bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What are health professionals’ intentions toward using research and products of research in clinical practice? A systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Appleby Ben , Roskell Carolyn , Daly William
Published: December 2015

Aim

To explore health professionals’ intentional behaviour and what determines their intention to use products of research in clinical practice.

Background

Trying to get research and products of research into clinical practice is an enduring problem. A clearer picture is emerging as to how individual practitioners respond toward practical problems of changing clinical practice, but this does not include health professionals’ intentions to use products of research and what influences their intentions.

Design

Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis.

Data sources

Five databases were searched systematically. This included BNI, HMIC, Psych INFO, CINHAL and MEDLINE; articles published in the English language only were included.

Review methods

PRISMA guidelines were used as a framework for structuring the review and methods of narrative synthesis to analyse study outcomes.

Results

Eighteen studies matched the final inclusion criteria. All studies used questionnaires to measure intention. Most studies involved Nurses or Physicians. Nurses’ intentions were mostly influenced by their perceived ability to use guidelines in their practice. Physicians’ intentions were often influenced by their perceptions of the usefulness and relevance of the guideline and peer pressure amongst the professional group. Practice habits, when added to intentional models were also predictive of intentional behaviour. In studies that compared intentions with behaviour, the level of intention often did not match self‐report or actual behaviour.
Protein arrays for biomarker discovery in lupus
Authors: Hinchliffe Taylor E. , Lin Zuan‐Tao , Wu Tianfu
Published: December 2015

Lupus is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, yet many mechanisms of its pathogenesis are not fully known. Over the last few years, advances in protein array technology have accelerated rapidly, resulting in many promising insights toward the discovery of novel lupus biomarkers that may become useful in disease diagnosis and management. Still, only two types of analytical protein arrays thus far, being antibody and antigen arrays, have found notable usage toward lupus biomarker discovery. In this review, we summarize current protein array technologies being used for biomarker discoveries in lupus and associated biomarker findings, as well as protein arrays that are likely to be used for lupus biomarker discovery in the near future.
Antifungal effect and action mechanism of antimicrobial peptide polybia‐CP
Authors: Wang Kairong , Jia Fengjing , Dang Wen , Zhao Yanyan , Zhu Ranran , Sun Mengyang , Qiu Shuai , An Xiaoping , Ma Zelin , Zhu Yuanyuan , Yan Jiexi , Kong Ziqing , Yan Wenjin , Wang Rui
Published: December 2015

The incidence of life‐threatening invasive fungal infections increased significantly in recent years. However, the antifungal therapeutic options are very limited. Antimicrobial peptides are a class of potential lead chemical for the development of novel antifungal agents. Antimicrobial peptide polybia‐CP was purified from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista. In this study, we synthesized polybia‐CP and determined its antifungal effects against a series of Candidian species. Our results showed that polybia‐CP has potent antifungal activity and fungicidal activity against the tested fungal cells with a proposed membrane‐active action mode. In addition, polybia‐CP could induce the increase of cellular reactive oxygen species production, which would attribute to its antifungal activity. In conclusion, the present study suggests that polybia‐CP has potential as an antifungal agent or may offer a new strategy for antifungal therapeutic option. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image quality and effective dose of a robotic flat panel 3D C‐arm vs computed tomography
Authors: Kraus Michael , Fischer Eric , Gebhard Florian , Richter Peter H.
Published: December 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the effective dose and corresponding image quality of different imaging protocols of a robotic 3D flat panel C‐arm in comparison to computed tomography (CT).

Methods

Dose measurements were performed using a Rando–Alderson Phantom. The phantom was exposed to different scanning protocols of the 3D C‐arm and the CT. Pedicle screws were inserted in a fresh swine cadaver. Images were obtained using the same scanning protocols.

Results

At the thoracolumbar junction, the effective dose was comparable for 3D high‐dose protocols, with (4.4 mSv) and without (4.3 mSv) collimation and routine CT (5 mSv), as well as a dose‐reduction CT (4.0 mSv). A relevant reduction was achieved with the 3D low‐dose protocol (1.0 mSv). Focusing on Th6, a similar reduction with the 3D low‐dose protocol was achieved. The image quality of the 3D protocols using titanium screws was rated as ‘good’ by all viewers, with excellent correlation.

Conclusions

Modern intra‐operative 3D‐C‐arms produce images of CT‐like quality with low‐dose radiation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A taxonomy of estimands for regulatory clinical trials with discontinuations
Authors: Permutt Thomas
Published: December 2015

The National Research Council Panel on Handling Missing Data in Clinical Trials recommended that protocols for clinical trials ‘explicitly define... causal estimands of primary interest’. In discussions with sponsors of clinical trials since the publication of the National Research Council report, the expression causal estimands has been the subject of confusion. It may not be entirely clear what the National Research Council panel meant, and in any case, it has not been clear how this recommendation might be put in practice. This paper's purpose is to say how the working group understands it and how we think it should be put in practice. We classify possible choices of estimand according to their usefulness for regulatory purposes in various clinical settings. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Still Large, but Narrowing: The Sizable Decline in Racial Neighborhood Inequality in Metropolitan America, 1980–2010
Authors: Firebaugh Glenn , Farrell Chad R.
Published: December 2015

Although residential segregation is known to have declined for some racial groups in America, much less is known about change in the relative socioeconomic quality of the neighborhoods where different racial and ethnic groups live. Using census data for 1980–2010, we find that the neighborhoods where whites and minorities reside have become more alike in terms of neighborhood poverty and median income, largely because whites now live in poorer neighborhoods and because African Americans live in less-poor neighborhoods. The narrowing of black-white neighborhood inequality since 1980 has been sizable, far exceeding the narrowing of Hispanic-white neighborhood inequality; nonetheless, despite blacks’ relative gains, the disparity in black-white neighborhood economic conditions remains very large. Asian Americans, on the other hand, now reside in neighborhoods that are economically similar to the neighborhoods where whites reside. Regression analyses reveal that racial neighborhood inequality declined the most in U.S. metropolitan areas where racial residential segregation declined the most.
Hispanic-White Differences in Lifespan Variability in the United States
Authors: Lariscy Joseph T. , Nau Claudia , Firebaugh Glenn , Hummer Robert A.
Published: December 2015

This study is the first to investigate whether and, if so, why Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in the United States differ in the variability of their lifespans. Although Hispanics enjoy higher life expectancy than whites, very little is known about how lifespan variability—and thus uncertainty about length of life—differs by race/ethnicity. We use 2010 U.S. National Vital Statistics System data to calculate lifespan variance at ages 10+ for Hispanics and whites, and then decompose the Hispanic-white variance difference into cause-specific spread, allocation, and timing effects. In addition to their higher life expectancy relative to whites, Hispanics also exhibit 7 % lower lifespan variability, with a larger gap among women than men. Differences in cause-specific incidence (allocation effects) explain nearly two-thirds of Hispanics’ lower lifespan variability, mainly because of the higher mortality from suicide, accidental poisoning, and lung cancer among whites. Most of the remaining Hispanic-white variance difference is due to greater age dispersion (spread effects) in mortality from heart disease and residual causes among whites than Hispanics. Thus, the Hispanic paradox—that a socioeconomically disadvantaged population (Hispanics) enjoys a mortality advantage over a socioeconomically advantaged population (whites)—pertains to lifespan variability as well as to life expectancy. Efforts to reduce U.S. lifespan variability and simultaneously increase life expectancy, especially for whites, should target premature, young adult causes of death—in particular, suicide, accidental poisoning, and homicide. We conclude by discussing how the analysis of Hispanic-white differences in lifespan variability contributes to our understanding of the Hispanic paradox.
Approach to the Solitary Liver Lesion: Imaging and When to Biopsy
Authors: Pang Emily H.T. , Harris Alison C. , Chang Silvia D.
Published: December 2015

The characterization and management of focal liver lesions is a commonly encountered problem in radiology. While the imaging findings will often be diagnostic, in equivocal cases the decision of how to proceed may be challenging. The primary modalities for liver lesion characterization are multiphase contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Most lesions have typical imaging features, and when taken in conjunction with patient demographics and biochemistry the diagnosis can usually be made. Ancillary imaging modalities such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound and hepatobiliary specific contrast agents are also useful. Cirrhotic livers present a challenge due to the spectrum of benign, dysplastic, and malignant nodules that can occur. The report should include information necessary for accurate staging, and published standardized reporting guidelines should be taken into consideration. A decision to proceed to biopsy should be made only after multidisciplinary review of the case. If biopsy is required, fine needle aspiration is usually sufficient, though core needle biopsy may be required in certain circumstances.
Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Tse Gary
Published: December 2015

Blood circulation is the result of the beating of the heart, which provides the mechanical force to pump oxygenated blood to, and deoxygenated blood away from, the peripheral tissues. This depends critically on the preceding electrical activation. Disruptions in the orderly pattern of this propagating cardiac excitation wave can lead to arrhythmias. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying their generation and maintenance requires knowledge of the ionic contributions to the cardiac action potential, which is discussed in the first part of this review. A brief outline of the different classification systems for arrhythmogenesis is then provided, followed by a detailed discussion for each mechanism in turn, highlighting recent advances in this area.
AGR2 oncoprotein inhibits p38 MAPK and p53 activation through a DUSP10‐mediated regulatory pathway
Authors: Hrstka Roman , Bouchalova Pavla , Michalova Eva , Matoulkova Eva , Muller Petr , Coates Philip J. , Vojtesek Borivoj
Published: December 2015

The tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in malignant transformation and tumor development. However, the frequency of p53 mutations within individual types of cancer is different, suggesting the existence of other mechanisms attenuating p53 tumor suppressor activity. Changes in upstream regulators of p53 such as MDM2 amplification and overexpression, expression of viral oncoproteins, estrogen receptor signaling, or changes in p53 transcriptional target genes were previously described in wild‐type p53 tumors. We identified a novel pathway responsible for attenuation of p53 activity in human cancers. We demonstrate that AGR2, which is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and provides a poor prognosis, up‐regulates DUSP10 which subsequently inhibits p38 MAPK and prevents p53 activation by phosphorylation. Analysis of human breast cancers reveals that AGR2 specifically provides a poor prognosis in ER+ breast cancers with wild‐type p53 but not ER‐ or mutant p53 breast cancers, and analysis of independent data sets show that DUSP10 levels also have prognostic significance in this specific sub‐group of patients. These data not only reveal a novel pro‐oncogenic signaling pathway mediating resistance to DNA damaging agents in human tumors, but also has implications for designing alternative strategies for modulation of wild‐type p53 activity in cancer therapy.
Blood circulating tumor DNA for non‐invasive genotyping of colon cancer patients
Authors: Siravegna Giulia , Bardelli Alberto
Published: December 2015

Most solid tumors, including colorectal cancers, shed cell‐free DNA (ctDNA) in the blood. ctDNA can be analyzed to generate molecular profiles which capture the heterogeneity of the disease more comprehensively then tumor tissue biopsies. This approach commonly called ‘liquid biopsy’ can be applied to monitor response to therapy, to assess minimal residual disease and to uncover the emergence of drug resistance. This review will discuss current and future developments of ctDNA analysis in the clinical management of colorectal cancer patients.
Supersymmetry and String Theory
Authors: Dine Michael
Published: December 2015

The past decade has witnessed dramatic developments in the fields of experimental and theoretical particle physics and cosmology. This fully updated second edition is a comprehensive introduction to these recent developments and brings this self-contained textbook right up to date. Brand new material for this edition includes the groundbreaking Higgs discovery, results of the WMAP and Planck experiments. Extensive discussion of theories of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking and a new chapter on the landscape, as well as a completely rewritten coda on future directions gives readers a modern perspective on this developing field. A focus on three principle areas: supersymmetry, string theory, and astrophysics and cosmology provide the structure for this book which will be of great interest to graduates and researchers in the fields of particle theory, string theory, astrophysics and cosmology. The book contains several problems, and password-protected solutions will be available to lecturers at www.cambridge.org/9781107048386.
Hitler versus Hindenburg
Authors: Jones Larry Eugene
Published: December 2015

Hitler versus Hindenburg provides the first in-depth study of the titanic struggle between the two most dominant figures on the German Right in the last year before the establishment of the Third Reich. Although Hindenburg was reelected as Reich president by a comfortable margin, his authority was severely weakened by the fact that the vast majority of those who had supported his candidacy seven years earlier had switched their support to Hitler in 1932. What the two candidates shared in common, however, was that they both relied upon charisma to legitimate their claim to the leadership of the German nation. The increasing reliance upon charisma in the 1932 presidential elections greatly accelerated the delegitimation of the Weimar Republic and set the stage for Hitler's appointment as chancellor nine months later.
The Archaeology of Elam
Authors: Potts D. T.
Published: December 2015

Elam was an important state in southwestern Iran from the third millennium BC to the appearance of the Persian Empire and beyond. Less well-known than its neighbors in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Levant or Egypt, it was nonetheless a region of extraordinary cultural vitality. This book examines the formation and transformation of Elam's many identities through both archaeological and written evidence, and brings to life one of the most important regions of Western Asia, re-evaluates its significance, and places it in the context of the most recent archaeological and historical scholarship. The new edition includes material from over 800 additional sources, reflecting the enormous amount of fieldwork and scholarship on Iran since 1999. Every chapter contains new insights and material that have been seamlessly integrated into the text in order to give the reader an up-to-date understanding of ancient Elam.
Humanitarian Invasion
Authors: Nunan Timothy
Published: December 2015

Humanitarian Invasion is the first book of its kind: a ground-level inside account of what development and humanitarianism meant for Afghanistan, a country touched by international aid like no other. Relying on Soviet, Western, and NGO archives, interviews with Soviet advisers and NGO workers, and Afghan sources, Timothy Nunan forges a vivid account of the impact of development on a country on the front lines of the Cold War. Nunan argues that Afghanistan functioned as a laboratory for the future of the Third World nation-state. If, in the 1960s, Soviets, Americans, and Germans sought to make a territorial national economy for Afghanistan, later, under military occupation, Soviet nation-builders, French and Swedish humanitarians, and Pakistani-supported guerrillas fought a transnational civil war over Afghan statehood. Covering the entire period from the Cold War to Taliban rule, Humanitarian Invasion signals the beginning of a new stage in the writing of international history.
Constructing Authorities
Authors: O'Neill Onora
Published: December 2015

This collection of essays brings together the central lines of thought in Onora O'Neill's work on Kant's philosophy, developed over many years. Challenging the claim that Kant's attempt to provide a critique of reason fails because it collapses into a dogmatic argument from authority, O'Neill shows why Kant held that we must construct, rather than assume, the authority of reason, and how this can be done by ensuring that anything we offer as reasons can be followed by others, including others with whom we disagree. She argues that this constructivist view of reasoning is the clue to Kant's claims about knowledge, ethics and politics, as well as to his distinctive accounts of autonomy, the social contract, cosmopolitan justice and scriptural interpretation. Her essays are a distinctive and illuminating commentary on Kant's fundamental philosophical strategy and its implications, and will be a vital resource for scholars of Kant, ethics and philosophy of law.
Combating Hunger and Achieving Food Security
Authors: Swaminathan M. S.
Published: December 2015

The issues that need to be addressed in combating hunger and achieving food security are highlighted in this book by a great Indian geneticist. It also discusses the major causes of chronic and hidden hunger and emphasises the need to redesign the farming system based on nutritional considerations. The role of an effective monsoon management programme to maximise its benefits is examined. There are chapters that analyse the importance of biodiversity conservation and enhancement and farmer skill development. Important issues to increase agricultural production including investment by financial institutions in agriculture and rural development, women's role in agriculture and youth employment in rural livelihoods are discussed in great detail in the text. The book concludes that there must be synergy between scientific knowledge, political will and farmers' active participation to achieve the goal of overcoming chronic and hidden hunger in the populations of developing countries.
Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia
Authors: Hang Xing
Published: December 2015

The Zheng family of merchants and militarists emerged from the tumultuous seventeenth century amid a severe economic depression, a harrowing dynastic transition from the ethnic Chinese Ming to the Manchu Qing, and the first wave of European expansion into East Asia. Under four generations of leaders over six decades, the Zheng had come to dominate trade across the China Seas. Their average annual earnings matched, and at times exceeded, those of their fiercest rivals: the Dutch East India Company. Although nominally loyal to the Ming in its doomed struggle against the Manchus, the Zheng eventually forged an autonomous territorial state based on Taiwan with the potential to encompass the family's entire economic sphere of influence. Through the story of the Zheng, Xing Hang provides a fresh perspective on the economic divergence of early modern China from western Europe, its twenty-first-century resurgence, and the meaning of a Chinese identity outside China.
Noncommutative Mathematics for Quantum Systems
Authors: Franz Uwe , Skalski Adam
Published: December 2015

Noncommutative mathematics is a significant new trend of mathematics. Initially motivated by the development of quantum physics, the idea of 'making theory noncommutative' has been extended to many areas of pure and applied mathematics. This book is divided into two parts. The first part provides an introduction to quantum probability, focusing on the notion of independence in quantum probability and on the theory of quantum stochastic processes with independent and stationary increments. The second part provides an introduction to quantum dynamical systems, discussing analogies with fundamental problems studied in classical dynamics. The desire to build an extension of the classical theory provides new, original ways to understand well-known 'commutative' results. On the other hand the richness of the quantum mathematical world presents completely novel phenomena, never encountered in the classical setting. This book will be useful to students and researchers in noncommutative probability, mathematical physics and operator algebras.
Clinical Response, Outbreak Investigation, and Epidemiology of the Fungal Meningitis Epidemic in the United States: Systematic Review
Authors: Abbas Kaja M. , Dorratoltaj Nargesalsadat , O’Dell Margaret L. , Bordwine Paige , Kerkering Thomas M. , Redican Kerry J.
Published: December 2015

We conducted a systematic review of the 2012–2013 multistate fungal meningitis epidemic in the United States from the perspectives of clinical response, outbreak investigation, and epidemiology. Articles focused on clinical response, outbreak investigation, and epidemiology were included, whereas articles focused on compounding pharmacies, legislation and litigation, diagnostics, microbiology, and pathogenesis were excluded. We reviewed 19 articles by use of the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework. The source of the fungal meningitis outbreak was traced to the New England Compounding Center in Massachusetts, where injectable methylprednisolone acetate products were contaminated with the predominant pathogen, Exserohilum rostratum. As of October 23, 2013, the final case count stood at 751 patients and 64 deaths, and no additional cases are anticipated. The multisectoral public health response to the fungal meningitis epidemic from the hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and the public health system at the local, state, and federal levels led to an efficient epidemiological investigation to trace the outbreak source and rapid implementation of multiple response plans. This systematic review reaffirms the effective execution of a multisectoral public health response and efficient delivery of the core functions of public health assessment, policy development, and service assurances to improve population health.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:145–151)
Effectiveness of Using Cellular Phones to Transmit Real-Time Shelter Morbidity Surveillance Data After Hurricane Sandy, New Jersey, October to November, 2012
Authors: Shumate Alice M. , Yard Ellen E. , Casey-Lockyer Mary , Apostolou Andria , Chan Miranda , Tan Christina , Noe Rebecca S. , Wolkin Amy F.
Published: December 2015

Timely morbidity surveillance of sheltered populations is crucial for identifying and addressing their immediate needs, and accurate surveillance allows us to better prepare for future disasters. However, disasters often create travel and communication challenges that complicate the collection and transmission of surveillance data. We describe a surveillance project conducted in New Jersey shelters after Hurricane Sandy, which occurred in November 2012, that successfully used cellular phones for remote real-time reporting. This project demonstrated that, when supported with just-in-time morbidity surveillance training, cellular phone reporting was a successful, sustainable, and less labor-intensive methodology than in-person shelter visits to capture morbidity data from multiple locations and opened a two-way communication channel with shelters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;10:525–528)
The pre-1969 historiography of the Northern Ireland conflict: a reappraisal
Authors: Lambkin Brian
Published: December 2015

This article contributes to the the mapping of the ‘pathways of transmission’ of the Northern Ireland ‘problem’ by drawing attention to three problematic aspects of John Whyte’s appraisal of the pre-1969 historiography, inInterpreting Northern Ireland(1990): that the work of T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett and their fellow historians before 1969 was ‘lightweight’ and ‘bland’; that they effectively ignored Ulster’s history of sectarian rioting until Andrew Boyd’s bookHoly war in Belfast(1969) brought it ‘back into the consciousness of historians’; and that the ‘external conflict paradigm’ was ‘dominant’ in their discourse. These are examined in sections II–V. The content of the pre-1969 historiography is examined in section I and a preliminary reappraisal is offered in section VI.
Puppet Theater in Eighteenth-Century Mexico
Authors: Rojas Yolanda Jurado
Published: December 2015

Puppet theater was considered a marginal form of entertainment during Mexico's colonial era. People saw puppet plays on temporary stages outside of churches, at various fairs, and in private homes. The puppet groups were officially overshadowed by the theater performances, especially those at the Coliseum of Comedias, one of the financial channels for the Hospital Real de Naturales. Leasing the coliseum provided one of the major sources of income for this royal charity for indigenous health care. In order to maintain the Coliseum's profitability and the benefits derived from it, colonial authorities prohibited most theater groups from performing outside of the Coliseum. The lease owner often called for government assistance against puppet troupes, in particular when they threatened attendance at the theater. This resulted in the so-called “League Comedy” (Comedia de la legua), which was a performance given at least five leagues outside of the central theater district of Mexico City, Puebla, and Guadalajara.
“Rock Nacional” and Revolutionary Politics: The Making of a Youth Culture of Contestation in Argentina, 1966-1976
Authors: Manzano Valeria
Published: December 2015

On March 30, 1973, three weeks after Héctor Cámpora won the first presidential elections in which candidates on a Peronist ticket could run since 1955, rock producer Jorge Álvarez, himself a sympathizer of left-wing Peronism, carried out a peculiar celebration. Convinced that Cámpora's triumph had been propelled by young people's zeal—as expressed in their increasing affiliation with the Juventud Peronista (Peronist Youth, or JP), an organization linked to the Montoneros—he convened a rock festival, at which the most prominent bands and singers of what journalists had begun to dub rock nacional went onstage. Among them were La Pesada del Rock- 'n'Roll, the duo Sui Géneris, and Luis Alberto Spinetta with Pescado Rabioso. In spite of the rain, 20,000 people attended the “Festival of Liberation,” mostly “muchachos from every working- and middle-class corner of Buenos Aires,” as one journalist depicted them, also noting that while the JP tried to raise chants from the audience, the “boys” acted as if they were “untouched by the political overtones of the festival.”
The Formation of a Post-Peronist Generation: Intellectuals and Politics in Argentina through the Lens of Contorno (1953-1959)
Authors: Carassai Sebastián
Published: December 2015

A significant segment of the Argentine intelligentsia experienced the Revolution of September 1955, which overthrew General Juan Domingo Perón, as a moment of liberation. With some exceptions, such as Arturo Jauretche and Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz among others, the cultural politics of Peronism had not managed to gain many followers in the course of its ten-year experiment. During the two consecutive Perón governments (1946-1955) the often implicit, and occasionally explicit, opposition between intellectuals and Peronism only intensified. I contend that an analysis of this opposition is indispensable for understanding the redrawing of crucial definitions within the intellectual field at that time. Due to its profound social and cultural impact, the experience of Peronism compelled Argentine intellectuals, whether or not it was their original intention, to enter the political arena, not so much because their interests shifted from culture to politics, but rather because they came to conceive the cultural world as political.
III. The New World
Authors: Borah Woodrow
Published: December 2015

The Spanish Empire in America was thoroughly different in development from the Spanish possessions in Europe. Naples, Sicily, and the Netherlands were European states with populations of cultural background at least equal to the Spanish, with the same religion, with systems of law recognized as of equal merit, and with governmental institutions the monarch was sworn to uphold. There could be no massive penetration of such states by Spanish population and customs. Indeed, during the reign of Charles V, his subjects could not be certain where the empire had its seat; so that the anger of the Spanish at Charles’ Flemish favorites arose more from their fear of colonial status than from annoyance at the painfully generous gifts made from their pockets. It was only in the reign of Philip II that the center of one Hapsburg empire was firmly set in Spain.
Mexican Inquisition Materials in Spanish Archives
Authors: Greenleaf Richard E.
Published: December 2015

Although ninety per cent of the documentation of the Mexican Holy Office of the Inquisition is to be found in the Archivo General de la Nación in Mexico City, a critical group of manuscripts must be consulted in Spain if the researcher is to study the Mexican institution effectively. These records are contained in the archive of the Consejo de la Suprema y General Inquisición and in the plethora of royal documents emanating from and arriving in the Council of the Indies. Unfortunately the manuscripts are scattered among the three great archives in the Iberian peninsula: Archivo de Simancas at Valladolid, Archivo Histórico Nacional in Madrid, and Archivo General de Indias in Sevilla. The Simancas and Sevilla documents on the Mexican Inquisition are relatively sparse; but the AHN houses the extant archive of the Suprema and is a required visit for any investigator in Mexican Inquisition materials from 1571 to 1820.
Racism and Nationalism in the Creation of Costa Rica's Pacific Coast Banana Enclave
Authors: Harpelle Ronald N.
Published: December 2015

The creation of the new banana enclave on Costa Rica's Pacific coast in the 1920s marks a significant watershed in the social and political history of race relations in the country. The culminating event in what was a lengthy battle over the composition of the workforce on the new plantations was the signing of the 1934 banana contract between the government of Costa Rica and the United Fruit Company. In addition to allowing for the continued growth of the industry in Costa Rica, the agreement took aim at the West Indian immigrant by prohibiting “people of colour” from working for United Fruit on the Pacific coast. Subsequent to the agreement, the state made a conscious effort to force the integration of the West Indian community. The government closed English schools, pushed farmers off their land, and deported West Indians in order to purge the province of Limón of people who were not citizens, but who belonged to a well-established immigrant community. As a result, resident West Indians were forced to re-examine their relationship with the country and they engaged in a protracted struggle to overcome heightened levels of discrimination.
Protestant Missions, Cuban Nationalism and the Machadato
Authors: Yaremko Jason M.
Published: December 2015

Before the Spanish-Cuban-American War of 1898, Protestantism and Cuban nationalism coexisted relatively comfortably and even naturally, the function of a Protestant movement under Spanish colonialism that, unlike the rest of Latin America, was run not by North American or English missionaries, but by Cuban ministers. After United States intervention in 1898, U.S. interests were imposed on virtually every sector of Cuban society, including organized Protestantism, influencing Cuba's development for at least the next half-century. Preempted by U.S. intervention, Cuban nationalism, in both its ecclesiastical and secular dimensions, endured and intensified with the deepening of Cubans' dependency on the U.S. Politically, Cuban nationalism was expressed in growing protests and demands for a more genuine independence by abrogating the Platt Amendment and otherwise ending U.S. interventionism. Ecclesiastically, Cubans pushed for a greater role in Protestant church affairs, and toward Cubanization of the Church. Protestant missions thus confronted a rising nationalism within and outside the Church. By 1920, eastern Cuba, the cradle of Cuban independence, became the epicenter of this struggle.
In Memoriam: Charles W. Hackett 1888–1951
Authors: Castañeda Carlos E.
Published: December 2015

The Field of Latin-American Studies suffered a great loss when, on February 26, 1951, death terminated the scholarly career of Professor Charles W. Hackett of the University of Texas. For thirty-three years he contributed both as a teacher and a scholar to the development of sound scholarship in his chosen field of Latin-American history. His cheerful encouragement, his intelligent leadership, his deep understanding and sympathy and his high standards in research will be missed by his students, his friends and his associates in Texas, the United States and Latin America.
The Devil is in the Detail: The Origins of Heresies in Socrates's ‘Historia Ecclesiastica’
Authors: YOUNG-EVANS G. I.
Published: December 2015

A broad consensus exists among modern scholars that the role of the devil in Socrates's ‘Historia Ecclesastica’ is limited and that he explains the origins of religious controversy in terms of human causation. This paper argues that the modern consensus requires revision based on the devil's role in chapter i.22 on Manichaeism and on the correspondences between that chapter and the presentation of heresies elsewhere in the ‘History’. If this interpretation of those correspondences is accepted, it should further nuance perceptions of Socrates's approach to heresies and his reputation for ‘tolerance’, while also highlighting his use of religious polemic.
Self-phase modulation in various regimes of intense laser–plasma interactions
Authors: Giulietti Antonio , Giulietti Danilo
Published: December 2015

Creation of plasmas by intense laser pulses and consequent laser–plasma interactions involve highly non-linear processes. In particular, a variation of the refractive index induced by the laser action turns into a self-phase modulation (SPM) of the laser field. This effect, already observed with nanosecond laser pulses, achieves striking evidence with ultra-short pulses whose intensity can produce index changes in a time as short as a single optical cycle. In this condition, spectral modifications of the laser pulse produced by SPM may strongly modify the laser–plasma interaction. At the same time, the spectral analysis of the transmitted and scattered laser radiation gives valuable information on a variety of processes occurring in the plasma. In this paper we simply consider a few results, which can be attributed to SPM, with the aim of comparing nanosecond and sub-picosecond laser interaction regimes at moderate laser intensities.
Antidepressants and heart-rate variability in older adults: a population-based study
Authors: Noordam R. , van den Berg M. E. , Niemeijer M. N. , Aarts N. , Hofman A. , Tiemeier H. , Kors J. A. , Stricker B. H. , Eijgelsheim M. , Visser L. E. , Rijnbeek P. R.
Published: December 2015

Background

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be associated with lower heart rate variability (HRV), a condition associated with increased mortality risk. We aimed to investigate the association between TCAs, SSRIs and HRV in a population-based study.

Method

In the prospective Rotterdam Study cohort, up to five electrocardiograms (ECGs) per participant were recorded (1991–2012). Two HRV variables were studied based on 10-s ECG recordings: standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD). We compared the HRV on ECGs recorded during use of antidepressants with the HRV on ECGs recorded during non-use of any antidepressant. Additionally, we analysed the change in HRV on consecutive ECGs. Those who started or stopped using antidepressants before the second ECG were compared with non-users on two ECGs.

Results

We included 23 647 ECGs from 11 729 participants (59% women, mean age 64.6 years at baseline). Compared to ECGs recorded during non-use of antidepressants (n = 22 971), SDNN and RMSSD were lower in ECGs recorded during use of TCAs (n = 296) and SSRIs (n = 380). Participants who started using TCAs before the second ECG had a decrease in HRV and those who stopped had an increase in HRV compared to consistent non-users (p < 0.001). Starting or stopping SSRIs was not associated with HRV changes.

Conclusion

TCAs were associated with a lower HRV in all analyses, indicating a real drug effect. For SSRIs the results are mixed, indicating a weaker association, possibly due to other factors.
Dancing in Place: Exhaustion, Embodiment, and Perec
Authors: Satin Leslie
Published: December 2015

This essay brings the work of Georges Perec, the experimental twentieth-century French writer, into contact with dance. It considers ways that Perec's writing and post-modern dance share certain compositional processes and categories, such as Perec's four “fields” (the “sociological,” “autobiographical,” “ludic,” and “fictive”) and concerns (such as time, attention, and exhaustion); aspects of autobiography, such as acts of disclosure and mystification, and resistance to conventions of self-representation; the central place of the body; and the ways these forms so differently express, suggest, or evade what cannot be said in words. Written from the perspective of a dancer/scholar, it explores the experiences of dancing as they connect to ideas articulated or suggested in Perec's writing, and it demonstrates ways that dance may be created and viewed through a Perec-ian lens.
Short-wavelength experiments on laser pulse interaction with extended pre-plasma at the PALS-installation
Authors: Pisarczyk T. , Gus'kov S.Yu. , Renner O. , Dudzak R. , Dostal J. , Demchenko N.N. , Smid M. , Chodukowski T. , Kalinowska Z. , Rosinski M. , Parys P. , Badziak J. , Batani D. , Borodziuk S. , Gizzi L. A. , Krousky E. , Maheut Y. , Cristoforetti G. , Antonelli L. , Koester P. , Baffigi F. , Ullschmied J. , Hrebicek J. , Medrik T. , Pfeifer M. , Skala J. , Pisarczyk P.
Published: December 2015

The paper is a continuation of research carried out at Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS) related to the shock ignition (SI) approach in inertial fusion, which was carried out with use of 1ω main laser beam as the main beam generating a shock wave. Two-layer targets were used, consisting of Cu massive planar target coated with a thin polyethylene layer, which, in the case of two-beam irradiation geometry, simulate conditions related to the SI scenario. The investigations presented in this paper are related to the use of 3ω to create ablation pressure for high-power shock wave generation. The interferometric studies of the ablative plasma expansion, complemented by measurements of crater volumes andKαemission, clearly demonstrate the effect of changing the incident laser intensity due to changing the focal radius on efficiency of laser energy transfer to a shock wave and fast electron emission. The efficiency of the energy transfer increases with the radius of the focused laser beam. The pre-plasma does not significantly change the character of this effect. However, it unambiguously results in the increasing temperature of fast electrons, the total energy of which remains very small (<0.1% of the laser energy). This study shows that the optimal radius from the point of view of 3ω radiation energy transfer to the shock wave is the maximal one used in these experiments and equal to 200 µm that corresponds to the minimal effect of two-dimensional (2D)-expansion. Such a result is typical for the ablation process determined by electron conductivity energy transfer under the conditions of one-dimensional or 2D matter expansion without any appreciable effect due to energy transfer by fast electrons. The 2D simulations based on application of the ALANT-HE code and an analytical model that includes generation and transport of hot electrons has been used to support of experimental data.
Correction: Corrigendum: Donkey genome and insight into the imprinting of fast karyotype evolution
Authors: Huang Jinlong , Zhao Yiping , Bai Dongyi , Shiraigol Wunierfu , Li Bei , Yang Lihua , Wu Jing , Bao Wuyundalai , Ren Xiujuan , Jin Burenqiqige , Zhao Qinan , Li Anaer , Bao Sarula , Bao Wuyingga , Xing Zhencun , An Aoruga , Gao Yahan , Wei Ruiyuan , Bao Yirugeletu , Bao Taoketao , Han Haige , Bai Haitang , Bao Yanqing , Zhang Yuhong , Daidiikhuu Dorjsuren , Zhao Wenjing , Liu Shuyun , Ding Jinmei , Ye Weixing , Ding Fangmei , Sun Zikui , Shi Yixiang , Zhang Yan , Meng He , Dugarjaviin Manglai
Published: December 2015

The donkey, like the horse, is a promising model for exploring karyotypic instability. We report the de novo whole-genome assemblies of the donkey and the Asiatic wild ass. Our results reflect the distinct characteristics of donkeys, including more effective energy metabolism and better immunity than horses. The donkey shows a steady demographic trajectory. We detected abundant satellite sequences in some inactive centromere regions but not in neocentromere regions, while ribosomal RNAs frequently emerged in neocentromere regions but not in the obsolete centromere regions. Expanded miRNA families and five newly discovered miRNA target genes involved in meiosis may be associated with fast karyotype evolution. APC/C, controlling sister chromatid segregation, cytokinesis, and the establishment of the G1 cell cycle phase were identified by analysis of miRNA targets and rapidly evolving genes.
Correction: Corrigendum: Magmatic record of India-Asia collision
Authors: Zhu Di-Cheng , Wang Qing , Zhao Zhi-Dan , Chung Sun-Lin , Cawood Peter A. , Niu Yaoling , Liu Sheng-Ao , Wu Fu-Yuan , Mo Xuan-Xue
Published: December 2015

New geochronological and geochemical data on magmatic activity from the India-Asia collision zone enables recognition of a distinct magmatic flare-up event that we ascribe to slab breakoff. This tie-point in the collisional record can be used to back-date to the time of initial impingement of the Indian continent with the Asian margin. Continental arc magmatism in southern Tibet during 80–40 Ma migrated from south to north and then back to south with significant mantle input at 70–43 Ma. A pronounced flare up in magmatic intensity (including ignimbrite and mafic rock) at ca. 52–51 Ma corresponds to a sudden decrease in the India-Asia convergence rate. Geological and geochemical data are consistent with mantle input controlled by slab rollback from ca. 70 Ma and slab breakoff at ca. 53 Ma. We propose that the slowdown of the Indian plate at ca. 51 Ma is largely the consequence of slab breakoff of the subducting Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere, rather than the onset of the India-Asia collision as traditionally interpreted, implying that the initial India-Asia collision commenced earlier, likely at ca. 55 Ma.
Discovery of novel INK4C small-molecule inhibitors to promote human and murine hematopoietic stem cell ex vivo expansion
Authors: Xie Xiang-Qun , Yang Peng , Zhang Yu , Zhang Peng , Wang Liping , Ding Yahui , Yang Ming , Tong Qin , Cheng Haizi , Ji Qing , McGuire Terence , Yuan Weiping , Cheng Tao , Gao Yingdai
Published: December 2015

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have emerged as promising therapeutic cell sources for high-risk hematological malignancies and immune disorders. However, their clinical use is limited by the inability to expand these cells ex vivo. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify specific targets and effective probes that can expand HSCs. Here we report a novel class of INK4C (p18INK4C or p18) small molecule inhibitors (p18SMIs), which were initially found by in silico 3D screening. We identified a lead p18 inhibitor, XIE18-6, confirmed its p18-targeting specificity and bioactivity of promoting HSCs expansion and then performed structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies by synthesizing a series of analogs of XIE18–6. Among these, compound 40 showed the most potent bioactivity in HSCs expansion (ED50 = 5.21 nM). We confirmed that compound 40 promoted expansion of both murine and human HSCs and also confirmed its p18-targeting specificity. Notably, compound 40 did not show significant cytotoxicity toward 32D cells or HSCs, nor did it augment leukemia cell proliferation. Taken together, our newly discovered p18SMIs represent novel chemical agents for murine and human HSCs ex vivo expansion and also can be used as valuable chemical probes for further HSC biology research towards promising utility for therapeutic purposes.
Archaeal and bacterial communities across a chronosequence of drained lake basins in arctic alaska
Authors: Kao-Kniffin J. , Woodcroft B.J. , Carver S.M. , Bockheim J.G. , Handelsman J. , Tyson G.W. , Hinkel K.M. , Mueller C.W.
Published: December 2015

We examined patterns in soil microbial community composition across a successional gradient of drained lake basins in the Arctic Coastal Plain. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that methanogens closely related to Candidatus ‘Methanoflorens stordalenmirensis’ were the dominant archaea, comprising >50% of the total archaea at most sites, with particularly high levels in the oldest basins and in the top 57 cm of soil (active and transition layers). Bacterial community composition was more diverse, with lineages from OP11, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria found in high relative abundance across all sites. Notably, microbial composition appeared to converge in the active layer, but transition and permafrost layer communities across the sites were significantly different to one another. Microbial biomass using fatty acid-based analysis indicated that the youngest basins had increased abundances of gram-positive bacteria and saprotrophic fungi at higher soil organic carbon levels, while the oldest basins displayed an increase in only the gram-positive bacteria. While this study showed differences in microbial populations across the sites relevant to basin age, the dominance of Candidatus ‘M. stordalenmirensis’ across the chronosequence indicates the potential for changes in local carbon cycling, depending on how these methanogens and associated microbial communities respond to warming temperatures.