bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governmental Financial Reporting of Heritage Assets From a User Needs Perspective
Authors: Aversano Natalia , Christiaens Johan
Published: April 2014

The implementation of IPSASs in European Union countries and the harmonization of governmental financial reporting are intended to respond to the needs of citizens. An important characteristic of reforms to governmental accounting and financial reporting is the incorporation within the accounting systems of all public authority assets, which include the case of ‘heritage assets’. This paper investigates to what extent IPSAS 17 responds to user needs of governmental financial reporting about heritage assets by conducting a survey of mayors and councillors in the Italian local government.
From New Public Management to New Public Governance? Hybridization and Implications for Public Sector Consumerism
Authors: Wiesel Fredrika , Modell Sven
Published: April 2014

This paper examines how variations in the notion of public sector consumerism become embedded in diverse governance practices. To this end, we extend the literature on public governance logics with insights from research on public sector consumerism and hybridization in public sector management reforms. Through a comparative, multi‐level analysis we trace the development of two governance logics largely corresponding to the distinction between New Public Management (NPM) and New Public Governance (NPG) in Swedish transport infrastructure policy. In contrast to research predicting or prescribing a relatively radical shift between such governance logics we show how they partly co‐evolved along two reform paths entailing notable variations in the degree of hybridization and the embedding of consumerist notions in emerging governance practices. In doing so, we draw attention to how the hybridization of governance logics is contingent on the alignment of diverse interests and differences in the process through which such logics are brought together. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research into public sector consumerism and hybridization in public sector management reforms.
Relations between fatigue strength and other mechanical properties of metallic materials
Authors: Pang J. C. , Li S. X. , Wang Z. G. , Zhang Z. F.
Published: April 2014

The relations between fatigue strength and other mechanical properties especially the tensile strength of metallic materials are reviewed. After analyzing the numerous fatigue data available, the qualitative or quantitative relations between fatigue strength and hardness, strength (tensile strength and yield strength) and toughness (static toughness and impact toughness) are established. Among these relations, the general relation between fatigue strength σw and tensile strength σb, σw = σb(C − P ⋅ σb), where C and P are parameters, (hereafter, the general fatigue formula) can well predict the fatigue strength with increasing the tensile strength in a wide range for many materials such as conventional metallic materials, newly developed materials and engineering components. On the basis of the experimental results of many materials, the fatigue damage mechanism, especially for high‐strength steels, is proposed. It is suggested that the general fatigue formula can provide a new clue to predict the fatigue strength and design the materials by adjusting material parameters P and C adequately.
Constraint‐corrected J–R curve based on three‐dimensional finite element analyses
Authors: Huang Y. , Zhou W. , Wang E.
Published: April 2014

Three‐dimensional (3D) finite element analyses are carried out on single‐edge bend [SE(B)] specimens for which the J‐integral resistance curves (J–R curves) have been experimentally determined to develop the constraint‐corrected J–R curves for the X80 grade pipe steel. The constraint parameters considered in this study include QHRR, QSSY, QSSY_m, QLM, QBM1, QBM2, A2, h and Tz. The constraint‐corrected J–R curves were developed on the basis of the constraint parameters obtained from finite element analysis and experimentally determined J–R curves associated with deeply cracked and medium‐cracked SE(B) specimens and validated against shallow‐cracked SE(B) specimens. The analysis results indicate that all the constraint parameters considered in this study except QHRR, QSSY, QSSY_m and QLM lead to reasonably accurate constraint‐corrected J–R curves if the crack extensions are relatively small (≤0.7 mm). For larger crack extensions (≤1.5 mm), the QBM1‐based constraint‐corrected J–R curve leads to the most accurate predictions of J among all the constraint parameters considered.
High Idiosyncratic Volatility and Low Returns: A Prospect Theory Explanation
Authors: Bhootra Ajay , Hur Jungshik
Published: April 2014

The well‐documented negative relationship between idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns is puzzling if investors are risk‐averse. However, under prospect theory, while investors are risk‐averse in the domain of gains, they exhibit risk‐seeking behavior in the domain of losses. Consistent with risk‐seeking investors’ preference for high‐volatility stocks in the loss domain, we find that the negative relationship between idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns is concentrated in stocks with unrealized capital losses, but is nonexistent in stocks with unrealized capital gains. This finding is robust to control for short‐term return reversals and maximum daily return, among other variables.
Efficacy and safety of a recombinant factor IX (Bax326) in previously treated patients with severe or moderately severe haemophilia B undergoing surgical or other invasive procedures: a prospective, open‐label, uncontrolled, multicentre, phase III study
Authors: Windyga J. , Lissitchkov T. , Stasyshyn O. , Mamonov V. , Ghandehari H. , Chapman M. , Fritsch S. , Wong W.‐Y. , Pavlova B. G. , Abbuehl B. E.
Published: April 2014

Haemostatic management of haemophilia B patients undergoing surgery is critical to patient safety. The aim of this ongoing prospective trial was to investigate the haemostatic efficacy and safety of a recombinant factor IX (rFIX) (Bax326) in previously treated subjects (12–65 years, without history of FIX inhibitors) with severe or moderately severe haemophilia B, undergoing surgical, dental or other invasive procedures. Haemostatic efficacy was assessed according to a predefined scale. Blood loss was compared to the average and maximum blood loss predicted preoperatively. Haemostatic FIX levels were achieved peri‐ and postoperatively in 100% of subjects (n = 14). Haemostasis was ‘excellent’ intraoperatively in all patients and postoperatively in those without a drain, and ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ at the time of drain removal and day of discharge in those with a drain employed. Following the initial dose, the mean FIX activity level rose from 6.55% to 107.58% for major surgeries and from 3.60% to 81.4% for minor surgeries. Actual vs. predicted blood loss matched predicted intraoperative blood loss but was equal to or higher than (but less than 150%) the maximum predicted postoperative blood loss reflecting the severity of procedure and FIX requirements. There were no related adverse events, severe allergic reactions or thrombotic events. There was no evidence that BAX326 increased the risk of inhibitor or binding antibody development to FIX. BAX326 was safe and effective for peri‐operative management of 14 subjects with severe and moderately severe haemophilia B.
Impact of health instructions on improving knowledge and practices of haemophilia A adolescents: a single centre experience
Authors: El Dakhakhny A. M. , Hesham M. A. , Hassan T. H. , El Awady S. , Hanfy M. M.
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Nowadays, health education has been elevated to a higher standing in healthcare systems in managing chronic illness; yet, this approach has not received sufficient support in developing countries as these societies still tend to the traditional stage of ‘treatment after disease’. Adolescence is a critical period and voyage into adulthood can be more challenging for haemophilia teens. For teens with haemophilia, learning to care for their own disorder is a giant step forward in asserting their independence and preparation for adult life.

Aim

We aimed to determine impact of health instructions on improving knowledge and practices of haemophilia A adolescents.

Methods

An interventional study was conducted on 50 haemophilia A adolescents at outpatient clinic of Pediatric Hematology Unit of Zagazig University Hospitals. Three tools were used. The first was a structured interview sheet to evaluate patients' knowledge. The second was a clinical checklist to evaluate patients' practices. The third was health instructions program. Tools were developed by the researchers based on a thorough review of related literature and a full understanding of the needs of haemophilic adolescents. Evaluation of health instructions success was based on comparing scores of tool I and tool II before health instructions (pretest) and after health instructions immediately (posttest) and after 2 months (follow‐up test).

Results

There was a significant improvement in knowledge and practices of haemophilia A adolescents in posttest and follow‐up test compared to pretest.

Conclusion

Health instructions have an impact on improving knowledge and practices of haemophilia A adolescents.
Inhibitor development after switching of FVIII concentrate in multitransfused patients with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Aznar J. A. , Moret A. , Ibáñez F. , Vila C. , Cabrera N. , Mesa E. , Bonanad S.
Published: April 2014

Switching between different therapeutic FVIII concentrate types has been postulated as a possible cause of inhibitor development in patient with haemophilia A. In this single‐centre, retrospective study, the incidence, titre and duration of inhibitor development in multitransfused patients, defined as patients with more than 150 exposure days (ED), were analysed from January 1970 to December 2007 in relation to ED and the number of switches between different products. Inhibitor titre was assessed by Bethesda assay (before 1998) or Nijmegen assay (after 1998). Medical records of 167 patients were screened, of which 97 patients met the inclusion criteria. Fourteen products of plasmatic origin (different purities) and five recombinant (three generations) were used. Nine patients (9%) developed inhibitors, all transient, low‐titre (1.41 ± 0.54 BU) after 323 ± 287 ED in average. Seventeen patients had no product switches of which four patients (23%) developed inhibitors (97 ED in average), whereas 13 patients (77%) did not (ED: 230). Fifty patients switched between plasmatic products only (median: 10 changes) of which five patients (10%) developed inhibitors (ED: 503), whereas 45 patients did not (ED: 932). Five patients switched between recombinant products only (seven changes) of which no patient developed inhibitors (748 ED). Twenty‐five patients switched between plasmatic and recombinant products (13 changes) of which no patient developed inhibitors (ED: 1654). No statistically significant differences between patient groups were observed. Neither the number of different FVIII products administered nor the switching of products influenced the incidence of inhibitor in multitransfused patients.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Characteristics of Eradication Therapy of Helicobacter pylori in Japan: A Multi‐Generational Comparison
Authors: Okamura Takuma , Suga Tomoaki , Nagaya Tadanobu , Arakura Norikazu , Matsumoto Takehisa , Nakayama Yoshiko , Tanaka Eiji
Published: April 2014

Background

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) at a younger age is considered to be effective in preventing gastric cancer. This study assessed the characteristics of eradication therapy in young patients.

Materials and Methods

We enrolled 1073 patients with H. pylori infection between 2000 and 2013. The subjects were divided into three groups according to age into the young (≤30 years), middle‐aged (31–50 years), and elder (≥51 years) groups. We also examined 472 cases to investigate clinical eradication characteristics.

Results

The rate of clarithromycin (CAM) resistance was 57.9%, 34.5%, and 35.2% in the young, middle‐aged, and elder group, respectively, in 2012–2013 and was significantly higher in the young group than in the elder group (p = .01). Metronidazole (MNZ) resistance was similar among the three groups at each time point. While CAM resistance rose over the study period, MNZ resistance was noted to have decreased of late. The overall initial eradication success rate was 91.9% (95% CI, 89.1–94.1) in our cohort. Eradication efficiency was comparable in the young, middle‐aged, and elder group at 94.3% (95% CI, 87.4–97.5), 90.2% (95% CI, 82.9–94.6), and 91.8% (95% CI, 88.1–94.5) respectively. Side effects such as skin rash were observed in 14.8%, 3.9%, and 3.5% of the respective groups. There were significant differences in the incidence of side effects between the young group and other groups (p < .05, respectively).

Conclusion

Since CAM resistance and the incidence of side effects are higher in young individuals, it is especially important to select eradication regimens based on testing for antimicrobial susceptibility.
Comparative evaluation of the shaping ability of ProTaper Next, iRaCe and Hyflex CM rotary NiTi files in severely curved root canals
Authors: Saber S. E. D. M. , Nagy M. M. , Schäfer E.
Published: April 2014

Aim

To compare the shaping ability of ProTaper Next, iRaCe and Hyflex CM rotary NiTi files during the preparation of severely curved root canals in extracted human molar teeth.

Methodology

Sixty mandibular molars with mesio‐buccal canals having angles of curvature ranging from 25° to 35° were divided according to the instrument used into three groups of 20 teeth each: group PTN (ProTaper Next), group IR (iRaCe) and group HF (Hyflex CM). Using standardized pre‐ and post‐instrumentation radiographs, straightening of canal curvature was determined using image analysis software. A double‐digital standardized radiographic technique was used to determine apical transportation 0.5 mm from the working length (1.5‐mm coronal of the major foramen). Preparation time and instrument failures were also recorded. Data were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and post hoc Tukey's test, and significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

During root canal preparation, no instruments fractured. The use of PTN resulted in significantly greater canal straightening than IR and HF (P < 0.05), with no significant differences between IR and HF (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the three groups with respect to apical transportation (P > 0.05). IR and HF were significantly faster than PTN (P < 0.05), with no significant differences between IR and HF (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Under the conditions of this study, PTN, IR and HF respected original canal curvature well and were safe to use.
Effect of SiC Particles on Mechanical Properties of Laminated (SiCw+SiCp)/SiC Ceramic Composites
Authors: Xie Yupeng , Cheng Laifei , Mei Hui , Zhang Litong
Published: April 2014

Laminated (SiCw+SiCp)/SiC ceramic composites were fabricated by tape casting and chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), and the effect of SiC particles on strengthening/toughening of the composites was investigated. When the SiC particle content was constant, the mechanical properties of (SiCw+SiCp)/SiC composites were increased with increasing SiC whisker content. When the SiC particle content was varied, the mechanical properties of (SiCw+SiCp)/SiC composites were dependent on SiC particle content. The addition of SiC particles can increase the strength of the matrix and the crack propagation resistance, the former increased the strength and the latter increased the toughness.
Preparation of Mullite Ceramics with Fly Ash and Clay by Pickling Process
Authors: Li Ye , Feng Junjie , Wang Yonghong , Cheng Xudong
Published: April 2014

Mullite ceramics were fabricated with fly ash, clay, and Al2O3 as raw materials. The effects of Al2O3 content, the sintering temperature and the pickling process on the crystalline phases, sintering characteristics and microstructures were studied. With more addition amount of Al2O3 and higher sintering temperature, the peak intensity of the mullite crystalline phase increased. By pickling process, mullite instead of anorthite became the main phase with little corundum. Moreover, the required sintering temperature had reduced to 1300°C and the Al2O3 content also decreased to 30 wt%. The pickling process also enlarged the sintering range of the green bodies.
Adoption of photoprotection measures on lip and perioral regions among beach workers in North Brazil
Authors: Lucena Eudes Euler de Souza , Costa Danielle Clarisse Barbosa , Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas da , Lima Kenio Costa
Published: April 2014

Background

Workers from various occupational groups stand out as being more susceptible to photodamage. Behaviors that can reduce the risk of onset of these disorders include the limitation or reduction of sun exposure, use of photoprotective clothing, and correct use of sunscreen. The present study aimed to verify the use of photoprotection measures by beach workers on the lips and perioral regions, as well as investigate possible associations with sociodemographic, occupational, and health variables.

Materials and methods

For this purpose, calibrated researchers applied validated questionnaires. The participants were 362 beach workers with a minimum age of 18 years. Data were analyzed using chi‐square tests and robust Poisson regression.

Results

In regard to photoprotection measures, most of the population studied reported using some form of protection (80.1%). Among these, the most common were the use of a cap/hat (66.2%) and sunscreen (41.6%). Applying lipstick (3.6%) and using some other measure (4.2%) were the least reported. When compiling a multivariate analysis model, type of work (P = 0.001) was the only variable that explained the adoption of photoprotection measures, regardless of daily and accumulated exposure and the presence of habits.

Conclusions

In general, most workers reported using some form of photoprotection in the oral and perioral regions, and those exposed to direct solar radiation effectively confirmed this.
Childhood and adolescent psoriasis in Greece: a retrospective analysis of 842 patients
Authors: Moustou Aikaterini‐Evangelia , Kakourou Talia , Masouri Sofia , Alexopoulos Alexis , Sachlas Athanasios , Antoniou Christina
Published: April 2014

Background

Childhood and adolescent psoriasis is not an uncommon disease, but epidemiological information from a large series of studies is still lacking.

Objective

Our purpose was to present the demographics, clinical features, and outcome of psoriasis appearing in Greek patients from infants up to adolescents.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 842 children and adolescents who diagnosed with psoriasis over a period of twenty years.

Results

The mean age of psoriasis onset was 7.33 years, and the sex distribution was equal between boys and girls. Plaque‐type psoriasis was the most frequent type (82.1%), followed by perianal, inverse, and guttate. The limbs and the scalp were the main body areas affected. The affected body surface area (BSA) was more than 10% in only 1.7% of patients, and the overall disease manifestations were considered to be mild. Psoriatic nails were detected in 11.8% of patients, while psoriatic arthritis in only six (0.7%) patients. An additional autoimmune disease was present in 3.8% of patients, and 16.7% had a positive family history for first‐degree relatives. The main choice of therapy was topical treatment.

Conclusion

Gender distribution, type of psoriasis, and body area affection is almost the same as in adults. Most of the patients presented with mild disease of little extent, possibly indicating the favorable effect of sun in a Mediterranean country. The most often prescribed treatment for the majority of patients was topical.
Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon in an adult man with a tufted angioma and cirrhosis responding to radiation, bevacizumab, and prednisone
Authors: Fernandez Anthony P. , Wolfson Aaron , Ahn Eugene , Maldonad Jennifer C. , Alonso‐Llamazares Javier
Published: April 2014

Background

Tufted angioma (TA) is a benign cutaneous vascular tumor that most commonly occurs in young children. TAs have rarely been reported in adults and/or arising within port‐wine stains (PWS). Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon (KMP) is a life‐threatening consumptive coagulopathy hypothesized to occur specifically in young children who develop either a TA or kaposiform hemangioendothelioma.

Methods

Here we present a 52‐year‐old man with hepatitis C cirrhosis who presented with an extensive, painful vascular tumor involving the right side of his head, neck, and back that initially arose within a PWS.

Results

He developed petechiae, severe thrombocytopenia, and a consumptive coagulopathy consistent with KMP. An incisional biopsy of his vascular tumor was compatible with a TA. Numerous treatments aimed at halting proliferation of his TA were attempted, with sustained improvement in his vascular tumor and platelet count achieved only after several courses of electron beam radiation therapy in association with corticosteroids and bevacizumab.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this represents the first report of KMP in an adult man associated with TA and challenges previous hypotheses arguing that KMP occurs only in children. We offer our own hypothesis concerning how, in extremely rare circumstances, this life‐threatening consumptive coagulopathy may occur in adults. Electron beam radiation therapy in association with corticosteroids can be an effective treatment in these rare patients.
Comparison of cure rates and durations of treatment with diphenylcyclopropenone immunotherapy for warts in children/adolescents and adults
Authors: Kang Ho Song , Lee Min Won , Paek Jun Oh , Yu Hee Joon , Kim Joung Soo
Published: April 2014

Background

Immunotherapy has been used for many years in the treatment of warts. Diphenylcyclopropenone is frequently used as an immunotherapeutic agent.

Methods

A total of 143 patients with 180 cases of warts were included in this study. We divided the patients into two groups: 72 children/adolescents and 71 adults aged 20 and over. We evaluated two types of sensitization reaction, using an erythema and blister index and a pruritus index.

Results

Of the 180 cases of warts, 159 (88.3%) were completely cured: 86 (92.5%) of the 93 cases in children/adolescents and 73 (83.9%) of the 87 cases in adults. The time required for complete cure was 17.72 ± 2.69 weeks in children/adolescents and 22.92 ± 2.59 weeks in adults (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Diphenylcyclopropenone immunotherapy can be used effectively for both children/adolescents and adults. The time required for complete cure is shorter in children/adolescents than in adults.
Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a meta‐analysis with meta‐regression of observational studies
Authors: Barron Stacy J. , Del Vecchio Michael T. , Aronoff Stephen C.
Published: April 2014

Background

Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are severe disorders with significant morbidity and mortality. The therapeutic use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is based on limited data.

Objectives

This systematic review evaluates the existing literature to determine if IVIG impacts the standardized mortality rate (SMR) in patients with SJS or TEN.

Methods

The MEDLINE database was searched for the period 1966–2011 for pertinent studies. The bibliographies of selected references were also reviewed for additional studies. Inclusion criteria required the studies to refer to patients who received IVIG for SJS or TEN, the severity of which was determined using the SCORTEN system. Thirteen studies were used in the final analysis. Demographic data, IVIG dosing, SCORTEN score, and mortality rates were extracted.

Results

Of the 13 studies, eight included a control group. Meta‐analysis revealed that differences in SMRs were not significant (−0.322, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.766 to 0.122; P = 0.155). The overall SMR point estimate for all 13 studies was 0.814 (95% CI 0.617–1.076). Meta‐regression demonstrated a strong inverse correlation between IVIG dosage and SMRs (slope: −0.59, 95% CI −0.14 to −1.03; P = 0.009).

Conclusions

Intravenous IG at dosages of ≥2 g/kg appears to significantly decrease mortality in patients with SJS or TEN.
Scar prevention and remodeling: a review of the medical, surgical, topical and light treatment approaches
Authors: Kerwin Leonard Y. , El Tal Abdel Kader , Stiff Mark A. , Fakhouri Tarek M.
Published: April 2014

Cosmetic, functional, and structural sequelae of scarring are innumerable, and measures exist to optimize and ultimately minimize these sequelae. To evaluate the innumerable methods available to decrease the cosmetic, functional, and structural repercussions of scarring, pubMed search of the English literature with key words scar, scar revision, scar prevention, scar treatment, scar remodeling, cicatrix, cicatrix treatment, and cicatrix remodeling was done. Original articles and reviews were examined and included. Seventy‐nine manuscripts were reviewed. Techniques, comparisons, and results were reviewed and tabulated. Overall, though topical modalities are easier to use and are usually more attractive to the patient, the surgical approaches still prove to be superior and more reliable. However, advances in topical medications for scar modification are on the rise and a change towards medical treatment of scars may emerge as the next best approach. Comparison studies of the innumerable specific modalities for scar revision and prevention are impossible. Standardization of techniques is lacking. Scarring, the body's natural response to a wound, can create many adverse effects. At this point, the practice of sound, surgical fundamentals still trump the most advanced preventative methods and revision techniques. Advances in medical approaches are available, however, to assist the scarring process, which even the most advanced surgical fundamentals will ultimately lead to. Whether through newer topical therapies, light treatment, or classical surgical intervention, our treatment armamentarium of scars has expanded and will allow us to maximize scar prevention and to minimize scar morbidity.
Poroma: a review of eccrine, apocrine, and malignant forms
Authors: Sawaya Jennifer L. , Khachemoune Amor
Published: April 2014

Poroma is a benign adnexal neoplasm of the terminal sweat gland duct. Although poromas have traditionally been thought to originate from the eccrine sweat gland, there have been cases of apocrine etiology as well. Eccrine and apocrine poromas typically present as erythematous or flesh‐colored nodules on the palms and soles. As these features overlap with a multitude of differential diagnoses, it is imperative to have a firm understanding of the characteristics that make the diagnosis of poroma. In addition, the malignant counterpart to the poroma, the eccrine porocarcinoma, manifests in a similar nonspecific fashion. Case studies and literature reviews have contributed immensely to our present knowledge of poroma and porocarcinoma. Given the rarity of these neoplasms, however, there remains a relative paucity of information on atypical presentations and rates of malignant transformation. In this article, the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of poroma and porocarcinoma will be reviewed. This systematic approach may serve as a guide in navigating the diagnostic dilemma of these rare cutaneous lesions.
A rare location for a common problem: popliteal pressure ulcer
Authors: Ozer Kadri , Colak Ozlem , Goktas Fethiye B , Sungur Nezih , Kocer Ugur
Published: April 2014

Pressure ulcer is defined as localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear. The most frequent sites for pressure ulcers are the occiput, sacrum, ischial tuberosities, trochanters, lateral malleoli and posterior heels. Herein, we present a case of grade III pressure ulcer seen in popliteal region which is an unusual localisation that is rarely seen in the literature. An awareness of this unusual localisation of pressure ulcer is necessary to prevent decrease in quality of life, particularly in the wheelchair‐dependent population.
COMPARISON OF DISTRIBUTION AND PHOTODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF DI‐ AND TETRA‐SULPHONATED ALUMINIUM PHTHALOCYANINES IN NORMAL RAT COLON
Authors: Chatlani P. T. , Bedwell J. , MacRobert A. J. , Barr H. , Boulos P. B. , Krasner N. , Phillips D. , Bown S. G.
Published: April 2014

Abstract— —We have previously reported photodynamic therapy of normal rat colon using aluminium sulphonated phthalocyanine (AlSPc). In that study, the AlSPc used was a mixture of phthalocyanines of different degrees of sulphonation. Phthalocyanines of defined degrees of sulphonation have recently become available and we compared the distribution of the di‐ and tetra‐sulphonates (AlS2Pc and AlS4Pc) in rat colon and colon wall structures employing both chemical extraction and fluorescence photometry using a charge coupled device imaging system. Also, the photodynamic effects produced by these components in rat colon were compared at various times after photosensitization. After intravenous photosensitizer administration using equimolar doses, the concentration of AlS2Pc in colon fell off more rapidly with time than AlS4Pc. Differences were noted in the microscopic distribution of these compounds, with the di‐sulphonate exhibiting peak fluorescence in colon wall structures by 1 h after photosensitization, while mucosal fluorescence with the tetra‐sulphonate peaked at 5 h. Fluorescence was also lost from the colon wall much more slowly with the tetra‐sulphonate, which tended to be retained in the submucosa. Maximum photosensitizing capability was seen at 1 h with AlS2Pc and no lesions could be produced with photodynamic therapy at 1 week, with up to 5.65 μmol/kg. With AlS4Pc (5.65 μmol/kg), while no lesions could be produced with light treatment at 1 h, photodynamic therapy at 1 week produced lesions only slightly smaller than those produced with treatment at 48 h (the time of maximum effect), and significant photosensitization was present at 2 weeks. It is proposed that differences between AlS2Pc and AlS4Pc with respect to pharmacokinetics, microscopic distribution and qualitative (related to the timing) and quantitative differences in photodynamic effects in normal rat colon are related to physico‐chemical characteristics of the phthalocyanines used, particularly lipid solubility. Similar studies are now required on tumour bearing animals.
THE MELANOSOME: THRESHOLD TEMPERATURE FOR EXPLOSIVE VAPORIZATION AND INTERNAL ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT DURING PULSED LASER IRRADIATION
Authors: Jacques Steven L. , McAuliffe Daniel J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract— —The explosive vaporization of melanosomes in situ in skin during pulsed laser irradiation (pulse duration <1 μs) is observed as a visible whitening of the superficial epidermal layer due to stratum corneum disruption. In this study, the ruby laser (694 nm) was used to determine the threshold radiant exposure, H0 (J/cm2), required to elicit whitening for in vitro black (Negroid) human skin samples which were pre‐equilibrated at an initial temperature, Ti, of 0, 20, or 50°C. A plot of H0 vs Ti yields a straight line whose x‐intercept indicates the threshold temperature of explosive vaporization to be 112 ± 7°C (SD, N = 3). The slope, ∂H
0/∂T
i, specifies the internal absorption coefficient, μa, within the melanosome: μa = −ρC/(slope(1 + 7.1R
d)), where ρC is the product of density and specific heat, and Rd is the total diffuse reflectance from the skin. A summary of the absorption spectrum (μa for the melanosome interior (351–1064 nm) is presented based on H0 data from this study and the literature. The in vivo absorption spectrum (380–820 nm) for human epidermal melanin was measured by an optical fiber spectrophotometer and is compared with the melanosome spectrum.
ENHANCEMENT OF ANTITUMOR DRUG CYTOTOXICITY via LASER PHOTOACTIVATION
Authors: Andreoni Alessandra , Colasanti Alberto , Malatesta Vincenzo , Riccio Patrizia , Roberti Giuseppe
Published: April 2014

Abstract— —We investigate the efficacy of daunomycin, some imino‐ and amino‐substituted daunomycin analogues and the disubstituted aminoanthracenedione, mitoxantrone, in photosensitizing short‐term cell kill upon irradiation in the long wavelength visible range, during incubation of Fisher rat thyroid cells with the drugs. While all compounds exhibit similar cytocidal effects on our cell line, in the absence of irradiation, administering 86 J/cm2 at wavelengths either coincident or close to drug absorption peaks causes greater enhancement in cell mortality for the 4‐demethoxydaunomycin analogues than either the parent drug or its 5‐imino‐derivative. A lower enhancement is observed with mitoxantrone. In particular, C50 doses (i.e. concentrations that would kill 50% cells) as low as ∼10−9 M are found for both 6‐ and 11‐amino 4‐demethoxydaunomycin, compared with the values obtained in the absence of light, which are 2.59 × 10−4 and 0.43 × 10−4 M, respectively. Our previous studies of the photophysical and photochemical properties of the excited states of these drugs, and ESR and spin trapping studies of photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen, which were extended in this work to include mitoxantrone, indicate that the cytocidal effects proceed via type I rather than type II mechanisms.
Association between mobile phone use and semen quality: a systemic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu K. , Li Y. , Zhang G. , Liu J. , Cao J. , Ao L. , Zhang S.
Published: April 2014

Possible hazardous health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations emitted from mobile phone on the reproductive system have raised public concern in recent years. This systemic review and meta‐analysis was prepared following standard procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement and checklist. Relevant studies published up to May 2013 were identified from five major international and Chinese literature databases: Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, the VIP database and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library. Eighteen studies with 3947 men and 186 rats were included in the systemic review, of which 12 studies (four human studies, four in vitro studies and four animal studies) with 1533 men and 97 rats were used in the meta‐analyses. Systemic review showed that results of most of the human studies and in vitro laboratory studies indicated mobile phone use or radiofrequency exposure had negative effects on the various semen parameters studied. However, meta‐analysis indicated that mobile phone use had no adverse effects on semen parameters in human studies. In the in vitro studies, meta‐analysis indicated that radiofrequency radiation had detrimental effect on sperm motility and viability in vitro [pooled mean difference (MDs) (95% CI): −4.11 (−8.08, −0.13), −3.82 (−7.00, −0.65) for sperm motility and viability respectively]. As for animal studies, radiofrequency exposure had harmful effects on sperm concentration and motility [pooled MDs (95% CI): −8.75 (−17.37, −0.12), −17.72 (−32.79, −2.65) for sperm concentration and motility respectively]. Evidence from current studies suggests potential harmful effects of mobile phone use on semen parameters. A further multicentred and standardized study is needed to assess the risk of mobile phone use on the reproductive system.
Characterization and sorting of flow cytometric populations in human semen
Authors: Marchiani S. , Tamburrino L. , Olivito B. , Betti L. , Azzari C. , Forti G. , Baldi E. , Muratori M.
Published: April 2014

Human semen is a complex biological matrix. It contains mature spermatozoa, immature germ cells, residual apoptotic bodies and, in some cases, epithelial cells and leucocytes. Hence, one of the challenges in applying flow cytometry in spermatology is the correct recognition of spermatozoa and their separation from signals of other semen cells/elements. In this study, we show that semen spermatozoa are included in a well‐defined, flame‐shaped FSC/SSC region (FR), by demonstrating that the count of the spermatozoa contained in such region overlaps that obtained by microscopy in the same samples. In FR, nuclear staining of semen samples reveals three different populations: unstained, brighter and dimmer. Unstained elements were previously characterized as apoptotic bodies of testis origin and the brighter elements represent the majority of semen spermatozoa, whereas the composition and the origin of the population with a lower nuclear staining is less clear, albeit we have previously shown that all the elements constituting it are positive for TUNEL. In this study, we sorted all the elements contained in FR region and demonstrated that the dimmer elements are spermatozoa. To further characterize dimmer spermatozoa, we evaluated apoptotic caspases and chromatin immaturity, the latter detected by aniline blue (AB) and chromomycin A (CMA3) staining. We found that caspases were much more expressed in the dimmer spermatozoa (71.4 ± 18.8%) than in the brighter (46.7 ± 15.1%), whereas similar amounts of spermatozoa with chromatin immaturity were found in both populations (brighter, AB: 48.2 ± 19.5%; CMA3: 48.5 ± 20.4% and dimmer, AB: 43.4 ± 19.8%; CMA3: 36.1 ± 18.0%). Hence, the role of apoptosis in generating dimmer spermatozoa and their DNA fragmentation appears clear, whereas the involvement of defects during the chromatin packaging remains elusive.
The effect of methamphetamine on an animal model of erectile function
Authors: Tar M. T. , Martinez L. R. , Nosanchuk J. D. , Davies K. P.
Published: April 2014

In the US methamphetamine is considered a first‐line treatment for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is also a common drug of abuse. Reports in patients and abusers suggest its use results in impotence. The efficacy of phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors (PDE5i) to restore erectile function in these patient groups also has not been determined. In these studies, we determined if the rat is a suitable animal model for the physiological effects of methamphetamine on erectile function, and if a PDE5i (tadalafil) has an effect on erectile function following methamphetamine treatment. In acute phase studies, erectile function was measured in male Sprague‐Dawley rats, before and after administration of 10 mg/kg methamphetamine i.p. Chronically treated animals received escalating doses of methamphetamine [2.5 mg/kg (1st week), 5 mg/kg (2nd week), and 10 mg/kg (3rd week)] i.p. daily for 3 weeks and erectile function compared with untreated controls. The effect of co‐administration of tadalafil was also investigated in rats acutely and chronically treated with methamphetamine. Erectile function was determined by measuring the intracorporal pressure/blood pressure ratio (ICP/BP) following cavernous nerve stimulation. In both acute and chronic phase studies, we observed a significant increase in the rates of spontaneous erections after methamphetamine administration. In addition, following stimulation of the cavernous nerve at 4 and 6 mA, there was a significant decrease in the ICP/BP ratio (approximately 50%), indicative of impaired erectile function. Tadalafil treatment reversed this effect. In chronically treated animals, the ICP/BP ratio following 4 and 6 mA stimulation decreased by approximately 50% compared with untreated animals and erectile dysfunction (ED) was also reversed by tadalafil. Overall, our data suggest that the rat is a suitable animal model to study the physiological effect of methamphetamine on erectile function. Our work also provides a rationale for treating patients that report ED associated with therapeutics‐containing methamphetamine or amphetamine with PDE5i.
Sodium‐Doped ZnO Nanowires Grown by High‐pressure PLD and their Acceptor‐Related Optical Properties
Authors: Qiu Zhiwen , Yang Xiaopeng , Han Jun , Zhang Peng , Cao Bingqiang , Dai Zhengfei , Duan Guotao , Cai Weiping
Published: April 2014

Sodium‐doped ZnO (ZnO:Na) nanowires were grown with a high‐pressure pulsed‐laser deposition process on silicon substrates using sputtered gold particles as catalysts. The introduction of sodium dopants into ZnO nanowires was confirmed by both X‐ray diffraction spectrum and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology and microstructural changes in ZnO nanowires due to sodium doping were investigated with scanning electron microscope, high‐resolution transmission electron microscope, and Raman spectrum. Detailed photoluminescence studies of ZnO:Na nanowires revealed characteristic sodium acceptor‐related peaks, for example, neutral acceptor‐bound exciton emission (A0X, 3.356 eV), free‐to‐neutral‐acceptor emission (e, A0, 3.314 eV), and donor‐to‐acceptor pair emission (DAP, 3.241 eV). This indicated that sodium doping induces stable acceptor level with a binding energy of 133 meV in ZnO:Na nanowires.
Structural, Raman, and Dielectric Studies on Multiferroic Mn‐doped Bi1−xLaxFeO3 Ceramics
Authors: Xing Zhibiao , Zhu Xinhua , Zhu Jianmin , Liu Zhiguo , Al‐Kassab Talaat
Published: April 2014

Multiferroic Bi1−xLaxFeO3 [BLFO (x)] ceramics with x = 0.10–0.50 and Mn‐doped BLFO (x = 0.30) ceramics with different doping contents (0.1–1.0 mol%) were prepared by solid‐state reaction method. They were crystallized in a perovskite phase with rhombohedral symmetry. In the BLFO (x) system, a composition (x)‐driven structural transformation (R3c→C222) was observed at x = 0.30. The formation of Bi2Fe4O9 impure phase was effectively suppressed with increasing the x value, and the rhombohedral distortion in the BLFO ceramics was decreased, leading to some Raman active modes disappeared. A significant red frequency shift (~13 cm−1) of the Raman mode of 232 cm−1 in the BLFO ceramics was observed, which strongly perceived a significant destabilization in the octahedral oxygen chains, and in turn affected the local FeO6 octahedral environment. In the Mn‐doped BLFO (x = 0.30) ceramics, the intensity of the Raman mode near 628 cm−1 was increased with increasing the Mn‐doping content, which was resulted from an enhanced local Jahn–Teller distortions of the (Mn,Fe)O6 octahedra. Electron microscopy images revealed some changes in the ceramic grain sizes and their morphologies in the Mn‐doped samples at different contents. Wedge‐shaped 71° ferroelectric domains with domain walls lying on the {110} planes were observed in the BLFO (x = 0.30) ceramics, whereas in the 1.0 mol% Mn‐doped BLFO (x = 0.30) samples, 71° ferroelectric domains exhibited a parallel band‐shaped morphology with average domain width of 95 nm. Dielectric studies revealed that high dielectric loss of the BLFO (x = 0.30) ceramics was drastically reduced from 0.8 to 0.01 (measured @ 104 Hz) via 1.0 mol% Mn‐doping. The underlying mechanisms can be understood by a charge disproportion between the Mn4+ and Fe2+ in the Mn‐doped samples, where a reaction of Mn4+ + Fe2+→Mn3+ + Fe3+ is taken place, resulting in the reduction in the oxygen vacancies and a suppression of the electron hopping from Fe3+ to Fe2+ ions effectively.
The history of sturgeon in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Popović Danijela , Panagiotopoulou Hanna , Baca Mateusz , Stefaniak Krzysztof , Mackiewicz Paweł , Makowiecki Daniel , King Tim L. , Gruchota Jakub , Weglenski Piotr , Stankovic Anna
Published: April 2014

Aim

Migrants of the Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus, from North America are thought to have founded the Baltic sturgeon population during the Little Ice Age around 1200 years ago, replacing the European sturgeon, Acipenser sturio. To test this hypothesis and to further elucidate the colonization of the Baltic Sea by A. oxyrinchus, we carried out DNA analyses of ancient and contemporary populations of both species.

Location

We analysed DNA from 188 specimens of sturgeons collected from archaeological sites and museums in Poland and of 225 contemporary specimens from North American and European populations.

Methods

Several mitochondrial DNA fragments were sequenced and eight microsatellite loci were genotyped for species identification, polymorphism and population structure analyses. Approximate Bayesian computation was used to estimate when the Baltic Sea was colonized.

Results

Of 125 ancient sturgeon specimens from the Baltic Sea, only four were classified as A. sturio, the remainder being A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus. The ancient A. o. oxyrinchus population over two different time periods was highly polymorphic and genetically distant from contemporary populations of this taxon. The time of entry into the Baltic Sea was estimated to be 4000–5000 years ago. We also detected introgression of A. sturio into the A. o. oxyrinchus gene pool, caused by a prior hybridization event.

Main conclusions

For the past 2000 years at least, A. o. oxyrinchus has been the dominant sturgeon in the Baltic Sea, indicating a much earlier origin than previously suggested. The most similar extant sturgeon populations to the extinct Baltic stock are those from the St John and St Lawrence rivers in Canada. These populations should be considered the best source of breeding material for the ongoing sturgeon restitution programmes in Poland and Germany.
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Arrhythmias in Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Authors: WILLNER JONATHAN M. , VILES‐GONZALEZ JUAN F. , COFFEY JAMES O. , MORGENTHAU ADAM S. , MEHTA DAVENDRA
Published: April 2014

Ablation of Atrial Arrhythmias in Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Background

We previously reported on the incidence and clinical implications of supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). The role of catheter ablation for the management of atrial arrhythmia (AA) in this patient population is unknown.

Methods and Results

One hundred consecutive patients with CS were monitored for the incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias. Those with persistent symptoms despite optimal medical therapy proceeded to catheter ablation. Following ablation, all patients were followed serially with Holter monitoring or device interrogation. Thirty‐two (32%) patients had symptomatic supraventricular arrhythmias. Nine (28%) patients had symptomatic AA requiring catheter ablation for clinical indications. Mean age was 55 ± 11.6 years. Five (56%) patients had atrial fibrillation (AF), of whom 2 also had cavotricuspid isthmus ablation. Four patients had isolated atrial flutter: 2 patients with left atrial flutter, and 2 patients with cavotricuspid flutter. All other arrhythmias were ablated in the left atrium. Mean duration of follow‐up was 1.8 ± 1.9 years. One patient with atypical atrial flutter, and one patient with AF have had recurrence; the remaining patients remain in sinus rhythm.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that AA in CS is frequently left atrial in origin. Catheter ablation appears to be effective and safe for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with CS.
Explaining Interest Groups' Articulation of Policy Preferences in the European Commission's Open Consultations: An Analysis of the Environmental Policy Area
Authors: Bunea Adriana
Published: April 2014

Why do some interest groups express more policy preferences than others during open consultations organized by the European Commission? This article examines this question by testing an explanatory framework that emphasizes the inter‐organizational context in which lobbying takes place and interest groups' resource endowment. The empirical analysis focuses on environmental policy‐making. The findings show that interest groups' preference articulation behaviour is largely influenced by the number of inter‐organizational linkages they have with other stakeholders. Resource endowment matters in that resource‐rich interest organizations are found to be less likely to articulate their preferences via open consultations. Interest groups' organizational form is also a relevant predictor of the likelihood they articulate preferences: in consultations, European federations voice more preferences than national or individual organizations.