bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Four-year contraception rates of mares treated with single-injection porcine zona pellucida and GnRH vaccines and intrauterine devices
Authors: Killian Gary , Thain David , Diehl Nancy K. , Rhyan Jack , Miller Lowell
Published: October 2008

We evaluated the multiyear contraceptive efficacy of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine GonaCon, the porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine SpayVac and the human intrauterine device (IUD) 380 Copper ‘T’ in mustang mares provided by the State of Nevada. Eight untreated control mares were compared with 12 mares treated with SpayVac, 16 mares treated with GonaCon and 15 mares treated with the copper-containing IUD. Rates of contraception for Years 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively for SpayVac were 100% (12 of 12), 83% (10 of 12), 83% (10 of 12) and 83% (10 of 12), rates for GonaCon were 94% (15 of 16), 60% (9 of 15), 60% (9 of 15) and 40% (6 of 15) and rates for IUD-treated mares were 80% (12 of 15), 29% (4 of 14),14% (2 of 14) and 0% (0 of 14). Antibody titres against PZP and GnRH declined over the four-year study. For mares given SpayVac, uterine oedema was commonly observed. IUDs were visible by ultrasonography in non-pregnant mustang mares, suggesting that pregnant mares did not retain their IUD. IUD retention may be a function of uterine size: pony mares with IUDs had high retention and contraception rates for 4–5 years. We conclude that long-term contraception of mustang mares with a single shot of either the SpayVac or GonaCon vaccine is possible.
Development of a contraceptive vaccine for the marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): lack of effects in mice and chickens immunised with recombinant possum ZP3 protein and a possum ZP3 antifertility epitope
Authors: Duckworth Janine A. , Cui Xianlan , Scobie Susie , Arrow Jane , Cowan Phil E.
Published: October 2008

Zona pellucida fertility-control vaccines are being developed in New Zealand to control an introduced marsupial pest, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). In this study recombinant possum ZP3 protein (rZP3) and a possum ZP3 peptide (amino acids 334–361) (both known to block fertility in possums) were examined for their potential to induce species-specific, or at least marsupial-specific, infertility. Laboratory mice (a ‘model’ eutherian mammal species) and domestic chickens (a ‘model’ bird species) immunised with possum rZP3 or possum-infertility ZP3 peptide in Freund’s adjuvants showed no reduction in a range of parameters indicative of reproductive performance. The lack of contraceptive effects on mouse and chicken fertility is an encouraging result in terms of rZP3 and ZP3 peptide specificity, and these promising antigens are to be expressed in a bacterial ghost vaccine system for mucosal delivery to possums and the effects on possum fertility evaluated. Ultimately, a much wider range of non-target species will need to be screened and tested once the antigens have been successfully formulated in their final delivery vehicle.
Hec1 overexpression hyperactivates the mitotic checkpoint and induces tumor formation
in vivo
Authors: Diaz-Rodríguez Elena , Sotillo Rocio , Schvartzman Juan-Manuel , Benezra Robert
Published: October 2008

Hec1 (Highly Expressed in Cancer 1) is one of four proteins of the outer kinetochore Ndc80 complex involved in the dynamic interface between centromeres and spindle microtubules. Its overexpression is seen in a variety of human tumors and correlates with tumor grade and prognosis. We show here that the overexpression of Hec1 in an inducible mouse model results in mitotic checkpoint hyperactivation. As previously observed with overexpression of the
Mad2
gene, hyperactivation of the mitotic checkpoint leads to aneuploidy
in vitro
and is sufficient to generate tumors
in vivo
that harbor significant levels of aneuploidy. These results underscore the role of chromosomal instability as a result of mitotic checkpoint hyperactivation in the initiation of tumorigenesis.
Role of HAMP domains in chemotaxis signaling by bacterial chemoreceptors
Authors: Khursigara Cezar M. , Wu Xiongwu , Zhang Peijun , Lefman Jonathan , Subramaniam Sriram
Published: October 2008

Bacterial chemoreceptors undergo conformational changes in response to variations in the concentration of extracellular ligands. These changes in chemoreceptor structure initiate a series of signaling events that ultimately result in regulation of rotation of the flagellar motor. Here we have used cryo-electron tomography combined with 3D averaging to determine the
in situ
structure of chemoreceptor assemblies in
Escherichia coli
cells that have been engineered to overproduce the serine chemoreceptor Tsr. We demonstrate that chemoreceptors are organized as trimers of receptor dimers and display two distinct conformations that differ principally in arrangement of the HAMP domains within each trimer. Ligand binding and methylation alter the distribution of chemoreceptors between the two conformations, with serine binding favoring the “expanded” conformation and chemoreceptor methylation favoring the “compact” conformation. The distinct positions of chemoreceptor HAMP domains within the context of a trimeric unit are thus likely to represent important aspects of chemoreceptor structural changes relevant to chemotaxis signaling. Based on these results, we propose that the compact and expanded conformations represent the “kinase-on” and “kinase-off” states of chemoreceptor trimers, respectively.
Evolutionary redefinition of immunoglobulin light chain isotypes in tetrapods using molecular markers
Authors: Das Sabyasachi , Nikolaidis Nikolas , Klein Jan , Nei Masatoshi
Published: October 2008

The phylogenetic relationships of Ig light chain (IGL) genes are difficult to resolve, because these genes are short and evolve relatively fast. Here, we classify the IGL sequences from 12 tetrapod species into three distinct groups (κ, λ, and σ isotypes) using conserved amino acid residues, recombination signal sequences, and genomic organization ofIGLgenes as cladistic markers. From the distribution of the markers we conclude that the earliest extant tetrapods, the amphibians, possess three IGL isotypes: κ, λ, and σ. Of these, two (κ and λ) are also found in reptiles and some mammals. The λ isotype is found in all tetrapods tested to date, whereas the κ isotype seems to have been lost at least in some birds and in the microbat. Conservation of the cladistic molecular markers suggests that they are associated with functional specialization of the three IGL isotypes. The genomic maps of IGL loci reveal multiple gene rearrangements that occurred in the evolution of tetrapod species. These rearrangements have resulted in interspecific variation of the genomic lengths of the IGL loci and the number and order of IGL constituent genes, but the overall organization of the IGL loci has not changed.
Noninvasive coronary angiography with 64-channel multidetector computed tomography in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Ulimoen G. R. , Gjønnæss E. , Atar D. , Dahl T. , Stranden E. , Sandbæk G.
Published: October 2008

Background: Advances in computer tomography (CT) imaging technology in recent years have facilitated the possibility of noninvasive coronary angiography.

Purpose: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of 64-channel multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) with conventional invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for the detection of significant coronary stenosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Material and Methods: MDCT was performed in 60 patients classified with non-ST-elevation infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina and scheduled for ICA within 3 days. The diagnostic accuracy of MDCT was evaluated using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) as the gold standard.

Results: 48 out of 60 patients had interpretable scans by both MDCT and ICA. On a segment-based analysis, 488 out of 665 segments with a diameter of ≥1.5 mm, as defined by QCA, were interpretable by MDCT. Sensitivity was 78%, specificity 87%, positive predictive value 47%, and negative predictive value 97% in detecting and excluding significant coronary stenosis, as defined with MDCT. On a per patient-based analysis, sensitivity was 89%, specificity 50%, positive predictive value 84%, and negative predictive value 60%.

Conclusion: Limited diagnostic accuracy restricts the usefulness of coronary MDCT in patient groups with a high pretest probability of disease, such as in acute coronary syndrome.
The conflict between values and hegemony in the current international legal order: humanitarian intervention as an example
Authors: al-Mousa Mohammad Khalil
Published: October 2008

In a study which proceeds along the lines of both philosophy and international law and established precedents of various international organizations and conventions, the author deals with the thorny issue of ‘human rights intervention’ and demonstrates that what may be a simple or self-reflexive concept in the abstract is, from the standpoint of actual historical implementation, problematic and extremely political. The article deals with cases from the Congo to Kosovo and examines these in light of the UN Charter as well as the International Court of Justice in order to demonstrate asymmetry and the ambiguities and contradictions as well as the political expedience inherent in both interpretation of law and in the actual cases of ‘humanitarian intervention’. The legal basis and efficacy of unilateral ‘humanitarian intervention’ are challenged in depth.
George E. Palade, Cell Biology and The JCB
Authors: Mellman Ira
Published: October 2008

On October 7, 2008, the world lost one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century, and modern cell biology lost its founder. George E. Palade, recipient of the Nobel Prize in 1974 for his work that established our basic understanding of cellular organization, died at the age of 95 after a long illness.
QGene 4.0, an extensible Java QTL-analysis platform
Authors: Joehanes Roby , Nelson James C.
Published: October 2008

Summary: Of many statistical methods developed to date for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, only a limited subset are available in public software allowing their exploration, comparison and practical application by researchers. We have developed QGene 4.0, a plug-in platform that allows execution and comparison of a variety of modern QTL-mapping methods and supports third-party addition of new ones. The software accommodates line-cross mating designs consisting of any arbitrary sequence of selfing, backcrossing, intercrossing and haploid-doubling steps that includes map, population, and trait simulators; and is scriptable.

Availability: Software and documentation are available at http://coding.plantpath.ksu.edu/qgene. Source code is available on request.

Contact:  jcn@ksu.edu
A Clinical Classification System for Aberrant Internal Carotid Arteries
Authors: Pfeiffer Jens , Ridder Gerd J.
Published: October 2008

Objectives/Hypothesis: Pronounced anatomic variations of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) can be found in 5% to 6% of the general population. An aberrant ICA is at risk of injury during routine pharyngeal procedures if the vessel is placed into close relationship with the pharyngeal wall. The objective was to highlight the impact of parapharyngeal ICA aberrations and to analyze the clinical usefulness of the current anatomic classification system of these anomalies.

Study Design: Prospective quality assessment study in an academic tertiary care medical center.

Methods: A systematic clinicoradiological follow‐up study was performed over a period of 18 months. The ICA's course was classified according to Weibel and Fields in 21 consecutive patients with 35 pronounced parapharyngeal ICA aberrations. The vessels' minimum distance to the pharyngeal wall and the corresponding pharyngeal level was analyzed.

Results: Tortuosity was found in 13, kinking in 18, and coiling in 4 aberrant ICAs. The vessel's minimum distance to the pharyngeal wall ranged from 0.8 to 17.9 mm (mean, 7.0 mm), but the currently used anatomic classification was inadequate to determine the risk potential for ICA injury in the given cases. We propose a clinicoradiological classification system, which considers the vessel's relation to the pharyngeal wall.

Conclusions: Parapharyngeal ICA aberrations are common and probably under‐appreciated anatomic variations. The awareness of these anomalies is essential for clinicians. Since the current anatomic classification is insufficient to outline patients with an increased risk of ICA injury, a clinicoradiological graduation of cervical ICA aberrations may be of practical benefit.
The Clinical Significance of Coexpression of Cyclooxygenases‐2, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Pan Jianji , Kong Lin , Lin Senan , Chen Gang , Chen Qiang , Lu Jiade J.
Published: October 2008

Objectives/Hypothesis: To investigate the inter‐relationship of the expressions of cyclooxygenases‐2 (COX‐2), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) cells, and their clinical significance in association with the extent of disease at diagnosis.

Study Design: Prospective.

Methods: Expressions of COX‐2, VEGF, and EGFR protein were detected using immunohistochemistry in 111 patients with pathologically confirmed stage II to IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The correlation between the expressions of the three tumor markers and the stages of disease at diagnosis were investigated.

Results: COX‐2, VEGF, and EGFR were over‐expressed in 76.6, 66.7, and 73.9% of NPC cells, respectively. The staining patterns was cytoplasmic for VEGF, membranous for EGFR, and both cytoplasmic and membranous for COX‐2 in tumor cells. Linear associations were observed between the intensity of the expressions of COX‐2 vs. VEGF, COX‐2 vs. EGFR, or VEGF vs. EGFR. Furthermore, the intensity of the expressions of all three markers was significantly associated with the extent of the tumor measured by the Tumor, Node, Metastasis classification and staging grouping of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer staging system.

Conclusion: COX‐2, VEGF, and EGFR expressions in NPC cells were interrelated, and the intensity of the expressions of all three markers were significantly associated with the stage of the disease at diagnosis. Further investigation is needed to determine the clinical applications of COX‐2, VEGF, and EGFR in predicting the long‐term outcome of NPC after definitive therapy.
A Genomewide Screen for Chronic Rhinosinusitis Genes Identifies a Locus on Chromosome 7q
Authors: Pinto Jayant M. , Hayes M Geoffrey , Schneider Daniel , Naclerio Robert M. , Ober Carole
Published: October 2008

Objective/Hypothesis: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an important public health problem with substantial impact on patient quality of life and health care costs. We hypothesized that genetic variation may be one factor that affects this disease.

Study Design: Identification of genetic variation underlying susceptibility to CRS using linkage analysis in a founder population.

Methods: We studied a religious isolate that practices a communal lifestyle and shares common environmental exposures. Using physical examination, medical interviews, and a review of medical records, we identified eight individuals with CRS of 291 screened. These eight individuals were related to each other in a single 60 member, nine generation pedigree. A genome‐wide screen for loci influencing susceptibility to CRS using 1123 genome‐wide markers was conducted.

Results: The largest linkage peak (P = .0023; 127.15 cM, equivalent to limit of detection = 2.01) was on chromosome 7q31.1–7q32.1, 7q31 (127.15 cM; 1‐limit of detection support region: 115–135 cM) and included the CFTR locus. Genotyping of 38 mutations in the CFTR gene did not reveal variation accounting for this linkage signal.

Conclusions: Understanding the genes involved in CRS may lead to improvements in its diagnosis and treatment. Our results represent the first genome‐wide screen for CRS and suggest that a locus on 7q31.1–7q32.1 influences disease susceptibility. This may be the CFTR gene or another nearby locus.
Cochlear Implantation in Infants: Special Surgical and Medical Aspects
Authors: Migirov Lela , Carmel Eldar , Kronenberg Jona
Published: October 2008

Objective: To present medical and surgical aspects of cochlear implantation (CI) in infants and to compare the rate of complications of CI in infants with that of older children.

Design: Retrospective study.

Method: Fifteen infants and 57 children aged 1 to 2 years at the time of CI with a follow‐up of at least 12 months were studied.

Results: Major complications (requiring explantation or revision surgery) occurred in 6.7% infants vs. 17.5% toddlers, P = .297. The rates for minor postoperative problems were 13.3% vs. 21.1%, respectively, P = .502. There were no incidents of surgery‐ or anesthesia‐related complications in the present study. Device failure was found as a most common complication in older children (10.5%). Such patient‐related complications as foreign body reaction, protrusion of the positioner and recurrent otitis media can result in device malfunction. Indeed, the rate of major complications supposed to increase with long‐term follow‐up.

Conclusions: The surgical procedure for CI in infants is feasible and patient‐related complications are usually minor and may be managed conservatively. Because most postoperative major problems are implant‐related, improving cochlear implant technology can enhance the reliability of the devices and prevent untoward events that need for explantations and reimplantations. To reduce the risk of general anesthesia in infants we recommended the presence of pediatric anesthesiologist at surgery. Shortening time of surgery with using of nonmastoidectomy techniques for CI can reduce the time of bacterial exposure of the wound and prevent surgical complications related to the facial nerve and chorda tympani damage as well as electrode misplacement.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastatic to Parotid‐Area Lymph Nodes
Authors: Hinerman Russell W. , Indelicato Daniel J. , Amdur Robert J. , Morris Christopher G. , Werning John W. , Vaysberg Mikhail , Kirwan Jessica , Mendenhall William M.
Published: October 2008

Introduction: Metastatic spread to parotid‐area lymph nodes (PALN) occurs in 1% to 3% of patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Presented herein is the University of Florida experience using radiation therapy (RT) to treat patients with PALN metastases from a skin primary.

Methods and Materials: From November 1969 to February 2005, 121 parotids in 117 patients received irradiation for nonmelanotic skin carcinoma metastatic to PALN. Patients were staged by the O'Brien staging system. Of the 121 parotids receiving RT, 17 (14%) were treated preoperatively, 87 (72%) postoperatively, and 17 with RT alone.

Results: Five‐year actuarial probabilities of local (parotid) control, local‐regional control, disease‐free survival and overall survival were 78%, 74%, 70%, and 54%, respectively. When patients were separated by O'Brien P‐stage, statistically significant differences were seen among the groups for local (parotid) control, local‐regional control, and disease‐free survival. A statistically significant decrease in local control was seen in patients treated with positive surgical margins (92% vs. 76%) and in local‐regional control for patients treated with preoperative RT or RT alone when compared with postoperative RT (59% and 47% vs. 83%, respectively). The 5‐year actuarial probability of freedom from distant metastases was 92%. Three (2.6%) patients suffered severe complications.

Conclusions: PALN metastases from a cutaneous head and neck primary site are best treated with surgery and postoperative RT. Our data support the hypothesis that the O'Brien staging system is superior to the American Joint Committee on Cancer system for the staging of cutaneous metastases to PALN. Positive surgical margins confer a worse prognosis in terms of local‐regional control and disease‐free survival. Patients treated with preoperative RT seem to have a worse prognosis than those treated postoperatively, likely a result of patient selection and the surgeon's inability to accurately assess viable tumor extent after preoperative RT. Severe complications are uncommon after surgery and RT for PALN metastases.
Development of the Small Parts Cylinder: Lessons Learned
Authors: Milkovich Scott M. , Altkorn Robert , Chen Xiao , Reilly James S. , Stool Daniel , Tao Luke , Rider Gene
Published: October 2008

Objectives/Hypothesis: The Consumer Product Safety Commission mandates federal child choking prevention standards in the United States. Consumer Product Safety Commission utilizes the small parts cylinder (SPC), a 31.75‐mm inside‐diameter cylinder with a slanted bottom and depth ranging from 25.4 to 57.1 mm. The SPC was developed with very limited clinical data, and the effectiveness of the SPC remains controversial. Small parts ingestions remain among the most common causes of injury and fatality to preschool children. This study reviews the history, medical basis, and effectiveness of the SPC and provides recommendations for prevention of choking and airway fatalities.

Study Design: Retrospective case series, 48 tertiary care pediatric hospitals (1989–2004) and historical review (1972–2007).

Methods: American Academy of Pediatrics and Consumer Product Safety Commission documents and published reports. Forty‐eight children's hospital medical records were reviewed by ICD‐9 and current procedural terminology codes for injury or fatality data from foreign bodies (FBs) involved in airway obstruction or esophageal injury. All FBs dimensions were measured and statistically analyzed.

Results: Twenty‐three percent of fatalities resulting from small parts over the study period involve objects that pass SPC evaluation and over 90% of FBs between 27.9 and 30.5 mm involved in nonfatal incidents pass SPC evaluation. Many objects involved in fatal and nonfatal injury pass because of the slanted bottom.

Conclusions: Over one‐fifth of injuries and fatalities to children could be prevented if a standard more stringent than the SPC were in use. Alternative gauges and broader age guidelines are recommended. We propose a 38.1‐mm diameter open‐bottom gauge for nonspherical FBs and a similar 44.5 mm gauge for spherical FBs. We suggest that this new standard would have prevented all small‐parts fatalities to children (including children 3 years of age and older) and the overwhelming majority of nonfatal injuries.
Dexamethasone Base Conserves Hearing from Electrode Trauma‐Induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Vivero Richard J. , Joseph Debbie E. , Angeli Simon , He Jiao , Chen Shibing , Eshraghi Adrien A. , Balkany Thomas J. , Van De Water Thomas R.
Published: October 2008

Objective/Hypothesis: Local treatment of the cochlea after electrode insertion trauma with dexamethasone base conserves hearing against trauma‐induced loss.

Study Design: Laboratory animal study.

Methods: A guinea pig model of electron insertion trauma (EIT)‐induced hearing loss (HL) used 44 guinea pigs sub‐divided into four groups: 1) unoperated, controls (Controls, n = 44); 2) EIT, untreated (EIT, n = 15); 3) EIT plus artificial perilymph (EIT + AP, n = 15); and 4) EIT plus dexamethasone base (EIT + DXMb, n = 14). Cochleae that received EIT were randomly selected with contralateral, unoperated cochleae as internal controls. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in response to 0.5 to 16 kHz pure tones were obtained before surgery, immediately after surgery (0 day), and on post‐EIT days 3, 7, 14, and 30. Hair cell counts were obtained from stained organ of Corti specimens from all four groups (n = 3/group). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and a Tukey‐Kramer honestly significant difference post hoc test with significance alpha set at <0.05 (hearing) and <0.001 (hair cells).

Results: There were significant differences (<0.05) between the ABR thresholds of unoperated (control) and contralateral operated (experimental) ears of EIT and of EIT + AP groups for all tested frequencies. There was no statistical difference (>0.05) in ABR thresholds in the EIT + DXMb versus control groups for 0.5 to 4 kHz tones. DXMb treatment protected hair cells from EIT‐induced damage and loss while AP treatment did not.

Conclusion: The absence of significant differences in hearing thresholds between the EIT + DXMb group and control ears in response to 0.5 to 4 kHz tones demonstrates that DXMb is as effective as the aqueous form of dexamethasone in conserving hearing against EIT‐induced loss.
Keloid Banding Using Suture Ligature: A Novel Technique and Review of Literature
Authors: Parikh Dhavan A. , Ridgway James M. , Ge Norman N.
Published: October 2008

Introduction:Successful wound healing represents the coordinated response of cellular, cytokine, and growth factor mechanisms involved in tissue recovery. Disruptions in transforming growth factor‐β signaling, senescence/apoptosis, keratinocyte‐fibroblast interactions, and other regulatory cascades can lead to the production of hypertrophic scar or keloid tissue formation. Current clinical investigations support surgical excision, meticulous closure, postoperative steroid injections, and postprocedural pressure dressings in the treatment of keloid tissue formation. Unfortunately, a universal approach in keloid therapy has yet to be identified. Here we offer a novel banding technique using suture ligature for the removal of these tissues.

Methods:Using a suture ligature, keloid tissues were banded along their base for a 5‐week period. Tissue evaluation and additional suture banding was performed on a weekly basis until complete mummification and spontaneous removal of ligated tissues. No additional pressure dressings were placed after tissue removal as treated sites had essentially undergone pressure therapy from the banding treatment.

Results:Keloid tissues from multiple sites of the head and neck were effectively removed without complication using the suture banding technique. During a follow‐up period of 12 months, no evidence of keloid tissue recurrence was observed.

Conclusion:Keloid tissue formation remains a formidable challenge for the patient and physician alike. The application of a simple tissue banding technique holds promise in the direct and preventative treatment of keloid tissue formation whereas the end results merit further clinical and laboratory investigation.
Delineating the Hearing Loss in Children With Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct
Authors: Zhou Guangwei , Gopen Quinton , Kenna Margaret A.
Published: October 2008

Objective/Hypothesis: To explore the clinical characteristics and audiologic outcomes in children with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA).

Study Design: Retrospective study in a pediatric tertiary care facility.

Methods: A total of 54 cases (82 ears) of children with EVA were identified with complete records, including otologic evaluation, imaging studies, and audiologic assessments. The diagnosis of EVA was confirmed by computerized tomography scan/magnetic resonance imaging of the temporal bone. Hearing status was assessed using behavioral testing or auditory brainstem response (ABR). Tympanometry, acoustic reflex, and vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing were also performed when appropriate.

Results: Fifty‐two percent of our EVA cases showed bilateral involvement, and 43% of all ears with EVA also had cochlear malformations, such as Mondini dysplasia. Sensorineural HL was initially diagnosed in 16 ears (20% of the total) with EVA whereas conductive or mixed HL was found in 66 ears (80% of the total). Further review of all EVA cases with sensorineural HL showed lack of proper bone conduction testing, so air‐bone gaps were missed. Despite air‐bone gaps in EVA ears, middle ear pressure and mobility were usually normal, along with present acoustic reflexes. VEMP responses were present with abnormally low thresholds.

Conclusions: Air‐bone gap(s) can be found in most ears with EVA if both air and bone conduction thresholds are properly tested. Normal tympanometry, presence of acoustic reflex and low threshold VEMP responses suggest that the air‐bone gap in EVA is due to an inner ear anomaly, similar to the “third” labyrinthine window syndrome.
Undergraduate Otolaryngology Education in Canadian Medical Schools
Authors: Campisi Paolo , Asaria Jamil , Brown Dale
Published: October 2008

Objectives: To examine the quantity and nature of undergraduate otolaryngology instruction in the Canadian medical school system and to present the management of the undergraduate otolaryngology curriculum at the University of Toronto medical school with a yearly enrolment of 224 students.

Study Design: Survey questionnaire and narrative description.

Methods: A structured one‐page survey was administered to the education directors of all 16 Canadian medical schools. The administration of core learning material, scheduling, patient encounter logging, and student and instructor evaluations with computerized, on‐line systems at the University of Toronto was described.

Results: Rotations in otolaryngology were highly variable across medical schools. Mandatory rotations in otolaryngology were identified in only 6 of the 16 undergraduate curricula. The average length of clinical experience in schools with mandatory rotations was 4.6 days.

Conclusions: The majority of Canadian medical graduates complete their undergraduate training with minimal clinical experience in otolaryngology. There is a clear discrepancy between the quantity and perceived need for training. To provide a thorough and equitable exposure to otolaryngology, a curriculum with standardized lectures and evaluation procedures is required.
Contralateral Incipient Posterior Canal Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo: Complication After Epley Maneuver
Authors: Leong Annabelle C. , Golding‐Wood David
Published: October 2008

Background: Particle repositioning procedures give consistent results for the treatment of benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV). However, little consideration has been given to the possibilities of bilateral disease.

Objective/Hypothesis: To report contralateral symptoms and signs suggestive of revealed or incipient BPPV as a complication of Epley maneuver.

Study Design: A prospective cohort of 198 cases over a period of 11 years.

Results: Ten (5.0%) developed contralateral symptoms and signs suggestive of revealed or incipient posterior canal BPPV within 2 weeks of treatment.

Conclusion: This novel observation has not been previously described and may influence the strategy for future management of patients with BPPV. Particle repositioning maneuvers for the previously asymptomatic contralateral ear may need to be considered in a subset of patients with posterior canal BPPV who suffer contralateral symptoms after undergoing treatment for the original ear.
Burnout in Academic Faculty of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Golub Justin S. , Johns Michael M. , Weiss Paul S. , Ramesh Atul K. , Ossoff Robert H.
Published: October 2008

Objective/Hypothesis: To characterize burnout in academic faculty of otolaryngology—head and neck surgery. To identify associated modifiable factors to reduce burnout and improve the health of the field.

Study Design: Mailed survey.

Methods: A cross section of US academic otolaryngologists was sampled through a mailed survey. Content included the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Human Services Study (MBI‐HSS) and questions assessing potential burnout predictors such as demographic information, professional stressors, satisfaction, self‐efficacy, and support systems.

Results: Burnout was common among academic otolaryngologists. High burnout was observed in 4% of faculty, moderate burnout in 66%, and low burnout in 30%. Women experienced a statistically higher level of emotional exhaustion than men. In addition, associate professors were significantly more burned out than full professors and microvascular surgeons were notably more burned out than all other subspecialists. The strongest predictors of burnout were dissatisfaction with the balance between personal and professional life, low self‐efficacy, inadequate research time, and inadequate administration time. A significant association was seen between high burnout and likelihood to leave academic medicine within the next 1 to 2 years.

Conclusions: Burnout was prevalent among US academic otolaryngologists, although levels were lower than those of otolaryngology chairs and residents. Modification of risk factors, such as allowing sufficient faculty time for research and administrative activities, should be undertaken to curb the development of burnout and its deleterious sequelae.
Gentian Violet and Ferric Ammonium Citrate Disrupt Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms
Authors: Wang Eric W. , Agostini Gabriela , Olomu Osarenoma , Runco Daniel , Jung Jae Y. , Chole Richard A.
Published: October 2008

Objective/Hypothesis: Bacterial biofilms are resistant to antibiotics and may contribute to persistent infections including chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma. Discovery of substances to disrupt biofilms is necessary to treat these chronic infections. Gentian violet (GV) and ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) were tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to determine if either substance can reduce biofilm volume.

Study Design: The biofilm volume and planktonic growth of PAO1 and otopathogenic P. aeruginosa (OPPA8) isolated from an infected cholesteatoma was measured in the presence of GV or FAC.

Methods: OPPA8 and PAO1 expressing a green fluorescent protein plasmid (pMRP9‐1) was inoculated into a glass flow chamber. Biofilms were grown under low flow conditions for 48 hours and subsequently exposed to either GV or FAC for an additional 24 hours. Biofilm formation was visualized by confocal laser microscopy and biofilm volume was assayed by measuring fluorescence. Planktonic cultures were grown under standard conditions with GV or FAC. Statistical analysis was performed by Student t test and one‐way ANOVA.

Results: GV reduced PAO1 and OPPA8 biofilm volume (P < .01). GV delayed the onset and rate of logarithmic growth in both strains. FAC reduced OPPA8 biofilm volume (P < .01), but did not effect of PAO1 biofilms. FAC had no effect on planktonic growth.

Conclusions: The efficacy of GV in disrupting biofilms in vitro suggests that it may disrupt biofilms in vivo. The effect of FAC on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is strain dependent. Strain differences in response to increasing iron concentration and biofilm morphology stress the importance of studying clinically isolated strains in testing antibiofilm agents.
Nonlinear analysis of electroencephalogram and magnetoencephalogram recordings in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hornero Roberto , Abásolo Daniel , Escudero Javier , Gómez Carlos
Published: October 2008

The aim of the present study is to show the usefulness of nonlinear methods to analyse the electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The following nonlinear methods have been applied to study the EEG and MEG background activity in AD patients and control subjects: approximate entropy, sample entropy, multiscale entropy, auto-mutual information and Lempel–Ziv complexity. We discuss why these nonlinear methods are appropriate to analyse the EEG and MEG. Furthermore, the performance of all these methods has been compared when applied to the same databases of EEG and MEG recordings. Our results show that EEG and MEG background activities in AD patients are less complex and more regular than in healthy control subjects. In line with previous studies, our work suggests that nonlinear analysis techniques could be useful in AD diagnosis.
Multimodal signal processing for the analysis of cardiovascular variability
Authors: Porta Alberto , Aletti Federico , Vallais Frederic , Baselli Giuseppe
Published: October 2008

Cardiovascular (CV) variability as a primary vital sign carrying information about CV regulation systems is reviewed by pointing out the role of the main rhythms and the various control and functional systems involved. The high complexity of the addressed phenomena fosters a multimodal approach that relies on data analysis models and deals with the ongoing interactions of many signals at a time. The importance of closed-loop identification and causal analysis is remarked upon and basic properties, application conditions and methods are recalled. The need of further integration of CV signals relevant to peripheral and systemic haemodynamics, respiratory mechanics, neural afferent and efferent pathways is also stressed.
Planning people
Authors: Bienefeld M. A.
Published: October 2008

“Problems of economic planning seem to acquire a resemblance to the problems of military strategy, where in practice the choice lies between a relatively small number of plans, which have in the main to be treated and chosen between as organic wholes, and which for a variety of reasons do not easily permit of intermediate combinations.”
Industrialization and the Standard of Living of the Working Class in Iran, 1960–79
Authors: Hakimian Hassan
Published: October 2008

But what improves the circumstances of the greater part can never be regarded as an inconveniency to the whole. No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable.
Daughters, Decisions and Domination: An Empirical and Conceptual Critique of Household Strategies
Authors: Wolf Diane L.
Published: October 2008

This article focuses upon the decision‐making process in the household with regard to young women and factory employment in Java and Taiwan, and critically examines to what extent these processes reflect household strategies. While Javanese daughters may seek factory employment against parents' wishes, Taiwanese daughters may be obliged to submit to parental decisions and work for years in order to contribute income. The concept of ‘household strategies’, however, inadequately describes both situations, masking relations of power, resistance and inequality within the household. The assumptions underlying the concept of household strategies and their broader analytical implications are explored, leading to the conclusion that a more differentiated view of the household is needed, taking power relations and struggles between genders and generations into account.
Non‐governmental Organizations in Africa: Can They Influence Public Policy?
Authors: Bratton Michael
Published: October 2008

As non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) accumulate experience at implementing development projects, they sometimes attempt to increase their influence by engaging in policy advocacy. This article analyses the organizational conditions under which national NGOs in Africa have been able to influence the formulation of agricultural and rural development policies. Case studies are presented of three African NGOs that have sought, with varying degrees of success, to represent the ‘voice’ of the rural poor to policy‐makers. Comparative analysis of these cases leads to the conclusion that policy advocacy is most likely to be effective in organizations that have several key characteristics: an homogeneous membership, a federated structure, a focused programme, informal ties with political leaders, and a domestic funding base.
Limits to Radical Intervention: Agricultural Taxation in West Bengal
Authors: Mallick Ross
Published: October 2008

Agricultural taxation policy formulation under the Left Front government in West Bengal indicates landed interests are now powerful enough to resist enhanced taxation. As the most radical government in India abandoned proposed agricultural tax increases in the face of landowner opposition, and felt obliged to lower land taxes instead, India is not likely to increase land revenue for economic development. This effective landowner veto power over taxation policy indicates significant agrarian reform is not forthcoming in India, and the trend is towards greater subsidies for surplus‐producing farmers. The research was conducted through interviews with the policy formulators in West Bengal.
The Interface of Agricultural and Industrial Growth in the Development Process: Some Facets of the Indian Experience
Authors: Mathur Ashok
Published: October 2008

This paper uses national, regional and sub‐regional time series and cross‐sectional data to show that the direct statistical relationship between agricultural and industrial growth is weaker than would be expected. To explain the gap between theoretical expectations and empirical results, the roles of lagged responses, the terms of trade effect, wage‐price movements, initial agricultural productivity, income distribution and some non‐agricultural factors as determinants of industrial growth are assessed. Adequate agricultural growth is important for price stabilization policy and has direct welfare implications for poorer segments of the population. Further, an appropriate policy towards non‐agricultural determinants of industrial growth is needed in order to maximize the impact of agricultural growth on industrial development.
Mercantile Transformations: Understanding the State, Global Debt and Philippine Agriculture
Authors: Koppel Bruce
Published: October 2008

This paper examines an important continuity in the political economy of the Philippines: the interplay between domestic merchant capitalists and the state over the role of the state in the Philippine economy. During the Marcos regime, this interplay increasingly took the form of competition between state mercantile interests and ‘private’ merchant interests. This competition is still being played out. To better understand the nature of the competition, consideration is focused on two essential contemporary facts: the Philippines has a major external debt crisis and the Philippines, still predominantly an agrarian country, suffers from stagnant productivity growth and enduring rural poverty. While the Philippine external debt problem can be attributed in significant part to various international hegemonic interests, the analysis concludes that the characteristics of the crisis primarily reflect changing state/class/economy configurations within the Philippines. These same configurations, in turn, significantly influence the implications of the external debt crisis on Philippine agriculture.
The ‘Political’ Economies of Central America: Foreign Aid and Labour Remittances
Authors: Kaimowitz David
Published: October 2008

This paper reviews recent literature to show how foreign aid and labour remittances have transformed Central America's macroeconomy, state apparatus and class structure over the last ten years. They have lifted real exchange rates, changed the composition of investment, lowered food prices, and directly supported large numbers of people. Control over these resources is now a major focus of political activity and donors play a greater role in economic policy. Project administration has become a major function of the state. Planning and public sector personnel management have become more difficult. Foreign funds have favoured decentralization and increased participation, but they have also weakened the core capacity of the state to execute policies. Transfers have fomented new social groups including sectors supported by remittances, foreign‐financed soldiers, public employees, non‐traditional export producers, financial intermediaries who channel remittances and refugees.
Cash Crop Production and the Process of Transformation
Authors: Morvaridi Behrooz
Published: October 2008

The state aided commercialization of the small farm is the focus of this paper. In theory, subsidies and price support policies are intended to give small farms access to capital inputs to encourage cash crop production. However, only larger holdings can afford to take advantage of state interventionist policies and profit thereby. State subsidies have now become an integral part of the production process. The unit of analysis is the household, viewed in the context of the village and the wider economy. The focus is on family labour relations and the process by which agricultural commercialization transforms the internal relations of the household. Commercialization accompanied by mechanization tends to intensify the work undertaken by women. Since the process of commoditization ties once subsistence farms to market forces, production relations cannot avoid being influenced by the wider economy. Only with a combination of macro and micro data, with focus on both internal and external household relations, can the position of women in rural areas realistically be conceptualized.
Recent Technology Imports into India: Results of a Survey
Authors: Desai Ashok V.
Published: October 2008

This paper analyses the results of a survey of twenty‐four recent cases of technology imports into India. Over the last thirty years, large firms in Indian industry have come under increasing competitive pressure from small firms which pay lower wages and which are also favoured by government policy. Most small firms obtain technology through informal channels within the country. But some import technology; and larger firms import it in their defence against competition from small firms. Larger firms, with a history and a reputation, have better access to technology from abroad; smaller firms often go through an extensive search before they find a willing technology supplier. Irrespective of size, firms that import technology within their own specialization are observed to put more effort into technology choice, absorption and adaptation. Indian policies of across‐the‐board import substitution, by promoting diversification into new products developed abroad, tend to discourage specialization and hence to encourage technology imports and to work against technology absorption and innovation.
Reflections on the Latin American Contribution to Development Theory
Authors: Kay Cristóbal
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

During the last decade a series of essays by prominent development theorists were published in which it was argued that development theory was in crisis. In my view the First World bias of development theory has contributed to its shortcomings. This bias is evidenced by the failure of development theory seriously to examine and incorporate into its mainstream the theories emanating from the Third World. In this paper I deal with the Latin American contribution to development theory. While development theorists have given some attention to dependency studies and structuralism, far too little appreciation has been given to the writings on marginality and internal colonialism. However, the significance of the structuralist school for development thinking and practice has yet to be fully acknowledged. Furthermore, dependency theory has been much distorted and key dependency writers have been completely ignored, especially in the Anglo‐Saxon world. The following themes of the multi‐stranded Latin American development school are examined: the debate on reform or revolution, the structuralist or centre‐periphery paradigm, the analyses on internal colonialism and marginality, and the dependency studies. Wherever relevant the key differing positions within the Latin American school are presented. I then proceed to examine the shortcomings as well as the contemporary relevance of these Latin American theories of development and underdevelopment.