bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on Control for Intelligence in Studies of Field Dependence with Young Children
Authors: Busch John Christian , De Ridder Lawrence M.
Published: September 2011

96 children from 6 Head Start Centers, between 4 yr., 10 mo. and 6 yr., 2 mo. of age were administered the rod-and-frame and the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test. φ coefficients indicated that there was no relationship between intelligence and rod-and-frame scores for males and females separately or combined. It should not be necessary to control for effects of general intelligence in studies of field dependence with young Ss.
Motion Parallax in the Visual Cliff Situation
Authors: Somervill John W.
Published: September 2011

Walk's (1965) assumption that motion parallax is “the critical cue” for depth discrimination by newly hatched chicks was assessed by the use of 3-dimensional striped patterns on each side of the centerboard. The 3-dimensional patterns served two purposes: (1) to test an hypothesis that chicks would show no significant preference for the “shallow” side if motion parallax cues were presented independent of the solid appearance furnished by 2-dimensional surfaces and (2) to permit direct manipulation of the stimulus basis for motion parallax. Ss were 250 chicks, 6 to 24 hr. old. Results provide evidence that stimuli for motion parallax, devoid of the solid appearance of 2-dimensional surfaces, are sufficient cues for depth discrimination by chicks.
Effects of Presleep Procedures and Cognitive Style on Dream Content
Authors: Baekeland Frederick
Published: September 2011

The REM period dream reports of two groups of Ss with different kinds of presleep experiences were examined with respect to laboratory references, overt references to E, pleasantness and unpleasantness of content, self-representation of the dreamer in his dreams and dream recall. Group 1 included 17 Ss who were not exposed to any special presleep procedure. Group 2 was composed of 27 Ss who underwent a half-hour presleep association period under conditions of partial sensory isolation which were anxiety provoking and focused Ss attention on laboratory procedures. Group 2 had more dreams related to the laboratory situation (lab dreams) and more unpleasant dreams. They were more often participants in their dreams and they recalled them less well than Group 1. Cognitive style was also a determinant of lab dreams and the participant-observer dimension of dream content.
Monitoring Performance with a Time-Shared Memory Task
Authors: Halcomb Charles G. , McFarland Barry P. , Denny Nathan R.
Published: September 2011

30 Ss participated in an auditory vigilance task, time-shared with a memory task. The results showed no change in memory whether assessed independently or time-shared with the vigilance task. The vigilance performance demonstrated the classical vigilance decrement. Ss performing the vigilance task time-shared with the memory task performed significantly more poorly than Ss performing the vigilance independently of the memory task. Theoretical implications are suggested.
An Elementary Derivation of Stevens' Law and Fechner's Law from First Principles
Authors: Auerbach Carl
Published: September 2011

Stevens' Law is derived from the assumption that equal stimulus ratios produce equal sensation ratios and Fechner's Law is derived from the assumption that equal stimulus ratios produce equal sensation differences. Both derivations use only elementary properties of logarithms.
Spatial and Temporal Interaction in Tactile Adaptation
Authors: Carmon Amiram , Finger Stanley
Published: September 2011

Adaptation to 1 weight was examined as a function of the temporal parameters of a spatially discrete second weight in three behavioral studies in which large series of trials in multiple sessions were presented to each of 3 Ss. A positive relation between adaptation time and stimulus intensity was observed, but the preceding weight served to decrease adaptation time to the test stimuli in all experiments. The role of neural inhibition in pressure adapation is discussed.
Developmental Course of Temporal Patterning in Vision and Audition
Authors: Klapper Zelda S. , Birch Herbert G.
Published: September 2011

The ability to judge temporal patterns when they are presented visually and auditorily was examined in children at different age levels from 3 through 11 yr. The children did not make judgments at equivalent levels of accuracy for the same temporal sequences presented visually and auditorily until they were 9 yr. old. Competence in judging the patterns when visually presented was inferior in children under 9 yr. Ability to judge temporal sequences when presented in one sensory modality did not predict ability to make judgments of identical sequences in the other. The implications for function attaching to a differential developmental course for making temporal judgments of sequences presented in the two sense modalities are discussed.
Body Boundary and Stimulus Enhancement
Authors: Cauthen Nelson R. , Boardman William K.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between body boundary and stimulus intensity was investigated by means of lifted weights. Ss with high Barrier scores were hypothesized to judge weights as heavier than those with lower scores. A disrupting variable was introduced into the task to test the second hypothesis that attention contributed to the heightened intensity of stimuli. The first hypothesis was supported. The second hypothesis was not supported as both groups were equally affected by the disrupting variable.
Mirror Writing and Hemiplegia
Authors: Paradowski William , Ginzburg Mejer
Published: September 2011

A survey of 41 hemiplegics in a Rehabilitation Service showed only one case of frank mirror writing by a right-handed patient with right hemiplegia. This proportion is considerably lower than others reported in the literature. The one patient was also dyslexic, which supports Critchley's original hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis of mirror writing.
Homologous Intrusions: An Analogue of Linguistic Blends
Authors: Kay Donald G. Mac , Soderberg George A.
Published: September 2011

Homologous intrusions represent a frequent type of error in a task involving synchronous tapping with the fingers of both hands and reflect the incursion of one motor sequence on another in a manner resembling linguistic blends, such as EVOID, an inadvertent combination of EVADE and AVOID.
Behavioral Effects of Infectious Diseases: Respiratory Pasteurella Tularensis in Man
Authors: Alluisi Earl A. , Thurmond John B. , Coates Glynn D.
Published: September 2011

Average efficiency in the work of 8 Ss, as measured with the mean percentage of baseline performance, fell about 25% during the period of their illness (P. tularensis). Recovery 3 days after treatment had begun was incomplete, with performance averaging 10 to 15% below that of controls (2 double-blind hospital control Ss and a separate control group of 10 Ss).
Field Research Model of the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Stuart Irving R. , Murgatroyd Dorothy
Published: September 2011

Field research makes size and weight demands upon instruments which are sometimes not as important in the laboratory. A portable model of the rod-and-frame test, which had been standardized against the original laboratory model, was considered too bulky for easy transportation as hand baggage where air travel was necessary. Another portable version of the rod-and-frame test did meet portability requirements but suffered from design limitations which invalidated its results, as well as an absence of standardization data. Successful modifications of this lightweight instrument overcoming the handicaps and a successful comparison with scores on another standardized portable apparatus was made with 51 men and 97 women of college age.
Head Start Screening: Effectiveness of a Teacher-Administered Battery
Authors: Rice James A.
Published: September 2011

This study has concerned a number of issues for 153 Head Start children. The principal conclusions are: (1) these children are significantly more deficient in the perceptual-motor areas, race notwithstanding, than in either the areas of mental ability or auditory memory, (2) the battery has effectively selected children for individual psychological evaluation insofar as measured intelligence is the criterion, (3) even within the scope of a single program, wide community differences may exist, and as a consequence, no single set of training procedures is likely to be adequate for all communities, (4) ethnic differences in the various skill areas were significant.
Analysis of Performances by Normals and Retardates on Piagetian Reasoning Assessments as a Function of Verbal Ability
Authors: Stephens Beth , Laughlin John A. Mc
Published: September 2011

Criticism has been addressed to the Piagetian method for assessment of cognitive development because of the technique's dependence on verbal report. In the present study a battery of 29 reasoning assessments and the appropriate form of the Wechsler scales were administered to 75 normals and 75 retardates. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine the effect of language development on cognitive development. In general, results support Piaget's contention that cognitive development is not totally dependent on concurrent language development.
The CFF in Unilateral Arm Amputees
Authors: Aftanas M. S. , Zubek John P.
Published: September 2011

The CFF was determined in a group of 18 unilateral arm amputees, who may be viewed as possessing a limited degree of cutaneous deprivation, and a group of 18 matched controls. Although the amputees showed a higher CFF (better resolving power) relative to the controls, the results only bordered on statistical significance. Several suggestions for future research are offered.
Validation of Two Quality Scales for Children's Figure Drawings
Authors: Struempfer D. J. W.
Published: September 2011

Drawings by 79 children ( M 11.44 yr.) were rated on the Harris-Goodenough (HG) and Dunn-Lorge (DL) scales. Acceptable rerate, interrater, and retest reliabilities were found. Criterion measures were: HG Point Scale IQs, an individual and a group intelligence test, scholastic achievement tests, examination marks, rankings by teachers, father's occupation, a dexterity test, and Cattell's Jr.-Sr. High School Personality Questionnaire. The quality scales could be used as approximations of the point scales. Validities ranged from low to moderate. No consistent pattern of correlations with the various intelligence scores emerged. Validities tended to be higher for the HG than for the DL scores.
Relation of Students' Behavioral Style to Estimated and Measured Intelligence
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Miller Ronald D.
Published: September 2011

Two junior high school English teachers estimated the intelligence and behavioral style of their 87 seventh-grade students. Teachers' estimates of pupils' intelligence correlated highly (.94) with measured intelligence. The correlation between behavioral style and measured intelligence was also high and positive (.62). The results were discrepant with those of previous research. Alternative explanations of the differences are discussed. It is concluded that the relation between behavioral style and measured intelligence is a result of a developmental interaction between the child's temperamental characteristics and the environment.
Motor Response Consistency
Authors: Carron Albert V.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the specificity versus generality of motor response consistency. 30 right-handed college males were given 200 RT trials a day for 8 days: 4 days on a simple RT task (100 trials per day with the left hand and 100 trials per day with the right hand) and 4 days on a choice RT task (again 100 trials per day with each hand). Thus, 4 RT measures were obtained for each S over 4 test days: simple RT left hand, simple RT right hand, choice RT left hand and choice RT right hand. The reliability of motor response consistency was high for all RT measures, the average rs being .797, .830, .780, and .793 for Days 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. There was evidence for a moderate general factor between two pairs of measures (the average correlation for left correlated with right hand in simple RT and left correlated with right hand in choice RT was .620 raw and .800 when corrected for attenuation). However, in general, the correlations reflected high task specificity even when corrected for attenuation (average correlation for the remaining pairs of measures was .325 uncorrected, .434 corrected).
Note on Stratified Alpha
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A formula for calculating stratified alpha (α.) is presented using analysis-of-variance notation. When test items are randomly selected from strata that differ in content or difficulty, α, is more appropriate than alpha (α) as a measure of internal consistency.
Specificity in Somatic Indicants of Anxiety in Psychoneurotic Patients
Authors: Horvath Stephen , Fenz Walter D.
Published: September 2011

As an extension of an earlier study (Brandt & Fenz, 1969), the hypothesis that physiological specificity should be related to the specificity in subjective reports of symptoms, was tested in comparisons between a control population and 34 psychoneurotic Ss. There was some indication of physiological specificity in both groups; consistent differences between groups were found on a number of measures but were most pronounced for measures of muscle tension.
Stimulus Duration and Visual Processing Time
Authors: Goodglass Harold
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of small changes in tachistoscopic exposure of target stimuli on the length of interstimulus interval required to eliminate the masking effect of a subsequent stimulus. This interstimulus interval, termed the Critical ISI, is regarded as the perceptual processing time for the target. At target exposures near the 90% recognition threshold, each 2 msec. increase in target exposure reduced the critical ISI by 30 msec.
Solid-State Measurement and Definition of Revolving-Cage Activity
Authors: Newbury Edward , Hull Larry D.
Published: September 2011

Two solid-state systems are described for measuring revolving-cage activity, and the operational meanings of the measurements are compared.
Perceived Similarity to Parents as a Function of Their Secondary Reinforcement Value
Authors: Ward William D.
Published: September 2011

The main problem concerned relationships between measures of perceived similarity to parents and children's ratings of the desirability of their parents' traits, the secondary reinforcement value of the parents. Of related interest was the use of an improved technique for assessing perceived similarity and the consideration of the children's ages in association with perceived similarity to parents, self-concept, and the secondary reinforcement value of the parents. Measures were derived from the adjective checklist technique, and partial correlations suggested that for both boys and girls the perceived similarity to the father was clearly contingent upon the extent to which the child rated him favorably. The comparable correlations involving the mother showed no such relationship. Age was not significantly related to any of the variables with which it was correlated.
Non-Specificity of the following Response in Peking Ducklings
Authors: Porter Richard H. , Stettner Laurence J.
Published: September 2011

After showing strong indications of attachment to an auditory-visual stimulus over the first 3 days of life, 8 Peking ducklings were exposed to a novel visual stimulus paired with either (1) the original imprinted sound, (2) a novel sound, or (3) no sound on Day 4. On Day 5, all Ss were tested for their responsiveness to the object to which they were exposed on Day 4 but with no associated auditory stimulus. Ss exposed to the new object plus either new or original sound on Day 4 displayed a high degree of following and approach on Day 4 and also on Day 5 when the object was silent. The highest rate of generalization was found in those Ss exposed to a sound similar to the original sound on the Day 4 trial. The group exposed to the silent novel object on both Days 4 and 5 showed little approach and following on either day. An attempt was made to explain tentatively these results as related to the arousal function of an auditory stimulus as well as stimulus generalization.
Relationships among Visual Figure-Ground Perception, Word Recognition, IQ, and Chronological Age
Authors: Brooks Clarence R. , Clair Theodore Nat
Published: September 2011

In a study of 118 educable mentally handicapped children (IQ 45 to 85), significant differences in visual figure-ground perception were found between achievers who showed no word recognition and those who showed word recognition. Visual figure-ground perception was related to IQ and chronological age.
Selected Cues in the Acquisition and Retention of Four Meaningful C-V-C Trigrams
Authors: Clouse Bonnidell
Published: September 2011

96 kindergarten Ss, randomly assigned to 4 experimental conditions, were tested as to the effect of type of cue, picture or spelling pattern, and number of cues, single or combination, on the initial and later recognition of 4 consonant-vowel-consonant (C-V-C) words when these words were presented in trigram pairs. The Scheffé method, used to make post hoc multiple comparisons among the means, showed that picture cues neither facilitated nor hindered recognition whereas spelling-pattern cues significantly aided acquisition (p < .01) but hindered retention (p < .05) when cues were deleted. The number of cues presented had less effect than did type of cue.
A Study of the Validity of the Self-Disclosure Inventory for Adolescents
Authors: West Lloyd W.
Published: September 2011

The SDIA was administered to 80 adolescent Ss, with mother, father, friend of the same sex, and friend of the opposite sex as specified target-persons. Analogous data regarding the disclosure of Ss was independently collected from each target. Correlation coefficients between subject-derived data and target-derived data were computed and are reported herein. A comparison is made of the communication patterns resulting from these two sources of data. The effects of response set on self-disclosure questionnaires are discussed. The contextual specificity of self-disclosure and the consequent inappropriateness of many previous studies to assess the validity of self-disclosure questionnaires is also discussed.
Dream Recall and Individual Differences
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Schmuller Joseph , Fischbach Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Self-reported dream recall for 3 hypothetical recall periods was studied as a function of individual differences in extraversion-introversion and neuroticism. University students (60 female, 60 male) served as Ss in a replicated design. No functional relationship of individual differences to dream recall was found, though mean recall based on S's estimates for the 3 recall periods was significantly greater in females than males. The potentially important study of dream recall as a function of motivational variables, particularly physiological arousal during dreaming experiences, was hypothesized and some theoretical possibilities were advanced.
Mental Mechanisms in Performing Elementary Numerical Operations
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

21 college students served as Ss in an experiment concerned with speed of adding simple numbers. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis of Groen (1967) and Restle (1970) of a mental analog mechanism in which speed of adding two numbers is a linear function of the smaller number but independent of the larger number. However, in contrast to that hypothesis, the results indicate that speed of addition is a linear function of both the larger and smaller numbers in a problem. Finally, significant departures from this general finding were also noted, indicating that on certain well-learned problems the answer may be obtained by simple memory search or associations rather than by an analog computational process.
Social Perception and Initial Liking as a Function of Prior Exposure to an Arousing Situation, Target Variability, and Attitude Similarity-Dissimilarity
Authors: Sherman Richard C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to test Byrne and Clore's hypothesis that at high levels of “effectance motivation” (produced by exposure to a confusing and non-predictable stimulus situation) the similarity-liking effect is lessened because individuals become less sensitive to environmental variation. 240 Ss were randomly assigned to conditions in which (1) the attitude responses of a target person were either variable or constant, (2) the target's attitudes were similar to S‘s own on 17, 50, or 83% of the topics, and (3) Ss were exposed either to a control movie or to a confusing and unpredictable video tape prior to evaluating the target. Results indicated that target variability and similarity significantly affected both perception and liking of the target and that arousal produced by the video tape dampened the similarity-liking effect. Contrary to Byrne and Clore's hypothesis, however, arousal did not reduce sensitivity to environmental variation. It was concluded that these data require revision of the effectance motivation explanation.
Effects on Sustained Performance of Time-Sharing a Three-Phase Code Transformation Task (3P-Cotran)
Authors: Alluisi Earl A. , Morgan Ben B.
Published: September 2011

The 3P-COTRAN task was time-shared with 5 different combinations of tasks selected from a multiple-task performance battery (MTPB) used in a synthetic-work approach to the study of work behavior or sustained performance (Alluisi, 1969). 20 Ss previously trained to a high level of skill on the 3P-COTRAN task were divided at random into 5 groups of 4 Ss, each of which then time-shared the task with a different combination of MTPB tasks. Results were analyzed in terms of both the effects of the time-sharing on the 3P-COTRAN performances, and the effects of 3P-COTRAN on the time-shared MTPB performances. Evidence of the adoption of different response strategies to time-shared tasks, especially under conditions of operator over-load, or work-load or performance stress, was found, and the methodological implications of this finding are discussed.
Complex Motor Functions of the Preferred and Non-Preferred Hands in Brain-Damaged and Normal Children
Authors: Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

A previous study of early school-age children indicated that a brain-damaged group took more time in normal name-writing than did a group of normal children with both the preferred hand and the non-preferred hand. In addition, the difference between the 2 hands was greater for the brain-damaged children. These results could have been attributed at least in part, considering the age range of 6 to 8 yr., to lack of development of skill in name-writing. Therefore, the study was replicated using children in the 9- to 14-yr. age range since name-writing should have been a practiced and perhaps over-learned skill for older children. Groups were formed by matching pairs of brain-damaged and normal children for race, sex, and age. The results, found by applying converted scores derived from the study of younger children, confirmed the findings with younger children and permitted differentiation of the brain-damaged and normal groups with almost the same degree of accuracy achieved in the prior study. The results suggest that the findings are not due to lack of development of name-writing skill but instead reflect a difference in normal tempo, associated with brain damage, in a highly practiced, complex motor function.
Social Desirability, Endorsement and Judged Frequency of Occurrence on the Items from Four Social Desirability Scales
Authors: Bernhardson Clemens S.
Published: September 2011

The usual positive relationship between the social desirability of traits and the proportion of the group endorsing the traits was found on items from 3 of 4 social desirability scales. However, judged frequency of occurrence of the traits was positively related to endorsement on the items from all 4 scales. Partialling out judged frequency of occurrence resulted in a reduced relationship between social desirability and endorsement when the group of items had a positive relationship between social desirability and judged frequency of occurrence. Computer simulation estimated that a considerable component of an individual's social desirability score could be due to how many of the traits which characterized the individual were included in each scale.
Validity of Koppitz's Developmental Score as a Measure of Organicity
Authors: Parsons Lowell B. , Mc Leroy Nancy , Wright Logan
Published: September 2011

The Koppitz developmental score was used to evaluate the Bender Gestalt performances of 30 children with, and 30 children without, brain damage The brain-damaged children had a higher mean score than the non-brain-damaged Ss and did more poorly relative to the normative data reported by Koppitz.
Influences of Age, Sex, and Ethnic Origin on Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test Performances by Disadvantaged Preschool Children
Authors: O'Keefe Rip , Leskosky Richard J. , O'Brien Thomas G. , Yater Allan C. , Barclay Allan
Published: September 2011

Age, sex, and ethnic group membership influenced performances of 120 disadvantaged preschool children on the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test. On Man and Woman drawings combined, performances of girls were significantly higher than boys, white children scored significantly higher than black children, and older children scored significantly higher than younger children. No significant differences for these factors were found when performances on the Man and Woman drawings were considered separately.
Rationale and Standardization for a Combined Speech Articulation and Auditory Discrimination Test
Authors: Hutchinson Barbara B.
Published: September 2011

A description of the rationale for the development of a rapid screening test of articulation combined with a new type of auditory discrimination test called “self-monitoring” is given. Standardization norms, equivalency of two alternate forms, test-retest reliability, interjudge reliability, and intercorrelations are provided. The articulation test is quick to administer; the self-monitoring auditory discrimination test is new. Results for both tests can be recorded on a single page.
Symptomatology Subscales for the Measurement of Acute Mountain Sickness
Authors: Stamper David A. , Sterner Ray T. , Kinsman Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Additional information regarding the development of symptomatology subscales for the measurement of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is presented. High item intercorrelations and strong factor loadings of items comprising symptom clusters (i.e., Arousal Level, Somatic Discomfort, Tired, and Mood) support the previously reported breakdown of the General High Altitude Questionnaire (GHAQ) into subscales. Rapid transition from low to high altitude resulted in an increase of these symptomatology subscale scores. Several subscale differences were also noted between Phenformin and Placebo Ss at low altitude. Such subscale measures could provide improved estimates of symptomatology, useful in assessing the effectiveness of various treatments intended to ameliorate AMS.
Factors in Social Perception: Seating Position
Authors: Davenport W. G. , Brooker Gail , Munro Nancy
Published: September 2011

Ss made 8-point scale ratings of 5 target individuals photographed while seated at a rectangular table. Occupancy of the head position (rather than side locations) was consistent with higher ratings on all of the following scales: (1) Talkativeness, (2) Persuasiveness, (3) Leadership, (4) Self-confidence, (5) Friendliness, and (6) Intelligence. The occupant of the head position was also considered to “contribute most” to the group's performance. Sommer's (1967) hypothesis that status and/or dominance ascribes to an individual automatically as a function of the location he occupies was supported. Results were interpreted to demonstrate a “halo effect” reflecting cultural standards and traditions regarding the organization of social space. Some suggestions for future studies were presented.
Form Perception: Dimensions of Pattern Reproduction
Authors: Mavrides Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

Results from size and jaggedness judgments of 15 polygons by 17 Ss indicate that judgments were based on two-feature measures of 8-sided polygons (area and the ratio of perimeter to area, p < .01). One group of 12 Ss was required to draw 15 polygons freehand and was given 15 min. to complete the task. A second group of 13 Ss was required to draw the same 15 polygons after seeing each one for 1 sec. Results indicated that Ss were capable of reproducing the relative positions of all forms on both feature measures, regardless of the type of presentation. Feature measures (area and the ratio) of the original polygons were highly correlated with corresponding measures in reproduced polygons (p < .01). Discrimination latency for the 15 polygons was evaluated using 9 Ss and was independent of feature measures and the accuracy of their reproduction (p > .05), while being significantly related to two measures reflecting the feature differences of polygons (p < .05). Conclusions from the experiments reaffirm a psychophysics of form where it is assumed that responses from Ss are based on psychological dimensions of form which in their turn are based on feature (physical) measures of form.
Portable Rod-and-Frame Test as a Measure of Cognitive Style in Kindergarten Children
Authors: Dreyer Albert S. , Dreyer Cecily A. , Nebelkopf Edwin B.
Published: September 2011

Data on the relationship of a newly developed Portable Rod-and-frame Test to other measures of cognitive functioning are presented for 300 kindergarten children. A test-retest correlation of .96 was obtained over 1 mo. Sex differences were found on both the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Children's Embedded-figures Test. High correlations between these two measures were found for both boys (.61) and girls (.66), corroborating work done on global-analytic cognitive style with older age groups.
Field Independence and Stroop Color-Word Performance
Authors: Hochman Sidney H.
Published: September 2011

Several investigators (Klein, 1964; Frankenhaeuser, et al., 1967; Hochman, 1967) have reported that performance on the Stroop color-word test is accompanied by signs of stress, tension, and frustration. In this test, Ss are asked to name the colors of ink used to print names of other colors, i.e., the word “red” is printed in blue ink. Saltz (1971) suggests that Ss who develop strong boundaries for cognitive systems are less likely to have these systems disrupted by stress than are Ss whose boundaries are weaker. Using one of Witkin, et al.‘s (1962) field-independence measures (Hidden-figures) as an index of boundary strength, the present experiment was designed to explore the relationship between an individual's boundary strength and color-word performance.
Figural Aftereffects in Vision as a Function of Surround
Authors: Collins John K.
Published: September 2011

Sagara and Oyama (1957) summarized a number of Japanese studies in which luminance, contrast and illuminance were varied during investigations of figural aftereffects (FAEs) of the type reported by Gibson (1933) and Koehler and Wallach (1944). With regard to luminance the magnitude of the FAEs increased with the increase in the luminance of the inspection figure when a luminous stimulus in a dark room was used. Recently Day and Strelow (1970) reported that the aftereffect of seen movement was absent or markedly reduced when the surround was dark or fearureless. The stationary FAE, therefore, appeared to be present in the absence of surround while the motion FAE was not. The present investigation was designed to see if presence or absence of surround per se had any influence on the stationary FAE.
A Cross-Cultural Item-Analysis of Bender-Gestalt Protocols Administered to Ghetto and Suburban Children
Authors: Snyder Robert T. , Holowenzak Stephen P. , Hoffman Norma
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt (Bender) designs were administered to 325 third-grade Ss of diverse cultural backgrounds and the Koppitz scoring system was applied to determine Ss' visual-perceptual-motor reproduction “errors.” Two comparisons were made: the first, between 654 first graders previously studied and the third-grade Ss considered in this study; the second, between the two third-grade groups. In this study, it is shown that: difficulty in reproducing Bender designs accurately tends to diminish from Grade 1 to Grade 3 but remains a problem in perceptual-visual maturation for culturally disadvantaged children. Additionally, there is a different developmental sequence for the two groups and certain visual-perceptual-motor reproduction tasks continue to be difficult for one group whereas others do not.
The Psychology of Memory—1969: A Bibliography
Authors: Levy C. Michael , Lam Karen D.
Published: September 2011

An alphabetical listing of articles on the psychology of memory for the year 1969 is presented.
Speech-Sound Discrimination and Tactile-Kinesthetic Discrimination in Reference to Speech Production
Authors: Madison Charles L. , Fucci Donald J.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between selected sensory discrimination variables and speech-sound production was investigated. Speech-sound discrimination, oral stereognostic discrimination, and articulation were measured in a group of 100 first-grade children. Ss had to have normal hearing; understand the concept of “same and different”; be less than 7 yr., 6 mo. of age; have no obvious neurological or physical impairment; and have a Columbia Mental Maturity Scale score of at least 85. A significant negative correlation between speech-sound discrimination in oral stereognostic discrimination was established. There was a significant difference in articulation scores between high and low speech-sound discrimination groups. The difference in articulation scores between high and low oral stereognostic groups was not significant. The possibility that the result of this and other studies could be explained by an age-linked dominant monitoring modality for articulation was discussed.
Operandum Attacking May Contribute to Schedule Effects on Response Rate
Authors: Pear Joseph J. , Roy George W.
Published: September 2011

An unusual response pattern was exhibited by a rat on a fixed-ratio schedule. Observation indicated that it may have resulted from attacks on the lever which, due to the slight force required to activate the microswitch, were recorded as operant responses. This may have important implications for interpreting results of some operant experiments.
Verbal Response Stereotypy as a Function of Psychological and Physiological Drive
Authors: Vellutino Frank R.
Published: September 2011

The present study assessed Osgood's suggestion that moderate drive is correlated with more stereotyped (dominant) responses than either high or low drive states. Of specific interest was the interaction of psychological drive and physiological arousal as related to changes in verbal response stereotypy. Scores on the Pt scale of the MMPI and two autonomic indicants were employed as measures of drive and word associations were the verbal responses. Stimuli were presented under high and low arousal conditions, and response measures were recorded simultaneously. Some inconsistencies were noted, but the results, in general, support the hypothesis.
Procedure for Study of Reality Testing in Schizophrenics
Authors: Silverman Lloyd H. , Pettit Tupper F. , Goldweber Arthur , Spiro Robert
Published: September 2011

Perky's (1910) method of studying perception and imagery was adapted to study reality testing in schizophrenia. 10 schizophrenic and 10 non-schizophrenic Ss were seen in 2 identical sessions during which they were asked to differentiate between sounds they imagined and sounds they heard through earphones. The schizophrenic Ss, although reporting fewer images, manifested more perceptual distortions and more misperceptions of actual sounds as images. The procedure described seems to hold promise as both a research tool and a diagnostic technique for assessing reality testing in the laboratory.
Influence of Deafness on the Structure of Personality
Authors: Zivkovic Momcilo
Published: September 2011

The IES test scores of hearing and deaf Ss were compared to test Freud's ideas about the role played by the introjections of parental prohibitions on the superego formation and to investigate the influence of the contacts with reality in the development of the ego. Of 36 comparisons made between the scores of the deaf and the hearing, 15 statistically significant differences agreeing with the hypotheses were obtained, while 8 differences were also statistically significant but in a direction opposite to expectation. The ratio of score differences in accordance with the hypotheses which were significant at .001 level of confidence to the score differences significant at .001 level of confidence but which were in a direction contrary to hypotheses, was 8:3. The reasons for the appearance of those differences which were not in accordance with our expectations have also been given.
Lateralizing Significance of Wisc Verbal-Performance Discrepancies for Older Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Rourke Byron P. , Telegdy Gabor A.
Published: September 2011

45 9- to 14-yr.-old right-handed boys (IQ range: 85 to 115) with learning disabilities were distributed into three groups on the basis of their WISC Verbal IQ and Performance IQ scores: the high performance-low verbal (HP-LV) group, the verbal equal to performance (V = P) group, and the high verbal-low performance (HV-LP) group. The three groups were equated for age and Full Scale IQ. The performance of these Ss on 25 measures indicated clear superiority of the HP-LV group on most measures of complex motor and psychomotor abilities, regardless of the hand employed. Although expectations involving differential hand superiority of the HP-LV and HV-LP groups were not supported, the results were considered consistent with the view that WISC VIQ-PIQ discrepancies reflect the differential integrity of the two cerebral hemispheres in older children with learning disabilities.
Noise-Induced Arousal and Breadth of Attention
Authors: O'Malley John J. , Poplawsky Alex
Published: September 2011

The effect of intermittent noise upon attention span was investigated in two experiments. In Exp. 1, 4 levels of noise intensity were used (no noise, 75 db, 85 db, and 100 db). The task was a serial anticipation task in which the relevant stimuli were 4-letter words located in the center of a projected slide. 3-letter words were peripherally located; the peripheral words were not mentioned to Ss. Ss in the 85-db and the 100-db conditions learned fewer of the peripheral words as indicated by a free-recall test than Ss in the no-noise and the 75-db conditions, indicating a narrowing of attention due to the higher noise levels. In Exp. 2, Ss operating under noise (85 db) performed significantly better on the Stroop Color-Word Test than did Ss operating under no noise, again indicating a focusing of attention due to noise-induced arousal. The results are consistent with the proposal of several authors that increasing emotional arousal causes a narrowing of attention.
Social Rejection, Role Conflict, and Adjustment: Psychological Consequences of Orthopaedic Disability
Authors: Colman Andrew M.
Published: September 2011

20 orthopaedically disabled hospital patients responded to a self-ideal discrepancy scale and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The severely disabled Ss were more self-accepting and less neurotic than the marginally disabled Ss. A direct relationship obtained between age and a composite measure of maladjustment ( r = .42, p < .001), but this was not due simply to the duration of the disabilities. The results were interpreted as supporting the role-conflict hypothesis rather than the social-rejection hypothesis concerning the psychological consequences of physical disability.
Need Associations to Acquisition Modes, Education, and Adjustment
Authors: Chambers Jay , Wilson Winston T.
Published: September 2011

3 primary modes of acquisition were defined as the achievement, aggression, and succorance needs of the Murray need system. Picture Identification Test need associations of these acquisition modes were analyzed for 12 male groups differing in education and/or adjustment. Application of t tests to discriminate the 12 groups with 57 need-association variables produced a 5:1 ratio of obtained to chance expected ts (p < .05). Of the 57 variables 51 had significant F ratios (p = .05) for between-within groups variance from a discriminant analysis of the same data. These results indicated that acquisition need association indices are related to personal adjustment and educational achievement.
Perceptual-Motor Attributes of Mental Retardates: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Neeman Renate L.
Published: September 2011

19 items of the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey were administered to 99 mentally retarded children and young adults of mean IQ 52.3. Factor analyses of the item scores of the total sample, and of a subgroup of 66 non-mongoloid Ss, led to the definition of 7 factors: A, postural dimensionality; B, shoulder-arm movement factor; C, laterality; D, ocular control; E, intelligence; F, developmental factor; and G, possibly cultural sex bias factor. Similar factor structures emerged for the total sample, and for the non-mongoloid subgroup, with the exception of Factor E, intelligence. The results generally agree with previous correlational analyses of comparable samples and tend to support the construct validity of the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey methodology as applied to the mentally retarded.
Locus of Control Shift in Administrators
Authors: Harvey J. Michael
Published: September 2011

50 upper-level government administrators scored highly Internal on the Rotter I-E scale; the Internality increased significantly with number of years in the position (1 to 11 plus), indicating that government positions may offer strong reinforcement for a perception of personal control.
Perception of Line in Clothing
Authors: Sailor Patricia J.
Published: September 2011

Q-techniques were employed to define factors in the perception of line in clothing. Segmentation of 46 women with differing amounts of design experience and training was anticipated but only partially confirmed. The results delineated 4 ways of perceiving line in clothing using the Q-approach.
Thresholds of Auditory Sensitivity and Binaural Localization during Sleep
Authors: Walker J. M. , Berger R. J.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that one function of REM sleep might be indirectly to innervate the auditory system was tested. Sensitivity and spatial localization thresholds were measured in 16 Ss prior to sleep, alternately at the onset and end of REM periods, and upon morning awakening, and 15 min. later. Sensitivity thresholds of the left ear were lower and difference limens (DL) greater at the onset compared to the end of REM periods. Left ear thresholds were also lower and DLs greater for both ears in the morning than prior to sleep. Localization thresholds did not differ at the onset and end of REM periods or prior to and following sleep. The results were contrary to the hypothesis that REM sleep innervates the auditory system. Greater changes in the left ear than the right ear probably reflect lateral differences in the brain.
Data Requirements for Satiation Theories: A Rejoinder to Price
Authors: Sadler Timothy G. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Some earlier methodological and theoretical criticisms of studies of reversible perspective reported by Price have recently been examined by him. Several of these criticisms are expanded here, and some problems inherent in the use of grouped data relative to a satiation theory of perceptual fluctuation such as his are discussed.
Ordinal Position of Birth and Perceived Popularity for Sixth Graders
Authors: Simon William E. , Sands Barbara , Forman Max R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated differences between 38 firstborns, 43 middle-borns and 48 lastborns with regard to perceived popularity. Contrary to prediction, no such differences were found. The failure to find significant differences might possibly have been attributable to Ss' age and/or the operational definition of perceived popularity that was employed.
Normative Study of Oral and Non-Oral Structures Using Vibrotactile Stimuli
Authors: Fucci Donald J. , Hall Donald Elliott , Weiner Frederick F.
Published: September 2011

An investigation to establish vibrotactile thresholds on oral and non-oral structures of 10 normal adults was conducted. Thresholds obtained on the lip and tongue were compared with those obtained on the palmar surface. Threshold frequencies within the range of 60 to 600 Hz were used. Results reported in microns showed statistically significant threshold differences among frequencies which are not apparent when the data were reported in dB.
Measuring Spatial Aptitudes of the Retarded
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C.
Published: September 2011

An approach to measuring a specific vocational aptitude in the retarded, using an intraindividual discrepancy measure, was developed and evaluated. Reliability was determined with 107 children in Grades 1, 2 and 3, and with 84 college students. Validity was measured against workshop production criteria with 18 retarded workers. The approach was demonstrated to be feasible for measuring spatial aptitudes, and is proposed as being of potential value for use in measuring other specific aptitudes.
Visual-Field Restrictions in Cases of Reading Disability
Authors: Rubino Carl A. , Minden Harold A.
Published: September 2011

23 children who were attending a summer camp for children with learning disabilities and who demonstrated a reading disability at least one grade level below that expected on the basis of chronological age were selected for study. Peripheral visual-field limits were tested for both nasal and temporal fields in both eyes. Testing also took place for central visual field deficits. With very few exceptions the visual field limits were in the range of the accepted norm. 10 randomly selected Ss were retested and the results proved to be reliable as there were no significant differences on first and second testing. It was suggested that an additional study is required which should include a group of children with no reading disabilities.
Expectancy as a Factor in Reaction to Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Timmons Beverly A.
Published: September 2011

In Exp. 1, Ss were asked to read under normal and .2-sec. DAF conditions. 3 sets of instructions and statements about effects of DAF were used for groups of males and females. In Exp. 2, the same reading conditions were used. Ss were either given 1 of 2 pre-recorded models or no information prior to DAF experience. In both studies, no significant differences due to type of preparation for DAF were noted. Under the conditions used, DAF reaction seems unaffected by expectancy of Ss.
Stereotaxic Implantation for Small Animals: An “Eyelet” Technique
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Helwig Laura B.
Published: September 2011

Frequently used methods of implanting electrodes in small animals include the use of small screws to anchor the unit in place, as well as the “wire-bridge” technique. Both of these methods had been used by present investigators and have been found useful. However, a number of animals were found unsatisfactory due to various problems. All of these problems led to the development of the “eyelet” technique of electrode implantation which provided their solutions. The technique and advantages of the stereotactic implantation are described.