bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E.F. , Guarino Carmen F.
Published: February 2018

The Philadelphia Water Department is discussed in this interview, including topics such as the effect of rate increases, budget procedures, cold weather operations, hydrants, planning, public relations, sludge disposal, laboratory analysis, instrumentation and automation, computers, and regulations.
Virus Recovery From Natural Water
Authors: Shaffer Peter T.B. , Meierer Robert E. , McGee Charles D.
Published: February 2018

The state of the art of virus recovery from water is reviewed and illustrated with an actual example that posed several difficulties.
A Comparison of Particle Counting and Nephelometry
Authors: Beard James D. , Tanaka Theodore S.
Published: February 2018

Plant‐scale tests to compare particle counting and nephelometry as tools to evaluate filter‐plant performance indicated that particle counting is a more sensitive technique for measuring suspended solids concentration.
In Standards Setting: Con
Authors: Richardson Wm. H.
Published: February 2018

The following message is a condensation of an argument against S. 3555 delivered by Wm. H. Richardson on behalf of AWWA before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly, Committee of the Judiciary, US Senate, on Jul. 23, 1976.
Effects of pH and Mixing on Polymer Conditioning of Chemical Sludge
Authors: O'Brien James H. , Novak John T.
Published: February 2018

A knowledge of the characteristics of various polymers facilitates the selection of a polymer for conditioning of a particular sludge.
State of the Art in Water Treatment Design, Instrumentation, and Analysis
Authors: Ryder Robert A.
Published: February 2018

Using four specific water‐treatment plants in California and Colombia, the current technology in use for water treatment design and analysis is illustrated.
Conservation: An Ongoing Practice
Authors: Montanari F. W.
Published: February 2018

Water conservation is not an alternative to planned action for meeting predictable future or pressing present needs. Rather, conservation is a way of life, the daily practice of careful water use and elimination of waste.
A Guide to the Investigation of Waterborne Outbreaks
Authors: Rosenberg Mark L.
Published: February 2018

Understanding the when and how of outbreak investigation can help water personnel work more effectively with health authorities in tracing, controlling, and preventing waterborne disease.
Comparison of Macroreticular Resin and Activated Carbon as Sorbents
Authors: Chriswell Colin D. , Ericson Rhonda L. , Junk Gregor A. , Lee Kenneth W. , Fritz James S. , Svec Harry J.
Published: February 2018

The results of a comparison of one resin and one activated carbon in the isolation of organic compounds in water are reported.
Pricing for Water Con:
Authors: Kelley George J.
Published: February 2018

Many pricing strategists call for the use of marginal‐cost techniques for water, but the theory tends to get fuzzy when the marginal gallon requires a major capital outlay. Moreover the costaccounting methods existing in many utilities preclude its use. In water‐short areas of the nation, the result of marginal‐cost pricing is often imposition of controls on a crash basis and on accompanying public hue and cry.
Operation and Maintenance of Water Purification Plants
Authors: Fowler Peter
Published: February 2018

This manuscript outlines some of the current operating problems experienced by the staff of the South Peel water supply system, Mississauga, Ont.
Practical Applications for Design of Thrust Blocks and Tied Joints
Authors: Neher George E. , Lin Y. T.
Published: February 2018

Piping systems are prone to forces that must somehow be absorbed and balanced if they are to retain their integrity. Various factors contributing to pipe movement are examined and countermeasures explained.
Well‐Field Management
Authors: Simpson C. Leon
Published: February 2018

Operating a well is not a develop‐and‐leave‐it affair. Good management of its operation is essential.
Status of Groundwater Contamination in the US
Authors: Geraghty James J. , Miller David W.
Published: February 2018

The sources of groundwater contamination are not always readily identified. The author defines possible mechanisms, presenting data relative to possible contaminant loadings.
A Case History to Evaluate the Performance of Water‐Spreading Projects
Authors: Bianchi William C. , Nightingale Harry I. , McCormick Robert L.
Published: February 2018

The Fresno, Calif., recharge facility at Leaky Acres is used to illustrate the evaluation of water‐spreading projects.
A Consultant Looks at Future Water Utility Energy Problems
Authors: Cornell Holly
Published: February 2018

The mounting problems the US faces in regard to energy supply are discussed from the standpoint of the water utility.
Water‐Conservation Methods to Meet Pennsylvania's Water Needs
Authors: Fletcher Peter W. , Sharpe William E.
Published: February 2018

Water‐conservation methods, including water‐saving devices, can go a long way toward solving Pennsylvania's water shortage, pollution, and energy problems.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson Eric F. , Boyd Donald R.
Published: February 2018

The general scope of Kansas City, Missouri's water utility operations is discussed, including such specific aspects of the system as supply, water quality, treatment, waste disposal, and energy costs. Water pollution, water rates, training programs, dams, fluoridation, water conservation, computer control, cross connection control, trihalomethanes, asbestos, Safe Drinking Water Act, and treatment plant rehabilitation are also covered.
Approaches to Water Pricing Structures: Knock Their Blocks Off
Authors: Siegel Gary M.
Published: February 2018

An abstract of a section paper selected by the JOURNAL, authored by Gary M. Siegel, principal, Havens & Emerson, Inc. (Consultant Member, AWWA), cons. engrs., Cleveland, Ohio.
The Art of Rate Making
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

Water rates should reflect not only the cost of supply, but also the costs of production and distribution. The author discusses load factors, methods of financing, and fair return of equity as they relate to the water utility.
Financing Municipal Water Supply
Authors: Helms Billy P. , Clark Robert M.
Published: February 2018

The requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act will compel the water utility to generate significant amounts of new revenue. The author outlines trends in municipal finance, financing alternatives, and methods of financial planning useful not only for compliance with the SDWA, but for all water utility financial needs.
Criteria for Pipeline Replacement
Authors: Stacha John H.
Published: February 2018

Which is more economical—to repair or to replace a water main? The author discusses both the analytical and subjective bases of such a decision.
Filament‐Wound Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pipe: Its Use in Edmonton, Alberta
Authors: Podivinsky E. T. , Davies W. H. , Michal J.
Published: February 2018

Fiberglass reinforced plastic pipes have been in use for more than two decades. Their use by water utilities for transmission mains is relatively recent and rather infrequent. Here is some information about Edmonton's limited experience.
A Water Utility Dilemma: To Be Insured or Self‐Insure…
Authors: Miller W. H.
Published: February 2018

The Denver Water Dept., like other water utilities, faces increasingly complex problems with insurance coverage—soaring premiums, inability to obtain coverage in some areas at any price, and the difficult question of whether and to what extent to self‐insure.
Use of Ozone and Chlorine in Water Utilities in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Kühn W. , Sontheimer H. , Steiglitz L. , Maier D. , Kurz R.
Published: February 2018

Groundwater, or surface water of the same quality as groundwater, has always been the preferred source of potable water in the Federal Republic of Germany. Outlined are analytical techniques to detect chlorinated organics and the effects of chlorine and ozone treatments on water quality in that country.
Establishing Priorities for Replacement of Distribution Facilities
Authors: Lane Paul H. , Buehring Norman L.
Published: February 2018

Water supply systems, like the communities they serve, are rarely static. They grow, they age—and over time their components may wear out, break down, or be made obsolete by advancing technology. The distribution network is especially vulnerable, but needed replacement must compete with other system demands on available capital. The Los Angeles Dept. of Water and Power has tackled the problem with the aid of a computer data base that inventories and analyzes distribution facilities, generating the solid information needed to formulate a sound long‐range main replacement program.
Computer Analysis of Hydraulic Transients in a Complex Piping System
Authors: Bosserman Bayard E.
Published: February 2018

The use of a computer program to analyze hydraulic transients is of great benefit to the designer of transmission main and distribution systems. Advantages include time savings, the ability to analyze complex piping systems, and increased accuracy. The author outlines a program developed for one part of the Cawelo Water Dist., Kern County, Calif.
The Mülheim Process
Authors: Sontheimer Heinrich , Heilker Ewald , Jekel Martin R. , Nolte Heinrich , Vollmer Franz H.
Published: February 2018

Described here is a new treatment process being studied in Mülheim, Federal Republic of Germany, that eliminates breakpoint chlorination in the treatment of polluted surface water, thus avoiding production of organochloro compounds.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson Eric F. , Bush William T.
Published: February 2018

The Bureau of Water in Atlanta, Georgia is discussed. Treatment methods, organics regulations, Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), chemical and oil spills, safety, programs, public relations, sludge, cold weather operations, water rates, training, cross connections, energy conservation, and rehabilitation are covered.
Water Pricing: Backward‐Looking or Forward‐Looking Costs
Authors: Hanke Steve H.
Published: February 2018

Backward‐looking costs are those computed by using historical cost data, which are accounting costs. Forward‐looking costs are those computed by using data for costs that are anticipated during a given planning period, and are referred to as marginal or incremental costs. The specific method used in the United Kingdom is called the discounted unit cost method.
Growth of water Supply in the Taipei Region
Authors: Hsu Cheng‐pei
Published: February 2018

Many water utilities in developing countries find themselves overwhelmed by a growth rate and demand for services that is almost unimaginable in more developed areas. The author describes problems and solutions used in Taipei, the capital city of the Republic of China on the island of Taiwan.
Revenue Benefits Through Large‐Meter Maintenance
Authors: Law Norman D.
Published: February 2018

The advantages to be derived from a systematic maintenance program for large meters are presented, with an illustrative case history.
The Inelastic Demand for Residential Water: New Findings
Authors: Camp Robert C.
Published: February 2018

A household‐by‐household survey of water use by 288 consumers in northern Mississippi lends validity to the belief long held by water utility practitioners that water use under prevailing rate structures is relatively unaffected by price.
Examination of Drinking Water for Mutagenic Activity
Authors: Glatz Bonita A. , Chriswell Colin D. , Arguello Michael D. , Svec Harry J. , Fritz James S. , Grimm Sandra M. , Thomson Mark A.
Published: February 2018

Preliminary results of a study sponsored in part by the AWWA Research Foundation outline an easy, quick, and inexpensive test for screening organic material for carcinogenic potential.
Proposed Organic Regulations: “Honest, Factual, and Sensible”…
Authors: Stanton Curtis h.
Published: February 2018

AWWA and many water utilities have opposed the issuance of EPA's new organic regulations, citing many facts supporting their position. These facts, presented at the EPA and Senate oversight hearings, point up serious questions as to the validity of the scientific evidence of health effects presented by EPA as well as its estimates of costs. AWWA and the water supply industry are opposed to spending vast sums of the public's money to solve a problem of doubtful existence with unproved remedies.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson Eric F. , Pavia Richard A.
Published: February 2018

The Department of Water and Sewers in Chicago, Illinois is discussed. Chicago's unique “crib” intakes in Lake Michigan, the city's system as a whole, solutions to open hydrant problems, system expansion, water treatment plant wastes, alewives (or shad), water conservation, water meters, leak detection, cold weather operations, litigation, costs, grants, and energy problems are covered.
AWWA's Position on EPA's: “Deceptive and Irresponsible” …
Authors: Nader Ralph
Published: February 2018

While endorsing EPA's efforts to implement organics regulations, Nadar concludes that the American public can hardly greet the proposed standards with much enthusiasm since the regulations only apply to large communities, and other inconsistencies appear. But he sees them as a step in the right direction and views AWWA's stand as an intentional distortion of data.
Structuring Water Utility Bond Issues to Cope With Inflation
Authors: Schreiner Urban J.
Published: February 2018

Outlined here are techniques by which water utilities can structure bond issues to reduce borrowing costs. Included are two useful methods—arbitrage bonds and advance refunding—that are not widely employed by municipal utility systems.
Alternate Processes for Treatment of Water Plant Wastes
Authors: Bishop Stephen L.
Published: February 2018

Water treatment processes produce wastes, the disposition of which is both troublesome and costly. Alternate methods of handling these wastes, including two promising new systems, are reviewed.
Water Treatment With Multiphase Flow Reactor and Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Wang Lawrence K. , Wang Mu Hao , Yaksich Stephen M. , Granstrom Marvin L.
Published: February 2018

Outlined here is research into a process by which raw water and contaminated waters can be effectively treated by using a foam separation reactor in which cationic quaternary ammonium compound is used as both collector and disinfectant.
Assessment of Unit Processes for the Removal of Trace Organic Compounds From Drinking Water
Authors: McGuire Michael J. , Suffet Irwin H. , Radziul Joseph V.
Published: February 2018

Developed here is a method by which the solubility parameter and a calculated net adsorption energy value are used to assign potentials for removal of organics from drinking water. Interactions among the different water treatment processes in removing organics are discussed, with emphasis on the adsorption process.
Denver's Seasonal Odor Problem: An Unusual, Cost‐Free Solution
Authors: Lauer William C.
Published: February 2018

Artificial destratification by lowering the elevation of the terminal reservoir supplying its main treatment plant is Denver's simple—and serendipitous—solution to a long‐standing seasonal odor problem.
Carbon Transfer Techniques
Authors: Janecek Kenneth F.
Published: February 2018

When granular activated carbon is used to remove trace organics from drinking water its service life can be shortened to a few months. In light of the proposed organics regulations, carbon handling and reactivation methods and costs assume a new importance in water utility operations.
An Overview of the Analysis off Trace Organics in Water
Authors: Trussell Albert R. , Umphres Mark D.
Published: February 2018

Summarized here are current analytical techniques used to classify, isolate, resolve, identify, and quantify organics in drinking water. Methods are described, their drawbacks and advantages are listed, and research needs and future trends are noted.
Controlling Organics: The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Experience
Authors: Cohen Robert S. , Hwang Cordelia J. , Krasner Stuart W.
Published: February 2018

As part of a comprehensive study by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, trihalomethanes were monitored in a major portion of the distribution system under four chlorination schemes. No significant effect of chlorine application point was found.
The Efficiency of Water Treatment Processes in Radium Removal
Authors: Bennett Dorothy L.
Published: February 2018

In Illinois, one of the few states in which naturally occurring radioactive materials affect public water supplies, a study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional water softening processes in removing radium.
A New Approach to Alum Recovery
Authors: Westerhoff Garret P. , Cornwell David A.
Published: February 2018

Detailed here is an investigation of alum recovery from treatment plant sludge by liquid‐ion exchange. Sponsored by the AWWA Research Foundation, the study has shown promising results on a laboratory scale, indicating that the method is both technically and economically feasible. A prototype for plant‐scale testing is planned for 1979.
Gravity Thickening of Water‐Treatment‐Plant Sludges
Authors: Gebauer George , Janerus Ingolf
Published: February 2018

The following comments are in response to the article “Gravity Thickening of Water‐Treatment‐Plant Sludges” by Peter Kos, which appeared in the May 1977 issue of the JOURNAL.
President's Message
Authors: Peters Robert R.
Published: February 2018

This presentation reflects on the past accomplishments of the American Water Works Association and reviews some of the programs now being developed, focusing on public information, and educational and training materials.
The Safe Drinking Government: Responsible Administration
Authors: Kimm Victor J.
Published: February 2018

An abstract of a paper presented at AWWA's 97th Annual Conference by Victor J. Kimm, Deputy Asst. Administrator for Water Supply, US Environmental Protection Agency.
Automatic Control for the Village of Arlington Heights, III.— A Case History
Authors: Willroth Gene
Published: February 2018

The Village of Arlington Heights, Ill., learned the hard way about how to design a system of automatic controls for its water utility.
Part 3: The Manufacturer's Responsibility
Authors: Parnow C.A. , Stead Ivan W.
Published: February 2018

The successful installation of an automatic control system requires good communication between the user and the manufacturer with specific monitoring at several stages.
Municipal Grading Classifications and Fire Insurance Premiums
Authors: Carl Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

The public fire protection class is only one factor in the establishment of fire insurance rates for commercial and residential properties.
On Evaluating Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption
Authors: Thacker W.E. , Snoeyink V.L.
Published: February 2018

This comment pertains to an article that appeared in the Feb. 1977 Journal AWWA authored by Albert E. Sylvia, Donald A. Bancroft, and James D. Miller and entitled “Analytical Note—A Method for Evaluating Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption Efficiency.”
Management Strategies: Dealing With Drought
Authors: Blackburn Anne M.
Published: February 2018

A review of the steps taken by the Thames Water Auth. to deal with the severe drought of 1976 in the United Kingdom is used to illustrate strategies that could be used in the Washington, D.C., or other metropolitan area.
The California Drought—Out of Disaster, Better Water Management
Authors: Gilbert Jerome B.
Published: February 2018

Although undeniably serious in its immediate impact, California's drought—and the constructive response of the state's citizens and agencies to its exigencies—holds the promise of long‐term benefits through wiser use and management of water resources.
Proposed Regulations on Organic Rushed and III Considered
Authors: Burba Foster S.
Published: February 2018

This discussion reviews the criteria leading up to passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 and challenges the need for costly crash programs.
The Removal of Excess Fluoride From Drinking Water by Activated Alumina
Authors: Rubel Frederick , Woosley R. Dale
Published: February 2018

Described here are cost‐effective operating practices developed at three water treatment plants for removing excess fluoride from drinking water by activated alumina. By use of these methods the fluoride removal capacity of alumina was increased by a factor of five.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson Eric F. , Ongerth Henry J.
Published: February 2018

H.J. Ongerth, chief engineer of the sanitary engineering section of the California Department of Health Services answers questions from the point of view of a state regulatory agency. Topics covered include SDWA, recycling and reuse, and state regulatory agency conservatism.
Column Settling Test and Tube Settling
Authors: Yao Kuan M.
Published: February 2018

Experimental data confirm that column settling tests can be used as the basis for determining full‐scale tube settling systems. If a safety factor of two is applied, the column settling curve may be used directly for tube settler design.
Is Water Elastic? Physically, Not Much; Economically, Eventually
Authors: Lamson‐Scribner Frank
Published: February 2018

This discussion examines water demand and price elasticity.
System Control: The Key to a Successful Management Information System
Authors: Jordan James K. , McLeod John N.
Published: February 2018

Since the installation of the automated Maintenance Management Information System at the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, a number of techniques for controlling system errors have been successfully put into operation.
Automating Billing Procedures: A Case Study
Authors: Perry Robert I. , Thomsen John
Published: February 2018

In a six‐month period, the Regional Municipality of Peel in Ontario, Can., converted all its water and sewer billing procedures from a chaotic patchwork of information into a streamlined on‐line computer system. The system draws on a data base that contains complete information concerning customer water bills and accounts.
Analysis of Boron in Water Using an Improved Curcumin Method
Authors: Choi Won‐Wook , Chen Kenneth Y.
Published: February 2018

A recently developed curcumin method for measuring boron in water eliminates inconvenient time limits and the interference of hardening agents, fluorides, or nitrates; it is accurate, easy to perform, and can be used to test a number of samples at one time.
Rate Design for Equity Among Customers
Authors: Russell John D.
Published: February 2018

Water rate tariffs are based on average figures that may not be equitable. Areas where the cost of serving individual customers within a service group varies from the average cost are identified and possible ways to bring customers’ rates closer to actual costs are suggested.
Financing a Capital Improvement Program: Revenue Requirements, Cost of Service Analysis, and Rate Design
Authors: Fonda Stewart H.
Published: February 2018

Presented are procedures and data for use in planning for the financing of a water utility capital improvement program. The goal is more equitable recovery of costs from different customer classes in accordance with the calculated cost of service for each customer class.
Tailoring Rate Structures to Wholesale and Large Industrial Customers
Authors: Banker R.F.
Published: February 2018

Certain cost factors cause wholesale and industrial rates to differ significantly from retail rates. Costs can be recovered by designing volume‐demand, uniform volume, or contract service rates for the wholesale customer.
Cationic Polyelectrolytes Reduce Organic Matter in Turbid Surface Waters
Authors: Robinson Correl N.
Published: February 2018

For seven years a cationic polyelectrolyte pretreatment process has successfully been used at the topeka (Kan.) Water Dept. to remove organic matter from raw water and reduce the amount of chemicals needed for conventional water treatment.
Notes and Comments: More on Protection by CaCOβ Films
Authors: Merrill Douglas T. , Sanks Robert L.
Published: February 2018

Merrill and Sanks reply to William Wheeler's comments, which appeared in the January 1979 issue of Journal AWWA.

A paper contributed to and selected by the Journal, authored by Douglas T. Merrill (Active Member, AWWA), sr. engr., Brown & Caldwell Consult. Engrs. (Consultant Member, AWWA), Seattle, Wash., and Robert L. Sanks (Active Member, AWWA), prof., dept. of civ. engrg., Montana State Univ., Bozeman, Mont.
Trace Organics Removal by Anion Exchange Resins
Authors: Anderson Claude T. , Maier Walter J.
Published: February 2018

Experimental evidence indicates that most of the organics that currently pass through conventional treatment can be removed using strongly basic anion exchange resins. Organics, measured as total organic carbon, were removed to below the limits of detection, as were the sulfates; the resins were regenerated using sodium chloride.
Environmental Protection and Conflicts and Costly Delay
Authors: Ogilvie James L.
Published: February 2018

A serious shortcoming of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) is its failure to set specific timetables. Many see the act as a delaying tactic to impede a necessary public project. Prolonged delay of a project in this age of inflation adds to the ultimate cost consumers must pay.
Building for the Futures A New Generation of Water Treatment Plants in Kansas
Authors: Robinson John H.
Published: February 2018

Although the summers of the early and middle 1970s have not brought the drought conditions that plagued Kansas in the 1930s and 1950s, the state has experienced long enough spells of hot, dry weather to boost peak demand for some of its water utilities perilously close to capacity. Under the additional spur of increased water requirements expected in the future, a number of utilities have recently undertaken major improvement programs to match supply with anticipated demand. Four projects representative of the emerging new generation of water treatment facilities are capsuled here.
Precise Analysis of Trihalomethanes
Authors: Trussell Albert R. , Umphres Mark D. , Leong Lawrence Y.C. , Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: February 2018

The liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) technique yields precise and accurate analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water. The use of glass capillary gas chromatography affords quality assurance and versatility as well as speed: a chemist can analyze eight samples per hour on one gas chromatograph.
Open Finished Water Reservoirs
Authors: Moore L. Lamont
Published: February 2018

Unless properly managed, open distribution reservoirs facilitate dissipation of chlorine residuals, foster growth of objectionable algae, and permit contamination by birds, animals, insects, and humans. Open finished water reservoirs represent a weak line in the protective capacity of public water supplies. The decision to install floating covers on open reservoirs is primarily an economic one, but reduced health risk is also a major concern.
Utility Reaps Benefits From Remote Metering Program
Authors: Eichenlaub Christina
Published: February 2018

Described here is the meter improvement program of the Department of Public Utilities of Kalamazoo, Mich., which received national recognition for being the first water utility in the US to convert to metric metering and for public relations efforts that won AWWA's community relations award.
Potable Water in Mexico: History and Problems
Authors: Mendoza Amado Sanchez
Published: February 2018

From the precolonial era to the present day, large‐scale waterworks projects have been engineered and constructed in Mexico. However, to meet future urban, industrial, and rural demands, the present system capacity must be trebled by the year 2000.
Municipal Recycling of Wastewater
Authors: Milliken J. Gordon , Trumbly Anthony S.
Published: February 2018

This article surveys and summarizes current knowledge about renovating and directly recycling wastewater from municipal and industrial sewage and offers predictions as to the type and extent of municipal wastewater recycling in operation by 1995. Both potable and nonpotable reuse are discussed.
Characteristics of Acid‐Treated Alum Sludges
Authors: Cornwell David A. , Susan James A.
Published: February 2018

In the first of three articles on alum recovery by liquid ion exchange, the characteristics of acidified sludge are evaluated as they pertain to the recovery of alum from water treatment plant sludges. From data collected by a survey of alum users, five sludges from raw water of varying qualities were selected for laboratory analysis. Results showed that the percentage of recoverable aluminum ranged from 65 to 99 percent for the plants surveyed.
Applying Oxidation and Adsorption Techniques: A Summary of Progress
Authors: Sontheimer Heinrich
Published: February 2018

This article presents an overview of the results of international studies on the state of the art of oxidation and adsorption treatment of potable water. The data summarized suggest that these two processes have the greatest potential for solving current treatment problems. The use of these processes, alone and in combination with other forms of treatment, is discussed.
Operational Experiences With Activated Carbon Adsorbers at Water Factory 21
Authors: McCarty Perry L. , Argo David , Reinhard Martin
Published: February 2018

The efficiency and reliability of GAC treatment must be assessed with respect to its effectiveness as part of an overall treatment system. It constitutes the main process for removal of some organics, a collaborative process for others, and an ineffective process for still others.
Water Conservation Rationales: Are There Historical Parallels?
Authors: Schlenger Donald L. , Cervino Thomas W.
Published: February 2018

After reviewing more than 750 papers dealing with conservation the authors concluded that a more disciplined approach to conservation is mandatory if the water supply industry is to deal effectively with the ramifications of the issue. President Carter's water policy of 1978 is reviewed also.
The Intangibles of Management
Authors: Bush W.T.
Published: February 2018

A method for productive management practices that can be applied to all utilities' management‐labor relations is discussed. By incorporating the goals described here water utility managers will increase staff productivity, pride, and loyalty.
Equity and Economics in Setting Water Rates for Apartment Complexes
Authors: Mann Patrick C.
Published: February 2018

The equity of multiple minimum billing for apartment complexes is examined here in terms of its effect on the water utility, the apartment owner, and the apartment tenants, as well as in relation to the rates assessed residential and commercial customer classes generally.
Implementation of the Safe Water Drinking Act: South Carolina's Approach: Georgia's Approach
Authors: Shaw Robert L. , Byers Robert H.
Published: February 2018

This presentation discusses the implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act by South Carolina and Georgia. South Carolina required that all public water supplies would be responsible for the bacteriological monitoring requirements of the act, but the self‐monitoring program showed inconsistencies. The basic task of implementing Georgia's safe drinking water program centered around adjusting and expanding the ongoing program to meet the new statutory requirements. Data management seemed to be the most pressing problem.
Studies of Asbestos Removal by Direct Filtration of a Lake Superior Water
Authors: Peterson David L. , Schleppenbach Frank X. , Zaudtke Terry M.
Published: February 2018

A filtration research program conducted at Duluth, Minn., included pilot and full‐scale plant studies to investigate the effectiveness of anionic polymers, the use of pH adjustment to reduce alum feed rate, the effects of various rapid mix velocity gradients on particulate removal, alternate fluoride chemical feed points, and the operational impact of exceptionally high turbidities experienced as a result of storms on Lake Superior.
Reliability and Redundancy: Dual Protection for Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Hamann Carl L. , Suhr L. Gene
Published: February 2018

Fundamental to the design of reliable water treatment facilities should be the philosophy that failure of any structure, piece of mechanical or electrical equipment, element of pipe, or valve will not put the entire facility out of service.
Organizing to Cope With Hazardous Material Spills
Authors: Ryckman D.W. , Ryckman Mark D.
Published: February 2018

The huge quantities of chemicals being produced and transported within the US have become an area of acute concern. The effects that spills of hazardous materials can have on human health and welfare, and the environment have prompted the development of numerous private, state, and federal response systems. Described here is a private system that can be used as a model by water utilities for establishing and evaluating emergency response contingency plans to better cope with hazardous material spills that threaten drinking water supplies.
Evaluating the Effects of Earthquakes on Buried Pipelines
Authors: Wang Leon R.L. , Cornell Holly A.
Published: February 2018

Current research on seismic vulnerability and the design of buried pipelines has resulted in the development of simplified methods of analysis for seismic ground shaking.
A Computer Method for Loading Model Networks
Authors: Lee Cesario A. , Lee Timothy K.
Published: February 2018

The method described here makes it feasible to adjust demands for various conditions when modeling water distribution networks, and thereby permits the engineer to spend more time in examining alternative systems because less time is required for preparing the study.
Upgrading Water Treatment Plants: An Alternative to New Construction
Authors: Forbes Robert E. , Nickerson Gary L. , Hudson Herbert E. , Wagner Edmund G.
Published: February 2018

Because of more stringent water quality requirements, many water utilities must reevaluate the operation of plant facilities to determine that optimum water quality is being provided in the most efficient and cost effective manner. Modifying unit processes of surface water filtration plants such as rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and process control can improve finished water quality, reduce operating costs, and often increase plant capacity at a fraction of the cost for new plant construction.
Practical Power‐Saving Techniques in Pinellas County
Authors: Edmunds Robert C. , Socha William M. , Patrick Rembert W.
Published: February 2018

Techniques for optimizing the operation of pumping facilities so as to minimize power costs were tested at the Pinellas County Water System, a large public water utility on Florida's west coast. Preliminary results indicate potentially large savings in power cost.
Organic Water Quality Changes During Sand Bank and Dune Filtration of Surface Waters in The Netherlands
Authors: Piet G.J. , Zoeteman B.C.J.
Published: February 2018

The current application of advanced analytical techniques to the artificial recharge process is shedding new light on the potential of infiltration to remove organic chemical compounds from polluted raw waters and on the possible dangers of contamination in the recharge area.
The Costs of Compliance: An EPA Estimate for Organics Control
Authors: Clark Robert M. , Dorsey Paul
Published: February 2018

In estimating costs for utility compliance with the organics regulations, the Environmental Protection Agency developed capital and operations and maintenance cost designs for a series of unit processes, and presented them as a function of given design parameters. The cost data are intended to be sufficiently accurate for preliminary planning and flexible enough for cost effectiveness studies.
Removal of Total Organic Halogen by Granular Activated Carbon Adsorbers
Authors: Quinn James E. , Snoeyink Vernon L.
Published: February 2018

Measuring the group parameter total organic halogen may be an acceptable alternative to analyzing specific compounds in order to monitor water quality and the efficiency of water treatment processes for removing potentially hazardous organics.
The New Regulatory Constraints: From Conflict Toward Compromise
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

The plethora of congressional legislation affecting the water industry has helped produce an adversary situation among regulators, the regulated, and public interest groups in which the threat of litigation is pervasive. Efforts must be made to persuade all parties that an achievable course of action is preferable to stalemate by reason of litigation and financial default. It must be recognized that the buck stops with the local water utility official who must raise his utility's rates.
Seasonal Variations in Trihalomethane Levels in an Iowa River Water Supply
Authors: Veenstra John N. , Schnoor Jerald L.
Published: February 2018

Apparent molecular weight and the presence of humic or fulvic acids are among the properties of organic precursors that may be responsible for seasonal patterns in trihalomethane levels observed in Iowa River water samples. Such environmental conditions as pH and temperature appear to be less important factors.
Biologically mediated corrosion and its effects on water quality in distribution systems
Authors: Lee Sai Hyun , O'Connor John T. , Banerji Shankha K.
Published: February 2018

That water quality changes are related primarily to the oxidation of iron metal was indicated by results of an experiment with a simulated pipe loop system using tap water. A variety of aquatic microorganisms was observed and identified in the pipe loop system, among them the organisms that constitute the microbiotic cycles of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and iron transformation. With microbial growth, cast iron test specimens exhibited localized corrosion.
Upgrading the old while building the new
Authors: Medina Luis E. , Hudson Herbert E.
Published: February 2018

In the midst of construction on the new Puerto Mallarino plant, the city of Cali, Colombia, was faced with possible water rationing as a result of increased consumer demand. To quickly provide economical water services in the interim between construction and operation of the new plant and so avoid water rationing, the public utility added 83 ML/day (19 mgd) to the capacity of its 50‐year‐old Rio Cali plant. This plant provides the city's most economical supply and the upgrading, which used indigenous materials, was remarkably inexpensive.
Submarine transmission line: lifeline for Vieques
Authors: Mayol Juan J. , Goitia José R.
Published: February 2018

Lack of an adequate water supply is now a thing of the past for the island of Vieques. On Feb. 10, 1978, a submarine water transmission main from mainland Puerto Rico to Vieques was inaugurated. This facility has dramatically increased the potable water supply for the island, eliminating the need for the operation of twelve low production wells whose waters have a high dissolved solids content. The most Important aspect of the project is that it guarantees a continuous and reliable flow of potable water to the 8000 inhabitants who have had to endure water shortages for many years.
Notes and comments: the problem with perforated baffles
Authors: Goodnow Weston
Published: February 2018

Baffle renovations in a Kansas City, Kan., water treatment plant showed that vertical baffles yielded better distribution control and floc handling than did perforated baffles at the inlet of rectangular settling basins. Replacing perforated baffles with vertical ones provided equal dispersion across the basin and preserved the integrity of coagulated floc particles.
Experience with chloramines as primary disinfectants
Authors: Shull Kenneth E.
Published: February 2018

For more than 50 years chloramines have been used at the Philadelphia Suburban Water Company's Pickering Creek water treatment plant. During this period chloramination has reduced the coliform count in the raw water from values as high as 100 000 organisms/mL to nearly zero in the finished water.
Determination of organic contaminants by the Grob closed‐loop‐stripping technique
Authors: Coleman W. Emile , Melton Robert G. , Slater Robert W. , Kopfler Frederick C. , Voto Stephen J. , Allen Wendy K. , Aurand Theresa A.
Published: February 2018

A modified Grob closed‐loop‐stripping device is currently being used to concentrate organic contaminants from drinking water. The identification and quantification of organic contaminants at the nanogran per litre (part‐per‐trillion) level are accomplished by a computerized glass capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry system. Applications of closed‐loop‐stripping analysis (CLSA) for monitoring water by water utilities, for studying the use and effects of alternative disinfectants in drinking water, and for providing data on the removal of organic contaminants from water by granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment are discussed. An attempt to validate the method using statistical computations is also included.
What price political reticence?
Authors: Gaynor Lester
Published: February 2018

This article stresses the need for engineers to become involved in the political process of regulation. Public information, environmental issues, and economics are discussed.
The author replies:
Authors: Bumstead John C.
Published: February 2018

The author of “The Politics of Regionalization: A Public Perspective,” which appeared in the December 1979 JOURNAL AWWA, replies that certain regulations have changed since the article was published.
Conflict percolates over rehabilitation funding
Authors: Pike Howard C. , Baxter Samuel S.
Published: February 2018

This letter emphasizes the serious situation faced by many water systems. Financial difficulties and deteriorating infrastructures are rampant. Rehabilitation, local management, and possible government financing are discussed.
Compositing trihalomethane samples can save money
Authors: Sylvia Albert E.
Published: February 2018

Regulations set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are now in effect for the determination of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) in water systems that serve populations of 75,000 or more persons. Studies at the Lawrence Experiment Station organic analysis laboratory in Lawrence, Massachusetts indicate that sample compositing reduces analysis costs by 75 percent. Current sampling practices and sample compositing are described.
Evolution of a regional system
Authors: Bakken J. Darrell
Published: February 2018

The Indianapolis (Ind.) Water Company (IWC) and its predecessor have, as private companies, provided water service to the city of Indianapolis and Marion County since 1871. Since 1947 IWC has expanded—through selective marketing of main extensions and acquisitions—from a compact urban utility serving primarily Indianapolis and the center of Marion County to a widespread regional system that provides retail water service to most of Indianapolis‐Marlon County and to both incorporated and unincorporated portions of three adjacent counties.
Manpower development for water and sanitation programs in Africa
Authors: McGarry Michael G. , Schiller Eric J.
Published: February 2018

Safe water supplies and adequate sanitation facilities for the world population by 1990—the aims of the International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990)—are impossibly high goals. The World Health Organization estimates that only 22 percent of the 70 percent rural population In developing countries have “reasonably safe” drinking water and that 15 percent have sanitary human waste disposal facilities. Even if the funds and adequate institutional capacity were available, objectives for the decade still could not be met, The greatest constraint is the lack of competent manpower: professional, technical, and semiskilled.
Chemical equilibria in split‐treatment softening of water
Authors: Zipf Karl A. , Luthy Richard G.
Published: February 2018

Split‐treatment softening is more cost effective than conventional treatment with certain types of water. This paper develops the equilibria relationships for solving split‐treatment softening problems, in order to understand how desired effluent quality parameters and operating variables affect chemical requirements. Solution sets are presented for treatment with lime only and with lime and soda; effluent hardness and pH, effluent alkalinity and pH, or lime dose and bypass fraction are considered decision parameters. The methodology is applied to several raw water examples, and the results are presented graphically. Various modes of split‐treatment operation can effect a range of effluent quality characteristics. Minimal or optimal values are indicated for selection of process variables with respect to chemical costs.
Inserting plastic liners in distribution mains
Authors: Phillips Steven H.
Published: February 2018

The insertion of plastic pipe in deteriorated steel mains has been an alternative to conventional trenching in the gas industry for more than 20 years. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company has been inserting plastic in its distribution systems for approximately 10 years. If a reduction in pipe diameter can be tolerated and certain other criteria are satisfied, pipe replacement by plastic insertion in water mains can result in considerable savings to the water industry.
Hydraulic scale‐model simulation of the sedimentation process
Authors: Kawamura Susumu
Published: February 2018

Horizontal‐flow sedimentation basins and grit chambers are often constructed because of their predictable performance and their tolerance to shock loads. However, these processes often demonstrate poor performance as a result of basic design problems. Hydraulic scale‐model studies conducted on sedimentation basin and grit chamber performance are discussed and related to practical design guides for minimizing basic design errors.
Changes in strength of pressurized PVC pipe with time
Authors: Hucks Robert T.
Published: February 2018

PVC pipe strength increased significantly during a 10‐year study with the pipe at steady hydrostatic pressure. Pipe was held at one and two times the design pressure rating and was tested periodically for strength by burst testing. After the pipe's 10‐year exposure at twice the pressure rating, the strength was 22 percent higher than that of the original, unstressed pipe. Elastic properties of the pipe wall were unaffected. After 10 years the appearance of the pipe—both to the unaided eye and under a microscope—was excellent. These results should be reassuring to designers of piping systems.
Misleading statement clarified
Authors: Ways Harry C.
Published: February 2018

Contrary to a statement in “A Regional Response to Water Supply Emergencies” (JOURNAL AWWA, May 1981), the Washington Aqueduct Division supplies about 50 percent more water than the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission.
Concrete pressure pipe performance in acid soils
Authors: Willett Joe A.
Published: February 2018

Investigations were conducted concerning the effects on cement‐mortar‐coated pipe under long‐term exposure in naturally occurring acid soils. Two existing pipelines were excavated and measurements were made of soil pH, total acidity, and resistivity; pipe potentials with respect to a copper sulfate electrode; and the extent of soil acid attack on the mortar coating. At each test station sections of the mortar coating were removed and the circumferential reinforcement and steel cylinder were examined. Long‐term degradation of mortar coatings and their corrosion inhibitive properties were inconsequential in the pipelines investigated.
Hydrologic applications of weather and climate information
Authors: Changnon Stanley A.
Published: February 2018

The interface between hydrology and atmospheric sciences is essential for water management, especially in complex situations such as those in Chicago. Historic weather and climate data can be computerized to predict long‐term climatic probabilities, and radar techniques are useful in predicting short‐term rainfall amounts. The availability of these new techniques should be known to all those involved in managing water resources.