bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Snape Maltings Fire (1969)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

BRITTEN: Well, it looks pretty devastating-but it’s difficult at this moment to say exactly what is sound. It looks as if the walls-the brick-these marvellous brick walls, you know, which have contributed so much to the-the beauty of the sound-it looks as if they are going to be all right.1BBC: What were your feelings when you saw the devastation?BRITTEN: I’m not a poet. I can’t describe those feelings. It was-of course it’s been a terrible shock and I’m afraid it’s going to be dreadful for so many of our audience-audiences that have come, you know, to hear and see things in the Maltings this next two or three weeks-that they can’t go to any concerts or operas at the Maltings, especially as so many of them have contributed towards the cost of the rebuilding of the Maltings.BBC: Well how much is it going to cost to rebuild?BRITTEN: I don’t know yet. It’s-I should think it can’t be far off its original cost, which was, you know, in the neighbourhood of £570,000--but that’s the-engineers, Arups, are coming down this afternoon to see it, and I’m going to go back now and to walk all over it again with them so we can have some idea of the assessing of the damage.BBC: You lost your piano in this blaze. This must have been an extremely bitter blow.BRITTEN: Oh it was a bitter blow, but there are so many things gone-I mean it looks as if one of those precious double basses is gone,2 a harpsichord has gone, the costumes for some of the operas, scenery-all the rostrums which Stephen Reiss has carefully designed and planned over the years, and this lovely seating, of course, which was one of the prides of Snape-that has gone too.
John Bird: Percy Grainger (1976)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

To have met Percy Grainger even as an old man is a cherished memory. His warmth, his originality, his charm were unforgettable, and his genial energy had already become a myth. The masterly folk-song arrangements with their acutely beautiful feeling for sound were our first musical introduction, and later the preparation of a record of his music was an exciting and revealing experience. Repeated performances strengthened our respect for his work, and our few meetings confirmed our affection and admiration for the man.It was hardly to be expected that the depth beneath the dazzling surface could be without some turbulence. In John Bird’s sympathetic and tactful biography he has beautifully balanced the brilliance and turbulence of this unbalanced genius-we are grateful to him.
Mrs Humphry Ward and the First Casualty of War
Authors: Small Helen
Published: November 2023

As he sat there thinking, he began in an absent-minded way to look at his evening paper. He read the news on the front page, then turned to the inner sheets. His eye fell on these words printed at the head of the column next to the leading article: To the Women of the Empire. Thoughts in War-Time. By Pearl Bellairs.’ Underneath in brackets: ‘The first of a series of inspiring and patriotic articles by Miss Bellairs, the well-known novelist.’ Dick groaned in agony ... ‘Inspiring and patriotic’: those were feeble words in which to describe Pearl’s shrilly raucous chauvinism. And the style! Christ! ... She was a public danger. It was all too frightful. (Aldous Huxley, ‘Farcical History of Richard Greenow’). Aldous Huxley’s ‘Farcical History of Richard Greenow’ (1920) is a satirical account of the life and death of a young Englishman in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Dick Greenow’s outstanding academic promise first becomes evident at preparatory school when he devours all three volumes of Mrs Humphry Ward’s Robert Elsmere (‘No length or incomprehensibility could put him off’). After studying at Aesop College (Eton), Dick goes on to read Classics at Canteloup College, Oxford, where he becomes a leading light of the Fabian Society. But at Oxford, a strange psychological disorder, first apparent at Aesop, begins to take over his life.
Kingship and the Kingis Quair
Authors: Mapstone Sally
Published: November 2023

The murder of James I in Perth on 20 February I437 was pre ceded by a number of omens. An Irish woman stopped the king on a crossing of the water of Leith to tell him that if he continued the journey he would not return alive, a warning that tallied with a prophecy that the king himself had recently read. James also dreamt that he was attacked in his chamber by ‘a cruell serpente and an horrible toode’. And one of his squires dreamt that the king was to be murdered by Robert Graham, indeed one of his assailants. So at least testifies a contemporary account of James’s death surviving in an English translation, by John Shirley, of an untraced Latin original.
Literary History, Romanticism, and Felicia Hemans
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: November 2023

Am. How agreeably ‘historical’ we’ve all become these days. But has criticism ‘returned to history’ only to discover its ruins? Traditional historicism was difficult enough with ‘all those proper names and dates’ beneath which ‘the contemporary mind staggers’.1 These new historicisms are worse. The older forms at least prized thoroughness and coherence. But a generation of fierce scepticism has brought historicism, like the rest of literary studies, to scenes of fragmentation—Lovejoy’s splendid project turned into the disintegration of romanticisms.
The Rhetorical Feminine
Authors: Colvin Sarah
Published: November 2023

The Rhetorical Feminine takes a fresh look at theatre - including the important new genre of opera - in early modern Germany. Central to this study is the relationship of the stage with ideas of order or social control. Early German school drama was designed to teach rhetoric to boys: a detail which has up to now been accepted by scholars without further questioning. This investigation focuses on how that rhetoric was used, with particular reference to ideas of the feminine and of the Islamic world. Both are constructed as the potentially threatening others of early modern patriarchal Christendom. In containing the threat, the stage becomes the controllable version of the early modern theatrum mundi. In opera, the dynamic of the text is supported by music. The author has found it necessary to cross the boundary of traditional literary scholarship by looking not only at the libretti, but also at the rhetoric of the score. The suggestion here is not that the construction of alterity is an isolated phenomenon in early modern Germany; men have always used their relative monopoly of the arts for self-definition. While feminist scholarship has tended to concentrate on the relevance of this for women, it has also pertained to non-Christians or `the Orient', which is often portrayed as analogous with the feminine.
The Strength of Poetry
Authors: Fenton James
Published: November 2023

Why should a poet feel the need to be original? What is the relationship between genius and apprenticeship? James Fenton, Oxford Professor of Poetry 1994-1999 and winner of the Whitbread Prize for Poetry, examines some of the most intriguing questions behind the making of the art - issues of creativity and the 'earning' of success, of judgement, tutorage, rivalry, and ambition. With the contextual richness of a former foreign-correspondent, Fenton goes on to consider the juvenilia of Wilfred Owen, the 'scarred' lines of Philip Larkin, the inheritance of imperialism, and issues of 'constituency' in Seamus Heaney. He looks too at Marianne Moore, Elizabeth Bishop, Sylvia Plath, and their contrasting 'feminisms', at D. H. Lawrence, 'welcoming the dark'; and in the end, W. H. Auden - that defining influence upon Fenton's own poetry - who receives extended coverage in the final quarter of the book. Immensely readable, The Strength of Poetry is a major account of modern poetry from one of its leading figures.
Dealing with Doubtful Identifications
Authors: West Anthony James
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers copies that had or have doubtful identifications and examines two possible identifications of an untraced copy (Lee 156). Overall it demonstrates the approach used in dealing with doubtful identifications. Essentially, the approach is the collection, detailed analysis, and comparison of the copy-specific characteristics of individual volumes. The Brandeis University and Walters Art Gallery cases are presented to show how the copies were identified and to permit anyone who doubts the conclusions to have the relevant information available and to follow the logic used. For copies whose identity is still doubtful, this chapter presents a record of organized data. This record is intended as a ready reference for any interested person who happens upon additional data and wants to check how it fits, and, at the same time, as a starting point for anyone who wishes to go further in proving or disproving an identification.
What to Count as a Copy and Copies 80to 82at the Folger Shakespeare Library
Authors: West Anthony James
Published: November 2023

‘How many copies are extant?’ —the question I most frequently encountered during my census research—seems easy enough to answer, but is not. At the outset one must distinguish ‘what to count as a copy’ (for inclusion in the Census) from ‘categorizing copies into classes’ (as Lee did in his Census).Addressing the latter in some useful form must await the availability of full details on all or most copies. This chapter addresses the former. Successive scholars have each given a total figure, but none appears to have defined what they counted as copies. In 1902, Sidney Lee recorded 158 copies, but did not deal with this issue in the introduction to his Census.In practice, he was very inclusive.
A Survey of First Folio Facsimiles Since the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: West Anthony James
Published: November 2023

So far, we have looked at the First Folio’s sales and price history since its publication and at the shift in the worldwide distribution of copies during the twentieth century. A survey of First Folio facsimiles over the last two centuries illuminates another facet of the book’s history.
The French Translation Equivalents
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: November 2023

What does Palsgrave tell us about his aims in providing his English readers with French equivalents? How much information does he want to put at their disposal? At the end of the grammatical treatment of nouns in book ill, he explains his aim and method as follows: I shall set forthe all the englysshe substantyues in our tong/ after the order of a/b/c/ and in the same lyne shewe what substantyues in the frenche tonge is of lyke signification.
How Things were Done with Words
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: November 2023

The examples used by Palsgrave in his table of verbs tell us much about sixteenth-century life as well as language use. When reading the table of verbs we cannot but feel transposed into a Renaissance society, with its people, their daily preoccupations, their beliefs, their worries, their pastimes. The picture provided by Palsgrave is so immensely rich and colourful that here we shall be able to get only some selective glimpses. We shall focus on the example sentences together with Palsgrave’s metalinguistic comments on language use. Occasionally, the whole dictionary entry may be taken into account. References to the grammar and the tables of the other parts of speech may complement the insights gained from the verb illustrations.
A Picture of Palsgrave’s World
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: November 2023

We shall in this chapter attempt to draw a tentative picture of Palsgrave and his world as they emerge from his choice of verbs and examples. This does not mean that we take the content of all his examples as autobiographical, and we need to be aware of the ambiguity created by the frequent use of first-person singular forms. We shall first outline examples that seem to relate to more general aspects of him as a chaplain to the king, a man of the Church, and a sixteenth-century individual with personal principles and views, and then look in more detail at various domains of life which, through the number and/or content of examples, appear more prominent in the work.
Social Class and the Irish Language
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó
Published: November 2023

To understand more fully the patterns and trends outlined in Chapter 7, it is necessary to situate them in the larger social context of which they are a part. The close connection of the educational system with wider social processes means that it is highly responsive to changes in the society, which thus have an impact, both direct and indirect, on the Irish language. Access to education is highly related to class position. As already shown, this factor has, in the past, limited the numbers who could achieve a high level of academic attainment in Irish and thereby introduced and sustained a distinct class dimension in the reproduction of the language.
An Experimentalist Looks at Identity
Authors: Harris Henry
Published: November 2023

I like to think that it is common ground between philosophers and scientists that no two material objects can be qualitatively identical in the universe as it now is. This view stems, in the first instance, from the common experience that objects that initially seem to be the same always turn out to be distinguishable on closer examination or on examination by more refined techniques; but, for scientists, it is strongly reinforced by Heisenberg’s demonstration that the fundamental particles of which all matter is composed cannot in principle be delimited singly. We are now resigned to the fact that we shall never know whether, for example, one particular electron is qualitatively identical to any other. Our concept of the electron is governed by equations that are derived from the stochastic behaviour of large populations of such particles. These are statistical statements and are bound to remain so.
Making One’s Way Through the Data
Authors: Goldberg Adele E
Published: November 2023

A semantic study of the particular clause-level construction which is exemplified by the expressions in 1 seemed to be appropriate for a Festschrift for Chuck Fillmore for a few reasons.
The Windowing of Attention in Language
Authors: Leonard Talmy
Published: November 2023

Using the perspectives and methods of Cognitive Linguistics, this paper sets forth the system with which languages can place a portion of a coherent referent situation into the foreground of attention by the explicit mention of that portion, while placing the remainder of that situation into the background of attention by omitting mention of it. Terminologically, the cognitive process at work here is called the windowing of attention, the coherent referent situation with respect to which the windowing must take place is an event-frame, the portions that are foregrounded by inclusion are windowed, and the portions that are backgrounded by exclusion are gapped.
Natural Law and Legal Reasoning
Authors: Finnis John
Published: November 2023

Moral reasoning, legal reasoning, and their interrelationships can scarcely be understood reflectively without attention to two different sources of ambiguity. The source is, in each case, well known: the distinction between reasons and feelings; and the distinction between doing (the shaping of one’s own ‘existence’ by one’s choices) and making (the exercise of technique by activity on some form of ‘cultural’ object or method). But the distinctions are commonly not well understood, and the traps they lay for the analysis of morality and adjudication are usually neglected.
Law as a Functional Kind
Authors: Moore Michael S
Published: November 2023

Natural law has for a long time had a bad press. It is supposed to be the sort of spooky stuff that Bentham derided when he hooted at natural rights as not being just simple nonsense, but ‘nonsense on stilts’. Oliver Wendell Holmes’s own brand of ethical scepticism and legal positivism led him to characterize the natural law as a ‘brooding omnipresence in the sky’, rather like the northern lights apparently, but without the lights. The prevalence of such views has for some time made it the case that ‘to be found guilty of adherence to natural law theories is a kind of social disgrace’.
The Social Evolution .of Japanese Contact with European Languages
Authors: Loveday Leo J
Published: November 2023

Today, at the end of the twentieth century, the English language features extensively in everyday Japanese life, even though Japanese society is monolingual. For those unfamiliar with the historical evidence, it might easily be assumed that contact with English and other European languages is a recent, post-war phenomenon. Thus, it may come as a surprise to some to discover that contact with English began 200 years ago, and contact with other European languages reaches as far back as 500 years. In fact, as Japan and the West are now moving into a relationship of closer mutual evaluation, it seems appropriate and valuable to consider why and how European language-contacts evolved, and to do so by exploring their formative dynamics.It is not coincidental that Japanese linguists have treated Euro-Japanese language-contact as a distinct topic from that of Chinese influence, and have subsumed it under the native category of gai-raigo, literally ‘words coming from outside’.
Dialectic and Philosophy in Aristotle
Authors: Reeve C D C
Published: November 2023

Even a brief survey of recent writings on Aristotle’s dialectic and its relationship to his philosophy reveals a staggeringly diverse spectrum of opinion. Some writers pretty much dismiss dialectic as belonging to ‘a bygone mode of thought’, claiming that Aristotle’s ‘own Analytics have made his Topics out of date’.1 Some argue that dialectic does have a role to play in Aristotle’s philosophy, but a small and relatively unexciting one: it is simply a kind of intellectual training that enables one to argue effectively on both sides of an issue.2 Some—perhaps the largest number—give pride of place to dialectic as the method of philosophy for Aristotle, and as providing the only possible justification for the first principles of all the various sciences.3 Some distinguish various types of dialectic, making some but not others central to philosophy.4 Some are cautiously sceptical about these distinctions, and about any attempt to associate philosophy too closely with any type of dialectic.5 There is a clear need, then, to make a fresh start and to try to rethink the entire topic from the beginning.
Lingua Francas and Vernaculars
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean
Published: November 2023

All the linguistic forms we use, whether they are different languages or different forms of the same language, are distributed over a vast range of functions. At one end of the continuum is the tendency towards a com mon language, a lingua franca, that is, the forms we choose when we wish to increase communication to as many people as possible; at the other end is the tendency to what might be called a vernacular language, defining the forms we choose when we wish to limit communication to a few people, to register our specificity, to mark a group’s frontier. These two tendencies, towards a lingua franca or a vernacular language, can be applied to multi lingual situations as well as to monolingual ones.
Practical Reason Divided: Aquinas and his Critics
Authors: Irwin T H
Published: November 2023

Early in his discussion of virtue of character, Aristotle takes it to be obvious that virtue is somehow connected with practical reason: ‘First, then, actions should express correct reason. That is a common [belief], and let us assume it; later we will say what correct reason is and how it is related to the other virtues’ (Nicomachean Ethics 1103b31-4). When he argues that virtue lies in a mean, he adds that the mean is ‘determined by reason, and by the reason by which the prudent person would determine it’ (1106b36-1107a2). To make his account of virtue not only true but perspicuous, he seeks an account of prudence (1138b18-34). At the end of his account of prudence, he claims to have answered the question about the nature of correct reason: ‘it is not merely the state expressing correct reason, but the state involving correct reason, that is virtue. And it is prudence that is correct reason in this area’ (1144b26-8).
Spatial Deixis in Muna (Sulawesi)
Authors: Berg René Van Den
Published: November 2023

This paper describes the system of spatial deixis as used by speakers of the Muna language. Muna is spoken by approximately 225,000 people on the island of Muna and some neighbouring islands in the province of south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia. Like all the languages of Sulawesi, Muna is a member of the western Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. The lower-order genetic relationships of Muna have not yet been worked out in detail, but there is agrowing body of evidence that the putative Muna-Buton group (of which Muna is a member) links up with Bungku-Mori-Tolaki and Pamona-Kaili into a supergroup that I call Celebic. Detailed descriptions of spatial deixis in Celebic languages are rare; for non-Celebic languages of Sulawesi, see Busenitz and Busenitz ( I 99 I) on Balantak and Chapter Io below on Aralle-Tabulahan.
The Meanings of Directionals in Taba
Authors: Bowden John
Published: November 2023

When I first began learning the Taba language, one of the most puzzling aspects of it was a set of morphemes which I will label here the ‘directionals’. These directionals encode relative location with respect to the speaker or some object, and they are used extensively in idiomatic Taba discourse. In one narrative text, for example, 37 out of I 66clauses employed at least one directional. The ubiquity of the directionals was not their only noteworthy feature, how ever.
Naturalizing Mathematical Methodology
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: November 2023

‘Naturalism’ is a term much bandied-about these days, especially in discussions of scientific methodology. Many have supported the incursion of naturalistic thinking into the philosophy of mathematics as well; I myself have attempted to adopt a naturalistic approach to the study of set theoretic methodology. However, in recent efforts to spell out more precisely what ·naturalism’ comes to in these contexts, I have come to suspect that much of what I once regarded as ·naturalistic’ philosophy of mathematics does not deserve that title, that the act of ‘naturalizing’ has deeper consequences than have heretofore been acknowledged.
Contrasting Ethnic Nationalisms: Eastern Central Europe
Authors: TÖrnquist-Plewa Barbara
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, perhaps more clearly than in some others, ‘nation’ is understood as a community based on cultural communication, delimited and kept together by means of a cultural identity (see Johansson, 1993a: 18). During the process of nation-building, this cultural identity receives a political dimension, which is the basis for the group’s demands for political autonomy or sovereignty. It is precisely this political aspect that is decisive and distinguishes national identity from other kinds of identities—for instance, ethnic identity. This national identity varies greatly between nations for historic reasons, making it difficult to point to any universal components of national identity. National identity consists of a number of components that are integrated and interacting. These identity-forming elements are: territory, common institutions and laws, common history, ethnicity and/or an idea of common origin, culture, language, and religion—the last mentioned often important in the earliest phase of nation-building (see Enloe 1980: 366).
Linguistic Structure and Change
Authors: Berg Thomas
Published: November 2023

Thomas Berg challenges context-free theories of linguistics; he is concerned with the way the term 'explanation' is typically used in the discipline. He argues that real explanations cannot emerge from a view which asserts the autonomy of language, but only from an approach which seeks to establish a connection between language and the contexts in which it is embedded. The author examines the psychological context in detail. He uses an interactiveactivation model of language processing to derive predictions about synchronic linguistic patterns, the course of linguistic change, and the structure of poetic rhymes. The majority of these predictions are borne out, leading the author to conclude that the structure of language is shaped by the properties of the mechanism which puts it to use, and that psycholinguistics thus qualifies as one likely approach from which to derive an explanation of linguistic structure.
Tense and Persistence
Authors: Lowe E J
Published: November 2023

Amongst the issues that currently divide philosophers of time, two are particularly prominent and, moreover, seem to be interrelated in some way. One is the question of whether a tensed or a tenseles,’;J characterization of time is ontologically more fundamental. The other is the question of whether objects persist through time by enduring or by perduring (a question which hinges on whether persisting objects can be said to possess temporal parts).
Morality, the Unborn, and the Open Future
Authors: Benn Piers
Published: November 2023

The conflict between tensed and tenseless theories of time has ramifications in a variety of areas of philosophical concern. Moreover, as Thomas Nagel’; has frequently stressed, the problems at the heart of the dispute about time and tense-one of which arguably, though not indisputably, concerns the very possibility of a wholly objective and perspective-free grasp of reality-are also at the heart of other philosophical issues, such as the mind--body problem, the problem of free will, and the nature of moral obligation.
Tapu
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

The ancient Polynesian word tapu evokes in the Western mind technicolour visions of splitting skulls on white sandy beaches and ritual sacrifices under green island palms. Nothing could be further from the truth. The tapu was a rigorously enforced social code against which the position and actions of each member of the island community were daily defined. The tapu was different from the rahui restriction that was periodically laid on fish, fruit, land, springs, and so forth for poison prevention, conservation, and other specific purposes. Wider in its scope and socially much more profound, the tapu set aside and elevated from the common domain some sacred function, station, its holder, and his or her person, tools, prerogatives, and possessions. Unlike the rahui, the tapu could obtain for generations. It was more than a mere rule. The tapu embraced a way of thinking, a philosophy of life. There is no equivalent to tapu in the English language.
Whence and When?
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

It has taken six years of intensive investigation to determine to my own satisfaction whether any truth might lie in the suggestion that Easter Island was first populated by a non-Polynesian people. Such a possibility might assist in the search for the ultimate origin-and solution-of the rongorongo script, I initially believed. The claim is old. Thor Heyerdahl’s championship of a South American provenance for the megalithic culture of Rapanui, disclaiming the participation of any Polynesians, has been only a recently exhumed and popularised version of this same theme. However, I am today convinced that the theory of an erstwhile non-Polynesian settlement of Easter Island is scientifically untenable. Precontact Rapanui and its culture were exclusively Polynesian.
The “Lost Inscriptions”
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger
Published: November 2023

There have been numerous stories told on Rapanui since the 1870s about rongorongo artefacts having been removed from the island, wilfully destroyed, hidden in caves, buried with important people, or otherwise disposed of in such a way that their erstwhile existence can no longer be physically confirmed. These are the so-called “lost inscriptions” of Easter Island. With regret, one must accept that 90 per cent or more of the premissionary corpus of rongorongo inscriptions no longer exists. Most were doubtless lost in burning huts and forgotten cave depots. However, some of what has vanished was at least preserved in Rapanui memory, albeit often in fragmentary and contradictory accounts. The present chapter documents this lost literature of Easter Island.
Case Study II: The Rhosllannerchrugog Dialect
Authors: Jones Mari C
Published: November 2023

Rhosllannerchrugog has been described as the largest village in Wales. Situated about six hundred feet up Rhiwabon mountain, it lies five miles south-west of Wrexham, in North-East Wales. According to the 1991 Census, it has a population of some 9,169 residents, 38.1 per cent of whom are Welsh-speaking. Like Rhymney, the village was at its peak of expansion in the nineteenth century, when people from both sides of Offa’s Dyke settled there to work in the coalmines. The railway and local brickworks also played their part in the town’s prosperity.
Deliberation and Practical Reason*
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: November 2023

In Book 3 of the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle treats a restricted and technical notion of deliberation, which makes it unnecessary for him to consider anything but technical or so¬ called productive examples of practical reason. It is not surprising in the context of Book 3 that deliberation is never of ends but always of means. When he came to write Books 6 and 7of the Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima 3.7, Aristotle analysed a much less restricted notion of deliberation and of choice. This made it necessary for him to give up the view that deliberation and choice were necessarily of ta pros to telos, where it is supposed that this phrase means or implies that deliberation is only of means. Thereafter he recognized two irreducibly distinct
Ethical Aspects of the Use of ‘Sensitive Information ‘ in Health Care Research
Authors: Holm SØren , Rossel Peter
Published: November 2023

During the second half of the twentieth century we have experienced an explosive growth in the broad area of technology which, for want of a better name, is often called ‘information technology’. This has affected society in many ways, but in this chapter we will mainly be concerned with the specific set of problems this development has created in medical and epidemiological research.
Should We Routinely Test Pregnant Women for HIV?
Authors: Bennett Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Suppose I were to suggest that all identifiable homosexual men1 should be routinely tested for HIV.I might try to justify this suggestion as an attempt, not only to give these men more information about their own health, but also in the hope that those who are aware of their HIV positivity may be more likely, in the light of this know ledge, to take action to protect others from possible HIV infection. If I were to concede that routine testing for HIV, even where it allows an ‘opt out’ option, is both practically challenging and ethically questionable (being at best manipulative and at worst strongly authoritarian), I could, in my defence, point to the established public health precedent of imposing comparable measures in times of crisis, for instance mandatory vaccinations and quarantine.
Introduction
Authors: Velleman J David
Published: November 2023

Philosophers of action have traditionally defined their topic by quoting a bit of Wittgensteinian arithmetic: “What is left over if I subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm?”1 The difference between my arm’s rising and my raising it is supposed to illustrate the difference between a mere occurrence involving my body and an action of mine. And the difference between mere occurrences and actions is what the philosophy of action seeks to explain.
Well-Being and Time1
Authors: Velleman J David
Published: November 2023

A person can fare well either over an extended period or at a particular moment. We evaluate how well a person fares over an extended period when we speak of him as having a good day, a good year, or a good life, or when we speak of such a period as going well for him. We evaluate how a person fares at a particular moment when we say that he is doing well just then. We favor different idioms in these two kinds of evaluation: we are more inclined to speak of a person as having a good life than as having a good moment; and, conversely, we are more inclined to use the terms ‘welfare’ or ‘well-being’ to express how well things are going for him at a particular moment than to evaluate how well his life goes as a whole.
The Guise of the Good1
Authors: Velleman J David
Published: November 2023

The agent portrayed in much philosophy of action is, let’s face it, a square. He does nothing intentionally unless he regards it or its consequences as desirable. The reason is that he acts intentionally only when he acts out of a desire for some anticipated outcome; and in desiring that outcome, he must regard it as having some value.2 All of his intentional actions are therefore directed at outcomes regarded sub specie boni: under the guise of the good.3 This agent is conceived as being capable of intentional action—and hence as being an agent—only by virtue of being a pursuer of value. I want to question whether this conception of agency can be correct. Surely, so general a capacity as agency cannot entail so narrow a cast of mind. Our moral psychology has characterized, not the generic agent, but a particular species of agent, and a particularly bland species of agent, at that.
How to Share an Intention1
Authors: Velleman J David
Published: November 2023

Literally sharing a single intention is easier than it seems—and fortunately so, since it seems quite impossible, at least to some philosophers. Philosophical puzzlement about how to share an intention doesn’t inhibit us from speaking of shared intention in daily life. When the Dean asks what the Philosophy Department intends to do about a vacancy in its ranks, she seems to be asking seventeen people to participate in a single intention. She is certainly not envisioning that the seventeen members of the department will arrive at seventeen individual intentions that somehow converge. And what rules out this possibility is not just that convergence among these particular people is unlikely; it’s that none of them is in a position to have an individual intention, rather than an individual preference, about how the vacancy is to be filled. How to fill the vacancy is up to the department, and so any intention on the subject must be formed and held by the group as a whole. The trick of sharing a single intention is thus essential to what the Dean has in mind.
Value and Distribution
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: November 2023

Many important trends in recent moral and political philosophy oppose classical utilitarianism and seek to develop alternatives to it. The opposition advances on a variety of fronts. There are those who develop alternatives to utilitarian ethics and politics, as (in their very different ways) Rawls or Nozick do.1 These philosophers propose substantive ethical or political principles which are at odds with the classical utilitarian’s in a clear-cut way.

There are also more indirect lines of opposition. Some oppose the attempt to propose foundational ethical principles or criteria as such, preferring to explore moral practices from within. They distinguish between immanent clarification and critique (good) and theorizing and the pro pounding of’abstract’ theses (bad). There is an important truth in this, but it is also true that moral practice is no unified thing: it is riven with dis agreement, reflectiveness is a part of it, and reflection unavoidably issues in a quest for comprehensive legitimating perspectives, of which the utilitarian’s is one. Such perspectives are not artificial growths which wither if ignored; they are among the strongest shoots thrown up by moral and political discourse.
Liberal Elitism
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: November 2023

‘Liberal elitism’ is mostly a derogatory term. In this country such British institutions as the Guardian newspaper, the Anglican hierarchy, do gooders associated with universities and the media-the ‘liberal establishment’-stand accused of it. Or more accurately, they used to be accused of it. There is an analogous stream of criticism in the United States. It often comes from the free-market populist Right. But it can also come from the Left insofar as that dons a populist mantle; though in the past left-wing movements in politics inherited, from the European and particularly German response to the enlightenment, a substantive non-populist legacy in their conceptions of the good society and the developed human life.
Substance versus Function Dualism in Eighteenth-Century Medicine
Authors: Wright John p.
Published: November 2023

My aim here is to distinguish and discuss two quite different types of soul-body dualism found in the writings of eighteenth-century medical theorists. These dualisms I shall call ‘substance dualism’ and ‘function dualism’. The first, substance dualism, was considered by many thinkers, in particular those concerned with the requirements of religious orthodoxy, to be absolute: they maintained that soul and body were sub stances of entirely different and incompatible natures. The issues surrounding this dualism affected primarily what David Hume’s friend, the renowned Edinburgh medical professor William Cullen, called ‘the business of religion’;1 its opposite was materialism.
Vowel Nasalization in Romance
Authors: Sampson Rodney
Published: November 2023

Nasal vowels are found widely across Romance (see Map 1). Although two varieties in particular have tended to monopolize attention in discussions of nasal vowels in Romance, namely French and Portuguese, these are far from being the only forms of Romance in which significant levels of nasality have developed in vowels. In fact, varieties from almost all areas of Romania1 have been affected. Some have nasal vowel phonemes just as French and Portuguese, others present just high levels of allophonic nasality.
Ibero- Romance II: Galician-Portuguese
Authors: Sampson Rodney
Published: November 2023

Portuguese is one of the two standard Romance varieties in which nasal vowels appear as independent phonemes (the other case being standard French, cf. Ch. 4). Already in early medieval times there is clear evidence of vowel nasalization operating and its effect has not only been to give rise to unconditioned nasal vowels but also to deflect the pattern of evolution in vowels where nasality has remained allophonic.
A new kind of ethical naturalism?
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

THERE used to be only one kind of ethical naturalism, namely what we might call semantic ethical naturalism or analytic ethical naturalism. This held that moral words have the same meaning as certain combinations of non-moral expressions (which combinations depended of course on the particular naturalistic theory in question). A crude simple example of such a theory would be one that G. E. Moore considers in his famous ‘Refutation of Naturalism’ (1903). namely the view that ‘good’ means the same as ‘pleasant’ or ‘pleasure maximizing’. He attributed a naturalistic view of this general sort.
Why Racism Is An Evil
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

The result may be that ‘discrimination’ becomes a ready-to-hand rhetorical or propaganda weapon for use against anything you happen to disapprove of. For there is absolutely no practice or policy that could not he called ‘discrimination’ in some sense of the word. Anything you choose to do, you choose to do because it is different from, and, you think, better than, something else you might have done. So when you choose to do the thing you do. you are discriminating between it and the other thing that you do not do. It used to be thought a virtue to be discriminating in what one did, meaning that one looked carefully at what was proposed and its distinguishing features, and chose that option which had the features that made it right, and avoided the other options having features that made them wrong. But if we follow the line of thought I have been describing, we shall not be able to exercise our discrimination in this way.
One Philosopher’s Approach To Business And Professional Ethics
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

The best way I can illustrate what philosophy is and how it can help is by taking some problems in professional ethics and talking about them in a philosophical way. Most of my examples will come from business ethics, because that is what I have thought most about. But the lessons I shall draw from them will be applicable to other fields of professional ethics too. I said just now that I shall be applying a particular ethical theory which I think is well supported. being a combination of true insights from the utilitarian and Kant. It is also consistent with the Golden Rule, the foundation of Christian morality and other moralities too: that we should do to others as we wish they should to do to us if we were in their situations. In effect this wil1 lead us, as Kant said. to treat their ends as our ends. or, as the utilitarian say. to do the best we can for them, treating them all impartially (see Chapter 14).
Particularity and Principle: The Structure of Moral Knowledge
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

This remark is surely as true of our moral lives as it is of the more narrowly cognitive domain of language use and ratiocination in the context of which most recent discussion of rule-following has been conducted. Moral universalists might take comfort in such an insight, inferring that since the moral domain is rule governed, our moral knowledge consists in the knowledge of universal generalizations. But (as Sellars would have been the first to note), they would be wrong. For everything hangs on whether what it is to follow a rule and what it is to know a rule are understood as the grasp of a universal generalization from which knowledge of particular instances is derived, or as the knowledge of how to respond to paradigm instances, with an appropriate but perhaps inarticulate ability to generalize.
The role of physical objects in spatial thinking
Authors: Campbell John
Published: November 2023

In Individuals, Strawson held that the re-identification of places depends upon the re-¬ identification of things. We re-identify places by their relations to things; we see that we are once again in front of the blackboard, for example. There is also a dependence of the re-identification of things upon the re-identification of places. But this mutual dependence is only a reflection of the fundamental character of reference to things and places in our thinking (Strawson, 1959, pp. 36--8). In consequence of the dependence of the re-identification of places upon the re-identification of things, St Tawson said, ‘the fact that material bodies are the basic particulars in our scheme can be deduced from the fact that our scheme is of a certain kind, viz. the scheme of a unified spatiotemporal system of one temporal and three spatial dimensions’ (Strawson, 1959, p. 62; cf. Wiggins, 1963 and Woods, 1963).
Sense modalities and spatial properties
Authors: Martin Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I want to pursue some issues concerning the character of the awareness each of us has of their own body. In part, such awareness arises from the five senses, but it is not exhausted by that: one is also aware of one’s body through bodily sensation, kinaesthesia and one’s sense of balance. One might group together these latter experiences as comprising a body sense or bodily awareness. While neurophysiologists and psychologists have long been happy with the idea that there is such awareness, it has tended to be ignored or treated with some circumspection by philosophers.
Hobbes and Descartes
Authors: Tuck Richard
Published: November 2023

If’ Hobbes had died (as he almost did) in the summer of 1647, at the unremarkable age of 59, he would have left a curious intellectual legacy.’ Apart from his early translation of Thucy dides, he had published only one book, De Give (April 1642, with a second, much more widely distributed edition in January 1647). In addition, in 1641 his objections to Descartes’s Meditaiions of First Philosophy had been included anonymously with the other five sets collected by Descartes, and by Descartes’s and Hobbes’s mutual friend Marin Mcrsenne. Finally, a short essay on optics had appeared under his name in a collection edited by Mersenne (Universae geomeiriae, mixtaque, synopsis, 1644), and Mersenne’s Ballistica of the same year had included a summary by Mersenne of Hobbes’s general philosophy.” This was the sum total of what was publicly available of Hobbes’s ideas.
Hobbes’s Hidden Influence
Authors: Rogers G A J
Published: November 2023

Hobbes’s Leviathan is recognized as one of the glories of the seventeenth century and Hobbes’s place as one of the giants in an age of giants is for us assured. Yet it was not always so, as we all well know. To be identified as a follower of Hobbes was to be identified as an atheist and a lecher, at least for some period of time in the second half of the seventeenth century, and unless one were seeking notoriety, as some undoubtedly were, then it was as well to distance oneself from his name.
Rigidity and Content
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2023

According to the description theory of names, the content of a proper name such as ‘Aristotle’ can be given by a definite description such as ‘the last great philosopher of antiquity’. However, as Saul Kripke conclusively demonstrated in his seminal work, Naming and Necessity, proper names such as ‘Aristotle’ are modally rigid. That is, in every metaphysically possible world in which the actual referent of the proper name exists, the reference of that proper name, when evaluated with respect to that world, is the same as its actual one, and in every metaphysically possible world in which the actual referent does not exist, the proper name does not designate anything else. However, the most plausible candidates for content-yielding descriptions are typically not modally rigid. Following Kripke, philosophers of language have generally concluded that, since there are metaphysical possibilities in which the most plausible content-yielding descriptions differ in extension from the proper names whose contents they allegedly provide, the description theory of names must be false.
Dummett’s McTaggart
Authors: Taylor Barry
Published: November 2023

Michael Dummett’s early (1960) paper defending McTaggart’s proof of the unreality of time1 is uncharacteristically brief. Nevertheless, those few pages have proved to have been amongst the most fecund for their number in his whole corpus: they restablished McTaggart as a central figure in the philosophy of time, and have dominated the interpretation of McTaggart’s proof ever since.
Can Supervenience and ‘Non-Strict Laws’ Save Anomalous Monism?
Authors: Kim Jaegwon
Published: November 2023

In ‘Thinking Causes’, Donald Davidson proposes to defend his doctrine of ‘anomalous monism’ (AM) against ‘misunderstandings and misrepresentations’ of his critics, myself included, who have called attention to its epiphenomenalist tendencies.1 Although part of what I am going to say will be in direct reply to Davidson’s specific points, I believe that several points of more general interest will emerge.