bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical Palliation of Right Aortic Arch With an Isolated Innominate Artery From the Left Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Schwartz Matthew C. , Pourmoghadam Kamal , O’Brien Michael , Fleishman Craig E. , DeCampli William
Published: January 2018

A right aortic arch with an isolated left innominate artery from the left patent ductus arteriosus is a rare arch anomaly, and establishing continuity between the innominate artery and aorta can be challenging. We describe repair of this lesion in a three-week-old male using an autologous pedicle flap of ascending aorta as well as a homograft patch as the roof to recreate continuity between the aorta and left innominate artery.
Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury in Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review
Authors: Leow Esther Huimin , Chan Yoke Hwee , Ng Yong Hong , Lim Joel Kian Boon , Nakao Masakazu , Lee Jan Hau
Published: January 2018

Children undergoing cardiac surgery are at risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI). Preventing cardiac surgery–associated AKI (CS-AKI) is important as it is associated with increased early- and long-term mortality and morbidity. Targeting modifiable risk factors (eg, avoiding poor renal perfusion, nephrotoxic drugs, and fluid overload) reduces the risk of CS-AKI. There is currently no strong evidence for the routine use of pharmacological approaches (eg, aminophylline, dexmedetomidine, fenoldopam, and steroids) to prevent CS-AKI. There is robust evidence to support the role of early peritoneal dialysis as a nonpharmacologic approach to prevent CS-AKI.
Standing Height as a Prevention Measure for Overuse Injuries of the Back in Alpine Ski Racing: A Kinematic and Kinetic Study of Giant Slalom
Authors: Spörri Jörg , Kröll Josef , Fasel Benedikt , Aminian Kamiar , Müller Erich
Published: January 2018

Background:

In alpine ski racing, typical loading patterns of the back include a combined occurrence of spinal bending, torsion, and high peak loads. These factors are known to be associated with high spinal disc loading and have been suggested to be attributable to different types of spine deterioration. However, little is known about the effect of standing height (ie, the distance between the bottom of the running surface of the ski and the ski boot sole) on the aforementioned back loading patterns.

Purpose:

To investigate the effect of reduced standing height on the skier’s overall trunk kinematics and the acting ground-reaction forces in giant slalom (GS) from an overuse injury prevention perspective.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Seven European Cup–level athletes skied a total of 224 GS turns with 2 different pairs of skis varying in standing height. Their overall trunk movement (frontal bending, lateral bending, and torsion angles) was measured based on 2 inertial measurement units located at the sacrum and sternum. Pressure insoles were used to determine the total ground-reaction force.

Results:

During the turn phase in which the greatest spinal disc loading is expected to occur, significantly lower total ground-reaction forces were observed for skis with a decreased standing height. Simultaneously, the skier’s overall trunk movement (ie, frontal bending, lateral bending, and torsion angles) remained unwaveringly high.

Conclusion:

Standing height is a reasonable measure to reduce the skier’s overall back loading in GS. Yet, when compared with the effects achievable by increased gate offsets in slalom, for instance, the preventative benefits of decreased standing height seem to be rather small.

Clinical Relevance:

To reduce the magnitude of overall back loading in GS and to prevent overuse injuries of the back, decreasing standing height might be an efficient approach. Nevertheless, the clinical relevance of the current findings, as well as the effectiveness of the measure “reduced standing height,” must be verified by epidemiological studies before its preventative potential can be judged as conclusive.
Bony Maturity of the Tibial Tuberosity With Regard to Age and Sex and Its Relationship to Pathogenesis of Osgood-Schlatter Disease: An Ultrasonographic Study
Authors: Kaneuchi Yoichi , Otoshi Kenichi , Hakozaki Michiyuki , Sekiguchi Miho , Watanabe Kazuyuki , Igari Takahiro , Konno Shinichi
Published: January 2018

Background:

Although tensile force on an immature tibial tuberosity is considered the main cause of Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD), the relationship between bony maturity and the pathogenesis of OSD remains obscure.

Purpose:

To survey the bone maturation process of the tibial tuberosity by age and sex and clarify its relationship to OSD.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 731 Japanese basketball players aged 6 to 14 years were enrolled in this study. Ultrasonographic examination was performed in all participants (1462 knees) to evaluate the bony maturity of the tibial tuberosity by use of the Ehrenborg classification. The age- and sex-specific prevalence of each stage was investigated, and the prevalence of symptomatic OSD and its relationship with bony maturity were also assessed.

Results:

The process of bone maturation occurred 1 to 2 years earlier in female participants compared with male participants. Among female participants, 59.2% were already at the epiphyseal stage (stage E) by 10 years of age, and 47.4% were skeletally mature by 14 years. Among male participants, conversely, only 8.0% were at stage E by 10 years of age, and only 13.8% were skeletally mature by 14 years. The overall prevalence of symptomatic OSD was 6.8% (males, 6.4%; females, 7.2%), and the onset was 1 year earlier in the female participants. The prevalence of symptomatic OSD tended to increase with age and bony maturity, significantly increasing from the cartilaginous stage (stage C) to the apophyseal stage (stage A) (odds ratio, 9.48) and from stage A to stage E (odds ratio, 2.22).

Conclusion:

The tibial tuberosity matures earlier in female participants. The risk of OSD is greater in stage A than stage C and in stage E than stage A. The risk of OSD increases with age in males but not in females.
Infant Feeding Regimens and Gastrointestinal Tolerance: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Cohort Study in China
Authors: Mao Meng , Zhang Lan , Ge John , Yan Jian , Northington Robert , Yao Manjiang , Nowacki Joyce , Hays Nicholas P.
Published: January 2018

To study feeding tolerance in infants fed formula with increased sn-2 palmitate and oligofructose ( sn-2+OF) in a real-world setting, healthy Chinese infants were enrolled in this 48-day observational study on their current feeding regimens: exclusively breastfed (BF; n = 147), exclusively sn-2+OF formula-fed (FF; n = 150), or mixed-fed with breast milk and sn-2+OF formula (MF; n = 163). Throughout the study, incidence (90% confidence interval) of hard stools was ≤2.1% (0.0-5.3) in FF and 0.8% (0.0-3.5) in MF, with no hard stools in BF. Incidence of watery stools was ≤5.0% (1.0-9.2) in FF and ≥5.1% (2.4-9.3) in MF and BF. Gastrointestinal tolerance scores, although low in all groups (lower scores indicating better tolerance), were slightly higher ( P ≥ .03) in FF (17.5 ± 4.8) and MF (18.2 ± 5.0) versus BF (16.3 ± 3.2) at mid-study; this difference disappeared at study end. Overall, low incidences of hard and watery stools and good feeding tolerance were observed in infants fed sn-2+OF formula.
Combating Climate Injustices: An Informal Science and Popular Education Approach to Addressing Environmental Health Disparities
Authors: Sandhaus Shana , Ramírez-Andreotta Mónica D. , Kilungo Aminata , Wolf Ann Marie , Sandoval Flor , Henriquez Palmira
Published: January 2018

As global warming worsens, addressing environmental health disparities and justice is increasingly important. This necessity is evident in southern metropolitan Tucson, Arizona, an area underserved and disproportionately experiencing the effects of climate change. Including underserved groups in problem solving can spur knowledge generation and the building of community capacity to address and mitigate environmental health challenges posed by climate justice. This article describes a community-based project that utilized a peer education framework coupled with citizen science design. Community health workers ( promotoras) were trained in environmental health, climate change, and environmental monitoring protocols to then educate and train families about these same subjects. The study goal was to evaluate science and environmental health learning, awareness, and self-efficacy at the promotora and residential levels resulting from intensive 40-hour trainings, peer education via home visits, and environmental monitoring. Pre- and postsurveys were completed by the promotoras and the families they visited. Motivations for participation as well as changes in self-efficacy and knowledge were analyzed. Results revealed that the promotora’s motivations were primarily internal and they were concerned with health. Using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test ( p = .05), it was observed that for both study groups, knowledge of water and energy conservation statistically increased, as well as self-efficacy for environmental action and scientific learning. This article demonstrates that promotoras are critical in environmental health and climate science peer education. These findings can be used to further develop peer education citizen science projects in underserved communities, ensuring that efforts increase participants’ learning, self-efficacy, and enhance social–ecological outcomes.
Evaluating the Impact of Personalized Stroke Management Tool Kits on Patient Experience and Stroke Recovery
Authors: Pascual King John , Vlasova Ekaterina , Lockett Kimberly J , Richardson Judson , Yochelson Michael
Published: January 2018

Hallmarks of the difficult period of transition from hospital to home following stroke include stroke survivor and caregiver uncertainty about actionable steps toward recovery and prevention and unfamiliarity with related resources. Current research shows that interdisciplinary interventions focusing on patient experience and patient education enable health-care providers to activate and empower patients, potentially leading to better clinical outcomes. Tool kit approaches have been successfully used to aid patients through ongoing education after hospital discharge and to improve patient experience. In this article, we describe our efforts to iteratively develop and test personalized stroke management tool kits aimed at connecting stroke survivors and their caregivers to empowering resources, while soliciting feedback from patients and family members.
The impact of early-life intelligence quotient on post stroke cognitive impairment
Authors: Makin Stephen DJ , Doubal Fergus N , Shuler Kirsten , Chappell Francesca M , Staals Julie , Dennis Martin S , Wardlaw Joanna M
Published: January 2018

Background

Cognitive impairment can complicate minor stroke, but there is limited information on risk factors including peak cognitive ability earlier in life.

Methods

We recruited patients with clinically-evident lacunar or minor non-lacunar ischaemic stroke, recorded clinical features, vascular risk factors, magnetic resonance imaging-detected stroke sub-type and small vessel disease burden. At 1–3 and 12 months after stroke, we assessed educational attainment (years of education), current cognition (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination–Revised), pre-morbid intelligence (National Adult Reading Test) and dependency (modified Rankin Scale).

Results

We recruited 157 patients (87 lacunar, 64 non-lacunar ischaemic strokes), median age 66 (inter-quartile range 56–74) years, 36/157 (23%) patients had a Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination–Revised score < 82 at one to three months, 29/151 (19%) had a Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination–Revised < 82 at one year. Lower National Adult Reading Test score (cognitive impairment per point on National Adult Reading Test odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.87, 0.95) and older age (per year of age odds ratio 1.04 (95% confidence interval 1.01, 1.08) predicted one-year cognitive impairment more than stroke severity (per point on National Institute of Health Stroke Scale odds ratio 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.0.68, 1.31)) or vascular risk factors e.g. hypertension (odds ratio for diagnosis of hypertension 0.52 (95% confidence interval 0.24, 1.15). Cognitive impairment was associated with having more white matter hyper-intensities (odds ratio per point increase in Fazekas score 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.11, 1.83).

Discussion

This observational study provides evidence that pre-morbid intelligence quotient and education predict cognition after stroke, and confirms the association between cognitive impairment and small vessel disease.

Conclusion

Pre-morbid intelligence should be considered in future studies of post-stroke cognition.
Sustainability university–community partnerships: Lessons for practitioners and scholars from highly sustainable communities
Authors: Mosier Samantha , Ruxton Megan
Published: January 2018

As local communities face increasing pressure to address environmental concerns, town–gown partnerships are one avenue for improving environmental conditions and sustainability planning for the future. Partnerships between community leaders and university students, faculty, and staff can provide an avenue for exchanging knowledge, expertise, and resources that may benefit both parties. Based on survey results from highly sustainable U.S. cities, this paper outlines key lessons for practitioners and scholars interested in developing environmentally focused town–gown partnerships.
Does Social Capital Make a Difference for Dalit Women Representatives in Local Self Governance?
Authors: Aruna C.
Published: January 2018

Women’s participation in political processes is important to address gender inequality and strengthen democracy. In Indian context, to empower women and enable political participation, 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) was introduced. Subsequently, many women entered politics. Though widespread proxy is reported, still a small proportion engages effectively in governmental participation (Hust, 2002; Mathew, 2003; Palanithurai, 2001). Studies also find female Dalit-headed panchayats are more active (Jayshree, 2010; Kalaiselvi, 2012). As the cultural norms, traditions and patriarchy are rigid, the paper attempts to examine what helps the women to be functional? Does social networks differ? Is there a link between social capital, by way of associationalism, and capacity for self governance as suggested by Putnam (1993) in the Indian context? Social capital is understood through social networks and membership in associations. Thirty-eight elected representatives of Panchayati Raj Institutions of southern Tamil Nadu, south India was interviewed in depth. Active members prominently belong to Dalit community and the social network of the elected active members is larger in size, heterogeneous in terms of age, gender and caste composition, and they are anchors themselves. They are primarily embedded in a web of political, caste and self-help group associations and have access to all women police stations, cooperative societies and political parties through family ties. The elected representative’s mandatory membership in district Dalit federations provides safety-net in dealing with discrimination and atrocities while also intervening at the village-level panchayat. Dalit women who have the capacity to mobilize social capital emerge efficient in local self governance.
Simulations in Entrepreneurship Education: Serious Games and Learning Through Play
Authors: Fox Joe , Pittaway Luke , Uzuegbunam Ikenna
Published: January 2018

Entrepreneurship education continues to grow and develop worldwide. This article seeks to expand knowledge and understanding of educational practice in entrepreneurship by focusing on serious games, specifically computer simulations which model entrepreneurship. This paper begins by reviewing the entrepreneurship education literature to consider the role of simulations, explores the nature of serious games, and assesses the role of such games in simulating entrepreneurial learning. This research uses systematic literature review techniques to collect data on serious games, analyzes these games and provides five detailed case studies on the games. The paper concludes with a discussion of what serious games currently simulate in entrepreneurial learning, and directions for future research.
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Entrepreneurship
Authors: Neck Heidi M. , Corbett Andrew C.
Published: January 2018

Entrepreneurship education (EE) research is not advancing as fast as general entrepreneurship because it is not subject to the same level of scholarship. Grounded in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning from the field of adult education and using an expert Delphi Panel approach, we offer a glimpse into the minds of top entrepreneurship educators. We suggest studying EE through a teaching lens offers insights and elevates teaching as a form of scholarship on par with traditional, more accepted forms of research. Our Delphi analysis suggests a definition of EE as developing the mindset, skill set, and practice necessary for starting new ventures, yet acknowledging the outcomes of such education are far reaching. We introduce five continuums of EE that encourage a transition to teaching approaches based on adult learning, namely andragogy and heutagogy. Implications for entrepreneurship educator training, the need for practice, and the future of EE research are discussed.
Teaching Entrepreneurial Action Through Prototyping: The Prototype-It Challenge
Authors: Noyes Erik
Published: January 2018

This article outlines a novel approach to engaging entrepreneurship students in a hands-on, action-oriented prototyping exercise. The pedagogical focus of the Prototype-It Challenge is on the relationship between prototyping and entrepreneurial action, and specifically the value of basic prototypes in opportunity identification and opportunity evaluation. Working in teams, students prototype concepts to address a pressing public health challenge (vitamin D deficiency in youth leading to increased risk of heart and bone disease) and then get immediate feedback from a video of outspoken 10- to 12-year-old children on the desirability of their concepts. The session, which takes only 75 to 90 minutes in its entirety, emphasizes prototyping as a vital process to explore, develop, and evaluate entrepreneurial opportunities. Because of its generalizability, the Prototype-It Challenge has been successfully leveraged to meet learning objectives across diverse teaching environments, including undergraduate, MBA, and executive-level entrepreneurship programs.
Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Critical Challenge for Educators and Researchers
Authors: Kuratko Donald F. , Morris Michael H.
Published: January 2018

The world is in the midst of a new wave of technological disruption with entrepreneurship and innovation as the catalysts. Yet, organizations struggle with the proper strategies to initiate innovative activity among their people. Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) is a term used to describe entrepreneurial behavior inside established midsized and large organizations. The value of CE lies in the extent to which it becomes a strategy to engage in an ongoing process of entrepreneurial actions to achieve a competitive advantage. Moreover, a lack of innovative (or entrepreneurial) actions in today’s global economy could be a recipe for failure. Because the next generation of business students will be focusing on major corporations for initial positions, this article examines the domain of CE, how pedagogy can be developed for the classroom, and the emerging future topics that demonstrate the continuing importance of CE for teaching and research.
Feasibility of an Audit System for Canadian Sonographers in Generalist Ultrasound
Authors: Dima Robert Sean , Vasile Calin , Francio Vinicius Tieppo
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this research was to employ the audit method to measure performance and identify targets of change, setting a template for future large-scale investigations that may inform decisions involving sonographer role expansion in Canada. The authors conducted an audit of 433 sonographic examinations performed in the ultrasound department of a Canadian hospital. Sonographer reports were contrasted with radiologist final reports, and a degree of agreement (DoA) 1 to 4 was assigned to each exam package. In total, 322 of 429 (75%) exam packages were ranked as DoA 1 (complete agreement between sonographer and radiologist), 86 of 429 (20%) were ranked as DoA 2, 16 of 429 (4%) were ranked as DoA 3, and 5 of 429 (1%) were ranked as DoA 4 (significant discrepancy between sonographer and radiologist). The results revealed a 75% agreement between sonographer and radiologist on imaging findings as they are recorded in technical impression sheets and reports. Discrepancies are usually minor and involve the omission of incidental findings by the radiologist.
Targeting anticoagulant protein S to improve hemostasis in hemophilia
Authors: Prince Raja , Bologna Luca , Manetti Mirko , Melchiorre Daniela , Rosa Irene , Dewarrat Natacha , Suardi Silvia , Amini Poorya , Fernández José A. , Burnier Laurent , Quarroz Claudia , Reina Caro Maria Desiré , Matsumura Yasuhiro , Kremer Hovinga Johanna A. , Griffin John H. , Simon Hans-Uwe , Ibba-Manneschi Lidia , Saller François , Calzavarini Sara , Angelillo-Scherrer Anne
Published: January 2018

Key Points

Targeting anticoagulant protein S rebalances coagulation in hemophilia. Protein S in joints is a novel pathophysiological contributor to hemarthrosis and a potential therapeutic target in hemophilia.
Does ALK‐rearrangement predict favorable response to the therapy of bevacizumab plus pemetrexed in advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer? Case report and literature review
Authors: Liu Zhichao , Bao Youting , Li Butuo , Sun Xindong , Wang Linlin
Published: January 2018

Background

Advanced ALK‐rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients will develop acquired resistance after anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors therapies. Vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) production and tumor vessel formation were found to be more significantly enriched in ALK‐rearrangement NSCLC than that in epidermal growth factor receptor or Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene mutated NSCLC. However, the correlation between ALK rearrangement and the efficacy of bevacizumab (a recombinant humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting VEGF‐A) was still elusive.

Case presentation

We report a case with metastatic NSCLC harboring ALK‐rearrangement who was initially resistant to two courses of ALK‐Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) therapy, but got a clinical benefit of 7 months of progression free survival after the combined treatment of bevacizumab plus pemetrexed. And the patient tolerated well.

Conclusions

It suggested that bevacizumab combined with pemetrexed might be a preferred option for ALK rearrangement patient who had failed no less than two courses of ALK‐TKIs.
Family psychoeducation for people living with schizophrenia and their families
Authors: Harvey Carol
Published: January 2018

Most people with schizophrenia have frequent contact with their families. Therefore, the family should be involved in their relative's treatment and care wherever possible, so that they can contribute to that person's recovery and the family's own needs for information, support and treatment can be addressed. Family psychoeducation refers to a group of structured psychotherapeutic interventions that involve the person with schizophrenia and their family as partners in care. Trained practitioners adopt a collaborative approach to information sharing and provide training in coping, communication and problem-solving skills. This article describes the common principles and techniques of family psychoeducation (FPE), along with the substantial evidence for its benefits for families, especially reduced relapse rates for the person with schizophrenia. Despite recommendations in clinical practice guidelines, FPE is not widely available throughout the world. The current challenge is to address this through systemic approaches to practice change and tiered approaches to family service delivery.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

•

Appreciate the needs of families and recognise how these may be addressed by family psychoeducation

•

Understand the evidence for family psychoeducation

•

Delineate the key elements of family psychoeducation and consider how it may be applied in practice

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

None.
Health anxiety: detection and treatment
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Tyrer Helen
Published: January 2018

Health anxiety is an important new diagnosis that is increasing in frequency because of changing attitudes towards health, particularly excessive use of health information on the internet (cyberchondria). People with abnormal health anxiety become over-diligent monitors of their health, misinterpret most somatic sensations as evidence of disease, consult medical professionals unnecessarily and frequently, and are often over-investigated. Relatively few patients with health anxiety present to psychiatrists; most are seen in primary and secondary medical care. This paper reviews the diagnosis and presenting features of health anxiety, its identification in practice and its treatment. A range of simple psychological treatments have been shown to have long-lasting benefit for the disorder but are greatly under-used.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

•

To be able to identify abnormal health anxiety with the aid of probe questions

•

To respond to people whom you have identified with excessive health anxiety in a way that facilitates its treatment

•

To learn a few simple techniques derived from cognitive–behavioural therapy that can lead to long-term benefit

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

None.
Recovering Quality of Life (ReQoL): a new generic self-reported outcome measure for use with people experiencing mental health difficulties
Authors: Keetharuth Anju Devianee , Brazier John , Connell Janice , Bjorner Jakob Bue , Carlton Jill , Taylor Buck Elizabeth , Ricketts Thomas , McKendrick Kirsty , Browne John , Croudace Tim , Barkham Michael
Published: January 2018

Background

Outcome measures for mental health services need to adopt a service-user recovery focus.

Aims

To develop and validate a 10- and 20-item self-report recovery-focused quality of life outcome measure named Recovering Quality of Life (ReQoL).

Method

Qualitative methods for item development and initial testing, and quantitative methods for item reduction and scale construction were used. Data from >6500 service users were factor analysed and item response theory models employed to inform item selection. The measures were tested for reliability, validity and responsiveness.

Results

ReQoL-10 and ReQoL-20 contain positively and negatively worded items covering seven themes: activity, hope, belonging and relationships, self-perception, well-being, autonomy, and physical health. Both versions achieved acceptable internal consistency, test–retest reliability (>0.85), known-group differences, convergence with related measures, and were responsive over time (standardised response mean (SRM) > 0.4). They performed marginally better than the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and markedly better than the EQ-5D.

Conclusions

Both versions are appropriate for measuring service-user recovery-focused quality of life outcomes.

Declaration of interest

M.B. and J.Co. were members of the research group that developed the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE) outcome measures.
Acute wards: problems and solutions
Authors: Rix Susannah , Shepherd Geoff
Published: January 2018

Aims and Method

To develop an evidence-based approach that supports the improvement of front-line delivery of adult acute in-patient services. Key factors of effective organisational change were identified from the literature. These were adopted as part of an ‘evidence-based service development’ programme. This approach was used by the Health Advisory Service in a project with an NHS Trust in south east England.

Results

Significant progress was made in improving the quality of local acute in-patient services.

Clinical Implications

Further development and evaluation of this approach should be undertaken, since it seems to offer significant opportunities to deliver real improvements in the quality of services.
On the Administration of Food to Fasting Patients,
Authors: Wilkes James
Published: January 2018

The personal of some interesting remarks in the last number of the Asylum Journal, by Dr. Manley, on prolonged fasting and the refusal of food by insane patients, in which he advocates the introduction of food through the fauces “by means of any ordinary funnel,” rather than by the stomach pomp, leads me to offer the following observations upon this subject, as well for the purpose of describing the instrument I have for many years been in the habit of using in this asylum, as of urging upon those engaged in the treatment of the insane the great importance in certain cases of introducing into the stomach larger quantities of nutriment and stimulants than are usually taken when this is left to the voluntary efforts of the patient, or administered by any of the usual processes of feeding.
Criminal Lunatics: Are they responsible? Being an examination of “The Plea of Insanity.” In a Letter to the Lord High Chancellor
Authors: Reynolds J. Russell
Published: January 2018

We commenced the perusal of this work with a degree of interest commensurate with the reputation of its talented author; and we must confess this interest has not been disappointed, for it contains new and bold views, urged upon grounds which certainly possess the interest of originality; but which, as certainly will not bear to be measured by the author's standard of truth and rectitude, namely, “the common sense or consense of humanity.”
Pollen differentiation as well as pollen tube guidance and discharge are independent of the presence of gametes
Authors: Glöckle Barbara , Urban Wojciech J. , Nagahara Shiori , Andersen Ellen D. , Higashiyama Tetsuya , Grini Paul E. , Schnittger Arp
Published: January 2018

After meiosis, an unequal cell division generates the male gamete lineage in flowering plants. The generative cell will undergo a second division, giving rise to the two gametes, i.e. the sperm cells. The other cell will develop into the vegetative cell that plays a crucial role in pollen tube formation and sperm delivery. Recently, the vegetative cell has been suggested to be important for programming of the chromatin state in sperm cells and/or the resulting fertilization products. Blocking the initial unequal division genetically, we first highlight that the default differentiation state after male meiosis is a vegetative fate, which is consistent with earlier work. We find that uni-nucleated mutant microspores differentiated as wild-type vegetative cells, including chromatin remodeling and the transcriptional activation of transposable elements. Moreover, live-cell imaging revealed that this vegetative cell is sufficient for the correct guidance of the pollen tube to the female gametes. Hence, we conclude that vegetative cell differentiation and function does not depend on the formation or presence of the actual gametes but rather on external signals or a cell-autonomous pace keeper.
Tks adaptor proteins at a glance
Authors: Saini Priyanka , Courtneidge Sara A.
Published: January 2018

Tyrosine kinase substrate (Tks) adaptor proteins are considered important regulators of various physiological and/or pathological processes, particularly cell migration and invasion, and cancer progression. These proteins contain PX and SH3 domains, and act as scaffolds, bringing membrane and cellular components in close proximity in structures known as invadopodia or podosomes. Tks proteins, analogous to the related proteins p47phox, p40phox and NoxO1, also facilitate local generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which aid in signaling at invadopodia and/or podosomes to promote their activity. As their name suggests, Tks adaptor proteins are substrates for tyrosine kinases, especially Src. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we discuss the known structural and functional aspects of Tks adaptor proteins. As the science of Tks proteins is evolving, this article will point out where we stand and what still needs to be explored. We also underscore pathological conditions involving these proteins, providing a basis for future research to develop therapies for treatment of these diseases.
The interaction of path integration and terrestrial visual cues in navigating desert ants: what can we learn from path characteristics?
Authors: Buehlmann Cornelia , D. Fernandes A. Sofia , Graham Paul
Published: January 2018

Ant foragers make use of multiple navigational cues to navigate through the world and the combination of innate navigational strategies and the learning of environmental information is the secret of their navigational success. We present here detailed information about the paths of Cataglyphis fortis desert ants navigating by an innate strategy, namely path integration. Firstly, we observe that the ants’ walking speed decreases significantly along their homing paths, such that they slow down just before reaching the goal, and maintain a slower speed during subsequent search paths. Interestingly, this drop in walking speed is independent of absolute home-vector length and depends on the proportion of the home vector that was completed. Secondly, we find that ants are influenced more strongly by novel or altered visual cues the further along their homing path they are. These results suggest that path integration modulates speed along the homing path in a way that might help ants search for, utilise or learn environmental information at important locations. Ants walk more slowly and sinuously when encountering novel or altered visual cues and occasionally stop and scan the world, this might indicate the re-learning of visual information.
Children’s Oxygen Administration Strategies Trial (COAST): A randomised controlled trial of high flow versus oxygen versus control in African children with severe pneumonia
Authors: Maitland Kathryn , Kiguli Sarah , Opoka Robert O. , Olupot-Olupot Peter , Engoru Charles , Njuguna Patricia , Bandika Victor , Mpoya Ayub , Bush Andrew , Williams Thomas N. , Grieve Richard , Sadique Zia , Fraser John , Harrison David , Rowan Kathy
Published: January 2018

Background: In Africa, the clinical syndrome of pneumonia remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in the post-neonatal period. This represents a significant burden on in-patient services. The targeted use of oxygen and simple, non-invasive methods of respiratory support may be a highly cost-effective means of improving outcome, but the optimal oxygen saturation threshold that results in benefit and the best strategy for delivery are yet to be tested in adequately powered randomised controlled trials. There is, however, an accumulating literature about the harms of oxygen therapy across a range of acute and emergency situations that have stimulated a number of trials investigating permissive hypoxia.

Methods: In 4200 African children, aged 2 months to 12 years, presenting to 5 hospitals in East Africa with respiratory distress and hypoxia (oxygen saturation < 92%), the COAST trial will simultaneously evaluate two related interventions (targeted use of oxygen with respect to the optimal oxygen saturation threshold for treatment and mode of delivery) to reduce shorter-term mortality at 48-hours (primary endpoint), and longer-term morbidity and mortality to 28 days in a fractional factorial design, that compares:

Liberal oxygenation (recommended care) compared with a strategy that permits hypoxia to SpO2 > or = 80% (permissive hypoxia); and

High flow using AIrVO2TM compared with low flow delivery (routine care).

Discussion: The overarching objective is to address the key research gaps in the therapeutic use of oxygen in resource-limited setting in order to provide a better evidence base for future management guidelines. The trial has been designed to address the poor outcomes of children in sub-Saharan Africa, which are associated with high rates of in-hospital mortality, 9-10% (for those with oxygen saturations of 80-92%) and 26-30% case fatality for those with oxygen saturations <80%.

Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN15622505

Trial status: Recruiting
Barreiras e facilitadores para a atividade física das pessoas com déficit intelectual
Authors: Jung Laura , Marques Alexandre , Kalinoski Angélica
Published: January 2018

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as barreiras e os facilitadores da prática de atividade física (AF) no tempo livre, sua influência nessa prática e o estilo de vida das pessoas com déficit intelectual (DI) inseridas nas APAES/RS. A amostra foi composta por 1191 pessoas com DI representadas pelos seus responsáveis. As barreiras e facilitadores para a prática de AF foram identificadas com questões fechadas em que o responsável respondia se o fator influencia sempre (1), influencia às vezes (2) ou não influencia (3) na prática de AF. As questões foram separadas em três dimensões que correspondiam a  pessoal, ambiental e social.  Como resultado verificou-se no aspecto pessoal sete facilitadores e duas barreiras, nos quais destaca-se o fato de sentir-se capaz como facilitador associado com a prática de AF; no aspecto ambiental seis facilitadores e uma barreira, sendo a companhia de pessoas próximas o principal facilitador pela associação com a prática de AF; e no aspecto social cinco facilitadores e uma barreira, no qual encontram-se a existência de locais próximos de casa e os profissionais estarem preparados para trabalhar com pessoas com DI os principais facilitadores.  Conclui-se que algumas barreiras e facilitadores estão ligados ao estímulo que as pessoas recebem, pois podem despertar o gosto pela AF se houver companhia, propiciando condições para a prática devido às limitações que a maioria possui no aspecto social. Oferta de locais com qualidade para prática de AF também facilitam, o que pode ser amenizado com o investimento em políticas públicas e projetos sociais.
The Value of Sharing Inland Transportation Services in a Dry Port System
Authors: Qiu Xuan , Lam Jasmine Siu Lee
Published: January 2018

A dry port system consists of a dry port and a number of shippers, where shippers enjoy the public logistics and auxiliary services provided by the dry port. This paper studies the shared transportation services in this system. The interaction between a dry port and shippers is modeled as a bi-level program. The optimal properties of the model are analyzed analytically and an enumeration algorithm is proposed to solve the model. Furthermore, a bi-level model is developed for the direct transportation system. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in transportation are calculated under two scenarios: with and without sharing transportation. Numerical studies are conducted to investigate the sensitivity of the economic and environmental value of sharing with respect to various system parameters. The studies show that sharing transportation service could bring significant profit improvement to the dry port and cost savings to shippers in most circumstances. It is found that carbon emissions are not always mitigated when the distance between shippers is too long, or the dry port is located too close to shippers. When the total distance traveled in the direct transportation system is longer than that in the shared one, the analysis reveals that carrying lighter cargoes could generate more significant CO2 emissions savings.
Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Bellamy Richard
Published: January 2018

Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy enables patients to receive intravenous antibiotics without having to be an inpatient. Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy can be delivered in an outpatient setting or in the patient's own home by a visiting nurse or the patient can be trained to self-administer antibiotic treatment. The advantages and limitations of each of these methods are discussed in this article. Common clinical situations in which outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy is used are described. The article also considers the advantages of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy, how to ensure that care is safe and effective and how to obtain funding to set up a service.
Current concepts for aligning knee implants: patient-specific or systematic?
Authors: Rivière Charles , Lazic Stefan , Boughton Oliver , Wiart Yann , Vïllet Loic , Cobb Justin
Published: January 2018

Mechanical or anatomical alignment techniques create a supposedly ‘biomechanically friendly’ but often functionally limited prosthetic knee. Alternative techniques for alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) aim at being more anatomical and patient-specific, aiming to improve functional outcomes after TKA. The kinematic alignment (KA) technique for TKA has shown good early clinical outcomes. Its role in extreme anatomical variation remains to be defined. The restricted KA technique for TKA might be a reasonable option for patients with extreme anatomical variation. While unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has many advantages over TKA, the revision rate remains higher compared with TKA. One major explanation is the relative ease with which a UKA can be converted to a TKA, compared with revising a TKA. This can be considered as an additional advantage of UKA. Another reason is that surgeons favour revising a UKA to a TKA in cases of degeneration of the other femorotibial compartment rather than performing a relatively simple re-operation of the knee by doing an additional UKA (staged bi-UKA).

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:1–6. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170021
The US–Cuba Policy Shift as Viewed by The New York Times: A Critical Analysis from the Island
Authors: Yoan Karell Acosta González
Published: January 2018

This article is the result of critical discourse analysis (CDA) research on a corpus of 190 articles published by The New York Times (NYT) on Cuba, in the crucial period between 17 December 2014 (17D) and 28 December 2015, that is, over the first year after the beginning of the new US Cuba policy. In an attempt to help understand the complex relations between Cuba and the US, the article analyses ideological trends and the way some controversial issues are discussed by the newspaper.
Arquitectura Cuba and the Early Revolutionary Project
Authors: Patrick Calmon de Carvalho Braga
Published: January 2018

No prior scholarly work on Cuban architectural and intellectual history has yet focused on Arquitectura Cuba, a periodical published by the Colegio Nacional de Arquitectos, as an archive. However, issues of the publication from the early years of the Cuban Revolution (especially 1959 and 1960) provide an indication of state-sponsored views on architecture, urbanism and the interplay between these and the socialist project in Cuba. Using articles and editorials from Arquitectura Cuba alongside other contemporary sources, this article focuses on and critiques three themes that recur throughout these issues: the idea of architecture as a socially minded profession, the need for urbanisation of the countryside as a core goal of the new Cuban state and the interplay between global modernism and localised practices. Ultimately, this investigation illustrates potential methodological directions and archival sources for Cuban architectural and social historiography, revealing another lens to read the Cuban Revolution and its legacies today.
Beberapa Sifat Integral Henstock Sekuensial
Authors: Malahayati Malahayati
Published: January 2018

Perkembangan teori integral khususnya integral Henstock yang terbaru berhasil dikemukakan oleh Laramie Paxton, yaitu integral Henstock Sekuensial. Pendefinisian Integral Henstock Sekuensial hampir sama seperti mendefinisikan integral Henstock, bedanya pada integral Henstock Sekuensial partisinya melibatkan barisan fungsi positif yang disebut partisi tag δn-fine. Laramie membuktikan bahwa fungsi yang terintegral Henstock juga terintegral Henstock Sekuensial begitupun sebaliknya, sehingga sifat-sifat yang berlaku pada integral Henstock juga belaku pada integral Henstock Sekuensial. Di dalam tulisan ini dibuktikan beberapa sifat integral Henstock Sekuenisial dan teorema-teorema dasar seperti yang berlaku pada integral Henstock.
Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Ligation in Sheep. Could These Animals be Used as Human Models for Vascular and Cerebral Research?
Authors: Podlaha Jiří , Schwanhaeuser Kräuff , Kadeřábková Tereza
Published: January 2018

Experimental animals are still used in today’s medicine to understand better physiological or pathological processes, or to develop, for example better vascular prostheses. For that reason, these animals must show some similarities with humans, from the anatomical to the physiological point of view. When developing vascular prostheses, we have to evaluate if the graft will react in the expected way and if during experimental research there will be some factors that might influence the proper functioning of vascular prostheses in the human body. We observed the consequences of bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCCAL) or Sham operation in seventeen healthy Merinolandschaf / Württemberg sheep, aged between 2 and 4 years, after testing new types of carbon-coated ARTECOR® and ADIPOGRAFT Ra 1vk 7/350 vascular prostheses. After the follow-up period the prostheses were extirpated, so the blood supply was provided from the vertebral arteries. Sheep in both groups were not sacrificed, but were observed for 18 months. After the observation period all sheep showed no physical or neurological changes and all are still alive. Animal responses to BCCAL are different, depending on the animal species, age, and condition. In sheep, bilateral blocking of the blood fl ow in the carotid bed seems to be conceivable since the brain was sufficiently supplied with blood from the vertebral arteries.
Concurrent Occurrence of Lower Respiratory Aspergillosis and Pneumoconiosis in a Turkey Flock
Authors: Timurkaan Necati , Eroksuz Hatice , Ongor Hasan , Cevik Aydin , Karabulut Burak , Toraman Zulal Asci , Eroksuz Yesari , Incili Canan Akdeniz
Published: January 2018

This study describes a concurrent occurrence of lower respiratory aspergillosis and pneumoconiosis in a turkey flock. From one flock of 1000 turkeys, 4 clinically affected turkeys were examined pathologically and microbiologically. Clinically affected turkeys showed anorexia, lethargy, drooping of the wing, vomiting, dyspnea and open-beak breathing, or sudden dead. Gross lesions were observed in the air sacs and lungs which presented white to yellowish granulomas of varying size. Microscopic there was multifocal granulomatous airsacculitis and pneumonia. At the center of the granulomas, fungal hyphae were clearly highlighted in the lungs and air sacs by Gomori methenamie silver (GMS) staining. In the microbiological cultivation of the affected lungs and air sacs, Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Furthermore, dark black dust accumulations were present in the cytoplasm of macrophages or interstitial tissue in the lungs and air sacs. There were also fibrosis and lymphohistiocytic cell infiltrations around the particles. Overall, this study could implicated that pneumoconiosis might be a predisposing factor in the development of respiratory aspergillosis in turkeys.
Fahrerspezifische Geschwindigkeitsprofile für die automatische oder die kooperative Fahrt
Authors: Schacher Samuel , Hoedt Jens , King Rudibert
Published: January 2018

Fahrerspezifische Beschleunigungsmuster können eingesetzt werden, um Assistenzfunktionen optimal auf die Fahrzeuginsassen
abzustimmen. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Methodik vorgestellt, um Geschwindigkeitsprofile für Fahrer mit unterschiedlichen
Fahrstilen zu generieren. Zusätzlich wird ein effizienter Ansatz zur Begrenzung des Längsrucks eingeführt.