bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyriform cell differentiation in Podarcis sicula is accompanied by the appearance of surface glycoproteins bearing α‐galNAc terminated chains
Authors: Andreuccetti Piero , Famularo Ciro , Gualtieri Roberto , Prisco Marina
Published: November 2004

The present histochemical and cytochemical study using a lectin panel (WGA, GSI‐A4, GSI‐B4, PSA UEA‐I, PNA, LCA, Con‐A, DBA, MPA, BPA) has demonstrated that, in Podarcis sicula, the differentiation of small follicle cells into pyriform cells by means of intermediate cells is accompanied by the appearance of glycoproteins bearing α‐GalNAc terminated O‐linked side chains on the cell surface. The distribution of DBA‐ and MPA‐binding sites over the follicular epithelium changed during the different stages of oocyte growth. DBA‐ and MPA‐binding sites ffirst appeared at the beginning of folliculogenesis within the zona pellucida (ZP) and on the surface of small cells, i.e., the stem cells of pyriform cells. Afterward, labeling was evident on the cell surfaces of intermediate cells and, later on, also of pyriform cells. On the other hand, no labeling was detected on the small cells located under the basal lamina, which, reportedly, do not differentiate into pyriform cells (Filosa et al. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 1979; 15:297‐316). Once pyriform cells were differentiated, the distribution of DBA‐ and MPA‐binding sites over the follicular epithelium remained unchanged until intermediate and pyriform cells underwent apoptosis (Motta et al. J. Exp. Zool., 1996; 276:233‐241) and the follicular epithelium transformed into a monolayer composed of small follicle cells only (Filosa Mon. Zool. Ital., 1973; 7:151–165). During this stage of oocyte growth, DBA and MPA labeling gradually decreased to completely disappear in the follicular epithelium of vitellogenic follicles. It is noteworthy that the observed changes in the distribution of DBA‐ and MPA‐binding sites represent the ffirst evidence recognized by lectins of a gradual modification of surface glycoprotein distribution over the follicular epithelium in the ovarian follicles of nonmammalian vertebrates so far studied. Finally, the zona pellucida (ZP), characterized by the presence of GalNAc, GluNAc, Man, and Gal, was demonstrated to be first synthetized by the oocyte and later on by the follicle cells. Anat Rec 263:1–9, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indirect measurement of water content in an aseptic solid substrate cultivation pilot‐scale bioreactor
Authors: Peña y Lillo M. , Pérez‐Correa R. , Agosin E. , Latrille E.
Published: November 2004

A lack of models and sensors for describing and monitoring large‐scale solid substrate cultivation (SSC) bioreactors has hampered industrial development and application of this type of process. This study presents an indirect dynamic measurement model for a 200‐kg‐capacity fixed‐bed SSC bioreactor under periodic agitation. Growth of the filamentous fungus Gibberella fujikuroi on wheat bran was used as a case study. Real data were preprocessed using previously reported methodology. The model uses CO2 production rate and inlet air conditions to estimate average bed water content and average bed temperature. The model adequately reproduces the evolution of the average bed water content and can therefore be used as an on‐line estimator in pilot‐scale SSC bioreactors. To obtain a reasonable fit of the bed temperature, however, inlet air humidity measurements will have to be adjusted with a data reconciliation algorithm. Good estimation of temperature is important for the future design of improved water content estimation using state observers. The model also provides insight into understanding the complex behavior of the dynamic system, which could prove useful when establishing advanced model‐based operational and control strategies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 44–51, 2001.
Technical evaluation of the potential for streamlining of equipment validation for fermentation applications
Authors: Junker Beth
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this article is to provide a few concrete examples of the potential to acceptably reduce the scope of validation and qualification testing based on scientific justification for the specific area of microbial fermentation. The key areas explored include: autoclave operational qualification (OQ) testing, autoclave load pattern testing, vessel sterilize‐in‐place testing, spore strip use and failure investigation, grouping of D‐values for media and concentrated nutrients, influence of temperature on D‐values, and equipment clean‐in‐place cleaning agent/recovery studies. Suggestions are offered based on technical data and engineering analysis of the procedures involved. Methodologies are described for how to evaluate the systems being tested relative to processing requirements to determine which testing might be minimized and which testing might warrant expansion. The ultimate risk to quality then must be evaluated by the designated quality control groups within the organization for the specific process and equipment in use. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 49–61, 2001.
Biohydrogen generation by mesophilic anaerobic fermentation of microcrystalline cellulose
Authors: Lay Jiunn‐Jyi
Published: November 2004

Sixteen batch experiments were performed to evaluate the stability, kinetics, and metabolic paths of heat‐shocked digester (HSD) sludge that transforms microcrystalline cellulose into hydrogen. Highly reproducible kinetic and metabolic data confirmed that HSD sludge could stably convert microcrystalline cellulose to hydrogen and volatile fatty acids (VFA) and induce metabolic shift to produce alcohols. We concluded that clostridia predominated the hydrogen‐producing bacteria in the HSD sludge. Throughout this study the hydrogen percentage in the headspace of the digesters was greater than 50% and no methanogenesis was observed. The results emphasize that hydrogen significantly inhibited the hydrogen‐producing activity of sludge when initial microcrystalline cellulose concentrations exceeded 25.0 g/L. A further 25 batch experiments performed with full factorial design incorporating multivariate analysis suggested that the ability of the sludge to convert cellulose into hydrogen was influenced mainly by the ratio of initial cellulose concentration (So) to initial sludge density (Xo), but not by interaction between the variables. The hydrogen‐producing activity depended highly on interaction of So × (So/Xo). Through response surface analysis it was found that a maximum hydrogen yield of 3.2 mmol/g cellulose occurred at So = 40 g/L and So/Xo = 8 g cellulose/g VSS. A high specific rate of 18 mmol/(g VSS‐d) occurred at So = 28 g/L and So/Xo = 9 g cellulose/g VSS. These experimental results suggest that high hydrogen generation from cellulose was accompanied by low So/Xo. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 280–287, 2001.
Effect of crown ethers on structure, stability, activity, and enantioselectivity of subtilisin Carlsberg in organic solvents
Authors: Santos Angélica M. , Vidal Michael , Pacheco Yamaris , Frontera Joel , Báez Carlos , Ornellas Olivia , Barletta Gabriel , Griebenow Kai
Published: November 2004

Colyophilization or codrying of subtilisin Carlsberg with the crown ethers 18‐crown‐6, 15‐crown‐5, and 12‐crown‐4 substantially improved enzyme activity in THF, acetonitrile, and 1,4‐dioxane in the transesterification reactions of N‐acetyl‐L‐phenylalanine ethylester and 1‐propanol and that of (±)‐1‐phenylethanol and vinylbutyrate. The acceleration of the initial rate, V0, ranged from less than 10‐fold to more than 100‐fold. All crown ethers activated subtilisin substantially, which excludes a specific macrocyclic effect from being responsible. The secondary structure of subtilisin was studied by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. 18‐Crown‐6 and 15‐crown‐5 led to a more nativelike structure of subtilisin in the organic solvents employed when compared with that of the dehydrated enzyme obtained from buffer alone. However, the high level of activation with 12‐crown‐4 where this effect was not observed excluded overall structural preservation from being the primary cause of the observed enzyme activation. The conformational mobility of subtilisin was investigated by performing thermal denaturation experiments in 1,4‐dioxane. Although only a small effect of temperature on subtilisin structure was observed for the samples prepared with or without 12‐crown‐4, both 18‐crown‐6 and 15‐crown‐5 caused the enzyme to denature at quite low temperatures (38°C and 56°C, respectively). No relationship between this property and V0 was evident, but increased conformational mobility of the protein decreased its storage stability. The possibility of a “molecular imprinting” effect was also tested by removing 18‐crown‐6 from the subtilisin‐18‐crown‐6 colyophilizate by washing. V0 was only halved as a result of this procedure, an effect insignificant compared with the ca. 80‐fold rate enhancement observed prior to washing in THF. This suggests that molecular imprinting is likely the primary cause of subtilisin activation by crown ethers, as recently suggested. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 295–308, 2001.
Ventricular proliferation zones in the brain of an adult teleost fish and their relation to neuromeres and migration (secondary matrix) zones
Authors: Ekström Peter , Johnsson Carl‐Magnus , Ohlin Liss‐Mari
Published: November 2004

Zones containing actively dividing cells (proliferation zones: PZs), in the brain of adult three‐spined sticklebacks, were identified by autoradiographic detection of 3H‐thymidine and immunocytochemical detection of the thymidine analogue 5'‐bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), singly or in combination, and by immunocytochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) by monoclonal antibodies. The PZs are associated with boundaries between adult brain regions, as well as with defined morphofunctional subdivisions. PZs are located at the border between the telencephalon and diencephalon, and at the border between the mesencephalon and the rhombencephalon. In the midbrain, the PZ follows the dorsomedial, caudal, and ventrolateral aspects of each tectal hemisphere, extending over the caudal aspect of the torus semicircularis to the nucleus lateralis valvulae. In the hindbrain, the major PZ apparently represents the persisting embryonic secondary matrix layer of the developing cerebellum. In the forebrain, the PZs are associated with the ventricular zones of the olfactory bulbs and ventral telencephalic area (”subpallium”), dorsal telencephalic area (”pallium”), preoptic region, ventral thalamus, dorsal thalamus, epithalamus, pretectum, posterior tuberculum, and the hypothalamus. The diencephalic PZs are parcellated according to a neuromeric organisation (a synencephalic, a posterior, and an anterior parencephalic neuromere: p1, p2, and p3). The PZs of the secondary prosencephalon (telencephalon and hypothalamus) thus would belong to neuromeres p4–6, but do not form an immediately recognised serial pattern. The prosencephalic PZs correlate well with parts of embryonic migration areas as defined by Bergquist and Källén ([1954] J. Comp. Neurol. 100:627–659), morphogenetic fields from which postmitotic neurones migrate to their final destination. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:92–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic central nervous system angiogenesis does not involve blood‐borne endothelial progenitors
Authors: Kurz Haymo , Korn Johannes , Eggli Peter S. , Huang Ruijin , Christ Bodo
Published: November 2004

We asked, whether, in the blood of avian embryos, endothelial precursor cells circulate that actually contribute to the growing vascular system in and around the central nervous system (CNS). We compared the morphology and distribution of QH1‐positive cells after transplantation of quail paraxial mesoderm, after blood transfusion, in quail‐chick parabiosis, or after quail bone‐marrow transplantation. After head mesoderm transplantation from quail to chick, we observed sprouting endothelial cells (ECs), capillary tube formation, and chimeric endothelial lining of large arteries in the host brain. These QH1‐positive quail cells showed EC morphologies that demonstrated three different aspects of CNS angiogenesis: invasion by means of filopodia, clonal proliferation and tube formation, and integration into preexisting EC layers. After blood transfusion or in chick‐quail parabiosis, blood‐borne QH1+ cells were found in the lumen of but not integrated into the wall of the host vascular system. Neither were QH1+ cells observed in the capillary walls of parabiotic chick chorioallantoic membranes. In both cases, the quail cells showed typical macrophage morphology. In chicks that had received quail bone marrow transplants onto their chorioallantoic membranes, QH1+ cells with macrophage, but not EC shape were occasionally seen near the inoculation site. We conclude that (1) blood‐borne cells do not become ECs or directly contribute to angiogenesis inside, or in vascular plexuses around the CNS during embryonic development; (2) blood‐borne cells do not contribute to the intraneural macrophage population of the embryonic CNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:263–274, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of the pontine nuclei to the cochlear nucleus in rats
Authors: Ohlrogge Matthias , Doucet John R. , Ryugo David K.
Published: November 2004

In the cochlear nucleus, there is a magnocellular core of neurons whose axons form the ascending auditory pathways. Surrounding this core is a thin shell of microneurons called the granule cell domain (GCD). The GCD receives auditory and nonauditory inputs and projects in turn to the dorsal cochlear nucleus, thus appearing to serve as a central locus for integrating polysensory information and descending feedback. Nevertheless, the source of many of these inputs and the nature of the synaptic connections are relatively unknown. We used the retrograde tracer Fast Blue to demonstrate that a major projection arises from the contralateral pontine nuclei (PN) to the GCD. The projecting cells are more densely located in the ventral and rostral parts of the PN. They also are clustered into a lateral and a medial group. Injections of anterograde tracers into the PN labeled mossy fibers in the contralateral GCD. The terminals are confined to those parts of the GCD immediately surrounding the ventral cochlear nucleus. There is no PN projection to the dorsal cochlear nucleus. These endings have the form of bouton and mossy fiber endings as revealed by light and electron microscopy. The PN represent a key station between the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, so the pontocochlear nucleus projection emerges as a significant source of highly processed information that is introduced into the early stages of the auditory pathway. The cerebropontocerebellar pathway may impart coordination and timing cues to the motor system. In an analogous way, perhaps the cerebropontocochlear nucleus projection endows the auditory system with a timing mechanism for extracting temporal information. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:290–303, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rod pathways in the mammalian retina use connexin 36
Authors: Mills Stephen L. , O'Brien Jennifer J. , Li Wei , O'Brien John , Massey Stephen C.
Published: November 2004

Many neurons in the mammalian retina are coupled by means of gap junctions. Here, we show that, in rabbit retina, an antibody to connexin 36 heavily labels processes of AII amacrine cells, a critical interneuron in the rod pathway. Image analysis indicates that Cx36 is primarily located at dendritic crossings between overlapping AII amacrine cells. This finding suggests that Cx36 participates in homotypic gap junctions between pairs of AII amacrine cells. Cx36 was also found at AII/cone bipolar contacts, previously shown to be gap junction sites. This finding suggests that Cx36 participates at gap junctions that may be heterotypic. These results place an identified neuronal connexin in the context of a well‐defined retinal circuit. The absence of Cx36 in many other neurons known to be coupled suggests the presence of additional unidentified connexins in mammalian neurons. Conversely, Cx36 labeling in other regions of the retina is not associated with AII amacrine cells, indicating some other cell types use Cx36. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:336–350, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical distribution of serotonin‐containing neurons and axons in the central nervous system of the cat
Authors: Leger Lucienne , Charnay Yves , Hof Patrick R. , Bouras Constantin , Cespuglio Raymond
Published: November 2004

By using a monoclonal antibody to serotonin (5‐HT), an immunohistochemical study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive description of the 5‐HT‐containing neurons and of the distribution of their axonal processes in the cat brain and spinal cord. The localization of cell bodies was comparable to that previously reported in studies using formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence and other 5‐HT antibodies, with a large proportion of labeled neurons in the raphe nuclei and a minor, yet not negligible number, in the ventral, lateral, and dorsal reticular formation. The ascending efferent non‐varicose axons were best visualized in sagittal sections and mainly seen taking a rostroventral direction through the tegmentum. The varicose axons could be grossly classified into thin and large fibers, according to the size and shape of the immunoreactive varicosities, which were elongated (up to 2 μm in length and 1 μm in width) or round (2–4 μm in diameter). Varicose axonal arborizations invaded almost every region of the gray matter and avoided large myelinated bundles except in the spinal cord. Variations in the density of the plexuses of immunoreactive fibers generally followed the anatomical divisions and were also observed within nuclei, especially in laminated structures. Only the superior olivary complex could be regarded as devoid of 5‐HT‐containing axons. A few areas contained extremely rich fiber plexuses. These were the olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, ventral mesencephalon, periventricular gray from the hypothalamus to the pons, facial nucleus, subdivisions of the inferior olive, and the intermediolateral nucleus in the spinal cord. Varicose axons formed tight pericellular arrays in the neocortex, mainly the ectosylvian gyrus, and in the lateral septum and medullar magnocellular nucleus. These data, combined with those of the literature concerning the synaptic versus non‐synaptic mode of termination of the 5‐HT‐immunoreactive varicosities and the high number of distinct receptors, are indicative of the multiple possible actions of serotonin in the central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:157–182, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and calcium channel modulating effects of modified Hantzsch nitrooxyalkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐nitro‐4‐(pyridinyl or 2‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐5‐pyridinecarboxylates
Authors: Miri Ramin , McEwen, Carol‐Anne , Knaus Edward E.
Published: November 2004

A group of racemic nitrooxyalkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐nitro‐4‐(pyridinyl or 2‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐5‐pyridinecarboxylates 8a–o were synthesized using modified Hantzsch reactions. In vitro calcium channel antagonist activities, determined using a guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle (GPILSM) assay, showed that compounds 8a–o exhibited weaker calcium antagonist activity (10–5 to 10–7 M range) than the reference drug nifedipine (IC50 = 1.43 × 10–8 M). Compounds 8 possessing a C‐4 R1 = 2‐pyridyl substituent were always more potent than the approximately equiactive analogs having an R1 = 3‐pyridyl, 4‐pyridyl or 2‐CF3‐C6H4‐substituent, within each subgroup of nitrooxyalkyl compounds [R2 = – (CH2)nONO2 (n = 2, 3, 4) or –CH(CH2ONO2)2]. Although the length of the R2 = –(CH2)nONO2 substituent (n = 2–4) was not a determinant of smooth muscle calcium antagonist activity when the C‐4 R1‐substituent was 2‐pyridyl, when R1 was a 3‐pyridyl, 4‐pyridyl, or 2‐CF3‐C6H4‐substituent, the relative potency order with respect to the R2 = –(CH2)nONO2 substituent was n = 3 and 4 > n = 2. Replacement of the isopropyl substituent of the ester moiety of the calcium antagonist (±)‐2‐pyridyl 3a by a –(CH2)nONO2 (n = 2–4) moiety increased calcium antagonist activity on GPILSM by 8‐fold. In contrast, replacement of the isopropyl substituent of the ester moiety of the calcium agonists (±)‐3‐pyridyl 3b, (±)‐4‐pyridyl 3c or the methyl substituent of the ester moiety of Bay K8644 by a R2 nitrooxyalkyl substituent resulted in abolition of their calcium agonist effects on GPILSM that is replaced by a smooth muscle calcium antagonist effect. These calcium antagonist data support the concept that incorporation of a nitrooxyalkyl ester substituent constitutes a valuable drug design strategy to enhance Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridine calcium antagonist and/or abolish calcium agonist effects on smooth muscle. Replacement of the isopropyl (8b–c), or the methyl (8d) group by a –CH2CH2ONO2 moiety resulted in retention of the cardiac positive inotropic effect where the relative potency order with respect to the C‐4 substituent was 2‐CF3‐C6H6‐ (8d) > 3‐pyridyl (8b) ≈ 4‐pyridyl (8c). Model hybrid (calcium channel modulation, ·NO release) compounds, that exhibit dual cardioselective agonist / smooth muscle selective antagonist activities, represent a novel type of 1,4‐dihydropyridine CC modulator that offers a potential approach to drug discovery targeted toward the treatment of congestive heart failure and for use as probes to study the structure–function relationship of calcium channels. Drug Dev. Res. 51:225–232, 2000. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A reliability assessment method for software products in operational phase—proposal of an accelerated life testing model
Authors: Okamura Hiroyuki , Dohi Tadashi , Osaki Shunji
Published: November 2004

To assess the reliability of software products, the differences between the testing phase and the operational phase must be clearly distinguished. In contrast to the former that makes assessments based only on the statistical properties of the fault detection mechanism observed in the testing process, the latter must be executed by predicting the differences between the environment in the testing phase (effort, test method, and so on) and the software operational environment such as the frequency of use. Previously, many reliability assessment methods for software products in the operational phase have been proposed. However, none have adequately modeled the software operational environments without conflicts. The general methodologies in this field have still not been established. In this paper, we propose a dynamic model to represent the phenomenon of software reliability growth in the operational phase by applying the concept of accelerated life testing of hardware. In addition, we investigate the effectiveness of our model by using both the fault detection time data obtained in the actual software testing process and the error occurrence time data observed in the operational phase. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(8): 25–33, 2001
Properties of quantum reliability function and its applications to several quantum signals
Authors: Kurokawa Keiko , Hirota Osamu
Published: November 2004

This paper discusses applications of the reliability function to specific problems in connection with communication systems transmitted by means of quantum states. The reliability function and cutoff rate for various quantum optical communication systems are specifically presented. The effects of these characteristics on the limit characteristics in the coding scheme by quantum states. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 31–41, 2001
Multiobject behavior recognition by selective attention
Authors: Wada Toshikazu , Sato Masayuki , Matsuyama Takashi
Published: November 2004

This study proposes a method for recognition of the behavior and number of multiple objects without separation of the objects from images. Most conventional techniques of behavior recognition have used bottom‐up processing, in which features were first extracted from images, and then the extracted features were subjected to time‐series analysis. However, separation of objects from images at the feature extraction stage resulted in unstable processing. This study aims at stable recognition of multiobject behavior. For this purpose, a mechanism ofselective attentionis proposed. With this mechanism, particular image regions (focusing regions) are allotted to all states of the NFA (nondeterministic finite automaton) that performs sequence analysis, and feature extraction (event detection) is performed inside such regions. This approach makes it possible to detect events irrespective of noise (that is, changes that may occur in the image beyond the focusing regions), while nondeterministic state transition means that all possible event sequences are analyzed; hence, the behavior of multiple objects can be recognized without separation of the objects from the images. Object‐specific color tokens are assigned to NFA active state sets, and then are transferred along with the state transitions, which is referred to as theobject discrimination mechanism. Introduction of this mechanism allows simultaneous multiobject behavior recognition and detection of the number of objects. In addition, the proposed system has been extended to treat multiview images, and its effectiveness has been proven experimentally. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 56–66, 2001
Conditions for avoiding the checkerboard distortion in continuous‐time domain
Authors: Murakami Masaharu , Kiya Hitoshi
Published: November 2004

Checkerboard distortion is the kind generated in the sampling rate converter using a digital filter. In this paper, such distortion is studied in the continuous‐time domain. The distortion is newly defined in the problem of interpolation by a continuous interpolation function and conditions for avoiding the checkerboard distortion are derived. Further, it is shown that a digital filter that does not generate checkerboard distortion can be created by an appropriate sampling to the continuous interpolation function satisfying the conditions in this paper. The relationship between the continuous interpolation function with time scale transform and the checkerboard distortion is studied. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(12): 59–68, 2001
Packing it in with horizontal bars
Authors: Bonnet Deborah G.
Published: November 2004

Several increasingly complex examples of horizontal bar graphs are presented to illustrate how to use multiple graphic elements to create graphs with high information density.
Use of graphics to illustrate responses to multipart survey items
Authors: Brown Helen , Marks Katharyn , Straw Margret
Published: November 2004

Describes a means of translating data from multipart survey items into information a diverse audience can use for effective program planning and implementation.
Comparing performance: Simpson's paradox and analyzing outcomes
Authors: Glymph Alvin , Henry Gary T.
Published: November 2004

When analyzing and graphing data, evaluators need to be aware of Simpson's paradox to avoid incorrect interpretations of the data.
Shaping visual representations of interorganizational networks to tell a story
Authors: Johnsen Matthew C. , Starrett Barbara E.
Published: November 2004

One difficulty in presenting analyses of complex social networks is how to highlight key elements. This chapter presents a solution that highlights aspects of network structure without distorting or diminishing essential information about the networks.
Predicting Future Environmental Funding Needs: Regression Modeling of Historic Project and Program Costs
Authors: Galarraga Humberto E. , Werle Christopher P. , Maranto Anthony R.
Published: November 2004

The accurate forecasting of resource levels required to maintain the Army's environmental programs has
proved to be a challenging endeavor. The process often involves a detailed analysis of known programmatic costs
along with the projection of various cost factors associated with new or revised environmental regulations,
unexpected environmental situations, and overlooked program shortfalls. Since the Army's Environmental
Program Requirements (EPR) Report serves as an environmental work plan for installation and major Army
command (MACOM) environmental projects, the funding requirements contained within represent the single
best picture of the Army's environmental expenditures at any given point in time. Using the EPR and other
data sources, the U.S. Army Environmental Center (USAEC) has developed a prototype tool for estimating
environmental project costs that installation staff can readily use to generate initial
planning estimates for a variety of different types of environmental expenditures. MACOM and HQDA staff could
also use the tool to identify and validate cost estimates for installations' EPR projects that appear to
fall outside the normal range of expected values. Regression analysis applied to historical data sets collected
automatically by the cost‐estimating software could be used to periodically update estimating protocols,
thereby increasing the tool's accuracy over time. Similarly, through the regression analysis of
environmental projects' historical cost drivers and associated EPR funding data, USAEC is developing a
model that extrapolates macro‐level cost trends based on historical funding requirements and obligation
levels for use in estimating environmental program costs . As with the project cost estimator,
the model could be self‐correcting because successive submissions of the EPR data can serve to refine
cost estimates in future years and incorporate economic inflation trends. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Using Emerging Technologies to Meet the Requirements of State Source Protection Initiatives
Authors: Stoltz Bradley H.
Published: November 2004

A Source Assessment Survey (SAS) conducted for Fort Hunter Liggett (FHL), provided an
opportunity to combine geographic information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS),
and georeferenced digital aerial photographic technologies to meet California's source assessment
requirements. Source protection is rapidly becoming the preferred method of ensuring the production of safe
drinking water throughout the United States. These innovative technologies were applied to delineate FHL's
water sources; identify possibly contaminating activities (PCAs) that could threaten source water
quality; analyze the PCAs to identify those that represent a significant threat; and recommend
mitigation strategies. In the future, combining GIS, GPS, and digital aerial photographic technologies will
continue to improve analysis of the threats PCAs pose with respect to a myriad of hydrogeologic, hydraulic, and
topographic considerations. Specific GIS functions enable data to be manipulated to conduct a spatial threat
analysis of PCAs. The most important application of these innovative technologies is the
attention‐grabbing, easily interpreted graphics that visually communicate to individuals and the command
structure the consequences of specific activities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sun Tzu and the Art of Stakeholder Involvement
Authors: Null Marilyn K. , Larkin Janice W.
Published: November 2004

Sun Tzu's The Art of War was written in 500 BCE and remains the quintessential
doctrine on strategic and tactical planning for war. According to Sun Tzu, the most effective strategy for
victory is not to enter battle at all. The Department of Defense (DOD) is facing a new
“battlefield,” as encroachment and unexploded ordnance issues are threatening the military's
ability to train. Applying Sun Tzu's tenets to this new battlefield allows the DOD to avoid the legal,
regulatory, and public opinion “battle ” by building and maintaining effective relationships with
those most affected by range and training activities. Sun Tzu says, “Know your enemy and know
yourself; in a hundred battles you will never be in peril.” In today's world, understanding the
“enemy,” whether it be interests outside the fence, inside the fence, or personal value systems is
essential to building and maintaining the relationships necessary to declare “victory ” on
sustainable ranges. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Paleoclimate and intersite correlations from Late Pleistocene/Holocene cave sites: Results from Southern Europe
Authors: Ellwood Brooks B. , Harrold Francis B. , Benoist Stephen L. , Straus Lawrence G. , Morales Manuel Gonzalez , Petruso Karl , Bicho Nuno F. , Zilhão João , Soler Narcis
Published: November 2004

During the last 10 years or so, magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements of cave sediments from archaeological sites have been used for intrasite correlation and paleoclimate estimation. This is possible, if the context is appropriate, because the MS of these sediments result from climate processes active outside caves causing variations in magnetic properties of the sediments ultimately accumulating inside of caves. Once deposited, these materials are preserved, and their stratigraphy provides a climate proxy that can be extracted. Here, using the magnetosusceptibility event and cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) method and graphic correlation, we present a paleoclimatic framework for the last 40,000 years for southern Europe and demonstrate the intersite correlation power of the method. Our preliminary result for southern Europe represents climate fluctuations from ∼43,000 to ∼3,000 yr B.P. (we use here uncalibrated ages). The results correlate well with independent climate indicators, and because these data are robust, they can be used in relative dating. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of sulfur‐containing heterocycles: spiropyrimidinetriones, thioxopyrimidinediones, pyrazolidinediones, and isoxazolidinediones—part ii
Authors: Reddy D. Bhaskar , Babu N. Chandrasekhar , Padmavathi V.
Published: November 2004

1‐Aroyl‐2‐styrylsulfonylethene is the precursor for 4,4‐dimethoxycarbonyl‐2′,5‐diaryl‐3‐(1′,3′‐dioxolano)‐1‐thia‐1,1‐dioxide (4), which is the key intermediate for the synthesis of 7‐aroyl‐11‐aryl‐2,4‐diazaspiro[5,5]undecane‐1,3,5‐trione‐9‐thia‐9,9‐dioxide(10)/3‐thioxo‐1,5‐dione‐9‐thia‐9,9‐dioxide (11), 6‐aroyl‐10‐aryl‐2,3‐diazaspiro[4,5]decane‐1,4‐dione‐8‐thia‐8,8‐dioxide (12)/2‐oxo‐3‐azaspiro [4,5]decane‐1,4‐dione‐8‐thia‐8,8‐dioxide (13). The new compounds were characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectral data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:131–135, 2001
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: A clinicopathologic review
Authors: Olsen Kerry D. , Lewis Jean E.
Published: November 2004

Background

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is an aggressive, poorly understood salivary gland malignancy. Misdiagnosis is common, because the residual mixed tumor component may be small, and various carcinoma subtypes are possible.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 73 patients with major salivary gland CXPA treated at our institution from 1960 to 1994. Of the 73 patients, 66 had primary tumors and 7 had recurrent tumors; 47 were men, and 26 were women; the mean age was 61 years.

Results

Adenocarcinoma (31 cases) and salivary duct carcinoma (24 cases) were the most common malignant subtypes. All patients were treated surgically, and 32 also had radiation therapy. Of 66 patients with primary tumors, 23% had local recurrence. Metastasis (either initial or delayed) occurred regionally in 56% and distantly in 44%. Thirty‐six patients (55%) died of the disease. At 3 years, overall survival was 39% and at 5 years, 30%.

Conclusions

Important prognostic factors include tumor size, grade, and clinical and pathologic stage. Patients with minimally invasive tumors (<5 mm) should do well with appropriate surgical treatment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 705–712, 2001.
Prediction of survival in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Baatenburg de Jong Robert Jan , Hermans Jo , Molenaar Jan , Briaire Jeroen Johannes , le Cessie Saska
Published: November 2004

Background

In patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) the estimated prognosis is usually based on the TNM classification. The relative weight of the three contributing parameters is often not completely clear. Moreover, the impact of other important clinical variables such as age, gender, prior malignancies, etc is very difficult to substantiate in daily clinical practice. The Cox‐regression model allows us to estimate the effect of different variables simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to design a model for application in new HNSCC patients. In our historical data‐base of patients with HNSCC, patient, treatment, and follow‐up data are stored by trained oncological data managers. With these hospital‐based data, we developed a statistical model for risk assessment and prediction of overall survival. This model serves in clinical decision making and appropriate counseling of patients with HNSCC.

Patients and Methods

All patients with HNSCC of the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the larynx diagnosed in our hospital between 1981 and 1998 were included. In these 1396 patients, the prognostic value of site of the primary tumor, age at diagnosis, gender, T‐, N‐, and M‐stage, and prior malignancies were studied univariately by Kaplan‐Meier curves and the log‐rank test. The Cox‐regression model was used to investigate the effect of these variables simultaneously on overall survival and to develop a prediction model for individual patients.

Results

In the univariate analyses, all variables except gender contributed significantly to overall survival. Their contribution remained significant in the multivariate Cox model. Based on the relative risks and the baseline survival curve, the expected survival for a new HNSCC patient can be calculated.

Conclusions

It is possible to predict survival probabilities in a new patient with HNSCC based on historical results from a data‐set analyzed with the Cox‐regression model. The model is supplied with hospital‐based data. Our model can be extended by other prognostic factors such as co‐morbidity, histological data, molecular biology markers, etc. The results of the Cox‐regression may be used in patient counseling, clinical decision making, and quality maintenance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 718–724, 2001.
Transforming growth factor β1, urokinase‐type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 mRNA expression in head and neck squamous carcinoma and normal adjacent mucosa
Authors: Pasini Fatima S. , Brentani M. Mitzi , Kowalski Luiz P. , Federico Miriam H. H.
Published: November 2004

Background

A balance between urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its main inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐1) appears to be important for cancer invasive behavior. Since uPA/PAI‐1 system seems to be regulated by transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) in different cell types, our aim was to investigate the relationship between the expression of the three genes and lymph node status in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) at specific sites.

Materials and Methods

uPA, PAI‐1, and TGFβ1 mRNAs were determined by Northern analysis in tumor, and paired normal mucosa samples were obtained from 91 operable HNSCC patients.

Results

In oral cavity, excluding tongue, TGFβ1, PAI‐1, and uPA mRNAs values were consistently lower in the normal tissues than in tumors. In larynx tumors, TGFβ1 expression was increased, but no statistically significant differences were found for uPA or PAI‐1 mRNAs as compared with normal tissues. Tongue tumors overexpressed only uPA mRNA, and uPA levels showed significant parallel variations with TGFβ1 and PAI‐1 mRNAs mainly in pN+ tumors. In oral cavity tumors, an inverse correlation between TGFβ1 and uPA was observed in pN0 subgroup, elevated uPA mRNA was counterbalanced by high PAI‐1 mRNA TGFβ1, and PAI‐1 were not coordinately expressed. Correlations between the three markers were not found in larynx. Hypopharynx tumors, all staged as pN+, expressed the lowest TGFβ1 mRNA mean values.

Conclusions

Combined information about TGFβ1, uPA, and PAI‐1 mRNAs may add some clues to the understanding of the pathophysiological role of uPA system in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 725–732, 2001.
Results of salvage surgery for local or regional recurrence after larynx preservation with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Authors: León Xavier , Quer Miquel , Orús César , López Montserrat , Gras Juan Ramón , Vega Manuel
Published: November 2004

Background

After treatment of locally advanced laryngeal carcinomas with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy, some patients suffer a local or regional failure of the tumor, and salvage surgery is required. The aim of this study was to review the results of such salvage surgery in this group of patients.

Methods

A retrospective study of a cohort of 110 patients diagnosed between 1989 and 1996 with a locally advanced laryngeal carcinoma (T3‐T4) treated with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy was performed. The results of salvage surgery in patients with a local and/or regional failure of the treatment were analyzed.

Results

Forty‐two patients presented a local and/or a regional recurrence of the tumor: 26 patients in the larynx, eight in the neck, and a further eight in both in the larynx and the neck. Salvage surgery was carried out in 28 patients (67%), consisting of total laryngectomies with neck dissections (24 cases), endoscopic resection of the tumor (one case), and radical neck dissections (three cases). Five‐year adjusted survival for the 42 patients was 38%. Five‐year survival for the 28 patients treated with salvage surgery was 57%. Five patients had postoperative complications: four had pharyngo‐cutaneous fistulas and one had wound infection.

Conclusions

After a local and/or regional recurrence, 67% of patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma treated with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy were candidates to salvage surgery. Five‐year adjusted survival for this group of patients was 57%. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 733–738, 2001.
Neck and mediastinal node dissection in pharyngolaryngoesophageal tumors
Authors: Martins Antonio S.
Published: November 2004

Background

Specific reports about neck node metastasis in cervical esophageal tumors and mediastinal node metastasis in patients with pharyngolaryngoesophageal tumors are lacking. This study was undertaken to evaluate the need for neck and mediastinal lymph node dissection when dealing with carcinomas of this region.

Methods

A retrospective review of the records of 34 patients who underwent total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy and gastric transposition (TPLEGT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngoesophageal junction was done. Sixteen patients had esophageal carcinomas, 14 had hypopharyngeal carcinomas, and 4 had laryngeal carcinomas. The mediastinal dissection was designed to remove mainly the paratracheal and paraesophageal lymph nodes down to the aortic arch, without thoracotomy. Neck and mediastinal lymph node metastases were studied with specific reference to main primary site, and comparison with the literature was undertaken.

Results

Twenty‐five neck dissections were performed in 19 patients and yielded positive nodes in 16 patients (47% of all patients). The neck nodes were positive in 75%, 64.2%, and 18.7% of the patients with laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, and esophageal carcinomas, respectively. Mediastinal dissection data were available on 27 patients, and 16 (59.2%) had mediastinal node metastasis. These mediastinal nodes were positive in 0%, 72.7%, and 61.5% of the patients with laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, and esophageal carcinomas, respectively.

Conclusions

There is little controversy about neck dissections in tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx when a TPLEGT is contemplated. A similar situation applies to mediastinal dissections for cervical esophageal carcinomas. Although we observed a low incidence of positive neck nodes (18.7%) in patients with cervical esophageal carcinomas, there is a need for a larger prospective series. Our finding of 72.7% positive mediastinal nodes in hypopharyngeal carcinomas is high enough to deserve further study. Laryngeal carcinomas showed no positive mediastinal nodes in this series. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 772–779, 2001.
Single photon emission tomography: Scintigraphy in the assessment of mandibular invasion by head and neck cancer
Authors: Zieron Joerg O. , Lauer Isabel , Remmert Stephan , Sieg Peter
Published: November 2004

Background

This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of single photon emission tomography (SPET) in contributing to the initial staging of patients with cancers of the head and neck because information about osseous infiltration of head and neck cancer is of major importance for staging and planning of treatment.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 89 cases with probable tumor infiltration of the mandible by oral/pharyngeal cancer was undertaken by comparing the preoperative SPET as well as CT‐scans, if available, with clinical and postoperative histological examinations.

Results

For SPET examinations, a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 48% were calculated. The positive predictive value was 65%, and the negative predictive value was 93%. CT scans showed a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 78%. The positive predictive value was 65%, and the negative predictive value was 93%.

Conclusions

SPET is a powerful method to detect infiltration of carcinomas into the head and neck skeleton. Its sensitivity is high and superior to CT scans, although the specificity is small due to a high number of false positive results. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 979–984, 2001.
Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of awake C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice: Interstrain differences and parallels with behavior
Authors: Jones M.W. , Peckham H.M. , Errington M.L. , Bliss T.V.P. , Routtenberg A.
Published: November 2004

C57BL/6 mice consistently outperform DBA/2 mice in a range of hippocampal‐dependent spatial learning behaviors. We recorded evoked responses from the dentate gyrus of awake, freely‐moving mice and measured synaptic plasticity (LTP) and performance in a hippocampal‐dependent task in individual animals from these two inbred strains. Spatial alternation tasks confirmed the behavioral divergence between the two strains, with C57BL/6 mice demonstrating more robust alternation than DBA/2 mice. Recording changes in field potentials in the dentate gyrus following three different high‐frequency stimulation paradigms in the same groups of animals revealed differences in neural plasticity: both strains were able to support long‐term potentiation (LTP) at perforant path synapses, but brief high‐frequency stimulation induced larger and longer potentiation of the population spike in C57BL/6 than in DBA/2 mice. This greater propensity for population‐spike potentiation in the strain that performed better in a hippocampal‐dependent task is in accord with the different neurochemical profiles of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Hippocampus 2001;11:391–396. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.