bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jacobite Risings,
B
ritain, 1715 and 1745
Authors: German Kieran
Published: September 2017

The Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 were major uprisings that seriously challenged the Hanoverian regime in Great Britain. Their aim was the restoration of the royal House of Stuart to the thrones of England, Ireland, and Scotland. As well as immediate Irish and Scottish resistance to the “Glorious” Revolution, other Jacobite attempts occurred in 1708 and 1719, although these were relatively unconvincing. Jacobitism sustained itself as an ideological movement in Britain until the death of Charles Edward Stuart (aka Charles III, aka the Young Pretender) in 1788. As a militant movement it remained a sporadic cause in England until 1716, but in Scotland motive and organization sustained it into the late 1720s, and it resurfaced again in 1745. While Jacobitism represented a dynastic alternative to the monarchies of William III & II, Queen Anne, and subsequently the House of Hanover, it became a vehicle for other causes, which included confessional disenchantment, the movement for Scottish parliamentary independence, and the private fortunes of out‐of‐favor politicians. Jacobitism was also a powerful tool in European statecraft, and the Jacobite cause was occasionally adopted as an expedience by rivals to Britain.
Jagan, Cheddi (1918–1997)
Authors: Mars Perry
Published: September 2017

Cheddi Jagan was a revolutionary in the Guyanese anti‐colonial movement, primary opponent of imperialism, and advocate of social equality who helped guide the country to independence. Born and raised on a sugar plantation in Port Maurant, Guyana, Jagan was admitted at the age of 15 to Queens College, the most prestigious secondary educational institution in Guyana at the time. Upon completion of high school Jagan left for the United States to study dentistry, first at Howard University in Washington, DC, and subsequently at Northwestern University in Chicago. During Jagan's studies in the US, he was attracted to Marxism and socialism. There also he met his wife Janet, whose own leftist political orientation reinforced his radical beliefs and commitment.
J
amaica, Independence Movement, 1950–Present
Authors: Gray Obika
Published: September 2017

Despite significant shortcomings, radical social movements in post‐independence Jamaica exerted enormous influence on the island's political evolution, occasionally directing it along paths more favorable to popular needs than power holders preferred. Dissident movements accomplished this by displaying creativity in fashioning a variety of ideological challenges to power, by producing a succession of political organizations, notable personalities, and anti‐status quo groups with popular appeal, and by summoning poor Afro‐Jamaicans and alienated middle‐class intellectuals to a common agenda. For two decades – 1960 to 1980 – this broad social movement, with its protean ideological and diverse social composition, retained an unmatched unity in challenging the authority of the state, in impugning the legitimacy of its repressive power, and undermining the cultural bases for its moral claims.
Jamaica, 1938 Labor Riots
Authors: Gray Obika
Published: September 2017

The 1938 labor rebellion in Jamaica did not end British colonial rule in this former slave colony. However, the sustained and unprecedented militancy of the laboring classes there unleashed events that transformed the political history of the island, with major implications for the wider Caribbean.
J
amaica, Rebellion and Resistance, 1760–1834
Authors: Buckridge Steeve O.
Published: September 2017

Resistance to slavery in Jamaica was a daily occurrence among the slave population. Slaves pursued complex and diverse activities to express their anger and frustrations at their enslavers and the institution of slavery. The record on slave rebellion confirms that slaves were not passive beings; instead, they resisted the institution of slavery that sought to dehumanize them and make them powerless. Edward Long (1774: 51–2), a local historian and Jamaican planter, described West Indian‐born slaves as “irascible, conceited, proud, indolent … and very artful” and as “always trying to overreach their overseers by thwarting their plans.” Similar views were expressed by Long's contemporaries, who described Coromante slaves as ferocious and the instigators of every rebellion in Jamaica. Slave rebellions often led to destruction of property and much loss of life among slave owners and slaves. Furthermore, suppressing slave revolts created a financial burden for the colonial regime. The slave rebellion of 1760, for instance, resulted in the death of 60 white settlers and 400 slaves. The expense of putting down this rebellion was estimated at £100,000. During the last slave rebellion of 1831–2 in Jamaica, the expenses accrued and the value of property destroyed exceeded five times the amount spent in 1760. In addition, parliament granted £300,000 as a loan to assist those planters whose plantations had been destroyed by the slaves.
J
apan, Labor Protest, 1945–Present
Authors: Inoue Masao
Published: September 2017

It is possible to divide Japan's six‐decade postwar labor movement into three distinctive periods. The first lasted from 1948 to the 1973 oil crisis. At this time, during the Korean War and the “Red Purge,” the Sohyo Federation (General Council of Trade Unions of Japan), formed under the approving watch of GHQ (General Headquarters of the Allied Powers) and SCAP (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers), gradually developed stronger leftist tendencies. At the same time, the Sanbetsu Federation (Japan Council of Industrial Labor Unions), which had ties to the Japanese Communist Party, had declined. Thus, Sohyo was able to play a powerful role in improving labor conditions and was active on various political fronts. The second period lasted from the 1973 oil crisis to the collapse of Japan's bubble economy at the beginning of the 1990s. During this time Sohyo had lost its ability to influence unions in the private enterprise sector, as corporate management undertook rationalization measures in response to the economic recession that followed the oil crisis. In contrast, the Domei Federation (Japan Federation of Labor) and IMF‐JC (Japan Council of International Metalworkers' Federation), which were nationwide rightist unions, enlarged their power to boost wages. In line with the policies favored by these rightist labor unions, Japan's two major labor federations, Sohyo and Domei, formed a united front. The third period began in the early 1990s. After Japan's economic bubble burst and for the next ten years, a time known as “the lost decade,” Japan's economy found itself mired in the greatest recession since World War II. Corporate restructuring accelerated and economic development in the name of globalization was promoted, but labor unions found themselves unable to devise effective countermeasures to the changes approved over their heads, and thus became insignificant.
J
apan, Post‐World War II Protest Movements
Authors: Sakai Yohichi
Published: September 2017

The Japanese imperialist and colonial war waged against China from 1931 and expanded into Southeast Asia and the Pacific region in 1941 was brought to an end, not internally through a popular revolt or uprising by Japanese workers or soldiers, but by Emperor Hirohito's declaration of Japanese surrender and acceptance of the Potsdam Ultimatum issued by the United States, United Kingdom, China, and the Soviet Union on August 15, 1945.
Japanese Communist Party
Authors: McClellan Janet E.
Published: September 2017

In October of 1898 a small group of Japanese intellectuals held the first meeting of the Shakaishugi Kenkyukai (Association for the Study of Socialism) in Tokyo. A variety of western socialist ideas was presented, among them the philosophies of Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc, Ferdinand Lassalle, and Karl Marx. The dominant force in the socialist leanings was marked by pacifism and a Christian humanism entrenched in the early years of the Japanese socialist faction holds historical sway over the current philosophical and political efforts of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) in contemporary Japan.
J
efferson,
T
homas (1743–1826) and his Revolutionary Idea
Authors: Maddern Stacy Warner
Published: September 2017

The revolution considered by Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) was one that sought to encourage rebellion against government as a virtuous right of the people. “The spirit of resistance to government,” Jefferson wrote, “is so valuable on certain occasions, that I wish it to be always kept alive. It will often be exercised when wrong, but better so than not to be exercised at all.” While Jefferson was aware that rebellion would often lead to bloodshed and the loss of life, he was willing to accept it as a sacrifice for the preservation of liberty. “The tree of liberty,” he wrote, “must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.”
J
ews and Revolution in
E
urope, 1789–1919
Authors: Lupovitch Howard N.
Published: September 2017

The interplay between European Jewry and European revolutions manifested itself in two ways during the long nineteenth century, from 1789 to 1919. First, the legal and political status of Jews, primarily in Central and Eastern Europe, ranked among the most hotly contested and protracted debates among revolutionary elites and their antagonists. Second, from 1848 on ward, Jews were among the leaders of most revolutionary movements.
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali (1876–1948)
Authors: Chattopadhyay Kunal
Published: September 2017

Born in 1876 in Karachi, Sindh, a province in the Bombay Presidency of India, Jinnah was a leading opponent of British colonialism, a representative of Muslim aspirations, and the founder of Pakistan who was known as Baba‐e‐Quam (Father of the Nation). Though a Shi'ite Muslim, Jinnah was not observant. He studied law in London and was called to the bar at the age of 19. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1896 as a reformer, and from 1910 he was a moderate nationalist in the Imperial Legislative Assembly.
Juan Santos Atahualpa Rebellion
Authors: Gabriel Cabrera M.
Published: September 2017

The Juan Santos Atahualpa Rebellion was an anti‐colonial and millenarian armed uprising carried out by the indigenous population of Peruvian central Amazonia during Spanish domination. It took its name from its leader, Juan Santos, named Atahualpa. Though one of the most important indigenous rebellions in the eighteenth‐century Peruvian viceroyalty, and the longest, most of the facts surrounding both the rebellion and its leader are unclear. Some are mixed with legend, while others are hypotheses or possibilities. It is known that Juan Santos and his army, recruited from among different Amazonian indigenous peoples, fought the Spanish army for more than 14 years and were never defeated. While they could not chase the colonial powers out of Peruvian territory, they did manage to expel Franciscan evangelist missions from the central jungle for several decades.
Juárez, Benito (1806–1872)
Authors: Espejel Leticia Pacheco
Published: September 2017

Known for participating in a plot to overthrow Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna (1794–1876) and as President of Mexico from 1858 to 1871, Benito Juárez Garcia was born on March 21, 1806, in San Pablo Guelatao in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, a member of the Zapotecas indigenous group. His parents, Marcelino Juárez and Brírezgida Garcíreza, died when he was 3 years old, and he was placed under the guardianship of his grandparents and uncle, Bernadino Juárez. At 13 years of age, Benito Juárez moved to the city of Oaxaca where his older sister, Guadalupe, worked as a maid for the Maza family. Some years later, in 1843, he married the Mazas' daughter, Margarita.
J
umandi (d. 1578)
Authors: Uriona Viviana
Published: September 2017

Jumandi was a prestigious cacique, or Indian chieftain. He converted to Christianity and was familiar with Spanish ways. The importance of Jumandi as a figure in the history of indigenous peoples of Ecuador should be viewed in the historical context following the arrival of the Spaniards in search of wealth in gold and spices, especially cinnamon. The indigenous who fell into the hands of the Spaniards during the Spanish expeditions (from 1534 to 1560) were forced to reveal where the treasures were to be sought. If they did not respond, they were arrested and cruelly murdered. In this process, 16 cities were founded. Compared to the foundation of other cities in the Andean region, this demonstrates the interest of the conquerors in the region of Ecuador. The people from each of these regions were subjected to the cruel exploitation of slavery and feudal court.
Kabyl Resistance to Government
Authors: Waskey Andrew J.
Published: September 2017

The Kabyl (Kabail) are Indo‐European Berber‐speaking people who have lived in North Africa since the Roman empire. The Berber people of Algeria are called Kabyle from the Arabic word for tribe,
qaba 'il
(pi.
qabila
). Some are also called the Chaouis, and live mainly in the Aures Mountains.
K
ashmir, Under
I
ndia
Authors: Chattopadhyay Kunal
Published: September 2017

The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had been ruled by Dogra rulers under indirect British control since the mid‐nineteenth century. As British rule ended and India gained independence with partition, both India and Pakistan wanted to incorporate the princely states. Maharaja Hari Singh hoped to keep Kashmir independent, offering a “standstill agreement” for trade, communications, and other normal affairs between Kashmir, India, and Pakistan, as in the British era. Pakistan immediately signed the agreement on August 15, but India pressed for Kashmir's incorporation into India. The Maharaja had a powerful national movement and there had been demands for autonomy in Gilgit, Baltistan, Hunza, and Nagar regions, autonomous vassals of Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu‐Kashmir), since the mid‐nineteenth century.
Kaunda,Kenneth (b. 1924)
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: September 2017

Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda was a leading figure in the independence movement of Zambia (formerly the British colony of Northern Rhodesia), and from 1964 the country's first president. He remained in office into 1991, operating a single‐party system headed by the nationalist United National Independence Party (UNIP). In 1991 he was defeated in open elections by the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD).
Kelly, Petra (1947–1992)
Authors: Trump Eric F.
Published: September 2017

Petra Kelly was a seminal figure of the European peace and ecology movements. She helped to found the German Green Party (Die Grünen) in 1979. Born Petra Lehmann in Bavaria, her name changed to Kelly after her mother married an American in 1958. The family moved to the United States in 1959, and Kelly later studied political science at American University's School of International Service in Washington, DC. She later returned to Europe and in 1971 received a master's degree in political science from the University of Amsterdam. During her years in the US, the non‐violent civil rights movement left a lasting impression. Also, her sister Grace's death from eye cancer in 1970 exemplified what she later called the “cancerization” of the world from nuclear pollution.
Kenya, National Protests for Independence
Authors: Gona George
Published: September 2017

Much of the 1980s witnessed a general absence of popular resistance in Kenya. While some churches criticized the state in matters concerning the structure and use of state power, civil organizations and individuals were muzzled through the party state machinery. Detentions, crackdowns on pro‐democracy advocates, suspension and expulsions from the single party Kenya African National Union (KANU), intimidation of the masses into submission, and the silencing of popular leaders by the state were all employed to achieve this result. The suppression of Mwakenya (an underground movement formed to resist President Daniel arap Moi's rule) and other opposition groups epitomized the dark ages of the party‐state rule in the 1980s. Popular sections of civil society, like the labor movement, which would normally have played the role of checking state excesses, were co‐opted. Genuine pro‐democracy activities and oppositional views were criminalized and innocent individuals incarcerated because of associating with those implicated in this group. This, however, did not dampen the resolution of the pro‐democracy forces in Kenya to continue their resistance to the Moi rule.
Kenyatta, Jomo (1893–1978)
Authors: Gona George
Published: September 2017

Jomo Kenyatta was a leader in the anti‐colonial struggle against Britain and the first president of independent Kenya. His exact date of birth is difficult to establish because record keeping, like that of the rest of Kikuyu society, was alien to his father Muigai and his mother Wambui. He was probably born in the mid‐1890s among the Kikuyu of central Kenya, and grew at a time of immense change that heralded the alienation of Kikuyu land for British settler occupation. Curiosity about the “Whiteman's magic” (education) sent him to Thogoto Scottish Mission in 1909, thus formally entering the history of the West.
K
hama,
S
eretse (1921–1980) and
B
otswana Nationalism
Authors: Morapedi Wazha Gilbert
Published: September 2017

Seretse Khama was born heir to the Bangwato throne on July 1, 1921 in Serowe village, capital of the Bangwato in the British colony of Bechuanaland (now Botswana). The Bangwato were the largest ethnic group in the country, and Seretse was the grandson of Kgosikgosi (King) Khama III of the Bangwato. His father, Sekgoma Khama, died when Seretse was only 4 years old, and his uncle, Tshekedi Khama, acted as regent until Seretse finished his education before he could ascend to the throne.
Khomeini, Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Mussaui (1902–1989) and the Shi'ite Islamic Revolution
Authors: Davidson Lawrence
Published: September 2017

Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Mussaui Khomeini was the leader of the revolutionary movement that overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty of Iran in 1979. He instituted Shi'ia‐based Islamic government in that country.
Khuda‐I Khidmatgar: Pashtun Non‐Violent Resistance Force (1929–1948)
Authors: Bala Sruti
Published: September 2017

The Khuda‐i Khidmatgar (KK), in the Pashto language “Servants of God,” was a unique formation as an unarmed resistance force with roots in an Islamic interpretation of non‐violent politics. It pledged itself to non‐violent resistance to British rule and to the reform of Pashtun, also known as Pathan society (the dominant ethnolinguistic group in eastern and southern Afghanistan and in the Northwest Frontier (NWF) Province of today's Pakistan). Launched in 1929 as the interventionist wing of a broader social reform and Pashtun youth movement, the KK was banned in 1948, following independence from British rule and the partition of the subcontinent. At different points in its brief 18‐year history, the KK was partly the representative office of the NWF section of the Indian National Congress (Congress); at other moments it was a social welfare organization, as well as an unarmed, rurally based, anti‐colonial protest force. At its peak in the 1930s, KK membership was estimated at 25,000, consisting mostly of men but also a few hundred women. Membership was open primarily to Pashtuns, but though most of the KK members and office holders were Muslims, there were also some Hindu and Sikh recruits. Despite being a voluntary civil movement with an explicitly pacifist and reformist agenda, the KK was often referred to as an army because of its organizational characteristics and institutional structure. Yet, as evident from press reports in the 1930s, the KK was more often suspected to be allied to the Bolsheviks, as a military‐like protest and resistance force.
Kim Joa‐jin (1889–1930)
Authors: Jang‐Whan O. H.
Published: September 2017

Kim Joa‐jin (aka “Baekya”), an anarchist military leader sometimes compared to Nestor Makhno, is largely remembered as a Korean patriot, particularly for his achievements as general and commander of the Korean Independent Army in Manchuria. Born to a wealthy family, he was inspired by ideas of social justice from an early age, setting free his family's slaves at the age of 18. Entering the fight for independence from Japan, in 1919 he organized the Buk‐ro gun‐jung‐sea (Northern Military Administration Office Army) and founded a military academy to train Korean soldiers against the Japanese army. The next year he became a national hero when his army wiped out an entire division of the Japanese Imperial Army at Chungsan‐ri in Manchuria, winning the Koreans' first military victory against the Japanese army since 1876. At this time, he became increasingly influenced by the anarchist ideas of his close relative Kim Jong‐jin. In 1925 he organized the Sin‐min‐bu (New People's Society) to build a new society along egalitarian and libertarian lines. In 1929 he formed the Han‐jok chong‐yun‐hap‐hoi (General League of Koreans) in Manchuria, supported by all Korean anarchists in China, to form a new commune‐type organization. For the first time in Korean history, he attempted to put anarchist ideas into practice in rural villages in the Shinmin province of Manchuria (where some 2 million Koreans lived), establishing an autonomous region which lasted from 1929 to 1931. In 1930 Kim was assassinated by a Communist Party agent while repairing a cooperative's rice mill.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–1968) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Authors: Love Brown Susan
Published: September 2017

Martin Luther King, Jr. was the most prominent leader of the modern civil rights movement in the twentieth century in the United States, largely because of his charismatic preaching, adherence to the principles of non‐violence, engagement in the most important civil rights struggles, and martyrdom in the cause of human rights, peace, and freedom. Through the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) of which he was a co‐founder and president, he and other religious leaders gave the civil rights movement its strong moral foundation, insisting on the use of non‐violence as an overall strategy and carrying out workshops to train potential protestors. After King's assassination in 1968 the SCLC continued to carry on this work. King's family history within the Baptist ministry, his education, his adoption of a social gospel, being in the right place at the right time, and his association with a group of strong leaders all contributed to his prominence and the work of the SCLC.
K
lein,
N
aomi (b. 1970) and the Movement Against Neoliberal Globalization
Authors: Trott Ben
Published: September 2017

Naomi Klein is a Canadian‐born journalist and author of the bestsellers
No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies
(2000) and
The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism
(2007). Her writing has been influential within the counter‐globalization movement, of which she is often taken as being a prominent spokesperson. She writes a regular column for the
Nation
and the
Guardian
, syndicated internationally by the
New York Times
. In 2002 a collection of her journalism was published in the book
Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate
. Proceeds from the book were used to support social movements, through the Fences and Windows Fund. She wrote and co‐produced, with Avi Lewis,
The Take
(2004), a film about worker‐controlled factories in Argentina occupied following the economic crisis of 2001. In 2005
Prospect
magazine listed her 11th in a readers' poll of the world's 100 most important living intellectuals.
Knights of Labor and Terence Powderly (1849–1924)
Authors: Warner Maddern Stacy
Published: September 2017

The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, established in 1869, found prominence in the United States during the 1890s and was an important working‐class institution in the late nineteenth‐century American labor movement. In 1869 Uriah S. Stephens led a small group of tailors in forming the Knights as a forum of discussion that sought to end child and convict labor, while advocating equal pay for women, progressive income taxes, and a cooperative setting of an employer‐employee ownership industry.
K
orea, Civic Movement
Authors: Young‐su Won
Published: September 2017

In the early 1990s, while many radicals were disillusioned by the collapse of the Soviet Union, a new movement appeared in Korea that began to distance itself from the existing left and radical movements, criticizing the militancy and violence. This move crystallized in the birth of the “civic movement.” This movement depoliticized to an extent and confined itself to legal activities, keeping distance from other popular movements and focusing on a petition campaign for political and economic reform. Because of the movement's less radical appearance, both the mainstream media and the government regarded it as a civil junior partner. However, these civic groups were not completely depoliticized, in spite of their public image. They led a series of political campaigns, such as electoral watch campaigns and blacklist campaigns for corrupt politicians, thereby causing strong reactions from conservatives.
K
orea, Labor Movement, 20th Century
Authors: Young‐su Won
Published: September 2017

The formation of an independent and democratic labor union in post‐World War II Korea posed a great challenge. Labor advocates were forced to deal with recalcitrant and often violent capital at the factory level, while also facing government hostility and institutional violence. Even the labor wing focused on anti‐communism in the far‐right Cold War political climate under South Korea's first president, Rhee Syng‐man, who used labor for his own political interests. After that, General Park Chung Hee took over and dissolved the National Assembly in 1961 and remained president until 1979. His military regime, and that of Chun Du‐hwan, who was president from 1980 to 1988, suppressed any move to voice workers' interests. Though a union reform movement surfaced in the political space created by the 1960 Revolution, efforts to build an alternative labor federation failed because of the military regime's suppression. Only anti‐communist official trade unions, such as the Federation of Korean Trade Unions (FKTU), were legally allowed within the framework fixed by the government directives.
Korea, Migrant Workers' Struggle
Authors: Young‐su Won
Published: September 2017

From the late 1980s, migrant workers began to work in place of Koreans who shunned dirty, dangerous, and difficult (“3D”) jobs. These workers faced low wages, inhumane working conditions, and brutal treatment by Korean employers as they became a third class within the workforce. Some churches and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) helped migrant workers in terms of wage arrears, industrial accidents, and medical care in a humanitarian effort, but this aid was small‐scale. By the mid‐1990s, however, some migrant workers who had become acquainted with the South Korean workers' struggle and the militant culture of the democratic labor movement began to fight for their rights in a broader sense.
K
orea, Movement of the Urban Poor
Authors: Young‐su Won
Published: September 2017

Exceptionally rapid urbanization in the 1960s and 1970s produced chaotic shanty towns in Korean cities, especially Seoul and the surrounding metropolitan areas. Poor living conditions and lack of adequate sanitary systems, basic utilities, and mass transportation were the norm for every shantytown. Thus, the popular anger of shanty‐town dwellers was a matter of course. In 1970, an urban poor riot broke out at Kwangju, a suburban area of Seoul, as enraged residents fought with riot police and occupied the city hall, demanding their rights for decent housing and reasonable living conditions.
K
orea, Popular Rebellions and Uprisings, 1492–1910
Authors: Young‐su Won
Published: September 2017

The Chosun Dynasty (1492–1910) was founded by the military rebellion of General Lee Sung‐gye, who became the first king, Taejo. His rebellion represented the formation of a new ruling class based on a newly emerging elite and military leaders under the auspices of Sung Confucius ideology. For a century, the Chosun Dynasty witnessed impressive developments in science, industry, and institutional reform, including the creation of Hangul, the Korean alphabet, under King Sejong. However, from the sixteenth century, the contradictions of the medieval caste regime began to harden, and divisions among the ruling class, factional struggles, and challenges from below destabilized the social structure, severely weakening the nation. Thus, Chosun was invaded by Japanese forces under Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1592, and by the Ching Dynasty of China in 1637. These foreign invasions further destabilized the legitimacy of the Chosun Dynasty. On the other hand, the rapid development of production by means of two‐crop farming and rice transplantation clashed with feudal land ownership. Thus, while a new class of enriched plebians began to grow as a social force, together with professionals like doctors and other specialists, large numbers of feudal farmers were expelled from their lands and exploited by landowners and government officials.
K
orea, Protest Against Neoliberal Globalization
Authors: Young‐su Won
Published: September 2017

In recent years, a phenomenon known as globalization or neoliberal restructuring has affected nations throughout the world. The basic premise of this system is that restrictions on trade, such as tariffs, are a hindrance and that “free trade,” or a lack of restrictions such as tariffs, is better. Opponents, however, point out that such a system leads to workers and farmers throughout the world being exploited even further while only the ruling classes profit. In Korea, as in other nations, this system has been universalized across all sectors of society. From the early 1990s, the labor movement has been hard hit, faced with a neoliberal New Management Strategy whose essence has been to implement the flexibilization of labor, employment, and labor markets. Thus, the struggle against neoliberal globalization has constituted a large part of the union movement, as public sector workers have fought against privatization, financial workers against the opening of the financial market, and other workers against worsening working conditions and precarious jobs.
K
ronstadt
M
utiny of 1921
Authors: Garland Christian
Published: September 2017

The Kronstadt Mutiny refers to an uprising in the early part of March 1921 by Russian sailors at the Kronstadt naval base on Kotlin Island, near the Gulf of Finland, against the Bolshevik regime. The uprising remains of key historical importance to this day, drawing differing and opposing positions on the Russian Revolution, and questions of workers' control, the nature of post‐revolutionary politics, and where power should lie. Broadly speaking, left communists and class struggle anarchists almost without exception take the view that the Kronstadt revolt was an authentic proletarian uprising against an authoritarian regime, controlled by a new bureaucratic class. Leninists, by contrast, are equally firm in their belief, albeit with a few variations, that the suppression of the rebellion led by Leon Trotsky was vital – however regrettable – to the survival of the revolution.
K
ropotkin,
P
eter (1842–1921)
Authors: Pauli Benjamin J.
Published: September 2017

Peter Kropotkin was one of the foremost theorists of anarchism – its principal exponent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and someone who imbued it with a philosophical and scientific legitimacy that would greatly enhance its reception in his own day and beyond. Kropotkin himself traced his anarchist sensibility back to his earliest years. He was born in Moscow in 1842 to a family that belonged to the highest stratum of Russian nobility. Kropotkin's father was a military officer and serf owner. Though his father's treatment of the family serfs was mild by relative standards, Kropotkin was dismayed by the extent of their oppression, and would come to sympathize deeply with their plight. After his mother died, Kropotkin and his siblings were placed almost entirely in the care of serf servants, and the loving affection and devotion the young Kropotkin received from them contributed strongly to the respect he had for the peasantry and the solidarity he felt with them throughout his life. His feelings of solidarity with the lower strata of society were further reflected in his refusal, at age 12, to be addressed as “Prince” – the beginning of a lifelong rejection of special status on account of his noble blood.
Dosimetric characterization of GMS BT‐125‐1 125I radioactive seed with Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurement
Authors: Zhao Nan , Yang Ruijie , Ren Li , Fan Yi , Li Junli , Zhang Jianguo
Published: September 2017

Purpose

To investigate the dosimetric characteristics of the new GMS BT‐125‐1 125I radioactive seed, including dose rate constant, radial dose functions, and anisotropy functions.

Methods

Dosimetric parameters of GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed including dose rate constant, radial dose functions, and anisotropy functions were calculated using the Monte Carlo code of MCNP5, and measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The results were compared with those of PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1, PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I, and model 6711 125I seeds.

Results

The dose rate constant of GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed was 0.959 , with the difference of 0.94%, 0.83%, and 0.73% compared with the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1 125I seed, PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed, and Model 6711 125I seed, respectively. For radial dose function, the differences between the Monte Carlo and the experimental g(r) results were mostly within 10%. Monte Carlo results of g(r) for GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed were found in agreement (within 3.3%) with corresponding results for the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed. The largest differences were 8.1% and 6.2% compared with PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1 125I seed and model 6711 125I seed, respectively. For anisotropy function, the difference between GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed and PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed was typically <10%.

Conclusions

The measured dose rate constant, radial dose functions, and two‐dimensional anisotropy functions for the GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed showed good agreement with the Monte Carlo results. The dose rate constant of the GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed is similar to that of the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1 125I seed, the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed, and the model 6711 125I seed. For radial dose functions and two‐dimensional anisotropy functions, the GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed is similar to the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed but different from the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1 125I seed and the model 6711 125I seed.
3D Foam Strutted Graphene Carbon Nitride with Highly Stable Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Guo Qianyi , Zhang Yuanhao , Zhang Hai‐Shan , Liu Yingjun , Zhao Yu‐Jun , Qiu Jianrong , Dong Guoping
Published: September 2017

Controlled morphology modulation of graphene carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is successfully realized from bulk to 3D loose foam architecture via the blowing effect of a bubble, which can be controlled by heating rate. The loose foam network is comprised by spatially scaffolded few‐atom‐layer interconnected flakes with the large specific surface area, as supporters to prevent agglomeration and provide a pathway for electron/phonon transports. The photocatalytic performance of 3D foam strutted g‐C3N4 toward RhB decomposition and hydrogen evolution is significantly enhanced with the morphology optimization while its excellent optoelectronic properties are maintained simultaneously. Herein, the ultrathin, mono‐, and high‐quality foam g‐C3N4 interconnected flakes with controlled layer are facilely obtained through ultrasonic, thus overcoming the drawbacks of a traditional top–down approach, opening a wide horizon for diverse practical usages. Additionally, the layer control mechanism of 3D hierarchical structure has been explored by means of bubble growth kinetics analysis and the density functional theory calculations.
Bifunctional Phase‐Transfer Catalysts Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Aza‐Henry Reaction of β,γ‐Unsaturated Nitroalkenes With Amidosulfones
Authors: Lu Ning , Bai Fuquan , Fang Yanhong , Wei Zhonglin , Cao Jungang , Liang Dapeng , Lin Yingjie , Duan Haifeng
Published: September 2017

An efficient diastereo‐ and enantioselective aza‐Henry reaction of β,γ‐unsaturated nitroalkenes with N‐Boc amidosulfones has been realized under the catalysis of bifunctional chiral phase‐transfer catalysts bearing multiple H‐bonding donors, which was derived from cinchona alkaloids. This asymmetric catalytic protocol is suitable for a wide range of substrates, and give the corresponding products in high to excellent yields (up to 99%) with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to >99 : 1 dr, up to >99% ee). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are also performed and give the possible transition‐state model to illustrate the mechanism of the developed reaction.

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Deformable and Transparent Ionic and Electronic Conductors for Soft Energy Devices
Authors: Park Sangbaek , Parida Kaushik , Lee Pooi See
Published: September 2017

The recent boom in deformable or stretchable electronics, flexible transparent displays/screens, and their integration into the human body has facilitated the development of multifunctional energy devices that are stretchable, transparent, wearable, and/or biocompatible while meeting the energy or power requirements. The development of soft energy systems begins with the preparation of relevant conductors and the design of innovative device configurations. In this study, recent advances and trends in stretchable and transparent electronic and ionic conductors are reviewed coupled with the growing efforts to use them for soft energy storage and conversion systems. Stretchable transparent ionic conductors present possibilities for use as current collectors and electrolytes in soft electronic/energy devices, providing novel insight into biofriendly systems for an effective human–machine interaction. Moreover, representative examples that demonstrate soft energy devices based on stretchable transparent ionic/electronic conductors are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives of developing novel stretchable transparent conductors and device configurations with tailored features are also considered.
3D Printing Sulfur Copolymer‐Graphene Architectures for Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Shen Kai , Mei Hailong , Li Bin , Ding Junwei , Yang Shubin
Published: September 2017

3D printing is becoming an efficient approach to facilely and accurately fabricate diverse complex architectures with broad applications. However, suitable inks and 3D print favorable architectures with high electrochemical performances for energy storage are still being explored. Here, sulfur copolymer‐graphene architectures with well‐designed periodic microlattices are 3D printed as a cathode for Li‐S batteries using a suitable ink composed of sulfur particles, 1,3‐diisopropenylbenzene (DIB), and condensed graphene oxide dispersion. Using thermal treatment, elemental sulfur can be reacted with DIB to produce sulfur copolymer, which can partially suppress the dissolution of polysulfides. Moreover, graphene in the architecture can provide high electrical conductivity for whole electrode. Hence, 3D printed sulfur copolymer‐graphene architecture exhibits a high reversible capacity of 812.8 mA h g−1 and good cycle performance. Such a simple 3D printing approach can be further extended to construct many complex architectures for various energy storage devices.
Understanding the Impact of Oligomeric Polystyrene Side Chain Arrangement on the All‐Polymer Solar Cell Performance
Authors: Kurosawa Tadanori , Gu Xiaodan , Gu Kevin L. , Zhou Yan , Yan Hongping , Wang Cheng , Wang Ging‐Ji Nathan , Toney Michael F. , Bao Zhenan
Published: September 2017

The introduction of oligomeric polystyrene (PS) side chains into the conjugated backbone is proven to enhance the processability and electronic properties of semiconducting polymers. Here, two series of donor and acceptor polymers are prepared with different molar percentages of PS side chains to elucidate the effect of their substitution arrangement on the all‐polymer solar cell performance. The observed device performance is lower when the PS side chains are substituted on the donor polymer and higher when on the acceptor polymer, indicating a clear arrangement effect of the PS side chain. The incorporation of PS side chains to the acceptor polymer contributes to the decrease in phase separation domain size in the blend films. However, the reduced domain size was still an order of magnitude larger than the typical exciton diffusion length. A detailed morphological study together with the estimation of solubility parameter of the pristine PS, donor, and acceptor polymers reveals that the relative value of solubility parameter of each component dominantly contributes to the purity of the phase separated domain, which strongly impacts the amount of generated photocurrent and overall solar cell performance. This study provides an understanding of the design strategies to improve the all‐polymer solar cells.
Single‐Crystalline Nanomesh Tantalum Nitride Photocatalyst with Improved Hydrogen‐Evolving Performance
Authors: Xiao Mu , Luo Bin , Lyu Miaoqiang , Wang Songcan , Wang Lianzhou
Published: September 2017

Tantalum nitride (Ta3N5) with a suitable bandgap (≈2 eV) is regarded as one of the most promising photocatalysts for efficient solar energy harvesting and conversion. However, Ta3N5 suffers from low hydrogen production activity due to the low carrier mobility and fast carrier recombination. Thus, the design of Ta3N5 nanostructures to facilitate charge carrier transport and improve photocatalytic performance remains a challenge. This study reports a new type of ultrathin (≈2 nm) Ta3N5 nanomesh with high specific surface area (284.6 m2 g−1) and excellent crystallinity by an innovative bottom‐up graphene oxide templated strategy. The resulting Ta3N5 nanomeshes demonstrate drastically improved electron transport ability and prolonged lifetime of charge carriers, due to the nature of high surface area and excellent crystallinity. As a result, when used as photocatalysts, the Ta3N5 nanomeshes exhibit a greater than tenfold improvement in solar hydrogen production compared to bulk counterparts. This work provides an effective and generic strategy for designing 2D ultrathin nanomesh structures for nonlayered materials with improved catalytic activity.
Surface‐Modified Porous Carbon Nitride Composites as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Zn‐Air Batteries
Authors: Niu Wenhan , Li Zhao , Marcus Kyle , Zhou Le , Li Yilun , Ye Ruquan , Liang Kun , Yang Yang
Published: September 2017

Porous carbon nitride (PCN) composites are fabricated using a top‐down strategy, followed by additions of graphene and CoSx nanoparticles. This subsequently enhances conductivity and catalytic activity of PCN (abbreviated as CoSx@PCN/rGO) and is achieved by one‐step sulfuration of PCN/graphene oxides (GO) composite materials. As a result, the as‐prepared CoSx@PCN/rGO catalysts display excellent activity and stability toward both oxygen evolution and reduction reactions, surpassing electrocatalytic performance shown by state‐of‐the‐art Pt, RuO2 and other carbon nitrides. Remarkably, the CoSx@PCN/rGO bifunctional activity allows for applications in zinc‐air batteries, which show better rechargeability than Pt/C. The enhanced catalytic performance of CoSx@PCN/rGO can primarily be attributed to the highly porous morphology and sufficiently exposed active sites that are favorable for electrocatalytic reactions.
Treating pediatric neuromuscular disorders: The future is now
Authors: Dowling James J. , D. Gonorazky Hernan , Cohn Ronald D. , Campbell Craig
Published: September 2017

Pediatric neuromuscular diseases encompass all disorders with onset in childhood and where the primary area of pathology is in the peripheral nervous system. These conditions are largely genetic in etiology, and only those with a genetic underpinning will be presented in this review. This includes disorders of the anterior horn cell (e.g., spinal muscular atrophy), peripheral nerve (e.g., Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease), the neuromuscular junction (e.g., congenital myasthenic syndrome), and the muscle (myopathies and muscular dystrophies). Historically, pediatric neuromuscular disorders have uniformly been considered to be without treatment possibilities and to have dire prognoses. This perception has gradually changed, starting in part with the discovery and widespread application of corticosteroids for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. At present, several exciting therapeutic avenues are under investigation for a range of conditions, offering the potential for significant improvements in patient morbidities and mortality and, in some cases, curative intervention. In this review, we will present the current state of treatment for the most common pediatric neuromuscular conditions, and detail the treatment strategies with the greatest potential for helping with these devastating diseases.
Collagen peptides modulate the metabolism of extracellular matrix by human dermal fibroblasts derived from sun‐protected and sun‐exposed body sites
Authors: Zague Vivian , do Amaral Jonatas Bussador , Rezende Teixeira Paula , de Oliveira Niero Evandro Luis , Lauand Camila , Machado‐Santelli Glaucia Maria
Published: September 2017

Clinical data published in recent years have demonstrated positive effects of collagen hydrolysate (CH) on skin aging clinical signs. CH use as food supplement has a long history; however, few studies have addressed the underlying purpose of CH on the cellular and molecular biology of skin cells that could elucidate clinical improvement findings. Wide diversity of characteristics has been reported for dermal fibroblasts derived from different body sites and it is unknown whether collagen peptides could modulate differently cells from chronological aged and photoaged skin areas. This study investigated the influence of CH on the extracellular matrix metabolism and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) derived from chronological aged (sun‐protected) and photoaged (sun‐exposed) body sites. CH treatment did not affect cellular proliferation of either cell cultures, but notably modulated cell metabolism in monolayer model, increasing the content of dermal matrix precursor and main protein, procollagen I and collagen I, respectively. These effects were confirmed in the human dermal equivalent model. The increase in collagen content in the cultures was attributed to stimulation of biosynthesis and decreased collagen I metabolism through inhibition of metalloproteinase activity (MMP) 1 and 2. Modulation of CH in dermal metabolism did not differ between cells derived from sun‐protected and sun‐exposed areas, although lower concentrations of CH seemed to be enough to stimulate sun‐exposed‐derived HDFs, suggesting more pronounced effect in these cells. This study contributes to understanding the biological effects of CH on skin cells and viability of its use as a functional ingredient in food supplements.