bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FromRechtsphilosophietoStaatsökonomie: Hegel and the philosophical foundations of political economy
Authors: Ferro Bernardo
Published: April 2022

Although Hegel is increasingly recognized as an important figure in the history of political economy, his economic views are never strictly economic. In contrast to other modern thinkers, his primary concern is not the economic efficacy of different practices or institutions but the extent to which they enable and promote the development of human freedom. In this article, I argue that Hegel's pioneering critique of modern liberal economy plays out simultaneously at a more empirical level, corresponding to the properly economic dimension of his analysis, and at a deeper, logical level, which grounds and guides his position. Moreover, I argue that the tendency to favour the first of these levels, found in most of the literature on Hegel's economic thought, reduces the Philosophy of Right's main argument to a more or less vigorous plea for economic interventionism. Against this kind of reading, I show that a renewed focus on the text's logical structure reveals a different and more radical philosophical proposition, which has yet to be fully acknowledged. In particular, I argue that Hegel's dialectical logic leads him beyond the liberalism‐interventionism debate, towards a qualitatively different conception of social and economic relations
Surge of Bell's Palsy in the era of COVID‐19: Systematic review
Authors: Gupta Sonia , Jawanda Manveen Kaur
Published: April 2022

Background and purpose

With the progression of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID‐19), various neurological manifestations have been noticed in infected patients, and Bell's Palsy (BP) is one of the peripheral neuropathies among those. BP has been associated with various other viral agents. Its evidence in patients with COVID‐19 signifies the possibility of association between BP and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). This research was undertaken to evaluate the number of published cases of BP as the only major neurological manifestation in patients with COVID‐19 from March 2020 to December 2021 and to investigate the association of SARS‐CoV‐2 and BP.

Methods

A systematic review of the published English literature was performed using an electronic search in the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Research Gate, Research Square, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as "COVID‐19" OR/AND "SARS‐CoV‐2" OR/AND "Bell's palsy" OR/AND "facial nerve palsy" OR/AND "neurological" OR/AND "manifestation".

Results

The search strategy revealed 32 relevant publications with a total of 46 patients. BP was the initial manifestation in 37% of cases, and in 63% of cases it developed after COVID‐19 symptoms; 71.7% of cases showed complete recovery, and 21.7% showed only partial relief from BP.

Conclusions

Although the number of documented cases in this research is low, evidence of BP as the only major neurological manifestation in patients with COVID‐19 signifies an important clinical finding and the possibility of another viral etiology of BP. More evidence is needed to establish the exact correlation between these two entities.
Increased risk of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis under concomitant use of sodium‐dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors with antidiabetic, antidyslipidemic, and antihypertensive drugs: An observational study
Authors: Tada Keisuke , Gosho Masahiko
Published: April 2022

Urinary tract infection (UTI) and pyelonephritis cause urosepsis, which can become life threating. Sodium‐dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a class of oral anti‐diabetic drugs, may increase the risk of UTI and pyelonephritis, as observed from their mechanism of action. Patients with diabetes receiving SGLT2 inhibitors are often concomitantly administered other antidiabetic, antidyslipidemic, or antihypertensive drugs. To determine if drug–drug interactions (DDIs) between SGLT2 inhibitors and these medications increased the risk of UTI and pyelonephritis, we analyzed the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. We applied Norén's and Gosho's methods for detecting DDIs. FAERS contains records describing 14 526 398 patient characteristics, 54 290 663 drug properties, and 47 252 416 reactions/events. We found 23 drug combinations that could induce UTI and pyelonephritis, such as SGLT2 inhibitors administered with dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, glinides, statins, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Combination therapy with the drugs detected in our analyses would show potential interactions that could result in UTI and pyelonephritis in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, owing to various limitations, these results must be confirmed by additional analyses.
Maternity provision, contract status, and likelihood of returning to work: Evidence from research intensive universities in the UK
Authors: Davies Joanna M. , Brighton Lisa Jane , Reedy Florence , Bajwah Sabrina
Published: April 2022

Reliance on fixed‐term contracts and a lack of adequate maternity provision for fixed‐term workers could be contributing to the loss of women from academia―the so called “leaky pipeline”―but evidence on this is lacking. This paper describes variation, between research intensive universities in the UK, in the maternity provision they offer to fixed‐term workers and presents preliminary staff data on the likelihood of returning to work following a period of maternity leave for academic and non‐academic staff on fixed‐term versus open‐ended contracts. A gendered lens is applied, investigating how the intersection between contractual status and maternity provision contributes to gender inequality in academia within the context of hierarchical neoliberal academic organizing and the masculinized “ideal” academic. Staff data was obtained using a Freedom of Information request made to the 24 Russell Group universities in the United Kingdom. The odds of returning to work after maternity leave were 59% lower for staff on fixed‐term compared to open‐ended contracts (pooled odds ratio: 0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.26–0.64). Maternity provision for fixed‐term workers varied between institutions, with most operating policies that limit access to enhanced maternity pay for staff on fixed‐term contracts. Wider adoption of maternity policies that are more compatible with employment on fixed‐term contracts, including: no continuous service or return to work requirement, full financial support for staff facing redundancy during maternity leave, and appropriate signposting of redeployment obligations, could help to support more women to stay in academia.
Cuticle – Designed by nature for the sake of the hair
Authors: Breakspear Steven , Ivanov Dimitri A. , Noecker Bernd , Popescu Crisan , Rosenthal Martin
Published: April 2022

Objective

The cuticle of human hair has been examined, via a range of analytical methods, in order to reveal previously unknown information about its structure and to deepen understanding of its contribution to fibre properties.

Methods

Cross‐sections of hair fibre have been examined with X‐ray microdiffraction oriented perpendicular to the surface of the cross‐sections. AFM investigations were carried out for further investigating and deciphering the structure of the cuticle. Moisture sorption analytics of cuticle separated from fibre and mechanical tests of decuticled fibres against virgin fibres were used for understanding the role of the cuticle in the economy of hair fibre.

Results

Previously unknown swelling behaviour of the hair cuticle during moisture sorption has been revealed, as has an increased significance of the cuticle's role in moisture management at higher values of relative humidity. Through AFM investigation, the reaction of hair cuticles with chlorine water has further strengthened the idea that the Allwörden membrane does not exist, and is actually an artefact of the delamination of the A‐layer and exocuticle from the underlying endocuticle. Using decuticled fibres for stress–strain tests, and by comparing the results with those of virgin fibres, the effect of the cuticle on the post‐yield area of the hair fibre stress–strain diagram has also been demonstrated. Finally, X‐ray microdiffraction and AFM investigations suggest that the cuticle possesses a small‐scale ordered structure, based on possibly not fully crystalline and irregularly arranged α‐helices oriented almost perpendicular to the growth axis of the fibre and enhancing the general description of cuticle as the protective layer of the fibre.

Conclusion

The role of the cuticle for the hair fibre is more complex than previously thought. The cuticle is demonstrated not only to possess a hidden rod‐matrix structure, that supports its protective nature, but also to play specific roles in the fibre's response to moisture, and in fibre mechanical behaviour.
Oral side effects of locally delivered nicotine replacement therapy: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan Gowri , Alsobaiei Muneera , Sridharan Kannan
Published: April 2022

Background

Nicotine replacement therapy is the first choice pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Oral side effects caused due to NRT lead to discontinuation of treatment. The objective of this meta‐analysis was to look for the certainty of evidence on the number of patients that reported oral side effects due to the use of NRT.

Method

Eligible studies were selected and data extraction was carried out independently into a pre‐tested data extraction form. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Tool. The heterogeneity between the studies was assessed using Chi‐square and I2 tests. Mean difference and Odds ratio at 95% confidence interval were the effect estimates. GRADE working group approach was used to assess the quality of evidence.

Results

Twenty‐eight studies were included with moderate to low risk of bias. The pooled estimates revealed a statistically significant number of patients developed mouth or throat irritation (2.54 [1.23, 5.25]), or oral soreness (2.22 [1.40, 3.55]) or gastric reflux or vomiting (1.97 [1.34, 2.90]) due to NRT.

Conclusion

It is important to understand that significant implications are caused due to NRT, on oral health. All patients on NRT must adhere to their regular dentist visits and must check their oral mucosa before initiating NRT.
Woringer‐Koloppdisease (localized pagetoid reticulosis): a systematic review
Authors: Osto Muhammad , Afify Omar , Musa Arif , Ahmed Uddin , Rehman Rafey , Mehregan Darius
Published: April 2022

Objective

Woringer‐Kolopp disease (WKD), also known as localized pagetoid reticulosis, is a rare variant of mycosis fungoides as described by the World Health Organization‐European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO‐EORTC) classification system for cutaneous lymphomas. Our objective was to conduct a comprehensive review that describes and evaluates patient demographics, clinical presentation, immunohistochemical findings, management, and outcomes of WKD.

Methods

The databases PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant literature. Patient demographics, imaging, treatments, and other clinical characteristics were obtained. The literature search was conducted on December 7, 2020. Studies were included if they contained primary data related to WKD. Non‐pertinent studies, non‐English studies, non‐human studies, review articles, or studies with insufficient case information were excluded. The quality of the included studies and the risk of bias were evaluated using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Group (GRADE) criteria (2016), Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine: Levels of Evidence (OCEBM) (March 2009), and the Methodological Index for Non‐Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria (2003).

Results

A total of 84 studies with 143 patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. The most common chief complaint was an asymptomatic, slow‐growing, and erythematous plaque. The average time from initial skin eruption to presentation was 97.6 months. Histologically, 128 cases of WKD displayed epidermotropism (97.7%). Various therapies, including radiotherapy, surgery, and local chemotherapy, were used. In total, 92 (78.6%) cases had complete remission and 11 (9.4%) cases recurred.

Conclusions

WKD is a rare cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma that often presents as a single plaque on the extremities with an indolent course and a favorable prognosis. However, it is often misdiagnosed, leading to delays in treatment. The diagnosis of WKD involves clinical appraisal, a biopsy of suspicious lesions, and immunohistochemistry. Monotherapy appears to be preferred compared to combination therapy for WKD with radiotherapy demonstrating among the highest cure rates and lowest recurrence. Future retrospective and prospective studies are needed to accurately determine the epidemiology, prognosis, and effective treatments for WKD. Limitations include a possibility of missed studies, heterogeneity in reporting methods, publication, and selection bias.
Comorbid diseases of hidradenitis suppurativa: a 15‐year population‐based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA
Authors: Sokumbi Olayemi , Hodge David O. , Ederaine Sophia A. , Alavi Afsaneh , Alikhan Ali
Published: April 2022

Background

Like other chronic, inflammatory skin disorders, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is increasingly recognized to be associated with various medical disorders.

Objective

Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP), we sought to conduct the first American population‐based study examining the association between HS and various comorbid conditions.

Methods

From the REP database, we identified patients diagnosed with HS from 2003 through 2018 who were residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA, along with age‐ and gender‐matched controls. The frequency of a wide variety of comorbid conditions was compared between the groups.

Results

A total of 1160 patients with HS were identified during the study period. Compared with age‐ and gender‐matched controls, patients with HS had a significantly higher frequency of several medical conditions, including depression, anxiety, hyperlipidemia, acne conglobata, dissecting cellulitis, pilonidal cysts, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, obesity, and disordered substance use, among others.

Limitations

Our study was limited by its retrospective design.

Conclusions

Providers caring for patients with HS should consider these results, along with those of similar studies, and obtain a thorough history, comprehensive physical examination, and, potentially, laboratory testing and referral to other specialists.
Early childhood caries sequelae and relapse rates in an Australian public dental hospital
Authors: Tsai Carrie , Li Ang , Brown Sophie , Deveridge Caitlin , El Gana Rania , Kucera Alice , Irving Michelle , Kumar Harleen
Published: April 2022

Background

Early childhood caries (ECC) remains one of the most prevalent childhood diseases in Australia, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged populations.

Aim

To investigate the ECC experience including risk factors, incidence of caries, pain and infection as well as relapse rates of caries and secondary dental general anaesthesia (GA).

Design

A retrospective cohort study included dental records of children with ECC, aged <72 months at an Australian public dental hospital paediatric dentistry department from 2013 to 2015 (n = 102). Dental caries, pain, infection, referral patterns, demographic and caries risk factor data were recorded for 24 months. Descriptive statistics were used for patient characteristics and clinical data, and Kaplan–Meier curves and parametric exponential survival models for time‐to‐event series.

Results

The study population demonstrated higher‐than‐national average dmft and disease progression at baseline. Major risk factors for the development of caries, pain and infection were daily consumption of sweetened beverages, poor oral hygiene, residing in lower socio‐economic areas, older age and being male. Rates of caries relapse and new referral for secondary treatment under general anaesthesia were relatively high.

Conclusion

A high degree of ECC progression and recurrence in this population indicates a need for a more comprehensive approach to ECC addressing multilevel root causes and systemic risk factors.
Clinical and socioeconomic burden of rhinoviruses/enteroviruses in the community
Authors: Halabi Katia Camille , Stockwell Melissa S. , Alba Luis , Vargas Celibell , Reed Carrie , Saiman Lisa ,   The Mobile Surveillance for Acute Respiratory Infection/Influenza‐like Illness in the Community (MoSAIC) Study Team
Published: April 2022

Background

The epidemiology, clinical features, and socioeconomic burden associated with detection of rhinoviruses (RV)/enteroviruses (EV) from individuals in the community with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are not fully understood.

Methods

To assess the clinical and socioeconomic burden associated with RV/EV, a secondary analysis of data collected during a prospective, community‐based ARI surveillance study was performed. From December 2012 to September 2017, adult and pediatric participants with ARIs had nasopharyngeal specimens obtained and tested by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Characteristics and socioeconomic burden including missed school or work and/or antibiotic use among participants who did and did not seek medical care and among participants with and without co‐detection of another respiratory pathogen with RV/EV were compared.

Results

Throughout the study period, RV/EV was detected in 54.7% (885/1617) of ARIs with a respiratory pathogen detected. Most ARI episodes associated with RV/EV occurred in females (59.1%) and children ≤17 years old (64.2%). Those ≤17 years were more likely to seek medical care. Compared to those not seeking medical care (n = 686), those seeking medical care (n = 199) had a longer duration of illness (5 vs. 7 days) and were more likely to miss work/school (16.4% vs. 47.7%) and/or use antibiotics (3.6% vs. 34.2%). Co‐detection occurred in 8% of ARIs of which 81% occurred in children. Co‐detection was not associated with longer illness, more missed work/or school, or antibiotic use.

Conclusion

Non‐medically attended and medically attended ARIs associated with RV/EV resulted in clinical and socioeconomic burden, regardless of co‐detection of other respiratory pathogens.
Should I “check my emotions at the door” or express how I feel? Role of emotion regulation versus expression of male leaders speaking out against sexism in the workplace
Authors: Warren Meg A. , Sekhon Tejvir , Winkelman Katie M. , Waldrop Rachael J.
Published: April 2022

As witnesses to workplace sexism, male leaders have the opportunity to leverage both their relative social privilege as men and authority as leaders to enact allyship. However, allyship is fraught. Expression of indignation may be viewed by observers as unprofessional, yet a muted response may lead observers to question their motives for allyship. Further, allyship that does not hit the mark may have a ripple effect on observers' perceptions of the leader‐ally, victim, transgressor, and organization. Thus, the present research (1) examined whether emotion expression during allyship influences observers' motive inferences of the leader‐ally, (2) examined whether emotion expression influences favorability of the leader‐ally, and (3) explored how a leader‐ally's emotional (or not) allyship behavior influences observers' perceptions of the victim, transgressor, and organization. Study 1 (n = 298) showed that prejudice confrontation accompanied by anger or sadness (vs. not) is associated with intrinsic motive inferences of the leader‐ally, and anger is seen as more appropriate and sincere when confronting prejudice. Study 2 (n = 112) showed that the leader‐ally was viewed as more favorable when prejudice confrontation was accompanied by anger (vs. not) because the leader‐ally was perceived as more sincere. Finally, qualitative data from thought‐listings across both studies showed that leader‐allies' anger expression was associated with greater calls for accountability of the transgressor and more positive impressions of the organization. However, anger expression also wrought highly polarized responses toward the victim, consisting of both support and victim‐blaming. Thus, authentic but measured emotion expression during confrontation is recommended.
Multiple stressors: negative effects of nest predation on the viability of a threatened gull in different environmental conditions
Authors: Bårdsen Bård‐Jørgen , Ove Bustnes Jan
Published: April 2022

The majority of the world's seabirds show substantial population declines, but a detailed understanding of the phenomenon is lacking. A potentially important mechanism that has received momentum lately is nest predation. This study aimed to assess the population viability of a threatened population of the lesser black‐backed gull Larus fuscus fuscus under different scenarios for nest predation and environmental conditions. We merged results from statistical analyses of 16 years of empirical data with a Leslie model, emphasising the impact of predation at the nesting stage. In the model, we quantified the effect of multiple stressors on the viability of the lesser black‐backed gull according to the IUCN Red List's 'Vulnerable' criteria (30% reductions in population size over < 3 generations). First, the empirical analyses showed that the estimated apparent survival probability, which showed declining temporal trends, was on average 0.862 and 0.470 for adults and juveniles, respectively. The average clutch size in the absence and presence of nest predation was 2.836 and 0.935 eggs nest−1, whereas the average number of fledglings nest−1 was 0.452, respectively. Nest predation and chick production showed a concave‐up temporal trend, whereas clutch size showed no trend. Second, based on the predictive models, we documented multiple stressor effects: nest predation was the single‐most‐important stressor, but its adverse effect was severely amplified when environmental conditions were poor. When important nest predators were present, L. f. fuscus met the 'Vulnerable' criteria. Nonetheless, when nest predation was absent or low, the status of our population was following IUCN Red List's 'Least Concern' criteria (its official status). Nest predation played a vital role in limiting population growth – a finding that is likely to be relevant for several other seabirds in northern Europe.
The complex rostral morphology and the endoskeleton ossification process of two adult samples of Xiphias gladius (Xiphiidae)
Authors: Pazzaglia Ugo E. , Reguzzoni Marcella , Saroglia Marco , Manconi Renata , Zarattini Guido , Raspanti Mario
Published: April 2022

The authors studied the morphology of the upper and lower jaws, vertebrae and dorsal‐fin rays of the teleost fish Xiphias gladius to analyse the skeletal architecture and ossification pattern. The analogies and differences among these segments were investigated to identify a common morphogenetic denominator of the bone tissue osteogenesis and modeling. The large fat glands in the proximal upper jaw and their relationship to the underlying cartilage (absent in the lower jaw) suggested that there is a mechanism that explains rostral overgrowth in the Xiphiidae and Istiophoriidae families. Thus far, the compact structure of the distal rostrum has been interpreted as being the result of remodeling. Nonetheless, no evidence of cutting cones, scalloped outer border of osteons and sequence of bright–dark bands in polarized light was observed in this study, suggesting a primary osteon texture formed by compacting of collagen matrix and mineral deposition in the fat stroma lacunae of the bone, but without being oriented in layers of the collagen fibrils. A similar histology also characterizes the circular structures present in the other examined segments of the skeleton. The early phases of fibrillogenesis carried out by fibroblast‐like cells occurred farther from the already‐calcified bone surface inside the fat stroma lacunae. The fibrillar matrix was compacted and underwent mineral deposition near the previously calcified bone surface. This pattern of collagen matrix synthesis and calcification was different from that of mammalian osteoblasts, especially concerning the ability to build a lacuno‐canalicular system among cells. Necrosis or apoptosis of the latter and refilling of the empty lacunae by mineral deposits might explain the anosteocytic bone formation.
GmPIN1‐mediated auxin asymmetry regulates leaf petiole angle and plant architecture in soybean
Authors: Zhang Zhongqin , Gao Le , Ke Meiyu , Gao Zhen , Tu Tianli , Huang Laimei , Chen Jiaomei , Guan Yuefeng , Huang Xi , Chen Xu
Published: April 2022

Crop breeding during the Green Revolution resulted in high yields largely due to the creation of plants with semi‐dwarf architectures that could tolerate high‐density planting. Although semi‐dwarf varieties have been developed in rice, wheat and maize, none was reported in soybean (Glycine max), and few genes controlling plant architecture have been characterized in soybean. Here, we demonstrate that the auxin efflux transporter PINFORMED1 (GmPIN1), which determines polar auxin transport, regulates the leaf petiole angle in soybean. CRISPR‐Cas9‐induced Gmpin1abc and Gmpin1bc multiple mutants displayed a compact architecture with a smaller petiole angle than wild‐type plants. GmPIN1 transcripts and auxin were distributed asymmetrically in the petiole base, with high levels of GmPIN1a/c transcript and auxin in the lower cells, which resulted in asymmetric cell expansion. By contrast, the (iso)flavonoid content was greater in the upper petiole cells than in the lower cells. Our results suggest that (iso)flavonoids inhibit GmPIN1a/c expression to regulate the petiole angle. Overall, our study demonstrates that a signal cascade that integrates (iso)flavonoid biosynthesis, GmPIN1a/c expression, auxin accumulation, and cell expansion in an asymmetric manner creates a desirable petiole curvature in soybean. This study provides a genetic resource for improving soybean plant architecture.
Good ingredients from foods to vegan cosmetics after COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Lee Jinkyung , Kwon Ki Han
Published: April 2022

Background

New changes are taking place in the beauty and cosmetology market due to changes in daily life due to coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) and environmental alteration caused by the spread of live commerce.

Purpose

This study technically investigated the future value and direction of vegan cosmetics from food to cosmetics by focusing on good ingredients after COVID‐19 pandemic and changing the needs of consumers in the beauty and cosmetics industry.

Methods

This review paper is a critical literature review, and a narrative review approach has been used for this study. A total of 300–400 references were selected using representative journal search websites such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, RISS, and ResearchGate, which a total of 45 papers were selected in the final stage based on 2009 to 2022.

Result

As environmental problems increased after the COVID‐19 pandemic, we tried to understand the needs of consumers for vegan cosmetics, which are good ingredients and good cosmetics. Therefore, this narrative review clearly shows the need for beauty and cosmetics industry consumers to pursue good consumption due to the global COVID‐19 pandemic.

Conclusion

Accordingly, this literature review will need to identify consumer needs for vegan cosmetics that started from vegan foods and develop the applications for the development of customized inner beauty products, customized vegan inner beauty products and/or customized vegan cosmetics using customized cosmetics. This is expected to be used as important marketing materials for the global vegan cosmetics market that confirms new changes in the cosmetics market.
Studying Ethnic‐Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context
Authors: Moffitt Ursula , Rogers Leoandra Onnie
Published: April 2022

As developmental scholars increasingly study ethnic and racial identity among white youth, careful reflection is needed regarding its framing, implementation, and interpretation. In this three‐part conceptual paper, we offer a foundation for such reflection. First, we discuss the sociocultural context of white supremacy that shapes U.S. society, psychology, and adolescent development, and situate the study of ethnic and racial identity among white youth within this context. Second, we consider Janet Helms’s White Racial Identity Development model, reviewing theory and research building on her argument that race—and whiteness, specifically—must be centered to achieve racial justice‐oriented scholarship on white identity. We conclude by offering four guiding insights for conducting critical research on racial identity development among white youth.
Towards a national pre‐school vision screening programme
Authors: Crippa Jessica , Flaherty Maree , Silveira Sue
Published: April 2022

The aim of the study is to examine common approaches to pre‐school vision screening, including the current New South Wales model which is known as Statewide Eyesight Preschooler Screening (StEPS) to determine whether the criteria set by the World Health Organization are fulfilled by StEPS, and therefore, whether there is sufficient justification to deploy a similar model nationally. A literature review was conducted to answer four key questions related to vision screening. The authors sought to review (i) the justification for vision screening of a pre‐school population; (ii) the principles and best approaches to vision screening such as how, where and who should conduct vision screening; (iii) the conditions that are targeted in vision screening; and (iv) the acceptable pass/fail vision screening criteria. The StEPS vision screening model is an accurate, reliable and economical way of screening for reduced vision at a time when neural plasticity allows improvement in vision following intervention. It fulfils World Health Organization criteria for a successful screening programme. StEPS has very high participation rates compared to other screening methods in Australia due to its unique model whereby screeners utilise early childhood settings to recruit and screen 4‐year‐old children. Due consideration should be given to deploying the StEPS vision screening model nationally.
The Discursive and Practical Influence of Spirituality on Civic Engagement
Authors: Steensland Brian , King David P. , Duffy Barbara J.
Published: April 2022

Religion has long been recognized as promoting civic engagement. Recent declines in organized religion and growing interest in spirituality raise the question of whether spirituality might also promote civic engagement. Using data from a new nationally representative survey, we assess the independent and joint influence of spirituality and religion on civic life. We find that 40% of respondents perceive spirituality as influencing their civic engagement. Spirituality's influence typically appears in tandem with religion, but when spirituality and religion are distinct, the influence of spirituality is greater and more prevalent. Using two distinct measures, we assess the influence of spirituality on civic engagementat both discursive and practical levels. We find positive associations for both. Spirituality is both a conscious influence and tacit resource in civic life. We close by briefly outlining an agenda for better understanding socially engaged spirituality.
Oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 on neonatal mice prevents the intestinal inflammation in adulthood
Authors: Xun Y. , Yan F. , Zhu H. , Feng L. , Zhang D. , Xue Y. , He F. , Wang S.
Published: April 2022

Colonization and development of gut microbiota during early life stage plays a key regulatory role in the establishment of the host–microbial relationship, which was conducive to progressing host immunity and maintaining health throughout the adulthood life span. This study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in adulthood based on the early intervention of Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (LP N1115). LP N1115 treatment was carried out during 2 weeks in postnatal mice. Then the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis model mice were established in adulthood, and the status of intestinal tissues was detected. Results showed the decreased severity of intestinal tissue injury, cell apoptosis, and proinflammatory cytokines expression in DSS-induced model with LP N1115 early intervention. Therefore, the intake of LP N1115 in neonatal mice has played a long-term healthy role in the prevention of intestinal injury and inflammation in adulthood.
Endophytic fungi isolated from plants present in a mine tailing facility show a differential growth response to lead
Authors: Parada R. , Mendoza L. , Cotoras M. , Ortiz C.
Published: April 2022

Plants growing in metal-polluted sites can be a source of micro-organisms suitable for bio-assisted phytoremediation strategies. In this work, three endophytic fungi from the roots of Poa stuckertii and Poa pratensis, two grasses that naturally colonize a Lead-Zinc tailing storage facility in Southern Chile, were isolated and identified. The leachate of the tailing sands showed a Pb content of 1·36 ± 0·71 ppm, and a pH of 7·3. By amplifying the ITS1/ITS4 region of fungal ribosomal DNA, the isolates were identified as Bjerkandera sp., Microdochium sp. and Sarocladium sp. When the growth media was supplemented with 50 ppm of Pb at pH 4·5, Microdochium sp. showed an 80% decrease in the biomass, but the biomass production of Bjerkandera sp. and Sarocladium sp. was not affected by the same treatment. The accumulation of Pb in Microdochium sp. increased as a function of the concentration of the metal in the growth media, between 48·3 and 241·3 μmol l−1. We showed that two Poaceae plants growing on a Lead-Zinc tailing storage facility are a source of endophyte fungi and that Pb had a differential effect on the growth of the isolated fungi independent of the plant of origin.
Participation in sociolinguistic research
Authors: Bodó Csanád , Barabás Blanka , Fazakas Noémi , Gáspár Judit , Jani‐Demetriou Bernadett , Laihonen Petteri , Lajos Veronika , Szabó Gergely
Published: April 2022

Involving speakers in research on their linguistic practices has been at the core of sociolinguistics since the inception of the field. In contrast to social sciences, however, sociolinguists have rarely addressed the issues surrounding the participation of those involvedandengaged in the research process. This paper aims at reviewing the state of the art and outlining critical dimensions and aspects with relation to participation. We explore previous studies and study designs with the help of the following questions: Who has been involved? How and with what impact have stakeholders participated in different strands of sociolinguistic research? Current developments are presented and reviewed with particular reference to language expertise of those outside academia, as manifested in everyday talk about language, and the link between the production of this knowledge and social inequalities. We point out that the interconnectedness of everyday language expertise and social (in)equality can only be interpreted in highly localised contexts, whose diverse understandings and conceptualisations provide and, at the same time, limit the possibilities of social transformation.
Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Authors: Xin Jingguo , Wang Yongjie , Zheng Zhi , Wang Shuo , Na Shibo , Zhang Shaokun
Published: April 2022

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) causes a variety of signs and symptoms, such as low back pain (LBP), intervertebral disc herniation, and spinal stenosis, which contribute to high social and economic costs. IDD results from many factors, including genetic factors, aging, mechanical injury, malnutrition, and so on. The pathological changes of IDD are mainly composed of the senescence and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), the progressive degeneration of extracellular matrix (ECM), the fibrosis of annulus fibrosus (AF), and the inflammatory response. At present, IDD can be treated by conservative treatment and surgical treatment based on patients' symptoms. However, all of these can only release the pain but cannot reverse IDD and reconstruct the mechanical function of the spine. The latest research is moving towards the field of biotherapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are regard as the potential therapy of IDD because of their ability to self‐renew and differentiate into a variety of tissues. Moreover, the non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are found to regulate many vital processes in IDD. There have been many successes in the in vitro and animal studies of using biotherapy to treat IDD, but how to transform the experimental data to real therapy which can apply to humans is still a challenge. This article mainly reviews the treatment strategies and research progress of IDD and indicates that there are many problems that need to be solved if the new biotherapy is to be applied to clinical treatment of IDD. This will provide reference and guidance for clinical treatment and research direction of IDD.
Handshake stewardship reduces carbapenem prescription in a pediatric critical care setting
Authors: Kit‐Anan Waratchaya , Boonsathorn Sophida , Anantasit Nattachai , Techasaensiri Chonnamet , Chaisavaneeyakorn Sujittra , Apiwattanakul Nopporn
Published: April 2022

Background

Intensive care unit (ICU) settings typically have a high‐volume prescription of carbapenems. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) aim to promote appropriate antibiotic use. Handshake stewardship (HS) is adapted from ASPs but focuses on direct feedback to physicians who prescribed antibiotics regarding the appropriateness of antibiotic prescription. This study aimed to evaluate the impact and acceptability of HS on carbapenem consumption in pediatric critical care settings.

Methods

This study was conducted over 18 months spanning pre‐and post‐implementation of HS. Carbapenem prescriptions were automatically discontinued during the pre‐implementation period after 72 h if no indications existed. During the post‐implementation, HS was performed by direct feedback to ICU physicians regarding the appropriateness of carbapenem prescriptions within 24 h. The primary outcome was the carbapenem consumption rate, defined as days of therapy (DOT)/1,000 patient‐ICU days. Secondary outcomes were the acceptability of HS, length of critical care stay (LOCS), 30‐day infection‐related mortality rate, and the rate of carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).

Results

There were 212 carbapenem prescriptions (163 patients) and 174 carbapenem prescriptions (110 patients) in the pre‐and post‐implementation periods, respectively. Carbapenem consumption decreased significantly from 667 to 369 DOT/1,000 patient‐ICU days, with a median difference of 292 DOT/1,000 patient‐ICU days (P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval: 175–408) after HS implementation. The acceptability of the HS was 95.4%. The LOCS, 30‐day infection‐related mortality, and CRE rate were not significantly different between pre‐and post‐implementation periods.

Conclusions

Handshake stewardship significantly reduced carbapenem prescription in critically ill pediatric patients without negatively affecting patient outcomes.
Glyoxalase III enhances salinity tolerance through reactive oxygen species scavenging and reduced glycation
Authors: Ghosh Ajit , Mustafiz Ananda , Pareek Ashwani , Sopory Sudhir K. , Singla‐Pareek Sneh L.
Published: April 2022

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a metabolically generated highly cytotoxic compound that accumulates in all living organisms, from Escherichia coli to humans, under stress conditions. To detoxify MG, nature has evolved reduced glutathione (GSH)‐dependent glyoxalase and NADPH‐dependent aldo‐keto reductase systems. But both GSH and NADPH have been reported to be limiting in plants under stress conditions, and thus detoxification might not be performed efficiently. Recently, glyoxalase III (GLY III)‐like enzyme activity has been reported from various species, which can detoxify MG without any cofactor. In the present study, we have tested whether an E. coli gene, hchA, encoding a functional GLY III, could provide abiotic stress tolerance to living systems. Overexpression of this gene showed improved tolerance in E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells against salinity, dicarbonyl, and oxidative stresses. Ectopic expression of the E. coli GLY III gene (EcGLY‐III) in transgenic tobacco plants confers tolerance against salinity at both seedling and reproductive stages as indicated by their height, weight, membrane stability index, and total yield potential. Transgenic plants showed significantly increased glyoxalase and antioxidant enzyme activity that resisted the accumulation of excess MG and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during stress. Moreover, transgenic plants showed more anti‐glycation activity to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end product (AGE) that might prevent transgenic plants from stress‐induced senescence. Taken together, all these observations indicate that overexpression of EcGLYIII confers salinity stress tolerance in plants and should be explored further for the generation of stress‐tolerant plants.
How do veterans view gun policies? Evidence from the Guns in American Life Survey
Authors: Ellison Christopher G. , Kelley Margaret S. , Leal David , Gonzalez Pablo E.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Do veterans of the U.S. armed forces, a population with unique knowledge of and experience with guns, have distinctive views of gun control policies? While veterans are commonly assumed to be conservatives and Republicans, an emerging body of work has begun to explore the complexities of their policy opinions, partisanship, and voting behaviors. Such work provides needed nuance about this symbolically and politically important group.

Methods

Using the Guns in American Life Survey (2018, n = 3103), we test whether veterans (with combat and noncombat experiences), family members of veterans, and nonveterans have different perspectives, even after taking into account factors such as gun ownership and partisanship.

Results

The findings indicate that veterans (and particularly combat veterans) are more supportive than nonveterans of expanding civilians' gun carrying rights. On the other hand, veterans with and without combat experience are more likely to favor banning AR15 and military‐style rifles and high‐capacity ammunition clips. Veterans are also more likely to favor a 14‐day waiting period for all gun purchases, but they do not have unique positions on mental health screening for gun purchases.

Conclusion

Taken together, these findings appear to reflect a veteran population that is positively disposed toward guns in general but also understands the destructive power of military‐style weapons.
Sequence‐based typing identification of the novel allele HLA‐B*40:482
Authors: Shi Xiu‐Min , Hu Rui‐Ping , Li Pei‐Tong , Han Wei , Gao Su‐Jun
Published: April 2022

HLA‐B*40:482 has one nucleotide change from HLA‐B*40:06:01:01 at nucleotide 430 changing glycine to arginine at residue 120.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Recirculation Structures in Isothermal Swirling Coaxial Jet
Authors: Pattanshetti Arun , Santhosh R. , Attar Nasir
Published: April 2022

Three-dimensional (3D) unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulations are conducted in a coaxial swirling jet. Two distinct types of recirculation zones (RZ) relevant to coaxial swirling jets are considered based on the modified Rossby number Rom, which is known to represent the ratio of axial velocity deficit between two coaxial streams to the characteristic tangential velocity at the nozzle exit. The two flow states studied are Rom>1 and Rom≤1. The former is characterized by regions of high strain (especially in the shear layer between central and coaxial jet). It is found in this study that renormalization group (RNG) k−ɛ model is the suitable model for 3D URANS simulation of Rom>1 flow state. This is attributed to the model's ability to simulate flow regions that are heavily strained. The simulated results are compared with two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimetry measurements conducted as part of this study. For the flow states Rom≤1, which are characterized by the dominance of radial pressure gradient arising due to rotational (swirling) effect over the pressure gradient due to axial velocity deficit, the Reynolds stress model (RSM) is found best to simulate the flow topologies and mean and turbulent quantities. The time-averaged results obtained from optimized turbulent models are employed to gain insights into the fluid mixing phenomenon in these RZs. The unsteady axial velocity fluctuations obtained from both experiments and URANS simulations are analyzed in the frequency domain to gain insights into dominant axial oscillations prevalent in RZs.
Investigation on the Contribution of Large-Scale Fluctuation and Small-Scale Disturbance of Coolant to Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Rectangular Channel With Pin Fins
Authors: Duan Jingtian , Zhang Ke , Xu Jin , Lei Jiang , Wu Junmei
Published: April 2022

The flow field in a channel with staggered pin-fin array was measured using time-resolved Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV). The distributions of flow field statistics were compared with those of Nusselt number on the endwall measured by thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) of the same geometry. Lower-order large-scale fluctuation and higher order small-scale disturbances were examined separately using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to study the flow field characteristics and their individual effect on the heat transfer enhancement. Pin fins with circular and square cross-section geometries were studied at Reynolds numbers of 10,000 and 20,000. Results indicate that for circular pin fins, the distribution of lateral/transverse velocity fluctuations or turbulent kinetic energy from large-scale vortex shedding resembles that of local Nu, and the heat transfer augmentation downstream of the recirculation zone is dominant, while the heat transfer enhancement is limited in the shear layer on both sides of recirculation where disturbances are small scale. However, for square pin fins, heat transfer augmentation in the shear layer is as strong as that downstream of recirculation, while large-scale fluctuations downstream is much weaker than small scale disturbances in the shear layer. Compared to small-scale disturbances, large-scale fluctuations are found to contribute more efficiently to endwall heat transfer enhancement both for circular and for square pin fins. Large-scale fluctuation, as well as heat transfer enhancement, weakens with the increase in Reynolds number, while smaller-scale disturbance grows stronger at the same time.