bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VI.—On Rhadinichthys monensis, Egerton, and its Distribution in the Yorkshire Coalfield
Authors: Wellburn Edgar D.
Published: May 2009

This species was first described by Sir P. De M. Grey Egerton as Palæoniscus monensis, in 1850, from detached scales from the Coal-measures of Anglesey. Subsequently, Dr. R. H. Traquair proved that the proper position of the fish was in his genus Rhadinichthys. Up to this date only detached scales had been known, but in the paper just mentioned Dr. Traquair described specimens showing many points in the structure of the fish which had been hitherto unknown. In my collection there are many fragmentary remains, collected from the Yorkshire Coal-measures, which show, among other interesting points, the form and ornamentation of many of the bones of the head and shoulder-girdle; while one more nearly perfect specimen shows well the form of the fish and some other points in its anatomy which have not been hitherto described, namely, the relative positions of the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins, the former being very well preserved and perfect.
III.—On the Age of the Later Dykes of Anglesey
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

The existence in Anglesey of a series of dykes later than most of the rocks of the island has long been known. Some of the more conspicuous ones were described by Henslow, many more appear on the map of the Geological Survey, and petrological descriptions were given some years ago (Geol. Mag., 1887–88) by Mr. Harker.
IV.—The Penmaenmawr Intrusions
Authors: Sargent H.C.
Published: May 2009

The subject of this paper is a group of three intrusive masses of igneous rock, possibly laccolitic in their origin, whose outcrops are situated within a radius of a mile from the village of Llanfairfechan, on the north coast of Carnarvonshire.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Strahan Aubrey
Published: May 2009

The records of the Geological Survey of Great Britain date back nearly as far as the first public recognition of geology as a science in this country.
V.—The Zonal Lake Basins of sub-Alpine Switzerland
Authors: Preller C.S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

In two papers read before the Geological Society in 1904 I showed that the five principal lake basins of sub-Alpine Switzerland lie in a zone which is parallel to the Alps, and that this zone lies almost entirely in the Molasse formation. The conclusions which I drew from these facts as to the age and origin of these basins having, since then, been confirmed by further evidence, it will not be without interest to return to the subject.
V.—“Radio-activity and the Earth’s Thermal History”: A Criticism
Authors: Coleman A.P.
Published: May 2009

In the very interesting paper by Mr. Arthur Holmes on “Rradio-activity and the Earth's Thermal History”, in the Geological Magazine for February and March, it is assumed that in Archæan times there was “a widespread molten condition at no very great depth” below the earth's surface, and in the final conclusions the statement is made that “geological and other evidence points favourably to the traditional view that the earth's crust was initially in a molten state”. The results of recent work on the Archæan of Canada do not bear out this traditional view of the conditions of the earth's earliest known geological period, and it may not be amiss to suggest some points that decidedly conflict with it.
VI.—The Coastal Series of Sediments in the East Africa Protectorate
Authors: Maufe H. B.
Published: May 2009

In his report on “The Coal Resources of the East Africa Protectorate” published in the Twelfth International Geological Congress‘ The Coal Resources of the World (vol. ii, p. 381), Dr. J. W. Evans discusses evidence bearing on the existence of coal in the Taru Grits, which form the lowest member of the coastal series of sediments in the East Africa Protectorate. Referring to a report of mine, he remarks that I believe them to be of Karroo age, and then says, “E. Fraas, who subsequently made a brief examination of the line of railway, and whose account of the geology of the region differs in many respects from that of Maufe, refers them to the Middle Dogger (Inferior Oolite).”
II.—Eophrynus and Allied Carboniferous Arachnida
Authors: Pocock R. I.
Published: May 2009

For the opportunity to study the interesting Carboniferous Arachnid forming the subject-matter of the following pages, I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., who recently placed in my hands for that purpose a very perfect gutta-percha cast, and a good, though less complete one, in plaster, of the original fossil specimen, which was unfortunately not available for examination in its natural form.
II.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: Salter's Undescribed Species. IV
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

There are four specimens of this form in the WoodwardianMuseum, labelled a 859 and a 860 by Salter, and all come from theWenlock Limestone of Dudley. Salter (loc. cit. supra) says of it:‘Related to E. discors, but with most regular ridges of growth.A beautiful shell, dedicated to a most worthy lady—the patientpreparer of this collection [Mrs. Fletcher].’ All four specimensbelong to the Fletcher Collection.
V.—Oscillations in the Sea-Level. (Part III.)
Authors: Pearson H. W.
Published: May 2009

Norwich, England, is represented as situated on the banks of an arm of the sea even in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (Lyell's “Principles,” 11th ed., vol. i, p. 521; S. Woodward). Early in the fourteenth century Pagham Harbour was formed by a sudden inroad of the sea (Encyc. Brit, vol. xxii, p. 723).
II.—Notes on the Diamond-bearing Rock of Kimberley, South Africa
Authors: Stone J. B. , Bonney T. G. , Raisin C. A.
Published: May 2009

It may be fairly asserted that increased geological interest attaches to the deeper workings of the Kimberley Diamond Mines as they proceed. The remarkable development of underground mining, following upon the amalgamation of interests, which was the outcome of the collapse of the surface workings in 1886, or thereabout, has offered better opportunities for observation, not only of the diamond matrix-material but also of the varying characteristics of the neighbouring rock formations.
III.—Review of the Evidence for the Animal Nature of Eozoön Canadense
Authors: Dawson William
Published: May 2009

Bearing in mind the statements made in the previous note, respecting the stratigraphical relations of the Grenville Series, and referring to the excellent account by my friend Dr. Bonney of his observations at Côte St. Pierre, and to some difficulties stated by him which merit attention, we may sum up the evidence so far, under the following statements:—
II.—Preliminary Note on some Recently Discovered Extinct Vertebrates from Egypt. (Part I.)
Authors: Andrews Chas. W.
Published: May 2009

During a recent visit to Egypt, through the kindness of Captain H. G. Lyons, Director-General of the Egyptian Survey, I have on several occasions had opportunities of accompanying members of the Staff of the Geological Survey on collecting expeditions into the Western Desert.
II.—On a Fossileferous Bed in the Selbornian of Charmouth
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

The Charmouth district, situated in the south-west corner of Dorsetshire, consists of valleys in the Lias clays, separated by hills which are capped by Upper Cretaceous rocks, resting unconformably upon the Lias. Black Ven is the name of the cliff face bisecting one of these hills, which, lying between Charmouth and Lyme Regis, divides the valleys of the Char and the Lyme stream. of this cliff, the lower 350 feet consist of Lias clays and limestones.
III.—Some Disputed Points in the Crystallisation of the Constituent Minerals of Granite
Authors: Hunt A. R.
Published: May 2009

In writing my little paper on vein-quartz I was particularly anxious not to introduce controversial matter, but to be strictly orthodox throughout. After the paper was published I was much perturbed to find that I had unwittingly come into collision with two incidental remarks in General McMahon's most interesting paper on the Satlej granite, which was the subject of his address to Section C at Belfast. My oversight arose owing to the said remarks being incidental, and no stress having been laid upon their paramount importance.
IV.—Some Further Remarks on Granite: a Reply
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

After the expiration of twelve months, Mr. A. R. Hunt, who was present at the meeting of the British Association at Belfast, has published in your September number a criticism on my address. His paper deals with a variety of matters with which I need not concern myself. His remarks on tourmaline have reference to another author, and not to anything I have written on that subject. He also passes strictures on what he calls “incidental geology,” but as he includes Lord Kelvin and Canon Bonney with me in his condemnation, I can only congratulate myself on being in such good company.
I.—On the Bone-beds of Pikermi, Attica, and on similar Deposits in Northern Eubœa
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

At the suggestion of the British Minister at Athens, Sir Edwin H. Egerton, K.C.B., the Trustees of the British Museum recently undertook a series of excavations in the well-known bone-beds of Pikermi, in Attica, and I was honoured by being entrusted with the supervision of the work. The owner of the estate, Mr. Alexander Skousés, former Minister of War, most cordially assented, and gave every possible facility for the undertaking; while Sir Edwin Egerton's unflagging interest and zeal combined to ensure the greatest success. My wife and I went into residence at the farm of Pikermi early in April, and we continued to occupy the simple but comfortable room which Mr. Skousés had kindly placed at our disposal, until the cessation of digging in the middle of July. During much of the time we were accompanied by Dr. Theodore Skouphos, Conservator of the Geological Museum in the University of Athens, which claims some share of the results of all such excavations made in Greece. We have to thank him for much help in dealing with the workmen, who spoke only a language with which I was at first unfamiliar.
IV.—Circulation of Salt and Geological Time
Authors: Joly J.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for August I gave the major limit to the period of time we can assign to the geological age of the Earth by the solvent-denudation method, when it is assumed that all the chlorine of rivers is derived directly from the ocean, and that all such chlorine (falling, as assumed, in rain) carries its full complement of sodium from the ocean. The major limit with these assumptions is 141 million years. A second estimate is given on the more moderate assumption that one-third the amount of chlorine in rivers is derived from the sea and brings with it its full equivalent of sodium; this affords 105 millions of years as the age. Finally, there is the original estimate based on a 10 per cent. deduction from the chlorine of rivers as rain-borne, affording 96 millions of years.
VII.—On the Origin of the Gravel-Flats of Surrey and Berkshire
Authors: Monckton Horace Woollaston
Published: May 2009

In the south-east of England considerable tracts are covered by sheets or patches of gravel. It is mainly composed of flints from the Chalk, has a thickness of, say, from 6 to 20 feet, is generally stratified, and rests upon an uneven surface of the older strata. The top is nearly always flat and inclined at a low angle.
I.—Creechbarrow in Purbeck
Authors: Hudleston W. H.
Published: May 2009

The Isle of Purbeck possesses numerous points of geological interest, and its coast scenery has been celebrated, in conjunction with that of Lulworth, by many writers and artists. The classical work of Sir Henry Englefield, assisted by Webster, in the early part of the last century, served to make known some of the most interesting features of the coast, such as are more or less obvious to all who venture to sail beneath its cliffs. Of late years the geology of the Isle of Purbeck has attracted the attention of the officers of the Geological Survey, and has come in for a considerable amount of description at the hands of H. B. Woodward, Aubrey Strahan, and Clement Reid, in their respective departments. The zones of the Chalk in this region have also been admirably described by Dr. Rowe and his coadjutors, mostly from coast sections.
III.—The Basalt of the Moabite Stone
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

A block of basalt, bearing an ancient inscription in a Semitic language, was discovered in 1868 at Dhiban (the Dibon of Scripture) by the Rev. F. A. Klein, of the Jerusalem Mission Society. This block, which measured 3′ 10″ × 2′ 0″ × 1′ 2·5″, proved on examination to have been erected by Mesha, King of Moab about 890 b.c., and to refer to the war mentioned in 2 Kings iii. A series of blunders on the part of those anxious to obtain this interesting relic caused a quarrel about ownership between two Arab tribes, and one of them, to spite the other, broke it in pieces. These, however, were obtained by the French Consul in Palestine, and sent to Paris, where they were fitted together so far as possible, and the repaired stone is now in the Louvre Museum. The late Professor E. H. Palmer, on a visit to Dhiban in 1870, picked up a small fragment from those still lying on the spot, which he gave to me on his return to England. The constant pressure of other work has hitherto prevented me from examining the specimen, and I have only recently had a slice prepared. The largest face of the fragment measures about 3″ × 2·5″, but the thickest part hardly exceeds half an inch. The original smoothed surface of the stone, possibly including part of a letter, may be seen on one of the sloping sides.
IV.—The Cenomanian Overlap
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

That the Upper Cretaceous deposits overlap those of the Lower Cretaceous series, and extend over much larger areas throughout the whole of western and central Europe, are facts which have long been familiar to all European geologists. There has, however, been a tendency, especially in France, to imagine that the subsidence to which the overlap is due took place at one particular epoch, namely, the Cenomanian, and that this subsidence was so rapid and profound that it caused the Upper Cretaceous Series to be sharply marked off from the subjacent strata by the so-called ‘Cenomanian transgression.’
II.—The Fayûm Depression: A Preliminary Notice of the Geology of a District in Egypt containing a new Palæogene Vertebrate Fauna
Authors: Beadnell Hugh J. L.
Published: May 2009

The Fayûm, one of the largest depressions of the Libyan Desert, is situated some 50 miles south-west of Cairo. It is cut out in rocks of Eocene and Oligocene age, while still younger deposits of Pliocene and Post-Pliocene date are found within the hollow. The depression owes its origin to the action of the ordinary subærial denuding agents, which I have shown in previous papers were capable of producing the oases-depressions of Baharia, Farafra, Dakhla, etc. Faulting, which has played so important a part in the formation of the Nile Valley, appears to have had little or nothing to do with the production of the Fayûm and other depressions of the Libyan Desert.
II.—On an Alveolina-Limestone and Nummulitic Limestones from Egypt
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

This species is fairly common in the Alveolina-limestone of the present series, occurring both in the powdered rock and in thin sections. For the previous occurrences of the species in Egypt see Geol. Mag., 1900, p. 7.
VII.—Some Railway Cuttings in Suffolk. 1. Yarmouth and Lowestoft Direct Railway
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

Yarmouth and Lowestoft have long been connected by railways, but although the Great Eastern Company had provided a choice of routes, there was no direct way. This is now in process of construction by a joint arrangement between the Great Eastern, Great Northern, and Midland Railway Companies; and the route, for the most part within a mile of the sea-coast, is from the Great Eastern Station at Lowestoft through Gunton, Hopton, Corton, and Gorleston to the Yarmouth Beach Station, a distance of a little more than nine miles.
I.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: Salter's Undescribed Species. VII.
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Salter's original specimen comes from the Wenlock Shale, Builth Bridge, and was described (Salter, loc. cit.) as having “much narrower whorls than Phr. nautileum.” The specimen consists only of the greater portion of the outer whorl, including the body-chamber, and it shows the aperture and ornamentation very well preserved. It agrees with Blake's species Tr. striatum in shape, rate of increase, characters of body-chamber and aperture, degree of obliquity of the transverse ribs, their absence on the body-chamber, the fine lines parallel to them on the rest of the whorl, the epidermids, and the shape, position, and distance apart of the septa. The stratigraphical horizon on which it is found is also the same, and there can be no doubt that the species are identical, as they agree in all the essential characters and even in every minute detail.
V.—A List of the ‘Type,’ Figured, and Described Fossils in the Norwich Castle Museum
Authors: Leney Frank
Published: May 2009

The generic and specific names and the horizons are those given by the authors. The numbers in square brackets correspond to those of the Museum register. A list of references and a history of the collections is given at the end. The localities, except where otherwise stated, are in Norfolk.
IV.—On the Correlation of the Palæozoic Rocks of South Africa
Authors: Gibson Walcot
Published: May 2009

The ancient rocks of Prieska are extensively developed in Griqualand West, where they build up the elevated Campbell Rand plateau and the lofty ranges of the Langebergen Mountains situated to the west of the Orange River Colony. The order of succession, which is much disguised by faulting and folding, has been described in great detail by Mr. G. W. Stow, whose descriptions render it evident that the rocks of these regions resemble the older strata which extend over such vast areas in the Transvaal.
V.—Occurrence of Radiolaria in Gondwána Beds near Madras
Authors: Coomáraswámy A. K.
Published: May 2009

The Upper Gondwána (Rajmahál Series) beds near Madras are divided into two groups, the lower of which has been named from Sripermatúr, a town 25 miles west-south-west of Madras, and a well-known locality for fossil plants. The group is composed of white and pale buff-coloured shales containing plants, at least 10 feet in thickness, resting upon sandstones, grits, and micaceous sandy shales, at least 15 feet in thickness, whose base is not seen, but which probably rest on the gneiss. Silicified wood occurs in some of the gritty beds. The other fossils occur in the shales, and consist of plant and animal remains. The latter are poor, and comprise two or three indeterminable species of ammonites and several lamellibranch bivalves.
IV.—A Fragment of Physical Geography: The Past and Present of a bit of Dartmoor
Authors: Lowe Harford J.
Published: May 2009

Instances of alteration of the courses of streams are common, but these changes are met with for the most part in the alluvial plains and flood areas at low elevations where the streams are approaching their termination in sea or lake. The instance here noticed is of a rarer kind, where a small Devonshire stream, the Bovey River, has accomplished, with the help of contributory forces, earth sculpture apparently enormously out of proportion to its present insignificant dimensions, and managed to shorten its journey to join the Teign by altering the direction of the middle part of its course at a point where its elevation is considerable.
I.—The Canadian Rockies. Part I: On a Collection of Middle Cambrian Fossils obtained by Edward Whymper, Esq., F.R.G.S., from Mount Stephen, British Columbia
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The accompanying section (Plate XXII) will serve to show, diagrammatically (after Dr. Ami), the succession of the Cambrian rocks at Mount Stephen and Mount Field, B.C., and the position of the Trilobite bed on the flanks of Mount Stephen (referred to on p. 503) from which Mr. Whymper's collection was obtained.
V.—Notes on the Igneous Rocks of the Lleyn Promontory
Authors: Elsden J. Vincent
Published: May 2009

Many of the rocks of this district have been already described by the late Mr. E. B. Tawney, in a series of papers entitled “Woodwardian Laboratory Notes,” contributed to the Geological Magazine a few years ago. The following additional remarks are to a certain extent supplemental to the above-mentioned papers, and are founded on a microscopical examination of a large series of rocks, collected some few years ago during a brief visit to the Lleyn district.
VI.—On Some Rock Specimens from Somali Land
Authors: Raisin C. A.
Published: May 2009

As not much appears to be known about the geology of Somali Land, a description of some specimens, forwarded by Col. M. Gosset, and collected by Capt. King, the Political Officer at Zaila, may be of interest. These specimens were sent to Prof. Rupert Jones, who requested Professor Bonney to undertake the description of them. As, owing to unexpected pressure of work, he found it difficult to spare time for this purpose, he placed them in my hands, and the work has been done at University College under his superintendence.
V.—On a Mode of Using the Quartz Wedge for Estimating the Strength of the Double-Refracton of Minerals in Thin Slices of Rock
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

In some cases it is of practical importance to petrologists to estimate the strength of the double-refraction exhibited by doubly-refracting minerals in thin slices of rock under the microscope.

Babinet's compensator, a description of which will be found in Rosenbusch's Microskopische Physiographic der Mineralien und Gesteine, affords a means of accurately calculating the refractive indices of the rays into which light is divided in its passage through doublyrefracting crystals. Michael-Lévy also devised another exact method based on observations made on the tints presented by slices of doublyrefracting minerals, an account of which appeared in the Bulletin de la Societe Mineralogique de France, and which is discussed in a work recently published by Michael-Lévy and Lacroix.
VI.—On a Remarkable Dyke in the Serpentine of the Lizard
Authors: Somervail Alex
Published: May 2009

The dyke in question occurs at the extreme north end of Pentreath Beach, which is about a quarter of a mile to the south-east of Kynance Cove.

The dyke forms a portion of the “granulitic group” of Prof. Bonney, which is now known to be of igneous origin, and consists of banded gneissic rocks, some of which are like a granite, other portions like a diorite, the latter always more or less porphyritic.
I.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea. II. Edrioaster Buchianus Forbes sp.
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

In 1848, under the name Agelacrinites Buchianus, Edward Forbes introduced to science “one of the most remarkable Cystideans as yet discovered in British strata.” His description and figures, published in his memoir “On the Cystideæ of the Silurian rocks of the British Islands” (Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt. Brit., II, pt. ii; see pp. 519–523, and pl. xxiii), have not proved fully intelligible to subsequent workers, even to those who have had the fossil before them. Unfortunately J. W. Salter, in his “Appendix. On the Fossils of North Wales,” to “The Geology of North Wales” by A.C. Ramsay (Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt. Brit., III, 1st ed., 1866), criticised a little, but illuminated less; while the same Appendix in the second edition, 1881, though “greatly enlarged and partly rearranged by Robert Etheridge, F.R.S.,” merely introduced verbal alterations into Salter's account.
III.—Plant-stems in the Guttannen Gneiss
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

An important paper on the reputed occurrence of fossil plant-stems in gneiss of Carboniferous age at Guttannen, Switzerland, by Messrs. E. v. Fellenberg & C. Schmidt, for a copy of which I am indebted to the courtesy of the authors, closes, if their view be adopted, a comedy of errors. On this account a brief outline of the story may be of service; for it reduces this supposed relic of Palæozoic forests to a lusus naturæ, and, in any case, once more illustrates the truth of the saying, “we are all fallible mortals.”
V.—Catalogue of the known Foraminifera from the Chalk and Chalkmarl of the South and South-Eastern Counties of England
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

The sources of information are given below.

D. From T. Rupert Jones's Catalogue of the Foraminifera from the Chalk and Chalkmarl in the Second Edition of Dixon's “Geology and Fossils of Sussex,” 1878, pp. 284 and 285.
I.—On the Fauna of the Upper Cassian Zone in Falzarego Valley, South Tyrol
Authors: Gordon M. M. Ogilvie
Published: May 2009

Having the opportunity of revisiting Munich, I have drawn up a list of the fossils which formed the basis of the “Upper Cassian Zone,” erected by me in 1893. These fossils, when I discovered them in Falzarego Valley in 1891, were then for the most part unknown. The tuffs and breccias in which they occur had been referred by Loretz to the fossiliferous Raibl horizon of the Schlern Plateau, and by Mojsisovics to the much lower horizon of Wengen strata. I found, by careful collection from strata in position, that the fauna, in addition to a fair proportion of St. Cassian types and a few Raibl types, comprised a number of types common both to Cassian and Raibl horizons and a still greater number of species which had not been found elsewhere (Q.J.G.S., 1893, pp. 31, 44, 46, 47).
III.—On the Age of the Raised Beach of Southern Britain as seen in Gower
Authors: Tiddeman R. H.
Published: May 2009

Gower has a reputation for its caves with their bone-beds, and for its raised beaches, but to the matter of its Glacial Drifts very little attention has been paid.
V.—Pleistocene Shells from the Raised Beach Deposits of the Red Sea
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

Distribution.—Red Sea, East Africa, Ceylon, Java, etc. (Tryon); Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa, Polynesia, Fiji Islands, etc. (E. A. Smith). Coll. Geol. Surv. Egypt: raised beach 80 feet above sea, Camp 6, north of Wadi Gueh, west of Kosseir (Nos. 1,651, 1652, Box No. 79j).
II.—The Age of the Morte Slate Fossils
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

In the last number of the Geological Magazine Dr. J. W. Gregory has undertaken to give an opinion on the whole of the fossils described by me from the Morte Slates in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of May, 1896. He says he has been tempted to do this because someone had “recently read to the Geological Society of Cornwall” a paper in which he “assumes the Silurian age of the Morte Slates to be so well established that it may be accepted as the basis for future work.” Clearly this was too much for Dr. Gregory, and his righteous indignation compelled him at once to endeavour to put a stop to any such assumption. I do not, however, think that I shall have much difficulty in showing that Dr. Gregory's facts and conclusions are unreliable, and show a want of care and discrimination.
III.—Notes on British Geological Photographs
Authors: Watts W. W.
Published: May 2009

As promised last month, we now add a brief note on Plates III and IV of this series, given in this number.

Plate III is one of a beautiful set prepared by Mr. Godfrey Bingley for insertion in the Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, from which the plate is borrowed by the kind permission of the editor, the Rev. W. L. Carter. A full description by Mr. G. W. Lamplugh will shortly appear in the “Proceedings” of that Society, and from the manuscript of this I have been permitted to extract the following:—

The cliff to the left is the most easterly point of Flamborough Head; it is formed of the lowermost beds of the flintless Upper Chalk, resting on the uppermost beds of the flinty Middle Chalk, which are seen just above sea-level. In the Chalk a steep-sided valley has been eroded which is now filled with drift.
IV.—Note on an “Ovenstone” (Talcosk-Schist) from Near Zinal, Canton Valais
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In the Val d'Anniviers or Einfisch-thal, which joins the Rhone valley at Sierre, the stoves used in warming the houses are often constructed from a stone obtained in the valley. This is so soft that it can be readily cut into shape, but it resists heat remarkably well. According to Gerlach, it is obtained at two or three places, but the only one which I have examined is a quarry some height up on the left bank of the valley, rather above Zinal, to which I was conducted by my friend Mr. J. Eccles, who had noticed it during a former visit to this part of the Alps. It is a short distance from the path to the Arpitetta Alp, a favourite excursion for tourists. The result of our examination seems to be of sufficient interest to justify a brief notice.
V.—Apiocrinus Recubariensis, Crema, from the Muschelkalk, is a Primitive Millericrinus
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Last autumn Dr. Camillo Crema, of Turin, civil engineer, favoured me with a reprint of “Addizioni agli Echinodermi del Muschelkalk di Recoaro,” a paper published on October 4, 1896, in Atti del R. 1st Veneto, ser. 7, vol. vii, pp. 854–61, with plate ii. The Echinoderms described are in the Royal Geological Museum of Turin, and were found in the Lower Muschelkalk near Rovegliana, east of Recoaro, in the Vicentin Alps; a section of the Trias in this district will be found in K. W. von Gümbel's “Geologie von Bayern,” Dritte Lieferung, p. 679, 1886. Two species are added, under the names of “Aspidura italica, n.sp.” and “Apiocrinus recubariensis, n.sp.”
III.—The Geologically Recent Origin of the Surface Contour of Scandinavia and Finland, and its Lessons
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Some time ago I discussed in this Magazine the recent geology of Greenland; and I ventured to argue, and, I think, to prove, that the general rise of that great island from the sea, which is conceded by every inquirer, has been unbroken, and that during the so-called Glacial period, instead of being a lofty plateau as it now is, it was a comparatively low-lying land. I ventured further to argue, and also, I think, to prove, that with the rise from the sea of this great island there has been a corresponding fall in its temperature, which is a very natural and simple a priori meteorological conclusion, and to adduce a number of biological facts to show that during the so-called Glacial period Greenland, instead of having been mantled with an ice-sheet as it is now, had a comparatively mild climate; and that its scanty fauna and flora, instead of having been the result of sporadic migrations thither since the so-called Glacial age, is, in fact, the expiring and shrinking remnant of a once much more important life. The facts and arguments I adduced have nowhere been traversed or met, and it seems to me they are unanswerable.
III.—Notes on Russian Geology
Authors: Hume W. F.
Published: May 2009

Prof. Krasnov states that the decomposition of the roots of plants gives rise to the humus, but attaches much more importance to the effect of climatic conditions. Thus, he remarks, “that it is impossible not to note that the Tchernozem occupies a band stretching from S.W. to N.E., that is, the position where the influence of a temperate and moist climate ends, and the region of dry S.E. winds begins. In the N. and N.W. of Russia the woods predominate, unless destroyed by man, or prevented by the marshy nature of the country.
IV.—Jurassic Ammonites: On the Genus Cymbites (Neumayr)
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

This paper deals with the species which are considered to belong to the genus Cymbites, and the reason for placing Paroniceras, Bonarelli, as a synonym. A few notes are added concerning Agassiceras, which is also affected; and a description of the little-known species Agassiceras Colesi (J. Buckm.) is given.
I.—Fossils from the Hindu Khoosh. Part II.—Palæontology
Authors: McMahon Lieut.-Gen. C.A. , Hudleston W.H.
Published: May 2009

The Himalayas, with the help of that singular replica of the more mountainous region known as the Salt Range, have afforded to the palæontologist, in one place or another, a fairly good series of the several Palæozoic horizons.
II.—The Relation of Changes of Level to Interglacial Periods
Authors: Coleman A. P.
Published: May 2009

The interesting paper on “The Connection of the Glacial Period with Oscillation of the Land,” by Dr. Holst, while reinforcing the quite probable theory that areas loaded with glacial ice sink under the burden, and after the ice has been thawed rise again, goes out of its way to deny the existence of Interglacial periods, probably with the idea that there was only one important sinking and rising in the Pleistocene, and hence no opportunity for Interglacial times. However that may be in Sweden, the evidence in favour of at least one important Interglacial period in North America is too strong to be set aside for any mere theory.
IV.—The Zigzag Course of the Cheddar Gorge
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: May 2009

Having undertaken to explain the geology of the Cheddar gorge to the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club at one of their field-meetings this Summer, I thought I should do so more intelligently if I first acquired a practical knowledge of my subject. I accordingly paid a preliminary visit to Cheddar. There were two chief questions to be investigated: (1) the origin of the gorge, and (2) the cause of its serpentine, or rather zigzag, course. The former inquiry had been answered in four different ways. There had been geologists who held that the valley had been excavated by the waves of the sea. A second school taught that it had been produced by a dislocation, splitting the rocks asunder. The third theory regarded it as a valley of erosion, excavated in the ordinary way by a river on the surface. A fourth explanation placed the river underground, and maintained that the glen had originally been a long winding cavern, the roof of which had subsequently fallen in.
II.—The Erosive Power of Rivers and Glaciers
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

A Lthough we are probably well acquainted with all the chief agents of change, the long-continued action of which has shaped the surface of the earth into mountain and valley, and laid down and metamorphosed the deposits forming those portions of its surface which natural or artificial sections or excavations have enabled us to examine, there still remains considerable difference of opinion, not only as to the particular agent or agents which have formed many deposits, but also as to the rapidity with which changes have been brought about by them in the past.
III.—On some Rock-Specimens from Kimberley, South Africa
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

A Paper on the diamantiferous rock of Kimberley by Sir J. B. Stone, M.P., Miss Raisin, and myself, was published in this MAGAZINE in 1895. Since then the first-named has received from friends in South Africa another parcel of specimens, obtained, at a greater depth than heretofore, in the De Beers mine. These specimens, twenty in number, he kindly entrusted to me for description.
I.—Glacial Geology of Western New York
Authors: Fairchild Herman Le Roy
Published: May 2009

The area herein described is that part of New York State lying south of Lake Ontario, and west of longitude 76°. The dimensions of the area are, approximately, 95 miles north and south and 155 miles east and west, or nearly 15,000 square miles. The rocks are shales, sandstones, and limestones of the Upper Silurian and Devonian systems. The strike is nearly east and west, with a southward dip averaging perhaps 50 feet to the mile.
II.—Do the Crystalline Gneisses represent portions of the Original Earth's Crust?
Authors: Lomas Joseph
Published: May 2009

In order that progress may be made in any branch of geology, it is necessary, not only that the faculties of observation and inductive reasoning should be employed, but a proper use should be made of the imagination. By this means new lines of research are laid out. The theory we set ourselves to prove may eventually prove to be wrong, but it often happens that the pursuit of a false theory brings one as near the truth as the following up of a true one. It is in this spirit I wish you to regard the problems and speculations to which I now invite your attention.
V.—The Physiography of the Lower Trias
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

The question of the physical conditions under which the Lower Triassic sandstones and pebble-beds were formed is certainly one which should interest all readers of the Geological Magazine, if only that it is strange that it should still be an open question whether so important a formation is of marine or fluviatile origin.
VI.—The Culm-measures at Bude, North Cornwall
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

My paper on the Culm-measures at Bude has elicited two communications, from Messrs W. Maynard Hutchings and Alfred Harker, on which I desire to offer a few comments.

I take this opportunity of saying that I am extremely glad to find that the conclusion at which I arrived regarding the impotence of pressure alone to produce metamorphism is in accord with the published views of my friend Mr. J. J. Harris Teall. “Pressure” alone, he states, in a footnote at p. 410 of his valuable work, British Petrography, “produces no effects on rocks—work must be done upon rocks before change takes place.” This footnote escaped my memory at the time of writing my paper, or I should have called attention to it.
VI.—The Rhætic Section at Wigston, Leicestershire
Authors: Wilson E. , Quilter H. E.
Published: May 2009

Although Rhætic rocks have already been noticed at one or two points in Leicestershire, viz. at Leicester by Mr. W. J. Harrison and between Barrow and Sileby by Mr. Etheridge, the complete sequence of this series has not hitherto been observed in that country. Very recently our attention has been directed to a section at Wigston, near Leicester, which exhibits, not only the whole thickness of these beds, but also clearly shows their relationship to the overlying Lias and underlying Triassic rocks, and which for an inland section must therefore be considered as quite unique in this country.
I.—Notes on Some New Carnivores from the British Eocene Formations
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

The remains of many genera and species of the Order Carnivora have been discovered in the Lower and Middle Tertiaries of the European Continent, and have been described and figured in numerous valuable palæontological works and memoirs by Continental authors. That these remains are exceedingly rare in the older Tertiaries of England is proved by the fact, that only one Carnivore, the Hyœnodon, has been placed on record as occurring in them.
II.—Baltoceras a new genus of the Family Orthoceratidæ
Authors: Holm Gerhard
Published: May 2009

A new Cephalopodan species, Endoceras Burchardii, was described in 1880 by Dewitz, who considered this species as a very typical Endoceras. A description and diagram of its ectosiphon is given in the introductory description of the siphon of Endoceras as an example of a typical Endoceras-siphon. In Endoceras Burchardii each septum, according to Dewitz, forms a septal tube (funnel), extending backwards to the next septum, into the septal tube (funnel) of which a small part of it enters.
IV.—On some Fossil Entomostraca from South America
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

There are now in the British Museum (Natural History Branch) several specimens of fossil Estheriæ from South America, beside those described and figured in the “Monograph of Fossil Estheriæ” (Palæontographical Society), 1862, pp. 109–111, pi. iv, figs. 8–11.

1. There are some from the same locality as those already dealt with, namely, Estheria Forbesii, Jones, from Cacheuta in the province of Mendoza, Argentine Republic.

2. Others collected by David Forbes at another place, namely, Arica, Department of Arequipa, in Southern Peru.

3. An interesting series from Brazil; partly described and illustrated in the Geological Magazine for May, 1897, pp. 195–202, PI. VIII.
II.—On the very Recent and Rapid Elevation of the Highlands of Eastern Asia
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

These opinions of Mr. Campbell, however clearly and precisely stated, are so strong and emphatic, that I wish to confirm them by those of another experienced geologist, who worked much among the Himalayas, namely, General McMahon. In “Notes of a Tour through Hangrang and Spiti,” published in the twelfth volume of the Eecords of the Geological Survey of India, he describes the existing glaciers and their remains in the district, and then says: “I do not know whether any one has ever supposed that the Himalayas were covered during the last Glacial period with an ice-cap, but I may note that whilst I saw nothing to favour such, an idea, I saw much to negative it. The contour of the hills and valleys in those parts of the interior of the Himalayas that I have visited is sharp and angular, and where rounded outlines are seen, they are sufficiently explained by the action of subaeiial forces on comparatively soft and friable rocks.
IV.—On Various Crystalline Rocks
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

Crystalline rocks containing neither felspar nor olivine have received but little or no attention, except from one or two American geologists. Dr. G. H. Williams has recently drawn attention to these rocks, of which he proposes to constitute a family of Pyroxenites coördinate with Rosenbusch's family of Peridotites; and has described from Maryland and North Carolina a type consisting entirely of monoclinic and rhombic pyroxenes, to which he gives the name Websterite. The occurrence of a similar rock in Northern Italy seems worth recording. Our specimens were collected by Mr. E. J. Garwood.
III.—Notice of New and little known Fish Remains from the Blackband Ironstone of Borough Lee, near Edinburgh
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

This interesting species has hitherto been known only by the single type-specimen, a mandibular tooth, contained in the York Museum, originally described by Mr. T. P. Barkas, and recently very correctly redescribed as well as figured by Mr. A. Smith Woodward. It so happens that some years ago a considerable number of these teeth, both mandibular and palatal, occurred in the Borough Lee ironstone: my own collection contains no less than forty specimens, and there are many others in the Museum of Science and Art, so that I may now add considerably to the knowledge of the species
I.—On a Head of Eurycormus from the Kimmeridge Clay of Ely
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Little is known of the Upper Jurassic Fish-fauna from discoveries in British Formations; and though considerable information upon the subject has already been acquired, this has been chiefly obtained from the fine Lithographic Stones of Bavaria, Würtemberg, and France. In these deposits, as is well known, fishskeletons are found in an almost complete state, with the bones remarkably well preserved; and the only obstacle to the satisfactory determination of the various elements is the extreme compression to which the fossils have been subjected and the hardness of the matrix in which they are enveloped.
V.—On Dynamo-Metamouphism
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

I Have derived much help towards understanding Mr. Harker's instructive letter upon the above subject from making the following simple geometrical construction.
V.—On the Base of the Sedimentary Series in England and Wales
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

North-west Carnarvonshire.—There are here two or three separate areas which, at all events historically, must be considered more or less independently, viz. the district between Bangor and Carnarvon, the Llyn Padarn and Moel Tryfaen range, and the Lleyn Peninsula. Except in reference to the last of these, it is certain that the belief in Precambrian rocks in Carnarvonshire began with Prof. Hughes. This author, indeed, quotes Prof. Sedgwick as recognizing such rocks here, but the passages he quotes have a very different meaning in the original. The slates near Bangor and Carnarvon, which Sedgwick says are amongst the oldest of North Wales, are those which occur “along the shores of the Menai Straits from Bangor to Carnarvon,” which he describes as “dark earthy-coloured slates which, were we to judge only by mineral structure, might easily be confounded with Upper Silurian rocks,” and these are “cut through by a great intrusive rib of syenitic porphyry of a different epoch, which ranges nearly with the beds.”
VI.—On Slickensides and the Origin of some Marl-Bands in the Chalk
Authors: Kendall Percy F.
Published: May 2009

The phenomenon of “Slickensides” is considered to occur only in connexion with faulting, and it has frequently happened that another name has been conferred upon it when not accompanied by signs of fracture; but some recent observations have led me to doubt the propriety of making such a distinction.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists, No. 9: Dr. G. M. Dawson, C.M.G., LL.D., A.R.S.M., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.S.C., etc., Director of the Geological Survey of Canada
Authors: Hinde G. J.
Published: May 2009

Dr. George Mercer Dawson, F.R.S., whose portrait we present to our readers this month, is the son of Sir William Dawson, F.R.S., for many years Principal of McGill College, Montreal. Dr. Dawson was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, August 2, 1849, and his early years were passed in Canada. After continuing his education in Scotland, he obtained his special training for a scientific career in the Royal School of Mines, Jermyn Street, of which he is an “Associate,” and where he was also awarded the “Murchison” and “Edward Forbes” Medals. His first scientific appointment was as Geologist and Botanist to the British North American Boundary Commission, which in the seasons of 1873–4 marked out the International Boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada, for a distance of 800 miles in length, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains.
II.—On some Fossil Entomostraca from Brazil
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

A collection of about twenty specimens of three or four kinds of shales, bearing several Estherian and small Molluscan fossils, was made by Mr. Joseph Mawson, F.G.S., Superintendent of the Bahia and San Francisco Railroad, several years ago, and presented by him to the British Museum. These are marked with the distances, in kilometres, from Bahia on the railway; and are provisionally referred by Mr. Mawson, some to the “Cretaceous” and some to the “Wealden” series.
VI.—On the Microscopic Contents of a Sample of Bracklesham Clay from Lee-on-Solent, Hampshire
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

In 1862, Professor T. Rupert Jones published some notes on a careful microscopical examination of five samples of clay from the Bracklesham beds of Bracklesham, Selsea, and the Isle of Wight (?). This paper gave a good idea of the systematic methods which could be employed in working over a sample of fossiliferous material, especially when rich in microzoa, and the results of which are often of great use to geologists and palæontologists.
IV.—Lower Greensand and Purbecks in the Vale of Wardour, Wilts
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for July last the Rev. W. Andrews and Mr. Jukes-Browne gave an account of Lower Cretaceous strata in the Vale of Wardour. I can bear testimony to the correctness of this statement. Many years ago, when geologizing in the vale chiefly among the Purbecks, I found many portions of ironstone and hard ferruginous sandstone, in the fields and by the roadside both at Dinton, Teffont and especially at Chilmark, containing casts of Cyrena, Turritella, and a part of a dermal scute of a Saurian, which I believe belong to the Lower Greensand, but I never saw it in situ, and it seems to have been greatly denuded.