bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Euro Zone Budget and its Effects on the European and Monetary Union (EMU) Integration
Authors: G. Panagopoulos Athanasios
Published: May 2020

The implemention of a monetary union in Europe, to take full benefit of the Single Market’s potential benefits, has not up till now delivered the expected outcomes. On the contrary, the euro area has been afflicted by many difficulties, including weak growth, unemployment, and inequality. Many blame the euro’s malfunctioning design, and especially its inability to promote economic convergence and provide amendment and stabilization mechanisms. The latter view prevailed when shaping the austerity policies imposed on the countries more affected by the financial and sovereign debt crises, intensifying an economic recession with dramatic social consequences. Citizens’ distrust in the European Union’s institutions grew, along with support for nationalistic political forces opposing the European integration project. Some of EMU’s needed reforms will both promote convergence, and help smooth economic activity and maintain citizens’ wellbeing when crises occur. The creation of an autonomous budget for the euro zone was mentioned in a European Commission discussion paper on the future of the EU. This is an eminently political matter, very sensitive to domestic public opinions. In fact, the existence of a budget for the euro zone, in recognition of the fact that this subset of EU countries has specific needs, distinct from those of other non-EMU members, would translate into a situation requiring the design of different budgets within the EU. Such issue is at the heart of the intense debate between holders of different views concerning the future of the EU and of the euro zone, especially in what concerns the question of which of these geometries will in the future be the engine for further economic and political integration in Europe. This paper assesses one of the main deficiencies of the euro’s governance model – lack of automatic stabilization – and discusses proposals to overcome it.
2020/10 No acquisition of leave entitlement during sabbatical (GE)
Authors: Huber Fabian
Published: May 2020

2020/10 No acquisition of leave entitlement during sabbatical (GE)

While it is not strictly necessary to actually work in order to acquire leave entitlement under German law, the Federal Labour Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht – BAG) has ruled that during a sabbatical (unpaid special leave) the employee does not gain any entitlement to paid annual leave.
Kidnapping, Killing, and Racial Profiling
Authors: Okamura Jonathan Y.
Published: May 2020

This chapter encompasses the first four days of the Fukunaga case starting with the kidnapping and killing of Gill Jamieson. It reviews why and how Gill, as the son of a Hawaiian Trust Co. executive, became Fukunaga’s intended victim. Also discussed are the rapid Haole response to the crime led by the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, the immense publicity given to it by the Honolulu newspapers, and the massive manhunt that was quickly organized to search for Gill and his killers. The chapter also describes the taking into custody of numerous Japanese American young men, who were subject to racial profiling as suspects in the crime, particularly the Jamieson’s former chauffeur, Harry Kaisan, who was beaten by the police to force a confession from him.
Racial Bias and Injustice in Jury Selection and Trial
Authors: Okamura Jonathan Y.
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins by reviewing one of the major racial injustices in the Fukunaga case—the voir dire examination of the prospective jurors for his trial. The great majority of those who served on the jury stated they had formed an opinion about Fukunaga’s guilt or innocence, which was probably that he was guilty because he had confessed to the crime. Racial injustice continued with the trial, evident in the rush to have him convicted and executed. Without offering an insanity or other defense, Fukunaga’s attorneys called no witnesses and offered stipulation that Fukunaga killed Gill Jamieson. Questions from the prosecution and testimony from their key witnesses demonstrate how Fukunaga was subject to racialization as Japanese instead of being tried as an individual without regard to race.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Susan G.
Published: May 2020

There are a few old roads that may be trodden with profit.

—Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” Atlantic, June 1862

Gershon Legman (1917–99), known as G. Legman to his readers, was a collector of the erotic, the obscene, and the banned. The secret things everyone did or thought about doing, the desires people were afraid to acknowledge, Legman was compelled to document and write about profusely. He reveled in the profane words expunged from polite dictionaries....
Neurotica
Authors: Davis Susan G.
Published: May 2020

In search of an outlet for his book Love & Death, Legman joined Irving “Jay” Landesman in publishing the little magazine Neurotica: A Journal of Lay Psychoanalysis (1948-51).This chapter sets out the history of Neurotica and unfolds its transformation under Legman’s editorship from a poetry journal to a forceful, enigmatic voice of postwar alienation. Legman and Landesman collected a small group of New York writers who would later be called “Beats” (including Allen Ginsberg, John Clellon Holmes, and Chandler Brossard) and began to publish their harsh criticisms of American conformity. Legman’s essays, including pieces of Love & Death, were the fiercest attacks on American culture, and he soon made Neurotica a pointed and provocative experiment in describing American consumerism. Legman engaged the young Marshall McLuhan in Neurotica’s explorations of the weirdness of American advertising. The magazine attracted the attention of postal inspectors, and Legman found himself under investigation for sending obscene materials through the mail. A finding against him effectively ended Neurotica and Legman’s mail-order book business.
Josephine Baker and Katherine Dunham
Authors: Durkin Hannah
Published: May 2020

This book investigates African American dancers Josephine Baker and Katherine Dunham’s self-inventions on screen and in writing to map the intellectual underpinnings and visual impact of their art. Baker was the first Black woman to enjoy a starring role in mainstream cinema and Dunham was the first Black choreographer to be credited for her screen work. Equally, they were the first well-known African American women to produce multivolume accounts of their lives, and their writings serve as valuable firsthand documents of Black women’s interwar experiences. Why did Baker and Dunham enjoy such groundbreaking literary and cinematic careers? What do such careers tell us about the challenges and opportunities that they encountered as African American women seeking to navigate midcentury geographical and cultural boundaries? Why did they turn to life writing and the screen and on what terms were they able to engage with these mediums as Black women? How did contemporary Black screen audiences receive their work? Where do Baker and Dunham’s films and writings fit into African American literary and cinematic histories and why are they largely absent from these histories? This book investigates these questions. In so doing, it uncovers the cultural significance of Baker and Dunham’s films and writings and interrogates their performances within them to recover their authorship.
Cinematic Stardom
Authors: Durkin Hannah
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Zouzou (1933) and Princesse Tam-Tam (1934) as cinematically ambivalent in their portrayal of Baker as both a “primitive” performer and a glamorous chanteuse. The productions play up pseudo-ethnographic fantasies of Black subjects while their narratives subjugate Baker’s characters. And yet their ambitious musical numbers associate her with Eurocentric notions of beauty in an attempt to establish her as a film star. In so doing, they provide Baker with a level of cinematic authorship, visibility, and glamour inaccessible to Black women in 1930s Hollywood. Consequently, Baker should be recognized as the chief author of her musical numbers as she uses these scenes to create a multifaceted and self-referential screen image, negating simplistic readings of a performative Black womanhood.
Navigating Primitivism’s Persistent Gaze
Authors: Durkin Hannah
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Dunham’s work on Botta e risposta (1950) and Mambo (1954) to highlight the substantial creative freedom that midcentury European cinema granted to a Black woman choreographer. The Dunham company’s portrayal in these films suggests that her troupe’s fame in postwar Europe was filtered through the same crude ideas about Black cultures that informed Baker’s career. And yet within such a framework, Dunham was afforded authorial control over her dance scenes to an extent not possible in Hollywood and, like Baker, used these scenes to present a culturally complex vision of Black womanhood that countered racist misconceptions. The chapter establishes Dunham as a coauthor of Mambo by showing that her choreography is central to its artistic vision.
Beyond Gender?
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: May 2020

“Beyond Gender?” examines projects Joanna completed, despite serious health problems, at the end of her career--including a semi-autobiographical, postrealist lesbian romance, On Strike against God (1980), and Extra(Ordinary)People (1984), an interrogation of utopia that moves from the exceptional “female hero” in “Souls” through gender as performance in “The Mystery of the Young Gentleman” and gender polarity as redundant in “Bodies,” to a re-visioning of the Female Man’s dreadful war between Manland and Womanland. A playful, summarized gothic romance provides a coda. Essays discussed include “To Write Like a Woman,” on Willa Cather, and “Pornography by Women, for Women, with Love,” a study of the K/S phenomenon. Stories include “The Little Dirty Girl” and the poetic, feminist call to arms “Swordblades and Poppyseeds.”
In the Life
Authors: Bost Darius
Published: May 2020

This essay provides a moment for readers to rethink the scholarly or disciplinary methodologies, as well as national ideologies, that shape black sexuality studies and examinations of sexual economies. As communities throughout the African Diaspora continue to work toward sexual decolonization, they do so in ways that highlight the tensions and conflicts of a public/private binary embedded in sexual economies. This essay compels readers to see what is at stake for persons of color in the Caribbean researching what has been articulated as a private concern “sexuality.” In theorizing intellectual labor on sexuality, the author prioritizes the local, the political, and the socio-cultural landscape so as to demand an ethical relationship between scholars and their subjects. In sum, the essay explores how black sexual intellectuals can blur the boundaries between public and private binaries. In articulating the conflicts between making sex public, and thus research on sexuality accessible, the author reminds readers of the importance of embodiment and activism for African Diasporic communities where the end goal is sexual decolonization.
The Other Chicago School
Authors: Jabour Anya
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 details Breckinridge’s collaboration with Edith Abbott at the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration, exploring the pair’s distinctive approach to the professionalization of social work and their consistent emphasis on public welfare programs. Building on their previous collaboration at the private Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, Breckinridge and Abbott worked in tandem to build the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration and to make it the premier school of social work in the United States. This chapter examines the two women’s distinctive approach to social work, basing social welfare policy on social science research and emphasizing public programs rather than individual responsibility.
Negotiating Latinidad
Authors: Aparicio Frances R.
Published: May 2020

While Chicago has been long described as a city of Latinidad, there has been very limited academic attention paid to the lives of second-generation Intralatino/as—MexiRicans, MexiGuatemalans, DominiRicans among other rich combinations—who embody Latinidad in their multiple nationalities and ethnicities. Based on twenty interviews, this book documents the presence of Intralatino/as in Chicago and critically analyzes their everyday negotiations with their multiple national identities within the context of their nuclear and extended family stories. Proposing the concept of “horizontal hierarchies” as a theoretical framework for examining the power dynamics among diverse Latino/a ethnic communities, and analyzing rich and compelling anecdotes about the inclusion and exclusion of Intralatino/as in their family lives, the book attempts to bring into representation the everyday ways in which these second-generation Latino/as experience transnationalism within the domestic space of home while they engage affectively with, and against, the national boundaries and imaginaries produced by their loved ones.
Relational Racializations
Authors: Aparicio Frances R.
Published: May 2020

I examine the racial experiences that four Intralatino/as have had visiting their respective home countries, as well as within their own social circles in Chicago, in being excluded and Othered in terms of their skin color and their multiple, hybrid national identities. These experiences with race and skin color—both dark and light skin colors—are informed by the dominant racial national imaginaries of countries such as Mexico, Puerto Rico, Colombia and Ecuador. While highlighting the relational and situational nature of the social meanings accorded to skin color, these four anecdotes of racial belonging and non-belonging also problematize and complicate our understanding of race and social identities in the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Tambe Ashwini
Published: May 2020

This introduction opens with a discussion of why age is a worthwhile category of analysis, why sexual age standards are complex matters, and why sexual maturity laws for girls are politically freighted. It then introduces the central question of sexual maturity laws in India, explaining the importance of India as a context, along with a review of how childhood and girlhood have been studied in South Asian history. The introduction also explains the transnational feminist approach adopted and engages current scholarship in girlhood studies to situate the contributions of the book.
War on the Border
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 follows the story of secession and roughly the first two years of the Civil War in the Ozarks. It chronicles early struggles between Unionists and secessionists over the destiny of Missouri, efforts by many Ozarkers to remain neutral in the earliest months of war, and the process by which people in the region chose sides. Much of the chapter provides a narrative portrait of formal warfare between Union and Confederate armies, including the region’s three largest battles: Wilson’s Creek, Pea Ridge, and Prairie Grove.
The Anarchist Imaginary
Authors: Meléndez-Badillo Jorell A.
Published: May 2020

Max Nettlau’s publications became key documents for the study of Latin American anarchism and radical history. Nettlau considered Hispanic anarchists in the United States as an integral part of the Latin American anarchist imaginary. This chapter explores Nettlau’s correspondence with two anarchist activists, José Lóuzara de Andrés (1891-1973) from Steubenville, Ohio, and Enrique Nido (1884-1928) from Rosario, Argentina. Albeit incomplete, Nettlau’s intellectual project not only helped shape anarchist historiography in the Americas it became one of the largest collections of anarchist documents now housed at the International Institute for Social History (IISH).
Reflections of the United States
Authors: Domínguez María José , Fernández Antonio Herrería
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the strong connections that the Spanish anarchist periodical, La Revista Blanca (The White Magazine), maintained with the Americas. First, with an international approach, prominent anarchists living in North America were translated and published in its pages, and second, by the exchange of articles, news, and funds raised by Spanish anarchist magazines and groups established in the United States. La Revista Blanca was an important part of the Hispanic transnational anarchist print network. The pages of La Revista Blanca show the connections between the sister magazines on both sides of the Atlantic and provide invaluable testimonies and references to the Spanish anarchist communities and groups living in the United States and their print cultures.
Transnational Anarchist Culture in the Interwar Period
Authors: Navarro Javier Navarro
Published: May 2020

This essay analyzes the unique features of Estudios: Revista Ecléctica (Valencia, 1928-1937), a Spanish libertarian cultural magazine that had a significant international presence and strong link with the American continent. Estudios was particularly important because of its diffusion and prestige among the libertarian working class, and the freethinking milieu on both sides of the Atlantic. Through its coverage of a broad range of modern topics (birth control, eugenics, sexual reform, naturism, and so forth), Estudios was part of a transnational network that connected militants, writers, scientists, doctors, and anarchist propagandists, and those who held revolutionary and progressive sensibilities. It had a stable and solid readership in the United States, with regular points of sales and distribution, and connections with propagandists, centers, and publications close to its main topics of interest.
Terraforming and Eco-Economics in the Mars Trilogy
Authors: Markley Robert
Published: May 2020

In Red Mars (1992), Green Mars (1993), and Blue Mars (1996), Robinson uses the speculative science of terraforming an alien world to explore the complex relationships between planetary ecology--the interlocking, autopoietic systems that allow life to flourish--and political economy, the distribution of scarce resources among competing populations and interests. At the center of the trilogy lies what Robinson calls “eco-economics,” his challenge to the default assumption that economics means the exploitation, degradation, and eventual exhaustion of natural resources. Terraforming transforms Mars over the course of the three novels and becomes a means to imagine the birth of a new planetary order that confronts head-on the obstacles to utopian progress: socioeconomic conflict, environmental degradation, racial and religious antagonisms, state violence, and corporate greed. As it undergoes its sea-change from red to green to blue, Mars offers its citizens (and the novels’ readers) a means to imagine a utopian future that replaces the politics of scarcity and desperation with hard-won forms of cooperation, ecological stewardship, democracy, and diversity.
Movin’ on Up—and Out
Authors: Baker Courtney R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the visual culture of 1970s Black America, focusing especially on popular culture artifacts such as film, television, and comics, to make sense of the idea of movement in the postsegregationist United States. It attends to the representation of black people in various locations—from the inner city to the suburbs to a historical memory of the plantation slavery, the middle passage, and an African motherland—in visual forms, including Afrocentrist iconography, photography, and fine art. By attending to popular images, an important if not fuller picture of Black visual politics during the post-civil rights era becomes apparent.
Young Mothers, Moral Experience, and the Politics of Care
Authors: Van Vleet Krista E.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter reflects on three strands of scholarship that shape analysis of moral experience and care among young mothers. The chapter begins with the story of a young mother who expresses her desire to live on her own, just with her child, a statement that challenges ideals of Andean relatedness and hegemonic Hispanic ideologies of patriarchal families. This story sets the stage to argue that moral engagement is part of ordinary life. Attention to broad structural inequalities and the micro-politics of interactions are crucial to account for the complex meanings of her statement and the moral and practical dilemmas she, and other young mothers, face in the Peruvian Andes. In addition to detailing the ethnographic context, research methodology, and ethics, the chapter incorporates discussion of recent anthropological scholarship on morality; on the dialogical or joint production of language, subjectivity, and sociality; and on reproduction, relatedness, and the intimate labor of care.
Dynamic Selves, Uncertain Desires
Authors: Van Vleet Krista E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the ways young women come to see themselves as mothers through a focus on three individuals’ perspectives. In spite of the home’s emphasis on a mother-and-child unit, young women understand themselves and their relationships in variable ways. The chapter extends theoretical discussions of subjectivity as dynamic and partial. Attending to subjectivities of motherhood challenges notions of biological relationship that in part structure how these individuals are positioned by the NGO and the state. Highlighting individuals’ talk and actions, the chapter shows that girls mobilize various discourses of being a good person and doing their best for their child in interactions with each other and with staff and volunteers in this humanitarian organization.
Making Images, (Re)Visioning Mothers (a Photography Workshop)
Authors: Van Vleet Krista E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter draws on phenomenological approaches to “dwelling in” and envisioning the world to ask how young women’s participation in photography workshops might offer a window onto the dynamic production of subjectivities (as mothers, or not). In a photography workshop, young women produce retablos, or portraits of themselves as Madonna and child. The chapter juxtaposes the structured activities of a workshop (organized by an international NGO) with more informal use of point-and-shoot digital cameras (which was integrated into this research project). Reflecting on the activity of taking photos, as well as the representational aspects of images themselves, demonstrates girls’ creative expression and experimentation as well as the moral dialogues in which visions of self are embedded.
Webs
Authors: Bost Suzanne
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins with an analysis of the conjoined humans, plants, and animals that “people” Levins Morales’s semi-autobiographical writings, ranging from her best-known early publications to her recent work as a feminist historian and an activist in health and disability communities. Most important for this analysis are the author’s website—an unbounded digital space that enables community and support as well as toxic transmission—and a personal interview conducted by the author wherein Levins Morales discusses her theory (derived from indigenous Puerto Rican epistemology) of ecological permeability. Chapter 3 concludes with a vision of other-than-Humanist ethics that positions Levins Morales’s work alongside feminist New Materialists like Karen Barad and Stacy Alaimo.
Fine and Dandy
Authors: Stephens Vincent L.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores how Johnny Mathis launched his career successfully by maneuvering the racial and gender norms of the 1950s. Through projecting a culturally respectable, sexually neutral, and musically inoffensive persona, marked by visual dandyism, he was appealingly ambiguous. Vocally, Mathis’s sweet tenor sound was somewhat unconventional yet soothing enough to make him a premier interpreter of love songs. Similarly, though jazz, R&B and pop crooning influenced him, his “raceless” sound helped him appeal across races and ages. Culturally, Mathis adheres to the “race man” persona prominent among postwar black male celebrities, but his muted politics and lack of a romantic relationship helped him avoid scandals. His queer black dandy persona has parallels among other performers including Bobby Short and Luther Vandross.
Building an Empire of Illusion
Authors: Stephens Vincent L.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores Liberace’s ability to attract audiences through a clever and spectacular masculinity that distracted them from his sexuality. Tracing his evolution into an international performer, it outlines his ability to create musical and visual spectacles and to carefully manage his image. As he became a multimedia celebrity, critics and tabloids maligned his queer masculinity. Through self-neutering and counterdomesticating, he reframed himself as an exemplar of normalcy. These tools helped him triumph through during a 1959 libel suit that threatened to expose his sexuality. He then spectacularized his image exhibiting an unmarked transvestism that endeared him even more. During his final years, when a former lover attempted to expose him and he was dying of HIV/AIDS, he maintained a conspiracy of blindness with his audience.
Background Stories
Authors: Bick Sally
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the political landscape caused by World War I, the crisis in capitalism, the Great Depression, and the Popular Front, crises that would shape Copland’s and Eisler’s individual musical and political perspectives. Their political commitment led them to embrace film music and to seek employment in Hollywood. Their decisions took place within the debates regarding the aesthetic and political values of high and low culture as exemplified by culture critic Gilbert Seldes (The Seven Lively Arts), George Antheil, and others. The chapter also discusses Hollywood as an industrial enterprise and the conditions that composers like Copland and Eisler faced working in the movie capital.
Copland on Hollywood
Authors: Bick Sally
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a critical discussion on Copland’s writings about film music, particularly the lecture he delivered at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) but also in his other publications, such as his book What to Listen for in Music and his articles in the popular press. In the MoMA lecture, a reflection of Copland’s initial experiences in Hollywood composing the score for Lewis Milestone’s film Of Mice and Men, he provides a critical assessment of Hollywood’s industrial enterprise and contemporary film composers such as Max Steiner, George Antheil, Ernst Toch, Warner Jansen, and Alfred Newman. Copland’s later writings present a synthesized and theoretic approach to the varied functions of music in film that became influential in subsequent film music scholarship.
Drowning in Indolence: La ciénaga
Authors: Gemünden Gerd
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores Martel’s first feature, La ciénaga/The Swamp. It argues that the title location is a metaphor for the moral bankruptcy of an upper-class family that has seen its fortunes dwindle. The film’s scathing critique of bigotry, hypocrisy, and race relations is couched in the conventions of the horror film that reproduces in viewers the discomfort experienced by her characters. Martel’s unique use of sound, her use of nonprofessional actors, and her indebtedness to oral traditions create a heightened realism that transcends the region, and indeed the nation, it depicts.
Dazed and Deceitful: La mujer sin cabeza
Authors: Gemünden Gerd
Published: May 2020

La mujer sin cabeza/The Headless Woman is the concluding feature of Martel’s Salta trilogy. While the film revisits some of the same themes evoked in her first two features, this chapter argues that this film is her most explicit in addressing the fallout of post-dictatorship Argentina. Using the scenario of a fatal hit-and-run collision, Martel here scrutinizes forms of political and moral amnesia that are employed to preserve the status quo of the white elite. Using the thriller as a genre to exploit moral ambiguity, the film reads the protagonist’s self-absorption and confusion as symptomatic for the blindness of her class vis-à-vis the social and racial order of society.
Interviews with Lucrecia Martel
Authors: Gemünden Gerd
Published: May 2020

DAVID OUBIÑA:

La Ciénaga appeared a bit on the sides of the New Argentine Cinema.1 It is included in the term, because the film is part of the same generation and because of its conflictive relation to several dominant films of the preceding cinema, but at the same time its production circumstances differ from films like ...
On Trend
Authors: Powers Devon
Published: May 2020

This chapter defines trends and provides a primer on the trend industry. Many readers will already be familiar with the word “trend” as a general term for cultural shifts. This chapter seeks to defamiliarize that understanding and propose that trends are not just the natural result of changes over time but also an industrialized product manufactured by professionals who work to understand, predict, and strategically control the future of culture. The chapter also provides an overview of the remainder of the book.
Russell Meriwether Hughes
Authors: Chalfa Ruyter Nancy Lee
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 begins with the life of the Hughes family, first in Louisville, Kentucky and then in San Antonio, Texas, where the father (known as Russ) died in 1914. La Meri’s birth name was Russell Meriwether Hughes (the same as her father’s). It also covers the education of Russell and her sister Lilian Hughes (Newcomer) and their training and experiences in the arts. The last section tells of Russell’s travels with her mother Lily Belle Allen Hughes: to New York City (ca. September 1919 to March 1920), to their return there (ca. spring 1922), and then to their travels in Europe (ca. July to September 1922). Russel pursued academic or performing arts studies on each of these trips.
Early Professional Work and Touring, 1920s
Authors: Chalfa Ruyter Nancy Lee
Published: May 2020

La Meri’s professional dance work began in San Antonio in 1920 and then subsequently included performances in New York and on international tours. She started out in silent movie “prologues” and annual San Antonio celebrations and then went on to have roles in various theatrical works. She began using “La Meri” as her professional name in 1926. From that year until the 1940s, Guido Carreras, her agent and then husband, arranged bookings for her. These included engagements in Mexico in 1926, Cuba and Puerto Rico in 1927, and Central and South America from June 1928 to August 1929. Her early programs included works of ballet and interpretive dance.
New York, Cape Cod, San Antonio
Authors: Chalfa Ruyter Nancy Lee
Published: May 2020

This chapter tells of La Meri’s last years in New York City (1956-1960) and her next new beginning in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, with her sister Lilian Newcomer. There, she established a school, Ethnic Dance Arts, and an annual ethnic dance festival that presented artists from the United States and other countries. Gopal contacted La Meri sometime in 1958, asking her to join him in the performances he was giving in Trinidad, and she lists rehearsals and other meetings she had with him in June and August of that year. In her last years, she was cared for by William J. Adams, a former student and dancer. In 1984, she moved back to San Antonio with Adams and died there in 1988.
How Mesoamerican Are the Nahua Languages?
Authors: Hill Jane H.
Published: May 2020

The Epiclassic Period is generally recognized as an era of major expansions of Nahua-speaking communities throughout Central Mexico, east to the Gulf Coast, and south into Central America. However, these Epiclassic expansions rest on a deeper history that, while often neglected or mischaracterized, can be elucidated by linguistic evidence. This evidence shows that the Nahua did not originate as hunter-gatherers: the Proto-Nahua speech community emerged among cultivators who lived within the Mesoamerican tropics. This evidence also suggests that, rather than remaining on the Mesoamerican margins until the Epiclassic, some Nahua speakers may have been among the elites at Teotihuacan as early as the 5th century A.D. This chapter reviews the major debates about the linguistic history of the Nahua that underlies their Epiclassic expansions.
El Grillo
Authors: Beekman Christopher S.
Published: May 2020

Far western highland Mexico may provide the earliest evidence for the disruptions that emerged further to the east, during the Epiclassic. The distinctive Teuchitlán culture of the Late Formative and Early-Middle Classic was replaced with strikingly different architectural traditions, burial patterns, and ceramics (the El Grillo complex) with apparent origins to the east. I reconsider this material in light of proposals as to how community and identity are reestablished or reorganized after migration. The area remained politically fragmented at the time of the Conquest, and no language ever came to be associated with greater prestige as Nahuatl did in Central Mexico.
The Itzá Maya Migration Narratives
Authors: Boot Erik
Published: May 2020

According to native accounts, such as the Books of Chilam Balam and Spanish accounts from shortly after the Conquest, there were migrations with the foundation and rise of the kingdom of Chichén Itzá during the Classic to Postclassic transition. The Itzá play a central role in these events, but their identity remains unclear. I address this first through an analysis of the native and Spanish accounts of their migration to bring some clarity to the historical record. I then address archaeological and epigraphic evidence of changes at Chichén Itzá that suggest a correlation of the historical and archaeological records. Finally, I discuss evidence from earlier inscriptions from the southern lowlands that suggests an origin for the Itzá in the area around the central Petén lakes.
Dialectology and the History of Nahua Peoples in Guatemala
Authors: Romero Sergio
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the structural and lexical features of the Nahuatl dialects spoken in Guatemala in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and it examines their implications for the history of Nahua peoples in the southern piedmont and Pacific coast. Using Spanish and Nahuatl sources, I argue that at least two distinct dialect groups were spoken in Guatemala in the late post-Classic. The first was a Central dialect genetically related to but distinct from varieties spoken in the Valley of Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest. It was described in artes, which was written by Spanish friars, and attested to in scores of colonial documents authored by Nahuatl scribes in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Some scholars have speculated that it was used as the “lingua franca.” I will argue, however, that there is no solid evidence that the Nahuatl had contact beyond the periphery of the city of Santiago de Guatemala. Unattested in the colonial corpus and first described by Leonhard Schultze-Jena and Lyle Campbell, the second group was an Eastern dialect that was generally called Pipil in the literature. I will also discuss the implications of this as a picture of Nahuatl’s dialectal diversity in Guatemala for our understanding of post-Classic Nahua migrations.
Gathering for Nine Millennia along the Atlantic Coast and St. Johns River of Northeast Florida
Authors: Randall Asa R. , Thompson Victor D.
Published: May 2020

Northeast Florida’s wide variety of freshwater and marine biomes supported a diverse array of hunter-gatherer communities over the course of 9000 years. This chapter synthesizes the available evidence for subsistence, settlement, and ceremony across the region. Whereas there is little evidence for significant changes in the subsistence economy through time, there is abundant evidence for different modes of social interaction and monumentality. A historical approach to this diversity reveals that social gathering at various scales was enabled by the physical and symbolic resources of the region, including existing monuments and objects.
Battling On without Fanfare for Better Health Conditions, 1934 to 1964
Authors: Ardalan Christine
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 centers on a new era of public health nursing under the leadership of Ruth E. Mettinger. Her overall public health nursing experience along with her grasp of Florida’s environmental and cultural challenges served her well to become the public health nurses’ standard-bearer—for almost 30 years. Though racial and class underpinnings continually clouded the work of public health nurses, Mettinger recognized the nurses’ vital roles in bringing progressive change; they remained the link—often the only link— between policy and the citizens who required uplift and care. Through the institution of New Deal programs, the development of county health units, and the aftermath of World War II when new opportunities opened for black public health nurses, Mettinger’s tenure provides a nuanced meaning to the cultural construction of health in the lead up to the Civil Rights Era.
Idolatry
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

In addition to assessing the hygienic customs of Indigenous people, these sources catalogued visual clues defining who were graced or damned according to Calvinists’ predestinarian framework. Travelers in Florida and the Atlantic world divided humanity into two stable categories that people were born into: elect “visible saints,” the reformed Christians, and damned, visible idolaters, cannibals, sodomites, and other heretics, including Catholics. Though they hoped to meet elect members among Indigenous people, they met with resistance to Christianity that they interpreted as a lack of grace.
Grace
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

In trying to make sense of the tragic failures and miraculous survivals of the first Calvinist colonies, including Fort Caroline, Protestants looked to the examples of those few who lived through such tragedies for positive models and examples of the “elect.” Survivors like Le Moyne or the carpenter Le Challeux in Florida and Léry or Staden in Brazil reinforced their belief that the Christian god had elected some to be saved by grace. Le Moyne and Le Challeux demonstrated this grace throughout the confusing and violent night of the massacre of Fort Caroline with displays of faith that proved that they innately deserved their redemption.
Conclusion
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains how the story of Fort Caroline underpins the history of American white supremacy through a review of the scholarship on the history of race, placing the category “elect” into a historical continuum with whiteness. As with the status of the elect, whiteness seemed to be fixed and visible: apparent in their handsome, masculine bodies; in their stable, obedient, and moral families; and in their wealth and status. When Calvinist predestinarian logic enters the historical narrative of American race, it becomes possible to see it was the virtue of grace that made whites construct their own identities as naturally moral, trustworthy, and worthy of liberty.
Introduction
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: May 2020

This brief section emphasizes the importance of migration in understandings of landscape under conditions of colonialism. By relying on the notion of positionality, the author explains why this topic is of personal as well as professional interest. The introduction and work as a whole reflect a historical perspective that emphasizes the concrete daily lives of Native Americans during the colonial era as conveyed through the landscape. The structural unfolding of colonialism, mercantilism, and capitalism serve as a backdrop to small-scale histories ranging from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean, which fail to come together as a tidy, linear history. It was one where the larger ambitions of colonial powers were leveraged, countered, and thwarted not only by Native Americans, but by the very colonial representatives who were meant to carry them out. The introduction also defines some key terms used in the book and clarifies why certain case studies were used and others excluded.
Apocalypse Now and Then?
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: May 2020

The concluding chapter critically evaluates a received wisdom in the literature that pre-European contact polities collapsed from the impacts of colonialism. An argument is made for a more nuanced perspective on major cultural transformations and a closer interrogation of the implications of terms like collapse. As an alternative, this chapter forwards the thesis that, rather than a single collapse, Native American landscapes underwent a series of major alterations through the colonial era. These were linked to demographic decline and conflict; the emergence of the consumer revolution; the manipulation of debt by colonial and American governments; and the development of capitalism. As a concluding point, the author argues that Native American cultures successfully navigated these changes even as they were transformed by them.
Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez and Guion Bluford
Authors: Lewis Cathleen
Published: May 2020

Cathleen Lewis argues that throughout the Cold War, race played an important role in foreign policy with the United States painfully aware that its civil rights situation could have an adverse impact on foreign policy ambitions abroad. The USSR preyed on that U.S. sensitivity, calling the country out on its failures. In the early 1980s, almost a decade after U.S. foreign policy had all but abandoned race as a Cold War issue, the race issue reemerged, albeit briefly when the USSR launched the first black man into space, Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez, beating NASA’s own Guion Bluford. This final battle over race in the Cold War ultimately revealed American domestic progress and the hollowness of Soviet space stunts.
Across the River
Authors: Tica Cristina I.
Published: May 2020

The author seeks to contribute to the field of frontier studies with bioarchaeological data, in the hopes of understanding how living in relative proximity, but under different sociopolitical organizations, may affect health. The goal of this research is to examine differences in overall health between two groups that have been characterized in the literature as “Romans” and “barbarians.” The research uses skeletal remains to address how the daily life of people under Roman-Byzantine control compared to that of their neighbors, the “barbarians” to the north. Comparing two contemporaneous populations from the territory of modern Romania—and dating from the third to the sixth centuries CE—the study examines health status and traumatic injuries. One collection comes from the territory under Roman-Byzantine control, the site of Ibida (Slava Rusă) from the Roman province of Scythia Minor, and the other originates from the Târgşor site, located to the north of the Danube frontier, in what was considered the “barbaricum.” Separated by a definite frontier, the Danube River, meant to (at least ideologically) segregate them to their divided worlds, these populations might have been more interconnected than the carefully promulgated imperial doctrine would have us believe.
Isotopes, Migration, and Sex
Authors: Groff Amanda T. , Dupras Tosha L.
Published: May 2020

The Egyptian oases were dynamic borderlands where culture, economic practices, and politics diverged from the Nile Valley. The cultural identities of the individuals inhabiting these frontiers during the Romano-Christian era (50–450CE) are predominantly lost to history, save for scant textual sources that describe socioeconomic activities. In this chapter, we explore these identities further by utilizing stable oxygen isotope analysis in conjunction with textual sources to discuss the mobility of adults from the Kellis 2 Cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Results from this analysis indicate females came from isotopically similar environments and were stationary, while males were migrating more frequently for work-related activities. These data complement the limited textual evidence allowing for more detailed reconstruction of economics, kinship, and residence patterns during the Romano-Christian era, and lend to a definition of Egyptian frontier identity.
A Mass Grave outside the Walls
Authors: Soficaru Andrei , Radu Claudia , Tica Cristina I.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the Roman frontier province of Scythia Minor during the fourth–sixth centuries CE, in an attempt to get a glimpse of how life on the frontier might have worked. In the fourth century, Ibida, a major urban center in the northern part of Scythia Minor, was the largest settlement after the capital Tomis. A non-specific mortuary assemblage, known as feature M141, was identified in 2008 when scattered human remains were discovered during the archaeological investigation of the foundation of the walled enclosure’s tenth tower. The way these human remains were processed and treated in a mortuary context fundamentally differs from the other two burial assemblages found at the site. There is compelling evidence that the remains of these individuals were subjected to a violent, irreverent, and unceremonious treatment, instead of the prescribed funerary ceremony and interment common in Scythia Minor during the late Roman Empire.
Marginalized Motherhood
Authors: Bethard Jonathan D. , Osterholtz Anna J. , Nyárádi Zsolt , Gonciar Andre
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses the notion of frontier by presenting our work from a Hungarian-speaking Székely community located at the eastern edge of Transylvania. Few bioarchaeologists are familiar with the Székely population, and virtually all lines of bioarchaeological inquiry are located at the frontier of knowledge production in this area. While our local colleagues working across this region have a rich, multidisciplinary and nuanced understanding of Székely history, few scholars from outside the region are familiar with the population. The chapter describes the discovery of a regionally unique mortuary context discovered during salvage excavations in 2007. Skeletal remains of seventy individuals dated to the seventeenth century CE were recovered from inside of a Reform Church in a small Székely village. Bioarchaeological analyses provide an opportunity to better understand questions related to the bioarchaeology of fetuses, infants and children, maternal health and physiological stress during pregnancy, and religious ideology related to infant death and the archaeology of grief.
Conclusion
Authors: Tica Cristina I.
Published: May 2020

Frontiers and borders are likely to remain significant on the world stage in the twenty-first century in political, economic, and sociocultural contexts. Frontiers are dynamic areas where identities are created, contested, maintained, negotiated, or manipulated. Different aspects of frontiers and borders are illustrated in this volume, and by taking the border and the frontier as a point of departure, this collection of studies seeks to shift the analytical focus from center to someplace else, from locus of power to places of contested power, and from places with presumed stability to places of presumed disorder, tension, and instability. There is much work in this area for bioarchaeologists, and with this volume we hope to concurrently open more venues to frontiers and borders studies and to raise many more questions.
Cuban Painting at the Turn of the Century (1902–1930)
Authors: Alvarez Anelys
Published: May 2020

Art historian Anelys Alvarez reviews the tumultuous first three decades of the Cuban Republic (1902–30) and their impact on painting and other visual arts such as sculpture. First, she questions the conventional dichotomy between traditional (or academic) and avant-garde (or modernist) art in Cuba during this period. She then recovers several forgotten artists, such as Antonio Rodríguez Morey, María Capdevila, and Manuel Mesa, who were active on the island before the rise of modernism in the 1930s. Alvarez reappraises a whole generation of painters who served as an artistic bridge between the late nineteenth century and the first generation of avant-garde (vanguardista) painters in 1927.