bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climatology of Surface Meteorology, Surface Fluxes, Cloud Fraction, and Radiative Forcing over the Southeast Pacific from Buoy Observations
Authors: Ghate Virendra P. , Albrecht Bruce A. , Fairall Christopher W. , Weller Robert A.
Published: June 2009

A 5-yr climatology of the meteorology, including boundary layer cloudiness, for the southeast Pacific region is presented using observations from a buoy located at 20°S, 85°W. The sea surface temperature and surface air temperature exhibit a sinusoidal seasonal cycle that is negatively correlated with surface pressure. The relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction show little seasonal variability. But the advection of cold and dry air from the southeast varies seasonally and is highly correlated with the latent heat flux variations. A simple model was used to estimate the monthly cloud fraction using the observed surface downwelling longwave radiative flux and surface meteorological parameters. The annual cycle of cloud fraction is highly correlated to that of S. A. Klein: lower-tropospheric stability parameter (0.87), latent heat flux (−0.59), and temperature and moisture advection (0.60). The derived cloud fraction compares poorly with the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP)-derived low-cloud cover but compares well (0.86 correlation) with ISCCP low- plus middle-cloud cover. The monthly averaged diurnal variations in cloud fraction show marked seasonal variability in the amplitude and temporal structure. The mean annual cloud fraction is lower than the mean annual nighttime cloud fraction by about 9%. Annual and diurnal cycles of surface longwave and shortwave cloud radiative forcing were also estimated. The longwave cloud radiative forcing is about 45 W m−2 year-round, but, because of highly negative shortwave cloud radiative forcing, the net cloud radiative forcing is always negative with an annual mean of −50 W m−2.
Dissecting the Pressure Field in Tidal Flow past a Headland: When Is Form Drag “Real”?
Authors: Warner Sally J. , MacCready Parker
Published: June 2009

In the few previous measurements of topographic form drag in the ocean, drag that is much larger than a typical bluff body drag estimate has been consistently found. In this work, theory combined with a numerical model of tidal flow around a headland in a channel gives insight into the mechanisms that create form drag in oscillating flow situations. The total form drag is divided into two parts: the inertial drag, which is derived from a local potential flow solution, and the separation drag, which accounts for flow features such as eddies. The inertial drag can have a large magnitude, yet it cannot do work on the flow because its phase is in quadrature with the velocity. The separation drag has a magnitude that is nearly equal to the bluff body drag and accounts for all of the energy removed from the flow by the topography. In addition, the dependence of the form drag on the tidal excursion distance and the aspect ratio of the headlands were determined with a series of numerical experiments. This theory explains why form drag can be so large in the ocean, and it provides a method for separating the pressure field into the parts that can and cannot extract energy from the flow.
Differences in Draft Core Statistics from the Wet to Dry Spell over Gadanki, India (13.5°N, 79.2°E)
Authors: Rao T. Narayana , Uma K. N. , Satyanarayana T. Mohan , Rao D. Narayana
Published: June 2009

The Indian mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar observations during the passage of 37 convective systems are utilized to investigate the characteristics of vertical air velocity w in different convection categories (shallow, deep, and decaying) and also the differences in draft core statistics from the wet to dry spell. The radar and optical rain gauge measurements show pronounced differences in core statistics (in terms of their vertical structure, draft strength, size, number, and the elevation angle) and surface rainfall characteristics from the dry to wet spell. The shallow convective cores are preponderant in the dry spell. Composite w profiles, retrieved from all deep cases and also from individual convection cases, depict an upper-tropospheric peak in the wet spell and a bimodal distribution (peaks at 5 and 11–13 km) in the dry spell, illustrating that they are characteristic features of wet and dry spells. The average vertical extents of the cores are nearly equal (about 8 km) in both spells of the monsoon; however, the core-base (and top) altitudes are different. In both wet and dry spells, the composite w profile for all cores show similar vertical variation to that of for updraft cores, while the composite w for downdraft cores do not show much variation with altitude, indicating that the updraft cores dictate the vertical structure of composite w. The core size varies considerably (a factor of 2) with altitude in both spells of the monsoon. Although nearly equal in the lower troposphere in both phases of the monsoon, the core size is larger by 1–2 km in the dry spell in the middle and upper troposphere. Consistent with the longer lifetime (bigger core size) of cores in the dry spell, the cores are more inclined (with a mean elevation angle of 30°) in the dry spell. The surface rainfall distribution is wider and has large number of intense rainfall rates in the wet spell. The mean rainfall rate for the wet spell is also larger by a factor of 2, consistent with earlier studies.
The Victim-Offender Overlap and Fear of In-School Victimization
Authors: Melde Chris , Esbensen Finn-Aage
Published: June 2009

Reports of serious violence in schools have raised general awareness and concern about safety in America’s schools. In this article, the authors examine the extent to which in-school victimization is associated with students’ perceived risk and fear of victimization. By expanding on Ferraro’s risk assessment framework, the current study explores the etiology of fear of in-school victimization using longitudinal data from 1,450 youth between the ages of 10 and 16. Along with prior literature, current findings suggest that victimization and fear are empirically distinct. By focusing educational material on the social determinates of victimization, school administrators may be able to simultaneously reduce fear among youth least likely to be victimized and instill a realistic level of fear among students most at-risk of future victimization.
Distinct Gender-related Sleep Pattern in an Acute Model of TMJ Pain
Authors: Schütz T.C.B. , Andersen M.L. , Silva A. , Tufik S.
Published: June 2009

Since it is recognized that acute inflammation of the temporomandibular joint results in sleep disturbances in male rats, and that the orofacial region may display a site-specific effect of ovarian hormones on nociception, we hypothesized that distinct genders would respond differently when subjected to this inflammatory acute orofacial pain. Sleep was monitored after injection of saline/Freund’s adjuvant into the temporomandibular joint in male and female (proestrus and diestrus phases) rats. Progesterone and stress-related hormones were also assessed. In males, Freund’s adjuvant induced a significant nociceptive response and sleep disturbances. Behavior and sleep architecture in the females remained unaffected. Our results suggest that females and males present distinct responses to an acute model of orofacial pain.
NaF Activates MAPKs and Induces Apoptosis in Odontoblast-like Cells
Authors: Karube H. , Nishitai G. , Inageda K. , Kurosu H. , Matsuoka M.
Published: June 2009

The cytotoxic effects of fluoride on odontoblasts are not clear. In this study, we examined whether NaF induces apoptosis in MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells and the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in NaF-induced apoptosis. MDPC-23 cells incubated with 5 mM NaF for 24 hrs exhibited caspase-3 activation, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, DNA fragmentation, and an increase in cytoplasmic nucleosomes. Prior to the induction of apoptosis, all MAPKs examined were phosphorylated, but in a different manner. In contrast to the sustained phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, NaF exposure induced a biphasic phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). NaF-induced apoptosis was markedly suppressed by treatment with the JNK inhibitor, SP600125, and mildly suppressed by the MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor, U0126. Inhibition of p38 activity did not protect cells from apoptosis. Thus, exposure to NaF induces apoptosis in odontoblast-like cells, depending on JNK and, less significantly, ERK pathways.
Applications of Microscale Technologies for Regenerative Dentistry
Authors: Hacking S.A. , Khademhosseini A.
Published: June 2009

While widespread advances in tissue engineering have occurred over the past decade, many challenges remain in the context of tissue engineering and regeneration of the tooth. For example, although tooth development is the result of repeated temporal and spatial interactions between cells of ectoderm and mesoderm origin, most current tooth engineering systems cannot recreate such developmental processes. In this regard, microscale approaches that spatially pattern and support the development of different cell types in close proximity can be used to regulate the cellular microenvironment and, as such, are promising approaches for tooth development. Microscale technologies also present alternatives to conventional tissue engineering approaches in terms of scaffolds and the ability to direct stem cells. Furthermore, microscale techniques can be used to miniaturize many in vitro techniques and to facilitate high-throughput experimentation. In this review, we discuss the emerging microscale technologies for the in vitro evaluation of dental cells, dental tissue engineering, and tooth regeneration. Abbreviations: AS, adult stem cell; BMP, bone morphogenic protein; ECM, extracellular matrix; ES, embryonic stem cell; HA, hydroxyapatite; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor; iPS, inducible pleuripotent stem cell; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PDMS, poly(dimethylsiloxane); PGA, polyglycolate; PGS, polyglycerol sebacate; PLGA, poly-L-lactate-co-glycolate; PLL, poly-L-lactate; RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp attachment site; TCP, tricalcium phosphate; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; and VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
Epigenetics: Connecting Environment and Genotype to Phenotype and Disease
Authors: Barros S.P. , Offenbacher S.
Published: June 2009

Genetic information is encoded not only by the linear sequence of DNA, but also by epigenetic modifications of chromatin structure that include DNA methylation and covalent modifications of the proteins that bind DNA. These “epigenetic marks” alter the structure of chromatin to influence gene expression. Methylation occurs naturally on cytosine bases at CpG sequences and is involved in controlling the correct expression of genes. DNA methylation is usually associated with triggering histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation, and gene silencing. Differentially methylated cytosines give rise to distinct patterns specific for each tissue type and disease state. Such methylation-variable positions (MVPs) are not uniformly distributed throughout our genome, but are concentrated among genes that regulate transcription, growth, metabolism, differentiation, and oncogenesis. Alterations in MVP methylation status create epigenetic patterns that appear to regulate gene expression profiles during cell differentiation, growth, and development, as well as in cancer. Environmental stressors including toxins, as well as microbial and viral exposures, can change epigenetic patterns and thereby effect changes in gene activation and cell phenotype. Since DNA methylation is often retained following cell division, altered MVP patterns in tissues can accumulate over time and can lead to persistent alterations in steady-state cellular metabolism, responses to stimuli, or the retention of an abnormal phenotype, reflecting a molecular consequence of gene-environment interaction. Hence, DNA epigenetics constitutes the main and previously missing link among genetics, disease, and the environment. The challenge in oral biology will be to understand the mechanisms that modify MVPs in oral tissues and to identify those epigenetic patterns that modify disease pathogenesis or responses to therapy.
Gastric Reflux is a Significant Causative Factor of Tooth Erosion
Authors: Holbrook W.P. , Furuholm J. , Gudmundsson K. , Theodórs A. , Meurman J.H.
Published: June 2009

Dental erosion is caused by dietary or gastric acid. This study aimed to examine the location and severity of tooth erosion with respect to causative factors, and to determine whether the clinical pattern of erosion reflected the dominant etiological factor. The study involved 249 Icelandic individuals and included: a detailed medical history; clinical oral examination; salivary sampling, and analysis for flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity. Reflux was assessed in 91 individuals by gastroscopy, esophageal manometry, and 24-hour esophageal-pH monitoring. Reflux symptoms were reported by 36.5% individuals. Manometry results were abnormal in 8% of study participants, abnormal esophageal pH in 17.7%, and a pathological 24-hour pH recording in 21.3%. 3.6% were positive for Helicobacter pylori. Normal salivary flow was found in 92%, but low salivary buffering (10.4%) was associated with erosion into dentin (P < 0.05). Significant associations were found between erosion and diagnosed reflux disease (OR 2.772; P < 0.005) and daily consumption of acidic drinks (OR 2.232; P < 0.005).
Effects of Mechanical Stimuli on Adaptive Remodeling of Condylar Cartilage
Authors: Sriram D. , Jones A. , Alatli-Burt I. , Darendeliler M.A.
Published: June 2009

Trabecular bone has been shown to be responsive to low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimuli. This study aimed to assess the effects of these stimuli on condylar cartilage and its endochondral bone. Forty female 12-week-old C3H mice were divided into 3 groups: baseline control (killed at day 0), sham (killed at day 28 without exposure to mechanical stimuli), and experimental (killed following 28 days of exposure to mechanical stimuli). The experimental group was subjected to mechanical vibration of 30 Hz, for 20 minutes per day, 5 days per week, for 28 days. The specimens were analyzed by micro-computed tomography. The experimental group demonstrated a significant decrease in the volume of condylar cartilage and also a significant increase in bone histomorphometric parameters. The results suggest that the low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimuli enhance adaptive remodeling of condylar cartilage, evidenced by the advent of endochondral bone replacing the hypertrophic cartilage.
In vitro Release of Phosphoric Acid Ester from Self-etching Primer
Authors: Wendl B. , Muchitsch P. , Pichelmayer M. , Droschl H. , Lankmayr E. , Maier E.
Published: June 2009

Self-etching primers have simplified the process of direct bonding of dental resins, by eliminating the rinsing step after etching in conventional bonding, for example. Although it is generally assumed that all of the applied self-etching primer is incorporated into the resin, the possibility that a substantial amount remains free and extractable into a person’s saliva has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine this issue by bonding brackets to extracted teeth with self-etching primers under controlled conditions and determining the proportion of the applied phosphoric acid ester that is subsequently extractable by high-performance liquid chromatography. Approximately half of the applied acid ester was extractable and thus not integrated into the polymeric network following standard light curing. This was reduced to 40% when the curing time was doubled. Acid ester leaching was a rapid process that was essentially completed within an hour.
Construction of a New Fusion Anti-caries DNA Vaccine
Authors: Niu Y. , Sun J. , Fan M. , Xu Q.-A. , Guo J. , Jia R. , Li Y.
Published: June 2009

Mutans streptococci (MS) are generally considered to be the principal etiological agent of dental caries. MS have two important virulence factors: cell- surface protein PAc and glucosyltransferases (GTFs). GTFs have two functional domains: an N-terminal catalytic sucrose-binding domain (CAT) and a C-terminal glucan-binding domain (GLU). A fusion anti-caries DNA vaccine, pGJA-P/VAX, encoding two important antigenic domains, PAc and GLU, of S. mutans, was successful in reducing the levels of dental caries caused by S. mutans in gnotobiotic animals. However, its protective effect against S. sobrinus infection proved to be weak. Does the DNA vaccine need an antigen of S. sobrinus to enhance its ability to inhibit infection? To answer this question, in this study, we cloned the catalytic ( cat) fragment of S. sobrinus gtf-I, which demonstrated its ability to inhibit water-insoluble glucan synthesis by S. sobrinus, into pGJA-P/VAX to produce a new anti-caries DNA vaccine.
ORAOV1-A Correlates with Poor Differentiation in Oral Cancer
Authors: Jiang L. , Yang H.S. , Wang Z. , Zhou Y. , Zhou M. , Zeng X. , Chen Q.M.
Published: June 2009

Oral cancer overexpressed 1 ( ORAOV1) is a crucial oncogene in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we have identified a novel splice variant of ORAOV1, designated as ORAOV1-A. To study the potential role of ORAOV1-A in OSCC, we tested its expression in 7 OSCC cell lines, as well as in 19 normal oral tissue samples and 47 OSCC tissue samples. The expression of ORAOV1-A was detectable in 6 out of 7 OSCC cell lines tested. In OSCC tissue samples, the expression frequency of ORAOV1-A (51.1%) was much higher than that in normal samples (10.5%). Notably, an inverse correlation was found between the expression frequency of ORAOV1-A and the degree of differentiation in OSCC ( P = 0.0017). In conclusion, our results suggested that ORAOV1-A may play a functional role in the tumorigenesis of OSCC, and ORAOV1-A expression may serve as an adjunctive prognostic indicator for persons with OSCC.
Chromosomal Numerical Aberrations in Oral Lichen Planus
Authors: Yarom N. , Shani T. , Amariglio N. , Taicher S. , Kaplan I. , Vered M. , Rechavi G. , Trakhtenbrot L. , Hirshberg A.
Published: June 2009

The malignant potential of oral lichen planus (OLP) has been a matter of serious controversy. We aimed to detect chromosomal numerical aberrations in cells of brush samples collected from affected mucosa. The samples were simultaneously analyzed for morphology and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosomes 2 and 8 centromeric probes. We analyzed 57 persons with OLP and 33 control individuals. A cut-off value of aneuploid cells was determined as 1.1%. Aneuploid cells were found in 16 persons with OLP (28.1%); in 10 individuals (17.5%), over 5% of the cells were aneuploid. Aneuploid cells were also detected in normal-looking mucosa of seven persons with OLP. One person with OLP developed squamous cell carcinoma; 10% of the cells examined were aneuploid. OLP carries an increased risk for chromosomal instability. Identifying aneuploid cells in a brush sample and the combined morphological and FISH analysis can increase the specificity in predicting the malignant potential of OLP.
Degradation-stage Effect of Self-etching Primer on Dentin Bond Durability
Authors: Aida M. , Odaki M. , Fujita K. , Kitagawa T. , Teshima I. , Suzuki K. , Nishiyama N.
Published: June 2009

It is well-known that self-etching primers can be altered. However, the effects from altered primers on the dentin bond durability have yet to be thoroughly identified. In this study, we examined the effects from 5 altered Liquid A primers in different stages of degradation—where 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), used in Liquid A primers, were altered by the hydrolysis of the methacryloxy ester portion in the HEMA and MDP—on the hybrid layer’s quality and dentin bond durability. The hypothesis was that degradation stages of altered Liquid A primers have no effect on the hybrid layer’s quality and on dentin bond durability. Bond strengths, obtained after thermo-cycling, were strongly dependent on the degradation stage of the altered Liquid A primer. Alterations of self-etching primers reduced dentin bond durability and decreased the created hybrid layer’s quality.
Interaction of Audition and Vision for the Perception of Prosodic Contrastive Focus
Authors: Dohen Marion , Lœvenbruck Hélène
Published: June 2009

Prosodic contrastive focus is used to attract the listener's attention to a specific part of the utterance. Mostly conceived of as auditory/acoustic, it also has visible correlates which have been shown to be perceived. This study aimed at analyzing auditory-visual perception of prosodic focus by elaborating a paradigm enabling an auditory-visual advantage measurement (avoiding the ceiling effect) and by examining the interaction between audition and vision. A first experiment proved the efficiency of a whispered speech paradigm to measure an auditory-visual advantage for the perception of prosodic features. A second experiment used this paradigm to examine and characterize the auditory-visual perceptual processes. It combined performance assessment (focus detection score) to reaction time measurements and confirmed and extended the results from the first experiment. This study showed that adding vision to audition for perception of prosodic focus can not only improve focus detection but also reduce reaction times. A further analysis suggested that audition and vision are actually integrated for the perception of prosodic focus. Visual-only perception appeared to be facilitated for whispered speech suggesting an enhancement of visual cues in whispering. Moreover, the potential influence of the presence of facial markers on perception is discussed.
Mixed Signals: Combining Linguistic and Affective Functions of Eyebrows in Questions in Sign Language of the Netherlands
Authors: de Vos Connie , van der Kooij Els , Crasborn Onno
Published: June 2009

The eyebrows are used as conversational signals in face-to-face spoken interaction (Ekman, 1979). In Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT), the eyebrows are typically furrowed in content questions, and raised in polar questions (Coerts, 1992). On the other hand, these eyebrow positions are also associated with anger and surprise, respectively, in general human communication (Ekman, 1993). This overlap in the functional load of the eyebrow positions results in a potential conflict for NGT signers when combining these functions simultaneously. In order to investigate the effect of the simultaneous realization of both functions on the eyebrow position we elicited instances of both question types with neutral affect and with various affective states. The data were coded using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS: Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, 2002) for type of brow movement as well as for intensity. FACS allows for the coding of muscle groups, which are termed Action Units (AUs) and which produce facial appearance changes. The results show that linguistic and affective functions of eyebrows may influence each other in NGT. That is, in surprised polar questions and angry content question a phonetic enhancement takes place of raising and furrowing, respectively. In the items with contrasting eyebrow movements, the grammatical and affective AUs are either blended (occur simultaneously) or they are realized sequentially. Interestingly, the absence of eyebrow raising (marked by AU 1+2) in angry polar questions, and the presence of eyebrow furrowing (realized by AU 4) in surprised content questions suggests that in general AU 4 may be phonetically stronger than AU 1 and AU 2, independent of its linguistic or affective function.
Recalibration of Phonetic Categories by Lipread Speech: Measuring Aftereffects After a 24-hour Delay
Authors: Vroomen Jean , Baart Martijn
Published: June 2009

Listeners hearing an ambiguous speech sound flexibly adjust their phonetic categories in accordance with lipread information telling what the phoneme should be (recalibration). Here, we tested the stability of lipread-induced recalibration over time. Listeners were exposed to an ambiguous sound halfway between /t/ and /p/ that was dubbed onto a face articulating either /t/ or /p/. When tested immediately, listeners exposed to lipread /t/ were more likely to categorize the ambiguous sound as /t/ than listeners exposed to /p/. This aftereffect dissipated quickly with prolonged testing and did not reappear after a 24-hour delay. Recalibration of phonetic categories is thus a fragile phenomenon.
Mapping and Manipulating Facial Expression
Authors: Theobald Barry-John , Matthews Iain , Mangini Michael , Spies Jeffrey R. , Brick Timothy R. , Cohn Jeffrey F. , Boker Steven M.
Published: June 2009

Nonverbal visual cues accompany speech to supplement the meaning of spoken words, signify emotional state, indicate position in discourse, and provide back-channel feedback. This visual information includes head movements, facial expressions and body gestures. In this article we describe techniques for manipulating both verbal and nonverbal facial gestures in video sequences of people engaged in conversation. We are developing a system for use in psychological experiments, where the effects of manipulating individual components of nonverbal visual behavior during live face-to-face conversation can be studied. In particular, the techniques we describe operate in real-time at video frame-rate and the manipulation can be applied so both participants in a conversation are kept blind to the experimental conditions.
Single‐Dose Administration of MK‐0657, an NR2B‐Selective NMDA Antagonist, Does Not Result in Clinically Meaningful Improvement in Motor Function in Patients With Moderate Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Addy Carol , Assaid Chris , Hreniuk David , Stroh Mark , Xu Yang , Herring W. Joseph , Ellenbogen Aaron , Jinnah H. A. , Kirby Louis , Leibowitz Mark T. , Stewart R. Malcolm , Tarsy Daniel , Tetrud James , Stoch S. Aubrey , Gottesdiener Keith , Wagner John
Published: June 2009

The glutamatergic system is thought to contribute to the motor disturbances observed in Parkinson's disease. Blockade of glutamatergic activity by a selective antagonist of the NR2B subunit of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor is associated with improvement in motor symptoms in a preclinical model of Parkinson's disease. A randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy, placebo‐controlled, 3‐period crossover study was conducted in patients with moderate Parkinson's disease to evaluate the pharmacologic activity of MK‐0657, an NR2B‐selctive NMDA receptor antagonist. Patients (n = 16) received single oral doses of MK‐0657 7 mg, carbidopa/levodopa 25/250 mg (LD) as a positive control, and placebo, after which motor function was serially evaluated by means of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale—Motor Examination (UPDRS‐ME). LD administration resulted in significant improvement in the UPDRS‐ME relative to placebo (P = .025), confirming the sensitivity of the test paradigm; however, the UPDRS‐ME change following MK‐0657 administration showed no improvement compared with placebo (P = .110) despite exceeding the target MK‐0657 plasma concentration of 400 nM. Although the administration of MK‐0657 was generally well tolerated, it was associated with increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure relative to placebo. The results of this study do not support ongoing clinical development of MK‐0657 as a novel monotherapy for Parkinson's disease.
Defending a Coherent Autobiography: When Past Events Appear Incoherent, Mortality Salience Prompts Compensatory Bolstering of the Past's Significance and the Future's Orderliness
Authors: Landau Mark J. , Greenberg Jeff , Sullivan Daniel
Published: June 2009

Drawing on terror management theory, we propose that maintaining a coherent autobiography protects the individual from mortality concerns by imbuing experience over time with significance and order. Two studies test whether mortality salience combined with a threat to autobiographical coherence (induced by an alphabetical organization of past events) prompts compensatory bolstering of the significance and orderliness of temporal experience. In Study 1, whereas exclusion-primed participants led to organize past events alphabetically perceived their past as less significant, mortality salient participants showed a compensatory boost in perceptions of their past's significance. In Study 2, mortality salience and an alphabetic event organization led participants high in personal need for structure to parse their future into clearly defined temporal intervals. This research is the first to experimentally assess the role of existential concerns in people's motivation to defend the significance and structure of their temporal experience against threats to autobiographical coherence.
Intermingling Academic and Business Activities
Authors: Tuunainen Juha , Knuuttila Tarja
Published: June 2009

The growing role of universities in the knowledge economy as well as technology transfer has increasingly been conceptualized in terms of the hybridization of public academic work and private business activity. In this article, we examine the difficulties and prospects of this kind of intermingling by studying the long-term trajectories of two research groups operating in the fields of plant biotechnology and language technology. In both cases, the attempts to simultaneously pursue academic and commercial activities led to complicated boundary maintenance, which arose from the conflicting procedures and requirements of the two activities as well as from the double roles assumed by the actors involved. We, thus, argue that the construction of boundaries is not as contingent and strategic as has often been assumed but is built, instead, on the characteristic goals and tasks of the activities in question. Moreover, we suggest that the discussion on university—industry relationships and the entrepreneurial university has by and large neglected the fact that most universities are either public sector entities or tax-exempt organizations thereby being subject to strict rules and regulations that govern the ways in which they may become engaged in commercial activities. Furthermore, several other enduring cultural features, such as the university’s commitment to open scholarly communication, make the boundary between university and commerce relatively stable. As a consequence, the results of this study lend support to the thesis according to which boundaries in science are not always created at will but reflect the long history and multifaceted societal relevance of this particular institution. This in turn implies that the commodification of university research is bound to be more difficult than what the proponents of the entrepreneurial university seem to assume.
Surgical Correction of Limb Malalignment for Instability of the Patella
Authors: Paulos Lonnie , Swanson Stephen C. , Stoddard Gregory J. , Barber-Westin Sue
Published: June 2009

Background

Although patients considered “successful” at longer-term follow-up no longer exhibited patellar instability, those with more severe malalignment issues had other, gradually worsening symptoms such as activity-related pain, crepitation, swelling with activities, and pain with weather changes.

Hypothesis

Improvement of patellar tracking by correction of the tubercle-sulcus angle and related ligament deficiencies will result in good to excellent results, regardless of the technique employed.

Study Design

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Twenty-five patients with dislocating patellae and significant lower leg deformity were treated; 12 patients (group 1) underwent a derotational high tibial osteotomy and 13 patients (group 2) underwent an Elmslie-Trillat-Fulkerson proximal-distal realignment. All were prospectively evaluated a minimum of 24 months postoperatively with a physical examination, validated outcome questionnaires, radiographs, and computerized axial tomography scans. Postoperative 3-dimensional bilateral gait analyses were performed on all subjects walking on a 3-dimensional force treadmill to measure stance kinematics, foot progression angle, knee flexion, knee valgus-varus, hip flexion, and patella angle. Contralateral limbs with similar preoperative alignment were used as controls.

Results

Group 1 patients significantly improved over their preoperative status in all primary subjective and functional outcome parameters, and were significantly better than group 2 patients. Group 2 patients improved, but not to the degree of group 1 patients. Gait analysis revealed group 1 patients had more symmetrical gait patterns, with less variability and less compensatory gait changes, than group 2 patients.

Conclusion

The original hypothesis proved to be incorrect. The simultaneous correction of ligament imbalance, excessive tubercle-sulcus angle, and lower limb torsional deformity produced significantly better results than conventional proximal-distal realignment.
Social identity patterns and trust in demographically diverse work teams
Authors: van der Zee Karen , Vos Menno , Luijters Kyra
Published: June 2009

The article presents a model that links trust in a demographically diverse work context to three different social-identity patterns. Trust is considered to be beneficial for interpersonal relationships and work outcomes in diverse teams as well as for a healthy work relationship between minority members and their company. First, imposing a common ingroup identity based on similarities has been put forward as a useful method of creating depersonalized forms of trust among members of different demographic subgroups. However, its usefulness seems to be limited to situations of low identity threat. Alternatively, recent findings support the usefulness of creating a relational identity orientation or a common ingroup identity that explicitly embraces the value of diversity. The latter methods seem to enforce more personalized and more robust forms of identity-based trust in teams. They may also be useful in promoting trust of minority members in the organizational setting as a whole and in its authorities, probably because these identity patterns contribute to feelings of respect among minority members. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The role of social capital on trust development and dynamics: implications for cooperation, monitoring and team performance
Authors: Costa Ana Cristina , Bijlsma-Frankema Katinka , de Jong Bart
Published: June 2009

This study examined the development and dynamics of trust in project teams and explored the relation with cooperation, monitoring and team performance. Two types of teams were distinguished at the start of the projects: low prior social-capital teams (teams composed of members that have no previous history in working together and are not acquainted or friends with one another); high prior social-capital teams (teams composed of members that have worked together previously, are acquainted or friends with each other). A longitudinal approach provided an opportunity to study trust dynamics in the course of the projects. Data from 79 project-research teams (315 master's students) was collected longitudinally, with measurement moments at the beginning, middle and end of the project. Independent team performance ratings were obtained for each team. Significant differences were found in relation to trust-building between high and low prior social-capital teams. High prior social-capital teams reported systematically higher levels of trust than low prior social-capital teams throughout the project. These differences had implications for the level of monitoring, cooperation and team performance.
Natural Durability of a Bagasse Fiber/ Polypropylene Composite Exposed to Rainbow Fungus ( Coriolus versicolor)
Authors: Nadali Elham , Karimi Alinaghi , Tajvidi Mehdi , Naghdi Reza
Published: June 2009

To evaluate the natural durability of a composite obtained from bagasse fibers and polypropylene against rainbow fungus (Coriolus versicolor), materials containing 75% bagasse fibers, 23% polypropylene, and 2% compatibilizer were sampled. After specimen and culture medium preparation the specimens were exposed to the purified fungus at 25°C and 75% relative humidity for 1, 2, 3, and 4 months. Identical specimens of the same composite, without being exposed to the fungus, were provided as the control specimens. After the mentioned periods, mass loss, bending strength, elastic modulus, hardness, water absorption, and equilibrium moisture content of specimens were measured. The obtained results indicated that mass, bending strength, elastic modulus, hardness, and equilibrium moisture content of composites decreased, whereas water absorption amount of specimens increased. The calculation of correlation coefficients between the rates of mass loss and bending strength, elastic modulus and hardness decreases, as well as equilibrium moisture percentage in composite specimens revealed that a significant correlation existed between the values. Comparing mechanical properties after exposure to fungus, it is observed that elastic modulus was affected by the fungus exposure to a greater extent, whereas hardness decrease was less than the other properties.
Thermal, Mechanical, and Hygroscopic Behavior of Sisal Fiber/Polyurethane Resin-based Composites
Authors: Silva R.V. , Ueki M.M. , Spinelli D. , Bose Filho W.W. , Tarpani J.R.
Published: June 2009

This work reports hygroscopic, thermal, and mechanical properties of biomass composites comprising sisal fiber reinforcing castor oil PU resin. The effects of reinforcement geometry and alkaline treatment of fibers were evaluated. In general, alkaline treatment improved quasi-static tensile properties of composites with short randomly oriented and long aligned sisal fibers, respectively. On the other hand, an adverse effect of alkaline treatment was observed in the mechanical behavior of the composite with bidirectional fabric architecture. The outstanding influence of moisture on thermo-mechanical properties of biomass composites was confirmed through thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Dynamical-mechanical thermal analysis showed increased storage modulus (i.e., stiffness) and decreased damping properties of biomass composites as compared to neat PU matrix. Dynamical-mechanical testing also detected unexpected decrease on glass transition temperature of composites in regard to the neat polymer resin; resin plasticization due to moisturized fibers and/or alkaline treatment residues was identified as probably the culprit.
Effects of Compatibilizers on Mechanical Properties of Long Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene
Authors: Xiang Fu  , Bobing He  , Xian Chen
Published: June 2009

Long glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene was prepared with the self-designed impregnation device. Main properties (like mechanical properties), average fiber length, fiber orientation, and morphology of LFPP with three different compatibilizers including octane—ethylene copolymer, maleic anhydride grafted octane—ethylene copolymer. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene were investigated on injection molding bars. Results showed that the addition of POE led to decrease in tensile strength. PP-g-MAH and POE-g-MAH improved the adhesion between glass fiber and polypropylene. These compatibilizers could increase the average fiber length and weaken the dispersion of glass fiber in matrix. It was also observed from scanning electron microscope that these compatibilizers had different adhesion effects which were evaluated as follows: PP-g-MAH>POE-g-MAH>POE.
Effect of Compounding and Injection Molding on the Mechanical Properties of Flax Fiber Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Barkoula N.M. , Garkhail S.K. , Peijs T.
Published: June 2009

The present study focuses on short flax fiber, as well as long flax fiber-reinforced polypropylene (flax/PP) composites, manufactured by the injection molding method. Compounding of flax with two different grades of PP (with and without maleic anhydride (MA-PP) grafting) is carried out by four methods: kneading process, Henschel kinetic mixer, extrusion compounding, and production of long fiber thermoplastic (LFT) granules through pultrusion. The effect of the compounding method and injection molding on the fiber length and mechanical properties of the composites is being investigated. Furthermore, the effect of fiber—matrix adhesion on the mechanical response is being discussed. It can be concluded that the reduction in fiber length, associated with injection molding, did not affect the tensile properties significantly for the studied systems due to improvements in fiber orientation along the polymer flow direction and increased fiber efficiency through dimensional changes due to fiber opening. The addition of MA-PP led to improvements in the tensile strength of injection-molded composites. Kneader compounded composites showed maximum tensile strength as well as stiffness when compared with other compounding methods.
Recurrent Posterior Circulation Stroke in an Infant With Basilar Artery Aneurysm
Authors: Frosk Patrick , Salman Michael S. , Wrogemann Jens , Shah Namrata , Rafay Mubeen F.
Published: June 2009

Arterial ischemic stroke involving the posterior circulation is uncommon in children. The underlying etiologies and risk factors predisposing to posterior circulation stroke include vasculopathies, intracranial trauma, cardiac disease, infection, and hematologic disorders. However, in many children with posterior circulation stroke, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We describe a 14-month-old infant with recurrent arterial ischemic stroke involving the posterior circulation secondary to an aneurysm of the basilar artery.
Intimate Partner Violence and Contribution of Drinking and Sociodemographics
Authors: Zaleski Marcos , Pinsky Ilana , Laranjeira Ronaldo , Ramisetty-Mikler Suhasini , Caetano Raul
Published: June 2009

Purpose: To estimate prevalence rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) among Brazilian couples and to assess the contribution of drinking and sociodemographic factors to the risk of IPV. Methods: A sample consisting of 1,445 married or cohabitating males and females in the Brazilian population was interviewed. The survey response rate was 66%. Results: The analyses indicate 10.7% and 14.6% prevalence, respectively for male-to-female and female-to-male IPV. Males were drinking in 38.1% of IPV events and females in 9.2%. The male’s partner was drinking in 30.8% and the females’ partner in 44.6% of IPV acts. Bivariate associations between violence and sociodemographics were found for age groups, household monthly income and educational level. Logistic regression analysis indicate that younger age for both male and female partners, men with no religious affiiliation and women who are homemakers are significant predictors of violence. Conclusion: This survey provides important information to further IPV research in Brazil.
Using Common Psychological Terms to Describe Other People
Authors: Mollaret Patrick
Published: June 2009

According to the lexical approach to personality, psychological adjectives used in everyday language (e.g., “extraverted”) are a valid basis for describing the psychological properties that can be measured using personality inventories. In the present contribution, both the foundations and the consequences of this approach are subjected to a critical analysis, which comes to the conclusion that it is based on a mistaken conception of psychological terms and a questionable assumption as to the purpose of personality inventories. A fresh method is therefore put forward, defending a polysemous approach to psychological terms, partly inspired by Wittgenstein's second philosophy (1953). This approach stresses the fact that every adjective encompasses different meanings (i.e., no adjective can be summed up by a single essential meaning); and one of these meanings may become dominant, to the detriment of the others, according to the forms of life (i.e., social and linguistic practices) in which people are objectively involved. The need to link the definition of adjectives to peoples' concrete forms of life paves the way for a new and radically different program of research from that constructed within the framework of the lexical hypothesis.
Paranoia
Authors: Cromby John , Harper David J.
Published: June 2009

Both psychology and psychiatry are dominated by individualistic accounts of paranoia (and, indeed, other forms of distress). As a corrective to these, this paper provides a social account of paranoia grounded in a minimal notion of embodied subjectivity constituted from the interpenetration of feelings, perception and discourse. Paranoia is conceptualized as a mode or tendency within embodied subjectivity, co-constituted in the dialectical associations between subjectivity and relational, social and material influences. Relevant psychiatric and psychological literature is briefly reviewed; relational, social structural and material influences upon paranoia are described; and some implications of this account for research and intervention are highlighted.
The Use of Meta-analysis in Psychology
Authors: Shercliffe Regan J. , Stahl William , Tuttle Megan P.
Published: June 2009

In the discipline of psychology there are numerous examples of multiple published studies examining the same topic with contradictory results. Meta-analysis is viewed by proponents as a superior methodology that is based on a more reliable and objective process than narrative reviews in summarizing the results of multiple studies. To asses this claim, we reviewed 10 years of meta-analyses published in Psychological Bulletin, and examined the epistemic culture that informs the practice of meta-analysis. The practice of meta-analysis as examined within the sample of studies reviewed was characterized by methodological inconsistencies. This suggests that the methods set forth by the proponents of meta-analysis are not being followed by some researchers with rigour or consistency. Such preliminary findings, therefore, challenge the notion that meta-analysis is an inherently superior technique as compared to other forms of review. We discuss this in terms of the shared commitments and epistemic culture of researchers that rely on meta-analysis.
Sexual Assault Support Services and Community Systems
Authors: Todahl Jeffrey L. , Linville Deanna , Bustin Amy , Wheeler Jenna , Gau Jeff
Published: June 2009

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals encounter social conditions that create important considerations for LGBTQ sexual assault victims. This exploratory, mixed-methods study examines the relationship between community attitudes toward LGBTQ persons and associated community responses to LGBTQ sexual assault victims. An online and paper-and-pencil survey ( n = 130) and four focus group interviews ( n = 14) are analyzed using frequency distributions and grounded theory methods. The central theme that emerged in focus group interviews, titled “low community awareness and support for sexual violence in the LGBTQ community,” was corroborated by survey participants. Participants' views of unique considerations for LGBTQ sexual assault victims are presented, including causal factors, consequences, and recommended strategies.