bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the structure of an intelligent locomotive DSS and as-sessment of its efectiveness
Authors: Gorobchenko Oleksandr , Nevedrov Oleksandr
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the article is developing the locomotive structure of intellectual system of support of decision-making and to find a criterion by which to adequately assess different control action to the train. System of decision support for locomotive crew is seen as a complex structure with complex interactions located at a great distance, on-board locomotive systems. The quality of the organization determines the effectiveness of the system as a whole. To solve the problem of creating the optimal structure of the DSS applies the aggregate-decomposition method that involves two steps: decomposition of the problem into a number of subproblems and aggregating the partial results. To evaluate the quality control of a locomotive used the concept of control strategy with specific indicators. Design is developed and structure of locomotive DSS is obtained, taking into account peculiarities of operation of railway transport. To ac-count for not only quantitative but also qualitative characteristics of activity of the locomotive or intellectual systems of decision support, it is proposed to use methods of fuzzy logic. So were able to deduce and calculate the additive criterion of the quality control activities of the intelligent system. Formal indicator of the quality of the train control process using different strategies is received. In the work theoretically grounded definition of the weighting factors for each partial criterion of the quality of train control. Using the dependencies derived, the nature of the influence of the value of partial criteria on the quality of train control in relation to a strategy. The results of the work allow to more accurately simulate the operations of a locomotive crew, which in the future will serve as the basis for the development of autonomous intelligent systems of locomotive control. The developed method is shown to be three main criteria which values the safety, energy consumption, and execution time schedule. However, for more flexible and accurate model, this approach allows to enter additional criteria, and the simplicity of the calculation provides the necessary speed when implemented on on-board locomotive computers.
INFLUÊNCIAS DA EPISTEMOLOGIA FUNCIONALISTA NA PSICANÁLISE FREUDIANA
Authors: Silva Bruna Coutinho
Published: January 2021

A presente comunicação tem como objetivo apresentar aspectos da epistemologia funcionalista presentes na psicanálise freudiana. Para tanto, primeiramente, apresentamos a constituição do campo da filosofia da psicanálise, cuja inspiração constitutiva foi a filosofia da biologia, e cujo sentido foi a demarcação de um território teórico-metodológico singular. Em seguida, caracterizamos em linhas gerais o funcionalismo e sua relação com o positivismo no campo da psicologia, em seu esforço de estabelecer-se como ciência. Posteriormente, apontamos as características que identificamos em determinados conceitos e formulações na psicanálise freudiana, que a aproxima da matriz funcionalista. Por fim, buscamos responder à questão proposta por esta comunicação, que se trata de identificar na psicanálise freudiana aspectos do funcionalismo, os quais se apresentam em conceitos fundamentais, em momentos da obra freudiana, como o entendimento da estrutura psíquica e das pulsões.
FORTALEZA E TEMPERANÇA SEGUNDO TOMÁS DE AQUINO
Authors: Amorim Ronivon
Published: January 2021

O presente trabalho pretende compreender a partir da leitura e reflexão crítica dos textos de Tomás de Aquino, a atividade das virtudes humanas no homem. A virtude adquirida por meio dos bons hábitos constitui o aperfeiçoamento das atitudes humanas para o agir correto, conforme a regra da reta razão. Classificadas como humanas, as virtudes são adquiridas ou infusas. As virtudes cardeais e morais são aquelas que abrem a porta para todas as outras virtudes, elas são denominadas principais por serem as geradoras das outras virtudes. A prudência, a justiça, a fortaleza e a temperança são classificadas como cardeais e morais.
LIBRAS: DESAFIOS E POSSIBILIDADE PARA A IMPLANTAÇÃO DO CURRÍCULO DA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA, DA REDE REGULAR DE ENSINO DE UIBAÍ
Authors: Macedo Yuri Miguel , Nunes Elna Lacerda Machado , Benevides Silvia Lúcia Lopes
Published: January 2021

A finalidade desta pesquisa é refletir sobre como implantar o ensino de LIBRAS no currículo do Ensino Fundamental da Educação básica das escolas regulares da rede municipal de ensino de Uibaí. Parte de um histórico sobre a educação de surdos e a atual política de educação fundamentada na inclusão dos surdos na escola comum e apresenta os principais Projetos de Lei (PL), da Câmara e do Senado, chamando a atenção para a importância da Base Nacional Comum Curricular e o currículo local. Dentro deste conjunto, indica o uso da Língua Brasileira de Sinais-Libras como disciplina obrigatória, para beneficiar a educação e a inclusão dos alunos surdos no espaço escolar. Utilizou-se a metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, em uma abordagem qualitativa. A pesquisa conclui que a inclusão da disciplina de Libras no âmbito da Educação Básica é de suma importância para sua aquisição pelos ouvintes e ainda ressalta a seriedade de uma inclusão real do surdo no ambiente escolar.
EDUCAÇÃO DAS RELAÇÕES ÉTNICO-RACIAIS E ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA COM PROFESSORES DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Oliveira Júnior Waldemar Borges de , Matos Maria da Conceição Gemaque de
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho é um recorte de uma pesquisa de dissertação de mestrado que tinha como objetivo analisar em que termos um processo formativo de professores de Ciências, contribuiu para sua constituição como professor reflexivo na abordagem da temática das relações étnico-raciais. Nesta produção, apresenta-se os resultados da aplicação de um questionário a quatro professores de Ciências da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Ribeirão das Neves, localizado no município de Oeiras do Pará e do processo formativo realizado com os mesmos docentes, balizados sobre a temática das relações étnico-raciais na área de Ciências da Natureza. A pesquisa revelou que os professores de Ciências desconheciam a legislação vigente, contudo, a formação realizada com os docentes, corroborou na ampliação dos conhecimentos sobre a temática das relações raciais, assim como os possíveis entrelaces que podem serem realizados nas aulas de Ciências no Ensino Fundamental. Além disso, por meio dos relatos dos professores, identificou-se o quanto foi oportuno para a realização do processo formativo, pois puderam ter acesso aos conhecimentos mínimos sobre a Lei N. 10.639/2003.
Cell-based therapies for COVID-19: A living, systematic review
Authors: Rada Gabriel , Corbalán Javiera , Rojas Patricio
Published: January 2021

Objective This living, systematic review aims to provide a timely, rigorous, and continuously updated summary of the available evidence on the role of cell-based therapies in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Data sources We conducted searches in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), grey literature, and in a centralized repository in L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence). L·OVE is a platform that maps PICO questions to evidence from the Epistemonikos database. In response to the COVID-19 emergency, L·OVE was adapted to expand the range of evidence it covers and customized to group all COVID-19 evidence in one place. All the searches covered the period until 23 April 2020 (one day before submission). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies and methods We adapted an already published standard protocol for multiple parallel systematic reviews to the specificities of this question. We searched for randomized trials evaluating the effectiveness and safety of cell-based therapies versus placebo or no treatment in patients with COVID-19. Anticipating the lack of randomized trials directly addressing this question, we also searched for trials evaluating other coronavirus infections, such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and nonrandomized studies in COVID-19. Two reviewers independently screened each study for eligibility. A living, web-based version of this review will be openly available during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will resubmit this review to a peer-reviewed journal every time the conclusions change or whenever there are substantial updates. Results We screened 1 043 records, but no study was considered eligible. We identified 61 ongoing studies, including 39 randomized trials evaluating different types of cell-based therapies in COVID-19. Conclusions We did not find any studies that met our inclusion criteria, and hence there is no evidence to support or refute the use of cell-based therapies for treating patients with COVID-19. A substantial number of ongoing studies should provide valuable evidence to inform researchers and decision-makers in the near future. PROSPERO Registration number CRD42020179711
Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19: a living systematic review
Authors: Verdugo-Paiva Francisca , Paz Acuña María , Solá Iván , Rada Gabriel
Published: January 2021

Objective Provide a timely, rigorous and continuously updated summary of the evidence on the role of remdesivir in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Methods Eligible studies were randomized trials evaluating the effect of remdesivir versus placebo or no treatment. We conducted searches in the special L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence) platform for COVID-19, a system that performs regular searches in databases, trial registries, preprint servers and websites relevant to COVID-19. All the searches covered the period until 25 August 2020. No date or language restrictions were applied. Two reviewers independently evaluated potentially eligible studies according to predefined selection criteria, and extracted data on study characteristics, methods, outcomes, and risk of bias, using a predesigned, standardized form. We performed meta-analyses using random-effect models and assessed overall certainty in evidence using the GRADE approach. A living, web-based version of this review will be openly available during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Our search strategy yielded 574 references. Finally, we included threerandomized trials evaluating remdesivir in addition to standard care versus standard care alone. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of remdesivir on mortality (RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.05; very low certainty evidence) and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.24; very low certainty evidence). On the other hand, remdesivir likely results in a large increase in the incidence of adverse effects in patients with COVID-19 (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.58 to 2.84; moderate certainty evidence). Conclusions The evidence is insufficient for the outcomes critical for making decisions on the role of remdesivir in the treatment of patients with COVID-19, so it is impossible to balance potential benefits, if there are any, with the adverse effects and costs. PROSPERO Registration number: CRD42020183384.
Mortality after hip or knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis in Chile: A survival analysis
Authors: Barahona Maximiliano , Barrientos Cristian , Martinez Álvaro , Brañes Julián , Prieto Juan Pablo , Hinzpeter Jaime
Published: January 2021

Background The purpose of this study is to determine if patients with osteoarthritis that undergo hip or knee arthroplasty jeopardize their life expectancy in Chile. Methods A survival analysis study was designed and approved by our institutional ethics review board. Patients were included if they underwent surgery for hip or knee osteoarthritis and were 50 years or older at the time of surgery. Patients were excluded if arthroplasty was performed for fracture, hemophilia arthropathy, or tumor. A multiparametric Weibull regression was estimated, and the hazard ratio was reported. For internal validity, a bootstrap of 200 repetitions was performed. Results A total of 4 094 arthroplasties were included. The Kaplan-Meier curve estimates a higher survival than the general population up to 12 years, after which the median survival is less than the general population. The bootstrap multiparametric Weibull regression estimated a hazard ratio of 1.53 (95% confidence interval: 1.27 to 1.84) for women, 1.09 (1.08 to 1.10) for every year older, and 1.29 (1.07 to 1.53) for hip arthroplasty patients. Conclusion Mortality after hip and knee arthroplasty in Chile follows a bimodal behavior similar to reports from the United States and Europe. At first, mortality is lower than the general population but worsens after 12 to 15 years of surgery
On the work of architect Milosav Mitić in Belgrade
Authors: Gačić Jelena
Published: January 2021

Architect Milosav Mitić figures prominently among numerous authors who contributed to the emancipatory and artistic development of the post-WWII architecture in Serbia. Recognised even in his student years as a talented and artistically inclined author, in the years to come Mitić became a member of the renowned Belgrade 5 group, together with his colleagues Mihailo Čanak, Leonardo Lenarčić, Ivan Petrović, and Ivan Simović, submiting designs to numerous public competitions and designing major housing areas and related facilities in Novi Beograd. Although his prolific professional engagement earned him timely acknowledgement of his contemporaries, a thorough historiographic evaluation that would put the life and work of this author in the limelight for both professional and general public is still missing. That is the very reason behind this comprehensive analysis of the life and work of architect Mitić, aimed at interpreting his Belgrade oeuvre as coherently as possible.
The Urban Planning Institute building in Belgrade
Authors: Merdanović Teodora
Published: January 2021

The building of the Urban Planning Institute in Belgrade, designed by architect Branislav Jovin, is one of the most significant achievements of the post-WWII architecture in Belgrade. In the personal oeuvre of the author, the building is his magnum opus and one of the showpieces of Brutalist architecture in Serbia. This paper will examine the architectural and artistic values of the Belgrade Urban Planning Institute building, designed in late 1960s and completed as early as 1970. The significance of the structure was reviewed in the context of its architectural, cultural and historical values, but also by analysing social circumstances and the development of architectural scenery in the post-WWII Yugoslavia and the city of Belgrade. By considering the building in the framework of the post-WWII architecture, we can get the clearer picture of tendencies and aspirations in the architectural treatment of masses and forms, of the material used, but also of European and global influence on the development of Yugoslav architecture of the time.
The Way to Begin Solid Geometry
Authors: Hart Howard F.
Published: January 2021

The methods in solid geometry which I am now using in our high school have proved to be such an advance over former methods that I have called this paper, which describes those methods, by the presumptuous title above.
What in High School Mathematics is of Most Importance as a Preparation for Analytic Geometry and the Calculus in College?
Authors: Babb Maurice J.
Published: January 2021

I asked this question of one of my sophomore classes and they all answered, “Algebra!!” Then I asked “What part of algebra?” and they answered, “ Simplification of all kinds of expressions, notion of + and —, transposition, substitution of other expressions for ‘unknowns,’ radicals, use of fractional and negative exponents, binomial theorem, solution of equations in one and two unknowns (either of first and second degree), quadratic equations, especially the theory (this last very emphatic), expressions containing the logarithmic notation, graphs, and the language.”
Let's Explore It With Straight-Edge and Scale
Authors: Ingraham W. W.
Published: January 2021

What boy or girl in your mathematics class was not impressed when he read or perhaps just looked at the magazine Life for January 14, 1946, which devoted several pages to a pictorial description of M.I.T.'s “Differential Analyzer.” The title catches the eye. “The Great Electro-Mechanical Brain,” “M.I.T.'s differential analyzer advances science by freeing it from pick-and-shovel work of mathematics.” The wishful student is brought to his senses when later he reads that, “the analyzer cannot solve problems the mathetician cannot do himself.”
On the Measurement of Angles
Authors: Janes W. C.
Published: January 2021

In selecting a topic for discussion on this program which deals with Mathematics in Human Affairs the speaker has chosen to talk about the subject of angular measure. In some of his former talks he has discussed such matters as how to figure silage, compute the amount of hay in a stack, and other subjects. Though the topic for today may not be intimately connected with problems in farm arithmetic, yet the speaker hopes that his audience will find it interesting, even though it may be of limited vocational value.
Hypotheses as a Point of Departure in Geometry Teaching
Authors: Henderson Kenneth B.
Published: January 2021

The word “hypotheses” is used synonymously with “given conditions” in many high school geometry texts. This procedure gives the students an acquaintance with only one of the meanings of the word. There is another sense in which the word is used which is significant enough to warrant its consideration. This sense is the one used by the scientist when he speaks of a possible answer to a problem. As such, it is one of the steps in the thinking process.
The Art of Teaching: Provision for Individual Differences in High School Mathematics Courses
Authors: Lee William
Published: January 2021

How to maintain satisfactory standards of achievement in high school mathematics courses, as a larger and larger proportion of the population enrolls in high school with consequent lowering of the median ability, has long been recognized as a perplexing problem.
Socializing Mathematical Instruction
Authors: Fehr Howard F.
Published: January 2021

The statement that all men are created equal has all too often been interpreted to mean that there is only a sameness to humanity, and hence that all men are to have the same of everything in life, the same worldly goods, the same schooling, the same recreation, the same rights and privileges., the same mathematical education. Of course we know this is nonsense, recognizing that all of us differ in endowed talents, in degrees of performance, and in the types of instruction and schooling we should obtain. We must always remember that the essence of democracy is difference, not sameness, and that our schools must provide for this difference. Yet to preserve our democracy we must share a common heritage, a sameness that unites us as one nation, and we must likewise provide for this sameness in our schools. It is in this light that a mathematics program must be devised for the oncoming generation.
A Core Curriculum for the Training of Teachers of Secondary Mathematics
Authors: Syer Henry W.
Published: January 2021

The following discussion is planned to outline the complete education of teachers of secondary mathematics in a four-year program, leading to a baccaleureate in a school of education, college of liberal arts, or teachers college. It is based upon many of the past reports and articles concerning the training of mathematics teachers, and gives a summary of past recommendations as well as a total, new four-year plan.
The Duke University Mathematics Institute 1947
Authors: Doheny Harriet J. , Kuebler Helen G.
Published: January 2021

“Mathematics is like a chest of tools: before studying the tools in detail a good workman should know the object of each, when it is used, how it is used, what it is used for.”—W. W. Sawyer, Manchester University, England.
Quality Control by Statistical Methods
Authors: Haskins Elmer E.
Published: January 2021

Industry has always been concerned with the problem of maintaining its manufactured product at a uniform and acceptable quality level. Until the last few years, efforts in this direction usually centered around some arbitrary inspection scheme, which was without a firm foundation in theory. In recent years, however, a technique known as “Quality Control by Statistical Methods” has been widely adopted and has been found to be of tremendous benefit in maintaining desirable quality standards. This technique has a sound basis in the Mathematical Theory of Statistics. The amazing thing is that its application has been so simplified that intelligent persons with no more than a year or two of high school mathematics can use it successfully and with understanding.
The Art of Teaching: Teaching Mathematics in Technicolor
Authors: Blank Laura
Published: January 2021

The use of color us functional, as an interest value and, to a small extent, as aesthetic in the teaching of abstract mathematics is probably to most instructors a novel idea. Year after year pupils have appreciated experience with it in work on black board, bulletin board, paper and with models. It is possible that publishers, at some future time, may find it not too expensive to use color in purely abstract work in text books on mathematics.
Using Special Interests to Stimulate the Study of Mathematics
Authors: Heard Ida Mae
Published: January 2021

The original traditional course in high school mathematics was college preparatory in nature. The teacher's time was largely spent in trying to pour facts into the youngsters rather than in drawing the youngsters out or in leading them toward the subject. If a student failed to pass the work, his failure was said to be caused by any of the following: a lack of application, stubborness, or laziness. This course of study made little provision for different interests, different abilities, or different needs.
The Geometric Christmas Tree
Authors: Cunningham John G.
Published: January 2021

Teaching an understanding of Solid Geometry, as all teachers know, except to those gifted mathematically, is a difficult process. I have found that the construction of a model for the proposition studied is a great help to the pupil in developing mathematical understanding. In making a model the student discovers the relationship between the different parts of the figure, the reason for constructing certain lines and planes necessary to the proof, and the logical steps taken in the development of the proof.
Let's Come to Grips with the Guidance Problem in Mathematics
Authors: Schorling Raleigh
Published: January 2021

The unifying goal of a good guidance program is the conservation of human resources. The crux of the problem is first, to identify the basic pattern of a pupil, and second, to put into his environment the particular nurture that his growth needs require. Francis W. Parker expressed the idea neatly a half century ago in the famous quotation, “The fundamental reason why children do not act right is because they do not have the conditions for right action.” A successful grower of blueberries is well aware of this basic principle. He has to know a blueberry bush when he sees it, and surely he will have to know a lot about its nurture. For example, if his soil is not sour, he goes into action fast, for he knows that if he does not, his blueberries will soon look very sick. In any event, he does not expect to pick roses off the blueberry bush!
Planning a Secondary Mathematics Curriculum to Meet the Needs of All Students
Authors: Carpenter Dale
Published: January 2021

The title of this article infers that the present-day mathematical needs of secondary students arc not adequately met by the present-day mathematics curriculum. A brief, historical review of the secondary mathematics curriculum should be of help in determining the validity of the preceding assumption.
The Art of Teaching: On the Teaching of Geometry
Authors: Smith Rolland R.
Published: January 2021

The aims and methods of teaching geometry have changed a good deal during the life time of many present teachers who still have the expectancy of a decade or two of service. I remember my early experience as a student of geometry in high school. I was three days late in entering school that year and the class was already on what they called Theorem V. At the end of the week I had to take a test on the first week's work. Evidently I had not understood the theorems well enough to memorize them. There were more red pencil marks on the paper when it came back to me than there had been black pencil in the first place. I told my parents I was doing well enough in everything else but geometry, but I could not make head nor tail of that subject.
The Art of Teaching: Presentation of the Locus Problem
Authors: Johnson Dorothy
Published: January 2021

A difficulty often experienced in teaching the locus problem is that the pupil allocates this unit in his mind as something separate from the rest of the geometry course. That tendency can be counteracted if the pupil (1) gains a clear conception of the definition of the word, and (2) links this unit with his previous experiences.
The Art of Teaching: The Slide Rule in the Junior High School
Authors: MacCubbin John E.
Published: January 2021

One of the most reliable weapons in the battle against careless errors on students’ mathematics papers is the practice of having the student ask himself, after solving a problem, “Is my answer reasonable?” However, this presupposes that the student has had adequate and continuous exercise in estimating and judging answers. Among the ways in which this important faculty can be developed and maintained is through the use of the slide rule.
Dimensions for High School Students
Authors: Wallach Israel
Published: January 2021

The word dimension has won considerable popular appeal in recent years. The purpose of this article is to show some of the uses of the idea of dimensionality in the classroom as an aid to teaching and to a greater understanding of mathematics by the students.
Have You Heard?
Authors: Woolsey Edith
Published: January 2021

Have you heard about the group discussions at the annual meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in Baltimore on March 30-April 2? There were forty groups and the leaders represented twenty states.
Cooperative Action in the Improvement of Science and Mathematics Teaching
Authors: Mayor J. R.
Published: January 2021

In order to take advantage of the opportunity to discuss common problems with science teachers The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics held a one and one-half day meeting in New York at the time of the Christmas meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The suggestion for a joint session with the National Science Teaching Societies came originally from the Cooperative Committee on Science and Mathematics Teaching, a committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Cooperative Committee includes representatives of sixteen professional organizations and the United States Office of Education. E. H. C. Hildebrandt was the first representative of The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics on the Committee and the author is the present representative. Raleigh Schorling is the Committee representative of the Mathematical Association of America.
Teaching the Slide Rule via Television
Authors: Anderson George R.
Published: January 2021

Since October, 1949 Millersvillc State Teachers College has been presenting a series of weekly programs, fifteen minutes in length, from station WGAL-TV, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. These programs are, in words frequently used on the program, ‘designed to add to your general information and to suggest certain things which you may make or do.” In spite of admitted limited audience appeal, the station's program director, Mr. Paul Rodenhauser, generously agreed to a series of six programs dealing with the slide rule. The purpose of the series was to acquire techniques of presenting such instruction and to observe as much as could be learned about “student” reaction to this method of instruction. When the series was first conceived, it was planned to organize typical listener groups in various schools and industries along with a small studio class.
Applications
Authors: Myers Sheldon S.
Published: January 2021

Remember that this department is yours—yours to develop through your criticisms and suggestions, and, of course, contributions. Please do not hesitate to send us your ideas so that The Mathematics Teacher will have a department on applications which will be of maximum service.
Devices for a Mathematics Laboratory
Authors: Berger Emil J.
Published: January 2021

This section is being published as an avenue through which teachers of mathematics can share favorite learning aids. Readers are invited to send in descriptions and drawings of devices which they have found particularly helpful in their teaching experience. Send all communications concerning Mathematics Laboratory Projects to Emil J. Berger, Monroe High School, 810 Palace Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota.
What is Going On in Your School?: Los Angeles City College Mathematics Prize Competition
Authors: Gold Ben
Published: January 2021

The editors offer a report on the Los Angeles City College third annual William B. Orange Mathematics Competition for high school students. The report was made by Ben Gold, Competition Committee Chairman. Also, Mary White Duke reports on her method of teaching algebra. This is a report of a “taking stock” process which all teachers need to do occasionally.
Your 1954 Convention City
Authors: Keiffer Mildred
Published: January 2021

Cincinnati welcomes you to the Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Built upon a circle of hills around a wide, flat basin, Cincinnati is one of America's most picturesque big cities, offering panoramic views from hill-top parks and streets of the winding Ohio River Valley and Kentucky beyond.
What is Going On in Your School?: How I teach understanding of definition
Authors: Nichols Eugene
Published: January 2021

It is my thesis that one of the main objectives of a course in plane geometry is the improvement of the student's ability to think logically.
The mathematics teachers’ opportunities for guidance
Authors: Brown Kenneth E.
Published: January 2021

The fundamental problem in guidance is to help the pupil discover and develop his desirable potentialities. This implies that, first, the basic needs and pattern of the pupil be understood and, second, the particular environment be provided that will best nurture his development.
How Should Secondary Mathematics for Girls Differ from that for Boys?
Authors: Evans Mary Adelle
Published: January 2021

This question implies that girls should be taught a mathematics different from that given to boys. It is fair to assume that the discrimination is made not on account of sex but on account of dissimilar vocations.
What Mathematical Subjects Should be Included in the College Curriculum?
Authors: Holder F. J.
Published: January 2021

cises, measurement, and experiment, nor does it preclude such practical devices as models, apparatus, photographs, cross-ruled paper, and the like. It is a practical device which serves to make easier the comprehension of mathematical truths. A reasonable number of applied problems creates an interest in the mind of the pupil that reacts strongly in increasing his understanding and appreciation of the logical side of the subject. They supply the student with a motive, and help create an interest in his work. They enable him to approach the abstract through the concrete, and assist in fixing general mathematical principles by furnishing a concrete illustration or application for many of the truths of algebra and geometry. On the other hand, to attempt to make our algebra and geometry relate too closely to the material problems of life is to make of them but chapters in a higher arithmetic, and is to lose in their study most of the value that is peculiar to them.
Blank Forms in Algebra
Authors: Wheeler Albert Harry
Published: January 2021

Originals in geometry are, perhaps, the best means to be had by the teacher for determining the grasp the pupils have on the subject and for teaching geometry in the true sense.
Application of the Pell Equation to the Problem of Extraction of the Cube Root of a Binomial Surd
Authors: Whitford E. E.
Published: January 2021

In the solution of cubic equations and in certain other cases it is desirable to have a somewhat general method for extracting the cube root of a binomial surd. This may be accomplished by the aid of the Pell Equation.
Teaching of Factoring
Authors: Dow E. M.
Published: January 2021

When new subjects seek admission to the curriculum on equal terms with their elder sisters (or on any terms, for that matter), they are told that their subject matter has not been organized, tested and tried in the crucible of time, and hence their educational value is uncertain at best.
Right and Wrong Definitions of a Limit
Authors: Huntington Edward V.
Published: January 2021

The following comparison of the correct definition of the limit of a sequence with three other definitions, which, although incorrect, are still occasionally to be met with in elementary textbooks, may be of interest to teachers who wish to clarify their ideas not only as to what a limit is, but also as to what it is not.
Evaluating Patients’ Level of Satisfaction on the Quality of Health Services in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti Nigeria
Authors: Bamise Esther Abosede , Agbele Alaba Tolulope , Adebayo Cecilia Olajumoke
Published: January 2021

Aims: To evaluate patients’ level of satisfaction on the quality of healthcare received by focusing on waiting time due to its level of importance. Studies have shown that a good healthcare system contributes immensely to the growth of a thriving economy, because patients’ satisfaction is the major indicator of quality healthcare.

Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was employed by using a structured questionnaire coupled with interview session. These was considered appropriate for data gathering in the overall outpatient department (OPD) of the health facility.

Methods: The present study evaluates patients’ satisfaction level on the QoS in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Nigeria; by focusing majorly on waiting time. Systematic random sampling technique was used in selecting the participants for this research, with 241 patients’ data collected. Convenience, courtesy and quality of care were used as factors to measure patients’ satisfactions.

Results: Findings from this study showed that 73.03% of the patients were satisfied with the level of services in terms of conveniences, while 80.50% of the patients were highly satisfied as regards the courtesy level, also, 77.59% of the patients were satisfied with the quality of care received at the facility. Furthermore, our result indicates that a total of 154 (63.9%) of the patients were greatly satisfied with the quality of health services received in EKSUTH, however, 87 which represents 36.1% of patients were not satisfied with the level of services rendered at the facility.

Conclusion: The respondents showed high satisfaction level in most of the services they received from EKSUTH, however, long waiting time in the health facility has shown to be an impediment to the satisfaction level as well as the quality of care (QoC) received. Therefore, improved services; especially reducing the long waiting time will motivate patients to continue to utilize EKSUTH. More so, continuous efforts should be made by the hospital’s administration to improve other areas where satisfaction level was shown to be low in the present study.
A Review on River Revival
Authors: Trivedi Ayushi , Awasthi Manoj Kumar
Published: January 2021

The noticeable decline of flow and drying of rivers in non-monsoon period is observed by smaller hydrologic units (sub-catchments and watersheds). The flow depletion or drying of rivers is generally observed initially near the origin and then progressively in the larger hydrologic units. Rivers are losing water because of variety of possible reasons, including the installation of dams and the use of water for agriculture. But in many cases the decrease in flow is because of climate change, which is altering rainfall patterns and increasing evaporation because of higher temperatures. Reduced run-off is increasing the pressure on freshwater resources in world as well as in India, especially with more demand for water as population increases. Inspite of the fact that large sums of money have been spent on river rehabilitation across the globe, the understanding of the science of restoration is incoherent. A scientific and global intervention and approach to tackle such challenges to river management in India requires a highly effective approach, which must be process-based, predictive and must be capable of yielding the desired outcome. River restoration is one of the most prominent areas of applied water-resources science, supporting a multibillion dollar industry across many countries and helping to drive fundamental river research to address knowledge gaps that limit successful restoration. A revival strategy should identify a future prospect and long run for the river basin, the desired outcome of the strategy over the planning horizon (goals), and specific, measurable targets to be achieved over the short to medium term (objectives). River restoration can be supported by a combination of policies, strategies and project-level and global-level plans. Keeping this in view this paper presents some of the revival works carried out in India as well as in abroad.
Single‐Atom‐Layer Catalysis in a MoS2 Monolayer Activated by Long‐Range Ferromagnetism for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Beyond Single‐Atom Catalysis
Authors: Duan Hengli , Wang Chao , Li Guinan , Tan Hao , Hu Wei , Cai Liang , Liu Wei , Li Na , Ji Qianqian , Wang Yao , Lu Ying , Yan Wensheng , Hu Fengchun , Zhang Wenhua , Sun Zhihu , Qi Zeming , Song Li , Wei Shiqiang
Published: January 2021

Single‐atom‐layer catalysts with fully activated basal‐atoms will provide a solution to the low loading‐density bottleneck of single‐atom catalysts. Herein, we activate the majority of the basal sites of monolayer MoS2, by doping Co ions to induce long‐range ferromagnetic order. This strategy, as revealed by in situ synchrotron radiation microscopic infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements, could activate more than 50 % of the originally inert basal‐plane S atoms in the ferromagnetic monolayer for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Consequently, on a single monolayer of ferromagnetic MoS2 measured by on‐chip micro‐cell, a current density of 10 mA cm−2 could be achieved at the overpotential of 137 mV, corresponding to a mass activity of 28, 571 Ag−1, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the multilayer counterpart. Its exchange current density of 75 μA cm−2 also surpasses most other MoS2‐based catalysts. Experimental results and theoretical calculations show the activation of basal plane S atoms arises from an increase of electronic density around the Fermi level, promoting the H adsorption ability of basal‐plane S atoms.
Photo‐Controllable Catalysis and Chiral Monosaccharide Recognition Induced by Cyclodextrin Derivatives
Authors: Chen Lei , Chen Yong , Zhang Yi , Liu Yu
Published: January 2021

A supramolecular catalytic system was constructed from polycationic α‐cyclodextrin (6‐Iz‐α‐CD) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) using a supramolecular assembly strategy. The cavity of cyclodextrin is the channel by which the substrate molecules come into contact with the catalytic center. Introduction of the azobenzene‐modified diphenylalanine (Azo‐FF) guest molecule allowed for precise photo‐control of the catalytic activity owing to its sensitive response to irradiation. Importantly, as a unique glucose oxidase the AuNP@6‐Iz‐α‐CD realizes unprecedented chiral recognition catalysis for chiral monosaccharides. In combination with a 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) color reaction, AuNP@6‐Iz‐α‐CD is able to recognize the chirality of various monosaccharides.
Decoding Protein Gas‐Phase Stability with Alanine Scanning and Collision‐Induced Unfolding Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bellamy‐Carter Jeddidiah , O'Grady Louisa , Passmore Munro , Jenner Matthew , Oldham Neil J.
Published: January 2021

Invited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups of Professor Neil Oldham at the University of Nottingham and Dr. Matthew Jenner at the University of Warwick, UK. The cover picture shows collision induced unfolding (CIU) of an acyl carrier protein in the gas‐phase as measured by ion mobility spectrometry. The background shows a representation of the alanine scanning mutagenesis used to probe the importance of individual residues in stabilising the compact form of the protein. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/anse.202000019.
Orchard biomass residues: Chemical composition, biological activity and wood characterization of apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca L.)
Authors: Bruno Maria Roberta , Russo Daniela , Faraone Immacolata , D'Auria Maurizio , Milella Luigi , Todaro Luigi
Published: January 2021

Recent EU directives have encouraged member states to follow circular economy guidelines on waste reuse, especially for waste originating from wood agro‐forest biomass. Delineating the antioxidant and chemical activity of biomass is a starting point to find new ways to utilize such materials. Here, an 8‐year‐old apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) tree stand located in southern Italy was evaluated. First, dendrometric parameters (total volume, diameter, and height of trunk below the branches) and physical‐mechanical properties (density, total, tangential and radial shrinkage, moisture content, and compression strength) of timber collected from five experimental plots was evaluated. Bark and wood from apricot pruning were then subjected to different extraction techniques, in vitro antioxidant assays, and gas chromatographic studies to determine their antioxidant activity and their phytochemical composition. Bark had the highest antioxidant activity compared to wood. Several antioxidant compounds (e.g., scopoletin and naringenin) were detected in the samples, explaining the measured antioxidant activity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of using apricot extracts in nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and industrial fields. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Biopharmaceutical characterization of a novel sustained‐release formulation of allopurinol with reduced nephrotoxicity
Authors: Nihei Takuya , Sato Hideyuki , Onoue Satomi
Published: January 2021

The present study was aimed to develop a novel sustained‐release formulation for allopurinol (ALP/SR) with the use of a pH‐sensitive polymer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, to reduce nephrotoxicity. ALP/SR was evaluated in terms of crystallinity, the dissolution profile, pharmacokinetic behavior, and nephrotoxicity in a rat model of nephropathy. Under acidic conditions (pH1.2), sustained release behavior was seen for ALP/SR, although both crystalline ALP and ALP/SR exhibited rapid dissolution at neutral condition. After multiple oral administrations of ALP samples (10 mg‐ALP/kg) for 4 days in a rat model of nephropathy, ALP/SR led to a low and sustained plasma concentration of ALP, as evidenced by half the maximum concentration of ALP and a 2.5‐fold increase in the half‐life of ALP compared with crystalline ALP, possibly due to suppressed dissolution behavior under acidic conditions. Repeated‐dosing of ALP/SR resulted in significant reductions in plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels by 73% and 69%, respectively, in comparison with crystalline ALP, suggesting the low nephrotoxic risk of ALP/SR. From these findings, a strategic SR formulation approach might be an efficacious dosage option for ALP to avoid severe nephrotoxicity in patients with nephropathy.
Incorporating RNA‐Seq transcriptomics into glycosylation‐integrating metabolic network modelling kinetics: Multiomic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell bioreactors
Authors: Bezjak Lara , Erklavec Zajec Vivian , Baebler Špela , Stare Tjaša , Gruden Kristina , Pohar Andrej , Novak Uroš , Likozar Blaž
Published: January 2021

In this work, the kinetic model based on the previously developed metabolic and glycan reaction networks of the ovarian cells of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line was improved by the inclusion of transcriptomic data that took into account the values of the RPKM gene (Reads per Kilobase of Exon per Million Reads Mapped). The transcriptomic (RNASeq) data were obtained together with metabolic and glycan data from the literature, and the concentrations with RPKM values were collected at several points in time from two fed‐batch processes. First, the fluxes were determined by regression analysis of the metabolic data, then these fluxes were corrected by using the fold change in gene expression as a measure of enzyme concentrations. Next, the corrected fluxes in the kinetic model were used to calculate the concentration profiles of the metabolites, and literature data were used to evaluate the predicted results of the model. Compared to other studies where the concentration profiles of CHO cell metabolites were described using a kinetic model without consideration of RNA‐Seq data to correct the fluxes, this model is unique. The additional integration of transcriptomic data led to better predictions of metabolic concentrations in the fed‐batch process, which is a significant improvement of the modelling technique used.
Flux redistribution of central carbon metabolism for efficient production of l‐tryptophan in Escherichia coli
Authors: Xiong Bo , Zhu Yongduo , Tian Daoguang , Jiang Shuai , Fan Xiaoguang , Ma Qian , Wu Heyun , Xie Xixian
Published: January 2021

Microbial production of l‐tryptophan (l‐trp) has received considerable attention because of its diverse applications in food additives and pharmaceuticals. Overexpression of rate‐limiting enzymes and blockage of competing pathways can effectively promote microbial production of l‐trp. However, the biosynthetic process remains suboptimal due to imbalanced flux distribution between central carbon and tryptophan metabolism, presenting a major challenge to further improvement of l‐trp yield. In this study, we redistributed central carbon metabolism to improve phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose‐4‐phosphate (E4P) pools in an l‐trp producing strain of Escherichia coli for efficient l‐trp synthesis. To do this, a phosphoketolase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis was introduced to strengthen E4P formation, and the l‐trp titer and yield increased to 10.8 g/L and 0.148 g/g glucose, respectively. Next, the phosphotransferase system was substituted with PEP‐independent glucose transport, meditated by a glucose facilitator from Zymomonas mobilis and native glucokinase. This modification improved l‐trp yield to 0.164 g/g glucose, concomitant with 58% and 40% decreases of acetate and lactate accumulation, respectively. Then, to channel more central carbon flux to the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway, several metabolic engineering strategies were applied to rewire the PEP‐pyruvate‐oxaloacetate node. Finally, the constructed strain SX11 produced 41.7 g/L l‐trp with an overall yield of 0.227 g/g glucose after 40 h fed‐batch fermentation in 5‐L bioreactor. This is the highest overall yield of l‐trp ever reported from a rationally engineered strain. Our results suggest the flux redistribution of central carbon metabolism to maintain sufficient supply of PEP and E4P is a promising strategy for efficient l‐trp biosynthesis, and this strategy would likely also increase the production of other aromatic amino acids and derivatives.