bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Pressure, Opportunity, Rationalization, Capability, Arrogance, and Collusion on Village Fund Fraud with Morality as a Moderating Variable
Authors: Suryandari Erni , Moaffafah
Published: November 2024

This research aims to determine the influence of pressure, opportunity, rationalization, capability, arrogance, and collusion on village fund fraud with morality as a moderating variable in the village government of Sampang Regency. The subjects of this research were village government officials, including the villagehead, village secretary, and head of financial affairs, who had served or were currently serving for at least two years, employing a purposive sampling technique. In this research, the primary survey research method was used by distributing 216 questionnaires to 72 villages in Sampang Regency. A total of 180 questionnaires were returned and can be processed utilizing SmartPLS software version 4.0.9.8. The results of this research unveiled that capability and arrogance positively influenced village fund fraud, and morality could weaken the positive influence of opportunity and arrogance on village fund fraud.
The Influence of Income Level, Educational Background, and Zakat Literacy on Zakat Payer Compliance for Paying Zakat Case Study at National Zakat Agency of Yogyakarta Indonesia
Authors: Sutrisno  , Ihdiana
Published: November 2024

This study aims to examine and prove the influence of income levels, zakat literacy, and educational background on compliance with Zakat payments at the National Zakat Agency of Yogyakarta (BAZNAS DIY). This study uses a quantitative employing inferential statistical analysis (correlation). The collected data was processed with inferential Statistical analysis (correlation), the analyzed data obtained with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Partial Least Square (PLS) through the SMART-PLS version 4.0 software. Data was collected through questionnaires with predetermined respondent criteria. The number of samples successfully obtained and processed was 250 respondents. The findings reveal that income level, zakat literacy, and educational background all have a significant and positive effect on muzakki compliance in paying zakat through BAZNAS DIY. Therefore, BAZNAS DIY and related institutions can enhance education programs and zakat literacy campaigns to increase public awareness and understanding of Zakat’s importance and paying zakat. Furthermore, BAZNAS DIY can consider more effective strategies to target high-income groups and increase the number of muzakki. Additionally, good education can increase awareness and compliancezwith zakat obligations. Thus, zakat institutions should collaborate with educational institutions to include zakat material in the education curriculum.
Interprofessionelle Handlungsfelder der Pflegefachpersonen in der Klinischen Akut- und Notfallmedizin – Empfehlungen der DIVI und der DGF
Authors: Waydhas Christian , Brod Torben , Deininger Matthias , Dubb Rolf , Hoffmann Florian , van den Hooven Thomas , Janssens Uwe , Kaltwasser Arnold , Markewitz Andreas , Pelz Sabrina , Walcher Felix , Zergiebel Dominik
Published: November 2024

Basierend auf den Empfehlungen der DIVI zu den interprofessionellen Handlungsfeldern in der Intensivmedizin, die wir in der intensiv 3/2024 vorgestellt haben, hat nun eine erweiterte, paritätisch zusammengesetzte Arbeitsgruppe einen ähnlichen Vorschlag für den Bereich der klinischen Akut- und Notfallmedizin entwickelt. Der Vorschlag, der vom Präsidium der DIVI und dem Vorstand der DGF einstimmig beschlossen wurde, soll die Spezifika dieses speziellen Arbeitsbereichs abbilden.
Intensiv pflegen – was ist wirklich sinnvoll?
Authors: Moser-Meier Michaela , Friedli-Wüthrich Heidi , Emsden Christian
Published: November 2024

Die Interessengruppe Praxisentwicklung Intensivpflege der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Intensivmedizin hat im Rahmen eines mehrstufigen Prozesses sogenannte „Choosing Wisely“-Empfehlungen für die Intensivpflege entwickelt und diese im Jahr 2023 veröffentlicht. Was „Choosing Wisely“ ist, wie die Empfehlungen entstanden sind und wie diese konkret aussehen, beschreibt der folgende Beitrag.
Atmungstherapeuten in Deutschland – Tätigkeiten und Handlungskompetenz
Authors: Füsgen Judith , Herbig Rudi , Limberger René , Plösser Carsten
Published: November 2024

Die Anforderungen an Atmungstherapeuten im Gesundheitswesen wachsen stetig, unter anderem bedingt durch den demografischen Wandel und die Zunahme an beatmungspflichtigen Menschen im klinischen und außerklinischen Bereich. Die zunehmende Komplexität im medizinischen und technischen Bereich stellen die Atmungstherapeuten in ihren jeweiligen Handlungsfeldern vor neue Herausforderungen. Im Rahmen einer explorativen Forschungsstudie sollte der Ist-Zustand der beruflichen Tätigkeit von Atmungstherapeuten in Deutschland erhoben werden. Gleichzeitig wurde ihre subjektiv eingeschätzte Handlungskompetenz erfasst. Der folgende Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse vor.
Non-neoplastic findings in colon capsule endoscopy: Additional yield
Authors: Eskemose Sebastian Radic , Kaalby Lasse , Deding Ulrik , Koulaouzidis Anastasios , Bjørsum-Meyer Thomas
Published: November 2024

Background and study aims Despite the common occurrence of non-neoplastic findings (NNFs) in individuals with a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT), few studies have reported on these findings. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of colonic NNFs in three cohorts of Danish clinical trial participants who underwent colon capsule endoscopy (CCE).

Patients and methods Retrospectively collecting NNFs from CCE reports of three Danish trials, we classified them into five categories: diverticula, vascular abnormalities, inflammation, erosions/ulcerations, and others. The statistical analysis included 516 participants from three trials, with a mean age ranging from 59.2 to 63.9 years. The participants in the three trials were FIT-positive screening or symptomatic individuals.

Results NNFs were reported in more than half of the CCE procedures (50.6% to 77.9%), with colonic diverticula being the most common NNF appearing in 40.9% to 66.9% of the CCE reports. Vascular abnormalities and erosions/ulcerations were also common depending on the specific trial.

Conclusions NNFs are common and may be an indicator of more widespread disease. Furthermore, NNFs may develop into clinically significant conditions despite their benign appearance. This paper expands on the limited literature about prevalence of NNFs and underscores the additional value of CCE video recordings beyond detecting polyps.
Comparison of Indirect Calorimetry versus Standard Weight-Based Formula in Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Dube Surya K. , Roy Hirok , Jena Bhagya R. , Rath Girija P. , Mishra Nitasha , Prasad Kameshwar
Published: November 2024

Background Studies performed to calculate metabolic rate in stroke patients have conflicting results. The indirect calorimetry is the gold standard in measuring resting energy expenditure. We compared the intensive care unit (ICU) mortality and outcome in stroke patients receiving enteral nutrition based on energy requirement calculated by either indirect calorimetry or standard weight-based formula.

Methods Twenty ischemic stroke patients of older than 40 years requiring greater than 2 days of mechanical ventilation were prospectively enrolled. Demographic data, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Canadian Neurological Scale, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score were obtained. Patients were randomized to receive enteral nutrition based on energy requirement calculated either by indirect calorimeter (group REEIC) or by standard weight-based measurements (group REEST). Daily ventilatory parameters, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and blood parameters were noted. The ICU mortality/duration of stay/complication and duration of hospital stay were compared. Patient outcome at discharge was assessed using modified Rankin scale (MRS).

Results Baseline characteristics were comparable. There were no ICU deaths in group REEIC. Patients in group REEIC had significantly (p < 0.01) more resting energy requirement and less maximum negative energy balance than those in group REEST. The SOFA score at days 5, 7, and 9 and the total leukocyte count (TLC) at day 5 were higher in group REEST. The duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay/complications, duration of hospital stay, and MRS at discharge were comparable.

Conclusion Ischemic stroke patients receiving indirect calorimetry–guided enteral nutrition had lesser incidence of organ failure but similar ICU stay and mortality and neurological outcome as compared with those receiving standard weight-based enteral nutrition.
Clinical Comparison of Guided Biofilm Therapy and Scaling and Root Planing in the Active Phase of Periodontitis Management
Authors: Mensi Magda , Sordillo Annamaria , Marchetti Silvia , Calza Stefano , Scotti Eleonora
Published: November 2024

Objective The aim of this randomized, controlled, split-mouth study was to compare full-mouth air polishing followed by ultrasonic debridement (known as Guided Biofilm Therapy [GBT]) versus traditional Scaling and Root Planing (SRP), in terms of pocket closure in patients with stages III and IV periodontitis.

Materials and Methods The patients underwent periodontal therapy in two sessions. At the beginning of the first session, quadrants I and IV and II and III were randomly assigned to GBT or SRP treatment. Periodontal parameters were collected at baseline, 6 weeks (T1), and 3 months (T2) after therapy. The primary outcome was the number of experimental sites (pocket probing depth [PPD] >4 and <10 mm) becoming closed pockets (PPD ≤ 4 mm bleeding on probing [BOP] negative) at T1 and T2. Secondary outcomes were PPD, recession, clinical attachment level, BOP, and plaque index variations at the experimental sites and treatment time.

Statistical Analysis A 10% difference in the primary outcome between the two protocols was set as the threshold to define inferiority/noninferiority of the test treatment. The primary outcome was modeled using a generalized estimating equation model to account for intrapatient measurement correlation. The estimates are reported as differences between groups' percentages (treatments or time points) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). All analyses assumed a significance level of 5%.

Results A total of 32 patients were selected. Mean PPD (mm) reduced from 6.23 (6.06–6.40) to 3.33 (3.06–3.61) at T2 for GBT, and from 6.21 (6.04–6.38) to 3.32 (3.11–3.53) at T2 for SRP. Both treatments reached a comparable percentage of closed pockets at T1 (77.9% for GBT vs. 80.1% for SRP, p = 0.235) and T2 (84.1% for GBT vs. 84.4% for SRP, p = 0.878), with no statistically or clinically significant difference. GBT and traditional SRP with ultrasonic and hand instruments reach satisfactory clinical results in the active treatment of patients with stages III and IV periodontitis, with comparable rates of closed pockets and treatment time.

Conclusion GBT is a suitable option in the active phase of periodontitis management in patients with stages III and IV periodontitis.
An empirical investigation of Bangladesh’s inflation dynamics: evaluating persistence and identifying structural breaks
Authors: Rafa Mujtaba Rafid , Basher Syed Abul
Published: November 2024

We quantify two hypotheses: the “Friedman-Ball Hypothesis” and the “Cukierman-Meltzer Hypothesis,” in the context of Bangladesh. The first posits that an increase in inflation leads to greater inflation uncertainty, while the second asserts that inflation uncertainty causes an increase in inflation. Using monthly inflation data from June 1997 to July 2021, we find evidence supporting both hypotheses. Our analysis of inflation persistence and structural breaks reveals that inflation in Bangladesh exhibits high persistence throughout the entire sample period, but there is a decrease in persistence in two of the sub-samples after the breaks in March 2007 and April 2012. Moreover, Bangladesh’s inflation persistence is comparable to, and at times even lower than, that of its South and Southeast Asian neighboring countries. As policy implications of our findings, we emphasize the need for a more nuanced approach to monetary policy, including proactive interest rate management, implementation of a Medium-Term Fiscal Framework, and the development of a flexible monetary policy strategy tailored to Bangladesh’s unique economic circumstances.
Intercellular junction-driven stromal cell stacking in a confined 3D microcavity
Authors: Costa Avelino Dos Santos Da , Jeong Hyuntae , Subbiah Ramesh , Park Kwideok , Choi In-Suk , Shin Jennifer H.
Published: November 2024

Understanding the detailed mechanisms driving fibroblast migration within native tissue settings during pathophysiological events presents a critical research challenge. In this study, we elucidate how stromal cells migrate and contribute to the development of three-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregates within confined microcavities. Integrin α5β1 and β-catenin (β-cat) are central in guiding this collective migration and achieving optimal filling of the microcavity. When β-cat is suppressed, cells tend to migrate more sporadically, leading to less efficient cellular organization. Furthermore, we also detail the pivotal roles of Cx43 and N-cadherin (N-cad) in orchestrating collective migration and in shaping efficient cellular stacking. Suppressing gap junctions, especially Cx43, significantly impacts the extracellular matrix expression, integrin α5 and β1, and other elements in the 3D construct, emphasizing the importance of physicochemical cell–cell interactions. The distribution patterns of N-cad and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) further corroborate the essential roles in forming cell–cell junctions and FAK in establishing the foundational layer that underpins the cell stacking within the microcavity. Interestingly, neither Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) nor RhoA significantly alter the cell migration pattern toward microcavity. These findings provide fresh perspectives on fibroblast activities in 3D space, enriching our understanding and offering implications for advancements in wound healing and tissue engineering.
Numerical and experimental study of dynamic gas–liquid separator with various viscosities
Authors: Qiu Zhi , Du Danyang , El-Emam Mahmoud A. , Agarwal Ramesh K. , Zhou Ling
Published: November 2024

The gas–liquid separation process is important in various industries, such as electric power, aerospace, and petroleum. This study introduces an innovative, dynamic gas–liquid separator (DGLS) in which a cyclonic flow pattern is induced by blade rotation. This cyclonic flow enhances the efficiency of gas and liquid phase separation while also imparting energy to facilitate the transport of the separated fluid. Numerical simulations are used to analyze the internal flow dynamics, power requirements, and separation efficiency of this DGLS. A comparison with experimental results is conducted to validate the reliability of the numerical model. The effects of liquid-phase viscosity on the internal energy consumption and separation performance of the DGLS are explored at various flow rates. The simulation results indicate that for a given viscosity, the degassing rate of the separator decreases while the liquid removal rate increases as the inlet flow rate rises. Furthermore, it is observed that higher viscosity leads to poorer separation performance, with a decrease in turbulent kinetic energy near the rotating axis and an increase in turbulence intensity near the wall. At lower flow rates, the effectiveness of liquid-phase outlet pressurization improves with increasing viscosity. However, at higher flow rates, increasing viscosity leads to a substantial decline in energy performance and a reduction in liquid-phase outlet pressurization. The increment in turbulent kinetic energy is greater than the square of the mean velocity, indicating a positive correlation between turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy. These findings not only provide a theoretical basis for the prediction of flow losses within a DGLS and the efficient design of these separators, but also provide guidance for industrial applications involving high-viscosity fluids.
A conserved mechanism couples cytosolic domain movements to pore gating in the TRPM2 channel
Authors: Tóth Balázs , Jiang Yuefeng , Szollosi Andras , Zhang Zhe , Csanády László
Published: November 2024

Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) cation channels contribute to immunocyte activation, insulin secretion, and central thermoregulation. TRPM2 opens upon binding cytosolic Ca
2+
and ADP ribose (ADPR). We present here the 2.5 Å cryo-electronmicroscopy structure of TRPM2 from
Nematostella vectensis
(nvTRPM2) in a lipid nanodisc, complexed with Ca
2+
and ADPR-2′-phosphate. Comparison with nvTRPM2 without nucleotide reveals that nucleotide binding-induced movements in the protein’s three “core” layers deconvolve into a set of rigid-body rotations conserved from cnidarians to man. By covalently crosslinking engineered cysteine pairs we systematically trap the cytosolic layers in specific conformations and study effects on gate opening/closure. The data show that nucleotide binding in Layer 3 disrupts inhibitory intersubunit interactions, allowing rotation of Layer 2 which in turn expands the gate located in Layer 1. Channels trapped in that “activated” state are no longer nucleotide dependent, but are opened by binding of Ca
2+
alone.
Structure engineering of Ga2O3 photodetectors: a review
Authors: Wu Wentao , Huang Hong , Wang Yilin , Yin Haoran , Han Keju , Zhao Xiaolong , Feng Xiao , Zeng Yan , Zou Yanni , Hou Xiaohu , Wei Zhongming , Long Shibing
Published: November 2024

Deep ultraviolet (DUV) photodetectors play important roles in the modern semiconductor industry due to their diverse applications in critical fields. Wide bandgap semiconductor Ga2O3 is considered as one promising material for highly sensitive DUV photodetectors. However, the high responsivity of Ga2O3 DUV photodetectors always comes at the expense of its response speed. Material engineering for high-quality Ga2O3 materials can optimize the photoresponse performance but at the cost of much more complex process. Structure engineering can efficiently improve the performance of Ga2O3 photodetectors based on various physical mechanisms. Owing to the increased modulation probabilities, part schemes of structure engineering even alleviate the tough requirements on Ga2O3 material quality for high-performance DUV photodetectors. This article reviews the recent efforts in optimizing the performance of Ga2O3 photodetectors through structure engineering. Firstly, photodetectors based on Ga2O3 nanostructures and metasurface structures with nanometer size effect are discussed. In addition, junction structures of Ga2O3 photodetectors, which effectively promote carrier separation in the depletion region, are summarized based on a classification of Schottky junction, heterojunction, phase junction, etc. Besides, Ga2O3 avalanche photodiodes, offering ultra-high gain and responsivity, are focused as a promising prototype for commercialization. Furthermore, field effect phototransistors, based on which the scalability and low power performance of Ga2O3 photodetectors have been well proven, are analyzed in detail. Moreover, auxiliary-field configurations with extra tunable dimensions for Ga2O3 photodetectors are introduced. Finally, we conclude this review and discuss the main challenges of Ga2O3 DUV photodetectors from our perspective.
High permittivity electroluminescence coating for improving flashover strength and visualizing surface defects
Authors: Xia Bing , Zhu Ming-Xiao , Guo Xiao-Bo , Qi Xiao-Wu , Yao Hai-Bin , Xing Zhi-Hao
Published: November 2024

In gas-insulated switchgear, the metallic particles on spacers initiate discharges and significantly reduce flashover strength. It is crucial to sensitively detect surface defects and improve the flashover strength. In this work, a high permittivity electroluminescence coating with ZnS:Cu as fillers and cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) as polymer matrix was developed to improve flashover strength and visualize surface defects. The dielectric constant, flashover strength, and electroluminescence properties of ZnS:Cu/CEC coatings with different concentrations of ZnS:Cu fillers were tested and the underlying mechanism was investigated. Due to the strong-polarity cyanide group in CEC and the effect of ZnS:Cu fillers on polymer chains, a high-permittivity coating was obtained, which can effectively mitigate the electric field distortion on spacers, and improve the flashover performance. For the basin insulator, maximum increments of flashover strength were realized by doping 12.5 wt% ZnS:Cu fillers, with 11.36%, 31.22%, and 5.83% improvements in air, 0.3 MPa air, and SF6 gas, respectively. Moreover, the electroluminescence coating can effectively indicate the location of defects and the distribution of electric field on the surface of insulators. This paper provides new insight into the electroluminescent materials used in non-destructive self-testing of surface defects and enhancement of flashover strength.
Identification of fractional-order transfer functions and nonzero initial conditions using exponentially modulated signals
Authors: Kuzminskas Hadamez , Teixeira Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto , Galvão Roberto Kawakami Harrop , Assunção Edvaldo , Hadjiloucas Sillas
Published: November 2024

A new methodology that uses exponentially modulated signals with arbitrary excitation waveforms for the identification of fractional order transfer functions is proposed. In contrast to previous approaches where initial conditions were not considered and the system was required to be at rest for the identification procedure, the current contribution extends the formulation to the case where the system has non-zero initial conditions, dispensing with the need to place it at a resting state. This generalization is important in feedback instrumentation and metrology applications where the measurement or control process may not be disrupted to perform identification. Moreover, the procedure has a broader scope of applications because it structurally contemplates the case when the model presents derivatives in the input. Full identification of the system parameters as well as the fractional exponents associated with the model dynamics are achieved through a grid search procedure with resolution adjustable by the user. Two simulation examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The first example is concerned with the effect of measurement noise at the observed system output, whereas the second involves the identification of the impedance of a three-dimensional RC network model. These types of RC networks have dynamics capturing complex phenomena with emergent responses and are ideal for emulating the complex dynamics encountered across physical sciences and in particular interdisciplinary subject areas such as biomedical engineering.
S-curve bias optimization of navigation signals based on a pre-distortion method
Authors: Lu Jun , Rao Yongnan , Su Chengeng , Liu Yuqi , Yang Yi , Xiao Yinghui , Lv Feiren
Published: November 2024

Nonideal radio-frequency (RF) emission channels directly affect navigation signal quality. In particular, the deviation in the pseudo-range caused by differences among the RF channels of multiple satellites can decrease user positioning accuracy. Previous studies have mainly focused on designing pre-distortion filters to improve the performance of non-ideal RF channels in navigation signal generators. However, our findings indicate that using a pre-distortion filter alone results in limited improvement of the S-curve bias because the constant-envelope character is compromised, and the nonlinearity of the high-power amplifier (HPA) becomes more pronounced. More applications that require better accuracy require a smaller S-curve bias. This study proposes a method to compensate for the nonideal RF channel by using pre-distortion that considers both the nonlinear HPA and nonideal filter characteristics. The proposed method was validated through numerical analysis and simulations. The results show that the proposed method can reduce the S-curve bias across different receiver configurations. This study provides a reference for improving the quality of navigation signals, particularly in terms of correcting the S-curve bias.
A novel sensing probe based on AuNPs-Apt for the detection of enrofloxacin
Authors: Ding Liyun , Wang Pan , Xiao BaoQuan , Gao Zelin , Zhang Dekui , Che Tuanjie , Zuo Juanjuan , Li Yumai
Published: November 2024

Enrofloxacin (ENR), as a synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic is widely utilized in veterinary medicine to treat animal diseases and promote livestock growth, it can inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase subunit A, thereby preventing bacterial DNA replication and exerting its antibacterial effect. However, excessive use of enrofloxacin poses significant risks to ecological balance and human health due to residual contamination. We have developed a novel ENR aptamer sensor based on the gold nanoparticles/aptamer (AuNPs-Apt) complexes, in which AuNPs were synthesized via the seed method and functionalized with aptamers. The optical properties, particle size, functional groups and morphology of the AuNPs-Apt probe were characterized by transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and UV–vis spectrophotometer, respectively. The aptamer biosensor can specifically identify enrofloxacin, with a wide detection range (0.05–100 μg ml−1) and a good linear relationship (

R
2

=0.99) within the detection range. In addition, the biosensor also has the advantages of short detection time, low biological toxicity, good stability, and low detection cost. Therefore, it shows a great prospect for practical application in the field of detecting enrofloxacin residues.
Influence of species kinetics on discharge characteristics in oxygen helicon plasma
Authors: Zhang Tianliang , Xia Zhangyu , Cui Ying , He Feng , Liu Zhongwei , Zhang Haibao , Chen Qiang , Ouyang Jiting
Published: November 2024

Oxygen (O2) helicon plasmas in multiple wave modes were excited by a right-helical antenna with an upper metal endplate at low pressure. Mode transitions were observed at increasing input power or magnetic field, characterized by obvious jumps of plasma parameters. Blue Core appears at high magnetic fields (∼700 G) and input powers (∼1700 W), with a large radial gradient of plasma density, ion line intensity, and electron temperature. Emission spectra demonstrate that the blue lights originate from O II lines. We found that the intensity ratio of O II to O I of Blue Core in O2 is lower by one order than that in N2 or Ar despite their similar ionization rates and plasma densities in the Blue Core area. A high-temperature B-dot probe together with a waveform fitting procedure was used to present the measured oscillating waveforms of m = +1 helicon waves, showing distinct wave structures of different eigenmodes. Cavity mode resonance is suggested to be responsible for the formation of standing waves of discrete eigenmodes. A pressure balance model was developed to estimate the species densities around the central area in different modes, showing massive dissociation of O2 molecules and high density of O atoms locally, so that O2 helicon plasma behaves as a species feature of monatomic gas discharge. The obviously low intensity of the O II lines compared to the O I lines of Blue Core in O2 is related to the quite high excitation threshold of O+ ions (∼30 eV) although electron density and temperature are relatively high. The combined effects of dispersed reaction energy distribution, massive molecule dissociation and negative ion creation are considered to be the main causes for the requirement of much higher RF power and magnetic field for Blue Core formation in O2 helicon plasma than that in Ar. The calculated radial profiles of power deposition and the captured plasma morphology confirm that the dominant central electron heating is the essential reason for the large radial gradients of plasma density and electron temperature which contribute to the serious neutral depletion and Blue Core formation.
Analysis of uncertainty in measurement of electron temperature in low-pressure inductively coupled plasmas using microwave cutoff probe
Authors: Yeom Hee-Jung , Chae Gwang-Seok , Kim Jung-Hyung , Lee Hyo-Chang
Published: November 2024

In this study, we performed electron temperature measurements by using a square cutoff probe (CP). Further, the measurement uncertainty was comprehensively analysed. The square CP allows for the measurement of the electron temperature based on the measured electron series resonance frequency and that of the electron plasma frequency based on the transmission spectrum of the plasma. The electron temperatures were determined under varying gas pressures and input power conditions, and the results were compared with those obtained using a single Langmuir probe. Also, the impact of electron-neutral collision frequency on electron temperature measurement using square CP was analysed based on a plasma equivalent circuit model. The square CP is expected to serve as a valuable diagnostic tool for the precise characterization of electron temperature, offering localized, accurate, and easily interpretable features.
Impact of the surface on He(23S1) and He2(a

3

Σ
u
+

) metastables densities in atmospheric pressure RF plasma
Authors: Yu S , Chauvet L , Keudell A von
Published: November 2024

The dynamic of helium metastable formation along an atmospheric pressure helium plasma channel with different bounding surfaces is analysed. The densities of He(23S1) and He2(a

3

Σ
u
+

) are measured using optical absorption spectroscopy. A simple model for helium metastable creation, quenching by water impurities and destruction upon surface impact, is developed. The model shows a very good agreement if one assumes that surfaces mainly control secondary electron emission, affecting the local heating at the plasma boundary sheath. This, in turn, changes the rate for He(23S1) and He2(a

3

Σ
u
+

) conversion. The helium metastable induced desorption of adsorbed water causes a decay of the metastable density along the plasma channel due to quenching.
Design of Ga2O3 trench gate MOSFET devices with dielectric pillars
Authors: Zhao Tianle , Azad Fahad , Jia Yanrun , Zhang Hanzhe , Yang Chunyang , Su Shichen
Published: November 2024

In this study, a gallium oxide (Ga2O3) U-groove gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (UMOSFET) with a high breakdown voltage (BV) is proposed. Through TCAD simulation, both forward and reverse electrical characteristics are comprehensively investigated. The integration of traps within the current blocking layer (CBL) is suggested to enable effective current blocking. Furthermore, to optimize the BV, the introduction of oxide dielectric pillars on either side of the drift layer is implemented to enhance the potential distribution during breakdown. The forward and reverse electrical characteristics of the device at different temperatures are also investigated. Additionally, by conducting simulation optimizations of different doping concentrations in the drift layer, CBL layer thickness, and trap concentrations, notable achievements are realized, which include a high BV of 865.2 V, low threshold voltage of 2.587 V, and low specific ON-resistance of 19.2 mΩ·cm2. This study presents a novel structural design to foster the potential application and development of Ga2O3 electronic devices.
The next galactic supernova can uncover mass and couplings of particles decaying to neutrinos
Authors: Telalovic Bernanda , Fiorillo Damiano F.G. , Martínez-Miravé Pablo , Vitagliano Edoardo , Bustamante Mauricio
Published: November 2024

Many particles predicted by extensions of the Standard Model feature interactions with neutrinos, e.g., Majoron-like bosons ϕ. If the mass of ϕ is larger than about 10 keV, they can be produced abundantly in the core of the next galactic core-collapse supernova through neutrino coalescence, and leave it with energies of around 100 MeV. Their subsequent decay to high-energy neutrinos and anti-neutrinos provides a distinctive signature at Earth. Ongoing and planned neutrino and dark matter experiments allow us to reconstruct the energy, flavor, and time of arrival of these high-energy neutrinos. For the first time, we show that these measurements can help pinpointing the mass of ϕ and its couplings to neutrinos of different flavor. Our results can be generalized in a straightforward manner to other hypothetical feebly interacting particles, like novel gauge bosons or heavy neutral leptons, that decay into neutrinos.
Get set for the quantum workforce
Authors: Skipper Katherine , Commissariat Tushna
Published: November 2024

Quantum experts Abbie Bray, Araceli Venegas-Gomez and Mark Elo give their advice for interviews, choosing the right PhD programme and managing risk and reward in the emerging quantum industry.
Paper cuts, half-pipes and deepfakes
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: November 2024

Michael Banks picks his favourite stories and quotes from the weird and wonderful world of physics.
Emulating multiparticle emitters with pair-sources: digital discovery of a quantum optics building block
Authors: Arlt Sören , Ruiz-Gonzalez Carlos , Krenn Mario
Published: November 2024

Linear quantum optics is advancing quickly, driven by sources of correlated photon pairs. Multi-photon sources beyond pairs would be a powerful resource, but are a difficult technology to implement. We have discovered a way in which we can combine multiple pair-sources to act analogous to sources of four, six or even eight correlated photons for the creation of highly entangled quantum states and other quantum information tasks. The existence of such setups is interesting from a conceptual perspective, but also offers a useful abstraction for the construction of more complicated photonic experiments, ranging from state generation to complex quantum networks. We show that even just going from probabilistic two-photon sources to effective four-photon sources allows conceptually new experiments for which no other building principles were known before. The setups which inspired the formulation of these abstract building blocks were discovered by a computer algorithm that can efficiently design quantum optics experiments. Our manuscript demonstrates how artificial intelligence can act as a source of inspiration for the scientific discoveries of new ideas and concepts in physics.
Adaptive adjacent difference group sparse representation for rolling bearing fault detection
Authors: Sun Yuanhang , Yu Mingbiao , Qi Faqun , Chen Zhiming
Published: November 2024

Extracting fault feature from bearing vibration signals is vital and challenging because the fault feature is always weak due to noise interference in early stages of failure. This paper proposes a novel adaptive adjacent signal difference group sparse representation (Ada-ASDGSR) for bearing fault detection. Aiming to the time-domain feature of fault signal, the adjacent difference group sparse representation (ASDGSR) is developed firstly. Moreover, a weighted parameter-setup method is developed to set the regularization parameter of ASDGSR adaptively. Furthermore, a majorization–minimization (MM)-based optimization algorithm is derived for solving the proposed ASDGSR, which has the advantage of fewer iteration times and time-saving. Numerical simulation experiment and practical rolling bearing experiment are conducted to verify the performance of Ada-ADGSR in fault detection. The comparison results show that Ada-ADGSR is more effective for feature extraction in comparison with other state-of-the-art methods.
The Cost of Non-WTO
Authors: Mavroidis Petros C
Published: November 2024

The WTO looks like a downbound train. Its relevance has been eviscerated, and if there was any doubt to this effect, the recent MC13 (13th WTO Ministerial Conference) exemplified the size of the problem. Trading nations should ponder the cost of non-WTO: it risks having ripple effects. It is not just gains from trade that will shrink. It is global cooperation that will suffer. At a moment when the world community is facing global challenges like climate change and, for this reason, needs to act together, trade is driving its members apart.1

This is not an appropriate moment to revamp the WTO as necessary. Current times call for damage control. The membership should “soldier on” within its confines and adopt the suggested corrective action to keep it afloat, awaiting more favorable circumstances to proceed with an overhaul.
A Very Brief Introduction to Matrices
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

As a useful and somewhat less-taxing interlude, matrices and basic matrix arithmetic are introduced. Matrices can be multiplied by scalars and matrices of the same size can be added and subtracted. Matrix multiplication is a bit trickier. The product of matrices AB can be computed if the number of columns of A equals the number of rows of B. A key concept is that matrix multiplication is not commutative. Matrices are an important topic generally, being indispensable for the deeper study of mathematics, statistics, computer science, and all social and natural sciences. As preparation for Chapter 8, 2 × 2 matrices are studied along with their determinant and inverse.
Farey Fractions
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

An explication of the beautiful theory of Farey fractions is given. A good bit of the history of the fractions is given together with the little that is known about John Farey himself. Included is a nice amount of their historical development and usefulness. The mediant of two fractions is introduced and developed. The mediant of two fractions a/b and c/d is simply (a + c)/(b + d). The mediant lies between the two fractions that form it. Farey fractions have a host of fascinating properties that we describe. Finally, a new result about which fractions can occur as the mediant of two fractions is developed that utilizes a bit of Chapter 7.
Are All Real Numbers Rational?
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

Not all real numbers are rational. In fact, most real numbers are irrational. Here the classic result that $\sqrt 2$ is irrational is proven. There is a brief discussion of the concept of a countable infinity and it is then shown that the set or rational numbers are countably infinite. A countably infinite set can be placed in a one-to-one correspondence with the positive integers (the counting numbers). An uncountably infinite set such as the set of real numbers cannot. A completely explicit method of listing all rational numbers is developed inspired by Cantor’s diagonalization method, but somewhat simpler and original to this work.
Archimedes’ Determination of Pi
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

Archimedes, the greatest mathematician and scientist of ancient times, determined an excellent approximation of the value of $\pi $ in his treatise The Measurement of the Circle. To accomplish his objective, he inscribed and circumscribed a given circle with regular polygons of ever-increasing number of sides, eventually using ninety-six-sided polygons. Archimedes showed that $220/71 \lt \pi \lt 22/7.$ An important ingredient in his analysis was a fairly accurate approximation of $\sqrt 3 $. We posit the hypothesis that Archimedes used appropriate convergents of the simple continued fraction for $\sqrt 3 {\text{ }}$ to make his estimates. Archimedes’ many additional contributions to both pure and applied mathematics are also discussed. Of special note is his “stomachion” puzzle which was only rediscovered in modern times.
Crash Course on Infinite Series
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

The remaining chapters rely on an understanding of the convergence and divergence of various infinite series which is typically studied in a second semester calculus course. In this chapter, several concrete examples are given to help motivate a discussion of geometric series, the harmonic series, p-series, and convergence and divergence more generally. Included is an historical discussion of the Basel problem, determining the sum of the reciprocals of the squares. Along the way, the box paradox is discussed (a box where an infinite amount of paint is required to paint the sides and yet only a finite amount is needed to fill the boxes with paint). Basic results concerning the convergence and divergence of power series are introduced along with the concept of their radius of convergence. Explicit series are given for the numbers ln 2 and $\pi /4$. The chapter concludes by showing that although the harmonic series diverges, if we remove all terms containing the digit 7, then the sum converges.
Assessment of occupational exposure to micro/nano particles generated from carbon fiber-reinforced plastic processing
Authors: Kumoi Jun , Ikegami Akihiko , Matsumi Yutaka , Fujitani Yuji , Ichihara Gaku , Yano Takeo , Ichihara Sahoko
Published: November 2024

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) are leading functional materials with superior strength and low mass density compared to metal. Our previous factory site analyses found that CFRP processing generates fibrous debris and fine micro/nano-sized particles of various shapes. The present interventional study was conducted at a factory located in Japan and evaluated debris consisting of various-sized particles generated during the industrial processing of CFRP, such as cutting, grinding, and turning of CFRP pipes, using real-time particle monitoring devices of the following: PM4 Digital Dust Monitor (DDM), handled Optical Particle Counter (OPC), Condensation Particle Counter (CPC), and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). In addition, personal exposure of workers was evaluated using a novel wearable PM2.5-compatible device (P-sensor). First, we confirmed the presence of micro/nano particles in the dust generated during industrial processing of CFRP. Finer CFRP-generated particles were detected by the nanoparticle-compatible devices; CPC and SMPS, but not by OPC or DDM. The dynamic detection pattern of the P-sensor resembled that recorded by the nanoparticle-compatible devices. The novel wearable P-sensor can be used to measure finer particles generated by CFRP processing in occupational settings. Second, the exposure assessment was conducted twice and the levels of the micro/nano particles in the second survey were significantly (less than half) lower than that in the first survey. By avoiding immediate power-off of the exhaust system after operations, the scattering of particles was effectively reduced. Our results indicate that effective use of local exhaust ventilation system improves the workplace environment for particle exposure.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D — an understudied subfamily affected in sporadic TDP-43 proteinopathies
Authors: Pinkerton Monica , Adler Gabrielle L , Ledger Mallory , Ni Chen Yue , Yang Yue , Tan Rachel H
Published: November 2024

Despite the recognition that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) modulate TDP-43 and can limit aberrant splicing events to compensate for TDP-43 loss, their role in TDP-43 proteinopathies remains poorly understood and studies in patient tissue are lacking. This study assesses seven heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins from the A/B, C, D and H subfamilies in two cortical regions implicated in early TDP-43 dysfunction versus late TDP-43 dysfunction in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and/or frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Our results reveal significant nuclear loss of hnRNPD, hnRNPC and hnRNPA1 in the frontal cortex of frontotemporal lobar degeneration compared to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis but not in the motor cortical neurons or Betz cells of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases. Cytoplasmic co-occurrence was observed between hnRNPA1 and hnRNPC but not with phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43). Interestingly, nuclear hnRNPD loss associated with increasing cytoplasmic pTDP-43, highlighting an understudied subfamily in sporadic TDP-43 proteinopathies. In summary, this study identifies the nuclear loss of hnRNPD, C and A1 in a predilection brain region of TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration compared to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases without significant pTDP-43 in this region. This highlights the need for further investigation into the involvement of these heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins in disease pathogenesis and potential to serve as modulatory targets and/or proximal markers of TDP-43 dysfunction in sporadic TDP-43 proteinopathies.
From precursor to cancer: decoding the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia progression
Authors: Graham Sarah , Dmitrieva Mariia , Vendramini-Costa Debora Barbosa , Francescone Ralph , Trujillo Maria A , Cukierman Edna , Wood Laura D
Published: November 2024

This review explores the progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through a dual lens of intrinsic molecular alterations and extrinsic microenvironmental influences. PanIN development begins with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) mutations driving PanIN initiation. Key additional mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), tumor protein p53 (TP53), and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) disrupt cell cycle control and genomic stability, crucial for PanIN progression from low-grade to high-grade dysplasia. Additional molecular alterations in neoplastic cells, including epigenetic modifications and chromosomal alterations, can further contribute to neoplastic progression. In parallel with these alterations in neoplastic cells, the microenvironment, including fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and immune modulation, plays a pivotal role in PanIN initiation and progression. Crosstalk between neoplastic and stromal cells influences nutrient support and immune evasion, contributing to tumor development, growth, and survival. This review underscores the intricate interplay between cell-intrinsic molecular drivers and cell-extrinsic microenvironmental factors, shaping PanIN predisposition, initiation, and progression. Future research aims to unravel these interactions to develop targeted therapeutic strategies and early detection techniques, aiming to alleviate the severe impact of pancreatic cancer by addressing both genetic predispositions and environmental influences.
Enhanced performance of Mg and La co-doped TiO2(98%)−ZrO2(2%) photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Atia Doaa M , Ahmed Ninet M , Abou Hammad Ali A , Toraya Marwa M , El Nahrawy Amany M
Published: November 2024

This study explores the effects of magnesium (Mg) and lanthanum (La) doping on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) utilizing TiO2(98%)−ZrO2(2%) (TZ, TZM, and TZL) photoanodes. The photoanodes were fabricated using a spin-coating sol–gel method, followed by calcination at 400°C. The structural, morphological, crystallographic, and optical properties of the proposed photoanode composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The crystallite sizes of the synthesized thin films varied from 21.16 to 59.04 nm for the TZ, TZM, and TZL compositions. The current–voltage measurements of DSSCs based on TZL8 photoanode, cobalt sulfide-doped graphene counter electrode, and N719 dye revealed the highest efficiency of nearly 5.052%. The assembled DSSCs exhibited an open-circuit voltage of 0.74 V, a short-circuit current density of 9.964 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 0.685. The enhancement in open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current density could be attributed to the improved electronic and microstructures of the proposed photoanodes.