bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative acute toxicity of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides to non‐target crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) associated with rice–crayfish crop rotations
Authors: Barbee Gary C , Stout Michael J
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Most insecticides used to control rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuscel) infestations are pyrethroids. However, pyrethroids are highly toxic to non‐target crayfish associated with rice–crayfish crop rotations. One solution to the near‐exclusive reliance on pyrethroids in a rice–crayfish pest management program is to incorporate neonicotinoid insecticides, which are insect specific and effective against weevils but not extremely toxic to crayfish. This study aimed to take the first step to assess neonicotinoids as alternatives to pyrethroids in rice–crayfish crop rotations by measuring the acute toxicities of three candidate neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, to juvenile Procambarus clarkii (Girard) crayfish and comparing them with the acute toxicities of two currently used pyrethroid insecticides, lambda‐cyhalothrin and etofenprox.

RESULTS: Neonicotinoid insecticides are at least 2–3 orders of magnitude less acutely toxic (96 h LC50) than pyrethroids to juvenile Procambarid crayfish: lambda‐cyhalothrin (0.16 µg AI L−1) = etofenprox (0.29 µg AI L−1) ≫ clothianidin (59 µg AI L−1) > thiamethoxam (967 µg AI L−1) > dinotefuran (2032 µg AI L−1).

CONCLUSION: Neonicotinoid insecticides appear to be much less hazardous alternatives to pyrethroids in rice–crayfish crop rotations. Further field‐level neonicotinoid acute and chronic toxicity testing with crayfish is needed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Landmark‐based augmented reality system for paranasal and transnasal endoscopic surgeries
Authors: Thoranaghatte Ramesh , Garcia Jaime , Caversaccio Marco , Widmer Daniel , Gonzalez Ballester Miguel A. , Nolte Lutz‐P. , Zheng Guoyan
Published: July 2009

Background

In this paper we present a landmark‐based augmented reality (AR) endoscope system for endoscopic paranasal and transnasal surgeries along with fast and automatic calibration and registration procedures for the endoscope.

Methods

Preoperatively the surgeon selects natural landmarks or can define new landmarks in CT volume. These landmarks are overlaid, after proper registration of preoperative CT to the patient, on the endoscopic video stream. The specified name of the landmark, along with selected colour and its distance from the endoscope tip, is also augmented. The endoscope optics are calibrated and registered by fast and automatic methods. Accuracy of the system is evaluated in a metallic grid and cadaver set‐up.

Results

Root mean square (RMS) error of the system is 0.8 mm in a controlled laboratory set‐up (metallic grid) and was 2.25 mm during cadaver studies.

Conclusions

A novel landmark‐based AR endoscope system is implemented and its accuracy is evaluated. Augmented landmarks will help the surgeon to orientate and navigate the surgical field. Studies prove the capability of the system for the proposed application. Further clinical studies are planned in near future. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating humans with software and systems: Technical challenges and a research agenda
Authors: Madni Azad M.
Published: July 2009

As systems continue to grow in size and complexity, the integration of humans with software and systems poses an ever‐growing challenge. The discipline of human‐system integration (HSI) is concerned with addressing this challenge from both a managerial and technical perspective. The latter is the focus of this paper. This paper examines this integration challenge from the perspective of capitalizing on the strengths of humans, software, and systems while, at the same time, being mindful of their respective limitations. It presents four key examples of HSI challenges that go beyond the usual human factors requirements. It presents cognitive engineering as a key enabler of HSI and discusses the suitability of the Incremental Commitment Model for introducing human considerations within the complex systems engineering lifecycle. It concludes with a recommendation of specific research thrusts that can accelerate the maturation and adoption of HSI methods, processes, and tools by the software and systems engineering communities. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Mesenteric Cysts: An Institution Experience Over 14 Years and Review of Literature
Authors: Tan Jane Jye‐Yng , Tan Ker‐Kan , Chew Soo‐Ping
Published: July 2009

Background

Mesenteric cysts are rare intra‐abdominal lesions and account for only one in 100,000 acute adult admissions. There is a broad spectrum of symptoms and patients present with nonspecific complaints of abdominal pain, distension, or an abdominal mass. In this study, we present a series of patients with mesenteric cysts, with emphasis on the presentation, management, and outcome.

Methods

A total of 16 cases presented to our institution from 1994 to 2007. The cases were retrospectively reviewed and information was culled from the case documents.

Results

There were nine females and seven males (age range, 12–68 years). The most common presentation was abdominal pain (63%), followed by abdominal mass (44%). Laparoscopic surgical excision of the cyst was performed in 3 (19%) patients, laparotomy in 12 (75%), and 1 patient refused surgery. The size of the cyst ranged from 4 to 29 cm. The cyst originated from the retroperitoneum in five patients, the sigmoid mesocolon in four patients, and small bowel mesentery in four patients. Although most of the cysts were benign, three had foci of malignancy and another had a focus of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. None of the cases recurred during follow‐up.

Conclusions

Mesenteric cysts have diverse presentation and arise from a variety of sites. They can be successfully managed by complete resection, and laparoscopic excision of the cysts is becoming an increasingly popular option.
Wie beeinflussen Medizinische Versorgungszentren den Wettbewerb im Gesundheitswesen?
Authors: Amelung Volker , Cornelius Felix
Published: July 2009

Einleitung

Als Impulsgeber für unternehmerische Ärzte, die Selbstverwaltung und die Politik spielen MVZ bereits heute eine beachtliche Rolle – viel größer, als man es auf den ersten Blick in die Versorgungsrealität erwarten müsste. MVZ können sich vor allem in drei Richtungen positionieren: (1) MVZ als adäquate Vertragspartner für die Krankenkassen zur Umsetzung der „großen“, populationsorientierten Integrierten Versorgung. (2) MVZ als Investitionsmodell. MVZ erlauben den Aufbau von Organisationen, die das ausreichende Volumen für externes Kapital aufweisen und über entsprechende Gesellschaftsstrukturen (Kapitalgesellschaften, handelbare Anteile) verfügen. (3) MVZ als Einweisungs-Sicherungsinstrument: Krankenhäuser erkennen im MVZ die Möglichkeit, früher in die „Wertschöpfung“ einzusteigen, also den Zufluss von Patienten in ihre Häuser zu sichern und den Aufenthalt im Krankenhaus zu optimieren.
CYP3A5*1is an Inhibitory Factor for Lung Cancer in Taiwanese
Authors: Yeh Kun‐Tu , Chen Jui‐Chang , Chen Chih‐Mei , Wang Yu‐Fen , Lee Tai‐Ping , Chang Jan‐Gowth
Published: July 2009

The expression of the cytochrome P450 CYP3A5 enzymes shows a wide variation across the general population and ethnic groups. This wide disparity implies interracial differences in drug clearance and susceptibility to diseases such as cancer.CYP3A5polymorphisms were rapidly determined using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 113 Taiwanese patients with hepatoma, 70 with cervical cancer, 92 with breast cancer, 82 with oral cancer, 90 with thyroid cancer, 133 with lung cancer, and 270 healthy controls. The allelic frequencies ofCYP3A5*1were 25% in hepatoma patients, 33% in cervical cancer patients, 31% in breast cancer patients, 22% in oral cancer patients, 23% in thyroid cancer patients, 20% in lung cancer patients, and 27% in healthy subjects. Lung cancer patients had a significantly lower frequency (20%) ofCYP3A5*1expression than healthy controls (p= 0.028, odds ratio = 1.49, 95% confidence interval = 1.04‐2.13), but there was no statistically significant difference between healthy controls and other cancers. We suggest thatCYP3A5*1may play an important role in individual predisposition to lung cancer in Taiwan.
Analysis of the Outcomes at Baby‐Friendly Hospitals: Appraisal in Taiwan
Authors: Weng David Redhelm , Hsu Chun‐Sen , Gau Meei‐Ling , Chen Chao‐Huei , Li Chung‐Yi
Published: July 2009

This study examined the effect of the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) on the breastfeeding rate in Taiwan and analyzed factors related to BFHI qualification. The assessments included 56 hospitals enlisted for appraisal and 7,563 mothers in the maternity wards of these hospitals. Among the 56 hospitals appraised, 38 (67.9%) passed appraisal. Geographically, 88.5% (23/38) of hospitals are located in northern Taiwan, and only one hospital is situated in eastern Taiwan. All 13 medical centers enlisted for appraisal were qualified as BFHI. Only one private clinic passed the appraisal.

We found close correlation between the location of the hospital and passing the appraisal (χ2 = 12.71, p < 0.01), and between the grade of a hospital and BFHI qualification (χ2 = 9.17, p < 0.05). Of the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding practiced in these hospitals, we found that step 10 got the highest scores, with a gain point rate of 94.64%; nonetheless, step 1 had significant power of discrimination regarding appraisal. Statistically, steps 7, 1, and 2 were more significant than any of the other steps.

Mothers in qualified baby‐friendly hospitals had higher breastfeeding rates than those in non‐qualified hospitals, whether they were surveyed while in maternity wards after delivery (88.1% vs 78.1%) or in their first postnatal month (67.6% vs 59.4%).

In conclusion, our study indicates that health policy intervention has a significant impact on increasing the breastfeeding rate in Taiwan.
Bladder Stone in a Woman after Cesarean Section: A Case Report
Authors: Su Chin‐Ming , Lin Hung‐Yu , Li Ching‐Chia , Chou Yii‐Her , Huang Chun‐Hsiung
Published: July 2009

Urinary bladder calculi are rarely seen in women and any history of previous pelvic surgery must, therefore, raise suspicion of an iatrogenic etiology. According to the literature, fewer than 2% of all bladder calculi occur in female subjects and, thus, their presence should provoke careful assessment of the etiology. There have been a number of reports on bladder calculi in women with a history of gynecologic procedures. We report a case of bladder calculus after cesarean section that was treated successfully by open surgery.
Effect of Filmless Imaging on Utilization of Radiologic Services with a Two‐stage, Hospital‐Wide Implementation of a Picture Archiving and Communication System: Initial Experience of a Fee‐for‐Service Model
Authors: Kuo Yu‐Ting , Chu Hui‐Chen , Hsieh Tsyh‐Jyi , Chiang I‐Chan , Liu Gin‐Chung , Hwang Shang‐Jyh , Chang Chao‐Sung , Lai Chung‐Sheng
Published: July 2009

A medium‐sized general hospital using a fee‐for‐service model implemented a hospital‐wide picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in two stages. This study evaluated the reporting time with filmless operation and the effect of filmless imaging on referring physicians' use of the radiologic service before and after completion of the second stage of PACS implementation. The relationship between the total number of hospital patients and the number of radiologic department patients was also evaluated. All sample images were retrieved from the PACS. All corresponding reports except for one for a computerized tomography study were available. The median reporting time for different studies performed during working hours was less than 2 hours. There was a significantly positive and linear relationship (p < 0.01) between the total number of hospital patients and the number of radiologic department patients after hospital‐wide implementation of PACS. We conclude that the fee‐for‐service model had no negative impact on referring physicians' use of radiologic services in a filmless hospital.
Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteum Cyst Torsion in Term Pregnancy: A Case Report
Authors: Huang Pao‐Hui , Tsai Eing‐Mei , Su Jinu‐Huang , Tsai Kun‐Bow
Published: July 2009

Hemoperitoneum during pregnancy resulting from spontaneous rupture of adnexal torsion is a rare cause of fetal and maternal death. Presenting symptoms include severe abdominal pain, followed rapidly by maternal shock and fetal distress. It is hard to localize the adnexae in advanced pregnancy. Here, we present a case of spontaneous rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum cyst torsion that had not been previously diagnosed by ultrasound during term pregnancy. The patient was sent to our emergency room for sudden onset of severe low abdominal pain. Treatment consists of maintenance of adequate circulating intravascular volume and rapid surgical intervention. Preoperative diagnosis of adnexal torsion during term pregnancy is very difficult, although it is always identified during surgery.
Effect of Zirconia‐Modified Magnesia Investment on the Casting of Pure Titanium
Authors: Hung Chun‐Cheng , Hou Guey‐Lin , Tsai Chi‐Cheng , Huang Ching‐Cheng
Published: July 2009

Several investigations have examined magnesia‐based investments for pure titanium casting. However, the thermal expansion value was insufficient at low casting temperatures and high interfacial reactivity occurred at high casting temperatures. The purpose of this investigation was to modify a magnesia‐based investment by adding a heat‐resistant mold material, zirconia, in different ratios to produce a more accurate titanium casting. The thermal expansion value was measured using a new precise automatic laser recording machine and pure titanium was cast using an argon casting machine. The marginal accuracy was measured using a stereomicroscope and the interfacial reactivity of the titanium was evaluated using X‐ray diffraction analysis. The results indicate that adding different amounts of zirconia to a magnesia‐based investment can increase its thermal expansion value and decrease the interfacial reactivity of the titanium. Maximal thermal expansion in the zirconia‐modified investments significantly increased by 5‐6 weight % (wt%) and peaked at 1.62% expansion. Selevest with 5 wt% zirconia had the smallest mean marginal discrepancy, 21.70 μm at 750°C. Analysis of variance indicates significant differences in marginal discrepancy between zirconia‐modified investments (p < 0.001). Adding zirconia can also decrease the interfacial reactivity of the titanium. The data indicated that proper amounts of zirconia (5‐6 wt%) added to a magnesia‐based investment can produce a more accurate and less interfacial reactive pure titanium casting.
Effects of Toona Sinensis Leaf Extract on Lipolysis in Differentiated 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Hsu Hseng‐Kuang , Yang Yu‐Chiao , Hwang Jia‐Huae , Hong Show‐Jen
Published: July 2009

The effect of substances extracted from Toona sinensis leaves with 50% alcohol solution on lipolysis was investigated in cultured 3T3‐L1 differentiated adipocytes. The amount of glycerol released from cells into culture medium was used to measure lipolysis activity. Glycerol release was increased by Toona sinensis leaf extract in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. Following treatment of 3T3‐L1 adipocyte cells with various concentrations of Toona sinensis leaf extract (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mg/mL) for 6 hours, the amounts of glycerol released from 3T3‐L1 cells increased from a control value of 99 nmol/mg protein to 127, 144, and 154 nmol/mg protein, respectively. The lipolytic effect of Toona sinensis leaf extract was not inhibited by pretreatment of cells with cycloheximide, econazole, baicalein, or indomethacin. However, the lipolytic activity induced by Toona sinensis leaf extract was diminished by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine‐5'‐monophosphate (dibutyryl cAMP) and the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C. These results indicate that the lipolytic effect induced by Toona sinensis leaf substances may be involved in the protein kinase C pathway and may be down‐regulated by cAMP.
Osteomyelitis of Multiple Lumbar Vertebrae Associated with Infected Aortic Aneurysm: A Case Report
Authors: Chao Ting‐Cheng , Teng Hsiu‐Peng , Hsu Chien‐Jen , Chou Wen‐Ying
Published: July 2009

A 73‐year‐old male patient presented with a pulsating abdominal mass and intractable low back pain for several days. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an infected abdominal aortic aneurysm invading the second, third, and fourth lumbar vertebrae. He underwent radical debridement of the infected aneurysm with reconstruction using vascular bypass, partial corpectomy of the L2 to L4 vertebrae, anterior reconstruction with autogenous fibular shaft, and posterior instrumentation with posterolateral fusion. Culture of the necrotic tissues grew oxacillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. He received intravenous vancomycin infusion for 4 weeks and oral ciprofloxacin for 6 months postoperatively. After a 15‐month follow‐up, no apparent signs of further infection were noted. C‐reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate returned to normal during follow‐up. No neurologic symptoms other than mild low back soreness were noted. The stability of the lumbar spine was maintained using long segment reconstruction with autogenous fibula shaft and posterior instrumentation along with posterolateral fusion. Infected aortic aneurysm with vertebral osteomyelitis is a rare clinical entity. Prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential.
Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia: Serial Chest Plain Roentgenography and High‐Resolution Computerized Tomography Findings
Authors: Chiang I‐Chan , Liu Gin‐Chung , Lin Young‐Tso , Chiu Chaw‐Chi , Tsai Mee‐Sun , Kao Eing‐Long
Published: July 2009

Between May 1988 and July 2002, six patients with pneumonia due to diesel, animal, or vegetable oil aspiration were admitted to Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate distinctive radiographic findings of oil‐induced lipoid pneumonitis on initial serial chest roentgenograms and high‐resolution computerized tomography (CT) scans. Initial chest roentgenograms (n = 6), CT scans (n = 6), and roentgenography and CT follow‐up studies were analyzed retrospectively by two chest radiologists and two surgeons, focusing on the pattern and distribution of parenchymal abnormalities. The most common location was the right middle lobe, followed by the right lower lobe, the left lower lobe, and the lingular lobe. Follow‐up chest roentgenograms (n = 6) showed complete disappearance of the parenchymal lesions in only one patient and partial decrease in the extent of lesions in five patients. Lipoid pneumonia presents non‐specific findings on chest roentgenography. It is commonly located in both lower and the right middle lobes. On high‐resolution CT, the lesions appear most commonly as areas of consolidation, ground‐glass attenuation mixed with paving pattern, and poorly defined nodules.
Classe sociale, classe politique, classe dirigeante
Authors: Aron Raymond
Published: July 2009

Les sociologues ne s'accordent pas sur la definition du terme de classe, soit qu'ils ne l'emploient pas tous pour dèsigner la même réalité soit qu'ils aient une vision autre de la réalité à laquelle il s'applique. Du moins admettent-ils tous que le concept de classe est légitime et que des groupes sociaux méritent d'être appelés classes. La légitimité même de concepts comme ceux de « classe politique » ou de « classe dirigeante » ou d' « élite » est mise en question par une fraction des sociologues. La classe dirigeante ou ruling class existe-t-elle ou n'est-elle qu'un mythe? La power elite ou élite de puissance est-elle créée par l'imagination morose du sociologue ou domine-t-elle effectivement la société américaine?

La plupart des sociologues américains n'aiment guère le concept de classe dirigeante, le fait même d'une classe dirigeante semblant contradictoire avec l'idéologie « le gouvernement du peuple par le peuple pour le peuple ». Les sociologues marxistes l'aiment moins encore, puisque, selon l'idéologie soviétique, les « monopolistes » règnent aux États-Unis et les « prolétaires » en Union soviétique. L'existence d'une classe dirigeante est incompatible avec l'antithèse du régime bourgeois (où les monopolistes gouvernent) et du régime socialiste (où le prolétariat est au pouvoir): s'il y a une réalité sociale qui répond au concept de classe dirigeante, il en résulte qu'aux États-Unis ce ne sont pas les monopolistes et qu'en Union soviétique ce ne sont pas les prolétaries qui exercent les fonctions supérieures de l'administration et de l'État.
La mitraillette, le char d'assaut et l'idée
Authors: Aron Raymond
Published: July 2009

L'intérêtque les sociologues prennent depuis quelques années aux problèmes de la guerre s'explique aisément si l'on regarde le monde. Ce qui devrait plutôt surprendre, c'est la relative indifférence que marquaient naguère la plupart des sociologues à cephénomène à la fois social et asocial qui, à travers les millénaires de l'histoire humaine, a formé, détruit, façonné” les sociétés.

Les faits qui sont à l'origine de ce regain d'intérêt me paraissent multiples, en apparence incohérents. Par leur diversité même, ils expliquent les directions, elles aussi divergentes, dans lesquelles s'est engagée la recherche.
La Sécurité sociale en France: du conflit doctrinal à l'affrontement des intérêts
Authors: Reynaud Jean-Daniel
Published: July 2009

Les principes sur lesquels a été édifié le système français de Sécurité sociale ne se sont affirmés qu'après des débats longs et souvent violents. Avant le vote de la loi sur les assurances sociales de 1930, plusieurs années s'étaient écoulées en manœuvres et contre-manœuvres parlementaires. Les médecins s'alarmaient de la présence possible d'un tiers dans leurs relations professionnelles et économiques avec leurs clients. Le patronat calculait les charges nouvelles et une partie des employeurs rameutaient les sacrés principes du libéralisme économique: la sécurité n'était-ce pas la mort de l'initiative? A l'intérieur même du monde ouvrier, la bataille faisait rage. La C.G.T.U. dénonçait le scandale de la cotisation ouvrière: les employeurs pouvaient payer; elle criait à l'escroquerie devant la capitalisation qui devait permettre les retraites: on se servait des ouvriers pour renforcer le grand capital; elle s'indignait que les employeurs fussent représentés dans les caisses (1). Enfin, les formes administratives n'étaient pas à l'abri du débat: la mutualité redoutait les caisses départementales et défendait son œuvre en même temps que ses principes. Les grandes forces politiques étaient mobilisées et faisaient appel, pour défendre leurs positions, à tout un appareil doctrinal.
Public Authority in a Developing Political Community: The Case of India
Authors: Bendix Reinhard
Published: July 2009

Since World War II, 54 former colonial or dependent territories have become independent states. Most of them, perhaps all, face the task of building a political community. In the context of the twentieth century that task is a by-product of national sovereignty and hence of the idea of a national community of citizens, first launched by the French Revolution and diffused throughout the world ever since.
De Weber à Nietzsche
Authors: Fleischmann Eugène
Published: July 2009

Nous cherchons l'homme qui a pu prononcer publiquement cette phrase, nous voulons retrouver un Max Weber qui n'est pas seulement le spécialiste de problèmes sociologiques ou économiques, mais qui est en même temps aussi le penseur et le guide de la jeunesse intellectuelle. La recherche minutieuse qui s'impose ici n'a été faite que d'une manière tres incomplète (1), sans doute parce que les différentes filiations, affinités, fréquentations intellectuelles qui pourraient aider à définir la pensée wébérienne apparaissent sous un jour encore plus déconcertant que les recherches concretes du grand sociologue: le caractère encyclopédique de son savoir, la aussi, l'emportait vers un nombre invraisemblable de doctrines et de systèmes. Ce sont ces fils qu'il nous faut dégager à grand-peine des courants de pensée de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, où ses convictions fondamentales situent Weber. On accordera volontiers que cette richesse, ce foisonnement intellectuel — en contraste avec la richesse de sa sociologie proprement dite — ne pouvait guère conduire Weber qu'à une sorte d'éclectisme philosophique. Mais le lecteur ainsi averti se souviendra sans doute que le «désenchantement» idéologique ne diminue en rien l'importance de la riche contribution qu'apportait Weber a la science, à la sociologie.
Condition de classe et position de classe
Authors: Bourdieu Pierre
Published: July 2009

Les sociologues mettent-ils toujours un sens sous le mot structure lorsqu'ils parlent de « structure sociale » (1) ? Il faut pourtant se demander si et dans quelle mesure les parties constitutives d'une société stratifiée, classes ou groupes de statut, forment une structure, c'est-à-dire, pour s'en tenir provisoirement à une définition minimale, si et dans quelle mesure elles entretiennent des relations autres que de simple juxtaposition et, en conséquence, manifestent des propriétés qui résultent de leur appartenance à la totalité ou, plus précisément, de leur position dans le système complet des relations qui commande le sens de chaque relation particulière.
The sociological analysis of social meanings of suicide
Authors: Douglas Jack D.
Published: July 2009

The history of ideas demonstrates conclusively that certain ideas can become so pervasive and central to the thought of a culture that over many centuries the members of that culture unquestioningly apply these ideas in many different ways to new fields of experience (1). Such ideas are what we shall callmetaphysical ideas. Such metaphysical ideas normally form the ground for common-sense discourse. The history of ideas has shown that they also form the ground for, and frequently constitute much of the substance of, serious intellectual works. Though science in the western world was born and developed partly as an explicit revolution against all such unexamined, “unempirical” ideas, recent work in the history of science has led to the conclusion that scientific thought is largely the result of and partly constitued by just such metaphysical ideas (2). Moreover, more recent work in the history of science has led to the conclusion that once scientific ideas have been accepted by the members of a scientific discipline, these ideas in turn come to form the unexamined ground and substance of thenormalscientific works within that discipline. Though these ideas thus have far more in common with common-sense and humanistic discourse than most scientists would ever care to admit, there are some important differences which are taken into consideration by giving the established, unexamined ideas of sciences a different name—that of paradigmatic ideas (3).
Islamic reform and the mystic tradition in eastern Turkey
Authors: Yalman Nur
Published: July 2009

There is now increasing interest in the study of ideology in anthropology. We are disenchanted with community studies. They are obviously useful; but they provide a flat, two-dimensional picture; they are essentially a relic of the times when anthropologists were exclusively interested in primitives and when it was deemed possible to study an entire ‘tribe’ single-handedly. Turning to study the Tamils, Sinhalese, Turks, Kurds, or Circassians, if the anthropologist digs himself into a small peasant village, it is likely that most of the important and significant issues facing these cultures at that time will be lost.
Social dissent in the East European political system
Authors: Bauman Zygmunt
Published: July 2009

I am not the first to discover the pitfalls which surround the term ‘revolution’, as if to guard its explosive practical potency from scholarly vivisection. Eight years ago Hannah Arendt devoted more than three hundred pages of her-as usual-magnificent erudition to dissecting the elusive meaning of the term. She established that the term was used for the first time in 1688 to denote “bringing things back” rather than “pushing them forward”; she reminded us that when the duke de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, on July 14th, 1789, retorted bluntly: “Non, Sire, c'est une révolution” to the Louis XVI' abashed “C'est une révoke”, he had been inspired by the impressive inevitability of freshly discovered motions of celestial bodies, rather than by modish ideas of les philosophes du progrès All this said and done, Hannach Arendt ends up with one more partisan definition, which is exactly the result one could have expected. A quarter of century before this, Crane Brinton choose the seemingly most reasonable path of comparing four, historically well described, events, which nobody would refuse to call ‘revolutions’—only to show once againthat it is the theoretical assumption which shape the empirical data rather than the other way round. Only two years had elapsed at that time since the Henderson-Livingstone translation introduced the Pareto's concept of ‘equilibrium’ to the American scholarly scene. As it has not yet been turned by Talcott Parsons into a symbol of abstract academic sterility, the concept could have seemed to Brinton the right tool of selecting the ‘revolutionary essence’ from the host of ‘empirical data’ on revolutions.
Our Current Sense of History
Authors: Gellner Ernest
Published: July 2009

The horizon is generally conspicuous, whereas the surrounding landscape, close to us, is taken for granted. Yet, in the social and historical world (and perhaps in some measure in the physical world also), the horizon we perceive depends on our more immediate environment and its general features. A forest or a savannah, a local hillock or a hollow, make a great difference to the kind of skyline that is seen. But it is in the nature of things that what is close and familiar should also be treated with familiarity and contempt, and that its importance should normally be ignored. It is its ordinariness, obviousness, which causes us to take it for granted: but the hold it has over us is immeasurably strengthened precisely by the fact that we do take it for granted. What is noticed can be queried, but that which seems utterly obvious eludes questioning. The horizon, by contrast, errs in the opposite direction. It is often quite spuriously dramatic. If you walk to the point on the distant skyline, you may well find, when you reach it, that it is just as ordinary a place as your starting point. But as long as it remains on the skyline, it occupies the dramatic point at which the sky meets land or water, the point where the sun sets or rises. It has a striking suggestiveness, and symbolises our deeper or more ecstatic aspirations—quite unlike the close and dusty immediate locality, which tends instead to remind us of our compromises, shabbiness and mediocrity.
The Place of Religion in Durkheim's Theory of Institutions
Authors: Poggi Gianfranco
Published: July 2009

In the Preface to the second edition of Les régies de la methode sociologique (1901) Émile Durkheim defined sociology as “the science of institutions, of their genesis and functioning” (R XXII). In the same text, however, he stated:

In the present state of the discipline, we really do not even know what are the major social institutions, such as the state or the family, the right of property, or contract, punishment and responsibility. We ignore almost entirely the causes on which they depend, the functions they fulfil, the laws of their evolution; we barely begin to perceive some light on a few of these points (R xv).
Contractual Legitimacy in Organizations and Governments
Authors: Spencer Martin E.
Published: July 2009

In an essay on the Nambikuara of the Mato Grosso, Lévi-Strauss revives in an interesting fashion the problem of the Social Contract. Among the Nambikuara are found the most primitive forms of social and political structure. In the words of Lévi-Strauss: “No social structure is weaker and more fragile than the Nambikuara band” (I). The Nambikuara abandon their semi-permanent dwellings at the end of the rainy season in April or early May and divide into bands which are formed on the basis of free choice. The nucleus of the band is a leader who directs the movements and the hunting, fishing, and food-gathering activities of the group for the duration of its nomadic life during the dry season. The leader, however, disposes of no coercive power: he must derive his authority from the continual active consent of those subject to it. The price of leadership is the welfare of the group. If the band is badly managed and food is scarce the individual members of the group may leave to join other, more prosperous bands. Thus bands are always in the process of organizing and growing, or fragmenting and disappearing, with the vicissitudes of leadership. In return for his services the chief enjoys the privilege of having two or more wives, a prerogative shared only with the shamans. As Lévi-Strauss describes the situation of the leader, he appears to be a man forever hustling to provide his subjects with food and entertainment. He is in effect always running for office.
System Contradiction and Political Transformation
Authors: Parkin Frank
Published: July 2009

David lockwood has drawn attention to two related but analytically distinct types of integration in society: social integration, referring to the relationship between groups—more especially classes or strata; and system integration referring to the degree of connectedness between institutional parts of the social order (i). The former type of integration concerns the social relations between actors, so that the problem of order in society is posed in terms of moral or normative categories. The second type of integration directs attention to the somewhat more technical or non-normative aspects of order, concerning as it does the degree of ‘fit’ or compatibility between various functionally connected institutions. Both types of integration are of course central to Marx's theory of social change. For Marx, the antagonisms stemming from weaknesses in social integration (exemplified in the extreme case by class polarization) plus the weaknesses in system integration (the contradiction between the forces of production and the relations of production) are understood to be the twin mechanisms responsible for social transformation. As many critics have pointed out, the exact nature of the link between these two different processes was never clearly specified by Marx. But it does seem apparent that system contradiction is regarded as causally prior to the cleavage, and ultimate conflict, between classes, since it's not until these contradictions in the system become irresolvable that the stage is set for the final showdown between contending classes.
On the Likelihood of a Collapse of the Political System of the United States of America
Authors: Andreski Stanislav
Published: July 2009

Most of the current ills affect all the highly developed capitalist countries if not all industrial societies regardless of the type of structure. In the United States, however, these trends have assumed the most extreme forms for two circularly intertwined reasons: the first and more obvious being that American capitalism has developed fastest and furthest; while the second is that (in contrast to Britain, for instance) the American civilisation comprises hardly any pre-capitalist traditions or institutions which could contain and mollify the nefarious tendencies of unbridled capitalism, and prevent them from being pushed to their extremes. The absence of such restraints has permitted in the past an outstandingly vigorous development of capitalism, but in recent times the same factor has given an especially large scope to the self destructive tendencies of this system. Two thousand years ago Polybius put forth the view that any of the types of constitutions distinguished by Aristotle—that is, democracy, aristocracy and monarchy (i.e. autocracy)—is weak or even unviable in its pure form; and that the strongest and most long-lived form of government consists of a balanced mixture of these three pure types. As it stands this statement (as well as the concepts it contains) are debatable; but I am sure there is a good deal of truth in it, and that an analogous rough approximation could be made about the economic structures.
‘Peasantization’ and Rural Political Movements in Western Africa
Authors: Post Ken
Published: July 2009

Even a cursory survey of the relevant literature reveals a marked uncertainty on the part of scholars concerning the application of the term ‘peasant’ to therural population of Africa, either historically or in terms of contemporary analysis. Most writers either evade the issue, display analytical uncertainty, or forthrightly reject the term (i). These variations seem to indicate that at present we lack a theoretical basis adequate for the analysis of rural Africa. The formulation of such a theory is therefore a prime duty of africanists. We have to ask ourselves whether the phenomenon of apeasantry appeared in parts of Western Africa before the colonial conquest, and if so under what conditions. Further, we have to decide whether this phenomenon has been extended since those conquests and, again, in what circumstances. In short, this essay is concerned with a process of societal evolution (i.e., combining economic, social and political changes) which has included as one of its main features what is called here—purely for want of a better term—‘peasantization’, the process of becoming a peasant. The present discussion has a second focus, the relation between peasantization and various political forms which have emerged in rural Africa in the colonial and post-colonial periods. Like other social scientists, students of politics seem rarely tohave considered the implications of the use. of the word ‘peasant’ in discussing African phenomena (2). Just as the first part of this paper will deal with various theoretical questions related to peasantization, so the second part will concern itself with some of those implications.
Peasant Consciousness and Agrarian Reform in Chile
Authors: Lehmann David
Published: July 2009

A process of Agrarian Reform offers a unique opportunity for the observation and analysis of the subjective world of a peasant population. Class conflict is often intensified, and the peasantry is brought into contact with previously remote or even unknown state institutions; some of the most fundamental assumptions of peasant culture are questioned and thus brought to the surface by new institutions, new patterns of authority and mdependence, and new economic and social relations within the peasantry itself. A variety of forms of economic organization, political relationships with landlords and with the outside world, either co-exist or emerge in rapid succession, creating a comparative framework ready-made for at least an approximation of the relationship between changes in institutions and economic structures and changes in consciousness, despite inevitable overlap and lag between different forms of consciousness.
The British Political Elite, 1955–1972
Authors: Johnson R. W.
Published: July 2009

The Evolution of patterns of selection and recruitment to the British political elite has been most authoritatively explored and presented in the work of W. L. Guttsman (1), which covers the period roughly from 1830 to 1955. For developments in the period since 1955 one may turn only to a few sources where the subject is partially treated (2) and to a large mass of journalistic commentary. This article examines the political elite in this most recent period, concentrating particularly on what appear to be the most striking developments of this period. Since, however, these developments are only comprehensible when set against their historical background, we start with a brief summary of the position reached by the mid-1950s.
Le problème de la rupture révolutionnaire A propos des origines de la Révolution française
Authors: Baechler Jean
Published: July 2009

Ilsuffit d'une réflexion rapide pour constater que l'expression, «les origines de la Reévolution», comporte toute une seérie d'obscuriteés et d'ambiguïtés, qui s'attachent aussi bien aux origines qu'à ce qu'il convient d'entendre par Révolution française.
Un cas d'endorecrutement: le corps des officiers français, 1945–1975
Authors: Martin Michel L.
Published: July 2009

LaComposition sociale du corps des officiers des armées européennes a longtemps constitué un thème classique de recherche et de réflexion pour les historiens et les sociologues intéressés par l'étude des institutions militaires. Les œuvres d'Alexis de Tocqueville ou de Gaetano Mosca, les travaux de C. Wright Mills, d'Alfred Vagts ou de Stanislas Andreski, pour ne nommer qu'eux, en fournissent la preuve. La recherche d'une explication à l'exceptionnel apolitisme de l'élite militaire européenne au cours du xixe siècle et du début du xxe est sans aucun doute à l'origine d'un tel intérêt. Ainsi, l'hypothese la plus communément avancée stipulait que l'origine sociale des officiers était probablement l'une des variables déterminantes de leur comportement politique. Par exemple, en soulignant dans l'Angleterre du xixe siècle l'intime corrélation entre la similarité du recrutement social dans la classe politique et la classe militaire d'une part et la réticence de cette dernière à s'immiscer dans les affaires politiques de l'Éitat d'autre part, Gaetano Mosca admettait implicitement l'existence d'une relation causale étroite entre les deux paramètres (1).
Staat und Klientelstruktur in Entwicklungsländern: Zum Problem der politischen Organisation von Bauern
Authors: Spittler Gerd
Published: July 2009

Wirkönnenheute in vielen Entwicklungsländern eine paradoxe Situation beobachten (i). Wir finden dort große ökonomische Ungleichheiten vor, Ungleichheiten, die größer sind als bei uns. In einer solchen Situation sollte man erwarten, daß sich politische Organisationen auf einer Klassenbasis, d.h. auf horizontaler Ebene herausbilden. Statt dessen treffen wir aber häufig vertikale Beziehungen an, die verschiedene Klassen durchschneiden. In einem Parteiensystem stehen sich dann z.B. nicht zwei Parteien gegenüber, die verschiedene ökonomische Interessen vertreten, sondern beide Parteien weisen eine ähnliche Mitglieder- und Wählerstruktur auf. Wir können diese Parteisysteme besser verstehen, wenn wir die zugrundeliegenden Klientelstrukturen aufdecken.
A versatile charisma: The Mouride Brotherhood 1967–1975
Authors: O'brien Donal B. Cruise
Published: July 2009

TheMouride brotherhood has by now become the subject of an abundant literature, sociological and other, since its foundation in the 1880s (notably Paul Marty 1913, L. Nekkach 1952, V. Monteil 1962, Shaikh Tidiane Sy 1969, J. Copans et al. 1972, F. Dumont 1975, Donal Cruise O'Brien 1971, 1975) (1). Looking over this literature today, one is impressed by the remarkable resilience and versatility of this holy organization: charismatic community and vehicle of a variant of ‘sacred nationalism’ (1886-), instrument of a massive land settlement (1912-), and of electoral brokerage in national party politics (1951–1966). This is only to mention some of the principal functions which the observers have discerned over the years, leaving aside the theological-didactic mission which the brotherhood's members (both leaders and followers) tend above all to emphasize. Yet for this writer, on the basis of field research in 1966–67, the Mouride success story seemed to be near its close (Marty more than half a century before had reached a similar verdict): but now, after renewed fieldwork in 1975 (2), it would appear that the brotherhood (with a new, younger and more vigorous leader) has made a new and unforeseen departure which invalidates recent premonitions of its imminent demise. Writing in 1970, I had been careful in concluding a book on the subject to cover every apparently foreseeable future trend but had not foreseen the major subsequent development, that the brotherhood would emerge as a (curious and perhaps slightly ambivalent) form of peasants' trade union. Experience showed that the great holy men (shuyukh, marabouts, saints) could be successful estate managers, political brokers, even capitalists, but union bosses!—that last can be explained now, but to me at least the causes have become obvious only after the event.
Mourir à Jonestown
Authors: Baechler Jean
Published: July 2009

Rappelons trés brièvement les faits. Le 18 novembre 1978, au moment de quitter dans deux avions la piste de Port Kaituma en Guyana, un Representant americain, Leo Ryan, est tue par balles, avec quatre personnes qui l'accompagnaient; six autres sont blessees. Les meurtriers sont des membres d'une commune agricole installee en 1973 á quelque distance, en pleine jungle, par un Révérend James Jones et appelée Jonéstown. Ryan y etait venu pour se faire uné idee personnelle sur les rumeurs qui couraient aux États-Unis, tendant á présenter la commune comme un camp de concentration, oú les membres étaient retenus de force pour y subir les pires traitements. Des parents avaient eu recours a lui, certains l'accompagnaient en Guyana, pour essayer de ramener les leurs au foyer. La visite-inspection s'était passée correctement, sauf au moment du départ, ou Ryan avait failli être égorgé par un disciple! II remmenait une quinzaine de personnes décidées á rentrer aux fitats-Unis. L'attentat se produisit vers 16 h. Le même jour á 17 h, á Jonestown meme, Jones réunit toute la communauté et lui déclara que le moment etait venu de mourir tous ensemble dans un «suicide revolutionnaire». II fit préparer, par le médecin du camp, un breuvageoú se mêlaient une sorte de limonade, du cyanure, des tranquillisants et des analgésiques. On fait la queue pour en boire, les mamans en administrent a leurs bebes, on met environ cinq minutes pour mourir.
Changement social et anomie: essai de formalisation de la théorie durkheimienne
Authors: Cherkaoui Mohamed
Published: July 2009

Le retour désabusé à la statique sociale, dont le structuralisme n'est qu'une variante, s'explique sans doute en grande partie par le refus de l'évolutionnisme des vastes constructions sociologiques du siècle dernier. En raison de la simplification outrée qu'il imposa à l'intelligence des processus sociaux, de l'exclusion dont il frappa tout autre modèle de changement, et de sa prétention non fondée à l'universalité, le paradigme évolutionniste fut à l'origine d'une réaction contre l'analyse dynamique, qui marqua profondément le développement ultérieur de la sociologie. Cette conversion fut d'autant plus radicale qu'une fois le schéma linéaire écarté, on se découvrait impuissant à comprendre la complexité des phénomènes sociaux dans leur temporalité, a réduire leur désordre apparent, et à mettre au jour les modéles du changement qui les sous-tendent. On renonça à penser dans le temps pour imaginer dans l'espace, on chercha partout l'invariant dans le mouvant, on préféra l'être au devenir (1). En dépit de l'intérêt croissant que suscite l'étude du changement, les effets de cette réaction se font sentir aujourd'hui encore comme en témoignent les résultats incertains des recherches conduites dans ce dernier domaine (2).