bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing the Dual Role of Ca2+ in the Allochromatium tepidum LH1–RC Complex by Constructing and Analyzing Ca2+-Bound and Ca2+-Free LH1 Complexes
Authors: Zou Mei-Juan , Sun Shuai , Wang Guang-Lei , Yan Yi-Hao , Ji Wei , Wang-Otomo Zheng-Yu , Madigan Michael T. , Yu Long-Jiang
Published: January 2025

The genome of the mildly thermophilic hot spring purple sulfur bacterium, Allochromatium (Alc.) tepidum, contains a multigene pufBA family that encodes a series of α- and β-polypeptides, collectively forming a heterogeneous light-harvesting 1 (LH1) complex. The Alc. tepidum LH1, therefore, offers a unique model for studying an intermediate phenotype between phototrophic thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria, particularly regarding their LH1 Qy transition and moderately enhanced thermal stability. Of the 16 α-polypeptides in the Alc. tepidum LH1, six α1 bind Ca2+ to connect with β1- or β3-polypeptides in specific Ca2+-binding sites. Here, we use the purple bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum strain H2 as a host to express Ca2+-bound and Ca2+-free Alc. tepidum LH1-only complexes composed of α- and β-polypeptides that either contain or lack the calcium-binding motif WxxDxI; purified preparations of each complex were then used to test how Ca2+ affects their thermostability and spectral features. The cryo-EM structures of both complexes were closed circular rings consisting of 14 αβ-polypeptides. The Qy absorption maximum of Ca2+-bound LH1 (α1/β1 and α1/β3) was at 894 nm, while that of Ca2+-free (α2/β1) was at 888 nm, indicating that Ca2+ imparts a Qy transition of 6 nm. Crucially for the ecological success of Alc. tepidum, Ca2+-bound LH1 complexes were more thermostable than Ca2+-free complexes, indicating that calcium plays at least two major roles in photosynthesis by Alc. tepidum—improving photocomplex stability and modifying its spectrum.
Identifying MTHFD1 and LGALS4 as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Prostate Cancer Through Multi-Omics Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Authors: Han Huan , Su Hanwen , Lv Zhihua , Zhu Chengliang , Huang Jingtao
Published: January 2025

Background: Prostate cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. The treatment of it is currently based on surgical removal, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy. It is crucial to improve therapeutic prospects for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer via drug target screening. Methods: We integrated eQTL data from the eQTLGen Consortium and pQTL data from UK Biobank Proteome Plasma Proteins (UKB-PPP) and deCODE health datasets. MR analyses (SMR, heterogeneity in dependent instruments (HEIDI), IVW, Wald ratio, weighted median, and MR-Egger) were used to screen candidate genes associated with prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) risk. Candidate genes were further verified through TCGA-based gene expression profile, survival analysis, and immune microenvironment evaluations. TIDE analysis was utilized to investigate gene immunotherapy response. Single-cell RNA sequencing data from the GSE176031 dataset were used to investigate the gene expression patterns. The Drug Bank, Therapeutic Target Database and Drug Signatures Database were utilized to predict targeted drugs for candidate genes. Results: MTHFD1 and LGALS4 were identified as promising therapeutic targets for PRAD, with evidence provided at multi-omics levels. LGALS4 was predominantly expressed in malignant cells and was correlated with enhanced immune checkpoint pathways, increased TIDE scores, and immunotherapy resistance. In contrast, MTHFD1was expressed in both tumor and microenvironmental cells and was associated with poor survival. Drug target prediction suggested that there are no currently approved drugs specifically targeting MTHFD1 and LGALS4. Conclusions: Our study identified MTHFD1 and LGALS4 as potential preventive targets for PRAD. However, future experiments are warranted to assess the utility and effectiveness of these candidate proteins.
Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants in the Management of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis—Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Vojjala Nikhil , Peshin Supriya , Kattamuri Lakshmi Prasanna Vaishnavi , Iqbal Rabia , Dharia Adit , Jayakumar Jayalekshmi , Iftekhar Rafi , Singh Shagun , Balla Mamtha , Villa Celi Claudia S. , Ramachandran Ramya , Prabhu Rishab , Yadav Sumeet K. , Krishnamoorthy Geetha , Singh Vijendra , Seegobin Karan
Published: January 2025

Background: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) is a rare cause of stroke, constituting 0.5–3% of all strokes with an extremely varied spectrum of presentation, predisposing factors, neuroimaging findings, and eventual outcomes. A high index of suspicion is needed because timely diagnosis can significantly alter the natural course of the disease, reduce acute complications, and improve long-term outcomes. Due to its myriad causative factors, protean presentation, and association with several systemic diseases, CVT is encountered not only by neurologists but also by emergency care practitioners, internists, hematologists, obstetricians, and pediatricians. Discussion: Anticoagulation remains the mainstay of treatment for CVT. Heparin and warfarin previously had been the anticoagulation of choice. Recently there has been an increased interest in utilizing direct-acting oral anticoagulants in the treatment of CVT given comparable safety and efficacy with ease of utilization. However recent clinical guidelines given by multiple societies including the American Stroke guidelines and European guidelines do not include these agents so far in their treatment recommendations. Ongoing multicentric clinical trials are currently reviewing the role of these agents in both short-term as well as long-term. Our review of the literature supports the safety and reinforces the efficacy of DOAC in the treatment of CVT. Additionally, patient satisfaction has been shown to be better with the use of DOAC. In conclusion, DOAC continues to have a valid role in the management of CVT.
Differential Gene Expression Analysis in a Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Rat Model via RNA Sequencing: Identification of Key Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Insights
Authors: Hong Jin Young , Jeon Wan-Jin , Kim Hyunseong , Yeo Changhwan , Kim Hyun , Lee Yoon Jae , Ha In-Hyuk
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a degenerative condition characterized by the narrowing of the spinal canal, resulting in chronic pain and impaired mobility. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LSS remain unclear. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate differential gene expression in a rat LSS model and identify the key genes and pathways involved in its pathogenesis. Methods: We used bioinformatics analysis to identify significant alterations in gene expression between the LSS-induced and sham groups. Results: Pearson’s correlation analysis demonstrated strongly consistent intragroup expression (r > 0.9), with distinct gene expression between the LSS and sham groups. A total of 113 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including upregulated genes such as Slc47a1 and Prg4 and downregulated genes such as Higd1c and Mln. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs included those involved in key biological processes, including synaptic plasticity, extracellular matrix organization, and hormonal regulation. Gene ontology analysis highlighted critical molecular functions such as mRNA binding and integrin binding, as well as cellular components such as contractile fibers and the extracellular matrix, which were significantly affected by LSS. Conclusions: Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying LSS and offer potential avenues for the development of targeted therapies aimed at mitigating disease progression and improving patient outcomes.
Multi-Modal Social Robot Behavioural Alignment and Learning Outcomes in Mediated Child–Robot Interactions
Authors: Baxter Paul
Published: January 2025

With the increasing application of robots in human-centred environments, there is increasing motivation for incorporating some degree of human-like social competences. Fields such as psychology and cognitive science not only provide guidance on the types of behaviour that could and should be exhibited by the robots, they may also indicate the manner in which these behaviours can be achieved. The domain of social child–robot interaction (sCRI) provides a number of challenges and opportunities in this regard; the application to an educational context allows child-learning outcomes to be characterised as a result of robot social behaviours. One such social behaviour that is readily (and unconsciously) used by humans is behavioural alignment, in which the behaviours expressed by one person adapts to that of their interaction partner, and vice versa. In this paper, the role that robot non-verbal behavioural alignment for their interaction partner can play in the facilitation of learning outcomes for the child is examined. This behavioural alignment is facilitated by a human memory-inspired learning algorithm that adapts in real-time over the course of an interaction. A large touchscreen is employed as a mediating device between a child and a robot. Collaborative sCRI is emphasised, with the touchscreen providing a common set of interaction affordances for both child and robot. The results show that an adaptive robot is capable of engaging in behavioural alignment, and indicate that this leads to greater learning gains for the children. This study demonstrates the specific contribution that behavioural alignment makes in improving learning outcomes for children when employed by social robot interaction partners in educational contexts.
Virtually Connected: Do Shared Novel Activities in Virtual Reality Enhance Self-Expansion and Relationship Quality?
Authors: Balzarini Rhonda N. , Sharma Anya , Muise Amy
Published: January 2025

According to self-expansion theory, sharing novel experiences with a romantic partner can help prevent boredom and maintain relationship quality. However, in today’s globalized modern world, partners spend less time together and are more likely to live apart than in previous generations, limiting opportunities for shared novel experiences. In two in-lab experiments, we tested whether shared novel activities in virtual reality (VR) could facilitate self-expansion, reduce boredom, and enhance relationship quality. In Study 1, couples (N = 183) engaged in a shared novel and exciting activity in either VR or over video. Participants in the VR condition reported greater presence (i.e., felt like they were in the same space as their partner) and were less bored during the interaction compared to the video condition, though no main effects emerged for reports of self-expansion or relationship quality (relationship satisfaction and closeness). Consistent with predictions, people who reported more presence, in turn, reported greater self-expansion, less boredom, and greater relationship quality. In Study 2, couples (N = 141) engaged in a novel and exciting or a mundane experience in VR. Results were mixed such that participants in the novel VR condition reported less boredom and greater closeness post-interaction, though no effects emerged for self-expansion or relationship satisfaction. In exploratory analyses accounting for immersion, couples who engaged in the novel virtual experience reported more self-expansion, less boredom, and greater closeness. The findings suggest that virtual interactions may have less potential than in-person interaction to promote self-expansion but offer interesting future directions given VR’s ability to enhance presence beyond video interactions.
A Simplified Analysis Model for Predicting the Crack Width and Deflection of Reinforced UHPC Shallow T-Shaped Beams Under Four-Point Bending
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Wang Yichuan , Yuan Binchen , Zhu Ping
Published: January 2025

To predict the mid-span deflection and crack width of reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (R-UHPC) shallow T-shaped beams, a simplified analysis model comprising a bilinear curve with several characterization points is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is distinguished from existing deflection and crack width prediction methods by its consideration of several significant factors, including the tensile stiffening effect, tension contribution of UHPC post-cracking, nonconstant bond behavior of the interface, and shrinkage and creep effect. To obtain closed-form solutions, the proposed simplified analysis model directly incorporates the bond properties from bond tests, thereby eliminating the reliance on constant bond stress simplification and the subsequent necessity for member calibration, which is commonly required in existing design codes for UHPC-based structures. To validate the proposed model, six reinforced UHPC shallow T-shaped specimens with dimensions of 3.7 m × 0.7 m × 0.22 m, varying reinforcement ratios and fiber types within UHPC, are utilized and tested statically under four-point bending conditions. The experimental values obtained from these tests are then compared with the theoretical calculations derived from the simplified analysis model. The ratios of mid-span deflections and crack widths at reinforcement yielding, calculated using the simplified analysis model, to the counterparts from experimental values are found to be within a range of 0.9 and 0.95, respectively. The average percentage of differences between experimental and predicted values for the deflections and crack widths at reinforcement yielding are 4.2% and 5.8%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the simplified analysis model proposed is accessible and accurate for predicting the deflection and crack width of reinforced UHPC shallow T-shaped beams, which has the potential to be a valuable reference for the design and calculation of such beams.
Characteristics, Treatment and Outcomes of Stage I to III Colorectal Cancer in Patients Aged over 80 Years Old
Authors: Yeo Melissa R. , Voutsadakis Ioannis A.
Published: January 2025

Background: Colorectal cancer primarily affects older adults and poses treatment challenges due to age-related comorbidities and frailty, which hinder surgical and chemotherapy options for many elderly patients. This study aims to analyze treatment and disease patterns in elderly colorectal cancer patients, aged over 80 years old, to inform personalized therapies that accommodate their unique clinical needs and improve their outcomes. Patients and Methods: The medical records of all patients aged 80 years old and above, and those aged 65 to 75 years old, who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer at a cancer center in Canada over a seven year period, were retrospectively reviewed. Results: No significant differences in the initial presentation, location, grade or stage at colorectal cancer diagnosis were observed between age groups. Patients aged 80 years old and above were less likely to receive neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy treatments for stage II disease (19.2% versus. 58.6%, p = 0.002; 7.9% versus. 40.0%, p = 0.002). There were also differences in the intensity of chemotherapy received and the frequency of dose reductions (76.0% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.0001), neoadjuvant and adjuvant radiation therapy (34.6% vs. 65.5%, p = 0.02) and surgical management (83.7% vs. 95.3%, p = 0.006). Despite these differences in treatments, recurrence rates were not statistically significant between the two groups. However, overall survival was reduced in the older age group. Conclusions: Treatment plans for patients aged 80 years old and above should be tailored to the patient’s colorectal cancer presentation, comorbidity status and life expectancy, weighing the impact of cancer treatments on the patient’s short- and long-term outcomes.
miR-223 and Chromogranin A Affect Inflammatory Immune Cell Activation in Liver Metastasis of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Authors: Geisler Lukas , Detjen Katharina , Hellberg Teresa , Kohlhepp Marlene , Grötzinger Carsten , Knorr Jana , Eichhorn Ines , Mohr Raphael , Holtmann Theresa , Wiedenmann Bertram , Tacke Frank , Roderburg Christoph , Wree Alexander
Published: January 2025

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a diverse group originating from endocrine cells/their precursors in pancreas, small intestine, or lung. The key serum marker is chromogranin A (CgA). While commonly elevated in patients with NEN, its prognostic value is still under discussion. Secretion/posttranslational proteolytic cleavage of CgA results in multiple bioactive fragments, which are essential regulators of the cardiovascular and immune system. miR-223, regulator of Nrlp3 inflammasome and neutrophil activation, was recently found to have decreased in patients with NEN. We performed flow cytometry of circulating neutrophils in a patient cohort (n = 10) with NEN, microdissection and histology of tumor tissue. Subsequently, in vitro transfections using the well-established human pancreatic NEN cell line (BON), and co-culture experiments with primary macrophages and neutrophils were performed. Serum miR-223 in patients correlated with the expression of the neutrophil activation marker CD15 in circulating cells. Neutrophilic CD62L/CD63 showed good discrimination compared to healthy controls. Immune cell-derived miR-155, miR-193 and miR-223 colocalize with neutrophil in the extra-tumoral tissue alongside Nlrp3-associated caspase-1 activation. miR-223 knockdown in BON decreased the CgA intracellularly, increased in cellular granularity and caspase-1 activation. Plasmin inhibitor a2-aP reverted those effects. Western Blot showed fragmented CgA following miR-223 knockdown, which altered the inflammatory potential of neutrophils. Our data hence provide initial insights into an immunoregulatory mechanism via miR-223 and CgA in NEN cells, as regulation of miR-223 in NEN may affect tumor-associated inflammation.
Numerical Simulation of Gas–Liquid–Solid Erosive Wear in Gas Storage Columns
Authors: Ren Zongxiao , Zhang Chenyu , Jin Wenbo , Han Bingyue , Fan Zhaoyang
Published: January 2025

Gas reservoirs play an increasingly important role in oil and gas consumption and safety in China. To study the problem of erosion and wear caused by gas-carrying particles in the process of gas extraction from gas storage reservoirs, a mathematical model of gas–liquid–solid three-phase erosion of gas storage reservoir columns was established through theories of multiphase flow and particle motion. Based on this model, the effects of the water volume fraction, gas extraction rate, particle mass flow rate, particle size, and bending angle on the erosion location and rate of the pipe columns were investigated. The findings indicate that when the water content volume fraction is low, the water production volume minimally affects the maximum erosion rate of pipe columns. Conversely, the gas extraction rate exerted the most significant influence on the column erosion, showing a power function relationship between the two. When gas extraction volume exceeds 60 × 104 m3/d, the maximum erosion rate surpasses the critical erosion rate of 0.076 mm/a. This coincided with the increased sand mass flow rate, although the maximum erosion rate of the pipe columns remained relatively steady. The salt mass flow rate demonstrated a linear relationship with the erosion rate, with the maximum erosion rate exceeding the critical erosion rate of 0.076 mm/a. The maximum erosion rate of the pipe columns increased, stabilized with larger sand and salt particle sizes, and exhibited an increasing trend with the bending angle. For gas extraction volumes exceeding 46.4 × 104 m3/d and salt mass flow rates exceeding 22 kg/d, the maximum erosion rate of pipe columns exceeds the critical erosion rate of 0.076 mm/a. The conclusions of this study are of some importance for the clarification of the influencing law of pipe column erosion under high temperature and high pressure in gas storage reservoirs and for the formulation of measures for the prevention and control of pipe column erosion in gas storage reservoirs.
Morphotropic Phase Boundary Region 0.7BiFeO3-0.3BaTiO3 Ceramics Exploration Under the Influence of the Incorporated Sn-Ions for Piezo/Ferro Applications
Authors: Hussain Ahmad , Jabeen Nawishta , Khan Imtiaz Ahmad , Khan Muhammad Usman , Qaiser Muhammad Adnan , Zaki Zaki I. , Khalifa Mohamed E.
Published: January 2025

In the field of piezoelectric applications, perovskite-based multifunctional composite ceramics are widely explored. The morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) regions, where dual structural phases coexist, play a crucial role in boosting the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties significantly. Herein, MPB-region-existent 0.7BiFeO3-0.3BaTiO3 (BFBT) composite ceramic is investigated under the influence of wt%Sn-ion incorporation at the lattice sites of the BFBT. Specifically, the ceramic composition BFBT:0.2Sn has demonstrated excellent remnant polarization (Pr ~ 22.68 µC/cm2), an impressive piezoelectric coefficient (d33 ~ 211 pC/N), stable impedance of 1.07 × 107 Ω, a Curie temperature of 435 °C and low dielectric loss (tanδ) of <0.5. Moreover, the BFBT:0.2Sn ceramic has also maintained a stable d33 of ~150 pC/N and resistivity of ~102 Ω even at a temperature of 400 °C. Such outcomes confirm the ability and potential of the BFBT:0.2Sn ceramic composition for high-temperature piezoelectric applications.
Voltage Control of Exchange Bias via Magneto-Ionic Approaches
Authors: Luo Yifu , Liu Shengsheng , Li Yuxin , Wang Zhen , Zhang Jie , Zheng Limei
Published: January 2025

The exchange bias (EB) effect denotes a magnetic bias phenomenon originating from the interfacial exchange coupling at the ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic materials, which plays an indispensable role in the functionality of various devices, such as magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) and sensors. Voltage control of exchange bias offers a promising pathway to significantly reduce device power consumption, effectively fostering the evolution of low-energy spintronic devices. The “magneto-ionic” mechanism, characterized by its operational efficiency, low energy consumption, reversibility, and non-volatility, provides innovative approaches for voltage control of exchange bias and has led to a series of significant advancements. This review systematically synthesizes the research progress on voltage control of exchange bias based on the magneto-ionic mechanism from the perspectives of ionic species, material systems, underlying mechanisms, and performance parameters. Furthermore, it undertakes a comparative evaluation of the voltage-controlled exchange bias by different ions, ultimately providing a forward-looking perspective on the future trajectory of this research domain.
Obesity-Related Chronic Kidney Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment
Authors: Avgoustou Elena , Tzivaki Ilektra , Diamantopoulou Garyfalia , Zachariadou Tatiana , Avramidou Despoina , Dalopoulos Vasileios , Skourtis Alexandros
Published: January 2025

Obesity has emerged as a global epidemic with far-reaching health complications, including its role as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Increasing evidence suggests that obesity contributes to CKD through multiple mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, hemodynamic alterations, insulin resistance, and lipid accumulation. These processes can culminate in histopathological changes collectively referred to as obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG). This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and pathophysiology of ORG. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of identifying key biomarkers that facilitate the early detection of ORG. Finally, we explore emerging therapeutic strategies that offer promise in mitigating this growing global health crisis.
Comment on Cabrera-Aguas, M.; Watson, S.L. Updates in Diagnostic Imaging for Infectious Keratitis: A Review. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 3358
Authors: Troisi Mario , Prete Salvatore Del , Troisi Salvatore
Published: January 2025

We read with great interest the recent article by Cabrera-Aguas M [...]
Reply to Troisi et al. Comment on “Cabrera-Aguas, M.; Watson, S.L. Updates in Diagnostic Imaging for Infectious Keratitis: A Review. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 3358”
Authors: Cabrera-Aguas Maria , Watson Stephanie L.
Published: January 2025

We appreciate the interest of Troisi and his colleagues [...]
Advances in Cardiovascular Multimodality Imaging in Patients with Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Perrone Marco Alfonso , Moscatelli Sara , Guglielmi Giulia , Bianco Francesco , Cappelletti Deborah , Pellizzon Amedeo , Baggiano Andrea , Diviggiano Enrico Emilio , Ricci Maria , Bassareo Pier Paolo , Pradhan Akshyaya , Mandoli Giulia Elena , Cimini Andrea , Caminiti Giuseppe
Published: January 2025

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder affecting connective tissue, often leading to cardiovascular complications such as aortic aneurysms and mitral valve prolapse. Cardiovascular multimodality imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of MFS patients. This review explores the advancements in echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CCT), and nuclear medicine techniques in MFS. Echocardiography remains the first-line tool, essential for assessing aortic root, mitral valve abnormalities, and cardiac function. CMR provides detailed anatomical and functional assessments without radiation exposure, making it ideal for long-term follow-up. CT offers high-resolution imaging of the aorta, crucial for surgical planning, despite its ionizing radiation. Emerging nuclear medicine techniques, though less common, show promise in evaluating myocardial involvement and inflammatory conditions. This review underscores the importance of a comprehensive imaging approach to improve outcomes and guide interventions in MFS patients. It also introduces novel aspects of multimodality approaches, emphasizing their impact on early detection and management of cardiovascular complications in MFS.
Scoping Review of Triage Modifications to Emergency Medical Care in Hospitals Post-COVID-19
Authors: Nash Carol
Published: January 2025

Post-COVID-19, significant triage modifications were made in emergency hospital medical care. Previous scoping reviews investigated triage changes during COVID-19. This scoping review uniquely considers post-pandemic effects. It searches the parameters “COVID-19, triage, hospital, emergency medical care” in four primary databases, one register, and a supplementary database to determine the range of emergency hospital triage changes. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies included are post-2023 publications, those in English, and research studies. Excluded were duplicates, reviews, books, and reports lacking research studies or including irrelevant information on COVID-19, triage, hospital, or emergency medical care. Identified are 1071 records: OVID (n = 20), PubMed (n = 2), Scopus (n = 46), Web of Science (n = 20), Cochrane COVID-19 Register (n = 18), and Google Scholar (n = 965). Six studies are included from the Web of Science (n = 1) and Google Scholar (n = 5). One study includes reports from six different countries; thus, there are 11 reports. The modification of triage was concerning four ways, with each country focusing on a specific triage change. Adaptive changes were proactive rather than reactive. Triage-related future research suggestions include the four triage aspects, international comparisons, and longitudinal change. The recommendation is for research assessing Google Scholar.
Leveraging Substitute Teachers as Educational Leaders
Authors: Butler Marcedes
Published: January 2025

This autoethnographic study explores the lived experiences of an advanced-degree holder and educator with expertise in leadership and education policy who worked as a substitute teacher in the Clark County School District. Despite my qualifications, I often felt underutilized and disconnected, revealing systemic barriers within the educational system. Using distributed leadership theory, I examine these challenges and uncover the untapped leadership potential of substitutes to make meaningful contributions to P-12 education. This study proposes actionable solutions, including substitute profile systems, comprehensive onboarding programs, and structured mentorship initiatives. The findings highlight the importance of shared leadership in fostering equity, professional growth, and workforce stability, offering practical insights into how substitutes can transition from temporary roles to integral contributors within educational systems.
From Zero Collaboration to Teamwork: Forms of Teacher Collaboration and Factors That Support or Hinder It
Authors: Saks Katrin , Hunt Pihel , Leijen Äli , Lepp Liina
Published: January 2025

Teachers tend to prefer an individualistic approach to their teaching process and collaborate with colleagues only on certain occasions. This research explored the forms of collaboration and supporting and hindering factors proceeding from the frameworks of the teacher–teacher interaction continuum and team entitativity. The findings indicated more active collaboration at lower levels of the continuum—storytelling and scanning ideas, aid and assistance, and sharing. The interviews with teachers pointed to personal relationships and the will to act together as the main triggers of collaboration. The role of the administration when supporting and hindering collaboration appeared in higher levels of the interaction continuum. The study contributes to the continuum by proposing an additional unit—zero collaboration, which is a completely individualistic activity with no purposeful collaboration with colleagues.
Valorization of Biomass Through Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization: Integrated Process Flowsheet and Supply Chain Network Optimization
Authors: Potrč Sanja , Petrovič Aleksandra , Egieya Jafaru M. , Čuček Lidija
Published: January 2025

Utilization of biomass through anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal carbonization is crucial to maximize resource efficiency. At the same time, supply chain integration ensures sustainable feedstock management and minimizes environmental and logistical impacts, enabling a holistic approach to a circular bioeconomy. This study presents an integrated approach to simultaneously optimize the biomass supply chain network and process flowsheet, which includes anaerobic digestion, cogeneration, and hydrothermal carbonization. A three-layer supply chain network superstructure was hence developed to integrate the optimization of process variables with supply chain features such as transportation modes, feedstock supply, plant location, and demand location. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model aimed at maximizing the economic performance of the system was formulated and applied to a case study of selected regions in Slovenia. The results show a great potential for the utilization of organic biomass with an annual after tax profit of 23.13 million USD per year, with the production of 245.70 GWh/yr of electricity, 298.83 GWh/yr of heat, and 185.08 kt/yr of hydrochar. The optimal configuration of the supply chain network, including the selection of supply zones, plant locations and demand locations, transportation links, and mode of transportation is presented, along with the optimal process variables within the plant.
Effective and Local Constraint-Aware Load Shifting for Microgrid-Based Energy Communities
Authors: Kyriakou Dimitra G. , Kanellos Fotios D. , Tsekouras George J. , Moungos Konstantinos A.
Published: January 2025

The rising energy demand, coupled with increased integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and fluctuating renewable generation, underscores the need for effective load management within energy communities. This paper addresses these challenges by implementing effective, constraint-aware load shifting within microgrid-based energy communities. Specifically, the goal of this study is to flatten the electrical load profile of a High-Voltage (HV)/Medium-Voltage (MV) power transformer. The load of a central power transformer includes (a) the diverse, fluctuating electrical and thermal demands of buildings within the energy community and (b) the load of the area supplied by the substation excluding the energy community loads. To achieve a flattened load profile, we apply time shifting to both electrical and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) loads of the energy community, allowing for a redistribution of energy consumption over time. This approach entails shifting non-critical loads, particularly those related to HVAC and other building operations, to off-peak periods. The methodology considers critical operational constraints, such as maintaining occupant thermal comfort, ensuring compliance with building codes, and adhering to technical specifications of HVAC and electrical systems and microgrid organized energy communities. Detailed simulations were conducted to prove the effectiveness of this constraint-aware load-shifting approach.
Application of Statistical Methods for the Characterization of Radon Distribution in Indoor Environments: A Case Study in Lima, Peru
Authors: Liza Rafael , Díaz Félix , Pereyra Patrizia , Palacios Daniel , Cerna Nhell , Curo Luis , Riva Max
Published: January 2025

This study evaluates the effectiveness of advanced statistical and geospatial methods for analyzing radon concentration distributions in indoor environments, using the district of San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru, as a case study. Radon levels were monitored using LR-115 nuclear track detectors over three distinct measurement periods between 2015 and 2016, with 86 households participating. Detectors were randomly placed in various rooms within each household. Normality tests (Shapiro–Wilk, Anderson–Darling, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov) were applied to assess the fit of radon concentrations to a log-normal distribution. Additionally, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the influence of environmental and structural factors on radon variability. Non-normally distributed data were normalized using a Box–Cox transformation to improve statistical assumptions, enabling subsequent geostatistical analyses. Geospatial interpolation methods, specifically Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Kriging, were employed to map radon concentrations. The results revealed significant temporal variability in radon concentrations, with geometric means of 146.4 Bq·m−3, 162.3 Bq·m−3, and 150.8 Bq·m−3, respectively, across the three periods. Up to 9.5% of the monitored households recorded radon levels exceeding the safety threshold of 200 Bq·m−3. Among the interpolation methods, Kriging provided a more accurate spatial representation of radon concentration variability compared to IDW, allowing for the precise identification of high-risk areas. This study provides a framework for using advanced statistical and geospatial techniques in environmental risk assessment.
Energy Use and Environmental Impact of Three Lithium-Ion Battery Factories with a Total Annual Capacity of 100 GWh
Authors: Kuki Ákos , Lakatos Csilla , Nagy Lajos , Nagy Tibor , Kéki Sándor
Published: January 2025

The rapid evolution of Li-ion battery technologies and manufacturing processes demands a continual update of environmental impact data. The general objective of this paper is to publish up-to-date primary data on battery manufacturing, which is of great importance to the scientific community and decision-makers. The environmental impacts have been calculated and estimated based on publicly available data disclosed under Hungarian government regulations and official decrees. The gate-to-gate energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) consumption are estimated for three battery factories in Hungary, with a total annual capacity of approximately 100 GWh. The factories use around 30–35 kWh energy per kWh of battery capacity and the associated GHG emissions are around 10 kgCO2eq per kWh of cell production. The water consumption varies considerably among factories, with one plant using 28 L per kWh and the other two using 56 and 67 L per kWh. The specific consumption of NMP was calculated for two factories, resulting in close values of 0.51–0.56 kg per kWh of cell production. As a new approach, we distinguish between global and local GHG emissions related to battery production. The main component of the latter is carbon dioxide from the combustion of natural gas, but the local transport related to the battery factories is also a source of emissions. Our estimations include not only the consumptions required directly for the manufacturing technology, but also those for social purposes (e.g., heating offices), giving a more complete picture of the factory’s environmental impact. We believe that up-to-date primary data are crucial for ensuring transparency and holds significant value for both the scientific community and decision-makers.
Variations and Coordination of Leaflet and Petiole Functional Traits Within Compound Leaves in Three Hardwood Species
Authors: Guo Xiaohui , Zhang Jinshan , Gu Jiacun , Li Zhongyue , Wang Yan
Published: January 2025

Leaf morphology and anatomy traits are key determinants for plant performance; however, their roles within compound leaves—comprising both leaflets and petioles—remain insufficiently studied. This study examined the anatomy, morphology, and biomass allocation of leaflets and petioles in three temperate species (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim., and Phellodendron amurense Rupr.). The results showed pronounced anatomical variations within the whole leaf. Specifically, as phyllotaxy increased, the number of conduits significantly increased in petioles but showed less variation. Within the same growth position, the number of conduits was highest in the petiole, followed by the petiolule, main vein, and minor veins. In the terminal leaf vascular network, thinner conduits of minor veins may result in a lower hydraulic efficiency but a higher resistance to embolism. Biomass allocation favored leaflets over petioles in all three examined species. Additionally, the specific leaf area slightly increased with an increase in the degree of phyllotaxy. These findings underscore the trade-offs of efficiency and safety in vascular tissues, as well as the expanding leaf and investment between the leaflet and petiole.
Carbon Dioxide Micro-Nano Bubbles Aeration Improves Carbon Fixation Efficiency for Succinic Acid Synthesis by Escherichia coli
Authors: Chen Ying , Wu Hao , Huang Qianqian , Liao Jingwen , Wang Liuqing , Pan Yue , Xu Anming , Zhang Wenming , Jiang Min
Published: January 2025

The low solubility of CO2 in water leads to massive CO2 emission and extremely low CO2 utilization in succinic acid (SA) biosynthesis. To enhance microbial CO2 utilization, micro-nano bubbles (MNBs) were induced in SA biosynthesis by E. coli Suc260 in this study. The results showed that MNB aeration decreased CO2 emissions and increased CO2 solubility in the medium significantly. The CO2 utilization of MNB aeration was 129.69% higher than that of bubble aeration in atmospheric fermentation. However, MNBs showed a significant inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in the pressurized environment, although a two-stage aerobic–anaerobic fermentation strategy weakened the inhibition. The biofilm-enhanced strain E. coli Suc260-CsgA showed a strong tolerance to MNBs. In pressurized fermentation with MNB aeration, the actual CO2 utilization of E. coli Suc260-CsgA was 30.63% at 0.18 MPa, which was a 6.49-times improvement. The CO2 requirement for SA synthesis decreased by 83.4%, and the fugitive emission of CO2 was successfully controlled. The activities of key enzymes within the SA synthesis pathway were also maintained or enhanced in the fermentation process with MNB aeration. These results indicated that the biofilm-enhanced strain and CO2-MNBs could improve carbon fixation efficiency in microbial carbon sequestration.
Survey of Artificial Intelligence Model Marketplace
Authors: Qian Mian , Musa Abubakar Ahmad , Biswas Milon , Guo Yifan , Liao Weixian , Yu Wei
Published: January 2025

The rapid advancement and widespread adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) across diverse industries, including healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and retail, underscore the transformative potential of AI technologies. This necessitates the development of viable AI model marketplaces that facilitate the development, trading, and sharing of AI models across the pervasive industrial domains to harness and streamline their daily activities. These marketplaces act as centralized hubs, enabling stakeholders such as developers, data owners, brokers, and buyers to collaborate and exchange resources seamlessly. However, existing AI marketplaces often fail to address the demands of modern and next-generation application domains. Limitations in pricing models, standardization, and transparency hinder their efficiency, leading to a lack of scalability and user adoption. This paper aims to target researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers involved in AI development and deployment, providing actionable insights for designing robust, secure, and transparent AI marketplaces. By examining the evolving landscape of AI marketplaces, this paper identifies critical gaps in current practices, such as inadequate pricing schemes, insufficient standardization, and fragmented policy enforcement mechanisms. It further explores the AI model life-cycle, highlighting pricing, trading, tracking, security, and compliance challenges. This detailed analysis is intended for an audience with a foundational understanding of AI systems, marketplaces, and their operational ecosystems. The findings aim to inform stakeholders about the pressing need for innovation and customization in AI marketplaces while emphasizing the importance of balancing efficiency, security, and trust. This paper serves as a blueprint for the development of next-generation AI marketplaces that meet the demands of both current and future application domains, ensuring sustainable growth and widespread adoption.
Applying Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) to Fishing Vessels: An Analysis of Occupational Injuries on Korean Trap Boats
Authors: Kim Su-Hyung , Lee Seung-Hyun , Ryu Kyung-Jin , Lee Yoo-Won
Published: January 2025

Fishing vessels are known to have a fatality rate from accidents nearly 100 times higher than that of merchant ships. However, since most cases are resolved internally without maritime tribunals, obtaining accurate statistics on accidents is challenging, making quantitative analysis and evaluation of accident risks difficult. Studies using inconsistent analytical methods often fail to converge on unified results or preventive measures, which contributes to the persistently high occurrence of fishing vessel accidents. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a standardized method for analyzing marine accidents on fishing vessels by applying the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) technique, originally developed for merchant ships. The research focuses on the globally prevalent trap boat fishery, specifically examining common injuries occurring on fishing vessels. Quantitative data were collected from insurance approval records, while qualitative data were obtained through surveys. The research followed the five stages of the FSA framework: hazard identification, risk estimation, identification of risk control options, cost-benefit assessment, and recommendations for decision-making. The findings suggest that the FSA framework can be effectively applied to analyze fishing vessel accidents based on insurance data, leading to selective and effective preventive measures.
Changes in Microbial Community Diversity and the Formation Mechanism of Flavor Metabolites in Industrial-Scale Spontaneous Fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon Wines
Authors: Bai Chunyan , Fan Boyuan , Hao Jinmei , Yao Yuan , Ran Shiming , Wang Hua , Li Hua , Wei Ruteng
Published: January 2025

The key flavor compound formation pathways resulting from indigenous microorganisms during the spontaneous fermentation of wine have not been thoroughly described. In this study, high-throughput metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were utilized to investigate the evolution of microbial and metabolite profiles during spontaneous fermentation in industrial-scale wine production and to elucidate the formation mechanisms of key flavor compounds. Metabolome analysis showed that the total amount of esters, fatty acids, organic acids, aldehydes, terpenes, flavonoids, and non-flavonoids increased gradually during fermentation. Enrichment analysis indicated that metabolic pathways related to the synthesis, decomposition, transformation, and utilization of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids were involved in the formation of key flavor compounds in wine. Metagenomic analysis revealed that Saccharomyces, Hanseniaspora, Zygosaccharomyces, Wickerhamiella, Lactobacillus, and Fructobacillus were the dominant taxa during spontaneous fermentation. They were significantly positively correlated with organic acids, fatty acids, esters, phenols, aldehydes, terpenes, and phenols. In conclusion, this research provides new insights into the metabolic pathways of key flavor compounds formed by indigenous microorganisms during wine fermentation.
Physicochemical Characterization, Storage Stability Behavior, and Intestinal Bioaccessibility of Clove Extract Encapsulated Using Varying Combinations of Gum Arabic and Maltodextrin
Authors: Ahmadi Farhad , Suleria Hafiz A. R. , Dunshea Frank R.
Published: January 2025

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum, L.) is a rich source of polyphenols and antioxidants, but its intense flavor, poor solubility, and instability may limit its widespread and efficient use in industrial applications. In a series of laboratory-scale experiments, gum Arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) were used as coating agents in various proportions (ranging from 0MD:100GA to 100MD:0GA) for encapsulation of clove extract using a freeze-drying method. The encapsulates were assessed for the physicochemical properties, storage stability behavior, and intestinal bioaccessibility of phenolics using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion test. The freeze-dried encapsulates were characterized as having low water activity (<0.3, which is a critical threshold to ensure chemical and microbiological stability), high water solubility (>90%), solid (product) recovery (mean 93.1 ± 1.77%), and encapsulation efficiency (91.4−94.9%). Hygroscopicity increased as the GA:MD proportion increased in the encapsulation formulations. Encapsulation was effective in protecting bioactive components of clove extract during storage at room (up to 40 days) or high temperature (60 °C for 7 days) and minimized the loss of antioxidant activity during storage, as compared to the clove extract in a non-encapsulated form. All encapsulation formulations were characterized by a negative zeta potential (from −22.1 to −29.7 mV) and a polydispersity index ranging from 0.47 to 0.68, classifying the formulations as having a mid-range polydisperse particle size distribution. The FTIR analysis demonstrated that the freeze-drying encapsulation process resulted in no evident chemical interaction between coating and core materials. Intestinal bioaccessibility of total phenolics after the in vitro-simulated gastrointestinal digestion was greater in the encapsulated clove extract compared to the non-encapsulated clove extract. In conclusion, the encapsulation process was effective in protecting the bioactivity of the polyphenol-rich clove extract during storage and improved the phenolic bioaccessibility, potentially supporting the application of the encapsulated clove extract for use in functional food development.