bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vocally disruptive behavior: A case report and literature review
Authors: McCarthy Barry , Boland Anna , Murphy Sinead , Cooney Colm
Published: May 2019

Vocally disruptive behavior (VDB) is a common and particularly difficult symptom to manage in dementia. VDB is usually considered collectively with agitation and aggression as a component of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia and is therefore poorly understood as an individual symptom. A review of the literature is described where VDB as a challenging behavior has been individually examined as a symptom. A case of VDB occurring in patient with dementia is described where the patient’s repetitive vocalizations responded to treatment with pregabalin. This has not been previously reported in the literature. The prevalence of VDB, the factors associated with it and the current management guidelines for clinicians are outlined with a review of the drug treatment strategies for VDB. Pregabalin with its unique pharmacological profile and excellent tolerability should be considered as a possible treatment for VDB where drug treatment is indicated.
Bouncing phase variations in pilot-wave hydrodynamics and the stability of droplet pairs
Authors: Couchman Miles M. P. , Turton Sam E. , Bush John W. M.
Published: May 2019

We present the results of an integrated experimental and theoretical investigation of the vertical motion of millimetric droplets bouncing on a vibrating fluid bath. We characterize experimentally the dependence of the phase of impact and contact force between a drop and the bath on the drop’s size and the bath’s vibrational acceleration. This characterization guides the development of a new theoretical model for the coupling between a drop’s vertical and horizontal motion. Our model allows us to relax the assumption of constant impact phase made in models based on the time-averaged trajectory equation of Moláček and Bush (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 727, 2013b, pp. 612–647) and obtain a robust horizontal trajectory equation for a bouncing drop that accounts for modulations in the drop’s vertical dynamics as may arise when it interacts with boundaries or other drops. We demonstrate that such modulations have a critical influence on the stability and dynamics of interacting droplet pairs. As the bath’s vibrational acceleration is increased progressively, initially stationary pairs destabilize into a variety of dynamical states including rectilinear oscillations, circular orbits and side-by-side promenading motion. The theoretical predictions of our variable-impact-phase model rationalize our observations and underscore the critical importance of accounting for variability in the vertical motion when modelling droplet–droplet interactions.
On the universal trends in the noise reduction due to wavy leading edges in aerofoil–vortex interaction
Authors: Turner Jacob M. , Kim Jae Wook
Published: May 2019

Existing studies suggest that wavy leading edges (WLEs) offer substantial reduction of broadband noise generated by an aerofoil undergoing upstream vortical disturbances. In this context, there are two universal trends in the frequency spectra of the noise reduction which have been observed and reported to date: (i) no significant reduction at low frequencies followed by (ii) a rapid growth of the noise reduction that persists in the medium-to-high frequency range. These trends are known to be insensitive to the aerofoil type and flow condition used. This paper aims to provide comprehensive understandings as to how these universal trends are formed and what the major drivers are. The current work is based on very-high-resolution numerical simulations of a semi-infinite flat-plate aerofoil impinged by a prescribed divergence-free vortex in an inviscid base flow at zero incidence angle, continued from recent work by the authors (Turner & Kim, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 811, 2017, pp. 582–611). One of the most significant findings in the current work is that the noise source distribution on the aerofoil surface becomes entirely two-dimensional (highly non-uniform in the spanwise direction as well as streamwise) at high frequencies when the WLE is involved. Also, the sources downstream of the LE make crucial contributions to creating the universal trends across all frequencies. These findings contradict the conventional LE-focused one-dimensional source analysis that has widely been accepted for all frequencies. The current study suggests that the universal trends in the noise-reduction spectra can be properly understood by taking the downstream source contributions into account, in terms of both magnitude and phase variations. After including the downstream sources, it is shown in this paper that the first universal trend is due to the conservation of total (surface integrated) source energy at low frequencies. The surface-integrated source magnitude that decreases faster with the WLE correlates very well with the noise-reduction spectrum at medium frequencies. In the meantime, the high-frequency noise reduction is driven almost entirely by destructive phase interference that increases rapidly and consistently with frequency, explaining the second universal trend.
Karakoram geodetic glacier mass balances between 2008 and 2016: persistence of the anomaly and influence of a large rock avalanche on Siachen Glacier
Authors: BERTHIER ETIENNE , BRUN FANNY
Published: May 2019

Karakoram glaciers experienced balanced or slightly positive mass budgets since at least the 1970s. Here, we provide an update on the state of balance of Central and Eastern Karakoram glaciers (12 000 km2) between 2008 and 2016 by differencing DEMs derived from satellite optical images. The mass budget of Central Karakoram glaciers was slightly positive (0.12 ± 0.14 m w.e. a−1) while eastern Karakoram glaciers lost mass (−0.24 ± 0.12 m w.e. a−1). The glacier-wide mass balances of surge-type and nonsurge-type glaciers were not statistically different. Our elevation change data also depict the effect of a > 100 Mm3 rock avalanche on Siachen Glacier ablation area in September 2010. It covered a 4 km2 area with a thick debris layer that unexpectedly, led to locally enhanced glacier mass loss during the following years. Enhanced melt opened a > 100 m deep 2 km2 depression and contributed to 6% of the mass loss of Siachen Glacier from 2010 to 2016 (−0.39 m w.e. a−1). We hypothesize that sub- or englacial melt may be responsible for this intriguing behaviour. This study contributes to a better knowledge of the regional pattern of the Karakoram anomaly and of the influence of rock avalanches on glacier mass changes.
HOMOLOGY AND MATUI’S HK CONJECTURE FOR GROUPOIDS ON ONE-DIMENSIONAL SOLENOIDS
Authors: YI INHYEOP
Published: May 2019

We show that Matui’s HK conjecture holds for groupoids of unstable equivalence relations and their corresponding$C^{\ast }$-algebras on one-dimensional solenoids.
The role ofTrichodermaspp. and silica gel in plant defence mechanisms and insect response in vineyard
Authors: Parrilli M. , Sommaggio D. , Tassini C. , Di Marco S. , Osti F. , Ferrari R. , Metruccio E. , Masetti A. , Burgio G.
Published: May 2019

Several elicitors, stimulating induced resistance mechanisms, have potential in preventing or mitigating pathogen infections. Some of these compounds, triggering the production of jasmonic acid (JA), a precursor of herbivore-induced plant volatiles, could also play a central role in indirect resistance to pest species, by improving beneficial arthropod performance, and necrotrophic pathogens. In the current work,Trichoderma gamsii/T. asperellumand silica gel treatments – alone and in combination – were studied to evaluate the plant defence mechanism on grapevines (Vitis viniferaL.) by laboratory and field trials. JA production level was measured before and afterPlasmopara viticolainfection on potted vines. JA production induced by silica gel was higher than that caused byTrichodermabefore infection. InTrichoderma-treated plants, JA production increased afterP. viticolainoculation. In vineyard field trials, Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) showed higher captures in transparent sticky traps on silica gel-treated plants, in comparison with control. On the other hand, no significant attraction was detected for Ichneumonoidea and other Chalcidoidea in silica gel andT. gamsii/T. asperellum-treated plants. The potential effects of elicitors are discussed, in the frame of attract and reward strategy.
Katian (Upper Ordovician) carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in the Neixiang area, central China: implications for intercontinental correlation
Authors: Jing Xiuchun , Stouge Svend , Tian Yufeng , Wang Xunlian , Zhou Hongrui
Published: May 2019

The Katian (Upper Ordovician) Shiyanhe Formation at the Sigang section, Neixiang area, Henan Province, central China, has been investigated for carbon isotope (δ13Ccarb) chemostratigraphy. The carbon isotopic data document signal between the two major Ordovician positive shifts in δ13C, the early Katian Guttenberg and the Hirnantian excursions. The Kope (Ka1/2), Fairview (Ka2/3), Waynesville (Ka3/4), Whitewater (Ka4) excursions and a doubtful Elkhorn (Ka4) excursion are identified herein. The continuous and well-defined conodont zonal succession of the Sigang section provides a secure biostratigraphic framework for the mid-late Katian carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in China. Correlation between carbon-isotope data curve and the relative sea-level changes shows no clear correspondence, and hence the sea-level change is probably not the main driver of δ13C excursions during the Katian. Intercontinentally, the mid–late Katian carbon isotope excursions, identified mainly in the North American and Baltoscandian successions, are useful for improving long-distance stratigraphic correlations. This further suggests that these excursions represent global perturbations in the carbon cycle.
Male social class mortality differences around 1981: an extension to include childhood ages
Authors: Bloomfield D. S. F. , Haberman S.
Published: May 2019

The aim of this paper is to extend the analyses of our earlier work (Haberman & Bloomfield, 1988)by incorporating mortality rates of male children categorised by age and social class. Data recently made available in an annex to the Decennial Occupational Mortality Investigation are utilised to produce graduated mortality rates specific for age and social class and to extend the social class specific life tables down to cover the full age range.
The Use of Deadly Force in Enforcing the Law: Gold in the Light of History
Authors: Shachar Yoram
Published: May 2019

More than thirty-two years have passed since Supreme Court Justice Agranat's ruling that, even in the absence of alternative means to effect a lawful arrest, deadly force may be employed only where the arrest is pursuant to the commission of a felony. That ruling, in the case of Gold v. The Attorney General, stands unchallenged to this day. At the time that decision was handed down, Israeli case law provided a dearth of analytic tools for critical review. Thus, Gold was incorporated into Israeli law pristine and unencumbered by the entourage of learned comments that now regularly escorts Supreme Court decisions. It is not my intention to tarnish that purity of Gold by disclosing some undetected flaw in the ruling. Rather, I believe it is time that we take that ruling a step further on the course it set.
The Israeli 1992 Income Tax Amendment Relating to the Taxation of Wife's Income
Authors: Lapidoth Arye
Published: May 2019

The unanimous passage of the Income Tax Ordinance (Amendment No. 89) Law, 1992, by the Israeli Knesset fits in a series of amendments, which, during the last four decades, have gradually eroded the principle of aggregation of income of husband and wife introduced in 1941. It constitutes a further step towards a complete system of splitting the income of husband and wife for the purpose of calculating the amount of income tax; its primary purpose, however, is apparently to equalize the rights and duties of the married woman with those of the man as far as the procedural and administrative aspects of the assessment and collection of the tax on the wife's income is concerned.

The extension of the right tosplitthe income of the married couple is fairly limited. The amendment for the first time entitles the married woman to opt for a separate computation of tax not only on herearned incomebut also on her income derived fromproperty; provided, however, that such property was either owned by the wife at least a year before her marriage or acquired by her by way of inheritance. Thus, the tax burden on the married couple, which has basically remained the tax unit, has been alleviated to a limited extent only.
Political Agreements — A Critical Introduction
Authors: Kretzmer David
Published: May 2019

Political agreements are an integral part of the political system in Israel. For various reasons — mainly the proportional representation electoral system and the existence of a “third bloc” of religious parties that do no fit into the centre-right and centre-left political alliances — no political party has ever enjoyed an absolute majority in the Knesset. The dominant parties have therefore always had to rely on coalition agreements with smaller parties in order to obtain, and subsequently maintain, the parliamentary majority required for a government to rule under Israel's parliamentary system. A similar situation exists in many municipal councils and in other elected bodies, such as the Bar Council.
Political Agreements
Authors: Cohen Nili
Published: May 2019

A political agreement is an agreement among political parties, party factions, candidates for public office, or holders of public office in regard to governmental policy, its constituency, or exercise of public authority. Such agreements can be reached both proceeding and following elections. A coalition agreement is the conspicuous example of a political agreement. It is generally concluded following the elections, and it establishes the division of ministerial portfolios among the coalition partners, sets policy guidelines and rules for exercising executive authority (e.g., allocation of monies for certain purposes), and regulates legislation and parliamentary supervision of the executive (e.g., the manner in which party delegates will vote in the Knesset).
The Practice of Israel in Matters Related to International Law
Authors: Cohen Becky
Published: May 2019

A new section dealing with the practice of Israel in matters relating to International Law is being introduced herewith. This section will appear regularly in the Israel Law Review bringing to our readers significant cases as well as developments and trends in this important field of law in Israel. The following survey has been prepared by Ms. B. Cohen under the supervision of Prof. R. Lapidoth and Mr. M. Hirsch of the International Law Department of the Faculty of Law at the Hebrew University. The responsibility for the content is the author's.
What future for European seals now the epidemic is over?
Authors: Simmonds Mark
Published: May 2019

The European seal epidemic killed approximately 60 per cent of harbour or common seals Phoca vitulina in the colonies of the Wadden Sea, Kattegat–Skagerrak and the Norfolk Wash. High mortality was also observed elsewhere. The die-off peaked in 1988 and few affected seals have been reported subsequently. But what of the future? Is the marine environment still able to support healthy seal populations; is there enough suitable habitat for them; is there enough food; what is the impact of pollution on them; and why has no new legislation been implemented to protect them?
The Philippine Spotted Deer Conservation Project
Authors: Oliver William L. R. , Cox C. Roger , Dolar Louella L.
Published: May 2019

The Philippine spotted deer Cervus alfredi, endemic to the Visayan Islands, is threatened by deforestation and hunting. Already extinct over 95 per cent of its former range, populations survive probably only in Panay and Negros. In 1987 a conservation programme was drawn up with two immediate objectives: to establish a national park in west Panay and to embark on a captive-breeding programme. The authors describe the operation of the project and its progress to date, and discuss plans for its extension.
Dirachma socotrana—back from the brink?
Authors: Bazara'a M. , Guarino L. , Miller A. , Obadi N.
Published: May 2019

Socotra, a small island in the Indian Ocean, is renowned for its remarkable flora. More than one-third of its 750 plant species are endemic, and seven are included in the IUCN Plant Red Data Book. Among these is Dirachma socotrana, which is something of a botanical curiosity. It was described in 1881 but confusion over its vernacular name led to the belief that it was widespread on the island. In 1989 the authors failed to find it in many of the sites where local people said it grew and on a second visit in 1990 the puzzle was resolved with the help of a linguist. In fact the species is apparently confined to one mountain pass. Although it is not immediately threatened it is, like many of the other plants on the island, at risk because of development plans.
Humboldt's woolly monkeys decimated by hunting in Amazonia
Authors: Peres Carlos A.
Published: May 2019

Humboldt's woolly monkeys Lagothrix lagotricha have been systematically hunted, mostly for food, to the point of becoming locally extinct wherever humans share their habitat. Remaining populations in the extensive lowland Amazonian range of this species are restricted to remote, unflooded terra firme forests. These populations are, however, quickly wiped out once access is opened by new roads. Terra firme forests, even in entirely undisturbed sites, are seasonally far less productive and can only sustain relatively low population densities. Woolly monkeys are currently more susceptible to hunting than perhaps any other vertebrate in the New World tropics and, as such, should be regarded as highly endangered.
Cellular Characteristics of Dinitroaniline Herbicide-Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica)
Authors: Valverde Bernal E. , Appleby Arnold P. , Radosevich Steven R. , Soeldner Alfred
Published: May 2019

Primary root cells from five dinitroaniline-resistant (R) and three susceptible (S) goosegrass biotypes from North Carolina and South Carolina were observed by transmission electron microscopy to determine whether resistance was associated with changes in cell wall formation. Cell wall malformations were found in some cells from two of the R-biotypes and in one of the S-biotypes. Malformations consisted of partially deposited cell walls and the inclusion of cell wall material in the cytoplasm. Some of the affected cells also had abnormal, lobed nuclei and malformed mitochondria. There seems to be little or no correlation between dinitroaniline resistance and cell wall malformations.
Photosynthetic Productivity of Mayweed Chamomile (Anthemis cotula)
Authors: Gealy David R. , Squier Sheila A. , Ogg Alex G.
Published: May 2019

Photosynthetic productivity parameters were determined for mayweed chamomile, a troublesome annual weed of the cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest. At a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1800 μE m−2s–1, maximum net photosynthetic rate of greenhouse-grown plants was 35 mg CO2dm−2h–1and maximum transpiration rate was 6.7 μg H2O cm−2s–1. Dark respiration rate was 1.4 mg CO2dm−2h–1and the light compensation point was 17.5 μE m−2s–1. Carbon dioxide compensation point increased from 25 ppm at 15 C to 43 ppm at 30 C. At saturating photosynthetic photon flux densities, optimum leaf temperature for net photosynthesis was about 25 C. Maximum net photosynthesis of leaves of field-grown plants averaged 15.8 mg CO2dm−2h–1. After a 24-h exposure to 0.075 kg ha–1metribuzin, maximum net photosynthesis and transpiration were reduced 85 and 40%, respectively. Soil water deficits reduced maximum net photosynthesis about 50%.
Hairy Nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) Interference in Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Blackshaw Robert E.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of varying densities of hairy nightshade and varying durations of interference on the biomass and seed yield of dry beans. As few as two hairy nightshade plants per meter of row reduced bean seed yield by an average of 13% over the 2 yr of the study. Increasing the density of hairy nightshade to 100 plants per meter resulted in bean yield losses of 77%. Hairy nightshade interference during the first 3 weeks after crop emergence was sufficient to reduce bean yields. Up to 9 weeks of hairy nightshade-free maintenance after crop emergence was required to prevent bean yield losses. Hairy nightshade was a prolific seed producer. At low infestation densities, over 45 000 seeds per plant were produced. Hairy nightshade seed production peaked at over 300 000 seeds m–1at about 30 plants per m of row. Depending on the length of the growing season, 6 to 9 weeks of weed-free conditions after crop emergence were required to prevent hairy nightshade from producing viable seeds before the first killing frost in the fall. Results are discussed in terms of timing and longevity of control required to reduce hairy nightshade interference in dry beans.
Sensitivity of Sugarcane (Saccharumsp.) to Glyphosate
Authors: Richard Edward P.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted in Louisiana to determine growth and yield effects resulting from the accidental application of the isopropylamine formulation of glyphosate to sugarcane. Glyphosate at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 kg ae ha–1was applied in water at 90 L ha–1in May, June, and August. Sugar yields (kg ha–1) were reduced 44% when glyphosate was applied over the top of sugarcane at 0.2 kg ha–1in June; similar reductions for the May and August applications required 0.4 kg ha–1. Reductions in sugar yield were primarily attributed to reductions in both cane yield and recoverable sugar in the crushed juice because stalk populations and stalk weights were lowered and immature stalks that survived contained less sugar. The recoverability of the subsequent ratoon crop was also affected, particularly when glyphosate was applied in May and June to the previous crop at rates of 0.4 kg ha–1and higher.
Differential Inhibition of Seed Germination by Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) Root Periderm Extracts
Authors: Peterson Joseph K. , Harrison Howard F.
Published: May 2019

The effect of sequential hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous methanol extracts of ‘Regal’ sweetpotato periderm on seed germination of sweetpotato, proso millet, and seven weed species was studied. The hexane extract, which contained the nonpolar components of the periderm tissue, was least inhibitory. It inhibited velvetleaf, proso millet, black nightshade, and redroot pigweed germination, and maximum inhibition was 56% for black nightshade at 200 mg of periderm extracted ml–1. The ethyl acetate fraction was inhibitory to proso millet, velvetleaf, black nightshade, goosegrass, tall morningglory, coffee senna, and redroot pigweed. The estimated I50for ethyl acetate ranged from 17 mg periderm extracted ml–1for black nightshade to 201 mg ml–1for coffee senna. Sweetpotato, tall morningglory, and eclipta germination was not inhibited by this extract at the concentrations tested. The aqueous methanol extract was much more inhibitory than the hexane or ethyl acetate extracts, and there was considerable variation between species in response to this extract The I50estimates for the aqueous methanol extract were 0.5, 0.6, 2.8, 4.4, 5.1, 9.6, 15.7, 21.0, and 25.8 mg ml–1for velvetleaf, proso millet, black nightshade, goosegrass, sweetpotato, tall morningglory, eclipta, coffee senna, and pigweed, respectively.
Effects of Diclofop and Haloxyfop on Lipid Synthesis in Corn (Zea mays) and Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Boldt Laura D. , Barrett Michael
Published: May 2019

Diclofop–methyl and haloxyfop–methyl (0.001 to 10 μM) caused 9 to 61% inhibition of14C–acetate incorporation into lipids in corn leaf segments within 1 h of herbicide treatment, while neither herbicide affected this process in bean leaf segments. The herbicides did not affect14C-malonate incorporation into lipids in corn leaf segments. Diclofop-methyl and haloxyfop-methyl reduced14C-acetate incorporation into polar lipids and triglycerides in corn while incorporation into sterols was increased. In vitro activity of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) was inhibited from 26 to 94% within 5 min of exposure to the herbicides (1 to 10 μM). Diclofop acid inhibited this enzyme activity more than did haloxyfop acid. Differences in field activity between diclofop-methyl and haloxyfop-methyl are not related to differential sensitivity of acetyl–coenzyme A carboxylase to the two herbicides.
Long-Term Tillage Effects on Seed Banks in Three Ohio Soils
Authors: Cardina John , Regnier Emilie , Harrison Kent
Published: May 2019

Soils from long-term tillage plots at three locations in Ohio were sampled to determine composition and size of weed seed banks following 25 yr of continuous no-tillage, minimum-tillage, or conventional-tillage corn production. The same herbicide was applied across tillage treatments within each year and an untreated permanent grass sod was sampled for comparison. Seed numbers to a 15-cm depth were highest in the no-tillage treatment in the Crosby silt loam (77 800 m–2) and Wooster silt loam (8400 m–2) soils and in the grass sod (7400 m–2) in a Hoytville silty clay loam soil. Lowest seed numbers were found in conventional-tillage plots in the Wooster soil (400 m–2) and in minimum-tillage plots in the Crosby (2200 m–2) and Hoytville (400 m–2) soils. Concentration of seeds decreased with depth but the effect of tillage on seed depth was not consistent among soil types. Number of weed species was highest in permanent grass sod (10 to 18) and decreased as soil disturbance increased; weed populations were lowest in conventional tillage in the Hoytville soil. Common lambsquarters, pigweeds, and fall panicum were the most commonly found seeds in all soils. Diversity indices indicated that increased soil disturbance resulted in a decrease in species diversity. Weed populations the summer following soil sampling included common lambsquarters, pigweeds, fall panicum, and several species not detected in the seed bank.
Effect of Tillage Systems on the Emergence Depth of Giant (Setaria faberi) and Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis)
Authors: Buhler Douglas D. , Mester Thomas C.
Published: May 2019

The effect of tillage systems on depth of emergence and densities of giant and green foxtail under different environmental and cropping conditions were evaluated from 1985 to 1987 at Arlington, Hancock, and Janesville, WI. Mean emergence depths in no-till were the shallowest, followed by chisel plow and conventional tillage at each location. At least 40% of the giant and green foxtail plants emerged from the upper 1 cm of soil in no-till compared to about 25% in chisel plow and less than 15% in conventional tillage. As many as 25% of the plants emerged from greater than 4 cm in conventional tillage compared to about 10% in chisel plow and less than 5% in no-till. Seedlings emerged from greater depths in a loamy sand than in a silt loam soil regardless of tillage system. At Arlington, green foxtail was the dominant species in conventional tillage, while giant foxtail dominated in chisel plow and no-till. Foxtail densities were greater in chisel plow and no-till than in conventional tillage at all three locations.
Timing of Chlorimuron and Imazaquin Application for Weed Control in No-Till Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Carey J. Boyd , Defelice Michael S.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of herbicide application timing on weed control in no-till soybean production. Row spacing generally had no effect on weed control. Herbicide treatments containing chlorimuron plus metribuzin applied as many as 45 days prior to planting in 1988 and 1989 controlled broadleaf weeds throughout the growing season. Imazaquin applied 45 and 30 days prior to planting provided poor control of common cocklebur in 1989. Giant foxtail control was inconsistent with all herbicide treatments. Soybean yields subsequent to early preplant herbicide applications were greater than or equal to those in which applications were made at planting when late-season weed control was adequate. Herbicides applied preemergence did not control high densities of common lambsquarters in 1989.
Weed Control, Yield, and Net Returns Using Imazethapyr in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.)
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Walls F. Robert , Horton David N.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to evaluate imazethapyr for weed control in peanuts. Imazethapyr was applied PRE or POST at 3, 5, or 7 weeks after crop emergence (WAE) at 0.071 kg ai ha–1. Imazethapyr applied PRE controlled common lambsquarters 85%, prickly sida 92%, and a mixture of entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglory species 77%. Morningglory control was at least 91% with imazethapyr plus metolachlor PRE followed by imazethapyr plus 2,4–DB or imazethapyr plus acifluorfen at 3, 5, or 7 WAE. Yields from systems that included metolachlor plus imazethapyr PRE followed by imazethapyr plus acifluorfen, imazethapyr plus 2,4–DB, or acifluorfen plus 2,4–DB at 3 WAE were greater than yields from the handweeded check. All systems with imazethapyr plus metolachlor PRE followed by any POST treatment except imazethapyr plus acifluorfen 7 WAE provided net returns equivalent to the herbicide standard of metolachlor PRE and acifluorfen and bentazon plus 2,4–DB 3 WAE. All systems except imazethapyr PRE provided greater net returns than the handweeded weed–free check.
Efficacy of Imazaquin on Various Weed Species
Authors: Risley Mark A. , Oliver Lawrence R.
Published: May 2019

Field and laboratory investigations were conducted from 1983 through 1985 to evaluate morphological and environmental influences on the performance of imazaquin on 26 weed species common to the Mississippi Delta. Imazaquin applied preplant incorporated or preemergence at 140 g ai ha–1controlled 16 species but controlled only five species at 140 g ha–1foliar applied. Contour graphs accurately predicted imazaquin postemergence rates necessary to control a given weed species at a given time after emergence. Imazaquin applied preemergence with a sequential postemergence application controlled entireleaf morningglory and sicklepod better than a single soil application. Imazaquin at 140 g ha–1applied preemergence required at least 50 mm of supplemental water following application to control sicklepod and was more phytotoxic to sicklepod grown at 25/10 C day/night temperatures than those grown at 32/22 C.
A Rapid, Sensitive Soil Bioassay for Sulfonylurea Herbicides
Authors: Sunderland Shay L. , Santelmann Paul W. , Baughman Todd A.
Published: May 2019

The concentration of three sulfonylurea herbicides in soil was determined by a modified petri dish bioassay procedure. The method involved planting pregerminated seed of selected species in petri dishes containing 65 to 100 g of treated soil and measuring the radicle lengths after 24 h. Chlorimuron was detected in two soils at 0.002 μg g–1using either corn, sorghum, or sicklepod as the assay species. Chlorsulfuron and CGA-131036 were detected in soils at 0.001 μg g–1using corn, and chlorsulfuron was detected at the same level using sicklepod. In contrast to other methods, the bioassay procedure described could be completed in 48 h, including pregermination of the seed, growth of the plants on treated soil, and plant measurements.
Amitrole, Triazine, Substituted Urea, and Metribuzin Resistance in a Biotype of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)
Authors: Burnet Michael W. M. , Hildebrand Orville B. , Holtum Joseph A. M. , Powles Stephen B.
Published: May 2019

A biotype of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum G. ♯ LOLRI) has become resistant to amitrole and atrazine after 10 yr of exposure to a mixture of these herbicides. Resistance has also been demonstrated to the chloro-s-triazines: simazine, cyanazine, propazine; the methylthios-triazines: ametryn, prometryn; the substituted ureas: chlortoluron, isoproturon, metoxuron, diuron, fluometuron, methazole; and the triazinone herbicide metribuzin. The biotype remains susceptible to chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, sulfometuron, sethoxydim, diclofop, fluazifop, glyphosate, carbetamide, and oxyfluorfen. Inhibition of oxygen evolution by atrazine, diuron, and metribuzin was similar in thylakoids isolated from both resistant and susceptible biotypes. Therefore, resistance to the photosystem II inhibitors is not caused by an alteration of the target site of these herbicides. Resistant plants treated with a 3-h pulse of 0.12 mM chlortoluron recover photosynthetic activity more rapidly than susceptible plants. This suggests that the basis for resistance is enhanced metabolism or sequestration of the herbicide within the leaf.
Effects of CGA-154281 and Temperature on Metolachlor Absorption and Metabolism, Glutathione Content, and Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity in Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Viger Paul R. , Eberlein Charlotte V. , Fuerst E. Patrick , Gronwald John W.
Published: May 2019

CGA-154281 and temperature effects on metolachlor absorption and metabolism were studied in corn seedlings grown in untreated soil or soil treated with metolachlor, CGA-154281, or both. Seedlings were grown under a cool (21/13 C, 16-h day) or warm (30/21 C, 16-h day) temperature regime and exposed to14C-metolachlor for 10 min at either 21 or 30 C. Corn grown under the cool temperature regime absorbed slightly more14C-metolachlor than corn grown under the warm temperature regime. Corn held at 21 C during a 10-min14C-metolachlor exposure period metabolized metolachlor more slowly than corn held at 30 C. Decreased corn tolerance to metolachlor observed at lower temperatures may be due in part to slower metolachlor metabolism. Corn grown in the presence of metolachlor plus CGA-154281 metabolized14C-metolachlor to the glutathione conjugate twice as fast as corn grown in the presence of metolachlor alone. The increase in metabolism rate was due to a fivefold increase in glutathione-S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) activity and not to an increase in glutathione (GSH) content. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that CGA-154281 protects corn from metolachlor injury by enhancing GST activity, which accelerates metolachlor detoxification via GSH conjugation.
Effects of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate on Glyphosate Absorption by Cultured Plant Cells
Authors: Mervosh Todd L. , Balke Nelson E.
Published: May 2019

Effects of several inorganic ions on short-term glyphosate absorption by cultured plant cells were determined by measuring the glyphosate content of cells exposed to inorganic salts in a 0.01-mM glyphosate solution buffered at pH 5.7. Within 10 min, glyphosate absorption by potato and velvetleaf cells was stimulated about equally by 1.5 mM CaCl2or 1.5 mM MgCl2but was not affected by 1.5 mM KCl. Glyphosate absorption by both species increased linearly with log10CaCl2concentration; for velvetleaf cells, the response was greatest for CaCl2concentrations greater than 0.2 mM. Over time of absorption, glyphosate concentration within velvetleaf cells approached an asymptote. Addition of 0.1 mM KH2PO4inhibited glyphosate absorption by potato cells in the presence or absence of Ca2+and Mg2+salts; all other K+salts tested had no effect. Glyphosate absorption by potato, velvetleaf, soybean, corn, and rice cells was stimulated by 5.0 mM CaCl2but was inhibited by 0.1 mM KH2PO4in the presence of 0.05 or 5.0 mM CaCl2.
Growth and Interaction of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Keeley Paul E. , Thullen Robert J.
Published: May 2019

Several weed-free and barnyardgrass competition periods were established and maintained in cotton in field plots to evaluate their influence on cotton yield and seed production of barnyardgrass. When barnyardgrass was sprayed with fluazifop 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks after cotton emergence, only plots sprayed at 3 weeks yielded as much cotton as plots kept weed free. Barnyardgrass permitted to compete for 6, 9, 12, and 25 weeks reduced cotton yields an average of 21, 59, 90, and 97%, respectively. When barnyardgrass was seeded into weed-free plots at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after cotton emergence, a weed-free period of 9 weeks was required to prevent significant cotton yield reduction. Cotton in plots weed free for 3 and 6 weeks yielded an average of 13 and 87% as much seed cotton, respectively, as weed-free controls. Barnyardgrass produced 15 to 85% as many seeds as weedy check plots in plots weed free for less than 9 weeks and in plots where control was delayed for 9 and 12 weeks. Cotton grades were reduced because of grass in plots weed free for 3 and 6 weeks, and in plots where barnyardgrass competed for 9 and 12 weeks.
Enzymatic Pretreatment for Extraction of Starch Encapsulated Pesticides from Soils
Authors: Wienhold Brian J. , Gish Timothy J.
Published: May 2019

An enzymatic (amylase) pretreatment was developed that allows quantitative recovery of the parent compound from soil samples receiving the pesticide in starch-encapsulated formulation. The pretreatment involves adding amylase, dissolved in a phosphate buffer solution, to soil samples and incubating the resulting slurry at 50 C for 1 h. Efficiency of this pretreatment was tested on two soils, a silty clay and a loamy sand, receiving atrazine and alachlor in the starch-encapsulated formulation. The inexpensive method adds approximately 1 h to the extraction procedure and a twofold increase in percentage recovery of starch-encapsulated atrazine. The enzyme pretreatment is not necessary for quantitative recovery of pesticides that have rapid rates of release such as alachlor. The method will be useful for studying starch encapsulation pesticide behavior in the soil environment.
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Inhibiting Herbicides
Authors: Duke Stephen O. , Lydon John , Becerril José M. , Sherman Timothy D. , Lehnen Larry P. , Matsumoto Hiroshi
Published: May 2019

Several commercial and experimental herbicides such asp-nitrodiphenyl ethers, oxadiazoles, and cyclic imides inhibit protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (Protox), the enzyme that converts protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX (Proto). This leads to uncontrolled autooxidation of the substrate and results in accumulation of Proto. Blockage of the porphyrin pathway at this site inhibits synthesis of both chlorophylls and heme. Heme is a feedback regulator of the porphyrin pathway. Thus, inhibition of Protox also deregulates the pathway, causing increased carbon flow to the accumulating pool of Proto. Proto is a potent photosensitizer that generates high levels of singlet oxygen in the presence of molecular oxygen and light. In plants treated with these herbicides, damage is light dependent and closely correlated with the level of Proto that accumulates. Proto accumulation is apparently largely extraplastidic, resulting in rapid photodynamic damage to the plasmalemma and tonoplast. After high levels of Proto accumulate in response to these herbicides, protochlorophyllide (PChlide) levels can increase also; however, Proto appears to be the primary photodynamic pigment responsible for the herbicidal activity.
Applications of Molecular Biology in Weed Science
Authors: Dyer William E.
Published: May 2019

Rapid strides are being made in understanding the fundamental regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to the environment due to recent advances in molecular biology. Current questions in weed science such as herbicide mechanisms of action, biodegradation, and mechanisms of weed resistance are equally approachable using such methodology. Efforts to introduce herbicide resistance into agronomically important crops are possible because of successful isolation and transfer of genes. Investigations of weed survival and competitive strategies based on developmental processes, such as seed dormancy, are currently underway using techniques designed to monitor and characterize differential gene expression. Molecular methodology also plays a key role in taxonomic studies of weed populations using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping. The future potential for these and other techniques such as nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene transfer, and the use of transgenic plants is described.
Clomazone Selectivity: Absence of Differential Uptake, Translocation, or Detoxication
Authors: Weimer Monte R. , Buhler Douglas D. , Balke Nelson E.
Published: May 2019

Concentrations of clomazone in nutrient solution causing 50% reduction in shoot fresh weights were 325 and 2 μM for soybean and velvetleaf, respectively. Root uptake of14C–clomazone from nutrient solution and translocation to shoots were similar for the two species. Soybean and velvetleaf contained similar amounts of14C per plant; however, because velvetleaf had lower tissue weights, concentration of14C was higher in velvetleaf. Clomazone did not accumulate in roots but was rapidly translocated to shoots of both species. No more than 30% of absorbed clomazone remained in roots at any time in the experiment. Soybean and velvetleaf leaves contained 4.2 and 1.7 nmol clomazone g−1fresh weight, respectively, and 3.7 and 6.1 nmol clomazone metabolites g−1fresh weight, respectively. Thus, velvetleaf metabolized clomazone more rapidly than soybean did. Treatment of clomazone metabolites with β-glucosidase demonstrated that metabolism occurred by oxidative cleavage and conjugation of the benzyl moiety in both plant species. One aglycone cochromatographed with 2–chlorobenzylalcohol. The results suggest that reduced absorption or translocation or increased detoxication of clomazone by soybean seedlings is probably not responsible for their tolerance to this herbicide.
Postemergence Combinations of Imazaquin or Imazethapyr by AC 263,222 for Weed Control in Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Shaw David R. , Wixson Marshall B.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were established to evaluate weed control with AC 263,222 alone and in combination with imazaquin or imazethapyr. Addition of AC 263,222 to either imazaquin or imazethapyr resulted in additive or synergistic increases in control of johnsongrass, pitted morningglory, and entireleaf morningglory. Reducing the rate of imazaquin from 140 to 18 g ai ha−1did not reduce control of johnsongrass or pitted morningglory when AC 263,222 was added at 18 g ai ha−1and above, compared to 140 g ha−1imazaquin alone, through 8 weeks after treatment (WAT). When 9 g ha−1or more AC 263,222 was added to imazethapyr, reducing imazethapyr rate from 70 to 9 g ai ha−1did not reduce control of johnsongrass or pitted morningglory through 8 WAT. Adding 9 g ha−1or more AC 263,222 to various rates of imazaquin or imazethapyr 2 and 8 WAT additively or synergistically increased control of johnsongrass, pitted morningglory, entireleaf morningglory, and tall waterhemp compared to those herbicides applied alone. Soybean injury increased 2 WAT when 35 or 70 g ha−1AC 263,222 was added to most rates of imazaquin or imazethapyr, but was less than 15% in all treatments by 8 WAT. Visual soybean injury did not translate into a yield loss, and an increase in weed control often resulted in increased yield.
IL GIUDICE NEI REGIMI DEMOCRATICI
Authors: Pederzoli Patrizia
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Chiunque tenti di mettere a confronto l'immagine che del giudice e delle sue funzioni ci è stata tramandata dal costituzionalismo classico con quella che gli apparati giudiziari operanti nelle contemporanee società occidentali offrono di sé, si trova di fronte a trasformazioni di straordinaria portata. Le competenze assegnate alle corti, ad esempio, hanno di gran lunga oltrepassato i confini tracciati in epoca liberale, per raggiungere un'estensione che sarebbe stata impensabile solo pochi decenni orsono e che è attualmente di proporzioni tali da comportare il loro coinvolgimento, diretto o indiretto, nelle piò disparate sfere dell'agire sociale. Ancora, la frequenza con cui l'amministrazione della giustizia interviene nelle politiche pubbliche, partecipando talvolta alla loro elaborazione e concorrendo a determinarne l'esito applicativo, dà luogo a fenomeni largamente inediti e che fuoriescono dagli schemi istituzionali disegnati dalla dottrina di separazione dei poteri. Gli stessi attributi di passiva ed apolitica esecutività, a lungo celebrati dalla giuspubblicistica quali dimensioni reali ed irrinunciabili della professione giudiziaria, dopo essere stati efficacemente smentiti nei piò ristretti circuiti accademici, sembrano infine aver perso terreno anche nellaself-imagedi molti magistrati.
LE ELEZIONI SOVIETICHE DELLA PRIMAVERA 1989
Authors: Moscati Giorgio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Assente per decenni dai dibattiti sul sistema politico sovietico, trascurato dai sovietologi e dalla maggior parte degli stessi politologi e giuristi sovietici, il sistema elettorale dell'URSS ha goduto, negli ultimi tre anni, di una crescente attenzione, sia in patria che all'estero. La stessa leadership sovietica, Gorbačëv in testa, ha mostrato di considerare, in piò di un'occasione, un sostanziale rinnovamento delle procedure elettorali come parte integrante e condizione fondamentale per il successo della perestrojka. Inoltre, non solo tematiche fino a pochi anni fa del tutto improponibili, quali la pluralità di candidature al ruolo di deputato, sono diventate norma di legge, ma anche argomenti un tempo considerati tabu, come l'opportunità, per gruppi estranei al partito, di avanzare candidature alle supreme istanze del potere sovietico, si presentano oggi prepotentemente alla ribalta del dibattito politico.
SCIENZA POLITICA E STORIOGRAFIA: COMMENTO
Authors: Are Giuseppe
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Commentare, nella mia qualità di storico e da tale punto di vista, il saggio di Modino sullo svolgimento della scienza politica in Italia dal dopoguerra ad oggi, è un compito facile per una parte, piuttosto arduo per l'altra. Facile per ciò che riguarda la verifica di quanto sia veritiero ed esauriente il quadro che Morlino traccia di tale svolgimento, delle sue tappe, dei suoi difetti, dei suoi successi, e, piò in generale, del clima culturale in cui si è prodotto e che ha concorso a formare. Arduo, invece, per quanto riguarda gli scambi possibili fra scienza politica e storiografia. Tale secondo compito obbliga infatti ad indagare in reciprocità gli statuti essenziali dei due modi di conoscenza, la compatibilità dei loro strumenti, e via dicendo: un'opera che non mi risulta sia stata ancora mai tentata in Italia, in modo capace di trascendere i fastidi, le presunzioni e le gelosie di mestiere e di corporazione.
LO STATO SFIDATO
Authors: Poggi Gianfranco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Verso la fine del ventesimo secolo, allo stato si aprono prospettive dubbie, sia nei sistemi liberal-democratici che in quelli a partito unico. In entrambi i casi, per quanto in misura diversa e in modi diversi, lo stato svolge un ruolo assolutamente centrale nella gestione del processo sociale, assorbe e controlla una parte assai cospicua del prodotto sociale, riceve ed elabora una grande quantità di richieste. In entrambi i tipi, tuttavia, i modi in cui lo stato fa fronte a questi compiti sono da qualche tempo divenuti oggetto di preoccupazione e critica in misura forse maggiore che nelle precedenti fasi della sua vicenda storica.