bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing axial parenchyma fraction in the Malagasy Magnoliids facilitated the co‐optimisation of hydraulic efficiency and safety
Authors: Aritsara Amy Ny Aina , Razakandraibe Vonjisoa M. , Ramananantoandro Tahiana , Gleason Sean M. , Cao Kun‐Fang
Published: September 2020

The evolution of angiosperms was accompanied by the segregation and specialisation of their xylem tissues. This study aimed to determine whether the fraction and arrangement of parenchyma tissue influence the hydraulic efficiency–safety trade‐off in the basal angiosperms.

We examined xylem anatomical structure and hydraulic functioning of 28 woody species of Magnoliids in a tropical rainforest of Madagascar and reported, for the first time, quantitative measurements that support the relationship between vessel‐to‐xylem parenchyma connectivity and the hydraulic efficiency–safety trade‐off. We also introduced a new measurement – the distance of species from the trade‐off limit – to quantify the co‐optimisation of hydraulic efficiency and safety.

Although the basal angiosperms in this study had low hydraulic conductivity and safety, species with higher axial parenchyma fraction (APf) had significantly higher hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic efficiency–safety optimisation was accompanied by higher APf and vessel‐to‐axial parenchyma connectivity. Conversely, species exhibiting high ray parenchyma fraction and high vessel‐to‐ray connectivity had lower Ks and were further away from the hydraulic trade‐off limit line.

Our results provide evidence that axial parenchyma fraction and paratracheal arrangement are associated with both enhanced hydraulic efficiency and safety.
Plant traits controlling growth change in response to a drier climate
Authors: Rowland Lucy , Oliveira Rafael S. , Bittencourt Paulo R. L. , Giles Andre L. , Coughlin Ingrid , Costa Patricia de Britto , Domingues Tomas , Ferreira Leandro V. , Vasconcelos Steel S. , Junior João A. S. , Oliveira Alex A. R. , da Costa Antonio C. L. , Meir Patrick , Mencuccini Maurizio
Published: September 2020

Plant traits are increasingly being used to improve prediction of plant function, including plant demography. However, the capability of plant traits to predict demographic rates remains uncertain, particularly in the context of trees experiencing a changing climate.

Here we present data combining 17 plant traits associated with plant structure, metabolism and hydraulic status, with measurements of long‐term mean, maximum and relative growth rates for 176 trees from the world’s longest running tropical forest drought experiment.

We demonstrate that plant traits can predict mean annual tree growth rates with moderate explanatory power. However, only combinations of traits associated more directly with plant functional processes, rather than more commonly employed traits like wood density or leaf mass per area, yield the power to predict growth. Critically, we observe a shift from growth being controlled by traits related to carbon cycling (assimilation and respiration) in well‐watered trees, to traits relating to plant hydraulic stress in drought‐stressed trees.

We also demonstrate that even with a very comprehensive set of plant traits and growth data on large numbers of tropical trees, considerable uncertainty remains in directly interpreting the mechanisms through which traits influence performance in tropical forests.
Hydrogeochemical modeling for groundwater management in arid and semiarid regions using MODFLOW and MT3DMS: A case study of the Jeffara of Medenine coastal aquifer, South‐Eastern Tunisia
Authors: Hamzaoui‐Azaza Fadoua , Zammouri Mounira , Ameur Meriem , Baba Sy Mohamedou , Gueddari Moncef , Bouhlila Rachida
Published: September 2020

The study of water quality and the quantification of reserves and their variations according to natural and anthropogenic forcing is necessary to establish an adequate management plan for groundwater resources. For this purpose, a modeling approach is a useful tool that allows, after calibration phase and verification of simulation, and under different scenarios of forcing and operational changes, to estimate and control the groundwater quantity and quality. The main objective of this study is to collect all available data in a model that simulates the Jeffara of Medenine coastal aquifer system functioning. To achieve this goal, a conceptual model was constructed based on previous studies and hydrogeological investigations. The regional groundwater numerical flow model for the Jeffara aquifer was developed using MODFLOW working under steady‐state and transient conditions. Groundwater elevations measured from the piezometric wells distributed throughout the study area in 1973 were selected as the target water levels for steady state (head) model calibration. A transient simulation was undertaken for the 42 years from 1973 to 2015. The historical transient model calibration was satisfactory, consistent with the continuous piezometric decline in response to the increase in groundwater abstraction. The developed numerical model was used to study the system's behavior over the next 35 years under various constraints. Two scenarios for potential groundwater extraction for the period 2015–2050 are presented. The predictive simulations show the effect of the increase of the exploitation on the piezometric levels. To study the phenomenon of salinization, which is one of the most severe and widespread groundwater contamination problems, especially in coastal regions, a solute transport model has been constructed by using MT3DMS software coupled with the groundwater flow model. The best calibration results are obtained when the connection with the overlying superficial aquifer is considered suggesting that groundwater contamination originates from this aquifer.

Recommendations for water resource managers

The results of this study show that Groundwater resources of Jeffara of Medenine coastal aquifer in Tunisia are under immense pressure from multiple stresses.

The water resources manager must consider the impact of economic and demographic development in groundwater management to avoid the intrusion of saline water.

The results obtained presented some reference information that can serve as a basis for water resources planning.

The model runs to provide information that managers can use to regulate and adequately control the Jeffara of Medenine water resources.
Do ECB's Monetary Policies Benefit EMEs? A GVAR Analysis on the Global Financial and Sovereign Debt Crises and Postcrises Period*
Authors: Colabella Andrea
Published: September 2020

This paper studies the spillover effects of the ECB's monetary policies on non‐euro area countries, using a GVAR methodology, shadow rate for advanced economies (Wu and Xia, 2016) and shock identification through Cholesky decomposition. A euro‐area shadow interest rate hike triggers a broad‐based decline in output abroad, especially in Central, Eastern and South‐Eastern European (CESEE) economies, and a less widespread increase in short‐term interest rates. How countries respond to the shock depends on their characteristics: the spillover effects are transmitted mainly through the trade channel, while the short‐term interest rate channel plays a limited role. Results are robust to different model specifications.
Metabolic tissue‐resident CD8+ T cells: A key player in obesity‐related diseases
Authors: Wang Lina , Sun Ping , Wu Yuzhang , Wang Li
Published: September 2020

Obesity‐induced low‐grade chronic inflammation in the metabolic tissues, such as adipose tissue (AT) and liver tissue, in individuals with obesity is a major etiological factor for several diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular problems, as well as cancer and autoimmune diseases. Previous studies have revealed that tissue‐resident macrophages play a crucial role in this process. However, the mechanisms responsible for recruiting and activating macrophages and initiating chronic inflammation in the metabolic tissues have not yet been clearly elucidated. In the most recent decade, there has been a growing emphasis on the critical role of the adaptive CD8+ T cells in obesity‐induced chronic inflammation and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the relevant studies in both mice and human regarding the role of metabolic tissue‐resident CD8+ T cells in obesity‐related inflammation and diseases, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying the regulation of CD8+ T cell recruitment, activation and function in the metabolic tissues, and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for obesity‐related diseases.
Sella turcica morphology in patients with genetic syndromes: A systematic review
Authors: Roomaney Imaan A. , Chetty Manogari
Published: September 2020

The sella turcica is an important anatomical reference used in orthodontics for the evaluation of craniofacial growth. Studies have found variations in the sella turcica morphology in patients with syndromes affecting the craniofacial complex. This review aims to determine whether genetic syndromes involving the craniofacial complex are associated with abnormal radiographic sella turcica morphology and whether there is a pattern of malformation which is consistent within each syndrome. An electronic database search was conducted to identify relevant studies. We included primary studies describing the morphology of the sella turcica on lateral radiographs in human subjects with genetic syndromes involving the craniofacial complex. No restrictions were placed on language or timeframe. PROSPERO registration CRD42019148060. Thirty‐eight studies were included in this review. A ‘J’‐shaped sella was found in patients with Hutchinson‐Gilford‐Progeria syndrome and other syndromes. A bulbous dorsum sellae was highly prevalent Cleidocranial dysplasia, and a bulbous dorsum sellae and uneven contours of the clivus was found in Cri du chat syndrome. A steep clivus was described in patients with Axenfeld‐Rieger syndrome. An oblique anterior wall was the most frequent malformation found in Down’s syndrome. Genetic syndromes affecting the craniofacial complex are associated with abnormal morphology of the radiographic sella turcica. Clinicians should be observant of abnormal sella turcica morphology which can be a sign of undiagnosed or subclinical syndromes. More high‐quality studies are needed which use standardized and objective methods of determining the morphology of the sella turcica.
Tracking dispersal across a patchy landscape reveals a dynamic interaction between genotype and habitat structure
Authors: Edelsparre Allan H. , Fitzpatrick Mark J. , Rodríguez Marco A. , Sokolowski Marla B.
Published: September 2020

Theoretical and empirical studies often show that within populations, individuals vary in their propensity to disperse. We aspired to understand how this behavioural variation is impacted by the distribution and pattern of food patches across a landscape. In a series of experiments we examined how inter‐patch distance and the distribution of food patches influenced dispersal in wild‐type strains of Drosophila melanogaster with natural allelic variants of the foraging (for) gene known to influence dispersal in this species. The ‘rover' strain was homozygous for the forR allele (more dispersive) whereas the ‘sitter' strain was homozygous for fors (less dispersive). We also assessed an outbred population of flies with an unknown dispersal propensity. Dispersal was assayed in a multi‐patch lab arena (25 cells, 5 × 5 array). In the inter‐patch distance trials, landscapes of two different sizes (small versus large) were used, both with food in all 25 cells. Dispersal was reduced in the large landscape relative to the small landscape for all three fly strains. Sitter dispersal was lowest relative to both rovers and the outbred flies, whose dispersal tendencies were similar. In the patch distribution trials, flies were assayed in landscapes with varying distribution and number of cells containing food. Dispersal generally increased as the number of patches with food increased, however, rovers and sitters adopted similar dispersal strategies when food was fixed and limited. Conversely, their strategies differed when the total amount of food increased with the number of patches. We find that both the inter‐patch distance and distribution can influence dispersal. However, the effect of inter‐patch distance and distribution on dispersals depends on genotype × environment interaction. Our findings highlight the importance of considering G × E when assessing how dispersal strategies and landscape dynamics influence the distribution of animal communities.
CO2emissions, urban population, energy consumption and economic growth in selected African countries: A Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR)
Authors: Mosikari Teboho Jeremiah , Eita Joel Hinaunye
Published: September 2020

This study investigates the non‐linear impact of urban population, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon emissions in selected African economies, for the period 2005–2019. The investigation is conducted through the application of non‐linear panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) estimation technique. The results reveal a rejection of the null hypothesis of linearity, in favour of non‐linearity. The results provide evidence of the presence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Energy consumption has a positive impact on carbon emissions in both regimes. An increase in urban population causes a reduction in carbon emissions. The study recommends that in an effort to accelerate economic growth, policymakers should implement policies aimed at achieving low carbon mechanisms, such as green infrastructure and renewable energy systems, which reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It is therefore important for the selected African economies to come up with programmes that increase awareness about the risk of carbon emissions.
Does any relationship between energy consumption and economic growth exist in India? A var model analysis
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Vashishtha Simmi
Published: September 2020

Energy is the lifeblood of the global economy, a key input to almost all the goods and services of the modern world. The primary objective of this study is to examine the relationships between per capita energy consumption and per capita GDP in India from 1970–1971 to 2014–2015. The data analysis was conducted using the three‐stage Johnson cointegration, vector autoregression and Granger causality test. The results of the study documented that there was the presence of unidirectional causality running from per capita GDP to per capita energy consumption and the absence of a long‐term equilibrium relationship between per capita energy consumption and per capita GDP in India. More significantly, India has already demonstrated an impressive ability to develop, deploy, replicate and scale up innovative, market‐based approaches to energy efficiency. The country has an excellent basis for further energy efficiency policy innovation and market creation, including a strong community of non‐governmental organisations, research institutes and think tanks active in energy efficiency.
Psychometric properties of the Chinese version thriving of older people assessment scale
Authors: Li Chih‐Ping , Lee Shu‐Fen , Bergland Ådel , Edvardsson David
Published: September 2020

Background

The Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale has Scandinavian, Norwegian and English versions but does not yet have a Chinese version that can be used in Chinese populations and compared to global data.

Objectives

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated Chinese version of the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale.

Methods

The English version of the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale was translated into Chinese using a forward and backward translation method. A convenience sampling strategy was used to recruit participants from five long‐term care facilities in northern Taiwan (N = 285). Confirmatory factor analysis was then performed to confirm the theory of the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale Chinese version.

Results

The Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale Chinese version consists of 32 items loading across five domains, namely, ‘resident attitudes towards being in long‐term care’, ‘quality of care and caregivers’, ‘resident engagement and peer relationships’, ‘keeping in touch with people and places’ and ‘quality of the physical environment’, with good internal consistency (0.971). Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that χ2 = 2255.58 (df = 459, p < .00), χ2/df = 4.91, CFI = 0.96, IFI = 0.96, NNFI = 0.96 and SRMR = 0.074, indicating a good model fit to previous factor structures.

Conclusions

The Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale Chinese version is a tentatively reliable and valid tool for measuring the experience of thriving in Chinese language older people in long‐term care facilities.

Implications for practice

The Chinese version of Thriving of Older people Assessment scale can be used to describe the levels of place‐related well‐being among older Chinese people living in long‐term care. Further research and improvements of the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale Chinese version in diversified Chinese contexts will enable a more comprehensive understanding of older Chinese people’s experiences of thriving in long‐term care.
Palliative and end‐of‐life educational interventions for staff working in long‐term care facilities: An integrative review of the literature
Authors: Iida Kieko , Ryan Assumpta , Hasson Felicity , Payne Sheila , McIlfatrick Sonja
Published: September 2020

Background

Given the increase in the number of deaths within long‐term care facilities (LTCFs), the need for palliative and end‐of‐life (EOL) care education among such facilities has been increasing. As such, a systematic synthesis of global palliative and EOL care educational approaches and evaluation can aid further educational development.

Objective

To synthesise the current literature on palliative and EOL care educational interventions for staff working in LTCFs and identify barriers to, and facilitators of, intervention implementation.

Methods

The study used an integrative review framework wherein indexed databases, namely, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Japan Medical Abstract Society, were systematically searched for studies published in English and Japanese between 2007 and 2019. Search terms that are related to palliative care, LTCF, and education were combined to increase search sensitivity. The quality of the papers was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools and the Mixed‐Methods Appraisal Tool.

Results

A total of 52 studies were included in the review. Our results suggested that although studies in this area and setting have been evolving, suboptimal developmental research and educational practices, global variability and unstandardised approaches to education and lacking viewpoints from service users have remained. Barriers to intervention implementation were also reported due to the specific characteristics of LTCFs, which include high staff turnover and considerable variation in professional skills and experience.

Conclusions

Given the different LTCF types, systems and policies across each country or region, further research on standardised educational interventions with contextual considerations using large‐scale studies with robust methodology is needed to meet the increasing demand for palliative and EOL care among the global ageing population.

Implications for practice

Palliative and EOL care educational intervention for LTCF staff need to include more consideration of context, organisational culture and the user involvement throughout the process of education and research to enhance the quality of care in this complex setting.
Developing a competence framework for cognitive analytic therapy
Authors: Parry Glenys , Bennett Dawn , Roth Anthony D. , Kellett Stephen
Published: September 2020

Objective

This paper describes the development and summarizes the content of a competence framework for delivery of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT).

Design

The framework was developed using the evidence‐based method developed by Roth and Pilling (2008, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 129).

Methods

A review of the CAT outcome literature identified where CAT interventions had evidence of efficacy. Standard texts on CAT were primary sources for details of theory and practice. This process was supported by an expert reference group (ERG). The role of the ERG was to provide professional advice on areas where the evidence base was lacking, but where CAT interventions were commonly used by therapists trained in the model.

Results

A framework was produced and structured in terms of core knowledge, core skills, and meta‐competences (which require therapeutic judgement rather than simple adherence to a treatment protocol).

Conclusions

The framework enables trainees, service users, service managers, and commissioners to better understand a) the core features of CAT and b) what competences need to be in place for CAT to be skilfully delivered in practice.

Practitioner points

It is possible to define the core competences of CAT.

Whilst generic competences are important, there are five CAT‐specific domains of competence.

The CAT‐specific competences reflect the three‐phase structure of the therapy: reformulation, recognition, and revision.
COVID‐19 distress and worries: The role of attitudes, social support, and positive coping during social isolation
Authors: Moore Kathleen A. , Lucas James J.
Published: September 2020

As the COVID‐19 pandemic accelerates, one public health response has been for governments to impose quarantine ‘lockdowns’ which require people to socially isolate. In this study, we explored the level of psychological distress that people experienced in social isolation and the factors which might ameliorate or exacerbate it. Two hundred and thirteen participants (69% female) with a mean age of 37.82 years participated in an online study. They completed a series of questions designed as part of a larger cross‐national study. A positive attitude towards social isolation introduced by government as a strategy to reduce the transmission of COVID‐19 was predictive of positive coping strategies, and both attitude and coping predicted reduced psychological distress. Participants’ worries about contagion of COVID‐19, their financial status, and the economic and political impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic predicted increases in their psychological distress. Social support from family and work colleagues was not significant in reducing worries or psychological distress but it did positively predict engagement in coping. The findings and recommendations are discussed.

Practitioner points

Fostering a positive attitude towards social isolation in clients: reduces psychological distress, fosters engagement in positive coping behaviours.

Enhancing clients’ level of social support received will serve to increase positive coping and indirectly reduce psychological distress during social isolation.

Strategies to reduce clients’ COVID‐19 worries are important as worry contributes to their overall level of psychological distress.
A rapid real‐time PCR assay for detecting columnar growth in apples (Malus × domestica)
Authors: Cmejlova Jana , Vavra Radek , Cmejla Radek
Published: September 2020

Columnar growth in apples can have considerable positive consequences for orchard maintenance, but the lack of columnar cultivars producing fruits with desired market quality prevents their broader utilization in orchards. New crossings focused on their breeding are therefore conducted throughout the world every year. Unfortunately, the reliable discrimination between columnar growth and normal phenotype is difficult until seedlings are 2–3 years of age. However, molecular marker–assisted selection (MAS) can be used in seedlings several weeks old providing immense help in breeding programmes focused on columnar apple production. Here, we describe a rapid and reliable method for the detection of both wild‐type (WT) and columnar (Co) alleles originating from ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ in a single reaction using a real‐time PCR allelic discrimination approach. Our assay was tested in 130 genotypes (80 normal and 50 columnar habit) from various crossings and their parents, and in all cases, genotype corresponded to phenotype. The assay is thus suitable for laboratories interested in high‐throughput MAS for columnar tree habit breeding.
Across climates and species, higher vapour pressure deficit is associated with wider vessels for plants of the same height
Authors: Olson Mark E. , Anfodillo Tommaso , Rosell Julieta A. , Martínez‐Méndez Norberto
Published: September 2020

While plant height is the main driver of variation in mean vessel diameter at the stem base (VD) across angiosperms, climate, specifically temperature, does play an explanatory role, with vessels being wider with warmer temperature for plants of the same height. Using a comparative approach sampling 537 species of angiosperms across 19 communities, we rejected selection favouring freezing‐induced embolism resistance as being able to account for wider vessels for a given height in warmer climates. Instead, we give reason to suspect that higher vapour pressure deficit (VPD) accounts for the positive scaling of height‐standardized VD (and potential xylem conductance) with temperature. Selection likely favours conductive systems that are able to meet the higher transpirational demand of warmer climates, which have higher VPD, resulting in wider vessels for a given height. At the same time, wider vessels are likely more vulnerable to dysfunction. With future climates likely to experience ever greater extremes of VPD, future forests could be increasingly vulnerable.
Metabolic flux from the chloroplast provides signals controlling photosynthetic acclimation to cold in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Herrmann Helena A. , Dyson Beth C. , Miller Matthew A. E. , Schwartz Jean‐Marc , Johnson Giles N.
Published: September 2020

Photosynthesis is especially sensitive to environmental conditions, and the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus can be modulated in response to environmental change, a process termed photosynthetic acclimation. Previously, we identified a role for a cytosolic fumarase, FUM2 in acclimation to low temperature in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutant lines lacking FUM2 were unable to acclimate their photosynthetic apparatus to cold. Here, using gas exchange measurements and metabolite assays of acclimating and non‐acclimating plants, we show that acclimation to low temperature results in a change in the distribution of photosynthetically fixed carbon to different storage pools during the day. Proteomic analysis of wild‐type Col‐0 Arabidopsis and of a fum2 mutant, which was unable to acclimate to cold, indicates that extensive changes occurring in response to cold are affected in the mutant. Metabolic and proteomic data were used to parameterize metabolic models. Using an approach called flux sampling, we show how the relative export of triose phosphate and 3‐phosphoglycerate provides a signal of the chloroplast redox state that could underlie photosynthetic acclimation to cold.
Efficient removal of black henna tattoos
Authors: Ferrari David M. , Hoffmann Johanna C. , Schön Michael P. , Lippert Undine
Published: September 2020

Background/Objectives

Para‐phenylenediamine, a dye frequently added to henna tattoos to create the black color, is a potent contact allergen. Severe contact dermatitis may arise within days even after the first application. Our objective was to develop a method for rapid and complete removal of para‐phenylenediamine‐containing black henna tattoos from the skin, an important problem many physicians are confronted with, but for which no simple method exists.

Methods

A database search revealed polyethylene glycol 400, described in removal of ortho‐phenylenediamine from contaminated skin. We therefore investigated its use in removal of the structurally related ortholog para‐phenylenediamine present in black henna tattoos.

Results

A protocol was established involving repeated cycles of rinsing of the skin with polyethylene glycol 400 solution. In 5 patients, one of whom had already developed a severe blistering contact dermatitis and another a mild erosive dermatitis, black henna tattoos were successfully removed. Removal was completed in a single session of 1 hour or less, depending on tattoo size, with a maximum of 6 rinse cycles.

Conclusions

We provide a simple and safe method for rapid and effective removal of black henna tattoos. This procedure requires no special equipment and can be applied in virtually any setting.
Radiofrequency ablation‐induced thermal cutaneous injury in a neonate: A potential complication after intrauterine radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Law Je Yin , Choi Ellie CE , Chandran Nisha Suyien
Published: September 2020

Over the years, the application and complications of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in selective fetal reduction for complex pregnancies have been increasingly documented. Despite its rising use in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, the cutaneous complications of RFA have not been commonly reported. Here, we present a case of cutaneous thermal injury to the fetus likely secondary to intrauterine RFA for fetal reduction.
Topical cidofovir for the treatment of recalcitrant viral warts and molluscum contagiosum in Jacobsen syndrome
Authors: Alsaleemi Ali , O’Connor Cathal , Irvine Alan D. , Leahy Timothy Ronan
Published: September 2020

Jacobsen syndrome is caused by a terminal deletion on the long arm of chromosome 11 and can be associated with immunodeficiency. Patients with Jacobsen syndrome can be predisposed to cutaneous viral infections that are difficult to treat. We report successful use of topical 1% cidofovir as treatment of recalcitrant verruca vulgaris in one patient and molluscum contagiosum in another patient with Jacobsen syndrome. Topical cidofovir appears to be a good treatment option in this cohort and should be considered early for treatment‐resistant cutaneous viral infections.
Social support, strain, and glycemic control: A path analysis
Authors: Maki Kristin G.
Published: September 2020

Social support and strain have been linked with many health outcomes. However, less is known about whether these psychosocial factors are associated with Type 2 diabetes risk. This study uses the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) dataset to examine the relationship between social support and strain from friends, family members, and spouse/partners and blood hemoglobin A1c levels in married/cohabiting adults who have not been diagnosed with diabetes. In addition, health locus of control is examined as a possible mediator. The study's findings suggest that support from friends is negatively associated with HbA1c levels, indicating a relationship between better glycemic control and social support from friends, and an indirect association for spouse/partner support. A direct effect for internal health locus of control was also found.
Multisensory evidence
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey
Published: September 2020

It is tempting to think that one's perceptual evidence comprises just what issues from perceiving with each of the respective sensory modalities. However, empirical, rational, and phenomenological considerations show that one's perceptual evidence can outstrip what one possesses due to perceiving with each separate sense. Some novel perceptual evidence stems from the coordinated use of multiple senses. This paper argues that some perceptual evidence in this respect is distinctively multisensory.
Association of Community Health Nursing Educators 2020 Research Priorities and Research in Action Model
Authors: McElroy Katie G. , Stalter Ann M. , Smith Stephanie D.
Published: September 2020

Objective

The Association of Community/Public Health Nurse Educators (ACHNE) Research Priorities Subcommittee presents a report on the state of the science of public health nursing education.

Design

Whittemore and Knafl's (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2005, 52, 546) five‐step integrative review was used. Sample: Fifty‐two articles were reviewed.

Measurements

Braun et al's. (Handbook of research methods in health social sciences, 2019, 843) thematic analysis methods were used.

Results

Four themes emerged: (a) Community/Public Health Nursing Education and teaching strategies/modalities; (b) Clinical teaching and learning partnerships; (c) Environmental health and emergency response; and, (d) Cultural competence and awareness.

Conclusions

Themes informed the following research priorities: (a) a need for rigorous scientific studies highlighting the impact and effectiveness of Community/Public Health Nursing Education; (b) a need for evidence on faculty development, support and training related to community/public health activities; (c) a need for evidence on impact of Community/Public Health Nursing teaching on communities and students, and (d) a need for evidence on impact of C/PHNE strategies on long‐term student knowledge, attitudes or behavior (competencies). Finally, a Research in Action Model is proposed as a means for continued forward movement of the discipline, connecting the three fundamental driving mechanisms.
Immune responses to malaria pre‐erythrocytic stages: Implications for vaccine development
Authors: Abuga Kelvin Mokaya , Jones‐Warner William , Hafalla Julius Clemence R.
Published: September 2020

Radiation‐attenuated sporozoites induce sterilizing immunity and remain the 'gold standard' for malaria vaccine development. Despite practical challenges in translating these whole sporozoite vaccines to large‐scale intervention programmes, they have provided an excellent platform to dissect the immune responses to malaria pre‐erythrocytic (PE) stages, comprising both sporozoites and exoerythrocytic forms. Investigations in rodent models have provided insights that led to the clinical translation of various vaccine candidates—including RTS,S/AS01, the most advanced candidate currently in a trial implementation programme in three African countries. With advances in immunology, transcriptomics and proteomics, and application of lessons from past failures, an effective, long‐lasting and wide‐scale malaria PE vaccine remains feasible. This review underscores the progress in PE vaccine development, focusing on our understanding of host‐parasite immunological crosstalk in the tissue environments of the skin and the liver. We highlight possible gaps in the current knowledge of PE immunity that can impact future malaria vaccine development efforts.
Epstein–Barr virus‐associated enteritis with multiple ulcers: The first autopsy case
Authors: Watanabe Hirofumi , Yamazaki Yuto , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Ohashi Yusuke , Imoto Hirofumi , Sasano Hironobu
Published: September 2020

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated enteritis is extremely rare and has not been well characterized. Herein, we present the first autopsy case of EBV‐associated enteritis with multiple ulcers in a 73‐year‐old Japanese male. The patient had abdominal pain and was clinically diagnosed with enteritis. An endoscopic examination revealed multiple ulcers at the terminal ileum. His condition worsened due to serosanguinous bowel discharge and the patient was then admitted to the hospital. Ileocecal and subtotal small intestinal resection was performed for repetitive hemorrhage from ulcers. However, the patient died due to uncontrolled hemorrhage. An autopsy was then performed in order to explore the cause of ulcers in the small intestine. Macroscopic findings revealed multiple ulcers with occasional cobblestone‐like appearance of the ileum. Histological analysis revealed marked infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells around the ulcer. EBV‐encoded RNA in situ hybridization (EBER‐ISH) revealed positive inflammatory cells. Cytomegalovirus was immunohistochemically negative. Macroscopic and microscopic findings obtained from autopsy specimens showed no foci of inflammation and EBER‐ISH‐positive stromal cells in the esophagus, stomach, and colorectum. EBV‐associated enteritis can cause uncontrolled repetitive hemorrhage from ulcers and result in critical condition of the patient, which can be used for differential diagnosis.
Community Violence and Support for Violent Extremism: Evidence From the Sahel
Authors: Finkel Steven E. , McCauley John F. , Neureiter Michael , Belasco Chris A.
Published: September 2020

This article examines the effects of exposure to communal violence on support for violent religious extremism. We argue that in communities with high levels of reported violence, individuals lose political and social trust, develop exclusionary attitudes towards outgroups, and find appeal in nonconventional, black‐or‐white religious teachings, all of which can promote support for extremist violence. Using survey data from over 17,000 respondents in 84 communes surveyed between 2013 and 2017 in Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad, we find strong support for these predictions. More violent communities express substantially greater support for violent extremism, with an increase in exclusionary outgroup biases and a turn to fundamentalist religious views being the primary mechanisms explaining—and amplifying—the effect. The findings run counter to arguments suggesting that exposure to violence leads to “war weariness” or generates community resilience to extremism via prosocial behaviors.
How Emotional Are Populists Really? Factors Explaining Emotional Appeals in the Communication of Political Parties
Authors: Widmann Tobias
Published: September 2020

Are populists really more emotional than mainstream parties? The alleged link between populism and emotional communication has barely been subject to systematic empirical scrutiny. I use literature on populist communication and appraisal theory to generate expectations about which political parties use which emotional appeals. I test these claims by applying a novel emotional dictionary to a large set of text data including more than 700,000 press releases and tweets from three European countries. As expected, I find that populist parties use significantly more negative emotional appeals (anger, fear, disgust, sadness) and less positive emotional appeals (joy, enthusiasm, pride, hope) than mainstream parties. Furthermore, I find that political actors adapt the usage of emotional appeals to different purposes depending on the communication medium and the politicians' status level. This study entails important implications for the research on emotional appeals in politics and populist communication.
Which Legislators Pay Attention to Other States’ Policies? Comparing Cosponsorship to Floor Voting in the Diffusion of Renewable Portfolio Policy
Authors: Parinandi Srinivas C. , Langehennig Stefani , Trautmann Mark
Published: September 2020

Diffusion research has focused predominantly on analyzing collective decision making at the adoption stage. We evaluate diffusion at the level of the individual legislator and examine whether external cues play a stronger role in legislator decision making in cosponsorship versus adoption via floor voting. Leveraging data on successful and failed efforts across the U.S. states to adopt renewable portfolio standards (RPS), we show that the cue of ideological similarity matters more for RPS diffusion during adoption than cosponsorship. The result validates copious research that investigates external cues at adoption without considering that such cues might exert stronger influence earlier in lawmaking. Moreover, in devising a method to assess whether legislators are differentially receptive to cues from other states (here, we compared the baseline of adoption against cosponsorship), we provide scholars with a framework to further explore the question of whether external influence may be more pronounced among some legislators than others.
Policy without Partisanship: The Direct Appeals of First Ladies
Authors: Fu Shu , Savel Meg
Published: September 2020

Presidents make public appeals on behalf of their policy priorities, but they are not the only members of presidential administrations who address the public. First ladies are highly visible presidential surrogates. We argue that first ladies make direct appeals to selectively advance presidents’ policy initiatives, and do so without being overly partisan. To support these claims, we present evidence from the public remarks of the last three first ladies whose husbands have completed their terms: Hillary Clinton, Laura Bush, and Michelle Obama. We use topic models to show that the remarks of first ladies are primarily concerned with policy, rather than ceremonial topics. We measure the partisanship of public remarks using a dictionary‐based approach with Bayesian shrinkage and regularization to illustrate how the remarks of first ladies are not overly partisan. Our findings on the strategic communication of first ladies advance our understanding of the first ladyship and of the presidency.
Cynical hostility relates to a lack of habituation of the cardiovascular response to repeated acute stress
Authors: Tyra Alexandra T. , Brindle Ryan C. , Hughes Brian M. , Ginty Annie T.
Published: September 2020

Hostility is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Heightened cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress has been proposed as a potential mechanism. Recent work has emphasized a need to measure cardiovascular reactivity across multiple stress exposures to assess potential habituation over time. The aims of the current study were (a) to examine the relationship between each of the three main components of hostility (i.e., emotional, cognitive, and behavioral) and cardiovascular reactivity at two separate stress testing visits and (b) to examine the relationship between hostility components and cardiovascular reactivity habituation. This study utilized previously collected data from the Pittsburgh Cold Study 3. One hundred and ninety‐six participants (Mean (SD)[range] age = 29.9 (10.8)[18–55] years, 42.9% female, 67.3% Caucasian) completed 2 separate, identical laboratory sessions, consisting of a 20‐min baseline and 15‐min stress (Trier Social Stress Test). Heart rate and systolic/diastolic blood pressure were recorded throughout. Reactivity was calculated separately for heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure (stress—baseline). Participants also completed a modified version of the Cook‐Medley Hostility Scale. Results indicated that greater cognitive hostility (i.e., cynicism) was associated with blunted cardiovascular reactivity at Visit 1 and less cardiovascular reactivity habituation between visits, even when controlling for confounding variables. No significant relationships to cardiovascular reactivity or habituation were found for emotional (i.e., hostile affect) or behavioral (i.e., aggressive responding) components. Outcomes for total hostility did not survive adjustment for confounders. These results identify a potential pathway through which hostility, particularly cynicism, contributes to disease risk.
Tools of Control? Comparing Congressional and Presidential Performance Management Reforms
Authors: Kroll Alexander , Moynihan Donald P.
Published: September 2020

Presidents are claimed to have a stronger interest in an effective bureaucracy than Congress because they must be responsive to the public as a whole rather than narrow interests. We examine this claim in the context of multiple waves of U.S. performance management reforms: the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) of 1993, the Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART ) (2002–2008), and the GPRA Modernization Act (GPRAMA) of 2010. Using four waves of federal employee surveys spanning 17 years, we measure reform success as employees’ purposeful use of performance data as a result of being exposed to routines embedded in the reforms. We find that the legislative‐led GPRAMA is associated with more purposeful data use on aggregate while the PART executive reform succumbed to a partisan pattern of implementation. Statutory reforms are less likely to be experienced as ideological tools than executive branch reforms used by the president to impose control over agencies.
Who explores further? Evidence on R&D outsourcing from the survey of research and development
Authors: Yamaguchi Shotaro , Nitta Ryuji , Hara Yasushi , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: September 2020

Building off the resource‐based view and the knowledge‐based view, our study aims to examine determinants of firms’ R&D outsourcing, using annually‐conducted firm‐level survey data of Japanese R&D companies from 1984–2012. This survey allows us to measure strategic R&D outsourcing, isolated from those more for cost‐reducing, such as prototyping, testing and inspecting. The results corroborate the argument of complementarity in scale between internal R&D and R&D outsourcing. We also find that firms employing more doctorate holders and diversifying in knowledge spaces tend to make more use of R&D outsourcing. This study sheds light on firms’ absorptive capacity, associated both with higher‐order R&D human capital and diversified knowledge spaces, as determinants of R&D outsourcing.
Challenges and prospects of Viral Envelope protein VP28‐based control strategies to combat white spot syndrome virus in penaeid shrimps: a review
Authors: Krishnankutty Chandrika Sivakumar , Thavarool Puthiyedathu Sajeevan
Published: September 2020

VP28 is an essential WSSV envelope protein used to develop innate immune recognition in shrimp against WSSV, owing to its remarkable capability to localize on the surface of shrimp epithelial cells. Transgenically engineered viral VP28 protein from several expression systems was used to increase the survival chances of shrimp against WSSV pathogen, and their efficacy was found to last for 2–3 weeks following therapy. Though few reports have shown that DNA vaccination using the VP28 DNA construct is capable of protecting shrimp from WSSV, the exact mechanism behind the immunity is still unknown. Several research groups have provided insights into VP28‐driven dsRNA vaccination to protect shrimp against WSSV infection, but the stability attained by many of these vaccines turned out to be short‐lived. RNAi treatment with VP28dsRNA, shrimp showed better resistance to the WSSV challenge, although multiple doses of dsRNA are required to provide extended protection for up to 28 days. However, no foolproof protection was currently offered by VP28‐based recombinant protein or DNA vaccination against WSSV. In recent years, attention has been directed towards identifying small molecule inhibitors of VP28 through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies and is an emerging approach in drug development and design against WSSV. This review highlights the opportunities, limits and challenges of VP28‐based control strategies of White Spot Syndrome Virus, by emphasizing the status quo of current methodological approaches and suggesting future research directions of using it as a potential drug discovery target.