bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General and Urological Surgery
Authors: Herbert Lara , Tighe Ruth
Published: August 2020

The chapter covers some of the general and urological conditions likely to be encountered by anaesthetists working in low-resource settings. Some such conditions are familiar to all anaesthetists, but the resources to manage them may be different: this chapter therefore particularly includes a description of laparotomy under spinal anaesthesia and a consideration of the risks and benefits of this technique. In addition some surgeries more commonly performed in low- and middle-income countries, e.g. bladder stone excision, non-traumatic splenectomy, and hydatid cyst excision are outlined, together with appropriate approaches and techniques for the non-specialist anaesthetist. Both elective and emergency conditions are included.
Regional Anaesthesia
Authors: Bosenberg Adrian , Jeyanathen Jey
Published: August 2020

In low-resource settings regional anaesthesia forms an essential part of anaesthetic practice, especially in the context of poor access to postoperative analgesia and recovery facilities, or where general anaesthesia is not available or may be high risk. Safe practice for performance of regional anaesthesia is outlined as well as the emergency management of local anaesthetic toxicity. The chapter covers a range of upper limb, lower limb, and trunk blocks. It describes, where possible, ultrasound, nerve stimulator, and landmark techniques for each block since available equipment may vary. Neuraxial techniques for neonates, infants, and children are described along with local anaesthetic dosages.
Critical Care
Authors: Marshall-Brown Polly , Mazzola Francesca , McCormick Bruce , Stephens Kate
Published: August 2020

The concept of critical care in low-resource settings covers a very broad range of circumstances and settings from the ability to offer ventilation and inotropes through to an area with simply enhanced observations and/or nursing ratios. Low staffing and training levels on the general wards may necessitate admission of patients who simply require frequent observations and rapid recognition of deterioration; admission criteria may therefore be different to those in highly resourced settings. The chapter starts by describing the limits and challenges of providing critical care in low-resource settings and goes on to describe approaches to organ support. It then goes on to describe a pragmatic approach to caring for specific conditions in a low-resource critical care.
Tropical Medicine for Anaesthetists
Authors: Howell Victoria
Published: August 2020

Many tropical diseases will be unfamiliar to anaesthetists from high-resource settings but are common in low- and middle-income countries. They lead to a significant burden of morbidity and mortality, and some knowledge of the commonly presenting ones and how they might impact on conduct of anaesthesia is essential to anaesthetists practising in these settings. The chapter covers the essentials of several tropical diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and typhoid. The chapter outlines for each disease the aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and anaesthetic implications. Diseases that are also found in high-resource settings, such as diarrhoea and HIV, are also covered on the basis that they are much more likely to be encountered in a low-resource setting.
One hundred years of the health and safety laboratory 1
Authors: Anon
Published: August 2020

In One Hundred years of the Health and Safety Laboratory 1 the author briefly explores how Britain developed tests and built mathematical models of shell bursts in WW2 to help defend against German bombing raids.
Fifty years ago: ‘Raynaud’s phenomenon in a pneumatic tool worker’
Authors: Mackay A.C.
Published: August 2020

In Raynaud’s phenomenon in a pneumatic tool worker A.C. Mackay briefly explores the characteristics and history of Raynaud’s phenomenon, describing how it was first noted in 1911 in users of pneumatic hammers in Rome.
Thoughts on lawnmower blades
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In Thoughts on lawnmower blades Anthony Seaton briefly explores the development in energy problems, from the coal issues during his youth in the 1940s and 50s to today’s global climate change crisis.
The celebration of Saint Monday
Authors: Gibson Mike
Published: August 2020

In The celebration of Saint Monday Mike Gibson briefly explores the history of the dislike of Mondays amongst the working population, and the absenteeism often found at the start of the week.
‘Working Lives’ by John Darwell
Authors: Anon
Published: August 2020

In ‘Working Lives’ by John Darwell the author briefly explores the work of the photographer John Darwell, whose projects reflect his interest in social and industrial change.
Fifty years ago: ‘Harmful noise’
Authors: Blakely J.J.A.
Published: August 2020

In Harmful noise J.J.A Blakely briefly explores issues of loud noise in work and industry, loss of hearing, and advice on preventing hearing damage.
Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 1—Solvents
Authors: Hunter J.A.
Published: August 2020

In Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 1: Solvents J.A. Hunter briefly explores the humorous encounters with his occupational physician friend Kieran. This article recounts Kieran’s involvement in a legal case about dry-cleaning solvents and dementia.
The Hawthorne effect
Authors: Anon
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind John Sorrell’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us from his move from rural general practice to the Civil Service Occupational Health Service, through to setting up as an independent occupational physician.
Fifty years ago: ‘Free enterprise and public service’
Authors: Anon
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: ‘Free enterprise and public service’ the author briefly explores Government policy on occupational health services, particularly the issues faced from services being run like commercial businesses.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Verow Peter
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Peter Verow’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his unusual route from full-time squash player to anaesthetics, and later chance move into occupational medicine.
Fifty years ago: ‘The Diseases of Occupations by Donald Hunter’
Authors: Norman L.G.
Published: August 2020

In The diseases of occupations Donald Hunter briefly explores the influence of occupations upon disease, and notes the key writers in the field: Thackrah (1832), Arlidge (1892), Oliver (1908) and Legge (1934).
Health and safety legislation
Authors: Gibson Mike
Published: August 2020

In Health and safety legislation Mike Gibson briefly explores the history of health and safety legislation, including the medieval period, the Factories Act in 1833, and the Health & Safety at Work Act in 1974.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Robson Susan A.
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Susan A. Robson’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through her initial work in general practice to her move into what was then an emerging new speciality- occupational medicine.
I want never gets
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In I want never gets Anthony Seaton briefly explores the transition of our societies from ‘need’ to ‘want’ and its impact on the world’s resources.
Why I became a second hand bookseller: part 1
Authors: Slovak Andy
Published: August 2020

In Why I became a second hand bookseller: part 1 Andy Slovak briefly explores how, as a doctor, he ended up working in the second-hand book trade, sparked by an personal interest in niche topics.
Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 2—New job
Authors: Hunter J.A.
Published: August 2020

In Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 2: New job J.A. Hunter briefly explores the humorous encounters with his occupational physician friend Kieran. This article recounts Kieran’s attempt at filling his recently vacated post at Lincaster Health Authority when he got a new job.
The oldest sick note
Authors: Hobson John
Published: August 2020

In The oldest sick note John Hobson briefly explores gout in history and literature, including Charles Dickens and his characters, and a 450-year-old letter written by Mary Queen of Scots.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Kearns Joseph L.
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Joseph L. Kearns’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his field trips to industrial enterprises, National Service in the RAMC, and move from initial cover work to full-time position at J. Lyons and Company.
Why I became a second hand bookseller: part 2
Authors: Slovak Andy
Published: August 2020

In Why I became a second hand bookseller: part 2 Andy Slovak briefly explores the business plan for his second-hand book trade, and the varied types of customers he deals with.
Fifty years ago: ‘The first group occupational health service in Scotland’
Authors: Dixon W.M.
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: ‘The first group occupational health service in Scotland’ W. M. Dixon briefly explores the development of occupational/industrial health services in Scotland, in 1960s Dundee.
I learned (a bit) about aviation medicine from that
Authors: Gibson Mike
Published: August 2020

In I learned (a bit) about aviation medicine from that Mike Gibson briefly explores a story from his days as junior medical officer at an RAF flight training school, involving the unfortunate result of a vasectomy and acrobatic flying.
A bit like turtles
Authors: Challenor John
Published: August 2020

In A bit like turtles John Challenor briefly explores the difficulties faced by multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) in healthcare.
Coming to the end of the road in occupational health—lessons from cancer care
Authors: Brecker Naomi , Wren Barbara
Published: August 2020

In Coming to the end of the road in occupational health—lessons from cancer care Naomi Brecker and Barbara Wren briefly explore their experience of the pessimistic ‘no hope’ outlook of some of their patients in occupational health, and similar situations from oncology patients.
Fifty years ago: ‘The medical officer of health and the small workplace’
Authors: Robinson A.W.W.
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: ‘The medical officer of health and the small workplace’ A. W. W. Robinson briefly explores Britain’s lack of occupational health coverage compared to the rest of Europe and discusses the merits of a National Occupational Health Service.
The human spirit level
Authors: Hobson John
Published: August 2020

In The human spirit level John Hobson briefly explores a memory of unusual dizziness in one of his patients, and how it relates to our own sense of perspective.
A close friend
Authors: Walker David
Published: August 2020

In A close friend David Walker briefly explores his friend’s medical career break, and how doctors’ needs change over time, with factors such as physical capabilities, changing interests, and tiredness with one’s existing post potentially influencing a career transformation.
Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 3—The Birdman of Linbridge
Authors: Hunter J.A.
Published: August 2020

In Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 3: The Birdman of Linbridge J.A. Hunter briefly explores the humorous encounters with his occupational physician friend Kieran. This article recounts Kieran’s attempts at eradicating bird-induced psittacosis at Linbridge University using a gun, a cardboard cutout, and a PAL Sound Emitter.
Hunting canaries
Authors: Gibson Mike
Published: August 2020

In Hunting canaries Mike Gibson briefly explores the pitfalls of assumption, following a series of unlikely diagnoses.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Dixon William
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind William Dixon’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his recovery of pulmonary tuberculosis and how it led him down a career in commercial occupational health.
Why I now watch my step as an occupational physician …
Authors: Preston James
Published: August 2020

In Why I now watch my step as an occupational physician … James Preston briefly explores the impact of impairment on an individual’s life after reflecting on his own temporary ankle injury.
The RMS Titanic
Authors: Addley Ken , McKeagney Paul
Published: August 2020

In ‘The RMS Titanic’, the authors explore the story of the famous Titanic cruise liner. They reflect on the magnitude of the ship, along with the hazardous conditions of its construction, among other things.
In search of the black stuff
Authors: Gibson Kirstie
Published: August 2020

In In search of the black stuff Kirstie Gibson briefly explores the significance of coal mining in Britain’s history and culture, whilst highlighting the disastrous outcomes of mining in Britain and around the world.
Back to school
Authors: Hobson John
Published: August 2020

In Back to school John Hobson briefly explores the decline of traditional work experience among medical students alongside the lack of occupational health teaching.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Fingret Ann
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Ann Fingret’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through how she met her colleague, Doreen Miller, causing an occupational turning point in her life.
Every cloud has a silver lining … even a failed private practice
Authors: Williams Nerys
Published: August 2020

In Every cloud has a silver lining … even a failed private practice Nerys Williams briefly explores the professional life of a man who is struggling to balance his medical career with his love for writing. It tells of how the result of having failed in more than one medical practice may result in literary fame.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Ashton Ralph
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Ralph Aston’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through fifty years of his career as he ascends the ranks of ‘industrial medicine’ through changing motivations and the odd bit of advice.
The strange case of Irving Selikoff
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In The strange case of Irving Selikoff Anthony Seaton briefly explores how Selikoff rose to become a towering presence in occupational medicine through conflict and allegations.
Fifty years ago: ‘The appointed factory doctor’
Authors: Anon
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: ‘The appointed factory doctor’ the author briefly explores the appointed factory doctor system, or AFDs, and how this could be utilized to help create a nation-wide occupational health service, without using up existing medical personnel.
Mesothelioma
Authors: Hobson John
Published: August 2020

In Mesothelioma John Hobson briefly explores the three cases of mesothelioma he has come across in his career, caused by asbestos in the workplace.
Sydney 2000
Authors: McKiernan Mike
Published: August 2020

In Sydney 2000 Mike McKiernan briefly explores the vast number of medical equipment and personnel needed at the Olympic Games.
A leaky vessel
Authors: Colman Richard
Published: August 2020

In A Leaky Vessel Richard Colman briefly explores the conflict between the worker, company management, and the occupational physician, reflecting on a story concerning a worker on a production line making chemical fertilizers.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Brill Monty
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Monty Brill’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his undergraduate days at Glasgow in the early 1950s, move to become a GP in London, and how his later post at an engineering company sparked an interest in occupational health.
Charmed to be sure
Authors: Eakins Arthur
Published: August 2020

In Charmed to be sure Arthur Eakins briefly retells an encounter with a patient who had an interesting home remedy for his piles.
Are you ready for the EU Sharps Directive 2010/32/EU?
Authors: Wicker Sabine , Grime Paul
Published: August 2020

In Are you ready for the EU Sharps Directive 2010/32/EU? Sabine Wicker and Paul Grime briefly explore the ‘Sharps Directive’ legislation introduced to reduce workplace needlestick injuries in hospitals and the healthcare sector.
Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 5—Drivers
Authors: Hunter J.A.
Published: August 2020

In Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 5: Drivers J.A. Hunter briefly explores the humorous encounters with his occupational physician friend Kieran. This article recounts Kieran’s new interest in alcohol and driving, with disastrous results.
The ex-service men’s maternity ward
Authors: Meyer John D.
Published: August 2020

In The ex-service men’s maternity ward John D. Meyer briefly explores a photograph taken in 1969 of a maternity ward in the Sangli District in Southern Maharashtra State, India.
Medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my mistress
Authors: Williams Nerys
Published: August 2020

In Medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my mistress Nerys Williams briefly explores the life of a renowned playwright and short-story writer who also trained and worked as a physician.
Those two impostors
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In Those two impostors Anthony Seaton briefly explores the 2010 rescue of 33 trapped miners from the San Jose copper mine in Chile, and discusses the risks and health implications of the mining industry.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Hepburn Athol
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Athol Hepburn’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through a career that involved posts in the military, aviation medicine, the Ministry of Defence, and the Atomic Weapons Establishment.
Armadillo
Authors: Hobson John
Published: August 2020

In Armadillo John Hobson briefly explores the link between the armadillo and leprosy.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Tim Carter’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his school-day interest in chemistry and trips to industrial plants, and the appeal of the types of people in occupational medicine.
Employers—aren’t they all the same?
Authors: Challenor John
Published: August 2020

In Employers—aren’t they all the same? John Challenor briefly explores the how different organizations treat their employees, and how this affects their wellbeing.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Archibald Roy
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Roy Archibald’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through how his liking for clinical medicine, prevention, and administration could be combined in the new and largely unrecognized specialty of industrial medicine in the 1940s.
The rewards of rural training in the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Nasir Syed
Published: August 2020

In The rewards of rural training in the Scottish Highlands Syed Nasir briefly explores his four-year training post in NHS Highland, and the benefits and drawbacks of working in the most remote and mountainous parts of Scotland.
The mill reek in 1754
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In The mill reek in 1754 Anthony Seaton briefly explores the dust, smoke, and lead poisoning caused by lead refining in industrial Scotland during the Enlightenment.
Fifty years ago: ‘A new portable hand operated external cardiac compressor’
Authors: Baker B.S.
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: A new portable hand operated external cardiac compressor B.S. Baker briefly explores the merits of the portable hand-operated external cardiac compressors that allowed the user to resuscitate patients in hazardous conditions such as mines or fires.
All tied up
Authors: Hobson John
Published: August 2020

In All tied up John Hobson briefly explores the tendency for male occupational physicians to wear ties to work, despite the health and safety hazards they pose.
Fashion victims
Authors: Grime Paul
Published: August 2020

In Fashion victims Paul Grime briefly explores the work conditions for those in the garment manufacturing industry, remembering the fatal collapse of a garment factory at the Rana Plaza complex in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2013 due to unsafe conditions.
Going through the motions
Authors: Gibson Mike
Published: August 2020

In Going through the motions Mike Gibson briefly explores an experiment he was involved in using radio-pills to measure deep body temperature in pilots, at the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine.
How to learn science
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In How to learn science Anthony Seaton briefly explores the motivations behind learning science and medicine, and the differences between past and today’s students.
Fifty years ago: ‘Height, Weight and Obesity in an Industrial Population’
Authors: Howell R.W.
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: ‘Height, Weight and Obesity in an Industrial Population’ R.W. Howell briefly explores the relationship between obesity and sickness from work, looking at a sample from the UK Atomic Energy Authority’s establishment at Windscale and Calder, in Cumberland.
The art of observation
Authors: Coomer Karen
Published: August 2020

In The art of observation Karen Coomer briefly explores a memory of how she helped a reluctant patient who worked on the production line at a factory.
The adjudicator
Authors: Walker David
Published: August 2020

In The adjudicator David Walker briefly discusses his hobby singing in an all-male voice choir.
Jaw ache—an occupational hazard?
Authors: Storrs John
Published: August 2020

In Jaw ache – an occupational hazard? John Storrs briefly explores Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, how he came across it as a maxillo-facial surgeon, and how it related to the patients’ occupations.
One hundred years of the health and safety laboratory 4
Authors: Anon
Published: August 2020

In One hundred years of the health and safety laboratory 4 the author briefly explores a controlled explosion by HSL in Buxton as part of the investigation into the Ladbroke Grove rail accident.
Fashion victims campaign: responses from clothing retailers
Authors: Grime Paul
Published: August 2020

In Fashion victims campaign: responses from clothing retailers Paul Grime briefly explores the responses he received from seven clothes retailers, after questioning them on their workplace conditions for garment workers. (A follow-up article to Grime’s previous piece on the 2013 collapse of a garment factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh.)
Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 7—Aromatherapy
Authors: Hunter J.A.
Published: August 2020

In Tales of Kieran: The occupational physician’s odyssey 7 Aromatherapy J.A. Hunter briefly explores the humorous encounters with his occupational physician friend Kieran. This article recounts Kieran’s job hunt to avoid becoming an aromatherapist.
An unusual occupation with novel hazards
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: August 2020

In An unusual occupation with novel hazards Paul Williams briefly explores his memory of a regular patient who juggled labour intensive factory work with a busy family life.
Fifty years ago: ‘Emery Pneumoconiosis’
Authors: Bech A.O. , Kipling M.D. , Zundel W.E.
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: ‘Emery Pneumoconiosis’ A.O. Bech, M. D. Kipling, and W. E. Zundel briefly explore the uses of emery in industry, and the exposure to its dust faced by factory workers.
Occupational histories
Authors: Gibson Mike
Published: August 2020

In Occupational histories Mike Gibson briefly explores the unfortunate combination of the importance of the patient’s work history and the difficulty in obtaining it.
Fifty years ago: ‘Problems of a group occupational health service in Lancashire’
Authors: Tyrer F.H.
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: ‘Problems of a group occupational health service in Lancashire’ F.H. Tyrer briefly explores the cotton spinning industry from his time as Medical Director at Rochdale Industrial Health Service.
Working in the shadow of a thin blue broken line
Authors: Challenor John
Published: August 2020

In Working in the shadow of a thin blue broken line John Challenor briefly explores his memories of his newer role as a police medical advisor following a career of industrial and commercial occupational health.
New Stress Check Programme in Japan’s workplace
Authors: Kawada Tomoyuki
Published: August 2020

In New Stress Check Programme in Japan’s workplace Tomoyuki Kawada briefly explores the ‘Stress Check Programme’ introduced in Japan in 2015 to improve workers’ mental health.
Jelly beans and jumbo jets
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In Jelly beans and jumbo jets Anthony Seaton briefly explores the question ‘How many jelly beans can you get into a jumbo jet?’ and considers the role of lateral thinking in medicine.
Society of Occupational Medicine Golden Jubilee Travelling Fellowship 2017
Authors: Williams Nerys
Published: August 2020

In Society of Occupational Medicine Golden Jubilee Travelling Fellowship 2017 Nerys Williams briefly explores her experience at an advanced education course on physical activity in the workplace in Reykjavik in October 2017.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Willcox Robert
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician… briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Robert Willcox’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his balance of a dual career in occupational medicine and theatre, and an interesting study with the BBC Symphony Orchestra.
Fifty years ago: ‘The scope of occupational medicine in a university health service’
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: The scope of occupational medicine in a university health service Anthony Ryle briefly explores the potential role of a University Health Service in relation to students’ academic achievements and failures, rather than their physical health and safety.
A blue patient and exploding factories
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In A blue patient and exploding factories Anthony Seaton briefly explores his memory of a patient with blue skin, who had suspected methaemoglobinaemia, and the explosive and poison-related dangers of chemical factories.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Gatley Malcolm
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician… briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Malcolm Gatley’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his beginnings in ENT and general practice, and his ‘moment of truth’ following a mistaken parcel delivery.
Don Valley festival champions
Authors: Walker David
Published: August 2020

In Don Valley festival champions David Walker briefly continues the story of the male voice choir he is part of, and recounts their growing success.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Reid-Entwistle Ian
Published: August 2020

Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Ian Reid-Entwistle’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his grandfather’s influence, early days as a medical officer on ships, and progression to be a founder member of the Faculty of Occupational Medicine.
Pegasus at Wanlockhead
Authors: Finnegan Timothy
Published: August 2020

In Pegasus at Wanlockhead Timothy Finnegan briefly explores Robert Burns’s poem Pegasus at Wanlockhead, and contemplates the occupation of the blacksmith as the local engineer of the 18th century.
Fifty years ago: ‘Searching for occupational cancer risks’
Authors: Davies Joan M.
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: Searching for occupational cancer risks Joan M. Davies briefly explores cancers associated to different occupations, including woodworkers, asbestos workers, and rubber workers.
Ready, Fire, Aim!
Authors: Hobson John
Published: August 2020

In Ready, Fire, Aim! John Hobson briefly explores his time spent working for a multinational company in France, and the cultural differences that emerged between different groups of workers.
Demoralization and stress— we can all help (?)
Authors: Klont Frank
Published: August 2020

In Demoralization and stress—we can all help (?) Frank Klont briefly explores work-related stress, dissatisfaction, and mental health problems, and encourages openness and seeking support.
Keeping hat making alive in Luton
Authors: Gibson Kirstie
Published: August 2020

In Keeping hat making alive in Luton Kirstie Gibson briefly explores the history of hat making in the Luton and Dunstable area, including the working conditions and child labour of straw hat production.
Occupational eye hazard of renaissance sculptor Benvenuto Cellini and the recurrent theme of Pigeon’s blood
Authors: Hannu Timo
Published: August 2020

In Occupational eye hazard of Renaissance sculptor Benvenuto Cellini and the recurrent theme of pigeon’s blood Timo Hannu briefly explores the unusual historical use of pigeon’s blood to treat an eye injury.
Visit the workplace? What’s wrong with it?
Authors: Chind Arun
Published: August 2020

In Visit the workplace? What’s wrong with it? Arun Chind briefly explores the unfortunate difficulties of carrying out occupational assessments when you are prevented from entering the workplace.
One hundred years of the health and safety laboratory 6
Authors: Anon
Published: August 2020

In One hundred years of the health and safety laboratory 6 the author briefly explores a demonstration of a “triggered water barrier” for suppressing explosions in coal mines.
I never knew
Authors: Hobson John
Published: August 2020

In I never knew John Hobson briefly recalls the evening he found out about the two Nobel prizes in his colleague’s family.
Why I became an occupational physician …
Authors: Chind Arun Peter
Published: August 2020

Why I became an Occupational Physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind Arun Peter Chind’s decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his early exposure to industry growing up in India, and his posts in many medical specialties before his outside interests led him to industrial and occupational medicine.
The early working life of one occupational physician in the 1970s
Authors: Teasdale Eric
Published: August 2020

In The early working life of one occupational physician in the 1970s Eric Teasdale briefly explores his post in the Medical Service at Imperial Chemistry Industries (ICI), an explosives manufacturer.
Fifty years ago: ‘The shopworker’
Authors: Mitchell Elizabeth
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: The shopworker Elizabeth Mitchell briefly explores the development of the role of shopkeeper, and the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
Neurological memories
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In Neurological memories Anthony Seaton briefly explores how Dr W.B. Mathews’ 1963 book ‘Practical Neurology’ helped him as a young medical registrar, and how his early exposure to neurology contributed to his later specialty in occupational medicine.
Consequences of OH alert syndrome
Authors: Coomer Karen
Published: August 2020

In Consequences of OH alert syndrome Karen Coomer briefly explores her attempts to control the urge to hazard assess the builders working on her house extension, and the struggle of the off-duty occupational health worker to leave their job ‘at the office’.
Fifty years ago: ‘Sickness absence resistance’
Authors: Taylor P.J.
Published: August 2020

This series provides a selection of articles from the past. In Fifty years ago: Sickness absence resistance P.J. Taylor briefly explores the value in studying sickness absence, and shares the results of a study at his own refinery.
Internet addiction—caught in the web
Authors: Williams Nerys
Published: August 2020

In Internet addiction—caught in the web Nerys Williams briefly explores the occupational health aspects of internet use, and the lack of attention given to ‘internet addiction’ in the UK health and safety and medical fields.
Anti-smoking legislation
Authors: Gibson Mike
Published: August 2020

In Anti-smoking legislation Mike Gibson briefly explores the history of tobacco use in the UK, and the development of health and safety laws surrounding smoking.
Corbett McDonald
Authors: Hobson John
Published: August 2020

In Corbett McDonald John Hobson briefly explores the life and work of an influential figure in occupational health: Corbett McDonald.
Shale is here again
Authors: Seaton Anthony
Published: August 2020

In Shale is here again Anthony Seaton briefly explores his research project with the US Department of Energy to study the risks of shale oil production and mining.
Neuroendocrine system and chronic autoimmune rheumatic diseases
Authors: Straub Rainer H.
Published: August 2020

Endocrine abnormalities are very common in patients with chronic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (CARDs) due to the systemic involvement of the central nervous system and endocrine glands. In recent years, the response of the endocrine (and also neuronal) system to peripheral inflammation has been linked to overall energy regulation of the diseased body and bioenergetics of immune cells. In CARDs, hormonal and neuronal pathways are outstandingly important in partitioning energy-rich fuels from muscle, brain, and fat tissue to the activated immune system. Neuroendocrine regulation of fuel allocation has been positively selected as an adaptive programme for transient serious, albeit non-life-threatening, inflammatory episodes. In CARDs, mistakenly, the adaptive programmes are used again but for a much longer time leading to systemic disease sequelae with endocrine (and also neuronal) abnormalities. The major endocrine alterations are depicted in the following list: mild activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, inadequate secretion of ACTH and cortisol relative to inflammation, loss of androgens, inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and fertility problems, high serum levels of oestrogens relative to androgens, fat deposits adjacent to inflamed tissue, increase of serum prolactin, and hyperinsulinaemia (and the metabolic syndrome). Neuroendocrine abnormalities are demonstrated using this framework that can explain many CARD-related endocrine disturbances. This chapter gives an overview on pathophysiology of neuroendocrine alterations in the context of energy regulation.
Comorbidities of rheumatic disease
Authors: Sokka Tuulikki , Puolakka Kari , Turesson Carl
Published: August 2020

All other diseases that coexist with a disease of interest are called comorbidities. Comorbidities in inflammatory rheumatic diseases may be associated with persistent inflammatory activity or disease-related organ damage, or may be related to medications. Lifestyle choices such as smoking or physical inactivity contribute to comorbidity. Patients with rheumatic diseases meet health professionals regularly and are more often tested for osteoporosis or cholesterol levels than individuals without rheumatic disease, which may contribute to a higher prevalence of some comorbidities. Comorbidities can also be unrelated to rheumatic diseases or their treatments. The concept of ‘multimorbidity’ is being used increasingly, shifting the focus from the index disease to two or more chronic diseases that exist in the same individual. In this chapter, we discuss the impact of multi/comorbidities. We emphasize the importance to review and manage comorbidities in usual daily rheumatology clinic, to improve outcomes of patients with rheumatic diseases.
Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases
Authors: Lopez-Isac Elena , Hinks Anne , Thomson Wendy
Published: August 2020

Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and large-scale genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now 17 JIA susceptibility loci which reach the genome-wide significance threshold for association and a further 7 regions with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
Vascular biology
Authors: Thornton Clare , Mason Justin
Published: August 2020

Vascular biology is the study of the physiology of the vasculature and how it may be the target for disease processes. An understanding of vascular biology is central to the study of rheumatic disease for three reasons: it is an integral part of a functioning immune system; it is the primary site of pathology in many conditions; and it is the site of the important secondary complications of chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Vascular biology requires a detailed knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the vasculature and its constituent vessels. The multistep process by which leucocytes interact with endothelium lining postcapillary venules in order to leave the circulation and migrate towards a site of inflammation is central to the pathology of inflammatory disease. The vasculature is the primary site of injury in several rheumatic diseases, including the vasculitides. It may be damaged by chronic inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis. Thrombosis represents a critical pathological process in several chronic inflammatory diseases, particularly the anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome and Behçet’s syndrome. The vascular endothelium is central to angiogenesis, the process of new capillary outgrowth, upon which synovial proliferation in inflammatory arthritis is dependent. Angiogenesis is inhibited by current anti-rheumatic therapies and may become a target for novel anti-rheumatic drugs. An increasing area of research concerns the direct effects of drugs used in the treatment of atherosclerosis and inflammatory disease on the endothelium, and whether these agents are beneficial or harmful. Of particular interest to rheumatologists are the vascular effects of statins, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), immunosuppressants, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
Acute-phase responses and adipocytokines
Authors: Neumann Elena , Frommer Klaus , Müller-Ladner Ulf
Published: August 2020

Adipokines, also called adipocytokines, are highly bioactive substances mainly expressed by adipose tissue. In addition to adipocytes, different cell types resident in various tissues produce adipokines under pathophysiological conditions. Adipokines include a growing number of pluripotent molecules such as adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and visfatin. Since distinct effects of adipokines on inflammation have been described, their influence on the (innate) immune system has been investigated in rheumatology, gastroenterology, and endocrinology. This review gives an overview on the current knowledge about the influence which adipokines have on the immune system and chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases.
Assessment of synovial joint fluid
Authors: Abdelattif Engy , Freemont Anthony J. , Mangham DC
Published: August 2020

Assessment of synovial fluid is a simple, cheap, and relatively non-invasive test that can be applied to the whole spectrum of joint diseases, provided there is sufficient fluid within the joint to aspirate. The chapter outlines the key steps in undertaking microscopic analysis of synovial fluid in order to maximize the diagnostic and prognostic return, while placing the features seen within the context of some of the most important joint diseases. The chapter also examines the changing face of microbiological examination of synovial fluid to diagnose joint infection as a primary event and also the increasingly important problem of infection secondary to joint replacement surgery.
Cardiopulmonary investigations
Authors: Schreiber Benjamin E. , Keir Gregory J. , Coghlan J. Gerry
Published: August 2020

Cardiopulmonary investigations are growing in number and complexity, but are crucial in management of patients with multisystem disease. Patients with rheumatological conditions are frequently at increased risk of a wide range of cardiac and pulmonary complications. Cardiac complications include accelerated atherosclerosis, valvular dysfunction, and pericardial, myocardial and endocardial involvement. Pulmonary complications include airways disease, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary hypertension.
We aim to present some practical frameworks for selecting the appropriate initial tests in different clinical situations. This chapter is in three sections. In the first section, we review the recommended investigations for common clinical symptoms: shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, and syncope. In the second section, we review the importance of cardiopulmonary investigations in specific rheumatological conditions. In the third section we review the unique characteristics of the cardiopulmonary tests, stressing their particular strengths and weaknesses and associated complications.
The artemis simulations: stellar haloes of Milky Way-mass galaxies
Authors: Font Andreea S , McCarthy Ian G , Poole-Mckenzie Robert , Stafford Sam G , Brown Shaun T , Schaye Joop , Crain Robert A , Theuns Tom , Schaller Matthieu
Published: August 2020

We introduce the Assembly of high-ResoluTion Eagle-simulations of MIlky Way-type galaxieS (artemis) simulations, a new set of 42 zoomed-in, high-resolution (baryon particle mass of $\approx 2\times 10^4 \, {\rm M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$), hydrodynamical simulations of galaxies residing in haloes of Milky Way mass, simulated with the eagle galaxy formation code with re-calibrated stellar feedback. In this study, we analyse the structure of stellar haloes, specifically the mass density, surface brightness, metallicity, colour, and age radial profiles, finding generally very good agreement with recent observations of local galaxies. The stellar density profiles are well fitted by broken power laws, with inner slopes of ≈−3, outer slopes of ≈−4, and break radii that are typically ≈20–40 kpc. The break radii generally mark the transition between in situ formation and accretion-driven formation of the halo. The metallicity, colour, and age profiles show mild large-scale gradients, particularly when spherically averaged or viewed along the major axes. Along the minor axes, however, the profiles are nearly flat, in agreement with observations. Overall, the structural properties can be understood by two factors: that in situ stars dominate the inner regions and that they reside in a spatially flattened distribution that is aligned with the disc. Observations targeting both the major and minor axes of galaxies are thus required to obtain a complete picture of stellar haloes.
Familial Predisposition and Differences in Radiographic Patterns in Spontaneous Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Lai Pui Man Rosalind , Ng Isaac , Gormley William B , Patel Nirav J , Frerichs Kai U , Aziz-Sultan M Ali , Du Rose
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from an intracranial aneurysmal rupture is the most common nontraumatic etiology for SAH, but up to 15% of patients with SAH have no identifiable source.

OBJECTIVE

To assess familial predisposition to spontaneous nonaneurysmal SAH (naSAH) and to evaluate whether family history affects the severity of presentation and prognosis of this condition.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective analysis of all spontaneous SAH with negative digital subtraction angiography from 2004 to 2018. Patients were divided into 2 groups: patients with first- or second-degree relatives with intracranial aneurysms and patients with no family history. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to study patient presentation, radiographic patterns of hemorrhage, and clinical outcome.

RESULTS

A total of 100 patients met the inclusion criteria. There were no individuals with family history of naSAH. A total of 15 patients (15%) had at least one family member with an intracranial aneurysm, of which 12 (12%) presented as SAH. Patients without family history had a higher percentage of perimesencephalic presentation, whereas those with family history had a higher percentage of nonperimesencephalic SAH presentation (47% vs 13%, odds ratio [OR] 0.17 [95% CI 0.04, 0.81]).

CONCLUSION

We found a high rate of family history of intracranial aneurysms in patients who presented with naSAH. Although there was no difference in clinical outcome in patients with and without family history, there appears to be a higher percentage of nonperimesencephalic radiographic patterns of SAH in those with family history, suggesting possible different etiologies of these hemorrhages.