bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Eye Gaze on Self-Disclosure
Authors: Stevens Michael J. , Rice Mary Beth , Johnson James J.
Published: September 2011

60 female and 60 male undergraduates were assigned randomly and in equal numbers to a female or male interviewer who maintained high, moderate, or low eye gaze while verbally administering the Self-disclosure Sentence Completion Blank of Greene. A two-way (eye gaze × subjects' sex) analysis of variance on over-all scores yielded a main effect for subjects' sex; women self-disclosed more than men. Across subjects, perceived self-disclosure was greater than verbal self-disclosure. The methodological limitations of analogue research are discussed.
Effects of Differences between Self- and others' Ratings on Children's
Authors: Drawings Human Figure , Spiga Ralph , Mindingall Marilyn P. , Long-Hall Carolyn , Blackwell Martha W.
Published: September 2011

Five- and six-year-old black children (15 girls, 22 boys) who described themselves more favorably than they reported their teachers would describe them tended to show signs of emotional disturbance in their human drawings. These results are discussed from a self-presentational viewpoint. Cross-validation is essential.
Accommodating Instruction to Learners' Field Independence/Dependence: A Study of Effects on Achievement and Attitudes
Authors: Halpin Glennelle , Peterson Helen
Published: September 2011

Subjects (N = 221 undergraduate and graduate students) were randomly assigned printed study materials matched/mismatched with their cognitive style. Field independence and field dependence were the stylistic dimensions considered. Multivariate and univariate analyses yielded significant differences in achievement and attitudes as a function of cognitive style and college status but not of matching/mismatching instruction to cognitive style. Educational implications are discussed.
Alcohol and Vigilance Performance: Effect of Small Doses of Alcohol on Simple Auditory Reaction Time
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

This study explored whether a small dose of alcohol (0.67 ml/kg) would affect simple auditory RT as developed with time on task in a vigilance setting. Analysis indicated that absolute levels were not affected and no interaction with time on task was evident. Alcohol did, however, increase both number and mean duration of the extreme long reactions but this effect was not related to time on task. It was concluded that in many applied situations this effect of small alcohol doses may be critical.
Fixed and Variable Time Press and Sex Differences in Production of Verbal Originality
Authors: Sajjadi-Bafghi Seyed Hossein
Published: September 2011

Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Words was administered to 42 male and 42 female students (Grades 7 through 9) to investigate the effects of time press (fixed vs variable) on sex differences in production of verbal originality. The results indicated that the main effects of time press and sex and their interaction effect were nonsignificant.
Laterality and Spelling Achievement: A Replication Failed
Authors: Kraft R. Harter , Burger Janis D.
Published: September 2011

49 right-handed boys (24 familial dextral and 25 familial sinistral) were tested. Analysis did not support expected differences in familial handedness between ear-laterality scores or in the relationship between ear laterality and spelling achievement.
A Comparison of Local and Remote Masking on Tactile Pulse Detection Using Different Masking Patterns
Authors: Lechelt Eugene C.
Published: September 2011

Forward and backward masking functions were obtained for the detection of a 2-msec. tactile “test” pulse using two different masking patterns (5- or 10-pulse sequences) under conditions of both local and remote masking. Twelve ISIs (interval between “test” pulse and onset of the masking sequence) ranging from 10 to 76 msec. were used. A two-interval forced-choice (2-IFC) procedure was used in which observers were presented with two successive trains of tactile pulses, one having the “test” pulse at varying intervals prior (backward masking) to or after (forward masking) the masking sequence and one train having only a masking sequence. Observers were asked to report in which train of pulses they detected the “test” pulse. With local masking, i.e., when “test” pulse and masking sequence were presented to the same locus, there was substantially more forward than backward masking, and the 10-pulse sequence resulted in consistently greater amounts of masking than the 5-pulse mask. When the “test” pulse and masking sequence were delivered to different loci, i.e., the remote masking, the results were much less systematic. The data suggest that both peripheral and central factors contribute to the obtained masking functions and that both integration and interruption are producing the masking interference.
Sleep Positions and Postural Shifts in Elderly Persons
Authors: Lorrain Dominique , De Koninck Joseph , Dionne Huguette , Goupil Ginette
Published: September 2011

The sleep characteristics and the body positions of four men and four women ranging in age from 65 to 75 yr. were monitored in the laboratory for 2 consecutive nights preceded by 2 adaptation nights. Overall, there was an average of 16 position shifts per night with duration of position averaging 33 min. The preferred trunk positions were on the right side (55%) and the least frequent on the stomach (2%) and limited to waking episodes. Back positions occurred for 19% of sleeptime and left positions for 22%. The preference for the right side and the absence of stomach postures during sleep which appear to be characteristic of elderly persons may respectively be related to cardiovascular and respiratory functions.
Effect of a Sports Camp Experience on the Multidimensional Self-Concepts of Boys
Authors: Anshel Mark H. , Muller Douglas , Owens Virginia L.
Published: September 2011

15 boys, ages 6 to 9 yr., participated in a summer sports day camp under the supervision of counselors trained in ways to enhance self-concept. An attempt was made to implement strategies in the program so that campers would experience persistent success during sports-skills learning and performance and develop positive peer relations. Subjects were pre- and post-tested on a self-concept scale which measured self-knowledge and self-esteem for physical maturity, peer relations, academic success, school adaptiveness, and sports-skills ability. It was thought that a positive experience through developing skills in sport and peer relations might improve at least the area of self-concept related to sports skills as opposed to the other dimensions. This hypothesis was supported. Only the aspects of self-concept related to sport were significantly enhanced after the camp experience. The findings support past research indicating that personal self-concept is situation-specific.
Automation of Instructions in Human Experiments
Authors: Butler Darrell L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effect of automation of instructions on error rates in human experiments. Both repetition of important information (no repetition versus one repetition) and mode of presentation (live experimenter, videotape, audiotape, and audiotape plus written instructions) were studied using a between-subjects design. Data for seven different tasks indicated that instructions stated twice were more effective than instructions stating key information only once, but mode of presentation was not important for 165 college students.
Preferred City Size by Ruralists and Urbanites
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

30 women rated three specific rural, urban, and metropolitan environments on an Environmental Rating Scale. The scale was a semantic differential having 23 bipolar adjectives. Half of the subjects had lived primarily in an urban area and half in a rural area. The purpose of the study was to determine preferences for the three environments by the two groups. A 2 × 3 analysis of variance yielded a significant interaction which showed that rural residents preferred a rural environment, and urbanites preferred an urban one.
EMG-Reaction Time of the Biceps Brachii in Bilateral Simultaneous Motions
Authors: Kasai Tatsuya , Komiyama Tomoyoshi
Published: September 2011

EMG-RTs of the biceps brachii muscles were measured using electromyogram (EMG) in elbow flexion and forearm supination on 18 right-and 24 left-handed subjects for four tasks, flexion or supination (symmetrical) and flexion of one and supination of the other side (asymmetrical). For both subject groups, the EMG-RTs of flexion for both hands were not prolonged under asymmetrical tasks, but the EMG-RTs of supination were significantly prolonged on both sides. Comparing the coefficients of determination of the EMG-RTs of flexion to those of supination under four different tasks, those of the preferred hand for symmetrical and asymmetrical motions did not differ, but those of the nonpreferred side for asymmetrical motions were smaller than those for symmetrical motions in both subjects. These observations indicated prolongation of EMG-RT on the asymmetrical task was larger on supination than on flexion. It was suggested that the influence of strong timing constraints was greater on the auxiliary function than on the innate function of the biceps (elbow flexor). The steadiness of motor function of the preferred hand was also discussed in regard to hand preference.
Manifest Anxiety: A Cluster Analytic Study
Authors: Redding Colleen A. , Livneh Hanoch
Published: September 2011

Subjects in graduate classes voluntarily completed the Manifest Anxiety Scale. A cluster analysis assessed the internal structure of the scale. Three clusters presented as the most parsimonious and meaningful solution given the data: Cluster I, a generalized anxiety cluster including 60% of the items; Cluster II, physiological concomitants of anxiety; and Cluster III, a worry-tension component. The solution is discussed in relation to prior work on both the scale and anxiety, in general.
Effects of Feedback and Mandatory Practice on Learning to Spell during Computer-Assisted Instruction
Authors: Ormrod Jeanne Ellis
Published: September 2011

College students were given a computer-assisted instruction lesson in psychology. The lesson required the use of 30 words difficult to spell in responding to questions presented throughout the lesson. Feedback to students' responses took one of three forms: (1) No feedback for misspellings of otherwise correct answers, (2) Feedback about the correct spelling of incorrectly spelled words, and (3) Feedback with practice in which students engaged in mandatory practice of an incorrectly spelled word until the word was spelled correctly. There were no significant differences across treatments on an unanticipated spelling test over the difficult words given after a 3- to 6-day interval. However, students in the no-feedback and feedback groups were over-confident about the accuracy of their spellings, while the feedback-with-practice students were under-confident, with this difference being statistically significant. A possible advantage of feedback and practice over feedback alone is discussed.
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Type a and Sensation-Seeking Behavior
Authors: Frantz Mary Ellen
Published: September 2011

The focus of the study was the relationship between Type A behavior and sensation-seeking behavior for individuals who had had a first myocardial infarction. Impulsivity, time compulsion, and sensation-seeking behavior were assumed to be risk taking. From 50 subjects with documented first myocardial infarctions were obtained scores on Type A behavior and sensation seeking. Pearson correlations were nonsignificant. Analysis of variance of Type A behavior scores for men aged 38 to 49 yr., 50 to 57 yr., and 58 to 69 yr. showed no significant effects. The group aged 38 to 49 yr. had the highest mean Type A score but these were not extreme. Subjects scored low to moderate on sensation seeking. Being a low sensation seeker apparently had more impact than Type A behavior.
Tactile Communication of Winners in Flag Football
Authors: Heckel Robert V. , Allen Sheila S. , Blackmon David C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the touching behaviors of winning team members in flag football. 800 players in 100 games were observed and the number and location of interpersonal touches given and received were recorded. Winners initiated significantly more touches to losers than they received from losers. Handshakes were most frequent, then hands, back or shoulders.
Development of Postural Equilibrium Tests for Examining Environmental Effects
Authors: Thomley Karen E. , Kennedy Robert S. , Bittner Alvah C.
Published: September 2011

The postural balance of 18 college students was measured with a modified version of the Fregly-Graybiel Battery of ataxia tests. The intention was to improve the stability of the tests and to ascertain which produced the most reliable results. Four tests of walking and standing were administered twice a day over five days. Subjects performed the tests in an erect position with their arms crossed and their eyes closed. Performance gradually increased with practice. Factor analysis implied three factors account for most of the variance of the four tests. The Stand-on-nonpreferred Leg (SONL) test was the most reliable and is recommended for the most economical assessment of highly transitory postural effects due to environmental factors, e.g., toxic materials.
Clinical Utility of Wechsler's Deterioration Index in Screening for Behavioral Impairment
Authors: Livesay Jerry R.
Published: September 2011

Utilizing the Halstead Impairment Index derived from the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery as the defining criterion for the presence or absence of brain-behavior deficiency, the current investigation examined the hypothesis that the Wechsler Deterioration Index is a predictively efficient measure for screening behaviorally impaired subjects from nonimpaired subjects. Subjects were 35 adult examinees consecutively referred for neuropsychological assessment and were divided into two groups on the basis of Halstead indices. The impaired group included 12 men and 7 women whose ages ranged from 17 to 59 yr.; the nonimpaired group were 10 men and 6 women whose ages ranged from 16 to 43 yr. The Wechsler indices for the impaired and nonimpaired groups represent two significantly different populations with the discrepancy between the two groups' scores falling within the predicted direction. A positive correlation between the Halstead Index and the Wechsler Index was indicated for all subjects, but no significant relationship between the Halstead Index and other psychometric ratios. Implications of the results are restricted because there was no normal control group and independent neurological screening was limited.
Teaching an Infant to Run
Authors: Auxter David , Walton Kathy , Baker Kim , Tressler Aaron
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of a power-driven treadmill to improve the running speed of a 13-mo.-old male infant through application of programmed instruction. A changing-critetion design was used to measure the effects of programmed instruction through the power-driven treadmill to bring the running behavior of the infant under stimulus control. Pre- and posttests were taken of free running off the treadmill to determine the effects of generalization of treadmill running to a natural environment. Over a 5-wk. training there was a 58% increase in speed of running and moderate generalization of running on the treadmill to running in a natural environment.
Rotation of Images and Primary Mental Abilities: Influence of Information and Sex
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Cofán Esther
Published: September 2011

We studied the relation between the capacity to rotate mental images and some mental abilities measured by tests (DAT), as well as the effects of information and sex. The sample was 100 subjects, 50 boys and 50 girls, whose mean age was 16.8 yr., range 16 to 20 yr., attending high school. There is a significant correlation between the capacity to rotate images and the mental abilities of the individuals, information and sex also influence that rotation. Subjects who had information gave quick reaction times. Men rotated faster than women.
Perception of Interior Designs
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

A set of slides representing six interior styles of design (Victorian, English, Country French, Contemporary, Early American, and Eclectic) was shown to 22 subjects who responded to them on a 20-item semantic differential scale. Four factors obtained from the scale were used as dependent variables in one-way analyses of variance. No differences were found on either the spiritual or activity factors. However, the Eclectic and Country French designs were rated highest and the English design lowest on both the evaluation and aesthetic appeal factors. Early American was judged as intermediate in beauty but high in livability.
Causes of Alienation among University Professors
Authors: Knoop Robert
Published: September 2011

Lack of influence over decision making accounted for 44% of the variance in alienation or perceived powerlessness in a sample of 191 university professors. Inconsiderate or structured leadership, close supervision, and lack of autonomy were significantly related to alienation but did not add to its variance.
Effects of Age, Education and Sex on Two Tests of Immediate Memory: A Study of Normal Subjects from 20 to 99 Years of Age
Authors: Orsini A. , Chiacchio L. , Cinque M. , Cocchiaro C. , Schiappa O. , Grossi D.
Published: September 2011

Spatial span (Corsi's block-tapping test) and verbal span (Wechsler Digits Forward) were measured in 1354 normal subjects, aged from 20 to 99 yr., who were subdivided into seven age groups, into three groups according to education, and according to sex. Analysis of variance showed that the three main factors were significant for the spatial span test, while only age and education were significant for the verbal span test. The two spans examined held well up to the 60s, and only after this age did significant differences appear in the other age groups. On both tests there were significant differences between the groups divided according to education.
Recognition of Form and of Orientation by Poor and Normal Readers
Authors: Graveson Lucie , Standing Lionel
Published: September 2011

Poor and normal readers were tested on two visual recognition tasks (N = 34). In both tasks, subjects were shown a random-dot pattern as a standard stimulus on each trial. After a 0.5-sec. or a 15-sec. interval (i.e., ‘perceptual’ versus ‘memory’ delay conditions), subjects were shown four patterns on a test slide and required to identify the one resembling the standard. This comparison was based on form identity in Task I and on form orientation in Task II. Recognition by poor and normal readers did not differ at at either delay on Task I or at the 0.5-sec. delay on Task II. No evidence of a generalized perceptual deficit among dyslexics was obtained. In general accordance with the theory of Corballis (1974), poor readers performed significantly worse than normals at the 15-sec. delay on Task II, indicating defective memory for orientation. More specific predictions of Corballis's theory were not borne out, however, with regard to the frequency of different types of error. Furthermore, up-down (rather than left-right) rotation errors appeared to be a better predictor of dyslexics' reading performance.
An Investigation of the Validity of the Physical Self-Efficacy Scale in Predicting Marathon Performance
Authors: Gayton William F. , Matthews Griffith R. , Burchstead Gregory N.
Published: September 2011

Data from 33 marathon runners (22 men, 11 women) were used to examine the validity of the Physical Self-efficacy scale as a predictor of marathon running performance. Both total Physical Self-efficacy scores and Perceived Physical Ability scores were significantly correlated with both predicted and actual finishing times.
Acoustic Analysis of Diplophonia: A Case Study
Authors: Schreibweiss-Merin Diane , Terrio Lee M.
Published: September 2011

This study reports the acoustic findings of a female speaker who could volitionally produce a diplophonic voice. The subject's normal and diplophonic speech patterns are compared in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration. Sample Sonagraphs of the subject's diplophonic voice pattern are presented.
Simple Reaction Time and Movement Time in Normal Human Volunteers: A Long-Term Reliability Study
Authors: Baker Sandra J. , Maurissen Jacques P. J. , Chrzan George J.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the reliability of a simple visual reaction time test in adult male volunteers. Reliability was defined as stability of variance, covariance, and mean performance across sessions. Coefficients of variation and reliability were also calculated. Total response times were divided into two components, reaction time and movement time. 14 volunteers were tested on six occasions over a 12-mo. period. On the first occasion, five sessions were given; subsequently, one practice and one test session were conducted. The results showed that variance and covariance were not significantly different across sessions. Multivariate trend analysis indicated no significant trend in the means and no significant deviation from linearity over time, i.e., performance was stable. Within- and between-subject variability were lower for reaction time (3.7% and 23.3%) than for movement time (7.5% and 45.6%). Test-retest reliability reached 0.98 and 0.97 while average split-half reliabilities were 0.84 and 0.85 for reaction and movement times, respectively.
Theoretical Issues concerning Superiority of Pictures over Words and Sentences in Memory
Authors: Kobayashi Susumu
Published: September 2011

4 recent theories concerning the superiority of pictures in memory were reviewed, that is, the basic assumptions and problems of dual-coding theory, levels-of-processing view, the sensory-semantic model, and propositional theories were discussed and evaluations made. Then problems and further tasks in memory for pictures were discussed and suggestions for theoretical development were offered.
Spectators' Behavior at Minor League Hockey Games: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Crossman Jane E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the behavior of spectators viewing minor league hockey in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. The behavior of 272 (142 men, 130 women) randomly selected spectators was assessed using a special code. Spectators were observed for 10-sec. time blocks and the predominant behavior they were emitting was recorded. During each observation session, three subjects were observed in serial order for the duration of the hockey game. Significant differences were found for some behaviors of the spectators when the level of the athletes in the competition, the importance of the contest, and the sex of the spectator were considered. Spectators viewing hockey played at older ages (Bantam, Midget) watched the game more and were more negative toward the athletes. Spectators seemed to be more attentive to the game during houseleague games than to tournament and play-off games. Males tended to watch the game more than females who interacted with other spectators. The findings did not support the popular notion that spectators viewing minor league hockey are a verbally abusive group.
Structure of the Group Environment Scale in a Seminar-Format Educational Setting
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Schmitz Earl D.
Published: September 2011

The Group Environment Scale was administered to 584 students in 63 seminar-format groups. Factoring gave three components and partially supported Moos' hypothesis concerning the structure of the instrument.
Responses of Emotionally Disturbed Children to PPVT—R Items of Human versus Nonhuman Content: Extension of Shipe, Cromwell, and Dunn
Authors: Atlas Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2011

A group of 22 children with diagnoses indicating one of the severe developmental disorders were tested for differential response patterns on the PPVT—R, in an extension of earlier research carried out by Shipe, Cromwell, and Dunn in 1966. Data supported the prediction of the children's greater difficulty with PPVT—R items featuring human content than with those featuring nonhuman content. In addition, children's relative success rates on human-content items correlated positively with a measure of differentiation of the children's drawings. The results suggest that the asociality of certain disturbed children may selectively lower intellectual efficiency and lead to underestimation of their intellectual potential.
Subjective Intensity of the Lily-of-the-Valley Scent
Authors: Hvastja Loredana , Zanuttini Lucia
Published: September 2011

14 blind-folded subjects were requested to give numerical judgments of the perceived intensities of ¼, ½, 1, 2, 4, 8, lily-of-the-valley bunches, according to a naturalistic approach. The psychophysical function conforms to a power law. The exponent, smaller than 1, is in the same range as those commonly found for smell.
Spanish, North American, and Canadian Ratings of Imagery Values of Words
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Astorga Victor Manuel
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the correlations between the ratings of the imagery values of words obtained by Spanish subjects, and North American, and Canadian subjects. Although we have observed differences in ratings among these groups (Spanish and North American 0.39, Spanish and Canadian 0.21), correlations are high: Spanish and North American .88, Spanish and Canadian .88.
Stability of Individual Psychophysical Functions for Perceived Distance in Natural Indoor and Outdoor Settings
Authors: da Silva José Aparecido , Fukusima Sergio Sheiji
Published: September 2011

Exp. 1 examined correlations of the power functions exponents for individual observers, for apparent distance in a natural indoor setting, obtained for a group of 9 observers over 5 experimental sessions separated by intersession intervals that varied from 1 day to 9 mo. Stable individual differences in the exponent of the psychophysical power law were shown. Intercorrelations of subjects' exponents were positive and reliable with 1 day between sessions and 9 mo. In Exp. 2 the estimates of apparent distance were made by 5 independent groups of 10 observers each, tested and retested at different intersession intervals. There were 5 intervals of 1 day to 9 mo. Fair temporal stability of psychophysical power function exponents was observed in most groups. In Exp. 3 psychophysical power functions were obtained from magnitude estimates of apparent distance in a natural outdoor setting. The same 10 observers were tested and then retested after 1 day and again after 1 yr. Significant correlations for both intersessions intervals indicated consistent and persisting individual differences. Taken together Exps. 1, 2, and 3, regardless of the environment in which distance estimates were performed, clearly demonstrate that power functions are repeatable, enduring, and characteristic of individuals. In addition, the mean exponents were in reasonable agreement with other reported apparent distance exponents obtained in both settings.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XXXV. Positive Correlations between Numbers of UFO Reports and Earthquake Activity in Sweden
Authors: Mattsson Dan , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

The numbers of major UFO reports per 6-mo. increment and the numbers of earthquakes per 6-mo. increment within Sweden were calculated for the years 1963 through 1977. Symmetrical lag/lead multiple regression analyses gave a positive intermediate strength correlation (0.59) between the numbers of earthquakes per increment and the numbers of UFO reports (UFORs) during the previous increment only. These results are similar to UFOR-seismic temporal relationships that have been found in the central USA, Utah, Washington State, and Manitoba. These patterns strongly suggest a general relationship between reports of luminous phenomena, frequently labelled as UFOs, and consequent seismic activity.
Number and Color Preferences in Four Countries
Authors: Vandewiele Michel , D'Hondt Walter , Didillon Henriette , Iwawaki Saburo , Mwamwenda Tuntufye
Published: September 2011

When asked to write down the name of their favorite color and number (between 0 and 9), 353 boys and 308 girls from Niger tend to write 9 and red; the majority of 121 Japanese boys and 112 girls think first of all 7 and blue; Transkeian children (95 boys and 126 girls) prefer generally 8 and black; 126 boys and 155 girls from Brazzaville tend to choose 9 and red. These heterogeneous results indicate once more that number and color preferences are related to cultural context.
Simultaneous-Successive Factor Structure of the WISC—R: A Validation Study
Authors: Conboy Thomas J. , McFarland Carl E. , Boll Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC—R) may usefully be interpreted in terms of a Simultaneous-Successive factor structure. A previous attempt to validate this hypothesis via factor analysis of 8 of the 12 WISC—R subtests was later shown to be an unreliable test of this model. The present study, performed upon 36 children, aged 6½ to 12½ yr., 45% female, 83% black, tested the validity of the two-factor model vis-á-vis the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), which is reported to have an unambiguous Simultaneous-Sequential (Successive) factor structure. Present results do not support a salient Simultaneous-Successive structure for the WISC—R, and clinicians should be wary of using the proposed two-factor model of the WISC—R for diagnostic or remedial purposes.
Perceived Speed of Time and Task Affect
Authors: Gupta Shalini , Cummings L. L.
Published: September 2011

Task satisfaction is hypothesized to be a function of the perceived speed of time passage while performing a task. Perceived speed of time passage is manipulated both as an internal state (arousal) and as an environmental context (pattern of background rhythm). The results of an experiment ( N = 80) support the hypothesis and are interpreted through an implicit model of task satisfaction, i.e., events that seem to occur quickly are perceived as pleasing. The theoretical implications of the findings are contrasted with other frameworks of explanation of task satisfaction.
Attire, Sexual Allure, and Attractiveness
Authors: Williamson Scott , Hewitt Jay
Published: September 2011

20 men and 20 women rated the relative attractiveness of female models wearing normal attire and sexually alluring attire. Men found the models more attractive in miniskirts and short shorts. Women found the models less attractive when wearing blatant forms of sexually alluring attire (no bra in a wet T-shirt, fully unbuttoned shirt, miniskirt) than when wearing more normal modes of attire.
Internal versus External References with Respect to Perception of Stimuli on the Body Surface
Authors: Cohen Arie , Lewin Issac
Published: September 2011

Previous studies on the determinants of locus of perception of stimuli on the body have suggested that the position of the stimulus has a significant effect whether a subject perceives a tactile pattern as seen from inside or outside the body. However, it is possible that previous investigators confounded stimulus location—dorsal or frontal—and experimenter's position—behind or in front of the subject. Using 42 male subjects in a 2 × 2 design, the effects of experimenter's position and stimulus location were studied by a new technique for inferring locus of perception. Experimenter's position, rather than stimulus location, affects subjects' locus of perception. Perception of stimuli on the body involves three independent factors, (a) the demand characteristics of the experiment, (b) the manner in which an individual perceives the boundaries of his own body, and (c) an individual's ability to adopt the experimenter's perceptual standpoint.
The Dictionary of Affect in Language: VI. “Sensationalism” Defined in Terms of Affective Tone
Authors: Fournier Michael , Dewson Michael , Whissell Cynthia
Published: September 2011

The Dictionary of Affect provides scores for individual words along the emotional dimensions of Evaluation and Activation. The emotional tone of headlines from three newspapers and titles from one psychology journal is described in terms of the two dimensions, and two possible definitions of sensationalism are proposed, one of which would classify titles in Psychological Reports as sensational.
Use of Decision Frames by Elementary School Children
Authors: Krouse Helene J.
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated Tversky and Kahneman's model of decision framing among 90 children, 30 each from Grades 1, 3, and 6. Students were first tested to determine their level of cognitive development. They then responded to two sets of decision tasks to determine the extent to which they corresponded to Tversky and Kahneman's predicted departures from rationality. Analyses showed that older children utilized mechanisms similar to those described for adults, while first and third graders did not. There was no effect as a function of cognitive level. The implications of these findings for theory and research are discussed.
Sex-Role Orientation of Caribbean Adolescents
Authors: Richardson Arthur G.
Published: September 2011

A total of 140 Caribbean middle-class 17-yr.-olds (68 boys and 72 girls) completed the Bern Sex-role Inventory. Analyses indicated strong stereotypical behavior in the direction of each group's respective sex-type.
On the Relation between Footedness and Handedness
Authors: Augustyn C. , Peters M.
Published: September 2011

The relation between handedness and footedness was examined for 32 righthanders and 32 lefthanders. On a speed-tapping task, righthanders showed a significant right-hand and right-foot advantage. Lefthanders showed a significant left-hand advantage and a significant right-foot advantage. This appears to support previous work. However, while the right-foot advantage of righthanders proves robust over different replications, the right-foot advantage of lefthanders does not show such robustness. Results show tacit agreement with Annett's 1972 model which suggests an inherent right-shift bias for righthanders and no inherent directional bias for lefthanders.
Species and Sex Differences in Response to a Novel Stimulus in Acomys Cahirinus and Mus Musculus
Authors: Birke Lynda I. A. , Sadler Dawn
Published: September 2011

An experiment is described in which the relative distractibility of two species of murid rodent, Acomys cahvrinus and Mus musculus, was compared. On the basis of observations derived from our previous studies of exploratory behaviour in males of these two species, we predicted that Mus would show higher levels of distractibility when presented an unexpected, novel stimulus than would Acomys. Distractibility was measured using a novel stimulus placed on the wall of a runway along which the animals had been trained to run to a food reward. The hypothesis was not supported, at least for males; indeed, male Acomys were more easily distracted from the runway task by introduction of the novel stimulus than male Mus. Among females, however, the species difference was reversed for female Mus were highly responsive to the novel stimulus. The most significant difference shown in this experiment appears, however, to be that between male and female Mus, since male Mus showed relatively little response to the stimulus change. The results are discussed in relation to possible hormone differences and differences between the species, in responses to novelty.
Relationship between Perceived Job Stress and Physical and Psychological Strain among University Administrators
Authors: Orpen Christopher , King Gerard
Published: September 2011

The relations between eight job stresses and symptoms of physical and psychological strain were examined among 56 university administrators. Only three of the 16 stressor-strain correlations were significant, suggesting that stress is weakly related to individual strain in this sample.
Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: Mommy and I are Not Yet One
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: September 2011

Aspects of Silverman's subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA) method are critically evaluated and SPA results are discussed within the context of information processing. Silverman's method has questionable features that involve visual-field position of the stimulus and structural matching of experimental and control stimuli. It lacks the converging operations required to support his contention that successful SPA experimental outcomes are due to differences in the contents of experimental and control stimuli. Evidence is offered to support the 1984 contention of Bornstein and Masling that SPA research has several unanswered questions about how consciously non-perceived stimuli are encoded and how such information can influence subsequent behavior. Extensive procedural changes for further SPA research are offered.
Hypnotherapy: A Possible Alternative for Treating Pupils Affected with Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: Calhoun George , Bolton James A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in treating attention-deficit-hyperactivity by certified psychologist and physicians. The 7 boys and 4 girls were enrolled in a Special Day classroom for hyperkinesis and behavior problems and were being given methylphenidate (Ritalin). Three attempts were made to hypnotize these subjects; however, the group had to be reduced from 11 to 3 and finally, from 3 to a single child to be successful. A significant improvement from pre- and post-hypnotic sessions was noted.
Absolute and Relative Power Output in Men and Women
Authors: Barnes William S. , Hasson Scott M. , Gadberry Walter L. , Henrich Tim W. , Fang Chin-Lung
Published: September 2011

Measurements of 18 men and 19 women in physical activity courses show men generate more absolute muscle power than women and produce greater power per unit of time. If absolute power does not accurately reflect the power/weight ratio, it may not be a reliable predictor of certain athletic performance.
Stress as a State of Anticipatory Vigilance
Authors: Arthur Artur Z.
Published: September 2011

The pituitary-adrenocortical system is activated in stressful situations, and the adrenocortical hormones have been implicated by Selye in the diseases of stress. Evidence indicates that the adrenocortical hormones peak during the period of anticipation of stressful events, not during actual confrontation with them. The circadian Cortisol rhythm shows peaks before waking, not during active periods of the day, and Cortisol does not appear to be required during physical activity. The role of these hormones appears to be to suppress ongoing physiological activity in order to increase vigilance and to get the organism ready to take action before the impact of dangers.
Elementary School Playgrounds: Safe Play Areas or Inherent Dangers
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: September 2011

57 elementary schools in two suburban counties near Philadelphia were included in this investigation of playground safety. A safety inspection was completed at each playground. The content of the safety inspection was based on selected standards for slides and climbers published in two volumes of playground safety handbooks by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission in 1982. Since these public playground standards primarily addressed the physical dimensions of playground equipment and the selection of soft force-absorbing surfaces below the playground equipment, an additional aspect, supervision, was assessed during noon recess. Most elementary school playgrounds have been installed on unsafe hard surface materials, and many had equipment which does not meet the current playground guidelines. The noon recess is frequently supervised by aides who have inadequate preparation for guiding children's play and classroom teachers with limited preparation in physical education. The classroom teachers are usually rotated to noon playground duty once every two or three weeks which provides very inconsistent leadership. This responsibility should be assigned to a qualified elementary physical education teacher who may be assisted by playground aides or classroom teachers.
Four Properties Common among Perceptions Confirmed by a Large Sample of Subjects: An Ecological Approach to Mechanisms of Individual Differences in Perception: II
Authors: Satow Aiko
Published: September 2011

The four properties which correspond to mechanisms determining individual differences in perception were proposed hypothetically and confirmed by responses to a 60-item check list for 214 women and also for 530 men and women. Properties were intense sensitivity, temporal sensitivity, possible range of total stimuli (the total stimulation in a perception is given a product of intensity and duration of the stimulus for the perception), and sensory-motor reactivity. These were the same as those for 316 men subjects in prior work. The three properties, intense sensitivity, temporal sensitivity, and possible range of stimulation, were obtained from two groups of items which related culture-free and culture-bound behavior. So the mechanisms determining individual differences regulate the two kinds of perceptual behaviors. All correlation coefficients of factor-score estimates between the two properties were near zero. The properties were independent of each other within subjects. This independence among the properties supported Satow's model of four types of individuals, explaining the individual differences on the grounds of the relations among the properties. Analysis suggested no sex difference in the mechanisms determining individual differences in perceptions. Another property, preference for weak stimuli, related to values of lower limits of the possible range of total stimulation.
The Time it Takes to Make Judgments of Velocity
Authors: Costermans J. , Citta M.
Published: September 2011

Reaction times were measured in an absolute judgment experiment involving either the location of a point on a screen, or the direction of a moving point, or its velocity. Stimuli were chosen to be almost perfectly detectable and discriminable when presented pairwise to avoid confusions at the sensory coding level. Typical results associated with absolute judgment tasks, were observed, as to the amount of information transmission and anchoring effects. More in particular, latencies appear to be a direct function of the number N of alternatives. For N constant, responses are much slower for velocity than for both location and direction. This difference itself is a direct function of N, and, presumably, drops to zero for N = 1, i.e., when stimulus uncertainty vanishes. These observations support the idea that the difference should not be attributed to some velocity-specific integration of space and time but to some performance decision strategies in evaluation of magnitude.
Sex Differences in Dichotic Listening among Asian Americans
Authors: Tsushima William T. , Tsushima Vincent G.
Published: September 2011

Dichotic-listening tests were conducted with 23 male and 23 female Asian-American college students. The mean correct responses for the men were right ear 54.7 and left ear 48.7, whereas the mean correct for the women were for the right ear 53.4 and the left ear 54.8. Among the men 60.9% did better with the right ear than with the left, while 43.5% of the women showed a right-ear superiority. The male-female differences, however, did not teach statistical significance. Clearly, larger samples are needed.
EMG Activity of Orbicularis Oris Superior, Orbicularis Oris Inferior, and Masseter Muscles of Mild and Moderate Articulatory Disordered Children
Authors: Rastatter Michael , Guire Richard Mc , Blair Bruce
Published: September 2011

The peak amplitude of EMG activity was measured from the orbicularis oris superior, orbicularis oris inferior, and masseter muscles for 3 mild and 3 moderately articulatory disordered and 3 normal children. The three groups showed similar levels of average peak EMG activity and variance across the three muscles, suggesting that the disordered children were free to vary their patterns of activity for these muscles when repeating a series of syllable tokens.
Direction-Finding in Humans: Ability of Individuals to Orient towards Their Place of Residence
Authors: Walmsley D. J. , Epps W. R.
Published: September 2011

The fact that humans have an innate sense of direction is well established. Proof of this skill has usually been demonstrated in experiments in which subjects have been called upon to estimate the direction of the point of origin of a journey. This note extends such work by describing an experiment which showed that blindfolded humans, deprived of environmental cues, also have an ability to estimate accurately the direction of their place of residence within a town, even when driven around that town in such a way as to render them unable to identify where they are. The experiment throws into question the explanation usually offered for the existence of an innate sense of direction, namely, its value to the species, in an evolutionary sense, in facilitating a return to the starting point of exploratory journeys.
Effects of Presentation Mode on Discrimination Skills of Articulatory Disordered Children
Authors: Powers Lori A. , Madison Charles L.
Published: September 2011

The speech-sound discrimination of 30 kindergarten children with problems in speech production and speech discrimination was examined under one of three experimental conditions, auditory, bimodal, and bimodal instructed. Children's discrimination skills in the bimodal-instructed group were superior to those of bimodal- and auditory-presentation groups. Stimulation of both the auditory and visual channels improved the discrimination scores over those achieved using the auditory channel alone.
Proprioceptive Accuracy in Two Dimensions
Authors: Crowe Alan , Keessen Wim , Kuus Wim , Van Vliet Ronald , Zegeling Andre
Published: September 2011

Slow arm movements were made over a smooth horizontal table at shoulder height. With visual cues excluded, target position was indicated by the index finger of the nonmoving arm touching the underside of the table. 11 students (mean age 21.9 yr.) and 24 children (mean age 10.3 yr.) were compared. Both groups showed an ‘overlap effect’: movements with the right hand went too far to the left, while movements with the left hand went too far to the right. The children as a group were significantly less accurate than the students and showed a significant asymmetry in that movements with the dominant hand were more accurate than those with the nondominant hand.
Aversion to Daytime Illumination in Patients with Congenital Achromatopsia
Authors: Young Rockefeller S. L. , Price James , Harrison Joseph
Published: September 2011

The aversion to daytime illumination in patients with congenital achromatopsia is not well understood. In the present study, we used a magnitude estimation procedure to compare the perceived brightness for 5 congenital achromats and for seven normal subjects. Contrary to the patients' beliefs, results suggest patients' brightness estimates are similar to those of normal subjects.