bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
London Shipbuilding, A.D. 1295
Authors: Johnson Charles
Published: January 2012

In the course of last year I was concerned, together with Mr. R. J. Whitwell, in publishing in Archaeologia Aeliana a particularly detailed account of the construction of a galley at Newcastle-upon- Tyne in 1295. The building of this vessel was part of an extensive naval programme due to the war with France begun in the previous year. Although I was able to trace the accounts of many of the vessels built on this occasion, I failed to find those of the two galleys which the City of London was directed to furnish. Quite recently, I came upon the full particulars of the building of the second of these among the ‘Sheriffs' Administrative Accounts’ at the Public Record Office, which are a subdivision of the class of ‘Accounts, etc.’, formed from the ancient miscellanea of the King's Remembrancer of the Exchequer. With this detailed account I found a summary of expenses prepared from it, and a similar summary of the expenses of some repairs done at the same time and place to two barges. In the similar subdivision entitled ‘Works ’ was a like summary of the expenses of construction of the first galley. The accounts which I had previously found had been classified as ‘Army and Navy’, but the circumstances that in London the sheriffs were responsible for the expenses had led to these accounts being separated from those of the other vessels.
A Late Bronze Age Urn-field at Pokesdown, Hants
Authors: Clay R. C. C.
Published: January 2012

In the autumn of 1926 an urn-field (fig. 1) was discovered on the site of the war-time allotment gardens on the southern edge of Little Down Common, and about 500 yards NNE. of Pokesdown Station, lat. 50° 44·5′, long. 1° 49·13′. Its discovery was due to the finding of urns when a new road was driven through a long strip that had been sold for building plots. About nine cinerary urns, mostly of the globular type, were found within a small area by the roadmakers, and these have been preserved by Mr. Homewood, the borough surveyor. Several more were discovered on the adjoining plots when the overlying gravel was cleared away. Unfortunately many of these were destroyed, but two went to the Russell-Coates Art Gallery, one to the Bournemouth Natural Science Institute, and some fragments into private hands (figs. 2, 3, and 4).
The Excavation of an Oval Barrow in Hadden's Hill Plantation, Bournemouth
Authors: Clay R. C. C.
Published: January 2012

This barrow is situated on the southern slope of Hadden's Hill Plantation, on the north side of the lower end of Queen's Park Avenue, and is in a line with the western border of the Nursery Gardens—Lat. 50.44.52., Long. 1.50.19. W. The plantation has lately been cleared and the barrow is now practically free from all vegetation (fig. 1). Owing to its position upon a slope this barrow may, by silting and spreading, have altered its shape, and the fact that it is composed of sand and is almost devoid of vegetation may have been a contributory cause. In all probability, however, its oval outline at the time of excavation was its original outline, for that was the shape of the black band running through the barrow at the level of the old turf-line ; but the complete absence of a ditch makes it difficult to speak with certainty.
Cashtal yn Ard, Isle of Man
Authors: Fleure H. J. , Neely G. J. H.
Published: January 2012

The Isle of Man situate in the midst of the Irish Sea as an intermediate station between Ireland and Cumbria, North Wales and Galloway, has naturally played a considerable part in various phases of western British life in which coastwise maritime movements have had significance. The phase or phases of megalithic construction included, as is generally agreed, a considerable amount of maritime movement along the coasts of western Britain, and monuments of various types were set up. It may be stated at the outset that, since developments even as late as the introduction of Christianity show relations with megaliths, we are not justified, without special local evidence, in ascribing particular megaliths necessarily to an early period, though there is widespread agreement that some must have been in existence at about 2000 B.C., and even possibly earlier.
The Roman Fort at Brancaster
Authors: St. Joseph J. K. S.
Published: January 2012

The present paper is an account of excavations undertaken in October 1935 at the site of the Roman fort at Brancaster in North-west Norfolk. Thanks are due to the Committee of Section H of the British Association for the award of a grant which largely defrayed the cost of the excavation. The writer has also to thank Mr. F. Wordingham the owner of the site, and Mr. J. Bunkle the tenant, for permission to excavate, and Messrs. May, Gurney & Co., contractors, Trowse, for the loan of implements. Mr. R. R. Clarke and Col. A. C. A. Thackwell assisted throughout the period of the digging.
An Enamelled Bowl from Baginton, Warwickshire
Authors: Leeds E. T.
Published: January 2012

Even if the number of bronze bowls which constitute one of the brightest spots in the art of our Dark Age had remained at the respectable figure at which it stood a few years ago, British art could still boast of having furnished a most valuable contribution to the art of the period. But when we find added to this number two splendid examples in the space of three years we may well wonder what fresh revelation of the art may still be in store for future discovery, destined to illumine further the mystery that surrounds them and their origins. In 1931 the archaeological world was delighted by the Winchester bowl, as much on account of its perfect state of preservation as for the intricate workmanship of the scrolled designs on its escutcheons, even though these belonged to a type already familiar from numerous examples discovered in the past. Even so the variety of the patterns offers, as Mr. Kendrick has demonstrated, a most fascinating problem, one which he has gone far to solve, and yet, as he would be the first to admit, there are many points in their history that still remain obscure.
Trial Excavations in the East Suburb of Old Sarum
Authors: Stone John F. S. , Charlton John
Published: January 2012

About 1540 John Leland wrote of the ruins of Old Sarum: ‘Ther was a paroch of the Holy Rode beside in Old-Saresbyri; and an other over the est gate whereof yet some tokens remayne. I do not perceyve that ther wer any mo gates in Old-Saresbyri than 2: one by est, and an other by west. Withoute eche of these gates was a fair suburbe. And in the est suburbe was a paroch chirch of S. John: and ther yet is a chapelle standinge. … Ther hath bene houses in tyme of mind inhabited in the est suburbe of Old-Saresbyri: but now ther is not one house neither within Old-Saresbyri, nor without it, inhabited.’ Since that date much work has been expended on Old Sarum itself, but it may be said with truth that the suburbs have received but scant, if any, attention.
The protection of the bat community in the Dupnisa Cave System, Turkey, following opening for tourism
Authors: Paksuz Serbülent , Özkan Beytullah
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was to protect the bat community and roosting sites in the Dupnisa Cave System in the Yıldız (Istranca) Mountains in Thrace, the European part of Turkey, following the opening of the caves to tourism. We investigated the seasonal population dynamics and use of the cave system by bats, carrying out 15 surveys before (2002–2003) and 38 surveys after (2004–2008) the cave system was opened to tourism. We recorded 15 species of bats; the highest numbers recorded in a single survey were 54,600 hibernating and 11,000 breeding/nursing. Different parts of the cave system are used by bats to various degrees according to season. To protect the bats and the cave system the visitor schedule took into consideration the differences in seasonal use of the caves by bats. There was a significant increase in the total number of bats recorded in the cave system after opening for tourism, possibly because the gating of two entrances helped to control visitation. The results of our surveys of this cave system show that gating of entrances and visits by tourists are not necessarily incompatible with the use of caves by bats for both hibernating and nursing. Understanding how the three caves are used seasonally by the bat community, and for what purposes (hibernation vs nursing), was critical for the establishment of an appropriate management plan for tourism.
Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies
Authors: Kelleher I. , Connor D. , Clarke M. C. , Devlin N. , Harley M. , Cannon M.
Published: January 2012

Background

Psychotic symptoms occur more frequently in the general population than psychotic disorder and index risk for psychopathology. Multiple studies have reported on the prevalence of these symptoms using self-report questionnaires or clinical interviews but there is a lack of consensus about the prevalence of psychotic symptoms among children and adolescents.

Method

We conducted a systematic review of all published literature on psychotic symptom prevalence in two age groups, children aged 9–12 years and adolescents aged 13–18 years, searching through electronic databases PubMed, Ovid Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE up to June 2011, and extracted prevalence rates.

Results

We identified 19 population studies that reported on psychotic symptom prevalence among children and adolescents. The median prevalence of psychotic symptoms was 17% among children aged 9–12 years and 7.5% among adolescents aged 13–18 years.

Conclusions

Psychotic symptoms are relatively common in young people, especially in childhood. Prevalence is higher in younger (9–12 years) compared to older (13–18 years) children.
COLLATERAL CONSTRAINT AND NEWS-DRIVEN CYCLES
Authors: Kobayashi Keiichiro , Nakajima Tomoyuki , Inaba Masaru
Published: January 2012

We develop business-cycle models with financial constraints, the driving force of which is news about the future (i.e., changes in expectations). We assume that an asset with fixed supply (“land”) is used as collateral, and firms need to hold collateral to finance their input costs. The latter feature introduces an interaction between the inefficiencies in the financial market and in the factor market. Good news raises the price of land today, which relaxes the collateral constraint. It, in turn, reduces the inefficiency in the labor market. If this force is sufficiently strong, the equilibrium labor supply increases. So do output, investment, and consumption. Our models also generate procyclical movement in Tobin'sQ. We also show that when the news turns out to be wrong, the economy may fall into a recession.
A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters
Authors: Glade Nicolas , Ballet Pascal , Bastien Olivier
Published: January 2012

The number N of detectable (i.e. communicating) extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy is usually calculated by using the Drake equation. This equation was established in 1961 by Frank Drake and was the first step to quantifying the Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence (SETI) field. Practically, this equation is rather a simple algebraic expression and its simplistic nature leaves it open to frequent re-expression. An additional problem of the Drake equation is the time-independence of its terms, which for example excludes the effects of the physico-chemical history of the galaxy. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the main shortcoming of the Drake equation is its lack of temporal structure, i.e., it fails to take into account various evolutionary processes. In particular, the Drake equation does not provides any error estimation about the measured quantity. Here, we propose a first treatment of these evolutionary aspects by constructing a simple stochastic process that will be able to provide both a temporal structure to the Drake equation (i.e. introduce time in the Drake formula in order to obtain something like N(t)) and a first standard error measure.
The geodynamo as a random walker: A view on reversal statistics
Authors: Shcherbakov Valeriy , Fabian Karl
Published: January 2012

The sequence of durations of the geomagnetic polarity intervals is often described in terms of a nonhomogenous Poisson process with time‐dependent reversal rate, reflecting the nonstationarity of the underlying geodynamo process. This view has recently been challenged, and here we show that the first‐passage time statistics of random walks taking place on a flat potential relief yields a much more consistent interpretation of the distribution of geomagnetic polarity intervals. A possible physical explanation suggests that the stability of a polarity chron of the Earth's magnetic field is controlled by a sum of statistically independent, randomly behaving, dynamo processes in the outer core. The random‐walk hypothesis naturally includes the observed occurrences of very long superchrons, and it provides a new, considerably longer statistical estimate for the total duration of the present Brunhes chron predicting that the probability for a geomagnetic field reversal within the next 30 Ka is ≈5% and the probability that we live in a chron longer than 2 Ma is about 30%.
On topographic controls of soil hydraulic parameter scaling at hillslope scales
Authors: Jana Raghavendra B. , Mohanty Binayak P.
Published: January 2012

Most upscaling efforts for soil hydraulic parameters developed thus far have opted to ignore the effect of topography in their derivation of effective parameter values. This approach, which considers a flat terrain with no lateral flows, is reasonable as long as the coarser support dimensions are of the order of a few hundred meters. In such a scenario, the upscaled characteristics of the parameters are governed predominantly by the texture and structure of the soil in the domain. However, when upscaling fine‐scale hydraulic parameter data to much larger extents (hillslope scales and beyond), topography plays a bigger role and can no longer be ignored. Efforts to model hydrologic processes and phenomena, with particular emphasis on those occurring in the unsaturated zone, are conducted at various scales. We present here a study to isolate the influence of topographic variations on the effective, upscaled soil hydraulic parameters under different hillslope configurations. The power‐averaging operator algorithm was used to aggregate fine‐scale soil hydraulic parameters to coarser resolutions. Hydrologic scenarios were simulated using HYDRUS‐3D for four different topographic configurations under different conditions to test the validity of the upscaled soil hydraulic parameters. The outputs from the simulations (fluxes and soil moisture states) were compared across multiple scales for validating the effectiveness of the upscaled soil hydraulic parameters. It was found that the power‐averaging algorithm produced reasonably good estimates of effective soil hydraulic parameters at coarse scales. Further, a probable threshold dimension beyond which the topography dominates the soil hydraulic property variation was analyzed. On the basis of only the topography, the scaling algorithm was able to capture much of the variation in soil hydraulic parameters required to generate equivalent flows and soil moisture states in a coarsened domain.
A topography‐based scaling algorithm for soil hydraulic parameters at hillslope scales: Field testing
Authors: Jana Raghavendra B. , Mohanty Binayak P.
Published: January 2012

Soil hydraulic parameters were upscaled from a 30 m resolution to a 1 km resolution using a new aggregation scheme (described in the companion paper) where the scale parameter was based on the topography. When soil hydraulic parameter aggregation or upscaling schemes ignore the effect of topography, their application becomes limited at hillslope scales and beyond, where topography plays a dominant role in soil deposition and formation. Hence the new upscaling algorithm was tested at the hillslope scale (1 km) across two locations: (1) the Little Washita watershed in Oklahoma, and (2) the Walnut Creek watershed in Iowa. The watersheds were divided into pixels of 1 km resolution and the effective soil hydraulic parameters obtained for each pixel. Each pixel/domain was then simulated using the physically based HYDRUS‐3‐D modeling platform. In order to account for the surface (runoff/on) and subsurface fluxes between pixels, an algorithm to route infiltration‐excess runoff onto downstream pixels at daily time steps and to update the soil moisture states of the downstream pixels was applied. Simulated soil moisture states were compared across scales, and the coarse scale values compared against the airborne soil moisture data products obtained during the hydrology experiment field campaign periods (SGP97 and SMEX02) for selected pixels with different topographic complexities, soil distributions, and land cover. Results from these comparisons show good correlations between simulated and observed soil moisture states across time, topographic variations, location, elevation, and land cover. Stream discharge comparisons made at two gauging stations in the Little Washita watershed also provide reasonably good results as to the suitability of the upscaling algorithm used. Based only on the topography of the domain, the new upscaling algorithm was able to provide coarse resolution values for soil hydraulic parameters which effectively captured the variations in soil moisture across the watershed domains.
Carbon in Earth's interior: Storage, cycling, and life
Authors: Hazen Robert M. , Hemley Russell J. , Mangum Andrea J.
Published: January 2012

Carbon plays an unparalleled role in human life. It is the element of life, providing the chemical backbone for all essential biomolecules. Carbon‐based fuels supply most of society's energy, while small carbon‐bearing molecules in the atmosphere play a major role in Earth's variable and uncertain climate. Yet in spite of carbon's importance, scientists remain largely ignorant of the physical, chemical, and biological behavior of carbon‐bearing systems more than a few hundred meters beneath Earth's surface. Little is known about how much carbon is stored in the Earth as a whole, how deep reservoirs form and evolve, or how carbon moves from one deep repository to another. Further, scientists are largely ignorant of the nature and extent of deep microbial ecosystems, which by some estimates rival the total surface biomass.
Bosak, Dauphas, Fiore, Maloof, and Schoof receive 2011 James B. Macelwane medals: Citation for Tanja Bosak
Authors: Rothman Daniel H.
Published: January 2012

Tanja Bosak, Nicolas Dauphas, Arlene M. Fiore, Adam C. Maloof, and Christian Schoof were awarded the 2011 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist.”
Bosak, Dauphas, Fiore, Maloof, and Schoof receive 2011 James B. Macelwane medals: Response from Tanja Bosak
Authors: Bosak Tanja
Published: January 2012

Tanja Bosak, Nicolas Dauphas, Arlene M. Fiore, Adam C. Maloof, and Christian Schoof were awarded the 2011 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist.”
Bosak, Dauphas, Fiore, Maloof, and Schoof receive 2011 James B. Macelwane medals: Citation for Nicolas Dauphas
Authors: Davis Andrew M.
Published: January 2012

Tanja Bosak, Nicolas Dauphas, Arlene M. Fiore, Adam C. Maloof, and Christian Schoof were awarded the 2011 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist.”
Bosak, Dauphas, Fiore, Maloof, and Schoof receive 2011 James B. Macelwane medals: Citation for Adam C. Maloof
Authors: Hoffman Paul F.
Published: January 2012

Tanja Bosak, Nicolas Dauphas, Arlene M. Fiore, Adam C. Maloof, and Christian Schoof were awarded the 2011 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist.”
Bosak, Dauphas, Fiore, Maloof, and Schoof receive 2011 James B. Macelwane medals: Response from Christian Schoof
Authors: Schoof Christian
Published: January 2012

Tanja Bosak, Nicolas Dauphas, Arlene M. Fiore, Adam C. Maloof, and Christian Schoof were awarded the 2011 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist.”
Title receives 2011 John Adam Fleming Medal: Citation
Authors: Schrijver Karel
Published: January 2012

Alan Title was awarded the 2011 John Adam Fleming Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, space physics, and related sciences.”
Pedlosky receives 2011 Maurice Ewing Medal: Response
Authors: Pedlosky Joseph
Published: January 2012

Joseph Pedlosky was awarded the 2011 Maurice Ewing Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant original contributions to the scientific understanding of the processes in the ocean; for the advancement of oceanographic engineering, technology, and instrumentation; and for outstanding service to the marine sciences.”
Dick receives 2011 Harry H. Hess Medal: Response
Authors: Dick Henry J. B.
Published: January 2012

Henry J. B. Dick was awarded the 2011 Harry H. Hess Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding achievements in research on the constitution and evolution of Earth and other planets.”
Weidner receives 2011 Inge Lehmann Medal: Citation
Authors: Liebermann Robert , Masters Guy
Published: January 2012

Donald J. Weidner was awarded the 2011 Inge Lehmann Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core.”
Weidner receives 2011 Inge Lehmann Medal: Response
Authors: Weidner Donald J.
Published: January 2012

Donald J. Weidner was awarded the 2011 Inge Lehmann Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core.”
Observing volcanic ash plumes and ballistics using Doppler radar
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: January 2012

When volcanoes erupt, they often emit coarse rocks with ballistic trajectories that fall onto the slopes of the volcano, as well as a plume of fine ash that drifts into the atmosphere. It can be challenging to monitor both simultaneously and discriminate between the two to collect quantitative data, but Valade and Donnadieu have done that with a ground‐based Doppler radar, which they used to make measurements of smallscale eruptions at Arenal volcano in Costa Rica. They were able to estimate the mass of the ballistic rocks and the mass of ash particles ejected into the atmosphere. Such studies could be useful for understanding and mitigating the hazards associated with volcanic eruptions. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL049415, 2011)
Arabian Sea eddies promote seasonal phytoplankton blooms
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: January 2012

In the Arabian Sea, two phytoplankton blooming periods occur each year, one during the winter northeast monsoon and one during the summer southwest monsoon. It has been established that on the large scale the spatial distribution of the seasonal blooms is driven by mesoscale structures, including eddies and filaments, but studies have not resolved the details linking the physical and biogeochemical processes involved. To improve understanding of mechanisms regulating blooms, Resplandy et al. studied the mesoscale process contribution to nutrient transport using a high‐resolution physical circulation model. The model reproduces the seasonal phytoplankton blooms and shows how physical mesoscale processes such as eddies bring increased nutrient supply to the upper layer of the sea during monsoon seasons, thus promoting the growth of phytoplankton blooms twice a year. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Oceans, doi:10.1029/2011JC007006, 2011)
Internal tides observed to be coherent in shelf sea
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: January 2012

Internal tides, waves with tidal frequencies below the ocean's surface, contribute to ocean mixing. They are common in shelf seas, shallow marginal seas located on the continental shelf. These tides are believed to be coherent over hundreds of kilometers before they decay, but spatial coherence of internal tides had not been observationally confirmed in shelf seas. Inall et al. conducted in situ observations of internal tides over the continental shelf of the Celtic Sea. They found that the internal tide was coherent over more than 170 kilometers, about five wavelengths. The observations, which provide the first in situ evidence of internal tide coherence over multiple wavelengths in a shelf sea, could be useful for improving models of mixing in shelf seas. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL049943, 2011)
The value of genetic fatness in Merino ewes differs with production system and environment
Authors: Ferguson M. B. , Young J. M. , Kearney G. A. , Gardner G. E. , Robertson I. R. D. , Thompson A. N.
Published: January 2012

Selection against fatness in the Australian sheep industry has been a priority, but defining the true value of fat requires an understanding of the effects it has on both the value of lamb carcasses and on sheep productivity. A Merino flock with 10 years of reproduction data was used to analyse the correlation between breeding values for fatness at yearling age (YFAT) and the number of lambs born per ewe mated (NLB). In 2 production years, NLB was related (P < 0.01) to YFAT resulting in an extra 14 or 24.5 lambs born per 100 ewes mated per mm of YFAT. Based on these relationships, bio-economic modelling was used to assess the whole-farm value of YFAT for different sheep production systems and for years representing a low, medium and high response of NLB to YFAT. The changes in whole-farm profitability for a 1-mm increase in YFAT varied from $1000 (2%) for a wool enterprise with a low response up to $44 000 (25%) for a lamb enterprise with a high response. Appropriate carcass value discounts for higher YFAT were investigated but were not evident because of the small change in GR fat depth associated with the range of YFAT investigated. In most years there is no impact of YFAT on NLB and therefore profitability, yet in years where Merino ewes with higher YFAT produce higher NLB, ewes with an extra 1 mm of YFAT will be up to 25% more profitable. Therefore, care is required in determining the appropriate selection pressure to be placed on YFAT in Merino selection.
Prime Australian lamb supplies key nutrients for human health
Authors: Pannier L. , Ponnampalam E. N. , Gardner G. E. , Hopkins D. L. , Ball A. J. , Jacob R. H. , Pearce K. L. , Pethick D. W.
Published: January 2012

This study investigated genetic and non-genetic factors affecting the iron, zinc and omega-3 fatty acid levels of fresh lamb meat. Results from the 2007 progeny of the Australian Sheep Industry Cooperative Research Centre Information Nucleus flock, ~2000 lambs, are presented here. The average level of iron and zinc in lamb muscle was 2.05 and 2.31 mg/100 g, respectively. The iron level was 103% of that required to claim lamb as a ‘good source’ of iron for men of all ages and women older than 50 years, and the average level of zinc was 116% of that required to claim lamb as a ‘good source’ of zinc for women, but was insufficient for a ‘good source’ claim for men. The iron and zinc content of muscle were affected (P < 0.001) by age at slaughter, sex, site at which the lambs were reared, and sire (independent of breed). Lambs from all sites reached the ‘source’ claim for iron for all adults and lambs from all sites, expect lambs from the Cowra and Hamilton sites, had greater iron levels than that required for a ‘good source’ claim for men and women over 50 years old. For zinc, all sites reached the ‘source’ and ‘good source’ claim for men and women, respectively. The major sources of variation in omega-3 fatty acid levels were site and kill group within site (P < 0.001), most likely reflecting nutritional differences associated with the availability of green feed. The eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid values for all sites indicated that lambs from the Cowra, Rutherglen and Struan sites had adequate levels for a ‘source’ claim of omega-3. The overall average level of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid in lamb meat was 23.5 mg/100 g, which is higher than the level required to claim lamb as a ‘source’ of omega-3. The effect of sire on omega-3 fatty acid level was small, but statistically significant (P < 0.001). These results confirm that lamb can represent a ‘source’ or ‘good source’ of these nutrients.
Structural Characteristics and Large Non-Linear Optical Responses of New Alkaline Earth-Based Alkalides
Authors: Fan Li-Tao , Li Ying , Wu Di , Li Zhi-Ru , Sun Chia-Chung
Published: January 2012

A series of M2+(H5Aza222)–M′– (M = Be, Mg, Ca; M′ = Li, Na, K) alkalides that contain alkaline earth metal cations complexed by the H5Aza222– cage have been investigated using the CAM-B3LYP method. These alkaline earth-based alkalides not only present unusual structural features but also exhibit extraordinarily large static first hyperpolarizabilities (β0) up to 1.98 × 105 au. By comparing the β0 values among alkalides with various complexants, the Aza222 cage is found to be preferable to the previously investigated calix[4]pyrrole and n6adamanzane (n = 2, 3) complexants in enhancing the first hyperpolarizabilities of alkalides. In addition, the relationships between the β0 values of M2+(H5Aza222)–M′– and the atomic number of the M′– anion, the atomic number of the M2+ cation, and the M–M′ distance are explored.
Distribution of Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in urban soils in Rome city (Italy): effect of vehicles
Authors: Calace N. , Caliandro L. , Petronio B. M. , Pietrantonio M. , Pietroletti M. , Trancalini V.
Published: January 2012

Environmental contextIn urban environments such as parks and gardens, polluted soils can have a direct influence on children’s health. This study investigates Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations in soils of several public parks in Rome city (Italy) located near roads with high traffic loads. It is shown that vehicle traffic contributes significantly to soil metal pollution in the urban parks and gardens, and that barriers such as walls and trees reduce the metal accumulation.
AbstractIn this work the concentrations of Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in soils of several public parks in Rome city (Italy) are studied in order to investigate if vehicle traffic could be one of the main sources of heavy metals in city soil. All the parks investigated are located near roads in which vehicle traffic is high. The results show that vehicle traffic contributes in a significant way to metal pollution in city soils. Consequently public parks can be considered areas at high risk, especially when they are located near important roads. Because soil pollution attributable to vehicle traffic is prevalently bound to a diffusion process, it is possible to reduce the heavy metal accumulation in soils of public parks with the presence of barriers such as walls and trees. It is also advisable to locate areas for children in the internal part of parks distant from roads.
It’s just too hard! Australian health care practitioner perspectives on barriers to advance care planning
Authors: Boddy Jennifer , Chenoweth Lesley , McLennan Vanette , Daly Michelle
Published: January 2012

This article presents findings from six focus groups with health care practitioners in an Australian hospital during 2010, which sought to elicit their perspectives on the barriers for people to plan their future health care should they become unwell. Such knowledge is invaluable in overcoming the barriers associated with advance care planning and enhancing the uptake of advance directives and the appointment of an enduring power of attorney for people of all ages. A person’s rights to self-determination in health care, including decision making about their wishes for future care in the event they lose cognitive capacity, should not be overlooked against the backdrop of increasing pressure on health care systems. Findings suggest that multiple barriers exist, from practitioners’ perspectives, which can be divided into three major categories, namely: patient-centred, practitioner-centred and system-centred barriers. Specifically, patient-centred barriers include lack of knowledge, accessibility concerns, the small ‘window of opportunity’ to discuss advance care planning, emotional reactions and avoidance when considering one’s mortality, and demographic influences. At the practitioner level, barriers relate to a lack of knowledge and uncertainty around advance care planning processes. Systemically, legislative barriers (including a lack of a central registry and conflicting state legislation), procedural issues (particularly in relation to assessing cognitive capacity and making decisions ad hoc) and questions about delegation, roles and responsibilities further compound the barriers to advance care planning.
A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection
Authors: Gallo Maria F. , Kilbourne-Brook Maggie , Coffey Patricia S.
Published: January 2012

The female condom remains the sole female-initiated method of dual protection against unintended pregnancy and sexually transmissible infections (STIs), including HIV. We reviewed published data on the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for protection against pregnancy and infection. Overall, use of the female condom is low and several barriers hinder the wider adoption of the use of the method. Research on effectiveness has focussed on pregnancy, STIs and biological markers of semen exposure. Although the data available suggest that female condoms (or a mixture of female and male condoms) may provide similar degrees of protection against pregnancy and STIs as do latex male condoms alone, this conclusion has not been demonstrated and thus comparative research is urgently needed.
Condom use in the context of sex research: a commentary
Authors: Graham Cynthia A.
Published: January 2012

This commentary highlights some recent trends in sex research that have particular relevance for research on condom use, including studies investigating the meaning of sexual arousal, desire and pleasure; a focus on couple-level investigations; and the relevance of individual differences and personality characteristics to sexual risk-taking. Although historically, sexuality-related issues have received little systematic attention in the field of public health, researchers are now paying more attention to the role of pleasure and sexual arousal in condom use. It is argued that a better integration of findings from the area of sex research into the HIV and sexually transmissible infection (STI) field is needed to develop and improve programs to reduce the risk of STIs and unintended pregnancy.
Do gestures compensate for the omission of motion expression in speech?
Authors: Chui Kawai
Published: January 2012

The present study investigates whether and to what extent motion-event gestures compensate for the omission of linguistic expression in Chinese discourse and across different languages to understand language-specificity/language-universality and the coordination of motion information across the two modalities. The Chinese conversational and narrative data consistently show that manner fog (i.e., manner absent from speech but present in gesture) was not found. Chinese speakers also demonstrate a preference for compensation — gestures tend to compensate for the lack of path content in speaking. These results differ from those for English and Turkish which do not prefer path gestures in manner-only clauses. The cross-linguistic variation provides evidence for language specificity in gestural compensation. The language-specific coordination of information in speech and gesture suggests Chinese speakers’ habitual focus of attention on PATH in multimodal communication.
Disentangling the meanings of two Cantonese evidential particles
Authors: Wakefield John C.
Published: January 2012

Some linguists have argued that sentence-final particles (SFPs) are only meaningful in relation to the content of the discourse. This is of course an empirical matter subject to investigation. Adopting a working hypothesis that SFPs have core meanings independent of the discourse context, this paper proposes definitions for two evidential SFPs in Cantonese with related meanings: lo1 and aa1maa3. The method for developing the SFPs’ definitions is adopted (with modifications) from Besemeres and Wierzbicka’s (2003) proposal for defining “discourse markers.” Corpus-based examples and constructed minimal-pair dialogues are used to demonstrate that the definitions succeed at accounting for all the contexts that allow one, the other, both, or neither of the SFPs to be used based on acceptability judgments from native-Cantonese speakers. In addition to furthering our understanding of the two SFPs under discussion, this paper provides empirical evidence in support of the idea that discourse particles have context-independent meanings.
L’attrition de la première langue en tant que phénomène psycholinguistique
Authors: Köpke Barbara , Schmid Monika S.
Published: January 2012

Cet article présente un aperçu de plusieurs questions que se pose actuellement la recherche sur l’attrition. Dans la première section, nous nous intéresserons à des questions de terminologie et soulignerons la nécessité de distinguer l’attrition — en tant que phénomène individuel — des processus de changement linguistique collectifs, comme le glissement ou la mort d’une langue. Nous aborderons ensuite la question de l’influence de l’âge du début du processus, en opposant l’attrition à l’acquisition incomplète, d’une part, et aux effets du bilinguisme « normal », d’autre part. Nous traiterons ensuite des aspects neuropsycholinguistiques du processus d’attrition. L’hypothèse avancée est que les phénomènes linguistiques observés dans l’attrition ne peuvent pas être attribués à une érosion de la compétence linguistique sous-jacente, mais qu’ils s’expliquent de façon plus convaincante par l’activation et l’inhibition des connaissances linguistiques, comme le montrent notamment les difficultés observées dans l’accès lexical ou lors de dysfluences dans le discours spontané.
Restructuring in the L1 Turkish grammar
Authors: Gürel Ayşe , Yilmaz Gülsen
Published: January 2012

This paper compares results of two studies examining L2 English and L2 Dutch-induced syntactic changes that occur in L1 Turkish grammars of speakers living in North America and in the Netherlands, respectively. We examine potential restructuring in the L1 knowledge of binding properties of overt and null subject pronouns in first and second generation immigrants. The results of the L2 Dutch-speaking groups in the Netherlands are found to be similar to those of the L2 English-speaking group in North America, as reported in Gürel (2002), in the sense that all bilingual groups diverge, to some extent, from monolinguals in their judgments of pronoun binding. In line with our predictions, findings suggest that L2 English and L2 Dutch can influence L1 Turkish syntactic judgments in a similar fashion and that an L2 can induce inter- as well as intra-generational L1 change.
First language retention and attrition in an adult Guatemalan adoptee
Authors: Montrul Silvina A.
Published: January 2012

This case study illustrates the long-term effects of interrupted input and subsequent re-exposure to the first language in childhood in the adult linguistic competence of an internationally adopted individual. Alicia — the subject of the case study — is a 34-year-old Guatemalan adopted by an American family at age 9 and raised in a small Mid-America town with no Hispanic population at that time. In several sessions, Alicia completed oral production and written tasks (including interpretation, judgment and truth value judgment tasks) targeting knowledge and use of Spanish morphosyntax. On the overall proficiency measures, Alicia demonstrates native-like knowledge of English and significant attrition in Spanish, although not to the extent reported in recent studies of Korean adoptees. Alicia’s degree of L1 attrition and retention after several years of severed input challenges Pallier et al. (2003) and Ventureyra et al.’s (2004) Language Replacement and Impediment Hypothesis, and is more consistent with the view that there are age effects for L1 attrition (Hyltenstam et al. 2009; Montrul 2008).
The aesthetic paradox in processing conventional and non-conventional metaphors
Authors: Christmann Ursula , Wimmer Lena , Groeben Norbert
Published: January 2012

This study focuses on the relationship between cognitive effort and aesthetic-emotional evaluation in the processing of conventional and non-conventional metaphors. We postulate that an increased cognitive load — which is normally perceived as stressful — is evaluated positively when processing non-conventional metaphors. We have called this contradictory suspense ‘aesthetic paradox’. The aesthetic paradox was tested in two studies that differed in degree of processing demand. In study 1 (low processing demand) participants (N = 40) read (non-)conventional metaphors, judged the adequacy of two metaphor paraphrases and assessed their own interpretation process. In study 2 (high processing demand) the same procedure was applied with the exception that participants (N = 40) evaluated the appropriateness of one metaphor paraphrase. The results of both experiments confirm that non-conventional metaphors require longer reading and longer processing times than conventional metaphors, and they confirm the postulated paradoxical effect: the increase of cognitive effort in processing non-conventional metaphors is evaluated positively, provided that a satisfactory interpretation is found.
Predictors of insight and catharsis among readers who use literature as a coping strategy
Authors: Koopman Emy
Published: January 2012

The current study aimed to explore the mechanisms of the therapeutic function of literature for non-clinical subjects. It was hypothesized that narrative feelings (identification with the character and feeling absorbed in the narrative world) and aesthetic feelings (attention to and appreciation of stylistic features) would have a positive impact on feelings of catharsis and insight after reading. An online survey was conducted, asking non-clinical respondents (N = 55) of two different age groups (18–35 and 55–80) to report on a literary work that helped them to get through a difficult time in their lives. For age group, no relevant significant differences were found. Results indicate that while narrative feelings have a positive impact on both catharsis and insight, aesthetic feelings do not. Aesthetic feelings correlate with absorption and with experiencing more thoughts during reading. Responses to the open questions indicate that for a subgroup within the sample (N = 6), comfort in aesthetic beauty was the most important therapeutic feature. Responses to the open questions furthermore indicated the importance of being able to relativize one’s own problems through reading literature.
α-Actinin-4/FSGS1 is required for Arp2/3-dependent actin assembly at the adherens junction
Authors: Tang Vivian W. , Brieher William M.
Published: January 2012

We have developed an in vitro assay to study actin assembly at cadherin-enriched cell junctions. Using this assay, we demonstrate that cadherin-enriched junctions can polymerize new actin filaments but cannot capture preexisting filaments, suggesting a mechanism involving de novo synthesis. In agreement with this hypothesis, inhibition of Arp2/3-dependent nucleation abolished actin assembly at cell–cell junctions. Reconstitution biochemistry using the in vitro actin assembly assay identified α-actinin-4/focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 1 (FSGS1) as an essential factor. α-Actinin-4 specifically localized to sites of actin incorporation on purified membranes and at apical junctions in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Knockdown of α-actinin-4 decreased total junctional actin and inhibited actin assembly at the apical junction. Furthermore, a point mutation of α-actinin-4 (K255E) associated with FSGS failed to support actin assembly and acted as a dominant negative to disrupt actin dynamics at junctional complexes. These findings demonstrate that α-actinin-4 plays an important role in coupling actin nucleation to assembly at cadherin-based cell–cell adhesive contacts.
Veterinary and human health surveillance and risk analysis of zoonoses in the UK and Europe
Authors: Morgan Dilys , Lysons Ruth , Kirkbride Hilary
Published: January 2012

Surveillance (derived from the French word surveiller, meaning to watch over) is the ‘ongoing scrutiny, generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than for complete accuracy. Its main purpose is to detect changes in trend or distribution in order to initiate investigative, (preventive) or control or measures’ (Last 1988).

Understanding the burden and detecting changes in the incidence of human and animal infections utilises a number of surveillance mechanisms, which rely on voluntary and/or statutory reporting systems. These include international as well as national surveillance schemes for outbreaks of infectious disease and laboratory-confirmed infections, enhanced surveillance schemes for specific

zoonoses and notification of specified infectious diseases.
Brucellosis
Authors: Zinsstag J. , Schelling E. , Solera J. , Blasco J. M. , Moriyón I.
Published: January 2012

Brucellosis has been successfully controlled and eliminated in a number of countries by effective, well managed vaccination and test-slaughter strategies. Their cost was essentially borne by national governments including the cost of acceptable compensation for culled animals. Brucellosis is, however, endemically persisting in livestock and causing human disease in the Mediterranean region, Africa, the Near East and Central America and is re-emerging as a major preventable disease in countries of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. There has been significant progress in knowledge of the molecular biology of Brucellosis and with new antibiotics for the treatment of human cases. Significantly more efficacious and safe animal vaccines in terms of reduction of transmission are still lacking. Control strategies that have been successful in Western countries are not directly applicable to low income and transition countries because their national governments do not have the finance to compensate farmers and lack the technical capacity for effective control campaigns. However, new staged control approaches in developing economies are proving effective.