bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Heat Treatments on Stress Corrosion Behavior of 7050 Al Alloys in 3.5% NaCl Solution
Authors: Ren Wei Wei , Zhan Xing Feng , Zou Lin Chi , Li Qiang , Chen Jun Feng
Published: November 2016

Effect of heat treatments on the stress corrosion behavior of 7050 Al alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution has been investigated using slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test. During the slow strain rate tensile process, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in real time was carried out to characterize the electrochemical behavior for different tempers 7050 Al alloys. The investigation shows that both the stress corrosion resistance of 7050 Al alloys is controlled by heat treatments due to the different precipitates state. The improvement of stress corrosion resistance is contributed to the tiny precipitates in matrix which are beneficial to corrosion potential and maintain passivation, and precipitates discontinuous distribution at grain boundary which obstruct intergranular crack connection. Moreover, base on the results, we find out retrogression and re-aging (RRA, i.e., T6 + 200 °C/ retrogression + water quench + T6) increases both tensile strength and stress corrosion resistance. The optimized of retrogression time is 30 minutes.
Similar and Dissimilar Ultrasonic Spot Welding of 5754 Aluminum Alloy for Automotive Applications
Authors: Macwan A. , Mirza F.A. , Bhole S.D. , Chen Dao Lun
Published: November 2016

Aluminum (Al) alloys are increasingly used in the transportation industry to reduce the weight of vehicles due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. These applications unavoidably involve similar and dissimilar joining of an automotive grade 5754 Al alloy to manufacture multi-material vehicle body structures and parts. Ultrasonic spot welding (USW), an emerging and promising solid-state joining technology, can be suitably applied to join Al alloys. In this study, 5754 Al alloy was welded in similar (Al5754-Al5754) and dissimilar (Al5754-ZEK100 Mg alloy, Al5754-HSLA steel) configurations at varying levels of welding energy. It was observed that USW had a strong effect on the interface microstructure, with fine grains present at the weld interface via dynamic recrystallization in the similar welding, while an interface diffusion layer formed in the dissimilar welding. The tensile lap shear strength increased with increasing welding energy, reached its optimum value, and then decreased with further increasing welding energy. The strength of dissimilar Al5754-ZEK100 and Al5754-HSLA steel joints was about 55% and 88% of that of the similar Al-Al joints, respectively. The dissimilar Al5754-HSLA steel joints exhibited the longest fatigue life due to the reduced stress concentration and additional strengthening arising from the brazing effect of the squeezed-out Al-Zn eutectic structure at the nugget edge.
Processing Map and Microstructural Evolution of Isothermal Compressed an Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Zn Alloy
Authors: Yan Li Zhen , Zhang Yong An , Xiong Bai Qing , Li Zhi Hui , Li Xi Wu , Liu Hong Wei , Huang Shu Hui , Yan Hong Wei
Published: November 2016

The hot deformation behavior of an Al-0.92Mg-0.78Si-0.20Cu-0.60Zn alloy was studied by isothermal compression in the temperature range from 350 to 500 oC with strain rates of 0.01-10s-1 on Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical simulator. The microstructural evolution during hot deformation was investigated by electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the strain rate and deformation temperature have significant influence on flow behavior, and the flow stress increases with increasing strain rate and decreasing deformation temperature. Processing map at the strain of 0.7 is obtained and exhibits three peak efficiency domains (380-420 oC at 0.01s-1, 480-500 oC at 0.01s-1 and 450-500 oC at 0.1-0.32s-1). According to the processing map and microstructure observation, the optimized processing condition of hot deformation for the alloy is at 450-500 oC and strain rate of 0.1-0.32s-1. The homogenized ingot is hot rolled at 480 oC with a strain rate of 0.1s-1 based on optimized deformation parameters. The fraction of high-angle grain boundary is 35.2%, which is in accord with microstructure after hot deformed at 500 oC with a strain rate of 0.1s-1.
Development of TiB2 Dispersed Aluminum Composites by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Sasaki Gen , Hirose Takaaki , Choi Yong Bum , Sugio Kenji , Matsugi Kazuhiro
Published: November 2016

In order to obtain the high performance materials with high thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity, low thermal expansion, good mechanical properties and low density, TiB2 particle dispersed aluminum (Al) composites was developed by spark plasma sintering. As these properties are affected by the dispersibility of the particles, the relationship among the dispersibility of dispersant and the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties was investigated, 20 vol. % TiB2 dispersed Al composites with different dispersibility were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The dispersibility was estimated quantitatively by using the definition method of local number of particles (LN2DR method), and two composites having 6.884 and 4.839 for number of LN2DR was obtained. Thermal conductivity of the composites with homogeneous distribution of TiB2 particles was lower than that with heterogeneous distribution and clustering. On the other hand, the tensile strength of the composites improved as increasing temperature compared with Al block. Furthermore, strength of the composites with homogeneous distribution of TiB2 particles at 200°C and more was higher than that of the composites with heterogeneous distribution and clustering.
Cold Stamping of 6061 Al Alloy Assisted by Arc Welding Pretreatment
Authors: Pan Min , Ren Da Xin , Zhao Kun Ming , Fan Rong , Song Gang
Published: November 2016

Considering the poor plastic forming capacity of Al alloys at room temperature, this study proposed a stamping technique assisted by arc welding for partial material modification. The plastic forming capacity of the sheet pretreated by arc welding was confirmed with the V-shaped bending test. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the sheets were tested, and the cause of the increase in sheet deformability was analyzed. The Al alloy sheet pretreated by arc welding showed good plastic capacity at room temperature and under large deformations. The main advantage of arc welding is high speed, by which plastic working efficiency can be increased under certain conditions. In this technology, the difficult forming areas of structural parts are first located. Before plastic forming, sheets are pretreated by arc welding to convert the rolled grains in the softened heat-affected zones (HAZs) of the sheets into equiaxed grains and thereby regain grain deformability. Arc welding pretreatment is only used to soften difficult forming areas. Moreover, the local plasticity of sheets significantly increases in comparison with that of base metals, and the hardness of HAZs after plastic forming is improved.
Study on the Improving Method of Needle-Like β-Fe Phase in Al-Si-Cu Casting Alloy for Engine Cylinder Head
Authors: Gao Liang , He Ping , Xiang Zheng Bo , Liu Fei , Guo Gang Yin
Published: November 2016

The influences of Fe content, Mn-Fe ratio and cooling rate on the β-Fe phase distribution of Al-Si-Cu casting alloy were studied. The results showed that the β-Fe phase was reduced when the cooling rate was raised. Mn can effectively refine the morphology of Fe phase. When Fe content is 0.4% and Mn-Fe ratio comes to 0.8, the needle-like β-Fe phase is transformed into fine particles or bone-shaped in different positions of the cylinder head, it can manage to the best matching of quality and cost.
Numerical Analysis of Wavy Interface Formation and Successive Temperature Change in Magnetic Pulse Welded Al/Cu Joint
Authors: Nishiwaki Junto , Kambe Takashi , Kedo Yasutaka , Harada Yohei , Muraishi Shinji , Kumai Shinji
Published: November 2016

Magnetic pulse welding (MPW) which is one of the impact welding methods is suitable for a wide variety of combinations of similar and dissimilar metals. The flyer plate is accelerated by electromagnetic force and collided to the parent plate. A characteristic wavy interface is formed. The impact velocity and impact angle of the flyer plate during impact are important parameters which affect the interface morphology. In the case of dissimilar metals (e.g. Al/Cu, Al/Fe), the intermediate layer (such as intermetallic compound (IMC)) is formed by wavy interface formation and local temperature increase. The intermediate layer often decreases the bonding strength. Wavy interface formation mechanism and temperature increase at the joint interface should be investigated in order to obtain the dissimilar metal joint with high bonding strength. In this study, the impact velocity and impact angle of the flyer plate were obtained by using ANSYS Emag-Mechanical. Based on the obtained impact velocity and impact angle of the flyer plate in the MPW, the wavy interface formation and temperature change were reproduced by using ANSYS Autodyn for solving non-liner dynamics problems. Al sheets and Cu sheets were joined by the MPW. The joint interface was observed by OM and SEM and compared to the simulation result.
Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Hot-Working Mold Steel against Al Alloy Melt by Coating
Authors: Yi Yao Yong , Luo Zhe Min , Ngai Tungwai Leo , Ngai Sieglind , Li Lie Jun
Published: November 2016

In order to reduce the adhesion tendency of aluminum melt on the die casting mold and extend the service life of the die, multi-arc ion plating technique was used to deposit Ti/TiN/CrN multi-layer coating on the surface of 8418 hot-working mold steel. Corrosion resistance of the steel and the Ti/TiN/CrN coating against Al alloy melt was studied. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to study the microstructure, phase constituent and phase composition of the materials. Uniform Ti/TiN/CrN coatings with good bonding interfaces and a total thickness of about 2 μm were obtained. Results showed that Ti/TiN/CrN coating can improve the corrosion resistance of the 8418 hot-working die steel significantly against the aluminum alloy melt.
Characterization and Modelling of the Damage Behavior of Extruded Aluminum Profiles for Crash Simulations
Authors: Sun Dong Zhi , Krawiec Michael , Hooputra Hariaokto
Published: November 2016

The damage behavior of aluminum profiles depends strongly on the stress state. Many investigations have shown that both ductile and shear fracture have to be taken into account in damage analysis. Since fracture strains of aluminum profiles are relatively low, damage modelling has to be included in component simulations. However, it is an open question, which kind of damage model can be used for crash simulations and which tests should be performed in order to calibrate the model. An extruded aluminum profile with double chambers of AA6060-T79 was characterized under different stress triaxialities and shear ratios. The damage criteria IDS (Instability, Ductile and Shear fracture) in ABAQUS/Explicit were used for the simulations. An explicit relationship between triaxiality and shear ratio was derived for plane stress state. The influence of the model parameter on the overlapping of both criteria (ductile and shear fracture) was systematically studied for shell element applications. The applied damage model was validated by comparing experimental and calculated results of component tests.
Supersaturation Behavior of Al Solid Solutions and its Effect on Tensile Property in Al-7Si-xMg Alloys during Solution Heat Treatment (x: 0.4 and 0.8 Mass%)
Authors: Ha Seong Ho , Lee Su Yeon , Yoon Young Ok , Kim Shae K.
Published: November 2016

Supersaturation behavior of Al solid solutions and its effect on tensile property in Al-7Si-0.4Mg and Al-7Si-0.8Mg alloys during solution heat treatment were investigated in this study. As a result of Mg solubility measurement for Al solid solitions after solution heat treatment for 6 hrs by electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA)-wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS), Al-7Si-0.8Mg alloy had the higher Mg solubility, about 0.55 mass%, corresponding to that of Al-Si-Mg ternary phase diagram. From the tensile test, Al-7Si-0.8Mg alloy showed the improved strength and similar elongation to that of Al-7Si-0.4Mg alloy.
Evaluation on the Accuracies of Sump Depth Measurements during DC Casting Process of 7050 Alloy
Authors: Yu Kang Cai , Guo Shi Jie , Nagaumi Hiromi
Published: November 2016

Present work was carried out to investigate the measurement accuracy of the sump depth for 7050 billet in direct chill (DC) casting process. Three measuring methods were applied: (i) Al-30wt.% Cu melt was poured into the mold at the steady state of the casting attempting to record the profile of billet sump; (ii) two steel rods were vertically dipped into the centreline and the edge of the billet attempting to measure the distances between the solidus and the free liquid surface in the hot-top; (iii) several ordered thermocouples were pre-arranged onto the starting block and they were solidified into the billet as it was cast, and a series of temperature-time curves was recorded after casting. For the purposes of comparison and evaluation, a numerical model based on the same experiment parameters was also built and the simulation results were compared with measured results by above methods. It indicates that the sump depth measured by thermocouples has the best consistency with numerical results. The most accurate method is temperature recoding by thermocouples. The Al-Cu melt pouring method is more accurate than the rods dipping method, and the sump depths measured by later two methods were the positions about the solid fraction (fs) depths of 0.8 to 0.9.
Study on Eutectic Microstructure and Modification Mechanism of Al-Si Alloys
Authors: Chen Jian Xun , Lu Meng Jie , Wu Shu Sen , Lü Shu Lin
Published: November 2016

Sb is an effective additive to modify eutectic Si of Al-Si alloys and the modification mechanism has not yet been studied very clearly. In this paper, computer aided cooling curve thermal analysis and microstructure assessment were carried out to investigate the modification effects of Sb on Al7SiMg alloy. The results show that the Sb addition amount of 0.1~0.25% has improvement effect on eutectic Si morphology, which can be further confirmed from the thermal analysis results. The addition of Sb decreases the eutectic growth temperature by 5 °C to 7.8 °C, indicating an undercooling effect resulted from Sb modification. Compared to that of short rods, a better eutectic Si morphology of nearly granular particles can be obtained in a faster cooling rate. The length of silicon has been gradually shortened as holding time increased to 2.5 h from 0.5 h, which means a long period modification effect of Sb in Al-Si alloys. Owing to undercooling resulted from Sb addition in Al-Si alloys, the refinement structure of eutectic silicon can be achieved.
Highly Efficient Yttrium Based Metal Organic Framework for Removal of Pollutant Dyes
Authors: Singh Balpreet , Sharma Himanshi , Kaur Barinder , Singh Jaskaran , Singh Gurpreet , Singh Navalpreet , Kukkar Deepak
Published: November 2016

Highly porous crystalline luminescent metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized by conjugating Yttrium nitrate and Benzene Tri Carboxylate (BTC) in the presence of surfactant Cetyl Tri methyl Ammonium Bromide. A characteristic blue emission peak around 400 nm of Y upon excitation with UV light and peaks through Infra-Red spectroscopy revealed the formation of co-ordinate bond between Y and BTC, thereby confirming the formation of MOF nanoparticles (NPs). The nanoparticles were studied for potential removal of pollutants by encapsulation of the dye methylene blue (MB). Optical analysis affirmed the encapsulation of dye particles within the porous MOF NPs as dye absorption decreased around 600nm. This study offers great promise of using MOF NPs as platform for sensing of analytes in solution and removal of pollutant materials.
Synthesis of Iron Based Biocompatible Metal Organic Frameworks for Microencapsulation of Docetaxel
Authors: Sharma Tanvi , Kaur Harpreet , Kaur Amandeep , Singh Mandeep , Kaur Navdeep , Kanwar Mukesh , Kukkar Deepak
Published: November 2016

Tunable properties of porous metal organic frameworks (MOFs) make them a potential candidate for sustained release of functionally active biomolecules. Current study describes in situ encapsulation of anti-cancer drug, docetaxel in iron based MOFs for drug delivery applications. MOFs were synthesized using emulsification approach by mixing FeCl3.4H2Oand benzene tricarboxylate (BTC) in 1:1 molar ratio in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Optical characterization of the NMOFs was done using UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy. The peak obtained at 265 nm in the UV-visible spectrum indicated the formation of iron-based NMOF. The peaks obtained at 3416, 1623 and 3343cm-1 corresponding to C=O, C=C and C=O groups in FTIR spectroscopy further supported our observations. Microencapsulation of docetaxel was achieved by mixing the drug with the iron salt during the synthesis of MOF. Drug encapsulation was affirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Current study is an attempt in exploring the microencapsulation properties of MOFs.
Electron Microscopy Analysis of CdSe-CdS Quantum Dot-in-Rods Coated Mimosa pudica Fibre
Authors: Patra Soumya Ranjan , Mallick B. , Samal S.K. , Mishra S.C. , Pattojoshi P. , Tiwari T.N.
Published: November 2016

Semiconducting polymer based X-ray detector design is quite interesting and challenging task for the researchers. Because of low X-ray attenuation of polymers, the device becomes insensitive. In the paper we report a way through the introduction of fluorescent nanoparticles to increase the X-ray detection probability.The Mimosa pudica fibre was coated with CdSe-CdS quantum dot-in-rods on the surface by chemical dipping processes. The fibre morphology and microstructure have been analysed by TEM and SEM techniques. The well-oriented CdSe-CdS quantum dot-in-rods have been observed in TEM with an aspect ratio (rod length ̸ rod diameter) of 28.7×3.5 nm and quantum yield 78% of a sharp emission peak at 545 nm. The CdSe-CdS quantum dot-in-rods coated M. pudica fibre, as observed in SEM, possesses a honeycomb structure of the nano-material. It is expected that the interaction between static-electric field of the fibre and the field produced by the above quantum particle causes to form a well-ordered honeycomb cover on the fibre of the surface. The goal of this study is to confirm the feasibility of the X-ray imaging detection system based on the quantum size effect on coated conducting fibre.
The Evolving Paradigm of Individualized Postresuscitation Care After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Seder David B. , Lord Christine , Gagnon David J.
Published: November 2016

The postresuscitation period after a cardiac arrest is characterized by a wide range of physiological derangements. Variations between patients include preexisting medical problems, the underlying cause of the cardiac arrest, presence or absence of hemodynamic and circulatory instability, severity of the ischemia-reperfusion injury, and resuscitation-related injuries such as pulmonary aspiration and rib or sternal fractures. Although protocols can be applied to many elements of postresuscitation care, the widely disparate clinical condition of cardiac arrest survivors requires an individualized approach that stratifies patients according to their clinical profile and targets specific treatments to patients most likely to benefit. This article describes such an individualized approach, provides a practical framework for evaluation and triage at the bedside, and reviews concerns specific to all members of the interprofessional postresuscitation care team.
Using a Decision Wheel to Reduce Use of Restraints in a Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Hevener Stacy , Rickabaugh Barbara , Marsh Toby
Published: November 2016

Background

Little information is available on the use of tools in intensive care units to help nurses determine when to restrain a patient. Patients in medical-surgical intensive care units are often restrained for their safety to prevent them from removing therapeutic devices. Research indicates that restraints do not necessarily prevent injuries or removal of devices by patients.

Objectives

To decrease use of restraints in a medical-surgical intensive care unit and to determine if a decision support tool is useful in helping bedside nurses determine whether or not to restrain a patient.

Methods

A quasi-experimental study design was used for this pilot study. Data were collected for each patient each shift indicating if therapeutic devices were removed and if restraints were used. An online educational activity supplemented by 1-on-1 discussion about proper use of restraints, alternatives, and use of a restraint decision tool was provided. Frequency of restraint use was determined. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to examine nurses’ perceptions of the decision support tool.

Results

Use of restraints was reduced 32%. No unplanned extubations or disruption of life-threatening therapeutic devices by unrestrained patients occurred.

Conclusions

With implementation of the decision support tool, nurses decreased their use of restraints yet maintained patients’ safety. A decision support tool may help nurses who are undecided or who need reassurance on their decision to restrain or not restrain a patient.
Sri Lanka yellow semi tall; a new addition to the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) classification in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kamara L. C. J. , Perera S. A. C. N. , Dassanayaka P. N.
Published: November 2016

In Sri Lanka, coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) has been classified into three varieties, typica, nana and aurantiaca based mainly on their stature and breeding behaviour. Typica and nana are tall and dwarf coconuts respectively while aurantiaca includes intermediate types. Different phenotypes within a variety have been classified as forms of coconut. Current Sri Lankan coconut classification includes 19 different forms within three varieties. There are four different forms of coconut within variety nana, as green, yellow, red and brown dwarfs based on the colour of the epicarp of the fruit. They all conform to the morphological features of variety nana except the yellow dwarf population which was observed to be a phenotypic mixture of different types of coconut. The current study was conducted to differentiate the phenotypes within the Sri Lankan Yellow Dwarf (SLYD) population and to classify them based on existing criteria. A sample of 200 yellow dwarf palms were studied to determine their breeding behaviour, and the morphological characteristics related to stem, leaf, inflorescence and fruit morphology and yield. Based on quantitative and qualitative data generated, the pure Sri Lanka yellow dwarf coconut form could be distinguished and in addition a new coconut form which was named as Sri Lanka Yellow Semi Tall (SLYST) which was classified within the variety aurantiaca, was identified within the yellow dwarf population. There was a further group of coconuts which could not be placed within the existing varietal classification and they were hypothesized to be a population resulting from cross pollination between SLYD and SLYST.
BPTF Is Essential for T Cell Homeostasis and Function
Authors: Wu Bing , Wang Yunqi , Wang Chaojun , Wang Gang Greg , Wu Jie , Wan Yisong Y.
Published: November 2016

Bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF), a ubiquitously expressed ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor, is critical for epigenetically regulating DNA accessibility and gene expression. Although BPTF is important for the development of thymocytes, its function in mature T cells remains largely unknown. By specifically deleting BPTF from late double-negative 3/double-negative 4 stage of developing T cells, we found that BPTF was critical for the homeostasis of T cells via a cell-intrinsic manner. In addition, BPTF was essential for the maintenance and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Treg cell–specific BPTF deletion led to reduced Foxp3 expression, increased lymphocyte infiltration in the nonlymphoid organs, and a systemic autoimmune syndrome. These findings therefore reveal a vital role for BPTF in T and Treg cell function and immune homeostasis.
CD8αα+MHC Class II+ Cell with the Capacity To Terminate Autoimmune Inflammation Is a Novel Antigen-Presenting NK-like Cell in Rats
Authors: Wu Jean , Carlock Colin , Ross April , Shim Junbo , Lou Yahuan
Published: November 2016

Discovery of immune tolerance mechanisms, which inhibit pre-existing autoimmune inflammation, may provide us with new strategies for treating autoimmune diseases. We have identified a CD8αα+MHC class II+ cell with professional APC capacity during our investigation on spontaneous recovery from autoimmune glomerulonephritis in a rat model. This cell actively invades inflamed target tissue and further terminates an ongoing autoimmune inflammation by selective killing of effector autoreactive T cells. In this study, we show that this cell used a cytotoxic machinery of Ly49s+ NK cells in killing of target T cells. Thus, this CD8αα+MHC class II+ cell was a dually functional Ag-presenting NK-like (AP-NK) cell. Following its coupling with target T cells through Ag presentation, killing stimulatory receptor Ly49s6 and coreceptor CD8αα on this cell used rat nonclassic MHC class I C/E16 on the target T cells as a ligand to initiate killing. Thus, activated effector T cells with elevated expression of rat nonclassic MHC class I C/E16 were highly susceptible to the killing by the CD8αα+ AP-NK cell. Granule cytolytic perforin/granzyme C from this cell subsequently mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, inhibition of granzyme C effectively attenuated the killing. As it can recognize and eliminate effector autoreactive T cells in the inflamed target tissue, the CD8αα+ AP-NK cell not only represents a new type of immune cell involved in immune tolerance, but it also is a potential candidate for developing a cell-based therapy for pre-existing autoimmune diseases.
NKT Cell–Deficient Mice Harbor an Altered Microbiota That Fuels Intestinal Inflammation during Chemically Induced Colitis
Authors: Selvanantham Thirumahal , Lin Qiaochu , Guo Cynthia Xinyi , Surendra Anuradha , Fieve Stephanie , Escalante Nichole K. , Guttman David S. , Streutker Catherine J. , Robertson Susan J. , Philpott Dana J. , Mallevaey Thierry
Published: November 2016

NKT cells are unconventional T cells that respond to self and microbe-derived lipid and glycolipid Ags presented by the CD1d molecule. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells influence immune responses in numerous diseases. Although only a few studies have examined their role during intestinal inflammation, it appears that iNKT cells protect from Th1-mediated inflammation but exacerbate Th2-mediated inflammation. Studies using iNKT cell–deficient mice and chemically induced dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis have led to inconsistent results. In this study, we show that CD1d-deficient mice, which lack all NKT cells, harbor an altered intestinal microbiota that is associated with exacerbated intestinal inflammation at steady-state and following DSS treatment. This altered microbiota, characterized by increased abundance of the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Deferribacteres, and TM7, among which the mucin-eating Mucispirillum, as well as members of the genus Prevotella and segmented filamentous bacteria, was transmissible upon fecal transplant, along with the procolitogenic phenotype. Our results also demonstrate that this proinflammatory microbiota influences iNKT cell function upon activation during DSS colitis. Collectively, alterations of the microbiota have a major influence on colitis outcome and therefore have to be accounted for in such experimental settings and in studies focusing on iNKT cells.
Violence in the Christian Bible: Assessing Crossan’s use of ‘violence’ as a key analytical concept
Authors: Strijdom Johan
Published: November 2016

In this article Crossan’s analysis of violence in the Christian Bible is assessed by means of two overlapping strategies. The first strategy takes seriously the insistence by scholars of comparative religion that the application of theorised key concepts to case studies may throw new light on an issue. By taking David Chidester’s mapping of definitions and theories of the concept of ‘violence’ as a point of reference, Crossan’s conceptualisation of violence in the Bible is assessed. Secondly, Burton Mack’s critical application of Girard’s theory of violence to early Christian myth formations and their legacy in the West is compared with and used to assess Crossan’s analysis. In conclusion, the imperative to reflect further on the ethical question of violence is highlighted.
Concentrations of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Blood and Urinary Excretion in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Iwakawa Hiromi , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Fukui Tomiho , Fukuwatari Tsutomu , Ugi Satoshi , Maegawa Hiroshi , Doi Yukio , Shibata Katsumi
Published: November 2016

We examined the concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in blood and urinary excretion of 22 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2DM) and 20 healthy control participants. Macronutrient and vitamin intakes of type 2DM subjects were measured using a weighed food record method. Control participants consumed a semipurified diet for eight days. Multiple linear regression models were used to determine whether significant differences existed in vitamin concentrations in blood independent of age, sex, and other confounding factors. Concentrations of vitamins B2, B6, C, niacin, and folate in blood were significantly lower in type 2DM subjects than in controls, independent of confounding factors. Renal clearances of vitamins B6, C, niacin, and folate were significantly higher in type 2DM subjects than in controls. In conclusion, concentrations of vitamins B2, B6, C, niacin, and folate in blood were significantly lower in type 2DM subjects than in controls, independent of confounding factors; based on the evidence of increased urinary clearance of these vitamins, the lower levels were likely due to impaired reabsorption processes.
A Historical Analysis of the Quest for the Origins of Aging Macula Disorder, the Tissues Involved, and Its Terminology
Authors: de Jong Paulus T.V.M.
Published: November 2016

Although ocular tissues involved in aging macula disorder (AMD) were already known in 300 BC, the last type of photoreceptors was discovered only 10 years ago. The earliest descriptions of AMD appeared around 1850. It took over 150 years, till a clearer concept of AMD was formulated and even longer to grasp its pathophysiology. The uncertainty of researchers about the pathogenesis of AMD over the last century is reflected in its changing terminology. The evolution of this terminology is provided in a table to afford the reader a better insight into explanations proposed by researchers during this quest.
Полиэдральные произведения и коммутанты прямоугольных групп Артина и Коксетера
Authors: Panov Taras Evgenievich , Veryovkin Yakov Aleksandrovich
Published: November 2016

Конструкция полиэдрального произведения использована для построения моделей классифицирующих пространств прямоугольных групп Артина и Коксетера, общих граф-произведений групп и их коммутантов. В качестве приложения получен критерий свободности коммутанта граф-произведения групп и явно описан минимальный набор образующих для коммутанта прямоугольной группы Коксетера.
Библиография: 21 название.
Five-Year Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends Among Bacterial Isolates from a Tertiary Health-Care Facility in Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: Carroll Makeda , Rangaiahagari Ashok , Musabeyezu Emmanuel , Singer Donald , Ogbuagu Onyema
Published: November 2016

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat. There is limited information from Rwanda on AMR trends. This longitudinal study aimed to describe temporal trends of antibiotic susceptibility among common bacteria. We collated the antimicrobial susceptibility results of bacteria cultured from clinical specimens collected from inpatients and outpatients and submitted to the microbiology laboratory at King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda, from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2013. Differences in antimicrobial susceptibility between the first and fifth year of the study for each bacterial species was assessed using χ2 test. Of 5,296 isolates collected, 46.7% were Escherichia coli, 18.4% were Klebsiella spp., 5.9% were Acinetobacter spp., 7.1% were Pseudomonas spp., 11.7% were Staphylococcus aureus, and 10.3% were Enterococcus spp. Colistin and imipenem had greatest activity against gram-negative bacteria. Acinetobacter spp. showed the greatest resistance profile to antimicrobials tested, relative to other gram-negative bacteria. Vancomycin retained excellent activity against S. aureus and Enterococcus species (average susceptibility was 100% and 99.4%, respectively). Trend analysis determined that resistance to imipenem increased significantly among Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter isolates; there was also rising resistance to colistin among E. coli and Pseudomonas species. Only E. coli demonstrated increased resistance to gentamicin. For gram-positive pathogens, vancomycin susceptibility increased over time for Enterococcus species, but was unchanged for S. aureus. Our data suggest that resistance to imipenem and colistin are rising among gram-negative bacteria in Rwanda. Proper infection control practices and antimicrobial stewardship will be important to address this emerging threat.
Low Immunogenicity of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine Derived from Hansenula polymorpha in Adults Aged Over 40 Years
Authors: Caetano Karlla Antonieta Amorim , Del-Rios Nativa Helena Alves , Pinheiro Raquel Silva , Bergamaschi Fabiana Perez Rodrigues , Carneiro Megmar Aparecida dos Santos , Teles Sheila Araujo
Published: November 2016

The Brazilian recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (VrHB-IB) is based on the expression of the recombinant antigen in Hansenula polymorpha yeast cells. Currently, data on the immunogenicity of this vaccine in older adults are nonexistent. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity of VrHB-IB in adults over 40 years of age. From May to October 2011, 235 rural settlers between 2 and 93 years of age from the State of Goias in Brazil were eligible for vaccination. Of these, 180 accepted the first dose of the vaccine and 106 (58.9%) completed the vaccination schedule. Multivariate analysis revealed that individuals ≥ 40 years of age responded significantly less well to vaccination than younger adults. Also, a greater proportion of male nonresponders was observed (versus women; P = 0.02). These results point to the need for better evaluation of the immunogenicity of VrHB-IB in older adults.
Isolation of Coronavirus NL63 from Blood from Children in Rural Haiti: Phylogenetic Similarities with Recent Isolates from Malaysia
Authors: Beau De Rochars Valery Madsen , Lednicky John , White Sarah , Loeb Julia , Elbadry Maha A. , Telisma Taina , Chavannes Sonese , Anilis Marie Gina , Cella Eleonora , Ciccozzi Massimo , Okech Bernard A. , Salemi Marco , Morris J. Glenn
Published: November 2016

Human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 is recognized as a common cause of upper respiratory infections and influenza-like illness. In screening children with acute undifferentiated febrile illness in a school cohort in rural Haiti, we identified HCoV-NL63 in blood samples from four children. Cases clustered over an 11-day period; children did not have respiratory symptoms, but two had gastrointestinal complaints. On phylogenetic analysis, the Haitian HCoV-NL63 strains cluster together in a highly supported monophyletic clade linked most closely with recently reported strains from Malaysia; two respiratory HCoV-NL63 strains identified in north Florida in the same general period form a separate clade, albeit again with close linkages with the Malaysian strains. Our data highlight the variety of presentations that may be seen with HCoV-NL63, and underscore the apparent ease with which CoV strains move among countries, with our data consistent with recurrent introduction of strains into the Caribbean (Haiti and Florida) from Asia.
Pain and Tissue Damage in Response to Orthodontic Tooth Movement: Are They Correlated?
Authors: Cuoghi Osmar A , Topolski Francielle , de Faria Lorraine P , de Mendonça Marcos R
Published: November 2016

Aim

To evaluate the correlation between pain and tissue damage in response to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), such as hyalinization and external apical root resorption (EARR).

Materials and methods

The literature review was used as a methodological strategy, following the knowledge development process – constructivist (ProKnow-C). Study axes were defined and keywords that best represented each axis were selected. The terms were submitted to an adherence test and validation, resulting in 12 keyword combinations. Searches were carried out in the most representative databases for the selected terms, without restriction as for language or publication dates. Retrieved studies were filtered using the EndNote X6 program and classified according to analysis of title, abstract, and keywords. The final portfolio of articles was submitted to bibliometric and systematic analysis.

Results

A total of 1,091 studies were retrieved, out of which 719 were repeated and 335 were removed in the classification stage. A total of 37 articles remained in the final portfolio. Only one article was in line with the purpose of this study, indicating absence of correlation between pain and EARR in response to OTM.

Conclusion

Further studies are necessary to confirm whether orthodontic pain might serve as a criterion for the use of appropriate mechanical forces, contributing to minimize tissue damage following OTM.

Clinical significance

This article presents a systematic literature review, in which scientific evidence of the correlation between pain and tissue damage during orthodontic movement was studied, providing a scientific answer for the following question: Is pain reported by patients associated with application of inappropriate orthodontic force? Thus, it aims at aiding the orthodontist in the definition of clinical parameters for the use of optimal orthodontic force.

How to cite this article

Cuoghi OA, Topolski F, de Faria LP, de Mendonça MR. Pain and Tissue Damage in Response to Orthodontic Tooth Movement: Are They Correlated? J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(9):713-720.
Effect of Intermixing Brands on the Dimensional Accuracy of Master Cast using Putty-wash Impression Technique
Authors: Sayed Mohammed E , Al-Makramani Bandar MA , Al-Sanabani Fuad A , Mohamed Mohamed S
Published: November 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intermixing brands of addition silicone impression materials on the dimensional accuracy of stone models using two-step putty-wash technique.

Materials and methods

Two common brands of addition silicone impression material (Express and Aquasil) were used in this study. A total of 40 impressions of a stainless steel model simulating a three-unit bridge were made, 10 impressions for each group. Accuracy was assessed by measuring two dimensions (inter-abutment and intra-abutment) on stone models obtained from impressions of the stainless steel model. Each sample was measured thrice and the mean value was calculated. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's post hoc test.

Results

The results indicated that each of the inter-abutment and intra-abutment dimensions of the stone models was significantly higher than those for the stainless steel model (p < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in each of the inter-abutment and intra-abutment dimensions of the stone models among the four tested groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results obtained were statistically analyzed and the values of the inter-abutment and intra-abutment dimensions were all within the clinically acceptable range.

Clinical significance

Intermixing brands of additional silicone impression materials evaluated in this study did not affect the dimensional accuracy of obtained stone casts. This will help to minimize the wastage of materials due to lack of either light or putty consistency of the same brand of additional silicone impression material.

How to cite this article

Sayed ME, Al-Makramani BMA, Al-Sanabani FA, Mohamed MS. Effect of Intermixing Brands on the Dimensional Accuracy of Master Cast using Putty-wash Impression Technique. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(9):734-739.
Assessing the Risk of Oral Cancer associated with Gutka and Other Smokeless Tobacco Products: A Case–control Study
Authors: Awan Kamran Habib , Hussain QA , Maralingannavar Mahesh
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Tobacco and tobacco-related products have been attributed to be causative factors for oral cancer. Newer, chewable, and commercially available smokeless tobacco (ST) products, such as gutka pose further threat in this direction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of oral cancer associated with gutka and other ST products.

Materials and methods

A case-control study of 134 cases and 134 controls, over a period of 6 months (July–December 2014), was carried out at the Baqai University, Karachi, Pakistan. An interview-based questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, oral hygiene practices and type, duration, and frequency of use of tobacco-related products. Data were analyzed using the Pearson's chi-square (χ2) test with the level of significance set as p < 0.05.

Results

Gutka showed the highest odds ratio toward developing oral cancer ratio among all the tobacco-related products [odds ratio (OR) 5.54; 95% CI 2.83–10.83; p < 0.001)]. Participants who consumed other ST products also showed 2 to 4 times higher odds ratio of developing oral cancer than compared to those who did not consume these products.

Conclusion

The study provided strong evidence that gutka and other ST products are independent risk factors for oral cancer.

Clinical significance

This study highlights the strong association of different types of ST and oral cancer. This results in identification of high-risk groups for targeted screening for potential oral cancer lesions.

How to cite this article

Awan KH, Hussain QA, Patil S, Maralingannavar M. Assessing the Risk of Oral Cancer associated with Gutka and Other Smokeless Tobacco Products: A Case-control Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(9): 740-744.
Evaluation of the Position of Mental Foramen for Clinical and Forensic Significance in terms of Gender in Dentate Subjects by Digital Panoramic Radiographs
Authors: Mhapuskar Amit , Thakare Shweta , Hiremutt Darshan , Giroh Versha R , Kalyanpur Kedarnath , Alpana KR
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Evaluation of the position of mental foramen aids in forensic, surgical, endodontic, as well as diagnostic procedures. Thus, in view of this, the present study was conducted among the population of Pune, a central part of India, to determine the most regular location of the mental foramen and to estimate difference in position of mental foramen based on gender.

Materials and methods

The present retrospective study was commenced on 200 digital panoramic radiographs of dentate patients. The location of the representation of the mental foramen was traced. Measurements for evaluating distance of superior and inferior borders of the foramen in relation to the lower border of the mandible were made using the reference lines drawn from anatomical landmarks. The data so obtained were statistically analyzed using chi-square test.

Results

The most common position of mental foramen among Pune population in horizontal plane in both male and female patients was in line with second premolar followed by position in between first and second premolar, whereas in the vertical plane, most common position was at or in line with apex of second premolar followed by in between apex of first and second premolar. The variation in length of superior and inferior border of the foramen in relation to lower border of the mandible with respect to gender was found to be significant, with p-value <0.05.

Conclusion

There was no difference in position of mental foramen in horizontal and vertical planes based on gender.

Clinical significance

The stability of location of mental foramen and significant difference in length of superior and inferior border of the foramen in relation to lower border of the mandible with respect to gender offer its application in forensic identification of gender.

How to cite this article

Thakare S, Mhapuskar A, Hiremutt D, Giroh VR, Kalyanpur K, Alpana KR. Evaluation of the Position of Mental Foramen for Clinical and Forensic Significance in terms of Gender in Dentate Subjects by Digital Panoramic Radiographs. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(9):762-768.
Detection of Occlusal Carious Lesion using the SoproLife® Camera: A Systematic Review
Authors: Doméjean Sophie , Rongier Julie , Muller-Bolla Michèle
Published: November 2016

Aim

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the in vivo scientific evidence regarding the ability of a recently developed light fluorescence device, SoproLife® (Sopro-Acteon group, La Ciotat, France) in detecting occlusal carious lesions.

The PubMed database was searched for in vivo trials that evaluated the validity of the SoproLife® camera for the detection of occlusal carious lesions. Among the 11 articles originally identified with the keyword “Soprolife,” only three articles were included.

The three included surveys used the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)-II criteria as gold standard for the assessment of SoproLife® compared or not to other detection devices (DIAGNOdent® and Spectra Caries Detection Aid®). Two of the included studies reported only on permanent teeth or both primary and permanent teeth. The SoproLife® validity values varied markedly among studies with a sensitivity ranging between 0.43 and 0.95 and a specificity between 0.55 and 1. Interobserver reproducibility with the SoproLife® was reported in two of the three studies (0.98 and 0.72) and none of the studies reported about intraobserver reproducibility.

No clear-cut conclusion can be made based on the three included clinical studies; further in vivo investigations are needed to confirm the validity of the SoproLife® camera in terms of detection of occlusal carious lesions.

How to cite this article

Doméjean S, Rongier J, Muller-Bolla M. Detection of Occlusal Carious Lesion using the SoproLife® Camera: A Systematic Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(9):774-779.