bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colimitation of the unicellular photosynthetic diazotroph Crocosphaera watsonii by phosphorus, light, and carbon dioxide
Authors: Garcia Nathan S. , Fu Fei-Xue , Hutchins David A.
Published: August 2016

We describe interactive effects of total phosphorus (total P = 0.1–4.0 µmol L−1; added as H2NaPO4), irradiance (40 and 150 µmol quanta m−2 s−1), and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (; 19 and 81 Pa, i.e., 190 and 800 ppm) on growth and CO2‐ and dinitrogen (N2)‐fixation rates of the unicellular N2‐fixing cyanobacterium Crocosphaera watsonii (WH0003) isolated from the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. In semicontinuous cultures of C. watsonii, elevated positively affected growth and CO2‐ and N2‐fixation rates under high light. Under low light, elevated positively affected growth rates at all concentrations of P, but CO2‐ and N2‐fixation rates were affected by elevated only when P was low. In both high‐light and low‐light cultures, the total P requirements for growth and CO2‐ and N2‐fixation declined as increased. The minimum concentration (Cmin) of total P and half‐saturation constant (Kʽ) for growth and CO2‐ and N2‐fixation rates with respect to total P were reduced by 0.05 µmol L−1 as a function of elevated . We speculate that low P requirements under high resulted from a lower energy demand associated with carbon‐concentrating mechanisms in comparison with low‐ cultures. There was also a 0.10 µmol L−1 increase in Cmin and Kʽ for growth and N2 fixation with respect to total P as a function of increasing light regardless of concentration. We speculate that cellular P concentrations are responsible for this shift through biodilution of cellular P and possibly cellular P uptake systems as a function of increasing light. Changing concentrations of P, CO2, and light have both positive and negative interactive effects on growth and CO2‐, and N2‐fixation rates of unicellular oxygenic diazotrophs like C. watsonii.
Oxidative capacity and radical chemistry in the polluted atmosphere of Hong
Kong and Pearl River Delta region: analysis of a severe photochemical smog
episode
Authors: Xue Likun , Gu Rongrong , Wang Tao , Wang Xinfeng , Saunders Sandra , Blake Donald , Louie Peter K. K. , Luk Connie W. Y. , Simpson Isobel , Xu Zheng , Wang Zhe , Gao Yuan , Lee Shuncheng , Mellouki Abdelwahid , Wang Wenxing
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We analyze a photochemical smog episode to understand the oxidative capacity and radical chemistry of the polluted atmosphere in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. A photochemical box model based on the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.2) is constrained by an intensive set of field observations to elucidate the budgets of ROx (ROx =  OH+HO2+RO2) and NO3 radicals. Highly abundant radical precursors (i.e. O3, HONO and carbonyls), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) facilitate strong production and efficient recycling of ROx radicals. The OH reactivity is dominated by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), followed by aromatics, alkenes and alkanes. Photolysis of OVOCs (except for formaldehyde) is the dominant primary source of ROx with average daytime contributions of 34–47 %. HONO photolysis is the largest contributor to OH and the second-most significant source (19–22 %) of ROx. Other considerable ROx sources include O3 photolysis (11–20 %), formaldehyde photolysis (10–16 %), and ozonolysis reactions of unsaturated VOCs (3.9–6.2 %). In one case when solar irradiation was attenuated, possibly by the high aerosol loadings, NO3 became an important oxidant and the NO3-initiated VOC oxidation presented another significant ROx source (6.2 %) even during daytime. This study suggests the possible impacts of daytime NO3 chemistry in the polluted atmospheres under conditions with the co-existence of abundant O3, NO2, VOCs and aerosols, and also provides new insights into the radical chemistry that essentially drives the formation of photochemical smog in the high-NOx environment of Hong Kong and the PRD region.
Molecular composition and volatility of isoprene photochemical oxidation secondary organic aerosol under low and high NOx conditions
Authors: D'Ambro Emma L. , Lee Ben H. , Liu Jiumeng , Shilling John E. , Gaston Cassandra J. , Lopez-Hilfiker Felipe D. , Schobesberger Siegfried , Zaveri Rahul A. , Mohr Claudia , Lutz Anna , Zhang Zhenfa , Gold Avram , Surratt Jason D. , Rivera-Rios Jean C. , Keutsch Frank N. , Thornton Joel A.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We present measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene photochemical oxidation formed in an environmental simulation chamber using dry neutral seed particles, thereby suppressing the role of acid catalyzed multiphase chemistry, at a variety of oxidant conditions. A high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HRToF-CIMS) utilizing iodide-adduct ionization coupled to the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO) allowed for the simultaneous online sampling of the gas and particle composition. Under high HO2 and low NO conditions, highly oxygenated (O : C ≥ 1) C5 compounds were major components (~ 50 %) of the SOA. The overall composition of the SOA evolved both as a function of time and as a function of input NO concentrations. As the level of input NO increased, organic nitrates increased in both the gas- and particle-phases, but the dominant non-nitrate particle-phase components monotonically decreased. We use comparisons of measured and predicted gas-particle partitioning of individual components to assess the validity of literature-based group-contribution methods for estimating saturation vapor concentrations. While there is evidence for equilibrium partitioning being achieved on the chamber residence time scale (5.2 hours) for some individual components, significant errors in group-contribution methods are revealed. In addition, > 30 % of the SOA mass, detected as low-molecular weight compounds, cannot be reconciled with equilibrium partitioning. These compounds desorb from the FIGAERO at unexpectedly high temperatures given their molecular composition, indicative of thermal decomposition of effectively lower volatility components, likely larger molecular weight oligomers. We use these insights from the laboratory and observations of the same SOA components made during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) to assess the importance of isoprene photooxidation as a local SOA source.
Halogen chemistry reduces tropospheric O3 radiative forcing
Authors: Sherwen T. , Evans M. J. , Carpenter L. J. , Schmidt J. A. , Mickely L. J.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a global warming gas, however the lack of a firm observational record since the preindustrial period means that estimates of its radiative forcing (RFTO3) rely on model calculations. Recent observational evidence shows that halogens are pervasive in the troposphere and need to be represented in chemistry-transport models for an accurate simulation of present-day O3. Using the GEOS-Chem model we show that tropospheric halogen chemistry is more active in the present-day than in the pre-industrial. This is due to increased oceanic iodine emissions driven by increased surface O3, higher anthropogenic emissions of bromo-carbons and an increased flux of bromine from the stratosphere. We calculate pre-industrial to present-day increases in the tropospheric O3 burden of 113 Tg without halogens but only 95 Tg with, leading to a reduction in RFTO3 from 0.432 to 0.366 W m−2. We attribute ~ 40 % of this reduction to the ocean-atmosphere iodine feedback, ~ 30 % to increased anthropogenic halogens in the troposphere and ~ 30 % to increased bromine flux from the stratosphere. This reduction of RFTO3 (0.066 W m−2) is greater than that from stratospheric ozone (~ 0.05 W m−2). Estimates of RFTO3 that fail to consider halogen chemistry are likely overestimates (~ 20 %).
2-D tomography of volcanic CO2 from scanning hard target differential absorption LIDAR: The case of Solfatara, Campi Flegrei (Italy)
Authors: Queiβer Manuel , Granieri Domenico , Burton Mike
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Solfatara is part of the active volcanic zone of Campi Flegrei (Italy), a densely populated urban area where ground uplift and increasing ground temperature are observed, connected with rising rates of CO2 emission. A major pathway of CO2 release at Campi Flegrei is diffuse soil degassing, and therefore quantifying diffuse CO2 emission rates is of vital interest. Conventional in-situ probing of soil gas emissions with accumulation chambers is accurate over a small footprint but requires significant time and effort to cover large areas. An alternative approach is differential absorption LIDAR, which allows for a fast and spatially integrated measurement. Here, a portable hard-target differential absorption LIDAR has been used to acquire horizontal 1-D profiles of CO2 concentration at the Solfatara crater. To capture the non-isotropic nature of the diffuse degassing activity, a 2-D tomographic map of the CO2 distribution has been inverted from the 1-D profiles. The acquisition was performed from a single half space only, which increases the non-linearity of the inverse problem. Nonetheless, the result is in agreement with independent measurements and furthermore confirms an area of anomalous CO2 degassing along the eastern edge as well as the center of the Solfatara crater. The method has important implications for measurements of degassing features that can only be accessed from limited angles, such as airborne sensing of volcanic plumes. CO2 fluxes retrieved from the 2-D map are comparable, but modestly higher than emission rates from previous studies, perhaps reflecting a more integrated measurement.
Using in situ GC-MS for analysis of C2-C7 volatile organic acids in ambient air of a boreal forest site
Authors: Hellén Heidi , Schallhart Simon , Praplan Arnaud P. , Petäjä Tuukka , Hakola Hannele
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Abstract. An in situ method for studying C2-C7 monocarboxylic volatile organic acids (VOAs) in ambient air was developed and evaluated. Samples were collected directly into the cold trap of the thermal desorption unit (TD) and analysed in situ using a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS). A polyethylene glycol column was used for separating the acids. The method was validated in the laboratory and tested on the ambient air of a boreal forest in June 2015. Recoveries of VOAs from fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and heated stainless steel inlets were acceptable. Different VOAs were fully desorbed from the cold trap and well separated in the chromatograms. Detection limits varied between 1 and 130 pptv and total uncertainty of the method at mean ambient mixing ratios ranged between 16–76 %. All straight chain VOAs except heptanoic acid in the ambient air measurement were found with mixing ratios above the detection limits. The highest mixing ratios were found for acetic acid and the highest relative variations for hexanoic acid. In addition, mixing ratios of acetic and propanoic acids measured by the novel GC-MS method were compared with proton-mass-transfer time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOFMS) data. Both instruments showed similar variations, but differences in the mixing ratio levels were significant.
Los números cuentan. Sub-representación de la obra artística de mujeres creadoras en museos y centros de arte contemporáneos
Authors: Ballesteros Doncel Esmeralda
Published: August 2016

Este artículo cuantifica la presencia de obra artística de mujeres artistas en 21 museos y centros de arte contemporáneo españoles. Los resultados constatan una nítida sub-representación de la obra exhibida, por debajo del 20 por ciento. ¿Por qué sucede esto?, ¿diferencial potencial artístico de mujeres y hombres?, ¿superioridad masculina?, ¿discriminación? o ¿un sistema de arte con sesgo androcéntrico? En estas páginas se discute sobre la presencia de varios factores para explicar la brecha de género y se reclama, de las administraciones públicas y las instituciones de gestión cultural, el cumplimiento de la Ley para la Igualdad para garantizar la paridad.
David Hume y el contractualismo
Authors: Fernández Santillán José
Published: August 2016

David Hume pertenece a la corriente filosófica llamada consecuencialista en la que se inscribe el utilitarismo. Esta tendencia fue contraria al normativismo, en la que se incluye el contractualismo. Aquí analizo la crítica hecha por Hume, desde la óptica utilitarista, al contractualismo. Los mayores filósofos del contractualismo son Thomas Hobbes, John Locke y Jean Jacques Rousseau. Hume esgrimió tres tipos de argumentos contra ellos: 1) histórico: el contrato social no tiene ninguna prueba histórica de haber existido, en consecuencia no puede ser presentado como sustento del Estado; 2) filosófica: no es el deber sino el interés lo que mueve a los hombres para formar la autoridad política; 3) social: en la conciencia del pueblo, no hay traza alguna del susodicho contrato. El utilitarismo, ciertamente es una de las tendencias que ayudaron a finalizar la hegemonía teórica que el contractualismo había ejercido durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Con todo y eso, desde el punto de vista histórico y social, los movimientos de liberación en muchas partes del mundo, en esa época, fueron inspirados por el contractualismo. Vale decir, desde el punto de vista filosófico el utilitarismo, ciertamente puso de relieve los orígenes empíricos del Estado, pero no su justificación normativa, racional. Hume entendió en toda su amplitud el contenido normativo del contractualismo que también inspiró y sigue inspirando la acción humana.
Crisis, educación y precariedad-afluencia. El rol de la educación en las condiciones de vida de la población española
Authors: Llopis Goig Ramón , Tejerina Benjamín
Published: August 2016

El objeto de este artículo es estudiar la influencia del nivel educativo (capital cultural) en los procesos de precariedad-afluencia de la población española entre los años posteriores a la crisis de inicio de la década de 1990 y los años más duros de la crisis de 2007. A partir de los datos de las encuestas PHOGUE y ECV del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) se han construido cuatro indicadores para medir la precariedad laboral, de ingresos, de salud y de vivienda y su distribución según distintas variables demográficas. Se pretende contrastar la hipótesis de que más educación significa más protección frente a la precariedad, estudiando diferentes condiciones de las condiciones de vida y existencia en momentos tanto de crecimiento como de crisis económica. Mediante un análisis multivariable se intenta determinar el nivel de impacto del capital cultural, alcance, evolución y, sobre todo, si sus efectos positivos o negativos están en proceso de expansión o desaceleración. El resultado tiene una doble aportación: de un lado, metodológica, consistente en la construcción de los indicadores; de otro lado, los resultados, con los que se puede reevaluar algunas generalizaciones sobre la pérdida de importancia del rol de la educación en las sociedades contemporáneas.
De la moral del sacrificio a la conciencia de la precariedad. Un análisis cualitativo de los discursos sobre la evolución de la crisis en España
Authors: Alonso Luis Enrique , Fernández Rodríguez Carlos Jesús , Ibáñez Rojo Rafael
Published: August 2016

La larga crisis económica que padece España está teniendo importantes consecuencias sociales. La más comentada por académicos, mass media y parte del arco político es la fractura social que se está abriendo en el país, ante el aumento de las desigualdades económicas que generan el enorme desempleo y las duras políticas de ajuste del gasto público. Sin embargo, más allá de cuestiones económicas la crisis está haciendo mella de forma muy profunda en el imaginario social del país en relación a las razones y consecuencias de la crisis, tanto a corto como a largo plazo. El objetivo de este artículo es el realizar una valoración de esas percepciones sociales de la ciudadanía en relación con la crisis, centrándonos en un aspecto como es el de la relación de la población española con el consumo de bienes y servicios públicos, en un escenario de hegemonía de la austeridad como única receta anti-crisis. Para ello, realizaremos un análisis de los discursos recogidos en una investigación cualitativa realizada en el año 2014 mediante grupos de discusión. Los resultados muestran un pesimismo enorme de la población en relación al futuro del Estado del Bienestar y de la propia clase media española, junto a una frustración que puede anunciar futuros ciclos de movilización social.
Students of Different Subjects Have Different Levels of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation to Learn English: Two Different Groups of EFL Students in Japan
Authors: Green Kieran , Fujita Junichi
Published: August 2016

Here is documented an investigation to assess the motivational drivers of a group of Japanese, first-year, dental-university students taking part in compulsory EFL classes and to compare those motivational drivers with an investigation into the motivational drivers of a group of Japanese IT students. There was a clear difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivational drivers between the two groups. It was discovered that dental students valued English much less for work related reasons (intrinsic) and more for personal reasons (extrinsic), and that overall they had a more favourable attitude to their EFL studies. It was demonstrated that for this group of dental students the importance of English for dentists at work and in research needs to be emphasized in lessons and that students have a favourable attitude to using English and would be happy to have more communication-based exercises in class. This work is the first documented evidence of students of different subjects having different motivations. It is important to the wider teaching community as there are few comparisons of motivation in the literature, and the investigation presented here clearly demonstrates that what motivates one group of students does not necessarily motivate another group, and quite probably, the fingerprint of motivational drivers is quite different for students of different subjects.
The Effects of Corporate Governance Practices on the Choice between Efficient and Opportunistic Earnings Management
Authors: Vervaat Tim , Georgakopoulos Georgios , Vasileiou Konstantinos Z. , Sotiropoulos Ioannis
Published: August 2016

This study aims to explore the preferences of the publicly listed companies on the S&P 500 index regarding their earnings management (efficient or opportunistic) as well as the impact of the corporate governance practices (audit committee, board independence and audit quality) on their decision. Using two separate regression models, it was found that American firms listed on the S&P 500 index tend to conduct efficient earnings management, which is in line with the findings of prior research. Moreover, it emerged that the earnings management selection does not depend on the amount (high vs small) of audit fees paid by the companies. Additionally, the governance practice of employing more outside directors in the audit committees leads to more efficient earnings management. Finally, according to the study results, the impact of discretionary accruals on future profitability is not significantly related to the proportion of independent members on the board of directors.
The Impact of Market Orientation on Customer Satisfaction of Private Schools in Jordan
Authors: Altarifi Shadi M. , Aqel Ibrahim S. , Al Tarawneh Khaled A.
Published: August 2016

This study aims at identifying the impact of market orientation on customer satisfaction in private schools in Jordan. The population of the study consists of managers of different levels in private schools in Amman. Out of the questionnaires distributed, 158 usable questionnaires were returned with a response rate of 79%. Market orientation was measured based on Markotz model. The findings supported the significant influence of market orientation on customer satisfaction. Hence, practical implications for schools’ managers were provided in terms of assessing and monitoring market orientation periodically, to be able to identify where improvements are needed, and to identify which dimensions of market orientation should be considered, especially on competitor orientation.
The Direction of Change Management in United Arab Emirates
Authors: Baddah Abdulla
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to review the current change management literature that exists on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and then explore the extent to which this literature has responded to the calls for more research in this field. A general and broad search of the literature on change management was made and peer-reviewed articles selected, preferably about the UAE. The findings were then analyzed and a discussion of the literature formed. The aim was to gain some understanding on the direction of change management in the UAE in order to guide future research about change management and to stimulate interest in the topic. The findings show that there is a problem regarding the lack of a research papers on change management in the UAE and the implications for government and business, and decision makers.

 
Empirical Observations on the Tracking Errors and the Risk-Adjusted Returns of REIT-Based Exchange Traded Funds
Authors: Nandy Subhashis
Published: August 2016

In the last few years, investments in exchange traded funds (ETFs) have gained significant popularity among the financial investors. Financial investors have also shown enormous interests in investments in REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts). The researcher has determined the tracking errors of REIT based ETFs from the corresponding REIT indexes. The null hypotheses that there are no correlations between the risk adjusted returns of REIT based ETFs and the risk-adjusted returns of the corresponding index have been tested at 0.05 levels of significances. The period used in this study is from April 2010 to March 2016. The results indicate that the mean tracking errors of REIT based ETFs are very small. The findings also indicate that the null hypotheses that there are no correlations between the risk-adjusted returns of REIT based ETFs and the risk adjusted returns of the corresponding index can be rejected at 0.05 levels of significance.
Gender Differences in Attitude towards the Learning of Agricultural Science in Senior High Schools in the Assin South District of the Central Region, Ghana
Authors: Darko Ransford Opoku , Yuan Shouqi , Opoku Sarah Frema , Ansah Christina Offei , Liu Junping , Ansah Nancy
Published: August 2016

Agriculture has predominantly been observed as the activity of men with little or no interest by women hence this study was conducted in two public senior high schools in the Assin South district of the Central region of Ghana aimed to investigate gender differences in attitude towards the learning of agricultural science. A sample of 198, comprising of 188 students and 10 teachers of agricultural science took part in the survey. The research instrument used for the data collection was questionnaire which was developed by the researchers in two different forms, one for the agricultural science students and the other for the agricultural science teachers. Research findings from the study indicated that gender had no significant influence on students’ attitude towards the learning of agricultural science. Also, the attitude of female students towards agricultural science as a profession is not different from that of the male students. The study again concluded that teachers and parents play a key role influencing students to pursue related science courses. However students should be given the room to express their choice of programme to pursue at the senior high level. It must be reiterated that teachers have a major role to play in increasing and sustaining the interest of students in the study of agricultural science. The study recommends that students especially females should be encouraged, towards building a positive attitude in learning of agricultural science to take up major future roles related to the field.
Effect of Biochar Amendment on Bioavailability and Accumulation of Cadmium and Trace Elements in Brassica chinensis L. (Chinese Cabbage)
Authors: Khan Kiran Yasmin , Ali Barkat , Cui Xiaoqiang , Feng Ying , Stoffella Peter Joseph , Pan Fengshan , Tang Lin , Yang Xiaoe
Published: August 2016

This study aims to investigate the potential use of maize stalk (MS), bamboo (BB) and cow manure (CM) derived biochar as a soil amendment on the cadmium (Cd) and trace metals (Mn, Zn, Fe) accumulation by two Cd accumulator cultivars; low (Aijiaoheiye 333) (AJ) and high (Zhouyeheiyoudonger) (ZH) of Brassica chinensis L. The effect of different biochar (4% w/w) on both cultivars grown on artificially Cd contaminated Alfisol soil was studied. All selected biochar decreased the bioavailability of Cd in soil and its phytoavailability for both cultivars of B. chinensis L. followed the order: MS > CM > BB. In particular, with increase soil pH MS biochar significantly reduced Cd bioavailability in soil by 54% and accumulation in shoots of AJ and ZH cultivars by 35% and 41%, as soil amendment. These results indicated the effectiveness of biochar by reducing the availability and phytotoxicity of Cd, while enhanced shoot dry biomass by promoting microbial activity and availability of essential trace metals.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 8, No. 9
Authors: Brown Anne
Published: August 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2016.
Responses of Unsaturated Fatty Acid in Membrane Lipid and Antioxidant Enzymes to Chilling Stress in Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Seedling
Authors: Guo Yuanyuan , Liu Shanshan , Yang Zhen , Tian Shanshan , Sui Na
Published: August 2016

Low temperature is a major factor limiting the productivity and geographical distribution of many plant species. In this study, we investigated the effect of chilling stress (10 oC) on seedling growth in two sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) inbred lines (M-81E and Roma). Results showed that the chilling resistance of M-81E was higher than that of Roma. The Fv/Fm in leaves of M-81E decreased less than that of Roma during chilling stress. After 24 h of chilling stress, the Fv/Fm of M-81E and Roma decreased by 24.3 and 45.8%, respectively. Fo was also affected significantly during chilling stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of lipid peroxidation caused by ROS, increased during chilling stress. The contents of MDA increased less in leaves of M-81E than that in Roma under chilling stress. The antioxidant enzymes (SOD and APX) activity of M-81E was higher than those of Roma during chilling stress. The unsaturated fatty acid content and the double bond index (DBI) of major membrane lipids of MGDG, DGDG, SQDG, PC, PE and PG of M-81E significantly increased after 24 h of chilling treatment (10 oC). The DBI of MGDG, DGDG, SQDG, PC and PG of Roma significantly decreased. These results showed that the chilling tolerance of M-81E was higher than that of Roma by increasing of unsaturated fatty acid in membrane lipid and powerful protective enzyme system at seedling stage.
O que há de magia na poesia? Comparando poéticas do encantamento
Authors: Losso Eduardo Guerreiro Brito
Published: August 2016

Teóricos da poética frequentemente aproximam poesia de mística, ao mesmo tempo que distinguem o poeta do místico. Dizem que o poeta medita na exterioridade e o místico na interioridade, mas especialistas nos grandes místicos afirmam que não há, neles, a separação entre busca espiritual e contemplação da materialidade. De qualquer modo, o místico busca a experiência suprassensível.  Por isso, talvez seja mais pertinente examinar as aproximações entre poesia e magia.Ao longo da história da poética, elas são abundantes. Examinamos três ocorrências importantes nessa história: em Platão, Martin Opitz (primeiro poetólogo alemão) e Novalis. Ao compará-las, percebemos que a magia parece ser essencial à origem e atuação da poesia, mas por diferentes motivos.
Recuperar a lógica póetica da Revelação: uma contribuição do diálogo entre Teologia e Literatura
Authors: Villas Boas Alex
Published: August 2016

O presente trabalho tem como objetivoa questão da busca de sentido da vida ou patodiceia inspirada na logoteoria de Viktor EmmilFrankl, (1905-1997) e o que a teologia tem a contribuir com a questão, verificando a sua capacidade de recepção sensível à problemática a partir da construção de uma teopatodiceia, no qual a teologia é vista como pergunta pelo sentido [logos] de Deus [Theós] na busca de sentido humana. Também é parte da proposta deste trabalho encontrar critérios para formular uma “lógica poética” como elemento formal adequado à proposta da teopatodiceia, resultando assim naquilo que chamamos de pensamento poético teológico, como forma de desvelamento de sentido, ou ainda, a apropriação existencial das fórmulas teológicas, por um empréstimo de pensamento da literatura.
Spaces of Right-Wing Populism and Anti-Muslim Racism in Austria. Identitarian Movement, Civil Initiatives and the Fight against ‘Islamisation’
Authors: Ajanovic Edma , Mayer Stefanie , Sauer Birgit
Published: August 2016

This article argues that the current right-wing social movements in Austria are taking part in a right-wing populist hegemonic project relying on anti-Muslim racism, anti-immigration sentiment and xeno-racism (Fekete 2001). Analysing texts and interviews of two right-wing populist social movements, the Identitarian Movement and the Civil initiatives against the building of mosques, with a critical frame analysis approach, the paper identifies their spaces of political action with the aim of under- standing their success. We argue that, rather than competing with the Austrian Freedom Party in the space of national (party) politics, these movements have established their own niches in the Austrian political space. This strategy not only enables them to co-exist with the main right-wing populist actor, the Freedom Party, in a mutually supportive environment, but it also broadens the right-wing populist discursive strategy of constructing a double antagonism between ‘us’ and ‘them’ (the Elite) and ‘the others’. Hence, while the Identitarian Movement is concerned with meta-politics on the level of the ‘supra-regional’ space which is understood to shape European culture and ‘ethnic identity’, the civil initiatives’ niche is located on the local level and is presented as the space where conflicts between ‘us’ and ‘the other’ are experienced. In our approach of analysing spaces of political action, we argue that recent right-wing populism is successful because it manages to ‘diversify’ spaces of action and to colonize all levels of social life with its idea of antagonistic politics.
Political Representation in the European Union. Still democratic in times of crisis?
Authors: Galušková Johana
Published: August 2016

Kröger, Sandra et al (2014). Political Representation in the European Union. Still democratic in times of crisis? Abingdon: Routledge, 252 pages.
Methane emissions from global rice fields: Magnitude, spatiotemporal patterns, and environmental controls
Authors: Zhang Bowen , Tian Hanqin , Ren Wei , Tao Bo , Lu Chaoqun , Yang Jia , Banger Kamaljit , Pan Shufen
Published: August 2016

Given the importance of the potential positive feedback between methane (CH4) emissions and climate change, it is critical to accurately estimate the magnitude and spatiotemporal patterns of CH4 emissions from global rice fields and better understand the underlying determinants governing the emissions. Here we used a coupled biogeochemical model in combination with satellite‐derived contemporary inundation area to quantify the magnitude and spatiotemporal variation of CH4 emissions from global rice fields and attribute the environmental controls of CH4 emissions during 1901–2010. Our study estimated that CH4 emissions from global rice fields varied from 18.3 ± 0.1 Tg CH4/yr (Avg. ±1 SD) under intermittent irrigation to 38.8 ± 1.0 Tg CH4/yr under continuous flooding in the 2000s, indicating that the magnitude of CH4 emissions from global rice fields is largely dependent on different water schemes. Over the past 110 years, our simulated results showed that global CH4 emissions from rice cultivation increased by 85%. The expansion of rice fields was the dominant factor for the increasing trends of CH4 emissions, followed by elevated CO2 concentration, and nitrogen fertilizer use. On the contrary, climate variability had reduced the cumulative CH4 emissions for most of the years over the study period. Our results imply that CH4 emissions from global rice fields could be reduced through optimizing irrigation practices. Therefore, the future magnitude of CH4 emissions from rice fields will be determined by the human demand for rice production as well as the implementation of optimized water management practices.
Interpretation of the provenance of small‐scale heterogeneity as documented in a single eruptive unit from Mt. Jefferson, Central Oregon Cascades
Authors: Ustunisik Gokce , Loewen Matthew W. , Nielsen Roger L. , Tepley Frank J.
Published: August 2016

Mt. Jefferson is a large composite volcano located in the central Oregon Cascades that has erupted a diverse compositional suite of lavas from basalt to rhyodacite (50–72 wt. % SiO2). Individual eruptive units contain multiple populations of plagioclase, and a variety of mafic textural/mineralogical components often preserved as large centimeter to millimeter‐sized enclaves. Understanding the processes active in any volcanic center requires that we document the products of those processes. In this contribution, we documented the small‐scale compositional diversity within a single eruptive unit at Mt. Jefferson, the Whitewater Creek andesite, in order to answer three questions: (1) what are the characteristics and scale of diversity in a single eruptive unit, (2) what is the provenance of the observed components, and (3) how does that observed small‐scale diversity relate to the larger‐scale diversity observed between other flows at Mt. Jefferson. Our analyses are based on major, trace element concentrations for phenocrysts, and melt inclusions from a single eruptive unit, the Whitewater Creek andesite which is one of the most heterogeneous units erupted at Mt. Jefferson. We have identified at least four distinct components present at the centimeter scale. These components, identified on the basis of their mineralogy and composition, include three mafic (two pyroxene + plagioclase; plagioclase‐hornblende, and olivine‐orthopyroxene) and one silicic component (dacitic groundmass). To understand the relationship between the observed textural components and the magma types erupted at Mt Jefferson, equilibrium liquid compositions were calculated from the phenocryst compositions. The range exhibited by those calculated liquids covers much of the entire range represented by the lavas at Mt. Jefferson. However, it is difficult to directly connect them to specific magma types observed at Mt. Jefferson. We attribute our inability to directly link the textural components to the known magma types to post mixing diffusive reequilibration during storage and transport. These results suggest that great care should be taken in interpretation of whole rock data.
Climatic evolution of the central equatorial Pacific since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Seo Inah , Lee Yuri , Lee Yong Il , Yoo Chan Min , Hyeong Kiseong
Published: August 2016

This paper investigates paleoceanographic changes at a central equatorial Pacific site (6°40′N, 177°28′W) since the last glacial maximum using planktic foraminifera assemblages, together with the oxygen isotope (δ18O) and Mg/Ca compositions of three species (Globigerinoides sacculifer, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, and Globorotalia tumida) that dwell in the mixed layer, upper thermocline, and lower thermocline, respectively. While the Mg/Ca‐derived temperatures of the mixed layer and lower thermocline varied within a narrow range from 18 ka onward, the upper thermocline temperature increased by as much as 3°C during the last deglaciation (18–12 ka) with a simultaneous decrease of δ18O. These changes are best explained by an enhanced mixing of the upper ocean and a reduced habitat depth separation between P. obliquiloculata and G. sacculifer during the 18–12 ka interval. The planktic foraminifera assemblage during the same period resembles modern composition at subtropical central Pacific sites that are strongly influenced by the northeasterly Trades and North Equatorial Current (NEC). We suggest that the study site, presently under the control of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)‐North Equatorial Countercurrent, had been influenced by the northeasterly Trades and NEC during the 18–12 ka interval. This interpretation is consistent with previous documentation of a more southerly location of the ITCZ during two Northern Hemisphere cooling events; the Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas, and implies that the mean annual position of the ITCZ was located south of the study site, by at least 2° of latitude.
Stability of B2‐type FeS at Earth's inner core pressures
Authors: Gavryushkin Pavel N. , Popov Zakhar I. , Litasov Konstantin D. , Belonoshko Anatoly B. , Gavryushkin Alex
Published: August 2016

Using density functional theory, we investigated how substituting sulfur atoms for iron atoms affects the structure and energy of the body centered cubic and hexagonal close‐packed iron phases at 350 GPa and at 0 K. We conclude that formation of random (Fe,S) solid solutions is energetically favorable in all intermediate compositions, although the random low‐symmetry substitutions cause structural distortion. The (Fe,S) solid solution is nearly as favorable as the mechanical mixture of Fe‐hcp and FeS‐B2. This finding, in combination with dynamical stability, defines the B2 structure as a strong candidate for the sulfur‐bearing phase of the Earth's inner core.
Spatiotemporal investigation of seismicity and Coulomb stress variations prior to the 2010 ML 6.4 Jiashian, Taiwan earthquake
Authors: Wen Yi‐Ying , Chen Chien‐Chih , Wu Yi‐Hsuan , Chan Chung‐Han , Wang Yu‐Ju , Yeh Yu‐Lien
Published: August 2016

The 2010 ML 6.4 Jiashian earthquake struck southern Taiwan and caused some damage due to the strong ground shaking. Since the epicenter is located in a relatively low background seismicity area, we want to investigate seismicity rate changes associated with the Jiashian main shock by applying the region‐time‐length and pattern informatics algorithms. Both temporal and spatial results exhibit signatures of abnormal seismicity change related to the seismic activation and quiescence prior to the 2010 Jiashian main shock. In addition, patch of abnormal seismicity changes coincides with the region with Coulomb stress change during the same period. Our study demonstrates that the epicenter area of the 2010 Jiashian earthquake experienced a long period of seismicity rate changes and stress accumulation and thus suggests that both the variations in Coulomb stress and seismicity rate play fundamental roles in the nucleation process of impending earthquakes.
Mercury's gravity, tides, and spin from MESSENGER radio science data
Authors: Verma Ashok Kumar , Margot Jean‐Luc
Published: August 2016

We analyze radio tracking data obtained during 1311 orbits of the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft in the period March 2011 to April 2014. A least squares minimization of the residuals between observed and computed values of two‐way range and Doppler allows us to solve for a model describing Mercury's gravity, tidal response, and spin state. We use a spherical harmonic representation of the gravity field to degree and order 40 and report error bars corresponding to 10 times the formal uncertainties of the fit. Our estimate of the product of Mercury's mass and the gravitational constant, GM = (22031.87404 ± 9×10−4) km3 s−2, is in excellent agreement with published results. Our solution for the geophysically important second‐degree coefficients (
,
) confirms previous estimates to better than 0.4% and, therefore, inferences about Mercury's moment of inertia and interior structure. Our estimate of the tidal Love number k2 = 0.464 ± 0.023 indicates that Mercury's mantle may be hotter and weaker than previously thought. Our spin state solution suggests that gravity‐based estimates of Mercury's spin axis orientation are marginally consistent with previous measurements of the orientation of the crust.
Backwater number scaling of alluvial bed forms
Authors: Shaw John B. , McElroy Brandon
Published: August 2016

The backwater number, Bw, compares the backwater length scale to the length scale of alluvial bed forms. We derive theory to show that Bw plays an important role in determining the behavior and scaling of morphodynamic systems. When Bw ≫ 1, spatial patterns in deposition and erosion derive from flow accelerations associated with changes in flow depth, and bed evolution is akin to a kinematic wave. When Bw ≪ 1, the spatial pattern of shear stress is determined by variations in energy slope, and alluvial beds experience topographic dispersion. This theory is confirmed using a numerical model and data compiled from the literature. We present a data set of Bw for bed forms ranging from dunes to river deltas, including field and experimental measurements. For field‐scale measurements, we find that dunes have Bw > 49, braid bars exist in the range Bw = [7.1,17], meanders have a range Bw = [7.1,18], and river mouth deposition ranges over Bw = [7.4,29]. Further, alluvial morphologies that are easily recreated in the laboratory (dunes and avulsions) have overlapping field and laboratory Bw ranges. In contrast, alluvial forms that have traditionally been difficult to recreate (meanders and river mouth processes) have field Bw that are difficult to match in laboratory settings. Large experimental Froude numbers are shown to reduce experimental Bw and incite diffusional behavior. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of Bw scaling for estimating fundamental scales in sedimentary systems.
Short‐term favorable weather conditions are an important control of interannual variability in carbon and water fluxes
Authors: Zscheischler Jakob , Fatichi Simone , Wolf Sebastian , Blanken Peter D. , Bohrer Gil , Clark Kenneth , Desai Ankur R. , Hollinger David , Keenan Trevor , Novick Kimberly A. , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: August 2016

Ecosystem models often perform poorly in reproducing interannual variability in carbon and water fluxes, resulting in considerable uncertainty when estimating the land‐carbon sink. While many aggregated variables (growing season length, seasonal precipitation, or temperature) have been suggested as predictors for interannual variability in carbon fluxes, their explanatory power is limited and uncertainties remain as to their relative contributions. Recent results show that the annual count of hours where evapotranspiration (ET) is larger than its 95th percentile is strongly correlated with the annual variability of ET and gross primary production (GPP) in an ecosystem model. This suggests that the occurrence of favorable conditions has a strong influence on the annual carbon budget. Here we analyzed data from eight forest sites of the AmeriFlux network with at least 7 years of continuous measurements. We show that for ET and the carbon fluxes GPP, ecosystem respiration (RE), and net ecosystem production, counting the “most active hours/days” (i.e., hours/days when the flux exceeds a high percentile) correlates well with the respective annual sums, with correlation coefficients generally larger than 0.8. Phenological transitions have much weaker explanatory power. By exploiting the relationship between most active hours and interannual variability, we classify hours as most active or less active and largely explain interannual variability in ecosystem fluxes, particularly for GPP and RE. Our results suggest that a better understanding and modeling of the occurrence of large values in high‐frequency ecosystem fluxes will result in a better understanding of interannual variability of these fluxes.
Claim Number Processes
Authors: Garrido José
Published: August 2016

Risk theory models describe the uncertainty associated with the claims recorded by an insurance company for losses incurred by its policyholders. The claims frequency and the claims severity are two important components of these models. This article centers on models for the frequency of these losses.

Even if an insurance company were able to maintain the exact same portfolio of policies over time, the number of claims recorded would still vary from year to year. Such natural fluctuations are modeled through the claim number random variable.

Over time, claim counts evolve according to a stochastic process: the claim number process. While other sections discuss specific claim number processes in greater detail, the general features are given here.
Understanding of the Extremely Low Thermal Conductivity in High‐Performance Polycrystalline SnSe through Potassium Doping
Authors: Chen Yue‐Xing , Ge Zhen‐Hua , Yin Meijie , Feng Dan , Huang Xue‐Qin , Zhao Wenyu , He Jiaqing
Published: August 2016

P‐type polycrystalline SnSe and K0.01Sn0.99Se are prepared by combining mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The highest ZT of ≈0.65 is obtained at 773 K for undoped SnSe by optimizing the MA time. To enhance the electrical transport properties of SnSe, K is selected as an effective dopant. It is found that the maximal power factor can be enhanced significantly from ≈280 μW m−1 K−2 for undoped SnSe to ≈350 μW m−1 K−2 for K‐doped SnSe. It is also observed that the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline SnSe can be enhanced if the SnSe powders are slightly oxidized. Surprisingly, after K doping, the absence of Sn oxides at grain boundaries and the presence of coherent nanoprecipitates in the SnSe matrix contribute to an impressively low lattice thermal conductivity of ≈0.20 W m−1 K−1 at 773 K along the sample section perpendicular to pressing direction of SPS. This extremely low lattice thermal conductivity coupled with the enhanced power factor results in a record high ZT of ≈1.1 at 773 K along this direction in polycrystalline SnSe.
Copper Salts Doped Spiro‐OMeTAD for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Meng , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Yang Ying‐Guo , Hu Yun , Feng Shang‐Lei , Wang Jin‐Miao , Gao Xing‐Yu , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: August 2016

The development of effective and stable hole transporting materials (HTMs) is very important for achieving high‐performance planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, copper salts (cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN) or cuprous iodide (CuI)) doped 2,2,7,7‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) based on a solution processing as the HTM in PSCs is demonstrated. The incorporation of CuSCN (or CuI) realizes a p‐type doping with efficient charge transfer complex, which results in improved film conductivity and hole mobility in spiro‐OMeTAD:CuSCN (or CuI) composite films. As a result, the PCE is largely improved from 14.82% to 18.02% due to obvious enhancements in the cell parameters of short‐circuit current density and fill factor. Besides the HTM role, the composite film can suppress the film aggregation and crystallization of spiro‐OMeTAD films with reduced pinholes and voids, which slows down the perovskite decomposition by avoiding the moisture infiltration to some extent. The finding in this work provides a simple method to improve the efficiency and stability of planar perovskite solar cells.