bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implantation initiation of self-assembled embryo-like structures generated using three types of mouse blastocyst-derived stem cells
Authors: Zhang Shaopeng , Chen Tianzhi , Chen Naixin , Gao Dengfeng , Shi Bingbo , Kong Shuangbo , West Rachel Claire , Yuan Ye , Zhi Minglei , Wei Qingqing , Xiang Jinzhu , Mu Haiyuan , Yue Liang , Lei Xiaohua , Wang Xuepeng , Zhong Liang , Liang Hui , Cao Suying , Belmonte Juan Carlos Izpisua , Wang Haibin , Han Jianyong
Published: January 2019

Spatially ordered embryo-like structures self-assembled from blastocyst-derived stem cells can be generated to mimic embryogenesis in vitro. However, the assembly system and developmental potential of such structures needs to be further studied. Here, we devise a nonadherent-suspension-shaking system to generate self-assembled embryo-like structures (ETX-embryoids) using mouse embryonic, trophoblast and extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells. When cultured together, the three cell types aggregate and sort into lineage-specific compartments. Signaling among these compartments results in molecular and morphogenic events that closely mimic those observed in wild-type embryos. These ETX-embryoids exhibit lumenogenesis, asymmetric patterns of gene expression for markers of mesoderm and primordial germ cell precursors, and formation of anterior visceral endoderm-like tissues. After transplantation into the pseudopregnant mouse uterus, ETX-embryoids efficiently initiate implantation and trigger the formation of decidual tissues. The ability of the three cell types to self-assemble into an embryo-like structure in vitro provides a powerful model system for studying embryogenesis.
Pluripotency and X chromosome dynamics revealed in pig pre-gastrulating embryos by single cell analysis
Authors: Ramos-Ibeas Priscila , Sang Fei , Zhu Qifan , Tang Walfred W. C. , Withey Sarah , Klisch Doris , Wood Liam , Loose Matt , Surani M. Azim , Alberio Ramiro
Published: January 2019

High-resolution molecular programmes delineating the cellular foundations of mammalian embryogenesis have emerged recently. Similar analysis of human embryos is limited to pre-implantation stages, since early post-implantation embryos are largely inaccessible. Notwithstanding, we previously suggested conserved principles of pig and human early development. For further insight on pluripotent states and lineage delineation, we analysed pig embryos at single cell resolution. Here we show progressive segregation of inner cell mass and trophectoderm in early blastocysts, and of epiblast and hypoblast in late blastocysts. We show that following an emergent short naive pluripotent signature in early embryos, there is a protracted appearance of a primed signature in advanced embryonic stages. Dosage compensation with respect to the X-chromosome in females is attained via X-inactivation in late epiblasts. Detailed human-pig comparison is a basis towards comprehending early human development and a foundation for further studies of human pluripotent stem cell differentiation in pig interspecies chimeras.
A tetracycline-dependent ribozyme switch allows conditional induction of gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Wurmthaler Lena A. , Sack Monika , Gense Karina , Hartig Jörg S. , Gamerdinger Martin
Published: January 2019

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans represents an important research model. Convenient methods for conditional induction of gene expression in this organism are not available. Here we describe tetracycline-dependent ribozymes as versatile RNA-based genetic switches in C. elegans. Ribozyme insertion into the 3’-UTR converts any gene of interest into a tetracycline-inducible gene allowing temporal and, by using tissue-selective promoters, spatial control of expression in all developmental stages of the worm. Using the ribozyme switches we established inducible C. elegans polyglutamine Huntington’s disease models exhibiting ligand-controlled polyQ-huntingtin expression, inclusion body formation, and toxicity. Our approach circumvents the complicated expression of regulatory proteins. Moreover, only little coding space is necessary and natural promoters can be utilized. With these advantages tetracycline-dependent ribozymes significantly expand the genetic toolbox for C. elegans.
ATM phosphorylation of the actin-binding protein drebrin controls oxidation stress-resistance in mammalian neurons and C. elegans
Authors: Kreis Patricia , Gallrein Christian , Rojas-Puente Eugenia , Mack Till G. A. , Kroon Cristina , Dinkel Viktor , Willmes Claudia , Murk Kai , tom-Dieck Susanne , Schuman Erin M. , Kirstein Janine , Eickholt Britta J.
Published: January 2019

Drebrin (DBN) regulates cytoskeletal functions during neuronal development, and is thought to contribute to structural and functional synaptic changes associated with aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Here we show that DBN coordinates stress signalling with cytoskeletal dynamics, via a mechanism involving kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). An excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates ATM-dependent phosphorylation of DBN at serine-647, which enhances protein stability and accounts for improved stress resilience in dendritic spines. We generated a humanized DBN Caenorhabditis elegans model and show that a phospho-DBN mutant disrupts the protective ATM effect on lifespan under sustained oxidative stress. Our data indicate a master regulatory function of ATM-DBN in integrating cytosolic stress-induced signalling with the dynamics of actin remodelling to provide protection from synapse dysfunction and ROS-triggered reduced lifespan. They further suggest that DBN protein abundance governs actin filament stability to contribute to the consequences of oxidative stress in physiological and pathological conditions.
Shape-directed rotation of homogeneous micromotors via catalytic self-electrophoresis
Authors: Brooks Allan M. , Tasinkevych Mykola , Sabrina Syeda , Velegol Darrell , Sen Ayusman , Bishop Kyle J. M.
Published: January 2019

The pursuit of chemically-powered colloidal machines requires individual components that perform different motions within a common environment. Such motions can be tailored by controlling the shape and/or composition of catalytic microparticles; however, the ability to design particle motions remains limited by incomplete understanding of the relevant propulsion mechanism(s). Here, we demonstrate that platinum microparticles move spontaneously in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and that their motions can be rationally designed by controlling particle shape. Nanofabricated particles with n-fold rotational symmetry rotate steadily with speed and direction specified by the type and extent of shape asymmetry. The observed relationships between particle shape and motion provide evidence for a self-electrophoretic propulsion mechanism, whereby anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction occur at different rates at different locations on the particle surface. We develop a mathematical model that explains how particle shape impacts the relevant electrocatalytic reactions and the resulting electrokinetic flows that drive particle motion.
Enhanced strength–ductility synergy in ultrafine-grained eutectic high-entropy alloys by inheriting microstructural lamellae
Authors: Shi Peijian , Ren Weili , Zheng Tianxiang , Ren Zhongming , Hou Xueling , Peng Jianchao , Hu Pengfei , Gao Yanfei , Zhong Yunbo , Liaw Peter K.
Published: January 2019

Realizing improved strength–ductility synergy in eutectic alloys acting as in situ composite materials remains a challenge in conventional eutectic systems, which is why eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs), a newly-emerging multi-principal-element eutectic category, may offer wider in situ composite possibilities. Here, we use an AlCoCrFeNi2.1 EHEA to engineer an ultrafine-grained duplex microstructure that deliberately inherits its composite lamellar nature by tailored thermo-mechanical processing to achieve property combinations which are not accessible to previously-reported reinforcement methodologies. The as-prepared samples exhibit hierarchically-structural heterogeneity due to phase decomposition, and the improved mechanical response during deformation is attributed to both a two-hierarchical constraint effect and a self-generated microcrack-arresting mechanism. This work provides a pathway for strengthening eutectic alloys and widens the design toolbox for high-performance materials based upon EHEAs.
Methamphetamine functions as a novel CD4+ T-cell activator via the sigma-1 receptor to enhance HIV-1 infection
Authors: Prasad Anil , Kulkarni Rutuja , Shrivastava Ashutosh , Jiang Shuxian , Lawson Kaycie , Groopman Jerome E.
Published: January 2019

Methamphetamine (Meth) exacerbates HIV-1 pathobiology by increasing virus transmission and replication and accelerating clinical progression to AIDS. Meth has been shown to alter the expression of HIV-1 co-receptors and impair intrinsic resistance mechanisms of immune cells. However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in augmenting HIV-1 replication in T-cells are still not yet clear. Here, we demonstrate that pretreatment with Meth of CD4+T-cells enhanced HIV-1 replication. We observed upregulation of CD4+T-cell activation markers and enhanced expression of miR-34c-5p and miR-155 in these cells. Further, we noted activation of the sigma-1 receptor and enhanced intracellular Ca2+concentration and cAMP release in CD4+T-cells upon Meth treatment, which resulted in increased phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of transcription factors NFκB, CREB, and NFAT1. Increased gene expression of IL-4 and IL-10 was also observed in Meth treated CD4+T-cells. Moreover, proteasomal degradation of Ago1 occurred upon Meth treatment, further substantiating the drug as an activator of T-cells. Taken together, these findings show a previously unreported mechanism whereby Meth functions as a novel T-cell activator via the sigma-1 signaling pathway, enhancing replication of HIV-1 with expression of miR-34c-5p, and transcriptional activation of NFκB, CREB and NFAT1.
Testing the feasibility and safety of feeding preterm infants fresh mother’s own milk in the NICU: A pilot study
Authors: Sun Huiqing , Han Shuping , Cheng Rui , Hei Mingyan , Kakulas Foteini , Lee Shoo K.
Published: January 2019

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death among infants born at <30 weeks’ gestation, but donor human milk can reduce the incidence of NEC. Unfortunately, freezing or pasteurizing human milk deactivates beneficial bioactive components. We evaluated the feasibility, safety, and impact of feeding very preterm infants fresh (unprocessed) mother’s own milk within 4 hours of expression. In our multicentre prospective cohort analytic study, we fed 109 control and 98 intervention infants previously frozen donor or mother’s own milk; only the intervention group was fed fresh mother’s own milk once daily from enrollment until 32 weeks’ corrected age. Control group mothers could not commit to provide fresh milk daily and were less likely receive antenatal corticosteroids than mothers in the intervention group. In the intervention group, 87.5% (98/112) of mothers were able to provide at least one feed of fresh milk a day. No critical incidents or non-compliance with the protocol were reported. The duration of mechanical ventilation and total parenteral nutrition use were shorter in the intervention group than controls (P < 0.01) but the length of hospital stay was similar (P = 0.57). Although the study might be underpowered, the intervention group had lower unadjusted rates of the composite outcome NEC ≥ stage 2 or mortality (8% vs 20%, P = 0.04), sepsis (22% vs 38%, P = 0.02), retinopathy of prematurity (17% vs 39%, P < 0.01) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (32% vs 47%, P < 0.01) than the control. These results indicated that feeding fresh mother’s own milk once daily was safe, feasible, and may reduce morbidity.
Association of muscle and visceral adipose tissues with the probability of Alzheimer’s disease in healthy subjects
Authors: Kim Jahae , Choi Kang-Ho , Cho Sang-Geon , Kang Sae-Ryung , Yoo Su Woong , Kwon Seong Young , Min Jung-Joon , Bom Hee-Seung , Song Ho-Chun
Published: January 2019

Increasing evidence indicates that sarcopenia and obesity can be risk factors for incident dementia. We investigated the association of body composition including muscle and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with the probability of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in healthy middle-aged and elderly subjects using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). This study included 110 healthy subjects with available whole-body FDG PET/CT scans and medical records. Muscle and VAT tissues were measured on the abdominal CT slice, and the PMOD Alzheimer’s discrimination FDG PET analysis tool (PALZ) score was evaluated on the brain PET of the same subject using software PALZ. Skeletal muscle index (r: −0.306; P = 0.031) was significantly negatively associated with the PALZ score in the elderly patients. Muscle area (β: −0.640; P = 0.043) and skeletal muscle index (β: −0.557; P = 0.043) were independently associated with the PALZ score in elderly subjects after adjustments for sex, duration of education, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking and drinking status. Increased muscle tissue was associated with a lower probability of AD in elderly subjects, but VAT was not associated with a lower probability of AD in middle-or older-aged adults.
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal intraabdominal extralobar pulmonary sequestration: a 12-year 3-center experience in China
Authors: Xu Ganqiong , Zhou Jiawei , Zeng Shi , Zhang Ming , Ouyang Zhu , Zhao Yili , Yuan Hongxia , Tong Lili , Yin Chan , Zhou Qichang
Published: January 2019

To provide useful information for diagnosing and predicting fetal intraabdominal extralobar pulmonary sequestration (IEPS), a retrospective review of diagnostic approaches was conducted. Ultrasonography was performed serially in 21 fetuses with IEPS from 2005 to 2017. Prenatal sonographic features, treatment, and outcomes of each case were evaluated and collected. These cases of IEPS were also compared to 43 cases previously reported by other researchers from 1986 to 2017. Of the 21 sonographic features, 14 (67%) were hyperechoic, 21 (100%) were well circumscribed, and 17 (81%) depicted a mass that shifted with fetal breaths/hiccups non-synchronized with adjacent organs (sliding sign). Feeding arteries were detected prenatally in 18 patients (86%). The lesion volume was 10.17 ± 4.66 cm3, the congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio and cardiothoracic ratio were in normal range. The gestational age at diagnosis, location and echotexture of the lesion, and rate of surgical treatment were similar to previous studies, but with a significantly higher rate of detected feeding arteries (P < 0.01), and associated anomalies (P < 0.01). All infants who underwent surgery after birth had satisfactory outcomes. The sliding sign and feeding artery are essential features of IEPS in prenatal diagnosis.
Reduced neural representation of arm/hand actions in the medial posterior parietal cortex
Authors: Bosco A. , Breveglieri R. , Filippini M. , Galletti C. , Fattori P.
Published: January 2019

Several investigations at a single-cell level demonstrated that the medial posterior parietal area V6A is involved in encoding reaching and grasping actions in different visual conditions. Here, we looked for a “low-dimensional” representation of these encoding processes by studying macaque V6A neurons tested in three different tasks with a dimensionality reduction technique, the demixed principal component analysis (dPCA), which is very suitable for neuroprosthetics readout. We compared neural activity in reaching and grasping tasks by highlighting the portions of population variance involved in the encoding of visual information, target position, wrist orientation and grip type. The weight of visual information and task parameters in the encoding process was dependent on the task. We found that the distribution of variance captured by visual information in the three tasks did not differ significantly among the tasks, whereas the variance captured by target position and grip type parameters were significantly higher with respect to that captured by wrist orientation regardless of the number of conditions considered in each task. These results suggest a different use of relevant information according to the type of planned and executed action. This study shows a simplified picture of encoding that describes how V6A processes relevant information for action planning and execution.
Global and regional trends of atmospheric sulfur
Authors: Aas Wenche , Mortier Augustin , Bowersox Van , Cherian Ribu , Faluvegi Greg , Fagerli Hilde , Hand Jenny , Klimont Zbigniew , Galy-Lacaux Corinne , Lehmann Christopher M. B. , Myhre Cathrine Lund , Myhre Gunnar , Olivié Dirk , Sato Keiichi , Quaas Johannes , Rao P. S. P. , Schulz Michael , Shindell Drew , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Stein Ariel , Takemura Toshihiko , Tsyro Svetlana , Vet Robert , Xu Xiaobin
Published: January 2019

The profound changes in global SO2 emissions over the last decades have affected atmospheric composition on a regional and global scale with large impact on air quality, atmospheric deposition and the radiative forcing of sulfate aerosols. Reproduction of historical atmospheric pollution levels based on global aerosol models and emission changes is crucial to prove that such models are able to predict future scenarios. Here, we analyze consistency of trends in observations of sulfur components in air and precipitation from major regional networks and estimates from six different global aerosol models from 1990 until 2015. There are large interregional differences in the sulfur trends consistently captured by the models and observations, especially for North America and Europe. Europe had the largest reductions in sulfur emissions in the first part of the period while the highest reduction came later in North America and East Asia. The uncertainties in both the emissions and the representativity of the observations are larger in Asia. However, emissions from East Asia clearly increased from 2000 to 2005 followed by a decrease, while in India a steady increase over the whole period has been observed and modelled. The agreement between a bottom-up approach, which uses emissions and process-based chemical transport models, with independent observations gives an improved confidence in the understanding of the atmospheric sulfur budget.
Characteristics of drought vulnerability for maize in the eastern part of Northwest China
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhao Wen , Zhang Qiang , Yao Yu-bi
Published: January 2019

Based on information distribution and diffusion method theory and combined with the standardized precipitation index and relative meteorological yield data, meteorological factors and social factors were comprehensively considered to assess the vulnerability of maize (Zea mays) to drought. The probability distribution curve of meteorological drought degree (MDD) and relative meteorological yield in the eastern part of Northwest China (Gansu, Ningxia and Shaanxi) from 1978 to 2016 were obtained, using a two-dimensional normal information diffusion method to construct the vulnerability relationship between MDD and relative meteorological yield. The drought vulnerability curve of maize in the study area was obtained. The probability distribution of MDD was multiplied by the fragility curve and summed to obtain the multi-year average risk. The MDD probability distribution curve showed that the probability of moderate drought in Shaanxi was relatively high, followed by Gansu and Ningxia. The probability distribution of Gansu was more discrete. The probability of strong meteorological drought in Ningxia was high, followed by Shaanxi and Gansu. Probability distribution of relative meteorological yield for maize in Gansu Province was highly discrete, with thick tailings, large uncertainties, and more extreme values, which were strongly affected by meteorological conditions, followed by Shaanxi and Ningxia. Taking meteorological drought as the cause and maize damage as the result, the vulnerability relationship between MDD and drought damage was obtained. With an increased MDD, the relative meteorological yield of maize gradually declined. From the average value, when MDD was less than −2.60, the relative meteorological yield of maize was reduced within 15%; when MDD was greater than −2.60, the relative meteorological yield of maize increased within 10%. When the degree of meteorological drought exceeded −2.2, maize was most vulnerable to drought in Shaanxi followed by Ningxia and Gansu. When meteorological drought was less than −2.2, maize was most vulnerable to drought in Shaanxi followed by Gansu and Ningxia. The expected values of relative meteorological production in Gansu, Ningxia, and Shaanxi were 1.36%, 2.48%, and −1.76%, respectively; therefore, Shaanxi had the highest maize drought risk, followed by Gansu and Ningxia. This research had a clear physical background and clear risk connotations. The results provide a data foundation and a theoretical basis for drought disaster reduction for maize in the study area.
Swimming behaviour tunes fish polarization vision to double prey sighting distance
Authors: Novales Flamarique Iñigo
Published: January 2019

The analysis of the polarization of light expands vision beyond the realm of colour and intensity and is used for multiple ecological purposes among invertebrates including orientation, object recognition, and communication. How vertebrates use polarization vision as part of natural behaviours is widely unknown. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that polarization vision improves the detection of zooplankton prey by the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, the only vertebrate with a demonstrated photoreceptor basis explaining its polarization sensitivity. Juvenile anchovies were recorded free foraging on zooplankton under downwelling light fields of varying percent polarization (98%, 67%, 19%, and 0% - unpolarized light). Analyses of prey attack sequences showed that anchovies swam in the horizontal plane perpendicular, on average, to the polarization direction of downwelling light and attacked prey at pitch angles that maximized polarization contrast perception of prey by the ventro-temporal retina, the area devoted to polarization vision in this animal. Consequently, the mean prey location distance under polarized light was up to 2.1 times that under unpolarized conditions. All indicators of polarization vision mediated foraging were present under 19% polarization, which is within the polarization range commonly found in nature during daylight hours. These results demonstrate: (i) the first use of oriented swimming for enhancing polarization contrast detection of prey, (ii) its relevance to improved foraging under available light cues in nature, and (iii) an increase in target detection distance that is only matched by polarization based artificial systems.
Dynamics of nitric oxide level in liquids treated with microwave plasma-generated gas and their effects on spinach development
Authors: Kang Min Ho , Jeon Seong Sil , Shin So Min , Veerana Mayura , Ji Sang-Hye , Uhm Han-Sup , Choi Eun-Ha , Shin Jae Ho , Park Gyungsoon
Published: January 2019

In this study, we generated water and phosphate buffer treated with microwave plasma-generated gas in which the major component was nitric oxide (PGNO), and investigated the efficiency of the treated water and buffer in fertilization and sanitation. Real time NO level monitored by an electrode sensor was linearly increased over PGNO injection time, and removal of O2 from liquid before PGNO injection accelerated NO assimilation into liquids. Residual NO was still present 16 h after PGNO injection was stopped. H2O2, NO2−, and NO3− were also detected in PGNO-treated liquids. Spinach plants applied with 10 and 30 times diluted PGNO-treated water and 0.5 mM phosphate buffer showed slightly higher height and dry weight than control after 5 weeks. Plants grown with 10 and 30 times diluted PGNO-treated water exhibited the increased tolerance to water deficiency. Significant anti-microbial activity within 1 h was observed in un-diluted and in half-diluted PGNO-treated water and 0.5 mM phosphate buffer. Our results suggest that water or phosphate buffer containing NO, H2O2, NO2−, and NO3− can be produced by PGNO treatment, and that PGNO-treated water or buffer can be used as a potential fertilizer enhancing plant vitality with sanitation effect.
Mitochondrial ancestry of medieval individuals carelessly interred in a multiple burial from southeastern Romania
Authors: Rusu Ioana , Modi Alessandra , Radu Claudia , Mircea Cristina , Vulpoi Adriana , Dobrinescu Cătălin , Bodolică Vitalie , Potârniche Tiberiu , Popescu Octavian , Caramelli David , Kelemen Beatrice
Published: January 2019

The historical province of Dobruja, located in southeastern Romania, has experienced intense human population movement, invasions, and conflictual episodes during the Middle Ages, being an important intersection point between Asia and Europe. The most informative source of maternal population histories is the complete mitochondrial genome of archaeological specimens, but currently, there is insufficient ancient DNA data available for the medieval period in this geographical region to complement the archaeological findings. In this study, we reconstructed, by using Next Generation Sequencing, the entire mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of six medieval individuals neglectfully buried in a multiple burial from Capidava necropolis (Dobruja), some presenting signs of a violent death. Six distinct maternal lineages (H11a1, U4d2, J1c15, U6a1a1, T2b, and N1a3a) with different phylogenetic background were identified, pointing out the heterogeneous genetic aspect of the analyzed medieval group. Using population genetic analysis based on high-resolution mitochondrial data, we inferred the genetic affinities of the available medieval dataset from Capidava to other ancient Eurasian populations. The genetic data were integrated with the archaeological and anthropological information in order to sketch a small, local piece of the mosaic that is the image of medieval European population history.
Fluid-solid phase transition of n-alkane mixtures: Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Shahruddin S. , Jiménez-Serratos G. , Britovsek G. J. P. , Matar O. K. , Müller E. A.
Published: January 2019

Wax appearance temperature (WAT), defined as the temperature at which the first solid paraffin crystal appears in a crude oil, is one of the key flow assurance indicators in the oil industry. Although there are several commonly-used experimental techniques to determine WAT, none provides unambiguous molecular-level information to characterize the phase transition between the homogeneous fluid and the underlying solid phase. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations employing the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) force field are used to interrogate the incipient solidification states of models for long-chain alkanes cooled from a melt to an arrested state. We monitor the phase change of pure long chain n-alkanes: tetracosane (C24H50) and triacontane (C30H62), and an 8-component surrogate n-alkane mixture (C12-C33) built upon the compositional information of a waxy crude. Comparison to Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (DOSY NMR) results allows the assessment of the limitations of the coarse-grained models proposed. We show that upon approach to freezing, the heavier components restrict their motion first while the lighter ones retain their mobility and help fluidize the mixture. We further demonstrate that upon sub-cooling of long n-alkane fluids and mixtures, a discontinuity arises in the slope of the self-diffusion coefficient with decreasing temperature, which can be employed as a marker for the appearance of an arrested state commensurate with conventional WAT measurements.
Risk of biodiversity collapse under climate change in the Afro-Arabian region
Authors: Soultan Alaaeldin , Wikelski Martin , Safi Kamran
Published: January 2019

For 107 endemic mammal species in the Afro-Arabian region, Sahara-Sahel and Arabian Desert, we used ensemble species distribution models to: (1) identify the hotspot areas for conservation, (2) assess the potential impact of the projected climate change on the distribution of the focal species, and (3) assign IUCN threat categories for the focal species according to the predicted changes in their potential distribution range. We identified two main hotspot areas for endemic mammals: the Sinai and its surrounding coastal area in the East, and the Mediterranean Coast around Morocco in the West. Alarmingly, our results indicate that about 17% of the endemic mammals in the Afro-Arabian region under the current climate change scenarios could go extinct before 2050. Overall, a substantial number of the endemic species will change from the IUCN threat category “Least Concern” to “Critically Endangered” or “Extinct” in the coming decades. Accordingly, we call for implementing an urgent proactive conservation action for these endemic species, particularly those that face a high risk of extinction in the next few years. The results of our study provide conservation managers and practitioners with the required information for implementing an effective conservation plan to protect the biodiversity of the Afro-Arabian region.
87Sr/86Sr age determination by rapidly formed spherical carbonate concretions
Authors: Yoshida Hidekazu , Asahara Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Koshi , Katsuta Nagayoshi , Minami Masayo , Metcalfe Richard
Published: January 2019

Isolated spherical carbonate concretions are frequently observed in finer grained marine sediments of widely varying geological age. Recent studies on various kinds of spherical carbonate (CaCO3) concretions revealed that they formed very rapidly under tightly constrained conditions. However, the formation ages of the isolated spherical carbonate concretions have never been determined. Here we use 87Sr/86Sr ratios to determine the ages of these spherical concretions. The studied concretions formed in the Yatsuo Group of Miocene age in central Japan. Some formed post-mortem around tusk-shells (Fissidentalium spp.), while other concretions have no shell fossils inside. The deformation of sedimentary layers around the concretions, combined with geochemical analyses, reveal that Sr was incorporated into the CaCO3 concretions during their rapid formation. Strontium isotopic stratigraphy using 87Sr/86Sr ratios of all concretions indicates an age of 17.02 ± 0.27 Ma, with higher accuracy than the ages estimated using micro-fossils from the Yatsuo Group. The results imply that the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of isolated spherical carbonate concretions can be applied generally to determine the numerical ages of marine sediments, when concretions formed soon after sedimentation. The 87Sr/86Sr age determinations have high accuracy, even in cases without any fossils evidence.
In situ synthesis of sandwich MOFs on reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical sensing of dihydroxybenzene isomers
Authors: Ye Zhuo , Wang Qingwei , Qiao Jiantong , Xu Yuanyuan , Li Gaiping
Published: January 2019

A novel type of sandwich MOF synthesized on reduced graphene oxide for simultaneous electrochemical assays of dihydroxybenzene isomers.
Combining an effective immuno-affinity column with ELISA for reliable and visual detection of furaltadone metabolites in aquatic products
Authors: Zhang Xiuyuan , Zhang Donghao , He Kuo
Published: January 2019

In this study, a reliable and visual immunoaffinity test column (IATC) assay was developed for the detection of furaltadone metabolites in aquatic products based on the immuno-affinity column with ELISA.
Fabrication of an eco-friendly ratiometric fluorescence sensor-modified mesoporous-structured epitope-imprinted polymer for highly selective and sensitive determination of cytochrome c in biological samples
Authors: Amiri Nasibeh Saeedzadeh , Milani-Hosseini Mohammad-Reza
Published: January 2019

A ratiometric fluorescence sensor-modified mesoporous epitope-imprinted polymer was prepared for (QDs@SiO2@EMSiO2) for highly sensitive and selective determination of cytochrome c, using Cu-doped ZnS QDs and Mn-doped ZnS QDs as fluorescent dyes.
Synthesis and function of amphiphilic glucan dendrimers as nanocarriers for protein delivery
Authors: Takeda Shigeo , Nishimura Tomoki , Umezaki Kaori , Kubo Akiko , Yanase Michiyo , Sawada Shin-ichi , Sasaki Yoshihiro , Akiyoshi Kazunari
Published: January 2019

Amphiphilic glucan dendrimers effectively bind to proteins and act as a novel protein delivery platform in vitro.
Soft-donor dipicolinamide derivatives for selective actinide(iii)/lanthanide(iii) separation: the role of S- vs. O-donor sites
Authors: Lehman-Andino Ingrid , Su Jing , Papathanasiou Konstantinos E. , Eaton Teresa M. , Jian Jiwen , Dan David , Albrecht-Schmitt Thomas E. , Dares Christopher J. , Batista Enrique R. , Yang Ping , Gibson John K. , Kavallieratos Konstantinos
Published: January 2019

A dithiopicolinamide analog selectively extracts Am(iii) over Eu(iii) under acidic conditions.
Hydrophilic 18F-labeled trans-5-oxocene (oxoTCO) for efficient construction of PET agents with improved tumor-to-background ratios in neurotensin receptor (NTR) imaging
Authors: Wang Mengzhe , Vannam Raghu , Lambert William D. , Xie Yixin , Wang Hui , Giglio Benjamin , Ma Xiaofen , Wu Zhanhong , Fox Joseph , Li Zibo
Published: January 2019

An 18F-labeled trans-5-oxocene (oxoTCO) that is used to construct a PET probe for neurotensin receptor (NTR) imaging through tetrazine ligation is described here.
Caterpillar-shaped polysilsesquioxanes
Authors: Tian Kun , Luh Tien-Yau , Wang Xuhong , Hao Chaowei , Yang Xiongfa , Li Ze , Lai Guoqiao
Published: January 2019

Linear polysilsesquioxanes having Si–OH side groups are obtained selectively in good yields from an unsymmetrical double-decker silsesquioxane.
Molybdenum dinitrogen complex supported by a cyclohexane-based triphosphine ligand and dmpm
Authors: Weyrich Thomas , Krahmer Jan , Engesser Tobias A. , Näther Christian , Tuczek Felix
Published: January 2019

We report the first molybdenum dinitrogen complex supported by a cyclohexane-based triphosphine ligand.
Computational analysis of M–O covalency in M(OC6H5)4(M = Ti, Zr, Hf, Ce, Th, U)
Authors: Berryman Victoria E. J. , Whalley Zoë J. , Shephard Jacob J. , Ochiai Tatsumi , Price Amy N. , Arnold Polly L. , Parsons Simon , Kaltsoyannis Nikolas
Published: January 2019

Trends in covalency of structurally analogous d and f element compounds are explored over changes in the M–O bond distance.
Design of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts using hydrotalcite for selective organic transformations
Authors: Kaneda Kiyotomi , Mizugaki Tomoo
Published: January 2019

This review focuses on the design of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts using hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite-like compounds for selective organic transformations under liquid phase conditions.
Catalyst-free direct C(sp3)–H sulfenylation of xanthene derivatives using air as the oxidant
Authors: Chen Qian , Yu Guodian , Wang Xiaofeng , Ou Yingcong , Huo Yanping
Published: January 2019

A direct route to 9-sulfenylated xanthene derivatives has been achievedviathe autoxidative CDC between xanthene derivatives and thiophenols.
A microfluidic platform for the characterisation of membrane active antimicrobials
Authors: Al Nahas K. , Cama J. , Schaich M. , Hammond K. , Deshpande S. , Dekker C. , Ryadnov M. G. , Keyser U. F.
Published: January 2019

We quantify the membranolytic activity of antimicrobial peptides on biomimetic lipid vesicles in a multilayer microfluidic total analysis system.
Dual-phone illumination-imaging system for high resolution and large field of view multi-modal microscopy
Authors: Kheireddine Sara , Sudalaiyadum Perumal Ayyappasamy , Smith Zachary J. , Nicolau Dan V. , Wachsmann-Hogiu Sebastian
Published: January 2019

Bright-field, dark-field, Rheinberg, fluorescence microscopy on a mobile phone with phone screen illumination.
A dual-response sensor based on NBD for the highly selective determination of sulfide in living cells and zebrafish
Authors: Kang Ji Hye , Yang Minuk , Yun Dongju , Kim Mingeun , Lee Hyojin , Kim Ki-Tae , Lim Mi Hee , Kim Cheal
Published: January 2019

A dual chemosensor, 1-NO2, showing fluorogenic and colorimetric responses was developed for the detection of sulfide in vitro and in vivo.
Nanolubricants dispersed with graphene and its derivatives: an assessment and review of the tribological performance
Authors: Paul Gayatri , Hirani Harish , Kuila Tapas , Murmu N. C.
Published: January 2019

The potential applications of graphene and its derivatives dispersed nanolubricants for efficient lubrication of mating components is evident from ever-increasing research trend.
Chemically crosslinked liquid crystalline poly(ionic liquid)s/halloysite nanotubes nanocomposite ionogels with superior ionic conductivity, high anisotropic conductivity and a high modulus
Authors: Li Hao , Feng Zhiqiang , Zhao Kang , Wang Zihao , Liu Jiahang , Liu Jie , Song Hongzan
Published: January 2019

Highly anisotropic conductive poly(ionic liquid)s-based liquid crystalline nanocomposite ionogel with superior ionic conductivity and high modulus has been successfully fabricated.
Tuning the structure of bifunctional Pt/SmMn2O5 interfaces for promoted low-temperature CO oxidation activity
Authors: Liu Xiao , Yang Jiaqiang , Shen Gurong , Shen Meiqing , Zhao Yunkun , Cho Kyeongjae , Shan Bin , Chen Rong
Published: January 2019

The role of bifunctional Pt/SmMn2O5 interfaces offered by tuning their local structure and composition in promoting low-temperature CO oxidation is investigated.
On the origins of the green luminescence in the “zero-dimensional perovskite” Cs4PbBr6: conclusive results from cathodoluminescence imaging
Authors: Riesen Nicolas , Lockrey Mark , Badek Kate , Riesen Hans
Published: January 2019

Cathodoluminescence imaging reveals that the bright green emission from the zero-dimensional perovskite Cs4PbBr6 is due to nanoscale CsPbBr3 impurities.
Annealing multicomponent supramolecular gels
Authors: Fuentes-Caparrós Ana M. , de Paula Gómez-Franco Francisco , Dietrich Bart , Wilson Claire , Brasnett Christopher , Seddon Annela , Adams Dave J.
Published: January 2019

Annealing in a two-component supramolecular gel leads to a self-sorted network, which has significantly different mechanical properties to the as-prepared gels.
Tailoring the self-assembly of a tripeptide for the formation of antimicrobial surfaces
Authors: Nir Sivan , Zanuy David , Zada Tal , Agazani Omer , Aleman Carlos , Shalev Deborah E. , Reches Meital
Published: January 2019

The self-assembly of a tripeptide into particles with different morphologies is described along with the particles application as antibiofouling and antimicrobial coatings.
Abinukitrine A, a unique 17,18-cyclolanostane triterpenoid from Abies nukiangensis
Authors: Li Yong-Li , Xue Li-Jun , Li Jie , Chen Li-Ming , Wu Jian-Jun , Xu Zhuo-Ni , Chen Ying , Tian Yu-Ping , Yang Xian-Wen
Published: January 2019

Abinukitrine A was isolated from Abies nukiangensis as the first example of 17,18-cyclolanostane. It showed a potent anti-hepatitis C virus effect.
A highly enantioselective synthetic method towards the α2c-adrenoceptor antagonist ORM-10921
Authors: Ma Qiaoning , Yang Xiaodi , Lei Xinsheng , Lin Guo-Qiang
Published: January 2019

The preparation of ORM-10921, a selective α2C-adrenoceptor antagonist with promising anti-psychotic properties, was successfully achieved using asymmetric α-alkylation of α,β-unsaturated imide and Bischler–Napieralski cyclization/asymmetric reduction as the key steps.
A new method for α-specific glucosylation and its application to the one-pot synthesis of a branched α-glucan
Authors: Zhang Yanxin , Zhou Shihao , Wang Xiaohan , Zhang Han , Guo Zhongwu , Gao Jian
Published: January 2019

We have developed a new and highly efficient α-specific glucosylation method based on the synergistic α-directing effects of a TolSCl/AgOTf promoter system and the steric β-shielding or the remote participation of protecting groups at the donor 6-O-position.
A graphene oxide and functionalized carbon nanotube based semi-open cellular network for sound absorption
Authors: Liu Lei , Chen Yujie , Liu Hezhou , Rehman Hafeez Ur , Chen Chi , Kang Hongmei , Li Hua
Published: January 2019

The semi-open cellular structure in melamine foam–graphene oxide–carbon nanotube composites reveals enhanced acoustic absorption, moisture insulation and fire retardancy.
Complex nearly immotile behaviour of enzymatically driven cargos
Authors: Osunbayo O. , Miles C. E. , Doval F. , Reddy B. J. N. , Keener J. P. , Vershinin M. D.
Published: January 2019

We report a minimal microtubule-based motile system displaying signatures of unconventional diffusion.
Soft Matter Emerging Investigators 2019
Authors: Pochan Darrin
Published: January 2019

This themed issue of Soft Matter highlights the work of emerging investigators in the field of soft matter. Editor-in-Chief Darrin Pochan introduces the issue.
A cyclometalating organic ligand with an Iridium center toward dramatically improved photovoltaic performance in organic solar cells
Authors: Wu Qingjing , Cheng Yang , Xue Zhongyuan , Gao Xuyu , Wang Menghan , Yuan Wenbo , Huettner Sven , Wan Shigang , Cao Xudong , Tao Youtian , Huang Wei
Published: January 2019

An organometallic Ir complex exhibited enhanced photovoltaic performance compared to an organic ligand.
Ultraviolet-pumped white light emissive carbon dot based phosphors for light-emitting devices and visible light communication
Authors: Tian Zhen , Tian Pengfei , Zhou Xiaojie , Zhou Gufan , Mei Shiliang , Zhang Wanlu , Zhang Xutao , Li Di , Zhou Ding , Guo Ruiqian , Qu Songnan , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: January 2019

UV-pumped white light emissive carbon dot based phosphors produced by homogeneously embedding RGB emissive carbon dots in a silica matrix.
Configurable multi-state non-volatile memory behaviors in Ti3C2nanosheets
Authors: Ding Guanglong , Zeng Kelin , Zhou Kui , Li Zongxiao , Zhou Ye , Zhai Yongbiao , Zhou Li , Chen Xiaoli , Han Su-Ting
Published: January 2019

A multi-state information storage state could be achievedviaa configurable SET process with non-volatile devices based on Ti3C2nanosheets.
N-Fluorobenzenesulfonimide as a highly effective Ag(i)-catalyst attenuator for tryptamine-derived ynesulfonamide cycloisomerization
Authors: Pang Yadong , Liang Guoduan , Xie Fukai , Hu Haibin , Du Chuan , Zhang Xinhang , Cheng Maosheng , Lin Bin , Liu Yongxiang
Published: January 2019

N-Fluorobenzenesulfonimide was identified for the first time as a unique Ag(i)-catalyst attenuator in the annulation of a tryptamine-derived ynesulfonamide to an azepino[4,5-b]indole.
Full color carbon dots through surface engineering for constructing white light-emitting diodes
Authors: Cai Wei , Zhang Ting , Xu Meng , Zhang Miaoran , Guo Yongjian , Zhang Lipeng , Street Jason , Ong Wee-Jun , Xu Quan
Published: January 2019

White light-emitting diode (WLED) devices are replacing the filament lamp and can provide a light close to natural sunlight, and they have thus drawn considerable attention in recent years.
Engineering enzyme catalysis: an inverse approach
Authors: Megarity Clare F.
Published: January 2019

Enzymes’ inherent chirality confers their exquisite enantiomeric specificity and makes their use as green alternatives to chiral metal complexes or chiral organocatalysts invaluable to the fine chemical industry. The most prevalent way to alter enzyme activity in terms of regioselectivity and stereoselectivity for both industry and fundamental research is to engineer the enzyme. In a recent article by Keinänen et al., published in Bioscience Reports 2018, ‘Controlling the regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of FAD-dependent polyamine oxidases with the use of amine-attached guide molecules as conformational modulators’, an inverse approach was presented that focuses on the manipulation of the enzyme substrate rather than the enzyme. This approach not only uncovered dormant enantioselectivity in related enzymes but allowed for its control by the use of guide molecules simply added to the reaction solution or covalently linked to an achiral scaffold molecule.
Responses of apoptosis and matrix metabolism of annulus fibrosus cells to different magnitudes of mechanical tension in vitro
Authors: Jiang Yanhai , Fu Lianqiang , Song Yeliang
Published: January 2019

Background: Annulus fibrosus (AF) is important to confine disc nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue during mechanical load experience. However, the knowledge on AF cell biology under mechanical load is much limited compared with disc NP. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate responses of apoptosis and matrix metabolism of AF cells to different magnitudes of mechanical tension in vitro. Methods: Rat AF cells were subjected to different magnitudes (5, 10, and 20% elongations at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 6 h per day) of mechanical tension for 7 days. Control AF cells were cultured without mechanical tension. Cell apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, gene/protein expression of apoptosis-related molecules (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP), matrix macromolecules (aggrecan and collagen I) and matrix metabolism-related enzymes (TIMP-1, TIMP-3, MMP-3, and ADAMTS-4) were analyzed. Results: Compared with 5% tension group and control group, 10 and 20% tension groups significantly increased apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, up-regulated gene/protein expression of Bax, caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, MMP-3, and ADAMTS-4, whereas down-regulated gene/protein expression of Bcl-2, aggrecan, collagen I, TIMP-1, and TIMP-3. No significant difference was found in these parameters apart from Bcl-2 expression between the control group and 5% tension group. Conclusion: High mechanical tension promotes AF cell apoptosis and suppresses AF matrix synthesis compared with low mechanical tension. The present study indirectly indicates how mechanical overload induces disc degeneration through affecting AF biology.
Detecting ovarian cancer using extracellular vesicles: progress and possibilities
Authors: Carollo Emanuela , Paris Bianca , Samuel Priya , Pantazi Paschalia , Bartelli Thais Fernanda , Dias-Neto Emmanuel , Brooks Susan Ann , Pink Ryan Charles , Carter David Raul Francisco
Published: January 2019

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecological malignancy. Most patients are diagnosed when they are already in the later stages of the disease. Earlier detection of OC dramatically improves the overall survival, but this is rarely achieved as there is a lack of clinically implemented biomarkers of early disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small cell-derived vesicles that have been extensively studied in recent years. They contribute to various aspects of cancer pathology, including tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. EVs are released from all cell types and the macromolecular cargo they carry reflects the content of the cells from which they were derived. Cancer cells release EVs with altered cargo into biofluids, and so, they represent an excellent potential source of novel biomarkers for the disease. In this review, we describe the latest developments in EVs as potential biomarkers for earlier detection of OC. The field is still relatively young, but many studies have shown that EVs and the cargo they carry, including miRNAs and proteins, can be used to detect OC. They could also give insights into the stage of the disease and predict the likely therapeutic outcome. There remain many challenges to the use of EVs as biomarkers, but, through ongoing research and innovation in this exciting field, there is great potential for the development of diagnostic assays in the clinic that could improve patient outcome.