bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green synthesis of Supercapacitor electrodes activated carbon from Veitchia Merilli Seed waste by a two-stages pyrolysis in integration
Authors: Farma Rakhmawati , Anggriawan Ficho , Apriyani Irma , Taer Erman , Awitdrus  , Setiadi Rahmondia Nanda
Published: October 2021

Pyrolysis process consists of two-stages in integration aims to carbon purification, evaporates volatile compounds so that it enlarges the pore diameter, and increases the surface area of the activated carbon. This research was used Veitchia Merilli seed (VMS) waste by optimizing the stages-carbonization to obtain a high specific capacitance. Initial preparation begins with the pre-carbonization process at a temperature of 200°C, the activated carbon powder is converted into a monolith form using a Hydraulic Press and followed by a pyrolysis process in the stages-carbonization with temperature variations of 500°C, 600°C, and 700°C and the stages-physical activation at temperature of 800°C. The results showed that the thermal resistance temperature of the carbon powder was 287°C. The lowest density value occurs in the VMS-600 sample of 0.591 gr/cm3 and Microstructure analysis shows that the carbon electrode is amorphous which is characterized by the presence of peaks at 2θ angles around 24° and 44° with the highest Lc value of 15.069 nm, with the highest specific capacitance value of the supercapacitor cell of 210,442 F/g. Temperature 600°C is the optimum temperature carbonization in the process fabrication of carbon electrodes from VMS waste for supercapacitor cell application.
Characteristics of Charcoal Briquettes Corn Cobs Charcoal with the Addition of Areca Peel Charcoal
Authors: Satria Muhammad , Harun Noviar , Hamzah Faizah , Pramana Angga
Published: October 2021

Corn cobs and areca peel are biomass waste that can be used in the form of charcoal briquettes as an alternative source of energy because they contain lignin and cellulose. The purpose of this research was the best obtain character briquettes from a combination corn cobs charcoal and areca peel charcoal. This research used complete randomized design with 5 treatment and 3 replications. Data were statically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The treatments in this research include ratio of corn cobs charcoal and areca peel charcoal 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50. The result of analysis showed that the ratio of corn cobs charcoal and areca peel affect on density, water content, fix carbon content, ash content but did not significantly affected calorific value. The best treatment briquettes was (90:10) with density content 0,66 g/cm3, water content 4,23%, volatile matter content 15,01%, ash content 3,68%, fixed carbon content 77,07% and calorific value of 6528,73 cal/g.
Opacity and Washability Properties of Emulsion Paint with Natural Rubber Latex/Polyvinyl Acetate Blend Binder
Authors: Bahruddin  , Helwani Zuchra , Fadhillah Ivan , Raysa  , Rumi  , Wiranata Arya , Miharyono Joni
Published: October 2021

Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) has long been known as a binder material to improve the washability, opacity (hiding power), and viscosity of commercial emulsion paints. This study aims to study the properties of opacity (hiding power), washability resistance, and viscosity of emulsion paint added with a binder from a mixture of natural rubber latex (NRL) and PVAc. Emulsion paint samples were made with a binder content of 4, 6, and 8% w/w. The binder was made from a mixture of NRL and PVAc with various NRL levels of 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 50%, and 100% w/w. Testing of paint samples includes washability using a digital BGD 526 Wet Abrasion Scrub Tester and viscosity testing using a HAAKE 6R digital viscometer. At the same time, the opacity test uses the Indonesian Standard (SNI 3564:2009). The results showed that the opacity met the standard emulsion paint for all binder levels, except for the composition of NRL 100% w/w at all binder levels. The higher the NRL content in the binder causes the washability resistance and paint viscosity to decrease and become unstable. The best washability resistance and viscosity properties were obtained at NRL in a binder of 15% w/w and a binder content of 8% w/w, with washability resistance properties of 50 times and a viscosity of 3300 cp.
Influence of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Joint Defects, Temperature and Hardness of AA6061-T6 and S27JR Mild Steel FSW Joint
Authors: Syafiq W M , Afendi M , Mazlee M N
Published: October 2021

The influence of welding parameters such as tool plunge depth, tool travel speed and tool tilt angle on welding temperature during friction stir welding of AA6061-T6 and S275JR mild steel was the focus of this research. Thermocouple placed in the aluminum alloy plate prior to welding was used to measure the temperature during the welding of joints under different set of parameter values. Joint appearance as well as defects occurring on the surface or within the joint was observed. Microhardness profiles were also taken by measuring microhardness values across the cross section of joints. Excessive flash, tunnel defects and insufficient welding were the type of weld defects observed on different joints with different parameters. Defects were attributed to the varied parameter values affecting the heat generation as well as the flow of the plasticized material. Highest temperature was recorded by the joint fabricated using the largest tool plunge depth, owing to the increased downwards pressure. Microhardness profiles were seen to be similar for all the welded joints. A “plateau” of low microhardness value was observed for all joints associated with the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ). A wider plateau was observed for joints welded with higher tool plunge depth due to higher temperature.
Tensile Properties of Hybridised Fire Retardants in Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF) Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Hazwani M , Abdul Majid M S , Azaman M D , Ridzuan M J M , Cheng EM
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the tensile properties of hybridised fire retardants Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF) reinforced polymer composite. The polymer composites were prepared using the hand lay-up method of fabrication, in which two-layer PALF was used, and the epoxy resin with the fire retardants were mixed. The non-hybridised fire retardants are ammonium polyphosphate (APP), magnesium hydroxide (MH) and aluminium hydroxide (ALH), while the hybridised fire retardants are ammonium polyphosphate/magnesium hydroxide (APP/MH), ammonium polyphosphate/aluminium hydroxide (APP/ALH) and magnesium hydroxide/aluminium hydroxide (MH/ALH). The samples were tested using the universal testing machine with load cell 50kN using ASTM D3039 standard. The samples APP/ALH and MH/ALH have better tensile strength, which is 37.10 MPa and 37.05 MPa, respectively. The dispersion of fire-retardants in the reinforced composites seems to affect their mechanical performance. Meanwhile, sample MH/ALH has the highest elastic modulus with 3.65 GPa. Sample MH/ALH likely to be an excellent hybridised fire-retardant filler for the composites.
Analysis of an Arduino based solar tracking system
Authors: Mohamad A , Rahman MTA , Phasinam K , Bin Mohamad MS , Saad MAM , Chionh SY
Published: October 2021

The main purpose of this research is to develop and evaluate a solar tracking system which able to maximize the power output of the solar panel. The design of the solar tracking system consists of some electronic components such as an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs), two servo motors, and one solar panel. The Arduino microcontroller acts as the main controller of the whole system, light-dependent resistor is used as a light sensor to detect sunlight while the function of the servo motor is to rotate the solar panel to align with the sunlight. The prototype of the solar tracking system was build and tested. The data result obtained are tabulated and the comparison of performance between the static solar panel and solar tracking system is showed using the graphical method. As a result, solar panels with tracking mechanisms can generate more current, voltage, and power than static solar panels. The overall efficiency of the solar panel had increased after the implementation of the tracking system.
Minimizing Warpage and Shrinkage of Plastic Car Rear Bumper Fabrication via Simulation Based Optimisation
Authors: Rosli M.U. , Khor C.Y. , Nawi M. A. M. , Mohamad N.S. , Zakaria M.S.
Published: October 2021

Car bumpers are designed to absorb small impacts, such as accidentally bumping into another car while backing off a parking spot, not major road accidents. As to make it lighter, plastic is the best available material. To fabricate it by injection molding, thin-wall and complex parts such as car bumper might create a lot of defects such as shrinkage and warpage. So, the stronger plastic material and correct optimized parameters should be applied. Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is selected in this study. This project aims to optimize the injection moulding process parameters of plastic car bumper by using Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology. Mould temperature, melt temperature, injection time are selected as factors to be studied. As the results, the optimum values suggested by the software were mould temperature of 25°C, 226.36°C melt temperature and 1.88s injection time. The best material suggested is ABS. With small differences in error value between solution and simulation, 0.895% of shrinkage and 10.3% for warpage, the results were acceptable.
Characterisation of Biocomposite Film with Napier based Nanocrystalline Cellulose
Authors: Sucinda E F , Abdul Majid M S , Ridzuan M J M , Kamaruddin M F S , Cheng E M
Published: October 2021

Nowadays, biocomposite polymers are widely used in daily life based on their ability which is compossible, recyclable and sustainable. This paper presents biocomposite film’s characterisation with different concentrations of nanocrystalline cellulose(NCC) (0 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 1.0 wt.% and 1.5 wt.%). Several techniques were used to review biocomposite film’s characterisation, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectra (FTIR) and biodegradable test. In the XRD study, the reinforcement PLA with NCC shows the improvement of crystallinity from 43.00% to 46.09% and decrease to 45.87% due to agglomeration of excessive NCC. FTIR shows the same chemical structure for each samples. As a result of the biodegradable test, the increasing concentration of NCC in the PLA increased the percentage of weight loss. Sample with NCC 1.5 wt.% shows the highest weight loss value (6.223%) compared to neat PLA (3.646%). Hence, PLA reinforced with nanocrystalline cellulose shows high potential and practical implementation as a biomaterial commercial application.
Investigating the thermal characteristic of copper alloys valve seat towards engine performance enhancement of MODENAS CT115 through steady-state analysis
Authors: Zainol M A A , Hassan M A S M , Shahriman A B , Razlan Z M , Rahman A.A. , Hashim M S M , Kamarrudin N S , Khairunizam W K N , Harun A , Ibrahim I , Faizi M K , Rani M F H
Published: October 2021

MODENAS CT115 engine is a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) engine, with a rated power of 8.8 horsepower at 9000 rpm. One of the main concerns of engine research is the overheating of engines. Overheating can affects the performance of an engine by leading to a loss of strength and thermal strain. To prevent failure, thermal analysis is used to determine the flow of heat with precision to optimise temperature distribution. The investigation is done using ANSYS Thermal simulation on the CAD model of the engine cylinder head, intake and exhaust valve, and intake and exhaust valve seat insert. The comparison to the existing valve seat insert is made using three different valve seat insert materials: Beryllium-copper C17200, Bronze-copper C61300, and Brass C36000. The research results proved that Brass C36000 provides the best thermal reduction and heat transfer increment compared to the existing valve seat insert material.
A comparative study on chitosan/gelatin composite films with incorporated Pith and Cortex of Napier Grass.
Authors: Tuan Rohadi T.N. , Ridzuan M.J.M. , Abdul Majid M.S. , Cheng E.M. , Norasni M.J. , Marsi Noraini
Published: October 2021

The problem in end-of-life of petroleum-based plastic management had risks wildlife and human health with rapid used in fossil reserves. Therefore, the exploration of biodegradable plastics that embraced a new eco-friendly alternative to overcome these limitations have been conducted. In this paper, the chitosan and gelatine composite film with incorporated pith and cortex of Napier grass were prepared via solution casting will be evaluated. The thermal, chemical, mechanical properties and morphological characterization of composite film had been conducted via thermo-gravimetric analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, tensile strength, and scanning electron microscope. The results shows that the cortex had potential to be used as reinforcement material same as the pith to broaden the use of Napier grass in industrial. Thus, further studied with additional of cellulose from pith and cortex of Napier grass in the chitosan/gelatin composite films may improve the tensile strength due to the removal of non-cellulosic component.
Bending strength analysis of HDPE plastic reinforced wood waste and thermoplastic polymer to replace ceramic tile composites
Authors: Hashim Mohamad Mohshein , Marsi Noraini , Letchumanan Thineshnaidu , Mohd Rus Anika Zafiah , Mohd Jamir Mohd Ridzuan , Hassan Nurhafizzah
Published: October 2021

Commercial products made from plastics, papers, and various other materials are always in high demand in this day and age. The waste products also increase with time accumulating becomes very high that it impacts the environment. Recycling waste products can reduce waste and improve the development of manufacturing products as the materials are readily available as waste especially plastic waste. This project research presents bending strength analysis of HDPE plastic waste reinforced wood waste and thermoplastic polymer. The waste materials of HDPE plastic waste and wood waste potential to replace ceramic tile composites. Four samples were prepared to produce ceramic tile samples at different composition ratio of HDPE plastic waste: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 weight by weight (wt/wt%) reinforced composition ratio of wood waste at 2.0 (wt/wt%) and thermoplastic polymer. It is revealed the higher bending strength test for composition ratio of 3.0 HPDE plastic waste produce 8.28 MPa with the density at 0.83 g/cm3 and a porosity value of 0.05%. The image microstructure by using Optical Microscope (OM) analysis shows the 10x magnification of matrix reinforcement bonding between HDPE plastic waste reinforced wood waste and thermoplastic polymer has a good matrix-reinforcement bonding and suitable to replace ceramic tile applications.
Parametric Study of Bio-Inspired Thin-Walled Tubes Impacted under Axial and Oblique Loadings
Authors: Samsolbahar Amirulamri , Ahmad Masniezam , Mat Fauziah , Mohd Hanid Mohd Hazwan , Roslan Ahmad Muzammil , Mohd Nawi Mohd Al-Hafiz , Abdul Khadir Mohamad Syafiq
Published: October 2021

Thin-walled structure is widely used as energy absorber in automotive industries due to its superior crashworthiness characteristics. In these recent years, many studies had been performed to design the new shapes of thin-walled tube that are inspired by a biological component, especially from animals and plants. This research aims to conduct a parametric study of bio-inspired thin-walled tubes to enhance the energy absorption characteristics. Two designs of bio-inspired thin-walled tubes had been proposed in this study. The tubes were impacted under axial and oblique loadings by using a finite element analysis software. The results show that the proposed designs provide better energy absorption capacity and specific energy absorption compared to the conventional tube at different thicknesses and diameters. The trend of the results obtained from this study can be used to improve the design of bio-inspired thin-walled structure in the future.
Emission characteristics of modified inlet poppet valve
Authors: Mahesh G , Yerrennagoudar Hiregoudar , Somanath Swamy R H M , Sharth Kumar S
Published: October 2021

In the case of a diesel engine, air is very important for increasing and decreasing engine parameters. On IC engines, air enters through an inlet valve passage, which is more critical. This is a promising combustion strategy for achieving homogeneity that combines the benefits of both SI and CI engines. Turbulence must be created in engines to achieve homogeneity, and as a result, swirl flow will be activated in the ignition chamber. In light of the stream properties of air streaming in different structures of the CI engine’s air inlet channel, many types are available to create swirl flow for enhancing engine efficiency and lowering emissions. The advantages of an HCCI engine is that it produces low NOx emissions by burning a lean mixture of charge. Working in cylinder with emission in exhaust gas are HC, CO, CO2 and Nox of CI engine, this is based on chamber pressure, temperature, loss of heat transfer on chamber surfaces, and working in cylinder with HC, CO, CO2 and Nox of CI engine. Changes to the inlet route must be performed to create turbulent conditions in order to improve IC engine characteristics. Turbulent will improve the uniformity of the air/fuel mixture at all ignition chamber entry points. This research is aimed at lowering emissions by modifying the inlet poppet valve of a four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine. For modified inlet poppet valves of HC, CO for modified (masking) inlet poppet valve (4M), and CO2 for modified (masking) inlet poppet valve (4M), emission levels are lowered (2M).
Temperature profile of PCM and HTF in packed bed storage during the process of solidification in spherical capsules
Authors: Chandrasekaran P , Sivakumar B
Published: October 2021

Amassing of cold energy is a foremost area in the field of thermal energy storage. The storing of cold thermal energy in a phase shift material is an art of solidification. The following experimentation depends on the domain of packed bed storage in which the 74mm spherical nodules of HDPE material whose fill volumes is around 90% is been solidified in a packed bed. The solidification curves and the HTF temperature profile concerning various set conditions have been analysed. The results revealed that layer 1 takes a minimum time to attain a lower temperature when compared with other reference layers. The results reveal that when the HTF temperature is brought from -6 to -9°C this trend is also maintained in the HTF temperature profile and found to be rapidly decreasing. Hence it is concluded that the inlet temperature of HTF plays a significant role during the process of solidification.
Improvement in the performance of Simarouba blended diesel fuel using Di-Ethyl Ether and Di-Methyl Carbonate as additives in a CRDI engine
Authors: Mathan Raj V , Chaitanya Abhinav , Thakur Harsh
Published: October 2021

This study investigates the effects of B20 and additives added to the B20 blend when run in a CRDI engine under different loading conditions. Experimental studies compared to diesel show the poor performance of B20. The addition of DMC (dimethyl carbonate) and DEE (diethyl ether) in B20 significantly improved. Under high load conditions, the performance characteristics of BTHE of B20 DMC are relatively higher and lower BSFC than B20 DEE values. It can be seen from the emission results that NOx emissions are higher due to proper combustion in the case of B20 DMC. The emission characteristics show that B20 with 5% DMC showed better results than other samples present. This happens because of better and proper combustion of the fuel. It showed better results in the emission of CO and hydrocarbons while the DEE sample at 600bar showed better results for smoke emission. The combustion characteristics also show the same result that B20 with 5% DMC is a better fuel when compared with the rest of the samples. Though in performance characteristics we noted that B20 with 5% DEE showed better results in the graph between crank angle vs cylinder pressure and crank angle vs heat released.
Evaluation of various wet scrubbing solutions for CI engine exhaust
Authors: Premkumar S , Balaji G
Published: October 2021

Automotive sector emissions, including nitrogen oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC), are extremely hazardous. For environmental regulations, the scrubber technique is commonly used in naval application. In this investigation, a Diesel Plastic Oil Blend (DPB) is used to minimize the emissions. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), Lime soda (NaCl), and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solutions were used to reduce the amount of pollution. The evaluation was done using a computerized, water-cooled, 4-stroke, Mono-cylinder, 5.2 kW diesel engine with a scrubber to ascertain its emission and performance characteristics. The experiments were conducted under several loading conditions. The NaOH, KMnO4, and NaHCO3 solutions were found to reduce the NO emission. The NaOH and KMnO4 solution minimized the HC emission. Additionally, the NaHCO3 solution minimized the smoke emission, and the NaCl solution reduced the CO and CO2 emissions effectively.
Experimental investigation on reducing agents for catalytic converters of CI engine
Authors: Suresh Kumar K , Balaji G , Teja P , Rahul Kumar S
Published: October 2021

High level pollution and emissions arising out of ever-increasing transport vehicles are wrecking a lot of havoc on the environment globally. Stringent emission norms and regulations force the research community across the globe to develop exhaust gas after-treatment systems for effective emission control. Catalytic converters are used to reduce the emissions of hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a system used in IC engines, in which the NOx emission is reduced by injecting a reducing agent in the presence of catalyst. Normally adblue solution is used as the reducing agent for the dissociation of NOx into nitrogen and water. However, it has many drawbacks like NH3 slip, deposit formation and incomplete conversion of NOx. In the present study investigation has been carried out in a CI engine provided with a Vanadium based catalytic converter. Three different reducing agents were used for the dissociation of NOx into nitrogen and water and their effectiveness in controlling the NOx emission has been analyzed and reported.
Design and simulation of heat sink for exhaust heat recovery system using thermoelectric generator
Authors: Patra Ayush Kumar , Tripathi Aditya , Vijay Krishna N.
Published: October 2021

Heat sinks are a classification of heat exchangers ideally utilised in electronics to cool them. They can be simply fabricated, have low cost and are reliable for heat dissipation purpose. The protruding surfaces from them are called fins. They can be flat-plate or pin shaped. The aim of the present study is to investigate the performance characteristics of a heat sink. The materials and the fin design will be used as two major factors to increase the heat dissipation from the test apparatus. The project will show a three-dimensional analysis, using COMSOL 5.3a, which will verify with accessible exploratory information in the existing data for a continued finned heat sink. It will also identify the heat dissipation and mean temperature distribution of the heat sink for natural convection. Before moving on to design and simulation of heat sink, the first aim was to construct and simulate a leg of a thermoelectric generator model for obtaining the optimum working region of the thermoelectric generator taking into consideration the properties such as temperature difference and heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, available research techniques are briefed upon which enhance the heat removal from heat sinks.
Cryogen Free Cryostat
Authors: Sathik S Sahubar , Vijayakumar M , Indra Kumar C , Selvakumar P
Published: October 2021

The advanced neutron facilities at low temperature below 1k are mainly based on helium refrigerator inserts and dilution that are used with orange cryostat (OC) or similar type of system. Recently global helium supplied problem causes the increased cost of liquid helium that has been raised the concerns about the affordability of cryostat. In this model the design and results are mainly based on the top loading cryostat which are cryogen free. The dilution refrigerator insert which are used in this model will provide sample environment for neutron scattering experiment that is seen between the temperature ranges from (36 mK to 293 mK). The refrigerator insert are operated in the continuous regimen. The cooling time and orange cryostat which are insert are always similar to each other. The performance criteria thar are created are based on the base temperature, rate of compatible and the cooling power which are present in the specification of the standard dilution refrigerator. This system will offers many types of operating parameters that are similar to orange cryostat but does not cause any complications of cryogens. In this model the first scientific result are obtained which are in the low temperature based neuron scattering experiment with the system are also discussed.
Developments in 3D Printable Composite Material
Authors: Senthil Kumar S , Wahab Gundluru Mahammad , Srinivas Lekkala Yuva , Jaswanth Aumalasetty , Thulasi Reddy Guddeti Rama
Published: October 2021

The generic printing materials based on the filament with the proper unique properties In recent years 3-D technology has become one of mostly used prototype methods for various applications. 3-d printing technology was now adopted in many areas of research and development sectors these technology was increasing the demand of improvement and this properties of verifying and by blending the materials exhibited using varies properties to for manufacturing high performance composites. In day-to-day-life composites have already utilized as a wide range of applications which included in manufacturing of the biomedical components, mechanical components and electrical. The 3-D printed composites were manufactured till the ability range of manufacturing complex-shapes and the geo-metrical shapes in the low cost production and the advantages in the prototypes this review causes all the recent developments, reports and properties of developing the 3-D printable materials have been modifies either by the nano-particles, fibres and other polymers in the field of mechanical and electrical sectors.
Application of shape memory alloys in engineering – A review
Authors: Balasubramanian M , Srimath R , Vignesh L , Rajesh S
Published: October 2021

Shape Memory Alloy is a smart alloy which retains their original shape under thermomechanical or magnetic variation. Shape Memory Alloy are widely used in different engineering field because of its superior properties and variety of application. Recent research of SMA has been applied in the field of Aerospace, Automotive, Biomedical, and Robotics. This memory effect is due to the presence of austenite and martensite crystalline structures. These alloys are bio-compatible, lightweight, and also possess a high force-to-weight ratio. Due to this SMA actuators are very much suitable for soft robotic applications. However, due to high cooling times during phase change, SMA has small bandwidth and low operating frequencies. This alloy can replace a sensor as it performs the same work done by sensors or transducer. An extensive review of history, material characterization, and opportunities of SMA in the engineering field.
EFFECT OF COFLOW ON SONIC JET
Authors: Rajkumar S , Aravindh Kumar S M , Vasanthakumar P
Published: October 2021

The sonic coflow effect on the core length of sonic primary jet was experimentally investigated in this research work. A circular convergent nozzle was used for both core and coflow jet studies. The 1mm annular gap was maintained between the coflow and core nozzles. The nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) was varied from 3 to 5, insteps of 1 for both the nozzles. For each primary NPR, the NPR of coflow was varied, and the shadowgraph flow visualization was carried out. From the shadowgraph visualization results it was observed that the sonic primary jet core length increases with increasing pressure ratio without coflow. With sonic coflow, the primary jet core length started to increase further with increasing coflow NPR. That is, the increase of sonic coflow NPR at each sonic primary jet NPR resulted in the elongation of core. Therefore, the introduction of coflow has resulted in core length elongation at all the levels of underexpansion. The primary jet core elongation due to the presence of coflow resulted in the weakening of shock strength in the primary jet core.
Review on production of bio-diesel fuel and the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel-fuelled compression ignition engine
Authors: Nataraj M , Thanigaivelan V , Pradeep Devaneyan S
Published: October 2021

By and by, the inventory of contracting petroleum by-product stores, and the ascent in challenges in natural, political and economic have an effect on have brought on the considerable issues in the development of current day culture; these have limited the association producers and experts to search for the inexhaustible and environmentally pleasant strength gasoline sources. Bio diesel is by means of all money owed a promising environmentally pleasant electricity asset. This paper examinations the one of a kind highlights like accessibility, ester content, easy transformation of seed into biodiesel, a range of types of mixes and execution and emanation attributes for biodiesel creation. It was once illustrated that the burning ascribes of biodiesel are shut as diesel and mixes had been located little begin delay, greater begin pressure, greater begin temperature, and pinnacle warmness freedom. The pressure yield of a motor was once determined to be indistinguishable from that of diesel fuel. Likewise, it noticed that the base impetuses are extra profitable than corrosive impetuses and compounds
Studies on the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a plastic oil fueled CRDI engine with variable compression ratio
Authors: Swain Swaraj Kumar , Rawat Gunjit , Suresh Kumar K , Balaji G
Published: October 2021

In the modern days, the entire world is experiencing the sudden rise in energy needs. Strict emission rules and exhaust of oil reserves have led the scientists around the world to look into different fuels for IC engines. On other context, plastic wastes are currently the biggest problem across the globe for their indispensable nature and the alarming increase in the use of plastic for industrial applications. In this context, plastic oil has been considered as an alternative to the fossil fuels, as the properties of the oil extracted from waste Polyethylene are at par with those of diesel. Literature review reveals the fact that automobile sector ranks highest in polluting the environment through the emission of CO, CO2, NOx and unburnt hydrocarbon. In the present work, an investigation has been carried out to convert the waste plastic into a combustible oil and use of this oil blended with diesel to run a 4- stroke, 3.5kW, single cylinder, CRDI engine. Plastic oil has been prepared by pyrolysis process and subjected to fractional distillation. A blend consisting of 10% of this oil and 90% of diesel has been used as the fuel to run the engine at three different compression ratios. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine have been analyzed and reported. The results reveal a marginal increase in BTE, CO2, NOx and decrease in BSFC, CO, HC and smoke emissions.
Multi-layer neural network for solving problems of recognition of drained crop areas
Authors: Tokarev K E , Tokareva Yu M , Aleksandrina N A
Published: October 2021

The article deals with the design and software implementation of neural network modules for solving problems of image recognition. In particular, it describes the development of a module for network training and recognition of input pulses, which made it possible to recognize, process and analyse aerial photographs of agricultural crops as objects of identification based on the use of a multi-layer deep learning neural network. The practical use of the software tool is possible for the study and study of the peculiarities of cultivation in conditions of irrigation and differentiated placement.
Structure–activity relationship of the aromatic moiety of 6-substituted 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one to find the novel compound showing higher plant growth inhibitory activity
Authors: Ochi Ryota , Yoneyama Kaori , Nishiwaki Hisashi , Yamauchi Satoshi
Published: October 2021

In the course of our research on the structure–activity relationship of 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one, (S)-6-[(R)-2-hydroxy-6-(4-fluorophenyl)hexyl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one was found to show 2-3-fold more potent plant growth inhibitory activity against Italian ryegrass shoots (IC50 = 95 µm) and roots (IC50 = 17 µm) than compound bearing unsubstituted phenyl group. The small and electron withdrawing atom at 4-position of the benzene ring caused the higher activity.
Prenatal exposure to a mixture of phthalates accelerates the age-related decline in reproductive capacity but may not affect direct biomarkers of ovarian aging in the F1 generation of female mice
Authors: Brehm Emily , Flaws Jodi A
Published: October 2021

Phthalates are used in many consumer products, leading to daily human exposure. Although many studies focus on single phthalates, humans are exposed to mixtures of phthalates. Our laboratory created a phthalate mixture consisting of six different phthalates and found that it negatively affected female reproduction and accelerated some biomarkers of reproductive aging. However, it was unknown if prenatal exposure to the mixture accelerates the natural decline in reproductive capacity and ovarian aging in mice. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to a phthalate mixture accelerates the age-related decline in reproductive capacity and biomarkers of ovarian aging in the F1 generation of mice. Pregnant CD-1 dams were orally dosed with control or phthalate mixture (20 µg/kg/day–200 mg/kg/day) daily from gestational day 10—birth. The F1 female pups were aged to 11–13 months, and then estrous cyclicity and breeding trials were conducted at 11 and 13 months. Ovaries were collected from the F1 females at 13 months to examine biomarkers of ovarian aging. Prenatal exposure to the phthalate mixture decreased the time the F1 females spent in proestrus and the ability of the F1 females to give birth at 11 and 13 months of age compared to control. In contrast, prenatal exposure to the mixture did not affect biomarkers of direct aging of the ovary in the F1 generation. Collectively, our data show that prenatal phthalate mixture exposure accelerates the natural age-related decline in reproductive capacity but may not affect some biomarkers of ovarian aging in the F1 generation.
The year 2020 in the European Heart Journal—Cardiovascular Imaging: part II
Authors: Cosyns Bernard , Sade Leyla Elif , Gerber Bernhard L , Gimelli Alessia , Muraru Denisa , Maurer Gerald , Edvardsen Thor
Published: October 2021

The European Heart Journal—Cardiovascular Imaging was launched in 2012 and has during these years become one of the leading multimodality cardiovascular imaging journal. The journal is now established as one of the top cardiovascular journals and is the most important cardiovascular imaging journal in Europe. The most important studies published in our Journal from 2020 will be highlighted in two reports. Part II will focus on valvular heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and congenital heart disease. While Part I of the review has focused on studies about myocardial function and risk prediction, myocardial ischaemia, and emerging techniques in cardiovascular imaging.
Impact of low-dose or under-dose direct oral anticoagulant on coagulation and fibrinolytic markers in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Watanabe T , Tachibana K , Shinoda Y , Minamisaka T , Inui H , Ueno K , Inoue S , Hoshida S
Published: October 2021

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is known to increase the risks of cerebral and systemic embolism. Apart from vitamin K antagonists, edoxaban, a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), has been approved for oral anticoagulation in patients with non-valvular AF. On the other hand, DOACs are sometimes prescribed at off-label under-doses for patients who have undergone ablation for AF. Prothrombin fragment F1+2 is an activation peptide released from prothrombin during thrombin formation. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of DOAC doses on coagulation and fibrinolytic markers.

Methods and results

A total of 88 patients with AF (age: 68±11 years, male:45%, paroxysmal AF n=49, persistent AF n=39) were recruited. All patients were received edoxaban (60mg or 30mg) once a day. For the purpose of the study, patients were divided into three groups according to whether they had been treated before the ablation procedure under an appropriate standard dose group (n=30 [34.1%]), appropriate low-dose group (n=35 [39.8%]), or off-label under-dose group (n=23 [26.1%]). We examined the coagulation and fibrinolytic markers, and echocardiographic parameters before ablation. All patients were followed up for 12 months after AF ablation. Creatinine clearance was significantly higher in appropriate standard-dose group than in appropriate low-dose or off-label under-dose group (101.1±38.4, 57.1±15.9 and 73.2±14.6 mL/min, respectively; P<0.001). There were no significant baseline differences in AF type, history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), plasma B-type natriuretic peptide, protein C, fibrinogen, D-dimer level, left ventricular ejection fraction or left atrium dimension among the three groups. Prothrombin fragment F1+2 level was significantly lower in the appropriate standard-dose group than the appropriate low-dose and off-label under-dose groups (105.9±29.4, 142.6±41.3 and 142.8±84.9 pmol/L, respectively; P=0.011, Figure). One patient in the appropriate low-dose group had a TIA and 1 patient in the off-label under-dose group had a bleeding event during the follow up period after ablation.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that an appropriate standard dose of edoxaban is needed to suppress hypercoagulability in patients with AF.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Prothrombin fragment F1+2 level
Utilization of Urea or Polymer-Coated Urea in Florida Slash Pinestraw Production
Authors: Osiecka Anna , Minogue Patrick J , Lauer Dwight K
Published: October 2021

Controlled-release fertilizers may improve productivity and mitigate environmental hazards in Southern pine plantations intensively managed for pinestraw harvesting. We examined the effects of pinestraw removal and fertilization with conventional and polymer-coated urea (PCU) on foliar, needlefall, and pinestraw nutrients and yields in a North Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantation. Raking treatments (raked or nonraked) were applied annually in February 2014–2017. Fertilization treatments (PCU at 0, 28, 56, 140, or urea at 56 kg N ha−1 year−1) were applied annually in June 2014–2016. Four years of pinestraw removal did not affect needlefall mass or foliar and needlefall nutrient concentrations. The positive fertilization rate effect on pinestraw yield, needlefall mass, foliar, needlefall, and pinestraw total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and K concentrations, and on foliar and needlefall Ca concentrations increased in magnitude with subsequent applications. TKN, total P, and K concentrations were lower in needlefall and pinestraw relative to foliage by 65%–90%, whereas Ca concentrations were higher by 120%–180%. Three PCU applications at 140 N ha−1 year−1 increased three-year cumulative pinestraw yield over the control by 19% and TKN, K, Ca, and Mg removals by 49%, 86%, 24%, and 32%, respectively. Responses to PCU did not differ from urea.
Norbuprenorphine Interferences in Urine Drug Testing LC–MS-MS Confirmation Methods from Quetiapine Metabolites
Authors: Muñoz-Muñoz Ana Celia , Pekol Teresa , Awad Amber , Hackett Phillip , Sullivan Lynnea , Rodrigues Art , Brelsford Erin , Engert Richard , Savery Debra , Andrade Lawrence
Published: October 2021

Norbuprenorphine interferences were observed in urine drug testing LC–MS-MS confirmation methods used to assess patient compliance with prescribed buprenorphine for chronic pain and opioid use disorder. The interferences were observed in the norbuprenorphine MS-MS transitions, m/z 414.4/83.1 and 414.4/187.2, at and near the norbuprenorphine retention time at multiple laboratories using different sample preparation procedures and chromatographic conditions. When the interferences were present, a norbuprenorphine result could not be reported. Upon investigation, the interferences were correlated with prescribed quetiapine (Seroquel, Seroquel XR), a second-generation antipsychotic medication approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and more recently as an adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder. In addition to the approved indications, quetiapine is prescribed off-label for other conditions including insomnia and anxiety disorders. Off-label prescribing has increased in recent years, thereby exacerbating this analytical issue. Here, we present the study of four quetiapine metabolites found to have significant direct or potential interferences in norbuprenorphine quantitation. The four metabolites were putatively identified as two hydroxyquetiapine acids differing in the site of hydroxylation and a quetiapine sulfoxide acid diastereomer pair. As a result of this study, interference-free norbuprenorphine MS-MS transitions, m/z 414.4/340.2 and 414.4/326.1, were found that were selective for norbuprenorphine while maintaining an acceptable 10 ng/mL lower limit of quantitation.
Usage of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia Secondary to Burn Injury: A Case Series
Authors: Luo Hongmin , Chi Yunfei , Chen Xin , Chai Jiake
Published: October 2021

Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) is a reactive epithelial proliferation secondary to a wide range of stimuli, including traumatic injury, inflammation, infection, and tumors of the skin. PEH secondary to burn injury is rarely reported. We report three cases of PEH patients after burn injury. All three cases were confirmed with the existence of bacterial infection, and all these cases were second- or third-degree burns. All three patients were treated with negative pressure wound therapy after wound debridement or tangential excision. All the wounds healed without split-thickness skin grafting and recurrence.
Bioethical Boundaries, Critiques of Current Paradigms, and the Importance of Transparency
Authors: Parker J Clint
Published: October 2021

This issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy is dedicated to topics in clinical ethics with essays addressing clinician participation in state sponsored execution, duties to decrease ecological footprints in medicine, the concept of caring and its relationship to conscientious refusal, the dilemmas involved in dual use research, a philosophical and practical critique of principlism, conundrums that arise when applying surrogate decision-making models to patients with moderate intellectual disabilities, the phenomenology of chronic disease, and ethical concerns surrounding the use of artificial intelligence in medicine. Throughout the issue, the themes of conceptual and moral boundaries in bioethics, critiques of current clinical ethics paradigms, and the importance of transparency are prominent.
Sulphide Petrology and Contribution of Subducted Sulphur in Diamondiferous Garnet-Bearing Pyroxenites from Beni Bousera (Northern Morocco)
Authors: Lorand Jean-Pierre , Pont Sylvain , Labidi Jabrane , Cartigny Pierre , El Atrassi Fatima
Published: October 2021

This paper explores the unusual sulphide–graphite association of a selection of Beni Bousera garnet clinopyroxenites that initially equilibrated within the diamond stability field. Compared with common graphite-free garnet pyroxenites analysed so far, these rocks display tenfold S enrichment with concentrations up to 5550 μg g–1. Fe–Ni–Cu sulphides (up to 1·5 wt%) consist of large (up to 3 mm across), low-Ni pyrrrhotite (<0·1 wt% Ni) of troilite composition, along with volumetrically minor chalcopyrite and pentlandite. Such assemblages are interpreted as low-temperature (<100 °C) subsolidus exsolution products from homogeneous monosulphide solid solution. Troilite compositions of the pyrrhotite indicate strongly reducing conditions that are estimated to be slightly above the iron–wüstite (IW) buffer. Bulk-sulphide compositions are closer to the FeS end-member (i.e. Cu- and Ni-depleted) than other sulphide occurrences in mantle-derived pyroxenites described so far. Moreover, troilite contains trace metal microphases (Pb and Ag tellurides, molybdenite) that have never been reported before from mantle-derived garnet pyroxenites but occur in diamond-hosted eclogitic sulphide inclusions. Beni Bousera sulphides also show strong similarities to diamond-hosted sulphide inclusions of eclogitic affinity for a wide range of chalcophile–siderophile trace element contents. In view of the widespread molybdenite exsolution, coupled with Mo and S/Se/Te systematics of sulphide compositions (7872 < S/Se < 19 776; 15 < Se/Te < 31), black-shale pyrite is a potential sedimentary component to contribute to the petrogenesis of Beni Bousera garnet clinopyroxenites. Black shales would have recycled along with cumulates from the oceanic crust in the mantle source of Beni Bousera pyroxenites. Pyrite underwent desulfidation and replacement by troilite during subduction and prograde metamorphism, releasing its fluid-mobile elements (As, Sb, Pb) while suffering minimum S loss because of the strongly reduced conditions. Taken as a whole, our body of data supports a common origin for carbon (−27 ‰ < δ13C < −17 ‰) and sulphur and concomitant formation of diamond and sulphides. Both elements were delivered by an extraneous sedimentary component mixed with the altered oceanic crust rocks that was involved in the genesis of Beni Bousera garnet pyroxenites, prior to a Proterozoic partial melting event.
The long-term effects of policing the COVID-19 pandemic: Public attitudes toward the police in the ‘new normal’
Authors: Perry Gali , Jonathan-Zamir Tal , Factor Roni
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the reality of police agencies worldwide. Since January 2020, police were required to enforce a long, constantly changing, often controversial list of emergency regulations, while striving to keep themselves and the citizens they interact with safe. Following an early examination of the short-term effects of the pandemic on the attitudes of majority communities in Israel toward the police (Perry and Jonathan-Zamir, 2020), in this study, we examine if and how attitudes changed as the pandemic progressed. We returned to the same sample, and supplemented the initial survey carried out during the first peak of the pandemic in Israel (April 2020) with an additional wave during the third peak (December 2020). Our two-wave panel study reveals that following initial strong support for the police, public sentiments dropped. This trend was evidenced both in evaluations of pandemic-policing and in more general views of the police. Based on these findings, we conclude that in contrast to the short-term, a long-term transition into crisis-policing may bear significant costs in terms of citizens’ support and willingness to comply with the police and the law, precisely at a time when voluntary compliance is most needed.