bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pain and Disability in the Jaw and Neck Region following Whiplash Trauma
Authors: Häggman-Henrikson B. , Lampa E. , Marklund S. , Wänman A.
Published: June 2016

The relationship between whiplash trauma and chronic orofacial pain is unclear, especially with regard to the time elapsed from trauma to development of orofacial pain. The aim was to analyze prevalence of jaw pain and disability, as well as the relationship between pain and disability in the jaw and neck regions in the early nonchronic stage after whiplash trauma. In this case-control study, 70 individuals (40 women, 30 men, mean age 35.5 y) who visited an emergency department with neck pain following a car accident were examined within 3 wk of trauma (group 1) and compared with 70 individuals (42 women, 28 men, mean age 33.8 y), who declined to attend a clinical examination but agreed to fill in questionnaires (group 2). The 2 case groups were compared with a matched control group of 70 individuals (42 women, 28 men, mean age 37.6 y) without a history of neck trauma. All participants completed questionnaires regarding jaw pain and dysfunction, rating pain intensity in jaw and neck regions on the Numerical Rating Scale, the Neck Disability Index, and Jaw Disability Checklist. Compared with controls, individuals with a recent whiplash trauma reported more jaw pain and dysfunction. Furthermore, there was a moderate positive correlation between jaw and neck pain ratings for group 1 ( r = 0.61, P < 0.0001) and group 2 ( r = 0.59, P < 0.0001). In the logistic regression analysis, cases showed higher odds ratios (range, 6.1 to 40.8) for jaw and neck pain and disability compared with controls. Taken together, the results show that individuals with a recent whiplash trauma report more jaw pain and disability compared with controls without a history of neck trauma. Furthermore, the correlation between jaw and neck pain intensity implies that intensity of neck pain in the acute stage after whiplash trauma might be a possible risk factor also for development of chronic orofacial pain.
Microglial Signaling in Chronic Pain with a Special Focus on Caspase 6, p38 MAP Kinase, and Sex Dependence
Authors: Berta T. , Qadri Y.J. , Chen G. , Ji R.R.
Published: June 2016

Microglia are the resident immune cells in the spinal cord and brain. Mounting evidence suggests that activation of microglia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic pain, including chronic orofacial pain. In particular, microglia contribute to the transition from acute pain to chronic pain, as inhibition of microglial signaling reduces pathologic pain after inflammation, nerve injury, and cancer but not baseline pain. As compared with inflammation, nerve injury induces much more robust morphologic activation of microglia, termed microgliosis, as shown by increased expression of microglial markers, such as CD11b and IBA1. However, microglial signaling inhibitors effectively reduce inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain, arguing against the importance of morphologic activation of microglia in chronic pain sensitization. Importantly, microglia enhance pain states via secretion of proinflammatory and pronociceptive mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukins 1β and 18, and brain-derived growth factor. Mechanistically, these mediators have been shown to enhance excitatory synaptic transmission and suppress inhibitory synaptic transmission in the pain circuits. While early studies suggested a predominant role of microglia in the induction of chronic pain, further studies have supported a role of microglia in the maintenance of chronic pain. Intriguingly, recent studies show male-dominant microglial signaling in some neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain states, although both sexes show identical morphologic activation of microglia after nerve injury. In this critical review, we provide evidence to show that caspase 6—a secreted protease that is expressed in primary afferent axonal terminals surrounding microglia—is a robust activator of microglia and induces profound release of tumor necrosis factor α from microglia via activation of p38 MAP kinase. The authors also show that microglial caspase 6/p38 signaling is male dominant in some inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Finally, the authors discuss the relevance of microglial signaling in chronic trigeminal and orofacial pain.
A comparative analysis of Chinese urban citizens’ attitudes towards the EU, the United States, Russia and Japan
Authors: van der Noll Jolanda , Dekker Henk
Published: June 2016

What are the attitudes towards the European Union (EU), the United States, Russia and Japan among Chinese urban citizens, and how can we explain these attitudes? These are the intriguing questions that we want to answer in this article. The image, social identity, trust, and political socialization theories proposed the various explanatory variables. We assessed their explanatory powers by analysing survey data from more than 2000 Chinese urban citizens. Most empirical evidence is found for the image theory: positive perceptions of the people (trustworthy and peaceful) and the bilateral relationship (friendly) clearly contribute to positive attitudes.
Why small states join big wars: the case of Sweden in Afghanistan 2002–2014
Authors: Noreen Erik , Sjöstedt Roxanna , Ångström Jan
Published: June 2016

The security behavior of small states has traditionally been explained by different takes of realism, liberalism, or constructivism – focusing on the behavior that aims toward safeguarding sovereignty or engaging in peace policies. The issue of why states with limited military capacities and little or no military alignments or engagements decide to participate in an international mission has received limited attention by previous research. In contrast, this article argues that a three-layered discursive model can make the choices of small states more precisely explained and thereby contribute to an increased understanding of small states’ security behavior beyond threat balancing and interdependence. Analyzing a deviant case of a non-aligned small state, this article explains why Sweden became increasingly involved in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan. By focusing on the domestic political discourses regarding the Swedish involvement in this mission, it is suggested that a narrative shapes public perception of a particular policy and establishes interpretative dominance of how a particular event should be understood. This dominant domestic discourse makes a certain international behavior possible and even impossible to alter once established. In the Swedish case, it is demonstrated that this discourse assumed a ‘catch-all’ ambition, satisfying both domestic and international demands. In general terms, it should thus be emphasized that certain discourses and narratives are required in order to make it possible for a country to participate in a mission such as ISAF and prolong the mission for several years.
Economic burden of antibiotic treatment of healthcare-associated infections at a tertiary care hospital ICU in Goa, India
Authors: Misal Devika D , Maulingkar Saleel V , Bhonsle Sushma
Published: June 2016

Antibiotics to treat healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) contribute to a substantial proportion of drug expenditure in intensive care units (ICUs). Our study aimed to determine the common HCAIs in our hospital ICU, to assess the antibiotics prescribed and the mean antibiotic cost per HCAI. All adult patients, admitted to the ICU over a 1-year period, were included in the study. HCAIs were determined according to CDC definition. The incidence of HCAIs in the ICU was 16%. Ventilator associated pneumonia (50%) was the most common HCAI, followed by urinary tract infection (35.6%). The total cost of antibiotic treatment for HCAIs in ICU over a 1-year period was approximately Rs. 2 million (US$32,000); the mean antibiotic cost per HCAI was calculated as Rs. 17,000 (US$255). HCAIs in the ICU thus put a significant economic burden on the patient and the healthcare network and should be prevented by implementing recommended infection control guidelines.
A Novel Method for Expediting the Development of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and an Evaluation Across Several Populations
Authors: Garrard Lili , Price Larry R. , Bott Marjorie J. , Gajewski Byron J.
Published: June 2016

Item response theory (IRT) models provide an appropriate alternative to the classical ordinal confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) during the development of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Current literature has identified the assessment of IRT model fit as both challenging and underdeveloped. This study evaluates the performance of Ordinal Bayesian Instrument Development (OBID), a Bayesian IRT model with a probit link function approach, through applications in two breast cancer-related instrument development studies. The primary focus is to investigate an appropriate method for comparing Bayesian IRT models in PROMs development. An exact Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) approach is implemented to assess prior selection for the item discrimination parameter in the IRT model and subject content experts’ bias (in a statistical sense and not to be confused with psychometric bias as in differential item functioning) toward the estimation of item-to-domain correlations. Results support the utilization of content subject experts’ information in establishing evidence for construct validity when sample size is small. However, the incorporation of subject experts’ content information in the OBID approach can be sensitive to the level of expertise of the recruited experts. More stringent efforts need to be invested in the appropriate selection of subject experts to efficiently use the OBID approach and reduce potential bias during PROMs development.
Optimal Reassembly of Shadow Tests in CAT
Authors: Choi Seung W. , Moellering Karin T. , Li Jie , van der Linden Wim J.
Published: June 2016

Even in the age of abundant and fast computing resources, concurrency requirements for large-scale online testing programs still put an uninterrupted delivery of computer-adaptive tests at risk. In this study, to increase the concurrency for operational programs that use the shadow-test approach to adaptive testing, we explored various strategies aiming for reducing the number of reassembled shadow tests without compromising the measurement quality. Strategies requiring fixed intervals between reassemblies, a certain minimal change in the interim ability estimate since the last assembly before triggering a reassembly, and a hybrid of the two strategies yielded substantial reductions in the number of reassemblies without degradation in the measurement accuracy. The strategies effectively prevented unnecessary reassemblies due to adapting to the noise in the early test stages. They also highlighted the practicality of the shadow-test approach by minimizing the computational load involved in its use of mixed-integer programming.
Does exposure to other cultures affect the impact of economic globalization on gender equality?
Authors: Ben-Nun Bloom Pazit , Gilad Sharon , Freedman Michael
Published: June 2016

An extensive literature shows that economic globalization has a positive effect on gender equality. However, the effect varies greatly across countries and time. This article argues that social globalization – individuals’ exposure to external ideas, people, and information flows – and the changes in values associated with it – is a key boundary condition for the effect of economic globalization on women’s rights. While economic globalization opens up new opportunities for women, policy adaptation to these changes requires a social demand for efforts for change. Social globalization contributes to policy adaptation by exposing the public to alternative gender-role models, setting off a shift in values, which underlies support for gender equality. Results emerging from a time-series-cross-sectional analysis of 152 nations for the period 1990–2003 confirm that the positive effect of economic globalization on gender equality wanes at lower levels of social globalization. Further, multilevel-path-analyses models demonstrate how changes to individual-level values mediate the effect of globalization on individuals’ support for gender equality.
Sustainable welfare in the EU: Promoting synergies between climate and social policies
Authors: Koch Max , Gullberg Anne Therese , Schoyen Mi Ah , Hvinden Bjorn
Published: June 2016

The commentary addresses the scope for synergy between climate change policy and social policy in the European Union (EU) from a ‘sustainable welfare’ perspective. The emerging sustainable welfare approach is oriented to the satisfaction of human needs within ecological limits, in an intergenerational and global perspective. While the overall goals of EU climate policy and EU welfare policies largely reflect this orientation, there are significant differences in policy priorities. A ‘policy auditing’ approach towards sustainable welfare defines critical thresholds for matter and energy throughput to identify how much room there is for economic and societal development. However, the EU refrains from prioritizing environmental over other, especially economic, goals and displays a remarkable degree of optimism in relation to the extent to which one can make these different policy goals compatible.
Identifying and prioritizing critical factors for promoting the implementation and usage of big data in healthcare
Authors: Kim Moon-Koo , Park Jong-Hyun
Published: June 2016

Big data is expected to provide many benefits to healthcare organizations through cost reduction, disease prediction, and patient care improvement. Big data in healthcare at a nascent stage faces many challenges in satisfying expectations. This study investigates factors for promoting the implementation and usage of big data in healthcare in Korea, using an analytical hierarchy process (AHP). We established a research framework that considers four domains and 15 factors. We collected data by a survey of experts engaged in big data and healthcare IT. The results show that data and organization have greater impacts than technology and support domains. Organizational analytics capability, data quality, data privacy and security, organizational application capability, data standardization, and data experts are the most important factors for promoting the implementation and usage of big data in healthcare. The study presents the implications in terms of the policies and ecosystem for countries, including Korea, which intend to activate big data in healthcare.
Exploring the potential of local food and drink entrepreneurship in rural Wales
Authors: Thomas Lane Eifiona , Jones Rebecca , Jones Arwel , Mitchelmore Siwan
Published: June 2016

This paper presents an interdisciplinary investigation into local scale case studies from across rural food and drink-based activities including microenterprises that produce and widen markets for local foods and drinks including food tourism initiatives. Case study analysis is used to investigate first, how entrepreneurship may translate policy into means of addressing a range of social and economic challenges of rural communities in Wales and second, the broader contributions that rural entrepreneurship and social enterprises have made in delivering sustainable local food and drink-based initiatives that have broader community value added. The context for case study analysis includes discourse on equitable and appropriate development, partnership working and community decision making and empowerment within the governance framework of One Planet Wales Sustainable Development commitment. This analysis is timely given current directions in European funding towards broader rural development and the promotion of food and drink heritage based rural tourism by Welsh Government as a tool of choice for ensuring rural wellbeing.
Vascular permeability in the RG2 glioma model can be mediated by macropinocytosis and be independent of the opening of the tight junction
Authors: Pernet-Gallay Karin , Jouneau Pierre-Henri , Bertrand Anne , Delaroche Julie , Farion Régine , Rémy Chantal , Barbier Emmanuel L
Published: June 2016

This study evaluates the extravasation pathways of circulating macromolecules in a rat glioma model (RG2) which was observed by both magnetic resonance imaging using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide and electron microscopy. Although magnetic resonance imaging signal enhancement was observed as soon as 10 min after injection (9.4% 2 h after injection), electron microscopy showed that endothelial cells were still tightly sealed. However, circulating immunoglobulin G and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide were found in large membrane compartments of endothelial cells, in the basal lamina (7.4 ± 1.2 gold particles/µm2 in the tumor versus 0.38 ± 0.17 in healthy tissue, p = 1.4.10−5) and between tumoral cells. Altogether, this strongly suggests an active transport mediated by macropinocytosis. To challenge this transport mechanism, additional rats were treated with amiloride, an inhibitor of macropinocytosis, leading to a reduction of membrane protrusions (66%) and of macropinosomes. Amiloride however also opened tumoral tight junctions allowing a larger extravasation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (magnetic resonance imaging signal enhancement of 35.7% 2 h after injection). Altogether, these results suggest that ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide and immunoglobulin G in the RG2 glioma model follow an active extravasation pathway mediated by a macropinocytosis process. Amiloride also appears as a potential strategy to facilitate the extravasation of chemotherapeutic drugs in glioma.
Cerebral blood flow modulation insufficiency in brain networks in multiple sclerosis: A hypercapnia MRI study
Authors: Marshall Olga , Chawla Sanjeev , Lu Hanzhang , Pape Louise , Ge Yulin
Published: June 2016

Cerebrovascular reactivity measures vascular regulation of cerebral blood flow and is responsible for maintaining healthy neurovascular coupling. Multiple sclerosis exhibits progressive neurodegeneration and global cerebrovascular reactivity deficits. This study investigates varied degrees of cerebrovascular reactivity impairment in different brain networks, which may be an underlying cause for functional changes in the brain, affecting long-distance projection integrity and cognitive function; 28 multiple sclerosis and 28 control subjects underwent pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI to measure cerebral blood flow under normocapnia (room air) and hypercapnia (5% carbon dioxide gas mixture) breathing. Cerebrovascular reactivity, measured as normocapnic to hypercapnic cerebral blood flow percent increase normalized by end-tidal carbon dioxide change, was determined from seven functional networks (default mode, frontoparietal, somatomotor, visual, limbic, dorsal, and ventral attention networks). Group analysis showed significantly decreased cerebrovascular reactivity in patients compared to controls within the default mode, frontoparietal, somatomotor, and ventral attention networks after multiple comparison correction. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation of cerebrovascular reactivity with lesion load in the default mode and ventral attention networks and with gray matter atrophy in the default mode network. Functional networks in multiple sclerosis patients exhibit varied amounts of cerebrovascular reactivity deficits. Such blood flow regulation abnormalities may contribute to functional communication disruption in multiple sclerosis.
Paravascular channels, cisterns, and the subarachnoid space in the rat brain: A single compartment with preferential pathways
Authors: Bedussi Beatrice , van der Wel Nicole N , de Vos Judith , van Veen Henk , Siebes Maria , VanBavel Ed , Bakker Erik NTP
Published: June 2016

Recent evidence suggests an extensive exchange of fluid and solutes between the subarachnoid space and the brain interstitium, involving preferential pathways along blood vessels. We studied the anatomical relations between brain vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid compartments, and paravascular spaces in male Wistar rats. A fluorescent tracer was infused into the cisterna magna, without affecting intracranial pressure. Tracer distribution was analyzed using a 3D imaging cryomicrotome, confocal microscopy, and correlative light and electron microscopy. We found a strong 3D colocalization of tracer with major arteries and veins in the subarachnoid space and large cisterns, attributed to relatively large subarachnoid space volumes around the vessels. Confocal imaging confirmed this colocalization and also revealed novel cisternal connections between the subarachnoid space and ventricles. Unlike the vessels in the subarachnoid space, penetrating arteries but not veins were surrounded by tracer. Correlative light and electron microscopy images indicated that this paravascular space was located outside of the endothelial layer in capillaries and just outside of the smooth muscle cells in arteries. In conclusion, the cerebrospinal fluid compartment, consisting of the subarachnoid space, cisterns, ventricles, and para-arteriolar spaces, forms a continuous and extensive network that surrounds and penetrates the rat brain, in which mixing may facilitate exchange between interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid.
Steering Social Outcomes in America’s Energy Heartland: State and Private Meta-Governance in the Marcellus Shale, Pennsylvania
Authors: Wilson C. E. , Morrison T. H. , Everingham J.-A. , McCarthy J.
Published: June 2016

This article argues that analysis of meta-governance purely in terms of the actions of the state can obscure the significant, but less apparent, ways in which private actors may influence the choices and interactions of individuals within various modes of governance coordination. We investigate the networked governance of affordable housing impacts in the Marcellus Shale gas region of the United States to empirically illuminate the dynamics of state and private meta-governance. Drawing on a qualitative research approach, we identify public authorities as exercising what seems to be predominant responsibility for meta-governance, with state government having strong influence over the structure and resourcing of a networked governance response, and county government directly facilitating the collaborative engagement of actors at the local level. Although private oil and gas companies demonstrate little involvement in network governance, the presence of private meta-governance in the alternative form of the design of market governance is shown to have a number of countervailing implications for the form and function of network governance. We suggest that expansion of the concept of “framing” to account for strategies that structure how key governance actors understand a particular problem provides valuable insights for understanding private meta-governance in relation to network governance.
Detectability of BI-RADS category 3 or higher breast lesions and reading time on mammography: comparison between 5-MP and 8-MP LCD monitors
Authors: Yabuuchi Hidetake , Kawanami Satoshi , Kamitani Takeshi , Matsumura Tomomi , Yamasaki Yuzo , Morishita Junji , Honda Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

Background

Five-megapixel (MP) displays are recommended as soft copy devices for digital mammogram. An 8-MP liquid crystal display (LCD) (two 4-MP displays within one display) might offer the advantage of being able to view biplane mammography more easily than the dual planes of 5-MP LCDs.

Purpose

To compare detectability of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 3 or higher lesions and reading time on mammography between 5- MP and 8-MP LCDs.

Material and Methods

The mammograms of 240 breasts of 120 patients including 60 breasts with BI-RADS category 3 or higher lesions and 180 breasts with normal or category 2 lesions were enrolled. All bilateral mammograms were displayed on bifacial 5-MP LCDs or an 8-MP LCD (two 4-MP displays within one display). Six radiologists assessed 240 breasts on each display. The observations were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. A jack-knife method was used for statistical analysis. We employed a paired t-test to determine whether any significant differences existed in the reading time between two different displays. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

The mean areas under the ROC curve obtained using 5-MP and 8-MP LCDs were 0.925 and 0.915, respectively, and there was no significant difference ( P = 0.46). There was also no significant difference in the reading time between two types of displays (57.8 min. vs. 51.5 min, P = 0.39).

Conclusion

The detectability of BI-RADS category 3 or higher lesions and reading time using an 8-MP LCD were comparable to those using a 5-MP LCD.
Health economic aspects of evaluation with diffusion weighted MR and MR colonography compared to standard evaluation with colonoscopy and CT before rectal cancer surgery
Authors: Achiam Michael P , Kjellberg Jakob , Rosenberg Jacob
Published: June 2016

Background

Colorectal cancer is a frequent type of cancer, and with the risk of synchronous disease, the need for a complete staging leads to an extensive and costly preoperative diagnostic evaluation. Previously we described a total preoperative evaluation using magnetic resonance (MR) colonography and diffusion-weighted MR of the liver.

Purpose

To compare the economic aspects of this modality with the standard evaluation in an analysis of the different cost drivers.

Material and Methods

Based on the results from previous studies, two calculations were performed, a theoretical cost calculation and a practical cost calculation. The cost drivers utilized are an average cost based on the cost of all procedures and diagnostic modalities performed in hospitalized patients (DRG) and outpatients (DAGS [Danish outpatient grouping system]) in Denmark.

Results

The total cost for a full colorectal evaluation and computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax/abdomen was less for the new modality group in all theoretical models proposed; €225 using model A, €322 using model B, and €383 using model C. Using results from previous studies, the actual difference and the potential difference in cost between the two preoperative diagnostic modalities per patient were €312 and €712, respectively.

Conclusion

This cost analysis shows the cost effectiveness of the new modality as the future standard preoperative diagnostic work-up by reducing total cost and by having a higher sensitivity and completion rate.
Revision Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: Newman Justin T. , Briggs Karen K. , McNamara Shannen C. , Philippon Marc J.
Published: June 2016

Background:

As the number of hip arthroscopic surgeries being performed increases, so too does the prevalence of revision hip arthroscopic surgery.

Hypothesis/Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes in patients requiring revision hip arthroscopic surgery to patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopic surgery. The hypothesis was that patients undergoing revisions would demonstrate similar outcomes to those undergoing primary hip arthroscopic surgery.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Included in the study were patients undergoing revision hip arthroscopic surgery who did not have a history of prior open hip surgery. Each patient in the revision cohort was matched with 2 patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopic surgery. Preoperatively and at a minimum follow-up of 2 years, outcome scores were collected, including the Hip Outcome Score–Activities of Daily Living subscale (HOS-ADL), which was the primary outcome variable; modified Harris hip score (mHHS); Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC); Hip Outcome Score–Sports subscale (HOS-Sports); and the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF12). At follow-up, scores from the Tegner activity scale and patient self-reported satisfaction with surgical outcome were also collected.

Results:

A total of 246 patients in the revision cohort were matched with 492 patients in the primary cohort. In the revision cohort, 183 patients had 1 prior surgery, 45 had 2 surgeries, and 18 had ≥3 prior surgeries. Subsequent hip arthroscopic surgery was reported in 39 of 492 (8%) patients in the primary cohort and 5 of 246 (2%) patients in the revision cohort ( P = .001). Subsequent surgery was reported in 50 of 492 (10%) patients in the primary cohort and 15 of 246 (6%) patients in the revision cohort ( P = .07). Both groups saw significant improvement in outcome scores from preoperation to follow-up. The HOS-ADL was lower in the revision cohort preoperatively (65 vs 70) and postoperatively (79 vs 87) ( P = .001). This was also seen in the HOS-Sports, WOMAC, and SF12 physical component scores. Patients who had 1 prior hip arthroscopic procedure had higher postoperative mHHS (81 vs 75) compared with patients with >1 hip arthroscopic procedure; however, there was no difference in postoperative mHHS between the single-revision cohort and the primary cohort. In the revision group, patients whose HOS-ADL improved ≥10 points had greater joint space. Patients with greater improvement were more likely to have had a previous labral tear that was not repaired and to require capsular plication at revision.

Conclusion:

Patients who underwent revision hip arthroscopic surgery had significant improvement in outcome scores but did have lower scores compared with patients with primary hip arthroscopies. Patients with ≥2 revisions had lower outcomes. Improvement in the revision cohort was seen in patients with increased joint space, no prior labral repair, and capsular plication at revision.
Mechanical properties of woven fabric composite for stratospheric airship envelope based on stochastic simulation
Authors: Meng Junhui , Lv Mingyun , Tan Dongjie , Li Penghui
Published: June 2016

Owing to the increased demand of long endurance flight, lightweight, and high strength envelope becoming the main point of the stratospheric airship design, especially the research on the envelope mechanical properties a novel stratospheric airship envelope material was developed in this paper. According to the structure of the woven fabric composite, nonlinearity and orthotropy are two main characteristics of the envelope. Uniaxial tensile test was performed to study the stress–strain curves of the envelope material. It is seen that the force–displacement curve can be divided into two significant nonlinear regions and three quasi-linear regions by the analysis of the test results. To analyze the force–displacement curve with different regions by the statistical method, Monte Carlo simulation based on the Ising model was developed. It is found that the simulation curves coincide well with the experiment curves both in the warp and weft directions. And the results show that parameters of the envelope material including fabric strength, functional layer strength, interfacial bonding strength, and so on, are the important factors affecting the mechanical properties and they decide the force–displacement curve shape.
Color Perception in Sociology
Authors: Rose-Greenland Fiona
Published: June 2016

Color is a central feature of social life, yet its value in sociological theory is ambiguous. This paper establishes an approach to a social theory of color by focusing on color perception. Using theories from materiality studies and cultural sociology, I argue that color perception is an unstable and contestable phenomenon shaped by social and material factors. My argument is empirically grounded in a case study of a blockbuster museum show called Gods in Color. The show toured 21 cities in Europe and North America from 2003 to 2015. Its centerpiece—brightly painted reconstructions of ancient Greek and Roman marble sculptures—triggered a vigorous debate about the limits of science in correcting historical optics. The case has broader implications for sociological theories of authenticity, materiality, and aesthetic knowledge.
What Is Relational Structure? Introducing History to the Debates on the Relation between Fields and Social Networks
Authors: Singh Sourabh
Published: June 2016

In this article, I argue that the current views on the relation between fields and social networks are based on two false premises: first, that fields and social networks are mutually exclusive forms of relational structure, and second, that the objective form of relational structure is an a priori fact. The main point of this article is that fields—defined as sites of contest among their inhabitants known for using their symbolically charged capitals to define hierarchical relations among them—create historical conditions for social networks to emerge as the objective form of relational structure. Following this point, I argue that relational sociologists must reconstruct the notion of relational structure by focusing their epistemological lenses on the history of contests among the relevant field’s actors over the symbolic value of their field-specific capitals. I illustrate this insight on relational sociology using Bourdieu’s political field theory.
Within and Beyond the “Fourth Generation” of Revolutionary Theory
Authors: Lawson George
Published: June 2016

Recent years have seen renewed interest in the study of revolutions. Yet the burgeoning interest in revolutionary events has not been matched by a comparable interest in the development of revolutionary theory. For the most part, empirical studies of revolutions remain contained within the parameters established by the “fourth generation” of revolutionary theory. This body of work sees revolutions as conjunctural amalgams of systemic crisis, structural opening, and collective action, which arise from the intersection of international, economic, political, and symbolic factors. Despite the promise of this approach, this article argues that fourth-generation scholarship remains an unfulfilled agenda. My aim is to work within—and beyond—fourth-generation theory to establish theoretical foundations that can underpin contemporary work on revolutions. I do so in three ways: first, by promoting a shift from an attributional to a processual ontology; second, by advocating a relational rather than substantialist account of social action; and third, by fostering an approach that sees revolutions as intersocietal “all the way down.”
Domestic Violence in Pregnant Women: A Study Conducted in the Postpartum Period of Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Lima Lucia Helena Mello de , Mattar Rosiane , Abrahão Anelise Riedel
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of domestic violence in adolescent and adult mothers who were admitted to obstetrics services centers in Brazil and to identify risk factors of domestic violence and any adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Researchers used standardized interviews, the questionnaire Abuse Assessment Screen, and a review of patients’ medical records. Descriptive statistical analyses were also used. The prevalence of domestic violence among all participants totaled 40.1% (38.5% of adolescents, 41.7% of adults). Factors associated with domestic violence during pregnancy were as follows: a history of family violence, a greater number of sexual partners, and being a smoker. No statistically significant association was found for adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Results showed that, in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, pregnancy did not protect a woman from suffering domestic violence.
How Hate Crime Legislation Shapes Gay and Lesbian Target Groups: An Analysis of Social Construction, Law, and Policy
Authors: Valcore Jace L. , Dodge Mary
Published: June 2016

Supporters of hate crime legislation argue the laws are a positive development designed to promote social equality and encourage political participation. Critics claim the laws are patronizing and disempowering. Existing research addresses neither the impact of hate crime laws on designated social groups nor attempts to verify assumptions about legislation and the social and political status of protected minorities. Sexual orientation, one of the most controversial categories, resulted in considerable social and political debate. This research explores the addition of sexual orientation to state hate crime law and how inclusion of this target group affects the social construction of gays and lesbians. Data are drawn from a sample of 12 daily newspapers in six states. Content and time-series analyses were used to explore social construction. The results indicate that inclusion in hate crime protections fails to have a positive impact on the construction of the group, and the discussion offers important policy implications.
Why Do Young People Avoid Photo Tagging? A New Service Avoidance Scale
Authors: Dhir Amandeep
Published: June 2016

Despite the growing attention to the study of various issues concerning online self-presentation, little research has investigated the different reasons underlying the avoidance of online identity and presentation building features. Using a multistage investigation, this study has developed and validated a 25-item instrument for investigating the various reasons why young people avoid Facebook photo tagging. The instrument items were developed based on open-ended qualitative essays written by 141 Indian and Pakistani adolescents who use the Facebook photo-tagging service. From their qualitative responses, 38 items were first extracted and evaluated with 780 Indian adolescent photo taggers. This resulted in the development of a 25-item instrument which was reexamined a year later with 314 Indian adolescent and 106 young adult photo taggers. The study participants were recruited from India and Pakistan in order to address the criticism of previous Facebook research which is chiefly based on U.S.-only study samples. The developed instrument indicated six reasons: destruction of capital, dislike, worry, parental control, embarrassment, and personal appearance. The study results indicate that the developed instrument has a stable factorial structure, validity, and reliability over time. This new instrument offers various theoretical and practical implications for scholars engaged in research involving computer-mediated communication, online self-presentation, and young people.
Model of mobility state of parts: The automation of feasibility test in disassembly sequence generation
Authors: Issaoui Louisa , Aifaoui Nizar , Benamara Abdelmajid
Published: June 2016

Disassembly sequencing is a concurrent research subject in design for life-cycle. Many past and recent researches are made to give practical methods for disassembly sequencing. The problem of assembly information’s modeling is one of the important sub-problems of disassembly simulation. The problem includes connection determination, disassembly direction identification, and part mobility state definition. In the present paper, the authors propose a new representation model of disassembly directions, starting from geometric and assembly data of computer aid design models. This model is based on a mobility matrix definition for every part. This matrix is also called disassembly direction matrix. The model gives information about the mobility state of a part during disassembly sequencing by updating its mobility matrix. Mobility state data are used in a practical computing of disassembly sequence feasibility. In this paper, theoretical explication of this modeling is given and validated by computational results. In the validation section, the model is applied to a computer aid design mechanism using a selective disassembly.
Modal parameter identification of structure under base excitation using vibration test data
Authors: Xia JN , Song HW
Published: June 2016

In the active flight phase, the spacecraft suffers the rigorous external vibration environment which comes from the engine at the bottom of rocket. In course of the ground test, the shaker simulates such excitation through the base movement, and the modal parameters identification method which employs the vibration test data is to the more extent in line with the operating state. In this paper, a specified method is applied for parameter estimation of lumped-mass mechanical system in the vibration test. The modal parameters under the fixed and free–free constrained state can be identified at the same time by this technique. In addition, when the analytical model which includes the test article and the shaking table is adopted, the relations between the response transfer function (RTF) and frequency response function (FRF) are clarified, and some misconceptions in the engineering practice are cleared. Because of the uncertain of the connection impedance between the test article and the shaking table, only the partial parameters of the fixed mode can be identified, such as natural frequency, modal damping ratio and modal shape. As the interface force transfer function (IFTF) can eliminate the influence of the connection impedance and the fixed impedance matrix of the test piece is transformed into the free impedance matrix, the identified parameters of the free mode are complete. Furthermore, the influence of the constraint degree of freedom (DOF) on the parameter identification of the IFTF is discussed preliminarily. Finally, the numerical simulation and the vibration test of discrete structure verify the validity of the proposed method.
Adaptive finite time control for spacecraft attitude maneuver based on second-order terminal sliding mode
Authors: Ran Dechao , Xiao Bing , Sheng Tao , Chen Xiaoqian
Published: June 2016

An adaptive fuzzy second-order terminal sliding mode control scheme is developed to solve the problem of rigid spacecraft attitude maneuver in which the external disturbances and uncertain inertia parameters as well as actuator faults are explicitly taken into account. The proposed controller incorporates a second-order terminal sliding mode to obtain finite time convergent performance as well as chattering elimination, meanwhile the fuzzy logical system is implemented to estimate the system uncertainties of the rigid spacecraft. Lyapunov stability analysis shows that the designed control algorithm guarantees the practical finite time stability of the attitude maneuver errors with great robustness to system uncertainties and actuator faults. Numerical simulations are also presented that not only highlights closed-loop performance benefits from the proposed control algorithm, but also illustrates its effectiveness in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties when compared with classic finite time sliding mode control schemes for spacecraft attitude maneuver control.
LncRNA H19-mediated mouse cleft palate induced by all-trans retinoic acid
Authors: Gao L , Liu Y , Wen Y , Wu W
Published: June 2016

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the new class of transcripts and pervasively transcribed in the genome, which have been found to play important functional roles in many tissues and organs. LncRNAs can interact with target gene to exert their functions. However, the function and mechanism of lncRNA in cleft palate (CP) development remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of lncRNA H19 and its target gene insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) in CP of mice. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is a well-known teratogenic effecter of CP. After establishment of the CP mouse model using atRA in vivo, we found that the rate of CP in mice was 100%. The tail lengths of fetuses in atRA-treated mice were shorter than those of control mice from embryonic day (E)12 to E17. The expression of lncRNA H19 and IGF2 were embryo age-related differences between atRNA-treated and control mice. In addition, the the relationship between lncRNA H19 and IGF2 were negative correlation in the critical period of developmental palate. These findings suggest that lncRNA H19 mediate atRA-induced CP in mice.
The Constructed Truth
Authors: Mou Yu
Published: June 2016

Witnesses rarely testify at trial in China and the courts routinely rely on investigative dossiers to determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Shielded from external scrutiny, relatively little is known about how these investigative dossiers are constructed and whether they are truly reliable. To understand the construction process for police cases, ethnography, semi-structured interviews and content analysis of the dossiers have been conducted to explore the formation of evidence during the police investigation. This article reveals that the constructed evidence is subject to manipulation and distortion designed to enhance the incrimination of the accused. With a lack of the functional equivalence in defence construction required to challenge the facts presented in these dossiers, the current criminal justice system in China is structurally weak and fails to function as a truth-finding process.
Reduced breast cancer mortality after 20+ years of follow-up in the Swedish randomized controlled mammography trials in Malmö, Stockholm, and Göteborg
Authors: Nyström Lennarth , Bjurstam Nils , Jonsson Håkan , Zackrisson Sophia , Frisell Jan
Published: June 2016

Objective

To analyze the age- and trial-specific effects of the breast cancer screening trials with mammography in Malmö, Stockholm, and Göteborg.

Methods

The original trial files were linked to the Swedish Cancer and Cause of Death Registers to obtain date of breast cancer diagnosis and date and cause of death. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the evaluation model (only breast cancers diagnosed between date of randomization and date when the first screening round of the control group was completed were included in the analysis).

Results

Women aged 40–70 at randomization in the Malmö I and II, Stockholm, and Göteborg trials were followed-up for an average of 30, 22, 25, and 24 years, respectively. The overview of all trials resulted in a significant decrease of 15% in breast cancer mortality. The variation by consecutive 10-year age group at randomization was small—from 21% in the age group 40–49 to 11% in the age group 50–59. After adjustment for age, there was a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality in the Göteborg trial (26%), and a non-significant reduction in the Malmö I and II and Stockholm trials (12%, 15%, and 5.8%, respectively).

Conclusions

The overview showed a 15% significant relative reduction in breast cancer mortality due to invitation to mammography screening. Heterogeneity in age, trial time, attendance rates, and length of screening intervals may have contributed to the variation in effect between the trials.
African S&T Professionals Trained in Chinese Universities: Orientations towards Entrepreneurship
Authors: Francoise Umugwaneza , Janviere Ntamazeze , Ding Donghong
Published: June 2016

Entrepreneurship has emerged as an important career option in several developing countries, particularly in Africa. Consequently, entrepreneurship education and training has been sought out by people who have low or no formal education. Governments and donors have tendency to consider entrepreneurship as an instrument to lift up the most vulnerable population such as uneducated women, school drop outers and people with disabilities. However, there is a shortage of technological entrepreneurship in developing countries. This paper investigated the influential factors affecting the entrepreneurial motivation, intentions and decisions among African scientists and engineers’ postgraduates from China universities since 1995 to 2014. Only 6% of respondents are in technological entrepreneurship related to their field of graduation. Conclusion remark is given to encourage technological entrepreneurship which will provide more opportunities, create jobs and improve people’s quality of life.