bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The SRC Near-Infrared Survey of the Galactic Plane
Authors: Hartley M. , Dawe J. A.
Published: July 2016

In 1975, Hoessel, Elias, Wade and Huchra commenced a near infrared survey of 80 fields in the northern Milky Way with the Palomar 1.2 m Schmidt telescope, (Hoessel et al. 1979). This has now been issued as an atlas reproduced in the form of photographic paper prints. In 1977, the SRC 1.2 m Schmidt telescope at Siding Spring was authorized to commence a complementary survey of the southern Milky Way, consisting of the 151 ESO/SRC survey fields which have centres within 10° of the galactic plane and negative declinations (see Fig. 1). A further 12 fields have subsequently been added to the survey to permit coverage of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.
Comets and the Solar Neutrino Puzzle
Authors: Prentice A. J. R.
Published: July 2016

Ten years ago I put forward the suggestion that the Sun may possess a small burnt-out helium-rich core covering some 2-3% of its mass (Prentice 1973a,b). The purpose of this chemically inhomogeneous solar model was to account for the anomalously low flux of neutrinos being emitted by the Sun, as observed by Davis et al. (1971).
Illuminating Incidents in Antipodean Astronomy: Attempted Formation of the Australian Astronomical Society in 1892
Authors: Orchiston Wayne , Bhathal Ragbir
Published: July 2016

Although scientific astronomy has a long and illustrious history in Australia, it was not until 1895 that the first astronomical society was formed. This was the New South Wales Branch of the British Astronomical Association (see B.A.A. 1894-5; Gale 1895a,b), and before the end of the century it was joined by others in Melbourne and Brisbane (B.A.A. 1897-8; Editor’s Note 1979; Ellery 1901:13; Thomson 1897). These societies and their predecessors, the Astronomy Branches of the Royal Societies of New South Wales and South Australia (Waters 1980), were the mainstay of astronomical activity – both professional and amateur – in nineteenth century Australia, providing as they did regular meetings, library facilities, and avenues for publication and celestial observation.
Low Mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Evolution
Authors: Lattanzio J. C.
Published: July 2016

The evolution of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars as a function of mass and composition has been studied by Becker and Iben (1979, 1980) for M≥3 M⊙. The results from calculations like these may be used to provide input data for calculations of synthetic AGB star populations, as has been done by Wood and Cahn (1977), Iben (1981) and Renzini and Voli (1981).
Techniques for Mapping Galactic SNRs with the MOST
Authors: Roger R. S. , Milne D. K. , Wellington K. J. , Haynes R. F. , Kesteven M. J.
Published: July 2016

The Molonglo Observatory synthesis telescope (MOST) of the University of Sydney (Mills 1981) produces maps of the 843 MHz continuum emission from fields of width 23′, 46′ or 70′ arc. The telescope comprises two co-linear east-west cylindrical paraboloids each 2186λ in length and separated by a gap of 43λ. For each paraboloid a phasing network (Durdin et al. 1984) generates a comb of 64 contiguous fan beams. Mapping is accomplished in real time during a 12-h observation by overlaying, in the map plane, the instantaneous cross-correlations of corresponding beams. The synthesized point-source response (beam) produced by this method has a width of 43″ (E-W) by 43″ cosec δ (N-S).
Astrophysics at Mount Stromlo: the Woolley Era
Authors: Gascoigne S. C. B.
Published: July 2016

Mount Stromlo Observatory came into being on 1 January 1924. First known as the Commonwealth Solar Observatory, it was founded primarily for studying the Sun and solar-terrestrial relations, though from the outset it was much concerned with various aspects of geophysics. There was also a stellar programme, but after a promising start this had to be discontinued. The solar-geophysical regime continued, with success, until World War II. The Observatory went through the War with a new director, and at the end of it embarked on a new and unfamiliar course to develop into the fully-fledged astrophysical institute it has become today. This transition marks an important chapter in the history of Australian astronomy: I have tried here to describe some of its aspects, as they seemed to me.
Detection of OH Maser Emission from Cornet Giacobini-Zinner
Authors: Norris R. P. , Forster J. R. , Duncan R. A.
Published: July 2016

We have detected OH maser radiation from the comet Giacobini-Zinner using the Parkes radio telescope. The emission was detected in two transitions of the ground state of OH, at an intensity consistent with the predicted OH molecular production rate. We also searched unsuccessfully for OH emission from comet Halley, from which we are able to place a significant upper limit on the intensity of OH emission.
The Calibration of Deep Photographic Photometry
Authors: Couch Warrick J. , Newell E. B.
Published: July 2016

Observational tasks that require photometry of large numbers of objects, or over large fields, are still best approached using photographic photometry. Nevertheless, there are well-known problems in using photographic emulsions as two-dimensional detectors; these include their non-linearity and unknown photometric zero-points. The non-linearity can be calibrated using standard sensitometer techniques but the provision of photometric zero-points (and the verification of the validity of the intensity calibration) can be done properly only by providing a sequence of standards down to the plate limit. One approach to this latter problem, that has recently been revived by Racine (1969), is to use a sub-beam prism as originally suggested by Pickering (1891).
The Adelaide Observatory after Todd
Authors: Edwards P. G.
Published: July 2016

Charles Todd, who established the Adelaide Observatory on West Terrace in 1860, retired as Government Astronomer at the end of 1906. In 1908 the meteorological duties of the Observatory were taken over by the Commonwealth, and the Observatory lost most of its staff. Following the promotion of George Dodwell to the position of Government Astronomer in 1909, the Observatory was slowly re-established and undertook a range of astronomical and other work, which is described in detail in this paper. The Observatory was transferred to the University of Adelaide in 1940 and this is often taken as the closure of the Observatory. Dodwell finished working as Government Astronomer in 1952.
The Extragalactic Flux of Cosmic Rays
Authors: Clay R. W. , Smith A. G. K.
Published: July 2016

The propagation of extragalactic particles within our Galaxy has been modelled. The flux of such particles is below the observed cosmic ray flux at most energies when their power-law spectrum is extrapolated back from the highest energies. Also, we expect that the propagation of extragalactic particles through static magnetic fields in the Galaxy will not result in a flux change to match the flux of particles measured here within the Galaxy. However, if we were to consider the observed cosmic rays to be of Galactic origin, there would be a remarkable similarity between the required Galactic injection flux and the extrapolated extragalactic flux. We consider here whether the scattering of extragalactic particles in the Galaxy together with an associated energy perturbation might be sufficient for the extragalactic beam to result in the production of ‘Galactic’ particles and, hence, essentially all of the observed cosmic rays. This appears to be possible.
New Observations of the Beat Cepheid Variable AX Velorum
Authors: Shobbrook R.R. , Faulkner D.J.
Published: July 2016

Evidence exists for mode energy changes in beat Cepheid variable stars over the 20-30 year interval during which photoelectric observations of the objects have been obtained. For TU Cas, Hodson, Stellingwerf and Cox (1979) have found that the first overtone amplitude has been decreasing with time from 0.4 to 0.25 mag over a 67 year timebase; these authors also included some early visual estimates in their analysis. For U TrA, Faulkner & Shobbrook (1979) have found that the first overtone pulsation has been increasing relative to the fundamental over a twenty year timebase.
Exosat for Ground-based Observers
Authors: Giles A. B.
Published: July 2016

The first version of this mission was approved by the European Space Agency (ESA) Council in 1973 but did not infact start its Phase B study until 1977. The early baseline design had been constrained by the requirement to make the spacecraft compatible in size and weight with the performance of a NASA Delta rocket, since this was seen as a necessary back-up to Ariane, then at an early stage of development. The mission payload then evolved with time due to the changing role dictated by the technical successes and observations made by the series of well-known X-ray satellites. The final spacecraft has emerged to have a unique capability since all the other X-ray satellites except the small Hakucho have now expired.
Procedure for deriving the Forbush decrease spectrum at shallow underground depths
Authors: Duldig M. L.
Published: July 2016

On July 14, 1982 a Forbush decrease event of unprecedented magnitude was observed worldwide in the cosmic ray records up to particle rigidities of several hundred GV. At the same time the recently commissioned underground proportional counter telescope at Mawson, Antarctica, was recording a newly discovered cosmic ray modulation superposed on the Forbush event (Duldig, Jacklyn and Pomerantz 1985; Jacklyn, Duldig and Pomerantz 1987). The presence of the two phenomena led to complication in deriving the spectrum of the Forbush decrease for particle rigidities corresponding to the shallow observing depth. A technique for resolving such difficulties is presented and applied to the July 1982 decrease and the recurrence event 27 days later. The resulting spectral index γ was found to be ≈ −0.9, similar to the results of the extensive analysis of Russian surface and underground data by Kuzmin et al. (1983).
On the Existence of Bright (Mbol < –6) Upper AGB Stars
Authors: Hughes S. M. G. , Wood P. R.
Published: July 2016

A photometric survey of a central region of the LMC has been undertaken to obtain a magnitude and colour limited sample of bright asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars; the stars were selected from V and Ic plates taken by the UK Schmidt Telescope Unit (UKSTU) at Coonabarabran. Infrared JHK photometry has been obtained for all the stars in the sample in order to determine bolometric magnitudes, and spectra have been obtained for most of the stars to obtain spectral types. Stars in the sample have bolometric magnitudes up to the AGB limit of Mbol ∼ – 7.1, and many of the stars show evidence for dredge-up of carbon and s-process elements during helium shell flashes. A bolometric luminosity function has been constructed and its behaviour is discussed in terms of possible mass loss scenarios.
Observations of SN 1987A in the Near-infrared
Authors: McGregor Peter J.
Published: July 2016

High quality near-infrared (1-5 μm) spectra of SN 1987A have been obtained at MSSSO, AAO, ESO, CTIO and SAAO with good temporal coverage. These near-infrared observations are reviewed with particular reference to spectra obtained by the MSSSO group on the ANU 2.3m telescope at Siding Spring Observatory.
Fast Photometry of the Crab, SN 1987A and Aussat
Authors: Hill K. M. , Giles A. B. , Watson R. D.
Published: July 2016

The appearance of SN 1987A led to the implementation of a fast sampling option in the data collection system of the photometer on the University of Tasmania’s optical telescope. This option permits acquisition of continuous data trains of over one hour’s duration at sample rates of 5 kHz. Monitoring of SN 1987 A at regular intervals has permitted upper limits to be assigned to any pulsed fraction of the optical flux. Successful test observations of the Crab pulsar have been obtained, as well as observations of the geostationary Aussat satellites during their bi-annual specular-reflection episodes. For the latter, very accurate spin rates (∼1 Hz) are determinable in short data runs because of the higher frequency components (∼100 Hz) in their light curves. These components are produced by the rows of solar cells on the outer surfaces of the satellites, and fast-Fourier transform analyses essentially permit the numbers of rows of cells to be counted precisely.
Observations of Meteors using an over-the-horizon Radar
Authors: Thomas R. M. , Netherway D. J.
Published: July 2016

When metre wavelength radars were first operated in the 1940s, echoes were obtained which could be attributed to backscatter from ionised trains produced by the ablation of meteroids in the upper atmosphere at altitudes near 100 km. Modern over-the-horizon skywave radars operating in the HF (High Frequency) band employ digital techniques for both radar control and signal processing and are aided by frequency management subsystems for the selection of appropriate frequencies for meteor detection based on real-time monitoring of the HF signal environment.

This paper describes the results of using such a radar for meteor observations. We report the detection of the Eta Aquarid meteor shower and demonstrate that a large increase in the echo rate due to sporadic meteors is obtained as frequencies are reduced below 15 MHz and the underdense echo ceiling rises in altitude. Finally, we present preliminary observations of highly Doppler shifted echoes which travel at meteoric velocities and which we identify as meteor ‘head echoes’.
Progress of the MOST Galactic Survey
Authors: Whiteoak J. B. Z.
Published: July 2016

The Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST), operating at a frequency of 843 MHz, is currently surveying the southern galactic plane between 245° <l<360° and −1.5°<b<1.5°. The resolution of the survey is 43″ (HPBW), providing radio continuum maps of unprecedented resolution and sensitivity (1 mJy/beam) in this part of the sky. The survey involves 12-hour synthesis observations of over four hundred fields, each extending over one degree. Eighty of these have been mapped in the past year, bringing the number now completed to three hundred. The survey is revealing many faint structures with intriguing morphology, including filamentary emission associated with the Vela supernova remnant, and a number of very weak (<5 mJy/beam) disc-like objects.
Neptune’s Triton: A Moon Rich in Dry Ice and Carbon?
Authors: Prentice A. J. R.
Published: July 2016

The encounter of the spacecraftVoyager 2with Neptune and its large satellite Triton in August 1989 will provide a crucial test of ideas regarding the origin and chemical composition of the outer solar system. In this pre-encounter paper we quantify the possibility that Triton is a captured moon which, like Pluto and Charon, originally condensed as a major planetesimal within the gas ring that was shed by the contracting protosolar cloud at Neptune’s orbit. Ideas of supersonic convective turbulence are used to compute the gas pressure, temperature and rate of catalytic synthesis of CH4, CO2and solid carbon within the protosolar cloud, assuming that all C is initially present as CO. The calculations lead to a unique composition for Triton, Pluto, and Charon: each body consists of, by mass, 18.5% solid CO2ice, 4% graphite, 0.5% CH4ice, 29% methanated water ice and 48% anhydrous rock. This mix has a density consistent with that of the Pluto-Charon system and yields a predicted mean density for Triton of 2.20±0.05 g cm−3, for satellite radius equal to 1750 km.
The Evolution of Disturbed Neutral Point Equilibria
Authors: Craig I. J. D.
Published: July 2016

We consider the linear and non-linear evolution of a perturbed X-type neutral point. A semi-analytic treatment is given for the case of small disturbances of the equilibrium field. This problem admits well defined azimuthal modes which allow a formally exact determination of the magnetic annihilation rate. It is shown that the longest lived modes are purely radial and decay of the timescale τ ≈ |ln η| where η defines the resistivity of the coronal plasma. Higher azimuthal modes decay much faster, generally on a fraction (O(m−1)) of the Alfvén timescale for the outer field.

We go on to perform finite amplitude calculations that demonstrate the implosive current build-up that precedes the reconnective phase of the relaxation. In general both linear and non-linear studies support the idea of an initial implosive stage which rapidly releases the bulk of the energy associated with arbitrary field disturbances.
The Rates of Change of the Periods of SX Phe
Authors: Thompson K. , Coates D. W.
Published: July 2016

We present changes in the periods of the double-mode beat cepheid star SX Phe from 1951 to 1987 deduced from observed times of maximum light.
Planetary Distance Law and Resonance
Authors: Rawal J. J.
Published: July 2016

In this paper the relation between the planetary distance law and the resonant structures is shown, in that the resonance relation has been expressed in terms of Roche’s constant (Rawal 1984,1986,1989). This brings forth a coherent, elegant and unified picture of the Solar System and satellite systems.
Chemical Compositions of Planetary and Diffuse Nebulae
Authors: Aller L. H.
Published: July 2016

Detailed physical mechanisms responsible for excitation of spectral lines in gaseous nebulae have been known for 50 years, and reasonable estimates of nebular densities and temperatures were obtained in the late thirties and early forties. However quantitative chemical analyses have proven difficult partly because of uncertainties in atomic parameters (notably collision strengths) and partly because of complications posed by the nebulae themselves.
Astronomy and Human Life
Authors: Ramadurai S.
Published: July 2016

The role of astronomy in the cultural exchanges between India and China through several centuries is taken as an example of astronomy shaping human life. Then the tradition of astronomy in the development of scientific thought is examined. The contribution of astronomy in shaping the post-Renaissance society is briefly introduced. It is concluded that the recent developments of ideas in cosmology throw light on the intrinsic nature and limitations of the scientist as a human being.
AT Monitoring of SNR 1987A
Authors: Staveley-Smith L. , Manchester R. N. , Kesteven M. J.
Published: July 2016

The prompt radio emission associated with SN 1987A appeared and disappeared within the space of a few days. The next radio emission is expected as the high velocity ejecta expand into the circumstellar material. The evidence from the timing of the initial UV-flash is that this stage may occur shortly. We have therefore begun to monitor the field around SNR 1987A at high sensitivity with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. At λ6cm, an upper limit to the radio emission of 180μJy has been obtained. Continued observations are planned.
A Radiotelescope for Undergraduate Teaching
Authors: Storey J.W.V. , Lloyd J.P.
Published: July 2016

A fully-steerable 3.7 metre radiotelescope has been developed as an aid to undergraduate teaching. By using commercially available domestic satellite television components, excellent performance can be achieved at very low cost. The telescope is to be fully computer controlled, and has interchangeable feed horns and low-noise amplifiers for 21 cm, 2.5 cm and 7.5 cm. Experiments will include measurement of the surface temperature of the moon and Venus and of the effective temperature of the sun, plus observation of the brightest thermal and non-thermal galactic sources.
Energy Shifts in Molecular Hydrogen on Grain Surfaces
Authors: Darby M. I. , Papaconstantinopouiou S. , Taylor K. N. R.
Published: July 2016

The spectrophotometric results from the Copernicus satellite have stimulated considerable interest in interstellar molecular hydrogen. In this note calculations are presented which suggest that it may be possible for hydrogen molecules on grains to give rise to diffuse interstellar lines in the ultraviolet.
Supernova Remnants: A Generalized Theoretical Approach to the Radio Evolution
Authors: Caswell J. L. , Lerche I.
Published: July 2016

Theoretical work on the radio emission from supernova remnants (SNRs) has not developed much since the pioneering work of Shklovsky (1960) and van der Laa (1962a, b). Despite agreement that the emission results from the synchrotron process, the origin of the relativistic particles and magnetic field is not clear. There are three reasonable alternatives:

(i) particles and field originate within the ejected material (e.g. Shklovsky 1960);

(ii) both field and particles originate in the compressed interstellar medium (e.g. van der Laan 1962a);

(iii) the field is interstellar but the particles are from the ejecta (as outlined by van der Laan 1962b).
A Survey of Australian Research in Space Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Authors: Robertson R. P.
Published: July 2016

Astronomy has always occupied a prominent place in scientific research in Australia. For this reason it is of interest to see which institutions, journals and subfields of astronomy feature in the Australian research effort. A sample of 1166 astronomy papers produced by Australian authors in recent years has been compiled, and from this statistics have been derived for the number of times authors’ institutions are referred to and also those journals which are most frequently used. In addition, an analysis has been made of the various subfields where Australian astronomy research is concentrated, how this compares with the rest of the world, and which institutions and journals figure most prominently in each particular subfield.
Observations of 18 cm OH Emission and Absorption from Halley’s Comet
Authors: Duncan R. A. , Norris R. P. , Forster J. R. , Stewart R. T. , McConnell D.
Published: July 2016

The 1665 and 1667 MHz OH intensity towards Halley’s comet has been monitored during the period October 1985 to April 1986. The flux density variation during the course of the apparition roughly follows the predictions of Schloerb and Gerard (1985), although we find a systematically lower flux than they predicted. The relative intensities of these lines are approximately in the ratio expected for thermodynamic equilibrium.
III. Cavour and Parliament
Authors: Smith D. Mack
Published: July 2016

Constitutional history has not bulked large in risorgimento studies, because events of greater dramatic impact take precedence on this particular stage. The 1848 constitution of Piedmont has been studied, but this was a haphazard document drawn up hurriedly by inexperienced lawyers and open to either liberal or illiberal interpretation. Far more important was the formative period after 1848, during which first the Marquis Massimo d'Azeglio and then Count Camille de Cavour created traditions of parliamentary and cabinet rule. Cavour was the most successful and authoritative parliamentarian in Italian history. On his development of the constitution, however, we possess little more than the provocative but fragmentary essays of Adolfo Omodeo, largely because for nearly a century his papers have been inaccessible. The modern Italian parliament grew directly out of Cavour's theory and practice, and what he understood by liberal government is therefore highly important. There is room, at any rate, for enquiring whether he was the straightforward liberal that a dozen biographers make out.
IV. The Establishment of the Sierra Leone Protectorate and the Insurrection of 1898
Authors: Hargreaves J. D.
Published: July 2016

The Colony of Sierra Leone originated in settlements of freed slaves on the West African coast carried out on the initiative of British philanthropists in the later eighteenth century. For over a century, British responsibility was as far as possible restricted to the small mountainous peninsula on which Freetown stands, and to certain nearby islands; but influence was inevitably obtained over nearby coast and hinterland, and during the nineteenth century some additional territories were incorporated in the Colony, though not always brought under effective administration. In 1896 the remaining regions not conceded to be under French or Liberian influence were proclaimed a British Protectorate; which also included, for administrative purposes, certain chiefdoms formerly part of the Colony. In this period, therefore, the term ‘Colony’ is applied to the peninsula and islands originally settled, with a few predominantly tribal areas around the river Sherbro; the term ‘Protectorate’ to territories the size of Ireland, which form the great bulk of the area marked ‘Sierra Leone’ on a modern map, and whose social organization was at this time exclusively tribal. At the beginning of 1898 British officials began to collect a House Tax which had been imposed on three of the five districts of the Protectorate. In February, resistance to the tax by certain Temne chiefs developed into open warfare in the north, and at the end of April a series of savage attacks took place on British and American subjects, mostly of African birth and descent, among the Mende and Sherbro people further south. These two outbreaks constitute the insurrection to be studied in this paper.
I. A Lost Caesarea
Authors: Bury J. B.
Published: July 2016

The fundamental document for Diocletian's provincial re-organization is a list of the Dioceses and Provinces of the Roman Empire preserved in a MS. at Verona, which though printed by Maffei in 1742 escaped the notice of historians till Mommsen published it in 1862 in the Abhandlungen of the Berlin Academy, with a commentary in which he easily showed that it is the earliest provincial list we have, earlier than the lists of the Breviarium of Festus, of Polemius Silvius, of the Notitia Galliarum, and the Notitia Dignitatum. He attributed it to A.D. 297, and argued that it represented the new organization of Diocletian which he assumed to have been completed in that year. This conclusion, I believe, is wrong, though, like some other errors of Mommsen, it has been very generally accepted. He admitted, however, that strictly speaking the lower limit of the date of the List is A.D. 342 and the upper A.D. 297. For the present purpose it is enough to point this out; I hope to discuss the question fully in another place.
I. Some Aspects of Local Autonomy in the Roman Empire
Authors: Reid J. S.
Published: July 2016

The fact is of course obvious that the normal unit of organised society in the area of the Graeco-Roman civilisation was the partly autonomous town. In very early times the towns in Italy were grouped in Leagues which were based generally on racial affinities; and the same was the case with the towns in the lands outside Italy which were earliest conquered by Rome. One of the commonest features of early alliances was the allowance of what the Romans called the “ius exilii” that is to say, each of the contracting parties agreed to give a harbourage to those citizens of its ally who were driven out by internal commotions. Exile was an exceedingly common incident of public life in the early days of an ancient town. It may be said that in primitive times party politics were not carried on by strife between two sections within the city walls. Rather one of the contending parties was within the walls, while the other was outside, anxious to force an entry and eject its opponents. It is probable that the ius exilii had a very considerable effect in early days in shifting population.
III. Philip Nye on Church and State
Authors: Nobbs D.
Published: July 2016

Philip Nye was one of the most important of the early Independents. His youthful allegiance to the cause, and his exile from 1633 to 1640 in Holland, gave him a breadth of outlook and an experience of congregational churches which effected a greater balance of his natural abilities. He has been coupled with John Goodwin as one of the most original minds among later Puritans. Returning from Holland, he soon had occasion to display his talents. As a representative to the Westminster Assembly he became one of the group of dissenting ministers which challenged the validity of the Presbyterian system of church government. The five “Holland Ministers” resisted the alien centralising policy of the Scottish Presbyterians. During the Protectorate, Nye became more prominent in ecclesiastical politics, but the Restoration forced him into the background. He died in 1672, serving an Independent church in London as its “doctor”.
I. Alod And Fee
Authors: Jolliffe J. E. A.
Published: July 2016

The degree to which England had already adopted or grown into feudalism by the generation before the Norman Conquest is one of the oldest of historical controversies, and one in which the opposing views, having reached something like a stalemate, seem now disposed to concede a measure of recognition to each other's premisses. Recent treatments of the tenth and eleventh centuries are cautious and compromising. They are apt to speak of “nascent feudalism”, or of the Normans’ mission to develop and give precision to a Saxon feudalism which is never clearly delineated, but which is assumed to be far advanced. I would suggest on the contrary that, given the known components of early English law and the admitted difficulty of bringing this hypothetical Saxon feudalism to definition, the proper approach to the subject should be one not of compromise but of scepticism, and that, as no major passage of Saxon politics can be made to bear that surface appearance of baronial motive and interest which the play of Norman feudalism everywhere presents, any phrase or text of Saxon law which can be made to carry a feudal implication should be tested rigorously to see if it is susceptible of no other interpretation before a strictly feudal meaning is imposed upon it. I must confess that no single term or maxim of the English codes or charters having any claim to genuineness has ever seemed to me to bear a feudal connotation.
III. Government and Liberty Under James I
Authors: Hinton R. W. K.
Published: July 2016

James I succeeded to the English throne not by act of parliament, not by election, not by the will of his predecessor, but by the will of God in making him an heir. The right by which he ruled was accordingly not less than divine. Further, partly by the circumstances of his succession but in greater measure by the tradition of English public law, he exercised his rule as the absolute king of a free monarchy. On this all Englishmen were agreed. They seem to have taken great pride in the fact that their king had no superior on earth. They shared, as his free subjects, in his greatness. At this time most Europeans did not belong to politically independent nations.
II. Peter the Great and the Polish Election of 1697
Authors: Lewitter L. R.
Published: July 2016

The royal election of 1697 is a topic of Polish history that has enjoyed greater popularity with foreign than with native historians: the quantity of German contributions to the subject is exceeded only by the output of French chroniclers and researchers That this should be so is understandable. The German writers have examined the elevation of an Elector of Saxony to the Polish throne, the French have studied the defeat of a Bourbon prince, but neither group has showed any interest in the part played by Russia in this double process. Polish scholars have paid only incidental attention to it and expressed widely divergent views of its significance. Jarochowski, writing a century ago, states categorically that ‘a hundred years before the last partition Poland had morally lost her independence. First the Austrian and French, next the Russian and Prussian ambassadors usurped that power which the nation denied to its own kings’. Szujski, in a work published ten years later, outbids Jarochowski and speaks of ade factorenunciation of political independence; Bobrzyński, the leading historian of the next generation, merely notes that the year 1697 marked the end of French influence in Poland. In more recent times K. Piwarski referred to the interregnum between the death of John Sobieski and the election of Augustus II as ‘the last in which the nation was still free to settle its own fate’, while W. Konopczyński discerned in it ‘a fact hitherto unprecedented in a Polish election and pregnant with consequences, the fact of Russian intimidation”.
IV. The Negotiations for a Franco-Russian Convention, November 1856
Authors: Mosse W. E.
Published: July 2016

On the morrow of the Congress of Paris, the coalition of Powers which had imposed its terms on a defeated Russia was weakened by serious dissensions. Throughout the negotiations leading to the conclusion of peace, France had shown herself sympathetic to the Russian point of view, and her attitude had produced great irritation in England. Soon a dispute arising from the execution of the treaty of peace was to create further misunderstanding between the two allied countries and to reveal openly to the world the extent of their disagreement. Allied discord, however, was Russia's opportunity, and Gorchakov before long was to make a determined attempt to separate France from England and thus destroy at a blow the coalition which had defeated Russia. In the face of Gorchakov's diplomatic offensive, Napoleon would now have to show how serious had been his ‘flirtation’ with Russia and how great was the value which he still attached to his alliance with England.
IV. Robert Brady, 1627–1700. A Cambridge Historian of the Restoration
Authors: Pocock J. G. A.
Published: July 2016

In the first great age of English scholarship, to write history was to write polemics. England was a legal, not a geographical expression; to write her history was to interpret her law, or the relation of that law to the Crown, and so to take sides in the battle of parties. The law was timeless; its principles were the same in all ages; the past was a storehouse, not of mere examples, but of authoritative precedents. A statute whose making was ‘beyond memory’ was of greater authority than one whose beginnings were known. What the constitution was it had always been and to define its past was to define its true nature in the present. No scholar wrote more openly to support a cause than Dr Robert Brady, who was Master of Caius College from 1660 to 1700 and defended the Stuart monarchy with his learning in the last ten years of its existence; but the paradox of his career is that no man did more to bring to an end the climate of thought in which his work had been born. An interpreter of history in an age remembered rather for great textual scholars, he was a principal agent in bringing English historical method out of its medieval and into its modern period. For the student of English historiography in its peculiar and intimate connexions with legal and political thought he is, therefore, a notable figure.
II. The King and the Catalans, 1621–1640
Authors: Elliott J. H.
Published: July 2016

One of the arguments reported by Clarendon against the imposition of the English liturgy on the Scots ran as follows: ‘The kingdom of Scotland generally had long been jealous, that, by the king's continued absence from them, they should by degrees be reduced to be but as a province of England, and subject to their laws and government, which they could never submit to….’ Behind those words ‘the king's continued absence’ there lies concealed a series of ideas and assumptions which were so obvious in the seventeenth century that there was no need to elaborate or dwell upon them. For this very reason, it is possible that they have been overlooked in later periods, when conceptions of government and society had greatly altered. Yet phrases like ‘the king's presence’ had such vivid connotations in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that to neglect them is to neglect important clues to the understanding of the social and political conduct of the men of the time.
IV. How Russia made peace September 1855 to April 1856
Authors: Mosse W. E.
Published: July 2016

In 1854 Russia for the first time was confronted with that doubtful privilege of national greatness, a single-handed war with a coalition of major European powers. When Nicholas I, ignoring the prudent advice of Nesselrode, his Minister of Foreign Affairs, had ordered his troops to occupy once again the Danubian Principalities, Turkey had resisted, England and France after some hesitation had come to her assistance, and Austria had been converted from a close ally into an unfriendly neutral.
I. The Disputed Election of Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely
Authors: Ullmann Walter
Published: July 2016

Hugh Balsham, bishop of Ely from 1257 to 1286, is chiefly remembered for his services to the university of Cambridge and for his foundation of Peterhouse. His election to the see of Ely, and the subsequent dispute arising out of it, has hitherto received but scanty attention, and the treatment that this incident was afforded has usually been based on the account given by Matthew Paris. But Matthew Paris's highly romantic and colourful account is not at all accurate, nor, from a canonist's point of view, does his report make intelligible reading; it is the somewhat sensational presentation of one who relied on the necessarily somewhat distorted tales of more or less well-informed reporters. Being apparently the only contemporary source, it has served so far as the sole record of this dispute. But newly discovered material enables us to reconstruct the dispute following the election and, above all, to show the real reasons which provoked it. Although by no means aspiring to the striking publicity of the Canterbury election some fifty years earlier, this incident, in several respects, is more important than its renowned predecessor. Before we attempt to reconstruct the arguments, it will be advisable to summarize briefly the report of Matthew Paris.
I. The History of Rome and Italy in the Second Century B.C.
Authors: McDonald A. H.
Published: July 2016

The seventy-five years from the Second Punic War to the legislation of Tiberius Gracchus were critical years in the history of Rome. Within this period Rome imposed her will on the Hellenistic world and brought the West under her sway. The foundations of the Empire were laid in these years. Yet the period closes with violence and blood-shed in Rome herself and the seeds of civil war in Italy. The strain of conquest and the immensity of success disturbed the stability which had made the victory possible. Imperial rule called for changes in administration; deep economic movements began to touch the life of the people; but the strength of tradition, political and social, and the dominance of the Senate limited their range of vision. The result was to provoke, whether or not it was justified, an attempt at revolutionary reform.
III. French and English Influences in the Cortes of Cadiz, 1810–1814
Authors: Crawley C. W.
Published: July 2016

The Spanish and the Sicilian Constitutions of 1812 have been justly criticized as unskilful attempts of minorities to graft foreign models upon native traditions of obsolete or anachronistic feudal Parliaments. Yet the authors of both aimed in part at preserving by new methods some of the changes begun and abandoned by eighteenth-century monarchs, and they used in each case the name of a King who for different reasons could not openly repudiate them. Many who doubted the wisdom of their methods had sympathy for their reforming projects. The Constitution of Sicily was based avowedly on the English model; it has naturally attracted more attention in England and is still worth investigating afresh. That of Cadiz, though deriving almost surreptitiously from the French Constitution of 1791, was also produced in a sense under English auspices. The Cortes were summoned under English pressure, and were protected by English armed forces. Their doings have been described mostly in relation to the military and diplomatic history of the period; but the conflict of French and English influences in Cadiz deserves a short investigation: the material is abundant, both contemporary and later.
II. Plague and Economic Decline in England in The Later Middle Ages
Authors: Saltmarsh John
Published: July 2016

As I see it, the course of English economic history in the later Middle Ages is as follows. By the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries medieval civilization had reached a climax of material prosperity and spiritual confidence which it was never to surpass. A cessation of economic advance in the first half of the fourteenth century was followed by a positive decline in the second half, continuing and deepening in the century following, to reach its lowest point between 1450 and 1470. Recovery first started in the last twenty or twenty-five years of the fifteenth century, leading directly to the great economic renaissance which came to flowering in Tudor England. Then began that ‘cumulative crescendo’ which was to lead, at an ever-increasing pace, through the Industrial Revolution, to the command over Nature and the vast material resources of our own day.
III. The Jameson Raid
Authors: Walker Eric A.
Published: July 2016

In the late afternoon of Sunday, 29 December 1895, a little column of mounted men moved out from their camp at Pitsani Pothlugo in the south-eastern corner of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and headed eastward for the boundary of the South African Republic, a few miles away. At about ten o'clock that night a still smaller column rode off along the northern road from Mafeking, the capital of British Bechuana-land thirty miles or so to the south, and once they were clear of the straggling town, wheeled to the right and also made for the Transvaal border. Riding through the starry night of a High Veld summer, the two columns joined hands at daybreak on republican soil and, after a short halt, pushed on at a smart pace towards Johannesburg.
European Community Legislative Procedures After Amsterdam
Authors: Dashwood Alan
Published: July 2016

When it enters into force on 1 May 1999, the Treaty of Amsterdam will bring amendments to, among other things, the legislative process of the European Community. There will be no change as far-reaching as the introduction of the so-called “co-decision procedure” by the Treaty on European Union (TEU), but a genuine attempt is made to streamline the process, to render it more transparent and to enhance democratic accountability. Inevitably, though, not all the changes will be for the better. Two steps forwards and one back is, as ever, the favoured locomotive style of the Union’s constitution-makers.
Article 13 EC: Mere Rhetoric or a Harbinger of Change?
Authors: Waddington Lisa
Published: July 2016

Since the signing of the Treaty on European Union in Maastricht in 1992, calls have gradually been increasing for a greater recognition of, and firmer foundation for, fundamental (social) rights within the European Union. These calls naturally became louder following the Opinion of the European Court of Justice excluding the possibility of EC accession to the European Convention of Human Rights and during the lead up to the Amsterdam Intergovernmental Conference. Academics, independent EU Advisory Committees, groups representing the interests of EU citizens and residents and the European Parliament lamented the almost complete absence of fundamental social rights in the Treaty, and called for an ambitious revision of the Treaty. To a large extent these calls went unheard in Amsterdam, and the new Treaty does not incorporate a comprehensive list of social fundamental rights.
After Kalanke and Marschall: Affirming Affirmative Action
Authors: Fredman Sandra
Published: July 2016

Is it legitimate to use discriminatory policies to achieve equality? As official support for reverse discrimination or affirmative action policies becomes more common among member states of the European Union, so does the potential for legal challenge. Yet no clear answer has yet been given by the European Court of Justice. The controversial European Court of Justice decision in Kalanke, striking down an affirmative action policy, was followed only two years later by that in Marschall, which signalled a significant change in approach to affirmative action policies. This change of attitude is likely to be tested in a variety of different ways in the near future. The next affirmative action case, Badeck, is now awaiting the opinion of the Advocate General, and a Swedish case is waiting in the wings. Both these cases are likely to take the Court into far stormier waters than those already traversed in Kalanke and Marschall.
Assessing the Services Directive (2006/123/EC)
Authors: Hatzopoulos Vassilis
Published: July 2016

The internal market for services is one of the objectives set by the founding fathers of the EC back in 1957. It is only in the last 10 to 15 years, however, that this aspect of the internal market has seriously attracted the attention of the EC legislature and judiciary. With the exception of some sector-specific directives dating back to the late 1980s, it was only with the deregulation of network industries, the development of electronic communications and the spread of financial services in the 1990s that substantial pieces of legislation were adopted in the field of services. Similarly, the European Court of Justice (hereinafter, ‘the ECJ’ or ‘the Court’) left the principles established in Van Binsbergen back in 1973 to hibernate for a long time before fully applying them in Säger and constantly thereafter. Ever since, the Court’s case law in this field has become so important that it is now the compulsory starting point for any study concerning the (horizontal) regulation of the internal market in services. The limits inherent to negative integration and to the casuistic approach pursued by judicial decisions have prompted the need for a general legislative text to be adopted for services in the internal market. This text, however, hotly debated both at the political and legal levels, has ended up in little more than a complex restatement of the Court’s case law. It may be, however, that this ‘little more’ is not that little.
Free Movement of Services versus National Labour Law and Industrial Relations Systems: Understanding the Laval Case from a Swedish and Nordic Perspective
Authors: Rönnmar Mia
Published: July 2016

European integration, the internal market and free movement of persons and services are important aspects of EC labour law and EU industrial relations. As a result of EU enlargement and the emphasis on free movement within the EU, the problems of posting of workers, low-wage competition and social dumping are high on the agenda. This is illustrated by the epochal and much-debated Laval and Viking cases from the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
Clinical Trials Abroad: The Marketable Ethics, Weak Protections and Vulnerable Subjects of EU Law
Authors: Flear Mark L
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores how the EU is a largely overlooked exporter of normative power through its facilitation and use of clinical trials data produced abroad for the marketing of safe pharmaceuticals at home; a move that helps to foster the growing resort to pharmaceuticals as a fix for public health problems. This is made possible by the EU’s (de)selection of international ethical frameworks in preference to the international technical standards it co-authors with other global regulators. Clinical trials abroad underscore how ethics are contingent and revisable in light of market needs, producing weak protections for the vulnerable subjects of EU law. I argue that these components and effects of the regime are ultimately about that which undergirds, shapes and directs regulatory design. That is, I point to the use, infiltration, perpetuation and extension of market-oriented ideas, values and rationalities into formally non-market domains like biomedical knowledge production and public health. I explain how these are central to efforts at producing and legitimating the EU, its related imagined socio-political order based on a more innovative, profitable and competitive pharmaceutical sector in order to foster economic growth, jobs and prosperity, and with them the project of European integration. ‘Bioethics as risk’ is highlighted as a way to reshape and redirect the regulatory regime in ways that are more consistent with the spirit and letter of the ethical standards (and through them the human rights) the EU claims to uphold.