bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Dental Caries of Permanent First Molars among Thai Primary Schoolchildren
Authors: PRISMASARI Septika , THITASOMAKUL Songchai
Published: November 2020

Permanent first molars are the most vulnerable teeth to dental caries. This study aimed to assess the association among the eruption stage of permanent first molars, demographic, socio-economic, tooth brushing behaviors and fluoride used among 6 - 8 years old schoolchildren of Tessaban Primary School in Hat Yai Municipality. Cross-sectional data on eruption stage of permanent first molars, demographic, socio-economic, tooth brushing behavior and fluoride used were assembled from 346 children-caretaker pairs using structured-questionnaire. Caries status was clinically examined using modified criteria from WHO. Fixed effect random intercept logistic regression was used to estimate the magnitude independent association between variables and caries status based on variability within-subject. The prevalence of dental caries in permanent first molars was 43.6 %, while the caries experience indexed as Decayed, Missing, and Filling Teeth (DMFT) was 1.00±1.36. Children who brush irregularly at night, share tooth brush among family member and have deciduous caries significantly inclined to have higher caries in the permanent first molars than those who did not. These findings should be noticed to take appropriate treatment and preventive measures in this age group.
EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN TAX OFFICES
Authors: Laksono Kurniawan Panji , Widyawati Diah
Published: November 2020

This research studies the technical efficiency of Tax Offices (KPP) in Indonesia by applying stochastic frontier analysis model. Observation was in the form of data aggregation at the level of province to all Tax Offices in Indonesia, besides those within the scopes of the Large Taxpayer Regional Office and Jakarta Special Regional Offices for approximately seven years (from 2010 to 2016). Results of the analysis show different rates of technical efficiency in inter-provinces taxation. Analysis on the efficiency determinants reveals a number of internal factors contributing to the technical efficiency of taxation, like the audit effort and external factors, such as community education level. Increase on these two can improve the efficiency and productivity of tax offices.
PENENTUAN HAK DAN DAMPAK PEMANFAATAN LIDAH TANAH BERBASIS PENGEMBANGAN EKONOMI DI WILAYAH MUARA GEMBONG
Authors: Fasini Arfin Bin ibrahim
Published: November 2020

Sebagai daratan yang terbentuk secara alamiah, lidah tanah memiliki nilai ekonomi potensial bagi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai budi daya tambak, namun lidah tanah merupakan tanah yang dikuasai langsung oleh negara dan diperuntukkan sebagai kawasan lindung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: (i) status penguasaan lidah tanah menurut hukum adat masyarakat Muara Gembong; (ii) dampak pemanfaatan lidah tanah ditinjau dari aspek sosial, ekonomi, dan ekologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status penguasaan lidah tanah di Kecamatan Muara Gembong membutuhkan kesungguhan penggarapan, semakin utuh hubungan masyarakat dengan tanahnya, semakin kukuh kekuasaan atas tanah tersebut. Pemanfaatan lidah tanah sebagai budi daya tambak dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat, namun pengeksploitasian sumber daya lahan tanpa memperhatikan kelestarian lingkungan menyebabkan tekanan terhadap ekosistem mangrove yang mengakibatkan dampak negatif sosial, ekonomi, maupun ekologi. Keharmonisan antara kebutuhan manusia dengan kelestarian sumber daya alam tergantung pada kemampuan mengimplementasikan prinsip-prinsip dasar konservasi dan pembangunan berkelanjutan.
Identifying Agriscience Teachers’ Instructional Practice Professional Development Needs by Certification Type
Authors: Coleman Bradley M. , Bunch J.C. , Thoron Andrew C.
Published: November 2020

A nationwide teacher shortage is evident in the United States. Due to the teacher shortage, those with alternative teaching certifications are being utilized to fulfill the teacher shortfall. Current literature indicates diverse needs between traditionally and alternatively certified agriscience teachers. Further examination of the needs of traditionally and alternatively certified agriscience teachers is a necessary step toward providing support that could lead to less teacher attrition. The purpose of this study was to describe the self-perceived, professional development needs of agriscience teachers in Florida based upon their initial certification type. All three types of certified agriscience teachers reported determining content to be taught in specific courses and assessing student learning in the classroom and laboratory among their highest needs. However, alternatively certified agriscience teachers indicated a greater need in every selected competency of instructional practices. It is recommended agricultural education departments and others who are interested in agriscience teacher professional development consider teacher certification types when implementing professional development workshops. Future research should include the examination of the five additional needs areas determined by the researchers.
EVALUATION OF CONVERTING LANDSAT DN TO TA AND SR VALUES ON SELECT SPECTRAL INDICES
Authors: Gettinger A. L. , Sivanpillai R.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The complete archive of images collected across all Landsat missions has been reprocessed and categorized by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) into a three-tiered architecture: Real-time, Tier-1, and Tier-2. This tiered architecture ensures data compatibility and is convenient for acquiring high quality scenes for pixel-by-pixel change analyses. However, it is important to evaluate the effects of converting older Landsat images from digital numbers (DN) to top-of-the-atmosphere (TA) and surface reflectance (SR) values that are equivalent to more recent Landsat data. This study evaluated the effects of this conversion on spectral indices derived from Tier-1 (the highest quality) Landsat 5 and 8 scenes collected in 30 m spatial resolution. Spectral brightness and reflectance of mixed conifers, Northern Mixed Grass Prairie, deep water, shallow water, and edge water were extracted as DNs, TA, and SR values, respectively. Spectral indices were estimated and compared to determine if the analysis of these land cover classes or their conditions would differ depending on which preprocessed image type was used (DN, TA, or SR). Results from this study will be informative for others making use of indices with images from multiple Landsat satellites as well as for engineers planning to reprocess images for future Landsat collections. This time-series study showed that there was a significant difference between index values derived from three levels of pre-processing. Average index values of vegetation cover classes were consistently significantly different between levels of pre-processing whereas average water index values showed inconsistent significant differences between pre-processing levels.
DIGITAL SURFACE MODEL DERIVED FROM UAS IMAGERY ASSESSMENT USING HIGH-PRECISION AERIAL LIDAR AS REFERENCE SURFACE
Authors: Lopez J. , Munjy R.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Imagery captured from aerial unmanned systems (UAS) has found significant utility in the field of surveying and mapping as the efforts of the computer vision field combined the principles of photogrammetry. Its respectability in the remote sensing community as increased as the miniaturization of on-board survey-grade global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal receivers has made it possible to produce high network accuracy contributing to effective aerotriangulation. UAS photogrammetry has gained much popularity because of its effectiveness, efficiency, economy, and especially its availability and ease of use. Although photogrammetry has proven to meet and exceed planimetric precision and accuracy, variables tend to cause deficiencies in the achievement of accuracy in the vertical plane. This research aims to demonstrate achievable overall accuracy of surface modelling through minimization of systematic errors at a significant level using a fixed-wing platform designed for high-accuracy surveying with the eBee Plus and X models by SenseFly equipped with survey-grade GNSS signal-receiving capabilities and 20MP integrated, fixed-focal length camera. The UAS campaign was flown over a site 320 m by 320 m with 81 surveyed 3D ground control points, where horizontal positions were surveyed to 1.0 cm horizontal accuracy and 0.5 cm vertical accuracy using static GNSS methods and digital leveling respectively. All AT accuracy was based on 75 independent checkpoints. The digital surface model (DSM) was compared to a reference DSM generated from high-precision manned aerial LiDAR using the Optech Galaxy scanner. Overall accuracy was in the sub-decimeter level vertically in both commercial software used, including Pix4Dmapper and Agisoft Metashape.
EXTRACTING BUILT-UP FEATURES IN COMPLEX BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS BY USING A LANDSAT BANDS RATIO
Authors: Ngandam Mfondoum A. H. , Gbetkom P. G. , Cooper R. , Hakdaoui S. , Mansour Badamassi M. B.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. This paper addresses the remote sensing challenging field of urban mixed pixels on a medium spatial resolution satellite data. The tentatively named Normalized Difference Built-up and Surroundings Unmixing Index (NDBSUI) is proposed by using Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) bands. It uses the Shortwave Infrared 2 (SWIR2) as the main wavelength, the SWIR1 with the red wavelengths, for the built-up extraction. A ratio is computed based on the normalization process and the application is made on six cities with different urban and environmental characteristics. The built-up of the experimental site of Yaoundé is extracted with an overall accuracy of 95.51% and a kappa coefficient of 0.90. The NDBSUI is validated over five other sites, chosen according to Cameroon’s bioclimatic zoning. The results are satisfactory for the cities of Yokadouma and Kumba in the bimodal and monomodal rainfall zones, where overall accuracies are up to 98.9% and 97.5%, with kappa coefficients of 0.88 and 0.94 respectively, although these values are close to those of three other indices. However, in the cities of Foumban, Ngaoundéré and Garoua, representing the western highlands, the high Guinea savannah and the Sudano-sahelian zones where built-up is more confused with soil features, overall accuracies of 97.06%, 95.29% and 74.86%, corresponding to 0.918, 0.89 and 0.42 kappa coefficients were recorded. Difference of accuracy with EBBI, NDBI and UI are up to 31.66%, confirming the NDBSUI efficiency to automate built-up extraction and unmixing from surrounding noises with less biases.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MODELING OF SUBTERRANEAN FEATURES THROUGH THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOFTWARE ANALYSIS
Authors: Sepulveda J. , Capps J. , Johnson K. , Parada C. , Garcia A. , Sestak K.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. LiDAR is a popular and accurate method for mapping that can be utilized for three-dimensional model analysis. However, the equipment set-up and usage can become tedious, and ultimately impractical when applied to locations that are remote and confined in nature. In this investigation, three-dimensional analysis was conducted within a cave system. With this, limitations of LiDAR technology in these conditions become prominent; mapping non-planar surfaces can cause a potential decrease of the quality of the point cloud data. In all, a LiDAR application would be an inefficient use of methodology to conduct this investigation. This prompted a need to set-up and conduct a photogrammetric based evaluation. With this, smartphone camera technology was used in conjunction with free-to-use software and three-dimensional modeling applications. Through the use of photogrammetric concepts and structure from motion software, a three-dimensional model of the cave can be generated. Long term, this model can also be utilized to document the impact and health of the cave system. For the methodology, the on-sight portion of the investigation relied heavily on smartphone camera technology. The procedure draws parallels to drone paths; specifically, two flight-plans were developed to evaluate different perspectives within a 15 by 15 meter space in the cave. Within each flight path, the use of photo overlapping techniques established a denser and more fluid point cloud model. Once the data was processed, two different three-dimensional models of the cave were created. From those models, the point cloud data was extracted in order to merge the two separate models. Afterwards, the models underwent several format conversions in order to import it into the Unity game engine. The final result is an accurate three-dimensional model of the cave that is viewable and playable in a simple video game platform.
Understanding and mitigating the impact of data gaps on offshore
wind resource estimates
Authors: Gottschall Julia , Dörenkämper Martin
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Like almost all measurement datasets, wind energy siting data are subject to data gaps that can for instance originate from a failure of the measurement devices or data loggers. This is in particular true for offshore wind energy sites where the harsh climate can restrict the accessibility of the measurement platform, which can also lead to much longer gaps than onshore. In this study, we investigate the impact of data gaps and its mitigation by correlation and filling with mesoscale model data. Investigations are performed for three offshore sites in Europe, considering two years of parallel measurement data at the sites, and based on typical wind energy siting statistics. We find a mitigation of the data gaps' impact by a factor of ten on mean wind speed, direction and Weibull scale parameter, and a factor of three on Weibull shape parameter. With increasing gap length, the gaps' impact increases linearly for the overall measurement period while this behaviour is more complex when investigated in terms of seasons. This considerable reduction of the impact of the gaps found for the statistics of the measurement time series almost vanishes when considering long-term corrected data, for which we refer to 30 years of reanalysis data.
Formatividad e interpretación en la estética de Luigi Pareyson
Authors: Acciaro Fabrizio
Published: November 2020

Formatividad es el concepto clave de la estética de Luigi Pareyson, pero también de su hermenéutica filosófica. El artículo no se propone ilustrar la teoría estética de Pareyson sino: analizar en qué consiste esa formatividad intrínseca a toda actividad humana (primera parte); aclarar porqué la formatividad nos obliga a concebir el conocimiento como interpretación y, por tanto, a legitimar la hermenéutica (segunda parte); señalar algunas implicaciones de tal hermenéutica susceptibles de importantes y fecundos desarrollos (conclusiones).
A Decision‐making Support System for Automatically Determining the Route Priority of Vessels Entering/Exiting the Ports
Authors: Kao Sheng‐Long , Hsueh Chao‐Kuang , Chou Chien‐Chang , Yuan Tzu‐Yang
Published: November 2020

This study developed a decision‐making support system (DMSS) for automatically determining the route priority of vessels entering/exiting the waters surrounding the port monitored by vessel traffic services (VTS). The developed DMSS was combined with marine geographic information systems (GIS), automatic identification systems (AIS), and fuzzy logic theory. The simulations of case studies for the ports of Keelung and Singapore were shown to illustrate the fitness of the developed DMSS. Based on the vessel information received/transmitted by AIS within the waters monitored by VTS, the developed DMSS can compute and output the route priority values for the captains on board and the operators in VTS stations as a point of reference. In other words, each ship in the waters surrounding the port can know the route priority for entering/exiting the port. The simulation results of case studies showed that the developed DMSS seems promising. The developed DMSS could be a useful tool in improving a port's navigation safety.
Optimal Budget Allocation to Improve Critical Infrastructure during Earthquakes
Authors: Edrisi Ali , Askari Moein
Published: November 2020

This article studies the integrated role of three infrastructure management agencies with responsibilities that span from pre‐disaster mitigation and preparedness actions to post‐disaster response operations during earthquakes. Each agency's actions are constrained by a given budget that is assigned to that agency by a master decision‐maker (the federal government). This article presents a bi‐level Stackelberg game where the master decision‐maker allocates a total budget between the agencies with the objective of minimizing the earthquake death toll. A meta‐heuristic particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to find the optimal solution of the Stackelberg game. Results show that in lower budgets, it is better to invest in the emergency response agency and the transportation agency. Furthermore, the results indicate that excessive investment in the transportation agency without adequate investment in the emergency response agency is inefficient.
Review of IPO Primary Market Pricing Literature
Authors: Severini Sabrina
Published: November 2020

The aim of this paper is to offer a comprehensive review of Initial Public Offering literature on the pricing and interactions that occur in the IPO primary market. Among the multitude of variables that might affect the way shares are priced and sold in new offerings, the role of previous relationships between issuing firms, investment banks, and institutional investors, i.e. key participants in the listing process, is the object of analysis in the present paper. Existing mixed evidence suggests that repeated interactions among the major players could influence the IPO results in two ways: either by reducing asymmetric information problems or by determining opportunistic behaviours which can be seen in well-known secondary market price anomalies. The originality of the paper lies in the fact that it is the first to provide a review of literature on IPO primary market dynamics, thereby highlighting the way in which relationships between key parties of an IPO shape the entire pricing process. Moreover, this study points out the importance of shifting attention to this market in order to better understand IPO pricing dynamics.
Political Sophistication and Populist Party Support
Authors: Gallina Marta , Baudewyns Pierre , Lefevere Jonas
Published: November 2020

Political Sophistication and Populist Party Support

In this article, we investigate the moderating role of political sophistication on the vote for populist parties in Belgium. Building on the literature about the diverse determinants of populist party support, we investigate whether issue considerations and populism-related motivations play a bigger role in the electoral calculus of politically sophisticated voters.

Using data from the 2019 general elections in Belgium, we focus on the cases of Vlaams Belang (VB) and Parti du Travail de Belgique- Partij van de Arbeid (PTB-PVDA). We find evidence suggesting that political sophistication enhances the impact of populism-related motivations on populist party support, although the effects are contingent on the party. Moreover, we show that, for issue considerations, the moderation effect only comes into play for VB voters: the impact of anti-immigrant considerations is greater at increasing levels of political sophistication.
Sessrúmnir og seilende vindhester  Skip som konsept i førkristen, norrøn verdensforståelse
Authors: Havgar Margrethe K. H.
Published: November 2020

Ships appear in several, varied contexts in the Viking Age. These contexts are in this article used to discuss the ship’s connection to overall pre-Christian, Norse mentality. Kennings such as byrjar drösla (sailing wind horse) shows the ship’s connection to horses, considered as independent agents able to cross between spheres. This, in particular, is discussed in connection to Freya’s hall Sessrúmnir, a hall which also appears on a list of ships in Skaldskaparmál. Based on the analyses presented in this article, it is argued that ships were connected to a complex, inference-based framework of understanding where they had several, varied identities and roles. Interpreting burial ships, such as the Oseberg ship, simply as burial homes or death vessels might therefore severely limit our present understanding of the multifaceted nature of the ship in pre-Christian, Norse mentality.
Reichweite und Rechtfertigung des einfachen Lichtbildschutzes gem. § 72 UrhG
Authors: Schiessel Ilva Johanna
Published: November 2020

Mehr als 50 Jahre nach der Einführung des einfachen Lichtbildschutzes zur Vermeidung von Abgrenzungsschwierigkeiten zwischen schutzfähigen und nicht schutzfähigen Lichtbildern haben sich die Aufnahmemöglichkeiten stark gewandelt, sodass sich vermehrt die Frage stellt, welche Erzeugnisse in technischer Hinsicht vom Lichtbildschutz überhaupt erfasst sind. Das Zeigen im Fotolabor entwickelter Aufnahmen im engen Familien- und Freundeskreis wurde längst durch das Teilen digitaler Inhalte in sozialen Medien abgelöst. Das Schutzrecht gerät infolge dieser Entwicklungen zunehmend unter Rechtfertigungsdruck. Das vorliegende Werk untersucht den Umfang und die Berechtigung des Schutzrechtes im digitalen Zeitalter.
Barabfindungsklauseln in Wandelanleihebedingungen
Authors: Kühn Sandra
Published: November 2020

Die in Anleihebedingungen von Wandelanleihen häufig enthaltenen Barabfindungsklauseln gewähren der Emittentin das Recht, anstelle der vom Anleihegläubiger gewählten Aktien einen Barausgleich zu leisten. Im Hinblick auf Funktionsweise und Rechtsnatur stellen sich komplexe bürgerlich-rechtliche Fragen, die das innovative Werk mit dogmatischem Anspruch und unter rechtstatsächlicher Auswertung gängiger Barabfindungsklauseln praxisnah zu beantworten weiß. Ebenso analysiert die umfangreiche Studie die jeweils weitgehend unerforschte AGB-rechtliche Zulässigkeit und in der Übernahmesituation drohendes Konfliktpotential bis ins letzte Detail. Für die Beratungspraxis dürften insbesondere die ausdifferenzierten Vorschläge zur konkreten Klauselgestaltung einen Gewinn darstellen.
Soziologie für die Soziale Arbeit
Authors: Bendel Klaus
Published: November 2020

The second edition of this volume provides an introductory overview of aspects of sociology that are of particular importance for the theory and practice of social work. It explains the basics for understanding social relationships and presents social science topics that have close links to social work. It focuses on the characteristics of social action and social systems, different social entities and society as a whole, the family as a way of life, phases of life such as childhood, youth and old age, and social inequalities. As a textbook, this volume is aimed primarily at students of social work. The author teaches sociology in courses of study in social work.
Lectin Histochemical Detection of N-Acetyl Glucosamine and L-Fucose Containing glycoconjugates in Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Niazi Abbas Ali , Heidari Mohammad Hossein , Arab Yousef , Arab Maryam , Arab Mohammad Reza , Sargolzaei Narjes , Tavakolinezhad Sima , Sargolzaeiaval Fereydoon
Published: November 2020

Background: Lung cancer has the highest frequency among cancers worldwide. It is the leading cause of cancer-induced death in industrialized countries. Abnormal glycosylation of cell surface and extracellular matrix glycoconjugates are among the most critical issues in neoplasia. Objectives: This present study aimed to detect N – acetyl glucosamine (GlcNac) and L- fucose (L-fuc) containing glycoconjugates in lung cancer. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we selected paraffin blocks belonging to 25 patients with lung cancer from their pathology files at the Ali-Ebne Abitaleb Hospital, Zahedan, Iran. Six µm sections were obtained from the blocks and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (H-E) and lectin histochemistry (UEA and SBA lectins). Alcian Blue pH 2.5 was used as a counterstain; lectins were diluted up to 10µg/ml, and DAB was used as a chromogen. Histochemical grading was conducted blindly according to staining intensity to lectins (0-3). The data was collected and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test, using SPSS. Results: Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between inflammatory mucosa of the bronchial tree and all types of lung cancer (i.e., adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, as well as small and large cell lung carcinoma) according to staining intensity to SBA and UEA lectins (P < 0.001). Our results showed that there were many different patterns of reaction to SBA and UEA lectins between all types of lung cancer cells and epithelial cells of the bronchial tree. Conclusions: Staining intensity and pattern of reaction to lectins were different between all types of lung cancer cells and epithelial mucosa.
The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Training Based on the Theory of Mind and the Method of TEACCH on the Executive Functions of the Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder in Bushehr City
Authors: Abshirini Maryam , Asgari Parviz , Heidari Alireza , Naderi Farah
Published: November 2020

Background: Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) suffer from impaired executive functions. Evidence on the effectiveness of two common approaches of ASD (i.e. theory of mind and method of TEACCH) is controversial. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of training based on the theory of mind and TEACCHs method on improving the executive functions of children with ASD. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test method 45 ASD children are investigated. Participants were randomly divided into three groups of the theory of the mind (15), TEACCHs training (15), and controls (15). The Stroop Color and Word Test was performed as a pre-test for all participants. Then the intervention groups received mind theory and TEACCH. Afterward, the post-test was performed for all participants. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA. Results: The findings showed that both theory of mind and TEACCHs methods are effective on the executive functions, but no significant difference was found between the two groups of the primary (training the theory of mind) and the second experiments (TEACCHs method) concerning the executive functions (P > 0.157, F = 2.11). Conclusions: It can be concluded that training based on the theory of mind and TEACCHs methods can effectively improve the executive functions of ASD children.
THE BRIGHT ECLIPSING BINARY NSV 4031 IS NOT VARIABLE
Authors: Lloyd Ch. , Conner D. , Pickard R. , Walker E. N.
Published: November 2020

Observations of the supposed eclipsing binary NSV 4031 from time-series photometry and data from several synoptic instruments show no evidence of an eclipse or any periodic variation with an amplitude above 0.05 magnitudes. The spectral energy distribution of the star is very closely matched to a spectral type of F5IV.
Breakup grief: The difference between initiator and non-initiator depending on coping strategies and attachment
Authors: Ranđelović Kristina , Goljović Nikola
Published: November 2020

The aim of this paper is to examine the difference in the intensity of the breakup distress between the initiator and the non-initiator, as well as whether this difference is moderated by coping strategies and inner working models according to the attachment theory. The sample used in the research is convenient and consists of 387 respondents. The age range is between 18-40 (M=23.90; SD=4.22). We used the Close Relationship Experience Questionnaire (Brenan, Clark, & Shaver, 1995), the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997) and the Breakup Distress Scale (Field & al., 2010). The t-test was performed for the independent samples to test the difference between the breakup initiators and non-initiators in the variable of grief after a breakup (t(365)=4.62; p<.01). Within the constructed prediction model, a total of four predictors showed an independent contribution to the explanation of experienced grief after a breakup: the status of the initiator of the breakup, coping aimed at solving problems, coping with avoidance and anxiety. Later, by testing the contribution of the predictor and the variable, the status of the initiator was obtained as a statistically significant interaction with anxiety. Respondents who have low anxiety do not experience a high level of distress after a breakup and do not differ from each other depending on whether the initiators of the relationship were them or their partner. Respondents who have high anxiety experience a noticeably higher level of emotional distress after the breakup, but there are also differences in that level depending on who initiated the breakup. If the partner initiated the termination, the level of experienced distress will be significantly higher. It seems that presenting as a stressor can be a trigger of an intense emotional reaction, considering that such people are sensitive to rejection by others.
Technology Tips: Infinite Sums in Geometry: Inducing Two Sets of Patterns
Authors: Bossé Michael J. , Faulconer Johna
Published: November 2020

It is with pleasure and trepidation that I, Robin Rider, take over as editor of “Technology Tips.” I have big shoes to fill in following Shannon Driskell, who did an excellent job as editor during the previous volume year. I enjoyed working with Shannon throughout the past year and will miss her wisdom and input on this column.
Reader Reflections: October 2007
Authors: Szetela Walter
Published: November 2020

I found Karen Stohlman's explanation of “Why do we flip and multiply?” when dividing one fraction by another (“Reader Reflections,” Mathematics Teacher, November 2006, p. 237) very interesting. As she states, this peculiar algorithm is accepted without question because “it's the rule” and therefore “not to be questioned or understood.” Her explanation for using the technique of the BIg FRActIoN clarifies understanding of the procedure so students will not regard the rule as one more example of a magic mystery of mathematics that must be followed blindly.
Mathematical Lens: Arches at King Fahd University, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Taylor Peter
Published: November 2020

In September 2006, I was at the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia for a workshop on preparing high school students for university. Though Saudi Arabian culture is very different from ours, Saudis have the same problems in getting their students excited about the study of mathematics, and indeed that was the focus of the workshop. The photograph shows me standing inside a particularly fine walkway together with (from left) Hussain Al-Attas, the director of firstyear studies, and Suliman Al-Homidan, the head of the mathematics department. Thinking there must be a good mathematics problem somewhere, I asked my Australian colleague Peter Galbraith to take the photograph.
New Thinking about College Mathematics: Implications for High School Teaching
Authors: Marcus Robin , Fukawa-Connelly Tim , Conklin Michael , Fey James T.
Published: November 2020

NCTM's Standards and Navigations series, NSF-funded curricula, presentations at professional conferences and workshops, and countless articles in this journal offer many attractive ideas for introducing new mathematics, applications, and instructional approaches. After encountering such ideas, we invariably return to our mathematics classrooms with some great new lessons or enhancements to try. But unless the topics that pique our interest are on the high-stakes tests that our students face, we are inevitably stymied by the sense that we do not have time to cover essential concepts and skills and take even a couple of days off for mathematical explorations that are intriguing to students and teachers but are often considered not good use of classroom time by those responsible for political decisions. We have been puzzling over this frustrating situation—trying to reconcile the persuasive recommendations for change in the content and teaching of high school mathematics with the constraints of increasingly influential testing programs and prescriptive district curricula.
Bridging the Language Barrier in Mathematics
Authors: Winsor Matthew S.
Published: November 2020

Teaching mathematics to English Language Learners (ELL students) has become a challenge faced by an increasing number of U.S. teachers. Between 1979 and 2004, the number of K–12 students who spoke a language other than English at home increased from 3.8 million to 9.9 million. During that same time, the number of K–12 students who had difficulty speaking English increased from 1.3 million to 2.8 million (U.S. Department of Education 2006). Even teachers who may speak a second language still face the daunting task of teaching mathematics effectively to ELL students. I was one of those teachers. From 1995 to 1999, I taught at a high school in Southern California where the student population was 56 percent Hispanic. I spoke Spanish and was hired in part to teach mathematics to ELL students. I taught my classes in English. My school had no materials for use in an ELL class with Spanish speakers, and I could not find a textbook company that offered such materials. I was also not eager to spend enormous amounts of time trying to translate mathematics texts.
Teaching Algebra and Geometry Concepts by Modeling Telescope Optics
Authors: Siegel Lauren M. , Dickinson Gail , Hooper Eric J. , Daniels Mark
Published: November 2020

Preparation and delivery of high school mathematics lessons that integrate mathematics and astronomy through The Geometer's Sketchpad models, traditional proof, and inquiry-based activities. The lessons were created by a University of Texas UTeach preservice teacher as part of a project-based field experience in which high school students construct a working Dobsonian telescope. Eleven investigations with questions and answers are included.
Connecting Research to Teaching: Addressing the Equity Principle in the Mathematics Classroom
Authors: Bartell Tonya G. , Meyer Margaret R.
Published: November 2020

The publication of Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (NCTM 1989) marked the beginning of a period of significant change in mathematics education. However, that document and many contemporaneous calls for reform lacked a clear focus on equity (Meyer 1989). A decade later, Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 2000) began to address that shortcoming.
The President's Page
Authors: Charlesworth H. W.
Published: November 2020

One of the most important activities of the National Council is arranging national meetings and providing good programs for them. These meetings cannot succeed without the support of local teachers in and around the place of meeting. Making local arrangements for these meetings is a huge task for local committees, all of whom serve without pay and little enough praise for the work they do. Although participants on these programs donate their services and take care of their own expenses, our programs are highlighted by outstanding leaders from our own and related fields, from school administrat ion and supervision, and from business and industry. We are very proud of the fact that our meetings attract these leaders and that we are able to secure their services. In addition, the meet ings are planned to give the classroom teacher a prominent place on the program and also to provide places for promising younger people. We aim to make these meetings of value to all teachers of mathematics from elementary through college, also to supervisors and administrators. Providing good meetings is one of the most valuable services of the Council.
References for Mathematics Teachers: Mathematical Plays and Programs
Authors: Schaaf William L.
Published: November 2020

In these days of group activities and similar undertakings, teachers in search of material appropriate for their particular needs may find the following notes helpful.
Reports from The Affiliated Groups
Authors: Mayor John R.
Published: November 2020

Attention of officers of Affiliated Groups is called to the program of the Thirtieth Annual Meeting of The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics which will be held in Des Moines, Iowa, on April 16-19, 1952. Official Delegates should be certified to the Committee on Affiliated Groups no later than February 29.
We Took the Class Census
Authors: Layne Fay
Published: November 2020

The 71's* were busily discussing the interpretation of per cents. What per cent of the class had blue eyes? What per cent was 12 years old? The nineteen pupils and the teacher made a group of twenty which was easily interpreted on the basis of 100.
Stimulating interest in junior high school mathematics
Authors: Grubbs Ethel Harris
Published: November 2020

The author offers many suggestions for maintaining interest in mathematics but remember—it is the teacher that counts.
What is Going on in Your School?: Mathematics Made Meaningful in Teaching Graphs
Authors: Janicki George
Published: November 2020

In teaching the graphing unit in seventh- and eighth-grade mathematics, I have tried to give meaning to the facts being presented by using new ideas which would be appealing and therefore be more interesting.
Solid geometry as an entrance requirement for engineering schools
Authors: Keedy M. L.
Published: November 2020

Some secondary schools are concerned about current recommendations to abandon the course in solid geometry. What do engineering schools do about solid geometry as an entrance requirement?
To teach modern algebra
Authors: Denbow Carl H.
Published: November 2020

We do not need to choose between traditional and modern mathematics; rather, they blend together naturally and organically.
A student experience-discovery approach to the teaching of calculus
Authors: Cummins Kenneth
Published: November 2020

Students of calculus experienced the thrill of discovery and possessed superior knowledge of the theory of calculus when taught by the methods discussed in this article.
Mathematics teaching in secondary schools England
Authors: Rollett A. P.
Published: November 2020

A description of the mathematics program for secondary schools in England is presented here. English teachers generally use intuitive and graphic methods freely with young students. Logical treatment of a formal nature is deferred.
NDEA support for improved mathematics instruction
Authors: Beckmann Milton W.
Published: November 2020

The National Defense Education Act offers financial assistance for the purchase of teaching aids and the employment of state supervisors of mathematics.
Teaching seventh grade mathematics by television
Authors: Jacobs James N. , Bollenbacher Joan
Published: November 2020

How does instruction in mathematics by television compare with mathematics instruction in the conventional classroom?
Report to the international congress of mathematicians
Authors: Kemeny John G.
Published: November 2020

A summary of reports from representatives of twenty-one nations on attempts to modernize mathematics teaching
A look at the base negative ten
Authors: Twaddle Richard D.
Published: November 2020

Negative numbers are written in a notation that does not need a negative sign.
Informing the adult citizenry about changing mathematics curriculums
Authors: Devine Donald F.
Published: November 2020

An adult education course in “What's New in Secondary School Mathematics”
The role of geometry in the eleventh and twelfth grades
Authors: Levy Harry
Published: November 2020

“Even if there were no formal study of geometry in the last two years of the high school program, geometry and geometric concepts should permeate a great deal of what the student does.”
Historically Speaking,—: Johann Hudde and space coordinates
Authors: Boyer Carl B.
Published: November 2020

The beginnings of analytic geometry in three dimensions generally are said to be found in 1679 in the Lieux géométriques of Philippe de Lahire (1640-1718) [l].* While such a judgment is not essentially incorrect, it is important nevertheless to note at least one precursor, Johann Hudde (1629-1704), who was responsible for an adumbration of space coordinates antedating Lahire's work by twenty-two years.
Historically Speaking—: The Genesis Of Point Set Topology: From Newton to Hausdorff
Authors: Manheim Jerome H.
Published: November 2020

PARADOXES of the infinite, discussed by the Greeks, became urgent problems with the codification of calculus. Mathematicians of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries sought to refer aualysis to arithmetic in a way that would allow them to retain their reliance on the visual sense, i.e., on geometrical representation.
Mental Growth and the Art of Teaching
Authors: Adler Irving
Published: November 2020

How should teachers teach? Before we can answer this question we must answer another question: How do pupils learn? The art of teaching, if it is to be effective, must be based on an adequate theory of learning.
Decomposition into Partial Fractions by Means of Remainders
Authors: Smith Eugene Randolph
Published: November 2020

It has always seemed to the author of this paper that there should be some extension of the method of solving partial fractions by means of substitution, so that this method would be applicable to all cases without introducing any undue complexity. After several abortive attempts along the line of substitutions, the following method by the equivalent process of taking remainders was found.
A Note on the Greatest Integer Function
Authors: Grinstein Louise S.
Published: November 2020

Many of the current freshman math ematies1 and calculus2 texts cite the greatest integer function as an exam ple of a special function. Graphing exercises follow in which the student is required to utilize the definition of the greatest integer function. Some of these graphs have been discussed recently by Shurlow.3 No further explicit mention of this function is made throughout the remainder of the texts. Where is this function actually used? When was it dis covered? What are some of its properties? It is to answer such questions that this note has been written.
A Construction of and Physical Model for Finite Euclidean and Projective Geometries
Authors: Miller William A.
Published: November 2020

In Recent years, finite mathemati cal structures have bees receiving increasing emphasis in elementary, secondary, and college mathematics programs. The major reason for this ta probably that stu dents often find it easier to recognize and understand the properties of many mathe matical structures if the finite as well as the infinite cases are investigated. In addition, the writer has observed that finite structures usually stimulate interest and develop creativity in the student, regard less of whether he is in elementary school or graduate school.
Some Observations on Graphing in Modular Systems
Authors: Picard Anthony J.
Published: November 2020

One interesting application of modular systems which provides an opportunity for students to reinforce the basic ideas of congruence classes and to search for pat-terns in novel situations is the construction of graphs of multiplication tables with respect to a given modulus. The novelty of the situation arises from using a circular set of points for the coordinate system.1
The Forum: What Should Become of the High School Geometry Course?: The Present Year-Long Course in Euclidean Geometry Must Go
Authors: Fehr Howard F.
Published: November 2020

It is assumed that the geometey course refers to one that is commonly taught in the tenth school year. It is traditional Euclidean synthetic geometry, 2- and 3-space, modified by an introduction of ruler and protractor axioms into the usual synthetic axioms. A unit of coordinate geometry of the plane is usually appended. It is a course that is reflected in textbooks prepared by the School Mathematics Study Group and in most commercial textbooks.
The Forum: What Should Become of the High School Geometry Course?: Transformations in High School Geometry
Authors: Eccles Frank M.
Published: November 2020

The treatment of geometry in the high schools today is remarkably similar to the Euclidean model set down more than twenty-three centuries ago. In the light of the tremendous development of mathematics in modern times, it would certainly seem that some revitalizing of secondary level geometry is long overdue. This is true despite the fact that the reforms recommended by the SMSG about ten years ago have been almost universally adopted.
New Programs
Authors: Hight Donald W. , Kansky Robert J. , Richards Don K.
Published: November 2020

Last year at Westmar College we tried a new procedure for teaching the college mathematics course “Fundamentals of Mathematics.” This course is designed primarily to meet a general-education requirement and is usually taken by students during their freshman year. Although Westmar is a private, church-related, four-year college, our design for a freshman mathematics course may be applicable to other two- or four-year colleges.
Polynomials Redictor
Authors: Szczepanski Ronald
Published: November 2020

A technique from the calculus of definite differences is sometimes useful in redicting the outcome of certain geometric relationships. The solved puzzles hat follow illustrate this technique.
Two Explicit Expressions for Cos nx
Authors: Wagner William J.
Published: November 2020

Pascal's triangle and matrix multiplication are used to express cos nx. Suitable for a trigonometry class familiar with elementary matrix work.
Geometry of the Means
Authors: Schild Albert
Published: November 2020

This article uses a simple figure to show an interesting relationship between the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means.
Using Data Analysis to Explore Class Enrollment
Authors: Davis Gretchen
Published: November 2020

As a teacher of statistics, I have prided myself in giving students relevant problems. We have analyzed the calories in fast food, the sales of rock records, the ages of academy-award winners, and the causes of teenagers' deaths. I want students to leave my course knowing that statistics is a practical tool for solving real problems. This year, the issue of class size was a real problem in our mathematics department. Here was the opportunity to practice what I have been preaching for twenty years. Data analysis enabled us to clarify the situation and to suggest possible solutions.
Connecting Research to Teaching: Learning about Calculus Learning
Authors: Ferrini-Mundy Joan , Lauten Darien , Graeber Anna .
Published: November 2020

Mathematics learning is a process in which students reorganize their activity to resolve situations they find problematic.
Applications: Using Algebra in an Accounting Practice
Authors: Eisner Gail A.
Published: November 2020

During the workshop, the teachers received training on the operation of Texas Instruments, Casio, and Sharp graphing calculators. Copies of the Quick and Easy series of books for using the calculators were used during the training. These books are authored by David P. Lawrence and distributed by Pencil Point Press. In addition to training on different types of calculators, the workshop participants received a Casio 7000 calculator. The teachers mentioned that the opportunity to become experienced with different types of calculators was a valuable experience that would help them when working with their students.
Animating Geometry with Flexigons
Authors: McClintock Ruth
Published: November 2020

Viewing mathematics as communication is the second standard listed for all grade levels in the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989). This emphasis underscores the need for nurturing language skills that enable children to translate nonverbal awareness into words. One way to initiate discussion about mathematical concepts is to use physical models and manipulatives. Standard 4 of the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (NCTM 1991) addresses the need for tools to enhance discourse. The flexigon is a simple and inexpensive conversation piece that helps students make geometric discoveries and find language to share their ideas.