bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional variation in the modeling of donation frequency: the case of Héma‐Québec, Canada
Authors: Cloutier Marie‐Soleil , Apparicio Philippe , Dubé Jean , Charbonneau Johanne , Delage Gilles
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Many studies on factors that can affect the frequency of blood donation have shown the influence of several individual characteristics. However, few studies have analyzed regional variations in blood donation frequency. The objective of this article is to verify to what extent individual and geographic variables influence blood donation in the Province of Québec, Canada.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This article used a database provided by Héma‐Québec (the organization in charge of blood collection in Québec), which included 426,247 donors, who made 1.4 million donations over a period of 5 years. Using the donors' residential postal codes and those of the blood collection sites, we created two geographic variables: the distance between the donor's place of residence and his or her collection site and each donor's region of residence. We subsequently modeled the frequency of blood donation and the different donor categories (based on the number of blood donations) using both a negative binomial regression model and an ordinal logistic regression model.

RESULTS: The results indicate that, once the individual characteristics have been taken into account, the geographic variables, including proximity to the collection site, have a significant impact on the frequency of blood donation. Likewise, according to the results of the negative binomial model, among the 17 regions in the Province of Québec, there are five regions where blood donation incidence rate ratios (IRRs) are very high, that is, Abitibi‐Témiscamingue (IRR, 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61‐1.95); Bas‐Saint‐Laurent (IRR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.59‐1.93); Saguenay‐Lac‐Saint‐Jean (IRR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.53‐1.84); Centre‐du‐Québec (IRR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.51‐1.83); and Chaudière‐Appalaches (IRR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.48‐1.78).

CONCLUSION: Such knowledge of the geography of blood donations makes it possible to better target certain regions when planning new blood drives, to ensure a constant blood supply.
Left atrial volume index as a predictor of ventricle repolarization abnormalities in adult dialyzed patients
Authors: Zapolski Tomasz , Jaroszyński Andrzej , Drelich‐Zbroja Anna , Furmaga Jacek , Wysokiński Andrzej , Książek Andrzej , Szczerbo‐Trojanowska Małgorzata , Rudzki Sławomir
Published: March 2012

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between left atrium (LA) volume index (LAVI) and left ventricle electrical activity presumably repolarization in end‐stage renal disease patients. Study group was consisted of 120 dialyzed patients divided into two subgroups: 57 (age 50.7 ± 7.1) were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 73 (age 51.6 ± 7.6) were hemodialyzed (HD). All patients were undergoing three‐dimensional vectorcardiographic (VCG) monitoring to assess parameters concerning T vector: QRS‐T angle, Tel, and Taz. Standard echocardiography was performed to assess: LAmax, LAshort, LAlong. LAVI was calculated due to formula: LAVI = (π/6X [LAmax × LAshort × LAlong])/m2. LAVI in HD as well as in CAPD patients was significantly higher compared with controls (respectively: 36.29 ± 10.92; 36.41 ± 11.06; 20.64 ± 6.77 mL/m2). The calculated cutoff value of LAVI was 36.32 mL/m2. In HD patients, the strong correlations between LAVI and QRS‐T angle and Tel were determined (respectively: r = 0.407, P < 0.001 and r = 0.359, P = 0.006). Similarly in CAPD group were significant associations between LAVI and QRS‐T angle and Tel (respectively: r = 0.423, P < 0.001 and r = 0.374, P = 0.004). The QRS‐T angle, Tel and Taz are independently and markedly associated with LAVI in both HD and CAPD patients. LAVI and VCG indices are higher in both HD and CAPD patients. Correlation between QRS‐T angle and LAVI may reflect unfavorable influence on the electrical activity of the heart in dialyzed patients with left ventricle diastolic dysfunction. LAVI cutoff value is useful biomarker for stratification of ventricle repolarization disturbances in those patients.
Offline Improvement in Learning to Read a Novel Orthography Depends on Direct Letter Instruction
Authors: Bitan Tali , Booth James R.
Published: March 2012

Improvement in performance after the end of the training session, termed “Offline improvement,” has been shown in procedural learning tasks. We examined whether Offline improvement in learning a novel orthography depends on the type of reading instruction. Forty‐eight adults received multisession training in reading nonsense words, written in an artificial script. Participants were trained in one of three conditions: alphabetical words preceded by direct letter instruction (Letter‐Alph); alphabetical words with whole‐word instruction (Word‐Alph); and nonalphabetical (arbitrary) words with whole‐word instruction (Word‐Arb). Offline improvement was found only for the Letter‐Alph group. Moreover, correlation with a standardized measure of word reading ability showed that good readers trained in the Letter‐Alph group exhibit greater Offline improvement, whereas good readers trained in the Word‐Arb group showed greater Within‐session improvement during training. These results suggest that different consolidation processes and learning mechanisms were involved in each group. We argue that providing a short block of direct letter instruction prior to training resulted in increased involvement of procedural learning mechanisms during training.
The Disproportionality Dilemma: Patterns of Teacher Referrals to School Counselors for Disruptive Behavior
Authors: Bryan Julia , Day‐Vines Norma L. , Griffin Dana , Moore‐Thomas Cheryl
Published: March 2012

Disproportionality plagues schools nationwide in special education placement, dropout, discipline referral, suspension, and expulsion rates. This study examined predictors of teacher referrals to school counselors for disruptive behavior in a sample of students selected from the Educational Longitudinal Study 2002 (National Center for Education Statistics, n.d.). Findings demonstrated that students’ race predicted English teacher referrals; students’ gender, previous disciplinary infractions, and teachers’ postsecondary expectations for students predicted English and math teacher referrals. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
Differences in Beliefs About Psychological Services in the Relationship Between Sociorace and One's Social Network
Authors: Walter Jeffrey P. , Yon Kyu Jin , Skovholt Thomas M.
Published: March 2012

The roles of previous psychological service use and social network variables in beliefs about psychological services were examined with 184 college students. Having friends and family members who used psychological services, being female, and having used psychological services positively related with beliefs about psychological services. Socioracial differences in the effects of previous use of psychological services and social network variables on students’ beliefs about psychological services were found. Suggestions for ways counselors can provide support to students are discussed.
The Development of the Counseling Profession in Japan: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Grabosky Tomoko Kudo , Ishii Harue , Mase Shizuno
Published: March 2012

The authors provide a sociohistorical overview of the development of the counseling profession in Japan. They describe Japan's major social, cultural, and political changes; growing psychological problems in Japanese society; and an increased need for counseling services. Historical overviews and the current state of counseling are presented with a particular focus on the definition of counseling, professional associations, certifications and credentials, counselor education, and counseling practices. The authors also examine future challenges and opportunities for professional counselors in Japan.
Formal and Applied Counseling in Israel
Authors: Israelashvili Moshe , Wegman‐Rozi Orit
Published: March 2012

Living in Israel is intensive and demanding but also meaningful and exciting. This article addresses the gap between the narrowly defined formal status of counseling in Israel and the widespread occurrence of counseling in various settings. It is argued that several recent changes, especially in the definition of treatment, along with the increasing need for counseling, especially in minority ethnic groups, set the stage for optimism regarding the future of counseling in Israel.
Counseling in the Czech Republic: History, Status, and Future
Authors: Simons Jack D. , Hutchison Brian , Baštecká Zuzana
Published: March 2012

This article reviews the history and current status of counseling in the Czech Republic. Recommendations for advancement of the profession in a postcommunist era are offered, including the incorporation of social justice principals for the benefit of Gypsies and immigrants, collaboration between Czech and non‐Czech counselors, and counseling research with the Czech people.
Counseling in Brazil: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Hutz‐Midgett Aida , Hutz Claudio Simon
Published: March 2012

This article describes counseling in Brazil, which is rooted in career and vocational guidance. Although considered a distinct discipline, counseling falls under the umbrella of psychology. The multicultural movement is gaining momentum in Brazil, and counselors are pioneers working with socioracial minority college students. This is an emerging dimension to the professional identity. Some Brazilian universities are interested in international partnerships that could lead to the establishment of counseling as an independent profession.
Successful use of cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone to treat a case of relapsed POEMS
Authors: Warsame Rahma , Kohut Ingrid E. , Dispenzieri Angela
Published: March 2012

POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic condition related to myeloma. Because it is rare, there is very little known about treatment options. The use of potentially neurotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs is of concern in a disease whose major manifestation is neuropathy. Herein, we describe an extraordinary response to the combination of cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (CyBorD) in a patient with relapsed, life‐threatening POEMS syndrome.
Diel movement of bullhead (Cottus perifretum) in a lowland stream
Authors: Kobler Alexander , Humblet Yves , Knaepkens Guy , Engelen Brecht , Eens Marcel
Published: March 2012

Abstract –  Passive integrated transponder tags have been successfully applied in Cottus spp. and have enabled researchers to gather more information about the movement patterns of individual fish in the wild. In two succeeding years during springtime, a portable antenna was used to determine diel movements of bullhead (Cottus perifretum). In 2007, bullhead (N = 26) moved significantly farther distances at night (mean, 0.42 m·h−1) and dawn (mean, 0.35 m·h−1) than during daytime (mean, 0.11 m·h−1; mixed model, P < 0.001, respectively; P = 0.001), which may be due to foraging activities for Gammarus spp. Irrespective of diel period, smaller fish covered significantly longer distances (P = 0.001). In 2008, similar diel movement patterns were observed, but the differentiation between daytime (mean, 0.12 m·h−1) and night periods (mean, 0.18 m·h−1) was not significant (mixed model, P = 0.087; N = 49 bullhead). It is discussed that longer tracking intervals used in 2008 (three times per 24‐h instead of every two hours) were not suitable to detect the sheer magnitude of distances covered during a diel period. It is shown that this may be due to ‘site fidelity’ of some individuals: after swimming several metres at night, they returned to the exact location they previously occupied during daytime. In 2008, sex and body size were not related to diel movement. The present study is the first to present a quantitative differentiation between diel distances covered in a Cottus spp.
Dispersal may limit the occurrence of specialist wood decay fungi already at small spatial scales
Authors: Norros Veera , Penttilä Reijo , Suominen Mai , Ovaskainen Otso
Published: March 2012

We used species‐specific spore traps to measure airborne dispersal of the wood decay fungus Phlebia centrifuga (spore size 6.5–9 × 2.5–3 μm) up to 1000 m distance from a point source. We fitted two simple dispersal models, an empirical power law model and a semi‐mechanistic diffusion model to the data using the Bayesian approach. The diffusion model provided a better fit than the power law model which underestimated deposition at 3–55 m and overestimated deposition at longer and shorter distances. Model fit improved by allowing overdispersion, suggesting that spores are not dispersed independently but wind can transport spores in groups inside discrete air packages up to considerable distances. Using the fitted diffusion model and available information on the establishment rates of wood‐decay fungi, we examine the distance up to which colonisation from a single fruit body is likely to occur. We conclude that the diluting effect of distance and low establishment success make the occurrence of P. centrifuga dispersal limited possibly already at the distance of tens of metres and very probably at a few hundred metres from the nearest fruit body, despite the fact that under favourable conditions a high proportion of the spores can disperse considerably further. This conclusion is likely to hold generally for those fungal species that inhabit fragmented landscapes, have specialised resource and habitat requirements, and have similar spore size and other dispersal traits as P. centrifuga.
Expression of carbonic anhydrases I/II and the correlation to clinical aspects of oral squamous cell carcinoma analyzed using tissue microarray
Authors: Liu Chia‐Ming , Lin Yueh‐Min , Yeh Kun‐Tu , Chen Mu‐Kuan , Chang Jer‐Hwa , Chen Chih‐Jung , Chou Ming‐Yung , Yang Shun‐Fa , Chien Ming‐Hsien
Published: March 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 533–539

Background:  Carbonic anhydrases (CA), a family of metalloenzymes, play an important role in catalyzing the equilibration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). The role of CAs in tumorigenesis is controversial, especially regarding the expression of CA isoenzymes between various tumor types. This study explores the correlation between the expressions of CA I and CA II and the characteristic features of oral cancer.

Methods:  We immunohistochemically examined the expressions of CA I and CA II in 279 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using tissue microarrays. Additionally, the oral cancer cell line SCC‐9 was used to confirm the relationship between CA I and CA II expression and cell growth.

Results:  We found a significant correlation between positive CA I and CA II stains and OSCC for more advanced clinical stage (P = 0.014 or 0.012) and larger tumor size (P = 0.008 or 0.038), but not for positive lymph node metastasis, distal metastasis, and recurrence. In vitro analysis also showed that treatment with a CA inhibitor, acetazolamide, inhibited the growth of SCC‐9 cells.

Conclusion:  We conclude that expressions of CA I and CA II in OSCC samples can be used to predict local tumor growth in OSCC patients.
Epidermal growth factor receptor copy number in potentially malignant oral disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a short communication and preliminary study
Authors: Bagan Jose V. , Mata‐Roig Manuel , Cortio‐Gimeno Julio , Murillo‐Cortes Judith , Hens‐Aumente Elena , Poveda‐Roda Rafael , Bagan Leticia
Published: March 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 662–666

Introduction:  This preliminary study compared the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) copy number in patients with potentially malignant oral disorders (PMODs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Material and methods:  Group 1 comprised 20 patients with oral leukoplakia and group 2 comprised 19 cases of OSCC. We estimated the EGFR copy number in both groups using real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. We used laser microdissection (LMD) for EGFR amplification, and overexpression was performed.

Results:  The EGFR copy number was higher in group 2 (9.1 ± 6.2) than in group 1 (3.8 ± 1.5). The greatest copy number was found in the non‐homogeneous leukoplakias, but the difference in homogeneous cases was not significant (Mann–Whitney test, P > 0.05). In group 2, the EGFR copy number was higher in advanced stages than in early stages, but again lacked statistical significance.

Conclusions:  The EGFR copy number may be a useful biomolecular marker to differentiate PMODs from OSCC. The EGFR was higher in non‐homogeneous leukoplakias and in the advanced stages of OSCC.
Comparison of effects of clodronate and zoledronic acid on the repair of maxilla surgical wounds – histomorphometric, receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kB ligand, osteoprotegerin, von Willebrand factor, and caspase‐3 evaluation
Authors: Vasconcelos Ana C. U. , Berti‐Couto Soraya A. , Azambuja Alan A. , Salum Fernanda G. , Figueiredo Maria A. , da Silva Vinícius D. , Cherubini Karen
Published: March 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 702–712

Background:  The aim of this study was to compare clodronate and zoledronic acid regarding their influence on the repair of surgical wounds in maxillae (soft tissue wound and tooth extraction) and their relation to osteonecrosis.

Material and methods:  Thirty‐four Wistar rats were allocated into three groups according to the treatment received: (i) 12 animals treated with zoledronic acid, (ii) 12 animals treated with clodronate and (iii) 10 animals that were given saline solution. All animals were subjected to tooth extractions and surgically induced soft tissue injury. Histological analysis of the wound sites was performed by means of hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical staining for receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), von Willebrand factor, and caspase‐3.

Results:  The zoledronic acid group showed higher incidence of non‐vital bone than did the clodronate group at the tooth extraction site. At the soft tissue wound site, there were no significant differences in non‐vital bone between the test groups. RANKL, OPG, von Willebrand factor, and caspase‐3 did not show significant differences between the groups for both sites of surgical procedures.

Conclusion:  Both of the bisphosphonates zoledronic acid and clodronate are capable of inducing maxillary osteonecrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis suggests that the involvement of soft tissues as the initiator of osteonecrosis development is less probable than has been pointed out.
The role of carbonic anhydrase IX in hypoxia control in OSCC
Authors: Pérez‐Sayáns Mario , Supuran Claudiu T. , Pastorekova Silvia , Suárez‐Peñaranda José Manuel , Pilar Gayoso‐Diz , Barros‐Angueira Francisco , Gándara‐Rey José Manuel , García‐García Abel
Published: March 2012

Tumoral microenvironments play a key role in the evolution of solid tumors. Tumor hypoxia is actively involved in the promotion of genetic instability, the invasive capacity of tumor cells, metastasis, and a worsening of the clinical evolution. Endogenous hypoxia markers are controlled by hypoxia‐related genes, formed by HIF‐1, which is related to several target genes that involve the energy metabolism, angiogenesis, and transmembrane carbonic anhydrases (CAs), mainly CA‐IX that is one of the tumor‐related carbonic anhydrases. The goal of this paper is to establish the role of CA‐IX as a hypoxia marker in OSCC, while analyzing its expression in this type of tumors and its relationship with several clinical and pathological parameters and prognosis, evaluating its relationship with angiogenesis, other hypoxia markers, and clarifying its role in chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance.
ACCURACY OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN DETERMINING LESION SIZE IN CANINE APPENDICULAR OSTEOSARCOMA
Authors: Karnik Ketaki S. , Samii Valerie F. , Weisbrode Steven E. , London Cheryl A. , Green Eric M.
Published: March 2012

Multidetector contrast enhanced computed tomography with acquisition of 0.625‐mm thick transverse images was used to measure the extent of appendicular osteosarcoma in 10 dogs. The measured length of tumor based on CT was compared to the true length of tumor using histopathology. There was a statistically significant association with good correlation between the true length of osteosarcoma compared to the length of intramedullary/endosteal abnormalities on CT with a mean overestimation of 1.8% (SD = 15%). There was not a statistically significant association between the true tumor length and the length of periosteal proliferation on CT with a mean overestimation of 9.7% (SD = 30.3%). There was a statistically significant association, but with poor correlation, between the true tumor length compared to the length of abnormal contrast enhancement with a mean overestimation of 9.6% (SD = 34.8%). The extent of intramedullary/endosteal CT abnormalities assessed from submillimeter transverse images may be of value in assessing patient candidacy and surgical margins for limb‐sparing surgery
Psychological Well‐Being and Social Support for Parents With Intellectual Disabilities: Risk Factors and Interventions
Authors: Darbyshire Laura Valerie , Stenfert Kroese Biza
Published: March 2012

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are more likely to be socially isolated and at risk of poor psychological well‐being. The added pressure of becoming a parent may magnify these risks, which are highlighted in Sterling's “determinants of parenting” model. The authors reviewed psychological well‐being and social support among parents with ID, addressing three aims that explore the importance of these two factors in their lives. The findings are discussed within the context of Sterling's model. A systematic search of electronic databases was carried out. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed, and the integrity and outcomes of the studies are discussed. Parents with ID experience poorer psychological well‐being than the general parenting population and a relationship was found between psychological well‐being and social support. Two of the intervention studies found evidence that by improving social support, psychological well‐being was improved. The authors also observed that the relationship between social support and parenting ability was supported by findings of a positive relationship between satisfaction with social support and positive maternal reactions. Sterling's model was supported by the majority of the studies; however, a number of recommendations for further research are suggested to more fully explore the relationship between psychological well‐being and social support.
A Conceptual and Measurement Framework to Guide Policy Development and Systems Change
Authors: Schalock Robert L. , Verdugo Miguel Angel
Published: March 2012

The authors describe a conceptual and measurement framework that provides a template for guiding policy development and systems change. The framework is built on the concepts of vertical and horizontal alignment, system‐level processes, and organization‐level practices. Application of the framework can structure the thinking and analytic activities of systems and organization‐level personnel and can help them identify significant disconnects between and among system‐level processes and organization‐level practices. Once the disconnects are identified, information can be used to develop policies that enhance the alignment or congruence between system‐level processes and organization‐level practices, or implement systems changes that enhance the logical sequence of input and throughput, input and output, and/or throughput and output program logical components. The article concludes with a discussion of a number of change‐oriented principles (vision of the future, simple communication, leadership, empowering, immediate feedback and reinforcement, organization's culture) and guidelines (pace the change process, reallocate and restructure resources, alignment process, partnerships, continuous quality improvement framework, system and organization‐level outputs, innovation, performance‐based evaluation and management system) that address significant challenges faced today by intellectual and developmental disabilities' organizations and systems.
The Internet as Social Support for Older Carers of Adults With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Perkins Elizabeth A. , LaMartin Kimberly M.
Published: March 2012

Social support is a potentially powerful mediator of well‐being for family carers. Given that social engagement often decreases with age, the Internet broadens the opportunities for aging carers of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) to provide support to one another. This article reviews what constitutes social support, its importance to older adults, and more specifically carers of those with I/DD. Computer and Internet usage by older adults is briefly reviewed. The Internet as a medium for facilitating social support and support groups for carers is discussed. The role of the Internet in the lives of people with I/DD is also briefly reviewed. The literature review, compiled from a literature search of PubMed, Science Direct, PsycInfo, OvidSP, and CINAHL databases, revealed that there is a relative paucity of information regarding support on the Internet for aging carers, particularly for aging carers for people with I/DD. The review also revealed the utility of the Internet to be utilized as a medium for social support groups. The authors noted that aging adults can acquire new technological abilities and cognitive benefits when learning new skills. Both older adults and individuals with I/DD benefit when web sites are attentive to layout and usability. The authors suggest that Internet‐based aging carer support groups that also incorporate educational content should be developed. Although many research questions remain about the design of Internet‐based carer groups, web sites that appeal to both carers and individuals with I/DD for peer support and information are interesting avenues for further investigation.
An Assessment of Policies Guiding School Emergency Disaster Management for Students With Disabilities in Australia
Authors: Boon Helen Joanna , Pagliano Paul , Brown Lawrence , Tsey Komla
Published: March 2012

Recent weather‐related disasters (i.e., floods, fires) impacting Australia may potentially increase in frequency and severity as a result of predicted climate variability. The dearth of literature pertaining to school emergency response planning for vulnerable students with disabilities (including those with intellectual disabilities) when such disasters occur and the lack of evidence‐based support for school guidelines addressing the needs of such students led the authors to investigate the presence and extent of governmental policies and guidelines underpinning disaster management in schools in Australia. In the absence of routine policies and procedures, students with disabilities may be placed at risk to ill‐advised evacuation efforts or neglected during severe emergencies. The study's results indicate that insufficient consideration has been given to the emergency preparedness planning and management with respect to meeting needs of vulnerable students with disabilities. The findings suggest that disaster preparedness is underresourced and possibly neglected. Although the particular needs of vulnerable students with disabilities are briefly noted in the various state governments' education policies, they have not been systematically considered in the context of overall disaster planning for Australian schools, with the ambiguity of student characterization terms such as “special needs” adding to the problem. The study also scrutinized the terms with respect how they might impact school plans that relate to emergency management. The authors conclude that processes already embedded in local schools for students with disabilities may be possible vehicles to appropriate statewide emergency management planning. They recommend that education authorities worldwide review current emergency management policies in a consultative manner with schools, researchers, first responders, and carers so as to minimize risk for students with disabilities in natural disaster emergencies.
Insects are electrified in an electric field by deprivation of their negative charge
Authors: Kakutani K. , Matsuda Y. , Haneda K. , Nonomura T. , Kimbara J. , Kusakari S. , Osamura K. , Toyoda H.
Published: March 2012

An electric field screen (EF‐screen) is a physical device for excluding pest insects from greenhouses and warehouses to protect crops during their production and storage periods. In this study, a simple version of the EF‐screen, an insulated conductor iron wire (ICW) paralleled to an earthed net, was constructed to effectively observe the attraction of test insects in relation to their electricity release. The ICW was negatively charged to dielectrically polarise the insulator sleeve of the ICW: negatively on the outer surface and positively on the inner conductor wire surface of the sleeve. The negative surface charge of the ICW caused an electrostatic induction in the earthed net and a resultant positive charge at the ICW‐side surface of the net. An electric field formed between the ICW (negative pole) and earthed net (positive pole). Insects were attracted to the ICW when they were placed onto the earthed net. A vital step for the attraction was the creation of a transient bioelectric discharge from an insect. During this discharge, an electric charge of the insect was transferred to the earthed net. Eventually, the insect became net positive and was then attracted to the ICW. The magnitude of the current increased in direct proportion to the increase in voltage applied to the ICW, and the attraction force was directly proportional to the increase in the electric current. Larger voltages were necessary to attract much larger insects because larger insects were stronger and therefore more able to escape from the ICW attraction. Similar results were obtained for a wide range of pest insects belonging to different taxonomic groups (8 orders and 15 families). This study demonstrated that transient bioelectric discharge is common in insects and can be utilised to create an electrostatic force capable of moving insects in a generated electric field.
Cholesteryl‐Functionalized ADNF‐9 Peptide: Enhanced Membrane Transport Through Mouse Neuroblastoma Neuro‐2a Cells
Authors: Katsari Efthalia , Zikos Christos , Tziveleka Leto‐Aikaterini , Paravatou‐Petsotas Maria , Paleos Constantinos M.
Published: March 2012

A cholesteryl‐functionalized derivative of activity dependent neurotrophic factor‐9 peptide (a nine amino acid core peptide of activity‐dependent neurotrophic factor, acting against Alzheimer’s disease) was synthesized aiming at the improvement of its bioavailability. Therefore, its uptake was comparatively investigated with that of its parent peptide by employing mouse neuroblastoma Neuro‐2a cells. Owing to the hydrophobic character of this cholesteryl‐functionalized peptide, it exhibited enhanced permeability and intracellular uptake while it also retained its low cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 1 μm. FACS analysis also revealed that when Neuro‐2a cells were treated with this activity dependent neurotrophic factor‐9 derivative, at a concentration of 50 nm, an almost 100% uptake was obtained. In addition, in vitro biological activity experiments showed that the functionalized peptide retained its neurotrophic activity at femtomolar concentration range.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour of the urinary bladder in a cat
Authors: Pavia P. R. , Havig M. E. , Donovan T. A. , Craft D.
Published: March 2012

A 14‐year‐old domestic shorthair cat presented with a 5‐month history of urinary incontinence and inappro‐priate elimination. Ultrasonography revealed a well‐marginated, vascular mass of mixed echogenicity ex‐tending from the dorsal wall of the urinary bladder into the lumen. Partial cystectomy was performed for re‐moval of the urinary bladder mass; histopathological evaluation revealed a spindle cell neoplasm with a prominent palisading pattern. Histomorphologic features and immunohistochemical demonstration of vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and S‐100 protein, combined with negativity for smooth muscle actin and desmin were consistent with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour. This case report describes a novel location of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour; to the authors' knowledge, the bladder has not been described as a site of origin in the cat or any other domestic species.
Syringosubarachnoid shunt as a management for syringohydromyelia in dogs
Authors: Motta L. , Skerritt G. C.
Published: March 2012

Objective: To evaluate retrospectively the efficacy of syringosubarachnoid shunt for the management of syringohydromyelia/syringomyelia.

Methods: Eleven dogs diagnosed with syringohydromyelia/syringomyelia by magnetic resonance imaging associated with Chiari‐like malformation underwent placement of a syringosubarachnoid shunt at the cervical (nine dogs) or lumbar (two dogs) spinal cord. In one dog, a suboccipital decompression (foramen magnum decompression) was performed 4 months before inserting a syringosubarachnoid shunt. All dogs were evaluated neurologically a few hours after surgery, 2 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. Retrospectively, cases were assigned a preoperative and postoperative pain score.

Results: There were no intra‐ or peri‐operative complications. One dog (9%) was euthanased 5 weeks after surgery. Progressive neurological improvement was observed in nine dogs (81·8%) 2 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. No clinical improvement was seen in another dog (9%). One dog (9%) had replacement of the syringosubarachnoid shunt. Seven dogs (63·6%) were still alive 1 to 4 years (mean, 2·6 years) after surgery.

Clinical Significance: Placement of a syringosubarachnoid shunt in the presence of a sufficiently large syrinx appears to be beneficial in dogs with Chiari‐like malformation and associated syringohydromyelia/syringomyelia.
Familial subvalvular aortic stenosis in golden retrievers: inheritance and echocardiographic findings
Authors: Stern J. A. , Meurs K. M. , Nelson O. L. , Lahmers S. M. , Lehmkuhl L. B.
Published: March 2012

Objectives: To describe the echocardiographic findings and pedigree analysis of golden retrievers with subvalvular aortic stenosis.

Methods: Seventy‐three golden retrievers were evaluated by auscultation and echocardiography. A subcostal continuous‐wave Doppler aortic velocity ê2·5 m/s and presence of a left basilar systolic ejection murmur were required for diagnosis of subvalvular aortic stenosis. Three echocardiographic characteristics were recorded: evidence of aortic insufficiency, subvalvular ridge or left ventricular hypertrophy. A disease status score was calculated by totalling the number of echocardiographic ‐characteristics per subject.

Results: Thirty‐two of 73 dogs were affected and their aortic velocities were as follows: range 2·5 to 6·8 m/s, median 3·4 m/s and standard deviation 1·2 m/s. Echocardiographic characteristics of 32 affected dogs were distributed as follows: left ventricular hypertrophy 12 of 32, aortic insufficiency 20 of 32 and subvalvular ridge 20 of 32. Disease status score ranged from 0 to 3 with a median of 2. There was a statistically significant correlation between aortic velocity and disease status score (r=0·644, P<0·0001). Subvalvular aortic stenosis was observed in multiple generations of several families and appears familial.

Clinical Significance: Subvalvular aortic stenosis in the golden retriever is familial. Severity of stenosis correlates well with cumulative presence of echocardiographic characteristics (left ventricular hypertrophy, subvalvular ridge and aortic insufficiency).
A prospective study of basal insulin concentrations in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts
Authors: Collings A. J. , Gow A. G. , Marques A. , Yool D. , Furneaux R. , Mellanby R. , Watson P. J.
Published: March 2012

Objectives: Hypoglycaemia is a common cause of morbidity in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts but the aetiology is unknown. The hypothesis of this study was that dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts would have significantly higher insulin concentrations than dogs without congenital portosystemic shunts. The main objective of the study was to compare peripheral glucose and insulin concentrations between dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts and dogs without congenital portosystemic shunts.

Methods: Peripheral serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations were measured in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts and without congenital portosystemic shunts and compared both between groups as well as to reference intervals derived from healthy dogs.

Results: Congenital portosystemic shunts were diagnosed in 41 dogs. Forty‐eight dogs hospitalised with other conditions acted as controls. Serum insulin concentrations were mildly elevated (Ä40 μU/mL) in seven dogs and were markedly elevated in two dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts, yet mild hypoglycaemia (3·3 mmol/L) was detected in only one of these dogs. Four dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts showed fasting hypoglycaemia, yet insulin concentrations were within or below the reference interval in three. There was no difference between the median insulin concentration of dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts and without congenital portosystemic shunts.

ClinicalSignificance: Hyperinsulinaemia is infrequently observed in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. The aetiology of hypoglycaemia in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts merits further investigation.
Analysis and Design of Photobioreactors for Microalgae Production I: Method and Parameters for Radiation Field Simulation
Authors: Heinrich Josué Miguel , Niizawa Ignacio , Botta Fausto Adrián , Trombert Alejandro Raúl , Irazoqui Horacio Antonio
Published: March 2012

Having capabilities for the simulation of the radiation field in suspensions of microalgae constitutes a great asset for the analysis, optimization and scaling‐up of photobioreactors. In this study, a combined experimental and computational procedure is presented, specifically devised for the assessment of the coefficients of absorption and scattering, needed for the simulation of such fields. The experimental procedure consists in measuring the radiant energy transmitted through samples of suspensions of microalgae of different biomass concentrations, as well as the forward and backward scattered light. At a microscopic level, suspensions of microalgae are complex heterogeneous media and due to this complexity, in this study they are modeled as a pseudocontinuum, with centers of absorption and scattering randomly distributed throughout its volume. This model was tested on suspensions of two algal species of dissimilar cell shapes: Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus quadricauda. The Monte Carlo simulation algorithm developed in this study, when used as a supporting subroutine of a main optimization program based on a genetic algorithm, permits the assessment of the physical parameters of the radiation field model. The Monte Carlo algorithm simulates the experiments, reproducing the events that photons can undergo while they propagate through culture samples or at its physical boundaries.
Ultrasound Pleural Effusion Sign as a Useful Marker for Identifying Heart Failure Worsening in Established Heart Failure Patients During Follow‐Up
Authors: Kataoka Hajime
Published: March 2012

©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Clinical significance of UltraSound Pleural Effusion (US‐PLE) and test characteristics of this sign for identifying worsening heart failure (HF) during follow‐up of HF patients are unclear. Clinical records of 83 established HF patients were examined. The diagnosis of worsening HF was classified as “highly certain,”“probable,”“uncertain,” or “no” based on the combination of the changes in symptoms/signs and B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Routine test included searching for the US‐PLE sign. During a follow‐up of 652±456 days, 1826 visits were evaluated. Among the 83 study patients, 78 had at least one of the following: worsening symptom(s), HF‐related sign(s), and/or elevated BNP levels (≥3‐fold increase) at one or more clinic visits. The US‐PLE sign was present at 83 visits of 49 study patients. Its appearance was associated with the presence of HF‐related symptom(s)/sign(s) and BNP elevation (odds ratio, 53–177, P<.0001 each). The test characteristics of the US‐PLE sign for diagnosis of high possibility of worsening HF status fulfilling the “highly certain” or “probable” criteria were: sensitivity (76.6%), specificity (98.6%), positive predictive value (71.1%), and negative predictive value (99.0%). The US‐PLE sign has high diagnostic accuracy for identifying worsening HF, including asymptomatic events, in HF patients during follow‐up.
Risk Score Model for Predicting Mortality in Advanced Heart Failure Patients Followed in a Heart Failure Clinic
Authors: Zafrir Barak , Goren Yaron , Paz Hagar , Wolff Rafael , Salman Nabia , Merhavi Dina , Lavi Idit , Lewis Basil S. , Amir Offer
Published: March 2012

©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The prevalence of heart failure (HF) in the population is increasing, concomitant with high incidence of rehospitalizations and mortality. The aim of this study was to characterize a prognostic risk score model for patients with chronic HF. A total of 500 patients followed at the HF clinic were evaluated by clinical, functional, laboratory, imaging, and therapeutic variables that were correlated to mortality during a follow‐up period of 25 months. Risk stratification was carried out by applying a risk score model based on multivariate analysis. Predictors correlated with mortality during follow‐up were systolic blood pressure <110 mm Hg, male sex, age older than 70 years, 6‐minute walk distance <300 m, lack of β‐blocker therapy, hyperuricemia (>7.5 mg/dL), hyponatremia, and prolonged QTc interval (>450 ms). Based on these variables, a risk score model (score 0–55) was established and included low risk, score <21 (9% mortality during 2‐year follow‐up); moderate risk, 21 to 29 (22%); high risk, 30 to 35 (35%), and very high risk: ≥36 points (62% 2‐year mortality). The risk model had good discrimination ability (concordance index 0.75), which was better than the performance of the Seattle Heart Failure Model on our cohort (0.69). Simple noninvasive characteristics examined during the initial admission to the HF clinic can serve as prognostic markers for mortality and may help in the process of therapeutic decision‐making in patients with HF.
Effets de la crise mondiale sur la performance des régimes de retraite, par répartition et financés par l'impôt, en Amérique centrale
Authors: Mesa‐Lago Carmelo
Published: March 2012

Durant les trente dernières années, l'Amérique latine a mis en œuvre des réformes structurelles des régimes de retraite. Cet article traite des régimes de retraite par répartition et financés par l'impôt, ainsi que des réformes récemment introduites dans ce domaine, dans un échantillon représentatif de sept pays d'Amérique ayant des niveaux inégaux de développement (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua et Panama). Il évalue la performance de ces régimes en regard de cinq principes de la sécurité sociale: degré d'intégration; universalité de la couverture; adéquation des prestations; égalité de traitement, solidarité sociale et égalité entre les sexes; viabilité financière. L'article analyse également l'impact de la crise mondiale sur ces régimes de retraite, souligne les différences entre les programmes publics et privés, tire certains enseignements du passé et propose des politiques pour l'avenir.
Paiements de transfert semi‐conditionnels en espèces, sous forme de prestations pour enfants et adolescents, dans l'économie informelle en Argentine
Authors: Bertranou Fabio , Maurizio Roxana
Published: March 2012

En 2009, l'Argentine a mis en place un nouveau programme de prestations destiné aux enfants et aux adolescents de moins de 18 ans (Allocation familiale universelle). Ce programme étendait la couverture offerte en vertu du programme contributif d'allocations familiales afin d'y inclure les familles des chômeurs et des travailleurs de l'économie informelle. Le présent article décrit ce programme novateur, qu'il compare avec les programmes similaires existant en Amérique latine; il analyse son impact sur la couverture sociale, ainsi que ses effets potentiels sur le bien‐être de la population. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que l'extension du droit à ces prestations a permis de réduire considérablement les lacunes de la couverture sociale dans les couches pauvres et indigentes de la population. Elle a aussi permis d'améliorer la coordination, auparavant déficiente, des différents programmes sociaux.
Application de théories anciennes à un environnement nouveau: étude du délai de mise en œuvre des premières lois de sécurité sociale en Afrique
Authors: Kangas Olli E.
Published: March 2012

Le présent article examine le délai selon lequel ont été introduits quatre grands programmes de sécurité sociale — assurance contre les accidents du travail, prestations de santé, pensions et allocations familiales — dans 43 pays d'Afrique. Il étudie également si le cadre législatif, la religion dominante ou le passé colonial du pays jouent un rôle lorsque l'on prend également en compte l'année de l'indépendance, la prospérité, le degré de démocratie, la stabilité politique, l'industrialisation du pays et la taille et l'homogénéité ethnique de sa population. En se fondant sur le modèle de Cox, il conclut que les pays industrialisés, homogènes et présentant une population relativement élevée qui ont été autrefois sous administration française paraissent aujourd'hui plus avancés en matière de législation de sécurité sociale.
L'efficacité du revenu minimum garanti au Luxembourg
Authors: Amétépé Fofo
Published: March 2012

Le présent article analyse l'efficacité du revenu minimum garanti (RMG) au Luxembourg en comparant les proportions de ménages éligibles en 2007 et en 1986. Il ressort que 5,5 pour cent des ménages sont éligibles avec les critères de 2007 contre 3,75 pour cent avec ceux de 1986. Cela montre que l'assouplissement des critères a permis de toucher plus de ménages pauvres, donc il est efficace. L'article examine ensuite l'efficacité de cette aide sociale à travers le taux de non‐recours en 2007. Les deux tiers des ménages éligibles ne recourent pas au RMG. Les analyses de régression sur les potentiels déterminants du non‐recours ont confirmé les hypothèses souvent mentionnées dans la littérature: le facteur pécuniaire — le bénéfice net tiré du recours — et la stigmatisation jouent un rôle majeur dans l'explication du non‐recours au RMG.