bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct and residual effects of nitrogen management in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: RAMAN JEET SINGH  , LP.S. AHLAWAT  , B. GANGAIAH
Published: December 2023

A 2-year field investigation was carried out in New Delhi from 2006 to 2008 on a sandy loam soil having 217 kglha of available N. In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) 8 treatments comprising combination of 4 N management practices {Control, 100% recommended dose of N (1 50 kglha) through urea (RDN), 75% RDN through urea + 25% RDN through FYM N and 50% RDN each through urea and FYM) and 2 cropping systems - sole cotton and cotton + groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) intercropping in 1 :3 additive series. N management in cotton-wheat cropping system were tested in RBD with 3 replications. For comparison, sole groundnut with recommended N and phosphorus fertilizers was also grown. In rabi, cotton plots were sub-divided in to 4 to accommodate levels of N (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ ha) to wheat. Groundnut as an intercrop enhanced the productivity of cotton by 0.25 tonnetha and succeeding wheat by 0.16 tonnetha. These increases in productivity of cotton and wheat coupled with additional intercrop groundnut yield (0.47 tonnelha) together enhanced the productivity of cotton + ground- nut - wheat systems in seed cotton equivalent yield by 0.58 tonnetha and net returns by R s 14,421 /ha over cot- ton-wheat system. Among N management practices, substitution of 25% RDN through FYM in cotton gave the highest system productivity (4.82 tonne seed cotton equivalent yieldlha) and B: C ratio (2.09) than all N through urea and 50% N through each source. However, net returns and soil N balance were in favour of 50% RDN sub- stitution through FYM besides (Rs 72,748 /ha). Wheat crop responded to100 kg N/ha fertilization. It was therefore inferred that integration of groundnut as intercrop along with FYM besides 50% N of cotton along with 100 kg fer- tilizer N/ha to wheat was the most profitable and sustainable N management system.
Sustaining cotton productivity and soil fertility through in situ management of green manure and crop residues in semi-arid irrigated condition of Tamil Nadu
Authors: C.S. PRAHARAJ  , K. SANKARANARAYANAN  , S.E.S.A. KHADER  , N.GOPALAKRISHNAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was undertaken between 2004 and 2C87 in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on al- kaline black clay loam Typic haplustalfs soil with low fertility at Coimbatore under irrigated condition to explore the suitability of burying of cotton residues vis-a-vis green manure (GM) sunnhernp (Crotalaria juncea L.) in situ. The treatments to cotton 'Surabhi' included in situ growing and burying of GM crop, recycling of cotton residues and addition of farmyard manure (FYM) alone and in all combination (Q 5 Uha of FYM, 2.5 Uha of crop residues or GM @ 15 kg seedlha), along with conventional practice of crop nutrition with and without a N:P:K dose of 60:13:25 kglha as the controls. Results revealed that simultaneous planting of sunnhemp and cotton under ridge-furrow system, followed by burying of sunnhemp @ 2.5 Uha in situ before flowering followed by earthing up was optimum for higher cotton productivity (1.70 Vha), net return (Rs 23,24O/ha), B:C ratio (1.37) and fibre pro- ductivity efficiency (FPE, 9.40 kglha-day). However, grain yield of rotational finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.)] 'CO 13' crop grown on the residual fertility was not influenced by the treatments. The system (cotton-finger millet) productivity (2.46 Vha) was also favoured by GM treatment. Soil fertility parameters after the trial indicated that in situ incorporation of GM also resulted in higher OC (0.53, 0.55 %) and N:P:K (200:23.5:599 and 194:18.3:590 kg/ ha) availability in 0-1 5 cm and 15-30 cm soil respectively at the end of 3 years of cropping over absolute control. Climatologically favourable year (2007) played a significant role in realization of higher boll weight, seed cotton yield, net return, B:C ratio and system productivity over others. The present study suggests that in situ incorpora- tion of sunnhemp GM substitute inorganic fertilizers in cotton.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth, productivity and quality of crops in rice (Oryza sativa) cabbage (Brassica oleracea) greengram (Vigna radiata) cropping system
Authors: DEBABRATA ACHARYA  , S.S. MONDAL
Published: December 2023

Field experiment was conducted between 2002-2004 at Mohanpur, West Bengal to study the effect of inte- grated nutrient management (INM) on the growth, productivity and quality of crops in rice ( Or yza sativa L.) cab- bage ( Brassica olerecea var. capitata) greengram ( Vigna radiata L.R. Wilczek) cropping sequence under irri- gated ecosystem on an entisol. The experiment was laid out in RBD replicated thrice with 8 nutrient management treatments of different organic sources of nutrients in combination with inorganic sources. The highest productivity and quality of the crops in sequence and rice equivalent yield (32.4 tonne/ha) was observed with application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) along with 25% N through Neematex. Application of FYM or Biomax were also as good as the highest yield producing treatment. The highest net returns (Rs 1,43,463/ha) and net B:C ratio (2.92) were obtained when crops in sequence were fertilized with 75% RDF along with 25% N through FYM. Combined application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients improved the nutrient uptake by the crops in sequence as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.
Effect of different sources and levels of organics on sugarcane (Saccharurn officinarum)
Authors: V.S. PATEL  , V.C. RAJ  , D.D. PATEL
Published: December 2023

An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of different sources and levels of organics on plant (2005- 2006) and ratoon (2006-2007) sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) on a heavy black soil. Germination, cane length, cane girth, cane and trash yields of sugarcane were significantly affected due to the different manurial treatments both in plant and ratoon crops. Crop receiving recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF i.e. 250 : 54.6 : 103.3 kg N:P:K/ha in plant and 300:27.3:103.3 kg N:P:K/ha in ratoon) gave significantly higher cane yield of plant (106.2 t/ha) and ratoon (94.3 t/ha), net returns (1,14,568 Rs/ha) and net B:C ratio (1.99) of sugarcane. Ap- plication of poultry manure (PM) @ 5 t/ha at planting + castor cake @ 1 t/ha at earthing up in plant crop and Bio compost (BC) @ 10 t/ha at planting + PM @ 5 t/ha at earthing up were next best treatments after RDF. The nutri- ent uptake (NPK) of plant cane was highest with RDF but in ratoon crop, BC (10 t/ha) + PM (5 t) recorded high- est uptake values. The BC + PM treatment also resulted in highest soil fertility after plant-ratoon cropping of sug- arcane.
Yield, economics and water use of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) as influenced by irrigation and weed management practices
Authors: R.S. MEHTA  , B.S PATEL  , S.S. MEENA
Published: December 2023

Field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2006-07 and 2007-08 at Sardarkrushinagar to study the effect of irrigation scheduling and weed control on fenugreek. Irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio producing higher yield attributes, viz. length of pod or pods/plant, seeds/pod, 1,000-seed weight resulted in significantly higher seed yield (1.47 t/ha), net returns (Rs 25,487/ha) and consumptive use of water over 0.6 and 0.8 ratios. However, water use efficiency and water expense efficiency were higher with 0.8 IW/CPE ratio. Weed population as well as dry weight increased with increasing levels of IW/ CPE ratio from 0.6 to 1.0. Application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ ha with inter-culture at 40 days after sowing (DAS) and hand-weeding at 20 and 40 DAS were found as effective as weed free treatment in respect of yield, net returns and water use efficiency parameters. Thus, application of ir- rigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio along with weed control by pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha + inter-culture at 40 DAS is better for getting higher yield and net return from fenugreek.
Tillage and legume mulching effects on moisture conservation and productivity of rainfed maize (Zea mays)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: A.R. SHARMA  , RATAN SINGH  , S.K. DHYANI  , R.K. DUBE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Selakui, Dehradun from 2001 to 2004 to study the effect of tillage, viz. con- ventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT); and weed-control practices, viz. chemical and mechanical weed- ing along with legume mulching, viz. in situ grown sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) and subabul [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit] on soil moisture conservation, crop productivity and soil health in maize (Zea mays (Triticum aestivum L. emend Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. CT gave higher grain yield of maize (+0.11 to O. 17 t/ha), but wheat performed equally well under CT (2.48 tiha) and MT conditions (2.36 t/ha). Chemical weeding with herbicides (alachlor in maize and isoproturon in wheat) resulted in 7.8 and 9.9% higher yield of maize and wheat, respectively over mechanical weeding. Beneficial effect of live mulching with sunnhemp or Leucaena was similar (12.314.7%), while their combined application increased the maize yield by 19.1% over no mulching. Further, enhanced soil moisture conservation due to mulching at maize harvest led to greater productiv- ity of wheat by 16.1% with sunnhemp or Leucaena, and 27.0% with sunnhemp + Leucaena. Nitrogen uptake of maize and wheat increased significantly with chemical weeding and legume mulching, but tillage practices made no effect on wheat while in maize it was lower under MT. Wheat gave 45 times more net retums than maize, and the net B : C ratio of the system was > .O with chemical weeding and legume mulching. Tillage and weed-control practices made no effect on organic C and total N status of soil but legume mulching improved these parameters and reduced bulk density associated with increased infiltration rate. It was concluded that CT along with legume mulching in maize and MT in wheat, and chemical weeding of both the crops was beneficial for improving moisture and nutrient conservation, and achieving higher productivity and profitability of maizewheat cropping system un- der Doon valley conditions.
Soil test based nutrient management for short-duration cassava (Manihot esculenta): Analysis of growth, biomass, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status
Authors: G. SUJA  , K. SUSAN JOHN  , J. SREEKUMAR
Published: December 2023

Short-duration (6-7 months) cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) enables better utilization of resources and crop diversification than the normal duration crop (9-10 months). Field experiments were conducted for three years (2004-2007) at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, in a lowland situation akin to rice fallow to standardise nutrient management practices for short-duration cassava. Five short-duration cassava lines (Vellayani Hraswa, Kalpaka, Sree Jaya, Sree Vijaya and triploid 2-18) were evaluated under 4 levels of fertility (12.5 t FYM (100%)+ NPK, 75% FYM + NPK, 50% FYM + NPK and NPK fertilization based on soil test data) in split plot design with 3 replications. Triploid 2-18 yielded significantly higher fresh tubers (28.45 t/ha) than other four cultivars. The high yielders pro- duced appreciably taller plants and more leaves, higher total and tuber biomass. Nutrient management based on soil test data for organic C, available P and K status along with 12.5 t/FYM, which resulted in the saving of full P, 10% N and 15% K by the third year, promoted plant height, leaf production and nutrient uptake, produced higher tuber yield (24.18 t/ha), tuber and total biomass, dry matter and starch content of tubers besides maintaining or- ganic C, available N, P and K status of the soil, leading to positive nutrient balance.
Productivity and response of quality brassicas (Brassica sp.) cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) sequence under different sources of nutrients and sulphur levels
Authors: N.T.Q. THUAN  , D.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

Information on comparative response of quality and traditional rapeseed-mustard genotypes to inorganic and organic source of nutrients are meager. Besides, organic mustard oil is becoming popular in the market. Hence, present experiment was conducted in a fixed plot field at New Delhi between 20052007. Two genotypes of Indian mustard { Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson} viz., Pusa Mahak {high erucic acid (EA) and glucosinolate con- tent (GC)}, and Pusa Karishma low in EA and high GC and one genotype of summer rape ( Brassica napus L.) viz., GSC 3A (low in EA and GC) were evaluated under organic and inorganic sources of nutrients and sulphur (S) levels and residual effect of treatments were examined on succeeding cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] for green pods. Pusa Mahak recorded greater number of siliquae/plant and test weight, while number of seeds/ siliqua were found maximum in GSC-3A Pusa Mahak (2.08 t/ha) and Pusa Karishma (1.91 t/ha) being on par produced significantly higher seed yield than GSC-3A (1.45 t/ha). In first year, seed yield (2.13 t/ha) recorded was maximum owing to integrated use of nutrients, while in the second crop cycle, integrated and organic source of nutrients, recorded similar seed yield (2.30 and 2.23 t/ha), but both the treatments were markedly superior when compared with fertilizers. Application of sulphur @ 40 kg/ha produced 19.3% higher seed yield than control. Residual effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) and organic nutrition on green pod yield of cowpea was found significant over fertilizers. System productivity as mustard seed equivalent was recorded maximum with Pusa Mahak-cowpea system, INM in the first crop cycle and organic use in the second crop cycle and 40 kg S/ ha. Significant interaction was recorded between the genotypes and S levels. S uptake in seed and unit response to S application (kg seed/kg S) was highest in Pusa Mahak (10.4).
Alternate cropping systems to rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) for Punjab
Authors: S.S. WALIA  , M.S. GILL  , BHARAT BHUSHAN  , R.P. PHUTELA  , C.S. AULAKH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted from 2006-07 to 2008-09 at Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, centre of AICRP on Cropping Systems to evaluate the effect of 10 crop sequences on productivity, profitability, weed population and soil fertility. Maximum rice ( Oryza sativa L.) equivalent yield was recorded by maize ( Zea mays L.)- potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.)-onion ( Allium cepa L.) (32.0 t/ha) followed by summer groundnut ( Arachis . hypogaea L )-potato-bajra ( Pennisetum glaucum L.) (fodder), and maize-potato-summer moongbean ( Vigna ra- diata L. Wilczek) cropping systems. These cropping systems produced an additional rice equivalent yield of 10.0 to 19.1 t/ha and saved 75.6 to 122.3 cm irrigation water over the rice-wheat system. The highest energy produc- tion was with maize-wheat ( Triticum aestivum (L.) Fiori & Paol]-moonngbean (43.7 X 106 K.cal) whereas the pro- duction efficiency (98.8 kg/day/ha) and net returns ( 1.65 105) were highest in maize-potato-onion cropping sys- tem. The population of Phalaris minor was lower in all the cropping systems when compared with the ricewheat system. The maize based cropping system showed positive influx of N, P and K over initial values.
Effect of integrated nitrogen management on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa) under different dates of planting
Authors: S.K. CHAUDHARY  , J.P. SINGH  , S. JHA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2006 and 2007 rainy season on a silty loam soil at Pusa, Bihar to study the effect of inorganic fertilizer in combination with organic sources, viz. vermicompost, poultry manure, FYM and green manuring under four dates of transplanting (5, 15, 25 July and 4 August) on rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Rice Rajendra Suwasani recorded significantly higher values of yield attributes (panicles/m2, panicle length, grains/ panicle, panicle weight, 1000-grains weight), yields and nutrient accumulation under integrated source of nutrients than inorganic fertilizer alone. Maximum grain yield (4.12 t/ha) was with 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) + 25% N from dhaincha ( Sesbania aculata L.) and it was 14.8 and 26.1% higher over 100 and 75% RDN, respectively. There was significant reduction in yield attributes, yields and nutrient uptake due to delayed trans- planting. Transplanting on 5 July recorded 13.6 and 25.3% higher grain yield than transplanting on 25 July and 4 August, respectively.
Effect of date and level of earthing and nitrogen on productivity and nutrient availability in soils of ratoon sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
Authors: C.M. DEV  , R.K. SINGH  , GAURAV MAHAJAN  , M.K. YADAV  , U.S. RAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the spring seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-10 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh to find out the exact time and the height of earthing up and optimum dose of nitrogen for getting higher productivity, monetary returns, and changes in the fertility status of soils for ratoon sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) at Varanasi. Earthing up on 25th April up to 20 cm height with 210 kg N/ha gave the highest cane yield, net returns and B:C ratio.
Water productivity, economics and energetics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) under different methods of crop establishment
Authors: A.S. BRAR  , S.S. MAHAL  , G.S. BUTTAR  , J.S. DEOL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to work out the water productivity, economics and energetics of basmati rice ( Oryza sativa L.)wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] sequence under different methods of crop es- tablishment during 2005-06 and 2006-07. The treatments included combinations of two crop establishment meth- ods of basmati rice (direct seeded and transplanted) and three seeding techniques of succeeding wheat (conven- tional, bed planting and zero tillage). Productivity of basmati rice-wheat sequence was significantly higher with transplanted basmati rice (TPBR) than direct seeded basmati rice (DSBR) irrespective of seeding technique of succeeding wheat. However, crop establishment methods of wheat did not show any significant impact on total productivity of basmati rice-wheat sequence during both the years. Total water use was 9.5 and 8.2 per cent higher in TPBR-wheat sequence than DSBR-wheat sequence during 2005-06 and 2006-07, respectively. In this sequence the highest net return was obtained from TPBR-zero till sown wheat sequence, which was closely fol- lowed by TPBR-conventionally sown wheat sequence but both gave more net returns than DSBR-zero till sown wheat sequence. The highest energy output was recorded in TPBR-conventionally sown wheat, while energy use efficiency was maximum in TPBR-zero till sown wheat, during both the years because of lowest energy input in zero till sown wheat than conventional and bed planting.
Integrated weed management in turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Authors: M. RATNAM  , A.S. RAO  , T.Y. REDDY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on clay soils of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur during kahif 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 respectively to find out suitable weed management package for turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) in coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. Pre-emergence application of oxyflourfen @ 0.25 kg/ha followed by post-emergence application of quizalofop ethyl @ 0.05 kg/ha and two hand weeding at 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) with WCE of 92 % significantly recorded the highest fresh rhizome yield (6.6 t/ha) with B:C ratio of 0.61 and was on par with hand weeding at 30, 60 and 90 DAS, which recorded the highest fresh rhi- zome yield (8.5 t/ha). Uncontrolled weed growth reduced rhizome yield by 80%.
Use of incomplete block designs in agricultural experiments
Authors: V.K. GUPTA  , RAJENDER PARSAD
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the application of incomplete block designs with factorial struc- ture in agronomic experiments, particularly the crop sequences experiments. The paper also describes the use- fulness of incomplete split-plot designs in factorial experiments with many sub-plot treatments.
Evaluation of varieties and local manurial sources for organic rice (Oryza sativa) production
Authors: B.L. MANJUNATH  , R.R. VERMA  , R. RAMESH  , N.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

Field experiments conducted at ICAR Research Complex for Goa, for two years during 2009 to 2011 to stan- dardize locally available nutrient sources for different rice ( Oryza sativa L.) varieties indicated that high yielding rice 'Karjat-3' and red kernelled rice 'Revathy' recorded significantly more productive tillers (8.99 and 8.94/hill, re- spectively) and panicles per unit area (276 and 262 per m2, respectively) over scented rice 'Pusa Sugandh-5'. Rice variety 'Karjat-3' recorded significantly higher grain yield (3.13 t/ha) over 'Revathy' (2.50 t/ha) and 'Pusa Sugandh- 5' (1.80 t/ha). Application of recommended fertilizers recorded significantly higher productive tillers (9.3/hill), total dry matter (26.1 g/hill), panicles per unit area (268/m2) and higher grain yield of rice during first year of experimen- tation and the pooled mean (3.15 t/ha and 3.09 t/ha, respectively). Use of Glyricidia + Eupatorium each at 5 t/ha yielded 87% of the yield (2.69 t/ha) recorded with recommended fertilizers indicating its feasibility for use as nutri- ent source for rice production. Higher increase in organic carbon was observed with FYM @ 10 t/ha (1.44% O.C.) and paddy straw + water hyacinth each at 5 t/ha (1.36% O.C.). Application of Sesbania rostrata @10 t/ha resulted in higher microbial growth in soil in terms of fungi (10.39 103 CFU/g), bacteria (17.5105 CFU/g) and actino- mycetes (10.28 104 CFU/g) and yield of rice.
Influence of nursery raising methods, age of seedling and planting dates on rice (Oryza sativa) under temperate Kashmir
Authors: K.N. SINGH  , PARMEET SINGH  , LAL SINGH  , RAIHANA H. KANTH  , FAROOQ A. AGA
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during 2006 and 2007 to study nursery raising methods, seedling age and transplanting dates of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under temperate Kashmir valley. Treatments comprised two trans- planting dates (25 May and 20 June), two nursery types (Protected and Modified protected) and three seedling age (20, 35 and 50 days old), which were evaluated by split plot design. Simultaneously in the same medium (as in field conditions) pot study was carried out. All the defined seedling ages along with direct seeding were evalu- ated under pot conditions by CRD. 25 May transplanting out yielded 25 June transplanting by 58.5% and 58.3% during both the years. Similarly, modified protected nursery out yielded protected nursery by 3.5 % and 4.25 %. 20 and 35 days old seedling recorded grain yield increase over 50 days seedling by 9.78 and 6.14 % in 2006 and 10.64 and 7.51 % in 2007. However, older seedling performed better under late transplanting than younger seed- lings. Under pot studies, root length, root weight and root volume recorded significant decreasing trend with in- creased seedling age. Early transplanting, modified protected nursery and younger seedling recorded less trans- planting shock, which in turn increases net profit and B:C ratio.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity as affected by application of low dose herbicides as sole and premix formulations
Authors: N.K. CHOPRA  , NISHA CHOPRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2006-07 and 2007-08 at Karnal to evaluate the effect of herbicides as sole and their premix formulations on weed control in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) Emend. Fiori and Paol]. Maximum average seed yield of 4.59 t/ha was recorded with premix clodinafop + metsulfuron at 60+4g/ ha, which was at par with weed free treatment and 10.0 and 20.8% higher compared to sole application of clodinafop 60g/ha and metsulfuron 4g/ha respectively. Sole application of clodinafop 60g/ha was found effective only on grasses, whereas metsulfuron 4g/ha showed selectivity towards broadleaf weeds and both the treatments recorded lower weed control efficiency and higher weed index compared to premix formulations of clodinafop + metsulfuron at 45+3, 54+3.6and 60+4g/ha. Uncontrolled weeds caused 24.7% reduction in wheat yield. Maximum returns and benefit cost ratio was recorded with clodinafop+ metsulfuron 60+4g/ha.
Intensification and diversification in rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system for sustainability
Authors: ALOK KUMAR  , H.P. TRIPATHI  , R.A. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Faizabad during 2005-10 to find out the feasibility of intensification and di- versification in traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping sys- tem. Hybrid rice-potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) sequence was found most efficient with respect to production (22.1 t/ha/year), systems profitability (391.6 /ha/day), monetary returns ( 125.3103/ha/year) and energy production (54.2 106 kcal.) followed by hybrid rice-mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]-blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) and basmati rice-lentil (Lens culinic Medik)-green fodder (maize (Zea mays L.) + cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Intensification through inclusion of oilseeds and pulses crops increased the energy output and nutrient use efficiency. The sequences included leguminous crops (grains/fodder) improved the availability of NPK and organic C of the soil besides intensifying the system for higher productivity and profitability.
Effect of integrated nitrogen management on transplanted pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) under rainfed condition
Authors: RANVEER SINGH  , A.K. GUPTA  , TULASA RAM  , G.L. CHOUDHARY  , A.C. SHEORAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the effect of integrated nitrogen management on performance of pearlmillet {Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Emend. Stutz} under rainfed conditions. Integrated nitrogen management (INM), significantly increased the growth parameters viz., plant height, dry matter production, effective tillers per plant and chlorophyll content and yield attributes and yield viz. weight of grains per ear head, test weight, grain, stover and biological yields and harvest index as compared to control. Among the INM treatments applications of 50% RDN through FYM + 50% through urea and 80% RDN through vermicompost + 20% through urea being at par were found superior over 100% RDN through urea, 100% RDN through FYM, 75% RDN through FYM + 25% through urea and 25% RDN through FYM + 75% through urea. Under seedling inoculation treatment, treatment with Azotobactor and Azospirillum recorded significantly highest grain weight per ear head as compared to control. Application of N through organic sources improving soil organic carbon and nitrogen balance in soil over N through inorganic sources.
Interaction effect of sulphur and potassium on nutritional quality and profitability of brown sarson (Brassica rapa var brown sarson) in temperate Kashmir
Authors: PURSHOTAM SINGH  , NARINDER PANOTRA  , PARMEET SINGH  , K.N. SINGH  , RAIHANA HABIB KANHT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of four levels each of sulphur (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha) and potassium (0, 30, 60, 90 kg/ha) on brown sarson (Brassica rapa var brown sarson) KOS 101 during rabi 2007-08 and 2008-09 at Regional Research Station Wadura, SKUAST-K in temperate Kashmir. Application of graded levels of sulphur and potassium progressively improved growth and yield attributes but in a decreasing or- der. The seed and stover yields increased linearly up to 40 kg S/ha and 60 kg K O/ha. Seed yield (2.03 t/ha) with 2 40 kg S/ha was 27.6 % higher in comparison to control. Similarly, application of 60 kg K O/ha resulted in 35.48 % 2 higher seed yield (2.09 t/ha) than the yield obtained in control. Sulphur showed synergistic relationship with potas- sium. P uptake significantly increased up to 40 kg S/ha, thereafter, decreased significantly. Oil yield, oil quality and protein content also increased significantly with the application of sulphur and potassium. Percent utilization of added sulphur and potassium was maximum when lowest levels of sulphur and potassium were applied. Applica- tion of 40 kg S/ha and 60 kg K O/ha besides improving quality and quantity of brown sarson, also registered 2 higher B: C ratio (1.54).
Indian Journal of Agronomy 58 (1): 114__118 (March 2013) Research Paper
Authors: L.R. YADAV  , SANTOSH CHOUDHARY  , G.L. KESHWA  , O.P. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effect of sowing date (31 October, 15 and 30 November), row spacing (30 and 40 cm) and nitrogen level (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ ha) on productivity of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) grown on irrigated loamy sand soil. The experi- ment was carried out in split plot design keeping sowing dates and row spacing in main plots and nitrogen levels in sub plots. Higher dry matter production, leaf area duration, chlorophyll content, seeds/plant, seed (1.78 t/ha), sto- ver (5.22 t/ha) and biological yields (7.00 t/ha), harvest index (25.3%), B:C ratio (2.07) and N (82.9 kg/ha), P (21.6 kg/ha) and K uptake (71.7 kg/ha) was recorded under October 31 sown crop as compared to November 15 and 30 sown crop. Spacing of 40 cm resulted in higher dry matter accumulation, leaf area duration, seeds/plant, seed (1.56 t/ha), stover (4.71 t/ha) and biological yields (6.27 t/ha), B:C ratio, N, P and K uptake as compared to 30 cm wide sown crop. Application of 60 kg N/ha gave significantly higher seed (1.77 t/ha), stover (5.16 t/ha) and bio- logical yields (6.92 t/ha), harvest index (25.42%), B:C ratio (1.98) and N (94.4 kg/ha), P (23.6 kg/ha) and K uptake (73.6 kg/ha) as compared to lower levels.
Response of maize (Zea mays) to nitrogen and zinc fertilization
Authors: S.K. MEENA  , S.L. MUNDRA  , P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

Results of a field experiment conducted at Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur during Kharif 2011 in fac- torial randomized block design with four replications involving 12 treatment combinations (four nitrogen levels: 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg/ha and three zinc levels: 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg/ha) revealed that application of N up to 100 kg/ha and Zn up to 5 kg/ ha in maize (Zea mays L.) significantly enhanced the plant height, dry matter accumulation, N and Zn uptake, yield characters, grain yield, harvest index, net returns and benefit cost ratio over their respective counter treatments. However, Zn uptake by maize was significantly improved up to 7.5 kg/ ha.
Influence of post-emergence herbicides on weeds and productivity of garden pea (Pisum sativum) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: M.C. RANA  , MANU NAG  , S.S. RANA  , G.D. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

To standardize dose and time of application of post-emergence herbicides in garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense) under mid-hills of Himalaya, eleven treatments viz., imazethapyr 100 and 150 g/ha at 20 and 40 DAS, quizalofop 25 and 37.5 g/ha at 20 DAS, isoproturon 1.0 and 1.25 kg/ha at 40 DAS, pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha (pre- emergence), hand-weeding twice (30 and 60 DAS) and unweeded check were tested during the winter season of 2005-06 and 2006-07 at Palampur. The major weed flora was Phalaris minor, Avena fatua and Vicia sativa in both the years. Post-emergence application of all the herbicides except quizalofop 25 g/ha at 20 DAS and hand weed- ing twice resulted in significantly lower dry weight of weeds over pre-emergence pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha. Higher doses of all the post-emergence herbicides were superior to their lower doses. Significantly lower dry matter accu- mulation of all the weed species and highest weed control efficiency were obtained with imazethapyr 150 g/ha (40 DAS). Imazethapyr 150 g/ha at 40 DAS resulted in maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, nodule count and weight and green pod and haulm yields. Weeds in untreated check re- duced pea pod yield by 56.8% over the best post-emergence herbicidal treatment (imazethapyr 150 g/ha at 40 DAS) in 200506 and 60.1% in 200607.
Evaluation of integrated nutrient management options in rice (Oryza sativa) wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in reclaimed sodic land
Authors: LAL BAHADUR  , D.D. TIWARI  , J. MISHRA  , B.R. GUPTA
Published: December 2023

Nutrient management is one of the major problem of the sodic land due to low organic matter status and toxicity of sodium, which reduced the availability of other nutrients and affects the soil properties. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the integrated nutrient management options in sodic soil at Shivali Village of C.S.A. Univer- sity of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during 2005-06 and 2006-07. The physico-chemical properties of the soil were pH - 8.9, EC - 0.61 dS/m, organic carbon - 3.6 g/kg, CaCO -1.24%, GR-7.92 t/ha, sand-56%, silt- (2.5) (2.5) 3 28%, clay-16% (sandy loam), available N-156 kg/ha, available P-25.3 kg/ha, available K-235 kg/ha and available Zn-0.78 ppm. Results indicated that plant height, fertile tillers, biomass/hill, length of ear, test weight, grain and straw yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol} significantly increased by application of fertilizer on the soil test basis in comparison to farmers practice. Further increased the yield and yield attributing characters when organic manures (FYM, pressmud and NADEP compost) added @ 5 t/ha with the recommended doses of fertilizers. Application of organic manure (FYM) integrated with recommended dose of fer- tilizers and biofertilizers (PSB + BGA/ Azotobacter) further increased the yield and yield attributing characters of rice and wheat which was similar to 125% recommended dose of fertilizers. The maximum grain yield of rice and wheat (5.46 and 3.57 t/ha) was recorded with application of NPKZn based on soil test + FYM @ 5 t/ha + PSB + BGA. Similar trends were also recorded in case of nutrient uptake. In case of microbial populations, maximum bacterial population (94.0 105/g soil) and Azotobacter (51.5 102/g soil) was recorded with application of NPK Zn based on soil test + FYM @ 5 t/ha + PSB + BGA and maximum PSB count (42.0 102/g soil) was recorded in with application NPK Zn based on soil test+PSB+BGA. The Actinomycetes population was not affected by the different treatments. Improvement in soil properties (pH, EC, OC) and soil fertility status (NPK and Zn) was recorded when chemical fertilizers were integrated with organic manures.
Effect of conservation agricultural and nutrient management practices on castor (Ricinus communis)sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cropping system in rainfed Alfisols
Authors: P. RAMESH  , S.N. SUDHAKARA BABU  , MD. A. AZIZ QURESHI  , T. NAGENDRA RAO
Published: December 2023

A fixed-plot field experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011 at Hyderabad, to study the effect of conser- vation agricultural (minimum tillage, crop residue and cover crop) and nutrient management practices (recom- mended dose of fertilizers, integrated nutrient management, organic nutrient management, fertilizers based on soil test crop response, and customized fertilizers) on the productivity, soil fertility, nutrient uptake and nutrient use ef- ficiency of castor {Ricinus communis (L.)}sorghum {Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench} cropping system in rainfed Alfisols. There was no significant difference between the conservation and conventional agricultural practices with reference to yield attributes, seed yield and quality of either castor or sorghum. However, conservation agricultural practices resulted in higher castor equivalent yield, CEY (2.24 t/ha), economic returns (benefit cost ratio 1.72) be- sides improving soil organic carbon (0.41%) compared to conventional practices (2.081 t/ha of CEY, 1.60 B:C ratio and 0.37% soil organic carbon). Among nutrient management practices, customized fertilizers and fertilizers based on soil test crop response (STCR) resulted in about 18 and 15% increase in castor and sorghum seed yields, respectively compared to recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). Application of customized fertilizers re- sulted in the highest system productivity (2.426 t/ha of CEY) followed by STCR (2.403 t/ha of CEY) compared to RDF (2.068 t/ha of CEY). Economic returns also followed trend similar to CEY. Organic nutrient management re- corded the highest soil organic carbon (0.42%), soil available N (220 kg/ha) and K (434 kg/ha) compared to the control. Customized fertilizers recorded the highest uptake of nutrients in both castor (64.120.637.3 kg NPK/ha) and sorghum (118.339.3152.5 kg NPK/ha) compared to RDF. Agronomic efficiency of N, P and K was in gen- eral, higher in either STCR or customized fertilizer treatments, whereas physiological efficiency of N, P and K was higher in INM, especially in castor.
Effect of nutrient sources and transplanting date on aromatic rice (Oryza sativa) under mid hills of north eastern India
Authors: MANOJ KUMAR  , ANUP DAS  , RAMKRUSHNA G.I.  , D.P. PATEL  , G.C. MUNDA  , NAROPONGLA  , JURI BURAGOHAIN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010 to find out the effect of dates of transplanting and nutrient sources on productivity, nutrient uptake and economics of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) in lowland condition. The results showed that 16 July transplanted aromatic rice performed better in terms of yield, yield attributing characters and total uptake of N, P and K with different nutrient management practices. Pooled results indicated that integrated application of 50% recommended dose (RD) of NPK through inorganic + 50% RDNP through FYM and rockphosphate recorded highest average grain yield (4.68 t/ha), which was 118% higher than grain yield under control (2.14 t/ha). Available N, P and K and nitrogen use efficiency were found maximum with the application of 50% RDNPK through inorganic + 50% RDNP through FYM and rockphosphate in 16 July transplanted aromatic rice crop. The soil organic carbon (SOC) was enhanced by 11.8% with the applica- tion of 100% RDNP through FYM and rockphosphate compared to initial value. Soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) was also found maximum under 100% RDNP through FYM and rockphosphate followed by 50% RDNPK through inorganic + 50% RDNP through FYM and rockphosphate. Average net returns ( 21,324) was found maxi- mum in 50% RDNPK through inorganic + 50% RDNP through FYM and rockphosphate treatment, whereas ben- efit: cost ratio (1.94) was the highest with the application of 100% RDNPK through inorganic sources of nutrient.
Residual effects of summer green manure crops and zinc applied to rice (Oryza sativa) on succeeding durum wheat (Triticum durum) under basmati ricewheat cropping sequence
Authors: AMARPREET SINGH  , YASHBIR SINGH SHIVAY
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2009-11) at the research farm of Indian Agricul- tural Research Institute, New Delhi, to determine the direct and residual effects of summer green manuring crops [Sesbania aculeata (Dhaincha), Crotalaria juncea (Sunhemp) and Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea)] and zinc fertilizer sources [EDTA-chelated Zn (12% Zn), ZnSO .7H O (21% Zn), ZnSO .H O (33% Zn), ZnO (82% Zn) and 4 2 4 2 ZnSO .7H O + ZnO (50% + 50%)] on productivity, Zn uptake and economics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)du- 4 2 rum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cropping sequence. In this paper information pertaining to residual effect of treatments on durum wheat is given. Significant residual effects of Zn fertilizer sources and summer green manur- ing crops were observed on durum wheat in comparison with control (no Zn application or summer fallow in pre- ceding Basmati rice). With residual effect of Sesbania incorporation, grain and straw yields of durum wheat were 4.5 and 5.16 t/ha, which were 15.9 and 10.0% higher compared to fallow. Among the different Zn fertilizer sources, residual effect of EDTA-chelated Zn was found to be the best with respect to growth, yield attributes, grain, straw, Zn content and uptake and economics. The residual effect of application of EDTA-chelated Zn resulted in the high- est durum wheat grain (4.78 t/ha) and straw yields (5.38 t/ha) compared to control. Highest Zn concentration in grain (43.0 mg/kg) and straw (126.6 mg/kg) and its uptake was recorded with residual effect of Sesbania incorpo- ration compared with sunhemp, cowpea and summer fallow. Highest total Zn uptake (936.6 g/ha) in durum wheat was recorded with residual effect of EDTA-chelated Zn application, followed by ZnSO .7H O, ZnSO .H O, 4 2 4 2 ZnSO .7H O + ZnO (50% + 50%), ZnO and control. The best economical returns were obtained with residual ef- 4 2 fect of Sesbania incorporation and EDTA-chelated Zn combination.
Response of Bt. cotton hybrid (Gossypium hirsutum) to integrated nitrogen management and potassium
Authors: D. MOHAN DAS  , R. RAGHAVAIAH  , G. SREENIVAS  , V. SAILAJA  , A. SIVASANKAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of integrated nutrient supply on the Bt. cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrid Mallika during kharif season of 2009 and 2010 at the Agricultural Research Sta- tion Adilabad in Andhra Pradesh. The results showed that the leaf area, dry matter, bolls/plant and seeds/boll in- creased significantly through the substitution of 25% N with vermicompost both in 2009 and 2010. This treatment also found to remove significantly more N, P and K. Recommended dose of 120 kg N and 60 kg P O /ha P yielded 2 5 2.09 t/ha seed cotton in 2009. This was on par with the yield of 2.0 t/ha due to substitution of 25% N with vermicompost. In 2010 seed cotton yield of 3.36 t/ha was recorded with substitution of 25% N with vermicompost, which was significantly higher than seed cotton yield of 3.13 t/ha recorded with recommended dose of N and P through inorganic. Maximum net profit of 39,564/ha and 96,421/ha were obtained with the application of rec- ommended dose of 120 kg N and 60 kg P/ha with 60 kg K/ha in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Maximum benefit:cost ratio of 0.95 and 2.32/ were also realized from this treatment in the corresponding years. The inte- grated nutrient management reduced the profits per rupee investment. Seed cotton yield recorded significant re- sponse to K application up to 60 kg/ha in 2009 and 90 kg k/ha in 2010. Variation in response across the two sea- son attributed to rainfall variation and its distribution
Effect of drip irrigation on productivity and quality of chewing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Authors: M. KUMARESAN  , C.C.S. RAO  , T.G.K. MURTHY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2008-10 at the farm of Central Tobacco Research Institute, Regional Station, Vedasandur to find out the suitability of drip irrigation for chewing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Drip daily and alternate day drip at 50, 75 and 100% ETc along with furrow irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio and conventional method of irrigation were tested in a randomized block design with three replications. The first grade leaf yield (FGLY) with daily drip at 100% ETc was comparable with alternate day drip at 100% ETc. The yield recorded with daily drip at 100% ETc and alternate day drip at 100% ETc were 2.54 and 2.48 t/ha respec- tively. The FGLY increase with daily drip at 100% ETc and alternate day drip at 100% ETc were 14 and 11% re- spectively, over the conventional method of irrigation. Total cured leaf yield (TCLY) with daily drip at 100% ETc and alternate day drip at 100% ETc increased by 10 and 8% respectively, over the conventional method of irriga- tion. The TCLY recorded with daily drip and alternate day drip at 100% ETc were 3.43 and 3.37 t/ha respectively. Chewing quality scores were higher (69 out of 80) with daily drip and alternate day drip at 100% ETc over the con- ventional method of irrigation. Water use efficiency (WUE) was higher (9.9513.8 kg/ha-mm) with drip treatments as against 4.74 to 8.62 kg/ha-mm with surface irrigation. Nicotine content increased (2.442.46 %) and reducing sugars decreased (2.613.21%) with drip daily and alternate day drip at 50% ETc. Net returns with drip irrigation daily at 100% ETc ( 69,800/ha) and alternate day drip at 100% ETc ( 67,600/ha) are comparable. Though drip daily and alternate day drip at 100% ETc recorded comparable cured leaf yield and net returns, considering the labour availability and feasibility, it could be concluded that alternate day drip at 100% ETc would be sufficient for higher productivity, profitability, better chewing quality and lamina chemical quality .
Weed management in rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system under conservation tillage
Authors: SUSHMA SAROJ SURIN  , M.K. SINGH  , R.R. UPASANI  , R. THAKUR  , S.K. PAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200910 and 201011 at agronomical research farm of Birsa Agricul- tural University, Ranchi with four tillage management viz. Zero till rice (Oryza sativa L.) and zero till wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol}; zero till rice and conventional till wheat; conventional till rice and zero till wheat and conventional till rice and conventional till wheat, in main plots and three methods of weed control prac- tices viz. weedy check; recommended herbicides butachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha pre emergence + 2,4-D @ 0.5 kg/ha post emergence for rice and isoproturon @ 0.75kg/ha +2,4-D @ 0.5 kg/ha post emergence for wheat and two hand weeding (20 and 40 DAS for rice and 25 and 50 DAS for wheat, in sub plots to assess the productivity and profit- ability of ricewheat cropping system under conservation tillage. Direct seeded ricewheat sequence with conven- tional tillage produced maximum rice equivalent yield 7.4 t/ha (3.1 t/ha rice and 3.6 t/ha wheat) and net returns ( 58,206/ha). Among weed control, ricewheat either with butachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha pre-emergence + 2,4-D @ 0.5 kg/ ha post-emergence in rice and isoproturon @ 0.75kg/ha + 2,4-D @ 0.5 kg/ha post-emergence in wheat or, with two hand weeding in both crops produced maximum rice equivalent yield (7.4 t/ha and 7.8 t/ha) and net returns ( 62,258/ha and 60,498/ha)
Effect of residue management on productivity and economics of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum)-based cropping system under zero-till condition
Authors: L.P. AMGAIN  , A.R. SHARMA  , T.K. DAS  , U.K. BEHERA
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted at New Delhi during 2010-11 and 2011-12 to assess the effect of residue manage- ment practices, viz. no residue, crop residue @ 5t/ha and green Leucaena twigs @ 10 t/ha on productivity and profitability of rainy-season pearlmillet {Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz} followed by winter-season crops, viz. wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol.}, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and mustard {Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Cosson.}. Both rainy and winter-season crops were grown with zero-tillage following recom- mended package of practices under rainfed conditions. Pearlmillet recorded significantly higher grain yield (2.23 t/ ha) with the application of Leucaena twigs in 2010, but produced comparatively higher yield with crop residues (1.58 t/ha) than Leucaena twigs (1.41 t/ha) in 2011. Chickpea with crop residue recorded significantly higher seed yield (1.95 t/ha) than with Leucaena twigs (1.56 t/ha). Economic analysis showed the highest returns from pearlmillet with Leucaena twigs in 2010 and after chickpea with crop residue in 2011. System productivity and net returns/ invested were higher with Leucaena twigs in pearlmilletchickpea, followed by pearlmilletmustard and pearlmilletwheat cropping system.