bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurobiological Abnormalities in the First Few Years of Life in Individuals Later Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Recent Data
Authors: Allely C. S. , Gillberg C. , Wilson P.
Published: February 2014

Background. Despite the widely-held understanding that the biological changes that lead to autism usually occur during prenatal life, there has been relatively little research into the functional development of the brain during early infancy in individuals later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Objective. This review explores the studies over the last three years which have investigated differences in various brain regions in individuals with ASD or who later go on to receive a diagnosis of ASD.Methods. We used PRISMA guidelines and selected published articles reporting any neurological abnormalities in very early childhood in individuals with or later diagnosed with ASD.Results. Various brain regions are discussed including the amygdala, cerebellum, frontal cortex, and lateralised abnormalities of the temporal cortex during language processing. This review discusses studies investigating head circumference, electrophysiological markers, and interhemispheric synchronisation. All of the recent findings from the beginning of 2009 across these different aspects of defining neurological abnormalities are discussed in light of earlier findings.Conclusions. The studies across these different areas reveal the existence of atypicalities in the first year of life, well before ASD is reliably diagnosed. Cross-disciplinary approaches are essential to elucidate the pathophysiological sequence of events that lead to ASD.
Successful Outcome of Chronic Intrahepatic Cholestasis in an Adult Patient with Sickle Cell/β+Thalassemia
Authors: Vlachaki Efthymia , Andreadis Panagiotis , Neokleous Nikolaos , Agapidou Aleka , Vetsiou Evaggelia , Katsinelos Panagiotis , Boura Panagiota
Published: February 2014

Sickle cell/β+thalassemia (Hb S/β+thal) is considered as a variant form of sickle cell disease. Acute episodes of vasoocclusive pain crisis are characteristic for sickle cell disorders and may be complicated by an acute or chronic life-threatening organ dysfunction. Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis is a rare and severe complication in sickle cell disease, characterized by marked hyperbilirubinemia and acute hepatic failure with an often fatal course. Despite the fact that patients with Hb S/β+thal usually have a mild type of disease, herein we describe an interesting case of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis with successful outcome in an adult patient with Hb S/β+thal.
An Adaptive Hybrid Algorithm Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution for Global Optimization
Authors: Yu Xiaobing , Cao Jie , Shan Haiyan , Zhu Li , Guo Jun
Published: February 2014

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE) are both efficient and powerful population-based stochastic search techniques for solving optimization problems, which have been widely applied in many scientific and engineering fields. Unfortunately, both of them can easily fly into local optima and lack the ability of jumping out of local optima. A novel adaptive hybrid algorithm based on PSO and DE (HPSO-DE) is formulated by developing a balanced parameter between PSO and DE. Adaptive mutation is carried out on current population when the population clusters around local optima. The HPSO-DE enjoys the advantages of PSO and DE and maintains diversity of the population. Compared with PSO, DE, and their variants, the performance of HPSO-DE is competitive. The balanced parameter sensitivity is discussed in detail.
The Optimal Control Problem with State Constraints for Fully Coupled Forward-Backward Stochastic Systems with Jumps
Authors: Wei Qingmeng
Published: February 2014

We focus on the fully coupled forward-backward stochastic differential equations with jumps and investigate the associated stochastic optimal control problem (with the nonconvex control and the convex state constraint) along with stochastic maximum principle. To derive the necessary condition (i.e., stochastic maximum principle) for the optimal control, first we transform the fully coupled forward-backward stochastic control system into a fully coupled backward one; then, by using the terminal perturbation method, we obtain the stochastic maximum principle. Finally, we study a linear quadratic model.
Pharmacological Correction of Stress-Induced Gastric Ulceration by Novel Small-Molecule Agents with Antioxidant Profile
Authors: Kudryavtsev Konstantin V. , Markevich Anna O. , Virchenko Oleksandr V. , Falalyeyeva Tetyana M. , Beregova Tetyana V. , Ostapchenko Lyudmyla I. , Zabolotnev Dmitry V. , Zefirov Nikolay S.
Published: February 2014

This study was designed to determine novel small-molecule agents influencing the pathogenesis of gastric lesions induced by stress. To achieve this goal, four novel organic compounds containing structural fragments with known antioxidant activity were synthesized, characterized by physicochemical methods, and evaluatedin vivoat water immersion restraint conditions. The levels of lipid peroxidation products and activities of antioxidative system enzymes were measured in gastric mucosa and correlated with the observed gastroprotective activity of the active compounds. Prophylactic single-dose 1 mg/kg treatment with (2-hydroxyphenyl)thioacetyl derivatives ofL-lysine andL-proline efficiently decreases up to 86% stress-induced stomach ulceration in rats. Discovered small-molecule antiulcer agents modulate activities of gastric mucosa tissue superoxide dismutase, catalase, and xanthine oxidase in concerted directions. Gastroprotective effect of (2-hydroxyphenyl)thioacetyl derivatives ofL-lysine andL-proline at least partially depends on the correction of gastric mucosa oxidative balance.
Production of Biodiesel from Lipid of PhytoplanktonChaetoceros calcitransthrough Ultrasonic Method
Authors: Kwangdinata Raymond , Raya Indah , Zakir Muhammad
Published: February 2014

A research on production of biodiesel from lipid of phytoplanktonChaetoceros calcitransthrough ultrasonic method has been done. In this research, we carried out a series of phytoplankton cultures to determine the optimum time of growth and biodiesel synthesis process from phytoplankton lipids. Process of biodiesel synthesis consists of two steps, that is, isolation of phytoplankton lipids and biodiesel synthesis from those lipids. Oil isolation process was carried out by ultrasonic extraction method using ethanol 96%, while biodiesel synthesis was carried out by transesterification reaction using methanol and KOH catalyst under sonication. Weight of biodiesel yield per biomassChaetoceros calcitransis 35.35%. Characterization of biodiesel was well carried out in terms of physical properties which are density and viscosity and chemical properties which are FFA content, saponification value, and iodine value. These values meet the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) standard levels, except for the viscosity value which was 1.14 g·cm−3.
Convergence Analysis of Incomplete Biquadratic Rectangular Element for Fourth-Order Singular Perturbation Problem on Anisotropic Meshes
Authors: Xie Pingli , Hu Meng
Published: February 2014

The convergence analysis of a Morley type rectangular element for the fourth-order elliptic singular perturbation problem is considered. A counterexample is provided to show that the element is not uniformly convergent with respect to the perturbation parameter. A modified finite element approximation scheme is used to get convergent results; the corresponding error estimate is presented under anisotropic meshes. Numerical experiments are also carried out to demonstrate the theoretical analysis.
Oxidation of Tetracaine Hydrochloride by Chloramine-B in Acid Medium: Kinetic Modeling
Authors: Shubha Jayachamarajapura Pranesh , Puttaswamy
Published: February 2014

Tetracaine hydrochloride (TCH) is one of the potent local anaesthetics. A kinetic study of oxidation of tetracaine hydrochloride by sodium N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (chloramine-B or CAB) has been carried in HClO4 medium at 303 K. The rate shows first-order dependence on [CAB]o, shows fractional–order dependence on [substrate]o, and is self-governing on acid concentration. Decrease of dielectric constant of the medium, by adding methanol, increased the rate. Variation of ionic strength and addition of benzenesulfonamide or NaCl have no significant effect on the rate. The reaction was studied at different temperatures and the activation parameters have been evaluated. The stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1 : 5 and the oxidation products were identified by spectral analysis. The conjugate free acid C6H5SO2NHCl of CAB is postulated as the reactive oxidizing species. The observed results have been explained by plausible mechanism and the related rate law has been deduced.
Fetal ECG Extraction from Abdominal Signals: A Review on Suppression of Fundamental Power Line Interference Component and Its Harmonics
Authors: Ţarălungă Dragoş-Daniel , Ungureanu Georgeta-Mihaela , Gussi Ilinca , Strungaru Rodica , Wolf Werner
Published: February 2014

Interference of power line (PLI) (fundamental frequency and its harmonics) is usually present in biopotential measurements. Despite all countermeasures, the PLI still corrupts physiological signals, for example, electromyograms (EMG), electroencephalograms (EEG), and electrocardiograms (ECG). When analyzing the fetal ECG (fECG) recorded on the maternal abdomen, the PLI represents a particular strong noise component, being sometimes 10 times greater than the fECG signal, and thus impairing the extraction of any useful information regarding the fetal health state. Many signal processing methods for cancelling the PLI from biopotentials are available in the literature. In this review study, six different principles are analyzed and discussed, and their performance is evaluated on simulated data (three different scenarios), based on five quantitative performance indices.
Evaluation of Bax and Bak Gene Mutations and Expression in Breast Cancer
Authors: Kholoussi Naglaa Mohamed , El-Nabi Sobhy E. H. , Esmaiel Nora Nassef , Abd El-Bary Naser Mohamed , El-Kased Ahmed F.
Published: February 2014

Genetic analyses have provided evidence to suggest that Bax and Bak are the essential genes for apoptosis in mammalians cells. This study aimed to search for biomarkers in breast cancer to be used as prognostic markers for the disease. The Bak and Bax genes expressions were analyzed in 23 breast cancer patients by RT-PCR technique. SSCP technique was used to detect the mobility of the abnormal fragment in Bak exon 4. PCR for Bax promoter was digested with Tau 1 restriction enzyme to identify a single polymorphism G(-248)A. The expression of Bak gene is related to several clinical factors of breast cancer. The analysis of Bax RNA showed 4 isoforms of Bax with different distributions in the normal and tumor tissues. These isoforms were Baxα, d,δ, andζ. Exon 4 had a normal pattern in all cases of breast cancer. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency distribution of the G(-248)A genotypes in the breast cancer tissues with grade 3+high, T2 stage, lobular +other, and PR −ve subgroups. In this study, Bak expression seems to lead to development of breast cancer and affects the disease progression. Also, Bax d and Baxδcould be used as risk factor and biomarker for breast cancer with the distribution of G284A.
Abnormal Expression Pattern of the IL-2 Receptorβ-Chain on CD4+T Cells in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Wilde Benjamin , Hoerning André , Kribben Andreas , Witzke Oliver , Dolff Sebastian
Published: February 2014

Background/Aim. ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a small-vessel vasculitis of autoimmune origin. In addition to autoantibodies, T cells have a pivotal pathophysiological role in this disease. T-cell homeostasis and immune tolerance critically depend on IL-2 and its receptor expressed by T cells. In this study, we investigated the IL-2 receptor (IL-2r) expression on CD4+T cells in AAV.Methods. Thirty patients with AAV and 15 age-matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. T cells from peripheral blood were analysed by flow cytometry for expression of the IL-2rα- andβ-chain.Results. The IL-2rα-chain was overexpressed in AAV as compared to HC (36±16% versus20±9%,P<0.005). The IL-2r-β-chain expression was significantly reduced on CD25+CD4+T-cells and CD4+CD25+FoxP3posregulatory T-cells (Tregs; AAV versus HC:48±14% versus62±9%,P=0.002and38±18% versus68±5%,P=0.002). Lowβ-chain expression in AAV was associated with relapsing disease and systemic vasculitis with renal involvement.Conclusion. The IL-2r expression pattern is abnormal in AAV. To our knowledge, we are the first to show that theβ-chain expression is drastically diminished on T cells in AAV and related to a less favorable disease course. Given the indispensable function of theβ-chain in IL-2 signaling of T cells, diminished expression may contribute to disturbed immune homeostasis in AAV.
Network-Assisted Prediction of Potential Drugs for Addiction
Authors: Sun Jingchun , Huang Liang-Chin , Xu Hua , Zhao Zhongming
Published: February 2014

Drug addiction is a chronic and complex brain disease, adding much burden on the community. Though numerous efforts have been made to identify the effective treatment, it is necessary to find more novel therapeutics for this complex disease. As network pharmacology has become a promising approach for drug repurposing, we proposed to apply the approach to drug addiction, which might provide new clues for the development of effective addiction treatment drugs. We first extracted 44 addictive drugs from the NIDA and their targets from DrugBank. Then, we constructed two networks: an addictive drug-target network and an expanded addictive drug-target network by adding other drugs that have at least one common target with these addictive drugs. By performing network analyses, we found that those addictive drugs with similar actions tended to cluster together. Additionally, we predicted 94 nonaddictive drugs with potential pharmacological functions to the addictive drugs. By examining the PubMed data, 51 drugs significantly cooccurred with addictive keywords than expected. Thus, the network analyses provide a list of candidate drugs for further investigation of their potential in addiction treatment or risk.
Nanosensor Data Processor in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata
Authors: Yao Fenghui , Zein-Sabatto Mohamed Saleh , Shao Guifeng , Bodruzzaman Mohammad , Malkani Mohan
Published: February 2014

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an attractive nanotechnology with the potential alterative to CMOS technology. QCA provides an interesting paradigm for faster speed, smaller size, and lower power consumption in comparison to transistor-based technology, in both communication and computation. This paper describes the design of a 4-bit multifunction nanosensor data processor (NSDP). The functions of NSDP contain (i) sending the preprocessed raw data to high-level processor, (ii) counting the number of the active majority gates, and (iii) generating the approximate sigmoid function. The whole system is designed and simulated with several different input data.
Assessment of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Values as Predictor of Aggressiveness in Peripheral Zone Prostate Cancer: Comparison with Gleason Score
Authors: Anwar Shayan Sirat Maheen , Anwar Khan Zahid , Shoaib Hamid Rana , Haroon Fahd , Sayani Raza , Beg Madiha , Khattak Yasir Jamil
Published: February 2014

Purpose. To determine association between apparent diffusion coefficient value on diffusion-weighted imaging and Gleason score in patients with prostate cancer.
Methods. This retrospective case series was conducted at Radiology Department of Aga Khan University between June 2009 and June 2011. 28 patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer were included who underwent ultrasound guided sextant prostate biopsy and MRI. MRI images were analyzed on diagnostic console and regions of interest were drawn. Data were entered and analyzed on SPSS 20.0. ADC values were compared with Gleason score using one-way ANOVA test. Results. In 28 patients, 168 quadrants were biopsied and 106 quadrants were positive for malignancy. 89 lesions with proven malignancy showed diffusion restriction. The mean ADC value for disease with a Gleason score of 6 was 935 mm2/s (SD=248.4 mm2/s); Gleason score of 7 was 837 mm2/s (SD=208.5 mm2/s); Gleason score of 8 was 614 mm2/s (SD=108 mm2/s); and Gleason score of 9 was 571 mm2/s (SD=82 mm2/s). Inverse relationship was observed between Gleason score and mean ADC values. Conclusion. DWI and specifically quantitative ADC values may help differentiate between low-risk (Gleason score, 6), intermediate-risk (Gleason score, 7), and high-risk (Gleason score 8 and 9) prostate cancers, indirectly determining the aggressiveness of the disease.
RBP4 Gene Variants Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Saucedo Renata , Zarate Arturo , Basurto Lourdes , Hernandez Marcelino , Puello Edgardo , Mendoza-Lorenzo Patricia , Ostrosky-Wegman Patricia
Published: February 2014

Objective. This study aimed to examine possible genetic effects of some retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In addition, the SNPs were examined for their possible association with insulin resistance at 6 weeks after delivery.Methods. This was a prospective study of 100 women with GDM and 100 participants with normal gestation who were evaluated at gestational week 30 and 6 weeks postpartum. Three SNPs of RBP4 (rs3758539, rs116736522, and rs34571439) were genotyped using TaqMan assay. The genotype distributions between GDM patients and normal controls were analyzed using logistic regression models. In addition, differences in clinical characteristics among subjects grouped by genotype were assessed using the analysis of covariance test.Results. The frequencies of the rare alleles were not significantly different between GDM patients and controls. However, we identified two variants rs3758539 and rs34571439 associated with insulin levels and insulin resistance in women with previous GDM.Conclusion. Noncoding SNPs of the RBP4 gene are not associated with GDM, but two SNPs showed associations with insulin resistance and insulin levels in women with prior GDM. Additional studies with increased sample size will be necessary in other GDM cohorts.
Carrier-Based Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Acne
Authors: Vyas Amber , Kumar Sonker Avinesh , Gidwani Bina
Published: February 2014

Approximately 95% of the population suffers at some point in their lifetime from acne vulgaris. Acne is a multifactorial disease of the pilosebaceous unit. This inflammatory skin disorder is most common in adolescents but also affects neonates, prepubescent children, and adults. Topical conventional systems are associated with various side effects. Novel drug delivery systems have been used to reduce the side effect of drugs commonly used in the topical treatment of acne. Topical treatment of acne with active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) makes direct contact with the target site before entering the systemic circulation which reduces the systemic side effect of the parenteral or oral administration of drug. The objective of the present review is to discuss the conventional delivery systems available for acne, their drawbacks, and limitations. The advantages, disadvantages, and outcome of using various carrier-based delivery systems like liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and so forth, are explained. This paper emphasizes approaches to overcome the drawbacks and limitations associated with the conventional system and the advances and application that are poised to further enhance the efficacy of topical acne formulations, offering the possibility of simplified dosing regimen that may improve treatment outcomes using novel delivery system.
𝒥ℋ-Operator Pairs with Application to Functional Equations Arising in Dynamic Programming
Authors: Razani A. , Moeini B.
Published: February 2014

Some common fixed point theorems for𝒥ℋ-operator pairs are proved. As an application, the existence and uniqueness of the common solution for systems of functional equations arising in dynamic programming are discussed. Also, an example to validate all the conditions of the main result is presented.
Resveratrol Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy Is Associated with the Suppression of Renal Inflammation and Mesangial Cell Proliferation: Possible Roles of Akt/NF-κB Pathway
Authors: Xu Feng , Wang Yuehui , Cui Wenpeng , Yuan Hang , Sun Jing , Wu Man , Guo Qiaoyan , Kong Lili , Wu Hao , Miao Lining
Published: February 2014

The present study was to investigate the protection of resveratrol (RSV) in diabetes associated with kidney inflammation and cell proliferation. Rat mesangial cell and streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mouse model were used.In vitro, RSV attenuated high glucose-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) expression and mesangial cell proliferation, as well as Akt and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. The similar results were recaptured in the experiment with Akt inhibitors.In vivo, mice were divided into three groups: control group, diabetes mellitus (DM) group, and RSV-treated DM group. Compared with control group, the kidney weight to body weight ratio and albumin to creatinine ratio were increased in DM group, but not in RSV-treated DM group. Furthermore, the increased expression of PAI-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in diabetic renal cortex were also reduced by RSV administration. Besides, the kidney p-Akt/Akt ratio and NF-κB were significantly increased in DM group; however, these changes were reversed in RSV-treated DM group. Additionally, immunohistochemistry results indicated that RSV treatment reduced the density of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells significantly in glomeruli of diabetic mice. These results suggest that RSV prevents diabetes-induced renal inflammation and mesangial cell proliferation possibly through Akt/NF-κB pathway inhibition.
Utilization Behavior: What Is Known and What Has to Be Known?
Authors: Iaccarino Leonardo , Chieffi Sergio , Iavarone Alessandro
Published: February 2014

Since the first description by Lhermitte (1983), the utilization behavior (UB) still represents an enigma for behavioral neurology and neuropsychology. Recent findings shed some light on new frameworks for interpreting this interesting phenomenon. Functional neuroanatomical basis is still unclear, although recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have contributed to a better understanding of the syndrome. An important and promising step is given by shifting researcher’s attention from frontoparietal to intrafrontal mechanisms. From a cognitive standpoint, three models have been proposed. However, a comprehensive account for the UB neurobehavioral complexity is still lacking. Aims of this paper are to briefly review the reported cases of utilization behavior (UB) and to describe the putative neurological mechanisms underlying UB. Furthermore, the cognitive models proposed to interpret UB will be summarized. For clinical purposes, features suitable for distinguishing UB from other neurobehavioral symptoms will be briefly described.
Fast 3D Node Localization in Multipath for UWB Wireless Sensor Networks Using Modified Propagator Method
Authors: Jiang Hong , Liu Chang , Zhang Yu , Cui Haijing
Published: February 2014

A fast three-dimensional (3D) node localization algorithm in multipath for ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless sensor networks is developed. The algorithm employs a modified propagator method (MPM) for time delay estimation and then uses a marriage algorithm of 3D Chan and Taylor for range-based multilateral localization and node position computation. In the proposed algorithm, the traditional propagator method (PM) for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is extended to frequency-domain time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation in multipath, which can effectively measure the distance between an unknown sensor node and an anchor node. MPM algorithm requires neither spectral searching nor covariance matrix estimation and its eigenvalue decomposition, which reduces the computational complexity. The marriage location algorithm enhances the robustness and accuracy of node localization. The simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in locating multiple unknown nodes of UWB wireless sensor networks in 3D space.
Atrioventricular Left Ventricular Apical Pacing Improves Haemodynamic, Rotational, and Deformation Variables in Comparison to Pacing at the Lateral Wall in Intact Myocardium: Experimental Study
Authors: Toumanidis Savvas , Kaladaridou Anna , Bramos Dimitrios , Skaltsiotes Elias , Agrios John , Pamboucas Constantinos , Kottis George , Antoniou Anna , Papadopoulou Elektra , Moulopoulos Spyridon
Published: February 2014

Aim.To assess the effect on left ventricular (LV) function of atrioventricular (AV) and ventricular pacing at the LV apical or lateral wall and to compare the normal torsional and deformation pattern of the intact LV myocardium with those created by the aforementioned LV pacing modes and sites.Methods.Experiments were conducted in pigs (n=21) with normal LV function to investigate the acute hemodynamic effects of epicardial AV and ventricular LV pacing at the LV apical or lateral wall. Torsional and deformation indices of LV function were assessed using speckle tracking echocardiography.Results.AV pacing at the apex revealed a significant reduction in the radial strain of the base (P<0.03), without affecting significantly the ejection fraction and the LV torsion or twist. In contrast, AV pacing at the lateral wall produced, in addition to the reduction of the radial strain of the base (P<0.01), significant reduction of the circumferential and the radial strain of the apex (bothP<0.01) as well as of the ejection fraction (P<0.002) and twist (P<0.05).Conclusions. In pig hearts with intact myocardium, LV function is maintained at sinus rhythm level when AV pacing is performed at the LV apex.
A New Nearest Neighbor Classification Algorithm Based on Local Probability Centers
Authors: Li I-Jing , Wu Jiunn-Lin
Published: February 2014

The nearest neighbor is one of the most popular classifiers, and it has been successfully used in pattern recognition and machine learning. One drawback of kNN is that it performs poorly when class distributions are overlapping. Recently, local probability center (LPC) algorithm is proposed to solve this problem; its main idea is giving weight to samples according to their posterior probability. However, LPC performs poorly when the value of k is very small and the higher‐dimensional datasets are used. To deal with this problem, this paper suggests that the gradient of the posterior probability function can be estimated under sufficient assumption. The theoretic property is beneficial to faithfully calculate the inner product of two vectors. To increase the performance in high‐dimensional datasets, the multidimensional Parzen window and Euler‐Richardson method are utilized, and a new classifier based on local probability centers is developed in this paper. Experimental results show that the proposed method yields stable performance with a wide range of k for usage, robust performance to overlapping issue, and good performance to dimensionality. The proposed theorem can be applied to mathematical problems and other applications. Furthermore, the proposed method is an attractive classifier because of its simplicity.
Mathematical Analysis of a Cholera Model with Vaccination
Authors: Cui Jing'an , Wu Zhanmin , Zhou Xueyong
Published: February 2014

We consider aSVR-Bcholera model with imperfect vaccination. By analyzing the corresponding characteristic equations, the local stability of a disease-free equilibrium and an endemic equilibrium is established. We calculate the certain threshold known as the control reproduction numberℛv. Ifℛv<1, we obtain sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium; the diseases will be eliminated from the community. By comparison of arguments, it is proved that ifℛv>1, the disease persists and the unique endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, which is obtained by the second compound matrix techniques and autonomous convergence theorems. We perform sensitivity analysis ofℛvon the parameters in order to determine their relative importance to disease transmission and show that an imperfect vaccine is always beneficial in reducing disease spread within the community.
Feasibility of Piezoelectric Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Craniotomy: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Tomazic Peter Valentin , Gellner Verena , Koele Wolfgang , Hammer Georg Philipp , Braun Eva Maria , Gerstenberger Claus , Clarici Georg , Holl Etienne , Braun Hannes , Stammberger Heinz , Mokry Michael
Published: February 2014

Objective. Endoscopic transsphenoidal approach has become the gold standard for surgical treatment of treating pituitary adenomas or other lesions in that area. Opening of bony skull base has been performed with burrs, chisels, and hammers or standard instruments like punches and circular top knives. The creation of primary bone flaps—as in external craniotomies—is difficult.The piezoelectric osteotomes used in the present study allows creating a bone flap for endoscopic transnasal approaches in certain areas. The aim of this study was to prove the feasibility of piezoelectric endoscopic transnasal craniotomies.Study Design. Cadaveric study.Methods. On cadaveric specimens (N=5), a piezoelectric system with specially designed hardware for endonasal application was applied and endoscopic transsphenoidal craniotomies at the sellar floor, tuberculum sellae, and planum sphenoidale were performed up to a size of 3–5 cm2.Results. Bone flaps could be created without fracturing with the piezoosteotome and could be reimplanted. Endoscopic handling was unproblematic and time required was not exceeding standard procedures.Conclusion. In a cadaveric model, the piezoelectric endoscopic transsphenoidal craniotomy (PETC) is technically feasible. This technique allows the surgeon to create a bone flap in endoscopic transnasal approaches similar to existing standard transcranial craniotomies. Future trials will focus on skull base reconstruction using this bone flap.
Approximation Theorems for Functions of Two Variables viaσ-Convergence
Authors: Alghamdi Mohammed A.
Published: February 2014

Çakan et al. (2006) introduced the concept ofσ-convergence for double sequences. In this work, we use this notion to prove the Korovkin-type approximation theorem for functions of two variables by using the test functions 1,x,y, andx2+y2and construct an example by considering the Bernstein polynomials of two variables in support of our main result.
Benign Aspirates on Follow-Up FNA May Be Enough in Patients with Initial Atypia of Undetermined Significance/Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance
Authors: Kim Ga Ram , Yoon Jung Hyun , Kim Eun-Kyung , Moon Hee Jung , Kwak Jin Young
Published: February 2014

Background.Management of thyroid nodules with benign aspirates following atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) is not well established. We reviewed the risk of malignancy and the role of ultrasound (US) features among thyroid nodules with benign results following initial AUS/FLUS diagnoses.Methods.From December 2009 to February 2011, a total of 114 nodules in 114 patients diagnosed as benign on follow-up fine-needle aspiration (FNA) after AUS/FLUS results were included in our study. Eight among 114 nodules were confirmed pathologically and 106 were clinically observed by a follow-up FNA or US. Suspicious US features were defined as markedly hypoechogenicity, irregular or microlobulated margin, presence of microcalcifications, and taller than wide shape.Results.There were 110 (96.5%) benign nodules and 4 (3.5%) malignant nodules. Two (4.8%) among 42 nodules without suspicious US features and 2 (2.8%) out of 72 nodules with suspicious US features were confirmed as malignancy, but there were no significant associations between the malignancy rate and US features (P=0.625).Conclusion.Clinical follow-up instead of surgical excision or continuous repeat FNA may be enough for benign thyroid nodules after AUS/FLUS. The role of US features might be insignificant in the management of these nodules.
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acids Using Codoped TiO2Film Electrodes under Visible Light
Authors: Zhou Xiao , Zheng Yongxin , Liu Dan , Zhou Shaoqi
Published: February 2014

Cu/N codoped TiO2films on Ti substrates were successfully prepared by electrochemical method with the goal of enhancing the photoelectrocatalytic activity under visible light. The morphology and composition of the Cu/N codoped films were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and UV-Vis diffusion reflection spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). The photocatalytic activities of the Cu/N codoped TiO2films were evaluated by the degradation of humic acid. The visible light photocatalytic degradation of humic acid (HA) was tested and Cu/N codoped TiO2films showed the highest degradation efficiency up to 41.5% after 210 minutes of treatment. It showed that Cu2+andNH4+codoped TiO2film significantly improved the photocatalytic efficiency under the visible light. When +5.0 V anodic bias potential and visible light were simultaneously applied, the degradation efficiency of HA over the Cu/N codoped TiO2films significantly improved to 93.5% after 210 minutes of treatment.
Low Voltage Floating Gate MOS Transistor Based Differential Voltage Squarer
Authors: Gupta Maneesha , Srivastava Richa , Singh Urvashi
Published: February 2014

This paper presents novel floating gate MOSFET (FGMOS) based differential voltage squarer using FGMOS characteristics in saturation region. The proposed squarer is constructed by a simple FGMOS based squarer and linear differential voltage attenuator. The squarer part of the proposed circuit uses one of the inputs of two-input FGMOS transistor for threshold voltage cancellation so as to implement a perfect squarer function, and the differential voltage attenuator part acts as input stage so as to generate the differential signals. The proposed circuit provides a current output proportional to the square of the difference of two input voltages. The second order effect caused by parasitic capacitance and mobility degradation is discussed. The circuit has advantages such as low supply voltage, low power consumption, and low transistor count. Performance of the circuit is verified at ±0.75 V in TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS, BSIM3, and Level 49 technology by using Cadence Spectre simulator.
In Quest of “Stereoselective Switch” for On-Water Hydrothiolation of Terminal Alkynes Using Different Additives and Green Synthesis of Vicinal Dithioethers
Authors: Basu Basudeb , Biswas Kinkar , Kundu Samir , Sengupta Debasish
Published: February 2014

On-water hydrothiolation reaction between terminal alkyne and thiol has been probed in the presence of various additives. Aromatic alkynes yield corresponding 1-alkenyl sulfides, whereas aliphatic alkynes undergo double-addition yielding vicinal disulfides in good to excellent yields. Formation of 1-alkenyl sulfides proceeds with a high degree of regioselectivity (via anti-Markovnikov addition), and switching the stereoselectivity between E/Z isomers has been noticeably realized in the presence of different additives/promoters.
Nanoclay‐Directed Structure and Morphology in PVDF Electrospun Membranes
Authors: Yoon Kyunghwan , Kelarakis Antonios
Published: February 2014

The incorporation of organically modified Lucentite nanoclay dramatically modifies the structure and morphology of the PVDF electrospun fibers. In a molecular level, the nanoclay preferentially stabilizes the all‐trans conformation of the polymer chain, promoting an α to β transformation of the crystalline phase. The piezoelectric properties of the β‐phase carry great promise for energy harvest applications. At a larger scale, the nanoclay facilitates the formation of highly uniform, bead‐free fibers. Such an effect can be attributed to the enhanced conductivity and viscoelasticity of the PVDF‐clay suspension. The homogenous distribution of the directionally aligned nanoclays imparts advanced mechanical properties to the nanofibers.
Serum Levels of the Adipokine Zinc-α2-glycoprotein Are Decreased in Patients with Hypertension
Authors: Zhu Hui Juan , Wang Xiang qing , Pan Hui , Gong Feng ying , Zhang Dian xi , Li Nai shi , Wang Lin jie , Yang Hong bo
Published: February 2014

Objective. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) has recently been proposed as a new adipokine involved in body weight regulation. The purpose of this study is to investigate serum levels of ZAG in patients with hypertension and its association with related characteristics. Methods. 32 hypertension patients and 42 normal controls were recruited and the relationship between serum ZAG, total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and metabolic-related parameters was investigated. Results. Serum ZAG concentrations were significantly lowered in patients with hypertension compared with healthy controls (61.4 ± 32 versus 78.3 ± 42 μg/mL, P<0.05). The further statistical analysis demonstrated that serum ZAG levels were negatively correlated with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r=−0.241, P<0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r=−0.243, P<0.05). Additionally, serum HMW adiponectin significantly decreased, while TNFα greatly increased in hypertension patients as compared with healthy controls (2.32 ± 0.41 versus 5.24 ± 1.02 μg/mL, 3.30 ± 1.56 versus 2.34 ± 0.99 pg/mL, P<0.05). Conclusions. Serum ZAG levels are significantly lowered in hypertension patients and negatively correlated with obesity-related item WHR, suggesting ZAG is a factor associated with hypertension.
Comparative Phytochemical Analyses of Resins of Boswellia Species (B. papyrifera (Del.) Hochst., B. neglecta S. Moore, and B. rivae Engl.) from Northwestern, Southern, and Southeastern Ethiopia
Authors: Bekana Deribachew , Kebede Tesfahun , Assefa Mulugeta , Kassa Habtemariam
Published: February 2014

Oleogum resins of B. papyrifera, B. neglecta, and B. rivae were collected from northwestern, southern, and southeastern Ethiopia, and their respective methanol extracts and essential oils were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The investigation on essential oils led to the identification of 6, 7, and 8 constituents for B. papyrifera, B. neglecta, and B. rivae, respectively. The essential oil of B. papyrifera is mainly characterized by the presence of octyl acetate (57.1–65.7%) and n-octanol (3.4–8.8%). B. neglecta is rich in α-pinene (32.6–50.7%) followed by terpinen-4-ol (17.5–29.9%) and α-thujene (12.7–16.5%), whereas B. rivae was predominated by α-pinene (32.5–66.2%) followed by p-cymene (5.7–21.1%) and limonene (1.1–19.6%). Methanol extracts of the three Boswellia species were found to consist of diterpines (incensole, incensyl acetate and verticilla-4(20),7,11-triene), triterpenes (β-amyrin, α-amyrin, β-amyrenone, and α-amyrenone), nortriterpenes (24-noroleana-3,12-diene and 24-norursa-3,12-diene), and α-boswellic acid. The investigation on the methanol extract showed that only B. papyrifera contains diterpenes and nortriterpenes, whereas B. rivae and B. neglecta consist of only triterpenes. The results indicate that the three Boswellia species were characterized by some terpenes and these terpenoic constituents could be recognized as chemotaxonomical markers for each species.
A Brachytherapy Plan Evaluation Tool for Interstitial Applications
Authors: Anbumani Surega , Nambiraj N. Arunai , Dayalan Sridhar , Ganesh Kalaivany , Anchineyan Pichandi , Bilimagga Ramesh S.
Published: February 2014

Radiobiological metrics such as tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) help in assessing the quality of brachytherapy plans. Application of such metrics in clinics as well as research is still inadequate. This study presents the implementation of two indigenously designed plan evaluation modules: Brachy_TCP and Brachy_NTCP. Evaluation tools were constructed to compute TCP and NTCP from dose volume histograms (DVHs) of any interstitial brachytherapy treatment plan. The computation module was employed to estimate probabilities of tumor control and normal tissue complications in ten cervical cancer patients based on biologically effective equivalent uniform dose (BEEUD). The tumor control and normal tissue morbidity were assessed with clinical followup and were scored. The acute toxicity was graded using common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) version 4.0. Outcome score was found to be correlated with the TCP/NTCP estimates. Thus, the predictive ability of the estimates was quantified with the clinical outcomes. Biologically effective equivalent uniform dose-based formalism was found to be effective in predicting the complexities and disease control.
Retrospective Observations on the Ability to Diagnose and Manage Patients with Asthma through the Use of Impulse Oscillometry: Comparison with Spirometry and Overview of the Literature
Authors: Saadeh Constantine , Cross Blake , Saadeh Charles , Gaylor Michael
Published: February 2014

Objective. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) is an evolving technology for the diagnosis and followup of patients with asthma. Our objective is to review the findings on patients who underwent both spirometry and IOS during clinical evaluations of their asthma. The goal was to retrospectively evaluate IOS during the initial diagnosis and followup of patients with asthma in comparison with spirometry.Methods. We routinely perform IOS and spirometry evaluation in patients with suspected asthma during baseline visits and at followup. We reviewed the data on 39 patients over the age of 13 with asthma at baseline and following treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. IOS and spirometry were both done at baseline, following short acting bronchodilator administration, and at followup after at least three months of inhaled corticosteroid treatment.Results. IOS showed improvement in airway function both initially, following short acting bronchodilator introduction, and later after initiation of long term inhaled corticosteroid treatment, even when the spirometry did not reveal improvement. We noted the IOS improvement in the reactance or AX as well as the resistance in smaller airways or R5.Conclusion. IOS may provide a useful measure towards identifying an asthma diagnosis and followup without inducing the extra respiratory effort spirometry requires.
Targeted Screening for Latent TB Infection prior to Biologic Therapy to Improve Patient Safety and Reduce Costs: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Hassanzadeh R. , France J. , Bawa S.
Published: February 2014

Objective. Our current practice of screening for latent TB infection (LTBI) using universal T-SPOT assays is not in line with British Thoracic Society (BTS) recommendations. We set out to determine the clinical benefit and cost effectiveness of blanket TSPOT.TB (T-SPOT) testing as a screening tool for patients awaiting anti-TNF-α therapy. Methods. 130 consecutive rheumatology patients were investigated for LTBI before commencing anti-TNFα therapy at Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, an area of low TB prevalence and high BCG vaccination. Chest radiograph and clinical interview were used to identify risk factors for LTBI. The annual risk of TB was calculated using tables from BTS recommendations and then compared to the risk of drug-induced hepatitis. All patients were given a T-SPOT according to current local policy. Indeterminate T-SPOTs were recorded and repeated. Results. For 130 patients, a total of 160 tests were required resulting in a cost of £24,000. 99 (76%) patients had no TB risk factors and a total of 22 repeat tests were required before returning negative results. This equates 121 T-SPOTs and potential cost savings of £18,150. Conclusion. In the absence of risk factors for TB and an abnormal chest radiograph, the use of T-SPOT as a first line test for LTBI may result in unnecessary risk of TB chemoprophylaxis-induced hepatitis, increased costs, and a delay in early anti-TNFα therapy.
Analyzing Drivers' Attitude towards HUD System Using a Stated Preference Survey
Authors: Guo Hongwei , Zhao Facheng , Wang Wuhong , Jiang Xiaobei
Published: February 2014

It is very important for drivers to obtain driving information easily and efficiently. There are many advanced devices used for driving safety assistance. Of these assistance devices, the head-up display (HUD) system can promote the reduction of driver's reaction time and improve spatial awareness. The drivers' attitude towards and preference for HUD system are crucial to design the functional framework and interface of HUD system. This study explored the relationships between drivers' attitude and HUD presentation image designs using stated preference data from questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included drivers' attitude towards the use of HUD and the preference for the information display zone and information display elements of the HUD. Contrastive analysis was adopted to examine the variations in drivers' attitude and preference for age and driving skills. According to the results, the participants have varying attitudes to HUD system, but most participants show relatively unified preference for the information display zone and information display elements. The results can also be used to customize a HUD presentation image which is in accordance with the drivers' feelings and preferences.
Inequalities of Convex Functions and Self-Adjoint Operators
Authors: Pavić Zlatko
Published: February 2014

The paper offers generalizations of the Jensen-Mercer inequality for self-adjoint operators and generally convex functions. The obtained results are applied to define the quasi-arithmetic operator means without using operator convexity. The version of the harmonic-geometric-arithmetic operator
mean inequality is derived as an example.
Contribution of Psychological Factors in Dropping out from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Rehabilitation Programs
Authors: Tselebis Athanasios , Kosmas Epaminondas , Bratis Dionisios , Pachi Argiro , Ilias Ioannis , Harikiopoulou Maria , Theodorakopoulou Elpida , Velentzas Konstantinos , Dumitru Silvia , Moussas Georgios , Siafakas Nikolaos , Tzanakis Nikolaos
Published: February 2014

Significant positive effects, particularly on psychological state in patients who completed the follow-up pulmonary rehabilitation programs, are indicated by a large number of studies. Yet, a remarkable proportion of selected patients drop out from these programs. In this study, we investigated existing differences on psychological variables among COPD patients who complete and those who drop out from pulmonary rehabilitation programs. The study included 144 patients, 43 (29.9%) of whom did not complete the program. SCL-90 was used for the assessment of psychological symptoms. On the SCL-90-R scale 55.6% of patients had abnormal findings. Patients who discontinued the program had higher rates of depression and somatization compared to those who completed it. Regarding the psychopathology scales of SCL-90R, we found that patients who discontinued the program showed higher levels of psychopathology on the scales of somatization, depression, paranoid ideation, and psychotism compared to those who completed the program. The final regression model showed that patients with low educational status and psychotism were more likely to leave the program. In conclusion, psychopathology contributes to patients dropping out from a COPD rehabilitation program; thus, psychological assessment prior to inclusion in rehabilitation programs may reduce dropouts.