bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La piel del cielo: desestructuración del arquetipo femenino patriarcal
Authors: Serafín Silvana
Published: April 2016

Elena Poniatoska penetra el mundo interior de sus heroínas, evidenciando una estructura transgresiva que pone en tela de juicio los pilares de la cultura patriarcal: familia, poder del pater familia, bodas y el concepto de genealogía como índice de identidad del yo femenino, son seccionados constantemente con lucidez de análisis, hasta llegar a vaciar el espejo de las imágenes masculinas y a reemplazalas con otras emergidas desde el punto de vista femenino. La re-codificación de las estructuras culturales culmina en la creación de un nuevo modelo localizado en la polémica y en la crítica áspera de los códigos ideológicos y sociológicos de la cotidianidad mejicana que mucho dolor le proporciona.
Refutación de la paradoja, la dialéctica poética y social de César Vallejo
Authors: Oviedo Pérez de Tudela Rocío
Published: April 2016

El artículo se distribuye en dos grandes apartados. El primero, revisión de los escritos que Vallejo dedica al Perú, en géneros tales como la poesía, el ensayo, la novela o el teatro. En ellos surge con claridad una terminología de denuncia que se hace explícita a través de la literatura. Un lenguaje que es innovador en un doble aspecto: el primero el compromiso del escritor y el pensamiento paradójico, como fruto de la dialéctica y la diégesis que son los cristales a través de los que Vallejo contempla el mundo, y el segundo, referido a la utilización de la retórica de la paradoja mucho más perceptible en la poesía y su anulación precisamente en esa puesta en escena de la victoria de la revolución del proletariado que es el poema cenital Masa.
Bob López y Adán Quispe: marginales en la Lima imaginada de Ribeyro y Bryce
Authors: Rodríguez Mansilla Fernando
Published: April 2016

El presente trabajo constituye una reflexión sobre el tratamiento narrativo que reciben los personajes de Bob López, del cuento «Alienación» de Julio Ramón Ribeyro, y Adán Quispe, de la novela No me esperen en abril de Alfredo Bryce Echenique. Dichos personajes comparten la condición de marginales en la Lima recreada en los textos. El presente análisis pretende esclarecer la representación del sujeto subalterno en las mencionadas ficciones. Mientras que Bob López es expulsado por el sistema de exclusión representado en el cuento, Adán Quispe es exaltado para revertir la derrota que el tiempo ha impuesto sobre la clase social protagonista de No me esperen en abril.
Mario Vargas Llosa, la creación y la crítica
Authors: Fernández Ariza Guadalupe
Published: April 2016

El estudio «Mario Vargas Llosa, la creación y la crítica» se centra en una parcela de la obra del escritor peruano, que abarca las diversas realizaciones genéricas (la novela, el teatro, el ensayo) e integra un amplio periodo temporal: desde La orgía perpetua (1975) hasta El viaje a la ficción (2008), además de otras obras, tales como la novela histórica La guerra del fin del mundo, la pieza teatral La Señorita de Tacna y las novelas de arte, Elogio de la madrastra y Los cuadernos de don Rigoberto. En estas obras se aprecia un cambio de rumbo en la concepción de la literatura del autor, con una orientación muy clara hacia la exaltación de lo imaginario, el predominio de la fantasía y del erotismo, buscado en los modelos pictóricos más excelentes a lo largo de las épocas. Dos mitos clásicos se despliegan por las fábulas, el mito de Narciso y el mito de Pigmalión, además de una materia construida con elementos de la tradición literaria más universal.
La poesía peruana del siglo XX
Authors: Martos Carrera Marco
Published: April 2016

El texto aborda la poesía peruana del siglo XX desde un motivo, el caballo, en algunos de los poetas más importantes: González Prada, Eguren, Vallejo, Delgado, Belli, Pimentel y Mazzotti. Concomitantemente hace una cala en la poesía de Blanca Valera.
The adoption of an electronic health record did not improve A1c values in Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Burke Harry B , Becher Dorothy A , Hoang Albert , Gimbel Ronald W
Published: April 2016

Background: A major justification for the clinical adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) was the expectation that it would improve the quality of medical care. No longitudinal study has tested this assumption.Objective: We used hemoglobin A1c, a recognized clinical quality measure directly related to diabetes outcomes, to assess the effect of EHR use on clinical quality.Methods: We performed a five-and-one-half-year multicentre longitudinal retrospective study of the A1c values of 537 type 2 diabetic patients. The same patients had to have been seen on at least three occasions: once approximately six months prior to EHR adoption (before-EHR), once approximately six monthsafter EHR adoption (after-EHR) and once approximately five years after EHR adoption (five-years), for a total of 1,611 notes.Results The overall mean confidence interval (CI) A1c values for the before- EHR, after-EHR and five-years were 7.07 (6.91 – 7.23), 7.33 (7.14 – 7.52) and 7.19 (7.06 – 7.32), respectively. There was a small but significant increase in A1c valuesbetween before-EHR and after-EHR, p = .04; there were no other significant differences. There was a significant decrease in notes missing at least one A1c value, from 42% before-EHR to 16% five-years (p < .001).Conclusion: We found that based on patient’s A1c values, EHRs did not improve the clinical quality of diabetic care in six months and five years after EHR adoption. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study to directly assess the relationshipbetween the use of an EHR and clinical quality.
Mining reflective continuing medical education data for family physician learning needs
Authors: Lewis Denice Colleen , Pluye Pierre , Rodriguez Charo , Grad Roland
Published: April 2016

A mixed methods research (sequential explanatory design) studied the potential of mining the data from the consumers of continuing medical education (CME) programs, for the developers of CME programs. The quantitative data generated by family physicians, through applying the information assessment method to CME content, was presented to key informants from the CME planning community through a qualitative description study.The data were revealed to have many potential applications including supporting the creation of CME content, CME program planning and personal learning portfolios.
Language uses and identity construction: A case of a Korean marital immigrant woman and her child in the US
Authors: Kim Jonghun , Kim Jieun
Published: April 2016

This study aims to explore language uses and identity construction of a marital immigrant woman and her child. To achieve this purpose, the present qualitative case study focused on the participants' perception of the language that they use, Korean and English, the changes of their awareness on language according to the flow of time, and aspects of identity construction during this process. The findings demonstrated a close relationship between language uses and identity construction, and this relationship is materialized in the participants' case. The study also confirmed that language use and identity construction were fluid and dynamic; thus, they have been changed in accordance with time and circumstances. Finally, it was notable that an immigrant mother and her child were crucial to each other in using languages and constructing identities, but their language uses and identity construction were not developed in the same way. Based on these findings, this study provides implications for multicultural education in South Korea.
Skin Cancer and UV Protection
Authors: Tarbuk Anita , Grancarić Ana Marija , Šitum Mirna
Published: April 2016

The incidence of skin cancer is increasing by epidemic proportions. Basal cell cancer remains the most common skin neoplasm, and simple excision is generally curative. On the other hand, aggressive local growth and metastasis are common features of malignant melanoma, which accounts for 75% of all deaths associated with skin cancer. The primary cause of skin cancer is long exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) crossed with the amount of skin pigmentation and family genetics. It is believed that in childhood and adolescence, 80% of UV-R gets absorbed while in the remaining, 20 % gets absorbed later in the lifetime. This suggests that proper and early photoprotection may reduce the risk of subsequent occurrence of skin cancer. Reducing the exposure time to sunlight, using sunscreens and protective textiles are the three ways of UV protection. Most people think that all the clothing will protect them, but it does not provide full sun screening properties. Literature sources claim that only 1/3 of the spring and summer collections tested give off proper UV protection. This is very important during the summer months, when UV index is the highest. Fabric UV protection ability highly depends on large number of factors such as type of fiber, fabric surface, construction, porosity, density, moisture content, type and concentration of dyestuff, fluorescent whitening agents, UV-B protective agents (UV absorbers), as well as nanoparticles, if applied. For all of these reasons, in the present paper, the results of UV protecting ability according to AS/NZS 4399:1996 will be discussed to show that standard clothing materials are not always adequate to prevent effect of UV-R to the human skin; and to suggest the possibilities for its improvement for this purpose enhancing light conversion and scattering. Additionally, the discrepancy in UV protection was investigated in distilled water as well as Adriatic Sea water.
Powering In-pipe Wireless Sensors Using Flexible Piezoelectric Micro-generators
Authors: Keddis Sherif , Schwesinger Norbert
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a new piezoelectric energy harvester that generates sufficient energy to power wireless sensor nodes autonomously. Multiple PVDF-foils are layered alternately with electrode foils and wound to a spool. Due to induced turbulence inside standard flow pipes the piezoelectric foils are forced to oscillate converting kinetic energy into mechanical stress thus generating electrical charge. The new multilayer spool design tackles the common disadvantages of similar harvesters related to low piezoelectric coefficients of Polyvinylidene-fluoride or brittleness of Lead-zirconate-titanate. Wind channel experiments to prove the feasibility of the concept result in a harvested output power of 0.54 μW at a wind velocity of 7 m/s. With efficient duty cycling of the sensor node 324 μWs of energy are available for data transmission. The presented harvester is proposed as a universal power supply for sensors inside pipe systems. All of the systems components are included inside the pipe allowing for a maintenance-free deployment of sensors in remote locations.
Bayesian Prediction Bounds for the Exponential-Type Distribution Based on Ordered Ranked Set Sampling
Authors: Kotb Mohammed S.
Published: April 2016

We suggest a ranked set sample method to improve Bayesian prediction intervals.
The paper deals with the Bayesian prediction intervals in the context of an ordered ranked
set sample from a certain class of exponential-type distributions.
A proper general prior density function is used and the predictive cumulative function is obtained in the two-sample case. The special case of linear exponential distributed observations is considered and completed with numerical results.
Small Printed Tri-band Antenna with Reduced Ground-plane Effect
Authors: Wang Zhangjing , Peng Yang , Ran Yahua , Qin Wenfei , Yang Hongchun
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a small printed tri-band antenna with a reduced ground-plane effect for WLAN/M-WIMAX applications. The radiator and ground plane of the antenna are etched on a printed circuit board with an overall size of 25×24.5×0.762 mm3. A rectangular notch and a circular slot are cut from the radiator while an asymmetrical strip is attached to the radiator. The simulation and measurement suggest that the printed antenna achieves three operating bandwidths of 2.4–2.484 GHz and 5.15–5.35 GHz for WLAN, 3.3–3.69 GHz for M-WIMAX for a 10-dB return loss, and high gains on Y-Z plane of 2.1, 3.3 and 4.8 dB at 2.4, 3.5 and 5.2 GHz, respectively. In particular, the ground-plane effect on impedance performance is significantly reduced by minimising the size of the ground plane and then by cutting a notch and a circular slot from the radiator because the electric currents on the ground plane are significantly suppressed at all the operating bandwidths. In addition, a study on the geometrical and electrical parameters of the proposed antenna may be a useful reference for antenna engineers.
Design of Single- and Dual-Band Power Dividers Integrated Filtering Responses Based on SIRs
Authors: Wei Feng , Chen Ning-Wei , Li Wei-Jin , Chen Lei
Published: April 2016

In this paper, two single- and dual-band equal power dividers (PDs) integrated filtering responses are proposed using quarter-wavelength stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs). By appropriately adjusting the impedances and electric length ratios of SIRs, the proposed structures can achieve compact sizes and wide stop-band performances. In addition, source-load coupling is applied to create a pair of transmission zeros at each side of the pass-bands, which can improve effectively the frequency selectivity and the out-of-band rejection. To validate the design theory, two single- and dual-band PDs with good filtering responses are designed, implemented and measured, respectively. The predicted results on S parameters are compared with the measured ones and good agreement is achieved.
Tree-Ring Response to Snow Cover and Reconstruction of Century annual Maximum Snow Depth for Northern Tianshan Mountains, China
Authors: Qin Li , Yuan Yujiang , Zhang Ruibo , Wei Wenshou , Yu Shulong , Fan Ziang , Chen Feng , Zhang Tongwen , Shang Huaming
Published: April 2016

Heavy snowfall and extreme snow depth cause serious losses of human life and property in the northern Tianshan Mountains almost every winter. Snow cover is an important indicator of climate change. In this study, we developed five tree-ring-width chronologies of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey) from the northern Tianshan Mountains using standard dendrochronological methods. Correlation analyses indicated that radial growth of trees in the northern Tianshan Mountains is positively affected by annual maximum snow depth. This relationship was validated and models of annual maximum snow depth back to the 18th century were developed. The reconstruction explains 48.3% of the variance in the instrumental temperature records during the 1958/59–2003/04 calibration periods. It indicates that quasi-periodic changes exist on 2.0–4.0-yr, 5.3-yr, 14.0-yr, and 36.0-yr scales. The reconstructed series shows that maximum snow depth exhibits obvious stages change, the periods characterized by lower maximum snow depth were 1809/10–1840/41, 1873/74–1893/94, 1909/10–1929/30, 1964/65–1981/82, and the periods characterized by higher maximum snow depth were 1841/42–1872/73, 1894/95–1908/09, 1930/31–1963/64, and 1982/83–present. The lower period of annual maximum snow depth during the 1920s–1930s is consistent with the severe drought that occurred at this time in northern China. From the 1970s to the present, the maximum snow depth has increased clearly with the change to a warmer and wetter climate in Xinjiang. The reconstruction sheds new light on snow cover variability and change in a region where the climate history for the past several centuries is poorly understood.
The role of Her2 and other oncogenes of the PI3K/AKT pathway in mitochondria
Authors: Rohlenova Katerina , Neuzil Jiri , Rohlena Jakub
Published: April 2016

Altered metabolism and resistance to cell death are typical hallmarks of cancer phenotype. Mitochondria are organelles central to cellular metabolism as well as to cell death induction. Hyperactivation of pro-survival and pro-proliferative pathways such as PI3K/AKT leads to cancer initiation, which affects mitochondria. Growing body of evidence indicates that oncogenes such as HER2, EGFR and RAS, as well as the downstream members of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, directly regulate mitochondria by translocating to the organelle. Here we discuss evidence of this scenario and consider mechanisms for direct regulation of mitochondrial function. Being in close proximity to mitochondrial bioenergetics machinery as well as to the regulators/executors of programed cell death, oncogenes in mitochondria may be ideally placed to perform this task. This represents a thus far under-explored area, which may be relevant to better understanding of cancer initiation, progression and treatment.
A Comparative Study of Hot Deformation Behaviors for Sand Casting and Centrifugal Casting Q235B Flange Blanks
Authors: Qin Fangcheng , Li Yongtang , Ju Li
Published: April 2016

Hot compression tests of sand casting and centrifugal casting Q235B flange blanks were performed at strain rate range of 0.01–5 s−1 and temperature range of 850–1,150 °C. The evolutions of microstructure and texture were revealed. The constitutive models based on Arrhenius constitutive modeling were proposed by considering the effects of strain on material constants. The results show that recrystallization in centrifugal casting Q235B is more apparent than that in sand casting, resulting in the finer grains and lower flow stress for centrifugal casting Q235B. The intensities of textures slightly weaken with the increase of temperature. At 1,050 °C and 5 s−1, the textures of sand casting are characterized by strong {001}<100> and {001}<110>, which are related with severe deformation, while the textures of centrifugal casting are composed of {110}<110> and {111}<112>, which are related with dynamic recovery and shear deformation. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental flow stress is achieved and demonstrates that the proposed constitutive models are reliable.
Effect of the Platinum Electroplated Layer Thickness on the Coatings’ Microstructure
Authors: Zagula-Yavorska Maryana , Gancarczyk Kamil , Sieniawski Jan
Published: April 2016

CMSX 4 and Inconel 625 superalloys were coated by platinum layers (3 and 7 μm thick) in the electroplating process. The heat treatment of platinum layers (at 1,050 ˚C for 2 h) was performed to increase platinum adherence to the superalloys substrate. The diffusion zone obtained on CMSX 4 superalloy (3 and 7 μm platinum thick before heat treatment) consisted of two phases: γ-Ni(Al, Cr) and (Al0.25Pt0.75)Ni3. The diffusion zone obtained on Inconel 625 superalloy (3 μm platinum thick before heat treatment) consisted of the α-Pt(Ni, Cr, Al) phase. Moreover, γ-Ni(Cr, Al) phase was identified. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the presence of platinum in the diffusion zone of the heat-treated coating (7 μm platinum thick) on Inconel 625 superalloy. The surface roughness parameter Ra of heat-treated coatings increased with the increase of platinum layers thickness. This was due to the unequal mass flow of platinum and nickel.
Maximum Velocities in Flexion and Extension Actions for Sport
Authors: Jessop David M. , Pain Matthew T.G.
Published: April 2016

Speed of movement is fundamental to the outcome of many human actions. A variety of techniques can be implemented in order to maximise movement speed depending on the goal of the movement, constraints, and the time available. Knowing maximum movement velocities is therefore useful for developing movement strategies but also as input into muscle models. The aim of this study was to determine maximum flexion and extension velocities about the major joints in upper and lower limbs. Seven university to international level male competitors performed flexion/extension at each of the major joints in the upper and lower limbs under three conditions: isolated; isolated with a countermovement; involvement of proximal segments. 500 Hz planar high speed video was used to calculate velocities. The highest angular velocities in the upper and lower limb were 50.0 rad·s-1 and 28.4 rad·s-1, at the wrist and knee, respectively. As was true for most joints, these were achieved with the involvement of proximal segments, however, ANOVA analysis showed few significant differences (p<0.05) between conditions. Different segment masses, structures and locations produced differing results, in the upper and lower limbs, highlighting the requirement of segment specific strategies for maximal movements.
Balance Maintenance in the Upright Body Position: Analysis of Autocorrelation
Authors: Stodolka¹ Jacek , Golema² Marian , Migasiewicz Juliusz
Published: April 2016

The present research aimed to analyze values of the autocorrelation function measured for different time values of ground reaction forces during stable upright standing. It was hypothesized that if recording of force in time depended on the quality and way of regulating force by the central nervous system (as a regulator), then the application of autocorrelation for time series in the analysis of force changes in time function would allow to determine regulator properties and its functioning. The study was performed on 82 subjects (students, athletes, senior and junior soccer players and subjects who suffered from lower limb injuries). The research was conducted with the use of two Kistler force plates and was based on measurements of ground reaction forces taken during a 15 s period of standing upright while relaxed. The results of the autocorrelation function were statistically analyzed. The research revealed a significant correlation between a derivative extreme and velocity of reaching the extreme by the autocorrelation function, described as gradient strength. Low correlation values (all statistically significant) were observed between time of the autocorrelation curve passing through 0 axis and time of reaching the first peak by the said function. Parameters computed on the basis of the autocorrelation function are a reliable means to evaluate the process of flow of stimuli in the nervous system. Significant correlations observed between the parameters of the autocorrelation function indicate that individual parameters provide similar properties of the central nervous system.
Two-Man Bobsled Push Start Analysis
Authors: Lopes Alexandre Dias , Alouche Sandra Regina
Published: April 2016

The importance of push start times on bobsled performance was evidenced by some studies, but at this moment there is no article to the authors’ knowledge that describes the bobsled push start. Thus, the objectives of this study were to describe the two-man bobsled push start, analyze the differences between teams, and estimate the most important variable analyzed. We hypothesized that the pilot and brakeman athletes’ movement patterns during a bobsled pushing start can be described. The images used in this study were obtained during the men’s two-man XIV World Championship of Bobsled (2004). Fifteen best teams participating in the championship were recorded, and four start runs for each team were analyzed. The videos were captured by two digital video cameras. The pilot athletes were analyzed during the moment that they touched the lateral push bar of the sled, and the brakemen were analyzed during the first take-off and first landing. The teams were pooled in three groups of five teams using the final ranking of pushing time. We concluded that there was a distinct pattern movement for pilots and brakemen. The initial position of the majority of the pilots was localized slightly behind the bar. After touching the lateral bar, the pilots remained in a semi-squat position, pushing the sled forward in a pattern of marching movement. All brakemen used the board attached to the track as a support for both feet at the start. The brakeman gave the greatest contribution to break the inertia of the sled. There was no significant difference of movement between the three groups analyzed for the pilot and the brakeman.
The Relationship Between the Lower-Body Muscular Profile and Swimming Start Performance
Authors: García-Ramos Amador , Tomazin Katja , Feriche Belén , Strojnik Vojko , de la Fuente Blanca , Argüelles-Cienfuegos Javier , Strumbelj Boro , Štirn Igor
Published: April 2016

This study aimed to examine the correlation of different dry land strength and power tests with swimming start performance. Twenty international level female swimmers (age 15.3 ± 1.6 years, FINA point score 709.6 ± 71.1) performed the track freestyle start. Additionally, dry land tests were conducted: a) squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ), b) squat jumps with additional resistance equivalent to 25, 50, 75 and 100% of swimmers’ body weight [BW]), and c) leg extension and leg flexion maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Correlations between dry land tests and start times at 5, 10 and 15 m were quantified through Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients (r). The peak bar velocity reached during the jumps with additional resistance was the variable most correlated to swimming start performance (r = -0.57 to -0.66 at 25%BW; r = -0.57 to -0.72 at 50%BW; r = -0.59 to -0.68 at 75%BW; r = -0.50 to - 0.64 at 100%BW). A few significant correlations between the parameters of the SJ and the CMJ with times of 5 and 10 m were found, and none with the isometric variables. The peak velocity reached during jumps with external loads relative to BW was found a good indicator of swimming start performance.
The Activity Profile of Young Tennis Athletes Playing on Clay and Hard Courts: Preliminary Data
Authors: Adriano Pereira Lucas , Freitas Victor , Arruda Moura Felipe , Saldanha Aoki Marcelo , Loturco Irineu , Yuzo Nakamura Fábio
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to compare the kinematic characteristics of tennis matches between red clay and hard courts in young tennis players. Eight young tennis players performed two tennis matches on different court surfaces. The match activities were monitored using GPS units. The distance covered in different velocity ranges and the number of accelerations were analyzed. The paired t test and inference based on magnitudes were used to compare the match physical performance between groups. The total distance (24% of difference), high-intensity running distance (15 - 18 km/h) (30% of difference), the number of high-intensity activities (44% of difference), the body load (1% of difference), and accelerations >1.5 g (1.5-2 g and >2 g 7.8 and 8.1 % of difference, respectively) were significantly greater in clay court than hard court matches (p < 0.05). Matches played on the red clay court required players to cover more total and high-intensity running distances and engage in more high-intensity activities than the matches played on the hard court. Finally, on the clay court the body load and the number of accelerations performed (>1.5 g) were possibly higher than on the hard court.
Mesoporous nanotubes as biomaterials
Authors: Coffer Jeffery L.
Published: April 2016

This review provides an overview of selected recent research efforts that employ the use of mesoporous nanotubes in a biomaterial context, e.g. principally as a therapeutic or biosensing platform. We focus on the compositions of alumina, boron nitride, silica, silicon, titania, and zinc oxide, along with selected accounts involving single-walled carbon nanotubes. Where known, attention is directed toward the biodegradability and biocompatibility of a given nanotube type, its tunability of size and surface chemistry, and relevance of these parameters to its function as a biomaterial.
Rhythmic parsing
Authors: Kentner Gerrit
Published: April 2016

A controlled reading experiment reveals that stress-based linguistic rhythm impinges on syntactic ambiguity resolution in silent and oral reading. The results suggest that, at points of syntactic underspecification, the accruing prosodic representation may affect even the earliest stages of structure building, viz. the analysis of syntactic features of an ambiguous word. Such an effect remains inexplicable in the context of (psycho-)linguistic theories that assume a strictly unidirectional relationship between syntactic and phonological processes, the latter merely interpreting the conditions the syntactic component imposes on it. Here, a performance compatible grammar in the framework of Optimal Parsing is presented that is capable of capturing the reading data. The model integrates syntactic parsing and prosodification in reading and predicts that, at points of syntactic indetermination, weak prosodic constraints alone may guide syntactic structure assignment. This suggests a bidirectional relationship between syntax and phonology in grammar and processing while, at the same time, confirming a tight coupling of language production and comprehension.
High vowel distribution and trochaic markedness in Québécois
Authors: Bosworth Yulia
Published: April 2016

This paper argues for quantity-sensitive, trochaic foot structure in Québécois French, which allows for a unified prosodic account of the variable distribution of tenseness of high vowels in non-final syllables. Following Montreuil (Montreuil, Jean-Pierre. 2004a. Fragmenting weight in Scottish English. In Monica Pulki (ed.),La tribune internationale des langues vivantes, 36, 114–22. Paris. Montreuil, Jean-Pierre. 2004b. The Computation of weight in English and in Québec French. First PAC Workshop 23–24 April 2004, Université de Toulouse le Mirail.) a grammatical, sonority-based surface weight distinction is assumed for Québécois French vowels, with tense high vowels associated to a full mora µ, while lax high vowels are associated to a hypomora λ, a weight value less than µ. The weight is shown to be regulated at the level of the minimally monomoraic foot, which can be expanded to include an adjacent syllable in words consisting of more than two syllables, following the proposed Trochaic Markedness Hierarchy, based on the following three ranked principles: 1) quantitative minimum: light and heavy rimes are preferred to superlight (λ) rimes, 2) quantitative evenness: even trochees are preferred to uneven trochees, and 3) quantitative dominance: the left branch that is heavier than the right branch is preferred to the left branch that is lighter. Possible shapes of the trochee are shown to be aligned with alternating surface realizations of high vowels.
Die Anfänge des BND
Authors: Wolf Thomas
Published: April 2016

Vorspann

Geheimdienste heißen nicht umsonst so. Sie arbeiten im Verborgenen und schaffen sich eine Aura der Undurchdringlichkeit, die auch ihre Geschichte in dichte Nebel hüllt. Der Bundesnachrichtendienst ist eine Ausnahme. Der Gründer und langjährige Chef Reinhard Gehlen setzte ein ganz eigenes BND-Narrativ in die Welt. Er berichtete in aller Öffentlichkeit von einem planmäßigen, zielgerichteten Aufbau seines Dienstes und wurde nicht müde, dessen Eigenständigkeit gegenüber den amerikanischen Geburtshelfern zu betonen. Er legte damit, weil es ihm politisch nützte, eine falsche Fährte nach der anderen, wie sich aus den BND-Unterlagen ergibt, die Thomas Wolf erstmals ausgewertet hat. Der BND muss seine erfundene Vor- und Frühgeschichte ausgerechnet an seinem 60. Geburtstag zu den Akten legen.
„Auftretende Härten gehen ausschließlich zu Lasten der SS“
Authors: Plassmann Max
Published: April 2016

Vorspann

Es gibt ihn öfter als man denkt - den unverhofften Quellenfund auf dem Dachboden. Ein solcher glücklicher Zufall hat die Voraussetzungen für den vorliegenden Beitrag über die Tätigkeit der Reichsumsiedlungsgesellschaft (RUGES) im besetzten Polen zwischen 1939 und 1944 geschaffen. Zweck der 1935 gegründeten RUGES war die Bereitstellung von Territorien für Truppenübungsplätze und damit einhergehend die Umsiedlung und Entschädigung der auf solchen Gebieten Ansässigen. Als sie in Polen in gleicher Mission tätig wurde, geriet sie, trotz des Versuchs an bewährten rechtlichen Verfahren festzuhalten, in die von einer rassistischen und genozidalen Politik erzeugten Systemzwänge. In seiner Analyse der Tätigkeit der RUGES in verschiedenen Gebieten des zerschlagenen polnischen Staates untersucht Max Plassmann deren Stellung im Instanzengefüge, die Auswirkungen ihrer Tätigkeit auf die betroffene Bevölkerung und stellt die Frage nach der Mitverantwortung ihres Personals für die nationalsozialistischen Massenverbrechen.
Waffen aus Deutschland?
Authors: Gray William Glenn
Published: April 2016

Vorspann

Heute gehört die Bundesrepublik Deutschland zu den größten Waffenexporteuren der Welt, wobei über die Genehmigung dieser Exporte grundsätzlich hinter verschlossenen Türen entschieden wird. Dennoch kommt es Jahr für Jahr zu einem politischen Tauziehen zwischen Bundesregierung, Bundestag, Parteien, Medien und Lobbyisten; außen- oder bündnispolitische Erwägungen und ökonomische Interessen stehen gegen Fragen der Moral und der Menschenrechte. William Glenn Gray kann zeigen, dass die Ursprünge dieser Debatten weit zurückreichen und fast so alt sind wie die Streitkräfte der Bundesrepublik. Der Autor zeichnet die Anfänge der parlamentarischen Kontrolle des Exports von Kriegswaffen nach, skizziert die fast vergessene Militärhilfe Westdeutschlands für Staaten in aller Welt unter den Auspizien des Kalten Kriegs und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Grundlagen für die bis heute wirksamen institutionellen Entscheidungsmechanismen schon überraschend früh gelegt wurden.
A. N. Prior on Austin's 'Sense and Sensibilia'
Authors: Van Hulst Chrissy , Cresswell Max
Published: April 2016

In the early 1960s A. N. Prior was commissioned to write a review of J. L. Austin’s Sense and Sensibilia. The review was never published. The present article presents a transcription of the review from the material available in the Virtual Lab For Prior Studies maintained at Aalborg University, together with an edited version of the transcription of a longer commentary on Sense and Sensibilia from which the review was condensed.
A phase II study of axitinib in advanced neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Strosberg J R , Cives M , Hwang J , Weber T , Nickerson M , Atreya C E , Venook A , Kelley R K , Valone T , Morse B , Coppola D , Bergsland E K
Published: April 2016

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are highly vascular neoplasms overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as VEGF receptors (VEGFR). Axitinib is a potent, selective inhibitor of VEGFR-1, -2 and -3, currently approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. We performed an open-label, two-stage design, phase II trial of axitinib 5mg twice daily in patients with progressive unresectable/metastatic low-to-intermediate grade carcinoid tumors. The primary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and 12-month PFS rate. The secondary end points included time to treatment failure (TTF), overall survival (OS), overall radiographic response rate (ORR), biochemical response rate and safety. A total of 30 patients were enrolled and assessable for toxicity; 22 patients were assessable for response. After a median follow-up of 29months, we observed a median PFS of 26.7months (95% CI, 11.4–35.1), with a 12-month PFS rate of 74.5% (±10.2). The median OS was 45.3 months (95% CI, 24.4–45.3), and the median TTF was 9.6months (95% CI, 5.5–12). The best radiographic response was partial response (PR) in 1/30 (3%) and stable disease (SD) in 21/30 patients (70%); 8/30 patients (27%) were unevaluable due to early withdrawal due to toxicity. Hypertension was the most common toxicity that developed in 27 patients (90%). Grade 3/4 hypertension was recorded in 19 patients (63%), leading to treatment discontinuation in six patients (20%). Although axitinib appears to have an inhibitory effect on tumor growth in patients with advanced, progressive carcinoid tumors, the high rate of grade 3/4 hypertension may represent a potential impediment to its use in unselected patients.
Organizaciones de pequeños productores, certificaciones y competitividad: experiencia reciente en Costa Rica
Authors: Díaz Porras Rafael , Delgado Ballesteros Antonio , Páez Ramírez William
Published: April 2016

Este artículo indaga si la aplicación de certificaciones ambientales ha significado un mejoramiento de la competitividad de los pequeños y medianos productores agrícolas. Para ello se realiza un análisis del entorno de las certificaciones tanto internacional como en la institucionalidad en Costa Rica, y la aproximación a las realidades de las experiencias de las organizaciones de pequeños productores con base en los resultados de una encuesta realizada en el año 2015. El artículo concluye que la estrategia de certificarse ha permitido un mejor posicionamiento y por consiguiente estabilidad,  en la cadena de valor, aunque para las organizaciones y las instancias generadoras de políticas hay áreas donde mejorar, como por ejemplo los costos y cambios en los  procesos y la resistencia cultural a este tipo de iniciativas.
Trauma de la pared torácica y manejo del neumotórax en equinos: reporte de un caso clínico atendido bajo condiciones de campo.
Authors: Estrada M Juan , Montero U Javier , Vargas A José , Estrada U Manuel
Published: April 2016

Se menciona varias causas de trauma accidental que afectan la pared torácica equina y la patofisiología del neumotórax. Se discuten técnicas para el diagnóstico; manejo médico y quirúrgico del caso, con el caballo en pie, bajo condiciones de campo. Se explican dos opciones utilizadas para despresurizar la cavidad pleural. Se plantean las ventajas de manejar el caso con bloqueo anestésico local versus anestesia general inhalatoria. Los procedimientos se efectuaron en una finca ubicada en el Cantón de Coronado, Costa Rica.
Movilización y utilización de los sustratos energéticos de Arca zebra (Bivalvia: Arcidae) en relación con el ambiente
Authors: Villarroel-Moreno José A. , Acosta-Balbas Vanessa , Guevara-Acosta Miguel A.
Published: April 2016

El análisis de los componentes bioquímicos en especies marinas para el consumo humano tiene una gran importancia, ya que permite conocer las propiedades alimenticias y energéticas del organismo. En el presente estudio, se evaluó el perfil bioquímico en tejidos de Arca zebra en relación con los factores ambientales, con la finalidad de ser utilizado como indicador de la dinámica reproductiva y de los periodos de engorde de este importante recurso pesquero. Se analizaron 20 organismos/mes, entre julio de 2010-julio de 2011. A cada organismo se le determinó el largo total (LT) y se separaron los tejidos, los cuales se llevaron hasta peso constante para realizarles los análisis bioquímicos mediante espectrofotometría. Se establecieron diferencias mensuales en la LT, con un promedio anual de 69.61 mm, manteniéndose por encima de la talla comercial. Los carbohidratos y las proteínas mostraron diferencias entre meses, con valores máximos en marzo y julio de 2011, siendo el músculo quien registró el mayor contenido de ambos sustratos energéticos, asociados a los altos niveles de clorofila a. Se observó una relación inversa entre los carbohidratos y las proteínas en los tres tejidos con respecto a la masa gonadal, sugiriendo una posible transferencia durante el proceso reproductivo de A. zebra. En las gónadas se registró el mayor contenido de lípidos, sin variación mensual, debido a la sincronía reproductiva de la especie. A. zebra muestra su mejor condición nutricional durante los periodos comprendidos entre septiembre-diciembre y marzo-junio, en estos meses se recomienda su comercialización e ingesta.
Evaluación de la peligrosidad del tsunami de Chile del 16 de setiembre del 2015 para Costa Rica
Authors: Chacón Barrantes Silvia
Published: April 2016

El 16 de setiembre del 2015 un sismo Mw 8.3 en Chile causó un tsunami que afectó únicamente a dicho país. Sin embargo, este sismo motivó la realización de un análisis de peligrosidad de tsunami por parte del Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo de Tsunamis (SINAMOT) para recomendar a la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias (CNE) las medidas a tomar al respecto para Costa Rica. Este evento representó un ejercicio de los procedimientos operativos estandarizados con los que cuenta el SINAMOT y la utilización por primera vez de herramientas locales de pronóstico de alturas y corrientes de tsunamis, además con resultados exitosos. En este artículo se detallan el desarrollo del evento y las herramientas usadas para el análisis de peligrosidad por tsunami, así como los registros que se dieron del tsunami en territorio nacional. Dicho tsunami fue registrado en Costa Rica continental únicamente en mareógrafos, tal y como había sido pronosticado por el SINAMOT. Este artículo tiene un enfoque operativo y muestra los resultados en la misma forma en que se usan durante el evento para la toma de decisiones.
Desilusión y esperanzas durante la Gran Guerra. Poetas y cronistas americanos
Authors: Oliva-Medina Mario Roberto
Published: April 2016

La Gran Guerra ha generado, desde 2014, una eclosión de materiales académicos de análisis sobre este suceso histórico y político.  En los acercamientos historiográficos contemporáneos se tiene a la cultura,  entendida desde la perspectiva historiográfica del “giro cultural”, como el elemento central de análisis:  se pasa de una historia social a una historia cultural de la Gran Guerra.  El papel jugado por los cronistas y poetas latinoamericanos en la Primera Guerra Mundial brinda una mirada desde la experiencia personal de ellos sobre el gran conflicto, trasladándonos de la Historia a esa otra historia cotidiana, la de los héroes anónimos, la de los mutilados y desplazados.  Este artículo analiza la participación de cuatro latinoamericanos en el  primer gran conflicto que irradió y afectó a toda la humanidad.  Ellos son: el costarricense José Basileo Acuña (1897-1992), los nicaragüenses, Salomón de la Selva (1893-1959) y Rubén Darío (1867-1916); y, el guatemalteco Enrique Gómez Carrillo (1873-1927).
La migración de niños y niñas de Centroamérica hacia los Estados Unidos: amenaza emergente transnacional
Authors: Soto-Acosta Willy , Morales-Camacho María Fernanda
Published: April 2016

La oleada migratoria de menores que viajan sin compañía hacia los Estados Unidos ha sido catalogada como una crisis humanitaria por Washington y ha llamado la atención sobre las condiciones que enfrentan los niños y las niñas de El Salvador, Honduras y Guatemala; donde factores como la carencia de oportunidades de desarrollo, el incremento de la violencia en los crímenes y motivaciones como la reunificación familiar, alentado por las falsas promesas que ofrece el coyotaje sobre las oportunidades de quedarse legalmente en los Estados Unidos y aumenta el éxodo; sin medir los riesgos que enfrentan al realizar el recorrido: asesinato o secuestros para fines de explotación sexual o laboral por parte de los carteles de la droga en su paso por México.
De Narciso López a William Walker. El contingente anexionista cubano dentro de las huestes filibusteras de Walker
Authors: Suárez-Serrano Josefina M.
Published: April 2016

Examino la continuidad  entre  las actividades del caudillo del anexionismo cubano, Narciso López, y las del capitán de filibusteros norteamericano William Walker, en cuanto exponentes de los intereses del  recalcitrante esclavismo  del Sur y otras regiones de los Estados Unidos: de su programa y de sus tácticas, que apuntaban  a  la expansión ilimitada  de la esclavitud a expensas de México, Centroamérica y las Antillas.
COMPARATIVE GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOUR STRAINS OF Nostoc AND Anabaena (CYANOBACTERIA, NOSTOCALES) IN RELATION TO SODIUM NITRATE
Authors: Rosales Loaiza Néstor , Vera Patricia , Aiello-Mazzarri Cateryna , Morales Ever
Published: April 2016

Nitrogen concentration is an essential parameter in cyanobacterial cultures to produce enriched biomass with agricultural purposes. Growth and biochemical composition of Nostoc LAUN0015,Nostoc UAM206, Anabaena sp.1 and Anabaena sp.2 was compared at 0, 4.25, 8.5 and 17 mM NaNO3. Cultures under laboratory conditions were maintained for 30 days at a volume of 500 mL. Anabaenasp.1 yielded the highest value of dry mass of 0.26 ± 2.49 mg mL-1 at 8.5 mM NaNO3. For chlorophyll, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin were achieved maximum values at 17 mM NaNO3 with 18.09 ± 1.74, 102.90 ± 6.73 and 53.47 ± 2.40 μg mL-1, respectively. Nostoc LAUN0015 produced its maximum value of protein 644.86 ± 19.77 μg mL-1, and 890 mg mL-1 of carbohydrates in the absence of nitrogen. This comparative study shows that the most efficient strain for the production of protein, carbohydrates and lipids in diazotrophic conditions corresponded to Nostoc LAUN0015. However, Anabaena sp.1 and Anabaena sp.2 required high concentrations of nitrogen to achieve higher values of metabolites, comparing with Nostoc strains. Nitrogen dependence for the production of pigments and high protein production in strains of Anabaena and in diazotrophic conditions for Nostoc was demonstrated. Nostoc can be cultured under nitrogen deficiency andAnabaena in sufficiency, for mass production of biomass with good nutritional profile.
Efecto de suplementos minerales sobre el desarrollo corporal y reproductivo de hembras bovinas
Authors: Rodríguez Campos Luis Alejandro , Ruiz Sánchez Gustavo
Published: April 2016

El presente trabajo recopila información reciente sobre los efectos de la suplementación de minerales vía oral y parenteral en la ganancia de peso, desarrollo corporal y reproductivo de hembras bovinas.  Aunque las respuestas encontradas son variables, parece existir una relación favorable entre la suplementación mineral oral y el crecimiento y el desarrollo corporal y sexual de las novillas.  Empero, la respuesta está condicionada por el sistema en que las mismas sean desarrolladas (pastoreo, confinamiento), la fuente de minerales empleada y su biodisponibilidad y las posibles deficiencias de otros nutrientes en la dieta.  El uso de suplementos inyectables, por su parte, no ha demostrado algún beneficio sobre el crecimiento, más en el ámbito reproductivo se logran ver mejorías en fertilidad, sugiriendo requerimientos diferentes para una óptima reproducción.
Jornada de ganadores
Authors: Salas Durán Catalina
Published: April 2016

La Escuela de Zootecnia de la Universidad de Costa Rica, con apoyo de la Vicerrectoría de Investigación, realizó una jornada de reconocimiento a cinco jóvenes profesionales que durante su paso por las aulas participaron del concurso Científico Joven de Alltech y obtuvieron puestos de privilegio. La intención era, además de reconocer a estos jóvenes investigadores por sus trabajos ganadores, incentivar a las nuevas generaciones de estudiantes del área de producción animal a realizar investigación de calidad y participar en este u otros concursos.
Respuesta en producción de leche relacionada al nivel de inclusión de alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras de fincas asociadas a productores de Monteverde S.A.
Authors: Saborío-Montero Alejandro , Arguedas-Sánchez Randall , Monge-Maroto Juan José
Published: April 2016

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la respuesta productiva relacionada al nivel de inclusión de alimento concentrado en la dieta de vacas lecheras en fincas, asociadas a la empresa Productores de Monteverde S.A. La recolección de información se llevó a cabo durante el cuarto trimestre del año 2007 y el primer trimestre del 2008, en fincas ubicadas en: Puntarenas, Guanacaste y Alajuela, Costa Rica. Un total de 75 fincas con animales en pastoreo fueron incluidas en el estudio para estimar: la dosis de alimento concentrado promedio utilizada diariamente por animal, la productividad diaria promedio por animal y la respuesta productiva asociada a la dosificación de alimento concentrado. Un análisis de regresión lineal determinó que las vacas produjeron 5,52 kg de leche a base del forraje consumido y reservas corporales y por cada kilogramo de alimento concentrado dosificado en la ración, las vacas produjeron 1,67 kg de leche adicional (1,92 kg leche/kg concentrado en base seca, R2 = 0,71). La producción de leche fue significativamente mayor (P< 0,05), al incrementar la oferta de alimento concentrado para tres distintas categorías de dosificación (<3 kg, 3 a 6 kg, >6 kg). La asociación entre la oferta de alimento concentrado por animal por día y la proporción de sólidos totales producidos en la leche fue baja (R2 = 0,1). En condiciones similares a las del estudio, se considera que el alimento concentrado es un insumo indispensable para aumentar la rentabilidad delos sistemas productivos lecheros.