bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Anxiety, Social Skills Deficit and Autism Spectrum Disorder among Autistic Children in Nairobi, Kenya.
Authors: Anne W. Mbwayo; Dominics Ayaa Niceta W. Ireri;
Published: May 2022

This paper investigates the relationship between anxiety and social skills deficit and ASD in children living with autism. Focusing on Nairobi County in Kenya, the author engaged parents and teachers of 40 children and adolescents aged 5-21 years old. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design in two schools representing the experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) schools. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The intervention was done immediately after the baseline data was collected and followed up for six months. There was a significant decline in social skills deficits p=0.006 (95% C.I (4.97, 27.8)). In addition, remission of anxiety and social skills deficits is achievable by MASSI in children and adolescents with ASD in schools. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2) was used to measure the Autism Spectrum Disorder with scores ranging from 1- not accurate to 4 – almost always true. The indicator depicts reliable internal consistency of 0.90, with a higher score implying greater severity of the social deficit syndrome. The study found out that there was a correlation between the symptoms of anxiety and social skills deficits, anxiety problems in school-age children and adolescents and finally, social skills with ASD among the studied population. The study recommended that parents and caregivers of autistic children ought to adopt Skinner's contingency of reinforcement, address and support children's necessities having ASD and finally raising funds would enable the Ministry of Education to develop a curriculum that would address, prioritise and focus on the skill deficits most specific and appropriate to autism.
The Influence of Father’s Involvement on the Level of Marriage Satisfaction of Couples in Kenya.
Authors: Dr Lucy Njiru; Dr Daniel Kitonga. Stella Maina;
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study was to establish the extent to which a father’s involvement affects the level of marriage satisfaction of couples in Westlands Constituency, Nairobi County. The study was based on the Attachment Theory as well as the Theory of Psychoanalysis. This study employed the survey research design among married individuals both male and female from Westlands Constituency in Nairobi County who were above eighteen years of age. The data was collected using questionnaires from 384 participants using simple random sampling.  The completed questionnaires were then analysed by the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) whereby the descriptive statistics were analysed using frequencies and percentages while the inferential statistics were analysed by use of the Pearson correlation coefficient. The study concluded that father involvement has a statistically significant negative effect on marriage relationship outcomes of individuals. With a father involvement level that is low, there is a likelihood that the marriage relationship of an individual would be negatively affected. The study recommended that in case of separation, the parents should consider active co-parenting which will ensure that fathers are actively engaged in the lives of their children so that the children do not have feelings of abandonment.  The parents can also consider joining parenting support groups.
Investigating the Role of Local Community in Preventing Teenage Girls’ Pregnancy in Nyandarua North Sub-County, Kenya.
Authors: Prof. Gladys Kiptiony; Dr James Kay Karimi M. Muthima;
Published: May 2022

The study aimed to investigate the local community’s role in preventing teenage girls’ pregnancy in Nyandarua North Sub-county, Kenya. The study applied Social Cognitive Theory, using a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design; data was collected from a target population of 14 chiefs from the fourteen locations within the sub-county and 27,917 households. An accessible population of 569 households was identified to take part in the research-using cluster, purposive and snowballing sampling. All chiefs in the fourteen locations took part in the study. The data was obtained through interviews and questionnaires. The instruments were systematically assessed for validity through review by experts in the School of Education Kabarak University and by carrying out a pilot study comprising 30 households in Nyandarua Central Sub- County to ensure questionnaires gathered the information required by the study. Qualitative data was analysed descriptively, which was further analysed using version 24.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study also found that community-initiated projects for mentoring teen girls are present in the location from information gathered from chiefs, but most girls were not aware of this. In addition, it was noted that teen girls are dating older men, especially Boda Boda operators. The study recommended that Chiefs and members of the community should undertake a thorough awareness campaign through churches, chief barazas and schools and encourage collective parenting of all teenagers within the area.
Cyberspace as a new area of mission for Seventh Day Adventist church, Kisii Central-Nyanchwa station, South Kenya conference
Authors: Nyakwara Davis A , Ichuloi Anthony
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the cyberspace as a new area of mission for Seventh Day Adventist church, Kisii central - Nyanchwa station, South Kenya conference. The study employed the Uses and Gratification theory of assessment to understand the involvement of the SDA church in cyberspace as a new area of mission in a manner that enlarges its evangelical horizons. Personal interviews were conducted with pastors, ICTs technocrats, youth, church clerks and church members to establish the place of technology in the mission of Kisii Central SDA church that makes technology an important area of mission in terms of use and church mission itself. The implied clusters gave data of both users and implementers of technology to benefit the church community. Analyses and data presentation used frequency tables and percentages. Therefore, it would be erroneous to think that technology is absolutely good. The study has demonstrated that cyberspace is a new mission area instrumentally and subject to evangelical church missions. Cyberspace technologies are becoming increasingly instrumental in the Kisii Central SDA church mission that gives her relevance in the technological society. In addition, cyberspace technologies are used in worship, prayer, the transmission of sermons and preaching of the gospel, motivational text messages, formation of online church groups, religious instructions. The study recommended that the church commit herself fully to finding viable ways to evangelize cyberspace as the new area of mission.
MANIFESTAÇÕES E SENTIDOS DO ESTRESSE DOCENTE: ESTUDO QUALITATIVO COM PROFESSORES ESTADUAIS DO INTERIOR PAULISTA
Authors: Abreu Murilo , Fernandes Lins Caldas Roseli
Published: May 2022

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar como o estresse se manifesta em professores do Ensino Médio da rede estadual de São Paulo e como eles lidam com essas condições de acordo com seu sentido pessoal. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas por telefone com 15 professores de escolas estaduais do interior de São Paulo e os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo de L. Bardin. Os resultados foram divididos em algumas categorias e alguns trechos das respostas foram mostrados para valorizar as falas dos entrevistados, de acordo com as suas próprias palavras e sua visão de mundo. Foram identificados diversos estressores como atritos com a gestão, problemas com as famílias dos alunos, desvalorização da profissão pela sociedade, falta de apoio, conflitos com alunos, má implementação da progressão continuada e uso intenso de medicamentos, porém a forma como cada professor lida com os seus estressores é diretamente relacionada ao seu sentido próprio e suas experiências pessoais na docência. É necessário aumentar o número de pesquisas na área da saúde dos professores, principalmente estudos qualitativos, para que projetos de suporte a eles sejam criados e implementados com ciência das características particulares das relações ocupacionais vividas, tornando mais incisiva a efetividade da ação.
O TRABALHO DO PROFESSOR E O SENTIDO DA DOCÊNCIA: VIVÊNCIAS DE PROFESSORES ESTADUAIS DO INTERIOR DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Abreu Murilo , Fernandes Lins Caldas Roseli
Published: May 2022

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o sentido atribuído pelos professores ao seu trabalho, buscando identificar suas percepções e motivações sobre a atividade docente e comparar o trabalho que é realizado pelos professores com o sentido social e impactos psicológicos da profissão. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas por telefone com 6 professores de escolas públicas do interior de São Paulo e os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2004). As relações de sentido expostas pelos professores acerca do seu trabalho foram o ato de ensinar, e não educar; troca de conhecimentos entre professor e aluno; olhar pedagógico; amor, carinho e dedicação no ensino; lidar com a docência como uma profissão temporária; impotência no papel de transformador e a desmotivação. Afeta ainda: sua atuação enquanto professor reflexivo, sua compreensão histórica e social sobre educação; ter esperança e acreditar na educação; sua atuação contextualizada e alinhada com as famílias dos alunos em busca da valorização do ambiente escolar como um todo. A área da pesquisa qualitativa com professores precisa de mais incentivos para desenvolver cada vez mais a individualidade e a potencialidade de cada professor, cujo objetivo final é a educação consciente e potencializadora para os alunos.
Tropospheric ozone production and chemical regime analysis during the COVID-19 lockdown over Europe
Authors: Nussbaumer Clara M. , Pozzer Andrea , Tadic Ivan , Röder Lenard , Obersteiner Florian , Harder Hartwig , Lelieveld Jos , Fischer Horst
Published: May 2022

Abstract. The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) European lockdowns have led to a significant reduction in the emissions of primary pollutants such as NO (nitric oxide) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide). As most photochemical processes are related to nitrogen oxide (NOx≡ NO + NO2) chemistry, this event has presented an exceptional opportunity to investigate its effects on air quality and secondary pollutants, such as tropospheric ozone (O3). In this study, we present the effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on atmospheric trace gas concentrations, net ozone production rates (NOPRs) and the dominant chemical regime throughout the troposphere based on three different research aircraft campaigns across Europe. These are the UTOPIHAN (Upper Tropospheric Ozone: Processes Involving HOx and NOx) campaigns in 2003 and 2004, the HOOVER (HOx over Europe) campaigns in 2006 and 2007, and the BLUESKY campaign in 2020, the latter performed during the COVID-19 lockdown. We present in situ observations and simulation results from the ECHAM5 (fifth-generation European Centre Hamburg general circulation model, version 5.3.02)/MESSy2 (second-generation Modular Earth Submodel System, version 2.54.0) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC), model which allows for scenario calculations with business-as-usual emissions during the BLUESKY campaign, referred to as the “no-lockdown scenario”. We show that the COVID-19 lockdown reduced NO and NO2 mixing ratios in the upper troposphere by around 55 % compared to the no-lockdown scenario due to reduced air traffic. O3 production and loss terms reflected this reduction with a deceleration in O3 cycling due to reduced mixing ratios of NOx, while NOPRs were largely unaffected. We also study the role of methyl peroxyradicals forming HCHO (αCH3O2) to show that the COVID-19 lockdown shifted the chemistry in the upper-troposphere–tropopause region to a NOx-limited regime during BLUESKY. In comparison, we find a volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited regime to be dominant during UTOPIHAN.
Airborne measurements of directional reflectivity over the Arctic marginal sea ice zone
Authors: Becker Sebastian , Ehrlich André , Jäkel Evelyn , Carlsen Tim , Schäfer Michael , Wendisch Manfred
Published: May 2022

Abstract. The directional reflection of solar radiation by the Arctic Ocean is mainly shaped by two dominating surface types: sea ice (often snow-covered) and open ocean (ice-free). In the transitional zone between them, the marginal sea ice zone (MIZ), the surface reflection properties are determined by a mixture of the reflectance of both surface types. Retrieval methods applied over the MIZ need to take into account the mixed directional reflectivity; otherwise uncertainties in the retrieved atmospheric parameters over the MIZ may occur. To quantify these uncertainties, respective measurements of reflection properties of the MIZ are needed. Therefore, in this case study, an averaged hemispherical–directional reflectance factor (HDRF) of the inhomogeneous surface (mixture of sea ice and open ocean) in the MIZ is derived using airborne measurements collected with a digital fish-eye camera during a 20 min low-level flight leg in cloud-free conditions. For this purpose, a sea ice mask was developed to separate the reflectivity measurements from sea ice and open ocean and to derive separate HDRFs of the individual surface types. The respective results were compared with simulations and independent measurements available from the literature.
It is shown that the open-ocean HDRF in the MIZ differs from homogeneous ocean surfaces due to wave attenuation. Using individual HDRFs of both surface types and the sea ice fraction, the mixed HDRF describing the directional reflectivity of the inhomogeneous surface of the MIZ was retrieved by a linear weighting procedure. Accounting for the wave attenuation, good agreement between the average measured HDRF and the constructed HDRF of the MIZ was found for the presented case study.
Upper lithospheric structure of northeastern Venezuela from joint inversion of surface wave dispersion and receiver functions
Authors: Cabieces Roberto , Villaseñor Antonio , Berg Elizabeth , Olivar-Castaño Andrés , Arnaiz-Rodríguez Mariano , Ventosa Sergi , Ferreira Ana M. G.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. We use 1.5 years of continuous recordings from an amphibious seismic network deployment in the region of northeast South America and southeast Caribbean to study the crustal and uppermost mantle structure through a joint inversion of surface wave dispersion curves determined from ambient seismic noise and receiver functions. The availability of both ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) and land stations makes this experiment ideal to determine the best processing methods to extract reliable empirical Green’s functions (EGFs) and construct a 3D shear velocity model. Results show EGFs with high signal-to-noise ratio for land-land, land-OBS and OBS-OBS paths from a variety of stacking methods. Using the EGF estimates, we measure phase and group velocity dispersion curves for Rayleigh and Love waves. We complement these observations with receiver functions, which allow us to perform an H-k analysis to obtain Moho depth estimates across the study area. The measured dispersion curves and receiver functions are used in a Bayesian joint inversion to retrieve a series of 1D shear-wave velocity models, which are then interpolated to build a 3D model of the region. Our results display clear contrasts in the oceanic region across the border of the strike-slip fault system San Sebastian - El Pilar as well as a high velocity region that corresponds well with the continental craton of southeastern Venezuela. We resolve known geological features in our new model, including the Espino Graben and the Guiana Shield provinces, and provide new information about their crustal structures. Furthermore, we image the difference in the crust beneath the Maturin and Guárico Sub-Basin.
Lévy noise versus Gaussian-noise-induced transitions in the Ghil–Sellers energy balance model
Authors: Lucarini Valerio , Serdukova Larissa , Margazoglou Georgios
Published: May 2022

Abstract. We study the impact of applying stochastic forcing to the Ghil–Sellers energy balance climate model in the form of a fluctuating solar irradiance. Through numerical simulations, we explore the noise-induced transitions between the competing warm and snowball climate states. We consider multiplicative stochastic forcing driven by Gaussian and α-stable Lévy – α∈(0,2) – noise laws, examine the statistics of transition times, and estimate the most probable transition paths. While the Gaussian noise case – used here as a reference – has been carefully studied in a plethora of investigations on metastable systems, much less is known about the Lévy case, both in terms of mathematical theory and heuristics, especially in the case of high- and infinite-dimensional systems. In the weak noise limit, the expected residence time in each metastable state scales in a fundamentally different way in the Gaussian vs. Lévy noise case with respect to the intensity of the noise. In the former case, the classical Kramers-like exponential law is recovered. In the latter case, power laws are found, with the exponent equal to −α, in apparent agreement with rigorous results obtained for additive noise in a related – yet different – reaction–diffusion equation and in simpler models. This can be better understood by treating the Lévy noise as a compound Poisson process. The transition paths are studied in a projection of the state space, and remarkable differences are observed between the two different types of noise. The snowball-to-warm and the warm-to-snowball most probable transition paths cross at the single unstable edge state on the basin boundary. In the case of Lévy noise, the most probable transition paths in the two directions are wholly separated, as transitions apparently take place via the closest basin boundary region to the outgoing attractor. This property can be better elucidated by considering singular perturbations to the solar irradiance.
Low Completion Rates of Latinx Community College Students
Authors: Genthe Christine Burshnick , Harrington Christine
Published: May 2022

Completion rates for Latinx students are unacceptably lower than White and Asian students (NCES, 2019). Shapiro et al. (2017) reported that the completion rate for Latinx students attending community colleges was 33% while the completion rate was 45% for White students and 44% for Asian students. The purpose of this literature review was to discover the root causes of these low completion rates for Latinx students. Having a deep understanding of the factors that contribute to low success rates can enable community college professionals to take action to improve success outcomes and reduce equity gaps. Based on this systematic literature review of 32 peer-reviewed articles and 6 public scholarship articles, the following root causes emerged: financial barriers, lack of institutional support, educational preparation, psychosocial considerations, and familial and cultural issues. Recommendations for institutional actions are provided.
Fair Play: A Qualitative Exploration of Visitor Behavior at PlayGrand Adventures All-Abilities Playground
Authors: Bunn Taylor D. , Howell Leanne , Crocker Papadakis Lacy K.
Published: May 2022

People with disabilities in the United States have access to a fraction of engaging play experiences available to others due to playground design choices, minimal legal requirements, and societal acceptance of the status quo. PlayGrand Adventures, the first and largest all-abilities playground in North Texas, meets this need by providing engaging play opportunities for everyone. This qualitative case study explores and describes community engagement at PlayGrand Adventures, informed by principles of environmental reciprocity supported by Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (1986) and Gibson’s Affordance Theory (1979). The researcher collected data on community perception and engagement via a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and playground observations. The study fills a gap in academic research on all-abilities playgrounds in the United States to increase awareness of the systemic underserving of people with disabilities in this country and provides a potential solution. The researcher offers initial recommendations for PlayGrand Adventures’ future development and implementation with implications for replication in other cities.
Developing Pre-Service Teachers: A Social Justice Approach for Educating Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
Authors: Alsen Elizabeth , Buss Ray R.
Published: May 2022

In this article, we describe a dissertation in practice (DiP) conducted by the first author. The DiP focused on a social justice issue—providing pre-service teachers with highly effective preparation for working with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. As part of the article, interludes have been inserted prior to each major section of the article. These interludes have been used to discuss the thinking and research processes that were considered as the DiP unfolded in a program that employed an action research approach. The intervention was multi-faceted including teaching about orientations toward CLD students, providing pre-service teachers with pedagogical knowledge and skills, and employing a Community of Practice-based, service-learning approach. Quantitative and qualitative results from the study indicated pre-service teachers increased their knowledge, self-efficacy, and projected use of culturally responsive pedagogy. Discussion focused on connecting results to the literature, implications for practice and research, and extensions to current work.
Skills, Scalpels and Robots
Authors: Del Fabbro Olivier , Muller Xavier
Published: May 2022

According to Aristotle, medical practice relies on practical knowledge to care for individual patients. This is especially true for surgery, where the surgeon directly acts on a patient using not only technical skills but also acquired experience. We first describe the surgeon’s technical activity, which is directly linked to surgical tools and their historical evolution. Second, given that surgical activity aims at treating patients, we analyze which techniques and concurrent knowledge the surgeon must rely on to perform successful surgical operations. These characteristics are analyzed by using concepts from philosophy of technologies by André Leroi-Gourhan, Gilbert Simondon and John Dewey.
The Trade-off between Impartiality and Freedom in the 21st Century Cures Act
Authors: Fraile Navarro David , Tempini Niccolò , Teira David
Published: May 2022

Randomized controlled trials test new drugs using various debiasing devices to prevent participants from manipulating the trials. But participants often dislike controls, arguing that they impose a paternalist constraint on their legitimate preferences. The 21st Century Cures Act, passed by US Congress in 2016, encourages the Food and Drug Administration to use alternative testing methods, incorporating participants’ preferences, for regulatory purposes. We discuss, from a historical perspective, the trade-off between trial impartiality and participants’ freedom. We argue that the only way out is considering which methods improve upon the performance of conventional trials in keeping dangerous or inefficacious compounds out of pharmaceutical markets.
Randomized Controlled Trials in Medical AI
Authors: Genin Konstantin , Grote Thomas
Published: May 2022

Various publications claim that medical AI systems perform as well, or better, than clinical experts. However, there have been very few controlled trials and the quality of existing studies has been called into question. There is growing concern that existing studies overestimate the clinical benefits of AI systems. This has led to calls for more, and higher-quality, randomized controlled trials of medical AI systems. While this a welcome development, AI RCTs raise novel methodological challenges that have seen little discussion. We discuss some of the challenges arising in the context of AI RCTs and make some suggestions for how to meet them.
Erratum to Simons, M. (2022). Vital Norms: Canguilhem’s "The Normal and the Pathological" in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Pierre-Olivier Méthot. Philosophy of Medicine, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.5195/philmed.2022.102
Authors: McAllister-Erickson Jonah
Published: May 2022

At initial publication, Simons, M. (2022). Vital Norms: Canguilhem’s "The Normal and the Pathological” in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Pierre-Olivier Méthot. was incorrectly published in Volume 2, Number 2, 2021. After discovery of the error, the article was assigned to the correct issue: Volume 3, Number 1, 2022.
Death Sentences
Authors: John Stephen
Published: May 2022

There are many analogies between medical and judicial practice. This article explores one such analogy, between “medicalization” and “criminalization.” Specifically, drawing on an analogy between a judge’s speech act of delivering a verdict and a physician’s speech act of giving a diagnosis, it suggests a novel account of the phenomenon of “overdiagnosis.” Using this approach, we can make some headway in understanding debates over the early detection of cancer. The final section outlines the relationship between this approach and familiar debates in philosophy of medicine on the nature of disease and in philosophy of science on the “value-free ideal.”
When Is Lockdown Justified?
Authors: White Lucie , Van Basshuysen Philippe , Frisch Mathias
Published: May 2022

How could the initial, drastic decisions to implement “lockdowns” to control the spread of Covid-19 infections be justifiable, when they were made on the basis of such uncertain evidence? We defend the imposition of lockdowns in some countries by, first, looking at the evidence that undergirded the decision (focusing particularly on the decision-making process in the United Kingdom); second, arguing that this provided sufficient grounds to restrict liberty, given the circumstances; and third, defending the use of poorly empirically constrained epidemiological models as tools that can legitimately guide public policy.
Influence of Advertising Intensity on Real Earnings Management: Evidence from Four Sectors of Pakistan
Authors: Tanveer Mubashar , Altaf Mohsin , Akbar Zahid Ali , Nisar Uzma
Published: May 2022

The current study aimed to investigate the link between advertising intensity and real earnings management (REM) in the context of four sectors of Pakistan. Besides advertising intensity, market to book ratio, leverage, and firm size were included as explanatory variables. On the basis of data availability for the time period 2007-2019, 11 firms were selected from the Auto assembler sector, 6 firms from Auto parts, 16 firms from Food and Personal Care (PC), and eight firms from the Pharmaceutical sector. Data of the Auto assembler sector was analyzed by random effects panel data regression, whereas data of other three sectors was analyzed by fixed-effects model. In respect of Food and PC and Pharmaceutical sectors, the results of the present study indicate that the extent of REM increases with advertising intensity. Firms adopt the REM approach in order to show the positive outcome of large advertising expenditures. Additionally, a significant negative link between MBR and REM was noted for all sectors except Auto parts. Moreover, a significant positive link between leverage and REM was observed for all sectors except Food and PC. Also, a significant positive link between firm size and REM was noted for the Auto parts sector only. The present study is the first in Pakistan to investigate the link of advertising intensity with REM. This study has important implications for investors and regulators. Investors should carefully compare the firms of Food and PC and Pharmaceutical sectors with the other firms of respective sectors. Also, regulators shall make necessary modifications in the regulations to preclude firms from manipulating earnings. The focus of this study was on four sectors of Pakistan. Thus, the link between advertising intensity and REM can be tested for other sectors.
Early Cretaceous flysch from Betic-Maghrebian and Europe Alpine Chains (Gibraltar Strait to the Balkans): comparison and palaeotectonic implications
Authors: Puglisi Diego
Published: May 2022

Early Cretaceous flysch crops out along all the Alpine Chains of the western, central and eastern Europe for more than 7000 km from the Gibraltar Arc to the Balkans. In the different sectors of the Alpine Chain (Maghrebides, Apennines, Alps, Dinarides, Hellenides, Carpathians and Balkans) these flysch deposits, characterized by calcareous turbidites grading upwards into arenaceous turbidites, mark the contact between the internal and external areas. They show a provenance linked to internal areas and are made up by crystalline sources and locally by ophiolitic complexes. Due to the Cretaceous re-organization of the plates, all these successions experienced a Late Cretaceous tectonics, with the only exception of the Maghrebian flysch deposits. In this area, similar tectonic events have never been recorded but only suspected and aged to slightly later times. This paper aims to show the stratigraphic, geological and structural similarities of all these Early Cretaceous flysch sediments by emphasizing the difficulties to imagine that only the Maghrebian sector of the Alpine Tethys escaped the Mid- to Late-Cretaceous tectonics widely recognized in all the other segments of the Alpine Chain. In fact the Late Cretaceous or post-Cretaceous tectonics connected with a “mesoalpine” stage, has been hypothesized for the Maghrebian chain at the beginning of the nineties and recently it has been supported by the presence of Alpine metamorphic overprints recognized within the Hercynian crystalline units of the Calabria- Peloritani Arc (southern Italy). This tectonics seems to be linked to an early segmentation and deformation of the Maghrebian Early Cretaceous flysch with local underthrusting beneath the southern European margin.
Knowledge Regarding Intravenous Cannulation among Nursing Students at the School of Health Sciences of Purbanchal University, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal
Authors: Sinha Pramila , Sahu Puja , Chaudhary Roshni
Published: May 2022

Background: Health care professionals, especially nurses who frequently use an IV cannula in the hospital setting, must have good knowledge, be well trained, and have experience in the insertion of this device. Improper use of this vascular access device can lead to many complications, such as extravasation, infiltration, inflammation, obstruction, phlebitis, infection, sepsis, and thrombophlebitis.
Objective: To assess the knowledge of intravenous cannulation and the association between knowledge levels and selected sociodemographic variables among BSc. Nursing students at the School of Health Sciences of Purbanchal University.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed. A total of 95 students were enrolled in this study, and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The χ2 statistic was used to find the association between knowledge levels and the selected demographic variables.
Results: Of the 95 nursing students, none obtained 100% knowledge scores. More than half of the students (55.8%) had adequate knowledge, and 44.2% had inadequate knowledge about intravenous cannulation. A statistically significant relationship was observed between knowledge level and the academic year of the students (P = 0.011).
Conclusion: More than half of the nursing students had adequate knowledge about intravenous cannulation, while 44.2% of the students had inadequate knowledge that needed to be improved. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the knowledge level and academic year of the students, indicating that educational level significantly affected their knowledge.

Key words: Intravenous cannula, Knowledge, Nursing students.
Effects of Physical Therapy on Quality of Life in Post Hysterectomy Patients
Authors: S Revathi. , R Bhavana. , Kumar Vijaya Krishna
Published: May 2022

Background: Hysterectomy is a surgical removal of the uterus. It is the second major surgical procedure in gynecology performed for variety of conditions. They include un-conditional postpartum hemorrhage malignant growths and a range of condition as dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) fibroids, endometrioses, and prolapses.
Aim: To find the effectiveness of physical therapy exercises on quality of life in post hysterectomy patients.
Study design: RCT
Method: Sample size of 20 were taken between the age group of 35-50 years on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria which has been divided into 2 groups (A and B).Group A was the experimental group and Group B was the non-experimental group
Both groups A and B included 10 patients who underwent hysterectomy. Group A Patients were implemented with physical therapy exercises. Group B were under observation. They were assessed with SF-36 measuring tool.
Result: Current study a good internal consistency for SF-36 and its 9 domains were observed. From Domain 1 to Domain 7 there is significant difference in the average improvement of the patients It shows the improvement in patient’s quality of life as the p<0.05. The average improvement says that there is significant difference in improvements in both experimental and non-experimental groups but the average Improvement is higher in the experimental group.
Conclusion: Based on the result of the current study confirm that the SF-36 questionnaire is a reliable instrument to measure the QOL in post hysterectomy patients. It concluded that there is significant increase in quality of life in patient of group A who were given physical therapy from the next day of surgery to the 4th week than the group B the non-experimental group patient who were not given any physical therapy exercise and were only on observation .The average of this research study says that there was significant improvement in both the groups, but the experimental group average was significantly higher. The physical therapy has made beneficiary-effects on the post hysterectomy patients to prevent the postsurgical complication and help in improving their QOL.

Key words: Hysterectomy, Quality of life, Physical therapy.
Standardization and Physicochemical Evaluation of the Drug Raja Elathi Chooranam - A Siddha Polyherbal Formulation
Authors: Manimekalai J. , Aswini P. , Saraswathi K. Nalina
Published: May 2022

Siddha drugs are natural products obtained from herbal, herbo-mineral, mineral and animal kingdom. Most of the Siddha medicines are effective but they have not been standardized yet. So, there be in need to progress a standardization technique. Raja Elathi Chooranam is a poly-herbal formulation mentioned in the classical Siddha literature for the medication of Menorrhagia. The aim of this study to estimate quality of Raja Elathi Chooranam by conducting physicochemical analysis, phytochemical analysis and other analytical techniques. This study was done based on Pharmacopoeial laboratory for Indian Medicine guidelines. High performance thin layer chromatography was done through CAMAG software. The organoleptic character of the sample drug justifies the solid and its aromatic and fine powder nature confirms that the formulation is of good quality. The results obtained after phytochemical analysis of test drug showed 2.427 ± 0.4839 % of Loss on drying at 105°C, 9.633 ± 0.7506% of Total Ash, 0.054 ± 0.01652 % of Acid insoluble ash etc. The pH value of the drug 6.5 which is indicates it is weakly acidic. The results obtained after preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, coumarin, phenols, tannins, saponins and sugar. Biochemical analysis of the test drug reveals the presence of Carbonates, Chlorides, Sulphates and Phosphates. The test drug is devoid of microbial contamination, heavy metals and pesticide residues were below quantification limit. From the result we infer that the drug is of standard quality and shall be used as reference in pharmacopoeia standards.

Key words: Standardization, Raja Elathi Chooranam, Poly herbal, Siddha, Physicochemical analysis, phytochemical analysis.
Affecting Factors Of Stop Open Defecation Free In The Working Area Of West Simeulue Public Health Centre Simeulue Regency
Authors: Barliansyah Barliansyah , Efendy Ismail , Syamsul Darwin
Published: May 2022

Background:The community has healthy latrines in the work area of the West Simeulue Community Health Center as many as 1,024 families (64.8%) of the total 1,581 households have not reached the target of 100% so that there are people defecating in the garden, rice fields, house yards, the beach and river. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence open defecation free in the working area of the Health Centre. Method:This type of research is analytic survey with cross sectional study approach. The population was 1,581 families and the sampling technique was purposive sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed univariately, bivariately and multivariately. Results:The results showed knowledge (0.021), attitude (0.017), ownership of healthy latrines (0.036), the role of the head of the family (0.010), and the role of health workers (0.023) influencing the implementation of open defecation. Conclusion: Knowledge, attitude, ownership of healthy latrines, the role of the head of the family, and the role of health workers influence the open defecation. Keywords: Stop, Open Defecation Free, Society
Al-Harz and its Applications in Contemporary Theft
Authors: الفاتح طه الحاج سامية
Published: May 2022

The basic characteristic of this research entitled: “Al-Harz and its Applications in Contemporary Theft”, is its inclusion of both the ancient theoretical side and the contemporary practical side. It also dealt with one of the conditions of theft, that is the condition of seizing the stolen money and its suitability with the new types of foreclosure (Alhirz), which appeared recently and did not exist in those early ages, and what is the ruling in terms of applying the penalty (Had) of theft to the thief. The research has been divided into: an introduction, an introductory topic, and three main topics. The research included the concept of petty theft, the concept of Alhirz, and the conditions of theft in general, and then clarified the types of Alhirz and its controls, and the requirement of Alhirz for cutting. The study also deals with contemporary applications of theft such as stealing electricity, water, phones, computer and Internet, theft of intellectual production, credit and ATM cards. The researcher concludes the study by providing important results and recommendations.
Inventory on the family Trigonalidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera)
Authors: Carlos Henrique Marchiori
Published: May 2022

What little is known about the biology of the Trigonalidae Family indicates a remarkably unlikely life story: in nearly every known species, females place thousands of tiny eggs, either "squeezing" them around the edges or injecting them inside the leaves. The egg must then be consumed by a caterpillar. Once inside the caterpillar, the trigonalid egg hatches and attacks any other parasitoid larvae (including its siblings) on the caterpillar, or waits until the caterpillar is killed and fed to a wasp larva, which then attacks. The aim of this manuscript was to carry out an inventory of the Family Trigonalidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) related to its biogeography, bioecology, habitat, geographic distribution, taxonomy, life cycle, phenology and taxonomic and conceptual aspects of the Family, Subfamilies and Species. For this, a bibliographic survey of Trigonalidae was carried out in the years 1905 to 2021. Only complete articles published in scientific journals and expanded abstracts presented in national and international scientific events were considered. Data were also obtained from platforms such as: Academia.edu, Frontiers, Qeios, Pubmed, Biological Abstract, Publons, Dialnet, World, Wide Science, Springer, RefSeek, Microsoft Academic, Science and ERIC.
The Ambivalence of Jerusalem in Luke–Acts: The Limitations of Dyadic Approaches, and a Test of a Sojan Model of Thirdspace for Acts 7
Authors: Shin W. Gil
Published: May 2022

Luke’s ambivalent attitude toward Jerusalem and the temple remains a thorny issue in Lukan scholarship. This article reviews the history of scholarship according to two models of replacement versus continuity, which often operate in a dyadic paradigm. Sojan geography is suggested as a way of breaking through the deadlock this paradigm has created, as it attends to “thirding” that encompasses the two sides of ambivalence. In utilizing Sojan geography, a modified rubric derived from Prinsloo’s model is introduced as a remedy to Sleeman’s primarily synchronic approach. A test of this modified model is conducted on the spatiality of Jerusalem in Acts 7. This examination elucidates the complex ambivalence of Jerusalem without having to reduce one aspect over the other. Especially, Stephen’s retold history shows the trialectic structure of “lived space” in Abraham’s relation to the land, which becomes a model of the Jerusalem temple as a “lived space” for his offspring.
Challenges Assessing the Impact of Project-Based Learning on Critical Thinking Skills
Authors: Henderson J. Bryan , Marley Scott , Wilcox M. Jeanne , Nailor Natalie , Sowl Stephanie , Close Kevin
Published: May 2022

The lack of a precise definition for critical thinking makes it difficult for educators to agree on specifically how critical thinking should be assessed. This study assesses the efficacy of an innovative university initiative designed to promote critical thinking through project-based learning (PBL). Over 400 students participated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment including critical thinking items from both a widely used inventory as well as a new assessment designed to assess critical thinking in a more practical fashion. The authors’ novel critical thinking assessment breaks down critical thinking into construction and critique components, with results indicating that critique is more challenging for students, regardless of experimental condition. However, students specifically prompted for critique demonstrated more attempts at critique than their counterparts who did not receive a critique prompt. The results indicate a paucity of critical thought in general, suggesting multiple challenges for both the teaching and assessment of critical thinking skills.
Comparison of NSSE Data Obtained via Computer Versus Mobile Devices
Authors: Hwang Jihee , Wao Felix
Published: May 2022

Institutional surveys are an important means for assessing student learning experiences and outcomes in higher education. With the widespread ownership of smartphones and tablets, a growing number of students use mobile devices to complete institutional surveys. Using National Survey of Student Engagement data collected at a large four-year research university, this study examines how survey response patterns and data quality are different between computer (i.e., laptop, desktop) and mobile device responses. The findings indicate that mobile respondents are likely to take a longer time to complete the survey and have higher item nonresponse rates. In examining engagement indicator subscales, first-year students who used mobile devices reported significantly lower internal consistency reliability of all measures in academic challenges compared to computer respondents. Additionally, controlling for student demographics and precollege traits, the adjusted means of academic challenges and supportive environment subscales were significantly lower for mobile device respondents from first-year students.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection associated with crack cocaine use: the impact on perinatal transmission among 890 pregnancies in Brazil
Authors: Carvalho Newton Sergio de , Berti Camila Cristi Vieira , Rauen Jordana , Medeiros Adeli Regina Prizybicien , Maffini Cibele Feroldi , Tristão Edson Gomes , Sbalqueiro Renato Luiz
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection is a prevalent infection occurring during pregnancy. The implementation of a program to screen and prevent vertical transmission is highly important in Public Healthcare. Pregnant crack users could face difficulties to test and adhere to the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Objective: The purpose of this research paper was to investigate whether crack cocaine abuse increases Human Immunodeficiency Virus perinatal transmission rates, as well as to evaluate the risk factors associated with such an increase. Methods: Design: A retrospective study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Universidade Federal do Paraná. Population: pregnancies of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive women who were using crack cocaine (n=64) were compared with that of non-users (n=826) from 2005 to 2013. Prenatal medical records, delivery records, and newborn records were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures: The vertical transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the group of crack cocaine users was 9.37% (6) versus 2.54% (21) among non-users (p=0.009744). Results: Over the years of the study, there was a decrease in the vertical transmission rate in non-users, while this number remained constant in the group of users. When analyzing the cases of perinatal transmission, it was found that 83.34% (5) had inadequate prenatal care, and 100% (6) had inadequate Human Immunodeficiency Virus treatment, compared to the group in which there was no vertical transmission, where 65.52% (38) had inadequate prenatal care and 70.86% (41) had inadequate treatment. Conclusion: Vertical transmission is higher among crack cocaine users and did not decrease over the years of the study, as occurred among non-users. Trends that explain this increase were non-adherence to adequate prenatal care, Human Immunodeficiency Virus diagnosis during pregnancy, irregular treatment, absence of intrapartum antiretroviral prophylaxis, and vaginal delivery route.
Relative Rate of Maternal Deaths in Pakistani Population due to sepsis
Authors: Nisa Fakharun , Muhabbat Qamarunissa , . Zaheer , Muneer Sajida , Ahmed Waqarunnissa , Parveen Fahmeeda
Published: May 2022

Aim: To investigate the relative rate of maternal deaths in Pakistani population due to sepsis including the most common causative agent. Methods: The proposed study was a retrospective study model which was mainly conducted at a tertiary care hospital of Lodhran district-Punjab, Pakistan from 2019-2021 in association with the cases of maternal deaths due to sepsis reported and observed at the Gynecology & Obstetrics department of different tertiary care hospitals. Total 1200 number of participants had been examined in this study and the convenient sampling technique was used. Whereas, it discusses the maternal mortalities due to different types of sepsis during, between, and after the delivery of a baby. with diagnosed 50% cases reported for the maternal deaths due to sepsis. Data was analyzed using SPSS VR 20.0 with level of significance being kept at P-value <0.001. Results:As per the observation, out of 1200 samples, 640 samples were culture-positive, including mixed culture growth. Highest percent positivity was showed up by Streptococcus pyogenes 640(53.33%), followed by Chlamydia psittaci 80(6.66%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis 120(10%), Escherichia coli 80(6.66%), Neisseria meningitidis 40(3.33%), and Epstein-Bar virus 40(3.33%). Different approaches of delivery, gender, and respiratory infections, and the time of admission to the hospital along with the qSOFA (Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) Criteria were significantly associated with sepsis. ConclusionGroup A Streptococcus (i.e.Streptococcus pyogenes strains) were the most active causative agents 640(53.33%) in inducing maternal sepsis leading to deaths. Therefore, proper preventive measures should be taken before, during and after the delivery (antepartum, post-partum) to reduce the dependent and independent risk factors and subsequently to decrease the burden of maternal deaths due to sepsis. Keywords: Maternal, Sepsis, death, culture, Streptococcus pyogenes, GAS.