bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2-Deoxy-d-glucose Suppresses the In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy of Erlotinib in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Sobhakumari Arya , Orcutt Kevin P. , Love-Homan Laurie , Kowalski Christopher E. , Parsons Arlene D. , Knudson C. Michael , Simons Andrean L.
Published: May 2016

Poor tumor response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a significant challenge for effective treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Therefore, strategies that may increase tumor response to EGFR TKIs are warranted in
order to improve HNSCC patient treatment and overall survival. HNSCC tumors are highly glycolytic, and increased EGFR signaling has been found to promote glucose metabolism through various mechanisms. We have previously shown that inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) significantly
enhanced the antitumor effects of cisplatin and radiation, which are commonly used to treat HNSCC. The goal of the current studies is to determine if 2DG will enhance the antitumor activity of the EGFR TKI erlotinib in HNSCC. Erlotinib transiently suppressed glucose consumption accompanied
by alterations in pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) expression. 2DG enhanced the cytotoxic effect of erlotinib in vitro but reversed the antitumor effect of erlotinib in vivo. 2DG altered the N-glycosylation status of EGFR and induced the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers CHOP and BiP in vitro.
Additionally, the effects of 2DG + erlotinib on cytotoxicity and ER stress in vitro were reversed by mannose but not glucose or antioxidant enzymes. Lastly, the protective effect of 2DG on erlotinib-induced cytotoxicity in vivo was reversed by chloroquine. Altogether, 2DG suppressed
the antitumor efficacy of erlotinib in a HNSCC xenograft mouse model, which may be due to increased cytoprotective autophagy mediated by ER stress activation.
Pour une psychologie sociale de l’humaine nature. Lectures de Serge Moscovici
Authors: Bellenger Cheree , Sirost Olivier
Published: May 2016

L’œuvre de Serge Moscovici s’éclaire par un jeu de miroirs entre militantisme écologique et psychologie sociale ancrée dans l’étude des mentalités et des croyances. Elle donne à lire une autre voie possible pour le développement des sciences sociales. Elle déploie la programmatique d’une sociologie de l’environnement. Elle a surtout la sagesse de nous éclairer sur les angoisses de demain.
Objectivation et ancrage du message iconique. Propositions théoriques et pistes de recherche
Authors: Moliner Pascal
Published: May 2016

Cet article présente une mise en correspondance des notions de dénotation et de connotation proposées par Roland Barthes dans sa « rhétorique de l’image » et des processus d’objectivation et d’ancrage proposés par Serge Moscovici dans sa théorie des représentations sociales. Ce parallélisme permet d’envisager différentes modalités de construction d’un message iconique, c’est-à-dire d’un message essentiellement supporté par une iconographie. Il permet en outre de suggérer deux dimensions d’analyse de ce type de messages. Il permet enfin de suggérer plusieurs pistes de recherches relatives à l’originalité et à l’accessibilité des messages iconiques, au rôle joué par les modes d’objectivation et d’ancrage dans la créativité perçue des messages et aux interactions entre style de message, contenus et récepteurs.
Tirer du neuf de l’ancien : la nostalgie ludique sociale logée au cœur de la pub
Authors: Lee Chang-Hoon
Published: May 2016

La publicité vit de nostalgie, c’est l’un des symptômes essentiels de la postmodernité. Cela se manifeste surtout par la pratique d’une « récupération » dont l’essentiel consiste à puiser l’inspiration d’une créativité dans des choses déjà-là et réanimées. Ce phénomène s’observe dans les éléments de la langue choisis comme matériaux par les slogans, tels les proverbes, citations littéraires, chansons, anciens slogans... Par le détournement des originaux et l’étonnement ainsi suscité, ne veut-on pas renforcer le sentiment d’appartenir à une même communauté socioculturelle ? Bref, cette récupération n’est-elle pas une réincarnation, une « revenance » en quête de vitalité sociale sous la forme d’un « réenracinement dynamique » semi-conscient dont l’effet de ralliement auprès des Français exclut inévitablement les étrangers ?
Quel classement syntaxique pour les « marqueurs discursifs », « mots-phrases » et autres « inserts » ? Prédicatifs et locutifs
Authors: Kahane Sylvain , Mazziotta Nicolas
Published: May 2016

Cet article concerne la classification au sein des parties du discours du français contemporain de mots qui trouvent des appellations diverses selon les approches ; p.ex.  interjections, mots-phrases (Tesnière), marqueurs discursifs (dans les études sémantico-pragmatiques) ou encore inserts  (Biber). Les mots phrases tels que oui ou voilà appartiennent à une classe dont les formes verbales indicatives sont les représentants canoniques et que nous nommons prédicatifs , tandis que les autres, principalement les interjections et les inserts , appartiennent à une classe que nous nommons locutifs . Ces derniers forment des noyaux au niveau macrosyntaxique (Blanche-Benveniste et al. ) et portent une visée illocutoire intrinsèque (Austin). L’intégration des locutifs au niveau de la syntaxe rectionnelle, dans le système de la translation de Tesnière est étudiée, en montrant notamment que les conjonctions ou pronoms interrogatifs et exclamatifs sont autant de translatifs en locutifs.
Encore et toujours des adverbes
Authors: Hamelin Lise
Published: May 2016

Le présent article est une étude consacrée à encore et toujours . Il ne s’inscrit pas, comme nombre d’autres analyses de ces marqueurs, dans le cadre des théories de la polyphonie ou de la présupposition, mais dans la lignée des études de Borillo (1984), de Fuchs (1995) ou de Franckel (1989), puisque, comme celles-ci, il propose une approche monosémique de encore et de toujours . Il s’attache à rendre compte, plus particulièrement, des phénomènes de concurrence entre les deux adverbes dans des exemples comme Il dort encore / Il dort toujours , en proposant pour chacun d’entre eux une représentation de son fonctionnement reposant sur les outils de la TOPE (Théorie des Opérations Prédicatives et Énonciatives), et plus particulièrement les concepts de discrétisation, de densification et d’occurrence. Pour ce faire, il détaille et compare les effets de sens associés à ces deux adverbes en fonction du comportement (discret, dense, compact) de l’occurrence à laquelle ils sont associés. Il défend l’hypothèse selon laquelle encore est un marqueur de discrétisation et toujours un marqueur de densification.
Piperlongumine Suppresses Dendritic Cell Maturation by Reducing Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Has Therapeutic Potential for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Xiao Youjun , Shi Maohua , Qiu Qian , Huang Mingcheng , Zeng Shan , Zou Yaoyao , Zhan Zhongping , Liang Liuqin , Yang Xiuyan , Xu Hanshi
Published: May 2016

Piperlongumine (PLM) is a natural product from the plant Piper longum that inhibits platelet aggregation, atherosclerosis plaque formation, and tumor cell growth. It has potential value in immunomodulation and the management of autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of PLM in regulating the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), a critical regulator of immune tolerance, and evaluated its clinical effects in a rheumatoid arthritis mouse model. We found that PLM treatment reduced LPS-induced murine bone marrow–derived DC maturation, characterized by reduced expression of CD80/86, secretion of MCP-1, IL-12p70, IL-6, TNFα, IFN-γ, and IL-23, and reduced alloproliferation of T cells; however, PLM does not affect cell differentiation. Furthermore, PLM reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by DCs and inhibited the activation of p38, JNK, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Conversely, PLM increased the expression of GSTP1 and carbonyl reductase 1, two enzymes that counteract ROS effects. ROS inhibition by exogenous N-acetyl-l-cysteine suppressed DC maturation. PLM treatment improved the severity of arthritis and reduced in vivo splenic DC maturation, collagen-specific CD4+ T cell responses, and ROS production in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Taken together, these results suggest that PLM inhibits DC maturation by reducing intracellular ROS production and has potential as a therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis.
Aerosol Delivery of a Candidate Universal Influenza Vaccine Reduces Viral Load in Pigs Challenged with Pandemic H1N1 Virus
Authors: Morgan Sophie B. , Hemmink Johanneke D. , Porter Emily , Harley Ross , Shelton Holly , Aramouni Mario , Everett Helen E. , Brookes Sharon M. , Bailey Michael , Townsend Alain M. , Charleston Bryan , Tchilian Elma
Published: May 2016

Influenza A viruses are a major health threat to livestock and humans, causing considerable mortality, morbidity, and economic loss. Current inactivated influenza vaccines are strain specific and new vaccines need to be produced at frequent intervals to combat newly arising influenza virus strains, so that a universal vaccine is highly desirable. We show that pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in which the hemagglutinin signal sequence has been suppressed (S-FLU), when administered to pigs by aerosol can induce CD4 and CD8 T cell immune responses in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Neutralizing Ab was not produced. Detection of a BAL response correlated with a reduction in viral titer in nasal swabs and lungs, following challenge with H1N1 pandemic virus. Intratracheal immunization with a higher dose of a heterologous H5N1 S-FLU vaccine induced weaker BAL and stronger tracheobronchial lymph node responses and a lesser reduction in viral titer. We conclude that local cellular immune responses are important for protection against influenza A virus infection, that these can be most efficiently induced by aerosol immunization targeting the lower respiratory tract, and that S-FLU is a promising universal influenza vaccine candidate.
IL-10 Enhances IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Responses and Is Essential for the Development of Experimental Food Allergy in IL-10–Deficient Mice
Authors: Polukort Stephanie H. , Rovatti Jeffrey , Carlson Logan , Thompson Chelsea , Ser-Dolansky Jennifer , Kinney Shannon R. M. , Schneider Sallie S. , Mathias Clinton B.
Published: May 2016

IL-10 is a key pleiotropic cytokine that can both promote and curb Th2-dependent allergic responses. In this study, we demonstrate a novel role for IL-10 in promoting mast cell expansion and the development of IgE-mediated food allergy. Oral OVA challenge in sensitized BALB/c mice resulted in a robust intestinal mast cell response accompanied by allergic diarrhea, mast cell activation, and a predominance of Th2 cytokines, including enhanced IL-10 expression. In contrast, the development of intestinal anaphylaxis, including diarrhea, mast cell activation, and Th2 cytokine production, was significantly attenuated in IL-10−/− mice compared with wild-type (WT) controls. IL-10 also directly promoted the expansion, survival, and activation of mast cells; increased FcεRI expression on mast cells; and enhanced the production of mast cell cytokines. IL-10−/− mast cells had reduced functional capacity, which could be restored by exogenous IL-10. Similarly, attenuated passive anaphylaxis in IL-10−/− mice could be restored by IL-10 administration. The adoptive transfer of WT mast cells restored allergic symptoms in IL-10−/− mice, suggesting that the attenuated phenotype observed in these animals is due to a deficiency in IL-10–responding mast cells. Lastly, transfer of WT CD4 T cells also restored allergic diarrhea and intestinal mast cell numbers in IL-10−/− mice, suggesting that the regulation of IL-10–mediated intestinal mast cell expansion is T cell dependent. Our observations demonstrate a critical role for IL-10 in driving mucosal mast cell expansion and activation, suggesting that, in its absence, mast cell function is impaired, leading to attenuated food allergy symptoms.
The Strategic Role of Office of Institutional Research in University Organizational Development
Authors: Toroghi Jafar , Arefi Mahbubeh , Marjaee Hadi
Published: May 2016

University organizational development is a strategic effort for continuous and organized university performance, which can provide an ability to internally and environmentally meet the requirements in the academic settings. It needs some measures such as domestic capacities and competences in university, as well as collecting and analyzing the required information to support the decision making of university management, which are defined as the responsibilities of Office of Institutional Research (OIR). The present research aims to determine the strategic role of OIR in university organizational development, investigating its features and dimensions in the selected universities. The findings highlight the most important strategies of OIR as follow: 1.collection, analysis, and publication of information, 2.studying on the process, planning, performance, resources, and effectiveness of decision making units in universities, 3.supporting the decision making of university management in planning and policy making, and improving the quality. The results of the current research depict a conceptual pattern involving the strategic elements of institutional research.
The Impact of Total Quality Management Practice on Employees’ Satisfaction and Performance: The Case of Mass Media’s Employees
Authors: Fatimah Fatimah , Moelyati Trisniarty Adjeng , Syailendra Siera
Published: May 2016

This study attempts to investigate the impact of Total Quality Management Practice on employees’ satisfaction and performance of mass media employees. Using 155 respondents as sample that has been chosen using proportionate simple random sampling, a survey method is employed to obtain information required to conduct the study. In the end, the information obtained through survey is analysed using structural equation modeling. The results revealed that Total Quality Management has a positive and significant impact on employees’ performance, the employees’ satisfaction has a positive and significant impact on employees’ performance. It can be concluded that when one satisfies with their job, one also has a good work performance and, an outstanding performance is also caused by a well-practiced of Total Quality Management
The Impact of Transformational Leadership Style on Organizational Performance: Evidence from Jordan
Authors: Orabi Tareq Ghaleb Abu
Published: May 2016

Transformational leadership has garnered considerable attention in the literature because of its potential implications for the performance of the organization. Research indicates that this type of leadership can collectively impact employee behavior and commitment leading to improvements in the work climate and knowledge sharing. When combined these changes can positively influence the performance of the organization. Using this as a foundation for investigation the current research considers the role of transformational leadership and its four components—idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration—and their influence on organizational performance in three banks operating in Jordan. A total of 249 surveys were distributed with 213 retuned and 171 eligible for use. The data was analyzed using multiple regression with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results indicate that while transformational leadership and three of its components—inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration—did contribute to 81.6 percent of the variance in organizational performance; idealized influence was not a significant factor contributing to this outcome. Leaders may need to focus on these elements of transformational leadership to improve outcomes for organizational performance.
Investigating the Relationship between Professionalism and (Technical, Human, and Perceptual) Skills of Managers in Poly Akril Company of Iran from Experts’ Viewpoint
Authors: Ghanbari Marzie , Hoveida Reza , Siadat Seyed Ali
Published: May 2016

The objective of the present study is to investigate the relationship between managers’ professionalism and (technical, human, and perceptual) skills in managers of Iran Poly Akril Company. The research is an applied one in terms of objectives, and a descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The population includes all experts working in the company in 2012 as 240 individuals among who 144 participants were selected using the stratified random sampling method proportionate to the population size as the sample size. The data collection instruments were two researcher-made questionnaires of Managers’ skills containing 22 items and with the reliability coefficient as 0.96, and Professionalism containing 28 items and the reliability coefficient as 0.95. Their validity was investigated and confirmed by professors and experts of management. Analyzing data was conducted at the two level of descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, SD, and presentation of tables and charts) and inferential statistics (one sample t-test, correlation coefficient, regression coefficient, ANOVA, and F-test).
Performance Management Practices: A Case Study of Bank Al-Habib Pakistan
Authors: Yaseen Ayesha , Afghan Sehrish
Published: May 2016

Purpose: This paperexplores the relation betweenexercising different aspectof performance measures, connection to reward, and with the performance management systems (PMSs) effectiveness.It investigatesthe problems faced by the employees and appraiser in this system thus recommending the steps taken by the appraiser for the improvement of the employee’s performances in financial institutions.Methodology:  primary and secondary data was collected. Qualitative and quantitative methodology is used bysurvey questionnaire and interviewing random sample of 30 respondents from bank Al-Habib. Furthermore it’s an exploratory study as it explores problems in performance management system of Bank Al-Habib.Findings: The performance management system of financial institution of Pakistan especially bank Al-Habibare fairly focused towards performance related outcomes, and less concerned about the realization ofend product like training and development of employees. The results showed the strong relation between exercising different aspect of performance measures, connection to reward, and with the performance management systems (PMSs) effectiveness. Various variables were identified in influencing the effectiveness of PMS.Practical implications: Findings showed that the financial institutions of Pakistan need to improve the efficiency of their PMS. It’s far advance and better now but still there’s a room for improvement.Originality/value:This study may assist bank managers in identifying flaws and overcoming them regarding their PMS. It also provide the clear idea about the factors influencing the effectiveness of PMSs in the Banking context
Patriotism, Rights of Workers and Local Government Autonomy: The Case of Nigeria
Authors: Ihemeje Godwin
Published: May 2016

This paper examines the role of the local government autonomy towards guaranteeing and accelerating the patriotic drive of local government employees. It relies heavily on secondary sources of data collection. The paper argues that Nigeria is made up of 1 central (federal); 36 states and 774 local government areas, but mostly confronted with low living standards due to economic hardship among her citizens. Comparatively, the living standards of most local government staffers are nothing to write home about when compared to other levels of government. It recommends appropriate strategies such as principle of federalism, fundamental human rights, constitutional amendment and granting of autonomy to the third level of government.
Evaluación de cocinas mejoradas tipo CETA hibrida, dentro del marco del programa terrena, en comunidades vulnerables del departamento de Jinotega
Authors: Reyes Aguilera Edwin Antonio , Medina Benavides Iviss Onelia , Rodríguez Tinoco Lesbia Lilieth
Published: May 2016

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es evaluar las cocinas mejoradas tipo CETA Hibrida, implementadas en comunidades de Jinotega, sus impactos en las condiciones de vida de sus usuarios y el medio ambiente. Es una investigación cuantitativa según su enfoque, con un nivel de profundidad según su tipología: exploratoria, descriptiva y correlacional. La muestra del estudio es probabilístico, 36 cocinas mejoradas y 36 familias. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: la encuesta basada en un cuestionario estructurado, prueba controlada de cocinado para medir el rendimiento de la cocina mejorada, se instalaron equipos de medición de partículas y monóxido de carbono. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las cocinas mejoradas contaminan menos el interior de las viviendas que las cocinas tradicionales, debido a la eficiencia y al diseño con chimenea de las cocinas mejoradas, consumen menos leña, menor tiempo en la cocción, disminuyen las enfermedades respiratorias, las cocinas mejoradas sin chimenea contaminan más que las tradicionales. Se concluye que el uso de estas cocinas es más eficiente que las tradicionales debido a su diseño y mayor concentración de calor en la cámara de combustión, menor despale de bosques y además debido a no darle seguimiento al proyecto la mayoría de estas cocinas están deterioradas.
Competitividad de las MIPYMES que se dedican a la producción y comercialización de productos lácteos, 2014
Authors: Matamoros Cornejo Meyling Massiel , Briones Amador Gema Aracely , Quezada Gámez Josué Efrain , Castillo Herrera Beverly
Published: May 2016

Esta investigación analiza la competitividad entre las MIPYMES de lacteos situadas en la ciudad de Estelí durante el año 2014, para proponer estrategias que mejoren la capacidad competitiva de estas microempresas. La hipótesis tiene como variable independiente, comercializacion y como variable dependiente, competitividad. Esta investigación es aplicada y cuantitativa; el universo de estudio son 12 MIPYMES de lacteos y 110 distribuidores de estas microempresas. El muestreo es probabilístico aleatorio simple. Se aplicaron encuestas y entrevistas semi estructuradas a propietarios de los negocios y a sus intermediarios. Esta investigación precisa tres ejes teóricos: Competitividad, Comercializacion y los Factores que influyen en la competitividad.
Explorando el Potencial Pedagógico del Relato Digital en un Contexto Nicaragüense
Authors: Torrez Nahum
Published: May 2016

El presente estudio tuvo como principal objetivo explorar el potencial pedagógico del método del Relato Digital en un contexto nicaragüense. Por tal razón, en éste se presentó el origen de los conceptos relato digital y texto pedagógico. Adicionalmente, se investigó el punto de vista de diesiciete estudiantes de Ciencias de la Educación, de la Facultad Regional Multidisciplinaria de Estelí (UNAN- FAREM- Estelí) sobre el valor pedagógico del relato digital en sus propios centros de trabajo, con sus propios estudiantes. Con el objetivo de presentar el método del relato digital a estudiantes nicaragüenses, se implementó un taller de relato digital en uno de los laboratorios de la facultad. Así mismo, se aplicó un cuestionario para obtener el punto de vista de los participantes sobre esta forma de contar historias como texto pedagógico. Los principales resultados muestran que los estudiantes si ven un potencial real en este método como una herramienta educativa, y también que lo consideran como algo innovador en su quehacer educativo.
La Universidad constructora de paradigmas
Authors: López Herrera Eduardo
Published: May 2016

La universidad como institución rectora de la educación superior, pero sobre todo formadora de profesionales, tiene una mayúscula responsabilidad, porque al final de cuentas, su incidencia en el desarrollo nacional es muy visible, por lo tanto se tiene que estar reinventando, repensándose, dada su naturaleza cultural, académica, científica, que la convierte en una constructora  de paradigmas, sobre todo en estos tiempos de incertidumbres racionales, de retos que impone la sociedad del conocimiento y de la información, igual que los retos que imponen las necesidades más sentidas de la población y que la universidad, responsable y creativamente, tiene que resolver porque es la universidad del pueblo
Equatorial electron loss by double resonance with oblique and parallel intense chorus waves
Authors: Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. V. , Agapitov O. V. , Mozer F. S. , Krasnoselskikh V. V.
Published: May 2016

Puzzling satellite observations of butterfly pitch angle distributions and rapid dropouts of 30–150 keV electrons are widespread in the Earth's radiation belts. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these observations, such as enhanced outward radial diffusion combined with magnetopause shadowing or scattering by intense magnetosonic waves, but their effectiveness is mainly limited to storm times. Moreover, the scattering of 30–150 keV electrons via cyclotron resonance with intense parallel chorus waves should be limited to particles with equatorial pitch angle smaller than 70°–75°, leaving unaffected a large portion of the population. In this paper, we investigate the possible effects of oblique whistler mode waves, noting, in particular, that Landau resonance with very oblique waves can occur up to ∼89°. We demonstrate that such very oblique chorus waves with realistic amplitudes can very efficiently nonlinearly transport nearly equatorially mirroring electrons toward smaller pitch angles where nonlinear scattering (phase bunching) via cyclotron resonance with quasi‐parallel waves can take over and quickly send them to much lower pitch angles <40°. The proposed double resonance mechanism could therefore explain the formation of butterfly pitch angle distributions as well as contribute to some fast dropouts of 30–150 keV electrons occurring during moderate geomagnetic disturbances at L = 4–6. Since 30–150 keV electrons represent a seed population for a further acceleration to relativistic energies by intense parallel chorus waves during storms or substorms, the proposed mechanism may have important consequences on the dynamics of 100 keV to MeV electron fluxes in the radiation belts.
Observations of seasonal subduction at the Iceland‐Faroe Front
Authors: Beaird N. L. , Rhines P. B. , Eriksen C.C.
Published: May 2016

The polar front in the North Atlantic is bound to the ridge between Iceland and the Faroe Islands, where about one‐half of the northward transport of warm Atlantic Water into the Nordic Seas occurs, as well as about one sixth of the equatorward dense overflow. We find a low salinity water mass at the surface of the Iceland‐Faroe Front (IFF), which in wintertime subducts along outcropping isopycnals and is found in much modified form on the Atlantic side of the Iceland‐Faroe Ridge (IFR) crest. The features found on the Atlantic side of the crest at depth have temperature and salinity characteristics which are clearly traceable to the surface outcrop of the IFF. The presence of coherent low salinity layers on the Atlantic side of the IFR crest has not been previously reported. Warm waters above the IFR primarily feed the Faroe Current, and injection of a low salinity water mass may play an early role in the water mass transformation taking place in the Nordic Seas. The seasonality of the intrusive features suggests a link between winter convection, mixed layer instability and deep frontal subduction. These low salinity anomalies (as well as a low oxygen water mass from the Iceland Basin) can be used as tracers of the intermediate circulation over the IFR.
A three‐dimensional sectional representation of aerosol mixing state for simulating optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei
Authors: Ching Joseph , Zaveri Rahul A. , Easter Richard C. , Riemer Nicole , Fast Jerome D.
Published: May 2016

Light absorption by black carbon (BC) particles emitted from fossil fuel combustion depends on their size and how thickly they are coated with nonrefractory species such as ammonium, sulfate, nitrate, organics, and water. The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation behavior of a particle depends on its dry size and the hygroscopicities of all the individual species mixed together. It is therefore necessary to represent both size and mixing state of aerosols to reliably predict their climate‐relevant properties in atmospheric models. Here we describe and evaluate a novel sectional framework in the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (box model), referred to as MOSAIC‐mix, that represents the mixing state by resolving aerosol dry size (Ddry), BC dry mass fraction (wBC), and hygroscopicity (k). Using 10 idealized urban plume scenarios in which different types of aerosols evolve over 24 h under a range of atmospherically relevant conditions, we examine errors in CCN concentrations and optical properties with respect to the level of detail of the aerosol mixing state representation. We find that a small number of wBC and k bins can achieve significant reductions in the errors and propose a configuration with 24 Ddry bins, 2 wBC bins, and 2 k bins that give average errors of about 5% or less in CCN concentrations and optical properties, 3–4 times lower than those from size‐only resolved (i.e., internally mixed) simulations. These results suggest that MOSAIC‐mix is suitable for use in regional and global models to examine the effects of mixing state on aerosol‐radiation‐cloud feedbacks.
Heterogeneous rheology controlled postseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake
Authors: Muto Jun , Shibazaki Bunichiro , Iinuma Takeshi , Ito Yoshihiro , Ohta Yusaku , Miura Satoshi , Nakai Yoshihiko
Published: May 2016

Using two‐dimensional finite element modeling, we reproduced the observed postseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. Our model, which accounts for the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary and weak zones beneath volcanoes, was able to reproduce small‐scale (<20 km) perturbations in postseismic deformation observed by the dense geodetic network, such as local subsidence around Quaternary volcanoes. The inverted afterslip has a peak at the downdip limit of the main rupture region on the subducting plate interface, consistent with physical predictions. The combination of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation in a heterogeneous rheology model explains the observations well, even on small scales.
Ice core reconstruction of sea ice change in the Amundsen‐Ross Seas since 1702 A.D.
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth R. , Abram Nerilie J.
Published: May 2016

Antarctic sea ice has been increasing in recent decades, but with strong regional differences in the expression of sea ice change. Declining sea ice in the Bellingshausen Sea since 1979 (the satellite era) has been linked to the observed warming on the Antarctic Peninsula, while the Ross Sea sector has seen a marked increase in sea ice during this period. Here we present a 308 year record of methansulphonic acid from coastal West Antarctica, representing sea ice conditions in the Amundsen‐Ross Sea. We demonstrate that the recent increase in sea ice in this region is part of a longer trend, with an estimated ~1° northward expansion in winter sea ice extent (SIE) during the twentieth century and a total expansion of ~1.3° since 1702. The greatest reconstructed SIE occurred during the mid‐1990s, with five of the past 30 years considered exceptional in the context of the past three centuries.
Global correlation of lower mantle structure and past subduction
Authors: Domeier Mathew , Doubrovine Pavel V. , Torsvik Trond H. , Spakman Wim , Bull Abigail L.
Published: May 2016

Advances in global seismic tomography have increasingly motivated identification of subducted lithosphere in Earth's deep mantle, creating novel opportunities to link plate tectonics and mantle evolution. Chief among those is the quest for a robust subduction reference frame, wherein the mantle assemblage of subducted lithosphere is used to reconstruct past surface tectonics in an absolute framework anchored in the deep Earth. However, the associations heretofore drawn between lower mantle structure and past subduction have been qualitative and conflicting, so the very assumption of a correlation has yet to be quantitatively corroborated. Here we show that a significant, time‐depth progressive correlation can be drawn between reconstructed subduction zones of the last 130 Myr and positive S wave velocity anomalies at 600–2300 km depth, but that further correlation between greater times and depths is not presently demonstrable. This correlation suggests that lower mantle slab sinking rates average between 1.1 and 1.9 cm yr−1.
Climate regulates alpine lake ice cover phenology and aquatic ecosystem structure
Authors: Preston Daniel L. , Caine Nel , McKnight Diane M. , Williams Mark W. , Hell Katherina , Miller Matthew P. , Hart Sarah J. , Johnson Pieter T. J.
Published: May 2016

High‐elevation aquatic ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate change, yet relatively few records are available to characterize shifts in ecosystem structure or their underlying mechanisms. Using a long‐term data set on seven alpine lakes (3126 to 3620 m) in Colorado, USA, we show that ice‐off dates have shifted 7 days earlier over the past 33 years and that spring weather conditions—especially snowfall—drive yearly variation in ice‐off timing. In the most well studied lake, earlier ice‐off associated with increases in water residence times, thermal stratification, ion concentrations, dissolved nitrogen, pH, and chlorophyll a. Mechanistically, low spring snowfall and warm temperatures reduce summer stream flow (increasing lake residence times) but enhance melting of glacial and permafrost ice (increasing lake solute inputs). The observed links among hydrological, chemical, and biological responses to climate factors highlight the potential for major shifts in the functioning of alpine lakes due to forecasted climate change.
Temperature sensitivity of soil microbial communities: An application of macromolecular rate theory to microbial respiration
Authors: Alster Charlotte J. , Koyama Akihiro , Johnson Nels G. , Wallenstein Matthew D. , von Fischer Joseph C.
Published: May 2016

There is compelling evidence that microbial communities vary widely in their temperature sensitivity and may adapt to warming through time. To date, this sensitivity has been largely characterized using a range of models relying on versions of the Arrhenius equation, which predicts an exponential increase in reaction rate with temperature. However, there is growing evidence from laboratory and field studies that observe nonmonotonic responses of reaction rates to variation in temperature, indicating that Arrhenius is not an appropriate model for quantitatively characterizing temperature sensitivity. Recently, Hobbs et al. (2013) developed macromolecular rate theory (MMRT), which incorporates thermodynamic temperature optima as arising from heat capacity differences between isoenzymes. We applied MMRT to measurements of respiration from soils incubated at different temperatures. These soils were collected from three grassland sites across the U.S. Great Plains and reciprocally transplanted, allowing us to isolate the effects of microbial community type from edaphic factors. We found that microbial community type explained roughly 30% of the variation in the CO2production rate from the labile C pool but that temperature and soil type were most important in explaining variation in labile and recalcitrant C pool size. For six out of the nine soil × inoculum combinations, MMRT was superior to Arrhenius. The MMRT analysis revealed that microbial communities have distinct heat capacity values and temperature sensitivities sometimes independent of soil type. These results challenge the current paradigm for modeling temperature sensitivity of soil C pools and understanding of microbial enzyme dynamics.
AC‐1001 H3 CDR peptide induces apoptosis and signs of autophagy in vitro and exhibits antimetastatic activity in a syngeneic melanoma model
Authors: Rabaça Aline N. , Arruda Denise C. , Figueiredo Carlos R. , Massaoka Mariana H. , Farias Camyla F. , Tada Dayane B. , Maia Vera C. , Silva Junior Pedro I. , Girola Natalia , Real Fernando , Mortara Renato A. , Polonelli Luciano , Travassos Luiz R.
Published: May 2016

Antibody‐derived peptides modulate functions of the immune system and are a source of anti‐infective and antitumor substances. Recent studies have shown that they comprise amino acid sequences of immunoglobulin complementarity‐determining regions, but also fragments of constant regions. VH CDR3 of murine mAb AC‐1001 displays antimetastatic activities using B16F10‐Nex2 murine melanoma cells in a syngeneic model. The peptide was cytotoxic in vitro in murine and human melanoma cells inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis by the intrinsic pathway. Signs of autophagy were also suggested by the increased expression of LC3/LC3II and Beclin 1 and by ultrastructural evidence. AC‐1001 H3 bound to both G‐ and F‐actin and inhibited tumor cell migration. These results are important evidence of the antitumor activity of Ig CDR‐derived peptides.
Polystyrene nanoparticles as surfactant carriers for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Neves Libório De Avila Jocasta , Louise Grecco Cavalcanti De Araujo Lorraine , Drexler Santiago , de Almeida Rodrigues Jorge , Sandra Veiga Nascimento Regina
Published: May 2016

It is well known that oil recovery processes can be increased by surfactant solution injections in the reservoir. However, the high adsorption of this type of compounds on the reservoirs rocks surface is one of the factors that have been preventing the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) development and the economicity of the process. This work presents the synthesis of cross‐linked polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNP) and their evaluation as surfactant carriers, able to percolate through the reservoirs pores and to deliver it at the water/oil interface. The nanoparticles were synthesized by emulsion polymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in the presence of nonylphenol ethoxylate‐10 (NF‐10EO) or sodium dodecyl sulphate. Photon Correlation Spectroscopy and Interfacial Tension results gave support to the initial supposition that the nanoparticles would swell when in contact with the oil phase, releasing the surfactant at the interface. The nanoparticles obtained with NF‐10EO were able to reduce the water/oil interfacial tension to values that were similar to the ones obtained with the aqueous solution of NF‐10EO. The results suggest that the PSNP have a great potential to be used as surfactant carriers in EOR. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43789.
ChemInform Abstract: RAMAN STUDIES ON MOLYBDENUM(V) SPECIES IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTIONS
Authors: HIMENO S. , HASEGAWA M.
Published: May 2016

Die Raman‐Spek‐ Iren von MolV) in konz., 6 M, 3 Mund I M HCl‐Lösungen führen zu dem Schluß, daß in I M HCl ein dimerer Chlorokomplex mit dem Rumpf?) vorherrscht, während in 3‐5 M HCl ein Dimeres mit dem RumpHll) die Huuptspezies ist.
ChemInform Abstract: INORGANIC NONSTOICHIOMETRIC COMPOUNDS. XXIII. NEW BUILDING ELEMENTS OF METASTABLE BLOCK STRUCTURES IN THE NIOBIUM PENTOXIDE/TUNGSTEN TRIOXIDE SYSTEM. HIGH‐RESOLUTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: GROH H. , GRUEHN R.
Published: May 2016

Es wird untersucht, bis zu welchem Ausmaß sich im System NbgOg/WO, das Existenzgebiet der Blockstrukturen (Ende unter Gleichgewichtsbedingungen bei einer Phase 9 Nb3O5:8 WO, mit O/XM = 2.654 (M: Nb, W) und W/Nb = 0.444) zu höheren WOyGehalten erweitern Iäßt. Ausgehend von den bekannten Phasen Nb3O5:W0, = 62l, 7:3, 8:5 und 9:8 werden durch Substitutionen von Nb durch W Mischkristallreihen erhalten (gleiche Ausgangsstruktur und unverändertes 0/ 2M), die in ein "reduziertes" System (z. NbOz/ Nb2O5/WO3) hineinführen, und deren vollständige Oxidation bei s: 500°C zu metastabilen Produkten mit Block‐ Strukturen führt.
ChemInform Abstract: MASS SPECTROMETRIC STUDY OF THE VAPORIZATION OF CESIUM IODIDE AND THERMOCHEMISTRY OF CESIUM IODIDE DIMER AND TRIMER, (CSI)2(G) AND (CSI)3(G)
Authors: VISWANATHAN R. , HILPERT K.
Published: May 2016

Mass Spectrometric Study of the Vaporization of Cesium lodide and Thermochemistry of (Csl)z(g) and (Csl),(g).
ChemInform Abstract: PERCOLATIVE PHENOMENA IN MICROEMULSIONS OF THE ′ONE‐COMPONENT MACROFLUID′ TYPE
Authors: EICKE H.‐F. , HILFIKER R. , HOLZ M.
Published: May 2016

Die Temp‐Abhängigkeiten des Selbstdiffusionskoeffizienten (D) des Wassers sowie der spezifischen Leitfähigkeiten (X) bei starkem und schwachem Feld werden im Perkolationsbereich ternärer Mischungen aus Wasser, AOT und Öl bestimmt und zum ersten Mal eine ausgeprägte Ähnlichkeit im Verhalten von Dund x nachgewiesen.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION‐METAL CLUSTER CHEMISTRY: REACTIONS OF MANGANESE DIMER ION (MN2+) WITH MOLECULAR OXYGEN
Authors: ARMENTROUT P. B. , LOH S. K. , ERVIN K. M.
Published: May 2016

Mnf" wird durch Elektronenstoß‐Ionisierung und Fragmentierung von Mn2(CO)", dargestellt und in Form eines Ionenstrahls mit O2 zur Reaktion gebracht.
ChemInform Abstract: TERMINOLOGY OF INORGANIC CHLORINATION REACTIONS
Authors: BLUMENTHAL G.
Published: May 2016

Anstelle der unzutreffenden, in der technisch orientierten Literatur verwendeten Termini "oxidierende Chlorierung" und "reduzierende Chlorierung" für Chlorierungsreaktionen der Typen A bzw. Bwird mit den Bezeichnungen "Redoxchlorierung" (für A) bzw. "Austauschchlorierung" (für B) eine widerspruchsfreie Definition vorgeschlagen.
ChemInform Abstract: CLEAVAGE OF TETRASULFUR TETRANITRIDE TO DISULFUR DINITRIDE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE: PREPARATION AND STRUCTURE OF DISULFUR DINITRIDE‐ALUMINUM TRIBROMIDE ADDUC (S2N2.2ALBR3)
Authors: THEWALT U. , HOLL K.
Published: May 2016

Die gemäß Reaktion Adargestellte Titelverbindung kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P21/n mit Z=2 und ist mit seinemChloran‐alogen isomorph.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORINATION OF MECHANICALLY TREATED OR UNTREATED KAOLINITE AND METAKAOLINITE WITH PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE/PHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE OR SULFUR CHLORIDE (S2CL2)/CHLORINE MIXTURES
Authors: RADDE A. , KOLDITZ L.
Published: May 2016

POCI; bzw. [SC13][AlCl4] oder 2 AlCl3‐ SOCI; isoliertPCls zeigt bei zum Teil sehr hoher Reaktivität im Gegensatz zum szClz/Clg‐Gemisch sehr gute Selektivität für die Chlorierung der AI‐Komponente von Kaolin und Metakaolin.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES AND STRUCTURE ANALYSES OF IODOCUPRATES(I). III. IODOCUPRATES(I) WITH ISOLATED CHAINS ∞1(CU2I3)‐ OR ∞1(CU3I4)‐
Authors: HARTL H. , MAHDJOUR‐HASSAN‐ABADI F.
Published: May 2016

Die Iodocuprate (I)‐(III) wer‐ ′ den durch Umsetzung von Cu‐Pulver mit I2 und CöHgNl, Ph3MePl bzw. Pr4NI in Aceton dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SENSITIVITY‐ENHANCED NMR DETECTION OF NONPROTONATED NITROGEN‐15 NUCLEI
Authors: BAX A. , NIU C.‐H. , LIVE D.
Published: May 2016

Es wird eine einfache Modifizierung der lNEPT‐Methode zur Polarisierung nicht‐protonierter "N‐Kerne in Peptiden beschrieben und an dem cyclischen Hexapeptid (D‐Ala‐ L‐Pro‐L‐Ala); demonstriert.
ChemInform Abstract: BARRIERS TO ROTATION AND INVERSION IN MESO‐1,1′‐BI(2‐METHYLPIPERIDINES)
Authors: OGAWA K. , TAKEUCHI Y. , SUZUKI H. , NOMURA,Y. NOMURA,Y.
Published: May 2016

Die meso‐Bipiperidine (I) werden durch "C‐DNMR untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF (MOO2(L‐CYS‐OME)2)
Authors: BUCHANAN I. , MINELLI M. , ASHBY M. T. , KING T. J. , ENEMARK J. H. , GARNER C. D.
Published: May 2016

Der Titelkomplex kristallisiert in der RG P212121 mit Z=2 und A‐Konfiguration am Metall.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION MECHANISM AND FACTORS INFLUENCING PHASE‐TRANSFER CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF CROWN ETHERS BONDED TO A POLYSTYRENE MATRIX
Authors: ANELLI P. L. , CZECH B. , MONTANARI F. , QUICI S.
Published: May 2016

Untersucht wird die phasentransferkatalytische Aktivität der aufeiner Polystyrolmatrix befindlichen Kronenether (I) gegenüber den Nucleophilen Y′ (Y: l, SCN, Br und CN) in den nucleophilen Modellreaktionen n‐Octyl‐O‐Mes + Y′ bzw. n‐OctyI‐Br + l".
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐ASYMMETRIC INDUCTION: HIGHLY STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 2,4‐TRANS‐DISUBSTITUTED Γ‐BUTYROLACTONES AND Γ‐BUTYROTHIOLACTONES
Authors: TAMARU Y. , MIZUTANI M. , FURUKAWA Y. , KAWAMURA S. , YOSHIDA Z. , YANAGI K. , MINOBE M.
Published: May 2016

Die Amide und Thioamide (I) ergeben unter den Reaktionsbedingungen A)‐C) Gemische der Lactone (II) und (III), wobei der Anteil an (II) bei weitem überwiegt.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF QUATERNARY CARBON CENTERS
Authors: MEYERS A. I. , HARRE M. , GARLAND R.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von der Ketocarbonsäure (I) werden die 2,2‐disubstituierten Ester (VIII) mit chiralem C‐Atom dargestellt, die in Abhängigkeit von den Substituenten der S‐ oder R‐Reihe angehören.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGHLY SELECTIVE INTRODUCTION OF CONJUGATED DIENES TO GOOD DIENOPHILES, α,β‐UNSATURATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS AND P‐QUINONES, WITHOUT FORMATION OF DIELS‐ALDER ADDUCT
Authors: NARUTA Y. , NAGAI N. , ARITA Y. , MARUYAMA K.
Published: May 2016

1m Gegensatz zu entsprechenden Pentadienylsilanen, die normale Diels‐ Alder‐Addukte ergeben, reagieren die Stannane (II) mit Chinonen (I) bzw. α,β‐ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen (IV) zu Pentadienyl‐Derivaten (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED CYCLIC ETHERS FROM HALO KETONES AND HALO ALDEHYDES BY PALLADIUM‐CATALYZED COUPLING WITH ORGANOTIN REAGENTS
Authors: PRI‐BAR I. , PEARLMAN P. S. , STILLE J. K.
Published: May 2016

Durch Reaktion von Zinn‐Organylen wie (II) mit Halo‐carbonyI‐Verbindungen wie (I) bzw. (XI) lassen sich,durch Pd(II) katalysierncyclische Ether herstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: STATE‐SELECTIVE PHOTOCHEMISTRY FROM THE HIGHER EXCITED STATES OF METHYLBENZALDEHYDES: INTERMOLECULAR VS. INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN ABSTRACTION
Authors: WINKLER I. C. , HANSON D. M.
Published: May 2016

Die H‐Abspaltung aus 2,4,5‐Tri‐ und 2,4‐Dimethyl‐benzaldehyd, jeweils isoliert in Durol‐Einkristallen, erfolgt nicht aus den beiden niedrigsten Triplett‐Zuständen, sondern vornehmlich aus den über dem Singulett liegenden angeregten Zuständen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOSENSITIZED (ELECTRON‐TRANSFER) REARRANGEMENTS OF CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DERIVATIVES
Authors: LEE G. A. , ISRAEL S. H.
Published: May 2016

Derivate des Zimtalkohols werden unter verschiedenen Bedingungen bestrahlt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THE NITROGEN‐THIOCARBONYL SYSTEMS. PART 1. PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS. PART 68. PHOTOCYCLOADDITION OF ARYLCARBOTHIOAMIDES WITH UNSATURATED SYSTEMS. SYNTHESIS OF 3,5‐DIARYL‐1,2,4‐THIADIAZOLES AND 3‐ARYL‐4,4,5,5‐TETRAMETHYLISOTHIAZOLINES VIA PHOTOGENERATED NITRILE SULFIDES
Authors: MACHIDA M. , ODA K. , KANAOKA Y.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Arylthioamiden (I) erhält man bei.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE OF ISOMERIC ANIONS IN THE GAS PHASE: ARYLALLYL AND ARYLCYCLOPROPYL ANIONS
Authors: ANDRIST A. H. , DEPUY C. H. , SQUIRES R. R.
Published: May 2016

Isomere Phenylcycopropyl‐ bzw. ‐allyl‐Anionen (I)‐(IV) wurden durch Proton‐Abspaltung in der Gasphase erzeugt und bezüglich ihrer unterschiedlichen Reaktionen mit D2O, O2 oder N2O untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: PERFLUOROTROPILIDENE VALENCE ISOMERS AND THE PERFLUOROTROPYLIUM ION
Authors: DAILEY W. P. , LEMAL D. M.
Published: May 2016

Unter Liehteinwirkung geht das Perfluornorbornadien (III) in das Bicycloheptadien (I) über.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐FISSION OF 9‐DECALINOXYL RADICALS: REVERSIBLE FORMATION OF 6‐KETOCYCLODECYL RADICAL
Authors: BECKWITH A. L. J. , KAZLAUSKAS R. , SYNER‐LYONS M. R.
Published: May 2016

Aus den isomeren 9‐Decalinolen (I) entstehen die Hypobromite (II), die bei der Umlagerung um 0°C über (III) und (IV) zum (x‐Brom‐cyclodecanon (V), bei hö‐ heren Temperaturen hingegen in steigenden Anteilen über (III) und (VI) zum 2‐(4‐ Brombutyh‐cyclohexanon (VII) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBONYL OXIDE CHEMISTRY. THE NIH SHIFT
Authors: KUMAR S. , MURRAY R. W.
Published: May 2016

1‐Chlornaphthalin (I) wird durch Benzophenonoxid, in situ aus Diphenyldiazomethan und Sauerstoff erhalten, zum Teil unter Verschiebung des CI‐Substituenten zu den Produkten (II) bis (V) oxidiert.