bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REDUCTION IN THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OÖGENESIS DUE TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE LARVAL DIET OF THE STABLE FLY, STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Chia Loo-Sar , Baxter James A. , Morrison Paul E.
Published: December 2009

Female stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), from larvae reared on the standard CSMA (Chemical Specialties Manufacturing Association) medium required 5 days of blood feeding before producing their first batch of eggs. When the larval medium was supplemented with 1 or 2% cholesterol, resultant females were able to produce mature eggs after only 4 days of blood feeding. Females from larvae reared on the 2% cholesterol-supplemented medium had slight but significant precocious follicular growth at the time of emergence from the puparium. When blood feeding was restricted, the size at which follicular growth ceased was consistently higher in females fed the cholesterol-supplemented diets as compared with control females.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CABBAGE APHID, BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AT VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA: I. SAMPLING METHODS AND POPULATION TRENDS
Authors: Raworth D. A. , Frazer B. D. , Gilbert N. , Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

Maris Kestrel kale, Brassica oleracea L., was planted and sampled in two locations during 1977–78. The aphids Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), syrphids in the genera Syrphus and Scaeva, the cecidomyiid Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond.), the parasite Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), and the fungus Entomophthora aphidis Hoffman were observed in the samples. A volumetric technique for assessing aphid numbers was developed and evaluated. Peak numbers of B. brassicae differed by an order of magnitude between plots, but the pattern of monotonic increase in the spring, followed by an abrupt decline in the rate of increase, a mid-summer peak, and an autumn population decline was consistent throughout. The first major decline in the rate of increase of B. brassicae was correlated with the appearance of A. aphidimyza and syrphid larvae. Declining adult aphid weight, which suggested declining fecundity, increased alate production at high aphid densities, parasite pressure, and leaf fall added to the damping effect of predators. In autumn, cool temperatures and production of sexuals further reduced the rate of increase of B. brassicae.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CABBAGE APHID, BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AT VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA: III. DEVELOPMENT, FECUNDITY, AND MORPH DETERMINATION VS. APHID DENSITY AND PLANT QUALITY
Authors: Raworth D. A. , McFarlane S. , Gilbert N. , Frazer B. D.
Published: December 2009

Developmental time, fecundity, adult weight, numbers, and age distribution of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and leaf area and plant quality of Maris Kestrel kale, Brassica oleracea L., were determined at three aphid densities and two watering rates in a factorial field-cage experiment. The watering treatment had no effect on the aphid or plant response variates. The aphid density treatment significantly affected final aphid numbers (low < medium = high density), leaf area (high < low = medium density), average adult weight measured at the end of the experiment (high < low < medium density), and weight of the adults in the developmental time measurement (high < low = medium density). The results suggested a strong aphid–plant interaction, but at densities which rarely occur in the field. Leaf water/dry weight was used to assess plant quality, but it was not a good predictor of any of the aphid response variates. Developmental time decreased, and fecundity increased as adult aphid weight increased. Production of fourth-instar apterae decreased logarithmically as aphid density increased.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CABBAGE APHID, BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AT VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA: V. A SIMULATION MODEL
Authors: Raworth D. A.
Published: December 2009

A computer model was written to simulate the population dynamics of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), on the host Maris Kestrel kale, Brassica oleracea L., at Vancouver, British Columbia. The model incorporated the effects of temperature, morph determination, plant quality, predators, parasites, and leaf fall. Comparisons of simulated results with field observations indicated that although B. brassicae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond.), and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) were reasonably well understood, syrphid predation was not, and appropriate feed-back mechanisms which could prevent monotonic increase or decrease in the simulated population were lacking. A detailed study in which the population dynamics of the prey is accounted for in terms of the numerical and functional responses of syrphid predators is necessary to understand the population dynamics of B. brassicae on Maris Kestrel kale at Vancouver. Comparisons with other aphid systems suggest that a major change in one component of the system can be compensated for by changes in other components. An overview of the cabbage aphid system at Vancouver is given.
LIFE HISTORY OF PLUTELLA PORRECTELLA, A RELATIVE OF THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE)
Authors: Smith D. B. , Sears M. K.
Published: December 2009

Although Plutella porrectella (L.) is similar in appearance to the diamondback moth, P. xylostella (L.), several aspects of its biology are quite different from its more common relative. P. porrectella completed two generations per year and overwintered as an early-instar larva within apical buds of dame's rocket, Hesperis matronalis (L.). Four instars were observed in larvae reared in the laboratory. An average of 30 days was required for completion of one generation at 25 °C. This species does not seem to be an alternative host for parasites of the diamondback moth as only a single parasitic wasp, Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), was reared from 228 larvae collected in the field.
CARABID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) FROM A BURNED SPRUCE FOREST (PICEA SPP.)
Authors: Holliday N. J.
Published: December 2009

An intense forest fire destroyed a spruce (Picea spp.) stand in Agassiz Provincial Forest, Manitoba in May 1981. From 1 week following the fire, throughout the summer of 1981 and of 1982, carabid beetles were collected by pitfall trapping and standardized searches at weekly intervals. In all, 241 beetles of 24 species were collected. Agonum obsoletum Say and A. quadripunctatum De Geer were found; both species are known to be attracted to fires. A. quadripunctatum reproduced in the site in 1981 but there is no evidence that it did so in 1982. A. obsoletum was found in the study site only during the first 3 weeks after the fire. Evidence is presented to show that Harpalus laticeps LeConte is a characteristic species of forests after fire.
The Fine Structure of Cells of Rhodnius prolixus During Molting
Authors: Beckel W. E.
Published: December 2009

During intermolt in the fifth instar nymph the epidermal cells are compact, with many mitochondria which appear dense, lack well defined cristae, and are considered relatively inactive. The cell membranes are much folded and show plasmodesmata and microvilli at the juxtaposition of two cell membranes. The endoplasmic reticulum is well formed and well supplied with ribosomes; in the compacted cells the reticular membranes may assume bizarre shapes such as a ball of concentric rings. The nuclei are small with inconspicuous nucleoli.
A New Species of Grotiusomyia Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Miller C. D. F.
Published: December 2009

A new species of chalcid belonging to the genus Grotiusomyia Girault is described and illustrated.
The Stomodaeal Nervous System, Neurosecretion, and Related Endocrine and Nervous Structures in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Burgess L. , Rempel J. G.
Published: December 2009

This exhibit represents some portions of a study of the stomodaeal nervous system, neurosecretory cells, corpora allata, corpora cardiaca, and prothoracic gland cells in post-embryonic stages of Aedes aegypti (L.), the yellow fever mosquito. Some of these structures share the common property of being involved in the production of hormones.

Mosquitoes were reared under standard conditions. Larvae, pupae and adults were fixed at timed intervals in histological fixatives. Sectioned specimens were stained in Gomori's aldehyde-fuchsin, Gomori's chrome-haematoxyh-phloxin and other stains. The aldehyde-fuchsin technique, which imparted a bright purple colour to neurosecretory material, was particularly useful. Vita1 staining with methylene blue was used to trace the stomodaeal nervous system
Les Races du Puceron du Pois
Authors: Cartier J. J.
Published: December 2009

De 1956 à 1962, 151 lignées parthénogénétiques du puceron du pois, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), furent collectionnées dans les régions cultivées du Québec et de la partie de l'ontario située à l'est du lac Huron. On remarqua qu'en élevage sur pois Perfection, les lignées les plus fortes étaient celles provenant de la luzerne et les plus faibles, celles provenant du trèfle. D'autres lignées de comportement intermédiaire étaient originaires de l'une ou l'autre plante-hôte primaire. On a réussi à démontrer l'existence de races, c'est-à-dire de groupes de biotypes particulièrement abondants sur une plante-hôte, à la suite d'élevages standardisés aux conditions suivantes: quatre groupes de trois femelles vivipares aptères de chaque lignéte étaient élevés séparément, chacun sur six plants de pois Perfection, pour une période de neuf jours à la température constante de 68 degrés Fahrenheit.
Psylla pyricola Foerster Suppresses Pear Tree Root Development
Authors: Wilde W. H. A. , McIntosh D. L.
Published: December 2009

Foliage feeding by the pear psylla suppressed root development in seedlings of Pyrus communis, P. ussuriensis, and P. pyrifolia. Reduction in the size of the root system was greatest in seedlings with the heaviest infestations. Psyllid populations were established more readily on seedlings of P. communis than on the oriental seedlings of P. ussuriensis or P. pyrifolia.
Regularities in the Size and Orientation of Juniper Fragments Attached to the Cases of the Bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haw.)
Authors: Ghent A. W. , Larson Joan L.
Published: December 2009

Measurements and analyses of juniper fragments on bagworm cases reveal striking regularities that suggest the behavior that may produce them. Fragments are always attached at their extreme upper ends, and the great majority are oriented with their apical ends directed downwards towards the lower end of the bag. The proportion so oriented increases towards the cop of the bag, as does the average length of the fragments. Binomial analysis reveals no evidence of contagious orientation of adjacent fragments. It is suggested that the bagworm may not deliberately “decorate” its case, but that these fragments represent the remains of foliage anchored against the bag, so that the bagworm may feed with minimal exposure from its protecting case.
Organ Developed for Storing Ambrosia Fungus by the Pitted Ambrosia Beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: December 2009

During the course of a study of the bionomics of the pitted ambrosia beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm., in southern Ontario in 1959, the method of overwintering fungal spores and their transmission from brood galleries to healthyplants by the beetle was determined. It was found that a structure exists, in the prothorax of males of C. punctatissimus, for this purpose. The spores are stored in a long, folded tube on each side adjacent to the prothoracic wall. The opening of each tube is in the prothoracic coxal cavity and is opened or closed by a process on the coxa. Since there are no muscles attached directly to the tubes, the spores are probably discharged by the squeezing action (on the tubes) of the retracted head against the prothoracic wall. The inside surface of the tubes is very smooth and glossy, producing a minimum of resistance to the flow of spores. No evidence was found of any comparable structure for storing spores in the females of C. punctatissimus.
Density Dependence in Population Fluctuations
Authors: Watt Kenneth E. F.
Published: December 2009

This author and others have previously proposed that causes of population fluctuations can be ascertained by regression analysis in which Nt+1/Nt is the dependent variable, and Nt is one of the independent variables. This procedure contains a bias, since the expected relationship between Nt+1/Nt and Nt is hyperbolic when there is no causal relationship. The simplest way of circumventing this difficulty is to use Nt+1, not Nt+1/Nt as the dependent variable.
Occurrence and Food of Some Coccinellids (Coleoptera) in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: December 2009

Ten species of the larger, primarily aphidophagous, coccinellids were present in peach orchards of the Niagara Peninsula. Adalia bipunctata (L.) and Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Mulsant were the commonest. All were most numerous in the spring while the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), was present but their population densities were low at all times, apparently because suitable prey was scarce. They were not attracted to dense populations of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and were of no importance as predators of peach pests.

At least 7 species were bivoltine but the second generation was only partial.
Life History and Behaviour of Scelio calopteni Riley (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a Parasite of Grasshopper Eggs
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: December 2009

The life history and behaviour of Scelio calopteni Riley, an internal parasite of grasshopper eggs, is described. This insect was reared for the first time in the laboratory through one complete cycle. Newly emerged adults readily oviposited in eggs of Melanoplus sanguinipes F. By dechorionating the grasshopper eggs the developing stages of the parasite could be clearly observed.

Although three larval stages have been reported by other authors for different species of Scelio, careful observations suggested only two in S. calopteni.
Visual Attraction as a Principle in Design of Mosquito Traps
Authors: Haufe W. O.
Published: December 2009

A principle of visual attraction has been used in the design of mosquito traps for ecological studies. Tests in the field have shown that the design is efficient in capturing large numbers of mosquitoes in locations where ordinary light traps were unsatisfactory. Positive 24-hour attraction is achieved under naturally varying light conditions by using a black and white pattern that is superior in contrast to competing patterns in the environment. The sampling unit, in terms of air space, depends on the distance between contours in the pattern. Comparison with a suction trap under identical conditions show no significant differences in the ratio of empirically divided day to night catches. In very dark environments, a relatively uniform contrast in the pattern may be maintained between night and day with white light confined to the cylinder by collimators. Illumination in the yellow-red end of the spectrum reduces attraction to the pattern.
Population Dynamics of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in Eastern Ontario: II. Population and mortality estimation during six age intervals
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

Variation between samples of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and between mortalities from some factors, on potato, were determined in long-term study plots at Merivale, Ontario. For each of six age intervals (spring adults; egg masses; larvae, Periods 1 and 2; pupal cells; and summer adults), inter-hill variance was the major source of sampling variance. Intra-hill and block differences were rarely significant. The most appropriate sample unit for the above-ground stages was the potato stalk and for pupal cells, the soil quadrant. Optimum allocation procedures indicated that not more than one sample unit per hill need be taken for the immature stages. For adults, the whole hill should be sampled. To estimate population means with acceptable limits of precision (10% standard error), it is recommended that 50 to 200 hills be sampled for the various age intervals.
Spiders on Apple in Wisconsin and Their Abundance in a Natural and Two Artificial Environments
Authors: Legner E. F. , Oatman E. R.
Published: December 2009

An investigation into the abundance of spiders in a three-acre apple orchard of northeastern Wisconsin was conducted in a natural and two artificial environments (captan and DDT) from 1959 through 1961. Six families, 17 genera and 24 species were recorded, with 15 species of hunting spiders and 9 species of cobweb forms present. Most abundant were Paraphidippus marginatus (Walck.), Philodromus cespiticolis (Walk.), Philodromus sp., Araniella displicata (Hentz) and an unidentified species of Salticidae. Comparisons are made with reports from the northeastern United States and Canada. Highest numbers were in the fungicide environment which was attributed to the more abundant and lush foliage there. Extremely low counts were obtained from the insecticide environment. Captan was deemed highly recommendable for increasing the total number of predacious spiders in an apple orchard.
The Taeniothrips of Canada (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: O'Neill Kellie , Bigelow R. S.
Published: December 2009

Ten Taeniothrips species known or expected to occur in Canada are keyed, described and illustrated, and information on their host plants and distribution is given. Methods of collection and preparation, and characteristics used in the identification of Taeniothrips species are described. A few new terms for structures are adopted.
The Mercure Trial: a Sideline of Entomology
Authors: Howden H. F.
Published: December 2009

This exhibit shows pictorially the part that entomological evidence played in a murder trial. Some unusual “hairs” were found stuck in a drop of blood on a 25¢ shinplaster (Canadian bank note) in the possession of a suspect. More of the unusual plumose hairs were taken from the pocket of the murdered man (Patrick Martin). The hairs were brought by the R.C.M.P. to the Entomology Research Institute where they were identified as either dermestid or bee hairs. Subsequent investigation turned up fragments of a bumble bee (Bombus sp.) in the desk where the murdered man kept his collection of shinplasters. These hairs proved to be identical to those in the murdered man's pocket and to the ones on the shinplaster in the possession of the suspect.
Cytogenetics of Sawfly Resistance in Wheat
Authors: Larson Ruby I. , MacDonald M. D.
Published: December 2009

Solid-stemmed varieties of common wheat are more resistant than hollowstemmed varieties to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. If closely related lines of wheat with a considerable range of sawfly-resistance and stem solidness were available, entomologists could use them to analyse some of the mechanisms of resistance.
Improved Hydrostatic Pressure Gauge Methods for Measuring Oleoresin Exudation Pressure in Bark Beetle Research
Authors: Anderson Neil H.
Published: December 2009

Two improved methods for measuring pine oleoresin exudation pressure have been devised. These methods are modifications of the hydrostatic pressure gauge method introduced by Vité (1961). Method 1 describes a modified apparatus and an improved technique for measuring oleoresin exudation pressure from a 11/2-2 inch hole bored into the sapwood of the tree. This method is similar to Vité’s, except for the addition of a filling port and a filling port reservoir. The filling port was found to be essential for obtaining accurate pressure readings on Pinus taeda L. The reservoir was found to facilitate the filling operation, and it also made feasible the measurement of the filling fluid uptake by the tree during the equilibration period. Method 2 describes an apparatus and a technique for measuring oleoresin exudation pressure at the innerbark-wood interface. Since this interface is where bark beetles attack and rear broods, it seems logical to measure oleoresin exudation pressure at this location on the tree when pest-host interrelations are being studied. A discussion of the uses of the methods is given, and some of their advantages and limitations are reviewed.
A New Species of Dactynotus Rafinesque (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Dactynotus Rafinesque is described, from curlycup gumweed, Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal.
Field Studies on Flight Patterns and Olfactory Responses of Ambrosia Beetles in Douglas-fir Forests of Western Oregon
Authors: Rudinsky J. A. , Daterman G. E.
Published: December 2009

The flight of the ambrosia beetles, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), Gnathotrichus sulcatus Lec. and G. retusus Lec., revealed distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns that were influenced by environmental factors, particularly temperature, wind, and daylight. While Trypodendron flies during the entire day when the temperature is favorable, the Gnathotrichus species exhibit a peak of flight at dusk. The temperature thresholds of emergence and initiation of flight for Trypodendron and the threshold for flight of Gnathotrichus were established.

The substance responsible for mass attraction of Trypodendron, after the initial invasion of a few pioneer beetles, was found to be a species-specific sex pheromone produced by sexually mature females after entering the host. The pheromone has been concentrated from the female borings in the laboratory, and when released in the field it caused the beetles to respond. Both species of Gnathotrichus, on the other hand, responded to the borings produced by female beetles of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins and to the extract prepared in alcohol. This fact suggests possible use of these substances in control of these ambrosia beetles.
Chemical Control of the Cabbage Root Maggot Integrated with Natural Controls
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

Application of 5 Ibs. toxicant Ileptachlor or aldrin per acre placed in a 4- to 5-inch hand about 1½ inches below the surface of the soil in a ridged seeding drill have controlled infestations of the cabbage root maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouche) in cabbage and rutabagas for eight consecutive years on one farm in Prince Edward Island without detectable indications of resktance. The insecticide is so placed in the soil as to be most concentrated against the young root maggot larvae and least concentrated against the following predators and parasites: Coenosia tigrina (Fall.) and Scatophaga stercoraria. (L.), which attack and destroy H. brassicae flies in flight, on the soil surface, or on plant foliage; various species of Carabid beetles which destroy H. brassicae eggs at or near the soil surface, Trybliographa rapae (L.), the larvae of which parasitize and destroy H. brassicae larvae in the plant roots; and Aleochara bilineata (Gyll.), with adults destroying H. brassicae eggs or young larvae near the soil surface, and larvae in the plant roots, and the larvae parasitising H. brassicae puparia and destroying the pupae. Records of field observations, supplemented with data obtained on green-house determinations of the potential reproduction of both predators and host, indicate that any one of these predators could theoretically eliminate the pest population from an area in two to three generations. They do not eliminate or even give apparent economic control of the pest because a) the aerial attackers do not find and destroy adults of the pest before many eggs are deposited in the soil; b) many eggs are hidden in the soil by wind and rain and thus protected from discovery by predators; and c) larval and puparial parasites attack after the pest has injured the crop.
Seasonal and Geographical Distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera) in Manitoba, Based on Females Captured in Traps
Authors: Hanec Wm. , Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

The seasonal and geographical distribution of Tabanidae in Manitoba was investigated. Females were trapped in 27 localities in Manitoba by means of a horse-fly trap developed at the University of Manitoba.

The species composition varies in different areas. Wet, swampy, forested areas yield a much greater variety of species than drier farming areas.

The first tabanids appear during the last week of May and by the end of July very few are active. The seasonal distribution of species in some of the trapping sites was plotted. Hybomitra metabola (McD.) and H. nuda (McD.) are the earliest species that occur in large numbers in areas where they are found. In the latter half of June the summer species such as H. lasiophthalma (Macq.), H. frontalis (Wlk.), H. epistates (O.S.), H. typhus (Whitn.), Tabanus similis Macq. and the Chrysops species appear in large numbers.
Thermal Stress and Anomalous Development of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) III. Aedes sierrensis,
Authors: Horsfall William R. , Anderson John F. , Brust Reinhart A.
Published: December 2009

Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow), the western tree-hole mosquito, is the first species of the pulchritarsis-varipalpus group of the subgenus Ochlerotatus which has been shown to have the masculine genotype modified by thermal pressure applied to developing larvae. A rearing temperature of 30.0 °C. during instars 1-3 and the first half of 4, and 31.0° during the last half of instar 4 will modify the degree of masculinity of the palpi, antennae, oral stylets and testes. Modified males are impotent because the genital section fails to rotate to the copulatory position.
A Variable Dosage Spray Tower
Authors: Randall A. P.
Published: December 2009

A spray tower apparatus was developed to emit a constant volume of a solution onto a moving belt of chromatographic paper. A metering and fluid mixing device operating on the principle of continual dilution enables an exponentially varying spectrum of chemical dosages to be sprayed onto the paper strip. The degree of deposit and concentration per unit area on the paper can be altered by nozzle setting and adjustment of the linear speed of the paper strip. The excess spray droplets are removed from the spray chamber by vacuum control.
Influence of Temperature on Prespinning Eonymphs of the Swaine Jack-Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Pilon J. G. , Tripp H. A. , McLeod J. M. , Ilnitzky S. L.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory experiments at various constant temperatures indicate a theoretical threshold of about 40°F. for spinning of cocoons by eonymphal larvae of Neodiprion swainei Midd. As temperatures fall below 52.5°F. the increase in mortality and time required to spin is pronounced. The optimum temperature is estimated to be around 60°F. Field investigations for three consecutive years show a close correlation between rate of spinning and temperature. Temperature is considered as a prime factor influencing the spinning of cocoons and is possibly one of the more important factors governing the population dynamics of N. swainei in the Province of Quebec.
White Spruce Seed Loss Caused by Insects in Interior Alaska
Authors: Werner R. A.
Published: December 2009

Insects caused serious damage to cones and seeds of white spruce during one of the five years of this study. A new seed and cone insect, Pegohylemyia sp., was recorded for the first time from Alaska. This insect destroyed an average of 50% of the seeds per cone.
Olfactory Guidance of Insects
Authors: Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

The responses of insects to olfactory stimuli and to air-borne signals generally can be correctly understood only when the stimulus is presented in a natural way, and, moreover, one which is fully understood by the experimenter.

Molecular diffusion is an extremely slow process, and diffusion gradients are relatively unimportant in providing directional guidance. Aluch more important are the mass movements of the scented air, so that, for example, Drosophila melanogaster give one kind of response to an attractive scent when it is presented in a moving air current and a comp1etely different response to the same smell when the air is still.
The Final-Instar Larva of Bracon nuperus Cress. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: December 2009

Bracon nuperus Cress. was reared from larvae of Orellia ruficauda (Fab.) collected at Vineland and Belleville, Ont., and Armstrong, B.C., by Dr. Peter Harris of the Research Institute, Belleville, Ont., while investigating the biological control of Canada thistle, Cirsiurn arvense (L.) Scop. (Harris, in press). The cocoon and cast skin of the last larval instar are described and illustrated here because the cephalic structures possess some unusual characteristics that differ from descriptions of this genus by other authors (Genieys 1925; Goidanich 193 1 ; Glover 1934; Salt 1931; Short 1952), and that have not been heretofore described. The methods and terminology used are similar to those described by Finlayson (1960).
Wing Folding in Lepidoptera
Authors: Sharplin Janet
Published: December 2009

The wing folding mechanism was investigated after a detailed study of the wing base morphology had been made (Sharplin, Canad. Ent. 95: 1024; 1121). Living moths were observed with a binocular microscope equipped with a micrometer eyepiece.

The first and second axillary sclerites do not move anteroposteriorly; only the distal half of the wing base is involved in wing folding. The folding muscle originates on the pleural ridge and inserts on the third axillary sclerite. The movement of the third axillary is communicated to the bases of the anterior veins through the median plates. The radial plate rotates around the ventral second axillary sclerite which lies underneath the radial bridge at point p, (Fig. 1). Bending cuticle allows the radial bridge to buckle when the wing is folded. The first median plate ( Ml ) rotates about its articulation ( f ) with the dorsal second axillary sclerite. The distal median plate (M2) passes underneath the second cubitus and is fused to the radius. This connection to the radius restricts the backward movement of the second median plate so that point e instead of following the wider arc eg of a circle with its centre at f, must follow the arc cegd drawn about pivot p. The median plates are bent upwards during wing folding and their effective length is shortened so that they can follow the shallow arc epg. When point e is in position g the posterior margin of the median plates is straight, although the anterior margin remains arched causing the median plates to be buckled, (Fig. 2).
The Lyman Entomological Museum, 1914-1964
Authors: Vickery V. R. , Moore George A.
Published: December 2009

The following brief account of the formation and growth of the Lyman Entomological Museum, and of some of the main figures associated with it, is not intended to be complete in detail. For those readers who wish further information a list of references is included. These are not referred to in the text.

Entomology began in this country, and indeed in most countries, as a direct result of the efforts and interest of amateur naturalists. The Lyman Entomological Museum began in this way. Henry Herbert Lyman was a pioneer entomologist of Canada, and although his busines commitments were extensive, he still made time to follow his primary interest, studying and collecting Lepidoptera.
A List of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of Quebec
Authors: Pechuman L. L.
Published: December 2009

Seventy-one species of Tabanidae from Quebec are listed.
The genusSchistocerca(Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Canada
Authors: Vickery V. R. , Kevan D. K. McE.
Published: December 2009

Records of captures ofSchistocercain Canada are listed from sources in literature and from specimens in collections. Synonymy of the species in question is given.S.americanaoccurs rarely in southern Ontario andS.emarginatain the southern Prairies.
The Classification of Larval Tabanidae
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

Relatively little is known of the life history, ecology and behaviour of most species of Tabanidae. Knowledge of their immature stages is particularly deficient. The larvae of only 46, or about ⅛, of the North American species have been described and many of these descriptions are inadequate. The present research was initiated in 1960 to describe and classify tabanid larvae and to contribute information on larval habitats and life histories.
Notes on the Genus Arachnoscelis Karny (Orthoptera: Conocephalidae) and a New Species
Authors: Randell Robert Latham
Published: December 2009

A new species of the genus Arachnoscelis Karny (Orthoptera: Conocephalidae), A. rehni, from Costa Rica is described and compared with A. magnifica Hebard from Panama.
The Immature Stages of Trichoptera
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B.
Published: December 2009

One of the outstanding problems now involving North American Trichoptera is that about 80% of the species are still totally unknown in the immature stages. As in many other insect groups, most initial work has been concerned with species differentiation, classification and distribution, and has dealt largely with adults. There are now about 1000 species of caddisflies known from Canada and the United States, but larvae, the best known of the immature stages, have been described for only about 190 of them. Lack of information concerning larvae is especially conspicnous in the Limnephilidae, our largest family, where this stage is known in only about one-half of the genera. Although inadequate knowledge about the immature stages of insects is not uncommon there are, for the study of Trichoptera, several reasons why much could be gained by overcoming it.
Some Morphological and Histochemical Aspects of the Peripheral Nervous System in Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Zacharuk R. Y.
Published: December 2009

In wireworms most of the sensory nerve system terminates peripherally in seven types and 20 sub-types of sense organs. All are represented in the head and its appendages. The main types of sensilla are thick-walled hair, campaniform, mandibular pore canal, scolopophorous, peg or thin-walled hair, and sensory plate organs, and a large antennal sensory appendix. The first three types are innervated by one, the fourth by two, the fifth and sixth by four, and the last by more than four neurones.
Tactics of Insect Control, Particularly in Medical Entomology
Authors: Brown A. W. A.
Published: December 2009

Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and notably DDT have provided means of effectively controlling mosquitoes, blackflies and insects of medical importance not only in Canada but elsewhere, and of eradicating the transmission of malaria by anophelines, the world programme for which is already successfully half completed. However resistance has developed to these insecticides in 80 species of public-health importance, including 3 in Canada. Basic studies on the physiological mechanism and mode of inheritance of resistance in Culicine mosquitoes are being performed in Canada. Among insects and mites of agricultural importance, 14 species have developed resistance in Canada, and a world total of 77. Basic studies on the mode of inheritance of cyclodiene-resistance in root maggots are being undertaken in Canada. Countermeasures against resistance include the use of synergists, non-detoxicatable analogues, and negatively-correlated compounds. Resistance usually dictates a shift from the chlorinated-hydrocarbon to the organophosphorus insectices, thus reducing the residue problem, particularly for wildlife. Alternative methods of control include the sterile-male technique, with 2 successful examples but no success yet with mosquitoes, and the use of chemosterilants, with an example of imminent success against houseflies on islands. Chemosterilants however, like bacterial toxins, are not free from the possible development of resistance by detoxication.
Strategy and Tactics of Insect Control
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: December 2009

The background against which decisions on control strategy and tactics are made is explained and general approaches to pest control are discussed at length. Canadian work on population dynamics that involves research on the processes that regulate numbers is reviewed. The author's conviction that this work provides the best avenue yet explored to the solution rather than temporary alleviation of pest problems is explained. A pest-control strategy for the insects attacking peach in the Niagara Peninsula, in which a logical progression of research, the assignment of priorities, and the concentration of staff and facilities on problems of major importance are advocated, is outlined. Finally, weaknesses in administrative strategy are discussed and it is suggested that the findings of basic researchers on population dynamics should be exploited more fully by parent organizations and applied more energetically by those directly charged with responsibility for insect control.
The Decision-Making Process and Insect Control
Authors: Hurtig H.
Published: December 2009

The decision-making process in insect control at the practical level involves not only the complex relationships between pests and their environment, but also equally complex human relationships and values. The actions advantageous to one of our resources may be harmful to another. Ultimately, the process of decision-making, at the individual problem level, must be integrated with economic factors, public health and sociological considerations. Calculated risks must be taken, but decision-making should he based on the evaluation of data bearing on efficiency, economy and safety of use of any method, including pesticides. Integrated control as a newly repopularized concept is examined in relation to the economics of its potential application in Canada. The concept of safety of pesticide residues in food is discussed and related to “good agricultural practices.” Three operative levels of decision-making are examined; the regulatory, quarantine and pest suppression activities and the role of the local advisory committees on pest control. The author expresses concern that the current public preoccupation with establishing safeguards for pesticide use does not begin and end merely with legislative action and strengthening of enforcement agencies. A desirable parallel result likely to be overlooked would be administrative and financial support for research on how the use of pesticides may be developed in the best interests of the community as a whole.
Recent Advances in the Feeding and Nutrition of Aphids
Authors: Auclair J. L.
Published: December 2009

Some recent developments on aphid digestive enzymes, aphid feeding and nutrition on host-plants, and on artificial media are briefly reviewed. A chemically defined diet, on which pea aphid life and reproduction can be sustained during two successive generations, is described. An important feature of this successful chemical diet concerns its amino acid composition, which was based on that of pea aphid blood and honeydew. An artificial feeding method for aphids divorced from their host-plants should prove a valuable tool in the study of the nutritional requirements and the intermediary metabolism of these insects, as well as in determining the influence of dietary constituents on polymorphism and in relation to the phenomena of plant resistance to aphids.
Temporal Patterns of Emergence in Aquatic Insects
Authors: Corbet Philip S.
Published: December 2009

In aquatic insects, emergence (ecdysis to the adult or subimaginal stage) varies widely in temporal pattern. The comparative study of this pattern is feasible and informative in orders such as Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Diptera and Trichoptera in which all members of a population pass through the water-surface when emerging. Methods by which emergence rate can be measured are discussed. Four basic temporal patterns of emergence exist. Emergence may be (1) continuous with irregular fluctuations in rate; (2) rhythmic, with a lunar period; (3) sporadic, occurring at irregular intervals of a few days; or (4) seasonal. Examples of each of these patterns are given, and reference is made to the proximate and ultimate environmental factors which may be maintaining the patterns observed. Diurnal rhythms of emergence are excluded from consideration. When emergence is restricted seasonally in temperate latitudes, the degree of its synchronization within the emergence period varies widely but is usually constant and typical for a given species. This has provided the basis for an ecological classification of British Odonata, the validity of which is examined in the light of recent research.
Some Ecological Factors Affecting the Grasshopper Populations of Western Canada
Authors: Edwards Roy L.
Published: December 2009

The underlying causes of grasshopper outbreaks in Western Canada are of interest both as an academic problem in insect population dynamics and as a practical problem in modern agriculture. Grasshopper populations reach their annual low point in early July when they are in the adult stage and increase sharply in the fall at the time of oviposition. Any factor that influences the grasshoppers during this period may have a marked effect on the outbreak of the following year. The relationship between grasshopper population numbers and proceeding fall temperatures may either control grasshopper populations directly by affecting their physiology or indirectly by affecting their parasites, predators, and diseases. Studies at the University of Saskatchewan aimed at solving this problem include investigation of the microclimate to which grasshoppers are subjected under field conditions, a survey of their feeding habits as shown by crop analyses, and a study of their oviposition behaviour. On the basis of available information an attempt is being made to predict future outbreaks at least 6 months in advance.
Some Physiological Aspects of Organogenesis in the Insect Embryo
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

In the embryo, as in the postembryonic insect, morphological development is accompanied by an increase or change in enzyme activity. The appearance of certain enzymatically active proteins in a particular tissue or organ may indicate when that tissue or organ has become functional. The time and place of appearance of several types of esterase has been determined in the tissues and organs of the developing embryo of the large milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus(Dall.). The appearance of acetylcholinesterase in the neuropile of the nervous system reflects the morphological development of this system; it may also determine the onset of functional activity. Similarly, the appearance of non-specific esterase in many tissues and organs at a definite time during their morphological development suggests a relationship between their functional differentiation and the appearance of the enzyme. Evidence for such a relationship will remain circumstantial until the physiological significance of these esterases is understood.
Trends and Needs in the Study of Insect Cold-Hardiness
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: December 2009

A brief account of the history of insect cold-hardiness studies shows that interest has been sparse and sporadic, and advancement contributed by a very small number of people. Three distinct aspects of cold-hardiness research are used as examples to show their basic dependence on physico-chemical principles and consequently the preferred direction for future research.
Genetics and Entomology
Authors: Stich H. F.
Published: December 2009

Apart from some heretical remarks about the modern scientific attitude, several areas of common interest to the entomologist and geneticist are discussed. They include immunological, electronmicroscopical, cytogenetical and behavioural studies.
A Comparison of Radiographic and Dissection Methods for Measuring Siricid Populations in Wood
Authors: Wickman B. E.
Published: December 2009

Correlation coefficients were calculated for the estimates of insect density obtained by radiographs versus dissection, and for the estimates obtained by radiographs versus radiographic guided dissection. Estimates of numbers of siricids in white fir obtained by the two methods were closely correlated. The radiographic methods are more accurate than dissection alone, and also faster and cheaper.
Varietal Resistance of Sugar Beets to the Sugar-beet Root Aphid Pemphigus betae Doane (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Harper A. M.
Published: December 2009

Two leaf-spot- and spider-mite-resistant varieties of sugar beets, GW 674 and GW 359, exhibited resistance to the development of populations of the sugar-beet root aphid, P. betae. GW 674 is a selection of GW 359 but has higher sugar content and greater leaf-spot resistance. Nine other varieties were susceptible to root aphid infestations.
The Search for Prey by a Web-building Spider Achaearanea tepidariorum (C. L. Koch) (Araneae, Theridiidae)
Authors: Turnbull A. L.
Published: December 2009

Experiments show that A. tepidariorum selects sites for web building by a series of movements that are random with respect to the distribution of its prey. If selected sites fail to yield an adequate supply of prey they are quickly abandoned. If adequate supplies of food are forthcoming at a site, random movements cease and the site is systematically searched by filling the area with web. Light plays no part in the selection of web sites, but other extrinsic features, for example air currents, play an important role.
Field Behavior of Adult Cephenemyia (Diptera: Oestridae),
Authors: Catts E. P.
Published: December 2009

Aggregating habits and seasonal occurrence of two species of deer nasal bot flies (Cephenemyia apicata and C. jellisoni) were studied through two seasons in California. Males aggregated at upper hillside and summit stands of Castanopsis sp. and Quercus sp. rising 2-10 feet above the top of surrounding scrub vegetation. Activity began at 20 °C. air temperature and ended soon after mid-day.

Intraspecific and intrageneric chasing by male flies is described and the spacing of flies at different sites is discussed. C. jellisoni males appeared to dominate males of C. apicata at these sites or, when both were present, their activities were stratified. Marked males tended to remain at a specific site throughout the day's activity.

In one observed mating, the flying pair united above the aggregation site and dropped in tandem to the vegetation below. A comparative description of the internal reproductive system of female C. apicata is given.
Genetical Studies on Resistance to Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Euxesta notata (Wied.)
Authors: Telford J. N. , Brown A. W. A.
Published: December 2009

The inheritance of dieldrin-resistance and DDT-resistance was studied in a laboratory colony of the spotted root maggot Euxesta notata collected in 1960 at Delhi, Ontario. By appropriate selection methods the colony was divided into 4 strains, namely dieldrin-resistant, dieldrin-susceptible, DDT-resistant and DDT-susceptible. Crosses made between the R and S strains showed that dieldrin-resistance segregated sharply, and was inherited as if due to a single gene allele. An excess of heterozygotes over that expected suggested a certain amount of over-dominance with respect to survival. DDT-resistance did not segregate sharply, but the results of the various crosses were in agreement with the idea that this factor, which was very slightly dominant, was due to a single gene allele. Cross-resistance data for R and S strains indicated that dieldrin-resistance and DDT-resistance were completely separate entities in this species.
Descriptions of New Lonchaeidae (Diptera). I.
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

Descriptions are presented for 74 new Lonchaeidae as follows: Dasiops Rondani, 60 species: 37 from North America, 12 from South America, 8 from Africa, and 3 from Australia; Lamprolonchaea Bezzi, 14 species: 3 from Caroline Islds., 3 from Mariana Islds., 2 from New Hebrides Islds., 2 from Samoa, and one from each of the following: China, Fiji, India, Marshall Islds., and West Australia.