bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensor Mania! The Internet of Things, Wearable Computing, Objective Metrics, and the Quantified Self 2.0
Authors: Swan Melanie
Published: November 2012

The number of devices on the Internet exceeded the number of people on the Internet in 2008, and is estimated to reach 50 billion in 2020. A wide-ranging Internet of Things (IOT) ecosystem is emerging to support the process of connecting real-world objects like buildings, roads, household appliances, and human bodies to the Internet via sensors and microprocessor chips that record and transmit data such as sound waves, temperature, movement, and other variables. The explosion in Internet-connected sensors means that new classes of technical capability and application are being created. More granular 24/7 quantified monitoring is leading to a deeper understanding of the internal and external worlds encountered by humans. New data literacy behaviors such as correlation assessment, anomaly detection, and high-frequency data processing are developing as humans adapt to the different kinds of data flows enabled by the IOT. The IOT ecosystem has four critical functional steps: data creation, information generation, meaning-making, and action-taking. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current and rapidly emerging ecosystem of the Internet of Things (IOT).
Synthesis, Cyclopolymerization and Cyclo-Copolymerization of 9-(2-Diallylaminoethyl)adenine and Its Hydrochloride Salt
Authors: Bouhadir Kamal , Abramian Lara , Ezzeddine Alaa , Usher Karyn , Vladimirov Nikolay
Published: November 2012

We report herein the synthesis and characterization of 9-(2-diallylaminoethyl) adenine. We evaluated two different synthetic routes starting with adenine where the optimal route was achieved through coupling of 9-(2-chloroethyl)adenine with diallylamine. The cyclopolymerization and cyclo-copolymerization of 9-(2-diallylaminoethyl)adenine hydrochloride salt resulted in low molecular weight oligomers in low yields. In contrast, 9-(2-diallylaminoethyl)adenine failed to cyclopolymerize, however, it formed a copolymer with SO2 in relatively good yields. The molecular weights of the cyclopolymers were around 1,700–6,000 g/mol, as estimated by SEC. The cyclo-copolymer was stable up to 226 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a free-radical cyclo-copolymerization of a neutral alkyldiallylamine derivative with SO2. These polymers represent a novel class of carbocyclic polynucleotides.
Asymmetric Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Chiral-Auxiliary-Mediated Claisen Rearrangement and Total Synthesis of (+)-Bakuchiol
Authors: Takao Ken-ichi , Sakamoto Shu , Touati Marianne , Kusakawa Yusuke , Tadano Kin-ichi
Published: November 2012

An asymmetric Claisen rearrangement using Oppolzer’s camphorsultam was developed. Under thermal conditions, a geraniol-derived substrate underwent the rearrangement with good stereoselectivity. The absolute configuration of the newly formed all-carbon quaternary stereocenter was confirmed by the total synthesis of (+)-bakuchiol from the rearrangement product.
Insulinotropic and Muscle Protein Synthetic Effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids: Potential Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes and Sarcopenia
Authors: Manders Ralph J. , Little Jonathan P. , Forbes Scott C. , Candow Darren G.
Published: November 2012

The loss of muscle mass and strength with aging (i.e., sarcopenia) has a negative effect on functional independence and overall quality of life. One main contributing factor to sarcopenia is the reduced ability to increase skeletal muscle protein synthesis in response to habitual feeding, possibly due to a reduction in postprandial insulin release and an increase in insulin resistance. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), primarily leucine, increases the activation of pathways involved in muscle protein synthesis through insulin-dependent and independent mechanisms, which may help counteract the “anabolic resistance” to feeding in older adults. Leucine exhibits strong insulinotropic characteristics, which may increase amino acid availability for muscle protein synthesis, reduce muscle protein breakdown, and enhance glucose disposal to help maintain blood glucose homeostasis.
Virtual Sensors for Designing Irrigation Controllers in Greenhouses
Authors: Sánchez Jorge , Rodríguez Francisco , Guzmán José , Arahal Manuel
Published: November 2012

Monitoring the greenhouse transpiration for control purposes is currently a difficult task. The absence of affordable sensors that provide continuous transpiration measurements motivates the use of estimators. In the case of tomato crops, the availability of estimators allows the design of automatic fertirrigation (irrigation + fertilization) schemes in greenhouses, minimizing the dispensed water while fulfilling crop needs. This paper shows how system identification techniques can be applied to obtain nonlinear virtual sensors for estimating transpiration. The greenhouse used for this study is equipped with a microlysimeter, which allows one to continuously sample the transpiration values. While the microlysimeter is an advantageous piece of equipment for research, it is also expensive and requires maintenance. This paper presents the design and development of a virtual sensor to model the crop transpiration, hence avoiding the use of this kind of expensive sensor. The resulting virtual sensor is obtained by dynamical system identification techniques based on regressors taken from variables typically found in a greenhouse, such as global radiation and vapor pressure deficit. The virtual sensor is thus based on empirical data. In this paper, some effort has been made to eliminate some problems associated with grey-box models: advance phenomenon and overestimation. The results are tested with real data and compared with other approaches. Better results are obtained with the use of nonlinear Black-box virtual sensors. This sensor is based on global radiation and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) measurements. Predictive results for the three models are developed for comparative purposes.
Experimental Characterization of a Flexible Thermal Slip Sensor
Authors: Francomano Maria , Accoto Dino , Guglielmelli Eugenio
Published: November 2012

Tactile sensors are needed for effectively controlling the interaction between a robotic hand and the environment, e.g., during manipulation of objects, or for the tactile exploration of unstructured environments, especially when other sensing modalities, such as vision or audition, become ineffective. In the case of hand prostheses, mainly intended for dexterous manipulation of daily living objects, the possibility of quickly detecting slip occurrence, thus avoiding inadvertent falling of the objects, is prodromal to any manipulation task. In this paper we report on a slip sensor with no-moving parts, based on thermo-electrical phenomena, fabricated on a flexible substrate and suitable for integration on curved surfaces, such as robotic finger pads. Experiments performed using a custom made test bench, which is capable of generating controlled slip velocities, show that the sensor detects slip events in less than 50 ms. This response time is short enough for enabling future applications in the field of hand prosthetics.
A Modular Spectrum Sensing System Based on PSO-SVM
Authors: Cai Zhuoran , Zhao Honglin , Yang Zhutian , Mo Yun
Published: November 2012

In the cognitive radio system, spectrum sensing for detecting the presence of primary users in a licensed spectrum is a fundamental problem. Energy detection is the most popular spectrum sensing scheme used to differentiate the case where the primary user’s signal is present from the case where there is only noise. In fact, the nature of spectrum sensing can be taken as a binary classification problem, and energy detection is a linear classifier. If the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal is low, and the number of received signal samples for sensing is small, the binary classification problem is linearly inseparable. In this situation the performance of energy detection will decrease seriously. In this paper, a novel approach for obtaining a nonlinear threshold based on support vector machine with particle swarm optimization (PSO-SVM) to replace the linear threshold used in traditional energy detection is proposed. Simulations demonstrate that the performance of the proposed algorithm is much better than that of traditional energy detection.
Molecular Signatures of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Induced Type II Mixed Cryoglobulinemia (MCII)
Authors: Sautto Giuseppe , Mancini Nicasio , Clementi Massimo , Burioni Roberto
Published: November 2012

The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the induction of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia (MCII) and the possible establishment of related lymphoproliferative disorders, such as B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), is well ascertained. However, the molecular pathways involved and the factors predisposing to the development of these HCV-related extrahepatic complications deserve further consideration and clarification. To date, several host- and virus-related factors have been implicated in the progression to MCII, such as the virus-induced expansion of selected subsets of B-cell clones expressing discrete immunoglobulin variable (IgV) gene subfamilies, the involvement of complement factors and the specific role of some HCV proteins. In this review, we will analyze the host and viral factors taking part in the development of MCII in order to give a general outlook of the molecular mechanisms implicated.
Modulation of Apoptotic Signaling by the Hepatitis B Virus X Protein
Authors: Rawat Siddhartha , Clippinger Amy , Bouchard Michael
Published: November 2012

Worldwide, an estimated 350 million people are chronically infected with the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV); chronic infection with HBV is associated with the development of severe liver diseases including hepatitis and cirrhosis. Individuals who are chronically infected with HBV also have a significantly higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than uninfected individuals. The HBV X protein (HBx) is a key regulatory HBV protein that is important for HBV replication, and likely plays a cofactor role in the development of HCC in chronically HBV-infected individuals. Although some of the functions of HBx that may contribute to the development of HCC have been characterized, many HBx activities, and their putative roles during the development of HBV-associated HCC, remain incompletely understood. HBx is a multifunctional protein that localizes to the cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria of HBV‑infected hepatocytes. HBx regulates numerous cellular signal transduction pathways and transcription factors as well as cell cycle progression and apoptosis. In this review, we will summarize reports in which the impact of HBx expression on cellular apoptotic pathways has been analyzed. Although various effects of HBx on apoptotic pathways have been observed in different model systems, studies of HBx activities in biologically relevant hepatocyte systems have begun to clarify apoptotic effects of HBx and suggest mechanisms that could link HBx modulation of apoptotic pathways to the development of HBV-associated HCC.
A Theoretical Framework for Simulation in Nursing: Answering Schiavenato’s Call
Authors: Harris Kevin R. , Eccles David W. , Ward Paul , Whyte James
Published: November 2012

The aim of this article was to provide a response that supports and extends Schiavenato’s call for a theoretically guided approach to simulation use in nursing education. We propose that a theoretical framework for simulation in nursing must first include, as a basis, a theoretical understanding of human performance and how it is enhanced. This understanding will, in turn, allow theorists to provide a framework regarding the utility, application, and design of the training environment, including internal and external validity. The expert performance approach, a technique that recently has been termed Expert-Performance-based Training (ExPerT), is introduced as a guiding framework for addressing these training needs. We also describe how the theory of deliberate practice within the framework of ExPerT can be useful for developing effective training methods in health care domains and highlight examples of how deliberate practice has been successfully applied to the training of psychomotor and cognitive skills.
Inverted Papillomatous Epithelial Lesion of the Conjunctiva Associated With a Compound Nevus in a Child
Authors: Lam Kay , Brownstein Seymour , Baig Kashif , Grynspan David , Farmer James
Published: November 2012

A 9-year-old girl presented with an enlarged, elevated conjunctival lesion at the nasal limbus of her right eye. Histopathologic examination of the excised lesion revealed features of an inverted papilloma of the conjunctiva, which is an uncommon entity and has not been previously reported in a pediatric patient. However, special stains of deeper sections revealed an adjacent compound nevus that was focally in direct apposition with the epithelial proliferation. Both are considered benign lesions of the conjunctiva.
Double-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy for Juxtapapillary Retinal Capillary Hemangioblastoma in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Armada Felix , Grabowska Anna , Pastora-Salvador Natalia , Pulido Jose S. , Noval Susana , Peralta Jesus , Torresano Javier
Published: November 2012

An 8-year-old girl with visual loss due to non-hereditary juxtapapillary retinal capillary hemangioblastoma and associated cystoid macular edema underwent doublefluence verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Tumor regression was observed after one session, although functional visual acuity was limited by residual fibrosis and hemangioblastoma-induced amblyopia. No complications were observed.
Femtosecond Laser (WaveLight FS200) Customized Keratoplasty for Keratoconus: Case Report
Authors: Yoo Sonia H. , Al-Ageel Saleh
Published: November 2012

PURPOSE:

To describe a case of a 52-year-old man with severe keratoconus who underwent femtosecond laser–assisted keratoplasty with the WaveLight FS200 femtosecond laser (Alcon Laboratories Inc).

METHODS:

The donor and recipient corneas were cut in a mushroom-shaped pattern. The laser parameters used on this platform for the donor and recipient corneas are described.

RESULTS:

Corrected distance visual acuity improved by 3 weeks postoperatively. Mean keratometry decreased from 60.00 to 46.00 diopters.

CONCLUSIONS:

This patient underwent a mushroom-shaped keratoplasty with the femtosecond laser to maximize preservation of his own endothelium. Increased energy and/or decreased spot line separation may be required depending on the degree of corneal edema or scarring involved.
Clinical Results of Topography-based Customized Ablations in Highly Aberrated Eyes and Keratoconus/Ectasia With Cross-linking
Authors: Lin David T.C. , Holland Simon , Tan Johnson C.H. , Moloney Gregory
Published: November 2012

PURPOSE:

To report results of a series of highly aberrated corneas treated with a topography-guided excimer laser ablation.

METHODS:

Retrospective, nonrandomized, consecutive series of eyes treated with topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy (TG-PRK) with the customized topographical neutralization technique (TNT). Cases included postoperative refractive surgery decentered ablations, optical zone enlargement, asymmetrical astigmatism, postoperative radial keratotomy (RK), postoperative keratoplasty, keratoconus combined with collagen cross-linking (CXL), and postoperative LASIK ectasia combined with CXL. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and manifest refraction were analyzed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

In decentered ablation cases, 94% of 37 eyes were within 1.00 diopter (D) of the attempted refractive outcome, with 76% within 0.50 D. Mean topographic, central, optical zone of uniform (monodioptric) power increased from 3.5 to 5.2 mm in 25 eyes. Thirty-one eyes treated for asymmetrical astigmatism showed improvement in cylinder from mean 1.31 to 0.52 D. Ten of 11 eyes treated for previous RK astigmatism achieved postoperative UDVA 20/40 or better. Twenty-seven eyes with postoperative keratoplasty astigmatism were treated, with 7 (25.9%) eyes gaining ⩾2 lines and 12 (44.4%) eyes gaining ⩾1 line of CDVA. Of eyes with keratoconus that were treated using TG-PRK with CXL, 42 (58%) eyes had UDVA 20/40 or better, and 66 (92%) eyes had CDVA 20/40 or better. Twelve (71%) of 17 eyes treated for postoperative LASIK ectasia using TG-PRK with CXL had UDVA 20/40 or better. Nine (53%) eyes gained ⩾2 lines of CDVA.

CONCLUSIONS:

Topography-guided laser treatment with custom TNT, combined with CXL in keratoconus and ectasia, is an effective, safe, and increasingly predictable option for highly aberrated corneas.
Corneal Transparency After Cross-linking for Keratoconus: 1-Year Follow-up
Authors: Gutiérrez Ramon , Lopez Inma , Villa-Collar Cesar , González-Méijome José Manuel
Published: November 2012

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the changes in corneal transparency and thickness measured objectively using Pentacam Scheimpflug (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) corneal tomography (densitometry) after corneal cross-linking (CXL).

METHODS:

Twenty-two eyes from 15 patients with keratoconus underwent CXL. Corneal thickness and curvature as well as lens and corneal densitometry were measured at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after CXL with Pentacam.

RESULTS:

Immediately after CXL, central corneal thickness significantly decreased (−40
μ
m) and corneal densitometry increased significantly. At 6-month follow-up, densitometry values were reduced and seemed to stabilize at a higher value than baseline. No statistically significant differences were noted (mean difference at 12 months: +30%). Changes in corneal densitometry were detected with the Pentacam even when clinical haze did not increase beyond grade 1 during follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS:

Corneal CXL is associated with a transient reduction in central corneal thickness, which recovered to baseline after 12 months. During the same time period, corneal densitometry experienced a transient increase that recovered to baseline values after 3 months. Changes in compactness of the corneal tissue after CXL may have an impact in corneal power not due to curvature changes, but to refractive index changes as a result of hydration changes. Pentacam is a useful objective method to monitor corneal transparency after CXL.
Corneal Collagen Cross-linking for Progressive Keratoconus in Pediatric Patients: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Zotta Paraskevi G. , Moschou Kostas A. , Diakonis Vasilios F. , Kymionis George D. , Almaliotis Diamantis D. , Karamitsos Athanasios P. , Karampatakis Vasileios E.
Published: November 2012

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the outcomes of corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in pediatric patients with bilateral progressive keratoconus.

METHODS:

This retrospective case series included four pediatric patients (eight eyes) with progressive keratoconus aged 14.0±2.2 years (range: 11 to 16 years). All eyes underwent CXL in accordance with the standard Dresden protocol. Pre- and 1-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month postoperative examinations included corneal thickness at the thinnest point (using a topographic system), corneal topographic evaluation (flat and steep meridian keratometry [K1 and K2]), refraction, and visual acuity.

RESULTS:

All patients completed 36-month follow-up. No intra- or postoperative complications were observed. Stabilization of K1 and K2 was demonstrated in all cases throughout follow-up (from the first postoperative interval), while visual acuity improved in six eyes and remained stable in the remaining two eyes. Manifest refraction remained stable, and corneal thickness decreased at the first postoperative month with gradual return to preoperative values during follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS:

Preliminary data of four pediatric patients with moderate keratoconus show feasibility of treatment by CXL in these select patients with no intra- or postoperative complications over 3-year follow-up.
Corneal Confocal Microscopy Following Conventional, Transepithelial, and Accelerated Corneal Collagen Cross-linking Procedures for Keratoconus
Authors: Touboul David , Efron Nathan , Smadja David , Praud Delphine , Malet Florence , Colin Joseph
Published: November 2012

PURPOSE:

To compare early corneal healing following conventional, transepithelial, and accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) protocols.

METHODS:

Twenty-four patients with progressive keratoconus were divided into three groups to receive conventional, transepithelial, or accelerated CXL. In vivo corneal confocal microscopy was performed on each patient preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

Closure of the epithelial wound was complete 3 days following conventional and accelerated CXL. The subbasal nerve plexus was essentially obliterated immediately following conventional and accelerated CXL, and virtually no nerve fibers had regenerated by 6 months. The anterior stroma showed significant changes 1 month following conventional CXL; these changes were similar but more pronounced following accelerated CXL. Observed stromal changes included complete obliteration of keratocytes, increased tissue reflectivity, a honeycomb-like appearance, and circular lacunae. Some recovery of keratocyte density was noted after 6 months. These changes were less pronounced in the mid-stroma, and there were no apparent changes to the posterior stroma or endothelium. The cornea appeared to be unaltered following transepithelial CXL.

CONCLUSIONS:

In vivo corneal confocal microscopy analysis of the postoperative impact of CXL on the cornea revealed clear differences among conventional, accelerated, and transepithelial CXL protocols. Accelerated CXL had a greater impact than conventional CXL on the anterior cornea, whereas transepithelial CXL did not appear to alter corneal morphology.
Eogenetic caves in Pleistocene carbonate conglomerate in Slovenia
Authors: Ferk Mateja , Lipar Matej
Published: November 2012

This paper focuses on caves in Pleistocene carbonate conglomerates in Slovenia and for the first time defines them as eogenetic. The conglomerates show no deep burial that would resemble the mezogenetic stage of diagenesis and are still in the phase of early diagenesis (i.e. eogenetic stage). Based on speleological analysis the eogenetic caves were grouped into four types; (1) linear stream caves, (2) shelter caves, (3) breakdown caves, and (4) vadose shafts. All four types of caves, described in this paper, can appear individually, however, complex cave systems are often a combination of passages of different types.
Post-mining potentials and redevelopment of former mining regions in Central Europe – Case studies from Germany and Slovenia
Authors: Marot Naja , Harfst Jörn
Published: November 2012

This article discusses the character of post-mining potentials and their role in regional development in a German and Slovenian mining region. The many possible uses often include renewable energies (biomass, geothermal energy), or tourism (museums). Discussing two case study regions, this article presents similarities and differences in approaches towards the utilisation of potentials, and compares factors that influence utilisation with reference to national framework conditions. The text argues that in the context of structural change and mine closures, the use of post-mining potentials, such as post-mining landscapes, infrastructures and traditions, can be a way to explore new development options for affected regions.
La leyenda madrileña del reloj de las monjas de San Plácido y el Semanario Pintoresco Español
Authors: Labrador Ben Julia M.ª
Published: November 2012

El madrileño Monasterio de la Encarnación, antes Convento de San Plácido, ha hecho correr ríos de tinta tanto por parte de investigadores como de numerosos literatos que partieron, en muchos casos, del texto publicado en el Semanario Pintoresco Español, escrito por Carlos García Doncel. La secta de los iluminati, las endemoniadas del convento, los amores de Felipe IV con la novicia Margarita y el reloj que regaló el Rey, que durante todos los cuartos sonaba a toque de difuntos, son los elementos narrativos nucleares de la leyenda del reloj de San Plácido.
Los Peligros de Madrid en el Semanario Pintoresco Español
Authors: Rubio Cremades Enrique
Published: November 2012

Los peligros de Madrid reflejan con exactitud los hábitos y costumbres de un sector de la sociedad española del siglo XIX. El Madrid urbano está sometido a una serie de peligros que imposibilita el trasiego normal de sus moradores. Gracias a la nula urbanidad de quienes viven en el Madrid decimonónico, el Semanario Pintoresco Español se propone zaherir desde sus páginas y grabados la inveterada costumbre de incumplir la más lógica urbanidad con obstáculos o actuaciones groseras y de mal gusto. Grabados que reflejan con minuciosidad y detalle los peligros que sufren los viandantes madrileños en su deambular por el Madrid urbano de mediados del siglo XIX.
Henry de Montherlant « entre les deux mondes » : la leçon des manuscrits (I)
Authors: Duroisin Pierre
Published: November 2012

Concilier l’antiquité païenne et le catholicisme, sinon le christianisme, fut l’idéal de Montherlant jusqu’aux environs de 1925, et les notes manuscrites qu’on a ici présentées (elles portent sur la première page la date du 30 décembre 1922 et s’intitulent La Garde autour de Pan et Julien l’Apostat) montrent comment il s’y employa, avant de reconnaître que cet « idéal respectable et touchant » n’était qu’une « position fausse de l’esprit », un « jeu de l’imagination et de la poésie ». La matière étant copieuse, on s’est dans un premier temps limité à La Garde autour de Pan, qui nous conduira des Dieux en exil de Heine au Christianisme antique de Charles Guignebert en passant par Le Vœu de la Renaissance de Péladan et le Fermina Márquez de Larbaud. Une suite, plus proprement consacrée au volet Julien du manuscrit de 1922, ainsi qu’à un ensemble de manuscrits « Sur la religion », paraîtra dans le prochain numéro d’Anabases.
De la philologie à la sociologie : honneur et « capital symbolique » dans la Rome républicaine
Authors: Jacotot Mathieu
Published: November 2012

Si l’étude des grandes notions politiques, sociales et morales de la civilisation romaine doit passer par une analyse sémantique, cette dernière gagne à être complétée par une approche sociologique des pratiques recouvertes par ces notions. Cet article se propose de montrer la fécondité d’une telle méthode en associant à l’étude sémantique d’un mot latin, une approche utilisant un des outils théoriques de la sociologie, le concept de « capital symbolique » forgé par Pierre Bourdieu. Est ainsi mis en avant le fonctionnement économique de l’honneur à Rome, patrimoine progressivement constitué grâce à la reconnaissance de la collectivité, thésaurisé, et susceptible de devenir instrument de pouvoir.
Humanistes et antiquaires. Le De Asse de Guillaume Budé
Authors: Sanchi Luigi-Alberto
Published: November 2012

Afin de bien comprendre la place qu’occupe le chef-d’œuvre de Guillaume Budé, De Asse et partibus eius libri quinque ou Cinq livres de l’As et ses fractions (1515), il est nécessaire de restituer pleinement leur place en historiographie, tout en marquant leur spécificité respective, aux Antiquaires et à l’Humanisme, rejetés dans l’enfoncement du paysage des études savantes après les progrès scientifiques de l’histoire et de la philologie au xixe siècle. Injustement oubliés par les études classiques malgré leur renommée, Guillaume Budé et son De Asse gagnent à être étudiés des historiens d’aujourd’hui, notamment ceux qui s’occupent d’Antiquité classique. Argumentant en faveur de ce retour, le présent essai parcourt la distance qui nous sépare de l’humaniste parisien et de son œuvre multiforme en les présentant à l’intérieur de la perspective ouverte par A. Momigliano, entre autres, dans les études sur les Antiquaires.
Nonalloreactive T Cells Prevent Donor Lymphocyte Infusion–Induced Graft-versus-Host Disease by Controlling Microbial Stimuli
Authors: Li Hao Wei , Sachs Jessica , Pichardo Clarimel , Bronson Roderick , Zhao Guiling , Sykes Megan
Published: November 2012

In mice, graft-versus-host reactions, associated with powerful graft-versus-tumor effects, can be achieved without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by delayed administration of donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) to established mixed chimeras. However, GVHD sometimes occurs after DLI in established mixed chimeric patients. In contrast to mice, in which T cell recovery from the thymus occurs prior to DLI administration, human T cell reconstitution following T cell–depleted hematopoietic cell transplantation is slow, resulting in lymphopenia at the time of DLI. We demonstrate in this study that T cell lymphopenia is an independent risk factor for GVHD following DLI in the absence of known inflammatory stimuli. DLI-induced GVHD was prevented in lymphopenic recipients by prior administration of a small number of nonalloreactive polyclonal T cells, insufficient to prevent lymphopenia-associated expansion of subsequently administered T cells, through a regulatory T cell–independent mechanism. GVHD was not inhibited by T cells with irrelevant specificity. Moreover, administration of antibiotics reduced the severity of GVHD in lymphopenic hosts. Accumulation of DLI-derived effector T cells and host hematopoietic cell elimination were markedly diminished by regulatory T cell–depleted, nonalloreactive T cells. Finally, thymectomized mixed chimeras showed increased GVHD following delayed DLI. Collectively, our data demonstrate that in the absence of known conditioning-induced inflammatory stimuli, T cell lymphopenia is a risk factor for GVHD in mixed chimeras receiving delayed DLI. Our data suggest that the predisposition to GVHD can at least in part be explained by the presence of occult inflammatory stimuli due to the absence of T cells to control microbial infections.
β-Glucan Curdlan Induces IL-10–Producing CD4+ T Cells and Inhibits Allergic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Kawashima Saki , Hirose Koichi , Iwata Arifumi , Takahashi Kentaro , Ohkubo Ayako , Tamachi Tomohiro , Ikeda Kei , Kagami Shin-ichiro , Nakajima Hiroshi
Published: November 2012

A number of studies have suggested a correlation between a decreased incidence in infectious diseases and an increased incidence of allergic diseases, including asthma. Although several pathogen-derived products have been shown to possess therapeutic potential for allergic diseases, it remains largely unknown whether β-glucan, a cell wall component of a variety of fungi, yeasts, and bacteria, has a regulatory potential for allergic diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of curdlan, a linear β-(1-3)-glucan, on the development of allergic airway inflammation. We found that i.p. injection of curdlan significantly inhibited Ag-induced eosinophil recruitment and Th2 cytokine production in the airways. The activation of CD4+ T cells in the presence of curdlan induced IL-10–producing CD4+ T cells with high levels of c-Maf expression. Curdlan-induced development of IL-10–producing CD4+ T cells required the presence of APCs and ICOS/ICOS ligand interaction. Curdlan-induced development of IL-10–producing CD4+ T cells also required intrinsic expression of STAT6. Furthermore, the transfer of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells that were stimulated in the presence of curdlan inhibited Ag-induced eosinophil recruitment into the airways. Taken together, these results suggest that curdlan is capable of inducing IL-10–producing CD4+ T cells and inhibiting the development of eosinohilic airway inflammation, underscoring the therapeutic potential of curdlan for allergic diseases.
CD8+ T Cell–Derived IFN-γ Prevents Infection by a Second Heterologous Virus
Authors: Valentine Laura , Potts Rashaun , Premenko-Lanier Mary
Published: November 2012

Persistent viral infection is often associated with dysfunctional immune responses against unrelated pathogens. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can establish acute or chronic infections in mice and is widely used as a model for persistent virus infections in humans. Mice infected with LCMV develop a transient defect in Ag-specific immunity against heterologous viral infection. Although it has been proposed that LCMV infection induces an immunosuppressed state within the host, our data show that infected mice successfully clear vaccinia virus through a mechanism that involves CD8+ T cell–derived IFN-γ. This observation demonstrates that chronic LCMV infection does not impair protective immunity against heterologous viral challenge. Rather, a natural sterilizing immunity is induced following a primary infection that prevents a secondary infection. Our findings suggest a need to re-evaluate current thoughts about the immune suppression that might occur during a persistent infection.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Controls Peripheral Immune Tolerance
Authors: Chunder Neelanjana , Wang Liqing , Chen Chunxia , Hancock Wayne W. , Wells Andrew D.
Published: November 2012

Adaptive immunity requires signals from both the TCR and the costimulatory molecule CD28. These receptors activate multiple signaling pathways, including the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) cascade, and antigenic signals in the absence of costimulation result in a tolerant state that is enforced by the CDK inhibitory protein p27kip1. We find that CDK2, the major target of p27kip1, is highly active in T cells that infiltrate and reject cardiac allografts. We used mice genetically deficient for CDK2 to determine whether CDK2 is required for T cell alloimmunity. Blockade of CD28 costimulation alone was unable to inhibit the rejection of cardiac allografts by wild-type recipients. However, targeting this pathway in CDK2-deficient recipients led to long-term allograft survival. CDK2-deficient CD4+ T cells proliferated normally in response to stimulation in vitro and in vivo, however, genetic, short hairpin RNA, or small molecule–mediated antagonism of CDK2 resulted in decreased production of IL-2 and IFN-γ. In addition, surviving grafts from CDK2-deficient recipients showed increased infiltration of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), and Treg from CDK2-deficient mice exhibited increased suppressive activity in vitro and in an in vivo model of inflammatory bowel disease. These data suggest that p27kip1 promotes peripheral tolerance through its ability to inhibit CDK2, which otherwise acts to promote conventional T cell differentiation and restrict Treg function.
AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA STILL A VALID TREATMENT OPTION, OR IS THE GAME OVER ?
Authors: McClanahan Fabienne , Dreger Peter
Published: November 2012

Chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) has been established as the current standard of care for young and fit patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In the early nineties of the last century, long before the advent of fludarabine or antibody-based strategies, there was realistic hope that myeloablative therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT) might be an effective and potentially curative front-line treatment option for suitable patients with CLL. Since then, several prospective trials have disenthralled this hope: although autoSCT can prolong event and progression-free survival if used as part of early front-line treatment, it does not improve overall survival, while it is associated with an increased risk of late adverse events such as secondary malignancies. In addition, autoSCT lacks the potential to overcome the negative impact of biomarkers that confer resistance to chemotherapy or early relapse. The role of autoSCT has also been explored in the context of FCR, and it was demonstrated that its effect is inferior to the currently established optimal treatment regimen. In view of ongoing attempts to improve on FCR, promising clinical activity of new substances even in relapsed/ refractory CLL patients, exciting novel cell therapy approaches and advantages in the understanding of the disease and detection of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD), autoSCT has lost its place as a standard treatment option for CLL.
ARA-C, IDARUBICINE AND GENTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN (AIM) AS SALVAGE TREATMENT IN ADVANCED ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS
Authors: Capria Saveria , Trisolini Silvia Maria , Minotti Clara , Stefanizzi Caterina , Cardarelli Luisa , Canichella Martina , Cartoni Claudio , Diverio Daniela , De propris Maria Stefania , Mancini Marco , Micozzi Alessandra , Foà Robin , Meloni Giovanna
Published: November 2012

Long-term survival of relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a major problem, particularly in patients not eligible for transplantation.We hereby evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of adding Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin to salvage chemotherapy (Ara-C, Idarubicine, Peg-Filgrastim) in relapsed/refractory AML. The main endpoints were: the rate of complete remissions (CR) and the proportion of patients capable of undergoing a stem cell transplant.Fourty-two patients were enrolled. The overall CR rate was 76% and no induction deaths were reported. In 56% of patients, a transplant procedure could be performed. The treatment schedule proved feasible and well tolerated, providing a high CR rate and a useful bridge to transplant.
Interpreting ‘Torah’ in Psalm 1 in the light of Psalm 119
Authors: Botha Philippus J.
Published: November 2012

This article argued that Psalm 37 and Proverbs 1–4 served as sources for the composition of Psalm 1. The emphasis in both donor texts on the righteous people’s inheriting the Promised Land seems to have imprinted also on Psalm 1, a factor that could change our understanding of it. All three contexts in turn played a role in the composition of Psalm 119, but whilst the author of this long psalm also understood the ‘Torah’ of Yahweh as the incarnation of true wisdom, it seems that ‘Torah’ also subsumed the Promised Land for him. The investigation showed that ‘Torah’ in Psalm 1 should be understood as an arch-lexeme for all the religious texts its author used to compose, similar to what was the understanding of the author of Psalm 119 a little later.
In what sense can a Christological image of the Divine provide cultural orientations?
Authors: Welker Michael
Published: November 2012

A few years ago, some colleagues from the universities of Heidelberg, Chicago, Harvard and Yale tried to launch a research project which was meant to explore fruitful commonalities and differences amongst the Jewish, Christian and Islamic faith traditions. Over against conventional doctrinal and comparative religious explorations, it intended to explore the impacts which basic contents and forms of faith have on societies and cultures. This approach was also chosen to relate different traditions of research to each other – one more dominant in the European and the other in the Anglo-American world, namely that of the history of ideas (Geistesgeschichte) and the other based on cultural and social studies. As a title of these investigations, the majority of the group voted for Images of the Divine and cultural orientations. At that time, however, we did not discuss the standards and qualities we wanted to connect with the vision of cultural orientations. Nor did we deal with what one could call ‘the iconic problem’ in religious contexts.Tot watter mate kan ’n Christologiese beeld van God kulturele oriënterings voorskryf? ’n Paar jaar gelede het verskeie kollegas van die universiteite van Heidelberg, Chicago, Harvard en Yale onderneem om ’n navorsingsprojek van stapel te stuur met die bedoeling om vrugbare of lonende ooreenkomste en verskille tussen die Joodse, Christelike en Islamitiese geloofstradisies te ondersoek. In teenstelling met konvensionele dogmatiese en vergelykende religieuse verkenningstogte, was die bedoeling hier om die impak wat basiese inhoude en vorme van geloof het op gemeenskappe en kulture vas te stel.  Hierdie benadering is ook verkies om die verskillende navorsingstradisies met mekaar in verband te bring – die een is meer algemeen in die Europese en die ander in die Anglo-Amerikaanse wêreld, naamlik die geskiedenis van idees (Geistesgeschichte), en die ander gebaseer op kulturele en sosiale studies. As naam vir hierdie ondersoek het die meerderheid van die groep Images of the Divine and Cultural Orientations (Beelde van God en kulturele oriëntasies) verkies. Destyds het ons egter nie die standaarde en waardes bespreek wat ons met die idee van kulturele oriënterings wil verbind nie enons het ook nie dit wat na verwys kan word as die ‘ikoniese probleem’ in religieuse kontekste, hanteer nie.
Tropospheric column ozone: matching individual profiles from Aura OMI and TES with a chemistry-transport model
Authors: Tang Q. , Prather M. J.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Of all satellite measurements of ozone, only two instruments have coincident, spatially overlapping measurements to allow direct comparison of tropospheric column ozone (TCO): the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) on the NASA Aura spacecraft. For two years (2005–2006), we collect all observations between 60° S and 60° N from nadir (~65 000 from OMI and TES) and cross-track swaths (~30 000 000 from OMI) and compare with a chemistry-transport model (CTM) simulating each observation with corresponding spatial and temporal coincidence. High-frequency TCO variations are indicative of stratospheric intrusions of ozone-rich air, and the individual, level 2 data provide access to these short-lived phenomena. Although we can identify some seasonal and large-scale biases in the model, the CTM as a transfer standard identifies weaknesses in the observations and further helps quantify the measurement noise of individual profiles. The relatively noise-free CTM bridges these two satellite measurements and improves their cross-validation to better precision than a simple direct comparison. Previous validation studies of TES TCO versus ozonesondes found a bias of about +4 Dobson Units (DU) for large regions. The three-way comparison and the CTM transfer method that use a far greater number of coincidences, indicate that monthly zonal mean OMI-TES TCO biases fall within 5–10%, and thus quantifies the zonal mean OMI TCO bias at a few DU. For small regions (i.e., 5 × 5°), however, the monthly mean OMI-TES differences can exceed ±10 DU at many places (e.g., tropics for the direct OMI-TES comparison) due to different tropospheric sensitivities of the two instruments at these locations. Partly removing the influence of different sensitivities by applying the CTM as the transfer standard, the OMI-TES differences generally decrease, especially over the tropics. In addition, the CTM-TES comparison split into day versus night observations shows no apparent bias in TES at very low levels, ±1 DU. These OMI-TES-CTM comparisons highlight the importance of the a priori ozone profiles that went into each satellite retrieval, including a false agreement due to CTM-a priori similarity, and the importance of including the vertical information (i.e., averaging kernel) in the retrieval products. This study also highlights the advantages of overlapping measurements in terms of cross-validation and the application of a model as the transfer standard.
On the effect of moisture on the detection of tropospheric turbulence from in situ measurements
Authors: Wilson R. , Luce H. , Hashiguchi H. , Shiotani M. , Dalaudier F.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The present note addresses the detection of turbulence based on the Thorpe (1977) method applied to an atmosphere where saturation of water vapor occurs. The detection method proposed by Thorpe relies on the reordering in ascending order of a measured profile of a variable conserved through adiabatic processes (e.g. potential temperature). For saturated air, the reordering should be applied to a moist-conservative potential temperature, θm, which is analogous to potential temperature for a dry (subsaturated) atmosphere. Here, θm is estimated from the Brunt-Väisälä frequency derived by Lalas and Einaudi (1974) in a saturated atmosphere. The application to balloon data shows that the effective turbulent fraction of the troposphere can dramatically increase when saturation is taken into account. Preliminary results of comparisons with data simultaneously collected from the VHF Middle and Upper atmosphere radar (MUR, Japan) seem to give credence to the proposed approach.
Diurnal variation of summer precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau: a cloud-resolving simulation
Authors:   Jianyu Xu,   Bing Zhang,   Minghuan Wang,   Huijuan Wang
Published: November 2012

Abstract. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model was used to simulate the diurnal variation in summer precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) at a cloud-resolving scale. Compared with the TRMM, precipitation data shows that the model can well simulate the diurnal rainfall cycle with an overall late-afternoon maximum precipitation in the central TP and a nighttime maximum in the southern edge. The simulated diurnal variations in regional circulation and thermodynamics are in good correspondence with the precipitation diurnal cycles in the central and southern edge of TP, respectively. A possible mechanism responsible for the nocturnal precipitation maximum in the southern edge has been proposed, indicating the importance of the TP in regulating the regional circulation and precipitation.
Spatial and temporal variability in nutrients and carbon uptake during 2004 and 2005 in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Palacz A. P. , Chai F.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The eastern equatorial Pacific plays a~great role in the global carbon budget due to its enhanced biological productivity linked to the equatorial upwelling. However, as confirmed by the Equatorial Biocomplexity cruises in 2004 and 2005, nutrient upwelling supply varies strongly, partly due to the tropical instability waves (TIWs). The aim of this study was to examine patterns of spatial and temporal variability in the biological uptake of NO3, Si(OH)4 and carbon in this region, and to evaluate the role of biological and physical interactions controlling this variability over seasonal and intraseasonal time scales. Here, high resolution Pacific ROMS–CoSiNE (Regional Ocean Modeling System–Carbon, Silicon, Nitrogen Ecosystem) model results were evaluated with in situ and remote sensing data. The results of model–data comparison revealed a good agreement in domain-average hydrographic and biological rate estimates, and patterns of spatio-temporal variability in primary productivity. We confirmed that TIWs have the potential to enhance phytoplankton biomass through an increased supply of nutrients and elevated local and instantaneous phytoplankton nutrient uptake as opposed to only advecting biomass. Furthermore, we concluded that initial biological conditions (e.g., zooplankton biomass) may play an important additional constraint on biological responses, in particular of large phytoplankton such as diatoms, to TIW-induced perturbations in the physical and biogeochemical fields and fluxes. In order to fully resolve the complexity of biological and physical interactions in the eastern equatorial Pacific, we recommended improving CoSiNE and other models by introducing more phytoplankton groups, variable Redfield and carbon to chlorophyll ratios, as well as resolving the Fe–Si co-limitation of phytoplankton growth.