bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BARBA ENSOPADA DE SANGUE: REALISMO E SUBJETIVIDADE
Authors: Facchin Michelle Aranda
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo apresenta um estudo preliminar sobre os romances Barba ensopada de sangue (2012) e Até o dia em que o cão morreu (2007), escritos pelo escritor gaúcho Daniel Galera. Apresenta uma breve comparação entre o realismo oitocentista e o realismo íntimo, baseando-se nos estudos de André Breton,  Erik Schollhammer e Tânia Pellegrini. Concluímos que o realismo na obra de Daniel Galera possui uma relação com as descrições, compondo o que  Schollhammer chamou de “realismo íntimo”, um tipo de realismo que se ergue pelo olhar do personagem. As descrições, por sua vez, produzem um tipo de visualidade que intensifica os estados emocionais e estabelece um novo modo de pensar os efeitos descritivos na narrativa. Além de funcionarem como elementos de referência e preenchimento de lacunas na narrativa, as descrições são também importantes para a construção da subjetividade do protagonista e o modo como o mesmo se relaciona com o ambiente, sendo fundamentais para a construção do realismo íntimo nos dois romances analisados. 
SOCIOLINGUÍSTICA HISTÓRICA
Authors: Da rosa Eliane
Published: May 2016

RESUMO: Desde a década de 80 muitos estudos de cunho histórico têm sido desenvolvidos até o presente momento sob uma nova perspectiva de investigação linguística. Este novo ramo da Linguística, chamado de Sociolinguística Histórica, tem contribuído de forma significativa para os estudos linguístico-históricos no mundo. Esta nova disciplina da Linguística tem por objetivo descrever e explicar fenômenos de variação e mudança linguística no passado por meio da utilização dos métodos de análise variacionista. O presente artigo pretende apresentar um breve relato sobre o percurso histórico desta nova linha de pesquisa, além de descrever seus pressupostos teórico-metodológicos. 

 

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sociolinguística Histórica – Linguística Histórica - Língua Escrita.

 
A ficcionalização dos escritores Gregório de Matos e padre Antônio Vieira em Boca do Inferno, de Ana Miranda
Authors: Duarte Bruno Marques
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo analisa o processo de ficcionalização dos escritores do período estético do Barroco brasileiro, Gregório de Matos e padre Antônio Vieira, no romance histórico Boca do Inferno, de Ana Miranda. Além disso, investigam-se os procedimentos intertextuais que a autora empregou no discurso da narrativa para caracterizar o cronotopo histórico e estético na qual os literatos viveram e produziram suas respectivas obras.
O espírito do haikai nos tankas de Wilson Bueno
Authors: Yamamoto Cícera
Published: May 2016

O tanka e o haikai, formas poéticas originárias  do Japão, embora próximas, são muito diferentes entre si. Wilson Bueno buscou, na forma do tanka, inspiração para compor os poemas de dois de seus livros: Pequeno tratado de brinquedos (1996) e Pincel de Kyoto (2008). Ao reelaborar a estrutura do tanka, incorpora elementos clássicos do haikai. Este artigo, a partir de reflexões de Otávio Paz e do estudo de Paulo Franchetti, mostra como o espírito do haikai se configura nos tankas de Wilson Bueno.
Arthropods of Steel Creek, Buffalo National River, Arkansas. III. Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera)
Authors: Skvarla Michael , Fisher Danielle , Dowling Ashley
Published: May 2016

This is the third in a series of papers detailing the terrestrial arthropods collected during an intensive survey of a site near Steel Creek campground along the Buffalo National River in Arkansas. The survey was conducted over a period of eight and a half months using twelve trap types – Malaise traps, canopy traps (upper and lower collector), Lindgren multifunnel traps (black, green, and purple), pan traps (blue, purple, red, white, and yellow), and pitfall traps – and Berlese-Tullgren extraction of leaf litter.

We provide collection records for 54 species of Heteroptera, 11 of which were new state records for Arkansas: (Aradidae) Aradus approximatus, Aradus duzeei, Aradus ornatus, Neuroctenus elongatus, Neuroctenus pseudonymus, Notapictinus aurivilli; (Cydnidae) Sehirus cinctus; (Lygaeidae) Nysius raphanus; (Miridae) Prepops insitivus; (Reduviidae) Zelus tetracanthus; (Rhyparochromidae) Kolenetrus plenus.
Specialty Practice and Cost Considerations in the Management of Uveitis Associated With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Palestine Alan G. , Singh Jasleen K. , Kolfenbach Jason R. , Ozzello Daniel J.
Published: May 2016

Purpose:

To evaluate whether cost, prior insurance authorization concerns, and subspecialty practice influence therapeutic decisions in the treatment of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Methods:

A total of 2,965 pediatric ophthalmologists, uveitis specialists, retina specialists, and rheumatologists across the United States were surveyed via e-mail regarding their choice in long-term therapy for a hypothetical patient with uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Outcomes of interest were differences in therapy choice based on cost/prior authorization and specialty practice.

Results:

There were significant differences in the use of methotrexate and biologics among specialists, both with and without consideration for cost and prior authorization.

Conclusions:

Physicians in four different specialties who treat uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis agree on methotrexate as a first-line treatment choice and a biologic immunosuppressive medication as a second choice, but there are significant differences between the specialties in their use of these medications. Cost and insurance considerations did not affect therapy selection.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2016;53(4):246–251.]
Comparative Clinical Outcomes of Pediatric Patients Presenting With Eyelid Nodules of Idiopathic Facial Aseptic Granuloma, Hordeola, and Chalazia
Authors: Ozer Pinar Altiaylik , Gurkan Asuman , Kurtul Bengi Ece , Kabatas Emrah Utku , Beken Serdar
Published: May 2016

Purpose:

To present the clinical features of the eyelid nodules observed in a newly determined dermatologic disorder, idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma (IFAG), and to compare them with children having acute hordeolum and chalazion.

Methods:

Duration of the lesion, localization, presence of coexisting facial nodules, management strategies, and response time to topical/oral antibiotics were retrospectively reviewed in 50 children with IFAG, acute hordeolum, or chalazion.

Results:

Fourteen children with one or more IFAG nodules on their eyelids, 28 children with one or more acute hordeolum, and 8 children with one or more chalazion were examined. Children with IFAG on their eyelids and face presented earlier than children with acute hordeolum (
P
= .006). The duration of this lesion was similar among patients with IFAG on their eyelids and acute hordeolum (
P
= .53). Duration of the lesion and treatment response time were shorter in children with IFAG on their eyelids and face (
P
= .004) than in those with IFAG on their eyelids (
P
= .013). The lesions of patients with chalazion had a longer duration compared to those with IFAG on their eyelids (
P
= .005), IFAG on their eyelids and face (
P
< .001), and acute hordeolum (
P
= .04). Twenty patients with acute hordeolum recovered after topical antibiotics and had a similar treatment response time to those with IFAG on their eyelids and face (
P
= .06) and those with IFAG on their eyelids (
P
= .16).

Conclusions:

IFAG should be considered in the differential diagnosis of painless eyelid nodules in children. Because IFAG on the eyelids has many overlapping features with hordeola/chalazia, its differentiation may be difficult in the absence of accompanying facial granulomas. Chronic subepidermal eyelid nodules resembling skin abscess should alert clinicians for IFAG. Because IFAG responds well to oral clarithromycin, unnecessary surgical interventions should be avoided in these cases.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2016;53(4):206–211.]
Treatment of Coats' Disease With Combination Therapy of Intravitreal Bevacizumab, Laser Photocoagulation, and Sub-Tenon Corticosteroids
Authors: Sein Julia , Tzu Jonathan H. , Murray Timothy G. , Berrocal Audina M.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

The authors investigate the efficacy of combination treatment with laser photocoagulation, intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA), and sub-Tenon corticosteroids in Coats' disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Patient records at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute were reviewed from August 2002 to January 2014. Primary outcome measures were anatomic success, globe salvage, and final visual acuity.

RESULTS:

Of the 26 patients (26 eyes) reviewed, 20 patients had stage 3A2, four patients had stage 3A1, and two patients had stage 2A. Mean follow-up time was 2.26 years. The median number of applications was five and three for laser and IVB, respectively. Five patients received sub-Tenon triamcinolone injections. Global salvage was achieved in all patients. Final visual acuity outcomes were reasonable: 20/20 to 20/50 in five patients, 20/60 to 20/100 in five patients, and 20/200 or less in 16 patients.

CONCLUSION:

Intravitreal injections of bevacizumab used in combination with repetitive laser photocoagulation therapy yielded anatomic success, global salvage, and reasonable visual acuity outcomes.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:443–449.]
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Damento Gena , Chen Michael H. , Leng Theodore
Published: May 2016

The authors report the use of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to determine retinal blood flow in a patient with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Spectral-domain OCTA (SD-OCTA) was performed on an eye with CRAO. En face vascular images were constructed using an optical microangiography algorithm. The retinal vasculature was clearly imaged with high fidelity; areas of perfused retina were identified with exquisite detail. This study supports use of OCTA in diagnosing and monitoring CRAOs. Future research is warranted to recognize full potential of this imaging modality.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2016;47:467–470.]
Reduction of Diabetic Macular Edema in the Untreated Fellow Eye Following Intravitreal Injection of Aflibercept
Authors: Calvo Charles M. , Sridhar Jayanth , Shahlaee Abtin , Ho Allen C.
Published: May 2016

A 59-year-old patient with bilateral worsening diabetic macular edema received intravitreal injection of aflibercept (Eylea; Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY) to the left eye only. On 1-month follow-up, there was noted bilateral improvement of visual acuity and diabetic macular edema on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging, reflecting bilateral effect of unilateral treatment with aflibercept.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2016;47:474–476.]
Progressive Release of Vitreomacular Traction With Aflibercept
Authors: Schwartz Stephen G. , Flynn Harry W.
Published: May 2016

A patient with combined diabetic macular edema (DME) and vitreomacular traction (VMT) was treated with a series of intravitreal aflibercept (Eylea; Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY) injections. The VMT progressively released during the course of the five intravitreal injections. This release may have been spontaneous, due to a nonspecific mechanical effect from the injections, or due to a pharmacologic effect from the aflibercept. While treating DME, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents may have an additional benefit in releasing VMT.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:477–481.]
A Rare Cause of Retinal Artery Occlusion in Severe Hypernatremic Dehydration in Newborns
Authors: Ozer Pinar Altiaylik , Kabatas Emrah Utku , Kurtul Bengi Ece , Dilli Dilek , Zenciroglu Aysegul , Okumus Nurullah
Published: May 2016

Neonatal hypernatremia is an important electrolyte disorder that may have serious complications. It may be a rare and underdiagnosed cause of venous and arterial thrombosis, leading to severe brain damage by cerebral edema and intracranial hemorrhage. Here, the authors present a case of bilateral central retinal artery occlusion in a newborn with severe hypernatremic dehydration who is found to be normal in terms of other causes of retinal arterial thromboembolization.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:482–485.]
Expansion of Severely Constricted Visual Field Using Google Glass
Authors: Trese Matthew G.J. , Khan Naheed W. , Branham Kari , Conroy Erin Brown , Moroi Sayoko E.
Published: May 2016

Google Glass (Google, Mountain View, CA) is a wearable technology with a computer and camera mounted on an eyeglass frame. The camera captures wide-angle video and projects it onto a prism located in the right superior temporal quadrant of the wearer's visual field. The authors present a case of an individual who used Google Glass' video projection feature to expand his severely constricted right visual field. This patient reported improved ambulatory navigation. Using Google Glass, the patient's peripheral vision, measured using Goldmann kinetic perimetry, expanded impressively. Based on these preliminary results, the authors propose further characterization on the potential utility of such head-mount display technology as a tool to improve the lives of patients with severely constricted visual fields.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2016;47:486–489.]
Choroidal Metastases From Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Mercado Carmel L. , Toy Brian C. , Kistler Henry B. , Moshfeghi Darius M.
Published: May 2016

A 92-year-old man presented with months of progressive blurry vision, worsening acutely in his right eye. He denied pain, diplopia, or photopsias. His history was significant for multiple myeloma, prostate cancer, and malignant melanoma of his right shoulder treated with local excision. He had local recurrence with hepatic metastasis of the melanoma treated with radiation and chemotherapy. On examination, his visual acuity was counting fingers in the right eye and 20/60 in the left eye. Amsler grid testing demonstrated metamorphopsia in the right eye. Fundus exam of the right and left eyes revealed multiple, elevated, pigmented choroidal lesions, with associated subretinal fluid in the right macula. This appearance is consistent with hematogenous metastasis of cutaneous malignant melanoma to the choroid and associated serous fluid-causing metamorphopsia. The patient was enrolled in a clinical trial combining plasmid IL-12 with pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ). He passed away 2 months after initial presentation to our clinic.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2016;47:497.]
Data Security in Wired and Wireless Systems
Authors: Prakash Abhinav , Agarwal Dharma Prakash
Published: May 2016

The issues related to network data security were identified shortly after the inception of the first wired network. Initial protocols relied heavily on obscurity as the main tool for security provisions. Hacking into a wired network requires physically tapping into the wire link on which the data is being transferred. Both these factors seemed to work hand in hand and made secured communication somewhat possible using simple protocols. Then came the wireless network which radically changed the field and associated environment. How do you secure something that freely travels through the air as a medium? Furthermore, wireless technology empowered devices to be mobile, making it harder for security protocols to identify and locate a malicious device in the network while making it easier for hackers to access different parts of the network while moving around. Quite often, the discussion centered on the question: Is it even possible to provide complete security in a wireless network? It can be debated that wireless networks and perfect data security are mutually exclusive. Availability of latest wideband wireless technologies have diminished predominantly large gap between the network capacities of a wireless network versus a wired one. Regardless, the physical medium limitation still exists for a wired network. Hence, security is a way more complicated and harder goal to achieve for a wireless network (Imai, Rahman, & Kobara, 2006). So, it can be safely assumed that a security protocol that is robust for a wireless network will provide at least equal if not better level of security in a similar wired network. Henceforth, we will talk about security essentially in a wireless network and readers should assume it to be equally applicable to a wired network.
A Survey of Botnet-Based DDoS Flooding Attacks of Application Layer
Authors: Alomari Esraa , Manickam Selvakumar , Gupta B. B. , Anbar Mohammed , Saad Redhwan M. A. , Alsaleem Samer
Published: May 2016

A Botnet can be used to launch a cyber-attack, such as a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, against a target or to conduct a cyber-espionage campaign to steal sensitive information. This survey analyzes and compares the most important efforts carried out in an application-based detection area and this survey extended to cover the mitigation approaches for the Botnet-based DDoS flooding attacks. It accomplishes four tasks: first, an extensive illustration on Internet Security; second, an extensive comparison between representative detection mechanisms; third, the comparison between the mitigation mechanisms against Botnet-based DDoS flooding and fourth, the description of the most important problems and highlights in the area. We conclude that the area has achieved great advances so far, but there are still many open problems.
Audio Stego Intrusion Detection System through Hybrid Neural Tree Model
Authors: Geetha S. , Sindhu Siva S. Sivatha
Published: May 2016

Steganography and steganalysis in audio covers are significant research topics since audio data is becoming an appropriate cover to hide comprehensive documents or confidential data. This article proposes a hybrid neural tree model to enhance the performance of the AQM steganalyser. Practically, false negative errors are more expensive than the false positive errors, since they cause a greater loss to organizations. The proposed neural model is operating with the cost ratio of false negative errors to false positive errors of the steganalyser as the activation function. Empirical results show that the evolutionary neural tree model designed based on the asymmetric costs of false negative and false positive errors proves to be more effective and provides higher accuracy than the basic AQM steganalyser.
Auditing Defense against XSS Worms in Online Social Network-Based Web Applications
Authors: Chaudhary Pooja , Gupta Shashank , Gupta B. B.
Published: May 2016

Nowadays, users of Online Social Network (OSN) are less familiar with cyber security threats that occur in such networks, comprising Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) worms, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, Phishing, etc. Numerous defensive methodologies exist for mitigating the effect of DDoS attacks and Phishing vulnerabilities from OSN. However, till now, no such robust defensive solution is proposed for the complete alleviation of XSS worms from such networks. This chapter discusses the detailed incidences of XSS attacks in the recent period on the platforms of OSN. A high level of taxonomy of XSS worms is illustrated in this article for the precise interpretation of its exploitation in multiple applications of OSN like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc. We have also discussed the key contributions of current defensive solutions of XSS attacks on the existing platforms of OSN. Based on this study, we identified the current performance issues in these existing solutions and recommend future research guidelines.
Digital Image Watermarking
Authors: Singh Amit Kumar , Kumar Basant , Dave Mayank , Ghrera Satya Prakash , Mohan Anand
Published: May 2016

Recently, with the explosive growth of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), various new opportunities emerged for the creation and delivery of content in digital form which includes applications such as real time video and audio delivery, electronic advertising, digital libraries and web publishing. However, these advantages have the consequent risks of data piracy, which motivate towards development of new protection mechanisms. One such effort that has been attracting interest is based on digital watermarking techniques. This chapter discusses the basic concepts of digital watermarking techniques, performances parameters and its potential applications in various fields. In this chapter, we also discuss various spatial and transform domain techniques and compare the performance of some reported wavelet based watermarking techniques. Finally, the latest applications of watermarking techniques have been discussed. This chapter will be more important for researchers to implement effective watermarking method.
Security Issues and Countermeasures of Online Transaction in E-Commerce
Authors: Harshita Sarvesh Tanwar , Tanwar Sarvesh
Published: May 2016

Nowadays, e-commerce is one of the most growing sectors in the field of internet. It gives the flexibility to shop online, transact online, transfer money online and many more feature to its internet users. As the growth of e-commerce increases, e-commerce security also comes out a major concern to ensure its user a secure transaction without any fear over the network. Banking sector is one of the most prominent sectors of growth in world of e-commerce, but as its demand increases the security and risks along with it also increases. E-commerce security must ensure major security features of cryptography: privacy, authentication, access control, confidentiality and protect data from un-authorized access. In this chapter, all aspects regarding e-commerce describes from its introduction to its security, countermeasures and an example of doing secure payment from any website.
Provable Security for Public Key Cryptosystems
Authors: Ali Syed Taqi
Published: May 2016

In the early years after the invention of public key cryptography by Diffie and Hellman in 1976, the design and evaluation of public key cryptosystems has been done merely in ad-hoc manner based on trial and error. The public key cryptosystem said to be secure as long as there is no successful cryptanalytic attack on it. But due to various successful attacks on the cryptosystems after development, the cryptographic community understood that this ad-hoc approach might not be good enough. The paradigm of provable security is an attempt to get rid of ad hoc design. The goals of provable security are to define appropriate models of security on the one hand, and to develop cryptographic designs that can be proven to be secure within the defined models on the other. There are two general approaches for structuring the security proof. One is reductionist approach and other is game-based approach. In these approaches, the security proofs reduce a well known problem (such as discrete logarithm, RSA) to an attack against a proposed cryptosystem. With this approach, the security of public key cryptosystem can be proved formally under the various models viz. random oracle model, generic group model and standard model. In this chapter, we will briefly explain these approaches along with the security proofs of well known public key cryptosystems under the appropriate model.
Analysis of Various Security Issues and Challenges in Cloud Computing Environment
Authors: Gou Zhaolong , Yamaguchi Shingo , Gupta B. B.
Published: May 2016

Cloud computing is a system, where the resources of a data center are shared using virtualization technology, such that it provides elastic, on demand and instant services to its customers and charges them based on the resources they use. In this chapter, we will discuss recent developments in cloud computing, various security issues and challenges associated with Cloud computing environment, various existing solutions provided for dealing with these security threats and will provide a comparative analysis these approaches. This will provide better understanding of the various security problems associated with the cloud, current solution space, and future research scope to deal with such attacks in better way.
Review of Link Structure Based Ranking Algorithms and Hanging Pages
Authors: Kumar Ravi P. , Singh Ashutosh K. , Mohan Anand
Published: May 2016

In this era of Web computing, Cyber Security is very important as more and more data is moving into the Web. Some data are confidential and important. There are many threats for the data in the Web. Some of the basic threats can be addressed by designing the Web sites properly using Search Engine Optimization techniques. One such threat is the hanging page which gives room for link spamming. This chapter addresses the issues caused by hanging pages in Web computing. This Chapter has four important objectives. They are 1) Compare and review the different types of link structure based ranking algorithms in ranking Web pages. PageRank is used as the base algorithm throughout this Chapter. 2) Study on hanging pages, explore the effects of hanging pages in Web security and compare the existing methods to handle hanging pages. 3) Study on Link spam and explore the effect of hanging pages in link spam contribution and 4) Study on Search Engine Optimization (SEO) / Web Site Optimization (WSO) and explore the effect of hanging pages in Search Engine Optimization (SEO).
Application of Face Recognition Techniques in Video for Biometric Security
Authors: Bhagabati Bijuphukan , Sarma Kandarpa Kumar
Published: May 2016

Biometric based attributes are the latest additions to the existing mechanisms used for security of information system and for access control. Among a host of others, face recognition is the most effective biometric system for identification and verification of persons. Face recognition from video has gained attention due to its popularity and ease of use with security systems based on vision and surveillance systems. The automated video based face recognition system provides a huge assortment of challenges as it is necessary to perform facial verification under different viewing conditions. Face recognition in video continues to attract lot of attention from researchers world over hence considerable advances are being recorded in this area. The aim of this chapter is to perform a review of the basic methods used for such techniques and finding the emerging trends of the research in this area. The primary focus is to summarize some well-known methods of face recognition in video sequences for application in biometric security and enumerate the emerging trends.
DNA Sequence Based Cryptographic Solution for Secure Image Transmission
Authors: Jacob Grasha , Annamalai Murugan
Published: May 2016

With the advent of electronic transactions, images transmitted across the internet must be protected and prevented from unauthorized access. Various encryption schemes have been developed to make information intelligible only to the intended user. This chapter proposes an encryption scheme based on DNA sequences enabling secure transmission of images.
Implementing Black Male Initiative Programs
Authors: Johnson Stevie , Conley MeShawn , Pope Myron L.
Published: May 2016

The impetus behind this manuscript is to provide practitioners the transparency of executing a Black Male Initiative Program. Although established only for a year, the University of Central Oklahoma has created a framework for institutions of higher learning – specifically predominantly white, metropolitan institutions – that could be implemented to combat the social and cultural barriers that African-American males encounter during or before their college experience. Using Critical Race Theory and Dr. Shaun Harper's anti-deficit framework as the theoretical structure for the Black Male Initiative program, this manuscript will further report the planning for the program, illustrate the significance of recruiting, retaining and graduating Black males and the transformative implications of African-American male success.
Black Student-Faculty Mentorship Programs
Authors: Shorter Shavonne
Published: May 2016

This chapter discusses recommendations for how colleges and universities can institute formal mentorship programs between Black students who have the aptitude and/or interest to become professors and Black faculty. Recommendations about concerns that mentors should address have been crafted based on the expressed needs and desires of Black students from the work of Shorter (2014). The chapter will detail the types of activities the program should include such as learning more about expected job responsibilities. The chapter also discusses intended outcomes associated with the program, the ultimate being an increase in the numbers of Black students that become professors. The chapter concludes with recommendations to expand the program's scope to include all underrepresented minority students.
Using Narrative and Team-Teaching to Address Teaching About Racial Dynamics
Authors: Brookfield Stephen
Published: May 2016

Diversity training and multicultural competency workshops typically work from a top down logic in which educators or trainers skilled in working in multi-racial settings inform less enlightened colleagues about what they need to do to communicate across difference. This ‘expert to novice' dynamic can easily create resentment as participants feel blamed for their lack of racial awareness. A missing component of this work is the use of narrative disclosure by expert instructors of how they struggle with their own learned racism as they seek to navigate racial complexities. This chapter outlines a pedagogy of narrative disclosure in which an instructor's personal experience is placed front and center as a teaching tool. It emphasizes the importance of team teaching as a way of modeling respectful disagreement and an openness to multiple perspectives for students.
Workforce Diversity Curriculum Design Considerations for Diversity Certificates and Study Abroad Experiences
Authors: Sims Atoya
Published: May 2016

Diversity is quickly increasing in the United States, which means the demographics of today's workforce are changing. Also, many companies are going global so there is a need for better cultural awareness and understanding. With the changes in the workforce comes the need for better interpersonal skills, knowledge, and cultural awareness for those who work with diverse individuals as well as those who manage diversity initiatives. Studies show that not only is there a need for better workforce diversity curriculum in higher education, but also for workplace diversity certificates. In addition, studies show the need for better design of study abroad experiences to help with cultural and social differences. This study examines diversity trends in various disciplines, as well as reviews workforce diversity-related courses and study abroad experiences. Based upon conclusions, suggestions are offered for designing curriculum for workforce diversity certificates and for designing study abroad experiences.
Trans*Forming Higher Education to Advance Workforce Diversity
Authors: Langford Catherine L.
Published: May 2016

The discrimination transgender persons experience in their educational pursuits, as well as their personal, public, and private lives, negatively impacts their ability to obtain and to maintain work. Trans individuals experience frequent harassment and violence in school, discrimination in the workplace, and high rates of poverty. This chapter reviews the prevalence and implications of trans targeting before surveying judicial opinions and legal statutes that work to protect or to discriminate against transfolk. Although the laws are mixed, more and more legislative codes and judicial opinions advance trans rights and consider gender identity and expression a protected class of people. This chapter suggests different policies, programs, and protocols college campuses can adopt to create a safe, inclusive, and productive educational environment for trans students. Doing so will educate cisgender individuals about trans issues and legal rights as well as prepare trans workers to enter into the workforce.
Utilizing Virtual Technology as a Tool to Enhance the Workforce Diversity Learning
Authors: Greer Bertie Marie , Luethge Denise J , Robinson Gil
Published: May 2016

New technologies for sharing information and communication are being developed every day. Such technologies have become critical to organizations and are needed to bridge the global distance gap. The ability for employees to meet virtually and interact with domestic and global partners is priceless. This ubiquitous communication ability also can be used to promote diversity and equality in the workplace. In this chapter, the increased global role of technology in the workplace and how its use can benefit and/or hinder diversity objectives will be discussed. Additionally, an innovative course delivery method will be used to demonstrate how students in diversity courses can use virtual technologies to build skills and develop intercultural and global competencies by learning from and interacting with students from around the world.
Diversity in Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Castillo-Page Laura , Eliason Jennifer , Conrad Sarah S. , Nivet Marc A.
Published: May 2016

The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) developed the Diversity 3.0 framework to reflect this current, evolving literature on diversity and inclusion, as well as the increasing need to broaden the scope of diversity work. This framework illustrates the major components of organizational culture and climate: Institutional and social context, institutional structures and policies, and the key groups of people within the institution: administrators, professional staff/non-faculty, faculty and students. This chapter will explore various aspects of the Diversity 3.0 framework, presented by experts in the field of institutional culture and climate. Additionally, the chapter will provide information on how institutions can engage their surrounding community, what metrics to consider when assessing organizational culture and climate, and how to best leverage data and findings once they are obtained.
A Future Direction for Integrating Workforce Diversity across the Curriculum
Authors: Maiorescu Roxana D. , Eberhardinger Mary J.
Published: May 2016

The current chapter provides details on integrating cultural diversity in the curriculum. Specifically, the authors discuss a new course whose aim is to prepare students to successfully work in the field of global strategic communication. The course is designed to help students gain an understanding of politics, economy, media, culture and diversity worldwide and constitutes a transformative approach to curriculum internationalization while revolving around interdisciplinarity in co-teaching and research. The authors discuss the design of the course as well as the literature they consulted for its development, namely past research on interdisciplinary research, co-teaching, and curriculum internationalization. The details provided in this chapter can help academics to replicate this approach in order to foster global engagement at their institutions.
MNEs Management Strategies in Developing Countries
Authors: Khan Mohammad Ayub
Published: May 2016

Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) operating in emerging or developing countries face a variety of complex and multifaceted challenges categorized into two broader spheres: conventional and contemporary. Conventional challenges are market forces (i.e., demand, supply, prices), industrial trends (structure, degree of competition, bases of competition) and national environment (i.e., political, economic, cultural and legal). Contemporary challenges include growth paths, strategic direction, new management styles, risk management, corporate social responsibility and new environmental dynamics in the context of the emerging global dynamics. The real challenge for MNEs therefore, is to achieve sustainable growth and profitability and facing effectively all these multi-faceted challenges simultaneously.
On the Relationship between Informal and Formal Institutions, Foreign Direct Investment, and Innovation in Emerging Markets
Authors: Smith Natalya , Thomas Ekaterina
Published: May 2016

This chapter examines innovation in socio-institutional environments of three largest and most diverse emerging markets: Russia, India and China over the period 1990-2014. It considers formal (proxied by corruption) and informal (proxied by trust) institutions and non-linear forces. It also examines the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in (the likelihood of) fostering innovation and of two research and development (R&D) inputs: R&D expenditures and personnel. A significantly positive direct effect of trust and a negative direct effect of corruption are confirmed, whilst there is a significant non-linear decreasing relationship with trust and increasing relationship with corruption. Interestingly, FDI and R&D expenditures are found to decrease innovation, whilst R&D personnel increase innovation output across the sample.
Chinese Wisdom, World Quality
Authors: Cordeiro Cheryl Marie
Published: May 2016

The typical feature of emergent economies is a slow, apparent transformation from being predominantly a home base of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) to becoming more home markets for various firms that expand internationally. In this aspect, China differs from its Asian forerunners. Without question, the most rapid development in recent decades within East Asia and the global economy as a whole is the (re-)emergence of China. While most studies on growth strategies for multinational corporations from emerging economies come from the perspective of economic strategies in international business, this study offers a novel perspective by using visual semiotics as a framework of study and analysis of data. It uses theories of social semiotics borne of the traditions of linguistics to conduct a systematic analysis of the representations of China's desire to go global with their automobile industry. The company in focus is China's Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely) in the years between 2007 to 2011, just prior to an after its acquisition of Volvo Car Corporation (VCC).
Operational Structure of Multinational Enterprises in Africa
Authors: Okon Edet E.
Published: May 2016

The operational structures of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in Africa, a developing and emerging economy do not necessarily differ from those of the developed or even Less Developed Economies (LDEs) except in few areas such as size and capital outlay. Meanwhile, both MNEs of African origin and those which originate from outside Africa do have salient attributes: they have many foreign affiliates or subsidiaries in foreign countries; they operate in a wide variety of countries around the globe; the proportion of assets, revenues, or profits is high; their employees, stockholders, owners, and managers are from many different countries; and they are involved in much more than merely establishing sales office, but incorporate a full range of manufacturing, research and development activities. This chapter examined operational structures of MNEs with focus on meaning, attributes, financing, exchange rate risk and international financial investment, strategies for improved financing and outlay of MNEs in selected African countries.
Standards Certifications and Exports Performance
Authors: Robledo-Ardila Cristina , Aguilar-Barrientos Sara , Gonzalez-Tapias Kelly , Gomez-Trujillo Ana María , Uribe-Villa Camila
Published: May 2016

The integration of the world economy and the internationalization of companies have resulted in consumers' demand for high quality goods. Standards have emerged as a way of reducing the information asymmetries that consumers face when purchasing a product, and have gained importance in the processed food industry as they allow them to assess the quality of goods and may influence the export performance of certified firms (An & Maskus, 2009). Certifications may act as promoters of international trade, but they can also constitute a barrier when the costs associated with the certification process exceed the potential benefits (Jarasueiya et al., 2006). The present study aims to compare the export performance of certified vs. non-certified firms in the Colombian processed food industry. A Mann-Whitney Test was used to analyze the difference of exports value for the selected companies, and then, non-structured interviews to the quality managers of these companies were conducted to gain greater understanding about the impact of standards certifications on their export performance.
Diversity or Dilemma
Authors: Samya Aumio Srizan
Published: May 2016

Sexuality, masculinities and gender roles are interconnected in many aspects. The construction of gender among men and women is influenced by sexuality. Bangladesh is predominantly influenced by Muslim socio-cultural values as more than 85% people follow Islam as their religion. Islam does not allow the space for homosexuality. Hence, MSM (Men who have Sex with Men) people are perceived, viewed and identified as deviant, outcast and sinners. They are deprived of basic human rights, access to proper education, health care services and so on. MSM people are often forced to marry a woman as it is believed that it will ‘cure' their ‘problem' and mainstream them into society. Hence, they are forced to compromise not only as a citizen but also an individual. Such oppression is pushing MSM people in Dhaka not only to the edges but also making them silent and almost invisible from the society.
Urban Nepali Women and Experiences of Love, Intimate Relations, and Media
Authors: Joshi Nemu
Published: May 2016

Focusing on the influence of media, this chapter explores a variety of gender practices in the era of globalisation. This chapter explores how urban Nepali women constantly negotiate between global flows and local context and the effects of this negotiation on their gender roles, and on their familial and intimate relationships. The chapter analyses the ways media, especially Indian visual media, which is a common source of discussion among urban women, is affecting them and their daily lives. Examining the importance of visual media, films and television in directing new identities and implications of gender roles and intimate relationships, this chapter explores ways urban women of Nepal are negotiating their gender relations and intimate lives in relation to the binary of ‘cultural practices' and ‘modernity' through watching Indian visual media.
Women, Migration, Ready Made Garment Factories in Dhaka
Authors: Azad Soheli Khadiza
Published: May 2016

The Chapter addresses the plausibility and transformatory potential of internally migrated women working in the readymade garment factories in Dhaka to work as a critical mass to challenge the existing class and culture in urban Dhaka. Based on a feminist research methodology and reviewing of relevant scholarly research, the chapter breaks down itself into two main parts. The former focuses on the literature on migration, paid work and empowerment and the latter part deals with the evidences of credibility and potentiality of working women to make a rupture into the existing class system and cultural set up of urban Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. The chapter ends with a realistic standpoint that calls for further investigation and sanction into this area of immense and strong possibility.
Social Media and Conformist Voluntarism in the Neoliberal Era
Authors: Tanjeem Nafisa
Published: May 2016

In this essay, the author proposes a cultural geographic understanding of the space of social media and explore placemaking processes through which microcelebrities got engaged in neoliberal conformist voluntarism. Inspired by a middle class urban civic consciousness, microcelebrities produced and circulated a homogenous cultural and ideological composition of women garment workers, disconnected from their material lives and collective histories. The author juxtaposes two cases of virtual activism around the Rana plaza collapse and the Shahbag protest order to examine how gender, class, neoliberalism, and nationalism determine the politics of exclusion and inclusion in the space of social media. She also considers some oppositional practices that challenge the microphysics of power and politics of representation in these spaces.
Women in Bangladesh Local Government
Authors: Khan Md. Mostafizur Rahman , Ara Fardaus
Published: May 2016

The Governments of Bangladesh have announced various policies and programs to empower women. The Local Government (Union Parishad) Second Amendment Act 1997 of Bangladesh is such an initiative which creates the provision of one third reserve seats for women in the local government bodies to be elected directly by the voters. This law creates new opportunities and enable women to step-in into the elective positions of grass-roots level local government and to raise their voices and influence the decisions taken in the Union Parishad. The study finds that the elected women members seriously lack material, human, and social resources required to be able or empowered enough to influence decisions at the Union Parishad.
Effectiveness of Critical Discourse Analysis to Solve Constrained Employment Relations
Authors: Bhattacharyya Dipak Kumar
Published: May 2016

In employment relationship, power is a dominant construct. Power per se can have adverse effect on institutional employment, which even culminates to conflict and resistance to change. When organizations are constrained by the negativity of workers' power it is difficult to bring order, and even to offer the right solution for lack of problem identification. This book chapter explains the process of interventions in two organizations to solve the problem of constrained employment relations, pertaining to workers' redeployment subsequent to technological change. The author in this case played the role of an interventionist and using primarily the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) could evolve a solution, which ultimately could redeploy most of the erring workmen in restructured job positions, even outside their job family. The book chapter is unique in application of CDA in specific issues pertaining to constrained employment relations. The chapter at the end also discusses on implications for practice of CDA in organizational research, particularly to resolve conflict in employment relations. However, the paper has the inherent limitations as the results are very much organization specific.
Communication Process in Family Reinforcing the Gender Differences in Bangladesh
Authors: Rosy Sabiha Yeasmin , Islam Md. Mynul
Published: May 2016

Family is an important institution to build a person's personality, morality, value and attitude. When this institution communicates properly, it shows the impact e.g. a boy or a girl becomes social human being. Unfortunately in our family gender biasness is reinforced continuously by starting to behave differently with boys and girls from the childhood. Parents communicate with them in a different way which constructs the traits of “masculinity” and “femininity”. Girls are compelled to learn the feminine role with politeness, submissiveness and their mobility is restricted in public world. It is a family which trains a girl to be a good mother, wife, sister or daughter, on the other hand a boy learns to be social, intellectual, able to run the world and strong. This different formation of role and behavior results in the ongoing discrimination everywhere in the society. This reinforcement is sort of relief from social stigmatization but has overall negative impact on life and through this family can be counted as the main birthplace of discrimination against women. Girls and boys must be raised neutrally to eradicate the gender differences and ensure the equality.