bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing methods and equipments for ATM switching nodes
Authors: Di Concetto Marco , Gabrielli Luciano , Vercellone Vinicio , Melen Riccardo
Published: September 2010

After several years of theoretical studies and laboratory experiments, the ATM technique has now reached a sufficient degree of maturity that makes it ready to be experimented in the field. ATM substantially differs from traditional switching and transmission techniques for the statistical multiplexing introduced by the asynchronous technique. It turns out that the testing process is a formidable challenge for the operator, due to both the functional complexity foreseen for the B‐ISDN switching systems and to the sophisticated performance issues involved. This paper is devoted to a first assessment of the relatively unexplored problem of specifying ATM switching equipment and testing its conformance to the specification. It begins by reviewing some concepts regarding the testing of existing switching systems, then examines the peculiarities of ATM, outlines the main critical issues and their possible solution.
Cryptographic hash functions
Authors: Preneel Bart
Published: September 2010

Hash functions were introduced in cryptology in the late seventies as a tool to protect the authenticity of information. Soon it became clear that they were a very useful building block to solve other security problems in telecommunication and computer networks. This paper sketches the history of the concept, discusses the applications of hash functions, and presents the approaches that have been followed to construct hash functions. In addition, it tries to provide the information which is necessary to choose a practical hash function. An overview of practical constructions and their performance is given and some attacks are discussed. Special attention is paid to standards dealing with hash functions.
An homogeneous medical tele‐working domain supported by a new remote expert consultation conferencing service
Authors: Lymberopoulos Dimitris , Anastassopoulos George , Karatzoglou Minas , Kokkinakis George
Published: September 2010

This paper proposes a new multimode communication service, denoted as Remote Expert Consultation Service (REC‐Service) which determines the way group teleworking is realized among distributed entities (workstations, data bases, etc) during a conference for medical diagnosis. The REC‐Service organizes the involved operations into five different types, called Conferencing Modes (CM), where each CM yields a traffic with variable attributes and requires of the network a special quality of service. Moreover, the structure of a Broadband user‐Network Interface Unit (BNIU) is defined. BNIU statistically multiplexes the traffic of the entities working in different CMs into an Integrated Broadband Communication (IBC) network. The maximum number of entities served per BNIU and the bandwidth usability have been calculated for several operating modes by modelling the BNIU as a queueing system and by applying special quality criteria, delay demands and traffic assumptions.
8 kbit/s short and medium delay speech codecs based on CELP coding
Authors: Hayashi Shinji , Kataoka Akitoshi , Moriya Takehiro
Published: September 2010

This paper discusses two speech‐coding algorithms at around 8 kbit/s. These algorithms both use pre‐selection in the codebook search and training for the conjugate structured random codebook. One has short‐delay time that can dispense with echo‐control equipment. This algorithm is robust against channel errors by using LPC analysis separated from pitch excitation, although LPC parameters are derived from the locally decoded signal. The other algorithm has medium‐delay time and meets all the requirements of the ITU‐T (formerly CCITT) 8 kbit/s speech coding standard. The performance of these codecs is evaluated using signal to noise ratio (SNR), pair comparison tests with a modulated noise reference unit (MNRU), and Mean Opinion Score (MOS). The major applications of these codecs are personal handy phone systems and FPLMTS.
Variable bit‐rate CELP coding of speech with phonetic classification
Authors: Paksoy Erdal , Gersho Allen , Srinivasan Krishnaswamy
Published: September 2010

A variable bit‐rate speech coder intended for digital cellular applications is described. A voice activity detection algorithm is used to distinguish active speech from background noise. Each frame of active speech is further classified to distinguish between three phonetic categories: voiced, unvoiced, and onset. Each input frame is assigned one of five bit rates according to voice activity and phonetic classification and coded using an analysis‐by‐synthesis algorithm tailored to the needs of the class that it belongs to. The resulting coder, calledVariable Rate Phonetic Segmentation, produces good quality speech at an average bit‐rate below 3 kbit/s when operating with a voice activity factor of 0.5. Informal subjective quality assessment for speech in clean and noisy backgrounds indicates a performance that is comparable to the TIA standard QCELP algorithm while operating at a 25% to 40% lower average bit rate.
Architecture of on integrated GSM‐satellite system
Authors: Delli Priscoli Francesco
Published: September 2010

The integration of satellite systems with cellular networks permits to provide wider and more efficient area coverage. This paper deals with the network aspects related to a full integration between the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) pan‐European cellular network and a spot‐beam geostationary satellite. The basic requirements of full integration are that the insertion of the satellite system does not entail any modification on the already existing GSM network and that the satellite system reuses, as far as possible, the same equipment and protocols, i.e. the same hardware and software, as the GSM network. In the fully integrated system the user need not be aware whether the actual connection goes through the satellite or the cellular network. In particular, this paper identifies the satellite system counterpart of the GSM functional areas (cell, location area, MSC area, PLMN area) and deals with the problems and the relevant solutions related to the extension of the GSM procedures (e.g. call set‐up, cell selection/reselection, handover, initial acquisition, tracking) to the integrated network. This paper is partly based upon the work performed by the author in the framework of an European Space Agency (ESA) study on the compatibility between satellite systems and the GSM cellular network (Telespazio is the prime contractor of this study) and partly results from the cooperation of the author with the INFOCOM department of the University of Rome “La Sapienza”. The opinions herewith reported are not necessarily those of ESA.
Thermal properties of alkali‐activated aluminosilicate composite with lightweight aggregates at elevated temperatures
Authors: Zuda Lucie , Rovnaník Pavel , Bayer Patrik , Černý Robert
Published: September 2010

Thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and linear thermal expansion coefficient of a lightweight composite with alkali‐activated aluminosilicate binder and heat‐resistant aggregate mixture of expanded vermiculite and electrical porcelain are measured in a wide temperature range. Experimental results show that the studied material has good prerequisites for high‐temperature applications. The apparent thermal diffusivity at one‐sided heating is significantly lower than at room temperature, and decreases for temperatures higher than 400∘C. The effective specific heat capacity at elevated temperatures increases with temperature in almost the whole analyzed temperature range. The linear thermal expansion coefficient is substantially lower compared with common cement‐based composites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Graphitised Carbonaceous Materials for Use as a Highly Corrosion‐Tolerant Catalyst Support in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Miyazaki K. , Shirakata H. , Abe T. , Yoshizawa N. , Ogumi Z.
Published: September 2010

Cathode catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are prepared by depositing Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanospheres (CNSs) and graphitised carbon nanospheres (GCNSs), and their corrosion‐tolerance and electrocatalytic activities for the oxygen reduction reaction are evaluated. Transmission electron micrographs show that the deposited Pt nanoparticles are well dispersed on CNSs. In Pt/GCNS, Pt nanoparticles accumulate selectively along the edges of GCNSs' polygonal surfaces. Electrochemical measurements with a rotating‐ring disk electrode in an O2‐saturated H2SO4 solution show that Pt/GCNS and Pt/CNS produce less H2O2 during oxygen reduction, compared to that obtained with a Pt catalyst on carbon black (CB). Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that GCNSs show greater combustion‐tolerance than CNSs and CB. Furthermore, GCNSs show excellent electrochemical corrosion‐tolerance in a H2SO4 solution. These results indicate that GCNSs are superior for use as carbon supports, and can serve as cathode catalysts in PEFCs even under oxidative conditions.
Infant sensitivity to negative maternal emotional shifts: Effects of infant sex, maternal postnatal depression, and interactive style
Authors: Hatzinikolaou Kornilia , Murray Lynne
Published: September 2010

This study examined the effects of infant sex, maternal postnatal depression, and maternal interactive style on infant sensitivity to maternal negative emotional shifts. Face‐to‐face interactions of 68 mother–infant dyads were analyzed at 8 and 18 weeks. Twenty‐five (28%) mothers had postnatal depression. Interactions were analyzed in terms of overall maternal interactive style: “sensitive,” “anxious,” “intrusive,” and “sad.” Episodes of negative shifts in maternal emotional expression were recorded, along with expressions of infant sensitivity to these changes. Daughters of depressed mothers showed higher rates of sensitivity to maternal negative emotion whereas their sons showed lower rates, in comparison to both girl and boy infants of well mothers. While maternal interactive style had no effect on 8‐week infant sensitivity to maternal negative emotional shifts, high rates of 18‐week infant sensitivity were predicted by both an 8‐week and a concurrent, “sad” maternal interactive style. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of emotional and interpersonal development.
Assessing parenting risk within the context of severe and persistent mental illness: Validating an observational measure for families with child protective service involvement
Authors: Ostler Teresa
Published: September 2010

Women with severe and persistent mental illness (SMI) face formidable challenges as parents. While many raise their children to adulthood, others struggle considerably in the parenting role. In cases where there is child protective service involvement, an assessment may be requested to establish what risks an individual with SMI poses as a parent. Unfortunately, many current approaches to parenting assessments have serious methodological problems. One problem is a lack of valid and reliable measures to assess the parenting behavior of individuals with SMI who have child protective service involvement. In an effort to improve the quality of parenting assessments for this vulnerable group, this study drew on a sample of mothers with SMI who had lost custody of a child to examine the reliability and validity of the Child and Adult Relational Experimental Index (CARE‐Index), an observational measure of parenting behavior. Independent and trained raters achieved a high level of reliability on the measure. Mothers' ratings on the measure also were associated with children's interactive behavior and with an estimation of risk based on a multifaceted, comprehensive assessment. The measure's relation to estimation of risk remained significant when two other predictors of risk, maternal caregiving attitudes and insight into mental illness, were considered. Taken together, the findings suggest that the measure can provide reliable, valid, and independent information on parenting behavior that could inform comprehensive, multifaceted assessments of parenting risk.
Acellular dermal matrix graft: Synergistic effect of rehydration and natural crosslinking on mechanical properties
Authors: Bottino Marco C. , Thomas Vinoy , Jose Moncy V. , Dean Derrick R. , Janowski Gregg M.
Published: September 2010

This investigation studied how the incorporation of a natural crosslinking agent, genipin (Gp), into the AlloDerm® (AD) rehydration protocol affects the biomechanical properties and the stability of the collagenous matrix. AD is a minimally processed, noncrosslinked, freeze‐dried collagen‐based graft. Samples were immersed in a saline solution for 5 min and then randomly assigned for further rehydration (30 min) into three groups, according to the crosslinking agent: G1‐control (saline), G2‐1 wt % genipin, and G3‐1 wt % glutaraldehyde. Gp crosslinking for a prolonged time of 6 h (G4) was also investigated. After washing (5 min), samples were mechanically tested wet in tension. G2 demonstrated a significantly higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and E relative to G1. However, G3 did not show a noteworthy increase in these properties. A significant enhancement in UTS was found when Gp exposure time was increased from 30 min to 6 h. FT‐IR revealed a protein backbone with no significant peak shifting for all samples due to crosslinking. However, a considerable decrease in ‐NH2 peak intensity occurred due to crosslinking reactions. Additionally, DSC analyses indicated an important shift in the denaturation temperature for crosslinked samples. SEM micrographs revealed no alterations in the native fibrous morphology after crosslinking. Simultaneous genipin incorporation during the rehydration protocol of AlloDerm significantly enhances its biomechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
The role of the hospitalist in quality improvement: Systems for improving the care of patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Whelan Chad T.
Published: September 2010

Quality improvement (QI) initiatives for systems of care are vital to deliver quality care for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and hospitalists are instrumental to the QI process. Core hospitalist competencies include the development of protocols and outcomes measures that support quality of care measures established for ACS. The hospitalist may lead, coordinate, or participate in a multidisciplinary team that designs, implements, and assesses an institutional system of care to address rapid identification of patients with ACS, medication safety, safe discharge, and meeting core measures that are quality benchmarks for ACS. The use of metrics and tools such as process flow mapping and run charts can identify quality gaps and show progress toward goals. These tools may be used to assess whether critical timeframes are met, such as the time to fibrinolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or whether patients receive guideline‐recommended medications and counseling. At the institutional level, Project BOOST (Better Outcomes for Older Adults Through Safe Transitions) is an initiative designed to improve outcomes in elderly patients who are at higher risk for adverse events during the transition from inpatient to outpatient care. BOOST offers resources related to project management and data collection, and tools for patients and physicians. Collection and analysis of objective data are essential for documenting quality gaps or achievement of quality benchmarks. Through QI initiatives, the hospitalist has an opportunity to contribute to an institution's success beyond direct patient care, particularly as required for public disclosure of institutional performance and financial incentives promoted by regulatory agencies. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:S1–S7. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Comparison of laboratory diagnostic methods for measles infection and identification of measles virus genotypes in Hong Kong
Authors: Woo Gibson K.S. , Wong Ann H. , Lee W.Y. , Lau C.S. , Cheng Peter K.C. , Leung Peter C.K. , Lim Wilina W.L.
Published: September 2010

The sensitivities of IgM detection, virus isolation, and RT‐PCR for the diagnosis of measles infection were assessed using samples collected from confirmed measles cases from 2006 to 2009. The optimal timing of specimen collection and the preferred specimen type(s) for these tests were also determined. IgM detection showed highest sensitivity when serum samples were collected ≥5 days after rash onset. Virus isolation gave the highest sensitivity when samples were collected ≤3 days after rash onset, with nasopharyngeal aspirate being the best specimen type, followed by urine and throat/combined throat and nasal swab. The highest RT‐PCR positive rate (81.0%) was obtained with serum samples collected ≤3 days after rash onset. RT‐PCR positive rate of 100% was observed with throat/combined throat and nasal swab, urine and nasopharyngeal aspirate collected ≤16, 4–16, and 4–7 days after rash onset, respectively. The genotype of each measles case was confirmed by sequencing. It was shown that the predominant measles viruses detected in Hong Kong during 2006–2009 belonged to genotype H1 (subtype a) and these strains were related closely to those detected in China. J. Med. Virol. 82:1773–1781, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developing a collaborative mindset
Authors: Linden Russ
Published: September 2010

Until 2001 and the dot‐com implosion, Russ Linden points out, Cisco was run in a traditional, top‐down fashion. But seven years later, the company was a model of collaboration and innovation, a decentralized organization where people freely share ideas and information, and important decisions are made quickly by teams that don't report to the CEO. Linden shows how Cisco made the transformation and offers advice to others on developing a collaborative mindset.
Prioritization of capability gaps for joint small arms program using multi‐criteria decision analysis
Authors: Linkov Igor , Satterstrom F. Kyle , Fenton George P.
Published: September 2010

Capability gaps prioritization is an important task required in multiple research and acquisition programs in military and industrial settings. We used multi‐criteria decision analysis to prioritize capability gaps for small arms identified in a small‐arms‐specific Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Capabilities Integration & Development System study as approved by the DOD Joint Service Small Arms Program in 2005. A criteria hierarchy was created for use in judging the importance of each gap, taking into account time frames, tasks, conditions, and standards established by military subject matter experts. Military respondents representing US Army, Marine, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard and SOCOM then completed an online preference survey using pairwise comparisons of each criterion, and analytical hierarchy process was used to produce a gap prioritization for each respondent and service, as well as one overall ranking. The priority rankings have helped in informing program and funding allocation decisions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision‐maker's preferences modelling within the goal‐programming model: a new typology
Authors: Aouni Belaid , Hassaine Amal , Martel Jean‐Marc
Published: September 2010

Several classifications of the Multiple Objectives Programming (MOP) models have been proposed in the literature. In general, these classifications are based on the timing of introducing the decision‐maker's (DM) preferences and the type of the required information about the parameters of the decision‐making situation. The DM's preference information can take different forms such as: weights, priority levels, thresholds or trade‐offs among the objectives. The Goal Programming (GP) is one of the well‐known MOP models. The different GP formulations deal differently with the DM's preferences. The aim of this paper is to propose a new typology of the GP variants based on the way that the DM's preferences are considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining disease‐modifying therapies for PD—A road map for moving forward
Authors: Warren Olanow C. , Kieburtz Karl
Published: September 2010

A disease‐modifying therapy that slows or stops disease progression is one of the major unmet needs in the management of Parkinson's disease. To date, no therapy has been approved for disease modification despite promising laboratory data and positive results in clinical trials. This is because confounding symptomatic or pharmacologic effects cannot be excluded. The delayed start study provides an opportunity to define therapies that provide benefit that cannot be explained by an early symptomatic effect alone. However, this trial design does not necessarily provide a meaningful measure of the effect of the intervention on cumulative disability. In contrast, the long‐term simple study provides a measure of the effect of the drug on cumulative disability but does not address mechanism of action. Together these two trials provide a road map for defining a disease modifying drug and determining the long term cumulative effect of the drug on the disease. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Demyelinating symmetric motor polyneuropathy with high titers of anti‐GM1 antibodies
Authors: O'Ferrall Erin K. , White Christopher M. , Zochodne Douglas W.
Published: September 2010

High titers of anti‐GM1 ganglioside antibodies have been associated with multifocal motor neuropathy, a chronic asymmetric and exclusively motor disorder. We describe a patient with a progressive selective motor but symmetric polyneuropathy, followed over 5 years, with markedly elevated titers of anti‐GM1 antibodies. The electrophysiological changes suggestive of motor demyelination were widespread, beyond conduction block alone, and involved contiguous nerve segments with complete sparing of sensory conduction. Progressive, predominantly motor, symmetric, demyelinating polyneuropathy may be an unusual relative of multifocal motor neuropathy, associated with anti‐GM1 antibodies. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Solitary plasmacytoma of the proximal tibia in an adolescent
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Sharma Suresh Chander , Saikia Uma Nahar , Kumar Narendra , Vyas Sameer , Angurana Shabab Lalit
Published: September 2010

This is the case report of a 14‐year young female who was diagnosed with solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP) of proximal tibia and was treated by local involved field radiotherapy. We present the clinical, radiological and pathological findings of the case and review of the available treatment options and prognosis of this rare site presentation of plasmacytoma in an adolescent female. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:158–160. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute myelogenous leukemia in a patient with severe factor IX deficiency
Authors: Clark Cheryll , Gidvani Vinod K.
Published: September 2010

We present a case of acute myelogenous leukemia in a patient with severe hemophilia and our approach to the prevention of bleeding complications during chemotherapy. In the few reports of acute leukemia occurring in patients with hemophilia, management of bleeding has mostly consisted of replacement of factor and platelets on demand. By prophylactically treating our patient with Factor IX at 50% correction three times per week and maintaining his platelet count above 30 × 103/mm3, bleeding complications were avoided. However, due to the rarity of this combination, it is difficult to draw a best practice recommendation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:156–157. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does symptom reduction after cognitive behavioural therapy of anxiety disordered patients predict personality change?
Authors: Gi Sabine Tjon Pian , Egger Jos , Kaarsemaker Maarten , Kreutzkamp Reinier
Published: September 2010

For decades, personality was thought to be a set of stable characteristics. However, in the dimensional approach, personality traits are considered to vary on a continuum. This retrospective cohort study examines changes in personality traits, as measured by the NEO Five Factor Inventory, in anxiety‐disordered inpatients. Paired sample T‐test analyses are used to measure trait differences before and after treatment. Analyses of variance are applied to measure the influence of diagnosis on personality change, and regression analyses to investigate if the 90‐item symptom checklist symptom reduction predicts personality trait changes. Results show that patients become less neurotic and more extravert at post‐measurement, supported by large to medium effect sizes, and are not influenced by diagnostic category. Only 30% and 21% of the change in neuroticism and extraversion respectively, is explained by symptom reduction. It is concluded that personality traits neuroticism and extraversion can change over time in anxious inpatients while changes are not a direct consequence of a mood‐state effect (symptom reduction). Results are compatible with a dimensional conceptualization of psychopathology, which will be incorporated in the future edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM‐V). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of MMT, SiO2, CaCO3, and PTFE nanoparticles on the morphology and crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride)
Authors: Ma Wenzhong , Wang Xiaolin , Zhang Jun
Published: September 2010

The crystallization and melting behaviors of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with small amount of nanoparticles (1 wt %), such as montmorillonite (MMT), SiO2, CaCO3, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), directly prepared by melt‐mixing method were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarizing optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The nanoparticle structure and the interactions between PVDF molecule and nanoparticle surface predominated the crystallization behavior and morphology of the PVDF. Small amount addition of these four types of nanoparticles would not affect the original crystalline phase obtained in the neat PVDF sample (α phase), but accelerated the crystallization rate because of the nucleation effect. In these four blend systems, MMT or PTFE nanoparticles could be well applied for PVDF nanocomposite preparation because of stronger interactions between particle surface and PVDF molecules. The nucleation enhancement and the growth rate of the spherulites were decreased in the order SiO2 > CaCO3 > PTFE > MMT. The melting and recrystallization of PVDF was found in MMT addition sample, because of the special ways of ordering of the PVDF chains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Advances in local hybrid exchange‐correlation functionals: from thermochemistry to magnetic‐resonance parameters and hyperpolarizabilities
Authors: Arbuznikov Alexei V. , Kaupp Martin
Published: September 2010

A short overview of recent advances in our lab regarding the construction and validation of local hybrid functionals is given. Local hybrids are a promising new generation of exchange‐correlation functionals, in which exact exchange is admixed in a position‐dependent fashion. The admixture is controlled by a so‐called local mixing function (LMF). We discuss different strategies to construct LMFs (semiempirical vs. ab initio), different levels of the implementation of local hybrids (self‐consistent vs. nonself‐consistent), and some methodological aspects associated with the calculation of second‐order magnetic properties (a coupled‐perturbed scheme for general hyper‐GGA functionals). Some examples for the performance of local hybrids in the description of various molecular properties are provided. We focus in particular on an evaluation of longitudinal (hyper)polarizabilities of model hydrogen chains, known to be a challenge for semilocal density functionals. Here local hybrids give closer agreement with experiment than the B3LYP global hybrid. Notably, however, an LMFg(r) = 0.48 τW/τ without proper asymptotic behavior performs better than an LMFg(r) = erf(0.22s) (sis the dimensionless density gradient), which has the correct long‐range behavior. Similar results are also found for the (hyper)polarizabilities of the noble‐gas atoms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Computational studies of the optical properties of silicon compounds bonding to silver atoms and with group III and V substituents
Authors: Arlund David , Micha David A. , Kilin Dmitri S.
Published: September 2010

Systems composed of silicon chains and silicon rings, either bonding to one or more Ag atoms or containing substituents from Group III (B, Al, and Ga) or Group V (N, P, and As) elements, have been computationally studied with density functional (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT methods to obtain their optical properties. Calculations have provided atomic conformations, excitation energies, and electronic oscillator strengths. Results are presented for 58 compounds to extract the correlation between absorbed light wavelengths, rates of absorption, and the size and composition of the systems, in a way that facilitates comparison of their optical properties. Analyses of the results provide insight on trends relevant to the absorption of near IR, visible, and near UV light. This is of interest in the preparation of surface materials by chemical vapor deposition for photovoltaics and in the utilization of solar energy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Recherches sur les dérivés nitrés aliphatiques
Authors: Mousset Theophile
Published: September 2010

Sur quelques dérivés du nitro‐isopentane primaire

Bull. de l'Acad. roy. de Belgique (Classe des sciences), n° 11, pp. 622–656, 1901.
Sur le 2.5. di‐oxyméthyl‐furfurane
Authors: Blanksma J. J.
Published: September 2010

L'oxyméthylfurfurol fournit par l'action de la soude caustique en solution aqueuse concentrée avec un bon rendement l'acide oxyméthyl‐pyromucique et le 2.5. dioxyméthyl‐furfurane.

Je tiens à apporter ici mes remercîments à M. van der Gronden qui m'a prêté son concours.
De L'action D'une Solution Alcoolique de Potasse Caustique sur les Cétones
Authors: Montagne P. J.
Published: September 2010

Sur l'action d'une solution alcoolique de potasse caustique sur la paraoxy‐ et la para‐éthoxy‐benzophénone et sur leurs dérivés méta‐bromés.
Studies on the nature of some dilute and concentrated non‐electrolytes
Authors: van Ruyven B. H.
Published: September 2010

Although we may one day hope to obtain a general equation for solutions based on the molecular kinetic theory, that day has not yet come; and it is open to doubt whether, when that general equation is obtained. it will bear much resemblance to the general gas equation.

Alexander Findlay

Mongraphs on Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. Osmotic Pressure by Alexander Findlay, sec. ed., p. 52.
Die Farbenwiedergabe beim Photographieren mit Neonlicht
Authors: van Liempt J. A. M. , Leydens P.
Published: September 2010

Es wurde die Farbenwiedergabe beim Photographieren bei Neonlicht und Mischungen desselben mit Quecksilberlicht auf verschiedenem Negativmaterial untersucht.
The determination of explosion limits
Authors: Lindeijer E. W.
Published: September 2010

The author proposes to accept the progressive reaction, which is possible in many gas mixtures (and mixtures of solid substances) when the reaction is started locally, as the criterion of explosivity. An explosion limit is then exclusively a property of the mixture under the given conditions and the confusing “influence of the ignition” can be eliminated completely. To this end a distinction is made between explosion limits and ignition limits and because also the latter, in contrast to the former, are of less interest in practice, is a method given according to which reliable results on the position of these explosion limits can be obtained in a simple manner.
Some experiments on the catatorulin‐effect
Authors: Westenbrink H. G. K. , Polak J. J.
Published: September 2010

The oxygen uptake of brain tissue (suspended in Ringer‐phosphatepyruvate solution) of pigeons in avitaminosis B1 was measured by the method of Warburg. It was increased by adding vitamin B1 in vitro (Peters's catatorulin effect). This increase was dependent on the time at which the vitamin was added: the maximum effect was obtained when the vitamin was added before the beginning of the respiration experiment. Moreover an induction period was observed when the vitamin was added during the estimation of the oxygen uptake. No induction period was observed when pyruvate was added to the tissue suspension which contained vitamin already.

All observations may be explained by the hypothesis that the oxygen uptake of the avitaminous brain in the presence of pyruvic acid is not catalysed by free vitamin B1, but by a compound of the vitamin and a still unknown labile substance.
Separation of isotopes by diffusion in fast streaming mercury vapour)
Authors: Mac Gillavry D.
Published: September 2010

A new diffuser has been developed for the study of diffusion in fast streaming mercury vapours. The diffuser has been used successfully for the concentration of the hydrogen isotopes.

The theoretical expressions for the fractionation ratio and the output in terms of the mercury velocity and the dimensions of such diffusers have been tested.
On aliphatic polyamines IV
Authors: van Alphen J.
Published: September 2010

The high boiling amines, obtained by the interaction of 1: 3‐dibromo‐propane and 1: 2‐diamino‐ethane hydrate, have been investigated. The lower terms contain straight chains of dimethylene and trimethylene groups separated by nitrogen atoms but in the higher boiling fractions cyclic amines are present.
The reaction between nickel carbonyl and thiophosgene (CSCI2) and the supposed polymeric carbon monosulphide of dewar)
Authors: Mayer K. , Wibaut J. P.
Published: September 2010

The amorphous, brownish black substance obtained by Dewar and Jones from nickel carbonyl and thiophosgene, has not the composition (CS)x but contains organically combined chlorine. The reaction has been carried out in various solvents; the amorphous reaction products have been completely analysed and it appears that the solid adsorbs the solvent, which cannot be completely removed. The C: S ratio in these products therefore varies from 1: 0.8 to 1: 0.9.

The reaction was also carried out in the vapour phase. The amorphous product so obtained also contained organically combined chlorine while the C:S ratio was 1: 1.03 in this case.

Thus the product produced from nickel carbonyl and thiophosgene is not a polymeric form of carbon monosulphide.
Die Aetherischen Blattöle einiger Languas‐(Alpinia‐)Arten
Authors: Ultée A. J.
Published: September 2010

Dank den bei der Untersuchung einiger aetherischen Öle der Rhizome erhaltenen Ergebnissen konnten in den Blattölen von Languasarten, obwohl nur geringe Mengen zur Verfügung standen, verschiedene Bestandteile identifiziert werden. Es ergab sich, dass die Zusammensetzung des Blattöls viel übereinstimmung mit der des Rhizomöles derselben Pflanze zeigt.

Nachgewiesen werden: In dem Blattöl von Languas Romburghiana (Val) α‐Pinen, β‐Pinen, Cineol, Campher, Borneol und Methycinnamat; in dem Blattöl von Languas speciosa Small α‐Pinen, β‐Pinen, Cineol und ein Zimtsäureester, wahrscheinlich Methylcinnamat; in dem Blattöl von Languas Schumanniana Sasaki Campher, in dem Blattöl von Languas malaccensis Merr. ausser den bereits von van Romburgh nachgewiesenen Bestandteilen (d‐α‐Pinen und Methycinnamat) β‐Pinen und Cineol.
The action of hydrazine and methylhydrazine on 1: 3‐dichloro‐4: 6‐dinitrobenzene and derivatives of the compounds so obtained
Authors: Robert J. L.
Published: September 2010

The following have been made by the action of hydrazine and/or methyl‐hydrazine on 1: 3‐dichloro‐4: 6‐dinitrobenzene in alcoholic solution: 3‐chloro‐4: 6‐dinitrophenylhydrazine, α‐(3‐chloro‐4: 6‐dinitrophenyl)‐α‐methylhydrazino)‐4: 6‐dinitrobenzene and l‐hydrazino‐3‐(α‐methylhydrazino)‐4: 6‐dinitrobenzene.

A number of derivatives of each of the above mentioned compounds were prepared by condensation with various aldehydes and ketones.

A start has also been made with an investigation on the oxidation of substituted phenylene di‐(methyl) hydrazines with different oxidising agents.
2,6‐Diséléna‐4‐Spiroheptane et Autres Sélénacyclobutanes
Authors: Backer H. J. , Winter H. J.
Published: September 2010

La réaction entre le tétra‐(bromométhyl)‐méthane et le séléniure potassique donne avec un bon rendement le 2,6‐diséléna‐4‐spiroheptane (II), tandis que l'anneau simple du sélénacyclobutane (3 C et 1 Se) s'obtient difficilement. La cyclisation de l'1,3‐dibromopropane par le séléniure potassique est facilitée également par la présence d'un autre anneau (cyclohexane) ou de deux groupes méthyliques fixés à l'atome central. L'atome de sélénium des sélénacyclobutanes fixe les sels mercuriques, l'oxygène (sélénones) et l'iode, tandis que l'anneau s'ouvre sous l'influence de chlore, de brome et d'iodure méthylique.
A completion of Krafft's proof of the structure of cetene
Authors: Langedijk S. L. , Stedehouder P. L.
Published: September 2010

The proof given by Krafft for the terminal position of the double bond in cetene is not complete, as during the formation of cetyne‐1 from cetene dibromide the possibility was not precluded of a rearrangement under the influence of powdered KOH.

In the present paper it is demonstrated that: 1. This rearrangement does not take place; 2. During the preparation of cetyne‐2 from cetene dibromide under the influence of alcoholic KOH cetyne‐1 is the first reaction product.

This conclusively shows that cetene is hexadecene‐1.
Uber einige Mesitylenderivate. II): Derivate von bis‐(2.4.6′trimetylphenyl)‐Methan (Dimesitylmethan)
Authors: Nauta W. Th. , Wuis P. J.
Published: September 2010

Ersatz eines H‐Atoms der CH2Cl‐Gruppe in 11‐Chlor‐1,2,4,6‐tetramethylbenzen (Mesitylchlormethan) durch einen zweiten Mesitylrest erhöht die Reaktionsfähigkeit des Cl‐Atoms. Das Dimesitylchlormethan gleicht (in Leitfähigkeit im flüssigen Schwefeldioxyd, Halochromie und Möglichkeit zu Radikalbildung) dem Triphenylchlormethan.
Nitration and halogenation of 1:2‐bis‐(phenylamino)‐ethane and its derivatives. I
Authors: Schouten A. E.
Published: September 2010

1:2‐Bis‐(phenylamino)‐ethane and N.N′‐diphenylpiperazine are produced by the interaction of aniline and 1:2‐dibromoethane. The nitration and halogenation of various nitro‐, halogeno‐ and acetyl derivatives of 1:2‐bis‐(phenylamino)‐ethane are described. The nitration of the bye‐products, the N.N′‐diphenylpiperazine derivatives, is also discussed. In this case the piperazine ring is opened, so that the same nitration products are obtained from either 1:2‐bis‐(phenylamino)‐ethane, or N.N′‐diphenylpiperazine.
Molekuelgestalt und Kohaesion: I. Intramolekulare Absättigung der Kohäsionskräfte bei langen fadenförmigen Molekülen
Authors: Berger G.
Published: September 2010

Die Siedepunkte der normalen aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe widersprechen der Londonschen Theorie der Kohäsionskräfte. Der Widerspruch wird durch die Annahme einer intramolekularen Absättigung der Kohäsionskräfte, welche durch die gekrümmte Gestalt der langen Kohlenstoffketten im flüssigen Zustande hervorgerufen wird, erklärt. Auf Grund dieser Annahme wird die Sugdensche Siedepunktsformel abgeleitet, die mit der Erfahrung weitgehend übereinstimmt.
The system water‐sulphur trioxide
Authors: Snethlage H. C. S.
Published: September 2010

The chemical activity of this system is in some cases the effect of the superposition of the activity of the hydrates H2S2O7 and (H3O)2SO4
Der Photographische Nachweis von Thoriumoxyd in Glühdrähten
Authors: van Liempt J. A. M. , van Uden J. H. M.
Published: September 2010

Der Nachweis von Thoriumoxyd in Wolframglühdrähten mittels der Schwärzung, welche die Radioaktivität des Thoriumatoms auf photographischen Negativmaterial hervorruft, wurde in den Einzelheiten untersucht.

Für diesen Nachweis sind Schumannplatten am besten geeignet, dann folgen die höchstempflindlichsten normalen Platten. Die Empfindlichkeit steigt bei grösserer Drahtdicke, grösserem Thoriumoxydgehalt, längerer Einwirkungszeit und grösserem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt der Luft.

Gezogene Drähte schwärzen stärker als rekrystallisierte Drähte und Einkrystalldrähte.

Reine Thoriumdrähte geben eine sehr starke Schwärzung.
Synthesis of some heterocyclic compounds. II
Authors: Cullinane N. M. , Morgan N. M. E. , Plummer C. A. J.
Published: September 2010

A number of heterocyclic compounds have been synthesised, including diphenylene oxide, diphenylene sulphide, diphenylene selenide and diphenylene diselenide (selenanthren).

Treatment of o‐phenylphenol with 70% sulphuric acid affords not diphenylene but the sultone of 2‐hydroxydiphenyl‐2′‐sulphonic acid, formed by elimination of water from the hydroxyacid.
Die Löslichkeit von Krypton in verschiedenen Flüssigkeiten
Authors: van Liempt J. A. M. , van Wijk W.
Published: September 2010

In verschiedenen Flüssigkeiten wurde die Löslichkeit von Krypton bestimmt. Sie ist viel grösser als die des Argons.

Eine gute Sperrflüssigkeit für Krypton ist reines Glycerol.
The diffusion of an electrolyte: II. Experimental part
Authors: Hermans J. J.
Published: September 2010

II. Experimental Part: Measurements of the e.m.f. of the following cells are described: Ag/AgCl/NaCl c1/NaCl c2/AgCl/Ag, water 18°.

Ag/AgCl/BaCl2 c1/BaCl2 c2/AgCl/Ag, water 18°.

Ag/AgCl/HCl 0.0335/HCl c/AgCl/Ag, alcohol‐water 25°.

Pt/H2/HCl 0.0335/HCl c/H2/Pt, alcohol‐water 25°.

Moreover the equivalent conductivity and the transport number of HCl in alcohol‐water at 25° are determined. The results obtained are compared with the theoretical expression for the diffusion potential, arrived at in the theoretical part.
Some reactions of 2‐bromo‐ and 3‐bromoquinolines
Authors: Jansen H. E. , Wibaut J. P.
Published: September 2010

2‐ and 3‐Aminoquinolines were obtained by heating 2‐ and 3‐bromoquinoline respectively with liquid ammonia in the presence of copper powder as a catalyst. 2‐ and 3‐Cyanoquinolines were prepared from the corresponding bromoquinolines by heating with copper cyanide by the method described by Craig (4) for the preparation of 2‐cyanopyridine.

The bromoquinolines do not react wih magnesium or with sodium malonate. 2‐Bromoquinoline reacts with potassium pyrrole to form 2‐ (2′ ‐pyrryl) ‐quinoline.
The relationship between taste and constitution of some dihydrazides of alkylmalonic acids and their derivatives
Authors: Blanksma J. J. , de Graaf H.
Published: September 2010

Malondihydrazide tastes sweet. A number of derivatives of this compound have been made by modifying its structure and examined as regards taste.
The preparation of symmetric and asymmetric aminopropanediol and of some of their derivatives
Authors: den Otter H. P.
Published: September 2010

In the following work

Part of a dissertation.

) the derivatives are described which were obtained when 2‐aminopropanediol‐1,3 and 3‐aminopropanediol‐1,2 were coupled with aromatic nitro‐compounds containing a substitutive chlorine atom such as 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene, 1‐chloro‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene, 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitronaphthalene and 1,3‐dichloro‐4,6‐dinitrobenzene. On nitration, the substances thus obtained gave explosive compounds which were comparable with a combination of trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) and nitroglycerine.

For comparison, the attempt has been made to couple d. glucosamine with aromatic halogen‐nitro‐compounds, and to nitrate the products so obtained.
On the dipole moments of some organic aliphatic compounds
Authors: Stevels J. M.
Published: September 2010

It is shown that the trend of the atomic refraction of a definite hydrogen or halogen atom in a certain series of methane derivatives can be correlated with the trend of the dipole moments of these substances. It turns out, that it is not necessary to assume a repulsion effect between the halogen atoms in CHX3 to explain the difference of the dipole moments of CH3X and CHX3.

The theory is extended to halogenated alkanes with more than one carbon atom. All the regularities occurring here can be explained in a simple way.

Generally speaking, the dipole moments of the compounds considered can be understood satisfactorily when we notice the number and the strength of the bonds of the hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom, which also carries the halogen atoms.
Die Dampfspannungen in den Dreiphasengleichgewichten des Systems Natriumjodid‐Wasser
Authors: Dingemans P.
Published: September 2010

Nach den ersten Dampfspannungsmessungen an diesem System, die bereits aus dem Jahre 1894 stammen und keine grosse Genauigkeit aufweisen, finden wir über diesen Gegenstand in der neueren Literatur nur eine sehr beschränkte Zahl von Beobachtungen.

Eine systematische und genaue Untersuchung des gesamten Systems wurde jetzt ausgeführt, und nachstehend folgen die vollständigen Dampfspannungskurven zwischen 10 und 100° C von den monovarianten Dreiphasengleichgewichten:

NaJ. 2 H2O + NaJ + H2O‐Dampf,

NaJ. 2 H2O + gesättigte Lösung + H2O‐Dampf,

NaJ + gesättigte Lösung + H2O‐Dampf.

Im Zusammenhang mit den auseinander laufenden Werten, die dafür veröffentlicht worden sind, wurde auch die Lage des Übergangspunktes von NaJ. 2 H2O auf zweierlei verschiedene Weise von neuem bestimmt.
Elektrolyse mit Strömender Flüssigkeit
Authors: Hallie G.
Published: September 2010

Die Acetat‐Elektrolyse und der Einfluss fremder Anionen darauf wurde bei niedriger Temperatur und unter Arbeiten mit strömender Flüssigkeit untersucht.

Es ergab sich, dass die Reaktionen ganz einschneidende Veränderungen erfahren. Während der Untersuchung wurde Methylperchlorat elektrolytisch dargestellt, und anodisch aus Nitrat gebildetes Nitrit festgestellt.
Caramel and humin. A contribution to the knowledge of the decomposition products of sugars
Authors: Schweizer A.
Published: September 2010

It soon appears from an examination of caramel, which is produced by heating sucrose, that a close connection must exist with the humins, to which previous investigators had already drawn attention. This has led to the sugar‐humins being subjected to a closer study. Oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide, the action of halogens and oxidation with nitric acid led to the result, that sugar‐humin is a polymerised dehydration product of sucrose, in which the hexose skeleton remains intact. A structural formula for the humin nucleus can be built up on the data so obtained.

Caramel appears to be a mixture of humin and iso‐saccharosan, in varying proportions, depending on the degree of dehydration. Caramelisation begins with the formation of iso‐saccharosan, which then gives humin directly. The substances described in the literature as caramelan, caramelene and carameline, are not chemical individuals, but mixtures of humin and iso‐saccharosan.
Refraktometrische Oelbestimmung in Aleurites‐Samen
Authors: Frahm E. D. G. , Koolhaas D. R.
Published: September 2010

Die refraktometrische Ölbestimmung mittelst α‐Bromnaphthalin nach Leithe gibt bei der Anwendung auf Aleurites‐Samen gute Resultate, wenn man die Refraktion des Öles gesondert bestimmt. Bei Aleurites‐montana‐Samen kann der Ölgehalt ohne weiters nach der Mischunsregel berechnet werden; bei Aleurites‐moluccana‐Samen muss der Brechungsexponent des Öles bei der Berechnung um 0.0005 erhöht werden.
Die Addition und die Additionsprodukte der Halogene und Benzenderivate X. Das sogenannte Hexabromdihydrobenzen
Authors: van der Linden T.
Published: September 2010

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Feststellung der richtigen Formel der in der Literatur als Hexabromdihydrobenzen (Hexabromcyclohexadien) beschriebenen Verbindung, weil die Richtigkeit dieser Auffassung bezweifelt werden muss. Aus der Zusammensetzung der aus dieser Substanz erhaltenen Bromadditionsprodukte und aus der Bildung des Pentabrombenzens beim Erhitzen auf höhere Temperatur wurde die Richtigkeit der experimentellen Formel C6H2Br6 erwiesen. Durch die Darstellung von Dodekachlorhexan aus dieser Substanz bei der Einwirkung eines Übermasses an Chlor und durch die Bildung der gleichen Verbindung aus normalem Hexan wurde gezeigt, dass das C6H2Br6 keine Ringstruktur, sondern eine normale Kohlenstoffkette besitzt.

Die meist wahrscheinliche Strukturformel wurde aufgestellt.