bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Part 3—Underwater Corrosion of Ten Structural Steels Corrosion of Metals in Tropical Environments
Authors: FORGESON B. W. , SOUTHWELL C. R. , ALEXANDER A. L
Published: February 2013

Corrosion of ten structural steels exposed to tropical sea and fresh waters has been evaluated following an eight-year exposure period. The severity of corrosion is compared between the natural tropical environments of sea water mean tide, and sea water and fresh water continuous immersion, and correlated with similar corrosion tests that have been made on the east and west coasts of the United States. Corrosion resistance for mild carbon steel is compared when exposed with millscale, pickled, and machined surfaces. Underwater corrosion rates are compared for unalloyed carbon steel, copper-bearing steel, steels containing small percentages of nickel and chromium, and proprietary low-alloy steels. A comprehensive evaluation of the measured and observed effects of corrosion is given for the ten steels following exposure in each of the tropical environments. 2.2.7
Materials of Construction for Equipment Used With Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: BLOOM--JR RALPH , WEEKS LORNE E. , RALEIGH CHARLES W.
Published: February 2013

Materials of construction are evaluated in 90 percent by weight hydrogen peroxide. Topics discussed include factors requiring materials evaluation, test procedures, service classifications for materials, criteria for evaluating test results, results of compatibility evaluations, preparation of materials for hydrogen peroxide service, test results and service experience, design and fabrication techniques recommended for hydrogen peroxide storage and handling equipment, and problem areas encountered. Test results are reported on the following materials: pure metals, aluminum and its alloys, stainless steel, miscellaneous alloys, polyethylene and halogenated polyethylenes, PVC and copolymers, silicone rubbers, miscellaneous plastics, synthetic oils and greases, and miscellaneous materials. Data reported include compatibility tests with 90 percent hydrogen peroxide at 66 G on metals, plastics and lubricants. Compatibility of materials with 98 percent hydrogen peroxide at 66 C is included. 4.3.7
Coal Tar Creosote Studies
Authors: SWEENEY T. R. , PRICE T. R. , MILLER S. M.
Published: February 2013

Tests were made to determine the proportion of residue necessary to enable coal tar creosote to impart its maximum protection to wood. This was done by exposing a series of wooden panels impregnated with creosotes containing varying percentages of residue to marine borer attack and determining their relative degree of resistance. Pre-leached and unleached series of treated panels were used in the experiments and, for additional information, leaching rates were determined for the various compound creosotes.

It was found that all distillation fractions studied gave wood panels good resistance to marine borer attack. Resistance to Teredinidae attack was much greater than to Limnoria attack. Fractions of creosote boiling below 160 C/15 mm were relatively ineffective in preventing Teredinidae attack. Creosotes having residue contents between 15 and 50 percent appeared to be similar in effectiveness. The rate of loss of creosote from impregnated wood panels leached with flowing water at 80 C was roughly inversely proportional to the residue content of the creosote. 6.6.11
Stress Corrosion Screening Tests of Materials For Steam Generator Tubing in Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: WHITE D. E. , JOHNSON E. G.
Published: February 2013

Nuclear power plant steam generator tubing materials were tested for their susceptibility to chloride stress corrosion cracking. Stressed U-bend specimens were exposed for 24 hours in a tilting autoclave to both the liquid and vapor phases of a high pH synthetic boiler water solution containing oxygen, phosphate, and 500 ppm of chloride ion. The results indicate that AISI Type 347 stainless steel, the control material, and Carpenter 7Mo are about equally susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in this test environment. Carpenter 20Cb and Type 304 having low carbon and nitrogen content displayed improved resistance. Inconel, Monel, nickel, and titanium displayed complete resistance. Ferritic steels were crack resistant but they did suffer pitting attack. 3.5.8
Oxidation and Corrosion of Zirconium and Its Alloys
Authors: COX B.
Published: February 2013

In contrast to the mode of breakdown in Zircaloy-2 and carbon-melted zirconium the oxide film on arc-melted zirconium corroded in steam or water at 300 C fails initially as a result of more rapid oxidation along grain boundaries. Stresses set up in the oxide film by this preferential attack along grain boundaries cause cracking of the film parallel to the grain boundaries. Subsequent failure within the grains causes the final disintegration of the oriented protective oxide and its replacement by a loose coating of unoriented ZrO2. 6.3.20
Effect of Sodium Exposure On the Mechanical Properties of Zirconium
Authors: BOKROS J. C.
Published: February 2013

It was found that surface oxide which developed on zirconium in impure sodium significantly lowered the fatigue life at elevated temperatures. Hydrogen absorption, on the other hand, had little effect on the fatigue life at elevated temperatures but lowered the fatigue life at room temperature. Also, critical recrystallization which occurred above 950 F in zirconium (a phenomenon unrelated to the presence of sodium) reduced the fatigue life at elevated as well as low temperatures.

The effects attributable to sodium (i.e., the formation of surface oxide and absorption of reasonable amounts of hydrogen), did not significantly alter the tensile properties of zirconium at high temperatures. 6.3.20, 4.7, 3.5.8, 3.2.3
Part 2—Bare Steel Pipe Lines
Authors: WEST L H.
Published: February 2013

A discussion is given of survey methods used for the detection of galvanic “hot spots” along bare steel pipe lines, correlation of these data with actual failures, and galvanic anode installation. Results of the survey correlated well with corrosion leak experience and with visual inspection of the pipe lines. Two case histories are reported.

3.6.6
Laboratory Investigation of Current Distribution On Brass Tube Plates and Tube Ends of Condensers Using Sea Water
Authors: ATTWOOD P. G. , RICHARDS W. G.
Published: February 2013

Static and dynamic experiments were made on brass tube plates and tube ends of condensers to determine the current distribution on them in sea water. Factors evaluated in this connection include effect of water velocity, effect of coatings, effect of temperature, and effect of composition of the anode and tube materials. It was found that most of the galvanic current flowing from ferrous components (or a steel anode) to a non-ferrous condenser tube sheet flowed to the tubes with only a small proportion going to the tube plate. A zinc alloy anode provided a much higher current than a steel anode to both an Admiralty brass tube and an aluminum brass tube.

7.4.2, 3.6.6, 4.6.11, 5.2.1
Corrosion-Erosion of Sensitized AISI Type 304 Stainless Steel In a Thorium Dioxide-Uranium Trioxide Slurry
Authors: VREELAND D. C.
Published: February 2013

Corrosion test loops were employed in evaluating the corrosion-erosion of sensitized AISI Type 304 stainless steel in a thorium dioxide-uranium trioxide slurry. It was found that sensitized, non-pickled Type 304 stainless steel was not attacked intergranularly and exhibited about the same corrosion rate as as-received Type 304. Type 304 stainless steel, sensitized and pickled, was attacked at appreciably higher rates than as-received Type 304 or than sensitized, non-pickled Type 304: however, when a layer of metal which had been corroded intergranularly by the pickling solution was removed by the action of the slurry, the attack by the slurry diminished.

6.2.5, 8.4.5, 4.3.3, 3.2.2, 3.5.3
Effect of Nitrogen Tetroxide On Metals and Plastics
Authors: ALLEY C. W. , HAYFORD A. W. , SCOTT H. F.
Published: February 2013

The corrosion rates of carbon steel, stain-less steel (304-L and PH 15-7 Mo), aluminum (5086), and titanium (75A and 6Al 4V) in dry and wet nitrogen tetroxide were determined under static conditions of exposure at —9 G to 74 C. Carbon steel and aluminum were attacked in proportion to water concentration and temperature. Stainless steel 304-L and titanium were un-attacked, and PH 15–7 Mo only slightly attacked. Significant corrosion of stainless steel (304-L) occurred in the presence of Teflon. Corrosion by dry nitrogen tetroxide under flow conditions was negligible. Teflon was the most resistant of the plastics exposed to nitrogen tetroxide. 4.3.3
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Admiralty Exchanger Tubes In Reformer Service
Authors: WALSTON K. R.
Published: February 2013

Stress corrosion cracking occurred unexpectedly on admiralty exchanger tubes removed from a reactor effluent cooler on a platinum reforming unit. It was found that ammonium chloride was present and that ammonia was liberated when this liquid came in contact with brass. Strong ammonia concentrations gathered during downtime, causing the ensuing stress corrosion cracking. A contributing factor was the lack of offsetting inhibition resulting from an abnormally low sulfur content in the stream. Water washing of all bundles in similar service was recommended as a countermeasure to prevent this type of stress corrosion cracking. 3.5.8, 8.4.3, 6.3.6
A New Test for Estimating Soil Corrosivity Based on Investigation Of Metal Highway Culverts
Authors: STRATFULL R. F.
Published: February 2013

Corrosion rates of several thousand metal highway culverts buried in California soils were studied with respect to soil resistivity and pH. From this relationship a new test method was derived to estimate soil corrosivity. Statistical analysis was used to compare the accuracy of this method of estimating soil corrosivity with other known methods. It was found that within limits this new test method was a more reliable indicator of relative soil corrosivity than any of the other investigated methods. It was thought, though, that this method might not prove so effective in predicting corrosion for long pipe lines nor for estimating soil corrosivity in certain geographical areas. 4.5.3
Thermoplastic Pipe, Fittings and Equipment for Corrosion Control
Authors: Johnson Russell W. , Webb Allyn E.
Published: February 2013

Describes principal characteristics of thermoplastics currently used for corrosion resistance. Some of the advantages of plastic piping over metallic piping are discussed. Types of plastic materials described briefly include polyethylene, ABS, cellulose acetate butyrate, vinylidene chloride, PVC and chlorinated polyether. Also describes plastic lined steel pipe, joints, fittings and valves. Additional data given on PVC. case histories given on service of PVC with illustrations of several installations. 6.6.8
The Low Potential Zinc Anode In Theory and Application
Authors: WELLINGTON J. R.
Published: February 2013

After a brief discussion of the principles of cathodic protection and the basic requirements of a galvanic anode, anode requirements are examined specifically in terms of the cathodic protection of iron or steel in an electrolyte of uniform characteristics.

For sea water it is shown that it is desirable to limit the cathode polarization to a value less anodic than −1.1 v (vs Ag/AgCl). The advantages of a low potential anode for the cathodic protection of iron under these conditions are discussed in detail in terms of circuit resistance, self-regulation, and cunrent distribution on the cathode. Other desirable anode characteristics such as current efficiency, current capacity per unit volume, and the effect of anode shape on anode current output are examined mathematically. The practical advantages and implications of the above considerations are described. It is suggested that where cathode polarization controls current distribution on the cathode and regulates anode current output, a new concept can be advanced for the design of cathodic protection systems utilizing low potential zinc anodes.

5.2.2
Corrosion Problems in the Use of Zirconium And Columbium Alloys in Nuclear Reactors
Authors: DOUGLASS D. L
Published: February 2013

Corrosion problems relating to the use of zirconium in reactors are discussed in terms of corrosion rate transition and hydrogen pickup. The phenomenological aspects and the resultant practical implications are related to limitations in reactor performance. The effect of irradiation is shown to be important and not too well-defined. The rate of hydrogen pickup and its interaction with radiation damage and structural characteristics of zirconium are discussed with respect to degradation of mechanical behavior. Justification of columbium can be achieved only for superheat steam or liquid metal-cooled reactors. The kinetics and phenomenology of high temperature steam corrosion are presented. The limiting factor appears to be oxygen contamination and subsequent embrittlement due to rapid diffusion of oxygen at superheat temperatures. The oxygen sensitivity of liquid metal corrosion appears to be limiting for space power nuclear reactors.

8.4.5, 6.3.20, 6.3.5
Cell Apparatus Checks Resistivity of Nitrogen Tetroxide Propellant to Control Corrosion in Missiles
Authors: Holt Charles W. , Turley R. E.
Published: February 2013

Brief discussion of cell apparatus used to make continuous analysis of water content in nitrogen tetroxide propellant systems as a method of corrosion control in intercontinental ballistics missiles. Aluminum alloys used for missile propellant tanks handling nitrogen tetroxide suffer severe corrosion when water content in system rises above 0.2 percent by weight. Studies showed relationship between water content and specific resistance of missile propellant. Discusses formula for determining specific resistance of a liquid. Shows equipment used for this method of water content analysis and outlines its advantages over laboratory analysts methods.

4.3.7, 6.4.2, 7.1
Effect of Residual Etchant on the Corrosion Behavior of Zircaloy-2
Authors: KASS STANLEY
Published: February 2013

The aqueous corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-2 surfaces contaminated with reaction product from the HNO3-HF-H2O etchant was studied. Surfaces slightly contaminated with residual etchant exhibit cloudy surfaces and corrode more rapidly than non-contaminated surfaces. The surfaces of coupons severely contaminated exhibit white continuously spalling oxide films in high temperature water. In 750 F steam, however, the corrosion is characterized initially by a spalling corrosion film followed by an adherent corrosion product.

6.3.20, 2.3.6
PART 2—The Alloy-Tin Couple Test—A New Research Tool
Authors: KAMM G. G. , WILLEY A. R. , BEESE R. E. , KRICKL J. L.
Published: February 2013

A new 20 hour electrochemical test which measures the current flowing between pure tin and tin plate detinned to the alloy layer, coupled in deaerated grapefruit juice, shows good correlation with rate of detinning in grapefruit juice test packs. The test detects variations in corrosion resistance not measurable with other known short-term tests. A theory of tin plate corrosion based on relative porosities of tin and alloy layers has evolved from this work, providing a better understanding of factors involved in tin plate corrosion. This alloy-tin couple (ATC) test serves as a valuable tool in tin plate research. 2.3.5, 6.3.14
Corrosion Effects of Liquid Fluorine and Liquid Oxygen On Materials of Construction
Authors: FINK F. W. , WHITE EARL L.
Published: February 2013

The corrosion behavior of materials of construction for handling liquid fluorine and liquid oxygen is summarized. This is an important matter in rocket construction. Even though both of these elements are very reactive, most of the common metals are sufficiently resistant for many applications. The compatibility with these oxidizers of alloys of iron, nickel, copper, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and zirconium is discussed. Corrosion rate data compiled from both published and unpublished sources are presented. The compatibility of non metals and organic materials is also reviewed. Attention is given to the effect of initiating rapid reactions, or burning of both metals and organic materials by compressive impact, tensile impact, friction, wear, and other mechanisms. 4.7, 4.3.5
Practicality of Establishing Threshold Values To Eliminate Stress Corrosion Failures in Metals and Alloys
Authors: SUSS HENRY
Published: February 2013

A review is offered on the significance of many factors which could affect the stress corrosion behavior of materials. These include such items as (1) method of test, (2) variations normally present in the materials conforming to the same specification, (3) slight variations in test environment or metallurgical structure of the metal, (4) accelerated corrosion attack (galvanic or crevice), (5) residual stress, and (6) nature of corrosion attack. Based on this review, it was evident that all the factors do not act independently; instead, there is a complex mutual interaction.

As a result of these factors, it has been concluded that the stress corrosion problem cannot be entirely eliminated at this time through control of specific parameters to established threshold values. The recommended approach is selection of an alternate resistant material. Other approaches to minimize the problem are proper design, reduction of the corrosivity of the environment, reduction of effective stress, or use of a protective layer. Evaluation under actual service conditions is an essential requirement. The possible danger of localized failure or increasing porosity of a protective layer with continued exposure of the base metal also is emphasized.

Special attention is given in this study to the behavior of AISI 410 steel. 3.5.8
Accelerated Corrosion Test for Tin Plate In Grapefruit and Other Juices
Authors: CARTER P. R. , BUTLER T. J.
Published: February 2013

Investigation of an alloy-tin couple (ATC) test described by Kamm and associates indicates a good correlation between ATC current and grapefruit juice pack life. The effect of Sn(II) additions to the electrolyte, of the source of the tin anode, of variations in sample and anode area, of resistance of the external and internal circuit, and of scratches on the sample surface is discussed. Increasing alloy-layer thickness decreases the ATC current. ATC measurements made in grapefruit, tomato, and pineapple juices rank various lots of tin plate similarly, but in prune juice a different ranking is observed. This difference is consistent with previous data, which showed the mechanism of corrosion of tin plate for grapefruit and tomato juices to be different from that of prune juice. 8.3.5, 6.3.14
PART 1—Electrochemical Studies of Tin, Iron-Tin Alloy, and Steel in Air-Free Acid Media—Corrosion Resistance of Electrolytic Tin Plate
Authors: KAMM G. G. , WILLEY A. R.
Published: February 2013

Several types of failure observed in tin plate containers are described in terms of tin-steel potential and current relationships. The effect of Sn++ on potentials and polarization of tin and steel electrodes in de-aerated 1N HCl and 0.1M citrate buffer is shown to be important to proper design of electrochemical test methods. Potential and polarization measurements indicate that inhibition by Sn++ is not a plating-out process. Hydrogen diffusion experiments suggest a relationship between hydrogen diffusion and inhibition by Sn++. Polarization studies have identified the iron-tin alloy as an important factor in tin plate corrosion.

3.8.2, 6.3.14, 3.6.8
Investigation of Mild Steel Corrosion Rate In San Diego Harbor
Authors: PETERSON M. H. , WALDRON L J.
Published: February 2013

The basic corrosion rate at San Diego has been determined by exposure of an extensive series of mild steel panels for 6, 12, and 18 months. The corrosion rate as determined by weight loss, and the degree of pitting determined by pit depth measurements was measured for unprotected panels, and for three different levels of cathodic protection.

The basic corrosion rate for unprotected panels over the one-year exposure was 25.8 mdd and the greatest pit depth found exceeded 60 thousandths of an inch. The fully protected panels suffered virtually no corrosion while the partially protected panels had a corrosion rate of 8.3 mdd. However, the greatest pit depth found on the partially protected panels was only 9 mils.

6.2.3, 2.2.2, 3.2.2, 5.2.1
Intergranular Corrosion Of Commercially Pure Zirconium
Authors: PAYNE B. S. , PRIEST D. K.
Published: February 2013

Selective corrosion in a hot hydrochloric acid service was noted in a narrow band of the heat affected zone of a commercially fabricated zirconium weldment. Little attack was present on the weld proper or the parent stock. The selective attack has been found to be intergranular in nature and associated with the presence of a precipitated phase in the grain boundaries. The particular precipitated phase required for this attack has been duplicated in bulk samples by specific heat treatment, as well as in experimental weldments.

Two methods of prevention of this localized attack near welds have been evaluated; namely: (1) Use of high purity zirconium, and (2) heating of commercially pure zirconium weldment at 1800 F followed by a water quench. Possible mechanisms for the microstructural changes and for the corrosion attack are discussed.

6.3.20, 3.2.2, 4.3.2, 3.7.3
Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys In High Purity Water in the Range 150 C – 340 C
Authors: MacLENNAN D. F.
Published: February 2013

Examination of the cross-section of the film on aluminum and its alloys, while attached to the metal, reveals that the second phase particles play an important part in the corrosion pattern. The 2S aluminum contains at least two types of second phase particles, one of which corrodes more rapidly while the other corrodes more slowly than the surrounding aluminum. The majority of second phase particles in the 157 alloy corrode more slowly than the surrounding aluminum.

6.4.2, 4.6.5, 3.2.3
Specification Format for Surface Preparation And Material Application For Industrial Maintenance Painting
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6D On Industrial Maintenance Painting,   Prepared by Task Group T-6D-2 on Standardization Of Scope of Painting Specifications
Published: February 2013

This report gives a specification format for surface preparation and material application for industrial maintenance painting for a chemical company. Topics covered include the condensed specification method, surface preparation, pretreatment, material application, material description, comparison of proposed code system with typical present method, painting specifications, painting schedules and standards of inspection. A typical material description by user code is given. 5.4.6, 1.7.1
Laboratory and Service Evaluation Of Aluminized Steel Wire
Authors: RIGO JANE H.
Published: February 2013

The development of aluminized steel is outlined briefly. Results are reported of outdoor tests made on aluminized steel wire in marine, severe marine, severe industrial and semi-rurai atmospheres. Proposed and current specification tests for aluminized steel which involve utilization of corrosion principles are discussed. Although the order of superiority of aluminized steel in atmospheric corrosion resistance compared to a zinc coating of equal coating thickness is not yet fully established, current information indicates that it will be substantial.

5.3.2, 6.2.3, 2.2.2
Protective Coatings In Petroleum Production
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6E On Protective Coatings in Petroleum Production
Published: February 2013

This report on protective coatings used in connection with petroleum production is based on a survey of current practices in use by a number of companies. It covers such topics as surface preparation, surface treatments and primers, application methods, inspection methods, coverage rates, painting for reflection, selecting a painting contractor, typical coating defects, design problems, and safety suggestions. Organic coatings discussed include oil, alkyd, chlorinated rubber, epoxy, bitiminous, vinyl, silicone, courmarone-indene, acrylic, epoxy-coal tar and urethane. Inorganic coatings considered include cement, galvanized and metallized. Special environments discussed include hot surfaces, sour crude tanks, galvanized surfaces, light products tank interiors, and pipe lines. Sample specifications are included for tank painting. Photographs of coating inspection instruments are shown.

5.4.5, 5.4.2, 5.3.2, 8.4.3, 1.7.1
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (Hypalon)
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6A On Organic Coatings and Linings for Resistance to Chemical Corrosion,   Prepared by Task Group T-6A-18 On Chlorosylfonated Polyethylene
Published: February 2013

Physical and chemical properties of chlorosulfonated polyethylene are reported in detail. Topics discussed include uses, forms available, effects of compounding, effects of aging, abrasion and impact resistance, electrical properties, heat and weather resistance, priming, and application methods. Chemical resistances are reported at room temperature or at temperatures ranging from 158–212 F for chlorosulfonated polyethylene in 274 different media. These test media include alcohol and water, alkalies, gases, inorganic acids, oxidizing agents, chlorine dioxide, chrome plating solution, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, pickling solution, sodium hypochlorite, sulfuric acid, oils and solvents.

6.6.8, 5.4.5
Cathodic Protection Proposed for Vapor Area in Pulp Digesters
Authors: Wasson L. C.
Published: February 2013

Proposes a system of cathodic protection for pulp digester tanks that will protect not only tank areas covered by liquid but also areas covered by vapor from liquid contents in tank. Outlines five requirements such a system should have. Describes inner lining of steel sheet used as anode with filler material between anode and tank wall. Filler suggested is cement and plaster of parts to achieve a porous material that will permit electrical conductance paths of moisture vapor through the material. Give details of mounting anode sheets to tank and also a floating type platform for use inside tank to install and replace anode sheets. 5.2.1, 8.5.3
Review of Some Data on Corrosion of Stainless Steel and Higher Alloys in Pulp Mill Equipment
Authors: Templeton Harold C.
Published: February 2013

Allowable corrosion rates for equipment with low corrosion tolerance are discussed. Corrosion case histories in the various pulping processes are presented. Sulfite pulping solutions are most frequently-handled in 316 material. Stainless 316 is used because of good resistance to local attack under scale or deposits.

In alkaline pulping, soda process digesters are usually made of carbon steel with heater tubing of either carbon steel or Type 316 alloy. Kraft digesters are commonly carbon steel, though many units are partially to wholly lined with alloy materials. Type 316 most frequently. Stainless 316 is used for heater piping, strong black liquor piping and green liquor piping. Carbon steel is most frequently used for weak black liquor.

Corrosion in groundwood pulping varies greatly depending on wood being ground, water supply and treating chemicals added. Stainless 304 and 316 alloys are used frequently, both to resist corrosion and reduce contamination.

Chlorine and hypochlorite bleaching usually pose severe corrosion problems. Hastelloy C alloy is most commonly used for high strength solutions. In more dilute solutions the molybdenum-bearing. stainless steels are satisfactory. Chlorine dioxide is even more corrosive to metals than hypochlorite, and some operators have replaced Hastelloy C with titanium.

8.5.3
Driven Ground Rod Test Program
Authors:   A Progress Report of NACE Task Group T-4A-3 On Methods and Materials for Grounding
Published: February 2013

Dangers involved in grounding of electrical systems to water pipes are reviewed briefly. Safety orders, municipal and state codes, technical society recommended practices, etc. are discussed in this connection. It was found that the City of San Francisco required a driven ground rod to be installed at each point where the neutral was connected to the water line.

A proposed driven ground rod test program is outlined briefly. Some 33 driven ground rods are scheduled to be examined after burial for one, three and seven year periods. Materials to be tested include mild steel, galvanized steel, copper clad steel, Ni-Resist and Type 302 stainless steel. Copper is not deemed to have the desired galvanic properties.

7.7
Pipe-Type Cable Corrosion Protection Practices In the Utilities Industry
Authors:   A Report by NACE Technical Unit T-4G On Protection of Pipe-Type Cables
Published: February 2013

A summary is made on corrosion control practices on 301.2 circuit miles of pipe cable for the period 1953 and 1958. High pressure oil cables made up 245.9 miles of the total and high pressure gas cables the remaining 55.3 miles. Information contained in this report was supplied by 17 utility companies in response to a questionnaire distributed by an NACE Technical Committee. Asphalt mastic pipe coating was used by 14 of the 17 companies. Three companies used coal tar enamel, two asphalt enamel and one epoxy coating.

Data given include number of circuits energized during year, approximate circuit miles and kilovolts, operating temperature design, average length between manholes, pressure medium (pipe miles), sizes of pipe used for pipe cables, type of external pipe coating used on buried pipe, type reinforcing and shielding used with enamel, coating thickness, precautions taken to prevent coating damage, material used to coat weld, and material used to coat cable joint sleeves in manholes. Also discussed were material used on non-buried sections, acceptable coating resistance, average soil resistivity, rate of coating deterioration, grounding and cathodic protection practices, performance of cathodic protection equipment, etc.

The resistor-rectifier method of cathodic protection was finding wider application among companies operating pipe cables.

7.7
The Casing Inspection Tool — An Instrument for the In-Situ Detection Of External Casing Corrosion in Oil Wells
Authors: SCHMIDT T. R.
Published: February 2013

A surface recording, down hole instrument for the detection of external corrosion in oil wells is described. The tool is a non-contacting, eddy-current instrument which measures and records casing wall thickness. Equations are presented which are useful in describing the tool's action. Examples of laboratory and down hole logs are shown demonstrating the tool's response to general thinning, pits, holes, collars, etc. Results of a number of down hole runs representing some 40,000 feet of well logged are discussed.

2.4.2, 8.4.3
Influence of Cold-Reduction and Heat-Treatment Combinations On Hydrogen Solubility and Permeability in Steel
Authors: HUDSON R. M. , RIEDY K. J. , STRAGAND G. L.
Published: February 2013

Tests were made to determine the effect of cold reduction on hydrogen solubility in steel. It was found that this direct relationship persisted through subsequent heat-treatment and later cold reduction. This was not true, though, of hydrogen permeability. Increasing the amount of cold reduction increased the hydrogen solubility. Increasing the amount of cold reduction also increased the hydrogen permeability until a maximum was reached (below 30 percent reduction for initially hot-rolled steel), after which the permeability decreased as the amount of cold work increased.

3.7.3
Uptake of Hydrogen By Certain Organic Inhibitors During Pickling of Steel In Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: ANDERSON R. H. , ALLEN E. R. , van der MEULEN P. A.
Published: February 2013

An apparatus was designed for and experiments conducted to determine precisely and simultaneously the volume of hydrogen evolution and steel corroded by inhibited and uninhibited hydrochloric acid. A theoretical concept of the probable reactions is described.

Hydrogen uptake and iron dissolved are tabulated for a number of experiments with and without inhibitors and with and without a hydrogen absorber. Influence of variables inherent in the experimental method is discussed with respect to accuracy of results. Evidence was found that the inhibitor DHQ displaces hexamine at the surface and thus prevents “uptake” of hydrogen by the hexamine. DHQ and hexamine were much more effective together in reducing the rate of hydrogen evolution than was DHQ alone.

4.3.2, 5.9.2, 5.8.3
Use of the Polarization Technique To Study Corrosion in Aqueous Ammonia Systems
Authors: DVORACEK L. M. , NEFF L L
Published: February 2013

Severe internal corrosion of certain carbon steel storage tanks in Honolulu which contained aqueous ammonia solutions, 25 percent by weight ammonia, prompted investigation of this unusual corrosion problem in the laboratory by the polarization technique. Interpretation of polarization curves obtained with steel electrodes exposed to different environments indicated that oxygen is the major factor in the corrosion of steel by aqueous ammonia solutions. However, corrosion of carbon steel can occur in both oxygen-containing and oxygen-depleted solutions. Corrosion of carbon steel in oxygen-containing solutions is caused by activation through removal of oxygen, or by the presence of large areas of mill scale on carbon steel in oxygen-depleted solutions. Anodic polarization curves revealed that carbon steel in both oxygen-containing and oxygen-depleted ammonia solutions can be made passive. A stable passive potential or state was observed for carbon steel in the oxygen-containing system, but not in the oxygen-depleted system. Laboratory data for these environments indicated that anodic or cathodic protection can be applied to control the corrosion. 2.3.5, 4.3.3
Performance of Titanium vs Other Materials In Chemical Plant Exposures
Authors: SHEPPARD R. S. , HISE D. R. , GEGNER P. J. , WILSON W. L
Published: February 2013

Corrosion tests involving titanium and other metals were reported in a previous article by Gegner and Wilson.1 This investigation was continued; results of additional exposures yielding corrosion rates on 49 different materials are shown herein.

Corrosion spool results were confirmed in a number of instances by testing titanium equipment. Valves, reboilers, heating coils, cooling coils, steam tracer tubing, atomizer wheels, pump impellers, equipment plates and thermowells were installed in environments such as calcium chloride liquors, hypochlorous acid, wet chlorine gas, calcium hypochlorite solution, chlorine-containing sodium chloride brine, and nitric acid. Failures of titanium equipment were rare. Permanent use of titanium appeared to be justified in the majority of installations.

6.3.15
Evaluation of Nuclear Reactor Decontaoninants
Authors: WEED R. D.
Published: February 2013

Water-cooled nuclear reactors require periodic chemical decontamination so that preventive maintenance for continuity of operation can be performed at minimum cost and with minimum exposure of personnel to radiation. Testing of these chemical decontaminants is required so that optimum conditions can be established for maximum cleaning efficiency and lowest possible corrosion rates on carbon steel.

Sequence of testing begins with laboratory beaker scanning and progresses through dynamic loop scanning, grossly contaminated system studies, cyclic corrosion evaluations and in-reactor loop decontamination tests. A typical process is described in which a cleaning compound consisting primarily of sulfamic acid is evaluated. Results of evaluation in the various stages of the process are reported.

8.4.5
Statistical Distribution of Stress Corrosion Endurance
Authors: BOOTH F. F. , TUCKER G. E. G. , GODARD H. P.
Published: February 2013

This article describes a statistical analysis of certain stress corrosion endurances, made with a view to identifying the type of frequency distribution to which they belonged and hence to recommending appropriate methods of treatment of stress corrosion results.

It was found that the logarithms of the endurances of stress corrosion specimens of aluminum alloys tested in salt peroxide solution are normally distributed and that the variance of the logarithm of endurance is independent of the mean but not constant. It was concluded that the most meaningful representative endurance is the geometric mean, of which the median is a good approximation.

Other estimates, which may show a saving in testing time or cost, can be found which are only slightly, if at all, less efficient than the geometric mean. These other estimates use linear functions of the logarithms of endurance in a censored (i.e., incompletely tested) sample The relative merits of various procedures are discussed by way of example and the corresponding time savings are quoted using a standard deviation, which is representative of the present results. The method of calculation is given in the Appendix so that it can be applied for other values of the standard deviation.
Anodic Polarization Characteristics Of Gold and Silver In Chloride and Sulfate Media
Authors: ROBINSON F. P. A. , FROST F. A.
Published: February 2013

The anodic polarization characteristics of gold and silver in chloride and sulfate media have been studied, employing potentiostatic techniques.

It was found that gold produces an active-passive S-shaped curve, the form of which is not seriously affected by the presence of oxygen in the electrolyte. The stability of the passive state was greater in the sulfate than in the chloride media.

Silver does not give a typical anodic polarization curve in NaCl solution, because formation of an AgCl film is the primary anode reaction. This film thickens and exfoliates at a current density of 2 a/sq ft. For this reason, silver could not be used as an inexpendable anode in an impressed current system containing chloride ions.
Observations on the Dissolution Behavior Of Iron Whiskers
Authors: SEASTROM C. C. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G.
Published: February 2013

The dissolution behavior of iron whiskers has been studied in the solutions: 1N sulfuric acid + 0.2N potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), a 4 percent solution of picric acid in alcohol, and a 2 percent solution of nitric acid in alcohol. Most whiskers were composed of a distinct shell or overgrowth surrounding the core. The shells ranged in thickness from less than one micron up to several microns. The thickness of the shell was a major factor in determining the size of the etch pits. Etch pits in the shell were usually smaller and better defined than pits in the whisker core. This variation in the shape of pits in different layers of the whisker, even though etched in the same solution, is attributed to a change in concentration of an internal poison.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Columbium Alloy Corrosion In Superheated Steam
Authors: DOUGLASS D. L.
Published: February 2013

Screening tests of numerous binary, ternary, and quaternary columbium alloys in superheated steam, up to 704 C, showed that Nb-V binary alloys had the greatest corrosion resistance.1 The binary alloys were studied in detail and were observed to follow initially low power rate laws varying from quartic to parabolic behavior. A rate transition occurred after longer exposures to a linear rate law which was associated with spalling and cracks in the oxide films. The corrosion product was shown to be different than that formed in air or oxygen for Nb-3.5V and was a complex unknown phase. An increase in vanadium content to 10 atomic percent (a/o) enabled beta-Nb2O5 to form with the unknown phase, and Nb02 also formed as a third phase on Nb-15V. A change in oxide morphology was noted as the vanadium increased from 3.5 to 8.9 a/o, the latter forming oxide “fingers” which grew into the substrate.

The activation energy for corrosion, 13 kcal/mol, was the same for binary Nb-V alloys which formed either the unknown oxide phase or NbO2 at temperatures below 482 C, and was considerably less than that for oxygen diffusion in Nb2O5 containing 1 mol percent V2O5. The apparent diffusion-controlled process, according to the kinetics, and low corrosion activation energy strongly suggest oxide grain boundary diffusion as a rate-limiting step during the pretransition period.

Oxygen contamination of the substrate occurred readily, the tolerance for oxygen decreasing with increasing vanadium. Cracks which formed in the oxide due to volume mismatch at the oxide-metal interface were observed to have propagated through the embrittled substrate. Spoiling and contamination characteristics appear to be limiting properties for corrosion limetime.
Effects of Hydrogen Halides On Anodic Polarization of Stainless Steel
Authors: RIGGS OLEN L.
Published: February 2013

The anodic polarization of stainless steel in 10 moles/liter sulfuric acid with various concentrations of HF, HCl and HBr has been investigated. At sufficiently high concentrations all of these hydrogen halide ions make it more difficult to establish and maintain passivity. They did not change the potential at which passivation was established, but they narrowed the passive potential range by increasing the potential at which breakdown occurred. They all accelerated the decay of passivity when the applied currents were interrupted. Effective protection from corrosion can still be obtained in these systems. In the presence of 1 mole per liter hydrogen fluoride, there was a substantial increase in current to maintain passivity without any corresponding loss of metal.
Zirconium Alloy Corrosion In High-Temperature Halide Solutions
Authors: BERRY W. E. , WHITE E. L. , FINK W.
Published: February 2013

The corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-4 has been studied in 680 F halide solutions adjusted to pH 10.5 with LiOH or NH4OH. No accelerated corrosion was observed after 56 days' exposure to 0.01 M solutions of LiCI, Lil, NH4Cl or NH4l, with or without Fe3O4 suspensions in the solutions. Severe attack occurred in Fe3O4-free 0.01 M LiF and NH4F solutions. Although large quantities of Fe3O4 in suspension decreased attack by decreasing the fluoride concentration of the solution, thin surface deposits of Fe3O4 on the Zircaloy-4 surface did not appear to increase or retard attack in the 0.01 M fluoride solutions. No unusual corrosion occurred in 0.001 M LiF or 0.0001 M NH4F solutions.
Permeability to Hydrogen of Metals with Metallic Coatings
Authors: STEIGERWALD E. A.
Published: February 2013

The ability of hydrogen to permeate through composite systems consisting of metallic coatings on Type 304 stainless steel and Haynes 25 alloy as base metals was evaluated. Results indicate that the effectiveness of a particular coating-base metal system in retarding hydrogen passage can often be predicted qualitatively from knowledge of the metallurgical interaction between the coating and base metal. In systems where virtually no interaction or extensive solid solution effects occur, the coating produces a relatively small change in permeability. In systems where a continuous intermetallic layer is formed between the coating and base metal, e.g., aluminum, silicon, or metal-silicide coatings on Haynes 25 alloy, a significant decrease in permeability to hydrogen takes place.
Kinetics of Corrosion in a Two-Phase Mercury System
Authors: NEJEDLIK J. F. , VARGO E. J.
Published: February 2013

The kinetics of mercury corrosion of various conventional materials of construction were studied in glass, reflux-type capsules with two-phase mercury at temperatures from 600 to 1000 F (316 to 538 C). These studies have shown that although corrosion may proceed initially at a linear rate, steady-state corrosion is essentially diffusion rate-controlled for metals which develop a corrosion layer barrier.

Penetration and weight loss plots are presented for representative alloys. Arrhenius-type plots of parabolic corrosion rate constants show essentially linear behavior with temperature for a given material. These results were substantiated in thermal convection two-phase natural circulation loop tests.
Effects of Impurities in Some Refractory Metal-Alkali Metal Systems
Authors: DiSTEFANO J. R. , LITMAN A. P.
Published: February 2013

Impurities such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon in either the refractory metal or the alkali metal can have a significant effect on compatibility in refractory metal-alkali metal systems. In some cases the impurity concentration levels sufficient to cause deleterious effects are only several hundred parts per million, and these levels might be present in “high-purity” metals.

Results have been reported which show that the presence of nitrogen in lithium greatly influences the solubility of some of the refractory metals. Experiments conducted at relatively low temperatures have also indicated that oxygen in sodium has a detrimental effect on the corrosion resistance of niobium and tantalum.

The migration of impurities between solid and liquid metal will occur in almost any system because of the tendency for each element to attain the same chemical potential in the two metals. Existing information indicates the problem of impurity transfer can be considered as the distribution of a common solute between two relatively immiscible solvents. A distribution coefficient can then be defined for each impurity in the system and should be a constant at a specified temperature. Data are presented which compare calculated values of distribution coefficients with experimental values obtained from studies conducted on Nb-O-Li, Nb-O-K and Zr-O-K systems. Experiments are described which show that there is a strong temperature effect on oxygen transfer in the Nb-O-K system. The ramifications of oxygen redistribution on the operation of an engineering system are also discussed.
Pitting of 18-8 Stainless Steel in Ferric Chloride Inhibited by Nitrates
Authors: UHLIG H. H. , GILMAN J. R.
Published: February 2013

Pitting of 18-8 stainless steel in 1–15 percent FeCl3 solutions is completely inhibited by NaNO3 additions. The critical activity of NO3- required for inhibition is related to Cl- activity by the relation: log(Cl-) = 1.92 log(NO3-) + 1.34. This equation can be derived on the view that competitive adsorption occurs between NO3- and Cl- for sites on the passive surface. Adsorbed NO3- increases anodic overvoltage for metal ion dissolution, but adsorbed Cl- reduces anodic overvoltage by displacing adsorbed oxygen of which the passive film is composed. The mechanism can also be viewed as one of NO3- shifting the critical potential for breakdown of passivity in the noble direction. When the critical potential reaches the oxidation-reduction potential of FeCl3 solutions, the operating potential is no longer sufficient to break down passivity, and FeCl3 + NaNO3 solutions are, therefore, unable to initiate pitting. Increasing chloride concentrations, on the other hand, shift the critical potential in the opposite or active direction, hence increased nitrate is required as FeCl3 concentration increases in order to return the critical potential to the value of the oxidation-reduction potential.
Effect of Plastic Deformation On the Corrosion of Iron and Steel
Authors: GREENE N. D. , SALTZMAN G. A.
Published: February 2013

Cold work markedly decreases the corrosion resistance of steel in acid solutions. This effect has been studied by electrochemical measurements and weight loss tests on zone-refined iron and carbon steels exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed in detail.