bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reintroducing public actors in entrepreneurial dynamics: A co‐evolutionary approach to categorization
Authors: Demil Benoît
Published: July 2019

Research Summary

Categories are important cognitive and social interfaces for entrepreneurs and new ventures. However, the categories forged by the state and public agencies have been largely overlooked by the literature. A historical narrative explores the categorization process to register French mail order companies in an administrative nomenclature. This categorization performs reality by providing legality to a new population and by producing enduring social boundaries. Moreover, the historical reasoning enables to assimilate the emergence of a new category with a co‐evolutionary process, avoiding the reification of categories by considering multilevel interactions. Finally, our narrative highlights the need to consider the interests of entrepreneurs and public actors symmetrically.

Managerial Summary

How do the state and public agencies categorize new activities? Such categorization can have substantial consequences for entrepreneurs in terms of subsidies, regulation, or control. A historical narrative is built to trace the emergence of the French mail order category in a public nomenclature. This narrative suggests that the categorization results from the convergence of three evolutions over time: a growing interest of public policy in retailing; the development of the French statistical apparatus after world war II (WWII); and the collective entrepreneurship of the mail order companies. Entrepreneurs should consequently dedicate attention to the tools for recording economic activity, be aware of windows of opportunity occurring in the categorization process and eventually take action to influence the way they are categorized.
The problematic history of the name Carex elata All. (Cyperaceae) and its neotypification
Authors: Jiménez‐Mejías Pedro , Martinetto Edoardo , Soldano Adriano , Dorr Laurence J.
Published: July 2019

Carex elata All. is a well‐known species widely distributed in western Eurasia. The name C. elata All. is the oldest name applied to the species of concern, but it was abandoned for C. stricta Gooden soon after publication. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, different authors dismissed C. stricta Gooden. as a later homonym of C. stricta Lam. and simultaneously resurrected C. elata All. We discuss usage of the name C. elata and propose a neotype to fix its current application.
Water and wealth in medieval Sicily: The case of the Admiral's Bridge and Arab‐Norman Palermo (10th–13th centuries)
Authors: Jäckh Theresa
Published: July 2019

The Muslim capture of Palermo in 831 transformed a small Byzantine outpost into the capital of Islamic Sicily and a Mediterranean metropolis. Central to this urban growth was Palermo's role as an agricultural and trading hub: the city's geophysical situation on the north‐western shores of Sicily linked it with a fertile plane where rivers flowed north into the Tyrrhenian Sea. Throughout the medieval period, Palermo's dependence on this area's water resources made questions of water use and management a key concern in the medieval city. However, there has been little scholarly debate about such issues. With an eye to recent archeological studies concerning the Oreto districts, this article will explore such dynamics by analyzing an important piece of architecture which crosses the Oreto river: the so‐called Bridge of the Admiral. This bridge was recently made a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered one of the most significant works of medieval Mediterranean engineering. Until now, research has concentrated on questions of its date and commissioning: scholarship has largely assumed that it was constructed in 1132 by George of Antioch, the admiral of King Roger II. However, as this article will demonstrate, there is little evidence to support this conclusion. This study will approach the debate by analyzing the spatial setting of the bridge. In so doing, it will be shown how an investigation of the bridge's toponym and topography can elucidate details concerning both the bridge's commissioning and the institutional relationship between the Oreto area and the city of Palermo.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water> Water as Imagined and Represented

Human Water> Water Governance
Understanding crime scene examination through an ethnographic lens
Authors: Wyatt David , Wilson‐Kovacs Dana
Published: July 2019

Ethnographic methods offer huge potential in better understanding the professional profile, skills, expertise and working practices of the crime scene examiner (CSE). However, to date, their use to study the CSE has been limited. We draw on our research on the CSE within England and Wales and studies from other settings to demonstrate some of the complex negotiations and everyday practices that take place in the performance of crime scene examination. We focus specifically on their training, activities and role, and what an ethnographic lens adds to existing knowledge on the processes and practices of completing crime scene examination work.

This article is categorized under:

Forensic Science in Action/Crime Scene Investigation > Crime Scene Examination

Forensic Science in Action/Crime Scene Investigation > Education and Formation
Effect of the Spacer Chain Length of Organic Dicarboxylic Acid on the Supramolecular Assembly of Two Ternary Zinc (II) Coordination Polymers Derived from Mixed Ligands
Authors: Nie Lei , Song Zi‐Wei , Liu Dong , Cui Guang‐Hua
Published: July 2019

Two new ZnII coordination polymers (CPs), [Zn2(SA)2(L)2]n (1) and [Zn(AA)(L)]n (2) [L = 1,6‐bis(benzimidazol‐1‐yl)hexane, H2SA = succinic acid, H2AA = adipic acid], were synthesized via hydrothermal method and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. CP 1 possesses a sql network, which is further extended into a 3D supramolecular skeleton by non‐classical C–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions. CP 2 exhibits a 1D linear chain, which is further assembled into a 2D supramolecular layer by π···π stacking interactions. The solid state fluorescence properties of two ZnII CPs were investigated. Both CPs present high photocatalytic activities for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV light irradiation. The photodegradation efficiency using CP 1 as catalyst is 91.3 % and using CP 2 as catalyst is 85.0 %, respectively.
Non-Riemannian geometry of M-theory
Authors: Berman David S. , Blair Chris D. A. , Otsuki Ray
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We construct a background for M-theory that is moduli free. This background is then shown to be related to a topological phase of the E8(8) exceptional field theory (ExFT). The key ingredient in the construction is the embedding of non-Riemannian geometry in ExFT. This allows one to describe non-relativistic geometries, such as Newton-Cartan or Gomis-Ooguri-type limits, using the ExFT framework originally developed to describe maximal supergravity. This generalises previous work by Morand and Park in the context of double field theory.
What's Mine Is a Hologram? How Shared Augmented Reality Augments Psychological Ownership
Authors: Carrozzi Amelia , Chylinski Mathew , Heller Jonas , Hilken Tim , Keeling Debbie I. , de Ruyter Ko
Published: July 2019

Augmented Reality (AR) holograms are 3D digital objects projected into a customer's physical environment through mobile technology. Applied as potential substitutes to physical products, AR holograms pose a unique challenge for conventional configurations of product ownership. Taking a socially situated cognition perspective, we demonstrate how customers’ shared experience of AR holograms leads to distinct perspectives on psychological ownership. In Study 1, we demonstrate how customization of AR holograms lets customers feel psychological ownership of digital products. In Study 2, we highlight the mechanisms of social adaptation related to assimilation and differentiation that drive the relationship between customization and psychological ownership of AR holograms in social settings. In Study 3, we illustrate how these mechanisms are influenced by the affordances of AR technology when customers switch between personal or shared devices. We discuss implications for theory and marketing practice of this potentially novel class of digital consumer products.
Mapping spheroid rotation modes in turbulent channel flow: effects of shear, turbulence and particle inertia
Authors: Zhao Lihao , Challabotla Niranjan R. , Andersson Helge I. , Variano Evan A.
Published: July 2019

The rotational behaviour of non-spherical particles in turbulent channel flow is studied by Lagrangian tracking of spheroidal point particles in a directly simulated flow. The focus is on the complex rotation modes of the spheroidal particles, in which the back reaction on the flow field is ignored. This study is a sequel to the letter by Zhao et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 115, 2015, 244501), in which only selected results in the near-wall buffer region and the almost-isotropic channel centre were presented. Now, particle dynamics all across the channel is explored to provide a complete picture of the orientational and rotational behaviour with consideration of the effects of particle aspect ratio ranging from 0.1 to 10 and particle Stokes number from 0 (inertialess) to 30. The rotational dynamics in the innermost part of the logarithmic wall layer is particularly complex and affected not only by modest mean shear, but also by particle inertia and turbulent vorticity. While inertial disks exhibit modest preferential orientation in either the wall-normal or cross-stream direction, inertial rods show neither preferential tumbling nor spinning. Examination of the co-variances between particle orientation, particle rotation and fluid rotation vectors explains the qualitatively different ‘wall mode’ rotation and ‘centre mode’ rotation. Inertialess spheroids transition between the two modes within a narrow zone ($15<z^{+}<35$) in the buffer region. If the spheroids have inertia, the transition zone between the two modes shifts to the inner part of the logarithmic layer, i.e. $z^{+}\geqslant 40$. We ascribe the transition of inertialess spheroids from the ‘wall mode’ to the ‘centre mode’ rotation to the changeover between the time scales associated with mean shear and small-scale turbulence. Inertial spheroids, however, transition between the two rotational modes when the Kolmogorov time scale becomes comparable to the time scale for particle rotation, i.e. the effective Stokes number is of order unity. The aforementioned findings reveal, in addition to the effects of particle shape and alignment, the importance of the characteristic local time scale of fluid flow for the rotation of both tracer and inertial spheroids in turbulent channel flows.
Optimal perturbations for controlling the growth of a Rayleigh–Taylor instability
Authors: Kord Ali , Capecelatro Jesse
Published: July 2019

A discrete adjoint-based method is employed to control multi-mode Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instabilities via strategic manipulation of the initial interfacial perturbations. We seek to find to what extent mixing and growth can be enhanced at late stages of the instability and which modes are targeted to achieve this. Three objective functions are defined to quantify RT mixing and growth: (i) variance of mole fraction, (ii) a kinetic energy norm based on the vertical velocity and (iii) variations of mole fraction with respect to the unperturbed initial state. The sensitivity of these objective functions to individual amplitudes of the initial perturbations are studied at various stages of the RT instability. The most sensitive wavenumber during the early stages of the instability closely matches the most unstable wavenumber predicted by linear stability theory. It is also shown that randomly changing the initial perturbations has little effect at early stages, but results in large variations in both RT growth and its sensitivity at later times. The sensitivity obtained from the adjoint solution is employed in gradient-based optimization to both suppress and enhance the objective functions. The adjoint-based optimization framework was capable of completely suppressing mixing by shifting all of the interfacial perturbation energy to the highest modes such that diffusion dominates. The optimal initial perturbations for enhancing the objective functions were found to have a broadband spectrum resulting in non-trivial coupling between modes and depends on the particular objective function being optimized. The objective functions were increased by as much as a factor of nine in the self-similar late-stage growth regime compared to an interface with a uniform distribution of modes, corresponding to a 32% increase in the bubble growth parameter and 54% increase in the mixing width. It was also found that the interfacial perturbations optimized at early stages of the instability are unable to predict enhanced mixing at later times, and thus optimizing late-time multi-mode RT instabilities requires late-time sensitivity information. Finally, it was found that the optimized distribution of interfacial perturbations obtained from two-dimensional simulations was capable of enhancing the objective functions in three-dimensional flows. As much as 51% and 99% enhancement in the bubble growth parameter and mixing width, respectively, was achieved, even greater than what was reached in two dimensions.
Establishing an effective dose for chronic intracerebroventricular administration of clozapine in mice
Authors: Esen-Sehir Dilhan , Courtney Michael J. , Bittner Robert A. , Reif Andreas , Freudenberg Florian
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Despite its numerous side effects, clozapine is still the most effective antipsychotics making it an ideal reference substance to validate the efficacy of novel compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, blood–brain barrier permeability for most new molecular entities is unknown, requiring central delivery. Thus, we performed a dose-finding study for chronic intracerebroventricular (icv) delivery of clozapine in mice.

Methods:

Specifically, we implanted wild-type C57BL/6J mice with osmotic minipumps (Alzet) delivering clozapine at a rate of 0.15 µl/h at different concentrations (0, 3.5, 7 and 14 mg/ml, i.e. 0, 12.5, 25 and 50 µg/day). Mice were tested weekly in a modified SHIRPA paradigm, for locomotor activity in the open field and for prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) for a period of 3 weeks.

Results:

None of the clozapine concentrations caused neurological deficits or evident gross behavioural alterations in the SHIRPA paradigm. In male mice, clozapine had no significant effect on locomotor activity or PPI of the ASR. In female mice, the 7 and 14 mg/ml dose of clozapine significantly affected both open field activity and PPI, while 3.5 mg/ml of clozapine increased PPI but had no effects on locomotor activity.

Conclusion:

Our findings indicate that 7 mg/ml may be the optimal dose for chronic icv delivery of clozapine in mice, allowing comparison to screen for novel antipsychotic compounds.
Host food quality and quantity differentially affect Ascogregarina barretti parasite burden, development and within-host competition in the mosquito Aedes triseriatus
Authors: Westby Katie M. , Sweetman Brenden M. , Adalsteinsson Solny A. , Biro Elizabeth G. , Medley Kim A.
Published: July 2019

Host condition depends in large part on the quality and quantity of available food and heavily influences the outcome of parasite infection. Although parasite fitness traits such as growth rate and size may depend on host condition, whether host food quality or quantity is more important to parasite fitness and within-host interactions is poorly understood. We provided individual mosquito hosts with a standard dose of a gregarine parasite and reared mosquitoes on two food types of different quality and two quantities. We measured host size, total parasite count and area, and average size of parasites within each treatment. Food quality significantly influenced the number of parasites in a host; hosts fed a low-quality diet were infected with more parasites than those provided a high-quality diet. In addition, we found evidence of within-host competition; there was a negative relationship between parasite size and count though this relationship was dependent on host food quality. Host food quantity significantly affected total parasite area and parasite size; lower food quantity resulted in smaller parasites and reduced overall parasite area inside the host. Thus both food quality and quantity have the potential to influence parasite fitness and population dynamics.
Sentence embeddings in NLI with iterative refinement encoders
Authors: Talman Aarne , Yli-Jyrä Anssi , Tiedemann Jörg
Published: July 2019

Sentence-level representations are necessary for various natural language processing tasks. Recurrent neural networks have proven to be very effective in learning distributed representations and can be trained efficiently on natural language inference tasks. We build on top of one such model and propose a hierarchy of bidirectional LSTM and max pooling layers that implements an iterative refinement strategy and yields state of the art results on the SciTail dataset as well as strong results for Stanford Natural Language Inference and Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference. We can show that the sentence embeddings learned in this way can be utilized in a wide variety of transfer learning tasks, outperforming InferSent on 7 out of 10 and SkipThought on 8 out of 9 SentEval sentence embedding evaluation tasks. Furthermore, our model beats the InferSent model in 8 out of 10 recently published SentEval probing tasks designed to evaluate sentence embeddings’ ability to capture some of the important linguistic properties of sentences.
High-dimensional distributed semantic spaces for utterances
Authors: Karlgren Jussi , Kanerva Pentti
Published: July 2019

High-dimensional distributed semantic spaces have proven useful and effective for aggregating and processing visual, auditory and lexical information for many tasks related to human-generated data. Human language makes use of a large and varying number of features, lexical and constructional items as well as contextual and discourse-specific data of various types, which all interact to represent various aspects of communicative information. Some of these features are mostly local and useful for the organisation of, for example, argument structure of a predication; others are persistent over the course of a discourse and necessary for achieving a reasonable level of understanding of the content.

This paper describes a model for high-dimensional representation for utterance and text-level data including features such as constructions or contextual data, based on a mathematically principled and behaviourally plausible approach to representing linguistic information. The implementation of the representation is a straightforward extension of Random Indexing models previously used for lexical linguistic items. The paper shows how the implementedmodel is able to represent a broad range of linguistic features in a common integral framework of fixed dimensionality, which is computationally habitable, and which is suitable as a bridge between symbolic representations such as dependency analysis and continuous representations used, for example, in classifiers or further machine-learning approaches. This is achieved with operations on vectors that constitute a powerful computational algebra, accompanied with an associative memory for the vectors. The paper provides a technical overview of the framework and a worked through implemented example of how it can be applied to various types of linguistic features.
Internal Energy Dissipation in Enceladus's Subsurface Ocean From Tides and Libration and the Role of Inertial Waves
Authors: Rekier J. , Trinh A. , Triana S. A. , Dehant V.
Published: July 2019

Enceladus is characterized by a south polar hot spot associated with a large outflow of heat, the source of which remains unclear. We compute the heat generated via viscous dissipation resulting from tidal and (longitudinal) libration forcing in the moon's subsurface ocean using the linearized Navier‐Stokes equation in a three‐dimensional spherical model. We conclude that libration is the dominant cause of dissipation at the linear order, providing up to ∼0.001 GW of heat to the ocean, which remains insufficient to explain the ∼10 GW observed by Cassini. We also illustrate how resonances with inertial modes can significantly augment the dissipation. Our work is an extension to Rovira‐Navarro et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.11.010) to include the effects of libration and the presence of the icy crust. The model developed here is readily applicable to the study of other moons with a subsurface ocean and planets with a liquid core.
Overlooked electrolyte destabilization by manganese (II) in lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Wang Cun , Xing Lidan , Vatamanu Jenel , Chen Zhi , Lan Guangyuan , Li Weishan , Xu Kang
Published: July 2019

Transition-metal dissolution from cathode materials, manganese in particular, has been held responsible for severe capacity fading in lithium-ion batteries, with the deposition of the transition-metal cations on anode surface, in elemental form or as chelated-complexes, as the main contributor for such degradations. In this work we demonstrate with diverse experiments and calculations that, besides interfacial manganese species on anode, manganese(II) in bulk electrolyte also significantly destabilizes electrolyte components with its unique solvation-sheath structure, where the decompositions of carbonate molecules and hexafluorophosphate anion are catalyzed via their interactions with manganese(II). The manganese(II)-species eventually deposited on anode surface resists reduction to its elemental form because of its lower electrophilicity than carbonate molecule or anion, whose destabilization leads to sustained consumption. The reveal understanding of the once-overlooked role of manganese-dissolution in electrolytes provides fresh insight into the failure mechanism of manganese-based cathode chemistries, which serves as better guideline to electrolyte design for future batteries.
Development of high-resolution daily gridded temperature datasets for the central north region of Egypt
Authors: Nashwan Mohamed Salem , Shahid Shamsuddin , Chung Eun-Sung
Published: July 2019

This study developed 0.05° × 0.05° land-only datasets of daily maximum and minimum temperatures in the densely populated Central North region of Egypt (CNE) for the period 1981–2017. Existing coarse-resolution datasets were evaluated to find the best dataset for the study area to use as a base of the new datasets. The Climate Prediction Centre (CPC) global temperature dataset was found to be the best. The CPC data were interpolated to a spatial resolution of 0.05° latitude/longitude using linear interpolation technique considering the flat topography of the study area. The robust kernel density distribution mapping method was used to correct the bias using observations, and WorldClim v.2 temperature climatology was used to adjust the spatial variability in temperature. The validation of CNE datasets using probability density function skill score and hot and cold extremes tail skill scores showed remarkable improvement in replicating the spatial and temporal variability in observed temperature. Because CNE datasets are the best available high-resolution estimate of daily temperatures, they will be beneficial for climatic and hydrological studies.
The posterior Cerebellum is involved in constructing Social Action Sequences: An fMRI Study
Authors: Heleven Elien , van Dun Kim , Van Overwalle Frank
Published: July 2019

Social neuroscience largely ignored the role of the cerebellum, despite its implications in a broad range of tasks and neurological disorders related to social functioning and inferences on others’ mental state such as beliefs. One hypothesis states that during human evolution, the cerebellum’s function evolved from a mere coordinator of fluent sequences of motions and actions, to an interpreter of action sequences without overt movements that are important for social understanding. The present study introduces new tasks to investigate the role of the cerebellum in sequencing, in which participants generated the correct chronological order of new or well-known event stories with or without social elements during functional neuroimaging (fMRI). Results showed strong cerebellar activation during order generation for all event types compared to passive viewing or reading events. More importantly, new social events involving true or false beliefs showed stronger activation in the bilateral posterior cerebellum (Crus 1 and Crus 2) compared to routine social and non-social (mechanical) events. This confirms the critical role of the posterior cerebellum in the understanding and construction of the correct order of action sequences relevant for social understanding. The present tasks and results may facilitate diagnoses and treatments of cerebellar dysfunctions in the future.
Enterovirus 71 targets the cardiopulmonary system in a robust oral infection mouse model
Authors: Chang Chih-Shin , Liao Chun-Che , Liou An-Ting , Chang Ya-Shu , Chang Ya-Ting , Tzeng Bing-Hsiean , Chen Chien-Chang , Shih Chiaho
Published: July 2019

Severe infection with the re-emerging enterovirus 71 (EV71 or EV-A71) can cause cardiopulmonary failure. However, in patients’ heart and lung, viral protein has not been detected. In mouse models, heart disease has not been reported. EV71-infected brainstem is generally believed to be responsible for the cardiopulmonary collapse. One major limitation in EV71 research is the lack of an efficient oral infection system using non-mouse-adapted clinical isolates. In a robust oral infection NOD/SCID mouse model, we detected EV71 protein at multiple organs, including heart and lung, in 100% of moribund mice with limb paralysis. Infiltrating leukocytes were always detected in heart and muscle, and VP1-positive M2 macrophages were abundant in the lung. Functional dissection on the pathogenesis mechanism revealed severe apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, and abnormal electrocardiogram (EKG) in orally infected hearts. Therefore, cardiopulmonary disease could be one plausible cause of death in this mouse model. Inoculation of EV71 through an oral route resulted in viral infection in the intestine, viremia, and EV71 appeared to spread to peripheral tissues via blood circulation. Infectious virus was no longer detected in the blood on day 5 post-infection by the plaque formation assay. We demonstrated that both EV71 clinical isolate and cloned virus can target the cardiopulmonary system via a natural infection-like oral route.
Defibrotide enhances fibrinolysis in human endotoxemia – a randomized, double blind, crossover trial in healthy volunteers
Authors: Schoergenhofer Christian , Buchtele Nina , Gelbenegger Georg , Derhaschnig Ulla , Firbas Christa , Kovacevic Katarina D. , Schwameis Michael , Wohlfarth Philipp , Rabitsch Werner , Jilma Bernd
Published: July 2019

Defibrotide is approved for the treatment of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The exact mode of action of defibrotide is unclear and humanin vivodata are scarce. In this randomized, double blind, crossover trial we included 20 healthy volunteers. Four were randomized to receive placebo, while 16 received a 2 ng/kg bodyweight bolus of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Infusion of 6.25 mg/kg defibrotide or placebo was started one hour before the injection of the LPS bolus. Plasma levels of prothrombin fragments F1 + 2, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, von Willebrand factor, E-selectin, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), plasmin-antiplasmin complexes (PAP), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and C-reactive protein were measured. Thromboelastometry was performed. Infusion of defibrotide did not reduce the LPS-induced activation of coagulation, the endothelium or the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, defibrotide increased t-PA antigen levels by 31% (Quartiles: 2–49%, p = 0.026) and PAP concentrations by 13% (−4–41%, p = 0.039), while PAI-1 levels remained unaffected. Moreover, defibrotide reduced C-reactive protein levels by 13% (0–17%, p = 0.002). A transient increase in the clotting time in thromboelastometry and a decrease in F1 + 2 prothrombin fragments suggests modest anticoagulant properties. In conclusion, defibrotide infusion enhanced fibrinolysis and reduced C-reactive protein levels during experimental endotoxemia.
Focal Drug Delivery for Management of Oral Infections
Authors: Polak David , Assad Rawi , Moreinos Daniel , Pietrokovski Yoav , Beyth Nurit
Published: July 2019

Dental diseases, highly prevalent infection-related diseases in humans, include caries lesions, periodontal diseases and endodontic infections. Many pharmaceutical dosage forms are used to prevent and treat oral diseases; most are delivered focally and result in a local effect. The latest insights from the field of antimicrobial focal drug delivery led to the development of various systems designed to effectively combat the infection in the oral cavity, with minimal side effects. In the present chapter, the aetiology of common oral diseases (caries, periodontal diseases and endodontic infections), the characterization of infection–host interactions in oral disease, and classic dental treatment modalities are introduced. The organization of oral microbes in the form of biofilms and the intrinsic susceptibility characteristics of oral tissues, as well as the advantages of focal controlled drug delivery, are discussed. The recent development of various novel technologies for the prevention, control and treatment of oral infections are considered, including focal controlled treatment modalities for caries, periodontal and endodontic infections.
Antimicrobial Biomaterials in Ophthalmology
Authors: Dutta Debarun , Chen Renxun , Kumar Naresh , Willcox Mark D. P.
Published: July 2019

We are familiar with the use of various ophthalmic biomaterials such as intraocular lenses and contact lenses. However, all these intraocular, periocular, and orbital biomaterials are subject to microbial colonisation and infections that are associated with increased morbidity and cost of ophthalmic care. Development of novel antimicrobial materials for the prevention of such infections is critical to safeguarding vision. In order to achieve this, several antimicrobial strategies have emerged and these are described in this chapter.
Catheters with Antimicrobial Surfaces
Authors: Farah Shady , McAvoy Malia , Jahjaa Amani
Published: July 2019

Catheters are widely used as primary or secondary tools in a wide range of biomedical applications for addressing several medical needs and purposes. Similar to other biomedical implants, catheters are subject to microbial infection and biofilm formation that can reduce their success and performance. Microbial contamination has been reported across the catheter's lifecycle, including placement, maintenance, removal and reinsertion. Given that the catheter surface can be a reservoir for microbes leading to biofilm formation and infection, several preventative and therapeutic surface modifications with specific and non-specific targets are being developed to addressing this challenging obstacle. Current surface modification strategies for antimicrobial functionality include antibiotic agent release, contact killing and repelling or anti-adhesive functions. Wide ranges of antimicrobial materials—organic, e.g. quaternary ammonium functionalized polymers; inorganic, e.g. silver; antiseptic, e.g. chlorohexidine; and antibiotics, e.g. rifampin—have been reported, targeting a broad spectrum of microorganisms involved in microbial infection of catheters. In this chapter, we discuss the latest approaches and progress in the development of antimicrobial coatings and combination therapies for addressing catheter-associated infections.
Comment on “Penicillin’s catalytic mechanism revealed by inelastic neutrons and quantum chemical theory” by Z. Mucsi, G. A. Chass, P. Ábrányi-Balogh, B. Jójárt, D.-C. Fang, A. J. Ramirez-Cuesta, B. Viskolczc and I. G. Csizmadia, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15, 20447
Authors: Glover Stephen A.
Published: July 2019

Resonance in the amide bond in β-lactams and penicillin structures is computed to be strong invalidating a previous estimation.
The growing applications of SuFEx click chemistry
Authors: Barrow A. S. , Smedley C. J. , Zheng Q. , Li S. , Dong J. , Moses J. E.
Published: July 2019

SuFEx (Sulfur Fluoride Exchange) is a modular, next generation family of click reactions, geared towards the rapid and reliable assembly of functional molecules.
Towards precision medicine: the role and potential of protein and peptide microarrays
Authors: Brambilla Dario , Chiari Marcella , Gori Alessandro , Cretich Marina
Published: July 2019

Techniques to comprehensively analyze protein signatures are pivotal to unravel disease mechanisms, develop novel biomarkers and targeted therapies. In this frame, protein and peptide microarrays can play a major role in fuelling precision medicine.
Synthesis and electronic properties of π-expanded carbazole-based porphyrins
Authors: Maeda Chihiro , Tanaka Yumi , Shirakawa Takuma , Ema Tadashi
Published: July 2019

Peripheral π-expansion of carbazole-based porphyrins was achieved for the first time by the Pt-catalyzed cyclization and the incorporation of a benzocarbazole unit.
Phosphine-catalyzed regiodivergent annulations of γ-substituted allenoates with conjugated dienes
Authors: Gan Zhenjie , Gong Yanchuan , Chu Yunpeng , Li Er-Qing , Huang You , Duan Zheng
Published: July 2019

A phosphine catalyzed regiodivergent annulation of γ-substituted allenoates with conjugated dienes is reported. The high regioselectivity can be achieved by tuning the nucleophilicity of the phosphine catalyst.
Application of electric fields for controlling crystallization
Authors: Alexander Lee Fiona , Radacsi Norbert
Published: July 2019

This highlight gives a helicopter view on the application of electric fields and discusses its potential future applications.
Quantitative determination of the phosphorus environment in lithium aluminosilicate glasses using solid-state NMR techniques
Authors: Glatz Pauline , Comte Monique , Montagne Lionel , Doumert Bertrand , Cormier Laurent
Published: July 2019

The phosphorus environment is determined quantitatively using 31P Magic Angle Spinning NMR constrained by 31P–27Al Multiple-Quantum Coherence-based NMR techniques.
The highly efficient air oxidation of aryl and alkyl boronic acids by a microwave-assisted protocol under transition metal-free conditions
Authors: Yin Weiyan , Pan Xizhi , Leng Wenxi , Chen Jian , He Haifeng
Published: July 2019

A rapid, green and efficient microwave-assisted protocol is developed for the air oxidation of boronic acids to phenols and alcohols under transition metal-free conditions.
Preparation of synergistically reinforced transparent bio-polycarbonate nanocomposites with highly dispersed cellulose nanocrystals
Authors: Park Seul-A , Eom Youngho , Jeon Hyeonyeol , Koo Jun Mo , Lee Eun Seong , Jegal Jonggeon , Hwang Sung Yeon , Oh Dongyeop X. , Park Jeyoung
Published: July 2019

Sustainable, transparent, and robust bio-polycarbonate nanocomposites are realized byin situpolymerization of isosorbide well-dispersed with cellulose nanocrystals.
The structural fate of lipid nanoparticles in the extracellular matrix
Authors: Bandara Sarith R. , Molley Thomas G. , Kim Hojun , Bharath Priyalini A. , Kilian Kristopher A. , Leal Cecilia
Published: July 2019

Hydrogels cause unilamellar liposomes to transform into aggregates of multilamellar structures through an osmotic effect.
Fabrication of core–shell CoFe2O4@HAp nanoparticles: a novel magnetic platform for biomedical applications
Authors: Karthickraja D. , Karthi S. , Kumar G. A. , Sardar D. K. , Dannangoda G. C. , Martirosyan K. S. , Girija E. K.
Published: July 2019

Biocompatible core–shell CoFe2O4@HAp magnetic nanoparticles were successfully prepared by a simple two-step hydrothermal process, and their physicochemical and magnetic properties were studied.
A novel low-dimensional heteroatom doped Nd2O3 nanostructure for enhanced electrochemical sensing of carbendazim
Authors: Zhou Yuanzhen , Li Yang , Han Ping , Dang Yuan , Zhu Mengyi , Li Qian , Fu Yile
Published: July 2019

Reasonable design and synthesis of high-efficiency nanocatalysts are of great significance for studying the electrocatalytic analysis of fungicides.
Imaging mass spectrometry for natural products discovery: a review of ionization methods
Authors: Spraker Joseph E. , Luu Gordon T. , Sanchez Laura M.
Published: July 2019

This mini review discusses advantages, limitations, and examples of different mass spectrometry ionization sources applicable to natural product discovery workflows.
Reaction mechanism of nucleoside 2′-deoxyribosyltransferases: free-energy landscape supports an oxocarbenium ion as the reaction intermediate
Authors: del Arco Jon , Perona Almudena , González Leticia , Fernández-Lucas Jesús , Gago Federico , Sánchez-Murcia Pedro A.
Published: July 2019

The all-atom catalytic mechanism of a nucleoside 2′-deoxyribosyltransferase within its active site using QM/MM methods supports an oxocarbenium species as the reaction intermediate.
Dual-directional alkyne-terminated macrocycles: Enroute to non-aggregating molecular platforms
Authors: Husain Ali , Ganesan Asaithampi , Ghazal Basma , Durmuş Mahmut , Zhang Xian-Fu , Makhseed Saad
Published: July 2019

Derivatized phthalocyanines (Pcs) and their heteroatom analogues, azaphthalocyanines (AzaPcs), bearing a variety of highly active ligands, have many advantageous properties that make them suitable as novel macrocyclic platforms.
Structural basis of glycogen metabolism in bacteria
Authors: Cifuente Javier O. , Comino Natalia , Trastoy Beatriz , D'Angelo Cecilia , Guerin Marcelo E.
Published: July 2019

The evolution of metabolic pathways is a major force behind natural selection. In the spotlight of such process lies the structural evolution of the enzymatic machinery responsible for the central energy metabolism. Specifically, glycogen metabolism has emerged to allow organisms to save available environmental surplus of carbon and energy, using dedicated glucose polymers as a storage compartment that can be mobilized at future demand. The origins of such adaptive advantage rely on the acquisition of an enzymatic system for the biosynthesis and degradation of glycogen, along with mechanisms to balance the assembly and disassembly rate of this polysaccharide, in order to store and recover glucose according to cell energy needs. The first step in the classical bacterial glycogen biosynthetic pathway is carried out by the adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP)-glucose pyrophosphorylase. This allosteric enzyme synthesizes ADP-glucose and acts as a point of regulation. The second step is carried out by the glycogen synthase, an enzyme that generates linear α-(1→4)-linked glucose chains, whereas the third step catalyzed by the branching enzyme produces α-(1→6)-linked glucan branches in the polymer. Two enzymes facilitate glycogen degradation: glycogen phosphorylase, which functions as an α-(1→4)-depolymerizing enzyme, and the debranching enzyme that catalyzes the removal of α-(1→6)-linked ramifications. In this work, we rationalize the structural basis of glycogen metabolism in bacteria to the light of the current knowledge. We describe and discuss the remarkable progress made in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of substrate recognition and product release, allosteric regulation and catalysis of all those enzymes.
Artificial intelligence for microscopy: what you should know
Authors: von Chamier Lucas , Laine Romain F. , Henriques Ricardo
Published: July 2019

Artificial Intelligence based on Deep Learning (DL) is opening new horizons in biomedical research and promises to revolutionize the microscopy field. It is now transitioning from the hands of experts in computer sciences to biomedical researchers. Here, we introduce recent developments in DL applied to microscopy, in a manner accessible to non-experts. We give an overview of its concepts, capabilities and limitations, presenting applications in image segmentation, classification and restoration. We discuss how DL shows an outstanding potential to push the limits of microscopy, enhancing resolution, signal and information content in acquired data. Its pitfalls are discussed, along with the future directions expected in this field.
Deep‐learning‐based depth estimation from light field images
Authors: Schiopu I. , Munteanu A.
Published: July 2019

A novel deep‐learning‐based depth estimation method for light field images is introduced. The proposed method employs a novel neural network design to estimate the disparity of each pixel based on block patches extracted from epipolar plane images. The network output is further refined based on filtering and denoising algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate an average improvement of in root mean squared error (RMSE) and in mean squared error over machine learning‐based state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Optimisation design of a flux memory motor based on a new non‐linear MC‐DRN model
Authors: Wu Jiqi , Zhu Xiaoyong , Xu Lei , Quan Li , Fan Deyang , Yang Jin
Published: July 2019

In this study, based on a magnetisation‐controllable dynamic reluctance network (MC‐DRN) model, an optimisation design method with an efficient modern evolution algorithm for the flux memory motor is proposed. To clarify the method conveniently, a doubly salient flux‐control memory (DS‐FM) motor is involved and taken as a design example. First, according to the motor topology, the detailed MC‐DRN model of the DS‐FM motor is built, in which the magnetisation state adjustment of the low coercivity force material is considered. During the optimisation design process, to meet the diverse design requirements of multiple operation modes, non‐dominated sorting genetic II is employed to obtain the trade‐off optimal design of the DS‐FM motor under different magnetisation states. Moreover, to verify the feasibility of the optimisation method, the electromagnetic performances of the motor in different operation modes are investigated in detail, and the results are compared with that obtained by the finite‐element method. Finally, a prototype is manufactured, and the experiments are carried out. The corresponding results not only validate the reasonability of the investigated DS‐FM motor but also prove the accuracy and the effectiveness of the MC‐DRN model and optimisation design method.
Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of wideband multiple‐input multiple‐output imaging radar
Authors: Wang Jingyang , Hu Cheng , Tian Weiming , Wang Rui
Published: July 2019

Multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) radar is a novel radar system which can achieve more individual observation echoes than the number of the actual antennas by transmitting orthogonal waveforms. At present, pattern theory is usually utilised to evaluate the azimuth imaging indicator of the MIMO imaging radar system. Although it cannot describe the two‐dimensional performance, it is quite effective to analyse the azimuth resolution of far‐field targets. However, the pattern based on the far‐field condition becomes invalid for targets in the near‐field area, thus it cannot explain the appearance of near‐field azimuth grating lobes. In this article, spatial spectrums and generalised ambiguity functions (GAFs) of near‐field targets are calculated. By describing the near‐field GAF (NGAF) approximately, the relationship between the distortions of NGAF and the spatial spectrum is studied qualitatively, which can explain the appearance of azimuth near‐field grating lobes. In addition, the calibration method of amplitude and phase errors by an isolated corner reflector is presented in this article. Finally, a simulation and an experiment are carried out to verify the conclusions.
Research on near‐field focusing algorithm of reconfigurable reflect‐array
Authors: Liu HongYan , Zheng Pei , Wang Chao , Guo Lei , Zhang XinYu
Published: July 2019

In this study, the near‐field beam focusing algorithm of reconfigurable reflect array for security imaging application is proposed. The proposed near‐field focusing algorithm is based on classic array method, which is usually adopted for far‐field pattern calculation. In order to satisfy the near‐field imaging application, the imaging distance is added to array method, and the improved formula can calculate the shifting phase of every array element precisely. In addition, due to discrete phase characteristic of reconfigurable reflect array, a phase choice method based on trigonometric function is used in authors’ design. Based on the proposed algorithm, the shifting phase of every element is calculated and obtained the simulated beam focusing patterns. Meanwhile, the calculated shifting phase is written to whole array by field‐programmable gate array, the near‐field beam scanning patterns is measured and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones.
Aryl Ketone Mediated Photoinduced Radical Coupling for the Alkylation­ of Benzazoles Employing Saturated Heterocyclic Compounds­
Authors: Kamijo Shin , Kamijo Kaori , Murafuji Toshihiro
Published: July 2019

An aryl ketone mediated synthesis of 2-alkylated benzazoles was achieved via radical coupling under photoirradiation starting from saturated heterocycles and 2-sulfonylated benzazoles, such as benzothiazoles, benzoxazole, and benzimidazole. Heterocyclic compounds, including a cyclic ether, azacycles, and tetrahydrothiophene, were applicable, and the benzazole unit was site-selectively installed at the carbon center proximal to the heteroatom. The present transformation takes place at ambient temperature under neutral reaction conditions without the aid of any metallic catalysts or reagents.
Short-Term Complications following Single-Session versus Staged Bilateral Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomies Stabilized with Locking Plates for Treatment of Bilateral Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Cappelle Kelsey K. , Barnhart Matthew D.
Published: July 2019

Objective The aim of this study was to compare complications between dogs with bilateral cranial cruciate ligament disease treated with single-session bilateral tibial plateau levelling osteotomies (BSSTPLO) versus staged bilateral TPLO (STPLO) procedures stabilized with locking plates.

Study Design Medical records of client-owned dogs treated with BSSTPLO or STPLO stabilized with locking plates between March 2017 and July 2018 at two associated institutions were reviewed. Patient data and complications from 37 dogs with BSSTPLO and 18 with STPLO were compared between groups. Major complications were defined as any complication that required further surgical or medical treatment whereas minor complications did not.

Results Incidence for major complications for BSSTPLO and STPLO was 7/37 and 6/18 respectively. Incidence for minor complications for BSSTPLO and STPLO was 3/37 and 2/18 respectively. No significant differences in minor or major complication rates existed between study groups (p = 0.2). Mean body weight was significantly higher in the STPLO group (p = 0.001); however, no correlation between weight or BCS and complication rate existed within either group. Increasing age was the only significant risk factor for major complications (p = 0.01) in either group.

Conclusion Our findings support the claim that BSSTPLO and STPLO performed with locking implants have similar complication rates. The decision to perform BSSTPLO or STPLO in dogs with bilateral cranial cruciate ligament disease should be based on other considerations rather than just complication rates.