bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Carboxyl Content on the Performance of Carboxylated Graphene/Chitosan Leather Finishing Agent
Authors: Yao Qingda , Yuan Linlin , Liang Yongxian , Wang Xiaozhuo , Wen Huitao , Dan Weihua
Published: April 2021

Graphene oxide was modified with bromoacetic acid, and then carboxylated graphene was prepared, and its basic structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy; then chitosan was used as a matrix, carboxylated graphene was used as a filler, and the solution blending method was used to prepare carboxylated graphene/chitosan composite leather finishing agent. The results of this study indicate that the content of carboxyl groups increased with the increase in the amount of bromoacetic acid, so was their stability. The crosslinking degree of carboxylated graphene/chitosan also increased with the increase of carboxyl content. The increase of the carboxyl content also improved the hydrophilicity and solvent resistance of the composite; the carboxylated graphene/chitosan composite with the carboxyl content of 6.48 mmol/L had the best physical and mechanical properties. At the same time, abrasion resistance can be increased to level 4, dry rub resistance to level 5, and wet rub resistance to level 4-5.
Design and first tests of the Gotthard-II readout ASIC for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser
Authors: Zhang J. , Andrä M. , Barten R. , Bergamaschi A. , Brückner M. , Chiriotti-Alvarez S. , Dinapoli R. , Fröjdh E. , Greiffenberg D. , Kozlowski P. , Kuster M. , Lopez-Cuenca C. , Meyer M. , Mezza D. , Mozzanica A. , Ramilli M. , Ruder C. , Schmitt B. , Shi X. , Thattil D. , Tinti G. , Turcato M. , Vetter S.
Published: April 2021

Gotthard-II is a charge-integrating microstrip detector developed for experiments and diagnostics at free-electron lasers using hard X-rays of 5 keV–20 keV. Thanks to its excellent single photon sensitivity, large dynamic range as well as high frame rate of 4.5 MHz in burst mode, its potential scientific applications include X-ray absorption/emission spectroscopy, hard X-ray high resolution single-shot spectrometry (HiREX), beam diagnostics, as well as veto signal generation for pixel detectors. The Gotthard-II ASIC has been designed and fabricated using UMC-110 nm technology. The final ASIC design and performance in terms of noise, linearity, dynamic range, coupling between channels and speed will be discussed in the paper. In addition, a first measurement of an X-ray absorption spectrum of a standard copper sample has been done. The performance of the Gotthard-II in an experiment using energy dispersive X-rays has been demonstrated.
Association between exposure to ambient particulate matters and risks of autism spectrum disorder in children: a systematic review and exposure-response meta-analysis
Authors: Lin Cheng-Kuan , Chang Yuan-Ting , Lee Fu-Shiuan , Chen Szu-Ta , Christiani David
Published: April 2021

The impact of prenatal and early childhood exposure of ambient particulate matters (PMs) on the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children remained inconclusive, particularly at low levels below current National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The study summarizes the epidemiological association between PM exposure and risks of ASD in children. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Compendex, Biosis Previews, and Agricultural & Environmental Science Databases for studies published before February 2020. Original studies with the following information were included: (a) exposure of ambient PM (including PM2.5 and/or PM10); (b) ASD as the outcome of interest in children; (c) effect estimates of relative risk (RR), odds ratio (OR), or hazard ratio. The risks of ASD are summarized at different exposure windows (i.e. first, second, third trimesters, and early childhood period) by using a random-effects model. Exposure-response meta-regression was performed across various background levels of PM2.5. We used Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for quality assessment. Eleven studies (two cohort and nine case-control studies) and 313 301 children were enrolled. Overall, the risk of ASD increased by 64% (pooled RR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.16–2.34) and 31% (pooled RR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.08–1.58), with exposure to 10 μg m−3 increment of PM2.5 during early childhood and prenatal periods, respectively. Stratifying by three trimesters of prenatal period, the risk of ASD increased 35% per 10 μg m−3 difference of PM2.5 exposure during the third trimester (pooled RR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.18–1.55), but not during the first and second trimesters. The risks of ASD persisted at the background PM2.5 levels from 8 μg m−3 (pooled RR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.02–1.66) and onward. Our findings suggested an association between PM2.5 exposure and risks of ASD, particularly within specific exposure windows, even at low background levels of PM2.5.
The impact of deforestation on rainfall in Africa: a data-driven assessment
Authors: Duku Confidence , Hein Lars
Published: April 2021

Forests play an important role in maintaining rainfall patterns worldwide by recycling water back to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration. We present a novel spatiotemporal data-driven model and assessment of the impacts of various deforestation scenarios on rainfall patterns in sub-Saharan Africa, where rainfed agriculture is the main source of income and provides food for a large part of the population. Our model is based on the convolutional long short term memory neural network and uses a combination of climate and vegetation time-series data to predict rainfall and to perform simulation experiments. Our results show that complete deforestation (i.e. conversion of all humid forests to short grasslands) would greatly reduce rainfall magnitude in the deforested areas. Above the equator, the large majority of areas not currently forested would also receive less rainfall. However, complete deforestation would slightly increase rainfall in some parts of Southern Africa and decrease it in other parts. The impacts of partial deforestation also differ across Africa. In West Africa, even moderate tree cover loss (i.e. 30%) reduces rainfall magnitude whereas in Central and Southern Africa, a threshold of 70% tree cover loss is required to reduce rainfall magnitude. Deforestation of remaining humid rainforest areas is thus likely to dramatically affect rainfed agriculture across the continent, in particular in the maize-based cropping systems north of the equator.
Thermal Comfort Analysis of Residential Home in Coastal City Based on Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) Index and Operative Temperature Zone
Authors: A’yun Qurrotul , Yunardi Riky Tri , Rizqillah Satrio A. N. , Hidayati Ucik N.
Published: April 2021

Hot and humid tropical conditions in the coastal city have specific problems with the building thermal comfort. An important fact in creating thermal comfort is strongly influenced by two main factors that are the thermal environment and thermal balance of the human body. The differences in physical adaptation, physiological adaptation, behavior, and expectation of each human make thermal comfort varied as well. This research aim is to find out the level of thermal comfort for living home in the coastal city based on physiological equivalent temperature (PET) index and operative temperature zone. The research used simulation methods with RayMan software to analyze the thermal comfort of outdoor space and CBE Thermal Comfort to analyze the thermal comfort of indoor space. There are 4 (four) different subjects simulated in this research. The results showed that the condition could be categorized as comfortable if the thermal sensation is in a neutral position with a PET index of 20.5 – 27.0 and operative temperature zone at 22.8-28.8°C. Effective thermal comfort only happened in a short period. The 2nd floor is more comfortable for activity, and old female subjects need special attention to reach thermal comfort.
The Comparison of Energy Usage of Modular Housing using Sefaira®
Authors: Sidik Achmad Faizal , Paramita Beta , Busono Tjahyani
Published: April 2021

As the fourth largest population in the world with 52% urban inhabitant, housing as the most primer need, Indonesia has a significant impact on urban energy consumption. The backlog of housing in the urban area is known as much as 8%. The government tries to fulfill those needs by supplying an affordable house that requires not more than 36m2 and less than IDR 121 million The need for affordable housing occupies the largest ratio in urban areas. This is related to the middle-class family’s income structure that 21% of the total population of Indonesia. The complexity in modular affordable house design that derives from the building material, construction cost, as well as the energy consumption, later becomes the urgency of this study. This paper aims to compare simulating several modular houses with 36m2 total ground floor area, namely: 6m x 6m, 4m x 9m, and 3m x 12m module houses using metal wall cladding and Glassfibre Reinforced Cement (GRC). From these comparisons will be found modular house designs and material that have optimal energy efficiency. This paper presents modular house design. The modular house design will recommend which modules and materials will best optimize the building’s performance, thus optimizing energy efficiency based on the simulation results. Based on each material’s U-Value, a house with a GRC wall has lower energy consumption than a house with metal wall cladding because GRC has a lower U-Value.
Digital Geometry for Virtual Museum Based on Field Studies
Authors: Kristianto Thomas Ari , Ekasiwi Sri Nastiti Nugrahani , Arifianto Dhany , Ardianto Okta Putra Setio , Budianto Caesario Ari
Published: April 2021

The virtual museum is one direction of museum development. This digital museum allows freedom of access, number of accesses health-safety for the visitor, and security of collections. The design of the virtual museum space was developed simultaneously, to assist the presence of intellectual and emotional experiences, approaching the capabilities of conventional physical museums. Efforts to digitally reconstruct for museum space are strived continuously, by multiplying the room design variants and sharpening the attribute database. The attributes referred to here, are the geometry of the showroom platform, in the form of volume, percentage of pavilion cover, circulation, and arrangement of collections. More number of collections on digital space geometry designs and their attributes will enrich and sharpen the immersive performance of the virtual museum design in the future. This geometry data is also useful for further refining research, such as acoustic analysis and lighting design. The research method started with observation in 16 museums and exhibition galleries in East Java. The results of the observations were continued by collecting 24 variants of the general geometry design of the pavilion configuration space. The second stage is done with selection and tabulation based on similarities, to minimized repetition. At this stage, the analysis which is recorded from field observations regarding visibility, circulation comfort, and noise, was applied, so that the seven core geometric designs were obtained. Within the third stage, digital geometric drawing was created using Trimble SketchUp. Validation was done by testing the results, in the sound propagation ray-tracing software. The results of the study were seven digital geometries of the pavilion design variant. These geometries are capable of using as the basis, for developing more digital gallery or museum space design, with good quality space-visitor interaction.
Lighting Optimization for Reused Building; Case Study of PLN Convention Hall, Soekarno Hatta, Bandung
Authors: Tedjawinata Galuh Kresnadian , Jurizat Aldissain , Karlardi Alma Frida
Published: April 2021

Changing the function of a building can have an impact on the lighting required for the installation. This research aims to simulate and compare the need for optimal natural lighting and reduce artificial lighting in a building that functions as a Sports Hall. PLN Sports hall will be redeveloped into the PLN Convention Center Building in Soekarno Hatta Bandung. WWR is a suggestion for optimization without changing the structure and architectural aspects of the building. The analysis is based on lighting and shadow from the Energy Plus Weather File, and then these parameters are processed using honeybee to create more precise WWR variables. Lighting analysis is simulated with two building functions: namely the variable time and different ranges, following the Illumination Standards by IES and SNI. This study’s results are divided into four simulations and three various iterations where the existing conditions have an area below 300 lux as much as 93.45%. For natural lighting below 300 lux, it is 60.94%. With the placement of openings based on optimum radiation analysis, artificially below 300 lux is 2.3% (already enter the category of adequate - well lit) and a combination of under 300 lux by 0.30%. The existing conditions are categorized as underlit, iteration 1 is adequate, and iteration 2 and 3 are in the well-lit category.
Pre-Design Study of Balai Warga Kelurahan Taman Sari’s Building for Optimization Building Performance and Design Efficiency Strategies on Material Specification
Authors: Sandi M , Jayanti TB , Permatasari OI , Susilo AV , Edria G , Vincent J
Published: April 2021

Building performance simulation is being increasingly deployed beyond the building design phase, pre-design phase to support building operation. Specifically, the predictive feature of the simulation-assisted building systems control strategy provides distinct advantages in view how the design on building works. Strategies can be done in the pre-design phase by optimizing the energy efficiency by using the building performance simulation with several criteria such as construction materials, indoor materials, sizes of openings, air conditioning system, water management system, number of equipments used, the lighting systems, and many more. Optimization building performance and energy efficiency strategies that are evaluated through thermal performance simulating of a design are the preparatory stages that need to be carried out before the design realized. This phase is required in this project because the priority is optimization and efficiency energy though this paper using software in the pre-design design stage. The container for an activity needs to be specifically cleared and material specifications need to be detailed from roofs to floor until shading and the pre-design get the right strategy on pre-design study phase. “In this paper, we use the Sefaira plugin in the sketch-up modeling application. This application can calculate the total energy used by buildings in a year. Items that affect the total calculation (of energy) simulation are the (criteria mentioned above) material, window area, and the climate of the environment (By changing the material, window area, we are trying to improve the optimization of the energy used in this building within one year.
Migrant Workers Role in Rural-Urban Linkage, Case Study: Industrial Growth in Semarang Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Wijaya Holi Bina , Rudiarto Iwan , Hutama STEW , Wijaya Hadiyan
Published: April 2021

Rural-urban linkages are part of regional development concern, providing a regional network strategy to deal with the rural-urban divide issue. Industrial growth in the peri-urban area is an important activity that could bridge the linkage of rural and urban. The recent growth of the industrial sector in Semarang Regency, Indonesia, has fostered the surrounding region workers to migrate into the area that promoted the rural-urban linkage. This paper presents a research result of the industrial migrant workers role in rural-urban linkage of the peri-urban region. The research approach was carried out by descriptive analysis to understand the role of migrant workers in the rural-urban linkage. The research collected data from a sample of migrant workers in the regency. The study found that the rural migrant workers as people movement are the main component of rural-urban linkage, which fosters the other linkage components. The workers bring rural social capital from the origin area to support migration and working activity in the urban area. In general, the growth of migrant workers in the industrial sector in the Semarang Regency has a significant impact on promoting rural-urban linkage, especially regarding the contemporary flow of workers to the urban area and spreading remittance income and information surrounding rural areas. Despite the opportunities, the current rural-urban linkages were not yet effectively realized and utilized by the government to deal with the rural-urban divide issue.
Drought hazard assessment in urban areas: A case of Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Authors: Sukmawati Annisa Mu’awanah , Utomo Puji
Published: April 2021

Drought has a significant impact on many sectors. Urban areas also have tended to more vulnerable to the drought events since it consists of complex urban systems and high urban population. This study addresses to assess the drought hazard level in Bantul Regency and compares the results with urban development. This study used both primary and secondary data collection methods, i.e., field observation and document review. Precipitation data collected from 12 rainfall stations in Bantul Regency from 2008-2018. This study was conducted by using quantitative research methods. Drought hazard levels were analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method. While urbanization levels were assessed using a scoring technique. The results reveal that the drought hazard is not always in line with urban development but is also influenced by other factors. Drought in urban areas is more complex. It is not only affected by precipitation factors as meteorological drought in general, but also natural, population, and activity characteristics that affect the balance of water supply and demand. Further, the distribution of rainfall stations also influences the validity of rain data and its calculations. Drought disaster mitigation in urban areas requires more attention from stakeholders regarding the sustainability of cities.
Planning Model of Disaster Response Buildings and Environment in Coastal Area, West Sulawesi
Authors: Sutriani  , Harum M
Published: April 2021

The need for disaster response management in an area gives full attention to the government to issue regulations and policies on the arrangement of land use and buildings against disasters. Indonesia, whose territory is surrounded by water, requires handling, especially for coastal areas that are at risk of potensial disasters. In general,the coastal area is the place for fishermen to live, which gives the spatial character of the area in the arrangement of a building model and its environment. The need for a place to live forms a group of settlements that make the coastal area dense and land less. The magnitude of the influence of the sea on the their livelihoods as fishermen forces them to settle in the area. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial planning model for the coastal area by looking at the sustability of the building layout and environment planning for disaster preparedness and then developing the right model for structuring buildings and their environmental in coastal areas in Majene district. This research uses aqualitative descriptive method that reveals facts in the field and then analyses it with literature studies from various related sources. The main target is a model of building arrangement and its environmental layout in coastal areas with variable indicators including land use and shape, spatial patterns and building mass arrangement, orientation and building patterns, circulation and access, community socio-culture and potential disasters which will be analyzed and then develop models that right for the arrangement of the building and its environment. This group is divide accourding to several zones then analyzed and presented with tabulated presentation. The sampling technique is based on division of zones arranged by referring to the image map of the area which is the object of research. The results of this research are in the form of planning a building arrangement model and environment in coastal areas and developing a model of buildings arrangement and disaster responsive environment. This research is expected to be a recommendation for the implementation or direction of government policieson the arrragement of coastal spatial areas in general and especially in Majene,West Sulawesi.
Storage capacity analysis of Nipa Nipa regulation pond using Ripple method
Authors: Satriani S , Lopa R , Maricar F
Published: April 2021

Tallo River has the potential to pose a threat of flooding because it is strongly influenced tide. Regulation Ponds are flood control structures built upstream from areas that will be protected from flood hazards. Storage Capacity Analysis of Nipa regulation pond using Ripple method. Flood routing results obtained a maximum of 3.395.116,79 m3, while topographic conditions obtained a maximum of 3.583.270,96 m3 then optimization analysis based on the Ripple Method obtained with volume accommodated during 1980-1984 is 2.508.330,462 m3, during 1985-1989 is 2.158.594,429 m3, during 1990-1994 is 1.721.928,984 m3, during 1995-1999 is 2.072.035,680 m3, the volume accommodated during 2000-2004 is 2.526.941,033 m3, volume accommodated during 2005-2009 is 1.996.205,351 m3 and volume accommodated during 2010-2014 is 1.913.798,405 m3. This shows that storage capacity of regulation Pond can serve to reduce flood in Tallo River. Based on the cumulative storage analysis, a maximum storage of 10.592.032,714 m3 obtained from the inflow and outflow analysis, indicating that the Nipa regulation pond was able to reduce flood in amount of 38,07 % i.e. 4.032.440,62 m3.
Plant recommendation using Triple Exponential Smoothing and K-Nearest Neighbor based on Internet of Things
Authors: Habbibie M J , Yaddarabullah Y , Syahputra A
Published: April 2021

Nutritious Garden Trilogy University is an agricultural land managed by urban farmers as well as students who are also lecturers to practice teaching and learn in the cultivation of types of plant commodities. Cultivation of plant species done by examining the climatic factors of plants on the land. The sustainability reason is one of the obstacles to make sure the results of cultivation in the teaching and learning process. The changing climate makes urban farmers get trouble to determine types of plants to be planted. This study will develop a system to forgive the recommendation of the type of plant according to the change of climate. The climate changes recorded using the internet of things sensors which consist of temperature, humidity, light intensity, and wind speed. The data entered will be processed using the triple exponential smoothing method as a forecast to predict future weather, then classified using the k-nearest neighbor to get the types of plants. The results of forecasting testing from sensors using the mean absolute percentage error obtained values of 9.53% temperature, 16.44% humidity, 3.73% light intensity, 19.42% wind speed.
Increasing hydrocarbon prospect zone using deterministic model based on logs and core data in “X” field
Authors: Sitaresmi R , Fadhlurachman N , Prakoso S
Published: April 2021

X Field was developed by drilling 3 oil wells, X-1, X-2, and X-4 to determine the hydrocarbon prospect zones. Therefore, this study aims to analyse and identify the prospect zones in each well to obtain petro physical values. This helps to predict the interval zone for hydrocarbon prospects. The study analyses the log and core data using deterministic methods. The rock characteristics that need to be determined include shale volume, porosity, water resistivity, and saturation, and oil column thickness. The thickness of the layer as a prospect reservoir is determined using the gamma-ray log based on the volume of the shale. The porosity size is carried out using density and neutron logs. Additionally, the available resistivity log data is used to calculate water saturation through the Archie method. The average porosity and water saturation in the “X” field was 16% and 66%, respectively. Also, the cut off is carried out with limits on shale volume, porosity, and saturation of 17%, 8%, and 66%, respectively. The final result in the form of reservoir lumping includes the average value of net pay, porosity, and water saturation of 56 ft, 21%, and 38%, respectively.
Production of activated carbon from palm empty fruit bunch as supercapacitor electrode material
Authors: Wulandari N N , Rustamaji H , Fibarzy W U , Prakoso T , Rizkiana J , Devianto H , Widiatmoko P , Nurdin I
Published: April 2021

Activated carbon is prepared by carbonization out by hydrothermal carbonization. Hydrother-mal carbonization is a process that carried out with aqueous media in a pressurized reactor at a lower temperatur that the pyrolysis process. This research focused on production of activated carbon from empty fruit bunch by hydrothermal carbonization process using CaCl2 as activat-ing agents. Ratio of raw material/activating agent/water was 1:2:3. Hydrothermal carbonization was carried out at 275°C for an hour. Furthermore, hydrochar was activated at a temperatur of 800°C in presence of CO2 for 2 hours. Activated carbon was modified with 1 M nitric acid (HNO3). A self-supporting and flexible activated carbon/graphene/carbon nanotube (AC/GP/CNT) electrode has been rationally designed for constructing high-performance supercapacitor. The CNT is beneficial for improving the electronic conductivity of the electrode, while AC particles could effectively suppress the aggregation of GP and CNT due to their blocking effect. The synergistic effect among the AC-Ca, GP and CNT validate the AC-Ca/GP/CNT as a promising electrode for supercapacitor, exibiting greatly enhanced electrochemical performances in comparison with the pure GP, pure CNT and AC-Ca electrode. The AC-Ca/GP/CNT electrode delivers a high specific capacitance of 53.51 F g−1.
Estimation of the biomass yield and stoichiometric coefficient during bioproduct formation through thermodynamic approach: a case study of biosurfactant production
Authors: Adiandri R S , Purwadi R , Hoerudin  , Setiadi T
Published: April 2021

Microbial growth occurs on a wide variety of compounds. One of the critical parameters in biotechnological processes is biomass yield. Biomass yield for many different microbial systems extensively studied due to its primary importance. Besides biomass yield, a stoichiometric coefficient determination is also important because it can predict the number of reactants and products needed. This paper aims to explain how to determine the biomass yield on electron donor (YDX) and stoichiometric coefficient during bioproducts formation through a thermodynamic approach. The case study focused on the biosurfactant production process. The calculation shows that the electron donor and incubation temperature affect the electron donor’s biomass yield (YDX). For biosurfactant production, glucose obtains a higher value of YDX than propionate. By using the same electron donor, the higher the incubation temperature, the lower of YDX value. YDX value is useful for determining the stoichiometric coefficient of biomass growth during biosurfactants formation through elemental mass balance. The type of electron donor and temperature affect the stoichiometric coefficient of biomass growth during the biosurfactant production process.
Study of the Effect of Glycerol Plasticizer on the Properties of PLA/Wheat Bran Polymer Blends
Authors: Satriyatama A , Rochman V A A , Adhi R E
Published: April 2021

Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a natural polymer that can be used as a raw material for making plastics. PLA plastic manufacturing has developed rapidly since the crude oil supply is getting lower, besides PLA plastic is environmentally friendly. In this research, the development of PLA from starch and wheat bran was developed by using glycerol as a plasticizer. PLA film is made by lactic acid fermentation. After fermentation, PLA mixed with wheat bran with a ratio of 20:80 (w/w) and a variety of glycerol concentration of 0%; 1%; 3%; 5%; and 7%, then heating at 200 °C for 5 minutes. The film later printed in plastic size dimension of 15cm × 20cm and incubated at 50 °C for 5 hours, then dried in room temperature of ± 27 °C. The effect of glycerol addition as a plasticizer on PLA is analyzed using mechanical tests, swelling, solubility, and chemical resistance. Film with 1 wt% of glycerol composition is optimal composition of tensile strength value of 1.22 MPa, 0.014% elongation, swelling of 0.4, solubility of 0.0207%.
A Study of Producing Natural Red Color on Ikat Weaving Threads
Authors: Dala Ngapa D P , Daud Y , Sabuna A C
Published: April 2021

The aims of this study are to find out what materials that used to produce red color on ikat weaving threads; what factors affect the making of red color on ikat weaving threads; the process of plants processing that used as a natural red colorant for the thread; and the kinds of red color produced from natural colorant plants. The samples were taken from the Kupang Regency area consists of three villages that are: Oesao, Sahraen, and Apraen village. The sample that took from three villages is Noni root, teak leaves, betel nut, and cherry fruit as the additional sample that was obtained from Dutalia Supermarket in Kupang city. The method that used in this study is the qualitative method with documenting technique and experiment. This study was done from January to March in the Biology Laboratorium of Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana, Kupang. The result of this study was found 11 red colors that produced from 4 kinds of plant that used for coloring the jark they are Noni root produced 4 colors (deep maroon, strawberry red, cardinal red, and terraccota. Cherry fruit produced 5 colors (coral pink, powder pink, hot pink, baby pink, and watermelon pink). Teak leaves produced the red-violet color and the last is Betel nut produced 2 colors (rust brown).
Identification of Biomordant in Merbaun Village, West Amarasi District, Kupang Regency
Authors: Taimenas A K , Ngginak J , Sabuna A C
Published: April 2021

East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is a province that has cultural diversity. One of the cultures that are the pride of the people of East Nusa Tenggara is ikat weaving. In the observation stage related to this research, a small group of weaving craftsmen (Runpah and Narwastu) was found still use plants as natural dyes. The color produced from these plants is very distinctive, and besides using plant dyes, other ingredients are also added to prevent natural color fading. This study aims to determine the types of mordant plants, the used organs, the processing method, and the produced color by the craftsmen in Merbaun Village, West Amarasi District, Kupang Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of the research in Merbaun Village found 8 types of plants that were used as mordants, including Kepuh (Sterculia foetida L), Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L), kesambi (Schleichera oleosa L), candlenut (Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd, kapok randu alas (Bombax ceiba L)), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), Loba (Symplocos sp.), and Utaruna, plant organs that are used, namely, fruit skins, leaves, bark, fruit and pulp. The processing process is burning, pounding, soaking, cooking and the resulting colors are yellow and red.
Process Modeling of Drying and Torrefaction of Oil Palm Trunk (OPT)
Authors: Adityawarman Dendy , Fujiyama Vika , Woo Lee Hyung , Gumilang Dewi Retno , Sitompul Johnner P.
Published: April 2021

This paper concerns on process modeling of drying and torrefaction of oil palm trunk (OPT), abundant biomass resources coming from replantation of oil palm. The processes are very crucial in treating of OPT before utilization for energy source due to high level of water content and volatile matters in the biomass. Modeling with Aspen Plus is performed to predict the composition of product in mass in fastest way without doing experiment. The study uses Flash Dryer Model and Reactor Model available in Aspen as tool box for modeling the drying process and torrefaction process. Objective of the paper is to validate the process model with experimental results from that of Prasetyo et al.(2016) in identifying final mass and calorific value of torrefied OPT. The process modeling of OPT drying and torrefaction gives the charcoal yield of 0.2972 compared to experiment yield of 0.24. The calorific value (HCV) of torrefied OPT with RGibbs is 6,901.0 kcal/kg that is similar with experiment result of 6,939.2 kcal/kg.
Interesterification of Indonesian Vegetables Oil for Cocoa Butter Alternatives: Its Effect on Slip Melting Point Changes
Authors: Lestari Dianika , Nathania  , Putri Pratama Oktalia , Rizkiana Jenny
Published: April 2021

Palm stearin (PS), palm olein (PO), and coconut oil (CO) were used as feed for chemical interesterification to produce fat product with similar slip melting point (SMP) to cocoa butter alternatives. Chemical interesterification was conducted at 75°C for 8 hours using sodium ethoxide as catalyst. The objective of the research was to determine effect of feed composition on slip melting point profile changes during interesterification reaction. The feed composition was determined using Mixture Design method. The experimental data showed that SMP of interesterification product was changed throughout the reaction time. The SMP of chemical interesterification product was affected by the reactivity of the dominant fatty acid in the feed blends. The reactivity of fatty acid in the feed blend directed fatty acid positioning on the triglyserides at the end of reaction. Feed composition determined predominated portion of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in the mixture, and therefore, affected the gradient changes of SMP. Vegetable oil feed mixture which produced interesterification product with the most similar SMP values to cocoa butter (33-34°C) were pure coconut oil feed and palm stearin - palm olein mixture feed (50:50).
Statistical Mixture Design for Modelling and Optimization of Feed Mixture in the Chemical Interesterification to produce Cocoa Butter Alternatives
Authors: Rizikiana Jenny , Nathania  , Putri Pratama Oktalia , Lestari Dianika
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to find the optimum feed mixture consist of palm stearin (PS), palm olein (PO), and coconut oil (CO), for chemical interesterification to produce cocoa butter alternatives (CBA) with the most similar melting profile with cocoa butter. The feed mixture was chemically interesterified using sodium ethylate as the catalyst at a temperature of 75°C for 8 hours. Based on the melting profile analysis of the products, the pure coconut oil (CO-100) and pure palm stearin (PS-100) gave the most similar melting profile of cocoa butter alternatives. The CO-100 melting profile gave the least value of Sum of Square Error compared to Cocoa Butter Substitute while the PS-100 melting profile gave a similar result compared to Cocoa Butter Equivalent (CBE) and Cocoa Butter Replacer (CBR). However, PS-100 product does not meet the other specifications, such as Iodine value and slip melting point. Therefore, it can be concluded that pure coconut oil was the best feed for chemical interesterification to produce cocoa butter alternatives (CBA).
Taro Ice Cream: Addition of Colocasia esculenta Stem to Improve Antioxidant Activity in Ice Cream
Authors: Asaduddin A H , Maulani U N , Sari A Y , Hawari K , Ayusari A A
Published: April 2021

Colocasia esculenta (C. esculenta) is a widely cultivated plant for consumption and traditional medicine. Recent evidences showed lack studies about the stem of C. esculenta as medicinal agent. Besides, ice cream is a food, which contains milk that play beneficial role as antioxidant. Addition of C. esculenta in ice cream may improve antioxidant activity by its phytochemical compounds. Thus, the aim of this nutritional food study is to determine the antioxidant activity, phytochemical compounds and nutritional minerals. The methods used were done by thin layer chromatography (TLC) test and antioxidant assays characterized using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The nutritional minerals was also measured on the study. The results showed the extract had antioxidant activity that measured at 675.283pg/ml. The stem extract of C. esculenta positively contained Flavonoid, Terpenoid, Saponin, and Steroid based on TLC assays. Based on nutritional minerals test, C. esculenta contained vitamin C, vitamin E, Potassium, and % Calcium. Flavonoids, Terpenoid, Saponin, and steroid had been proved as potent treatment for oxidative stress. Vitamin C and E also had evidence as antioxidant properties. Activity of antioxidant enzymes were improved in Potassium and Calcium treatment studies. Therefore, the addition of C. esculenta in ice cream could improve the activity of antioxidant.
Fermented cassava as an alternative flour for pasta noodle
Authors: Purwadi R , Teguh C F , Mazaya D
Published: April 2021

Cassava is widely cultivated in South East Asia countries like Indonesia. However, ordinary cassava flour cannot substitute wheat flour due to lack of gluten. Fermented cassava flour (fercaf) is a protein enriched cassava flour which is produced from a fermentation process of cassava flakes by lactic acid bacteria. Fercaf may serve as substitution to wheat flour, especially in pasta production. Nevertheless, a number of modifications should be exercise in product formulation to meet the ordinary ‘wheat base’ pasta product specifications. The current study was focus on these modifications i.e., addition of other flour and addition of hydrocolloids. The properties of pasta such as elasticity, yield, cooking weight, hardness, stickiness as well as sensory property were examined to determine the best pasta formulation. The results show that pasta made from fercaf with the addition of rice and corn flour gave strong and elastic texture while hydrocolloid addition increased water-binding of the pasta. The final pasta formulation included ratio of fercaf:rice:corn flour by 70:10:20 and addition of 2,5% xanthan gum.
The effect of size and solid content in hydrolysis of sweet potato starch using endogenous beta-amylase enzyme
Authors: Purwadi R , Lestari D , Lohoo C A , Tirtaadji J L
Published: April 2021

Sweet potato contains significant amount of endogenous amylase enzymes. The endogenous enzymes can be used in maltose production from sweet potatoes to carry out pre-hydrolysis of the starch to some extent, follow by complete hydrolysis using external enzymes. The main objective of the current study is to investigate the effect of particle size and solid to liquid ratio in hydrolysis process of sweet potato starch using endogenous enzymes. The extent of hydrolysis process is measured by dextrose equivalent of the crude maltose solution. Hydrolysis process consists of liquefaction and saccharification process. The liquefaction process is carried out at 71.5°C and pH 6 for 25 minutes while saccharification process is carried out at 53°C and pH 5,5 for 72 hours. Dextrose equivalent is measured using Lane-Eynon method. The results show that the access of enzyme to the potato tubers is the key to hydrolysis process. The smaller size of tubers gives bigger surface area while lower solid-to-liquid ratio increases enzyme mobility but decreases sugar concentration. Base on the results, a simulation shows that the pre-hydrolysis of sweet potatoes using endogenous enzymes can save almost a half of enzymes required for traditional hydrolysis process.
Techno-Enviro-Economic Study of Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil Production from Crude Palm Oil and Renewable Hydrogen
Authors: Vivadinar A H , Purwanto W W
Published: April 2021

From the perspective of technical, environment, and economics, hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) production with renewable hydrogen from biomass gasification (BG), geothermal electrolysis (GEO-E), and solar photovoltaic electrolysis (PV-E) is compared to steam methane reforming (SMR). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the energy efficiency, greenhouse gases emission factor, and production cost of HVO from various hydrogen production technologies. Production technologies are simulated using Aspen Plus ®. HVO is produced by hydrotreating and hydroisomerization reactions. The processes produce three main products: HVO, green naphtha, and bio-jet fuel. The feedstock used to produce hydrogen from BG is empty fruit bunch (EFB). Renewable electricity produced by geothermal combination of flash system and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and solar photovoltaic (PV) with battery. Technical analysis is done by calculating the energy efficiency of overall system. Production cost of HVO is calculated by levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Life cycle analysis (LCA) is carried out to calculate CO2-eq intensity. The result shows that HVO production with SMR has the highest energy efficiency, 55.67%, which then followed by BG, 31.47%, PV-E, 9.34%, and GEO-E, 7.89%. The order of LCOE obtained from lowest to highest is HVO production from hydrogen produced by SMR (15.78/GJ-HVO), BG ($16.37/GJ-HVO), GEO ($22.83/GJ-HVO), and PV ($27.29/GJ-HVO). However, for CO2-eq intensity, the order is HVO productions with the hydrogen produced by GEO-E, PV-E, SMR, and BG are 1.63 kgCO2-eq/kg HVO, 1.86 kgCO2-eq/kg HVO, 5.57 kgCO2-eq/kg HVO, and 16.52 kgCO2-eq/kg HVO, respectively.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of TiO2/GO Composite and Its Adsorption-Photocatalysis Property under Visible Light
Authors: Setiawan S , Hardiansyah A , Kartikowati C W , Arif A F , Priatmoko S , Arutanti O
Published: April 2021

The photocatalytic performance of low-grade Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) anatase was successfully improved by compositing with graphene oxide (GO) via microwave-assisted, activated by UV and Xe light. The various experimental conditions were conducted. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Particle size analyzer (PSA), Prepared TiO2/GO photocatalyst was characterized by several instruments such as Specific surface area (BET) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Effect of various annealing times (30 to 120 minutes) and temperatures (200-1000°C) were studied to reach the optimum pure TiO2as a further based material in composite with GO. The result showed that both annealing time and temperature influenced crystallinity and particle size only, not the phase structure of TiO2. A similar phenomenon was founded by adding GO in a small concentration. A comparison of photocatalytic activity under UV and Xe irradiation has been proposed to show the GO effect independently. Under UV irradiation, the presence of GO enhancing the active sites of the catalyst. 1.0 wt% of GO succeeds in decomposing 8ppm of RhB more than 90%. Meanwhile, under Xe irradiation, the efficiency of the degradation of RhB was only 30%, resulted in using 1.2wt% of GO. Interestingly, the photodecomposition rate (k) of TiO2/GO composite under Xe irradiation was 3 times over pure TiO2higher than that of UV irradiation (1 time). The study present that the small concentration of GO affected not only the active site of the TiO2/GO composite but also the electronic properties, which give different effects under different energy activated.
Purification of vitamin E from palm fatty acid distillate through neutralization, extraction, and adsorption methods
Authors: Veningtia Sari Anggita , Harimawan Ardiyan , Lestari Dianika
Published: April 2021

Vitamin E is one of the compounds in palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) which was carried away due to thermal treatment in the deodorization unit in the refining of crude palm oil (CPO). The process of purifying vitamin E can be done by combining several common processes such as neutralization, extraction, and adsorption. The neutralization process is carried out to remove the content of free fatty acids (FFA), which are the saponifiable compounds and the largest component in PFAD. FFA in PFAD were first neutralized using magnesium oxide and most of FFA removed during process. Vitamin E and the remaining FFA are carried away during the extraction process with hexane due to similar polarity. Vitamin E extracted from neutralized PFAD was then subjected to batch adsorption process using incubator shaker with silica as the adsorbent. The adsorption process in this study resulted in a vitamin E uptake percentage of 98%. Isopropanol is used as solvent in the desorption process and produces a vitamin E recovery percentage of 96,9%. The concentration of final concentrate was obtained with vitamin E purity of 5,6% (12282 ppm) and the amount increased 9.2 times compared to concentrate from neutralization followed by extraction process. The concentrate has strong antioxidant activity as evidenced by the IC50 value of 23,3 ppm.
Optimization of UV light source conditions for photocatalytic activity of methyl orange using TiO2
Authors: Sativa S O , Zulfikar M A , Alni A
Published: April 2021

Methyl orange is one of the azo compounds which carcinogenic and damages the water system if untreatead properly. This compound is used in the textile industry as a coloring agent. Dyestuff waste produced from the textile industry is generally a non-biodegradable organic compound, which cause environmental pollution, especially at the aquatic environment. As organic waste, it is necessary to treat this compound to be harmless and safe for the environment. One of the method to remove dye waste is by using photocatalytic reaction using TiO2 as semiconductor. In this study, optimization of UV light source conditions of the photocatalytic reaction was carried out inside a photoreactor system using TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method. Optimization of the distance of UV lamps from the surface of methyl orange solution and UV lamps power has been done under the artificial UV light sources with 254 nm wavelength. The percentage of degradation was determined by measuring the absorbance of methyl orange solution before and after degradation using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It shows that the optimum photocatalytic activity for the distance of UV lamps and UV lamps power is 20 cm and 20 Watt respectively. Physically, there was color changing during the reaction from orange to colorless.
A systematic comparison of normalization methods for eQTL analysis
Authors: Yang Jiajun , Wang Dongyang , Yang Yanbo , Yang Wenqian , Jin Weiwei , Niu Xiaohui , Gong Jing
Published: April 2021

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis has been widely used in interpreting disease-associated loci through correlating genetic variant loci with the expression of specific genes. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), which can quantify gene expression at the genome-wide level, is often used in eQTL identification. Since different normalization methods of gene expression have substantial impacts on RNA-seq downstream analysis, it is of great necessity to systematically compare the effects of these methods on eQTL identification. Here, by using RNA-seq and genotype data of four different cancers in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we comprehensively evaluated the effect of eight commonly used normalization methods on eQTL identification. Our results showed that the application of different methods could cause 20–30% differences in the final results of eQTL identification. Among these methods, COUNT, Median of Ratio (MED) and Trimmed Mean of M-values (TMM) generated similar results for identifying eQTLs, while Fragments Per Kilobase Million (FPKM) or RANK produced more differential results compared with other methods. Based on the accuracy and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the TMM method was found to be the optimal method for normalizing gene expression data in eQTLs analysis. In addition, we also evaluated the performance of different pairwise combinations of these methods. As a result, compared with single normalization methods, the combination of methods can not only identify more cis-eQTLs, but also improve the performance of the ROC curve. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive comparison of normalization methods for identifying eQTLs from RNA-seq data, and proposes some practical recommendations for diverse scenarios.