bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design optimisation of antennas using electromagnetic simulations and adaptive response correction technique
Authors: Koziel Slawomir , Ogurtsov Stanislav
Published: November 2013

In this study, the authors describe a simple and reliable procedure for electromagnetic (EM) simulation‐based design of antennas. The authors’ approach exploits coarse‐discretisation EM simulations (the low‐fidelity antenna model) and the adaptive response correction (ARC) technique. ARC is used to enhance the low‐fidelity model response so that it can serve as a cheap yet accurate representation of the high‐fidelity EM model of the antenna under design. The ARC‐based iterative correction‐prediction process yields an optimised design at a low CPU cost corresponding to a few high‐fidelity simulations of the antenna. The proposed approach is compared with direct optimisation of the high‐fidelity model and to surrogate‐based optimisation exploiting output space mapping. The results obtained for two antenna design cases indicate by reduction of the overall design cost that ARC allows for better utilisation of the knowledge embedded in the low‐fidelity model than the simpler correction method.
Optimal design and experiment of a three-axis out-of-plane nano positioning stage using a new compact bridge-type displacement amplifier
Authors: Lee Hak-Jun , Kim Hyun-Chang , Kim Hyo-Young , Gweon Dae-Gab
Published: November 2013

This paper presents the development of a new compact three-axis compliant stage employing piezoelectric actuators and a new flexure structure. A proposed stage works out-of-plane (Z, θx, θy) direction. The stage consists of 4 amplification flexures mounted piezoelectric actuators. New structure of flexure reduces height and enhances dynamic performance of stage. To certify excellent performance of the stage, comparison accomplished between conventional amplification flexure and new compact bridge type flexure. Modeling and optimal design of new type nano positioning stage performed. The optimal design is executed on the geometric parameters of the proposed flexure structure using Sequential Quadratic Programming. Experiments are carried out to verify the static and dynamic performance of the stage. The proposed out-of-plane nano-positioning stage has a Z-directional motion range 190 μm and a θx, θy-directional motion range ±2 mrad. The resolution of the stage is 4 nm, 40 nrad, and 40 nrad in the Z-, θx-, and θy-directional motions, respectively. The size of stage is 150 × 150 × 30 mm3.
Continuous-wave hybrid index-antiguided and thermal-guided planar waveguide laser
Authors: Liu Yuanye , Her Tsing-Hua , Dittli Adam , Casperson Lee W.
Published: November 2013

A continuous-wave index-antiguided planar waveguide laser with a 220 -μm Nd:YAG active layer is investigated. Robust fundamental mode oscillation in the antiguided direction is demonstrated with negligible thermal index focusing while in the orthogonal direction the laser is dominantly thermally guided. A maximum output power of 2.25 W is obtained with a slope efficiency of 43% and an optical efficiency of 39%. A model is developed for finding the fundamental mode of laser oscillation with arbitrary index antiguiding and gain guiding in orthogonal directions with simultaneous thermal index guiding. Experimental results are compared to theory with good agreement.
Mass-resolved two-photon and photoelectron spectra of ArXe in the region of Xe* 7p, 6p′, 6d
Authors: Rakcheeva L. P. , Serdobintsev P. Yu. , Belyaeva A. A. , Shevkunov I. A. , Melnikov A. S. , Nakozina A. A. , Pastor A. A. , Khodorkovskii M. A.
Published: November 2013

The two photon resonant, three photon ionization spectra of ArXe were recorded in the spectral region of 88 500–90 100 cm−1. Seven new molecular band progressions dissociating to ArXe* → Ar1S0 + Xe* 7p[1/2]0, Xe* 7p[3/2]2, Xe* 6p′[3/2]2, Xe* 6p′[1/2]1, Xe* 6p′[1/2]0 have been selected and analyzed. The molecular constants for the excited states of ArXe* of these vibrational progressions were determined in the approximation of the anharmonic oscillator, the Morse potential and the Franck-Condon principle. The photoelectron spectra were recorded by several excited electronic-vibrational transitions of ArXe, the dissociation channels of the excited molecules were determined and extra information about the electron structure of the excited molecular states was obtained.
Analytical and numerical modeling of radio frequency electron cyclotron resonance power absorption within the cold plasma picture
Authors: Evstatiev E. G. , Svidzinski V. A. , Spencer J. A. , Kim J. S.
Published: November 2013

We present a one dimensional model of radio frequency (RF) power absorption in electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources based on a modified cold plasma dielectric description. The absorption is modeled by an imaginary collision frequency (damping coefficient) whose value is related to physical parameters such as magnetic field and its spatial derivative, electron temperature, and RF frequency and power. Properties and scaling laws of ECR power absorption are discussed within this model. Numerical benchmarking against a more accurate kinetic plasma code shows very good agreement.
Spectroscopy diagnostic of dual-frequency capacitively coupled CHF3/Ar plasma
Authors: Liu Wen-Yao , Du Yong-Quan , Liu Yong-Xin , Liu Jia , Zhao Tian-Liang , Xu Yong , Li Xiao-Song , Zhu Ai-Min , Wang You-Nian
Published: November 2013

A combined spectroscopic method of absorption, actinometry, and relative optical emission intensity is employed to determine the absolute CF2 density, the relative F and H densities, H atom excitation temperature and the electron density in dual-frequency (60/2 MHz) capacitively coupled CHF3/Ar plasmas. The effects of different control parameters, such as high-frequency (HF) power, low-frequency (LF) power, gas pressure, gap length and content of CHF3, on the concentration of radical CF2, F, and H and excitation temperature are discussed, respectively. It is found that the concentration of CF2 is strongly dependent on the HF power, operating pressure and the proportion of CHF3 in feed gas, while it is almost independent of the LF power and the gap length. A higher concentration ratio of F to CF2 could be obtained in dual-frequency discharge case. Finally, the generation and decay mechanisms of CF2 and F were also discussed.
Polarity determination of polar and semipolar (112¯2) InN and GaN layers by valence band photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Skuridina D. , Dinh D. V. , Lacroix B. , Ruterana P. , Hoffmann M. , Sitar Z. , Pristovsek M. , Kneissl M. , Vogt P.
Published: November 2013

We demonstrate that the polarity of polar (0001), (0001¯) and semipolar (112¯2) InN and GaN thin layers can be determined by valence band X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The polarity of the layers has been confirmed by wet etching and convergent beam electron diffraction. Unlike these two techniques, XPS is a non-destructive method and unaffected by surface oxidation or roughness. Different intensities of the valence band states in spectra recorded by using AlKα X-ray radiation are observed for N-polar and group-III-polar layers. The highest intensity of the valence band state at ≈3.5 eV for InN and ≈5.2 eV for GaN correlates with the group-III polarity, while the highest intensity at ≈6.7 eV for InN and ≈9.5 eV for GaN correlates with the N-polarity. The difference between the peaks for the group-III- and N-polar orientations was found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level. The polarity of semipolar (112¯2) InN and GaN layers can be determined by recording valence band photoelectrons emitted along the [000 ± 1] direction.
A multi-stage image charge detector made from printed circuit boards
Authors: Barney Brandon L. , Daly R. Terik , Austin Daniel E.
Published: November 2013

We present the first reported instance of an image-charge detector for charged particles in which detection elements are patterned onto printed circuit boards. In contrast to conventional techniques involving separately machined and positioned segments of metal tubing, this technique is much simpler to assemble, align, and connect to electrical wiring, with no loss in sensitivity. The performance of single-stage and 5-stage charge detectors is demonstrated using electrospray-charged, micrometer-size polystyrene spheres. Both velocity and charge of each particle are measured. Multiple detection stages—which require no extra effort to pattern or setup compared with a single stage—result in an ensemble averaging effect, improving the detection limit over what can be achieved with a single-stage detector. A comparison is made between the printed circuit board detector and a conventional tubular charge detector and found to be statistically equivalent. These results demonstrate and illustrate that devices for detection, analysis, and/or manipulation of charged particles and ions can be made using printed circuit boards rather than using separately fabricated metal electrodes.
Nonequilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma jet using a combination of 50 kHz/2 MHz dual-frequency power sources
Authors: Zhou Yong-Jie , Yuan Qiang-Hua , Li Fei , Wang Xiao-Min , Yin Gui-Qin , Dong Chen-Zhong
Published: November 2013

An atmospheric pressure plasma jet is generated by dual sinusoidal wave (50 kHz and 2 MHz). The dual-frequency plasma jet exhibits the advantages of both low frequency and radio frequency plasmas, namely, the long plasma plume and the high electron density. The radio frequency ignition voltage can be reduced significantly by using dual-frequency excitation compared to the conventional radio frequency without the aid of the low frequency excitation source. A larger operating range of α mode discharge can be obtained using dual-frequency excitation which is important to obtain homogeneous and low-temperature plasma. A larger controllable range of the gas temperature of atmospheric pressure plasma could also be obtained using dual-frequency excitation.
Influence of the interfacing with an electrically inhomogeneous bottom electrode on the ferroelectric properties of epitaxial PbTiO3
Authors: Kim Yunseok , Jesse Stephen , Morelli Alessio , Kalinin Sergei V. , Vrejoiu Ionela
Published: November 2013

The influence of an electrically inhomogeneous epitaxial bottom layer on the ferroelectric and electrical properties has been explored in epitaxial PbTiO3 (PTO)/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) submicron structures using atomic force microscopy. The submicron LSMO-dot structures underneath the ferroelectric PTO film allow exploring gradual changes in material properties. The LSMO interfacial layer influences significantly both electrical and ferroelectric properties of the upper PTO layer. The obtained results show that the as-grown polarization state of an epitaxial ferroelectric layer is strongly influenced by the properties of the layer on top of which it is deposited.
High carrier mobility in suspended-channel graphene field effect transistors
Authors: Lv Hongming , Wu Huaqiang , Liu Jinbiao , Yu Jiahan , Niu Jiebin , Li Junfeng , Xu Qiuxia , Wu Xiaoming , Qian He
Published: November 2013

A channel suspension method to fabricate high performance graphene field effect transistors (GFET) is presented in this paper. The balance is reached between gate efficiency and carrier mobility. A GFET with 15 μm × 15 μm gate dimension achieves a high normalized transconductance. Peak intrinsic carrier mobility is extracted to be 44 600 cm2v−1s−1. Suspension of the graphene channel is confirmed by AFM, SEM, and gate capacitance measurements. Unlike traditional substrate supported GFET, the proposed suspended-channel structure suppresses the influence of extrinsic scatterings and, meanwhile, maintains a certain gate controllability.
Non-Markovian dynamics and noise characteristics in continuous measurement of a solid-state charge qubit
Authors: Luo JunYan , Jiao HuJun , Xiong BiTao , He Xiao-Ling , Wang Changrong
Published: November 2013

We investigate the non-Markovian characteristics in continuous measurement of a charge qubit by a quantum point contact. The backflow of information from the reservoir to the system in the non-Markovian domain gives rise to strikingly different qubit relaxation and dephasing in comparison with the Markovian case. The intriguing non-Markovian dynamics is found to have a direct impact on the output noise feature of the detector. Unambiguously, we observe that the non-Markovian memory effect results in an enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio, which can even exceed the upper limit of “4,” leading thus to the violation of the Korotkov-Averin bound in quantum measurement. Our study thus may open new possibilities to improve detector's measurement efficiency in a direct and transparent way.
Estimation of residual stress in Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/BiFeO3 multilayers deposited on silicon
Authors: Dutta Shankar , Pandey Akhilesh , Thakur O. P. , Pal Ramjay , Chatterjee Ratnamala
Published: November 2013

Thin multilayer films possess residual stress components which vary from microscopic to macroscopic scale. In this study, Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/BiFeO3 (PZT-BFO) multilayer thin film is deposited via chemical solution deposition technique on silicon substrate. The microscopic and macroscopic residual stress components of the multilayer films are investigated. The average microscopic residual stress is estimated to be 791.15 MPa (tensile) by using x-ray diffraction technique; on the other hand, the average macroscopic stress is found to be 774.23 MPa (tensile) by using wafer curvature measurement technique. As the thermally grown SiO2 layer possesses compressive stress, the combined residual stress of the PZT-BFO multilayer and SiO2 will almost cancel each other. This is reasonably encouraging for integration of the multilayer in MEMS structures.
Broadband permeability measurement method for ferrites at any magnetization state: Experimental results
Authors: Chevalier A. , Cortes J. , Lezaca J. , Queffelec P.
Published: November 2013

This paper describes the experimental results obtained by a broadband permeability measurement method based on the full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis of a non-reciprocal transmission line. The method offers a new experimental tool for measuring the broadband dynamic behavior of ferrites whatever their magnetization state. The methodology and experimental setup are presented with the aim of extracting both the permittivity and the two components (diagonal μ and off-diagonal κ) of the permeability tensor. Experimental data on commercial ferrites set in different magnetization states are presented and discussed. Furthermore, this method opens perspectives for the determination of other useful magnetic parameters such as resonance linewidth ΔH. This quantity can be then measured at different frequencies, where conventional resonant methods give a value at a fixed frequency.
Single-junction GaAsP solar cells grown on SiGe graded buffers on Si
Authors: Faucher J. , Gerger A. , Tomasulo S. , Ebert C. , Lochtefeld A. , Barnett A. , Lee M. L.
Published: November 2013

We have investigated the microstructure and device characteristics of GaAs0.82P0.18 solar cells grown on Si0.20Ge0.80/Si graded buffers. Anti-phase domains (APDs) were largely self-annihilated within the In0.39Ga0.61P initiation layer although a low density of APDs was found to propagate to the surface. A combination of techniques was used to show that the GaAs0.82P0.18 cells have a threading dislocation density of 1.2 ± 0.2 × 107 cm−2. Despite these extended defects, the devices exhibited high open-circuit voltages of 1.10–1.12 V. These results indicate that cascading a GaAs0.82P0.18 top cell with a lower-bandgap Si0.20Ge0.80 cell is a promising approach for high-efficiency dual-junction devices on low-cost Si substrates.
Ion-acoustic double-layers in a magnetized plasma with nonthermal electrons
Authors: Rios L. A. , Galvão R. M. O.
Published: November 2013

In the present work we investigate the existence of obliquely propagating ion-acoustic double layers in magnetized two-electron plasmas. The fluid model is used to describe the ion dynamics, and the hot electron population is modeled via a κ distribution function, which has been proved to be appropriate for modeling non-Maxwellian plasmas. A quasineutral condition is assumed to investigate these nonlinear structures, which leads to the formation of double-layers propagating with slow ion-acoustic velocity. The problem is investigated numerically, and the influence of parameters such as nonthermality is discussed.
Polymer photovoltaic cells with a graded active region achieved using double stamp transfer printing
Authors: Joo Cho Yong , Yeob Lee Jun , Forrest Stephen R.
Published: November 2013

We demonstrate that double stamp transfer printing of the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) active layer on MoO3 of an organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell enhances the charge collection efficiency at the anode and cathode contacts by creating a concentration gradient of the P3HT and PCBM across the bulk heterojunction active layer. This gradient increases the short circuit current and the power conversion efficiency of stamp-transferred P3HT:PCBM polymer OPVs by 23% compared with that of similarly structured spin-coated polymer OPVs due to the graded active layer composition, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of 3.7 ± 0.2% for an as-cast device. The stamp-transfer printing process provides a route to low cost fabrication of OPVs over large flexible substrate areas.
Efficient collection of photogenerated carriers by inserting double tunnel junctions in III-nitride p-i-n solar cells
Authors: Yao Yung-Chi , Tsai Meng-Tsan , Huang Chun-Ying , Lin Tai-Yuan , Sheu Jinn-Kong , Lee Ya-Ju
Published: November 2013

The strain-induced piezoelectric polarization significantly affects the performances of III-nitride p-i-n solar cells. It tilts the energy-band of intrinsic InGaN layers towards a detrimental direction for drifting carriers, and induces a discontinuity at GaN/InGaN hetero-interfaces that hinders the collection of photocurrent. In this study, we have numerically demonstrated a general strategy to overcome the issues by inserting n+/p+/n+ and p+/n+/p+ GaN-based double tunnel junctions into the n- and p-sides of the device, respectively. The energy-band tilting in the intrinsic InGaN layer is hence absent, mainly attributed to high doping concentration of double tunnel junctions, screening piezoelectric polarization sheet charges, boosting the carrier collection efficiency. The impact of energy-barrier discontinuity is also alleviated due to the strong tunneling of photogenerated carriers, efficiently contributing to the photocurrent of the device. As a result, the incorporation of double tunnel junctions into devices offers the potential to realize efficient high indium III-nitride solar cells.
Record low temperature Mo doped V2O5 thermochromic thin films for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Nazemiyan M. , Jalili Y. S.
Published: November 2013

Thermochromic properties of polycrystalline molybdenum doped vanadium pentoxide thin films grown by the spray pyrolysis technique were investigated. Tetragonal thin film structures of this system are grown. The transmittance spectral analysis with temperature indicates a record semiconductor-metal transition temperature of < 50oC. This critical temperature is approximately 1/3 to 1/6 of magnitude expected for V2O5 thin films. The resistance of the thermochromic thin film also underwent a transition or phase change as expected, a reduction from more than few mega ohms to less than kilo ohm regime indicating potential applications in optoelectronics.
Annular PIP3 accumulation controls actin architecture and modulates cytotoxicity at the immunological synapse
Authors: Le Floc’h Audrey , Tanaka Yoshihiko , Bantilan Niels S. , Voisinne Guillaume , Altan-Bonnet Grégoire , Fukui Yoshinori , Huse Morgan
Published: November 2013

The immunological synapse formed by a T lymphocyte on the surface of a target cell contains a peripheral ring of filamentous actin (F-actin) that promotes adhesion and facilitates the directional secretion of cytokines and cytolytic factors. We show that growth and maintenance of this F-actin ring is dictated by the annular accumulation of phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate (PIP3) in the synaptic membrane. PIP3 functions in this context by recruiting the exchange factor Dock2 to the periphery of the synapse, where it drives actin polymerization through the Rho-family GTPase Rac. We also show that synaptic PIP3 is generated by class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases that associate with T cell receptor microclusters and are activated by the GTPase Ras. Perturbations that inhibit or promote PIP3-dependent F-actin remodeling dramatically affect T cell cytotoxicity, demonstrating the functional importance of this pathway. These results reveal how T cells use lipid-based signaling to control synaptic architecture and modulate effector responses.
Coherent X-ray scattering beamline at port 9C of Pohang Light Source II
Authors: Yu Chung-Jong , Lee Hae Cheol , Kim Chan , Cha Wonsuk , Carnis Jerome , Kim Yoonhee , Noh Do Young , Kim Hyunjung
Published: November 2013

The coherent X-ray scattering beamline at the 9C port of the upgraded Pohang Light Source (PLS-II) at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory in Korea is introduced. This beamline provides X-rays of 5–20 keV, and targets coherent X-ray experiments such as coherent diffraction imaging and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. The main parameters of the beamline are summarized, and some preliminary experimental results are described.
Heterochrony in a complex world: disentangling environmental processes of facultative paedomorphosis in an amphibian
Authors: Denoël Mathieu , Ficetola Gentile F.
Published: November 2013

Heterochrony, the change in the rate or timing of development between ancestors and their descendants, plays a major role in evolution. When heterochrony produces polymorphisms, it offers the possibility to test hypotheses that could explain its success across environments. Amphibians are particularly suitable to exploring these questions because they express complex life cycles (i.e. metamorphosis) that have been disrupted by heterochronic processes (paedomorphosis: retention of larval traits in adults). The large phenotypic variation across populations suggests that more complex processes than expected are operating, but they remain to be investigated through multivariate analyses over a large range of natural populations across time.

In this study, we compared the likelihood of multiple potential environmental determinants of heterochrony. We gathered data on the proportion of paedomorphic and metamorphic palmate newts (Lissotriton helveticus) across more than 150 populations during 10 years and used an information‐theoretic approach to compare the support of multiple potential processes.

Six environmental processes jointly explained the proportion of paedomorphs in populations: predation, water availability, dispersal limitation, aquatic breathing, terrestrial habitat suitability and antipredator refuges. Analyses of variation across space and time supported models based on the advantage of paedomorphosis in favourable aquatic habitats.

Paedomorphs were favoured in deep ponds, in conditions favourable to aquatic breathing (high oxygen content), with lack of fish and surrounded by suitable terrestrial habitat. Metamorphs were favoured by banks allowing easy dispersal.

These results indicate that heterochrony relies on complex processes involving multiple ecological variables and exemplifies why heterochronic patterns occur in contrasted environments. On the other hand, the fast selection of alternative morphs shows that metamorphosis and paedomorphosis developmental modes could be easily disrupted in natural populations.
‘Blair's Children’: Young Women as ‘Aspirational Subjects’ in the Psychic Landscape of Class
Authors: Allen Kim
Published: November 2013

This paper engages with the subjective experience of ‘doing’ aspiration, teasing out the psychic and social costs that accompany this as a classed process. It draws on a qualitative study of young women located in further education and contemplating their futures under New Labour, locating how the political rhetoric of aspiration gets institutionalized within school practices; how it intersects with maternal expectations and practices of involvement; and how these are lived and managed by subjects located in different positions in class-inflected social space. In attending to the tangled web of institutional, intergenerational and affective practices which shape young women's aspirations, the paper seeks to interrupt the celebratory and simplistic rhetoric of aspiration that characterizes the contemporary socio-political register of neoliberalism. As these ideals become further entrenched by the current Coalition government, there is an even greater urgency for such sociological enquiries.
The politics of Eros: ritual dialogue and egalitarianism in three Central African hunter‐gatherer societies
Authors: Finnegan Morna
Published: November 2013

It has become standard practice within feminist anthropology to repudiate any essential relationship between the biological body and cultural identity. In recent years, the ongoing deconstruction of the body has come to seem the only ‘natural’ fact. By contrast, this article seeks to reconnect sex, power, and culture in a positive sense, by identifying a political system in which power is kept in motion through the body. Literally dancing it out, organized Mbuti or Yaka gender groups perform a recurrent ritual repartee where power is continually churned up and funnelled back and forth between coalitions. The graphic somatic language that emerges through these dances suggests an alternative power‐principle: kinetic, erotic, and fundamentally non‐coercive. Here, the drawing back of the collective eye to the anatomical nature of power, with the simultaneous ritual de‐privatization of ‘biology’, explodes the body out into a collective political force. The cultural visibility of the female procreative body in such contexts is striking. Using the core theme of dialogism, I rethink the creative potential of sexual duality, and work towards a new understanding of gender, power, and the body.
A garden experiment revisited: inter‐generational change in environmental perception and management of theMayaLowlands,Guatemala
Authors: le Guen Olivier , Iliev Rumen , Lois Ximena , Atran Scott , Medin Douglas L.
Published: November 2013

This study reports ethnographic and experimental analyses of inter‐generational changes in nativeItza'Maya and immigrant Ladino populations ofGuatemala's Petén rainforest concerning understanding of ecological relationships between plants, animals, and humans, and the perceived role of forest spirits in sustaining these relationships. We find dramatic changes in understanding ecological relationships and the perceived role of forest spirits.Itza'Maya conceptions of forest spirits (arux) are now more often confounded with Ladino spirits (duendes), withItza' spirits no longer reliably serving as forest guardians. These changes correlate with a shift in personal values regarding the forest, away from concern with ecologically central trees and towards monetary incentives. More generally, we describe how economic, demographic, and social changes relate to the loss of a system of beliefs and behaviours that once promoted sustainable agro‐forestry practices. These changes coincide with open access to common pool resources.
How anthropologists think: configurations of the exotic
Authors: Kapferer Bruce
Published: November 2013

Anthropology has often been criticized for its exoticism and orientalism. They are the paradoxes of a discipline focused on the comparative study of difference and diversity and are at the centre of the discussion here in the larger context of the importance of anthropology in the humanities and social sciences. The emphasis is on the role of the exotic as vital to anthropology's study of difference and to its overall coherence and significance for the understanding of humanity as a whole.
The anthropology of ontology (religious science?)
Authors: Scott Michael W.
Published: November 2013

Through engagement with a range of recent publications, this article offers a mini‐ethnography of wonder discourses in the anthropology of ontology, leading to a rethink of the concept of religion. It has sometimes been suggested that science and religion are antithetical orientations to the experience of wonder: whereas science seeks to banish wonder by replacing it with knowledge, religion remains open to wonder in the face of the unknowable. With this criterion of difference in view, this article identifies certain trends in the anthropology of ontology that appear to enjoin and pursue open‐ended wonder in ways that might be read as constituting anthropology as religious science. This coincidence of supposed opposites recommends, I conclude, a relational account of religion.
The continuous and discontinuous person: two dimensions of ethical life
Authors: Lambek Michael
Published: November 2013

Whereas early liberal thinkers developed the concept of the ethically accountable continuous forensic modernEuropean person in contrast to what they saw as the discontinuous and hence unaccountable mimetic person, I argue that forensic and mimetic are better understood both as ideologies of personhood and as dimensions of all persons rather than as fully distinctive kinds of persons. I present an account of persons as accountable for their acts but show that this is not limited to the maximally continuous and autonomous person of liberal ideology. I review other forms of personhood encountered cross‐culturally and suggest that the mimetic dimension offsets some of the problems inherent in an exclusively forensic model.
Representatives of the public? Public opinion and interest group activity
Authors: Rasmussen Anne , Carroll Brendan J. , Lowery David
Published: November 2013

Although scholars have long speculated about how organised interests link the public to decision makers, there has actually been little empirical research on this important element of democratic theory. This important gap in the literature is addressed in this article by examining, in addition to other supply‐side and demand‐side factors, whether groups mobilise on issues in policy areas that are regarded as salient by the public. Based on an analysis of 4,501 contributions in 142 European Commission online consultations, it is found that organised interests potentially can act as a transmission belt between the public and decision makers. Although the results vary to some degree by issues, higher rates of mobilisation are found on those issues that fall within policy areas that are regarded as salient by the general public and those with consequences for budgetary spending.
Development of Formulations and Processes to Incorporate Wax Oleogels in Ice Cream
Authors: Zulim Botega Daniele C. , Marangoni Alejandro G. , Smith Alexandra K. , Goff H. Douglas
Published: November 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of emulsifiers, waxes, fat concentration, and processing conditions on the application of wax oleogel to replace solid fat content and create optimal fat structure in ice cream. Ice creams with 10% or 15% fat were formulated with rice bran wax (RBW), candelilla wax (CDW), or carnauba wax (CBW) oleogels, containing 10% wax and 90% high‐oleic sunflower oil. The ice creams were produced using batch or continuous freezing processes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo‐scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the microstructure of ice cream and the ultrastructure of oleogel droplets in ice cream mixes. Among the wax oleogels, RBW oleogel had the ability to form and sustain structure in 15% fat ice creams when glycerol monooleate (GMO) was used as the emulsifier. TEM images revealed that the high degree of fat structuring observed in GMO samples was associated with the RBW crystal morphology within the fat droplet, which was characterized by the growth of crystals at the outer edge of the droplet. Continuous freezing improved fat structuring compared to batch freezing. RBW oleogels established better structure compared to CDW or CBW oleogels. These results demonstrate that RBW oleogel has the potential to develop fat structure in ice cream in the presence of GMO and sufficiently high concentrations of oleogel.
Grazing of heterotrophic flagellates on viruses is driven by feeding behaviour
Authors: Deng Li , Krauss Steffen , Feichtmayer Judith , Hofmann Roland , Arndt Hartmut , Griebler Christian
Published: November 2013

The trophic interactions between viruses, bacteria and protists play a crucial role in structuring microbial communities and regulating nutrient and organic matter flux. Here, we show that the impact on viral density by heterotrophic flagellates is related to their feeding behaviour (feeding on sedimented particles – Thaumatomonas coloniensis, filter feeding of suspended particles – Salpingoeca sp., and actively searching raptorial feeding – Goniomonas truncata). Phage MS2 was co‐incubated with flagellates and the natural bacterial and viral community originating from the same groundwater habitats where the flagellates were isolated. Three complementary assays, i.e. flow cytometry, qPCR and plaque assay, were used for enumeration of total viruses, total MS2 phages, and free and infectious MS2, respectively, to provide insights into the grazing mechanisms of the flagellates on viruses. Phage MS2 was actively removed by the suspension feeders T. coloniensis and Salpingoeca sp. in contrast with the actively raptoriale grazer G. truncata. The decline of viral titre was demonstrated to be caused by ingestion rather than random absorption by both qPCR and locating protein fluorescently labelled MS2 inside the flagellates. Further, we indicate that phages can be used as a minor carbon source for flagellates. Collectively, these data demonstrate that eliminating viruses can be an important function of protists in microbial food webs, carbon cycling and potentially water quality control.
Democratizing Constitutions: The Promotion of International Democracy after the 2009 Honduran Coup
Authors: Policzer Pablo , Franceschet Antonio
Published: November 2013

The 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis – in which a sitting president was removed from power and the country by military force – shows that, when it comes to the promotion of democracy, constitutions need to shift to the centre of debate and diplomatic practice in the Organization of American States (OAS). The undemocratic features of member states' actual constitutions cannot simply be ignored until there is a coup d'état. Although it is understandable that the first phase of OAS democracy promotion – undertaken as authoritarian regimes in the region waned – focused on preventing coups and the violent usurpation of democracy, the next phase ought to focus on ensuring that actual constitutions are aligned with, and supportive of, democracy.
From Global Policy to Local Knowledge: What is the Link between Women's Formal Political Participation and Gender Equality in Conflict‐affected Contexts?
Authors: Seckinelgin Hakan , Klot Jennifer F.
Published: November 2013

We report findings from a systematic review of literature on women's formal political participation in fragile and conflict‐affected states. In many postconflict contexts, quotas for women's formal participation are introduced as part of restructuring the political and social landscape. While many women take part in formal politics, many more still experience inequalities determined by their gender positions. Our analysis assesses the evidence used to substantiate the support for the prevailing global policy prescription for women's participation in formal political structures and the impact of this on general gender equality. We explore the association and relevance between the available knowledge, evidential claims based on these and the prevailing policy and practice to advance gender equality. Good policies require in‐depth knowledge about the field within which policies intervene. One of our central findings is that the research continues to produce knowledge about the mechanisms that help to elect women rather than knowledge on the gender outcomes of these processes within the larger society.
First evaluation of the paediatric version of the Swedish rapid emergency triage and treatment system shows good reliability
Authors: Westergren Hanna , Ferm Martin , Häggström Per
Published: November 2013

Aim

To investigate the reliability of Retts‐p, Rapid emergency triage and treatment system‐paediatric, with regard to inter‐rater and intra‐rater agreement.

Method

Twenty nurses responsible for triaging both children and adults at the Emergency Department, Östersund County Hospital, Sweden, were randomly selected to take part in the study. The nurses were asked to use the Retts‐p triage system to retrospectively assess the written case reports on 40 paediatric cases, aged from 6 month to 17.5 years, who attended the Emergency Department in 2010 with surgical, orthopaedic and medical symptoms. Using the information provided regarding appearance, symptoms, previous medical history and vital signs, the nurses selected the most appropriate Emergency Symptoms and Signs algorithm and placed the child in one of the five triage categories. Two test rounds were performed, 3 months apart, using the same cases, to study both the inter‐rater and intra‐rater agreement for the priority level and the triage algorithm chosen by the triage nurses.

Results

Good to very good agreement were shown for both inter‐rater (quadratic κw 0.86, 95% CI 0.85–0.87) and intra‐rater testing (quadratic κw 0.92, 95% CI 0.88–0.96).

Conclusion

Retts‐p provided good to very good reliability in this first evaluation study of the triage system.
Efficient Semiparametric Estimation of Short-Term and Long-Term Hazard Ratios with Right-Censored Data
Authors: Diao Guoqing , Zeng Donglin , Yang Song
Published: November 2013

The proportional hazards assumption in the commonly used Cox model for censored failure time data is often violated in scientific studies. Yang and Prentice (2005) proposed a novel semiparametric two-sample model that includes the proportional hazards model and the proportional odds model as sub-models, and accommodates crossing survival curves. The model leaves the baseline hazard unspecified and the two model parameters can be interpreted as the short-term and long-term hazard ratios. Inference procedures were developed based on a pseudo score approach. Although extension to accommodate covariates was mentioned, no formal procedures have been provided or proved. Furthermore, the pseudo score approach may not be asymptotically efficient. We study the extension of the short-term and long-term hazard ratio model of Yang and Prentice (2005) to accommodate potentially time-dependent covariates. We develop efficient likelihood-based estimation and inference procedures. The nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators are shown to be consistent, asymptotically normal, and asymptotically efficient. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed methods perform well in practical settings. The proposed method successfully captured the phenomenon of crossing hazards in a cancer clinical trial and identified a genetic marker with significant long-term effect missed by using the proportional hazards model on age-at-onset of alcoholism in a genetic study.
Imatinib 800 mg daily induces deeper molecular responses than imatinib 400 mg daily: results of SWOG S0325, an intergroup randomized PHASE II trial in newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Deininger Michael W. , Kopecky Kenneth J. , Radich Jerald P. , Kamel‐Reid Suzanne , Stock Wendy , Paietta Elisabeth , Emanuel Peter D. , Tallman Martin , Wadleigh Martha , Larson Richard A. , Lipton Jeffrey H. , Slovak Marilyn L. , Appelbaum Frederick R. , Druker Brian J.
Published: November 2013

The standard dose of imatinib for newly diagnosed patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CP‐CML) is 400 mg daily (IM400), but the optimal dose is unknown. This randomized phase II study compared the rates of molecular, haematological and cytogenetic response to IM400 vs. imatinib 400 mg twice daily (IM800) in 153 adult patients with CP‐CML. Dose adjustments for toxicity were flexible to maximize retention on study. Molecular response (MR) at 12 months was deeper in the IM800 arm (4‐log reduction of BCR‐ABL1 mRNA: 25% vs. 10% of patients, P = 0·038; 3‐log reduction: 53% vs. 35%, P = 0·049). During the first 12 months BCR‐ABL1 levels in the IM800 arm were an average 2·9–fold lower than in the IM400 arm (P = 0·010). Complete haematological response was similar, but complete cytogenetic response was higher with IM800 (85% vs. 67%, P = 0·040). Grade 3–4 toxicities were more common for IM800 (58% vs. 31%, P = 0·0007), and were most commonly haematological. Few patients have relapsed, progressed or died, but both progression‐free (P = 0·048) and relapse‐free (P = 0·031) survival were superior for IM800. In newly diagnosed CP‐CML patients, IM800 induced deeper MRs than IM400, with a trend for improved progression‐free and overall survival, but was associated with more severe toxicity.
Validation and reliability of a disease‐specific quality of life measure (the TranQol) in adults and children with thalassaemia major
Authors: Klaassen Robert J. , Barrowman Nicholas , Merelles‐Pulcini Manuela , Vichinsky Elliott P. , Sweeters Nancy , Kirby‐Allen Melanie , Neufeld Ellis J. , Kwiatkowski Janet L. , Wu John , Vickars Linda , Blanchette Victor S. , Forgie Melissa , Yamashita Robert , Wong‐Rieger Durhane , Young Nancy L.
Published: November 2013

This study aimed to demonstrate the validity, reliability and responsiveness of a new disease‐specific quality of life (QoL) questionnaire for children and adults with thalassaemia major, the Transfusion‐dependent QoL questionnaire (TranQol). 106 participants (51 adults and 55 children) were recruited from six North American thalassaemia treatment centres with a mean age of 20·7 years (standard deviation [SD] 9, range 7–51 years). The mean total TranQol score was 71 (SD 17, 32–97) on a scale of 0–100. Patients with co‐morbidities had significantly lower scores (63 vs. 75, P = 0·001). TranQol scores showed substantial agreement (P < 0·001) with the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (all patients, r = 0·65), the Pediatric QoL (children, r = 0·77) and the Short Form (36) physical (adults, r = 0·69) and mental summary scores (r = 0·76). In the subgroup who rated their QoL as better, there was a 4·0 point (SD 9·0) improvement in TranQol scores, from baseline of 67·1–71·1 one week later (P = 0·008). Test–retest reliability was excellent (intra‐class correlation coefficient, 0·93). The TranQol was valid, with acceptable correlation for all administered measures and was reliable and responsive to change. The TranQol can be incorporated into future studies of thalassaemia major.
Association of personality with physical, social, and mental activities across the lifespan: Findings from US and French samples
Authors: Stephan Yannick , Boiché Julie , Canada Brice , Terracciano Antonio
Published: November 2013

Despite evidence for its health‐related benefits, little is known on the psychological predictors of the participation in leisure activities across the lifespan. Therefore, this study aimed to identify whether personality is associated with a variety of different types of activities, involving physical, cognitive, and social components. The samples included individuals from the second wave of the National Study of Midlife in the United States (N = 3,396) and community‐dwelling French individuals (N = 2,917) aged between 30 and 84. Both samples completed measures of the five‐factor model of personality. To create an activity index, we combined the physical, social, and cognitive (games and developmental) activities performed at least once a month. In both samples, individuals who scored higher on extraversion and openness were more likely to engage in a variety of activity types. The findings were consistent across two samples from different western societies and suggest that extraversion and openness contribute to social, cognitive, and physical functioning across the lifespan.
The extent of permafrost in China during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM)
Authors: Zhao Liang , Jin Huijun , Li Chuanchuan , Cui Zhijiu , Chang Xiaoli , Marchenko Sergey S. , Vandenberghe Jef , Zhang Tingjun , Luo Dongliang , Guo Dongxin , Liu Gengnian , Yi Chaolu
Published: November 2013

Recent investigations into relict periglacial phenomena in northern and western China and on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau provide information for delineating the extent of permafrost in China during the Late Pleistocene. Polygonal and wedge‐shaped structures indicate that, during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM, between ∼35 and 10.5 ka BP), the southern limit of latitudinal permafrost in northern China advanced southward at least to ∼38–40°N in the east and to ∼37–39°N in the west. This represents an advance of about 5–10° of latitude beyond present‐day permafrost limits. The lower limits of elevationally controlled permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and its peripheries were about 1000 m lower: this permafrost was largely continuous during the LLGM. This suggests a cooling of between 4 and 10°C, or more. This paper discusses the extent of permafrost during the LLGM and presents maps that have been constructed on the basis of extensive and integrative analysis of all reliable and pertinent data. The results indicate that the extent of LLGM permafrost in China was between ∼3.8 and 4.3×106 km2. This is 80 to 100% more than that of ∼2.15×106 km2 in the 1970s, and 120 to ∼150% more than that of ∼1.75×106 km2 today.
Polymorphisms of EpCAM gene and prognosis for non‐small‐cell lung cancer in Han Chinese
Authors: Yang Yuefan , Fei Fei , Song Yang , Li Xiaofei , Zhang Zhipei , Fei Zhou , Su Haichuan , Wan Shaogui
Published: November 2013

The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed in a wide variety of human cancers and is associated with patient prognosis, including those with lung cancer. However, the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the EpCAM gene with the prognosis for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has never been investigated. We evaluated the association between two SNPs, rs1126497 and rs1421, in the EpCAM gene and clinical outcomes in a Chinese cohort of 506 NSCLC patients. The SNPs were genotyped using the Sequenom iPLEX genotyping system. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan–Meier curves were used to assess the association of EpCAM gene genotypes with the prognosis of NSCLC. We found that the non‐synonymous SNP rs1126497 was significantly associated with survival. Compared with the CC genotype, the CT+TT genotype was a risk factor for both death (hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.94; P = 0.040) and recurrence (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02–1.77; P = 0.039). However, the SNP rs1421 did not show any significant effect on patient prognosis. Instead, the AG+GG genotype in rs1421 was significantly associated with early T stages (T1/T2) when compared with the AA genotype (odds ratio for late stage = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44–0.96, P = 0.029). Further stratified analysis showed notable modulating effects of clinical characteristics on the associations between variant genotypes of rs1126497 and NSCLC outcomes. In conclusion, our study indicated that the non‐synonymous SNP rs1126497 may be a potential prognostic marker for NSCLC patients.