bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farklı Azot ve Fosfor Dozlarının Diyarbakır Ekolojik Koşullarında Kişniş (Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum DC.) Bitkisinin Verim ve Bazı Verim Unsurları Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: TEKİN Fethullah , ERYİĞİT Tamer , TUNÇTÜRK Murat
Published: August 2021

Bu çalışmada, Diyarbakır ekolojik koşullarında kişniş bitkisinde verim ve bazı verim unsurları üzerine azot ve fosfor dozlarının etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum DC. eko tipinin materyal olarak kullanıldığı çalışma, tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, dört azot dozu (0, 3, 6 ve 9 kg da-1) ve dört fosfor dozu (0, 2, 4 ve 6 kg da-1) deneme faktörü olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, bitki boyu, toplam dal sayısı, bin dane ağırlığı, tane verimi, biyolojik verim ve hasat indeksi gibi özellikler incelenmiştir. Araştırmada sonucunda, uygulanan farklı azot ve fosfor gübre dozlarından elde edilen veriler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde; bitki boyunun (62.5 - 75.0 cm), toplam dal sayısının (36.8 - 56.2 adet/bitki), bin dane ağırlığının (4.9 - 5.4 g), tohum veriminin (149.5 - 184.5 kg da-1), biyolojik verimin (391.3 - 591.1 kg da-1) ve hasat indeksinin (% 32.0 - 41.0) aralıklarında değiştiği tespit edilmiş ve en yüksek tohum veriminin (184.5 kg da-1) dekara 9 kg azot ve 4 kg fosfor gübre
kombinasyonundan alındığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Diyarbakır ekolojik koşullarında kişniş için en uygun azot ve fosfor gübre kombinasyonun dekara 6 kg azot ve 4 kg olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Statistical Optimization of Extracellular Thermo-Alkaline Lipase Production from Aeromonas caviae LipT51 with Response Surface Methodology
Authors: GÜRKÖK Sümeyra
Published: August 2021

Extracellular thermo-alkaline lipase production from Aeromonas caviae LipT51 was statistically optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). First, the one factor at a time approach was implemented to screen the sources of carbon (olive oil, tributyrin, sunflower oil, waste frying oil, glycerol, Tween 80, Tween 20, palm oil, and Triton X100) and nitrogen (peptone, yeast extract, tryptone, whey, urea, NaNO2, NH4NO3) for the highest lipase production. Then, optimum values for waste frying oil selected as carbon source, tryptone selected as nitrogen source and initial pH of the medium were determined by RSM using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The quadratic model of BBD for lipase production was statistically significant and reliable (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.9881). The validated optimal conditions for maximum lipase production (1.6 U mL-1) were determined as 1.13% waste frying oil, 1.5% tryptone and pH 7.9. For the first time in this study, optimization of lipase production from an A. caviae strain was carried out and under optimized culture conditions using cheap waste material. The production efficiency of lipase enzyme, which is known to be valuable with its detergent activity, increased 2.7 times compared to non-optimized conditions.
Anatomical, Palynological and Biochemical Studies on Gundelia dersim Vitek, Yüce & Ergin (Asteraceae) an Endemic of Turkey
Authors: AÇAR Mikail , BEKER AKBULUT Gülçin , TAŞAR Neslihan
Published: August 2021

The Asteraceae family is the largest in the plant kingdom in the world. Gundelia is a genus that belongs to this family and is commonly referred to as the kenger name in Anatolia. Gundelia dersim is also an endemic species defined from Eastern Anatolia. In this study, anatomical, palynological and biochemical properties of G. dersim were discussed. When the anatomical structure of G. dersim was examined, it was seen that the mesophyll type, in which the midrib of the leaf was developed, was unifacial. There are too many sclerenchymatic cells in the vascular bundles. In addition, laticifer elements were seen on the stem and leaf. Also, it was observed that the pollen of the species is in echinate ornamentation and pollen grains are radial symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate. Following biochemical analysis, pigment analysis, total carbohydrate and lipid peroxidation were performed. The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content of the species in both stem and leaf were analyzed, and the most chlorophyll content was found in the leaf. With this research, for the first time, a detailed anatomical investigation was conducted on the genus Gundelia, and it is a current view with the first consideration of the anatomical, palynological and biochemical aspects of G. dersim.
Asteraceae, Fabaceae ve Lamiaceae Familyalarına Ait B8 Karesi İçin Yeni Floristik Kayıtlar
Authors: BEHÇET Lütfi , YAPAR Yakup
Published: August 2021

Bu çalışma, 2018-2020 yılları arasında Çapakçur vadisinde (Bingöl) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu vadide yayılışı belirlenen Asteraceae (Compositae), Fabaceae (Leguminosae) ve Lamiaceae (Labiatae) familyalarına ait 52 taksonun B8 karesindeki yayılışları ilk defa verilmiştir. B8 karesi için yeni kayıt olan bu taksonlardan 9 tanesi endemiktir. Verilen taksonların, 30’u Asteraceae, 9’u Fabaceae, 13’ü Lamiaceae üyesidir. Çalışmada sunulan taksonların fitocoğrafik bölgelere dağılımları şu şekildedir: 19 takson İran-Turan, 5 takson Avrupa-Sibirya, 4 takson Akdeniz ve 24 takson fitocoğrafik bölgesi bilinmeyen veya geniş yayılışladır.
Kentsel Atık Suların Karamba (Lolium multiflorum cv. Caramba)’nın Ağır Metal ve Bazı Besin Elementi İçeriğine Etkisi
Authors: AĞIRAĞAÇ Zübeyir , ZORER ÇELEBİ Şeyda
Published: August 2021

Bu araştırmada, Van/Edremit İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi çıkış suyunun farklı konsantrasyonlarda Karamba bitkisinin gelişimi ile uygulamalar sonrası bitki ve toprağın bazı besin elementi içeriklerine etkisi araştırıldı. Deneme 2018 yılında Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü iklim odasında saksılarda; tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak yürütüldü. Araştırmada atık suların Karamba bitkisinin gelişimine etkisini belirlemek için kontrol olarak % 100 saf su (100S), %75 saf su + %25 atıksu (75S25A), %50 atık su + %50 saf su (50S50A) ve %25 saf su + %75 atık su (25S75A) şeklinde uygulama yapıldı. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, Van İli atık su konsantrasyonlarının Karamba’nın çıkışı ve ortamdan çekilmesi üzerine önemli bir etkisi bulunmadı, bitki boyu, yaş ve kuru ot miktarlarını arttırdığı saptandı. Bitki ve hasat sonrası toprakta element konsantrasyonları genel olarak arttığı belirlendi. Hasat sonrası toprakta pH düştü ancak EC değerinde artış belirlendi. Araştırma sonucunda, Van/Edremit İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi suyunun kısa süreli bitki yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılabileceği, ancak uzun süreli kullanımının belirlenmesi için farklı bitki gruplarıyla daha uzun süreli çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Performance Of An Air Solar Collector With Different Absorber Modifications Under The Climatic Conditions Of Marrakech-Morocco
Authors: MELLALOU Abderrahman , MOUAKY Ammar , SAMB VALL Cheikh , YUİ-YİP Lau , BACAOUİ Abdelaziz , OUTZOURHİT Abdelkader
Published: August 2021

Solar air collectors are commonly used in a variety of domestic and industrial fields. The simple design and low maintenance cost are among their advantages compared to other solar collectors. However, the main challenge of this type of collector is the low heat transfer coefficient. In this work, the effect of different designs of the absorber plate (waved and V corrugated modification) on the thermal performances, the heat exchange effectiveness and the air outlet temperature of a Double-Pass Parallel-Flow air solar collector was investigated under the solar radiation of MarrakechMorocco in a clear day and for three different mass flows rates (0.008 kg s-1, 0.012 kg s-1 and 0.016 kg s-1). The numerical study was done using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) by the mean of ANSYS Fluent 16.0. The obtained results showed that the V corrugated modification is the most efficient one with efficiency equal to 76.92 % and 87.97 % under the lowest and highest mass flow, respectively.
İki Boyutlu Silindirik Dağıtıcılı Sonik Kristal Yapılarının Akustik Lens Özelliklerinin Zaman Bölgesi Sonlu Fark Simülasyonları ile İncelenmesi
Authors: ALAGÖZ Serkan
Published: August 2021

Fotonik kristallerde gözlemlenen birçok dalga yayılım özellikleri sonraları sonik kristaller üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Sonik kristal yapılar negatif kırınım, düzlem lens, dalga kılavuzları gibi bir çok akustik dalga uygulamasına imkân sağlayan akustik metamateriyaldir ve sonic kristal uygulamaları son yılarda yoğun bir şekilde çalışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada iki boyutlu temel sonik kristal yapıları kısaca tanıtılmakta ve zaman bölgesi sonlu farklar (Finite Difference Time Domain-FDTD) yöntemi simülasyon sonuçları ile sonik kristal yapılarda negatif kırınım özelliği ve dalga odaklama uygulamalarının bir incelemesini sunulmaktadır. Negatif kırınım ve buna bağlı olarak gerçekleşen akustik dalgaların odaklanmasını konu alan pek çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma bu konuda yapılan önemli çalışmaları kısaca incelenmekte ve zaman bölgesi sonlu farklar yöntemi simülasyonları yardımı ile negatif kırınım ve bununla ilişkili akustik dalga odaklanma olaylarının zaman bölgesi simülasyon sonuçlarını sunmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları zaman bölgesi sonlu farklar simülasyonlarının sonik kristal düzlem lens tasarımı çalışmalarında kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.
4-Piridin Boronik Asit Dikatyonu ve [Pd(S2C2O2)2] Dianyonu İçeren Yeni Bileşiğin Sentezi ve Kristal Yapısı
Authors: GÜNGÖR Elif , KARA SUBASAT Hülya
Published: August 2021

Bu çalışmada, yeni bileşik [HNC5H4B(OH)(OCH3)-4]2[Pd(S2C2O2)2] sentezlendi ve kristal yapısı tek kristal X-ışını kırınım yöntemiyle belirlendi. Bileşik, monoklinik kristal sisteminde P21/n uzay grubunda a=9.1907 Å, b=11.481 Å, c=11.107 Å, α= 90°, β =97.97°, γ =90° ve Z=2 birim hücre parametrelerinde kristallendi. Bileşiğin kristal yapısında bir {[HNC5H4B(OH)(OCH3)-4]2}2+ katyonu ve bir [Pd(S2C2O2)2]2- anyon molekülü bulunmaktadır. İnversiyon merkezinde bulunan PdII iyonu dört koordinasyonludur ve hafifçe bozulmuş kare düzlem geometriye sahiptir. Kristal yapıda, NH⋯O ve OH⋯O ve CH⋯O hidrojen bağları anyon ve katyon moleküllerini bir arada tutmaktadır. Anyon ve katyon moleküllerinin 010 yönünde ikili vida ekseni ve 010 yönüne dik kayma düzlemi simetrisi ile dizilmesi üç boyutlu bir ağ oluşmaktadır. Bu hidrojen bağlı ağ, bc düzleminde a ekseni boyunca istiflenir.
Evaluation of Total Roughage Production and its Sufficiency for Livestock in Turkey
Authors: HANOĞLU ORAL Hülya , GÖKKUŞ Ahmet
Published: August 2021

In this study, total roughage production and its sufficiency for farm animals in Turkey was evaluated. Because of insufficient production, feed prices are relatively high and fluctuating in Turkey. It was estimated that, the total 40 363 210 tonnes of roughages production in Turkey was supplied by meadows and pastures (13 164 210 tonnes), shrublands (11 267 000 tonnes) and forage crops production (15 932 000 tonnes). In addition, total straw and stubble production was estimated as 31 074 800 tonnes for animal feed, indicating that half of the total roughages production in Turkey came from straw and stubble production. In Turkey, the large and small ruminant stock is composed of a total of 17 066 900 animal units and in order to meet only the maintenance requirements of these animals via roughage, 77 867 731 tons of roughage is needed in 2019. Considering the daily dry roughage requirement as 12.5 kg (approximately 2.5 percent of total 500 kg live weight), deficiency of daily feed amount was estimated as 1.032 kg per animal unit and a total of 6 429 720 tonnes in 2019 in Turkey. If shrublands, straw and stubble production is neglected or removed from the calculation, then total deficiency reaches at 48 771 521 tonnes year-1 (62.63% of the total feed requirement). For a rational animal feeding, not only the maintenance requirements of the animals but also, in addition to their maintenance requirements, at least 5-7 kg of milk production requires meeting from quality roughages. In this case, it is clear that the need for roughage will increase more. In Turkey, suffering from roughage shortage that adversely affecting production obtained from small and large ruminants, high quality forage production should be, at least, doubled by using every possible resource including natural rangelands, fallows, and cultivated lands effectively without compromising soil conservation and feed costs principles.
Organik Ürün Tüketim Alışkanlığına Sınava Hazırlık Merkezlerindeki Öğrencilerin Bakış Açısı
Authors: AYAŞAN Tugay , TUFAN Meltem , ÇELİK Şenol , İNCİ Hakan , ÖZDEMİRCİ Serdar , YILMAZ Hilal
Published: August 2021

Bu çalışmada, sınava hazırlık merkezlerine (dershane) giden öğrencilerin organik ürünler ile ilgili duygu ve
düşünceleri saptanmak istenmiştir. Bu nedenle 227 kişiye yüzyüze anket çalışması uygulanarak 24 soru sorulmuştur. Çalışma 2019 yılı Eylül ayında düzenlenmiştir. Çalışmada organik ürün tüketimini etkileyen faktörlerin doğal olması, güvenli olması, sağlığa zararlı olmaması, besin değeri ile organik ürünlerin fiyatı olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen organik ürünlerin satılırken değerini etkileyen özelliklerin üretimin kolay olmaması (%25.0), üretim maliyetinin fazla olmaması (%41.7) ile üretim miktarının düşük olması (%33.3) olduğu görülmüş; organik ürünlerin satışını etkileyen faktörlerin %38.9 ile temizlik, hijyen; %25.0 ile fiyat, %16.7 ile firma güvenirliliği, %13.5 ürün çeşitliliği ve %5.5 tavsiye olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada organik ürünler alınırken logosuna (%58.3), etiketine (%22.2), ambalajına (%19.5) bakıldığı; organik ürün tüketilirken ürünlerin son kullanma tarihi, ambalaj üzerindeki bilgi, promosyon ve indirimler ile reklamların etkin rol oynadığı saptanmıştır. Çalışmada organik yolla elde edilen yaş sebze ve meyveler (%38.9) ile organik salça ve zeytinyağı (%36.1), organik ürün gruplarını tüketme bakımından ilk sıralardadır.
Melatonin and Melatonin-Rich Foods
Authors: ŞAT İhsan , BİNİCİ Halil İbrahim
Published: August 2021

Vegetables and fruits are found in the most popular diets. And they are considered as rich sources of vitamins and minerals. Vitamin and mineral deficiency are one of the major causes of various diseases that are common nowadays. Especially vitamins which are known to affect directly on various hormones in our body. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), one of these hormones, is synthesized in various peripheral organs and tissues, especially the pineal gland and retina. Endogenous melatonin secretion rhythm is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and maintained with a bright dark cycle. Melatonin hormone is responsible for many activities in the human body. In addition to, especially is found in various foods (milk and milk product, nuts, olive oil, and various fruits). In this review, the recent studies that focused on the biosynthesis and metabolism of melatonin in addition to those investigated food content of melatonin and their effects on physiological and biological human health.
Removal of Natural Organic Matter by Steel Slag through Adsorption and Catalytic Oxidation
Authors: KAPLAN BEKAROĞLU Şehnaz Şule , ATEŞ Nuray , KİTİŞ Mehmet
Published: August 2021

There is growing interest in reclaiming waste materials from industries such as metallurgical slags, fly ash and agricultural wastes in a resource-limited world. A large amount of steel slag is produced as waste material from steel industries. This study focused on natural organic matter (NOM) removal using steel slag as a low-cost adsorbent/catalyst. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of steel slag to remove NOM in waters with high specific UV absorbance (SUVA254) value. The effects of steel slag particles size and dosages of slag and hydrogen peroxide on NOM removals were determined. UV absorbing NOM fractions were preferentially removed by the steel slag. Maximum UV absorbance and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduction after adsorption were 83% and 54%, respectively. In addition to adsorptive properties, iron oxides on steel slag surfaces significantly catalyses hydrogen peroxide decomposition. As a result of formation of strong oxidants after hydrogen peroxide decomposition, NOM removal increased. The results showed that steel slag can be used as adsorbent and catalyst for removal of NOM in high SUVA value waters. Besides, steel slag may be effective for controlling the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water treatment due to the removal of NOM fractions with high UV absorbance values.
Electrical and Optical Properties of TPBi and CzSi Films Fabricated by Spin Coating: The Effects of Varying Thickness and Applied Rapid Thermal Annealing
Authors: MANTARCI Asim
Published: August 2021

Electrical and optical properties depending on effects of varying thickness and applied rapid thermal annealing of TPBi and CzSi films fabricated by spin coating were determined in detail and the results of these effects were analyzed and discussed. While TPBi film with the highest electrical conductivity in the 3.54-3.56 eV is 0.714 mm thick film (4.13x1012 Siemens at 3.55 eV energy), the film with the lowest electrical conductivity is 0.702 mm thick (1.72x1012 Siemens at 3.55 eV energy). It was found that the refractive index values of TPBi film increased with increasing thickness in region between 356 nm-374 nm. It was observed that when the thickness of TPBi film was increased from 0.702 mm to 0.703 mm, optical band gap of the film did not change, when it was increased to 0.706 mm, the optical band gap energy increased from 3.48 eV to 3.52 eV. As for the rapid annealing effects; basic physical properties of CzSi film depending on various annealed temperatures have been investigated in detail, just like thickness effects. In summary, different thicknesses and rapid thermal effects on noteworthy physical properties of films such as optical electrical conductivity, absorption band edge energy, refractive index, optical band gap energy have been studied and discussed in detail.
Farklı Yem İşleme Teknolojilerinin Arpanın (Hordeum vulgare L.) Kimyasal, Mikrobiyolojik ve Mikroskopik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: KOC Fisun , ŞAMLI H.ersin , COŞKUNTUNA Levend
Published: August 2021

Araştırmanın materyalini, arpanın farklı işlenmiş formları (öğütülmüş, flake ve ezme) oluşturmuştur. Yem örnekleri 4 °C, 22 °C ve 32 °C sıcaklıkta 90 gün depolanmıştır. Araştırma süresince yem örneklerinde kimyasal, mikrobiyolojik ve mikroskopik analizler yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda yemlerin kuru madde
(KM), ham protein (HP), ham yağ (HY), ham kül (HK), ham selüloz (HS) ve nişasta değeri üzerinde yemin
depolama süresi, depolama sıcaklığı ve yemin formunun istatistiki olarak önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir
(P<0.001). Yemlerin mikrobiyal kompozisyonu üzerinde yemin formu etkili olmuş, en az etkilenme flake
formundaki yemlerde tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada 4 oC de ve 22 oC depolanan yemlerin maya ve enterobakteri içerikleri süreye bağlı olarak artmıştır (P<0.001). Çalışma kapsamında mikroskopla yapılan ölçümlerde küflerin tespiti mümkün olmamıştır. Bu açıdan stereo mikroskobun özellikle depolama süresi uzun olan çalışmalarda kullanılabileceğini söyleyebiliriz.
An Attempt to Evaluate the Performance Parameters of a Precision Vacuum Seeder in Different Seed Drop Height
Authors: KUŞ Emrah
Published: August 2021

This study examined the effects of seed drop height changing depending on furrow openers of precision seeders, and the forward speed of tractors which is constantly aimed to be increased by producers on the uniformity of seed distribution. The experiments were made with a precision seeder unit positioned on a sticky belt trial setup at seed drop heights of 100, 200 and 300 mm, the forward speeds of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m s-1, and the vacuum pressures of 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 kPa. Maize and sunflower seeds were used in experiments. According to the results, the effects of seed drop height and forward speed on seed spacing and deviation from row were significant for both seed types (P<0.01). The increase in the forward speed led to a deviation of approximately 15 mm in maize and 17 mm in sunflower between the mean seed spacing and the target seed spacing. In general, miss and multiple indices were found to be fewer than 9%. The optimum performance of the seeder unit in sowing sunflower and maize was obtained at the seed drop height of 100 mm, the forward speed of 0.5 m s-1, and the vacuum pressure of 9.0 kPa. Consequently, it is suggested that, in contrast to what is demanded, the forward speed cannot be increased as much as one desires, and the dimensions of furrow openers that changed depending on the seed drop height should be designed under certain standards.
Some structural and contemporary observations on Israeli politics around the "Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel" volume of Shahak&Mezvinsky
Authors: KOÇ Mehmet Akif
Published: August 2021

Israel’s aggressive foreign policy and use of excessive violence trigger profound concerns and draw reaction from regional countries and international community. Israel’s sui generis domestic factors, created by socio-cultural and historically-religiously legitimized claims, closely affect its aggressiveness within the country and beyond. This article will follow a different perspective in analyzing this situation; first, Israeli domestic politics shaped by religious parameters will be discussed in detail around Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel, Israel Shahak and Norton Mezvinsky’s well-known research. Then contemporary dynamics in Israeli politics creating a strong religious-right tendency will be evaluated while focusing on the last parliamentary elections (March 2021).
Defining domestic water consumption based on personal water use activities
Authors: Crouch Melissa Lauren , Jacobs Heinz Erasmus , Speight Vanessa L.
Published: August 2021

As the world increasingly faces water shortages, it is critical to develop realistic estimates of water consumption based on water-use activities rather than top-down imposed limits. This study quantifies the absolute basic consumption (ABC) of an individual, irrespective of water-use location or water source, with a focus on personal water-use activities rather than measured household consumption. A theoretical model to stochastically describe 21 personal water-use activities was developed, corresponding to lifestyle levels based upon Maslow's hierarchy of physiological needs. From this model, the expected value of ABC was 92 L/capita/day (LPCD) and includes restrictions on several everyday activities and thus would be better as a minimum target during stringent water restrictions. A more realistic expected value for non-wasteful, indoor-only water use was determined to be 175 LPCD. The results of this study serve as a useful benchmark to inform policy choices and efforts to conserve water without affecting health and wellbeing.
Membrane-based conceptual design of reuse water production from candy factory wastewater
Authors: Kyllönen Hanna , Heikkinen Juha , Ceras Javier , Fernandez Claudio , Porc Olaf , Grönroos Antti
Published: August 2021

Intense pressure on water resources has led to efforts to reuse reclaimed processing wastewater in the food industry. There are tight rules for water quality, but efficient separation technologies such as reverse osmosis possess good possibilities for water reuse. This study developed a membrane-based reuse water concept for wastewater from the candy industry emphasizing the pre-treatment stage in the concept to reduce fouling. The wastewater contained suspended solids, sugar compounds and the ingredients for candy gelation, which had a tendency to foul membranes, making pre-treatment essential for a successful concept. Cross-rotational ultrafiltration, which featured enhanced fouling prevention for membranes, functioned well for the removal of challenging substances. Conventional filtration technologies were impractical due to a low flux, even when the viscosity of the wastewater was reduced using surfactants. The wastewater had a high chemical oxygen demand, meaning that there was a strong fouling potential for reverse osmosis membranes, but also high osmotic pressure. A spiral wound reverse osmosis functioned well when the wastewater was pre-treated, and it produced good quality water with respect to all the other studied parameters except the chemical oxygen demand. However, chemical oxygen demand rejection was 99% since the concentration in the wastewater was originally very high.
Serum Arylsulfatase and Acid Phosphatase Activity in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome as a Result of Oxidative Damage to Lysosomes
Authors: Olszewska-Słonina Dorota M.
Published: August 2021

Background:

Metabolic and clinical disorders forming the complex of interrelated abnormalities
is known as metabolic syndrome (METs).

Objective:

Our goal was to assess the dependence of serum arylsulfatase (AS) and acid phosphatase
(ACP) activities on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with METs.

Methods:

In 142 patients with METs (IDF criteria), consisting of different components in different
sequences (hypertension, diabetes, lipid disorders), and in 65 healthy participants, basic biochemical
parameters were determined in laboratory tests. The activity of serum hydrolases was determined
using Bessey’s (ACP) and Roy’s (AS) methods.

Results:

The AS activity is correlated with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (more strongly in women and
in most advanced METs), BMI (in men), and triglycerides (TG) (in women, participants with I degree
obesity, and those with three METs components). The ACP activity correlated with the WHR
of patients with II degree obesity, TG in those with III degree of obesity, and total cholesterol (TC)
in those with four METs components.

Conclusion:

Increased AS activity in patients with METs compared to lower AS activity in the control
group may be due to decreased lysosomal function and related to the amount of adipose tissue.
Low activity of ACP in the blood serum of patients with METs compared to high activity of ACP
in the control group may indicate exhaustion of the lysosomal apparatus and loss of hydrolytic activity.
The increase in TG and TC in groups with an increasing number of METs-defining components
may be due to the abnormal lysosomal degradation of these compounds.
Expression, Regulation, and Role of an Oligopeptide Transporter: PEPT1 in Tumors
Authors: Wang Xi , Chen Yiming , Wang Yongjuan , Wang Bangmao , Zhang Jie , Jian Xu
Published: August 2021

:

PEPT1 is a vital member of the proton-dependent oligopeptide transporters
family (POTs). Many studies have confirmed that PEPT1 plays a critical role in the absorption
of dipeptides, tripeptides, and pseudopeptides in the intestinal tract. In recent
years, several studies have found that PEPT1 is highly expressed in malignant tumor tissues
and cells. The abnormal expression of PEPT1 in tumors may be closely related to the
progress of tumors, and hence, could be considered as a potential molecular biomarker for
the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in malignant tumors. Furthermore, PEPT1 can be
used to mediate the targeted delivery of anti-tumor drugs. Herein, the expression, regulation,
and role of PEPT1 in tumors in recent years have been reviewed.
Nanomaterials and Stem Cell Differentiation Potential: An Overview
of Biological Aspects and Biomedical Efficacy
Authors: Farahzadi Raheleh , Adibkia Khosro , Ehsani Ali , Jodaei Asma , Barzegar-Jalali Mohammad , Fathi Ezzatollah
Published: August 2021

:

Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their medical applications, are widely used. Accordingly,
the use of mesenchymal stem cells is one of the most important alternatives in
the tissue engineering field. NPs play effective roles in stem cells proliferation and differentiation.
The combination of NPs and tissue regeneration by stem cells has created a
new therapeutic approach towards humanity. Of note, the physicochemical properties of
NPs determine their biological function. Interestingly, various mechanisms such as modulation
of signaling pathways and generation of reactive oxygen species, are involved in
NPs-induced cellular proliferation and differentiation. This review summarized the types
of nanomaterials effective on stem cell differentiation, the physicochemical features,
biomedical application of these materials and the relationship between nanomaterials and
environment.
Carbon Monoxide in Renal Physiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Renal Disease
Authors: Liu Qingquan , Cheng Anying , Wang Yiru , Lv Yongman , Chen Zhi
Published: August 2021

Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the endogenous gaseous messengers or gasotransmitters, and is a
paramount mediator in physiological and disease conditions. In this review, we focus on the functions of CO in
normal and pathological renal physiology. We discuss endogenous renal CO production and signaling in the
normal kidney, the characteristic of CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) modalities, and outline its regulatory
functions in renal physiology. This article summarizes the mechanisms as well as the effect of CO in the evolving
field of renal diseases. We predict numerous innovative CO applications forevolvingcutting-edge scholarly
work in the future.
Gut-Brain-Microbiota Axis and Hypertension: A Literature Review
Authors: Kwon Young Nam , Kim Yong-Jae
Published: August 2021

The gut and brain are linked via various bidirectional pathways, and they communicate withand affect
each other. The interaction between the gut-brain axis and the gut microbiota has attracted much attention
in the development of hypertension. In this review, we have discussed the gut-brain-microbiota axis and its association
with gut dysbiosis in terms of regulation of blood pressure using the autonomic nervous system, immune
system, metabolites, hormones, and neurotransmitters. In addition, the treatments using microbiota that
have been tried, to date, are briefly summarized. By understanding the mechanism by which gut-brainmicrobiota
regulates blood pressure, the novel targets for hypertension treatment or a new therapeutic approach
using the gut-brain-microbiota could be investigated.
Recent Advances in Synthesis and Biological Applications of Substituted Ureas
Authors: Sapkal Bharatkumar M. , Disale Shamrao T. , Toche Raghunath B. , More Dhananjay H.
Published: August 2021

In the last few decades, urea derivatives have gained significant importance due to
its wide applications in pharmaceutical, polymer, dyes, and agriculture industries. Urea derivatives
are the key starting material for the synthesis of novel bioactive heterocyclic molecules.
Substituted urea derivatives are known to possess a wide array of biological activities
such as herbicidal, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antivirus, anticancer, antioxidants, antiproliferative,
antiatherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, sedatives, anticonvulsants and as
HIV-1 protease inhibitor. Herein, the synthetic approach and its herbicidal, anticonvulsant,
antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities are reviewed. This review summarizes the current
updates about the syntheses and biological behavior of substituted urea.
Synthetic Aspects of Condensed Pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Devi Meenu , Jaiswal Shivangi , Dwivedi Jaya , Kaur Navjeet
Published: August 2021

The present review focuses on the synthesis of two heteroatoms containing sixmembered
heterocyclic compounds, i.e., pyrimidine. In this review, a number of pyrimidine
derivatives have been illustrated, which show the exceptional ability towards clinical practices.
Pyrimidine derivatives show antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antiallergic, antiinflammatory,
anticancer, and anticonvulsant activities. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to
synthesize novel, potent, safe, and selective pyrimidine derivatives that are effective against
the mutant strains, and the development of synthetic protocols is a high priority in medicinal
chemistry research. Many methodologies have been developed for the preparation of pyrimidine
derivatives. In this review article, the synthetic strategies of pyrimidine derivatives are
classified into metal-catalyzed synthesis, ionic-liquid assisted synthesis, microwave-assisted
synthesis, and solid-phase synthesis.
Amide-Directed Reactions of Small Carbocycles
Authors: Yamanushkin Pavel M. , Rubina Marina , Rubin Michael
Published: August 2021

The topic of this review is the amide-directed functionalization of strained carbocycles
- specifically, unsaturated or saturated three- and four-membered rings. The following
approaches are discussed: a) directed carbometallation and hydrometallation of cyclopropenes
catalyzed by transition metals; b) directed metal-templated nucleophilic addition reactions; c)
directed C-H functionalization, including transition metal-catalyzed C-H-activation reactions;
and d) directed radical additions.
Amines via Hydroaminomethylation: An Updated Overview
Authors: Arena Carmela G.
Published: August 2021

:

Aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines are widely used in the production of pharmaceuticals,
agrochemicals, dyes, surfactants and rubber chemicals.

:

Most traditional synthetic methods are often unsuitable for large-scale production due to poor
selectivity, harsh reaction conditions and the cost of starting materials.

:

In this context, hydroaminomethylation (HAM) is a very attractive catalytic process with high
atom economy that starts from inexpensive reagents, such as alkenes.

:

This review aims to provide an updated overview of hydroaminomethylation as a useful tool for
synthesizing aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines. Therefore, the discussion will focus on
both unsaturated starting compounds and the amines obtained by this one-pot reaction.
The Photochemical Isomerisation of Hexatomic Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: D'Auria Maurizio
Published: August 2021

The photochemical isomerisation of hexatomic heterocyclic compounds has been
discussed. The attention was focused on the mono- and dinitrogen hexatomic heterocycles. To
justify the photochemical isomerisation of pyridines, Dewar isomers, azaprismane, and azaprefulvene
derivatives have been proposed. The photoisomerisation of pyridinium salts requires a
ring reduction with the formation of arizines. Pyridinium ylides gave photoisomerisation reaction
through the formation of the corresponding azirines, while pyridinium N-oxide was required
to react for the formation of the corresponding oxaziridines. The photochemical isomerisation
of pyrazine derivatives, Dewar isomers, diazaprismane, and benzvalene intermediates
has been proposed to justify the observed reactivity. Finally, in the case of pyridazine and
pyrimidine derivatives, Dewar isomers were used to explain the obtained reaction products. In
the discussion of the results, the presence of different mechanistic hypotheses has been evidenced.
F-based Small Group Decoration of Heteroarenes Via C-H Activation: Medicinal Chemistry Rationale and Late Stage Synthetic Methods
Authors: Ronchi Paolo , Guariento Sara , Pala Daniele , Pizzirani Daniela , Fiorelli Claudio , Bruno Paolo , Nigroni Veronica , Biagetti Matteo
Published: August 2021

The use of F-based decorations in drug discovery started from the development of
fluorocorticoids and fluorochinolones (1950s and 1980s respectively) and it resulted in about
20% of approved drugs on the Market containing fluorine. From a medicinal chemistry perspective,
the installation of F-based small groups (e.g. -CF3, -CF2H, -OCF3, -OCF2H, -SCF3, -
SCF2H) necessarily impacts on physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and
toxicological properties of small molecules. Accordingly, a huge interest on this topic is constantly
arising in the medicinal chemistry community. Focusing on heteroarenes, the synthetic
access to these substitutions is guaranteed by a number of effective reactions, such as Miniscitype
reaction, photochemistry or electrochemistry C-H activation. The aim of this work is to
analyze the rational in using these groups in medicinal chemistry and to highlight the current
available synthetic toolbox of C-H activation for their introduction on heteroarenes of pharmaceutical interest. A particular
focus has been given to those procedures amenable at late-stage functionalisation process.
Combinatorial Synthesis of Novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol Derivatives
as Fungicidal Agents
Authors: Che Zhiping , Chen Genqiang , Zhu Lina , He Jiaxuan , Zhang Song , Li Yuanhao , Guo Xiaolong , Sun Di , Tian Yuee , Liu Shengming , Huang Xiaobo
Published: August 2021

Background:

Developing the high-efficiency and low-risk small-molecule greenfungicide
is the key to effective control of the plant pathogenic oomycetes. Essential oils play a
very important role in novel fungicide discovery for their unique sources and potential target sites.
Eugenol, a kind of plant essential oil, was mainly isolated from the unopened and dried flower
buds of Syzygium aromaticum of the Myrtaceae family. Due to its unique structural skeleton,
eugenol and its derivatives have exhibited a wide range of biological activities. However, a study
on the synthesis of novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol derivatives as fungicidal agents against
Phytophthora capsici has not yet been reported.

Methods:

Twenty-six novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol derivatives (3a-p and 5a-j) were
prepared and their structures were well characterized by 1H NMR, HRMS, and m.p. Their
fungicidal activity was evaluated against P. capsici by using the mycelial growth rate method.

Results:

To find novel natural-product-based fungicidal agents to control the plant pathogenic
oomycetes, we herein designed and synthesized two series of novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol
derivatives (3a-p and 5a-j) as fungicidal agents against P. capsici Leonian, in vitro. Results of
fungicidal activity revealed that, among all compounds, especially compounds 3a, 3f, and 3n
displayed the most potent anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici with EC50 values of 79.05,
75.05, and 70.80, respectively.

Conclusion:

The results revealed that the anti-oomycete activity of eugenol with the sulfonyloxy
group was higher than that with the acyloxy group. It is suggested that the fungicidal activity of
eugenol can be improved by introducing the sulfonyloxy group. This will pave the way for further
design, structural modification, and development of eugenol derivatives as fungicidal agents.
A Review on Phyto-pharmacology of Oxalis corniculata
Authors: Rasul Azhar , Shah Muhammad Ajmal , Sarfraz Iqra , Hussain Ghulam , Nageen Bushra , Jabeen Farhat , Selamoğlu Zeliha , UÇAK İlknur , Asrar Muhammad , Adem Sevki
Published: August 2021

:

Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) is a small decumbent and delicate appearing
medicinal herb flourishing in warm temperate and tropical domains such as Pakistan and India.
Main bioactive chemical constituents of Oxalis plant include several alkaloids, flavonoids,
terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and phlobatannins, along with steroids. Due to its
polyphenolic, glycosides and flavonoid profile, it is proved to be protective in numerous ailments
and exhibit various biological activities such as anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, antibacterial,
anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective. Moreover, bioactive phytochemicals from this plant
possess significant wound healing potential. Our current effort intends to emphasize on the
immense significance of this plant species, which have not been the subject matter of clinical trials
and effective pharmacological studies, even though its favored usage has been stated. This review
proposes that Oxalis corniculata possess a potential for the cure of various diseases. However,
further researches on isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds along with pre-clinical
trials are compulsory to figure out its pharmacological applications.
Synthetic Attempts Towards Eminent Anti-viral Candidates of SARS-CoV
Authors: Kundu Subhradip , Sarkar Debayan
Published: August 2021

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) aka SARS-CoV spread over southern China
for the first time in 2002-2003 and history repeated again since last year and took away lives of more
than two million people so far. On March 11, 2020 COVID-19 outbreak was officially declared as
pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). The entire world united to fight back against this
ultimate destruction. Around 90 vaccines are featured against SARS-CoV-2 and more than 300 active
clinical trials are underway by several groups and individuals. So far, no drugs have been currently
approved that can completely eliminate the deadly coronavirus. The promising SARS-CoV-2 antiviral
drugs are favipiravir, remdesivir, lopinavir, ribavirin and avifavir. In this review, we have discussed
the synthetic approaches elaborately made so far by different groups and chemical companies
all around the world towards top three convincing anti-viral drugs against SARS-CoV-2, which are
favipiravir, remdesivir and lopinavir.
Gene Therapy for Critical Limb Ischemia: Per Aspera ad Astra
Authors: Tarantul Vyacheslav Z. , Gavrilenko Alexander V.
Published: August 2021

:

Peripheral artery diseases remain a serious public health problem. Although there are many
traditional methods for their treatment using conservative therapeutic techniques and surgery, gene
therapy is an alternative and potentially more effective treatment option especially for “no-option” patients.
This review treats the results of many years of research and application of gene therapy as an
example of treatment of patients with critical limb ischemia. Data on successful and unsuccessful attempts
to use this technology for treating this disease are presented. Trends in changing the paradigm
of approaches to therapeutic angiogenesis are noted: from viral vectors to non-viral vectors, from gene
transfer to the whole organism to targeted transfer to cells and tissues, from single-gene use to combination
of genes; from DNA therapy to RNA therapy, from in vivo therapy to ex vivo therapy.
Recent Advances in Predicting Protein-lncRNA Interactions Using Machine
Learning Methods
Authors: Du Pu-Feng , Yu Han , Shen Zi-Ang , Zhou Yuan-Ke
Published: August 2021

:

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a type of RNA with little or no protein-coding
ability. Their length is more than 200 nucleotides. A large number of studies have indicated that
lncRNAs play a significant role in various biological processes, including chromatin organizations,
epigenetic programmings, transcriptional regulations, post-transcriptional processing, and circadian
mechanism at the cellular level. Since lncRNAs perform vast functions through their interactions with
proteins, identifying lncRNA-protein interaction is crucial to the understandings of the lncRNA molecular
functions. However, due to the high cost and time-consuming disadvantage of experimental
methods, a variety of computational methods have emerged. Recently, many effective and novel machine
learning methods have been developed. In general, these methods fall into two categories: semisupervised
learning methods and supervised learning methods. The latter category can be further classified
into the deep learning-based method, the ensemble learning-based method, and the hybrid
method. In this paper, we focused on supervised learning methods. We summarized the state-of-the-art
methods in predicting lncRNA-protein interactions. Furthermore, the performance and the characteristics
of different methods have also been compared in this work. Considering the limits of the existing
models, we analyzed the problems and discussed future research potentials.
Transcription Factors in Deriving β Cell Regeneration: A Potential
Novel Therapeutic Target
Authors: Marzoog Basheer Abdullah , Vlasova Tatyana Ivanovna
Published: August 2021

:

Recently, remarkable advances have been achieved in the molecular
biopathology field and researchers turned to evaluate the role, molecular mechanisms,
and clinical value of transcription factors in curing a variety of parenchymal degenerative
pathologies. Special agents have the capability to cell lineage reprogramming termed
transcription factors with a capacity for gene expression modification. Therefore,
whatever niche factor may modify gene expression is termed as a transcription factor. A
variety of transcription factors have been identified to participate in the regulation of
pancreatic stem cell maturation, differentiation, and proliferation; primarily, not only
Pdx1, NeuroG3, and MafA, but transcription factors can also transdifferentiate somatic
cells in between, liver and gallbladder cells into insulin-producing cells. These
heterogenic capabilities of the transcription factors are of clinical significance since they
can control cells' regeneration capacity. Physiologically, the pancreatic cells are
subdivided into exocrine and endocrine cells. Pancreatic endocrine dysfunction is
clinically more common and of more clinical relevance. The paper will illustrate the role
and possible mechanisms of transcription factors in the transdifferentiation of endodermderived
somatic cells into pancreatic beta-like cells. Clinically, understanding the
potential mechanisms in generating physiologic beta cells is extremely crucial to
optimize current therapies and evaluate new therapeutic targets via recruiting specific
transcription factors. The transcription factors can be applied to both types of diabetes
and chronic pancreatitis.
Anticancer Effect of Alginate-chitosan Hydrogel Loaded with Curcumin and Chrysin on Lung and Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Torbati Mohammadali , Akbarzadeh Abolfazl , Abbasalizadeh Farhad , Alizadeh Effat , Bagher Fazljou Seyyed Mohammad
Published: August 2021

Objective:

We conducted the present study to investigate the anticancer effects of curcumin and chrysin loaded in the alginate-chitosan hydrogel on breast cancer (T47D) and lung cancer (A549).

Background:

Cancer, which is defined as abnormal cell growth, is one of the biggest public health problems in the world. Natural compounds, such as polyphenols, are used as chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic agents in different types of cancer owing to their antioxidant, antineoplastic, and cytotoxic properties. To improve their bioavailability and releasing behavior, hydrogel systems with high drug loadingg, stability and hydrophilic nature have been designed.

Methods:

The curcumin-chrysin-loaded alginate-chitosan hydrogels were prepared through the ionic gelation mechanism utilizing CaCl2. The prepared hydrogels were studied by using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The MTT and DAPI staining assays were employed for cytotoxicity and apoptosis studies of curcumin-chrysin- loaded alginate-chitosan hydrogels. The effects of the curcumin-chrysin-loaded alginate-chitosan hydrogels on the cell cycle of cell lines T47D and A549 were also evaluated using the propidium iodide staining.

Results:

The curcumin-chrysin-loaded alginate-chitosan hydrogels could significantly (p<0.05) reduce the viability and induce apoptosis. Morover G2/M causes arrest of the cell cycle in both A549 and T47D cell lines.

Conclusion:

The alginate-chitosan hydrogels could work best as an enhanced anticancer drug delivery system.
The Efficient Synthesis of 2-(3-Carbamoylpyridine-2-yl) Nicotinamide Pyridine
Salts
Authors: Zhang Lei-Yang , Geng Jing-Bo , Wang Nai-Xing , Wu Yue-Hua , Yan Zhan , Xu Bao-Cai , Xing Yalan
Published: August 2021

:

The synthesis of axially chiral compounds has attracted a great deal of attention in
recent years. Herein, an efficient and economical synthetic route has been developed for 2-(3-
carbamoylpyridin-2-yl) nicotinamide pyridine salts, axially chiral compounds. The starting material
1,10-phenanthroline is readily available. In this study, 2-(3-carbamoylpyridin-2-yl) nicotinamide
pyridine salts are obtained in moderate to good yields. This protocol includes simple
operations and has easy scalability. In addition, the axial chirality of the products is also preliminary
studied.