bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endothelin‐1 Acutely Reduces the Permeability of Visceral Sheep Peritoneum In Vitro Through Both Endothelin‐A and Endothelin‐B Receptors
Authors: Kourti Panagiota , Zarogiannis Sotirios G. , Liakopoulos Vassilios , Karioti Aggeliki , Eleftheriadis Theodoros , Hatzoglou Chrissi , Gourgoulianis Konstantinos , Molyvdas Paschalis‐Adam , Stefanidis Ioannis
Published: February 2013

Mesothelium is an important part of the peritoneal barrier for water and ion transport, essential for effective peritoneal dialysis (PD). Peritoneal fibrosis has been associated with PD treatment failure. Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) is a potent vasoactive peptide, involved in pathologic fibrotic processes. Its action is mediated mainly by endothelin type A (ETA) and type B (ETB) receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate, by Ussing chamber experiments, the effect of ET‐1 on the transmesothelial electrical resistance (RTM) of the isolated visceral sheep peritoneum. Intact sheets of visceral peritoneum were obtained from 40 adult sheep and mounted in Ussing‐type chambers. ET‐1 (10−7 M), BQ‐123 (ETA receptor antagonist; 10−6 M), BQ‐788 (ETB receptor antagonist; 10−6 M), and their combinations were added on the apical and the basolateral side of the peritoneum. RTM was measured before and serially after addition of the substances, and changes were registered as percentage (ΔRTM %). RTM increased within 1 min after addition of ET‐1 apically (ΔRTM 65.03 ± 15.87%; P < 0.05) or basolaterally (ΔRTM 85.5 ± 20.86%; P < 0.05). BQ‐123 and BQ‐788 and their combination significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the effect of ET‐1 to a similar degree in all cases. These results clearly indicate that ET‐1 reduces ionic permeability of the visceral sheep peritoneum in vitro. Additionally, it is obvious that this inhibitory effect is mediated through both ETA and ETB receptors.
Effect of Screw Insertion Torque on Push‐Out and Cantilever Bending Properties of Five Different Angle‐Stable Systems
Authors: Boero Baroncelli Alessandro , Reif Ulrich , Bignardi Cristina , Peirone Bruno
Published: February 2013

Objective

To compare the screw push‐out strength and resistance to cantilever bending of 5 different angle‐stable systems using 4 different insertion torque values to tighten locking screws.

Study Design

In vitro mechanical testing of 5 screw‐plate constructs.

Sample Population

Screw plate constructs (n = 60) were tested; 12 of each design, 3 for each torque value.

Methods

To compare push‐out strength, screws were loaded in axial direction on the screw tip until loosening of the locking mechanism was recorded. For cantilever bending test, screws were loaded perpendicularly to their longitudinal axis at 2 mm of distance from the under surface of the plate. Load was applied in displacement control at 1 mm/min.

Results

There was a significant difference between the 5 different angle‐stable systems regarding both push‐out and cantilever bending strength. There was an influence of insertion torque value on push‐out strength for 2 systems and insertion torque value influenced cantilever bending behavior only in 1 locking system.

Conclusions

Locking mechanisms using “thread in thread” principle provided a stronger screw push‐out behavior. Screws materials and core diameter of the different screws were directly related to cantilever bending strength.
Comparison of Two Surgical Site Protocols for Cattle in a Field Setting
Authors: Bourel Clara , Buczinski Sébastien , Desrochers André , Harvey Denis
Published: February 2013

Objective

To compare 2 preoperative surgical site protocols for standing laparotomy in cattle in a field setting.

Study Design

Cohort study.

Animals

Dairy cows (n = 73) undergoing a clean standing laparotomy (no visceral perforation during surgery).

Methods

Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 preoperative skin‐preparations protocols with chlorhexidine used as an antiseptic. A standard protocol (3 minutes [min] cleansing scrub, tap water rinse, 3 minutes surgical scrub with a sterile one‐use chlorhexidine scrub and alternate passage of alcohol and 2% chlorhexidine solution (7 minutes; n = 32) was compared with a 3 minutes abbreviated preoperative protocol, consisting of two 90 seconds period of cleansing scrub and 3 passages of 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% in isopropyl alcohol solution (4 minutes; n = 32). Pre‐ and postoperative skin bacterial counts and clinical assessment of wounds 10–15 days after surgery, as well as standardized interview with the producers focused on wound infection 30 days after the surgery were used to compare both protocols.

Results

There was no difference between protocols for absolute colony forming units (CFU) and percentage CFU reduction perioperatively as well as for surgical wound clinical score 10–15 days after the surgery. The infection rate at 30 days was 10.5% (6/57) but no significant difference was observed between protocols 10% (3/30) versus 11.5% (3/27).

Conclusions

An abbreviated preoperative protocol using nonsterile reusable material can be as effective as a standard protocol using sterile one‐use brush in reducing skin microflora and preventing surgical wound infection.
In Vivo Assessment of Absorbable Knotless Barbed Suture for Single Layer Gastrotomy and Enterotomy Closure
Authors: Ehrhart Nicole P. , Kaminskaya Kristina , Miller Jeffrey A. , Zaruby Jeff F.
Published: February 2013

Objective

To compare the performance of an absorbable barbed suture device to absorbable monofilament suture after single layer, appositional gastrotomy and enterotomy closure.

Study Design

Experimental comparative study.

Animals

Purpose‐bred adult mongrel hounds (n = 14).

Methods

Bursting strengths up to 250 mmHg of incisional closure with either monofilament or barbed suture in a simple continuous, appositional pattern at sites in the stomach (2), jejunum (4), and colon (4) were compared at postoperative Days 3, 7, and 14. Time for incisional closure was compared between materials.

Results

Bursting strength was not significantly different between gastrotomies/enterotomies closed with the monofilament suture or the barbed device. Closure time was significantly reduced with the barbed device in jejunal enterotomy closure.

Conclusion

The barbed device compared favorably with monofilament suture for gastrotomy and enterotomy (small intestine, colon) closure. Results demonstrate comparable burst strengths between monofilament suture and the barbed device. Closure time was significantly reduced in jejunum closure using the barbed device.
Canine Intra‐Articular Multipotent Stromal Cells (MSC) From Adipose Tissue Have the Highest In Vitro Expansion Rates, Multipotentiality, and MSC Immunophenotypes
Authors: Zhang Nan , Dietrich Marilyn A. , Lopez Mandi J.
Published: February 2013

Objective

To identify the optimum intra‐articular multipotent stromal cell (MSC) tissue source in the canine stifle.

Study Design

Experimental.

Sample Population

Infrapatellar adipose tissue, synovium lining the joint capsule, and synovium surrounding the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) from normal stifles of 6 dogs.

Methods

Nucleated cell density for each tissue was determined, and cell doublings (CD) and doubling times (DT) were quantified for expansion rates. Adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed with light microscopy. Fibroblastic, adipogenic, and osteogenic colony forming unit frequencies were determined for multipotentiality. Tissue‐specific target gene expression was assessed, and percentages of CD29+, CD34+, CD44+, CD45+, and CD90+ cells quantified.

Results

Adipose tissue had the highest MSC density (ASC). The CD decreased with increasing passages for all cell types, and ASC values tended to be higher. Multipotentiality decreased with passage, but remained highest in ASC. Tissue‐specific target gene expression was higher in induced versus noninduced cells, and ASCs had the highest upregulation across passages. Most cells were CD29+, CD44+, CD90+, and percentages decreased with passage. Within cell types, there were more CD29+ ASC in early passages and more CD44+ and CD90+ ASC in later passages.

Conclusions

ASC had the highest in vitro expansion rates, CFU frequencies, tissue‐specific target gene expression, and percentages of MSC immunophenotypes.
In Vitro Acute Load to Failure and Eyelet Abrasion Testing of a Novel Veterinary Screw‐Type Mini‐Anchor Design
Authors: Kunkel Kevin A. R. , Rusly Roy J. , Basinger R. Randy , DesJardins John D. , Gerard Patrick D.
Published: February 2013

Objective

To determine acute load to failure (ALF) and suture abrasion (SA) at 0° and 90° for a novel screw‐type mini‐anchor design.

Study Design

Biomechanical in vitro study.

Sample Population

Synthetic bone.

Methods

Twenty mini‐anchors were inserted into synthetic bone blocks assigned to 1 of 2 groups (0° ALF, 90° ALF). Pullout was performed at 5 mm/min. ALF, yield strength and stiffness were calculated. SA constructs were created with 4 groups of 5 anchors each with either 30 lb nylon leader line (NLL), 40 lb NLL, #2 Fiberwire or #5 Fiberwire. SA was performed at 0° and 90° with a sinusoidal wave form at 0.5 Hz and 10 N load for 1000 cycles or until failure. Data were summarized as mean ± SD. ALF data were analyzed using t‐tests. SA data were analyzed using log rank, Tukey‐adjusted pairwise comparisons and sign tests. Significance was set at P = .05.

Results

Mean ± SD ALF at 0° and 90° was 431.8 ± 70.8 N and 683 ± 48.7 N, respectively. 90° ALF was significantly higher. Yield strength and stiffness were not significantly different at 0° and 90°. #5 and #2 Fiberwire survived significantly more cycles than 40 lb and 30 lb NLL at 90°. At 0°, 30 lb NLL survived significantly less cycles than either Fiberwire size. Suture orientation did not have a significant effect on SA for Fiberwire constructs.

Conclusion

The novel mini‐anchor has ALF comparable to other mini‐anchors. Fiberwire survived more cycles in the novel anchor eyelet than NLL and FW suture orientation in the eyelet did not affect SA.
Laparoscopic‐Assisted Placement of a Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter With Partial Omentectomy and Omentopexy in Dogs: An Experimental Study
Authors: Dupré Gilles , Čoudek Karel
Published: February 2013

Objective

To describe a technique of laparoscopic‐assisted placement of a peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter with simultaneously performed partial omentectomy and omentopexy.

Study Design

Pilot experimental study.

Animals

Beagle dogs (n = 6).

Methods

After placement of 1 sub‐umbilical laparoscope portal and 1 instrument portal in the left cranial abdominal quadrant, laparoscopic‐assisted partial omentectomy, and omentopexy were performed, and a modified Tenckhoff PD catheter was placed under laparoscopic guidance. A modified dialysis protocol was used twice daily for 4 days. The feasibility of the procedure, surgical duration, operative complications, and dialysis efficacy were evaluated. Postoperative pain and inflammation were graded (0–3).

Results

The procedure was successfully performed in all dogs with a median operating time of 25 minutes. No operative complications occurred. Procedure‐related postoperative pain and inflammation were minimal. Eight consecutive PD procedures were successfully performed, and no leakage or obstruction was observed.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic‐assisted partial omentectomy and omentopexy can be performed at the same time as PD catheter placement with minimal morbidity.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Tissue Impedance Measurement Interpretation for Correct Veress Needle Placement in Feline Cadavers
Authors: Hyink Sara , Whittemore Jacqueline C. , Mitchell Amanda , Reed Ann
Published: February 2013

Objective

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of tissue impedance measurement interpretation (TIMI) for determining correct versus incorrect Veress needle placement in feline cadavers.

Study Design

Prospective, randomized, blinded trial.

Study Population

Cat cadavers (n = 24).

Methods

Two laparoscopists (1 experienced, 1 novice), blinded to TIMI, placed reusable Veress needles in study subjects in a randomized order. A third individual interpreted impedance measurements as consistent with correct versus incorrect placement. Veress needle tip locations were marked by injecting contrasting colors of India ink. Tissue dissection was performed to localize ink. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, and kappa statistics for TIMI for placements by the experienced and novice laparoscopist were determined. P < .05 was considered significant.

Results

TIMI identified 36/38 correct and 2/10 incorrect placements. TIMI identified 2/2 bowel perforations but was unable to identify 8 inappropriate placements in the retroperitoneal fat pad. Impedance measurement interpretation had 94.7% sensitivity, 20% specificity, 79.2% accuracy, and 81% precision overall. Agreement between TIMI and Veress needle location was absent (kappa = −0.15, P = .01) for placements by the experienced laparoscopist and substantial (kappa = 0.78, P < .01) for the novice laparoscopist.

Conclusions

Failure of TIMI to identify placement in the retroperitoneal fat pad resulted in poor accuracy. Small cat size limited the number of appropriate placement sites, perhaps resulting in excessively dorsal placements. Use of TIMI may increase detection of clinically significant inappropriate Veress needle placements, like bowel perforations, and decrease installment phase complications. Further evaluation of Veress needle placement with and without TIMI is warranted.
Muscle and Tendon Heating Rates with Therapeutic Ultrasound in Horses
Authors: Montgomery Leslie , Elliott Sarah B. , Adair H. Steve
Published: February 2013

Objective

To (1) determine the temperature change in equine tendon and muscle during therapeutic ultrasound and (2) develop guidelines for treating horses for muscular or tendinous injury using therapeutic ultrasound.

Study Design

Experimental, in vivo study.

Animals

Adult horses (n = 10).

Methods

Thermistors were inserted in the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons (SDFT and DDFT) of the thoracic limbs of 10 adult horses. On the left, 3.3 MHz therapeutic continuous ultrasound was done for 10 minutes at an intensity of 1.0 W/cm2 and for the right thoracic limb at 1.5 W/cm2. Thermistors were placed at 1 cm, 4 cm, and 8 cm depths in the epaxial muscles of the same 10 horses, for a 20‐minute treatment at a frequency of 3.3 MHz and intensity of 1.5 W/cm2. Temperature was recorded before, during, and after treatment. Data were statistically analyzed.

Results

Mean temperature rise was 3.5°C in the SDFT and 2.5°C in the DDFT at the end of the 1.0 W/cm2 treatment (P = .94) and 5.2°C in the SDFT and 3.0°C in the DDFT at the end of the 1.5‐W/cm2 treatment (P = .48). Mean temperature rise in epaxial musculature was 1.3°C at a depth of 1.0 cm, 0.7°C at 4.0 cm, and 0.7°C at 8 cm.

Conclusions

The SDFT and DDFT are heated to a therapeutic temperature using a frequency of 3.3 MHz and intensity of 1.0 W/cm2. The epaxial muscles are not heated to a therapeutic temperature using a frequency of 3.3 MHz and an intensity of 1.5 W/cm2.
Arthroscopically Accessible Anatomy of the Tarsal Collateral Ligaments in the Horse
Authors: Kümmerle Jan M. , Kummer Martin R.
Published: February 2013

Objective

To describe the arthroscopically accessible anatomy of the tarsal collateral ligaments in the horse.

Study Design

Descriptive study.

Animals

Cadaveric equine hind limbs (n = 24) obtained from horses without tarsal disease.

Methods

Two pairs of tarsal joints were used to obtain silicone models of the tarsocrural joint and dissect the tarsal collateral ligaments (CLs). Ten pairs of tarsocrural joints had arthroscopic exploration and the accessible parts of the tarsal CLs were marked with an arthroscopic hook knife. Subsequently, the limbs were dissected and the marked positions were allocated to the specific parts of the CLs.

Results

Ipsilateral arthroscope and instrument portals were used in each pouch of the tarsocrural joint. Via the plantaromedial pouch, the superficial (2/20 limbs), middle (7), deep (6) or both middle and deep (3) short medial CL and the long medial CL (14) were reached. Access via the plantarolateral pouch allowed manipulation of the deep short lateral CL (20/20 limbs) and the long lateral CL (20). Dorsally, arthroscopy via the dorsomedial pouch gave access to the deep short medial CL (20/20 limbs), while the superficial (9) or middle (10) or both superficial and middle (1) short lateral CL could be reached via the dorsolateral joint recess.

Conclusions

Limited parts of the tarsal CLs can be observed or manipulated arthroscopically in normal equine tarsocrural joints.
Catching the Spirit of Cultural Care: A Midwifery Exemplar
Authors: Jesse D. Elizabeth , Kirkpatrick Mary K.
Published: February 2013

Midwives provide an integral part of health care in underserved, rural areas of the United States. To meet the health care needs of people from diverse cultures, they need to learn culturally competent care. This article describes efforts by a university and its college of nursing to adapt to a changing cultural climate and prepare faculty and students to become culturally competent in practice encounters with diverse populations. Culturally competent care is infused in the midwifery curriculum through self‐directed inquiry and discovery approaches. Outcomes of these approaches are evident in the nurse‐midwifery program, which can serve as a model for integration of culturally competent care throughout the nursing curriculum.
A Multiple‐Baseline Study of the Effects Associated With Metacognitive Therapy in Postpartum Depression
Authors: Bevan Denise , Wittkowski Anja , Wells Adrian
Published: February 2013

Introduction: Postpartum depression is a disabling psychological disorder that, if left untreated, may have negative consequences for the mother, her partner, and the child. Although women with postpartum depression often experience symptoms of anxiety as well as depression, this has been underresearched. As metacognitive therapy assumes that the underlying mechanisms for both anxiety and depression are the same, it is a potentially useful psychological treatment for postpartum depression.

Methods: A pilot study was carried out using a multiple‐baseline single case series to examine the effects associated with metacognitive therapy in the treatment of depression. Six women with postpartum depression were assigned to no‐treatment baselines of 3 to 6 weeks, followed by 8 to 12 sessions of metacognitive therapy. Follow‐up with participants took place at 3 and 6 months posttreatment.

Results: All participants experienced clinically significant reductions in symptoms of depression and anxiety, with corresponding reductions in metacognitive beliefs consistent with the idea that this may be the mechanism by which change occurred. Furthermore, all scores fell within the normal range posttreatment, and effect sizes were large. Treatment gains were maintained at 3 and 6 months posttreatment by all participants.

Discussion: This pilot study suggests that metacognitive therapy may be an effective psychological treatment for postpartum depression.
Do Hookups Hurt? Exploring College Students’ Experiences and Perceptions
Authors: Bachtel Molly Kathleen
Published: February 2013

Introduction: Hookups refer to a range of sexual or physically intimate behaviors characterized by a lack of any expectation of a relationship or emotional intimacy. This study was designed to assess college students’ experiences and perceptions about hookups as related to mental/emotional and physical health issues.

Methods: Students at a 2‐year liberal arts college in the southeastern United States participated. A survey was created using current evidence on hookups and health issues. Random sampling invited 300 students to take the anonymous online survey. Responses to open‐ended questions were analyzed quantitatively; content analysis was used to assess responses to 2 open‐ended questions.

Results: Participants (N = 210) reported their own or their friends’ experiences as a result of a hookup. Feelings included sexual regret (reported by 62%), relationship/interpersonal conflict (48%), negative emotional reactions (47%), negative social repercussions (41%), learning to “shut down” emotionally (33%), psychological distress (31%), loss of friend(s) or peer group (28%), anxiety (28%), depression (21%), and sexually transmitted infections (19%). Most students (60%) had at least one hookup experience; more than half (55%) had mixed feelings/ambivalence about these experiences. Qualitative analysis identified 6 themes regarding reasons for sexual regret: regret over choice of partner, negative social repercussions, hopes for relationship did not materialize, moral issues, too much/too fast/too drunk, and suboptimal sexual performance/experience.

Discussion: The findings indicate that a significant level of negative health issues is experienced in conjunction with hookups, and health care providers should be aware and educate patients appropriately.
End‐of‐life care in a rehabilitation centre for older people in Australia
Authors: Tan Heather , Digby Robin , Bloomer Melissa , Wang Yixin , O'Connor Margaret
Published: February 2013

Aim

To investigate processes at the end of life for patients who died in a subacute evaluation and management facility for older people.

Methods

A retrospective chart audit for patients (n = 55) who died in the previous 2 years was undertaken, recording a number of significant variables.

Results

Despite diagnosis of comorbid medical conditions, most participants were admitted for improved functioning or assessment for alternative accommodation. Consistent with this focus, the key contact person was most often an allied health team member. Not For Resuscitation order and/or power of attorney documents on admission were uncommon (<30%) as were referrals to palliative care specialist staff (13%), although an end‐of‐life discussion was recorded (90%) and often included as a new goal of care (71%).

Conclusion

Factors likely to improve end‐of‐life care include advance care planning, earlier recognition of short prognosis and staff education.
Weight gain in steer and heifer calves treated with zeranol or oestradiol 17β
Authors: SAWYER G J
Published: February 2013

SUMMARY: Male and female Hereford and Hereford cross beef calves between 2.5 and 4.5 months of age were implanted with 36 mg zeranol, 24 mg oestradiol 17β or left untreated, and then weighed every 4 to 5 weeks. Calves treated with zeranol or oestradiol 17β gained 9.6 kg (8.2%) and 12.9 kg (11.0%) more weight respectively than untreated calves. Steer calves gained more weight than heifer calves. There was no response to either growth promotant in heifers or in zeranol‐treated steers beyond 35 days after implantation, and the only significant further gains in the next 31 days were made by steers treated with oestradiol 17β. After this time growth of treated and control calves was similar. The lack of a continued response to the growth promotants was not associated with significantly lower growth rates in any weighing interval.

Possible reasons for the duration of response observed and the difference in response between the sexes are discussed.
Evaluation of four serological tests for the diagnosis of caprine melioidosis
Authors: THOMAS AD , SPINKS GA , D'ARCY TL , NORTON JH , TRUEMAN KF
Published: February 2013

SUMMARY: A complement fixation (CF) test, 2 indirect haemagglutination (IHA‐A; IHA‐L) tests which differed in antigen preparation and technique, and a microtitre agglutination (MA) test were compared in the serodiagnosis of melioidosis in goats. One hundred and eighteen experimental serums and 3143 field serums from goats in endemic and non‐endemic areas of north Queensland were used in the evaluation. Culture of samples for Pseudomonas pseudomallei from 112 goats provided substantiating evidence of infection. The IHA‐A test was the most sensitive, and the CF test the most specific. We advocate the use of the IHA‐A as a screening test followed by the CF test for confirmation of active melioidosis. The IHA‐A test is the better indicator of past infection.
Bovine leucosis virus contamination of a vaccine produced in vivo against bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis
Authors: ROGERS RJ , DIMMOCK CK , de VOS AJ , RODWELL BJ
Published: February 2013

SUMMARY: Contamination of a batch of tick fever (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) vaccine with bovine leucosis virus (BLV) was detected when a herd, in the final stages of an enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) accreditation program, developed a large number of seropositive cattle following use of tick fever vaccine. Investigations incriminated a single calf used to produce Anaplasma centrale vaccine from which 13,959 doses were distributed. The failure of this calf to give a positive agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test before use was not fully explained. A total of 22,627 cattle from 111 herds receiving contaminated vaccine was tested to validate claims for compensation. Results showed infection rates of 62% and 51.8% in vaccinated dairy and beef cattle, respectively, compared with 6.1% and 1.5% in non‐vaccinated cattle in the same herds. The results also indicated that infection did not spread from vaccinated to non‐vaccinated in‐contact cattle. Heavy reliance is now placed on purchase of calves for vaccine production from EBL accredited‐free herds and on transmission tests from the calves to sheep to prevent a recurrence of contamination. The need for a BLV antigen detection test, with the sensitivity of the sheep transmission test but simpler and faster to perform, is evident.
An Assessment of Performance in the Routine Analysis of Silicate Rocks Based on an Analysis of Data Submitted to the GeoPT Proficiency Testing Programme for Geochemical Laboratories (2001–2011)
Authors: Potts Philip J. , Webb Peter C. , Thompson Michael
Published: February 2013

Data reported by laboratories contributing to the GeoPT proficiency testing programme for geochemical laboratories over the period from 2001 to 2011 have been assessed to identify the elements and concentration ranges over which analytical performance can be considered satisfactory. Criteria developed in the paper indicated that performance in the content determination of the elements/constituents SiO2, Al2O3, MnO, Cs, Dy, Er, Eu, Ga, Hf, Ho, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sr, Tb, Tl, Tm, U, Y, Yb and Zn was satisfactory over the full concentration range assessed. The elements/constituents TiO2, Fe2O3(T), MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, Ba, Be, Cd, Ce, Co, Gd, La, Li, Nb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Ta, Th, V and Zr showed some degradation in performance at lower concentration levels (approaching the detection limit of some techniques). Performance in determining LOI, As, Bi, Cr, Cu, Ge, Mo, Ni, Pb and W was in general unsatisfactory over the full concentration range assessed. Other elements (especially Fe(II)O, H2O+, CO2, Ag, Au, B, Br, Cl, F, Hg, I, In, Ir, N, Os, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, S, Se, Te) could not be evaluated as they were not routinely reported by laboratories participating in the GeoPT programme, often because they are present in silicate rocks at sufficiently low concentrations to require a pre‐concentration stage. Some suggestions are made for the causes of unsatisfactory performance, but further progress will require a detailed assessment of the methods used by participating laboratories, which will form the subject of a further paper.
Rhinosporidiosis in the parotid duct: a rare case report
Authors: Panda Swagatika , Lenka Sthitaprajna , Padhiary Subrat K. , Sahoo Sujit R. , Srivastava Gunjan
Published: February 2013

Endemic to South India and Sri Lanka, Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by an agent of uncertain taxonomy: Rhinosporidium seeberi. Although it commonly manifests as a proliferative nasal lesion, many cases of Rhinosporidiosis have been reported where it has appeared as an extranasal lesion. The reported extranasal sites include the eye, ear, trachea, and parotid duct. However, the involvement of the parotid duct is quite rare, even among extranasal sites. The case presented is an adult female from the non‐endemic zone of East India with a proliferative mass in the parotid duct. Although Rhinosporidiosis was not taken into consideration in the clinical differential diagnosis, eventual histopathological diagnosis confirmed Rhinosporidiosis. As this appears to be the second case of Rhinosporidiosis in the parotid duct in East India in 4 years, we encourage clinicians to be flexible in the differential diagnosis of proliferative growth in the parotid duct, even in those from non‐endemic areas.
Marine shelf habitat: biogeography and evolution
Authors: Briggs John C. , Bowen Brian W.
Published: February 2013

We synthesize the evolutionary implications of recent advances in the fields of phylogeography, biogeography and palaeogeography for shallow‐water marine species, focusing on marine speciation and the relationships among the biogeographic regions and provinces of the world. A recent revision of biogeographic provinces has resulted in the recognition of several new provinces and a re‐evaluation of provincial relationships. These changes, and the information that led to them, make possible a clarification of distributional dynamics and evolutionary consequences. Most of the new conclusions pertain to biodiversity hotspots in the tropical Atlantic, tropical Indo‐West Pacific, cold‐temperate North Pacific, and the cold Southern Ocean. The emphasis is on the fish fauna, although comparative information on invertebrates is utilized when possible. Although marine biogeographic provinces are characterized by endemism and thus demonstrate evolutionary innovation, dominant species appear to arise within smaller centres of high species diversity and maximum interspecies competition. Species continually disperse from such centres of origin and are readily accommodated in less diverse areas. Thus, the diversity centres increase or maintain species diversity within their areas of influence, and are part of a global system responsible for the maintenance of biodiversity over much of the marine world.
Efficacy/Safety of a Fixed‐Dose Amlodipine/Olmesartan Medoxomil–Based Treatment Regimen in Hypertensive Blacks and Non‐Blacks With Uncontrolled BP on Prior Antihypertensive Monotherapy
Authors: Nesbitt Shawna , Shojaee Ali , Maa Jen‐Fue
Published: February 2013

In this secondary analysis of a dose‐titration study of patients with hypertension uncontrolled on prior monotherapy, blacks (n=234) and non‐blacks (n=765) were switched to amlodipine (AML)/olmesartan medoxomil (OM) 5/20 mg, with uptitration every 4 weeks to AML/OM 5/40 mg and then AML/OM 10/40 mg to achieve a seated cuff blood pressure (SeBP) of <120/70 mm Hg. Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 and 25 mg could be added if SeBP was ≥125/75 mm Hg. The cumulative proportions of patients achieving systolic SeBP <140 mm Hg (<130 mm Hg if diabetic) at 12 weeks were 71.6% for blacks and 77.2% for non‐blacks. Mean SeBP change from baseline in blacks (mean baseline BP: 153.0/93.7 mm Hg) ranged from −11.7/−6.1 mm Hg for AML/OM 5/20 mg to −23.6/−12.9 mm Hg for AML/OM 10/40 mg +hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (all P<.0001). Antihypertensive efficacy was maintained throughout the 24‐hour dosing interval. An AML/OM‐based regimen was effective in blacks with hypertension uncontrolled on prior monotherapy.
Rate and Predictors of Blood Pressure Control in a Federal Qualified Health Center in Michigan: A Huge Concern?
Authors: Olomu Adesuwa B. , Gourineni Venu , Huang Jason L. , Pandya Nirzari , Efeovbokhan Nephertiti , Samaraweera Janaki , Parashar Kamesh , Holmes‐Rovner Margaret
Published: February 2013

Hypertension (HTN) is particularly burdensome in low‐income groups. Federal‐qualified health centers (FQHCs) provide care for low‐income and medically underserved populations. To assess the rates and predictors of blood pressure (BP) control in an FQHC in Michigan, a retrospective analysis of all patients with HTN, coronary artery disease, and/or diabetes mellitus (DM) seen between January 2006 and December 2008 was conducted. Of 212 patients identified, 154 had a history of HTN and 122 had DM. BP control was achieved in 38.2% of the entire cohort and in 31.1% of patients with DM. The mean age was lower in patients with controlled BP in both the total population (P=.05) and the DM subgroup (P=.02). A logistic regression model found only female sex (odds ratio, 2.27; P=.02) to be associated with BP control and a trend towards an association of age with uncontrolled BP (odds ratio, 0.97; P=.06). BP control in nondiabetics was 47.8% vs 31.1% in diabetic patients (P=.02). We found that patients who attended the FQHC had a lower rate of BP control compared with the national average. Our study revealed a male sex disparity and significantly lower rate of BP control among DM patients.
Effects of Add‐On Nebivolol on Blood Pressure and Glucose Parameters in Hypertensive Patients With Prediabetes
Authors: Deedwania Prakash , Shea John , Chen Wei , Brener Lillian
Published: February 2013

In this multicenter trial, the effects of nebivolol added to an angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) were assessed in patients with hypertension (diastolic blood pressure [DBP] 80–110 mm Hg) and prediabetes (fasting blood glucose 100–125 mg/dL and/or 2‐hour oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] 140–199 mg/dL). After a 4‐week run‐in period (in which lisinopril [10 mg/d] or losartan [50 mg/d] treatment was initiated), patients with DBP 90–110 mm Hg were randomized (2:2:1) to 12‐week, double‐blind treatment with nebivolol (n=223; 5–40 mg/d), hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ; n=212; 12.5–25 mg/d), or placebo (n=102), titrated to achievement of 130/80 mm Hg. The primary outcome measure was DBP (last observation carried forward, intent to treat population); secondary measures included systolic blood pressure (SBP) and glucose levels. At baseline, overall mean values for body mass index, triglycerides, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were 32.3 kg/m2, 1.7 mmol/L, and 1.3 mmol/L, respectively. At week 12, nebivolol and placebo groups demonstrated a decrease of −9.4 and −5.0 mm Hg, respectively (P<.001) for DBP and −10.4 and −7.8 mm Hg for SBP (P=.147). The mean changes in area under the curve OGTT were 0.0 mg/dL (nebivolol), 6.9 mg/dL (HCTZ; P=.024 vs nebivolol), and −1.0 mg/dL (placebo). Adverse event–related discontinuation rates were 10.3%, 6.6%, and 2.0%, respectively. Nebivolol, added to an ACE inhibitor or ARB, provides additional blood pressure reduction with little or no effect on glucose metabolism in hypertensive patients with prediabetes.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Authors: Kim J.H. , Kim S.‐C.
Published: February 2013

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a chronic autoimmune subepidermal bullous disease with clinical features similar to the genetic form of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. EBA is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against type VII collagen which is a major component of the anchoring fibrils at the dermal‐epidermal junction. EBA can be divided into two main clinical types; mechanobullous and inflammatory EBA. Mechanobullous EBA, referred to as classic EBA, presents with skin fragility, blisters and dystrophic changes on trauma‐prone areas. Inflammatory EBA resembles other autoimmune subepidermal bullous diseases. Compelling evidence from mouse models supports a pathogenic role of autoantibodies against type VII collagen in EBA. Treatment of EBA is often unsatisfactory. The most widely used systemic treatment is corticosteroids. Colchicine and dapsone have been reported to be good treatment modalities when combined with corticosteroids. Some intractable cases of EBA have successfully been treated with intravenous immunoglobulin or rituximab.
Scabies increased the risk of chronic kidney disease: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Chung S.‐D. , Wang K.‐H. , Huang C.‐C. , Lin H.‐C.
Published: February 2013

Background

The most documented complication of scabies has been reported to be infection by group A streptococci, which has in turn been suggested to contribute to the development of glomerulonephritis.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) subsequent to scabies utilizing a population‐based dataset in Taiwan.

Methods

This retrospective matched‐cohort study included 5071 subjects with scabies and 25 355 randomly selected comparison subjects. We individually tracked each subject for a 5‐year period to identify those who subsequently received a diagnosis of CKD during the follow‐up period. Stratified Cox proportional hazards regressions were performed to compute the hazard ratio (HR) of CKD during the 5‐year follow‐up period.

Results

The incidence rate of CKD during the 5‐year follow‐up period was 9.66 (8.51–10.93) per 1,000 person‐years and 6.24 (5.82–6.69) per 1000 person‐years for subjects with and without scabies respectively. The HR for CKD during the 5‐year follow‐up period for subjects with scabies was 1.34 (95% CI = 1.15–1.56) that of comparison subjects after adjusting for monthly income, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, stroke, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tobacco use disorder, hyperlipidemia and alcohol abuse during the 5‐year follow‐up period. Male subjects with scabies were 1.40 (95% CI = 1.14–1.71) times more likely than comparison subjects to suffer from subsequent CKD, and female study subjects were 1.27 (95% CI = 1.05–1.61) times more likely.

Conclusions

We concluded that there was an increased risk for CKD among patients suffering from scabies.
Bulk‐Fill Flowable Composite Resins
Authors: Walter Ricardo
Published: February 2013

Recent developed flowable composite resins have been marketed for bulk filling of preparations or replacement of dentin in a single increment. The obvious attraction of these materials—quicker placement of restorations—has rapidly made them very popular despite the limited in vitro data and lack of clinical studies. This Critical Appraisal will review some of the available in vitro literature on the topic and summarize the available knowledge in this new category of restorative materials.
Dopamine D2 receptor activation leads to an up‐regulation of glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor via Gβγ‐Erk1/2‐dependent induction of Zif268
Authors: Ahmadiantehrani Somayeh , Ron Dorit
Published: February 2013

Glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent growth factor essential to the development, survival, and function of dopaminergic neurons (Airaksinen and Saarma 2002). The molecular mechanisms underlying GDNF expression remain elusive; thus, we set out to identify a signaling pathway that governs GDNF levels. We found that treatment of both differentiated dopaminergic‐like SH‐SY5Y cells and rat midbrain slices with the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist, quinpirole, triggered an increase in the expression of GDNF that was temporally preceded by an increase in the levels of zinc‐finger protein 268 (Zif268), a DNA‐binding transcription factor encoded by an immediate‐early gene. Moreover, the D2R inhibitor raclopride blocked the increase of both GDNF and Zif268 expression following potassium‐evoked dopamine release in SH‐SY5Y cells. We used adenoviral delivery of small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Zif268 to down‐regulate its expression and found that Zif268 is specifically required for the D2R‐mediated up‐regulation of GDNF. Furthermore, the D2R‐mediated induction of GDNF and Zif268 expression was dependent on Gβγ‐mediated signaling and activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2. Importantly, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we identified a direct association of Zif268 with the GDNF promoter. These results suggest that D2R activation induces a Gβγ‐ and extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2‐dependent increase in the level of Zif268, which functions to directly up‐regulate the expression of GDNF.
Localization of the primordial vomeronasal organ and its relationship to the associated gland in lungfish
Authors: Nakamuta Shoko , Nakamuta Nobuaki , Taniguchi Kazumi , Taniguchi Kazuyuki
Published: February 2013

The lungfish, the closest fish to tetrapods, has two types of sensory epithelia in the olfactory organ: the lamellar olfactory epithelium and the recess epithelium. The former resembles the olfactory epithelium of ordinary teleosts and the latter resembles the vomeronasal organ of tetrapods with respect to the G‐protein expressions and the morphological properties of olfactory receptor cells. In contrast to the lamellar olfactory epithelium covering the surface of olfactory lamella, the recess epithelium, together with the glandular epithelium, lines the recesses at the base of olfactory lamellae and is separated from the surrounding tissues by nonsensory epithelium. In the present study, we examined the distribution of these recesses and the relationship between the recess epithelium and the associated gland in the nasal sac of lungfish. We found that the posterior part of the nasal sac contained more recesses than the anterior one, and the medial one contained more recesses than the lateral one. In addition, virtually all recesses consisted of both the recess epithelium and the glandular epithelium. Furthermore, the glandular epithelium was invariably situated proximal to the midline raphe of the nasal sac, and the recess epithelium distal to it. Possible roles of the recess epithelium and the glandular epithelium are discussed.
Osteopathology associated with bone resorption inhibitors – which role does Actinomyces play? A presentation of 51 cases with systematic review of the literature
Authors: Schipmann S. , Metzler P. , Rössle M. , Zemann W. , von Jackowski J. , Obwegeser J. A. , Grätz K. W. , Jacobsen C.
Published: February 2013

Background

Bone resorption inhibitor‐related osteopathology of the jaw (BRIOJ) is a severe complication in patients treated with bisphosphonates or denosumab. However, the precise pathogenesis of BRIOJ is not yet fully understood. Recent studies discovered the presence of Actinomyces colonies in biopsy material from BRIOJ patients. The aim of this study was to analyze current knowledge concerning the impact of Actinomyces on the pathogenesis of this condition and to present data from our own patients.

Methods

Data from 51 patients with histopathological diagnoses of BRIOJ were retrospectively analyzed. In addition, a systematic literature search for studies describing the presence of Actinomyces was performed.

Results

Actinomyces was present in 86% of our cases and 63.3% of 371 cases presented in the literature. All of our patients and 85% of patients described in the literature had a clearly defined local focus in association with osteopathology. A clear picture of whether Actinomyces colonizes the previously necrotic bone or contributes to inflammation causing subsequent bone necrosis is lacking in the literature.

Conclusion

The pathogenesis of BRIOJ remains unknown; however, there seems to be a role for Actinomyces, and possibly other pathogens, in the development of osteopathology of the jaws, which is not exclusive to bisphosphonate therapy. This study supports the hypothesis that an infectious component is of utmost importance for the pathogenesis of BRIOJ.
Quality of canine spermatozoa retrieved by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration
Authors: Varesi S. , Vernocchi V. , Faustini M. , Luvoni G.C.
Published: February 2013

Objectives

To investigate the feasibility of percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration in dogs and whether it might provide a population of epididymal spermatozoa similar to the population that can be obtained by processing isolated epididymis caudae.

Methods

Concentration and total sperm number, motility, morphology and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa retrieved by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration, in vitro aspiration and mincing of the cauda of the epididymis were compared.

Results

Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration is a feasible procedure to retrieve a population of spermatozoa in dogs. Quality is similar to that of spermatozoa collected in vitro, although a wide variation amongst animals was observed.

Clinical Significance

In case of ejaculation failure due to pathological conditions in dogs, the collection of spermatozoa from the cauda of the epididymis could be an option for providing gametes for assisted reproductive technologies. Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration can be used in dogs with compromised reproductive performance, in which orchiectomy cannot be performed for medical or owner reasons. Further studies aimed to investigate whether the percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration technique might be feasible for repeated semen collection and to accurately evaluate side effects are required.
Curettage and diathermy: a treatment for feline nasal planum actinic dysplasia and superficial squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jarrett R. H. , Norman E. J. , Gibson I. R. , Jarrett P.
Published: February 2013

Objective

To evaluate curettage and diathermy as a treatment for actinic dysplasia and superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the feline nasal planum.

Methods

Thirty‐four cats clinically assessed to have actinic dysplasia and superficial squamous cell carcinoma involving less than 50% of the nasal planum were treated with a three‐cycle curettage and diathermy procedure. Degree of dysplasia, response to treatment, adverse effects, owner perceptions, time to recurrence and proportion disease free at 1 year were evaluated.

Results

Lesions ranged from actinic keratoses to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. A complete response to treatment was obtained in all cats. The median follow‐up time was 18 · 2 (IQR: 12 · 0–22 · 8) months. Two cats had a clinical recurrence of lesions at 161 and 192 days after treatment. The probability of remaining disease free after 12 months was 0 · 94 (95%CI: 0 · 85–1 · 0). Median time to recurrence was not reached. The procedure was well tolerated with a good cosmetic outcome and no significant post‐operative complications.

Clinical Significance

This study suggests that curettage and diathermy is an effective treatment for feline actinic dysplasia and for superficial squamous cell carcinoma involving less than 50% of the nasal planum. Curettage and diathermy is an easily mastered technique, requiring minimal equipment.
Introgression of transgenic crop alleles: Its evolutionary impacts on conserving genetic diversity of crop wild relatives
Authors: LU Bao‐Rong
Published: February 2013

Effective conservation of crop wild relative (CWR) species is essential for the sustainable use and genetic improvement of crop varieties, which offers greater opportunities for world food security, particularly in modern agroecosystems where CWR diversity is under severe threat. Factors such as habitat fragmentation, human disturbances, global climate change, and invasion of harmful alien species have been identified to be responsible for losses and threats to CWR diversity. However, a neglected factor, gene introgression from domesticated species through repeated outcrossing, may have a significant impact on CWR diversity. Introgression can influence genetic diversity and evolutionary processes of CWR populations through effects such as demographic swarming, genetic assimilation, and selective sweep. When largely enhancing or reducing fitness of wild plants, the introgression of crop genes will impose more significant genetic and evolutionary impacts on CWR populations, leading to undesired consequences for conserved CWR populations and species. This situation is particularly true when genetically engineered (GE) crops are deployed for commercial cultivation. It is argued that a GE crop usually contains transgenes with strong natural selection advantages, and such transgenes introgressed into CWR populations may have strong impacts on their genetic diversity and evolutionary processes, threatening their conservation. This article reviews the challenge of crop–wild gene flow, and particularly transgene introgression from GE crops, for the in situ conservation of wild relative species. The design of effective management strategies for conserving CWR species under the scenario of extensive cultivation of GE crops is also discussed.