bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mode of Lynching: One Method of Vigilante Justice
Authors: Mortensen Erik
Published: October 2017

This article examines the act of lynching as a method of vigilante justice and argues that the slippery nature of “lynching” as a term is best understood in this context. It is the fact that lynching is a method of vigilante justice that has allowed it to be justified across different regions, and for differing contexts to gain support and positive portrayal in the American imaginary. The article reaches this conclusion through an analysis of lynching narratives across time, space, and forms.
Shame and the Ex-Convict: The New Jim Crow, African American Literature, and Edward P. Jones's “Old Boys, Old Girls”
Authors: Rolston Simon
Published: October 2017

This article initiates a discussion about the ex-convict in American literature through an analysis of Edward P. Jones's 2004 short story “Old Boys, Old Girls.” More specifically, it discusses how shame polices African American ex-convicts' post-prison lives and uses “Old Boys” to consider the limitations of using affect, especially “shamelessness,” as a method of resistance to mass incarceration. Drawing on contemporary theories of race and criminal justice, as well as affect theory, this article rethinks resistance to what Michelle Alexander calls the “New Jim Crow,” suggests new directions for African American literature, and makes an early contribution to the study of Edward P. Jones's work, which is woefully under-examined in American literary studies.
“What Happens When…?”: A Meditation on Experimentation and Communication in Practices of Artistic Research
Authors: Esling Natalia
Published: October 2017

Natalia Esling’s introductory article to this special issue of CTR offers a snapshot of views and experiences of an international colleague (Falk Hübner) as a point of comparison for her own experiences using practice-based research (PBR) methodologies to examine the impact of sensory manipulation in contemporary performance. Discussing in brief her own research methods and experiment design, she considers several fundamental criteria associated with Artistic Research (AR)—process orientation, knowledge generation, and utility/transferability—arguing that the significance of discoveries made and knowledges gained through practices of AR lies in the capacity to communicate those discoveries and knowledges across multi- and interdisciplinary boundaries. The article further articulates the benefit of hands-on processes that lead to more incisive and precise questions related to discrete aspects of the dynamics of performance; it considers a way of thinking about AR in relation to performances/productions that does not necessarily privilege a performance/production as a final “outcome,” but rather that positions it as one aspect within the broader process of addressing a particular question through AR.
“[So] What Do Dancers Know, [Anyway]?”: Voicing the Dancer’s Perspective through Emergent Choreographic Analysis
Authors: Andrews P. Megan
Published: October 2017

[So] what do dancers know, [anyway]? Part manifesto, part essay, this article presents a woven, multi-level text discussion of my dancer/scholar standpoint and practice-as-research approach to articulating the dancer’s perspective. My recent research develops an emergent choreographic analysis of iconic American dance artist Deborah Hay’s choreography and practice, from my first-person experience as practitioner/performer in her solo “At Once” (2009). Writing as closely as possible to the dancing experience from within the practice, and using phenomenological, critical-poetic and performative writing strategies, this approach involves an iterative practicing, performing, and writing process that echoes the principles of adaptation underlying Hay’s own project. Reflecting Robin Nelson’s proposal that, in PaR, theory is imbricated within practice but must be articulated in complementary writing, I draw on Linda Hutcheon’s definition and principles of adaptation as a tool to amplify the resonances between Hay’s work, my artistic research itself, and the framework for its articulation. I ultimately position my research and writing not as a separate analytical reflection but as a critical-creative adaptation of Hay’s choreographic work.
A Way to Work on My Problem without Knowing What It Is
Authors: Webber Evan
Published: October 2017

The article outlines the background, development, method and impact of performance encyclopaedia, an iterative performance work co-created by Ame Henderson and Evan Webber. performance encyclopaedia, proposes that reading and writing are convivial, choreographic actions that produce not objects but temporal, collective, and embodied experience. The inception of this project is connected to a reading of Artistic research: theories, methods and practices by Mika Hannula, Juha Suoranta, and Tere Vadén, which was a major influence on the creators’ thinking.
Of Puppets and Prototypes—Proposals for an Intermedial Performance Design Practice
Authors: Windeyer Richard C.
Published: October 2017

In this brief essay, puppetry serves as a metaphor for thinking about how several design research techniques—such as participatory prototyping or the development of user requirement specifications—may be adapted to the collective creation of intermedial performance projects. The observations and speculations explored in this essay have emerged primarily through the author’s own experiences as a designer of intermedial performance instruments over the past decade. As such, this essay constitutes a personalized proposal for an improved set of working methods capable of identifying and avoiding several recurring processual tendencies.
Photo Collection
Authors: Evans Aria
Published: October 2017

Emerging to established Toronto dance artists respond to the question: “How is your artistic research or creative process different when there is no deadline associated with the project?”
Practice and Research: A Report from the Academy
Authors: Blenkarn Patrick , Lewis Cole , Wells Ker
Published: October 2017

Summarizing a round-table discussion by faculty members at Simon Fraser University’s School for the Contemporary Arts, this report presents the arguments and assumptions surrounding Practice as Research within the university. The artists present, drawing from their own experiences in a range of disciplines, debate the terminologies of research, institutional conceptions of methodologies, the function of documentation, their relationship with artists outside of the university system, and the place of teaching within the (potentially false) binary of practice and research. While no ultimate conclusions are made, the report serves as a condensed survey of the significant methodological, if not cultural, divides within contemporary art as it exists within the university institution.
Interactive Research: Media | Animator | Performer
Authors: Dobie Gwenyth , Mackwood William
Published: October 2017

This article investigates the emerging methodologies of interactive performance. Interactive performance has been defined as one in which: digital technology is a central strategy, and there is a corporeal presence (live body) on stage, and there is real-time interactivity between the two. The central question of this study revolves around the evolving systems used to develop this work, specifically searching for solutions to the complex challenges raised when developing digital tools synergistically with dramatic content. As artistic researchers and educators in the School of the Arts, Media, Performance and Design, York University, and Artistic Directors of Out of the Box Productions, Gwenyth Dobie and William Mackwood are advantageously positioned to use creative practice as a primary means and method of inquiry. Through their research-creation work they recognize the general term “Animator” as better able to describe the blend of knowledge, interests, and investment needed of all participants for a successful outcome. Further, they implement the terms “Animator Performer” (AP) and “Media Animator” (MA) when working in the world of interactive performance. From the findings on their most recent immersive piece Rallentando — an Installation, Dobie and Mackwood detail new creation methodologies where Media Animator/Animator Performer collaborate in ‘real-time’ throughout the developmental process.
Terms of Engagement: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Artistic Experimentation in the Rencontres/Encounters Project. A Dialogue of Sorts
Authors: Van Fossen Rachael , Ndejuru Lisa
Published: October 2017

Situated within a context of social unease around xenophobic measures such as Québec’s Commission on Reasonable Accommodation and the infamous Charter of Québec Values, Rencontres/Encounters (R/E)’s research-creation process foregrounds what Ric Knowles terms “interculturalism” or “the contested, unsettling, and often unequal spaces between cultures, spaces that can function as performative sites of negotiation.” R/E blurs distinctions of what constitutes “community-engaged,” by experimenting with professional theatre artists from diverse or marginalized communities as an ethical, experimental approach to advancing social engagement processes and artistic creation. Can stepping into performance in the stories of others/another/an Other help build relationships and transform understandings across different life experiences, value systems, racialization, faiths, sexual and gender identities, etc.? The basis of the R/E experimental methodology in studio was to invite performance proposals centred on an ever-evolving set of questions. For example: What personal material can and should be used? How can risks be mitigated in future encounters? What are we looking for? How can we clarify the terms of engagement? Our team now is refining and adapting the experiments for dissemination in the form of workshops, and through a resource guide that will provide a menu of exercises, games, and performance proposals.
The Making of Making Treaty 7: A Practical, Philosophical and Ideological Template for Intercultural Collaboration
Authors: Twigg Troy Emery , Demeanor Kris , Barton Bruce
Published: October 2017

The origins of Making Treaty 7 the theatrical production in some ways mirror the treaty signing process itself 140 years ago: Negotiation, protocol, and the quest of two cultures trying to understand each other. Where this process significantly diverges from the murky dealings in 1877 is that the spirit in which this society and this play were created comes out of a need to repair and reconcile the fractured relationship between the First Nations and “newcomers,” a desire to recognize the facts of the past and have it inform us as to how to move forward together on this land. This article is a unique look inside the genesis and creation of Making Treaty 7. Troy Emery Twigg, a Blackfoot artist, dancer, and educator, and Kris Demeanor, a Calgary-based poet and musician, were part of the initial wave of consultation with Treaty 7 elders, research, and discussion with Michael Green, Narcisse Blood, and Blake Brooker that helped define the trajectory of Making Treaty 7. These interviews illuminate how research, largely based on written versions of first hand oral accounts by First Nations leaders, stimulated the artistic process as “theme bundles” were created and as musical and scene creation collaborations were pursued. Ultimately, it is the story of reconciliation through art, and the blending of socially conscious creation with artistic rigour.
You’re Invited, Canada: What I learned about making theatre from The Tragically Hip
Authors: Horner Mariah
Published: October 2017

On 20 August 2016, The Tragically Hip played their final concert in their hometown of Kingston, Ontario. Broadcast on CBC, the concert was watched by one in three Canadians. Mariah Horner, an emerging site-specific theatre artist based in Kingston, explores the connections between art, national identity, and neighbourhood.
Macroscopic Approach for Optimizing Road Space Allocation of Bus Lanes in Multimodal Urban Networks Through Simulation Analysis
Authors: Zheng Nan , Dantsuji Takao , Wang Pengfei , Geroliminis Nikolas
Published: October 2017

Although multimodality has been widely studied in the literature, planning and operating bus lanes in congested urban city centers are still challenging topics for researchers and policy makers. Most existing approaches lack quantitative methods for estimating the impact of bus lanes or for optimizing the operation of bus lanes at a system level. This paper proposes a novel optimization approach for allocating road space to bus lanes in cities. The approach determines the optimal space share between the modes in service and allocates the bus lanes by integrating strategies that lead to less total travel cost. By relying on recent advances in network-level traffic flow modeling, namely, the multimodal macroscopic fundamental diagram (mMFD), the approach captures multimodal traffic dynamics and travel costs by mode. The impact of a bus lane on mode usage is taken into account to aggregated mode shift phenomena under changes in layout of dedicated bus lanes. Simulation was performed in a Swiss city network to test the proposed optimization approach. The research found that ( a) the mMFD could be properly integrated to decide for road space optimization of large-scale multimodal urban networks, ( b) an optimal and efficient space share minimized the total travel cost for all users, and ( c) the best strategy for the studied network was to implement the allocated space on the connected links on a corridor rather than to assign them sparsely to the links that are heavily congested.
Trip Generation Rates at Park-and-Ride Facilities with Regional Bus and Light Rail Service: A Supplement to ITE Trip Generation Data
Authors: Palakurthy Ravi , Tung Li-Wei , Cryer Lee , Bell Lacy
Published: October 2017

A park-and-ride (P&R) is a parking facility with connections to public transit service. The ITE Trip Generation Manual, ninth edition, presented trip generation rates separately for P&R facilities with bus and light rail service; however, the small sample sizes (maximum sample size was six studies) and outdated trip generation rates (between the 1980s and the 2000s) may not be an accurate representation for transportation engineers and planners to estimate the traffic impacts of P&R facilities correctly. This paper describes a comprehensive trip generation study that was performed at 40 regional transportation district P&R facilities in the Denver, Colorado, region with regional bus and light rail transit service. Similar to the ITE manual, this study estimated and produced weighted-average trip rates and regression equations. The sample size and variation in the data collected in this study can be used as a good representation for computing trip generation locally or for being applied to cities with similar transit systems and P&R design criteria.
Factors Affecting Residential Parking Occupancy in Madison, Wisconsin
Authors: McCahill Chris
Published: October 2017

Policy makers in urban areas throughout the United States are interested in managing parking provision and minimizing the negative impacts of excess parking, yet those policy makers often lack an understanding of how much the existing parking is used and how different factors affect its use. This paper presents a study of multifamily residential parking use and related factors at 80 sites in Madison, Wisconsin. Twenty-two factors, including neighborhood and building characteristics, are considered. During the evening peak, parking use ranges from 0 to 1.4 spaces per residential unit, and the existing supply is 67% occupied. This paper presents three simple models of parking occupancy that require only two neighborhood characteristics and three building characteristics. These models explain roughly two-thirds of the variation in occupancy. Neighborhood characteristics are highly collinear and explain roughly 40% of the variation. Building characteristics explain more than 50% of the variation. This work validates similar findings from prior studies of larger cities and also offers important guidance for practitioners in other cities to understand factors affecting parking demand and to develop models of their own. Given the vast amount of unused parking observed in this study, this work reinforces the notion that cities should implement policies to manage their supply better.
A Day in the Life of a Parking Space: Testing a Parking Hour Utilization Metric
Authors: Willson Richard
Published: October 2017

The peak period utilization metric is the basis for most parking studies. This long-held practice frames the problem as being a limited number of peak occupancy periods. This practice became established when few parking management tools were available and the cost of parking was ignored. Although the effectiveness of parking management varies across context, many more tools are now available. For most land uses, basing supply decisions on peak period utilization leads to grossly oversupplying parking on a parking hour basis. “Parking hour utilization” is the percentage of total hours that a parking space is occupied per year. This paper demonstrates the parking hour utilization metric by using three suburban land uses in Southern California. The methodology employs field counts, air photo interpretation, and Urban Land Institute data to compare peak period and parking hour utilization. The results show low parking hour utilization in these freestanding suburban land uses that ranges from 20.3% for an office complex to 30.1% for a shopping mall and 60.1% for a multifamily residential development. The paper argues that this metric should be employed in parking studies so that parking supply decisions can be made with better information on the efficiency with which parking resources are used. Adopting this metric will lead to strategies, such as shared parking and peak period management, that better use parking resources.
Jacksonville, Florida, Transportation Authority’s Mobility Corridors: Improving Transit System Performance Through Enhanced Safety and Urban Design
Authors: Jones Frederick , Sloboden Jaimison
Published: October 2017

The Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA) is an agency responsible for transit operations and roadway development in Jacksonville (Duval County), Florida. With this responsibility, JTA is uniquely positioned to develop and to implement roadway improvements that directly facilitate transit system access and operations. Since 2012, the commitment to improving transit and safety in the city of Jacksonville has been significant. In December 2014, JTA completed a route optimization initiative that was designed to increase frequency and reliability within a newly defined system of 14 high-frequency mobility corridors. To improve greatly the safety and the experience of the first- and last-mile transit user, JTA created two supporting initiatives as part of the mobility corridors program: transit enhancements and complete streets. These initiatives were intended to deal directly with deficiencies in roadway and transit infrastructure, such as gaps in sidewalks and Americans with Disabilities Act–compliant stops and shelters (transit enhancements initiative). More significantly, they were designed to improve the safety and accessibility for all users of the transit system (complete streets initiative). The focus of this paper is the complete streets initiative that directly targets substantial first- and last-mile challenges via a range of multimodal design strategies and safety countermeasures while establishing a prioritization process for implementation.
Gross Morphological Variation of Luminal Diameter of the Trachea in Different Age and Sex Groups of Bangladeshi Cadavers
Authors: Nawshin Nadia , Foysal Abdullah Al , Epsi Effat Zerin , Ahmed Zubayer
Published: October 2017

Background: The tracheobronchial tree is a branched distribution system that carries air from the trachea down to the acini which are the gas exchange units of the lung. In the trachea air speed is high and the airway is particularly vulnerable to obstruction by foreign bodies and tumors. The study of the morphological variations of luminal diameter of the trachea is of profound clinical importance as it may help the clinicians for smooth conduction of some maneuvers like endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopic procedure. It also helps the surgeons to deal with resection and reconstruction of the trachea.Objective: The present study was carried out to establish a Bangladeshi standard regarding the luminal diameter of the trachea and to minimize the dependency on foreign standards.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 70 post mortem human trachea (44 male and 26 female) to find out the difference in luminal diameter of the trachea of Bangledeshi people in relation to age and sex. The specimens were collected from the morgue in the department of Forensic Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh by purposive sampling technique. All specimens were grouped into three groups according to age ? Group A, B and C. Dissection was performed according to standard autopsy techniques. The trachea was cut horizontally through the upper border of the 5th tracheal ring and the luminal diameter was measured. The average diameter was expressed in centimeter. All data were recorded in the predesigned data sheet and statistical analysis was done using computer based statistical package, SPSS to evaluate the significance of variance between the different findings.Results: In the present study the maximum luminal diameter of the trachea was 1.65 in Group A, 2.05 in Group B and 1.85 cm in Group C. The minimum luminal diameter of the trachea was 0.7 cm in Group A, 0.85 cm in Group B and in Group C 0.85 cm. The mean (±SD) luminal diameter of the trachea was 1.24 ± 0.3, 1.39 ± 0.3 and 1.29 ± 0.23 cm in Group A, B and C respectively. The maximum mean luminal diameter of the trachea was in Group B (1.39 cm) and minimum was in Group A (1.24 cm). The mean difference of luminal diameter of the trachea between groups was statistically non significant at p>0.5 level. The maximum mean (±SD) luminal diameter of the trachea was 1.50 ± 0.3 cm in male in Group B and minimum mean (±SD) luminal diameter of the trachea was 1.17 ± 0.26 cm in female in Group C. The mean luminal diameter of the male trachea was found to be greater than that of the female trachea among the age group. Mean difference between sexes in Group B was statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level but not significant in Group A and C.Conclusions: The study would help to increase the information pool on the luminal diameter of the trachea of Bangladeshi people.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 146-150
Reimplantation of Accidentally Avulsed Permanent Maxillary Anterior Teeth in a 10-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Sheikh Md Abdul Hannan
Published: October 2017

Accidental tooth avulsion is a grievous injury and common among the children. Management of avulsed tooth within alveolar socket by reimplantation becomes a challenge for the clinician due to extraoral time and media of transportation. Although the long-term prognosis of reimplantation is poor, the time during which the tooth remain within the arch will guide the development of alveolar bone completely. Moreover, reimplantation will maintain anatomical, functional and esthetic rehabilitation of the patient. In this case report, we present a case of accidental avulsion where teeth were gently rinsed of any debris and placed in normal saline during the examination and preparation of the reimplantation sockets. The teeth were then reimplanted, functionally splinted followed by endodontical treatment. After 12 months follow-up the periodontal space was healed perfectly without any resorption or ankylosis.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 165-169
College News Vol.7(3)
Authors: Khan Md Aminul Haque , Parvin Rukhsana
Published: October 2017

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 172-173
Reviewers in this Issue Vol. 7(3)
Authors: Editor -
Published: October 2017

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 174
The Business of Religion: Lending and the Church of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Mutch Alistair
Published: October 2017

This article is based on the examination of religion as a social practice. This approach to the history of the eighteenth-century Church of Scotland leads to the uncovering of extensive practices of lending on bond by local church bodies. Two implications of this are analysed in the article: light is shed on the debate about Protestantism and lending at interest; and connections between church bodies and nascent Scottish enterprises are indicated. The article starts by outlining the structure and governance practices of the Church, with particular emphasis on its corporate form and the extensive record keeping which supplies the evidence base for the discussion. There follows a review of the historiography of Protestantism and lending at interest, which frames the detailed discussion of eighteenth- century practice. This discussion outlines the broad framework before it examines some detailed cases, with a particular focus on lending to Glasgow businesses by local church bodies.
The Role of Food Antioxidants, Benefits of Functional Foods, and Influence of Feeding Habits on the Health of the Older Person: An Overview
Authors: Wilson Douglas , Nash Paul , Buttar Harpal , Griffiths Keith , Singh Ram , De Meester Fabien , Horiuchi Rie , Takahashi Toru
Published: October 2017

This overview was directed towards understanding the relationship of brain functions with dietary choices mainly by older humans. This included food color, flavor, and aroma, as they relate to dietary sufficiency or the association of antioxidants with neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Impairment of olfactory and gustatory function in relation to these diseases was also explored. The role of functional foods was considered as a potential treatment of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase as well as similar treatments based on herbs, spices and antioxidants therein. The importance of antioxidants for maintaining the physiological functions of liver, kidney, digestive system, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer has also been highlighted. Detailed discussion was focused on health promotion of the older person through the frequency and patterns of dietary intake, and a human ecology framework to estimate adverse risk factors for health. Finally, the role of the food industry, mass media, and apps were explored for today’s new older person generation.
Selenium Concentrations for Maximisation of Thioredoxin Reductase 2 Activity and Upregulation of Its Gene Transcripts in Senescent Human Fibroblasts
Authors: Ghneim Hazem
Published: October 2017

Thioredoxin reductase 2 (TR2) activity, its gene transcripts, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation were examined in biochemically identified early-senescent P20 and senescent P30 fibroblasts subcultured in media (MEM2–MEM8) containing Se concentrations at 1.25, 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 µM, respectively. Although TR2 activity was moderately increased in P20 and P30 cells subcultured in routine growth medium (MEM1), there were progressive significant activity increases in the same cells subcultured in MEM2–MEM8. Such increases were proportional to Se concentration and peaked in P30 cells incubated with MEM7 and MEM8. H2O2 generation underwent progressive increases in MEM1-incubated P20 and P30 cells, peaking in the latter, but was gradually lowered in those incubated with MEM2–MEM8, reaching its lowest values when cells were incubated with MEM7 and MEM8. In parallel, TR2 gene transcripts underwent significant upregulation in P20 cells and higher magnitude upregulation in P30 cells subcultured in MEM2, MEM4, and MEM8 compared to those recorded for P5 pre-senescent cells subcultured in the same media. The computed Km Se values with respect to TR2 activity equaled 3.34 and 4.98 µM for P20 and P30 cells, respectively, with corresponding Vmax activities of 55.9 and 96.2 nmol/min/mg protein. It is concluded that senescent P30 cells utilize more Se and achieve maximal TR2 activity to combat oxidative injury.
Study on the Hydrodynamic Performance of Typical Underwater Bionic Foils with Spanwise Flexibility
Authors: Zhou Kai , Liu Junkao , Chen Weishan
Published: October 2017

Bionic foils are usually similar in shape to the locomotive organs of animals living in fluid media, which is helpful in the analysis of the motion mode and hydrodynamic mechanisms of biological prototypes. With the design of underwater vehicles as the research background, bionic foils are adopted as research objects in this paper. A geometric model and a motion model are established depending on the biological prototype. In the model, two typical bionic foils―a NACA foil and a crescent-shaped foil―are chosen as research objects. Simulations of the bionic foils are performed using a numerical method based on computational fluid dynamics software. The hydrodynamic forces acting on the foils and flow field characteristics behind the foils are used to analyze the propulsion performance and hydrodynamic mechanism. Furthermore, a spanwise flexibility model is introduced into the motion model. Next, the hydrodynamic mechanism is further analyzed on the basis of hydrodynamic forces and flow field characteristics with different spanwise flexibility parameters. Finally, an experimental verification platform is designed and built to verify the reliability of the numerical results. Agreement between the experimental and numerical results indicates that the numerical results are reliable and that the analysis of the paper is reasonable.
Bipolar Disorder and Immune Dysfunction: Epidemiological Findings, Proposed Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications
Authors: Rosenblat Joshua , McIntyre Roger
Published: October 2017

Bipolar disorder (BD) is strongly associated with immune dysfunction. Replicated epidemiological studies have demonstrated that BD has high rates of inflammatory medical comorbidities, including autoimmune disorders, chronic infections, cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Cytokine studies have demonstrated that BD is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation with further increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels during mood episodes. Several mechanisms have been identified to explain the bidirectional relationship between BD and immune dysfunction. Key mechanisms include cytokine-induced monoamine changes, increased oxidative stress, pathological microglial over-activation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis over-activation, alterations of the microbiome-gut-brain axis and sleep-related immune changes. The inflammatory-mood pathway presents several potential novel targets in the treatment of BD. Several proof-of-concept clinical trials have shown a positive effect of anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of BD; however, further research is needed to determine the clinical utility of these treatments. Immune dysfunction is likely to only play a role in a subset of BD patients and as such, future clinical trials should also strive to identify which specific group(s) of BD patients may benefit from anti-inflammatory treatments.
Synthesis of Isoquinolinones via Regioselective Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Activation/Annulation
Authors: Qi Wenke , Wu Yimei , Han Yongxu , Li Yi
Published: October 2017

The isoquinoline motif and its derivatives are of significant interest due to their important biological activities. The effective synthesis of substituted isoquinoline compounds has historically been a significant challenge. A new palladium-catalyzed C–H activation/annulation of N-methoxy benzamides and 2,3-allenoic acid esters is described. For the first time, 2,3-allenoic acid esters are employed for the syntheses of 3,4-substituted hydroisoquinolones, the heteroannulation of allenes proceeded smoothly and afforded the products with good yields and excellent regioselectivity.
Highly Selective Catalytic Properties of HZSM-5 Zeolite in the Synthesis of Acetyl Triethyl Citrate by the Acetylation of Triethyl Citrate with Acetic Anhydride
Authors: Chung Kyong-Hwan , Jeong Sangmin , Kim Hangun , Kim Sun-Jae , Park Young-Kwon , Jung Sang-Chul
Published: October 2017

The catalytic activities of acid catalysts for the acetylation of triethyl citrate with acetic anhydride in the preparation of acetyl triethyl citrate were evaluated. Microporous zeolites such as HZSM-5 and HY zeolites catalysts were introduced as heterogeneous acid catalysts. HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts showed a high conversion of triethyl citrate and excellent selectivity of acetyl triethyl citrate. The catalytic activities of HZSM-5 zeolites were superior to those of the HY zeolites. In particular, the selectivity of acetyl triethyl citrate on HZSM-5 zeolites exceeded 95%. The moderate acid strength of HZSM-5 (Si/Al = 75) zeolite led to the highest catalytic activities among the HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts, which have various acid strengths.
Enzymatically-Mediated Co-Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Fermentable Sugars
Authors: Beyene Dawit , Chae Michael , Dai Jing , Danumah Christophe , Tosto Frank , Demesa Abayneh Getachew , Bressler David C.
Published: October 2017

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can be extracted from cellulosic materials through the degradation of non-crystalline cellulose domains in the feedstock via acid hydrolysis. However, the sugars released from the hydrolysis process cannot be easily recovered from the acid waste stream. In this study, cellulases were used to preferentially degrade non-crystalline domains with the objectives of recovering sugars and generating a feedstock with concentrated CNC precursors for a more efficient acid hydrolysis process. Filter paper and wood pulp substrates were enzyme-treated for 2–10 h to recover 20–40 wt % glucose. Substantial xylose yield (6–12 wt %) was generated from wood pulp. CNC yields from acid hydrolysis of cellulases-treated filter paper, and wood pulp improved by 8–18% and 58–86%, respectively, when compared with the original substrate. It was thought that CNC precursors accumulated in the cellulases-treated feedstock due to enzymatic digestion of the more accessible non-crystalline celluloses. Therefore, acid hydrolysis from enzyme-treated feedstock will require proportionally less water and reagents resulting in increased efficiency and productivity in downstream processes. This study demonstrates that an enzymatically-mediated process allows recovery of fermentable sugars and improves acid hydrolysis efficiency for CNC production.
Deformable Cell Model of Tissue Growth
Authors: Bessonov Nikolai , Volpert Vitaly
Published: October 2017

This paper is devoted to modelling tissue growth with a deformable cell model. Each cell represents a polygon with particles located at its vertices. Stretching, bending and pressure forces act on particles and determine their displacement. Pressure-dependent cell proliferation is considered. Various patterns of growing tissue are observed. An application of the model to tissue regeneration is illustrated. Approximate analytical models of tissue growth are developed.
Formation of Metastable Crystals from Supercooled, Supersaturated, and Supercompressed Liquids: Role of Crystal-Liquid Interfacial Free Energy
Authors: Lee Geun Woo
Published: October 2017

The formation mechanism of metastable crystals from metastable liquids still remains elusive, although controlling the metastability of crystals and liquids already plays a crucial role in designing new materials in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. This review article describes how metastable phases can be obtained by controlling temperature, concentration, and pressure. In particular, I show the role of crystal-liquid interfacial free energy in the formation of metastable crystals from metastable liquids at a given driving force. In a microscopic viewpoint, local structure similarity between the metastable crystals and liquid determines the crystal-liquid interfacial free energy, and thus the nucleation barrier for the metastable crystals. The effect of the interfacial free energy on the formation of metastable crystals from supercooled, supersaturated, and supercompressed liquids will be demonstrated with metallic liquids, aqueous solutions, and water.
Entropy Production in Stochastics
Authors: Koutsoyiannis Demetris
Published: October 2017

While the modern definition of entropy is genuinely probabilistic, in entropy production the classical thermodynamic definition, as in heat transfer, is typically used. Here we explore the concept of entropy production within stochastics and, particularly, two forms of entropy production in logarithmic time, unconditionally (EPLT) or conditionally on the past and present having been observed (CEPLT). We study the theoretical properties of both forms, in general and in application to a broad set of stochastic processes. A main question investigated, related to model identification and fitting from data, is how to estimate the entropy production from a time series. It turns out that there is a link of the EPLT with the climacogram, and of the CEPLT with two additional tools introduced here, namely the differenced climacogram and the climacospectrum. In particular, EPLT and CEPLT are related to slopes of log-log plots of these tools, with the asymptotic slopes at the tails being most important as they justify the emergence of scaling laws of second-order characteristics of stochastic processes. As a real-world application, we use an extraordinary long time series of turbulent velocity and show how a parsimonious stochastic model can be identified and fitted using the tools developed.
Modelling of Spouted and Spout-Fluid Beds: Key for Their Successful Scale Up
Authors: Moliner Cristina , Marchelli Filippo , Bosio Barbara , Arato Elisabetta
Published: October 2017

The development of robust mathematical models could provide the necessary tools for a more rapid, efficient, and reliable spouted bed technology development. Computer simulations can be very useful to aid this design and scale-up process: firstly, they can contribute to obtain a fundamental insight into their complex dynamic behavior by understanding the elementary physical principles such as drag, friction, dissipation etc.; secondly, the simulations can be used as a design tool where the ultimate goal is to have a numerical model with predictive capabilities for gas-particle flows at engineering scale. Clearly, one single simulation method will not be able to achieve this goal, but a hierarchy of methods modelling phenomena on different length and time scales can achieve this. The most fruitful approach will be when they are simultaneously followed, so that they can mutually benefit from each other. In this sense, this paper presents a review of the current state of the art of modelling on spouted and spout-fluid beds through an analysis of recent literature following a multiscale approach (molecular and particle, lab, plant and industrial scale). The main features of the different scales together with their current limits are discussed and specific topics are highlighted as paths that still need to be explored. In summary, the paper aims to define the theoretical setline and the basis of improvement that would lead to a robust multiscale model with solid links between micro and macroscopic phenomena. If done with the correct balance between accuracy and computational costs it will gear SB towards their reliable and successful implementation.
Review: Characterization and Modeling of the Mechanical Properties of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kermani Golriz , Sahraei Elham
Published: October 2017

Li-ion batteries have become a dominant power source in consumer electronics and vehicular applications. The mobile use of batteries subjects them to various mechanical loads. The mechanisms that follow a mechanical deformation and lead to damage and failure in Li-ion batteries have only been studied in recent years. This paper is a comprehensive review of advancements in experimental and computational techniques for characterization of Li-ion batteries under mechanical abuse loading scenarios. A number of recent studies have used experimental methods to characterize deformation and failure of batteries and their components under various tensile and compressive loading conditions. Several authors have used the test data to propose material laws and develop finite element (FE) models. Then the models have been validated against tests at different levels from comparison of shapes to predicting failure and onset of short circuit. In the current review main aspects of each study have been discussed and their approach in mechanical testing, material characterization, FE modeling, and validation is analyzed. The main focus of this review is on mechanical properties at the level of a single battery.
Simulating Extreme Directional Wave Conditions
Authors: Draycott Samuel , Davey Thomas , Ingram David
Published: October 2017

Wave tank tests often involve simulating extreme wave conditions as they enable the maximum expected loads to be inferred: a vital parameter for structural design. The definition, and simulation of, extreme conditions are often fairly simplistic, which can result in conditions and associated loads that are not representative of those that would be observed at the deployment location. Here we present a method of defining, simulating at scale, and validating realistic site-specific extreme wave conditions for survival testing of wave energy converters. Bivariate inverse-first order reliability method (I-FORM) environmental contours define extreme pairs of significant wave height and energy period ( H m 0 – T E ), while observed extreme conditions are used to define realistic frequency and directional distributions. These sea states are scaled, simulated and validated at the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility to demonstrate that the site-specific extreme wave conditions can be re-created with accuracy. The presented approach enables greater realism to be incorporated into tank testing with survival sea states. The techniques outlined and explored here can provide further and more realistic insight into the response of offshore structures and devices, and can help make important design decisions prior to full-scale deployment.
Investigation on the Energy Saving Potential of Using a Novel Dew Point Cooling System in Data Centres
Authors: Bi Yin , Wang Yugang , Ma Xiaoli , Zhao Xudong
Published: October 2017

Abstract: Information technology (IT) has brought significant changes in people’s lives. As an important part of the IT industry, data centres (DCs) have been rapidly growing in both the number and size over the past 40 years. Around 30% to 40% of electricity consumption in DCs is used for space cooling, thus leading to very inefficient DC operation. To identify ways to reduce the energy consumption for space cooling and increase the energy efficiency of DCs’ operation, a dedicated investigation into the energy usage in DCs has been undertaken and a novel high performance dew point cooling system was introduced into a DC operational scheme. Based on the cooling load in DCs, a case study was carried out to evaluate the energy consumptions and energy usage effectiveness when using the novel dew point cooling system in different scales of DCs in various climates. It was found that by using the novel dew point cooling system, for 10 typical climates a DC can have a much lower power usage effectiveness (PUE) of 1.10 to 1.22 compared to that of 1.7 to 3.7 by using existing traditional cooling systems, leading to significantly increased energy efficiency of the DC operation. In addition, the energy performance by managing the cooling air supply at the different levels in DCs, i.e., room, row and rack level, was simulated by using a dynamic computer model. It was found that cooling air supply at rack level can provide a higher energy efficiency in DCs. Based on the above work, the energy saving potential in DCs was conducted by comparing DCs using an the novel dew point cooling system and the optimum management scheme for the cooling air supply to that using traditional air cooling systems and the same supply air management. Annual electricity consumptions for the two cases were given. It was found that by using the novel dew point cooling system and optimum management system for the cooling air supply, an 87.7~91.6% electricity consumption saving for space cooling in DCs could be achieved in 10 typical cities at 10 selected climatic conditions.
Multi-Objective Optimization Approach for Placement of Multiple DGs for Voltage Sensitive Loads
Authors: Kaur Navdeep , Jain Sanjay
Published: October 2017

This paper presents the optimal placement of multiple Dispersed Generators using multi-objective optimization. The optimization is carried out with objectives namely active power loss, reactive power loss, voltage deviation and overall economy. The multi-objective optimization and accounting conflicting objectives are realized through Particle Swarm Optimization with fuzzy decision approach to find the optimal sizes and sites of Dispersed Generators for voltage dependent residential, commercial and industrial loads. The clusters of buses are formulated from base case load flow to limit the search space for finding the placement of the Dispersed Generators. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested on a 69-bus radial distribution. It is found that the optimal placement of the Dispersed Generators improves the overall performance of the system and the optimal allocation is affected by the type of load.
Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass in a Ceramic Reactor: Long-Time Batch Experiments
Authors: Castello Daniele , Rolli Birgit , Kruse Andrea , Fiori Luca
Published: October 2017

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is an emerging technology for the valorization of (wet) biomass into a valuable fuel gas composed of hydrogen and/or methane. The harsh temperature and pressure conditions involved in SCWG (T > 375 °C, p > 22 MPa) are definitely a challenge for the manufacturing of the reactors. Metal surfaces are indeed subject to corrosion under hydrothermal conditions, and expensive special alloys are needed to overcome such drawbacks. A ceramic reactor could be a potential solution to this issue. Finding a suitable material is, however, complex because the catalytic effect of the material can influence the gas yield and composition. In this work, a research reactor featuring an internal alumina inlay was utilized to conduct long-time (16 h) batch tests with real biomasses and model compounds. The same experiments were also conducted in batch reactors made of stainless steel and Inconel 625. The results show that the three devices have similar performance patterns in terms of gas production, although in the ceramic reactor higher yields of C2+ hydrocarbons were obtained. The SEM observation of the reacted alumina surface revealed a good resistance of such material to supercritical conditions, even though some intergranular corrosion was observed.