bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for atopic eczema in school children
Authors: Wandalsen Gustavo F. , Camelo-Nunes Inês C. , Mello Karyn C. , Naspitz Charles K. , Solé Dirceu
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVES: to study risk factors related to atopic eczema (AE) in school children of São Paulo. METHODS: 1972 parents or guardians of 6-7 years old children in the Southern Central area of São Paulo answered to a written questionnaire (standardized questionnaire of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood plus a complementary questionnaire regarding family history of asthma and allergies, and exposure to environmental allergens). AE was defined by the presence of an itchy rash in the last year. Risk factors were analyzed through logical regression. RESULTS: the following factors were significantly associated with AE: history of maternal (OR: 4.1; 95%CI: 2.4 to 7.1) and paternal eczema (OR: 2.6; 95%CI: 1.4 to 5.0), dust in the child's bedroom (OR: 1.6; 95%CI: 1.1 to 2.4), lower maternal education (OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1 to 2.7), rhinitis fever (OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1 to 2.9) and wheezing in the last year (OR: 1.9; 95%CI: 1.2 to 2.8). CONCLUSIONS: our data suggest that AE has a specific pattern of inheritance. The presence of dust in the child's bedroom was the single environmental risk factor found. Diagnose of other allergic diseases, as well as the presence of recent symptoms were strongly associated with AE in children.
Fendas orofaciais no recém-nascido e o uso de medicamentos e condições de saúde materna: estudo caso-controle na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Leite Isabel Cristina G , Paumgartten Francisco José Roma , Koifman Sérgio
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a associação deste grupo de malformações e determinadas condições de saúde materna. MÉTODOS: estudo caso-controle reunindo 274 portadores de fendas lábio-palatinas e 548 controles hospitalares. As medidas de risco (odds ratio: OR), foram obtidos a partir da análise de regressão logística condicional. RESULTADOS: as principais associações foram o relato de malformações maternas (OR 8,01; IC95%: 2,23-28,81); infecções ginecológicas (OR 2,77; IC95%: 1,50-5,10); distúrbios neurológicos (OR 7,11; IC95%: 2,57-19,75); viroses (resfriados comuns, por exemplo) (OR 7,57; IC95%: 2,46-23,32). Na história reprodutiva, nenhuma condição foi estatisticamente significantes, no entanto, abortos espontâneos prévios (OR 1,42; IC95%: 0,95-2,13) e natimortos (OR 2,22; IC95%: 0,88-5,65) exibiram maior magnitude de risco. Além do uso de anticonvulsivantes (OR 20,00; IC95%: 3,36-437,97), outros grupos de medicamentos atuaram como fatores de risco, como analgésicos (OR 1,45; IC95%: 1,08-1,95); antibióticos (OR 2,43; IC95%: 1,33-4,57); antifúngicos (OR 9,00; IC95%: 2,14-61,12) e chás (OR 4,09; IC95%: 2,23-7,77). CONCLUSÕES: ao lado de exposições já descritas na literatura, como aquela relativa ao uso de anticonvulsivantes, outras tantas foram identificadas. Embora possam ter sofrido a influência de fatores de confundimento e viés de memória, que podem afetar os resultados deste estudo elas devem ser avaliadas servindo de subsídio para estudos mais específicos.
Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças e adolescentes de diferentes condições socioeconômicas
Authors: Silva Giselia Alves Pontes da , Balaban Geni , Motta Maria Eugênia F. de A.
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVOS: comparar as prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade em um grupo de pré-escolares, escolares e adolescentes de diferentes condições socioeconômicas na cidade do Recife. MÉTODOS: estudo do tipo transversal envolvendo uma amostra de 1616 crianças e adolescentes, escolhida por conveniência. Os indicadores nutricionais foram definidos conforme as recomendações do National Center of Health Statistics 2000, sendo considerado sobrepeso o índice de massa corporal igual ou superior ao percentil 85 e inferior ao percentil 95 e obesidade, o índice de massa corporal igual ou superior ao percentil 95. RESULTADOS: foi identificado sobrepeso em 234 (14,5%) indivíduos e obesidade, em 134 (8,3%). A prevalência de sobrepeso foi maior nos pré-escolares (22,2%), observando-se redução progressiva da freqüência nas faixas etárias de escolar (12,9%) e adolescente (10,8%). Constatou-se fato idêntico quanto à obesidade, detectada em 13,8% dos pré-escolares, 8,2% dos escolares e 4,9% dos adolescentes. O sobrepeso e a obesidade foram mais observados entre crianças e adolescentes de melhor condição socioeconômica. CONCLUSÕES: as prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade diminuíram à medida que ocorreu aumento da faixa etária. Entre os pré-escolares observou-se prevalência de sobrepeso semelhante, independente das condições socioeconômicas. A prevalência da obesidade foi maior entre escolares de boas condições socioeconômicas e adolescentes de baixa condição socioeconômica.
Sucção do recém-nascido prematuro: comparação do método Mãe-Canguru com os cuidados tradicionais
Authors: Andrade Izabella Santos Nogueira de , Guedes Zelita Caldeira Ferreira
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVOS: comparar o processo de sucção em recém-nascidos prematuros incluídos no método Mãe-Canguru com recém-nascidos submetidos aos cuidados tradicionais. MÉTODOS: foram selecionados 30 recém-nascidos prematuros com idade gestacional entre 30 e 35 semanas. A amostra foi constituída de dois grupos: Grupo 1, composto por 16 recém-nascidos inseridos no Alojamento Mãe-Canguru da Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand e Grupo 2, constituído por 14 recém-nascidos submetidos aos cuidados tradicionais, ou seja, Berçário de Médio Risco do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza. Todos os recém-nascidos foram avaliados, submetidos à intervenção fonoaudiológica e reavaliados durante a alta hospitalar. RESULTADOS: no Grupo 1 houve uma melhora significativa em relação ao estado comportamental, sinais de estresse, coordenação e ritmo de sucção. O tempo de permanência hospitalar foi consideravelmente menor. No Grupo 2 foi verificada uma melhora significativa em relação à coordenação entre sucção, deglutição e respiração. CONCLUSÕES: os recém-nascidos de ambos os grupos foram beneficiados com a intervenção fonoaudiológica, no entanto, os melhores resultados foram referentes ao método Mãe-Canguru. Verificou-se que esse método constitui uma ótima alternativa para países em desenvolvimento, pois contribui para a efetividade da amamentação, diminuindo o tempo de permanência hospitalar, acarretando menores custos para a saúde pública.
Parâmetros bioquímicos e microbiológicos e suas relações com a experiência de cárie em adolescentes sadios
Authors: Stamford Thayza Christina Montenegro , Pereira Daniela Marinho de Souza , Alcântara Luciana Cabral de , Couto Geraldo Bosco Lindoso
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVOS: verificar a relação da experiência da doença cárie com o grau de ocorrência de Streptococcus mutans, o fluxo salivar e a capacidade tampão da saliva em 111 adolescentes sadios atendidos no Setor de Puericultura do Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco MÉTODOS: realizou-se o exame intraoral e o preenchimento de ficha clínica, para determinação do índice CPO-S (Número de superfícies dentárias cariadas, perdidas ou com extração indicada e restauradas). Em seguida coletou-se a saliva para determinação do fluxo salivar e da capacidade tampão. A raspagem dos dentes anteriores foi realizada para quantificação de Streptococcus mutans presente na placa bacteriana. RESULTADOS: a população avaliada foi predominantemente de baixa atividade de cárie, apresentando capacidade tampão da saliva normal e fluxo salivar deficiente. O número de S. mutans da placa bacteriana foi superior a 105 UFC/mg, na maioria da população estudada. CONCLUSÕES: a atividade de cárie foi inversamente proporcional à capacidade tampão e diretamente proporcional a presença de Streptococcus mutans presentes na placa bacteriana. A baixa atividade de cárie na população estudada pode ser atribuída à boa condição do meio bucal promovida pelo número de escovações diárias com dentufícios fluoretados.
Análise da efetividade de um programa de incentivo ao aleitamento materno exclusivo em comunidade carente na cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Narchi Nádia Zanon , Fernandes Rosa Aurea Quintella , Gomes Maria Magda Ferreira , Queiroz Maria Luiza , Higasa Daniela Novais
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVOS: analisar a efetividade do Programa de Incentivo ao Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo implantado em uma comunidade carente do município de São Paulo a fim de redirecionar-lhe as ações. MÉTODOS: pesquisa descritivo-exploratória, retrospectiva, quantitativa, com dados coletados nas 56 fichas de mulheres atendidas pelo Programa no período de agosto de 2002 a novembro de 2003. Variáveis: situação empregatícia, idade, número de filhos e tipo de assistência recebida no parto e nascimento; adesão e abandono às consultas; motivos de abandono; situação do aleitamento no momento da alta. RESULTADOS: 100% das mulheres não trabalhavam, 39,3% eram adolescentes, 48,2% eram primíparas, 67,9% referiram parto normal, 78,6% permaneceram em sistema alojamento conjunto e 68,6% não referiram contato precoce com o bebê após o parto; 51,8% de adesão ao Programa e 48,2% de abandono por motivos desconhecidos. No momento da alta, 17,3% das mães referiram aleitamento exclusivo durante os seis meses, 58,6% misto e 24,1% artificial. O desmame precoce ocorreu em média aos 96 dias de vida do bebê. CONCLUSÕES: evidenciou-se que o Programa, apesar da aparente baixa efetividade, necessita ser mantido pelo benefício que traz ao binômio mãe-filho tendo em vista as condições socioeconômicas daquela comunidade, sendo necessárias novas estratégias que melhorem a adesão e a média de aleitamento exclusivo.
Alterações no padrão alimentar de adolescentes com adequação pôndero-estatural e elevado percentual de gordura corporal
Authors: Vieira Valéria Cristina Ribeiro , Priore Sílvia Eloiza , Ribeiro Sônia M. R. , Franceschini Sylvia do C. C.
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVOS: avaliar o padrão alimentar de adolescentes com adequação pôndero-estatural e elevado percentual de gordura corporal (%GC). MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo transversal com 99 adolescentes, sendo 70% do sexo feminino. Utilizou-se o índice de massa corporal para diagnosticar adequação pôndero-estatural, segundo a World Health Organization. Obteve-se o %GC pelo somatório das pregas cutâneas, conforme Durnin e Rahaman, considerando elevados os valores >25% (sexo feminino) e >20% (masculino). Aplicou-se um questionário para investigação do hábito alimentar. RESULTADOS: a mediana de refeições diárias era quatro. O jantar era a refeição mais omitida, entretanto, a maioria o substituía por lanche. Omissão do jantar e realização do lanche da tarde foram mais freqüentes entre as adolescentes (p <0,01). Aproximadamente 11% omitiam o desjejum. Fracionamento da dieta e ingestão alimentares, exceto de hortaliças, foram reduzidos pela maioria, nos últimos anos. Cerca de 81% e 31%, respectivamente, mencionaram alterar a ingestão do grupo das gorduras/doces e o das hortaliças, nos finais de semana, consumindo mais alimentos doces e gordurosos e menos vegetais. O grupo mais rejeitado era o das hortaliças. Aproximadamente 40,5% utilizavam alimentos diet/light. CONCLUSÕES: apesar da adequação pôndero-estatural e da aparente preocupação em controlar o peso, esses adolescentes estão sob risco nutricional, devido ao elevado %GC e aos importantes erros alimentares.
Barreiras, para a notificação pelo pediatra, de maus-tratos infantis
Authors: Pires Joelza M. , Goldani Marcelo Zubaran , Vieira Elisabeth M. , Nava Tiago R. , Feldens Letícia , Castilhos Kelly , Simas Vinícius , Franzon Núbia S.
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVOS: determinar os fatores que interferem na notificação de maus-tratos infantis, pelos pediatras, aos serviços de proteção à criança. MÉTODOS: estudo observacional transversal. Uma amostra aleatória de pediatras de Porto Alegre foi selecionada entre 990 inscritos na sociedade de pediatria local. Variáveis sócio-demográficas, formação profissional, conhecimento diante de casos de maus-tratos infantis foram obtidos através de questionário anônimo. Análises descritiva e multivariada foram utilizadas para determinar os fatores associados a não notificação. RESULTADOS: foram incluídos 97 pediatras dos quais 92 concordaram em participar do estudo. Oitenta identificaram casos de maus-tratos, e destes 63 notificaram ao menos um caso. A maioria revelou medo de envolver-se legalmente, apresentou nível suficiente de conhecimento e baixo grau de confiança nos órgãos de proteção à criança. Conhecimento insuficiente (OR = 3,94), trabalhar exclusivamente no setor privado (OR = 6,33) foram fatores associados a não notificação. Após ajustes, o conhecimento insuficiente foi significativamente associado com o resultado OR = 5,06 (IC95% = 1,45 - 17,59). CONCLUSÕES: verificou-se uma alta taxa de identificação e notificação, pelo pediatra, de maus-tratos infantis. Programas de educação continuada, melhoria dos serviços de proteção, suporte técnico profissional para o setor privado podem aumentar a taxa de identificação e notificação de maus-tratos.
Crescimento de crianças até seis meses de idade, segundo categorias de aleitamento
Authors: Longo Giana Zarbato , Souza José Maria Pacheco de , Souza Sonia Buongermino de , Szarfarc Sophia Cornbluth
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVOS: investigar a relação das velocidades de incremento diário de peso e de comprimento e de índices antropométricos com categorias de aleitamento em crianças até seis meses de idade. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal realizado em Centros de Saúde de 12 cidades, nas cinco regiões do Brasil, com 3172 crianças. As variáveis estudadas foram: índices antropométricos (peso/idade, comprimento/idade, peso/comprimento), peso ao nascer, peso atual, comprimento ao nascer, comprimento atual, velocidade média de incremento diário de peso e de comprimento; categorias de aleitamento exclusivo, predominante, materno e sem aleitamento. RESULTADOS: verificou-se uma associação positiva na velocidade do ganho de peso e de comprimento e de índices antropométricos nas categorias de aleitamento materno exclusivo e predominante nos primeiros meses de vida, ajustados com os fatores idade, peso e comprimento ao nascer, sexo e escolaridade da mãe. CONCLUSÕES: o tipo de amamentação, principalmente nos primeiros meses, influencia positivamente para um crescimento adequado, juntamente com os fatores nível de escolaridade da mãe no estrato maior que cinco anos e peso de nascimento.
Radiographic evaluation of cervical spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder
Authors: Munhoz Wagner Cesar , Marques Amélia Pasqual , Siqueira José Tadeu Tesseroli de
Published: January 2006

Although the etiopathophysiology of internal temporomandibular joint internal disorders (TMJ ID) is still unknown, it has been suggested that head and body posture could be related to its initial onset, development and perpetuation. The purpose of the present study was to observe the relationship between cervical spine X-ray abnormalities and TMJ ID. This investigation evaluated 30 subjects with internal TMJ disorder symptoms (test group) and 20 healthy subjects (control group). Subjects were submitted to clinical and radiographic evaluation. Clinical evaluation comprised anamnesis and stomatognathic system physical examination. Radiographic evaluation comprised analysis of lateral cervical spine X-rays by three physical therapists and tracing on the same im ages. The test group presented twice as much cervical spine hyperlordosis as the control group (20.7% versus 10.5%), but almost half of rectification prevalence (41.4 versus 79.0%, p = 0.03). After that, the test group was divided into three subgroups according to TMJ dysfunction severity, evaluated by Helkimo's index. These subgroups were not significantly different, but the subgroup with more severe TMD showed a tendency to cervical spine hyperlordosis prevalence. Results showed a tendency for subjects with more severe TMD to exhibit cervical spine hyperlordosis. Nevertheless, studies with a larger number of subjects suffering from severe TMD are encouraged in order to corroborate the present findings.
Facial fractures: a 1-year retrospective study in a hospital in Belo Horizonte
Authors: Chrcanovic Bruno Ramos , Freire-Maia Belini , Souza Leandro Napier de , Araújo Vasco de Oliveira , Abreu Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães de
Published: January 2006

A retrospective study was performed to assess facial fractures in patients treated at a public hospital in Belo Horizonte, in 2000. The data collected included age, gender, etiology, distribution of maxillofacial trauma considering day of the week and month, anatomic site of the fracture, and treatment. The analyses involved descriptive statistics and chi-squared test, Bonferroni test and analysis of variance. A total of 1,326 facial fractures were found in 911 patients. Most fractures occurred in adults with age ranging from 21 to 30 years. Men were more affected than women, with a male-female ratio of 4.69:1. Accidents causing facial fractures occurred predominantly on weekends. Bicycle and motorcycle accidents were the major cause of trauma, followed by interpersonal violence, automobile accidents, and falls. When the relation between the gender and the etiology of facial fractures was analyzed, a significant relation was noted between these variables (p < 0.001). There was also a relation between the patients' age and the site of the fractures (p = 0.0014). The mandible was found to be the most commonly fractured bone in the facial skeleton, followed by the zygomatic complex and the nose. A non-surgical approach was chosen in most cases. There were significant differences between the kind of treatment applied and the site of the fracture (p < 0.001).
Tooth ankylosis in deciduous teeth of children with cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Aranha Andreza Maria Fábio , Duque Cristiane , Silva Juliana Yassue Barbosa da , Carrara Cleide Felício de Carvalho , Costa Beatriz , Gomide Marcia Ribeiro
Published: January 2006

The present study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of tooth ankylosis in deciduous molars of Caucasian children with cleft lip and/or palate aged 5 to 12 years, of both genders. A total of 330 patients seen at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies of the University of São Paulo for routine treatment were clinically evaluated. The prevalence of ankylosis was analyzed in relation to gender, age range (5-7, 8-10, 11-12 years), type of cleft, affected tooth and arch. The total group showed a prevalence of 18%, with no statistical difference between genders and among types of cleft; ankylosis was more often in the mandibular arch, lower first molars and among children in the age ranges 8-10 and 11-12 years. The results agreed with those observed in the related literature for patients without clefts, pointing out the absence of influence of the cleft on the prevalence of ankylosis. This reinforces the importance of early diagnosis of this anomaly and of the treatment of choice, which are similar in patients with or without clefts.
Histologic evaluation of the effect of nicotine administration on bone regeneration: a study in dogs
Authors: Saldanha Juliana Bezerra , Pimentel Suzana Peres , Casati Marcio Zaffalon , Sallum Antonio Wilson , Sallum Enilson Antonio , Nociti Júnior Francisco Humberto
Published: January 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the histometric impact of nicotine on bone regeneration of surgically created alveolar ridge defects in dogs. Sixteen mongrel dogs were used. One defect was surgically created unilaterally in the mandible, and left to heal spontaneously. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Group 1 - control (n = 8) and Group 2 - subcutaneous nicotine administration (2 mg/kg) twice a day (n = 8). After 4 months, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens routinely processed for semi-serial decalcified sections. Bone height (BH), bone width (BW), bone density (BD), and bone area (BA) of the newly-formed bone were evaluated. Intergroup analysis (Mann-Whitney rank sum test) showed that regardless of the presence of nicotine, no significant differences were observed regarding bone width (BW), bone area (BA) and bone height (BH) (p > 0.05). On the other hand, it was demonstrated that nicotine administration significantly influenced the proportion of mineralized tissue within the limits of the newly-formed bone (BD) (p < 0.001). Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that nicotine might affect but not prevent bone healing in defects left to heal spontaneously.
Correlation among mutans streptococci counts, dental caries, and IgA to Streptococcus mutans in saliva
Authors: Koga-Ito Cristiane Yumi , Martins Clélia Aparecida de Paiva , Balducci Ivan , Jorge Antonio Olavo Cardoso
Published: January 2006

Two-hundred and forty individuals were studied, divided into five groups as follows: caries-free children, children with caries, children with rampant caries, young adults with and without caries. Whole stimulated saliva was collected and all individuals were investigated for DMFT/dmft according to the WHO criteria and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). Quantitative analysis of the total aerobic flora and mutans streptococci in saliva was performed. Also, the level of salivary anti-S. mutans IgA was determined by ELISA. Children with rampant caries showed the highest OHI-S value. The highest total counts of microorganisms were found in the group of children with caries. No statistically significant differences were observed for salivary flow, OHI-S and microorganism counts between the groups of young adults. No correlation between mutans streptococci counts and anti-Streptococcus mutans IgA levels was observed in the studied groups. A correlation between increased anti-Streptococcus mutans IgA levels and caries-free status was observed among young adults but not among children.
Use of Vomer Flap in Palatoplasty: Revisited
Authors: Agrawal Karoon , Panda Kasi Nath
Published: January 2006

Objective

To present a new comprehensive and simple classification of vomerine flaps for palatoplasty.

Design

This classification has been developed on the basis of a literature search and our clinical experience. The vomerine flaps have been classified into three types, each with A and B subtypes.

Patients, Participants

Vomerine tissue has been used in more than 1000 palatoplasties over the past 17 years. The analysis includes 678 cleft palate patients for whom detailed records were available. Type II-A vomerine flaps were used most commonly in unilateral cleft palate patients, whereas Type II-B1 flaps were used in bilateral cleft palate patients.

Results

The overall fistula rate at the hard and soft palate junction was 2.95%. Although facial growth pattern was not recorded, obvious midface growth abnormalities were not observed in any of these patients.

Conclusions

Vomerine tissue is available in the vicinity of the palatal defect. Raising of the vomerine flap is simple and safe. If properly designed, it can be used judiciously for closure of the nasal and oral defects in the cleft palate. We have used these flaps only to augment the nasal mucosal defect. This comprehensive classification will be useful in understanding, designing, and implementing these small, but very important, flaps.
Oral Clefts with Associated Anomalies: Methodological Issues
Authors: Wyszynski Diego F. , Sárközi Andrea , Czeizel Andrew E.
Published: January 2006

Objective

To discuss methodological factors that account for the wide variation in the reported prevalence rates of anomalies associated with oral clefts.

Conclusions

The published prevalences of associated anomalies vary considerably because of the following: (1) differences in case definition and inclusion/exclusion criteria; (2) length of time after birth that cases are examined; (3) variability of clinical expression of associated anomalies; (4) knowledge and technology available to produce syndrome delineation; (5) selection of patients, sources of ascertainment, and sample size; and (6) true population differences and changes in frequency over time.
Antenatal Transabdominal Ultrasound Detection of Cleft Lip and Palate in Western Australia from 1996 to 2003
Authors: Hanikeri M. , Savundra J. , Gillett D. , Walters M. , McBain W.
Published: January 2006

Objective

To determine the frequency of detection of cleft lip with or without cleft palate and isolated cleft palate from antenatal ultrasound examinations conducted on mothers of infants born with cleft lip and/or palate and isolated cleft palate in Western Australia from 1996 to 2003.

Design

Review of patient records and purpose-designed questionnaire sent to parents of children born with cleft lip and/or palate and isolated cleft palate.

Results

There were 308 infants born with cleft lip and/or palate and isolated cleft palate in the study period. Of the 293 parents, 218 responses were available for the study (70.7%), and 2.9 ± 1.8 SD antenatal ultrasound scans were performed on 216 women. No such scans were performed on two women. Cleft lip and/or palate was detected in 22.2% of cases. There was no detection prior to 15 weeks gestational age in the 137 women screened. Between 15 and 19 weeks gestational age, 174 scans detected 30 cases. Between 20 and 29 weeks gestational age, 84 scans detected 11 cases. Between 30 and 40 weeks gestational age, 66 scans detected 7 cases. The detection rate for bilateral cleft lip and/or palate was 44.4% and for unilateral cleft lip and/or palate, 40.6%. Detection rate for isolated cleft lip was 33.3%. Antenatal ultrasound failed to detect any infants with an isolated cleft palate (n = 95). The rate of detection of cleft lip and/or palate increased through the study period.

Conclusions

The rate of detection of cleft lip and/or palate in Western Australia is comparable to that for referral centers worldwide and is increasing. The rate of detection of the various types of cleft anomalies using antenatal ultrasound ranged from 0% to 44%.
Assessment of Dental Arch Relationships in Japanese Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Susami Takafumi , Ogihara Yuji , Matsuzaki Masako , Sakiyama Miyuki , Takato Tsuyoshi , Shaw William C. , Semb Gunvor
Published: January 2006

Objective

Evaluation of the dental arch relationships of Japanese patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) from the orthodontic clinic of the University of Tokyo Hospital (UTH) compared with patients treated by the Oslo Cleft Team, Norway.

Design

Retrospective study and comparison with previous reports.

Materials

Dental models of 24 patients with UCLP in UTH taken before orthodontic treatment and before alveolar bone grafting were included. Surgeons in many hospitals performed primary surgeries. These models were matched for age and gender with 24 models from a consecutive series of patients treated by the Oslo Cleft Team as part of the Eurocran Good Practice Archive. A total of 48 models were evaluated.

Main Outcome Measure

Dental arch relationship was rated with the Goslon Yardstick. The strength of agreement of rating was assessed with weighted kappa statistics.

Results

Intra- and interexaminer agreements evaluated by weighted kappa statistics were high, indicating good reproducibility. Almost 60% of the patients in UTH were classified into poor or very poor categories, and the mean Goslon score was 3.50. These results show a contrast to those in Oslo and were the poorest in comparison with previous reports.

Conclusion

Dental arch relationships in patients with UCLP in UTH were poor. This seemed to be attributable to surgical procedures, but a factor of racial difference in the craniofacial morphology was also considered. Further intercenter research is required to clarify this point.
The Pittsburgh Oral-Facial Cleft Study: Expanding the Cleft Phenotype. Background and Justification
Authors: Weinberg Seth M. , Neiswanger Katherine , Martin Rick A. , Mooney Mark P. , Kane Alex A. , Wenger Sharon L. , Losee Joseph , Deleyiannis Frederick , Ma Lian , De Salamanca Javier E. , Czeizel Andrew E. , Marazita Mary L.
Published: January 2006

The Pittsburgh Oral-Facial Cleft study was begun in 1993 with the primary goal of identifying genes involved in nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in a variety of populations worldwide. Based on the results from a number of pilot studies and preliminary genetic analyses, a new research focus was added to the Pittsburgh Oral-Facial Cleft study in 1999: to elucidate the role that associated phenotypic features play in the familial transmission patterns of orofacial clefts in order to expand the definition of the nonsyndromic cleft phenotype. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of phenotypic features associated with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. These features include fluctuating and directional asymmetry, non–right-handedness, dermatoglyphic patterns, craniofacial morphology, orbicularis oris muscle defects, dental anomalies, structural brain and vertebral anomalies, minor physical anomalies, and velopharyngeal incompetence.
Levator Veli Palatini Muscle Fatigue during Phonation in Speakers with Cleft Palate with Borderline Velopharyngeal Incompetence
Authors: Nohara Kanji , Tachimura Takashi , Wada Takeshi
Published: January 2006

Objective

This study examined whether the levator veli palatini muscle in speakers with borderline velopharyngeal incompetence (BVP) with surgically treated cleft palate might be more fatigable during speech than that in speakers without clefts.

Design

Each subject was asked to pronounce the syllable /pu/ more than 50 times at a rate of one time per second. Mean power frequency (MPF) of one syllable was obtained from electromyogram data of the levator muscle by power spectral analysis.

Participants

Five patients with postsurgical cleft palates, who were identified as having BVP by nasopharyngeal fiberscopy, served as subjects, and five participants without clefts served as the control group.

Results

In all participants without clefts, the slopes of the regression line relating MPF to the course of syllable repetition were negative but not significant. However, in all participants with BVP, the slopes of the regression line were significantly negative.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrated that the levator muscle of speakers with BVP was more fatigable than that of speakers without clefts during repetition of syllables. This study suggests that the fatigability of levator muscle contributed to mild hypernasality in patients with BVP.
Bleeding Prophylaxis in a Child with Cleft Palate and Factor VII Deficiency: A Case Report
Authors: Pirrello Roberto , Siragusa Sergio , Giambona Cristiano , D'Arpa Salvatore , Cordova Adriana , Moschella Francesco
Published: January 2006

The association between factor VII deficiency and cleft palate has never been described. The case of a child with cleft palate and factor VII deficiency who successfully underwent palatoplasty is described in this article. To allow surgical treatment, through maintenance of a normal prothrombin time, the patient was given 15 μg/kg of recombinant factor VIIa every 12 hours, starting 20 minutes before surgery and ending the third postoperative day. No abnormal perioperative bleeding was observed. Use of recombinant factor VIIa in bleeding prophylaxis or treatment is widespread. Doses are much higher in these cases. The reduction of dosage allows easier administration, especially in pediatric patients, without affecting drug efficacy.
Kneading and molding of ceramic microparts by precision powder injection molding (PIM)
Authors: Yang S. Y. , Huang C. K. , Lin B. C. , Wei W. C. J.
Published: January 2006

This paper investigates the kneading and formability of microparts made using alumina in micro‐powder injection molding. In this study, quality feedstock with uniform powder dispersion was achieved when optimum kneading process was performed. In addition, the thin microplates were successfully manufactured using a custom‐made injection machine. Shrinkage was significantly reduced in microspecimens when the mold temperature was increased to 70°C. The results of flow visualization were conformed to that of experiments in this study. A very important result for flow visualization and experiment was molten polymer filled the cavity by shortest period producing a least shrinkage in microparts. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 892–899, 2006
A psychoanalytically informed approach to the treatment of schizophrenia based on coordinating community resources and understanding transference
Authors: Quartesan Roberto
Published: January 2006

This paper describes the success of psychodynamically informed work with a schizo‐ phrenic woman after other treatment, including medication, family crisis intervention, repetitive hospitalizations, and electroconvulsive therapy, had failed to produce signif‐ icant results. In this case, psychoanalytic knowledge helped to integrate the requisite multi‐modal treatment and provided the necessary containment for an evolution in the patient's transference positions so that she could individuate from her family and make a better adaptation to the world in which she lived. Copyright © 2005 Whurr Publishers Ltd
The Leonardo effect: why entrepreneurs become their own fathers
Authors: Strenger Carlo , Burak Jacob
Published: January 2006

In depth investigation of male entrepreneurs shows a consistent finding: a large proportion of male entrepreneurs tend to experience their fathers as weak, inefficient, abusive, or absent. “Fatherlessness,” as we call this constellation, is, of course, not of itself either a necessary or sufficient condition for entrepreneurship, and even less for successful entrepreneurship. The present paper tries to identify the psychodynamic constellation that allows some entrepreneurs to psychologically deal with the experience of fatherlessness and to transform it into an asset. We do so using Freud's hypothesis that Leonardo da Vinci's extreme independence of mind was one of the predisposing factors to his extreme inquisitiveness and creativity. This model needs to be combined with the insight that fatherlessness isper seharmful. Through detailed case studies it is shown how only those who truly come to terms with fatherlessness can become successful entrepreneurs, whereas those who remain fixated to the rage and disappointment generated by fatherlessness are bound to become what we call self‐ destroyers out of unconscious guilt or grandiose dreamers. The paper concludes with some practical advice on how to identify the various types. Copyright © 2005 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Psychoanalysis as a traditional form of knowledge: an inquiry into the methods of psychoanalysis
Authors: Siegel Everett
Published: January 2006

Many psychiatric residents and medical students, weaned on the biomedical model of knowledge‐gathering, find it difficult to capture and comprehend the principles and assumptions of psychoanalysis. A similar confusion over psychoanalytic methods exists in some of our literature. This confusion ranges from how we should understand and respond to critics of psychoanalysis (both sophisticated and unsophisticated) to debates on the nature of psychoanalysis, and how we should understand the increasing number of theories in our field. The present paper surveys the methodology of psycho‐ analysis from the standpoint of three well articulated, competing epistemological models, called in this paper the enlightenment, post‐modernism, and traditional knowledge. Neither the enlightenment nor the post‐modernist model alone suffices to take the full measure of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The model of traditional knowledge, based on the work of Alasdair MacIntyre (1990) points to another means of understanding our field that complements the first two models and provides a robust framework within which to teach residents the practice of analytic psychotherapy and its value, both apart from and in concert with biological psychiatry. Copyright © 2005 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Shame, doubt and the shameless object
Authors: Archer Simon
Published: January 2006

This paper discusses the neglect by psychoanalysis of shame as a cause of distress and breakdown. There is an overview of the shift from the idea of shame as a defence to that of shame as a signal anxiety. There is a discussion of hypotheses about the early origin of shame within a system of stimulus and affect regulation. Embarrassment, humiliation and shame are compared and linked, as is the relation between shame and trauma. The concept of the negative therapeutic reaction as described by Rivière (1936) is re‐evaluated by taking account of shame. Normal and pathological shame are compared. Shame is compared with guilt, and shame‐persecution is distinguished from guilt‐persecution. The significance of the link between shame and doubt is explored. Two concepts are introduced, using clinical material: first, the idea of the ‘reservoir of shame and doubt’ and its importance in manic depression, and second, the idea of the presence of the ‘shameless object’. Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Psychotherapists
Faith in the therapeutic process
Authors: MacKenna Chris
Published: January 2006

The ‘social dreaming matrix’ raises significant questions about unconscious communication and the arena within which dreams are formed. Put simply: is psyche ‘in’ us, or do we live ‘in’ psyche? Beginning with some of Freud's early thoughts about unconscious communication and telepathy this paper explores aspects of post‐Freudian, Jungian and Group Analytic thinking, and suggests that quantum field theory may have important implications for psychological understanding. The paper is also an appeal for analytical psychotherapy organizations not to lose their nerve, in the present rather daunting legal and managerial climate, but to seek ways of attending to the ‘wisdom of the unconscious’ in their collective deliberations. An attempt to do this, at St Marylebone Healing and Counselling Centre, is described. This may provide a link to more ancient religious understandings that supplied one of the roots that grew into the analytical psychology movement. Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Psychotherapists
Sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of amlodipine in human plasma
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna V. S. , Kandikere Vishwottam N. , Mudigonda Koteshwara , Shukla Manoj , Maurya Santosh
Published: January 2006

A simple, sensitive and rapid high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the assay of amlodipine in human plasma. Following liquid–liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse‐phase C18 column and analyzed by MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M+H]+ ions, m/z 409/238 for amlodipine and m/z 409/228 for the IS. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 50–10,000 pg/mL for amlodipine in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 50 pg/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 8%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The average absolute recoveries of amlodipine and the IS from spiked plasma samples were 74.7 ± 4.6 and 72.1 ± 2.0%, respectively. A run time of 1.5 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 400 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies. The observed maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of amlodipine (2.5 mg oral dose) was 1425 pg/mL, time to observed maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was 8.1 h and elimination half‐life (T1/2) was 50.1 h. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐acetyltransferase 2 polymorphism in patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Yalin Serap , Hatungil Rezan , Tamer Lulufer , Ates Nurcan Aras , Dogruer Nil , Yildirim Hatice , Karakas Sevim , Atik Ugur
Published: January 2006

The arylamine N‐acetyltransferases (NATs) are a unique family of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl‐CoA to the terminal nitrogen of hydrazine and arylamine drugs and carcinogens. Human arylamine NATs are known to exist as two isoenzymes, NAT1 and NAT2. The objective of this study was to identify whether the genetic polymorphism of NAT2 plays a role in susceptibility to Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Ninety‐seven patients with DM and 104 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. NAT2*5A, NAT2*6A, NAT2*7A/B and NAT2*14A polymorphisms were detected by using real time PCR with LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). According to our data, the NAT2*5A and NAT2*6A mutant genotypes and NAT2*14A heterozygous genotype were associated with an increased risk of development of DM (OR = 47.06; 95%CI: 10.55–209.77 for NAT 2*5A, OR = 18.48; 95%CI: 3.83–89.11 for NAT2*6A and OR = 18.22; 95%CI: 6.29–52.76 for NAT2*14A). However, the NAT2*7A/B gene polymorphism carried no increased risk for developing DM disease. After grouping according to phenotypes as either slow or fast acetylators, NAT2*6A slow acetylator was found to be a significant risk factor for DM (OR = 6.09; 95%CI: 1.99–18.6, p = 0.02). The results indicate that NAT2 slow acetylator genotypes may be an important genetic determinant for DM in the Turkish population. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melatonin prevents formaldehyde‐induced neurotoxicity in prefrontal cortex of rats: an immunohistochemical and biochemical study
Authors: Zararsiz Ismail , Kus Ilter , Ogeturk Murat , Akpolat Nusret , Kose Evren , Meydan Sedat , Sarsilmaz Mustafa
Published: January 2006

This study was undertaken to investigate the protective effects of melatonin against formaldehyde‐induced neurotoxicity in prefrontal cortex of rats. For this purpose, 21 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The rats in Group I were used as a control, while the rats in Group II were injected every other day with formaldehyde. The rats in Group III received melatonin daily while exposed to formaldehyde. At the end of 14‐day experimental period, all rats were killed by decapitation. The brains of the rats were removed and the prefrontal cortex tissues were obtained from all brain specimens. Some of the prefrontal cortex tissue specimens were used for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The remaining prefrontal cortex tissue specimens were used for immunohistochemical evaluation. The levels of SOD and GSH‐Px were significantly decreased, and MDA levels, were significantly increased in rats treated with formaldehyde compared with those of the controls. In the immunohistochemical evaluation of this group, apoptotic cells were observed. However, increased SOD and GSH‐Px enzyme activities, and decreased MDA levels, were detected in the rats administered melatonin while exposed to formaldehyde. Furthermore, apoptotic changes caused by formaldehyde were decreased in these rats. The results of our study suggest that melatonin treatment prevents formaldehyde‐induced neuronal damage in prefrontal cortex. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Albumin‐bound lipids induce free cytoplasmic calcium oscillations in human osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Tsai Jon A. , Lagumdzija Alena , Stark André , Kindmark Henrik
Published: January 2006

[Ca2+]i oscillations were found in human osteoblast‐like cells (hOB cells) exposed to high‐lipid bovine serum albumin (BSA), but not when exposed to low‐lipid BSA. These [Ca2+]i oscillations were inhibited by heptanol and suramin, which implies that gap junctions and purinergic signalling may be important for these [Ca2+]i oscillations. The high‐lipid BSA preparation that was used contains arachidonic acid. [Ca2+]i oscillations could be induced by low lipid albumin with arachidonic acid added. The albumin‐bound lipids were also important for osteoblast growth since DNA synthesis and the total cell protein content was higher in hOB cells exposed to high‐lipid BSA. The effect of arachidonic acid on hOB cell proliferation was bone‐donor dependent; both stimulatory and inhibitory effects were observed. The physiological importance of albumin‐bound lipids is unclear; given that albumin has only minimal contact with osteoblasts under normal conditions. Only when bone capillaries are disrupted, e.g. during a fracture, would significant amounts of albumin reach osteoblasts. Albumin‐bound lipids could therefore contribute to stimulation of osteoblast proliferation during fracture healing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute effects of isolated and combined L‐alanine and L‐glutamine on hepatic gluconeogenesis, ureagenesis and glycaemic recovery in experimental short‐term insulin induced hypoglycaemia
Authors: Gazola V. A. F. G. , Garcia R. F. , Curi R. , Pithon‐Curi T. C. , Mohamad M. S. , Hartmann E. M. , Barrena H. C. , Bazotte R. B.
Published: January 2006

The acute effects of isolated and combined L‐alanine (L‐Ala) and L‐glutamine (L‐Gln) on liver gluconeogenesis, ureagenesis and glycaemic recovery during short‐term insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia (IIH) were investigated. For this purpose, 24‐h fasted rats that received intraperitoneal injection of regular insulin (1.0 U/Kg) were investigated. The control group (COG group) were represented by rats which received saline. The studies were performed 30 min after insulin (IIH group) or saline (COG group) injection. Livers from IIH and COG groups were perfused with basal or saturating levels of L‐Ala, L‐Gln or L‐Gln + L‐Ala (L‐G + L‐A). The production of glucose, urea, L‐lactate and pyruvate in livers from IIH and COG group were markedly increased (p < 0.001) when perfused with saturating levels of L‐Ala, L‐Gln or L‐G + L‐A compared with basal levels of the same substrates. In addition, livers from IIH rats showed greater ability in producing glucose and urea from saturating levels of L‐Ala compared with L‐Gln or L‐G + L‐A. In agreement with these results, the oral administration of L‐Ala (100 mg/kg) promoted better glycaemic recovery than L‐Gln (100 mg/kg) or the combination of L‐G (50 mg/kg) + L‐A (50 mg/kg). It can be concluded that L‐Ala, but not L‐Gln or L‐G + L‐A could help glycaemic recovery by a mechanism mediated, partly at least, by the increased gluconeogenic and ureagenic efficiency of L‐Ala. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of the effects of molsidomine and 3‐morpholinosydnonimine on the redox status of rat erythrocytes and reticulocytes
Authors: Marković Snežana D. , Vukajlović Miroslava Dj. , Ognjanović Branka I. , Štajn Andraš Š. , Žikić Radoslav V. , Saičić Zorica S. , Radojičić Ratko M. , Jones David R. , Spasić Mihajlo B.
Published: January 2006

After enzymic biotransformation, molsidomine (MO) acts via the metabolite 3‐morpholinosydnonimine (SIN‐1) through spontaneous liberation of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of MO and its active metabolite SIN‐1 on the redox status of rat erythrocytes and reticulocytes. Rat erythrocyte as well as reticulocyte‐rich red blood cell (RBC) suspensions were aerobically incubated (2 h, 37°C) without (control) or in the presence of different concentrations of MO or SIN‐1. In rat erythrocytes, biotransformation of MO resulted in the production of NO and nitroxyl (NO−). Endogenous superoxide anion (O) participated in peroxynitrite generation. SIN‐1 simultaneously liberated NO and O, which formed peroxynitrite (at least in part), but the liberated NO predominantly reacted with haemoglobin, forming methaemoglobin in erythrocytes. In reticulocytes, MO and SIN‐1 caused an increase in the levels of both nitrite and 3‐nitrotyrosine (an indicator of peroxynitrite), whereas they decreased the level of O. In reticulocytes, MO was metabolized into SIN‐1 which led to the generation of NO, which reacted with O (endogenous or exogenous) forming reactive nitrogen species. In conclusion, there are two metabolic pathways for MO biotransformation: one causing NO and NO− generation predominantly in erythrocytes and the other, via SIN‐1 metabolism, in reticulocytes. The main difference between the action of MO and SIN‐1 was that the latter caused oxidative damage in RBCs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.