bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for niche conservatism in alpine beetles under a climate‐driven species pump model
Authors: Schat Jillian , Weng Yi‐Ming , Dudko Roman Yu. , Kavanaugh David H. , Luo Lan , Schoville Sean D.
Published: January 2022

Aim

Past glacial cycles have generated lineage diversity in alpine habitats, acting as a climate‐driven species pump. It is not clear how much this process contributes to ecological diversification of alpine species. To examine this problem, we test patterns of genetic and phenotypic divergence in two co‐distributed species complexes of flightless alpine ground beetles. Greater differentiation in functional traits would indicate that ecological selection is an outcome of oscillating climate change, whereas greater differentiation in non‐ecological traits would indicate niche conservatism.

Location

The Cascades Range and Trinity Mountains of western North America.

Taxon

Nebria paradisiandN.vandykeispecies complexes (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: Nebriinae).

Methods

We generated genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism data and mitochondrial sequence data, as well as morphological and physiological data, to compare populations spanning the range of both species. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were used to infer relationships among taxa and populations in each species complex, as well as historical demography. Support vector machines were used to test for classification of taxa and populations based on ecomorphological, ecophysiological and male reproductive traits. Mantel tests were then used to assess associations between phenotypic and genetic divergence among populations.

Results

TheN.vandykeiandN.paradisispecies complexes are each comprised of genetically distinctive populations exhibiting long‐term demographic declines. Each phylogeny supports multiple monophyletic groups with geographical cohesion. By examining phenotypic traits among populations in both species’ complexes, we show that reproductive trait divergence can discriminate species and population status more effectively than ecomorphological or ecophysiological traits. Reproductive and genetic divergence are significantly correlated in theN.vandykeispecies complex.

Main Conclusions

We found limited evidence of ecological selection acting on functional traits. Instead, reproductive and genetic divergence evolved among isolated populations in both species complexes, suggesting niche conservatism may be a common outcome in alpine species diversification.
For neither heat nor water conservation: Body size variation in Atlantic Forest frogs does not follow a general mechanism
Authors: Servino Leonardo Matheus , Verdade Vanessa Kruth , Sawaya Ricardo J.
Published: January 2022

Aim

Animal body size is recurrently associated with climate. Bergmann's rule proposes that larger endotherms inhabit higher latitudes because higher latitudes are generally colder, and larger body sizes promote heat conservation. However, body size variation of ectotherms has been associated with other climatic variables as anurans in drier environments reach larger sizes for water conservation. We tested whether body size variation of anuran amphibians can be explained by the heat conservation or water conservation hypotheses.

Location

Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Taxon

Anuran amphibians.

Methods

We selected anurans from different phylogenetic groups. The size was defined by snout‐vent length (SVL) and stoutness. We implemented spatial regressions including morphological dimensions and variables describing temperature and water availability.

Results

OnlyHaddadus binotatushad SVL size negatively associated with temperature, in accordance with the heat conservation hypothesis (HCH).Itapotihyla langsdorffiihad SVL positively associated with temperature, contrary to the HCH.Cycloramphus eleutherodactylushad SVL negatively associated with potential evapotranspiration, in accordance with the water conservation hypothesis (WCH).Thoropa miliaris+T. taophoraandIschnocnema guentherishowed no associations between SVL and climate. Stoutness was poorly associated with climate, with a negative relationship found only inRhinella crucifer+R. ornatain accordance with the WCH.

Main conclusions

The heat conservation and water conservation hypotheses do not offer general explanations for the body size variation in anurans from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Natural history, functional and ecological traits are more likely to affect anuran body size and they should be considered in posterior analyses.
Phylogeography and population genetics reveal ring species patterns in a highly polymorphic California lily
Authors: Hernández Adriana I. , Landis Jacob B. , Specht Chelsea D.
Published: January 2022

Aim

Natural selection typically results in the homogenization of reproductive traits, reducing natural variation within populations; thus, highly polymorphic species present unresolved questions regarding the mechanisms that shape and maintain gene flow given a diversity of phenotypes. We used an integrative framework to characterize phenotypic diversity and assess how evolutionary history and population genetics affect the highly polymorphic nature of a California endemic lily.

Location

California, United States.

Taxon

Butterfly mariposa lily, Calochortus venustus (Liliaceae).

Methods

We summarized phenotypic diversity at both metapopulation and subpopulation scales to explore spatial phenotypic distributions. We sampled 174 individuals across the species range representing multiple samples for each population and each phenotype. We used restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐Seq) to detect population clusters, gene flow between phenotypes and between populations, infer haplotype networks, and reconstruct ancestral range evolution to infer historical migration and range expansion.

Results

Polymorphic floral traits within the species such as petal pigmentation and distal spots are geographically structured, and inferred evolutionary history is consistent with a ring species pattern involving a complex of populations having experienced sequential change in genetic and phenotypic variation from the founding population. Populations remain interconnected yet have differentiated from each other along a bifurcating south‐to‐north range expansion, consequently indicating parallel evolution towards the white morphotype in the northern range. Thus, our phylogeographical analyses reveal morphological convergence with population genetic cohesion irrespective of phenotypic diversity.

Main conclusions

Phenotypic variation in the highly polymorphic Calochortus venustus is not due to genetic differentiation between phenotypes; rather there is genetic cohesion within six geographically defined populations, some of which maintain a high level of within‐population phenotypic diversity. Our results demonstrate that analyses of polymorphic taxa greatly benefit from disentangling phenotype from genotype at various spatial scales. We discuss results in light of ring species concepts and the need to determine the adaptive significance of the patterns we report.
Identification of a glioma functional network from gene fitness data using machine learning
Authors: Xiang Chun‐xiang , Liu Xi‐guo , Zhou Da‐quan , Zhou Yi , Wang Xu , Chen Feng
Published: January 2022

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain tumours that remains incurable despite recent advances in clinical treatments. Previous studies have focused on sub‐categorizing patient samples based on clustering various transcriptomic data. While functional genomics data are rapidly accumulating, there exist opportunities to leverage these data to decipher glioma‐associated biomarkers. We sought to implement a systematic approach to integrating data from high throughput CRISPR‐Cas9 screening studies with machine learning algorithms to infer a glioma functional network. We demonstrated the network significantly enriched various biological pathways and may play roles in glioma tumorigenesis. From densely connected glioma functional modules, we further predicted 12 potential Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway targeted genes, including AARSD1, HOXB5, ITGA6, LRRC71, MED19, MED24, METTL11B, SMARCB1, SMARCE1, TAF6L, TENT5A and ZNF281. Cox regression modelling with these targets was significantly associated with glioma overall survival prognosis. Additionally, TRIB2 was identified as a glioma neoplastic cell marker in single‐cell RNA‐seq of GBM samples. This work establishes novel strategies for constructing functional networks to identify glioma biomarkers for the development of diagnosis and treatment in clinical practice.
Insulin–glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist relay and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist first regimens in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, open‐label trial study
Authors: Takeshita Yumie , Kita Yuki , Tanaka Takeo , Goto Hisanori , Nakano Yujiro , Teramura Chisato , Enyama Yasufumi , Takamura Toshinari ,   the Establishment of Rationale for Antiaging Diabetic Medicine (ERA‐DM) Study Group
Published: January 2022

Aims/Introduction

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RA) might be less effective in patients with severe hyperglycemia, because hyperglycemia downregulated the GLP‐1 receptor in an animal study. To examine this hypothesis clinically, we compared the glucose‐lowering effects of GLP‐1 receptor agonist liraglutide with and without prior glycemic control.

Materials and Methods

In an open‐label, parallel trial, participants with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes were recruited and randomized to receive once‐daily insulin therapy, degludec (Insulin–GLP‐1 RA relay group, mean 16.8 ± 11.4 IU/day), for 12 weeks and then liraglutide for 12 weeks or subcutaneous injections of GLP‐1 RA, liraglutide (GLP‐1 RA first group, 0.9 mg), for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy end‐points consisted of changes in the levels of fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

Results

The median fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c before the study were 210.0 mg/dL and 9.8%, respectively. The levels of fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c significantly decreased in the Insulin–GLP‐1 RA relay group (P < 0.001) and GLP‐1 RA first group (P < 0.001) by week 24, although no intergroup differences were observed. The reduction of HbA1c in the Insulin–GLP‐1 RA relay group tended to be larger than that in the GLP‐1 RA first group in the lowest CPR (C‐peptide immunoreactivity) quartile (P = 0.072). The adverse events consisted of gastrointestinal problems, followed by hypoglycemia.

Conclusions

The GLP‐1 receptor agonist is overall effective without prior glycemic control with insulin in participants with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. However, in participants with insulinopenic type 2 diabetes, prior glycemic control with insulin might overcome glucose toxicity‐induced GLP‐1 resistance.
Skin adverse reactions to Sars‐CoV‐2 vaccination: a relevant responsibility issue for dermatologists
Authors: Gisondi P. , Bellinato F. , Girolomoni G.
Published: January 2022

Linked article: T. Gambichler et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36: 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17744.
Clustering analysis and machine learning algorithms in the prediction of dietary patterns: Cross‐sectional results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil)
Authors: Silva Vanderlei Carneiro , Gorgulho Bartira , Marchioni Dirce Maria , Araujo Tânia Aparecida de , Santos Itamar de Souza , Lotufo Paulo Andrade , Benseñor Isabela Martins
Published: January 2022

Background

Machine learning investigates how computers can automatically learn. The present study aimed to predict dietary patterns and compare algorithm performance in making predictions of dietary patterns.

Methods

We analysed the data of public employees (n = 12,667) participating in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil). The K‐means clustering algorithm and six other classifiers (support vector machines, naïve Bayes, K‐nearest neighbours, decision tree, random forest and xgboost) were used to predict the dietary patterns.

Results

K‐means clustering identified two dietary patterns. Cluster 1, labelled the Western pattern, was characterised by a higher energy intake and consumption of refined cereals, beans and other legumes, tubers, pasta, processed and red meats, high‐fat milk and dairy products, and sugary beverages; Cluster 2, labelled the Prudent pattern, was characterised by higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, whole cereals, white meats, and milk and reduced‐fat milk derivatives. The most important predictors were age, sex, per capita income, education level and physical activity. The accuracy of the models varied from moderate to good (69%–72%).

Conclusions

The performance of the algorithms in dietary pattern prediction was similar, and the models presented may provide support in screener tasks and guide health professionals in the analysis of dietary data.
The Arabidopsis NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex is required for chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthesis
Authors: Zhou Jin‐Xing , Su Xiao‐Min , Zheng Si‐Yao , Wu Chan‐Juan , Su Yin‐Na , Jiang Zhaodi , Li Lin , Chen She , He Xin‐Jian
Published: January 2022

Although two Enhancer of Polycomb‐like proteins, EPL1A and EPL1B (EPL1A/B), are known to be conserved and characteristic subunits of the NuA4‐type histone acetyltransferase complex in Arabidopsis thaliana, the biological function of EPL1A/B and the mechanism by which EPL1A/B function in the complex remain unknown. Here, we report that EPL1A/B are required for the histone acetyltransferase activity of the NuA4 complex on the nucleosomal histone H4 in vitro and for the enrichment of histone H4K5 acetylation at thousands of protein‐coding genes in vivo. Our results suggest that EPL1A/B are required for linking the NuA4 catalytic subunits HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE OF THE MYST FAMILY 1（HAM1) and HAM2 with accessory subunits in the NuA4 complex. EPL1A/B function redundantly in regulating plant development especially in chlorophyll biosynthesis and de‐etiolation. The EPL1A/B‐dependent transcription and H4K5Ac are enriched at genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthesis. We also find that EAF6, another characteristic subunit of the NuA4 complex, contributes to de‐etiolation. These results suggest that the Arabidopsis NuA4 complex components function as a whole to mediate histone acetylation and transcriptional activation specifically at light‐responsive genes and are critical for photomorphogenesis.
A novel dermal delivery system using natural spicules for cosmetics and therapeutics
Authors: Kim Tae Gon , Lee Yoonjin , Kim Min Seo , Lim Jaehong
Published: January 2022

Background

Dermal delivery is versatile in therapeutics as well as cosmetics in pursuit of enhancing safety/efficacy and alleviating pain/fear to alternate oral/injective administrations. Natural siliceous spicules offer a potential approach via simple topical medications to circumvent poor penetrations through the skin barrier by loading, carrying, and releasing the active ingredients in a highly efficient and controlled manner.

Aims

The delivery of ingredients loaded on spicules is assessed to improve the dermal efficacy compared to simple topical treatments.

Methods

First, needle‐like spicules were isolated from natural freshwater sponges. Then, the active ingredient was loaded via liposome formations. Finally, the dermal efficiency was evaluated.

Results

Natural siliceous spicules were purified, sorted, and fully characterized to appear 250 μm of length and 12 μm of diameter on average. A model ingredient, pectolinarin, was efficiently loaded onto the internal space of spicules via lecithin‐based liposome formations. The penetration was visualized using a porcine skin sample with a fluorescent dye and assessed quantitatively by a Franz diffusion cell system. Dermal absorption rate was measured 73.4%, while the percutaneous penetration rate was 2.2%. The release pattern turned out a simple diffusion analyzed by Fick's law and Higuchi model. The liposomes loaded onto spicules were further stabilized by a hydrophobic capsulation, which may benefit the overall efficacy of the ingredient.

Conclusion

A novel dermal delivery system is beneficial to improve the topical efficacy of biologically active ingredients. The outcomes shed a light upon developing skin‐protective/improving cosmetics and therapeutics with enhanced performance.
Empowering dentists to administer COVID‐19 vaccines
Authors: Rojas‐Ramirez Marcia V. , DeVito David M. , McKee Julie W. , Miller Craig S.
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To detail how the scope of practice of dentistry was expanded in Kentucky allowing dentists to be rapidly mobilize and join a mass vaccination campaign and administer COVID‐19 vaccines to the community.

Methods

The processes involving policy change, an emergency administrative regulation, provider training and community action are detailed.

Results

In just 21 days from state authorization, dentists from the University of Kentucky organized and trained clinicians to join a mass vaccination effort and provided over 1200 COVID‐19 vaccines to the community.

Conclusions

As essential healthcare workers, Kentucky dentists joined the fight against the COVID‐19 pandemic by participating in a mass vaccination campaign. This communication provides guidance to states, academic institutions, and dentists who are currently in the process of achieving this regulatory change and taking community action. It also provides insights to the benefits of expanding the scope of practice to include vaccination as part of dental services.
Etiology and outcome of extreme neutrophilic leukocytosis: A multi‐institutional retrospective study of 269 dogs
Authors: Ziccardi Christianna , Cohn Leah A. , Janacek Blakeley , Gross Jacklyn , Nafe Laura , Grobman Megan
Published: January 2022

Background

The magnitude of diagnostic abnormalities can influence the perception of clinical outcome. Extreme neutrophilic leukocytosis (ENL) is an uncommon finding caused by markedly increased granulopoiesis. A lack of recent, large‐scale studies limits our understanding of the importance, causation, and prognosis associated with ENL in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Describe disease categories (DC) identified in dogs with ENL and identify variables associated with survival. We hypothesized that factors including fever, segmented and band neutrophil counts, and DC would be negatively associated with survival.

Animals

Two‐hundred sixty‐nine dogs with ENL (segmented neutrophils ≥50 × 103 cells/μL) presented to the veterinary teaching hospitals at Auburn University (n = 164), the University of Missouri (n = 81), and Oklahoma State University (n = 24) between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2019.

Methods

Retrospective study. Demographic data and outcome variables including temperature, CBC findings, DC, duration of hospitalization (DOH) and outcome were acquired from the medical record. Statistical analyses included chi‐squared and Kruskal‐Wallis tests, and Pearson product moment correlations with aP < .05 significance level.

Results

Mortality was 41%. Survival differed with DC (P = .002). Mortality was higher (P < .05) in dogs with neoplasia (56.2%) vs immune‐mediated disease (20.5%) or tissue damage/necrosis (19%). Weight (P = .001,r = −0.14) and total neutrophil count (P = .04,r = −0.02) were weakly negatively associated with survival whereas DOH was weakly positively associated with survival (P = .03,r = 0.14).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Mortality in dogs with ENL is high but differed according to DC. Only weak correlations between clinical or clinicopathologic variables and mortality were identified. Extreme neutrophilic leukocytosis should be interpreted in conjunction with the underlying disease process, and not broadly used to predict clinical outcome.
Characterization of the intrarenal renin‐angiotensin system in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease
Authors: Lourenço Bianca N. , Coleman Amanda E. , Berghaus Roy D. , Tarigo Jaime L. , Schmiedt Chad W. , Brown Scott A.
Published: January 2022

Background

The role of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is incompletely understood.

Objective

To characterize components of the intrarenal renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) in cats with CKD.

Animals

Eleven cats with naturally occurring CKD (CKD group) and 8 healthy control cats.

Methods

Renal tissue samples were evaluated by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction for renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor transcript levels, and by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry for quantification of angiotensin I, II, III, and IV concentrations. Linear mixed models were used to compare gene transcript levels and concentrations of angiotensin peptides between groups.

Results

Cats of the CKD group were significantly older (P < .001) and more likely to be neutered (P = .007) than healthy control cats. Kidneys from cats with CKD had significantly higher transcript levels of angiotensinogen (P < .001) and lower transcript levels of ACE (P < .001) than those from control cats. Renal angiotensin I concentrations were increased in CKD compared with control kidneys (P = .001). No other significant differences in renal transcript levels or angiotensin peptide concentrations were noted between groups.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

The intrarenal RAS might be activated in cats with CKD. Small sample size and differences in age, neuter status, and dietary sodium intake between groups might have limited the ability to identify a significant difference in concentration of renal angiotensin II.
Evaluation of the ability of Pichia guilliermondii to improve growth performance and disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Sealey Wendy M. , Conley Zachariah B. , Hinman Brett T. , O'Neill Thomas J. , Bowzer John , Block Stephanie S.
Published: January 2022

This study examined supplementation of a novel yeast product containing Pichia guilliermondii on juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, growth, and disease resistance. In two separate trials, fish (initial weight 6.2 and 10.6 g, respectively), were fed an extruded diet (41% digestible protein and 18% crude lipid) supplemented with 0.3 or 0.6% P. guilliermondii alone or 0.3% P. guilliermondii with a dietary gut supplement at 0.1%. Prior to the end of each trial, a subsample of fish from each tank was exposed by immersion to Yersinia ruckeri (Trial 1) or injection with Flavobacterium pyschrophilum (Trial 2). At the conclusion of the trials, supplementation of either P. guilliermondii or the gut supplement improved growth and food conversion efficiency in rainbow trout when fed for 16‐weeks. No effects of supplementation on mortality were observed. These results suggest potential as functional additives; however, additional investigation regarding the efficacy of whole‐cell and disrupted wall components of P. guilliermondii is needed to better assess their potential effects on rainbow trout immune responses.
Availability of donor milk improves enteral feeding but has limited effect on body growth of infants with very‐low birthweight: Data from a historic cohort study
Authors: Wu Tong , Jiang Ping‐Ping , Luo Ping , Chen You , Liu Xudong , Jiang Yan‐Nan , Ma Liya , Zhou Ping
Published: January 2022

Compare with preterm formula, donor human milk (DM) is associated with a lower risk of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. It is thus deemed superior to preterm formula as the sole diet or supplement to own mother's milk (OMM) for preterm infants, especially for those with very low birthweight (VLBW). This historic cohort study investigated the relationship between DM availability, and enteral feeding, body growth of VLBW infants by comparing two cohorts before and after the establishment of a human milk bank. A sub‐analysis was also conducted between small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) and non‐SGA infants in our cohorts. Our results showed that DM availability was associated with earlier initiation and faster advancement of enteral feeding, earlier attainment of full enteral feeding, and a higher proportion of OMM in enteral feeding. DM availability was also associated with earlier regain of birthweight, but not with better body growth. SGA and non‐SGA infants responded differently to DM availability with only the non‐SGA group showing improved enteral feeding associated with DM availability. The poor growth of VLBW infants with fortified DM warrants further investigations on better fortification strategies to further improve body growth. Studies are also needed on long‐term effects of DM feeding on the development of VLBW infants.
MicroRNA‐203 mediates Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS‐induced inflammation and differentiation of periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Yang Yang , Ren Dongping , Zhao Duo , Zhang Bo , Ye Rui
Published: January 2022

Aim

In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of microRNA‐203 (miR‐203) on Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P.g. LPS)‐stimulated periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and identify potential molecular targets for periodontitis treatment.

Methods

Periodontal ligament cells were stimulated by P.g. LPS, followed by quantification of miR‐203 and AP‐1 expression. Next, loss‐ and gain‐of‐function experiments were applied in P.g. LPS‐induced PDLCs. The proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of PDLCs were determined, and mineralized nodule numbers were counted. Functional assays were used to identify interactions among miR‐203, activator protein‐1 (AP‐1), and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1). In addition, expression of osteogenesis‐related genes and release of proinflammatory factors were analyzed.

Results

miR‐203 was found to be downregulated while AP‐1 was upregulated in PDLCs stimulated by P.g. LPS. The overexpression of miR‐203 promoted P.g. LPS‐stimulated PDLC proliferation and differentiation, inhibited apoptosis, and increased the number of mineralized nodules. miR‐203 was verified to downregulate AP‐1/ICAM‐1 axis. miR‐203 overexpression reduced the secretion of proinflammatory factors while increasing the expression of osteogenesis‐related genes in P.g. LPS‐stimulated PDLCs, which was reversed by overexpressing AP‐1 and ICAM‐1.

Conclusion

These experimental data demonstrated the potential inhibitory effects of overexpressed miR‐203 on periodontitis development by promoting PDLC differentiation and suppressing inflammatory responses through AP‐1/ICAM‐1 axis.
Nlrp5 and Tle6 expression patterns in buffalo oocytes and pre‐implantation embryos
Authors: Huang Xingchen , Sun Qinqiang , Chen Dongrong , Yang Weihan , Zhang Junjun , Liu Runfeng , Zhang Pengfei , Huang Liangfeng , Zhang Ming , Fu Qiang
Published: January 2022

Maternal‐effect genes (MEGs) accumulate in oocytes during oogenesis and mediate the pre‐implantation embryo developmental programme until activation of the zygote genome. Nlrp5 and Tle6 are required for normal pre‐implantation and embryonic development. However, the precise function of these MEGs in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to characterize Nlrp5 and Tle6 sequences and analyse their mRNA and protein expression patterns in somatic tissues, oocytes and pre‐implantation embryos of buffalo. The coding sequences of each gene were successfully cloned and characterized. Real‐time quantitative reverse transcription PCR results revealed an absence of Nlrp5 or Tle6 transcripts in somatic tissues, with the exception of ovary. Expression levels of Nlrp5 and Tle6 in oocytes increased from the germinal vesicle stage to metaphase II stage and then gradually decreased during morula and blastocyst stages. Protein expression patterns were confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. This study lays a foundation for further validation of the function of MEGs in buffalo.
Sonophoresis with ultrasound‐responsive liquid‐core nuclei for transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Park Donghee , Won Jongho , Lee Gyounjung , Lee Yongheum , Kim Chul‐Woo , Seo Jongbum
Published: January 2022

Background

Sonophoresis can increase the delivery efficiency of various drugs into the skin. A recent advance in sonophoresis is the use of ultrasound‐responsive liquid‐core nuclei (URLN) to increase the probability of cavitation. In this study, we developed a URLN and ultrasound device, and demonstrated its effectiveness through in vitro and clinical tests.

Materials and methods

Three types of experiments were designed to evaluate the efficiency of sonophoresis with URLN. First, a Franz diffusion cell with cosmetic ingredients was used to analyze quantitatively the amount of drug delivered to the porcine skin. Second, after the application of sonophoresis with URLN, the porcine skin surface was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to see the changes in morphology. Finally, a clinical test was performed to verify the utility of sonophoresis with URLN.

Results

The results indicate that sonophoresis with URLN can increase the amount of compound delivered by approximately 11.9‐fold over 6 h for niacinamide and by 7.33‐fold over 6 h for adenosine. In addition, we observed approximately 20–30 μm sized pores on porcine skin in SEM images. In clinical testing, the application of sonophoresis with cosmetics containing URLN for 3 min improved the efficiency of transdermal drug delivery by 1.9‐fold, the depth of absorption by 2.0‐fold, and the speed of absorption by 2.0‐fold at 30 min after application.

Conclusion

We expect that sonophoresis with specialized URLN in transdermal drug delivery could be used widely for various skin‐related applications.
Dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, and fluorescence staining for the noninvasive diagnosis of crusted scabies
Authors: Zhang Li‐wen , Li Cong‐hui , Shen Xue , Fu Li‐xin , Chen Tao
Published: January 2022

A 91‐year‐old woman presented with a 3‐month history of [extensive](javascript:;) cutaneous lesions with intense pruritus. She lived in a nursing home for a long time. Physical examination revealed a generalized erythematous and scaly rash with intense hyperkeratotic lesions on the neck, trunk, and limbs. Dermoscopy showed a sinuous burrow filled with white dot eggs and feces on the hand with a mite at the end of the burrow. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) manifested a sinuous burrow and a mite. The presence of mites was confirmed with fluorescence staining. The patient was diagnosed with crusted scabies and started treatment with 10% sulfur ointment. Her lesions and pruritus were resolved after 2 weeks.
Expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 is induced by light in concert with triacylglycerol accumulation
Authors: Carro María de las Mercedes , Gonorazky Gabriela , Soto Débora , Mamone Leandro , Bagnato Carolina , Pagnussat Luciana A. , Beligni María Verónica
Published: January 2022

Considerable progress has been made towards the understanding of triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in algae. One key aspect is finding conditions that trigger TAG production without reducing cell division. Previously, we identified a soluble diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), related to plant DGAT3, with heterologous DGAT activity. In this work, we demonstrate that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DGAT3 localizes to the chloroplast and that its expression is induced by light, in correspondence with TAG accumulation. Dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs increase in both wild‐type and starch‐deficient cells grown with acetate upon transferring them from dark or low light to higher light levels, albeit affected by the particularities of each strain. The response of dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs to light depends on the pre‐existing levels of TAGs, suggesting the existence of a negative regulatory loop in the synthesis pathway, although an effect of TAG turnover cannot be ruled out. Altogether, these results hint towards a possible role of DGAT3 in light‐dependent TAG accumulation in C. reinhardtii.
Collection and administration of blood products in horses: Transfusion indications, materials, methods, complications, donor selection, and blood testing
Authors: Radcliffe Rolfe M. , Bookbinder Lauren C. , Liu Sharon Y. , Tomlinson Joy E. , Cook Vanessa L. , Hurcombe Samuel D. A. , Divers Thomas J.
Published: January 2022

Background

Blood transfusion is a lifesaving treatment for horses with acute hemorrhage and other causes of anemia. Transfusions improve oxygen delivery to the tissues via increased blood volume and hemoglobin concentration. Certain aspects of equine blood transfusion are challenging, especially in the field situation, and practitioners may be unfamiliar or feel overwhelmed with the process. An understanding of the indications, materials, methods, and techniques as well as donor selection and possible complications will help practitioners successfully implement blood transfusion in clinical practice.

Procedures

Blood transfusion involves several steps including appropriate donor selection, cross‐matching, blood collection, and administration, as well as monitoring and handling of transfusion reactions. Guidance for each of these steps are detailed in this review.

Blood transfusion is an effective and often lifesaving treatment for managing diseases of blood loss, hemolysis, and decreased RBC production. Equine practitioners require a thorough understanding of the indications for blood transfusion, the immunological principles behind compatibility testing and transfusion reactions, and the technical skills to aseptically collect and administer blood products

Key points

Equine practitioners require a thorough understanding of the indications for blood transfusion, the immunological principles behind compatibility testing and transfusion reactions, and the technical skills to aseptically collect and administer blood products.

Because there are over 400,000 possible equine RBC phenotypes, no universal donor exists, and some blood type incompatibilities are likely between any donor and recipient. Therefore, prior to any blood transfusion, donor and recipient blood should be cross‐matched

Inadequate delivery of oxygen (Do2) to the tissues, resulting from low hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, is the most important indication for blood transfusion

Neonatal isoerythrolysis most commonly occurs following an anamnestic response in late gestation; it rarely occurs following a primary exposure because the immune response is not strong enough to produce clinically significant alloantibody titers.
The influence of leukoreduction on the acute transfusion‐related complication rate in 455 dogs receiving 730 packed RBCs: 2014–2017
Authors: Davidow Elizabeth B. , Montgomery Heather , Mensing Michelle
Published: January 2022

Objective

To investigate the influence of prestorage leukoreduction of packed RBCs (pRBCs) on acute transfusion‐related complication rate in dogs.

Setting

Two private referral hospitals.

Design

Retrospective case study.

Animals

Four hundred and fifty‐five dogs receiving nonleukoreduced (nLR) or leukoreduced (LR) pRBC between January 1, 2014 and July 31, 2017.

Measurements and Main Results

Transfusions were retrospectively reviewed to record data about the patient, donor, unit, transfusion event, acute complications, hospital discharge, and cause of death. Of 730 transfusion events in 455 dogs, 288 used LR pRBC and 442 used nLR pRBC. There was a 18.9% (138/730) overall complication rate. Seven (0.96%) complications were life‐threatening. The most common complications were pyrexia (5.6%), gastrointestinal signs (4.9%), and hemolysis with no other signs (4.1%). Pyrexia with no other clinical signs, consistent with a febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR), occurred in 3.2% of transfusion events. There was a significant (P = 0.03) decrease in the rate of FNHTR with LR pRBC (1%) versus nLR pRBC (4.5%). Use of LR pRBC did not decrease in‐hospital mortality. The odds of any complication, hemolysis only, FNHTR, and more severe complications increased with pRBC age. Leukoreduction did not decrease the impact of pRBC age on these complications. Use of older pRBC did not increase the incidence of life‐threatening complications or mortality. Dogs receiving pRBC for blood loss were more likely to have gastrointestinal and more severe complications than those dogs that had hemolysis. The effect of pRBC unit age on complications was not influenced by the underlying reason for transfusion. Dogs that received a previous transfusion were more likely to have respiratory complications.

Conclusion

In this study, the use of LR pRBC was associated with a decreased rate of FNHTR but no other complications. Unit age was associated with the incidence of hemolysis, FNHTR, and complication severity but not the rate of life‐threatening complications or mortality.
Viscosity Plane-wave UltraSound (ViPLUS) in the assessment of parotid and submandibular glands in healthy subjects – preliminary results
Authors: Muntean Delia , Lenghel Manuela , Ciurea Anca , Dudea Sorin
Published: January 2022

Aims: Viscosity is an important mechanical property directly linked to the shear wave dispersion within tissues. The purpose of this study was to establish the normal viscosity value of the parotid gland (PG) and submandibular gland (SMG) in a group of healthy subjects, using the novel Viscosity Plane-wave UltraSound (ViPLUS) technique, and to assess its potential dependence on gender and age.Material and methods: The study group included a total of 49 healthy volunteers (median age 31, 65% females) prospectively examined between February 2021 and March 2021. The viscosity of both PG and SMG was measured using the new Aixplorer MACH 30 ultrasound system (SuperSonic Imagine, Aix-en-Provence, France) equipped with a curvilinear C6-1X transducer. The mean value of three valid measurements was considered (quantified in Pa.s).Results: The mean viscosity value for the PG was 2.13±0.23 Pa.s, significantly lower than the mean viscosity value of the SMG 2.44±0.35 Pa.s (p<0.0001). A negative low correlation between SMG viscosity and age was found (rho=-0.38, p=0.006). Viscosity values of the SMG were significantly lower in the age group between 35-77 years (2.12±0.35 Pa.s) than in the age groups 25-34 years (2.52±0.36 Pa.s), and 20-24 years (2.53±0.24 Pa.s), respectively (p<0.05). Viscosity values of both salivary glands did not differ significantly between gender groups.Conclusions: Supersonic ViPLUS represents an innovative and useful non-invasive method to assess the viscosity of the parotid and submandibular glands. Age is a potential confounding factor in the evaluation of normal SMG viscosity.
Acoustic characteristics from an in-water down-the-hole pile drilling activity
Authors: Guan Shane , Brookens Tiffini , Miner Robert
Published: January 2022

Sound generated by pile installation using a down-the-hole (DTH) hammer is not well documented and differs in character from sound generated by conventional impact and vibratory pile driving. This paper describes underwater acoustic characteristics from DTH pile drilling during the installation of 0.84-m shafts within 1.22-m steel piles in Ketchikan, Alaska. The median single-strike sound exposure levels were 138 and 142 dB re 1 μPa2s at 10 m for each of the two piles, with cumulative sound exposure levels of 185 and 193 dB re 1 μPa2s at 10 m, respectively. The sound levels measured at Ketchikan were significantly lower than previous studies, and the sound was determined to be non-impulsive in this study as compared to impulsive in previous studies. These differences likely result from the DTH hammer not making direct contact with the pile, as had been the case in previous studies. Therefore, we suggest using the term DTH pile drilling to distinguish from DTH pile driving when the hammer strikes the pile. Further research is needed to investigate DTH piling techniques and associated sound-generating mechanisms and to differentiate the various types of sound emitted, which has important implications for the underwater sound regulatory community.
A comprehensive long-read isoform analysis platform and sequencing resource for breast cancer
Authors: Veiga Diogo F. T. , Nesta Alex , Zhao Yuqi , Mays Anne Deslattes , Huynh Richie , Rossi Robert , Wu Te-Chia , Palucka Karolina , Anczukow Olga , Beck Christine R. , Banchereau Jacques
Published: January 2022

Tumors display widespread transcriptome alterations, but the full repertoire of isoform-level alternative splicing in cancer is unknown. We developed a long-read (LR) RNA sequencing and analytical platform that identifies and annotates full-length isoforms and infers tumor-specific splicing events. Application of this platform to breast cancer samples identifies thousands of previously unannotated isoforms; ~30% affect protein coding exons and are predicted to alter protein localization and function. We performed extensive cross-validation with -omics datasets to support transcription and translation of novel isoforms. We identified 3059 breast tumor–specific splicing events, including 35 that are significantly associated with patient survival. Of these, 21 are absent from GENCODE and 10 are enriched in specific breast cancer subtypes. Together, our results demonstrate the complexity, cancer subtype specificity, and clinical relevance of previously unidentified isoforms and splicing events in breast cancer that are only annotatable by LR-seq and provide a rich resource of immuno-oncology therapeutic targets.
Populations of local direction–selective cells encode global motion patterns generated by self-motion
Authors: Henning Miriam , Ramos-Traslosheros Giordano , Gür Burak , Silies Marion
Published: January 2022

Self-motion generates visual patterns on the eye that are important for navigation. These optic flow patterns are encoded by the population of local direction–selective cells in the mouse retina, whereas in flies, local direction–selective T4/T5 cells are thought to be uniformly tuned. How complex global motion patterns can be computed downstream is unclear. We show that the population of T4/T5 cells in
Drosophila
encodes global motion patterns. Whereas the mouse retina encodes four types of optic flow, the fly visual system encodes six. This matches the larger number of degrees of freedom and the increased complexity of translational and rotational motion patterns during flight. The four uniformly tuned T4/T5 subtypes described previously represent a local subset of the population. Thus, a population code for global motion patterns appears to be a general coding principle of visual systems that matches local motion responses to modes of the animal’s movement.
Development of a New Recombineering System for
Agrobacterium
Species
Authors: Bian Zhilong , Li Shanshan , Yang Runyu , Yin Jia , Zhang Youming , Tu Qiang , Fu Jun , Li Ruijuan
Published: January 2022

Agrobacterium
is a powerful transgenic vehicle for the genetic manipulation of numerous plant and fungal species and even animal cells. In addition to improving the utility of
Agrobacterium
as a transgenic vehicle, genetic engineering tools are important for revealing crucial components that are functionally involved in transfer DNA (T-DNA) translocation events.
Contribution of RNA-RNA Interactions Mediated by the Genome Packaging Signals for the Selective Genome Packaging of Influenza A Virus
Authors: Miyamoto Sho , Muramoto Yukiko , Shindo Keiko , Fujita-Fujiharu Yoko , Morikawa Takeshi , Tamura Ryoma , Gilmore Jamie L. , Nakano Masahiro , Noda Takeshi
Published: January 2022

While numerous viral genomes comprise a single genome segment, the influenza A virus possesses eight segmented genomes. Influenza A virus can benefit from having a segmented genome because the segments can reassort with other strains of the influenza virus to create new genetically distinct strains.
Insights into Two-Metal-Ion Catalytic Mechanism of Cap-Snatching Endonuclease of Ebinur Lake Virus in
Bunyavirales
Authors: Kuang Wenhua , Zhang Huanyu , Cai Yan , Zhang Guilin , Deng Fei , Li Hailong , Hu Zhihong , Guo Yu , Wang Manli , Zhou Yiwu , Gong Peng
Published: January 2022

The viral endonucleases (ENs) encoded by bunyaviruses and orthomyxoviruses play an essential role in initiating transcription by “snatching” capped primers from the host mRNAs. These ENs are metal-ion-dependent nucleases; however, the details of their catalytic mechanism remain elusive.
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Redox Recycling of Protein Thiols Promotes Resistance to Oxidative Killing and Bacterial Survival in Biofilms in a Smoke-Related Infection Model
Authors: Hunt Benjamin C. , Xu Xin , Gaggar Amit , Swords W. Edward
Published: January 2022

Chronic bacterial respiratory infections are a significant problem for smoke-exposed individuals, especially those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These infections often persist despite antibiotic use.
Antibody Responses to BNT162b2 Vaccination in Japan: Monitoring Vaccine Efficacy by Measuring IgG Antibodies against the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Fujigaki Hidetsugu , Yamamoto Yasuko , Koseki Takenao , Banno Sumi , Ando Tatsuya , Ito Hiroyasu , Fujita Takashi , Naruse Hiroyuki , Hata Tadayoshi , Moriyama Saya , Takahashi Yoshimasa , Suzuki Tadaki , Murakami Takahiro , Yoshida Yukihiro , Yagura Yo , Oyamada Takayoshi , Takemura Masao , Kondo Masashi , Iwata Mitsunaga , Saito Kuniaki
Published: January 2022

Mass vaccination campaigns using mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have begun in many countries. Serological assays to detect antibody production may be a useful tool to monitor the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in individuals.
Recombinantly Expressed Chimeric Fibers Demonstrate Discrete Type-Specific Neutralizing Epitopes in the
Fowl Aviadenovirus E
(FAdV-E) Fiber, Promoting the Optimization of FAdV Fiber Subunit Vaccines towards Cross-Protection
in vivo
Authors: Schachner Anna , De Luca Carlotta , Heidl Sarah , Hess Michael
Published: January 2022

The control of inclusion body hepatitis, a disease of economic importance for chicken production worldwide, is complicated by an etiology involving multiple divergent fowl adenovirus types. The fiber protein is principally efficacious in inducing neutralizing and protective antibodies in vaccinated chickens; however, it faces limitations due to its intrinsic type specificity for neutralization.
Parkinsonism and prolonged cognitive decline as a manifestation of cryptococcal meningitis in a renal transplant patient
Authors: Nelles Ricky , Britton Sumudu , John George Tharayil , Denaro Charles
Published: January 2022

We report a case of a 67-year-old male recipient of a second renal allograft, presenting with a 9-month history of progressive cognitive and physical decline with features of Parkinsonism. He was HIV-negative. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cryptococcal antigen was positive though CSF culture was sterile. He had progressive deterioration despite induction and consolidation antifungal treatment. Postmortem brain examination confirmed a large burden of yeast forms in the substantia nigra with widespread chronic meningitis. The significant delay in presentation and diagnosis owing to the atypical, subacute neurocognitive features serves as a timely reminder of the variety of neurological presentations that may be associated with cryptococcal infection in solid organ transplant recipients.