bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical Study of Intralaryngeal Ganglia in the Cat
Authors: Tsuda Kuniyoshi , Shin Takemoto , Masuko Sadahiko
Published: January 2017

To study the mechanism of autonomic regulation in the larynx, intralaryngeal local ganglia of the cat were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. Small intralaryngeal ganglia were found in the peripheral portions of internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve. Ninety‐one percent of the ganglionic neurons were immunoreactive (IR) to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and 10% of the VIP‐IR cells were also immunoreactive to enkephalin (ENK) and/or substance P (SP). The immunoreactivity of neuronal cell bodies remained unchanged even after denervation of the bilateral superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. A dense distribution of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐IR nerve fibers was found around almost all neuronal cells in the intralaryngeal. ganglia. A few VIP‐IR, ENK‐IR, and SP‐IR nerve fibers were also observed. Only the CGRP‐IR fibers disappeared after the denervation experiments. in the laryngeal glands and mucosal arterioles, VIP‐IR nerve terminals were found that were also immunoreactive to ENK and/or SP. However, these Immunoreactive nerve endings in the glands and arterioles remained after the denervation experiments. The results of our study indicate that laryngeal exocrine secretion and blood flow are regulated by postganglionic autonomic parasympathetic fibers from intralaryngeal ganglia that contain VIP alone or VIP with ENK and/or SP, and that these ganglionic neurons may be innervated by CGRP‐IR extrinsic nerve fibers.
Transfusion, Recurrence, and Infection in Head and Neck Cancer Surgery
Authors: von Doersten Peter , Cruz Raul M. , Selby Joseph V. , Hilsinger Raymond L.
Published: January 2017

The detrimental effects of transfusion have been documented—particularly by surgical oncologists, who believe transfusion‐induced immunosuppression increases the incidence of recurrence and infectious complications. We examined this relation in surgical oncology of the head and neck. After meeting strict inclusion criteria, 104 patients were entered into the study, In which 31 variables of a clinical, surgical, pathologic, laboratory, and treatment nature were studied. Multivariate analysis showed transfusion did not significantly affect recurrence or infectious complications. However, by univariate analysis, infectious complications were related to transfusion (p = 0.029). The variables age (p = 0.024), postoperative hemoglobin level (p = 0.049), and spread to regional lymph node (p = 0.0015) were found to significantly affect the incidence of recurrence. In the three previous otolaryngologic studies, transfusions had been shown to affect recurrence; however, two studies used univariate analysis only. Since this is one of the first otolaryngologic studies to examine the relation of transfusion with infectious complications, prospective studies using multivariate analysis are warranted. Meanwhile, the decision to transfuse should continue to depend on the clinical status of the patient.
Bone Conduction Implants: Transcutaneous vs. Percutaneous
Authors: Wade Phillip S. , Halik Jerry J. , Chasin Marshall
Published: January 2017

Clinical experience with transcutaneous bone conduction implants has demonstrated that they are most beneficial for patients with purely conductive hearing loss in at least one ear. Percutaneous bone conduction implants, however, have been reported to provide adequate benefit for patients with mixed hearing loss with bone conduction pure‐tone averages up to 45 db hl (Tjellstrom, 1989). The results of 24 Xomed Audiant osseointegrated bone conduction hearing devices (including a clinical trial on two patients using a new, larger magnet [Neodynium Iron Boron]), plus the results of eleven patients implanted and fitted with the percutaneous bone‐anchored hearing aid are reported. Aided results with these devices will be presented. In addition, general comparisons of benefit obtained with the two devices will be made for patients who exhibit similar hearing losses. Finally, a direct comparison will be made on two patients who have undergone both implant procedures.
Absence of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Treated Infants and Children with Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Authors: McGee Therese , Wolters Cheryl , Stein Laszlo , Kraus Nina , Johnson Daniel , Boyer Kenneth , Mets Marilyn , Roizen Nancy , Beckman Jeanne , Meier Paul , Swisher Charles , Holfels Ellen , Withers Shawn , Patel Dushyant , McLeod Rima
Published: January 2017

Educationally significant hearing loss has been reported in 10% to 15% of children with congenital toxoplasmosis. As part of a pilot study to assess feasibility and safety of prolonged therapy for congenital toxoplasmosis, 30 congenially infected infants and children were evaluated for auditory function. Serial testing, beginning within 2 months of birth, was performed. Availability of auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing made evaluation at an earlier age than previously possible. Six (20%) of the 30 infants had mild to moderate conductive type hearing loss associated with otitis media. No infant or child had sensorineural hearing loss. The better outcome we observed compared to previous reports of a 15% to 26% incidence of sensorineural hearing loss and 10% to 15% incidence of educationally significant, bilateral hearing impairment may be related to early initiation and/or prolonged institution of antimicrobial therapy. Continued followup to exclude progressive hearing impairment and study of larger numbers of children are needed to verify these preliminary findings.
Managerial Competence: Do Technical Capabilities Matter?
Authors: Rajadhyaksha Ujvala
Published: January 2017

Globalization and rapid technological change is a reality for companies today. It has changed the manner in which business has been routinely conducted and has brought into focus delivery of results in real time. Newer forms of organizational structures have emerged that are flatter with fewer hierarchical levels. Career paths are no longer linear and unbroken but are spiralling and lateral in nature. The traditional employment contract between employees and organization has altered. While earlier it was normal to assume a life time of security in exchange for doing a good job, now employees are increasingly looking for opportunities for professional development that will enhance their future employability.

All these changes have had implications for HR departments and performance appraisal in the new business context. Instead of evaluating primarily on the basis of quantitative results and on what is achieved, the focus is shifting to how it is achieved as an indication of an employee's ability to keep performing well in the future. It has made ‘competencies’ the new mantra for the HR departments aiming to effect change within organizations.

Based on a sample data of over 250 executives in one of India's largest vehicle manufacturing companies, this paper reviews the concept of competency, how it is assessed, and brings out the need for assessing technical competency. The final model that emerges from the study goes beyond managerial competencies — a model of techno-managerial competency that may be better suited to emerging jobs in a more technology-driven future.

This model consists of four factors: technical skills comprising of knowledge fundamentals, engineering drawing appreciation, manufacturability appreciation, materials choice appreciation, knowledge of emerging trends, etc. group problem-solving skills comprising of problem analysis, creativity and originality, technical leadership ability, communication ability, people management skills, etc. managerial skills comprising of perseverance, quest for learning, business understanding, visualization, attention to detail, etc. aptitude comprising of analytical ability, creativity, risk-taking orientation, etc.
Towards Standardizing Education: Specific Dispositions for Educators and their Impact on Teacher Efficacy
Authors: Krishnaveni R , Anitha J
Published: January 2017

In today's competitive environment, all professions need standardization and formulation of guidelines. This study develops a comprehensive model of professional characteristics of an Educator that would prepare them for high standards of professional achievements. A vital quality of the educators — ‘teacher efficacy’ — is studied for establishing an association with the various characteristics that would result in identification of specific dispositions.

A set of ten vital characteristics were identified which were sorted under three spheres of the educators'. work life. These characteristics were then defined appropriately for the teaching discipline. A questionnaire with sixty items validated for its reliability and validity was then used to collect data from 98 medical professors. The data was processed in statistical package for social sciences to analyse the existing characteristics. Partial Least Squares method was used to build a research model that show the inter-linkages between the characteristics and those with teacher efficacy with their strength of association.

A wide range of literature resulted in ten characteristics namely subject knowledge, teaching prowess, updating knowledge, collegiality, commitment, teacher-student relationship, empowerment, self development, remuneration and ethical conduct and a theoretical three-factor model of professional characteristics of educators. The level of the existing professional dispositions for the various demographics is calculated and discussed. A research model depicting the inter-linkages between the ten characteristics and teacher efficacy is developed which is analysed using the t-statistic through partial least squares method. Subject knowledge and updating knowledge leads to teaching prowess Collegiality, teacher-student relationship and empowerment lead to commitment Teaching prowess, commitment, self development, and remuneration correlates to teacher efficacy. Self development, commitment, and subject knowledge have a major impact on teacher efficacy.

These characteristics when enhanced will be found to have an enriched teacher efficacy with the educators in the medical stream. It is believed that enhancing of teacher efficacy would result in improving student motivation and student achievement which is the ultimate goal of any institution. It would also have a deep impact on students who will be trained and dealt with in a more proficient approach.

The paper limits itself in analysing the inter-linkages of characteristics and their impact on teacher efficacy for the stream of medical educators only. The model may be used for various educational streams. Further study is possible focusing on the impact of these characteristics on students, institution, and the community as a whole.
The Effect of Pleasure and Arousal on Satisfaction and Word-of-Mouth: An Empirical Study of the Indian Banking Sector
Authors: Das Gopal
Published: January 2017

During the last decade, the Indian banking sector has shown a remarkable advancement in terms of innovation, growth, and value creation. Behind this development of the Indian banking sector, several factors like customer satisfaction and word-of-mouth (WOM) are responsible. Literature has reported that pleasure and arousal play an important role in customer satisfaction. Investigations have been carried out on the influence of pleasure and arousal on behavioural intentions including satisfaction and WOM. However, there has been no such study for the banking sector. This gap in research has motivated this study.

This paper suggests a conceptual model in which pleasure and arousal directly influence satisfaction and WOM. It also tests the impact of satisfaction on WOM. Based on prior literature, several hypotheses stating the linkages among pleasure, arousal, satisfaction, and word-of-mouth were developed. Russell�s framework for pleasure and arousal (emotion) formed the basis of the model.

For the purpose of the study, face-to-face interviews with a structured questionnaire were conducted to collect data. Participants included customers above 18 years from both public and private sector banks in three cities namely, Kolkata, Durgapur, and Haldia of West Bengal, India. Data collection was done with the use of area sampling procedure. Out of 500 questionnaires administered, about 310 questionnaires were useable for analysis. The data analysis was done with SPSS 19 and AMOS 18. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS 18 was applied to explore the links between the constructs in the conceptual model. The overall fit of the conceptual model was assessed using several indices furnished in the AMOS output. The fit index results suggested model fitness with the data.

The results of the study indicate that: Pleasure has significant positive and negative impacts on satisfaction and WOM respectively. Arousal has significant negative and positive impact on satisfaction and WOM. Satisfaction has positive significant impact on WOM.
The Microeconomics of Choice under Risk and Uncertainty: Where Are We?
Authors: Bryant WDA
Published: January 2017

Financial decision-making is not straightforward, in part, because such decisions generally involve comparing financial assets the payoffs from which are subject to risk and uncertainty.

Given that situation, two questions naturally arise: How do economic agents go about the business of making choices in the face of risk and uncertainty? And, how should economic agents make choices in the face of risk and uncertainty?

This paper concentrates on the first of these questions and discusses some of the main attempts made by economic theory to understand how economic agents go about the business decision-making under conditions of risk and uncertainty.

Theoretical possibilities considered in the context of decisions under conditions of risk include: Expected value maximization, Expected utility maximization, Rank dependent utility maximization, Prospect theory, and the Topology of fear approach to decision-making in the face of catastrophic risk. This paper also considers empirical tests of these theoretical possibilities and some of the anomalies and responses thrown up by those tests such as: Allais Paradox, Discovered Preference Hypothesis, and the choice behaviour of CEOs when faced with risk.

The paper concludes with a brief excursion into choice under uncertainty where, unlike in risky choice situation, the existence of objective probabilities over states of the world cannot be relied on. In that context, the author briefly canvases the Subjective Expected Utility approach — which is unable in general to account for ambiguity aversion — Choquet utility, Wald's Multiple Priors, and the Case Based approach

This paper highlights the fact that the rich and fascinating field of decision-making under risk and uncertainty is characterized by a constant interplay between theoretical conjecture, empirical testing, and theoretical refinement. Such interplay is mirrored by this paper and contributions in the Colloquium Section of this Issue, where the thoughts of practitioners and academics interact.
Instability and Time Scale Dependence of Beta in an Emerging Market Economy: Evidence from India
Authors: Dubey Amlendu Kumar
Published: January 2017

This paper is an attempt in analysing time-scale dependence of systematic risk of stocks for an emerging market economy. Financial markets all over the world are characterized by heterogeneous investors. For example, different investors have different time horizons of investment which in turn is highly related to perception of risk of different investors in holding these stocks. Also, in emerging market economies, economic conditions are very fluid. Not only new firms are joining the market but existing firms themselves are changing rapidly; they are expanding into new markets, and at times with different products. Therefore, assuming that the risk in holding a firm's stock will be constant over a longer period is rather a restrictive assumption. Also, Indian equity markets are one of the most dynamic equity markets in the world today.

The last decade has been the most eventful period for the Indian securities market. Resource mobilization in the primary market has increased dramatically, rising sixfold between 2000 and 2010 (NSE, 2010), which is having a very significant impact on the risk-return trade-off in the secondary market. Market capitalization has grown substantially over the period indicating that not only more companies are using the stock markets for resource mobilization today but overall market participation has also increased considerably.

This paper tests for time-scale stability of beta of different trading stocks in the Indian equity market, using wavelet filters following Gencay et al (2002; 2005) and Fernandez (2006) and finds considerable instability in beta estimates. Based on this analysis, time-scale dependent beta estimates are provided for all the stocks under consideration.

Time-scale dependent estimates of systematic risk embedded in different stocks will provide considerable information to practitioners in terms of benefits of diversification while constructing different portfolios using different stocks traded in Indian equity markets. Essentially, with the tools explained in this paper, practitioners will be able to incorporate their horizons of investment while planning for portfolio diversification. Also, the results emphasize the importance of a hedging strategy that varies over different time horizons of investments over a strategy where the hedge ratio is invariant to different time horizons.
Construction of a Test Chamber for Human Infrasound Exposure
Authors: Møller Henrik
Published: January 2017

The report describes the construction of an infrasound test chamber, in which subjects can be exposed to controlled infrasound signals.

The infrasound is produced by 16 electrodynamic loudspeakers, mounted in one wall of the 16 m3 chamber. The maximum sound pressure level that can be obtained is 125 dB rms in the frequency range 0.05 Hz–30 Hz. At a level of 120 dB the 2nd and 3rd harmonic distortions are below 1%. The system does not utilize any acoustical resonances, thus giving a flat frequency response. In this way it is possible to reproduce a real environmental infrasound signal recorded on tape.

For the purpose of experiments of longer duration, the room is equipped with a ventilating system, which gives sufficient air exchange for 3 persons. When in use, this system increases the lower limiting frequency to 0.3 Hz.
A High Resolution, Hot-Wire Micro-Flow Meter with Various Applications
Authors: Bardeau H. , Druilhet A.
Published: January 2017

We have perfected a very sensitive, high-resolution electronic flow-meter. The module we have been working on has a cut-off frequency of 200 Hz. It works in a range of pressure-difference from 1 to 100 pascals, with a resolution of 0.1 pascal.

The device has enabled us to carry out a series of ground measurements tests of the air's dynamic pressure and of the structure ratio of this parameter, as well as differential pressure measurements.

Used as a very sensitive variometer, it has permitted measurements in altitude by means of a meteorological plane specially equipped for turbulence measurements. It can also be operational in a captive balloon or in a glider.
A Contribution to Optimizing the Power Train Suspension
Authors: Demić Miroslav , Lukić Jovanka
Published: January 2017

Contemporary passengers motor vehicles have to achieve a great deal of comfort requirements. Problems of noise and vibration reduction in vehicles may be solved by choice of optimal power train (PT) suspension. In this paper an analytical method is developed. Also, a global model of both vehicle and PT is developed and analyzed. Experimental investigations (laboratory and in field conditions) were done to verify the model. The adopted model was initially used to form the optimization method. Modified Hooke Jeeves method of optimization was combined with results obtained in the experimental research and modeling to form the optimization method. Obtained results from the optimization were a base for PT reconstruction of the analyzed vehicle.
Adaptive Feedback Control of Machine-Tool Vibration Based on the Filtered-X LMS-algorithm
Authors: Håkansson L. , Claesson I , Sturesson P.-O. H.
Published: January 2017

Adaptive feedback control of tool vibrations during metal cutting in a lathe has been investigated. The vibrations were controlled in the primary cutting direction and the control is based on the filtered-x LMS-algorithm. It was found that the adaptive feedback control can achieve a reduction of the tool vibrations with up to 35 dB at 1.7 kHz and simultaneously with approximately 30 dB at 3.1 kHz. A significant improvement of the workpiece surface was experienced together with a substantial reduction of the acoustic noise level with adaptive feedback control. Tool life is also expected to be extended and the material removal rate can probably be increased.
Adsorption of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution using bottom ash of expired drugs incineration
Authors: Benzaoui Thouria , Selatnia Ammar , Djabali Djaafar
Published: January 2017

The use of bottom ash of expired drugs incineration for removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution has been investigated. Analytical techniques have been employed to find characteristics of adsorbent materials. The removal of Cu(II) was conducted in batch system, and the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentrations of copper ions, and contact time on adsorption efficiency were studied. Optimum adsorption was achieved at a pH 5 and equilibrium was established within 15 min of the process. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using eight adsorption isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Redlich–Peterson, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Toth, Harkin–Jura and Halsey isotherms. The energy value obtained by application of Dubinin–Radushkevich model was 2.593 kJ/mol indicating that physisorption was the dominant mechanism of sorption. The values of the correlation coefficient (R2) of the isotherms gave the best fit (>0.99) with the Langmuir, Toth, and Redlich–Peterson isotherms. The adsorption capacity (qm) from the Langmuir isotherm for Cu(II) was found as 13.335 mg/g. The equation constant n of Toth isotherm model is found to be close to 1 (0.945), confirming that the adsorbent studied presents homogeneous surface under conditions used. It is concluded that bottom ash of expired drugs incineration can be used as an effective adsorbent for removing Cu(II) from aqueous solution.
A pilot investigation of parents’ questions about print and pictures to preschoolers with language delay
Authors: Ezell Helen K. , Justice Laura M.
Published: January 2017

Twelve parents and their language-delayed children were videotaped during a shared storybook reading. Parents’ questions were coded as referencing print or pictures. Whereas questions about pictures were found to be numerous, questions about print were nearly nonexistent. Moreover, parents’ questions about pictures were found to correlate negatively with children’s expressive vocabulary skills.
Spaceframes: Diversity and Flexibility
Authors: Noble A. H.
Published: January 2017

Spaceframe systems have increased in their diversity, ranging over high-, mid- and low-tech solutions. This article classifies double-layer grid systems in these three categories, illustrating the categories from some recent systems developed by Abba Space Structures in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Space Frames of Variable Geometry
Authors: Verheyen Hugo François
Published: January 2017

Space frames are generally studied as stable, rigid structures. However, the addition of transformation systems offers a new dimension in theoretical research. In this paper an approach to the transformation of polyhedral and spherical space frames is introduced, resulting in a uniform, rigid ‘impansion’, whereby all the edges are cut into three parts held together by two hinges.

Geometrical description reveals a whole new family of such structures, presented here as being made transformable by the simple vertical motion of a central rod, going up and down, and ex/impanding the structure in a uniform symmetric and rigid way. Motorized scale models illustrate the process throughout the paper.

Within this family two structures occur of particular interest, since they can be used as single space fillers: the cube and the rhombic dodecahedron. Used as impandable space frame elements, they can fill up a single- or multiple-layer grid, which is impandable and rigid.
The Elastoplastic Analysis of Pin-Jointed Spatial Structures
Authors: Madi Usama Rustom
Published: January 2017

The basic ingredients and techniques for the elastoplastic analysis of pin-jointed spatial structures are surveyed and studied in an attempt to understand their significance and applications.
Self-Shaping Space Structures
Authors: Bini Dante N , Pietrogrande Stefano
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the evolution of an innovative concept devised by Dante Bini in the early Sixties and later developed in a series of construction systems. This concept is based on the use of air pressure as a source of power for developing an automatic building process. The idea has further developed into a series of technologies based on the use of energy stored within various components of a self-shaping structure. These concepts may represent a first step toward “Auto-construction”.
An Analytical Method for Static Analysis of Double Layer Grids
Authors: Chan H.C. , Cai C.W. , Cheung Y.K.
Published: January 2017

An analytical method for the static analysis of double layer grids consisting of diagonals and top and bottom layers which are plane orthogonal grids is presented. It is assumed that the double layer grid is simply supported at all nodes located at the boundary of the top layer. By using the double U-transformation technique, exact solutions for the nodal displacements and axial forces of the bars in the double layer grid can be derived. The validity of the method is demonstrated with a simple example.
Synthesis of a Traditional House with a Space-Frame
Authors: Tyng Anne Griswold
Published: January 2017

The Walworth Tyng Farmhouse on the Eastern Shore of Maryland is probably the first built architectural structure as a total space frame harboring living space within itself. The tetrahedron/octahedron space-filling configuration is turned with squares in the horizontal planes. In this orientation the geometry offers framework for a profoundly familiar rectilinear plan and double pitched roof. The apparent randomness of sunshades, trellises, entrance balcony and tetrahedron dormer windows are precise extensions of the consistent geometric order. Triangulated framing required only 3 × 4 rafters on 7 foot centers and, with its continuously interconnected joints, easily survived the 150 mph winds of Hurricane Hazel. This architectural image of house was accepted by the conservative water-oriented community and called “the ship”.
Forces Shaping the Spaces We Inhabit
Authors: Loeb Arthur L.
Published: January 2017

Urban and suburban grids should be flexible, and adaptable to historic changes. The Kagome net is compared with a Cartesian and a polar one, and in three dimensions a cuboctahedral/cubic space frame is compared with an orthogonal one and with an octet frame. The interactions between demographic distributions and geometry generated a cybernetic system in which changes in one constantly engender forces which in turn modify the other.
An Analytical Visual Representation of Non-Rectangular Deep Space Structures
Authors: Mailer Alexander
Published: January 2017

Architecturally speaking, space structures refer to the “deep” totality of the built space not only to its envelope. Designed architectural space is, so far, predominantly structured according to rectangular geometry. The premise of this paper is that a major reason for the popularity of rectangular space structuring is the limited capacity designers have had, until recently, to visualize the high complexity of non-rectangular space structures. The paper describes an experiment designed to compare emerging Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD), procedures with traditional procedures applied in an architectural design study using a non-rectangular polyhedral geometry. The findings of the experiment point out that computer-aided visualization can generate a more efficient and more convenient procedure to address, in practical design terms, non-rectangular deep space structures. However, the efficiency of such procedures is conditioned by a close collaboration between architects and computer scientists.
Early Experiments In Design Derived From Study Of Nature'S Morphologies
Authors: Giorgini Vittorio
Published: January 2017

Due to religious beliefs imbedded in our cultures, even in the twentieth century we are unable to see natural phenomena except as Creation. Whatever Creation means, scientific researchers are slowly revealing the manufacturing technique used in natural structures. During this century, research into natural structures has opened a new perspective on design rules. Within this context, I will describe my research on symmetrical and asymmetrical compounded space frames, tensile systems and development of topological shells.
Structural Morphology Of Tensegrity Systems
Authors: Motro R.
Published: January 2017

Tensegrity systems are structures in which morphological and mechanical aspects are closely related by selfstress requirements. In the first part, this paper describes the birth of the idea which led to these systems. Snelson's work seems to be the main contribution for their initial design, even if Fuller created the word tensegrity and contributed with other searchers, like Emmerich to the popularization of these systems. The second part is devoted to form-finding methods which are necessary to reach a morphology compatible with mechanical requirements. References for main computation methods are given. Among them numerical methods like force density method could constitute an useful design tool.
Collaborating to Create Healthier Communities
Authors: Scarbrough Amanda W. , Hill Jack , Rodriguez Jesus
Published: January 2017

The Montgomery County United Way and Sam Houston State University explored existing public health and community-based issues and associated assets and gaps within Montgomery County, Texas, through the integration of quantitative geospatial data, demographic information, and the application of geographical information systems. The intent of the initial results was to use maps to visually compare the magnitude of significant emerging health issues in Montgomery County with other counties across Texas in an effort to better educate and increase the awareness of the general public within Montgomery County. The second objective was to present an example of the visual effect and impact of the overall spatial analysis and mapping process with a focus on a specific community issue that could likely be addressed and potentially solved in a relatively short amount of time. This second and more spatially detailed aspect of the evaluation resulted in the creation of an asset map that presented high concentrations or densities of payday loan services in Montgomery County. Recognizing the potential risks of payday loans, Montgomery County United Way presented the asset maps to the effected community leaders. Upon review, leaders discovered there were dense clusters of payday loan sites in areas with high rates of poverty. Prior to the creation of this aggregated payday loan business location map, an individual in a community typically only saw one, or two at the most, payday loan business during a daily commute. Within a very short period and through a grassroots effort to improve community well-being, there were significant formal and positive changes made by the community.
Waging War and Marriage: Military Service and Family Formation, 1940–1950
Authors: Modell John , Steffey Duane
Published: January 2017

World War II represented a substantial mobilization of American resources, including human resources. Despite the obvious hindrances it posed to marriage, nuptiality on the whole did not slow down during the war. Among the reasons it did not do so was a government policy designed to conserve the already-formed families of soldiers, which also made marriage an economically attractive option to young women. For citizen soldiers, wartime marriage was not simply economically feasible. It was as well an action that connected them with the civilian life that they had reluctantly left. Marriage, moreover, was an action congruent with and promoted by success in the unusual occupational context of the armed services Even after the war, wartime military service proved to be congruent with marriage, veterans being more prone—after a brief lag—to marry. Often portrayed as a war in defense of the American family, World War II seems to have produced patterns that included surprising degrees of continuity with family formation.
Nepotism, Family, and Merit: The Church of England in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Gibson William T.
Published: January 2017

The debate on nepotism in the eighteenth century has developed more fully in the last five than in the preceding fifty years. Within the emergent professions nepotism was difficult to distinguish from the hereditary nature of recruitment into the Church, the law, and the army. The debate on nepotism in the Church has produced contrasting views, one regarding nepotism as a feature of the corruption and abuse that dogged the Church after 1714, the other suggesting that nepotism not only served a specific function, as it did among the laity, but was accorded moral legitimacy by contemporaries. The article suggests that nepotism took its place within the structure of patronage which included the recommendation of deserving clergy to the purveyors of patronage and the nomination of men of talent from the universities to the households of bishops.
Household Forms and Living Standards in Preindustrial France: From Models to Realities
Authors: Fauve-Chamoux Antoinette
Published: January 2017

The study raises the question of whether it is possible to verify Rowntree's and Chayanov's models of recurrent poverty and economic tensions during the life course of proletarian families, by using recent French studies on peasants and urban workers since the seventeenth century. Using evidence from preindustrial France about the poor, the study examines family size and the amplitude of social differentiation in the rural and urban context. The number of children living at home does not appear to have a negative influence on the standard of living. No correlation was found in Rheims between the appearance or nonappearance of families on the tax rolls and the vital evolution of the family life course. These findings indicate the absence of family-regulated poverty over time.
The Shape of The Oprah Supply Curve
Authors: Capehart Kevin W.
Published: January 2017

The Oprah Supply Curve shows the relationship between the quantity of Oprah Winfrey supplied and her income. Although even a Nobel laureate has speculated on the shape of that curve, its shape has not been estimated. We estimate its shape by using variation in the number of new episodes per season of Oprah's television show, The Oprah Winfrey Show. The curve appears to be backward bending. Thus, while Oprah may not be an obvious target for taxation, a higher tax rate might expand the quantity of services she supplies while also increasing tax revenues.
Microwave curing process and mechanical properties study of epoxy mortars for repairing concrete pavement rapidly
Authors: Zhang Xu , Wang Xiaoqun , Xu Xuehong , Zhao Yueqing
Published: January 2017

Polymer mortars are used frequently to repair pavement owing to their excellent properties (mix flexural strength ≥5.75 MPa, compressive strength ≥25 MPa). To repair concrete pavement with polymer mortars rapidly, uniform microwave energy can be used to reduce hardening time of polymer mortars. In this study, the distribution of electromagnetic fields in an industrial microwave facility was optimized, and an area AG with uniform and intensive electric field was obtained. Then microwave curing process of epoxy mortars containing fly ash in the area AG was optimized, and mechanical strengths of the epoxy mortars cured in the optimum process were tested. The results show that, although the distribution of electromagnetic fields in the microwave facility is non-uniform overall, there still are some brush-fire areas, where electric field distribution is relatively uniform. Epoxy mortars added with 10 wt% fly ash can be cured rapidly (approximately 20 min) in the area AG and exhibit outstanding mechanical strengths, which can be used to repair concrete pavement rapidly.
Bond performance of GFRP and deformed steel hybrid bar with sand coating to concrete
Authors: Ju Minkwan , Park Gitae , Lee Sangyun , Park Cheolwoo
Published: January 2017

In this study, we experimentally investigated the bond performance of a glass fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid bar with a core section comprising a deformed steel bar and a sand coating. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer and deformed steel hybrid bar (glass fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid bar) can contribute to longer durability and better serviceability of reinforced concrete members because of the increased modulus of elasticity provided by the deformed steel bar. Uniaxial tensile tests in compliance with ASTM D 3916 showed that the modulus of elasticity of the glass fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid bar was enhanced up to three times. For the bond test, a total of 30 specimens with various sand-coating and surface design parameters such as the size of the sand particles (0.6 mm and 0.3 mm), sand-coating type (partially or completely), number of strands of fiber ribs (6 and 10), and pitch space (11.4 mm to 29.1 mm) of the fiber ribs were tested. The completely sand-coated glass fiber-reinforced polymer hybrid bar exhibited a higher bond strength (90.5%) than the deformed steel bar and a reasonable mode of failure in concrete splitting. A modification parameter to the Eligehausen, Popov, and Bertero (BPE) model is suggested based on the representative experimental tests. The bond stress–slip behavior suggested by the modified BPE model in this study was in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
Modeling and optimization of interlaminar bond strength for composite tape winding process
Authors: Yu Tao , Shi Yaoyao , He Xiaodong , Kang Chao , Deng Bo
Published: January 2017

The prepreg tape winding product of thermoset composite has been widely used in aerospace industry due to the favorable performance. The manufacturing process is the key to ensure the quality of product. This study is focused on the theoretical analysis of prepreg tape winding process. The mathematical model of thermal and consolidation process is established firstly. The influence mechanism of the major process parameters including heating temperature, consolidation force and winding velocity on consolidation quality is subsequently studied based on the simulation results. And the tape winding experiments and interlaminar shear strength tests are conducted to validate the predictive capability of the theoretical model. Moreover, the coupling role between the process parameters is explained based on the predicted model. In order to control the quality of winding product, the optimization of winding process is proposed, and the three-dimension process window of parameter settings is obtained.
Newsroom Teams Enjoy Rapid Growth in the 1990s
Authors: Schierhorn Ann B. , Endres Fred F. , Schierhorn Carl
Published: January 2017

In a survey of newspapers with more than 25,000 daily circulation, 37 percent of the managing editors reported they had a team system in place. Most teams were organized by news topic or as an ad hoc group of reporters, editors and designers.
Newspaper Critic Shapes Chicago Style of Theater
Authors: Fosdick Scott
Published: January 2017

This study of coverage of the local theater scene from 1975–85 in three Chicago dailies found that one critic, Richard Christiansen, had the strongest influence on the development of the Chicago Style that flourished in the off-Loop theaters.
Business Journalists Need Specialized Finance Training
Authors: Ludwig Mark Donald
Published: January 2017

The author interviewed 18 West Coast newspaper business editors and reporters. Nearly all agreed that business journalists need classes or training in business and economics to do their jobs well.
News Media Perpetuate Few Rumors about 9/11 Crisis
Authors: Lasorsa Dominic
Published: January 2017

This analysis of the stories about the 9/11 attacks published in the week following the crisis showed that online sites widely circulated more than a dozen rumors, while mainstream newspapers and news magazines did a good job of separating out false information.
Fewer Women, Minorities Work in Sports Departments
Authors: Hardin Marie , Whiteside Erin
Published: January 2017

A survey found that women and racial minorities are underrepresented in sports departments, whether the standard for measure is their representation in the wider population or in the rest of the newsroom.
Publishing E-Mail Addresses Ties Readers to Writers
Authors: Hendrickson Richard D.
Published: January 2017

Most newspaper reporters and editors think including e-mail addresses with stories is useful. Most also believe providing e-mail addresses improves the paper's credibility.
Growing Number of Bloggers See Their Work as Journalism
Authors: Ji Hong , Sheehy Michael
Published: January 2017

A content analysis of Internet blog posts found that the perception of blogging as journalism grew significantly. In 2008, nearly 45 percent viewed blogging as journalism and 31 percent saw blogging as related or complementary to journalism.
Newspapers Lack Substantive Reporting on Sexual Issues
Authors: Major Lesa Hatley , Walker Kimberly K.
Published: January 2017

An analysis of coverage of sexual health issues found that the majority of the 439 articles focused on research and reports about sex problems and diseases. The study also found that sexual health issues rarely make the front page.
Politics/Nationalism Affect 2008 Olympics Coverage
Authors: Gao Fangfang
Published: January 2017

Coverage differences of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games revealed an anti-China bias in The New York Times and a pro-China bias in the South China Morning Post, showing politics, nationalism and conflict find their way into Olympics reporting.
Newspaper Training Program Shows Gains in Social Media
Authors: Hansen Kathleen A. , Paul Nora , DeFoster Ruth , Moore Jennifer E.
Published: January 2017

This article reports the results of a training program developed and delivered under a state grant by the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Minnesota for the news and advertising employees at the St. Paul Pioneer Press.
Digital Photo Archives Lose Value as Record of Community History
Authors: Greenwood Keith
Published: January 2017

The transition to digital archiving at U.S. newspapers has changed the selection and storages of images, altering the scope of the record. A survey indicates digital archives changed to support the mission of producing a daily newspaper but may no longer serve as an historical record.
Online Readers Geographically More Dispersed than Print Readers
Authors: Chyi Hsiang Iris
Published: January 2017

Online reader surveys at 28 local newspapers suggest than newspapers based in locales of larger populations as well as those with higher print circulations tend to have a more geographically dispersed online readership.
Commentary: A Qualitative Analysis of Newspaper Polls
Authors: Demers David Pearce
Published: January 2017

Previous research and this study's data suggest newspaper polls often fall short of “scientific” standards. Part of the problem is that many newspapers rely heavily on their news staff for many key aspects in the research process, including data analysis. News organizations are encouraged to rely more on “experts,” but for the long run they need to implement programs and policies that give journalists themselves the education and training necessary to handle all phases of the research process.
Journalism on the Rack: Regulating Newspaper Vending Machines
Authors: Eberhard Wallace B.
Published: January 2017

An examination of longstanding legal struggles between municipalities and newspapers over placement of newspaper vending boxes on public property culminated in a June 1988 Supreme Court decision. But the Cleveland Plain Dealer case was by no means a definitive statement on the free press issue, and the author predicts continuing litigation pitting local governments and newspapers on First Amendment ground.
Ecology and the Acculturation of Cognitive and Social Styles Among Mexican American Children
Authors: Kagan Spencer
Published: January 2017

The role of ecology and acculturation is examined from the standpoint of cognitive and social styles of Mexican American children. Review of research indicates that rural Mexican children have more cooperative and field-dependent social and cognitive styles than urban Anglo American children. Mexican American children living in urban settings differ in that they tend to acculturate to the more field-independent and competitive cognitive and social styles common in urban settings. Yet these Mexican American children differ from Anglo Americans in ways predicted by traditional urbanization theories. However, a close examination of the traditional urbanization theories of Simmel, Redfield, Milgram, and Inkeles shows that these theories are limited in their usefulness in explaining the acculturation process of Mexican Americans. The theories are shown to be too global and to ignore important cultural factors such as family and kinship ties and socialization practices of Mexican Americans. A theory of acculturation that is both multifactorial and pluralistic is advanced. It is held that a multifactorial acculturation theory must account for the range in historical ecology among immigrants and the associated range in intensity and quality of their adherence to certain Mexican cultural institutions and socialization practices. Such a theory, by being pluralistic, will also recognize that acculturation will take different forms among different groups of Mexican Americans, depending on the assimilation pressures of their ecology and how these pressures are resisted. A theory must also be process oriented, which means that it must be capable of describing the psychological mechanisms by which the influence of ecology is felt by the individual. Suggestions for research are offered and social policies deriving from acculturation research are discussed.
Innovation Systems, Regional Development, and the Role of Universities in Industrial Innovation
Authors: Schuetze Hans G.
Published: January 2017

Research on technology transfer, industrial liaison, cooperative research and other forms of cooperation between universities and industry tend to concentrate on the links between universities and firms as if they were the only players in the game. Thus typically, academic and policy literature describes the process of such collaboration, the organizational, legal, administrative arrangements and settings, the factors that enhance, or conversely, impede cooperation, and the outcomes, projected and real, that are attributed to the university—industry cooperation. This article, starting from a different premise, looks into university—industry liaison from the perspective of a regional system of innovation, identifying various institutions in such a system, and their communication and interaction. It is in this framework that the role of universities and the process of technology transfer is analysed.