bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Work Shifts
Authors: Mong Sherry N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter takes a closer look at caregiver/nurse interactions. It includes an analysis of the identities and emotional labor of home health nurses. As professionals who possess valuable disciplinary knowledge, how do they feel about transferring their skills to lay caregivers? Nurses' orientation to the labor and the effects on interactions with caregivers are key features in the labor transfer. Nurses were able to gradually transfer the skilled labor through strategies such as “gently encouraging” or “forcefully 'pushing' ”caregivers to learn, and “if the caring work appeared too difficult or technical, nurses simplified or 'downplayed' these aspects, or they would insist that the caregiver was 'smart enough' to learn.” Nurses often stated that the goal was to make patients and families “independent” in their care. Nurses thus draw heavily on the ability of home care to provide holistic nursing practices. Nurses' focus on patients' physical and emotional health refutes a vision of nurses as purely “ideological workers” — an image that implies an insensitive and coercive nature in the transfer of skills. The relationship between nurses and caregivers is critical for nurses, who identify heavily with the education component of their profession.
A Great Heart
Authors: Miller Julie
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how Amelia Norman attracted new and influential friends during her time in the Tombs, which became more important to her than any of her fellow inmates proved to be. It recounts how Amelia's new friends read moral and political meanings into her ordeal that went well beyond the sensational interests of the press and even the boundaries of her own experience. It also refers to popular author and reformer Lydia Maria Child, who became Amelia's chief protector throughout her trial and afterward. The chapter describes Lydia as a committed reformer who by the early 1830s was deeply embroiled in abolition. It talks about how Lydia came to New York in May 1841 to edit the National Anti-Slavery Standard, a weekly newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison's American Anti-Slavery Society.
The Trial Begins
Authors: Miller Julie
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses Amelia Norman's attempt to hang herself in her cell on the morning of her trial on January 15, 1844 in the Court of Sessions in the Tombs. It cites Lydia Maria Child, who stated that the defection of Amelia's lawyer, Thomas Warner, had proved too much for a spirit that had so long been under the pressure of extreme despondency. It also talks about the three judges who made up the Court of Sessions and sat on the top tier of a high platform, dwarfing the lawyers who performed beneath them. The chapter highlights Frederick Augustus Tallmadge, who served as the presiding judge, and two aldermen, Elijah F. Purdy and David Vandervoort, the three city officials that formed the Court of Sessions during Amelia's trial. It reveals that Purdy was the acting mayor when Amelia had unsuccessfully appealed a seduction complaint against Henry Ballard after he had her arrested for prostitution.
The Law of Seduction
Authors: Miller Julie
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how Lydia Maria Child had taken Amelia Norman to her home to live with her as an intimate of her family after she won the trial. It notes how Lydia kept track of Amelia during the months that she lived with her in the spring of 1844, getting to know her better than she had been able to when Amelia was a prisoner at the Tombs. It also mentions Lydia's belief that Amelia's strong deep feelings were what drove her to the verge of madness. The chapter refers to Maria Lowell, wife of poet and diplomat James Russell Lowell, to whom Lydia recommended Norman for a job as a personal maid. It highlights Lydia's publication of “Letter from New York No. V” while Amelia was living with her, which was a jeremiad against the failure of the law to protect women and the men who made the law.
Pushed to the Edge
Authors: Baylouny Anne Marie
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how Jordan and Lebanon changed their policies toward the Syrians, becoming more restrictive as they increased their overt scapegoating of the refugees. It analyses the restrictive policies toward Syrians that were interpreted by aid and international donors as signaling the need for more aid in order to prevent Syrians from leaving their host countries and heading to Europe. It also elaborates how the London Compacts traded massive aid, market access, and preferential loans from the international community in return for work permits to the refugees. The chapter explains how Jordan and Lebanon made fiscal changes that generated more protests and turned into systemic indictments of the regimes. It highlights new austerity policies in Lebanon and Jordan that spurred mass protests over taxes, the removal of subsidies, and the numerous continuing grievances over basic goods and services.
The Politically Weak
Authors: Crotty Martin , Diamant Neil J. , Edele Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the cases of victory and defeat and explains what politically influential veterans were able to produce to secure benefits and rights. It focuses on China after its long period of war and civil war that ended in 1949, the United Kingdom after both world wars, the United States after World War I, and the USSR after World War II. It analyses the cases wherein veterans had little or limited success in securing meaningful social and political status. The chapter identifies factors that determine the veterans' status, where it is victory or defeat, or authoritarian versus democratic systems of government. It discusses the political process and the attempts to convert claims into entitlements in order to explain the negative outcomes for the veterans of victorious armies.
Bowling for Communism
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: May 2021

This book illuminates how civic life functioned in Leipzig, East Germany's second-largest city, on the eve of the 1989 revolution by exploring acts of “urban ingenuity” amid catastrophic urban decay. The book profiles the creative activism of local communist officials who, with the help of scores of volunteers, constructed a palatial bowling alley without Berlin's knowledge or approval. In a city mired in disrepair, civic pride overcame resentment against a regime loathed for corruption, Stasi spies, and the Berlin Wall. Reconstructing such episodes through interviews and obscure archival materials, the book shows how the public sphere functioned in Leipzig before the fall of communism. Hardly detached or inept, local officials worked around centralized failings to build a more humane city. And hardly disengaged, residents turned to black-market construction to patch up their surroundings. Because such “urban ingenuity” was premised on weakness in the centralized regime, the dystopian cityscape evolved from being merely a quotidian grievance to the backdrop for revolution. If, by their actions, officials were demonstrating that the regime was irrelevant, and if, in their own experiences, locals only attained basic repairs outside official channels, why should anyone have mourned the system when it was overthrown?
Fetishism in International Development
Authors: Kapoor Ilan
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses fetishism. As a substitute for fundamental trauma, the fetish is a site of disavowal, allowing the subject to better master their world by ridding it of difference. Additionally, by behaving single-mindedly toward the fetish object as if it possesses a sublime quality, the fetishist forecloses other possible worthy objects or sociopolitical goals. Mastery, disavowal, and foreclosure thus become the hallmarks of fetishism. The chapter applies these psychoanalytic insights to international development — particularly its dominant modernization variant — by focusing on two of the latter's top fetishes: growth and technology. It examines how to each fetish is ascribed extraordinary powers, with several important socioenvironmental implications: the domination of the Other; the disavowal of social inequalities and environmental degradation; and the foreclosure of politics.
The Haunt of Home
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

What does it mean to deeply love a home place that haunts us still? From Mark Twain to Grant Wood to Garrison Keillor, regionalists from the Gilded Age to the Digital Age have explored the American Gothic and the homegrown fatalism that flourish in many of the nation's most far-flung and forgotten places. This book introduces us to a cast of real-life Midwestern characters grappling with the Gothic in their own lives, from promising young professionals debating the perennial “Should I stay or should I go” dilemma, to recent émigrés and entrepreneurs seeking personal reinvention, to faithful boosters determined to keep their communities alive despite the odds. The book considers the many ways a region's abiding spirit shapes the ethos of a land and its people, offering portraits of others who, like the author, are determined to live out the unique promise and predicament of the Gothic.
The Casket-maker’s Son
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at a conversation with Ross McIntire, the casket-maker's son, during lunch at an upscale sandwich shop in Naperville, Illinois. By all rights, the village on the banks of the DuPage River should be perfect digs for an aspiring young actor and playwright like Ross McIntire. Yet he talked about how he does not belong there, even after the successful debut of his one-act play about small-town life, Blight, at North Central College where he has recently completed a theater major. Home for the casket-maker's son is Galva, Illinois, an hour and a half west. Up until his recent graduation, Ross wore the cap of college student. While the casket-maker's son appreciates his four years living in Naperville as a college student, the place is alien to him in many ways.
Dredge
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

Two years shy of his fortieth birthday, a Midwesterner named James B. Hill filed a patent for a machine to dredge the hell out of his native state. He named the contraption Buckeye Traction Ditcher. It ditched the entire Great Black Swamp, an unfathomably large miasma snaking its way from Indiana to Ohio. Once the gargantuan machine had gorged itself, its young inventor took it to Louisiana, where it simmered and stewed and eventually drained the devil out of that state, too. Meanwhile, the same year the farmer-professor's father won his home county's award for combating the scourge of soil erosion, the Farm and Rural Life Poll found two-thirds of the farmers in the Fatherland felt the nation had some seriously dirty water, while just 20 percent reckoned the water on their own farm was polluted.
Afterword
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This afterword reflects on how the author spent his father's birthday looking out the window of a cabin on the edge of the Ventana Wilderness in rural Monterey County, California. By comparison with the author's native Midwest, the obituaries run in the local newspaper, the Pine Cone, are long and almost incorrigibly joyful, crafted by survivors chock-full of joie de vivre. The author then talks about how a growing number of observers wrongly regard life in Middle America as a self-inflicted health hazard or risk factor, a dangerous lifestyle choice accompanied by grave consequences. While the rest of the nation sometimes begrudges the heartland their abiding necromancy and fussy cult-of-the-dead, it is worth considering the many ways in which a culture that speaks to, and with, its deceased is a culture more timeless, by definition, than that enjoyed by good-timers and death-deniers living elsewhere. These days, Midwestern Fatalism is part catchphrase, part internet meme, and part regional stereotype. Ultimately, the author maintains that to love life is first to know and to respect death.
A Morning in the Vaults
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a better understanding of the changing nature of architectural archives and their vibrant connections to design practice. It embraces reflections on different fragments from fieldwork notes that retain the traces of ontological disturbances experienced in the world of architectural archiving, as well as the comparative dialoguing with the fieldwork of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA). It also describes OMA storage boxes, which provides a distinction between the working archives of designers and the archives that go into collecting institutions. The chapter explores the ethnographic similarity experienced and automatically enacted that resonates with the connection between designing and archiving. It investigates the changing nature of architectural archives and their vibrant connections to design practice.
Politics of Care
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the life of architectural objects at the Canadian Centre of Architecture (CCA) and the conservation lab, which creates the impression of being the most isolated place at the CCA. It describes the objects on trial, experiments in progress, protocols, tests results, a giant microscope, and the lingering smell of unknown chemicals inside the conservation lab. It also emphasizes how objects in the conservation lab are treated like patients in need of special care as the objects get a full health and security check. The chapter analyses reports of each object's experiences and reactions, which allow the objects to be inspected during an exhibition to ensure that they have not changed. It reviews the work of conservators Karen Potje and David Stevenson in order to follow how the affected objects are treated amidst the fear of time and hazards of climates and environments.
An Effective Deterrent?
Authors: De Bruin Erica
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines whether counterbalancing can deter soldiers from attempting to seize power in the first place. It conducts an array of analyses of patterns of coup attempts, which show that organizing security forces outside of military command is not associated with a reduction in coup attempts. In fact, establishing a new counterweight increases the risk of a coup attempt in the following year. These results challenge the widespread assumption that counterbalancing deters coup attempts, and help to explain why counterbalancing is not even more widespread than it is. Yet the results in the chapter also raise another question: What explains why some rulers are able to establish counterweights without provoking a backlash from the military, while others are not?
How Coups d’état Escalate to Civil War
Authors: De Bruin Erica
Published: May 2021

This chapter identifies an additional and previously unknown risk of counterbalancing: it can increase the risk that coup attempts escalate to civil war. The chapter compares two coup attempts in the Dominican Republic: the bloodless coup in 1963, which removed the country's first democratically elected president, and the 1965 coup, which sought to return him to power, and which escalated to a civil war resulting in over two thousand fatalities. The comparison shows that a crucial difference between the two coups was the presence, in 1965, of a new counterweight to the military. The chapter then briefly compares the 1965 Dominican coup to one in a very different context that also escalated to civil war: the 1962 coup in Yemen. The comparison illustrates how very different types of counterweights employed in very different settings can affect the process of violent escalation in similar ways, and suggests that the dynamics in these cases might hold more broadly.
Architecture and Dynasty
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter sketches the political and geographic environment in pre-Petrine Rus´ that favored architecture as a major but little-investigated arena for symbolic action by the ruler. It mentions rulers from Saint Vladimir to Peter the Great that made architecture a useful tool for state-building in order to demonstrate their power and define their image. It also points out that architectural construction, whether of churches, fortifications, or palaces, was avidly noted in chronicles from the Primary Chronicle to the Nikon Chronicle and beyond. The chapter elaborates the ways that Boris Godunov used architecture in order to make a useful case study as architecture in relation to the pre-Petrine period finds too little place in discussions of political history. It provides access to some perceptions of Godunov's architectural efforts and gauges how successful those efforts were.
Cinema and the Cultural Cold War
Authors: Lee Sangjoon
Published: May 2021

This book explores the ways in which postwar Asian cinema was shaped by transnational collaborations and competitions between newly independent and colonial states at the height of Cold War politics. The book adopts a simultaneously global and regional approach when analyzing the region's film cultures and industries. New economic conditions in the Asian region and shared postwar experiences among the early cinema entrepreneurs were influenced by Cold War politics, US cultural diplomacy, and intensified cultural flows during the 1950s and 1960s. The book reconstructs Asian film history in light of the international relationships forged, broken, and re-established as the influence of the non-aligned movement grew across the Cold War. The book elucidates how motion picture executives, creative personnel, policy makers, and intellectuals in East and Southeast Asia aspired to industrialize their Hollywood-inspired system in order to expand the market and raise the competitiveness of their cultural products. They did this by forming the Federation of Motion Picture Producers in Asia, co-hosting the Asian Film Festival, and co-producing films. The book demonstrates that the emergence of the first intensive postwar film producers' network in Asia was, in large part, the offspring of Cold War cultural politics and the product of American hegemony. Film festivals that took place in cities as diverse as Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Kuala Lumpur were annual showcases of cinematic talent as well as opportunities for the Central Intelligence Agency to establish and maintain cultural, political, and institutional linkages between the United States and Asia during the Cold War. This book reanimates this almost-forgotten history of cinema and the film industry in Asia.
It’s Oscar Time in Asia!
Authors: Lee Sangjoon
Published: May 2021

This chapter refers to Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) as six member countries to send fifteen feature films to the Southeast Asian Film Festival. It cites that the Indonesian entry After the Curfew was cancelled from the festival at the last minute due to objections of the Indonesian government toward Indonesian–Japanese cooperation. It also describes the magnificent Tokyo Kaikan as the main venue for the festival, which is an opulent building known as one of the architectural symbols of Japan's westernization. The chapter reviews film journals during the 1950s, which noted that the films shown at festivals were reviewed not as individual filmmakers' works of art, but as products of countries. It talks about the film adaptation of The Golden Demon, which is considered one of the most successful and best-received novels of the Meiji Era.
Epilogue
Authors: Lee Sangjoon
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how Chinese cinema developed rapidly in the new era and how filmmakers were able to denounce the brutality of the Gang of Four during the Cultural Revolution. It details the beginning of China's Fifth Generation cinema as the first postwar film movement in China to place Chinese cinema on the map of world cinema. It also discusses how the late 1970s brought major transformations in the regional film cultures and industries, such as the Hong Kong International Film Festival, which was launched at the City Hall in in June 1977. The chapter refers to The Man from Hong Kong as the Australian film industry's first attempt to collaborate with its Asian counterparts in the early 1970s. It explains how the entire Filipino film industry had to struggle with the Philippines's first lady, Imelda Marcos, and her ambitious project, the First Manila International Film Festival.
Treating Telemachus, Education, and Learned Helplessness
Authors: Christensen Joel P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a few different ways of understanding Telemachus's mental and emotional states and the transformation he undergoes as he moves from Ithaca through Pylos to Sparta. It compares this marginalized state to the modern theory of Learned Helplessness and argues that the Odyssey depicts Telemachus as proceeding through a system of action to treat it. While father and son exhibit similar symptoms, their etiologies differ. The chapter starts by looking at Telemachus's depiction at the beginning of the epic, where he starts out like his father, Odysseus, in a state of inaction, and by considering what it is that ails him. The epic frames him as suffering from a deficient community, which has deprived him of a proper learning environment from the perspective of ancient Greek culture and modern cognitive psychology. The limited nature of his learning experiences has marginalized him by stunting his development as both a learner and a doer. This explanation, in addition, has the benefit of helping to motivate Athena's steps in mentoring him (as something of a teacher) and his traveling to hear and use stories.
Odysseus’s Lies
Authors: Christensen Joel P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the creation of narrative agency by examining Odysseus's lies in the second half of the Odyssey from a perspective informed by correspondence and coherence in memory. The lying tales offer a continuing although coded probing of the relationship between the self, internal motivation, external action, and an evaluation of consequences. Odysseus's storytelling changes from reflective of his own experiences to manipulative of his addressees and, finally, in addresses to the suitors in particular, predictive of future actions. In an important way, this pattern continues the process of Narrative Therapy, as Odysseus continues to re-author his past in order to predict and act in the future. But this process also entails a complex negotiation between the correspondence of narrative details, which may be shared by a community, and the agent's need for coherence. The chapter's reading of the lies echoes what others have said — that they are instruments by which he achieves his psychological homecoming — but also argues that they have other functions as well in helping to distinguish Odysseus's character further and in providing insights for the Homeric understanding of the interdependence between storytelling and the working of human minds.
Conclusion
Authors: Christensen Joel P.
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter revisits some of the arguments made in the book and surveys ancient allegorical traditions to emphasize that the way the book reads the Odyssey — as a story to be mined for myth and philological detail — is by no means the authoritative way to engage with the poem. The epic itself acknowledges that its own interpretability is challenging — it offers multiple readings and then toys with them. In the ancient world, such a challenging narrative would possibly be treated with allegory. As ancient authors defined it, allegory is a poetic device where words signify something other than what they literally say. As many scholars have noted, Homeric poetry is conscious of symbolic meaning and includes allegory within it. The chapter then considers Teiresias' prophecy of the oar mistaken as a winnowing fan as both a symbol for death and an allegory for learning to live outside of paradigmatic narratives.
Being and Time
Authors: Immanen Mikko
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Max Horkheimer's years as a student and private lecturer in the 1920s and argues that he was indeed impressed by Martin Heidegger's radical teachings. It recounts Horkheimer's experience of Germany's failed socialist revolution in 1919 and his disillusionment with Max Weber's famous statements against socialism and emancipatory social theory. It also looks at Heidegger's radicalism that appeared as a genuine promise to bring philosophy back in touch with life. The chapter details how Horkheimer had grown highly critical of Heidegger as he saw Being and Time as a major competitor to his critical theory. It describes the distinguishing aspect of Horkheimer's case as he saw Max Scheler as an equally great challenge for critical theory.
Conclusion
Authors: Immanen Mikko
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse's articulation of the initial versions of their neo-Marxist critical theories from 1927 to 1933. It talks about critical theorists who saw neo-Kantian trust in bourgeois culture and science as a product of the bygone pre-1914 era. It also details how Adorno, Horkheimer, and Marcuse rejected idealist narratives of history, hypostatization of instrumental labor, and economic and contemplative explanations of human motivation. The chapter demonstrates how Marxism does not entail a view of history as a preordained success story or an image of the human being as animal laborans or homo economicus. It provides a historical reconstruction of Heidegger's role in Marcuse's concrete philosophy, Adorno's natural history, and Horkheimer's materialism as critical rejoinders to Heidegger's Being and Time.
That Seventies Cult
Authors: Trask Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the unlikely mutuality of two very different seventies formations: the mind-control cult and the libertarian movement that arose out of a longer and more conflicted tradition of anarchism. It demonstrates that the cult's principles converge with those of libertarianism, particularly with respect to the prestige both cultists and libertarians assigned to expanded consciousness. L. Ron Hubbard bases Scientology on a premise not unlike libertarian paternalism: “What is true is what is true for you. No one has any right to force data on you and command you to believe.” Hubbard embraces the computational theory of mind with a fundamentalist zeal. Just as Hubbard shows us that cult libertarianism pairs well with the decade's resurgent antifoundationalism, so Scientology's techno-fetishism and celebrity centers remind us that seventies cults, breaking with an earlier generation's despair about mass media's atomizing effects, go all in on the euphoria of togetherness.
Millennial America and the World to Come
Authors: Trask Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses another pair of seeming opposites — New Age spirituality and Christian evangelicalism — in order to reveal their shared embrace of the spiritual possibilities on offer in the free market. The chapter considers the rising belief in the end times alongside the emergence of “channeling,” the period's other popular mystical movement, in which earthbound mediums become conduits for otherworldly spirits. Adherents of rapture and channeling profess a stronger reverence for self-authorization and reason than the precepts of their faith might lead us to imagine. Then, too, they predicate that respect on the kinds of social sorting we are used to seeing in various seventies enterprises. As with other movements, rapture and channeling reveal the friction between freedom and equality in millennial America.
Behind the Times
Authors: Corbett Mary Jean
Published: May 2021

Virginia Woolf, throughout her career as a novelist and critic, deliberately framed herself as a modern writer invested in literary tradition but not bound to its conventions; engaged with politics but not a propagandist; a woman of letters but not a “lady novelist.” As a result, Woolf ignored or disparaged most of the women writers of her parents' generation, leading feminist critics to position her primarily as a forward-thinking modernist who rejected a stultifying Victorian past. This book finds that Woolf did not dismiss this history as much as she boldly rewrote it. Exploring the connections between Woolf's immediate and extended family and the broader contexts of late-Victorian literary and political culture, the book emphasizes the ongoing significance of the previous generation's concerns and controversies to Woolf's considerable achievements. It rereads and revises Woolf's creative works, politics, and criticism in relation to women writers including the New Woman novelist Sarah Grand, the novelist and playwright Lucy Clifford, and the novelist and anti-suffragist Mary Augusta Ward. The book explores Woolf's attitudes to late-Victorian women's philanthropy, the social purity movement, and women's suffrage. Closely tracking the ways in which Woolf both followed and departed from these predecessors, the book complicates Woolf's identity as a modernist, her navigation of the literary marketplace, her ambivalence about literary professionalism and the mixing of art and politics, and the emergence of feminism as a persistent concern of her work.
Introduction
Authors: Corbett Mary Jean
Published: May 2021

This chapter contends Virginia Woolf's critique of selected elder female contemporaries that constitutes part of a lifelong effort to create new norms for the work of the woman writer. It explains how Woolf framed her own persona as responsive to readers, but above the marketplace and invested in literary tradition, but no slave to its conventions. It also considers Woolf's changing relations to philanthropy and suffrage as the two other sites of middle-class Victorian women's emergence into public life, which is mediated by her ongoing antagonism toward their imperialist tenor and coercive absolutism. The chapter challenges the force that Woolf 's constructions still exert by replacing her explicitly period-bound thinking with a more flexible generational framework. It recounts the historically grounded story about Woolf's relationship to some aspects of mid- and late-Victorian culture, which was conceived as something other than monolithic.
Afterword
Authors: Corbett Mary Jean
Published: May 2021

This chapter cites Annie Ernaux's final chapter of The Years, which stages a series of conversations between members of the older and younger Pargiter generations as they gather for a family party. It offers an understanding about how Virginia Woolf's relationship to the late-Victorian past changed as she aged over time. It also looks at Woolf's writings that are considered as “novel of fact” rather than “vision,” which have many determinants of the female descendant who seeks something from the ancestor's portrait. The chapter elaborates how The Years turns away from an idealized maternal past that is predicated on the identifications with men. It talks about embracing the models for public action that is caused by the problematic commitments of most feminist reformers in the past.
Building the Suburban Factory and Industrial Decline in Postwar Chicago
Authors: Lewis Robert
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the built form of deindustrialization through an examination of the metropolitan geography of factory construction after 1945. It shows the little capital investment that flowed to Chicago, while the suburbs became the prime location for the construction of new industrial facilities. It also discusses how employment loss in the central city of Chicago was rooted in site selection decisions made by the managers of industrial and financial firms about more profitable locations for fixed-capital investment. The chapter focuses on factory construction that provides a different perspective on the impact that industrial change had on the built environment. It looks at studies of the relationship between local economic change, politics, and place dependency that have demonstrated the tenuous hold that places have on productive forces and the unequal relationship that exists between place and capital.
Blight and the Transformation of Industrial Property
Authors: Lewis Robert
Published: May 2021

This chapter demonstrates how the discourse of blight shaped renewal and how the racialization of urban space underpinned housing markets and urban renewal. It talks about Chicago's political and business leaders who worked to turn some of Chicago's blighted land into productive industrial space. It also identifies agency officials who believed that the overhaul of some of Chicago's “waste lands” for industrial redevelopment would reverse decline by delivering jobs, taxes, and prosperity. The chapter describes the new set of industrial lands and the associated set of property relations that emerged out of urban renewal, which were created by all three levels of government and legitimized in the courts. It cites the Housing Act of 1937, which permitted land clearance and slum demolition for public housing and the Housing Act of 1949, which channeled federal funds to cities so that blighted districts could be redeveloped as predominantly residential.
Conclusion
Authors: Lewis Robert
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews Chicago's industrial base that had been eviscerated, and its place-dependent industrial and civic leaders who, by the 1960s, were fighting a losing battle to maintain the city's industrial prominence. It mentions the relentless structural forces arrayed against Chicago that was true of other industrial centers across the Manufacturing Belt. It also talks about the combination of attractive locational assets and corporate strategies that sought increased market share and profits at the expense of places that led to continued and uneven disinvestment in Chicago's industrial base. The chapter analyses the long-term consequence that saw fewer factories and industrial jobs found in Chicago at the beginning of each new industrial cycle. It reviews how the slow process of decline that began in the 1920s became a tsunami of industrial loss from the second half of the 1940s.
Power Shifts
Authors: Heiss Mary Ann
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts the end of the Committee on Information's third term in 1955, which shows the growth that resulted in the anticolonial control of the General Assembly and the approval of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. It looks at the anticolonial element that put the United Nations in the decolonization business, which sought to neutralize the role of the East–West conflict in matters related to decolonization. It also cites the attempts to thwart Soviet efforts to claim control of the accountability campaign and generally reject the US campaign against Soviet colonialism. The chapter reviews how the developing world was beginning to reclaim control of the United Nations from the Western states that had founded it and set the organization on a more universalist course than those states had ever intended. It describes the anticolonial faction at the United Nations that gained the unchallenged ability to dominate debate and shape votes during first two years of the Committee on Information's fourth three-year term.
Postcolonial Governance
Authors: Sen Somdeep
Published: May 2021

This chapter demonstrates the manner in which Hamas's postcolonial governance persists in a colonial nonstate context. Despite the “real” Palestinian state being nonexistent, it is necessary to take the materiality of the imagined state seriously. However, in doing so, the aspiration is not to determine “how much” or “how little” Hamas acts like a state, but rather to illustrate the way in which its state-like conduct is socialized into a liberation context. Subsequently, the chapter specifies two perspectives on Hamas's government. The first perspective is that of Hamas. Drawing on interviews with Hamas officials, the chapter outlines the organization's perception of itself as an anticolonial faction that has now infused the postcolonial state with the ethos of the anticolonial struggle and, in doing so, reconceptualized its role as a government as a means of protecting the anticolonial armed resistance. The second perspective is that of the recipients of Hamas's governance, namely the Gazans. Based on interviews with Palestinians in Gaza, the chapter argues that, while the colonized are socialized into the reality of their own statelessness, their encounter with Hamas's governance also emerges as a canvas on which Palestine is displayed as a state.
The Things of Life
Authors: Golubev Alexey
Published: May 2021

This book is a social and cultural history of material objects and spaces during the late socialist era. It traces the biographies of Soviet things, examining how the material world of the late Soviet period influenced Soviet people's gender roles, habitual choices, social trajectories, and imaginary aspirations. Instead of seeing political structures and discursive frameworks as the only mechanisms for shaping Soviet citizens, the book explores how Soviet people used objects and spaces to substantiate their individual and collective selves. In doing so, the author rediscovers what helped Soviet citizens make sense of their selves and the world around them, ranging from space rockets and model aircraft to heritage buildings, and from home gyms to the hallways and basements of post-Stalinist housing. Through these various materialist fascinations, the book considers the ways in which many Soviet people subverted the efforts of the Communist regime to transform them into a rationally organized, disciplined, and easily controllable community. The book argues that late Soviet materiality had an immense impact on the organization of the Soviet historical and spatial imagination. The book's approach also makes clear the ways in which the Soviet self was an integral part of the global experience of modernity rather than simply an outcome of Communist propaganda. Through its focus on materiality and personhood, the book expands our understanding of what made Soviet people and society “Soviet.”
Techno-Utopian Visions of Soviet Intellectuals after Stalin
Authors: Golubev Alexey
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the link between material objects and the different temporalities of post-Stalinist Soviet society. The chapter looks at the productivist language of late socialism as a discursive framework that inspired and produced Soviet elemental materialism and was itself inspired and reproduced by it. Productivist language linked a vision of the grand Soviet future with technological objects and sought a rational social organization along industrial production and scientific progress. It abducted the imagery of Soviet factories, machines, vehicles, and space rockets, immersed it into the hermetic space of visual and textual representations, and used it to define, for the Soviet symbolic order, the position of the USSR at the cutting edge of technological progress. In this discourse, technologies and technological objects secured the possession of the present and future of human history for Soviet society, as well as ensured the superiority of the USSR in its competition with the Western bloc. The perceived might and transformative agency of Soviet technological objects made them affective for the Soviet public, and they became translated into distinctive discursive practices — vernaculars of the Soviet Techno-Utopianism — that sought to transform the Soviet material world but instead represented rigorous forms of self-making. In addition to affect and its politics, the chapter introduces several other key themes that are discussed in the following chapters, including the idea of making oneself by making things, which Soviet educators and ideologists understood in terms of the development of creativity, and the performativity of objects.
“Love” and (Male) Subjectivity in Hirabayashi Taiko’s “In the Charity Ward”
Authors: Mitchell Arthur M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the discourses of international feminism in the 1920s, specifically the way critics and intellectuals, inspired by European writings on sexology and women's emancipation, promoted the notion of a rational self-willed subjectivity, encapsulated in the term “character,” as the basis for conceiving the sameness between men and women. Hirabayashi Taiko's 1927 short story, “In the Charity Ward,” also has an important link to the earthquake, but the narrative more directly engages liberal feminist discourses surrounding women and maternity. Hirabayashi's writing also occasions a larger interrogation of the assumptions of gender, class, and nation that have undergirded all texts treated in the previous chapters. Hirabayashi directly roots out the male-gendered foundations of narration that writers like Tanizaki and Kawabata sought to displace but could not fully challenge. In this way, she is able to much more radically challenge the ideologies of love, character, and daily life that both writers repudiated. Hirabayashi's text, moreover, constituted a feminist intervention in Yokomitsu's attempt to render a disruptive phenomenology, pushing his project of new sensations further to mount a more trenchant subversion of the phallogocentric frameworks of knowledge and experience.
Cooperation and Soldiers’ Decisions
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This chapter delves into the evolution of recruitment over time in the Spanish Republic, covering volunteers, conscripts, and soldiers who sent little signals that they wanted to fight because they had been forced to do so. It uses the evolution to put volunteers and conscripts together in different proportions and units. It also points out that soldiers were more likely to desert to the extent that the other soldiers in their units were conscripts rather than volunteers. The chapter assesses how unit-mates mattered just as much as the soldier's own characteristics, clarifying that groups of volunteers built up norms of cooperation more strongly than groups of conscripts did. It elaborates how the composition of military units affected desertion rates in Republican forces in Santander province in northern Spain in 1937.
Militias in the Spanish Republic, Summer–Fall 1936
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins an analysis at the macro level, which shows how soldiers are less likely to desert when surrounded by committed compatriots. It explains how the efforts to punish ostensible deserters provoke desertion when there is severe mistrust, differentiating units and armed groups from each other. It also describes the summer of 1936 in the Republic, where civilian militias experimented in the military organization. The chapter determines the capacity to effectively deter desertion by accurately detecting and punishing as the state power is shattered and confusion reigned. It talks about combatants in many units who did not trust each other to fight, did not develop strong norms of cooperation, and suffered pervasive desertion problems.
Working Hard at Having Fun Through Hobbies and Community
Authors: Gagné Nana Okura
Published: May 2021

This chapter follows the working men's lives beyond the workplace, such as weekly volunteer cleaning in Tokyo Bay and marathon club activities. It introduces the vibrant space of the Bayside Half Marathon Club, whose active membership consisted of around fifty to sixty people who met regularly on weekends as well as after work. It also looks at the kinds of issues that arose in the club in terms of Japanese-style, highly managed leadership and provision for members versus laissez-faire-style, self-directed leadership that resonated with the kinds of tensions echoing in corporate hallways across Japan. The chapter explains how a leisure club like Bayside Half is deeply embedded in Japanese society as the social dynamics and ideologies resonate with those found in other leisure spaces and corporate spaces. It addresses the question on whether the highly institutionalized leisure space of a marathon club is a microcosm of corporate Japan.
Stranger Publics
Authors: Johnson Rebecca C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the Arabic literary circulation and how the exclusive distribution of prints disconnected people. Qiṣṣat Rūbinṣun Kurūzī and the other Church Missionary Society publications were printed annually in small quantities and distributed by agents of the church by hand. The forms of Arabic literary circulation that existed when al-Shidyāq began his career in print were mainly restricted to religious and government publications, which were focused on liturgical and scientific texts, and only occasionally produced editions of poetry or narrative fiction. Literary societies served smaller and more selective audiences still. The chapter mentions the Syrian Society for Arts and Sciences, the Oriental Society of Beirut, and the Syrian Scientific Society. Those “disconnected” peoples that al-Shidyāq imagined connecting via the printing press would have been limited to a small group of readers. Al-Bustānī's “Khuṭba,” proposed a comprehensive plan for the renovation of the Arabic letters and sciences that hinged on the creation of a reading public. He called for reforming Arabic lexicography through the elimination of “dead words” “weighing down” Arab authors, increasing literacy through the founding and funding of schools, and above all investing in print. Reading print required too much translation, as al-Khūrī put it: writing for the public was not only like translation but entailed translation. It was, for him, not a sphere but an “abyss.” The modern reader, and that institution of literary modernity the public sphere, emerged as a problem of translation.
A Turning Point
Authors: Frost Dennis J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter highlights key differences between Tokyo and Nagano which explain why the 1998 Games came to be seen as a turning point and fostered the “normalization” of disability sports in Japan. It situates the Games in their larger sociohistorical context in order to understand the differences apparent in Nagano and their consequent impacts. It also reviews how the 1998 Winter Paralympics were organized and held against a backdrop of increased attention to disability-related issues. The chapter refers to Japan's deep engagement in several international disability awareness and rights programs that linked to the United Nations. It discusses the 1990s in Japan, which was marked by significant changes in national activism, policies, and approaches related to disability.
Introduction
Authors: Lücking Mirjam
Published: May 2021

This chapter highlights how Indonesians regard for the Arab world as Islamic religiosity increased in the private and public life. It explains the significance of Islamic religiosity regarding social changes in Indonesia since its transition from autocracy to democracy at the close of the millennium. It also points out the intensified adherence to religious rules, changing dress codes, and new voices in political Islam as a “conservative turn.” The chapter identifies radical representatives within the conservative turn that demand for Islamic praxis to be purified, turning toward Wahhabi interpretations of Islam. It analyzes Orientalizations and Occidentalisms with a focus on South–South transnational linkages and dynamics of Othering in contexts where the Other constitutes part of the Self.
Alternative Routes in Madura and Translational Moments in Java
Authors: Lücking Mirjam
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the microlevel of an individuals' processing of migratory experiences and explores the particularities and exemptions in the overall appropriation, rejection, and Othering of Arabness. It highlights two special cases, namely Javanese labor migrants' rejection of Arabness in favor of East Asian styles and Madurese peoples' vivid localizations of Arabness. It also looks at disparities and local features that reveal changes in Islamic lifestyles that cannot be generalized in a culturally heterogeneous country like Indonesia. The chapter refers to the ambivalence of Indonesian engagements with the Arab world. It unravels the question of why migrants and pilgrims in Madura and in Central Java follow different guiding narratives.