bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Types de textes et changement syntaxique
Authors: Larrivée Pierre , Capin Daniéla
Published: July 2018

A la différence des textes littéraires médiévaux, les textes juridiques médiévaux connaissent un taux de sujets non-exprimés très bas. Cette étude cherche à vérifier l’incidence de trois facteurs sur l’expression du sujet dans des textes juridiques du français médiéval : la longueur du texte, la personne verbale et la catégorie − nominale ou pronominale − du sujet, majoritaire dans ce type de textes. Réalisée sur deux corpus annotés de manière identique – un texte long (Les Etablissements des Capétiens) et des textes courts (des chartes du Cartulaire de l’Ile-de-France) – elle montre que, dans le cas des textes étudiés, la longueur du texte n’est pas significative, que la personne et la catégorie verbale du sujet ne constituent pas des facteurs concluants.
Edouard Pichon et les patois
Authors: Bergounioux Gabriel
Published: July 2018

Mobilis é comme médecin pendant la Première guerre mondiale, Edouard Pichon est resté en relation épistolaire avec son oncle et collaborateur pour l’Essai de grammaire de la langue française, Jacques Damourette. Dans une série de missives de l’année 1915, il lui fait part des études qu’il mène sur les dialectes et les langues régionales. A partir de listes de mots et de paradigmes de conjugaison, il cherche à retrouver dans les formes du picard, du franco-provençal, du catalan et du languedocien la preuve d’une permanence de la mentalité française à travers ses différents parlers. Mettant à contribution ce qu’il entend chez les habitants du Santerrois et sollicitant comme informateurs les militaires des unités dans lesquelles il est affecté, il revient à une approche philologique en étudiant le provençal dans Mirèio de Mistral. Utilisant une notation phonétique idiosyncrasique, Pichon a une approche différentialiste. Il conçoit les dialectes comme l’interprétation prosodique, « affective », d’une même langue, le français, dont la fonction « représentative » resterait constante par l’effet d’un atavisme racial. Ainsi la grammaire devient l’illustration d’une théorie qui fait des langues, et des rapprochements entre elles, la preuve d’une transcendance des propriétés de race sur les formations sociales. S’il y a des affinités entre le français, l’occitan, le breton et l’alsacien, ce n’est pas un effet de contact mais la rémanence d’un substrat biologique commun. A ce titre, Pichon s’oppose à la vision historiciste de Gaston Paris en romanistique comme aux principes sociologiques d’Antoine Meillet.
Analyse structurelle des Epithetes de Maurice de La Porte (1571)1
Authors: Gasiglia Nathalie
Published: July 2018

L’élaboration d’une édition numérique des Epithetes de Maurice de La Porte (1571) nous conduit à analyser méticuleusement les patrons de construction de ses articles. Si la majorité contient un substantif en adresse suivi d’une liste d’épithètes applicables à cet item et optionnellement un commentaire terminal, certains articles peuvent s’avérer plus riches. Cette contribution se fixe pour objectif d’analyser les structures d’articles atypiques afin, d’une part, de comprendre ce qui a motivé La Porte à les employer et, d’autre part, de proposer un balisage XML TEI le plus adéquat possible de ce dictionnaire de combinaisons de mots.
Cachez cette réforme que je ne saurais voir.Le cas des compléments du verbe
Authors: Deschellette Emilie , Roig Audrey
Published: July 2018

La disparition des adjectifs « direct » et « indirect » qui accompagnaient jusqu’il y a peu les compléments du verbe dans la terminologie grammaticale pour l’école en France (cf. Bulletin officieldu 26 novembre 2015, présentant les nouveaux contenus scolaires) ne va pas sans appeler une question plus large : celle de la prédisposition des professeurs du premier et second degré à enseigner un discours grammatical réformé. À travers l’étude du cas ducomplément d’objet indirect(COI), parangon de la récente réforme du discours grammatical, cet article entend observer les représentations de la grammaire et de la terminologie chez une centaine d’enseignants actuellement en formation initiale. Il entend pareillement interroger une série d’élèves de CE2, CM2 et 3een vue d’identifier la réception et la perception de ce discours par les élèves.
Morphologie et organisation du lexique : la catégorie nominale, comparaison des déonomastiques et des dénominaux
Authors: Huguin Mathilde
Published: July 2018

La classe nominale peut être scindée en deux : d’une part les noms communs et de l’autre les noms propres. Notre objectif est de vérifier si d’un point de vue constructionnel ces deux classes ont des comportements différents. Dans cette étude, nous comparons les Noms propres référant à des Personnalités Politiques (NPP) et les Noms communs désignant des Humains (NcHum). L’analyse des lexèons morphologiques opèrent sur les deux catégories, d’autres éléments permettent d’argumenter en faveur d’une distinction NcHum/NPP. NcHum et NPP possè dent des espaces thé matiques au fonctionnement différent. Sémantiquement, ils ne peuvent pas non plus être caractérisés de la même manière. Si le NcHum dispose d’une signification stable, le NPP possède plusieurs types de sens qui n’apparaissent qu’en contexte. Ces différences, formelles et sémantiques, confortent l’idée que la classe nominale ne peut trouver de définition unifiée. Finalement, nous mettons en évidence le fait qu’un NcHum n’est peut-être pas plus différent d’un NPP qu’une autre catégorie nominale (toponyme, etc.).
Phonostyle et réduction vocalique en français laurentien
Authors: Lancien Mélanie , Côté Marie-Hélène
Published: July 2018

Cet article étudie le lien entre réduction vocalique et phonostyle en français laurentien en suivant une méthodologie proche de celle de Harmegnies et Poch-Olivé [1992,1994]. Nous avons analysé 9748 voyelles, produites par 10 locutrices issues du corpus PFC-Canada. Ces voyelles ont été produites dans trois styles de parole différents : la lecture, une conversation avec un enquêteur et une conversation avec un membre de la famille. Nous avons comparé la durée, la centralisation, la dispersion intra-catégorie et la diffusion des voyelles en fonction du style de parole. Nos ré sultats montrent un impact de la t â che de production (lecture/discussion), ainsi qu ’un impact de la relation entre le locuteur et l’interlocuteur (inconnu/famille) sur la ré alisation acoustique des voyelles. Les voyelles sont plus courtes et plus dispers é es au sein de leur caté gorie, et le système plus centralisé, en parole spontanée qu ’en lecture. Elles sont également plus courtes et plus dispersées au sein de leur catégorie lors d ’une discussion avec un membre de la famille que lors d ’une discussion avec un enquêteur inconnu.
Le langage oral en production chez les enfants bilingues : quels liens avec l’exposition ?
Authors: Cohen Cathy , Mazur-Palandre Audrey
Published: July 2018

L’objectif de cette étude est d’observer les effets de l’exposition aux langues sur différentes variables linguistiques en production orale d’enfants bilingues français/anglais sans pathologie, scolarisés dans une école internationale publique (France), et répartis en deux groupes d’âges (groupe 1 :N= 10,M= 6;3; groupe 2 :N= 15,M= 10;2). Des questionnaires parentaux ont permis d’obtenir des mesures quant à l’exposition courante et cumulative aux langues ainsi qu’à la fréquence à laquelle les enfants lisent dans les deux langues. À partir de tests de vocabulaire réceptif standardisés et de productions narratives(Frog, where are you?), des données linguistiques françaises et anglaises ont été obtenues. Les narrations ont été transcrites en respectant les conventionsCHILDESdans le logicielCLAN, permettant l’observation de diverses mesures linguistiques relatives au lexique, à la morphosyntaxe et au discours. Des corrélations ont été effectuées entre les mesures d’exposition et celles des performances linguistiques. Les résultats révèlent que le vocabulaire réceptif et certaines mesures de productivité narrative semblent être sensibles au degré d’exposition de chaque langue. De plus, nos conclusions renforcent l’idée du rÔle essentiel de la lecture sur la performance linguistique, et ce d’autant plus pour les enfants les plus jeunes. Pour finir, cette étude souligne l’importance de travailler en étroite collaboration avec les équipes pédagogiques et les parents d’enfants bilingues afin de fournir des recommandations concrètes pour enrichir le langage oral.
Acquisition et structure des schémas sociolinguistiques en langue étrangère
Authors: Viana dos Santos Gabriela , Buson Laurence , Chevrot et Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2018

L’une des particularités du processus d’acquisition, sociolinguistique en langue étrangère porte sur la difficulté des apprenants, à intégrer les normes sociolinguistiques de la langue cible. Si dans leur, culture native, les apprenants construisent un réseau d’associations entre, connaissances linguistiques et connaissances sociales, en langue étrangère, ils doivent transposer cette capacité. La question importante est de savoir, comment un apprenant développe cette compétence en langue étrangère, s’il n’a pas les mêmes repères sociaux que les natifs. Les études en langues,étrangères montrent que les apprenants utilisent davantage les variantes, sociolinguistiques formelles si comparés aux natifs. Quelques travaux se, basent sur la théorie des schémas pour expliquer cette différence. Ces,études indiquent que les apprenants possèdent des schémas incomplets en, langue cible. Dans cet article, nous avons mené une étude auprès de 66,étudiants de FLE, 24 anglophones et 42 sinophones à partir du Test de, Répétion Sociolinguistique. Les résultats montrent que, tel que les natifs, les étudiants modifient les variantes sociolinguistiques non compatibles, avec l’énoncé en le rendant homogène. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence, l’existence des schémas sociolinguistiques complets chez les apprenants de, langues étrangères. En outre, notre étude montre une différence dans la, construction des schémas en fonction du pays d’origine des apprenants.
Accord sujet-verbe et marqueurs du travail de formulation en français langue étrangère
Authors: Hadermann Pascale , Michot Marie-Eve , Van Damme Thomas
Published: July 2018

Grâce àl’accessibilité de plus en plus grande d’importants, corpus oraux, l’analyse de phénomènes d’hésitation, que nous désignerons, par l’expression « marqueurs du travail de formulation », a retenu, l’attention de nombreux chercheurs et a été appréhendée sous divers, angles, souvent d’inspiration cognitiviste. Pour ce qui est du français, il, existe une vaste litteérature consacrée au travail de formulation chez des, locuteurs natifs (voir entre autres la bibliographie de Candea 2000), mais, pour les apprenants de français L2 les recherches sont moins nombreuses, et elles se caractérisent souvent par une visée large, par exemple, concernant l’organisation discursive et la capacité de créer un discours, plus ou moins fluide (voir entre autres les travaux de Hilton et de Towell).,L’objectif de notre étude sera plus pointue : nous examinerons les, marqueurs du travail de formulation produits dans le discours oral, d’apprenants néerlandophones du français langue seconde (FL2) afin de, cerner les processus d’appropriation de la morphologie verbale, plus, précisément de la conjugaison et de l’accord sujet-verbe àla 3èmepersonne, de l’indicatif présent et du passé composé. Nous présenterons d’abord, brièvement les résultats de recherches antérieures, pour ensuite esquisser, notre méthodologie et interpréter les résultats obtenus.
À propos de la supposée équivalence entre alors que et puisque dans des énoncés du type “Qu'est-ce qui vous fait croire à un tel retournement de situation, alors que les islamistes ne cessent de faire couler le sang ?“
Authors: Lafontaine Fanny
Published: July 2018

Dans certains énoncés qui revêtent la forme d‘une interrogation, rhétorique (Qu'est-ce qui vous fait croire à un tel retournement de situation, alors que les islamistes ne cessent de faire couler le sang ?), plusieurs, auteurs (H. Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, 1987; M. Bilger, 2013; C. Guimier, 2000) ont observé une analogie entre alors que et puisque, sur la base, d‘une possible commutation entre ces formes. Si cette analogie peut,également être étendue à des énoncés qui présentent un segment évaluatif, négatif dans la partie gauche de l‘énoncé, tel que « c‘est scandaleux » ou,« c‘est pas normal », nous montrons que, malgré une ressemblance, superficielle entre les deux types de structures, plusieurs arguments de, nature sémantico-pragmatique, tels que celui de la portée du segment,évaluatif négatif et celui de la valeur des connecteurs puisque et alors que, plaident en faveur de leur dissemblance. D‘autre part, l‘analyse syntaxique, utilisant le modèle descriptif de la micro-/macro-syntaxe (C. Blanche, Benveniste, 1990) ne se révèle pas suffisante pour distinguer les deux, structures, mais permet d‘établir que alors que et puisque jouent le même, rôle grammatical de connecteurs discursifs reliant deux énonciations.
C-Quandet hôtes non verbaux : entre syntaxe et sémantique
Authors: Saez Frédérique
Published: July 2018

La présente communication se propose d’examiner un phénomène fréquent mais peu décrit du français contemporain. Il s’agit des cas où un constituant introduit parquandparait entrer dans la dépendance d’un constituant autre que le verbe. D’un point de vue sémantique, il parait délicat de douter du rapport entre cet hôte non canonique duC-quandet leC-quand, mais d’un point de vue syntaxique, les liens sont parfois très ténus, voire difficiles à montrer. Nous examinerons donc ces phénomènes d’un point de vue syntaxique et sémantique, espérant ainsi contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes d’intégration des constructions verbales.
Ein Ausweg aus der Gedankenfalle: Zur Bedeutung von Sprache und Regelsteuerung in der Akzeptanz- und Commitmenttherapie
Authors: Scherf Nicole , Spruit Edward , Köhler Stephan , Kronenberg Golo
Published: July 2018

Die Verhaltenstherapie blickt inzwischen auf eine lange Entwicklungsgeschichte zurück. Die drei bedeutendsten Entwicklungsphasen der Verhaltenstherapie sind hierbei die „behaviorale“ Phase, die „kognitive Wende“ sowie die sogenannte „Dritte Welle“. Die Dritte Welle der Verhaltenstherapie ist gekennzeichnet durch sehr heterogene Therapieansätze. Vorgestellt wird hier die Bezugsrahmentheorie (BRT), da die BRT für zahlreiche neuere psychotherapeutische Methoden das wissenschaftstheoretische Fundament bildet. Hierbei erläutert die BRT, wie es zu Erlebnisvermeidung („experiential avoidance“) kommt, welche mit der Entwicklung einer bestimmten Psychopathologie in Zusammenhang gebracht wird. Erlebnisvermeidung beschreibt den Versuch, schwieriges inneres Erleben wie Erinnerungen, Gefühle und Gedanken zu kontrollieren. Die Akzeptanz- und Commitmenttherapie (ACT), als eine Strategie der Dritten Welle in der Verhaltenstherapie, setzt genau an diesem Punkt der Erlebniskontrolle an. Die Wirksamkeit von ACT ist mittlerweile in einer Vielzahl von Studien auch für unterschiedliche Störungsbilder gut belegt.
Fibrinogen Matsumoto I: A γ364 Asp → His (GAT→CAT) Substitution Associated with Defective Fibrin Polymerization
Authors: Okumura Nobuo , Furihata Kenichi , Terasawa Fumiko , Nakagoshi Ritsuko , Ueno Ichiro , Katsuyama Tsutomu
Published: July 2018

Fibrinogen Matsumoto I is a novel hereditary dysfibrinogen identified in a 1-year-old boy with Down’s syndrome. Though he showed no apparent bleeding or thrombotic tendency, he had a congenital heart disease. Preoperative coagulation tests of his plasma revealed a prolonged thrombin time and the fibrinogen level determined by the thrombin time method was markedly decreased. Molecular weight of fibrinogen chains showed apparently normal Aα, Bβ-, and γ-chains. The rate of fibrinopeptide release was normal, whereas fibrin polymerization was delayed. Fibrinogen γ-chain gene fragments from the propositus were amplified by polymerase chain reaction then sequenced. The triplet GAT, coding for the amino acid residue γ364, was replaced by CAT, resulting in the substitution of Asp→His. This residue is adjacent to the Tyr-363 that is demonstrated to be the primary site for fibrin polymerization. Our results indicate that the residue γ364 Asp is essential for normal polymerization of fibrin monomer.
N-3 Fatty Acid-induced Lipid Peroxidation in Human Platelets is Prevented by Catechins
Authors: Polette Anne , Lemaitre Dominique , Lagarde Michel , Véricel Evelyne
Published: July 2018

The effects of catechins were studied in both unstimulated platelets and platelets submitted to a mild oxidative stress induced by docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA). Human unstimulated platelets were incubated in the presence of catechin or epicatechin (1, 10 or 100 μM) for 2 h at 37° C. Treatment by 1 μM epicatechin was sufficient to induce a significant inhibition (-30%) of basal thromboxane B2 formation. This result is consistent with the observed inhibitory effects of flavonoids on platelet aggregation. DHA treatment of platelets decreased the amount of a-tocopherol and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. The presence of epicatechin or catechin prevented the oxidative stress induced by DHA. Indeed, the platelet a-tocopherol level was significantly increased when compared to that of platelets treated by DHA alone, to reach the control level, whereas MDA was depressed to a level even lower than the control one. Our results indicate that catechin and especially epicatechin protect platelets from a peroxidative stress.
Percentage of Inadequate Phlebograms and Observer Agreement in Thromboprophylactic Multicenter Trials Using Standardized Methodology and Central Assessment
Authors: Kälebo P , Ekman S , Lindbratt S , Eriksson B I , Pauli U , Zachrisson B E , Close P
Published: July 2018

This study examines inadequacy rates for phlebography in two multicenter trials for the prevention of post-operative DVT and determines inter- and intra-observer variability in evaluating phlebograms. A total of 991 (I) and 385 (II) patients underwent bilateral phlebography in two studies of thromboprophylaxis. Phlebography was performed using a standard method designed to visualize and assess all deep veins. Each vein was scored as normal, DVT or inadequate by both local and central assessment. The study showed low inadequacy rates for phlebograms of 12.2% (121/991) and 6.5% (25/385). Inter-observer agreement (local vs. central assessment) was moderate in both studies (1:74.8%, Kappa-value 0.41; II: 82.6%, Kappa-value 0.51). Good intraobserver agreement (within the central assessment group) was observed (I: 88.8%, Kappa-value 0.75). This study demonstrates low inadequacy rates for phlebograms using a standardized methodology and superior intra-observer agreement compared to inter-observer agreement and supports the importance of central assessment of phlebograms in thromboprophylactic multicenter trials to reduce observer variability.
Pharmacokinetic In Vivo Comparison Using 1-Stage and Chromogenic Substrate Assays with Two Formulations of Hemofil-M
Authors: Lee Christine , Barrowcliffe Trevor , Bray Gordon , Gomperts Ed , Hubbard Anthony , Kemball-Cook Geoffrey , Lilley Patricia , Owens Dale , Von Tilberg Louis , Pasi John
Published: July 2018

In a study to demonstrate the safety and pharmacokinetics (half-life and recovery) of two different method M purified AHF (Hemofil-M) concentrates processed in the USA and Spain, two different methods of factor VIII assay (one-stage clotting and chromogenic) have been compared in vivo. The study was a single centre blinded, randomised, crossover study. Twelve patients with severe haemophilia A (VIII: C <2 u/dl) were divided into two subgroups of six. None had received factor VIII concentrate within 48 h preceding the study. Twenty-four pharmacokinetic studies were performed in the 12 patients. Each subgroup received two different lots of study material (US and Spanish) at a dose of 50 u/kg seven days apart. A second randomisation was nominal potency, high: 1000 u or mid: 500 u per vial. The potency label was a one-stage clotting assay using the mega I standard. A standard pharmacokinetic study was performed over 24 h and each blinded sample was analysed in duplicate by a one-stage clotting (aPTT) and a chromogenic (Chromogenix AB; CS) assay at the Royal Free and NIBSC. Pharmacokinetic modelling was performed. The mean label for Hemofil-M using the chromogenic substrate assay was 79% that using the one stage assay (Mega I standard). The recovery was 17-28% higher measured by chromogenic compared to the clotting assay. Since most clinicians use the clotting assay, potency labelling using the chromogenic assay, will overestimate predicted Hemofil-M recovery by as much as 25%.
Induction of Human Factor VIII Inhibitors in Rats 2: Fine Mapping of Rat anti-Human rFVIII Antibodies
Authors: Levin L G , Jarvis M , Powell J , Harrison J A , Reisner H M
Published: July 2018

Inhibiting antibodies in patients with hemophilia A pose a significant therapeutic dilemma in the treatment of bleeding episodes. The genetic factors which predispose hemophiliacs to inhibitors and the optimal method for inhibitor suppression remain obscure. Hence, an animal model of the human FVIII inhibitor response is of potential value. Sprague-Dawley rats immunized with human recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) subsequently developed abnormal coagulation parameters coincident with the development of an immune response to the human protein. The epitopes for the resultant rat anti-rFVIII antibodies were mapped using a random fragment expression library constructed from the FVIII cDNA. Antigenic regions located within the Al, First and Second Acidic and B domains were mapped. Rat immunoglobulins reactive with the individual epitopes were immunoaffinity purified and assayed for inhibitory activity. Several of the epitopes mapped using the rat antibodies were similar to regions previously shown to be antigenic for human inhibitors. By contrast, no epitopes were mapped to the A2 domain with the techniques used. This may be due to the possible presence of conformational epitopes in this area which cannot undergo fragmentation and still retain antigenicity or the presence of relatively low concentrations of antibodies to this region. The rat model shares some similarity with both the auto- and alloimmune human response to FVIII and therefore may be a valuable model for studies on the induction and suppression of the inhibitor response.
Enhanced Response to Chemotactic Activation of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes from Patients with Heart Valve Replacement
Authors: Maugeri Norma , Kempfer Ana C , Evangelista Virgilio , Cerletti Chiara , de Gaetano Giovanni , Lazzari Maria A
Published: July 2018

Artificial surfaces activate blood components. Since anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy fail to abolish thromboembolic complications in patients with mechanical heart valve replacement (MHVR), other mechanisms might contribute to switch on a thrombotic event. We therefore investigated the reactivity to chemotactic activation of PMN from patients with MHVR. PMN responses were analyzed in 3 groups: 130 patients with MHVR and oral anticoagulant therapy, with or without aspirin, 57 patients on a comparable antithrombotic regimen, but without MHVR and 50 healthy subjects. In vitro studies showed that the release of cathepsin G and elastase from fMLP-stimulated PMN was significantly higher in the MHVR group, the leukocyte content of α1-antitrypsin (an inhibitor of both enzymes) being similar in all three groups. CD1 lb expression after stimulation with fMLP was also significantly higher on PMN from MHVR patients than from control patients or healthy volunteers, while PMN CD 11b basal expression was similar in all three groups. This increased PMN response in vitro in the absence of an obvious activation in vivo, may reflect a modified reactivity of circulating PMN passing through the artificial valves. Increased reactivity to local stimuli might allow PMN to participate in thrombus formation, despite conventional antithrombotic therapy.
Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of a New Low Molecular Mass Heparin (RO-11) in Healthy Volunteers – A Dose-Finding Study within the Therapeutical Range
Authors: Falkon Liliana , Bayés Miriam M , Frontera Guillem , Garí Mercè , Barbanoj Manel , Fontcuberta Jordi
Published: July 2018

This paper reports on the results of a Phase I, dose-finding study with a new low molecular mass heparin (LMMH) called RO-11. The study focused on pharmacokinetics, dose-effect relationship and on tolerability of three single subcutaneous (SC) doses within the therapeutical range. After the injection of 7,500, 9,000 and 12,500 anti-FXa IU, the anti-FXa effect peaked between 3-6 h and showed a dose-dependent response. The absorption and elimination were first-order processes and the long half-life (>5 h) kept constant after increasing doses. The compound was tolerated very well and no clinically relevant prolongation of APTT, prothrombin and thrombin clotting tests was observed. At the dose of 7,500 IU, which corresponded to 110 anti-FXa IU/Kg, RO-11 exerted anti-FXa effect for at least 18-20 h. We recommend using this dose in a single SC injection, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RO-11 in the initial treatment of DVT or PE.
Mild Hyperhomocysteinemia and Hemostatic Factors in Patients with Arterial Vascular Diseases
Authors: Freyburger G , Labrouche S , Sassoust G , Rouanet F , Javorschi S , Parrot F
Published: July 2018

Mild hyperhomocysteinemia, due to genetic or to environmental factors, is now recognized as a risk factor for premature arterial disease, including peripheral arterial occlusion, thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction. It is defined by either an increased level of fasting homocysteine or by an increased level after loading with methionine, which is more frequently altered than the former. We studied the hemostatic parameters in 88 patients with premature arterial disease (mean age 43 ± 11 years). We confirmed previously known hemostatic alterations described in vascular patients when compared to controls, but found that, among patients, some of these parameters were more altered in hyperhomocysteinemic patients. When fasting homocysteine was increased, higher alterations were found in factors VIIIc, von Wille- brand and thombin-antithrombin complexes were more elevated. When post-methionine load homocysteine was increased, alterations in fibrinolytic parameters were more pronounced.
Restricted Epitope Specificity of Anti-FVIII Antibodies that Appeared during a Recent Outbreak of Inhibitors
Authors: Gilles Jean Guy G , Peerlinck Kathelijne , Arnout Jef , Vermylen Jos , Saint-Remy Jean-Marie R
Published: July 2018

We recently described an outbreak of anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies in a population of haemophilia A patients non-responsive to FVIII (1). To find out what part of the FVIII molecule had been altered, we purified specific anti-FVIII antibodies from the plasma of the five patients showing high titres of inhibitors. An average of 100 µg antibodies per ml of initial plasma was recovered by immunoadsorption on insolubilised FVIII. The antibodies followed the normal isotypic distribution, including the presence of specific IgG2 antibodies; the relative increase in IgG4 that is usually observed in patients with long-standing inhibitors, was not present. The regions of FVIII to which human antibodies bound were determined by a competition assay using a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies: two major regions were identified, one located in the A2 heavy chain domain, and the other made of determinants of both the A3 and C2 light chain domains. Affinity-purified antibodies inhibited the function of FVIII as determined in a chromo- genic assay. However, variations existed in the affinities with which antibodies bound to soluble FVIII. This study shows that the immu- nogenicity of two particular regions of FVIII has been altered. A screening for alterations located in these two regions should possibly be included in the preclinical evaluation of FVIII concentrates.
Desmopressin (DDAVP) Enhances Platelet Adhesion to the Extracellular Matrix of Cultured Human Endothelial Cells through Increased Expression of Tissue Factor
Authors: Gálvez Angel , Gómez-Ortiz Goretti , Díaz-Ricart Maribel , Escolar Ginés , González-Sarmiento Rogelio , Zurbano María J , Ordinas Antonio , Castillo Ricardo
Published: July 2018

The effect of desmopressin (DDAVP) on thrombogenicity, expression of tissue factor and procoagulant activity (PCA) of extracellular matrix (ECM) generated by human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultures (HUVEC), was studied under different experimental conditions. HUVEC were incubated with DDAVP (1, 5 and 30 ng/ml) and then detached from their ECM. The reactivity towards platelets of this ECM was tested in a perfusion system. Coverslips covered with DD A VP-treated ECMs were inserted in a parallel-plate chamber and exposed to normal blood anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin®, 20 U/ml). Perfusions were run for 5 min at a shear rate of 800 s1. Deposition of platelets on ECMs was significantly increased with respect to control ECMs when DDAVP was used at 5 and 30 ng/ml (p <0.05 and p <0.01 respectively). The increase in platelet deposition was prevented by incubation of ECMs with an antibody against human tissue factor prior to perfusion. Immunofluorescence studies positively detected tissue factor antigen on DDAVP derived ECMs. A chromogenic assay performed under standardized conditions revealed a statistically significant increase in the procoagulant activity of the ECMs produced by ECs incubated with 30 ng/ml DDAVP (p <0.01 vs. control samples). Northern blot analysis revealed increased levels of tissue factor mRNA in extracts from ECs exposed to DDAVP. Our data indicate that DDAVP in vitro enhances platelet adhesion to the ECMs through increased expression of tissue factor. A similar increase in the expression of tissue factor might contribute to the in vivo hemostatic effect of DDAVP.
Deficiency of (33P)2MeS-ADP Binding Sites on Platelets with Secretion Defect, Normal Granule Stores and Normal Thromboxane A2 Production
Authors: Cattaneo Marco , Lombardi Rossana , Zighetti Maddalena L , Gachet Christian , Ohlmann Philippe , Cazenave Jean-Pierre , Mannucci Pier Mannuccio
Published: July 2018

By the term “Primary Secretion Defect” (PSD), we mean a common heterogeneous group of congenital defects of platelet secretion, characterized by a normal primary wave of platelet aggregation induced by ADP and other agonists, a normal concentration of platelet granule contents, and normal production of thromboxane A2. The biochemical abnormalities responsible for PSD are not well known. Since a secretion defect similar to PSD is found in platelets that are severely deficient of binding sites for the ADP analogue 2MeS-ADP and do not aggregate in response to ADP, we tested the hypothesis that PSD platelets have moderately decreased 2MeS-ADP binding sites, which may be sufficient for normal ADP-induced aggregation but not for potentiating platelet secretion. The specific binding of [33P]2MeS-ADP to platelets from 3 PSD patients (347,443 and 490 sites/platelet; KD 2.8-3.9 nM) was lower than to platelets from 24 normal subjects (647 [530-1102]; KD = 3.8 [2.3-7.3]) (median [range]). Normal values were found in a fourth PSD patient (710; KD 3.7). The degree of inhibition of PGE1- induced cAMP increase by 0.1 |μM ADP was lower in patients than in controls. The secretion induced by the endoperoxide analogue U46619 from normal, acetylsalicylic acid-treated platelets under conditions that prevented the formation of large aggregates was potentiated by 1 fimol/1 ADP and inhibited by apyrase. These findings indicate that a partial deficiency of the platelet ADP receptor(s) might be responsible for the defect of platelet secretion in some PSD patients and that ADP potentiates platelet secretion independently of the formation of large aggregates and thromboxane A2 production.
Group formation under limited resources: narrow basin of equality
Authors: Lee Dongryul , Kim Pilwon
Published: July 2018

The formation of groups in competition and the aggressive interactions between them are ubiquitous phenomena in society. These include student activities in the classroom, election races between political parties, and intensifying trade wars between countries. Why do individuals form themselves into groups? What is the optimal size of groups? And how does the group size distribution affect resource allocations? These questions have been the subjects of intense research in economics, political science, sociology, and ethology. In this study, we explore the group-size effects on the formation of groups and resource allocations from an economic standpoint. While being in a large group is generally advantageous in competition, an increase in the management costs would set an upper bound to the individual benefit of members. Under such counteracting size effects, we consider the dynamics of group formation in which people seek a conservative measure to reduce their possible maximum loss. We are especially interested in the effects of group size on social inequalities at both group and individual level in resource allocation. Our findings show that the low positive size-effect and the high negative size-effect result in different types of social inequalities. We conclude, from the relation between the inequality measures and group distributions predicted within the model, that overall social equality only can be achieved within a narrow region where two counteracting size-effects are balanced.
Single layer In-O atomic sheets as phonon and electron barriers in ZnO-In2O3 natural superlattices: Implications for thermoelectricity
Authors: Liang Xin , Clarke David R.
Published: July 2018

The phases in the ZnO half of the ZnO-In2O3 binary system are natural superlattices consisting of a periodic stacking of single InO2 sheets separated by indium doped ZnO blocks with a spacing that depends on the composition according to the relationship In2O3(ZnO)k. Characterization by combined, atomic resolution, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis indicates that the atomic structure of each InO2 layer consists of a single continuous sheet of octahedrally coordinated InO2. The sheets are also crystallographic inversion boundaries. Analysis of the electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient data at 800 °C indicates that the InO2 sheets not only decrease thermal conductivity by phonon scattering but also create potential barriers to electron transport. The origin of the potential barriers, the role of piezoelectric effects, and their dependence on superlattice spacing are discussed qualitatively. It is also argued that the crystallographically aligned InO2 sheets within individual grains are also transport barriers in randomly oriented polycrystalline materials.
Femtosecond laser-induced porosity on poly(ethylene) surfaces—A crystallographic and rheological study
Authors: Assaf Youssef , Zhao Mark , Kietzig Anne-Marie
Published: July 2018

In recent years, femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation of polymer surfaces has been shown to produce novel porous topologies that present a multi-scale roughness. In our study, grazing incidence x-ray diffractometry results showed the appearance of a monoclinic crystalline phase on fs laser machined high density polyethylene (HDPE) which is a deformation of the orthorhombic phase typically observed in pristine HDPE. This was accompanied by a local decrease in crystallinity. These findings confirmed that the induced porosity was a consequence of the rapid quenching of a superheated melt layer undergoing phase explosion. In addition, several poly(ethylene) samples with different average molecular weights were machined under the same conditions. Scanning electron micrography, along with small angle oscillatory shear tests, indicated that the final pore size decreases with increasing average molecular weight or increasing melt viscosity since these parameters act against bubble growth during phase explosion. In addition, through computed tomography, the internal structure of the porous layer was investigated. Through this technique, the average pore size and pore size distribution can be computed by chord length analysis. In conclusion, in this study, the mechanisms behind the formation of femtosecond laser-induced porous structures and the parameters that control their dimensions have been established.
The pseudo Hermitian invariant operator and time-dependent non-Hermitian Hamiltonian exhibiting a SU(1,1) and SU(2) dynamical symmetry
Authors: Koussa Walid , Mana Naima , Djeghiour Oum Kaltoum , Maamache Mustapha
Published: July 2018

We study the time evolution of quantum systems with a time-dependent non-Hermitian Hamiltonian exhibiting a SU(1,1) and SU(2) dynamical symmetry. With a time-dependent metric, the pseudo-Hermitian invariant operator is constructed in the same manner as for both the SU(1,1) and SU(2) systems. The exact common solutions of the Schrödinger equations for both the SU(1,1) and SU(2) systems are obtained in terms of eigenstates of the pseudo-Hermitian invariant operator. Finally some interesting physical applications are suggested and discussed.
The Semiotics of Love
Authors: Danesi Marcel
Published: July 2018

Rituals, symbols, art forms, and narratives devoted to celebrating and reflecting upon the meanings of romantic love have existed throughout time and across cultural spaces. Deciphering those meanings concerns semiotics, the science of interpretation. This chapter deals with the meanings of love as they present themselves in diverse representational forms across the world in order to understand what they tell us about love as a universal emotional phenomenon. The practices, symbols, and cultural texts derived from the feelings evoked by romantic love suggest, clearly, that it is more than a reaction to sexual instincts and urges. This is perhaps why love-based traditions have brought about social revolutions and have had effects on how we have evolved psychologically and culturally. The actual biological source of love remains a mystery, but we can unravel its raison d’être somewhat by understanding why it is so meaningful for all of us.
Sexuality and Translation
Authors: Santaemilia José
Published: July 2018

This chapter offers a panorama of research on sexuality and translation, a promising field of research still underexamined. Two directions are identified: the translation of sexuality, and the sexualization of translation. The cooperation between disciplines has generated a number of discourses and phenomena—that is, erotic/pornographic literature; (self)censorship in translation; gay/queer translation; as well as the sexualization of translation. These promising lines of inquiry are briefly presented, and a few examples of analyses are added. Though much more work is needed, the critical alliance of translation and sexuality seems to be offering valuable insights into the ideological construction of a given society, particularly into the endless (re)writings of sexual identities, desires, and pleasures. Whether they will constitute a proper interdiscipline—in terms of a common focus or methodologies—remains to be seen.
Disability and Madness in Colonial Asylum Records in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Coleborne Catharine
Published: July 2018

Case records examined here are those of inmates in two public institutions for the insane in colonial Victoria, Australia, and in Auckland, New Zealand, between 1870 and 1910. In the international field of mental health studies and histories of psychiatry, intellectual disability has been the subject of detailed historical inquiry and forms part of the critical discussion about how institutions for the “insane” housed a range of inmates in the nineteenth century. Yet the archival records of mental hospitals have rarely been examined in any sustained way for their detail about the physically disabled or those whose records denote bodily difference. References to the physical manifestations of various forms of intellectual or emotional disability, as well as to bodily difference and “deformity,” were part of the culture of the colonial institution, which sought to categorize, label, and ascribe identities to institutional inmates.
Disability, Race, and Gender on the Stage in Antebellum America
Authors: Barclay Jenifer L.
Published: July 2018

Antebellum Americans confronted anxieties about many issues, such as industrialization, immigration, and urbanization, that found expression in blackface minstrelsy and freak shows. In these performances, racial fears, gender worries, and the insecurities of an emergent working class combined with the specter of disability to assuage the concerns of white, working-class audiences partly by reinforcing whiteness, masculinity, and nondisability as markers of citizenship. From the “laughable limp” of an elderly, enslaved groom who inspired Thomas “Daddy” Rice to craft his infamous Jim Crow character to displays of the supposedly 161-year-old disabled body of Joice Heth, minstrelsy and freak shows routinely conflated race, gender, and disability on the antebellum stage. This practice reached its pinnacle with Thomas “Japanese Tommy” Dilward, one of only two black men to perform in blackface before the Civil War.
The Rise of Gay Rights and the Disavowal of Disability in the United States
Authors: Kunzel Regina
Published: July 2018

Homosexuality has a complex history of entwinement with disability, marked most notably by its long-standing designation as a form of mental illness. That attribution was anticipated by nineteenth-century sexologists and promoted by mid-twentieth-century psychiatrists. In the years that followed, gay and lesbian activists worked to distance themselves from that stigmatizing association, successfully lobbying to remove “homosexuality” from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1973. Revisited here is the history of the gay liberationist battle against the psychiatric establishment as viewed through the analytical lenses offered by critical disability studies and disability history. Also tracked are the exclusionary and stigmatizing effects of the insistence on homosexuality as “healthy.”
Intellectual Disability in the European Middle Ages
Authors: Metzler Irina
Published: July 2018

This investigation of intellectual disability in the Middle Ages uncovers narratives of this perceived condition in the historical sources. Authors of normative texts, for instance, medical, legal, and natural-philosophical authorities, were the medieval equivalent of modern scientific experts with regard to defining, assessing, and controlling notions of intellectual disability. This new and specific discussion seeks to reframe the paradigm of what constituted intellectual disability at different periods in both medieval and modern times. Philosophically, and subsequently judicially, medieval intellectual disability was considered the absence of reason, representing the irrational, which contrasted the mentally disabled with the Aristotelian concept of the human being as the rational animal. Medieval terminology employed a fluidity of definitions, which highlights the constructedness of terms revolving around intellectual disability. Analyses of the culturally specific constructions of intellectual disability enhance our knowledge of the intellectual heritage underpinning current concepts of cognitive and mental pathologies.
The Role of Media Influence in Shaping Public Energy Dialogues
Authors: Wagner Aleksandra
Published: July 2018

The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the main mechanisms and processes observed in media discourses with the potential to shape political and economic responses to energy issues. By adopting the discursive approach to public policy analysis, the author attempts to answer these questions: How is energy is discussed? What is said and what is not said? Who speaks and who is absent in media discourse? The focus is on the problems of media communication that are crucial for public dialogue on energy. In conclusion, it is argued that the energy discourse in mass media is a post-hegemonic discourse, while the counter-discourses try to find their place in other dimensions of the public sphere, such as nonfiction literature or social media, and therefore their visibility is limited.
Social Movements and Energy
Authors: Vasi Ion Bogdan
Published: July 2018

The chapter presents a number of energy-focused campaigns organized by activists in developed and developing countries. After contrasting reactive campaigns that oppose various energy projects with proactive campaigns that support renewable energy, the chapter discusses the ways in which governments and energy companies have responded to these campaigns. The main argument is that we are witnessing the beginning of an energy-focused global movement, which has organized large protests and demonstrations to attract mass media attention and influence public opinion. This movement has also triggered a backlash from the fossil fuel countermovement. The conclusion of the chapter explores current and future trends in energy production around the world.
National Energy Signatures
Authors: Sager Jalel
Published: July 2018

Fossil fuels and their high yield of available energy regulate the global economy and structure its hierarchy of nations. When a “pulse” of energy—over months, years, decades, or centuries—enters the global industrial system, overshoot dynamics are often observed. The system enters a new mode of production, with new technical combinations. Once it does, it is extremely difficult to return to the old infrastructure, even though the energy resource that provided the pulse likely will yield less over the years (the US and its highway system provide one example of an infrastructural system conceived in a higher-yielding environment, the US oil boom of the early twentieth century). As the energy surplus, or marginal resource return, begins to diminish, output declines, slowing the rise of powerful nations, and transferring growth elsewhere. The effects of declining returns often show up in the monetary system.
The Restoration of the Society of Jesus and the Vagaries of Writing
Authors: Morales Martín M.
Published: July 2018

The writing of Historia Societatis Iesu—the official history of the order published by the Society of Jesus—testifies to the difficulties in the selection of documents needed to compose this and any other kind of historiographic work. Since the first volume published by Nicola Orlandini in 1615 until the last one edited by Giulio Cesare Cordara in 1750, passing through those published by Francesco Sacchini and Joseph Jouvancy, the Jesuits saw the overwhelming amount of information provided by the archives as an intrinsic limit of any historiographic operation. They tried to bypass this limit by using memory and writing techniques, such as those proposed by Sacchini and Jouvancy, as if these were unproblematically factual. The same concerns brought about by the writing of the Historia Societatis led to the publication of the Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu, the most important historiographic work after the restoration of the Society (1824).
Spiritual Exercises
Authors: Mostaccio Silvia
Published: July 2018

The Spiritual Exercises refer to both a particular practice and a text. It is a “book” that continues to be “made” by its practitioners. This contribution takes seriously the choice of Ignatius de Loyola: if the secrets of the “working” consciousness escape us, we can grasp the reading practices that are reflected in spiritual writings, as well as in pastoral actions in the missionary framework. The first part of this chapter presents the links between the Exercises and other sources regulating the life of the Society such as the Constitutions and the Directorium. Then follows a discussion about the development of the official discourses concerning the aims of the Exercises in the Imago primi saeculi. The chapter concludes with various examples of how the Jesuit missionaries, as well as laymen and -women, creatively appropriated the Exercises for their purpose. Thus, it is a long story in which the place of individual consciousness, actors in the decision-making process and the practice of obedience change over time.