bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical mechanisms for heat flux reduction on a V-shaped blunt leading edge
Authors: Li Shenghan , Kang Dake , Li Shuai , Yan Chao , Jiang Zhenhua
Published: August 2024

A V-shaped blunt leading edge(VSBLE) at the lips of three-dimensional inward-turning inlets often generates complex shock interactions and severe aerothermal loads. To date, few heat flux reduction schemes have been devised based on the generation principle of the heat flux peaks on the VSBLE. Employing a synergistic approach of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, it is determined that the maximum pressure jump (pmax/p∞) provided by the near-wall secondary shock interaction structure significantly influences the outermost heat flux peak (qpeak1) and exhibits a strong correlation with the deflection angle (θEF) of the upstream flow. Consequently, we design a heat flux reduction model incorporating an expansion corner (EC) to validate this finding. The simulation results demonstrated a 54.23% reduction in qpeak1 under the influence of the expansion fan generated by the EC at Mach 6, although the remaining heat flux peaks, qpeak2 and qpeak3, experience some deterioration. After conducting a comparative analysis and modeling the causes of deterioration, we propose an improved model by designing the crotch centerline. This improved model consistently demonstrated excellent performance in reducing the maximum heat flux peak and preventing the deterioration of the other heat flux peaks at Mach 6-12. Additionally, correlations between qpeak1 and pmax/p∞, as well as between qpeak1 and θEF are established. This paper presents an investigation into the key factors affecting the heat flux peaks on the VSBLE and proposes a model capable of ensuring a stable reduction in the maximum heat flux of over 40% under a wide range of Mach numbers.
Visible core spectroscopy at Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Ford O. P. , Langenberg A. , Romba T. , Pölöskei P. , Zanini M. , Bannmann S. , Gonda T. , Ida K. , Lopez Cansino R. , Pablant N. , de la Riva Villen J. , Swee C. , Yoshinuma M. , Alonso A. , Geiger B. , Perseo V. , Viezzer E. ,   W7-X Team
Published: August 2024

This paper presents an overview of recent hardware extensions and data analysis developments to the Wendelstein 7-X visible core spectroscopy systems. These include upgrades to prepare the in-vessel components for long-pulse operation, nine additional spectrometers, a new line of sight array for passive spectroscopy, and a coherence imaging charge exchange spectroscopy diagnostic. Progress in data analysis includes ion temperatures and densities from multiple impurity species, a statistical comparison with x-ray crystal spectrometer measurements, neutral density measurements from thermal passive Balmer-alpha emission, and a Bayesian analysis of active hydrogen emission, which is able to infer electron density and main ion temperature profiles.
SunCounter: Software for automated reading of sunshine duration recorded by heliographs
Authors: Raniero Matheus Rodrigues , Calça Marcus Vinicius Contes , Franco José Rafael , Dal Pai Alexandre
Published: August 2024

The aim of this study was to develop software for reading and managing sunshine duration recorded by Campbell–Stokes heliographs. The software employs digital image processing techniques, such as mean filtering, thresholding, and opening, to interpret digitized images of record cards containing sunshine duration measurements. The software's validation was conducted by comparing global solar irradiation measurements with estimates of global solar irradiation generated from sunshine duration obtained automatically by the software and manually by a meteorological observer. Estimates generated by the automated method showed better performance (mean bias error: 0.084, relative mean bias error: 0.500, root mean square error: 2.045, relative root mean square error: 12.109, and correlation coefficient: 0.954). Additionally, the automated method was significantly faster, taking an average of 41.825 s less than the manual method to perform the readings. This suggests that the software can be used to automate, standardize, and speed up reading sunshine duration data. Furthermore, the use of the software enabled the creation of a daily sunshine duration database, common in meteorological stations, and an hourly database, which is a novelty due to the complexity of the manual reading method.
Modeling stable cavitation of coated microbubbles: A framework integrating smoothed dissipative particle dynamics and the Rayleigh–Plesset equation
Authors: Nguyen Phuong H.
Published: August 2024

Coated microbubbles are widely used in medical applications, particularly in enhanced drug and gene delivery. One of the mechanisms underlying these applications involves the shear stress exerted on the cell membrane by acoustic microstreaming generated through cavitation bubbles. In this study, we develop a novel simulation approach that combines the smooth dissipative particle dynamics (SDPD) simulation method with numerical modeling of the Rayleigh–Plesset-like equation in an ad hoc manner to simulate stable cavitation of microbubbles at microsecond and micrometer scales. Specifically, the SDPD method is utilized to model fluid dynamics, while the Rayleigh–Plesset-like equation is employed to describe bubble dynamics. Adopting a 1.5 μm coated microbubble driven by ultrasound with a frequency of 2 MHz and a pressure of 500 kPa as a representative example, we observe a high-velocity microstreaming pattern emerging around the bubble on a very small scale of a few micrometers after only a few microseconds. These spatiotemporal scales may pose challenges for experimental observation. The formation of this microstreaming arises from the opposing motion of the fluid layer next to the bubble and the fluid layers further away. Furthermore, our simulations reveal high shear stress levels of thousands of Pascals exerted on a wall located a few micrometers from the bubble. This contrasts with the shear stress values of a few Pascals calculated from theoretical models in the literature, which do not incorporate radial streaming into their theories. The implications of our results for bubble cavitation-induced pore formation on the cell membrane are discussed in some details.
Uncertainty of typhoon extreme wind speeds in Hong Kong integrating the effects of climate change
Authors: Wang Jiayao , Cao Siqi , Zhang Runze , Li Sunwei , Tse Tim K. T.
Published: August 2024

To assess the influence of climate change on the estimates of extreme wind speeds induced by typhoons, the present study employs a Monte Carlo simulation approach to forecast the extreme wind speeds in the proximity of Hong Kong when the sea surface temperatures rise as projected by various climate change models according to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. In addition, the present study shows the first attempt to quantitatively assess the uncertainty buried in the prediction of the extreme wind speed in association with typhoons taking the rise in sea surface temperatures, and therefore climate change, into consideration. It is found that climate change leads, with high confidence, to the increase in extreme wind speeds brought about by typhoons. From the numerical simulation, it is found that the mean wind speeds associated with typhoons impacting Hong Kong rise from 10.8 m/s (1961–1990) to 12.4 m/s (2051–2080), and the extreme wind speed is 47.5 m/s during 2051–2080 under the RCP 8.5 climate scenario, which is 21.2% higher than that corresponding to the period of 1961–1990. As for the quantification of uncertainties in the extreme wind estimates, the inter-quartile ranges for the sea surface temperatures projected by various climate models in July and October are 9.5% and 8.2% in 2050, respectively, and go up to 9.6% and 9.9% in 2080. The extreme wind speeds with 50 years return period show inter-quartile ranges of 14.2% in 2050, and the value decreases to 12.8% in 2080.
Effect of air-injection mode on mainstream-forced entrainment and combustion characteristics of a cavity-based combustor
Authors: Zhao Yuling , Gong Cheng , Li Mingyu
Published: August 2024

The trapped vortex combustor (TVC) has shown promise for use in advanced aircraft engines due to its high combustion efficiency, excellent stability, compact geometry, and low pressure loss. However, the mainstream-forced entrainment phenomenon presents a significant challenge to implementing the TVC. This study conducted experimental and numerical investigations to examine the effect of different cavity-air-injection modes on mainstream-forced entrainment. The results indicate that the entrainment of mainstream air into the cavity is greatly affected by the cavity-air-injection mode, subsequently influencing the combustion performance of the TVC. Compared to the front/rear air-injection mode (case 1) or the front air-injection mode (case 3) of the cavity, the rear air-injection mode (case 2) can effectively reduce the entrainment of the main flow into the cavity, creating a stable large-scale single vortex flow structure. Additionally, the fuel distribution in the cavity is somewhat influenced by the cavity's air-injection design. The local equivalence ratio of the cavity in case 1 is higher than that of cases 2 and 3, which benefits lean ignition and blowout performance. Case 1 demonstrates superior ignition and blowout performance compared to case 2, which exhibits the poorest ignition–blowout performance. Cases 1 and 3 share similar ignition processes, although case 3 has a significantly longer ignition time than case 1. In contrast, case 2 experiences ignition with the flame primarily concentrated in the mainstream area due to its air-injection mode. The cavity's air-injection mode leads to a rapid influx of fuel into the mainstream area, resulting in the lowest combustion efficiency observed in case 2.
Micromechanical properties and homogenization of sandstone based on nanoindentation
Authors: Luo Yafei , Zhang Shuailong , Zhu Yongjian , Huang Fei , Wu Qiuhong
Published: August 2024

The composition and micromechanical properties of rock minerals have important effects on its macroscopic mechanical performance. The composition, proportions, and morphology of sandstone minerals are determined using an energy dispersive spectrometer and optical microscopy. The elastic modulus and hardness of each mineral component are then measured through nanoindentation tests. The equivalent elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of sandstone are obtained using the dilute and Mori–Tanaka homogenization schemes and compared with the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio measured in uniaxial compression tests. Finally, the influence of various microscopic parameters on the macroscopic mechanical properties of sandstone is analyzed. The results indicate that sandstone is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and chlorite, which can be distinguished and recognized by color and morphological characteristics under an optical microscope. Quartz has a dense structure and good mechanical properties, while biotite and chlorite have obvious pore structures and the worst mechanical properties. The equivalent Poisson's ratio obtained by homogenization is basically consistent with the macroscopic Poisson's ratio measured through testing, but the equivalent elastic modulus is greater than the test results. The Mori–Tanaka scheme gives the largest deviation in the equivalent elastic modulus. Parameter analysis shows a positive correlation between the microscopic and macroscopic mechanical properties of each mineral component. The volume fractions of quartz and feldspar are positively correlated with the macroscopic mechanical properties, while chlorite exhibits a negative correlation. The macroscopic mechanical properties of sandstone are most sensitive to changes in the mechanical properties and volume fraction of chlorite.
Aerodynamic shape optimization using a physics-informed hot-start method combined with modified metric-based proper orthogonal decomposition
Authors: Zhang Chenliang , Chen Hongbo , Xu Xiaoyu , Duan Yanhui , Wang Guangxue
Published: August 2024

Aerodynamic shape optimization based on computational fluid dynamics still has a huge demand for improvement in the optimization effect and efficiency when optimizing the unstable flow of airfoils. This article presents a physics-informed hot-start method combined with modified metric-based proper orthogonal decomposition (MPOD-ML-Phys). The data-based filtering strategy is a core step in the original metric-based proper orthogonal decomposition method (MPOD), but existing filtering strategies generate a significant amount of additional computational consumption. Therefore, this article applies machine learning methods to data-based filtering strategy in MPOD and establishes a modified MPOD method (MPOD-ML). In addition, during the MPOD-ML process, a lot of hidden physical knowledge that is beneficial for optimization will also be generated. This article combines Bayesian optimization to construct an MPOD-ML-Phys method, which fully utilizes the flow physical knowledge in MPOD-ML. The efficiency and effect of MPOD-ML and MPOD-ML-Phys are validated by two typical cases: inverse and direct design for airfoils. The results indicate that both MPOD-ML and MPOD-ML-Phys methods can effectively improve the overall optimization efficiency. However, the intervention of machine learning models has significantly reduced the robustness of the MPOD-ML method, while the embedding of physical knowledge makes MPOD-ML-Phys more robust. Meanwhile, the optimized airfoil obtained by MPOD-ML-Phys has better drag divergence characteristics, a later flow separation point, and better flow stability.
Insight into a region of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Chromosome 2 revealed potential candidate genes linked to Foc4 Fusarium wilt resistance
Authors: Bhutia Karma L. , Kisku Anima , Lap Bharati , Sahni Sangita , Arya Madhuri , Bhutia Nangsol D. , Ahmad Mahtab , Chaturvedi Rashmi , Sudhan Rajalingam Amutha , Sharma Vinay Kumar
Published: August 2024

Two markers on Chromosome 2 of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) are reportedly associated with resistance to race 4 Fusarium wilt, and are frequently used in breeding. However, the genes in this region that actually confer wilt resistance are unknown. We aimed to characterise them using both in silico approaches and marker trait association (MTA) analysis. Of the 225 protein-encoding genes in this region, 51 showed significant differential expression in two contrasting chickpea genotypes under wilt, with potential involvement in stress response. From a diverse set of 244 chickpea genotypes, two sets of 40 resistant and 40 susceptible genotypes were selected based on disease incidence and amplification pattern of the TA59 marker. All cultivars were further genotyped with 1238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) specific to the 51 genes; only seven SNPs were significantly correlated with disease. SNP Ca2_24099002, specific to the LOC101498008 (Transmembrane protein 87A) gene, accounted for the highest phenotypic variance for disease incidence at 16.30%, whereas SNPs Ca2_25166118 and Ca2_27029215, specific to the LOC101494644 (β-glucosidase BoGH3B-like) and LOC101505289 (Putative tRNA pseudouridine synthase) genes, explained 10.51% and 10.50% of the variation, respectively, in the sets with contrasting disease susceptibility. Together with the TA59 and TR19 markers, these SNPs can be used in a chickpea breeding scheme to develop wilt resistance.
Nine-banded armadillos temporally avoid sites visited by domestic dogs and native carnivores
Authors: Costa Rômulo Theodoro , Fornitano Larissa , Bianchi Rita de Cassia
Published: August 2024

Context Human-induced habitat loss and fragmentation facilitate the presence of domestic dogs (Canis l. familiaris) in natural habitats, posing risks to native wildlife through predation and competition. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) faces increased vulnerability to dog attacks due to frequent pursuits. Aims We evaluate the effect of predator presence (exotic and native) on the activity pattern and temporal avoidance behaviour of nine-banded armadillos in the Northeast region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods We analysed camera trap data (2020–2022) for co-occurrence activity between nine-banded armadillos and domestic dogs, and native predators. We also investigated temporal variations between armadillo detections in response to the presence of predators. Key results Nine-banded armadillos and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) exhibited nocturnal activity, whereas domestic dogs and jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) were diurnal. The activity pattern of nine-banded armadillos remained consistent in the presence of domestic dogs and native predators, although the time between detections increased at sites frequented by dogs and ocelots. Conclusions Our findings suggest that armadillos may avoid areas frequented by domestic dogs and ocelots over time, even without direct interactions. Implications Our research may assist conservationists and policymakers in developing domestic dog control to mitigate the impact of domestic dogs on nine-banded armadillos. Controlling domestic dog populations and raising awareness among owners to confine their pets are crucial measures.
Light-induced H
2
generation in a photosystem I-O
2
-tolerant [FeFe] hydrogenase nanoconstruct
Authors: Rumbaugh Tristen D. , Gorka Michael J. , Baker Carol S. , Golbeck John H. , Silakov Alexey
Published: August 2024

The fusion of hydrogenases and photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) has proven to be a promising strategy for the production of sustainable biofuels. Type I (iron-sulfur-containing) RCs, acting as photosensitizers, are capable of promoting electrons to a redox state that can be exploited by hydrogenases for the reduction of protons to dihydrogen (H
2
). While both [FeFe] and [NiFe] hydrogenases have been used successfully, they tend to be limited due to either O
2
sensitivity, binding specificity, or H
2
production rates. In this study, we fuse a peripheral (stromal) subunit of Photosystem I (PS I), PsaE, to an O
2
-tolerant [FeFe] hydrogenase from
Clostridium beijerinckii
using a flexible [GGS]
4
linker group (
Cb
HydA1-PsaE). We demonstrate that the
Cb
HydA1 chimera can be synthetically activated in vitro to show bidirectional activity and that it can be quantitatively bound to a PS I variant lacking the PsaE subunit. When illuminated in an anaerobic environment, the nanoconstruct generates H
2
at a rate of 84.9 ± 3.1 µmol H
2
mg
chl
–1
h
–1
. Further, when prepared and illuminated in the presence of O
2
, the nanoconstruct retains the ability to generate H
2
, though at a diminished rate of 2.2 ± 0.5 µmol H
2
mg
chl
–1
h
–1
. This demonstrates not only that PsaE is a promising scaffold for PS I-based nanoconstructs, but the use of an O
2
-tolerant [FeFe] hydrogenase opens the possibility for an in vivo H
2
generating system that can function in the presence of O
2
.
Race adjustments in clinical algorithms can help correct for racial disparities in data quality
Authors: Zink Anna , Obermeyer Ziad , Pierson Emma
Published: August 2024

Despite ethical and historical arguments for removing race from clinical algorithms, the consequences of removal remain unclear. Here, we highlight a largely undiscussed consideration in this debate: varying data quality of input features across race groups. For example, family history of cancer is an essential predictor in cancer risk prediction algorithms but is less reliably documented for Black participants and may therefore be less predictive of cancer outcomes. Using data from the Southern Community Cohort Study, we assessed whether race adjustments could allow risk prediction models to capture varying data quality by race, focusing on colorectal cancer risk prediction. We analyzed 77,836 adults with no history of colorectal cancer at baseline. The predictive value of self-reported family history was greater for White participants than for Black participants. We compared two cancer risk prediction algorithms—a race-blind algorithm which included standard colorectal cancer risk factors but not race, and a race-adjusted algorithm which additionally included race. Relative to the race-blind algorithm, the race-adjusted algorithm improved predictive performance, as measured by goodness of fit in a likelihood ratio test (
P
-value: <0.001) and area under the receiving operating characteristic curve among Black participants (
P
-value: 0.006). Because the race-blind algorithm underpredicted risk for Black participants, the race-adjusted algorithm increased the fraction of Black participants among the predicted high-risk group, potentially increasing access to screening. More broadly, this study shows that race adjustments may be beneficial when the data quality of key predictors in clinical algorithms differs by race group.
The art of wrangling
Authors: Bramlett Adam A. , Wiener Seth
Published: August 2024

Web-based eye-tracking is more accessible than ever. Researchers can now carry out visual world paradigm studies
remotely and access never before tested, multilingual populations via the internet all without the need for an expensive
eye-tracker. Web-based eye-tracking, however, requires careful experimental design and extensive data wrangling skills. In this
paper, we provide a framework for reproducible, open science visual world paradigm studies using online experiments. We provide
step-by-step instructions to building a typical visual world paradigm psycholinguistics study, and walk the reader through a
series of data wrangling steps needed to prepare the data for visualization and analysis using the open-source software
environment, R. Importantly, we highlight the key decisions researchers need to make and report in order to reproduce an analysis.
We demonstrate our approach by carrying out a single change replication of an in-person eye-tracking study by Porretta et al. (2020). We conclude with best practices and recommendations for
researchers carrying out bi-/multilingualism web-based visual world paradigm studies.
What to do next
Authors: Gubina Alexandra , Fox Barbara A. , Raymond Chase Wesley
Published: August 2024

The starting point of most prior research on action formation and ascription is either
a social action or a linguistic form. In contrast, our study will demonstrate analytic and methodological implications
and cross-linguistic perspectives for Interactional Linguistics research of starting with a
translation issue. In our paper, we compare the use of two formats that are both possible
translations of the German soll
ich, namely should I and ((do) you) want me to. Although both English
formats elicit information that is consequential for the speaker’s agenda (cf. Couper-Kuhlen 2021), we will demonstrate that they are not only used for accomplishing different actions
(e.g., different kinds of offers, requests for specification, candidate understandings), but also differ
in terms of the ownership of the project this proffered
action will contribute to. Our results demonstrate that translation issues within Interactional Linguistics research are not only an important
methodological and analytic matter, but can also open up new perspectives with regard to cross-linguistic and cross-cultural diversity of social actions and
practices for accomplishing them. Our results suggest that speakers of different languages not only differ in how
specific domains of social action (e.g., offers, requests for permission) are realized, but also what
sensitivities are oriented to across languages. Our study thus offers a new avenue for exploring domains of social
actions and their realization across languages.
What do you understand by X?
Authors: Deppermann Arnulf
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses major developments in the field of Interactional Semantics. After locating
Interactional Semantics within the study of semantics
and introducing major contributions to the field, two approaches for studying semantics in interaction are
exemplified: The study of meta-semantic practices (in
particular, defining) is concerned with actions by which participants clarify local meanings of expressions they are
using; the study of interactional histories is concerned
with how the accumulation of common ground over a series of interactions affects both lexical choices and the
interpretation of the expressions used. The studies show how indexicality, action-orientation, and recipient-design are basic properties of semantic practice in
social interaction.
Verbal and bodily practices for addressing trouble associated
with embodied moves in game play
Authors: Golato Andrea , Betz Emma , Taleghani-Nikazm Carmen , Drake Veronika
Published: August 2024

We provide a first systematic account of how interactants manage trouble that is not localizable in
talk but rather in embodied conduct in table-top game play. Interventions targeting embodied problems have been termed
“remedial actions” (Lerner and Raymond 2021) or “remedies” (Arminen and
Auvinen 2013: 19). Focusing on game-playing interactions in German and English, we show that remedial actions addressing a coparticipant’s prior embodied move, or
the absence of a move, as troublesome can take one of three different forms: they can be embodied, verbal, or a
combination thereof. We show a systematic link between the form of remedial action and the type of trouble addressed: Remedial actions that
are exclusively embodied address deviations from shared
playing practices, typically involving problems with game piece placement. Exclusively verbal remedial actions address
violations of codified game rules such as premature moves. Remedial actions that combine verbal and embodied resources
target established practices or formal rules but accomplish additional actions, for example doing teaching or
reproaching. By highlighting the systematic interplay between talk and embodiment, our study contributes to a new, multimodal perspective in
Interactional Linguistics.
Managing progressivity and solidarity with nage shenme ‘that what’ in Mandarin
interaction
Authors: Li Xiaoting
Published: August 2024

Nage shenme ‘that what’ is a fixed pronoun phrase commonly used as a “filler” in
Mandarin. This study examines the interactional
functions of nage shenmes (NSs) in face-to-face Mandarin interaction. An examination of the data
shows that NSs appear in a variety of turn positions. This study focuses on the usages of TCU-medial and turn-final
NSs. I argue that TCU-medial NSs are used as placeholders to deal with problems of progressivity of the TCU- and action-in-progress. Turn-final NSs
in disagreement talk serve as mitigation markers to mitigate the force of discordant actions. They are
employed by the speaker to seek reconciliation with coparticipants and to promote social solidarity.
Language alternation in the multilingual classroom
Authors: Kupetz Maxi , Becker Elena
Published: August 2024

The aim of this paper is twofold: First, we show that language alternation is an important
resource for the accomplishment of actions allowing for participation in classroom activities, and that it can only be
understood through careful sequential and multimodal analysis – as proven in IL studies. IL research is thus expanded to the multilingual classroom. The study is based on video-recordings of a
classroom setting in which the students make use of Arabic – not the language of instruction, which is German. In addition to the communicative functions of actions realized through language alternation, our
study shows the teacher’s strategies of how to deal with the students’ use of Arabic. These observations on “orderly”
going-ons are intended to encourage teachers to allow for multiple language use in the classroom.
Mitochondrial-derived compartments remove surplus proteins from the outer mitochondrial membrane
Authors: Wilson Zachary N. , Balasubramaniam Sai Sangeetha , Wong Sara , Schuler Max-Hinderk , Wopat Mitchell J. , Hughes Adam L.
Published: August 2024

The outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) creates a boundary that imports most of the mitochondrial proteome while removing extraneous or damaged proteins. How the OMM senses aberrant proteins and remodels to maintain OMM integrity remains unresolved. Previously, we identified a mitochondrial remodeling mechanism called the mitochondrial-derived compartment (MDC) that removes a subset of the mitochondrial proteome. Here, we show that MDCs specifically sequester proteins localized only at the OMM, providing an explanation for how select mitochondrial proteins are incorporated into MDCs. Remarkably, selective sorting into MDCs also occurs within the OMM, as subunits of the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex are excluded from MDCs unless assembly of the TOM complex is impaired. Considering that overloading the OMM with mitochondrial membrane proteins or mistargeted tail-anchored membrane proteins induces MDCs to form and sequester these proteins, we propose that one functional role of MDCs is to create an OMM-enriched trap that segregates and sequesters excess proteins from the mitochondrial surface.
Negative-polarity nanosecond-pulsed cryogenic plasma in liquid nitrogen
Authors: Dobrynin Danil , Fridman Alexander
Published: August 2024

In this work we report the results of imaging and spectroscopic measurements of the optical emission spectrum of a negative nanosecond-pulsed cryogenic discharge in liquid nitrogen. With the application of a lower electric field, the discharge first ignites as a ‘faint glow’ around the high-voltage needle electrode, but when the applied electric field reaches the transition value of around 5 MV cm−1 the discharge mode switches to a negative in-liquid streamer. The optical emission spectrum of the discharge is populated by the molecular nitrogen emission bands, and their analysis shows that the pressures and temperatures of the negative streamers in liquid nitrogen are at least of few tens of atmospheres and around 140–150 K. The results of this study demonstrate similarity of positive and neganive streamers in cryogenic in-liquid plasma conditions.
Quasi-2D material based heterostructure devices and its applications
Authors: Gautam Vidushi , Verma Sandeep Kumar , Singh Roshani , Ashraf Zaid , Kandpal Kavindra , Kumar Pramod
Published: August 2024

The structure and versatile interfacial properties of heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) materials have drawn a lot of attention. The fundamental curiosity and efficient possibilities encourage the fabrication of 2D materials. 2D materials offer a variety of key elements with distinct optical, electrical, and optoelectronic characteristics. Recently, topological insulators became fascinating for the future of spintronics due to strongspin–orbit coupling and dissipation-less counter-propagating conduction channels in the surface state. When topological traits and magnetic order come together, they may result in new quantum states, leading to the quantum anomalous Hall effect. Here, an overview of 2D fabrication techniques, device applications, magnetic—topological coupling and interfacial effects in heterostructures is discussed, offering a flexible platform for engineering magnetic and topological properties, additionally providing perspectives on emerging research opportunities.
Oxidative aggregation of hemoglobin–a mechanism for low-temperature plasma-mediated wound healing
Authors: Oganesyan Irina , Begley Alina , Mrđenović Dušan , Harrison Julian A , Zenobi Renato
Published: August 2024

Plasma medicine is a field that utilizes reactive species generated from atmospheric low-temperature plasmas for applications such as sterilization, blood coagulation, and cancer therapy. Commercial plasma devices are available for wound healing, but research on the chemical modifications induced by these plasmas is scarce. This study explores the chemical modifications in hemoglobin when exposed to a helium plasma dielectric barrier discharge, with the aim of explaining the potential mechanisms through which it contributes to blood coagulation and enhances wound healing. Optical microscopy of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treated whole capillary blood showed an increase in red blood cell (RBC) size and the formation of rouleaux structures. The treatment of whole blood leads to hemolysis of RBCs and the release of intracellular protein content. We then treated purified hemoglobin protein at physiological concentrations, which led to the formation of aggregates that could be observed using ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM–MS), size exclusion chromatography, and optical microscopy. The aggregates formed fibril-like structures as observed using atomic force microscopy. The formation of hemoglobin aggregates is hypothesized to be the result of new intermolecular interactions formed following the CAP-mediated protein oxidation. We studied the changes to hemoglobin structure after treatment with a CAP using high-resolution MS and found that the hemoglobin subunits are oxidized with the addition of at least 4 oxygen atoms each. The intact tetrameric hemoglobin structure remains unchanged; however, the monomeric and dimeric proteins adopt a more compact structure, as observed by IM–MS. We propose that CAP treatment of fresh blood leads to hemolysis, and that the extracellular protein, primarily hemoglobin, is oxidized leading to the formation of aggregates.
The spin-S Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the orthogonal-dimer lattice
Authors: Nakano Hiroki , Sakai Toru
Published: August 2024

The spin-S Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the orthogonal-dimer lattice is studied. In most of the investigations of the antiferromagnet on this lattice beginning with the study by Shastry and Sutherland, the

S
=
1

/

2

case has intensively been treated. In the present study, the cases of S = 1 and 3/2 are particularly treated by the numerical-diagonalization method based on the Lanczos algorithm applied to finite-size clusters. We successfully capture the edge of the exact-dimer phase and that of the Néel-ordered phase. A significant finding is the existence of an intermediate phase between both the edges irrespective of spin-S.
Characterizing nonlinear constitutive behaviors of fiber metal laminates
Authors: Jiang Zhe-Zhi , Tsai Jia-Lin
Published: August 2024

This study characterized the nonlinear tensile behavior of fiber metal laminates (FMLs). FMLs comprise layers of thin metallic sheets and fiber-reinforced composite layers, and a constitutive FML model includes the constitutive relationships of the FML’s constituent materials; however, nonlinear behavior is typically only considered for the metal components of an FML. In this study, a nonlinear constitutive relationship for the unidirectional fiber composites was modeled using a one-parameter plastic model. The nonlinear constitutive law for the metal was formulated using the J2 flow rule. These relationships were summed for each layer in accordance with laminated plate theory to obtain a constitutive FML model, which was then used for numerical predictions of nonlinear stress–strain curves. The model was validated by comparing its predictions with experimental results from the literature. Moreover, the effect of the inclusion of nonlinear fiber composite behavior on the model predictions was investigated. Results revealed that the difference between the model predictions and the experimental results was less than 4%. These predictions with nonlinear fiber composite behavior were substantially more accurate than those of the model without this behavior for FMLs with angle-ply fiber composites.
Atomistic simulations of incident dislocation interactions with nickel grain boundaries
Authors: Page David E , Fullwood David T , Wagoner Robert H , Homer Eric R
Published: August 2024

Grain boundaries strengthen metals and act as hardening agents, impeding plastic flow macroscopically. The interactions between grain boundaries and dislocations are complex and difficult to predict. To understand the connection between resolved shear stresses and transmission events we simulated dislocation-grain boundary interactions in a number of

[
1

1
―

2
]

asymmetric tilt grain boundaries designed for optimal transmission of dislocations. By shearing the cell containing the grains on either side of the boundary, we drove the dislocation into the grain boundary and observed the interaction. The key findings include: (i) roughly half of the observed dislocation-grain boundary interactions resulted in transmission, which is a lower than expected transmission rate of incident dislocations; (ii) a rejection of a hypothesized monotonic relationship between applied stress and transmission of dislocations based on observations; (iii) significant restructuring of the grain boundaries resulting from the applied stress and incident dislocation interactions; and (iv) a suggestion that transmission events appear to be better described as separate absorption and nucleation events, with each event affecting and affected by the evolving grain boundary structure. Together, these point to continued challenges and opportunities surrounding dislocation-grain boundary interactions. The challenges relate to the difficulty in extracting absorption and nucleation criteria. The opportunities suggest that mesoscale models can treat all these events independently based on relevant criteria if they can be obtained.
Emerging 2D nanoscale metal oxide sensor: semiconducting CeO2 nano-sheets for enhanced formaldehyde vapor sensing
Authors: Bhunia Amit Kumar , Mahata Bidesh , Mandal Biswajit , Guha Prasanta Kumar , Saha Satyajit
Published: August 2024

Herein, we fabricated nanoscale 2D CeO2 sheet structure to develop a stable resistive gas sensor for detection of low concentration (ppm) level formaldehyde vapors. The fabricated CeO2 nanosheets (NSs) showed an optical band gap of 3.53 eV and cubic fluorite crystal structure with enriched defect states. The formation of 2D NSs with well crystalline phases is clearly observed from high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images. The NSs have been shown tremendous blue-green emission related to large oxygen defects. A VOC sensing device based on fabricated two-dimensional NSs has been developed for the sensing of different VOCs. The device showed better sensing for formaldehyde compared with other VOCs (2-propanol, methanol, ethanol, and toluene). The response was found to be 4.35, with the response and recovery time of 71 s and 310 s, respectively. The device showed an increment of the recovery time (71 s to 100 s) with the decrement of the formaldehyde ppm (100 ppm to 20 ppm). Theoretical fittings provided the detection limit of formaldehyde ≈8.86 ± 0.45 ppm with sensitivity of 0.56 ± 0.05 ppm−1. The sensor device showed good reproducibility with excellent stability over the study period of 135 d, with a deviation of 1.8% for 100 ppm formaldehyde. The average size of the NSs (≈24 nm) calculated from HRTEM observation showed lower value than the calculated Debye length (≈44 nm) of the charge accumulation during VOCs sensing. Different defect states, interstitial and surface states in the CeO2 NSs as observed from the Raman spectrum and emission spectrum are responsible for the formaldehyde sensing. This work offers an insight into 2D semiconductor-based oxide material for highly sensitive and stable formaldehyde sensors.
Enhancement of dielectric permittivity and Havriliak-Negami relaxation mechanism in MnFe2O4 through Dy substitution
Authors: Joseph Aruna , Raj R S Arun , Haridev K A , Maity Tuhin , Joy Lija K
Published: August 2024

Pristine and Dy substituted MnFe2O4, MnFe2−x
Dy
x
O4 (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 & 0.10) were successfully synthesized by sol-gel method to investigate the dielectric properties of the system. MnFe2O4 exhibits a high dielectric permittivity of order 104 which is further augmented by 60% through Dy substitution. This is owing to the rise in interfacial polarization resulting from localized states, dipolar polarization arising from the multiple valence states of Fe and Mn ions, atomic polarization due to structural distortion induced by strain, and electronic polarization stemming from the concentration of free charge carriers. The enhancement of induced strain, mixed valence ratio of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Mn4+/Mn2+, localized states, and free charge carrier concentration are confirmed from the XRD, XPS, and optical studies, respectively. The dielectric relaxation mechanism of MnFe2−xDyxO4 follows a modified Havriliak-Negami relaxation model with conductivity contribution. Complex impedance analyses further validate the contribution of grain-grain boundary mechanisms to the dielectric properties confirmed through Nyquist plots. A comprehensive analysis of conductivity reveals the significant impact of Dy substitution on the electrical conductivity of MnFe2O4. This influence is strongly related to the variations in the concentration of free charge carriers within the MnFe2−x
Dy
x
O4 system. The understanding of the underlying physics governing the dielectric properties of Dy-substituted MnFe2O4 not only enhances the fundamental knowledge of material behavior but also opens new avenues for the design and optimization of advanced electronic and communication devices.
Determination of refractive index of liquids using a machine vision sensor and a programmable device
Authors: Rivera-Ortega Uriel
Published: August 2024

In this implementation, it is proposed a measurement method and/or educational-demonstrative resource that determines the refractive index of a liquid. A method can be found in the literature which relates the diameter of an object to the diameter of its amplified image when it is introduced in a container filled with the liquid on an unknown refractive index. Therefore, this proposal is based on measuring the diameter of the amplified image related to a cylindrical object immersed in a beaker, by means of using the color recognition function of an artificial intelligence camera; while the data processing will be carried out with the use of a micro:bit board. Finally, the result will be displayed in a 128 × 64 OLED screen. According to the characteristics and materials used in the proposal, it can be perfectly applied in undergraduate and graduate levels in the field of Physics or Engineering. Furthermore, the proposed device does not require an external computer or specialized software for use, thus also offering easy assembly, portability and automation.
Arduino-supported kinematics measurements
Authors: Schnider Dorottya , Hömöstrei Mihály
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we provide secondary school teachers of physics with insights into the effective integration of Arduino-based classroom measurements for teaching kinematics. We present our Arduino-supported workbook, which includes kinematics measurements using an ultrasonic wave sensor and a photoresistor. The workbook aims to enhance students’ knowledge and proficiency in various areas such as data processing, analysis, interpretation, and graphical representation. Our study focuses on the impact of Arduino measurement tasks on the knowledge, competence, and attitudes of 7th grade students. The findings highlight the positive outcomes of coherent, hands-on and innovative classroom activities.
Impact of contrast agents on organ dosimetry in pediatric diagnostic fluoroscopy: the voiding cystourethrogram
Authors: Smither Wyatt W , Marshall Emily L , Borrego David , Applegate Kimberly , Bolch Wesley E
Published: August 2024

Objective. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Task Group 113 is developing reference values of organ and effective dose coefficients (DCs) for radiography, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography imaging exams. In support of these efforts, our focus is on pediatric diagnostic fluoroscopy. Contrast agents used during clinical examinations are an important consideration of the work undertaken by the Task Group. This work demonstrates the importance of including organ contrast volume concentrations for the calculation of reference organ DCs in the voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Approach. The ICRP newborn and 15 year female reference phantoms were utilized within the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code system for the calculation of organ DCs. A pediatric radiologist with over 30 years of clinical experience defined the imaging fields for a VCUG examination consistent with clinical practice. Of these, four imaging fields were selected for investigation. The transport simulations modeled an iodinated contrast solution similar to Bracco Group’s 18% weight per volume, cystografin diatrizoate meglumine and typical bladder content was supplemented to make up the remainder volume. Iodinated contrast volumes of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration by volume were modeled and associated DCs for in-field organs were computed. Main results. Organ DCs were calculated for the urinary bladder wall, colon wall, ovaries, and uterus for both female phantoms under irradiation geometries representative of a VCUG examination. Some organ DCs increased with iodine volume in the bladder and other organ DCs decreased as the iodine contrast volume completely filled the bladder (100%). Significance. The study results demonstrate for the newborn phantom percent differences in organ DCs varied between 0%–10% for the organs of interest, while they varied between 0%–22% in the 15 year phantom suggesting the importance of including contrast media in Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations of the VCUG examination.
Linear energy transfer dependent variation in viability and proliferation along the Bragg peak curve in sarcoma and normal tissue cells
Authors: Bernardo Teresa , Heuchel Lena , Heinzelmann Feline , Esser Johannes , Lüdemann Lutz , Timmermann Beate , Lühr Armin , von Neubeck Cläre
Published: August 2024

Objective. The energy deposition of photons and protons differs. It depends on the position in the proton Bragg peak (BP) and the linear energy transfer (LET) leading to a variable relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Here, we investigate LET dependent alterations on metabolic viability and proliferation of sarcoma and endothelium cell lines following proton irradiation in comparison to photon exposure. Approach. Using a multi-step range shifter, each column of a 96-well plate was positioned in a different depth along four BP curves with increasing intensities. The high-throughput experimental setup covers dose, LET, and RBE changes seen in a treatment field. Photon irradiation was performed to calculate the RBE along the BP curve. Two biological information out of one experiment were extracted allowing a correlation between metabolic viability and proliferation of the cells. Main results. The metabolic viability and cellular proliferation were column-wise altered showing a depth-dose profile. Endothelium cell viability recovers within 96 h post BP irradiation while sarcoma cell viability remains reduced. Highest RBE values were observed at the BP distal fall-off regarding proliferation of the sarcoma and endothelial cells. Significance. The high-throughput experimental setup introduced here (I) covers dose, LET, and RBE changes seen in a treatment field, (II) measures short-term effects within 48 h to 96 h post irradiation, and (III) can additionally be transferred to various cell types without time consuming experimental adaptations. Traditionally, RBE values are calculated from clonogenic cell survival. Measured RBE profiles strongly depend on physical characteristics such as dose and LET and biological characteristics for example cell type and time point. Metabolic viability and proliferation proofed to be in a similar effect range compared to clonogenic survival results. Based on limited data of combined irradiation with doxorubicin, future experiments will test combined treatment with systemic therapies applied in clinics e.g. cyclin-dependent inhibitors.