bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shareholder nationality among the major European and American defense contractors: an exploratory data analysis
Authors: FAWAZ Mahdi , BELIN Jean , MASSON Hélène
Published: June 2019

This article presents the first results of a statistical analysis of the ownership links between the major European and American defence contractors. This approach, centred on the shareholders and subsidiaries of these companies, enables us to explore the depth of the national links (company and country of origin) and the density of the ownership cooperation that exists within Europe, as well as with the rest of the world, particularly the United States. Information about defence contractors’ ownership links is difficult to obtain and precautions must be taken in the interpretation of the results.  In terms of defence contractor shareholders, it would appear first that the national link is strong for Sweden, Spain and France, less so for Germany and Italy, and particularly weak for the United Kingdom. Next, in European terms the links are concentrated on Airbus, MBDA and KNDS and are little developed in other companies. Finally, we observe asymmetrical links with the USA and a significant presence of American investment funds.
Land Cover Maps Production with High Resolution Satellite Image Time Series and Convolutional Neural Networks: Adaptations and Limits for Operational Systems
Authors: Stoian Andrei , Poulain Vincent , Inglada Jordi , Poughon Victor , Derksen Dawa
Published: June 2019

The Sentinel-2 satellite mission offers high resolution multispectral time series image data, enabling the production of detailed land cover maps globally. At this scale, the trade-off between processing time and result quality is a central design decision. Currently, this machine learning task is usually performed using pixelwise classification methods. The radical shift of the computer vision field away from hand engineered image features and towards more automation by representation learning comes with many promises, including higher quality results and less engineering effort. In this paper we assess fully convolutional neural networks architectures as replacements for a Random Forest classifier in an operational context for the production of high resolution land cover maps with Sentinel-2 time series at the country scale. Our contributions include a framework for working with Sentinel-2 L2A time series image data, an adaptation of the U-Net model for dealing with sparse annotation data while maintaining high resolution output, and an analysis of those results in the context of operational production of land cover maps.
THE CIRCUMSTANCE THAT NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED BY JUDGES OF INDUSTRIAL RELATION COURT IN DECIDING REINSTATE DECISION
Authors: Santoso Budi
Published: June 2019

The implementation of the Industrial Relations Court verdict in the case of termination disputes which order employers to reinstate workers faces obstacles occasionally. This is caused by the reluctance of employers to comply with the verdict. This article aims to analyze the considered situations that the Industrial Relations Court needs to take into account in declaring a reinstatement decision in the case of termination disputes. Through the use of normative legal research methods with statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, it is concluded that such considerations include: the reinstatement of worker to his/her former job title is not appropriate if the position left by the worker has been filled by another worker; the reinstatement of worker is not appropriately provided if it may cause an unharmonious relationship between employers and workers; the reinstatement of worker is not appropriately provided if it causes prejudice to the worker; the reinstatement of worker is unsuitable if it will have a negative impact on the relationship between the worker and the other workers in the workplace; and/or the reinstatement of worker would be unsuitable if the worker has a confidentiality capacity for the company's secrets because the employer no longer trusts the worker.
LEGAL EFFORTS OF TAX MANDATORY OBJECTIVES ON TAX PROVISIONS (Study in the Regional Office of General Directorate of Taxation of South Jakarta I)
Authors: Sumbaga Andri Prasetyo , Halim Paisal , Badruddin Syamsiah , Bombang Saifullah , Djanggih Hardianto
Published: June 2019

The focus of this study is on the resolution of objections raised by Taxpayers in the Regional Office of DGT South Jakarta I. The theory used in this study refers to the opinion of Adam Smith in his book Wealth of Nations which states that a good tax collection must fulfill equity and equality requirements, certainty , convenience of payment, and efficiency. This study uses a naturalistic and interpretive qualitative approach that focuses on the process of resolving taxpayers' objections to a tax assessment as a legal effort. Data collection is done through interviews and direct observation on the object of research. The results of interviews and observations prove that the resolution of the objections to the South Jakarta I DGT Regional Office has been carried out in accordance with the provisions of the applicable tax regulations. This was also reinforced by statements made by Taxpayers who filed objections to the Regional Office of DGT South Jakarta I. The settlement of objections was also carried out to fulfill the rights and justice of the Taxpayers even though the decisions issued differed from the wishes of the Taxpayer. Settlement of objections seen from the rhythm of the work is considered effective, but when viewed from the time of completion, there are several applications that can be completed near the deadline. This is due to the large number of application files for reduction or elimination of administrative sanctions that enter, thus affecting the time to settle complaints.
JUSTICIABILITY OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ITS FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA
Authors: Handayani Irawati
Published: June 2019

Economic, social, and cultural rights are categorized as second generation of rights in the concept of international human rights law. Due to its distinction with first generation right, which is civil and political right, it leads to the differentiation of justiciability of second generation rights. It’s quite often that the fulfillment of economic, social, and cultural rights is postponed, while on the contrary civil and political rights have to be accomplished immediately. The query of justiciability of economic, social, and cultural rights rottenly links with the responsibility of state parties on implementing the rights enumerated in ICCPR or ICESCR. Referring to Article 2 of ICESCR, the implementation of rights stated in ICESCR could be in progressive manner and usually this article is used as an example to not fulfill the right immediately. This article will elaborate further the implementation of protection of economic, social, and cultural rights in another country particularly in South Africa and compare it with Indonesia in order to achieve an ideal form of justiciability of this second generation of rights.
HUBUNGAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN DAN GAYA KOGNITIF TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR WARGA BELAJAR KELAS IV PAKET A SETARA SD
Authors: Sadid Agus
Published: June 2019

Abstrak: Salah satu layanan program pendidkan kesetaraan adalah paket A setara SD. Kurikulum pembelajaran tetap mengacu pada kurikulum pendidikan nasional. Pendekatan pembelajaran mencakup tematik dan konvensional. Mengamati karakteristik pembelajaran pada paket A setara SD, maka pendekatan tematik dianggap paling sesuai namun tetap harus memperhatikan gaya kognitif individu (baca: warga belajar). Untuk itu penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh strategi pembelajaran (baca: tematiik versus konvensional) dan gaya kognitif terhadap hasil/prestasi belajar dan pengaruh interaksi antara strategi pembelajaran dan gaya kognitif terhadap hasil/prestasi belajar warga belajar paket A setara SD kelas IV.

 

Desain penelitian ini adalah desain eksperimen semu (quasi experiment). Waktu penelitian adalah Oktober-Desember 2018  di Kejar Paket A Setara SD Kelas IV SKB Kab Sumbawa, dan PKBM Bina Bersama. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa (1) terdapat perbedaan pengaruh strategi pembelajaran terhadap hasil/prestasi belajar warga belajar, (2) tidak ada perbedaan hasil/prestasi belajar warga belajar yang memiliki gaya kognitif yang berbeda dan (3) tidak terdapat interaksi antara strategi pembelajaran dan gaya kognitif terhadap hasil/prestasi belajar warga belajar.
THE ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF EQUITY FINANCING OF TRUSTEES BPRS AMANAH UMMAH BOGOR
Authors: Pangesti Eka Rahmawati , Effendi Jaenal
Published: June 2019

Equity financing is a type of financing that is the core business in the Islamic financial institutions and a differentiator with conventional financial institutions. But until now, the total equity financing is still relatively low compared with other types of financing BPRS channeled. BPRS Amanah Ummah is one of the institution conducts equity financing.  This study aimed to analyze the influence of sharing profit, DPK, CAR, FDR, inflation, and the BI rate to equity financing at BPRS Amanah Ummah. This study uses Error Correction Model (ECM). The results showed DPK and FDR variables significantly influence the development of equity financing in the short term while variable DPK, CAR, FDR, and the BI rate significantly influence the development of equity financing in the long term however, Profit sharing rate and inflation variable does not significantly influence the development of equity financing. 
New Analytical Model Enhances Understanding of Connection Strengths
Authors: Feder Judy
Published: June 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 194180, “An Analytical Model for Double-Shouldered Connection Strengths,” by Grant Pettit, SPE, Bureau Veritas, prepared for the 2019 SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition, The Hague, 5–7 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

The extra torsional capacity and clearance available when proprietary, double-shouldered connections are used instead of public-domain, single-shouldered connections enables well teams to drill farther, faster, and with less damage to the drillstring. No analytical model as yet can accurately calculate the tensile and torsional capacities of double-shouldered connections. This paper presents a set of equations that extends the approach of the original single-shouldered equation to account for a second shoulder, and helps to understand connection strengths better.

Introduction

Single-shouldered connections such as API drillstem connections use a straightforward analytical equation to determine the capacities of any connection. This equation may not be perfect—it relies on linear assumptions that are probably not descriptive of the connection loading—but several decades of use have made the industry confident in the equation’s strengths and aware of its shortcomings.

Because no analytical model is available to calculate these capacities in proprietary double-shouldered connections, the connection designer or manufacturer typically creates an empirical formula that is calibrated through laboratory and field testing. Although this approach is acceptable, it hinders tool designers who need something different from what is offered on the public market. It is rarely cost-efficient to perform laboratory and field testing for a one-off connection design.

The complete paper states that what is needed is to extend the approach of the original single-shouldered equation to account for a second shoulder. According to the author, although the mathematical complexity increases, the assumptions are the same, lending confidence to the extended equation.

The complete paper presents the derivation of a set of equations that use the same basic assumptions as the original single-shouldered connection torque equations, in the same way as do the API equations, to advance understanding of the torsion and tension capacities for double-shouldered equations. The implicit assumptions present in the original equations are discussed; then the same ideas are applied to a double-shouldered connection. The full set of new equations is developed and described, including tips on their practical use gained from tool-design experience.

Current Single-Shouldered Connection Model

Connection strength formulas contained in API RP 7G Appendix A are the basis for the connection torsion and tensile capacities in that standard and in many other oilfield references. These equations and resulting numbers have been in place for decades, creating industry confidence in their usefulness and awareness of their weaknesses.
Technology Focus: CO2 (July 2019)
Authors: Kokal Sunil
Published: June 2019

Technology Focus

In my last two Technology Focus columns, I discussed CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and the challenges it faces in conventional oil reservoirs. In this entry, my focus is on its applications in unconventional reservoirs.

Oil and gas production from unconventional resources has changed the dynamics of the world oil supply, particularly in the US. This has changed the US from a declining oil producer to one of the highest oil producers in the world. Oil production from unconventional reservoirs is still a challenge and depends on a number of factors, including brute force, for drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Production from these reservoirs declines rapidly, and more wells have to be drilled to keep production at reasonable levels. Recovery, by some estimates, can be less (sometimes much less) than 10%. Currently, the number of wells drilled in unconventional reservoirs exceeds 100,000, and many are producing just a trickle of hydrocarbons.

In recent years, some effort has been made to use EOR techniques, particularly CO2 injection, to extract additional oil and gas from unconventional resources. This is by no means a trivial feat. It has the potential to change the dynamics (again) of oil production from these tight and difficult reservoirs.

Considerable research and laboratory studies have been conducted addressing the use and potential of CO2 in extracting hydrocarbons from unconventional reservoirs. Estimates of oil recovery range from an additional 10% up to more than 50%. Very few field trials have been conducted, but the use of CO2 in these reservoirs is promising.

The recommended papers that follow present examples of laboratory studies, taking the results to the field, and mechanistic studies that elucidate some of the factors to consider and the pros and cons of CO2-EOR in unconventionals. They are meant to be a starting point for better understanding and further research. What the industry needs at this stage is more-daring EOR field trials reminiscent of the risks taken by the pioneers of unconventional resources at the beginning of this century.

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.

SPE 191780 Enhanced Oil Recovery in Eagle Ford: Opportunities Using Huff ’n’ Puff Technique in Unconventional Reservoirs by Piyush Pankaj, Schlumberger, et al.

OTC 28973 Recent Advances in Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Technologies for Unconventional Oil Reservoirs by S. Balasubramanian, University of Houston, et al.

SPE 192734 Miscibility Effects on Performance of Cyclic CO2 Injection in Hysteretic Tight Oil Reservoirs by Yasaman Assef, University of Calgary, et al.
The Feasibility of CO2 Injection for IOR in Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Feder Judy
Published: June 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 190277, “Mechanistic Study for the Applicability of CO2-EOR in Unconventional Liquids-Rich Reservoirs,” by Dheiaa Alfarge, SPE, Iraqi Ministry of Oil and Missouri University of Science and Technology, and Mingzhen Wei and Baojun Bai, Missouri University of Science and Technology, prepared for the 2018 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, Tulsa, 14–18 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Improved oil recovery (IOR) methods for shale-oil reservoirs are considered relatively new concepts compared with IOR for conventional oil reservoirs. Different IOR methods—including CO2, surfactant, natural gas, and water injection—have been investigated for unconventional reservoirs using laboratory experiments, numerical simulation studies, and limited pilot tests. For a variety of reasons, CO2 injection is the most-investigated option. In this paper, numerical simulation methods of compositional models were incorporated with logarithmically spaced, locally refined, and dual-permeability reservoir models and local grid refinement (LGR) of hydraulic-fracture conditions to investigate the feasibility of CO2 injection in shale oil reservoirs.

Introduction

Advancements in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing enabled unconventional liquids-rich reservoirs (ULRs), such as shale and source-rock formations and very tight reservoirs, to change the oil industry. ULRs are characterized by pore throats of micro- to nanomillimeters and an ultralow permeability. Although different studies re-ported that these ULRs contain billions of recoverable oil barrels in place, it is estimated that less than 7% of the original oil in place can be recovered during the primary depletion stage. Production sustainability is the main problem behind the low oil recovery in these unconventional reservoirs. Oil wells in ULRs typically start with a high production rate, but show a steep decline rate in the first 3–5 years of production life because of the rapid depletion in the natural fractures combined with a slow recharge from the rock matrix.

The logical steps of academic research such as experimental investigation, simulation studies, and pilot tests for examining the applicability of different unconventional IOR methods have just begun in the past decade. Applying one of the feasible IOR methods in most oil and gas reservoirs should be mandatory to increase the oil-recovery factor. However, the mechanisms of IOR methods in unconventional reservoirs are not necessarily the same as those in conventional reservoirs. The primary characteristics of unconventional reservoirs that might impair performing IOR operations are low porosity and ultralow permeability. As a result, finding IOR methods that are insensitive to these very small pore throats is a priority.
Passive exercise in a multisensory environment in order to manage adverse effects in physically inactive patients with dementia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Heesterbeek Marelle , Zee Eddy van der , Fuermaier Anselm , Heuvelen Marieke van
Published: June 2019

Background

Since pharmacological treatments to manage dementia remain controversial, development of non-pharmacological alternatives to limit adverse effects of dementia is urgently needed. Passive exercise in a multisensory environment (Therapeutic Motion Simulation (TMSim, Whole Body Vibration (WBV) and a combination (TMSim + WBV)) is proposed to be such a non-pharmacological alternative. This study primarily aimed to investigate the effects of these different forms of passive exercise on Quality of Life (QoL) and Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) of inactive institutionalized patients with dementia. The secondary aim was to assess the effects on cognitive and physical function.

Methods

In this randomized controlled trial 120 inactive institutionalized persons with dementia (age 85.3 ± 6.8 years, 64.5% female, 59.2% walking aid/wheelchair users, mini mental state examination 12.9 ± 6.6) were assigned to TMSim, WBV, TMSim + WBV or a control group (regular care) The passive exercise groups followed a six-week intervention program consisting of four 4–12 minute sessions a week. QoL, ADLs (proxy-report questionnaires), cognitive and physical function (performance based tests) were measured at baseline, after 6 weeks of intervention, and 2 weeks after the intervention had ended.

Results

Outcome measures did not differ between groups at baseline. No consistent effects of passive exercise on QoL, ADLs, cognitive and physical function were observed after six weeks of intervention or during follow-up.

Conclusion

In the current setting passive exercise did not affect any of the outcomes measures. This may be due to the short intervention period, limited sensitivity to change of the assessment instruments in this specific vulnerable population or short lasting effects of the interventions. Future research into passive exercise should consider measuring acute and short term effects as well as longer intervention periods looking into alternative outcome measures (e.g. seated balance and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia).
Alterations of actin cytoskeleton and arterial protein amounts in patients with obstructive jaundice.
Authors: Wang Hongqian , Meng Xiaoyan , Chen Mo , Zhang Jinming , Zhang Baohua , Wu Feixiang
Published: June 2019

Background: Vascular hypo-responsiveness to vasopressors in patients with obstructive jaundice (OJ) is a common anesthetic event, which leads to perioperative complications and increased mortality. The cause of this clinical issue remains unclear. Here, changes in the artery of OJ patients were assessed by proteomic analysis. Methods: Ten patients with OJ due to bile duct or pancreatic head neoplasms were enrolled, alongside ten chronic cholecystitis or liver hemangioma cases forming the controls group. Vascular reactivity was measured before anesthesia on the day of surgery. Artery samples near or surrounding the removed tumor tissues were collected and evaluated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. Proteins with differential expression were detected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, with immunoblot confirmation. Results: Vascular hypo-reactivity in OJ cases as well as suppressed aortic response to vasoactive products were evidenced. We also found that actin cytoskeleton and several actin-binding proteins were up- or down-regulated in the artery of OJ patients. Conclusion: The newly detected regulated proteins prompt future functional investigations to unveil the mechanisms of vascular hypo-reactivity in patients with obstructive jaundice. Trial registration： Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; Research Register Number, U1111-1124-2612; Principal investigator, Feixiang Wu; Registered Data, 09/2011). Key words：vascular hypo-reactivity; obstructive jaundice; proteomics; artery; hemodynamic changes.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors distribution among persons with Type 2 diabetes: the Henan rural cohort baseline
Authors: Abdulai Tanko , Zhang Haiqing , Runqi Tu , Liu Xiaotian , Dong Xiaokang , Li Ruiying , Yuan Huijuan , Wang Chongjian
Published: June 2019

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality globally, responsible for 31% of all global deaths. This study highlights the prevalence and risk distribution of CVD in persons with type 2 diabetes in a rural population, the effect of glucose control in persons with diabetes, and the gender difference of diabetes impact on CVD occurrence.

This study utilized baseline data from the Henan Rural cohort study. In all, 39184 participants with complete data were included in the present analysis. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between diabetes and cardiovascular events.

Diabetes was prevalent among the study participants (nearly 10%; 42% of persons with diabetes were undiagnosed). About10% of the participants had experienced a cardiovascular event before; persons with diagnosed diabetes were three times more likely to have experienced a cardiovascular event (OR=2.80, 95% CI: 2.51-3.12) compared to those without diabetes. There was a gender difference in the prevalence of CVD events, with more men experiencing a cardiovascular event; however, women with diagnosed diabetes were1.5 times more likely to have experienced a stroke compared to men. There was no association between glucose control and CVD in the subgroup of diagnosed diabetes. Persons with glucose control were at increased odds of a stroke event compared to those with no glucose control in the diagnosed diabetes group.

Diabetes is strongly associated with CVD in our study population; women with diabetes are at increased risk of suffering a stroke. Glucose control was not associated with previous CVD history.
A pipeline for systematic yeast 2-hybrid matricial screening in liquid culture.
Authors: Dario Monachello , Damien Guillaumot , Claire Lurin
Published: June 2019

Physical interactions mediated by proteins are a critical element of biological systems, and the analysis of interaction partners can provide valuable hints about unknown functions of a protein. Two major classes of experimental approaches are used for protein interaction mapping: analysis of direct interactions using binary methods such as yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) or split ubiquitin, and analysis of protein complexes through affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry. Thanks to his flexibility to low- and high-throughput approaches and a low operating cost the Y2H assay is widely used for high-throughput interaction mapping experiments. Moreover, it has now been shown that high-throughput methods can produce highly reliable interactome datasets1 2 3 4. Notably, in 2011 a proteome-wide binary protein-protein interaction map of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana 5 (Arabidopsis Interactome Mapping project – AIM) was described using a high-throughput binary interactome mapping pipeline based on the Y2H system and using a collection of ~8,000 open reading frames (8k_space). Here we describe a liquid pipeline for a high-throughput binary protein–protein Y2H screen of a pool of 50 proteins used as baits against a collection of ~12,000 Arabidopsis proteins encoded by sequence-verified ORFs (12k_space)6 7.
Anthropological Research of the Phenomenon of Spirit Possession: Social Aspects and Implications
Authors: Sinani Danijel
Published: June 2019

Spirit possession, in its many forms, represents an important factor in numerous re­ligions and cults throughout the world. In the international context, work on spirit possession is abundant, and theories and their implications have been developed based on rich and lively ethnographic material gathered in many cultures. Unfortu­nately, in the context of national disciplinary production, this phenomenon was not thoroughly researched in anthropological circles.

The most significant researcher of the problem of spirit possession and its social consequences is undisputedly British social anthropologist A.M. Lewis. Lewis intro­duced concepts such as peripheral and central possession to the study of spirit posses­sion; he offered classification of different types of possession; and demonstrated that this phenomenon represents, for those who are in any way marginalized or disem­powered, a rare opportunity to draw attention to their problems and a channel of verti­cal social mobility.

Apart from the wide recognition and publicity it acquired, Lewis’ work also at­tracted a number of criticisms from authors of different background, but those criti­cisms are mostly poorly argumented or fail to take into account the additions and elaborations of results offered by Lewis himself.

In the past decades, the problem of spirit possession has been approached from various points of view; ethnographies were filled with new examples; its various functions discovered in societies where it plays a significant role; and different theo­retical and methodological approaches developed. Among the most significant contri­butions to the study of this phenomenon are those offered by authors such as Gellner, Gomm, Giles and Lambeck. However, after years of studying this phenomenon, we can conclude that even authors who claimed to be making a qualitative leap from A.M. Lewis’ approach just, in fact, applied his premises on new ethnographic mate­rial, and occasionally pointed to new functions or roles this phenomenon can assume in different communities.
Connection of mobility and foraging - A cross-cultural analysis
Authors: Porčić Marko
Published: June 2019

The goal of this inquiry is to explore the existence and severity of the liaison in-between mobility and cattle breeding. The author has decided to test the hypothesis of a relation between mobility and cattle breading through quantitative analysis of a cross-cultural data base. It is determined that there exists a statistically important bond between mobility and cattle breading in the economy. Although the connection is strong, a significant part of the variations can not be ascribed to cattle breading. It is suggested that the causes of mobility of cattle breading communities are complex and can partly be found in the climatic and ecological factors.
Social type’s hero, fool and villain in the theory of Orin Klapp
Authors: Trifunović Vesna
Published: June 2019

The essay deals with the theory of the respected American sociologist Orin Klapp pertaining to social types, with an emphasis on the Hero, Villain and the Fool. The system, through which Orin Klapp classifies these three types, developing their social functions, as well as the technique he uses in analyzing the American national character, emphasizing their value as a methodological means in comparing different societies, is reflected upon.
PLANNING THE NEXT CENSUS FOR ISRAEL
Authors: Pfeffermann Danny , Ben-Hur Dano , Blum Olivia
Published: June 2019

Like in many countries, Israel has a fairly accurate population register at the national level, consisting of about 9 million persons (not including Israelis living abroad). However, the register is much less accurate for small geographical (statistical) areas, with an average area enumeration error of about 13%. The main reason for the inaccuracy at the area level is that people moving in or out of an area are often late in reporting their change of address, and in some cases, not reporting at all. In order to correct the errors at the area level in our next census, we investigate the use of the following three-step procedure: A- Draw a sample from an enhanced register to obtain initial direct sample estimates for the number of persons residing in each area on “census day”, B- Fit the Fay-Herriot model to the direct estimates in an attempt to improve their accuracy, C- Compute a final census estimate for each statistical area as a linear combination of the estimate obtained in Step B and the register figure.

We also consider a procedure to deal with not missing at random (NMAR) nonresponse in Step A. The proposed procedures are illustrated using data from the 2008 Census in Israel.
THE ODD GENERALIZED EXPONENTIAL LOG-LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION GROUP ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PLAN
Authors: Sivakumar Devireddy Charana Udaya , Kanaparthi Rosaiah , Rao Gadde Srinivasa , Kalyani Kruthiventi
Published: June 2019

In this manuscript, a group acceptance sampling plan (GASP) is developed when the lifetime of the items follows odd generalized exponential log-logistic distribution (OGELLD), the multiple number of items as a group can be tested simultaneously in a tester. The design parameters such as the minimum group size and the acceptance number are derived when the consumer’s risk and the test termination time are specified. The operating characteristic (OC) function values are calculated (intended) according to various quality levels and the minimum ratios of the true average life to the specified average life at the specified producer’s risk are derived. The methodology is illustrated through real data.
FORMULATION OF THE SIMPLE MARKOVIAN MODEL USING FRACTIONAL CALCULUS APPROACH AND ITS APPLICATION TO ANALYSIS OF QUEUE BEHAVIOUR OF SEVERE PATIENTS
Authors: Dhar Soma , Mahanta Lipi B. , Das Kishore Kumar
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we introduce a fractional order of a simple Markovian model where the arrival rate of the patient is Poisson, i.e. independent of the patient size. Fraction is obtained by replacing the first order time derivative in the difference differential equations which govern the probability law of the process with the Mittag-Leffler function. We derive the probability distribution of the number N(t) of patients suffering from severe disease at an arbitrary time t. We also obtain the mean size (number) of the patients suffering from severe disease waiting for service at any given time t, in the form of

E

0.5
,
0.5

V

(
t
)

E_{0.5,0.5}^V \left( t \right)

, for different fractional values of server activity status, v = 1,0.95,0.90 and for arrival rates α = β = 0.5. A numerical example is also evaluated and analysed by using the simple Markovian model with the help of simulation techniques.
Yield and Nutrient Dynamics in Conventional and Organic Sweet Corn Production Systems
Authors: Woodruff L.K. , Habteselassie M.Y. , Norton J.M. , Boyhan G.E. , Cabrera M.L.
Published: June 2019

Poultry litter is abundant in Georgia and is an inexpensive N source in an organic system. However, poultry litter characteristics are variable and nutrient availability for crops, along with potential accumulation of nutrients or metals in soils, depends on several litter and soil factors, necessitating site‐specific studies. Our objective was to determine if organic N management with poultry litter and cover crop yield comparably to synthetic fertilizers without accumulation of nutrients or metals. Sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) was grown in plots receiving four treatments: Control (no N), ammonium sulfate at 112 (AS1) or 224 (AS2) kg N ha–1 and combined use of poultry litter, blood meal, and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) at 112 kg available N ha–1 (PL). The average 3‐yr yield was greater in AS1, AS2, and PL than in Control, with no significant difference among AS1, AS2, and PL. However, yield was significantly lower in PL than AS1 and AS2 in 2013 when there was excess rain that might have affected N mineralization and availability. Mid‐season nitrate N concentrations were lower in 2013 than the other years in 0‐ to 15‐cm layer. End‐of‐season cornstalk nitrate N was within sufficient range for AS1, AS2, and PL in all years and failed to reflect low yield in 2013 in PL. There was statistically significant buildup of Zn in PL but it was not toxic and did not affect yield. Overall, the use of PL resulted in comparable yield as AS treatments except in 2013.

Core Ideas

Combining poultry litter with cover crop for N gave similar yield to (NH4)2SO4.

Nitrogen credits from the cover crop reduced the quantity of poultry litter applied.

Reduced poultry litter application minimized accumulation of metals and nutrients.

The potential for post‐season nitrate loss was lower in poultry litter treatment than (NH4)2SO4 plots.
Do Hard Red Spring Wheat Varieties Vary in Their Response to Sulfur?
Authors: Kaiser Daniel E. , Sutradhar Apurba K. , Wiersma Jochum J.
Published: June 2019

Sulfur is increasingly reported as deficient in many crops in the Upper Midwest of the United States. The objectives of this study were to determine if hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L. em thell.) varieties vary in response to S and to determine if plant tissue analysis can predict grain yield. Two studies were established in Minnesota. Study 1 compared two sources of S applied at four rates with and without in‐season S. Study 2 compared the response of six HRSW varieties to three rates of S (0, 8, and 16 kg S ha−1). Spring wheat grain yield and protein concentration were not affected by S rate, source, or timing with soil organic matter (SOM) >20 g kg−1. For locations with SOM <20 g kg−1, which were all sandy and irrigated, 8 kg S ha−1 maximized grain yield and protein concentration. Flag leaf S concentration varied among varieties separately from S rate applied. Wheat grain yield decreased when flag leaf S concentration was <4.1 g S kg−1, and grain yield responses were likely with concentrations <2.8 g S kg−1. There were negative relationships between tissue N/S concentration ratios and grain yield, but critical N/S concentration could not be determined. Application of S for HRSW should be targeted to soils with SOM <20 g kg−1 (0–15 cm). Sulfur rates sufficient to increase yield will result in an optimal protein concentration, and guidelines should not be varied based on the variety grown.

Core Ideas

Application of 8 kg S ha−1 increases hard red spring wheat yield on sandy soils.

Flag leaf tissue S concentration will vary based on hard red spring wheat varieties.

Variety variation in flag leaf total S concentration cannot predict variety sulfur requirements.

Sulfur application rates should not be changed based on hard red spring wheat variety.

Tissue total S concentration is a better predictor of grain yield than the N/S concentration ratio.
A Modified Ingrowth Core to Measure Root‐Rhizome Accumulation of Perennial Forage Species
Authors: Cooley K. D. , Sollenberger L. E. , Blount A. R. , da Silva L. S. , Kohmann M. M. , Aryal P. , Dubeux J. C. B. , Silveira M. L.
Published: June 2019

The ingrowth core method for measuring root accumulation has several advantages over sequential soil cores or mini‐rhizotrons. However, current ingrowth core designs are not well suited for use with rhizomatous perennial forage species or when defoliation occurs during the measurement period. Our objective was to develop a modified ingrowth core device and to evaluate its use for measuring root‐rhizome accumulation of a rhizomatous perennial forage in a hay management context. The modified ingrowth cores were constructed of 4‐mm polyester mesh surrounding a 7.5‐cm diameter cylinder constructed of cage wire. Field testing of the core design involved placing three ingrowth cores in each of four replicates of six treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of six rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) entries, and they were evaluated during 2017 and 2018. The ingrowth core design facilitated ease of placement, maintenance of core structural integrity throughout 100‐d deployment periods, rapid location of cores using a metal detector at the end of deployment periods, and precision to detect differences among treatments. We conclude that this modified ingrowth core design is well suited for measuring root‐rhizome accumulation rate of perennial forage species.

Core Ideas

Root or root‐rhizome biomass is the dominant C supply to grassland soils.

There is little information on root‐rhizome accumulation rates under perennial forage crops.

A modified root ingrowth core device was developed and tested in a field study.

The modified core maintained structural integrity and successfully detected differences among treatments.
Landscape Controls on Nutrient Export during Snowmelt and an Extreme Rainfall Runoff Event in Northern Agricultural Watersheds
Authors: Wilson Henry F. , Casson Nora J. , Glenn Aaron J. , Badiou Pascal , Boychuk Lyle
Published: June 2019

In the northern Great Plains, most runoff transport of N, and P to surface waters has historically occurred with snowmelt. In recent years, significant rainfall runoff events have become more frequent and intense in the region. Here, we examine the influence of landscape characteristics on hydrology and nutrient export in nine tributary watersheds of the Assiniboine River in Manitoba, Canada, during snowmelt runoff and with an early summer extreme rainfall runoff event (ERRE). All watersheds included in the study have land use that is primarily agricultural, but with differing proportions of land remaining as wetlands, grassland, and that has been artificially drained. Those watersheds with greater capacity for storage of water in surface depressions (noneffective contributing areas) exhibited lower rates of runoff and nutrient export with snowmelt. During the ERRE, higher export of total P (TP), but not total N, was observed from those watersheds with larger amounts of contributing area that had been added through artificial surface drainage, and this was associated primarily with higher TP concentrations. Increasing or restoring the storage of water on the landscape is likely to reduce nutrient export; however, the importance of antecedent conditions was evident during the ERRE, when small surface depressions were at or near capacity from snowmelt. Total P concentrations observed during the summer ERRE were as high as those observed with snowmelt, and N/P ratios were significantly lower. If the frequency of summer ERREs increases with climate change, this is likely to result in negative water quality outcomes.

Core Ideas

Rainfall runoff P concentrations and export were as high as with snowmelt.

Watersheds with drainage ditches had lower N/P export ratios in summer.

Drained watersheds show greater export of P with extreme summer rainfall.

Restoring water storage potential on the landscape may reduce P export.
Stability of Artificial Nano‐Hydroxyapatite in the Presence of Natural Colloids: Influence of Steric Forces and Chargeability
Authors: Wu Mengmeng , Bi Erping
Published: June 2019

The stability of nano‐hydroxyapatite (nHAP) affects its fate in the environment. Few studies have compared the influence of colloids with different properties on the stability of nHAP. Fulvic acid, montmorillonite, and goethite were chosen as representative colloids. An ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer and NanoBrook 90Plus phase analysis light scattering (PALS) were used to determine absorbance, zeta potential, and hydrodynamic diameter. Results showed that addition of fulvic acids could make nHAP more stable through electrostatic and steric effects, whereas montmorillonite affected the stability mainly by electrostatic effects. Goethite could adsorb onto nHAP particles and form goethite‐nHAP heteroaggregates at pH < pHpzc,goethite (i.e., pH at point of zero charge), and its addition enhanced the electrostatic repulsion forces at pH > pHpzc,goethite. Since fulvic acid has additional steric effects, its stability enhancement was greater than that of montmorillonite and goethite. Montmorillonite colloids were stronger than goethite colloids for enhancing the stability of nHAP, because montmorillonite had a higher absolute surface potential. The order in which organic and inorganic colloids were added affects the degree of stability of nHAP. Energy barriers calculated by extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek were in good agreement with the experimental results and implied that the nHAP particles were in the stage of reaction‐limited aggregation at pH 7 ± 0.1 and pH 9 ± 0.1. Our findings are important for understanding the cotransport of nanoparticles and colloids.

Core Ideas

Organic colloids enhance the stability of nHAP, mainly by steric effects.

Organic colloids stabilize nHAP in the absence and presence of inorganic colloids.

Montmorillonite and goethite stabilize nHAP particles, mainly by electrostatic forces.

Energy barriers were calculated by extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek.

Energy barriers showed the predominant role of steric effects.
The Science of 4R Nutrient Stewardship for Phosphorus Management across Latitudes
Authors: Bruulsema Thomas W. , Peterson Heidi M. , Prochnow Luis I.
Published: June 2019

When phosphorus (P) fertilizers were introduced, the main goals were to increase the productivity and profitability of agricultural crop production. Over time, other goals have been added: to minimize losses affecting water quality, to increase recycling, to reduce consumption of the limited resource, to improve soil health, and to enhance biodiversity. The science of 4R nutrient stewardship addresses these multiple goals. Across latitudes, temperate and tropical soils differ in their chemical reactivity with P. Legacies of cumulative P surplus, however, differ more widely across longitudes than latitudes. As of 2016, the ratio of cumulative P surplus to current crop P removal ranged from 18 in the United States to 31 in Brazil to 63 in western Europe. The opportunity to use these legacies to improve P use efficiency—and to reduce risk of harm to water quality—in all three regions depends on the improvement of tools to assess the availability of soil P to crops. Science focused on balanced crop nutrition and systematic analysis of crop response has the opportunity to improve farm‐level tools to guide responsible management of P. Transitions in 4R practice depend on engagement between science and industry not only at the farm level but along the full agricultural value chain. Whole‐system changes may be necessary to enable practitioners to implement 4R nutrient stewardship strategies that can in turn result in major improvements to full‐chain use efficiency of the earth's P resources.

Core Ideas

The science of 4R nutrient stewardship supports multiple ecosystem services.

Intensive crop production often requires a legacy of P surplus.

Legacies of cumulative P surplus vary among regions.

Transitions in P management require science–industry engagement.
Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Lodging Resistance and other Important Agronomic Traits in Dry Field Peas
Authors: Smitchger Jamin , Weeden Norman
Published: June 2019

To discover the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing lodging resistance and other agronomic traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.), a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was created from a cross between the variety Delta and a breeding line from a complex cross. The RIL population was grown for five site years, and phenotypic data were collected for 13 quantitative traits and seven categorical traits. Genotypic data were derived from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. A layered QTL analysis identified seven specific regions where QTLs for these traits colocated. Mendel's height gene (Le) and the semi‐leafless mutation (Af) together accounted for the majority of the variation in lodging in the pea RIL population. All of the seven regions influenced stem thickness characteristics, but not all regions were associated with lodging. The regions near the high response to photoperiod (Hr) gene, and Mendel's flower color locus (A) putatively influenced yield. Both the region near Hr and a region on upper Linkage Group (LG) I were very important for seed size. Since data were collected on 13 different traits, pleiotropic effects could also be studied, giving a unique multi‐trait insight into the effects of these QTLs.
Environmental Stability Study of Soybeans with Modified Carbohydrate Profiles in Maturity Groups 0 to V
Authors: Jo Hyun , Lorenz Aaron J. , Rainey Katy Martin , Shannon J. Grover , Chen Pengyin , Bilyeu Kristin D.
Published: June 2019

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important crop in the United States that is processed into two main products: a vegetable oil and a high‐protein meal used in livestock rations. Soybean cultivar development involves the incorporation of new traits that enhance value for the producer, processor, or end user. Soybean varieties that have seed composition characteristics that improve the value of the meal while still allowing high yields are desirable. The raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFO) are antinutritional carbohydrates that reduce the nutritional energy of soybean meal, whereas sucrose can be considered nutritionally beneficial in soybean meal. The objective of this study was to expand the understanding of the environmental stability of the carbohydrate profiles for soybean lines containing different allele combinations of two key raffinose synthase (RS2 and RS3) genes, as well as targeted maturity gene combinations in a range of US soybean production environments. The results indicated that soybean genotypes with combinations of variant alleles of the RS2 and RS3 genes, as well as maturity genes appropriate for their targeted environment, produced characteristic carbohydrate profiles. Environmental factors did have an effect on carbohydrate components, particularly for sucrose. None of the genotype classes was stable for sucrose, although most of the variant RS2 genotypes accumulated at least 7% sucrose over the studied environments. In addition, five of the six genotype classes were stable for stachyose. The results establish the genotype classes with rs2W331− alleles suitable to develop soybean cultivars in broad maturity group backgrounds that have an enhanced energy meal trait.