bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercising autonomy—The effectiveness and meaningfulness of autonomy support interventions engaged by adults with intellectual disability. A mixed‐methods review
Authors: Carey Eileen , Ryan Ruth , Sheikhi Ali , Dore Liz
Published: March 2022

Background

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) recommend all disabled people receive support to develop their autonomy. Subsequently, evolving models for supported decision‐making and informed consent present guidance to enable autonomy support, which have relevance to people with intellectual disabilities. To date, reviews have explored how adults with intellectual disabilities exercise their autonomy or factors impacting the development of their self‐determination. This review aimed to establish the effectiveness of ‘autonomy support interventions’ engaged by adults with intellectual disability and the meaning of these interventions to this cohort.

Methods

A systematic search of Cinahl Complete, PsychINFO and Scopus databases was undertaken. The search was limited to studies published between 2000 and 2020. Identified citations were uploaded to EndNote X9, duplicates removed, search outputs imported into Covidence and titles and abstracts screened. Data were extracted using an amended JBI data extraction Tool. The search strategy is reported in the adapted PRISMA flow diagram.

Findings

Twelve studies were included in the mixed methods review. Critical appraisal was undertaken using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool. These findings identified varied and creative autonomy support interventions utilised across ordinary activities with adults with intellectual disabilities.

Conclusion

This review identifies the essential components of how autonomy support interventions can enhance ordinary experiences for adults with intellectual disabilities while enabling them to develop skill sets to be more self‐directed in the choices they make.
Transition model for coronavirus management
Authors: Djogbenou Antoine , Gourieroux Christian , Jasiak Joann , Rilstone Paul , Bandehali Maygol
Published: March 2022

This paper examines the individual records of patients treated for COVID‐19 during the early phase of the pandemic in Ontario. We trace out daily transitions of patients through medical care of different intensity and address the right truncation in the database. We also examine the sojourn times and reveal duration dependence in the treatments for COVID‐19. The transition model is used to estimate and forecast the counts of patients treated for COVID‐19 in Ontario, while adjusting for the right truncation and right censoring in the sample. This research is based on the Public Health Ontario (PHO) data set from May 7, 2020.
Friedlӓnder's synthesis of quinolines as a pivotal step in the development of bioactive heterocyclic derivatives in the current era of medicinal chemistry
Authors: Rajendran Satheeshkumar , Sivalingam Kalaiselvi , Karnam Jayarampillai Rajendra Prasad , Wang Wen‐Long , Salas Cristian. O
Published: March 2022

In the current scenario of medicinal chemistry, quinoline plays a pivotal role in the design of new heterocyclic compounds with several pharmacological properties, so the search for new synthetic methodologies and their application in drug discovery has been widely studied. So far, many procedures have been performed for the preparation of quinoline scaffolds, among which Friedländer quinoline synthesis plays an important role in obtaining these heterocycles. The Friedländer reaction involves condensation between 2‐aminobenzaldehydes and keto‐compounds. The quinoline nucleus, once obtained through the Friedländer synthesis, has been extensively modified so that these derivatives can exhibit a large number of biological activities such as anticancer, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antituberculosis, and antileishmanial properties. In this work, the focus is on the applicability of the Friedländer reaction in the synthesis of various types of bioactive heterocyclic quinoline compounds, which to date has not been reported in the context of medicinal chemistry. The main part of this review selectively focuses on research from 2010 to date and will present highlights of the Friedländer quinoline synthesis procedures and findings to address biological and pharmacological activities.
Connective tissue graft vs porcine collagen matrix after immediate implant placement in esthetic area: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Puisys Algirdas , Deikuviene Justina , Vindasiute‐Narbute Egle , Razukevicus Dainius , Zvirblis Tadas , Linkevicius Tomas
Published: March 2022

Background

The use of connective tissue graft (CTG) with immediate implant placement and provisionalisation have shown promising results. It is not clear if the same outcome could be achieved using porcine‐derived collagen matrix (PDCM) as grafting material.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the esthetic and functional outcomes of immediate temporization of immediately placed fully tapered implants combined with bone and soft tissue augmentation, using either a CTG or a PDCM, in fresh extraction sockets of the anterior sites.

Materials and Methods

Patients with a failing anterior tooth were included in this study. After extraction, they received an immediate implant with simultaneous hard and soft tissue augmentation and immediate provisional restoration. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the group. Soft tissue augmentation in the control group (CTG) consisted of a CTG, whereas PDCM was used in the test group. After 4 months, definitive restorations were delivered, and pink esthetic score (PES) was evaluated at T1, prosthetic delivery, and at 12‐month follow‐up (T2). In addition, crestal bone change, probing depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index, bleeding on provisional removal, and implant stability quotient were also recorded.

Results

A total of 45 patients received the intended treatment (22 controls and 23 tests) 45 implants totally, with no implant failures at T2. PES mean ± SD after 1 year was noted to be 12.9 ± 1.2 for the CTG group and 12.1 ± 1.3 for the PDCM group (p = 0.507).

Conclusion

Within the limits of this trial, both treatment protocols resulted in comparable esthetic outcomes, with results showing PES >12 and stable clinical parameters after 1 year of follow‐up.
Artificial biofilm removal in a peri‐implant mucositis model: Efficacy of air polishing technology as adjunct to ultrasonic debridement alone and impact of the site and the depth of mucosal tunnel—An in vitro study
Authors: Discepoli Nicola , Mirra Raffaele , Vesentin Cecilia , Marruganti Crystal , Ferrari Marco
Published: March 2022

Aim

The current in vitro model aims to evaluate the adjunctive effect on artificial biofilm removal determined by the use of a glycine‐powder air‐polishing procedure (GPAP) over the ultrasonic debridement (USD) alone when the removal of artificial biofilm on abutment surface is performed. The procedures were carried out also evaluating the impact of the site (mesial, distal, vestibular, and oral) and three different mucosal tunnel depths (2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm).

Materials and Methods

Single tooth implant replacement was simulated. Three different abutment heights together with a prosthetic contour were investigated (2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm); custom‐made gingival masks were created to mimic peri‐implant soft tissue. Biofilm was simulated with an indelible ink. The protocol consisted in two intervention stages for each abutment: (a) USD with PEEK tip plus (b) GPAP. At the end of each intervention, abutments were unscrewed, and standardized photographs were taken. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare residual stain percentage between the two intervention stages and among different sites and mucosal tunnels.

Results

A total of 30 abutments were instrumented. A significant reduction of the percentage of residual staining (PRS) after the combination of GPAP + USD over USD alone was demonstrated (16% vs. 32%; p < 0.05). Moreover, the better performance of the GPAP + USD protocol was observed regardless of the different mucosal tunnel heights and the sites analyzed. Intragroup analysis unveils that the smaller PRS was observed for shallow mucosal tunnels (2 mm) and vestibular sites for both protocols.

Conclusion

GPAP + USD provided adjunctive effect on artificial biofilm removal in comparison to the USD alone. Furthermore, proximal surfaces and deeper mucosal tunnels (4 and 6 mm) showed a reduced instrumentation efficacy for both protocols.
Pancreatic duct biopsies using a novel device delivery system for preoperative evaluation of main duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
Authors: Yokode Masataka , Matsumori Tomoaki , Uza Norimitsu
Published: March 2022

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The ubiquity of diabetes distress among adults with type 1 diabetes in an urban, academic practice: A template for intervention
Authors: Masharani Umesh , Strycker Lisa A. , Fisher Lawrence
Published: March 2022

Aims

The aim of this study was to assess the patterns of diabetes distress within an urban, technology‐oriented academic clinical practice to inform staff training and intervention.

Methods

Adults with type 1 diabetes completed the Type 1 Diabetes Distress Scale at their regular clinic visit. Descriptive statistics were generated to document the prevalence of diabetes distress overall, and from seven primary sources of distress: powerlessness, disease management, hypoglycaemia, negative social perceptions, eating, physician and family/friends. Additional analyses explored relations between diabetes distress, demographic characteristics and disease status.

Results

The prevalence of elevated diabetes distress was 30% overall, with 88% of the sample reporting elevated distress from at least one primary source. Women reported more elevated distress overall, and from the primary sources. There was an inverse relationship between diabetes duration with total diabetes distress (r = −0.19) and with the powerlessness subscale (r = −0.28). Also, those without micro‐ and/or macrovascular complications more frequently reported elevated distress from powerlessness (85%) compared to those having complications (61%). Use of technology (continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pumps) was not significantly related to diabetes distress. Diabetes distress was positively correlated with HbA1c. About 22% of individuals with HbA1c <53 mmol/mol (<7%) had elevated total distress. About a third of the sample (34%–39%) reported elevated distress from powerlessness, hypoglycaemia, negative social perceptions, eating, or family/friends.

Conclusions

It is critical to understand clinic‐specific patterns of diabetes distress in order to customise staff training and intervention programmes, and thereby reduce distress among unique populations of adults with type 1 diabetes in different settings.
Injectable semaglutide and reductions in HbA1c and weight in the real world in people switched from alternative glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists
Authors: Crabtree Thomas S. J. , Adamson Karen , Reid Hazel , Barnes Dennis , Sivappriyan Siva , Bickerton Alex , Gallen Ian W. , Field Benjamin C. T. , Idris Iskandar , Ryder Robert E. J. ,   all ABCD semaglutide audit contributors
Published: March 2022

The ABCD semaglutide audit was designed to capture the routine clinical outcomes of people commenced on semaglutide in the UK. Previous work showed differential reductions in HbA1c and weight dependent on previous glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) exposure. The analysis, in this research letter, shows that decreases in HbA1c and weight associated with semaglutide occur irrespective of previous GLP‐1RA use. However, HbA1c reductions were less if switched from dulaglutide or liraglutide and weight changes were attenuated if switched from dulaglutide or exenatide, potentially suggesting differing potencies between GLP‐1RAs. Dedicated studies with head‐to‐head comparisons are needed to confirm these findings.
The effect of presidential election outcomes on alcohol drinking
Authors: Musse Isabel , Schneider Rodrigo
Published: March 2022

The growing political polarization and the increasing use of social media have been linked to straining social ties worldwide. The 2016 presidential elections in the United States reflected this trend with reports of fear and anxiety among voters. We examine how election results can be linked to episodes of anxiety through the use of alcohol as self‐medication. We analyze a daily dataset of household purchases of alcohol in the weeks following presidential elections. We find that, within 30 days from Election Day, a 10 percentage point increase in support for the losing candidate increases alcohol expenditure by 1.1%. The effect is driven by counties with a higher share of supporters of the losing candidate and is robust to controlling more flexibly for omitted variables related to alcohol consumption. The increase in alcohol consumption is present in the 2016 elections and absent in the previous three presidential elections.
Generating odour imagery enhances brain activity in individuals with low subjective olfactory imagery ability
Authors: Han Pengfei , Qin Min , Zhou Luyi , Chen Hong
Published: March 2022

Olfactory imagery (OI) is defined as the generation of odour images in the mind. There are large inter‐individual differences regarding OI abilities. However, the neural representations of OI among individuals with high or low OI abilities are less understood. Participants with high or low OI abilities evaluated using the Vividness of Olfactory Imagery Questionnaire were recruited in this study. Brain activations were measured during a word cueing OI and visual imagery (VI) tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition, the OI task was divided into two parts. In one part, OI was performed for 8 s (long imagery generation time) and in the other part for 2 s (short imagery generation time). Ratings of the overall imagery vividness were collected at the end of each task. The vividness of OI during short OI was lower among participants with low OI abilities compared to participants with high OI abilities. Brain imaging results showed that participants with low OI ability had stronger brain activation of the supplementary motor area and the superior frontal cortex, compared to participants with higher OI abilities during the short versus long imagery generation time conditions. These results suggest that when generating odour images in a relatively short period of time (e.g., 2 s), people with either high or low OI abilities may have adopted different approaches, resulting in diverse brain activation.
The role of innovation and internationalization support in small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises’ export performance
Authors: Pastelakos Evangelos , Theodoraki Christina , Catanzaro Alexis
Published: March 2022

Although research concerning the internationalization and innovativeness of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) has received increasing scholarly attention, it mostly neglected internationalization support and underexplored post‐crisis contexts. Greece recently faced a severe economic crisis of international concern, which resulted in a unique business environment to examine the mechanisms of innovativeness and internationalization. This study examines the roles of innovativeness and internationalization support in export performance using survey data of 262 Greek manufacturing SMEs. Our findings indicate that innovation helps firms improve their export performance, but the different definitions of export performance and innovativeness caused sizeable differences. Internationalization support is important for the export performance of firms, and SMEs receiving high levels of internationalization support can overcome the lack of innovativeness and increase their export performance.
Fatigue failure behavior of aramid fiber reinforced styrene butadiene rubber composite with different fiber coatings
Authors: Zhang Hao , Yin Lianpeng , Luo Zhu , Zhong Jincheng , Wang Xingyu , Xiang Kun
Published: March 2022

This study investigates the true stress evolution of aramid fiber (AF) reinforced styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/carbon black (CB) composites with different interface characteristics in the fatigue failure process. AF was coated with epoxy‐functionalized silane (γ‐propyltrimethoxysilane, KH560) and butadiene styrene vinyl‐pyridine rubber latex (VPL). The influence of the interface characteristics on the mechanical and fatigue properties of the composites were explored. The results show that the fatigue crack growth rate of the rubber composites reinforced by a coated fiber with a flexible interface layer was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the fatigue failure behavior of the notched samples can be characterized by true stress evolution. The power‐law relationship of the true stress with both fatigue cycle and crack growth length was founded. Meanwhile, the stress evolution mechanism in the process of fatigue failure was discussed and the critical crack length corresponding to the point where the true stress begins to accelerate is found.
Forest disturbances and climate constrain carbon allocation dynamics in trees
Authors: Gea‐Izquierdo Guillermo , Sánchez‐González Mariola
Published: March 2022

Forest disturbances such as drought, fire, and logging affect the forest carbon dynamics and the terrestrial carbon sink. Forest mortality after disturbances creates uncertainties that need to be accounted for to understand forest dynamics and their associated C‐sink. We combined data from permanent resampling plots and biomass oriented dendroecological plots to estimate time series of annual woody biomass growth (ABI) in several forests. ABI time series were used to benchmark a vegetation model to analyze dynamics in forest productivity and carbon allocation forced by environmental variability. The model implements source and sink limitations explicitly by dynamically constraining carbon allocation of assimilated photosynthates as a function of temperature and moisture. Bias in tree‐ring reconstructed ABI increased back in time from data collection and with increasing disturbance intensity. ABI bias ranged from zero, in open stands without recorded mortality, to over 100% in stands with major disturbances such as thinning or snowstorms. Stand leaf area was still lower than in control plots decades after heavy thinning. Disturbances, species life‐history strategy and climatic variability affected carbon‐partitioning patterns in trees. Resprouting broadleaves reached maximum biomass growth at earlier ages than nonresprouting conifers. Environmental variability and leaf area explained much variability in woody biomass allocation. Effects of stand competition on C‐allocation were mediated by changes in stand leaf area except after major disturbances. Divergence between tree‐ring estimated and simulated ABI were caused by unaccounted changes in allocation or misrepresentation of some functional process independently of the model calibration approach. Higher disturbance intensity produced greater modifications of the C‐allocation pattern, increasing error in reconstructed biomass dynamics. Legacy effects from disturbances decreased model performance and reduce the potential use of ABI as a proxy to net primary productivity. Trait‐based dynamics of C‐allocation in response to environmental variability need to be refined in vegetation models.
Extended urbanisation and the politics of uncertainty: The contested pathways of highway corridors in India
Authors: Bathla Nitin
Published: March 2022

This paper explores how uncertainty has become a central constitutive feature under the ongoing attempts at rapid extension of highway corridors across India. Contrary to the terra nullius assumption that India's highway programmes operate under, the pathways to accumulation they seek to open present a palimpsest of pre‐existing claims, occupancies and forms of dwelling that come into conflict with the attempts to extend urban space. The paper specifically follows the prolonged uncertainty surrounding a regional highway corridor between the cities of Delhi and Gurgaon, the Dwarka Expressway, which underwent multiple legal contestations over evictions and land disputes. In doing so, it analyses how managing uncertainty in the production of highway corridors becomes profitable for the state, powerful corporate actors and middle‐class homebuyer‐investors, presenting a form of value that can be commodified and exchanged. However, on the other hand, owing to its double‐edged nature, uncertainty also becomes productive for the urban majority in laying claims to urban space. As rapid extended urbanisation increasingly disrupts the lifeworlds of marginal communities, this paper calls for embracing the politics and practices of uncertainty in the continued efforts to push ex‐centric urban analysis beyond the narrow focus on state processes and commodification.
WHY IS LITERATURE NECESSARY FOR THEORIZING MODERN TIME?
Authors: Yahav Amit
Published: March 2022

Aleida Assmann's Is Time Out of Joint? On the Rise and Fall of the Modern Time Regime theorizes and historicizes modern temporality by way of putting western European modernization theory into conversation with a wide range of literary references. This essay assesses the usefulness of examining modern temporality through these two discourses and explores why literary discourse seems a valuable corrective to modernization theory. Pressing further on Assmann's insights, this essay argues that modern literature is especially suited for temporal theorization because of its double commitment to, on the one hand, an absorptive aesthetics and, on the other, the linearity of its medium. Departing from Assmann, this essay also suggests that granular literary analysis—an academic practice of attention that turns a modern aesthetics into a methodology—is better equipped than the practice of survey to identify the full extent of literary aptness for temporal theorization.
Present status and future directions of intracanal medicaments
Authors: Ordinola‐Zapata Ronald , Noblett W. Craig , Perez‐Ron Alejandro , Ye Zhou , Vera Jorge
Published: March 2022

Two fundamental goals of endodontic treatment are to prevent or treat apical periodontitis. From a predictive perspective, several variables can affect the outcome of root canal treatment. Some of these variables depend on intraoperative factors, which include irrigation technique, size of the apical preparation, use of intracanal medicaments or the number of appointments necessary to complete the treatment. However, the outcome may also be affected by host and microbial factors. The intensity of periradicular bone loss or tissue damage, the presence of preoperative pain and associated conditions such as mechanical allodynia and central sensitization, the anatomical complexity of the apical portion of the canal, and the virulence and longevity of the bacterial infection can all have a profound influence on the outcome. Furthermore, numerous medical conditions have been reported to decrease the capability of the immune system to heal the periapical tissues. It is the clinician's responsibility to analyse these variables and incorporate them into the disinfection strategy to maximize the chances of healing. This narrative review will focus on the present status of intracanal medicaments, the clinical indications for their use and future directions for research.
DEEP EQUILIBRIUM NETS
Authors: Azinovic Marlon , Gaegauf Luca , Scheidegger Simon
Published: March 2022

We introduce deep equilibrium nets (DEQNs)—a deep learning‐based method to compute approximate functional rational expectations equilibria of economic models featuring a significant amount of heterogeneity, uncertainty, and occasionally binding constraints. DEQNs are neural networks trained in an unsupervised fashion to satisfy all equilibrium conditions along simulated paths of the economy. Since DEQNs approximate the equilibrium functions directly, simulating the economy is computationally cheap, and training data can be generated at virtually zero cost. We demonstrate that DEQNs can accurately solve economically relevant models by applying them to two challenging life‐cycle models and a Bewley‐style model with aggregate risk.
Inverse association between autoimmunity and elevated IgE among childhood vitiligo
Authors: Dai Ting , Wu Yao , Song Wei , Li Fulun , Wang Liuhui
Published: March 2022

Background

Multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis of childhood vitiligo. The characteristics in a different population under modified environmental factors need further reevaluation. The present study aimed to reevaluate the clinical and laboratory features in consequent children vitiligo patients.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed consequent children vitiligo patients who visited Children’s Hospital of Fudan University (National Children’s Medical Center of China). The prevalence rate of thyroid dysfunction, circulating autoantibodies, serum IgE, and associated factors were analyzed.

Results

A total of 244 consequent vitiligo patients were included, of which 20 children had personal autoimmune history. Two hundred and nineteen of the 244 patients took a thyroid function test, and the abnormal rate was only 3.7% (8/219). The elevated IgE rate was 31.7% (52/157), the antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive rate was 9.8% (12/123), and the extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) positive rate was 4.4% (4/91), respectively. The elevated IgE was significantly associated with atopic disease history and male gender. Of note, personal autoimmune history showed a significant inverse association with elevated IgE.

Conclusions

Thyroid dysfunction rate was low among the consequent children vitiligo patients. Personal autoimmune history was inversely associated with elevated IgE. Various clinical characteristics and pathogenesis might contribute to different long‐term outcomes of vitiligo.
The uses of tranexamic acid in dermatology: a review
Authors: Kim Katelyn M. , Lim Henry W.
Published: March 2022

Tranexamic acid is a plasmin inhibitor that is used off‐label for the treatment of melasma. The use of tranexamic acid has expanded in the field of dermatology based on its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐melanin‐producing properties, which include the treatment of rosacea, urticaria, and post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Tranexamic acid may have more uses in dermatology that require future studies. It should be used with caution during the COVID‐19 pandemic given its procoagulant nature.
The risk of metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
Authors: Caudill Jennifer , Thomas Jean E , Burkhart Craig G
Published: March 2022

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common nonmelanoma skin cancer, accounting for 20% of all skin cancers. The risk of the disease continues to rise annually with an estimated 50–200% increase in incidence within the last three decades. Although cSCC is one of the most common skin cancers, reported having 1 million cases per year in the United States, there is inconsistency with its reported metastatic rate. Research exploring cSCC metastasis found an overall rate of 1.2–5% but this range varies, and some dermatologists are finding cSCC's ability to spread more worrisome. This allows for clinical variation in the appropriate treatments and follow‐up guidelines when diagnosing a patient with cSCC. Poor prognosis in patients with a high metastatic potential makes cSCC clinically problematic. Clinician emphasis should be put on risk factors, anatomical site, tumor presentation, and histological features when evaluating cSCC's metastatic potential. In this review, specific skin conditions that predispose to cSCC and discrepancies in its reported metastatic potential will be discussed.
Description of the most severe signs in nail lichen planus: a strategy to contribute to the diagnosis of the severe stage
Authors: Ceccarelli Miguel A. , Gavilanes‐Coloma Maria C. , D'almeida Luiza , Azulay David , Iorizzo Matilde , Starace Michela , Haneke Eckart , Nakamura Robertha C.
Published: March 2022

Background

Severe nail lichen planus (NLP) does not respond well to treatment and is often poorly considered and described in detail.

Objective

We sought to describe the characteristics of severe NLP.

Methods

A retrospective data analysis was performed, including the photographic records of the most compromised nails of patients with NLP over 18 years old, who consulted between 2009 and 2019 at the Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Descriptive and statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test was performed to verify the hypothesis of independence between characteristics (P < 0.05).

Results

A total of 102 patients were included. Anonychia was associated with severe thinning of the nail plate, retraction of the nail bed or nail plate, residual nail plate, loss of proximal nail fold limits, and onychoatrophy. Dorsal pterygium was associated with loss of proximal nail fold limits, onychoatrophy, and distal splitting greater than 50%.

Conclusion

We provide descriptions of the most severe signs in order to facilitate the clinical diagnosis when a biopsy is not feasible and suggest an update of current NLP classifications.
Regional disparities in bonding and bridging social capital: An empirical study of rural and urban Japan
Authors: Qin Ziyi , Tanaka Katsuya , Matsuoka Shunji
Published: March 2022

This article investigates regional social capital development by focusing on disparities in bonding and bridging social capital among rural and urban areas of Japan. Rural–urban differences in social capital in Western contexts have been discussed by many studies. Their main finding is that bonding social capital is richer in rural areas and bridging social capital is richer in urban areas. However, the empirical evidence presented in this article suggests that in Japan both bridging and bonding social capital are richer in rural than urban areas, diverging from traditional thinking about these two types of social capital. This finding suggests that urbanization and depopulation in rural areas of Japan have led to changes in people's behavior and their demand for social networks, promoting the development of bridging social capital in rural areas.
Domestic help and the gender division of domestic labor during theCOVID‐19 pandemic: Gender inequality amongJapaneseparents
Authors: Nishimura Junko
Published: March 2022

The enduring COVID‐19 pandemic has gradually transformed our everyday lives. This study focuses on changes in work and family arrangements, with particular focus on changes in domestic help, and examines its impact on the division of domestic labor. Using a social survey of work and the family conducted in November 2020 and May 2021, the results show that from January 2020 (pre‐pandemic) to May 2021, approximately 40% of respondents experienced a reduced gender gap for housework and childcare, while a large gender gap is still observed in the absolute frequency of undertaking domestic labor. Some lifestyle changes triggered by the pandemic, such as an increase in the use of takeaways or delivery meals, and the expansion of working from home, are found to be able to contribute a shift toward more equal sharing of domestic labor. However, the fact that the access to such lifestyle changes is more common among those with a relatively high income or high educational background suggests that the lifestyle changes imposed by the pandemic may exacerbate class disparities in the gender gap in domestic labor. Furthermore, the results show that decreased kinship support results in a greater childcare burden being placed on women.
Affective organizational commitment, self‐concept, and work performance: A social comparison perspective
Authors: Tang Wei‐Gang , Vandenberghe Christian
Published: March 2022

Using two studies and four samples, we introduce new forms of assimilative and contrastive affective organizational commitment (AOC) from a social comparison perspective and examine their distinctiveness from traditional AOC. We further explore the interplay among assimilative and contrastive AOCs and the self‐concept in predicting specific performance outcomes. Study 1 used two samples (Ns = 181 and 655) aimed at developing the measures of assimilative and contrastive AOC and found them to be distinct from traditional AC. Study 2 tested the idea that the self‐concept (collective vs. individual) would influence how strongly assimilative versus contrastive AOC would predict helping behavior versus task proficiency as performance outcomes. Using two samples (Sample 1 N = 192; Sample 2 N = 246) with multisource data from subordinates and supervisors, Study 2 found that controlling for traditional AOC, the relationship between assimilative AOC and employee helping behavior was stronger and positive at high levels of the collective self‐concept (Sample 1) and that the relationship between contrastive AOC and employee task proficiency was marginally stronger and positive at high levels of the individual self‐concept (Sample 2). Our findings bear implications for theory and practice and present openings for future research.
From national activation legislation to local practices in Norway—Why the same law gives diverse practices
Authors: Trætteberg Håkon Solbu , Grødem Anne Skevik
Published: March 2022

Social policies are legislated nationally and implemented locally, and despite national attempts at vertical policy coordination, implementation varies. The aim of this article is to better understand variations in local implementation of national policies, emphasising, in particular, structural conditions. Our case is a legislative change in Norway that obliged municipalities to implement compulsory participation and conditionality for young recipients of social assistance. We conducted a comparative case study analysis in which, through 28 qualitative interviews, we compared six municipalities. We found that municipalities that have conceptualised compulsory participation as physical work and long hours in catch‐all programmes are also the municipalities that sanction through benefit cuts. The municipalities that were more reluctant to cut benefits were those with the least straining requirements in terms of content and scope. We discuss local variation in terms of local‐level path dependence, the size of the municipality and state supervision of municipalities.
Adoptive transfer of IL‐4 reprogrammed Tc17 cells elicits anti‐tumour immunity through functional plasticity
Authors: Liu Chiung‐Hui , Lin Bo‐Shiou , Wu Mei‐Yao , Song Ying‐Chyi , Ke Tao‐Wei , Chou Yu‐Lun , Liu Chuan‐Teng , Lin Chia‐Hsin , Radojcic Vedran , Drake Charles , Yen Hung‐Rong
Published: March 2022

Ability of IL‐17‐producing CD8+ T cells (Tc17) to transform into cytotoxic anti‐tumour effectors makes them a promising candidate for immune effector cell (IEC) therapy. However, key factors regulating Tc17 reprogramming remain poorly defined, hindering translation of Tc17‐based IEC use from bench to bedside. We probed the effects of multiple cytokines and underlying signalling pathways on Tc17 cells and identified pivotal role for IL‐4 and PI3K/AKT in promoting Tc17 transformation into cytotoxic IFN‐γ‐producing IECs, an effect dependent on Eomes expression. IL‐4 not only triggered Tc17 cytotoxicity, but also induced cell expansion, which significantly improved the antitumour potential of Tc17 cells compared to that of IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells (Tc1) in a murine model. Furthermore, IL‐4/AKT signalling drove the upregulation of the T‐cell receptor‐associated transmembrane adaptor 1 (Trat1) in Tc17 cells to promote IL‐4‐induced T‐cell receptor stabilization and Tc17 cytotoxicity. Finally, we proposed a possible procedure to expand human Tc17 from peripheral blood of cancer patients, and confirmed the function of IL‐4 in Tc17 reprogramming. Collectively, these results document a novel IL‐4/AKT/Eomes/Trat1 axis that promotes expansion and transformation of Tc17 cells into cytotoxic effectors with a therapeutic potential. IL‐4 priming of Tc17 cells should be further explored as a cell therapy engineering strategy to generate IECs to augment anti‐tumour responses.
Unscheduled healthcare for children with intellectual disabilities: A systematic scoping review
Authors: Nicholson Emma , Conlon Ciara , Mimmo Laurel , Doherty Edel , Guerin Suzanne
Published: March 2022

Background

The provision of unscheduled healthcare for children with intellectual disability is less researched than that focused on hospital settings or for adult services. The aim of the scoping review was to map the evidence base in this area and identify areas for future study.

Method

A five‐stage scoping review framework was adopted. CINAHL, PubMed, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, Embase, ProQuest Dissertation & Theses and Google Scholar were searched. Studies published in English after 1/1/2000 were considered eligible for inclusion.

Results

A total of 3158 titles and abstracts were screened, 137 full‐text articles were reviewed, and 25 papers met the inclusion criteria. Descriptive themes focused on inequities, needs and experiences of families', poor GP training, and limitations of existing evidence.

Conclusion

Describing trends in healthcare utilisation by this population is valuable for monitoring quality of healthcare, however, addressing observed inequities will require approaches that recognise specific issues within the health system that result in inequities.
Will the insulated‐tip radiofrequency catheter transform ablation procedures?
Authors: Kotake Yasuhito , Kanawati Juliana , Kumar Saurabh
Published: March 2022

Radiofrequency (RF) ablation has been the most widely employed energy source for catheter ablation to date. However, most of conventional RF ablation energy dissipates into the bloodstream before reaching the target tissue. Technology that conveys RF energy exclusively toward target tissue may potentially improve the quality, safety, and outcome of the RF ablation procedures. RF ablation using a novel insulated‐tip catheter (Sirona Medical Technologies [SMT]) may refine RF ablation in the future to minimize the risk of iatrogenic complications. Although it is still unclear whether the results of the SMT catheter can be translated to a human beating heart, the data for SMT catheter of this study are very promising.
Volatile organic compounds released by wheat as a result of striped shieldbug feeding and insect behaviour
Authors: Sendel Sebastian , Bocianowski Jan , Buszewski Bogusław , Piesik Magdalena , Mayhew Chris A. , Piesik Dariusz
Published: March 2022

The most popular plant protection method is chemical; however, this is often connected with repeated treatments. Therefore, eco‐friendly strategies need to be investigated. A good alternative is to use the natural repellent properties of plants. The aims of this study were to determine how adult striped shieldbugs (Aelia acuminata L.) feeding on spring wheat plants affect the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to determine the reaction of these insects to synthetic blends of VOCs. Using GC/MS for VOC analysis, we find that Aelia acuminata L. (1 or 2 adult pairs) significantly induced VOC emissions from wheat plants. In comparison with controls, larger amounts of (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, β‐pinene, β‐myrcene, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate, 1‐hexyl acetate, 4‐heptanone, (Z)‐ocimene, linalool, linalool oxide, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, indole, β‐caryophyllene and (E)‐β‐farnesene were released as a result of the biotic stress, with two pairs of insects causing a significantly stronger plant reaction. On the basis of the VOCs identified and their emitted concentrations for two pairs of feeding adult striped shieldbugs, two blends of VOCs were prepared in three concentrations: blend I—(Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate and 1‐hexyl acetate, and blend II—(Z)‐ocimene, linalool, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, β‐caryophyllene and (E)‐β‐farnesene. Using an olfactometer (Y‐tube) to study insect behaviour, it was found that the male striped shieldbugs were not attracted to any of the blends at any concentration. Female shieldbugs were attracted to blend I at concentration 1. As for the remaining concentrations of both blends, females and males were repelled, with the higher the concentration the stronger the insect reaction.
Localization and functional characterization of the alternative oxidase in Naegleria
Authors: Cantoni Diego , Osborne Ashley , Taib Najwa , Thompson Gary , Martín‐Escolano Rubén , Kazana Eleanna , Edrich Elizabeth , Brown Ian R. , Gribaldo Simonetta , Gourlay Campbell W. , Tsaousis Anastasios D.
Published: March 2022

The alternative oxidase (AOX) is a protein involved in supporting enzymatic reactions of the Krebs cycle in instances when the canonical (cytochrome‐mediated) respiratory chain has been inhibited, while allowing for the maintenance of cell growth and necessary metabolic processes for survival. Among eukaryotes, alternative oxidases have dispersed distribution and are found in plants, fungi, and protists, including Naegleria ssp. Naegleria species are free‐living unicellular amoeboflagellates and include the pathogenic species of N. fowleri, the so‐called “brain‐eating amoeba.” Using a multidisciplinary approach, we aimed to understand the evolution, localization, and function of AOX and the role that plays in Naegleria's biology. Our analyses suggest that AOX was present in last common ancestor of the genus and structure prediction showed that all functional residues are also present in Naegleria species. Using cellular and biochemical techniques, we also functionally characterize N. gruberi's AOX in its mitochondria, and we demonstrate that its inactivation affects its proliferation. Consequently, we discuss the benefits of the presence of this protein in Naegleria species, along with its potential pathogenicity role in N. fowleri. We predict that our findings will spearhead new explorations to understand the cell biology, metabolism, and evolution of Naegleria and other free‐living relatives.
Anaerobic ciliates as a model group for studying symbioses in oxygen‐depleted environments
Authors: Rotterová Johana , Edgcomb Virginia P. , Čepička Ivan , Beinart Roxanne
Published: March 2022

Anaerobiosis has independently evolved in multiple lineages of ciliates, allowing them to colonize a variety of anoxic and oxygen‐depleted habitats. Anaerobic ciliates commonly form symbiotic relationships with various prokaryotes, including methanogenic archaea and members of several bacterial groups. The hypothesized functions of these ecto‐ and endosymbionts include the symbiont utilizing the ciliate's fermentative end products to increase the host's anaerobic metabolic efficiency, or the symbiont directly providing the host with energy by denitrification or photosynthesis. The host, in turn, may protect the symbiont from competition, the environment, and predation. Despite rapid advances in sampling, molecular, and microscopy methods, as well as the associated broadening of the known diversity of anaerobic ciliates, many aspects of these ciliate symbioses, including host specificity and coevolution, remain largely unexplored. Nevertheless, with the number of comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses targeting anaerobic ciliates and their symbionts on the rise, insights into the nature of these symbioses and the evolution of the ciliate transition to obligate anaerobiosis continue to deepen. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge regarding the complex nature of symbioses in anaerobic ciliates, the diversity of these symbionts, their role in the evolution of ciliate anaerobiosis and their significance in ecosystem‐level processes.
Barriers and facilitators to family caregiver training during home health care: A multisite qualitative analysis
Authors: Burgdorf Julia G. , Wolff Jennifer L. , Chase Jo‐Ana , Arbaje Alicia I.
Published: March 2022

Background

During Medicare home health care (HHC), family caregiver assistance is often integral to implementing the care plan and avoiding readmission. Family caregiver training delivered by HHC clinicians (nurses and physical therapists [PTs]) helps ensure caregivers' ability to safely assist when HHC staff are not present. Yet, family caregiver training needs often go unmet during HHC, increasing the risk of adverse patient outcomes. There is a critical knowledge gap regarding challenges HHC clinicians face in providing necessary family caregiver training.

Methods

Multisite qualitative study using semi‐structured, in‐depth key informant interviews with Registered Nurses (n = 11) and PTs (n = 8) employed by four HHC agencies. Participating agencies were diverse in rurality, scale, ownership, and geographic region. Key informant interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using directed content analysis to identify existing facilitators and barriers to family caregiver training during HHC.

Results

Clinicians had an average of 9.3 years (range = 1.5–23 years) experience in HHC, an average age of 45.1 years (range = 28–63 years), and 95% were female. Clinicians identified facilitators and barriers to providing family caregiver training at the individual, interpersonal, and structural levels. The most salient factors included clinician–caregiver communication and rapport, accuracy of hospital discharge information, and access to resources such as additional visits and social work consultation. Clinicians noted the COVID‐19 pandemic introduced additional challenges to providing family caregiver training, including caregivers' reduced access to hospital staff prior to discharge.

Conclusions

HHC clinicians identified a range of barriers and facilitators to delivering family caregiver training during HHC; particularly highlighting the role of clinician–caregiver communication. To support caregiver training in this setting, there is a need for updated reimbursement structures supporting greater visit flexibility, improved discharge communication between hospital and HHC, and structured communication aids to facilitate caregiver engagement and assessment.
Feasibility of combined upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to evaluate gastrointestinal diseases
Authors: Heilmann Romy M. , McIntosh Jenny , Acke Els , Reitemeier Susanne , Pfannkuche Helga , Erdmann Sabrina , Roedler Frauke S. , Einspanier Almuth
Published: March 2022

Background

Chronic gastroenteropathies, including gluten sensitivity and marmoset wasting syndrome, frequently occur in captive colonies of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Early identification and diagnosis of affected animals are desirable. Endoscopic examination of the colon in marmosets is described, but the small intestine can harbor significant mucosal lesions not representing those in the colon. Evaluating the small intestine currently requires invasive surgical biopsies due to the small patient size, carrying a risk of severe complications.

Methods

Endoscopic intubation and multisite biopsy of the duodenum/proximal jejunum are demonstrated in 10 marmosets under general anesthesia.

Results

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with colonoscopy efficiently aid in examining the gastrointestinal tract and obtaining an antemortem histologic diagnosis in marmosets with chronic gastrointestinal signs.

Conclusions

This minimally invasive technique is feasible in marmosets. Future investigations into the pathogenesis of chronic gastroenteropathies will benefit from these data, leading to improved animal welfare and better individual and colony health management.