bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEMBRANE FILTER METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF COLIFORMS IN PASTEURIZED AND CERTIFIED MILK
Authors: Ehrlich Richard
Published: December 2018

The use of the membrane-filter method for determination of coliform organisms in pasteurized and certified milk permits a more rapid counting of coliform colonies with the elimination of much of the plating procedure used with the conventional determination methods. Results of analysis for coliform content can be preserved on the membranes for future reference. Large quantities of milk can be examined rapidly through the use of the centrifuge in the method outlined.

Endo-agar was used in this work as the differential agar medium.
STATUS OF FOOD SANITATION KNOWLEDGE AMONG FOOD SERVICE WORKERS*
Authors: Adams H. S.
Published: December 2018

This article reports upon an investigation carried on by the author and his staff among restaurant owners and food workers in Minnesota. The object of this investigation was to determine how much food service personnel knew about, and understood, the basic principles of safe food handling. Owners and their employees were questioned in a casual manner during the course of routine inspections, and in addition some two hundred others were tested through the use of multiple choice questions prior to the operation of food handler classes. The data presented demonstrates the need for more emphasis by sanitarians upon basic principles of food hygiene and a constant program of explanation and instruction of personnel within the restaurant industry.
SOME AIDS IN THE MATHEMATICS OF MILK CONTROL
Authors: Wright Evan
Published: December 2018

Two new methods of determining logarithmic averages of standard plate counts are proposed, the first is based on the principle that the logarithmic average of four counts is equal to the fourth root of the product of the counts: the second is a simple graphic method which also serves as a record. A similar graphic method is described for the arithmetic average of four temperatures. A nomograph for calculations of survey ratings to be used with U.S.P.H.S. Form No. 9421 is given.
A BOTTLE AGAR METHOD FOR BACTERIAL ESTIMATES
Authors: Heinemann Burdet , Rohr M. Robert
Published: December 2018

A simplified screening test is described for estimating the bacterial population of Grade A milk. The method employs an anchor-shaped dipper for measuring and sampling milk from the weigh-vat. The sample is transferred directly to prepared dilution bottles. A 0.01 ml milk transfer loop is used to inoculate 3 ml of agar in a 1-ounce screw-cap bottle. The bottle is laid on its side, incubated 48 hours, and the colonies counted. The number of colonies multiplied by 5,000 yields the bacterial estimates. Results compare favorably with the Standard Plant Count.
THE GASTROENTERITIS OUTBREAK AMONG DELEGATES AND GUESTS, THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL CONVENTION
Authors: Stiles George W.
Published: December 2018

The gastrointestinal outbreak at the Glenwood Springs Convention was apparently caused by the consumption of contaminated fricassee turkey served at the noon day meal on September 27, 1951.

Ninety three persons became ill with servere abdominal cramps, frequent explosive diarrhea and gaseous distention of the abdomen. The onset of illness varied from 8 to 18 hours. Laboratory findings from the fragments of food served showed the turkey specimen harbored excessive numbers of the paracolon group.
SANITARY PROBLEMS RELATED TO POULTRY PLANT OPERATIONS*
Authors: Templeton Hugh L.
Published: December 2018

Poultry plant sanitation starts with the purchase of only healthy birds. The eviscerating plant must be so arranged that air currents are counter to the flow of the birds. Hot evisceration gives a sanitary and acceptable product. Plant walls and floors must be smooth for easy sanitizing. Present day equipment is manufactured with sanitation problems in mind, but this does not mean that the plant operator can omit the careful inspection of his equipment. Making a vent cut that does not puncture the intestines is most important sanitary problem of the eviscerating operation. An ample supply of chlorinated potable water is essential.
STUDY OF A GAS HEATER FOR PRODUCING HOT WATER AND STEAM IN THE DAIRY FARM MILKHOUSE
Authors: Mueller W. S. , Geenty W. T.
Published: December 2018

Dairy farmers have a real problem in providing hot water at not too great a cost. A gas heater producing hot water and steam for dairy farm use was studied to determine (1) the time to produce hot water and steam, (2) the uniformity of temperature within the steam chest, (3) the efficiency in killing E. coli in 10-gallon milk cans, (4) the fuel efficiency of the heater, and (5) the cost of operation. The authors believe that a gas water heater of the type investigated could lend itself satisfactorily to New England dairy farms.
SANITATION IN BULK FOOD VENDING*
Authors: Mallmann W. L.
Published: December 2018

The dispensing of food from vending machines is a new development in the food industry, and is increasing. They should be supervised by the health authorities as to construction and performance of the machine, the contamination of the foods before and during service, the perishability of the foods themselves, the need for a standard control ordinance, and control problems that must be faced.
A STUDY OF MILK LOSSES AS INFLUENCED BY RATE OF EMPTYING MILK CANS***
Authors: Rapp Harold , Calbert H. E.
Published: December 2018

The amount of loss of milk due to stickage was estimated at various dumping rates under plant conditions. The dumping rates ranged from five to ten cans per minute. The losses at these rates ranged from 0.20 to 0.75% respectively. The fat test of the milk lost due to stickage was higher than that of a composite sample of all the milk delivered. The results were in agreement with those of previous workers. These estimates may be used by farmers to estimate their losses from this source and by milk handlers to estimate their losses at the receiving room.
REGULATORY PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM PIPELINE MILKING*
Authors: Eagan H. E.
Published: December 2018

The wider utilization of pipeline milking on the farm has resulted in the adaptation of cleaning-in-place procedures for these types of installations. The problems involved in such procedures have led many health departments to issue special regulations. The new developments in equipment design and cleaning procedures should not be hindered by stagnate regulations. The 1953 edition of the Milk Ordinance and Code Recommended by The Public Health Service accepts the principle of pipeline milking and the cleaning-in-place procedures, but acknowledges that design and construction standards should be flexible. The cleaning and bactericidal treatment of this equipment must be determined by the usual standards of inspection.
CONTAMINATION OF RUBBER MILK TUBES OF MILKING MACHINES AS AFFECTED BY DETERIORATION OF THE INSIDE SURFACES
Authors: Claydon T. J.
Published: December 2018

Studies were made on the susceptibility to bacterial contamination of rubber milk tubes as affected by deterioration of the inside surfaces. Even with used tubes having only microscopic breakdown, contamination was much greater than with new tubes. The average contamination in the used tubes averaged 15 times as great as in new tubes under laboratory conditions and 12 times as great under practical operating conditions with dry storage. When lye storage was used bacterial counts were lower and differences were smaller. Even inconspicuous deterioration of the interior surfaces of rubber milk tubes is a potential hazard in milking machine sanitation.
EFFECT OF TYPE OF INSTALLATION AND CLEANSING PROCEDURE ON THE SANITATION OF FARM MILK PIPELINES1,2
Authors: Hunter J. E. , Marth E. H. , Frazier W. C.
Published: December 2018

Bacteriological studies were made of a permanent, cleansed-in-place, cow to cooler pipeline system and another pipeline designed for dismantled cleansing. The sanitary conditions of the two pipelines were compared and a study was made on the effect of frequency of brushing on the sanitary condition of the pipeline that was disassembled for cleaning. The swab contact and the brush and rinse methods of testing the sanitary condition of milk pipelines were compared.

During these studies the milk from both pipelines was of excellent quality. Swab tests indicated that both pipelines were maintained in a satisfactory sanitary condition. The bacterial population on the surface of the pipeline increased as the frequency of brushing decreased, but the milk passing through the pipeline did not increase in bacteria count. The results of the swab and brush and rinse tests had little direct relation to each other.
THE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS IN MILK ON THE HUMAN INTESTINAL COLIFORM BACTERIAa, b
Authors: Stoltz E. I. , Hankinson D. J.
Published: December 2018

As a result of antibiotic therapy for bovine mastitis, minute concentrations of antibiotics are carried over into the milk supply which may then be used as fresh fluid milk or the manufacture of dairy products. From the results obtained with residual levels of streptomycin and aureomycin in market milk, it is concluded that the population of coliform bacteria in the intestinal tract of humans can be reduced by the ingestion of these antibiotics.
A STUDY OF MIXED MILK SAMPLE METHODS OF SEDIMENT TESTING USING OFF-THE-BOTTOM STANDARDS AND EQUIPMENT, FOR POSSIBLE USE WITH FARM BULK MILK HOLDING TANKS*,**,***
Authors: Liska B. J. , Calbert H. E.
Published: December 2018

Tests indicate that the milk in farm bulk tanks can be tested for sediment by using a 1 quart mixed milk sample and concentrating the sediment on ¼ the area of a standard sediment disc or by using a 1 pint sample with the sediment concentrated on ⅛ the area of a standard disc. Off-the-bottom sediment standards can be used for evaluating the grades of these modified discs. Results of these modified tests are comparable to those obtained by the present standard off-the-bottom method on ten gallon cans.
PLANNING A STATE PROGRAM FOR RESTAURANT SANITATION*
Authors: Molyneux Gordon W.
Published: December 2018

The author discusses the New York State (exclusive of New York City) restaurant sanitation program—past, present and future. The article based on continuing foodborne outbreaks and the results of 14 community restaurant surveys throughout the state emphasizes the need for improvement in restaurant programs to include clarification of authority on the state level, revised state code, qualifications for inspectional personnel, training of food service and health department personnel and coordination of activities.
EFFECT OF ADDED HYPOCHLORITE ON DETERGENT ACTIVITY OF ALKALINE SOLUTIONS IN RECIRCULATION CLEANING***
Authors: MacGregor D. R. , Elliker P. R. , Richardson G. A.
Published: December 2018

A laboratory apparatus was designed to simulate commonly encountered recirculation cleaning conditions. Cleaning efficiency was determined by visual examination of stainless steel strips coated with synthetic milkstone.

It was found that varying concentrations up to 100 ppm of sodium hypochlorite, added to three representative cleaners, significantly increased their cleaning efficiency. The increased cleaning efficiency is possibly due to the solubilizing action of the hypochlorite on the protein fraction of the soil.
THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL'S REPORT ON A STUDY OF MILK REGULATIONS AND SANITARY MILK CONTROL*
Authors: Adams Harold S.
Published: December 2018

This article reports upon research performed under the direction of the Committee on Milk Production Distribution and Quality of the National Research Council. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of milk regulations and their enforcement on the sanitary quality of milk. Eight large American city milk supplies were studied in detail. The field work included an inspection of a representative group of farms and milk plants and the examination of milk samples representative of each supply. Certain regulations governing the production and handling of milk were found to be definitely reflected in the bacteriological quality of both the raw and finished product. Several significant conclusions are drawn which should be of particular value to those engaged in milk control work.
PROBLEMS OF INSECTICIDES IN FOODS*
Authors: Compton C. C.
Published: December 2018

The necessity for using insecticides for the growing and protection of food and fiber crops has been established. We do not have effective insecticidal chemicals for the control of all plant pests and old compounds must be improved or new compounds developed. Residues in foods must be avoided and intensive research since the advent of World War II have made it possible to employ insecticidal chemicals efficiently and safely. Education of farmers and others in the proper use of insecticidal chemicals is presently of paramount importance.
BEHAVIOR OF A HEAT RESISTANT FOOD SPOILAGE SPORE FORMING ANAEROBE INOCULATED INTO SOILS1,2,3
Authors: Desrosier N. W. , Esselen W. B. , Anderson E. E.
Published: December 2018

The heat resistance of putrefactive spore-forming anaerobes isolated from experimental soil plots was relatively low and not significantly influenced by different fertilizer treatments. The spores of Putrefactive Anaerobe No. 3679 retained their high heat resistance when they were inoculated into the test soils and were subsequently recovered several months later.
THE TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF RECONSTITUTED SKIM MILK.*
Authors: Babad J. , Levin Y. , Sharon N.
Published: December 2018

The specific gravity of R S M at various concentrations and temperatures has been studied. A general formula correlating the results has been derived:

Temperature correction values for various concentrations as well as simple routine methods for the estimation of total solids content of R S M are described.
CONTROL OF MASTITIS*
Authors: Wayt L. K.
Published: December 2018

The control of mastitis in dairy cows requires the cooperation of the dairyman. He should have adequate knowledge of the symptoms and means of detection of the disease, and the interpretation of the laboratory examination of the milk samples, to enable him to understand how the disease is spread and controlled.
A STUDY OF MILKING MACHINE INFLATIONS MADE OF NEOPRENE COMPARED WITH THOSE Of NATURAL RUBBER*
Authors: White J. C. , Folds G. R.
Published: December 2018

Several types of neoprene inflations for milking machines were compared under actual form conditions with those of natural rubber. Physical changes in volume and weight were measured and bacteriological comparisons were made by both the swab technique and the dynamic methods. Neoprene inflations consistently outlasted rubber, and neoprene showed less distortion in shape. The bacterial population of neoprene was consistently less than that of rubber.

A study was made on the milking efficiency of neoprene inflations and rubber inflations of similar shape. In these tests neoprene was slightly superior to rubber in speed of milking and amount of milk produced.
SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF FOODBORNE-DISEASE OUTBREAKS1
Authors:   Prepared By The Committee on Communicable Diseases Affecting Man, International Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc.
Published: December 2018

FOREWORD

This outline has been designed as on aid to public-health workers who find it necessary to investigate a reported outbreak of foodborne disease. It is not intended to supplant the health officer or trained epidemiologist. Its purpose, rather, is to assist them in epidemiological investigations where foods may be involved, by suggesting to other public-health personnel who may be called upon to assist, procedures which will assure proper collection and preservation of relevant data, samples, and exhibits.

U. S. Public Health Service records indicate that many outbreaks of foodborne diseases cannot be included in its official summaries because the reported data are incomplete. Foodborne diseases are not investigated because of a lock of trained, “on-the-spot” personnel. It is hoped that this outline will be of material assistance to health officers, epidemiologists, veterinarians, sanitarians, and other public-health workers in their investigations of an outbreak of foodborne disease.

For these reasons, the scope of the outline is limited to those matters which require prompt action, such as locating and interviewing exposed individuals, securing menu data and samples of leftover foods, preserving, identifying, and submitting proper samples to the laboratory, etc. In addition, public-health workers who do not hove available the services of a trained epidemiologist will find herein guidance which may enable them to attempt to complete investigation and analysis of on outbreak of foodborne disease.

In view of the fact that this Procedure is still in draft stage and because of lock of space in the Journal the various report forms, the classification of illnesses attributable to foods, and the list of references pertaining to foodborne disease (all of which will be included in the final document) are deleted from this printing.

Distribution of the current draft of the Procedure will be limited to each state and territorial eqidemiologist for their review, and also to each of those who provided special technical assistance in its development. Suggestions for improvment of this Procedure should be sent to Dr. R. J. Helig, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington 25, D. C before March 1, 1956 in order that they can be considered by the Committee on Communicable Diseases Affecting Man in preparing the Procedure for final form. Printed copies of the complete manual are expected to be available at the time of the next Annual Meeting of this Association in Seattle Washington.
EVALUATION OF A DETERGENT-SANITIZER FOR USE ON PRODUCER MILKING UTENSILS
Authors: Speck M. L. , Murley W. R. , Lucas H. L. , Aurand L. W.
Published: December 2018

In a field study involving 26 Grade A milk producers a detergent-sanitizer was compared with the customary method of cleaning and sanitizing milking equipment. The producers were divided into two comparable groups and placed on a double-reversal trial with three 5-week periods. Milking utensils appeared cleaner and milk-stone deposits were reduced when the detergent-sanitizer was used in place of the regular procedure. The difference between the two methods of cleaning and sanitizing utensils was not statistically signifcant as measured by thermoduric and total bacterial counts. The relation between the effectiveness of the detergent-sanitizer and the hardness of water was not statistically significant. There was no appreciable amount of quaternary ammonium compound in any of the milk samples as determined by direct measurement and by the activity of a buttermilk culture.
BACTERIAL COUNTS OF MILK AS AFFECTED BY INCONSPICUOUS DETERIORATION IN MILKING MACHINE TEAT-CUP LINERS1
Authors: Claydon T. J.
Published: December 2018

Used teat-cup liners, appearing in reasonably good physical condition but having microscopic breakdown of the inside surfaces, were compared with new liners with respect to effect on the bacterial counts of milk. Under similar practical conditions, milk from units equipped with the used liners sometimes had considerably higher counts than milk from the new liner units. When the contamination level was low there was little consistent difference in milk counts.
THE ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING1 2
Authors: Edwards H. I.
Published: December 2018

Outbreaks of paralytic poisoning following the consumption of toxic shellfish have resulted in more than forty deaths in coastal areas of North America since 1927. The toxic agent exists preformed in members of the plankton species, Gonyaulax, which frequently occur in the food supply of edible shellfish. The establishment of quarantine measures based upon periodic sampling and assay of shellfish from dangerous areas, has greatly reduced the hazard to public health.
PROPOSALS FOR MODIFICATION OF THE ORDINANCE AND CODE REGULATING EATING AND DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS1
Authors: Faulkner John D. , Miller William C. , Summers Donald K.
Published: December 2018

Plans for the preparation of a revised edition of the Ordinance and Code Regulating Eating and Drinking Establishments — 1943 Recommendations of the Public Health Service are presented. The major proposals for changes or modifications of the current edition which have been submitted to the Public Health Service are discussed. It is emphasized that no final decision has been reached on these proposals and that they will be submitted to the PHS Food Establishment Sanitation Advisory Committee for its consideration.
THE USES OF SILICONES IN THE DAIRY AND FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES1
Authors: Todd C. W.
Published: December 2018

Silicones as new synthetic materials are rapidly becoming useful for dairy and food processing and for maintenance of plants and equipment. Silicone defoamers are acceptable for food use and are effective in concentrations of 1 to 10 parts per million. Silicone release agents of various types prevent sticking of food to paper, to baking pans or to heating coils. New silicone glass container coatings, applied at the glass factory, preserve the strength of glass to reduce breakage and speed production packing. Maintenance materials include silicones for heat stable paints, silicone electrical insulation for resistance to heat and humidity, silicone rubber for flexible seals and silicone grease for high temperature lubrication.
A CASE HISTORY OF A GRADE A MILK PRODUCER WHO WAS UNABLE TO MEET STATE REQUIREMENTS OF FREEZING POINT AND PERCENT SOLIDS NOT FAT
Authors: Pinkerton F. , Peters I. I.
Published: December 2018

Lactose is an important component of milk in that it affects both the freezing point and per cent S. N. F. of milk. Milk high in lactose invariably insures a low freezing point and a high lactometer reading. The per cent lactose in milk may be influenced by the ration fed to the cows.
In situ measurements of cloud microphysical and aerosol properties during the break-up of stratocumulus cloud layers in cold air outbreaks over the North Atlantic
Authors: Lloyd Gary , Choularton Thomas W. , Bower Keith N. , Gallagher Martin W. , Crosier Jonathan , O'Shea Sebastian , Abel Steven J. , Fox Stuart , Cotton Richard , Boutle Ian A.
Published: December 2018

Abstract. A key challenge for numerical weather prediction
models is representing boundary layer clouds in cold air outbreaks (CAOs).
One important aspect is the evolution of microphysical properties as
stratocumulus transitions to open cellular convection. Abel et al. (2017)
have shown, for the first time from in situ field observations, that the
break-up in CAOs over the eastern Atlantic may be controlled by the
development of precipitation in the cloud system while the boundary layer
becomes decoupled. This paper describes that case and examines in situ
measurements from three more CAOs. Flights were conducted using the UK
Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) British Aerospace-146
(BAe-146) aircraft in the North Atlantic region around the UK, making
detailed microphysical measurements in the stratiform boundary layer. As the
cloudy boundary layer evolves prior to break-up, increasing liquid water
paths (LWPs) and drop sizes and the formation of liquid precipitation are
observed. Small numbers of ice particles, typically a few per litre, are also
observed. Eventually LWPs reduce significantly due to loss of water from the
stratocumulus cloud (SC) layer. In three of the cases, aerosols are removed
from the boundary layer across the transition. This process appears to be
similar to those observed in warm clouds and pockets of open cells (POCs) in
the subtropics. After break-up, deeper convective clouds form with bases warm
enough for secondary ice production (SIP), leading to rapid glaciation. It is
concluded that the precipitation is strongly associated with the break-up,
with both weakening of the capping inversion and boundary layer decoupling
also observed.
Trends in Global Tropospheric Ozone Inferred from a Composite Record of TOMS/OMI/MLS/OMPS Satellite Measurements and the MERRA-2 GMI Simulation
Authors: Ziemke Jerry R. , Oman Luke D. , Strode Sarah A. , Douglass Anne R. , Olsen Mark A. , McPeters Richard D. , Bhartia Pawan K. , Froidevaux Lucien , Labow Gordon J. , Witte Jacquie C. , Thompson Anne M. , Haffner David P. , Kramarova Natalya A. , Frith Stacey M. , Huang Liang-Kang , Jaross Glen R. , Seftor Colin J. , Deland Mathew T. , Taylor Steven L.
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Past studies have suggested that ozone in the troposphere has increased globally throughout much of the 20th century due to increases in anthropogenic emissions and transport. We show by combining satellite measurements with a chemical transport model that during the last four decades tropospheric ozone does indeed indicate increases that are global in nature, yet still highly regional. Satellite ozone measurements from Nimbus-7 and Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) are merged with ozone measurements from Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument/Microwave Limb Sounder (OMI/MLS) to determine trends in tropospheric ozone for 1979–2016. Both TOMS (1979–2005) and OMI/MLS (2005–2016) depict large increases in tropospheric ozone from the Near East to India/East Asia and further eastward over the Pacific Ocean. The 38-year merged satellite record shows total net change over this region of about +6 to +7 Dobson Units (DU) (i.e., ~ 15–20 % of average background ozone), with the largest increase (~ 4 DU) occurring during the 2005–2016 Aura period. The Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemical transport model with time-varying emissions is included to evaluate tropospheric ozone trends for 1980–2016. The GMI simulation for the combined record also depicts greatest increases of +6 to +7 DU over India/east Asia, identical to the satellite measurements. In regions of significant increases in TCO the trends are a factor of 2–2.5 larger for the Aura record when compared to the earlier TOMS record; for India/east Asia the trends in TCO for both GMI and satellite measurements are ~ +3 DU-decade−1 or greater during 2005–2016 compared to about +1.2 to +1.4 DU-decade−1 for 1979–2016. The GMI simulation and satellite data also reveal a tropospheric ozone increase of ~ +4 to +5 DU for the 38-year record over central Africa and the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Both the GMI simulation and satellite-measured tropospheric ozone during the latter Aura time period show increases of ~ +3 DU-decade−1 over the NH Atlantic and NE Pacific.
The NCAS mobile dual-polarisation Doppler X-band weather radar (NXPol)
Authors: Neely III Ryan R. , Bennett Lindsay , Blyth Alan , Collier Chris , Dufton David , Groves James , Walker Daniel , Walden Chris , Bradford John , Brooks Barbara , Addison Freya I. , Nicol John , Pickering Ben
Published: December 2018

Abstract. In recent years, dual-polarisation Doppler X-band radars have become a widely
used part of the atmospheric scientist's toolkit for examining cloud dynamics
and microphysics and making quantitative precipitation estimates. This is
especially true for research questions that require mobile radars. Here we
describe the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) mobile X-band
dual-polarisation Doppler weather radar (NXPol) and the infrastructure used
to deploy the radar and provide an overview of the technical specifications.
It is the first radar of its kind in the UK. The NXPol is a
Meteor 50DX manufactured by Selex-Gematronik (Selex ES GmbH), modified to
operate with a larger 2.4 m diameter antenna that produces a 0.98∘
half-power beam width and without a radome. We provide an overview of the
technical specifications of the NXPol with emphasis given to the description
of the aspects of the infrastructure developed to deploy the radar as an
autonomous observing facility in remote locations. To demonstrate the radar's
capabilities, we also present examples of its use in three recent field
campaigns and its ongoing observations at the NERC Facility for
Atmospheric Radio Research (NFARR).
Artificial radionuclides in neon flying squid from the northwestern Pacific in 2011 following the Fukushima accident
Authors: Yu Wen , Johansen Mathew P. , He Jianhua , Men Wu , Lin Longshan
Published: December 2018

Abstract. In order to better understand the impact of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power
Plant (FDNPP) accident on a commercial marine species, neon flying squid
(Ommastrephes bartramii) samples obtained from the northwestern
Pacific in November 2011 were analyzed for a range of artificial and natural
radionuclides (Cs-134, Cs-137, Ag-110m, U-238, Ra-226, and K-40). Short-lived
radionuclides Cs-134 and Ag-110m released from the FDNPP accident were found
in the samples, with an extremely high water-to-organism concentration ratio
for Ag-110m (>2.9×104). While accident-derived radionuclides
were present, their associated dose rates for the squid were far lower than
the relevant benchmark of 10 µGy h−1. For human consumers
ingesting these squid, the dose contribution from natural radionuclides,
including Po-210, was far greater (>99.9 %) than that of
Fukushima-accident radionuclides (<0.1 %). The whole-body to tissue
and whole-body to gut concentration ratios were calculated and reported,
providing a simple method to estimate the whole-body concentration in
environmental monitoring programs, and filling a data gap for concentration
ratios in cephalopods. Our results help fill data gaps in uptake of nuclear
power plant radionuclides in the commercially important Cephalopoda class and
add to scarce data on open-ocean nekton in the northwestern Pacific shortly
after the Fukushima accident.
Light absorption by marine cyanobacteria affects tropical climate mean state and variability
Authors: Paulsen Hanna , Ilyina Tatiana , Jungclaus Johann H. , Six Katharina D. , Stemmler Irene
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Observations indicate that positively buoyant marine cyanobacteria, which are abundant
throughout the tropical and subtropical ocean, have a strong local heating effect due to
light absorption at the ocean surface. How these local changes in radiative heating
affect the climate system on the large scale is unclear. We use the Max Planck Institute
Earth System Model (MPI-ESM), include light absorption by cyanobacteria, and find a
considerable cooling effect on tropical sea surface temperature (SST) in the order of
0.5 K on a climatological timescale. This cooling is caused by local shading of
subtropical subsurface water by cyanobacteria that is upwelled at the Equator and in
eastern boundary upwelling systems. Implications for the climate system include a
westward shift of the Walker circulation and a weakening of the Hadley circulation. The
amplitude of the seasonal cycle of SST is increased in large parts of the tropical ocean
by up to 25 %, and the tropical Pacific interannual variability is enhanced by
approx. 20 %. This study emphasizes the sensitivity of the tropical climate system to
light absorption by cyanobacteria due to its regulative effect on tropical SST.
Generally, including phytoplankton-dependent light attenuation instead of a globally
uniform attenuation depth improves some of the major model temperature biases, indicating
the relevance of taking this biophysical feedback into account in climate models.
Revisiting the DeepWater Horizon spill: High resolution model simulations of effects of oil droplet size distribution and river fronts
Authors: Hole Lars R. , Dagestad Knut-Frode , Röhrs Johannes , Wettre Cecilie , Kourafalou Vassiliki H. , Androulidakis Ioannis , Le Hénaff Matthieu , Kang Heesook , Garcia-Pineda Oscar
Published: December 2018

Abstract. An open source ocean trajectory framework, OpenDrift, is used to simulate the 2010 DeepWater Horizon oil spill. Metocean forcing data are taken from the GoM-HYCOM 1/50° ocean model with realistic river input and ECMWF global forecasts of wind and wave parameters with 1/8° resolution. OpenDrift includes the integrated oil drift module OpenOil, which includes a number of relevant processes, such as emulsification, wave entrainment, and droplet formation. This takes account of the actual oil type/properties, using the ADIOS oil weathering database of NOAA. We investigate the effect of using a newly developed parameterization for oil droplet size distribution, compared to a traditional algorithm. Although the algorithms provide different distributions for a single wave breaking event, we find that the net difference after long time simulations is negligible, indicating that the outcome is robust regarding the choice of parameterization. In both cases, the size of the droplets controls how much oil is present at the surface and hence are subject to wind and Stokes drift. The oil droplet sizes are also relevant for the biological impact. Next, the effect of removing river outflow in the ocean model is investigated in order to showcase effects of river induced fronts on oil spreading. A consistent effect on the amount and location of stranded oil is found, and considerable impact is seen on the location of the surface oil patch.
Explanations for the Punitive Turn of Crime Policy in Bolivia, 2006-2016
Authors: Stippel Jorg , Serrano Moreno Juan E
Published: December 2018

In the last decade, Bolivia, as with most countries in the region, has seen an unprecedented increase of its prison population. This is often explained as the consequence of a punitive populism sweeping Latin America. Our article investigates what triggered this punitive turn in Bolivia by identifying some of the factors that impact crime policy and growing prison populations since the election of president Evo Morales in 2006. We argue that a complex array of local and international factors and shifts in crime policy to harden approaches to domestic violence led to steep increases in remand populations. Combined with other inefficiencies in the criminal justice system, this led to sustained increases in the prison population throughout most of this period. This study is based on new and previously unstudied statistical data produced by the Bolivian institutions in charge of implementing crime policy.
‘Cowards’ and ‘Scumbags’: Tough Talk and Men’s Violence
Authors: Seymour Kate
Published: December 2018

This paper explores the ways in which particular forms of violence, namely violence against women and one-punch assaults, are framed in discourses of violence prevention in Australia. In denouncing certain acts, individuals and groups, I show that condemnatory responses—what I refer to here as ‘tough talk’—serve to reinforce, rather than challenge, hierarchical (gendered, raced, classed) difference as normative. Based on assumptions that link violence to particular ‘types’ of men, such approaches overlook the nuance, complexity and contextual meanings of violence. Preventing violence, I argue, requires that we engage with cultures of violence by focusing less on some men’s violence, instead recognising the interconnectedness of gender and other hierarchies of identity as the critical context for violence.
Harry Annison (2015) Dangerous Politics: Risk, Political Vulnerability and Penal Policy. Oxford University Press.
Authors: Tulich Tamara
Published: December 2018

Not applicable
Periodismo ciudadano y archivos audiovisuales. Verificación, uso y gestión de imágenes CGU
Authors: López de Solis Iris , Martín López Carlos
Published: December 2018

El periodismo ciudadano ha llegado para quedarse. Las imágenes CGU (Contenido generado por el usuario) son ya una fuente audiovisual más en las redacciones de los informativos de las cadenas de televisión, convirtiéndose a menudo en las imágenes de apertura de los informativos. Se trata de materiales con unas características específicas que las obligan a ser sometidas a un proceso de verificación previo a su uso. La gestión de este tipo de imágenes suponen un reto para los archivos audiovisuales y los documentalistas que deben conocer los procedimientos de verificación, así como las implicaciones éticas y legales ligados a las imágenes CGU para determinar y valorar su incorporación al fondo del archivo audiovisual.
La selección del material audiovisual de televisión en el entorno digital: perspectivas y realidad
Authors: Giménez Rayo Mabel
Published: December 2018

Hace ya más de diez años que la mayoría de las televisiones en nuestro país dio el salto al mundo digital, un cambio que ha variado los procesos del tratamiento documental tanto en la forma como en el plazo de realización, sobre todo en lo que a la selección del material audiovisual se refiere. Diez años son tiempo suficiente para poder reflexionar con conocimiento de causa sobre las ventajas y desventajas que el sistema digital ha aportado a la selección del material audiovisual de televisión. En el presente artículo se analizan los cambios experimentados, como consecuencia de la implantación del sistema digital, en los principales aspectos  que influyen en la selección del material audiovisual en televisión (política de selección, volumen de material grabado, recepción del material por Documentación, ejecución de la selección, plazo de tratamiento y volumen de material seleccionado) con objeto de determinar las ventajas e inconvenientes que para este proceso presentan dicho sistema y tratar también de ofrecer posibles soluciones. Para realizar este estudio se ha contado con la experiencia de la autora como documentalista audiovisual y profesora de documentación audiovisual y con la información aportada por los responsables de las principales cadenas de televisión de nuestro país que han trabajado tanto con el sistema analógico como con el digital.
La Gestión de contenidos audiovisuales en Canal Extremadura TV
Authors: Vázquez de Ágredos Jaén Verónica
Published: December 2018

La tendencia que tienen las televisiones a digitalizar los archivos audiovisuales, producirá cambios importantes en los Departamentos de Documentación. En este artículo se presenta cómo se gestionan las imágenes digitales en un medio de comunicación, la televisión de Canal Extremadura.
Representación composicional (coda) de la agenda setting de los opinantes sobre política en la prensa escrita española durante las elecciones generales de 2015
Authors: Blasco-Duatis Marc , Coenders Gallart Germà , Sáez Zafra Marc
Published: December 2018

Este articulo presenta y desarrolla un análisis composicional con representación de biplots como propuesta innovadora para un abordaje metodológico de representación de la teoría de la agenda-setting para la opinión sobre política en la prensa escrita. Para ello, se desarrolla un análisis de contenido de los artículos de opinión sobre política de los periódicos El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Razón y La Vanguardia, en el período de las Elecciones Generales españolas de 2015, para posteriormente aplicar el método composicional como procedimiento que permite representar la teoría de la agenda-setting, teniendo en cuenta la proporcionalidad de la presencia de los temas y superando los tradicionales métodos correlacionales. Los resultados prueban la viabilidad metodológica, a la vez que aportan una visión hasta el momento inexplorada sobre la agenda-setting en el caso en estudio.
Herramientas digitales y Comunicación de Crisis: El papel de las redes sociales según la voz de los expertos (2015)
Authors: Calleja-Reina María Antonia , Paniagua Rojano Francisco Javier , Victoria Mas Juan Salvador
Published: December 2018

La gestión estratégica de la comunicación en crisis se enfrenta a grandes cambios a los que las instituciones tienen que adaptarse con agilidad. La irrupción de las redes sociales supone un reto para las agencias o profesionales de comunicación que actúan como first responders en la gestión de una crisis. Conocer el papel que juega el social media en los planes de comunicación de crisis deviene en aspecto determinante. A través del método Delphi, se planteó un cuestionario que contestaron un total de 30 expertos internacionales. Los resultados evidencian que las redes sociales no están íntegramente incorporadas en las estrategias de comunicación en crisis, y por lo tanto, las administraciones deberían hacer más esfuerzos por adaptarse a este nuevo paradigma de la comunicación. La formación, los planes de comunicación actualizados y las reticencias hacia las redes sociales, son algunos puntos débiles que encontramos en este estudio.
Relato de la información y construcción de una controversia sobre educación
Authors: Castañares-Burcio Wenceslao , Mantini Marina , Saiz-Echezarreta Vanesa
Published: December 2018

Mediante el estudio de una controversia sobre educación en dos diarios españoles, analizamos el proceso mediante el que el relato informativo de un asunto polémico contribuye a la construcción de una controversia, al mismo tiempo que esta condiciona la construcción del relato informativo. Se observa como el relato informativo se distingue del de ficción, en especial, por su dependencia de la cotidianidad. El principio y el final del relato, los hechos narrados, la reacción de los sujetos del discurso y de los lectores y coherencia de los hechos, constituyen factores que escapan al control del narrador. Mientras, mantiene el control de aspectos como enmarcado, perspectiva, punto de vista del relato o elección de las voces y estrategias para dar coherencia al relato. Se construyen dos relatos: uno narrado de forma aparentemente objetiva, definible desde el discurso, y otro «inencontrable» en el discurso en el que el medio aparece como actor de la controversia.
El "Social Big Data": una oportunidad empresarial y laboral
Authors: Elorriaga Illera Angeriñe , Merchan Mota Iker , Vink Larruskain Naiara
Published: December 2018

En este artículo se analizan las posibilidades que el contenido generado en las redes sociales por todos los usuarios ofrece para las estrategias de las empresas y cómo las empresas se enfrentan a esa situación de análisis de datos. A través de una encuesta descubrimos que las empresas de la CAPV conocedoras de una realidad en la que el social big data puede ofrecer muchísima información relevante, ya se encuentran en una fase de implantación de estrategias de gestión de datos masivos, siendo el 40% de las empresas encuestadas las que están realizando una gestión eficaz con ellos. Además, los perfiles laborales relacionados con las estrategias de social big data de las empresas se encuentran también las áreas de la Comunicación por lo que el social big data se puede perfilar como una nueva oportunidad para la empleabilidad en distintas áreas de conocimiento, no sólo en las técnicas.
Nuevos y viejos espacios conversacionales en la prensa femenina. Foros, blogs y comunidades virtuales en sus ediciones digitales
Authors: Ganzabal Learreta María
Published: December 2018

Las últimas propuestas de las ediciones digitales de las revistas femeninas por renovarse y actualizar sus diseños y contenidos hacen necesario también un replanteamiento de sus políticas participativas. Estas publicaciones se han hecho expertas en crear y desarrollar comunidades virtuales donde se conversa y opina sobre temas propuestos por las lectoras. Estos contenidos generados por las usuarias poco o nada se diferencian de los intereses de la mujer desde hace décadas. Las directoras de las ediciones digitales de las cinco principales revistas femeninas nos han detallado su política de utilización de estos espacios conversacionales y sus perspectivas de futuro. Aunque la mayoría tiene los días contados, de momento las revistas no quieren renunciar a condominios fieles de lectoras que aportan entre un 30 y 40% de tráfico a sus webs.
La accesibilidad de la televisión "online" en España: análisis de la programación de Antena 3 y Telecinco
Authors: García-Prieto Victoria
Published: December 2018

El acceso a la información es un derecho fundamental que cobra especial relevancia en el caso de la televisión por su origen como servicio público y su función de inclusión social. Por ello, la legislación europea y española establece que los contenidos televisivos deben incluir subtítulos, audiodescripción y lengua de signos para ser accesibles. Este argumento se extiende también a la televisión online en una sociedad en la que Internet se adentra en todos los ámbitos de la vida modificando los hábitos de consumo comunicativo. Este artículo analiza la accesibilidad de los contenidos online, en directo y a la carta, de las dos cadenas de televisión más vistas en España – Antena 3 y Telecinco– y demuestra la hipótesis de que los niveles de accesibilidad de los contenidos online son inexistentes o muy inferiores a los de la televisión tradicional, impidiendo el acceso de las personas con discapacidad visual o auditiva.
Comunicación para la violencia y la paz. Límites y desafíos en el desarrollo de un modelo informativo para la resolución pacífica de conflictos
Authors: Requejo Fraile Marta
Published: December 2018

El presente artículo analiza los límites y desafíos a los que se enfrenta el profesional del periodismo cuando se trata de informar sobre las vías de gestión y de solución de los conflictos de forma no violenta. Para ello, la investigación indaga en los presupuestos epistemológicos en los que se fundamenta la construcción social de la violencia y de la paz, así como en las narrativas y discursos que sirven para justificar cada una de ellas. El estudio pone de manifiesto la necesidad de un cambio de planteamiento en los estándares y paradigmas que habitualmente han regido estos criterios en la profesión periodística para poder lograr así un modelo comunicativo de los conflictos más operativo en el futuro.
Los periódicos deportivos españoles. Análisis comparativo de la noticia principal de portada en los diarios "Marca", "As", "Mundo Deportivo" y "Sport"
Authors: Herrero Gutiérrez Francisco Javier
Published: December 2018

En España, los periódicos deportivos tienen una gran difusión; incluso uno de estos diarios, el periódico Marca, es el más leído de España, por encima de El País y El Mundo. En esta investigación se realiza un análisis comparativo, a través de un análisis de contenido aplicado sobre una muestra intencional, de las noticias principales que aparecen en las portadas de los periódicos Marca, As, Mundo Deportivo y Sport. Los resultados nos invitan a pensar en que el fútbol es el deporte que más portadas acapara, con escasa presencia de la mujer y sin presencia de polémicas arbitrales. También concluimos que el Real Madrid es el foco de atención en Marca y As mientras que el Barcelona lo es en Mundo Deportivo y Sport. También concluimos que existen diferencias significativas en cuanto al género periodístico de las noticias según la estacionalidad y que existe cierta homogeneidad en el léxico empleado. Por último, concluimos ciertas similitudes temáticas y fotográficas entre Marca-As y Mundo Deportivo-Sport.
Producción periodística de la novedad y la vigencia informativa en los cibermedios ibéricos
Authors: Méndez Muros Sandra , Nogueira Tavares Mirian
Published: December 2018

En este trabajo estudiamos, mediante el análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo, la producción periodística de la novedad y la vigencia informativa de los contenidos publicados por cuatro cibermedios ibéricos: dos portugueses, Publico.pt y Dn.pt, y dos españoles, Abc.es y Elpais.com. La muestra de análisis está constituida por un total de 9.243 textos localizados en la página inicial, escaparate de actualidad de cada cibermedio, en la última actualización del día, publicados durante un mes. Concluimos que los cibermedios españoles presentan una oferta novedosa mayor que los portugueses y que todos los cibermedios publican contenidos con vigencia superior a un día en distinta proporción, con la consiguiente reducción de tiempo y coste económico empresarial, pero en detrimento del interés del público, lo que en último término se relaciona con la tendencia de consumo de prensa digital en cada país.