bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional role of AMP‐activated protein kinase in the heart during exercise
Authors: Musi Nicolas , Hirshman Michael F. , Arad Michael , Xing Yanqiu , Fujii Nobuharu , Pomerleau Jason , Ahmad Ferhaan , Berul Charles I. , Seidman Jon G. , Tian Rong , Goodyear Laurie J.
Published: March 2005

AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a critical role in maintaining energy homeostasis and cardiac function during ischemia in the heart. However, the functional role of AMPK in the heart during exercise is unknown. We examined whether acute exercise increases AMPK activity in mouse hearts and determined the significance of these increases by studying transgenic (TG) mice expressing a cardiac‐specific dominant‐negative (inactivating) AMPKα2 subunit. Exercise increased cardiac AMPKα2 activity in the wild type mice but not in TG. We found that inactivation of AMPK did not result in abnormal ATP and glycogen consumption during exercise, cardiac function assessed by heart rhythm telemetry and stress echocardiography, or in maximal exercise capacity.
Targeting protein homodimerization: A novel drug discovery system
Authors: Furuta Eiji , Yamamoto Kaneyoshi , Tatebe Daisuke , Watabe Kounosuke , Kitayama Takashi , Utsumi Ryutaro
Published: March 2005

To identify a novel class of antibiotics, we have developed a high‐throughput genetic system for targeting the homodimerization (HD system) of histidine kinase (HK), which is essential for a bacterial signal transduction system (two‐component system, TCS). By using the HD system, we screened a chemical library and identified a compound, I‐8‐15 (1‐dodecyl‐2‐isopropylimidazole), that specifically inhibited the dimerization of HK encoded by the YycG gene of Staphylococcus aureus and induced concomitant bacterial cell death. I‐8‐15 also showed antibacterial activity against MRSA (methicillin‐resistant S. aureus) and VRE (vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis) with MICs at 25 and 50 μg/ml, respectively.
BLG‐e1 – A novel regulatory element in the distal region of the β‐lactoglobulin gene promoter
Authors: Reichenstein Moshe , German Tania , Barash Itamar
Published: March 2005

β‐Lactoglobulin (BLG) is a major ruminant milk protein. A regulatory element, termed BLG‐e1, was defined in the distal region of the ovine BLG gene promoter. This 299‐bp element lacks the established cis‐regulatory sequences that affect milk‐protein gene expression. Nevertheless, it alters the binding of downstream BLG sequences to histone H4 and the sensitivity of the histone–DNA complexes to trichostatin A treatment. In mammary cells cultured under favorable lactogenic conditions, BLG‐e1 acts as a potent, position‐independent silencer of BLG/luciferase expression, and similarly affects the promoter activity of the mouse whey acidic protein gene. Intragenic sequences upstream of BLG exon 2 reverse the silencing effect of BLG‐e1 in vitro and in transgenic mice.
Achieving competitive advantage through implementing a replicable management standard: Installing and using ISO 9000
Authors: Naveh Eitan , Marcus Alfred
Published: March 2005

This paper investigates the effects of implementing the international standard ISO 9000 on measures of business and operating performance. Based on the literature and a case study we identified two stages in implementing ISO 9000—(1)Installation, which has two dimensions: (a) external coordination and (b) integration; and (2)Usage, which also has two dimensions: (a) in daily practice and (b) as a catalyst for change. The hypotheses were that installation of ISO 9000 is positively related to use of ISO 9000, and use of ISO 9000 is positively related to operating performance. In addition, use of ISO 9000 is positively related to business performance since operating performance is positively related to business performance. We used hierarchical linear models (HLM) to test our hypotheses and validated the results by comparing the longitudinal performance of ISO 9000 certified companies with four matched samples of companies that were not ISO 9000 certified. Our analysis indicated that while the installation stage was necessary to successfully implement ISO 9000, organizations achieved a distinct operating advantage from this replicable standard when they used it in daily practice and as a catalyst for change. These findings were based on responses to a survey of 1150 quality managers in 924 organizations, which was supplemented for about one‐third of the organizations with longitudinal information from the Compustat database on the organizations’ business and operating performance. The validation indicated that implementing the ISO 9000 standard led to improved operating performance, but that this outcome did not necessarily or automatically yield better business performance.
Statistical distributions of ice core sulfate from climatically relevant volcanic eruptions
Authors: Naveau P. , Ammann C. M.
Published: March 2005

Quantitative knowledge of external climate forcing is required for accurately attributing past climatic changes. Information on volcanic activity over the past millennium has primarily been drawn from high‐latitude ice cores. A few large events with distinct signatures in the ice are well known and they are commonly used as marker events to synchronize time scales in individual ice cores. Over the past decade different efforts have been undertaken to systematically identify lesser known eruptions and to develop time series of past volcanic forcing. Here we mathematically quantify the distribution of the magnitude of volcanic events that have a climatic relevance during the past millennium. Volcanic sulfate magnitudes of such events clearly exhibit a “heavy tailed” extreme value distribution. Indeed, the climatically relevant eruptions are only the extremes of global volcanic activity. This characterization of volcanic amplitude is a fundamental step in detection and attribution studies of past natural forcing and of its effects on climate.
Long‐term variability of Arctic Ocean waters: Evidence from a reanalysis of the EWG data set
Authors: Swift J. H. , Aagaard K. , Timokhov L. , Nikiforov E. G.
Published: March 2005

We have examined interannual to decadal variability of water properties in the Arctic Ocean using an enhanced version of the 1948–1993 data released earlier under the Gore‐Chernomyrdin environmental bilateral agreement. That earlier data set utilized gridded fields with decadal time resolution, whereas we have developed a data set with annual resolution. We find that beginning about 1976, most of the upper Arctic Ocean became significantly saltier, possibly related to thinning of the arctic ice cover. There are also indications that a more local upper ocean salinity increase in the Eurasian Basin about 1989 may not have originated on the shelf, as had been suggested earlier. In addition to the now well‐established warming of the Atlantic layer during the early 1990s, there was a similar cyclonically propagating warm event during the 1950s. More remarkable, however, was a pervasive Atlantic layer warming throughout most of the Arctic Ocean from 1964–1969, possibly related to reduced vertical heat loss associated with increased upper ocean stratification. A cold period prevailed during most of the 1970s and 1980s, with several very cold events appearing to originate near the Kara and Laptev shelves. Finally, we find that the silicate maximum in the central Arctic Ocean halocline eroded abruptly in the mid‐1980s, demonstrating that the redistribution of Pacific waters and the warming of the Atlantic layer reported from other observations during the 1990s were distinct events separated in time by perhaps 5 years. We have made the entire data set publicly available.
Principal bed states during SandyDuck97: Occurrence, spectral anisotropy, and the bed state storm cycle
Authors: Hay Alex E. , Mudge Todd
Published: March 2005

Results are presented from 70+ days of nearly continuous in situ acoustic imagery of the nearshore sandy seabed in ∼3‐m mean water depth, at two locations separated by 40‐m cross‐shore distance. The bottom sediments were 150 μm median diameter sand, with nearly identical size distributions at the two locations. Five principal bed states were observed: irregular ripples, cross ripples, linear transition ripples, lunate megaripples, and flat bed. The linear transition and flat bed states were the most frequent, together accounting for 68% of the total time. Bed state occurrence was a strong function of incident wave energy, each bed state occurring within a relatively narrow range of sea‐and‐swell energies. During the 12 major storm events spanned by the record, the bed response was characterized by a repeatable bed state storm cycle, involving four of the five principal states (lunate megaripples did not appear repeatedly, and thus may be a special case), with no obvious dependence of bed state occurrence on prior bed state, or on third‐moment measures of wave nonlinearity. Radial spectra from the rotary acoustic images indicate pronounced differences in the anisotropy of spatial scales for the different bed states, and exhibit onshore‐offshore differences which are likely related to ripple migration.
Quasiclassical trajectory calculations on the photodissociation of CF2CHCl at 193nm: Product energy distributions for the HF and HCl eliminations
Authors: Martínez-Núñez Emilio , Vázquez Saulo
Published: March 2005

Quasiclassical trajectory calculations were carried out to determine product energy distributions for the HCl and HF eliminations that take place in the photodissociation of 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene at 193nm. The trajectories were initiated at the transition states of the HCl and HF elimination channels under microcanonical, quasiclassical conditions, and were propagated with the energies and gradients taken directly from density functional theory calculations. Good agreement with experiment is found, except for the translational energy distribution of the HF elimination channel and the average vibrational energy of the HCl fragment. Possible sources of disagreement are discussed.
Thermodynamic functions of water and ice confined to 2nm radius pores
Authors: Tombari E. , Salvetti G. , Ferrari C. , Johari G. P.
Published: March 2005

The heat capacity Cp of the liquid state of water confined to 2nm radius pores in Vycor glass was measured by temperature modulation calorimetry in the temperature range of 253–360K, with an accuracy of 0.5%. On nanoconfinement, Cp of water increases, and the broad minimum in the Cp against T plot shifts to higher temperature. The increase in the Cp of water is attributed to an increase in the phonon and configurational contributions. The apparent heat capacity of the liquid and partially frozen state of confined water was measured by temperature scanning calorimetry in the range of 240–280K with an accuracy of 2%, both on cooling or heating at 6Kh−1 rate. The enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of nanoconfined liquid water have been determined. The apparent heat capacity remains higher than that of bulk ice at 240K and it is concluded that freezing is incomplete at 240K. This is attributed to the intergranular-water-ice equilibrium in the pores. The nanoconfined sample melts over a 240–268K range. For 9.6wt% nanoconfined water concentration (∼50% of the maximum filling) at 280K, the enthalpy of water is 81.6% of the bulk water value and the entropy is 88.5%. For 21.1wt% (100% filling) the corresponding values are 90.7% and 95.0%. The enthalpy decrease on nanoconfinement is a reflection of the change in the H-bonded structure of water. The use of the Gibbs–Thomson equation for analyzing the data has been discussed and it is found that a distribution of pore size does not entirely explain our results.
Hydrostatic pressure dependence of charge carrier transport in single-crystal rubrene devices
Authors: Rang Zhenlin , Nathan Marshall I. , Ruden P. Paul , Podzorov Vitaly , Gershenson Michael E. , Newman Christopher R. , Frisbie C. Daniel
Published: March 2005

Hydrostatic pressure was applied to single-crystal rubrene photoconductors and p channel field-effect transistors. Under illumination from a GaInN light-emitting diode, we observed linear increases in photoconductivity, by up to a factor of 2.1 at 0.43 GPa. We also measured increases in the drain current of the single-crystal rubrene organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with increasing pressure up to 0.52 GPa. Analyzing the transfer characteristics of the OFETs, we extracted the pressure dependence of the field-effect hole mobility. The different OFETs examined showed similar hole mobility increase ratios with pressure, although their atmospheric pressure mobilities varied by more than a factor of two. Threshold voltages shifts with pressure were small. All results were reversible, i.e., the measured currents returned to their atmospheric pressure values upon release of pressure unless complete device failure occurred at the highest pressure.
Simple scheme for rapid three-dimensional orientation determination of the emission dipole of single molecules
Authors: Hohlbein Johannes , Hübner Christian G.
Published: March 2005

One of the unique features of single molecule absorption and emission is their anisotropy due to the well-defined transition dipole(s) for both processes allowing the determination of the molecule’s orientation. While polarization-resolved techniques are usually capable of detecting only a projection of the transition dipole, several methods have been proposed in order to determine the full three-dimensional orientation. Here, we report on a detection scheme that allows for a shot-noise limited determination of the emission dipole orientation utilizing an annular mirror, a polarizing beam splitter in conjunction with three detectors in a scanning confocal optical microscope.
Spliceosomal introns in the deep-branching eukaryote
Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Vaňáčová Štěpánka , Yan Weihong , Carlton Jane M. , Johnson Patricia J.
Published: March 2005

Eukaryotes have evolved elaborate splicing mechanisms to remove introns that would otherwise destroy the protein-coding capacity of genes. Nuclear premRNA splicing requires sequence motifs in the intron and is mediated by a ribonucleoprotein complex, the spliceosome. Here we demonstrate the presence of a splicing apparatus in the protist
Trichomonas vaginalis
and show that RNA motifs found in yeast and metazoan introns are required for splicing. We also describe the first introns in this deep-branching lineage. The positions of these introns are often conserved in orthologous genes, indicating they were present in a common ancestor of trichomonads, yeast, and metazoa. All examined
T. vaginalis
introns have a highly conserved 12-nt 3′ splice-site motif that encompasses the branch point and is necessary for splicing. This motif is also found in the only described intron in a gene from another deep-branching eukaryote,
Giardia intestinalis
. These studies demonstrate the conservation of intron splicing signals across large evolutionary distances, reveal unexpected motif conservation in deep-branching lineages that suggest a simplified mechanism of splicing in primitive unicellular eukaryotes, and support the presence of introns in the earliest eukaryote.
Converting Women
Authors: Kent Eliza F.
Published: March 2005

This book explores the conversion of Indians to Protestant Christianity in the 19th century. It is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on the social, religious, ideological, and historical backgrounds of south Indian, Tamil-speaking converts, and the British and American missionaries who endeavored to convert them to Christianity. Part II examines how Tamil Christian women engaged with 19th century American and European gender categories.
Conclusion: Indian Christianity and Conversion
Authors: Kent Eliza F.
Published: March 2005

This chapter summarizes the contributions made by this volume on the study of Indian Christianity. It highlights its place within the larger religious landscape in India, and what Indian Christianity can teach us about the broader issues in the comparative study of religion. It discusses religion in India, Indian Christianity, and the reconceptualization of the process of conversion.
Emotions in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy
Authors: Knuuttila Simo
Published: March 2005

The first part of the book covers the theories of the emotions of Plato and Aristotle and later ancient views from Stoicism to Neoplatonism (Ch. 1) and their reception and transformation by early Christian thinkers from Clement and Origen to Gregory of Nyssa, Cassian and Augustine (Ch. 2). The basic ancient alternatives were the compositional theories of Plato and Aristotle and their followers and the Stoic judgement theory. These were associated with different conceptions of philosophical therapy. Ancient theories were employed in early Christian discussions of sin, Christian love, mystical union, and other forms of spiritual experience. The most influential theological themes were the monastic idea of supernaturally caused feelings and Augustine's analysis of the relations between the emotions and the will.

The first part of Ch. 3 deals with the twelfth‐century reception of ancient themes through monastic, theological, medical, and philosophical literature. The subject of the second part is the theory of emotions in Avicenna's faculty psychology, which, to a great extent, dominated the philosophical discussion of emotions in early thirteenth century. This approach was combined with Aristotelian ideas in later thirteenth century, particularly in Thomas Aquinas’ extensive taxonomical theory. The increasing interest in psychological voluntarism led many Franciscan authors to abandon the traditional view that emotions belong only to the lower psychosomatic level. John Duns Scotus, William Ockham and their followers argued that there are also emotions of the will. Chapter 4 is about these new issues introduced in early fourteenth‐century discussions, with some remarks on their influence on early modern thought.
CHAPTER 1 Emotions in Ancient Philosophy
Authors: Knuuttila Simo
Published: March 2005

The philosophical analysis of emotion was introduced by Plato and developed further by Aristotle. Plato's various ideas pertaining to feeling and emotion are dealt with in Sect. 1–3 and Aristotle's compositional theory of emotion (evaluative thought, feeling, behavioural suggestion, bodily change) in Sect, 4. The Stoic theory of emotions as judgements is discussed in Sect. 5, and the Stoic therapy aiming at freedom from the emotions (apatheia) in Sect. 6. In other later schools, the aim of the therapy was the control and moderation of emotions rather than their extirpation. Section 7 deals with the Epicurean therapy and Sect. 8 with the theories and therapeutic views of the Middle Platonists, Galen and Plotinus. The subject of the last section is the combination of ancient philosophical theories in Nemesius of Emesa's influential work On Human Nature.
CHAPTER 4 Emotions in Fourteenth‐Century Philosophy
Authors: Knuuttila Simo
Published: March 2005

Section 1 describes some psychological themes which were found interesting by many early fourteenth‐century thinkers, such as intuitive knowledge, self‐awareness, other reflexive acts, and voluntarism. Section 2 deals with the influential voluntarist theory of emotions in John Duns Scotus and William Ockham and their followers. As distinct from the received view, it was argued that there are also emotions of the will, such as the unpremeditated acts of complacence and dislike and non‐voluntarily felt pleasures or distresses. Adam Wodeham's discussion of the different views of emotions in Oxford in the 1320s is dealt with in Sect. 3, and some late medieval themes which influenced early modern theories in Sect. 4.
What is it not Like to be a Brain?
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: March 2005

It is argued that materialism, the thesis that facts about the mind are reducible without residue to facts about the brain, fails to do justice to the nature of physical phenomena. The symmetry of identity means that if C-fibre firing is just pain, then it can have no properties that pain does not have and cannot, therefore, have any of the objective properties not possessed by pain: it cannot be observable, symmetrically accessible, conceivable from many points of view, spatial, and subject-independent. From this it follows that classic type-identity materialism is false. It does not however follow that supervenience must be rejected, or irreducibly mental properties accepted: subjective mental states might reduce to something lacking the marks of full-blown objectivity; necessary connections between pain and C-fibre firing might exist even though the two cannot be identified.
Consciousness and Cosmology: Hyperdualism Ventilated
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: March 2005

This chapter takes the form of a dialogue between two world-views: a standard view, which sees consciousness evolving in a purely material universe, and an alternative, which regards the brain as a sort of interface between the world of spirit and the world of matter. The cosmological implication of the latter view is that there were originally two causally isolated universes, which were enabled to interact by the coming into existence by natural selection of the brain. This avoids the problem of emergence, the problem of explaining how consciousness could possibly emerge from matter. The advantages of this hyperdualism over standard dualism are proposed, and the objections to it that individuation in a non-spatial world is problematic and that the positing of a non-spatial world is ontologically extravagant is considered. The place of numbers and other abstracta in the non-material universe is discussed and the possibility that consciousness emerges from the abstract – abstract emergentism – is examined.
Light‐microscopy evaluation of zonular fiber morphology in dogs with glaucoma: secondary to lens displacement
Authors: Morris Rebecca A. , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: March 2005

Lens displacement resulting in secondary glaucoma is common in terrier breeds. This study was carried out to evaluate whether light microscopy was useful in detecting abnormal patterns in zonular fiber protein. Eyes from 63 dogs with glaucoma secondary to lens displacement were evaluated for the presence of abnormal zonular fiber morphology using the following stains: hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Masson's trichrome and Verhoeff's elastin stains. Two distinct forms of abnormal zonular fiber morphology were recognized and designated as zonular fiber dysplasia (ZFD) and zonular fiber collagenization (ZFC). ZFD protein morphology was characterized by being tightly adherent to the nonpigmented ciliary body epithelium, exhibiting a distinct lamellar and cross‐hatched pattern and staining strongly positive with PAS and trichrome stains, and staining negative with elastin stains. ZFD was predominant in terrier breeds (18 of 29) and Shar‐Pei dogs (4 of 29). ZFC abnormality was characterized by excessive zonular fiber that was not tightly adherent to the ciliary body epithelium and staining positive with PAS, trichrome (blue for collagen) and elastin stains. Only 7 of 19 dogs with ZFC changes were terrier breeds, and there was no pattern in the breeds affected. Fifteen of the 63 dogs used in the study had normal appearing zonular fibers. The staining pattern in these dogs matched normal controls by staining positive with PAS and Verhoeff's elastin stains and had only minimal positive staining with Masson's trichrome stain. Results suggest that light microscopy is useful in detecting breed‐related changes in zonular fiber morphology in cases of glaucoma secondary to lens displacement. These changes may correlate with the presence of abnormal zonular fiber proteins and might be important in the pathogenesis of primary lens displacement in terrier and Shar‐Pei dogs.
Optic nerve head neuroretinal rim blood flow differences in monkeys with laser‐induced glaucoma
Authors: Brooks D. E. , Kallberg M. E. , Komaromy A. M. , Ollivier F. J. , Lambrou G. N.
Published: March 2005

Introduction  The blood flow of the neuroretinal rim (NRR) of the optic nerve head (ONH) of the rhesus monkey with laser‐induced glaucoma was examined.

Methods  Argon laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork to induce elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was performed in one eye of nine normal male rhesus monkeys. The nasal and temporal NRR of the monkey ONH were examined by the Heidelberg retina tomograph/flowmeter (HRT/HRF) under neuromuscular blockade. A mixed effect analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences between eyes and between locations in the eyes.

Results  The average IOP in the hypertensive glaucoma and normal eyes was 34.8 ± 7.2 and 16.0 ± 1.9 mmHg, respectively. The HRT determined average overall cup to disc (C/D) area ratio in the glaucoma and normal eyes, which was 0.49 ± 0.28 and 0.22 ± 0.16, respectively. The mean temporal NRR HRF flow in the hypertensive eyes was significantly greater than in the normotensive eyes (P < 0.0001), than in the nasal NRR of the hypertensive eyes (P < 0.0001) and than in the nasal NRR of the normotensive eyes (P < 0.01). The mean nasal NRR HRF flow in the hypertensive eyes was significantly less than in the nasal NRR of the normotensive eyes (P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference between the mean HRF flow of the temporal and nasal NRR of the normotensive eyes. The elevated IOP positively influenced the flow values in the hypertensive eye (r = 0.724).

Conclusions  The capillary microcirculation of the temporal NRR of the rhesus monkey ONH with laser‐induced glaucoma has significantly increased blood flow, and the nasal NRR significantly reduced blood flow compared to blood flow in the NRR of normal normotensive monkey eyes.
An Active Flap Deployment System for Blade–Disturbance Interaction Alleviation
Authors: Nelson Carter T. , Rediniotis Othon K.
Published: March 2005

A new, actively deployable trailing edge flap system is introduced and an experimental investigation is undertaken to determine its effects on the disturbances created during blade–disturbance interactions (BDI), with blade–vortex interaction (BVI) alleviation being the ultimate objective. Experimental tests were conducted using a two-dimensional (2D) wind tunnel setup incorporating a pressure instrumented airfoil section with a deployable 20% trailing edge flap and an upstream vortex generator to produce the disturbance. Results of this study showed that the disturbances, caused by BDI events, to the pressure distribution over the airfoil occur mostly at the leading edge. Carefully synchronized deployment of the trailing edge flap during BDI events resulted in a reduction of this pressure disturbance. The aeroelastic response of the active flap was modeled via unsteady linear theory and the model was validated experimentally. The aeroelastic model shows good agreement with experimental results, which supports its use as a preliminary design tool for the actuation parameters of the active flap system.
An Evaluation of Impeller Blade Torque During an Impeller–Diffuser Interaction
Authors: Kaupert Kevin A.
Published: March 2005

An evaluation of the torque on an impeller blade interacting with a diffuser blade is presented. Comparisons of time averaged quantities are made between computed and measured results. The calculation of the impeller blade torque was based on the axial moment from fluid forces acting on a control volume surrounding an impeller blade passage. Unsteady flow field contributions were incorporated in the computational model. Results are compared to numerical predictions of the impeller blade torque based on pressure and shear stress terms integrated over the blade and wall surfaces. From the fluid forces perspective the major contribution to the time averaged impeller torque originated on the impeller inlet and outlet control surfaces. Contrarily the major contribution to the unsteady impeller torque originated in the unsteady flow field within the impeller control volume.
On the Grid Sensitivity of the Wall Boundary Condition of the k-ω Turbulence Model
Authors: Ec¸a L. , Hoekstra M.
Published: March 2005

This paper presents a study on the k-ω turbulence model with regard to the numerical implementation of the ω boundary condition at a solid wall, where ω tends to infinity. Three different implementations are tested in the calculation of a simple two-dimensional turbulent flow over a flat plate. Grid refinement studies in grids with different near-wall grid line spacings are performed to assess the numerical uncertainty of the predicted drag coefficient CD. The results are compared with the predictions of several alternative algebraic, one-equation, and two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models. For the same level of grid refinement, the estimated uncertainty of CD obtained with the k-ω model is one order of magnitude larger than for all the other models.
Modeling of Entropy Production in Turbulent Flows
Authors: Adeyinka O. B. , Naterer G. F.
Published: March 2005

This article presents new modeling of turbulence correlations in the entropy transport equation for viscous, incompressible flows. An explicit entropy equation of state is developed for gases with the ideal gas law, while entropy transport equations are derived for both gases and liquids. The formulation specifically considers incompressible forced convection problems without a buoyancy term in the y-momentum equation, as density variations are neglected. Reynolds averaging techniques are applied to the turbulence closure of fluctuating temperature and entropy fields. The problem of rigorously expressing the mean entropy production in terms of other mean flow quantities is addressed. The validity of the newly developed formulation is assessed using direct numerical simulation data and empirical relations for the friction factor. Also, the dissipation (ε) of turbulent kinetic energy is formulated in terms of the Second Law. In contrast to the conventional ε equation modeling, this article proposes an alternative method by utilizing both transport and positive definite forms of the entropy production equation.
Axisymmetric Stagnation-Point Flow and Heat Transfer of a Viscous Fluid on a Moving Cylinder With Time-Dependent Axial Velocity and Uniform Transpiration
Authors: Saleh R. , Rahimi A. B.
Published: March 2005

The unsteady viscous flow and heat transfer in the vicinity of an axisymmetric stagnation point of an infinite moving cylinder with time-dependent axial velocity and with uniform normal transpiration Uo are investigated. The impinging free stream is steady and with a constant strain rate k¯. An exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equations and energy equation is derived in this problem. A reduction of these equations is obtained by use of appropriate transformations for the most general case when the transpiration rate is also time-dependent but results are presented only for uniform values of this quantity. The general self-similar solution is obtained when the axial velocity of the cylinder and its wall temperature or its wall heat flux vary as specified time-dependent functions. In particular, the cylinder may move with constant speed, with exponentially increasing–decreasing axial velocity, with harmonically varying axial speed, or with accelerating–decelerating oscillatory axial speed. For self-similar flow, the surface temperature or its surface heat flux must have the same types of behavior as the cylinder motion. For completeness, sample semisimilar solutions of the unsteady Navier–Stokes and energy equations have been obtained numerically using a finite-difference scheme. Some of these solutions are presented for special cases when the time-dependent axial velocity of the cylinder is a step-function, and a ramp function. All the solutions above are presented for Reynolds numbers, Re=ka¯2/2υ, ranging from 0.1 to 100 for different values of dimensionless transpiration rate, S=Uo/ka¯, where a is cylinder radius and υ is kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Absolute value of the shear-stresses corresponding to all the cases increase with the increase of Reynolds number and suction rate. The maximum value of the shear- stress increases with increasing oscillation frequency and amplitude. An interesting result is obtained in which a cylinder moving with certain exponential axial velocity function at any particular value of Reynolds number and suction rate is axially stress-free. The heat transfer coefficient increases with the increasing suction rate, Reynolds number, Prandtl number, oscillation frequency and amplitude. Interesting means of cooling and heating processes of cylinder surface are obtained using different rates of transpiration. It is shown that a cylinder with certain type of exponential wall temperature exposed to a temperature difference has no heat transfer.
On-Line Adaptation of Grid-Based Look-up Tables Using a Fast Linear Regression Technique
Authors: Vogt Michael , Mu¨ller Norbert , Isermann Rolf
Published: March 2005

Advanced control systems require accurate process models, while processes are often both nonlinear and time variant. After introducing the identification of nonlinear processes with grid-based look-up tables, a new learning algorithm for on-line adaptation of look-up tables is proposed. Using a linear regression approach, this new adaptation algorithm considerably reduces the convergence time in relation to conventional gradient-based adaptation algorithms. An application example and experimental results are shown for the learning feedforward control of the ignition angle of a spark ignition engine.
Swirling Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow—Experiment and Modeling Part I: Swirling Flow Field
Authors: Gomez L. , Mohan R. , Shoham O.
Published: March 2005

Compact cyclonic separators are based on swirling flow, whereby the phases are separated due to the centrifugal forces generated by the flow. This phenomenon is common in several compact separators used by the oil, process, and aerospace industries. The objective of this paper is to study experimentally the hydrodynamics of the continuous liquid phase under swirling two-phase flow, such as that occurring in the lower part of the Gas–Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC©1) compact separator and develop a model to characterize it. Local LDV measurements for a swirling flow field have been analyzed and utilized to develop cyclone and pipe swirling flow field prediction correlations. The developed correlations, including the axial, tangential, and radial velocity distributions, have been tested and validated against data from other studies, showing good agreement. The velocity field correlations can be used to analyze swirling two-phase flow in cyclonic separators and pipes. In part II of this two-part paper, correlations are developed for the turbulent quantities, and core characteristics and stability for swirling two-phase flow.
Three-dimensional beam pattern of regular sperm whale clicks confirms bent-horn hypothesis
Authors: Zimmer Walter M. X. , Tyack Peter L. , Johnson Mark P. , Madsen Peter T.
Published: March 2005

The three-dimensional beam pattern of a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) tagged in the Ligurian Sea was derived using data on regular clicks from the tag and from hydrophones towed behind a ship circling the tagged whale. The tag defined the orientation of the whale, while sightings and beamformer data were used to locate the whale with respect to the ship. The existence of a narrow, forward-directed P1 beam with source levels exceeding 210 dBpeak re: 1 μPa at 1 m is confirmed. A modeled forward-beam pattern, that matches clicks >20° off-axis, predicts a directivity index of 26.7 dB and source levels of up to 229 dBpeak re: 1 μPa at 1 m. A broader backward-directed beam is produced by the P0 pulse with source levels near 200 dBpeak re: 1 μPa at 1 m and a directivity index of 7.4 dB. A low-frequency component with source levels near 190 dBpeak re: 1 μPa at 1 m is generated at the onset of the P0 pulse by air resonance. The results support the bent-horn model of sound production in sperm whales. While the sperm whale nose appears primarily adapted to produce an intense forward-directed sonar signal, less-directional click components convey information to conspecifics, and give rise to echoes from the seafloor and the surface, which may be useful for orientation during dives.
Indication of a Lombard vocal response in the St. Lawrence River beluga
Authors: Scheifele P. M. , Andrew S. , Cooper R. A. , Darre M. , Musiek F. E. , Max L.
Published: March 2005

Noise pollution is recognized as a potential danger to marine mammals in general, and to the St. Lawrence beluga in particular. One method of determining the impacts of noise on an animal’s communication is to observe a natural and repeatable response of the vocal system to variations in noise level. This is accomplished by observing intensity changes in animal vocalizations in response to environmental noise. One such response observed in humans, songbirds, and some primates is the Lombard vocal response. This response represents a vocal system reaction manifested by changes in vocalization level in direct response to changes in the noise field. In this research, a population of belugas in the St. Lawrence River Estuary was tested to determine whether a Lombard response existed by using hidden Markhov-classified vocalizations as targets for acoustical analyses. Correlation and regression analyses of signals and noise indicated that the phenomenon does exist. Further, results of human subjects experiments [Egan, J. J. (1966), Ph.D. dissertation; Scheifele, P. M. (2003), Ph.D. dissertation], along with previously reported data from other animal species, are similar to those exhibited by the belugas. Overall, findings suggest that typical noise levels in the St. Lawrence River Estuary have a detectable effect on the communication of the beluga.
Underwater, low-frequency noise in a coastal sea turtle habitat
Authors: Samuel Y. , Morreale S. J. , Clark C. W. , Greene C. H. , Richmond M. E.
Published: March 2005

Underwater sound was recorded in one of the major coastal foraging areas for juvenile sea turtles in the Peconic Bay Estuary system in Long Island, New York. The recording season of the underwater environment coincided with the sea turtle activity season in an inshore area where there is considerable boating and recreational activity, especially during the summer between Independence Day and Labor Day. Within the range of sea turtle hearing, average noise pressure reached 110 dB during periods of high human activity and diminished proportionally, down to 80 dB, with decreasing human presence. Therefore, during much of the season when sea turtles are actively foraging in New York waters, their coastal habitats are flooded with underwater noise. During the period of highest human activity, average noise pressures within the range of frequencies heard by sea turtles were greater by over two orders of magnitude (26 dB) than during the lowest period of human activity. Sea turtles undoubtedly are exposed to high levels of noise, most of which is anthropogenic. Results suggest that continued exposure to existing high levels of pervasive anthropogenic noise in vital sea turtle habitats and any increase in noise could affect sea turtle behavior and ecology.
Using listening difficulty ratings of conditions for speech communication in rooms
Authors: Sato Hiroshi , Bradley John S. , Morimoto Masayuki
Published: March 2005

The use of listening difficulty ratings of speech communication in rooms is explored because, in common situations, word recognition scores do not discriminate well among conditions that are near to acceptable. In particular, the benefits of early reflections of speech sounds on listening difficulty were investigated and compared to the known benefits to word intelligibility scores. Listening tests were used to assess word intelligibility and perceived listening difficulty of speech in simulated sound fields. The experiments were conducted in three types of sound fields with constant levels of ambient noise: only direct sound, direct sound with early reflections, and direct sound with early reflections and reverberation. The results demonstrate that (1) listening difficulty can better discriminate among these conditions than can word recognition scores; (2) added early reflections increase the effective signal-to-noise ratio equivalent to the added energy in the conditions without reverberation; (3) the benefit of early reflections on difficulty scores is greater than expected from the simple increase in early arriving speech energy with reverberation; (4) word intelligibility tests are most appropriate for conditions with signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios less than 0 dBA, and where S/N is between 0 and 15-dBA S/N, listening difficulty is a more appropriate evaluation tool.
Effective impedance of surfaces with porous roughness: Models and data
Authors: Boulanger Patrice , Attenborough Keith , Qin Qin
Published: March 2005

A “boss” formulation by Twersky [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 85–94 (1983)] enables prediction of the plane wave reflection coefficient from a surface composed of rigid-porous roughness elements embedded in an acoustically hard plane where the roughness elements and their mean spacing are small compared with the incident wavelengths. Predictions for air-filled porous roughness elements on a hard ground plane are compared with effective impedance spectra obtained from laboratory measurements over random distributions of polystyrene hemi-spheres, polyurethane pyramids, and sand hemispheroids on glass plates. Overall the predictions agree well with these data. To enable prediction of the effective admittance of rough porous surfaces, Twersky’s original formulation is extended heuristically. The resulting theory is compared with a previous model [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 949–956 (2000)], which is a heuristic extension of Tolstoy’s theory [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 960–972 (1982)] to include nonspecular scattering. The theories are found to give different predictions for relatively large bosses. The modified Twersky theory gives relatively good predictions of the effective impedance spectra obtained from complex sound pressure level measurements over sand surfaces containing semielliptical roughness elements and over uncultivated soil.
The effect of flow-induced coupling on sound radiation from convected fluid loaded plates
Authors: Frampton Kenneth D.
Published: March 2005

Recent investigations concerning the effects of fluid convection on structural acoustic radiation have noted that radiation efficiency increases with increasing flow speeds. However, most of these studies based this conclusion on simulations that neglected flow-induced structural mode coupling. Yet, flow-induced coupling is know to have dramatic effects on structural dynamics including static and dynamic instabilities, and should therefore be expected to significantly affect sound radiation. The purpose of this investigation is to quantify the effects that fluid flow has on the sound radiated from rectangular vibrating plates when flow-induced structural modal coupling is considered. The discussion includes a description of the fundamental physics associated with a simply supported, vibrating, rectangular plate imbedded in an infinite baffle and radiating into a semi-infinite, convected fluid. This is followed by a discussion of the effect that flow-induced coupling has on the structural dynamic behavior. Finally, numerical results are presented that demonstrate the effect that such coupling has on the sound power radiated from a plate.
Integration and segregation in auditory scene analysis
Authors: Sussman Elyse S.
Published: March 2005

Assessment of the neural correlates of auditory scene analysis, using an index of sound change detection that does not require the listener to attend to the sounds [a component of event-related brain potentials called the mismatch negativity (MMN)], has previously demonstrated that segregation processes can occur without attention focused on the sounds and that within-stream contextual factors influence how sound elements are integrated and represented in auditory memory. The current study investigated the relationship between the segregation and integration processes when they were called upon to function together. The pattern of MMN results showed that the integration of sound elements within a sound stream occurred after the segregation of sounds into independent streams and, further, that the individual streams were subject to contextual effects. These results are consistent with a view of auditory processing that suggests that the auditory scene is rapidly organized into distinct streams and the integration of sequential elements to perceptual units takes place on the already formed streams. This would allow for the flexibility required to identify changing within-stream sound patterns, needed to appreciate music or comprehend speech.
Assessing responses of humpback whales to North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) transmissions: Results of 2001–2003 aerial surveys north of Kauai
Authors: Mobley Joseph R.
Published: March 2005

Eight aerial surveys were flown north of the Hawaiian island of Kauai during 2001 when the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) source was not transmitting, and during 2002 and 2003 when it was. All surveys were performed during the period of peak residency of humpback whales (Feb–Mar). During 2002 and 2003, surveys commenced immediately upon cessation of a 24-h cycle of transmissions. Numbers and distribution of whales observed within 40 km of the NPAL source during 2001 (source off) were compared with those observed during 2002 and 2003 (source on). A total of 75 sightings was noted during 2001, as compared with 81 and 55 during 2002 and 2003, respectively. Differences in sighting rates (sightings/km) across years were not statistically significant. Assessment of distributional changes relied upon comparisons of three measures: (a) location depths; (b) distance from the NPAL source; and (c) distance offshore. None of the distributional comparisons revealed statistically significant differences across years. Several possible interpretations are examined: (a) whales have habituated to the NPAL signal; (b) insufficient statistical power exists in the present design to detect any effects; and (c) the effects are short-lived and become undetectable shortly after the cessation of transmissions.
Effect of frequency-modulation coherence for inharmonic stimuli: Frequency-modulation phase discrimination and identification of artificial double vowels
Authors: Lyzenga Johannes , Moore Brian C. J.
Published: March 2005

The ability to compare patterns of frequency modulation (FM) in separate frequency regions was explored. In experiment 1, listeners had to distinguish whether the FM applied to two nonharmonically related sinusoidal carriers was in phase or out of phase. The FM rate was the same for each carrier. The starting phase of the modulation was randomized for each stimulus in a three alternative, forced-choice (3AFC) trial. Subjects were sensitive to relative FM phase for modulation rates of 2 and 4 Hz, but not for higher rates. In experiment 2, vowel identification was compared for artificial single and double vowels. The vowels were constructed from complex tones with components spaced at 2-ERBN (equivalent rectangular bandwidth) intervals, by increasing the levels of three components by 15 dB, to create three “formants.” In the double vowels, the components of the two vowels were interleaved, to give 1-ERBN spacing. The three “formant” components were frequency modulated at 2, 4, or 8 Hz, with either the same or different rates for the two vowels. The identification of double vowels was not improved by a difference in FM rate across vowels, suggesting that differences in FM rate do not support perceptual segregation of inharmonic stimuli.