bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of juvenile granulosa cell tumour: A case report with summary of prior published cases
Authors: Khatun Farjana , Das Anirban , Sengupta Moumita , Chatterjee Uttara , Sarkar Ruchirendu
Published: August 2022

Juvenile granulosa cell tumours (JGCT) are uncommon tumours of the ovary and can present diagnostic difficulty both on histology and cytology because of its rarity. Here we present the fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings of a 4 year‐old girl who came with a large abdominal mass and bleeding per vaginum. FNAC from the mass showed features suggestive of granulosa cell tumour (GCT) and which was later confirmed on histology to be of juvenile type. Only two cases of cytological findings of JGCT have been described earlier, both of which were recurrent cases and at metastatic sites. The main cytological feature in our case was presence of thick colloid like fluid containing apparent bubbles along with small clusters of uniform cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and fine vacuolation. The presence of these secretions corresponding to the macrofollicles on histology has not been reported earlier
Setting up a three‐stage pre‐endoscopy triage during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A multicenter observational study
Authors: Liu Tao‐Chieh , Peng Chen‐Ling , Hsu Fang‐Yu , Chang Li‐Chun , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Chang Wei‐Kuo
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Between May and July 2021, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic led to a sharp surge in community transmission in Taiwan. We present a three‐stage restructuring process of pre‐endoscopy triage at the beginning of the pandemic, which can support urgent endoscopic procedures while protecting endoscopy staff.

Methods

The pre‐endoscopy triage framework was set up with three checkpoints at the hospital entrance, outpatient department, and endoscopy unit, with a specific target patient population and screening methods. Relevant data included the number of endoscopic procedures performed, outpatient department visits, and performing screening methods such as temperature measurement, travel, occupation, contact, and clustering history checking, polymerase chain reaction assay, and rapid antigen test.

Results

Forehead temperature measurement and verification of travel, occupation, contact, and clustering history provided rapid, easy, and early mass screening of symptomatic patients at the hospital entrance. During the pandemic, outpatient department visits and endoscopic procedures decreased by 37% and 64%, respectively. The pre‐endoscopy screening methods used displayed regional variations in COVID‐19 prevalence. Among 16 endoscopy units with a community prevalence of ≥ 31.04 cases per 100,000 residents, 12 (75%) used polymerase chain reaction assay and four (25%) used rapid antigen test to identify asymptomatic patients before endoscopy. Of 6540 pre‐endoscopy screening patients, 15 (0.23%) tested positive by laboratory testing. No endoscopy‐related nosocomial COVID‐19 infections were reported during the pandemic.

Conclusions

We present a three‐stage pre‐endoscopy triage based on the local laboratory capacity, medical resources, and community prevalence. These measures could be useful during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Sediment phosphorus composition controls hot spots and hot moments of internal loading in a temperate reservoir
Authors: Albright Ellen A. , Wilkinson Grace M.
Published: August 2022

Phosphorus (P) flux across the sediment–water interface in lakes and reservoirs responds to external perturbations within the context of sediment characteristics. Lentic ecosystems experience profound spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the mechanisms that control sediment P fluxes, likely producing hot spots and hot moments of internal loading. However, spatiotemporal variation in P fluxes remains poorly quantified, particularly in the context of sediment chemistry as a controlling variable. We measured P flux rates and mobile sediment P forms along the longitudinal gradient of a temperate reservoir every 2 months from February to October 2020. Both aerobic and anaerobic processes mobilized sediment P throughout the year. High flux rates at littoral sampling sites (8.4 and 9.7 mg P m−2 day−1) occurred in late summer under oxic conditions in the overlying water and mobilized labile organic P. High fluxes at the profundal site coincided with hypolimnetic anoxia under ice cover and in mid‐summer (11.2 and 17.2 mg P m−2 day−1, respectively) and released redox‐sensitive P. Several high fluxes substantially skewed the flux rate distribution, providing evidence of hot spots and hot moments of internal loading. We further scaled the measured sediment P flux rates to representative areas of the lakebed to estimate internal P loads at an ecosystem scale. We found that P release from littoral sites under oxic conditions in the overlying water had an outsized impact on total loads. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering spatial and seasonal variation in sediment P pools and fluxes in order to more accurately estimate internal loads and identify the dominant biogeochemical mechanisms involved.
Ulexite modulates the neurotoxicological outcomes of acetylferrocene‐exposed rainbow trout
Authors: Ucar Arzu , Ozgeris Fatma Betul , Parlak Veysel , Yeltekin Aslı Cilingir , Turkez Hasan , Alak Gonca , Atamanalp Muhammed
Published: August 2022

In this study, the neuroprotective action potential by ulexite (UX) (18.75 mg/L) against acetylferrocene (AFC) (3.82 mg/L) induced neurotoxicity was aimed to investigate in brain tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, the effects on neurotoxicity markers, proinflammatory cytokines, antioxidant immune system, DNA, and apoptosis mechanisms were assessed on brain tissues in the 48–96  h of the 96‐ trial period. In this research, it was determined that brain‐derived nerve cell growth factor (BDNF) level and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were inhibited in the brain tissue compared to the control group by AFC. In addition, inhibition in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) values (which are antioxidant system biomarkers), and inductions in malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) amounts (which are indicators of lipid peroxidation) were determined (p < 0.05) after exposure to AFC. And, while tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and IL‐6 levels were increased in the AFC‐exposed group, Nrf‐2 levels were found to be remarkably decreased. Upregulation was also detected in 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) and caspase‐3 levels, which are related to DNA damage and apoptosis mechanism. On the contrary, UX (single/with AFC) suppressed the AChE and BDNF inhibition by AFC. Moreover, UX mitigated AFC‐induced oxidative, inflammatory, and DNA damage and attenuated AFC‐mediated neurotoxicity via activating Nrf2 signaling in fish. Collectively, our findings revealed that UX supplementation might exert beneficial effects and may be considered as a natural and promising neuroprotective agent against AFC‐induced toxicity.
Modelling the impact of improved photosynthetic properties on crop performance in Europe
Authors: Harbinson Jeremy , Yin Xinyou
Published: August 2022

Using the GECROS model, we simulated the effect of improvements in photosynthesis a range of growth parameters, including yield, and on the εc (the conversion efficiency of absorbed solar energy to the chemical energy of biomass) and εi (the efficiency of solar energy interception or absorption by the canopy) parameters of the Monteith crop growth equation, for wheat and potato (which use C3 photosynthesis) and maize (which uses C4 photosynthesis). In the case of the C3 crops, the improvements in photosynthesis were via 20% increases in the parameters Vcmax (carboxylation capacity of Rubisco), Jmax (electron transport capacity), Sc/o (Rubisco specificity), κ2LL (efficiency of converting incident light into electron transport) and gm (mesophyll conductance), while for the C4 crop, it was via 20% increase in Vcmax, Jmax and Sc/o and a 20% decrease in gbs (the conductance that controls the leak of CO2 from the bundle sheath cells in C4 leaves). The changes were applied individually and in combination. The responses were modelled using climate data collected over a 10‐year period from 66 sites around Europe. Improvements in photosynthesis did result in increases in yield but with considerable variation between the parameters that were adjusted. The greatest increases were obtained for increases in Jmax and κ2LL (up to an average 11% increase for total plant biomass), and these increases were found across all Europe. Increases in both these parameters have a predominant effect on the light‐use efficiency for subsaturating irradiances. Improvements in the other parameters produced smaller increases.
Reducing memory requirements of unsteady adjoint by synergistically using check‐pointing and compression
Authors: Margetis Andreas‐Stefanos I. , Papoutsis‐Kiachagias Evangelos M. , Giannakoglou Kyriakos C.
Published: August 2022

The unsteady adjoint method used in gradient‐based optimization in 2D and, particularly, 3D industrial problems modeled by unsteady PDEs may have significant storage requirements and/or computational cost. The reason for this is that the backward in time integration of the adjoint equations requires the previously computed instantaneous flow fields to be available at each time‐step. This article proposes remedies to this problem, by extending/upgrading relevant techniques proposed by the group of authors as well as other researchers. Their applicability is wide, even if these remedies are herein demonstrated in shape optimization problems in unsteady fluid mechanics. Check‐pointing is in widespread use as it reduces the memory footprint and CPU cost of the optimization with a controllable computational overhead. Alternatively, flow field time‐series can be stored in a lossless or lossly compressed form. The novelty of this article is the development of a Compressed Coarse‐grained Check‐Pointing strategy for second‐order accurate schemes in time, by optimally combining check‐pointing and lossy compression. The latter includes (a) the incremental Proper Generalized Decomposition (iPGD) algorithm and (b) a hybridization of the iPGD with the ZFP and Zlib algorithms. This is implemented within OpenFOAM, which is used to solve the flow and adjoint equations and conduct the optimization, and assessed in 2D/3D aerodynamic shape optimization problems on unstructured grids. Effectiveness in data reduction, computational cost, and reconstruction accuracy are compared, vis‐à‐vis also to the “standard” binomial check‐pointing technique after adjusting it to second‐order accurate schemes in time.
Geochronology and petrogenesis of the Early Palaeozoic Fuxi magnesian granodiorite in southern Zhuguangshan, South China Block and its geodynamic significance
Authors: Yu Yushuai , Zhou Yun , Dai Pingyun , Liu A'sui , Yang Qidi , Bao Bo , Xie Xiaozhan , Wang Chunshuang
Published: August 2022

This study provides relevant data on the granodiorite in southern Zhuguangshan, South China Block (SCB), including mineralogical information, zircon U–Pb ages, zircon Hf isotope data, whole‐rock geochemical data, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data. These data indicate that the granodiorite in southern Zhuguangshan crystallized at approximately 448.7 Ma. The hornblende and micas of the granodiorites are magnesio‐hornblende and Mg‐rich biotite, respectively. The granodiorite samples are characterized by relatively high SiO2 contents of 61.72–66.19 wt.%, K2O contents of 3.77–5.18 wt.%, Na2O contents of 2.42–3.16 wt.%, low FeOT contents of 3.93–5.79 wt.%, and relatively high MgO contents of 1.78–2.55 wt.%, with Mg# values (molar Mg/[Mg + Fe] × 100) of 43–50. The contents of rare earth elements (REEs) in the granodiorite specimens are 166–283 ppm, and the REEs show both a chondrite‐normalized REE pattern that inclines rightward and slightly negative Eu anomalies (0.62–0.90). The Fuxi granodiorite is rich in large‐ion lithophile elements (LILEs; Rb, Th, U, and K) but is depleted in high‐field‐strength elements (HFSEs; Nb, Ta, and Ti). All the samples have similar Sr–Nd–Pb and zircon Hf isotopic compositions and have a (87Sr/86Sr)i ratio of 0.707319–0.710888, a (143Nd/144Nd)i ratio of 0.511705–0.511760, a (206Pb/204Pb)t ratio of 17.918–18.459, a (207Pb/204Pb)t ratio of 15.711–15.813, and a (208Pb/204Pb)t ratio of 37.953–38.563. The εNd(t) and εHf(t) values range from −7.12 to −5.88 and from −9.81 to −4.45, respectively, with corresponding two‐stage Nd model ages of 1.66–1.76 Ga and two‐stage Hf model ages of 1.55–1.78 Ga. These findings indicate that the granodiorite is magnesian andesite and that the magmas are derived from a mixture of crustal and mantle materials. Based on these findings in combination with previous research results, it can be concluded that the mantle beneath the Cathaysia Block was moderately depleted during the Early Palaeozoic and that Early Palaeozoic magmatism may be related to Early Palaeozoic oceanic crust subduction.
Prospective predictors of care partner burden and depression in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Whiteley Nicole , Pluim Celina F. , Split Molly , Cabrera Tuazon Angelie , Moore Raeanne C. , Irene Litvan  , Lessig Stephanie , Filoteo J. Vincent , Schiehser Dawn M.
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Care partners who provide informal care to individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) report higher levels of burden and depression; however, longitudinal research on these symptoms is scarce. The current study assessed changes in care partner burden and depression, and patient and care partner predictors of these symptoms over time. Such knowledge may provide important information for assessment and treatment of depression and burden in care partners of individuals with PD.

Research Design and Methods

Participants were 88 PD patients without dementia and their self‐identified care partner (n = 88). Care partners completed the Geriatric Depression Scale and Zarit Burden Interview. PD participants completed mood questionnaires and a motor exam at baseline and 2 year follow‐up. Relationships among care partner burden and depression over time with patient and care partner predictors (i.e., demographic, mood, and disease characteristics) were assessed using correlations and regression analyses.

Results

Care partner burden and depression significantly increased over an approximate 2 year period. Greater baseline disease severity predicted worsening of care partner burden (p = 0.028), while baseline patient depression predicted worsening of care partner depression (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Results highlight differential impacts of specific PD symptoms on worsening care partner burden compared to depression; increased PD disease severity predicts increased burden, while patient mood predicts worsening of depression over time. Targeting PD disease severity and mood symptoms may prevent the progression of care partner burden and depression.
Numerical simulation of overbank hyporheic transport and biogeochemical reactions in a compound channel
Authors: Xiao Yang , Liu Jiaming , Wang Nairu , Gualtieri Carlo , Zhang Taotao , Liu Jieqing , Fu Jun , Zhou Jian
Published: August 2022

Transverse hyporheic transport and biogeochemical reactions in a compound channel remain poorly understood. As floodplains are submerged, solutes in the surface water enter the hyporheic zone of the compound channel and react with the solutes upwelling below the floodplain. Aerobic respiration (AR) and denitrification (DN) processes in the hyporheic zone of the compound channel still need to be clarified. In this paper, a 3D hydrodynamic model coupled to a 2D groundwater flow and biogeochemical model was applied to investigate such processes. The model results were verified using laboratory experimental measurements. The effects of bank slope angle, ambient groundwater flow, and ambient groundwater solute concentration on aerobic and anaerobic biogeochemical processes were studied. The denitrification zone was found below the interface between the main channel and the floodplain. The lower bank slope angle favours nitrogen removal. Small losing groundwater discharges promote aerobic respiration and denitrification reactions. As the ambient groundwater oxygen concentration rises, O2 consumption increases while N removal decreases. As the NO3 concentration in ambient groundwater increases, NO3 consumption increases and proportionally NO3 consumption decreases. These findings not only provide a better understanding of biogeochemical reactions in a compound channel but can also be applied to river restoration to efficiently remove nitrate by modifying bank slope angles.
Role of cervical sliding sign in predicting preterm delivery in pregnancies complicated with preterm premature rupture of membranes
Authors: Uyan Hendem Derya , Oluklu Deniz , Menekse Beser Dilek , Besimoglu Berchan , Goncu Ayhan Sule , Sahin Dilek
Published: August 2022

Objective

To investigate the effect of cervical sliding sign (CSS) to predict preterm delivery in patients with premature rupture of membranes.

Methods

This prospective cohort study included 88 pregnant women between 240/7 and 366/7 weeks of gestation who were complicated with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) between June 2020 and January 2022. We measured the cervical length (CL) and applied pressure to the anterior fornix of the cervix with the transvaginal probe to investigate the CSS, which is defined as the sliding of the anterior lip of the cervix on the posterior lip.

Results

The time between PPROM and delivery was significantly shorter in the CSS+ group (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed for CSS with regard to predicting delivery within 7 days following PPROM (area under the curve, 0.749 [95% confidence interval, 0.642–0.857], P < 0.001). On logistic regression analysis, CL <25 mm increased the predictive accuracy of delivery within 7 days following PPROM 1.91‐fold, and CSS increased the predictive accuracy of delivery within 7 days following PPROM 10.71‐fold.

Conclusion

CSS is an effective sonographic marker in predicting preterm delivery and provides better information of oncoming preterm delivery in patients with PPROM than CL measurement.
Is there still an indication for episiotomy? Results from a French national database analysis
Authors: Levaillant Mathieu , Loury Charlotte , Venara Aurélien , Hamel‐Broza Jean‐François , Legendre Guillaume
Published: August 2022

Objective

To assess the link between mediolateral episiotomy and the occurrence of obstetrical anal sphincter injury (OASIS).

Methods

Data were collected from the national database (PMSI; Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information). Women between 18 and 50 years old, undergoing a vaginal delivery in France in 2018 were included. The main outcome was factors associated with a higher adjusted OASIS rate after a vaginal delivery.

Results

Of 623 003 women with a vaginal delivery, 239 949 were primiparous (38.5%), 62 310 experienced mediolateral episiotomy (10.0%) and 7077 had a third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (1.14%). Risk factors for OASIS were primiparity (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.97), shoulder dystocia (aOR 2.57), instrumental delivery (aOR 2.81), gestational diabetes (aOR 1.20), and post‐term delivery (aOR 1.53). Mediolateral episiotomy increased the occurrence of OASIS for women without an instrumental delivery, either for parous (OR 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–1.62) or primiparous (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13–1.39) women. In contrast, episiotomy among primiparous women with episiotomy and a vacuum or forceps delivery significantly decreased the risk for OASIS (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.56–0.67).

Conclusions

The practice of routine episiotomy should be discouraged. Selective mediolateral episiotomy should be considered with extreme caution and mainly for primiparous women during instrumental vaginal delivery. Further randomized trial may confirm such results.
A case of robot‐assisted adrenalectomy performed for an adrenal tumor (anastomosing hemangioma) exceeding 7 cm
Authors: Nishikimi Toshinori , Mizuno Hideki , Kashima Ayano , Morikami Hiroko , Ishiguro Shigeki , Ohashi Tomoyoshi , Yamada Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Anastomosing hemangioma in the adrenal area is extremely rare. We report a large anastomosing hemangioma in the adrenal area that underwent robot‐assisted adrenalectomy.

Case presentation

A 49‐year‐old man with left back pain underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that revealed a tumor in the left adrenal area; it was diagnosed as nonfunctional endocrinologically. However, the major axis of the tumor increased from 64 to 72 mm during the 4‐month period. Robot‐assisted left adrenalectomy was performed. Although the large tumor adhered to the surrounding tissues, it was safely resected by the effective use of an extra robotic arm. An anastomosing hemangioma was diagnosed since there were no malignant findings.

Conclusion

Robotic surgical systems may serve as an effective treatment option for large adrenal tumors, and our report is the first robot‐assisted adrenalectomy performed on an anastomosing hemangioma.
1‐Bromo‐4‐ethynylbenzene on Cu(100): Adsorption, bonding structures, and reaction mechanisms
Authors: Chiang Yu‐Hsien , Liu Ying‐Fan , You Zheng‐Jie , Liu Ying‐Xuan , Tseng Kuan‐Wen , Lin Ming‐Wei , Lin Jong‐Liang , Wang Chia‐Hsin , Yang Yaw‐Wen
Published: August 2022

Temperature‐programmed reaction/desorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, reflection‐absorption infrared spectroscopy, near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure and density functional theory calculations have been employed to investigate the adsorption, bonding structures, and reaction pathways of 1‐bromo‐4‐ethynylbenzene (BrC6H4C ≡ CH, 1Br4EB) on Cu(100). This molecule is chemically adsorbed, via the ethynyl group attaching to the surface, forming two C‐Cu bonds and a ~ 60° tilting aromatic plane with respect to the surface. At 370 K, dissociation of both the C‐Br and CC‐H bonds of 1‐bromo‐4‐ethynylbenzene generates adsorbed intermediates of C6H5C2, C6H4C2H2, and C6H4C2. The C‐Br breakage temperature is much higher than those (~ 240 K) observed in the cases of bromobenzene/Pt(111) and dibromopyridine/Cu(100), owing to the adsorption geometry of 1‐bromo‐4‐ethylnylbenzene, with the C‐Br pointing away from the surface. In the case of higher coverages, molecular desorption occurs near 370 K. The adsorption structures of the aromatic intermediates of C6H4CHCH, C6H4CCH2, C6H4CH2C, C6H4C2, and C6H5C2 are calculated and compared. They are stable up to ~520 K and decompose to form H2 at higher temperatures (~520–870 K). No hydrocarbon products, such as C2H2, C2H4, C6H6, C6H5CCH, or C6H5CHCH2, are measured.
Left‐sided acute appendicitis with congenital gastrointestinal malrotation
Authors: Hoang Van Trung , Van Hoang Anh Thi , Hoang The Huan , Vo Tien Hoai , Chansomphou Vichit
Published: August 2022

We describe a 28‐year‐old man with acute appendicitis associated with gastrointestinal malrotation. The diagnosis was confirmed by a computed tomography scan, and he was treated by laparoscopic appendectomy without a Ladd procedure.
Hamilton‐connected {claw, bull}‐free graphs
Authors: Ryjáček Zdeněk , Vrána Petr
Published: August 2022

The generalized bull is the graph obtained by attaching endvertices of two disjoint paths of lengths to two vertices of a triangle. We prove that every 3‐connected ‐free graph, where , is Hamilton‐connected. The results are sharp and complete the characterization of forbidden induced bulls implying Hamilton‐connectedness of a 3‐connected {claw, bull}‐free graph.
Precipitation extremes over the tropical Americas under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios: Results from dynamical downscaling simulations
Authors: Costa Alexandre Araújo , Guimarães Sullyandro Oliveira , Sales Domingo Cassain , das Chagas Vasconcelos Junior Francisco , Marinho Marcos Wender Santiago , Pereira José Marcelo Rodrigues , Martins Eduardo Sávio Passos Rodrigues , da Silva Emerson Mariano
Published: August 2022

The Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS) driven by data from the CMIP5 Earth System Model HadGEM2‐ES was used to simulate daily precipitation over the tropical Americas for both current and future climate, including distinct scenarios (representative concentration pathways 4.5 and 8.5) and different time horizons (short‐term, mid‐term and long‐term changes). The major objective was to evaluate possible future changes in extreme events, with emphasis on the intensity of precipitation events and the duration of wet and dry spells. According to RAMS, longer dry spells are expected over most regions of the tropical Americas in the future, with indications for Northeast Brazil, Caribbean, Northern Amazon, and shorter wet spells over Central America and Amazon. With the exception of the Caribbean, there is a general tendency towards the increased frequency of intense precipitation in the tropical Americas.
Mesoporous silica gel doped with dysprosium and modified with copper: A selective catalyst for the hydrogenation of 1‐hexyne/1‐hexene mixture
Authors: Tokranova Elena O. , Tokranov Alexander A. , Yu Vinogradov Kirill , Shafigulin Roman V. , Bulanova Andzhela V.
Published: August 2022

The selective hydrogenation of 1‐hexyne/1‐hexene mixture in the temperature range 100–140°C and a hydrogen pressure of 3 atm was studied on catalysts based on mesoporous silica gel modified with copper and mesoporous silica gel doped with dysprosium and modified with copper. The physicochemical characteristics of the samples were studied by low temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). In addition, theoretical calculations of the entropies and energies of formation of activated complexes of the hydrogenation reactions of 1‐hexyne and 1‐hexene in the gas phase have been calculated with Gaussian 09 software using the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/cc‐pVQZ method. It was found that the presence of dysprosium in the structure of mesoporous silica gel leads to an increase in catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of 1‐hexyne. Moreover, it was shown that mesoporous silica gel modified with copper has the highest selectivity for hexene‐1 in the hydrogenation reaction of 1‐hexyne/1‐hexene mixture at 130°C.
Wavelength‐Scale Spin Hall Shift of Light with Morphology‐Enhanced Scattering Efficiency from Nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Yuchen , Xu Ping , Gao Lei , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Gao Dongliang
Published: August 2022

Spin Hall (SH) shift of light from nanoparticles refers to the transverse displacement of scattered light due to spin–orbit interaction (SOI). Generally, the SH shift is small and suffers from inherent low scattering efficiency. In this paper, the SH shift and its corresponding scattering intensity are simultaneously enhanced for dual nanoparticles. Based on the generalized Lorentz‐Mie theory, the morphology of the nanoparticle is optimized to increase the scattering intensity while preserving the wavelength‐scale SH shift. The simultaneous enhancements are realized by manipulating the electric and magnetic dipolar modes to overlap at their resonances rather than the tails of the scattering. Meanwhile, a new pattern is identified on orbital momentum streamlines, revealing the near field's SOI. In addition, an experiment is proposed to detect the SH shifts in the far‐field observation plane. The scattering intensities from oblate spheroids are enhanced by one order of magnitude compared to the spherical counterparts. The findings may shed new light on the mechanism of light–matter interaction and facilitate the experimental detection of the SH effect of light.
Antimicrobial Polyurethane Films Based on Quaternary Ammonium Salts Functionalized Soybean Oil
Authors: Naguib Mohamed , Yassin Mohamed A. , Rehim Mona Abdel
Published: August 2022

In the context of diligent effort to develop active coating materials that have the potential to minimize the spread of bacterial infection, antibacterial polyurethane films based on soybean polyols are successfully prepared and characterized. Particularly, the epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) is modified with N,N‐dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) or N,N‐diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) to give two bio‐derived tertiary amine functionalized polyols (AmSBO and AlSBO, respectively). Subsequently, the synthesized bio‐derived tertiary amine functionalized polyols (AmSBO and AlSBO) are quaternized with methyl iodide for antibacterial effectiveness. The FTIR and 1H NMR results of functional polyols display significant transesterification and aminolysis (amide formation) in addition to the ring‐opening reaction of the oxirane ring. The polyurethane films are prepared by reacting these functional polyols with isocyanate prepolymer based on methylene‐bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI). The realized polyurethanes are successfully applied as functional coatings on polypropylene films. In addition, free‐standing polyurethane films are obtained and their thermal, optical, and barrier properties are studied. Moreover, the polyurethane films displayed significant antibacterial activities against different pathogens.
End Group Functionality of 95–99%: Epoxide Functionalization of Polystyryl‐Lithium Evaluated via Solvent Gradient Interaction Chromatography
Authors: Dreier Philip , Ahn Junyoung , Chang Taihyun , Frey Holger
Published: August 2022

End group functionality is a key parameter of functional polymer chains. The end‐capping efficiency of living polystyryl lithium with various epoxides, namely ethylene oxide (EO), ethoxy ethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) and isopropylidene glyceryl glycidyl ether (IGG), is investigated with solvent gradient interaction chromatography (SGIC). Generally, end‐capping efficiencies >95% are observed. Hydroxy functional polystyrene (PS–OH, PS–EEGE–OH, and PS–IGG–OH) with molar masses ranging from 13.8 to 15.0 kg mol−1 are obtained, with dispersities of 1.05–1.06. Deprotection of the acetal (PS–EEGE–OH) and ketal protective group (PS–IGG–OH) is investigated. Nearly quantitative deprotection (>99%) resulting in the corresponding multihydroxy functional PS (PS–(OH)2 and PS–(OH)3) are observed via SGIC. Esterification of PS–OH with succinic anhydride shows a conversion of 98% to the corresponding ester. A detailed picture of side reactions during the carbanionic polymer synthesis subsequent epoxide termination is obtained, demonstrating 95–99% terminal functionality. Depending on the polarity of the end group, an elution order of PS–OH < PS–(OH)2 < PS–(OH)3 < PS–COOH is obtained in SGIC. The study demonstrates both the analytical power of SGIC and the exceptionally high terminal functionalization efficiency of anionic polymerization methods.
Corporate tax avoidance and corporate financialization: The moderating effect of managerial myopia
Authors: Zhu Guan Ping , Gui He Fa , Peng Tao , Jiang Chong Hui
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether managers with tax avoidance motivation also engage in corporate financialization. Using a large sample of Chinese A‐share non‐financial listed firms from 2009 to 2020, the empirical results show that there is a positive association between corporate tax avoidance and corporate financialization. Moreover, the positive effect of tax avoidance on corporate financialization mainly manifests in firms with myopic managers. Our results are robust to alternative measures of both tax avoidance and managerial myopia. Two‐stage least squares (2SLS) regression and propensity score matching (PSM) confirm our results and mitigate any potential endogeneity issues. Overall, we show that the agency costs between shareholders and managers indeed play a critical role between tax avoidance and corporate financialization.
Data assimilation for surface wave method by ensemble Kalman filter with random field modeling
Authors: Ren Yuxiang , Nishimura Shinichi , Shibata Toshifumi , Shuku Takayuki
Published: August 2022

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) was used to estimate the spatial distribution of the Young's modulus of a model of an earth‐fill dam by assimilating the travel time to the first arrival of the surface waves. By the ensemble data assimilation, the measured data from a geophysical exploration was applied to simultaneously estimate the geotechnical properties and evaluate the uncertainties. Swedish weight sounding (SWS) test results were employed as the prior information to generate the initial ensemble through the sequential Gaussian simulation (sGs). In the experiments of assimilation, it was shown that the reproducibility of the parameter field is enhanced by this initial ensemble generation method, and that the uncertainties of the identified parameters can be reduced by the assimilation.
Molecular dynamics simulation study of the joining strength of different polymer‐aluminum heterointerfaces in nano‐injection molding
Authors: Li Shunyang , Zhu Yanchun , Liang Jianguo , Li Jin , Zhao Chunjiang , Jia Fuliang , Ma Shaohua
Published: August 2022

Nano‐injection molding has been widely used in polymer‐metal integrated structures. This study aimed to investigate the joining strength and bonding mechanism between polymer‐metal interfaces, as well as the interfacial interactions and joining properties with molecular dynamics methods. Besides, six polymer‐aluminum interface systems in 5.4 × 5.4 × 12.5 nm cuboids composed of aluminum, polymer, and vacuum layers (from bottom to top) were constructed. The joining strength and flow behavior were explored by calculating the interfacial energy, filling rate, gyration radius, and pullout force. The effects of nano‐cavity shape and non‐bonding interaction strength on the separation process were analyzed. The simulation results demonstrated that during the filling process, the polymer molecular chains slipped and flowed along the inner wall of the nano‐cavity, and the filling behavior depended largely on the fluidity and filling rate of the polymer. During the separation process, the polymer chains close to the aluminum matrix were stretched, the polymer chains far from the interface were relatively stable, and residual polymer molecular chains were observed near the interface. The interface joining primarily contributed to the interaction energy. Additionally, the formed mechanical interlocking effect further enhanced the joining strength when the nano‐cavity was in a “T” shape, providing a reference value for the nano‐injection time and dwell time.
Effects of drought and heat stresses during reproductive stage on pollen germination, yield, and leaf reflectance properties in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Bheemanahalli Raju , Ramamoorthy Purushothaman , Poudel Sadikshya , Samiappan Sathishkumar , Wijewardane Nuwan , Reddy K. Raja
Published: August 2022

Drought and heat stresses are the major abiotic stress factors detrimental to maize (Zea mays L.) production. Much attention has been directed toward plant responses to heat or drought stress. However, maize reproductive stage responses to combined heat and drought remain less explored. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the impact of optimum daytime (30°C, control) and warmer daytime temperatures (35°C, heat stress) on pollen germination, morpho‐physiology, and yield potential using two maize genotypes (“Mo17” and “B73”) under contrasting soil moisture content, that is, 100% and 40% irrigation during flowering. Pollen germination of both genotypes decreased under combined stresses (42%), followed by heat stress (30%) and drought stress (19%). Stomatal conductance and transpiration were comparable between control and heat stress but significantly decreased under combined stresses (83% and 72%) and drought stress (52% and 47%) compared with the control. Genotype “Mo17” reduced its green leaf area to minimize the water loss, which appears to be one of the adaptive strategies of “Mo17” under stress conditions. The leaf reflectance of both genotypes varied across treatments. Vegetation indices associated with pigments (chlorophyll index of green, chlorophyll index of red edge, and carotenoid index) and plant health (normalized difference red‐edge index) were found to be highly sensitive to drought and combined stressors than heat stress. Combined drought and heat stresses caused a significant reduction in yield and yield components in both Mo17 (49%) and B73 (86%) genotypes. The harvest index of genotype “B73” was extremely low, indicating poor partitioning efficiency. At least when it comes to “B73,” the cause of yield reduction appears to be the result of reduced sink number rather than the pollen and source size. To the best of our awareness, this is the first study that showed how the leaf‐level spectra, yield, and quality parameters respond to the short duration of independent and combined stresses during flowering in inbred maize. Further studies are required to validate the responses of potential traits involving diverse maize genotypes under field conditions. This study suggests the need to develop maize with improved tolerance to combined stresses to sustain production under increasing temperatures and low rainfall conditions.
Registration of ‘Lustre’ durum wheat
Authors: Hogg Andrew C. , Carr Patrick , Eberly Jed , Chen Chengci , Kowatch‐Carlson Calla , Crutcher Frankie , Lamb Peggy , McNamara Kyla , Haney Eleri , Kephart Ken , Smith Valerie , Dykes Linda , Chen Xianming , Huang Li , Giroux Mike
Published: August 2022

‘Lustre’ (Reg. no. CV‐1193, PI 695072) is a spring durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.)] developed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and released in 2020. Lustre was bred using the single seed descent method and was selected for its yield performance under dryland conditions across Montana, low grain Cd accumulation, good pasta firmness, high grain protein, high yellow semolina color, and low semolina ash. Lustre performs well in both the north central and northeast regions of Montana, where most Montana durum is produced and intended for pasta production. Lustre has similar stripe rust tolerance and susceptibility as top‐grown durum cultivars in the state with susceptibility at the seedling stage and high‐temperature adult‐plant resistance. Lustre is moderately susceptible to Fusarium head blight like other durum cultivars. Lustre is resistant to the predominant races of stem and leaf rust and is moderately tolerant to fungal leaf spot complex. Lustre is approximately 89 cm tall, with a yellow green color and a heading date 1 d later than the cultivar ‘Mountrail’. Lustre has an erect flag leaf and an erect tapering head having white glumes and awns.
The effects of walking training with poles on walking ability: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ono Koji , Nishimoto Junji , Imura Takeshi , Mitsutake Tsubasa , Inoue Yu , Tanaka Shigeharu , Tanaka Ryo
Published: August 2022

Objective

The purpose of this study was to consolidate the level of evidence for the effects of walking training with poles (pole walking; PW) on walking ability using a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Type

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Literature Survey

Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi were searched on June 20, 2021.

Methodology

Data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of PW with walking without poles and/or other exercise interventions in disease‐specific and aging populations were collected. Data on walking speed, functional mobility, and walking endurance were collected for the meta‐analyses. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated from postintervention means and standard deviations. The PEDro scale was used for assessing the risk of bias, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system was used to determine the quality of evidence.

Synthesis

This study included 13 RCTs comprising 750 participants; of these, six RCTs were included in the meta‐analysis. The results showed that moderate‐quality evidence supports the positive effects of PW on walking speed in patients with Parkinson disease (walking speed: SMD = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.04–0.80). In contrast, PW did not significantly improve functional mobility in patients with Parkinson disease and walking speed in older adults.

Conclusions

There was moderate‐quality evidence that PW improved walking speed in patients with Parkinson disease.
Perinatal mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Wilson Claire A
Published: August 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic has numerous implications for the mental health of the world's population; the perinatal population are particularly at risk of mental ill health during this time. This review presents current evidence surrounding the impact of the pandemic on perinatal mental health and lessons for clinical practice both during and beyond the current pandemic.
COVID‐19 and psychopathology of patients with intellectual disability
Authors: Javaid Amir , Javed Eimen , Michael Dasari
Published: August 2022

People with intellectual disability (ID) are much more vulnerable to psychiatric illnesses than the general population and as such the pandemic has most likely affected their mental health. The mental health of patients with ID has been affected due to factors such as reduction in staffing levels due to illness, day services and respite care being closed, restrictions to visits and to going out to public places. This case series explores the mental health implications that contracting COVID‐19 had on five patients with ID attending an intellectual disability psychiatry service and reflects upon key messages for clinical practice.
Impact of a pharmacist in extended role on an acute mental health ward
Authors: Shepherd Neil , Beveridge Ed , Parker Caroline
Published: August 2022

Specialist mental health pharmacist roles are recognised in providing medicines optimisation for people with mental health disorders. Here, the authors describe an initiative that examined whether a pharmacist could fulfil the role of an ‘extended role practitioner’ on an acute psychiatric ward, so releasing consultant psychiatrist clinical time. The study considers how extended roles such as advanced clinical practitioner can be utilised and service provision redesigned around new patient‐facing roles.
Prescribing for emotionally unstable personality disorder: clinicians’ views
Authors: Javed Qaiser , Javed Sarwat , Memon Beenish , Okopi Oluwakemi
Published: August 2022

Emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) has become a public health challenge due to its prevalence, cost to health care services and comorbidities. Prescribers are faced with a clinical conundrum when offering medication to patients with EUPD due to the risk of deliberate overdose. Here, the authors analyse clinicians’ views and experiences pertaining to prescribing medications for EUPD within the context of the NICE guidelines, with resulting messages to enable positive change in future clinical guidelines and policies.
Stability, atomic charges, bond‐order analysis, and the directionality of lone‐electron pairs on nitriles and isocyanides
Authors: Cheng Xueli , Li Feng , Zhao Yanyun , Cheng Xiaoyu , Nie Kun , Han Yinfeng , Yang Yongjuan
Published: August 2022

The carbon atoms in :CN and the nitrogen atoms in CN: are always the global electrostatic minima in the whole molecules of nitriles and isocyanides. The global molecular electrostatic potential minima (Vmin) values and the electrostatic potential isosurfaces higher than Vmin by 10 kcal/mol were investigated and visualized based on the optimized geometrical structures at B3LYP‐D3(BJ)/def2‐QZVP level for a series of nitriles and isocyanides with the selected 21 functional groups. The relative stability between RCN: and :CNR was quantified with isomerization energies and bond dissociation enthalpies by single‐point energy (SPE) calculations at B2PLYP‐D3(BJ)/cc‐pVTZ level. The bond dissociation enthalpies of RCN: were evaluated, and the standard molar enthalpies of formation for RCN: and R· were also calculated to estimate the bond dissociation enthalpies. The theoretical results show that the directionality of the lone pairs influences electrostatic distribution. The population analyses in terms of Hirshfeld and ADCH atomic charges and bond‐order analyses via Laplacian and fuzzy bond orders were also discussed in detail.
Multiple instance convolutional neural network for gallbladder assessment from laparoscopic images
Authors: Loukas Constantinos , Gazis Athanasios , Schizas Dimitrios
Published: August 2022

Background

We present an artificial intelligence framework for vascularity classification of the gallbladder (GB) wall from intraoperative images of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).

Methods

A two‐stage Multiple Instance Convolutional Neural Network is proposed. First, a convolutional autoencoder is trained to extract feature representations from 4585 patches of GB images. The second model includes a multi‐instance encoder that fetches random patches from a GB region and outputs an equal number of embeddings that feed a multi‐input classification module, which employs pooling and self‐attention mechanisms, to perform prediction.

Results

The evaluation was performed on 234 GB images of low and high vascularity from 68 LC videos. Thorough comparison with various state‐of‐the‐art multi‐instance and single‐instance learning algorithms was performed for two experimental tasks: image‐ and video‐level classification. The proposed framework shows the best performance with accuracy 92.6%–93.2% and F1 93.5%–93.9%, close to the agreement of two expert evaluators (94%).

Conclusions

The proposed technique provides a novel approach to classify LC operations with respect to the vascular pattern of the GB wall.
A Comparative Case Study of Engineers' Literacy Practices and Implications for Transformative Disciplinary Literacy Pedagogies in Engineering Education
Authors: Wilson‐Lopez Amy , Minichiello Angela , Green Theresa , Hartman Christina , Garlick Jared
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this comparative case study, conducted with eight engineers in different firms who specialized in different disciplines of engineering, was to identify and describe the patterned ways in which they used written genres in the context of object‐oriented activity, as well as to describe their evaluative frameworks and literacy practices. The research team used descriptive coding to analyze field notes from twelve two‐hour observations per engineer; they also used categorical thematic analysis to analyze transcripts from six interviews and retrospective protocols per engineer. The analyses indicated that, to some extent, engineers read and wrote distinct written genres that varied according to their role (e.g., quality assurance manager versus test designer) and the traditions of their discipline (e.g., electrical versus mechanical). However, across sites, roles, and disciplines, they used common evaluative frameworks when they evaluated texts’ accuracy, consistency, adherence to standards, currency, executability, reproducibility, concision, and clarity. In conjunction with these evaluative frameworks, engineers also enacted common literacy practices, such as cross‐checking, peer review, using templates when composing, and verifying with the physical world. The study concludes with implications for transformative, rather than reproductive, disciplinary literacy pedagogies in which students can use expansive disciplinary literacies in engineering to address issues that are important to them. As part of these pedagogies, students can articulate why common evaluative frameworks and literacy practices are important to producing safe outcomes in engineering, while they simultaneously expand these frameworks and practices to reflect values and cultures that are important to them.