bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Effects of Kinesiological Awareness and Mental Imagery on Movement Intention in the Performance of Demi-Plié
Authors: Couillandre Annabelle , Lewton-Brain Peter , Portero Pierre
Published: May 2023

This study was designed to assess the ability of a practitioner intervention using kinesiological explanations and mental imagery techniques to optimize the performance of demi-plié in dancers. Seven professional female ballet dancers were involved in the study. Biomechanical and electromyographical parameters (maximum knee flexion, jump height, maximal vertical acceleration and its duration, ratio of sagittal acceleration variation, and ratio of muscle activity in four muscles of the lower limb) were analyzed before and after the practitioner intervention. Results demonstrated no significant difference in the depth of the demi-plié, nor in the height of the jump that followed, nor in the maximal vertical acceleration and its duration, leading to the suggestion that the technical potential of the dancers was preserved. Significant differences were found in the SEMG of the hamstrings during the demi-plié and the jump, implying that an improvement in the dynamic alignment of the dancers was present. A correlation was also found between the ratio of sagittal acceleration variation and the hamstring activity, suggesting that increased hamstring engagement produces decreased disruption of dynamic alignment. However, the intervention was not assimilated equally by all of the dancers.
Perceptions of the Motivational Climate, Need Satisfaction, and Indices of Well- and Ill-Being among Hip Hop Dancers
Authors: Quested Eleanor , Duda Joan L.
Published: May 2023

Grounded in the self-determination theoretical framework (SDT) formulated by Deci and Ryan, and specifically the basic needs mini-theory (BNT), this study examined the relationship between perceptions of the motivational climate manifested in hip hop environments, satisfaction of the three basic needs, and indicators of well- and ill-being among hip hop dancers. Fifty-nine hip hop dancers (mean age: 20.29 years) completed a questionnaire assessing the variables of interest in the study. Perceptions of a task-involving climate were positively associated with satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Perceptions of an ego-involving climate negatively predicted relatedness. Satisfaction of the need for competence was positively associated with positive affect, and negatively linked to negative affect. Competence need satisfaction significantly mediated the relationship between a perceived task-involving climate and positive and negative affective states. In sum, the findings provided partial support for the facets of SDT and BNT. The results also indicated that promoting the task-involving features of dance learning environments may be beneficial to dancers’ well-being.
A Psycho-Educational Model to Enhance the Self-Development and Mental Health of Classical Dancers
Authors: van Staden Antoinette , Myburgh Chris P. H. , Poggenpoel Marie
Published: May 2023

There is substantial evidence that some classical dancers have difficulty with their personal lives and with their lives as performers. Specifically, a consistent emphasis on performance-orientation has been linked to the development of potentially maladaptive dispositions. A pilot study was conducted to explore the lifeworld of the classical professional dancer through semi-structured interviews with nine dancers from two professional ballet companies in South Africa. The results indicated that the profession had strongly influenced their sense of self, relationships with others, and future-orientation. The findings of the pilot study are important for what they suggest about the tendency of classical dance to stimulate the setting of externalized goals that may lead to self-destructive behaviors such as eating disorders, depression, maladaptive perfectionism, and problems with career transitions. These findings were used to develop a model that aims at preparing pre-professional dancers to deal with such problems by promoting their sense of empowerment, self-development, and self-actualization as individuals and as artistic performers. What remains is for the model to be tested in practice, procedures and protocols established for training the personnel who will actualize it, and appropriate criteria identified for the assessment of self-development. Then the model can be disseminated for general use.
Upate on Proprioception
Authors: Batson Glenna
Published: May 2023

Proprioception is a topic of interest within the larger scope of dance pedagogy, science, and rehabilitation. As the science of proprioception changes, approaches to proprioceptive training also change. Thus, proprioceptive training in dance medicine has expanded to include balance protocols. A key concept within these protocols for treatment of lower extremity injuries is perturbation. Perturbation training is designed to evoke focal neuromuscular control at injured joint sites, as well as more global postural responses for overall balance and coordination. This article provides an update on the science of proprioception within the framework of postural control and balance. Specific practices from rehabilitation that integrate balance exercises into proprioceptive training are considered. Further research is needed to test the efficacy and utility of these exercises within the context of the dance studio.
Dancers’ Perceptions of Pain and Injury
Authors: Thomas Helen , Tarr Jennifer
Published: May 2023

Two hundred and four dance students, professionals, and former dancers in the UK completed questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and a body scanning and mapping process aimed at gaining an increased understanding of how dancers interpret pain and its relationship to injury in the context of their careers. The research was targeted at modern and contemporary dancers, as they are an underrepresented group in the dance-injury literature. Results from the questionnaires were compared with other studies of dance injury, drawing on qualitative data where relevant. Findings indicated that 90% of the sample had experienced an injury (now or in the past), and that the lower back and knee were among the most common sites of current pain and injury. Qualitative descriptions of pain and injury indicated that dancers tend to define injury as something that stops them from dancing or from moving normally. Dance injury rates do not appear to be decreasing significantly, despite greater awareness and the promotion of the “healthier dancer” in dance training schools, universities and among professionals in the UK. There is evidence to show that as dancers age they are likely to be more aware of the warning signs of injury and to take steps to prevent it. Data indicated that dancers may underreport injuries on surveys, suggesting that such self-reported survey data should be treated with caution. Further qualitative research on dance injuries may provide more useful understanding of dancers’ interpretations and treatment of pain and injury.
Moving beyond the Neutral Spine
Authors: Smith Jo
Published: May 2023

Dancers commonly suffer from low back pain. This is often associated with the extreme lumbar extension range of motion and prolonged lordotic postures required by some dance forms. There is ample literature documenting extension-related instabilities such as spondylolisthesis in dancers. The aim of this article is to review the changes in motor control that occur in patients with subtle clinical instability and recurrent low back pain. Recent studies have consistently demonstrated changes in neuromuscular function in patients with back pain, and spinal stability retraining has become a popular component of treatment. However, most research to date has focused on maintenance of neutral spinal postures during assessment and treatment, whereas dancers must be trained to move with control through full lumbar extension range of motion.
When Can I Start Pointe Work?
Authors: Weiss David S. , Anne Rist Rachel , Grossman Gayanne
Published: May 2023

The initiation of pointe training for dance students should be determined after careful evaluation of a number of factors. These include: the dance student's stage of physical development; the quality of her (or his) trunk, abdominal and pelvic control (“core” stability); the alignment of her legs (hip-knee-ankle-foot); the strength and flexibility of her feet and ankles; and the duration and frequency of her dance training. For students who meet the requirements related to all of these factors, began ballet training at age eight or later, and who are taking ballet class at least twice per week, pointe work should be initiated in the fourth year of training. Students with poor core stability or hypermobility of the feet and ankles may require additional strengthening to allow them to safely begin pointe training. For those who are only taking ballet classes once per week, or who are not truly pre-professional, pointe training should be discouraged. No student with insufficient ankle and foot plantar flexion range of motion or with poor lower extremity alignment should be allowed to do pointe work.
Development of the “Performance Competence Evaluation Measure”
Authors: Krasnow Donna , Chatfield Steven J.
Published: May 2023

The aim of this study was to develop a measurement tool, the “Performance Competence Evaluation Measure” (PCEM), for the evaluation of qualitative aspects of dance performance. The project had two phases. In the first phase a literature review was conducted to examine 1. the previous development of similar measurement tools, 2. descriptions of dance technique and dance performance applicable to the development of a qualitative measurement tool, and 3. theoretical models from somatic practices that evaluate and assess qualitative aspects of movement and dance activity. The second phase involved the development of a system for using PCEM, and testing its validity and reliability. Three judges from the professional dance community volunteered to test PCEM with a sample of 20 subjects from low-intermediate to advanced classes at a university dance program. The subjects learned a dance combination and were videotaped performing it on two separate occasions, eight weeks apart. The judges reviewed the videos in random order. Logical validity of PCEM was established through assessment by two faculty members of the university dance department and the three judges. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability demonstrated correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.94, respectively. It was concluded that PCEM can serve as a useful measurement tool for future dance science research.
Video Analysis of Classical Ballet Performance
Authors: Twitchett Emily , Angioi Manuela , Koutedakis Yiannis , Wyon Matthew
Published: May 2023

Video analysis of classical ballet to date has been largely limited to examining the artistic elements of choreography. The aim this study was to employ a method of video analysis to describe the physiological demands of classical ballet performance and to examine differences between artists, soloists, and principal dancers. Forty-eight performances [male = 24, female = 24; artists (corps de ballet) = 16, soloists =16, principals =16] were analyzed in four fields: work intensity, body movement, partner work, and number of transitory movements occurring per minute. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between ranks in two intensity bands: time at rest (p < 0.05) and time performing at moderate intensity (p < 0.05), with soloists and principals resting for 75.2 ± 15.1% and 53 ± 24.1% of the total performance, respectively (p < 0.05). Principals also spent a significantly greater percentage of time at moderate intensity than both soloists and artists (p < 0.05). Significant differences between males and females (p < 0.05) were seen in the number of lifting and supporting movements performed. It was concluded that classical ballet is an intermittent form of exercise, utilizing both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, a finding that supports previous studies. The demands of the performances analyzed varied according to role. Therefore, it was also concluded that video analysis can help provide a basis for rank-specific supplemental training.
Perceiving Dance
Authors: Stevens Catherine , Winskel Heather , Studies Lang , Howell Clare , Vidal Lyne-Marine , Latimer Cyril , Milne-Home Josephine
Published: May 2023

Eye fixations and saccades (eye movements) of expert and novice dance observers were compared to determine the effect of acquired expectations on observations of human movement, body morphology and dance configurations. As hypothesized, measured fixation times of dance experts were significantly shorter than those of novices. In a second viewing of the same sequences, novices recorded significantly shorter fixations than those recorded during viewing session 1. Saccades recorded from experts were significantly faster than those of novices. Although both experts and novices fixated background regions, most likely making use of extra-foveal or peripheral vision to anticipate movement and configurations, novices fixated background regions significantly more than experts in viewing session 1. Their enhanced speed of visual processing suggests that dance experts are adept at anticipating movement and rapidly processing material, probably aided by acquired schemata or expectations in long-term memory and recognition of body and movement configurations.
Does Physical Fitness Affect Injury Occurrence and Time Loss Due to Injury in Elite Vocational Ballet Students?
Authors: Twitchett Emily , Brodrick Anna , Nevill Alan M. , Koutedakis Yiannis , Angioi Manuela , Wyon Matthew
Published: May 2023

Most ballet dancers will suffer at least one injury a year. There are numerous causes of injury in dance, and while many investigators have documented risk factors such as anatomical characteristics, past medical history menstrual history dance experience, length of dance training, fatigue, and stress, risk factors related to body characteristics and nutrient intake, levels of conditioning, or physical fitness parameters have only recently received the same amount of attention. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to investigate correlations between ballet injury and body fat percentage, active and passive flexibility, lower limb power, upper body and core endurance, and aerobic capacity. Low levels of aerobic fitness were significantly associated with many of the injuries sustained over a 15-week period (r = .590, p = 0.034), and body fat percentage was significantly associated with the length of time a dancer was forced to modify activity due to injury (r = -.614, p = 0.026). This information may be of benefit to dancers, teachers, physical therapists and physicians in dance schools and companies when formulating strategies to prevent injury.
Teaching at the Interface of Dance Science and Somatics
Authors: Geber Pamela , Wilson Margaret
Published: May 2023

This article introduces a combined scientific and somatic approach to teaching and learning about the body, and explains how it can be of benefit to dancers and dance educators. The study of the science of movement (kinesiology) and a somatic approach to teaching are initially defined and described as distinct entities; following this, a model for integration of the two is presented. The authors advocate for such a combination in order to enhance dancing.
Acute Ankle Sprain in Dancers
Authors: Russell Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2023

Ankle sprain is a common injury in dancers. Because of the relative frequency of this injury and its wide acceptance as a likely part of an active lifestyle, in many individuals it may not receive the careful attention it deserves. An extreme ankle range of motion and excellent ankle stability are fundamental to success in dance. Hence, following a proper treatment protocol is crucial for allowing a dancer who suffers an ankle sprain to return to dance as soon as possible without impaired function. This article reviews the basic principles of the etiology and management of ankle sprain in dancers. Key concepts are on-site examination and treatment, early restoration, dance-specific rehabilitation, and a carefully administered safe return to dance. Additionally, injuries that may occur in conjunction with ankle sprain are highlighted, and practical, clinically relevant summary concepts for dance healthcare professionals, dance scientists, dance teachers, and dancers are provided.
Bandaging and Taping Considerations for the Dancer
Authors: Ewalt Katherine L.
Published: May 2023

Although widely disputed, bandaging and taping techniques are common practice in sports medicine. This article reviews literature related to the efficacy of bandaging and taping procedures and their role in sport and dance medicine. It further examines dance-specific application principles, and outlines selected techniques for treatment of common dance-related pathologies.
Performance Anxiety Experiences of Professional Ballet Dancers
Authors: Walker Imogen J. , Nordin-Bates Sanna M.
Published: May 2023

Performance anxiety research abounds in sport psychology, yet has been relatively sparse in dance. The present study explores ballet dancers’ experiences of performance anxiety in relation to: 1. symptom type, intensity, and directional interpretation; 2. experience level (including company rank); and 3. self-confidence and psychological skills. Fifteen elite ballet dancers representing all ranks in one company were interviewed, and qualitative content analysis was conducted. Results revealed that cognitive anxiety was more dominant than somatic anxiety, and was unanimously interpreted as debilitative to performance. Somatic anxiety was more likely to be interpreted as facilitative, with the majority of dancers recognizing that a certain amount of anxiety could be beneficial to performance. Principal dancers suffered from higher intensities of performance anxiety than corps de ballet members. Feeling out of control emerged as a major theme in both the experience of anxiety and its interpretation. As a result, prevention or handling of anxiety symptoms may be accomplished by helping dancers to feel in control. Dancers may benefit from education about anxiety symptoms and their interpretation, in addition to psychological skills training incorporating cognitive restructuring strategies and problem-focussed coping to help increase their feelings of being in control.
Ground Reaction Forces in Ballet Dancers Landing in Flat Shoes versus Pointe Shoes
Authors: Walter Heather L. , Docherty Carrie L. , Schrader John
Published: May 2023

Reports in the literature suggest an abundance of lower extremity injuries in ballet dancers; however, few studies have identified the underlying causes of these injuries. Excessive ground reaction forces and shoe type are two potential contributing factors. Eighteen collegiate female ballet majors volunteered for this study. Each participant performed 12 trials of a basic ballet jump, six trials in flat shoes and 6 trials in pointe shoes, landing on a force plate. Ground reaction force (Newtons) and jump height (centimeters) were assessed for each trial. The mean ground reaction force and jump height for each shoe condition was used for statistical analysis. Two dependent t-tests were conducted to determine differences between the shoe types, one for ground reaction force and one for jump height. Alpha level was set at p < .05. We found that the ground reaction force was significantly higher when landing in flat shoes than in pointe shoes (p = .003). There was no significant difference in jump height between the two shoe conditions. This leads us to believe that the increase in ground reaction force was produced primarily by the shoe type.
The Use of Stabilization Exercises and Movement Reeducation to Manage Pain and Improve Function in a Dancer with Focal Degenerative Joint Disease of the Spine
Authors: Hagins Marshall
Published: May 2023

Little has been written about rehabilitation of low back pain (LBP) specific to the professional dancer. However, there is a rapidly increasing amount of rehabilitation research related to the care of LBP in the general population that may be applied to the dancer population. The purpose of this case report is to describe the physical therapy management of a 37-year-old female professional dancer with a 5-year history of spinal pain and loss of function in the presence of degenerative joint disease at a single segment (T12-L1). Patient interventions focused on stabilization exercises and movement reeducation. The dancer returned to limited dance performance at 6 weeks. At 5 months she had returned to complete dance function, with pain and functional (Oswestry) levels improved from initial values of 7/10 and 48%, respectively, to 1/10 and 26%.
Review of Acetabular Labral Tears in Dancers
Authors: Kern-Scott Ruth , Peterson Judith R. , Morgan Patrick
Published: May 2023

Over the past decade numerous articles have been published regarding the hip labrum. Injuries to the labrum are becoming better understood as biomechanical, kinematic, and diagnostic technologies improve. When the last article on acetabular labral tears appeared in the Journal of Dance Medicine and Science in 2006, this injury was widely handled surgically by debridement. Just 5 years later, we see a shift toward preservation and repair of the labrum and correction of morphology when possible. This change in philosophy has come about as new information on the function of the labrum and the stresses placed upon it at extremes of hip range of motion became available. It is now felt that an intact labrum is useful for preserving the hip's articular cartilage. The change in surgical technique has also necessitated a change in rehabilitation protocols focused on protecting the healing labrum and chondral surface. The vast majority of research available for analysis has not been addressed specifically to a dance population, yet most is relevant and helpful in determining better treatment for dancers. This article reviews the latest available data on labral function, stresses on the labrum resulting from dance, clinical and diagnostic detection of labral tears, and outcomes of labral tear treatment in the young athletic population, including dancers. Recommendations are offered to improve data collection and focus for future research.
Neurologic Causes of Hip Pain in Dancers
Authors: Martinez Nina , Mandel Steven , Peterson Judith R.
Published: May 2023

Hip pain in dancers is typically attributed to musculoskeletal etiologies due to local “wear-and-tear”; however, one must be aware of neurologic etiologies that may present with additional clinical findings and require specialized treatment. This article explores the presentation, potential causes, suggested work-up, and treatment options for femoral neuropathy, lateral femoral cutaneous syndrome, and piriformis syndrome.
Effects of Voice Enhancement Technology and Relaxing Music on the Frequency of Imagery among Break Dancers
Authors: Karageorghis Costas I. , Psychol C. , Smith Danielle L. , Priest David-Lee
Published: May 2023

A device was developed in 2008 by Hypnoke International Ltd. for use by performance consultants and hyp-notherapists. It enhances a practitioner's voice and blocks out auditory distractions while delivering imagery inductions, thereby increasing their effectiveness. This study examined the impact of voice-enhancement technology and relaxing music on the frequency of imagery experienced by a sample of elite British break dancers (N = 20; mean age = 26.5 years, SD = 1.5 years). An imagery script was administered to participants under four conditions: voice enhancement with music, voice enhancement only, a music-only control, and a no-voice-enhancement-and-no-music control. Frequency of imagery was assessed using the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. There was a higher incidence of imagery in the voice enhancement with music, voice enhancement only, and music-only conditions when compared to the no-voice-enhancement-and-no-music control. The key finding was that imagery was most frequent when voice enhancement was combined with music in a complementary manner. Thus, it is concluded that the use of voice enhancement technology can improve the efficacy of relaxation and imagery training for break dancers, and potentially, dancers in general.
A Kinematic Approach to Calculating Ground Reaction Forces in Dance
Authors: Shippen James , May Barbara
Published: May 2023

A technique that can be used with dancers for the calculation of ground reaction forces in the absence of force plates is described. The ground reaction forces are required for analyzing potentially injurious activity within the dancer's body. However, the use of a force plate for this purpose disrupts the performance surface and could, due to its stiffness, in itself lead to injury. This technical report provides an indication that a technique utilizing kinematic calculations of ground reaction forces in dancers offers a viable alternative. The kinematic calculations technique is suitable for use across large performance surfaces, including sprung floors. In this preliminary study, it is validated against force plate output using data from a single dancer and is extended to consider tuning of the generic mass distribution model to improve accuracy in the calculation of ground reaction forces.
Footwear in Classical Ballet
Authors: Pearson Stephen J. , Whitaker Alison F.
Published: May 2023

This study explores the relationship be-tween dance shoe type and foot pressure characteristics. During adolescence, while the foot is still developing, limiting focal pressure on the feet may help reduce the risk of injury. In order to “condition” the feet for advanced dance, where pointe shoes are worn, it may be advisable to first utilize demi-pointe shoes. Eight female dancers were each tested in four footwear conditions (barefoot, soft, demi-pointe, and pointe shoes), and patterns of foot pressure were compared. A questionnaire was also distributed among sixty-five adolescent females currently training at vocational dance schools to examine shoe use and injury rate before and after the onset of pointe work. During ballet-specific dynamic movement, soft shoes and pointe shoes significantly vary in the plantar pressures they impose on the foot. Demi-pointe shoes provide an intermediate pressure condition, which may help the dancer adapt more gradually to the pressure demands of pointe shoes. Dancers who wore demi-pointe shoes prior to starting pointe were found to be less likely to sustain a ballet-related injury or a lower leg, ankle, or foot injury (22% compared to 30% in those who had not worn demi-pointe shoes). The dancers in this group were also older when they first reported an injury.
A Mixed Methods Investigation of Dropout among Talented Young Dancers
Authors: Walker Imogen J. , Nordin-Bates Sanna M. , Redding Emma
Published: May 2023

The aim of this study was to understand reasons for dropout from a dance-talent program in the UK, using a mixed methods design. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten dropout students to explore the influencing factors in their decision to leave the program. In order to triangulate these findings, reasons for dropout were then examined from descriptive records of 147 young dancers who had withdrawn from the talent program over a four-year period. Overall, the most frequently cited reasons for dropping out were conflicting demands, change in aspirations, course content, difficulty making friends, and lost passion. Injury, financial factors, low perceived competence, and teacher behavior emerged as minor reasons. Intervention strategies that focus on changes in course content may be the easiest to implement and most effective means to enhance student retention.
Achilles Tendinosis
Authors: Chessin Meta
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this article is to differentiate between acute Achilles tendinitis and chronic Achilles tendinosis and to highlight a specific treatment protocol for mid-portion Achilles tendinosis. Tendinosis (degeneration of the tendon) results from chronic tissue injury and has long-term im-plications for a dancer s career. An eccentric heavy-load exercise protocol has been used successfully to treat tendinosis in athletes. A modified eccentric exercise protocol is proposed as one component of an effective rehabilitation program for dancers. This protocol facilitates tissue remodeling to build strength, flexibility, and adaptability of the Achilles tendon tissue, so that danc-ers can continue to dance without further complications of the injury.
Treatment of Recalcitrant Iliopsoas Tendinitis in Athletes and Dancers with Corticosteroid Injection under Fluoroscopy
Authors: Micheli Lyle J. , Solomon Ruth
Published: May 2023

Corticosteroid solution was injected under fluoroscopy into the iliopsoas sheath in young dancers and other athletes to combat chronic exercise-induced iliopsoas tendinitis which had proven unresponsive to more conservative treatments. Ten outcomes were graded as “excellent,” three others as “good,” two as “fair,” and two were “poor.” These results suggest that the treatment is a viable alternative to the more radical surgical release of the tendon. It is hypothesized, however, that its effectiveness may depend in large part on proper post-operative management, designed to avoid recurrence of the injury by correcting the alignment problems and errors in technique that initially precipitated the tendinitis.
The Effects of Different Dance Surfaces on Plantar Pressures
Authors: Fiolkowski Paul , Bauer Jeff
Published: May 2023

The goal of this study was to determine the effects different dance surfaces have on the dancers’ plantar pressures. A pressure measurement system was used for data collection. The surfaces tested were a fully suspended stage floor, a tile floor, and a vinyl mat flooring. Significant differences were found in floor contact time between the vinyl mat and the remaining two surfaces. There was also a significant difference in the peak pressure recorded for each trial. Force integral comparison showed no significant difference, nor did the comparison for the integrals at 50 and 100 msec. There was a significant difference in the rise time between the surfaces. There are indications that the surfaces do exert an effect on the plantar pressures of the dancers, but more research is needed to determine the exact nature of the effects of varying surfaces.
Screening for Functional Capacity in Dancers Designing Standardized, Dance-Specific Injury Prevention Screening Tools
Authors: Liederbach Marijeanne
Published: May 2023

Well-designed screening tools that measure functional capacity in dancers can yield powerful objective data for the dance educator and clinician. Integrating concepts from the broader disciplines of epidemiology, outcomes, and ergonomics, dance science professionals can develop specific tests to establish normative values for their group in order to set injury-prevention, training adaptation, and skill-acquisition goals with individual dancers. Suggestions for standardization procedures to enhance comparisons within and between dance populations are presented along with examples of traditional and dance-specific screening tests.
Factors Contributing to the Attrition Rate in Elite Ballet Students
Authors: Hamilton Linda H. , Hamilton William G. , Warren Michelle P. , Keller Katy , Molnar Marika
Published: May 2023

Forty elite female dance students (mean age: 14.92 years) were followed at the School of American Ballet to distinguish the physical and mental factors associated with dropping out of the profession. The dancers were evaluated for injury patterns, eating behavior (EAT-26; food diary), personality (OSIQ-R), menstrual functioning, pubertal development (Tanner stages), and orthopaedic parameters. During the four-year period of this study 55% of the sample stopped dancing. Those in this 55% had a higher rate of injuries and eating problems. Furthermore, deficits on an orthopaedic screening exam accurately predicted dancers who dropped out of training at the advanced level from those who became professionals ( p < 0.009). As a group, dancers with an eating disorder profile had more anatomical deviations that compromise dance technique. These results suggest that classical ballet weeds out students without the right bodies, similar to Darwin's “selection of the fittest.” In addition, ballet dancers may develop eating problems to compensate for a suboptimal technique. The orthopaedic exam is recommended as a useful screening tool in diagnosing potential problems in dancers but is not intended to exclude students from training.
Evaluation of the Foot Arches in Ballet Dancers
Authors: Yakut Yavuz , Otman Saadet , Livanelioglu Ayse , Uygur Fatma
Published: May 2023

This study was carried out to assess changes in the foot arches of young ballet dancers that may arise from training. Twenty-one ballet dancers (age: 17.00 ± 1.18 years) were evaluated for rise or fall in the plantar longitudinal and transverse arches. The assessment methods used were determination of the height-length ratio for the plantar arch and diameter measurements made with a caliper at the level of the metatarsal heads for the transverse arch, under weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing conditions. The results were compared with those attained from a control group of 21 non-dancers (age: 17.52 ± 1.21 years) with sedentary life style. The evaluation showed that there was a rise in the longitudinal arch with a concomitant fall in the transverse arch in ballet dancers. The results were significantly different from the control group ( p < 0.05). The findings also correlated with evaluations made by assessing depression in the navicular tubercle in relation to the Feiss’ line and podoscopic observations.
Physical Effort during Dance Training
Authors: Dahlström Monica
Published: May 2023

This study compared the physical effort imposed on teachers and students during dance training sessions as well as on the students when they were teaching as a part of their education. Eleven dance teachers (mean age: 39 ± 7 years) and 11 dance students (mean age: 24 ± 2 years) participated. Before the study maximal heart rate was measured in a maximal cycle ergometer test and maximal oxygen uptake (V˚O2 max) was estimated from the heart rate during a submaximal test with correction for the individual maximal heart rate. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration, and fluid loss were measured during the dance training sessions. Effort during sessions was expressed as the percentage of the individual maximal heart rate. V˚O2 max was not significantly different between teachers and students. During training as well as teaching the average HR was approximately 70% of maximal and did not differ between training students, teachers, and students as teachers. It may be questioned whether these findings and the amount of teaching hours (25 to 29 hours per week) can explain why most dance teachers leave the profession before official retirement age.
Isokinetic Characteristics of Knee Flexors and Extensors in Male Dancers, Olympic Oarsmen, Olympic Bobsleighers, and Non-Athletes
Authors: Koutedakis Yiannis , Agrawal Arvind , Sharp N. C. Craig
Published: May 2023

Quadriceps (PTQUAD) and hamstring (PTHAM) concentric peak torques — measured in Nm and Nm·kg-1 body weight — and hamstring/quadriceps peak torque ratios (PTHAM/QUAD) were studied in males engaged in different physical activities and having different levels of physical fitness. Both dominant and non-dominant legs of 20 professional dancers, 14 Olympic oarsmen, 11 Olympic bobsleighers, and 10 non-athletes were isokinetically assessed at 1.04, 3.14, and 4.19 rad·sec-1. The main findings were: 1. torque levels decreased with increasing angular velocity in all four groups of subjects; 2. with few exceptions, dancers and non-athletes demonstrated significantly lower PTQUAD and PTHAM ( p < 0.01 to p < 0.005) at the three velocities than bobsleighers and rowers; 3. most of the differences between groups described above, disappeared ( p > 0.05) when PTQUAD and PTHAM were standardized for body weight (Nm·kg-1); and 4. although PTHAM/QUAD for dancers and non-athletes were significantly lower than that of the two sports groups at 1.04 and 3.14 rad·sec-1, no such differences were noted at the relatively higher velocity of 4.19 rad·sec-1. We conclude that dissimilar physical training, modes of exercise, and/or different fitness levels have the same effect on muscle contractile characteristics.
The Effect of Pilates-based Training on Dancers’ Dynamic Posture
Authors: McMillan Ann , Proteau Luc , Lèbe Rose-Marie
Published: May 2023

Dancers are required to execute varied and complex movements that put stress on their body. There is an increased risk of injury when the dancer executes these complex movements with insufficient technical control or with bad posture. A form of corrective gymnastics popular among dancers is the Pilates method of conditioning and exercise. The present experiment was designed to examine the effects of training with Pilates-based exercises on dancers dynamic posture. Participants from the École Supérieure de Danse du Québec trained individually twice a week, with a teacher in Pilates-based exercises (mat and Universal Reformer) for a period of three months. They were also assigned some of the mat exercises as homework. The participants were divided into a control and an experimental group. The participants’ dynamic posture was evaluated during the execution of a grand plié. Data were collected both prior to and after the training period with a WATSMART system. The participants of the experimental group were found to be more stable in the upper body region than their controls. This suggests that training with Pilates-based exercises improves dynamic body control.
Injury Profiles of Student and Professional Flamenco Dancers
Authors: Pedersen M. Elizabeth , Wilmerding Virginia
Published: May 2023

Flamenco is a dance tradition that arose from the Spanish gypsies at the end of the eighteenth century. Originally an improvised art form created to express emotions, flamenco today is a popular dance style that can be seen and learned in many countries around the world. The injuries of flamenco dancers are made unique through the percussive nature of the dance steps and through the use of high-heeled shoes. The purpose of this study was to examine the self-reported injuries of professional and student flamenco dancers in order to understand better the impact of high-heeled shoes and rhythmic stamping patterns. Injuries sustained by student flamenco dancers were compared to the injuries sustained by professional flamenco dancers to see how these injuries are linked to training practices. The number of injuries sustained by professional flamenco dancers (30) was greater than the number of injuries sustained by student flamenco dancers (20). Consideration of each injury site was made to see how it is affected by footwear and rehearsal practices.
Injury, Stress, and Perfectionism in Young Dancers and Gymnasts
Authors: Krasnow Donna , Mainwaring Lynda , Kerr Gretchen
Published: May 2023

Injuries, psychological stress, and perfectionism were examined in three groups of young elite performers: ballet dancers, modern dancers, and artistic gymnasts. Similar to the adult population, a high incidence of injury was found for all three groups. Results revealed a greater number of hip injuries in young ballet dancers and gymnasts than typically found in the adult population. Variations were found among the groups in injury management, and duration of time training was modified. Relationships between injury and stress, and injury and perfectionism were not uniform across groups. The study points to the importance of distinguishing between positive and negative stressors in role specific activities. The complexities of the stress/injury phenomenon and the multifaceted nature of the perfectionism variable were identified. The authors emphasize the need for further research and education in the area of youth injuries and psychological correlates in order to minimize the negative effects on young elite performers.
Recurrent Musculoskeletal Pain in Professional Ballet Dancers in Sweden
Authors: Ramel Eva M. , Moritz Ulrich , Jarnlo Gun-Britt
Published: May 2023

In a six-year follow-up study, the self-reported musculoskeletal pain in professional ballet dancers was investigated. Fifty-one (72%) dancers, working in professional companies on both occasions participated in the study. The high prevalence of pain among the dancers was on both occasions dominated by problems in the back (69% and 82% respectively) and feet (73% and 82%). Pain reported some time during the preceding 12 months increased significantly only in the upper back region, while incapacitating pain decreased for the same region ( p < 0.05). Recurrent pain was reported by 90% of dancers. Our results indicate that about every third dancer experiences recurrent incapacitating pain, with 75% set off by a previous major injury. In spite of an increased workload, and getting older, ballet dancers are not necessarily more prone to incapacitating pain, rather the opposite seems true. It is speculated that the right training facilities within the theater seem to be important to keep the dancers dancing.
Assessment of the Knowledge, Prevalence, and Control Strategies of Malaria Among Households in Sunyani Municipality, Bono Region, Ghana
Authors: Agyemang-Badu Samuel Yaw , Awuah Esi , Oduro-Kwarteng Sampson , Dzamesi Justice Yao Woelinam , Azure Simon Agongo
Published: May 2023

Background:

Malaria remains a global public health concern for centuries. The study assessed the knowledge, prevalence and control strategies of malaria among households in the Sunyani Municipality, Bono Region, Ghana.

Method:

A simple random sampling method was used to administer semi-structured questionnaires to the respondents (n = 422). STATA version 14.0 was used to analyse the data and the results were presented in charts, graphs, and tables.

Result:

The study shows that the knowledge level of malaria, its vector of transmission and mosquitoes breeding sites among the respondents was quite high. Among the respondents, 43% reported to have been infected by malaria once in a year and 94% indicated that, their relatives have been infected with malaria parasites previously. Also, majority, 65% of the respondents selected environmental management and sanitation (EMS), followed by settlement (building houses) away from wetlands, 20.0% as alternative vector control methods to be employed to supplement the core vector control methods in the Municipality. Further, majority, 69% of the respondents indicated that enforcement of environmental sanitation bye-laws will compel residents to clean their environment, and this is likely to eliminate most mosquito breeding sites, whiles 46% called on Government to support, and employ more Environmental Health Officers and Sanitary Labourers, and adequately resource them to work effectively.

Conclusion:

Health authorities in the Sunyani Municipality must intensified education on malaria at all levels with the aim to influence the attitudes of households towards its prevention and control. Central and Local Government must employ more Environmental Health Officers, and empower and adequately resourced them to strictly enforce the environmental sanitation bye-laws. Malaria control authorities in the study area must consider employing environmental management and sanitation (EMS) and application of larvicides for mosquito larval control as alternative/supplementary malaria prevention and control methods to compliments the current core vector control methods.
Creating meaningful connections: An experiment in practically engaged CMS
Authors: King Daniel , Griffin Martyn
Published: May 2023

Can meaningful connections between academics, consultants, and practitioners of workplace democracy be created to bring about critically inspired change? This article presents an exploration of our experiment in producing a practical and engaged form of Critical Management Studies (CMS) through a case study of a 2-day event. The event brought together academics, consultants, and practitioners of workplace democracy to examine the possibilities and challenges of creating meaningful connections between these groups. It served as a platform for investigating and reflecting on the efforts made to bridge the gap between academia and practice in CMS. Drawing on pre-event documents, recordings of the event and interviews with participants after the event, we provide an account of academics out of their comfort zone struggling to feel authentic and useful; suspicion and uneasiness between groups leading to inter and intra group struggles; and lingering difficulties around power and control. Our event suggests that CMS scholars seeking more practical engagement should pursue a: (i) deliberative research perspective of co-production alongside multiple stakeholders (academics, consultants, and practitioners) to practically seek to bring about change; (ii) democratization of the research process so that the democratic intentions of the research outcomes are built into the research process; (iii) fluid research position breaking down and blurring of boundaries between academics and practitioners to increase the possibilities for creating meaningful connections.
Delayed shock? How Brexit conditioned campaign effects in British general elections
Authors: Fisher Justin , Fieldhouse Edward , Cutts David
Published: May 2023

The impact of campaigns on electoral performance is conditioned in part by contextual effects. The popularity equilibrium model has proven to be an important guide to how the electoral effects of local campaigns vary by a party’s existing level of popularity. Such an equilibrium can, however be disturbed by an electoral shock—a rare event which fundamentally challenges the foundations that underpin predictability in elections. This article analyses the impact of the electoral shock of the UK’s 2016 referendum on EU membership on campaign effects in the subsequent elections of 2017 and 2019. Using a novel theoretical and methodological approach, it shows that while there were observable effects of the Leave vote already present before the referendum, the geography of the effectiveness of Labour and Conservative local campaigns was altered after the referendum. However, it was not until the 2019 election that the shock of the 2016 Leave vote became a particularly important predictor of the electoral efficacy of both parties’ campaigns.
Critical risk and success factors for sustainability of an electronic health data capture, processing and dissemination platform for Uganda
Authors: Nabukenya Josephine , Drumright Lydia , Alunyu Andrew Egwar , Semwanga Agnes Rwashana
Published: May 2023

Several studies have investigated challenges that have marred success or even caused the failure of eHealth implementations in Uganda; however, none has focused on the risks and success factors of their sustainability. This study explored critical risk and success factors for the sustainability of an electronic health data capture, processing and dissemination platform for Uganda. A mixed-method research design was followed involving collecting empirical data from all four regions of Uganda. A purposive sampling strategy was used to select the study districts per region, health facilities per district, and respondents/participants per facility or district. Findings revealed several risks and success factors for sustainability, including; bad leadership, corruption, lack of sustainable maintenance programs, lack of suitable sustainability plans, lack of ICT infrastructure investment, poor management systems, funds, stakeholder buy-ins, data sharing and access rights. The success factors included reinvestments as a partial sustainability plan for ICT infrastructure. These factors can be leveraged to ensure the continued operation of eHealth implementations in Uganda. Every electronic health project aiming at success should always make due consideration/sustainability plan at the onset of project conceptualisation; as lack of such a plan has often resulted in failed projects after the initial funds have been withdrawn.