bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of simplified tillage and mineral fertilization on weed infestation of potato growing on loess soil
Authors: Bujak Karol , Frant Mariusz
Published: June 2013

In the paper effect of limitation of postharvest measure to single cultivating or disking of soil and mineral fertilization level on number, air-dry matter and botanical composition of weeds in the potato-field is presented. Simplifield postharvest measure was increasing insignificantly and more intensive fertilization was limiting the weed infestation of potato-field. Decteasing of weeds number increasing fertilization was ststistically significant. Dominating species of weeds in the potato-field were Capsella bursa-pastoris, Poa annua, Viola arvensis, Chenopodium album, Elymus repens i Equisetum arvense.
The influence of simplified on reserve of weeds in erodible loess soil
Authors: Wesołowski Marian , Bujak Karol
Published: June 2013

In the paper the influence of diferent simplified tillage per number and seeds botanical composition of weeds in 0-25 cm of soil layer under plants crop rotation (potato-spring barley-winter rape-winter wheat) on erodible loess soil was presented. The simplifications in soil tillage relied on replaceing ploughing by cultivation, rotary cultivator tillage or Gramoxone formula. The replaceing ploughing by cultivations or rotary cultivator tillage especially bringing in chemical tillage instead of after-harvest cultivation increasing the number of weeds seed under all plants excluding spring barley. Resource of weeds seed under all plants of crop rotation were formated mainly by short duration species, especially Chenopodium album and Viola arvensis as well as Stellaria media (potato, barley, wheat) and Veronica persica (wheat). It was proven that the number of weeds seed in 0-25 cm of soil layer on erodible loess slope depended from plant species more than the way of soil tillage.
Structure of flora after ten years land lying fallow on two types of soil
Authors: Kurus Joanna , Podstawka-Chmielewska Elżbieta
Published: June 2013

In the paper the structure of flora in 1st and 10th year of arable land lying fallow has been presented. Phytosociological observations were carried out on two fields lying on different soil (rendzina and podsolic soil). Analyses of flora concerned geografical and historical groups, origin of apophytes as well as living forms of plants. The conducted research showed that in the flora of fallows, with the time of exclusion of arable land from the agricultural use, there was incease in the number of apophytes and decrease of antropophytes, especially archeophytes, independent of types of soil. Ruderal apophytes, dominating in early stage of succession, gave way to meadow apophytes on the heavy soil, whereas segetal apophytes took place of forest and bushwood species on the light soil. In phytocenosis of multi-year fallows on the light and heavy soil, among the living forms, the most numerous were represented by hemicryptophytes, which replaced the dominating terophytes on the one-year fallow.
Plant communities of cultivated fields of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion. Part 4. Stubble field communites of compact soils
Authors: Rzymowska Zofia , Skrzyczyńska Janina
Published: June 2013

Patches of the association Echinochloo-Setarietum typicum, subvariant with Veronica persica (Panico-Setarion alliance), two associations from the Polygono-Chenopodion alliance: Oxalido-Chenopodietum and Galinsogo-Setarietum, as well as the community with Veronica persica, were noted on compact soils of the stubble fields in the area of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion. The occurrence of Echinochloo-Setarietum typicum subvariant with Veronica persica and the community with Veronica persica was frequently observed in the studied area on fertile, loamy soils included in the wheat complex (good and imperfect), rye complex (very good and good) and corn-fodder strong complex. Phytocenoses of Galinsogo-Setarietum dominated by plants of the genus Galinsoga, especially by Galinsoga parviflora, were also frequently noted on fertile habitats near farm buildings. Patches of Oxalido-Chenopodietum were observed more seldom in the studied area. They were developing on fertile alluvial soils and black earths along the river.
Cross-Cutting Themes From International Research on Early Algebra
Authors: Lobato Joanne , Diamond Jaime Marie
Published: June 2013

A review of Early Algebraization: A Global Dialogue From Multiple Perspectives, edited by Jinfa Cai and Eric Knuth.
Working at the crossroads: Statute Labour, Manliness, and the Electoral Franchise on Victorian Prince Edward Island1
Authors: Grittner Colin
Published: June 2013

This essay considers how conceptions of manliness shaped the electoral franchise on Victorian Prince Edward Island. Soon after its institution of responsible government, Prince Edward Island shifted away from a property-based franchise to one grounded in the performance of statute labour. Instead of heralding the male property owner, this new law championed the man who used his labour to faithfully serve and improve his community. Because of limited land distribution, bourgeois ideals of manliness based upon property ownership fit the conditions of the colony poorly. A statute labour franchise better reflected the gender ideals upheld by the Island’s unpropertied majority. Like all gender ideals, these standards were not accepted across Prince Edward Island unopposed.
“Foreigners in Town”: Leisure, Consumption, and Cosmopolitanism in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth Century Tillsonburg, Ontario1
Authors: Beausaert Rebecca
Published: June 2013

At the turn of the twentieth century, the small town of Tillsonburg, Ontario contained a population that was over eighty-six percent Anglo-Celtic in origin. Increasingly, however, local leisure activities began to incorporate “ethnic” food, dress, and mannerisms so that citizens could momentarily become “foreigners” and “consume” knowledge of other nations and peoples. Two of the more notable venues where participants acted out racialized identities—the “Garden Party of the Nations” and the Ladies’ Travel Club—showcase desires to consume markers of foreignness while concurrently displaying an acceptance of these cultures. Using Tillsonburg as a case study, this article examines how engaging with the “foreign” in patterns of leisure and consumption was a way for citizens (and women in particular) to convey an air of cosmopolitanism and cultural refinement in the face of critiques that small towns were insular and unsophisticated. Their cultural appropriations, however, represent grossly distorted understandings of races, ethnicities, and cultures that existed outside their Euro-Canadian one. Though efforts by Tillsonburg’s populace to appear more cosmopolitan were grounded in a desire to expand understandings of “the foreign,” this occurred only on their own terms and in controlled spaces.
La participation photographique des Inuit dans le développement touristique du parc national Tursujuq (Nunavik)
Authors: Joliet Fabienne , Blouin-Gourbilière Claire
Published: June 2013

Les paysages du Nunavik sont représentés par les images du tourisme national et international et non par le filtre des images inuit. La mondialisation et le pouvoir de l’image ne font qu’accroître le besoin de visibilité des territoires et des identités, mettant ici en vis-à-vis l’émergence de la photographie inuit avec les représentations iconographiques occidentales. À cela s’ajoute une démocratie participative à la proue de tous les projets d’aménagement. Ainsi, sur un territoire où l’on s’exprime en trois langues autochtones (l’inuktitut, le cri et le naskapi) auxquelles s’ajoutent le français et l’anglais, comment l’imagibilité inuit peut-elle devenir un outil de médiation paysagère dans un projet de parc national québécois?
The commemoration of the dead in contemporary Asiatic Yupik ritual space
Authors: Oparin Dmitriy
Published: June 2013

Contemporary Asiatic Yupik living in Chukotka (Russia) practise various types of ritual feeding of the spirits. People feed the spirits for specific purposes and at different places. The core ritual of feeding the deceased is an autumn commemoration of the dead (aghqesaghtuq), which is described in this article with examples from Novoe Chaplino and Sireniki. This seemingly simple ceremony is full of nuances, and each family practises it in its own manner. The variability of this ritual and the many models of behaviour within present-day ritual space reflect social diversity. Two aspects, the diverse practices of feeding the spirits and the specific ritual of commemoration of the dead, are key to understanding different social and cultural processes in Yupik villages.
Reflections of a disk-less Inuk on Canada’s Eskimo identification system
Authors: Dunning Norma
Published: June 2013

This essay examines the reactions of several Inuit women to an identification system whereby from 1941 to 1978 the Canadian government required the Inuit to wear small numbered disks. The author presents each Inuk woman’s personal perspectives, including her own, through narratives, interviews, and songs. The second part discusses the historical context of the “Eskimo disk list” system and its repercussions decades after it was discontinued.
Eigenvalue Finding of Three-Dimensional Second-Order Real Symmetric Tensors
Authors: Neto E. Lucena , Neto A. L. Carvalho , Queiroz P. I. B.
Published: June 2013

The characteristic equation of a three-dimensional (3D) second-order real symmetric tensor belongs to the class of cubic equations for which the closed-form solution can be found by applying a well known trigonometric change of variable. A simple proof that such a procedure is of general validity in solving the characteristic equation is provided. This work is believed to be of value for didactic purpose in courses related to continuum mechanics.
The Mass and Stiffness Matrices for Conservative Scleronomous Systems Vibrating at Low Amplitude
Authors: Chen Kui Fu , Fu Zhi Yi
Published: June 2013

The Lagrange-equation-based method (LEBM) is a general-purposed approach to determine the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for a dynamic system; however, this procedure is daunting for undergraduate students. We show that this complicated task can be simplified significantly for the case of conservative scleronomous systems vibrating at low amplitude, which are encountered frequently in both textbooks and engineering practice. The ODEs for such systems are dictated by the mass and stiffness matrices. Both matrices can be determined from the quadric terms of Taylor's series of energy expressions expanded around the system's balanced configuration. This idea is illustrated by two examples.
Singularities in the Expression of the Kinetic Energy of a System of Particles Subject to Holonomous Constraints
Authors: Martins Flavius Portella Ribas , Gonzalez Raul Lima , Ponge-Ferreira Walter Jorge Augusto , Trigo Flávio Celso
Published: June 2013

In the textbooks on classical mechanics normally adopted for courses on mechanical engineering, there is no mention of the paradoxical fact that a material system subject to holonomous constraints can exhibit singular configurations for which the cross-products of their generalized velocities, not all identically nil, give rise to a zero value for the kinetic energy. Given the importance of this subject for the analysis of dynamic systems, and as a contribution to education in mechanics, we analyse in this article a material system composed of discrete masses subject to holonomous constraints and exhibiting the mentioned behaviour. After deriving an analytical expression for the kinetic energy of the system, numerical simulations permit the identification of some singular material configurations for which the initial statement holds.
State-of-the-Practice in Evaluation of Quality of Experience in Real-Life Environments
Authors: Matulin Marko , Mrvelj Štefica
Published: June 2013

Continuous monitoring of achieved level of service quality in packet-switched networks represents an activity of major importance for network and service providers. This is paramount for network resources provisioning which have to satisfy expectations of fickle customers. However, providing enough resources to specific user does not automatically increase their Quality of Experience (QoE), hence understanding of the relationship between these two is crucial in the network management process. Essentially, this requires subjective testing of service quality which is usually done in controlled environments such as laboratories. Nevertheless, the most accurate subjective evaluation of QoE includes real-life experiments in the environments where the services are actually used. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide a review of the current state-of-the-practice in evaluating QoE in real-life environments.
Effects of Eco-Drive Education on the Reduction of Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions
Authors: Barić Danijela , Zovak Goran , Periša Marko
Published: June 2013

Sustainable mobility is the basic and long-term goal of the traffic policy. Eco-driving represents one of 40 measures that should by 2050 contribute to 60% of traffic-generated emission reduction. The paper presents the significance of educating the drivers about eco-driving as well as eco-drive training with the aim of reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emission. During research the drivers were tested in three cycles, prior to education, immediately following the education and eco-training and three months after the eco-training. The analysis of the results shows that driving according to eco rules allows fast and efficient reduction of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, which means at the same time also the need to systemically educate the drivers about the eco-driving at specialized educational centres which is for the moment absent in the Republic of Croatia.
Logistics of International Express Shipping and Air Traffic
Authors: Pašagić Škrinjar Jasmina , Drljača Miroslav , Kavran Zvonko
Published: June 2013

The paper studies the relations between logistics of international express shipments and air traffic analysing the basic characteristics of international express shipments that are carried by combined transport, usually road vehicles and aircraft. The paper indicates the possibility of optimising individual technological processes in the logistic chain of express shipments distribution. It analyses the forms for the calculation of time slots in single logistic chain hubs of collecting and delivery of express shipments. It has been shown that the international distribution chains in the air express sector, related to the globalisation process, change the traditional functions of combined ground-air transport. Here, the increased investment into automation plays the crucial role in the development strategies of companies and in the operationalization of the quality policy of numerous carriers of express shipments by air.
Modelling Compensation Policy for Quality and Delay Deterioration in Rail Transport
Authors: Molkova Tatiana , Hruban Ivo
Published: June 2013

The contribution deals with the customers’ claims on provided services during train delay in personal railway transport. There is comparison between the situation in the Czech Republic (Brno main station) and Austria (Wien Westbahnhof) in the contribution. Development of the compensation policy cannot be based only on customer requirements. If the railway company focuses on providing compensation for delays, it must follow its economic balance. However, as the passengers' opinion survey showed, the negative impact of delays can be reduced by providing adequate information to passengers. Based on the passengers' opinion survey, it is necessary to consider the Regulation 1371/2007/ES as the minimum of the possible and on the basis of this reasoning to compile a compensation policy. The costs associated with compensation for the delay should be divided according to the causes of the delay among the individual culprits, so that railway undertakings bear the responsibility even for delays arising from reasons that are beyond the control of the railway undertaking itself.
Histone demethylase Lsd1 represses hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell signatures during blood cell maturation
Authors: Kerenyi Marc A , Shao Zhen , Hsu Yu-Jung , Guo Guoji , Luc Sidinh , O'Brien Kassandra , Fujiwara Yuko , Peng Cong , Nguyen Minh , Orkin Stuart H
Published: June 2013

Here, we describe that lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1/KDM1a), which demethylates histone H3 on Lys4 or Lys9 (H3K4/K9), is an indispensible epigenetic governor of hematopoietic differentiation. Integrative genomic analysis, combining global occupancy of Lsd1, genome-wide analysis of its substrates H3K4 monomethylation and dimethylation, and gene expression profiling, reveals that Lsd1 represses hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) gene expression programs during hematopoietic differentiation. We found that Lsd1 acts at transcription start sites, as well as enhancer regions. Loss of Lsd1 was associated with increased H3K4me1 and H3K4me2 methylation on HSPC genes and gene derepression. Failure to fully silence HSPC genes compromised differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells as well as mature blood cell lineages. Collectively, our data indicate that Lsd1-mediated concurrent repression of enhancer and promoter activity of stem and progenitor cell genes is a pivotal epigenetic mechanism required for proper hematopoietic maturation.
The autoregulation of a eukaryotic DNA transposon
Authors: Claeys Bouuaert Corentin , Lipkow Karen , Andrews Steven S , Liu Danxu , Chalmers Ronald
Published: June 2013

How do DNA transposons live in harmony with their hosts? Bacteria provide the only documented mechanisms for autoregulation, but these are incompatible with eukaryotic cell biology. Here we show that autoregulation of Hsmar1 operates during assembly of the transpososome and arises from the multimeric state of the transposase, mediated by a competition for binding sites. We explore the dynamics of a genomic invasion using a computer model, supported by in vitro and in vivo experiments, and show that amplification accelerates at first but then achieves a constant rate. The rate is proportional to the genome size and inversely proportional to transposase expression and its affinity for the transposon ends. Mariner transposons may therefore resist post-transcriptional silencing. Because regulation is an emergent property of the reaction it is resistant to selfish exploitation. The behavior of distantly related eukaryotic transposons is consistent with the same mechanism, which may therefore be widely applicable.
Condensin controls recruitment of RNA polymerase II to achieve nematode X-chromosome dosage compensation
Authors: Kruesi William S , Core Leighton J , Waters Colin T , Lis John T , Meyer Barbara J
Published: June 2013

The X-chromosome gene regulatory process called dosage compensation ensures that males (1X) and females (2X) express equal levels of X-chromosome transcripts. The mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans has been elusive due to improperly annotated transcription start sites (TSSs). Here we define TSSs and the distribution of transcriptionally engaged RNA polymerase II (Pol II) genome-wide in wild-type and dosage-compensation-defective animals to dissect this regulatory mechanism. Our TSS-mapping strategy integrates GRO-seq, which tracks nascent transcription, with a new derivative of this method, called GRO-cap, which recovers nascent RNAs with 5′ caps prior to their removal by co-transcriptional processing. Our analyses reveal that promoter-proximal pausing is rare, unlike in other metazoans, and promoters are unexpectedly far upstream from the 5′ ends of mature mRNAs. We find that C. elegans equalizes X-chromosome expression between the sexes, to a level equivalent to autosomes, by reducing Pol II recruitment to promoters of hermaphrodite X-linked genes using a chromosome-restructuring condensin complex.
Yeast rises to the occasion
Authors: Ragan Mark A
Published: June 2013

Genetic analyses of 15 species of yeast have shed new light on the divergence of gene regulation during evolution, with significant changes occurring after an event in which a whole genome was duplicated.
Effective Production of Sorbitol and Mannitol from Sugars Catalyzed by Ni Nanoparticles Supported on Aluminium Hydroxide
Authors: Rodiansono Rodiansono , Shimazu Shogo
Published: June 2013

Effective production of hexitols (sorbitol and mannitol) was achieved from sugars by means of nickel nanoparticles supported on aluminium hydroxide (NiNPs/AlOH) catalyst. NiNPs/AlOH catalyst was prepared by a simple and benign environmentally procedure using less amount of sodium hydroxide. ICP-AES and XRD analyses confirmed that the NiNPs/AlOH catalysts comprised a large amount of remained aluminium hydroxide (i.e. bayerite and gibbsite). The presence of aluminium hydroxide caused a high dispersion Ni metal species. The average Ni crystallite sizes that derived from the Scherrer`s equation for former R-Ni and NiNPs/AlOH were 8.6 nm and 4.1 nm, respectively. The catalyst exhibited high activity and selectivity both hydrogenolysis of disaccharides (sucrose and cellobiose) and monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and xylose) at 403 K for 24 h. The NiNPs/AlOH catalyst was found to be reusable for at least five consecutive runs without any significant loss of activity and selectivity. © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Synthesis and Characterization of High Aluminum Zeolite X from Technical Grade Materials
Authors: Masoudian Seyed Kamal , Sadighi Sepehr , Abbasi Ali
Published: June 2013

Zeolites are widely used as ion exchangers, adsorbents, separation materials and catalyst due to their well-tailored and highly-reproducible structures; therefore, the synthesis of zeolite from low grade resources can be interested. In the present work, high aluminum zeolite X was prepared from mixing technical grade sodium aluminate and sodium silicate solutions at temperatures between 70°C and 100°C. The synthesized zeolite X was characterized by SEM and X-ray methods according to ASTM standard procedures. The results showed that aging of the synthesis medium at the room temperature considerably increased the selectivity of zeolite X formation. On the other hand, high temperature of reaction mixture during crystallization formed zeolite A in the product; therefore, it decreased the purity of zeolite X. In addition, it was found that increasing H2O/Na2O and decreasing Na2O/SiO2 molar ratios in the reaction mixture resulted product with higher purity. © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Why the History of English Law has not been finished
Authors: Baker J.H.
Published: July 2002

A lightly revised version of the Inaugural Lecture given by Profesor J.H. Baker as Downing Professor of the Laws of England on 14 October 1998.
THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN-FIXING TREES AND FERTILIZER NITROGEN LEVELS ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF COWPEA ON A RAINFED ALFISOL
Authors: SURESH G. , RAO J. V.
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of 8- to 9-year-old nitrogen-fixing tree species (Faidherbia albida, Acacia ferruginea, Albizia lebbeck) and fertilizer nitrogen levels on yield and nitrogen uptake of intercropped cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Grain and dry fodder yields of cowpea were reduced by 9% to 27% and by 11% to 35% respectively compared with the sole crop. Application of fertilizer nitrogen produced significantly higher yields. Nitrogen uptakes by leaves, stems and grain of cowpea were significantly reduced under A. ferruginea and A. lebbeck, but cowpea as sole crop and under F. albida showed no differences. Nitrogen uptake in different plant parts increased with increase in fertilizer nitrogen level.
Rehabilitation of degraded grasslands in north Syria: use of farmer participatory research to encourage the sowing of annual pasture legumes
Authors: GHASSALI F. , COCKS P. S. , OSMAN A. E. , GINTZBURGER G. , CHRISTIANSEN S. , SEMAAN A. , LEYBOURNE M.
Published: July 2002

A series of experiments on communally-owned grasslands in the barley–livestock zone of north Syria were conducted to test the hypothesis that introduction of Mediterranean annual legumes will increase productivity. The experiments were preceded by a survey to determine farmers' attitudes, describe the farming systems and to select appropriate collaborators. The first experiment examined the establishment of medics (Medicago spp.) and clovers (Trifolium spp.) distributed by hand, and monitored their effects on biomass and seedbank size. Later experiments extended these results to other villages. The principles of farmer participation in research were used to overcome the constraints imposed by the communal ownership of land. 

The survey revealed that the average size of the 20 villages was 36 families and that each village owned 887 sheep and 790 ha land. All villages had access to communally-owned grasslands, although their dependence on income from sheep varied greatly. These villages were subsequently divided into groups of high, intermediate and low potential.

Of the 11 clovers sown in the first experiment, seed numbers of T. tomentosum, T. purpureum, T. haussknechtii, T. pilulare and T. resupinatum increased over three years. By 1996, there were more than 3000 legume seeds m−2 in the seeded treatment compared with less than 2000 in the unseeded treatment (mainly the naturally-occurring Trigonella monspeliaca). The number of medic and clover seedlings also increased significantly, while the number of Trigonella seedlings decreased significantly. Biomass production increased in the final two years and there was no response to added phosphorus.

There were similar results in the later experiments. Seedbank size was greater in seeded treatments than in unseeded treatments, there were more seedlings in the seeded treatments, and the most successful species were T. campestre, T. tomentosum, T. speciosum and M. rigidula. The response in biomass was limited to the legume component, although total biomass increased in at least one of the two years. The highest biomass produced was 1112 kg ha−1 and there was no response to added phosphorus.

The results suggested that the on-station research previously conducted at ICARDA headquarters was applicable to communally-owned land, although important modifications were needed. For example, at ICARDA phosphorus was necessary to stimulate the growth of legumes; in contrast, it was necessary to sow legumes at the four villages involved in these experiments. The results also suggested that the grasslands were common property, owned and controlled by defined groups of farmers.
Mutations in the BRCA1 gene: implications of
inter-population differences for predicting the risk of
radiation-induced breast cancers
Authors: CHAKRABORTY R. , SANKARANARAYANAN K.
Published: July 2002

The effects of cancer predisposition and increased tumorigenic
radiosensitivity of the predisposed
genotypes on radiation cancer risks (in the general population and in sisters
and first cousins of
affected probands) are studied using an autosomal dominant model of cancer
predisposition and
radiosensitivity. The model assumes that the predisposing alleles, which
confer enhanced
tumorigenic radiosensitivity, are incompletely penetrant. In addition,
the model also allows for
sporadic cancers, unrelated to the predisposing locus. The predictions
of the model are illustrated
using current estimates of BRCA1 mutant gene frequencies; the estimates
of the strength of
predisposition and radiosensitivity differentials used are based on animal
and human studies. It is
shown that, unless both the strength of predisposition and radiosensitivity
differential are large
(say, >100-fold in comparison with normal homozygotes), (i) the effect
of risk heterogeneity on
cancer risk is marginal; (ii) dose-dependent radiation effect remains virtually
the same as in a
homogeneous irradiated population that has no predisposed subgroups; (iii)
for the same radiation
dose, relatives of affected probands show an enhancement of cancer risks;
and (iv) most extra
cancers in relatives can be attributed to radiosensitivity differentials.
This simple model can give an
upper bound of the effect of risk heterogeneity on radiation-induced breast
cancer risks even when
the cumulative breast cancer risk is age-dependent. Further, our model
predicts that the benefits of
mammography outweigh the risks.
Application of Moiré Topography to small objects in

palaeontology and sedimentology
Authors: HAAS WINFRIED
Published: July 2002

For contouring the relief of small palaeontological or

sedimentological objects the method of

Shadow Moiré Topography, already successfully applied

in other fields, is recommended. When a whitened

three-dimensional object is seen or photographed through a

grating and the illumining light bundle passes

through the same grating, equidistant planes of shadow can

be produced. The latter generate contour lines

on the object where they intersect its surface. The theory of

Shadow Moiré Topography is explained by the

principles of geometric optics. A simple and cost effective

apparatus is proposed and examples of contoured

objects are figured.
Trace elements and Sr and C isotopic signatures in
late Neoproterozoic and earliest Cambrian sedimentary
organic matter from siliciclastic successions
in the East European Platform
Authors: FELITSYN S. B. , VIDAL G. , MOCZYDŁOWSKA M.
Published: July 2002

Sedimentary organic matter deriving from tubes of sabelliditids,

vendotaenids, sapropelic
films and kerogens was extracted by acid processing from Upper Vendian

siliciclastic successions in the
East European Platform. Elemental composition obtained by instrumental

neutron activation analysis
(INAA) displays the increasing cobalt (Co) concentration from 1 ppm at
the bottom of Upper
Vendian succession to about 800 ppm in the uppermost part near the
Precambrian–Cambrian boundary.
This distribution is recorded in all studied successions and is not
related to resistant minerals that
survived acid treatment. The enrichment in Co and other metals in
the sedimentary organic matter is
inferred to be caused by the bloom of cyanobacterial microbiota,
and bonding of metals in decaying
sedimentary organic matter during pre-burial bacterial reworking and
post-burial early diagenesis in a
low energy, stagnant depositional basin during Kotlin times. The
positive Ceanom in probable benthic
sabelliditids, and the exceptional preservation of sedimentary
organic matter from Kotlinian strata,
indicate the anaerobic conditions during their sedimentation.
Clear correlations between 87Sr/86Sr,
δ13C and Co imply the secondary isotopic signatures of
Sr and C
in sedimentary organic matter
deriving from a restricted epicontinental marine basin.
On the occurrence of foraminiferans in the lower Cambrian of the
Llangynog Inlier, South Wales
Authors: COPE J. C. W. , MCILROY D.
Published: July 2002

Microfossils obtained from dissolution of a limestone horizon from

the lower Cambrian Allt y Shed Sandstone of the Llangynog Inlier, Carmarthenshire,

South Wales, are identified as agglutinated
foraminiferans. Two genera and three species are represented and are
figured. These microfossils add
further to the scanty record of Cambrian foraminiferans, but do not
resolve the problem of the precise age of the Allt y Shed Sandstone.
ANDERS JERICHOW, The Saudi File: People, Power, Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998). Pp. 340. Price not available.
Authors: Okruhlik Gwenn
Published: July 2002

The Saudi File is a handy volume, with limitations, for those who write on Saudi Arabia: it is a compilation of various documents, statements, press clips, and reports that broadly concern politics in the country. The chapter titles reflect important subjects, such as the Basic Law, government and sh―ur―a council, political reform, an Islamic state, religious police, human rights, the press and freedom of speech, refugees, gender, labor, terror, security, international relations, dissidents abroad, and the Gulf War. The relevance of these issues and institutions makes the volume a convenient tool for research.
Labour Commodification and Skilled Selves in Late Nineteenth-Century Australia
Authors: Maddison Ben
Published: July 2002

This article uses the concept of labour commodification to critique common historiographical portraits of skilled workers in transition to industrial capitalism. The meanings with which skilled workers in late nineteenth-century Australia understood their own labour went far beyond a repertoire of technical abilities. They viewed skill as a socio-biological disposition specific to a human type (adult, male, Anglo-Saxon), and this view intimately connected artisans' work and selfhood. Capitalist industrial change threatened to disrupt those connections. The notoriously exclusive union policies skilled workers invented can thus be seen as designed not simply to position their members more advantageously on the labour market, but to protect artisanal selves and identities from the corrosive effects of labour commodification.
The Ottoman Conscription System, 1844–1914
Authors: Zürcher Erik Jan
Published: July 2002

The introduction of conscription in the Ottoman Empire of course was closely linked to the introduction of a European-style army, but it did not coincide with it.

As is well known, the first attempt to create an army which was trained, equipped and dressed in the contemporary European fashion, was made by Sultan Selim III in 1792. His Nizam-i Cedid (New Order) army by all accounts was quite an impressive achievement in itself. Starting from a strength of about 2,500, the corps had 22,685 men and 1,590 officers in 1806, half of them stationed in the capital, the rest in provincial centres in Anatolia. When pressure against him and his new army on the part of the old army establishment, primarily the Janissaries, mounted, however, the Sultan succumbed without any attempt to use the considerable strength of his new army and disbanded the corps in 1808.

The Nizam troops constituted a professional army. They were not recruited on the basis of universal conscription, but rather in a fashion which is reminiscent of the system introduced by Peter the Great in Russia or the Bunichah system in Persia. Governors and notables in Anatolia (not in the Balkans or the Arab provinces) were required to send contingents of peasant boys to Istanbul for training. Those enrolled in the corps remained under arms for an unspecified period.
THE PROPHET'S ‘WAR AGAINST WHITES’:
SHEPHERD STUURMAN IN NAMIBIA AND SOUTH
AFRICA, 1904–7
Authors: DEDERING TILMAN
Published: July 2002

‘GOD HAS TAKEN POWER FROM WHITE MEN THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD’

EARLY on the morning of 5 September 1906, at a small asbestos mine in
the
northern Cape, six African workers entered the tent of their white foreman

and his family. They assaulted the sleepers with stones, knobkerries, the
leg
of a chair and an ox-yoke. The foreman, Dirk Mans, died of his injuries

eighteen hours later, while his son, Jan, who had been sleeping in another

tent, ran away. Dirk Mans's wife also had a narrow escape. She woke
up
when a blow narrowly missed the head of her three-year-old child, who was

sleeping in her bed. Both could flee in the general mêlée.
Another victim, the
well digger, William Swanepoel, was bludgeoned to death so ferociously
that
his skull ‘was entirely knocked out of shape [and]
separated in halves’. The
perpetrators tried to kill more whites, but dispersed in the ensuing confusion.

The six men were tracked down by the police after several days. The
Griqualand West Supreme Court in Kimberley sentenced four of the
culprits to death; they were hanged in March 1907.

The ringleader of the Hopefield gang, Hendrik Bekeer, told the policeman

who had followed his tracks for several days, that ‘he was glad to
be caught,
although he knew that his life would be at an end’. He could hardly
wait to
tell the prison warder that the group had planned to kill all whites in
South
Africa. In court, the eloquent Bekeer explained:

I admit that I am guilty. I, Hendrik Bikier [sic],
laid hands on these two souls. I
have a craving in my heart which must be made known to everyone. I admit
that
I am a worker of God. I confess to the Court and all the white people that
I am
placed here by the Lord, and that I do his will. … The time when
the whites had
the upper hand is past. This is for Africa alone, but God has taken power
from
white men throughout the world.
The effects of ploidy and a phenotype conferring a
high water-soluble carbohydrate concentration on
carbohydrate accumulation, nutritive value and
morphology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: SMITH K. F. , SIMPSON R. J. , CULVENOR R. A. , HUMPHREYS M. O. , PRUD'HOMME M. P. , ORAM R. N.
Published: July 2002

Tetraploidy or the use of diploid genotypes with genes conferring high water-soluble carbohydrate
concentrations are two mechanisms to increase the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass. This
experiment compared the morphology, nutritive value and diurnal variation in water-soluble
carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of 56-day-old plants from six perennial ryegrass cultivars grown
under controlled environment conditions. Three of these cultivars were diploid (Melle, Aurora and
Cariad) and three were tetraploids (Meltra, Prospero and AberOnyx) which had been derived from
the respective diploid cultivars. Two of the diploid cultivars (Cariad and Aurora) had previously been
selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates. The tetraploid cultivars had fewer
(mean 59), larger tillers than the diploids (mean 83). However, with the exception of Melle and Meltra
the dry matter yield of the diploid cultivars was not significantly different from their tetraploid
derivatives. The effect of tetraploidy on WSC concentrations was dependent on the genetic
background of the cultivars. Melle, which had not been previously selected for increased WSC, had
a significantly lower WSC concentration than its tetraploid derivative, Meltra. However, tetraploidy
did not further increase the WSC concentration in those cultivars previously selected for high WSC
concentrations. WSC concentrations in the leaf of both Aurora and Melle rose by 65–70 g/kg
throughout the photoperiod, suggesting that differences in the total WSC concentration of these
cultivars were not due to any increase in the amount of carbon fixed by Aurora but rather due to
differences in the allocation of carbon during growth and development. This experiment demonstrated
that tetraploidy was not beneficial in improving the WSC concentration of perennial ryegrass when
imposed on two diploid cultivars which had the genetic potential for increased WSC accumulation.
However, tetraploidy significantly increased the WSC concentration and by implication the nutritive
value of a cultivar derived from a perennial ryegrass cultivar with standard WSC concentrations.
New forage species for integration of sheep in rubber
plantations
Authors: NG K. F. , STÜR W. W. , SHELTON H. M.
Published: July 2002

The productivity and persistence of 91 accessions of grasses, legumes
and broad-leaved weeds were
evaluated under young rubber at the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia
Experimental Station at
Sungai Buloh near Kuala Lumpur. The species were chosen from world collections
for their reported
shade tolerance. Two small plot experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1990
and regular harvests
were used to assess yield and persistence. The soil at the site was acidic
(pH 4·7) and infertile, and light
transmission declined from 65 to 20% in Expt 1 and from 90 to 50% in Expt 2.

Pattern and cluster analyses were used to allocate accessions to groups
with similar yield responses.
Grasses which demonstrated both high yield and persistence of yield were
Brachiaria decumbens
MARDI accession, B. humidicola cv. Tully and Panicum maximum
cvs Gatton, Riversdale and
Vencedor. High yielding and persistent legumes were Stylosanthes scabra
cv. Seca and S. guianensis
CIAT 184. Survival of species monitored one year after completion of the
experiment indicated the
good longer term persistence of grasses Stenotaphrum secundatum,
Panicum laxum, Paspalum
notatum, Paspalum wettsteinii, Brachiaria humidicola
and Panicum maximum cv. Vencedor, and
legumes Arachis repens and A. pintoi.
A comparison of management regimes for one-year
rotational set-aside within a sequence of winter wheat
crops, and of growing wheat without interruption.
1. Effects on soil mineral nitrogen, grain yield and quality
Authors: BACON E. T. G. , HEWITT M. V. , SHEPHERD C. E.
Published: July 2002

A series of three experiments on loam to sandy loam soil at Woburn,

all following winter or spring
wheat, tested the effects of six different 1-year set-aside treatments

and crops of winter wheat in 1989,
1990 and 1991 on two following winter wheat test crops. Effects of the
treatments on overwinter
changes in soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) and plant N in the set-aside years

and in the first test crops
were measured, as were the grain yields of both the first and second test
crops.

Differences in net overwinter changes in SMN plus plant N between set-aside
treatments were
variable and dependent on rainfall. During a wet winter, SMN plus plant

N losses were large under
fallow and natural regeneration, intermediate under winter wheat and
small under Italian ryegrass
(Lolium multiflorum). Ryegrass restricted the growth of the
following wheat but yields were unaffected where fertilizer N was
applied. Ryegrass proved difficult to control in the subsequent wheat
test crops. Forage rape (Brassica napus) took up large amounts

of N but after topping did not compete well with weeds.

Yields of the first wheat test crops after winter wheat were smaller
than after the set-aside
treatments, take-all was probably the cause of this yield depression.
No consistent yield differences
were recorded in the second wheat test crops.
β-lactoglobulin variability in Argentinian Holstein cattle
Authors: BONVILLANI A. G. , DI RENZO M. A. , MONTILLA A. , TIRANTI I. N.
Published: July 2002

To determine the genetic variability and population structure of
the
β-lactoglobulin (LGB) locus in
the Argentinian Holstein breed, milk samples from 12 herds at
four locations in Córdoba, Argentina,
were analysed. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of LGB variants were compared
by contingency
tables. A G-test was applied to detect Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium. LGB A allele frequency was 0·43
and B allele frequency was 0·57. Allelic and genotypic
frequencies indicated great homogeneity among
populations. Most of the populations were in Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium. According to the
fixation index, populations were panmictics. The partition of the
F-statistic demonstrated that mating
was at random, although there was a slight excess of heterozygotes, and
there were no genetic
differences among populations. The Shannon–Weaver index
showed that more than 96% of the total
genetic diversity for this locus is attributable to the differences
within each herd. The diversity among
herds within locations and among locations accounted for <4% of
the total variation. Phenograms
obtained by the Nei procedure for genetic distances disclosed the
separation of the herds into two
groups, one with an average frequency of LGB B of 0·61 and the
other with an LGB B frequency
of 0·53. Locations defined two clusters, but the divergence
among populations was not important.
These results indicated that the Argentinian Holstein breed from
Córdoba constitutes one population.
Effects of preceding maize (Zea mays) and cowpea
(Vigna unguiculata) in sole cropping and intercropping
on growth, yield and nitrogen requirement of okra
(Abelmoschus esculentus)
Authors: OLASANTAN F. O.
Published: July 2002

Field experiments were conducted on Alfisols in Nigeria between
1991 and 1993 to determine the
residual effect of maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
on the growth, pod yield and N
response of a succeeding okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) crop. Cowpea
and maize were grown alone
with 30 and 60 kg/ha of N, P and K, respectively, or intercropped with
60 kg/ha as a basal dressing.
The preceding crops had a significant effect on soil nutrient changes,
okra growth and yield, and N
response of okra. Cowpea increased the N, P and K status of the soil in
both sole and mixed stands,
compared with sole maize. Leaf area, pod weight and marketable pod yield
of okra after sole cowpea
or the maize/cowpea intercrop were all significantly higher than after
sole maize. Although the
application of nitrogen to succeeding okra promoted growth and increased
pod yield, this was not
accompanied by an increase in the pod yield of okra after sole cowpea or
the maize/cowpea treatment
beyond 45 kg N/ha. The beneficial effects of the preceding maize/cowpea
intercrop on soil fertility,
okra pod yield and amounts of N required for okra were partly due to the
higher rate of basal
nutrients applied as compared to the effects following sole cowpea.
Net changes in soil and crop nitrogen in relation
to the performance of winter wheat given wide-ranging
annual nitrogen applications at Ropsley, UK
Authors: BHOGAL A. , ROCHFORD A. D. , SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R.
Published: July 2002

The effects of eight rates of nitrogen (N) application (0–245 kg/ha) on the performance of winter
wheat over five seasons (1991–1995) on a long-term field experiment (established 1978) at Ropsley
(UK) are described. In each of the five seasons, N was withdrawn from replicate plots in order to
study the residual effect of fertilizer. N applications in excess of 140 kg/ha left significant residues as
soil mineral N (SMN) in the autumn which, despite some loss over-winter, had a significant effect on
the yield and N offtake of the subsequent crop. The amount of N carried over was equivalent to
8–20% of the fertilizer N and was observed at N applications up to 40 kg/ha lower than the optimum
rate (c. 200 kg/ha). Part of the unrecovered N was also considered to contribute to the long-term
build-up of fertility at the site. The results suggest that restrictions on N use to below the optimum
will reduce leachable N, but may have an impact on soil fertility and future crop productivity. In
addition, the rate of N applied to preceding crops should be taken into account when formulating
fertilizer advice on retentive soils.
Effect of tannic acid on rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of treated soya bean meals in sheep
Authors: HERVÁS G. , FRUTOS P. , SERRANO E. , MANTECÓN A. R. , GIRÁLDEZ F. J.
Published: July 2002

The current experiment was conducted to study the effect of different doses of tannic acid, a
hydrolysable tannin, on ruminal degradation and post-ruminal digestion of treated soya bean meals
(SBM) in sheep. Samples of SBM were prepared by spraying 100 g SBM with 100 ml distilled water
containing 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 or 25 g of commercial tannic acid
(S0, STA1, STA2, STA3, STA4 and STA5,
respectively). Three ruminally cannulated ewes, that had never consumed tannic acid previously, were
used to determine in situ degradability of tannic acid-treated SBM. Intestinal digestibility of protein
remaining after 16 h rumen incubation was estimated in vitro. Extent of rumen degradation of SBMs
was significantly (P < 0·05) affected by the tannic acid treatment. All doses of tannic acid used in this
experiment, even the lowest one (STA1), significantly decreased the extent of N degradation but only
doses higher than that used to treat STA3 reduced the extent of DM degradation. This reduction in
the extent of DM and N degradation was mainly due to a marked decrease in the immediately
degradable fraction (a), which was observed in all treated SBM, and to a lower rate of degradation
(c), observed in meals STA3, STA4 and STA5.
Intestinal digestion of the non-degraded protein was
decreased (P < 0·05) by treatment with the two highest doses of tannic acid (those used to treat meals
STA4 and STA5). It was therefore concluded that tannic acid can exert a negative effect both on rumen
degradation and on intestinal digestion of SBM, this effect being clearly dependent on the dose used
to treat the SBM.