bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm Coiling and Clipping on the Incidence of Cerebral Vasospasm and Clinical Outcome
Authors: Zaidat O. O. , Ionita C. C. , Hussain S. I. , Alexander M. J. , Friedman A. H. , Graffagnino C.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND

This study assessed the impact of treatment modality of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) on the rate of vasospasm (VSP), mortality, and hospital length of stay (LOS) of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

METHODS

We analyzed patients with aSAH admitted between 1999 and 2005 undergoing either endovascular coiling (EC) or surgical clipping (SC) within 72 hours of onset. Clinical VSP was defined as neurological deficits unexplained by another etiology. Radiological VSP was defined based on transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound, digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and CT criteria. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis was used to determine VSP predictors.

RESULTS

Of 216 patients included, 98 (45%) underwent EC and 118 (55%) underwent SC. Clinical VSP was found in 26% of EC and 40% of SC patients (P < .03). TCD VSP, angiographic VSP, and CT infarctions were all significantly higher in the SC group. Mortality was similar in both groups however the LOS was longer in the SC patients (P= .03). Multivariate analysis showed that SC doubled the risk of clinical VSP (P < .03) and tripled the risk of composite VSP (P < .0006).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals that EC has a lower rate of VSP, shorter LOS, and comparable mortality to SC in aSAH.
Ruptured Anterior Spinal Artery Aneurysm: A Case Report
Authors: Pollock Jeffrey M. , Powers Alexander K. , Stevens E. Andrew , Sanghvi Amit N. , Wilson John A. , Morris Pearse P.
Published: October 2009

We present a case of a subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm secondary to a ruptured anterior spinal artery aneurysm associated with a Chiari 1 malformation. To our knowledge this is the first reported spinal artery aneurysm with this association.
Neuromyelitis Optica Preceded by Brain Demyelinating Episode
Authors: Amemiya Shimon , Hamamoto Makoto , Kumagai Tomoaki , Ueda Masayuki , Katayama Yasuo , Tanaka Keiko
Published: October 2009

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is considered a distinct disease from multiple sclerosis (MS) because of its pathogenesis. It is well accepted that NMO selectively affects the spinal cord and optic nerve and is not associated with brain lesions at the onset of the disease, unlike MS. We present a unique case where the patient's initial lesion was in the brain, and optic neuritis and myelitis were revealed 6 years after the brain lesion. In addition, the patient's serum antiaquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody was positive. We consider the brain lesion to precede abnormal lesion of NMO, and the AQP4 measurement is important for diagnostics, even if it occurs with brain lesions.
Deep Gray Matter Involvement on Brain MRI Scans Is Associated with Clinical Progression in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Neema Mohit , Arora Ashish , Healy Brian C. , Guss Zachary D. , Brass Steven D. , Duan Yang , Buckle Guy J. , Glanz Bonnie I. , Stazzone Lynn , Khoury Samia J. , Weiner Howard L. , Guttmann Charles R.G. , Bakshi Rohit
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND

Conventional brain MRI lesion measures have unreliable associations with clinical progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). Gray matter imaging may improve clinical‐MRI correlations.

METHODS

We tested if gray matter MRI measures and conventional measures of lesions/atrophy predicted clinical progression in a 4‐year longitudinal study of 97 patients with MS. Baseline and follow‐up brain MRI were analyzed for basal ganglia and thalamic normalized T2 signal intensity, whole brain T2‐hyperintense lesion volume, and whole brain atrophy. Logistic regression tested the ability of baseline or on‐study change in MRI to predict disability progression, as reported by area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC).

RESULTS

Lower caudate T2‐intensity at baseline (P= .04; AUC = .69) and on‐study decreasing T2‐intensity in the putamen (P= .03; AUC = .70) and thalamus (P= .01; AUC = .71) were the MRI variables associated with clinical progression when regression modeling was adjusted for length of follow‐up interval, baseline EDSS, disease duration, age, and sex.

CONCLUSIONS

Gray matter T2‐hypointensity, suggestive of excessive iron deposition is associated with worsening disability in patients with MS. Gray matter MRI assessment may be able to capture neurodegenerative aspects of the disease, with more clinical relevance than derived from conventional MRI measures.
Adult Cerebellopontine Angle Medulloblastoma Originating in the Pons Mimicking Focal Brainstem Tumor
Authors: Yoshimura Junichi , Nishiyama Kenichi , Fukuda Masafumi , Watanabe Masaki , Igarashi Hironaka , Fujii Yukihiko
Published: October 2009

We herein report a rare case of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) medulloblastoma originating in the brainstem that demonstrated a very unusual clinical presentation and radiological appearances. A 25‐year‐old female was admitted to our hospital with a right hearing disturbance and a right facial palsy. A small non‐enhanced lesion having minimal mass effect in the right CPA was identified by using a 1.5‐tesla‐MR system, whose size remained almost unchanged a year. The 3‐tesla MR images revealed that the precise region was in the right side of the tegmentum of the lower pons to the inferior cerebellar peduncle and the flocculus. MR spectroscopic images using a 3‐tesla system revealed a high ratio of choline‐to‐N‐acetylaspartate in the region of interest in comparison to the contra‐lateral side. Craniotomy and biopsy were performed. The histopathological diagnosis was medulloblastoma. The patient received craniospinal irradiation and chemotherapy, and achieved complete remission by the time of the follow‐up MR images. She is now doing well with a full recovery of the right facial palsy. MR spectroscopic imaging is considered to be quite useful for the management of this rare type of brainstem tumor.
Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation and L‐Dopa Effect on PET Motor Activation in Advanced Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Valálik István , Emri Miklós , Lengyel Zsolt , Mikecz Pál , Trón Lajos , Csókay András , Márián Teréz
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The antiakinetic effect of internal Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation (Gpi‐DBS) in Parkinson's disease is not clear and not either how this effect is modulated by L‐dopa.

METHODS

Left Gpi‐DBS and/or L‐dopa effect was studied with auditory paced right‐handed sequential movements on 15O‐butanol positron emission tomography (PET) in five patients. Rest and for conditions during movements (DBS off/L‐dopa off; DBS on/L‐dopa off; DBS off/L‐dopa on; DBS on/L‐dopa on) were compared with statistical parametric mapping.

RESULTS

Gpi‐DBS activated the right supplementary motor area/premotor (SMA/PMC), and right insular cortex (IC), and as L‐dopa decreased the left sensorimotor cortex (M1/S1) activity. L‐dopa increased the left ventrolateral thalamus (VLTH), and decreased the left superior parietal cortex (PC) activity. Gpi‐DBS and L‐dopa interaction showed right SMA/PMC, IC, and left PC activation, decrease of left VLTH, PMC, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity.

CONCLUSIONS

The improvement of bradykinesia with Gpi‐DBS is secondary and contributed to the regress of M1/S1‐related rigidity and compensatory SMA/PMC, and IC activation. L‐dopa and Gpi‐DBS alone each reduces M1/S1 overactivity. Interaction ignores this effect, moreover has akinetic effect in the left VLTH, PMC, and PFC. Motor improvement possibly related to left PC and compensatory right SMA/PMC, and IC activation.
Neurological Manifestations in Chagas Disease without Cardiac Dysfunction: Correlation between Dysfunction of the Parasympathetic Nervous System and White Matter Lesions in the Brain
Authors: Py Marco , Pedrosa Roberto , Silveira Juliana , Medeiros Aline , Andre Charles
Published: October 2009

Chagas disease (American Trypanosomyasis) is endemic in South America. It has been associated with autonomic dysfunction and increased stroke risk.

OBJECTIVE

To correlate findings in neurological examination, autonomic nervous system function, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in patients with chronic Chagas disease.

METHODS

Neurological findings of 64 patients from a hospital cohort were correlated with disease stage (according to Los Andes classification) and with signs of autonomic nervous system function (respiratory sinus arrhythmia test). Also, 27 subjects with no cardiac dysfunction (phase IA) had MRI evaluation. Results were correlated with autonomic nervous system variables using Spearman correlation coefficient and Mann‐Whitney test.

RESULTS

There was a significant correlation between the presence and number of white matter hyperintensities in MRI and the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test. There was no correlation between disease stage and autonomic nervous system dysfunction.

CONCLUSION

There is a significant correlation between parasympathetic nervous system dysfunction and the presence of white matter lesions in patients with chronic Chagas disease without cardiac dysfunction. The pathogenesis of such lesions is unknown, but cardiac arrhythmias could be involved. As hypertension was frequent in our sample and also correlated to MRI hyperintensities, studies excluding hypertensive patients are needed to confirm our results.
Transcranial Doppler Sonography: Abnormal Waveform Pattern of Intracranial Arteries in Acute Aortic Arch Dissection
Authors: Vadikolias Konstantinos , Heliopoulos John , Bougioukas Ioannis , Prassopoulos Panos , Piperidou Charitomeni
Published: October 2009

We describe an interesting pattern of transcranial Doppler (TCD) intracranial blood flow waveforms in a patient with an acute aortic arch type A dissection. A 49‐year‐old patient presented with a low blood pressure after a syncopal episode, severe chest pain, and mild left hemiparesis. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed the aortic arch dissection and the formation of the false lumen. TCD revealed an abnormal waveform pattern recorded in middle cerebral, internal carotid, and anterior cerebral arteries bilaterally with a pre‐systolic sharp wave that gave the appearance of duplicated systolic phase. Our finding adds another interesting pattern of hemodynamic changes in cerebral circulation in patients with acute aortic arch dissections.
MR Spectroscopy Findings in Lafora Disease
Authors: Altindag Ebru , Kara Batuhan , Baykan Betul , Terzibasioglu Ege , Sencer Serra , Onat Levent , Sı Mustafa
Published: October 2009

PURPOSE

Our aim was to investigate the [1H] MR spectroscopy (MRS) findings of Lafora Disease (LD), which is a disabling form of progressive myoclonic epilepsy.

METHODS

Twelve patients diagnosed with LD and 12 control subjects underwent MRS studies with single‐voxels of 8 cc obtained in the frontal lobe, pons, and cerebellum. The metabolites and NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr ratios were calculated. Subgroup analysis was also done between 5 patients with EPM2B and 6 patients with EPM2A mutations. Two investigators scored neurological symptom severity.

RESULTS

We found a statistically significant difference of NAA/Cho ratio in LD patients compared with normal controls in cerebellum (P= 0.04). In addition, both myoclonus and ataxia scores showed significant correlation with NAA/Cho ratios in the pons (P= 0.03, P= 0.04) and in the cerebellum (P= 0.04, P= 0.01), respectively.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that the cerebellum is the mostly affected structure in LD and there are significant correlations of MRS findings with some clinical parameters. The differences in the group may be related to different genetic mutations besides disease duration and other clinical variables. MRS studies could provide insights about the severity of the involvement of LD.
HOXA1 A218G Polymorphism is Associated with Smaller Cerebellar Volume in Healthy Humans
Authors: Canu Elisa , Boccardi Marina , Ghidoni Roberta , Benussi Luisa , Duchesne Simon , Testa Cristina , Binetti Giuliano , Frisoni Giovanni B.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The Homeobox A1 (HOXA1) gene plays a critical role during development of the hindbrain in mice. Little is currently known about the relation between this gene and human brain development. The HOXA1 A218G polymorphism has been found to be associated with autism and larger head circumference in autistic patients. Similar effects were revealed also in healthy children but not in adult controls. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the A218G polymorphism on the hindbrain structure of healthy adults.

METHODS

Healthy persons from two independent groups underwent 3‐dimensional high resolution magnetic resonance (MR) exam. Group A was made of 80 persons (27 G allele carriers and 53 non‐carriers) and Group B of 72 (26 carriers and 46 non‐carriers). Statistical parametric mapping 2 (SPM2) were used to perform voxel‐based analysis of the gray matter (GM) of the hindbrain in carriers and non. Significance threshold was set at .05 with small volume correction using a cerebellar mask.

RESULTS

In Group A, G carriers exhibited decreased GM volume in the superior posterior and anterior lobe of the cerebellum bilaterally. In Group B, decreased GM volume were found across the entire left cerebellar cortex.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that the HOXA1 A218G polymorphism may affect cerebellar development in humans.
Forceps Minor Region Signal Abnormality “Ears of the Lynx”: An Early MRI Finding in Spastic Paraparesis with Thin Corpus Callosum and Mutations in the Spatacsin Gene (SPG11) on Chromosome 15
Authors: Riverol M. , Samaranch L. , Pascual B. , Pastor P. , Irigoyen J. , Pastor M.A. , De Castro P. , Masdeu J.C.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

A thin corpus callosum on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characterizes a type of autosomal recessive disorder with progressive spastic paraparesis and cognitive impairment. Known as Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis with Thin Corpus Callosum (HSP‐TCC), it has been associated with mutations of the SPG11 gene. No other specific MRI findings have been reported.

METHODS

We studied with MRI four patients from three families with HSP‐TCC who had identified causal mutations in the SPG11 gene.

RESULTS

In all individuals studied the region of the forceps minor of the corpus callosum, corresponding to the genu fibers, appeared bright on T2‐weighted and dark on T1‐weighted images. On axial sections, the frontal horn region bore a remarkable resemblance to the ears of a lynx, with the areas of abnormal signal reminiscent of the tufts of hair crowning the tips of the ears of this animal. Less specific findings included a box‐shape appearance of the calloso‐caudate angle and diffusely increased signal in the hemispheric white matter.

CONCLUSION

Abnormal MRI signal in the region of the forceps minor of the corpus callosum is a characteristic early imaging finding of HSP‐TCC with SPG11 mutations.
Stent‐Assisted Parent Artery Occlusion of Giant Cerebrovascular Aneurysms to Avoid Mass Effect
Authors: Hussain Syed I. , Lynch John R. , Wolfe Thomas , Fitzsimmons Brian‐Fred , Zaidat Osama O.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND

Endovascular treatment of giant cerebrovascular aneurysms (GCA) may be challenging due to risk of worsening mass effect, thromboembolism, rupture, and recurrence. The purpose of this study was to provide a preliminary evaluation of GCA therapy using stent‐assisted coil parent artery occlusion (PAO) to reduce the likelihood of mass effect, aneurysm recurrence, and vessel recanalization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Five patients with GCAs were treated by PAO by deploying detachable coils within a Neuroform‐3 stent across the aneurysm neck. Patients were monitored clinically to note any changes after treatment. Magnetic resonance angiography was performed 3 to 12 months after stent placement, and incomplete PAO and aneurysm recurrence were noted.

RESULTS

Stent‐assisted PAO was technically successful in all GCAs with no residual aneurysm filling and without any coil herniation into the aneurysm sac. None of the patients had recanalization of the vessel or GCA or clinical worsening over a follow‐up period of 3‐17 months. Symptomatic mass effect improved in 2 and resolved in 2 patients.

CONCLUSION

Based on our preliminary experience, stent‐assisted PAO in GCAs is technically feasible and may be a valid option in patients who tolerate balloon test occlusion to minimize the likelihood of increased mass effect from coil embolization.
Clinical and MRI Characteristics of Levamisole‐Induced Leukoencephalopathy in 16 Patients
Authors: Xu Ning'an , Zhou Wenbin , Li Shuyu , Zhou Gaofeng , Zhang Ning , Liang Jinghui
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

To study the clinical and radiological characteristics of levamisole‐induced leukoencephalopathy (LILE) in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) or infected with Ascaris.

METHODS

The medical histories of 16 patients with LILE were analyzed, including clinical manifestations, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain biopsy findings.

RESULTS

The main clinical manifestations of LILE were motor weakness (75.0%), dysphasia or aphasia (50.0%), cognitive disorder (50.0%), and facial palsy (43.8%). The MRI of 16 cases showed plaque and round or oval demyelinating lesions in white matter, which revealed a signal hypointensity on T1‐weighted and diffusion‐weighted images (DWI), and demonstrated hyperintensity on T2‐weighted and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. The MRI revealed peripheral ring‐type enhancement about the focus after Gd‐DTPA administration and edema around some lesions, without mass effect. T2‐weighted and FLAIR images were highly sensitive to the lesions. Brain biopsy in 1 patient showed multifocal demyelinating lesions without perivascular cuffing by lymphocytes. Treatment generally consisted of steroids and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and patients recovered to normal condition.

CONCLUSIONS

A single normal dose of levamisole can induce leukoencephalopathy in patients with RAU or Ascaris. The diagnosis depends on the clinical features and imaging appearances. Steroid therapy might be a good choice of treatment.
Transient Seizure‐Related MRI Abnormalities
Authors: Ong Benjamin , Bergin Patrick , Heffernan Theresa , Stuckey Stephen
Published: October 2009

Reversible edema following seizure activity has been well described; however, there are now a number of further distinct MR findings described in the literature, also documented to be transient and associated with seizure activity. A concise review of these described transient conventional magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of seizure activity is presented in pictorial essay format. In addition to posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome appearances, less common abnormalities involving the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, deep gray matter, meninges, hippocampi, and corpus callosum are presented and highlighted.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Findings in School‐Aged Autistic Children
Authors: Brito Adriana Rocha , Vasconcelos Marcio Moacyr , Domingues Romeu Cortes , Hygino da Cruz Jr Luiz Celso , Rodrigues Leise de Souza , Gasparetto Emerson L. , Calçada Carlos Adolfo B. Pinto
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

To analyze and compare cerebral white matter tracts through diffusion tensor imaging in autistic and normal children.

METHODS

This is a case‐control study on a sample of eight male, right‐handed children diagnosed with autism according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐4th Edition criteria, and eight healthy age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Imaging studies were performed on a 1.5‐T scanner (Symphony Maestro Class, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Fractional anisotropy was calculated for the frontopontine and corticospinal tracts, frontal subcortical white matter, anterior cingulate, corpus callosum, striatum, internal capsule, optic radiation, superior and inferior longitudinal fascicles, and cerebellum. Analysis of significance was based on analysis of variance test for the mean fractional anisotropy values.

RESULTS

Median age of cases was 9.53 ± 1.83 years, and of controls, 9.57 ± 1.36 years. Diffusion tensor imaging findings included significant reduction of fractional anisotropy in the anterior corpus callosum (P= .008), right corticospinal tract (P= .044), posterior limb of right and left internal capsules (P= .003 and .049, respectively), left superior cerebellar peduncle (P= .031), and right and left middle cerebellar peduncles (P= .043 and .039, respectively) in autistic children.

CONCLUSIONS

The diffusion tensor imaging findings in children with autistic disorder suggest impairment of white matter microstructure, possibly associated with reduced connectivity in corpus callosum, internal capsule, and superior and middle cerebellar peduncles.
Prevalence and Prediction of Left Atrial Thrombus in Patients with a Recent Cerebral Ischemic Event, Who Are in Sinus Rhythm: A Single‐Center Experience
Authors: Yahia Abutaher M. , Shaukat Aasma , Kirmani Jawad F. , Latorre Julius Gene , Qureshi Adnan I.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND

Left atrial thrombus (LAT) is frequently present in patients with cerebral ischemic events (CIE) who are in atrial fibrillation. The prevalence and predictor of LAT in patients who are in sinus rhythm (SR) is unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence and identify predictors of LAT formation in patients with CIE who are in SR.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with CIE who are in SR were evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) from July 2000 to August 2001. Patient demographics including cerebrovascular risk factors were recorded.

RESULTS

LAT was present in 5.5%. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) was present in 25 (10%). Patients’ mean age was 59 ± 14 years and 119 (50%) were male. In the univariate analysis, LAT was associated with LVSD (odds ratio [OR] 9.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8; 10.3) and male patients (OR 4.56, 95% CI: 1.6, 12.6) who had coronary artery disease (OR 3.4, 95% CI: 1.3, 8.4). In the multivariate analysis, LVSD (OR 10.6, CI 2.2‐51.6) strongly predicted the development of LAT.

CONCLUSIONS

LAT is not uncommon in patients CIE, who are in sinus rhythm, especially those with poor left ventricular functions. TEE should be considered in patients with CIE and LVSD for early detection and treatment of LAT.
Natural History of Asymptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis
Authors: Taylor Robert A. , Kasner Scott E.
Published: October 2009

The prevalence and natural history of asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis are not very well characterized. Existing data suggest that incidentally discovered asymptomatic intracranial stenosis presents a fairly low risk of stroke, though substantial uncertainty remains. Patients may be at greater risk if there are tandem stenoses. Methods to stratify the risk of stroke with asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic lesions have yet to be established and validated. In general, aggressive intervention for an asymptomatic intracranial stenosis is not currently recommended.
Diagnosis and Quantitation of Intracranial Stenosis
Authors: Feldmann Edward
Published: October 2009

Noninvasive tests, transcranial Doppler, magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography angiography, and invasive catheter angiography are available to diagnose the presence and quantify the severity of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Each test has its advantages and disadvantages, including the gold standard of catheter angiography. Careful use and measurements with any test are crucial to optimal research and treatment of patients suspected of harboring intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Rigorous trials assessing the performance of these tests are few in number. The design and results of the SONIA trial are reviewed. The clinical utility of the SONIA approach and data set, in both clinical and research settings, is reviewed.
The Evolution and Role of Endovascular Therapy for the Treatment of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease
Authors: Rasmussen Peter A. ,   on behalf of the US Wingspan Registry Group
Published: October 2009

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is being seen as an increasingly important cause of transient ischemic attack and stroke. Attention on this disease entity has been focused as a result of two recent events: the publication of the WASID trial and the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of the Wingspan‐Gateway stent system. This manuscript will review the evolution of the role of endovascular therapy in the management of ICAD. In addition, the available devices currently available for endovascular therapy will be reviewed with an eye toward peri‐procedural and follow‐up complication rates.
Study of Short‐ and Long‐Term Storage of Teeth and Its Influence on DNA
Authors: Rubio Leticia , Martinez Luis J. , Martinez Esther , De Las Heras Stella Martin
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  DNA degradation can interfere with the resolution of forensic cases. Allelic dropout often reduces the opportunity for adequate comparisons between degraded and reference samples. This study analyzed DNA degradation in 24 extracted teeth after storage at room temperature for 0, 2, 5, and 10 years. DNA concentration, quantified by dot‐blot hybridization, declined significantly for the first 2 years, but there was no significant further degradation from the second to the tenth year of storage. COfiler™ analysis was used and the allelic dropout ratio for the amelogenin locus relative to CSF1PO locus was also estimated. Statistically significant differences were found between fresh teeth and teeth from the 2‐ and 5‐year groups but not from the 10‐year group. Under our storage conditions most of the DNA degradation occurred during the first 2 years. Further research is needed to control for individual and external factors that could affect DNA.
Subway Train‐Related Fatalities in New York City: Accident versus Suicide*
Authors: Lin Peter T. , Gill James R.
Published: October 2009

Abstract: We examined the characteristics of subway train‐related fatalities in New York City between Jan. 1, 2003 and May 31, 2007 in order to determine which factors are useful in differentiating accident from suicide. Subway train‐related deaths with homicide and undetermined manners also are included. During this period, there were 211 subway train‐related fatalities. The manners of death were: suicide (n = 111), accident (n = 76), undetermined (n = 20), and homicide (n = 4). The causes of death were blunt trauma (n = 206) and electrocution (n = 5). Torso transection and extremity amputation were more frequent in suicides. Antidepressant medications were more frequently detected in suicides, whereas cocaine and ethanol were more frequent in accidents. However, autopsy findings should be weighed in the context of the entire evaluation along with other circumstantial and investigative findings. In unwitnessed deaths where additional information is unavailable or discrepant, the most appropriate manner of death usually is undetermined.
An Amino Acid Model for Latent Fingerprints on Porous Surfaces*
Authors: Schwarz Lothar
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Analytical standards are needed in latent fingerprint detection for research and development as well as for quality control in routine work because normal fingerprints are too varied for comparison studies and tests. One way is to create latent fingerprints. For the amino acid sensitive detection method this can be achieved by coating test items with an amino acid solution using a modified commercial office bubble jet printer. Besides low costs, fast and easy preparation, the main advantage of a bubble jet printer is that the amino acid loading per area on the test item can be calculated by weighing the cartridge on a balance. This opens the possibility to determine the deviation for every printing series. The reproducibility of prints in a printing series made by one cartridge has a deviation of 2–16% and of prints made by different cartridges 20–25%.
Skull Fracture with Brain Expulsion in a One‐Level Jumping‐Fall
Authors: Guyomarc’h Pierre , Campagna‐Vaillancourt Maude , Chaltchi Amir , Sauvageau Anny
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Here presented is the case of a one‐level jumping‐fall with extensive skull fractures and brain expulsion. The body was found on the basement floor at the foot of the stairs. At the autopsy, the skull was extensively fractured, with about half of the brain expulsed several feet away from the body. The cause of death was established as a craniocerebral trauma with brain expulsion. The circumstances and manner of death were still unclear at that time. A low fall seemed very unlikely considering the severity of the skull and brain damage. The police investigation clearly revealed that the man, in a paranoid psychotic state, attacked his wife with a knife and then was witnessed by his children to have hit his head several times with a hammer. Afterwards, they saw him running to the top of the basement stairs and jumping to the bottom of the stairs head first.
Forensic Terrestrial Photogrammetry from a Single Image
Authors: Gonzalez‐Aguilera Diego , Gomez‐Lahoz Javier
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Forensic terrestrial photogrammetry is one of the most valuable and low‐cost resources of spatial data available today. Due to the ephemeral crime scene characteristics, these photographs can often capture information that is never to be seen again. This paper presents a novelty approach for the documentation, analysis, and visualization of crime scenes for which only a single perspective image is available. The photogrammetric process consists of a few well‐known steps in close‐range photogrammetry: features extraction, vanishing points computation, camera self‐calibration, 3D metric reconstruction, dimensional analysis, and interactive visualization. Likewise, the method incorporates a quality control of the different steps accomplished sequentially. As a result, several cases of study are presented in the experimental results section in order to test their viability. The full approach can be applied easily through the free software, sv3DVision, which has been evaluated by a number of police officers, forensic scientists, and forensic educators satisfactorily.
Santeria and Palo Mayombe: Skulls, Mercury, and Artifacts
Authors: Gill James R. , Rainwater Christopher W. , Adams Bradley J.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Santeria and Palo Mayombe are syncretic religions created in the New World based upon African religious beliefs combined with Christianity. The main worship of Palo Mayombe involves religious receptacles that may contain earth, sticks, varied artifacts, and animal and human remains. Due to the use of human and nonhuman remains, discovery of these items often leads to involvement by the police due to a concern of homicide. We review in detail the medical examiner records of two of these ritualistic cases including the autopsy, anthropology, police, and investigators’ reports. For the human remains, careful consideration of the context in which the remains were recovered, their state of preservation, and the associated artifacts (e.g., beads and mercury) are important in determining the appropriate level of forensic significance. Anthropological examination with particular attention to taphonomic characteristics also may help determine the origin and forensic significance.
The Teaching of Denture Marking Methods in Dental Schools in the United Kingdom and the United States*,†
Authors: Richmond Raymond , Pretty Iain A.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Forensic organizations worldwide have recommended that dental prostheses should be marked with, at a minimum, the patient’s name and preferably with further unique identifiers such as a social security number. The current study aimed to assess the denture marking practice of dental schools within the United States and the United Kingdom. A questionnaire‐based survey was employed to gain both quantitative and qualitative data on the methods, practices, and ethos behind denture marking in 14 U.K. and 32 U.S. dental schools. One hundred percent of U.K. and 87.5% of U.S. schools returned surveys and the results suggest that, for dental schools where there is no legal or legislative need for denture marking, the practice is inconsistently taught and appears to be reliant on internal forces within the school to increase awareness. Among those schools practicing marking, only 18% employ a technique likely to withstand common postmortem assaults; this is a concern.
The AEGIS Movement–An OPNAV Perspective
Authors: DOYLE VICE ADMIRAL JAMES H.
Published: October 2009

It is often said that the transformational success of the AEGIS weapon system and AEGIS ships can be attributed in large part to the personal relationship between the top surface warfare leader in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the top Project Manager in the Naval Sea Systems Command rather than the organizational structure or the wiring diagram that existed at the time in either command. Besides RADM Wayne E. Meyer, VADM James H. Doyle, Jr., the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) for Surface Warfare (OP‐03) from 1975 to 1980, perhaps more than any other Naval officer, is responsible for the success of AEGIS. This article gives some of his personal reflections and memories of his time as OP‐03, and an account of the personal relationship that developed between Doyle and Meyer.
Large scale geographic clines of parasite damage to Populus tremula L.
Authors: Albrectsen Benedicte R. , Witzell Johanna , Robinson Kathryn M. , Wulff Sören , Luquez Virginia M. C. , Ågren Rickard , Jansson Stefan
Published: October 2009

According to the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution (GMTC), clines of traits reflecting local co‐adaptation (including resistance genes) should be common between a host and its parasite and should persist across time. To test the GMTC‐assumption of persistent clinal patterns we compared the natural prevalence of two parasites on aspen Populus tremula trees: mining moths of the genus Phyllocnistis and leaf rust Melampsora spp. Damage data were collated from the Swedish National Forest Damage Inventory (2004–2006). In addition, occurrence of the parasites was scored in field conditions in two common gardens in the north and south of Sweden over five growing seasons (2004–2008), then related to biomass (stem height and diameter) and to concentrations of eleven leaf phenolics. Phyllocnistis mainly occurred in the northern garden, a distribution range which was confirmed by the countrywide inventory, although Phyllocnistis was more abundant on southern clones, providing evidence for possible local maladaptation. Melampsora occurred all over the country and in both gardens, but built up more quickly on northern clones, which suggests a centre of local clone maladaptation in the north. Stem growth also followed a clinal pattern as did the concentration of three phenolic compounds: benzoic acid, catechin and cinnamic acid. However, only benzoic acid was related to parasite presence: negatively to Phyllocnistis and positively to Melampsora and it could thus be a potential trait under selection.

In conclusion, clines of Phyllocnistis were stronger and more persistent compared to Melampsora, which showed contrasting clines of varying strength. Our data thus support the assumption of the GMTC model that clines exist in the border between hot and cold spots and that they may be less persistent for parasites with an elevated gene flow, and/or for parasites which cover relatively larger hot spots surrounded by fewer cold spots.
The role of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in treating formocresol induced oral ulcers in dogs
Authors: El‐Menoufy H. , Aly L. A. A. , Aziz M. T. A. , Atta H. M. , Roshdy N. K. , Rashed L. A. , Sabry D.
Published: October 2009

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39: 281–289

Background:  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a subpopulation of adult somatic stem cells, are an attractive stem cell source in regenerative medicine because of their multipotentiality. In this study, the effects of MSCs transplantation on oral ulcer healing were examined.

Methods:  Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from bone marrow aspirates of dogs by dish adherence and expanded in culture. Oral ulcers were induced by topical application of formocresol in the oral cavity of dogs. Either autologous MSCs or vehicle (saline) was injected around the ulcer. The healing process of the ulcer was monitored clinically and histopathologically. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected in MSCs by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Expression of VEGF and collagen genes was detected in biopsies from all ulcers.

Results:  Mesenchymal stem cells expressed mRNA for VEGF MSCs transplantation significantly accelerated oral ulcer healing compared with controls. There was increased expression of both collagen and VEGF genes in MSCs‐treated ulcers compared with controls.

Conclusion:  Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation may help accelerate oral ulcer healing, possibly through the induction of angiogenesis by VEGF together with increased intracellular matrix formation as detected by increased collagen gene expression.
Analysis of Articulation Between Clathrin and Retromer in Retrograde Sorting on Early Endosomes
Authors: Popoff Vincent , Mardones Gonzalo A. , Bai Siau‐Kun , Chambon Valérie , Tenza Danièle , Burgos Patricia V. , Shi Anbing , Benaroch Philippe , Urbé Sylvie , Lamaze Christophe , Grant Barth D. , Raposo Graça , Johannes Ludger
Published: October 2009

Clathrin and retromer have key functions for retrograde trafficking between early endosomes and the trans‐Golgi network (TGN). Previous studies on Shiga toxin suggested that these two coat complexes operate in a sequential manner. Here, we show that the curvature recognition subunit component sorting nexin 1 (SNX1) of retromer interacts with receptor‐mediated endocytosis‐8 (RME‐8) protein, and that RME‐8 and SNX1 colocalize on early endosomes together with a model cargo of the retrograde route, the receptor‐binding B‐subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB). RME‐8 has previously been found to bind to the clathrin uncoating adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) Hsc70, and we now report that depletion of RME‐8 or Hsc70 affects retrograde trafficking at the early endosomes–TGN interface of STxB and the cation‐independent mannose 6‐phosphate receptor, an endogenous retrograde cargo protein. We also provide evidence that retromer interacts with the clathrin‐binding protein hepatocyte growth factor‐regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) not only via SNX1, as previously published (Chin Raynor MC, Wei X, Chen HQ, Li L. Hrs interacts with sorting nexin 1 and regulates degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2001;276:7069–7078), but also via the core complex component Vps35. Hrs codistributes at the ultrastructural level with STxB on early endosomes, and interfering with Hrs function using antibodies or mild overexpression inhibits retrograde transport. Our combined data suggest a model according to which the functions in retrograde sorting on early endosomes of SNX1/retromer and clathrin are articulated by RME‐8, and possibly also by Hrs.
A Conserved, Lipid‐Mediated Sorting Mechanism of Yeast Ist2 and Mammalian STIM Proteins to the Peripheral ER
Authors: Ercan Ebru , Momburg Frank , Engel Ulrike , Temmerman Koen , Nickel Walter , Seedorf Matthias
Published: October 2009

Sorting of yeast Ist2 to the plasma membrane (PM) or the cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) requires a cortical sorting signal (CSSIst2) that interacts with lipids including phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the PM. Here, we show that the expression of Ist2 in mammalian cells resulted in a peripheral patch‐like localization without any detection of Ist2 at the cell surface. Attached to C‐termini of mammalian integral membrane proteins, the CSSIst2 targeted these proteins to PM‐associated domains of the ER and abolished trafficking via the classical secretory pathway. The interaction of integral membrane proteins with PI(4,5)P2 at the PM created ER–PM contacts. This process is similar to the regulated coupling of ER domains to the PM via stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins during store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The CSSIst2 and the C‐terminus of the ER‐located Ca2+ sensor STIM2 were sufficient to bind PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 at the PM, showing that an evolutionarily conserved mechanism is involved in the sorting of integral membrane proteins to PM‐associated domains of the ER. Yeast Ist2 and STIM2 share a common basic and amphipathic signal at their extreme C‐termini. STIM1 showed binding preference for liposomes containing PI(4,5)P2, suggesting a specific contribution of lipids to the recruitment of ER domains to the PM during SOCE.
Evaluation of toothbrush bristles’ deterioration used by preschool children
Authors: Garbin CAS , Garbin AJI , Dos Santos KT , De Lourdes Carvalho M , Lima DC
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  The toothbrush is an effective instrument for oral diseases prevention. The flexibility and status of bristles, as well as the size of the handle are fundamental for an effective toothbrushing. Thus, the assessment of physical characteristics of toothbrushes is important. This study evaluated the deterioration and wear of bristles of toothbrushes used by preschool children. For the sample selection, five elementary schools were assorted from a city of the São Paulo State northwest region, one from each city area. All toothbrushes used by preschool children who aged between 5 and 6 years old and who attended the assorted schools were visually analysed by two calibrated examiners, according to the criteria proposed by Rawls HR, Mkwayi‐Tulloch NJ, Casella R, Cosgrove R (J Dent Res 1989; 12:1781): 0 – it is impossible to state if the toothbrush was used or not; 1 – the bristles seem to be separated within some tufts; 2 – most tufts are separated, many cover other tufts and present a large number of curved and inclined bristles; 3 – most tufts are covered by others and bristles are folded and tipped. In total, 333 toothbrushes were evaluated. The data obtained revealed that 57.96% of the toothbrushes presented adequate condition for utilization (scores 0 and 1), whereas 42.04% presented inadequate bristles for their function (scores 2 and 3). It was concluded that a great number of toothbrushes presented deterioration of the bristles. Thus, there is the need to guide and promote awareness among teachers, parents and children as well as the need to replace toothbrushes.
Antioxidant capacity of human milk and its association with vitamins A and E and fatty acid composition
Authors: Tijerina‐Sáenz A , Innis SM , Kitts DD
Published: October 2009

Aim:  The antioxidant capacity of human milk reflects the presence and activity of multiple components, which prevent oxidative rancidity. The aim of this study was to use the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay to assess human milk antioxidant capacity and find correlations with milk components.

Methods:  Milk samples collected from 60 breastfeeding women at 1 month postpartum were assayed for antioxidant capacity, vitamins E and A, and fatty acids. Potential statistical relationships of concentrations of vitamins A and E and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the antioxidant capacity of human milk were determined.

Results:  Human milk antioxidant capacity was positively attributed to α‐tocopherol concentration (ρ < 0.05). The vitamin A concentration did not significantly contribute to milk antioxidant capacity, but was correlated to milk α‐tocopherol concentration (r = 0.587; ρ < 0.001). There was no evidence of an inverse relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration and the antioxidant capacity value of milk.

Conclusion:  This study shows that α‐tocopherol is an important contributor to the oxidative stability of human milk. Moreover, there was no evidence obtained to show that women who have high levels of milk polyunsaturated fatty acids are predisposed to lower milk antioxidant capacity.
Age of sitting unsupported and independent walking in very low birth weight preterm infants with normal motor development at 2 years
Authors: Marín Gabriel MA , Pallás Alonso CR , De La Cruz Bértolo J , Caserío Carbonero S , López Maestro M , Moral Pumarega M , Alonso Díaz C , Lora Pablos D
Published: October 2009

Aims: The aims of this study is to (i) determine the age of sitting unsupported and independent walking in preterm infants with birth weight under 1500 g (very low birth weight, VLBW); (ii) estimate differences between VLBW children and a reference population and (iii) estimate the association between clinical characteristics and late age at sitting and walking.

Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted of a cohort of 876 children with VLBW. The World Health Organization (WHO) motor development study population was used as a reference. Ages for both skills were established by interview with parents. Means were compared witht‐test, ANOVA and Bonferroni adjustment where appropriate.

Results: The inclusion criteria were complied with 694 patients; 50% of VLBW sat at 7 m corrected age (CA) and walked at 13 m CA. Both motor skills were acquired later (7.3 ± 1.5  and 13.6 ± 2.8 m) compared with the control group (6 ± 1.1  and 12.1 ± 1.8 m). Weight or head circumference at birth below the 10th percentile or the presence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia were associated with delayed acquisition of both skills.

Conclusion: Very low birth weight infants typically sit unsupported and walk later than term infants. Tables describing reference values for milestones acquisition for different categories of infants (gestational age, birth weight and other determinants) may contribute to inform the decision making process on access to available resources.
SIDS: past, present and future
Authors: Mitchell Edwin A
Published: October 2009

Despite the large reduction in SIDS mortality, which occurred in the early 1990s following the ‘Back to Sleep’ campaigns, SIDS remains the leading cause of death in the postneonatal age group. This paper describes the position in the 1980s, the contribution of the New Zealand Cot Death Study, what should be recommended and the current research priorities.

Conclusion:  SIDS is preventable. Application of what we currently know could eliminate SIDS. The challenge is to find ways of implementing our knowledge.
Acute pyelonephritis with renal abscesses and acute renal failure after salmonella infection
Authors: Rus RR , Kersnik Levart T
Published: October 2009

Urinary tract infections, renal abscess formation and acute renal failure (ARF) after salmonella infection are rarely reported in children. We present a previously healthy teenager who developed ARF with renal abscess formation after salmonella infection, in whom we believe that acute salmonella pyelonephritis was the main causative factor for ARF and not dehydration, shock or rhabdomyolysis, which have already been described in the literature. With prolonged antibiotic treatment and adequate hydration, the boy’s condition improved, but chronic kidney disease was unfortunately inevitable.

Conclusion:  Salmonella pyelonephritis has, according to our knowledge, not yet been described to be the main causative factor of ARF in previously healthy children, as was the case in our patient. Long‐term antibiotic treatment of at least 6 weeks is probably a must in such patients, even though chronic kidney disease could not have been prevented.