bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CASTLE: Crowd-Assisted System for Text Labeling and Extraction
Authors: Goldberg Sean , Wang Daisy , Kraska Tim
Published: October 2022

The amount of text data has been growing exponentially and with it the demand for improved information extraction (IE) efforts to analyze and query such data. While automatic IE systems have proven useful in controlled experiments, in practice the gap between machine learning extraction and human extraction is still quite large. In this paper, we propose a system that uses crowdsourcing techniques to help close this gap. One of the fundamental issues inherent in using a large-scale human workforce is deciding the optimal questions to pose to the crowd. We demonstrate novel solutions using mutual information and token clustering techniques in the domain of bibliographic citation extraction. Our experiments show promising results in using crowd assistance as a cost-effective way to close up the ”last mile” between extraction systems and a human annotator.
SQUARE: A Benchmark for Research on Computing Crowd Consensus
Authors: Sheshadri Aashish , Lease Matthew
Published: October 2022

While many statistical consensus methods now exist, relatively little comparative benchmarking and integration of techniques has made it increasingly difficult to determine the current state-of-the-art, to evaluate the relative benefit of new methods, to understand where specific problems merit greater attention, and to measure field progress over time. To make such comparative evaluation easier for everyone, we present SQUARE, an open source shared task framework including benchmark datasets, defined tasks, standard metrics, and reference implementations with empirical results for several popular methods. In addition to measuring performance on a variety of public, real crowd datasets, the benchmark also varies supervision and noise by manipulating training size and labeling error. We envision SQUARE as dynamic and continually evolving, with new datasets and reference implementations being added according to community needs and interest. We invite community contributions and participation.
Crowdsourcing from Scratch: A Pragmatic Experiment in Data Collection by Novice Requesters
Authors: Papoutsaki Alexandra , Guo Hua , Metaxa-Kakavouli Danae , Gramazio Connor , Rasley Jeff , Xie Wenting , Wang Guan , Huang Jeff
Published: October 2022

As crowdsourcing has gained prominence in recent years, an increasing number of people turn to popular crowdsourcing platforms for their many uses. Experienced members of the crowdsourcing community have developed numerous systems both separately and in conjunction with these platforms, along with other tools and design techniques, to gain more specialized functionality and overcome various shortcomings. It is unclear, however, how novice requesters using crowdsourcing platforms for general tasks experience existing platforms and how, if at all, their approaches deviate from the best practices established by the crowdsourcing research community. We conduct an experiment with a class of 19 students to study how novice requesters design crowdsourcing tasks. Each student tried their hand at crowdsourcing a real data collection task with a fixed budget and realistic time constraint. Students used Amazon Mechanical Turk to gather information about the academic careers of over 2,000 professors from 50 top Computer Science departments in the U.S. In addition to curating this dataset, we classify the strategies which emerged, discuss design choices students made on task dimensions, and compare these novice strategies to best practices identified in crowdsourcing literature. Finally, we summarize design pitfalls and effective strategies observed to provide guidelines for novice requesters.
The Rise of Curation on GitHub
Authors: Wu Yu , Kropcznyski Jessica , Prates Raquel , Carroll John
Published: October 2022

Recently, curation practices start to develop in GitHub, where developers systematically put efforts to select, evaluate, and organize existing artifacts for the purposes of preservation and future use in software development. Curation practices in social media sites, such as Twitter and Pinterest, have been investigated, raising questions about the nature of collaborative curation in a professional/product-oriented site. In this study, we identify and characterize curation projects hosted on GitHub, and compare curation projects with software projects to study how this practice takes place and how it is different from the original use of GitHub. We find that curation has emerged as a highly popular category of GitHub project, which is directed to learning and professional development, and curation practice leverages collaborative tools and practices native to GitHub. Although curation projects and software projects use the same set of activities for development, they are different from each other in terms of the quantity of each type of activity performed by developers.
Probabilistic Modeling for Crowdsourcing Partially-Subjective Ratings
Authors: Nguyen An , Halpern Matthew , Wallace Byron , Lease Matthew
Published: October 2022

While many methods have been proposed to ensure data quality for objective tasks (in which a single correct response is presumed to exist for each item), estimating data quality with subjective tasks remains largely unexplored. Consider the popular task of collecting instance ratings from human judges: while agreement tends be high for instances having extremely good or bad properties, instances with more middling properties naturally elicit a wider variance in opinion. In addition, because such subjectivity permits a valid diversity of responses, it can be difficult to detect if a judge does not undertake the task in good faith. To address this, we propose a probabilistic, heteroskedastic model in which the means and variances of worker responses are modeled as functions of instance attributes. We derive efficient Expectation Maximization (EM) learning and variational inference algorithms for parameter estimation. We apply our model to a large dataset of 24,132 Mechanical Turk ratings of user experience in viewing videos on smartphones with varying hardware capabilities. Results show that our method is effective at both predicting user ratings and in detecting unreliable respondents.
CRQA: Crowd-Powered Real-Time Automatic Question Answering System
Authors: Savenkov Denis , Agichtein Eugene
Published: October 2022

Modern search engines have made dramatic progress in answering questions about facts, such as those that might be retrieved or directly inferred from a knowledge base. However, many other real user questions are more complex, such as requests for opinions, explanations, instructions or advice for a particular situation, and are still largely beyond the competence of the computer systems. As conversational agents become more popular, QA systems are increasingly expected to handle such complex questions, and to do so in (nearly) real-time, as the searcher is unlikely to wait longer than a minute or two for an answer. One way to overcome some of the challenges in complex question answering is crowdsourcing. We explore two ways crowdsourcing can assist a question answering system that operates in (near) real time: by providing answer validation, which could be used to filter or re-rank the candidate answers, and by creating the answer candidates directly. In this paper we present CRQA, a crowd-powered, near real-time automatic question answering system for complex informational tasks, that incorporates a crowdsourcing module for augmenting and validating the candidate answers. The crowd input, obtained in real-time, is integrated into CRQA via a learning-to-rank model, to select the final system answer. Our large-scale experiments, performed on a live stream of real users questions, show that even within a one minute time limit, CRQA can produce answers of high quality. The returned answers are judged to be significantly better compared to the automatic system alone, and even are often preferred to answers posted days later in the original community question answering site. Our findings can be useful for developing hybrid human-computer systems for automatic question answering and conversational agents.
Striving to Earn More: A Survey of Work Strategies and Tool Use Among Crowd Workers
Authors: Kaplan Toni , Saito Susumu , Hara Kotaro , Bigham Jeffrey
Published: October 2022

Earning money is a primary motivation for workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk, but earning a good wage is difficult because work that pays well is not easily identified and can be time-consuming to find. We explored the strategies that both low- and high-earning workers use to find and complete tasks via a survey of 360 workers. Nearly all workers surveyed had earning money as their primary goal, and workers used many of the same tools (browser extensions and scripts) and strategies in an attempt to earn more money, regardless of earning level. However, high-earning workers used more tools, were more involved in worker communities, and more heavily used batch completion strategies. A natural next step is to use automated systems to assist workers with finding and completing tasks. Workers found this idea interesting, but expressed concerns about impact on the quality of their work and whether using automated tools to support them would violate platform rules. We conclude with ideas for future work in supporting workers to earn more and design considerations for such tools.
All That Glitters Is Gold — An Attack Scheme on Gold Questions in Crowdsourcing
Authors: Checco Alessandro , Bates Jo , Demartini Gianluca
Published: October 2022

One of the most popular quality assurance mechanisms in paid micro-task crowdsourcing is based on gold questions: the use of a small set of tasks of which the requester knows the correct answer and, thus, is able to directly assess crowd work quality. In this paper, we show that such mechanism is prone to an attack carried out by a group of colluding crowd workers that is easy to implement and deploy: the inherent size limit of the gold set can be exploited by building an inferential system to detect which parts of the job are more likely to be gold questions. The described attack is robust to various forms of randomisation and programmatic generation of gold questions. We present the architecture of the proposed system, composed of a browser plug-in and an external server used to share information, and briefly introduce its potential evolution to a decentralised implementation. We implement and experimentally validate the gold detection system, using real-world data from a popular crowdsourcing platform. Finally, we discuss the economic and sociological implications of this kind of attack.
Testing Stylistic Interventions to Reduce Emotional Impact of Content Moderation Workers
Authors: Karunakaran Sowmya , Ramakrishan Rashmi
Published: October 2022

With the rise in user generated content, there is a greater need for content reviews. While machines and technology play a critical role in content moderation, the need for manual reviews still remains. It is known that such manual reviews could be emotionally challenging. We test the effects of simple interventions like grayscaling and blurring to reduce the emotional impact of such reviews. We demonstrate this by bringing in interventions in a live content review setup thus allowing us to maximize external validity. We use a pre-test post-test experiment design and measure review quality, average handling time and emotional affect using the PANAS scale. We find that simple grayscale transformations can provide an easy to implement and use solution that can significantly change the emotional impact of content reviews. We observe, however, that a full blur intervention can be challenging to reviewers.
Trainbot: A Conversational Interface to Train Crowd Workers for Delivering On-Demand Therapy
Authors: Abbas Tahir , Khan Vassilis-Javed , Gadiraju Ujwal , Markopoulos Panos
Published: October 2022

On-demand emotional support is an expensive and elusive societal need that is exacerbated in difficult times — as witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior work in affective crowdsourcing has examined ways to overcome technical challenges for providing on-demand emotional support to end users. This can be achieved by training crowd workers to provide thoughtful and engaging on-demand emotional support. Inspired by recent advances in conversational user interface research, we investigate the efficacy of a conversational user interface for training workers to deliver psychological support to users in need. To this end, we conducted a between-subjects experimental study on Prolific, wherein a group of workers (N=200) received training on motivational interviewing via either a conversational interface or a conventional web interface. Our results indicate that training workers in a conversational interface yields both better worker performance and improves their user experience in on-demand stress management tasks.
CrowDEA: Multi-View Idea Prioritization with Crowds
Authors: Baba Yukino , Li Jiyi , Kashima Hisashi
Published: October 2022

Given a set of ideas collected from crowds with regard to an open-ended question, how can we organize and prioritize them in order to determine the preferred ones based on preference comparisons by crowd evaluators? As there are diverse latent criteria for the value of an idea, multiple ideas can be considered as “the best”. In addition, evaluators can have different preference criteria, and their comparison results often disagree. In this paper, we propose an analysis method for obtaining a subset of ideas, which we call frontier ideas, that are the best in terms of at least one latent evaluation criterion. We propose an approach, called CrowDEA, which estimates the embeddings of the ideas in the multiple-criteria preference space, the best viewpoint for each idea, and preference criterion for each evaluator, to obtain a set of frontier ideas. Experimental results using real datasets containing numerous ideas or designs demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively prioritize ideas from multiple viewpoints, thereby detecting frontier ideas. The embeddings of ideas learned by the proposed approach provide a visualization that facilitates observation of the frontier ideas. In addition, the proposed approach prioritizes ideas from a wider variety of viewpoints, whereas the baselines tend to use to the same viewpoints; it can also handle various viewpoints and prioritize ideas in situations where only a limited number of evaluators or labels are available.
Soliciting Human-in-the-Loop User Feedback for Interactive Machine Learning Reduces User Trust and Impressions of Model Accuracy
Authors: Honeycutt Donald , Nourani Mahsan , Ragan Eric
Published: October 2022

Mixed-initiative systems allow users to interactively provide feedback to potentially improve system performance. Human feedback can correct model errors and update model parameters to dynamically adapt to changing data. Additionally, many users desire the ability to have a greater level of control and fix perceived flaws in systems they rely on. However, how the ability to provide feedback to autonomous systems influences user trust is a largely unexplored area of research. Our research investigates how the act of providing feedback can affect user understanding of an intelligent system and its accuracy. We present a controlled experiment using a simulated object detection system with image data to study the effects of interactive feedback collection on user impressions. The results show that providing human-in-the-loop feedback lowered both participants’ trust in the system and their perception of system accuracy, regardless of whether the system accuracy improved in response to their feedback. These results highlight the importance of considering the effects of allowing end-user feedback on user trust when designing intelligent systems.
Analyzing Workers Performance in Online Mapping Tasks Across Web, Mobile, and Virtual Reality Platforms
Authors: Van Alphen Gerard , Qiu Sihang , Bozzon Alessandro , Houben Geert-Jan
Published: October 2022

In online crowd mapping, crowd workers recruited through crowdsourcing marketplaces collect geographic data. Compared to traditional mapping methods, where workers physically explore the area, the benefit of using online crowd mapping is the potential to be cost-effective and time-efficient. Previous studies have focused on mapping urban objects using street-level imagery. However, they are specifically aimed at a single type of object, and only through web platforms. To the best of our knowledge, there is still a lack of understanding on how workers perform the mapping tasks through different platforms. Aiming to fill this knowledge gap, we investigate the worker performance across web, mobile, and virtual reality platforms by designing a multi-platform system for mapping urban objects using street-level imagery with novel methods for geo-location estimation. We design a preliminary study to show the feasibility of executing online mapping tasks on three platforms. The result demonstrates that the type of task and execution platform can affect the worker performance in terms of worker accuracy, execution time, user engagement, and cognitive load.
Does Exposure to Diverse Perspectives Mitigate Biases in Crowdwork? An Explorative Study
Authors: Duan Xiaoni , Ho Chien-Ju , Yin Ming
Published: October 2022

Earlier research has shown the promise of enabling worker interactions in crowdwork to mitigate worker biases and improve the quality of crowdwork. In this study, we focus on one characteristic of the interacting workers that may influence the effectiveness of worker interactions in enhancing crowdwork—the diversity of perspectives that the interacting workers bring together—and we explore whether and how interactions between a set of workers holding different perspectives can help mitigate biases in crowdwork. Through two sets of randomized experiments, we find that whether interactions between workers with different perspectives can help mitigate biases in crowdwork depends on task properties. We also find no conclusive evidence in our experimental settings suggesting that interactions among workers with diverse perspectives reduce biases in crowdwork to a larger extent compared to interactions among workers with similar perspectives.
StreamCollab: A Streaming Crowd-AI Collaborative System to Smart Urban Infrastructure Monitoring in Social Sensing
Authors: Zhang Yang , Shang Lanyu , Zong Ruohan , Wang Zeng , Kou Ziyi , Wang Dong
Published: October 2022

Social sensing has emerged as a pervasive and scalable sensing paradigm to collect observations of the physical world from human sensors. A key advantage of social sensing is its infrastructure-free nature. In this paper, we focus on a streaming urban infrastructure monitoring (Streaming UIM) problem in social sensing. The goal is to automatically detect the urban infrastructure damages from the streaming imagery data posted on social media by exploring the collective power of both AI and human intelligence from crowdsourcing systems. Our work is motivated by the limitation of current AI and crowdsourcing solutions that either fail in many critical time-sensitive UIM application scenarios or are not easily generalizable to monitor the damage of different types of urban infrastructures. We identify two critical challenges in solving our problem: i) it is difficult to dynamically integrate AI and crowd intelligence to effectively identify and fix the failure cases of AI solutions; ii) it is non-trivial to obtain accurate human intelligence from unreliable crowd workers in streaming UIM applications. In this paper, we propose StreamCollab, a streaming crowd-AI collaborative system that explores the collaborative intelligence from AI and crowd to solve the streaming UIM problem. The evaluation results on a real-world urban infrastructure imagery dataset collected from social media demonstrate that StreamCollab consistently outperforms both state-of-the-art AI and crowd-AI baselines in UIM accuracy while maintaining the lowest computational cost.
Planted Dense Subgraphs in Dense Random Graphs Can Be Recovered using Graph-based Machine Learning
Authors: Levinas Itay , Louzoun Yoram
Published: October 2022

Multiple methods of finding the vertices belonging to a planted dense subgraph in a random dense G(n, p) graph have been proposed, with an emphasis on planted cliques. Such methods can identify the planted subgraph in polynomial time, but are all limited to several subgraph structures. Here, we present PYGON, a graph neural network-based algorithm, which is insensitive to the structure of the planted subgraph. This is the first algorithm that uses learning tools for recovering dense subgraphs. We show that PYGON can recover cliques of sizes Θ (√ n), where n is the size of the background graph, comparable with the state of the art. We also show that the same algorithm can recover multiple other planted subgraphs of size Θ (√ n), in both directed and undirected graphs. We suggest a conjecture that no polynomial time PAC-learning algorithm can detect planted dense subgraphs with size smaller than O ( √ n), even if in principle one could find dense subgraphs of logarithmic size.
Influence of committees on earnings management
Authors: Palhares Felix Carolina , Bezerra Francisco Antonio
Published: October 2022

The objective of this article was to verify whether the presence of the Audit Committee and the Board of Auditors encourages a migration from accrual-based earnings management to the management of real activities. The methodology used for the study development was empirical, quantitative and descriptive research. The data comprise Brazilian companies listed on B3 in the period from 2010 to 2017. The models were estimated by the ordinary least squares method - OLS - with panel data, controlled by year dummy and ADR. There is no evidence to indicate the presence of a trade-off. When there are audit committees and Board of Auditors, there is a decrease in both types of earnings management.
Climate Change and Double Materiality in a Micro- and Macroprudential Context
Authors: Stiroh Kevin J.
Published: October 2022

This paper presents a stylized framework of bank risk‐taking to help clarify the concept of “double materiality,” the idea that supervisory authorities should consider both the risks that banks face from climate change and the impact of a bank’s actions on climate change. The paper shows that the concept of double materiality can be coherently embedded in a microprudential framework, but the practical implications could be quite similar to the implications of a single materiality perspective. The importance of a double materiality perspective becomes larger when one considers macroprudential objectives driven by financial sector externalities. The framework illustrates the critical importance of being clear on the supervisory mandate and objectives when assessing policy alternatives.
The use of fire radiative power observations to determine spontaneous combustion event activities associated with coal mining on the Mpumalanga Highveld
Authors: Cogho Edwin , Beukes Johan P. , Van Zyl Pieter , Vakkari Ville
Published: October 2022

Coal mining is a significant activity on the Mpumalanga Highveld. One of the major air pollution issues associated with coal mining, is the spontaneous combustion of coal. There are no abatement technologies in place for such emissions, and typically long- and shortlived greenhouse gases, other gaseous pollutants and particulate matter are emitted by such events. For ambient air quality models to accurately capture the contribution of spontaneously combusted coal, it is necessary to determine the locations and durations of these burning events. Such information will also assist in explaining experimentally determined ambient air quality data. In this article, satellite fire radiative power (FRP) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MODIS) was used to determine the locations and durations of spontaneously combusted coal within the Mpumalanga Highveld for January 2001 to December 2019. From the results it was concluded that five mining sites were prone to spontaneous combustion. These sites were all opencast mines situated on old bord and pillar mines. Two of these areas were actively burning for most of the 19-year study period. A relatively well-defined seasonal pattern was also observed, with combustion events being more prevalent during the winter months. Considering the active burning periods of the areas where spontaneous combustion were recorded, it is obvious that this is a major source of atmospheric pollutants on the Mpumalanga Highveld.
Using student science to identify research priority areas for air pollution in a university environment: an Ethiopian case study
Authors: Dingemanse Johannes Dirk , Muse Abayneh Abiyu  , Kirubel Getachew Tesfaye  , Feyera Fekadu Roro
Published: October 2022

Students in a country like Ethiopia face a double air pollution challenge: they are frequently exposed (both outdoors and indoors) to sources of incomplete combustion and therefore to unhealthy concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), while they also face increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in crowded dormitories and classrooms. Research on air pollution in the environment of Ethiopian students is scarce. This lack of research can be fixed by involving students in science through a student science project, essentially a subset of citizen science. Students of Arba Minch University, Ethiopia, conducted measurements of PM2.5, CO, and CO2 under self-selected circumstances. Their measurements are compared to guideline values related to health effects to identify priority areas for future research. For PM2.5, students’ measurements show likely exceedances of guideline values for an inside coffee ceremony, close to open waste burning, at a bus station and close to a diesel generator. For CO, exceedances are revealed in kitchens and the visitor’s area of restaurants using biomass fuel, close to outdoor charcoal cooking and close to waste burning. For CO2, exceedances are found within student dormitories. These areas can be considered priority areas for further research. Students can conduct additional measurements to distinguish other relevant scenarios. Insight into exposure can be improved if, besides different concentrations under different circumstances, also time durations of these different circumstances are studied. The findings reveal that students themselves can be a partial solution to research and resource gaps in their context.
Walkability for utilitarian and leisure purposes: a comparative study on an avenue located in the city of Araçatuba, São Paulo
Authors: Crespo Antonio Arnot Queiroz , Garcia Ligia Chiesa Fortes , Magagnin Renata Cardoso
Published: October 2022

More walkable cities contribute to building a sustainable city. In the last decades, the increase in the number of urban displacements carried out by foot highlights the importance of developing methods that seek to analyze the quality of this infrastructure to propose improvements for these users. In this context, this paper aims to present the result of the evaluation of the urban mobility infrastructure destined for walkability for practical and leisure purposes in two areas of an important road axis located in the city of Araçatuba, São Paulo, using the Walkability Index of the Macro and Microscale (in Portuguese the acronym ICMME), proposed by Pires (2018). The methodology allows the evaluation of sidewalks and road intersections based on indicators associated with Safety, Security, Comfort, and Attractiveness. The results show that the sidewalks and intersections located in area 2, intended for leisure walking, offer greater Safety, Security, Comfort, and Attractiveness to users. On the other hand, the sidewalks and crossings of area 1, which are used by people predominantly for displacements with utilitarian purposes (study, shopping, and work) are of lower spatial quality, especially in relation to elements associated with Safety and Security (of the sidewalks) and Safety and Comfort (of the intersections) of users. The results made it possible to identify positive and negative points of the pedestrian infrastructure and can be used to formulate public policies for urban mobility aimed at walkability.
Indigenous practices for management of epilepsy by traditional healers in South Africa
Authors: Chabangu Q. , Maputle M. S. , Lebese R. T. , Makhado L.
Published: October 2022

Objective: to determine the indigenous practices that are used to manage epilepsy in South Africa rural communities.

Material and methods. A qualitative, ethnographic technique that was exploratory and descriptive was used. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to select a group of 17 traditional healers for in-depth interviews at their homes. The data were analysed through the open coding data analysis method.

Results. The traditional healers had different perspectives on the origins and treatment plans of epilepsy based on their knowledge of the disease and their training. They used plants and alternative measures, even though western medicine was still used. The traditional healers’ status in rural communities was acceptable and their treatment modalities were preferred.

Conclusion. Traditional healers and primary health care providers must work collaboratively to educate communities on the importance of integrating biomedicine and indigenous practices, as traditional healers had strong inspirations from the communities.
Аргумент от «просвещенного катастрофизма» в философии Жан-Пьера Дюпюи
Authors: Афанасов Николай Борисович
Published: October 2022

В статье исследуется концепция «просвещенного катастрофизма» французского философа Жан-Пьера Дюпюи. Автор реконструирует значение идеи для понимания общего замысла философа, а также помещает «просвещенный катастрофизм» в более широкий контекст социальной философии. Статья предлагает рассматривать концепцию «просвещенного катастрофизма» как часть теории Ж.-П. Дюпюи, как особого рода логический аргумент, а также в качестве риторической стратегии. В последнем смысле идея становится точкой притяжения и нормативным способом мышления о катастрофизме для современной практической философии, занимающейся вопросами экологической катастрофы и пределов капиталистического мышления.

Автор показывает, что философский проект Ж.-П. Дюпюи выстраивается вокруг идеи «просвещенного катастрофизма», поскольку последняя позволяет избежать ошибок атрибутирования катастрофам частных смыслов. В качестве риторической стратегии логическая парадоксальность и антиномичность аргумента создают интеллектуальное напряжение, которое побуждает развивать философию катастрофы в гуманитарном поле и переосмыслять смысл хозяйственной деятельности для технической и финансовой элиты. В завершение анализа автор показывает, что сама идея «просвещенного катастрофизма» для своего функционирования требует особой темпоральной модальности — «времени катастроф», имеющей высокий эвристический потенциал для социальной и практической философии.
Социологическое измерение уровня развития демократии в России как формы политического режима
Authors: Шушпанова Ирина Сергеевна
Published: October 2022

В политической социологии, которая интегрирует возможности социальных и политических наук, существует несколько проверенных и признанных исследовательских подходов в теоретическом и эмпирическом изучении политических режимов в различных странах. Особое значение приобретает методология и методика конструирования мониторинга изменений социально-политических процессов. Результаты международных сравнительных исследований фиксируют снижение уровня развития демократии в странах по всему миру. Кризис демократии начинает проявляться в развитых государствах. Все больше стран переходят в гибридную форму функционирования политического режима. Автор строит модель социологического измерения уровня развития демократии, основываясь на сопоставлении декларируемой Конституцией РФ и реализуемой на практике форм политического режима. Динамические характеристики ключевых индикаторов, отражающих важные принципы демократического развития в стране, позволили выделить особенности функционирующего политического режима. В целом в России сложилась гибридная форма с доминированием антидемократических элементов. Данный вид политического режима позволил найти оптимальные рычаги управления в сложные временные периоды и оперативно отреагировать на повышение рисков устойчивого социально-политического и экономического развития.
Динамика системы «Герой — Антигерой» в истории культуры
Authors: Горелова Татьяна Анатольевна , Хлопонина Ольга Олеговна , Безрукова Ольга Владимировна
Published: October 2022

В статье проводится анализ исторических этапов культуры через призму динамики системы концептов «Герой — Антигерой». Рассматривается базовый круг понятий данной системы: герой, трикстер, байронический герой, антигерой, супергерой, псевдогерой. Взаимодействие указанных элементов создают три уровня ее характеристик: бессознательный (архетипический), психосоциальный и культурно-концептуальный. Согласно К. Г. Юнгу, становление и развитие архетипа «герой» отражает этапы развития сознания человека.

На психосоциальном уровне проявляется полярность установок Героя и Антигероя: первый стремится быть, второй — обладать. Герой олицетворяет вечность как самобытие, Антигерой свою жажду бессмертия реализует через славу, власть и богатство. Путь Героя проходит через проникновение в суть вещей и познание реальности; Антигерой страшится реальности, поэтому его источник — бессознательное. В социальном смысле Герой стремится к солидарности (на основе общих идей или общего дела); Антигерой, нацеленный на обладание, порождает в обществе отчуждение и взаимный антагонизм. Оба концепта остаются «лакмусовой бумажкой» эпохи: проявление концепта Героя свидетельствует о духовном подъеме, а Антигероя — о духовном упадке.

Культурно-концептуальный уровень данной системы зарождается в мифе, утверждающем героя как полубога. Человеческое сознание проходит в мифе путь от родового существа, индивидуальность которого попирается всевозможными запретами, до героя позднего античного мифа, наделенного внешней материальной индивидуальностью и осознанием своей роли. В «осевое время» происходит смещение экзистенциального аспекта с космологического на этический. В Средние века культурным кодом смыслообразования становится бинарная оппозиция блага и зла, которая приводит к противопоставлению Героя и Антигероя. Новое время сформировало новый культурный типаж Героя: это ученый, подобно мифологическому герою Прометею похищающий божественный огонь истины. Современный этап культуры можно назвать псевдогероическим, эпохой симулякров, воплощающим актуальную повестку идеологии и моды.
«Русский Голливуд» и «Сахавуд» в параллелях культурного ренессанса
Authors: Пудов Алексей Григорьевич
Published: October 2022

Одним из ключевых культурных феноменов, обозначивших в массовой культуре явление культурного ренессанса, стал кинематограф. Актуально провести аналогии между культурными процессами, проанализировав случившиеся «кинобумы», разнесенные на столетие. Это аналогии между «Русским Голливудом» начала XX в. и якутским «Сахавудом» первой четверти XXI столетия. Параллели не представляются автору натянутыми в силу принятия во внимание ракурса динамики культуры, а именно процесса выживания национального в окружении массовой культуры модерна. При этом проблематичным становится способ пролонгирования этнонациональных символических конструктов в кинематографе, попавшем в объятья массовой культуры, символический статус которой невысок.

Цель работы — отражение противоречивой структуры кинематографа, снижающего ранг символическое до знакового. Для достижения поставленной цели выдвинуты задачи показать на историческом примере русского кинематографа в эмиграции сложность в выражении национального характера творцов кино, трансляции русского культурного топоса в европейском и североамериканском кинопродукте, а также проведение аналогий между задачами русского зарубежного кинематографа начала XX столетия и задачами современного национального кинематографа Республики Саха (Якутия).

Онтологическая экспликация и сравнение указанных кинематографических явлений приводит к пониманию того, что в их основе лежит способ выживания национальной культуры в условиях пресса масскульта, а культурный ренессанс просматривается как синтез метафизики модерна и национального фольклорно-религиозного символизма до- и премодерна. Автор заключает, что кино, финализируя обновление культуры, не способно стать эффективным институтом, консервирующим национальную особенность культуры.м
Правовые лакуны журналистики в императивном измерении
Authors: Киричёк Петр Николаевич
Published: October 2022

В статье рассматриваются правовые лакуны в повседневной деятельности современной российской журналистики, которая постепенно осваивает юридические, в дополнение к моральным, основы профессионального творческого поведения. Этот сложный процесс характеризуется наличием не только ростовых «точек», связывающихся с умножением позитивного креативно-деятельного ресурса отечественной журналистики, но и проблемных «узлов», выражающихся в частых конфликтах структур прессы с органами власти, общественными институтами, группами лиц и отдельными гражданами.

Правовые проблемы в триаде отношений «власть — пресса — народ» обычно возникают на почве юридической недостаточности установленных обществом и государством «правил игры» для субъектов публичной сферы, их длительной неизменностью, а также слабой их освоенностью производителями, распространителями, потребителями потоков массовой информации. В этой связи  встает вопрос о частичной реконструкции текста Закона РФ «О средствах массовой информации» с внесением в него корректирующих поправок.

Ряд статей этого закона, с одной стороны, ограничивают информационно-коммуникационные возможности отечественной прессы в организации для граждан и чиновников широко развернутого управленческого дискурса; с другой стороны, они оставляют в состоянии двусмысленной неопределенности отдельные конкретно-практические вопросы журналистской деятельности в пределах ее свободы и ответственности.
Государственная молодежная политика в современной России: переосмысление перспектив в тезаурусном подходе
Authors: Пинчук Антонина Николаевна , Карепова Светлана Геннадьевна
Published: October 2022

Рецензия на издание: Луков Вал. А., Луков С. В., Тихомиров Д. А. Формирование и реализация государственной молодежной политики в современной России. — М.: РУСАЙНС, 2021. — 311 с. ISBN 987-5-4365-8770-7

Монография видного российского ученого Вал. А. Лукова, написанная совместно с его учениками —  С. В. Луковым и Д. А. Тихомировым, представляет итоги многолетней исследовательской работы в области государственной молодежной политики в современной России. Рассматривая молодежную политику в сфере законодательства, авторы виртуозно обогащают правовую полемику оригинальным витком анализа, который на первый план выводит историю развития и противоборства концептуальных идей о молодежи. Так, за фасадом исторических фактов и реконструированных в свете молодежной политики теоретических посылок социально-гуманитарного знания проявляется оригинальность авторской мысли, которая гармонично связывает молодежную и культурную политику, показывая их единство в концептуальном поле тезаурусной социологии. В этом ракурсе рассматриваются противоречия и парадоксы становления молодежной политики в российских условиях, раскрывается многослойность ее концептуальных основ, артикулируются важные для углубленного исследования молодежных проблем социокультурные аспекты. В рецензии особое внимание уделяется основаниям социокультурной субъектности молодежи и культурной составляющей государственной молодежной политики. В этом отношении работа, в которой проектирование социокультурной субъектности молодежи тесно переплетается с вопросами воспитания в рамках молодежной политики, приобретает особую ценность на фоне повестки сегодняшнего дня.
Дополнительное образование взрослых: к вопросу о сертификации персонала
Authors: Башина Ольга Эмильевна , Царегородцев Юрий Николаевич
Published: October 2022

Основным фактором индустриального развития и интенсификации экономического роста организаций и народного хозяйства в целом является наращивание и рациональное использование человеческого потенциала. Это обусловлено влиянием научно-технического прогресса (НТП), требованиями к качеству продукции, рациональному использованию ресурсов, охране окружающей среды. В свою очередь это предполагает повышение требований к качеству всех категорий работников. На пополнение комплекса подходов к оценке и развитию профессиональных компетенций работников ориентирован изложенный методический подход по обеспечению качественной подготовки персонала для должностей руководителей разного уровня управления и специалистов. При подготовке и реализации программ профессионального развития должны учитываться экономические интересы предприятий и работников. Для этого в статье предложены зависимости по  определению затрат труда на подготовку и реализацию учебных программ. Кроме того, представлена математическая модель экономической оценки результатов дополнительного профессионального образования (ДПО) и определения предельной величины расходов на его осуществление.     
«Цивилизационное государство» versus «национальное государство» как отражение кризиса неолиберального порядка
Authors: Спиридонова Валерия Игоревна
Published: October 2022

В статье автор рассматривает последствия кризиса универсалистской модели европейского модерна, центральной фигурой которого было государство-нация и который привел к появлению новых «культурных концепций политики», получивших название «цивилизационных государств». Эта новая модель государственного развития возникла как реакция отторжения на агрессивное распространение модели «государства-нации» в процессе вестернизации и «продвижения демократии». К сторонникам идеи государства-цивилизации причисляют Китай, Россию, Индию, Турцию, Египет, а перспективе рассматривают современный Евросоюз. Критики нового концепта отмечают, во-первых, внутреннюю противоречивость термина, поскольку метафора цивилизации организмическая, тогда как метафора государства — структурно-механическая. Во-вторых, премодерный исток цивилизаций воспринимается оппонентами как «скатывание в архаику». Дискуссия вскрывает коренное мировоззренческое противоречие двух различных подходов к осмыслению государственности. Для европейской мысли характерно преимущественно институциональное правовое и ограниченно инструментальное понимание государства. В незападной традиции государство трактуется в этической парадигме, как добродетель, как хранитель социального мира и гармонии. Это разноречие проявляется в соперничестве двух идеологических канонов, двух великих традиций, формирующих два цивилизационных проекта, два «мира-цивилизации» — проект «мира-цивилизации» индивидуализма и личной свободы и проект «мира-цивилизации» справедливости и общего блага.
Концепция трагического оптимизма в философии воспитания Виктора Франкла
Authors: Андреева Юлия Владимировна
Published: October 2022

В статье представлена концепция трагического оптимизма В. Франкла. Установлено, что в классификации его ценностей и смыслов трагический оптимизм является осознанным, ответственным, мужественным решением и расположен в категории ценностей отношения, которые на практике обретаются в борьбе и преодолении страдания. Трагический оптимизм В. Франкла можно понимать как способность человека своими силами преодолевать страдание, а в случае невозможности его преодоления — как способность позитивно его переосмыслить и принять для борьбы с ним, сопоставляя внешние возможности и внутренние ресурсы как смыслы и перспективы личностного развития. Такой оптимизм парадоксален, экзистенциален и педагогичен одновременно: ему можно научиться, обретая смыслы и преодолевая трудности, т.е., опираясь на себя в мире, лишенном опоры, и сохраняя равновесие в постоянном духовном разумном движении и позитивном изменении, обретая себя и жизненные смыслы. Отмечается, что проявление трагического оптимизма — это одна из составляющих созидательной и осознанной деятельности человека, средство утешения и спасения в условиях действия без опоры и надежды на будущее, что трагический оптимизм является разумным отношением к трудностям.
The Vasily Ilyich Kopanev contribution in the fundamental and practical training of aviation doctors (95th anniversary)
Authors: Blaginin Andrey A. , Shabalin Viktor N.
Published: October 2022

The milestones of the life and creative path of one of the scientific school of aviation and space medicines heads are presented here, Vasily Ilyich Kopanevdoctor of medical sciences, professor, Honored Scientist of The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Major-General of Medical Service. Professor V.I. Kopanevs scientific and pedagogical activity is widely known for his studies of the psychophysiological features of flight specialists work and the search for ways to correct the functional state of the body. Vasily Ilyich studied the dynamics of the vestibular analyzer indicators under the Karyolis acceleration action. Priority developments of vestibular stability issues, and hidden forms of pilots and cosmonauts motion sickness are attributed to V.I. Kopanev. He made a significant contribution to the study of the psychophysiological features of long-range, military transport pilots work, as well as marine and helicopter aviation. The merit of V.I. Kopanev and his students work and study on the physiological mechanisms of adaptation to the conditions of weightlessness of cosmonauts is undeniable. Vasily Ilyich was a highly qualified pedagogue and organisator. He has an important role in the development of the structure-logical teaching scheme the academys aviation doctors and preparation of the list of practical skills and abilities that are subject to be worked off in teaching lessons. Under his leadership, the department of aviation and cosmic medicine shaped the air forces faculty of training doctors. In education, he was paid considerable attention to the practical application of teaching and to the improvement of the department laboratory base in accordance with the requirements of everyday professional activities of aviation doctors. Under his leadership, the training base was reconstructed with the creation of thematic classrooms. With his fruitful research and pedagogical work, V.I. Kopanev made a significant contribution to the development of domestic aviation and space medicine, particularly in the formation of the Russian system of medical support for space flights.