bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control or Treatment? Experiences of People Who have been Psychiatrically Hospitalized in New Brunswick
Authors: Miedema Baukje
Published: October 2014

Retrospective personal accounts of 48 people concerning their admission to, treatment in, and discharge from a psychiatric unit were examined. Analysis reveals that the research participants were poorly informed about their legal rights. One in eight participants did not know whether they were voluntarily or involuntarily admitted. Few participants were ever consulted about their treatment programs or discharge plans. In general, the research participants reported being powerless and having little control over their lives during psychiatric hospitalization.
Single Mothers “At Risk” For Child Maltreatment: An Appraisal of Person-Centred Interventions and a Call for Emancipatory Action
Authors: Febbraro Angela R.
Published: October 2014

In this paper, I explore interventions with single mothers who are “at risk” for perpetrating child maltreatment. I will (a) challenge some of the underlying assumptions and social/political implications of person-centred interventions with single mothers, and (b) identify some of the principles and criteria that might be used to guide and evaluate more emancipatory alternatives. Like other feminist critics of social policy and child welfare, I will suggest that the well-being of children in single-mother families is rooted, not within inherent deficits in the mothering skills of single mothers, but within the disadvantaged position of women—and their children—in patriarchal/capitalist societies. Further, I will suggest that monolithic, decontextualized accounts of single motherhood do not serve the needs of single mothers or their children. Finally, I will conclude that child maltreatment can be prevented, at least in part, through collective action, including politically conscious mutual aid, and broader changes in social and economic policy.
The Protective Role of Day Care for Mainstreamed High-Risk Infants and Preschoolers
Authors: Cohen Nancy J.
Published: October 2014

This paper discusses the protective role of community day care for main-streaming infants and preschoolers exhibiting mental health problems or who are at risk for them. Mainstreaming these children and working with their families places heavy demands on staff, many of whom lack the skills to manage behaviourally and emotionally disturbed children. Changes in the day care training curriculum to include understanding of children's socioemotional and relational needs is required. Mainstreamed settings for children with mental health special needs also can benefit from ongoing input from mental health consultants. The review also discusses the need for empirical research to clarify whether, and under what conditions, day care can support children with mental health problems, and how programs can be tailored to meet the needs of individual children.
An Evaluation of An Anti-Bullying Intervention in Toronto Schools
Authors: Pepler Debra J. , Craig Wendy M. , Ziegler Suzanne , Charach Alice
Published: October 2014

This paper describes the development of the Toronto Anti-Bullying Intervention. The effectiveness of the Anti-Bullying Intervention was examined with quantitative and qualitative data gathered before and 18 months after its implementation.

The results of this research confirm that bullying continues to be a pervasive problem in Toronto schools. There were some improvements in students' reports of bullying as assessed at the individual, peer, and school levels. Over the first 18 months of the program, children reported increased teacher interventions to stop bullying. More bullies indicated that teachers had talked to them, but there were no differences in the proportion of bullies or victims who had discussed their problems with parents. Fewer children indicated that they could join in a bullying episode following the intervention. There was an increase in the number of children who admitted to bullying, but a decrease in the number of children who had been victimized during the past five days. These inconsistent results raise several issues related to implementing the Anti-Bullying Intervention.
L'évaluation D'un Réseau D'Entraide Par Les Pairs Dans Une École Secondaire Après Trois Années De Fonctionnement
Authors: Deschesnes Marthe
Published: October 2014

Cet article décrit un programme de pairs aidants implanté en 1989 dans une école secondaire d'un milieu rural du Québec et présente l'évaluation qui a été faite du programme après trois ans de fonctionnement. Les pairs aidants ont amélioré certaines de leurs habiletés personnelles, le réseau de soutien naturel dans l'école s'est amélioré, et la satisfaction des jeunes aidés est élevée; des effets plus généraux sur le climat scolaire n'ont toutefois pas été observés.
Understanding School Change to Facilitate Prevention: A Study of Change in a Secondary School
Authors: Peirson Leslea , Prilleltensky Isaac
Published: October 2014

The main purpose of this paper is to describe the benefits of employing grounded theory in facilitating primary prevention in schools. In order to do this, we review the main tenets of grounded theory, illustrate how its methodology works, and offer a research example of its application to the study of school change. The research example describes an investigation of the dynamics of change within a high school as perceived by members of the school's community. The information gathered from interview/focus group participants was combined with the work of a school-based committee and the relevant literature to generate a grounded theory of successful school change. The theory integrates a number of factors under three superordinate categories of school change: (a) community ownership, (b) attention to human factors, and (c) proper implementation.
Jeunes Et Toxicomanies Évaluation Des Objectifs Et De L'Implantation Des Activités D'un Programme Concerté De Prévention Et De Promotion De La Santé
Authors: Desjardins Nicole , Kishchuk Natalie , Lamoureux Marie-Christine
Published: October 2014

L'implantation d'un programme régional en prévention des toxicomanies dans la région de Montréal a été rendue possible grâce è l'implication des divers partenaires du milieu. Cet article décrit les démarches de concertation et les activités réalisées dans le cadre de ce programme dans deux quartiers pilotes. De plus, il présente la stratégie évaluative privilégiée et donne des exemples des données recueillies et de leur utilisation par les intervenants. La conclusion porte sur la pertinence des niveaux d'évaluation choisis et sur celle du programme tel qu'implanté dans les quartiers pilotes. De plus, quelques recommandations concernant la généralisation de ce dernier sont formulées.
Resident Participation in the Better Beginnings, Better Futures Prevention Project: Part II-Factors That Facilitate and Hinder Involvement
Authors: Cameron Gary , Peirson Leslea , Pancer S. Mark
Published: October 2014

Resident participation is the cornerstone of any community-based prevention program. However, many challenges exist which make it difficult to involve residents in a meaningful way in the development of such programs. How can programs be organized so as to provide for significant participation of community residents in the process of program development? This article outlines the procedures that were utilized in seven community-based prevention programs established under the Better Beginnings, Better Futures initiative of the Government of Ontario to enlist the participation of community residents in program decision making and implementation.
Bidirectional leader development in sprite‐producing positive cloud‐to‐ground flashes: Origins and characteristics of positive and negative leaders
Authors: van der Velde Oscar A. , Montanyà Joan , Soula Serge , Pineda Nicolau , Mlynarczyk Janusz
Published: October 2014

Thirty‐five sprite‐producing lightning flashes were recorded in nine nights in different seasons at the east coast of Spain with a 3D Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) since July 2011. A low‐frequency time‐of‐arrival network provided data on emissions from return strokes and intracloud processes and a very‐high‐frequency interferometer network produced complementary lightning data. This study analyzes the bidirectional development of flashes in order to understand the positioning and timing of the positive cloud‐to‐ground stroke (+CG) and its consequences for charge neutralization by negative leaders, affecting sprite morphology. A summary of negative leader extents, altitudes, and speeds before and after the + CG stroke is provided, as well as positive leader origins and inferred speeds. Negative leader speeds exhibited modes at 105 and 5 × 105 m s−1. Five examples with different evolutions are discussed: (1) Slow bidirectional development with negative leader termination before the + CG stroke; (2) Fast bidirectional development with the negative leader continuing after the + CG stroke. (3) Slow‐fast bidirectional development with a negative leader exhibiting a sudden lowering and speed increase; (4) Fast secondary bidirectional development from an in‐cloud horizontal positive leader. Negative leaders propagated rapidly into the upper positive charge layer, continuing after the + CG stroke; (5) Slow bidirectional development with a long negative leader (50 km) subject to cutoff while the original positive leader remained trapped inside negative charge. A + CG stroke subsequently occurred under the old negative leader channel. Carrot sprites tended to be associated with fast extending leaders after the stroke, columniform/mixed sprites with slower side branches.
Braiding Rivers: State of the Art and Future Challenges
Authors: Bertoldi Walter , Recking Alain , Surian Nicola
Published: October 2014

Eleven years after the last Braided Rivers Conference in Birmingham, England, a group of 47 scientists from 11 countries met at le Domaine de Sainte Croix, France, to discuss the current state of knowledge and future research directions for braided rivers. Several core themes and research challenges arose from the 5‐day workshop.
AGU Updating Position Statement on Data: Call for Comments
Authors: Hankin Erik
Published: October 2014

AGU is in the process of revising its data accessibility and preservation position statement.
An Update on Tectonics
Authors: Geissman John W. , Faccenna Claudio , Niemi Nathan A.
Published: October 2014

In February 1982, the first issue of Tectonics was published. In the editorial policy statement for the journal, founding editors John Dewey, Paul Tapponier, and Clark Burchfiel wrote, “The central theme of Tectonics is the mechanical and thermal evolution of the lithospheric crust and mantle and the way that this is reflected in cratons, basins and mountains from the broad regional scale to the fine scale.” The editors further stated, “We expect that papers on these and related topics would emanate from a wide variety of earth science disciplines ranging from physical modeling to geological field observation.” Finally, with the confidence from this incredible team of editors, they noted, “We are aiming for a very rapid review process, allowing a maximum of about 1 month between submission and notification to the author of acceptance or rejection.”
Two Students Win AGU Scholarships
Authors: Howard Claire
Published: October 2014

AGU is pleased to announce the winners of two student scholarships. Caterina Brighi is the recipient of the 2014 David S. Miller Young Scientist Scholarship, which recognizes a student of the Earth sciences whose academic work exhibits interest and promise.
Measuring the faint glow of the Earth's thin exosphere
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: October 2014

There is no “edge of space,” no sharp demarcation where the Earth's atmosphere ends and outer space begins. Instead, there is the fuzzy, progressively thinning exosphere, a region filled mostly by neutral hydrogen atoms that stretches from an altitude of 500 kilometers to hundreds of thousands of kilometers above the Earth's surface. So far, the outer detectable limit of the exosphere is around 15.5 Earth radii—roughly half the distance between the Earth and the Moon.
Improved measurements of atmospheric nitrous oxide
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: October 2014

Nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the main greenhouse gases, is known for its degrading effect on Earth's ozone layer. The gas is created naturally by microbial activity on land and in the oceans and artificially by emissions from human‐made processes, through fertilization or burning fossil fuels. As the climate continues to warm, it has become imperative to be able to track and quantify the greenhouse gas content of the atmosphere, and various satellite missions have been launched to do so.
Black carbon reductions in the Arctic tied to declining emissions
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: October 2014

Black carbon, or soot, is now considered to be the second most potent driver of anthropogenic climate change, its effect on global temperatures trailing only that of carbon dioxide. Whereas carbon dioxide emissions spread broadly across the planet, black carbon's effects are far more localized. On broad regional scales, black carbon can have a prominent effect, particularly in polar regions where soot strongly dampens the surface albedo.
Tapti Fault in central India: A serious seismic hazard
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: October 2014

Regions where the continental lithosphere is slowly deforming may be perceived as stable because they are far away from active plate boundaries, but these regions can and do experience large earthquakes. The lithosphere is relatively cool and thick in these areas, so earthquakes can propagate deeper than in more active regions and have large magnitudes. Because these earthquakes are rare, however, surrounding populations may not be well prepared and thus face significant hazard. Therefore, it is important for these slowly deforming regions to be well characterized.
Segmentation and eruptive activity along the East Pacific Rise at 16°N, in relation with the nearby Mathematician hotspot
Authors: Le Saout M. , Deschamps A. , Soule S. A. , Gente P.
Published: October 2014

The 16°N segment of the East Pacific Rise is the most overinflated and shallowest of this fast‐spreading ridge, in relation with an important magma flux due to the proximity of the Mathematician hotspot. Here, we analyze the detailed morphology of the axial dome and of the Axial Summit Trough (AST), the lava morphology, and the geometry of fissures and faults, in regard to the attributes of the magma chamber beneath and of the nearby hotspot. The data used are 1 m resolution bathymetry combined with seafloor photos and videos. At the dome summit, the AST is highly segmented by 10 third‐order and fourth‐order discontinuities over a distance of 30 km. Often, two contiguous and synchronous ASTs coexist. Such a configuration implies a wide (1100 m minimum) zone of diking. The existence of contiguous ASTs, their mobility, their general en echelon arrangement accommodating the bow shape of the axial dome toward the hotspot, plus the existence of a second magma lens under the western half of the summit plateau, clearly reflect the influence of the hotspot on the organization of the spreading system. The different ASTs exhibit contrasted widths and depths. We suggest that narrow ASTs reflect an intense volcanic activity that produces eruptions covering the tectonic features and partially filling the ASTs. AST widening and deepening would indicate a decrease in volcanic activity but with continued dike intrusions at the origin of abundant sets of fissures and faults that are not masked by volcanic deposits.
Observations and modeling of EMIC wave properties in the presence of multiple ion species as function of magnetic local time
Authors: Lee Justin H. , Angelopoulos Vassilis
Published: October 2014

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave generation and propagation in Earth's magnetosphere depend on readily measurable hot (a few to tens of keV) plasma sheet ions, elusive plasmaspheric or ionospheric cold (sub‐eV to a few eV) ions, and partially heated warm ions (tens to hundreds of eV). Previous work has assumed all low‐energy ions are cold and not considered possible effects of warm ions. Using measurements by multiple Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft, we analyze four typical EMIC wave events in the four magnetic local time sectors and consider the properties of both cold and warm ions supplied from previous statistical studies to interpret the wave observations using linear theory. As expected, we find that dusk EMIC waves grow due to the presence of drifting hot anisotropic protons and cold plasmaspheric ions with a dominant cold proton component. Near midnight, EMIC waves are less common because warm heavy ions that suppress wave growth are more abundant there. The waves can grow when cold, plume‐like density enhancements are present, however. Dawn EMIC waves, known for their peculiar properties, are generated away from the equator and change polarization during propagation through the warm plasma cloak. Noon EMIC waves can also be generated nonlocally and their properties modified during propagation by a plasmaspheric plume combined with low‐energy ions from solar and terrestrial sources. Accounting for multiple ion species, measured wave dispersion, and propagation characteristics can explain previously elusive EMIC wave properties and are therefore important for future studies of EMIC wave effects on energetic particle depletion.
Comparing foreshock characteristics and foreshock forecasting in observed and simulated earthquake catalogs
Authors: Ogata Yosihiko , Katsura Koichi
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we compare the empirical results regarding foreshocks obtained from the Japan data with results for synthetic catalogs in order to clarify whether or not the corresponding results are consistent with the description of the seismicity by a superposition of background activity and epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) models. This question is important, because it is still controversially discussed whether the nucleation process of large earthquakes is driven by seismically cascading (ETAS type) or by aseismic accelerating processes. To explore the foreshock characteristics, we first applied the same clustering algorithms to real and synthetic catalogs and analyzed the temporal, spatial, and magnitude distributions of the selected foreshocks. Most properties are qualitatively the same in the real data and in synthetic catalogs. However, we find some quantitative differences particularly in the temporal acceleration, spatial convergence, and magnitude dependence, which also depend on the assumed synthetic catalogs. Furthermore, we calculated forecast scores based on a single‐link cluster algorithm which could be appropriate for real‐time applications. We find that the Japan Meteorological Agency catalog yields higher scores than all synthetic catalogs and that the ETAS models having the same magnitude sequence as the original catalog performs better (more close to the reality) than ETAS models with randomly picked magnitudes. We also find that the ETAS model that takes account of the triggering effect by small earthquakes below threshold magnitude performs more closely to the reality.
Comparison of decadal global water vapor changes derived from independent satellite time series
Authors: Mieruch S. , Schröder M. , Noël S. , Schulz J.
Published: October 2014

We analyze trends in total column water vapor (TCWV) retrieved from independent satellite observations and retrieval schemes. GOME‐SCIAMACHY (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment‐SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) measurements are carried out in the visible part of the solar spectrum and present a partly cloud‐corrected climatology that is available over land and ocean. The HOAPS (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data) product, provided by EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring is based on passive microwave observations from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager. It also includes the TCWV from cloudy pixels but is only available over oceans. The common observation time period is between 1996 and 2005. Due to the relatively short length of the period, the strong interannual variability with strong contributions from El Niño and La Niña events and the strong anomaly at the start of the common period, caused by the 1997/1998 El Niño, the observed trends should not be interpreted as long‐term climate trends. After subtraction of average seasonality from monthly gridded data, a linear model and a level shift model have been fitted to the HOAPS and GOME‐SCIAMACHY data, respectively. Autocorrelation and cross correlation of fit residuals are accounted for in assessing uncertainties in trends. The trends observed in both time series agree within uncertainty margins. This agreement holds true for spatial patterns, magnitudes, and global averages. The consistency increases confidence in the reliability of the trends because the methods, spectral range, and observation technique as well as the satellites and their orbits are completely independent of each other. The similarity of the trends in both data sets is an indication of sufficient stability in the observations for the time period of ≈ 10 years.
Cloud mask over snow‐/ice‐covered areas for the GCOM‐C1/SGLI cryosphere mission: Validations over Greenland
Authors: Chen Nan , Li Wei , Tanikawa Tomonori , Hori Masashiro , Aoki Teruo , Stamnes Knut
Published: October 2014

Cloud detection is a critically important first step required to derive many satellite data products. A novel cloud detection algorithm designed for the cryosphere mission of Global Climate Observation Mission First Climate satellite/Second Generation Global Imager (GCOM‐C1/SGLI) is presented. This reflectance‐based cloud detection scheme mainly utilizes only two short wavelength infrared channels with dynamic thresholds that depend on Sun‐satellite viewing geometry to perform accurate cloud detection over snow/ice surfaces in high latitude as well as high‐elevation regions. Profiles of atmospheric absorbing and scattering molecules as well as surface elevation are considered in the determination of the thresholds for the resulting snow/ice cloud mask (SCM) algorithm. Image‐based tests and statistical results have been used to validate the performance of the SCM over the Greenland plateau. Statistics using collocated Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua observations over Greenland in 2007 show that over snow/ice surfaces the performance of the SCM is generally better than that of the MODIS cloud mask.
Evaluation of convection‐permitting model simulations of cloud populations associated with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation using data collected during the AMIE/DYNAMO field campaign
Authors: Hagos Samson , Feng Zhe , Burleyson Casey D. , Lim Kyo‐Sun Sunny , Long Charles N. , Wu Di , Thompson Greg
Published: October 2014

Regional convection‐permitting model simulations of cloud populations observed during the 2011 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Madden‐Julian Oscillation Investigation Experiment/Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation Experiment (AMIE/DYNAMO) field campaign are evaluated against ground‐based radar and ship‐based observations. Sensitivity of model simulated reflectivity, surface rain rate, and cold pool statistics to variations of raindrop breakup/self‐collection parameters in four state‐of‐the‐art two‐moment bulk microphysics schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is examined. The model simulations generally overestimate reflectivity from large and deep convective cells, and underestimate stratiform rain and the frequency of cold pools. In the sensitivity experiments, introduction of more aggressive raindrop breakup or decreasing the self‐collection efficiency increases the cold pool occurrence frequency in all of the simulations, and slightly reduces the reflectivity and precipitation statistics bias in some schemes but has little effect on the overall mean surface precipitation. Both the radar observations and model simulations of cloud populations show an approximate power law relationship between convective echo‐top height and equivalent convective cell radius.
Assessment of APCC multimodel ensemble prediction in seasonal climate forecasting: Retrospective (1983–2003) and real‐time forecasts (2008–2013)
Authors: Min Young‐Mi , Kryjov Vladimir N. , Oh Sang Myeong
Published: October 2014

Since 2007, the Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Climate Center (APCC) has monthly issued multimodel ensemble (MME) seasonal predictions for 3 months, with 1 month lead time, and disseminated it to APEC member economies. This paper gives a comprehensive documentation of the current status of the APCC operational multimodel performance, with a large set of retrospective (1983–2003) and real‐time (2008–2013) predictions of temperature and precipitation. In order to investigate the enhancement in seasonal predictability that can be achieved by empirically weighted MME (using multiple regression) and calibrated MME (by correcting single‐model prediction using a stepwise pattern projection method) schemes, operationally implemented at the APCC, we compare them with a simple averaged MME (with equal weightings), for predicting seasonal mean temperature and precipitation 1 month ahead. The results indicate that the simple averaged MME consistently outperforms the multiple regression‐based MMEs, when considering all aspects of the predictions from operational prediction systems (i.e., in different variables, regions, and seasons) whereas the calibrated MME shows the capability to reduce errors and improve forecast skills in a large proportion of cases. The possible causes of the failure and success of the different MME methods implemented in the APCC operations are discussed.
Increasing the detectability of external influence on precipitation by correcting feature location in GCMs
Authors: Levy Adam A. L. , Jenkinson Mark , Ingram William , Lambert F. Hugo , Huntingford Chris , Allen Myles
Published: October 2014

Understanding how precipitation varies as the climate changes is essential to determining the true impact of global warming. This is a difficult task not only due to the large internal variability observed in precipitation but also because of a limited historical record and large biases in simulations of precipitation by general circulation models (GCMs). Here we make use of a technique that spatially and seasonally transforms GCM fields to reduce location biases and investigate the potential of this bias correction to study historical changes. We use two versions of this bias correction—one that conserves intensities and another that conserves integrated precipitation over transformed areas. Focussing on multimodel ensemble means, we find that both versions reduce RMS error in the historical trend by approximately 11% relative to the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) data set. By regressing GCMs' historical simulations of precipitation onto radiative forcings, we decompose these simulations into anthropogenic and natural time series. We then perform a simple detection and attribution study to investigate the impact of reducing location biases on detectability. A multiple ordinary least squares regression of GPCP onto the anthropogenic and natural time series, with the assumptions made, finds anthropogenic detectability only when spatial corrections are applied. The result is the same regardless of which form of conservation is used and without reducing the dimensionality of the fields beyond taking zonal means. While “detectability” is dependent both on the exact methodology and the confidence required, this nevertheless demonstrates the potential benefits of correcting location biases in GCMs when studying historical precipitation, especially in cases where a signal was previously undetectable.
A positive feedback between magmatism and mantle upwelling in terrestrial planets: Implications for the Moon
Authors: Ogawa Masaki
Published: October 2014

A series of two‐dimensional numerical models of magmatism and mantle convection in small planetary bodies are presented to discuss how the small size of the Moon exerts control over its mantle evolution. Mantle convection is modeled by a solid‐state convection of internally heated materials with temperature‐dependent viscosity. Magmatism is modeled as upward permeable flow of basaltic magma generated by decompression melting of upwelling mantle materials. Migration of the generated magma causes compaction/expansion of the coexisting matrix. The volume change of matrix and the buoyancy of magma induced by magmatism enhance the upwelling flow and hence the magmatism itself, when the Rayleigh number exceeds a threshold that is around the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of thermal convection. This positive feedback makes magmatism vigorous and episodic and causes efficient cooling and stirring of the mantle in large planets like Venus and the Earth. In small planetary bodies where the Rayleigh number is lower than the threshold, however, magmatism occurs more continuously with a characteristic time of several hundred million years, cooling and convective stirring of the mantle caused by magmatism are less important, and a compositionally stratified structure develops in the mantle. These features of magmatism and mantle structure fit in with the observations on the Moon. The positive feedback is a key to understanding why the evolution of the lunar mantle is so different from that of lager planets like the Earth and Venus.
Hydrological response to multiple large distant earthquakes in the Mile well, China
Authors: Shi Zheming , Wang Guangcai
Published: October 2014

Groundwater level changes of up to 0.716 m and temperature changes of up to 0.0708°C have been observed in the Mile well, Yunnan Province, China, in response to earthquakes with a seismic energy density exceeding 1 × 10−3 J⋅m−3 from 2004 to 2012. Sustained water level changes, however, only occurred in earthquakes with a surface wave magnitude Ms ≥ 8.0. Groundwater temperature and permeability changes also only occurred following such large earthquakes. This indicates that larger earthquakes (with Ms ≥ 8.0) are more effective at triggering hydrologic responses than smaller earthquakes. The amplitudes of changes in groundwater level and groundwater temperature were positively correlated, indicating that temperature changes are possibly caused by advection‐diffusion and mixing following groundwater inflows into the well. We used a tidal response as a proxy to investigate aquifer properties, showing that the changes in groundwater level and temperature correlate well with phase shift and tidal factor. Based on the aquifer parameters calculated from the tidal response using the M2 wave, we found that amplitudes of inferred changes in transmissivity and storage coefficient have a positive relationship with the groundwater level and temperature changes. The scale of transmissivity change was much larger than that of the storage coefficient. We interpret the co‐seismic changes in groundwater level and temperature in the Mile well to be due to changes of permeability in the aquifer due to unclogging of fractures induced by seismic waves.
Height changes over subglacial Lake Vostok, East Antarctica: Insights from GNSS observations
Authors: Richter Andreas , Popov Sergey V. , Fritsche Mathias , Lukin Valery V. , Matveev Alexey Yu. , Ekaykin Alexey A. , Lipenkov Vladimir Ya. , Fedorov Denis V. , Eberlein Lutz , Schröder Ludwig , Ewert Heiko , Horwath Martin , Dietrich Reinhard
Published: October 2014

Height changes of the ice surface above subglacial Lake Vostok, East Antarctica, reflect the integral effect of different processes within the subglacial environment and the ice sheet. Repeated GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) observations on 56 surface markers in the Lake Vostok region spanning 11 years and continuous GNSS observations at Vostok station over 5 years are used to determine the vertical firn particle movement. Vertical marker velocities are derived with an accuracy of 1 cm/yr or better. Repeated measurements of surface height profiles around Vostok station using kinematic GNSS observations on a snowmobile allow the quantification of surface height changes at 308 crossover points. The height change rate was determined at 1 ± 5 mm/yr, thus indicating a stable ice surface height over the last decade. It is concluded that both the local mass balance of the ice and the lake level of the entire lake have been stable throughout the observation period. The continuous GNSS observations demonstrate that the particle heights vary linearly with time. Nonlinear height changes do not exceed ±1 cm at Vostok station and constrain the magnitude of spatiotemporal lake‐level variations. ICESat laser altimetry data confirm that the amplitude of the surface deformations over the lake is restricted to a few centimeters. Assuming the ice sheet to be in steady state over the entire lake, estimates for the surface accumulation, on basal accretion/melt rates and on flux divergence, are derived.
Using dissolved organic matter age and composition to detect permafrost thaw in boreal watersheds of interior Alaska
Authors: O'Donnell Jonathan A. , Aiken George R. , Walvoord Michelle A. , Raymond Peter A. , Butler Kenna D. , Dornblaser Mark M. , Heckman Katherine
Published: October 2014

Recent warming at high latitudes has accelerated permafrost thaw, which can modify soil carbon dynamics and watershed hydrology. The flux and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soils to rivers are sensitive to permafrost configuration and its impact on subsurface hydrology and groundwater discharge. Here, we evaluate the utility of DOM composition and age as a tool for detecting permafrost thaw in three rivers (Beaver, Birch, and Hess Creeks) within the discontinuous permafrost zone of interior Alaska. We observed strong temporal controls on Δ14C content of hydrophobic acid isolates (Δ14C‐HPOA) across all rivers, with the most enriched values occurring during spring snowmelt (75 ± 8‰) and most depleted during winter flow (−21 ± 8‰). Radiocarbon ages of winter flow samples ranged from 35 to 445 yr BP, closely tracking estimated median base flow travel times for this region (335 years). During spring snowmelt, young DOM was composed of highly aromatic, high molecular‐weight compounds, whereas older DOM of winter flow had lower aromaticity and molecular weight. We observed a significant correlation between Δ14C‐HPOA and UV absorbance coefficient at 254 nm (α254) across all study rivers. Using α254 as an optical indicator for Δ14C‐HPOA, we also observed a long‐term decline in α254 during maximum annual thaw depth over the last decade at the Hess Creek study site. These findings suggest a shift in watershed hydrology associated with increasing active layer thickness. Further development of DOM optical indicators may serve as a novel and inexpensive tool for detecting permafrost degradation in northern watersheds.
Controls on mixing‐dependent denitrification in hyporheic zones induced by riverbed dunes: A steady state modeling study
Authors: Hester Erich T. , Young Katie I. , Widdowson Mark A.
Published: October 2014

The hyporheic zone is known to attenuate contaminants originating from surface water, yet the ability of the hyporheic zone to attenuate contaminants in upwelling groundwater plumes as they exit to surface water is less understood. We used MODFLOW and SEAM3D to simulate hyporheic flow cells induced by riverbed dunes and upwelling groundwater together with mixing‐dependent denitrification of an upwelling nitrate (
) plume. Our base case modeled labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) advecting from surface water, and DO and
advecting from groundwater, typical of certain agricultural areas. We conducted sensitivity analyses that showed mixing‐dependent denitrification in the hyporheic zone increased with increasing hydraulic conductivity (K), decreasing lower boundary flux, and increasing DOC in surface water or
in groundwater. Surface water DOC, groundwater
, and K were the most sensitive parameters affecting mixing‐dependent denitrification. Nonmixing‐dependent denitrification also occurred when there was surface water
, and its magnitude was often greater than mixing‐dependent denitrification. Nevertheless, mixing‐dependent reactions provide functions that nonmixing‐dependent reactions cannot, with potential for hyporheic zones to attenuate upwelling
plumes, depending on geomorphic, hydraulic, and biogeochemical conditions. Stream and river restoration efforts may be able to increase mixing‐dependent reactions by promoting natural processes that promote bedform creation and augment labile carbon sources.
Flavonoid‐Modified Surfaces: Multifunctional Bioactive Biomaterials with Osteopromotive, Anti‐Inflammatory, and Anti‐Fibrotic Potential
Authors: Córdoba Alba , Satué María , Gómez‐Florit Manuel , Hierro‐Oliva Margarita , Petzold Christiane , Lyngstadaas Staale P. , González‐Martín María Luisa , Monjo Marta , Ramis Joana M.
Published: October 2014

Flavonoids are small polyphenolic molecules of natural origin with antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Here, a bioactive surface based on the covalent immobilization of flavonoids taxifolin and quercitrin on titanium substrates is presented, using (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as coupling agent. FTIR and XPS measurements confirm the grafting of the flavonoids to the surfaces. Using 2‐aminoethyl diphenylborinate (DPBA, a flavonoid‐specific dye), the modified surfaces are imaged by fluorescence microscopy. The bioactivity of the flavonoid‐modified surfaces is evaluated in vitro with human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC‐MSCs) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and compared to that of simple flavonoid coatings prepared by drop casting. Flavonoid‐modified surfaces show anti‐inflammatory and anti‐fibrotic potential on HGF. In addition, Ti surfaces covalently functionalized with flavonoids promote the differentiation of hUC‐MSCs to osteoblasts—enhancing the expression of osteogenic markers, increasing alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition; while drop‐casted surfaces do not. These findings could have a high impact in the development of advanced implantable medical devices like bone implants. Given the broad range of bioactivities of flavonoid compounds, these surfaces are ready to be explored for other biomedical applications, e.g., as stent surface or tumor‐targeted functionalized nanoparticles for cardiovascular or cancer therapies.
Organocatalysis in Enantioselective α‐Functionalization of 2‐Cyanoacetates
Authors: Díaz‐de‐Villegas María D. , Gálvez José A. , Badorrey Ramón , López‐Ram‐de‐Víu Pilar
Published: October 2014

Recent progress in asymmetric organocatalysis has led to the development of several asymmetric transformations that employ various substrates. Among these, cyanoacetates have emerged as excellent nucleophiles in conjugate addition, alkylation, Mannich and α‐heterofunctionalization reactions. In this review we discuss the enantioselective functionalization of 2‐cyanoacetates through organocatalytic reactions.

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N‐Imide Ylide‐Based Reactions: CH Functionalization, Nucleophilic Addition and Cycloaddition
Authors: Qiu Guanyinsheng , Kuang Yunyan , Wu Jie
Published: October 2014

As valuable building blocks for introducing nitrogen, N‐imide ylides represent an important class of reactive species and are synthons for the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles that potentially have biological activities. During the past decades, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the tandem processes involving N‐imide ylides as well as their asymmetric applications. In particular, several types of N‐imide ylide‐based reactions have been established, such as CH functionalization, nucleophilic addition, and cycloaddition, etc. In this review, recent advances in N‐imide ylides chemistry are presented ordered according to the sequence of various reaction types.

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“Lucy” (A.L. 288‐1) had five sacral vertebrae
Authors: Russo Gabrielle A. , Williams Scott A.
Published: October 2014

A “long‐backed” scenario of hominin vertebral evolution posits that early hominins possessed six lumbar vertebrae coupled with a high frequency of four sacral vertebrae (7:12‐13:6:4), a configuration acquired from a hominin‐panin last common ancestor (PLCA) having a vertebral formula of 7:13:6‐7:4. One founding line of evidence for this hypothesis is the recent assertion that the “Lucy” sacrum (A.L. 288‐1an, Australopithecus afarensis) consists of four sacral vertebrae and a partially‐fused first coccygeal vertebra (Co1), rather than five sacral vertebrae as in modern humans. This study reassesses the number of sacral vertebrae in Lucy by reexamining the distal end of A.L.288‐1an in the context of a comparative sample of modern human sacra and Co1 vertebrae, and the sacrum of A. sediba (MH2). Results demonstrate that, similar to S5 in modern humans and A. sediba, the last vertebra in A.L. 288‐1an exhibits inferiorly‐projecting (right side) cornua and a kidney‐shaped inferior body articular surface. This morphology is inconsistent with that of fused or isolated Co1 vertebrae in humans, which either lack cornua or possess only superiorly‐projecting cornua, and have more circularly‐shaped inferior body articular surfaces. The level at which the hiatus' apex is located is also more compatible with typical five‐element modern human sacra and A. sediba than if only four sacral vertebrae are present. Our observations suggest that A.L. 288‐1 possessed five sacral vertebrae as in modern humans; thus, sacral number in “Lucy” does not indicate a directional change in vertebral count that can provide information on the PLCA ancestral condition. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:295–303, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Infant feeding practice in medieval Japan: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human skeletons from Yuigahama‐minami
Authors: Tsutaya Takumi , Shimomi Akina , Nagaoka Tomohito , Sawada Junmei , Hirata Kazuaki , Yoneda Minoru
Published: October 2014

A longer breastfeeding duration provides various positive effects in subadult health because of abundant immunological factors and nutrients in human breast milk, and decreases the natural fertility of a population through lactational amenorrhea. In this study, we measured stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in the bone collagen of three adults and 45 subadults from the Yuigahama‐minami site (from 12th to 14th century) in Kamakura, the early medieval capital of Japan. Marine foods, C3‐based terrestrial foods, and freshwater fish are the primarily protein sources for adults. The changes in the nitrogen isotope ratios of subadults suggest that the relative dietary protein contribution from breast milk started to decrease from 1.1 years of age and ended at 3.8 years. The age at the end of weaning in the Yuigahama‐minami population was greater than that in the typical non‐industrial populations, a premodern population in the Edo period Japan, and medieval populations in the UK. Skeletons of townspeople from medieval Kamakura indicate severe nutritional stress (e.g., enamel hypoplasia and cribra orbitalia), yet this longer duration of breastfeeding did not compensate adverse effects for nutritional deficiency. The longer breastfeeding period may have been a consequence of complementary food shortage and bad health of subadults. Kamakura experienced urbanization and population increase in the early medieval period. The younger age‐at‐death distribution and high nutritional stresses in the Yuigahama‐minami population and later weaning, which is closely associated with longer inter‐birth interval for mothers, suggests that Kamakura developed and increased its population by immigration during urbanization. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:241–251, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Formation of Intermetalloid Clusters: Titanocene(III)diammin as a Versatile Reactant Toward Nonastannide Zintl Clusters
Authors: Benda Christian B. , Waibel Markus , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: October 2014

The reactivity of TiCp2Cl2 (d0) towards Zintl clusters was studied in liquid ammonia (Cp=cyclopentadienyl). Reduction of TiIVCp2Cl2 and ligand exchange led to the formation of [TiIIICp2(NH3)2]+, also obtainable by recrystallization of [CpTiIIICl]2. Upon reaction with [K4Sn9], ligand exchange leads to [TiCp2(η1‐Sn9)(NH3)]3−. A small variation of the stoichiometry led to the formation of [Ti(η4‐Sn8)Cp]3−, which cocrystallizes with [TiCp2(NH3)2]+ and [TiCp2(η1‐Sn9)(NH3)]3−. Finally, the large intermetalloid cluster anion [Ti4Sn15Cp5]n− (n=4 or 5) was obtained from the reaction of K12Sn17 and TiCp2Cl2 in liquid ammonia. The isolation of three side products, [K([18]crown‐6)]Cp, [K([18]crown‐6)]Cp(NH3), and [K([2.2]crypt)]Cp, suggests a stepwise elimination of the Cl− and Cp− ligands from TiCp2Cl2 and thus gives a hint to the mechanism of the product formation in which [Ti(η4+2‐Sn8)Cp]3− has a key role.
Targeted Imaging and Proteomic Analysis of Tumor‐Associated Glycans in Living Animals
Authors: Xie Ran , Dong Lu , Huang Rongbing , Hong Senlian , Lei Ruoxing , Chen Xing
Published: October 2014

Although it has been well known that dynamic changes in glycosylation are associated with tumor progression, it remains challenging to selectively visualize the cancer glycome in vivo. Herein, a strategy for the targeted imaging of tumor‐associated glycans by using ligand‐targeted liposomes encapsulating azidosugars is described. The intravenously injected liposomal nanoparticles selectively bound to the cancer‐cell‐specific receptors and installed azides into the melanoma glycans in a xenograft mouse model in a tissue‐specific manner. Subsequently, a copper‐free click reaction was performed in vivo to chemoselectively conjugate the azides with a near‐infrared fluorescent dye. The glycosylation dynamics during tumor growth were monitored by in vivo fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, the newly synthesized sialylated glycoproteins were enriched during tumor growth and identified by glycoproteomics. Compared with the labeling methods using free azidosugars, this method offers improved labeling efficiency and high specificity and should facilitate the elucidation of the functional role of glycans in cancer biology.
Shedding Light on the Extinction‐Enhancement Duality in Gold Nanostar‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Ming , Kang Jeon Woong , Dasari Ramachandra Rao , Barman Ishan
Published: October 2014

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has evolved from an esoteric physical phenomenon to a robust and effective analytical method recently. The need of addressing both the field enhancement and the extinction of nanoparticle suspensions, however, has been underappreciated despite its substantive impact on the sensing performance. A systematic experimental investigation of SERS enhancement and attenuation is performed in suspensions of gold nanostars, which exhibit a markedly different behavior in relation to conventional nanoparticles. The relationship is elucidated between the SERS enhancement and the localized surface plasmon resonance band, and the effect of the concentration of the gold nanostars on the signal propagation is investigated. It is shown that an optimal concentration of gold nanostars exists to maximize the enhancement factor (EF), and the maximum EF occurs when the LSPR band is blue‐shifted from the excitation wavelength rather than at the on‐resonance position.