bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of the designmethodof thermal networks: serialconnection of heat exchangers
Authors: Derevyanko Georgy V. , Mescheryakov Vladimir I.
Published: December 2021

The mathematical model of the system is considered consisting of a series connection of three heating devices. A system of equations based on the energy conservation law is constructed, which turns out to be incomplete. It is shown that, given the known requirements for the system, expressed only in the efficiency of the system, the formalization of design often becomes insoluble.The system of equations is supplemented with expressions in accordance with the hypothesis of the proportionality of the amount of energy in an element and is presented in matrix form. The design task is reduced to determining the elements of the matrix by the value of the determinants. Analysis of the mathematical model made it possible to obtain an expression for the efficiency of the system as a function of energy exchange in its elements.This made it possible to obtain solutions for flows and their relationships in the elements of the system. In addition, the efficiency of inter-network and intra-network energy exchange has been determined, which satisfy the principles of equilibrium and minimum uncertainty in the values of the average parameters of the system. Asan application, one of the main parameters, NTU,is considered, which determines the area of heat exchange with the external environment and the mass and dimensional characteristics of the heat exchange system.Models of direct and opposite switching on of flows with variations of flows and the value of the surface of devices when meeting the requirements for the efficiencyof the system are considered. The results of comparing the design process with the iterative calculation method are presented and the advantages of the proposed approach are shown.
The Vulnerable Therapeutic Water Spaces of Virgen de Caysasay
Authors: Peracullo Jeane
Published: December 2021

The Virgen de Caysasay is one of the oldest manifestations of the Virgin Mary in the Philippines. According to popular belief, a fisherman netted her statue in the Pansipit River in 1603. Many miraculous healing events, mostly involving water, have been attributed to her. Despite the devastating effects of the climate crisis, Caysasay water spaces endure as therapeutic, healing, and ritual places. This essay examines the interlocking dynamics and vulnerabilities of bodies of water associated with the Virgen de Caysasay, their contextual sacred spaces where pieties are performed, and their surrounding communities
Paramos šeimai politika Lietuvoje ir vienų motinų šeimos
Authors:   , Skubiejūtė Greta
Published: December 2021

Single-mother families in the context of family policy
Information Potential of Cannon Barrels of the XV - Early XIX Centuries
Authors:   M.S. Hrushevsky Institute of Ukrainian Archaeography and Source Studies, Malchenko Oleg
Published: December 2021

This illustrated edition reveals the information field of cannons layer by layer: from the morphological features to the decor of cannon barrels of the XV - early XIX century. The extensive factual material examines a wide range of methodological and technological tools that help to effectively extract source information. The interdisciplinary research was carried out within a wide chronological and geographical boundaries on the basis of its own research collection. The publication will be of interest to historians, weapons experts, museum workers and all fans of military history and technology.
Bandas dentro, bandas fuera. (Des)securitización versus punitivismo de las organizaciones juveniles de calle en España, Ecuador y El Salvador
Authors: Feixa Carles , Aramayona Begoña , Ballesté Eduard , Páez de la Torre Sonia
Published: December 2021

Las llamadas “bandas” o “pandillas” aparecen como objeto protagonista de políticas públicas inclu- sivas o segregadoras en distintas ciudades del contexto iberoamericano: experiencias de mediación e integración social versus construcción de alarma mediática y punitivismo policial y penal. El presente artículo se propone analizar la situación de este fenómeno, por medio de la exploración de los posibles efectos de la constitución de asociaciones e intentos de tregua con las agrupaciones juveniles de calle. A partir de una comparación entre las experiencias vividas en España, El Salvador y Ecuador en las dos primeras décadas del siglo xxi, extraeremos aspectos positivos y deficientes de dichos procesos, al señalar los beneficios, limitaciones y peligros tanto de la estrategia criminalizadora/punitivista como de la estrategia de mediación/pacificación con jóvenes subalternos urbanos en estas regiones.
Phaeosphaeria deschampsii J. Putzke & A.B.Pereira (Ascomycota, Fungi) causing whitening in Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) in the South Shetland Islands
Authors: Pereira Antonio Batista , Velloso Jorge Renato Pinheiro , Putzke Jair
Published: December 2021

Phaeosphaeria deschampsii was described from dead leaves of Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic Grass). We surveyed other islands of the South Shetland archipelago, Antarctica, and also found Arctic Grass whitening, the disease associated with this fungus, indicating that is disease is widespread.
Early Neolithic Flint Assemblages from the Targowisko Settlement Region
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of Gdańsk, Poland, Wąs Marcin
Published: December 2021

The article presents flint materials obtained from domestic facilities from the late phase of “Linienbandkeramik” from the Brzezie 40 and Targowisko 16 sites and the classic phase of the Malice culture from the 14–15 Targowisko site. These complexes contain relatively few monuments. Their advantage, however, is that they belong to chronologically compact groups. Since the relics of the discovered houses are spatially isolated from other settlement structures, it can be assumed that the set of flint artifacts belonging to them is relatively homogeneous. Thanks to this, they can contribute considerably to the discussion on the processes of cultural heterogenization and the origin of post-LBK cultures, including the Malice culture.
Cybernetic estimation of reserve utilization efficiency
Authors: Lutsenko Igor
Published: December 2021

This study relates to the field of verification of cybernetic estimates of the use of reserves as criteria for the effectiveness of transformative class systems with a continuous supply of a technological product.
The task set here attracted even more attention after the advent of improved approaches that make it possible to automatically change the control trajectories of technological systems in real time. In such cases, the assessment of the current status of the process and the efficiency of stock management has become an integral part of the operation of the management subsystems. Therefore, the development and verification of cybernetic assessment of effectiveness for such control systems is a relevant issue.
The first stage of the reported research involved the development of a cybernetic model of operation with distributed parameters. Four formal features have been proposed. Finding integral functions of these features has made it possible to obtain an idea of some quantitative characteristics of the process while finding the second time-dependent integral characteristic has made it possible to represent the physical and cybernetic parameters of the process.
At the second stage, formulas for calculating the main assessment indicators were proposed; their verification was carried out under three different control trajectories, which showed the adequacy of the devised approach.
The final step was to develop three variations of the efficiency formula, which is calculated at set points in time throughout the entire production cycle.
Thus, cybernetic assessment of the effectiveness of the use of reserves makes it possible to formalize and fully automate the processes of optimization and adaptation of the functional systems of an enterprise
The determination of synthesis conditions and color properties of pigments based on layered double hydroxides with Co as a guest cation
Authors: Kovalenko Vadym , Kotok Valerii
Published: December 2021

Nail polish, in particular gel polish, is the most commonly used cosmetic product. A component of the gel polish, which determines the consumer color characteristics of the gel polish. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are promising pigments. To expand the range of colors and shades of pigments, the use of LDH with colored host and guest cations is promising. The parameters of synthesis and color characteristics of samples of Zn-Co and Cu-Co hydroxide pigments were studied. To obtain LDH with Co as a guest cation in the synthesis, the conversion of cobalt to the trivalent state was carried out at a temperature of 80 °C using oxidation with atmospheric oxygen or sodium hypochlorite. The oxidation efficiency was evaluated by X-ray phase analysis by the presence or absence of cobalt-containing phases. The color characteristics of the synthesized pigment samples were studied by spectroscopic measurement and calculation in RGB, CIELab, and LCH color models.
The low efficiency of cobalt oxidation at the moment of Zn-Co LDH synthesis with atmospheric oxygen at an elevated synthesis temperature of 80 °C was shown, while cobalt was released as a separate Co3O4 phase. A higher efficiency of cobalt oxidation at the moment of synthesis using sodium hypochlorite with the formation of Zn-Co LDH was revealed. It is recommended to use the hypochlorite oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+ in the LDH synthesis with Co in the form of a guest cation. The formation of a separate phase of zinc oxide was found in both types of oxidation due to the thermal decomposition of zinc hydroxide.
Comparative analysis of color characteristics showed that all samples have a brown color of different saturation. It was revealed that during the formation of Co-containing LDH, the lightness of the color decreases. Color saturation increases in the case of a colored host cation, such as Cu.
Determination of quality indicators of marmalade with addition of multi-component fruit and berry paste during storage
Authors: Samokhvalova Olga , Kasabova Kateryna , Shmatchenko Nataliа
Published: December 2021

The object of research is the technology of jelly-fruit marmalade with the addition of multicomponent fruit and berry paste from apples, quince and black currant. Marmalade products are in demand due to their attractive appearance, excellent taste, aroma and good absorption by the body. This delicacy is characterized by the absence of fat, high sugar content and the presence of functionally physiological ingredients. Due to the growing interest of consumers in products of increased nutritional value, the technology of jelly-fruit marmalade with the addition of multicomponent fruit and berry paste from apples, quince and black currant has been improved. New confectionery products must first of all be safe for human health, therefore, organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological indicators of the quality of marmalade were determined during storage.
In terms of organoleptic quality indicators, both control and experimental marmalade samples have high quality indicators during the shelf life. The storage duration affects the consistency of the marmalade, which becomes protracted after 3 months of storage and contributes to a decrease in the color saturation of all samples. The loss of the mass fraction of moisture in the control sample of marmalade up to 6.1 % and the sample with fruit and berry paste – up to 5.0 %, an increase in acid accumulation by 4.0–20.6 % for the control and by 4.0–20 % for the sample marmalade with pasta. It is noted that the content of reducing substances increases in the control sample by 18.0–50.0 %, which is 11.8–15.0 %, and in the sample with the addition of paste – by 10.8–36.9 %, which is 12.3–15.2 %. The data obtained is admissible and meets the established quality requirements in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents.
Microbiological quality indicators have been determined and it has been established that new samples of marmalade with multicomponent paste, both freshly prepared and after a guaranteed shelf life, comply with the standards of all current requirements for the quality of food products. The safety of jellied fruit marmalade on agar with the addition of multicomponent fruit and berry paste from apples, quince and black currant has been proven during the guaranteed shelf life of 3 months.
Development of alkaline concrete on the basis of active aggregates
Authors: Kovalchuk Oleksandr , Zozulynets Viktoriia
Published: December 2021

The object of the research is the process of directed structure formation in the body of alkaline concrete, made using a reactive aggregate, in this case, basalt, and the process of deformation development in such concrete. The problem with using reactive aggregates is that they cause alkaline corrosion. It manifests itself in the form of cracks and layers of gel-like substances that form at the point of contact of the aggregate with the cement stone.
During the research, methods of physical and chemical analysis were used (X-ray phase, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyzes, electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, microprobe analysis). And also methods of mathematical planning of experiments have been used for the dependence of the physical and technical properties of cements and the directions of their structure formation. Also, the research has been carried out based on the analysis of world achievements in solving the problem of alkaline corrosion of concrete.
The possibility of joint operation of the matrix of alkaline cements and active aggregates, represented by basalt, has been determined. The component composition of alkaline cement has been optimized and the need to increase the amount of the alkaline component in the system for the normal course of structure formation processes has been proved. The study of the influence of technical factors and conditions of hardening on the development of processes of structure formation of the investigated compositions has been carried out. The deformation properties of fine-grained concrete based on slag-alkaline cement and basalt aggregate have been investigated. It is shown that the expansion deformations of the samples, which accompany the process of alkaline corrosion of the aggregate in concrete, are directly related to the component composition and hardening conditions of the material.
The obtained research results confirm the possibility of using active aggregates for the manufacture of building materials, in particular, based on alkaline cements. But for the safe course of the processes of structure formation, the component composition of the system has to be adjusted by introducing an active mineral additive and an additional alkaline component. The use of hydrophobizing additives makes it possible to increase the strength of the material even when operating under normal heat and humidity conditions.
Kanonik sandomierski Marcin z urzędowa i jego Herbarz Polski w historiografii
Authors: Suchecka Anna
Published: December 2021

Wydany w 1595 r. Herbarz polski autorstwa kanonika sandomierskiego Marcina z Urzędowa był pierwszym oryginalnym zielnikiem napisanym po polsku. Wśród wszystkich prac o roślinach wydanych drukiem w Krakowie w XVI w. przyznaje mu się wartość największą. Badania nad biografią Marcina z Urzędowa i treścią zielnika prowadzi się już od prawie dwóch wieków w obrębie różnych nauk: historii botaniki, farmacji, medycyny, dziejów kultury czy bibliologii historycznej, a także językoznawstwa w zakresie nomenklatury przyrodniczej. Pomimo nawarstwiania się informacji faktograficznych na temat dzieła Marcina z Urzędowa stan wiedzy jest ciągle niezadowalający ze względu na rozproszenie źródeł. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i analiza stanu badań, ich słabości oraz niekwestionowanych osiągnięć, co może być punktem wyjścia do ujęcia monograficznego zielnika i pełnej biografii duchownego.
Elementy teologii mistycznej św. Bonawentury z Bagnoregio
Authors: Kośla Romuald Henryk
Published: December 2021

Św. Bonawentura z Bagnoregio pozostawił po sobie wiele pism o typowo ascetyczno-mistycznym charakterze. Jego duchowa myśl – zwana często metafizyką mistyki chrześcijańskiej – koncentruje się wokół drogi, jaką pokonuje dusza ludzka, aby spotkać się z Bogiem w uszczęśliwiającym zjednoczeniu. Przedmiotem dociekań jest więc dynamika duchowego wysiłku człowieka, który w swojej otwartości jednoczy się z Bogiem Ojcem przez ukrzyżowanego Syna w Duchu Świętym. Mistyka w ujęciu Bonawentury nie ogranicza się do nadzwyczajnych stanów, lecz stanowi istotę całego życia chrześcijańskiego. To jemu zawdzięczamy organiczne i funkcjonalne wszczepienie ascezy w nurt życia mistycznego.
Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kartuzji bereskiej (1816–1825)
Authors: Królikowski Janusz
Published: December 2021

Niniejsza publikacja zawiera zarys dziejów kartuzji bereskiej w ostatnim okresie jej istnienia oraz wybór materiałów źródłowych, które ilustrują ten okres (1816–1825). Ilustrują one przede wszystkim próbę zreformowania klasztoru mimo wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych trudności, które przeżywała. Wsparcie powstałej kongregacji monastycznej benedyktyńsko-cystersko-kartuskiej i obecność gorliwych mnichów nie wystarczyły do pełnego uprządkowania życia monastycznego i odbudowania duchowego kartuzji w jej pełnym kształcie. Ostatni etap istnienia kartuzji w Berezie znaczy udział mnichów w powstaniu listopadowym, który stał się bezpośrednią przyczyną kasaty klasztoru dekretem carskim z 28 VIII 1831.
Materiały do bibliografii księży diecezji sandomierskiej za lata 2019–2020
Authors: Tylec Piotr
Published: December 2021

Bibliografia obejmuje publikacje księży diecezji sandomierskiej za lata 2019–2020. Jest ona kontynuacją poprzednich zestawień drukowanych na łamach „Studiów Sandomierskich”. Obejmuje działy: I. Książki, II. A. Redakcja książek, II. B. Redakcja czasopism, III. A. Artykuły naukowe, III. B. Publikacje źródeł, III. C. Hasła w słownikach, III. D. Recenzje, III. E. Zestawy bibliografii, III. F. Sprawozdania, wstępy w pracach zbiorowych, IV. A. Artykuły popularnonaukowe, IV. B. Materiały duszpasterskie, V. Inne.
Features of cytokine spectrum in chronic urticarial
Authors: Оspelnikova Т. P. , Denisov A. A. , Cherevko N. A. , Кuzmina V. V. , Dmitruk V. S. , Nagaitseva D. S. , Каrgov I. S.
Published: December 2021

Urticaria is a serious medical and social problem due to its high prevalence, lack of unified approaches to diagnosis and treatment, with high financial costs for therapy and rehabilitation. Long-term recurrent course of the disease, resistance to traditional methods of therapy lead to a significant decrease in the quality of life of patients with chronic urticaria. Itching accompanying this disease leads to deterioration in the patient’s general well-being, frequent sleep disturbances and, as a result, significant decrease in working capacity. Up to the present moment, etiopathogenesis of urticaria is a complex challenge due to the multivector nature of cytokine response, interference of protides of the complement system, patterns of kininbradykinin interference, peculiar expression of the immune response. The problem of current population is lipotrophy – chronic, heterogeneous, cytokine mediating, progressive inflammatory disease attributed by abnormal accumulation of excessive adipose tissue. Adipose tissue, being a sporadic organ of endocrine system secretes multiple hormone-like substances, mediators, cytokines and chemokines which have been given a common name, i.e., adipokines or adipocytokines. True signs of destructive parenchymal changes of liver in the form of increasing bilirubin and AST, decreasing level of vitamin D in patients with chronic recurrent urticarial in presence of obesity have been revealed during the study performed. The action of cytokines, as mediators of intercellular interaction is closely related to the physiological and pathophysiological responses of the body with modulation of both local and systemic defense mechanisms. It is assumed that the cytokine status of patients with chronic urticaria is dominated by cytokines that increase allergic inflammation of the skin. Analysis of 12 T regulatory biomarker concentrations revealed increased concentrations of IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-27, IL-35, IFNλ2 and IFNλ1 in blood serum of patients with chronic urticaria. It was found that in the group of patients with chronic urticaria and increased body mass index (BMI), the level of all investigated T regulatory cytokines is lower than in the patients with normal BMI, except for IL-10. Decreased levels of biologically active IFN I (α/β) and, especially, IFN II (γ) types of blood leukocytes in patients with chronic urticaria were revealed. The levels of 12 Treg cytokines were determined in blood serum of patients with chronic urticaria, showing trend for imbalance of Treg cytokines: IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-27, IL-35, IFNλ2 and IFNλ1.
Phenotypic Profile of Peripheral Blood NK Cells under Culturing with Trophoblast Cells and IL-15 and IL-18 Cytokines
Authors: Mikhailova V. A. , Grebenkina P. V. , Tyshchuk E. V. , Davydova A. A. , Zagaynova V. A. , Kogan I. Yu. , Selkov S. A. , Sokolov D. I.
Published: December 2021

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are innate immunity lymphocytes. NK cell differentiation is controlled by the cellular microenvironment and locally produced cytokines, including IL-2, IL-15 and IL-18. NK cells are present in various tissues, forming pools of tissue-resident NK cells, e.g., decidual NK cell pool. Peripheral blood NK cells (pNK cells) are considered a supposed source of cells for decidual NK cell differentiation. In the uterus, NK cells contact with trophoblast cells, which can affect their phenotype. Contribution of trophoblast cells and IL-2, IL-15 and IL-18 cytokines to the pNK cell phenotype regulation is scarcely studied. In this regard, the aim of our research was to evaluate the effect of trophoblast cells on the phenotype of pNK cells when cultured in medium with IL-2, IL-15, and IL-18. We used mononuclear cells obtained from peripheral blood of healthy non-pregnant women at their reproductive age, with regular menstrual cycle (n = 21). Mononuclear cells were cultured in presence of IL-2, and either of cytokines regulating NK cell differentiation (IL-15, or IL-18). JEG-3 cells were used as trophoblast cells. We evaluated expression of CD45, CD3, CD56, CD14, KIR3DL1, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL4, KIR2DS4, NKp44, CD215, CD122, CD127, NKG2D, KIR2DL1, NKG2C receptors by pNK cells. It was found that pNK cells cultured in presence of trophoblast cells (JEG-3 cell line) were characterized by lower intensity of CD56 receptor expression, compared to pNK cells cultured without trophoblast cells. These changes were detected upon culturing both in medium supplied by IL-15, and with IL-18. A reduced number of NKG2C+ pNK cells was detected in presence of JEG-3 trophoblast cells, compared to NK cells cultured without trophoblast cells in medium with IL-15. The detected changes in the CD56 and NKG2C expression by pNK cells in presence of trophoblast cells proved to be opposite to those previously detected for NK cells derived from NK-92 cell line. Along with trophoblast cells, the monocytes isolated among mononuclear cells and being affected by cytokines, can apparently influence the phenotype of pNK cells in the model system used. Since monocytes/macrophages are present in decidua, further research is required to study the effect of cytokines and cellular microenvironment, including monocytes, on pNK cells.
Role of the cellular immunity in the formation of the immune response in coronavirus infections
Authors: Ivanova I. A. , Omelchenko N. D. , Filippenko A. V. , Trufanova A. A. , Noskov A. K.
Published: December 2021

The data obtained during previous epidemics caused by coronaviruses, and current pandemic indicate that assessing the role of certain immune interactions between these viruses and the microorganism is the main pre-requisite for development of diagnostic test systems as well as effective medical drugs and preventive measures. The review summarizes the results of studying patho– and immunogenesis of SARSCoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections. These coronaviruses were proven to suppress development of adaptive immune response at the stage of its induction, affecting the number and functional activity of lymphocytes, effectors of cellular immunity, causing impairment of lymphopoiesis, apoptosis and «depletion» of these cells, thus leading to longer duration of the disease and increased viral load. Information about the role of cellular immunity in development of immune response to coronaviruses is presented. It was proven that the causative agents of SARS, MERS and COVID-19 trigger adaptive immune response in the microorganism according to both humoral and cellular types. Moreover, the synthesis of specific immunoglobulins does not yet point to presence of protective immune response. Activation of the cellular link of immunity is also important. A high degree of antigenic epitope homology in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is described, thus suggesting an opportunity for cross-immunity to coronaviruses. The review addresses issues related to the terms of specific memory immune cells to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and their role in providing long-term protection against these infections. Given that specific antibodies to SARS and MERS pathogens persisted for a year, were often not detected or briefly registered in patients with mild and asymptomatic infections, we can talk about important role of the cellular immune response in providing immunity to these coronaviruses. It was shown that, in contrast to antibodies, the antigen-specific memory T cells were registered in patients with SARS virus for 4 to 11 years, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome – up to two years. Further research is needed to determine presence and number of memory T cells in COVID-19. A comparative analysis of data obtained during previous epidemics with respect to formation of adaptive immunity to coronaviruses. Description of proteins and epitopes recognized by human T lymphocytes will be useful in monitoring immune responses in COVID-19 patients, as well as in developing informative tests to study T cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and new preventive drugs.
Data Concerning the Entomological Fauna in Tafat National Forest (North-East of Algeria)
Authors: BENIA Farida , BOUNECHADA Mustapha
Published: December 2021

A field survey was undertaken during 2006-2008. Entomological fauna was collected in four forest stations from national forest of Tafat (North-east of Algeria) using a quantitative sampling method. 152 species were found during the current field survey divided into 57 Coleoptera, 35 Hymenoptera, 29 Hemiptera, 18 Diptera and 13 Lepidoptera. Majority of the species collected are polyphagous. The results of the survey of insectes show that the risk on Quercus ilex from Tafat forest. To characterize the structure, diversity and dynamic of insect populations were discussed.
Research on Crude Protein Contents in Medicago Sativa Hay Harvest During 2008-2009 Using FT-NIR Spectrometry
Authors: DALE Laura , ROTAR Ioan , FLORIAN Vasile , VIDICAN Roxana , THEWIS André , FERNÁNDEZ PIERNA Juan Antonio , BAETEN Vincent
Published: December 2021

Medicago sativa or alfalfa is a flowering plant that belongs to Pea Family that is widely grown throughout the world as forage for cattle, and is most often harvested as hay. Usually, alfalfa has the highest nutritive value of all common hay crops. This work aims to highlight a way for direct, non-destructive analysis of crude protein content in alfalfa hays. The primary objective was to build a model for crude protein calibration for alfalfa based on FT-NIR spectroscopy. The samples for analysis were collected over two experimental years (2008-2009) from field trials from the research station– Agricultural Development, Cojocna. In order to construct the model, reference values are needed; for this reason, the crude protein content was determined using the classical Kjeldahl method (Kjeltec Auto Analyser, Tecator). The values for crude protein ranged from 12.63% to 19.12% on the dry matter basis. The regression model’s construction was based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) calculated with the SIMPLS algorithm, using different pre-processing techniques and leave-one-out cross validation. Calibration of the two years together drove to a coefficient of determination for cross validation, R2 of 0.965. The robustness of the model was confirmed by applying it to independent samples (external validation) where the coefficient of determination was R2 = 0.977, RMSEP = 0.8. The results obtained indicated that NIRS can be used to determine crude protein, which could be used as criteria for quality control of alfalfa hays.
Study of Energy Flow on Apple Gardens in West Azerbaijan Province
Authors: GORTTAPEH Abdollah HASANZADEH
Published: December 2021

Study of energy flow in ecosystem, especially in ecosystems that which are directly managed by human, is of great importance, because energy is flow of an ecosystem. Human could increase the efficiency of energy in agricultural products by applying management.In this survey the flow of energy in apple gardens of West Azerbaijan province ecosystem was calculated by using the statistics and information derived from agriculture (government) organization and providing of questionnaire from gardens of the province in 2009.Data's related to input and output are transferred to the rates equivalent to energy consumed and produced and then average energy was calculated (rate of output to input).The rate of applied energy is 11018330Kcal/ha and rate of produced energy is 10700 Kcal/ha, also rate of energy efficiency is 0.97. The result of this survey showed that main part of energy used in this product respectively consists of irrigation, chemical fertilizer and insecticide respectively.

We Could decrease energy efficiency by using drip irrigation systems, manure, insecticide, and pesticides considering to notice reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and so pace toward sustainable agriculture and decreased environmental pollution.
Results Concerning the Conservative Agriculture at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Simnic - Craiova
Authors: POPESCU Catalin Viorel , BORA Constantin , URECHIAN Viorica , ONCICA Fraga
Published: December 2021

In the paper, there are presented the research results aiming the promotion of the conservative agriculture concept in variants/schemes adapted to:

- the soil’s properties (medium to heavy texture - 30-42 % clay in the arable layer)

- the main field crops cultivated in the sothern area of Romania,

in order to obtain competitive, qualitative and quantitative yields (similar to the ones obtained in the conventional agriculture), with lower costs and higher profit for the farmers by improving the soil’s properties and protecting the environment.

The highest yields were obtained in the first trial – seeding after ploughing. There are significant differences between these results and the results obtained in the trials with direct seeding, due to the fact that the luvosoil at Simnic Research and Development Station is a „cold” soil, with a higher clay content, a lower aeration porosity – it needs a better mobilisation.
The Abundance and Dynamics of Lepidoptera Pests from Maize, Soybean, Sugar Beet Crops, In Conditions Of Agricultural Research And Development Station Turda
Authors: IVAS Adina Daniela , MUREŞANU Felicia
Published: December 2021

This paper presents experimental data conducted for this purpose, during 2009 – 2010 in ARDS Turda. Species of Lepidoptera present in field crops, studied in ARDS Turda are: Agrotis segetum (Den. & Schiff.), Autographa gamma L., Amathes c-nigrum L., Mamestra brassicae L., Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn., Plutella xylostella L..

The research were performed at ARDS Turda, during 2009 - 2010 in crops: maize, sugar beet and soybean; were used F1 traps type) with synthetic sex pheromones of the Romanian Institute of Chemistry Cluj - Napoca. Traps were placed in 3 repetitions, at the 50 m distance between, during June-September. The adhesive used was based on polyisobutylene, produced by the same institute. Pheromones baits and sticky plates were changed at 10 days, when were recorded the number of captured Lepidoptera. To compare data obtained, was performed percentage distribution of species of Lepidoptera, and observations on the abundance of Lepidoptera pests, highlighting the appeal and sex pheromones specific for the most common Lepidoptera.

At ARDS Turda, in maize, sugar beet and soybean, under normal climate of the years 2009- 2010, were registered, in sex pheromones traps, more than 1.400 adults of the mentioned Lepidoptera species. These species showed a well defined allocation percentage as follows: Ostrina nubilalis represented a very significant percentage between 39.0 - 68.0% of the total of Lepidoptera pests, Autographa gamma 12,0-25,0%, Amathes c-nigrum 14,0-16,0% and other species (Mamestra brassicae, Plutella Xylostella, Agrotis segetum) between 2,0-11,0%.

The results have resulted in flight curves of the most common Lepidoptera pest crops, which shows the evolution of species according to specific climatic conditions, thus knowing the best time for applying treatments.
Study Sowing Grasslands Based on Red Clover with Perennial Grasses
Authors: DEAK Denes , ROTAR Ioan , PACURAR Florin , BOGDAN Anca
Published: December 2021

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al).

Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure.

In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.
Monitoring the Attack by Parectopa Robiniella and Phyllonorycter Robiniella on Trees From the City of Tg. Secuiesc
Authors: DOMBI Örs Pál , OLTEAN Ion , FLORIAN Teodora , VARGA Mircea
Published: December 2021

The black locust leaf miners, recently permeated in the territory of Covasna County, are found in all locations where the host plant is present. The attack value (frequency and intensity) differs from an area to another in the county, which is determined by climatic conditions characteristic of each area of the county (Dombi Pal Ors şi colab. 2010). This species have two generations in a year (Neţoiu and Tomescu, 2006). In the period the two species were monitored in the city of Târgu Secuiesc.
Environmental and Agriculture Benefits of Direct Seeding of Wheat in Setif High Plains (North East of Algeria)
Authors: FENNI Mohamed , BOUNECHADA Mustapha
Published: December 2021

Direct seeding of wheat in the Setif region reduces fuel consumption and machinery. It enables also the rehabilitation soil and the reduction of environmental pollution.
Results on the Multiplication of Plants of Agastache Foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntz by Seedling
Authors: MATEI Cristina Firuţa , DUDA Marcel , OLAR Marius , ARDELEAN Anca Eva , MĂDAŞ Mariana Niculina
Published: December 2021

Agastache foeniculum has its origins in North-America. In Europe has been planted for the first time as a decorative plant in flower gardens (Small E., 2006). For species Agastache foeniculum varies common names have been used: Anise hyssop, Blue giant hyssop, Giant fennel hyssop (Allen Gary, The Herbalist In The Kitchen, 2007). Multiplication of the species can be achieved by transplantation of the seedlings in cellular packages or small containers, 15 to 20 days after seeding (Armitage A.M. and Laushman J.M., 2003).

Multiplication of the species can be achieved by transplantation of the seedlings in cellular packages or small containers, 15 to 20 days after seeding. The most recommended temperatures for young plants are bellow 15˚C. The plants will bloom at 12-16 weeks after seeding (Armitage A.M. and Laushman J.M., 2003).
Maize Grain Drying Using Diatomaceous Earth
Authors: PÁL-FÁM Ferenc , KESZTHELYI Sándor
Published: December 2021

The costs of maize production became higher in the recent years, growing up with 25% in the case of monoculture in Hungary. Therefore it must be emphasised the investigation and utilisation of alternative ways for grain drying. One of these alternative technologies is the utilisation of diatomaceous earth. An incontestable advantage of this technology is the low material cost. A presumable advantage is the pesticide feature of the diatomaceous earth, too, published in several papers in the international literature (Athanassiou et al. 2007).
Use of Sewage Sludge in Agriculture
Authors: CIUPEANU CĂLUGĂRU Daniela
Published: December 2021

For turning to a high degree of favorability of sludge from wastewater treatment plants, currently the reintroduction in the natural circuit of this waste is an urgent priority. Knowing precisely the composition of chemical and biological sludge from waste water in accordance with the law and the rules of their application, along with modern wastewater treatment appropriate technologies play a key role on environmental protection. Involvement by precise rules, the content of heavy metals in relation to the maximum permitted by law, translate in to particularly advantageous results in terms of environmental quality.
Study Concerning the Level of Pollution with Heavy Metalls of Forestry Species from Cluj – Napoca Town
Authors: VIMAN Oana , OROIAN Ioan Gheorghe , MIHĂIESCU Tania , ODAGIU Antonia , COVRIG Ilie
Published: December 2021

The possibility of monitoring the degree of heavy metal pollution in most crowded Cluj-Napoca town areas using different forestry species as biomonitors located around 4 monitoring stations was studied. Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula pendula, Juglans regia, Picea pungens var. Glauca, Picea abies, Pinus nigra, Tilia cordata, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Thuja occidentaliswere were the analyzed species. Microwave digestion of leaf and/or needles tissues and subsequent use of atomic absorption spectrometry was the analytical methodology used for the determination of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd). Only for the concentration of lead in the tree leaves and/or needles bigger values compared to maximum admitted limit were reported. This situation was recorded in three of the four monitoring stations. Aesculus hippocastanum, was the tree specie that accumulates the bigger metallic pollutant quantities, while Betula pendula, the smallest. A moderate negative correlation was reported between copper and lead (r = - 0.506), which is the biggest among the monitored pollutants.
Study Regarding the Metallurgical Slag Waste Dumps from Romania
Authors: ILUŢIU – VARVARA Dana Adriana , PICĂ Elena Maria , BRÂNDUŞAN Liviu
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this paper is to identify the sites that have a pollution potential due to metallurgical activities in Romania. The amount of metallurgical slag generated depends on the steel production (Iluţiu - Varvara, 2007). The total quantities of metallurgical slag generated far exceed 200 million tons of slag (Bălan, 2010).
The Advantages of Using Biological Methods in Assessing of Flowing Water Quality Rivers
Authors: MARE ROSCA Oana , MIHALESCU Lucia , MAXIM Aurel , VOSGAN Zorica , MARIAN Monica
Published: December 2021

The biologic analyses with more fidelity reflect the ecologic status of the rivers, comparatively with the physical-chemical analyses was demonstrated in the last years.
Functional Aspects of Soil Biodiversity in Mineral and Organic Fertilized Soils
Authors: SANDOR Mignon , MAXIM Aurel
Published: December 2021

Soil biodiversity make essential contribution to soil fertility and health, being considered as an important forces for the achievement of sustainability in agroecosystems (Sandor, 2008). Conventional agricultural practices could negatively affect soil biodiversity by damaging habitats and disrupting their functions. New management strategies have to be adopted in order to conserve and restore soil biological functions (Anderson and Weigel, 2003).
Research on Certain Biochemical and Agrochemical Characteristics of Tomatoes Grown in the South of Romania
Authors: COSTACHE Manuela Adriana , CAMPEANU Gheorghe , NEATA Gabriela
Published: December 2021

Research study was performed on nine samples of common tomatoes and cherry tomatoes from different cultivars recently introduced crop in southern Romania and the results showed that although variation, tomatoes were within the limits and are good for consumption.
Hop Pellets Bitter Acids - Comparison of Different Determination Methods
Authors: SAFTA (SALANTA) Liana Claudia , TOFANA Maria , SOCACI Sonia Ancuta , CHELEMAN Rowena , TRUTA Delia
Published: December 2021

In the present study, the bitter acids composition of the hop pellets extract was determined and compared using two different methods. Conductometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods are validated in the Food Safety and Quality Testing Laboratory (FQSL) of USAMV Cluj-Napoca.
Foaming Capacity of New Superficial Active Salefied Polyether ( = 3 – 20) Primary Amides in Food Hygienization
Authors: SBANCA M. , JIANU C. , JIANU I.
Published: December 2021

.Colloidal features [foaming capacity (FC); foam stability (FS) and foam density (FD)] of conditioning auxiliaries (additives) of plant protection active principles constitute, together with toxicity, a decisive technical index in forming administering receipts in modern ecological agriculture and foodstuff processing all during the agroalimentary processing and consumption chain.

In this paper we show the results of a study on a new class of superficial active compounds salefied polyether ( = 3 – 20) primary amides.

As diderived glymes, they have a guided regulation capacity of the HLB balance through the change of the medium degree of oligomerisation ( ) of the polyoxyethylene chain (PEO). Can thus obtain a wide range of structures such as micellar solute, dispersion, emulsion, and foaming agents, etc., through the cyanoethylation of polyethoxylated nonylphenols with a medium degree of oligomerisation ( ) between 3 and 20 structural oxyethylene units (EO) in alkaline catalysis with monomer acrylonitrile, followed by a classical hydrogenation in heterogeneous catalysis of intermediary nitrile thus obtained, and finally partial hysrolysis and salefied with HCOOH; CH3COOH.

These are biodegradable in water plants, which ensure special ecologlcal features and high compatibility within the restrictive legal ensemble of a foodstuff processing integrated in an extremely polluted environment. Structures have real bacteriostatical abilities compared to a wide spectrum of microrganisms (tested in studies related to this paper). Low toxicity of polyoxyethylene chains (PEO) together with that of other structural units in this polyether primary amides provide the studied glymes with a high compatibility in relation to environment and to plant and animal organisms of the food chain.
The Second Pillar Improved Delivery to Resoind the Challenges for Agriculture and Rural Areas: Romanian Case
Authors: FINTINERU Gina , FINTINERU Alexandru , TOFANA Maria
Published: December 2021

Agricultural sector faces several challenges, such as the increased need for management of production risks, fighting climate change, more efficient management of water, making the most of the opportunities offered by bio-energy and the preservation of biodiversity. One the best way of adjusting the CAP in order to meet these challenges is through Rural Development Pillar. Common argument is that using rural development measures can avoid some unintended consequences of agricultural policy, especially the increasing inequality within agricultural sector.

The farms’ capability of income generation and its competitiveness could be therefore increased,while strengthening rural economy. This paper is trying to highlight the choice made by EU farmers in order to take the advantages of different EU support actions. We will proceed to a comparative analysis of the content of the programmes and of their implementation at the level of some member states. Based on the existing databases and reports as of 30 September 2009 (Eurostat databases, European Environmental Agency databases and reports, DG AGRI statistical, monitoring and financial reports) we will try to assess the possible advantages of Romanian farmers
The Volatile Profile Characterization of Different Vinegars from the International Market
Authors: Truta Delia Mihaela , TOFANA Maria , THONART Philippe , SOCACI Sonia Ancuţa , CHELEMAN Rowena Anamaria , SAFTA (SALANŢĂ) Liana Claudia , MUDURA Elena
Published: December 2021

The present study aims the fingerprint characterization of 14 different vinegars purchased from the local market of different countries (Romania, Germany, Italy and France) and the identification of the major „marker compounds” present in all the analyzed vinegars
The Effect of City Sludge Application on the Simbiotically Fixed Nitrogen on Alfalfa
Authors: VIDICAN Roxana , PINTEA Iancu , ROTAR Ioan ROTAR , BOGDAN Anca BOGDAN
Published: December 2021

The goal of this study is to evaluate the possibilities to use the municipal sluge as a fertilizer in agriculture, especially upon alfalfa crop, with a very complex and precise methodology, in the conditions of assuring environment protection and human health integrity. The aim of this study is to determine the quality of alfalfa fourage derived from the application of city sludge from cleaning station Tetarom III ClujÂ - Napoca. Neutralizing city mud with the help of soil, considered a biological treatment station for water is one of the most important perspectives to protect the environment together with an increase of agricol production. In the new socio economical structures of Romania, the natural fertilizer is to be found less and less due to the decrease of the animal number, and also due to the way of their breeding, and the replacement of natural fertilizer with city sludge from the used water treatment, it is an alternative to use due to the sure advantages of the fertilized mud appliance.