bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
44‐4: New Liquid Crystals Enabling High‐Frame‐Rate LCoS for Augmented Reality Displays
Authors: Huang Yuge , He Ziqian , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2018

We report three new liquid crystal mixtures enabling 240‐Hz spatial light modulators and 1080‐Hz amplitude modulators for augmented reality displays. Experimentally, at 40°C it achieves 2π phase change, 2.08 ms average gray‐to‐gray response time, and 5.38 V operation voltage on a reflective homogeneous cell, as well as 0.90 ms average gray‐to‐gray response time, 5 V operation voltage, and 2097:1 contrast ratio on a reflective 90° MTN cell. This outstanding performance paves the way to color‐sequential augmented reality displays.
P‐181: The Analysis of Energy Transfer Mechanism According to Abnormal Host Mixing Composition by Using Solution‐processed OLEDs
Authors: Kang Ji-Ho , Kim Hyung Suk , Suh Min Chul
Published: June 2018

We reported an influence of abnormal mixing effect of host systems having undesirable energy level in the emission layer (EML) by using solution processed OLEDs. From this study, we found that a high performance of the solution OLEDs was realized by controlling photo‐physical pathways such as exciton quenching process.
P‐185: Enhanced Light Extraction of Flexible Organic Light‐emitting Diodes by Ag Nanoparticles as Scattering Layer
Authors: Kim Seonju , Choi Junhee , Park Young Wook , Ju Byeong-Kwon
Published: June 2018

We proposed the fabrication of the light scattering layer by dewetted large Ag nanoparticles at low temperature (∼150oC). Since the larger Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) induce the strong light scattering while reducing the absorption of AgNPs, the light extraction in organic light emitting diodes can be improved by using large Ag nanoparticles. We demonstrated the improvement of light extraction in flexible organic light emitting didoes by the light scattering of AgNPs
P‐192: Moire Research and Simulation of OGS Metal Mesh Touch Sensor
Authors: Xie Xiaodong , Yang Hong , Shao Xibin , guo Zongjie , Zhang Lei , Xu Zouming , Wang Jing , He Min , Xu Shifeng
Published: June 2018

This paper shows the deep analysis and research for the moire in the OGS metal mesh touch panel with practical test and simulation. Firstly, we have found the key factors of moire with practical verification which is related to the CF pattern, sensor metal width, mesh angle & mesh distance. The results show that the higher LCD PPI is, the more serious and complex moire phenomenon becomes. In touch sensor, with the metal width higher, the moire also will be more obvious. Secondly, we use the theory of Huygens Fresnel to build the model for the moire simulation with the Matlab. And the results show that the larger cycle value of moire, the more obvious of the moire. The cycle value of moire is the same, which means the intensity is bigger and the phenomenon of moire will be more obvious. These simulation results have mainly matched the practical product verification and will be suitable for different size products.
P‐195: Late‐News Poster: Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide Phototransistor for Visible Light Detection Using Hydrogen Plasma Doping
Authors: Kang Byung Ha , Kim Won-Gi , Chung Jusung , Lee Jin Hyeok , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: June 2018

We report a visible light phototransistor based on amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) by stacking hydrogen doped oxide absorption layer. The absorption layer was fabricated by sputter process with mixture of Ar and H2 plasma conditions, so it is composed of hydrogen‐incorporated a‐IGZO (a‐IGZO:H). The absorption layer could absorb visible light due to increase in sub‐gap states via hydrogen plasma doping. As a result, a‐IGZO phototransistor with hydrogen doped absorption layer exhibits high photoresponsivity of 678.78 A/W, photosensitivity of 2.98x106, and 5.81x1011 Jones of detectivity under green light (532 nm, 5mW).
41‐4: Perovskite Quantum Dots: Bringing LCD Technology to The Next Level
Authors: Luechinger Norman A. , Oszajca Marek , Loher Stefan
Published: June 2018

We present Perovskite QDs showing best‐in‐class optical properties (> 95% QY, < 25 nm FWHM) whilst fulfilling the LCD industry's reliability specifications (especially the high flux stability) in the form of QD backlight films. We will also present how our Perovskite QDs solve the optical challenges of QD conversion pixel applications.
P‐205: Late‐News Poster: Augmented Reality Display Based on Polymer‐Stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Combiner
Authors: Chen Quanming , Li Yan , Liu Shuxin , Zhou Pengcheng , Li Sida , Wang Yunfeng , Liu Yueda , Su Yikai
Published: June 2018

We proposed the use of polymer‐stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (PS‐BPLC) as an optical‐see‐through combiner for augmented reality applications. The PS‐BPLC film has good polarization selectivity and wavelength selectivity, and thus could achieve high reflectance for virtual image light and high transparency for the real‐world.
P‐208: Late‐News Poster: Effective Use of Smartwatch Usage Data for OLED's Burn‐in, Lifetime and Power Consumption Simulations
Authors: Antikainen Mika , Shin Wonju , Lee Bongsun , Choe Won-Jun
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we will describe how the smartwatch usage data can be utilized to verify display requirements especially in screen burn‐in, lifetime and power consumption simulations. The main idea of this approach is to combine both usage data and display parameters in the way that more accurate simulations can be conducted in the early design phase. This method can also be used to check effect of UI design changes to above mentioned areas. New smartwatch AMOLED display will be used as a case study in the simulation tool.
3‐2: Distinguished Paper: An 18 Megapixel 4.3″ 1443 ppi 120 Hz OLED Display for Wide Field of View High Acuity Head Mounted Displays
Authors: Vieri Carlin , Lee Grace , Balram Nikhil , Jung Sang Hoon , Yang Joon Young , Yoon Soo Young , Kang In Byeong
Published: June 2018

We developed and fabricated the world's highest resolution (18 megapixel, 1443 ppi) OLED on glass display panel. The design uses a white OLED with color filter structure for high density pixelization and an n‐type LTPS backplane for faster response time than mobile phone displays. A custom high bandwidth driver IC was fabricated. We developed a foveated pixel pipeline appropriate for VR and AR applications, especially mobile systems.
3‐4: Doubling the Pixel Density of Near‐eye Displays
Authors: Zhan Tao , Lee Yun-Han , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2018

We use a fast‐switching liquid crystal phase deflector to boost the pixel density for near‐eye displays. Through synchronizing and computational factorization, we could double the pixel density. This compact image shifter can be integrated into wearable devices for increasing the field of view or reducing the screen door effect of a virtual reality or augmented reality display.
4‐1: Invited Paper: Role of Phosphorus Oxidation in Controlling the Luminescent Properties of Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots
Authors: Cossairt Brandi M. , Stein Jennifer L. , Holden William M. , Seidler Gerald T.
Published: June 2018

Indium phosphide (InP) is the leading Cd‐free quantum dot material for application in photoluminescence downconversion display and lighting technologies. To date the performance of InP quantum dots (QDs) has lagged behind cadmium selenide in terms of both luminescence line width and quantum yield. Extensive studies in our lab have implicated kinetically persistent magic‐sized cluster intermediates as a leading contributor to polydispersity in these samples, providing new opportunities for achieving high color purity. Now, using a combination of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and recently developed benchtop X‐ray emission spectroscopy, we have studied the evolution of oxidized phosphorus species during both synthesis and shell growth.
5‐1: Invited Paper: Low Power and Narrow Border UHD LTPS Notebook Display
Authors: Tsai Wen-Ching , Cheng Hsiao-Wei , Chu Kung-Ching , Huang Shu-Hao , Xi Peng-Bo , Su Sung-Yu
Published: June 2018

A 13.3‐in. UHD LTPS TFT‐LCD with MUX3 by 15Hz driving was demonstrated in this paper. Since the high mobility of LTPS TFT and good design rule, the aperture ratio could be improved 28% compared to a‐Si. By 15Hz driving, the logical power can be saved 34%. The total power of 13.3‐in. UHD TFT‐LCD could be lower to 2.7W by LTPS technology. The cell border could be easily down to 1.0mm by small TFT design and the down border could be down to 6.8mm with two 1932ch IC by MUX3 design.
10‐3: Design of a High‐performance Optical See‐through Light Field Head‐mounted Display
Authors: Huang Hekun , Hua Hong
Published: June 2018

This paper presents our recent development of a high‐performance integral‐imaging‐based optical see‐through light field head‐mounted display that offers a spatial resolution of 3 arc minutes over a depth range of 3 diopters and a wide see‐through view of 65° by 40°. We further experimentally demonstrate the optical performances of the proposed InI‐HMD design in terms of its spatial resolution, depth of field, and focus cue accuracy.
11‐2: Methylammonium Iodide (MAI) Enhanced, Solution Processed High‐Performance Photodetector Based on Lead Sulfide Quantum Dots
Authors: Tang Haodong , Zhong Jialin , Wang Kai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: June 2018

Lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) have potential for next generation of photoelectrical material applied on photodetectors. A technique is demonstrated that enhances responsivity of photoelectric lead sulfide quantum dots by two step ligand exchange. The result we obtained has potential to optimize PbS QDs‐based photodetectors.
13‐1: Invited Paper: Advances in Deep Blue Emitters for Highly Efficient and Long Lifetime Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Oh Hyoung Yun , Kim Ockhee
Published: June 2018

Here, we present new efficient deep‐blue emitters developed by using proper molecular design for high efficiency and long lifetime organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). These emitters not only show high photoluminescence quantum yield but also demonstrate very small solvatochromic effect with pure deep‐blue color and excellent thermal properties. Blue OLEDs with new blue emitters exhibited high external quantum efficiency, appropriate CIE color coordinates with narrow full width half maximum (FWHM) and most importantly long operational lifetime compared to those of previously reported emitters.
13‐2: Invited Paper: High Efficiency Phosphorescence and Thermally Actived Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light Emitting Device
Authors: Chiu Tien-Lung , Huang Jau-Jiun , Tseng Po-Cheng , Huang Yu-Hsiang , Gau Huan-Jie , Lee Jiun-Haw , Leung Man-kit
Published: June 2018

Two carbazole‐benzimidazole derivers with high bandgap were developed. Employing as host of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), the high efficiency blue phosphorescence (with FIrpic emitter), blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) (with our TO‐DPS emitter), and green TADF (with 4CzIPN emitter) OLEDs were achieved over 30% in external quantum efficiency.
14‐1: Patterned Holey Glass LGP Based Ultra‐Thin 2D Local Dimming Backlight
Authors: Mi Xiang-Dong , Allen Kirk R , Kuksenkov Dmitri V , Tokar Joshua , Sullivan Andrew J , Rosenblum Steven S
Published: June 2018

We report on an ultra‐thin 2D local dimming backlight, as thin as an edge‐lit backlight, yet as capable of 2D local dimming as a direct‐lit backlight. It includes a patterned holey glass light guide plate (LGP) and a patterned reflector. Light from LEDs, located in holes, is edge‐coupled into the LGP.
15‐2: Metrology for Field‐of‐Light Displays
Authors: Bichal Abhishek , Burnett Thomas
Published: June 2018

Field‐of‐light displays currently in development require a way to determine meaningful evaluation metrics to define and compare emerging prototypes. FoVI3D is developing a metrology application to evaluate such qualities as spatial resolution and accuracy, parallax/angular resolution, luminance, color fidelity, contrast, and uniformity of light‐field displays regardless of implementation.
17‐3: Distinguished Paper: A Plastic Holographic Waveguide Combiner for Light‐weight and Highly‐transparent Augmented Reality Glasses
Authors: Yoshida Takuji , Tokuyama Kazutatsu , Takai Yuichi , Tsukuda Daisuke , Kaneko Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Anzai Takafumi , Yoshikaie Akira , Akutsu Katsuyuki , Machida Akio
Published: June 2018

We have developed a unique production process of a full‐color plastic holographic waveguide combiner with a light‐weight and see‐through capability. The novel plastic waveguide technology enables us to increase design flexibility in the eyewear and to expand the market for augmented reality (AR). This paper presents the approach to production.
22‐2: Smart Pharmaceutical Packaging with E‐Paper Display for improved Patient Compliance
Authors: Blankenbach Karlheinz , Duchemin Peter , Rist Benjamin , Bogner Danny , Krause Marcel
Published: June 2018

Today's packaging for pharmaceutics provides no information about individual medicine intake neither remind when forgotten or alert when medicine runs empty. We developed three smart packages for those examples with graphics e‐paper driven by a microcontroller with Bluetooth LE and a smartphone app. The evaluation with subjects was very positive.
23‐3: Deep Tone‐mapped HDRNET for High Dynamic Range Image Restoration
Authors: An Gwon Hwan , Lee Siyeong , Ahn Yong Deok , Kang Suk-Ju
Published: June 2018

This paper proposes deep tone‐mapped HDRNET for high dynamic range (HDR) image generation in target display. The proposed network learns the relationship between a single low dynamic range (LDR) image and a tone‐mapped HDR image. Then, it restores saturated and black region details, which are lost information in existing images.
24‐1: Invited Paper: Foldable AMOLED with Advanced Gas Barrier by Solution Coating
Authors: Yeh Yung-Hui , Yeh Shu-Tang , Chen Kuan-Ting , Chen Glory , Ho Jia-Chong , Chen Janglin , Lee Cheng-Chung
Published: June 2018

A novel solution coated gas barrier (SGB) technology for foldable AMOLED application, including LTPS TFT backplane, OLED thin film encapsulation (TFE) and front plate, was developed. A water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) with twice coated SGB film can achieve ~5x10−6 g/m2‐day by Calcium Test after folding at 3mm radius for 200,000 times.
23‐4: High‐Slew‐Rate Low‐Static‐Power Dynamic‐Bias Rail‐to‐Rail Output Buffer for OLED‐on‐Silicon VR Microdisplay
Authors: Wen Jinyuan , Liu Binjie , Zhou Tianyu , Lin Hesheng , Zhang Min
Published: June 2018

In this paper, a high‐slew‐rate low‐static‐power rail‐to‐rail output buffer with dynamic bias has been proposed. When input voltage is stable, this buffer can automatically shut down its output transistors so as to reduce the static power consumption. When input voltage changes, it triggers the proposed feedback to supply more tail current. Thus, faster slew rate and superior system stability are achieved. Based on 0.25 μm process, the simulation results show that the proposed buffer with feedback is more stable and can support wider range of output loading, and the slew rate is 22.8 V/μs, which is 2.6 times larger than that of the buffer without feedback.
24‐2: Stress‐minimized and Robust Thin Film Encapsulation based on Mechanically Improved Nanolaminate and Organic Layers
Authors: Kwon Jeong Hyun , Jeon Yongmin , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: June 2018

We fabricated a highly robust and flexible gas diffusion barrier (GDB) with a multi‐interfacial system. Our GDB film had a nanolaminate (NL) structure composed of 1‐nm‐thick ZnO, Al2O3, and MgO sublayers (ZAM). The ZAM NL single layer exhibits a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) value of 1.92 × 10−5 g/m2/day. Furthermore, a WVTR value of 3.18 × 10−6 g/m2/day was achieved with a thickness of sub‐500 nm by fabricating stacking structures of 2.5 dyads with organic layers. The multi‐barrier demonstrated mechanical reliability with little WVTR change at a tensile strain of about 1%. The ZAM NL film helps to delay the occurrence of cracking and delamination in barrier films in comparison to previous single‐layer films. Thus, a multi‐interfacial and defect‐decoupled ZAM NL structure was effectively designed considering the transmittance, gas diffusion barrier properties, and flexibility.
19‐3: Late-News Paper: Universal Method to Determine the Dynamic NBIS‐ and PBS‐induced Instabilities on Self‐aligned Coplanar InGaZnO Thin‐film Transistors
Authors: Jang Jun Tae , Yu Hye Ri , Ahn Geumho , Choi Sung-Jin , Kim Dong Myong , Kim Yong-Sung , Oh Saeroonter , Baeck Ju Heyuck , Bae Jong Uk , Park Kwon-Shik , Yoon Soo Young , Kang In Byeong , Kim Dae Hwan
Published: June 2018

The method for dynamically calculating the NBIS‐ and PBS‐induced ΔVT's is proposed based on experimentally extracted density‐of‐states and is demonstrated in top‐gate self‐aligned coplanar amorphous InGaZnO thin‐film transistors. The effect of illuminance as well as the bias‐dependence is successfully taken into account. Proposed method is potentially useful for the instability‐aware design of OLED display backplanes.
21‐3: A Full‐HD Super‐Multiview Display with Time‐Division Multiplexing Parallax Barrier
Authors: Kakeya Hideki
Published: June 2018

This paper proposes a super‐multiview autostereoscopic display with a full HD resolution. 18 views are realized by time‐division sextuplexing, where the orders of color filters in the two LCD panels are reversed to realize 3 fold views. 9 views are generated around each eye to attain a super‐multiview condition. Focal depth effect is confirmed with a prototype system.
26‐4: Computer‐Aided Optimization of Multilayer OLED Devices
Authors: Symalla Franz , Friederich Pascal , Kaiser Simon , Strunk Timo , Neumann Tobias , Wenzel Wolfgang
Published: June 2018

Development of efficient OLED devices is presently driven by experimental trial&error R&D. We developed a bottom‐up multiscale modeling approach enabling the computation of device properties without the use of experimentally determined parameters. Researchers can identify bottlenecks, develop new materials and optimize devices using computer aided design.
6‐4: Highly Efficient Deep Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitter
Authors: Ahn Dae Hyun , Moon Ji Su , Kim Si Woo , Lee Hyuna , Lee Ju Young , Kwon Jang Hyuk
Published: June 2018

We report a highly efficient and deep blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence material. This emitter exhibits extremely short delayed exciton lifetime (0.98 μs), narrow spectrum (46 nm FWHM), and high PLQY (~90 %). Fabricated device with this emitter shows high efficiency of 21.6% with extremely deep blue color coordinate of (0.14, 0.07).
8‐1: Standardization of Sparkle Measurement: A Solid Basis
Authors: Becker Michael E.
Published: June 2018

This paper compares three classes and six methods for evaluation of display sparkle, it provides experimental data and theoretical background for comparison of the procedures, the results and their reproducibility, the sensitivity of the approaches, and their advantages and drawbacks, in order to establish a solid basis for the ongoing standardization process.
8‐2: Sparkle Characterization of Anti‐glare Layers on Displays with a Grey Value Histogram Analysis
Authors: Paz Valeriano Ferreras , Kohlenbecker Stephan , Persidis Efstathios
Published: June 2018

Surface treatments on surfaces in front of emissive displays are widely used to improve readability under difficult lightning conditions, especially involving sunlight. So‐called anti‐glare (AG) surface treatment tries to reduce specular reflection by diffuse scattering creating a matt finish. At the same time, this surface treatment has a direct impact on the image quality in transmission. For that it is important to tailor these surfaces according to the application requirements but at the same time maintain the image quality of the underlying displays. One of the undesired effects is the so‐called “visual sparkle”, where the displayed image appears to show an uneven luminance distribution especially in areas where solid colors are shown. Great effort and different approaches have been made to characterize this effect. In this work we present a simple, yet effective approach of characterization based on the evaluation of image uniformity with help of grey value histogram extraction and fitting a simple normal distribution..
29‐2: Advanced Photo‐alignment Material for Both Photo and Rubbing‐alignment Methods
Authors: Park Hyun Jin , Lee Jong Hwae , Lee Su-Bin , Kwak Chang-Hwan , Park Seung Ryull , Lee Joun-Ho , Jun Myung-Chul , Kang In-Byeong
Published: June 2018

We propose the advanced photo‐alignment material with improved film hardness suitable for both photo‐alignment and rubbing‐alignment method. Using advanced photo‐alignment material, excellent performance can be obtained using not only photo‐alignment but also rubbing alignment.
Effects of surface synergy for the dispersion of short carbon fibers sized by adipic acid modified epoxy resin potassium
Authors: Wu Bo , Zheng Guo , Wang Rui , Zhou Cun , Zhu Jiawen , Liu Huibing
Published: June 2018

The carbon fiber (CF) surface plays a critical role in the performance of CF composite materials. Adipic acid modified epoxy resin potassium (AAEK) prepared with epoxy resin and adipic acid, and KOH was employed as the CF sizing agent. Then, series of surface properties of AAEK‐treated carbon fiber (CF‐AAEK) including surface charge, morphology, and groups were characterized by using Faraday cup, friction coefficient gauge, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. The results indicated that the dispersion coefficient of CF‐AAEK was increased by 1.72 times and there were synergistic effects for the dispersion of short CFs during the sizing treatment process with AAEK. In addition, the flexural strength of treated short CF composite proved to increase by 168%, which evaluated that the better CF dispersion in the matrix was a critical factor for the mechanical property improvement of short CF‐AAEK/epoxy resin composites.
Theoretical and experimental approach of inhibition effect by sulfamethoxazole on mild steel corrosion in 1‐M HCl
Authors: Prasanna B.M. , Praveen B.M. , Hebbar Narayan , Pavithra M.K. , Manjunatha T.S. , Malladi R.S.
Published: June 2018

The inhibition effect of sulfamethoxazole on mild steel corrosion in 1‐M hydrochloric acid solution is investigated by electrochemical and quantum chemical measurements. Electrochemical polarization studies show that sulfamethoxazole acts as a mixed‐type corrosion inhibitor. The adsorption of the inhibitor on mild steel in 1‐M hydrochloric acid system is studied at different temperatures (303‐333 K). The adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on mild steel surface is an exothermic process and obeys the Temkin adsorption isotherm. Based on the potential of zero charge values and quantum chemical parameters, the mechanism of adsorption is proposed.
Preparation, intercalation, and characterization of nanostructured (Zn, Al) layered double hydroxides (LDHs)
Authors: Richetta M. , Varone A. , Mattoccia A. , Medaglia P.G. , Kaciulis S. , Mezzi A. , Soltani P. , Pizzoferrato R.
Published: June 2018

The term layered double hydroxides (LDHs) is used to define synthetic or natural lamellar hydroxides with 2 or more kinds of metallic cations in the main layers, and hydrated interlayer domains, containing anionic species. Layered double hydroxides, also known as hydrotalcite materials, have attracted considerable interest from both industry and academia. They are interesting for their intercalation properties as they are capable of accommodating complex organic molecules. Therefore, they find applications in various fields such as separation technology, catalysis biomedical science, and nanocomposite material engineering.

First of all 4, in the context of this work, we present 4 samples of (Zn, Al) LDHs, representative of the 2 hosted anions (Cl− and NO3−), prepared with a simple single‐phase hydrothermal technique, using Zn salt as a precursor, deposited on sheets of Al, active as reagent and as a substrate. These preliminary samples, grown for 6 and 24 hours, were intercalated with spermidine and putrescine. Later, (Zn, Al) LDH powders obtained by coprecipitation and intercalated with amino acid cysteine were studied. The properties of LDH nanoplatelets were analysed by surface‐sensitive techniques. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and possibly ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (spectroscopy techniques) have been exploited to investigate the composition of the samples. The structure of LDHs was inspected by X‐ray diffraction, whereas the morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy.
Application of empirical Bayes methods to predict the rate of decline in ERG at the individual level among patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Qiu Weiliang , Sandberg Michael A. , Rosner Bernard
Published: June 2018

Retinitis pigmentosa is one of the most common forms of inherited retinal degeneration. The electroretinogram (ERG) can be used to determine the severity of retinitis pigmentosa—the lower the ERG amplitude, the more severe the disease is. In practice for career, lifestyle, and treatment counseling, it is of interest to predict the ERG amplitude of a patient at a future time. One approach is prediction based on the average rate of decline for individual patients. However, there is considerable variation both in initial amplitude and in rate of decline. In this article, we propose an empirical Bayes (EB) approach to incorporate the variations in initial amplitude and rate of decline for the prediction of ERG amplitude at the individual level. We applied the EB method to a collection of ERGs from 898 patients with 3 or more visits over 5 or more years of follow‐up tested in the Berman‐Gund Laboratory and observed that the predicted values at the last (kth) visit obtained by using the proposed method based on data for the firstk−1 visits are highly correlated with the observed values at thekth visit (Spearman correlation =0.93) and have a higher correlation with the observed values than those obtained based on either the population average decline rate or those obtained based on the individual decline rate. The mean square errors for predicted values obtained by the EB method are also smaller than those predicted by the other methods.
Extensions to the two‐stage randomized trial design for testing treatment, self‐selection, and treatment preference effects to binary outcomes
Authors: Cameron Briana , Peduzzi Peter , Esserman Denise
Published: June 2018

While traditional clinical trials seek to determine treatment efficacy within a specified population, they often ignore the role of a patient's treatment preference on his or her treatment response. The two‐stage (doubly) randomized preference trial design provides one approach for researchers seeking to disentangle preference effects from treatment effects. Currently, this two‐stage design is limited to the design and analysis of continuous outcome variables; in this presentation, we extend this current design to include binary variables. We present test statistics for testing preference, selection, and treatment effects in a two‐stage randomized design with a binary outcome measure, with and without stratification. We also derive closed‐form sample size formulas to indicate the number of patients needed to detect each effect. A series of simulation studies explore the properties and efficiency of both the unstratified and stratified two‐stage randomized trial designs. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of these methods using an example of a trial of Hepatitis C treatment.
On the propensity score weighting analysis with survival outcome: Estimands, estimation, and inference
Authors: Mao Huzhang , Li Liang , Yang Wei , Shen Yu
Published: June 2018

Propensity score analysis is widely used in observational studies to adjust for confounding and estimate the causal effect of a treatment on the outcome. When the outcome is survival time, there are special considerations on the definition of the causal estimand, point, and variance estimation that have not been thoroughly studied in the literature. We investigate propensity score analysis of survival data with a class of weighting methods. We consider the following estimands in the two‐sample context: average survival time, restricted average survival time, survival probability, survival quantile, and the marginal hazard ratio. We propose a unified analytic framework to obtain the point and variance estimators. The proposed methodology properly adjusts for the sampling variability in the estimated propensity scores. Extensive simulations show that the point and variance estimators possess desired finite sample properties and demonstrate better numerical performance than some existing weighting and matching methods commonly used in the literature. The proposed methodology is illustrated with data from a breast cancer study.
2D‐Layered MoS2‐Incorporated TiO2‐Nanofiber‐ Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Menon Harigovind , Gopakumar Gopika , Sankaranarayanan Nair Vijayaraghavan , Nair Shantikumar V. , Shanmugam Mariyappan
Published: June 2018

Atomically thin layers of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) were examined to facilitate electron transport in titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofiber network for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. Raman active modes observed at 382 cm−1 and 406 cm−1 confirmed the presence of atomically thin MoS2 in TiO2 and transmission electron microscopic studies showed MoS2 with a lattice spacing of 3.12 Å. DSSCs using MoS2 incorporated TiO2 nanofiber as a photo‐anode resulted in 27% enhancement in photo‐conversion efficiency (η) than that of the DSSC using only TiO2 as an electron acceptor. A 26% enhancement in the short circuit current density (JSC) achieved by incorporating 0.1 weight % of MoS2 nanoflakes in the bulk of TiO2 confirmed efficient electron transport achieved by suppressing the probability of electron‐hole capture by TiO2 surface states due to the additional electron transport pathways established by MoS2 which facilitated the photo‐generated electrons to reach the transparent electrode by skipping the TiO2 surface states. Results suggest that further increase in the quantity of MoS2 in TiO2 impedes the electron transport in the bulk as observed with 7% and 38% reduction in η for 0.2 and 0.3 weight % of MoS2 in TiO2. This suggests that the DSSC performance can be increased for an optimum concentration of MoS2 in TiO2 by establishing efficient transport pathways towards the transparent electrode.
Enthralling Adsorption of Different Dye and Metal Contaminants from Aqueous Systems by Cobalt/Cobalt Oxide Nanocomposites Derived from Single‐Source Molecular Precursors
Authors: Mohammad Akbar , Ansari Shagufi Naz , Chaudhary Archana , Ahmad Khursheed , Rajak Richa , Tauqeer Mohd. , Mobin Shaikh M.
Published: June 2018

The cobalt/cobalt oxide nanocomposites (Co/CoO NCs), NC‐1 and NC‐2 were synthesizedfrom our recently reported single‐source molecular precursors (SSMPs) [Co(hep‐H)(H2O)4]SO4, (1) and [Co(hep‐H)2(H2O)2](NO3)2, (2), [hep‐H= 2‐(2‐hydroxylethyl) pyridine], respectively, via wet‐chemical reduction method. Our purpose was to study the effect of different counter anions (i. e. SO42− and NO3−) of precursors on the surface properties of synthesized materials. Both the nanocomposites were characterized by Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Two distinct morphological as well as surface features have been obtained using 1 and 2 viz. variable spheres (NC‐1) with low surface area and flakes (NC‐2) with high surface area. The adsorption behavior of these nanocomposites on industrial dyes and metals showed excellent dye adsorption (99.6% to 97.2%) and good to moderate metal adsorption efficiency of NC‐1. The NC‐1 could be recycled up to five times for dyes and three times for metals, advocating its practical applications in industry.
Combining a Fluoroalkylsiloxane and Ion Implantation for Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Patterning on a Microstructured Anisotropic Polymer Surface
Authors: Cook Michelle J. , Johnston James H. , Leveneur Jérôme
Published: June 2018

Here we report initial findings in the development of a novel system that allows facile hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterning of a polymer surface with only a two‐step process, involving a fluoroalkylsiloxane (FASx) surface functionalization followed by ion implantation treatment. As the FASx functionalization and ion implantation can be applied to other substrates and the resulting hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity is dependent on the FASx chemistry, this system can likely be applied to any substrate to achieve the same hydrophilic/hydrophobic pattern with similar properties. The way in which water interacts with surfaces has an impact on many different industries, for example those involving food processing and heat exchange, and so the ability to control this interaction and determine the wetting behavior of a surface allows for the development of intelligent interfaces to meet specific operational challenges and improve the efficiency and functionality of such surfaces. Compared to uniform surface properties, the design of a surface with particular areas of hydrophilicity and areas of hydrophobicity allows for greater control of the wetting behavior and of the directional flow of water across the surface.
Tough, High stretched, Self‐healing C‐dots/Hydrophobically Associated Composited Hydrogels and Their Use for a Fluorescence Sensing Platform
Authors: Zhang Yiyi , Wu Meng , Chen Jing , Zhou Huan , Zhang Yulin , Shi Lingying , Ran Rong
Published: June 2018

In this paper, about 3.5 nm spherical carbon nanodots (C‐dots) were prepared through simple hydrothermal method, then they were introduced into the hydrophobically associated (HA) hydrogels. A new class of double physically crosslinked hydrogels (HCD hydrogels) were successfully prepared. C‐dots act as physical crosslinker in HA physically cross‐linked PAM network, and the hydrogen bond interaction between C‐dots and PAM chains endows the hydrogel with extraordinarily mechanical, high stretched and self‐healing properties. Moreover, introduction of C‐dots gives HCD hydrogels excellent fluorescence properties and good photostability. The location of emision‐wavelength of HCD hydrogel was independent of excitation‐wavelength, while the fluorescence intensity depended on excitation‐wavelength, and increased linearly with the increased concentration of C‐dots. The sensing HCD hydrogel platform based upon ROS of detecting H2O2 was also explored. ROS formed by decomposition of H2O2 induced fluorescence quench of hydrogels. The fluorescence intensity ratio (I0/I) of the H2O2‐HCD at 550 nm correlated linearly with the concentration of H2O2 in the range of 0.01‐25 μM. Impressively, this fluorescence sensor exhibited high sensitivity, simplicity, cost‐efficiency and broad applicability. Consequently our study demonstrates a general approach to prepare the robust and self‐healing hydrogels which have application potential in sensing fields.
Waste Biomass Based‐Activated Carbons Derived from Soybean Pods as Electrode Materials for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Zhi , Zhu Zhi , Dai Jiangdong , Yan Yongsheng
Published: June 2018

In this paper, a simple yet effective chemical activation/carbonization strategy is presented to prepare a hierarchically porous activated carbon with multi‐heteroatom (O, N, and P) self‐doping using waste soybean pods as carbon source. It is found that the resulting carbon activated by KOH possesses richer textural properties than the one activated by ZnCl2. With abundant micro‐, mesopores and interconnected macropores, the KOH‐activating carbon possesses a specific surface area up to 2245 m2 g−1 and a large pore volume of 1.35 cm3 g−1. In a three‐electrode system, the KOH‐activating carbon can deliver a high specific capacitance of 321.1 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. It still can maintain 215.7 F g−1 at a current density of 10 A g−1 with a good rate capacity (67.2% retention). When used as symmetric electrode in 1 M Na2SO4 neutral aqueous solution, the SPAC−K//SPAC−K supercapacitor can provide a high energy density up to 22.28 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 450 W kg−1 in a wide voltage window of 0–2.0 V, surpassing most of the previously reported waste biomass‐based carbon materials. The impressive electrochemical performances as well as the low‐cost scalable production manifest that the SPAC−K derived from waste soybean pods can be a promising electrode candidate for supercapacitor application.
Effect of the Type and Number of Organic Addends on Fullerene Acceptors for n‐Type Electronic Devices: Redox Properties and Energy Levels
Authors: Ruff Adrian , Qian Xin , Porfyrakis Kyriakos , Ludwigs Sabine
Published: June 2018

Fullerenes are still among the best performing electron acceptor materials for electronic applications such as organic solar cells, organic‐inorganic perovskite solar cells and transistors. We demonstrate that voltammetry is a very powerful tool for the determination of the redox potentials and thus the LUMO levels of various fullerene acceptor materials when identical conditions, i. e. same electrolyte, electrode material and potential standard, are used. The analyzed fullerene derivatives bear several types (indene, anthracene and 1,2‐dimethoxymethano groups) and numbers (mono‐, bis‐ and tris‐adducts) of addends. Our systematical study enables a direct correlation of the values obtained for the individual fullerenes, and a linear relationship of the redox potential and the number of addends was found. The high lying LUMO levels of the bis‐ and tris‐adducts are favorable in terms of a high open circuit voltage in combination with polymer donors in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Considering only high LUMO values IC60TA and IC70TA are the most promising materials for organic solar cells revealing a high VOC. The bis‐adducts of the fullerenes reveal LUMO levels that closely match the energy level of the widely used organometal trihalide CH3NH3PbI in perovskite solar cells.
Advances in Development of C–H Activation/Functionalization Using a Catalytic Directing Group
Authors: Rasheed Omer K. , Sun Bing
Published: June 2018

The transition metal catalyzed direct site‐selective carbon –hydrogen functionalization is ubiquitous in organic synthesis and has reached an impressive level of sophistication and efficiency emerging as a powerful synthetic strategy for C–C bond and C–X bond formation to access various useful arylated organic molecules. For the past two decades, directing group strategy has been used for selective activation and functionalization of certain inert C–H bonds. Despite the enormous development in this field, still, the majority of systems require two redundant steps, i. e. installation and removal of DGs. To overcome these limitations, recently, traceless and multitasking groups were invented as a partial solution to DG release however installation still remains unsolved. Ideally, use of the catalytic directing group, which can be reversibly linked to the substrate and can serve as an efficient directing role would circumvent this problem and is considered as one of the most efficient and powerful strategies for the non‐activated C–H functionalization (C(sp2)–H or C(sp3)–H). In this review, we describe the enormous advances in this field for direct selective C–H functionalization without involving additional steps, i. e. installation and removal of directing groups and also discuss less explored but significant non‐covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding or ion pairing, which helps to control the selectivity of a substrate in a catalytic organic reaction.
Application of Fe3O4@Silica Sulfuric Acid as a Magnetic Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of Rhodamine Derivatives
Authors: Vajekar Shailesh N. , Shankarling Ganapati S.
Published: June 2018

A green protocol for the synthesis of novel rhodamine derivatives employing a highly efficient and recyclable magnetic Fe3O4@silica sulfuric acid nanocatalyst in greener solvent ethylene glycol is demonstrated. In comparison with the known methods for the synthesis of rhodamines, our method offers several benefits such as mild reaction conditions, short reaction time (5 h) and high yield (up to 79%) of the products. Interestingly, the magnetically separable nanocatalyst was reused at least five times without significant loss in catalytic activity. All the novel derivatives are well characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry.
Separation of Ketorolac enantiomers on polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases using a polar organic mobile phase
Authors: He Yunchao , Wu Yaling , Cheng Lingping , He Shanshan , Wang Qiuhua , Wang Huiying , Ke Yanxiong
Published: June 2018

Ketorolac has been widely applied in clinical medicine for its antipyretic, analgesic and anti‐inflammatory pharmacological activity. Research showed that the analgesic effect of the S enantiomer is 230 times stronger than that of the R enantiomer. Getting the high‐purity S enantiomer of Ketorolac has profound significance but still remains a challenging topic. In this work, the separation of the R and S enantiomers of Ketorolac was investigated on polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases. Chiralcel AD‐H, OD‐H, OJ‐H and AS‐H columns were evaluated using polar organic and normal phase mode, respectively, in which the OJ‐H column showed the best performance with high selectivity and resolution for Ketorolac with α = 2.43 and RS = 9.04 by using methanol/formic acid (100:0.1, v/v) as the mobile phase. The influences of acid additive, composition of mobile phase and temperature were examined. The coating amount of cellulose tris‐(4‐methylbenzoate) has significant influence on the sample loadability. The high loadability of chiral stationary phases coated with 40% of cellulose tris‐(4‐methylbenzoate) allows preparative separation up to 16 mg on an analytical column of 250 × 4.6 mm id in a single run for Ketoroac using methanol/formic acid (100:0.1, v/v) as mobile phase, which shows a potential application in industrial preparation.
Application of human resource management's universal model: An examination of people versus institutions as barriers of internationalization for SMEs in a small developing country
Authors: Mendy John , Rahman Mahfuzur
Published: June 2018

Although the importance of people and institutions has been highlighted in multinational enterprise studies, the association between people, institutions, and the internationalization of small to medium‐sized enterprise (SMEs) is an underexplored issue from the context of a small developing country. We examine theories subsumed under the Universal Model of human resource management (HRM) onto SMEs to study the hypothesized people and institutionally orientated barriers posed to SMEs’ internationalization. Using quantitative analysis, the impacts of the barriers on internationalization are highlighted with particular attention to employer attractiveness. Following extant literature review, this study has used primary data collected through questionnaires from 212 Bangladeshi SMEs. We developed and validated the partial least square‐based structural equation model (PLS‐SEM) to assess the impacts and successfully framed people versus institutional barriers as a second‐order hierarchical reflective model, which has not been done previously. Given their marginal significance over institutions, people‐oriented cultural barriers should be included as an extension of the Universal Model to study SME internationalization.
Characterization of ten extreme disturbance events in the context of social and ecological systems
Authors: Lugo Ariel E.
Published: June 2018

An extreme disturbance event is one in which any of its component disturbance forces and their interactions with affected systems have dimensions and responses that exceed the known range of variation expected of those parameters. If the exposed system does not respond or exhibits a low level response to an event, the event was not extreme to the exposed system, regardless of the dimensions of its disturbance forces. Extreme disturbance events are complex and require disaggregation to improve understanding of their effects. The areas affected by extreme events and the duration of the events are related but involve many orders of magnitude in terms of area affected and duration. One way to compare events is through a common and objective unit of measure such as energy. A comparison of ten extreme events in terms of their power and total energy delivered per unit area revealed a broad range of values among them. The power of events ranged 8 orders of magnitude and the total load per unit area ranged 14 orders of magnitude. Each event had different points of interaction with exposed ecosystems. When exposed to the same extreme event, the response of social systems is different from the response of the ecological systems. Also, social systems recovered quicker to a category 3 hurricane than did ecological systems. Both social and ecological systems have the capacity to evolve, adapt, innovate, and develop novelty in response to the selective pressure of extreme events.
Grain Boundary Serration in Nickel-Based Superalloy Inconel 600: Generation and Effects on Mechanical Behavior
Authors: Tang Yuanbo T. , Wilkinson Angus J. , Reed Roger C.
Published: June 2018

Grain boundary serration in the superalloy Inconel 600 was studied. Two microstructural variants, one with nonserrated and the other with serrated grain boundaries were generated by altering the heat-treatment conditions, while keeping other aspects of the microstructure unchanged. The effect on the creep response between 700 °C and 900 °C was measured, and the different failure modes and accumulated damage were quantified using high-angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction analysis in the scanning electron microscope and also by X-ray computed tomography. It is found that serration plays a more crucial role in the high-temperature/low-stress regime when an intergranular cracking mechanism involving cavitation is operative; here it plays a role in improving both creep life and creep ductility. Any effect of serration is less prevalent at low temperatures where transgranular failure is dominant.
Is the Care System to Blame for the Poor Educational Outcomes of Children Looked After? Evidence from a Systematic Review and National Database Analysis
Authors: Luke Nikki , O'Higgins Aoife
Published: June 2018

It is recognised internationally that children in out-of-home care (‘children in care’ or ‘children looked after’) generally have lower educational attainments than other pupils. This article provides two forms of evidence that challenge the view that care status in itself can explain this ‘attainment gap’. A systematic review of 28 studies was conducted to assess the evidence on whether being in care is detrimental to young people's educational outcomes. This is complemented by an analysis of administrative data from England, which compares the educational outcomes of children in care at age 16 to those of children in the general population and to other children supported by social services. Taken together, the findings suggest that while research demonstrates an important attainment gap between children in care and children in the general population, this difference is reduced and in many cases disappears when other important factors are taken into consideration to reduce selection bias. We find little evidence that being in care is detrimental to the educational outcomes of children looked after, but suggest that given the heterogeneity of the population, special attention should be paid to different groups of children and their particular needs while in care.