bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cleavage of Zearalenone‐Glycoside, a “Masked” Mycotoxin, during Digestion in Swine
Authors: Gareis M. , Bauer J. , Thiem J. , Plank G. , Grabley S. , Gedek B.
Published: May 2010

Comparative analyses of cereal samples pretreated with or without β‐glucosidase indicate the presence of zearalenone‐glycoside. To examine the stability of zearalenone‐glycoside during digestion, mixed feed was artificially contaminated with synthesized zearalenone‐4‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (395 μg/kg) and fed to a pig over a period of 14 days. The metabolites detected in feces and urine samples were zearalenone and α‐zearalenol. These results demonstrate that zearalenone‐4‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside is decomposed during digestion and the aglucone, zearalenone, is released.

Since zearalenone‐glycoside is not detected during routine analysis, but hydrolysed during digestion, it seems likely that such “masked mycotoxins” are involved in cases of mycotoxicoses.

Vergleichende Analysenergebnisse von Getreideproben, die mit oder ohne β‐Glucosidase vorin‐kubiert wurden, deuten darauf hin, daß glycosylierte Zearalenonkonjugate als natürliche Kontaminan‐ten workommen können. Mischfutter wurde künstlich mit synthetisiertem Zearalenon‐4‐β‐D‐Glucopyranosid versetzt (395 μg/kg) und 14 Tage an ein Schwein verfüttert. In den Harn‐ und Faecesproben wurden ausschließlich Zearalenon und α‐Zearalenol als Metabolite nachgewiesen. Die Resultate dieser Untersuchungen zeigen, daß das Zearalenon‐Glycosid während der Verdauung gespalten und das Aglycon, Zearalenon, freigesetzt wird. Da Zearalenon‐Glycosid bei routinemäßiger Untersuchung nicht detektiert wird, die Verbindung aber nach oraler Aufnahme gespalten wird, ist eine ursächliche Beteiligung derartig „maskierter” Mykotoxine bei der Entstehung klinisch manifester Mykotoxikosen anzunehmen.
Quantitativer Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zum Nachweis der Eier vonToxocara canisin Sandproben
Authors: Horn Karin , Schnieder T. , Stoye M.
Published: May 2010

Quantitative comparison of various methods for detecting eggs ofToxocara canisin samples of sand

Eleven techniques for recovering helminth eggs from sand and soil samples were tested for efficiency and suitability for routine use. The tests were done under standardized conditions on sand samples of 100 g contaminated experimentally with 10, 100 or 1,000 eggs ofToxocara canis.

Best results were achieved by a flotation‐sedimentation technique (Stoye and Horn, 1986) and by a sieving method (Köhler et al., 1980), showing mean recovery rates of 43.1 % and 41.4%, respectively. All other methods tested, mean recovery rates were about 20 % or less.

Unter standardisiert‐variierten Bedingungen wurden 11 Verfahren zum Nachweis von Parasi‐tenstadien im Sand und Boden vergleichend auf ihre Nachweisgenauigkeit und Praktikabilität geprüft. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an Sandproben von 100 g, die mit 10, 100 oder 1000 Eiern vonToxocara caniskontaminiert worden waren.

Höchste mittlere Nachweisraten von 43,1 % bzw. 41,4 % wurden mit dem Flotations‐Sedimen‐tationsverfahren von Stoye und Horn (1986) und der Siebmethode nach Köhler und Mitarbeitern (1980) erzielt. Bei allen anderen geprüften Verfahren lagen diese Werte nur knapp über oder aber unter 20%.
Porcine Granulocyte Functions: Evaluation and Modulation
Authors: Stahl M. , Reifenberg K. , Okpanyi S. , Lösch U.
Published: May 2010

Functions of porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils are evaluated with in vitro test systems. Results are compared with those from human PMN and the relevance for in vivo conditions is discussed. Ethanol was inhibitory to all porcine PMN functions investigated here. Influex, a combination product, containing extracts of Echinacea, Aconitum, Apis and Lachesis stimulated adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, but inhibited chemiluminescence. These results suggest an effect of the product in the generation of reactive oxygen species.

Granulozytenfunktionen beim Schwein: Messung und Beeinflussung

Verschiedene Funktionen neutrophiler Granulozyten des Schweines werden mit Hilfe von in vitro‐Systemen gemessen und die Ergebnisse mit entsprechenden Werten verglichen, die für menschliche Neutrophile beschrieben sind. Die Aussagekraft der erhaltenen Ergebnisse für in vivo‐Verhältnisse wird diskutiert. Alle hier beschriebenen Granulozytenfunktionen wurden durch Alkohol gehemmt. Influex, ein Kombinationspräparat, das Extrakte aus Echinacea, Aconitum, Apis und Lachesis enthält, stimulierte Adhärenz, Chemotaxis und Phagozytose, hemmte jedoch die Chemolumineszenz. Die Ergebnisse lassen einen Einfluß des Präparates auf die Bildung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies vermuten.
Contamination of Raw Milk by Listeria monocytogenes on Dairy Farms
Authors: Husu J. R. , Seppänen J.T. , Sivelä S. K. , Rauramaa A. L.
Published: May 2010

Possible sources of exogenous contamination of raw milk by Listeria monocytogenes were examined on four dairy farms of different size and type of animal housing during morning milking. Feeds, including hay and concentrates, were found to be major sources of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of Listeria on the barns. L. innocua was the only species isolated from the grass silage, which was of good quality on all the farms. The numbers of Listeria were below 102/g in all feed samples. Fecal shedding of listeriae was detected in 11.9% of the cows and the prevalences of L. monocytogenes among farms ranged from no detections to 8.7 %. The number of Listeria isolations from constructions inside the barns and from the milking environment varied between the farms. Listeriae were detected almost everywhere on one of the farms whereas on another farm the only isolations were from feed passages and floors. 13.6 % of the swab samples taken from the teats before washing and drying were Listeria positive, whereas no isolations were made after cleaning the udder. Good milking and barn hygiene is considered important for diminishing the risks of exogenous contamination of raw milk by listeriae.
Pulmonary Lesions Induced by a Pasteurella Haemolytica Cytotoxin Preparation in Calves
Authors: van den Ingh T.S.G.A.M. , Visser I.J.R. , Henricks P.A.J. , Binkhorst G.J.
Published: May 2010

Intrabronchial instillation of a Pasteurella haemolytica type A***1 crude cytotoxin preparation in calves resulted in pulmonary gross and microscopic lesions comparable to spontaneous and experimental pasteurellosis. In the acute stage of the lesion electronmicroscopy revealed intravascular accumulation, degeneration and fragmentation of leukocytes in the interalveolar septa. Secondary thrombus formation and increased vascular permeability resulted in alveolar flooding, fibrin deposition, extravasation of erythrocytes and loss of alveolar epithelium. No cytotoxicity was observed for the tracheal (in vitro) and bronchial epithelium (in vivo). The pathogenesis of the vascular lesions and their significance for the development of the typical lesions of pneumonic pasteurellosis is discussed.

Lungenveränderungen bei Kälbern, hervorgerufen durch ein Zytotoxin aus Pasteurella haemolytica

Die intrabronchiale Gabe eines rohen Pasteurella haemolytica A1‐Zytotoxins verursachte bei Kälbern in der Lunge große und mikroskopische Schäden, die mit denen bei natürlich auftretender und experimentell hervorgerufener Pasteurellosis vergleichbar sind.

Im akuten Stadium treten intravaskuläre Ansammlungen, Degeneration und Zerstörung von Leukozyten in den interalveolaren Septen auf.

Sekundäre Thrombusbildung und erhöhte Gefäßwanddurchlässigkeit führen zur Flüssigkeitsan‐sammlung in den Alveolen, Fibrinablagerung, Erythrozytenaustritt und Verlust des Alveolarepithels.

Am trachealen Epithel (in vitro) und bronchialen Epithel (in vivo) konnte keine Zytotoxinwirkung beobachtet werden.

Auf die Bedeutung der Pathogenese dieser Gefäßveränderungen als Ursache für die typischen Lungenveränderungen bei der Pasteurellose wird eingegangen.
Einfache Methode zur Isolierung von Immunglobulin (Y) aus Eiern immunisierter Hühner
Authors: Wallmann J. , Staak C. , Luge E.
Published: May 2010

A simple method for the isolation of immunoglobulin (Y) from eggs of immunized hens

Hens were vaccinated with Salmonella typhi‐murium and with serum‐IgG from a goat. Antibodies (IgY) were isolated from the eggs by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The concentration of egg antibodies was equal or superior to the concentration of serum antibodies of the hen. The longlasting antibody plateau of 9 and 28 weeks, respectively, provides evidence of the high yields of specific IgY which can be collected from a single immunized hen.

Hühner wurden mit Salmonella typhi‐murium und Serum IgG einer Ziege immunisiert. Aus den gelegten Eiern wurden Antikörper (IgY) mit Hilfe der Ammoniumsulfat‐Präzipitation gewonnen. Die Konzentration der Eigelb‐Antikörper entsprach oder übertraf die Konzentration der Serum‐Antikörper des Elterntieres. Die langfristige Ausbildung eines Antikörperplateaus von 9 bzw. 28 Wochen gibt einen Hinweis auf die hohen Erträge von spezifischem IgY, die von einem immunisierten Huhn gewonnen werden können.
Bildung von Interleukin‐2 und Interferonα durch mononukleäre Leukozyten des Schweines nach in vitro‐Stimulation mit verschiedenen Viruspräparaten
Authors: Steinmassl M. , Wolf G.
Published: May 2010

Production of Interleukin 2 and Interferonα by Porcine Peripheral Mononuclear Leukocytes (MNL) after in vitro Stimulation with Different Viruses

A new model was established to investigate the release of cytokines by porcine peripheral mononuclear leukocytes (MNL). Thereafter, this model is suitable to test paramunity inducers (biological response modifiers) and might replace animal models. The paramunity inducers Pind AVI and Pind ORF as well as other preparations of pox‐ and paramyxoviruses were employed. Production of both Interleukin 2 (IL2) and Interferonα (IFNα) was evaluated.

Virus containing fluids induced an increase in IL2 activity (CTLL‐2 proliferation assay) and IFNα (MDBK‐cell line, VSV‐virus) was noted. The release of IFNα and IL2 is caused by viral components.

Pind AVI and Pind ORF induce production of IFNα in porcine MNL to a similar amount as ND‐virus does.

All virus preparations caused an increase in IL2 activity in supernatants of resting as well as mitogen‐activated MNL without prior sensitation of the cells. The highest IL2‐activity was measured after co‐stimulation of the MNL with Concanavalin A and ND‐virus.

Zur Untersuchung der Bildung von Zytokinen durch mononukleäre Leukozyten (MNL) des Schweineblutes wurde ein in vitro‐Modell erarbeitet und seine Eignung für einen vergleichenden Test von immunmodulierenden Präparaten ohne Einsatz von Tierversuchen überprüft. Für die Stimulierung sind die Paramunitätsinducer Pind AVI und Pind ORF sowie weitere Präparationen von Pocken‐und Paramyxoviren eingesetzt worden. Kontrolliert wurde die Bildung von Interleukin 2 (IL 2) sowie von Interferonα (IFNα).

Durch die Virussubstanzen ließ sich eine Zunahme der IL 2‐Aktivität (CTLL‐2‐Proliferationstest) und der Interferonbildung (Zellkultur‐Schutztest mit der MDBK‐Zelle und dem VSV‐Virus) nachweisen.

Die Induktion der Interferonbildung basiert auf Strukturkomponenten der verwendeten Viren. Pind AVI und Pind ORF stimulierten die Interferonbildung in MNL des Schweines in ähnlichem Maße wie das ND‐Virus. Alle eingesetzten Viruspräparate führten zu einem Anstieg der IL2‐Aktivität in den Kulturüberständen sowohl ruhender als auch Lektin‐aktivierter MNL, ohne daß die MNL gegen diese Antigene sensibilisiert waren. Die höchsten IL 2‐Aktivitäten wurden in der Kostimulierung der MNL mit Concanavalin A und dem ND‐Virus induziert.
Effect of Frequent Milkings on Milk NAGase, Plasmin, Trypsin Inhibitory Capacity and the Quality of Whey as the Growth Medium for Mastitis Pathogens
Authors: Kaartinen L. , Ali‐Vehmas T. , Sandholm M.
Published: May 2010

Unequal milking intervals affected milk somatic cell count and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity. The total daily output of milk NAGase and plasmin decreased, if quarters were emptied frequently during the day. Mastitis pathogens showed stimulated growth in whey prepared from filled quarters as compared with growth in whey from quarters emptied frequently during the day. The quality of whey as growth medium for mastitis pathogens paralleled plasmin activity in respective milk samples. Adaptation of mastitis pathogens to grow in whey had an enhancing effect on bacterial growth during subsequent inoculations in whey. Bacteria probably “learn” to overcome the effect from endogenous antibacterial factors and to use nutrients present in whey.
The Production of Peste des Petits Ruminants Hyperimmune Sera in Rabbits and their Application in Virus Diagnosis
Authors: Obi T. U. , McCullough K. C. , Taylor W. P.
Published: May 2010

Hyperimmune sera were produced by serial inoculation of rabbits with Vero cell‐adapted, sucrose gradient‐purified Nigerian peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) isolate. Two antisera produced, neutralized the homologous PPRV but not the heterologous rinderpest Kabette “O” virus. The antisera gave strong precipitin lines with purified PPRV antigens and were used to detect PPRV and rinderpest virus antigens from ante‐mortem secretions and post‐mortem tissue homogenates from PPR and rinderpest virus infected goats and cattle by the agar gel precipitation tests (AGPT). The hyperimmune sera gave good titration curves with both purified Nigerian goat and the United Arab Emirate wildlife PPRV isolates in the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of indirect ELISA showed that although there were some cross reactions with the rinderpest, canine‐distemper and measles viruses, at 1:100 dilution, the antisera would give a positive signal with only the homologous PPR virus.

Es wird die Herstellung von Hyperimmunsera durch mehrfache Impfung von Kaninchen mit einem an Verozellen adaptierten und über Sucrose‐Gradienten gereinigten nigerianischen Stamm des Virus der Pest der kleinen Wiederkäuer (PPRV) beschrieben. Zwei auf diese Weise gewonnene Antisera neutralisierten das homologe PPRV, aber nicht den heterologen Rinderpestvirusstamm Kabete „O”. Die Antisera bildeten im Präzipitationstest gegen gereinigtes PPRV sehr deutliche Banden. Sie konnten deshalb auch im Präzipitationstest zum Nachweis von PPRV‐ und Rinderpestvirusantigenen in Sekreten erkrankter Tiere und in post‐mortem gewonnenen Gewebehomogenaten von Ziegen und Rindern verwendet werden, die mit PPRV‐ bzw. Rinderpestvirus infiziert worden waren.

Die Hyperimmunsera zeigten im indirekten Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) gegen gereinigtes PPRV aus Nigeria und ein vom Wild aus den Vereinten Arabischen Emiraten stammendes PPRV‐Isolat beweiskräftige Titrationskurven.

Die Ergebnisse des indirekten ELISA ließen zwar gewisse Kreuzreaktionen mit Rinderpest‐, Hundestaupe‐ und Masernvirus erkennen, in der Verdünnung 1 : 100 reagierten die Antisera jedoch nur spezifisch positiv mit dem homologen PPRV.
Antiserum Raised in Pigs against Canine Distemper Virus and its Utility in Diagnostic Procedures for Morbillivirus Infections (Canine Distemper, Phocine Distemper, Rinderpest)1
Authors: Zaghawa A. , Liess B. , Frey H. R.
Published: May 2010

Antiserum against canine distemper virus (CDV) was raised in pigs by intranasal inoculation with CDV strains CND65and ROCKBORN. Immunoglobulin fractions were conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase‐conjugated anti‐CDV immunoglobulin preparations were used for the detection and titration of CDV, seal‐derived (phocine) distemper virus (PDV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) in Vero cell cultures. For the detection and titration of corresponding neutralizing antibodies a direct neutralizing peroxidase‐linked antibody (NPLA) assay was established. The results were compared with those obtained with the conventional microtitre neutralization test (MNT) based on CPE reading. In addition the sensitivity of an indirect peroxidase‐linked antibody (PLA) assay was tested in parallel with that of the NPLA assay using sera obtained from CDV‐immunized pigs.
Dermatitis in Broilers caused by Escherichia coli: Isolation of Escherichia coli from Field Cases, Reproduction of the Disease with Escherichia coli O78:K80 and Conclusions under Consideration of Predisposing Factors
Authors: Glünder G.
Published: May 2010

A dermatitis in broiler chickens, especially on the caudal back, thighs and around the cloaca is observed more frequently in the last years. The skin is swollen at sites of inflammation and a fibrineous plaque extends between muscle and subcutis. No clinical signs are visible in the living flock but the disease causes economical losses because of degrading and rejection of carcasses. Studies of literature and own field observations suggest that Escherichia (E.) coli is involved in the development of the dermatitis. The following serotypes were isolated from field cases: O78:K80 (3x), O2:K56 (2x), O127:K63 (3x), O9:K57 (1x), O140 (2x); two isolates could not be identified.

The reproduction of the dermatitis was successful by infection via feather follicles with E. coli O78:K80. The density of broilers kept on farms may contribute to the outbreak of dermatitis by violation of the skin followed by infection of the injuries. Massage of the infected sites by close contact of birds and insufficient hygiene may support the development of the disease.

Eine durch Escherichia coli bedingte Dermatitis bei Schlachtbroilern: Isolierung von Escherichia coli von diagnostischen Einsendungen, Reproduktion der Erkrankung mit Escherichia coli O78:K80 und Gedanken über prädisponierende Faktoren

In den letzten Jahren wird bei Broilern zunehmend eine Dermatitis, besonders im kaudalen Rückenbereich und an den Oberschenkeln sowie um die Kloake beobachtet. Die Haut ist im Bereich dieser Veränderungen deutlich verdickt; zwischen Unterhaut und Muskulatur befinden sich im allgemeinen flach ausgedehnte feste Fibrinansammlungen. Die Erkrankung verursacht große finanzielle Verluste, da die Tierkörper nach der Schlachtung als untauglich zum Verzehr beurteilt werden. Sowohl aufgrund von Literaturangaben als auch eigener Beobachtungen ist Escherichia (E.) coli ursächlich an der Entstehung der Dermatitis beteiligt. In eigenen Untersuchungen konnten die Serotypen O78:K80 (3x), O2:K56 (2x), O127:K63 (3x), O9.K57 (1x), O140 (2x) nachgewiesen werden, 2 Isolate waren nicht typisierbar. Die Reproduktion der Dermatitis ist durch eine Infektion über die Federfollikel mit E. coli O78:K80 möglich. Es ist anzunehmen, daß die Haltungsdichte der Broiler in Geflügelfarmen durch gegenseitige Verletzung der Tiere mit nachfolgender Infektion der Wunden, ein Massage‐Effekt durch den engen Körperkontakt sowie möglicherweise Hygienemängel zur Entstehung der Erkrankung beitragen.
Evaluation of Five Different Methods for Routine Diagnosis of Rabies
Authors: Zimmer K. , Wiegand D. , Manz D. , Frost J. W. , Reinacher M. , Frese K.
Published: May 2010

Brain tissue from 187 animals of different species was investigated by means of fluorescent antibody test, peroxidase anti‐peroxidase technique, mouse inoculation test and cell culture technique for a diagnosis of rabies. With peroxidase anti‐peroxidase technique the rabies specific reaction comprised inclusion bodies and a granular staining of the cytoplasm of affected cells. A specific positive reaction was found only in neurons, in which pericaryon as well as cell processes were affected. Fluorescent antibody test and peroxidase anti‐peroxidase technique detected 98 % each, mouse inoculation test 95 % and cell culture technique 81 % of the rabies positive animals. In conclusion, peroxidase anti‐peroxidase technique allows a highly reliable diagnosis of rabies when only formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded material is available. Histopathological alterations comprising Negri bodies, inflammatory and degenerative lesions were encountered in 53 % of the rabies positive brains.

Vergleìch von funf verschiedenen Methoden zur Routinediagnostik der Tollwut

Gehirnproben von 187 Tieren verschiedener Spezies wurden mit Hilfe des Immunfluoreszenztests, der Peroxidase‐Anti‐Peroxidase‐Technik, des Mäuseinokulationstests und der Zellkulturtechnik auf Tollwut untersucht. Einschlußkörperchen und eine granuläre Anfärbung des Zytoplasmas betroffener Zellen stellten die beiden spezifischen positiven Reaktionen bei der Peroxidase‐Anti‐Peroxidase‐Technik dar. Eine spezifisch positive Reaktion fand sich ausschließlich in Ganglienzellen, in denen sowohl das Perikaryon als auch die Fortsätze betroffen waren. Die Nachweisrate tollwutpositiver Fälle betrug im Immunfluoreszenztest und bei der Peroxidase‐Anti‐Peroxidase‐Technik jeweils 98%, beim Mäuseinokulationstest 95% und bei der Zellkulturtechnik 81%. Die Peroxidase‐Anti‐Peroxidase‐Technik ermöglicht eine zuverlässige Diagnose der Tollwut in den Fällen, in denen ausschließlich formalinfixiertes und in Paraffin eingebettetes Untersuchungsmaterial zur Verfügung steht. Histopathologische Veränderungen in Form von Negrischen Körperchen sowie entzündlichen und degenerativen Prozessen fanden sich bei 53 % der tollwutpositiven Tiere.
Marketing Authorisation of Fish Drugs ‐ Current Status and Future Intentions
Authors: Bernoth E.‐M.
Published: May 2010

The main purpose of the German drug law (August 24, 1976) is to guarantee quality, efficacy and safety of drugs for use in man and animals. The present particular situation for fish is as follows:

1. Several drugs (including antibiotics and antiparasitics) have been authorised before 1978. An application for prolonged authorisation has to be made before the end of 1989*. For decisions on these applications, the Federal Health Office requires further scientific data of the active ingredients as a basis.

2. Certain chemicals (including malachite green) are subject to a simplified standard procedure for authorisation. Requirements concerning quality, restrictions of use etc. are published in monographs.

3. New drugs will be authorised according to the present national drug law until the establishment of EEC regulations.

4. Future decisions under EEC legislation shall consider potential risks for the environment (proposals to be included in the EEC directive 81/852) and more data specific for fish.
Serogroups ofCampylobacter jejunifrom Man and Animals
Authors: Varga J. , Mézes Beáta , Fodor L.
Published: May 2010

A total of 186 campylobacter strains from aborted calf and sheep fetuses, from scouring dogs, rabbits and man, and from retailed poultry were isolated and examined biochemically and serologically for heat stable antigens. Immune sera were produced in rabbits against Penner reference strains from 1 to 60, and against two field isolates.

Out of 186 biochemically tested strains 179 (96.2 %) provedC. jejuniand only 6 (3.2 %)C. coli. One strain has been identified asC. laridis. In cattle and sheep 3.2 and 21.7% respectively of all campylobacter abortions were due toC. jejuniinfection. The same agent caused 12.7 % of diarrhoea of dogs. The campylobacter infection rate of freshly slaughtered and dressed chicken varied between 25 and 64.3%.

Out of the serologically examined 140C. jejunistrains 118 (84.3%) could be assigned to 16 Penner serogroups and 13 (9.3%) to 2 further serogroups. Serogroups 8 (31.4%), 1 (19.3%) and 2 (12.1 %) occurred most frequently. The human isolates represented the widest serotype distribution, as 32 tested strains belonged to 12 serogroups. All those serogroups which caused abortion or diarrhoea in animals or were isolated from poultry carcases were isolated also from man with diarrhoea, but some serogroups were found only in man.
Untersuchungen zum Säure‐Basen‐Haushalt und Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel bei der Infektion mitEperythrozoon suis
Authors: Heinritzi K. , Plank G. , Peteranderl W. , Sandner N.
Published: May 2010

Investigations on acid‐base balance and carbohydrate metabolism inEperythrozoon suisinfected pig

Following on from clinical observations which point to severe metabolic disturbances in association with acuteEperythrozoon (E.) suisinfection, the parameters of acid‐base balance (pO2, PCO2, pH, actual bicarbonate, standard bicarbonate, base excess) as well as the glucose‐, lactate‐ and pyruvate levels, were measured in venous blood during the course of eperythrozoonotic infection. Glucose consumption was investigated inin vitroexperiments with differing numbers of pathogens.

AcuteE. suisinfection is accompanied by a severe acidosis and hypoglycaemia.In vitroexperiments showed that a rapid breakdown of glucose follows inE. suisinfected blood. No significant reduction in glucose concentration was established in control blood in a comparable time period. The results give rise to the assumption thatE. suisis capable of independent glucose breakdown. Both the increase in lactate concentration (metabolic component) and a disturbance of pulmonary gaseous exchange (respiratory component) are regarded as the cause of the acidosis.

Ausgehend von klinischen Beobachtungen, die auf massive metabolische Störungen im Zusammenhang mit der akutenEperythrozoon (E.) suis‐Infektion hinweisen, wurden in venösem Blut die Parameter des Säure‐Basen‐Haushaltes (pO2, pCO2, pH, aktuelles Bikarbonat, Standard‐Bikarbonat, Basenabweichung) sowie der Glucose‐, Lactat‐ und Pyruvatgehalt im Verlauf des eperythrozoonotischen Anfalls bestimmt. Beiin vitro‐Untersuchungen wurde der Glucoseverbrauch bei unterschiedlicher Erregerzahl geprüft.

Die akuteE. suis‐Infektion geht mit einer schweren Blutazidose und einer Hypoglykämie einher. Diein vitro‐Untersuchungen zeigen, daß inE. suis‐behaftetem Blut ein rascher Glucoseabbau erfolgt. In entsprechend behandeltem Kontrollblut war im Vergleichszeitraum keine nennenswerte Reduzierung der Glucosekonzentration feststellbar. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daßE. suiszu einem eigenständigen Glucoseabbau in der Lage ist. Als Ursachen der Azidose werden sowohl der Anstieg der Lactatkonzentration (metabolische Komponente) als auch eine Störung des pulmonalen Gasaustausches (respiratorische Komponente) angesehen.
Untersuchung von Rindern mit respiratorischen Erkrankungen auf Mykoplasmen und bakterielle Bronchopneumonieerreger
Authors: Binder A. , Amtsberg G. , Dose S. , Fischer W. , Scholz H. , Kirchhoff H.
Published: May 2010

Isolation of mycoplasmas and bacteria from cattle with respiratory diseases

A total of 247 mycoplasma strains was isolated from 435 lungs, tracheobronchial secretions and nasal swabs originating from cattle with symptoms of bronchopneumonia. Mycoplasma (M.) bovis was found 89 times (36 %) and was the most common mycoplasma species in the lungs. M. bovirhinis, M. bovigenitalium, M. spec. and Acholeplasma (A.) laidlawii were isolated 158 times (64 %). Among these mycoplasmas M. bovirhinis was the most widespread species (114 isolations). In 55 cases (62 %) M. bovis was associated with Pasteurella or Actinomyces (A.) pyogenes. The other mycoplasma species were found in 67 cases (42 %) together with these bacteria. Without mycoplasmas Pasteurella and A. pyogenes occurred in 33 of the probes investigated (21 %). Beside mycoplasmas Haemophilus (H.) somnus was isolated from 16 of 162 tracheobronchial secretions investigated. The results confirm earlier suppositions that in most of the cases bronchopneumonia of cattle is a multifactorial event, frequently associated with mycoplasmas — especially M. bovis.

Aus 435 Lungenproben, Tracheobronchialsekreten und Nasentupfern von Rindern mit den Symptomen einer Bronchopneumonie konnten insgesamt 247 Mykoplasmenstämme angezüchtet werden. Mycoplasma (M.) bovis wurde 89mal (36 %) isoliert und war in den Lungenproben die am häufigsten nachgewiesene Mykoplasmenart. M. bovirhinis, M. bovigenitalium, M. spec. und Acholeplasma (A.) laidlawii wurden 158mal (64 %) gefunden. Unter diesen Mykoplasmen war M. bovirhinismit 114 Isolierungen am stärksten vertreten. Bei 62 % der M. bovis‐positiven Rinder wurden auch Pasteurellen oder Actinomyces (A.) pyogenes nachgewiesen. Die anderen Mykoplasmenarten kamen zu 42 % zusammen mit diesen Bakterien vor. Nur 33 Proben (21 %), von denen Pasteurellen oder A. pyogenes isoliert wurden, waren mykoplasmenfrei. Aus 16 von 162 diesbezüglich untersuchten Tracheobronchialsekreten wurde neben Mykoplasmen Haemophilus (H.) somnus angezüchtet. Die Untersuchungen bestätigen frühere Vermutungen, daß die meisten Bronchopneumonien der Rinder multifaktorielle Erkrankungen darstellen, an denen häufig auch Mykoplasmen — insbesondere M. bovis — beteiligt sind.
Comparative Evaluation of the Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test and Two Commercial ELISA Kits for the Serodiagnosis of Equine Infectious Anemia1
Authors: Bürki F. , Rossmanith Eva
Published: May 2010

Selected sets of serum samples of horses were tested blindly in a comparative investigation for antibodies against Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) virus. Three commercial kits were used, a wellestablished agar‐gel immuno‐diffusion kit which our laboratory has been using routinely for 14 years on one hand, a competitive ELISA kit (CELISA) and a non‐competitive ELISA kit on the other hand. The American EIA Reference Laboratory in Ames cotested 56 serum samples with the same 3 products, with highest‐level correlation, thereby ascertaining full dependability of our own results. Five EIA experts supplied us critically weak or doubtfully reacting serum samples of experimentally infected horses together with their own test results, by necessity limited to the then available AGID in most instances. A high degree of correlation was found between our and their AGID results. In our own laboratory good correlation was found between the AGID test and one lot of the CELISA product. Time of seroconversion was coincident in some experimentally infected horses, partly AGID, partly CELISA proved more sensitive. Another lot of the CELISA product deteriorated completely long before the warranted validity, an unpleasant finding experienced by many other laboratories alike. The non‐competitive ELISA product showed unacceptable inter‐lot differences, oscillation between positive and negative results on consecutive samples of one and the same horse, never reacted with the weak positive International Reference Serum, and one lot deteriorated well beyond its expiration date. We discuss our results with the background: high sensitivity versus false‐positive horses and advocate to maintain at their present sensitivity levels the AGID and the CELISA tests and not to push them further, as would be technically possible.
Long‐term Cryopreservation, Infectivity and Characterisation of Oesophagostomum dentatum
Authors: Berghen P. , Dorny P. , Vercruysse J. , Hilderson H.
Published: May 2010

The successful cryopreservation for 6 years of infective larvae of a pure strain of Oesophagostomum dentatum is described. Changes in the characteristics of the isolate in comparison with the original strain could not be demonstrated.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die paraspezifische Immunstimulierung (Paramunisierung) durch Bakterienlysate in bakteriellen Infektionsmodellen und im Cytotoxizitätstest
Authors: Wieler L. , Baljer G. , Büttner M. , Adler J. , Mayr A.
Published: May 2010

Experimental Studies Comparing the Immunostimulating (Paramunizing) Effect of Bacterial Lysates in Bacterial Infection Models With the Chromium 51 Test Demonstrating Spontaneous (Natural) Cytotoxicity

Bacterial lysates of different bacterial strains (E. coli, B. bronchiseptica, P. haemolytica) were prepared by heating, acid‐ and alcaline‐hydrolysis. Lysates were tested for their immunostimulating effect in bacterial infection models and with chromium 51 test demonstrating spontaneous (natural) cytotoxicity.

Lysate production was standardized by protein‐ and Lps‐determination. The alcaline‐hydrolysis reduced toxicity of Lps and increased the content of soluble bacterial protein. Heating and acid‐hydrolysis did not alter bacterial suspensions with respect to Lps‐toxicity and protein‐content.

Mice infected with P. aeruginosa, P. multocida, E. coli and L. monozytogenes (5–10 LD50) had a significantly longer survival time after prophylactic immunostimulation with bacterial lysates than control animals. No protection was observed in immunostimulated mice infected with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

In the Pseudomonas infection model, bacterial lysates prepared by alcaline‐hydrolysis had a 10 times higher immunostimulating effect than lysates prepared by acid‐hydrolysis or heating.

Bacterial lysates stimulated spontaneous cytotoxicity of natural mouse peritoneal killer cells after intraperitoneal application. Whole bacterial lysates had a higher NK‐activity as their corresponding purified lipopolysaccharide portion.

Mit Hitze, Säure oder Lauge inaktivierte Keimsuspensionen verschiedener Bakterien (E. coli, B. bronchiseptica, P. haemolytica) wurden in bakteriellen Infektionsmodellen und im Cytotoxizitätstest auf ihre immunmodulierenden Wirkungen bei der Maus getestet. Die Standardisierung der verschiedenen Präparate erfolgte mittels Protein‐ und LPS‐Bestimmung.

Die alkalische Hydrolyse reduzierte im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Ausgangssuspension die Toxizität des Lipopolysaccharids und führte zur Freisetzung von bakteriellem Protein. Erhitzung oder saure Hydrolyse hatten keine meßbaren Veränderungen im Protein‐ oder LPS‐Gehalt der Keimsuspensionen zur Folge.

Die bakteriellen Präparate erhöhten nach prophylaktischer intraperitonealer Applikation (24 h ante infect.) die Überlebensrate der Mäuse gegen Belastungsinfektionen mit P. aeruginosa‐, P. multocida‐, E. coli‐ und L. monozytogenes‐Keimen. Unwirksam blieben die Präparate im Rotlaufmodell.

Das durch alkalische Hydrolyse hergestellte Präparat erzielte 10fach mehr Wirkungseinheiten (5000 WE) im Pseudomonas‐Modell als das saure Hydrolysat oder das Hitzelysat. Im Cytotoxizitätstest waren keine Wirksamkeitsunterschiede festzustellen. Grundsätzlich hatte das „Gesamtpräparat” eine stärkere Wirkung als der phenolextrahierte Lipopolysaccharidanteil.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Schleimhautexstirpaten von Kaninchen nachin vitro‐Kontakt mitPasteurella multocida subsp. multocida‐Stämmen
Authors: Bötcher L. , Grund S. , Hellmann E.
Published: May 2010

Electron microscopic investigations of mucosal exstirpates afterin vitrocontact withPasteurella multocida subsp. multocidastrains

In vitroexperiments of adhesion and colonisation of mucosal surface fragments (nose, trachea) from freshly killed rabbits with four strains ofPasteurella multocida subsp. multocidawith different types of capsule antigen (A, D, without capsule) showed the following results: Above all the capsule serovar A strain, producing a capsule of hyaluronic acid and fimbria, were able to adhere and to form microcolonies on the mucosal surface. Microvilli of epithelial cells and mucus producing cells were recognized as the place of adhesion. The formation of microcolonies occurred with a destruction of the kinocilia, which was caused by a bacteriafree culture filtrate as well.

Invitro‐Adhärenz‐ und Kolonisationsversuche mit 4Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida‐Stämmen verschiedener Kapseltypen (A, D, kapsellos) an Schleimhautexstirpaten (Nase, Trachea) frisch getöteter Kaninchen führten zu folgenden Resultaten: Vor allem der eine Hyaluronsäure‐Kapsel ausbildende Stamm des Kapseltyps A, bei dem Fimbrien nachzuweisen sind, ließ eine eindeutige Fähigkeit zur Anheftung und zur Ausbildung von Mikrokolonien erkennen. Als Ort der Anheftung waren Mikrovilli und schleimproduzierende Zellen zu erkennen. Die Mikrokoloniebildung ging mit einer Zerstörung der Kinocilien einher, die auch durch bakterienfreies Kulturfiltrat hervorgerufen wurde.
Aujeszky's Disease in a Horse
Authors: van den Ingh T. S. G. A. M. , Binkhorst G. J. , Kimman T. G. , Vreeswijk J. , Pol J. M. A. , van Oirschot J. T.
Published: May 2010

A horse with neurological signs and severe meningoencephalitis caused by Aujeszky's disease is described. The diagnosis was established by immunohistochemistry, DNA‐in situ hybridization and serological tests. Aujeszky's disease virus antigen and Aujeszky's disease viral DNA were detected in neurons of the cerebrum. In the serum of the horse antibodies against Aujeszky's disease virus were detected in a virus neutralization test, in a blocking ELISA which specifically detects antibodies against the glycoprotein I (gI) of the virus, in an indirect double sandwich ELISA and with colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy which detects antibodies directed against the envelope and nucleocapsid of the virus.

Intranasal infection of two ponies with a high dose of Aujeszky's disease virus caused very mild and transient signs. Although the experimental infection induced virus neutralizing antibodies, it failed to induce gI specific antibodies.
Untersuchungen über die Genese des permanenten Wachstums der Schnabelwarzen bei einer Warzentaubenart
Authors: Fritzsche K. , Müller H. , Weiss E.
Published: May 2010

Variation in size of warts located on the beak of wattle‐pigeons represents a dominant trait of this breed. Excessive growth to extraordinary size in two breeds (barbs and carriers), in addition to a large beak, can cause losses due to the inability of the parents to feed the offspring properly. In older birds, respiration is impeded and the field of vision is limited. This permanent growth in barbs and carriers could not be attributed neither to an infection with papovaviruses, nor to the overexpression of the retroviral c‐src‐protooncogen. This finding, in conjunction with the genetic analysis, underlines that this prominent trait is genetically determined.

Unterschiedlich stark ausgebildete Schnabelwarzen stellen ein dominantes Rassemerkmal von Warzentauben dar. Starke Warzenbildung bei zwei Rassen kann, zusammen mit der enormen Schnabelsubstanz, zu Aufzuchtverlusten durch das Unvermögen der Elterntiere zu ausreichender Anfütterung der Jungtiere führen. Bei älteren Tieren behindert sie die Atmung und schränkt das Gesichtsfeld ein. Als Ursache des permanenten Wachstums der Schnabelwarzen bei Indianertauben konnte weder eine Infektion mit Papovaviren nachgewiesen werden, noch ist mit diesen Proliferationen eine verstärkte Expression des retroviralen c‐src‐Protoonkogens verbunden. Dies unterstreicht, zusammen mit dem Erbgang, daß dieses Rassemerkmal genetisch determiniert ist.
Trials with an Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the Diagnosis of Subclinical Genital Infections in Rams Caused byHistophilus ovisandActinobacillus seminis
Authors: Tekes L. , Hajtós I.
Published: May 2010

The performance of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated in the serological diagnosis of subclinical genital infection in 6 naturally infected ram flocks and 2 experimentally infected ram hoggets. The test employs lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen prepared by autoclaving fromActinobacillus seminisandHistophilus ovis. A total of 193 sheep (118 unmated virgin rams and 75 mature breeding rams) were examined clinically, serologically (by ELISA) and bacteriologically (semen bacteriology) at the same time. Serum samples from all animals were also tested by an ELISA employing LPS antigen prepared fromBrucella ovisin the same way.

Shedding ofA. seminisandH. ovisdid not show close correlation with serological positivity (Table 1), as only 9 (15.0%) out of the 60A. seminisshedders were ELISA seropositive at the same time. As regardsH. ovisonly 10 (19.2 %) out of the 52H. ovisshedders were ELISA seropositive at the same time.

The results indicate that, when used alone, the ELISA employing LPS antigen is unsuitable for diagnosing subclinical genital infection caused byH. ovisandA. seminisin rams.

The authors discussed shortly the employing fields of this ELISA test in the diagnostic work.
Complement‐Dependence of Polymorphonuclear Yeast Cell Phagocytosis: A comparison between Man and Various Domestic Animals*
Authors: Reifenberg K. , Stahl M. , Lösch U.
Published: May 2010

The complement‐dependence of polymorphonuclear yeast cell phagocytosis of sheep, goat, cattle, horse, dog, pig and man is determined by comparing the opsonizing abilities of untreated sera with complement‐inactivated autologous sera at a serum concentration of 2.5 % and at different phagocytosis periods. The performed phagocytosis assays only detects incorporated particles and allows for the differentiation of granulocytes with different quantities of phagocytosed particles.

In sheep, horse and man the addition of heat‐inactivated serum reduces the phagocytosis index to less than −80% of the value obtained at untreated serum addition at a phagocytosis period of 60 min. The other species show a smaller reduction ranging from −66.9% (dog) to −41.4% (cattle).

The evaluation of the distribution pattern of granulocytes incorporating a certain number of yeasts offers significant differences in the investigated species.

Komplementabhängigkeit der Hefezell‐Phagozytose polymorphnukleärer Leukozyten: Vergleichende Untersuchungen am Menschen und an verschiedenen Haustieren

Die Komplementabhängigkeit der Hefezell‐Phagozytose durch polymorphnukleäre Leukozyten von Schaf, Ziege, Rind, Pferd, Hund, Schwein und vom Menschen wird durch den Vergleich der opsonisierenden Fähigkeiten unbehandelten Serums mit Komplement‐inaktiviertem autologen Serum bestimmt ‐ bei einer Serumkonzentration von 2,5 % und unterschiedlich langen Inkubationszeiten. Der vorgestellte Phagozytose‐Test erfaßt nur inkorporierte Partikel und läßt die sichere Differenzierung von Granulozyten mit unterschiedlicher Anzahl phagozytierter Partikel zu.

Beim Schaf, Pferd und beim Menschen verringert der Zusatz hitzeinaktivierten Serums den Phagozytose‐Index auf weniger als −80% des Kontrollwertes mit unbehandeltem Serum (Inkubationszeit: 60 Minuten). Die anderen Spezies zeigen eine weniger starke Herabsetzung von −66,9 % (Hund) bis −41,4% (Rind).

Die Bewertung des Verteilungsmusters von Granulozyten, die eine bestimmte Anzahl von Hefepartikeln inkorporieren, zeigt signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den untersuchten Arten auf.
The Role of Intestinal Volatile Fatty Acids in the Salmonella Shedding of Pigs
Authors: Prohászka L. , Jayarao B. M. , Fábián Á. , Kovács S.
Published: May 2010

Factors affecting colonization of the intestinal tract by salmonellas were studied in two pig herds. In herd H 18 % of the faecal samples taken from live pigs and 30 % of the colon content samples collected at slaughter contained salmonellas. In contrast, the 50 faecal samples taken from pigs of herd L were negative and only 2 % of the colon contents collected at the slaughterhouse yielded salmonellas.

An antibacterial effect inhibiting salmonella multiplication was demonstrable in vitro in colon contents from pigs of herd L. No such effect was found to exist in samples taken from pigs of herd H.

The antibacterial effect is due to the non‐dissociated volatile fatty acid (VFA) molecules present in the colon content. As the degree of VFA dissociation depends on the pH of the environment, at lower pH values (pH 6.1 ± 0.2) of the colon contents from herd L the ratio of non‐dissociated VFA molecules is higher and the resulting antibacterial effect is stronger than in samples from herd H (pH 7.1 ± 0.3).
Serum Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Cattle Naturally Infected with Bovine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Gatei M. H. , Lavin M. F. , Daniel R. C. W.
Published: May 2010

In order to elucidate whether natural infection of BLV in cattle might induce humoral immunological responses, changes in IgG1, IgG2and IgM concentrations in the sera of infected cattle were determined. Twelve BLV‐infected cattle were used. Cattle of different breeds were classified serologically and haematologically into BLV+PL+, BLV+PL−and BLV‐free groups. Ig concentrations in the sera of the three groups were quantitated using a commercial single radial immunodiffusion assay. The findings were compared to those of BLV‐free cattle. The serum IgM concentrations were significantly lower in cattle with PL (P< 0.001) than in BLV+PL−and BLV‐free cattle. The IgM concentrations tended to be lower in BLV+PL−than those of BLV‐free cattle. There were no significant differences in IgG1and IgG2serum concentrations between the three experimental cattle groups. IgG1was the predominant subtype in the sera of all cattle groups.
Serological Reactions of Leptospirosis‐Positive (MAR and CFT) Bovine Sera in ELISA
Authors: Staak C. , Mekaprateep M. , Kämpe U. , Schönberg A.
Published: May 2010

The collection of test sera for measuring ELISA results was composed of bovine sera with MAT titres of ≥ 1 : 200 in the leptospirosis MAT and of ≥ 1 : 5 in the CFT together with sera from a serologically negative and clinically non‐suspicious cattle herd. To establish cut‐off ODs, the geometric mean net‐extinction of the negative serum collection plus 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations were calculated. By comparison of 3 different conjugates from rabbits, it was demonstrated that results from anti‐total bovine Ig were supeŕior to anti‐IgG and anti‐IgM conjugates. Considerations regarding sensitivity and specificity led to the recommendation to use a test serum dilution of 1 : 160, to apply anti‐total bovine Ig conjugates, and to establish the cut‐off OD at the geometric mean netextinction of negative sera plus 3 standard deviations. Under such conditions, agreement between leptospirosis MAT/CFT positivity on the one side and ELISA positivity on the other was reached in 74%.

This recommendation is made for cross‐sectional studies but not for examinations of clinically suspicious cattle herds.
Comparison of Six Different Regimens for the Control of Atrophic Rhinitis in Swine
Authors: Pejsak Z. , Hogg A. , Wasińska B. , Foreman K.
Published: May 2010

Effectiveness of six different programs of atrophic rhinitis (AR) control was evaluated under field conditions. Efficacy of treatments was recognized on the basis of — comparative evaluation of the average daily gain (ADG), morphometric examination of turbinate bones and computer conchal morphometry (TPR). Usefulness of the evaluated regimes differed significantly. TPR appeared to be the most objective method for AR evaluation. Correlation between severity of turbinate atrophy and ADG was only partial.
Inflammatory Reactions in the Teat and Udder of the Dry Cow
Authors: Persson K.
Published: May 2010

The inflammatory reactions in the teat and udder of the dry cow were studied by total and differential somatic cell counts (SCC) and by measuring bovine serum albumin, N‐acetyl‐ß‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAGase), plasminogen and plasmin. The teat and udder cisterns were surgically separated from each other in two udder quarters of each cow. Salmonella endotoxin was infused in one teat cistern and one udder quarter, and saline was infused in one teat cistern and one udder quarter. The inflammatory response was followed by several samplings post infusion.

The reactions in the dry udder quarters were mainly in line with the results of similar studies in lactating glands. The differential SCC and the NAGase results were, however, somewhat different.

The teats were capable of a strong inflammatory response. Reactions different from those seen in the glands were observed with regard to permeability changes and NAGase. The experimental model used showed promising results and is suitable for further studies of the inflammatory process.
Production of Interleukin 2 and Expression of Interleukin 2 Receptors by Pony Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes after Stimulation with a Soluble Fraction of Trypanosoma evansi
Authors: Ahmed J. S. , Schmid G. , Hörchner F.
Published: May 2010

Pony peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were stimulated with a soluble fraction of Trypanosoma (T.) evansi (SF). As determined by 3H‐thymidine incorporation, the cells underwent a proliferative response and were able to:

a) produce a factor having the biological activities of interleukin 2 (IL‐2) since their supernatants could support the in vitro growth of pony PBL stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A‐blasts);

b) undergo a further proliferative response when incubated in short term cultures with SF, human recombinant IL‐2 (hrIL‐2), or both

c) bind specifically radiolabelled hrIL‐2 (125I‐hrIL‐2).

The date described here indicate that a soluble fraction of T. evansi stimulated pony PBL which subsequently produced IL‐2 and expressed IL‐2 receptors (IL‐2R).