bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information Deprivation and Frequency of Complexity-Simplicity Pattern Exposure
Authors: Wilson Wayne J. , Pickel Larry E.
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 2 design was utilized to assess inspection times of complexity-simplicity patterns exposed randomly at 2 frequency levels and preceded by 2 conditions of information deprivation. Effects from information deprivation did not persevere but inspection times were significantly longer for complexity-simplicity patterns exposed infrequently out of a total of 80 presentations.
An Analysis of Bilateral and Unilateral Reminiscence
Authors: Spatz K. C.
Published: September 2011

224 Ss practiced on the pursuit rotor with massed practice for 15 min. The four conditions of practice were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with initial hand practice (5 min., left or right) occurring with or without a 5-min. rest at the end of the fifth minute of practice. All groups finished with 10 min. of right-handed practice. Trial means, standard deviations, and correlations were analyzed for differences between bilateral and unilateral reminiscence. The unilateral reminiscence group showed a significantly greater mean gain after rest than the bilateral reminiscence group. Rest did not have the effect of reinstating the original individual differences. For trials spanning rest, r dropped more for unilateral than for bilateral reminiscence groups. It was concluded that bilateral and unilateral reminiscence were best measured by changes in the mean time on target and not by changes in measures of variance.
Effects of Noise and Difficulty Level of Input Information in Auditory, Visual, and Audiovisual Information Processing
Authors: Hsia Hower J.
Published: September 2011

To examine the effects of noise in auditory (A), visual (V), and audiovisual (AV) channels with varying difficulty levels of input information, 192 seventh grade Ss were tested under six conditions: A, V, and AV with and without noise. It was determined that noise had no detrimental effects upon information processing when input was not difficult, only A was significantly deteriorated by the presence of noise, whereas noise seemed to alert Ss in the AV treatment, AV was generally found to be better than A, which in turn was generally better than V, channel difference vanished when input was very difficult.
Performance of Brain-Damaged Ss with a “New-Old” Discrimination Task
Authors: Rosenberg Donald N.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of Ss performed a 2-display discrimination task in which reinforcement depended upon identification of the new stimulus during each trial. The 3 groups were composed of equated samples of brain-damaged patients, hospitalized patients with lower limb amputations, and nonhospitalized normal geriatric males. Results showed that the normal group differed significantly from the brain-injured and nonhospitalized groups in ability to solve the task, with the former showing learning effects and the latter apparently responding on a random basis.
Trends Observed in the Time Estimation of Three Stimulus Intervals within and across Sessions
Authors: Emley G. S. , Schuster C. R. , Lucchesi B. R.
Published: September 2011

5 Ss participated in a 6-hr. experiment of which the time estimation procedure was a part. The production method with no feedback was used. Ss produced 30 trials at each of 5-, 15- and 30-sec. intervals. There were two sessions (AM and PM) on each of 9 experimental days. An increasing gradient over the first 30 trials was observed in the group data for the 5- and 15-sec. intervals. There was a decreasing gradient for the 30-sec. interval. These gradients do not occur on the second 30 trials or in subsequent sessions. A decreasing trend in the estimations over days was observed. Mean AM estimations was significantly higher than mean PM estimations. The regularity and stability of the data may possibly be attributed to the environmental constancy.
Perception Bibliography: Liv. Psychological Abstracts, 1938, Volume 12, First Half
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

103 references to work on perceptual phenomena are listed alphabetically.
Connotative Meanings of Color Names and Color Hues
Authors: Williams John E. , Foley Jackson W.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to investigate the connotative meanings of color signs and corresponding color significates among young adult Ss. Semantic differential ratings of 10 color names and 10 corresponding color hues revealed highly similar meanings along Evaluation, Potency, and Activity dimensions. It was concluded that color names and hues are virtually equivalent in terms of the connotative meanings which they evoke.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LXXXVII. Psychological Index No. 30, 1923
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

57 items on motor skills are listed alphabetically.
Interaction of Hypoxia and Food Deprivation on Patterns of Locomotor Behavior in Rats
Authors: Gerben Martin J.
Published: September 2011

Eight male rats were allowed 20 min. of free running in an activity wheel under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (8% O2) conditions. In Exp. 1, Ss were not food deprived. In Exp. 2, Ss were food-deprived. Analogue records were taken of the speed of the wheel over time. Results indicated that the reduction of activity associated with hypoxia was related to increased duration of stopping periods. Characteristics of locomotor behavior within “bursts” of running showed relatively little change. Hypoxia generally had a greater effect on several aspects of the running behavior of nondeprived rats than on the behavior of deprived rats. Results are interpreted in terms of the effect of motivation on behavior under hypoxic conditions.
Complexity-Simplicity, Experience, and Incongruity
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Platt Jerome J.
Published: September 2011

Based on research in personality and creativity, it was predicted that Ss who preferred more complex polygons and who were high in experience (number of semester hours) in psychology courses would not be as likely to rate clinical psychology as a science, while Ss who preferred simpler polygons and had less experience in psychology courses would more likely rate clinical psychology as a science. Results obtained from 75 Ss supported this prediction and seem consistent with the cognitive-social information processing theory of Schroder, Driver, and Streufert (1967). Analysis of variance indicated that Complexity-Simplicity, Experience, and the Complexity-Simplicity × Experience interaction were statistically significant.
Eye Movement: A Bibliographic Survey
Authors: Grunin Robert , Mostofsky David I.
Published: September 2011

A total of 413 entries and 9 reviews are included in this bibliography on eye movements. Standard reference works, texts, journals, and psychological abstracts yielded these citations which cover the period 1950 through 1967. The list includes studies which are concerned with the underlying eye-movement mechanism as well as reports on biomedical aspects and instrumentation. The literature citations include both English and foreign language publications as well as technical reports from governmental agencies.
Congruency Factors Related to Visual Confusion of English Letters
Authors: Dunn-Rankin Peter , Leton Donald A. , Shelton Velma F.
Published: September 2011

An index was developed to determine the congruency of letter pairs in the lower-case English alphabet in Century Schoolbook print. The index was based on the ratio of common area to independent area. The congruency matrix of the 325 letter pairs was factor analyzed. Five factors indicated major letter groups and illustrated critical features for discrimination within letter groups.
Individual and Age-Related Differences in Perceptual Inference Behavior
Authors: Westcott Malcolm R. , Tolchin Myra
Published: September 2011

17 samples of Ss ranging in age from nursery school through college were shown fragmented pictures presented in progressively increasing degrees of completeness. Ss were asked to identify the pictures as early in each sequence as possible. A multiple-response procedure and a single-response procedure were employed. Stable individual and age-related differences were found with respect to (a) the degree of completeness required for a first attempt at identification, (b) the degree of completeness required for a successful identification, (c) the number of correct identifications made, (d) the ratio of correct identifications to the degree of completeness. Both linear and curvilinear relations to age were revealed.
An Exploratory Study of the Use of Two Response Keyboards as a Means of Communication for the Severely Handicapped Child
Authors: Hill Suzanne D. , Campagna Janice , Long Debra , Munch Joell , Naecker Sharon
Published: September 2011

A technique for developing communication skills for the severely handicapped child was devised. Two instruments are described along with preliminary findings regarding their use.
Size Constancy in Catatonia
Authors: Starr B. James , Leibowitz H. W. , Lundy R. M.
Published: September 2011

Size matches were made by catatonic and non-catatonic schizophrenics at observation distances from 10 to 120 ft. The matches for both groups were identical with each other and with matches made in a previous study by normals. The data are in good agreement with a prediction based on the law of size constancy. It was concluded that size matching behavior for neutral objects in a simple matching task is not affected by schizophrenia.
Effect of Set on the Fading of Luminous Images
Authors: Ryback David
Published: September 2011

The effect of set on the perception of fading luminous images was investigated and found to exist. The sets employed were those previously used in research involving stabilized retinal images, part-line vs whole-Line disappearance.
Manual Dexterity in Phenylketonuric Children
Authors: Anderson V. Elving , Siegel Felicia S. , Tellegen Auke , Fisch Robert O.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of children (12 phenylketonuric Ss, 12 nonphenylketonuric matched controls, and a normative group of 72 elementary school children) were given a series of 5 manual dexterity tasks. Taken as a group the performance of the phenylketonuric Ss did not differ from their matched controls. When the phenylketonuric group was divided into two subgroups (on or off diet), Ss on diet did not differ significantly from their controls, but Ss off diet performed significantly more poorly than their controls.
Further Test of the Relationship between Satisfaction and Perceived Self-Environment Similarity
Authors: Pervin Lawrence A. , Smith Stephen H.
Published: September 2011

A test of the hypothesis that satisfaction with one's environment is related to perceived self-environment similarity and to the utility of TAPE (Transactional Analysis of Personality and Environment), based on the semantic differential. 169 Ss rated the concepts Self, Ideal Self and My Club on 52 polar adjective scales. Perceived self-club environment similarity was found to be related to ratings of satisfaction with a club environment on two different forms of TAPE. The relationship between similarity and satisfaction varied for different types of club satisfaction and did not appear to reflect satisfaction with the self. It was suggested that the semantic differential is a useful tool for individual-environment interaction research but further research with it would be more effective if relationships, in terms of distance and direction, of ratings for concepts such as Self, Ideal Self and Environment, were available.
Agreement between the Spatial Senses
Authors: Fisher Gerald H.
Published: September 2011

Upon requiring Ss to judge the relative positions of stimuli in different modalities, appreciable constant errors were found. This implies that the agreement between the spatial senses is apparent rather than actual.
Performance of Retarded Readers on the Memory-for-Designs Test
Authors: Lyle J. G.
Published: September 2011

54 retarded readers of at least average IQ (Retardeds) and 54 adequate readers (Controls) aged 6.5 to 12.5 yr. were administered the MFD. This was scored (i) according to the standard Graham and Kendall system and (ii) according to a new system which took into account all errors of displacement, omission, and addition. Both methods discriminated significantly between the groups, the standard scoring system being somewhat better than the new system. Discrimination was maintained after adjustments for IQ differences were made. The results suggest that reading retardation may be a symptom of minimal cerebral dysfunction.
Preference for Complex Stimuli as an Index of Diversive Exploration
Authors: Dent Oran B. , Simmel Edward C.
Published: September 2011

Frequently, tests of exploratory behavior allow Ss exposure to stimulus material and then measure how often or how long Ss choose to look at the same material. Such an approach does not preclude a tension-reduction interpretation of the data. Diversive exploration or the seeking of new experiences was demonstrated more decisively by the modified technique described.
Style of Dress as a Perceptual Cue in Impression Formation
Authors: Hamid Paul N.
Published: September 2011

45 Ss ranked 8 photographs of females for 10 concepts showing consistency in their stereotypes of style of dress. 8 of the 10 concepts tested were statistically significant for the males while 5 of these were statistically significant for the females. It was also found that, when ranking faces alone, no consistent stereotypes emerged.
Experimenter Expectancy Effects in Psychomotor Performance
Authors: Wessler Richard L.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects upon psychomotor behavior of (a) student Es' expectancies about Ss performance created by the investigator, (b) information given those Es by the investigator about whether Ss were performing as expected, and (c) the cautioning of Es against bias. 36 undergraduate males served as Es and 72 undergraduate females were their Ss. Dependent measures were Ss reaction times (RT) to visual stimuli and Es' estimates of the foreperiod between a ready signal and the presentation of the stimulus. Statistical analysis showed that neither RT nor foreperiod estimates were assoicated with expectancy, feedback, or caution. Further analyses revealed that RTs were unrelated to foreperiod distortions. These negative results were discussed in terms of the nature of the situation.
Study of Semantic Associations to the Alphabet
Authors: Knapp Robert H. , Ehlinger Helen J.
Published: September 2011

Further inquiry has been made into children's propensity to imbue our primary communication symbols with extraneous meanings. In this study we examined the English alphabet, and, more specifically, the upper-case letters, employing a slight modification of the semantic differential. Data were obtained from 50 male and 52 female high school students. It was surprising that high school students 10 yr. from the age at which they learned the alphabet retain extraneous and yet important associations to letters of the alphabet with high consensus. It is our present opinion that configurational properties are primary determinants, but certain individuals are clearly guided by vocal considerations.
Comment on Carini's “Private Events Made Public”
Authors: Bakan David
Published: September 2011

Carini's paper, by suggesting that instruments are the way to make the science of psychology objective, carries behaviorism to a reductio ad absurdum.
Authoritarian Person's Perception of His Relationship with His Father
Authors: Koutrelakos James
Published: September 2011

The relationship between Ss' scores on the Authoritarian ( F) Scale and their perception of father as an authoritarian, and their perception of similarity between self, father, and ideal person, were investigated in 100 male Ss. As predicted, high F scorers perceived their fathers as more authoritarian and as more similar to their ideal person than did low F scorers. The perception of similarity between self and father and between self and ideal person were not related to F scores. It was concluded that the authoritarian son does not see himself as achieving the idealized level of his father and that the significant quality in the relationship includes ignoring attitudes and distance as well as strictness.
Conditioning the Human Pupillary Response
Authors: Voigt Walter H.
Published: September 2011

Research on classical conditioning of human pupillary responses is reviewed and evaluated. Es have usually employed an auditory CS with illumination change as the UCS. While positive findings were reported in early studies, later investigators generally met with little success both in replications and in more sophisticated designs. Crude methodology, lack of proper control group data, and the subjective nature of response measurement were characteristics of earlier studies which contributed to the presumably erroneous findings. However, Young's (1958) contention that pupillary responses cannot be conditioned is not supported by results of mote recent investigations using shock as the UCS. Implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered.
Differentiation of Organics from Schizophrenics with Reitan's Sensory-Perceptual Disturbances Tests
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Thomas Richard W. , Felling James , Andersen Dennis
Published: September 2011

Earlier research has indicated that many of the common “brain-damage” tests do not discriminate organic from schizophrenic NP patients. In the present paper the abilities of Reitan's six sensory-perceptual tests to separate these two groups were tested. The results for five of the tests—Tactile Finger Recognition (Finger Agnosia), Finger-tip Writing, Tactile Form Recognition, Tactile Sensory Imperception, and Visual Sensory Imperception—were unencouraging. However, the absolute right-left difference scores for Auditory Sensory Imperception showed some promise and total number of Auditory Double stimulation errors also separated recently admitted organics from recently admitted schizophrenics. Implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
A Dc-Coupled Photocell Trigger
Authors: Reus James F. , Pare William P.
Published: September 2011

A photocell trigger is described which was designed specifically to detect slow movements between a light source and the photocell receptor. The unit consists of a transistorized photorelay which operates a pulse former and an output relay.
Dreams of Alcoholics
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: September 2011

Some characteristics of dreams of alcoholics are described and interpreted.
Embedded Figures and Frame Disappearance Tests (EFT and FDT) as Measures of “Percept Maintenance:” a Study and its Replication
Authors: Minard James G.
Published: September 2011

As with the rod-and-frame test, EFT performance was best for Ss reporting fewer disappearances of a fixated stimulus.
Some Effects of Changes in Spiral Size and Viewing Distance on the Duration of the Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Collins William E. , Schroeder David J.
Published: September 2011

Duration of the spiral aftereffect (SAE) was investigated with spirals of 2, 4, 8, 12, 14, and 16 inches in diameter. The distance of the spirals from the observers was varied to produce visual angles between 1°12′ and 18°56′ of arc. Data indicate that peak SAE durations occur approximately between 2° and 4° of visual angle.
Comments on the Character Structure and Psychodynamic Processes of Heroin Addicts
Authors: Torda Clara
Published: September 2011

Based on performance on a newly developed biographical personality assessment test and on psychopharmacological and psychiatric observations, character trends of heroin addicts and underlying psychodynamic processes were observed and described. Differences in the emotional structure of the heroin addict, the chronic alcoholic, and the LSD user were also noted.
Optical Illusions: Output of Publications
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

Actual publication counts and references are cited to counter recent and not so recent assertions that “the subject of illusions has been virtually neglected since 1900.”
Stimulus Perseveration Errors in Children's Discrimination Learning
Authors: Brackbill Yvonne
Published: September 2011

Analysis of data from 340 second- and third-grade Ss indicated that stimulus perseveration (SP) errors are a significant factor in children's discrimination learning. In accord with hypotheses, such errors appeared more frequently with familiar than with unfamiliar material and appeared more frequently 8 days after acquisition than 1 day after acquisition. Contrary to hypothesis, the effects of reinforcement delay during learning on SP errors were not clearcut.
Attributive Dimensions of Perception of Figure Reversals
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Attributive dimensions of perception of figure reversals are derived from 41 college students who viewed a reversible and a non-reversible field.
Interdependence of Rule-Learning and Attribute-Learning
Authors: Schaeffer Benson , Wallace Richard
Published: September 2011

Two experiments investigated the relationship between rule-learning and attribute-learning in concept identification. Exp. I yielded evidence that the two processes are interdependent. Thus different rules were apparently learned when different attributes were necessary to the solution. The number of defining attributes Ss used in a conjunction depended on whether size or position was a necessary attribute. This outcome was interpreted as a function of attribute-interaction. Incidental evidence indirectly supported the interpretation by clearly demonstrating a form of attribute-interaction. The findings of Exp. II clarified the preceding results. Ss did not use all the attributes about which they had information in forming rules. Exp. I may thus also have demonstrated the interdependence of rule-utilization and attribute-utilization.
Perception of Depth in Rotating Objects: 4. Fluctuating Stereokinetic Perceptual Variants
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

There are a variety of stereokinetic percepts that fluctuate suddenly and unpredictably. On first viewing their sequence is predictable (Phase 1), but later it becomes unpredictable (Phase 2). A given percept results from the interplay of three independent visual systems: (1) the near-far mechanism (perspective reversals), (2) the one object-multiple object mechanism (degree of perceptual organization), and (3) the anchor point mechanism (apparent location of the axis of rotation). It was hypothesized that these fluctuating phenomena result from the operation of a basic system for repetitively sampling and pre-processing information on orientation, perceptual organization, and location of the axis of rotation and that a steady-state apparent-depth mechanism stabilizes the systems.
Expectancy and Birth Order as Determinants of Affective Responses to Isolation
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin , Link Kathryn E.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the roles of expectancy and birth order in producing affective responses to isolation. 40 male Ss were exposed to an 8-hr. isolation experience. Ss used an affect adjective check list to describe their affects on arrival, after being shown the isolation room and told the conditions (expectancy), and after emerging from isolation. Most Ss anticipated high levels of negative affects which were predictive of what they subsequently reported in describing their actual isolation experiences. Ss who spent a prior day in the laboratory reported less anxiety on the isolation day than they had anticipated. Firstborns anticipated more anxiety and depression than later-borns but did not differ from later-borns in their actual affective reactions to isolation.
Investigation of Interactions of Luminance Contrast and Temporal Factors in Figural Aftereffects
Authors: Adam June , Ring Marion
Published: September 2011

An experiment was designed to investigate the possibility of interactions between luminance contrast factors and temporal factors in determining the magnitude of the concentric-circles aftereffect. 24 combinations of inducing figure exposure time, condition of test figure presentation (determined by test figure exposure time and interstimulus interval), inducing figure luminance contrast and test-figure luminance contrast, were used. No interactions were found.
Subtest Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale as a Function of Anxiety and Defensiveness
Authors: Boor Myron , Schill Thomas
Published: September 2011

Varying relations between manifest anxiety and scaled WAIS scores appear when a correction for defensiveness is used.
Cross-Validation of the Gordon Siv
Authors: Morris B. B.
Published: September 2011

Peer- and self-ratings, and Gordon SIV test scores were obtained from 41 males living in a college dormitory. 5 of 6 validity coefficients between self-ratings and the SIV scores were significantly different from zero, the r for Independence being the exception. Possible reasons for the unreliable peer-ratings and the failure to validate the Independence scale were presented. It was argued that the self-ratings provided more meaningful criteria for validating the SIV than peer-ratings.
Perceptual Deprivation and Perceptual Skills: Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: Gendreau P. E. , Horton J. G. , Hooper D. G. , Freedman N. , Wilde G. J. S. , Scott G. D.
Published: September 2011

A comprehensive battery of perceptual tests was administered prior to and approximately 4 hr. after 7 days of perceptual deprivation. There were 8 non-deprived and 8 deprived male is. Completely negative results were obtained. Methodological considerations pertinent to the findings are discussed.
Taste and Pitch
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a new method of quantitative determination of taste. In a special experimental situation S compares taste and pure tones. The latter are varied in pitch until S finds the pitch which characterizes the sample. The method is illustrated by results for two samples, Carlsberg Lager and Carlsberg Elephant Beer. New problems are involved within the psychology of perception.
Figure-Ground Differentiation under Different Perceptual Sets
Authors: Rudin S. A.
Published: September 2011

Witkin and his colleagues have found that the ability to perceive figure independently of ground correlates with many personality traits and forms of social behavior. Rudin and Stagner extended these findings to include the perception of persons and proposed a more general concept to explain the results, that of ego autonomy. Witkin's position appears to be that ability to perceive figure independently of ground is a unitary trait measurable by such tests as the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT); Rudin and Stagner's position is that ability to change set and to select what is to be figure and ground is an operational definition of ego autonomy. To decide between the two positions, Ss were given both the RFT and the Self-contextual Influence test (SCI) under two sets: to be minimally influenced by the field and to be maximally influenced by the field. Results showed those Ss best able to ignore the ground when told to do so were also best able to let ground influence the perception of the figure when so instructed, thus supporting Rudin and Stagner's position.
Critical Analysis of the Problem of Time-Error
Authors: Plutchik Robert , Schwartz Alice Kuhn
Published: September 2011

This paper suggests that the constant error which sometimes occurs when two stimuli are judged in succession, the so-called “time-error,” may not be either a unitary phenomenon found in all sense modalities or a consistent finding. A review of some of this literature shows that there are many variables which presumably may affect the magnitude and direction of the time-error. These include: time between standard and variable, interpolated stimuli, background factors, method of presenting and removing the stimuli, psychophysical method used, number of categories of judgment used, and S‘s personality. At the present time the data are so inconsistent that no one theory can account adequately for all the findings. Much more research of a functional nature is needed to clarify the problem of time-error.
A Signal Detection Approach to the Study of Set in Tachistoscopic Recognition
Authors: Thierman Toby
Published: September 2011

TSD techniques were used to evaluate the effect of the “set” variable on tachistoscopic recognition. Ss made judgments about the presence or absence of “set” words and control words in a background of visual noise. The resultant ROC curves showed an influence of perceptual sensitivity but no effect of response bias. The d' values for the set words were found to be significantly larger than those for the control words.
Characteristics of Rem Sleep following Different Conditioned Rates of Waking Eye Movement in the Monkey
Authors: Berger Ralph J.
Published: September 2011

Generalization of conditioned rates of waking eye movement to REM sleep was investigated. High and low rates of waking eye movement were conditioned in 4 monkeys, using schedules of fixed-ratio reinforcement (FR6) and discriminated differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL5), with the EOG as the operant. Ss were then run for 6 successive nights on the FR6 schedule and 6 successive nights on the DRL5 schedule prior to falling asleep, with the schedule order counterbalanced for the 4 Ss. The rate of REM and total number of REMs were higher ( p < .001) during longer REM sleep periods ( p < .025) following low rates of waking eye movement than following high rates. Similar effects were absent in a fifth yoked-control S. The results cannot be explained by conventional learning mechanisms; but they are consistent with the hypothesis that REM sleep furnishes periodic innervation of the oculomotor system to maintain facilitation of binocularly coordinated eye movement into subsequent wakefulness.
Experimental Analysis of Physiques as Social Stimuli: Part II
Authors: Miller Alan R. , Kiker Vernon L. , Watson Richard A. R. , Frauchiger Roland A. , Moreland Darius B.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the factors underlying the perception of the physique as a social stimulus, the reliability of our measures and the effects of anxiety and group affiliation on Ss' judgments. A total of 490 Ss were asked to judge physiques by ranking (160 Ss) and by using the semantic differential (330 Ss). Results indicate that physiques are perceived differently and that group affiliation and anxiety affect stereotyping. Osgood's evaluative factor accounted for the largest portion of variance. The test re-test reliability of the semantic differential was higher than for the ranking method.
Evaluating Score Differences on a Visual Acuity Test
Authors: Wilhelm Rowena
Published: September 2011

Diagnostic testing of severely disabled readers commonly includes a Keystone Telebinocular Visual Survey. As a part of this survey a visual acuity test was administered both under a standard condition and with an aid to fixation. A difference in scores between the two administrations indicates the presence of at least two sources of score variability, visual acuity and ability to maintain fixation on the visual target.
Frostig Visual Perceptual Training with Low-Ability-Level Retarded
Authors: Talkington Larry W.
Published: September 2011

50 severely retarded Ss were programed for daily visual perceptual training using Frostig-Horne materials. The E group evidenced significant test-retest gains as compared to age- and IQ-matched controls who received a standard classroom program.
Social-Distance Preferences among Female and Male Medical Students and Cardiac Patients toward Various Diseases and Disabilities
Authors: Benton R. G. , Siegel Rise , Derrick J. , Wallace J.
Published: September 2011

Attitudinal differences of several non-disabled groups and one disabled group (cardiac) toward 33 disease/disability entities were investigated by using a modification of the Bogardus Social Distance Scale. 33 disease/disabilities were substituted for the original race names used by Bogardus. The scale was administered to several medical fraternities and a group of cardiac surgery patients. Significant differences were found between fraternity men and cardiacs on disease/disabilities which are usually not eligible for vocational services and between male and female medical students on the distance categories of “would marry” and “would not allow in home.” The results indicate definite attitudinal differences among non-disabled groups as well as between the disabled and non-disabled.
Reaction Time of Jaw Movement to Auditory and Tactile Stimulation in Children
Authors: Siegenthaler Bruce M. , Bianchi Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

It has been hypothesized that the development of speech is achieved through auditory and tactile or kinesthetic monitoring and that early in life the auditory channel is the more important while later it becomes secondary. It was assumed that a servosystem operates through its more efficient feedback channel and that one evidence of efficiency is reaction time to stimuli. Reaction times were obtained by a bite mechanism on 60 normal children 4 through 11 yr. of age. Stimuli were a 1000 Hz tone at 88 db re .0002 dy/cm2 and a 10-gm. touch to the lower lip. Biting reaction time for children ages 6 through 11 is shorter for tactile than for auditory stimulus. For 4- and 5-yr.-old children the difference is not significant, bur there is a trend toward shorter auditory than tactile reaction times. This study supports the important function of tactile feedback in the monitoring of speech, especially beyond about 5 yr. of age.
Illusions and Perspective
Authors: Farrimond Thomas
Published: September 2011

Some visual illusions are regarded as dependent on size-constancy or upon trends of central-tendency. It is suggested that a perspective theory may still be valid if considered with an additional element involving S's previous visual experiences.
Perceptual Response Sets on the Rod-and-Frame Task in a College Sample
Authors: Hellkamp David T.
Published: September 2011

RFT scores of 38 male college students were examined for the presence of response sets. Significant response sets were found in 79% of the sample's over-all RFT scores. Further, the three RFT series were also analyzed separately for response sets and compared with data from a sample of technical personnel. It was concluded that (1) response sets do tend to occur in RFT performances and (2) that response sets are seemingly more apt to occur with college students than technical personnel. Most intriguing, however, was the finding that almost all Ss favored the left side of true vertical in their response sets. Several hypotheses were proposed as explanations of such response-set phenomena.
Interpretive Study of Evoked Responses Elicted by Gross Saccadic Eye Movements
Authors: Gaarder Kenneth
Published: September 2011

A model of visual perception is outlined in which the sudden shifts of the retina caused by saccadic (jumping) eye movements generate discrete, discontinuous packages or units of information which are transmitted to the cortex as evoked responses. An experiment is described where gross saccadic eye movements across a particular stimulus generate saccade-linked evoked responses whose amplitudes reflect the on vs off, left vs right, and size-of-eye-movement qualities of their particular eye movements. The results are consistent with the idea that evoked responses carry information. Some further implications of the model are discussed.
Conceptual and Experimental Requirements in Relating Independence (U.I. 19) and Field Independence in L-and Q-Data Media: A Comment on Dr. Ohnmacht's Research
Authors: Cattell Raymond B. , Hundleby John H.
Published: September 2011

Evaluation of the criticism of Ohnmacht is presented and a brief statement of the requirements for relating U.I. 19 (Independence) and the concept of field independence in L- and Q-data given.
Attentional Response of Humans and Squirrel. Monkeys to Visual Patterns: Final Studies and Resume
Authors: Brown Larry T. , Gregory Lee P.
Published: September 2011

A research program consisting of 10 experiments has been conducted to determine (a) the nature of those physical properties of nonrepresentational visual patterns which are most likely to govern human “viewing times” and (b) whether dimensions found to correlate with human behavior bear similar relations to the “attentional” behavior of the squirrel monkey. The present paper reports the final 3 experiments of the series and presents an empirical and theoretical summary of the results of the program. It is concluded that human examination of nonrepresentational patterns is largely determined by both physical structure (especially contour extent) and amount of perceived information. It is also concluded that two dimensions found to govern human viewing (number and elevation of pattern components) have similar effects on the behavior of the squirrel monkey, and, with regard to other dimensions, that no statistically reliable evidence exists to suggest that any dimension affects the attentional behavior of one species in a manner contrary to that of the other species.
Supplementary Visual Stimuli and Rotary Pursuit Performance
Authors: Gordon Norman B. , Warner Alan
Published: September 2011

The effect of supplementary visual stimuli on rotary pursuit (RP) performance was evaluated in two experiments. In Exp. I a modified RP display presented target rotation within a visual guiding ring ( VG) to one group of 15 Ss, and a standard unguided RP display ( UG) to another ( n = 45 Ss). Subgroups of 15 Ss each were transferred from UG to VG after 20 trials (6.67 min. of practice) and after 33 trials (11 min. of practice). VG led to poorer performance after 33 trials at 60 rpm. Transfer from UG to VG led to loss in proficiency, early transfer producing a three times greater proficiency loss. Exp. II was conducted with 120 Ss to detemine whether the VG display possessed a distracting effect on a photoelectric RP task performed by 20 Ss each at 60, 70, and 80 rpm and compared with performance by a like number of Ss on task UG. The results confirm that VG produced poorer performance at 60 rpm after 10 min. of practice (30 20-sec. trials) although early VG performance was superior. VG was superior to UG performance at 70 and 80 rpm over all trials. It was concluded that visual stimuli which supplement the optical events of target motion can aid performance initially at 60 rpm and for a longer period at more rapid rates of rotation but probably retard the development of learning this skill.
Perceptual Fluctuations Involving Orientation and Organization
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Fluctuations in perceptual organization of stimuli (three drawings) were compared with those involving depth (i.e., perspective reversals of a Necker cube). Both types of fluctuations occurred apparently in exactly the same fashion even though each had different consequences for the percept. It was suggested that the fluctuations are the result of the mode of operation of a basic system for processing optical data.
Repeated Short-Term Sensory Reduction in Mining
Authors: Astrup Anna Maria
Published: September 2011

2 groups of student miners were tested on the Witkin Rod-and-frame Test, twice on the same day, once before a shift and once after a shift underground. Group 1 had worked for 6 mo. underground at the time of testing; they were more field-independent ( p = .02) than Group 2, and their scores did not change on re-test. Group 2 had worked a maximum of 2 wk. underground and their scores improved ( p = .005) after a shift underground. It was concluded that the environment was effective in producing a change in the test performance of Group 2. The difference between the two groups on a measure of field dependence was interpreted to suggest that shifts toward field independence could, possibly, become stable with repetitions of experiences of sensory reduction.
Characteristics of Professional Women Students in Physical Education as Indicated by the Opinion, Attitude, and Interest Survey
Authors: Haskins Mary Jane
Published: September 2011

The Opinion, Attitude, and Interest Survey was administered to professional women students in physical education at two colleges. The following comparisons were made: (1) the physical education major and the average college freshman, (2) the physical education majors at the two colleges, and (3) those students in the professional program who remained in the program beyond the first year and those who left the program before the second year. Significant differences were noted.
Real and Ideal Characteristics of the Teacher-Student Relationship
Authors: Very Philip S.
Published: September 2011

A teacher-student questionnaire was administered to a group of 144 basic psychology students. Students felt that improvements could be made by teachers in the areas of: inspiring students, allowing greater freedom of both teacher and student opinion in the class, being more “available” to the students, being more affected by the background and interests of the students in their courses, and providing more than just “book knowledge.” On the other hand, students felt that teachers were justly strict with respect to deadlines, agreed that more student participation in class was needed, admitted that students tend to take unfair advantage of permissive professors, and agreed that most students unfortunately tend to get by the easiest way possible.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXVIII. Speculations on Nonverbal Creativity
Authors: Anderson C. C.
Published: September 2011

A theory is presented to the effect that a necessary and sufficient condition for the appearance of nonverbal creative functioning is the occasion of a marginal dominance of hippocampal over reticular arousal in any individual with a repertoire of appropriate information in the form of a neuronal record to which attention is paid. This accounts for the well-known characteristics of the nonverbal creator, his taciturnity, epistemicity, withdrawal from other people, his possession of abnormal quantities of energy and reciprocal sensitivity to fatigue. A method of testing this theory is described.
Effects of Exposure to 12,800 Feet and Acetazolamide on Visual Performance
Authors: Kobrick John L.
Published: September 2011

The combined effects of acetazolamide and hypoxia upon several types of visual performance at conditions of low and high illumination were investigated. 2 groups of 18 Ss each received either acetazolamide or placebo tablets and were tested on the same visual measures both at sea level and at a terrestrial elevation of 12,800 ft. The results showed no statistically significant differences between visual performances at low and high elevations regardless of the illumination level. Although acetazolamide combined with hypoxia did not generate any visual anomalies, its effectiveness in reducing visual decrements produced by more severe hypoxia cannot be predicted from the data.
Size of Figure Drawing in Relation to Depression
Authors: Sandman Curt A. , Cauthen Nelson R. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Deabler Herdis L.
Published: September 2011

104 psychiatric patients defined as depressed on the MMPI did not draw significantly smaller human figures than non-depressed Ss. There was no significant correlation between amount of depression and height of figure drawing for depressed patients, nor was there a significant correlation between reaction time and height of figure drawing for depressed patients.
Effects of Practice on Reversals of Incomplete Necker Cubes
Authors: Smith O. W. , Imparato N. , Exner J. E.
Published: September 2011

The theory of Ammons (1954) in conjunction with that of Ammons, Ulrich, and Ammons (1959) is that practice (perceptual learning) in reversing Necker cubes reduces the latency of form recognition. If true, reversal rates of a highly incomplete outline of a Necker should be significantly increased by practice on more complete outlines of cubes. In order of observation, practice in reversing on 15, 25, 50, 100, and 15% outlines of a Necker yielded a reversal rate on the last 15% cube nearly equal to that of the 100% cube. The theory remained tenable.
Shifts of Colour Preference in Day-Old Chicks after Training and Delay
Authors: Taylor Ann , Sluckin W.
Published: September 2011

One-day old chicks were first tested for choice between red and blue, and subsequently exposed to one or the other of the two colours for 15 min. or for 2 hr.; they were then again tested for choice between red and blue either 5 min. or 1 hr. after “training.” It was found that there was a marked shift of preference toward red in red-exposed birds, and some shift in grey-exposed controls, but no significant shift of preference in the blue-exposed Ss. Some possible interpretations of these findings are suggested.
Personality Traits as Related to Symptomatology and Running Performance at Altitude under Normal and Drug (Acetazoleamide) Conditions
Authors: Fine Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

An individual-differences approach was brought to bear on data obtained from a large, multi-disciplinary field study of the effects of altitude on a number of variables, including running performance and illness symptomatology. Personality-related effects of altitude on both performance and symptoms were obtained under placebo and drug (Acetazoleamide) conditions. In addition, age and cigarette smoking were found to be positively related to decrements in running performance from sea level to altitude. The findings supplement certain of the conclusions and generalizations produced by a groupsoriented approach in that the results suggest that Acetazoleamide (1) may adversely affect running performance in some types of individuals, (2) does not appear to reduce illness in some types of individuals, and (3) that Ss for whom the drug appears to be effective in reducing the symptoms of illness appear to be among those in whom the drug induces a performance decrement.
Selective Intergroup Bias in Both Authoritarians and Non-Authoritarians after Playing a Modified Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Authors: Wilson Warner , Robinson Craig
Published: September 2011

56 male and 56 female undergraduates played a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game, two teams playing on each occasion. Ss chose a competitive or cooperative strategy toward both their opponents and partners on 20 trials. Partners received more cooperative choices ( p < .01). Ratings on ability, sociometric, and motive traits improved for both ingroup and outgroup, however, ingroup ratings tended to improve more. The ingroup-outgroup differential was significantly stronger for game-relevant motive traits than for any other type of trait. The results support a “selective bias” hypothesis, which implies that bias in intergroup perceptions is especially great in the case of motives aroused by intergroup contact. A projective mechanism which defends against the perception of reprehensible motives in the ingroup might account for this selective bias.
Reminiscence and Consolidation in a Gross Motor Task
Authors: Stelmach George E.
Published: September 2011

It has been proposed by Eysenck (1965) that following massed practice conditions there is a period of consolidation of memory traces after S is no longer performing the learning task. An experiment was carried out attempting to interfere with the consolidation process. The effect of reading aloud' on reminiscence on a motor task was examined in 52 male students. Ss were given 3 learning periods of 5 min. of continuous practice; between learning periods, there was a 5-min. rest interval during which S was given either an experimental condition of reading or a control condition. It was found that the amount of reminiscence did not differ significantly under control and experimental conditions.