bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil aeration and redox potential as function of pore connectivity unravelled by X‐ray microtomography imaging
Authors: Dorau Kristof , Uteau Daniel , Hövels Maren Pia , Peth Stephan , Mansfeldt Tim
Published: August 2021

Platinum (Pt)‐tipped electrodes are frequently employed to measure the soil redox potential (EH). Thereby, the timely transition from reducing towards oxidising soil conditions is one of the most important biogeochemical changes that can occur in soil. This condition is mainly linked to the air‐filled pore volume (ε) and pore geometries. However, even when the Pt electrodes are located in close vicinity to each other, EH readings behave non‐uniformly, presumably due to the millimetre scaled heterogeneity of pore spaces controlling oxygen (O2) availability and transport. In this study, we examined the ε distribution and pore connectivity in the close vicinity of a Pt electrode during an artificial evaporation experiment using an undisturbed soil sample (Ah‐horizon, Calcaric Gleysol). We combined physio‐chemical methods with non‐destructive X‐ray computed microtomography (μCT) and 3D‐image analysis. μCT scans were conducted at three‐time points, that is, reducing conditions with EH < −100 mV (CT‐1), the transition from reducing towards oxidising conditions with an EH increase > 5 mV h−1 (CT‐2), and oxidising conditions with EH > 300 mV (CT‐3). We observed that the shift from reducing towards oxidising conditions took place at an air‐filled porosity (εCT) of ~0.03 cm3 cm−3, which matches very with gravimetrically calculated data obtained by tensiometry of ε ~0.05 cm3 cm−3. Besides the relation of EH and ε, image analysis revealed that a connected εCT (εCT_conn) of ~0.02 cm3 cm−3 is needed to enable enhanced O2 diffusion from the soil surface towards the Pt surface and facilitate a straightforward EH response. We conclude that εCT_conn is a critical parameter to assess aeration processes in temporarily water‐saturated soils to characterise a switch in redox conditions.

Highlights

Usually, soil redox dynamics are related to the air‐filled porosity (εCT) but here its connected portion (εCT_conn) was found more relevant.

3D X‐ray computed microtomography imaging close to a redox electrode enabled us to understand the soil aeration process.

Connected εCT (εCT_conn) of ~0.02 cm3 cm−3 facilitated oxidising soil conditions.

εCT_conn is a critical parameter to assess the aeration process in temporarily water‐saturated soils.
Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin for treating sialorrhea: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yu Ya‐Chien , Chung Chen‐Chih , Tu Yu‐Kang , Hong Chien‐Tai , Chen Kee‐Hsin , Tam Ka‐Wai , Kuan Yi‐Chun
Published: August 2021

Background and purpose

Sialorrhea often happens in patients with neurologic disorders, and botulinum toxin (BoNT), which inhibits acetylcholine activation, may be an effective treatment for drooling. This systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized control trials aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BoNT in adults and children with sialorrhea due to neurological disorders.

Methods

The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant studies published before August 2021. The pooled estimate of outcomes was calculated using a random effect model.

Results

The review included 17 studies involving 981 patients. Compared with placebo, both BoNT type A (BoNT‐A) and BoNT type B (BoNT‐B) alleviated drooling frequency and severity (mean difference, 95% CI; BoNT‐A: −1.20, −1.89 to −0.51; BoNT‐B: −1.62, −2.07 to −1.17), reduced saliva weight (BoNT‐A: −1.70, −2.30 to −1.10; BoNT‐B: −1.12, −1.97 to −0.27), and improved global impression of change (BoNT‐A: −1.30, −1.73 to −0.86; BoNT‐B: −1.58, −1.95 to −1.21) in adults 4 weeks postinjection. BoNT‐B remained effective at 12 weeks. In children, BoNT‐A and BoNT‐B alleviated sialorrhea symptoms (BoNT‐A: −1.63, −2.42 to −0.85; BoNT‐B: −5.20, −6.03 to −4.37) and BoNT‐A reduced saliva weight (−0.77, −1.54 to 0.00) at 4 weeks postinjection. After 12 weeks, BoNT‐B remained efficacious. Most adverse effects (AEs) were mild to moderate and self‐limited.

Conclusions

There is moderate certainty of evidence (COE) that either BoNT‐A or BoNT‐B could relieve sialorrhea after 4 and 12 weeks of follow‐up without significantly more severe AEs in adults. However, the COE is very low to low in children.
Spatialities of entrepreneurial ecosystems
Authors: Schäfer Susann
Published: August 2021

The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has gained tremendous attention in academia across different scientific disciplines. This start‐of‐the‐art contribution addresses the most recent lineages of the entrepreneurial ecosystem debate from a spatial perspective: measurement of entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial evolution, novel actors, institutions and events, governance as well as gender in entrepreneurial ecosystems. The theoretical advancements will be critically reviewed by examining the implicit and explicit spatial references. The paper also highlights the potential of using spatial analysis for entrepreneurial ecosystems, drawing on four different understandings of space.
(Un)folding places with care: Migrant caregivers ‘dwelling‐in‐folds’
Authors: Ivanova Dara
Published: August 2021

This paper is based on longitudinal ethnographic work among Bulgarian migrant women who work as live‐in caregivers and domestic workers in Italian households and explores the analytical potential of place and place making for transmigration literature by conceptualizing the co‐production of place with subjectivities. Such approach sensitizes to mundane practices of care and belonging, which actively create migratory lives of meaning. Drawing on Deleuze's concept of the fold as subjectivity and Clifford's notion of dwelling‐in‐travelling, I propose the term ‘dwelling‐in‐folds’ – and its mechanism ‘folding place’ – in order to make sense of temporary migrants’ experience of place(s) that foregrounds their ability to connect and reconcile fractures and discontinuities, particularly when doing transnational motherhood. In doing so, the paper folds place empirically – showing how ‘dwelling‐in‐folds’ is achieved and unfolds place analytically – demonstrating the potential of this concept for sociology and transmigration studies.
Fiber Optic Pressure Measurements Open Up New Experimental Possibilities in Hydrogeology
Authors: Leven Carsten , Barrash Warren
Published: August 2021

Fiber‐optic (FO) technology is being used increasingly for measurement methods in a variety of environmental applications. However, FO pressure transducers are rarely used in hydrogeological applications. We review the current state of Fabry‐Pérot interferometry‐based FO pressure transducers, including their advantages and limitations, as another option for high‐resolution pressure‐ or head‐change measurements in conventional or advanced aquifer testing. Resolution and precision specifications of FO transducers meet or exceed commonly used non‐FO pressure transducers. Due to their design, FO transducers can be used in small‐diameter (inner diameter ≥1/4 inch) and continuous multichannel tubing (CMT), sampling points, multilevel packer systems, and Direct Push‐based in situ installations and testing. The small diameter of FO transducers provides logistical advantages—especially for tests with monitoring at many zones in a number of wells and/or CMTs (e.g., no reels, placement just below water level in access tubes vs. within isolated zones, reduced weight and volume, small footprint at single point of data acquisition). Principal limitations are small measurement drift that may become evident for tests longer than a few hours, and higher‐than‐average cost. We present field examples of FO transducer performance in short‐term tests with high consistency of acquired data and higher resolution (i.e., capturing significant hydrologic information) compared with commonly used non‐FO transducers. Given the above, including advantageous logistical features, FO transducers can open new experimental possibilities in areas of high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) heterogeneity (flow and transport, remediation, critical zones); 3D fracture networks and fundamental hydromechanical behavior; complex 3D flow and leak detection (mines, dams, repositories, geothermal systems).
Sociocultural influences on asthma self‐management in a multicultural society: A qualitative study amongst Malaysian adults
Authors: Koh Wen Ming , Abu Bakar Ahmad Ihsan , Hussein Norita , Pinnock Hilary , Liew Su May , Hanafi Nik Sherina , Pang Yong Kek , Ho Bee Kiau , Mohamed Isa Salbiah , Sheikh Aziz , Khoo Ee Ming
Published: August 2021

Background

Supported self‐management improves asthma outcomes, but implementation requires adaptation to the local context. Barriers reported in Western cultures may not resonate in other cultural contexts. We explored the views, experiences and beliefs that influenced self‐management among adults with asthma in multicultural Malaysia.

Methods

Adults with asthma were purposively recruited from an urban primary healthcare clinic for in‐depth interviews. Audio‐recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.

Results

We interviewed 24 adults. Four themes emerged: (1) Participants believed in the ‘hot and cold’ concept of illness either as an inherent hot/cold body constitution or the ambient temperature. Hence, participants tried to ‘neutralize’ body constitution or to ‘warm up’ the cold temperature that was believed to trigger acute attacks. (2) Participants managed asthma based on past experiences and personal health beliefs as they lacked formal information about asthma and its treatment. (3) Poor communication and variable advice from healthcare practitioners on how to manage their asthma contributed to poor self‐management skills. (4) Embarrassment about using inhalers in public and advice from family and friends resulted in a focus on nonpharmacological approaches to asthma self‐management practice.

Conclusions

Asthma self‐management practices were learnt experientially and were strongly influenced by sociocultural beliefs and advice from family and friends. Effective self‐management needs to be tailored to cultural norms, personalized to the individuals' preferences and clinical needs, adapted to their level of health literacy and underpinned by patient–practitioner partnerships.

Patient and Public Contributions

Patients contributed to data. Members of the public were involved in the discussion of the results.
The potential prebiotic effect of 2‐Butyloctanol on the human axillary microbiome
Authors: Li Min , Truong Katie , Pillai Shyamala , Boyd Thomas , Fan Aixing
Published: August 2021

Objective

The human axilla is colonized by a wide array of microorganisms that contribute to the generation of body odour. Traditional antiperspirant/deodorant products are used to reduce perspiration in the axillary region and to treat or prevent the growth of bacteria in this region, thereby reducing or eliminating body odour. However, they may also compromise the axillary microbiome balance. The personal care industry has been seeking new ingredients, such as prebiotics or probiotics, to maintain a healthy balance of the skin microbiome by inhibiting odour‐causing bacteria, whilst maintaining and promoting the growth of good bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the prebiotic effect of a skin‐care ingredient, 2‐butyloctanol, on the human axillary microbiome.

Methods

An in vitro growth inhibition/promotion assay was performed to test whether 2‐butyloctanol inhibited or promoted skin bacterial growth. The impact of 2‐butyloctanol on the axillary microbiome was also investigated in a human clinical study using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results

In‐vitro testing showed that 2‐butyloctanol significantly inhibited the growth of corynebacteria at concentrations of 0.64%, 2.56% and 5.12%, whilst the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis was maintained at the same concentrations. The impact of 2‐butyloctanol on the axillary microbiome was also validated in a human clinical study. A deodorant roll‐on product containing 3% of 2‐butyloctanol significantly reduced the relative abundance of corynebacteria, whilst increasing the relative abundance of Staphylococcus and the ratio of Staphylococcus to corynebacteria after four weeks of application, whilst the placebo showed no significant change.

Conclusion

For the first time, it was demonstrated that 2‐butyloctanol had a potential prebiotic effect on the human underarm microbiome in inhibiting odour‐causing Corynebacterium, whilst maintaining and promoting skin‐friendly Staphylococcus in both in‐vitro and in‐vivo studies. Therefore, 2‐butyloctanol could be used as a potential prebiotic ingredient in personal care products for underarm microbiome protection.
Combination of a triple wavelength (650 nm, 810 nm, and 915 nm) class IV laser system and local mechanical abrasion in the treatment of chronic toenail onychomycosis: an uncontrolled prospective pilot study
Authors: Aukstikalnyte Aurelija E. , Cibien Eva , De Demo Pamela , Eisendle Klaus
Published: August 2021

Background

Toenail onychomycosis is a frequent fungal infection that is difficult to treat, especially in elderly patients. Diverse local and systemic antifungal treatments are available with variable results. Recently, different laser systems have been proposed for the treatment of onychomycosis, among them a class IV laser system adopting three different wavelengths, that is, 650, 810, and 915 nm (K‐Laser Cube 3TM).

Objectives

This prospective pilot study aims to clarify the clinical, histopathologic, and cultural mycological efficacy of the combination of a triple wavelength laser system and local mechanical abrasion in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis.

Methods

Eight treatment sessions were performed involving a mechanical drill of the friable nail material followed by the laser treatment with four 2‐minute cycles per nail with a median power of 3 W providing 240 J each. Clinical exam, mycological culture, and histopathology with PAS staining of nail clips were performed at the beginning and the end of the treatment period.

Results

Nine patients with 16 clinically involved nails were included in this study (median age: 55.6). Clinical improvement was noted in eight patients (89%) at the end of the treatment cycles. Initial positive cultures could be reduced from six (67%) to two (22%), P = 0.07, while histopathologic examination by PAS staining remained invariable positive in all patients (100%).

Conclusion

Despite clinical improvement, the combination of this laser treatment and mechanical abrasion could not reduce the fungal infection rate in affected toenails. Additional local or systemic antimycotic agents should be combined in order to avoid expected clinical recurrences.
Hotel employees' views on fairness, well‐being and collective representation in times of the coronavirus crisis: Evidence from Poland
Authors: Zientara Piotr , Adamska‐Mieruszewska Joanna , Bąk Monika
Published: August 2021

The coronavirus crisis reignited the debate over the ethical dimension of employment practices in the hotel sector. This study, which draws on the findings from semistructured interviews conducted with 51 Polish hotel workers during the pandemic, aims to ascertain their views on fairness in the workplace, their well‐being, the attractiveness of hotel employment and collective representation. Our findings were, in many respects, at variance with earlier research and our a priori assumptions. Specifically, most interviewees had regular contracts, were satisfied with their jobs, rated the attractiveness of hotel employment highly and did not complain of emotional labour. Some highlighted managerial disrespectful treatment, especially after the outbreak of the pandemic. Most were indifferent to unions or viewed them unfavourably, doubted the efficacy of collective action and were uninterested in unionisation, with the crisis having little impact on their attitudes. The paper concludes by discussing theoretical and practical implications of the findings.
Severe burn injury from the common Asian practice of heat application in patients with diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Chang Wen‐Yuan , Liu Hung‐Hui , Huang Dun‐Wei , Chou Yu‐yu , Ou Kuang‐Ling , Wang Chih‐Hsin , Dai Niann‐Tzyy , Tzeng Yuan‐Sheng
Published: August 2021

This was the first study to analyse patients who sustained severe self‐induced burns from this common Asian practice. There is a need to raise public awareness and physician attention about the consequences of preventable burn injuries and the importance of first aid in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Retrospective data on 16 consecutive patients who had diabetes and neuropathy admitted to the plastic surgery ward at the Tri‐Service General Hospital from January 1, 2015, to February 2, 2021 with burn injuries because of heat applications were collected and analysed for this study. Age, gender, season, first aid adequacy, comorbidity, interventions, total body surface area (TBSA), degree of burn, aetiology, length of stay (LOS), and status at discharge were reviewed. The mean age of the 16 patients was 65.13 years. The most common burn aetiology was contact (50%), followed by scald (37.5%) and radiation burns (12.5%). TBSA burn averaged ± standard deviation 1.54 ± 1.22. Seven patients (44%) had wound infections, and three patients underwent amputations. The average LOS was 28.2 days. Asian practice of heat application is the common aetiology of severe and preventable burn injuries. Education about neuropathy and the consequences of a burn injury should be provided to patients with diabetes.
Rapid synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 as lithium‐ion battery anode by reactive flash sintering
Authors: Liu Fangming , Bai Bin , Cheng Liang , Xu Chen
Published: August 2021

In this work spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) was successfully synthesized via flash sintering technique at a furnace temperature of 580°C within only 5 min for the first time. Phase evolution, microstructures, and electrochemical properties were investigated and compared with conventionally synthesized LTO. The flash sintered LTO shows good crystallinity, high purity, and small particle size. More importantly, it suggests that the flash sintering process could help inhibit lithium volatilization and control the particle size, which is vital to the improvement of the lithium‐ion diffusion process and battery performance. Compared with the conventionally synthesized samples, the flash sintered LTO exhibits higher specific capacities, better cycling stabilities, and rate capabilities. Therefore, flash sintering shows potentials in improving the electrochemical performance of anode materials, and thus suggests an efficient strategy for rapid synthesis of high‐performance anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries.
Comparative studies on micromechanical properties and biological performances in hydroxyapatite ceramics with micro/nanocrystalline
Authors: Wu Yonghao , Cao Quanle , Niu Mingyou , Feng Cong , Li Xiangfeng , Zhu Xiangdong , Zhang Xingdong
Published: August 2021

Further enhancing the comprehensive properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramics is still a hot topic in biomedical field. The present study was mainly aimed at investigating the special effect of nanoscale feature on the micromechanical properties and biological performances of HA bioceramics. Three kinds of HA bioceramics with micro‐ to nanocrystalline were fabricated by adopting different sintering technologies, that is, conventional sintering (CS), two‐step sintering (TSS), and microwave assisted sintering (MAS). The average grain sizes of HA‐CS, HA‐TSS, and HA‐MAS were 412.49, 264.24, and 122.49 nm, respectively. Among them, HA‐MAS nanoceramics had the lowest water contact angle (28.35°) and the highest surface roughness (92.30 nm). Interestingly, the enhanced crack deflection in HA‐MAS transferred from transgranular cracking to intergranular cracking, resulting into its fracture toughness (1.64 MPa m1/2) increased by 84% compared to HA‐CS. Besides, HA‐MAS underwent the elastic‐plastic deformation without pop‐in cracking, and exhibited no indentation size effect (ISE) phenomenon during the nanoindentation tests. The in vitro biological performances showed that HA‐MAS could promote the bone‐like apatite formation and the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In summary, the construction of nanocrystalline is indeed an effective way to simultaneously improve the micromechanical properties and biological performances of HA bioceramics.
Mediating role of career self‐efficacy between clinical learning environment and professional identity in nursing students
Authors: Gao Zihan , Wei Xiao , Yang Li , Cui Dan , Kong Lingna , Qi Li , Zhang Ping
Published: August 2021

Aims

To explore whether the clinical learning environment (CLE) has an indirect effect on professional identity through the mediation of career self‐efficacy (CSE) in nursing students.

Background

The shortage of nurses has become a universal problem worldwide. Improving nurses' professional identity is considered an effective way to reduce the turnover rate of nurses. However, little is known about the relationship between the CLE, CSE and professional identity.

Design

An observational, questionnaire‐based, cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A web‐based survey was completed by 212 undergraduate nursing students from June to August 2018. Measures included Chinese translations of the CLE, the Career Self‐Efficacy Scale, and the Professional Identity Scale.

Results

Both the CLE (r = 0.552, p < 0.01) and CSE (r = 0.868, p < 0.01) correlated positively with professional identity. The indirect effect of the CLE on professional identity through CSE was positive (β = 0.342, p < 0.05) and the effect was 77.2%.

Conclusions

A better CLE and higher scores in CSE were associated with professional identity in nursing students, and a better CLE had an indirect effect on the professional identity of students through CSE.
The multifaceted vocal duets of white‐browed sparrow weavers are based on complex duetting rules
Authors: Lemazina Alena , Trost Lisa , Gahr Manfred , Hoffmann Susanne
Published: August 2021

In some bird species, mated pairs sing duet songs for pair bond maintenance and joint territory defense. Duet partners often follow specific duetting rules, such as answering rules and duet codes, to construct their duet songs. Previous studies mainly concentrated on species that repeat particular phrase pairings during duetting. Our study aims to add to the comparative aspect of duetting research by investigating duet structure in songs of white‐browed sparrow weavers Plocepasser mahali, a songbird species that does not repeat the same type of vocalization but switches between different types of vocal elements within one duet song. We used lightweight radio‐telemetric microphone transmitters to record the vocal activity in both individuals of duetting pairs simultaneously. This technique enabled us not only to investigate duetting behavior in naturally behaving animals, but also to assign each vocalization to the respective individual while maintaining the precise temporal relationship between the vocalizations of both partners. Our data reveal that although white‐browed sparrow weavers share a large part of their sex‐specific vocal repertoires with same‐sex birds of other pairs, duetting partners adhere to pair‐specific answering rules to generate their highly complex duet songs. Moreover, partners can combine answering rules into consistent duet trains. Duet trains generally represent only the core of the duet songs, while at the beginning and the end of duet songs, partners arrange their vocalization types more flexibly. In addition to completely pair‐specific duet trains, duet trains of white‐browed sparrow weaver pairs can include subsequences that are shared between different pairs. The sharing pattern we find in this species suggests that in combination to pair‐specific duetting rules, mated pairs use duetting rules that have been acquired prior to pair formation.
Discrepancy between language learners and teachers concerns about emergency remote teaching
Authors: Al Shlowiy Ahmed , Al‐Hoorie Ali H. , Alharbi Mohammed
Published: August 2021

Emergency remote teaching refers to the unanticipated, involuntary shift to a virtual learning environment due to, for example, a natural disaster or political instability. The sudden nature of this transition creates additional challenges to effective learning. In this article, we investigate one such challenge, namely the potential for teacher–student miscommunication. We report on a study involving 674 language learners and 61 language teachers. The participants were asked to rate a number of education‐related ١problems that could potentially arise in the context of emergency remote teaching. Learners rated these concerns in terms of the extent to which they had actually experienced them, while teachers were asked to rate the extent to which they perceived these to be concerns for their students. The results showed that teachers believed that students required additional training on using learning management systems, that students did not take online teaching seriously, and that emergency remote teaching would encourage students to cheat. Students disagreed with these statements (ds = 0.53–0.65). We discuss the implications of these teacher–learner discrepancies in light of the need for explicit guidelines and clearer expectations of students during online learning and assessment.
MOOC learners' time‐investment patterns and temporal‐learning characteristics
Authors: Li Shuang , Wang Shuang , Du Junlei , Pei Yu , Shen Xinyi
Published: August 2021

Background

Failure to effectively organize and manage learning time is an important factor influencing online learners' performance. Investigation of time‐investment patterns for online learning will provide educators with useful knowledge of how learners engage in and regulate their online learning and support them in tailoring online course design and teaching. However, understanding of how learners invest and manage their time during online learning remains limited.

Objectives

This study aims to discover the typical time‐investment patterns of MOOC learners and their temporal‐learning characteristics based on a systematic time‐investment analysis framework and their relationship with learning performance.

Methods

Based on a proposed time‐investment‐analysis framework, this study applied statistical, cluster and lag sequential analyses to investigate learners' time‐investment patterns and their relationships with learning performance, session time allocation, and learning sequences by analysing the learning data from 12,463 participants of a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) in China.

Results and Conclusions

Seven time‐investment patterns of MOOC learners were defined, and learning performance was found to differ among them. Further analysis shows that high performers invested time throughout the whole course and allocated time to multiple activities, exam‐takers performed better in time management and produced more behavioural sequences related to cognitive strategy and recourse use, and learners’ motivation and prior knowledge affected the management and effectiveness of their time investment.

Implications

The results support the recognition and evaluation of online learning time‐investment patterns and suggest relevant cues for improving MOOC design and teaching.
Two short implants versus one short implant with a cantilever: 5‐Year results of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Thoma Daniel S. , Wolleb Karin , Schellenberg Roman , Strauss Franz‐Josef , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Jung Ronald E.
Published: August 2021

Aim

To test whether or not the use of a short implant with a cantilever results in similar clinical and radiographic outcomes compared to two adjacent short implants with single tooth reconstructions.

Materials and methods

Thirty‐six patients with two adjacent missing teeth in the posterior region were randomly assigned to receive either a single 6‐mm implant with a cantilever (ONE‐C) or two 6‐mm implants (TWO). Fixed reconstructions were inserted 3–6 months after implant placement and patients were re‐examined up to 5 years (FU‐5).

Results

A total of 26 patients were available for re‐examination at FU‐5. The survival rate amounted to 84.2% in ONE‐C and to 80.4% in TWO (inter‐group: p = .894). Technical complication rates amounted to 64.2% (ONE‐C) and to 54.4% (TWO) (inter‐group: p = 1.000). From baseline to FU‐5, the median changes of the marginal bone levels were 0.13 mm in ONE‐C and 0.05 mm in TWO (inter‐group: p = .775). Probing depth, bleeding on probing, and plaque control record values showed no significant differences between the two treatment modalities (p > .05).

Conclusions

Short implants with a cantilever render similar clinical and radiographic outcomes compared to two adjacent short implants at 5 years, however, they tend to fail at earlier time points suggesting an overload of the implants. Considering the modest survival rates, the clinical indication of either treatment option needs to be carefully evaluated. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01649531).
Editorial: Money cannot buy happiness – but can it prevent depression? A commentary on Su et al.
Authors: Nasir Madeeha , Bloch Michael H.
Published: August 2021

In this issue, we read with interest Research Review: Developmental origins of depression – a systematic review and meta‐analysis (Su et al., 2021). Su et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis examining prenatal, perinatal and postnatal exposures and their association with depression in offspring. Su et al. (2021) evaluated twenty‐eight potential exposures and determined that 12 were associated with increased risk of depression in the offspring. These risk factors included low birth weight, premature birth, being small gestational age, maternal education, socioeconomic status, parental age, parental smoking, maternal stress, maternal anxiety and prenatal depression (Su et al., 2021). Strikingly, each of these developmental risk factors for depression in the offspring is known to be associated with poverty.
Mortality patterns during the freshwater production phase of salmonids in Norway
Authors: Gåsnes Siri Kristine , Oliveira Victor H. S. , Gismervik Kristine , Ahimbisibwe Ashley , Tørud Brit , Jensen Britt Bang
Published: August 2021

Mortality in Norwegian salmonid aquaculture has a major influence on fish welfare and represents economic losses for producers. We reviewed the estimated monthly mortality for freshwater farms with Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout between 2011 and 2019. We built a regression model for mortality which included the variables year, weight group, season, region and farm. Additionally, we distributed questionnaires to farmers to gather information regarding potential causes of mortalities. The analysis of data for Atlantic salmon showed that median monthly mortality increased from 0.15% in 2011 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.06–0.39) to 0.25% (IQR: 0.1–0.67) in 2019. Mortality was highest in the North (0.27%, IQR: 0.11–0.72) and lowest in the Southwest region (0.16%, IQR: 0.07–0.4). The season with highest mortality was summer (0.24%, IQR: 0.1–0.64), while winter had the lowest (0.12%, IQR: 0.05–0.35). The smallest fish (3–12 g) showed highest mortality (0.31%, IQR: 0.14–0.69) compared to heavier fish. Results from the questionnaire showed that infectious or non‐infectious diseases were the most commonly reported causes of mortality. The mortality patterns described in this study identifies several important risk factors. Highlighting causal links is an important step to reducing mortality and improving welfare in the freshwater production phase of salmonids in Norway.
Associations of delirium with urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults aged 65 and older: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Krinitski Damir , Kasina Rafal , Klöppel Stefan , Lenouvel Eric
Published: August 2021

Objective

To determine the associations of delirium with urinary tract infection (UTI) and asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) in individuals aged 65 and older.

Methods

The protocol for this systematic review and meta‐analysis was published on PROSPERO (CRD42020164341). Electronic databases were searched for relevant studies, professional associations and experts in the field were additionally contacted. Studies with control groups reporting associations between delirium and UTI as well as delirium and AB in older adults were included. The random effects model meta‐analysis was conducted using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as effect size measures. The Newcastle‐Ottawa scale was used to rate the studies' quality. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q and I2 tests. The effects of potential moderators were investigated by both subgroup and meta‐regression analyses. The risk of publication bias was evaluated using the funnel plot and Egger's test.

Results

Twenty nine relevant studies (16,618 participants) examining the association between delirium and UTI in older adults were identified. The association between delirium and UTI was found to be significant (OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.12–3.36; p < 0.001) and persisted regardless of potential confounders. The association between delirium and AB in older adults in the only eligible study found (192 participants) was insignificant (OR 1.62; 95% CI 0.57–4.65; p = 0.37). All included studies were of moderate quality.

Conclusion

The results of this study support the association between delirium and UTI in older adults. Insufficient evidence was found to conclude on an association between delirium and AB in this age group. These findings are limited due to the moderate quality of the included studies and a lack of available research on the association between delirium and AB. Future studies should use the highest quality approaches for defining both delirium and UTI and consider AB in their investigations.
Perceptions of COVID‐19 vaccines among healthcare assistants: A national survey
Authors: Niznik Joshua D. , Harrison Jill , White Elizabeth M. , Syme Maggie , Hanson Laura C. , Kelley Casey J. , Porter Lori , Berry Sarah D.
Published: August 2021

Background

Limited COVID‐19 vaccination acceptance among healthcare assistants (HCAs) may adversely impact older adults, who are at increased risk for severe COVID‐19 infections. Our study objective was to evaluate the perceptions of COVID‐19 vaccine safety and efficacy in a sample of frontline HCAs, overall and by race and ethnicity.

Methods

An online survey was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021 through national e‐mail listserv and private Facebook page for the National Association of Health Care Assistants. Responses from 155 HCAs, including certified nursing assistants, home health aides, certified medical assistants, and certified medication technicians, were included. A 27‐item survey asked questions about experiences and perceptions of COVID‐19 vaccines, including how confident they were that COVID‐19 vaccines are safe, effective, and adequately tested in people of color. Multivariable regression was used to identify associations with confidence in COVID‐19 vaccines.

Results

We analyzed data from 155 completed responses. Among respondents, 23.9% were black and 8.4% Latino/a. Most respondents worked in the nursing home setting (53.5%), followed by hospitals (12.9%), assisted living (11.6%), and home care (10.3%). Respondents expressed low levels of confidence in COVID‐19 vaccines, with fewer than 40% expressing at least moderate confidence in safety (38.1%), effectiveness (31.0%), or adequate testing in people of color (27.1%). Non‐white respondents reported lower levels of confidence in adequate testing of vaccines compared to white respondents. In bivariate and adjusted models, respondents who gave more favorable scores of organizational leadership at their workplace expressed greater confidence in COVID‐19 vaccines.

Conclusion

Frontline HCAs reported low confidence in COVID‐19 vaccines. Stronger organizational leadership in the workplace appears to be an important factor in influencing HCA's willingness to be vaccinated. Action is needed to enhance COVID‐19 vaccine uptake in this important population with employers playing an important role to build vaccine confidence and trust among employees.
A peer intervention reduces loneliness and improves socialwell‐beinginlow‐incomeolder adults: Amixed‐methodsstudy
Authors: Kotwal Ashwin A. , Fuller Shannon M. , Myers Janet J. , Hill Daniel , Tha Soe Han , Smith Alexander K. , M. Perissinotto Carla
Published: August 2021

Background

Evidence‐based interventions addressing loneliness and social isolation are needed, including among low‐income, community‐dwelling older adults of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. Our objective was to assess the effect of a peer intervention in addressing loneliness, isolation, and behavioral health needs in this population.

Methods

We conducted a mixed‐method, two‐year longitudinal study of a peer‐outreach intervention in 74 low‐income older adults recruited via an urban senior center in San Francisco. Structured participant surveys were conducted at baseline and every 6 months for up to 2 years. Outcomes included loneliness (3‐item UCLA loneliness scale), social interaction (10‐item Duke index), self‐perceived socializing barriers (range: 0–10), and depression (PHQ‐2 screen). Data were analyzed using mixed‐effects linear and logistic regression adjusted for age and gender. Qualitative, semi‐structured interviews with participants (N = 15) and peers (N = 6) were conducted in English and Spanish and analyzed thematically.

Results

Participants were on average 71 years old (range: 59–96 years), with 58% male, 15% LGBT, 18% African American, 19% Latinx, 8% Asian, 86% living alone, and 36% with an ADL impairment. On average, 43 contact visits (IQR: 31–97 visits) between participants and peers occurred over the first year. Loneliness scores decreased by, on average, 0.8 points over 24 months (p = 0.015). Participants reported reduced depression (38%–16%, p < 0.001) and fewer barriers to socializing (1.5 fewer, p < 0.001). Because of the longitudinal relationship and matching of characteristics of peers to participants, participants reported strong feelings of kinship, motivations to reach out in other areas of life, and improved mood.

Conclusion

Diverse older adults in an urban setting participating in a longitudinal peer program experienced reduced loneliness, depression, and barriers to socializing. Matching by shared backgrounds facilitated rapport and bonding between participants and peers.
Evaluation of the “partnership care model” on quality of life and activity of daily living in stroke patients: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Mohammadi Eesa , Hassandoost Fateme , Mozhdehipanah Hossein
Published: August 2021

Background

Stroke is a widespread chronic disease which remains a serious problem for public health and is the cause of major disability and death in adults. Despite valuable efforts, these patients still need new care programs for recovery and rehabilitation.

Aim

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the partnership care model (PCM) on quality of life (QOL) and activities of daily living (ADL) in stroke participants.

Method

The study is a randomized clinical trial carried out in an educational and therapeutic center in 2019. Sixty‐seven participants (allocated randomly in intervention and control groups) with cerebrovascular accident who had hospitalization histories were selected. Data collection instruments were the Stroke‐Specific QOL scale and Lawton questionnaires. The care plan was developed and implemented for the intervention group after evaluating and recording basic information including demographic variables, care needs, and problems identified in the first PCM‐based stage. Ethics approval was obtained from the University / Regional Research Ethics Committee (IR.NIMAD.REC.1397.236).

Results

The results show that the mean scores of the QOL significantly increased after the intervention in the intervention group (before = 130.80; 3 months = 172.19; 6 months = 205.29) compared to the control group (before = 150; 3 months = 144.86; 6 months = 160.66). Also, the mean scores of the ADL significantly increased after the intervention in the intervention group (before = 1.96; 3 months = 3.64; 6 months = 4.87) compared to the control group (p < .05). The effect size is equal to 0.501 and 0.245 for QOL and ADL, respectively.

Conclusion

The findings show that the care program based on a PCM recovered the QOL and ADL of stroke participants more than other interventions.
Occupational facial dermatoses related to mask use in healthcare professionals
Authors: Altun Ece , Topaloglu Demir Filiz
Published: August 2021

Background

Mask use can lead to facial dermatoses due to factors, such as hyperhydration, seborrhea, high humidity caused by sweating, and the occlusive effect of the mask.

Aim

We investigated mask‐related facial dermatoses in healthcare personnel who, since the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic, had to wear a mask for long hours.

Methods

In this study, healthcare professionals working at Medipol Mega University Hospital since the beginning of the pandemic were screened for facial dermatoses between December 2020 and February 2021 with a dermatological examination and interview.

Results

Of the 101 healthcare professionals, 51 (50.5%) were doctors and 50 (49.5%) nurses, and 36 (35.6%) were male and 65 (64.4%) were female. All the participants had been actively working at the hospital for 35–46 weeks since the beginning of the pandemic and wearing N95 or surgical masks for an average of 6–13 h a day. During the dermatological examination, the most common facial dermatosis was acne, which was observed in 55.4% (n = 56) of the cases. Of the 56 acne cases, 41.1% (n = 23) had acne in their history, while 58.9% (n = 33) had new‐onset acne. Being female, using a N95 surgical mask compared to surgical mask, and the daily average duration of mask use were determined as risk factors for acne development due to mask use.

Conclusions

The use of masks, more frequently N95, caused both an increase in existing acne and the development of new acne.
The role of online consultation requests to personal social media accounts and instant messaging services of dermatologists in occupational burnout: An emerging problem
Authors: Demirel Öğüt Neslihan , Öğüt Çağrı , Eşme Pelin
Published: August 2021

Background

Burnout affects all physicians, including dermatologists. Long working hours, high workload, and work‐related activities outside working hours are common risk factors for burnout that disrupt the work‐life balance. This study aimed to evaluate dermatologists’ approach to online consultation requests via social media (SM) and instant messaging services (IMS), the psychological effects of these consultations on dermatologists, and their relationship with burnout syndrome.

Materials and Methods

A cross‐sectional, descriptive research was conducted as an online survey using Google Forms. The survey consisted of 55 items and was sent to dermatologists through a closed Facebook group of the Turkish Society of Dermatology. The burnout levels of dermatologists were evaluated using three subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI): emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal achievement (PA).

Results

Out of the total 270 participants, 268 (99.3%) participants reported using SM and IMS, whereas 263 (98.1%) received personal consultation requests on these applications. Among all IMS, WhatsApp (n=258, 98.1%) was the most common IMS for online consultation requests. Median (IQR) scores for EE, DP, and PA subscales were 18 (11), 6 (5), and 21 (6), respectively. A positive correlation was observed between the frequency of online consultation requests and MBI‐EE subscale scores (r = 0.136; 95% CI, 0.013–0.254; p = 0.026). Fatigue (95.1%), anger (66.6%), and unhappiness (45.2%) were among the most common adverse effects of online consultations on dermatologists.

Conclusion

Online consultation requests to dermatologists’ personal IMS and SM accounts can lead to burnout. The current study findings raise the awareness of the risks of burnout among dermatologists. There is an implicit need for further research, mobile apps other than frequently used IMS and SM apps, and regulations to avoid problems related to the consequences of online dermatology consultations through IMS and SM.
Prognostic significance of tumor budding, poorly differentiated cluster, and desmoplastic reaction in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas
Authors: Yamamoto Megumi , Kaizaki Yasuharu , Kogami Akiya , Hara Toshie , Sakai Yuya , Tsuchida Toru
Published: August 2021

Aims

The tumor budding (TB); poorly differentiated cluster (PDC); desmoplastic reaction (DR); and microcystic, elongated, and fragmented (MELF) patterns of invasion are pathological findings at the tumor invasion front associated with epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition. This study aimed to clarify the clinical significance of the TB, PDC, DR, and MELF patterns in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EEC).

Methods

Two hundred and eight cases of histologically proven EEC retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology, Fukui Prefectural Hospital, and diagnosed between January 2000 and August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

The TB, PDC, DR, and MELF patterns were identified in 29 (13.9%), 47 (22.6%), 45 (21.6%), and 23 (11.1%) cases, respectively. Kaplan–Meier curve analysis with log‐rank test demonstrated that TB, PDC, and DR were associated with a lower progression‐free survival (p = 0.010, 0.002, and <0.0001, respectively), whereas the MELF pattern did not show any association (p = 0.668). In multivariate analyses, only DR was significantly associated with lower progression‐free survival (p = 0.034). Moreover, only PDC was associated with lower overall survival in univariate analysis (p = 0.018), but the association lost significance in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

The present study revealed that the histological confirmation of TB, PDC, and DR at the tumor invasive front predicts poor prognosis in EEC. However, the MELF pattern was not a predictor of poor prognosis in EEC.
Predicting Negative and Positive Affect During COVID‐19: A Daily Diary Study in Youths
Authors: Deng Wisteria , Gadassi Polack Reuma , Creighton Mackenzie , Kober Hedy , Joormann Jutta
Published: August 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has the potential to profoundly affect youths’ mental health. Understanding predictors of affective responding to the pandemic is critical for prevention and intervention efforts. This study examines emotion regulation as an important predictor of youth’s changes in positive and negative affect. The present study of 115 participants (62 girls, Mage = 11.77) explores the relation between pre‐existing emotion regulation strategies, as measured by multi‐week daily diaries pre‐COVID, and youths’ mean positive and negative affect levels and variability during a 28‐day period amidst the pandemic, while including COVID‐related worries and isolation as important moderators. The findings provide important insight into interactions between pre‐existing vulnerabilities and COVID‐related stressors in predicting affective adjustment in youth.