bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narcotic Drugs: Effects on the Serotonin Biosynthetic Systems of the Brain
Authors: Knapp Suzanne , Mandell Arnold J.
Published: October 2006

The effects of short- and long-term administration of morphine on the activity of two measurable forms of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase were studied. Morphine administration produced an immediate decrease and a long-term increase in the nerve ending (particulate) enzyme activity but did not change the cell body (soluble) enzyme activity. Cocaine administration demonstrated a short-term decrease in measurable nerve ending enzyme activity that was due to the inhibition of the high affinity uptake (the Michaelis constant, K
m
is 10
-5
molar) of trytophan, the serotonin precursor. Cocaine did not affect the low affinity uptake (K
m
= 10
-3
molar) of tryptophan. Both the uptake of the precursor and the enzyme activity appeared to be drug-sensitive regulatory processes in the biosynthesis of serotonin.
The Cutaneous "Rabbit": A Perceptual Illusion
Authors: Geldard Frank A. , Sherrick Carl E.
Published: October 2006

Anomalous localizations of mechanical and electrical cutaneous pulses are produced when widely separated bodily points are successively stimulated with trains of taps. The observer experiences a manifold of discrete "phantom" impressions connecting the points actually touched. The theoretical basis for this perceptual phenomenon is not understood, but some boundary conditions are specified.
Tax the Integrated Pollution Exposure
Authors: Wilson Richard
Published: October 2006

The president has proposed a tax based on the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted from smokestacks and power stations. An alternative method of taxation is suggested which would spread the tax burden among polluters in proportion to their impact on public health. This would be based on the product of the concentration of the pollutant and the population at risk.
Herpesvirus Type 2 in the Male Genitourinary Tract
Authors: Centifanto Ysolina M. , Drylie David M. , Deardourff Stephen L. , Kaufman Herbert E.
Published: October 2006

A population study of 190 randomly selected male patients with no history of genital herpesvirus infection revealed a high incidence of herpesvirus type 2 in genitourinary specimens. This indicates that men serve as a reservoir of genital herpesvirus.
Memory Traces: Experimental Separation by Cycloheximide and Electroconvulsive Shock
Authors: Andry Diane K. , Luttges Marvin W.
Published: October 2006

Mice given cycloheximide or saline were trained with a single trial. Electroconvulsive shock was administered to both groups at various times after training. Cycloheximide led to memory that decayed with time. Cycloheximide plus electroconvulsive shock produced complete amnesia at times when neither treatment alone produced amnesia. Only two types of processes appear to support memory storage in our study.
Bacterial Ribonucleic Acid in the Frog Brain after a Bacterial Peritoneal Infection
Authors: Anker Philippe , Stroun Maurice
Published: October 2006

Frogs were injected intraperitoneally with bacteria, and the RNA of the brains (which have protective barriers against the bacteria used) was extracted. Part of the RNA was bacterial RNA apparently resulting from the transcription of DNA transferred from bacteria to the brain cells.
Gas Exchange in Dry Seeds: Circadian Rhythmicity in the Absence of DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
Authors: Bryant Truman R.
Published: October 2006

A 24-hour rhythm of gas exchange has been detected in dry onion seeds. The rhythm persists in constant conditions, and its period appears to be independent of temperature. Since DNA replication, transcription, and perhaps translation do not occur in this quiescent state, it is concluded that the basic oscillation that defines circadian rhythmicity does not derive directly from these processes.
Temperature Tolerance of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Free-Living Amoebas
Authors: Griffin Joe L.
Published: October 2006

Within tested strains of the genera
Naegleria
and
Acanthamoeba
the ability to grow at high temperatures seems directly related to virulence, with nonvirulent strains unable to grow at normal or elevated body temperatures. Outside these genera, nonvirulent
Hartmannella
and
Tetramitus
do grow at elevated temperatures, which suggests a barrier to pathogenicity other than temperature sensitivity. The high optimal temperature of pathogenic
Naegleria
apparently explains previous difficulty in obtaining isolates from the aquatic environment.
Summated Cortical Evoked Response Testing in the Deafferented Primate
Authors: Cohn Robert , Jakniunas Alfred , Taub Edward
Published: October 2006

Dorsal rhizotomy from C
2
or C
3
to T
4
in the primate results in failure to elicit summated cortical responses from systematic stimulation of the appropriate peripheral nerves. Under these conditions there is thus no evidence of sensory input into the cerebral cortex. A nonclassical mechanism must therefore be operational to explain the extensive purposive movements observed in the deafferented animals.
Gravitation Theory: Empirical Status from Solar System Experiments
Authors: Nordtvedt Kenneth L.
Published: October 2006

I have reviewed the historical and contemporary experiments that guide us in choosing a post-Newtonian, relativistic gravitational theory. The foundation experiments essentially constrain gravitation theory to be a metric theory in which matter couples solely to one gravitational field, the metric field, although other cosmological gravitational fields may exist. The metric field for any metric theory can be specified (for the solar system, for our present purposes) by a series of potential terms with several parameters. A variety of experiments specify (or put limits on) the numerical values of the seven parameters in the post-Newtonian metric field, and other such experiments have been planned. The empirical results, to date, yield values of the parameters that are consistent with the predictions of Einstein's general relativity.
Dispersal of Rabbit Lung into Individual Viable Cells: A New Model for the Study of Lung Metabolism
Authors: Gould Kenneth G. , Clements John A. , Jones Albert L. , Felts James M.
Published: October 2006

This new enzymatic method disperses rabbit lung into morphologically intact, viable individual cells. The scattered cells constitute more than 50 percent of the original tissue. At least 90 percent of the cells exclude trypan blue from the nucleus. The dispersed lung cells consumed 6.2 microliters of oxygen per hour per milligram, dry weight. They incorporated [1-
14
C]palmitate into lecithin.
A New Newton's Law of Cooling?
Authors: Kleiber Max
Published: October 2006

Several physiologists confuse Fourier's law of animal heat flow with Newton's law of cooling. A critique of this error in 1932 remained ineffective. In 1969 Molnar tested Newton's cooling law. In 1971 Strunk found Newtonian cooling unrealistic for animals. Unfortunately, he called the Fourier formulation of animal heat flow, requiring post-Newtonian observations, a "contemporary Newtonian law of cooling."
Pancreatectomy in the Eel: Effects on Serum Glucose and Cholesterol
Authors: Lewis Thomas L. , Epple August
Published: October 2006

Pancreatectomy in the eel causes a slight tendency toward hyperglycemia; total and partial pancreatectomies cause a drop of total serum cholesterol. Thus, complete removal of the islet tissue in this teleost is not followed by diabetes mellitus, and also the endocrine control of the cholesterol-containing serum components seems to differ from that in mammals.
Breccias from the Lunar Highlands: Preliminary Petrographic Report on Apollo 16 Samples 60017 and 63335
Authors: Kridelbaugh S. J. , McKay G. A. , Weill D. F.
Published: October 2006

Lunar samples 60017,4 and 63335,14 are composed of microbreccias and devitrified glass. These components are predominantly anorthositic, with the exception of a cryptocrystalline clast found in the microbreccia portion of 63335,14 which contains 2.7 percent potassium oxide and 66.7 percent silicon dioxide. The samples have been subjected to extreme shock and thermal metamorphism. The parent materials of the microbreccias include both a coarse-grained anorthosite and a fine-grained subophitic anorthositic gabbro.
Convergent Projection of Three Separate Thalamic Nuclei on to a Single Cortical Area
Authors: Killackey H. , Ebner F.
Published: October 2006

Three distinct sensory-motor nuclei in the thalamus project to parietal cortex in the Virginia opossum; the ventral posterior nucleus receives inputs from somatic sensory structures and projects to layers IV and III, the ventral anterolateral nucleus receives inputs from motor structures and projects to layers IV and III and inner I, and the central intralaminar nucleus receives inputs from sensory, motor, and other structures and projects to layers VI through outer I. The physiologically defined amalgamation of somatic sensory and motor cortex is correlated, therefore, with the extent of cortex that receives convergent somatic sensory and motor input from the thalamus.
Three-Dimensional Structure of Yeast Phenylalanine Transfer RNA: Folding of the Polynucleotide Chain
Authors: Kim S. H. , Quigley G. J. , Suddath F. L. , McPherson A. , Sneden D. , Kim J. J. , Weinzierl J. , Rich Alexander
Published: October 2006

At 4 Å resolution the polynucleotides in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA are seen in a series of electron dense masses about 5.8 Å apart. These peaks are probably associated with the phosphate groups, while lower levels of electron density between segments of adjacent polynucleotide chains are interpreted as arising from hydrogen-bonded purine-pyrimidine base pairs. It is possible to trace the entire polynucleotide chain with only two minor regions of ambiguity. The polynucleotide chain has a secondary structure consistent with the cloverleaf conformation; however, its folding is different from that proposed in any model. The molecule is made of two double-stranded helical regions oriented at right angles to each other in the shape of an
L.
One end of the
L
has the CCA acceptor; the anticodon loop is at the other end, and the dihydrouridine and TψC loops form the corner.
Urinary Catecholamine Metabolites during Behavioral Changes in a Patient with Manic-Depressive Cycles
Authors: Jones Frank DeLeon , Maas James W. , Dekirmenjian Haroutune , Fawcett Jan A.
Published: October 2006

3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and normetanephrine were analyzed in daily urine specimens of a patient with manic-depressive cycles who was studied longitudinally. The quantities of these catecholamine metabolites excreted into urine were decreased during periods of depression as compared with periods of mania. Urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol varied cyclically with a period length of approximately 20 days. Changes in this metabolite, and perhaps in normetanephrine, preceded the affective and behavioral shifts.
Scanning Electron Microscopy: Low-Magnification Pictures of Uncoated Zoological Specimens
Authors: Howden H. F. , Ling L. E. C.
Published: October 2006

Good low-magnification (×5 to ×500) scanning electron microscope pictures of dry, uncoated zoological specimens may be obtained with a low accelerating voltage (1.5 to 3 kilovolts) in conjunction with a short exposure to the scanning beam.
Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Localization in Body Fat
Authors: Kreuz David S. , Axelrod Julius
Published: October 2006

[14C]Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC) was injected subcutaneously in rats every day for 1 to 26 days. Concentrations of Δ9THC and its metabolites, 11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol and 8,11-dihydroxytetrahydrocannabinol, were determined in various tissues. After a single injection, the concentration of Δ9THC in fat was ten times greater than in any other tissue examined, and persisted in this tissue for 2 weeks. With repeated injection, Δ9THC and its metabolites accumulated in fat and brain.
Isolation and Structure Determination of Blepharismin, a Conjugation Initiating Gamone in the Ciliate
Blepharisma
Authors: Kubota Takashi , Tokoroyama Takashi , Tsukuda Yoshiko , Koyama Hirozo , Miyake Akio
Published: October 2006

One of the gamones (gamone II) which are effective for the induction of conjugation in
Blepharisma intermedium
has been isolated in a crystalline form and designated as blepharismin. From the result of chemical and spectroscopic investigations, in which x-ray crystallographic analysis was used as a definitive tool, blepharismin has been found to have the structure of calcium 3-(2′-formylamino-5′-hydroxybenzoyl)lactate.
Comet Bennett 1970 II
Authors: Sekanina Z. , Miller F. D.
Published: October 2006

The model for dust comets, formulated by Finson and Probstein, which had previously been tested only on Comet Arend-Roland 1957 III, has been successfully applied to three calibrated photographic plates of Comet Bennett. The size distribution, emission rate, and initial velocities of dust particles emitted from the comet's nucleus are given.
A Hidden Antigenic Site Localized to the Constant Region of Light Chains of Immunoglobulins
Authors: McLaughlin Carla L. , Solomon Alan
Published: October 2006

An antigenic site, which was not immunochemically demonstrable in the intact κ light polypeptide chain, was exposed by enzymatic cleavage of the κ chain into its variant half and constant half. This antigenic site located in the constant region the κ chain was detected immunochemically by several antiserums that had specificity for this site. Treatment of an intact κ chain with a dissociating agent resulted in the exposure of the hidden antigenic site, which was as readily detected in the unfolded polypeptide chain as in the isolated constant half.
Noradrenergic Stimulation of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in Rat Purkinje Neurons: An Immunocytochemical Study
Authors: Siggins G. R. , Battenberg E. F. , Hoffer B. J. , Bloom F. E. , Steiner A. L.
Published: October 2006

A specific immunofluorescent histochemical method for cyclic adenosine monophosphate was used to study rat cerebellum. After topical treatment with norepinephrine or stimulation of norepinephrine-containing afferents from locus coeruleus, there was a striking increase in the number of Purkinje cells with strong cyclic adenosine monophosphate reactivity. Other putative inhibitory transmitters had no significant effect on staining of Purkinje cells. The results provide the first histochemical support for the hypothesis that cyclic adenosine monophosphate can be generated postsynaptically in central neurons in response to noradrenergic stimuli.
Tremor and Involuntary Movements in Monkeys: Effect of L-Dopa and of a Dopamine Receptor Stimulating Agent
Authors: Goldstein M. , Battista A. F. , Ohmoto T. , Anagnoste B. , Fuxe K.
Published: October 2006

Either L-dopa, in combination with 1-α-methyldopa hydrazine (MK-486), or 1-(2′′-pyrimidyl)-4-piperonylpiperazine, an agent that stimulates dopamine receptors, relieves surgically induced tremor in monkeys and concomitantly evokes involuntary movements. These results indicate that tremor and involuntary movements are associated with a common mechanism and that the activity of the dopamine receptors is involved in the regulation of these dysfunctions.
Do the Pyramids Show Continental Drift?
Authors: Pawley G. S. , Abrahamsen N.
Published: October 2006

The mystery of the orientation of the Great Pyramids of Giza has remained unexplained for many decades. The general alignment is 4 minutes west of north. It is argued that this is not a builders' error but is caused by movement over the centuries. Modern theories of continental drift do not predict quite such large movements, but other causes of polar wandering give even smaller shifts. Thus, continental drift is the most likely explanation, although somewhat implausible, especially as relevant measurements have been made over a 50-year period, whereas geophysical measurements of sea-floor spreading relate to million-year time scales.
Diazacholesterol Myotonia: Accumulation of Desmosterol and Increased Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity of Sarcolemma
Authors: Peter James B. , Fiehn Walter
Published: October 2006

Myotonia induced in rats by 20,25-diazacholesterol is accompanied by accumulation of desmosterol in serum, fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum, and sarcolemma. Activities of (Na
+
,K
+
)- and Ca
2+
-stimulated adenosine triphosphatases of the sarcolemma are increased, but not the Mg
2+
-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. The altered sterol composition of the sarcolemma may cause this type of myotonia by decreasing the chloride conductance of the membrane.
The Discovery of America
Authors: Martin Paul S.
Published: October 2006

I propose a new scenario for the discovery of America. By analogy with other successful animal invasions, one may assume that the discovery of the New World triggered a human population explosion. The invading hunters attained their highest population density along a front that swept from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico in 350 years, and on to the tip of South America in roughly 1000 years. A sharp drop in human population soon followed as major prey animals declined to extinction.

Possible values for the model include an average frontal depth of 160 kilometers, an average population density of 0.4 person per square kilometer on the front and of 0.04 person per square kilometer behind the front, and an average rate of frontal advance of 16 kilometers per year. For the first two centuries the maximum rate of growth may have equaled the historic maximum of 3.4 percent annually. During the episode of faunal extinctions, the population of North America need not have exceeded 600,000 people at any one time.

The model generates a population sufficiently large to overkill a biomass of Pleistocene large animals averaging 9 metric tons per square kilometer (50 animal units per section) or 2.3 × 10
8
metric tons in the hemisphere. It requires that on the front one person in four destroy one animal unit (450 kilograms) per week, or 26 percent of the biomass of an average section in 1 year in any one region. Extinction would occur within a decade. There was insufficient time for the fauna to learn defensive behaviors, or for more than a few kill sites to be buried and preserved for the archeologist. Should the model survive future findings, it will mean that the extinction chronology of the Pleistocene megafauna can be used to map the spread of
Homo sapiens
throughout the New World.
Cholesterol Hydroperoxide Formation in Red Cell Membranes and Photohemolysis in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
Authors: Lamola A. A. , Yamane T. , Trozzolo A. M.
Published: October 2006

3β-Hydroxy-5α-hydroperoxy-Δ
6
-cholestene is produced in protoporphyrin-containing red blood cell ghosts irradiated with approximately 400-nanometer light in the presence of oxygen. Incorporation of this cholesterol photooxidation product into normal red blood cells leads to increased osmotic fragility and eventual hemolysis. These results may be relevant to photohemolysis associated with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
Cloning of Rat Kangaroo (PTK
2
) Cells Following Laser Microirradiation of Selected Mitotic Chromosomes
Authors: Basehoar Gayle , Berns Michael W.
Published: October 2006

Mitotic chromosomes of rat kangaroo cells were irradiated with a green argon laser microbeam without prior dye sensitization. Deoxyribonucleic acid-negative chromosome paling was observed. The irradiated cells were isolated and cloned into viable populations.
Insect Juvenile Hormones: Highly Potent Synthetic Mimics
Authors: Sarmiento Rafael , McGovern Terrence P. , Beroza Morton , Mills G. D. , Redfern R. E.
Published: October 2006

The substitution of a 7-alkoxy group for the 6,7-epoxy moiety in aryl terpenoid ethers having high juvenile hormone activity has produced several compounds exceptionally active against
Tenebrio molitor
. The most potent compound [7-ethoxy-1-(
p
-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene, called JH-25] is active at the level of 10 picograms per insect, or about 100 times more active than other promising juvenile hormone mimics so far reported. Compound JH-25 was also active against
Tribolium confusum
.
Circadian Rhythms in
Neurospora
: Spatial Differences in Pyridine Nucleotide Levels
Authors: Brody Stuart , Harris Stephanie
Published: October 2006

A growing colony of a mutant strain of
Neurospora crassa
had two morphologically distinct areas which were formed as a result of a rhythmic spore-forming (conidiation) process. The total pyridine nucleotide content of these two areas was the same, but the levels of NADH, NADPH, and NADP were lower in the conidiating area, while the NAD level was higher. These biochemical differences in the adjacent areas of a single colony were only found in newly formed areas, and were not a permanent record. It is not known whether these pyridine nucleotide changes are a result of the conidiation process, or whether they are tied more directly to some underlying metabolic oscillation. However, it is speculated that the changes in the levels of these key coenzymes could have far-reaching effects on many areas of metabolism.
Genetic Mapping of the
Fv-1
Locus of the Mouse
Authors: Rowe Wallace P. , Sato Hidetoshi
Published: October 2006

The
Fv-1
locus of the mouse, a major determinant of the biology of murine leukemia virus, is very closely linked to
Gpd-1
on chromosome 4 (linkage group VIII).
Magnetospheric Dayside Cusp: A Topside View of Its 6300-Angstrom Atomic Oxygen Emission
Authors: Shepherd G. G. , Thirkettle F. W.
Published: October 2006

An interference filter photometer on the ISIS-II spacecraft generates global maps of the atomic oxygen emission at 6300 angstroms from the ionosphere. The most prominent feature observed is a band of permanent red aurora on the dayside of the earth, centered on magnetic noon at about 78 degrees magnetic (invariant) latitude, brighter than the quiet-time nightside aurora.
Heat Flux and Precipitation Estimates from Oceanographic Observations
Authors: Ostapoff F. , Tarbeyev Y. , Worthem S.
Published: October 2006

Surface meteorological observations and salinity and temperature profiles were made in the intertropical convergence zone during July 1972. Over an 18-hour period, estimates of the heat budget in the top layer of the ocean and estimates of the total heat flux made by using aerodynamic parameterization equations balance within 10 percent. The salinity budget provides a precipitation estimate. Due to the stable stratification established by the salinity dilution in the wave-mixed layer by rain, the total heat flux to the atmosphere is being extracted from this shallow layer. As a result, large sea surface temperature drops occur regionally and may be capable of inhibiting atmospheric convection.
Polarization: A Key to an Airborne Optical System for the Detection of Oil on Water
Authors: Millard John P. , Arvesen John C.
Published: October 2006

Skylight polarization, which varies with the position of the sun in the sky, influences the contrast of oil on water. Good contrast is most consistently obtained by viewing in azimuth directions toward or away from the sun. Contrast is enhanced by imaging selected polarization components and by taking the difference between orthogonal polarization components.
Heart Muscle Viability following Hypoxia: Protective Effect of Acidosis
Authors: Bing Oscar H. L. , Brooks Wesley W. , Messer Joseph V.
Published: October 2006

The mechanical performance of hypoxic heart muscle is further depressed by an acid
p
H. In contrast to preparations at normal or alkaline
p
H. however, hypoxic preparations at acid
p
H do not develop contracture and exhibit full recovery of mechanical activity upon reoxygenation.
Chemostimulatory Protein: A New Type of Taste Stimulus
Authors: Cagan Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Three taste-active proteins have recently been discovered. It is proposed that two of these (monellin and thaumatin) should be classified as chemostimulatory proteins because of their sensory effect; these two proteins taste intensely sweet. The third protein (miraculin), a taste-modifier protein, changes the normal sour taste of acids to sweet.

The taste-modifier protein, miraculin, occurs in the fruit of the tropical plant
Synsepalum dulcificum
. Though itself not sweet, it is able to change the taste of acids from sour to sweet after the tongue has been treated with the protein. Miraculin is a basic glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 44,000.

Monellin, a chemostimulatory protein, is found in the fruit of a different tropical plant,
Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii
. It has been characterized as a basic protein with a molecular weight of 10,700 that contains no carbohydrate. Thaumatin, another chemostimulatory protein, occurs in the fruit of a third tropical plant,
Thaumatococcus daniellii
. Like monellin, it is a basic protein that contains no carbohydrate. Its molecular weight is around 21,000.

Certain gross similarities among the three proteins have been noted. Their basic ionic character and some features of the amino acid compositions are similar. Little is known of the structural features of the chemostimulatory proteins that are required for eliciting their intense sweetness; they are of the order of 10
5
times more effective than sucrose. The precise role of the tertiary structure in their biological activity is not known but appears to be an important area for further study. The relatively large size (11,000 to 21,000 molecular weight) of the chemostimulatory proteins provides indirect evidence that the initial interaction of these stimuli with taste receptor cells occurs at the plasma membrane.
Mobility of Potassium Ion in Frog Muscle Cells, both Living and Dead
Authors: Ling Gilbert N. , Ochsenfeld Margaret M.
Published: October 2006

The diffusion coefficient of potassium ion (
D
K
) in frog muscles was studied by a new method. In normal cytoplasm
D
K
averaged one-eighth of the value in the free solution. Arrest of metabolism or injury caused an increase in
D
K
. In muscles killed with iodoacetate,
D
K
rose to three-quarters of the value in free solution. The data support the association-induction hypothesis.
Microtubule Function in Immune and Nonimmune Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Strom Terry B. , Garovoy Marvin R. , Carpenter Charles B. , Merrill John P.
Published: October 2006

Disaggregation of microtubular subunits in effector lymphocytes inhibits their ability to injure target cells. The inhibition is not reversed by deuterium oxide, an agent known to stabilize microtubular subunits.
Induction of Mating Behavior in Rats by Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor
Authors: Moss R. L. , McCann S. M.
Published: October 2006

Ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen, in dosages too low to provoke mating, displayed this behavior when given subcutaneous injections of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) 48 hours later. Two hours after the injection of LRF, components of female sexual behavior appeared. The lordosis reflex followed mounting by the male, and darting and hopping behavior was quite prevalent. On the other hand, treatment with estrogen followed by luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin-releasing factor did not induce copulatory behavior. The results suggest that LRF may play a role in induction of mating behavior.
AAAS in Mexico: Inter-American Goodwill but Little Press Coverage
Authors: Edelson Edward
Published: October 2006

This summer, in cooperation with the Mexican government's National Council of Science and Technology, the AAAS marked its 125th anniversary with a special meeting in Mexico City, the association's first in Latin America. For the occasion, News and Comment asked Edward Edelson, a science writer for the New York
Daily News
who has covered previous AAAS meetings, to review the Mexico City gathering from a reporter's point of view. A second article by Robert Gillette of the News and Comment staff will elaborate on the objectives of the meeting and on the difficulties of organizing a major international conference.
Information Processing in the Retina: Importance of Chloride Ions
Authors: Miller Robert F. , Dacheux Ramon F.
Published: October 2006

Electrophysiological recording methods were applied to the isolated, retina-eyecup preparation of the rabbit. Perfusion with a chloride-free solution has a selective, reversible effect on the retinal network. This study establishes chloride ions as an important requirement for certain "information channels" within the retina.
Temporal Constancy of Zodiacal Light
Authors: Sparrow J. G. , Ney E. P.
Published: October 2006

Measurements over a 4-year period from the satellite OSO-5 have failed to show any temporal variations in the surface brightness and polarization of zodiacal light.
Evidence for Fetal Antigen in Human Sarcoma
Authors: Mukherji Bijay , Hirshaut Yashar
Published: October 2006

A common antigen (S
2
), initially thought to be uniquely associated with human sarcomas, has been found to be widely distributed in patients with other tumors as well. Absorption studies with human embryonic tissues suggest that S
2
may be a fetal antigen. The presence of antibody to S
2
in patients with tumors and in their relatives implies a propensity in these individuals for cellular dedifferentiation which may be a prerequisite for malignant transformation.
Virus-Free Adenocarcinoma of the Frog (Summer Phase Tumor) Transcribes Lucké Tumor Herpesvirus-Specific RNA
Authors: Collard William , Thornton Helen , Mizell Merle , Green Maurice
Published: October 2006

[
3
H]RNA isolated from "virus-free," summer phase, renal adenocarcinomas of
Rana pipiens
labeled with [
3
H]uridine hybridizes with DNA of herpesvirus particles isolated from the winter phase Lucké tumor. Transcription of the herpesvirus genome in virus-free tumors provides additional evidence for the viral etiology of this tumor.
Feline Leukemia and RD-114 Virus Group-Specific Proteins: Comparison of Amino Terminal Sequence
Authors: Oroszlan Stephen , Copeland Terry , Summers Murray R. , Gilden Raymond V.
Published: October 2006

The major internal virion polypeptide from feline and RD-114 type C viruses has been subjected to amino terminal sequence analyses with the Beckman automated sequencer. These proteins, as well as their homologs in rat and mouse viruses, begin with the sequence prolylleucylarginyl (Pro-Leu-Arg). Virus RD-114 differs from conventional feline type C viruses that show about 80 percent relatedness based on calculation of the minimum number of base changes to give equivalent coding for the protein segments analyzed. In addition, insertion of a gap in the RD-114 sequence is necessary to maintain positional homology. The difference between RD-114 and feline leukemia virus appears as great as the difference between mouse type C viruses and either of these two viruses. Thus, even though current evidence suggests that RD-114 is of feline origin, the sequence differences between RD-114 and conventional feline virus group-specific proteins is well beyond that based on one or a few point mutations.
Hyperinnervation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers: Dependence on Muscle Activity
Authors: Jansen Jan K. S. , Lømo Terje , Nicolaysen Kåre , Westgaard Rolf H.
Published: October 2006

After the motor nerve to the rat soleus muscle was blocked reversibly by local anesthesia, individual muscle fibers became innervated by a transplanted motor nerve without losing their original innervation. Such cross-innervation of the denervated soleus muscle by the same foreign nerve was largely reduced by direct electrical stimulation of the muscle. The results demonstrate the importance of muscle activity for synapse formation by a foreign motor nerve.
Brain Calcium: Role in Temperature Regulation
Authors: Hanegan James L. , Williams Bill A.
Published: October 2006

Perfusion of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus with excess calcium ion in ground squirrels produces a drop in core temperature. The magnitude of the drop is directly dependent on ambient temperature. Respiration, heart rate, and oxygen consumption are also reduced during perfusion of calcium ion. It is concluded that the depression of body temperature during calcium ion perfusion is due to generalized depression of the neurons of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus.
Murine C-type RNA Virus from Spontaneous Neoplasms: in vitro Host Range and Oncogenic Potential
Authors: Peters Robert L. , Spahn Gerard J. , Rabstein Louise S. , Kelloff Gary J. , Huebner Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Strain BALB/c mice harbor at least two host range variants of murine leukemia virus. One variant, which is host-cell tropic, is the predominant isolate from neoplastic tissues and produced lymphoreticular neoplasms when injected into BALB/c newborn mice. A second variant, which is isolated throughout life, grows poorly in host embryonic cells in culture and was not associated with lymphoreticular neoplasm induction when injected into newborn BALB/c mice.
Sexual Behavior: Normal Male Patterning in Androgenized Female Rats
Authors: Sachs Benjamin D. , Pollak Edward I. , Krieger Monica Schoelch , Barfield Ronald J.
Published: October 2006

Female rats treated with testosterone as neonates and as adults exhibited a temporal patterning of male copulatory behavior identical to that of normal males, although such females displayed few intromission reflexes and almost no ejaculatory patterns. With prenatal, postnatal, and adult testosterone treatment, female rats displayed all the characteristic masculine responses and intervals, including the ultrasonic postejaculatory vocalization.
Pavlovian Conditioning with Heat Reinforcement Produces Stimulus-Directed Pecking in Chicks
Authors: Wasserman Edward A.
Published: October 2006

In a cooled chamber, chicks approached and pecked a small disk whose illumination preceded heat lamp activation, even when pecks prevented heat lamp onset. These behaviors did not occur when the disk and heat stimuli were randomly presented. Approach and contact of conditioned stimuli may develop even though these behaviors are not (i) evoked by the reinforcing stimulus, (ii) necessary for reinforcer reception, or (iii) ever followed by the reinforcer.
Serum Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase Activity: Sibling-Sibling Correlation
Authors: Weinshilboum Richard M. , Raymond Fredrick A. , Elveback Lila R. , Weidman William H.
Published: October 2006

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity is released into the blood with catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves. This enzyme activity has been measured in the blood of 317 normal children and 227 normal adults. A significant sibling-sibling correlation of serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase values was found in the 94 sibling pairs tested. Frequency distributions of serum enzyme values in both children and adults suggest the existence of two populations with regard to serum activity of this enzyme.
Montmorillonite: Electron-Optical Observations
Authors: Güven Necip
Published: October 2006

Fine-grained micas are consistent impurities in Camp-Berteaux (Morocco) and Wyoming montmorillonites. These micas give selected-area electron diffraction spot patterns with triclinic, monoclinic, and hexagonal symmetries similar to those reported previously for montmorillonites. Camp-Berteaux montmorillonite appears as folded and flexible polycrystalline aggregates with pronounced texturing along the [02], [11], and [11̅] directions. Wyoming montmorillonite displays better crystallinity and larger crystallite size, and its structure is no longer truly "turbostratic".
Breast Cancer: Induction of Differentiation by Embryonic Tissue
Authors: DeCosse Jerome J. , Gossens Carol Lynn , Kuzma Joseph F. , Unsworth Brian R.
Published: October 2006

A mouse mammary tumor, adenocarcinoma BW 10232, was maintained in vitro for 14 days, separated from embryonic mammary mesenchyme by a Millipore filter. Tubules developed in the tumor; deoxyibonucleic acid synthesis declined; and a presumptive acid mucopolysaccharide matrix, not evident in the controls, appeared.
Phenocopies of Pigmentary and Behavioral Effects of the Yellow Mutant in
Drosophila
Induced by α-Dimethyltyrosine
Authors: Burnet Barrie , Connolly Kevin , Harrison Brian
Published: October 2006

α-Dimethyltyrosine induces a phenocopy of the body color mutant yellow when fed to larvae of
Drosophila melanogaster
The compound also induces changes in male courtship behavior which are similar to the effects of the mutant gene.
Cytomegalovirus: Conversion of Nonpermissive Cells to a Permissive State for Virus Replication
Authors: St. Jeor Stephen , Rapp Fred
Published: October 2006

Human embryonic kidney cells are epithelioid cells which are normally nonpermissive for in vitro replication of human cytomegalovirus. These cells were converted to a permissive state for the virus by prior treatment with 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine. When this method was used, a nonpermissive cell was made permissive to an infecting virus.
Pressure Dependence of the Radioactive Decay Constant of Beryllium-7
Authors: Hensley W. K. , Bassett W. A. , Huizenga J. R.
Published: October 2006

Diamond anvil presses of a new design were used to compress samples of beryllium-7 oxide to 120, 210, and 270 kilobars. The decay constant for the conversion of beryllium-7 to lithium-7 by electron capture was measured for compressed and uncompressed samples. A least-squares fit of the equation (λ
C
-λ)/λ =
K
p
P
to the experimental data, where λ
C
and λ are the decay constants of the compressed sample and an uncompressed sample, respectively, and
P
is pressure, yields a value of (2.2 ± 0.1) × 10
-5
kbar
-1
for the constant
K
p
.
Computer and Information Networks
Authors: Greenberger Martin , Aronofsky Julius , McKenney James L. , Massy William F.
Published: October 2006

The most basic conclusion coming out of the EDUCOM seminars is that computer networking must be acknowledged as an important new mode for obtaining information and computation. It is a real alternative that needs to be given serious attention in current planning and decision-making. Yet the fact is that many institutions are not taking account of networks when they confer on whether or how to replace their main computer.

Articulation of the possibilities of computer networks goes back to the early 1960's and before, and working networks have been in evidence for several years now, both commercially and in universities. What is new, however, is the unmistakable recognition—bordering on a sense of the inevitable—that networks are finally practical and here to stay. The visionary and promotional phases of computer networks are over. It is time for hard-nosed comparative analysis.

Another conclusion of the seminars has to do with the factors that hinder the fuller development of networking. The major problems to be overcome in applying networks to research and education are political, organizational, and economic in nature rather than technological. This is not to say that the hardware and software problems of linking computers and information systems are completely solved, but they are not the big bottlenecks at present. Research and educational institutions must find ways to organize themselves as well as their computers to work together for greater resource sharing.

The coming of age of networks takes on special significance as a result of widespread dissatisfactions expressed with the present computing situation. There is a feeling that the current mode of autonomous, self-sufficient operation in the provision of computing and information services is frequently wasteful, deficient, and unresponsive to users' needs because of duplication of effort from one installation to another, incompatibilities, and inadequate documentation, program support, and user assistance. Complaints about the relative lack of uniform standards and the paucity of information on what programs and data are available and how to get and use them are commonplace.

The human tendency, when beset by problems such as these, is to seek a savior in the next new technology—networks in this case. But networking does not in and of itself offer a solution to current deficiencies. What it does offer is a promising vehicle with which to bring about important changes in user practices, institutional procedures, and government policy that can lead to effective solutions.

Thus more critical than whether networking is developed and applied is how it is developed and applied. For example, networking emphasizes the need for standards and good documentation. Unless effective mechanisms are developed and strong measures taken in networking to ensure that suitable standards and documentation are developed, present inadequacies could get worse, not better.
Peroxisomal and Mitochondrial Defects in the Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome
Authors: Goldfischer Sidney , Moore Cyril L. , Johnson Anne B. , Spiro Alfred J. , Valsamis Marius P. , Wisniewski Henry K. , Ritch Robert H. , Norton William T. , Rapin Isabelle , Gartner Lawrence M.
Published: October 2006

The cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome is a rare familial malady with cerebral, renal, and skeletal abnormalities, severe hypotonia, cirrhosis, iron and lipid storage, and death within 6 months. Correlated electron microscopic, histochemical, and biochemical studies demonstrate defects in two oxidative organelles. Peroxisomes cannot be found in hepatocytes and renal proximal tubules. In hepatocytes and cortical astrocytes, mitochondria are distorted in their appearance and glycogen stores are increased. Oxygen consumption of brain and liver mitochondrial preparations with succinate and with substrates reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is markedly diminished, but the consumption is normal with ascorbate and tetramethylphenylenediamine, which suggests a defect in electron transport prior to the cytochromes. Histochemical studies of mitochondrial oxidation point to a defect between the succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein and coenzyme Q, possibly in the region of nonheme iron protein.
Oxygen Affinity and Electrolyte Distribution of Human Blood: Changes Induced by Propranolol
Authors: Agostoni A. , Berfasconi C. , Gerli G. C. , Luzzana M. , Rossi-Bernardi L.
Published: October 2006

Propranolol causes a massive leakage of potassium ions from red cells, which results in an alteration of the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium across the red cell membrane. According to such a mechanism, the presence of propranolol significantly increases the hydrogen ion activity of the interior of the red cell, causing a decreased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin according to the classical Bohr effect. No release of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate which may be bound to the membrane is thus necessary to explain the effect of propranolol on the oxygen dissociation curve of blood.
Heavy-Particle Radiography
Authors: Benton E. V. , Henke R. P. , Tobias C. A.
Published: October 2006

Energetic heavy particles from an accelerator may be used to produce radiographs with high contrast and high depth resolution. Small differences in the stopping power of objects can be detected and permanently recorded by using stacks of plastic track detectors. This method should aid in the diagnosis of soft-tissue abnormalities, including some tumors, and make possible quantitative reconstruction of the internal density structure of objects.
Glacial-Postglacial Temperature Difference Deduced from Aspartic Acid Racemization in Fossil Bones
Authors: Schroeder Roy A. , Bada Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2006

The magnitude of the temperature increase that occurred in continental regions following the termination of the last glaciation has been determined from the degree of racemization of aspartic acid in fossil bones of known age. The results indicate an increase of 4°C for the Mediterranean coast and 5° to 6°C for East Africa. These estimates are believed to be reliable within 1°C.
Radiometric Ages of Kodiak Seamount and Giacomini Guyot, Gulf of Alaska: Implications for Circum-Pacific Tectonics
Authors: Turner Donald L. , Forbes Robert B. , Naeser Charles W.
Published: October 2006

Kodiak Seamount and Giacomini Guyot have been dated at 22.6 ± 1.1 and 19.9 ± 1.0 [2σ (standard deviation)] × 10
6
years, respectively. Concordant whole-rock and plagioclase potassium-argon dates and fission-track apatite ages demonstrate that significant quantities of excess radiogenic
40
Ar are not present in the dated samples. These seamounts are the northwesternmost edifices of the Pratt-Welker chain, which cuts obliquely across magnetic anomaly patterns in an older northeastern Pacific sea floor. The older of the two dated seamounts is in the Aleutian Trench, apparently about to be subducted. If one assumes that seamounts are generated by plate motion over a fixed hot spot in the mantle, a Pacific-plate motion of 6.6 centimeters per year during early Miocene time may be calculated.
Earthquakes of Strike-Slip Type in Central California: Evidence on the Question of Dilatancy
Authors: McEvilly T. V. , Johnson L. R.
Published: October 2006

The travel times of compressional waves from quarry explosions of well-known origin times, measured at the University of California network of seismographic stations for the period 1961 to the present, have been examined for evidence of premonitory changes prior to earthquakes of moderate magnitudes in the region. Velocities to seven station sites are generally constant to within ± 1 percent, with occasional deviations of ± 2 percent. Variations seem to bear no correlation to earthquake occurrence and are probably due to a combination of reading errors and changes in the source location within the quarry.
Pyrimidine Starvation Induced by Adenosine in Fibroblasts and Lymphoid Cells: Role of Adenosine Deaminase
Authors: Green Howard , Chan Teh-Sheng
Published: October 2006

In the presence of 10
-4
to 10
-5
molar adenosine, established cell lines of fibroblastic or lymphoid origin die of pyrimidine starvation. Less than lethal concentrations inhibit cell growth. Over a broad concentration range, the effects of adenosine are prevented by providing a suitable pyrimidine source. We suggest that the recently described immune deficiency disease associated with absence of adenosine deaminase may be the result of pyrimidine starvation induced by adenosine nucleotides in cells of the lymphoid system.
Porphyrin-Heme Pathway: Regulation by Intermediates in Bile Acid Synthesis
Authors: Javitt Norman B. , Rifkind Arleen , Kappas Attallah
Published: October 2006

Dihydroxycoprostane and trihydroxycoprostane, intermediates in normal bile acid synthesis in the liver, enhanced the rate of porphyrin synthesis in cultured liver cells by induction of δ-aminolevulinate synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme for this pathway. Other 5β-cholestane derivatives and cholest-5-ene derivatives were ineffective. The selectivity of the induction may indicate that the above-mentioned coprostanes have a physiological role in porphyrin synthesis.
Probit Transformation: Improved Method for Defining Synchrony of Cell Cultures
Authors: Hagar William G. , Punnett Thomas R.
Published: October 2006

Cell numbers can be converted to probits that are used to compare the degree and timing of synchronized cell cultures. Data from synchronous cultures of
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
have been analyzed by this method by means of a readily available computer program. The method can be used with any biological system that generates normal sigmoidal data.
Stimulus Change Contemporaneous with Food Presentation Maintains Responding in the Presence of Free Food
Authors: Wallace R. Frank , Osborne Steven , Norborg James , Fantino Edmund
Published: October 2006

The presence or absence of a change in the ambient stimulus conditions upon entry into a food source controlled the frequency with which pigeons choose one of two concurrently available grain sources. Such changes characteristically accompany the production of response-produced food and account for prior reports of responding to produce food in the presence of freely available food.