bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT OF TROPOSPHERIC DELAY CORRECTION MODELS IN SPACE GEODETIC DATA. CASE STUDY: EGYPT
Authors: Younes Sobhy Abdel Monem , Afify Hafez Abbas
Published: December 2014

The tropospheric delay still remains a limiting factor to the accuracy of space based positioning techniques. The estimation of station positioning, especially height component, which is particularly important for more applications is susceptible to errors in modeling the tropospheric delay due to correlations between the station positioning and residual troposphere delay parameters. As the demand on positioning accuracy and precision has increased, it has begun a necessary of relaying on large external data sets, rather than relatively simple models for treating the tropospheric delay. This method has been possible by advances made in numerical weather models which provide accurate representations of global atmospheric conditions and by advances in computing speed which allow us to perform a large number of computations over a short period of time. The purpose of this work is to develop a new model for estimating the tropospheric delay and then assess the benefits of applying this model at various geographic atmospheric conditions of Egypt. By comparing new model with some common models such as Saastamoinen model, Hopfield model, Niell-MF, Black & Eisner-MF, UNB3 model and Vienna-MF, the results show that, new model for estimation tropospheric delay has an acceptable level of accuracy in describing the dry tropospheric delay in Egypt as it agrees closely with the numerical integration based model. The mean accuracy of this new model has been assessed to be about 9.64 mm with rms 11 mm at an elevation angle of 30° and for an elevation angle of 5°, the mean accuracy is about 83.23 mm with rms 96.42 mm for atmospheric conditions of Egypt.
Cartilage Thickness of the Knee Joint in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Comparative Assessment by Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Pradsgaard Dan Østergaard , Fiirgaard Bente , Spannow Anne Helen , Heuck Carsten , Herlin Troels
Published: December 2014

Objective.

The functional disability experienced in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is primarily caused by joint effusion, synovial membrane hypertrophy, and periarticular soft tissue edema, leading to the degeneration of the osteocartilaginous structures because of the inflammatory process in the synovium. The ability to visualize the inflammatory changes and hence the ensuing osteocartilaginous degeneration is, therefore, of great importance in pediatric rheumatology. Ultrasonography (US) has been validated as a tool for measuring cartilage thickness in healthy children and, previously, we have found good agreement with the measures obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our aim is to validate and compare US with MRI measurements of distal femoral cartilage thickness in the knee joint at the medial condyle, lateral condyle, and intercondylar spots in children with JIA, and to locate the best spot for imaging comparisons.

Methods.

One knee from each of 23 children with oligoarticular JIA were investigated by both MRI and US. Outcome measures of imaging procedures were distal femoral cartilage thickness.

Results.

We found a high level of agreement between MRI and US measurements of mean cartilage thickness, and Rho values between modalities were high (between 0.70 and 0.86, p < 0.05 for all). We found a thinner cartilage thickness at the medial condyle in comparison to the other investigated points. Evaluation of anatomical landmarks for optimal measurement of cartilage thickness was found to be the intercondylar spot, which was easier to locate in addition to a smaller variance around the mean for that anatomical measuring point.

Conclusion.

US measurements of distal femoral cartilage thickness are highly correlated to MRI measurements. The intercondylar notch of the distal femoral cartilage may be the best anatomical point for cartilage thickness measurements of the knee. US is a reliant and nonexpensive, non-invasive modality for visualization of childhood femoral cartilage.
Bone Lineage Proteins in the Entheses of the Midfoot in Patients with Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Pacheco-Tena César , Pérez-Tamayo Ruy , Pineda Carlos , González-Chávez Susana A. , Quiñonez-Flores Celia , Ugalde Vitelly Antonio , Inman Robert D. , Aubin Jane E. , Vázquez-Mellado Janitzia , Burgos-Vargas Rubén
Published: December 2014

Objective.

Patients with juvenile-onset spondyloarthritis (SpA) may develop ankylosis of the midfoot resembling the spinal changes seen in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The study of the histopathology of the feet of patients with tarsitis could help us understand the pathogenesis of bone formation in affected structures in the SpA. The objective of our study was to describe the histopathologic characteristics of the midfoot in patients with tarsitis associated with SpA.

Methods.

We obtained synovial sheaths, entheses, and bone samples from 20 patients with SpA with midfoot pain/tenderness and swelling. Tissue samples underwent H&E staining; immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, and CD20 cell identification; and immunofluorescence for bone lineage proteins, including osteocalcin, osteopontin, parathyroid hormone-related protein, bone sialoprotein, and alkaline phosphatase.

Results.

Slight edema and hyalinization were found in some tendon sheaths, and few inflammatory cells were detected in the entheses. In bones, we found some changes suggesting osteoproliferation, including endochondral and intramembranous ossification, but no inflammatory cells. In entheses showing bone proliferation, we detected osteocalcin and osteopontin in cells with a fibroblast-mesenchymal phenotype, suggesting the induction of entheseal cells toward an osteoblast phenotype.

Conclusion.

Osteoproliferation and abnormal expression of bone lineage proteins, but no inflammatory infiltration, characterize midfoot involvement in patients with SpA. In this sense, tarsitis (or ankylosing tarsitis) resembles the involvement of the spine in patients with AS. Ossification may be in part explained by the differentiation of mesenchymal entheseal cells toward the osteoblastic lineage.
Tempérament, attachement et troubles du comportement chez les jeunes enfants : une revue
Authors: Urbain-Gauthier Nadine , Wendland Jaqueline
Published: December 2014

Les problèmes de comportement externalisés chez les jeunes enfants constituent un motif fréquent de consultation en clinique infantile. Cet article se propose de faire une revue de la littérature consacrée aux troubles précoces du comportement sous l’angle du concept de tempérament et de celui de l’attachement. Différents travaux explorent les liens entre le tempérament de l’enfant, la qualité des relations précoces, les attitudes parentales et les facteurs de vulnérabilité. Ces recherches témoignent de l’intérêt du concept de tempérament dans les pratiques cliniques de prévention et de traitement des problèmes de comportement chez ces jeunes enfants vulnérables.
Historical Evolution of the Social Dimension of the European Integration : Issues and Future Prospects of the European Social Model
Authors: Dodo Mahamat K.
Published: December 2014

Cet article cherche à montrer l’évolution de la politique sociale européenne et sa contribution au processus d’intégration européenne. Il introduit les perspectives historiques de la dimension sociale de l’intégration à partir du traité de Rome jusqu’au traité de Lisbonne. Il couvre les principales politiques sociales européennes et leurs objectifs, et montre en quoi les États membres de l’Union n’ont jamais eu une vision uniforme de comment il fallait établir la dimension sociale de l’intégration. L’article présente les principaux changements des politiques sociales européennes du traité de Lisbonne et étudie leur impact dans la crise d’après 2 009. Il conclut en présentant les principaux défis auxquels les politiques sociales de l’Union européenne sont confrontées dans ce temps de crise, et présente les nouvelles questions de recherche sur l’avenir du modèle social européen.
Competing Narratives on the European Social Model : the Birth of a Rhetorical Alliance
Authors: Niklasson Lars
Published: December 2014

Le concept d’un modèle social européen est extrêmement complexe et controversé. De nombreuses tentatives ont été faites pour construire une coalition à même de convaincre les États membres de l’UE d’établir un modèle social commun à mettre en place au niveau européen. Il existe désormais une nouvelle figure rhétorique construite en termes d’« État-providence d’investissement social ». Des auteurs comme Bruno Palier (France) et Joakim Palme (Suède) font valoir que la protection sociale doit être considérée comme un investissement dans une population saine, de manière à augmenter la compétitivité. Ce concept peut être en fait une tentative pour aligner les sociaux-démocrates avec les conservateurs sur une position mercantiliste, c’est-à-dire qui croit en un rôle fort de l’État pour développer les ressources de la nation. La coalition rhétorique est perçue plus clairement si elle est opposée à une autre coalition possible, une coalition des sociaux-démocrates et des libéraux, autour de l’idée de fournir un soutien aux personnes plutôt qu’aux entreprises.
Les immigrés rattrapent-ils les natifs
Authors: Gobillon Laurent , Solignac Matthieu
Published: December 2014

La composition de la population est influencée par les flux migratoires. Les immigrés se distinguent des natifs par leurs caractéristiques, mais également par l’ampleur et la spécificité de leurs flux d’entrée et de sortie du pays d’accueil. Prendre en compte ce phénomène de renouvellement sélectif, lorsque l’on étudie l’évolution de l’intégration des immigrés en France, est important. Le suivi du taux d’accès à la propriété met en lumière les effets souvent occultés de cette dynamique migratoire, en précisant le rôle des entrants et des sortants du territoire. Pour les résidents permanents, il est possible de préciser le rôle des caractéristiques individuelles et de leurs rendements sur l’accès à la propriété. Une comparaison avec les natifs permet d’étudier les facteurs de convergence du taux de propriétaires entre les deux groupes 1 .
Le système de retraite en France :
Authors: Lavigne Anne
Published: December 2014

À la différence de nombreux pays développés, la France n’a pas modifié son système de retraite public en profondeur depuis sa création à la Libération. Plusieurs lois se sont succédé depuis une vingtaine d’années, procédant par petites touches à des ajustements des paramètres de la répartition. Si cette méthode incrémentale rend l’acceptation sociale des ajustements moins douloureuse, se pose la question d’une réforme plus structurelle, assurant la pérennité à long terme de notre système de retraite. Mais quels sont les enjeux démographiques et économiques de la retraite, ceux des réformes récentes et des voies possibles de réformes futures ?
Enhancing Midwives’ Scope of Practice: An Innovative Educational Program for Delivery Suite Operating Rooms
Authors: Brown Janie A. , Dunning Caroline F. , Cavanagh Debra , Cross Leonie A.
Published: December 2014

Background:

This retrospective study examined the enhancement of practice, knowledge, and skill of delivery suite midwives undertaking the circulating and instrument roles during emergent caesarean sections following a tailored educational program implemented to the benchmark standard.

Method:

All midwives who attended the educational program were invited to participate (
N
= 48); a total of 20 responses were received. Descriptive data analysis of the bivariate nominal data was performed.

Results:

Clinically significant outcomes were noted across all theme areas: knowledge of the Australian College of Operating Room Nurses standards, competence and knowledge of the main roles during a caesarean section, knowledge of policies and procedures, and patient safety. An improved working relationship between the perioperative and delivery ward staff also was identified.

Conclusion:

An educational program for midwives on the instrument and circulating roles for caesarean sections provides the knowledge and skill development required for clinically safe practice.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2015;46(2):89–96.
Organización eclesiástica y social en la Galicia tardoantigua. Una perspectiva geográfico-arqueológica del Parroquial Suevo
Authors: Sánchez Pardo José Carlos
Published: December 2014

El llamado «Parroquial Suevo» constituye un documento extraordinario en el Occidente latino tardoantiguo que, sin embargo, permanece todavía infraexplotado por los historiadores de la Iglesia y de la sociedad del Noroeste peninsular. En este trabajo pretendemos ampliar su estudio en combinación con otras fuentes del momento (arqueología, advocaciones, toponimia y numismática) para acercarnos un poco mejor a la creación de las primeras «parroquias» en la Galicia de los siglos VI-VII y al contexto, geográfico e histórico-social, en el que debe interpretarse este primer proceso de organización eclesiástica rural.
La Madre Mayor del Hospital de las Cinco Llagas de Sevilla en el Antiguo Régimen
Authors: Rivasplata Varillas Paula Ermila
Published: December 2014

El Hospital de las Cinco Llagas de Sevilla se creó para atender a enfermos pobres y a causa de la separación de los sexos se formó una enfermería femenina para el cuidado de estas mujeres. Las madres y doncellas de dote trabajaron en la llamada clausura femenina del Hospital de la Sangre durante más de tres siglos. De esta manera, este artículo estudia el trabajo desempeñado por la principal responsable del área femenina del hospital, la madre mayor que se encargaba del mantenimiento de la enfermería femenina del hospital, que funcionaba como si fuese un monasterio en reclusión, completamente separada del resto del hospital y con acceso restringido a los varones fuesen legos o religiosos, con un torno y puerta de entrada al área de clausura femenina.
El colegio de Tepotzotlán y la disciplina del clero secular en el Arzobispado de México, 1777-1821
Authors: Hidalgo Pego Mónica
Published: December 2014

En 1777, el arzobispo de México Alonso Núñez de Haro fundó en el pueblo de Tepotzotlán, el colegio seminario para instrucción, retiro voluntario y corrección de clérigos seculares. Esta institución, única en su tipo, se estableció para formar curas perfectos y para corregir a los eclesiásticos que por sus delitos o por falta de instrucción, lo necesitasen. Los mecanismos utilizados para ello serán estudiados en el presente trabajo.
Modernidad y sociedad barroca: la revolución independentista en Córdoba del Tucumán y el Monasterio de Santa Catalina (1810-1830)
Authors: Nieva Ocampo Guillermo
Published: December 2014

La forzada adhesión de Córdoba del Tucumán a la revolución iniciada en Buenos Aires en mayo de 1810, involucró a la ciudad mediterránea en un proceso que trastornaría su ordenamiento gubernamental, económico y social. A partir de documentos pertenecientes al Monasterio de Santa Catalina, al Archivo de la Provincia de Córdoba y al Archivo Histórico de la Nación, se analiza el comportamiento de las monjas catalinas hacia las nuevas autoridades surgidas de la revolución independentista. El estudio de un ruidoso pleito con el gobierno del Primer Triunvirato en 1812, en el que las monjas eran acusadas de antipatriotismo, así como la querella que entabló entre 1815 y 1820 el gobernador episcopal, Benito Lazcano, contra el síndico del monasterio, Hipólito García Pose, ponen al descubierto la tortuosa historia de las lealtades políticas locales en una ciudad que, a pesar de su aparente conformidad con los principios modernistas del nuevo Estado, pertenecía al Antiguo Régimen.

El monasterio de Santa Catalina, sumamente vinculado a los grupos dirigentes de la sociedad local —en buena medida contrarios a dicho cambio— sufrió las consecuencias de la mutación de régimen. Los gobiernos revolucionarios, necesitados de recursos económicos, presionaron al cenobio cordobés para que cediese parte de sus bienes y transformase, a su vez, el régimen interno de la comunidad religiosa. De ese modo, lejos de su otrora prosperidad, el monasterio de Santa Catalina experimentó un continuo declive de sus rentas y de su capacidad de reclutamiento a partir de 1815.

Por otra parte, el empobrecimiento general de la población agravó la situación del monasterio, que hacia 1829 había llegado a experimentar un cambio de régimen hacia la «vida común», situación que lo singulariza en el marco de otras experiencias monásticas en Hispanoamérica.
«Vuestra Madre» de la Santa Montaña en San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico: ¿La articulación del mito de la Virgen María en la persona de Elena Ache?
Authors: Hernández Aponte Gerardo Alberto
Published: December 2014

Este artículo explora la vida y las teorías acerca de la identidad de una misteriosa mujer que vivió entre 1899-1909 en el área sureste de Puerto Rico y que era conocida por sus seguidores por el apodo de «Vuestra Madre». En este ensayo expondremos una nueva hipótesis sobre su identidad. Por otro lado, analizaremos cómo se fue construyendo un mito en torno a su persona y cómo este ha ido evolucionando hasta el presente representando un verdadero reto para la jerarquía católica.
Advocating contribution of private sector in fighting tuberculosis in India
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh R. , Shrivastava Prateek S. , Ramasamy Jegadeesh
Published: December 2014

Not available.
Contributo alla conoscenza della flora esotica dell’Arcipelago Toscano, Italia
Authors: Lazzaro Lorenzo , Ferretti Giulio , Galasso Gabriele , Lastrucci Lorenzo , Foggi Bruno
Published: December 2014

Vengono segnalate nuove specie esotiche spontaneizzate in Arcipelago Toscano. Per ogni taxon sono riportati lo status di naturalizzazione, sia per ciascuna isola che per tutto l’Arcipelago, e i dati relativi alla distribuzione locale. Delle 40 specie elencate, 23 risultano nuove per il territorio dell’Arcipelago Toscano, tra le quali 10 nuove per l’intera Toscana; le restanti sono nuove per una o più isole.
Note sulla distribuzione in Italia di Anoxia (Mesanoxia) matutinalis matutinalis Laporte de Castelnau, 1832 con nuovi dati corologici per alcune regioni (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae)
Authors: Ceccolini Filippo , Barbagli Fausto
Published: December 2014

Viene fornita una panoramica generale della distribuzione in Italia di Anoxia (Mesanoxia) matutinalis matutinalis Laporte de Castelnau, 1832, aggiungendo Lombardia e Umbria alle regioni in cui questa specie è riportata come presente in Italia. Vengono inoltre rese note le prime segnalazioni per il Lazio settentrionale.
On the origin of the occasional spring nitrate peak in Greenland snow
Authors: Geng L. , Cole-Dai J. , Alexander B. , Erbland J. , Savarino J. , Schauer A. J. , Steig E. J. , Lin P. , Fu Q. , Zatko M. C.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Ice core nitrate concentrations peak in the summer in both Greenland and Antarctica. Two nitrate concentration peaks in one annual layer have been observed some years in ice cores in Greenland from samples dating post-1900, with the additional nitrate peak occurring in the spring. The origin of the spring nitrate peak was hypothesized to be pollution transport from the mid-latitudes in the industrial era. We performed a case study on the origin of a spring nitrate peak in 2005 measured from a snowpit at Summit, Greenland, covering 3 years of snow accumulation. The effect of long-range transport of nitrate on this spring peak was excluded by using sulfate as a pollution tracer. The isotopic composition of nitrate (δ15N, δ18O and Δ17O) combined with photochemical calculations suggest that the occurrence of this spring peak is linked to a significantly weakened stratospheric ozone (O3) layer. The weakened O3 layer resulted in elevated UVB (ultraviolet-B) radiation on the snow surface, where the production of OH and NOx from the photolysis of their precursors was enhanced. Elevated NOx and OH concentrations resulted in enhanced nitrate production mainly through the NO2 + OH formation pathway, as indicated by decreases in δ18O and Δ17O of nitrate associated with the spring peak. We further examined the nitrate concentration record from a shallow ice core covering the period from 1772 to 2006 and found 19 years with double nitrate peaks after the 1950s. Out of these 19 years, 14 of the secondary nitrate peaks were accompanied by sulfate peaks, suggesting long-range transport of nitrate as their source. In the other 5 years, low springtime O3 column density was observed, suggesting enhanced local production of nitrate as their source. The results suggest that, in addition to direct transport of nitrate from polluted regions, enhanced local photochemistry can also lead to a spring nitrate peak. The enhanced local photochemistry is probably associated with the interannual variability of O3 column density in the Arctic, which leads to elevated surface UV radiation in some years. In this scenario, enhanced photochemistry caused increased local nitrate production under the condition of elevated local NOx abundance in the industrial era.
Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949–2011)
Authors: Dagsson-Waldhauserova P. , Arnalds O. , Olafsson H.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The long-term frequency of atmospheric dust observations was investigated for the southern part of Iceland and interpreted together with earlier results obtained from northeastern (NE) Iceland (Dagsson-Waldhauserova et al., 2013). In total, over 34 dust days per year on average occurred in Iceland based on conventionally used synoptic codes for dust observations. However, frequent volcanic eruptions, with the re-suspension of volcanic materials and dust haze, increased the number of dust events fourfold (135 dust days annually). The position of the Icelandic Low determined whether dust events occurred in the NE (16.4 dust days annually) or in the southern (S) part of Iceland (about 18 dust days annually). The decade with the most frequent dust days in S Iceland was the 1960s, but the 2000s in NE Iceland. A total of 32 severe dust storms (visibility < 500 m) were observed in Iceland with the highest frequency of events during the 2000s in S Iceland. The Arctic dust events (NE Iceland) were typically warm, occurring during summer/autumn (May–September) and during mild southwesterly winds, while the subarctic dust events (S Iceland) were mainly cold, occurring during winter/spring (March–May) and during strong northeasterly winds. About half of the dust events in S Iceland occurred in winter or at sub-zero temperatures. A good correlation was found between particulate matter (PM10) concentrations and visibility during dust observations at the stations Vík and Stórhöfði. This study shows that Iceland is among the dustiest areas of the world and that dust is emitted year-round.
Ecosystem model optimization using in situ flux observations: benefit of Monte Carlo versus variational schemes and analyses of the year-to-year model performances
Authors: Santaren D. , Peylin P. , Bacour C. , Ciais P. , Longdoz B.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Terrestrial ecosystem models can provide major insights into the responses of Earth's ecosystems to environmental changes and rising levels of atmospheric CO2. To achieve this goal, biosphere models need mechanistic formulations of the processes that drive the ecosystem functioning from diurnal to decadal timescales. However, the subsequent complexity of model equations is associated with unknown or poorly calibrated parameters that limit the accuracy of long-term simulations of carbon or water fluxes and their interannual variations. In this study, we develop a data assimilation framework to constrain the parameters of a mechanistic land surface model (ORCHIDEE) with eddy-covariance observations of CO2 and latent heat fluxes made during the years 2001–2004 at the temperate beech forest site of Hesse, in eastern France. As a first technical issue, we show that for a complex process-based model such as ORCHIDEE with many (28) parameters to be retrieved, a Monte Carlo approach (genetic algorithm, GA) provides more reliable optimal parameter values than a gradient-based minimization algorithm (variational scheme). The GA allows the global minimum to be found more efficiently, whilst the variational scheme often provides values relative to local minima. The ORCHIDEE model is then optimized for each year, and for the whole 2001–2004 period. We first find that a reduced (<10) set of parameters can be tightly constrained by the eddy-covariance observations, with a typical error reduction of 90%. We then show that including contrasted weather regimes (dry in 2003 and wet in 2002) is necessary to optimize a few specific parameters (like the temperature dependence of the photosynthetic activity). Furthermore, we find that parameters inverted from 4 years of flux measurements are successful at enhancing the model fit to the data on several timescales (from monthly to interannual), resulting in a typical modeling efficiency of 92% over the 2001–2004 period (Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient). This suggests that ORCHIDEE is able robustly to predict, after optimization, the fluxes of CO2 and the latent heat of a specific temperate beech forest (Hesse site). Finally, it is shown that using only 1 year of data does not produce robust enough optimized parameter sets in order to simulate properly the year-to-year flux variability. This emphasizes the need to assimilate data over several years, including contrasted weather regimes, to improve the simulated flux interannual variability.
Hydrological and meteorological investigations in a periglacial lake catchment near Kangerlussuaq, west Greenland – presentation of a new multi-parameter dataset
Authors: Johansson E. , Berglund S. , Lindborg T. , Petrone J. , van As D. , Gustafsson L.-G. , Näslund J.-O. , Laudon H.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Few hydrological studies have been made in Greenland, other than on glacial hydrology associated with the ice sheet. Understanding permafrost hydrology and hydroclimatic change and variability, however, provides key information for understanding climate change effects and feedbacks in the Arctic landscape. This paper presents a new extensive and detailed hydrological and meteorological open access dataset, with high temporal resolution from a 1.56 km2 permafrost catchment with a lake underlain by a through talik close to the ice sheet in the Kangerlussuaq region, western Greenland. The paper describes the hydrological site investigations and utilized equipment, as well as the data collection and processing. The investigations were performed between 2010 and 2013. The high spatial resolution, within the investigated area, of the dataset makes it highly suitable for various detailed hydrological and ecological studies on catchment scale. The dataset is availble for all users via the PANGAEA database, http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.836178. Please note this dataset is under review and recommended not to be used before the final version of the manuscript is accepted for publication.
Exploring the impact of forcing error characteristics on physically based snow simulations within a global sensitivity analysis framework
Authors: Raleigh M. S. , Lundquist J. D. , Clark M. P.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Physically based models provide insights into key hydrologic processes, but are associated with uncertainties due to deficiencies in forcing data, model parameters, and model structure. Forcing uncertainty is enhanced in snow-affected catchments, where weather stations are scarce and prone to measurement errors, and meteorological variables exhibit high variability. Hence, there is limited understanding of how forcing error characteristics affect simulations of cold region hydrology. Here we employ global sensitivity analysis to explore how different error types (i.e., bias, random errors), different error distributions, and different error magnitudes influence physically based simulations of four snow variables (snow water equivalent, ablation rates, snow disappearance, and sublimation). We use Sobol' global sensitivity analysis, which is typically used for model parameters, but adapted here for testing model sensitivity to co-existing errors in all forcings. We quantify the Utah Energy Balance model's sensitivity to forcing errors with 1 520 000 Monte Carlo simulations across four sites and four different scenarios. Model outputs were generally (1) more sensitive to forcing biases than random errors, (2) less sensitive to forcing error distributions, and (3) sensitive to different forcings depending on the relative magnitude of errors. For typical error magnitudes, precipitation bias was the most important factor for snow water equivalent, ablation rates, and snow disappearance timing, but other forcings had a significant impact depending on forcing error magnitudes. Additionally, the relative importance of forcing errors depended on the model output of interest. Sensitivity analysis can reveal which forcing error characteristics matter most for hydrologic modeling.
Transformative Choices: A Review of 70 Years of FCC Decisions
Authors: Ismail Sherille
Published: December 2014

What lessons does history offer about telecommunications regulation in a time of fundamental change? Sherille Ismail, in his historical review essay, examines seven historic FCC policy choices over 70 years that were “transformative,” including television, radio, telephony, cable television, satellite TV, mobile phones, and HDTV, with special attention to the issue of favoring new entrants over incumbents to promote competition. In the long view, the results are mixed. He finds “there are no neat formulas” for deciding when governmental intervention is appropriate, as every case involved unique trade-offs. He offers some relevant factors for guidance as new situations develop.
Promoting Broadband Diffusion: Applying the REA Model
Authors: Garcia D. Linda , Rosenberg Tarkan
Published: December 2014

How can we achieve the universality goal of the National Broadband Plan? Professor Garcia and Tarkan Rosenberg see this not primarily as a problem of deployment, but of creating demand. An example of how to do this, they say, is the collaboration of the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) and the rural telephone cooperatives, which drove high levels of rural telephone penetration. They suggest how this model could be adapted to work with the National Broadband Plan, and offer some legislative recommendations to support it.
Universal Service in the National Broadband Plan: A Case for Federal-State Cooperation
Authors: Bernt Phyllis
Published: December 2014

Professor Bernt's article details how the transition from voice service to broadband under the FCC's National Broadband Plan leaves unresolved many issues regarding the role of the states. She proposes using a new “functional” model in which the role of the states in protecting rural and low-income consumers is maintained.
Diversity by Design
Authors: Helberger Natali
Published: December 2014

How do you get citizens/media consumers to voluntarily choose to expose themselves to diverse content? Is there a role for government in helping people make diverse choices? Professor Helberger addresses these questions by suggesting “diversity by design” as an antidote to the ironic fact that broadband media abundance actually makes it more difficult for users to choose diversely. She presents four conceptualizations of diversity policy: marketplace of ideas (“external diversity”); public sphere (“internal diversity”); personal autonomy (“individual choice”); and random exposure (“serendipity”), and suggests concrete design principles to guide regulators in implementing them. However, she notes, in the end it remains for the user to decide.
Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action
Authors: Obar Jonathan A. , Zube Paul , Lampe Clifford
Published: December 2014

Can social media promote civic engagement and collective action? Advocacy organizations think so. Obar, Zube, and Lampe surveyed 169 individuals from 53 advocacy groups of diverse interests and sizes and identified a revealing trend. All groups admitted that they use social media technologies to communicate with citizens almost every day. Respondents also believe that social media enable them to accomplish their advocacy and organizational goals across a range of specified activities. The authors note that the relationship between this and real political and ideological change is still speculative, but suggest that future studies can build on their research.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Information-Centric Networking
Authors: Trossen Dirk , Kostopoulos Alexandros
Published: December 2014

Can the Internet be redesigned to reduce future conflicts? The Internet's underlying architecture, Internet Protocol (IP), was introduced in 1974. Since then many ideas have been put forward about how to update and improve it. One branch of these is called “Information-Centric Networking” (ICN). Trossen and Kostopoulos note how ICN could improve the ability of the Internet to resolve conflicts between the various constellations of stakeholder interests, conflicts that they call “tussles.” Introducing a “tussle taxonomy,” they provide examples of how tussles might be resolved differently in ICN. They believe the ICN model would help rationalize pricing in a three-sided market; reduce congestion and transit costs; provide more transparency; offer more choices and possible outcomes with respect to issues such as privacy, intellectual property, and data protection; and better enable not just present but future business models that actors within the system might strive to establish.
Graduated Response In France: The Clash of Copyright and the Internet
Authors: Meyer Trisha
Published: December 2014

Does a policy of escalating consequences for alleged copyright infringements decrease such incidents? Meyer looks at French laws passed in 2009 that provide for graduated responses up to suspension of Internet access for asserted illicit behavior. Preliminary results reported in 2011 suggest that these laws do decrease such incidents. However, Meyer argues this debate is not just about copyright, but is also used for leverage in the Internet governance debate to support broader content control. The future of the Internet, she says, should not be determined by one set of online issues that weigh the scales unduly against the open information distribution function of the Internet.
New Tools, Old Goals: Comparing the Role of Technology in the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the 2009 Green Movement
Authors: Rahaghi John
Published: December 2014

What is the role of communications technologies in the success (or failure) of modern revolutions? Mr. Rahaghi offers lessons from a comparison of their use in the 1979 and 2009 popular movements in Iran. Why did one using audiocassettes and pamphlets succeed, but the other using Twitter and Facebook fail? Rahaghi concludes that technology alone is no substitute for structure, leadership, grassroots organizing, and a concrete agenda people can rally behind. Technology cannot replace the fundamentals of organization, but it can help enhance and facilitate them. However, social networking tools could provide a key facilitation component to future social movements given the right circumstances. Recognition of how these communication tools could be incorporated into a larger strategy is what is necessary to achieve overall success.
The Right to Be Forgotten Across the Pond
Authors: Ambrose Meg Leta , Ausloos Jef
Published: December 2014

Are you unclear about the European Commission's 2012 draft Data Protection Regulation proposing a qualified “right to be forgotten?” That's not surprising, say Meg Ambrose and Jef Ausloos. Their in-depth analysis finds a bifurcated social and legal history, divergent conceptions of the “right,” and alternative options for implementation. They contrast a right to “oblivion” (full deletion of certain public data) with a “right to erasure” (removal of personal data provided for automated processing) and find them conflated in the “right to be forgotten” in the EU's proposed data regulation. The two should be separated, they argue, with support for the right to erasure while more study is needed on the less clear “right to oblivion.”
Co-Regulation: From Lip-Service to a Genuine Collaboration — The Case of Regulating Broadcast Advertising in Israel
Authors: Ginosar Avshalom
Published: December 2014

Is state/private co-regulation of industry better than either state regulation or private self-regulation alone? Clearly yes, answers Mr. Ginosar. Using the overall theoretical framework of the “New Governance,” Ginosar compares the regulation of broadcast advertising in Israel and Britain as both case studies and models, and creates a framework for analysis. Ginosar argues that the shift from hierarchical control to pluralistic control is a more effective and efficient way to serve the public interest.
The Impact of Content Delivery Networks on the Internet Ecosystem
Authors: Palacin Manuel , Oliver Miquel , Infante Jorge , Oechsner Simon , Bikfalvi Alex
Published: December 2014

Are Tier 1 ISPs and “hyper-giant” content providers using preferential interconnection agreements to create Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) that allow them to provide an improved Quality of User Experience inconsistent with network neutrality principles? Yes, say the authors, and they recommend that regulators address these possibly oligopolistic and anti-competitive practices. The effects arising from these CDNs, the authors show, are the same as those of regulated traffic prioritization. Using innovative models, original data, and analysis based on the experience of the Internet ecosystem in Spain, the authors conclude that lesser long tail content providers without significant market power are being cannibalized into such CDNs.
Nano-Notice: Privacy Disclosure at a Mobile Scale
Authors: McDonald Aleecia M. , Lowenthal Tom
Published: December 2014

How can meaningful privacy policies best be provided to users of mobile devices with small screens? “Natural language” policies are far too long, according to the authors, so many app developers, particularly the “long tail” of smaller companies and individual developers, are likely to turn to free software services that automatically generate concise privacy policies. This article examines two of those tools, TRUSTe and Privacy Choice, which were used to create privacy policies that were then tested by the authors, with comparative results on formats, users' preferences, types of data collection, and personally identifiable information. The authors conclude with a discussion of policy implications and specific advice for designing such notices.
Tourism destination competitiveness
Authors: Hanafiah Mohd Hafiz , Hemdi Mohamad Abdullah , Ahmad Ismail
Published: December 2014

Determining destination competitiveness is vital to appraise the performance of a destination compared to its competitors. With the rapid growth in the tourism industry and optimistic travelling trends, the destination competitiveness concept brings tourism economics theory and practices into sharper focus. The purpose of this study is to design performance-based destination competitiveness measurement for tourist destinations, grounded by competitiveness theory. This article asserts that a significant measurement of destination competitiveness is performance. The article integrates previous research in the field and proposes a conceptual framework of performance-based destination competitiveness. Indicators of tourism performance and future research directions are also presented.
Papillary renal cell carcinoma within a renal oncocytoma: Case report of very rare coexistence
Authors: Özer Cevahir , Gören Mehmet Resit , Egilmez Tulga , Bal Nebil
Published: December 2014

Renal oncocytomas accounts for 3% to 9% of primary renal neoplasms. The coexistence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) within the oncocytoma is extremely rare. We report the case of an asymptomatic 74-year-old man with papillary RCC within oncocytoma managed with left radical nephrectomy.
Transurethral holmium laser vaporization to the urethral tumour through a ureteroscope
Authors: Li Aihua , Fang Wei , Zuo Xiaoming , Zhang Feng , Li Weiwu , Lu Honghai , Liu Sikuan , Wang Hui , Zhang Binghui
Published: December 2014

We present 2 cases of urethral cancers: one is recurrent bladder transitional cell carcinoma accompanied by urethral metastatic carcinoma located on the right side of verumontanum, and the other is primary bladder and metastatic urethral adenocarcinoma. The urethral tumour was treated by transurethral holmium laser vaporization to the urethral tumour through a ureteroscope and the bladder tumour was treated with transurethral resection and degeneration of the bladder tumour (TURD-Bt). After the second or third therapy, patients were free of urethral or bladder tumour recurrence; they also did not experience urethral stricture or urinary incontinence during the 24- to 36-month follow-up. Transurethral holmium laser vaporization and TURD-Bt could be performed to treat non-invasive urethral cancer accompanied with bladder cancer and preserve the urethra and bladder.
Psychosocial mechanisms of the pain and quality of life relationship for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)
Authors: Krsmanovic Adrijana , Tripp Dean A , Nickel J Curtis , Shoskes Daniel A , Pontari Michel , Litwin Mark S , McNaughton-Collins Mary F
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a prevalent, chronic pelvic pain condition largely unresponsive to medical interventions. Psychosocial risk factors are associated with poor outcomes in CP/CPPS, but have not been examined for their intervening roles between pain and reduced quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to determine if psychosocial risk factors (i.e., patient coping and catastrophizing) mediate the association between pain and QoL.Methods: Using a cross sectional design, 175 men with CP/CPPS (mean age 46.83; SD 10.86) were recruited from tertiary care urology clinics and completed questionnaires on demographics, pain, QoL, pain coping, depression, and catastrophizing. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted and aggregate factor scores were examined to improve the amount of meaningful measurement to be used in multiple mediations. The models specified multiple risk factors as mechanisms between pain and both physical and mental QoL as the primary outcome measurements.Results: Four aggregate psychosocial factor scores were produced from the psychosocial measures (i.e., illness and wellness-focused behavioural coping, depression and catastrophizing). Illness focusedcoping partially mediated the relationship between pain and physical QoL. However, catastrophizing and illness-focused coping fully mediated the relation between pain and mental QoL, showing the association between pain and mental QoL was no longer significant when catastrophizing and illness-focused coping were in the model.Conclusion: Psychosocial factors function as mechanisms between higher pain and they are associated diminished mental QoL. These results introduce illness-focused coping as an important biopsychosocial target in CP/CPPS management.
Nakoming van een vrijwaring in een overnameovereenkomst – show me the money?
Authors: Leedekerken J.
Published: December 2014

Nakoming van een vrijwaring in een overnameovereenkomst – show me the money?

Dit artikel gaat over vrijwaringen in een overnameovereenkomst. Stil wordt gestaan bij een aantal elementen van een vrijwaring. Wat houdt vrijwaren in? Wie kan de vrijwaring inroepen? Wanneer is een vrijwaringsvordering opeisbaar? Hoe verhoudt de vrijwaring zich tot andere contractsbepalingen? Door beter rekening te houden met dit soort elementen kunnen uitlegdiscussies voorkomen worden.
Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America)
Authors: Higuti Janet , Martens Koen
Published: December 2014

The present paper describes five new species of candonid ostracods in two genera: Pseudocandona agostinhoi sp. nov., P. cillisi sp. nov., P. claudinae sp. nov., Candobrasilopsis elongata sp. nov. and C. acutis sp. nov. The three species of Pseudocandona belong to the caribbeana-group in this genus. With the two new species of Candobrasilopsis, this genus now comprises four species. Candobrasilopsis elongata sp. nov. is the most common of the five new species described here, while C. acutis sp. nov. and P. claudinae sp. nov. are known from one locality only, which is furthermore the same for both species: a small streamlet entering the Paraná River. With the description of the present five species, the number of species known from the Paraná River alluvial valley, including the Taquaruçu lakes, now amounts to 49.
Asset Management and Iron Pipe: It's What Boston Is Built On
Authors: Runge Jon
Published: December 2014

More than most American cities, 394‐year‐old Boston has faced aging water infrastructure issues. Although Boston is inextricably linked to the nation's historic past, the city's water distribution story is about innovation with an eye on the future. In addition to Boston's long‐ago selection of iron pipe as a sustainable, long‐lasting material for its water system, the Boston Water and Sewer Commission has been a leading innovator in the management of this most precious asset.
Chute libre : souvenirs et remarques sur mon travail avec Fausto Romitelli
Authors: Plouvier Jean-Luc
Published: December 2014

L’auteur, qui a longuement collaboré avec Fausto Romitelli dans le cadre des activités de l’ensemble Ictus, rassemble ses souvenirs et peint un artiste excentrique et inquiet, échauffé contre son époque et impatient d’en découdre. La fonction du rock dans son écriture est analysée comme l’intrusion d’un « corps étranger » qui dénature en profondeur l’espace acoustique. Le son-matière, dont sa génération chantait les sortilèges, est désormais susceptible de tous les renversements : du chatoiement de l’image à l’angoisse d’un réel compact, de la transfiguration radieuse à la chute sans repères. L’élaboration des deux disques consacrés par Ictus au compositeur est détaillée, et l’excitation d’un moment transgressif où il s’agissait de passer un cap : faire entrer la musique contemporaine dans l’ère « post-“Sgt.Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band” » sous le double emblème de la contre-nature romitellienne et de la guitare électrique comme modèle d’un rapport heureux à l’électronique.
Lorsque le Sud innove en matière durable. Le projet de transport en commun d’Amman
Authors: Pinel Amélie
Published: December 2014

Le développement urbain durable dans les pays au sud de la méditerranée, comme la Jordanie, pose la question de son adaptation à un contexte très différent des villes des pays du nord, sur les plans environnemental, social et politique. En nous appuyant sur l’exemple de la capitale jordanienne qui met en place un système de transport collectif, un bus à haut niveau de service qui a déjà prouvé son efficacité au Brésil et dans d’autres pays émergents, cet article s’interroge sur la manière dont de telles politiques de développement durable peuvent naître, se diffuser et répondre aux besoins locaux tout en s’inscrivant à la fois dans des enjeux planétaires, et dans un contexte économique et politique difficile.