bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drinkin’ and Carryin’ On in Search of Community
Authors: Watkins Jerry T.
Published: September 2018

Before market forces created recognizable sites of gay and lesbian community, some queer Floridians leveraged their race and class privileges to create or gain access to spaces in order to find others like themselves. This chapter uses bars, “gay parties,” and friendship networks to show the ways that postwar mobility shaped queer socializing through complex negotiations of desire and access. In Tallahassee, the Cypress Lounge at the Floridan Hotel became an unofficial gay bar, while Florida’s powerbrokers schmoozed and facilitated connections to national identity-based rights discourses. Others used their private homes to host networks of gay and lesbian friends from around the panhandle. In Pensacola, Trader Jon’s and the Hi-Ho Five O’Clock Club were queered by sexually and gender non-conforming individuals.
Epilogue
Authors: Watkins Jerry T.
Published: September 2018

This final chapter brings the narrative forward to the twenty-first century around the exploration of capitalism, the selective enforcement of morality, and the queer subject/citizen/consumer. It contrasts the treatment of drunken, heterosexual, college-aged Spring Breakers with the moral panics over gay and lesbian visibility. In 2015 anti-alcohol ordinances went into effect that were meant to curb the worst excesses of Spring Breakers. The beaches were finally quiet. In 1961, 1974, and 1993 “the homosexual” and more broadly queer shenanigans were the bogeyman that would supposedly scare away tourists. As the century ended, gay and lesbian visitors marshaled their market share and respectability politics to push back against moral panics. In the second decade of the twenty-first century, gentrification, pink capitalism, and respectability politics have proven hollow, which threatens to tear apart fragile coalitions.
Community Practice in a Post-Removal Cherokee Town
Authors: Greene Lance
Published: September 2018

This chapter reconstructs a series of events revolving around the archaeology of deconstruction and the movement of an historic Cherokee settlement kitchen. Specifically, the author investigates the use of fictional writing using the Welch house site as a case study. The Welch family lived in southwestern North Carolina, in the mountainous northeastern corner of the Cherokee Nation. This case study is used as a way to test the author’s knowledge of the Welch farm and the depositional events that resulted in the archaeological record. This case study serves as an archaeological example of thick description.
The Itineraries of Late Archaic Shell and Ceramic Cooking Vessels
Authors: Randall Asa R. , Gilmore Zackary I.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how ceremonial shell vessels, which were a part of everyday life in the Late Archaic, relate to later ceramic technology. The authors trace how Late Archaic cooking vessels moved through the lives of the inhabitants of the St. Johns, from their production to their ultimate deposition. These so-called itineraries follow the wanderings of vessels and persons as they came together in various social contexts. The authors found that vessels were implicated in the daily happenings of many persons, as they afforded the opportunity both to transform substances into consumed foods and to interact with others. Yet they were also central to the commemorative or ceremonial lives of past persons as well, since the vessels both contained and sustained memories and meanings.
Crafting Everyday Matters in the Middle and Late Woodland Periods
Authors: Pluckhahn Thomas J. , Menz Martin , O’Neal Lori
Published: September 2018

A defining characteristic of the Middle Woodland period is the prevalence of craft goods of stone, bone, shell, and metal, which originated frequently from exotic sources and were often fashioned into non-utilitarian, symbolically-charged products. In the processual heyday, archaeologists devoted considerable attention on the perceived control of the production and exchange of these exotic goods and what it may say about the political and economic power of elites, and, by extension, their societies. In this chapter, the authors suggest that this emphasis on the political- and ritual-economic contexts for craft production may obscure an important point: specifically, that crafting was rooted in the everyday rhythms of domestic life, by which the authors mean the networks of relationships with other people and other objects. Reviewing the archaeological record for two large Middle Woodland populations and ceremonial centers – Kolomoki in southwestern Georgia and Crystal River in west-central Florida (Figure 9.1) – the authors argue that a low level of craft production was common to domestic contexts.
The Role of Dogs in Everyday Life
Authors: Walker Renee B.
Published: September 2018

Dogs are the earliest and most widespread domestic animal in the world, and, thus, they are potentially an everyday matter for some peoples both in the past and in the present. Arriving with humans to the Americas at the end of the Pleistocene, dogs helped people hunt; protected their families; and carried wood, meat, and other household items. One strategy to explore the social and cultural reasons for humans keeping dogs is to use historical fiction to imagine the activities that dogs took part in and what those activities may have meant for the people around them. In this chapter, we join “Dog,” a male dog living during the Archaic period in the Southeast, and follow him throughout year.
Matters and Mattering
Authors: Conklin Beth A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses the cultural anthropological perspective on how the everyday is observed and matters in extant cultures. In the author’s ethnographic work with the Wari’ people in the rainforest of western Brazil, for instance, most days bring a flow and rhythm to activities that is parallel to the flow and rhythm of many other days. When a ritual or celebration takes place, or a crisis erupts, the sensory textures and routines of everyday life are the baseline and backdrop against which the non-ordinary events’ meanings and impacts are experienced. In tracing the ways that animals and other non-human things participate in the spaces of social life, the archaeology of everyday life speaks to the larger theoretical concerns to which anthropology, more than any discipline, should be speaking: the shape of future life in the Anthropocene. Rather than replicate analytic approaches that subsume biology under “society,” or vice versa, some of the most promising approaches aim for truly integrated, biosocial understandings that take into account non-human as well as human actors and sensory experience as well as social arrangements and symbolism. The challenge, as always, is to simultaneously keep sight of all these dimensions.
A State of Contradiction
Authors: Fun Yujing , Yao Zelin
Published: September 2018

Yujing Fun and Zelin Yao apply collective strain theory to explain the problems of crime and corruption in the Chinese health care system. They argue that the main reason for medical crimes and corruption stems from the contradictory requirements of the state for hospitals to pursue socialist values of care while demanding they adopt capitalist motives for profit. They see the problems in the sector as structural failures of the system itself, and not of the morality of “bad” doctors as such, as the latter are “caught in the machinery” of systemic contradictions.
Destination Qiaoxiang
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: September 2018

Using the 1913 huaqiao built community hall of the village of Chung Kok in Long Du, Zhongshan as an illustration, this opening chapter lays the foundation of the qiaoxiang perspective that is the theme of this work. The case study nature of this history is explained and justified. Definitions of words used from both Chinese and English are given and the timeframe of the work outlined. The range of sources employed from archives to oral history and from the villages of south China and around the Pacific are appraised. A chapter by chapter review of the work is given and it is explained how the history of the development of the huaqiao pattern and the significance of the qiaoxiang perspective will be discussed and expanded upon. In particular it is argued that diaspora and transnational concepts fail to reveal the motivations of the individual participants of history in academic imperatives for generalisation and theoretical constructs.
Because in the Tang Mountains We Have a Big House
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter is a comprehensive look at a specific qiaoxiang—the Zhongshan County district of Long Du—to create a case study illustrating the role of the qiaoxiang in the links with the Pacific destinations. Here it is argued that support for and intention to return to the qiaoxiang were the basic motivating factors in the links between the Pearl River Delta qiaoxiang and the Pacific Ports in the years after 1849. The history of the qiaoxiang links is not only a history of movement outside the qiaoxiang but a history of efforts to survive, return to, retire in, and improve the qiaoxiang. The huaqiao’s efforts were aimed at using the wealth and resources they could obtain in the destinations to improve the position of themselves, their families, and possibly their clans and villages, in the qiaoxiang. This was an aim that not all fulfilled but this does not mean it did not exist.
He Would Have to Send Money
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: September 2018

In this chapter is discussed the mechanisms and the motives through which life in a qiaoxiang such as Long Du was influenced by the qiaoxiang connections and how developments arose that resulted in some never returning to their “big house”. The motivations for establishing and maintaining these links will be examined. Here is investigated the mechanisms, or those tangible elements, which ensured that money, information, and people were constantly transferred between the qiaoxiang and the Pacific Ports. Sending money, being kept informed on family and qiaoxiang affairs, regular visits, and even ensuring that one’s bones returned after death were all part of the qiaoxiang links. These connections were sustained through the establishment of associations in the destinations, as well as through services provided by stores and businesses. How these elements were established, maintained, and evolved over distance, time, and generations, and how their development helped to sustain the qiaoxiang links is investigated here. The presence of the family in the qiaoxiang was central to the evolution of these mechanisms. Those in the qiaoxiang did not remain passive in this interaction and, through their letters and more formally through the qiaokan, made efforts to keep the huaqiao connected and supportive.
Things Did Not Work Out That Way
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: September 2018

Historians generally deal with results, but it is useful to remember that such results are not necessarily proof of intentions. Once the gap between intention and result is acknowledged, it becomes necessary to take into account the changing circumstances of people’s lives. Here it is argued that nation-state perspectives, in focusing only on circumstances within prescribed locations, fail to do this adequately for people whose lives take place in a range of locations. In such perspectives, for example, the focus on settlement in a nation-state and factors such as restrictive immigration laws can be interpreted only in terms of their effect upon such settlement. A qiaoxiang perspective provides a broader context and therefore a broader range of circumstances through which to understand the choices and opportunities the huaqiao had and made.
Anglo-Saxonizing Machines
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that an assumption of the “refractory” nature of the huaqiao in the white-settler nations of the Pacific continues to be a strong element in the literature based on nation-state perspectives. The prime factor in the limitations of nation-state research is just that—that it is based on a single nation-state. The obvious solution to this is comparative history, but while some comparative work is presented here, the major aim of this chapter is to argue that the incorporation of a qiaoxiang perspective allows limitations based on nation-state concepts to be explored and surpassed. Ignorance of the qiaoxiang has contributed to the range of stereotypes, including a perception of “refractoriness” that the huaqiao have been subjected to in the destinations. Much research has also attempted to explain or deny the basis of these stereotypes; however, in doing so without an appreciation of the role of the qiaoxiang links, the basic assumptions of these stereotypes often remain unquestioned.
Introduction
Authors: Stuckey G. Andrew
Published: September 2018

The “Introduction” describes the theoretical and practical understanding of what metacinema is and does in the context of Chinese filmmaking. Metacinema is a kind of textual reflexivity that foregrounds the mechanisms involved in the creation or reception of a film. Consideration of metacinema reveals a discourse on film arising from the films themselves. A key, but often overlooked, metacinematic category is genre: collective semiotic codes adopted, adapted, updated, or subverted that allow another vantage on the ways films influence each other. In the context of Chinese cinemas, this discourse ricochets amongst and between the industries of Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the PRC. Further, focus on film audiences within films allows us to theorize the personal and social effects film watching has on viewers. The films provide models for ways of being in the world that characters within the films, and by analogy audiences in the real world, adopt, update, and subvert in their own lives.
Production
Authors: Stuckey G. Andrew
Published: September 2018

Peter Chan’s 2005, Perhaps Love, depicts the filming of a musical film, and serves as a prime example of mise-en-abîme metacinema, or in other words, the metacinema of production. Close reading of the film reveals the circulation of musical genre conventions from Bollywood to Hollywood to Hong Kong and China. Key among these conventions are the display of spectacular images of singing and dancing in combination with dazzling editing speeds reflecting the influence, particularly, of Baz Lurhmann’s Moulin Rouge! Gender relations, always an important focus in musical film, here point to postcolonial formations linking (and distinguishing) mainland China, Hong Kong, and Hollywood, and which, in the end, abandon the female lead.
Beyond Allegory
Authors: Stuckey G. Andrew
Published: September 2018

Li Yu, one of the few female Chinese film directors, has focused on female characters and issues women face. Lost in Beijing (2007) tells the story of Liu Pingguo, a migrant worker in Beijing who is raped by her boss. When she becomes pregnant, her husband and boss bargain over possession of her and the child she is carrying. She is reduced to a commodity function exchanged for its value in conceiving and bearing a child. Nevertheless, over the course of the film, a Mercedes-Benz serves not only as the basic status symbol for her boss but also a much more ambivalent role as the space of negotiation between the characters in the film. The final images of the film show this car breaking down on a major Beijing street. Simultaneously, Pingguo has left her situation, in an audacious recapitulation of Nora’s departure at the end of Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. It is in this symbolic deployment of the car in combination with her escape that the film subtly but provocatively dismantles the patriarchy’s power over Pingguo.
Conclusion
Authors: Stuckey G. Andrew
Published: September 2018

The “Conclusion” considers the interpretations offered in the previous individual chapters as a whole, intertwining those readings in order to propose a way of conceiving future prospects for Chinese film. The process of adopting, adapting, updating, or subverting technologies, tactics, genres, and so on reveals the modes of film’s possible development. Further, the affects generated by viewing films spur future creative acts. And by analogy, we the audience out in the real world are also subject to these affective flows and may engage them, if we so choose, to create new ways of being in the world for ourselves.
“No Day without a Deed to Crown It”
Authors: Pomfret David M.
Published: September 2018

The Ministering Children’s League was founded in Britain in 1885 with the aim of cultivating among children of the rich a desire to feel empathy with the poor and suffering. Examining the work of the league’s branch in Hong Kong in the early 20th century, this chapter argues that the decision by Flora Shaw, the activist wife of the Governor, Sir Frederick Lugard, to include Chinese girls as members broke down the race-bound relations between ‘benevolents’ and ‘beneficiaries’ and, in providing opportunities for Chinese and European children to work together and mingle socially, led to unintended consequences, and complicated the idea that ‘Empire’ was a straightforward story of social division and ethnic segregation. Under the aegis of empire-sponsored philanthropy, children in Hong Kong assumed the spirit of public service while learning to see themselves as part of a multicultural, international fellowship of childhood.
Western Firms and Their Chinese Compradors
Authors: Becker Bert
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the close and complex relationships between members of the German Jebsen family, steamship entrepreneurs, and their comprador, Chau Yue Ting, a Western-educated member of a merchant family from Hainan based in Hong Kong. Through a detailed examination of correspondence and other business records, the chapter highlights the multiple roles of compradors not only as bicultural middlemen for Western interests but also as clients, customers, co-owners of businesses, employees and employers, creditors and debtors, and family friends. It challenges the simplistic view that foreign steamship companies in the region were tools of empire or spearheads of Western penetration into Chinese markets, stressing instead how Chinese merchants strategically made use of their services to extend and consolidate their own business networks.
The Parallel Worlds of Seafarers
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: September 2018

In the godowns, shipping offices, chandleries and dockyards a medley of voice did business in a multiplicity of languages and dialects. The goods they handled, shipped in from all over the world, represented as many ways of seeing and being, eating and dressing, living and dying. Yet there were disconnections as well as connections in this interface of interfaces. This chapter describes how the colonial government set apart seamen of different ethnic backgrounds by issuing different sets of regulations for seamen’s boarding houses according to whether they were lascars (Indians, Malays and others from South and Southeast Asia), Chinese or Westerners. Deepening the divides was the strong native-place and dialect-basis principle under which Chinese boarding houses were organized, indicating a certain degree of segregation among the Chinese themselves. The separateness is also shown in the different church missions, which ministered to seamen according to their ethnic origins.
Introduction
Authors: Bray Francesca
Published: September 2018

This volume breaks new ground in the history of East Asian biopolitics, offering the first broad-based exploration of gender and health in the region during the long twentieth century. The core theme is the complex meshing of biology, body, and citizen that underpins projects of biological nation building and molds the forms of modern subjectivity. The nine case studies presented here, spanning Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong from the 1870s to the present, demonstrate just how tightly concerns with gender and health have been woven into the enterprise of modernization and nation building throughout the period. Colonial powers and medical associations, government bureaucrats, military personnel, and pharmaceutical companies as well as scientists, educators, and medical practitioners contributed to the legitimation and popularization of evolving scientific discourses and interpretations of the gendered body, sex, and reproductive health. As novel visions of the body and its possibilities took shape, new expressions of individuality, sociality, transgression or resistance, new desires, and fears emerged. Across the region and over the decades, norms and ideals, techniques, terminology, and forms of scientific or cultural authority circulated and converged, faded and resurfaced. In mapping such flows, influences, and reactions, the volume highlights the prominent role that the biopolitics of health and gender has played in knitting and shaping the East Asian region as we know it today....
Gender, Health, and the Problem of “Precocious Puberty” in Meiji Japan
Authors: Nakayama Izumi
Published: September 2018

Mishima Michiyoshi, a Japanese pioneer of school hygiene, believed that Japanese children experienced precocious puberty, resulting in underdeveloped and inferior physical stature in comparison to European and American children. This analysis of comparative anatomies interpreted the inferiority of the “Japanese” body as embodiment of its diminutive status in politics and civilizations. This chapter shows how intellectuals, government bureaucrats, school hygienists, and pediatric specialists viewed and interpreted children’s bodies and their physical growth, illustrating the complex interactions between ideals of civilization and gendered norms in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Japan.
Sex in School
Authors: Lee Jen-der
Published: September 2018

Nearly two hundred volumes of physiology and hygiene textbooks, together with governmental and other materials, are investigated in this chapter to illuminate the intricacies in drawing the moral landscape pertinent to sex education in early republican China. Frequent revisions of official directives testify to the fast changing political and intellectual arena of China. Shifted emphases between reproductive functions and puberty sexuality exemplify the professionals’ uncertainties in getting to the early teens. Pedagogical publication boomed and writers experimented on both textual and visual materials. Bio-medicine was flagged as entrance to learning one’s own body, but a healthier nation promoted in the New Life Movement eventually relied on the individual’s self-discipline not necessarily required of scientific erudition. Some may have found secretion system more useful than anatomical information to integrate physiology, psychology and pathology into the mechanism of sexual differences, so much so that a gender division of labour was proposed to fulfill both personal responsibilities and to echo contemporary political rhetoric. Not all endorsed such elaboration, however, and the zigzag between sexual differences and gender equality became a noteworthy parallel to the tug-of-war between sexuality and reproduction.
Solving Low Fertility Rate with Technology?
Authors: Ha Jung-ok
Published: September 2018

South Korea's total fertility rate (TFR) in 2005 was 1.08, the lowest in the world. The government launched the National Support Program for Infertile Couples (“the Program”) in 2006 which expenditures for diverse assisted reproductive treatments are subsidized. This chapter seeks to critique three aspects of the Program. First, the Program is a population policy that has not kept up with changes in family values and practices. Second, the Program’s very implementation has created demand, ‘those diagnosed as infertile’ have become ‘infertile members of the population’. Lastly, the Program has resulted in a meaningful increase in the number of in vitro fertilization treatments, and this increase has negatively impacted the health of women and children. Reproduction has always been a field for political struggle, and political imagination-created reproduction is revealed most strikingly when reproduction becomes a “population problem”. South Korea’s National Family Planning Project was brought by the Park Chung-hee government, which emphasized the value of the “modern family,” specifically, “Modernization of the Fatherland,” as part of economic development in the 1970s. The low fertility rate that South Korea is now facing is considered a national crisis and the Program represents the government’s will to solve the crisis through medical technologies. However, the bodies of women are still considered objects in TFR statistics, much as they were in the 1970s. This has led to a situation in which the health and even the lives of women are being endangered once again
Housewives as Kitchen Pharmacists
Authors: Lei Sean Hsiang-lin
Published: September 2018

By way of analyzing the health doctrine of Dr. Zhuang Shuqi 莊淑旂 (1920-2015), arguably the most popular author of traditional medicine in contemporary Taiwan, this paper discovers a surprisingly close alliance between gender role and traditional medicine, an alliance that she created on the basis of the allegedly traditional practice of viewing food as medicine. Instead of promoting the general idea that food has health benefits, Dr. Zhuang used her own personal tragedies to argue for the provocative idea that inappropriate intake of food is what causes people to fall victim to cancer. As each food functions like a double-edged sword, both the major cause of and a powerful tool for coping with cancer, preparing food in the kitchen, in her eyes, becomes comparable to handling effective and dangerous drugs in the “family pharmacy.” As the result, Dr. Zhuang urged housewives to identify themselves with the role of the “family pharmacist” and to take responsibility for the health of the whole Family.”
Weak Men and Barren Women
Authors: Leung Angela Ki Che
Published: September 2018

Western biomedical and traditional East Asian medical experts disagreed on the causes of the modern Asian epidemic named as beriberi/jiaoqi/kakké in English, Chinese and Japanese. While conflicting explanations made the epidemic experience most puzzling and elusive, there was general agreement among experts from competing medical traditions that the main victims were Asian men, especially soldiers and workers. The triumphant vitamin B1 deficiency theory based on white-rice as an inferior food also worked with East Asian diagnostic assemblages to frame the disease as native to East Asia, now eloquently explained as an unhealthy environment detrimental to masculinity.
Christine Goes to China
Authors: Chiang Howard
Published: September 2018

In 1953, the success of native doctors in converting a man into a woman made news headlines in Taiwan. Considered by many as the “first” Chinese transsexual, Xie Jianshun was also frequently dubbed as the “Chinese Christine”—an allusion to the contemporaneous American ex-G.I. transsexual celebrity, Christine Jorgenson. But besides its anatomical and surgical transformations, Xie’s sex, this chapter argues, was reconfigured by the cultural forces operating upon his body, through which new meanings of corporeality and sexual embodiments consolidated in post-WWII Sinophone culture. Within a week, the characterization of Xie changed from an average citizen whose ambiguous sex provoked uncertainty and national anxiety to a transsexual icon whose fate would indisputably contribute to the global staging of Taiwan on a par with the United States. This chapter uses the cultural politics of transsexuality to reflect on the evolving geopolitical contours of Greater China in the postwar era of transnationalism.
British Private Traders between India and China
Authors: Hanser Jessica
Published: September 2018

During the eighteenth century, China was by no means part of the emerging British empire, formal or informal, but it was on the borderlands of that empire. Within a rapidly changing commercial and political context, British private traders, investors in India and their agents in China created new connections between the subcontinent and the southeast coast of China. In this new commercial system, British private traders reigned supreme. But this revolution was not merely commercial. Rather, a new, predominantly British financial system linking India and China was forged, which ran parallel to other existing networks of Indian-based commission merchants such as those of the Portuguese, Muslims, Armenians, and later, Parsees. However, with these new financial connections came political entanglements. Investors in India and their British agents in China used the coercive power of the British state (without its permission or knowledge) and their own private Indian militia to enforce their contracts with Chinese merchants. Before the rise of aggressive agency houses such as Jardine, Matheson & Company, and the expansion of the nineteenth-century opium trade, eighteenth-century British private traders in search of personal gain drew China into the financial and political orbit of Britain’s burgeoning Asian empire.
Ambiguous Faces of the Canton Trade
Authors: Van Dyke Paul A.
Published: September 2018

Because most historians of the Canton Trade have focused on Europeans and Americans, private Asian traders, as well as Armenians, Turks, and Jews, have been marginalized and left out of the conversation. As a result, the picture that has been presented, of Europeans and Americans dominating the private trade, is much distorted. It is very likely that a good percentage of the private ships were financed by persons from India, Southeast Asia and/or overseas Chinese. Given that the Chinese authorities opened the trade to non-Chinese regardless of nationality (except Japanese and Russians), and guaranteed them access to the market in Canton, this should not be surprising.In fact, many of the ships that called at Canton were actually commissioned by Muslims, Hindus, Parsees, Greeks, Jews, Armenians, and Southeast Asians under cover of a European flag. A Jewish trader living in Baghdad might travel on a ship captained by an Englishman. A ship and her cargo might both be owned by Parsees or Armenians but fly a British flag. A Portuguese vessel based in Macau or a Chinese junk based in Guangzhou might actually be commissioned by the Dutch. But because of the scarcity of surviving records from these individuals and the tendency to identify vessels by their flags, the British and Americans have appeared as the dominant private traders at Canton in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Further studies will undoubtedly provide a fuller picture of their importance to the Canton Trade.
French Private Trade at Canton, 1698–1833
Authors: Schopp Susan E.
Published: September 2018

Private trade played a legitimate and important role in Sino-French trade at the very start, as members of the private sector to whom the Compagnie des Indes (French East India Company) leased its monopoly on a limited basis were responsible for carrying out the first two decades of France’s trade with China (1698-1719). Leasing ceased under the second Compagnie (1719-1769); during this era, private trade took the form of the port-permis (‘privilege trade’) and non-Europe (‘country’) trade.When the second Compagnie’s monopoly was suspended in 1769, a period of wholly private trade followed, marking the first time that a nation possessing an East India company abolished that company’s monopoly and opened commerce with China and elsewhere to the private sector. The large number of merchant voyages from France to Canton during this fifteen-year period (1770–1785) shows that private traders were well capable of taking advantage of the new opportunities that were offered. Although a third Compagnie was created in 1785, its abolition eight years later (1793) opened the door for all subsequent Sino-French trade to be conducted by persons in the private sector. Profiles of François and Edmond Rothe, Mr. Thimothée, Gilles Sebire, Julien Bourgogne, François Terrien, and Charles de Constant provide examples of the varied experiences of private traders; three of these individuals earlier served as Compagnie employees.
Trading with Traders
Authors: Mok Maria Kar-wing
Published: September 2018

Most of the traders in the foreign community at Canton were capable businessmen and tough negotiators with specific and precise demands, and consequently not easy to please. But even in this environment, many of them greatly enjoyed the local shopping experience and held both the service and the products provided in high regard.
The shopping alleys in the area of the factories and the streets on the periphery made the southwestern suburb of Canton where they were located one of the greatest shopping centres in Asia. The shops offered a staggering selection of Chinese goods that were made exclusively for a western clientele and were available only in Canton. In addition, they were a model of efficiency. The shopkeepers, recognizing the value of awe-inspiring displays, competitive pricing, fine craftsmanship, and customer service, employed marketing strategies that dazzled the western traders. Shops were often a combination of a shop and a workshop, and a number of them offered visitors behind-the-scene demonstrations of the production process. Such tours were more than entertainment; they were undoubtedly given to entice customers to make purchases. While negative reports of the shopping experience exist, they were the exception rather than the rule. The many accounts that exist, regardless of the nationality of the writer, present a very positive view of traders’ shopping experience in China and show a high regard for Cantonese shopkeepers.
The Private Eye in Old Canton
Authors: Wills John E.
Published: September 2018

Private memoirs are among the most descriptive documents we have of individual experiences in Canton. While subjective in nature, these European eyewitness accounts offer a diversity of views and of information regarding Canton. The five individuals considered in this chapter—Robert Pitt and William Hickey, Pehr Osbeck and Pierre Poivre, and Charles de Constant—provide glimpses of the Canton Trade that are generally not found in more official records. They represent a diversity of backgrounds: two hard-living young Englishmen, two plant-collectors, one a Lutheran chaplain and the other a failed priest, and a French-Swiss of good family encountering the worst times in Canton. Their observations contribute to the larger picture of the trade, and they remind us of the variety of visions that make up the human condition, whether at home or far away. Finding additional eyewitness reports could considerably enrich our understanding of the trade and expand our interpretations of the importance of that trade. For example, from botanizing as a hobby to the great efforts to grow tea in India, we can link eighteenth-century ‘natural history’ to the new nineteenth-century phases of plantation agriculture in ways that could be of world-historical importance. Also valuable would be more mention of merchants of Middle Eastern and Indian origin doing business at Canton, especially if figures could be found on their trade.
Nathan Dunn (1782–1844) as Anti-Opium China Trader and Sino-Western Cultural Intermediary
Authors: Goldstein Jonathan
Published: September 2018

American trader Nathan Dunn’s experience as a private China trader shows that one individual can indeed make a difference. A practicing Quaker who refused to buy or sell opium, Dunn pioneered innovative trading strategies while championing a mercantile code that was unusual for his day. At a time when few Americans regarded the opium trade as inappropriate, he showed that it was possible to succeed in the Canton Trade without dealing in opium. Dunn was also a dedicated educator of Chinese culture. He seems to have found his life’s purpose in bringing an understanding of China to English-speaking audiences. Unlike virtually all of his contemporaries except for Robert Waln Jr., his aim was not to trade and get wealthy purely for the sake of personal aggrandizement. Rather, it was to become a self-educated, self-proclaimed advocate for China in the United States and later in the United Kingdom. The wealth that he gained through trade provided funds needed to realize his higher calling. In addition, he was arguably the pioneer of Sinological museology and ethnology in both the United States and Europe. Because of the earnestness and thoroughness of his quest, he elevated both sciences beyond the level of randomly collecting ‘cabinets of curiosities’. Shortly after he established a ‘Chinese Museum’ in Philadelphia in 1838, several other similar museums appeared in America and England, although none were as focussed and all-encompassing or as positively inclined as his.
The Life and Loves of Michael Grubb
Authors: Hellman Lisa
Published: September 2018

Swedish East India Company and private trader Michael Grubb lived between groups and norms at a time of historical change. He arrived in Canton before the golden age of the Company as a whole (which was the end of the 1770s), but experienced the time when the largest private fortunes were made. He also arrived before the Swedish company had completely established the strict division between company and private trade, but when most trade restrictions were already in place. He was an opium trader before opium dominated the trade, and he also worked as a go-between for different trade groups; this was a role made possible by the considerable freedom that Swedish supercargoes had to conduct private trade, despite tension between private and company interests. Men like Grubb and his Swedish compatriot Jean Abraham Grill also demonstrate the importance of social relations in multinational involvement, and how those relations could both shape the Canton Trade and be shaped by it. In addition, Grubb’s relationship with Macao resident Isabel Jackson provides insight into traders’ relationships with local women. Finally, Grubb’s and Grill’s lives also illustrate the widely varying fates of China traders after their return to their homeland. While Grill invested wisely after returning to Sweden, Grubb squandered his fortune in high-risk business ventures and spent his last years in poverty.
Model Jingju as Pinnacle of Cultural Reconstruction
Authors: Fan Xing
Published: September 2018

Time: fall 1963 to 1976. China saw an increasingly intense struggle over literature and art, with modern jingju as a primary battlefield. The 1964 Festival of Modern Jingju Performances for Emulation reconfirmed the priority of modern plays in xiqu creation, reinforced the significance of modern jingju in literature and art, and firmly established Jiang Qing as the leader of this movement. Model works were designated as the exemplar of socialist culture construction, exemplifying such creative principles as the Basic Task, the Combination of Revolutionary Realism and Revolutionary Romanticism, and the Three Prominences. Chapter 4 includes a close analysis of Jiang Qing’s controversial role in supervising modern jingju creation and an analytical chronicle of five major versions of Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy—from the first version in 1958 to the final model version in 1970—as an illustration of changes in plotting and characterization during the creative process of model jingju development.
The Broken and the Breakthroughs in Acting
Authors: Fan Xing
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 examines acting in model jingju from three perspectives: how it is related to the role-types, schools of performance, and the old form (song, speech, dance-acting, and combat) of traditional jingju. By examining the fusion of selectively adapted traditional practices and newly invented performance styles and techniques, this chapter offers an insight into how performance practices in model jingju are intricately related to traditional jingju, though their associations as seen through these three perspectives unfold in different ways. The author discerns an overall pattern of creation: the deconstruction of traditional practices and the liberty to select appropriate traditional elements and fuse them with new ones, be they borrowed from other performing arts or newly created. In some cases, to deconstruct means to destroy, and to break down leads to abandonment. In other cases, to break down leads to breakthrough; the deconstruction nurtures innovative and alternative practices that embody unique aesthetic qualities of model jingju. This chapter features personal interviews with the performers of principal heroes/heroines and other major roles.
Samurai Baseball: The Popular Press and the Making of a National Pastime in Meiji and Taishō Japan
Authors: Keaveney Christopher T.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 provides both a background to baseball in Japan and to the origins of the concept of “Samurai baseball” that is central to the issues explored in this book. The first chapter also problematizes the role of the popular press in Japan starting in the Meiji period (1868-1912) of both spreading the gospel of baseball in Japan and of promoting the myths surrounding Japan’s approach to the game, infusing it with dimensions of the rhetoric of Nihonjinron. Many of the qualities that have come to define the myths of Samurai baseball are the result of the press coverage of the Ichikō high school team’s impressive victories against American opponents in the Meiji period. The wide coverage by the popular press of the team’s lopsided victories helped both to initiate Japan’s love affair with baseball and establish the Bushidō-inspired values associated with Samurai baseball.
Happy Medium: Re-envisioning the Hero in Japanese Baseball Manga
Authors: Keaveney Christopher T.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 considers the cultural medium that constitutes the most substantial body of baseball-themed work in Japan: manga and the related form of anime. Manga emerged as major cultural force at precisely the time in the postwar era that baseball was establishing itself as the unrivaled spectator and participatory sport in Japan. Starting in the Occupation period and continuing to the present, baseball has been a reliable subject for manga practically unrivalled by any other. Starting with the blockbuster success of Kajiwara Ikki’s Star of the Giants in the 1960s and continuing in the work of such luminaries of the manga world as Mizushima Shinji and Adachi Mitsuru, baseball manga and anime adaptations have consistently defined and redefined the hero in cultural terms that represent the values of the age in which they were produced, at times conforming to the cultural myths of Samurai baseball and at other times upending those myths. As the newest forms treated in this study, manga and anime are unburdened by many of the traditional expectations of poetry, fiction or cinema, and continue to offer ideal forms for confronting the fundamental myths associated with Samurai baseball.
Epilogue: The Enduring Cultural Appeal of Baseball in Japan
Authors: Keaveney Christopher T.
Published: September 2018

On May 15, 1993, amid much fanfare, the Verdy Kawasaki kicked off against the Yokohama Marinos in Kasumigaseki Stadium, inaugurating the J-League, Japan’s professional soccer league. The J-League proved to be wildly popular in that inaugural season and almost immediately sports commentators and cultural pundits began to predict the beginning of the end of baseball in Japan. At the very least, it was reasoned, soccer would soon supplant baseball as Japan’s national pastime. It was a time of economic decline in Japan, and baseball was associated with the stubborn refusal to adapt to the times that led to the economic downturn in the first place. Baseball represented all that was old and stultifying in Japan; soccer, on the other hand, seemed to reflect all that was new, international, and exciting. As one article at the time stated, “Soccer is, in short, everything that the tightly controlled samurai version of baseball here is not.”...
Tourisme littéraire en Algérie : Albert Camus, l’étranger en ses terres
Authors: Sicart Catherine
Published: September 2018

Notre réflexion porte sur l’élaboration d’un circuit
touristique

en

Algérie à la découverte de la genèse de l’œuvre d’Albert
Camus. Cette prospective repose sur une méthodologie empirique et
pluridisciplinaire mobilisant des savoirs littéraire, historique et
géopolitique. En guise d’entrée en matière, une analyse du tourisme
littéraire est réalisée. La forte association entre colonisation et tourisme
en Algérie est ensuite évoquée, et le choix de ce champ d’étude, resitué
dans son contexte passé et présent, justifié. La première partie propose une
analyse des procédures à l’œuvre dans la transition entre lecture et
pratique touristique constituant le tourisme littéraire en un entre-deux
multidimensionnel. La relation à la mémoire et à l’imaginaire est étudiée.
La seconde partie définit une géographie touristique camusienne structurée
en trois temps – Tipaza, Hadjout (ex-Marengo) et Oran –, dont Alger
constitue le point de départ et de retour. Chaque lieu correspond à un
fondement de l’écriture d’Albert Camus dont la reconstitution des étapes de
l’élaboration constitue l’objectif de l’itinéraire touristique proposé.
Conception participative d’un parc naturel et représentation optimiste du territoire protégé
Authors: Bergamaschi Alessandro , Schuft Laura , Long Thierry , Morales Valérie , Massiera Bernard
Published: September 2018

Bien que l’histoire des parcs naturels soit souvent marquée par
une opposition d’intérêts entre institutions de gestion et populations locales,
l’intensité des conflits varie selon les époques et les territoires. Cet article
s’intéresse à la manière dont les populations locales, les professionnels des
sports de nature et les agents d’un parc – le Parco naturale Alpi Marittime
situé dans les Alpes du Sud de l’Italie – appréhendent la présence de ce
territoire naturel protégé. Au moyen d’une étude de documents et d’entretiens,
nous analysons les relations entre ces groupes d’acteurs ainsi que leurs
représentations du parc. Les résultats suggèrent que l’origine endogène du
projet de l’aire protégée permet le développement de représentations positives
vis-à-vis du parc, qui se pose en tant qu’acteur clé du développement
socioéconomique local grâce à la diffusion des sports de nature.
Utilisation des services
écosystémiques pour la définition de seuils de rejets des eaux usées
industrielles. Vers un outil d’aide à la décision pour les entreprises.
Authors: Laforest Valérie , Grazilhon Sophie , Piatyszek Eric
Published: September 2018

Cet article s’intéresse à l’utilisation des principes de gestion
de la qualité prescrits par l’ISO 9000, à la gestion des effluents industriels,
avec comme clients potentiels notamment les écosystèmes récepteurs. La prise en
compte des écosystèmes comme clients soulève la question de l’évaluation de
leurs besoins. Le territoire est alors considéré par le biais des services
écosystémiques afin d’identifier des cibles humaines aptes à exprimer leurs
besoins afin d’en tirer des exigences vis-à-vis du milieu qui sont ensuite
converties en exigences qualitatives vis-à-vis des rejets. Cette démarche a été
matérialisée sous la forme d’un outil destiné aux industriels.