bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Red Muscle Development of Gilthead Sea Bream Sparus aurata (L.): Structural and Ultrastructural Morphometry
Authors: Ayala M. D. , L O. , ópez‐Albors . , Gil F. , Ramírez‐Zarzosa G. , Abellán E. , Moreno F.
Published: March 2003

The transverse red and white muscle area, the superficial red muscle fibres area and their percentages of mitochondria (%mit), myofibrils (%myof) and sarcoplasm (%sarc) were determined in the Mediterranean teleost gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (L.). Fish aged from hatching to 78 days were studied. The proportional growth of the red and white muscles was higher for the red muscle in the first half of the larval stage (1–35 days). Then the opposite relationship was observed. The hypertrophic growth of the superficial muscle fibres was continuous except in the first week after hatching. The percentage of mitochondria and percentage of myofibrils showed a significant change just after the half of the larval stage. Whereas the %mit of the superficial muscle fibres was higher than %myof from the first week after hatching to 35 days (average 66.64 %), then the %mit decreased significantly and at 73–78 days both parameters were close to an average value of 50 %. The meaning of these morphological changes is discussed in relation to the functional role of the red muscle of larvae and the onset of the gills respiration.
Ein weiterer Beitrag über die Feinstruktur der fetalen Becherzelle. Untersuchungen am Dünndarm des Rindes
Authors: Wille K. H. , Winkler Fr.
Published: March 2003

On the fine structure of the fetal goblet cells in the bovine small intestineEarly in the fetal development, i.e. at the time both of the growth of intestinal villi and crypts and the epithelial cell differentiation the goblet cells also appear. The maturation of goblet cells progresses during their migration from the base of the villi respectively of the crypts to the villous top. As in the bovine large intestine there are vesicles and capsulated vacuoles, which contain vesicles, as single elements or as conglomerates in the immature goblet cells of the small intestine. These images deliver a scenario of the mechanism of secretory granule production and probably play a role in the formation of mucus.
Evolution und die Darwinsche Theorie
Authors: Knospe C. , Preuss Und F.
Published: March 2003

Evolution and the Darwinian theory:

The Darwinian theory today is broadly accepted as one cornerstone of science. However, isn’t biology as a life science both, material‐ and art subject?
Immunohistochemical Study of Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Ovary and Placenta During Pregnancy in the Dog
Authors: Nishiyama T. , Tsumagari S. , Ito M. , Kimura J. , Watanabe G. , Taya K. , Takeishi M.
Published: March 2003

Using the immunohistochemical technique, we attempted to identify the source of secretion of steroid hormones between the mid‐ and late‐terms of gestation in dogs by investigating steroid converting enzymes such as cholesterol side‐chain cleavage enzyme (SCC), 3 β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 β‐HSD), 17 α‐hydroxylase/C17, 20lyase (c17), and aromatase in the ovaries and placenta. Aromatase positive cells were slightly confirmed in luteal cells in the mid‐term of gestation (day 40), whereas, in the late‐stage (day 50 and 60), the number of aromatase positive cells had increased. However, the oestrogen precursor (c‐17 positive cells), could barely be identified in the marginal regions of the corpora lutea (CL) and completely disappeared in the late‐stage of gestation. The androgen precursors, convertase SCC and 3 β‐HSD, were confirmed in all regions of the CL during the mid‐stage of gestation (day 40), showing particularly strong cell reactions in the marginal region of the CL. Yet, these positive reactions of SCC and 3 β‐HSD in the marginal region of the CL disappeared in the late‐stage of gestation. Moreover, it was discovered that the number of SCC and 3 β‐HSD positive cells had decreased in all regions of the CL. None of the enzymes were detected in the placenta. The above results indicated that the source of oestrogen secretion in pregnant dogs is considered to be the CL, and that, compared with the mid‐stage of gestation, there was an increased number of oestrogen synthesizing cells within the CL in the late‐stage. However, the biosynthetic site of oestrogen precursors from the luteal cells during the late‐stage of gestation is still unknown.
Anatomicohistological Characteristics of the Ovary of the Coypu (Myocastor coypus)
Authors: Felipe A. , Cabodevila J. , Callejas S.
Published: March 2003

Using histological, histochemical and macroscopic and microscopic measurement techniques, the macroscopic and microscopic structures of coypu ovaries were studied in sexually mature virgin females. The mature ovaries of the coypu were ovoid or elongated bodies, not encapsulated, covered by a single layer of epithelium. They had a parenchyma formed by follicles at different stages of evolution and true and accessory corpora lutea. The interstitial tissue was a prominent and permanent structure in the ovaries. Some ovaries contained a few rete ovarii in the hilus.
Morphological Study of Mast Cell Localization in the Wall of the Proximal Tubule in the Domestic Swine Kidney
Authors: Vodenicharov A. , Chouchkov C.
Published: March 2003

Morphological studies to localize mast cells in the wall of the convoluted and straight parts of the proximal tubules of the domestic swine kidney were performed. Kidney perfusion was carried out in 8‐month‐old pigs and semi‐thin and ultrathin sections were prepared after a routine treatment. A light microscopic study showed that mast cells were not frequently found. Most were localized in the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule, while in the proximal straight tubule wall they were fewer in number. Most of the mast cells were oval in shape, their size being typical for this species, and the granules were reddish in colour. Three types of granule containing an evenly distributed granular‐fibrous substance were found by TEM examination: the first type had a single electron‐optically dense belt under the membrane; the second showed optically empty spaces between the substance and the cell membrane; the granules from the third type had two parallel dense belts below the granular membrane and were the smallest in size. Some of the granules of the first type were connected with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. A very narrow intercellular area and single desmosome‐like junctions were found between the mast cells and the epithelial cells. Protrusions of plasmalemma and granules outside the cells were not established. On the basis of these results and data from the scientific literature, a comparative analysis was carried out. This showed certain differences between the results obtained and previous findings on the morphology of domestic swine mast cells and granules.
How Structures in Bovine Hoof Epidermis are Influenced by Nutritional Factors
Authors: M Ch. K. W. , ülling . , Bragulla H. H. , Reese S. , Budras K. ‐D. , Steinberg W.
Published: March 2003

The structure of the hoof epidermis is the link between nutrition and horn quality. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the relationship of single structures in the process of keratinization and cornification of bovine hoof epidermis to certain nutritional factors such as lipids, minerals and vitamins. Furthermore, we wanted to show the structural changes in the dyskeratotic epidermis caused by an insufficient supply of keratinizing epidermal cells. For our study we used samples of hoof epidermis from 25 dual‐purpose dairy cattle, with ages ranging between 2.5 and 4 years. We also obtained a complete set of hooves from a biotin‐deficient calf. All samples were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy, using routine methods as well as histochemical and enzyme‐histochemical techniques. We focused on epidermal structures that have a major influence on horn quality and are known to be related to single nutritional factors. The strength of the keratin filament bundles is determined by their cross‐linking via sulphur‐containing amino acids. Essential fatty acids are required for the synthesis of an intercellular cementing substance connecting the horn cells and establishing a permeability barrier in the stratum corneum. Minerals, in particular calcium, are essential for activation of enzymes that are a prerequisite for physiological keratinization and cornification. Furthermore, vitamins such as biotin are essential in the metabolism of the keratinizing epidermal cells.
Expression of Angiotensinogen in the Uterus induced by Coagulating Gland Renin in Mice
Authors: Kon Y. , Endoh D.
Published: March 2003

Coagulating gland (CG) renin is one of the components of the local renin‐angiotensin system (RAS), which plays important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis in several tissues. Although the existence of local renin has been reported in many tissues, its function is not yet well understood. In the present study, the relationship between CG renin and uterine angiotensinogen was investigated by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. In mating experiments with male and female C57BL/6 mice, renin was demonstrated immunohistochemically on the epithelial cells of the uterus on the first day after coitus; however, it was not detected on the second and third days after coitus. Neither immunoreactive cells nor messenger signals for renin were demonstrated on the epithelial cells of the uterus throughout the experiments. On the first day after mating, it was noted that positive signals for angiotensinogen mRNA were expressed on the epithelial cells of the uterus in in situ hybridization, but not on the second and third days after coitus. These results suggest the possibility that CG renin is transferred to the uterine epithelium at mating and temporarily activates the expression of angiotensinogen in the uterus. Angiotensin II produced by angiotensinogen may act as an important mediator for vascularization of the first step of pregnancy.
Morphological Characterization of Gland Cells of the Glandular Sac Area in the Complex Stomach of the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)
Authors: Eerdunchaolu . , Takehana K. , Kobayashi A. , Baiyin . , Cao G. ‐F. , Andrén A. , Iwasa K. , Abe M.
Published: March 2003

The morphology of the gland cells in the glandular sac area of the Bactrian camel and the composition of secretory substances were examined by histochemical methods. It was found that the gland cells of the glandular sac area were of the same type and size as those of the cardiac glands. The composition of secretory substances from the glandular sac area was the same as that of secretory substances from the cardiac glands. Moreover, secretory substances from the gland cells of the glandular sac area contained a great deal of acid glycoconjugates, such as sialic acid, in addition to neutral saccharides (fucose, mannose, glucose, N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamin, galactose and N‐acetylgalactosamin). Furthermore, immunohistochemical examination showed that progastricsin was present in the gland cells of the glandular sac area and the cardiac gland. In this study, histological analysis suggested that the stomach of the Bactrian camel is a single cavity stomach, formed as a result of multiple differentiation and growth of cardiac glands through the process of evolution.
Histological Characterization of Defective Spermatogenesis in Mice Lacking the Basigin Gene
Authors: Toyama Y. , Maekawa M. , Kadomatsu K. , Miyauchi T. , Muramatsu T. , Yuasa S.
Published: March 2003

Basigin is a transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. In the light of the fact that knockout mice lacking the basigin gene (Bsg) are azoospermic, the phenotype in the male reproductive system was extensively examined in this study. Spermatogenesis in Bsg (−/−) mice was found to be disrupted, and arrested at the metaphase of the first meiotic division. A few germ cells differentiated into young spermatids, but they were exfoliated. The lumens of the male reproductive system were filled with round degenerated cells. Using the TUNEL method and electron microscopy, some of the degenerated cells in the testis and epididymal head were shown to be apoptotic. Crystalloids of fine tubules and unusual ectoplasmic specializations were also observed in the Sertoli cells of Bsg (−/−) mice. These specializations displayed unusual ‘circular’ structures. Furthermore, unusual ectoplasmic specializations covering the spermatocytes rather than the mature spermatids were found. These structures were formed as a result of the lack of mature spermatids in the Bsg (−/−) testis. Results from analyses of azoospermia in the Bsg (−/−) mice suggest that basigin, through the interactions between germ cells and Sertoli cells, is an essential factor in the growth and/or survival of spermatids.
Renin in Exocrine Glands of Different Mouse Strains
Authors: Kon Y. , Endoh D.
Published: March 2003

The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) controls the regulation of blood pressure and water–mineral balance. Recently, renin has been reported to be synthesized and secreted outside the kidney. The present study investigated immunohistochemically the distribution of renin in exocrine glands, i.e. salivary glands and coagulating glands, in male mice of 13 strains. In some strains, renin was detected in the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, but not in the parotid glands. It was restricted to the striated or granular portions of excretory ducts. In coagulating glands, variable staining patterns were found. These results demonstrate the existence of variations in renin content in mouse strains and offered a selection of mouse strains for investigation of exocrine gland renin.
A Quantitative Study of the Circulus Arteriosus Cerebri of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Ocal M. K. , Erden H. , Ogut I. , Kara M. E.
Published: March 2003

The afferent vessels of the circulus arteriosus cerebri in the camel were studied quantitatively. It was found that the diameters of the arteries did not differ significantly on the left and right sides. An interesting observation was that the basilar artery contributed to the blood supply of the brain in the camel, in contrast to the situation in other ruminants.
Location of Sympathetic Postganglionic and Sensory Neurons Innervating the Testis in the Male Chicken
Authors: Wakita T. , Ohmori Y. , Watanabe T. , Fukuta K.
Published: March 2003

Sympathetic postganglionic and sensory neurons were labelled by injections of horseradish peroxidase into the testis of the male chicken. The total number of labelled neurons in the paravertebral, prevertebral, dorsal root and nodose ganglia was 943 on average for five chickens. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons were located in the paravertebral ganglia T3‐LS3 (10 % of the total number of labelled neurons), especially in T6 and T7, and in the prevertebral ganglia adjacent to the adrenal glands and aorta (19 %). They were found almost ipsilaterally. No labelled neurons were observed in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Sensory neurons were found bilaterally in the dorsal root ganglia T2‐LS3 (71 %), especially in T5 to T7. Over a quarter of labelled sensory neurons were located in the contralateral dorsal root ganglia. In the nodose ganglia, only a few labelled sensory neurons were observed (much less than 1 %). These results indicate that, unlike the ovary, the testis of the chicken tends to be innervated by ipsilaterally located sympathetic postganglionic and sensory neurons, with the sensory neurons being more numerous than the sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
Morphology of the Intestinal Tract in the White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
Authors: Endo H. , Morigaki T. , Fujisawa M. , Yamagiwa D. , Sasaki M. , Kimura J.
Published: March 2003

The intestinal tract of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) was dissected. We observed a simple structure for the small intestine, duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and a well‐developed large intestine, cecum, colon and rectus. The cecum consisted of a small chamber, whereas the colon was much enlarged; notably larger than that of the domesticated horse, which belongs to the same order, Perissodactyla. This suggests that in the white rhinoceros the cecum may be functionally replaced by the well‐developed colon which may act as the main fermentation tank in this animal.
Histochemical study of the distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)‐positive neurons in the chicken caecum
Authors: Hiramatsu K. , Kawamori Y. , Ohshima K.
Published: March 2003

The distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)‐positive neurones was investigated in the chicken caecum. Double staining combined NADPHd histochemistry with immunohistochemistry for neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) indicated that NADPHd‐positive neurones also showed immunoreactivity for nNOS. NADPHd‐positive nerve cell bodies were observed in both the myenteric and the submucous plexuses. Nerve fibres showing enzyme activity were mainly distributed in the circular muscle layer, but only a few fibres in the mucosal layer. Fine nerve fibres showing NADPHd activity were found running between germinal centres in the caecal tonsil. Quantitative analysis showed no significant differences in the number of enzyme‐positive nerve cell bodies per ganglion of the myenteric and the submucous plexuses among three different caecal regions; proximal, middle and distal regions. Larger numbers of ganglia were detected in the submucous plexus than the myenteric plexus at all three regions. These data indicate that nitrergic neurones in the submucous plexus mainly project to the circular muscle layer in the chicken caecum. It is possible that nitrergic nerves regulate the motility of the chicken caecum.
An Anatomical Study of the Arteries Feeding the Triceps Brachii Muscle of Swine
Authors: Gruionu G. , Constantinescu G. M. , Laughlin M. H.
Published: March 2003

The arterial vascular network of the porcine triceps brachii muscle (TBM) (an extensor muscle to the forearm) was studied and compared to another extensor muscle (the soleus muscle) of small rodents. The left axillary arteries (LAA) of nine Yucatan miniature swine were perfused with latex material to reveal the organization of the arterial blood supply to the TBM. Blood is supplied to the TBM by the main branches of the LAA. Some of the branches end in one of the four heads of the TBM. Other branches continue to bifurcate further and to supply blood to adjacent muscles. The feed arteries (FAs) arise as side–branches at regular distances from the branches of the LAA. The mean number of FAs per TBM was 109.7 and the mean diameter was 388 μm. The distribution of FAs to the muscle area is heterogenous. Most FAs penetrate the epimysium of the TBM on its medial aspect. It appears that more FAs come out of the branches of LAA that end in the TBM as compared to arteries which continue to bifurcate away from TBM. FA diameters were in the range of 300 μm. This study is the first necessary step towards understanding the distribution of oxygen and nutrients to the porcine skeletal muscle. It reveals the presence of a more complicated vascular network than that observed previously in small laboratory animals.
Immunohistochemistry of carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA‐I, II and III) in canine salivary glands: a distributional and comparative assessment
Authors: Asari M. , Kimura H. , Ichihara N. , Kasuya T. , Nishita T.
Published: March 2003

The immunohistolocalization of carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA‐I, II, III) in canine salivary glands was studied using antiserum against CA‐I, II, III. In parotid glands, immunostaining intensely localized cytosolic CA‐II antiserum throughout the cytoplasm of acinar secretory cells and ductal epithelial cells, especially in the striated duct region. CA‐III reactivity in the glands was only seen selectively at the intercalated ductal cells. In contrast, no immunoreaction localized CA‐I in the gland. In the submandibular and sublingual glands, CA‐I, II, and III were all observed in the ductal segments of the glands, whereas serous demilune appeared devoid of all three cytosolic CA isozymes. In contrast, in zygomatic glands (i.e. dorsal buccal glands) all CA isozymes were observed in both serous demilune and ductal segments. In all of the salivary glands examined, no mucous acinar cells were found to be reactive for any CA.
Differential Localization of Immunoreactive α‐ and β‐subunits of S‐100 Protein in Feline Testis
Authors: Cruzana B. C. , Hondo E. , Kitamura N. , Matsuzaki S. , Nakagawa M. , Yamada J.
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the differential localization of the α‐ subunit (S100‐α) and the β‐subunit (S100‐β) of the S‐100 protein in the feline testis, using immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antibodies to bovine S‐100 protein (S‐100) and monoclonal antibodies to bovine S100‐α and S100‐β. Appreciable differences were observed in the cellular localization of the immunoreactivity of each subunit. S‐100 was observed in the Sertoli cells, the epithelial cells of the transitional segment of the seminiferous tubules, Leydig cells and the peritubular cells of the seminiferous tubules, but was not observed in the epithelial cells of straight tubules and the rete testis or in the endothelial cells of blood and lymph vessels. S100‐α immunoreactivity was localized in Sertoli cells, peritubular cells and the epithelial cells of the terminal segment of the tubules, whereas S100‐β immunoreactivity was localized in Leydig cells. The differential localization of the α‐ and β‐subunits of the S‐100 protein in the feline testis suggests that this protein is multifunctional and be useful as an investigative tool in studying feline testis function.
Die Kralle der Hauskatze (Felis catus) – eine Formenanalyse
Authors: Vollmerhaus B. , Roos H.
Published: March 2003

The claw of the domestic cat (Felis catus) – analysis of its shape

The feline claws in the forepaw and hind paw are very different in shape. An objective method of comparison will be described. The differences in function and the factors with regard to the shape are discussed.
Suspensory Apparatus of the Bovine Udder in the Estonian Black and White Holstein Breed: Increased Milk Production (Udder Mass) Induced Changes in the Pelvic Structure
Authors: Jalakas M. , Saks P. , Klaassen M.
Published: March 2003

Bovine udders, together with the attached section of the ventral abdominal wall, as well as the bony pelvic floor were studied. The parts of the suspensory apparatus and attachment to the body were investigated. The location of the medial and lateral laminae served as the basis for classifying them into abdominal and pelvic parts. The udder base is attached to the ventral abdominal wall by means of the dorsal connective tissue plate. The abdominal part of the medial lamina and the pelvic part of the lateral lamina are the functionally more important bands. Sixty per cent of the udder base is attached to the ventral abdominal wall and 40% to the pelvic floor by the symphysial tendon. The symphysial tendon is attached to the ventral pubic tubercle and the symphysial eminence as well as to the symphysial crest, which develops by the fourth year. In order to study the osseous changes, bovine pelvises from the Middle Ages, the beginning of the 20th century, and the present time were compared. Increased udder mass has brought about changes in the structures of the suspensory apparatus of the udder and in the structure of the pelvis.
Konstruktionsprinzipien an der Vorder‐ und Hinterpfote der Hauskatze (Felis catus). 1. Mitteilung: Skelett
Authors: Roos H. , Vollmerhaus B.
Published: March 2003

Principles of construction in the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat (Felis catus). Part I: skeleton

The differences in the skeleton of the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat are an expression of a highly specialized, functional adaption: The mesaxonic forepaw with abducable first digit is used for running as well as for catching and climbing. The paraxonic hindpaw becomes, particularly through the arched construction of the metacarpus, a long and strong caulking tool both in sprinting and climbing up. The discussion focuses on evolutionary considerations. Moreover, common points and differences in the skeleton of the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat and their importance are summarized and briefly compared with the situation in the dog.
Konstruktionsprinzipien an der Vorder‐ und Hinterpfote der Hauskatze (Felis catus). 2. Mitteilung: Gelenke
Authors: Vollmerhaus B. , Roos H.
Published: March 2003

Principles of construction in the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat (Felis catus). Part II: Articulations

According to form and range of mobility the joints of the cat’s paw (articulationes manus et pedis) are adjusted to two basic functions: as far as they are used for walking in the different gaits they show components in the sagittal plane that particularly correspond to the digitigrade dog. With regard to cat‐specific behaviour, i.e. climbing and catching, specific characteristics of the joints for movements in the R‐plane (rotation) and A‐plane (abduction/adduction) can be distinguished. For this reason highly specialized types of articulations occur in cat’s paw that are unique compared to other mammals and that mostly have not been described yet. In this context, like in the skeleton (see first communication), function‐adapted divergences can also be found between the joints of the forepaw and hindpaw of the cat.
Histochemical and Morphometric Aspects of the Lateral Musculature of Different Species of Teleost Marine Fish of the Percomorphi Order
Authors: Martínez I. Ibabe , Cano F. Gil , Zarzosa G. Ramírez , Vázquez J. M. , Latorre R. , Albors O. López , Arencibia A. , Orenes Y. M.
Published: March 2003

Cross‐sections of the lateral musculature of 19 species of teleost fish of the Percomorphi order were studied histochemically and morphometrically. The red, pink and white muscles were observed in all the species except in Seriola dumerilii and Scomber japonicus, in which no pink muscle was found. The red fibres were the smallest due to their minimal diameters. Histochemically and according to their location at least five types were found in the same species: typical red, in rosette, of the border, infiltrated pink and in mosaic. The pink fibres were larger than the red but smaller than the white. The form and disposition of the pink muscle varied according to the species. This muscle is made up by fibres of medium size, moderate m‐ATPase and intermediate oxidative activities. Their histochemical properties change near red and white muscles, where they acquire the histochemical characteristics of the typical red fibres or the low m‐ATPase activity of white fibres, respectively. The white muscle is the widest muscular layer. All of the species, except Thalassoma pavo are made up by three fibre types (small with high m‐ATPase activity, medium with moderate m‐ATPase activity, and large with low m‐ATPase activity).They are mixed and show a histochemical and morphometric mosaic form. The extent of this mosaic depends on the species. In most of the analysed species it was observed in areas close to the pink muscle, but in three of them (Liza aurata, Seriola dumerilii and Coris julis) it occupied all of the myotome.
Temperature Effect on Muscle Growth of the Axial Musculature of the Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)
Authors: Ayala M. D. , López‐Albors O. , Gil F. , Latorre R. , Vázquez J. M. , García‐Alcázar A. , Abellán E. , Ramírez G. , Moreno F.
Published: March 2003

In order to determine the temperature effect on the axial muscle growth of sea bass, a stock of larvae was subjected to the following incubation and cultivation temperatures, respectively: 15°C/ambient, 15/17°C, 17°C/ambient and 17/17°C. In all groups the cross‐sectional area of white and red muscles and the number and average area of the white and red muscle fibres were quantified. Results showed that the embryonic period, pre‐larval phase and the end of metamorphosis were accelerated at higher temperatures. During the endogenous feeding period, muscle growth took place by fibrillar hypertrophy, and was not influenced by the temperature. Thereafter (external feeding) muscular hyperplasia began, and growth of all the muscular parameters was favoured by the effect of high incubation and cultivation temperatures, with the latter having higher influence. High incubation temperature had an slight effect on muscle growth and body length, which was only observed from 15 days. Metamorphosis finished at 3 ± 0.4 cm in all the larvae, but this length was earlier reached at higher temperatures. At 120 days, the largest growth was obtained in the larvae maintained at a higher temperature.
On the Morphology of the Liver in the Two‐humped Camel (Camelus bactrianus)
Authors: Endo H. , Gui‐Fang C. , Dugarsuren B. , Erdemtu B. , Manglai D. , Hayashi Y.
Published: March 2003

The liver of a two‐humped camel (Camelus bactrianus) was examined by means of gross anatomy and histology. The liver appeared characteristically as an enlarged triangle in visceral aspect, and showed the following lobation: the left lateral and medial lobes, the right lobe, the caudate lobe and the quadrate lobe. These findings were similar to those for the one‐humped camel. Histologically, a distinct lobulation, a typical arrangement of the interlobular connective tissue, and the trias was confirmed.
Comparison of Localization of the Neurokinin 1 Receptor with AMPA‐type Glutamate Receptors in the Rat Spinal Cord
Authors: Nazli M. , Morris R.
Published: March 2003

With the cloning of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isaxole propionic acid (AMPA)‐type receptor subunits, it is now possible to localize these receptor subunits in the spinal cord. Comparison of the neurokinin 1 receptor distribution with that of non‐N‐methyl‐
d‐aspartate glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1–4), considered to be AMPA‐type, was investigated in rat spinal cord by immunocytochemical methods. Different patterns of immunolabelling were observed with the antibodies to the GluR1, GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits in the lumbar spinal cord. Immunolabelling with antibodies to both GluR1 and GluR2/3 revealed intensive staining in the dorsal horn, while staining for GluR2/3 and GluR4 was dense in the motor neurons of the ventral horn. These results suggest that in the rat spinal cord AMPA‐type receptors vary their composition according to the region where they are expressed. Neurokinin‐1‐receptor‐expressing neurons in the dorsal horn do not appear to express the GluR4 subunit, however, whether they express the GluR1, GluR2/3 receptors subunits could not be determined.
Morphological, Histochemical and Morphometric Study of the Myotomal Muscle Tissue of the Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg 1887: Serrasalminae, Characidae, Teleostei)
Authors: Dal Pai V. , Dal Pai‐Silva M. , Carvalho E. D. , Fujihara C. Y. , Gregório E. A. , Curi P. R.
Published: March 2003

Histochemical, ultrastructural and morphometric methods were used to study growth patterns of red, pink and white muscle fibres and their relation to body weight and total length in the fast‐growing freshwater fish Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg. The correlations amongst body weight, body length and diameter of red, pink and white fibres were low. From 10–15 to 40–50 cm, body weight increased 102.7 times, while the diameter of each type of fibre increased by factors of 0.94, 0.74 and 0.70, respectively. Muscle fibres revealed different morphological and histochemical stages of maturation. The frequencies of < 20 µm fibres of red, pink and white muscle tissue in the youngest and oldest classes were 64.5 and 11.0, 38.2 and 7.7 and 24.0 and 1.4%, respectively. In 30–40 cm fish, the frequency of < 20 µm fibres in the red and pink tissue was 24.5 and 25.5%, while in the white tissue it was 11.5%. During sexual maturity (40–50 cm), the recruitment of < 20 µm fibres in white muscle was 1.4%. Muscle fibres of this species showed continuous growth by both hyperplastic and hypertrophic mechanisms, and hyperplasia was particularly active in the juvenile phase.
Arterial Vascularization of the Uropygial Glands (Gl. uropygialis) in geese (Anser anser) and ducks (Anas platyrhynches)
Authors: Aslan K. , Ozcan S. , Kurtul I.
Published: March 2003

In the present study, arterial vascularization of the uropygial glands (Gl. uropygialis) of 10 adult geese (Anser anser) and 10 adult ducks (Anas platyrhynches) were studied. Takilon was injected into the median coccygeal arteries of six specimens from each species, and Latex (a natural rubber with ammonia) into those of four specimens. Takilon‐injected specimens were corrosion casted, and arteries nourishing the gland were revealed via dissection. Vascularization of the uropygial glands of both the goose and the duck was observed to be the right (a. gl. uropygii dextra), left (a. gl. uropygi sinistra) and ventral (a. gl. uropygi ventralis) glandular uropygial arteries, arising from the median coccygeal (a. coccygea media) artery. Both the right and left glandular uropygial arteries were observed, divided into four branches as follows; muscular ramus (ramus muscularis), medial ramus (ramus medialis), ventral ramus (ramus ventralis) and lateral ramus (ramus lateralis). Of these, as the lateral, medial and ventral branches feed the gland, the muscular branch provides blood for the lateral coccygeal (m. coccygealis lateralis) and levator coccygeal (m. levator coccygealis) muscles, and the skin. Among the arteries mentioned above, anastomosis between the first and the second branches of the right ventral uropygial arteries in the five geese and five ducks was found.
Computed Tomography of Normal Cranioencephalic Structures in Two Horses
Authors: Arencibia A. , Vázquez J. M. , Rivero M. , Latorre R. , Sandoval J. A. , Vilar J. M. , Ramírez J. A.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this investigation was to define the anatomy of the cranioencephalic structures in horses using computed tomography (CT). Tranverse images of two isolated equine cadaver heads were obtained using a Toshiba 600 HQ (third‐generation equipment TCT). CT images were compared to corresponding frozen cross‐sections of the cadaver head. Relevant anatomical structures were identified and labelled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent anatomic detail of the structures of the central nervous system and associated formations. Annotated CT images from this study are intended as a reference for clinical CT imaging studies of the equine head.
Morphological Study of Metaphase‐Specific Apoptosis in MRL Mouse Testis
Authors: Kon Y. , Endoh D.
Published: March 2003

Apoptosis of male germ cells is a complex phenomenon in many animal species. Understanding its mechanisms could be useful in the diagnosis and therapy of male infertility. To examine the differences of distribution of apoptosis among mouse strains, the terminal transferase‐mediated nick end labelling (TUNEL) method was employed. In the testes of MRL mice, many TUNEL‐positive cells were identified at the metaphases of meiotic spermatocytes. Morphometrical analysis revealed that metaphase‐specific apoptosis occurred at the region between secondary spermatocytes and step 1 spermatids in stage XII seminiferous tubules. In the investigation of the developing first‐wave of seminiferous tubules, there were some metaphases showing apoptotic morphology prior to becoming secondary spermatocytes. Details of the apoptotic structure revealed by electron microscopy showed that cellular arrest occurred after the beginning of the M phase of the cell cycle. These results suggested that metaphase‐specific apoptosis in the testis of the MRL mouse strain took place at least at the first meiotic division, perhaps showing the spindle assembly checkpoint of the cell cycle.
The Vascular Bed in the Rabbit Ear: Microangiography and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Vascular Corrosion Casts
Authors: Ninomiya H.
Published: March 2003

The vascular bed of the rabbit ear has been studied with light microscopy, microangiography and scanning electron microscopy of resin casts in a series of 20 ears. The major arteries supplying the ear were the central and rostral auricular branches of the caudal auricular artery. The caudal auricular branch was not observed, except as a small vessel supplying the rostral auricular base. The central auricular branch supplied blood to most of the auricular integument and was surrounded by capillaries extended from those supplying the skin. The periarterial capillaries formed a fine, compact network in the tunica media and were closely related to the central auricular branch. Evidence is presented suggesting that this vascular mechanism has a counter‐current heat‐exchange function for regulating body temperature. The artery had the well‐developed internal elastic lamina and intimal cushions that regulate blood flow at the branching sites. A number of arteriovenous anastomoses were also observed between arterioles and venules, particularly in marginal regions of the ear. The intimal cushions and arteriovenous anastomoses might play an additional role in thermoregulation by regulating local blood flow in the ear.
The Effects of Two Different Decalcification Procedures on Size and Structure of Embryonic Epithelial Tissue in Objects Prepared for Light Microscopy
Authors: Witter K. , Matulová P. , Míšek I.
Published: March 2003

Electrolytic decalcification is a very fast and effective method for removing calcium compounds from bones with minimum damage to tissues. Changes of dimension of tissues in histological sections prepared from specimens decalcified by immersion in a formic acid solution and sections prepared from specimens treated in an electrolytic decalcifier were studied. Heads of mouse foetuses were cut in half, decalcified by one of the above‐mentioned methods and embedded in histowax. Dimensional changes of skin, tongue and nasal epithelia in histological sections were evaluated by t‐test. Significant shrinking and other unwanted effects of decalcification, such as acidophilia of nuclei, were found in objects decalcified by both methods. No significant differences in the effects of the two methods on tissue dimensions were demonstrated. It is concluded that both decalcification methods are equivalent from the qualitative point of view.
Distribution of Peptidergic Nerve Fibres in the Guinea Pig Trabecular Meshwork
Authors: Cavallotti C. , Artico M. , Pescosolido N. , Tranquilli Leali F. M. , Pacella E.
Published: March 2003

A quantitative analysis of peptidergic nerve fibres located in the trabecular meshwork of the guinea pig has been performed. Our results confirm that this structure contains VIP‐, NPY‐ and substance P‐like immunoreactivity as major neurotransmitters. These findings were obtained using immunohistochemical techniques. For this purpose serial sections of the eye were stained by immunohistochemistry for each of three neurotransmitters and stained sections were analysed by quantitative image analysis. Our findings demonstrate that SP‐positive, NPY‐positive and VIP‐positive nerve fibres occupy 11.2, 4.9 and 2.4%, respectively, of the observed area (expressed as conventional units, C.U.) in the trabecular meshwork of the guinea pig eye. It is relevant to emphasize that the area containing these three types of peptidergic nerve fibres appears to be large (18.5 ± 6.6 C.U.) in proportion to the total observed area. The innervation of the drainage angle of the guinea pig eye has been well described by many authors. This is the first study to report quantitative measurements of three types of peptidergic nerve fibres identified and measured in this area. The presence of these three neurotransmitters in the trabecular meshwork of guinea pig eye suggests their possible participation in aqueous humor regulation.
Comparative Studies on the Distribution of Glutamate Transporters in the Retinae of the Mongolian Gerbil and the Rat
Authors: Kang T.‐C. , Park S.‐K. , Jo S. M. , Lee J.‐Y. , Won M. H. , Park J. , Choi S. Y.
Published: March 2003

Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid transmitter in vertebrate retinae. Glutamate transporters therefore play an important role in the precise control of glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft by regulating extracellular glutamate concentration. In the present study, we performed an analysis of the expressions of three glutamate transporters in gerbil retina using immunohistochemistry. In the gerbil retina, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 and glutamate transporter 1 immunoreactivity was predominant in the ganglion cells but not amacrine or bipolar cells. Glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) immunoreactivity was observed in the radial gliocytes of which the dense network of fine processes was localized in the inner and outer plexiform layers. GLAST immunoreactivity was also detected in astrocytes in the nerve fibre layer. These results demonstrate that three glutamate transporters show specific distributions in the gerbil retina and suggest that the glutamate re‐uptake system in the gerbil retina may be different from that of the rat.
An Immunohistochemical Study on the Endocrine Cells in the Alimentary Tract of the Red‐Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Ku S. K. , Lee H. S. , Lee J. H. , Park K. D.
Published: March 2003

The regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the red‐eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, were investigated by immunohistochemical methods using 10 antisera. Most of the immunoreactive cells in the intestine were spherical or spindle‐like in shape (open‐type cells), while round cells (closed‐type cells) were occasionally found in the stomach. These immunoreactive cells were located in the basal portion of the intestine, including the oesophagus, and in the gastric glands of the stomach. Cg A‐immunoreactive cells were restricted to the pylorus and duodenum and were few in number. Serotonin‐immunoreactive cells, which were most commonly found in the pylorus, were found in the epithelia throughout the alimentary tract at various frequencies. Gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were found in the pylorus, duodenum and jejunum at moderate, low and very low frequencies, respectively. Somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells were found throughout the alimentary tract except for the rectum, at various frequencies. Glucagon‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the fundus, pylorus, jejunum and ileum at low or very low frequencies. CCK‐8‐immunoreactive cells were found in the pylorus, fundus and duodenum at very low, low and moderate frequencies, respectively. Bombesin‐immunoreactive cells were restricted to the fundus and pylorus at low frequencies. No secretin‐, BPP‐ or VIP‐immunoreactive cells were found in this study.
A Quantitative Study on the Trachea of the Dog
Authors: Dabanoğlu I. , Öcal M. K. , Kara M. E.
Published: March 2003

This study was carried out to record the detailed morphometric structure of the trachea in dogs using 15 female and four male healthy adult mongrel dogs. The diameter and thickness of each tracheal ring were measured, the number of tracheal rings varying from 36 to 45. All data were subjected to statistical analysis which was carried out on individual sections of the trachea, i.e. the cranial cervical, middle cervical, thoracic inlet and the intrathoracic tracheal regions, which consisted of 12, 12, nine and 12 tracheal rings, respectively. Fusion of the tracheal rings was especially obvious in the cranial cervical and thoracic inlet regions as a result of neck movements. The diameter and thickness of the tracheal rings are smallest at the thoracic inlet level because the direction of the trachea changes at this point where the thoracic inlet is relatively small and surrounded by bone. The ratios of inner transverse to inner vertical and outer transverse to outer vertical diameters were almost the same, between 1.14 and 1.25 in all regions, which indicated that the trachea is near‐circular in shape in the dog. At the thoracic inlet level cross‐sectional lumen areas are 7 and 6% smaller than those in the middle cervical and intrathoracic regions, respectively. The thinnest cartilage was seen at the thoracic inlet level where there is a risk of tracheal collapse.
The Parotid, Mandibular and Lateral Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Abdel‐Magied E. M. , Taha A. A. M. , Al‐Qarawi A. A. , Elfaki M. G.
Published: March 2003

The parotid, mandibular and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes of the dromedary camel were examined using both light and electron microscopy. All three lymph nodes were lobulated. They did not show the characteristic medulla, cortex and paracortex of typical lymph nodes. Instead, they contained lymphatic nodules, dense anodular lymphoid tissue and diffuse lymphoid tissue dispersed throughout the lymph node. Networks of sinuses were present in the diffuse lymphoid tissue. The diffuse lymphoid tissue in the periphery of all lymph nodes examined was characterized by numerous erythrocytes within and around its network of sinuses. The nodal sinuses were contiguous with the septal vessels, which are considered the possible source of erythrocytes seen in this study. The lymph nodes that were seen in this study resembled the haemolymph nodes of other mammals with regard to their content of erythrocytes but were unique in being located in sites that were typical of ordinary lymph nodes. Morphometric analysis has shown that the percentage volume densities of the stroma and the various parenchymal components were similar in the three lymph nodes.
Identification of Positive Cells to Interleukin‐4 in Bovine Haemal Nodes
Authors: Cerutti P. , Guerrero F.
Published: March 2003

The bovine haemal nodes are lymphatic organs located in the haemal circulation. Their parenchyma is represented by plasma cells, macrophages and B and T lymphocytes. The T helper type 2 (Th2) CD4 lymphocyte can be found within the T lymphocytes. The activated Th2 CD4 lymphocyte produces interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), a peptidic hormone involved in the acute‐phase immune response. This interleukin can promote either B‐lymphocyte differentiation and T‐lymphocyte proliferation or it can promote the type of immunoglobulin that can be liberated. Our results have shown, by immunostaining with anti‐IL‐4, not only the presence and localization of these lymphocytes in bovine haemal nodes but also the participation of polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils) in the storage of IL‐4. These results give value to the humoral and cellular immunological importance of haemal nodes in bovines and they can serve as a contribution to determine the cross‐reactivity of bovine IL‐4 with the human anti‐serum used in this work.
Comparative Anatomy of the Male Guinea‐Pig and Human Lower Urinary Tract: Histomorphology and Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction
Authors: Neuhaus J. , Dorschner W. , Mondry J. , Stolzenburg J.‐U.
Published: March 2003

The guinea‐pig is often used for experimental studies in urology. However, the anatomy of the lower urinary tract of the guinea‐pig is poorly described in the literature. The structure and function of the lower urinary tract, i.e. continence, micturition and sexual function, are closely related to the gross anatomy of the pelvis and the fine structure of the musculature. We investigated the anatomy and histomorphology of the lower urinary tract by serial sections in male guinea‐pigs and compared it to that in humans. Immunohistochemical stainings for alpha‐smooth muscle cell actin were used to differentiate between smooth and striated muscles. By using whole pelvic preparations, including all internal organs preserved in their in situ location for three‐dimensional reconstruction, we developed three‐dimensional models, which elucidate the spatial relationship of all muscular structures and can help to deduce functional aspects of lower urinary tract function. In the guinea‐pig, most of the muscles found in humans can be demonstrated in comparable location and extension. However, the structure of the prostate and the existence of the so‐called coagulation glands define a significant difference in the morphology of the prostatic urethra.