bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Comprehensive Delivery Room Neonatal Resuscitation and Adaptation Score (NRAS) Compared to the Apgar Score
Authors: Jurdi Shadi R. , Jayaram Archana , Sima Adam P. , Hendricks Muñoz Karen D.
Published: August 2015

This study evaluated the interrater reliability and perceived importance of components of a developed neonatal adaption score, Neonatal Resuscitation Adaptation Score (NRAS), for evaluation of resuscitation need in the delivery room for extremely premature to term infants. Similar to the Apgar, the NRAS highest score was 10, but greater weight was given to respiratory and cardiovascular parameters. Evaluation of provider (N = 17) perception and scoring pattern was recorded for 5 clinical scenarios of gestational ages 23 to 40 weeks at 1 and 5 minutes and documenting NRAS and Apgar score. Providers assessed the tool twice within a 1-month interval. NRAS showed superior interrater reliability ( P < .001) and respiratory component reliability ( P < .001) for all gestational ages compared to the Apgar score. These findings identify an objective tool in resuscitation assessment of infants, especially those of smaller gestation age, allowing for greater discrimination of postbirth transition in the delivery room.
Biography and Memory: Sandal Castle and the English Civil War
Authors: Askew Rachel
Published: August 2015

The post-medieval castle is often neglected in English archaeology, with most analyses focusing on whether the castle was built for status or defence, a debate which has become known as ‘the Battle for Bodiam’. However, in the English Civil War between 1642 and 1651, many castles were fortified either for King Charles I or his rebellious Parliament. Although the fortification of castles during this period is often attributed to acts of desperation and a lack of more suitable defences, an examination of the Royalist occupation of Sandal Castle in West Yorkshire demonstrates how this view is simplistic. The decision to fortify Sandal can be directly linked to the Battle of Wakefield in 1460, when Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, the father of King Edward IV and Richard III, was killed outside its walls. This episode heavily influenced subsequent events, culminating in the occupation of the castle at the outbreak of the English Civil War. The importance of the past during this later conflict is reinforced by the faunal and artefactual assemblages, and the locations in which they were found (and consumed). The complexity of the social discourse at Sandal challenges current approaches in castle studies and highlights the need for a biographical approach which sees the interpretation and interaction of the castle through time and space as far more important than the motivations behind its initial construction. Such a way of proceeding complements existing methodologies but also relies on material culture and history to create a subtler interpretation of these complex buildings.
Hemostatic efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of a recombinant von Willebrand factor in severe von Willebrand disease
Authors: Gill Joan C. , Castaman Giancarlo , Windyga Jerzy , Kouides Peter , Ragni Margaret , Leebeek Frank W. G. , Obermann-Slupetzky Ortrun , Chapman Miranda , Fritsch Sandor , Pavlova Borislava G. , Presch Isabella , Ewenstein Bruce
Published: August 2015

This phase 3 trial evaluated the safety and hemostatic efficacy of a recombinant von Willebrand factor (rVWF) for treatment of bleeds in severe von Willebrand disease (VWD). rVWF was initially administered together with recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) and subsequently alone, as long as hemostatic factor VIII activity (FVIII:C) levels were maintained. Pharmacokinetics (PK) were evaluated in a randomized cross-over design (rVWF vs rVWF:rFVIII at 50 IU VWF:ristocetin cofactor activity [RCo]/kg). Bleed control for all treated bleeds (N = 192 bleeds in 22 subjects) was rated good or excellent (96.9% excellent; 119 of 122 minor, 59 of 61 moderate, and 6 of 7 major bleeds) on a 4-point scale (4 = none to 1 = excellent). A single infusion was effective in 81.8% of bleeds. Treatment success, defined as the number of subjects with a mean efficacy rating of <2.5, was 100%. The PK profile of rVWF was not influenced by rFVIII (mean VWF:RCo terminal half-life: 22.6 hours for rVWF and 22.5 hours for rVWF:rFVIII). FVIII:C levels increased rapidly after rVWF alone, with hemostatic levels achieved within 6 hours and sustained through 72 hours after infusion. Eight adverse effects (AEs; 6 nonserious AEs in 4 subjects and 2 serious AEs [chest discomfort and increased heart rate, without cardiac symptomatology] concurrently in 1 subject) were associated with rVWF. There were no thrombotic events or severe allergic reactions. No VWF or FVIII inhibitors, anti-VWF binding antibodies, or antibodies against host cell proteins were detected. These results show that rVWF was safe and effective in treating bleeds in VWD patients and stabilizes endogenous FVIII:C, which may eliminate the need for rFVIII after the first infusion. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01410227.
Prognostic value of circulating Bcl-2/IgH levels in patients with follicular lymphoma receiving first-line immunochemotherapy
Authors: Zohren Fabian , Bruns Ingmar , Pechtel Sabrina , Schroeder Thomas , Fenk Roland , Czibere Akos , Maschmeyer Georg , Kofahl-Krause Dorothea , Niederle Norbert , Heil Gerhard , Losem Christoph , Welslau Manfred , Brugger Wolfram , Germing Ulrich , Kronenwett Ralf , Barth Juergen , Rummel Mathias J. , Haas Rainer , Kobbe Guido
Published: August 2015

Key Points

Independent prognostic relevance of quantitative Bcl-2/IgH monitoring in the PB of patients with FL before and after first-line therapy.
Unexpected co-linearity of Hox gene expression in an aculiferan mollusk
Authors: Fritsch M. , Wollesen T. , de Oliveira A.L. , Wanninger A.
Published: August 2015

Background

Mollusca is an extremely diverse animal phylum that includes the aculiferans (worm-like aplacophorans and eight-shelled polyplacophorans) and their sister group, the conchiferans, comprising monoplacophorans, bivalves (clams, mussels), gastropods (snails, slugs), scaphopods (tusk shells) and cephalopods (squids, octopuses). Studies on mollusks have revealed an overall number of 11 Hox genes in seven out of eight molluscan “class”-level taxa, but expression data of key developmental regulators such as homeotic genes are only available for three gastropod and two cephalopod species. These show that Hox genes are involved in the formation of specific features including shell, foot, funnel or tentacles and not in antero-posterior body plan patterning as in most other bilaterian animals. The role of Hox genes in non-conchiferan (i.e., aculiferan) mollusks remains entirely unknown.

Results

Here we present the first data on the expression of seven Hox genes in apolyplacophoran mollusk,Acanthochitona crinita. InA. crinitathe Hox genesAcr-Hox1-5,Hox7andPost2are expressed in a co-linear pattern along the antero-posterior axis, but not in molluscan-specific features such as the shell or the foot. The expression pattern is restricted to the post-trochal region and the transcripts are present in ecto-, endo- and mesodermal cell layers. Contrary to the situation in gastropods and cephalopods, we did neither find Hox gene expression in distinct neural subsets ofA. crinita, nor in its developing shell plates.

Conclusions

Our analysis and comparison with other lophotrochozoans indicate that the basal role of Hox genes is in antero-posterior axis patterning in mollusks, similar to the vast majority of bilaterian animals, and that this role has been conserved in polyplacophorans, while co-option into patterning of evolutionary novelties emerged either at the base of Conchifera or independently in gastropods and cephalopods. These morphological innovations most likely contributed to the evolutionary success of its representatives, as exemplified by, e.g., the wide ecological range and species richness of gastropods.
Modulation of Aβ42 in vivo by γ-secretase modulator in primates and humans
Authors: Ling I-Fang , Golde Todd E. , Galasko Douglas R. , Koo Edward H.
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Ibuprofen is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that have been shown to selectively lower pathogenic amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ)42 without impairing overall γ-secretase activity in vitro. This γ-secretase modulator (GSM) activity has been hypothesized to contribute to the reduction in risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease in chronic users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, it is unclear whether ibuprofen, within therapeutic dosing range, demonstrates GSM activity in humans. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ibuprofen and a second-generation GSM, GSM-1, on Aβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of young nonhuman primates and humans.

Methods

Five to seven conscious cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were nontreated or treated with 30 mg/kg GSM-1 or 50 or 100 mg/kg ibuprofen and the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were sampled at −8, 0 (baseline or right before treatment), 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h postdosing. In addition, sixteen healthy human subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 800 mg ibuprofen given by intravenous administration and plasma were collected at 0 (before drug infusion), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after dosing.

Results

A single dose of GSM-1 (30 mg/kg) decreased the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 to 60 % in plasma and the ratio of Aβ42 to total Aβ to 65 % in cerebrospinal fluid from baseline to postdosing in monkeys. However, no significant changes were detected following ibuprofen treatment at 100 mg/kg. Consistent with the results from nonhuman primates, ibuprofen did not alter plasma Aβ levels in human volunteers after a single 800 mg dose.

Conclusions

GSM-1 exerted potent lowering of the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 in nonhuman primates but the hypothesized GSM activity of ibuprofen could not be demonstrated in nonhuman primates and humans after acute dosing.
High-resolution gravity and geoid models in Tahiti obtained from new airborne and land gravity observations: data fusion by spectral combination
Authors: Shih Hsuan-Chang , Hwang Cheinway , Barriot Jean-Pierre , Mouyen Maxime , Corréia Pascal , Lequeux Didier , Sichoix Lydie
Published: August 2015

For the first time, we carry out an airborne gravity survey and we collect new land gravity data over the islands of Tahiti and Moorea in French Polynesia located in the South Pacific Ocean. The new land gravity data are registered with GPS-derived coordinates, network-adjusted and outlier-edited, resulting in a mean standard error of 17 μGal. A crossover analysis of the airborne gravity data indicates a mean gravity accuracy of 1.7 mGal. New marine gravity around the two islands is derived from Geosat/GM, ERS-1/GM, Jason-1/GM, and Cryosat-2 altimeter data. A new 1-s digital topography model is constructed and is used to compute the topographic gravitational effects. To use EGM08 over Tahiti and Moorea, the optimal degree of spherical harmonic expansion is 1500. The fusion of the gravity datasets is made by the band-limited least-squares collocation, which best integrates datasets of different accuracies and spatial resolutions. The new high-resolution gravity and geoid grids are constructed on a 9-s grid. Assessments of the grids by measurements of ground gravity and geometric geoidal height result in RMS differences of 0.9 mGal and 0.4 cm, respectively. The geoid model allows 1-cm orthometric height determination by GPS and Lidar and yields a consistent height datum for Tahiti and Moorea. The new Bouguer anomalies show gravity highs and lows in the centers and land-sea zones of the two islands, allowing further studies of the density structure and volcanism in the region.
Germ Cell Cancer and Multiple Relapses: Toxicity and Survival
Authors: Lauritsen Jakob , Kier Maria G.G. , Mortensen Mette S. , Bandak Mikkel , Gupta Ramneek , Holm Niels V. , Agerbaek Mads , Daugaard Gedske
Published: August 2015

Purpose

A small number of patients with germ cell cancer (GCC) receive more than one line of treatment for disseminated disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate late toxicity and survival in an unselected cohort of patients who experienced relapse after receiving first-line treatment for disseminated disease.

Methods

From the Danish Testicular Cancer database, we identified all patients who received more than one line of treatment for disseminated disease. Information about late toxicity and mortality was obtained by means of linkage to national registers. Prognostic factors for relapse and death were identified and compared with the International Prognostic Factors Study Group (IPFSG) classification.

Results

In total, 268 patients received more than one line of treatment for disseminated GCC. Approximately half of patients (n = 136) died as a result of GCC. The 132 remaining patients, compared with patients treated with only orchiectomy, had an increased risk for a second cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 3.2; 95% CI, 1.9 to 5.5), major cardiovascular disease (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.3), pulmonary disease (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.8), GI disease (HR, 7.3; 95% CI, 3.6 to 14.8), renal impairment (HR, 8.3; 95% CI, 3.0 to 23.2), neurologic disorders (HR, 6.3; 95% CI, 3.1 to 12.6), and death as a result of other causes (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.2). In large part, the IPFSG classification was confirmed in our population; however, we could not confirm the primary site and the level of human chorionic gonadotropin as independent factors. We identified increasing age as a possible new prognostic factor for treatment failure after second-line treatment (HR, 1.2 per 10 years; 95% CI, 1.2 to 15).

Conclusion

Patients with GCC who survive after more than one line of treatment for disseminated disease have a highly increased risk of late toxicity and death as a result of causes other than GCC. Therefore, they should be candidates for life-long follow-up. The IPFSG classification was confirmed in this unselected population.
Risk Factors for Melanoma Among Survivors of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Lam Clara J.K. , Curtis Rochelle E. , Dores Graça M. , Engels Eric A. , Caporaso Neil E. , Polliack Aaron , Warren Joan L. , Young Heather A. , Levine Paul H. , Elmi Angelo F. , Fraumeni Joseph F. , Tucker Margaret A. , Morton Lindsay M.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

Previous studies have reported that survivors of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have an increased risk of developing cutaneous melanoma; however, risks associated with specific treatments and immune-related risk factors have not been quantified.

Patients and Methods

We evaluated second melanoma risk among 44,870 1-year survivors of first primary NHL diagnosed at age 66 to 83 years from 1992 to 2009 and included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database. Information on NHL treatments, autoimmune diseases, and infections was derived from Medicare claims.

Results

A total of 202 second melanoma cases occurred among survivors of NHL, including 91 after chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and 111 after other NHL subtypes (cumulative incidence by age 85 years: CLL/SLL, 1.37%; other NHL subtypes, 0.78%). Melanoma risk after CLL/SLL was significantly increased among patients who received infused fludarabine-containing chemotherapy with or without rituximab (n = 18: hazard ratio [HR], 1.92; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.40; n = 10: HR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.42 to 6.01, respectively). Significantly elevated risks also were associated with T-cell activating autoimmune diseases diagnosed before CLL/SLL (n = 36: HR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.34 to 3.84) or after CLL/SLL (n = 49: HR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.66 to 5.12). In contrast, among patients with other NHL subtypes, melanoma risk was not associated with specific treatments or with T-cell/B-cell immune conditions. Generally, infections were not associated with melanoma risk, except for urinary tract infections (CLL/SLL), localized scleroderma, pneumonia, and gastrohepatic infections (other NHLs).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest immune perturbation may contribute to the development of melanoma after CLL/SLL. Increased vigilance is warranted among survivors of NHL to maximize opportunities for early detection of melanoma.
Quality of Life and Cost-Effectiveness Assessment of Radioiodine Ablation Strategies in Patients With Thyroid Cancer: Results From the Randomized Phase III ESTIMABL Trial
Authors: Borget Isabelle , Bonastre Julia , Catargi Bogdan , Déandréis Désirée , Zerdoud Slimane , Rusu Daniela , Bardet Stéphane , Leenhardt Laurence , Bastie Delphine , Schvartz Claire , Vera Pierre , Morel Olivier , Benisvy Daniele , Bournaud Claire , Bonichon Francoise , Kelly Antony , Toubert Marie-Elisabeth , Leboulleux Sophie , Journeau Florence , Benhamou Ellen , Schlumberger Martin
Published: August 2015

Purpose

In the ESTIMABL phase III trial, the thyroid ablation rate was equivalent for the two thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation methods (thyroid hormone withdrawal [THW] and recombinant human TSH [rhTSH]) and the two iodine-131 (131I) activities (1.1 or 3.7 GBq). The objectives of this article were to present health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) results and a cost-effectiveness evaluation performed alongside this trial.

Patients and Methods

HRQoL and utility were longitudinally assessed, from random assignment to the follow-up visit at 8 ± 2 months for the 752 patients with thyroid cancer, using the Short Form-36 and the EuroQoL-5D questionnaires, respectively. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed from the societal perspective in the French context. Resource use (hospitalization for 131I administration, rhTSH, sick leaves, and transportation) was collected prospectively. We used the net monetary benefit approach and computed cost-effectiveness acceptability curves for both TSH stimulation methods and 131I activities. Sensitivity analyses of the costs of rhTSH were performed.

Results

At 131I administration, THW caused a clinically significant deterioration of HRQoL, whereas HRQoL remained stable with rhTSH. This deterioration was transient with no difference 3 months later. rhTSH was more effective than THW in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs; +0.013 QALY/patient) but more expensive (+€474/patient). The probability that rhTSH would be cost effective at a €50,000/QALY threshold was 47% in France. The use of 1.1 GBq of 131I instead of 3.7 GBq reduced per-patient costs by €955 (US$1,018) but with slightly decreased efficacy (−0.007 QALY/patient).

Conclusion

rhTSH avoids the transient THW-induced deterioration of HRQoL but is unlikely to be cost effective at its current price.
The Effect of Glucose on the Release and Bioactivity of Exosomes From First Trimester Trophoblast Cells
Authors: Rice Gregory E. , Scholz-Romero Katherin , Sweeney Emma , Peiris Hassendrini , Kobayashi Miharu , Duncombe Gregory , Mitchell Murray D. , Salomon Carlos
Published: August 2015

Context:

Hyperglycemia and hypoxia are risk factors of metabolic complication during pregnancy. The interactions between oxygen and glucose-sensing pathways that regulate exosome bioactivity from placental cells, however, have not been established.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that exosomal signaling by placental cells (defined as the number of exosomes released per unit time and their bioactivity) is responsive to extracellular glucose concentration.

Methods:

First-trimester primary trophoblast cells were incubated with D-glucose (5 mM or 25 mM) under 1%, 3%, or 8% O2 for 48 hours. Exosomes were isolated from cell-conditioned media by differential and buoyant density centrifugation. The total number of exosome vesicles was determined by quantifying immunoreactive exosomal CD63. The effect of exosomes on cytokine (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6. IL-8, IL-10, interferon-γ, and TNF-α) release from endothelial cells was established by a protein solution array analysis.

Results:

Glucose (25 mM) significantly increased the release of exosomes from trophoblast cells at all oxygen tensions tested (by approximately 2-fold when compared with controls, P < .001). Exosomes (100 μg/mL exosomal protein) released from trophoblast cells significantly increased (P < .05) the release of all cytokines from human umbilical vein endothelial cells when compared with the control (ie, cells without exosomes), with the exception of IL-2 and IL-10 (P > .05).

Conclusions:

The effects of high glucose on exosomes bioactivity may be recapitulated in vivo and is of clinical relevance in association with maternal insulin resistance (resulting in hyperglycemia) and preeclampsia (associated with placental insufficiency and hypoxia).
Yap and Taz are required for Ret-dependent urinary tract morphogenesis
Authors: Reginensi Antoine , Hoshi Masato , Boualia Sami Kamel , Bouchard Maxime , Jain Sanjay , McNeill Helen
Published: August 2015

Despite the high occurrence of congenital abnormalities of the lower urinary tract in humans, the molecular, cellular and morphological aspects of their development are still poorly understood. Here, we use a conditional knockout approach to inactivate within the nephric duct (ND) lineage the two effectors of the Hippo pathway, Yap and Taz. Deletion of Yap leads to hydronephrotic kidneys with blind-ending megaureters at birth. In Yap mutants, the ND successfully migrates towards, and contacts, the cloaca. However, close analysis reveals that the tip of the Yap−/− ND forms an aberrant connection with the cloaca and does not properly insert into the cloaca, leading to later detachment of the ND from the cloaca. Taz deletion from the ND does not cause any defect, but analysis of Yap−/−;Taz−/− NDs indicates that both genes play partially redundant roles in ureterovesical junction formation. Aspects of the Yap−/− phenotype resemble hypersensitivity to RET signaling, including excess budding of the ND, increased phospho-ERK and increased expression of Crlf1, Sprouty1, Etv4 and Etv5. Importantly, the YapND−/− ND phenotype can be largely rescued by reducing Ret gene dosage. Taken together, these results suggest that disrupting Yap/Taz activities enhances Ret pathway activity and contributes to pathogenesis of lower urinary tract defects in human infants.
An interview with Lewis Wolpert
Authors: Vicente Catarina
Published: August 2015

Lewis Wolpert is a retired developmental biologist who, over his long career, has made many important contributions to the field, from his French Flag model and the concept of positional information to the famous quote that it is “not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation which is truly the most important time in your life.” In addition to his scientific contributions, Lewis is also a prolific writer, from the textbook ‘Developmental Biology’ to books about popular science, religion and his battle with depression. Although born in South Africa, it was in the United Kingdom that Lewis spent most of his scientific career. We met Lewis at the Spring Meeting of the British Society for Developmental Biology, where he was awarded the Waddington Medal.
The Exocyst at a Glance
Authors: Wu Bin , Guo Wei
Published: August 2015

The exocyst is an octameric protein complex that is implicated in the tethering of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to SNARE-mediated fusion. Spatial and temporal control of exocytosis through the exocyst has a crucial role in a number of physiological processes, such as morphogenesis, cell cycle progression, primary ciliogenesis, cell migration and tumor invasion. In this Cell Science at a Glance poster article, we summarize recent works on the molecular organization, function and regulation of the exocyst complex, as they provide rationales to the involvement of this complex in such a diverse array of cellular processes.
Detection of Toxic Gases with Graphyne Nanotubes: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Karami Alireza , Majidi Roya
Published: August 2015

We have used density functional theory to investigate the possibility of using graphyne nanotubes for the detection of toxic gases such as formaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide. The effect of these gases on the electronic properties of zigzag nanotubes formed based on α-graphyne is studied. The large adsorption distance, small adsorption energy, and small charge transfer indicate physisorption of formaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide on the graphyne nanotubes. It is found a considerable effect on the electronic properties of graphyne nanotubes due to charge transfer from the molecules to the nanotubes. The zigzag α-graphyne nanotubes with semiconducting properties become n-type semiconductors with the adsorption of formaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide. Our results show that the α-graphyne nanotubes are promising materials for the detection of toxic gases.
Stepwise Binding of Two Azide Ions to the O2-reduction Site of Bovine Heart Cytochrome c Oxidase Shown by Resonance Raman Analyses
Authors: Hikita Masahide , Yamamoto Akima , Shinzawa-Itoh Kyoko , Ogura Takashi , Yoshikawa Shinya
Published: August 2015

In efforts to probe the function of the O2-reduction site of bovine heart resting oxidized cytochrome c oxidase, highly sensitive resonance Raman analyses of azide binding to the O2-reduction site show that azide is simultaneously accessible to Fe and Cu ions in the O2-reduction site. This indicates that the site has spatial multiplicity for accepting significantly larger external ligands than expected from its X-ray structure. This could contribute to the accurate coupling between the O2 reduction and the proton pump.
Pro-apoptotic Peptide Amphiphile Self-assembled with the Assistance of Polycations
Authors: Ikeda Masato , Kawakami Maika , Kitade Yukio
Published: August 2015

Herein, we describe how a peptide amphiphile, consisting of a pro-apoptotic peptide and a hydrophobic tail connected by a reduction-responsive cleavable spacer, forms self-assembled nanostructures. In the presence of polycations, this amphiphile exhibits loosely entangled nanofiber morphology with a length of several hundred nanometers.
Refractive Index Modulation by Tunable Thermal Rearrangement of Polycyanurates
Authors: Tsuchiya Kousuke , Ishida Yoshihito , Higashihara Tomoya , Kameyama Atsushi , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: August 2015

Polycyanurates from 2,4-dichloro-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine with bisphenol A or 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene were subjected to thermal treatment under argon to induce the thermal rearrangement of the polycyanurates into the corresponding polyisocyanurates. Thermally rearranged polymers with a wide range of conversions were prepared by simply changing the thermal treatment time. It was found that the refractive index of the thermally rearranged polymer was tunable by adjusting the conversion of the thermal rearrangement. A significant increase in the refractive index, up to 0.0513, was achieved by the thermal rearrangement of polycyanurate containing a fluorene structure in the main chain.
New Expression of the Changing Stress Field in Low-Permeability Reservoir and its Application in Secondary Exploitation
Authors: Du Shuheng , Shi Yongmin , Bu Xiangqian , Jin Wenqi , Mu Guoquan
Published: August 2015

This study attempted to more accurately predict the latest three-dimensional stress field model between production and injection wells by integrating conclusion of mechanics measurement under in-situ conditions, data of pore pressure tests, logging, fine description regarding reservoirs and 3D modeling technology. Studies suggest that among the four major external factors which could result in the change of in-situ stress field such as temperature, confining pressure, pore pressure and fluid saturation, pore pressure played a major role. The latest model could be used to guide the optimization of the new 5 infilling wells fracturing design. The results show that the average daily oil production of a single well is 3.5 ton with moisture content of 24.5%. The conclusion will be used to improve the recovery during middle and later periods of low permeability reservoirs during secondary exploitation.
Hydraulic-Unit-Based Fuzzy Model to Predict Permeability from Well Logs and Core Data of a Multi-Layer Sandstone Reservoir in Ulleung Basin, South Korea
Authors: Jun Jongyoung , Kang J.M. , Jang Ilsik , Park Changhyup
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a method to predict permeability of an offset well using well logs and core data from a multi-layer sandstone reservoir with various depositional environments. Many studies have been conducted to predict permeability but limited to wells drilled in a formation with a single depositional environment. This study implements fuzzy models to predict the FZI (flow zone indicator) and permeability, and applied HU (hydraulic unit) grouping to classify the rock properties of various depositional environments in terms of the correlation between permeability and porosity. Then, an individual fuzzy model is developed for each HU group. A field application confirms that the method can be applied to permeability prediction using well data from various depositional environments. A comparative study shows that HU grouping plays a key role in grouping cores of similar flow characteristics in the case of core data from multiple layers with various depositional environments.
Creating and Improving a Closed Loop: Design Optimization and Knowledge Discovery in Architecture
Authors: Su Zhouzhou , Yan Wei
Published: August 2015

This paper presents computational methods for creating and improving a closed loop of design optimization and knowledge discovery in architecture. It first introduces a design knowledge-assisted optimization improvement method with the technique - offline simulation - to reduce the computing time and improve the efficiency of the design optimization process utilizing architectural domain knowledge. It then describes a new design knowledge discovery system where design knowledge can be discovered from optimization through an automatic data mining approach. The discovered knowledge has the potential to further help improve the efficiency of the optimization method, thus forming a closed loop of improving optimization and knowledge discovery. The demonstration and validation of both methods are presented in the context of a case study with parametric form-finding for a nursing unit design with two design objectives: minimizing the nurses' travel distance and maximizing daylighting performance in patient rooms.
A Collaborative Approach to Digital Fabrication: A Case Study for the Design and Production of Concrete ‘Pop-up’ Structures
Authors: Vazquez Alicia Nahmad , Jabi Wassim
Published: August 2015

The research presented in this paper utilizes industrial robotic arms and new material technologies to model and explore a prototypical workflow for on-site robotic collaboration based on feedback loops. This workflow will ultimately allow for the construction of customized, free-form, on-site concrete structures without the need for complex formwork. The paper starts with an explanation of the relevance of collaborative robotics through history in the industry and in architecture. An argument is put forward for the need to move towards the development of collaborative processes based on feedback loops amongst the designer, the robot and the material, where they all inform each other continuously. This kind of process, with different degrees of autonomy and agency for each actor, is necessary for on-site deployment of robots. A test scenario is described using an innovative material named concrete canvas that exhibits hybrid soft fabric and rigid thin-shell tectonics. This research project illustrates the benefits of integrating information-embedded materials, mass-customization and feedback loops. Geometry scanning, parametric perforation pattern control, computational analysis and simulation, and robotic fabrication were integrated within a digital fabrication deployment scenario. The paper concludes with a detailed report of research findings and an outline for future work.
Perceptions of risk: How they influence women's and health professionals' choices
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: August 2015

The need to ensure the survival of the species by offering pregnant and labouring women special protection has been expressed in primitive human societies through elaborate rituals and superstitions, and in contemporary society, through the provision of antenatal and intrapartum care by health professionals. Modern maternity services tend to highlight the medical risks of pregnancy and birth. Women, however, may place such risks in a broader context which includes risks to their emotional wellbeing and therefore, to their capacity to bond with their baby. Given current understanding of the importance of the first 1000 days of a baby's life, women's desire to have a labour that does not jeopardise this early relationship, is entirely logical. While both health professionals and women are dedicated to ensuring the safety of mother and baby, their definitions of ‘risk’ may sometimes lead to women's decision-making being contested and the need for ‘negotiation of disagreement’
Women's perceptions of perineal repair as an aspect of normal childbirth
Authors: Thompson Sarah , Walsh Denis
Published: August 2015

Aims and objectives:

The purpose of the study was to explore women's perceptions of perineal repair as an aspect of normal childbirth.

Design:

The study design was qualitative and used interpretive phenomenology.

Participants:

11 nulliparous women were recruited. Of these, 10 sustained a 2nd degree tear and one had a posterior vaginal wall tear. All care was undertaken by midwives.

Results:

Women accept perineal repair when it is managed correctly, their satisfaction is improved when they are given relevant information. Women place as much significance on the lead up antenatally and their recovery afterwards as they do to physically being sutured.

Conclusion:

Antenatal services fail to adequately inform about perineal repair and women's preconceptions are affected by their peers. The transition to motherhood for women who feel fully informed is smoother. Women with unresolved questions about their repair, tend complain of increased pain, make unnecessary alterations to everyday hygiene tasks and rely more on their partners.
Routine screening of women having caesarean section for MRSA: Ritual or rational?
Authors: Sampat Bhairvi , Purssell Edward
Published: August 2015

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant global problem. One response to the growing threat of this organism has been the introduction of routine screening of patients before admission to hospital. In midwifery, this has been applied to those undergoing caesarean section, and although these women are at low-risk of hospital-associated MRSA, one rationale for continuing this policy could be that it identifies cases of community-associated MRSA. This audit was undertaken to determine local compliance with MRSA screening in the maternity setting, and the utility of routine screening in one London Hospital. The prevalence of MRSA was 2.8% in those having elective caesarean sections and 1.1% in emergency cases. Although staff generally understood the need for screening, significant barriers included consent, time and material constraints. Given the low prevalence and risk of severe infection in this generally healthy group; it is recommended that routine screening be stopped.
The development of midwifery education in Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Mumin Khadizah H Abdul
Published: August 2015

This article reviews and explores midwifery education in Brunei Darussalam (henceforth Brunei), including the rationale and the factors influencing its development. There were two phases of development of midwifery education in Brunei; pre- and post-World War II. Midwifery education was established as a response to the increase in maternal and infant mortality in Brunei, believed to result from the unsafe and risky practices of traditional midwives. The development of midwifery education in Brunei was largely influenced by British midwifery, and international organisations, such as the World Health Organization and the International Confederation of Midwives.
What do service users want and who cares?
Authors: Power Alison
Published: August 2015

The NHS Constitution ( Department of Health (DH), 2013a ) sets out the principles and values of the NHS in England: care should be planned and provided in partnership with service users and their families and this patient-focused approach should be of a consistently high quality with respect, dignity, compassion and care as core values.

The newly updated Code ( Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2015 ) concurs with this philosophy by stating the interests of service users must come first by ensuring their privacy, dignity and confidentiality are preserved and their needs are recognised, assessed and met. Furthermore, the introduction of revalidation ( NMC, 2015 ) to replace the post-registration education and practice (Prep) standards ( NMC, 2011 ) includes the requirement for midwives to demonstrate to the NMC on a regular basis that they continue to remain fit to practise. This will, in part, be evidenced by written reflective accounts, based on the requirements of the Code, using feedback from service users, patients, relatives, colleagues and others ( NMC, 2015 ).

This article will provide a definition of a service user in the context of maternity services and outline current policy and professional body requirements in relation to service user involvement in care. It will assess the literature with regards to service user expectations of ‘a good midwife’ and the Friends and Family Test (FFT) ( NHS England, 2015 ) to consider the relationship between policy, practice and service user experiences and expectations.
A comparative investigation of personality traits between two allied health professions: Occupational therapy and physiotherapy
Authors: McCombie Randy P , O'Connor Shelby S , Schumacher Sarah D
Published: August 2015

Background/Aims:

In a health care climate that promotes interprofessional collaboration, it is not uncommon for specialists of varying professions to work side by side to provide high-quality patient care. However, it is possible for such working relationships to not always run smoothly, secondary to underlying personality differences. The objective of this study was to explore similarities and differences in targeted personality traits between occupational therapists (OTs) and physiotherapists (PTs).

Methods:

A total of 300 therapists, 150 from each profession, were selected randomly from membership listings in their respective national associations. All participants were sent a multi-page questionnaire focusing on an assessment of personality traits based on the Big Five Inventory, along with rating scales for traits of assertiveness and empathy.

Results:

Responses from 121 therapists (40.3%) were received. Analyses revealed similarities between OTs and PTs in self-ratings of conscientiousness, extraversion and neuroticism. However, differences were found between the two groups for the traits of agreeableness and openness, with OTs rating themselves higher than PTs on both traits. In regard to the two additional traits of assertiveness and empathy, OTs and PTs rated PTs higher than OTs in assertiveness, while both OTs and PTs rated OTs higher than PTs in empathy. Within the groups, OTs rated themselves as more empathetic than assertive, while PTs tended to rate themselves equally high in both empathy and assertiveness.

Conclusions:

There appears to be some degree of overlap and some degree of distinct variation between personality traits of members of the two professions. Discussion suggests that differences in trait ratings are in part due to individual differences but are also impacted by variations in prerequisite and professional academic coursework and training.
Resistance exercise is medicine: Strength training in health promotion and rehabilitation
Authors: Shaw Brandon S , Shaw Ina , Brown Gregory A
Published: August 2015

The benefits of aerobic training in health promotion are well documented, and this mode of exercise training continues to be the gold standard for health professionals when prescribing exercise programmes. However, resistance training has a wealth of unique benefits over those of aerobic training. It is these unique benefits that demonstrate the necessary role of resistance training in health promotion. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that resistance training is equally, and in some cases superior, to aerobic training in its health-promoting benefits, such as the increasing and/or maintenance of lean body mass and bone mineral density. As such, resistance training should be considered an integral component, along with aerobic and flexibility training, in any exercise programme designed to promote health in all populations. However, it is essential for health professionals to understand and differentiate the subtypes of resistance training as these will have different impacts on sports performance, health promotion and rehabilitation.
Medication and osteoporosis
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: August 2015

Several recent studies will help nurses understand the condition, writes Mark Greener
Are we close to a contraceptive pill for men?
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: August 2015

Recent advances mean that a pill for men could be around the corner, writes Mark Greener
How to prevent amputations
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: August 2015

Checking for early signs of foot problems is a routine aspect of good diabetes care, explains Anne Phillips
‘I will perpetuate your memory through all generations’1: Institutionalization of collective memory by law in Israel
Authors: Tirosh Noam , Schejter Amit
Published: August 2015

If in the past, memory has been understood to be a biological phenomenon relating to the individual and his cognition, today it is clear that memory is a social construction effected by political and cultural processes. This study describes the laws used by the state of Israel in order to form its official memory. It describes how collective memory building is interwoven within the legislation that directs the undertakings of the country’s cultural institutions: the educational system, the national symbols, national holidays and memorial days, memory of the Holocaust, preservation of heritage through the erection of museums and physical monuments, commemoration of leaders, and the prevention of certain symbols from entering the public sphere. It demonstrates how the legal apparatus in Israel was mobilized to establish a nationalized collective memory by bridging the ‘essential’ and ‘epochal’ elements of nationbuilding and how law can be both a mnemonic practice and an enabler of mnemonic practices. The study of this process provides us with a general lesson on the role of law in collective memory building, with a particular understanding of elements in Israeli nation-building processes.
A mediated assessment of Samuel Huntington’s ‘Clash of Civilizations’: The cultural framing hypothesis
Authors: Bantimaroudis Philemon
Published: August 2015

The current article explores a ‘cultural framing hypothesis’, the notion that the media have attributed significance to Huntington’s ‘Clash of Civilization’ theory, while rendering it salient in the public mind. Media framing theory has been utilized to assess Huntington’s visibility both in elite newspapers, as well as in web search engines. Huntington’s theory, despite its diminishing attention, remains salient almost five years after Huntington’s death, which seems to be affecting its overall visibility. The current article concludes: the media attribute significance to Huntington’s theory, despite its diminishing visibility. There is a co-variation between mainstream media coverage and web searching trends of Huntington’s theory. The diminishing salience of the Clash of Civilizations may indicate a shift towards alternative explanations of global conflicts.
The Nazi treatment: Press coverage of Barack Obama and Bernard Madoff from 2008 to 2009
Authors: Mandell Hinda
Published: August 2015

In 2008, opponents of US President Barack Obama painted Hitler moustaches on his photographic likeness, and victims of Ponzi schemer Bernard Madoff likened him to Hitler for the way he destroyed lives. This article examines how the ‘Holocaust theme and metaphor’ has emerged through media coverage of significant events in the United States from 2008 to 2009, through an analysis of newspaper articles. This study is situated within the broader context of Holocaust memory in American life. The metaphoric memory involving the Holocaust has less to do with factual, historic events of the Holocaust and more to do with the intended invocation of fear and a strong reaction from the public. This research concludes that references to the ‘Holocaust’ and ‘Hitler’ in news coverage of current events represents a rhetorical device to trigger an emotional reaction from the public, to warn the public against looming danger and to bolster support for their ideological position.
Development of a Microcontroller-based Wireless Accelerometer for Kinematic Analysis
Authors: Carasco Maria Clarissa Alvarez , Pizarro Jan Pierre Potato , Tapang Giovanni Alarkon
Published: August 2015

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) allow real-time measurement and monitoring with less complexity and more efficient in terms of obtaining data when the subject is in motion. It eliminates the limitations introduced by wired connections between the sensors and the central processing unit. Although wireless technology is widely used around the world, not much has been applied for education. Through VISSER, a low cost WSN using nRF24L01+ RF transceiver that is developed to observe and analyze the kinematics of a moving object is discussed in this paper. Data acquisition and transmission is realized with the use of a low power and low cost microcontroller ATtiny85 that obtains data from the ADXL345 three-axis accelerometer. An ATtiny85 also controls the receiving module with a UART connection to the computer. Data gathered are then processed in an open-source programming language to determine properties of an object’s motion such as pitch and roll (tilt), acceleration and displacement. This paper discusses the application of the developed WSN for the kinematics analysis of a toy car moving on flat and inclined surfaces along the three axes. The developed system can be used in various motion detection and other kinematics applications, as well as physics laboratory activities for educational purposes.
Prediction Model of Battery State of Charge and Control Parameter Optimization for Electric Vehicle
Authors: Wahono Bambang , Ismail Kristian , Ogai Harutoshi
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the construction of a battery state of charge (SOC) prediction model and the optimization method of the said model to appropriately control the number of parameters in compliance with the SOC as the battery output objectives. Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences has tested its electric vehicle research prototype on the road, monitoring its voltage, current, temperature, time, vehicle velocity, motor speed, and SOC during the operation. Using this experimental data, the prediction model of battery SOC was built. Stepwise method considering multicollinearity was able to efficiently develops the battery prediction model that describes the multiple control parameters in relation to the characteristic values such as SOC. It was demonstrated that particle swarm optimization (PSO) succesfully and efficiently calculated optimal control parameters to optimize evaluation item such as SOC based on the model.