bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Two Pediatric Patients
Authors: Freedman Jason L. , Desai Ami V. , Bailey L. Charles , Aplenc Richard , Burnworth Bettina , Zehentner Barbara K. , Teachey David T. , Wertheim Gerald
Published: August 2015

Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR‐ABL1‐negative, (aCML) is a rare myeloid neoplasm. Recent adult data suggest the leukemic cells in a subset of patients are dependent on JAK/STAT signaling and harbor CSF3R‐activating mutations. We hypothesized that, similar to adult patients, the presence of CSF3R‐activating mutations would be clinically relevant in pediatric myeloid neoplasms as patients would be sensitive to the JAK inhibitor, ruxolitinib. We report two cases of morphologically similar pediatric aCML, BCR‐ABL1‐negative based on WHO 2008 criteria. One patient had CSF3R‐activating mutation (T618I) and demonstrated a robust response to ruxolitinib, which was used to bridge to a successful stem cell transplant. The other patient did not have a CSF3R‐activating mutation and succumbed to refractory disease <6 months from diagnosis. This report documents CSF3R‐T618I in pediatric aCML and demonstrates the efficacy of ruxolitinib in a pediatric malignancy. As the third documented case successfully treating aCML with ruxolitinib, this case highlights the importance of prompt CSF3R sequencing analysis for myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease and Its Implication for Newborn Screening in Germany (Hamburg Metropolitan Area)
Authors: Grosse Regine , Lukacs Zoltan , Cobos Paulina Nieves , Oyen Florian , Ehmen Christa , Muntau Birgit , Timmann Christian , Noack Bernd
Published: August 2015

Sickle cell disease is among hereditary diseases with evidence that early diagnoses and treatment improves the clinical outcome. So far sickle cell disease has not been included in the German newborn screening program despite immigration from countries with populations at risk. To determine the birth prevalence we tested 17,018 newborns. High pressure liquid chromatography and subsequent molecular‐genetic testing were used for the detection and confirmation of hemoglobin variants. The frequency of sickle cell disease‐consistent genotypes was one in 2,385 newborns. Duffy‐blood group typing showed evidence that affected children were likely of Sub‐Saharan ancestry. An inclusion of sickle cell disease into the German newborn screening seems reasonable. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 9999:XX–XX © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The human oral metaproteome reveals potential biomarkers for caries disease
Authors: Belda‐Ferre Pedro , Williamson James , Simón‐Soro Áurea , Artacho Alejandro , Jensen Ole N. , Mira Alex
Published: August 2015

Tooth decay is considered the most prevalent human disease worldwide. We present the first metaproteomic study of the oral biofilm, using different mass spectrometry approaches that have allowed us to quantify individual peptides in healthy and caries‐bearing individuals. A total of 7771 bacterial and 853 human proteins were identified in 17 individuals, which provide the first available protein repertoire of human dental plaque. Actinomyces and Coryneybacterium represent a large proportion of the protein activity followed by Rothia and Streptococcus. Those four genera account for 60–90% of total diversity. Healthy individuals appeared to have significantly higher amounts of L‐lactate dehydrogenase and the arginine deiminase system, both implicated in pH buffering. Other proteins found to be at significantly higher levels in healthy individuals were involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis, iron metabolism and immune response. We applied multivariate analysis in order to find the minimum set of proteins that better allows discrimination of healthy and caries‐affected dental plaque samples, detecting seven bacterial and five human protein functions that allow determining the health status of the studied individuals with an estimated specificity and sensitivity over 96%. We propose that future validation of these potential biomarkers in larger sample size studies may serve to develop diagnostic tests of caries risk that could be used in tooth decay prevention.
Copper and iron complexes as visible‐light‐sensitive photoinitiators of polymerization
Authors: Xiao Pu , Zhang Jing , Campolo Damien , Dumur Frederic , Gigmes Didier , Fouassier Jean Pierre , Lalevée Jacques
Published: August 2015

The utilization of visible lights for the fabrication of polymeric materials is recognized as a promising and environmentally friendly approach. This process relies on the photochemical generation of reactive species (e.g., radicals, radical cations, or cations) from well‐designed photoinitiators (PIs) or photoinitiating systems (PISs) to initiate the polymerization reactions of different monomers (acrylates, methacrylates, epoxides, and vinyl ethers). In spite of the fact that metal complexes such as ruthenium‐ or iridium‐based complexes have found applications in organic and polymer synthesis, the search of other low‐cost metal‐based complexes as PISs is emerging and attracting increasing attentions. Particularly, the concept of the photoredox catalysis has appeared recently as a unique tool for polymer synthesis upon soft conditions (use of light emitting diodes and household lamp). This highlight focuses on recently designed copper and iron complexes as PI catalysts in the application of photoinduced polymerizations (radical, cationic, interpenetrated polymer networks, and thiol‐ene) or controlled radical polymerization under visible light irradiation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2673–2684
Embedded GaN nanostripes on c‐sapphire for DFB lasers with semipolar quantum wells
Authors: Leute Robert A. R. , Heinz Dominik , Wang Junjun , Meisch Tobias , Müller Marcus , Schmidt Gordon , Metzner Sebastian , Veit Peter , Bertram Frank , Christen Jürgen , Martens Martin , Wernicke Tim , Kneissl Michael , Jenisch Stefan , Strehle Steffen , Rettig Oliver , Thonke Klaus , Scholz Ferdinand
Published: August 2015

GaN based laser diodes with semipolar quantum wells are typically grown on free‐standing pseudo‐substrates of small size. We present an approach to create a distributed‐feedback (DFB) laser with semipolar quantum wells (QWs) on c‐oriented templates. The templates are based on 2‐inch sapphire wafers, the method could easily be adapted to larger diameters which are available commercially. GaN nanostripes with triangular cross‐section are grown by selective area epitaxy (SAE) and QWs are grown on their semipolar side facets. The nanostripes are completely embedded and can be sandwiched inside a waveguide. For optical pumping, open waveguide structures with only a bottom cladding are used. Using nanoimprint lithography, stripe masks with 250 nm periodicity were fabricated over the whole wafer area. The periodicity corresponds to a 3rd order DFB structure for a laser emitting in the blue wavelength regime. These samples were analyzed structurally by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and spatio‐spectrally by cathodoluminescence (CL) inside a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Samples with an undoped cap are pumped optically for stimulated emission. To prove the feasibility of realizing a 2nd order DFB structure with this approach, stripes with a 170 nm periodicity are fabricated by electron beam lithography and SAE.
Interannual rainfall variability and ECMWF‐Sys4‐based predictability over the Arabian Peninsula winter monsoon region
Authors: Abid Muhammad Adnan , Kucharski Fred , Almazroui Mansour , Kang In‐Sik
Published: August 2015

Interannual winter rainfall variability and its predictability are analysed over the Arabian Peninsula region by using observed and hindcast datasets from the state‐of‐the‐art European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) seasonal prediction System 4 for the period 1981–2010. An Arabian winter monsoon index (AWMI) is defined to highlight the Arabian Peninsula as the most representative region for the Northern Hemispheric winter dominating the summer rainfall. The observations show that the rainfall variability is relatively large over the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula. The correlation coefficient between the Niño3.4 index and rainfall in this region is 0.33, statistically significant at the 90% level, suggesting potentially some modest predictability, and indicating that El Niño increases and La Niña decreases the rainfall. Regression analysis shows that upper‐level cyclonic circulation anomalies that are forced by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are responsible for the winter rainfall anomalies over the Arabian region. The stronger (weaker) mean transient‐eddy activity related to the upper‐level trough induced by the warm (cold) sea‐surface temperatures during El Niño (La Niña) tends to increase (decrease) the rainfall in the region. The model hindcast dataset reproduces the ENSO–rainfall connection. The seasonal mean predictability of the northeast Arabian rainfall index is 0.35, statistically significant at the 95% level. It is shown that the noise variance is larger than the signal over the Arabian Peninsula region, which tends to limit the prediction skill. The potential predictability is generally increased in ENSO years and is, in particular, larger during La Niña compared to El Niño years in the region. Furthermore, central Pacific ENSO events and ENSO events with weak signals in the Indian Ocean tend to increase predictability over the Arabian region.
Recovery of Drug Delivery Nanoparticles from Human Plasma Using an Electrokinetic Platform Technology
Authors: Ibsen Stuart , Sonnenberg Avery , Schutt Carolyn , Mukthavaram Rajesh , Yeh Yasan , Ortac Inanc , Manouchehri Sareh , Kesari Santosh , Esener Sadik , Heller Michael J.
Published: August 2015

The effect of complex biological fluids on the surface and structure of nanoparticles is a rapidly expanding field of study. One of the challenges holding back this research is the difficulty of recovering therapeutic nanoparticles from biological samples due to their small size, low density, and stealth surface coatings. Here, the first demonstration of the recovery and analysis of drug delivery nanoparticles from undiluted human plasma samples through the use of a new electrokinetic platform technology is presented. The particles are recovered from plasma through a dielectrophoresis separation force that is created by innate differences in the dielectric properties between the unaltered nanoparticles and the surrounding plasma. It is shown that this can be applied to a wide range of drug delivery nanoparticles of different morphologies and materials, including low‐density nanoliposomes. These recovered particles can then be analyzed using different methods including scanning electron microscopy to monitor surface and structural changes that result from plasma exposure. This new recovery technique can be broadly applied to the recovery of nanoparticles from high conductance fluids in a wide range of applications.
Stock Returns, Productivity, and Corruption in Eight European Fast‐Emerging Markets
Authors: Bellavite Pellegrini Carlo , Sergi Bruno S. , Sironi Emiliano
Published: August 2015

This article addresses the impact of productivity, corruption, and trade openness on the stock returns of 265 industrial companies listed in eight Eastern European fast‐emerging markets, over the 2004‐2013 period. Through a three‐factor model that includes both measures at firm level and macro‐level control variables, our findings suggest that country corruption index is negatively correlated with the total annual return of the stocks of the listed industrial companies of our sample. Moreover, the most productive firms are featured by higher stock returns, while leverage seems not to be a key predictor of stock returns. In addition, the article uncovers innovative evidence about trade openness that is negatively correlated with stock returns due to its connection with the recent financial crisis. That is, firms operating in markets that are more open to trade show a higher degree of interconnection with other economies and are more likely to undergo the effects of negative fluctuations from foreign markets during the economic crisis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ca3[BN2]I3: The First Halide‐Rich Alkaline Earth Nitrido­borate with Isolated [BN2]3– Units
Authors: Ezgi Toros Turna , Yahyaoglu Müjde , Aydemir Umut , Drathen Christina , Akselrud Lev , Prots Yurii , Höhn Peter , Somer Mehmet
Published: August 2015

The title compound Ca3[BN2]I3 was obtained from reactions of mixtures of the starting materials Ca3[BN2]2 and CaI2 in a 1:4 ratio in sealed Nb tubes at 1223 K. The crystal structure was solved from powder synchrotron diffraction data. Ca3[BN2]I3 is the first example of a halide‐rich nitridoborate crystallizing in the rhombohedral space group R32 [no. 155, Pearson code: hR96; Z = 12; a = 16.70491(2) Å, c = 12.41024(2) Å]. The crystal structure is built up by two interpenetrating networks of condensed edge‐sharing [BN2]@Ca6 and [□]@I6 trigonal antiprisms (□ = void). In Ca3[BN2]I3 two crystallograhically distinct [BN2]3– anions are present with d(B1–N) = 1.393(2) Å and d(B2–N) = 1.369(9) Å. Their bond angles are practically linear, varying only slightly: N–B1–N = 179(1)° and N–B2–N = 180°. Vibrational spectra were interpreted based on the D∞h symmetry of the discrete linear [N–B–N]3– moieties, considering the site symmetry reduction and the presence of two distinct [BN2]3– groups.
Roles of the NF-κB Pathway in B-Lymphocyte Biology
Authors: Sasaki Yoshiteru , Iwai Kazuhiro
Published: August 2015

NF-κB was originally identified as a family of transcription factors that bind the enhancer of the immunoglobulin κ light-chain gene. Although its function in the regulation of immunoglobulin κ light-chain gene remains unclear, NF-κB plays critical roles in development, survival, and activation of B lymphocytes. In B cells, many receptors, including B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), activate NF-κB pathway, and the molecular mechanism of receptor-mediated activation of IκB kinase (IKK) complex has been partially revealed. In addition to normal B lymphocytes, NF-κB is also involved in the growth of some types of B-cell lymphomas, and many oncogenic mutations involved in constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway were recently identified in such cancers. In this review, we first summarize the function of NF-κB in B-cell development and activation, and then describe recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of receptor-mediated activation of the IKK complex, focusing on the roles of the ubiquitin system. In the last section, we describe oncogenic mutations that induce NF-κB activation in B-cell lymphoma.
Disruptive behavior disorders and indicators of disinhibition in adolescents: The BRIEF‐SR, anti‐saccade task, and D‐KEFS color–word interference test
Authors: Long E.C. , Hill J. , Luna B. , Verhulst B. , Clark D.B.
Published: August 2015

Disinhibition contributes to the development of disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) in adolescents. Self‐reports and behavioral tasks are commonly used to assess disinhibition, each with their unique strengths and limitations. Accordingly, it is important to identify which measure, or combination thereof, is the most effective in predicting DBD symptoms. This study assessed the relationship between DBD (symptoms of ADHD/ODD/CD) and two behavioral disinhibition tasks: the anti‐saccade task and the D‐KEFS color–word interference test, as well as a self‐report measure (the BRIEF‐SR). The results indicated that the BRIEF‐Inhibit scale accounted for the majority of the variance in the DBD sum score. The anti‐saccade task and color–word interference test were also significantly associated with an increase in the number of DBD symptoms endorsed. These behavioral tasks accounted for 9% additional variance than the self‐report alone. Therefore, combining self‐report measures with behavioral disinhibition tasks may provide the most thorough assessment of adolescent DBD.
Plasma pro-inflammatory markers in chronic neuropathic pain: A multivariate, comparative, cross-sectional pilot study
Authors: Bäckryd Emmanuel , Ghafouri Bijar , Larsson Britt , Gerdle Björn
Published: August 2015

Background

Caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system, neuropathic pain is notoriously difficult to treat with conventional analgesics. It has been suggested that inflammatory cytokines play a role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. But human studies of these substances are relatively few and partly contradictory.

Objectives

To simultaneously investigate the plasma levels of chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) and the cytokines IL-6, IL-1 β, and Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain (most of whom due to failed back surgery syndrome) (n = 14) compared to controls (n = 17).

Results

IL-6 was significantly higher in patients than in controls (0.92 ± 0.12 pg/ml vs. 0.57 ± 0.08 pg/ml, p = 0.012). IL-1 ß, IL-8, and GM-CSF levels did not differ between the two groups. A multivariate analysis showed a tendency for patients also to have higher GM-CSF plasma levels than controls.

Conclusions

This study found an increased level of IL-6 in plasma in patients with neuropathic pain, but not for the other pro-inflammatory substances investigated. There are several possible confounders not registered or controlled for in this and other studies of neuropathic pain.

Implications

Larger studies that take several possible confounders into consideration are needed to further investigate the levels of plasma cytokines in different pain conditions.
PARACONTROLLED DISTRIBUTIONS AND SINGULAR PDES
Authors: GUBINELLI MASSIMILIANO , IMKELLER PETER , PERKOWSKI NICOLAS
Published: August 2015

We introduce an approach to study certain singular partial differential equations (PDEs) which is based on techniques from paradifferential calculus and on ideas from the theory of controlled rough paths. We illustrate its applicability on some model problems such as differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion, a fractional Burgers-type stochastic PDE (SPDE) driven by space-time white noise, and a nonlinear version of the parabolic Anderson model with a white noise potential.
NON-ARCHIMEDEAN YOMDIN–GROMOV PARAMETRIZATIONS AND POINTS OF BOUNDED HEIGHT
Authors: CLUCKERS RAF , COMTE GEORGES , LOESER FRANÇOIS
Published: August 2015

We prove an analog of the Yomdin–Gromov lemma for $p$-adic definable sets and more broadly in a non-Archimedean definable context. This analog keeps track of piecewise approximation by Taylor polynomials, a nontrivial aspect in the totally disconnected case. We apply this result to bound the number of rational points of bounded height on the transcendental part of $p$-adic subanalytic sets, and to bound the dimension of the set of complex polynomials of bounded degree lying on an algebraic variety defined over $\mathbb{C}(\!(t)\!)$, in analogy to results by Pila and Wilkie, and by Bombieri and Pila, respectively. Along the way we prove, for definable functions in a general context of non-Archimedean geometry, that local Lipschitz continuity implies piecewise global Lipschitz continuity.
Local scour around structures and the phenomenology of turbulence
Authors: Manes Costantino , Brocchini Maurizio
Published: August 2015

The scaling of the scour depth of equilibrium at the base of a solid cylinder immersed within an erodible granular bed and impinged by a turbulent shear flow is investigated here, for the first time, by means of the phenomenological theory of turbulence. The proposed theory allows the derivation of a predictive formula that (i) includes all the relevant non-dimensional parameters controlling the process, and (ii) contrary to commonly employed empirical formulae, is free from scale issues. Theoretical predictions agree very well with experimental data, shed light on unresolved issues on the physics of the problem, and clarify the effects of various dimensionless parameters controlling the scouring process.
Universal statistics of point vortex turbulence
Authors: Esler J. G. , Ashbee T. L.
Published: August 2015

A new methodology, based on the central limit theorem, is applied to describe the statistical mechanics of two-dimensional point vortex motion in a bounded container $\mathscr{D}$, as the number of vortices $N$ tends to infinity. The key to the approach is the identification of the normal modes of the system with the eigenfunction solutions of the so-called hydrodynamic eigenvalue problem of the Laplacian in $\mathscr{D}$. The statistics of the projection of the vorticity distribution onto these eigenfunctions (‘vorticity projections’) are then investigated. The statistics are used first to obtain the density-of-states function and caloric curve for the system, generalising previous results to arbitrary (neutral) distributions of vortex circulations. Explicit expressions are then obtained for the microcanonical (i.e. fixed energy) probability density functions of the vorticity projections in a form that can be compared directly with direct numerical simulations of the dynamics. The energy spectra of the resulting flows are predicted analytically. Ensembles of simulations with $N=100$, in several conformal domains, are used to make a comprehensive validation of the theory, with good agreement found across a broad range of energies. The probability density function of the leading vorticity projection is of particular interest because it has a unimodal distribution at low energy and a bimodal distribution at high energy. This behaviour is indicative of a phase transition, known as Onsager–Kraichnan condensation in the literature, between low-energy states with no mean flow in the domain and high-energy states with a coherent mean flow. The critical temperature for the phase transition, which depends on the shape but not the size of $\mathscr{D}$, and the associated critical energy are found. Finally the accuracy and the extent of the validity of the theory, at finite $N$, are explored using a Markov chain phase-space sampling method.
Numerical investigation on body-wake flow interaction over rod–airfoil configuration
Authors: Jiang Yi , Mao Mei-Liang , Deng Xiao-Gang , Liu Hua-Yong
Published: August 2015

Numerical investigations of body-wake interactions were carried out by simulating the flow over a rod–airfoil configuration using high-order implicit large eddy simulation (HILES) for the incoming velocity$U_{\infty }=72~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$and a Reynolds number based on the airfoil chord$4.8\times 10^{5}$. The flow over five different rod–airfoil configurations with different distances of$L/d=2$, 4, 6, 8 and 10, respectively, were calculated for the analysis of body-wake interaction phenomena. Various fundamental mechanisms dictating the intricate flow phenomena including force varying regulation, flow structures and flow patterns in the interaction region, turbulent fluctuations and their suppression, noise radiation and fluid resonant oscillation, have been studied systematically. Due to the airfoil downstream, a relatively higher base pressure is exerted on the surface of the cylinder upstream, and the pressure fluctuation on the surface of the rod–airfoil configuration with$L/d=2$is significantly suppressed, resulting in a reduction of the fluctuating lift. Following the distance between the cylinder and airfoil strongly decreases, Kármán-street shedding is suppressed due to the blocking effect. The flow in this interaction region has two opposite tendencies: the influence of the airfoil on the steady flow is to accelerate it and the counter-rotating vortices connecting with the leading edge of the airfoil tend to slow the flow down. There may be two flow patterns associated with the interference region, i.e. the Kármán-street suppressing mode and the Kármán-street shedding mode. The primary vortex shedding behind the cylinder upstream, and the shedding wake impingement onto the airfoil downstream, play a dominant role in the production of turbulent fluctuations. When primary vortex shedding is suppressed, the intensity of impingement is weakened, resulting in a significant suppression of the turbulent fluctuations. Due to these factors, a special broadband noise without a manifestly distinguishable peak is radiated by the rod–airfoil configuration with$L/d=2$. The fluid resonant oscillation within the flow interaction between the turbulent wake and the bodies was further investigated by adopting a feedback model, which confirmed that the effect of fluid resonant oscillation becomes stronger when$L/d=6$and 10. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms relevant to the body-wake interaction.
Two-dimensional turbulent convection in a toroidal duct of a liquid metal blanket of a fusion reactor
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Zikanov Oleg
Published: August 2015

Convection in a horizontal duct aligned with a uniform magnetic field is analysed computationally. The motivation of the study is the concept of a liquid metal blanket for a tokamak fusion reactor, in which ducts are oriented toroidally, i.e. parallel to the main component of the magnetic field. Computations of two-dimensional (streamwise-uniform) flows appearing at very strong magnetic fields and of three-dimensional flows in long domains are conducted. Non-uniform volumetric internal heating is applied, while the walls are maintained at a constant temperature. Two-dimensional or nearly two-dimensional turbulent convection is found at high Grashof and Hartmann numbers typical for fusion reactor conditions. The turbulence results in stronger mixing and more uniform distribution of wall heat flux, indicating promising potential of this concept of the blanket.
Head-on collisions between two quasi-geostrophic hetons in a continuously stratified fluid
Authors: Reinaud Jean N. , Carton Xavier
Published: August 2015

We examine the interactions between two three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic hetons. The hetons are initially translating towards one another. We address the effect of the vertical distance between the two poles (vortices) constituting each heton on the interaction. We also examine the influence of the horizontal separation between the poles within each heton. In this investigation, the two hetons are facing each other. Two configurations are possible depending on the respective locations of the like-signed poles of the hetons. When they lie at the same depth, we refer to the configuration as symmetric; the antisymmetric configuration corresponds to opposite-signed poles at the same depth. The first step in the investigation uses point vortices to represent the poles of the hetons. This approach allows us to rapidly browse the parameter space and to estimate the possible heton trajectories. For a symmetric pair, the hetons either reverse their trajectory or recombine and escape perpendicularly depending of their horizontal and vertical offsets. On the other hand, antisymmetric hetons recombine and escape perpendicularly as same-depth dipoles. In a second part, we focus on finite core hetons (with finite volume poles). These hetons can deform and may be sensitive to horizontal-shear-induced deformations, or to baroclinic instability. These destabilisations depend on the vertical and horizontal offsets between the various poles, as well as on their width-to-height aspect ratios. They can modify the volume of the poles via vortex merger, breaking and/or shearing out; they compete with the advective evolution observed for singular (point) vortices. Importantly, hetons can break down or reconfigure before they can drift away as expected from a point vortex approach. Thus, a large variety of behaviours is observed in the parameter space. Finally, we briefly illustrate the behaviour of tall hetons which can be unstable to an azimuthal mode $l=1$ when many vertical modes of deformation are present on the heton.
Purpose in Life: A Brief Review of the Literature and Its Implications for School Guidance Programs
Authors: Yuen Mantak , Lee Queenie A.Y. , Kam Jason , Lau Patrick S.Y.
Published: August 2015

Purpose in life has emerged as an important notion in positive psychology. It is regarded as a factor that can contribute to any individual's wellbeing. Based on a review of the literature, the authors discuss key issues that pertain to purpose in life, including how the construct is defined and conceptualised, its importance in living a fulfilling life, and the development of purpose across the lifespan. Because of its potential to contribute to positive youth development, the authors also discuss how extant research findings can inform school guidance and counselling interventions for adolescents. The PATHS Program in Hong Kong is used as an example to illustrate how students can be helped to establish their purpose in life through the guidance curriculum.
UNANSWERED PRAYERS: A CISTERCIAN MISSAL AT YORK MINSTER LIBRARY
Authors: Carter Michael
Published: August 2015

This paper discusses a hitherto overlooked printed missal of Cistercian use at York Minster Library. Deletions to the calendar and text show that it must have been in England during the Reformation. Four manuscript leaves have been bound at the end of the missal; the last leaf has prayers for the pregnancy of Queen Maryithat are known from only one other source. The presence of these prayers raises questions about the continued use of the missal after the Dissolution of the Monasteries and Catholic hopes for Mary’s reign.
Sampling strategies for phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe
Authors: Alten B. , Ozbel Y. , Ergunay K. , Kasap O.E. , Cull B. , Antoniou M. , Velo E. , Prudhomme J. , Molina R. , Bañuls A.-L. , Schaffner F. , Hendrickx G. , Van Bortel W. , Medlock J.M.
Published: August 2015

The distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is widely reported to be changing in Europe. This can be attributed to either the discovery of sand flies in areas where they were previously overlooked (generally following an outbreak of leishmaniasis or other sand fly-related disease) or to true expansion of their range as a result of climatic or environmental changes. Routine surveillance for phlebotomines in Europe is localized, and often one of the challenges for entomologists working in non-leishmaniasis endemic countries is the lack of knowledge on how to conduct, plan and execute sampling for phlebotomines, or how to adapt on-going sampling strategies for other haematophagous diptera. This review brings together published and unpublished expert knowledge on sampling strategies for European phlebotomines of public health concern in order to provide practical advice on: how to conduct surveys; the collection and interpretation of field data; suitable techniques for the preservation of specimens obtained by different sampling methods; molecular techniques used for species identification; and the pathogens associated with sand flies and their detection methods.
Detection of seed DNA in regurgitates of granivorous carabid beetles
Authors: Wallinger C. , Sint D. , Baier F. , Schmid C. , Mayer R. , Traugott M.
Published: August 2015

Granivory can play a pivotal role in influencing regeneration, colonization as well as abundance and distribution of plants. Due to their high abundance, nutrient content and longevity, seeds are an important food source for many animals. Among insects, carabid beetles consume substantial numbers of seeds and are thought to be responsible for a significant amount of seed loss. However, the processes that govern which seeds are eaten and are therefore prevented from entering the seedbank are poorly understood. Here, we assess if DNA-based diet analysis allows tracking the consumption of seeds by carabids. Adult individuals ofHarpalus rufipeswere fed with seeds ofTaraxacum officinaleandLolium perenneallowing them to digest for up to 3 days. Regurgitates were tested for the DNA of ingested seeds at eight different time points post-feeding using general and species-specific plant primers. The detection of seed DNA decreased with digestion time for both seed species, albeit in a species-specific manner. Significant differences in overall DNA detection rates were found with the general plant primers but not with the species-specific primers. This can have implications for the interpretation of trophic data derived from next-generation sequencing, which is based on the application of general primers. Our findings demonstrate that seed predation by carabids can be tracked, molecularly, on a species-specific level, providing a new way to unravel the mechanisms underlying in-field diet choice in granivores.
On the Right to Justification and Discursive Respect
Authors: BESCH THOMAS M.
Published: August 2015

Rainer Forst’s constructivism argues that a right to justification provides a reasonably non-rejectable foundation of justice. With an exemplary focus on his attempt to ground human rights, I argue that this right cannot provide such a foundation. To accord to others such a right is to include them in the scope of discursive respect. But it is reasonably contested whether we should accord to others equal discursive respect. It follows that Forst’s constructivism cannot ground human rights, or justice, categorically. At best, it can ground them hypothetically. This opens the door wide for ethical foundations of human rights.
Dialogue as Habit-Taking in Peirce’s Continuum: The Call to Absolute Chance
Authors: WEST DONNA E.
Published: August 2015

In this inquiry, I testify to the central place of signs in Peirce’s cosmology, and to the power of entertaining novel propositions (complementary and conflicting) through dialogue to foster the unity necessary to weld members of his continuum. Peirce’s concept of dialogue becomes the conduit to weld each member of the continuum. Peirce’s primary mover in bringing about this ‘welding’ is chance/habit in sign use itself. Although the self’s place as an expression of all components of the physical world will be addressed, primary focus will be accorded to logical shifts ascertained via transition from inter- to intra-actional dialogue.
A longitudinal, population-based twin study of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits from early to middle adulthood
Authors: Gjerde L. C. , Czajkowski N. , Røysamb E. , Ystrom E. , Tambs K. , Aggen S. H. , Ørstavik R. E. , Kendler K. S. , Reichborn-Kjennerud T. , Knudsen G. P.
Published: August 2015

Background.

The phenotypic stability of avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has previously been found to be moderate. However, little is known about the longitudinal structure of genetic and environmental factors for these disorders separately and jointly, and to what extent genetic and environmental factors contribute to their stability.

Method.

AVPD and OCPD criteria were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality in 2793 young adult twins (1385 pairs, 23 singletons) from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel at wave 1 and 2282 (986 pairs, 310 singletons) of these on average 10 years later at wave 2. Longitudinal biometric models were fitted to AVPD and OCPD traits.

Results.

For twins who participated at both time-points, the number of endorsed sub-threshold criteria for both personality disorders (PDs) decreased 31% from wave 1 to wave 2. Phenotypic correlations between waves were 0.54 and 0.37 for AVPD and OCPD, respectively. The heritability estimates of the stable PD liabilities were 0.67 for AVPD and 0.53 for OCPD. The genetic correlations were 1.00 for AVPD and 0.72 for OCPD, while the unique environmental influences correlated 0.26 and 0.23, respectively. The correlation between the stable AVPD and OCPD liabilities was 0.39 of which 63% was attributable to genetic influences. Shared environmental factors did not significantly contribute to PD variance at either waves 1 or 2.

Conclusion.

Phenotypic stability was moderate for AVPD and OCPD traits, and genetic factors contributed more than unique environmental factors to the stability both within and across phenotypes.
The argument from souls to God
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD
Published: August 2015

Humans are pure mental substances, that is essentially souls, who have a rich mental life of sensations, thoughts, intentions, and other pure mental events, largely caused by and sometimes causing events in their brains and so in their bodies. God has reason to create humans because humans have a kind of goodness, the ability to choose between good and evil, which God himself does not have. The existence of these causal connections between mental events and brain events requires an enormous number of separate psychophysical laws. It is most improbable that there would be such laws if God had not made them. Each soul has a thisness; it is the particular soul it is quite independently of its mental properties and bodily connections. So no scientific law, concerned only with relations between substances in virtue of their universal properties, could explain why God created this soul rather than that possible soul, and connected it to this body. Yet a rational person often has to choose between equally good alternatives on non-rational grounds; and so there is nothing puzzling about God choosing to create this soul rather than that possible soul. Hence the existence of souls provides a good argument for the existence of God.
Religious fictionalism and the problem of evil
Authors: ROBSON JON
Published: August 2015

The problem of evil is typically presented as a problem – sometimestheproblem – facing theistic realists. This article takes no stance on what effect (if any) the existence of evil has on the rationality of theistic belief. Instead, it explores the possibility of using the problem of evil to generate worries for some of those who reject theistic realism. Although this article focuses on the consequences for a particular kind of religious fictionalist, the lessons adduced are intended to have more general application.
The idolatry argument against natural theology: how it works and why it fails
Authors: BURLING HUGH
Published: August 2015

Some thinkers in the Reformed and ‘postmodern’ traditions in theology have argued that natural theology is ‘idolatrous’. This article shows that such arguments hinge on distinguishing the object of revealed theology from the perfect being or first cause. It then shows that, on plausible analyses of worthiness of worship, the perfect being will always be more worthy of worship than anything not identified with it. Natural theology therefore has a proper place in investigating the nature of the ‘true’ God, if an object is the ‘true’ God because it is the being worthy of our worship.
Experiencing Christian art
Authors: EFIRD DAVID , GUSTAFSSON DANIEL
Published: August 2015

In this article, we argue that a secularist cannot experience Christian art in the same way that a Christian can. To defend this claim, we argue that Christian faith is best conceived as an engagement with God, such that coming to have faith is a transformative, second-person experience where a person comes to know what it is like to be loved by God and that Christian art is best conceived as iconic, such that it is an occasion for, and a mode of, experiencing God. Thus, for the Christian, but not for the secularist, experiencing Christian art consists in an experience of God himself.
Synchrotron powder diffraction, X-ray absorption and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance data for hypoxanthine, C5H4N4O
Authors: Reid Joel , Bond Toby , Wang Shiliang , Zhou Jigang , Hu Anguang
Published: August 2015

Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) data have been used to examine the structure of hypoxanthine, 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (C5H4N4O), a purine base that participates in numerous metabolic processes. XAS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy were used to determine that hypoxanthine was present in its keto form (both in solid state and dissolved in an organic solvent). Rigid body refinement was performed with the Rietveld software package GSAS yielding triclinic lattice parameters of a = 7.1179 (2) Å, b = 9.7830 (3) Å, c = 10.4009 (3) Å, α = 58.876 (1)°, β = 67.609 (1)°, and γ = 71.937 (2)° (C5H4N4O, Z = 4, space group P$\bar 1$).
Crystal structure of nilotinib, C28H22F3N7O
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Zhong Kai , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: August 2015

The crystal structure of nilotinib has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Nilotinib crystallizes in space groupP1 (#1) witha= 4.518 14(3),b= 10.638 01(5),c= 13.703 77(8) Å,α= 68.8607(4),β= 82.1486(5),γ= 84.1978(5)°,V= 607.62(1) Å3, andZ= 1. The most prominent feature of the structure is two strong hydrogen bonds. These form chains with a graph set C1,1(13); the chains run along [111]. Several weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds also contribute to the packing. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in future releases of the Powder Diffraction File™.
Silhouette + attraction: A simple and effective method for text clustering
Authors: ERRECALDE MARCELO L. , CAGNINA LETICIA C. , ROSSO PAOLO
Published: August 2015

This article presents silhouette–attraction (Sil–Att), a simple and effective method for text clustering, which is based on two main concepts: thesilhouette coefficientand the idea ofattraction. The combination of both principles allows us to obtain a general technique that can be used either as a boosting method, which improves results of other clustering algorithms, or as an independent clustering algorithm. The experimental work shows thatSil–Attis able to obtain high-quality results on text corpora with very different characteristics. Furthermore, its stable performance on all the considered corpora is indicative that it is a very robust method. This is a very interesting positive aspect ofSil–Attwith respect to the other algorithms used in the experiments, whose performances heavily depend on specific characteristics of the corpora being considered.
Factors influencing food preparation behaviours: findings from focus groups with Mexican-American mothers in southern California
Authors: Smith Teresa M , Dunton Genevieve F , Pinard Courtney A , Yaroch Amy L
Published: August 2015

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to explore food preparation behaviours, attitudes, meal planning and shopping among Mexican-American mothers.

Design

Data were collected through four focus groups with mothers of Mexican origin/ancestry who considered themselves to be the primary food preparer. Topics included food preparation behaviours and influencers (culture, family, attitudes, barriers, meal planning and shopping). Data were analysed using a qualitative grounded theory approach. All focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded for themes.

Setting

Data were collected in southern California, USA in 2013.

Subjects

Of the sample of twenty-one Mexican-American mothers, thirteen were born outside the USA and the mean household size was five members.

Results

Participants reported that food was often prepared using traditional staples and food preparation behaviours were learned from maternal family members. Participants also suggested that health was influenced by foods eaten and how they were prepared. Salient factors influencing food preparation behaviours included culture and tradition, maternal family members’ food preparation behaviours, food preparation self-efficacy and attitudes towards healthy eating. Time and busy schedules were cited as barriers.

Conclusions

Future interventions should consider utilizing family-based approaches and teaching culturally relevant food preparation skills, especially to youth, while reinforcing more healthful dietary practices.
Biotechnological characterization of a diverse set of wheat progenitors (Aegilops sp. and Triticum sp.) using callus culture parameters
Authors: Özgen Murat , Birsin Melahat A. , Benlioglu Berk
Published: August 2015

It is known that genetic diversity is the most important factor in classical and modern plant breeding. The considerable increase in the number of transgenic crops reveals the value of new plant genetic resources. In this study, a set of 12 wheat progenitors were screened for tissue culture parameters such as callus induction, callus weight, regeneration capacity of callus and callus efficiency using mature embryos. Embryos were excised from imbibed seeds of the progenitors. The excised embryos were placed scutellum upwards in dishes containing 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for callus induction. The developed calli and regenerated plants were maintained on 2,4-D free MS medium. When mature embryos of 12 wheat progenitors (Aegilops sp. and Triticum sp.) were compared, significant differences were detected in callus induction frequency, weight of callus, regeneration capacity and culture efficiency. A significant genotypic effect was observed on the culture responses. Of the 12 wheat progenitors tested, Aegilops umbellulata had the highest regeneration capacity of callus. Aegilops biuncialis created the most regenerable calli because of the highest callus induction and culture efficiency. In the experiment, callus induction was significantly correlated with callus weight (r= 0.820) and regeneration capacity (r= 0.955). Weight of callus was significantly correlated with regeneration capacity (r= 0.740), while there was no significant correlation between callus induction frequency and culture efficiency (r= 0.350). Our results showed that, generally, mature embryos of some Aegilops and Triticum species have a high regeneration capacity, and therefore, can be used as an effective explant source for the successful application of biotechnology in crop improvement.
Genetic diversity analysis of Iranian Nigella sativa L. landraces using SCoT markers and evaluation of adjusted polymorphism information content
Authors: Mirzaei Khaled , Mirzaghaderi Ghader
Published: August 2015

The genetic diversity of 39 Iranian black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) landraces was analysed using 14 polymorphic Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. A total of 106 bands ranging from 3 (for SCoT70) to 13 (for SCoT23) were observed. Of them, 33 (31%) bands were polymorphic with a mean of 1.65 bands per primer. Polymorphism information content (PIC) per primer ranged from 0.035 (for SCoT12) to 0.133 (for SCoT70), with an average of 0.078. Besides PIC, Simpson's diversity (D) index was also calculated for each SCoT marker as an indication of discrimination power across population. The D index was used to adjust the PIC of the SCoT markers. As the adjusted PIC (PICD= PIC × D) was calculated based on both the PIC and the rate of band dispersion, this reflected the informativeness of a dominant marker more precisely than PIC. Genetic relationships were estimated using Jaccard's similarity coefficient-generated values between different pairs of genotypes that varied from 80 to 97% with an average of 88%. These coefficients were applied to construct a dendrogram using the UPGMA algorithm. A high genetic similarity was observed that might be due to the fact that N. sativa is a self-pollinated plant not originated from Iran and might have been imported from the Mediterranean regions.
Aldur W. Eriksson 7.1.1927–3.4.2015
Authors: Fellman Johan , Parisi Paolo
Published: August 2015

Aldur W. Eriksson, the noted twin scholar and human geneticist, passed away on Friday, April 3, 2015, at the age of 88. He had a full, highly productive and accomplished life. He is survived by his wife Maj-Britt and their son Staffan and his family. His death leaves a void, not only among relatives and friends, but among the many who had known him and in the scientific community, particularly that of twin researchers worldwide.
Ice-Penetrating Radar Reveals Age of Greenland Ice Sheet Layers
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: August 2015

First comprehensive analysis of deep radar data gives insight into the dynamics and history of the Greenland Ice Sheet.