in standing horses is a low‐risk procedure that provides success rates similar to other techniques.
Character Constellations
Authors: Smeets Roel
Published: October 2021

Fiction has a major social impact, not least because it co-shapes the image that society has of various social groups. Drawing on a collection of 170 contemporary Dutch-language novels, Character Constellations presents a range of data-driven, statistical models to study depictions of characters in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, class, age, sexuality, and other identity categories. Incorporating the tools of network analysis, each chapter highlights an aspect of fictional social networks that affects the representation of social groups: their centrality, their communities, and their conflicts. While reading individual novels in light of emerging statistical patterns, combining the formal methods of social network analysis with the interpretive tools of narratology, this study shows how central societal themes such as (in)equality and emancipation, integration and segregation, and social mobility and class struggle are foregrounded, replicated, or distorted in the Dutch novel. Showcasing what character-based critiques of literary representation gain by integrating data-driven methods into the practice of critical close reading, Character Constellations contributes to societal debates on cultural representation and identity and the role fiction and art have in those debates.
Atom-surface physics: A review
Authors: Laliotis Athanasios , Lu Bing-Sui , Ducloy Martial , Wilkowski David
Published: October 2021

An atom in front of a surface is one of the simplest and fundamental problem in physics. Yet, it allows testing quantum electrodynamics, while providing potential platforms and interfaces for quantum technologies. Despite its simplicity, combined with strong scientific and technological interests, atom-surface physics, at its fundamental level, remains largely unexplored mainly because of challenges associated with precise control of the atom-surface distance. Nevertheless, substantial breakthroughs have been made over the last two decades. With the development of cold and quantum atomic gases, one has gained further control on atom-surface position, naturally leading to improved precision in the Casimir–Polder interaction measurement. Advances have also been reported in finding experimental knobs to tune and even reverse the Casimir–Polder interaction strength. So far, this has only been achieved for atoms in short-lived excited states, however, the rapid progresses in material sciences, e.g., metamaterials and topological materials has inspired new ideas for controlling the atom-surface interaction in long-lived states. In addition, combining nano-photonic and atom-surface physics is now envisioned for applications in quantum information processing. The first purpose of this Review is to give a general overview on the latest experimental developments in atom-surface physics. The second main objective is to sketch a vision of the future of the field, mainly inspired by the abundant theoretical works and proposals available now in the literature.
Comparison of 2D crystals formed by dissociative adsorption of fluorinated and nonfluorinated alkyl iodides on Cu(111)
Authors: Balema Tedros A. , Larson Amanda M. , Wang Yicheng , Patel Dipna A. , Kumar Krishna , Sykes E. Charles H.
Published: October 2021

We report the comparison of a series of 2D molecular crystals formed from the intermediates of the dehalogenation reaction of iodoethane versus various fluorinated iodoalkanes on Cu(111). High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy enables us to distinguish the alkyl groups from the iodine atoms, and we find that the ethyl groups and iodine atoms formed from the dissociation of ethyl iodide are well mixed. However, fluorination of the alkyl tail changes this behavior and leads to local segregation of the two species on the surface. We postulate that the low-polarizability and relatively large dipole moment of the fluorinated species drive the ordered assemblies of the fluorinated alkyl species on the surface and discuss this in the context of how solvophobicity can drive the clustering of fluorinated groups and, hence, phase separation.
Transitioning Concussion Care to Mental Health Care: A Case Study of an Elite Athlete
Authors: Sherry Natalie S. , Feder Abigail , Pan Raymond , Eagle Shawn R. , Kontos Anthony P.
Published: October 2021

Athletes with recent concussion experience a constellation of physical (e.g., headache, nausea), cognitive (e.g., memory problems, difficulty concentrating), sleep, and emotional (e.g., anxiety, depressed mood) symptoms after injury. Mental health changes may also be a product of typical maturation in adolescents/young adults, making mood disruption difficult to disentangle from concussion sequelae. In this case study, we present the case of a high-achieving 18-year-old female rower whose concussion clinical trajectory exhibits this type of difficulty. Specifically, we provide a detailed chronological summary of the athlete’s visits with a multidisciplinary concussion team. We highlight in this case study (a) an individualized, biopsychosocial model of concussion care and (b) subtle aspects of her clinical presentation that led the clinical team to transition her treatment focus from concussion specific to formal mental health care.
Environmental Sustainability at the President’s Cup: An Eagle or a Double Bogie?
Authors: Pelcher Jamee , Trendafilova Sylvia , Ziakas Vassilios
Published: October 2021

Over the last decade, researchers have been increasing their studies on the relationship between sport and sustainability. In response, the sport industry has started to recognize the importance of focusing on the natural environment during its operations. Despite the new sustainable intentions of the Professional Golfers’ Association, it is unknown whether the new trajectory in sustainability is being implemented and embraced by fans at all tournaments, specifically those that have unique cultures of their own, such as the President’s Cup. Consequently, this case study provides students with an opportunity to (a) identify major issues and challenges in managing sport events in an environmentally friendly manner, (b) apply sustainable management and pertinent communication practices to the particular context of golf tournaments and facilities, (c) broadly contextualize the complexity of environmental sustainability issues in sport, and (d) create a strategic sustainability plan.
An RNA Ligase Essential for RNA Editing and Survival of the Bloodstream Form of
Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Schnaufer Achim , Panigrahi Aswini K. , Panicucci Brian , Igo Robert P. , Salavati Reza , Stuart Kenneth
Published: October 2021

RNA editing in trypanosomes occurs by a series of enzymatic steps that are catalyzed by a macromolecular complex. The TbMP52 protein is shown to be a component of this complex, to have RNA ligase activity, and to be one of two adenylatable proteins in the complex. Regulated repression of
TbMP52
blocks editing, which shows that it is a functional component of the editing complex. This repression is lethal in bloodforms of the parasite, indicating that editing is essential in the mammalian stage of the life cycle. The editing complex, which is present in all kinetoplastid parasites, may thus be a chemotherapeutic target.
Evolution of the Rembrandt Impact Basin on Mercury
Authors: Watters Thomas R. , Head James W. , Solomon Sean C. , Robinson Mark S. , Chapman Clark R. , Denevi Brett W. , Fassett Caleb I. , Murchie Scott L. , Strom Robert G.
Published: October 2021

MESSENGER from Mercury

The spacecraft MESSENGER passed by Mercury in October 2008, in what was the second of three fly-bys before it settles into the planet's orbit in 2011. Another spacecraft visited Mercury in the mid-1970s, which mapped 45% of the planet's surface. Now, after MESSENGER, only 10% of Mercury's surface remains to be imaged up close.

Denevi
et al.

(p.
613
) use this near-global data to look at the mechanisms that shaped Mercury's crust, which likely formed by eruption of magmas of different compositions over a long period of time. Like the Moon, Mercury's surface is dotted with impact craters.

Watters
et al.

(p.
618
) describe a well-preserved impact basin, Rembrandt, which is second in size to the largest known basin, Caloris. Unlike Caloris, Rembrandt is not completely filled by material of volcanic origin, preserving clues to its formation and evolution. It displays unique patterns of tectonic deformation, some of which result from Mercury's contraction as its interior cooled over time. Mercury's exosphere and magnetosphere were also observed (see the Perspective by

Glassmeier

). Magnetic reconnection is a process whereby the interplanetary magnetic field lines join the magnetospheric field lines and transfer energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere.

Slavin
et al.

(p.
606
) report observations of intense magnetic reconnection 10 times as intense as that of Earth.

McClintock
et al.

(p.
610
) describe simultaneous, high-resolution measurements of Mg, Ca, and Na in Mercury's exosphere, which may shed light on the processes that create and maintain the exosphere.
Assessing the Impact of Science Funding
Authors: Lane Julia
Published: October 2021

Quantifying the outcomes of investment in science is not an easy task.
Students Still Face Barriers Across Europe
Authors: Williams Nigel
Published: October 2021

Brussels—Although the 15 members of the European Union (EU) have removed many obstacles to trade and industry, one barrier remains stubbornly in place: Educational qualifications from one country are often meaningless in another. Students, moreover, find it hard to study in another country because the work may not count toward their degree. The EU cannot impose standardization because European governments have declared education to be a strictly national concern, but the EU is trying to reduce the barriers through a variety of student exchange programs and efforts to assess teaching quality across Europe.
New University Takes Science to the People
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: October 2021

Pushchino—This town on the Oka River, 120 kilometers south of Moscow, is home to a collection of biological research institutes and one of Russia's newest universities. Pushchino State University, founded in 1992 along the lines of a U.S. land grant university, is trying to involve the research institutes in teaching and gear research and education to the needs of the local community. The university is being shaped by a consortium of local institutions and two U.S. universities.
Interplay between Bacterial Clones and Plasmids in the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Gut: Lessons from a Temporal Study in Veal Calves
Authors: Massot Méril , Châtre Pierre , Condamine Bénédicte , Métayer Véronique , Clermont Olivier , Madec Jean-Yves , Denamur Erick , Haenni Marisa
Published: October 2021

The gut microbiota is the epicenter of the emergence of resistance. Considerable amount of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of resistance has been accumulated, but the ecological and evolutionary forces at play in nature are less studied.
Florfenicol Enhances Colonization of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis
floR
Mutant with Major Alterations to the Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolome in Neonatal Chickens
Authors: Mei Xueran , Ma Boheng , Zhai Xiwen , Zhang Anyun , Lei Changwei , Zuo Lei , Yang Xin , Zhou Changyu , Wang Hongning
Published: October 2021

Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol frequently used in poultry to prevent/treat
Salmonella
. However, oral administration of florfenicol may lead to alterations in the microbiota and metabolome in the chicken intestine, thereby reducing colonization resistance to
Salmonella
infection, and the possible mechanisms linking antibiotics and
Salmonella
colonization in poultry have not yet been fully elucidated.
A Novel Multifunctional Arabinofuranosidase/Endoxylanase/β-Xylosidase GH43 Enzyme from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6 and Its Synergistic Action To Produce Arabinose and Xylose from Cereal Arabinoxylan
Authors: Limsakul Puangpen , Phitsuwan Paripok , Waeonukul Rattiya , Pason Patthra , Tachaapaikoon Chakrit , Poomputsa Kanokwan , Kosugi Akihiko , Ratanakhanokchai Khanok
Published: October 2021

Enzymatic saccharification of cereal biomass is a strategy for the production of fermented sugars from low-price raw materials. In the present study, PcAxy43B from
P. curdlanolyticus
B-6 was found to be a novel multifunctional α-
l
-arabinofuranosidase/endoxylanase/β-
d
-xylosidase enzyme of glycoside hydrolase family 43.
Comparison of the Results of Five SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays before and after the First and Second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccinations among Health Care Workers: a Prospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Jeong Seri , Lee Nuri , Lee Su Kyung , Cho Eun-Jung , Hyun Jungwon , Park Min-Jeong , Song Wonkeun , Jung Eun Ju , Woo Heungjeong , Seo Yu Bin , Park Jin Ju , Kim Hyun Soo
Published: October 2021

Reliable results for serological positivity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody after the second dose of AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccination are important to estimate the real efficacy of vaccination. We evaluated positivity rates and changes in semiquantitative antibody titers before and after the first and second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccinations using five SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays, including two surrogate virus neutralization tests.
The Role of IFITM Proteins in Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Chmielewska Alicja M. , Gómez-Herranz Maria , Gach Paulina , Nekulova Marta , Bagnucka Małgorzata A. , Lipińska Andrea D. , Rychłowski Michał , Hoffmann Weronika , Król Ewelina , Vojtesek Borivoj , Sloan Richard D. , Bieńkowska-Szewczyk Krystyna , Hupp Ted , Ball Kathryn
Published: October 2021

TBEV infection may result in encephalitis, chronic illness, or death. TBEV is endemic in northern Asia and Europe; however, due to climate change, new centers of endemicity have arisen.
Virus-Derived DNA Forms Mediate the Persistent Infection of Tick Cells by Hazara Virus and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
Authors: Salvati Maria Vittoria , Salaris Claudio , Monteil Vanessa , Del Vecchio Claudia , Palù Giorgio , Parolin Cristina , Calistri Arianna , Bell-Sakyi Lesley , Mirazimi Ali , Salata Cristiano
Published: October 2021

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne viral disease caused by CCHF virus (CCHFV). Ticks of the genus
Hyalomma
can be persistently infected with CCHFV representing the viral reservoir, and the main vector for viral transmission.
Female authorship of covid-19 research in manuscripts submitted to 11 biomedical journals: cross sectional study
Authors: Gayet-Ageron Angèle , Ben Messaoud Khaoula , Richards Mark , Schroter Sara
Published: October 2021

Objective

To describe prominent authorship positions held by women and the overall percentage of women co-authoring manuscripts submitted during the covid-19 pandemic compared with the previous two years.

Design

Cross sectional study.

Setting

Nine specialist and two large general medical journals.

Population

Authors of research manuscripts submitted between 1 January 2018 and 31 May 2021.

Main outcome measures

Primary outcome: first author’s gender. Secondary outcomes: last and corresponding authors’ gender; number (percentage) of women on authorship byline in “pre-pandemic” period (1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019) and in “covid-19” and “non-covid-19” manuscripts during pandemic.

Results

A total of 63 259 manuscripts were included. The number of female first, last, and corresponding authors respectively were 1313 (37.1%), 996 (27.9%), and 1119 (31.1%) for covid-19 manuscripts (lowest values in Jan-May 2020: 230 (29.4%), 165 (21.1%), and 185 (22.9%)), compared with 8583 (44.9%), 6118 (31.2%), and 7273 (37.3%) for pandemic non-covid-19 manuscripts and 12 724 (46.0%), 8923 (31.4%), and 10 981 (38.9%) for pre-pandemic manuscripts. The adjusted odds ratio of having a female first author in covid-19 manuscripts was <1.00 in all groups (P<0.001) compared with pre-pandemic (lowest in Jan-May 2020: 0.55, 98.75% confidence interval 0.43 to 0.70). The adjusted odds ratio of having a woman as last or corresponding author was significantly lower for covid-19 manuscripts in all time periods (except for the two most recent periods for last author) compared with pre-pandemic (lowest values in Jan-May 2020: 0.74 (0.57 to 0.97) for last and 0.61 (0.49 to 0.77) for corresponding author). The odds ratios for pandemic non-covid-19 manuscripts were not significantly different compared with pre-pandemic manuscripts. The median percentage of female authors on the byline was lower for covid-19 manuscripts (28.6% in Jan-May 2020) compared with pre-pandemic (36.4%) and non-covid-19 pandemic manuscripts (33.3% in Jan-May 2020). Gender disparities in all prominent authorship positions and the proportion of women authors on the byline narrowed in the most recent period (Feb-May 2021) compared with the early pandemic period (Jan-May 2020) and were very similar to values observed for pre-pandemic manuscripts.

Conclusions

Women have been underrepresented as co-authors and in prominent authorship positions in covid-19 research, and this gender disparity needs to be corrected by those involved in academic promotion and awarding of research grants. Women attained some prominent authorship positions equally or more frequently than before the pandemic on non-covid-19 related manuscripts submitted at some time points during the pandemic.
Protecting privacy in mandatory reporting of infectious diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives from a developing country
Authors: Sert Gürkan , Mega Ertunç , Karaca Dedeoğlu Ayşegül
Published: October 2021

Mandatory reporting of infectious diseases (MRID) is an essential practice to prevent disease outbreaks. Disease notification is a mandatory procedure for most infectious diseases, even during non-pandemic periods in healthcare. The main rationale behind MRID is the protection of public health. The information and data provided by infectious disease reports are used for many purposes, such as preventing the spread and potential negative impact of infectious diseases, assessing the national and global situation regarding reported diseases, conducting scientific research and planning health policy. In this context, the relevant information benefits public health, health systems and scientific work. Additionally, the follow up and treatment of individuals with infectious diseases is a necessity in certain cases to protect those who cohabit with them. However, these benefits cannot be accepted as unrestricted justifications for MRID, since it is evident that reporting should be conducted within ethical and legal boundaries. MRID should only be devised and implemented with due regard to balancing potential benefits between all individuals, as well as between the individual and the rest of society. Disease notification systems that are not designed with a balancing and harm-reductionist approach may lead to stigmatisation and discrimination. This study aims to investigate the legal framework and ethical issues regarding the reporting of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey—which is a primary example of a developing country.
Hypertension as an independent risk factor for severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study
Authors: Chen Jiankun , Liu Yuntao , Qin Jinying , Ruan Chunyan , Zeng Xianghui , Xu Aiting , Yang Rongyuan , Li Jiqiang , Cai Huayang , Zhang Zhongde
Published: October 2021

Purpose of the study

Hypertension is one of the most common comorbidities in COVID-19 pneumonia. However, whether it is an independent factor on the severity and mortality of COVID-19 has not been studied.

Study design

In this study, 736 patients with a PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were included from 12 January 2020 to 25 March 2020. All patients were divided into two groups according to whether or not they were hypertensive. After propensity score matching (PSM) to remove the interference of mismatches in the baseline data, the clinical characteristics and outcomes of angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)/ACE inhibitors application were analysed.

Results

A total of 220 (29.9%) patients were hypertensive, and 516 (70.1%) patients were not hypertensive. PSM eliminated demographic and comorbidity differences between the two groups. Of all participants, 32 patients died (4.3% mortality), including 17 out of 220 in the hypertension group (7.7%) and 15 out of 516 in the non-hypertension group (2.9%). The incidence of intensive care unit (ICU) stay in the hypertension group (12.8%) was higher than in the non-hypertension group (5.3%) (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension was an independent risk factor for death, not other comorbidities. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that mortality was higher in the hypertension group than in the non-hypertension group before and after PSM (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in ICU therapy, mortality and hospitalisation time between hypertensive patients with or without ARBs/ACE inhibitors (p>0.05).

Conclusion

Hypertension was an independent risk factor for the severity and mortality of patients with COVID-19. ARBs/ACE inhibitors should not be discontinued in hypertensive patients with COVID-19.