bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KINERJA PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK DUAL-FUEL KAPASITAS 5 kW BERBASIS GASIFIKASI SEKAM PADI BERUNGGUN TETAP
Authors: Pranolo Sunu Herwi
Published: October 2016

Abstract: Producer gas from rice husk gasification is the potential gaseous fuel for partially
substituting diesel fuel demand as it contains combustible gases (CO, H
2
). This
research examined the effects of air flow rate entering the diesel engine and electrical load on
diesel fuel consumption, electrical power of generator, and rice husk specific consumption in
gasifier. Gasification process took place in a downdraft air-blown gasifier with 10 cm throat
diameter. At rice husk consumption rate of 1 kg/hour and temperature of 827
C, the Specific
Gasification Rate (SGR) was 81.53 kg/(m
.hour) and the solid residue was 36% (w/w) of input
biomass. Total combustible gas content in producer gas was 21.6%. It was observed that diesel
fuel saving of 9.32% was obtained at air flow rate of 1.55 × 10
2
-3
m
/s and electrical load of 95%
from maximum generator power. Using producer gas at flow rate of 0.91 × 10
3
/s caused
generator de-rating of 8.33% at electrical load of 10%. Generating 1 kWh of electricity at air flow
rate of 2.99 × 10
-3
m
/s and electrical load of 95% required 1.85 kg of rice husk. A kilogram of
rice husk may substitute 0.26 L of diesel fuel at this air flow rate and load.
3
Keywords: rice husk; gasification; dual-fuel; specific consumption; de-rating
, and CH
4
o
-3
m
3
Study of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activities in Rock Samples of Western Ghats in Kanyakumari District
Authors: Roselin M. Sheela Udhaya , Shanthi G.
Published: October 2016

The present study was carried out to examine the gross alpha and gross beta activities in rock samples in Kanyakumari district. Twenty Four samples were collected from different locations in Western Ghats. The gross alpha and gross beta activities were measured by using zinc sulphide scintillation detector and low beta counter. In this present study the gross alpha activity was maximum at L22 (1397.85 Bq/Kg) and minimum at L7 (53.76 Bq/Kg) with an average of 582.44Bq/Kg and the gross beta activity was maximum at L2 (3815.79 Bq/Kg) minimum at L7 (833.33 Bq/kg) with an average of 2081.51Bq/Kg. 
Oral Lichen Planus – A Case Report with Current Trends Review of Literature
Authors: G Umamaheswari , R Suganya. , M Sivaramakrishnan. , S Vidyalakshmi.
Published: October 2016

Lichen planus (LP) is an autoimmune chronic mucocutaneous dermatosis that commonly affects skin, mucous membrane, hair follicles & nails. Skin lesions present as recurrent violaceous, keratotic pruritic patches whereas oral lichen planus presents with various pattern. Oral lesions of LP is approximately of 1- 2% of general population while 10-20% of patients demonstrate oral as well as cutaneous lesions. Females are most commonly affected with age group ranging from 40-70 years and showing prevalence rates varying from 0.5% to 2.6% of the world population. The malignant transformation potential of LP into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is 0.3-3%. Epithelial dysplasia is considered to be a risk factor for malignant transformation into OSCC. The objective of this paper is to report a case of oral lichen planus showing features of dysplasia in a young male patient. 
Thermoluminescence Characterisation of Ceramic Mineral China Clay
Authors: Rao K. Ankama , Ravikumar S.V.R.S.K. , Rao N.V.P. , Murthy K.V.R.
Published: October 2016

Many natural minerals are used as the raw materials required for the manufacturing ceramic ware. Most of the minerals are from Indian mines of Gujarat and Rajasthan states, some of are imported from Russian sub continent. The present paper reports the thermoluminescence characteristics of mineral China Clay collected from Morbi, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. The TL of mineral at various heat treatments was recorded and also 5Gy beta dose was given to each sample prior to TL recording. The mineral is annealed for 1 hour and quenched from 600 and 800oC. It displayed a well resolved peak around 132oC annealing and quenching from 600 and for annealing and quenching from 800oC the TL peak temperature is found around 138oC and 161oC. XRD and TGA of China Clay mineral were reported.
Nanogels for Deep Reservoir Conformance Control
Authors: Suleimanov B. A. , Veliyev E. F.
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses the nanogel application for conformance control in EOR. The gel strength evaluation has been studied by nondestructive ultrasound-based analysis of gelation based on chronometry of ultrasonic signal transmission through the specimen. It has been proposed kinetic mechanism of the nanoparticles impact on gelation. It was proved by percolation task formulated for a continuous medium on the basis of gel electrical properties changes. Two crossflow layered artificial core has been used for treatment experiments. RRF increase up to 22% and oil recovery increase up to 6% OOIP were observed while nanoparticle addition to polymer gels. It was studied the gel bank's position impact on oil recovery efficiency and in-situ fluid diversion. Experiment results has showed that gel bank placement near production line placement is more effective and leads to 19% and 28% OOIP recovery increase for gel and nanogels consequently.
Development of a Best Practice Offshore Safety Regime in Kazakhstan Sector of Caspian Sea
Authors: Tleshev Maxat , Alpysbayeva Aliya , Bissenbayeva Danagul
Published: October 2016

Offshore oil and gas exploration and production activities are the major source of hazards. Major accidents such as the sinking of Alexander L Kielland in the Norwegian sector, the explosion on Piper Alpha on the UK continental shelf and the Deepwater Horizon blowout and explosion in the Gulf of Mexico played crucial role in the evolution of the goal-setting offshore safety legislation in Europe. The evolution of the safety regulations had to evolve towards goal-setting (or risk based, or functional) regime instead of prescriptive legislation system as the result of major accidents aftermath. Many countries decided not to wait for any disasters and proactively have started establishing the goal-setting safety regime. Hence, the need and importance of developing a modern offshore safety regime in Kazakhstan was stressed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This paper suggests ways to improve offshore safety regime in Kazakhstan Sector of Caspian Sea.
Challenge and Hydrocarbon Potential of SN Structure on Kutai Basin of East Kalimantan
Authors: Ernata Wayan Mahendra , Irawan Cepi , Sinulingga Yudha Risnandar , Irawan Bambang , Kalimantan Cue
Published: October 2016

SN Structure is one of structure in the oil & gas rich Kutai Basin of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Since, well SN-1 was drilled then plugged (with oil shows) and SN-2 has just been drilled with target on the Pelarang anticline situated approximately 2.6 kms southeast of SN-1 then plugged and temporary abandoned. The primary objective of SN target was the shallow updip potential of the Late Miocene Balikpapan and Early-Middle Miocene Pulau Balang reservoirs.

In other well, SN-2 the target was 2,355 ftMD vertical well. On 12-1/4″ Open Hole section, there was gas peak and high pressure on depth 475-482 ftMD with MW slightly reach the LOT on last 13-5/8″ casing. While drilling there was a deals with well kick condition that should occurs with MW slightly reach 18 ppg (Last LOT reading). Occurs the kick, gas came out from separator then burnt out. For safety, it has to stop and set the casing 9-5/8″ to depth 738 ftMD, without DST activity. Further now, the SN structure has just shown that it has potential hydrocarbon on its subsurface which need more proven data to get the P50 and P90 for its structure.

Next 8-1/2″ open hole section, the operation must face the well with MW 17.1 ppg which with additional surface pressure, it slightly reach the MW LOT 18.2 ppg. At depth 1,170 ftMD, with MW 17.2 ppg there was kick and well control problem and for safe safety operation reasons, drilling finnaly has to stop. Then it was plugged from depth 1,170 ftMD to depth 738 ftMD and temporary abandonment, caused the MW to occurs the kick and well control has reached 17.6 ppg. On plan program, there is an open hole logging job to indicate and collect data on 8-1/2″ section. But the program cancelled just because the slurry and viscous of MW is very high and the tools can't go down deep to the target depth. SN-2 well now has suspended operation and there is no Testing operation on Well, with gas Hydrocarbon indications. For future, this well is planned for DST job on section depth 315 – 738 ft MD. Further now, the SN structure has just shown that it has potential hydrocarbon on its subsurface.

Its structure is more challenged caused there highly gas peak and some section must occurs kick and well control while drilling. This might caused by fault which acting as a seal, and has been used as a boundary for the P90 area used in the calculation of reserves for the SN-2 Prospect. Its structure must have some G&G studies for having some good parameter and indication, while drilling operation team must have a good design on well schematic and drilling program for the next well on SN structure. Which means have a good and perform of Drilling contractor and materials.
Evolution of Ball/Baffle Milling in Karachaganak Field Using Tractor Milling Technology from 2011 to Date
Authors: Viti Massimo , Pitoni Enzo , Gazdek Petar , Wtorek Stanley , Izbassov Arman , Kubeisinova Assol , Clayton David
Published: October 2016

New wells in KPO are completed as multistage frac completions utilizing up to ten stimulation sleeves activated by a ball landed in a respective seat (called a baffle) installed inside the sleeves. The objective since the beginning was to mill balls and baffles in the horizontal section improving the safety of the operation while minimizing volume of fluid injected, execution time, costs, and clean-up time. The initial approach was to use coiled tubing. Using coil to mill balls and baffles was not optimal, as the milling performances were difficult to replicate well after well. Additionally a significant amount of fluid was injected into formation together with some debris causing formation damage and making clean-up a long and costly process. An alternative option of milling utilizing robotic technologies was investigated as a viable solution for improving our performance. Therefore, the experience gained by KPO on milling with tractor in multistage frac completion is unique worldwide, and did add a lot of value to the wells delivered to production.

This paper describes the evolution and modification done to tractor milling approach, particularly: Yard tests performed before implementing the operation in the field. No field deployment application took place before yard test outcomes were completely satisfactory.Results of the tests and modifications done to the tools as a result of the tests performed in the yard.Performance during field job execution, lessons learnt during each application, and how those lessons learnt influenced design modification of the tools and milling methodology.

Thanks to a close collaboration established between KPO and Welltec, all objectives were accomplished with repeatable performance. Recently, up to nine balls and baffles corresponding to the entire horizontal section have been milled with a tangible benefit in terms of production, reducing clean-up time and emissions and improving safety.

Even though the initial target was achieved, KPO believes there is still room for improvement and optimization. This will be done in the near future following further dedicated yard tests with positive results.
Speeding Up a Reservoir Simulation – Case Study on Giant Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Tleukhabyluly Olzhas , Dallorto Margherita , Porcelli Francesco , Tarantini Vincenzo
Published: October 2016

Reservoir studies, including preparation of field development plan, are processes typically dominated by time constraints. In general, reservoir studies consist in multiple geoscience activities integrated to build a fine geological model that eventually leads to an upscaled numerical model suitable for history matching and forecast simulations. In the simulation stage, the quality and effectiveness of the activity is highly dependent on the computational efficiency of the numerical model. This is particularly true for complex, supergiant carbonate reservoirs. Often, even with today's simulators, upscaling is still needed and simplifications can be implemented to allow computationally intensive history matching and risk analysis workflows. This paper provides some real field examples where these issues were faced and successfully managed, without applying further simplifications to the geological concept of the model: principles of reservoir simulations and common sense reservoir engineering were used to adjust properties of the model and then speed-up numerical simulation. Tuning included a combination of various solutions, such as deactivating critical cells whenever possible, calibrating convergence and time stepping control, tweaking field management to prevent instability in the computation, optimization of number of cores and cells split among cores to optimize load balancing and scalability.

These solutions were used on two super-giant carbonate fields, a triple porosity (matrix, karst and fractures) undersaturated light oil reservoir and a supercritical gas and condensate reservoir. The former field was described using an upscaled model of about 700,000 active cells and a dual porosity - dual permeability formulation; the latter was described by a relatively coarse model of about 400 thousand active cells using a single porosity formulation. Large speed-up, up to five times with respect to reference simulations, was achieved without simplifying the geology and losing accuracy perceivably. Benefits were achieved for both conventional and high-resolution simulators.
Tight Sandstone Reservoir Waterflooding Efficiency Study
Authors: Mukanov A. , Kenzhetayev A. , Kamashev A. , Kozlov Y.
Published: October 2016

PetroKazakhstan Kumkol Resources JSC (PKKR JSC) has a number of assets, one of which is the RP oilfield. It has been operated without reservoir pressure maintenance. Reservoir is made of tight sandstone with permeability getting as low as 1 md. In addition, reservoir is isolated from all sides by impermeable barriers such as faults and pinchouts. There is no aquifer or gas cap detected in the reservoir. The natural recovery mechanism for this reservoir is solution gas drive. As a result of the field depletion the pressure has decreased threefold in just a few years. Hence, there is a clear need for the pressure support to stop the decline in production. Waterflooding is considered a reasonable option. However, the following questions have to be answered first: is it possible at all to inject required quantities of water in the tight sandstones with such low permeability? If it is, how much will the company benefit in incremental oil production which has to be further analyzed from economic standpoint?

To find the answers to these essential questions a joint team of reservoir engineers from PKKR JSC and Schlumberger used a workflow specifically designed for this goal, which harvests the benefits of the two common industry approaches: the speed of the fast-screening with analytical methods and the level of details provided by 3D simulation model. It is important to note that one of the success criteria of this project is to automate as many steps as possible to make the workflow easy to implement for other fields. In order to minimize the risks associated with various uncertainties, sensitivity analysis and optimization techniques were deployed.

As a result of this study, quick yet detailed analysis of the waterflooding efficiency including best water injection candidate selection was performed. The developed workflow can be successfully applied to other assets of the company and extended for the specifics of each field streamlining the decision-making process.
Using a Genetic-Based Approach to Enhance Natural Fracture Characterization in a Giant Carbonate Field
Authors: Ibrayev Farkhat , Fernandez-Ibanez Fermin , DeGraff James M.
Published: October 2016

Understanding fracture development in the context of the chemical and physical processes undergone by the reservoir from deposition through burial is a powerful tool for reservoir characterization. These processes control the distribution and density of different fracture types and their effective flow properties. Classification of fractures from a genetic standpoint has provided a robust framework to develop conceptual models on fracture distribution in this large carbonate field.

Three distinctive fracture generations are defined in this field based on direct core observations. Generations are named A, B, C based on their relative timing. Generation A corresponds to syn-depositional fractures, often filled with volcanic debris and early marine cements. Generation B corresponds to burial related fractures that develop due to vertical loading and compaction. They often appear in association with stylolites. Generation C also forms in the burial realm and they are thought to be related to overpressure in the context of the hydrocarbon charge.

Integration of core and image log observations suggests that syndepositional fractures are more abundant along the rim, with the maximum occurrence at the outer platform to slope transition. Burial fractures, on the other hand, are ubiquitous across the field. High fracture densities occur in the slope where dissolution processes also enhance the fracture network. The dynamic potential of these features is supported by the presence of severe mud losses while drilling, which is used as a proxy for excess permeability in the absence of well test or production data. Lost circulation events are evaluated using observations from core and image logs to determine their root cause.
Optimum Logging Suite Design for Characterization of Shaly Sandstones as a Part of Brown Field Exploration Campaign in West Kazakhstan
Authors: Ramatullayev Samat , Valiakhmetov Rustem , Tulenov Ilyas , Ospanov Dastan , Mendybaev Nurkhat , Charupa Mikhail , Mukhametrakhimov Shaikhan
Published: October 2016

Re-exploration of the existing oil fields is one of the main projects for many oil and gas companies operating in West Kazakhstan. As a part of one of such campaign carried out in 2015, the optimum logging suite was designed to acquire more detailed information about static and dynamic properties of the clastic shaly sand reservoir. It included standard logging suite, nuclear-magnetic tool and wireline formation tester. The studies were conducted in the exploration wells drilled in three different fields with different reservoir properties in order to obtain the most complete information about the formation and locate bypassed reservoirs.

Wireline formation tester, in addition to standard solutions such as formation pressure and mobility profiling, downhole fluid sampling, allowed to clearly identify the reservoir saturation in the zones, where it was not possible to do with standard logging suite. Fluid analyzers integrated into the formation tester toolstring helped to clearly identify fluid type, hydrocarbon composition and vital physical and chemical properties of the formation fluid. All measurements were carried out in real-time; the decisions about acquiring downhole samples were taken situationally, not prescriptively.

Study mainly focuses on thinly laminated complex clastic reservoirs with high shale content that have high uncertainty in formation water salinity estimates. As the result of this work: new oil reservoir was discovered in Middle Jurassic deposits in first field, heavy oil downhole samples were acquired in unconsolidated Lower Cretaceous sands and highly depleted gas reservoir was discovered at a depth of 400 m in the second field. In the third field, a few oil bearing intervals discovered in sub-salt low permeability Permian-Triassic formation and the most promising intervals were tested with wireline formation tester, based on this information the decision was made to drill another wells in this area to better characterize the reservoir.

The integration of wireline formation tester, standard and nuclear-magnetic logging suite data, and the results of formation fluid laboratory analysis allowed to create 3-d single well simulation model to estimate the well productivity and optimize well completion design. The results of this analysis were compared with real well test data.

The study shows a modern approach to the planning of additional exploration activities in producing fields fined-tuned to locate and evaluate bypassed hydrocarbon intervals, and confirm their productivity. Integrating the results of different logging suites with single well predictive modeling allowed to understand better the total well productivity. Moreover, it can further be used to optimize the completion of future wells.
The Application of Multi-Sensor Production Logging and Spectral Noise Logging Tools in Optimising Water Shut-off in a Carbonate Environment
Authors: Aibazarov Muratbek , Khassanova Ainagul , Hutson Peter , Dattaro Cesare , Saada Tamer , Brancolini Alberto , Matveev Sergey
Published: October 2016

Since 2003, almost all the development wells drilled in the Karachaganak field have been horizontal wells. Initially, the wells were completed open-hole, but since 2011 all new wells have been completed with multiple swelling packers and ball activated stimulation sleeves to facilitate selective stimulation.

Despite optimising the stand-off from the oil water contact and the poor reservoir quality of the aquifer, several wells have started producing formation water.

With limited water handling capacity at the surface facilities, formation water production is a threat to hydrocarbon production. Wells that produce water are either choked back or shut-in. Accurate detection of the water entry point and understanding how water migrates from the aquifer into the wellbore are therefore critical in developing effective water shut off strategy. Recent experience has shown that conventional production logging tool (PLT) technology is an ineffective at evaluating either of these aspects.

This paper describes how integrating data from Multi-Sensor Production Logging and Spectral Noise Loggig tools has been used to determine the downhole fluid flow path in a gas condensate reservoir and subsequently optimize water shut-off operations. The early results of this new approach will be presented.
An unusual complication of Bier's block
Authors: Holl Tanja , Woerlee Gerald Martin
Published: October 2016

Intravenous regional anaesthesia (IVRA), or Bier's block, is generally considered to be a safe and effective alternative to general anaesthesia for selected procedures involving the upper and lower limbs. Serious complications following Bier's block are rare. We present an unusual complication; the development of petechiae distal to the cuff as a result of sudden severe hypertension secondary to pain from the intravenous injection of local anaesthetic. It may be necessary to provide systemic sedation or analgesia in patients undergoing IVRA in order to improve patient tolerance and prevent hypertensive episodes resulting from discomfort or anxiety.
Personal Identity versus Social Identity
Authors: Ibraeva Bayan Mukushevna
Published: October 2016

The issue of identity always concerned humanity is discussed in the article. Traditionally, any human is born to live in a socety. However, history knows many attempts of standing out in the crowd. Even Descartes, a renowned mathematician, put himself between his gratitude to the civil society and his extraordinariness.
Enzyme modulation studies of Fumaronitrile on fresh water fish Oreochromis mossambicus
Authors: Kuppusamy Chinnadurai , Ganesh Arul , Sambanthan Karthikeyeni , Muthukumarasamy Eyini , Paulraj* Balaji
Published: October 2016

The present study was directed to analyse the potential enzymatic variation efficiency of fumaronitrile on fresh water fish tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). To study the acute toxicity of xenobiotic five different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100ppb) of fumaronitrile along with control group was maintained for over 96 hrs. At every 1 hr. fishes was monitor both control and treatment groups. The LC50 value was found to be as 60ppb. To study the chronic toxicity of xenobiotic three different concentrations (2ppb, 4ppb and 6ppb) of fumaronitrile along with control group was maintained for over 100 days. At 60, 80,100 days fishes was sacrificed both control and treatment groups and the organs such as liver were collected to analyse the changes in testicular enzyme activities and an increasing pattern for both antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was observed. Enzyme assay is one of the important methods to evaluate the toxicity of xenobiotic. At present, no report is available on the effect of fumaronitrile on antioxidant enzymes and testicular enzyme activities. This study focus light on the effects of fumaronitrile in antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and testicular enzymes ALP, ACP, LDH and SDH in Oreochromis mossambicus.
Treatment of textile milldye sludge by vermicomposting using Perionyx excavatus species
Authors: C.* Vasanth Pandiyan , Ravichandran S.
Published: October 2016

The accumulation of solid waste sludge from Textile dye sludge causes a great problem in its safe disposal. Perionyx excavatus were cultured under laboratory condition with 60-80%moisture in mud pot container following with the mixing ratio of TMS (Textile Mill Sludge) + SD(Sawdust) designated as X (1:1) respectively add inoculums (EM) Effective microorganisms and (CD) Cow dung were also used in the above ratio. Once in 15days upto 90days number of hatchling, worm growth rate and the weight of earthworms were determined and analysed statistically. On the basic of the efficiency of four treatments with control condition, (EM) separately, (CD) separately and (EM+SD) combined together were analysed to support the reproduction and growth of Perionyx excavatus has been done. The growth rate, weight gain, and hatchling production observed in the mixed ratio of TMS+SD (1:1) ratio with the above treatments were determined and better combination of mixed ratio with appropriated inoculums was determined. The mixed of TMS+SD+(EM+CD) gave high growth rate, weight gain and hatchling production of selected vermiculture Perionyx excavatus. Hence TMS in combination SD in (1:1ratio) can be used for vermiculture.
Traditional and alternative techniques of Chilgoza Pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall.ex D. Don) nut harvesting and processing in Afghanistan.
Authors: Khurram Safiullah , Shalizi* Mohammad Nasir
Published: October 2016

Chilgoza pine nut is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) of Afghanistan. Chilgoza pine cones reach at maturity in August and cone collection continues until the end of September. Local communities and or contractors harvest pine cones from chilgoza trees every year. Usually, chilgoza pine cones are harvested unsustainably in Afghanistan. People harvest cones from chilgoza trees without considering tree health and natural regeneration. The extraction process of pine nut is also unsustainable and time consuming. In this study, we investigated traditional chilgoza pine cone harvesting and pine nut extraction techniques across the chilgoza pine range in Afghanistan. Our study revealed that mostly chilgoza pine cones are collected by contractors however, this trend is region dependent. In the eastern provinces, cones are predominantly harvested by villagers; while in southern provinces cones are usually harvested by contractors. Cones of chilgoza pine is collected with a sharp hook attached to the end of a long stick and or small axes. The most common method of cone drying is sun and air dry. Once dried, scales of the cones open naturally and pine nuts are extracted by beating the cones with a stick or over a hard surface. Traditional methods can be replaced by use of better harvesting equipment and extraction techniques. With the use of better equipment, damages can be reduced to trees during cone harvesting.
On the use of the Jander equation in cement hydration modelling
Authors: Provis John Lloyd
Published: October 2016

The equation of Jander [W. Jander, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. (1927) 163: 1-30] is often used to describe the kinetics of dissolution of solid cement grains, as a component of mathematical descriptions of the broader cement hydration process. The Jander equation can be presented as kt/R2 =[1-(1-α) (1/3) ]2 where k is a constant, t is time, R is the initial radius of a solid reactant particle, and α is the fractional degree of reaction. This equation is attractive for its simplicity and apparently straightforward derivation. However, the derivation of the Jander equation involves an approximation related to neglect of particle surface curvature which means that it is strictly not correct for anything beyond a very small extent of reaction. This is well documented in the broader literature, but this information has not been effectively propagated to the field of cement science, which means that researchers are continuing to base models on this erroneous equation. It is recommended that if the assumptions of diffusion control and unchanging overall particle size which lead to the selection of the Jander equation are to be retained, it is preferable to instead use the Ginstling-Brounshtein equation [A.M. Ginstling, B.I. Brounshtein, J. Appl. Chem. USSR (1950) 23: 1327-1338], which does correctly account for particle surface curvature without significant extra mathematical complication. Otherwise, it is possible (and likely desirable) to move to more advanced descriptions of particle-fluid reactions to account for factors such as dimensional changes during reaction, and the possibility of rate controlling influences other than diffusion.
Digital Concrete: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Wangler Timothy , Lloret Ena , Reiter Lex , Hack Norman , Gramazio Fabio , Kohler Matthias , Bernhard Mathias , Dillenburger Benjamin , Buchli Jonas , Roussel Nicolas , Flatt Robert
Published: October 2016

Digital fabrication has been termed the “third industrial revolution” in recent years, and promises to revolutionize the construction industry with the potential of freeform architecture, less material waste, reduced construction costs, and increased worker safety. Digital fabrication techniques and cementitious materials have only intersected in a significant way within recent years. In this letter, we review the methods of digital fabrication with concrete, including 3D printing, under the encompassing term “digital concrete”, identifying major challenges for concrete technology within this field. We additionally provide an analysis of layered extrusion, the most popular digital fabrication technique in concrete technology, identifying the importance of hydration control in its implementation.
Software educativo “Mundo Agroforestal”: estudio de caso, subcuenca alta del río Pasto, Nariño, Colombia
Authors: León I. Ángela Lucía , Luna C. Gloria Cristina , Leonel Hugo Ferney
Published: October 2016

Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC), son herramientas que han permitido evolucionar en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, innovación, difusión de información, adquisición y generación de conocimiento. El objetivo de la investigación fue desarrollar un “Software Educativo Agroforestal - SEAf”, dirigido a jóvenes de instituciones educativas rurales, como estrategia pedagógica para la enseñanza agroforestal. Mediante Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP), se diagnosticó el conocimiento agroforestal de estudiantes de dos instituciones educativas municipales de la subcuenca alta del río Pasto, implementando talleres participativos, encuestas semi-estructuradas y mapas parlantes; se realizó un análisis de correspondencias múltiples (ACM), que permitió diseñar y estructurar el SEAf con el programa Flash Cs4, el cual fue evaluado con pruebas Alfa y Beta. Como resultado se logró diseñar un software educativo agroforestal denominado “Mundo Agroforestal” que incluyó los gustos y preferencias de los jóvenes; de acuerdo al color, actividades lúdicas, paisajes y personajes animados que fueron plasmados en las interfaces. El software fue altamente aceptado (94%) respecto a las variables diseño, facilidad de navegación, pertinencia de color, temáticas abordadas e ilustraciones; lo que permitió la validación de éste.
Uso e perspectiva de Clonostachys rosea como agente de biocontrole
Authors: Moreira Saraiva Rodrigo , França de M. Paulo Eduardo , Vitorino Borges Álefe , Maffia Luiz Antonio
Published: October 2016

O uso de métodos de controle de doenças de plantas mais sustentáveis é uma necessidade na agricultura atual. Nessa perspectiva, o controle biológico de doenças de plantas surge como uma alternativa eficaz e viável no contexto de manejo integrado. Dentre os vários agentes de biocontrole estudados, ênfase vem sendo dada ao fungo Clonostachys rosea por seu potencial de uso na agricultura. O fungo pode ser encontrado em diferentes regiões, colonizando todas as partes de diferentes espécies vegetais e, ainda, possui a capacidade de permanecer endofiticamente em algumas plantas. No que diz respeito ao controle biológico, C. rosea é comprovadamente eficiente no controle de diversos patógenos em uma ampla gama de hospedeiro. Além disso, há relatos do antagonista como promotor de crescimento e indutor de resistência em algumas espécies vegetais, e como fungo entomopatogênico. Pela eficiência e versatilidade do antagonista C. rosea, buscamos nessa revisão fornecer uma visão global sobre as perspectivas de uso do antagonista no contexto do controle biológico.
Productividad de lechuga Lactuca sativa en condiciones de macrotúnel en suelo Vitric haplustands
Authors: Velásquez V. Pedro , Ruíz E. Hugo , Chaves J. Germán , Luna C. Cristina
Published: October 2016

La agricultura urbana hace parte importante en la producción de alimentos para una población cada día más creciente. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la productividad del cultivo de lechuga Lactuca sativa var. Batavia bajo condiciones de macrotúnel con tres niveles de fertilización. El ensayo se realizó en la localidad de San Felipe, Pasto, Nariño, en un suelo Vitric haplustands; se evaluaron dos tipos de ambientes (condiciones de macrotúnely a campo abierto), con tres niveles de fertilización: alto 115; 69; 210 kg/ha (N, P2 O5, k2O), medio 69; 23; 150 kg/ha (N, P2 O5, k2O) y bajo 46; 11,5; 90 kg/ha (N, P2 O5, k2O). El macrotúnel fue construido con arcos de bambú y una cubierta plástica para invernaderos. El ensayo se estableció en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo de franjas divididas. Las variables agronómicas evaluadas fueron: peso de cabeza (PC), porcentaje de materia seca (aérea y de raíz), diámetro de cabeza (DC), días a cosecha (DCO) y rendimiento (R). Además, se realizó un análisis económico de presupuesto parcial. Los resultados mostraron que el cultivo de lechuga en ambiente de macrotúnel obtuvo en: PC=2,24kg/planta; DC=20,33 cm y DCO=74 días; valores que presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas con respecto al ambiente campo abierto. A diferencia de lo anterior el porcentaje de materia seca aérea, no presentó diferencias significativas en ninguno de los tratamientos; situación similar aconteció con las dosis de fertilización alto, medio y bajo de (N, P, K) y las interacciones de estas, con los dos ambientes evaluados. El análisis económico mostró que las mayores utilidades se obtuvieron en el ambiente de macrotúnel con 11278 pesos/m2y una rentabilidad de 507%.
Efectos del compost y lombriabono sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento de berenjena Solanum melongena L.
Authors: Cantero R. José , Espitia N. Laura , Cardona A. Carlos , Vergara C. César , Araméndiz T. Hermes
Published: October 2016

La berenjena se cultiva de manera convencional en la región Caribe colombiana, con una alta demanda de insumos agrícolas. No se reporta aún la implementación del manejo ecológico del cultivo para mejorar la competitividad de este sistema de producción. Ante esta problemática, se evaluó el efecto de la fertilización con abonos orgánicos sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de la  berenjena Solanum melongena L. en el valle medio del río Sinú. El experimento se realizó en el primer semestre de 2013 en el área experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas de la Universidad de Córdoba, con diseño de bloques completos aleatorizados con seis tratamientos: lombriabono, compost, lixiviado de humus de lombriz, mezcla (lombriabono, compost y lixiviado de humus de lombriz), fertilización convencional con nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio (NPK) y testigo (sin fertilización) y tres repeticiones. Se evaluaron las características días a floración y a cosecha, altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, área foliar, número de frutos por planta, peso de fruto, firmeza de fruto y rendimiento. El Análisis de Varianza mostró diferencias significativas en días a floración, encontrándose que las plantas fertilizadas con lombriabono fueron más precoces. No se observaron diferencias significativas en días a cosecha, altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, área foliar, número de frutos por planta, peso de de fruto, firmeza de fruto y rendimiento. El Análisis de Varianza mostró diferencias significativas en días a floración, encontrándose que las plantas fertilizadas con lombriabono fueron más precoces. No se observaron diferencias significativas en días a cosecha, altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, área foliar, número de frutos por planta, peso de fruto y rendimiento. La fertilización convenconal con NPK y el compost registraron las mayores tasas mínimas de retorno marginal, por lo que el uso del compost es una buena alternativa de fertilización sostenible.
Bienestar y felicidad: Un estudio de datos panel en el Municipio de Pasto, Colombia 2008 - 2010
Authors: Ortiz Benavides Edinson
Published: October 2016

ResumenIntroducción: La búsqueda de la felicidad es un fin de toda sociedad, para quien en ocasiones más riqueza, más renta y más bienes la conducen efectivamente a ella. Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre felicidad y el bienestar en términos subjetivos. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó un modelo econométrico Logit Binomial, aplicado a los datos de panel provenientes de la encuesta previamente aplicada a 4.797 personas y 1.123 hogares en el municipio de Pasto, Colombia durante los años 2008 – 2010. Resultados: De manera significativa estadísticamente, las personas que manifiestan una mejor condición de bienestar se declaran un 13% más feliz que aquellos que no lo hacen. Conclusión: El estudio permite concluir que este modelo encuentra la relación entre felicidad y bienestar en el municipio de Pasto, Colombia para el periodo de estudio. Se ratifica que las personas con mayor nivel de bienestar se declaran mayoritariamente felices, en contraste con aquellos que según la evaluación de su propia vida, no lo han sido.AbstractIntroduction: The pursuit of happiness is an end of society, where sometimes being wealthier, having more income and more goods lead effectively to it. Objective: To establish the relationship between happiness and welfare in subjective terms. Materials and methods: A Logit Binomial econometric model was applied to the Panel data from the survey previously applied to 4.797 individuals and 1,123 households in the municipality of Pasto, Colombia during the years 2008-2010. Results: Statistically significant, people who manifest a better condition of welfare state declared themselves to be 13% happier than those who do not. Conclusion: The study allows to conclude that this model finds the relationship between happiness and welfare in the municipality of Pasto, Colombia for the study period. It confirms that people with higher levels of welfare are declared to be happier than those who, according to their own evaluation, have not been.
Craneosinostosis: Revisión de literatura
Authors: Tirado Pérez Irina Suley , Sequeda Monterroza José Fernando , Zarate Vergara Andrea Carolina
Published: October 2016

ResumenLas craneosinostosis consisten en el cierre prematuro parcial o total de una o más suturas craneales, con una incidencia de 1 de cada 1000 a 3000 nacidos vivos, con mayor prevalencia en varones. Dentro del contexto de las craneosinostosis primaria, la escafocefalia o craneosinostosis sagital es la forma más frecuente y conocida. Al presentarse en un período de vida donde el crecimiento cráneo cerebral es muy importante, ocasiona en los niños una deformidad craneal característica que debe ser corregida, ya que en caso contrario y al ser progresiva, la afectación estética puede ser muy indeseable; las alteraciones funcionales que se pueden presentar van desde aumento de la presión intracraneana, hasta convulsiones, entre otras. Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos como PUDMED, RIMA, MEDLINE, MEDSCAPE de revisiones de temas, guías de manejo, artículos y análisis estadísticos, en idioma inglés, donde se encontraron 1.469 referencias. Después de una primera mirada de los artículos a través de sus resúmenes comprendidos en el periodo de tiempo año 2000 a 2014, finalmente se seleccionaron 50 artículos en texto completo abarcando el tema en su totalidad que cumplían los requisitos de búsqueda.AbstractThe craniosynostosis consist of full or partial premature closure of one or more cranial sutures, with an incidence of 1 in 1000 3000 live births, with higher prevalence in males. Within the context of primary craniosynostosis, sagittal craniosynostosis scaphocephaly or is the most common and known form. To occur over a period of life where growth cranium is very important causes in children a characteristic skull deformity should be corrected, since otherwise and being progressive, aesthetic involvement can be very undesirable; functional alterations that may occur include increased intracranial pressure, seizures and others. A search was conducted in databases such as PUBMED, RIMA, MEDLINE, Medscape reviews issues, management guides, articles and statistical analysis, in english, where they found 1,469 references. After a first look at the articles through their summaries included in the period 2000 to 2014, finally 50 articles were selected in full text covering the subject fully meeting the conditions search.
Caracterización del consumo de pescado y mariscos en población universitaria de la ciudad de Medellín - Colombia
Authors: Restrepo-Betancurt Luis Fernando , Rodríguez-Espinosa Holmes , Valencia-Y Daniel
Published: October 2016

Introducción: El conocimiento relacionado con el consumo de pescado es de vital importancia para establecer estrategias que permitan mejorar su consumo en esquemas de alimentación saludable. Objetivo: Identificar preferencias y frecuencia de consumo de pescados y mariscos en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó un tamaño de muestra de 400 estudiantes, con base en un nivel de confiabilidad del 95% y un error máximo permisible del 4,9%. Los estudiantes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente  de acuerdo con los factores de ponderación: sexo, nivel socioeconómico y tipo de universidad y fueron entrevistados personalmente. Se realizó análisis factorial de correspondencia múltiple con clasificación jerárquica indexada y análisis multivariado de la varianza MANOVA con contraste canónico de tipo ortogonal. Resultados y conclusión: Se encontró que las especies de mayor preferencia entre los universitarios son atún, bagre, tilapia, trucha, róbalo y camarón; los de menor preferencia son: lenguado, perla, arenque y corvina. Se encontró diferencia estadística (p<0,05) entre sexos en el consumo regular de pescado; los hombres manifiestan un consumo semanal de calamar y sardina, mientras las mujeres consumen semanalmente atún, bocachico, langostino, ostras y pargo.AbstractIntroduction: The knowledge related to fish consumption is vital to establish strategies to improve its consumption in healthy feeding patterns. Objective: To identify preferences and frequency of consumption of fish and seafood among university students in Medellin, Colombia. Materials and Methods: A sample size of 400 students was used based on a confidence level of 95% and a maximum permissible error of 4.9%. Students were randomly selected according to the weighting factors: sex, socioeconomic status and type of university, and they were interviewed personally. Factorial analysis of multiple correspondence with indexed ranking and multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA canonical contrast orthogonal type were performed. Results and conclusion: Tuna, catfish, tilapia, trout, bass and shrimp are the most preferred species among college students and the least preferred were: sole, pearl, herring and sea bass. Statistical difference (p<0.05) was found between genders in regular consumption of fish; men report frequent consumption of squid and sardines while women consumed weekly Tuna, Bocachico, Shrimp, Oysters and Pargo.
The Impact of the Informal Employment on the Social Security Deficits in Turkey
Authors: Elveren Adem Yavuz
Published: October 2016

This study examines the impact of the formalization of the labor market on social security deficits in Turkey. After a brief discussion on the causes and consequences of the informality of the economy, the paper reveals the effect of possible developments in the labor market, --such as the reduction in informal employment, the decrease in contribution evasion, and the increase in youth employment and womens employment-- on the deficits, which has increased since the early 1990s. To assess the effect, we utilize a simple actuarial model to project the deficit through 2050 under different scenarios. The results point to the importance of increasing female labor force participation, preventing evasion of social security contributions, and show the effect of an ageing population.