bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation and spatiotemporal evolution of optical vortices in femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Toda Yasunori , Nagaoka Koshi , Shimatake Katsuhiro , Morita Ryuji
Published: April 2009

Topology has become one of the key concepts allowing one to understand the intrinsic, qualitative properties of phenomena throughout various scientific fields. To date, this concept has been extended to the field of material science and technology. On the other hand, we can now utilize the spatially controlled light defined by the topology (so‐called “optical vortices”) in order to characterize the topological properties of materials. In particular, optical vortices in femtosecond pulses will be invaluable for advanced topological spectroscopy. In this work, the authors created femtosecond optical vortices using a spatial light modulator. Their spatiotemporal properties were evaluated using interferogram and correlation measurements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(4): 39–46, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20791
Dynamic C‐V characteristic for a varactor load connected with a transmission line
Authors: Watanabe Takemi , Sangkrasin Apiruk , Matsumoto Fujihiko , Noguchi Yasuaki
Published: April 2009

Crosstalk is induced by a reflected wave of a load connected with a transmission line. Thus, analysis of the reflected wave is important. The reflected wave generated from a nonlinear load is complicated. In order to estimate the complicated reflected wave, we measured the reflected and incident waves for the nonlinear load and estimated the dynamic C‐V characteristic, which explains the relation between the incident and reflected waves. This paper reports a simple experimental method of extracting reflected waves at a varactor load and presents estimates of the dynamic C‐V characteristic of the load. It is shown that the reflected voltage waves simulated using the dynamic C‐V characteristic agree with the measured results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(4): 32–38, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20821
Operating principles of pin diodes
Authors: Takata Ikunori
Published: April 2009

Analytical models of the pin diode in a small‐current operation are not known yet. This article presents a simple analytical model of the pin diode operation with its confirmation by a numerical simulation. At the onset, carrier recombinations are not included for the sake of simplicity. The exact JF−VF characteristic $[J_{F} \propto \hbox{exp}(V_{F}/kT)]$ could have been induced only by accounting for the Boltzmann distribution of each carrier across the junctions and the diffusion current of each minority carrier in a p‐anode or n‐cathode. Based on this new model, the modifications of hole–electron densities product (nenh) across junctions, a rough estimation of the large operational current, its carrier distributions, and the effect of carrier recombination on the carrier distribution are plainly estimated and are also compared with the simulation results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(4): 47–56, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20844
Remote surface modification of plastics by atmospheric barrier discharge
Authors: Yanagisawa Yuta , Yoshioka Yoshio
Published: April 2009

The surface modification by atmospheric pressure barrier discharge is effective in the improvement of adhesion performance of plastics. Remote plasma processing has several advantages over direct plasma processing. It is free from the problem of surface damage and charge accumulation and has larger freedom of setup of the system. However, it is necessary to improve the processing performances such as range of remote processing distance, reduction of contact angle, and so on.

In this paper, we have investigated processing performances of the remote surface reforming. We used polyethylene film as the reforming object. It was found that the following are very effective as processing conditions: (1) use of nitrogen gas, (2) high‐speed gas flow, and (3) longer processing time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(4): 1–8, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20861
Progressive CD127 down‐regulation correlates with increased apoptosis of CD8 T cells during chronic HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Ye , Zhang Zheng , Fu Jun‐Liang , Kang Fu‐Biao , Xu Xiang‐Sheng , Nie Wei‐Min , Zhou Chun‐Bao , Zhao Min , Wang Fu‐Sheng
Published: April 2009

Chronic HIV‐1 infection can induce a significant decrease in CD127 expression on CD8 T cells, but the underlying mechanisms and immunological consequences are unclear. In this study, we investigated CD127 expression on CD8 T cells from a total of 51 HIV‐1‐infected subjects and 16 healthy individuals and analyzed the association between CD127 expression and CD8 T‐cell apoptosis in these HIV‐1‐infected subjects. We found that CD127 expression on total CD8 T cells was significantly down‐regulated, which was correlated with the increased CD8 T‐cell apoptosis and disease progression of chronic HIV‐1 infection. The in vitro addition of IL‐7 efficiently rescued the spontaneous apoptosis of CD8 T cells from HIV‐1‐infected individuals. IL‐7 stimulation also transiently down‐regulated CD127 expression, whereas some of the CD127− CD8 T cells regained CD127 expression soon after IL‐7 was retracted from the incubation medium. Thus, IL‐7 stimulation reduced apoptosis of both CD127+ and CD127−CD8 T cells to some degree. These data indicate that CD127 loss might impair IL‐7 signaling and increase CD8 T‐cell apoptosis during HIV‐1 infection. This study, therefore, will extend the notion that IL‐7 could be a good candidate for immunotherapy in HIV‐1‐infected patients.
Curing CNS autoimmune disease with myelin‐reactive Foxp3+ Treg
Authors: Stephens Leigh A. , Malpass Katy H. , Anderton Stephen M.
Published: April 2009

The potential use of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg as a cellular therapy for autoimmune disease is of great interest. For clinical translation, the key objective is to reverse established disease. Here we demonstrate that myelin basic protein (MBP)‐reactive CD4+CD25+ Treg from TCR Tg mice, but not polyclonal (non‐MBP‐reactive) Treg, can transfer efficient protection against MBP‐induced EAE when used either directly from donor mice, or after in vitro expansion. MBP‐reactive Treg transfer also showed some ability to improve recovery from EAE initiated by T cells recognizing a distinct CNS autoantigen, proteolipid protein. Importantly, we also demonstrate for the first time in the context of EAE that in vitro‐expanded naturally occurring MBP‐reactive Treg can prevent disease relapse when given after the onset of clinical EAE. Our study also contains data pertaining to the most effective Treg sub‐population in vivo (CD4+CD25+CD62Lhi) and shows that their potent suppressive effects reflect stable expression of Foxp3, although not CD25 or CD62L. Our data provide proof of the principle that Treg‐based therapies can cure CNS autoimmune disease, highlight the challenges for clinical translation and open new avenues for assessing how changing immune function via Treg activity might impact on neurodegeneration and repair.
The adaptive phenotype of cortical thymic epithelial cells
Authors: Boehm Thomas
Published: April 2009

Epithelial cells in the thymus are required for positive and negative selection of developing thymocytes. Although medullary epithelial cells play a major role in negative selection owing to their facility of expressing peripheral self‐antigens, the adaptive features of cortical epithelial cells are largely unknown. A paper in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology shows that the putative serine protease Prss16 affects positive selection of a subset of CD4+ T cells. A survey of chordate genomes indicates that the Prss16 gene emerged in vertebrates as a paralogue of evolutionarily older members of the serine carboxypeptidase 28 family; thus, Prss16 is not associated with the appearance of the adaptive immune system and the thymus in jawed vertebrates. Nevertheless, it appears that Prss16 has later evolved as an essential contributor to the MHC class II peptide/ligand repertoire.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 4/09
Authors: Ghumra Ashfaq , Shi Jianguo , Mcintosh Richard S. , Rasmussen Ingunn B. , Braathen Ranveig , Johansen Finn‐Eirik , Sandlie Inger , Mongini Patricia K. , Areschoug Thomas , Lindahl Gunnar , Lewis Melanie J. , Woof Jenny M. , Pleass Richard J.
Published: April 2009

The cover image, provided by Ghumra et al. (pp. 1147–1156), shows two views of a molecular model of human dimeric IgA1 revealing residues predicted to be critical for interaction with human Fca/mR, a receptor with specificity for the Fc regions of IgA and IgM. The IgA heavy chains (tailpieces omitted) are shown in yellow, and the light chains in blue. The heavy chain residues proline 440 to phenylalanine 443 on the Ca3 domain of the IgA Fc region, implicated in hFca/mR interaction, are shown as red spheres. The J (joining) chain of the dimeric IgA is not included in the model, but the white dotted line in the lower view indicates a possible position.
Synthesis, Structure, and Ring‐Expansion Reactions of a 3‐Ferrocenyl‐Substituted 2H‐Azaphosphirene Tungsten Complex
Authors: Streubel Rainer , Beckmann Manuela , Neumann Christoph , Fankel Stefan , Helten Holger , Feier‐Iova Ovidiu , Jones Peter G. , Nieger Martin
Published: April 2009

Reaction ofC‐ferrocenyl‐substituted aminocarbene tungsten complex1with [bis(trimethylsilyl)methylene]chlorophosphane (2) and triethylamine yielded 2H‐azaphosphirene complex3in good yield. Reaction of complex3with aryl nitriles4a–c,N‐piperidinonitrile (4d), and acetonitrile (4e) in the presence of ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate yieldedregioselectively 2H‐1,4,2‐diazaphosphole complexes5a–ethrough single‐electron‐transfer‐induced ring expansion together with complex6in varying amounts; isolation of the latter failed. Apart from the NMR spectroscopic parameters of complexes1,3, and5a–e, cyclic voltammetric (1,3,5a–d), and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data (1,3, and5d) are presented and discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cyclometallated [C,N,O] Complexes as Metalloligands: Synthesis and Structural Characterisation of New Di‐, Tri‐, Tetra‐ and Pentanuclear Heterometallic Complexes
Authors: Gómez‐Blanco Nina , Fernández Jesús J. , Fernández Alberto , Vázquez‐García Digna , López‐Torres Margarita , Vila José M.
Published: April 2009

Reaction of the Schiff‐base ligands 4‐(4‐NC5H4)C6H4C(H)=N(C6H3OH‐2‐tBu‐5) (a) and (4‐NC5H4)C(H)=N(C6H3OH‐2‐tBu‐5) (b) with palladium(II) acetate in toluene at 60 °C gave the tetranuclear orthometallated palladium complexes 1a and 1b, respectively, as air‐stable solids. Treatment of 1a and 1b with triphenylphosphane gave the mononuclear species 2a and 2b upon splitting of the polynuclear structure. Reaction of 1a with the tertiary diphosphanes Ph2P(CH2)4PPh2 (dppb), Fe(C5H4PPh2)2 (dppf), Ph2PC(H)=C(H)PPh2 (t‐dppe) and Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2 (dpph), and 1b with dppb and dppf, in a 1:2 molar ratio gave complexes 3a–6a and 3b and 4b, respectively. Reaction of 2a, 4a and 6a with hexacarbonylchromium or ‐tungsten and 2b and 3b with hexacarbonylchromium, ‐molybdenum or ‐tungsten in thf under UV activation gave complexes 7a–12a and 5b–10b, respectively, which contain an M(CO)5 fragment coordinated to the pyridine nitrogen atom. Treatment of 2b with [RuCl2(CO)(dmf)(PPh3)2] in chloroform at room temperature for 2 d afforded 11b. Treatment of ligands (2‐NC5H4)C(H)=N(C6H4OH‐2) (c) and (2‐NC5H4)C(H)=N(C6H3OH‐2‐tBu‐5) (d) with palladium(II) acetate yielded the mononuclear palladium acetate complexes 1c and 1d, respectively. Treatment of 1c and 1d with aqueous sodium chloride, or, alternatively, treatment of c and d with K2[PdCl4], gave chloropalladium complexes 2c and 2d, respectively. Treatment of 2c and 2d with silver perchlorate and triphenylphosphane in acetone gave the mononuclear phosphane complexes 3c and 3d, respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
How To Tune Acid‐Induced Ring Enlargement Reactions – The Strange Case of 2H‐Azaphosphirene Complexes and Its Surprising Dichotomy
Authors: Helten Holger , von Frantzius Gerd , Schnakenburg Gregor , Daniels Jörg , Streubel Rainer
Published: April 2009

2H‐Azaphosphirene complex 1a reacted with TfOH, cyclohexyl isocyanide, and subsequently with NEt3 – P–N‐bond‐selectively – to give the first 2,3‐dihydro‐1,3‐azaphosphete complex 2. Under the same conditions, 2H‐azaphosphirene complex 1b underwent a P–C‐bond‐selective ring enlargement with phenylacetylene with formation of 2H‐1,2‐azaphosphole complex 3. Apart from X‐ray crystallographic data (2, 3), DFT calculations are discussed, which provide first insight into this surprising dichotomy.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The Role of Amine–B(C6F5)3 Adducts in the Catalytic Reduction of Imines with H2: A Computational Study
Authors: Privalov Timofei
Published: April 2009

This study thoroughly examines the potential energy surfaces (PESs) of two possible mechanisms for reduction of imines by B(C6F5)3 and H2. The key reaction steps of the first catalytic mechanism, which is the focus of our study, are: (i) the uptake of H2 by a thermally activated amine–B(C6F5)3 species; (ii) proton transfer from the NH2+ moiety of [RNH2CH2R′]+[HB(C6F5)3]– to the imine; (iii) nucleophillic attack of the C‐center of the iminium ion by the BH– group. The potential energy barriers of the latter, as determined by calculating the evolution of the H‐bonded complex of an imine and [RNH2CH2R′]+[HB(C6F5)3]– in toluene, are around 10 kcal mol–1 each. In the second mechanism, only imines serve as basic partners of B(C6F5)3 in the H2 activation, which affords an [RN(H)CHR′]+[HB(C6F5)3]– ion pair; direct reduction then proceeds via nucleophilic attack of the C‐center by the BH– in [RN(H)CHR′]+[HB(C6F5)3]–. This route becomes catalytic when the product amine is released into the solvent and B(C6F5)3 is re‐used for H2 activation. Upon taking into account the association energy of an amine–B(C6F5)3 adduct [–9.5 kcal mol–1 for tBuN(H)CH2Ph and B(C6F5)3 in toluene], the potential energy barrier for H2 uptake by an imine and B(C6F5)3 increases to 14.5 kcal mol–1. We report a somewhat lower potential energy barrier for H2 uptake by thermally activated amine–B(C6F5)3 adducts [12.7 kcal mol–1 for the B‐N adduct of tBuN(H)CH2Ph and B(C6F5)3 in toluene], although the difference between the two H2 activationbarriers is within the expected error of the computational method. Two catalytic routes are compared based on B3LYP‐computed PESs in solvent (toluene).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Shaping cooperation behavior: The role of accessibility experiences and uncertainty
Authors: Müller Patrick A. , Greifeneder Rainer , Stahlberg Dagmar , van den Bos Kees , Bless Herbert
Published: April 2009

The present research investigates the influence on cooperative behavior of accessibility experiences associated with the retrieval of fairness‐relevant information from memory. We argue that the decision whether to cooperate in negotiations depends not only on information about the appropriateness of the negotiation procedure, but also on the experience of how difficult or easy it is to come up with this information. Supporting this hypothesis, it is shown that in the context of a bargaining experiment, participants' experiences of ease or difficulty in retrieving unfair aspects of the respective negotiation procedure strongly influence their cooperation behavior. In addition, we hypothesize and empirically substantiate that the influence of accessibility experiences on cooperation behavior occurs particularly in situations of certainty salience. Implications for future research on cooperation and on accessibility experiences are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A boundary element method/Brownian dynamics approach for simulating DNA electrophoresis in electrically insulating microfabricated devices
Authors: Cho Jaeseol , Kenward Martin , Dorfman Kevin D.
Published: April 2009

We present an approach for merging boundary element method (BEM) solutions of the electric field in electrically insulating complex geometries with Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations of DNA electrophoresis therein. Although a rote application of the standard BEM algorithm proves inaccurate and prohibitively expensive, we show that regularization of the near‐wall electric field and an updating scheme commensurate with the characteristic length scale of the BD simulation furnishes a robust, efficient simulation protocol. The accuracy of the BEM‐BD method is verified by simulating λ‐DNA collisions with an isolated, insulating cylindrical obstacle and comparing the results with equivalent BD simulations that employ the exact solution for the electric field. The computational overhead of our implementation of BEM‐BD is comparable to an existing finite element method/BD approach. The BEM‐BD algorithm is readily parallelized and well‐suited to time‐dependent and responsive electric fields, making it broadly applicable to simulating DNA electrophoresis in microfluidic devices.
Sample stacking in CZE using dynamic thermal junctions I. Analytes with low dpKa/dT crossing a single thermally induced pH junction in a BGE with high dpH/dT
Authors: Mandaji Marcos , Rübensam Gabriel , Hoff Rodrigo Barcellos , Hillebrand Sandro , Carrilho Emanuel , Kist Tarso Ledur
Published: April 2009

The possibility to compress analyte bands at the beginning of CE runs has many advantages. Analytes at low concentration can be analyzed with high signal‐to‐noise ratios by using the so‐called sample stacking methods. Moreover, sample injections with very narrow initial band widths (small initial standard deviations) are sometimes useful, especially if high resolutions among the bands are required in the shortest run time. In the present work, a method of sample stacking is proposed and demonstrated. It is based on BGEs with high thermal sensitive pHs (high dpH/dT) and analytes with low dpKa/dT. High thermal sensitivity means that the working pKa of the BGE has a high dpKa/dT in modulus. For instance, Tris and Ethanolamine have dpH/dT=−0.028/°C and −0.029/°C, respectively, whereas carboxylic acids have low dpKa/dT values, i.e. in the −0.002/°C to+0.002/°C range. The action of cooling and heating sections along the capillary during the runs affects also the local viscosity, conductivity, and electric field strength. The effect of these variables on electrophoretic velocity and band compression is theoretically calculated using a simple model. Finally, this stacking method was demonstrated for amino acids derivatized with naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxaldehyde and fluorescamine using a temperature difference of 70°C between two neighbor sections and Tris as separation buffer. In this case, the BGE has a high pH thermal coefficient whereas the carboxylic groups of the analytes have low pKa thermal coefficients. The application of these dynamic thermal gradients increased peak height by a factor of two (and decreased the standard deviations of peaks by a factor of two) of aspartic acid and glutamic acid derivatized with naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxaldehyde and serine derivatized with fluorescamine. The effect of thermal compression of bands was not observed when runs were accomplished using phosphate buffer at pH 7 (negative control). Phosphate has a low dpH/dT in this pH range, similar to the dKa/dT of analytes. It is shown that ∣dKa/dT−dpH/dT∣≫0 is one determinant factor to have significant stacking produced by dynamic thermal junctions.
Differential unitary space‐time signal designs with improved performance using parametric equivalence
Authors: Smith David B. , Hanlen Leif W.
Published: April 2009

We present two unitary space‐time signal designs for two or more transmit antennas. The first design is a reparametrisation of rotation matrices applied to diagonal matrices to form unitary space‐time codes. The rotation matrices are applied as matrices similar to Alamouti‐style block codes. The second design subsumes rotation matrices applied to diagonal matrices for two antennas. These designs are applied in a non‐coherent/differential framework. Optimisation of constellations is performed using the union bound on block‐error probability, for which a new exact closed‐form expression is given. Both designs have superior block‐error performance over previous designs, and have similar performance to each other. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turbulence in a three‐dimensional wall‐bounded shear flow
Authors: Holstad A. , Andersson H. I. , Pettersen B.
Published: April 2009

A new turbulent flow with distinct three‐dimensional characteristics has been designed in order to study the impact of mean‐flow skewing on the turbulent coherent vortices and Reynolds‐averaged statistics. The skewing of a unidirectional plane Couette flow was achieved by means of a spanwise pressure gradient. Direct numerical simulations of the statistically steady Couette–Poiseuille flow enabled in‐depth explorations of the turbulence field in the skewed flow. The imposition of a modest spanwise gradient turned the mean flow about 8° away from the original Couette flow direction and this turning angle remained nearly the same over the entire cross section. Nevertheless, a substantial non‐alignment between the turbulent shear stress angle and the mean velocity gradient angle was observed. The structure parameter turned out to slightly exceed that in the pure Couette flow, contrary to the observations made in some other three‐dimensional shear flows.

Coherent flow structures, which are known to be associated with the Reynolds shear stress in near‐wall regions, were identified by the λ2‐criterion. Instantaneous and ensemble‐averaged vortices resembled those found in the unidirectional Couette flow. In the skewed flow, however, the vortex structures were turned to align with the local mean‐flow direction. The conventional symmetry between Case 1 and Case 2 vortices was broken due to the mean‐flow three‐dimensionality. The turning of the coherent vortices and the accompanying symmetry‐breaking gave rise to secondary and tertiary turbulent shear stress components. By averaging the already ensemble‐averaged shear stresses associated with Case 1 and Case 2 vortices in the homogeneous directions, a direct link between the educed near‐wall structures and the Reynolds‐averaged turbulent stresses was established. These observations provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the structural model proposed for two‐dimensional turbulent boundary layers remains valid also in flows with moderate mean three‐dimensionality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rolling over stock index futures contracts
Authors: Carchano Óscar , Pardo Ángel
Published: April 2009

Derivative contracts have a finite life limited by their maturity. The construction of continuous series, however, is crucial for academic and trading purposes. In this study, we analyze the relevance of the choice of the rollover date, defined as the point in time when we switch from the front contract series to the next one. We have used five different methodologies in order to construct five different return series of stock index futures contracts. The results show that, regardless of the criterion applied, there are not significant differences between the resultant series. Therefore, the least complex method can be used in order to reach the same conclusions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:684–694, 2009
International evidence on alternative models of the term structure of volatilities
Authors: Díaz Antonio , Meneu Vicente , Navarro Eliseo
Published: April 2009

The term structure of instantaneous volatilities (TSV) of forward rates for different monetary areas (euro, U.S. dollar and British pound) is examined using daily data from at‐the‐money cap markets. During the sample period (two and a half years), the TSV experienced severe changes both in level and shape. Two new functional forms of the instantaneous volatility of forward rates are proposed and tested within the LIBOR Market Model framework. Two other alternatives are calibrated and used as benchmarks to test the accuracy of the new models. The two new models provide more flexibility to adequately calibrate the observed cap prices, although this improved accuracy in replicating cap prices produces some instability in parameter estimates. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:653–683, 2009
Genetic variation in the schizophrenia‐risk gene neuregulin 1 correlates with brain activation and impaired speech production in a verbal fluency task in healthy individuals
Authors: Kircher Tilo , Krug Axel , Markov Valentin , Whitney Carin , Krach Sören , Zerres Klaus , Eggermann Thomas , Stöcker Tony , Shah Nadim Jon , Treutlein Jens , Nöthen Markus M. , Becker Tim , Rietschel Marcella
Published: April 2009

Impaired performance in verbal fluency tasks is an often replicated finding in schizophrenia. In functional neuroimaging studies, this dysfunction has been linked to signal changes in prefrontal and temporal areas. Since schizophrenia has a high heritability, it is of interest whether susceptibility genes for the disorder, such asNRG1, modulate verbal fluency performance and its neural correlates. Four hundred twenty‐nine healthy individuals performed a semantic and a lexical verbal fluency task. A subsample of 85 subjects performed an overt semantic verbal fluency task while brain activation was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).NRG1(SNP8NRG221533; rs35753505) status was determined and correlated with verbal fluency performance and brain activation. For the behavioral measure, there was a linear effect ofNRG1status on semantic but not on lexical verbal fluency. Performance decreased with number of risk‐alleles. In the fMRI experiment, decreased activation in the left inferior frontal and the right middle temporal gyri as well as the anterior cingulate gyrus was correlated with the number of risk‐alleles in the semantic verbal fluency task.NRG1genotype does influence language production on a semantic level in conjunction with the underlying neural systems. These findings are in line with results of studies in schizophrenia and may explain some of the cognitive and brain activation variation found in the disorder. More generally,NRG1might be one of several genes that influence semantic language capacities. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor markers and rectal cancer: Support for an inflammation‐related pathway
Authors: Slattery Martha L. , Wolff Roger K. , Herrick Jennifer , Caan Bette J. , Samowitz Wade
Published: April 2009

Inflammation may be a key element in the etiology of colorectal cancer. In our study, we examine associations between factors related to inflammation and specific rectal cancer mutations. A population‐based study of 750 rectal cancer cases with interview and tumor DNA were compared to 1,205 population‐based controls. Study participants were from Utah and the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. Tumor DNA was analyzed for TP53 and KRAS2 mutations and CpG Island methylator phenotype. We assessed how these tumor markers were associated with use of anti‐inflammatory drugs, polymorphisms in the IL6 genes (rs1800795 and rs1800796) and dietary antioxidants. Ibuprofen‐type drugs, IL6 polymorphisms (rs1800796) and dietary alpha‐tocopherol and lycopene significantly altered likelihood of having a TP53 mutation. This was especially true for TP53 transversion mutations and dietary antioxidants (OR for beta‐carotene 0.51 95% CI 0.27, 0.97, p trend 0.03; alpha‐tocopherol 0.41 95% CI 0.20, 0.84, p trend 0.02) Beta‐carotene and ibuprofen significantly altered risk of KRAS2 tumors. The associations between lutein and tocopherol and TP53 and KRAS2 mutations were modified by IL6 genotype. These results suggest that inflammation‐related factors may have unique associations with various rectal tumor markers. Many factors involved in an inflammation‐related pathway were associated with TP53 mutations and some dietary factors appeared to be modified by IL6 genotype. © 2009 UICC
The impact of zoledronic acid therapy in survival of lung cancer patients with bone metastasis
Authors: Zarogoulidis Kostantinos , Boutsikou Eufimia , Zarogoulidis Pavlos , Eleftheriadou Ellada , Kontakiotis Theodore , Lithoxopoulou Hellie , Tzanakakis George , Kanakis Ioannis , Karamanos Nikos K.
Published: April 2009

Bone metastases occur in 20–40% of patients with lung cancer. Recent studies demonstrate a direct antiproliferative effect of 3rd generation bisphosphonates (BPs) on lung tumors, which may influence the survival. Therefore, we examined the clinical impact of zoledronic acid (ZOL; Zometa®), a 3rd generation BP, with a focus on the survival, time to progression and pain effect in lung cancer patients with bone metastases. Lung cancer patients (n = 144, Stage IV) with evidence of metastasis bone scan were included. Eighty‐seven of 144 experienced bone pain and received ZOL, 4 mg i.v. every 21 days (Group A), whereas the other 57 patients received no ZOL (Group B). All patients were treated with a combination chemotherapy consisted of docetaxel 100 mg/m2 and carboplatin AUC = 6. It was found that Group A had a statistically significant longer survival (p < 0.01) when compared to Group B. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the number of cycles of therapy with ZOL and total patient survival (p < 0.01, Pearson correlation) and time to progression (p < 0.01). Pain effect of ZOL had no significant difference between the 2 groups of patients (p > 0.05). Urine N‐telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) levels decreased in patients with NTx ≤ 29 nM BCE/mM creatinine at baseline after treatment with ZOL. The results of our study suggest that the addition of ZOL increases overall survival in lung cancer patients with bone metastases. The longer period of receiving ZOL, the better effect on survival and time to progression. © 2009 UICC
Lung cancer secreted microvesicles: Underappreciated modulators of microenvironment in expanding tumors
Authors: Wysoczynski Marcin , Ratajczak Mariusz Z.
Published: April 2009

Microvesicles (MVs) are shed from cell membranes of several cell types and have an important function in cell‐to‐cell communication. Exponentially growing lung cancer cells secrete large quantities of MVs and we were interested in their role in tumor progression. We observed that both human and murine lung cancer cell lines secrete more MVs in response to non‐apoptotic doses of hypoxia and irradiation. These tumor‐derived (t)MVs activate and chemoattract stroma fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Furthermore, they induce expression of several pro‐angiopoietic factors in stromal cells such as IL‐8, VEGF, LIF, OSM, IL‐11 and MMP‐9. We also noticed that conditioned media harvested from stroma cells stimulated by tMVs enhanced the metastatic potential of both human and murine lung cancer cells in vivo. Thus, we postulated that tMVs are underappreciated constituents of the tumor microenvironment and play a pivotal role in tumor progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. © 2009 UICC
Dietary fat intake and risk of skin cancer: A prospective study in Australian adults
Authors: Ibiebele Torukiri I. , van der Pols Jolieke C. , Hughes Maria Celia , Marks Geoffrey C. , Green Adèle C.
Published: April 2009

Although intakes of dietary fat have been associated with both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin, the evidence is sparse and inconsistent. This study prospectively investigated the association between total dietary fat; saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids; and percent energy from fat in relation to BCC and SCC of the skin. At baseline in 1992, total fat intake and intake of fatty acids were assessed in an Australian community‐based longitudinal study, using a validated semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1,057 adult residents (aged 25–75 years) in Nambour, Queensland. Information on demography, sun‐sensitivity history and sun exposure factors were obtained using self‐administered questionnaires. Associations with BCC and SCC in terms of persons newly affected and of tumor counts were assessed using Poisson and negative binomial regression models, respectively, based on incident, histologically‐confirmed tumors occurring between 1992 and 2002. No significant linear trends were observed in overall risk of BCC or SCC of the skin with increasing total fat intake. However, in participants with a history of skin cancer, total fat intake (multivariable adjusted RR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.20–4.88; p for trend = 0.01) was associated with increased numbers of SCC tumors comparing the highest to lowest tertile. In conclusion, SCC tumor risk increased as total fat intake increased in people with a history of skin cancer. Dietary fats were not associated with BCC occurrence. © 2009 UICC
Rimonabant inhibits human colon cancer cell growth and reduces the formation of precancerous lesions in the mouse colon
Authors: Santoro Antonietta , Pisanti Simona , Grimaldi Claudia , Izzo Angelo A. , Borrelli Francesca , Proto Maria C. , Malfitano Anna M. , Gazzerro Patrizia , Laezza Chiara , Bifulco Maurizio
Published: April 2009

The selective CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (SR141716) was shown to perform a number of biological effects in several pathological conditions. Emerging findings demonstrate that rimonabant exerts antitumor action in thyroid tumors and breast cancer cells. In our study, human colorectal cancer cells (DLD‐1, CaCo‐2 and SW620) were treated with rimonabant and analyzed for markers of cell proliferation, cell viability and cell cycle progression. Rimonabant significantly reduced cell growth and induced cell death. In addition, rimonabant was able to alter cell cycle distribution in all the cell lines tested. Particularly, rimonabant produced a G2/M cell cycle arrest in DLD‐1 cells without inducing apoptosis or necrosis. The G2/M phase arrest was characterized by a parallel enhancement of the number of mitoses associated to elevated DNA double strand breaks and chromosome misjoining events, hallmarks of mitotic catastrophe. Protein expression analyses of Cyclin B1, PARP‐1, Aurora B and phosphorylated p38/MAPK and Chk1 demonstrated that rimonabant‐induced mitotic catastrophe is mediated by interfering with the spindle assembly checkpoint and the DNA damage checkpoint. Moreover, in the mouse model of azoxymethane‐induced colon carcinogenesis, rimonabant significantly decreased aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, which precedes colorectal cancer. Our findings suggest that rimonabant is able to inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth at different stages of colon cancer pathogenesis inducing mitotic catastrophein vitro. © 2009 UICC.
Energetics of [Fe(NCH)6]2+ via CASPT2 calculations: A spin‐crossover perspective
Authors: Kepenekian Mikaël , Robert Vincent , Le Guennic Boris , De Graaf Coen
Published: April 2009

The importance of basis sets and active spaces in the determination of the potential energy curves and relevant energy differences in the Oh‐symmetry model system [Fe(NCH)6]2+ is analyzed using the Complete Active Space Self‐Consistent Field (CASSCF) method and subsequent second‐order perturbative treatment (CASPT2). By comparison of a series of atomic basis sets contraction, it is concluded that a balanced description of the Fe 7s6p5d3f2g1h and N 4s3p1d partners is needed to reach convergence upon the potential energy surface descriptions. Since the spin‐crossover phenomenon involves the simultaneous change in the spin nature and expansion of the coordination sphere of the metal ion (i.e., lengthening of the Fe‐N distances), the standard 10 electrons/12 orbitals complete active space is confronted to a chemically intuitive 18 electrons/15 orbitals picture. The role of a second d‐shell is finally examined using the extended RAS strategy. Using a valence‐bond type analysis, it is shown that the so‐called d′ orbitals allow for a significant charge redistribution (∼0.5 electron) along the transition. Our calculations are compared to reference coupled‐cluster estimations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Valorisation of agro‐industrial by‐products, effluents and waste: concept, opportunities and the case of olive mill wastewaters
Authors: Federici Federico , Fava Fabio , Kalogerakis Nicolas , Mantzavinos Dionissios
Published: April 2009

Valorisation is a relatively new concept in the field of industrial residues management promoting the principle of sustainable development. One of the valorisation objectives regarding food processing by‐products, waste and effluents is the recovery of fine chemicals and the production of precious metabolites via chemical and biotechnological processes. This paper identifies and discusses certain directions that seem to advance valorisation, as well as existing limitations that need to be overcome in the food processing sector. A valorisation strategy is exemplified for the wastewaters arising from the olive oil extraction process; the recovery of antioxidants by chemical methods and the fermentative production of enzymes of commercial interest have been reviewed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of native species and biodegradable chelating agents in the phytoremediation of abandoned mining areas
Authors: Cao Alessia , Carucci Alessandra , Lai Tiziana , Bacchetta Gianluigi , Casti Mauro
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: The application of phytostabilization and assisted phytoextraction to the remediation of abandoned mining areas can be a valuable method to reclaim these areas without modifying soil and landscape characteristics. An in situ application of a continuous phytoextraction technique was carried out in the area of Campo Pisano (Sardinia, Italy), followed by a laboratory assisted phytoextraction test using the biodegradable chelating agents methylglycine diacetic acid (MGDA) and iminodissuccinic acid (IDSA). The plants used were Scrophularia canina subsp. bicolor, Cistus salviifolius and Teucrium flavum subsp. glaucum.

RESULTS: The plant that accumulated more Pb was T. glaucum (353 mg kg−1) while C. salviifolius demonstrated better ability to accumulate Zn (1560 mg kg−1). S. bicolor showed a better tolerance to metals but accumulated 119 mg kg−1 of Pb. Accumulation of metals immediately after chelant application was up to 300 mg kg−1 of Pb and 3000 mg kg−1 of Zn which did not further increase during the assisted phytoextraction experiment.

CONCLUSION: The plant that demonstrated to be most suitable for phytoremediation application was S. bicolor due to its higher biomass production and tolerance to metals. The low cation exchange capacity and the high concentration of Ca and Mg in soil determined a low chelant effectiveness. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Does acquired resistance of rodent hosts affect metabolic rate of fleas?
Authors: Khokhlova Irina S. , Ghazaryan Lusine , Krasnov Boris R. , Degen A. Allan
Published: April 2009

We studied whether (a) previous infestation of a rodent host with fleas and (b) the reproductive effort of fleas affect the rate of CO2 emission in two flea species, host‐specific Parapulex chephrenis and host‐opportunistic Xenopsylla ramesis when feeding on their typical and atypical rodent hosts. We measured the rate of CO2 emission in preovipositing and ovipositing female fleas fed on either pristine or previously infested Acomys cahirinus (typical host of P. chephrenis) and Dipodillus dasyurus (typical host of X. ramesis). When P. chephrenis fed on a typical host, its mass‐specific rate of CO2 emission was not affected by previous infestation of a host, whereas when this flea fed on the atypical host, its rate of CO2 emission was higher when a host was previously infested. This was manifested, however, mainly during the oviposition period. The rate of CO2 emission by X. ramesis feeding on pristine hosts was significantly lower than in conspecifics feeding on previously infested hosts, independent of host species. Both flea species feeding on their typical hosts emitted CO2 at similar mass‐specific rates during preoviposition and oviposition, except for P. chephrenis feeding on D. dasyurus, which increased its rate during oviposition. There was no effect of the number of eggs produced per female on the rate of CO2 emission during oviposition. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:389–398, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The determining number of a Cartesian product
Authors: Boutin Debra L.
Published: April 2009

A set S of vertices is a determining set for a graph G if every automorphism of G is uniquely determined by its action on S. The determining number of G, denoted Det(G), is the size of a smallest determining set. This paper begins by proving that if G=G□⋅□G is the prime factor decomposition of a connected graph then Det(G)=max{Det(G)}. It then provides upper and lower bounds for the determining number of a Cartesian power of a prime connected graph. Further, this paper shows that Det(Qn)=⌈log2n⌉+1 which matches the lower bound, and that Det(K)=⌈log3(2n+1)⌉+1 which for all n is within one of the upper bound. The paper concludes by proving that if H is prime and connected, Det(Hn)=Θ(logn). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Planar graphs without 4‐cycles are acyclically 6‐choosable
Authors: Wang Weifan , Chen Min
Published: April 2009

A proper vertex coloring of a graph G=(V, E) is acyclic if G contains no bicolored cycle. A graph G is acyclically L‐list colorable if for a given list assignment L={L(v)|v∈V}, there exists a proper acyclic coloring π of G such that π(v)∈L(v) for all v∈V. If G is acyclically L‐list colorable for any list assignment with |L(v)|≥k for all v∈V, then G is acyclically k‐choosable. In this paper we prove that every planar graph G without 4‐cycles is acyclically 6‐choosable. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 61: 307–323, 2009
Characterizing path graphs by forbidden induced subgraphs
Authors: Lévêque Benjamin , Maffray Frédéric , Preissmann Myriam
Published: April 2009

A path graph is the intersection graph of subpaths of a tree. In 1970, Renz asked for a characterization of path graphs by forbidden induced subgraphs. We answer this question by determining the complete list of graphs that are not path graphs and are minimal with this property. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 62: 369–384, 2009
A facile synthesis of unsymmetrical heterocyclic azines by cyclodesulfurization: Reaction of methyl arylalkylidenehydrazinecarbodithioates with diamines
Authors: Lin Ai Jeng , Klayman Daniel L.
Published: April 2009

A new and facile synthesis of unsymmetrical heterocyclic azines is described. Methyl arylalkylidenehydraz‐inecarbodithioates, prepared by the condensation of ketones or aldehydes with methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate, were heated under reflux with various diamines in ethanol. Secondary diamines, such as N,N′‐dimethyl‐ethylenediamine, N,N′‐dimethyl‐1,3‐diaminopropane or N,N′‐dimethyl‐o‐phenylenediamine, reacted smoothly with loss of hydrogen sulfide to give good yields of unsymmetrical azines. However, primary diamines, such as ethylenediamine or o‐phenylenediamine, and primary/secondary diamines, such as N‐methylethyl‐enediamine and N‐methyl‐1,3‐diaminopropane gave, instead, only the corresponding uncyclized thiosemi‐carbazones. A cyclodesulfurization mechanism for azine formation is discussed.
Monocyclic pteridine analogues. A pyrazine analogue of methotrexate
Authors: Lever O. William , Vestal B. Randall
Published: April 2009

Reaction of aminocyanoacetamide with bromomethylpyruvaldoxime provided 3‐amino‐6‐bromomethyl‐2‐carbamoylpyrazine 4‐oxide (7), which was converted to a pyrazine analogue (3) of methotrexate by subsequent condensation with diethyl N‐[4‐(methylamino)benzoyl]‐L‐glutamate, deoxygenation, and hydrolysis. The methotrexate analogue 3 was a poor inhibitor (I50 > 150 μM) of bacterial or mammalian dihydrofolate reductase.
New synthesis of 2,4‐dialkyl(or diaryl)pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazines
Authors: Strohmeyer Timothy W. , Sliskovic D. Robert , Lang S. A. , Lin Yang‐I
Published: April 2009

Reactions of monothiodiacylamines or N‐aroylthioimidates with 3‐aminopyrazoles gave pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazines in good yields.
Lead tetraacetate oxidation of phenylhydrazones of 3‐benzoylazoles. Synthesis of azoacetates and their conversion into indazoles
Authors: Vivona Nicolò , Frenna Vincenzo , Buscemi Silvestre , Condò Michele
Published: April 2009

Lead tetraacetate (LTA) oxidation of (E)‐ and (Z)‐phenylhydrazones of 3‐benzoyl‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole, 3‐benzoyl‐5‐phenylisoxazole, and 3‐benzoyl‐4‐methyl‐1,2,5‐oxadiazole has been studied. Conversion of azoacetate products into 3‐(azol‐3‐yl)‐substituted indazoles has been achieved by reacting them with aluminium chloride in benzene at room temperature.
Synthèse d'analogues furanniques du benzo[a]pyrène
Authors: Demerseman Pierre , Einhorn Jacques , Royer René , Gourvest Jean‐FrançOis
Published: April 2009

On décrit les synthèses à partir du bromo‐1 pyrène, des deux analogues furanniques du benzo[a]pyrène, les pyréno[1,2‐b]furanne et pyréno[2,1‐b]furanne, ainsi que de leurs dérivés nitrés sur l'hétérocycle.
Synthèse du benzoyl‐3 chromanol‐4 et du benzoyl‐3 2H‐chromène
Authors: Bellassoued‐Fargeau Marie‐Claude , Maitte Pierre
Published: April 2009

L'addition de la phénylvinylcétone sur l'aldéhyde salicylique en milieu basique conduit toujours à un mélange de benzoyl‐3 chromanol‐4 et de benzoyl‐3 2H‐chromène. Les structures de ces composés sont déterminées par spectroscopie ir et rmn.
Conformational analysis of 3‐ketopiperidines. Vicinal N1C(2)‐alkyl interactions
Authors: Katvalyan H. T. , Shashkov A. S. , Mistryukov E. A.
Published: April 2009

Chemical equilibration and 1H‐nmr spectroscopic studies on 1,2,5‐substituted 3‐ketopiperidines have been carried out. With the bulky t‐butyl group on nitrogen the C(2)‐methyl substituent is highly favored in the axial configuration. This phenomenon constitutes the basis of an efficient method of controlling diastereomer stabilities by varying the nitrogen substituent in the 3‐keto‐ and 4‐ketopiperidine series.
4‐Lithio‐1‐tritylimidazole as a synthetic intermediate. Synthesis of imidazole‐4‐carboxaldehyde
Authors: Kirk Kenneth L.
Published: April 2009

Reaction of 4‐iodo‐1‐tritylimidazole with n‐butyllithium at –79°, followed by rapid quenching of the reaction mixture with DMF, gives good yields of 1‐tritylimidazole‐4(5)‐carboxaldehyde, the isolation of which demonstrates the intermediacy of 4‐lithio‐1‐tritylimidazole. This species should be destabilized by repulsive interaction of the negative charge on C‐4 with the adjacent lone pair electrons on N‐3 (the ALP effect). The isolation of 1‐tritylimidazole‐4(5)‐carboxaldehyde in good yield and the versatility of the aldehyde functionality make 4‐lithio‐1‐tritylimidazole a useful synthetic intermediate.
Preparation of alkyl substituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazin‐6‐ones by the DCC induced cyclization of 2‐oxoalkanoic acid acylhydrazones
Authors: Padwa Albert , Eisenbarth Philipp
Published: April 2009

A series of 2,5‐disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazin‐6‐ones were prepared by treating syn‐2‐oxoalkanoic acid acylhydrazones with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The isomeric anti isomers produced acylureas when treated with DCC. The cycloaddition reaction of 5‐methyl‐2‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazin‐6‐one with norbornene was studied and found to give a nitrogen deficient 1:1‐cycloadduct. The formation of the product can be rationalized in terms of a Diels‐Alder cycloaddition followed by nitrogen extrusion and cyclization of the resulting γ‐ketoketene intermediate.
Preparation and stereochemistry of 3‐phenacylidenephthalimidines
Authors: Howe Robert K.
Published: April 2009

Yields of 3‐phenacylidenephthalimidines are maximized and yields of phthalimide byproducts are minimized by use of acetic acid as the solvent in reactions of amines with 3‐phenacylidenephthalides. The 3‐phenacylidenephthalimidines are formed as E, Z mixtures, in which the E isomers predominate. A homonuclear NOE nmr experiment was employed to determined product stereochemistry.