bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symptomatic Treatment (Or How to Bind The Origin of Species to The Physician Desk Reference)
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

“You’re just treating the symptoms.” This admonition derives from the idea that problems are the effects of underlying causes, and to resolve a problem fully one must nullify the underlying cause. Applying the idea to infectious diseases, a twentieth-century physician might say that treating the symptoms of a disease may provide some comfort to the patient, but it is generally of little consequence to the future course of the problem at hand.
How to Be Severe Without Vectors
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

Vectorbome transmission is a special case of a broader phenomenon. If we replace the word “vector” with “consumer” and “host” with “consumee,” we can apply the same principles to “carnivorous transmission” (Ewald 1987a). When parasites are transmitted from prey to predator through the act of predation, increased use of the prey’s tissues should result in exceptionally low fitness costs to the parasite because parasites inside of weakened, less mobile prey can still be transmitted effectively to the predator. The selection for virulence in the consumee should be even more extreme when parasites are transmitted to scavengers by scavenging; in this case, death of the consumee can benefit the parasite by facilitating transmission.
AIDS: Where Did It Come from and Where Is It Going?
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

Over ten million people are now infected with the human immunodeficiency virus; over one million have AIDS or have died from AIDS. These numbers are still small relative to the tolls imposed by other disease organisms: Over 20 million were carried away by the influenza virus in little more than a year during the pandemic that began at the end of World War I. Although the lives claimed by AIDS are few compared with the lives claimed by influenza, the plague, malaria, or the diarrheal diseases, there is no end to the AIDS pandemic in sight, nor is there any recognized therapy that can cure AIDS or even postpone death for more than a year or so. If the evolutionary approach can help resolve vexing epidemiological problems, its application to HIV would be especially timely. Why is HIV so lethal, and what can be done to change its future evolutionary course? Current molecular evidence suggests that HIV has been infecting humans for decades to centuries. Most of the evidence derives from differences in the sequences of building blocks along the length of the viral RNA.
A Look Backward ...
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

He who has only once through his own efforts tried to trace back the long path trod by his predecessors, who has felt how clear and luminous his own knowledge becomes as he grows aware of the historical circumstances out of which it has arisen, and who discovers the basis of the errors by which even genuine investigators have been misled, he who has learned that a kernel of truth sticks in every error, will not place himself with those who despise historical studies It’s pompous, I admit, but I think Virchow’s point is well taken. Placing current knowledge in historical perspective does give us a better idea of its value. Let us look back to understand the insights that provided the basis for the union of evolution and the health sciences that I offer in this book. The first major insight was the recognition that other organisms, particularly those organisms invisible to the naked eye, can cause disease by living inside our bodies. The second involves the understanding of disease over spatial and temporal scales that are larger than the scales associated with individual people. This insight involves the spread of diseases among populations and the changes in diseases over time. The third insight is that our activities can alter the effects of parasites across the entire spectrum of temporal and spatial scales from the microscopic and chemical levels through the level of the individual to the spread of disease across populations and the change in disease characteristics over time.
Observations on Unalashka
Authors: Merck Carl Heinrich
Published: November 2023

The German naturalist Dr. Carl Heinrich Merck (1761-1799) was born into a family prominent for its pharma cists and physicians and, following his father’s foot steps, Merck studied medicine in Germany and in Russia, passing medical examinations at St. Petersburg in 1785. After a long trek through Siberia, Merck finally reached Unalashka in the Aleutians aboard the Slava Rossii on June 1, 1790. Some 162 folio pages of his 1788-1792 journal survive, written primarily in Latin as was the custom.
The Pribilof Islands
Authors: Litke Frederic
Published: November 2023

The 1835 Voyage Autour du Monde (“Voyage Around the World”) chronicles the world travels of Captain Lieutenant Frederic Litke (1797-18B2) in Alaska and elsewhere aboard the sixty-two manned Russian corvette Seniavin. The official mission of the Seniavin was, according to imperial order, primarily geographic and scientific-Litke and his naturalist Dr. Mer tens assiduously collected diverse specimens, including 100 amphibians, 300 fish, 150 crustaceans, 700 insects, 300 birds, as well as human skulls, an unspecified number of sea shells, 2,500 plants, 350 rocks and minerals, and numerous ethnographic artifacts. Litke’s most important scientific achievements were the identification of several new species of seal, the collection of some rare species of bat, and the gathering of measurements on the Earth’s magnetic field that were significant for the age.
The Pribilof Islands
Authors: Beaman Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Elizabeth Dubois Beaman (1844-1932) was the first non-native American woman to live on the remote Pribilof Islands of Alaska’s Bering Sea. She arrived on the islands in 1879 with her husband, John Warren Beaman, a U. S. government official. At that time the Alaska Commercial Company operated the profitable fur seal industry in the region. Her writings were published posthumously in 1987 as Libby: The Sketches, Letters, and Journal of Libby Beaman, Recorded in the Pribilof Islands 1879-1880 (Council Oak Books).
The Grand Canon of the Yukon
Authors: Schwatka Frederick
Published: November 2023

Frederick Schwatka (1849-1892) was one of the most remarkable figures of his century: army officer, attorney, medical doctor, best-selling author, and arctic explorer. Born in Galena, Illinois, Schwatka graduated from West Point in 1871, was admitted to the Nebraska Bar in 1875, and received a medical degree from Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York in 1876. Obsessed with the lost 1845 Franklin expedition, he undertook an expedition into the Arctic in 1879-1880 and actually located some graves. This was hailed in his time as one of the great triumphs of arctic exploration. Schwatka later resigned his military commission and spent the rest of his short life traveling and writing. He died of a drug overdose at the age of forty-three in Portland, Oregon, after a long illness.
Gold Prospectors of the Susitna Valley
Authors: Dunn Robert
Published: November 2023

No collection of Arctic-American literature would be truly representative without a selection derived from the rich mining history of the region. Here Robert Dunn

(1877-1955), in a passage from his climbing classic The Shameless Diary of an Explorer (Outing, 1907), describes a group of prospectors camped near his expedition’s bivouac on the Susitna River. No one has ever captured better, or in a briefer space, the tragedy and the comedy of the common prospector. Dunn, by the way, failed to reach the summit of Mount McKinley on this trip.
Other Days
Authors: Haines John
Published: November 2023

John Haines (1924-), a resident of Alaska’s interior for over thirty years, is the author of six books of poetry and five works of prose. His awards include two Guggenheim Fellowships in poetry, a grant award from the National Endowment for the Arts, and a Governor’s Award for his contributions to the humanities in Alaska. He currently is a visiting professor at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. He returns each summer to his homestead near Delta Junction, Alaska.

In this selection, a preface to his Jong essay on wilderness Jiving Of Traps and Snares (Graywolf Press, 1977), John Haines describes his homestead on the Tanana River. During this period (late 1950s), the struggling writer made his Jiving partly from fur-trapping, and the book describes the rigors of self-sufficiency in the wilderness in a manner similar to Richard Proenneke’s One Man’s Wilderness (Alaska North west Publishing, 1973). “Little by little,” the author writes, “I am learning the ways of the north.
Glacier Bay Joumal
Authors: Bohn Dave
Published: November 2023

Dave Bohn (no birthdate available) is a distinguished wilderness photographer and author whose works in clude Glacier Bay (Sierra Club, 1967), Backcountry Journal (Capra Press, 1974), and Rambles Through an Alaskan Wild (Capra Press, 1979). In this selection from Glacier Bay, Bohn describes a wilderness trip to Glacier Bay National Park in 1965 where, like so many others before and since, he had to struggle to keep himself, his camera equipment, and his sense of humor dry in the midst of a torrential deluge. The same rainfall that produces the lovely rain forests of southeastern Alaska has ruined many a hiking and photo expedition, but not so here as Dave Bohn regroups after the May storm and continues his explorations of Glacier Bay.
Two Great Polar Bear Hunters
Authors: Pikonganna Aloysius
Published: November 2023

King Island, located in the Bering Straits midway be tween Alaska and Siberia, is inhabited by a small permanent population of Inupiat Eskimos. These residents rely on marine resources, including bowhead and beluga whales, walrus, migratory birds, and seals, to sustain themselves. In this story Aloysius Pikonganna (1909-1986) evokes the mysterious spirit of the arctic wilderness in the form of an immense polar bear hunted by two King Islanders on the ice pack.
Fines
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Why fines first? Why not probation and its more recent intensive and restrictive forms allied to electronic developments? Why not community service orders and their promise of more effective punishment to the advantage of victim, offender, and community alike? They would certainly be more usual choices; but in our view the choice of the fine as the lead intermediate punishment, within our definition of that phrase, takes us swiftly to the heart of the problem of such punishments in the sentencing systems of this country.
Community Service Orders
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

The prison is a punishment exacted against freedom of movement and association; the fine is a punishment exacted against money and what money can buy; the community service order is a punishment exacted against time and energy. Some see the community service order as a fine on time.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution provides, in Section 1:‘Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States’. Not until 1966 was the invitation embedded in the exception clause of this amendment given any force.
Control and Treatment in the Community
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

There is a pernicious tendency to think of criminal sanctions as either punishment or treatment, either pain or beneficent assistance, either the prison and the jail or the psychiatrist and the social worker. Let us take a fresh look at the shopping list of current penal sanctions for adults and try to shake ourselves free of this perspective.
Scientists of Society
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen
Published: November 2023

President Harper’s broadly stated goal of serving society by advancing intellectual inquiry quickly found full expression in the University of Chicago’s departments of political economy, sociology, and political science. There the preoccupations of the new university—graduate study, coeducation, and social concern—converged with the emerging interests of academic disciplines on the threshold of professionalization. The result was a lively environment where the women social scientists, and their male classmates, learned absorbing lessons about social reality and social reform.
“The Thing for Which You Are Well Fitted”
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen
Published: November 2023

The freedom to pursue advanced training in the university’s lively, supportive, and challenging atmosphere provided the women social scientists at Chicago with an opportunity of inestimable personal and intellectual worth. But the professional advantage gained from graduate study turned out to be far more difficult to measure. At Chicago, academic social science drew life from the idea that power within American society should be derived from knowledge. This notion held both enormous appeal and limited practical significance for the women who joined the university in quest of advanced degrees.
Patriots and the Redefinition of Poverty, 1712-1785
Authors: Lindemann Mary
Published: November 2023

The redefinition of poverty in the eighteenth century makes sense only when considered within the context of the two great historical events that spawned it. The first was the Enlightenment and the second was the massive economic and demographic changes that, while affecting most of Europe gradually and selectively, were rapidly transforming Hamburg into a modern commercial giant. Older historiography has tended to lump poor relief reform into a neat package of enlightened reform projects that touched all parts of society.1 One would be foolish to suggest that the current of enlightened thought that washed over almost all European states somehow ebbed before reaching Hamburg.
Joseph Haydn
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The little we know about Haydn ‘s early life comes, for the most part, from three biographies that appeared soon after his death: Biographische Notizen uber Joseph Haydn by Georg August Griesinger, a Saxon diplomat; Biographische Nachrichten uber Joseph Haydn by Albert Christoph Dies, a landscape painter from Hanover; and Le Haydine, ovvere Lettere sulla vita e sulle opere del celebre Maestro Giuseppe Haydn by Giuseppe Antonio Carpani, a Lombard man of letters. Griesinger, Dies, and Carpani all knew Haydn in his last years in Vienna, and in general their books agree. There is reason, however, to question the accuracy of some of the old gentleman ‘s reminiscences, and one cannot be sure that the writers, all dilettantes in music, always understood him correctly. Carpani, moreover, has been suspected of embroidery.
Atthur Honegger
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Mention Honegger and, after “hmm, “ you will probably get “Didn ‘t he write that piece about a locomotive? “ or perhaps some headscratching about Les Six. Yes, he did write that piece about alocomotive. Called Pacific 231, it is really an abstract study in the relationship of rhythm and tempo, the colorful title being an afterthought; so at least Honegger maintained years later. As Movement symphonique No. 1, which is the other, abstract half of its title, this engaging work would not have had one-thousandth the number of performances. (It is a good locomotive piece too.)1 And yes, Honegger was a member of Les Six-with Auric, Durey, Milhaud, Poulenc, and Tailleferre-but that doesn’t mean a thing. Although they were all friends, Les Six were not bound in any aesthetic or musico-political alliance, even though Jean Cocteau, as self-appointed coach, guru, and flak, made a move toward inventing a coherent artistic stance for them. It is ironic that Honegger is remembered for two things so off to one side from his essential artistic personality. Very few orchestral musicians I have asked could remember playing one of Honegger ‘s symphonies recently, if ever.
Wolfgang Amade Mozart
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Mozart wrote the Haffner Symphony between 20 July and 7 August 1782, but in a form rather different from the present one. It was played in Salzburg soon after. He revised it early the next year and led the first performance of the new and final version at the Vienna Burgtheater on 23 March 1783.
Franz Schmidt
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Franz Schmidt is the composer of four symphonies, three of them among the strongest this symphony-rich twentieth century has produced. It is not music for everybody, but if Bruckner speaks to you and if in general you are susceptible to expansive utterance, it may well be music for you. The Fourth Symphony especially is an eloquent and arresting document.
Roger Sessions
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Sessions is a figure of gigantic stature on the landscape of American music. He was one of the most effective and influential teachers of his time (of Milton Babbitt, David Del Tredici, John Harbison, Leon Kirchner, Fred Lerdahl, Peter Maxwell Davies, Conlon Nancarrow, Hugo Weisgall, Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, among others―a list that attests to how non-doctrinaire he was) and his essays and lectures constitute a significant and increasingly appreciated body of writings about music. Most important, he was a great composer.
Piotr llyich Tchaikovsky
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Begun in the winter of 1876-77, the Symphony No. 4 was substantially complete by the end of May 1877, although work on its orchestration was delayed until the autumn. The entire work was completed in San Remo on 7 January 1878. Tchaikovsky entrusted the score to Nikolai Rubinstein, who conducted the premiere on 22 February 1878 in Moscow.
Occupational Injury
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Among people aged 20 to 64, one-third of all injuries (NCHS 1985) and one sixth of all injury deaths occur on the job. Occupational hazards and their resulting injuries have changed markedly in recent decades as job characteristics have altered and increased protection has been provided. In some industries, injury rates have been reduced as more hazardous tasks have been mechanized and the number of clerical staff has increased, so that a smaller proportion of the work force is at risk of severe trauma. In other industries, risks may have increased, for example, because a larger proportion of jobs entail driving trucks, cars, and other highway vehicles. Estimates of occupational deaths related to motor vehicles range as high as 37 percent of all occupational injury deaths (NSC 1989).
Firearms
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Firearm deaths are usually analyzed separately as unintentional, suicidal, or homicidal. Often, however, it is appropriate to consider them as a whole in order to clarify the magnitude of the problem and to identify preventive measures that may be effective regardless of the intent and circumstances of injury (Christoffel 1985; Wintemute et al. 1987). This chapter presents data for unintentional firearm injury and for firearm deaths as a whole; in addition, some of the similarities and differences between rates of intentional and unintentional firearm deaths will be pointed out. Additional details on firearm suicide can be found in Chapter 5 and on homicide in Chapter 6.
Conclusion
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Injuries impose a greater burden on modern societies than any disease. Unlike many other major health problems, a variety of effective preventive measures are available that are well within the state of the art and inexpensive in relation to their potential benefits (Rice, MacKenzie, and associates 1989). These measures often are not applied. Too commonly, efforts to reduce the injury problem have utilized unproductive approaches. The results of neglect and misdirected efforts are reflected in the death rates reported in the preceding chapters.
Marriage, Sexuality, and Marginality
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo
Published: November 2023

Popular attitudes toward the practice of prostitution and other variations on feminine sexuality were not necessarily the same as the attitudes inscribed in the law. Those who made and enforced the law enshrined their views in the records, where they are much easier to discover than the views of prostitutes themselves and those among whom they lived. Even though the law of church and state treated their profession as a crime and a sin, individual prostitutes may not have felt degraded but may simply have felt that they were earning a living as best they could. Still, it would not be fair to assume that to the prostitutes and those around them, prostitution was just another trade. A prostitute was encumbered with moral and ideological baggage as a baker or an embroiders was not. Some historians consider the medieval and early modern prostitute a figure on the margins of society, along with those who lived by other shady means such as gambling, begging, or theft. Others argue that brothels, especially legalized ones, were central to town life, and that prostitutes only became marginal later, as they lost official sanction. Official recognition and some degree of protection under law, however, need not imply inclusion in the community.
Initial Ambiguities
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

On June 16, 1940, in the last days of the Battle of France, Prime Minister Reynaud resigned and was replaced by the aged World War I hero, Marshal Petain. The Petain Government immediately requested armistice terms from the German military command and the final document was signed at Compiegne on June 24. Hostilities were thus brought to a halt and France entered a prolonged period of domination by and collaboration with the occupying forces. Despite the juridical legitimacy of the new regime, the situation did not immediately appear clear-cut from the perspective of some of the French colonies. Hardly any of the colonial administrators were willing at this stage to follow the example of General de Gaulle’s intransigent repudiation of Petain’s political authority.
The Unseemly Denouement
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

The Foreign Office had little occasion to celebrate its victory over Spears. His departure from the scene came at a time when it could no longer contribute to the peaceful resolution of differences in the Levant. The French and Syrians were already locked in a stalemate over the related issues of the troupes speciales and the negotiation of treaties. Both sides became more unyielding in reaction to Spears’ fall-the French because they interpreted the development as a green light for a more aggressive stance on their part and the Syrians because they realized that, with the end of the war imminent, time was no longer on their side and they had to get rid of the French before the British withdrew the protective buffer of their forces.
Núčiu, The Northern Ute People
Authors: Lewis David Rich
Published: November 2023

The Utes (Nú˘iu) are a culturally self-identifying group of affiliated bands which inhabited the eastern Great Basin and Rocky Mountain parks of Colorado, Utah, and northwestern New Mexico. They are Southern Numic speakers of the Numic (Shoshonean) family within the Uto-Aztecan language stock.1 Once ranging widely throughout this region in search of food, trade, and resources, the modern Utes retain only a vestige of their extensive estate: the Uintah-Ouray Reservation in northeastern Utah, Southern Ute in southwestern Colorado, and Ute Mountain along the western Colorado-New Mexico border.
The Tohono O’Odham And Agricultural Change
Authors: Lewis David Rich
Published: November 2023

Spanish missionaries and Mexican soldiers asserted their colonial dominance over the land and native peoples of the Papagueria long before American officials arrived to dispense their own brand of “civilization.” At first the Tohono O’odham continued to live much as they always had, selectively incorporating and interpreting the social, material, and subsistence resources offered by these foreigners. Their environment served as a buffer, allowing them a certain amount of cultural autonomy long after they were politically surrounded. Even after Americans acquired the Papagueria in 1854, the majority of Tohono O’odham remained beyond the control of government agents. The people continued as before but found themselves defending their land and water resources from intrusive miners and grazers. Their cattle herds grew and became an important symbol and economic resource, ultimately to the detriment of their fragile ecosystem and to farming itself. Environmental change chased changing subsistence patterns in a cycle ending with the loss of precious water resources and the abandonment of irrigated and akchin fields as people moved into the marketplace to sell their labor.
What Has Jazz to Do with Aeslhelirs?
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

The mystery of art lies not so much in its beauty or hideousness but in the fact that it should communicate with us at all. It is something approaching a miracle that a piece of canvas covered with paint or a succession of musical tones of set duration can communicate emotions and sensations of immense power, even when continents or centuries-or both-separate artist and audience.
Jazz as Song
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

We should perhaps be thankful for second-rate art. The poorest practitioners of any craft are often, like clumsy magicians Gr awkward liars, more revealing than their betters. Even more than the masterpiece, the worst art serves as a crucible in which a period’s superficial veneer is melted away to reveal the bald assumptions, the prevalent ideologies, the crassest commonplaces of the times. Shakespeare is universal; it is with a Thomas Kyd or a Cyril Toumeur that we encounter a true Eliza bethan.
Illegal Immigration before World War II
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

Jewish clandestine, illegal entry into and residence in Palestine prior to the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 has its roots in the earliest days of Zionist immigration to Palestine. Even prior to the first Zionist Congress in 1898 and its adoption of the political goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, Jews had established settlements in Ottoman-ruled Palestine-at times legally, but more often illegally.
The Mossad and the Kladovo Darien Incident
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

News of the outbreak of the war reached most of the Mossad agents in Paris. There they gathered following the Zionist Congress in Geneva in late August. The Congress had left a profound impression. Katznelson’s resounding plea on behalf of aliyah bet stirred them, and their encounters with aliyah activists from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia rekindled their sense of urgency. They began to discuss new efforts, both to initiate additional operations and to persuade potential funders, in order to launch the largest aliyah campaign possible. Even as they spoke, the Tiger Hill was en route to Palestine carrying several hundred refugees from Poland and Romania.
Nazi Policy from Deportation to Genocide: Closing the Gates to Jewish Emigration, 1943 to 1944
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

In 1941, Jewish policy of Germany entered its most radical phase-that of the Final Solution. From that point on, the trend toward giving precedence to ideological considerations above all others became more pronounced. The S.S., the dominant force in anti-Jewish policy since 1939, became virtually the sole executive authority in this area as it took on the task of coordinating the various official bodies operating in countries under German occupation and in Germany, to implement the Final Solution. Approaches to the issue that offered alternatives to genocide were nullified.
A Time of Transition: Aliyah bet, FalI 1944
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

Autumn of 1944 is the final segment of our story. Although many of the features that characterized the aliyah effort throughout the war continued to shape events in late 1944, several important new factors appeared. The changes they introduced make it necessary to devote a separate examination to this brief period of several months. Apart from the interest that their impact on aliyah and rescue work may have for us, these changes also indicate a transition process that led to postwar illegal immigration, starting one year later.
Sex-Roles and Stereotypes in Health Care
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

Most stereotypes contain an element of truth. The profession of medicine, for example, may be seen stereotypically as an inegalitarian relationship between doctors, who are mainly 1Uen, and patients, who are mainly women. The term “inegalitarian” describes a relationship in which differences between parties are such that one is regarded as, or is superior to, the other in one or more respects. The differences provide a rationale for one party having power over the other. Such inequality may be temporary, as in the parent-child relationship in which the child is dependent on the adult for a limited period of time; or permanent, where disparities are not subject to change. In either view, an inegalitarian relationship involves a ranking based on differences. The ranking can vary according to differences among the parties being ranked; for example, children generally rank lower than adults in terms of experience, strength, and knowledge, but higher than adults in terms of their expected life span and capacity for further development.
Gender Socialization And Adolescents
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, I examined the relationship between sex-role stereotypes and health care, and in Chapter 11, the capacity of children for exercising moral agency in the health care setting. In this chapter, I draw these themes together through a focus on two issues that particularly affect adolescents. One is the possibility of providing growth hormone therapy to those who have no medical need for it; the other is the growing incidence of anorexia nervosa among young adults and teenagers. Preliminarily, however, I provide a brief account of sexrole or gender socialization among adolescents as influences on their need or desire for health care.
Introduction
Authors: Arnold Dieter
Published: November 2023

This comparatively late appearance of stone building when brick architecture was already flourishing had important consequences for the development of Egyptian building forms. Practically all principal features of Egyptian architecture, such as the battered walls, the Egyptian cornice, screen walls, false doors, and the different types of columns, were distinctive marks of building in a different material, which was translated into stone. This process of translation also influenced the new building dimensions, which were comparable with those of brick architecture and did not—at least during a transitional period—surpass human proportions.
Beethoven: Fifth Symphony
Authors: Schuller Gunther
Published: November 2023

There is no work in the entire literature which is more popular and more often recorded-some 160 recordings to date-than the Fifth Symphony of Beethoven. It is also, alas, one of the least understood and most consistently misinterpreted.1 It has become so popular and, therefore, such a mandatory component of any conductor’s repertory, that it is virtually taken for granted, both by conductors (and orchestras) and audiences, too often heard and performed perfunctorily if not mechanically, and worse, in self-indulgent distorted versions that bear little or no relation to the reality of the score. The Beethoven Fifth has become a musical commodity, a musical platitude, which hardly anyone hears with fresh ears, which hardly anyone performs with a sense of discovery, and which hardly anyone treats with the respect this monumental masterpiece de serves-although everyone, of course, claims to do so.

It is thus doubly ironic that the Beethoven Fifth is one of the most difficult works to conduct, one of the most problematic to perform and fulfill all of its creative aspirations. The difficulties begin in multiple fashion in the very first measure, and by the sixth measure the conductor and orchestra have encountered problems that, certainly unprecedented in 1808, present formidable technical and interpretive performance issues to this day.
Brahms: Fourth Symphony
Authors: Schuller Gunther
Published: November 2023

Although it took Brahms more than twenty years of painstaking, often struggling effort to complete his First Symphony, the Second Symphony appeared almost instantaneously and was premiered within a year of the First’s premiere. The Third Symphony followed in another six years and the Fourth two years later; a mere 30 opus numbers separate it from the First. Thus the three last symphonies were created in less than half the time of the prolonged gestation period re quired for the First Symphony.

This is remarkable enough, especially if one considers that in the same nine year period Brahms also wrote some ninety-five other compositions, including the staggering number of sixty-eight songs. But perhaps even more remarkable and interesting is the fact that his four symphonies are at once totally original, and in mood and conception completely different from one another. As uniquely distinctive as each of the four symphonies is, all are quintessentially Brahmsian and could, by no stretch of the imagination, have been written by anyone else, not even by Dvorak, Brahms’s closest artistic colleague and musical soulmate.

This uniqueness is particularly appreciable in Brahms’s Fourth Symphony, a work which, even more than the First, combines the most astonishingly ‘mod ern’ and intrinsically complex musical ideas with a fundamental adherence to classical and pre-classical models, as particularly manifested in the Passacaglia Finale movement.
Strauss: Till Eulenspiegel
Authors: Schuller Gunther
Published: November 2023

Strauss’s Till Eulenspiegel is unquestionably one of the composer’s most popular works, and has been so since its premiere under Franz Wtillner’s direction in 1895. Indeed, both Till and Don Juan, that wondrously exuberant, slightly earlier 1889 masterpiece, were not only outrageously popular right from the start with audiences and critics alike, but had a profound impact on the course of music in that both works, having more or less abandoned the classical sonata and variation forms, successfully explored the new freer narrative form of the ‘tone poem.’ While Liszt was the real inventor of the tone poem and Wagner contributed-for all his respect and love for Beethoven’s symphonies-enormously through his operas to the break-up of the classical symphonic forms, it was Strauss, in Don Juan, Till Eulenspiegel, and some of his other tone poems, who brought this literary-oriented genre to world center-stage. The tone poem clearly stood in direct opposition to Brahms and his classical forms, and led the revolution, along with other brilliant break-through works, like Debussy’s L’Apres-Midi d’unfaune (1892-94), and the virtual decimation of the symphonic form(s) by Mahler in his symphonies and Das Lied van der Erde, that eventually brought down the entire house of classical forms.
Interpretations of the Compromise
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

IN THE SUMMER of 1878 two figures of unhappy notoriety in Louisiana legend faced each other for three days before a congressional investigating committee. One was bluff Ben Butler, celebrated as the insulter of New Orleans womanhood and a pilferer of silver spoons. The other was Major E. A. Burke, more justly accused somewhat later of pilfering New Orleans silver on a grander scale. One was the man of Radicalism and Reconstruction-the old order.
Revolution And Rejection
Authors: Johnson Richard R
Published: November 2023

The bloodless, Protestant, constitutionally decorous, and hence, in English eyes, ever-to-be-revered-as-Glorious revolution of 1688 that overthrew James II brought lasting changes to John Nelson’s Atlantic world. In England, William of Orange assumed the throne, but under the terms of a constitutional settlement that led towards an enduring and fruitful balance of royal and parliamentary authority. On the larger European stage, the events of 1688 cemented a diplomatic coalition intent upon curbing the overweening ambitions and militant Catholicism of “that Great Leviathan,” Louis XIVe of France. Two centuries in which Eng¬land and France had been more often allies than enemies gave way to a century and a quarter of bitter rivalry and war. In North America, likewise, the Glorious Revolution transformed the intermittent frictions of adjacent colonial expansion into a violent clash of imperial ambitions not resolved until England’s conquest of French Canada in the 1760s. For Englishmen in America, the image of the mother country would assume a new reality and significance as they found themselves inextricably swept up in Europe’s worldwide contest for supremacy.
‘‘Your very l o v i n g f a t h e r’’
Authors: Johnson Richard R
Published: November 2023

John Nelson’s homecoming to Boston during the summer of 1698 excited neither official fanfare nor the attention of the province’s diarists. But a story still told in the nineteenth century recalled a great banquet held for him by his family and friends on Long Island, one so memorable that fragments of the tablecloth remained as relics to illustrate the tale.1 How Elizabeth Tailer Nelson and her four young children had passed the seven years since John’s capture remains obscure. The Long Island property had been used-and damaged-by soldiers of an English ex¬pedition of 1693 that arrived in Boston shattered by diseases contracted in Caribbean waters, damage for which Elizabeth Nelson received some two hundred pounds in compensation from the Massachusetts govern¬ment. In 1695, she was on the island when a woman seeking to pay off a mortgage owed to the Nelsons confronted her there, with frustrating results: “Mrs Nelson said she could not meddle with it nor doe nothing about it til Mr Nelson comes.”2 The combined Tailer and Nelson family property holdings were substantial-her younger brother’s guardians managed five grain mills on his behalf-and Elizabeth and her daughters seem to have managed comfortably enough.
Introduction
Authors: King Richard H
Published: November 2023

Where the civil rights movement in the United States once seemed to herald an historical “break” of major proportions, the 1980s saw the appearance of several works in black intellectual and cultural history identifying what V. P. Franklin has called a tradition of “core values”-freedom, resistance, self-determination, and education which formed during slavery and upon which the movement of the 1950s and 1960s drew for intellectual sustenance. Moreover, historically oriented sociological studies have reconstructed the dense institutional matrix of Southern black colleges and churches, NAACP chapters, and”movement centers” staffed by independent white and black activists from which the civil rights movement emerged and by which it was sustained. Even before the bus boycott in Montgomery in 1955/56, there had been a mass campaign against bus segregation in Baton Rouge in 1953. And as Taylor Branch points out in his 1988 book Parting the Waters, the Greensboro sit-ins of February 1960, which touched off the direct action phase of the movement in earnest, had been preceded by “similar demonstrations in at least 16 other cities” in the “previous three years.”
SNCC, Participatory Politics, and the People
Authors: King Richard H
Published: November 2023

When David Halberstam was a young journalist on the Nashville Tennesseean in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Richard Whalen, then a Time magazine correspondent, came to Nashville to gather material for a cover story about the civil rights activists there. Whalen contacted Halberstam to see if a meeting could be arranged with the young students, whose names are now familiar-James Lawson, John Lewis, Diane Nash, and others. After checking, Halberstam re ported that the students were reluctant and also very busy but that they could meet Whalen at 6:00 A.M. the next morning. Whalen, according to Halberstam, did a double-take, then fell silent. After a few seconds, his response was, “They’re going to win, aren’t they.”
New Ways of Knowing
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Ruth and Clara picked Djane (Dee-ann) Lavoie Herz as the “best teacher to be found” because of the success of her pupil, Gitta Gradova, at bril liant recitals in New York and Chicago in 1923 and 1924. The Crawfords un doubtedly read the superlative reviews that mentioned Herz by name as the artistic force behind the bravura pianist’s “virility and great power.” If the young Gradova was being touted as the “greatest interpreter” of Scriabin, then surely her teacher deserved some of the credit.I Djane Herz (1888-1982) was more than a teacher with authentic artistic ties to the late Russian master; she was a disciple of his esoteric aesthetic mysticism. Coming back to Toronto (her birthplace) in 1914, after two years in Brussels among Scriabin’s circle, Herz wrote that she was “initiated in his philosophy of life, which his music so perfectly expresses, a philosophy which could satisfy the most advanced thinker:’-which she believed she was. Not only did she dedicate herself to promoting Scriabin’s music, she and her husband followed his religion of theosophy.
"Trees of Sound and Color": Music, 1924-1929
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Crawford’s music written between 1924 and 1929 constitutes her first dis tinctive style period. Her “trees of sound and color”-her magical phrase for her own music-stood in a dense forest of early American modernism, where new idioms crowded in on one another, competing for their place in the sun.
"Wading in Grace”
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

At the height of her career in the early 1950s, Crawford witnessed her experimental idea of using American traditional songs in music education become accepted as a part of the “American heritage” that shaped postwar culture. If, as Michael Kammen has written, that phrase became a “virtual cliche” in the years following World War II in a period when “traditionalism kept pace with modernism at least in the realm of national taste:’ then the range of requests to use material from her books gives ample evidence of the breadth of the consensus toward a musical past. She answered letters granting permission to reproduce folk songs from such groups and individuals as the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, the Board of Christian Education and Pub lication, the public-school music textbook company Silver Burdett, the pub lishers of the fourteen-volume series called Childcraft, an educational motion picture production company making a film for Los Angeles County public schools, a teacher planning to make a record for preschool hard-of-hearing children, and the Bank Street School music specialist Beatrice Landeck. “Old Molly Hare” and the “Boll Weevil” had found their homes.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century, there appeared a new group of academic disciplines that took culture as a primary object of scientific study. These included anthropology in its many varieties, human geography, culture history, and branches of psychology that focused on culture. In other fields, the concept of culture became a significant part of the apparatus of interpretation. Bodies of theory about culture emerged, often overleaping the boundaries between disciplines. The development of these “cultural sciences” was an international phenomenon to which people of all major European nations and the United States contributed. But distinctive national approaches also revealed themselves, each largely shaped by the public context of intellectual life in a particular country.
Historical Economics and Cultural History
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

The disciplines on which this book primarily concentrates—anthropology, Völkerpsychologie, and human geography—re all clearly cultural sciences as that term has been used here. That is, in all three disciplines, the dominant theoretical patterns throughout the nineteenth century focused mainly on the culture concept and featured the traditional nomothetic aim of liberal social science extended by a heightened emphasis on empirical research. Two other disciplines closely linked in origin and theoretical orientation with these cultural sciences were historical economics and cultural history. In some senses, they can be regarded as cultural sciences themselves in that the culture concept had a central place in both. Both encompassed nomothetic approaches to understanding, although the nomothetic aim came to be seriously questioned in each-more so than in anthropology or human geography. Both disciplines became involved in the methodological disputes that were central to the revolution in German social science at the tum of the century. The cultural sciences on which we have concentrated thus far remained at the periphery of those debates. This chapter will briefly examine historical economics and cultural history as cultural sciences. It will focus on their connections to the other cultural sciences and the extent to which their most important theoretical patterns developed in response to common factors that influenced all of the cultural disciplines. Because of the methodological struggles in which historical economists and cultural historians engaged, the chapter also presents an opportunity to consider links between nomothetic cultural science and other major tendencies in social studies.
Intellectual Politics and Cultural Science in the Wilhelmian Era
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

Many German academics specializing in the social and cultural sciences experienced a quickening of their interest in politics in the early 1890s and perceived an opportunity to exert an influence on the nation’s future that they had not had in many years.’ The opportunity arose in part from obvious sources, including the fall of Bismarck in 1890, the adoption of the “New Course” by the Caprivi government, and the appearance of highly divisive issues (such as those surrounding the Caprivi policy of lowering tariffs) that encouraged the disputants to seek academic buttressing for their positions. In addition, the colonial movement had recently demonstrated the ability of imperialism to mobilize educated Germans for political action. This demonstration was taken to heart by alert politicians-who increasingly tried to tie domestic issues to those of foreign and imperial policy in order to gamer the support of the educated-and by politically oriented academics, who did the same thing. The latter recognized that they had a chance of affecting politics by focusing their fields of study on major issues (such as the social question and its political cognate, the growing power of the Social Democrats) within some sort of nationalist ideological context.