bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NOx Emissions by Mn-doped Cu/Al2O3 Catalysts
Authors: Yadav Deepak , Kavaiya Ashish R. , Mohan Devendra , Prasad Ram
Published: October 2017

The 15 mol% Cu/Al2O3 catalysts with different Mn doping (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, mol%) were prepared using PEG-300 surfactant following evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method. Calcination of precursors were performed in flowing air conditions at 500 ºC. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), and N2 physisorption. The catalysts activities were evaluated for H2 assisted LPG-SCR of NO in a packed bed tubular flow reactor with 200 mg catalyst under the following conditions: 500 ppm NO, 8 % O2, 1000 ppm LPG, 1 % H2 in Ar with total flow rate of 100 mL/min. Characterization of the catalysts revealed that surface area of 45.6-50.3 m2/g, narrow pore size distribution (1-2 nm), nano-size crystallites, Cu2+ and Mn2+ phases were principal active components. Hydrogen enhanced significantly selective reduction of NO to N2 with LPG over 1.0 mol % Mn-Cu/Al2O3 giving 95.56 % NO reduction at 150 ºC. It was proposed that the synergistic interaction between H2 and LPG substantially widened the NO reduction temperature window and a considerable increase in both activity and selectivity. Negligible loss of catalyst activity was observed for the 50 h of stream on run experiment at 150 ºC. The narrow pore size distribution, thermal stability of the catalyst and optimum Mn doping ensures good dispersion of Cu and Mn over Al2O3 that improved NO reduction in H2-LPG SCR system.
Effect of Preparation Conditions on the Catalytic Activity of CuMnOx Catalysts for CO Oxidation
Authors: Dey Subhashish , Dhal Ganesh Chandra , Mohan Devendra , Prasad Ram
Published: October 2017

The hopcalite (CuMnOx) catalyst is a well-known catalyst for oxidation of CO at ambient temperature. It has prepared by co-precipitation method and the preparation parameters were like Copper/Manganese (Cu:Mn) molar ratios, drying temperature, drying time, calcination temperature and calcination time has an influence on activity of the resultant catalyst. The activity of the catalyst was measured in flowing air calcinations (FAC) conditions. The reaction temperature was increased from ambient to a higher value at which complete oxidation of CO was achieved. The particle size, weight of catalyst and CO flow rate in the air were also influenced by the activity of the catalyst for CO oxidation. The characterizations of the catalysts were done by several techniques like XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM-EDX and XPS. These results were interpreted in terms of the structure of the active catalyst. The main aim of this paper was to identify the optimum preparation conditions of CuMnOx catalyst with respect to the performance of catalyst for CO oxidation.
Nano-Magnetic Catalyst CaO-Fe3O4 for Biodiesel Production from Date Palm Seed Oil
Authors: Ali Mortadha A , Al-Hydary Imad A. , Al-Hattab Tahseen A
Published: October 2017

A nanocatalyst of CaO supported by Fe3O4 magnetic particles was prepared by a chemical precipitation method. It was characterized by various techniques including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Hammett indicator. It has been found that the catalyst consists of CaO and Fe3O4 accompanied by CaFe2O4. This composite catalyst was used for the catalytic transesterification of palm seed oil. The results revealed that the highest biodiesel yields for palm seed oil of 69.7% can be obtained under the conditions of (65 °C reaction temperature, 300 min reaction time, 20 methanol/oil molar ratio, and 10 wt.% of CaO/Fe3O4 catalyst loading). The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced from palm seed oil were further studied and compared with the ASTM and the EN biodiesel specifications. The results showed that the properties of the biodiesel produced comply with the international standard specifications.
Synthesis and Performance of Transition Metal Based Perovskite Catalysts for Diesel Soot Oxidation
Authors: Mishra Anupama , Prasad Ram
Published: October 2017

In present investigation, the effect of the intrinsic factors including the structure, nature of B-site ions in the four systems LaCoO3, LaNiO3, LaFeO3 and LaZnOy perovskite-type oxide catalysts, and the external factors of catalyst-soot contacting model, and the operating parameters such as air flow rate and temperature on the catalytic performances for the combustion of diesel soot were reported. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and N2-sorption. Activity of the catalyst for soot oxidation was evaluated on the basis of light off temperature characteristics Ti, T50 and T100. LaCoO3, LaFeO3 and LaNiO3 samples possessed the perovskite structure, and gave high activities for the total oxidation of soot below 445 oC. Whereas, LaZnOy catalyst was not indicating the ABO3 perovskite structure and existed as a mixture of metal oxides. The activity order in decreasing sequence of the catalyst was as follows: LaCoO3>LaFeO3>LaNiO3>LaZnOy. SEM pictures of the perovskite samples showed that the particles sizes were close to 100 nm.
Shear Resistance Variations in Experimentally Sheared Mudstone Granules: A Possible Shear‐Thinning and Thixotropic Mechanism
Authors: Hu Wei , Xu Qiang , Wang Gonghui , Scaringi Gianvito , Mcsaveney Mauri , Hicher Pierre‐Yves
Published: October 2017

We present results of ring shear frictional resistance for mudstone granules of different size obtained from a landslide shear zone. Little rate dependency of shear resistance was observed in sand‐sized granules in any wet or dry test, while saturated gravel‐sized granules exhibited significant and abrupt reversible rate‐weakening (from μ = 0.6 to 0.05) at about 2 mm/s. Repeating resistance variations occurred also under constant shear displacement rate. Mudstone granules generate mud as they are crushed and softened. Shear‐thinning and thixotropic behavior of the mud can explain the observed behavior: with the viscosity decreasing, the mud can flow through the coarser soil pores and migrate out from the shear zone. This brings new granules into contact which produces new mud. Thus, the process can start over. Similarities between experimental shear zones and those of some landslides in mudstone suggest that the observed behavior may play a role in some landslide kinematics.
A Low Viscosity Lunar Magma Ocean Forms a Stratified Anorthitic Flotation Crust With Mafic Poor and Rich Units
Authors: Dygert Nick , Lin Jung‐Fu , Marshall Edward W. , Kono Yoshio , Gardner James E.
Published: October 2017

Much of the lunar crust is monomineralic, comprising >98% plagioclase. The prevailing model argues the crust accumulated as plagioclase floated to the surface of a solidifying lunar magma ocean (LMO). Whether >98% pure anorthosites can form in a flotation scenario is debated. An important determinant of the efficiency of plagioclase fractionation is the viscosity of the LMO liquid, which was unconstrained. Here we present results from new experiments conducted on a late LMO‐relevant ferrobasaltic melt. The liquid has an exceptionally low viscosity of
to
 Pa s at experimental conditions (1,300–1,600°C; 0.1–4.4 GPa) and can be modeled by an Arrhenius relation. Extrapolating to LMO‐relevant temperatures, our analysis suggests a low viscosity LMO would form a stratified flotation crust, with the oldest units containing a mafic component and with very pure younger units. Old, impure crust may have been buried by lower crustal diapirs of pure anorthosite in a serial magmatism scenario.
Linkage, Genetic
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: October 2017

Nuclear DNA is copied from parents to offspring in the process of meiosis. The chromosomes of an offspring gamete consist of large segments copied from each of the two corresponding chromosomes in a parent. This association in inheritance of DNA at locations within a large chromosomal region is the phenomenon ofGenetic Linkage, which is the basis for determining the location of DNA underlying observed traits of interest in diploid organisms from insects to humans. Variants in the DNA define genetic markers that provide a framework genetic map against which DNA underlying traits of interest can be detected and localized. The effects of genetic linkage can be detected at all scales. Traditionally, when genetic markers were few and sparse, data on close relatives were used. Associations at the population level also result from descent, and the wealth of modern genetic markers has given rise to methods using these in genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). Recently, there has been increasing interest in analyses at an intermediate scale, using inferred segments of descent in populations in the absence of a specified pedigree structure.
Asymptotic Expansions
Authors: Reid Nancy
Published: October 2017

An overview of asymptotic expansions with emphasis on their use in statistical inference is provided.
Bayesian Methods for Categorical Data
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Peña Eduardo , Mendoza Manuel
Published: October 2017

Bayesian methods for the analysis of categorical data use the same classes of models as the classical approach. However, Bayesian analyses can be more informative and may provide more natural solutions in certain situations such as those involving sparse or missing data or unidentifiable parameters. In this article, we review some of the most common Bayesian methods for categorical data. We focus on the analysis of contingency tables, but several other useful models are also discussed. For ease of exposition, we describe most of the ideas in terms of two‐way contingency tables.
Well‐Discriminated Forecasts
Authors: Gross Shulamith T.
Published: October 2017

The predictive ability of statistical risk models is generally judged on two concepts: calibration and discrimination. Calibration refers to the sharpness of prediction afforded by the model: how close do model predictions come to the outcomes that follow. Discrimination refers to the ability of a predictive model to differentiate between highly likely and highly unlikely events. While calibration was defined, and studied by climate scientists, discrimination, although identified as desirable by weather scientists, was not seriously studied until biostatisticians recognized its importance in their study of disease risk prediction. A companion article appearing in these pages, “Well‐calibrated forecasts” reviewed developments in model calibration. The discussion there was based on regularly repeated forecasts, such as those made daily in weather prediction or financial forecasting. In this article, we will concentrate on model discrimination in medical biostatistics where predictive models are developed, calibrated, and then adopted as a tool for later predictions. The uncontested best‐known index of discrimination is the area under the ROC curve (AUC) based on the predicted risks of pairs of cases and controls. Much of the discussion will revolve around novel indices of discrimination introduced by Pencina
et al
. in cross‐sectional studies. Added discrimination afforded by a new biomarker in matched‐pairs designs will be discussed. We will also touch on the related subject of model assessment for treatment selection, a far less developed topic. While discrimination does not call for utility assignments, treatment selection does, and the indices used in the two areas reflect that difference. Most predictive models may be selected following methods developed to optimize discrimination among treated or untreated subjects. But that leaves that decision of who to treat unanswered. Our discussion will be based primarily on Janes
et al
.

We introduce the major indices proposed for comparing the predictive ability of competing risk‐predicting models and report on theoretical and simulation results regarding these indices, pointing to some serious disagreements among leading experts in this area. We also discuss remaining open questions and much needed theoretical results associated with these indices that are likely to resolve some existing disagreements. We emphasize the need for model calibration before the use of several of these model discrimination indices.
Beta Regression
Authors: Ferrari Silvia L. P.
Published: October 2017

Beta regression refers to regression models in which the dependent variable is assumed to have a beta distribution. It is suitable for situations in which the response variable is continuous and restricted to a double limited support. We briefly review the main concepts underlying beta regression models and present an application.
Smart Antibacterial Surfaces Established by One‐Step Photo‐Crosslinking
Authors: Dong Yishi , Wang Peixi , Wei Ting , Zhou Tao , Huangfu Mengge , Wu Zhaoqiang
Published: October 2017

Chemical modification of surfaces is recognized as efficient strategies to prevent bacterial contamination and the associated infection. Herein, a novel ionic liquid derivative 1‐(((4‐benzoylbenzoyl)oxy)methyl)‐3‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium bromide (BMI) containing benzophenone moieties is developed to act as both a photoreactive cross‐linker and an antibacterial agent. BMI can rapidly and efficiently form a “smart” antibacterial film on a variety of substrate surfaces in 2 min under mild UV irradiation. The modified surfaces show highly antibacterial activity, achieving more than 99% bacterial killing efficiency against Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli using live/dead staining methods. In addition, the BMI‐modified surfaces can release ≈97% of the killed bacteria via ion‐exchange of hexametaphosphate (PP6−) anions and can regenerate bactericidal properties over three cycles. Moreover, in vitro cytocompatibility tests indicate that the BMI‐modified surfaces have good biocompatibility. Thus, it can be concluded that cross‐linked BMI layers provide a practical and convenient approach for the fabrication of “smart” antibacterial surfaces.
Ring‐Size‐Modulated Reactivity of Putative Dicobalt‐Bridging Nitrides: C−H Activation versus Phosphinimide Formation
Authors: Cui Peng , Wang Qiuran , McCollom Samuel P. , Manor Brian C. , Carroll Patrick J. , Tomson Neil C.
Published: October 2017

Dicobalt complexes supported by flexible macrocyclic ligands were used to target the generation of the bridging nitrido species [(nPDI2)Co2(μ‐N)(PMe3)2]3+ (PDI=2,6‐pyridyldiimine; n=2, 3, corresponding to the number of catenated methylene units between imino nitrogen atoms). Depending on the size of the macrocycle and the reaction conditions (solution versus solid‐state), the thermolysis of azide precursors yielded bridging phosphinimido [(2PDI2)Co2(μ‐NPMe3)(PMe3)2]3+, amido [(nPDI2)Co2(μ‐NH2)(PMe3)2]3+ (n=2, 3), and C−H amination [(3PDI2*‐μ‐NH)Co2(PMe3)2]3+ products. All results are consistent with the initial formation of [(nPDI2)Co2(μ‐N)(PMe3)2]3+, followed by 1) PMe3 attack on the nitride, 2) net hydrogen‐atom transfer to form N−H bonds, or 3) C−H amination of the alkyl linker of the nPDI2 ligand.
A Versatile Route to Unstable Diazo Compounds via Oxadiazolines and their Use in Aryl–Alkyl Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Greb Andreas , Poh Jian‐Siang , Greed Stephanie , Battilocchio Claudio , Pasau Patrick , Blakemore David C. , Ley Steven V.
Published: October 2017

Coupling of readily available boronic acids and diazo compounds has emerged recently as a powerful metal‐free carbon–carbon bond forming method. However, the difficulty in forming the unstable diazo compound partner in a mild fashion has hitherto limited their general use and the scope of the transformation. Here, we report the application of oxadiazolines as precursors for the generation of an unstable family of diazo compounds using flow UV photolysis and their first use in divergent protodeboronative and oxidative C(sp2)−C(sp3) cross‐coupling processes, with excellent functional‐group tolerance.
Synthesis of a deoxybenzoin derivative and its use as a flame retardant in poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Hu Xilong , Wang Yan , Yu Junrong , Zhu Jing , Hu Zuming
Published: October 2017

A Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction was used to synthesize a deoxybenzoin derivative named bis[2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐(2‐phenyl acetyl)phenyl]phenyl phosphonate (BDPP), which could be used as a flame‐retardant additive in poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) resin. The limited oxygen index and cone calorimetry tests indicated that the introduction of 5 wt % BDPP significantly improved the flame‐retardant properties of PTT through a synergistic char‐formation mechanism in the condensed phase and a flame‐inhibition mechanism in the gas phase. The PTT–BDPP blend also demonstrated an evident reduction in the melt viscosity but a superior melt stability in comparison to the neat PTT. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45904.
Hypercrosslinked silole‐containing microporous organic polymers with N‐functionalized pore surfaces for gas storage and separation
Authors: Shu Ge , Zhang Chong , Li Yuda , Jiang Jia‐Xing , Wang Xunchang , Li Hui , Wang Feng
Published: October 2017

Novel hypercrosslinked microporous organic polymers (MOPs) derived from N‐functionalized siloles as basic building units have been designed and synthesized via Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. The resulting N‐functional silole‐containing polymer networks exhibit high thermal stabilities and moderate Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area ranging from 666 to 1137 m2 g−1. The incorporation of carbazole or triphenylamine moieties into the polymer skeleton increases the number of electron donating basic nitrogen sites in the porous frameworks. Thus, the corresponding polymer PDMCzS shows enhanced CO2 adsorption capacities of 3.23 mmol g−1 at 273 K and 1.13 bar, and higher CO2/N2 selectivity (43.99) at 273 K than the analogous silole‐containing polymers P1–P3. These results demonstrated that the N‐functionalized silole‐containing polymer network is a very promising candidate for potential applications in post‐combustion CO2 capture and sequestration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45907.
Enhancement of mechanical strength associated with interfacial tension between barium titanate and acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber with different acrylonitrile contents by surface modification
Authors: Zhu Suoshi , Guo Jiacong , Zhang Jun
Published: October 2017

Acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) with different acrylonitrile (ACN) contents was filled with barium titanate (BT) to prepare the polymer dielectrics. The neat NBR, NBR/untreated BT, and NBR/bis‐(γ‐triethoxysilylpropyl)‐tetrasulfide (silane coupling agent KH845‐4) modified BT (MBT) composites were prepared. At low ACN content (ACN content 20 wt %), the tensile strength of the NBR/MBT composites increased by 173.6% from 2.69 to 7.36 MPa compared to the neat NBR. The pleasing results were not found in those composites with high ACN content. Both surface modifications of BT and NBR with low ACN content would result in lower interfacial tension between BT and NBR. A strong interfacial adhesion was observed between MBT and NBR with 20 wt % ACN content. The interfacial adhesion had great contribution to the mechanical strength of composites. Moreover, the dielectric properties of composites were also investigated in detail. The addition of BT enhanced the dielectric constant of composites markedly. This study can be applied in manufacturing electronic devices, which are subjected to oily environments for a long time. At the same time, the study can provide some help for researchers to select the polymer matrix and the appropriate surface modification agent of functional filler. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45936.
Cell Separation in Aqueous Two‐Phase Systems − Influence of Polymer Molecular Weight and Tie‐Line Length on the Resolution of Five Model Cell Lines
Authors: Zimmermann Sarah , Gretzinger Sarah , Zimmermann Philipp K. , Bogsnes Are , Hansson Mattias , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: October 2017

The availability of clinical‐scale downstream processing strategies for cell‐based products presents a critical juncture between basic research and clinical development. Aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) facilitate the label‐free, scalable, and cost‐effective separation of cells, and are a versatile tool for downstream processing of cell‐based therapeutics. Here, we report the application of a previously developed robotic screening platform, here extended to enable a multiplexed high‐throughput cell partitioning analysis in ATPS. We investigated the influence of polymer molecular weight and tie‐line length on the resolution of five model cell lines in “charge‐sensitive” polyethylene‐glycol (PEG)‐dextran ATPS. We show, how these factors influence cell partitioning, and that the combination of low molecular weight PEGs and high molecular weight dextrans enable the highest resolution of the five cell lines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the separability of each cell line from the mixture is highly dependent on the polymer molecular weight composition and tie‐line length. Using a countercurrent distribution model we demonstrate that our screenings yielded conditions that theoretically enable the isolation of four of the five cell lines with high purity (>99.9%) and yield.
Simultaneous separation and analysis of camptothecin alkaloids in real samples by large‐volume sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Chen Meng , Huang Yayun , Xu Liying , Zhang Hongfen , Zhang Guangbin , Chen Anjia
Published: October 2017

Large‐volume sample stacking (LVSS) is commonly used as an effective online preconcentration method in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). In this paper, the method LVSS combined with CZE has been proposed to analyze camptothecin alkaloids. Optimum separation can be achieved in the following conditions: pH 9.0; 25mm borate buffer containing 20 mm sulfobutylether‐β‐cyclodextrin and 20 mm ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyllimidazole l‐lactate; applied voltage 20 kV; and capillary temperature 25 °C. The LVSS was optimized as hydrodynamic injection 4 s at 5.0 psi and the polarity switching time was 0.17 min. Under the above conditions, the analytes could be separated completely in <20 min and the detector response was increased compared with conventional hydrodynamic injection. The limits of detection were between 0.20 and 0.78 μg/L. A good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients from 0.9991 to 0.9997. The recoveries ranged from 97.72 to 103.2% and the results demonstrated excellent accuracy. In terms of the migration time and peak area, the experiment was reproducible. The experimental results indicated that baseline separation can be obtained and this method is suitable for the quantitative determination of camptothecin alkaloids in real samples.
A sensitive LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of geniposide and its active metabolite genipin in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Shi Fuguo , Pan Hong , Li Yi , Huang Linyan , Wu Qin , Lu Yuanfu
Published: October 2017

Genipin (GP), an active metabolite of geniposide (GE), exhibits more potent pharmacological effects than its parent compound. In this paper, a sensitive LC‐MS/MS method was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous determination of GE and GP in rat plasma. We found that GP degraded rapidly in rat plasma at room temperature as a result of irreversible binding with the endogenous nucleophiles in plasma. GP was stable when the sample's pH was ≤4.0. The degradation of GP in rat plasma was well prevented by immediate addition of 5% glacial acetic acid to the freshly collected plasma. The detection was performed on a tandem mass spectrometer coupled with electrospray ionization source in negative mode. Quantification was conducted by multiple reaction monitoring of the transitions [M + CH3COO]− m/z 447.3 → 225.3 for GE and [M − H]− m/z 225.2 → 123.1 for GP. The method exhibited high sensitivity (LLOQ 1 ng/mL for GE and 0.2 ng/mL for GP) by selecting the acetate adduct ions as the precursor ions for GE. The robust developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after oral administration of GE.
Anatomy of the olfactory nerve: A comprehensive review with cadaveric dissection
Authors: López‐Elizalde R. , Campero A. , Sánchez‐Delgadillo T. , Lemus‐Rodríguez Y. , López‐González MI. , Godínez‐Rubí M.
Published: October 2017

Because of their anatomical situation, the olfactory nerves constitute a natural obstacle to exploring the anterior cranial fossa, making them vulnerable to traumatic, tumor, or iatrogenic lesions. Consequently, accurate knowledge of their microsurgical anatomy is of particular importance for surgeons to ensure the correct execution of surgical procedures with minimal sequelae, the least functional deterioration, and better therapeutic results. This review describes the functional and microsurgical anatomy of the olfactory nerves, illustrated with pictures of simulations based on cadaveric dissections and original illustrations of the central connections of the olfactory pathway. Clin. Anat, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Public unawareness of physician reimbursement
Authors: Herrick Nicole Lilly , Fontanesi John , Rush Toni , Schatz Richard A
Published: October 2017

Objectives

To assess subjects' perception of healthcare costs and physician reimbursement.

Background

The lack of transparency in healthcare reimbursement leaves patients and physicians unaware of the distribution of health care dollars.

Methods

Anonymous survey‐based study by means of convenience sampling. Participants were asked to estimate the total hospital cost and physician fee for one of the six medical procedures (n = 250).

Results

On the average for all 6 procedures, patients estimated the total cost was $36,177, ∼1,540% more than the actual Medicare rate of $7,333. Similarly, patients estimated the physician fee was $7,694, 1,474% more the actual Medicare rate of $589.

Conclusion

Patients' perception of the total cost and physician fee are significantly higher than Medicare rates for all 6 procedures. This lack of insight may have widespread negative implications on the patient–physician relationship, on political trends to reduce physician reimbursement, and on a physician's desire to continue practicing medicine.
Directing a Non‐Heme Iron(III)‐Hydroperoxide Species on a Trifurcated Reactivity Pathway
Authors: Wegeberg Christina , Lauritsen Frants R. , Frandsen Cathrine , Mørup Steen , Browne Wesley R. , McKenzie Christine J.
Published: October 2017

The reactivity of [FeIII(tpena)]2+ (tpena=N,N,N′‐tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine‐N′‐acetate) as a catalyst for oxidation reactions depends on its ratio to the terminal oxidant H2O2 and presence or absence of sacrificial substrates. The outcome can be switched between: 1) catalysed H2O2 disproportionation, 2) selective catalytic oxidation of methanol or benzyl alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde, or 3) oxidative decomposition of the tpena ligand. A common mechanism is proposed involving homolytic O−O cleavage in the detected transient purple low‐spin (S=
) [(tpenaH)FeIIIO−OH]2+. The resultant iron(IV) oxo and hydroxyl radical both participate in controllable hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) reactions. Consistent with the presence of a weaker σ‐donor carboxylate ligand, the most pronounced difference in the spectroscopic properties of [Fe(OOH)(tpenaH)]2+ and its conjugate base, [Fe(OO)(tpenaH)]+, compared to non‐heme iron(III) peroxide analogues supported by neutral multidentate N‐only ligands, are slightly blue‐shifted maxima of the visible absorption band assigned to ligand‐to‐metal charge‐transfer (LMCT) transitions and, corroborating this, lower FeIII/FeII redox potentials for the pro‐catalysts.
Copper Nanoparticles on Controlled Pore Glass and TEMPO for the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Ibrahem Ismail , Iqbal Muhammad Naeem , Verho Oscar , Eivazihollagh Alireza , Olsén Peter , Edlund Håkan , Tai Cheuk‐Wai , Norgren Magnus , Johnston Eric V.
Published: October 2017

Herein, we report on the facile synthesis of a heterogeneous copper nanocatalyst and its combination with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds. This low cost copper nanocatalyst was found to exhibit excellent recyclability, making it a highly attractive catalytic system from an economical and environmental point of view. Extensive characterization of the catalyst by a number of techniques revealed that it was comprised of well‐dispersed Cu(I/II) nanoparticles with an average size of around 6 nm.
Gromov‐Hausdorff Limits of Kähler Manifolds with Bisectional Curvature Lower Bound
Authors: Liu Gang
Published: October 2017

Given a sequence of complete Kähler manifolds with bisectional curvature lower bound and noncollapsed volume, we prove that the pointed Gromov‐Hausdorff limit is homeomorphic to a normal complex analytic space. The complex analytic structure is the natural “limit” of the complex structure of Mi.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Znf703, a novel target of Pax3 and Zic1, regulates hindbrain and neural crest development in Xenopus
Authors: Hong Chang‐Soo , Saint‐Jeannet Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2017

The transcription factors Pax3 and Zic1 are critical to specify the neural plate border and to promote neural crest formation. In a microarray screen designed to identify genes regulated by Pax3 and Zic1 in Xenopus we isolated Znf703/Nlz1 a transcriptional repressor member of the NET (NocA/Nlz, Elbow, and TLP‐1) protein family. At early neurula stage znf703 is expressed in the dorsal ectoderm, spanning the neural plate and neural plate border, with an anterior boundary of expression corresponding to rhombomeres 3 and 4 (r3/r4) in the prospective hindbrain. As a bonafide target of Pax3 and Zic1, znf703 is activated by neural plate border inducing signals, and its expression depends on Pax3 and Zic1 function in the embryo. Znf703 morpholino‐mediated knockdown expanded several posterior hindbrain genes, while Znf703 overexpression completely obliterated the expression of these segmental genes, signifying that the transcriptional repressor activity of Znf703 is critical to pattern the hindbrain. Furthermore, snai2 and sox10 expression was severely impaired upon manipulation of Znf703 expression levels in the embryo suggesting that Znf703 participates in neural crest formation downstream of Pax3 and Zic1 in Xenopus.
Applications of Python to evaluate environmental data science problems
Authors: Kadiyala Akhil , Kumar Ashok
Published: October 2017

There is a significant convergence of interests in the research community efforts to advance the development and application of software resources (capable of handling the relevant mathematical algorithms to provide scalable information) for solving data science problems. Anaconda is one of the many open source platforms that facilitate the use of open source programming languages (R, Python) for large‐scale data processing, predictive analytics, and scientific computing. The environmental research community may choose to adapt the use of either of the R or the Python programming languages for analyzing the data science problems on the Anaconda platform. This study demonstrated the applications of using Scikit‐learn (a Python machine learning library package) on Anaconda platform for analyzing the in‐bus carbon dioxide concentrations by (i) importing the data into Spyder (Python 3.6) in Anaconda, (ii) performing an exploratory data analysis, (iii) performing dimensionality reduction through RandomForestRegressor feature selection, (iv) developing statistical regression models, and (v) generating regression decision tree models with DecisionTreeRegressor feature. The readers may adopt the methods (inclusive of the Python coding) discussed in this article to successfully address their own data science problems. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1580–1586, 2017
First evidence of prehistoric eclogite quarrying for polished tools and their circulation on the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Antonio Lozano José , Puga Encarnación , Garcia‐Casco Antonio , Martínez‐Sevilla Francisco , Contreras Cortés Francisco , Carrasco Rus Javier , Martín‐Algarra Agustín
Published: October 2017

This research provides the first evidence of prehistoric quarrying of eclogitic rocks on the Iberian peninsula. Such metamorphosed basic igneous rocks are known to have been used in southern Spain and Portugal during late prehistory as a raw material for the making of polished lithic tools (axes, adzes, chisels, and hammers). These rocks were widely used primarily because of their tolerance to blow and friction due to their mineralogical and textural characteristics. We have identified two quarries within the Sierra de Baza Natural Park (Granada), in the Betic Cordillera of southern Spain: Rambla del Agua and Cerro de San Cristóbal. The bedrock geology of these quarries forms part of the Mulhacen Complex Ophiolite Unit (Nevado‐Filábride Domain), which discontinuously outcrops along a 250‐km belt in southeastern Spain. Petrographic and geochemical analyses were conducted on raw materials from quarries in the Sierra de Baza and compared with archaeological materials from different sites in southern Iberia. These analyses allow us to specify the Nevado‐Filábride‐derived lithic source and define exchange networks. Archaeological sites around the studied quarries chronologically date their use between the early Neolithic and Bronze Age (∼5500–1500 B.C.).
Pottery production in Jerusalem during the Iron Age: A new compositional profiling
Authors: Ben‐Shlomo David , Mommsen Hans
Published: October 2017

This paper presents a first large‐scale compositional study of Iron Age pottery from Jerusalem, the capital of Judah during the Iron Age II (ca. 1000–586 B.C.E.). A sizable group of pottery vessels was analyzed by petrography and neutron activation. The aims were to identify more clearly the compositional profile of the Jerusalem pottery products and attempt to reconstruct trade and taxation patterns during the Iron Age II in the days of the kingdom of Judah. We present results defining new petrographic and chemical profiles not linked with the Moẓa clay previously associated with the Jerusalem production. Vessels made of Moẓa clay showed diverse chemical profiles, possibly indicating several sources within the Central Hills of Israel. The petrographic and chemical deductions were compared, and the complementary nature of these two techniques for pottery analysis was further emphasized, in particular in regards to the sourcing of highly calcareous clays. The compositional results of the pottery indicate that trade or transition of tax commodities related to sites around Jerusalem may have been more intensive in the latter part of the period (the Iron Age IIB), while evidence for trade with more distant regions is generally limited.
THE WORLDWIDE BURDEN OF INFANT MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDER: REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR INFANT MENTAL HEALTH
Authors: Lyons‐Ruth Karlen , Todd Manly Jody , Von Klitzing Kai , Tamminen Tuula , Emde Robert , Fitzgerald Hiram , Paul Campbell , Keren Miri , Berg Astrid , Foley Maree , Watanabe Hisako
Published: October 2017

Children worldwide experience mental and emotional disorders. Mental disorders occurring among young children, especially infants (birth –3 years), often go unrecognized. Prevalence rates are difficult to determine because of lack of awareness and difficulty assessing and diagnosing young children. Existing data, however, suggest that rates of disorders in young children are comparable to those of older children and adolescents (von Klitzing, Dohnert, Kroll, & Grube, ). The lack of widespread recognition of disorders of infancy is particularly concerning due to the unique positioning of infancy as foundational in the developmental process. Both the brain and behavior are in vulnerable states of development across the first 3 years of life, with potential for enduring deviations to occur in response to early trauma and deprivation. Intervention approaches for young children require sensitivity to their developmental needs within their families. The primacy of infancy as a time of unique foundational risks for disorder, the impact of trauma and violence on young children's development, the impact of family disruption on children's attachment, and existing literature on prevalence rates of early disorders are discussed. Finally, global priorities for addressing these disorders of infancy are highlighted to support prevention and intervention actions that may alleviate suffering among our youngest world citizens.
Size and number of the hypoglossal nerve foramina in the avian skull and their potential neuroanatomical significance
Authors: Mayr Gerald
Published: October 2017

The cranial openings of nervus hypoglossus, the 12th cranial nerve, are for the first time studied across a broad range of higher avian taxa. This nerve plays an important role in the innervation of the syrinx and exits the skull through a variable number of foramina. Most previous authors described 2–3 foramina nervi hypoglossi (FNH) for neornithine birds, but the number, size, and arrangement of FNH is actually more variable than what is apparent from the literature. In the case of three foramina, there is usually a pair of caudal foramina and a rostral one, but even in closely related taxa, a great variability of the FNH pattern may exist. Many taxa of Neognathae exhibit a quadruple of symmetrically arranged FNH, in others four foramina are strung together in a line. A few taxa show more than four FNH, although in these cases the additional foramina are very small. Of particular interest is the occurrence of a very large caudal FNH in Trochilidae and many species of Passeriformes. This large foramen is suggestive of a correlation with the highly developed vocal capabilities of these birds and may transmit fibers from the tracheosyringeal portion of nucleus nervi hypoglossi, in which case it would be an osteological correlate of vocal capabilities. However, targeted neuroanatomical studies are required to determine how individual hypoglossal foramina relate to hypoglossal roots and their branches, and which of them receive fibers supplying axial, lingual, and syringeal muscles.
Development of a microextraction by packed sorbent with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry method for quantification of nitroexplosives in aqueous and fluidic biological samples
Authors: Dhingra Gaurav , Bansal Pooja , Dhingra Nidhi , Rani Susheela , Malik Ashok Kumar
Published: October 2017

A new method for quantification of 12 nitroaromatic compounds including 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene, its metabolites and 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl‐N‐methylnitramine with microextraction by packed sorbent followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometric detection in environmental and biological samples is developed. The microextraction device employs 4 mg of C18 silica sorbent inserted into a microvolume syringe for sample preparation. Several parameters capable of influencing the microextraction procedure, namely, number of extraction cycles, washing solvent, volume of washing solvent, elution solvent, volume of eluting solvent and pH of matrix, were optimized. The developed method produced satisfactory results with excellent values of coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.9804) within the established calibration range. The extraction yields were satisfactory for all analytes (> 89.32%) for aqueous samples and (> 87.45%) for fluidic biological samples. The limits of detection values lie in the range 14–828 pg/mL.
Isolation and purification of alkaloids from lotus leaves by ionic‐liquid‐modified high‐speed countercurrent chromatography
Authors: Wu Nan , Xie Huihui , Fang Yingtong , Liu Yuanyuan , Xi Xingjun , Chu Qiao , Dong Genlai , Lan Tao , Wei Yun
Published: October 2017

An effective high‐speed countercurrent chromatography method was successfully established by using ionic liquids as the modifier of the two‐phase solvent system. Adding a small amount of ionic liquids significantly shortens the separation time and improves the separation efficiency. The conditions of ionic‐liquid‐modified high‐speed countercurrent chromatography including solvent systems, types and content of added ionic liquids, and ionic liquids posttreatment were investigated. The established method was successfully applied to separate alkaloids from lotus leaves using a two‐phase solvent system composed of petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/methanol/water/[C4mim][BF4] (1:5:1:5:0.15, v/v/v/v/v). Four alkaloids pronuciferine (1.7 mg), N‐nornuciferine (4.3 mg), nuciferine (3.1 mg), and roemerine (2.1 mg) were obtained with the purities of 90.53, 92.25, 99.86, and 98.63%, respectively, from 100 mg crude extract of lotus leaves. The results indicated that the ionic‐liquid‐modified high‐speed countercurrent chromatography method was suitable for alkaloid separation from lotus leaves and would be a promising method for the separation of alkaloids from other natural products.
Fast quantitative parameter maps without fitting: Integration yields accurate mono‐exponential signal decay rates
Authors: Song Ruitian , Loeffler Ralf B. , Holtrop Joseph L. , McCarville M. Beth , Hankins Jane S. , Hillenbrand Claudia M.
Published: October 2017

Purpose

To develop a computationally fast and accurate algorithm for mono‐exponential signal modelling and validate the new technique in the context of
mapping for iron overload assessment.

Methods

An algorithm is introduced that directly calculates
values from a series of images based on integration of the mono‐exponential signal decay curve. The algorithm is fast, because fitting is avoided and only arithmetic computations without iterations are applied. Precision and accuracy of the method is determined in comparison to the conventional log‐linear (LL), nonlinear least‐squares‐based Levenberg–Marquardt (NLM), and squared nonlinear Levenberg–Marquardt (SQNLM) methods, which rely on iterative curve fitting.

Results

In simulations, the signal integration based method consistently had the same or better accuracy than the LL, NLM, and SQNLM algorithms for
values ranging from 50 s−1 to 1200 s−1. In phantoms and in vivo (12 participants), this method was robust over a wide range of
values and signal‐to‐noise ratios. Computation times were approximately 100, 1460, and 930 times faster than those of the LL, NLM, and SQNLM methods, respectively.

Conclusions

The fast signal integration method accurately calculates
maps. It has the potential to replace conventional, mono‐exponential fitting methods for quantitative MRI such as
parameter mapping. Magn Reson Med 79:2978–2985, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Data‐driven computing in dynamics
Authors: Kirchdoerfer T. , Ortiz M.
Published: October 2017

We formulate extensions to data‐riven computing for both distance‐minimizing and entropy‐maximizing schemes to incorporate time integration. Previous works focused on formulating both types of solvers in the presence of static equilibrium constraints. Here, formulations assign data points to a variable relevance depending on distance to the solution and on maximum‐entropy weighting, with distance‐minimizing schemes discussed as a special case. The resulting schemes consist of the minimization of a suitably defined free energy over phase space subject to compatibility and a time‐discretized momentum conservation constraint. We present selected numerical tests that establish the convergence properties of both types of data‐driven solvers and solutions.
A return mapping algorithm for elastoplastic and ductile damage constitutive equations using the subloading surface method
Authors: Fincato R. , Tsutsumi S.
Published: October 2017

In this paper is presented a return mapping algorithm for an elastoplastic/damage model that couples the constitutive equations of an unconventional plasticity model with the phenomenological description of ductile damage in the continuum damage mechanics framework. This approach combines the advantages of describing the mechanical property degradation by using the Lemaitre model with the realistic accumulation of plastic deformation in cyclic mobility problems from the subloading surface model. Most of the damage models for ductile failure focus on monotonic loading conditions, whereas the present model aims to extend the investigation to cyclic loading and low‐cycle fatigue problems. A cutting‐plane algorithm is adopted to describe the material behavior that considers both isotropic and kinematic hardening laws. Two simple numerical studies show that the elastoplastic and damage model is implemented correctly, displaying a quadratic rate of convergence for local equilibria and precise solutions, even for large‐prescribed strain increments.
Agenda for Translating Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Weight Management Interventions for Cancer Survivors into Clinical and Community Practice
Authors: Basen‐Engquist Karen , Alfano Catherine M. , Maitin‐Shepard Melissa , Thomson Cynthia A. , Schmitz Kathryn H. , Pinto Bernardine M. , Stein Kevin , Zucker David S. , Syrjala Karen L. , Fallon Elizabeth , Doyle Colleen , Demark‐Wahnefried Wendy
Published: October 2017

Evidence supporting physical activity, diet, and weight management for cancer survivors has grown, leading to the development of guidelines and interventions. The next step is to identify necessary practice and policy changes and to develop a research agenda to inform how interventions can be delivered to survivors most effectively and efficiently in health care settings and by community‐based organizations. Here, an agenda is proposed for research, practice, and policy that incorporates recommendations for a range of programming options, a patient‐centered, tailored screening and referral approach, and training needs for survivorship care providers and providers of exercise, nutrition, and weight management services. Research needs to focus on sustainability, dissemination, and implementation. Needed policy changes are presented, as well as opportunities to leverage current health care policies.
On promoting understanding and equity through compassionate educational practice: Toward a new inclusion
Authors: Bilias‐Lolis Evelyn , Gelber Nicholas W. , Rispoli Kristin M. , Bray Melissa A. , Maykel Cheryl
Published: October 2017

This work offers a conceptual synthesis of several contemporary educational service delivery models that implicitly embed compassionate educational practices into supporting the learning and growth of diverse student populations. This manuscript discusses how such paradigms, such as culturally responsive positive behavior intervention and supports (PBIS) and trauma‐informed school models, can inform, complement, and support inclusion‐ and equity‐based practices for diverse learner populations.