bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matters of “Conscience”: The Politics of Reproductive Healthcare in Poland
Authors: Mishtal Joanna Z.
Published: May 2009

The fall of state socialism in Poland in 1989 constituted a critical moment that redefined policies regulating reproductive health and access to care. As the Polish state adopted the discourse and agenda of the Catholic Church in its health policies, reproduction and sexuality became sites of moral governance through the implementation of the Conscience Clause law, which permits healthcare providers to deny medical services citing conscience‐based objections. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article explores the effects of the implementation of the conscience clause and argues that the adoption of this law for individual use paved the way for restrictions on reproductive healthcare on a systemic scale. The special status afforded to the church is highly significant for access to health services deemed by the church to be matters of morality. The Polish case raises concerns about the place of women's rights in postsocialism and the nature of Polish democratization.
Co‐culture with mesenchymal stromal cells increases proliferation and maintenance of haematopoietic progenitor cells
Authors: Walenda Thomas , Bork Simone , Horn Patrick , Wein Frederik , Saffrich Rainer , Diehlmann Anke , Eckstein Volker , Ho Anthony D. , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: May 2009

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been suggested to provide a suitable cellular environment for in vitro expansion of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPC) from umbilical cord blood. In this study, we have simultaneously analysed the cell division history and immunophenotypic differentiation of HPC by using cell division tracking with carboxyfluorescein diacetate N‐succinimidyl ester (CFSE). Co‐culture with MSC greatly enhanced proliferation of human HPC, especially of the more primitive CD34+CD38− fraction. Without co‐culture CD34 and CD133 expressions decreased after several cell divisions, whereas CD38 expression was up‐regulated after some cell divisions and then diminished in fast proliferating cells. Co‐culture with MSC maintained a primitive immunophenotype (CD34+, CD133+ and CD38−) for more population doublings, whereas up‐regulation of differentiation markers (CD13, CD45 and CD56) in HPC was delayed to higher numbers of cell divisions. Especially MSC of early cell passages maintained CD34 expression in HPC over more cell divisions, whereas MSC of higher passages further enhanced their proliferation rate. Inhibition of mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) impaired proliferation and differentiation of HPC, but not maintenance of long‐term culture initiating cells. siRNA knockdown of N‐cadherin and VCAM1 in feeder layer cells increased the fraction of slow dividing HPC, whereas knockdown of integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) and CD44 impaired their differentiation. In conclusion, MSC support proliferation as well as self‐renewal of HPC with primitive immunophenotype. The use of early passages of MSC and genetic manipulation of proteins involved in HPC–MSC interaction might further enhance cord blood expansion on MSC.
The renin–angiotensin system as a primary cause of polyarteritis nodosa in rats
Authors: Peters Barbara S. , Kuttler Beate , Beineke Andreas , Lorenz Gerd , Thiele Andrea , Nicolai Oliver , Rettig Rainer , Mullins John J. , Peters Jörg
Published: May 2009

Polyarteritis nodosa is a necrotizing vasculitis of medium‐sized arteries of unknown origin. Hypertension is present in 30% of patients with polyarteritis nodosa. In those cases, high renin levels are thought to be secondary to renal involvement. The present study was performed to identify causal factors of polyarteritis nodosa. In cyp1a1ren‐2 transgenic rats, vasculitis of medium‐sized arteries resembling classical polyarteritis nodosa can be induced. In this model, oral administration of indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C) activates the liver‐specific cyp1a1 promoter, leading to prorenin expression in a dose‐dependent manner. After the first 6 weeks of chronic induction with 0.125% I3C, the mean arterial pressure reached a plateau of about 170 mmHg. Ten out of 11 I3C‐treated rats, which were chronically instrumented with a telemetric device to measure blood pressure, developed polyarteritis nodosa within 10 weeks of I3C treatment. I3C alone or instrumentation alone did not cause polyarteritis nodosa. The angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor captopril completely prevented the development of polyarteritis nodosa, indicating that local angiotensin II generation is a pathogenetic factor in this model. The renin–angiotensin system can play a primary role in the development of polyarteritis nodosa in rats.
Nuclear Trafficking and Functions of Endocytic Proteins Implicated in Oncogenesis
Authors: Borlido Joana , Zecchini Vincent , Mills Ian G.
Published: May 2009

A subset of proteins predominantly associated with early endosomes or implicated in clathrin‐mediated endocytosis can shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Although the endocytic functions of these proteins have been extensively studied, much less effort has been expended in exploring their nuclear roles. Membrane trafficking proteins can affect signalling and proliferation and this can be achieved either at a nuclear or endocytic level. Furthermore, some proteins, such as Huntingtin interacting protein 1, are known as cancer biomarkers. This review will highlight the limits of our understanding of their nuclear functions and the relevance of this to signalling and oncogenesis.
Site‐Specific Ubiquitination Determines Lysosomal Sorting and Signal Attenuation of the Granulocyte Colony‐Stimulating Factor Receptor
Authors: Wölfler Albert , Irandoust Mahban , Meenhuis Annemarie , Gits Judith , Roovers Onno , Touw Ivo P.
Published: May 2009

Ubiquitination of cytokine receptors controls intracellular receptor routing and signal duration, but the underlying molecular determinants are unclear. The suppressor of cytokine signaling protein SOCS3 drives lysosomal degradation of the granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor receptor (G‐CSFR), depending on SOCS3‐mediated ubiquitination of a specific lysine located in a conserved juxtamembrane motif. Here, we show that, despite ubiquitination of other lysines, positioning of a lysine within the membrane‐proximal region is indispensable for this process. Neither reallocation of the motif nor fusion of ubiquitin to the C‐terminus of the G‐CSFR could drive lysosomal routing. However, within this region, the lysine could be shifted 12 amino acids toward the C‐terminus without losing its function, arguing against the existence of a linear sorting motif and demonstrating that positioning of the lysine relative to the SOCS3 docking site is flexible. G‐CSFR ubiquitination peaked after endocytosis, was inhibited by methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as well as hyperosmotic sucrose and severely reduced in internalization‐defective G‐CSFR mutants, indicating that ubiquitination mainly occurs at endosomes. Apart from elucidating structural and spatio‐temporal aspects of SOCS3‐mediated ubiquitination, these findings have implications for the abnormal signaling function of G‐CSFR mutants found in severe congenital neutropenia, a hematopoietic disorder with a high leukemia risk.
Effect of heliquinomycin on the activity of human minichromosome maintenance 4/6/7 helicase
Authors: Ishimi Yukio , Sugiyama Takafumi , Nakaya Ryou , Kanamori Makoto , Kohno Toshiyuki , Enomoto Takemi , Chino Makoto
Published: May 2009

The antibiotic heliquinomycin, which inhibits cellular DNA replication at a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.4–4 μm, was found to inhibit the DNA helicase activity of the human minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 4/6/7 complex at an IC50 value of 2.4 μm. In contrast, 14 μm heliquinomycin did not inhibit significantly either the DNA helicase activity of the SV40 T antigen and Werner protein or the oligonucleotide displacement activity of human replication protein A. At IC50 values of 25 and 6.5 μm, heliquinomycin inhibited the RNA priming and DNA polymerization activities, respectively, of human DNA polymerase‐α/primase. Thus, of the enzymes studied, the MCM4/6/7 complex was the most sensitive to heliquinomycin; this suggests that MCM helicase is one of the main targets of heliquinomycin in vivo. It was observed that heliquinomycin did not inhibit the ATPase activity of the MCM4/6/7 complex to a great extent in the absence of single‐stranded DNA. In contrast, heliquinomycin at an IC50 value of 5.2 μm inhibited the ATPase activity of the MCM4/6/7 complex in the presence of single‐stranded DNA. This suggests that heliquinomycin interferes with the interaction of the MCM4/6/7 complex with single‐stranded DNA.
EMPLOYEE SELF‐SERVICE TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE: A COMPARISON OF PRE‐IMPLEMENTATION AND POST‐IMPLEMENTATION RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: MARLER JANET H. , FISHER SANDRA L. , KE WEILING
Published: May 2009

Implementation of employee self‐service (ESS) technology presents a variety of challenges for organizations as they strive to maximize return on investment and change management. Using a research framework grounded in the theory of planned behavior, this study examines factors that enhance user acceptance of ESS technology both before and after implementation. Results suggest that employees are more likely to intend to use ESS technology when they have positive attitudes toward using it and when subjective norms in the organization support use of the technology. Perceived organizational support (POS) enhanced the effect of managerial pressure on perceptions of normative beliefs supporting use of the technology post‐implementation. Implications of the research and future research directions are discussed.
The age dependence of the size–stellar mass relation and some implications
Authors: Shankar Francesco , Bernardi Mariangela
Published: May 2009

We use a sample of about 48000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey early-type galaxies to show that older galaxies have smaller half-light radii Re and larger velocity dispersions σ than younger ones of the same stellar mass Mstar. We use the age-corrected luminosity Lcorrr as a proxy for Mstar to minimize biases: below Lcorrr∼ 1011L⊙, galaxies with age ∼11 Gyrs have Re smaller by 40 per cent and σ larger by 25 per cent, compared to galaxies that are 4 Gyr younger. The sizes and velocity dispersions of more luminous galaxies vary by less than 15 per cent, whatever their age, a challenge for current galaxy formation models. A closer check reveals that the lowering in the dispersion is caused by older galaxies that show a significant departure from the Re−Lcorrr and σ−Lcorrr relations at high Lcorrr. Such features might find an explanation in models where more massive galaxies undergo more minor mergers than less massive galaxies at late times, thus causing a break in the homology. In terms of the Fundamental Plane of early-type galaxies, the data indicate that all galaxies show a significant and similar increase in the dynamical-to-stellar mass ratio with increasing mass, independent of their age. However, older galaxies have smaller Mdyn/Mstar ratios than objects which formed more recently. These findings may suggest that lower mass galaxies and, at fixed stellar mass, higher redshift galaxies, formed from gas-richer progenitors, thus underwent more dissipation and contraction.
Elder abuse and neglect: the nurse’s responsibility in care of the older person
Authors: Phelan Amanda
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a review of elder abuse and contextualizes it within selected publications which demonstrate the complexity of the topic. Such complexity is enmeshed within discourses of elder abuse and the interpretation within culture and professional discourses. This paper considers the discursive and practice silence in nursing with a particular focus on neglect. The publications selected are judged to represent key areas of discourses of elder abuse and neglect, rather than a wide‐ranging literature review.
The concept of frailty and its significance in the consequences of care or neglect for older people: an analysis
Authors: Heath Hazel , Phair Lynne
Published: May 2009

Older people, and particularly those of advanced age, become increasingly vulnerable to the consequences of abuse or neglect and, since the birth of specialist services for older people, researchers and clinicians have sought to understand the reasons for this.  Multi‐agency work across the UK is developing innovative strategies, protocols and tools to support investigation into situations of possible neglect in formal care settings. Emerging within this work has been a dilemma concerning which terminology should be used to most accurately describe care in specific situations, for example should care be described as ‘inadequate’ or ‘poor’, or as ‘neglect’. One key element in this decision is the consequence, or consequences, of the care for the vulnerable person, i.e. its impact on the individual. Because of the complex changes which accompany ageing, and particularly older age, this is not straightforward. Is a person’s health deteriorating as a consequence of ageing or disease? Are factors such as mental state or motivation impacting on their health? Is this the trajectory that their health would naturally follow? Or is the deterioration a direct consequence of the care that they have, or have not, been given? And, if so, to what degree? Identifying ways of addressing these questions could support the development of a lexicon of terms and definitions which could be used to accurately define specific categories of neglect in specific circumstances. This paper describes the practice based dilemmas that prompted this work. It briefly sets a historical context for contemporary understandings of the mechanisms that render older people particularly vulnerable to the effects of neglect. Some perspectives on defining neglect are offered. The paper then outlines the findings of a literature review and concepts analysis of the term frailty. It offers a new definition of frailty and explains the theoretical approach within which this nests. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of frailty as a consequence of care or neglect for older people.
The development of the West Sussex institutional care neglect risk assessment tool: a reflective analysis using Mezirow’s transformative learning framework
Authors: Phair Lynne
Published: May 2009

The protection of vulnerable people is becoming more understood internationally, and in the UK standards of care for frail older people is now receiving appropriate attention (CSCI 2009, The state of social care in England 2007–2008. Commission for Social Care Inspection, London). Although many people continue to live in their own homes, even when they are very frail, many receive long term care in institutional settings, and are dependent on the standards, practices, belief systems and culture of the staff who care for them. As society becomes more intolerant of sub standard services, more adult protection investigations are being carried out to establish whether frail people are being neglected. Within West Sussex England, the multi agency safeguarding team addressed the dilemma of how to assess the risk to other residents in a formal care setting, when concerns had been raised about a small number of people who are resident in that place. The Consultant Nurse, used intuitive and craft knowledge, including examination of clinical evidence as audit data, collected as part of her practice, to examine how to assess the risk to others in formal care settings where care had been identified as neglectful for some of the residents. This paper uses the reflective framework of Mezirow transformative learning theory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformative_learning) to examine the development of a neglect risk assessment tool and highlight the issues identified by a consultant nurse in examining concerns about poor care and neglect in formal care settings. The final section of the paper describes the new Neglect Risk Assessment Tool developed in West Sussex, England, and offers case examples illustrating its use in practice.
Effect of Several Sugars on Consumer Perception of Cured Sheepmeat
Authors: Young O.A. , Cummings T.L. , Binnie N.S.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  This article reports the perception of cooked, nitrite‐cured sheepmeat sausage that included 1.5% glucose, sucrose, xylose, or no sugar addition. The 4 sugar treatments were dry‐cooked, vacuum packed, and stored chilled, and were hedonically assessed after 0, 1, and 2 mo. Consumers were advised that they could be eating any 1 of beef, chicken, lamb, pork, or turkey, in a salted cured preparation. Three‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that liking of appearance, color, and texture were unaffected by sugar treatment, whereas liking of aroma, flavor, sweetness, and overall liking were markedly and significantly increased by xylose. Storage time as a factor had minimal effects on liking. In contrast, all attributes were liked more by male consumers (57%, P < 0.001). When asked to identify the meat species, lamb was correctly identified 50% of the time. With xylose, the observed frequency of lamb's misidentification as beef increased by 50% above the expected Chi‐square frequency. This was largely at the expense of observed lamb selection frequency, which was 18% below expectation. When data were segregated by gender, the misidentification remained significant for males (P = 0.002), but was not significant for females (P = 0.32). The misidentification of beef for lamb may be due to the generation of Strecker aldehydes in the Maillard reaction between xylose and meat amino acids, which were shown to be greatly increased in the headspace above xylose‐treated sausage. The restriction of significant misidentification to males is less easy to explain but may be associated with the possible greater sensitivity of females to volatile fatty acids, which are components of sweat.
Developmentally Effective Experiences for Promoting Self‐Authorship
Authors: King Patricia M. , Baxter Magolda Marcia B. , Barber James P. , Brown Marie Kendall , Lindsay Nathan K.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT—Many national studies have identified types of experiences that are associated with enhancing college students’ learning. This study contributes to the small but growing body of research on transformative educational experiences that assist and enable college students to develop ways of understanding and being in the world that help them adapt and respond to life's complexities and prepare for future civic, occupational, and family roles. The focus of this exploratory study is on those experiences that had a positive impact on college students’ development toward self‐authorship (Baxter Magolda, 2001; Kegan, 1994). Using interview data from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, we analyzed 300 selected experiences from 174 students. We found that students’ approaches to interpreting and understanding their experiences was the major student characteristic that affected their learning (the effect of the experience). We then mapped these findings onto a sequenced developmental curriculum designed to promote self‐authorship.
Fin‐de‐Siècle Advances in Neuroeducation: Henry Herbert Donaldson and Reuben Post Halleck
Authors: Théodoridou Zoë D. , Triarhou Lazaros C.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT—This article focuses on two early attempts at bridging neuroscience and education, made by Henry Herbert Donaldson (1857–1938), a neurologist, and Reuben Post Halleck (1859–1936), an educator. Their works, respectively entitled The Growth of the Brain: A Study of the Nervous System in Relation to Education (1895) and The Education of the Central Nervous System: A Study of Foundations, Especially of Sensory and Motor Training (1896), witness early attempts at opening up paths for the application of neurobiological findings to education. We provide an exposé of select points from their monographs; published only 1 year apart, both texts constitute significant testimonies of that Zeitgeist. They shed light on contemporary discussions about gender, neuroplasticity, critical periods, nature and nurture, and sleep/awake rhythms and provide a much needed perspective on the difficulties of founding the new inter‐ and transdisciplinary field of neuroeducation.
Global priority areas for incorporating land–sea connections in marine conservation
Authors: Halpern Benjamin S. , Ebert Colin M. , Kappel Carrie V. , Madin Elizabeth M.P. , Micheli Fiorenza , Perry Matthew , Selkoe Kimberly A. , Walbridge Shaun
Published: May 2009

Coastal marine ecosystems rank among the most productive ecosystems on earth but are also highly threatened by the exposure to both ocean‐ and land‐based human activities. Spatially explicit information on the distributions of land‐based impacts is critical for managers to identify where the effects of land‐based activities on ecosystem condition are greatest and, therefore, where they should prioritize mitigation of land‐based impacts. Here, we quantify the global cumulative impact of four of the most pervasive land‐based impacts on coastal ecosystems—nutrient input, organic and inorganic pollution, and the direct impact of coastal populations (e.g., coastal engineering and trampling)—and identify hotspots of land‐based impact using a variety of metrics. These threat hotspots were primarily in Europe and Asia, with the top three adjacent to the Mississippi, Ganges, and Mekong rivers. We found that 95% of coastal and shelf areas (<200 m depth) and 40% of the global coastline experience little to no impact from land‐based human activities, suggesting that marine conservation and resource management in these areas can focus on managing current ocean activities and preventing future spread of land‐based stressors. These results provide guidance on where coordination between marine and terrestrial management is most critical and where a focus on ocean‐based impacts is instead needed.
Simulation of Blast-Induced Early-Time Intracranial Wave Physics leading to Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Taylor Paul A. , Ford Corey C.
Published: May 2009

The objective of this modeling and simulation study was to establish the role of stress wave interactions in the genesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from exposure to explosive blast. A high resolution (1 mm3 voxels) five material model of the human head was created by segmentation of color cryosections from the Visible Human Female data set. Tissue material properties were assigned from literature values. The model was inserted into the shock physics wave code, CTH, and subjected to a simulated blast wave of 1.3 MPa (13 bars) peak pressure from anterior, posterior, and lateral directions. Three-dimensional plots of maximum pressure, volumetric tension, and deviatoric (shear) stress demonstrated significant differences related to the incident blast geometry. In particular, the calculations revealed focal brain regions of elevated pressure and deviatoric stress within the first 2 ms of blast exposure. Calculated maximum levels of 15 KPa deviatoric, 3.3 MPa pressure, and 0.8 MPa volumetric tension were observed before the onset of significant head accelerations. Over a 2 ms time course, the head model moved only 1 mm in response to the blast loading. Doubling the blast strength changed the resulting intracranial stress magnitudes but not their distribution. We conclude that stress localization, due to early-time wave interactions, may contribute to the development of multifocal axonal injury underlying TBI. We propose that a contribution to traumatic brain injury from blast exposure, and most likely blunt impact, can occur on a time scale shorter than previous model predictions and before the onset of linear or rotational accelerations traditionally associated with the development of TBI.
Pandemic Potential of a Strain of Influenza A (H1N1): Early Findings
Authors: Fraser Christophe , Donnelly Christl A. , Cauchemez Simon , Hanage William P. , Van Kerkhove Maria D. , Hollingsworth T. Déirdre , Griffin Jamie , Baggaley Rebecca F. , Jenkins Helen E. , Lyons Emily J. , Jombart Thibaut , Hinsley Wes R. , Grassly Nicholas C. , Balloux Francois , Ghani Azra C. , Ferguson Neil M. , Rambaut Andrew , Pybus Oliver G. , Lopez-Gatell Hugo , Alpuche-Aranda Celia M. , Chapela Ietza Bojorquez , Zavala Ethel Palacios , Guevara Dulce Ma. Espejo , Checchi Francesco , Garcia Erika , Hugonnet Stephane , Roth Cathy ,   The WHO Rapid Pandemic Assessment Collaboration
Published: May 2009

Swine Flu Benchmark

The World Health Organization (WHO) announced on 29 April 2009, a level-5 pandemic alert for a strain of H1N1 influenza originating in pigs in Mexico and transmitting from human to human in several countries.

Fraser
et al.

(p.
1557
, published online 11 May; see the cover) amassed a team of experts in Mexico and WHO to make an initial assessment of the outbreak with a view to guiding future policy. The outbreak appears to have originated in mid-February in the village of La Gloria, Veracruz, where over half the population suffered acute respiratory illness, affecting more than 61% of children under 15 years old in the community. The basic reproduction number (the number of people infected per patient) is in the range of 1.5—similar or less than that of the pandemics of 1918, 1957, and 1968. There remain significant uncertainties about the severity of this outbreak, which makes it difficult to compare the economic and societal costs of intervention with lives saved and the risks of generating antiviral resistance.
Detection and Quantification of Minor Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Harboring K103N and Y181C Resistance Mutations in Subtype A and D Isolates by Allele-Specific Real-Time PCR
Authors: Hauser Andrea , Mugenyi Kizito , Kabasinguzi Rose , Bluethgen Kerstin , Kuecherer Claudia , Harms Gundel , Kunz Andrea
Published: May 2009

Nevirapine (single dose), commonly used to prevent the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in developing countries, frequently induces viral resistance. Even mutations which occur only in a minor population of the HIV quasispecies (<20%) are associated with subsequent treatment failure but cannot be detected by population-based sequencing. We developed sensitive allele-specific real-time PCR (ASPCR) assays for two key resistance mutations of nevirapine. The assays were specifically designed to analyze HIV-1 subtype A and D isolates accounting for the majority of HIV infections in Uganda. Assays were evaluated using DNA standards and clinical samples of Ugandan women having preventively taken single-dose nevirapine. Lower detection limits of drug-resistant HIV type 1 (HIV-1) variants carrying reverse transcriptase mutations were 0.019% (K103N [AAC]), 0.013% (K103N [AAT]), and 0.29% (Y181C [TGT]), respectively. Accuracy and precision were high, with coefficients of variation (the standard ratio divided by the mean) of 0.02 to 0.15 for intra-assay variability and those of 0.07 to 0.15 (K103N) and 0.28 to 0.52 (Y181C) for inter-assay variability. ASPCR assays enabled the additional identification of 12 (20%) minor drug-resistant HIV variants in the 20 clinical Ugandan samples (3 mutation analyses per patient; 60 analyses in total) which were not detectable by population-based sequencing. The individual patient cutoff derived from the clinical baseline sample was more appropriate than the standard-based cutoff from cloned DNA. The latter is a suitable alternative since the presence/absence of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains was concordantly identified in 92% (55/60) of the analyses. These assays are useful to monitor the emergence and persistence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in subjects infected with HIV-1 subtypes A and D.
Liposomes Recruit IpaC to the
Shigella flexneri
Type III Secretion Apparatus Needle as a Final Step in Secretion Induction
Authors: Epler Chelsea R. , Dickenson Nicholas E. , Olive Andrew J. , Picking Wendy L. , Picking William D.
Published: May 2009

Shigella flexneri
contact with enterocytes induces a burst of protein secretion via its type III secretion apparatus (TTSA) as an initial step in cellular invasion. We have previously reported that IpaD is positioned at the TTSA needle tip (M. Espina et al., Infect. Immuno. 74:4391-4400, 2006). From this position, IpaD senses small molecules in the environment to control the presentation of IpaB to the needle tip. This step occurs without type III secretion induction or IpaC recruitment to the
S. flexneri
surface. IpaC is then transported to the
S. flexneri
surface when target cell lipids are added, and this event presumably mimics host cell contact. Unlike IpaB mobilization, IpaC surface presentation is closely linked to secretion induction. This study demonstrates that sphingomyelin and cholesterol are key players in type III secretion induction and that they appear to interact with IpaB to elicit IpaC presentation at the TTSA needle tip. Furthermore, IpaB localization at the needle tip prior to membrane contact provides the optimal set of conditions for host cell invasion. Thus, the
S. flexneri
type III secretion system can be induced in a stepwise manner, with the first step being the stable association of IpaD with the needle tip, the second step being the sensing of small molecules by IpaD to mobilize IpaB to the tip, and the third step being the interaction of lipids with IpaB to induce IpaC localization at the needle tip concomitant with translocon insertion into the host membrane and type III secretion induction.
Is the simple versus complex classification of concussion a valid and useful differentiation?
Authors: Makdissi M
Published: May 2009

Background:

At the Second International Conference on Concussion in Sport, concussion was classified as “simple” or “complex” based largely on duration of clinical features. The purpose of the classification system was to assist clinicians in identifying higher grades of injury severity and guide injury management. The aim of the current paper is to review the validity and clinical usefulness of the simple versus complex classification system.

Study design:

Qualitative review of the literature on concussion in sport, with a focus on time course of clinical recovery and prognostic factors.

Intervention:

Pubmed, Medline and Sport Discus databases were reviewed. Fifty journal articles were included in the review.

Results:

Prospective studies support the recovery of symptoms, balance deficits and cognitive impairment in the majority of concussed athletes within 10 days of injury. However, clinical factors that predict higher grades of injury severity or poor outcome following concussion remain unclear. At present, concussion severity can only be accurately determined in retrospect after all clinical features have resolved.

Conclusion:

It is recommended that concussion in sport be considered as a single entity. Clinical factors that have demonstrated to be associated with longer duration of symptoms (for example, post-traumatic amnesia) or poor outcome (for example, repetitive head injury) may serve as “modifying” factors to assist the treating practitioner in identifying potential for higher grades of injury severity or adverse outcomes.
Is protective equipment useful in preventing concussion? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Benson B W , Hamilton G M , Meeuwisse W H , McCrory P , Dvorak J
Published: May 2009

Objective:

To determine if there is evidence that equipment use reduces sport concussion risk and/or severity.

Data sources:

12 electronic databases were searched using a combination of Medical Subject Headings and text words to identify relevant articles.

Review methods:

Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select studies for review. Data extracted included design, study population, exposure/outcome measures and results. The quality of evidence was assessed based on epidemiologic criteria regarding internal and external validity (ie, strength of design, sample size/power calculation, selection bias, misclassification bias, control of potential confounding and effect modification).

Results:

In total, 51 studies were selected for review. A comparison between studies was difficult due to the variability in research designs, definition of concussion, mouthguard/helmet/headgear/face shield types, measurements used to assess exposure and outcomes, and variety of sports assessed. The majority of studies were observational, with 23 analytical epidemiologic designs related to the subject area. Selection bias was a concern in the reviewed studies, as was the lack of measurement and control for potentially confounding variables.

Conclusions:

There is evidence that helmet use reduces head injury risk in skiing, snowboarding and bicycling, but the effect on concussion risk is inconclusive. No strong evidence exists for the use of mouthguards or face shields to reduce concussion risk. Evidence is provided to suggest that full facial protection in ice hockey may reduce concussion severity, as measured by time loss from competition.
Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review
Authors: Alla S , Sullivan S J , Hale L , McCrory P
Published: May 2009

Objective:

To identify self-reported sport concussion symptom scales and to describe the psychometric properties of these identified scales.

Design:

Systematic review.

Intervention:

PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Sport Discus, PsycINFO and AMED were searched from their establishment until December 2008. The medical subject heading terms “brain concussion”, “signs or symptoms” and “athletic injuries”. The search was limited to articles published in English. An additional search of the reference lists of the retrieved articles was conducted. Only full-text articles were considered for this study and these were retrieved to determine whether they met the inclusion criteria.

Results:

The initial search resulted in 421 articles, which were reduced to 290 articles after removing duplicates. The hand search resulted in 17 articles, thus giving a total of 307 articles. Full text was available for 295 articles of which 60 met the criteria for inclusion. The excluded 235 articles were case reports, reviews and guidelines on concussion management or studies that had not used a symptom scale or checklist.

Conclusions:

Six core scales were identified with a broad range of symptom items but with limited information on their psychometric properties. There were numerous derivative scales reported, most of which have not been methodically developed or subjected to scientific scrutiny. Despite this, they do make a contribution to the detection, assessment and return to play decisions but there is a need for the clinical user to be aware that many of these scales have “evolved” rather than being scientifically developed.
Are productivity and richness related consistently after different crops in the Neotropics?
Authors: Myster Randall W.
Published: May 2009

To better understand the relationship between productivity and species richness after disturbance in the Neotropics, I tested two hypotheses using tree stem data collected in permanent plots set up after abandonment from agriculture. I found that (i) species richness had a significant positive relationship with productivity, where the slopes of the regression lines decreased over time for all fields taken together suggested the early upswing, leveling off, and later downswing of a unimodal curve; and (ii) this unimodal pattern held true both in the recovering sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum  L.) and in the recovering banana ( Musa sp.) plantations. There was a delay, however, in the development of the unimodal pattern in the seeded pasture, perhaps due to root competition between the residual tussock grass ( Setaria sphacelata (Schumacher) Moss) and Neotropical tree seedlings. Taken together, the results imply that a unimodal model between productivity and species richness after agriculture may be independent of specific field conditions such as past crop and, therefore, represent a more universal ecological concept.
STUDY FOR THREE-NUCLEON FORCE BY pd BREAKUP REACTIONS
Authors: KUROITA SHO , SAGARA K. , SUETA T. , SHIMODA H. , EGUCHI Y. , YASHIMA K. , MAEDA Y. , YAMADA Y. , WAKASA T. , NORO T. , TAMESHIGE Y. , TAMII A. , HATANAKA K.
Published: May 2009

Cross section and analyzing power Ay of [Formula: see text] reaction at [Formula: see text] were measured and large disagreements with 3N calculations were found especially at forward angles. Effects of 2π3NF are too small to explain the discrepancy. To microscopically investigate the discrepancy, a 2 H (p, pp)n experiment is planned.
A FORMULATION WITHOUT PARTIAL WAVE DECOMPOSITION FOR SCATTERING OF ${\rm SPIN}\hbox{-} \frac{1}{2}$ AND SPIN-0 PARTICLES
Authors: ABDULRAHMAN I. , FACHRUDDIN I.
Published: May 2009

A new technique has been developed to calculate scattering of [Formula: see text] and spin-0 particles. The so called momentum-helicity basis states are constructed from the helicity and the momentum states, which are not expanded in the angular momentum states. Thus, all angular momentum states are taken into account. Compared with the partial-wave approach this technique will then give more benefit especially in calculations for higher energies. Taking as input a simple spin-orbit potential, the Lippman-Schwinger equations for the T -matrix elements are solved and some observables are calculated.
TENSOR OPTIMIZED SHELL MODEL WITH UNITARY CORRELATION OPERATOR USING BARE INTERACTION FOR LIGHT NUCLEI
Authors: MYO TAKAYUKI , TOKI HIROSHI , IKEDA KIYOMI
Published: May 2009

We propose a new theoretical approach to calculate nuclear structure using bare nuclear interaction, in which the tensor and short-range correlations are described by using the tensor optimized shell model (TOSM) and the unitary correlation operator method (UCOM), respectively. We compare the obtained results using TOSM+UCOM for 4 He with the rigorous calculation.
MEASUREMENT OF OFF-PLANE STAR ANOMALY IN pd BREAKUP AT Ed = 26 MeV
Authors: SHIMODA HIROKI , MAEDA Y. , KUROITA S. , SUETA T. , EGUCHI Y. , YASHIMA K. , SAGARA K.
Published: May 2009

At Ed = 26 MeV , H (d,pp)n cross section was measured at 4 angle pairs corresponding to off-plane star and compared with recent pd calculations. A rotary foil target was developed for this experiment. The present data and previous data revealed dependence of the star anomaly on the star-inclination angle α. The angular dependence at Ep = 13 MeV differs much with that at 9.5 MeV.
GAMOW–TELLER STRENGTH IN THE A = 4 SYSTEM
Authors: TAMII A. , ADACHI T. , FUJITA H. , FUJITA Y. , HATANAKA K. , HIYAMA E. , ISHIKAWA D. , KAWABATA T. , KHAI N. T. , MATSUBARA H. , MYO T. , OGAWA Y. , OKAMURA H. , OO Y. Y. , SAKAGUCHI H. , SHIMBARA Y. , SUDA K. , TOKI H. , YOSOI M.
Published: May 2009

Gamow–Teller states, possibly with narrow widths, have been searched for by the 4 He (3 He , t) reaction with an energy resolution of 100 keV. The search is motivated by theoretical discussions on the role of pions in nuclear structure and simulation of supernovae explosion. In the preliminary analysis of the spectrum at around 0°, no significant narrow structure is observed.
PION AND KAON STRUCTURES FROM THE INSTANTON VACUUM
Authors: KIM HYUN-CHUL , NAM SEUNG-IL , CHOI HYUN-AH
Published: May 2009

In this presentation, we briefly review recent investigations on pion and kaon structures from the instanton vacuum. Starting from the low-energy QCD partition function, we have computed the Gasser-Leutwyler low-energy constants, electromagnetic form factors of the pion and kaon, and semileptonic decay form factors of the kaon. The results are in good agreement with the experimental and empirical data.
PION PROPERTIES AT FINITE DENSITY
Authors: NAM SEUNG-IL , KIM HYUN-CHUL
Published: May 2009

In this talk, we report our recent work on the pion weak decay constant (Fπ) and pion mass (mπ) using the nonlocal chiral quark model with the finite quark-number chemical potential (μ) taken into account. Considering the breakdown of Lorentz invariance at finite density, the time and space components are computed separately, and the corresponding results turn out to be: [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at μc ≈ 320 MeV , respectively. Using the in-medium Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner (GOR) relation, we show that the pion mass increases by about 15% at μc.
MESON-BARYON POTENTIALS WITH GAUSSIAN SOURCES
Authors: SHINMURA SHOJI , WADA MASANOBU , OBU MITSUAKI , AKAISHI YOSHINORI
Published: May 2009

Meson-baryon potentials are proposed as an extension of baryon-baryon one-boson-exchange potentials. All coupling constants satisfy the SU(3) symmetry and all mesons and baryons are assumed to have physical masses and widths and to behave as gaussian sources of meson fields. Assuming the parameters determined so as to reproduce the πN and K N scattering, our model inevitably predicts a strongly attractive S-wave [Formula: see text] interaction both in isospin 0 and 1 states.
EFFECT OF STRANGENESS FOR NEUTRINO-NUCLEON AND NEUTRINO-NUCLEUS SCATTERING IN QUASIELASTIC REGION
Authors: KIM K. S. , CHEOUN MYUNG-KI , YU BYUNG GEEL
Published: May 2009

We present the neutral-current (NC) and charged-current (CC) reactions by incident neutrino (antineutrino) scattering on the nucleon, and also on the 12 C target in quasi-elastic region within the framework of a relativistic single particle model. Effects of the strangeness are studied on the cross sections, the ratios between the NC and CC reactions, and the asymmetries. We found that there exists some cancellation of the strange quark contributions between the knocked-out protons and neutrons in the neutrino (antineutrino)-nucleus scattering. The effect of the strangeness on the asymmetry exhibits larger than that on the ratio and the cross section.
NEUTRAL KAON PHOTOPRODUCTION ON THE DEUTERON
Authors: SALAM A. , MART T. , MIYAGAWA K.
Published: May 2009

Neutral kaon photoproduction on the deuteron has been investigated by including the final state effects and compared with the experimental data. Comparison shows that the models used in this calculation can reproduce the data in the Σ channel regions fairly well but still give over predictions in the Λ channel. It seems that the tensor target asymmetries are more suitable for studying the final state effects. The extractions of the elementary photoproduction amplitude are also demonstrated.
BOUND STATES OF THE MAGNETIC MONOPOLE-NUCLEUS SYSTEM
Authors: SAWADA TETSUO
Published: May 2009

It is proposed to extend the nuclear physics by including the magnetic monopole as the additional component. It is indicated that the nuclear reaction of such a system is drastically different from the ordinary nuclear reaction.
EM CALORIMETER COMPLEX FOREST FOR THE π0 AND η PHOTO-PRODUCTION EXPERIMENTS AT LNS-SENDAI
Authors: SUZUKI K. , FUJIMURA H. , HASHIMOTO R. , ISHIKAWA T. , KASAGI J. , KUWASAKI S. , MOCHIZUKI K. , NAWA K. , OKADA Y. , ONODERA Y. , SATO M. , SHIMIZU H. , YAMAZAKI H. , KAWANO A. , SAKAMOTO Y. , MAEDA K.
Published: May 2009

A large solid angle γ-ray detector system, FOREST, has been constructed at LNS-Sendai to study the π0 and η photo-production reactions. The FOREST detector consists of three electro-magnetic calorimeters: pure CsI crystals, Lead/SciFi blocks and Lead Glass Cherenkov counters. It covers about 90% of the total solid angle. A new data acquisition system for the FOREST detector has been developed to handle high rate trigger events with a high efficiency. To investigate performances of FOREST and the DAQ system, a test experiment has been conducted. The π0 and η mesons are clearly observed. A DAQ efficiency of 76% has been obtained at a 2 kHz trigger request.
NUCLEAR REACTIONS IN THE MAGNETIC MONOPOLE FIELD
Authors: WATANABE T. , ORYU S. , SAWADA T.
Published: May 2009

The D + D → 4 He reaction can be one of the methods to count the magnetic monopole. In order to prove this, the mechanism of bound state of nucleons and monopole system is clarified. We calculated bound state of nucleon-monopole system by using the Jacobi-coordinate bases antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (or JAMD) method. This calculation is done to show the efficiency of JAMD as a first step of main subject. The binding energy of neutron and proton in the magnetic monopole field is calculated. Our results are compared with those of analytical solution.
SPIN-EVOLUTION OF CONDENSATES WITH FEWER PARTICLES
Authors: BAO CHENGGUANG , LI ZHIBING , LUO MA , CHEN ZHIFENG
Published: May 2009

The dynamics of spinor Bose–Einstein condensates has been solved via a method of few body theory in which the spin degrees of freedom are treated strictly. Our approach is appropriate to the condensates of several thousands or less atoms. The Bose gas of 87 Rd spin-1 atoms, trapped in a spin-independent potential and interacting via spin-dependent force, has been calculated as an example. Rich evolution patterns that are sensitive to the initial states have been found.
P-WAVE ΛN-ΣN COUPLING AND THE SPIN-ORBIT SPLITTING OF $_\Lambda^9 {\rm{Be}}$
Authors: FUJIWARA Y. , KOHNO M. , SUZUKI Y.
Published: May 2009

We reexamine the spin-orbit splitting of [Formula: see text] excited states in terms of the SU6 quark-model baryon-baryon interaction. The previous folding procedure to generate the Λα spin-orbit potential from the quark-model ΛN LS resonating-group kernel predicted three to five times larger values for ΔEℓs = Ex(3/2+) - Ex(5/2+) in the model FSS and fss2. This time, we calculate Λα LS Born kernel, starting from the LS components of the nuclear-matter G-matrix for the Λ hyperon. This framework makes it possible to take full account of an important P-wave ΛN-ΣN coupling through the antisymmetric LS(-) force involved in the Fermi-Breit interaction. We find that the experimental value, [Formula: see text], is reproduced by the quark-model G-matrix LS interaction with a Fermi-momentum around kF = 1.0 fm -1, when the model FSS is used in the energy-independent renormalized RGM formalism. On the other hand, the model fss2 gives too large splitting of almost 200 keV, owing to the uncanceled contribution of the scalar-meson exchange LS components.
GAUSSIAN NONLOCAL POTENTIALS FOR THE QUARK-MODEL BARYON–BARYON INTERACTIONS
Authors: FUKUKAWA K. , FUJIWARA Y. , SUZUKI Y.
Published: May 2009

Gaussian nonlocal potentials for the quark-model baryon–baryon interactions are derived by using the Gauss-Legendre quadrature for the special functions. The reliability of the approximation is examined with respect to the phase shifts and the deuteron binding energy. The potential is accurate enough if one uses seven-point Gauss-Legendre quadrature.
TEMPERATURE EFFECT FOR PAIRING INTERACTIONS IN THE FINITE NUCLEON SYSTEM
Authors: LEE HYUK-JAE , CHEOUN MYUNG-KI
Published: May 2009

The phase transition at temperature variation is washed out in the finite system. Quantum or statistical fluctuations may give rise to this situation. It is still uncertain whether these fluctuations are caused by approximation error or finiteness of the system. Here we use another approximation the functional Schrödinger picture formalism founded on the variational principle and study the few-body nucleon system by using this formalism.
EFFECTS OF THE ω MESON SELF COUPLING ON THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ASYMMETRIC NUCLEAR MATTER
Authors: WIBOWO S. , SULAKSONO A.
Published: May 2009

Effects of the ω meson self coupling (OMSC) on the thermal properties of asymmetric nuclear matter (ANM) are studied within the framework of relativistic mean field (RMF) model that includes contributions of all possible mixed interactions among meson fields involved up to quartic order. In particular, we study the mechanical and chemical instabilities (spinodal), as well as the liquid-gas phase transition (binodal) at finite temperature. It is found that the onset of spinodal instabilities and the binodal curve are only marginally affected by variation of the OMSC parameter, whereas the binodal curve shows a strong correlation to the symmetry energy. Comparison with other ERMF parameter sets is also performed.
SUMMARY OF APFB08
Authors: KAMADA H.
Published: May 2009

A personal perspective is given on topics which appears to be most promising during the fourth Asia Pacific Conference on Few-Body Problem in Physics 2008.