bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing compliance with neuromuscular training to prevent ankle sprain in sport: does the ‘Strengthen your ankle’ mobile App make a difference? A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Van Reijen M , Vriend I , Zuidema V , van Mechelen W , Verhagen E A
Published: January 2016

Background

E-health has the potential to facilitate implementation of effective measures to prevent sports injuries.

Aim

We evaluated whether an interactive mobile application containing a proven effective exercise programme to prevent recurrent ankle sprains resulted in higher compliance as compared with regular written exercise materials.

Methods

220 athletes participated in this randomised controlled trial with a follow-up of 8 weeks; 110 athletes received a booklet explaining an 8-week neuromuscular training programme; 110 athletes participated in the same programme in an interactive mobile App (Strengthen your ankle). The primary outcome was compliance with the exercise programme. Secondary outcome measure was the incidence density of self-reported recurrent ankle sprains.

Results

The mean compliance to the exercise scheme was 73.3% (95% CI 67.7% to 78.1%) in the App group, compared with 76.7% (95% CI 71.9% to 82.3%) in the Booklet group. No significant difference in compliance was found between groups. The incidence densities of self-reported time-loss recurrences were not significantly different between both groups (HR 3.07; 95% CI 0.62 to 15.20).

This study shows that the method of implementing the exercises by using an App or a Booklet does not lead to different compliance rates.

New findings

The use of a mobile App or a Booklet lead to similar compliance and injury rates in the short term.

Trial registration number

The Netherlands National Trial Register NTR 4027. The NTR is part of the WHO Primary Registries.
Tackle technique and tackle-related injuries in high-level South African Rugby Union under-18 players: real-match video analysis
Authors: Burger Nicholas , Lambert Michael I , Viljoen Wayne , Brown James C , Readhead Clint , Hendricks Sharief
Published: January 2016

Background

The high injury rate associated with rugby union is primarily due to the tackle, and poor contact technique has been identified as a risk factor for injury. We aimed to determine whether the tackle technique proficiency scores were different in injurious tackles versus tackles that did not result in injury using real-match scenarios in high-level youth rugby union.

Methods

Injury surveillance was conducted at the under-18 Craven Week tournaments (2011–2013). Tackle-related injury information was used to identify injury events in the match video footage and non-injury events were identified for the injured player cohort. Injury and non-injury events were scored for technique proficiency and Cohen's effect sizes were calculated and the Student t test (p<0.05) was performed to compare injury versus non-injury scores.

Results

The overall mean score for front-on ball-carrier proficiency was 7.17±1.90 and 9.02±2.15 for injury and non-injury tackle events, respectively (effect size=moderate; p<0.05). The overall mean score for side/behind ball-carrier proficiency was 4.09±2.12 and 7.68±1.72 for injury and non-injury tackle events, respectively (effect size=large; p<0.01). The overall mean score for front-on tackler proficiency was 7.00±1.95 and 9.35±2.56 for injury and non-injury tackle events, respectively (effect size=moderate; p<0.05). The overall mean score for side/behind tackler proficiency was 5.47±1.60 and 8.14±1.75 for injury and non-injury tackle events, respectively (effect size=large; p<0.01).

Higher overall mean and criterion-specific tackle-related technique scores were associated with a non-injury outcome. The ability to perform well during tackle events may decrease the risk of injury and may manifest in superior performance.
A cluster randomised controlled trial of advice, exercise or multifactorial assessment to prevent falls and fractures in community-dwelling older adults: protocol for the prevention of falls injury trial (PreFIT)
Authors: Bruce Julie , Lall Ranjit , Withers Emma J , Finnegan Susanne , Underwood Martin , Hulme Claire , Sheridan Ray , Skelton Dawn A , Martin Finbarr , Lamb Sarah E
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Falls are the leading cause of accident-related mortality in older adults. Injurious falls are associated with functional decline, disability, healthcare utilisation and significant National Health Service (NHS)-related costs. The evidence base for multifactorial or exercise interventions reducing fractures in the general population is weak. This protocol describes a large-scale UK trial investigating the clinical and cost-effectiveness of alternative falls prevention interventions targeted at community dwelling older adults.

Methods and analysis

A three-arm, pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial, conducted within primary care in England, UK. Sixty-three general practices will be randomised to deliver one of three falls prevention interventions: (1) advice only; (2) advice with exercise; or (3) advice with multifactorial falls prevention (MFFP). We aim to recruit over 9000 community-dwelling adults aged 70 and above. Practices randomised to deliver advice will mail out advice booklets. Practices randomised to deliver ‘active’ interventions, either exercise or MFFP, send all trial participants the advice bookletanda screening survey to identify participants with a history of falling or balance problems. Onward referral to ‘active’ intervention will be based on falls risk determined from balance screen. The primary outcome is peripheral fracture; secondary outcomes include number with at least one fracture, falls, mortality, quality of life and health service resource use at 18 months, captured using self-report and routine healthcare activity data.

Ethics and dissemination

The study protocol has approval from the National Research Ethics Service (REC reference 10/H0401/36; Protocol V.3.1, 21/May/2013). User groups and patient representatives were consulted to inform trial design. Results will be reported at conferences and in peer-reviewed publications. A patient-friendly summary of trial findings will be published on the prevention of falls injury trial (PreFIT) website. This protocol adheres to the recommended SPIRIT Checklist. Amendments will be reported to relevant regulatory parties.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN 71002650; Pre-results.
Role ofHelicobacter pyloriand interleukin 6 -174 gene polymorphism in dyslipidemia: a case–control study
Authors: Pohjanen Vesa-Matti , Koivurova Olli-Pekka , Niemelä Seppo E , Karttunen Riitta A , Karttunen Tuomo J
Published: January 2016

Objective

To assess the role ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection and interleukin 6 polymorphism -174 (rs1800795) in dyslipidemia.

Design

Case–control study comparing serum lipids betweenH. pyloripositive and negative patients and controlling for IL-6 -174 polymorphism, age, sex and smoking.

Setting

3 hospitals performing outpatient endoscopies in the city of Oulu, Finland.

Participants

199 adult patients with dyspepsia symptoms fulfilling Rome criteria originating from ethnically Finnish population. Patients with an immunosuppressive disorder or malignant disease, treatedH. pyloriinfection, immunosuppressive or anticoagulant medication, previous gastric surgery or ongoing antibiotic treatment were excluded.

Primary outcome measures

Association ofH. pyloriinfection and serum lipid concentrations in the whole group or in genotype-based subgroups. The associations between peptic ulcer, gastric mucosal inflammation and serum lipid concentrations were assessed as secondary outcomes.

Results

The median high-density lipoprotein (HDL) serum concentration was significantly lower in theH. pyloripositive group (0.81 mmol/L) than in the negative group (0.95 mmol/L; p<0.001). In the genotype subgroup analyses, a similar association betweenH. pyloriinfection and HDL serum levels was seen within the IL-6 -174 CC genotype group (HDL 0.72 vs 1.06 mmol/L, respectively; p<0.001), but no significant associations were seen in the GC or GG genotype groups. Additionally, patients with peptic ulcer demonstrated lower HDL levels (0.75 mmol/L) thanH. pyloripositive patients without ulcer (0.86 mmol/L; p=0.010).

Conclusions

H. pyloriinfection associated significantly with low serum levels of HDL in the IL-6 -174 CC genotype patients but not in the other genotypes. This suggests that the association betweenH. pyloriinfection and serum HDL could be transmitted through IL-6. We suggest that the role of IL-6 genotype should also be studied in relation to other associations between gastrointestinal microbiome and cardiovascular risk factors.
Accuracy of non-invasive prenatal testing using cell-free DNA for detection of Down, Edwards and Patau syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Taylor-Phillips Sian , Freeman Karoline , Geppert Julia , Agbebiyi Adeola , Uthman Olalekan A , Madan Jason , Clarke Angus , Quenby Siobhan , Clarke Aileen
Published: January 2016

Objective

To measure test accuracy of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for Down, Edwards and Patau syndromes using cell-free fetal DNA and identify factors affecting accuracy.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies.

Data sources

PubMed, Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase and the Cochrane Library published from 1997 to 9 February 2015, followed by weekly autoalerts until 1 April 2015.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

English language journal articles describing case–control studies with ≥15 trisomy cases or cohort studies with ≥50 pregnant women who had been given NIPT and a reference standard.

Results

41, 37 and 30 studies of 2012 publications retrieved were included in the review for Down, Edwards and Patau syndromes. Quality appraisal identified high risk of bias in included studies, funnel plots showed evidence of publication bias. Pooled sensitivity was 99.3% (95% CI 98.9% to 99.6%) for Down, 97.4% (95.8% to 98.4%) for Edwards, and 97.4% (86.1% to 99.6%) for Patau syndrome. The pooled specificity was 99.9% (99.9% to 100%) for all three trisomies. In 100 000 pregnancies in the general obstetric population we would expect 417, 89 and 40 cases of Downs, Edwards and Patau syndromes to be detected by NIPT, with 94, 154 and 42 false positive results. Sensitivity was lower in twin than singleton pregnancies, reduced by 9% for Down, 28% for Edwards and 22% for Patau syndrome. Pooled sensitivity was also lower in the first trimester of pregnancy, in studies in the general obstetric population, and in cohort studies with consecutive enrolment.

Conclusions

NIPT using cell-free fetal DNA has very high sensitivity and specificity for Down syndrome, with slightly lower sensitivity for Edwards and Patau syndrome. However, it is not 100% accurate and should not be used as a final diagnosis for positive cases.

Trial registration number

CRD42014014947.
Meta-analysis of the central line bundle for preventing catheter-related infections: a case study in appraising the evidence in quality improvement
Authors: Marang-van de Mheen Perla J , van Bodegom-Vos Leti
Published: January 2016

Background

The central line bundle to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) is widely regarded as one of the most evidence-based quality improvement (QI) interventions. Yet, two high-quality trials reached different conclusions about its effectiveness.

Objective

To assess the overall evidence on the effectiveness of the central line bundle and also to illustrate issues related to appraising the effectiveness of QI interventions.

Methods

We searched the English-language literature (MEDLINE to Sept 2014) for prospective evaluations of the central line bundle (hand hygiene, chlorhexidine skin antisepsis, maximum sterile barrier precautions, optimal catheter site selection, daily review of line necessity) on CLABSI. Mantel–Haenszel risk ratios were calculated using a random effects model. Risk of bias was assessed on five domains: comparability of subjects, definition of intervention, assessment of outcome, statistical analysis and co-interventions/heterogeneity. Strength of the evidence was assessed following the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, a widely recommended framework for assessing the robustness of treatment effect and the likelihood of change as a result of future studies.

Results

Across 59 studies, the central line bundle effectively reduced CLABSI by 56% (relative risk 0.44 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.50)). Studies that assessed bundle compliance at the individual patient level reported slightly higher reductions than other studies. Considerable heterogeneity was present in most subgroups. Most studies had unclear or high risk of bias, with only six (10%) studies exhibiting low risk of bias on at least four domains without any high risk. In this subset of higher-quality studies, the reduction was 52% (95% CI 32% to 66%) without heterogeneity. Applying the GRADE framework, the overall strength of the evidence was low, but moderate in quality for the six high-quality studies. This rating is typically interpreted as meaning that further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the effect estimate and may change the estimate.

Conclusions

That the central line bundle could receive only a moderate evidence rating may suggest that the GRADE framework, developed mostly for traditional clinical therapies, requires modification for QI interventions. GRADE does not distinguish prospective trials (eg, controlled before-after studies and interrupted time series) from lower-level observational studies. On the other hand, that the two highest quality studies reached different conclusions makes it difficult to conclude that future research would not change the effect estimate, especially given evidence of secular trends and the variability of co-interventions to ensure bundle compliance, which created heterogeneity across studies.
Opening the doors a crack wider: palliative care research data in the public domain
Authors: Lindqvist Olav , Rasmussen Birgit H , Fürst Carl Johan , Tishelman Carol
Published: January 2016

This report builds further on OPCARE9, an EU 7th framework project aiming to identify knowledge gaps in care provision in the last days of life. This study began with curiosity about new ways of generating research questions to meet future challenges in palliative care (PC) and how to better engage disciplines not generally included in PC research. We here describe an innovative methodological approach to generating data; put data relevant for PC research in the public domain; and raise issues about open access in PC research. We aimed to compile research questions from different disciplines, based on raw data consisting of approximately 1000 descriptions of non-pharmacological caregiving activities (NPCAs), generated through previous research. 53 researchers from different fields were sent the full list of NPCAs and asked to generate research questions from their disciplinary perspective. Responses were received from 32 researchers from 9 countries, generating approximately 170 research topics, questions, reflections and ideas, from a wide variety of perspectives, which are presented here. Through these data, issues related to death and dying are addressed in several ways, in line with a new public health approach. By engaging a broader group of disciplines and facilitating availability of data in the public domain, we hope to stimulate more open dialogue about a wider variety of issues related to death and dying. We also introduce an innovative methodological approach to data generation, which resulted in a response rate at least equivalent to that in our Delphi survey of professionals in OPCARE9.
Association between frailty and quality of life among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kojima Gotaro , Iliffe Steve , Jivraj Stephen , Walters Kate
Published: January 2016

Background

With growing numbers of older people worldwide, improving and maintaining quality of life during the extended years of life are a major focus for healthcare providers and policymakers. Some studies have suggested frailty may be associated with worse quality of life.

Objectives

To review the associations between frailty and quality of life among community-dwelling older people.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed using five databases for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies examining associations between frailty and quality of life among community-dwelling older people published in 2000 or later. Reference lists of relevant studies were also manually searched. Authors were requested for data for a meta-analysis if necessary. Meta-analysis was attempted for studies using the same frailty criteria and quality-of-life instrument. Methodological quality, heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed.

Results

The systematic review identified 5145 studies, among which 11 cross-sectional studies and two longitudinal studies were included in this review. Meta-analysis including four cross-sectional studies using the Fried Phenotype and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey showed that those classified as frail and prefrail had significantly lower mental and physical quality-of-life scores than those classified as non-frail. High heterogeneity and possible publication bias were noted.

Conclusions

This systematic review and meta-analysis has demonstrated the evidence of a consistent inverse association between frailty/prefrailty and quality of life among community-dwelling older people. Interventions targeted at reducing frailty may have the additional benefit of improving corresponding quality of life. More longitudinal analysis is required to determine this effect.
Study of the diversity of microbial communities in a sequencing batch reactor oxic–settling–anaerobic process and its modified process
Authors: Sun Lianpeng , Chen Jianfan , Wei Xiange , Guo Wuzhen , Lin Meishan , Yu Xiaoyu
Published: January 2016

To further reveal the mechanism of sludge reduction in the oxic–settling–anaerobic (OSA) process, the polymerase chain reaction – denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis protocol was used to study the possible difference in the microbial communities between a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)–OSA process and its modified process, by analyzing the change in the diversity of the microbial communities in each reactor of both systems. The results indicated that the structure of the microbial communities in aerobic reactors of the 2 processes was very different, but the predominant microbial populations in anaerobic reactors were similar. The predominant microbial population in the aerobic reactor of the SBR–OSA belonged to Burkholderia cepacia, class Betaproteobacteria, while those of the modified process belonged to the classes Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. These 3 types of microbes had a cryptic growth characteristic, which was the main cause of a greater sludge reduction efficiency achieved by the modified process.
Screening sourdough samples for gliadin-degrading activity revealedLactobacillus caseistrains able to individually metabolize the coeliac-disease-related 33-mer peptide
Authors: Alvarez-Sieiro Patricia , Redruello Begoña , Ladero Victor , Martín Maria Cruz , Fernández María , Alvarez Miguel A.
Published: January 2016

A selective culture medium containing acid-hydrolyzed gliadins as the sole nitrogen source was used in the search for sourdough-indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with gliadin-metabolizing activity. Twenty gliadin-degrading LAB strains were isolated from 10 sourdoughs made in different ways and from different geographical regions. Fifteen of the 20 isolated strains were identified as Lactobacillus casei, a species usually reported as subdominant in sourdough populations. The other 5 gliadin-degrading strains belonged to the more commonly encountered sourdough species Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum. All these strains were shown to be safe in terms of their resistance to antimicrobial agents. When individually incubated with the α2-gliadin-derived immunotoxic 33-mer peptide (97.5 ppm), half of the L. casei strains metabolized at least 50% of it within 24 h. One strain metabolized 82% of the 33-mer peptide within 8 h and made it fully disappear within 12 h. These results reveal for the first time the presence in sourdough of proteolytic L. casei strains with the capacity to individually metabolize the coeliac-disease-related 33-mer peptide.
Taurine and pioglitazone attenuate diabetes-induced testicular damage by abrogation of oxidative stress and up-regulation of the pituitary–gonadal axis
Authors: Abd El-Twab Sanaa M. , Mohamed Hanaa M. , Mahmoud Ayman M.
Published: January 2016

Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with impairment of testicular function. The current study aimed to investigate the protective effects and the possible mechanisms of taurine and pioglitazone against diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. Both normal and diabetic rats received taurine (100 mg/kg) or pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) orally and daily for 6 weeks. Diabetic rats showed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in glycosylated hemoglobin, glucose, homeostasis model of insulin resistance, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Serum insulin, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in diabetic rats. Taurine and pioglitazone alleviated hyperglycemia, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased circulating levels of insulin, testosterone, LH, and FSH. Gene and protein expression of LH and FSH receptors and cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17) was significantly (P < 0.001) down-regulated in testes of diabetic rats, an effect which was significantly increased after administration of taurine and pioglitazone. In addition, taurine and pioglitazone significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and enhanced activity of the antioxidant enzymes in testes of diabetic rats. In conclusion, taurine and pioglitazone exerted protective effects against diabetes-induced testicular damage through attenuation of hyperglycemia, inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage, and up-regulation of the pituitary/gonadal axis.
Ab initio study of structural, mechanical, thermal and electronic properties of perovskites Sr(Li,Pd)H3
Authors: Benlamari S. , Amara Korba S. , Lakel S. , Meradji H. , Ghemid S. , El Haj Hassan F.
Published: January 2016

The structural, elastic, thermal and electronic properties of perovskite hydrides SrLiH3 and SrPdH3 have been investigated using the all-electron full-potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method based on the density functional theory (DFT). For the exchange-correlation potential, local-density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) have been used to calculate theoretical lattice parameters, bulk modulus, and its pressure derivative. The present results are in good agreement with available theoretical and experimental data. The three independent elastic constants [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are also reported. From electronic band structure and density of states (DOSs), it is found that SrLiH3 is an insulator characterized by an indirect gap of 3.48 eV, while SrPdH3 is metallic with a calculated DOSs at Fermi energy of 0.745 states/eV-unit cell. Poisson’s ratio [Formula: see text], Young’s modulus (E), shear modulus (G), anisotropy factor (A), average sound velocities [Formula: see text] and density [Formula: see text] of these compounds are also estimated for the first time. The Debye temperature is deduced from the average sound velocity. Variation of elastic constants and bulk modulus of these compounds as a function of pressure is also reported. Pressure and thermal effects on some macroscopic properties are predicted using the quasi-harmonic Debye model.
Stability condition for strong shocks in flows over an infinite planar wedge satisfying the Lopatinski condition
Authors: Blokhin A. M. , Tkachev D. L.
Published: January 2016

We study the classical problem for a flow of uniform inviscid non-heat-conducting gas in thermodynamical equilibrium moving onto a planar infinite wedge. As it is known, theoretically this problem has solutions of two types. Solutions of the first type correspond to a strong shock when the gas velocity behind the shock front is less than the sound speed whereas solutions of the second type correspond to the case of a weak shock when the gas velocity behind the shock front is greater than the sound speed. The shock fronts are attached to the wedge vertex. We consider the linear problem for a strong shock wave provided that the Lopatinski condition holds (in a weak sense) on the shock front and the initial data are compactly, i.e. supports of the initial data are separated from the coordinate axes. Under some additional conditions on the initial data we find a solution of the generalized problem. In contrast to the previously studied case when the uniform Lopatinski condition holds on the shock front, this solution contains plane waves. The stability of the found solution is thus justified on the linear level what gives a principle possibility to realize the flow regime containing a strong shock as time increases.
Changes in one-carbon metabolism after duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery
Authors: Jung Jeeyoun , Ha Tae Kyung , Lee Jueun , Lho Yunmee , Nam Miso , Lee Doohae , le Roux Carel W. , Ryu Do Hyun , Ha Eunyoung , Hwang Geum-Sook
Published: January 2016

Bariatric surgery alleviates obesity and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Using metabolomic and proteomic profiles, we evaluated metabolic changes in serum and liver tissue after duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery in rats fed a normal chow diet. We found that the levels of vitamin B12 in the sera of DJB rates were decreased. In the liver of DJB rats, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase levels were decreased, whereas serine, cystathionine, cysteine, glutathione, cystathionine β-synthase, glutathione S-transferase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase levels were increased. These results suggested that DJB surgery enhanced trans-sulfuration and its consecutive reactions such as detoxification and the scavenging activities of reactive oxygen species. In addition, DJB rats showed higher levels of purine metabolites such as ATP, ADP, AMP, and inosine monophosphate. Decreased guanine deaminase, as well as lower levels of hypoxanthine, indicated that DJB surgery limited the purine degradation process. In particular, the AMP/ATP ratio and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase increased after DJB surgery, which led to enhanced energy production and increased catabolic pathway activity, such as fatty acid oxidation and glucose transport. This study shows that bariatric surgery altered trans-sulfuration and purine metabolism in the liver. Characterization of these mechanisms increases our understanding of the benefits of bariatric surgery.
Neuregulin-1 attenuates development of nephropathy in a type 1 diabetes mouse model with high cardiovascular risk
Authors: Vandekerckhove Leni , Vermeulen Zarha , Liu Zhi Zhao , Boimvaser Sonia , Patzak Andreas , Segers Vincent F. M. , De Keulenaer Gilles W.
Published: January 2016

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is an endothelium-derived growth factor with cardioprotective and antiatherosclerotic properties and is currently being tested in clinical trials as a treatment for systolic heart failure. In clinical practice, heart failure often coexists with renal failure, sharing an overlapping pathophysiological background. In this study, we hypothesized that NRG-1 might protect against cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and nephropathy within one disease process. We tested this hypothesis in a hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) type 1 diabetes mouse model prone to the development of cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and nephropathy and compared the effects of NRG-1 with insulin. Upon onset of hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin, apoE−/− mice were treated with vehicle, insulin, or recombinant human (rh)NRG-1 for 14 wk and were compared with nondiabetic apoE−/− littermates. Vehicle-treated diabetic apoE−/− mice developed left ventricular (LV) dilatation and dysfunction, dense atherosclerotic plaques, and signs of nephropathy. Nephropathy was characterized by abnormalities including hyperfiltration, albuminuria, increased urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), upregulation of renal fibrotic markers, and glomerulosclerosis. rhNRG-1 treatment induced systemic activation of ErbB2 and ErbB4 receptors in both heart and kidneys and prevented LV dilatation, improved LV contractile function, and reduced atherosclerotic plaque size. rhNRG-1 also significantly reduced albuminuria, NGALuria, glomerular fibrosis, and expression of fibrotic markers. Regarding the renal effects of rhNRG-1, further analysis showed that rhNRG-1 inhibited collagen synthesis of glomerular mesangial cells in vitro but did not affect AngII-induced vasoconstriction of glomerular arterioles. In conclusion, systemic administration of rhNRG-1 in hypercholesterolemic type 1 diabetic mice simultaneously protects against complications in the heart, arteries and kidneys.
Graphene Functionalization by 1,6-Diaminohexane and Silver Nanoparticles for Water Disinfection
Authors: Abdelhalim Abdelsattar O. E. , Galal Ahmed , Hussein Mohamed Z. , El Sayed Ibrahim E.-T.
Published: January 2016

Reduced graphene (G) was prepared by chemically reducing graphene oxide (GO). For the first time, the resulting G was functionalized by 1,6-diaminohexane and decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The resulting G and modified G were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The 1,6-diaminohexane-graphene structure was ascertained from the NMR and FTIR data. AgNPs were identified with various sizes within the graphene matrix. The resulting hybrid material was used as an effective antimicrobial contact catalyst for disinfecting water from Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform bacteria. A triple action in this respect was achieved from graphene, 1,6-diaminohexane, and AgNPs without observed release of silver that causes toxicity.
Effects of Common Fig (Ficus carica) Leaf Extracts on Sperm Parameters and Testis of Mice Intoxicated with Formaldehyde
Authors: Naghdi Majid , Maghbool Maryam , Seifalah-Zade Morteza , Mahaldashtian Maryam , Makoolati Zohreh , Kouhpayeh Seyed Amin , Ghasemi Afsaneh , Fereydouni Narges
Published: January 2016

Formaldehyde (FA) is the leading cause of cellular injury and oxidative damage in testis that is one of the main infertility causes. There has been an increasing evidence of herbal remedies use in male infertility treatment. This assay examines the role of Ficus carica (Fc) leaf extracts in sperm parameters and testis of mice intoxicated with FA. Twenty‐five adult male mice were randomly divided into control; sham; FA‐treated (10 mg/kg twice per day); Fc‐treated (200 mg/kg); and FA + Fc‐treated groups. Cauda epididymal spermatozoa were analyzed for viability, count, and motility. Testes were weighed and gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated. Also, histoarchitecture of seminiferous tubules was assessed in the Haematoxylin and Eosin stained paraffin sections. The findings showed that FA significantly decreased GSI and increased percentage of immotile sperm compared with control group. Disorganized and vacuolated seminiferous epithelium, spermatogenic arrest, and lumen filled with immature germ cells were also observed in the testes. However, Fc leaf extracts improved sperm count, nonprogressive motility of spermatozoa, and GSI in FA‐treated testes. Moreover, seminiferous tubule with spermatogenic arrest was rarely seen, indicating that Fc has the positive effects on testis and epididymal sperm parameters exposed with FA.
An Approach Based on the Exploratory Data Analysis to Relate the Wear Behavior with the Microstructure of Ductile Cast Irons
Authors: Basurto-Hurtado Jesus A. , Morales-Hernández L. A. , Osornio-Rios Roque A. , Dominguez-Gonzalez Aurelio
Published: January 2016

The aim of this work is to propose a new methodology to relate Ductile Cast Irons (DCIs) wear behavior with the separation distances and sizes of the graphite nodules through an Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). This methodology consists of morphological image processing tools (compacity and size distribution curves), an EDA performed by the use of box plots and an EDA-based section classifying algorithm. This algorithm classifies the microstructure of DCIs into classes and levels grouping different behaviors of the separation distances and sizes of graphite nodules. Finally, it was found, through a number of tribological tests, that the obtained classes and levels have a different wear behavior. The results achieved by this methodology were compared with those of traditional techniques used to characterize the microstructure of the material.
Protective Effects of Celastrol on Diabetic Liver Injury via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Authors: Han Li-ping , Li Chun-jun , Sun Bei , Xie Yun , Guan Yue , Ma Ze-jun , Chen Li-ming
Published: January 2016

Immune and inflammatory pathways play a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetic liver injury. Celastrol is a potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent. So far, there is no evidence regarding the mechanism of innate immune alterations of celastrol on diabetic liver injury in type 2 diabetic animal models. The present study was aimed at investigating protective effects of celastrol on the liver injury in diabetic rats and at elucidating the possible involved mechanisms. We analyzed the liver histopathological and biochemical changes and the expressions of TLR4 mediated signaling pathway. Compared to the normal control group, diabetic rats were found to have obvious steatohepatitis and proinflammatory cytokine activities were significantly upregulated. Celastrol-treated diabetic rats show reduced hepatic inflammation and macrophages infiltration. The expressions of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and downstream inflammatory factors IL-1βand TNFαin the hepatic tissue of treated rats were downregulated in a dose-dependent manner. We firstly found that celastrol treatment could delay the progression of diabetic liver disease in type 2 diabetic rats via inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling cascade pathways and its downstream inflammatory effectors.
Understanding Referral Patterns for Bone Mineral Density Testing among Family Physicians: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Munce Sarah E. P. , Allin Sonya , Carlin Leslie , Sale Joanna , Hawker Gillian , Kim Sandra , Butt Debra A. , Polidoulis Irene , Tu Karen , Jaglal Susan B.
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Evidence of inappropriate bone mineral density (BMD) testing has been identified in terms of overtesting in low risk women and undertesting among patients at high risk. In light of these phenomena, the objective of this study was to understand the referral patterns for BMD testing among Ontario’s family physicians (FPs).Methods. A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted. Twenty-two FPs took part in a semi-structured interview lasting approximately 30 minutes. An inductive thematic analysis was performed on the transcribed data in order to understand the referral patterns for BMD testing.Results. We identified a lack of clarity about screening for osteoporosis with a tendency for baseline BMD testing in healthy, postmenopausal women and a lack of clarity on the appropriate age for screening for men in particular. A lack of clarity on appropriate intervals for follow-up testing was also described.Conclusions. These findings lend support to what has been documented at the population level suggesting a tendency among FPs to refer menopausal women (at low risk). Emphasis on referral of high-risk groups as well as men and further clarification and education on the appropriate intervals for follow-up testing is warranted.
Dual-Band Operation of a Circularly Polarized Four-Arm Curl Antenna with Asymmetric Arm Length
Authors: Ta Son Xuat , Park Ikmo
Published: January 2016

This paper presents dual-band operation of a single-feed composite cavity-backed four-arm curl antenna. Dual-band operation is achieved with the presence of the asymmetrical arm structure. A pair of vacant-quarter printed rings is used in the feed structure to produce a good circular polarization (CP) at both bands. The cavity-backed reflector is employed to improve the CP radiation characteristics in terms of the 3-dB axial ratio beamwidth and broadside gain. The proposed antenna is widely applicable in dual-band communication systems that have a small frequency ratio. Examples of such a system are global positioning systems.
Dendritic Cells andLeishmaniaInfection: Adding Layers of Complexity to a Complex Disease
Authors: Feijó Daniel , Tibúrcio Rafael , Ampuero Mariana , Brodskyn Cláudia , Tavares Natalia
Published: January 2016

Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected diseases whose clinical manifestations depend on factors from the host and the pathogen. It is an important public health problem worldwide caused by the protozoan parasite from theLeishmaniagenus. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent form of this disease transmitted by the bite of an infected sandfly into the host skin. The parasites can be uptook and/or recognized by macrophages, neutrophils, and/or dendritic cells (DCs). Initially, DCs were described to play a protective role in activating the immune response againstLeishmaniaparasites. However, several reports showed a dichotomic role of DCs in modulating the host immune response to susceptibility or resistance in CL. In this review, we discuss (1) the interactions between DCs and parasites from different species ofLeishmaniaand (2) the crosstalk of DCs and other cells during CL infection. The complexity of these interactions profoundly affects the adaptive immune response and, consequently, the disease outcome, especially fromLeishmaniaspecies of the New World.
Granulomatous Interstitial Nephritis Presenting as Hypercalcemia and Nephrolithiasis
Authors: Sharmeen Saika , Kalkan Esra , Yi Chunhui , Smith Steven D.
Published: January 2016

We report a case of acute kidney injury as the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. A 55-year-old male was sent from his primary care physician’s office with incidental lab findings significant for hypercalcemia and acute kidney injury with past medical history significant for nephrolithiasis. Initial treatment with intravenous hydration did not improve his condition. The renal biopsy subsequently revealed granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN). Treatment with the appropriate dose of glucocorticoids improved both the hypercalcemia and renal function. Our case demonstrates that renal limited GIN due to sarcoidosis, although a rare entity, can cause severe acute kidney injury and progressive renal failure unless promptly diagnosed and treated.
Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS: Perception of Health Care Workers in Rural Areas of Oyo State
Authors: Aishat Usman , Olubunmi Ayinde
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Proper implementation of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services requires adequate knowledge and appropriate attitudes and practices on the part of the health care providers especially in rural areas where access to health care delivery is very limited in Oyo State.Materials and Methods. This is a descriptive cross-sectional survey of 350 health care workers in a two-stage sampling technique. Data was obtained using interviewer-administered, pretested, semistructured questionnaires. The data was analyzed using Epi Info software version 7.Results. The knowledge of PMTCT of HIV was poor among the health care workers (69.1%). However, more than half (58.3%) had good attitudes towards PMTCT of HIV/AIDS. Predictors of good knowledge of PMTCT were religion [AOR = 1.6, 95% CI (1.1–2.6)], cadre of occupation [AOR = 10.2, 95% CI (2.9–35.1)], and length of service [AOR = 4.3, 95% CI (2.3–19.4)]. Predictors of good attitude towards PMTCT were length of service in the current hospital [AOR = 2.8, 95% CI (1.5–5.2)] and cadre of occupation [AOR = 3.9, 95% CI (1.28–11.9)].Conclusion. Despite poor knowledge of PMTCT of HIV/AIDS among the health care workers, the attitude towards PMTCT of HIV/AIDS was good. There is need for the involvement of the stakeholders in bridging the gap between knowledge of and attitude towards prevention of MTCT of HIV/AIDS among health care workers in the rural areas.
Antiobesity Effects of Unripe Rubus coreanus Miquel and Its Constituents: An In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of the Underlying Mechanism
Authors: Oh Dool-Ri , Kim Yujin , Choi Eun-jin , Hunmi-Lee  , Jung Myung-A , Bae Donghyuck , Jo Ara , Kim Young Ran , Kim Sunoh
Published: January 2016

Background. The objective of the present study was to perform a bioguided fractionation of unripe Rubus coreanus Miquel (uRC) and evaluate the lipid accumulation system involvement in its antiobesity activity as well as study the uRC mechanism of action. Results. After the fractionation, the BuOH fraction of uRC (uRCB) was the most active fraction, suppressing the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, after an oral administration for 8 weeks in HFD‐induced obese mice, uRCB (10 and 50 mg/kg/day) produced a significant decrease in body weight, food efficiency ratio, adipose tissue weight and LDL‐cholesterol, serum glucose, TC, and TG levels. Similarly, uRCB significantly suppressed the elevated mRNA levels of PPARγ in the adipose tissue in vivo. Next, we investigated the antiobesity effects of ellagic acid, erycibelline, 5‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridinemethanol, m‐hydroxyphenylglycine, and 4‐hydroxycoumarin isolated from uRCB. Without affecting cell viability, five bioactive compounds decreased the lipid accumulation in the 3T3‐L1 cells and the mRNA expression levels of key adipogenic genes such as PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP‐1c, ACC, and FAS. Conclusion. These results suggest that uRC and its five bioactive compounds may be a useful therapeutic agent for body weight control by downregulating adipogenesis and lipogenesis.
Impact of Orthodontic Treatment on Periodontal Tissues: A Narrative Review of Multidisciplinary Literature
Authors: Gorbunkova Angelina , Pagni Giorgio , Brizhak Anna , Farronato Giampietro , Rasperini Giulio
Published: January 2016

The aim of this review is to describe the most commonly observed changes in periodontium caused by orthodontic treatment in order to facilitate specialists’ collaboration and communication. An electronic database search was carried out using PubMed abstract and citation database and bibliographic material was then used in order to find other appropriate sources. Soft and hard periodontal tissues changes during orthodontic treatment and maintenance of the patients are discussed in order to provide an exhaustive picture of the possible interactions between these two interwoven disciplines.
Relationship between Sustained Reductions in Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Concentrations with Apheresis and Plasma Levels and mRNA Expression of PTX3 and Plasma Levels of hsCRP in Patients with HyperLp(a)lipoproteinemia
Authors: Stefanutti Claudia , Mazza Fabio , Steiner Michael , Watts Gerald F. , De Nève Joel , Pasqualetti Daniela , Paal Juergen
Published: January 2016

The effect of lipoprotein apheresis (Direct Adsorption of Lipids, DALI) (LA) on plasma levels of pentraxin 3 (PTX3), an inflammatory marker that reflects coronary plaque vulnerability, and expression of PTX3 mRNA was evaluated in patients with hyperLp(a)lipoproteinemia and angiographically defined atherosclerosis/coronary artery disease. Eleven patients, aged55±9.3years (mean ± SD), were enrolled in the study. PTX3 soluble protein levels in plasma were unchanged by 2 sessions of LA; however, a downregulation of mRNA expression for PTX3 was observed, starting with the first session of LA (p<0.001). The observed reduction was progressively increased in the interval between the first and second LA sessions to achieve a maximum decrease by the end of the second session. A statistically significantly greater treatment-effect correlation was observed in patients undergoing weekly treatments, compared with those undergoing treatment every 15 days. A progressive reduction in plasma levels of C-reactive protein was also seen from the first session of LA, with a statistically significant linear correlation for treatment-effect in the change in plasma levels of this established inflammatory marker (R2=0.99;p<0.001). Our findings suggest that LA has anti-inflammatory and endothelium protective effects beyond its well-established efficacy in lowering apoB100-containing lipoproteins.
Diagnostic Methods ofHelicobacter pyloriInfection for Epidemiological Studies: Critical Importance of Indirect Test Validation
Authors: Miftahussurur Muhammad , Yamaoka Yoshio
Published: January 2016

Among the methods developed to detectH. pyloriinfection, determining the gold standard remains debatable, especially for epidemiological studies. Due to the decreasing sensitivity of direct diagnostic tests (histopathology and/or immunohistochemistry [IHC], rapid urease test [RUT], and culture), several indirect tests, including antibody-based tests (serology and urine test), urea breath test (UBT), and stool antigen test (SAT) have been developed to diagnoseH. pyloriinfection. Among the indirect tests, UBT and SAT became the best methods to determine active infection. While antibody-based tests, especially serology, are widely available and relatively sensitive, their specificity is low. Guidelines indicated that no single test can be considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis ofH. pyloriinfection and that one should consider the method’s advantages and disadvantages. Based on four epidemiological studies, culture and RUT present a sensitivity of 74.2–90.8% and 83.3–86.9% and a specificity of 97.7–98.8% and 95.1–97.2%, respectively, when using IHC as a gold standard. The sensitivity of serology is quite high, but that of the urine test was lower compared with that of the other methods. Thus, indirect test validation is important although some commercial kits propose universal cut-off values.
Memory Deficit Recovery after Chronic Vanadium Exposure in Mice
Authors: Folarin Oluwabusayo , Olopade Funmilayo , Onwuka Silas , Olopade James
Published: January 2016

Vanadium is a transitional metal with an ability to generate reactive oxygen species in the biological system. This work was designed to assess memory deficits in mice chronically exposed to vanadium. A total of 132 male BALB/c mice (4 weeks old) were used for the experiment and were divided into three major groups of vanadium treated, matched controls, and animals exposed to vanadium for three months and thereafter vanadium was withdrawn. Animals were tested using Morris water maze and forelimb grip test at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. The results showed that animals across the groups showed no difference in learning but had significant loss in memory abilities after 3 months of vanadium exposure and this trend continued in all vanadium‐exposed groups relative to the controls. Animals exposed to vanadium for three months recovered significantly only 9 months after vanadium withdrawal. There was no significant difference in latency to fall in the forelimb grip test between vanadium‐exposed groups and the controls in all age groups. In conclusion, we have shown that chronic administration of vanadium in mice leads to memory deficit which is reversible but only after a long period of vanadium withdrawal.