bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interstitial Pneumonia With Autoimmune Features
Authors: Wilfong Erin M. , Lentz Robert J. , Guttentag Adam , Tolle James J. , Johnson Joyce E. , Kropski Jonathan A. , Kendall Peggy L. , Blackwell Timothy S. , Crofford Leslie J.
Published: July 2018

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue disease (CTD)–associated ILD. While some patients meet clear classification criteria for a systemic rheumatic disease, a subset of patients do not meet classification criteria but still benefit from immunosuppressive therapy. In 2015, the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society described classification criteria for interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) to identify patients with lung‐predominant CTD who lack sufficient features of a systemic rheumatic disease to meet classification criteria. Although these criteria are imperfect, they are an important attempt to classify the patient with undifferentiated disease for future study. Rheumatologists play a key role in the evaluation of potential IPAF in patients, especially as many patients with a myositis‐spectrum disease (e.g., non–Jo‐1 antisynthetase syndrome, anti–melanoma differentiation–associated protein 5 antibody inflammatory myositis, or anti–PM/Scl antibody–associated inflammatory myositis) would be classified under IPAF using the currently available criteria for inflammatory myositis, and would therefore benefit from rheumatologic comanagement. The aim of this review was to describe the historical context that led to the development of these criteria and to discuss the limitations of the current criteria, diagnostic challenges, treatment options, and strategies for disease monitoring.
Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1 Engagement Inhibits T Cell–B Cell Interaction and Diminishes Interleukin‐6 Production and Plasmablast Differentiation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Karampetsou Maria P. , Comte Denis , Suárez‐Fueyo Abel , Katsuyama Eri , Yoshida Nobuya , Kono Michihito , Kyttaris Vasileios C. , Tsokos George C.
Published: July 2018

Objective

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 (SLAMF1) homophilic interactions promote immunoglobulin production and T cell–B cell cross‐talk. SLAMF1 is overexpressed on T and B cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study was undertaken to determine the role of SLAMF1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in modulating T cell–B cell interaction and B cell activation.

Methods

Anti‐IgM–prestimulated naive or total B cells from either healthy donors or patients with SLE were cocultured with autologous T cells under CD3/CD28 stimulation, in the presence or absence of the SLAMF1 mAb. Naive B cells were stimulated with anti‐IgM and CD40L in the presence of the SLAMF1 antibody. Cytokine production by CD4+ T cells and B cells was examined by flow cytometry and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Plasmablast formation and T cell and B cell conjugates were assessed by flow cytometry. IgG and antinuclear antibody production was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

SLAMF1 ligation in a human peripheral blood T cell–B cell culture system reduced the following in both healthy controls and patients with SLE: conjugate formation, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) production by B cells, IL‐21 and IL‐17A production by T cells, and Ig and autoantibody production. Whereas the SLAMF1 mAb directly affected the function of isolated peripheral B cells by decreasing IL‐6 and Ig production in vitro, it did not affect cytokine production by isolated T cells stimulated in vitro.

Conclusion

The SLAMF1 antibody inhibits T cell–B cell interaction and suppresses B cell cytokine production and differentiation, thereby acting as a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of patients with SLE.
Towards a new sociological model of fiction reading
Authors: Birdi Briony , Ford Nigel
Published: July 2018

Although much previous research has considered how we read, less attention has been paid to why we read, and the influence not only of individual or text‐related factors on a reader's intention to read, but also of broader societal factors. This article presents a novel, empirically‐based model of fiction reading in a public library context, taking into account the characteristics differentiating the readers of individual fiction genres. It begins with a literature review of factors motivating a reading choice or habit, and of the effects of reading different fiction genres, before introducing three previous studies by the first author into readers’ attitudes towards, and engagement with, fiction and selected fiction genres. The methodologies are then summarized both for the three previous studies and the present study. The authors present a combined analysis that integrates the findings of the previous studies in order to generate a new, evidence‐based model for the reading of fiction genres. Incorporating both demographic and motivational aspects, this model illustrates how the broad themes of the fiction reader profile interrelate, giving them a new causal ordering. Finally, there is a discussion of the implications of this work for library and information science research and practitioner communities.
Formation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase at Constant Potentials: a Model Study on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite
Authors: Antonopoulos Byron K. , Maglia Filippo , Schmidt‐Stein Felix , Schmidt Jan P. , Hoster Harry E.
Published: July 2018

The front cover artwork is provided by the BMW Group and Lancaster University. The image illustrates the evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium‐ion battery anodes during its formation and the probing of its electrochemical properties via the ferrocene outer–sphere reaction.

Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/batt.201800029.
Selection criterion of work matrix as a function of limiting estimates of the covariance matrix of correlated data in GEE
Authors: Silva Jackelya Araujo Da , Cirillo Marcelo Angelo
Published: July 2018

The modeling of generalized estimating equations used in the analysis of longitudinal data whether in continuous or discrete variables, necessarily requires the prior specification of a correlation matrix in its iterative process in order to obtain the estimates of the regression parameters. Such a matrix is called working correlation matrix and its incorrect specification produces less efficient estimates for the model parameters. Due to this fact, this study aims to propose a selection criterion of working correlation matrix based on the covariance matrix estimates of correlated responses resulting from the limiting values of the association parameter estimates. For validation of the criterion, we used simulation studies considering normal and binary correlated responses. Compared to some criteria in the literature, it was concluded that the proposed criterion resulted in a better performance when the correlation structure for exchangeable working correlation matrix was considered as true structure in the simulated samples and for large samples, the proposed criterion showed similar behavior to the other criteria, resulting in higher success rates.
Comparing two variations of the high‐probability instructional sequence to improve food consumption with a child with autism
Authors: Trejo Mayra J. , Fryling Mitch J.
Published: July 2018

The present study evaluates the effects of two variations of the high‐probability (Hi P) instructional sequence with a child with autism spectrum disorder. In one variation, the Hi P task was topographically similar to the low‐probability task of food consumption, whereas the second variation involved Hi P tasks that were not topographically similar to the low‐probability task. Results show that both variations of the Hi P sequence were effective at improving consumption and reducing inappropriate mealtime behavior. The participant's mother chose a preferred variation of the Hi P intervention to pursue systematic fading with, the topographically similar Hi P sequence. Consumption remained high and inappropriate mealtime behavior remained low throughout the fading process. Implications for continued research and practice in the area of feeding intervention are provided.
Preoperative radiation may improve the outcomes of resectable IIIA/N2 non‐small‐cell lung cancer patients: A propensity score matching‐based analysis from surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database
Authors: Chen Dawei , Wang Haiyong , Song Xinyu , Yue Jinbo , Yu Jinming
Published: July 2018

Background

There are several therapeutic strategies for the management of resectable stage IIIA/N2 non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, the role of radiotherapy as a preoperative adjuvant therapy is unclear.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data of stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC patients who either underwent preoperative radiation (PrORT), or did not undergo preoperative radiation, collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, between 2004 and 2013. The primary endpoints were cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

Ultimately, 493 patients treated with preoperative radiation and 2675 patients treated who were not treated with preoperative radiation, were included in the analysis. Overall, preoperative radiation was associated with a better CSS (HR: 1.427 [1.297‐1.572], P = 0.014) and OS (HR: 1.220 [1.131‐1.493], P = 0.002) than that observed in patients who did not undergo preoperative radiation. After PSM, preoperative radiation still showed advantage in both CSS and OS. Only age, T stage, and preoperative radiation remained independent prognostic factors for both OS and CSS. In the subgroup analysis, the advantages of preoperative radiotherapy were more pronounced in patients with stage T3 tumors and highly differentiated tumors.

Conclusions

Preoperative radiation may improve the outcomes of resectable IIIA/N2 NSCLC patients. In IIIA/N2 NSCLC patients, particularly with T3 and highly differentiated tumors, clinicians should boldly apply preoperative radiotherapy to improve the patients' survival.
EBV‐positive, HHV8‐negative large B‐cell lymphoma with an unusual germinotropic growth pattern in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Asakrah Saja K. , Bhargava Parul , Bryke Christine R.
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Clinicopathologic and cytogenetic findings of an unusual EBV+ve, HHV8−ve germinotropic lymphoma, with a nongerminal center immunophenotype occurring in an immunocompetent individual, are presented. A comprehensive literature search revealed a single report of three similar cases. These may represent a unique subset of EBV‐positive large B‐cell lymphomas in immunocompetent individuals.
π‐Allylpalladium Species in Micelles of FI‐750‐M for Sustainable and General Suzuki‐Miyaura Couplings of Unactivated Quinoline Systems in Water
Authors: Handa Sachin , Ibrahim Faisal , Ansari Tharique N. , Gallou Fabrice
Published: July 2018

General, clean, and sustainable Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐couplings of 2‐and 4‐quinoline and isoquinoline systems have been demonstrated with use of π‐allyl Pd catalyst in the nanomicelles of environmentally benign, proline‐derived surfactant FI‐750‐M. Optimized reaction conditions mostly provided good‐to‐excellent yields up to gram‐scale with high selectivity and functional group tolerance. Control studies revealed the long‐term stability of the catalyst in FI‐750‐M. Both the catalyst and micellar reaction medium have been recycled. The behavior of the nanomicelles has been elucidated with DLS and cryo‐TEM measurements, and mechanistic investigations have revealed the reversible binding of quinoline nitrogen with palladium that competitively inhibits reaction rate.
Analysis of 2D DNA Origami with Nanopipettes
Authors: Raveendran Mukhil , Lee Andrew J. , Wälti Christoph , Actis Paolo
Published: July 2018

Nanopipettes are a useful tool for the detection and analysis of biological molecules at the single‐molecule level. Here, we employ nanopipettes fabricated from glass capillaries to identify differently structured 2D DNA origami through the distinctive amplitude and dwell time of the ion current peak resulting from the translocation of the origami through the nanopipette pore. We demonstrate that the ion current peak originating from frame‐like DNA origami comprises two individual peaks in contrast to solid tiles of similar size that only lead to a single peak in the ion current. Interestingly, the fine details of the shape of the double‐peak characteristic of the translocation of DNA origami frames are correlated with the structural features of the DNA origami. In particular, the size of the central cavity governs the lag time between the two constituent peaks of the double‐peak. This work demonstrates the ability of glass nanopipettes to identify and characterize differently structured DNA origami of similar size, advancing the potential of nanopipettes for high‐sensitivity single‐molecule studies.
MOF‐Derived Bifunctional Iron Oxide and Iron Phosphide Nanoarchitecture Photoelectrode for Neutral Water Splitting
Authors: Shit Subhash Chandra , Mondal Indranil , Pendem Saikiran , Bai Linyi , Park Jeong Young , Mondal John
Published: July 2018

The rational design of effective and inexpensive electrocatalysts for solar‐powered water splitting is under intense focus to overcome barriers during half‐cell reactions. Towards addressing this issue, we designed and sequentially synthesized Fe2O3 and FeP nanoparticles encapsulated on a carbonaceous matrix nanoarchitecture (Fe2O3@C and FeP@C) from an Fe‐based 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate framework (Fe‐MIL‐88B) through high‐temperature pyrolysis followed by a solid‐/gas‐phase low‐temperature phosphidation process. These nanoparticles were employed as bifunctional electrocatalysts deposited onto a Si photoelectrode assembly. The changes in morphological and electronic properties of the as‐prepared catalysts were investigated after controlled heat treatment. As‐synthesized Fe2O3@C/Si and FeP@C/Si were found to be superior bifunctional photoelectrodes in a neutral aqueous medium under simulated solar irradiation of 100 mW cm−2. Fe2O3@C/Si exhibited high activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), providing a photoanodic current density of 2.5 mA cm−2 at 1.65 V (vs. RHE), which was driven by the type‐II heterojunction model in the Fe2O3@C/Si system. In parallel, the FeP@C/Si materials exhibited noticeable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity, generating 10 mA cm−2 cathodic current at −0.07 V (vs. RHE). The varied performance could be attributed to the bulk size dependency of the crystalline Fe2O3 phase on the conductive sp2‐hybridized carbon framework and an intrinsic synergetic effect in the FeP@C, which originates from electronic interactions between Fe and P with high porosity, and which permits easy diffusion of the electrolyte and efficient electron transfer during hydrogen generation.
Solvent and Ligand Substitution Effects on the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with [Mo(CO)4(x,x′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine)] (x=4–6) Enhanced at a Gold Cathodic Surface
Authors: Taylor James O. , Leavey Roisín D. , Hartl František
Published: July 2018

A series of molybdenum tetracarbonyl complexes with dimethyl‐substituted 2,2′‐bipyridine (dmbipy) ligands were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) combined with infrared spectroelectrochemistry (IR‐SEC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) to explore their potential in a reduced state to trigger electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO. Addressed is their ability to take advantage of a low‐energy, CO‐dissociation two‐electron ECE pathway available only at an Au cathode. A comparison is made with the reference complex bearing unsubstituted 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy). The methyl substitution in the 6,6′ position has a large positive impact on the catalytic efficiency. This behavior is ascribed to the advantageous positioning of the steric bulk of the methyl groups, which further facilitate CO dissociation from the one‐electron‐reduced parent radical anion. On the contrary, the substitution in the 4,4′ position appears to have a negative impact on the catalytic performance, exerting a strong stabilizing effect on the π‐accepting CO ligands and, in THF, preventing exploitation of the low‐energy dissociative pathway.
Synthetic Evolution of the Multifarene Cavity from Planar Predecessors
Authors: Swamy P Chinna Ayya , Solel Ephrath , Reany Ofer , Keinan Ehud
Published: July 2018

The stepwise evolution of curved multifarene structures from planar precursors is demonstrated, highlighting three architectural design elements: 1) employment of various aromatic units, 2) changing the hybridization of the linking atoms from sp2 to sp3, and 3) rigidification of the system by the introduction of five‐membered rings. Similar design elements have been employed to transform graphene sheets into curved carbon structures. Specifically, the stepwise synthetic evolution of multifarene[2+2], which has a curved, quite rigid structure, begins with a planar, tetraimine precursor, conversion to pairs of vicinal diamines, and the transformation of these pairs to cyclic thiourea groups. This process was probed by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. Since varying the carbonylation conditions resulted in carbamates or thiocarbamates rather than the urea or thiourea isomers, the isomeric interconversion was studied both experimentally and by DFT computations. The carbamate versus urea preference was found to reflect either kinetic or thermodynamic control, respectively.
Exploiting Peptidomimetics to Synthesize Compounds That Activate Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channels
Authors: Robinson Ken , Easton Christopher J. , Dulhunty Angela F. , Casarotto Marco G.
Published: July 2018

Ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+‐release channels are essential for contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle and are prime targets for modification of contraction in disorders that affect either the skeletal or heart musculature. We designed and synthesized a number of compounds with structures based on a naturally occurring peptide (A peptides) that modifies the activity of RyRs. In total, 34 compounds belonging to eight different classes were prepared. The compounds were screened for their ability to enhance Ca2+ release from isolated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles, with 25 displaying enhanced Ca2+ release. Competition studies with the parent peptides indicated that the synthetic compounds act at a competing site. The activity of the most effective of the compounds, BIT 180, was further explored using Ca2+ release from skeletal SR vesicles and contraction in intact skeletal muscle fibers. The compounds did not alter tension in intact fibers, indicating that (as expected) they are not membrane permeable, but importantly, that they are not toxic to the intact cells. Proof in principal that the compounds would be effective in intact muscle fibers if rendered membrane permeable was obtained with a structurally related membrane‐permeable scorpion toxin (imperatoxin A), which was found to enhance contraction.
Direct Comparison of SIRT2 Inhibitors: Potency, Specificity, Activity‐Dependent Inhibition, and On‐Target Anticancer Activities
Authors: Spiegelman Nicole A. , Price Ian R. , Jing Hui , Wang Miao , Yang Min , Cao Ji , Hong Jun Young , Zhang Xiaoyu , Aramsangtienchai Pornpun , Sadhukhan Sushabhan , Lin Hening
Published: July 2018

Sirtuin inhibitors have attracted much interest due to the involvement of sirtuins in various biological processes. Several SIRT2‐selective inhibitors have been developed, and some exhibit anticancer activities. To facilitate the choice of inhibitors in future studies and the development of better inhibitors, we directly compared several reported SIRT2‐selective inhibitors: AGK2, SirReal2, Tenovin‐6, and TM. In vitro, TM is the most potent and selective inhibitor, and only TM could inhibit the demyristoylation activity of SIRT2. SirReal2, Tenovin‐6, and TM all showed cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines, with Tenovin‐6 being the most potent, but only TM showed cancer‐cell‐specific toxicity. All four compounds inhibited the anchorage‐independent growth of HCT116 cells, but the effect of TM was most significantly affected by SIRT2 overexpression, suggesting that the anticancer effect of TM depends more on SIRT2 inhibition. These results not only provide useful guidance about choosing the right SIRT2 inhibitor in future studies, but also suggest general practices that should be followed for small‐molecule inhibitor development activities.
Color stability of bulk‐fill composites immersed in different drinks
Authors: Erdemir Ugur , Kaner Alev Ozsoy , Eren Meltem Mert , Ozan Gunce , Yıldız Esra
Published: July 2018

Bulk‐fill composites show structural differences compared to those of conventional resin composites. Their more reactive photoinitiators, monomer compositions, and increased filler content may result in higher color stability than for conventional ones. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the color stability of three different bulk‐fill composites and one conventional resin composite with a higher filler load after 1 week and 1 month of immersion in different drinks. The resin composite materials that were tested demonstrated significantly different color changes after immersion in the four solutions during both evaluation periods. Immersion in coffee and red wine showed noticeable staining of all the materials. The discoloration effect of staining solutions on the resin composites depends both on the material composition and on the pigment types found in the solutions.
Isomers of Dinitropyrazoles: Synthesis, Comparison and Tuning of their Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Bölter Marc F. , Harter Alexander , Klapötke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: July 2018

Three isomeric dinitropyrazoles (DNPs) were synthesized starting from readily available 1H‐pyrazole by slightly improved methods than described in the literature. 3,4‐Dinitropyrazole (3), 1,3‐dinitropyrazole (4), and 3,5‐dinitropyrazole (5) were obtained and compared to each other with respect to thermal stability, crystallography, sensitivity and energetic performance. Two isomers (3 and 4) show high densities (1.79 and 1.76 g cm–3) and interesting thermal behavior as melt‐castable materials (3: Tmelt.=71 °C, Tdec.=285 °C; 5: Tmelt. = 68 °C, Tdec.=171 °C). Furthermore, eight salts (sodium, potassium, ammonium, hydrazinium, hydroxylammonium, guanidinium, aminoguanidinium and 3,6,7‐triamino‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4]triazole (TATOT) of 3 and 5 were synthesized in order to tune performance and sensitivity values. These compounds were characterized using 1H, 13C, 14N, 15N NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and thermal analysis through differential scanning calorimetry. Crystal structures of 14 compounds were obtained (3–7, 10–12 and 15–20) by low‐temperature single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Impact, friction and electrostatic discharge (ESD) values were also determined by standard methods. The sensitivity values range between 8.5 and 40 J for impact and 240 N and 360 N for friction and show mainly insensitive character. The energetic performances were determined using recalculated X‐ray densities, heats of formation and the EXPLO5 code and support the energetic character of the title compounds. The calculated energetic performances (VD: 6245–8610 m s−1; pCJ: 14.1–30.8 GPa) were compared to RDX ((O2NNCH2)3).
Synthesis and Mechanism of BaTiO3 Plate‐Like and Nanoparticle Films on Ti Substrate
Authors: Jiao Hua , Zhao Kang , Shi Rui , Ma Lining , Tang Yufei
Published: July 2018

Plate‐like and nanoparticle barium titanate (BaTiO3 [BT]) films are synthesized on Ti substrate by low temperature reaction using Ti, Ba(AC)2, and NaOH as raw materials. The films are characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) to obtain sizes, crystal structure, and emission peaks. The results show that BaTiO3 plate‐like films can be obtained at 140 °C for 4 h have a stronger (110) diffraction peak than other conditions. The diameter is 2.08.0 µm. BaTiO3 nanoparticle films are obtained via changing the reaction order and the average diameter is 30 nm. The adhesion strength of BaTiO3 plate‐like film is 16.9 MPa and that of the nanoparticle film is 13.6 MPa. It is shown in PL results that the emission peaks of plate‐like films are from 663 to 691 nm. Finally, a solubility–crystallization mechanism and an in situ crystallization mechanism are proposed to explain the formation process of BaTiO3 plate‐like films and nanoparticle films, respectively.
Increase in CO2 concentration could alter the response of Hedera helix to climate change
Authors: Manzanedo Rubén D. , Ballesteros‐Cánovas Juan , Schenk Floris , Stoffel Markus , Fischer Markus , Allan Eric
Published: July 2018

Increasing CO2 concentration ([CO2]) is likely to affect future species distributions, in interaction with other climate change drivers. However, current modeling approaches still seldom consider interactions between climatic factors and the importance of these interactions therefore remains mostly unexplored. Here, we combined dendrochronological and modeling approaches to study the interactive effects of increasing [CO2] and temperature on the distribution of one of the main European liana species, Hedera helix. We combined a classical continent‐wide species distribution modeling approach with a case study using H. helix and Quercus cerris tree rings, where we explored the long‐term influence of a variety of climate drivers, including increasing [CO2], and their interactions, on secondary growth. Finally, we explored how our findings could influence the model predictions. Climate‐only model predictions showed a small decrease in habitat suitability for H. helix in Europe; however, this was accompanied by a strong shift in the distribution toward the north and east. Our growth ring data suggested that H. helix can benefit from high [CO2] under warm conditions, more than its tree hosts, which showed a weaker response to [CO2] coupled with higher cavitation risk under high temperature. Increasing [CO2] might therefore offset the negative effects of high temperatures on H. helix, and we illustrate how this might translate into maintenance of H. helix in warmer areas. Our results highlight the need to consider carbon fertilization and interactions between climate variables in ecological modeling. Combining dendrochronological analyses with spatial distribution modeling may provide opportunities to refine predictions of how climate change will affect species distributions.
Floral traits of mammal‐pollinated Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae): Implications for generalist‐like pollination systems
Authors: Kobayashi Shun , Denda Tetsuo , Liao Chi‐Cheng , Lin Yu‐Hsiu , Wu Shu‐Hui , Izawa Masako
Published: July 2018

Floral traits are adapted by plants to attract pollinators. Some of those plants that have different pollinators in different regions adapt to each pollinator in each region to maximize their pollination success. Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae) limits the pollinators using its floral structure and is pollinated by different mammals in different regions. Here, we examine the relationships between floral traits of M. macrocarpa and the external morphology of mammalian pollinators in different regions of its distribution. Field surveys were conducted on Kyushu and Okinawajima Island in Japan, and in Taiwan, where the main pollinators are the Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata, Ryukyu flying fox Pteropus dasymallus, and red‐bellied squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus, respectively. We measured the floral shapes, nectar secretion patterns, sugar components, and external morphology of the pollinators. Results showed that floral shape was slightly different among regions and that flower sizes were not correlated with the external morphology of the pollinators. Volume and sugar rate of nectar were not significantly different among the three regions and did not change throughout the day in any of the regions. However, nectar concentration was higher in Kyushu than in the other two regions. These results suggest that the floral traits of M. macrocarpa are not adapted to each pollinator in each region. Although this plant limits the number of pollinators using its flower structure, it has not adapted to specific mammals and may attract several species of mammals. Such generalist‐like pollination system might have evolved in the Old World.
A multistate open robust design: population dynamics, reproductive effort, and phenology of sea turtles from tagging data
Authors: Kendall William L. , Stapleton Seth , White Gary C. , Richardson James I. , Pearson Kristen N. , Mason Peri
Published: July 2018

Understanding population dynamics, and how it is influenced by exogenous and endogenous factors, is important to the study and conservation of species. Moreover, for migratory species, the phenology and duration of use of a given location can also influence population structure and dynamics. For many species, breeding abundance, survival, and reproductive performance, as well as phenology of nesting, are often the most accessible, and therefore, practical elements of their life history to study. For a population of hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), we modeled population change for nesters and total adult females, survival, and breeding probability, from 25 yr of intensive tagging data. We modeled breeding probability as a function of the number of years since last breeding and tested for differences between neophyte and experienced nesters. For each year, we also estimated the number of clutches deposited per female, and phenology of use, for neophytes and experienced nesters. To implement the analysis, we developed a novel generalized multistate open robust design mark–recapture modeling framework, with parameters for survival and transition probabilities, and for each primary period, state structure and arrival, persistence, and detection probabilities. Derived parameters included abundance of observable and unobservable components of the population, residence time, expected arrival and departure periods, and per‐period intensity of study area use. Abundance of nesters increased over most of the time series. Survival probability was 0.935 ± 0.01 (estimate ± SE). Virtually all hawksbills skipped at least one year of nesting. Breeding probability increased by skipping a second year, but then decreased thereafter. Subsequent breeding probability was lower for neophyte nesters than for experienced nesters, but the effect was weaker than the effect of years since breeding. Clutch frequency varied by year, with no discernable pattern of differences between neophytes and experienced nesters. Mean arrival and departure dates also varied, with a slight shift of nesting activity to earlier in the season. The multistate open robust design model developed here provides a flexible framework for modeling the dynamics of structured migratory populations and the phenology and duration of their seasonal use of study areas.
Research Progress for the Development of Li‐Air Batteries: Addressing Parasitic Reactions Arising from Air Composition
Authors: Zhang Xueping , Mu Xiaowei , Yang Sixie , Wang Pengfei , Guo Shaohua , Han Min , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen
Published: July 2018

Li‐air batteries are an extremely attractive technology for electrical energy storage, especially in long‐range electric vehicles, owing to their high theoretical specific energy. However, many issues still exist before their practical realization. Herein, the sole complexity of electrode reaction in Li‐air batteries is presented. And the critical components that influence the electrochemical performance of aprotic Li‐air batteries operating in ambient air are discussed. These include the mechanisms and pathways of CO2/Li2CO3 and H2O/LiOH, catalysts of CO2 reduction/evolution reactions, and reactions between the Li anode and air constituents. If these challenges can be solved, Li‐air batteries will soon be realized for practical application. Some hot topics in field of Li‐air batteries should be focused, such as the fundamental mechanism research referring to interfacial reactions of atmosphere components on porous electrode and Li metal anode, high‐efficiency solid catalyst design, and discovery of suitable soluble redox mediators.
Human MAIT cells are rapidly activated by Aspergillus spp. in an APC‐dependent manner
Authors: Jahreis Susanne , Böttcher Sarah , Hartung Susann , Rachow Tobias , Rummler Silke , Dietl Anna‐Maria , Haas Hubertus , Walther Grit , Hochhaus Andreas , von Lilienfeld‐Toal Marie
Published: July 2018

Mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are innate‐like T cells (TC) which are known to be activated by several bacteria and viruses. However, activation of MAIT cells by moulds, such as the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus, is not well described. Stimulation of human PBMC with A. fumigatus, A. flavus, or A. terreus conidia revealed that in contrast to conventional CD4+ and CD8+ TC, MAIT cells responded already after 4 h of coincubation with upregulation of CD69. Furthermore, concurrent increase of CD107a expression and reduced intracellular expression of cytolytic proteins like perforin and granzyme indicated degranulation of intracellular vesicles. MAIT cell activation only occurred in the presence of APC and was dependent on cell–cell contact as separation of TC and APC abrogated MAIT cell activation. Furthermore, we observed that MAIT cell activation by moulds requires presentation of riboflavin metabolites and depends on TCR engagement as antibody blocking of MR1, the antigen presenting molecule for MAIT cells, prevented upregulation of CD69 and CD107a. In summary, we could demonstrate that MAIT cells are activated by Aspergillus conidia in a TCR‐dependent manner by APC. These findings reveal MAIT cells as an interesting new target in antifungal defense.
Flexible Binder‐Free CuS/Polydopamine‐Coated Carbon Cloth for High Voltage Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang MinHo , Choi Jaewon , Kim Sung‐Kon , Braun Paul V.
Published: July 2018

Interfacial engineering is important to achieve high electrochemical performance in energy storage devices. It becomes particularly important for flexible devices, where stresses at the interface between the active material and current collector can be significant upon flexing. Here, we describe simple yet powerful method to tune surface properties, such as wettability and adhesion of carbon cloth (CC) as current collectors to active materials via using dopamine chemistry. We show how a polydopamine‐coated CC (p‐CC) exhibits strong adhesion with CuS nanosheets, enabling negligible capacitance fading after over 100 folding cycles. The CuS/p‐CC system exhibits attractive electrochemical properties, including a high specific capacitance (337 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), good rate capability (81.9 % capacitance retention at a rate of 10 A g−1), and excellent capacitance retention (about 96.1 % after 1000 cycles). An asymmetric supercapacitor fabricated by assembly of RGO/p‐CC and CuS/p‐CC provides a stable cell voltage up to 1.5 V and energy and power densities of up to 48.3 Wh kg−1 and 6919 W kg−1 on a full electrode basis.
Disordered eating behaviours and autistic traits—Are there any associations in nonclinical populations? A systematic review
Authors: Christensen Stephanie Stensbjerg , Bentz Mette , Clemmensen Lars , Strandberg‐Larsen Katrine , Olsen Else Marie
Published: July 2018

Objective

The objective of this study is to critically review existing literature concerning the possible association between autistic‐like behaviours and problematic eating behaviours in nonclinical populations.

Method

We performed a systematic literature search in three large databases. Studies were included if they assessed any association between a broad range of autistic‐like behaviours and problematic eating behaviours in nonclinical samples.

Results

Sixteen eligible studies were found covering 3,595 participants in total, including five studies on children/adolescents (n = 685). All studies were cross‐sectional, and thus, only concurrent associations could be evaluated. Several autistic‐like behaviours were found to be associated with problematic eating behaviours, with the overall “autism spectrum quotient,” deficiencies in set‐shifting, and theory of mind showing the strongest associations.

Conclusions

The existing literature indicates concurrent associations between specific autistic‐like behaviours and problematic eating behaviours in nonclinical samples across ages. Large prospective longitudinal studies are needed for insight into the temporal order of these associations.
Altered thyroid hormone levels affect body condition at metamorphosis in larvae of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Ruthsatz Katharina , Dausmann Kathrin H. , Drees Claudia , Becker Laura I. , Hartmann Lisa , Reese Janica , Sabatino Nikita M. , Peck Myron A. , Glos Julian
Published: July 2018

Chemical, physical and biological environmental stressors may affect the endocrine system, such as the thyroid hormone (TH) axis in larval amphibians with consequences for energy partitioning among development, growth and metabolism. We studied the effects of two TH level affecting compounds, exogenous l‐thyroxine (T4) and sodium perchlorate (SP), on various measures of development and body condition in larvae of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). We calculated the scaled mass index, hepatosomatic index and relative tail muscle mass as body condition indices to estimate fitness. Altered TH levels significantly altered the growth, development, survival and body condition in metamorphic larvae in different directions. While exogeno us T4 reduced growth and accelerated development, SP treatment increased growth but slowed down development. Altered TH levels improved body conditions in both treatments and particularly in larvae of the SP treatment but to the detriment of lower survival rates in both TH level altering treatments. The hepatosomatic index was negatively affected by exogenous T4, but not by SP treatment indicating a lower lipid reserve in the liver in larvae of T4 treatment. These altered TH levels as caused by several environmental stressors may have an influence on individual fitness across life, as body condition at the onset of metamorphosis determines metamorphic and juvenile survival. Further research is needed to determine synergetic effects of environmental stressors on TH levels and its effects on physiological traits such as metabolic rate.
Monitoring implantable immunoisolation devices with intrinsic fluorescence of genipin
Authors: Santos‐Vizcaino Edorta , Haley Henry , Gonzalez‐Pujana Ainhoa , Orive Gorka , Hernandez Rosa Maria , Luker Gary D. , Pedraz Jose Luis
Published: July 2018

Imaging of implanted hydrogel‐based biosystems usually requires indirect labeling of the vehicle or cargo, adding complexity and potential risk of altering functionality. Here, for the first time, it is reported that incorporation of genipin into the design of immunoisolation devices can be harnessed for in vivo imaging. Using cell‐compatible in situ cross‐linking reactions, a fast, efficient and noncytotoxic procedure is shown to maximize fluorescence of microcapsules. Moreover, genipin is validated as a quantitative imaging probe by injecting increasing doses of microcapsules in the subcutaneous space of mice, obtaining strong, stable fluorescence with good linearity of signal to microcapsule dose over several weeks. This allows immediate assessment of the actual injected dose and monitoring of its position over time, thereby significantly enhancing the efficacy and biosafety of the therapy. These outcomes may facilitate clinical translation and optimize medical applications of multiple hydrogel‐based biotechnologies.
Dose‐response effects of light at night on the reproductive physiology of great tits (Parus major): Integrating morphological analyses with candidate gene expression
Authors: Dominoni Davide M. , de Jong Maaike , Bellingham Michelle , O'Shaughnessy Peter , van Oers Kees , Robinson Jane , Smith Bethany , Visser Marcel E. , Helm Barbara
Published: July 2018

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasingly recognized as a potential threat to wildlife and ecosystem health. Among the ecological effects of ALAN, changes in reproductive timing are frequently reported, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still poorly understood. Here, we experimentally investigated these mechanisms by assessing dose‐dependent photoperiodic responses to ALAN in the great tit (Parus major). We individually exposed photosensitive male birds to one of three nocturnal light levels (0.5, 1.5, and 5 lux), or to a dark control. Subsequent histological and molecular analyses on their testes indicated a dose‐dependent reproductive response to ALAN. Specifically, different stages of gonadal growth were activated after exposure to different levels of light at night. mRNA transcript levels of genes linked to the development of germ cells (stra8 and spo11) were increased under 0.5 lux compared to the dark control. The 0.5 and 1.5 lux groups showed slight increases in testis size and transcript levels associated with steroid synthesis (lhr and hsd3b1) and spermatogenesis (fshr, wt1, sox9, and cldn11), although spermatogenesis was not detected in histological analysis. In contrast, all birds under 5 lux had 10 to 30 times larger testes than birds in all other groups, with a parallel strong increase in mRNA transcript levels and clear signs of spermatogenesis. Across treatments, the volume of the testes was generally a good predictor of testicular transcript levels. Overall, our findings indicate that even small changes in nocturnal light intensity can increase, or decrease, effects on the reproductive physiology of wild organisms.
Massive parallel expansions of Methuselah/Methuselah‐like receptors in schizophoran Diptera
Authors: Friedrich Markus , Chahine Hanady , Al‐Jageta Cristina , Badreddine Hamzah
Published: July 2018

The Methuselah/Methuselah‐like (Mth/Mthl) family of G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is represented by 16 homologs in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Three of them have thus far been functionally characterized and found to play critical roles in cell adhesion, immunity, lifespan, and oxidative stress regulation. Evolutionary studies have shown that the large number of D. melanogaster Mth/Mthl GPCRs arose by at least two rounds of gene duplications. The first produced the “mth superclade” subfamily and was followed by the expansion of the “melanogaster subgroup” cluster within the “mth superclade” of Mth/Mthl GPCRs. The adaptive significance of the Mth/Mthl receptor repertoire expansion in Drosophila remains elusive. Studying the Mth/Mthl gene family content in newly available dipteran genomes, we find that the first expansion of the mthl superclade predates the diversification of schizophoran Diptera approximately 65 million years ago. Unexpectedly, we further find that the subsequent expansion of the melanogaster subgroup cluster was paralleled by independent mth superclade Mth/Mthl GPCR expansions in other schizophoran clades (Muscidae and Tephritidae). Our study thus reveals an even more dynamic diversification of mth superclade GPCRs than previously appreciated and linked to the emergence of schizophoran flies, the most dramatic radiation in the dipteran tree of life.
The Child Trauma Screen: A Follow‐Up Validation
Authors: Lang Jason M. , Connell Christian M.
Published: July 2018

Although the prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events and associated outcomes among children is well documented, widespread trauma screening remains limited. This study provides additional data supporting the psychometrics of the Child Trauma Screen (CTS), a free, brief, empirically derived measure that was intended as a trauma screen for use across child‐serving systems. Participants were an ethnically diverse sample of 187 children aged 6–18 years recruited from an urban children's community mental health clinic. At intake, children and their caregivers completed the CTS and other standardized measures of posttraumatic stress disorder, externalizing behavior, anxiety, and depression. Results indicated that the CTS had strong properties on both child and caregiver reports, including internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .78 for both), convergent validity (r = .83 and r = .86), divergent validity (mean across measures and reporters, r = .31; range r = .01–.70), and criterion validity (sensitivity = 0.83 and 0.76; specificity = 0.95 and 0.79, correct classification 89.3% and 81.4%). Suggested cut points and recommendations for using the CTS as a trauma screen are provided. This study provides further empirical support for the use of the CTS as a brief trauma screening measure and provides recommendations for further research.
Patterns of Trauma Exposure in Childhood and Adolescence and Their Associations With Behavioral Well‐Being
Authors: Connell Christian M. , Pittenger Samantha L. , Lang Jason M.
Published: July 2018

The majority of youth living in the United States experience a potentially traumatic event (PTE) by 18 years of age, with many experiencing multiple PTEs. Variation in the nature and range of PTE exposure differentially impacts youth functioning, although this association is poorly understood. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify patterns of PTE exposure from caregiver and youth report in a treatment‐seeking sample of children and adolescents (N = 701) and examined how these patterns predict youths’ behavioral health outcomes. We identified four classes based on both caregiver and youth reports of PTE exposure, with the best‐fitting model representing a constrained measurement model across reporters; these included high polyvictimization, moderate polyvictimization (general), moderate polyvictimization (interpersonal), and low polyvictimization classes. Prevalence of classes varied across reporters, and agreement in classification based on caregiver and youth report was mixed. Despite these differences, we observed similar patterns of association between caregiver‐ and youth‐reported classes and their respective ratings of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms, as well as both caregiver and therapist ratings of problem behavior, with Cohen's d effect size estimates of significant differences ranging from d = 0.25 to d = 0.51. The PTE exposure classes did not differ with respect to ratings of child functioning. Findings highlight the importance of gathering information from multiple informants.