bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The multi-disciplinary approach to an interdisciplinary virtual exchange
Authors: Fonseca Paula , Julian Kristi , Hulme Wendi , Martins Maria De Lurdes , Brautlacht Regina
Published: July 2021

New communication technologies are changing the way we work and communicate with people around the world. Given this reality, students in Higher Education (HE) worldwide need to develop knowledge in their area of study as well as attitudes and values that will enable them to be responsible and ethical global citizens in the workforce they will soon enter, regardless of the degree. Different institutional and country-specific requirements are important factors when developing an international Virtual Exchange (VE) program. Digital learning environments such as ProGlobe – Promoting the Global Exchange of Ideas on Sustainable Goals, Practices, and Cultural Diversity – offer a platform for collaborating with diverse students around the world to share and reflect on ideas on sustainable practices. Students work together virtually on a joint interdisciplinary project that aims to create knowledge and foster cultural diversity. This project was successfully integrated into each country’s course syllabus through a common global theme; sustainability. The focus of this paper is to present multi-disciplinary perspectives on the opportunities and challenges in implementing a VE project in HE. Furthermore, it will present the challenges that country coordinators dealt with when planning and implementing their project. Given the disparity found in each course syllabus, project coordinators uniquely handled the project goal, approach, and assessment for their specific course and program. Not only did the students and faculty gain valuable insight into different aspects of collaboration when working in interdisciplinary HE projects, they also reflected on their own impact on the environment and learned to listen to how people in different countries deal with environmental issues. This approach provided students with meaningful intercultural experiences that helped them link ideas and concepts about a global issue through the lens of their own discipline as well as other disciplines worldwide.
Compensatory strategies adopted by Chinese EFL learners in virtual exchange with native speakers
Authors: Feng Ruiling , Shirvani Sheida
Published: July 2021

Compensatory strategies play an important role in second language (L2) processing because of limited language knowledge and ensuing anxiety and could help assure understanding and void communication breakdown. Previous studies about compensatory strategies largely adopt laboratory settings and neglect the strategies in authentic oral communication. Accordingly, the present study investigated compensatory strategies used by Chinese university students in online videoconferences with their US peers during a five-week virtual exchange project. We interviewed 27 Chinese students twice, once after the first-week videoconference, the other after the last-week videoconference. The English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in this study could adopt compensatory strategies of different levels. Their strategy use, however, was not flexible enough as several types of strategies were repeatedly used, while other types were rarely implemented. The virtual exchange could help the EFL learners employ compensatory strategies more often, of higher levels, and with increased immediacy. The results can help to establish more targeted English teaching and learning.
Augmentation mastopexy using a double skin incision: the inframammary fold approach with periareolar de-epithelialization
Authors: Yoon Seok Min , Kim Tae Hyung , Wee Syeo Young , Oh Hyok Sue , Jeong Hyun Gyo
Published: July 2021

Background For the correction of small breasts with grade I ptosis, it is very challenging for plastic surgeons to obtain excellent aesthetic results by performing simultaneous breast augmentation and nipple-areolar complex (NAC) lifting. Previous research has introduced one-stage augmentation mastopexy, but most studies described using the periareolar approach. The current study proposes a technique for augmentation mastopexy using the inframammary fold approach for augmentation and the periareolar approach for mastopexy.Methods Twenty patients were enrolled, and surgery was performed on 40 breasts. A pocket was made with the inframammary fold approach and the dual-plane method; subsequently, a tear-drop shape implant was inserted using a funnel. We performed NAC lifting using the de-epithelialization and interlocking purse-string suture method through the periareolar approach.Results The mean distance from the mid-clavicular line to the nipple was 23.4 cm preoperatively, 19.6 cm at 7 days of follow-up, and 20.3 cm at 12 months of follow-up. Complications such as hematoma, infection, NAC necrosis, capsular contracture, and wound dehiscence were not reported.Conclusions We performed successful breast augmentation and mild ptosis correction. No specific complications were observed during 1 year of postoperative follow-up. Our method is a simple and fast method that enables surgeons to perform augmentation and mastopexy in one stage for breasts with grade I ptosis.
Removal of a red tattoo on the lips using a 532-nm picosecond laser
Authors: Wee Syeo Young , Kim Tae Hyung , Park Eun Soo
Published: July 2021

Tattoos, which people choose to have performed for various reasons, can have multiple colors, ranging from conventional black to red, yellow, blue, and others. As tattoos have become increasingly popular, the need for tattoo removal has also grown, and the most commonly used method for removal is a laser. However, the extent to which various types of lasers remove different tattoo pigments is clearly important. Although extensive research has been done on black tattoos, red tattoos have not been adequately studied, and there are few case reports on red tattoos. We present a case of effective removal of a red tattoo from the lips using a picosecond laser.
A split-face study evaluating the efficacy of a topical antioxidant cream containing tocotrienol after 1064-nm picosecond Nd:YAG laser treatment for environment-induced skin pigmentation
Authors: Kang Moon Seok , Kim Jun Hyun , Nam Seung Min , Park Eun Soo
Published: July 2021

Background This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a topical antioxidant cream containing tocotrienol after 1064-nm picosecond neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment for environment-induced skin pigmentation.Methods A split-face study was conducted between December 2020 and March 2021 in 26 patients (25 women and one man) who were treated with a 1064-nm picosecond Nd:YAG laser. On the right side of the face, an antioxidant cream containing tocotrienol was applied after picosecond laser treatment, and on the left side, only picosecond laser treatment was performed. We compared the right and left sides of the face at 4 weeks after laser treatment using an automatic skin analysis device to investigate skin pigmentation. The melasma severity scores of the two sides were evaluated before and 4 weeks after picosecond laser treatment.Results The skin pigmentation score showed a significant difference between pretreatment and 4 weeks after picosecond laser treatment on both sides of the face (P<0.001), and there was a significant difference in skin pigmentation score improvement between the right and left sides (P<0.001). The melasma severity score showed a significant difference on the right side between pretreatment and 4 weeks after laser treatment (P<0.001), but there was no significant change on the left side (P>0.05).Conclusions Our results show that, for the treatment of environment-induced skin pigmentation, the application of a tocotrienol-containing antioxidant cream after 1064-nm picosecond laser treatment can provide good results without any complications.
Sensors and wrong values
Authors: Pödör Zoltán
Published: July 2021

In the world of IoT and BigData, sensor based data collection is a really important domain. Using these tools it is possible to stow large amounts of data collection sensors in a factory or in nature in harsh environments. However, in order to obtain valuable information from these tools, it is important that potentially wrong data is discovered and handled. Automated exploration of wrong data is not a trivial task, even if similar measurements are performed in parallel with spatial differences. We present the difficulties of revealing defected data and suggest easy-to-implement procedures for detecting and handing them. We also draw attention to the potential disadvantages of these methods based on the given results.
Introduction
Authors: Kriaučiūnienė Roma
Published: July 2021

It is a pleasure for me to introduce papers presented at the 14th InternationalSymposium „Moral Competence: Its Nature, Relevance, and Education” hosted by theInstitute of Foreign Languages of the Faculty of Philology at Vilnius University, Lithuania,on 23-24 July 2020, in collaboration with several academic institutions from abroad, suchas Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland. Due to the pandemic restrictions, asymposium was organized in an online mode. Six papers were revised and submitted tothis special issue as symposium proceedings, completed by two additional and relatedpapers. The contents offer a thorough insight into the concept of – and reasearch into – themoral competence defined by Georg Lind (Institute for Moral-Democratic Competence;formerly: University of Konstanz) and visualized by his Moral Competence Test (formerly:Moral Judgment Test) certified in 41 languages. In certain papers research findings andmethods based on further measuring instruments, as well as the alternative approaches tomoral judgment and decision making were applied and discussed (e.g., moral foundationsapproach).
KUZEY KIBRIS TÜRK CUMHURİYETİ’NDE ALTERNATİF BİR FİNANSMAN ARACI OLARAK KİTLE FONLAMASI
Authors: GÜLAY Güzhan , KILIÇ Abdurrahman , GÜNDÜZ Veclal
Published: July 2021

Bir proje ya da girişimin, çok sayıdaki insan tarafından parasal destek sağlanarak fonlanması olarak tanımlanan kitle fonlaması kavramı, ilk kez resmi olarak 2009 yılında Kanada’da ortaya çıkmıştır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde (ABD) 2012 yılında düzenlendikten sonra hızla gelişmiş ve küresel ölçekte kitle fonlaması hacmi 2018 yılında 305 milyar Amerikan Dolarına ulaşmıştır. Kitle fonlaması Çin gibi düzenleme yapılmayan ancak faaliyetlere müsaade edilen ülkelerde, Birleşik Krallık gibi hafif düzenlemeler bulunan ülkelerde ya da ABD gibi sıkı düzenlemeler yapılan ülkelerde kolaylıkla gelişebilmektedir. Öte yandan günümüzde İslami Bankacılık konusunda yoğunlaşmış olan İslami finansman uygulamaları alanında kitlesel fonlamanın sağladığı esneklikler sayesinde İslam Hukuku’nun amaçlarına (makasıdü’ş-şeria) uygun olarak yeni finansman modelleri geliştirilebilir. Bu çerçevede turizm ve yükseköğrenimde uluslararası merkez haline gelmiş olan Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti; Türkiye, Avrupa Birliği ve Birleşik Krallık ile olan yasal bağları ile Afrika ve Ortadoğu’daki yetişmiş insan kaynağına erişimi sayesinde önemli bir konuma erişmiştir. Kıbrıs üniversiteleri özellikle Müslüman nüfuslu ülkelerden sermayeye kolay erişim sağlayabilen yüksek eğitimli ve genç bir kitleyi bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Kıbrıs’ın bu kendine özgü potansiyelinin harekete geçirilmesi için AB, İngiltere ve Türkiye’deki düzenlemeleri dikkate alarak İslami finansman modeli olarak kitle fonlaması konusunda kendisini nasıl konumlandırabileceği irdelenmiştir.
PETROL FİYAT ŞOKLARI VE FİNANSAL STRES ARASINDAKİ ZAMAN-DEĞİŞİMLİ İLİŞKİ: AB BÖLGESI İÇİN TVP-VAR ANALİZİ
Authors: POLAT Onur
Published: July 2021

Bu çalışmada, petrol fiyat şokları ile AB bölgesi finansal stres endeksi arasındaki dinamik aktarım mekanizması TVP-VAR modeli uygulanarak incelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın veri kümesi, 2000:09-2018:06 dönemi için aylık spot WTI ham-petrol fiyatları, küresel petrol üretimi, Kilian Endeksi ve Euro bölgesi için finansal stres endeksini (CISS) içermektedir. Çalışmanın ampirik sonuçları pozitif petrol fiyat şoklarının AB bölgesi finansal koşullarını kötüleştirdğini göstermektedir. Ek olarak, TVP-VAR modeli, küresel petrol piyasasından AB bölgesi finansal koşullarına doğru olan yapısal şokların dinamik yapısını tutarlı bir şekilde yakalamaktadır.
TÜRKİYE’DE PAY SENEDİ FONLARININ ZAMANLAMA YETENEĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: YAKAR Aykut , SEVİNÇ Deniz
Published: July 2021

Yatırım fonları, tasarruf sahiplerine fonlarını iyi çeşitlendirilmiş portföylere yatırım yapabilme fırsatını sağlayarak yatırımcıların piyasaya katılımını artırmaktadır. Fonların yatırımcılar açısından cazip bir yatırım aracı olarak algılanması, fonların göstermiş oldukları performansla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Fon performansını etkileyen birçok etken bulunmaktadır. Fon yöneticilerinin piyasa zamanlama yetenekleri de bu etkenlerden biridir. Yapılan çalışmada Türkiye’de işlem gören pay senedi fonlarının performansının zamanlama yeteneği açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, 2008-2018 yılları arasını kapsayan dönem için 18 adet fonun aylık verileri kullanılarak piyasa zamanlaması performansları çeşitli modeller ile analiz edilmiştir. Klasik piyasa zamanlaması modelleri uygulandığında; fonların önemli bir kısmının piyasa zamanlama yeteneğine sahip olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Volatilite zamanlaması performansı, farklı piyasa koşullarında zamanlama performansı, aktif ve pasif portföy yönetiminin zamanlama performansına etkisi modellerinde ise farklı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.
EXAMINING THE NEXUS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY AND STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM GHANA
Authors: YAKUBU Ibrahim Nandom , KAPUSUZOĞLU Ayhan , CEYLAN Nildağ Başak
Published: July 2021

While the link between stock market development and overall economic growth is well discussed, the empirical evidence on what motivates the development of stock markets is still scanty necessitating further research efforts. In this study, how institutional quality affects stock market development in Ghana is examined relying on quarterly data spanning from 1995Q1-2015Q4 using a composite index of stock market development. Applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method, the results posit a significant short and long-run effect of institutional quality on stock market development. Controlling for macroeconomic factors, a long-term significant impact of foreign direct investment inflows, banking sector growth, and income level on the growth of Ghana’s stock market is observed. It is further documented that regardless of the time period, domestic macroeconomic instability proxied by inflation does not matter for stock market growth. According to the main findings, it is recommended in the study that continual efforts must be made to enhance the quality of institutions. Particularly, policies geared towards improving regulatory quality and control of corruption are imperative for reducing unethical practices in the stock market.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND PERFORMANCE: A STUDY ON TURKISH BANKING SECTOR
Authors: YILMAZ Yusuf , AYBARS Aslı
Published: July 2021

In this paper, considering the increasing importance of intellectual capital (IC), we focus on the effects of not only IC but also its three components on Turkish banks’ financial performance by using VAIC (Value Added Intellectual Coefficient) model. We use a sample of 20 banks operating in Turkey over the period 2013/Q4 - 2019/Q3. We measure financial performance by two widely accepted accounting ratios; namely, ROA and ROE. The results show that VAIC, human capital efficiency (HCE) and capital employed efficiency (CEE) are positively correlated with the banks’ financial performance. In particular, the results indicate the significance of overall intellectual capital, human capital, and financial and physical capital to both increase and sustain banks’ profitability.
SERMAYE PİYASALARI VE MAKROEKONOMİK GÖRÜNÜM: İHRACATÇI ŞİRKETLER ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ
Authors: GÜN Emrullah , YÜKSEL HALİLOĞLU Ebru
Published: July 2021

Bu çalışmada ihracatçı şirketlerin hisse senedi fiyat performanslarını yansıtan TİM İhracat Endeksi’nin (TIMEX) makroekonomik değişkenler ile olan ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. 2013:2-2019:1 arasındaki dönemi kapsayan ve aylık bazda veriler kullanılarak yapılan çalışmada, TIMEX ile faiz oranı, enflasyon, döviz kuru, sanayi üretimi ve ihracat miktarı arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki incelenmiştir. ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) sınır testi yöntemiyle yapılan eşbütünleşme testine göre TIMEX ile ihracat miktarı, faiz oranı, ABD Doları/TL döviz kuru ve sanayi üretim endeksi arasında uzun dönemli ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Uzun vadeli dengede meydana gelen sapmaların %48’inin bir dönemlik süre içerisinde düzeldiği, modelin hızlı bir uyarlama sürecine sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, TIMEX’ten sanayi üretim endeksine doğru tek yönlü Granger nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre TIMEX’in sanayi üretiminin öncü göstergesi olarak izlenebileceği değerlendirilmektedir.
FAİZSİZ BANKACILIĞIN GELENEKSEL BANKACILIĞA UYARLANMASI
Authors: GÜNDÜZ Erol Süleyman , USLU Kamil
Published: July 2021

Faizli uygulama iktisadi ve toplumsal hayatın temellerinden olan kredi alışverişi ve bankacılığın özüne ilişkin bir faktör olmayıp, aksine hem talep ve hem de arz tarafında paydaşların en iyi çıkarlarına hizmet etmemektedir. O yüzden bankacılıktan faiz nosyonunu çıkararak sektörün daha iyi bir performans göstermesini amaçlıyoruz.
Çalışmamızda konvansiyonel bankacılığın faizsiz yapıda yeniden kurulmasına yönelik bir modelleme yapılmıştır. Modellemede Arrow-Debreu türü bir genel denge modeline bankacılık sektörü dahil edilmiş ve bankaların ekonominin genel dengesi içindeki rol ve önemi açıklanmıştır. Söz konusu genel denge modelinde finansal piyasaların tam veya eksiksiz olduğu (complete financial markets) varsayımı temel alınmıştır. Bu modellemenin dışında faizsiz bankacılık sisteminde faizsiz tüketici kredilerinin nasıl yürütülebileceğine yönelik bir örnek faizsiz kredilendirme ve geri ödeme sunumu yapılmıştır.
Çalışmada kredi mekanizmasının faiz temelli çalıştırılmasının yaratıcısı veya hızlandırıcısı olduğu bazı sorunlara değinilmiştir. Bunlar arasında faiz sermayesinin siyaseti kontrol ederek savaşların çıkmasında etkin olması, döngüsel ekonomik yapı, küçük firmaların krediye erişiminin kısıtlanması, faiz tabanlı redi mekanizmasının arz tarafında da küçük tasarruf sahiplerinin piyasa kârlarından yeterince pay almasını engellemesi, sosyal sorumluluğu olan sürdürülebilir bir büyüme ve çevre bilincini zayıflatması gibi sorunlar sayılabilir. Bilinen finans tarihi boyunca faizin hukuki durumu da Hinduizm, Yahudilik, sistemik düşünürler, Hristiyanlık ve İslam bakımından değerlendirilmiştir
KREDİ RİSKİ ÖLÇÜM MODELLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: İLDAŞ Tuğba
Published: July 2021

Bankaların maruz kaldığı önemli risklerden biri kredi riski olup söz konusu risklerin yönetilmesi finansal istikrarın korunmasında oldukça önemlidir. Kredi riskinin yönetilmesi ilk olarak tutarlı ve doğru şekilde ölçülmesiyle mümkündür. Kredi riski analizi ve ölçümünden elde edilen bilgiler, risk azaltma ve risk yönetim araçlarını tasarlamada kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kredi riski ölçüm modellerinin değerlendirilerek bankacılık sektörü başta olmak üzere kuruluşların maruz kaldığı kredi riskini ölçmeye yönelik uygun modelin belirlenmesine fayda sağlamaktır. Kredi riskinin değerlendirilmesi, kayıpların hesaplanmasında çok sayıda belirsiz faktörün yer alması nedeniyle oldukça karmaşıktır. Bu nedenle, kredi riskinin değerlendirilmesinde birçok farklı yaklaşım bulunmaktadır. Kredi riskinin ölçülmesine yönelik olarak geliştirilen çeşitli modellerde temel amaç portföyün fiyatlandırılması yoluyla kredi riskinin yönetilmesidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, münferit bir firmanın kredi riskinin modellenmesinde kullanılan klasik ve modern kredi riski ölçüm yöntemlerinin yanı sıra portföy kredi riskinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla uluslararası finansal kuruluşlar tarafından üretilen modellere yer verilmiştir.
ŞİRKET BÜYÜKLÜKLERİNİN SERMAYE YAPISI KARARLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİNİN ÖDÜNLEŞME VE FİNANSMAN HİYARERŞİSİ TEORİLERİ BAĞLAMINDA TEST EDİLMESİ: BİST 100 ŞİRKETLERİNİN PANEL DATA ANALİZİ (2009-2019)
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Selahattin Çağatay , SAYILGAN Güven
Published: July 2021

Bu çalışmada; BIST 100 endeksinde yer alan sanayi şirketleri ortalama büyüklüklerine göre küçük, orta
ve büyük olmak üzere üç farklı gruba ayrılmıştır. Bu çalışmada aşağıdaki iki soruya cevap aranmıştır: Aynı
grup içindeki şirketler diğer gruplara göre farklı bir sermaye yapısı karakteristiğine (pattern) sahip midir? Aynı
grupta yer alan şirketlerin sermaye yapısı tercihleri hangi teori ile uyumludur? Panel veri analizi yöntemi ile yapılan
çalışmada 2009 – 2019 yılları arasındaki veriler kullanılmıştır. Çalışma ile sanayi şirketlerinin tamamının
dâhil edildiği grup ve büyük şirketleri içeren 3. grup şirketlerin belirgin bir sermaye yapısı tercihlerinin bulunmadığı,
küçük şirketleri içeren 1. grup şirketlerin finansman hiyerarşisi teorisiyle uyumlu, orta büyüklükteki
şirketlerin yer aldığı 2. grup şirketlerin ise ödünleşme teorisiyle uyumlu sermaye yapısı tercihlerinde bulundukları
sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
BIST-30 ENDEKSİNDE YER ALAN PAYLARIN ORTAK HAREKETLERİNİN VERİ MADENCİLİĞİ KAPSAMINDA BİRLİKTELİK KURALI İLE İNCELENMESİ
Authors: KARAATLI Meltem , KOCABIYIK Turan , YALÇINER ÇAL Damla , ÇOLAK Merve
Published: July 2021

Son yıllarda teknolojinin ilerlemesi ve verilere erişimin kolaylaşması veri madenciliği çalışmalarının sayısında büyük bir artışa yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada bir portföy oluşturmak amacıyla makroekonomik değişkenler etkisinde birlikte hareket eden paylar veri madenciliği ile tespit edilmiştir. Borsa İstanbul (BIST-30) 30 endeksinde yer alan payların yanı sıra M1 para arzı, altın ons fiyatı, ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranı, sanayi üretim endeksi, döviz sepeti, imalat sanayi kapasite kullanım oranı, faiz, üretici fiyat endeksi, finansal hizmetler güven endeksi, uluslararası doğrudan yatırımlar, ham petrol, S&P 500 endeksi makroekonomik değişkenler olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada 2014-2019 yıllarını kapsayan beş yıllık veri seti kullanılmıştır. Birlikte hareket eden işlemlerin belirlenmesi için yüksek bir performansa sahip olan FP-Growth algoritmasından yararlanılmış olup uygulama için WEKA programı tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda pay piyasalarında ve makroekonomik değişkenlerde meydana gelen değişimlerden yararlanarak yatırımcıların hangi yatırım araçlarına yatırım yapabileceği veya hangi yatırım araçlarını takip edebileceği ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen en temel sonuç; Borsa İstanbul 30 endeksinde yer alan paylardan mali endeks bünyesinde bankacılık endeksi paylarının büyük oranda birlikte hareket etmesidir.
Investigating the Corrosion Behavior of Zircaloy-4 in LiOH under a Thermal Gradient and Two-Phase Flow Regime
Authors: Hulme Helen , Panteli Alexandra , Pickering Felicity , Gass Mhairi , Cole-Baker Aidan , Binks Paul , Fenwick Mark , Waters Michael , Smith James
Published: July 2021

There are potentially significant cost benefits through plant simplification if a soluble boron-free lithiated primary water chemistry can be demonstrated to be a viable route for small modular reactor operation. However, the corrosion behavior of the clad material under lithiated conditions remains a concern. High levels of lithium (Li) have been demonstrated to be detrimental to the corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys. Under a thermal gradient, as experienced by the clad in pressurized water reactor operation, this becomes more complex; with increasing oxide thickness, the potential for operation under two-phase (nucleate boiling) conditions increases. The significance of this is twofold: first, the concentration of lithium local to the oxide has been shown to increase as boiling occurs within the thick porous oxide, potentially increasing the Li content beyond the threshold for accelerated corrosion; second, the nucleate boiling can result locally in more aggressive (high lithium) chemistry conditions. This paper presents the results from a test program that has investigated the effect of lithium, temperature, thermal gradient, two-phase flow. and stress on the corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-4 and discusses the results in the context of previous work carried out in this area. The data from this work indicate that in nominal lithium concentrations, under certain combinations of a thermal gradient, two-phase flow, and stress, a significant acceleration in corrosion can be observed. Characterization and modeling of the specimens exposed to a thermal gradient, in comparison to isothermally corroded Zircaloy-4 coupons in a range of Li concentrations, has developed the understanding of the processes occurring during this acceleration.
Ex Situ and In Situ Studies of Radiation Damage Mechanisms in Zr-Nb Alloys
Authors: Liu Junliang , He Guanze , Callow Anne , Li Kexue , Lozano-Perez Sergio , Wilkinson Angus J. , Moody Michael , Grovenor Chris R. M. , Hu Jing , Kirk Mark , Li Meimei , Mir Anamul Haq , Hinks Jonathan , Donnelly Stephen , Partezana Jonna M. , Nordin Heidi M.
Published: July 2021

We have used both in situ radiation damage techniques and direct observations of ex-reactor materials to study radiation damage mechanisms in a range of zirconium-niobium (Zr-Nb) alloys with different initial microstructures. The aim has been to determine the relative stability of the different phases present under in-service conditions, including oxides and second phase particles (SPPs), and how damage to these phases alters the chemistry of the surrounding alloy matrix. A monoclinic-to-cubic transformation of the bulk oxide is observed by in situ ion irradiation experiments, followed by irradiation-induced grain growth. The possibility of radiation-induced stabilization of this cubic phase thus needs to be considered as an additional process that can occur in the regions of oxides exposed to high fluxes in service and may further affect the corrosion rates. In situ studies of β-Nb and Laves phase SPPs under ion irradiation showed that they behaved differently as a function of ion fluence and irradiation temperatures. The β-Nb SPPs show good stability under both ion and neutron irradiation to high damage levels and over a wide temperature range. The formation in flux, by a combination of irradiation-enhanced oxygen diffusion and the direct effects of radiation, of oxides that are both less well textured and with a more disrupted grain structure will also contribute to different corrosion rates in reactor. Finally, high-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray and atom probe tomography analysis were used to study changes to both SPP and matrix chemistry as result of radiation damage.
Corrosion and Deuterium Pickup in Zr-2.5Nb: Twenty Years of In-Reactor Testing at the OECD Halden Boiling Water Reactor
Authors: Nordin Heidi M. , Szőke Réka
Published: July 2021

Corrosion and deuterium pickup studies on coupons prepared from Zr-2.5Nb have been conducted using a recirculating heavy-water loop installed in the OECD Halden Boiling Water Reactor over a 20-year period. The Zr-2.5Nb materials used in this study have been fabricated by slightly different techniques that represent the development history for pressure tubes. Modifications to pressure tubes were made to improve performance and increase operating lifetime. The results demonstrate that the pressure tube development programs were successful in reducing in-reactor oxide growth and the deuterium pickup rate.
Development of Cr-Al Coating on Zircaloy-4 for Enhanced Accident Tolerant Fuel
Authors: Kim Hyun-Gil , Kim Il-Hyun , Jung Yang-Il , Park Dong-Jun , Park Jung-Hwan , Lee Young-Ho , Choi Byoung-Kwon
Published: July 2021

Accident tolerant fuel can enhance the fuel reliability of active cooling in a reactor core for a longer time period during design-basis and beyond-design-basis accidents as well as maintain or improve the fuel performance during normal and transient operation. This study focuses on the coated cladding concept, which was selected after thorough consideration of the various performances by nuclear reactors during accidents and normal operation. In the coated cladding concepts, the combination of coating material and coating method is a crucial factor in determining the cladding performance. As a new coating material, a chromium-aluminum (Cr-Al) alloy was developed to increase corrosion resistance during normal operation and oxidation resistance during accidents. The Cr-Al alloy showed a superior oxidation resistance compared to Zircaloy-4 cladding in a high-temperature oxidation test up to 1,400°C, and it showed more corrosion resistance than Zircaloy-4 cladding in a 360°C pressurized water reactor-simulated loop condition. Arc ion plating was developed as a coating method to obtain good adhesion of the coated Cr-Al alloy layer on the zirconium (Zr) alloy cladding. After fabricating the coated cladding, test samples were evaluated under normal conditions (corrosion, creep), accident conditions (oxidation, ballooning/rupture), and research reactor conditions (corrosion, stability) using the Halden reactor. The Cr-Al alloy coated Zr cladding samples showed excellent performance under most test conditions, and no severe damage or peeling of the coating layer was observed.
Influence of Hydrides upon the Fatigue Initiation Behavior of Irradiated Zircaloy-2
Authors: Honniball Peter D. , Cogez Lucile , Gee Charles F.
Published: July 2021

In a reactor, the properties of zirconium alloy components change significantly from their start-of-life condition. The accumulation of irradiation damage increases the strength of these alloys, while the aqueous corrosion results in hydrogen pickup. The combination of increased strength and elevated hydrogen content enhances the susceptibility to hydride related failures such as delayed hydride cracking. The motivation behind this work was to investigate whether the fatigue crack initiation behavior may also be affected by the presence of aligned notch-root hydrides in irradiated material. In collaboration with Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Rolls-Royce has undertaken a program of testing to investigate this effect using notched specimens of irradiated and hydrided Zircaloy-2. Variables that were investigated included temperature, hydrogen content, notch geometry, and hydride alignment. Hydride alignment was achieved by applying preconditioning thermomechanical cycles to the specimens prior to commencement of isothermal fatigue cycling. Batches of specimens subjected to different numbers of preconditioning thermomechanical cycles were produced as a means to vary the density of hydrides around the root of the notch. Isothermal fatigue loading cycles were then applied to specimens that had different amounts of hydride alignment to quantify the sensitivity of fatigue initiation behavior to the presence of hydrides at the notch root. The results indicate that notched irradiated Zircaloy-2 exhibits a fatigue limit that is sensitive to temperature and test frequency. At load ranges above the fatigue limit, the presence of notch root hydrides reduces the number of cycles to crack initiation and also reduces the number of cycles to achieve a given crack size. Greater hydride alignment at the notch roots does not influence the fatigue limit; however, it may further reduce the rate of crack extension. The presence of hydrides under sharper notches may influence the fatigue limit, while a reduction is not observed under blunter notches.
Test-Reactor Study of the Effect of Zirconia Coating of Inconel Spacer Cells on Shadow Corrosion
Authors: Anghel Clara , Limbäck Magnus , Westin Gunnar , Tverberg Terje , Andersson Björn , Leideborg Michael , Wright Jonathan
Published: July 2021

Enhanced corrosion on zirconium-base alloys in proximity to other metals, the shadow effect, has been observed since the 1960s. Possible remedies against shadow corrosion have been investigated. The effect of 0.1- to 9-μm-thick zirconia (ZrO2) coatings of Inconel X-750 spacer cells on shadow corrosion of fully recrystallized LK3 Zircaloy-2 boiling water reactor cladding is investigated in this paper. The coatings were produced by a combination of two solution-based techniques, where (i) a nanoparticle-based route was used to build thick coatings, and (ii) a modified alkoxide route was used to build thinner dense coatings. Twenty-one spacer cells, sixteen with ZrO2 coating and five uncoated reference spacer cells, were inserted along the central instrumentation tube in an instrumented fuel assembly in a boiling water reactor loop in the Halden test reactor. The instrumented fuel assembly was subsequently operated at high power for 149 days. The investigations revealed that shadow corrosion occurred on the Zircaloy-2 tubing under all spacer cells. The significance of the shadow was strongly affected by the thickness of the ZrO2 coating from the spacer cells. Small effects were observed for coating thicknesses below 2.5 μm, while thicknesses of 4.5 and 9 μm reduced the shadow corrosion up to 42 and 26%, respectively.
The Importance of Substrate Grain Orientation on Local Oxide Texture and Corrosion Performance in α-Zr Alloys
Authors: Armson Samuel A. J. , Garner Alistair , Baxter Felicity , Yankova Maria S. , Race Christopher P. , Cole-Baker Aidan , Riley Christopher , Preuss Michael , Frankel Philipp
Published: July 2021

Understanding the in-reactor corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys is essential for optimizing the lifetime of fuel assemblies. Recent advances in available experimental methods have enabled the characterization of oxide morphology, crystallography, and chemical heterogeneity with unprecedented detail for both autoclave and reactor formed oxides. Advanced high-resolution techniques have already improved the understanding of zirconium alloy corrosion performance. However, they are carried out on small volumes of material and require preparation of thin samples, which can lead to changes in the phase distribution in the oxide and often show varied results from different regions of a single bulk specimen. The present study utilizes high-spatial-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) performed on bulk samples to produce spatially resolved microtexture data from nanograined zirconium oxide over a large area, which has not previously been possible. This advanced method of plan-view oxide texture analysis, alongside targeted focused ion beam cross-section measurements and substrate EBSD analysis, has revealed well-defined regions of monoclinic oxide grains that exhibit different textures depending on the orientation of the substrate grain on which they have formed. The observed variations in oxide texture have significant implications on any conclusions drawn solely from methods that are limited to the characterization of small areas—especially where sampling areas are smaller than the substrate grain size. Two competing mechanisms of oxide grain growth and nucleation are discussed, and detailed EBSD analysis illustrates a correlation between local oxide texture and corrosion rate. This analysis is performed on specimens of autoclave-tested Zircaloy-2 and ZIRLO and highlights differences in oxide texture development between the two alloys, indicating the significance of material composition and thermomechanical processing on corrosion behavior.
Effects of Cold Spray Chromium Coatings on the Properties of Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Walters Jorie L. , Romero Javier E. , Mueller Andrew J. , Maier Benjamin R. , Partezana Jonna M. , Lyons John L. , Byers William A. , Wang Guoqiang , Parsi Arash , Stiteler Richard S. , Limbäck Magnus
Published: July 2021

Following the Fukushima accident in 2011, the nuclear industry has focused significant research efforts on the development of fuels that are more tolerant to a temporary loss of active cooling than are current designs. This requires the development of cladding materials that can withstand aqueous environments in excess of 1473 K, while avoiding the strong exothermic oxidation reaction that zirconium alloys undergo in those conditions. This has to be accomplished while maintaining or improving cladding performance during normal operating conditions. For this purpose, chromium coatings have been applied using cold spray to cladding tubes made of current standard zirconium alloys. Cold spray is a low-temperature process that allows deposition of metallic layers at room temperature and ambient conditions, by propelling powder particles at supersonic velocities directly onto the surface of substrates using pressurized gas. This paper discusses metallurgical phenomena observed during the development and testing of cold spray chromium coatings on zirconium alloys. Parameters of the solid-state cold spray process have been optimized to minimize the deformation induced on the zirconium substrate, while producing dense and adherent coatings. Coated tubes have been subjected to extensive testing including corrosion in aqueous environments and mechanical testing in a range of temperatures between room temperature and 1673 K. Phenomena observed include the effect of chromium on the electrochemical corrosion potential of the system, which is critical to simulate and predict the in-reactor corrosion and crud deposition under pressurized water reactor water chemistry conditions. Interdiffusion between chromium and zirconium at high temperatures in an oxidative environment, leading to the appearance of chromium precipitates or the formation of eutectics and melting when the temperatures exceed 1573 K, is also discussed. Finally, the effect of in-reactor conditions on the chromium-zirconium system is presented from characterization of samples irradiated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reactor.
The Consistency of Prior Movements Shapes Locomotor Use-Dependent Learning
Authors: Wood Jonathan M. , Morton Susanne M. , Kim Hyosub E.
Published: July 2021

Repetition is an indispensable component of motor skill acquisition. However, it is unknown how consistent repeated movement patterns must be to engage an implicit “use-dependent” learning mechanism. In this Registered Report, we tackled this question through a combination of computational modeling, simulations, and behavioral experiments involving visually-guided treadmill walking. Our hypotheses were formalized by two distinct computational models: in the two-process Strategy plus Use-Dependent model, use-dependent learning is viewed as a slowly updating and slowly decaying bias in the direction of repeated movements. The Adaptive Bayesian model frames use-dependent learning as an emergent property of quickly adapting prior probabilities of target step lengths. Critically, the Adaptive Bayesian model is much more sensitive to variable practice than the Strategy plus Use-Dependent model. To test these hypotheses, human participants (N = 18, 10 females) learned a novel asymmetric stepping pattern under three conditions with differing amounts of practice consistency during a learning block. We probed use-dependent movement biases immediately postlearning by asking participants to “walk normally” during a washout block with no visual feedback (VF). We found that the total magnitude of use-dependent learning depended on practice consistency during learning, consistent with the Adaptive Bayesian model. However, this dependence faded quickly as biases became similar in magnitude over subsequent strides across all conditions, an observation more consistent with the Strategy plus Use-Dependent model. Simplepost hocadjustments to the Strategy plus Use-Dependent model made clear that these seemingly opposing effects of practice consistency can result from a unitary use-dependent learning process shaped by recent movement history.
Deflated Michelin
Authors: Matta Raúl , Panchapakesan Padma
Published: July 2021

Receiving a Michelin star was once the ultimate culinary reward for the hard work and dedication that chefs have demonstrated in making their restaurants a success. However, for some of them, the stars seem more of a burden than a blessing. In recent years, several chefs have given up their Michelin status, closed the doors on their restaurants, and begun a new professional life away from haute cuisine. Many have opened up about the reasons leading them to neglect Michelin, the most prominent of them being the pressure involved in maintaining the stars, rather than obtaining them. Yet there are less obvious, but not less important, reasons to explain this behavior. In this article, we argue that chefs’ increasing reluctance to Michelin stardom is reflective of the shifts in today’s culinary profession and industry, triggered both by new attitudes in food consumption and media that increasingly influences ideas about what good food should be, mean, and look like. Drawing on the most prominent scholarly literature, writings by food journalists, and analysis of audiovisual materials, we show how the fine-dining industry is redefining itself outside the traditional systems of valuation and judgment.
Interactions of Phenolic Acids and β-Glucan
Authors: Matić Petra , Ukić Šime , Jakobek Lidija
Published: July 2021

Interactions between polyphenols and dietary fiber might play an important role in

polyphenol bioactivities. These interactions can be studied through adsorption processes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption of phenolic acids (p-coumaric

acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid) onto dietary fiber – β-glucan. Adsorption was carried

out at different temperatures (25, 37, and 45 °C) and pH values (1.5, 5.5, and 10).

Non-linear isotherm adsorption models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich,

Temkin, Hill) were applied to analyze the data. Experimentally determined adsorption

capacities showed some fluctuations with temperature and pH. Adsorption isotherms

modelled the experimentally determined adsorption capacities well. According to isotherm parameters, it can be suggested that the adsorption was a physical process with

non-covalent bonding at all temperatures and pH. Thermodynamic parameters showed

that the adsorption was spontaneous (except for chlorogenic acid) and exothermic. Adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics gave useful information about phenolic acid –

β-glucan interactions.
Bio-based Products from Lignocellulosic Waste Biomass
Authors: Tišma Marina , Bucić-Kojić Ana , Planinić Mirela
Published: July 2021

This review presents data on the chemical composition of harvest residues and food

industry by-products as widely abundant representatives of lignocellulosic waste biomass. Pretreatment methods, with special emphasis on biological methods, are presented

as an important step in utilization of lignocellulosic waste biomass for the production of

sustainable biofuels and high-value chemicals. Special attention was paid to the methods

of lignin isolation and its possible utilization within lignocellulosic biorefinery. The objectives of circular bioeconomy and the main aspects of lignocellulosic biorefinery are

highlighted. Finally, current data on industrial, pilot, and research and development

plants used in Europe for the production of a variety of bio-based products from different

feedstocks are presented.
Adsorption of Humic Acid from Water Using Chemically Modified Bituminous Coal-based Activated Carbons
Authors: Habuda-Stanić Mirna , Burilo Anamarija , Šiljeg Mario , Ergović Ravančić Maja , Pala Aysegul , Pagaimo Mariana , Teixeira Verónica , Paixão Susana , Zeko-Pivač Anđela , Kukić Grgić Dajana , Tutić Ana
Published: July 2021

Humic acid (HA) impairs water quality due to its reactivity with many substances present in water. During the drinking-water treatment process and water distribution via water supply system, HA present in water may react with chlorine and other disinfects

producing harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are categorized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in groups 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans) or 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans). Several studies have investigated and reported increased HA removal by iron-coated sorbents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the removal of HA from water by two commercially available bituminous coal-based activated carbons (ACs), Cullar D (Cm) and Hydraffin 30N (Hm). Prior to testing the chosen adsorbents were chemically modified according to two protocols: (1) oxidation by acid mixture (m1), and (2) oxidation with acid mixture followed by iron-ions impregnation (m2). The batch adsorption tests were used to test their efficiency in HA removal under various values of process parameters (initial HA concentration, pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, and temperature). The results showed that up to 96 % of HA removal can be obtained by Cullar D modification Cm1, while maximum uptake of HA by Hydraffin 30N modification was achieved with Hm1 (62.1 %). After surface saturation with Fe3+ –ions (m2), both activated carbons showed similar and lower performances in HA removal (Cm2 up to 66.5 %, and Hm2 up to 50.3 %). FTIR analysis confirmed differences in modified AC structures, as well as favorable structure of Cm1 for HA adsorption.
Supplementary professional education in Russia: key needs of teachers and headmasters
Authors:   Moscow City Pedagogical University, Kerre Marina Sergeevna , Smirnova Svetlana Vladimirovna ,   Moscow City Pedagogical University
Published: July 2021

This article explores the results of the research which was held in January, 2021 among teachers and heads of educational organizations in Russia. The major problems, which can be solved by additional education, that were indicated by teachers: “increase the effectiveness of work” and “increase the quality of education”. From the chiefs’ of educational organizations points of view, the main problems of teachers are: “ensuring the quality of education” and “professional growth of school teachers”. In this article, the mechanisms and the destinations of adjustments the providers’ of additional education are shown marketing and communication strategies. The experience of the organization of personalized education in the case of implanting an innovative model of hub of additional education for children and adults which let, by acquiring the necessary professional and personal skills, to give an impetus to the development of the human resources potential of the general education system. The data, which is presented in this article, will be interesting to the directors of educational organizations, the employees of education management bodies at all levels, the specialists in the field of education of tutors and directors of schools.
Elements of the concept of construction of interactive content on mathematics in the conditions of digitalization of the educational process
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Shmatkov Michael Nikolaevich , Nekrasova Irina Ivanovna ,   Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University
Published: July 2021

The goal of this paper is to summarize and sort out the key elements that determine the effectiveness and efficiency of educational interactive content in mathematics in the context of the digitalization of the educational process. On the basis of many years of research and practical activity in the field of studying and developing electronic educational resources in mathematics, characterizing school mathematics education from the standpoint of innovative processes, key elements of the concept of constructing interactive educational content in mathematics were formulated, which make it possible to determine the right vectors for applying efforts and using the capabilities of ICT in developing such content. The author’s result of this work is the foundation for creating interactive educational resources in mathematics that correspond to modern trends and achievements in the field of digitalization of children’s education, and is based on a combination of the achievements of traditional psychological and pedagogical science and best practices based on the analysis of big data for building user scenarios with digital systems and services.