bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Fracture Conductivities in the Barnett Shale
Authors: Zhang Junjing , Kamenov Anton , Zhu D. , Hill A. D.
Published: February 2013

Horizontal wells intersecting multistage transverse fractures created by low viscosity fracturing fluid with low proppant loadings are the key to revitalizing production from the Mississippian Barnett shale of the Fort Worth Basin in Texas. However, direct laboratory measurements of both natural and induced fracture conductivities under realistic experimental design conditions are needed for reliable well performance analysis and fracture design optimization.

In this work, a series of experiments were conducted to measure the conductivity of unpropped natural fractures, propped natural fractures, unpropped induced fractures and propped induced fractures using a modified API conductivity cell at room temperature. Fractures were induced along the natural bedding planes preserving fracture surface asperities. Natural fracture infill was kept for initial conductivity measurements and then removed for subsequent propped fracture conductivity tests. Proppants of various sizes were manually placed between rough fracture surfaces at realistic concentrations. The two sides of the rough fractures were either aligned or displaced with a 0.1 inch offset. After pressure testing on the system integrity, nitrogen was flown through the proppant pack or unpropped fracture to measure the conductivity.

Results from the 88 experiments show that the conductivity of hydraulic fractures in shale can be accurately measured in a laboratory with appropriate experimental procedures and good control on experimental errors. It is proved that unpropped induced fractures can provide a conductive path after removal of free particles and debris due to the brittleness and lamination of shale. Moreover, poorly cemented natural fractures and unpropped displaced fractures can create conductivities up to 0.5 md-ft at formation closure stress, which is one order of magnitude higher than the conductivity provided by cemented natural fractures and unpropped aligned fractures. This study shows that propped fracture conductivity increases with larger proppant size and higher proppant concentration. Longer term fracture conductivity measurements also show that within 20 hours the fracture conductivity could be reduced by as much as 20%.
Analysis of U.S. Hydraulic Fracturing Design Trends
Authors: Robart Christopher , Ruegamer Michael , Yang Alex
Published: February 2013

Most technical papers on the subject of hydraulic fracturing to date have involved detailed case studies of individual wells or clusters of wells evaluating the effectiveness of differing types of hydraulic fracturing treatments. These case studies are useful for increasing understanding fracturing effectiveness, but provide a limited view on hydraulic fracturing trends across formations, plays, or regions. This paper will analyze thousands of fracturing treatments in major plays in the United States in order to provide insights into how frac designs have changed across time.

FracFocus.org is website that was established in early 2011 as centralized registry to provide hydraulic fracturing chemical disclosure. At the time the analysis for this paper was undertaken the website contained chemical disclosure records for over 26,000 hydraulic fracturing treatments, including information on all chemical and additive volumes, treatment date, TVD, water volume, production type, etc. We have collected all available data from FracFocus.org, classified each frac treatment into a set of standard hydraulic fracturing treatment types, and extracted other meaningful technical information from the dataset.

This paper analyzes changes in key hydraulic fracturing fluid system trends across time at the aggregate US, basin, and operator level. The analysis identifies changes over time in frac type, based on the broad categories of conventional, water frac, hybrid, etc. The paper also analyzes consumption trends for water and key chemical additives, such as clay control agents, surfactants, and hydrochloric acid.

To date, most knowledge of aggregate trends in hydraulic fracturing treatment design is anecdotal and based on the direct experience of operators or service companies. This paper provides a more rigorous quantitative perspective of how the industry has evolved in its hydraulic fracturing design choices over the last two years.
Nitrate and Nitrous Oxide Dynamics Under Urine Application in an Alluvial Gravel Vadose Zone
Authors: Dann R. , Thomas S. , Waterland H. , Flintoft M. , Close M.
Published: February 2013

Understanding nitrogen (N) processes within the vadose zone is important to estimate N losses to groundwater systems. A field trial was undertaken to examine the dynamics of nitrate (NO3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in an alluvial gravel vadose zone underlain by shallow groundwater. Synthetic urine (980 kg N ha−1) with a bromide (400 kg Br ha−1) tracer was applied to the surface of a 10‐ by 20‐m plot, and changes in subsurface NO3, Br, and N2O concentrations were compared with those from an adjacent plot, with just the Br tracer applied. Soil solution and air were monitored at multiple depths (from 0.2 to 5 m) over an 18‐mo period. Transport of solution was rapid in the gravel material with some Br transported to 3‐m depth immediately after the urine application. N2O was produced within the soil after urine application. NO3 to Br ratios indicated denitrification in the soil above the gravels, but none within the alluvial gravel vadose zone. In the “–urine” plot N2O concentrations increased with depth, with upward fluxes above the water table to the soil, suggesting N2O production near the water table. A different pattern was observed in the “+urine” plot where N2O was produced both at the soil zone above the gravels and near the water table leading to both upward and downward N2O fluxes. Overall N2O fluxes in the soil zone were greater than at the water table.
Heave and Heaving Pressure in Freezing Soils: A Unifying Theory
Authors: Groenevelt Pieter H. , Grant Cameron D.
Published: February 2013

A unifying theory is presented for the process of heave in freezing soils. Out of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) school of D.M. Anderson came the concept of the segregation potential. Out of the Cornell school of R.D. Miller came the model for the heave rate. Here ideas from both schools are put on a fundamental thermodynamic footing, leading to the definition of a new heave index. Both schools use the temperature gradient in the frozen fringe as the driving force for heave. We argue and demonstrate that this choice leads to erratic results. The driving force should be the temperature gradient over the complete layer of soil that is at sub‐zero (°C) temperature, that is, the combined frozen zone plus the frozen fringe. The value of the heave index is completely dominated by the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function of both the unfrozen soil below the frozen fringe and the soil layer at sub‐zero temperature.
Remote Monitoring of Freeze–Thaw Transitions in Arctic Soils Using the Complex Resistivity Method
Authors: Wu Yuxin , Hubbard Susan S. , Ulrich Craig , Wullschleger Stan D.
Published: February 2013

Our ability to monitor freeze–thaw transitions is critical to developing a predictive understanding of biogeochemical transitions and carbon dynamics in high latitude environments. In this study, we conducted laboratory column experiments to explore the potential of the complex resistivity method for monitoring the freeze–thaw transitions of the arctic permafrost soils. Samples for the experiment were collected from the upper active layer of Gelisol soils at the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) in Barrow, Alaska. Freeze–thaw transitions were induced through exposing the soil column to controlled temperature environments at 4 and −20°C. Complex resistivity and temperature measurements were collected regularly during the freeze–thaw transitions using electrodes and temperature sensors installed along the column. During the experiments, over two orders of magnitude of resistivity variations were observed when the temperature was increased or decreased between −20 and 0°C. Smaller resistivity variations were also observed during the isothermal thawing or freezing processes that occurred near 0°C. Single frequency electrical phase response and imaginary conductivity at 1 Hz were found to be exclusively related to the unfrozen water in the soil matrix, suggesting that these geophysical attributes can be used as a proxy for the monitoring of the onset and progression of the freeze–thaw transitions. Spectral electrical responses and fitted Cole–Cole parameters contained additional information about the freeze–thaw transition affected by the soil grain size distribution. Specifically, a shift of the observed spectral response to lower frequency was observed during the isothermal thawing process, which we interpret to be due to sequential thawing, first from fine particles and then to coarse particles within the soil matrix. Our study demonstrates the potential of the complex resistivity method for remote monitoring of freeze–thaw transitions in arctic soils. Although conducted at the laboratory scale, this study provides the foundation for exploring the potential of the complex resistivity signals for monitoring spatiotemporal variations of freeze–thaw transitions over field‐relevant scales.
Characterization and Monitoring of the Furggwanghorn Rock Glacier, Turtmann Valley, Switzerland: Results from 2010 to 2012
Authors: Buchli Thomas , Merz Kaspar , Zhou Xiaohai , Kinzelbach Wolfgang , Springman Sarah M.
Published: February 2013

Climate effects relating to air temperature, radiation, snow cover, and rainfall combine with thaw and infiltration processes to cause changes in the thermal response and associated creep deformations in rock glaciers, which are the geomorphological expression of Alpine permafrost. The annual surface creep of some rock glaciers has accelerated recently by an order of magnitude. A multidisciplinary field study links characterization, monitoring, and modeling for such a rock glacier in the Turtmann valley in Switzerland. The first phase consisted of characterization using seismic refraction and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), as well as borehole information and monitoring of meteorological, hydrothermal, and geotechnical variables over 2 yr. The ground model confirmed the heterogeneity of the internal structure, with rock glacier topography affecting the thermal distribution in boreholes and seepage flows from tracer tests at between 10 and 40 m h−1. Temperatures were generally warmer than −0.25°C in the permafrost zone, with some variability in terms of thermal degradation of some layers to 0°C and an active layer of about 3 to 5 m depth. Unique internal shear movements were measured by an automatic inclinometer, which indicated downslope creep rates in the shear zone and at the surface of about 2.4 and 3.2 m yr−1 respectively, which could not be directly linked to temperature at the same depth. These rock glaciers have potential for future instability, which could damage infrastructure in the valley below. It is essential to understand why they have accelerated over the past decade through the complex interactions that have controlled the thermo‐hydromechanical response.
Effect of Tillage on Soil Water Content and Temperature Under Freeze–Thaw Conditions
Authors: Parkin Gary , von Bertoldi Axel P. , McCoy Amber J.
Published: February 2013

High resolution (hourly) soil water content and temperature data have been collected for nearly 10 yr within the 0–100 cm depth profiles under no‐till (NT) and conventional fall tillage (CT) practices. The data indicate significant differences between the two tillage practices, especially during winter and early spring freeze\thaw cycles. Results indicate that shallow minimum soil temperatures were lower under CT than NT; however, average winter shallow soil temperatures were very similar between the two treatments. Soil freezing characteristic curves (SFC) measured in situ with soil water content and temperature data were analyzed for differences between treatments as the NT system matured. The SFC shapes for NT evolved over a 7‐yr period as the age of the NT system increased. An intensive freeze–thaw episode showed strong hysteresis in SFC, a phenomenon not analyzed in detail before this study based on data collected in the field.
Material Flow Analysis: An Effectiveness Assessment Tool for In Situ Thermal Remediation
Authors: Laumann Susanne , Micić Vesna , Fellner Johann , Clement David , Hofmann Thilo
Published: February 2013

In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) is a remediation technique that increases the effectiveness of soil vapor extraction through the simultaneous application of heat and vacuum. In this study, ISTD was applied to remove a chlorinated solvent source from unsaturated soil beneath an existing aboveground infrastructure. A material flow analysis (MFA) was applied for the first time to assess the effectiveness of ISTD in the vadose zone and to reveal the total emission of chlorinated solvents into the environment before and during remediation. The principle of matter conservation used in MFA enabled the quantification of chlorinated solvent flows in all matrices affected: soil, groundwater, and soil vapor. The MFA results revealed that the mass removed by ISTD was similar to the mean chlorinated solvent mass estimated to have been present in the soil before remediation, indicating high effectiveness in contaminant removal. The remediation target value in soil vapor was achieved after 9 mo of remediation, demonstrating the time efficiency of ISTD for this particular site. The MFA additionally provided an overview of the processes and contaminant transformations occurring in the soil, water, and air compartments during the course of remediation.
On Gessel-Kaneko's identity for Bernoulli numbers
Authors: Belbachir Hacène , Rahmani Mourad
Published: February 2013

The present work deals with Bernoulli numbers. Using Zeilberger's algorithm,
we generalize an identity on Bernoulli numbers of Gessel-Kaneko's type.
Appendix written by Ira M. Gessel offers a closely related formula via umbral
calculus.
Finite strip modeling for optimal design of reinforced concrete folded plate structures
Authors: Milasinovic Dragan , Goles Danica
Published: February 2013

The optimal design of reinforced concrete folded plate structures under
multiple loading conditions is presented. The design variables include
geometrical quantities, like the thickness, dimensions of the structural
members (plates), and topological parameters, which define the locations and
the connectivity of such elements. The structural analysis required during
the design process is performed by using the classical finite strip method
and complex harmonic coupled finite strip method for the solution of the
corresponding geometric nonlinear design problem. Some applications to the
optimal design of prismatic folded plates show the effectiveness of the
proposed procedures.
Analysis of groundwater regime on the basis of stream flow hydrograph
Authors: Djukic Vesna , Mihailovic Vladislava
Published: February 2013

During the drought the flow in streams is reduced and is dominated by base
flow. Baseflows are characteristic of low flow periods and provide
information on available water resources in the basin during the drought,
particularly on the aquifer and retention basin characteristics. This paper
deals with the possibility of analysis and simulation of baseflow, and the
determination of the pattern of its changes based on the total registered
streamflow hydrograph at the catchment outlet. The basis for modeling the
base flow changes in the time were base flow values obtained from the
streamflow hydrograph by application of the graphical local minimum method.
Applying the simulation model developed in this study, simulations of base
flow hydrographs were performed for three characteristic years (1970, 1985,
and 1990). It was shown that discrepancies between values of the base flows
obtained through application of the local minimum method and the model are
within the limits of tolerance.
"Eco-Infill" as an alternative strategy for postindustrial landscape in the light of climate change: The case of Belgrade shipyard
Authors: Nikezic Ana , Jankovic Natasa
Published: February 2013

At this moment, and under the circumstances that surround us, we have
recognized as a definite global challenge the problem of climate change, and
in general, the ecological misbalance of cities. In an attempt to meet this
challenge, we will try to discuss possibilities of implementing the
"Eco-Infill" strategy (fragments of nature incorporated into abandoned
artificial environment) as a viable, somewhat ?alternative?, urban
development strategy. The contemporary matrix of the post-industrial urban
landscape is dotted with large and small fragments of abandoned spaces, which
need to be incorporated into the city texture. Belgrade is a city with a
potential, one of the larger capitals of the region, standing on the
threshold of the European Union and undergoing an intensive process of
political, economic and social transition. Similar to other large cities, it
was previously an industrial city, but is now increasingly relying on the
tertiary sector, promoting itself through its geographical, morphological,
and cultural advantages. The consequences of privatization during transition
and an exceptionally long and difficult political and economic crisis
produced Brownfield and other abandoned spaces of the city centre with a
complicated proprietary-ownership status, and no realistic guidelines for a
much needed regeneration of the city centre in terms of contemporary problems
linked to ecological, social and cultural values. In this article, there is a
tendency to define principles on which the transformation of these abandoned
places is based on and to try to apply these strategies onto the Belgrade
shipyard on the river Sava. If we accept the previously set general views,
these spaces can become crucial in developing a strategy for mitigation and
adaptation to climate change. Although these effects are primarily aimed at
confronting climate change, they are bound to upgrade the quality of life and
offer new life styles, potentially affecting all aspects of urban life,
considering that most of the eco-infill we are talking about consists of
active public space.
Synthesis of new functionalized derivatives of indolo[2,3-e][1,2,4]-triazolo-[4,5-b]-1,2,4-triazine
Authors: Gomha Sobhi , Abdel-Aziz Hatem
Published: February 2013

New functionalized 1,2,4-triazolo-[4,3-b]-1,2,4-triazino-[5,6-b]indole
derivatives were synthesized via reaction of the hydrazonoyl halides with
5H-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]indole-3-thione or its 3-methylthio
derivative. The mechanism and the regioselectivity of the studied reactions
have been discussed.
Strain differences in toxicity of vitamin K antagonist warfarin in rats
Authors: Djokic Jelena , Ninkov Marina , Popov-Aleksandrov Aleksandra , Mirkov Ivana , Subota Vesna , Mihajlovic Luka , Stojadinovic Marija , Stanic-Vucinic Dragana , Kataranovski Dragan , Kataranovski Milena
Published: February 2013

Warfarin (4-hydroxy coumarin) is Vitamin K (VK) antagonist that inhibits
Vitamin K-dependent (VKD) processes, such as blood coagulation. It exerts
influence on some non-VKD-related activities as well. In this study, the
effect of subacute (30-day) oral warfarin (2 mg L-1 and 1 mg L-1) intake on
hematological parameters was examined in two rat strains, Albino Oxford (AO)
and Dark Agouti (DA), that differ in their sensitivity to certain chemicals.
Greater susceptibility to anticoagulant effect of 2 mg L-1 of warfarin was
observed in AO rats and was associated with an increase in relevant
hematological parameters in this strain. Although both strains responded to 2
mg L-1 of warfarin with quantitative changes in peripheral blood leukocytes
differential bone marrow and lung responses were observed. Strain-related
differences in proinflammatory activity of peripheral blood granulocytes and
in mononuclear cell IFN-? production were observed. Recognition of
differences in quantitative and qualitative effects of oral warfarin on
processes other than hemostasis might be of relevance for those humans who
are on warfarin therapy.
The Commitment Effect versus Information Effect of Disclosure—Evidence from Smaller Reporting Companies
Authors: Cheng Lin , Liao Scott , Zhang Haiwen
Published: February 2013

We examine the commitment effect provided by mandatory disclosure and the information effect of voluntary disclosure on market illiquidity by exploring a regulatory change that allows smaller reporting companies to reduce the disclosure of certain information in their SEC filings. This regime change allows us to separate the commitment effect provided by mandatory disclosure from the information effect of voluntary disclosure. We find that firms that are eligible to reduce their disclosure, but voluntarily maintain their disclosure level, experience an increase in market illiquidity. We also find that the increase in illiquidity is more pronounced for firms with higher agency costs. These findings suggest that mandatory disclosure serves as a credible commitment mechanism and that losing such commitment by disclosure deregulation is costly in the absence of a loss of information. Our study suggests that while voluntary disclosure is effective in reducing information asymmetry, it cannot replace mandatory disclosure in addressing information problems.

Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the text.
The Association between Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities and Future Tax Payments
Authors: Laux Rick C.
Published: February 2013

This study empirically examines whether deferred taxes provide incremental information about future tax payments and explores whether the relationship is affected by whether and when the deferred tax accounts reverse. The analysis provides evidence that while deferred taxes do provide incremental information about future tax payments, the magnitude of the information is small. Further, consistent with theoretical predictions (Guenther and Sansing 2000, 2004; Dotan 2003) the analysis demonstrates there is an asymmetrical association between deferred taxes and future tax payments. For instance, deferred taxes associated with temporary differences that are included in GAAP income prior to taxable income are associated with future tax payments. In contrast, deferred taxes associated with temporary differences that are included in GAAP income after taxable income are not associated with future tax payments. Finally, the analysis provides evidence that growth in the deferred tax balances does not defer future tax payments.

Data Availability: The data are available from public sources.
Content of Heavy Metals in Needles of Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) in Selected Pine Forests in Słowiński National Park
Authors: Parzych Agnieszka , Jonczak Jerzy
Published: February 2013

The paper presents the results of study on heavy metals in needles of Pinus sylvestris in selected pine forests in Słowiński National Park. It was evidenced that heavy metal contents (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) in needles of Pinus sylvestris varied depending on the metal, the age of the needles and the humidity of a forest complex. Variation coefficients of such metals remained at the level of: 13-30% (Zn), 3-6% (Cu), 13-34% (Mn) and 12-30% (Fe) depending on the age of the needles. In the case of Zn, Mn and Fe higher concentrations of researched metal were found in the 2-year-old needles than in 1 year old needles, and in the case of Cu in 1 year old needles than in 2-year-old needles. The increase of zinc concentration found in 1-year-old needles after rainfall sums was (Bw, r = 0.67, p < 0.05, n = 24) and (Bśw, r = 0.39, p < 0.05, n = 24) in 2-year-old needles. The content of the above mentioned metals in needles of dry coniferous forests (Bs), fresh coniferous forests (Bśw) and humid coniferous forests (Bw) of the ground cover constitute the following decreasing series: Mn(323.8) > Fe(103.4) > Zn(65.5) > Cu(5.9).
Hazardous Compounds in Urban Pm in the Central Part of Upper Silesia (Poland) in Winter
Authors: Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta , Kozielska Barbara , Klejnowski Krysztof
Published: February 2013

Thirteen fractions of ambient dust were investigated in Zabrze, a typical urban area in the central part of Upper Silesia (Poland), during a heating season. Fifteen PAH and Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Pb contents of each fraction were determined. The dust was sampled with use of a cascade impactor and chemically analyzed with an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (PANalytical Epsilon 5) and a gas chromatograph with a flame ionisation detector (Perkin Elmer Clarus 500). The concentrations of PM1 and the PM1-related PAH and elements were much higher than the ones of the coarse dust (PM2.5-10) and the substances contained in it. The concentrations of total PAH and carcinogenic PAH were very high (the concentrations of PM1-, PM2.5-, and PM10-related BaP were 16.08, 19.19, 19.32 ng m-3, respectively). The municipal emission, resulted mainly from hard coal combustion processes, appeared to be the main factor affecting the air quality in Zabrze in winter.
Electrorheological response of polyaniline and its hybrids
Authors: Liu Ying , Choi Hyoung
Published: February 2013

One of the remarkable applications of conducting polymers is as an electrorheological (ER) fluid which is a smart suspension of polarisable particles dispersed in an insulating liquid with the capacity to effect a phase transition from a liquid-like to a solid-like state. Polyaniline (PANI) and its hybrids with inorganics or other polymers are active candidates for ER materials due to their various advantages, e.g., easy synthesis, controllable conductivity, and less friction than pure inorganics. In this short review, we review recent progress in the synthesis of semi-conducting PANI and its hybrids with diverse morphologies and their ER performance measured by a rotational rheometer using the applied electric field strength. The dielectric properties of these ER fluids, as an important analytical method for their ER performance, are also discussed.
Higher-Order Partial Differentiation
Authors: Endou Noboru , Okazaki Hiroyuki , Shidama Yasunari
Published: February 2013

In this article, we shall extend the formalization of [10] to discuss higher-order partial differentiation of real valued functions. The linearity of this operator is also proved (refer to [10], [12] and [13] for partial differentiation).
Transition of Consistency and Satisfiability under Language Extensions
Authors: Schlöder Julian J. , Koepke Peter
Published: February 2013

This article is the first in a series of two Mizar articles constituting a formal proof of the Gödel Completeness theorem [17] for uncountably large languages. We follow the proof given in [18]. The present article contains the techniques required to expand formal languages. We prove that consistent or satisfiable theories retain these properties under changes to the language they are formulated in.
Quotient Module of Z-module
Authors: Futa Yuichi , Okazaki Hiroyuki , Shidama Yasunari
Published: February 2013

In this article we formalize a quotient module of Z-module and a vector space constructed by the quotient module. We formally prove that for a Z-module V and a prime number p, a quotient module V/pV has the structure of a vector space over Fp. Z-module is necessary for lattice problems, LLL (Lenstra, Lenstra and Lov´asz) base reduction algorithm and cryptographic systems with lattices [14]. Some theorems in this article are described by translating theorems in [20] and [19] into theorems of Z-module.
The Derivations of Temporal Logic Formulas
Authors: Giero Mariusz
Published: February 2013

This is a preliminary article to prove the completeness theorem of an extension of basic propositional temporal logic. We base it on the proof of completeness for basic propositional temporal logic given in [12]. We introduce n-ary connectives and prove their properties. We derive temporal logic formulas.
Free ℤ-module
Authors: Futa Yuichi , Okazaki Hiroyuki , Shidama Yasunari
Published: February 2013

In this article we formalize a free ℤ-module and its rank. We formally prove that for a free finite rank ℤ-module V , the number of elements in its basis, that is a rank of the ℤ-module, is constant regardless of the selection of its basis. ℤ-module is necessary for lattice problems, LLL(Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovász) base reduction algorithm and cryptographic systems with lattice [15]. Some theorems in this article are described by translating theorems in [21] and [8] into theorems of Z-module.
Program Algebra over an Algebra
Authors: Bancerek Grzegorz
Published: February 2013

We introduce an algebra with free variables, an algebra with undefined values, a program algebra over a term algebra, an algebra with integers, and an algebra with arrays. Program algebra is defined as universal algebra with assignments. Programs depend on the set of generators with supporting variables and supporting terms which determine the value of free variables in the next state. The execution of a program is changing state according to successor function using supporting terms.
The Marketing Concept in an Academic Environment
Authors: Rešetová Kvetoslava
Published: February 2013

Universities, as subjects of the academic environment, are institutions with the priority of education and research. The task of the marketing concept in the academic field is to communicate with all important target groups to support a stronger position and their perception of the school. The aim of the intervention is to increase the prestige, improve awareness, support positive attitudes, and present successful results in all areas of activity. This means creation and protection of a positive image, which enables higher interest of all target groups and secures better awareness about it.
Pseudomonas as a Prospective Candidate For Minimization in use of Chemical Pesticides or their Gradual Replacement with Biocontrol Agents on Agricultural Fields
Authors: Sharma Poornima
Published: February 2013

Isolates of Pseudomonas species obtained from rhizosphere, rhizoplane and endophytic habitats of various plants were tested for their antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolated from the roots of a diseased pea plant. Pseudomonas isolate P5 showed best activity against F. oxysporum followed by P4, P22 and P17. Some isolates of Pseudomonas, P24, P25 and P26, grew unrestrictedly and completely covered the Fusarium colony. The antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas on F. oxysporum observed in this research can be attributed to the ability of antibiotic synthesis by Pseudomonas and also the ability to counter the toxic metabolites of Fusarium oxysporum.
Effect of Municipal Sewage Sludge under Salix Plantations on Dissolved Soil Organic Carbon Pools / Wpływ Osadów Ściekowych Na Plantacjach Salix Na Zawartość Węgla Rozpuszczonego W Glebie
Authors: Kalisz Barbara , Lachacz Andrzej , Glazewski Roman , Klasa Andrzej
Published: February 2013

Labile fractions of organic matter can rapidly respond to changes in soil and they have been suggested as sensitive indicators of soil organic matter. Two labile fractions of organic carbon in the soils amended with fresh municipal sewage sludge in two rates (equivalent of 60 kg P ha-1 and 120 kg P ha-1) were studied. Soils under studies were overgrown with Salix in Germany, Estonia and Poland. In Polish soils application of sewage sludge increased the content of both labile organic carbon fractions (KMnO4-C and HWC) for a period of one year. Estonian soils were stable and no distinct changes in labile organic carbon fractions occurred.
Analysis of Stormwater Retention on Green Roofs / Badania Retencji Wód Opadowych Na Dachach Zielonych
Authors: Burszta-Adamiak Ewa
Published: February 2013

This study presents the results of tests conducted in 2009 and 2010 on experimental sites installed on the roof of the Science and Education Building of the Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The aim of the analysis was to determine the retention capacity of green roofs and the runoff delays and peak runoff reduction during rainfall recorded in Wroclaw conditions.

The research shows that green roofs allow to reduce the volume of runoff stormwater in comparison to conventional roofs, that they delay the runoff in time and influence the reduction of the maximum runoff intensity, and thus may limit the impact of stormwater on the stormwater drainage and combined sewage systems.
Effectiveness in the Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Industrial Wastewater by Ultrafiltration Technique
Authors: Smol Marzena , Włodarczyk-Makuła Maria
Published: February 2013

The paper presents the results of studies on the changes in the PAHs concentration during pre-filtration and ultrafiltration (UF) processes. In the study, biologically treated wastewater (after denitrification and nitrification processes), discharged from the biological treatment plant and used in coke plant, was used. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used in order to qualify and quantify the PAHs. Sixteen PAHs listed by EPA were determined. The wastewater samples were collected three fold and initially characterized for the concentration of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, COD, TOC and pH. In the first step, wastewater was filtrated on the sand bed. Total concentration of 16 PAHs in the treated wastewater before initial filtration was in the range of 44.8‒53.5 mg/L. During the process the decrease in the concentration of the most studied hydrocarbons was observed. Concentration of PAHs after initial filtration ranged from 21.9 to 38.3 μg/L. After the initial filtration process the wastewater flew to the ultrafiltration module and then was separated on the membrane (type ZW-10). The total concentration of 16 PAHs in the process of ultrafiltration was in the range of 8.9‒19.3 mg/L. The efficiency of removal of PAHs from coke wastewater in the process of ultrafiltration equaled 66.6%. Taking into account the initial filtration, the total degree of removal of PAHs reached 85%. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using the ultrafiltration process with the initial filtration as additional process in the coke wastewater treatment.
The impact of presidential illness on the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Authors: Gilbert Robert E.
Published: February 2013

In March 2008, I published an article in this journal that examined the ways in which the White House managed the news—and minimized the political impact—of Dwight D. Eisenhower's massive 1955 heart attack. In addition, the analysis explored the manner in which Eisenhower himself, in handling this issue, had brilliantly “manipulated his medical team, safeguarded his image, cajoled his staff, confused the press, managed his advisers, dominated his party, and ran a campaign that was virtually impossible for the opposition to counteract” (p. 18).1This article expands on my previous work by considering the ways in which Eisenhower's ill health had significant public policy repercussions that went beyond the immediate political effects evaluated in 2008. These included the drawbacks associated with Eisenhower's concept of “Team Government,” a tragic war in the Middle East, a serious deterioration of the U.S. relationship with three very close allies and, finally, the beginnings of a presidentially led effort to add a much needed “presidential disability” amendment to the United States Constitution. These latter effects have been studied here through use of primary source materials located at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, commentaries written by Eisenhower himself, members of his family and other close associates and the voluminous secondary literature that has appeared over the years focusing on the Eisenhower presidency.
Swine flu: Mexico's handling of A/H1N1 in comparative perspective
Authors: Ear Sophal
Published: February 2013

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose international security threats because of their potential to inflict harm upon humans, crops, livestock, health infrastructure, and economies. Despite the scale of this threat, there are inherent limitations in preventing and controlling EIDs, including the scope of current disease surveillance efforts. All of this leads to the following questions in the context of Mexico's recent swine flu experience: What were the cultural, political, and economic challenges to Influenza A/H1N1 virus response in Mexico? By way of comparison, what can we learn from the U.S. experience in 1976 with A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1), later referred to as H1N1? This article explores the comparative political economy of Mexico's handling of influenza virus A/H1N1 outbreak in 2009. Research provides notable observations—based on the strengths and weaknesses of each country's response—that can be used as a starting point of discussion for the design of effective EIDs surveillance programs in developing and middle-income countries. In the U.S., the speed and efficiency of the 1976 U.S. mobilization against H1N1 was laudable. Although the U.S. response to the outbreak is seldom praised, the unity of the scientific and political communities demonstrated the national ability to respond to the situation. Mexico's strongest characteristics were its transparency, as well as the cooperation the country exhibited with other nations, particularly the U.S. and Canada. While Mexico showed savvy in its effective management of public and media relations, as the article details, political, economic, and cultural problems persisted.
Hypernews, biological authenticity, and the mediation of what's important
Authors: Newhagen John E.
Published: February 2013

A subtle but important shift is unfolding in the capture and distribution of news events brought about largely due to advances in ubiquitous communication technology. This shift has spawned a new kind of witnessing, or firsthand observation, that has the potential to change the very notion of public affairs news. To understand this shift the idea of news has to be grounded on a functional, biological foundation, first for what will be called “hard news,” and then for the more problematic genre called “public affairs reports.”
News coverage of controversial emerging technologies: Evidence for the issue attention cycle in print and online media
Authors: Anderson Ashley A. , Brossard Dominique , Scheufele Dietram A.
Published: February 2013

This study analyzes the issue attention cycle for print and online media coverage of a scientific publication examining the deaths of Chinese factory workers due to lung damage from chronic exposure to nanoparticles. The results of the nanoparticle study, published in 2009, embody news values that would make the study a prime candidate for press coverage, namely, novelty, negativity, controversy, and potential widespread impact. Nevertheless, mentions of the event in traditional English-language print media were nearly nonexistent. Online media, on the other hand, gave the story greater coverage. This case study exemplifies why online media may not be bound to the same issue attention cycle that print media are for controversial scientific events.
On-farm comparison of improved maize variety Manakamana-3 with Local Thulo Seto for grain yield and agronomic attributes at Dukuchhap, Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Paudel MN , Khadka R
Published: February 2013

On-farm studies were carried out at Dukuchhap, (1100-1500 m), Lalitpur, an Outreach Research Site of Khumaltar complex during 2006-2007 full season maize growing (May-Sep). The study consisted of comparison among grain yield, and agronomic attributes between Manakamana-3, an improved OPV and Local Thulo Seto maize varieties. Field surveys were conducted to gather information on aforesaid attributes of these maize varieties. In 2006, data were recorded from 265 plants for Local Thulo Seto and 131 plants from different fields for Manakamana-3 while in 2007 they were recorded from 180 plants for both varieties. The result of the study revealed that both of these varieties were comparable for grain yield and ear length. However, combined analysis over years for plant and ear height, ear fill, and ear circumference showed a highly significant result. It was also recorded that plant height, ear height and ear filled remained dynamic between these varieties over years. Plant height of Local Thulo Seto was exceptionally tall up to 364 cm compared to Manakamana-3 which attained a plant height up to 241 cm. The most important yield parameter of grain weight/ear was not affected due to years and varieties. Bivariate relationship among grain yield and agronomic attributes showed that grain weight/ear was highly correlated with ear length (r=0.73**), ear fill (r=0.75**), and ear circumference (r=0.63**). Ear height was not correlated with grain yield. It was also observed that plant height has a negative relationship with grain yield and ear attributes except for ear height which was positively correlated with plant height. Maize variety Thulo Seto is popular in Dukuchhap where area coverage of this variety is more than 80% in the locality. There is a serious limitation of this variety at Dukuchhap because of stalk lodging which was severe in 2006 as a result around 80% plants have the problem of stalk lodging. Farmers preferred this variety because it is resistant to early drought which is another problem for maize growing at Dukuchhap. Therefore, if we improve population of Thulo Seto in farmers’ field and reduce plant height of this variety by way of population improvement there is no need of introducing new varieties of maize in immediate future at Dukuchhap and similar domain in Lalitpur. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v1i0.7537 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 1: 2010 pp.10-15
Response of direct dry seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) to seeding dates and seed rates
Authors: Rangit JD , Sharma S , Gautam DD
Published: February 2013

Field studies to access seed rate, seeding dates, and weed infestation in direct dry sseded rice (Khumal -4) were carried out under rice-wheat rotation system at Khumaltar during 2005/06 -2007/08. The broadleaf weeds: Ageratum conyzoides, Commelina diffusa, Eclipta prostrata, Amaranthus veridis, Coronopus didymus, Lactuca sp. the grassy weeds: Echinochloa colona, Cynodon dactylon, and Paspalum distichum and the sedges: Cyperus difformis and C iria were recorded. E colona was the dominant weed in the second year, however A conyzoides was pronounced in the first year. A conyzoides showed an increasing trend over years and became a dominant species ranging from 2-13/0.25m2 in the 1st year and 53 -144/0.25m2 in the 3rd year. Significant interaction effect on total weed number/0.25 m2 was recorded in the 2nd seeding date in all seed rates. Significantly higher weed numbers were recorded in 2nd seeding date and 20 kg/ha seed rate in the 3rd year. There was no significant interaction between different seed rate and seeding date on the gall formation due to Meloidogyne graminicola. Plant height, tillers/m2, number of seeds/panicle, and grain yield were not significantly affected due to seeding dates except plant height in 2005/06. Number of tillers/m2 was significantly different among seed rates and showed slightly increasing trend with higher seed rates. But there was no significant different in grain yield among seed rates except in the year 2005/06. Dry straw weight did not show consistent results among seeding dates. The present study showed that rice seeding can be done in mid May with the seed rates 30–50 kg/ha. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v1i0.7538Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 1: 2010 pp.16-22
Emergence of improved varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by different soil types and planting depths in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Paudel MN
Published: February 2013

Improved open pollinated maize (Zea mays L.) varieties exhibit different emergence reaction as a result of either inferior seed quality or affected by agronomic practices of maize planting. To address problem of low emergence percentage of maize varieties, an experiment was laid out in factorial design under two types of soil (red clay and sandy loam), three level of depth of sowing (7, 14 and 21 cm) for Rampur Composite, Manakamana-1 and Arun-2 maize varieties in Rampur, Chitwan for representing main season (May-August). The result of the experiment revealed that emergence count was highly significant for soil types and depth of sowing among the maize varieties tested. Manakamana-1 expressed lowest percentage (20 and 29%) followed by Arun-2 (22 and 33%) and Rampur Composite (24 and 39%) of emergence under red clay and sandy loam soils, respectively. Likewise, emergence count at 10 days after sowing was recorded highly significant for depth of showing indicating that irrespective of varieties higher the planting depth lower the emergence count.. There was a positive relation between depth of planting and length of mesocotyle resulting loss of seed vigor which furnished low emergence of the maize varieties. It is suggested that depth of sowing affect emergence percentage which consequently have effects on plant population maintenance. Hence, it was concluded that sowing below 7cm deep is not feasible for the tested varieties under red clay and sandy loam soils. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v1i0.7539 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 1: 2010 pp.23-27
Heterosis and yield potentialities of promising maize hybrids suitable for Terai and inner Terai environments of Nepal
Authors: Gurung DB , Pandey BR , Upadhyay SR , Pokhrel B , Kshetri JB
Published: February 2013

Heterosis has made a dramatic impact on the developing of breeding methods and high yields in many field crops during the 20th century. In general, heterosis is greatest in cross pollinated compared to self pollinated crops and thus widely exploited for hybrid cultivar development. Standard heterosis is one of the most important parameters in commercialization of maize hybrids. A new hybrid must be superior to the standard hybrids in terms of grain yield and other economic traits. We have analyzed four coordinated varietal trials of hybrids, 3 of which were conducted at NMRP, Rampur and another was tested at NMRP, Rampur and at ARS, Belachapi, Janakpur from 2006 to 2008 in order to determine the standard heterosis of the promising hybrids. The objective of this study was to evaluate hybrids under different production domains and to select superior hybrids for commercialization. Standard heterosis was calculated based on the best check hybrids and Indian commercial hybrids. The hybrids showed significant differences for grain yields and days to silking in all the trials. Standard heterosis of the tested hybrids ranged from - 39.4 to 47.8%. Most of the hybrids showed positive standard heterosis for grain yield. Hybrids namely; RML- 4/NML-2, RML-6/RML-8, NML-1/RML-8 in 2006 and RML-57/RL-174, NML-1/RML-6 and RL-197/NML-2 in 2008 had more than15% standard heterosis for grain yield evaluated at NMRP, Rampur. Hybrid between RML- 4/NML-2 had only shown positive standard heterosis in 2007 at NMRP, Rampur. RML-4/NML-2, NML-1/RL-17 and RL-111/RL-189 were superior hybrids, which had >15% standard heterosis across NMRP, Rampur and at ARS, Belachapi, Janakpur in 2008. Seed production aspect of these selected hybrids should be studied to develop a complete package of practices for F1 hybrid seed production. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v1i0.7544 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 1: 2010 pp.67-73