bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Representation of Women in Arab Media: Evidence From Jordan’s News Agency (PETRA) in 2017
Authors: A Saed Hadeel
Published: December 2019

Arab women have recently made significant achievements in the fields of science and education in addition to contributing to political, social, and economic aspects. Despite so, they still face different obstacles and have limited opportunities to take leading positions in the Arab community. This study uses a corpus of 1329 articles (562,501 words) published by Jordan News Agency (PETRA) to examine how women are defined and constructed in 2017. Carrying out a Critical Discourse Analysis qualitative analysis and Corpus Linguistic quantitative analysis, the researcher found that although Jordan is making progress with regard to women’s rights, women are still seen as a weak part in the society. The article concludes that representing women as dominated party helps to perpetuate negative stereotypes.
The Role of Organizational Culture in Intellectual Capital: A Case Study of Salahuddin University-Erbil
Authors: Abbas Galawezh Jameel
Published: December 2019

This paper's purpose is to examine the role of organizational culture on intellectual capital as a case study conducted at Salahaddin University colleges in Erbil. That represented in all 14 colleges in Erbil, then distributing (88) questionnaire forms on the respondents, (82) valid form were obtained for analysis. So, the method adopted by the research is to identify the research problem by asking several questions centered on the nature of the relationship and effect between the research variables. Although a conceptual scheme designed to establish and test the research hypotheses through a range of statistical tests. However, a descriptive analytical method was used to reach the research results. Hence, Spearman correlation and multiple regression analysis respectively applied in order to determine the degree of the relationship and prediction of intellectual capital. As a result, this paper reached some conclusions, most notably presence the importance of the organizational culture and intellectual capital components. Moreover, the results showed that the organizational culture and it is components have an essential relationship in forming intellectual capital. Besides, the study found the organizational culture effect on intellectual capital.
Proposing a Generalized Darwinism-Based Theory of Evolutionary Marketing Research for Non-Linear Marketing Contributions: Theoretical Analysis, Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda
Authors: Kortam Wael , Gad Ghada
Published: December 2019

This research aimed to formulate an innovative conceptual model of why and how the marketing research creed and process should evolve and proceed to live up to the emerging high ends of marketing in theory and practice. The new conceptual framework adopted an interdisciplinary approach through striving to build an evolutionary marketing research theory that is triggered by a generalized Darwinism intellectual paradigm with special emphasis on fulfilling nonlinear marketing contributions as a highly desirable and yet demanding modern marketing destination. Apart from substantive theoretical analysis of a widely relevant variety of academic literature, the conceptual model was further grounded on exploratory evidence on marketing research panels as arguably creative and insightful empirical context in the form of analysis of secondary data and qualitative research on the world class adoption of panels by best practices of the global marketing research industry. The paper concluded with a detailed road map for a research agenda through three formulated research propositions and a planned research methodology for rigorous real data-driven testing and subsequent refinement of the proposed intelligentsia of the conceptual model.
Implementation of Telematics Solutions in Urban Agglomerations in the Aspect of Road Incidents
Authors: El Emary Ibrahiem M. M. , Brzozowska Anna , Dagmara Bubel
Published: December 2019

Urban mobility is a public service provided by a road traffic management entity. The customer receives access to the road infrastructure and a service of travelling in a city by a transport means of their choice. In the case of road traffic incident management, this issue is becoming increasingly important, as every traffic management entity should deliver a product that meets road users' requirements and expectations. A characteristic element of road traffic management is incidents generated by road infrastructure users that occur at each stage of traffic management. The paper presents the results of research carried out in the aspect of use of appropriate algorithms of traffic incident management on selected national roads, supported by research and scientific discourse on aspects related to telematics systems, with particular emphasis on Intelligent Transport Systems, in order to verify the effectiveness of the implementation of telematics solutions. The issues mentioned above are extremely important in view of the need to acknowledge the expected critical infrastructure. Principles and recommendations used in the selection and implementation of ITS applications become an important element in this respect. The research was used to verify the effectiveness of event management algorithms in road traffic, with different traffic volume and meteorological conditions. Empirical findings used in research allow for the analysis of changes in traffic parameters, such as vehicle speed, traffic volume and detector occupancy, on selected national roads, at specific intervals. This has made it possible to determine the prospects for the development of traffic incident management algorithms, which constitute a set of artificial intelligence methods.
Quest for a New Instrument for Measuring Academic Program Quality
Authors: Mandal Kaushik , Banerjee Chandan Kumar , Otola Iwona
Published: December 2019

This research explores and confirms a new way of measuring the quality aspect of an academic program based on hospitality education. In our opinion, there is a growing demand for specialists in hospitality education in India. The fact that the number of hospitality education institutes is increasing doesn’t go hand in hand with the care for the quality of education. Hence, we present one set an alternative trajectory by offering a new instrument APQUAL for measurement of quality of hospitality program offered by an educational institute. A critical review of the literature on the major instrument for measuring higher education quality has been done. The empirical part of the paper presents the developed in eight steps APQUAL construct that is an effective instrument to analyze the academic program quality. This work explored a number of facets of program quality by employing EFA (exploratory factor analysis) and CFA (confirmatory factor analysis) to fit the first order nonrecursive model and calculated the reliability and validity of our proposed instrument. This research provides a valid measure of academic program quality, which can be also applicable at the micro-level.
CSR as the Foundation for Responsible Business Management – Good Practices in the Area of Organizational Governance
Authors: Kuras Malgorzata
Published: December 2019

The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) undertaken in the paper is an extremely important element of management in modern enterprises. It has been gaining increasing recognition all over the world. Also in Poland, entrepreneurs are increasingly interested in conducting business oriented not only towards economic effects but also broadly understood social interests and ecology. Nowadays, responsible business management is long-term operations, leading to finding the solutions which are beneficial both for the enterprise and its employees, local community, cooperation partners, investors and other stakeholders. The application of CSR principles allows enterprises to conduct their business activity in compliance with the principles of sustainable development, which is significant for the future of the whole world. One of the issues of the concept of CSR is the issue of organizational governance. As a key element of CSR, it has an impact on proper functioning of other areas and provides correct and persistent implementation of the principles of social responsibility. The objective of the paper is to present the issues of social responsibility, particularly taking into account organizational governance and an attempt to analyze good practices implemented in this area in enterprises operating in Poland. The paper reviews the activities undertaken for the implementation and development of CSR in enterprises and the definition of organizational governance. The analysis of good practices introduced in enterprises in the area of organizational governance in 2011-2017 was carried out, divided into five categories (reporting, ethics, management, dialogue with stakeholders and compliance). The benefits, which were gained by enterprises due to the implementation of good practices, were also indicated. The presented analysis can become an inspiration for the application of the presented practices by enterprises planning to undertake activities under CSR.
Progress towards a World-Class Research University status: The case of Nanjing Agricultural University
Authors: Irungu Wanjiru Ruth , Liu Xiaoguang , Han Chuyu , Bomer Alvin , Wanjiru Wambui Ann
Published: December 2019

The concept of “world-class university” has been there for some time, and everyone wants a world-class university, and no country feels it can do without one. This battle to develop world-class universities lies not only in the gained status but also in the symbolic role of such universities. Universities exist mainly for research and dissemination of knowledge, which have become critical drivers of economic growth. For this reason, world-class research universities are recognized as central institutions in the 21st century economies. This recognition comes with pressure for universities to rethink their research activities and with the need to raise their research status to that of internationally accepted world-class universities. However, in order to attain the world-class research status, there is a need to sustain the efforts being put in place at both national and university levels. This study analyzed university data over nine years, from 2008 to 2016. It examined how Nanjing Agricultural University has strived to sustain its efforts towards attaining world-class research status. The results reveal that consistency and sustainability have resulted in excellence in research and increased research production. The conclusion is that the sustainability of the efforts significantly increases research production and excellence.
Nanogels as nanocarriers for drug delivery: A review
Authors: Rajput Rahul , Narkhede Jitendra , Naik Jitendra B
Published: December 2019

Nanogels are submicron-size aqueous dispersions of water-swollen particles, composed of nano-sized three-dimensional highly cross-linked networks of hydrophilic polymers. An active pharmaceutical agent or therapeutic agent with high or low molecular weight can be easily encapsulated into nanogels that can be delivered to the site of action via various routes, including oral, pulmonary, nasal, parenteral and intraocular routes, among others. Therapeutic agents encapsulated into nanogels improve the therapeutic activity in the biological environment. The application of different nanogels in drug delivery and recent clinical trial studies has been described concisely in this review.
The Development of the International Organization (IO) and Organizational Sociology Theories and Perspectives.
Part 2- Definitions and Types of IO
Authors: Bhandari Medani
Published: December 2019

This paper provides a pedagogical overview of how international organizations were formed, for what purposes and how their structure has been changed. The distinction between formal organizational studies and studies of international organizations is minimal, because both help to widen the idea of creating an original position for better combinations of favorable circumstances or situations in human affairs. The chapter will explain, the origin of the term international organization (OR); historical roots of or studies; and define or; analyze the types of ORs in the contemporary world; reveals the relationship between the international relation (IR) and regime theories application in the OR’s studies; and the impact of the globalization. The chapter also unveils the relationships between organizational sociology and OR and finally it gives a general outline on the application institution theory in the study of OR following a brief summary. Organizations have the ability of inspiring and bringing people in concert to achieve combined goals. They are accountable for determining the intelligence needed to meet their goals. This chapter provides a glimmer of international organizations theory, origin, historical account, definitions and utilization of contemporary academic world intertwined with the international relations, regime and globalization as well as the organizational sociological theories and perspectives can be utilized to study of international organizations. This chapter will help to understand the historical account of international organization, pedagogical development and contemporary theories and practices of international organizations and organizational sociology.
The Development of the International Organization (IO) and Organizational Sociology Theories and Perspectives.
Part 3 - Definitions and Types of IO
Authors: Bhandari Medani
Published: December 2019

This paper provides a pedagogical overview of how international organizations were formed, for what purposes and how their structure has been changed. The distinction between formal organizational studies and studies of international organizations is minimal, because both help to widen the idea of creating an original position for better combinations of favorable circumstances or situations in human affairs. The chapter will explain, the origin of the term international organization (OR); historical roots of or studies; and define or; analyze the types of ORs in the contemporary world; reveals the relationship between the international relation (IR) and regime theories application in the OR’s studies; and the impact of the globalization. The chapter also unveils the relationships between organizational sociology and OR and finally it gives a general outline on the application institution theory in the study of OR following a brief summary. Organizations have the ability of inspiring and bringing people in concert to achieve combined goals. They are accountable for determining the intelligence needed to meet their goals. This chapter provides a glimmer of international organizations theory, origin, historical account, definitions and utilization of contemporary academic world intertwined with the international relations, regime and globalization as well as the organizational sociological theories and perspectives can be utilized to study of international organizations. This chapter will help to understand the historical account of international organization, pedagogical development and contemporary theories and practices of international organizations and organizational sociology.
Rozwój usług e-administracji w Polsce.
Authors: Świątek Władysław
Published: December 2019

Rozwój technik komunikacyjnych i informacyjnych powoduje, że wymagania obywateli wobec administracji państwowej są coraz większe. Aktualnie społeczeństwo wymaga ciągłego poszerzania usług administracyjnych w formie elektronicznych kanałów dostępu do urzędów i możliwości zdalnego załatwiania spraw. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono sposób pomiaru elektronizacji administracji publicznej przy wykorzystaniu E-Gavernment Digital Index oraz jego budowę. Przedstawiono uwarunkowania rozwoju e-usług w Polsce na tle innych krajów. Wskazano również główne bariery związane z dalszym rozwojem e-usług przed którymi stoi administracja publiczna w Polsce w erze społeczeństwa informacyjnego.
Evaluation of distributors during the commercialization of innovative production by industrial enterprise.
Authors: Bilovodska Olena
Published: December 2019

Distributors who operate on the channel and do the same job, do not always make it the same: relationships with some of them will always be more beneficial than others. So it is necessary to analyze each aspect of their relationship with each distributors. It may become clear that the distributor, through which the largest volumes of goods are sold, in fact, almost does not bring the profit to the producer, and a small trading company, on the contrary, has a significant potential. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly optimize work with distributors, to evaluate them both from the standpoint of the commodity producer and the consumer of the goods.
On the basis of improved criteria system of distributors during the commercialization of innovative production by chemical industry’s enterprise are evaluated. For each assessment criterion, the appropriate scale and formula for calculating the integral estimate are determined. The proposed approach deepens the existing theoretical and practical approaches in marketing distribution policy.
Leadership, management or command of a hierarchical organisation ?
Authors: Socha Robert
Published: December 2019

Praxeology has accounted for a significant amount factors and information into the field of people’s leadership through scientific and management sections. The terms that constitute the Praxeology language have become universal in the management environment of practitioners and theorists. In the Polish thought devoted to scientific foundations of management, among others, praxeological definition of an organisation by T. Kotarbiński, has become universal. The organisation is an open and operating social system, which consists of people who perform in it specified functions and activities and who by means of carefully selected resources and methods are able to perform assigned tasks. Organisations are characterized by a specific structure in which hierarchical arrangement and structure can be separated. Therefore, is there in a such hierarchical organization leadership, management or command?
Avaliação da satisfação dos clientes de uma empresa do setor de serviços, através do modelo Kano e da matriz de importância x desempenho
Authors: Sá Alan Barion de , Walter Silvana Anita , Soares Mario Luiz , Brenzan Cinara Kottwitz Manzano
Published: December 2019

Este artigo busca falar sobre fatores da satisfação dos clientes no setor de serviços, usando a empresa Vidraçaria União para isto, sabendo que no cenário competitivo a satisfação é essencial e um diferencial. As Teorias de Kano e matriz de importância X desempenho são abordadas de forma explicativa para melhor compreensão. Foi feita a análise da satisfação dos clientes relacionada aos 13 atributos selecionados. O questionário foi respondido por 134 clientes, conforme o cálculo baseado na equação de Mattar. A análise de importância x desempenho pode identificar oportunidades de melhoria, sendo apresentadas em forma de matriz bidimensional dividida em quatro quadrantes que classificando em pontos fracos, pontos fortes, pontos fracos menores e pontos fortes menores. O Modelo Kano compara a relação não linear entre desempenho e satisfação com os determinados atributos, classificando estes em Obrigatórios, Atrativos, Unidimensionais, Neutros e Reversos. Destaca-se pela análise dos dados, que a empresa Vidraçaria união atende as expectativas dos consumidores em boa parte dos atributos, sendo que, dos treze atributos a empresa precisa priorizar melhoria em quatro deles devido à baixa satisfação dos clientes com os mesmos, sendo: Demora na entrega, prontidão dos funcionários, rapidez na medição e acessibilidade com os donos.
Lucratividade da Gestão Integrada de Resíduos em uma Indústria de Refrigerante
Authors: Soares João Luis Josino , Silva Francisco Valdecilio Ferreira da , Puerari Edenise Mônica , Araújo Karla Lúcia Batista
Published: December 2019

A Gestão Integrada de Resíduos é uma metodologia que inclui todas as ações voltadas para o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, desde sua geração até o destino final, uma maneira que as empresas estão utilizando que se tornou de grande importância dentro de uma organização. É ainda a integração dos processos em busca da otimização da eficiência das empresas melhorando seu desempenho. Na busca em satisfazer às exigências dos clientes e para ajudar a impulsionar a vantagem competitiva e melhorar a eficiência do negócio, uma empresa especializada em gestão ambiental na cidade de Maracanaú – Ceará, buscou a estruturação do seu processo através da caracterização e análise de mercado. A Gestão Integrada de Resíduos implantado possibilitou resultados positivos e de forma eficiente atendem as normas e leis ambientais, bem como a satisfação do cliente, aumento dos lucros, evitando retrabalhos, custos desnecessários e não conformidades. O presente trabalho apresenta um dos serviços e os resultados que a empresa em questão, desempenha através da prestação dos serviços de coleta, separação, compra, transporte, reciclagem e destinação final de resíduos sólidos. O grande diferencial da empresa, é levar ao cliente a tranquilidade em saber que o serviço de gerenciar seu resíduo de forma correta na fábrica e com uma equipe preparada pode trazer resultados lucrativos, outro grande diferencial é que o cliente ganha com esse serviço, ao invés de ser um custo adicional e uma grande despesa, a indústria lucra, pois, a empresa especializada compra o resíduo gerado pela fábrica ao mesmo tempo que o gerencia. Os resultados apresentados no trabalho, destacam que a Gestão Integrada de Resíduos atuando de uma forma planejada e estratégica, gera lucros, economia de tempo e custos, otimização em serviços logísticos e operacionais, eficiência e eficácia com recursos internos, infraestrutura, satisfação do cliente e sustentabilidade.
Trajetória científica da teoria dos escalões superiores: estudo das publicações
Authors: Michelon Paula de Souza , Lunkes Rogério João , Bornia Antonio Cezar
Published: December 2019

A Teoria dos Escalões Superiores (TES) preconiza que os resultados e processos estratégicos organizacionais são uma função das características gerenciais dos gestores superiores ou gestores de topo. Desde a publicação da TES, pesquisadores ampliaram estudos sobre como as características observáveis da Equipe de Gestão de Topo (EGT) podem ser usadas para explicar a estratégia corporativa. Esta pesquisa tem por finalidade traçar a trajetória das publicações científicas da Teoria dos Escalões Superiores (TES), de modo a evidenciar a epistemologia e as publicações posteriores. A seleção dos artigos segue uma sequência de cinco etapas, quais sejam: definição de palavras-chave; seleção das bases de dados; busca nas bases; leitura dos títulos; e leitura dos resumos. Notou-se que a Teoria é constituída com origem na Teoria Comportamental, no aspecto da escolha estratégica e foco primário na coalizão dominante ao invés de estritamente no executivo-chefe. Destacam-se dez características usuais entre os trabalhos: educação e heterogeneidade/homogeneidade da equipe.
A responsabilidade social em clubes de futebol como estratégia de valorização da marca: o caso do Santa Cruz futebol clube
Authors: Caluete Neto Plácido Fernandes , Queiroz Andressa Ribeiro de , Silva Carlos Eduardo
Published: December 2019

A Responsabilidade Social vem promovendo um profundo interesse na gestão do mundo empresarial, mas pouquíssimas vezes foi avaliada em investigações no campo da gestão dos clubes de futebol. Tendo em vista o verdadeiro papel social que suscita a gestão de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) dos clubes de futebol, a investigação tem como premissa conhecer a realidade pragmática da gestão de RSC no desporto e no futebol em específico, bem como sua observação e análise, das práticas e ações socioambientais desenvolvidas pelos clubes junto aos stakeholders e entorno meio ambiental - usadas para promover a imagem institucional das equipes, para posteriormente propor sua implementação no contexto do Santa Cruz Futebol Clube. Este trabalho objetivou analisar como o Santa Cruz Futebol Clube pode aderir ao modelo Ethos de Responsabilidade Social, a fim de se estabelecer uma nova postura diante dos stakeholders, no sentido de melhorar a gestão e imagem corporativa do clube diante das novas perspectivas do mercado. Este artigo se caracteriza inicialmente por ser uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Quanto a natureza da pesquisa, caracteriza-se como aplicada, uma vez que buscou apresentar aos stakeholders a implantação de indicadores relacionados à responsabilidade social do clube a fim de melhoria da imagem corporativa. Diante do detalhamento histórico da evolução das várias visões a respeito das concepções e adequação das teorias relacionadas à RS, foi possível compreender que o discurso está de fato em conformidade com o relacionamento recíproco entre as atividades principais da organização com as carências prementes da sociedade, de maneira que as ações neste sentido ocasionem reflexos positivos, seja para os negócios, como também para o desenvolvimento comunitário. A troca de valores entre o clube e os indivíduos aparenta ser de fato o fator preponderante para que práticas nesta esfera obtenham um impacto perene, ou seja, estejam introduzidas na visão atual de governança estratégica de forma definitiva, e não apenas eventualmente. Pode-se concluir, portanto que a adoção de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa pode influenciar de forma significativa e expressiva o clube e os stakeholders associados ao Santa Cruz Futebol Clube.
Kva styrer og kva styrker samspelet mellom barnehagepersonalet og foreldra?
Authors: Bergset Gunnhild
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this article is to present and discuss some of the challenges in communication and interaction between a kindergarten staff and a parent group of migrant background. Based on an interview study conducted in a kindergarten, the article works to provides insight into and understanding of the kindergarten staff’s experiences and reflections from their efforts to improve communication and interaction practices in daily contact with parents of migrant background. The staff completed a kindergarten-based project of the initiative of the principal, in which all employees implemented specific communication and interaction measures. Then, in-depth interviews were conducted with all staff, as well as two focus group interviews with the same group of informants. The study is based on a dynamic concept of culture and highlights the challenges of asymmetric communication and the possibilities of communicating and interacting based on a resource perspective. The findings show that a movement has taken place towards dialogue-based reciprocity in the staff`s attitudes towards communication and interaction with these parents. The article argues that connection between a trying-out of concrete, professionally grounded practice and pedagogical reflection constitutes the necessary basis for a shift from a problem orientation to a resource orientation in communication and interaction. One outcome of this resource perspective was that the kindergarten staff recognized the parent`s experiences and perceptions as valuable for achieving the parental involvement required by kindergarten`s social mandate.
Letter writing, an alternative approach in teacher education
Authors: Jónsdóttir Guðrún , Dyrnes Eva Martinsen
Published: December 2019

Instead of telling prospective teachers who they should be, we asked them: “Who are you?” We used a narrative approach to explore their own perspectives. The students were invited to share their thoughts and experiences in letter format. This letter-writing assignment was part of a course on intercultural school practices. We viewed the students’ narratives in light of J. P. Gee’s distinction between discourse with lowercase “d” and Discourse with a capital “D.” The students cited their families as being their most important formative factor, facilitating a safe and active childhood. Emphasis was also placed on where they grew up, with nature a mere “all-weather boot” step away, and where bicycle locks were unnecessary.
International Student Recruitment Strategies in Finland and China
Authors: Jokila Suvi
Published: December 2019

The recruitment of international students has become a global phenomenon. Prospective candidates planning to study abroad rely on different sources of information in their decision-making processes, provided by different national, institutional and private actors. Thus, more analysis of the mediators facilitating this encounter of recruiters and students is needed. This study analyses how study choices in Finland and China are constructed by analysing the embeddedness of national recruitment strategies in websites, the construction of study choices as capitals and the trust-building devices (dispositifs) employed in the websites. Data consist of textual material from four websites representing educational offerings in Finland and China, targeted for international students searching for information in their study-abroad decision-making. This study puts forward three arguments. First, the analysed websites reflect the national strategies on the recruitment of international students; however, the approaches the websites use vary greatly. Second, websites construct expectations that build on a holistic study-abroad experience. Third, non-governmental websites employ commercially oriented dispositifs to distinguish or affirm choices.
Anthropology Close to Home: The Case of Mass Observation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Street Brian
Published: December 2019

The Mass Observation Project has been closely linked with social anthropology since its foundation in the 1930s: both deal with themes such as the move to greater reflexivity, including ordinary people's reflections on everyday life; the issue of anthropology at home; and the epistemological shift to the interpretive paradigm. The crossover between the two fields also involves questions of reading and writing and of narrative involving perhaps a more creative approach to everyday life than many social scientists had been familiar with. A conclusion from analyzing the two fields in this way is that Mass Observation has much to offer to contemporary anthropology both in the United Kingdom and more widely.
Anthropocentrism and Post‐Humanism
Authors: Kopnina Helen
Published: December 2019

Anthropocentrism is the belief that value is focused on human beings and that all other beings are means to human ends. Related to anthropocentrism, humanism privileges the aim of improving human welfare. Humanism has underwritten efforts to expose social injustices and to improve the welfare of all human beings. In relation to the environment, post‐humanism can be defined by a number of characteristics. First, post‐humanism exposes anthropocentrism as an attempt to ignore behavior in which humans focus on themselves at the expanse of all other species. Second, post‐humanism critiques exclusive moral focus on human inequalities in relation to environmental protection, emphasizing that inequality between species should remain within the scope of ethical consideration. Third, post‐humanism exposes anthropocentrism as an inadequate basis for environmental action as it criticizes anthropocentrism as ethically wrong as well as pragmatically ineffective.
Human/Environment Dichotomy
Authors: Kopnina Helen
Published: December 2019

This entry begins by reviewing the definitions of “human,” “environment,” and “dichotomy,” consequently turning to the debates concerning the human–environment relationship. Synthesizing various studies, it supposes that advanced tool use, language, hypersociality, advanced cognition, morality, civilization, technology, and free will are distinctly human. However, other studies describe how nonhuman organisms share these same abilities. The biophysical or natural environment is often associated with all living and nonliving things that occur naturally. The environment also refers to ecosystems or habitats, including all living organisms or species. The concepts of the biophysical or natural environment are often opposed to the concepts of built or modified environment, which is artificial, that is, constructed or influenced by humans. The built or modified environment typically refers to structures or spaces from gardens to car parks. Today, one of the central questions in regard to human–environment dichotomies centers around the concept of sustainability.
Glossolalia
Authors: Bonfim Evandro
Published: December 2019

Glossolalia is a vocal phenomenon in which meaning emerges from the reiteration of the aural and prosodic aspects of language, regardless of the semanticity and the relation between signifier and signified that establishes the linguistic sign. Although widely associated with Christianity, glossolalia can be thought of more broadly as a mantic discourse, that is, as a verbal speech inspired by linguistic alterities, often nonhuman ones. Unlike most common perceptions, glossolalia is not composed of random vocalizations, but presents a phonological and rhythmic structure that allows it to be described and compared with other linguistic forms. In terms of semiosis, the glosses use the iconicity of the speech sounds to refer to the cosmological references of the community of speakers, especially with regard to the ritual value of the ineffable word.
Tacit Knowledge
Authors: Prentice Rachel
Published: December 2019

Tacit knowledge reflects understandings or skills developed in action, through doing rather than by formal means. The concept of tacit knowledge was explored most thoroughly by the chemist‐turned‐philosopher Michael Polanyi, but the tension between articulable knowledge and tacit knowledge recurs in anthropology, sometimes under different terms, such as
habitus
and
mētis
. This entry discusses tacit knowledge as discussed by Polanyi and others, as well two closely related concepts familiar to anthropologists. Tacit knowing is significant as a means to think about embodied knowledges, the difficulties of teaching or transmitting them, and the ways in which knowledge can be silently or passively transmitted. It usefully exposes the distinction between knowledge that can be formalized or rationalized and knowledge that resists formalization, as well as the political tensions these knowledges can engender. Further, the concept of tacit knowledge incorporates the dimension of knowing that develops through practices, including physical, moral, and religious practices.
Performance
Authors: Gatt Caroline
Published: December 2019

Recent anthropology is permeated with terms and notions relating to performance: Persons are often referred to as “social actors”; research is envisioned as “performing the field”; traditional practices are reimagined as “cultural performances”; social life is reconceptualized as improvisational; and all sorts of political situations, from conflict to political campaigns, are understood as dramatic. The profusion of performance tropes today emerged relatively recently as part of a theoretical shift from structure to process, and later the crisis of representation, both of which movements can be said to have characterized anthropology in the second half of the twentieth century. This entry outlines the turn toward performance in anthropology and key themes and debates in the anthropology of performance, and highlights emerging trends and future directions.
Analysis of Dialogue
Authors: Jenks Christopher
Published: December 2019

A dialogue is broadly defined as an exchange of spoken or written ideas, thoughts, and opinions between two or more interactants. Dialogues are not monologues, in that the former involve reciprocation of communication. For example, if one person speaks, then the other person is expected to respond in turn. A dialogue can take many months or even years to complete, as in the case when one book author responds to another. In face‐to‐face communication, in contrast, dialogues can end in a matter of seconds. Although, in practice, dialogues occur in a number of different situations and take place over varying degrees of time, the analysis of dialogues within applied linguistics is typically concerned with concurrent spoken interaction. This entry discusses three aspects of concurrent spoken dialogues: their organization, intersubjectivity, and social context.
Instructed Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Loewen Shawn
Published: December 2019

Instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) is a subfield of second language acquisition (SLA) that investigates any type of second language (L2) learning or acquisition that occurs as a result of the manipulation of the L2 learning context or processes. Learners' self‐study of the target language is also considered part of ISLA; however, ISLA research has generally focused more on traditional, face‐to‐face classrooms, as well as online instruction. The defining feature of L2 instruction is that there is an attempt, either by teachers or instructional materials, to guide, facilitate, and manipulate the process of L2 acquisition.
Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Authors: Gu Yongqi
Published: December 2019

Vocabulary learning strategies are learners' conscious efforts in managing their own learning of vocabulary. Learners use metacognitive and cognitive vocabulary strategies to make their learning more effective and more efficient in order to increase their vocabulary size and depth as well as to learn to use the target words and multiword units automatically and appropriately. The choice, use, and effectiveness of vocabulary learning strategies are affected by a configuration of person‐, task‐, and context‐related factors. Research revealing the variety of vocabulary strategies has been useful for expanding the repertoire of strategies taught and learned in class and practiced by learners to expand their vocabulary in a variety of contexts.
Solvent‐Mediated C3/C7 Regioselective Switch in Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with α‐Ketiminoesters
Authors: Zhao Yunlong , Cai Lu , Huang Tongkun , Meng Shanshui , Chan Albert S. C. , Zhao Junling
Published: December 2019

The first solvent‐mediated tunable C3/C7 regio‐ and enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of 4‐aminoindoles with α‐ketimino esters has been developed. This catalysis allows the highly regioselective formation of indole C3 and C7 alkylation products, both in high yields (up to 96%) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). Mechanism study revealed that the hydrogen‐bonding interactions of the solvents with the catalyst played a vital role for the regioselectivity switch. Furthermore, the corresponding products are indole containing unnatural α‐amino acid derivatives bearing a quaternary stereocenter and enable many further elaborations.

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Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure β,β‐Diaryl β‐Hydroxy‐α‐Amino Acids and Evaluation of Their Potential as Organocatalysts
Authors: Arimitsu Satoru , Oshiro Koki , Endo Katsuki , Gima Emi , Poorsadeghi Samira
Published: December 2019

A general synthetic procedure was developed for enantiomerically pure β,β‐diaryl β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids 5, starting from readily available oxazolidine ester 1 and a wide variety of Grignard reagents. The problematic oxidative decomposition of β‐aminodiols 3, due to their instability in the presence of metallic oxidants, was successfully suppressed using Parikh‐Doering oxidation and subsequent Pinnick oxidation. Additionally, the organocatalytic ability of β,β‐diaryl β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids 5 was evaluated with respect to asymmetric fluorination of 2‐phenylpropionaldehyde 6, and moderate enantioselectivity, 61%, was achieved using compound 5 f.
Formation and Out‐of‐Equilibrium, High/Low State Switching of a Nitroaldol Dynamer in Neutral Aqueous Media
Authors: Karalius Antanas , Zhang Yang , Kravchenko Oleksandr , Elofsson Ulla , Szabó Zoltán , Yan Mingdi , Ramström Olof
Published: December 2019

The nitroaldol reaction is demonstrated as an efficient dynamic covalent reaction in phosphate buffers at neutral pH. Rapid equilibration was recorded with pyridine‐based aldehydes, and dynamic oligomerization could be achieved, leading to nitroaldol dynamers of up to 17 repeating units. The dynamers were applied in a coherent stimuli‐responsive molecular system in which larger dynamers transiently existed out‐of‐equilibrium in a neutral aqueous system rich in formaldehyde, controlled by nitromethane.
Site‐Specific Hyperphosphorylation Inhibits, Rather than Promotes, Tau Fibrillization, Seeding Capacity, and Its Microtubule Binding
Authors: Haj‐Yahya Mahmood , Gopinath Pushparathinam , Rajasekhar Kolla , Mirbaha Hilda , Diamond Marc I. , Lashuel Hilal A.
Published: December 2019

The consistent observation of phosphorylated tau in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease has contributed to the emergence of a model where hyperphosphorylation triggers both tau disassociation from microtubules and its subsequent aggregation. Herein, we applied a total chemical synthetic approach to site‐specifically phosphorylate the microtubule binding repeat domain of tau (K18) at single (pS356) or multiple (pS356/pS262 and pS356/pS262/pS258) residues. We show that hyperphosphorylation of K18 inhibits 1) its aggregation in vitro, 2) its seeding activity in cells, 3) its binding to microtubules, and 4) its ability to promote microtubule polymerization. The inhibition increased with increasing the number of phosphorylated sites, with phosphorylation at S262 having the strongest effect. Our results argue against the hyperphosphorylation hypothesis and underscore the importance of revisiting the role of site‐specific hyperphosphorylation in regulating tau functions in health and disease.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones and Enones with Chiral Lewis Base Derived Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Gao Bochao , Feng Xiangqing , Meng Wei , Du Haifeng
Published: December 2019

The concept of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has been widely applied in various research areas, and metal‐free hydrogenation undoubtedly belongs to the most significant and successful ones. In the past decade, great efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of chiral boron Lewis acids. In a sharp contrast, chiral Lewis base derived FLPs have rarely been disclosed for the asymmetric hydrogenation. In this work, a novel type of chiral FLP was developed by simple combination of chiral oxazoline Lewis bases with achiral boron Lewis acids, thus providing a promising new direction for the development of chiral FLPs in the future. These chiral FLPs proved to be highly effective for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones, enones, and chromones, giving the corresponding products in high yields with up to 95 % ee. Mechanistic studies suggest that the hydrogen transfer to simple ketones likely proceeds in a concerted manner.
Unprecedented Selectivity of Ruthenium Iodide Benzylidenes in Olefin Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Nechmad Noy B. , Phatake Ravindra , Ivry Elisa , Poater Albert , Lemcoff N. Gabriel
Published: December 2019

The development of selective olefin metathesis catalysts is crucial to achieving new synthetic pathways. Herein, we show that cis‐diiodo/sulfur‐chelated ruthenium benzylidenes do not react with strained cycloalkenes and internal olefins, but can effectively catalyze metathesis reactions of terminal dienes. Surprisingly, internal olefins may partake in olefin metathesis reactions once the ruthenium methylidene intermediate has been generated. This unexpected behavior allows the facile formation of strained cis‐cyclooctene by the RCM reaction of 1,9‐undecadiene. Moreover, cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene may be transformed into small cyclic molecules, including its smallest precursor, 1,5‐cyclooctadiene, by the use of this novel sequence. Norbornenes, including the reactive dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), remain unscathed even in the presence of terminal olefin substrates as they are too bulky to approach the diiodo ruthenium methylidene. The experimental results are accompanied by thorough DFT calculations.
Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Poly‐Pseudorotaxanes into Artificial Microtubules
Authors: Hwang Wooseup , Yoo Jejoong , Hwang In‐Chul , Lee Jiyeon , Ko Young Ho , Kim Hyun Woo , Kim Younghoon , Lee Yeonsang , Hur Moon Young , Park Kyeng Min , Seo Jongcheol , Baek Kangkyun , Kim Kimoon
Published: December 2019

Hierarchical self‐assembly of building blocks over multiple length scales is ubiquitous in living organisms. Microtubules are one of the principal cellular components formed by hierarchical self‐assembly of nanometer‐sized tubulin heterodimers into protofilaments, which then associate to form micron‐length‐scale, multi‐stranded tubes. This peculiar biological process is now mimicked with a fully synthetic molecule, which forms a 1:1 host‐guest complex with cucurbit[7]uril as a globular building block, and then polymerizes into linear poly‐pseudorotaxanes that associate laterally with each other in a self‐shape‐complementary manner to form a tubular structure with a length over tens of micrometers. Molecular dynamic simulations suggest that the tubular assembly consists of eight poly‐pseudorotaxanes that wind together to form a 4.5 nm wide multi‐stranded tubule.
Precise Size‐Selective Sieving of Nanoparticles Using a Highly Oriented Two‐Dimensional Supramolecular Polymer
Authors: Chen Zhen , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: December 2019

The development of size‐selective membranes with well‐defined nanopores towards the precise separation of nanometer‐sized substances is a challenging task to achieve. Here a supramolecular membrane is presented that comprises a highly oriented, honeycomb‐like, 2D supramolecular polymer on a polycarbonate filter support. It enables precise size‐selective sieving of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs). Owing to the uniform parallel‐aligned nanocavities within the 2D supramolecular polymers, the composite membrane shows a high size‐selectivity with a sub‐nanometer accuracy in the cutoff size of about 4.0 nm. In principle, the species of size‐separable particles are unlimited, as demonstrated by quantum dots, noble metal, and metal oxide NPs. This supramolecular membrane combined with filtration advances the potential of NPs in terms of their monochromatic emission and size monodispersity, and also enables rapid removal of small magnetic NP adsorbents that are otherwise difficult to capture.
Impact of the Spatial Organization of Bifunctional Metal–Zeolite Catalysts on the Hydroisomerization of Light Alkanes
Authors: Cheng Kang , van der Wal Lars I. , Yoshida Hideto , Oenema Jogchum , Harmel Justine , Zhang Zhaorong , Sunley Glenn , Zečević Jovana , de Jong Krijn P.
Published: December 2019

Improving product selectivity by controlling the spatial organization of functional sites at the nanoscale is a critical challenge in bifunctional catalysis. We present a series of composite bifunctional catalysts consisting of one‐dimensional zeolites (ZSM‐22 and mordenite) and a γ‐alumina binder, with platinum particles controllably deposited either on the alumina binder or inside the zeolite crystals. The hydroisomerization of n‐heptane demonstrates that the catalysts with platinum particles on the binder, which separates platinum and acid sites at the nanoscale, leads to a higher yield of desired isomers than catalysts with platinum particles inside the zeolite crystals. Platinum particles within the zeolite crystals impose pronounced diffusion limitations on reaction intermediates, which leads to secondary cracking reactions, especially for catalysts with narrow micropores or large zeolite crystals. These findings extend the understanding of the “intimacy criterion” for the rational design of bifunctional catalysts for the conversion of low‐molecular‐weight reactants.