bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity and Expression in Liver and Hepatocytes of Diabetic Rats
Authors: Madar Zecharia , Kalet-Litman Shiri , Stark Aliza H.
Published: November 2004

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed by the liver in a number of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the diabetic state, iNOS and oxidative stress in the rat liver and isolated hepatocytes. Hepatic iNOS expression and activity was measured in both healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and determined in hepatocytes in the presence and absence of insulin. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) were also measured. In a separate experiment lasting 3 weeks, diabetic rats received either no treatment, two daily injections of insulin or aminoguanidine in the drinking water. Diabetes led to increased activity (45%) and expression (70%) of liver iNOS, an effect that was attenuated by insulin treatment both in vitro and in whole animals. Hepatocyte iNOS expression increased by 56%. Hepatic SOD expression was elevated in the diabetic state, but activity levels were similar to healthy controls. Insulin treatment in vivo led to increased enzyme activity but expression was not modified. Levels of PI3K protein were significantly lower in diabetic rats while insulin treatment markedly increased expression. Aminoguanidine did not inhibit hepatic iNOS in this study. Glycemic control via insulin administration was able to downregulate enhanced hepatic iNOS activity and expression in the liver observed in the diabetic state and improve SOD activity, responses that can potentially reduce the free radical damage associated with diabetes.
Effect of Capsaicin on Bile Secretion in the Rat
Authors: Abdel Salam Omar M.E. , Heikal Ola A. , El-Shenawy Siham M.
Published: November 2004

Capsaicin is a popular food ingredient. This study aimed to determine if capsaicin can affect bile flow and bile protein secretion, and the extent to which capsaicin can reach bile in the rat. The effect of capsaicin was studied in anesthetized rats equipped with cannulas inserted into the common bile duct. Capsaicin was administered by intragastric, intraduodenal (4–400 µg/ml; 10–1,000 µg/kg), intravenous (10 µg/kg) routes or applied on the serosal surface of the duodenum at 4 µg/ml. The administration of capsaicin decreased bile flow in comparison to the corresponding basal values, the maximum effect being reached at a concentration of 400 µg/ml of intragastric capsaicin (30.2%; p < 0.01), and 40 µg/ml (30.8%; p < 0.01) of intraduodenal capsaicin, 75 min after drug administration. Meanwhile, a decrease of 24.7 and 40% was observed 60 min after serosal and intravenous capsaicin administration, respectively. Biliary protein secretion was also reduced following capsaicin administration. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that capsaicin was readily excreted into bile, peak levels were reached 75 or 60 min following its intragastric or intraduodenal administration, respectively (range 100–248 and 144–698.6 ng/ml after intragastric or intraduodenal capsaicin at 4–400 µg/ml, respectively). Capsaicin concentrations of 86 and 75 ng/ml could be detected in bile 15 min after intravenous administration or serosal application of the agent, respectively. Results suggest that capsaicin is readily absorbed after its intragastric or intraduodenal administration and goes through hepatobiliary excretion. Results also indicate that administration of capsaicin reduces bile flow and biliary proteins in the rat.
D-4F, an Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptide, Inhibits the Inflammatory Response Induced by Influenza A Infection of Human Type II Pneumocytes
Authors: Van Lenten Brian J. , Wagner Alan C. , Navab Mohamad , Anantharamaiah G.M. , Hui Eric Ka-Wai , Nayak Debi P. , Fogelman Alan M.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Evidence suggests that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and HDL play important roles in modulating inflammation. We previously reported that an apoA-I mimetic peptide, D-4F, reduced inflammatory responses to influenza virus in mice. To further define the antiinflammatory activity of D-4F, a human alveolar type II cell line, A549, was used.

Methods and Results—

Cells were either uninfected or infected with influenza A in the presence or absence of D-4F. Cells treated with D-4F were more viable, and virus-induced cytokine production was suppressed by D-4F. Caspases associated with cytokine production were activated after infection but suppressed by D-4F treatment. Infected A549 cells showed dramatic increases in cellular phospholipid secretion into the media. When infected cells were incubated with D-4F, secretion of parent nonoxidized, noninflammatory phospholipids was unaltered, but production of proinflammatory oxidized phospholipids was inhibited.

Conclusions—

Type II pneumocytes respond to influenza A infection by activating caspases and secreting cytokines and cellular phospholipids into the extracellular environment, including oxidized phospholipids that evoke inflammatory responses. D-4F treatment inhibited these events. Our results suggest that apoA-I and apoA-I mimetic peptides such as D-4F are antiinflammatory agents that may have therapeutic potential.
Mobilization of CD34/CXCR4
+
, CD34/CD117
+
, c-met
+
Stem Cells, and Mononuclear Cells Expressing Early Cardiac, Muscle, and Endothelial Markers Into Peripheral Blood in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wojakowski Wojciech , Tendera Michał , Michałowska Anna , Majka Marcin , Kucia Magdalena , Maślankiewicz Katarzyna , Wyderka Rafał , Ochała Andrzej , Ratajczak Mariusz Z.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Adult stem cells can contribute to myocardial regeneration after ischemic injury. Bone marrow and skeletal muscles contain a population of CXCR4
+
cells expressing genes specific for muscle progenitor cells that can be mobilized into the peripheral blood. The aims of the study were (1) to confirm the presence of early tissue-committed cells expressing cardiac, muscle, and endothelial markers in populations of mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and (2) to assess the dynamics and magnitude of the mobilization of CD34
+
, CD117
+
, CXCR4
+
, c-met
+
, CD34/CD117
+
, and CD34/CXCR4
+
stem cells into peripheral blood in relation to inflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines in patients with ST-segment–elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods and Results—

Fifty-six patients with STEMI (<12 hours), 39 with stable angina, and 20 healthy control subjects were enrolled. Real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for detection of tissue-specific markers. The number of the cells was assessed by use of a flow cytometer on admission, after 24 hours, and after 7 days. RT-PCR revealed increased expression of mRNA (up to 3.5-fold increase) for specific cardiac (GATA4, MEF2C, Nkx2.5/Csx), muscle (Myf5, Myogenin, MyoD), and endothelial (VE-cadherin, von Willebrand factor) markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The number of CD34/CXCR4
+
and CD34/CD117
+
and c-met
+
stem cells in peripheral blood was significantly higher in STEMI patients than in stable angina and healthy subjects, peaking on admission, without further significant increase after 24 hours and 7 days.

Conclusions—

The study demonstrates in the setting of STEMI a marked mobilization of mononuclear cells expressing specific cardiac, muscle, and endothelial markers as well as CD34/CXCR4
+
and CD34/CD117
+
and c-met
+
stem cells and shows that stromal cell–derived factor-1 is an important factor influencing the mobilization.
Upregulation of Myocardial Estrogen Receptors in Human Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Nordmeyer Johannes , Eder Sarah , Mahmoodzadeh Shokoufeh , Martus Peter , Fielitz Jens , Bass Jan , Bethke Nicole , Zurbrügg Heinz R. , Pregla Reinhard , Hetzer Roland , Regitz-Zagrosek Vera
Published: November 2004

Background—

Estrogen receptor (ER)–mediated effects have been associated with the modulation of myocardial hypertrophy in animal models and in humans, but ER expression in the human heart and its relation to hypertrophy-mediated gene expression have not yet been analyzed. We therefore investigated sex- and disease-dependent alterations of myocardial ER expression in human aortic stenosis together with the expression of hypertrophy-related genes.

Methods and Results—

ER-α and -β, calcineurin A-β, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNA were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction in left ventricular biopsies from patients with aortic valve stenosis (n=14) and control hearts with normal systolic function (n=17). ER protein was quantified by immunoblotting and visualized by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. ER-α mRNA and protein were increased 2.6-fold (
P
=0.003) and 1.7-fold (
P
=0.026), respectively, in patients with aortic valve stenosis. Left ventricular ER-β mRNA was increased 2.6-fold in patients with aortic valve stenosis (
P
<0.0001). ER-α and -β were found in the cytoplasm and nuclei of human hearts. A strong inverse correlation exists between ER-β and calcineurin A-β mRNA in patients with aortic valve stenosis (
r
=−0.83,
P
=0.002) but not between ER-α or -β and BNP mRNA.

Conclusions—

ER-α and -β in the human heart are upregulated by myocardial pressure load.
N-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels for Dynamic Risk Stratification of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Heeschen Christopher , Hamm Christian W. , Mitrovic Veselin , Lantelme Nicte-Ha , White Harvey D.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Elevated baseline levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the N-terminal fragments of its prohormone, N-terminal-pro-BNP (NT-proBNP), have been associated with adverse long-term outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes, whereas the prognostic implications of serial NT-proBNP measurements have not been investigated to date.

Methods and Results—

NT-proBNP, troponin T, and C-reactive protein were measured at baseline and at 48 and 72 hours in 1791 patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Death and myocardial infarction were recorded during 30 days of follow-up. After adjustment for independent predictors of cardiac risk, baseline NT-proBNP levels >250 ng/L were associated with higher event rates (adjusted OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.3 to 5.7;
P
<0.001). In troponin T–negative patients, NT-proBNP identified a subgroup of high-risk patients (OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 2.6 to 13.3;
P
<0.001). The risk in those patients (7.2%) did not significantly differ from that in troponin T–positive patients (9.8%;
P
=0.25). Importantly, clinical stabilization without refractory ischemia was associated with a rapid (as soon as 48 hours after onset of symptoms) and significant (48 hours; −24%; 72 hours, −49%; both
P
<0.001) decline in NT-proBNP levels. In patients with high NT-proBNP baseline levels, lack of a rapid decline in NT-proBNP levels (≤250 ng/L) was linked to an adverse short-term prognosis (OR, 33.7; 95% CI, 8.2 to 138.8;
P
<0.001). In patients with low NT-proBNP baseline levels, a rise in NT-proBNP levels over 72 hours to >250 ng/L was also linked to an adverse 30-day prognosis (OR, 24.0; 95% CI, 8.4 to 68.5;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

Neurohumoral activation as evidenced by NT-proBNP appears as a unifying feature that is independent of other biochemical markers (myocardial necrosis, inflammation) and is a powerful and independent determinant of the short-term cardiac risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Whether serial measurements of NT-proBNP in patients with ACS may be used to more rapidly identify patients suitable for early discharge or more intensive therapy deserves future prospective studies.
Effects of the Acyl Coenzyme A:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitor Avasimibe on Human Atherosclerotic Lesions
Authors: Tardif Jean-Claude , Grégoire Jean , L’Allier Philippe L. , Anderson Todd J. , Bertrand Olivier , Reeves Francois , Title Lawrence M. , Alfonso Fernando , Schampaert Erick , Hassan Alita , McLain Richard , Pressler Milton L. , Ibrahim Reda , Lespérance Jacques , Blue John , Heinonen Therese , Rodés-Cabau Josep
Published: November 2004

Background—

Inhibition of the acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) enzyme may prevent excess accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages. The ACAT inhibitor avasimibe was shown to reduce experimental atherosclerosis. This study was designed to investigate the effects of avasimibe on human coronary atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessed the effects of avasimibe at dosages of 50, 250, and 750 mg QD on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). All patients received background lipid-lowering therapy if necessary to reach a target baseline LDL level <125 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L). IVUS and coronary angiography were performed at baseline and repeated after up to 24 months of treatment. Approximately equal percentages of patients across groups received concurrent statin therapy (87% to 89%). The mean total plaque volume at baseline was ≈200 mm
3
, and the least squares mean change at end of treatment was 0.7 mm
3
for placebo and 7.7, 4.1, and 4.8 mm
3
for the avasimibe 50, 250, and 750 mg groups, respectively (adjusted
P
=0.17 [unadjusted
P
=0.057], 0.37, and 0.37, respectively). Percent atheroma volume increased by 0.4% with placebo and by 0.7%, 0.8%, and 1.0% in the respective avasimibe groups (
P
=NS). LDL cholesterol increased during the study by 1.7% with placebo but by 7.8%, 9.1%, and 10.9% in the respective avasimibe groups (
P
<0.05 in all groups).

Conclusions—

Avasimibe did not favorably alter coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by IVUS. This ACAT inhibitor also caused a mild increase in LDL cholesterol.
Osteopontin Modulates Myocardial Hypertrophy in Response to Chronic Pressure Overload in Mice
Authors: Xie Zhonglin , Singh Mahipal , Singh Krishna
Published: November 2004

Osteopontin (OPN) expression increases in the heart during hypertrophy and heart failure. Here, we studied the role of OPN in pressure overload–induced hypertrophy and analyzed the signaling pathways involved in hypertrophy. Aortic banding (AB) was performed in a group of wild-type (WT) and OPN knockout (KO) mice to induce pressure overload. Left ventricular (LV) structural and functional remodeling was studied 1 month after AB. AB increased OPN and β1 integrin (a receptor for OPN) protein expression in WT-AB group. Hypertrophic response as measured by increased heart weight-to-body weight ratio and myocyte cross-sectional area was significantly increased in WT-AB and KO-AB groups when compared with their respective shams. However, the increase was significantly higher in WT-AB. Re-expression of atrial natriuretic factor was only detected in WT-AB group. LV end-diastolic pressure-volume curve obtained using Langendorff perfusion analysis exhibited a leftward shift in WT-AB group, not in KO-AB. LV-developed pressures measured over a range of LV volumes were significantly increased in WT-AB, not in KO-AB mice. Increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p38 kinase, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β was significantly higher in WT-AB when compared with KO-AB group. Increased OPN expression may play an essential role in modulating compensatory cardiac hypertrophy in response to chronic pressure overload.
Systolic Blood Pressure During Recovery From Exercise and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Men
Authors: Laukkanen Jari A. , Kurl Sudhir , Salonen Riitta , Lakka Timo A. , Rauramaa Rainer , Salonen Jukka T.
Published: November 2004

We prospectively assessed the association of systolic blood pressure (SBP) after exercise with the risk of an acute myocardial infarction. Limited information exists currently on the role of SBP during recovery period with the risk of acute myocardial infarction. SBP was measured every 2 minutes during and after a progressive cycle ergometer exercise test in a representative sample of 2336 men (aged 42 to 61 years). During an average follow-up period of 13.1 years, 358 acute myocardial infarctions occurred. An incremental rise of 10 mm Hg per minute in SBP at 2 minutes after exercise (relative risk, 1.07-fold; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.12;
P
=0.001) was associated with the risk of acute myocardial infarction after adjustment for age, alcohol consumption, smoking, serum lipids, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, resting SBP, regular use of antihypertensive medications, physical fitness, heart rate, and ischemic ECG findings during exercise. Men with elevated SBP of >195 mm Hg after exercise had a 1.69-fold (95% CI, 1.24 to 2.30;
P
=0.001) risk for an acute myocardial infarction compared with those with SBP <170 mm Hg after adjustment for age, other risk factors, and resting SBP. SBP after exercise provides an incremental predictive value for acute myocardial infarction beyond that of resting SBP. This emphasizes the importance of SBP measurements after the exercise test because it provides additional valuable prognostic measure with regard to acute myocardial infarction.
Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflections in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Lemogoum Daniel , Van Bortel Luc , Najem Boutaina , Dzudie Anasthase , Teutcha Charles , Madu Ernest , Leeman Marc , Degaute Jean-Paul , van de Borne Philippe
Published: November 2004

We tested the hypothesis that lower blood pressure and increased vasodilatation reported in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients with hemoglobin SS genotype (SS) are translated by lower arterial stiffness determined by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and wave reflections assessed by augmentation index (AI). We enrolled 20 SS (8 females; 12 male) patients closely matched for age, gender, height, and body mass index to 20 subjects with hemoglobin AA genotype (AA). Carotid–femoral PWV (PWV
CF
) and carotid–radial PWV (PWV
CR
) were recorded with the Complior device. Aortic AI was derived from pressure wave analysis (SphygmocoR). PWV
CF
and PWV
CR
were lower in SS than in AA (4.5±0.7 m/s versus 6.9±0.9 m/s,
P
<0.0001 and 6.6±1.2 m/s versus 9.5±1.4 m/s,
P
<0.0001, respectively). AI was lower in SS than in AA (2±14% versus 11±8%,
P
=0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed that both PWV
CF
and PWV
CR
were negatively associated with hemoglobin SS type and positively related to mean arterial pressure (MAP), whereas AI was positively associated with MAP and total cholesterol (all
P
<0.0001). Multivariate analysis restricted to SS indicated a positive association between PWV
CF
and PWV
CR
with age but a negative association with MAP (
R
2
=0.57 and 0.51, respectively, both
P
<0.001), whereas MAP and heart rate were independently associated with AI (
R
2
=0.65,
P
<0.001). This study provides the first evidence that SCD is associated with both lower arterial stiffness and wave reflections. SS patients have a paradoxical negative association between PWV and MAP, suggesting that low MAP does not protect them against arterial stiffness impairment.
Reading Jesus Writing
Authors: Aichele George
Published: November 2004

This essay explores the problematic story of the "woman taken in adultery" (John 7:53-8:11) in relation to logocentric structures that define the Gospel of John. Jesus's two acts of writing on the ground, unique to this story, point to texts that we cannot read and which are therefore unable to signify. I suggest that Jesus's earthy texts do eventually appear in John's Gospel, where they reassure the reader that the Gospel has after all succeeded sufficiently in its task of signifying the incarnation of the pre-existent Word, even as they announce the inherent finitude and incompleteness of any text.
John Chrysostom, Rhetoric and Galatians
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the influence of contemporary rhetoric on John Chrysostom's commentary on Galatians (with some reference to other exegetical works). Because ancient rhetoric developed over time, the primary points of reference are works on rhetorical theory, commentaries on Demosthenes and rhetorical exercises dating to the second century ce and later. It is argued that modern attempts to classify the letter under the three standard classes of oratory are misconceived in terms of ancient theory, but that this is not an obstacle to rhetorical analysis. John's use of rhetorical concepts in analysing the structure of the letter is illustrated, as is his use of the pattern of counterposition (an objection attributed to an opponent) and solution, both as a compositional device and as an exegetical tool. In his interpretation of Gal. 2:1-10, John argues Paul is unable to deal fully with counterpositions because of the constraints entailed by a covert strategy agreed by the apostles at the Jerusalem consultation. John's interpretation of the confrontation with Peter at Antioch, according to which Peter pretended to give way to Paul's opponents in order to give him an opportunity to respond, is shown to be based on the rhetorical concept of figured speech. John's attention to Paul's management of the relationship with his addressees is examined. The admiration which John expresses for this and other aspects of Paul's rhetorical technique is shown to echo, in content and phrasing, similar expressions of admiration in commentaries on Demosthenes originating in contemporary rhetorical schools.
Differential Item Functioning Detection and Effect Size: A Comparison between Logistic Regression and Mantel-Haenszel Procedures
Authors: Hidalgo M. Dolores , LÓPez-Pina JosÉ Antonio
Published: November 2004

This article compares several procedures in their efficacy for detecting differential item functioning (DIF): logistic regression analysis, the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) procedure, and the modified Mantel-Haenszel procedure by Mazor, Clauser, and Hambleton. It also compares the effect size measures that these procedures provide. In this study, different conditions of item parameters (difficulty and discrimination) and DIF magnitude were manipulated. Furthermore, both uniform and nonuniform DIF conditions were simulated. Results suggest that logistic regression analysis generally detected more items with DIF than the standard MH procedure and the modified MH procedure for symmetrical nonuniform DIF. The DIF effect size measures based on logistic regression, however, appeared to be insensitive to the specified DIF conditions.
Attitudes toward Working Single Parents: Initial Development of a Measure
Authors: Noble Carrie L. , Eby Lillian T. , Lockwood Angie , Allen Tammy D.
Published: November 2004

Three studies describe the development and refinement of a measure designed to assess Attitudes TowardWorking Single Parents (AWSP). Study 1 consisted of content validation of items written to assess respondent attitudes regarding the effect of single parenthood on two dimensions viewed as most central to the life experiences of single parents: work and family. Study 2 involved exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis of the scores on the target measure. Finally, in Study 3, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate scale dimensionality, and discriminant, convergent, and subgroup validity coefficients were examined. The final scale may prove useful in guiding future research aimed at understanding the unique challenges faced byworking single parents.
Cautionary Note on Reporting Eta-Squared Values from Multifactor ANOVA Designs
Authors: Pierce Charles A. , Block Richard A. , Aguinis Herman
Published: November 2004

The authors provide a cautionary note on reporting accurate eta-squared values from multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs. They reinforce the distinction between classical and partial eta-squared as measures of strength of association. They provide examples from articles published in premier psychology journals in which the authors erroneously reported partial eta-squared values as representing classical etasquared values. Finally, they discuss broader impacts of inaccurately reported etasquared values for theory development, meta-analytic reviews, and intervention programs.
Direct Estimation of Correlation as a Measure of Association Strength Using Multidimensional Item Response Models
Authors: Wang Wen-Chung
Published: November 2004

The Pearson correlation is used to depict effect sizes in the context of item response theory. Amultidimensional Rasch model is used to directly estimate the correlation between latent traits. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to investigate whether the population correlation could be accurately estimated and whether the bootstrap method provided a good approximation of the distribution of the sample correlation. The independent variables were (a) the item response model, (b) test length, (c) sample size, and (d) the magnitude of correlation. The dependent variable was the empirical correlation coefficient. The results indicate that the population correlation can be accurately estimated and that the bootstrap method yields very a good approximation of the sampling distribution.
Teaching at the Boundary of Acceptable Practice
Authors: Carver Cynthia L. , Katz Daniel S.
Published: November 2004

Thoughtful mentoring can shape and challenge a beginning teacher’s practice in educative ways, especially when the novice is well prepared and adopts the stance of a learner. What responsibility does a mentor have when the novice performs at the edge of acceptable practice? Drawing on interview and observation data collected for a national study of new teacher induction, this article explores how a well-supported mentor routinely missed opportunities to address difficulties faced by three novices. Through the construct of professional accountability, the authors argue for a more sophisticated approach to mentoring that blends assistance with standards-based assessment, as found in recent reform proposals. As the pool of new teachers shrinks, the phenomenon of teaching at the boundary of acceptable practice is likely to be exacerbated. This analysis raises timely questions about mentors’ professional obligations to new teachers and the public they serve.
Making Sense of a Failed Triad
Authors: Bullough Robert V. , Draper Roni Jo
Published: November 2004

Mentoring is often portrayed as an unqualified good. Teacher educators claim that mentoring holds promise for beginning teacher development, increased retention of novice teachers, and mentorteacher improvement. Drawing on positioning theory, this study describes negotiation of power and position in a failed triad composed of a public school mentor, a university mathematics supervisor, and an intern teacher. Data reveal how each member of the triad sought to make sense of his or her experience and to accomplish desired aims. The activity of positioning and being positioned within the triad profoundly shaped each participant’s experience and ultimately interfered with the intern’s induction into teaching.
The Nature and Sharing of Teacher Knowledge of Technology in a Student Teacher/Mentor Teacher Pair
Authors: Margerum-Leys Jon , Marx Ronald W.
Published: November 2004

This study had two purposes. The first was to explore teacher knowledge of educational technology through the lens of three components of Shulman’s model of teachers’ knowledge—content, pedagogical, and pedagogical content knowledge. Asecond purpose was to investigate the ways in which teacher knowledge was acquired, shared, and used by student teachers and their mentors. By using Shulman’s model, a comprehensive depiction of teacher knowledge was constructed and considered. Data for the study were drawn from a 3-month intensive observation period. Results indicate that employment of Shulman’s model revealed a set of knowledge derived from and applicable to practice with educational technology. Impact on the field includes a broadening sense of the nature of knowledge of educational technology as well as increased attention to the importance of the student teaching placement and student and mentor teachers’ roles within that environment.
Farmers’ Rights: Intellectual Property Regimes and the Struggle over Seeds
Authors: Borowiak Craig
Published: November 2004

This article analyzes “farmers’ rights” as a strategy of resistance against the perceived inequities of intellectual property rights regimes for plant varieties. As commercial models of intellectual property have made their way into agriculture, farmers’ traditional seed-saving practices have been increasingly delegitimized. In response, farmers have adopted the language of farmers’ rights to demand greater material recognition of their contributions and better measures to protect their autonomy. This campaign has mixed implications. On one hand, farmers’rights are a unique form of right that may help transform conventions of intellectual property in ways that are better suited for registering and materially encouraging alternative forms of innovation, such as those offered by farming communities. On the other hand, farmers’ rights have proved enormously difficult to enact. And by situating farmers’rights alongside easily enacted commercial breeders’rights, the campaign risks further legitimizing the inequities it is responding to.
Can We Grant a Right to Place?
Authors: Imbroscio David L.
Published: November 2004

The author considers the plausibility of granting a “right to place” (RTP) as an entitlement of citizenship in a nation such as the United States. Such a right would afford people the capacity to live in the places (or place communities) they choose. To explore whether granting such a right is plausible, the author identifies and examines the salient barriers now preventing Americans from choosing their place communities. The final section suggests that these myriad barriers, while formidable, are not insurmountable—a conclusion that, in turn, suggests that an RTP could be plausibly granted to Americans in the twenty-first century.
Regionalism in South Korea: Its Origins and Role in Her Democratization
Authors: Kwon Keedon
Published: November 2004

This article investigates how South Korea was able to make relatively smooth democratic transition and deepening by relying on recent scholarship on democratization. It argues that this may be attributed in part to Korea’s regionalist politics. Its detrimental implications for democracy in general nonetheless. Despite its regionalism in Korea served democratization in two ways: first, by helping Korea’s politics move from the principled confrontation between the democratic forces and the authoritarian forces to the more pragmatic contestation between regionalist political actors; second, by guaranteeing major political actors some minimum political power and thus providing them with motivations to adhere to Korea’s fledgling democratic game.
Brothers and Others
Authors: Janara Laura
Published: November 2004

After their voyage through the United States, Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont each wrote about the nature of race relations there. The author offers two theses regarding the nature of U.S. racism and its relation to U.S. democracy as revealed in Tocqueville’s and Beaumont’s texts. First, these works illustrate how European Americans, in subordinating Indians and blacks, produce not a politically and socially egalitarian democracy situated amid an otherwise racist society and culture but, rather, a social state internally structured by inegalitarian relations with non-Europeans. Second, in Tocqueville’s and Beaumont’s portraits there operate (1) a critical narrative of European Americans’ fraternalized relations with Indians, marked by sibling-rivalry-like democratic envy, and (2) a critical narrative of European Americans’ relations of absolute differentiation with blacks, marked by desire to secure inalienable status. Both strategies are, nonetheless, rooted in European American anxiety over democracy’s flux.
Multiple Principles of Political Obligation
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2004

Scholars who doubt the existence of general political obligations typically criticize and reject theories of obligation based on individual moral principles, for example, consent, fairness, or a natural duty of justice. Astronger position can result fromcombining different principles in a single theory. I develop a multiprinciple theory of political obligation, based on the principle of fairness, a natural duty of justice, and what I call the “common good” principle. The three principles interact in three main ways: “cumulation,” combining the separate state services that different principles cover; “mutual support,” combining the force of different principles in regard to the same state services; and simple overlap. The resulting theory is able to satisfy the main conditions for an adequate theory of obligation: demonstrating that all or nearly all inhabitants of society have moral requirements to obey the law, and that these extend to the full range of state services.
A Threat in the Computer: The Race Implicit Association Test as a Stereotype Threat Experience
Authors: Frantz Cynthia M. , Cuddy Amy J. C. , Burnett Molly , Ray Heidi , Hart Allen
Published: November 2004

Three experiments test whether the threat of appearing racist leads White participants to perform worse on the race Implicit Association Test (IAT) and whether self-affirmation can protect from this threat. Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that White participants show a stereotype threat effect when completing the race IAT, leading to stronger pro-White scores when the test is believed to be diagnostic of racism. This effect increases for domain-identified (highly motivated to control prejudice) participants (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, self-affirmation inoculates participants against stereotype threat while taking the race IAT. These findings have methodological implications for use of the race IAT and theoretical implications concerning the malleability of automatic prejudice and the potential interpersonal effects of the fear of appearing racist.
Mea Culpa: Predicting Stock Prices From Organizational Attributions
Authors: Lee Fiona , Peterson Christopher , Tiedens Larissa Z.
Published: November 2004

People’s causal attributions for events in their lives have been shown to relate to individual and interpersonal outcomes. Groups and organizations also make causal attributions, and this article examines whether their publicly communicated attributions predict organizational-level outcomes. By content analyzing attributions contained in corporate annual reports from 14 companies during a 21-year period, the authors found that organizations that made “self disserving” attributions— internal and controllable attributions for negative events—had higher stock prices 1 year later. The authors argue that claiming personal responsibility for negative events made the organizations appear more in control, leading to more positive impressions.
Perspective and Prejudice: Antecedents and Mediating Mechanisms
Authors: Dovidio John F. , ten Vergert Marleen , Stewart Tracie L. , Gaertner Samuel L. , Johnson James D. , Esses Victoria M. , Riek Blake M. , Pearson Adam R.
Published: November 2004

The present work investigated mechanisms by which Whites’ prejudice toward Blacks can be reduced (Study 1) and explored how creating a common ingroup identity can reduce prejudice by promoting these processes (Study 2). In Study 1, White participants who viewed a videotape depicting examples of racial discrimination and who imagined the victim’s feelings showed greater decreases in prejudice toward Blacks than did those in the objective and no instruction conditions. Among the potential mediating affective and cognitive variables examined, reductions in prejudice were mediated primarily by feelings associated with perceived injustice. In Study 2, an intervention designed to increase perceptions of a common group identity before viewing the videotape, reading that a terrorist threat was directed at all Americans versus directed just at White Americans, also reduced prejudice towardBlacks through increases in feelings of injustice.
Do Normative Transgressions Affect Punitive Judgments? An Empirical Test of the Psychoanalytic Scapegoat Hypothesis
Authors: Gollwitzer Mario
Published: November 2004

According to psychoanalytic theory, punitiveness is based on a projection of one’s own immoral desires and the moral conflict they cause (scapegoat hypothesis). This hypothesis implies that transgressors impose harsher punishment onto comparable wrongdoers. This effect should be amplified by strength of decision conflict. An alternative hypothesis based on blameavoidance motivation is derived. Participants ( N = 291) were asked to indicate whether they would commit an unlawful act in a moral temptation situation and how conflicted they felt in making their decision. Later, they had to judge convicts in criminal cases that were similar to the previous temptation situations. Authoritarianism was assessed as covariate. In contrast to the scapegoat but consistent with the blame-avoidance interpretation, transgressors were more lenient than nontransgressors. Authoritarianism had main effects on punitiveness. Decision conflict was neither directly nor indirectly related to punitiveness. The findings challenge the validity of the scapegoat hypothesis.
The Role of Defensive Confidence in Preference for Proattitudinal Information: How Believing That One Is Strong Can Sometimes Be a Defensive Weakness
Authors: Albarracín Dolores , Mitchell Amy L.
Published: November 2004

This series of studies identified individuals who chronically believe that they can successfully defend their attitudes from external attack and investigated the consequences of this individual difference for selective exposure to attitude-incongruent information and, ultimately, attitude change. Studies 1 and 2 validated a measure of defensive confidence as an individual difference that is unidimensional, distinct from other personality measures, reliable over a 2-week interval, and organized as a trait that generalizes across various personal and social issues. Studies 3 and 4 provided evidence that defensive confidence decreases preference for proattitudinal information, therefore inducing greater reception of counterattitudinal materials. Study 5 demonstrated that people who are high in defensive confidence are more likely to change their attitudes as a result of exposure to counterattitudinal information and examined the perceptions that mediate this important phenomenon.
Cognitions Associated With Attempts to Empathize: How Do We Imagine the Perspective of Another?
Authors: Davis Mark H. , Soderlund Tama , Cole Jonathan , Gadol Eric , Kute Maria , Myers Michael , Weihing Jeffrey
Published: November 2004

Although the theoretical importance of perspective taking has long been recognized, surprisingly little work has documented the cognitions associated with attempts to imagine another’s point of view. To explore this issue and to determine whether perspective taking increases the likelihood of self-related thoughts, two experiments were carried out. In the first, a thought-listing procedure was used to assess observer cognitions; in the second, a less reactive measure was used. Instructions to imagine the self in the target’s position and instructions simply to imagine the target’s perspective produced increased levels of self-related cognition relative to a traditional control condition; the imagine-self condition also produced more self-thoughts and fewer target thoughts than did the imagine-target condition. The control condition produced thoughts suggesting that the observers were distancing themselves from the target. Observers receiving no instructions at all reported cognitions that closely resembled those of observers who received imagine-target instructions.
Ageism and Death: Effects of Mortality Salience and Perceived Similarity to Elders on Reactions to Elderly People
Authors: Martens Andy , Greenberg Jeff , Schimel Jeff , Landau Mark J.
Published: November 2004

The present research investigated the hypotheses that elderly people can be reminders of our mortality and that concerns about our own mortality can therefore instigate ageism. In Study 1, college-age participants who saw photos of two elderly people subsequently showed more death accessibility than participants who saw photos of only younger people. In Study 2, making mortality salient for participants increased distancing from the average elderly person and decreased perceptions that the average elderly person possesses favorable attitudes. Mortality salience did not affect ratings of teenagers. In Study 3, these mortality salience effects were moderated by prior reported similarity to elderly people. Distancing from, and derogation of, elderly people after mortality salience occurred only in participants who, weeks before the study, rated their personalities as relatively similar to the average elderly person’s. Discussion addresses distinguishing ageism from other forms of prejudice, as well as possibilities for reducing ageism.
Cross-Cultural Consumer/Consumption Research: Dealing with Issues Emerging from Globalization and Fragmentation
Authors: Cornwell T. Bettina , Drennan Judy
Published: November 2004

To understand the effects of globalization and fragmentation, macromarketing scholars need insights about links between individual consumer behavior and societal outcomes. The challenge in this regard is to create a program of macrooriented cross-cultural research. This article offers a crosscultural consumer behavior research framework for this purpose. The framework encompasses four key areas of consumer behavior that are related to the forces of globalization and fragmentation, including the environment, identity, wellbeing, and market structure and policy. A discussion of these substantive areas is followed by a suggested macro- microoriented research agenda and a call for paradigm plurality in pursuing this agenda.
Globalization and Technological Achievement: Implications for Macromarketing and the Digital Divide
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Dhanda Kanwalroop Kathy
Published: November 2004

This article examines the impact of globalization and technological achievement on the lives of vulnerable groups in society as well as the larger environment so that the marketing community may better understand the macrolevel implications of the digital divide. Using data collected by a variety of international organizations and in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme, this research explores the creation, diffusion, and use of technology within the context of economic inequities, gender discrimination, and carbon dioxide pollution across nations. The article opens with a brief introduction to the technology revolution and the digital divide along with a theoretical discussion of the research objectives. Data descriptions are presented in the next section, and the findings show comparisons across technology achievement categories. The article closes with suggestions for abridging the digital divide and research implications for macromarketing.
Globalization, Transformation, and Quality of Life: Reflections on ICMD-8 and Participative Marketing and Development
Authors: Shultz Clifford J. , Rahtz Don R. , Speece Mark
Published: November 2004

The authors reflect on the trends that inspired the 8th International Conference on Marketing and Development and some overarching sentiments that emerged during the conference. Trends indicate that globalization and transformation continue and are inextricably connected to marketing and development; many stakeholders in developing economies are enthused about opportunities provided by globalization and transformation. It is, however, becoming clear that quality of life only can be enhanced throughout the world during the long term if (1) more stakeholders are more fully included in the process, (2) concepts and measures of development are expanded, and (3) more cross-disciplinary, collaborative research endeavors and policies are designed and implemented.
Book Review: The Impact of Cost-Sharing on Appropriate Utilization and Health Status: A Review of the Literature on Seniors
Authors: Rice Thomas , Matsuoka Karen Y.
Published: November 2004

This article provides a review of research that has addressed the impact of patient costsharing on the use of services and resulting health status impacts, among the population age 65 and older. Nearly all of the 22 relevant studies examined that have been published since 1990—16 focusing on cost-sharing for prescription drugs and 6 on cost-sharing for medical services—conclude that increased cost-sharing reduces either or both the utilization and health status of seniors. Most of the studies, however, rely on cross-sectional and self-reported data. Further research, employing stronger study designs as well as clinical and administrative data, is necessary before drawing more definitive conclusions.
Translating Research into Practice: Are Physicians Following Evidence-Based Guidelines in the Treatment of Hypertension?
Authors: Holmes Julia S. , Shevrin Matt , Goldman Beth , Share David
Published: November 2004

Despite the widespread availability of evidence-based guidelines for treating hypertension, recent evidence suggests that physicians may not be prescribing first-line drugs for their patients with high blood pressure. Using administrative claims data from 1998 through 2000, this study investigates whether drug treatment provided to 6,736 hypertensives in a privately insured, non-HMO population follows practice guidelines. The authors also examine physician and patient-related factors associated with guideline adherence in a subset of patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. Among members with high blood pressure alone, only 38 percent were on a diuretic, while less than a third were prescribed a beta-blocker, the JNC VI recommended first-line antihypertensives for essential hypertension. Approximately half of individuals with high blood pressure and certain comorbidities received non-first-line interventions. Such findings indicate the need to reconsider how guidelines are communicated and shared with medical practitioners and patients, particularly in light of the drug industry’s promotion of newer, more expensive drugs.
Low-Income Workers with Employer-Sponsored Insurance: Who’s at Risk When Employer Coverage Is No Longer an Option?
Authors: Long Sharon K. , Shen Yu-Chu
Published: November 2004

A firm’s decision to drop the offer of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI), reduce eligibility for ESI, or significantly increase employee costs would have serious implications for the health insurance status of currently covered low-income workers. The authors find that at least a third of currently covered low-income workers do not have affordable insurance options outside of the group market. Furthermore, a simulation analysis shows that 54 percent of those workers would become uninsured if their employers were to drop ESI. This would result in an additional 1 million uninsured adults if 10 percent of low-income workers lost their ESI offer, and at least 350,000 uninsured adults if 10 percent of workers in firms with fewer than 100 employees (the firms most likely to drop coverage) lost their ESI. The authors also find that expanding public programs to cover low-income workers would reduce the high uninsurance rate by half, but substantial minorities would remain uninsured.