bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementasi Algoritma K-Means Clustering Untuk Mengetahui Bidang Skripsi Mahasiswa Multimedia Pendidikan Teknik Informatika Dan Komputer Universitas Negeri Jakarta
Authors: Widodo Widodo , Wahyuni Dina
Published: February 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bidang skripsi mahasiswa peminatan multimedia PTIK UNJ angkatan 2010 yang dapat digunakan sebagai saran bagi mahasiswa yang belum mengajukan skripsi. Sedangkan bagi mahasiswa yang telah mengajukan skripsi dapat dijadikan sebagai perbandingan antara hasil program bantu dengan bidang skripsi yang diteliti. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan implementasi dari algoritma K-Means clustering, yaitu setiap data dikelompokkan berdasarkan jarak minimum terdekat dengan centroid. Data yang diolah merupakan rata-rata nilai mata kuliah Proyek Video Digital, Desain Grafis, dan Animasi Komputer untuk cluster 1 yaitu bidang video dan animasi. Untuk cluster 2 yaitu bidang aplikasi pengembangan perangkat lunak menggunakan rata-rata nilai mata kuliah Algoritma dan Pemrograman, Struktur Data, serta Pemrograman Web. Proses perhitungan menggunakan software MATLAB. Input data nilai berjumlah 53 mahasiswa dengan lima kali uji centroid. Hasil saran bidang skripsi untuk 19 mahasiswa yang belum mengajukan skripsi adalah 2 mahasiswa di bidang video dan animasi dan 17 mahasiswa di bidang aplikasi pengembangan perangkat lunak. Untuk 34 mahasiswa yang telah mengajukan skripsi, dilakukan perbandingan hasil bidang skripsi dengan menggunakan sign test. Berdasarkan hasil uji diketahui X2hitung < X2 tabel yaitu terima H0 dengan kesimpulan tidak terdapat perbedaan antara bidang skripsi hasil perhitungan program bantu algoritma K-Means dengan bidang skripsi yang telah diajukan mahasiswa.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Untuk Siswa Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD) di PAUD SAHABAT
Authors: Zaini Bachren , Saputri Mushlihah Purwo
Published: February 2020

Pendidikan Anak usia dini adalah tahap kehidupan yang menentukan perkembangan anak untuk selanjutnya. tujuan pembelajaran yaitu tercapainya perubahan perilaku pada siswa setelah mengikuti kegiatan pembelajaran. Masalah yang di alami pada saat pembelajaran di PAUD SAHABAT, masih banyak siswa yang belum mengenal huruf, siswa menjadi kesulitan dalam mengeja kata-kata. sehingga anak usia dini tidak dapat mengetahui bentuk huruf, serta mengetahui huruf depan dari sebuah benda, bukan hanya huruf saja, seharusnya anak usia dini juga perlu tahu pengenalan suku kata sampai di rangkai menjadi suatu kata. di PAUD SAHABAT belum adanya pembelajaran berupa benda nyata, karena masih menggunakan metode ceramah hal ini di dapat melalui wawancara guru PAUD SAHABAT, padahal kemampuan mengenal huruf dan mengenal suku kata dalam tahap perkembangan anak usia dini sangat mudah dingat, jika diberi kesempatan untuk beruhubungan langsung dengan benda nyata. Oleh karena itu media sangat di butuhkan sebagai perantara guru ke siswa untuk menyampaikan isi materi tersebut, untuk membantu siswa dapat berfikir secara nyata. Metode pengembangan yang digunakan dalam perancangan media ini menggunakan Research & Development karena mampu mengatasi kebutuhan nyata melalui pengembangan solusi pada suatu masalah dan dapat menghasilkan produk yang memiliki validitas tinggi karena sudah melalui proses uji validasi oleh tim ahli dan uji coba lapangan.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Perakitan Komputer SMK Dinamika Pembangunan 1 Jakarta Kelas X Teknik Komputer Jaringan Dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw
Authors: Darmawan Shandy , Sastrawijaya Yuliatri
Published: February 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan motivasi dan hasil belajar perakitan komputer di SMK Dinamika Pembangunan 1 Jakarta dengan sasaran penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas XTKJ3 Teknik Komputer Jaringan SMK Dinamika Pembangunan 1 Jakarta pada semester genap tahun ajaran 2014 â€“ 2015. Peneltian ini dilaksanakan sebanyak 3 siklus, setiap siklus terdiri dari 2x pertemuan (tatap muka) setiap pertemuan memiliki target pencapaian nilai. Peningkatkan motivasi, hasil belajar dan aktivitas siswa dilakukan dengan menggunakan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw pada setiap siklusnya. Hasil penelitian dapat dilihat dari tes afektif dan tes formatif, Pada Siklus I terdapat 2 peserta didik dengan kriteria belum tampak, 25 peserta didik dengan kriteria mulai tampak, 7 peserta didik dengan kriteria sering tampak, dan 1 peserta didik dengan kriteria selalu tampak. Kemudian pada penilaian formatif dengan pencapaian target skor 75 siklus I terdapat 4 peserta didik dengan nilai < 75 dan 29 peserta didik dengan nilai >75 dengan nilai rata-rata kelas yaitu 77,73. Pada Siklus II terdapat 0 peserta didik dengan kriteria belum tampak, 20 peserta didik dengan kriteria mulai tampak, 12 peserta didik dengan kriteria sering tampak, dan 3 peserta didik dengan kriteria selalu tampak. Kemudian pada penilaian formatif siklus II dengan pencapaian target skor 77 terdapat 1 peserta didik dengan nilai < 75 dan 34 peserta didik dengan nilai >75 dengan nilai rata-rata kelas yaitu 80,66. Pada Siklus III terdapat 0 peserta didik dengan kriteria belum tampak, 8 peserta didik dengan kriteria mulai tampak, 18 peserta didik dengan kriteria sering tampak, dan 7 peserta didik dengan kriteria selalu tampak. Kemudian pada penilaian formatif siklus III dengan pencapaian target skor 78 semua peserta didik memenuhi target nilai >78, dengan nilai rata-rata kelas yaitu 86,52. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw berhasil meningkatkan motivasi dan hasil belajar peserta didik
Brachial Artery Pseudoaneurysm After Supracondylar Humerus Fracture
Authors: Tepper Sarah C. , Gottlich Caleb P. , Nasr Isam W. , Sponseller Paul D.
Published: February 2020

Case:

A 9-year-old boy with a widely displaced Type-III supracondylar humerus fracture presented with a painful mass at the antecubital fossa after pin fixation. Exploration of the mass caused bleeding from a brachial artery pseudoaneurysm that necessitated repair with a saphenous vein graft. Six weeks later, the fracture had healed without complications.

Conclusion:

We describe an unusual presentation of a pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture that highlights the importance of including vascular injury in the differential diagnosis for similar presentations.
Histological Analysis of a Retrieved Porous Tantalum Total Ankle Replacement
Authors: Epperson Richard T. , Barg Alexej , Williams Dustin L. , Saltzman Charles L.
Published: February 2020

Case:

We present a case report documenting the retrieval and histological analysis of a porous tantalum (P-Ta) total ankle replacement (TAR) from a 50-year-old woman after a below-knee transtibial amputation. This rare opportunity to examine an intact TAR may help to better understand the implant-bone relationship because it would be in situ.

Conclusion:

In this case study, we demonstrate bone ingrowth to the first layer of the P-Ta and organized trabecular orientation, suggesting that equal bone load was achieved on the base and the rails in both components using a transfibular surgical approach.
Rehabilitation After Anatomic and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Kirsch Jacob M. , Namdari Surena
Published: February 2020

» Postoperative rehabilitation is believed to be essential in optimizing clinical outcome and function following shoulder arthroplasty. Despite this long-held notion, there is a paucity of high-quality evidence to guide rehabilitation protocols and practice.

» For patients undergoing anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (ATSA), there are insufficient comparative data regarding type or duration of sling utilization.

» Based on current evidence, there is no appreciable benefit to early motion compared with a delayed-motion protocol following ATSA.

» There is insufficient literature to support the use of formal physical therapy over a physician-directed program following ATSA.

» At the present time, no high-quality evidence exists to guide the postoperative rehabilitation of patients undergoing reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA).

» Prospective randomized controlled trials evaluating postoperative management and rehabilitation following ATSA and RTSA are needed to guide best practices and optimize clinical outcomes.
PEMETAAN POTENSI WISATA HALAL DI KABUPATEN SUMENEP, JAWA TIMUR, INDONESIA
Authors: Kurniawan Fredy , Soeprijanto Adi , Guntur Harus Laksana , Wardhana Mahendra , Abadi Imam , Sayyida Sayyida
Published: February 2020

Tourism activities are one thing for supporting regions and the country's economic development, through foreign exchange, tax revenues, and other levies. Tourism activities in one area can increase employment, accelerate the construction of facilities and infrastructure. Tourism also be able to introduce the local production goods for local and foreign tourists. Recently, the Muslim community is the largest community in the world and Indonesia is one of the countries with the most Muslim population. Seeing this opportunity, the Indonesian government in 2012 began for introducing halal tourism in Indonesia. Sumenep, East Java, Indonesia has a variety of tourism potential that can be developed into halal tourism. This study has been mapped all potential for halal tourism in Sumenep, East Java, Indonesia. The potential of halal tourism in Sumenep which has been successfully mapped includes object of food, beach tourism, traditional weapon (keris) tours, centers of batik Sumenep, religious tours, historical tours and natural tours. Hotel and hostelry was also available so that the tourist can plan their vacation in the desire time. Transportation between tourist attractions can also be accessed easily. All tourism objects are includes the criteria of Halal tourism. It can be summarized as Sumenep Halal tour package. This potential was also supported by the religious culture of Sumenep people. This mapping will make it easier for Muslim tourists in particular to access halal tourism in Sumenep, East Java, Indonesia.
Meningkatkan Kemampuan Menyimak Melalui Metode Bercerita pada Anak Kelompok A di TK Siti Khodijah Pucuk Lamongan
Authors: Azminah Suhartini Nurul
Published: February 2020

Listening has a fundamental function of life including the preschoolers. Human use more time of listening activities for about 50%, while the rest 50% are used for speaking, reading, and writing. Listening activities should begin early for children in all situations. But,it is not in line with the listening ability of group A children in Kindergarten SitiKhodijahPucukLamongan. They have some difficulties when being asked by the teacher to listen to information given. Listening is a tedious activity for children, especially preschoolers. It is necessary to have similar material and interesting way to practice listening skills in preschoolers.According to the problem, the research questions are formulated as follows (1) How the application of storytelling method to improve the listening ability of children group A in Kindergarten SitiKhodijahPucukLamongan?, (2) How to improve the listening ability through the storytelling method of group Achildren in Kindergarten SitiKhodijahPucukLamongan? The purpose of this study are (1) To find out how the application of storytelling method to improve the listening ability in children group A in Kindergarten SitiKhodijahPucukLamongan, (2) To know the improvement of listening ability through storytelling method of group A in Kindergarten SitiKhodijahPucukLamongan.This study uses a Classroom Action Research in which there are actions of teachers in two cycles. On the first cyclethe percentage of children who are able based on criteria of Exponential Developing Criteria (BSH) reaches 33.33% while in the second cyclethe percentage of children who are able increases to 83.33%. Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that the method of storytelling can improve the listening ability of children group A in Kindergarten SitiKhodijahPucukLamongan.
Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Engklek Terhadap Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun
Authors: Pertiwi Dwi Ana , Fitroh Siti Fadjryana , Mayangsari Dewi
Published: February 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of traditional games on children cognitive development aged 5-6 years in TK Tarbiyatul Athfal Jaddih, Socah District Bangkalan rege. The game is able to increase affiliation with peers, reduce stress, and improve cognitive development. This game has been proved to increase affiliation with peers, reduce the pressure, and improve children cognitive development. This “englek” traditional games is utilized to stimulate cognitive development in the naming of numbers 1-20 and match numbers with symbols of numbers. This research employed quantitative method with Pre-experimental approach in the form of one group pretestposttest. Subjects in this study were 11 students aged 5-6 years in kindergarten Tarbiyatul Athfal. The data collection was carried out by conducting observation and documentation in the form images of the activities and daily lesson plan. Data analysis was executed by conducting statistical analysis technique of parametris in the form of t-test with data gathered from the result of pretest and posttest. The results obtained at the pretest, there were 2 children have low score and 9 children have been successfully on middle score. The Posttest was carried after giving treatment using “englek” traditional game found 2 children started to grow, 5 children developed as expected, and 4 children developed very well. The result of t-test showed that the value t count is -5,83 and t table 2,086, then -2,086 -5,83 so that Ha was accepted. This finding shows that there is a significant effect of "englek" traditional game on children cognitive development aged 5-6 years in TK tarbiyatul athfal jaddih, Socah District Bangkalan Regency.
Perbandingan Keterampilan Motorik Kasar Anak Kelompok B pada Kegiatan Senam Berirama dan yang Tidak Berirama
Authors: Marlia Ani , Nisa' Titin Faridatun , Fajar Yulias Wulani
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study is to compare applying music through gross motor skill towards kid’s Class B Kindergarten on gymnastic. This study using comparative quantitative approach with 30 kids; 15 boys and 15 girls as the research subject. It takes from the population of Ulil Albab Kindergarten students using purposive sampling considers criteria towards their development. Observation and documentation technique are applied as data interpretation. Therefore, the instrument of study utilizes observation sheet from the kid’s gymnastics at school. The data analysis uses statistic non-parametric. Wilcoxon test is used in this study as the hypothesis result. Ensue from the computation SPSS 19.0 is as two directions significant 0, 00. According to this significant 0,05 thus Ho is confirmed. This shows there is no difference of gross motor towards Class B kids in using music on gymnastics.
Peningkatan Kemampuan Anak dalam Mengenal Konsep Bilangan Melalui Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Alam
Authors: Syukur Abdul , Fallo Yulianty Thabita
Published: February 2020

Enhancing Early Childhood Ability to Know the Concept of Numbers through Using of Learning Media Based on Nature. The purpose of this study is to improve the ability of children to understand the concept of numbers through using of learning media based on nature.  The type of research conducted is Classroom Action Research with data collection techniques in the form of observations and performance and then analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. This research was conducted in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. In the first cycle the percentage of student performance achieved 30% of the percentage before use the cycle, in this cycle students who managed to achieve the Minimum Completeness Criteria drove 11 people who had not succeeded in achieving a large of minimum completeness criteria students could participate in learning activities well and encourage very active when using media. So the research continued the second cycle in cycle II, the percentage reached 45% and all students who succeeded in reaching 20 people managed to reach the minimum completeness criteria while the observations showed that students were very interested in learning to use the prepared media. From the results of the implementation of the first cycle and the second cycle the increase in the percentage of student learning completeness reached 75% of the percentage before cycle use. Thus, it can be denied that the learning media based on nature can improve the ability of children to understand the concept of numbers to support learning activities in early childhood can use media that are either natural media or media that have been supportive in order to produce learning that is conducive to children's abilities.
Kelekatan Anak dengan Pengasuh Tempat Penitipan Anak
Authors: Puspita Heni
Published: February 2020

This article aims to describe the relationship between a child who is cared for in a Child Care Center and a caregiver. This study used a qualitative approach with phenomenological research methods with the subjects of the study as many as 2 caregivers in the Yasmin Jember Daycare and 6 children who were cared for with criteria for pure daycare for children and school landfill children. Child Care Center is a form of Early Childhood Education institution that functions to be a substitute carer for families with learning programs that place more emphasis on children's life skills according to the age stage. As a family substitute institution in parenting, it is common practice to form a pattern of attachment to the relationship between a child and a caregiver. Caregivers act as a substitute for parents having duties and functions to stimulate aspects of child development. In a relationship like this there is a form of acceptance or rejection that affects the closeness of the child to the caregiver.
Efektivitas Mozaik Bahan Alam (Sisik Ikan) terhadap Motorik Halus Anak
Authors: Rulmalia Rici , Zulminiati Zulminiati
Published: February 2020

This research to knowing the effectiveness of natural mosaic materials (fish scales) on children's fine motor skills In Kindergarten Jabal Rahmah Padang. This type of research is quantitative method with the type of experiments or research quashi experimental by using natural mosaic (fish scales) the results of this study obtained an average value obtained from the experimental class which uses higher natural ingredients (fish scales) (82.50) compared to the control class that uses seashell mosaic (73,12). Based on the calculation the t-test was obtained that tcount is greater than t table shows that there is a significant effect on fine motor.
El conflicto Cataluña/España: una revisión desde la Geografía
Authors: Rullan Onofre , Vives-Miró Sònia
Published: February 2020

El trabajo analiza, en perspectiva geohistórica, las relaciones entre los gobiernos de Cataluña y el Estado español a partir de los antecedentes previos a la conformación del Estado-nación. Se analiza, en primer lugar, la literatura geográfica que ha abordado el tema para, posteriormente, recorrer la evolución de los conflictos y colaboraciones entre los nacionalismos español y catalán. Se hace un primer repaso de la colaboración España-Cataluña hasta el fin del imperio colonial (1892), momento a partir del cual las respectivas estrategias empiezan a divergir culminando en la centralización franquista (1939-1978). El Estado de las autonomías supone un paréntesis en el litigio que, de nuevo, se agudiza con la suspensión temporal de la autonomía catalana en aplicación del artículo 155 de la Constitución. Se concluye que, desde la geografía académica española, se ha analizado la organización interna del Estado, pero no una posible organización territorial con alteración de las fronteras exteriores del actual Estado. En segundo lugar que, en referencia al conflicto, sólo se vislumbran posibles soluciones en contextos de confederación. Y, en tercer lugar, que en el actual momento de globalización postmoderna, el litigio no puede entenderse en los términos clásicos de enfrentamiento centro político/periferia económica.
Reduction of Residual Oil Due to the Presence of Free Gas During Water Displacement
Authors: Stewart F.M.
Published: February 2020

Petroleum Conference on Production and Reservoir Engineering, 20–21 March, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Introduction

It has been proved that in many cases the presence of a free gas phase will reduce the residual oil saturation obtained in the displacement of oil by water. This holds for both natural water drives and imposed water floods. For floods at constant pressure, the effects of the presence of free gas on waterflood behavior may be evaluated from tests on short core samples. However; it may be desired to estimate these effects when the results of appropriate flow tests are not available. The purpose of this note is to assemble available information from several sources to aid in doing this.

The discussion in this note pertains to the displacement of oil by water under conditions of essentially constant pressure, and with the pressure differential across the oil bank and flood front small compared to the flooding pressure. The beneficial effect of free gas in the displacement of oil by water comes from the establishment of an immobile or trapped gas saturation at the flood front. Evaluation of this effect in a particular case requires the estimation of [1] the trapped gas saturation maintained at the flood front, and[2] the reduction in residual oil saturation caused by this trapped gas.

Trapped Gas as a Function of Initial Gas

It is an accepted concept that, under the pressure conditions prescribed, some portion of any initial free gas is trapped in the oil bank pushed ahead of the displacing water. If a continuous mobile gas phase existed prior to arrival of the oil bank, part of the initial mobile gas is displaced by the oil bank, leaving a residual immobile trapped gas saturation. [It is assumed that pressure remains fairly constant such that gas solubility and compressibility effects are negligible.] The trapped gas, being a nonwetting phase, is in discontinuous globules or filaments. Within the oil bank ahead of the displacing water, oil fills up the pore space around the trapped gas, except for that portion occupied by connate water.

The relationship between initial and trapped gas saturation obtained from tests on various materials is given in Fig. 1. These data are from References 1, 2, and 3. Pertinent information on the tests is in Table 1. Obviously the relationship depends on the core material and fluid properties. For the same core material and initial gas saturation, less gas is trapped by the more viscous oil; this is shown by the variation of the points plotted for tests 2aand 3a from the line for tests 2 and 3.

For initial gas saturations of less than 10 per cent, trapped gas as a percentage of initial gas saturation ranges from 60 to 100 per cent. The percentage on each test and for the group decreases as initial gas saturation increases [Fig. 1 and Table 2]. This trend is expected, and it means that the greater the initial mobile gas saturation, the larger the portion of the gas which is displaced ahead of the oil bank.
Oil and Gas Securities
Authors: La Piere Gilbert H.
Published: February 2020

Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, 14–18 February, New York City

Recent Trends in Oil

Since May 1, 1957, oil shares have lost their rank of leadership with investors. Until recently, the public had invested more money in oil than in any other industry - but today, oil shares have slipped to third place behind utility and chemical stocks. The current value of oil common stocks approaches$43 billion, approximately the same value they had over years ago in May, 1957.In contrast, utility stocks moved from $33 to $50 billion, and chemical stocks moved from $30 to $46 billion over the same period. Over the past 2 1/2 years, oils were one of the major groups showing a decline in their market price, dropping from 20 per cent of the total value Of all common stocks on the New York Stock Exchange to today's figure of approximately 15 per cent of total value.

An investor should not be too alarmed at these statistics because the oil industry has undergone a period of tremendous expansion during its first 100years, an expansion accelerated particularly by the invention of the automobile in the early part of the century. Much of the gain in petroleum demand can be credited to displacement of other fuels. The exact extent of this displacement is not known, but in 1920 oil and gas accounted for slightly less than 18 percent of the total energies used in this country. By 1943 this rate had climbed to 40 per cent, and in 1956 it had reached 67 per cent. Today, oil and natural gas supply 72 per cent of the energy used in the United States.

A consensus of various petroleum economists indicates that oil and natural gas will supply 75 per cent of the energy used in the United States by the year 1967 and that the growth in demand in the U. S. will approximate 4 to 5 percent/year over the next decade. It is estimated that demand will approach 14million B/D by 1967 compared with approximately 9.5 million B/D today; it is further estimated that the Free World oil consumption will increase at an average rate of approximately 7 to 8 per cent/year, nearing 30 million 3/1) in 1967 compared with approximately 17 million B/D today.
The Question of Governmental Oil Import Restrictions
Authors: Peterson William H.
Published: February 2020

Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, 14–18 February, New York City

How is the Government's oil import control program doing?

In July 1954 Mr. Eisenhower established the Cabinet Committee on Energy Supplies and Resources Policy. On July 29, 1957, the Administration imposed" voluntary", company oil import quotas on American oil importers to maintain "a healthy domestic (oil) production industry" and safeguard" national security." On March 10, 1959 the President by proclamation made the voluntary program mandatory.

But study of the program in practice shows that it is not working out as expected and that there is some doubt that its aims and other related Administration purposes are being achieved.

Take the Administration's anti-inflation policy. To be sure, the President apparently recognized in his March 10th proclamation that in restricting cheap imported oil in favor or more expensive domestic oil he was making the inflation right that much harder, for he called for Government surveillance or domestic oil prices to prevent them from getting out or hand. And indeed while domestic crude oil prices have not risen appreciably during 1959 neither have they fallen appreciably (although there has been some price weakness in the past few weeks).

Domestic prices almost certainly would have gone into a decline if advantage had been taken or much lower-priced Middle Eastern and other foreign crude. Middle Eastern crude's approximate 10 percent price advantage in May, 1958, had widened, if temporarily, to better than 33 1–3 percent in May, 1959.

If anything this price gap is not likely to shrink much and may even increase in the long run; U.S. drilling and development costs generally run a good bit higher than those in the rest or the world, and increasingly so. Why is this? Aside from higher labor costs, probably the main answer lies in the fact that the United States is the scene or the world's highest living standards with the first truly motorized society. So for 100 years this country has been combed for possible oil while its existing economical oil resources have been abundantly utilized and to a significant extent depleted.

So to find oil in the U.S. today as compared to finding it abroad, it is generally necessary to drill to greater depths and with a greater proportion of dry holes or to probe the offshore continental shelf expensive operations which tend to advance the unit cost of domestic oil. Another reason for the cost spread is seen in the figures (1956) for average daily production per well -for the U.S. it is 13 barrels, for Venezuela 176, for Kuwait 5179, and for Saudi Arabia 8650 barrels.
A Method of Projecting U.S. Petroleum Supply
Authors: McGann Paul W.
Published: February 2020

Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, 14–18 February, New York City

This paper presents a methodology for long-range studies of petroleum supply, to meet protected demands, that involves modifications of procedures used previously. This paper continues a series of papers on this general topic in the AIME, the most elaborate recent one being that by Warren Davis given in February 1958.

The procedures considered here begin with the assumption that the governmental framework of regulations and taxes remains fixed but that price changes. After these procedures have been reviewed, the effects of changing certain governmental controls will be considered in order to judge their potential effects on future supply. This is an essential step because controls cannot be expected to remain static in a situation changing as much as the petroleum industry and because such changed are within the scope of alternative ways of adjusting to impending problems.

The first procedure begins with:trends in drilling success,relation between field income from oil and gas and footage drilled,declines incapacity from production,trends in capacity of new and producing wells,all monetary values are in constant 1958 dollars, andget amounts of domestic crude petroleum production.

From these components protections are obtained of:numbers of future producing wells required,footage drilled,new wells drilled,crude oil found,capacity of producing wells,completion costs,finding costs,production costs, andaverage wellhead crude oil price consistent with the footage-field income relationship.

No attempt is made at this time to explain trends in future production of natural gas or natural gas liquids. Simple protections of these are assumed for the future which are consistent with past trends and forecasts by the American Gas Association. Such forecasts take account of trends toward deeper wells, increasing gas-oil ratios and increasing condensate-oil ratios, but we are not directly concerned with an analysis of gas and condensate in this paper.
Trends in Property Acquisitions and Mergers in the Oil Industry Since 1954
Authors: Farrier H. Marshall
Published: February 2020

Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, 14–18 February, New York City

In the past few years, the world-petroleum-industry had increasingly felt the-weight of changes in the principal economic factors affecting profits. As a result of theme changes, it has been necessary for many oil companies to acquire certain new facilities in order to strengthen their competitive positions and thereby protect their tremendous investments in crude oil reserves, pipe line facilities, refining operations, and marketing outlets. Principally, these needs have been met by new capital outlays. A supplementary method of acquiring needed facilities, however, has been to obtain existing facilities through complete or partial acquisition oil other companies'properties. It is this method of meeting competitive pressures with which this paper is concerned.

This paper presents a statistical breakdown of the mergers and acquisition which occurred in the oil industry between January 1, 1954, and October 1,1959, showing the frequency with which certain types of properties were acquired in each of the years studied. In addition, it discusses the principal economic conditions which stimulated many of these property transfers, comments on the effects of these mergers on the consuming public, and indicates the types of mergers and the rate at which they may be expected during the next three or four years.

The basic data upon which the statistical analysis presented in this paper is based were taken from several published sources. Obviously they are:somewhat incomplete because not all mergers and acquisitions were reported. However, a careful search was conducted through The Wall Street Journal, The Oil and Gas Journal, Petroleum Week, and The Oil Daily with the result that the data should be reasonably complete and comparable for each of the years studied. It is believed, therefore, that the statistical analysis which follows provides a reasonably accurate indication of the general trend in mergers and acquisitions during the period studied.

Apparent Trends in Mergers

During the period January 1, 1954 to October 1, 1959, there were approximately 519 complete or partial company acquisitions made by 238acquiring companies or individuals, involving solely United States or Canadian properties reported in the trade papers examined. Included in these property transfers were transactions involving common stock mergers, acquisitions of part interests in the common stock of other companies, and purchases of othercompanies' properties. All of the buyers and sellers were engaged in the producing, refining, and/or marketing of crude oil or natural gas liquids either prior to or as a result of these acquisitions.
History Matching Under Geological Constraints Coupled with Multiobjective Optimization To Optimize MWAG Performance: A Case Study in a Giant Onshore Carbonate Reservoir in the Middle East
Authors: AlAmeri Saeeda , AlBreiki Mohamed , Geiger Sebastian
Published: February 2020

In this paper we demonstrate how key geological uncertainties in a giant onshore carbonate reservoir in the Middle East, most notably fracture permeability and saturation distributions, impact the quality of the history match and change the performance forecasts of a planned miscible water alternating gas (MWAG) injection process.

Different geological models for the reservoir were designed by integrating static and dynamic data. These data indicated the need to consider fault-related fractures using effective medium theory (EMT) and to update the saturation distribution by integrating special core analysis and log-derived J-functions in the reservoir model during the history matching. Afterward, multiobjective optimization (MOO) was applied for each history-matched model to identify well controls that optimally balanced the need to maximize the time on the plateau rate while adhering to the field's gas production constraints.

Our results clearly show that including low-intensity fault-controlled fractures in the reservoir model improved the quality of the history match for the gas/oil ratio (GOR), BHP and water cut (WC). This is especially true for wells located near faults, which were difficult to match in the past. Moreover, our results further show that the updated saturation model improved the quality of the history match for the WC, and honored water saturation from the log with high accuracy, particularly for wells located in the transition zone.

Applying MOO for each history-matched model then allowed us to identify well controls for the MWAG injection that could extend the time at which the reservoir would be produced at the plateau rate for up to 11 years and the risk of losing production plateau down to 2 years, while always adhering to the current field operational constraints.

We demonstrate how the integration of MOO with an innovative workflow for fracture and saturation modeling impacts the prediction of a planned MWAG injection in a giant onshore carbonate reservoir. Our work clearly illustrates the potential of integrating MOO with new reservoir characterization methods to improve the quantification of uncertainties in reservoir performance predictions in carbonate reservoirs.
Beckman Gas Density Balance
Authors: Johnston Norris , Richards James D.
Published: February 2020

Fall Meeting of the Southern California Petroleum Section of AIME, 17–18 October, Los Angeles, California

Introduction

Many phases of oil and gas reservoir evaluation, and operation of such properties for maximum economic return, depend on a thorough knowledge of the volumetric behavior of the oil and/or gas contained therein. One of the basic elements in measurements of this sort is the density of the gas phase. This parameter must be accurately known whether the complete Pressure-Volume-Temperature [PVT] study of the oil and gas system is made or whether empirical correlations are being used, as with the method of Marshall B. Standing.

The density of gas may well be used as a monitor on many refinery processes and in an endless list of chemical engineering processes where gas of any composition is an integral part of the process. Some of the gas density-measuring devices on the market now are fairly satisfactory where a large amount of gas is available or monitoring of the density of a large stream of gas is required. Where time is no object or if extreme accuracy is not required, several available instruments prove satisfactory. But where rapid measurements of the density of small quantities of gas are required with a high degree of accuracy, coupled with a minimum of lost motion between samples, the Beckman Density Balance has proved to be invaluable.

The first laboratory model of the Density Balance was installed in Jan., 1955. Except for minor adjustments and one improvement in the interest of corrosion resistance, it has operated for two years on hundreds of samples of gas, giving more precision than is necessary for most PVT work with smaller samples and more quickly than any other method known to the authors. The result are so outstanding that further laboratory development is entirely restricted to other phases of the PVT equipment and procedures.

Principle of Operation

Inside the measuring cell a horizontal quartz fiber supports a light dumbbell-mirror assembly. One ball of the dumbbell is punctured, making it independent of buoyancy effects. The other dumbbell ball rises or dips as the density of the gas fluctuates.
Effect of the Presence of Hydrocarbons on Well Logging Potential
Authors: Kerver J.K. , Prokop C.L.
Published: February 2020

Fall Meeting of the Southern California Petroleum Section of AIME, 17–18 October, Los Angeles, California

Although field observations have indicated that the presence of hydrocarbons in sands may affect the potential recorded on the electric log, no systematic laboratory investigation of the phenomenon has been reported. In the interpretation of the electric log, it is essential that the various factors which influence the magnitude of the potential be known. To fill this need, a laboratory study has been made of the development of the potential in sands containing both brine and oil. The laboratory experiments were conducted on a wide range of porous media, including clean and shaly reservoir rock and pure siliceous material. Potentials were measured over a wide range of oil saturations. It was observed that under specific conditions an oil saturation affected the potential developed across both clean and shaly samples. Slightly shaly reservoir core samples containing high oil saturations developed potentials which made them appear more shaly than they appeared when the cores contained only water. A less pronounced but similar effect was also observed in clean, siliceous materials. The laboratory work suggests that in some cases this phenomenon may have an appreciable effect on the potential recorded on the electric log; in general, however, the effect is probably not serious.

Introduction

Although the potential curve of the electric log has been widely used for a number of years as the basis for lithologic interpretation of strata, it has only been in recent years that the factors responsible for the origin of the potential have been recognized. In their pioneer work on the development of the electric log, the Schlumberger brothers pointed out that the potentials measured opposite sands and shales are different and that the difference is of diagnostic value, but it remained for Mounce and Rust to give a logical explanation of the phenomenon. Mounce and Rust demonstrated that the potential is predominantly electrochemical in nature, and that its existence is dependent upon a salinity difference between interstitial water and the mud or water filling the borehole. They also showed that the seat of the potential is in shale.
Cultural Perceptions of Child Abuse in Terms of Parents Perspective a Qualitative Study in Indonesia
Authors: Dewi Reizkiana Feva Kosmah , Dhamayanti Meita , Rahayuningsih Sri Endah , Mutyara Kuswandewi , Arisanti Nita , Rusmil Viramitha Kusnandi , Sekarwana Nanan
Published: February 2020

Background Child abuse (CA) is a serious problem and difficult to detect. According to World Health Organization (WHO), CA is responsible on 950,000 deaths in children aged below 18 every year. As many cultures as various of CA among parents inside. This research aims to determine the cultural perceptions of child abuse in terms of parents in Indonesia. Method A qualitative study using focus group discussions was conducted to thirty one parents that selected purposively. The discussion centered about CA definition, classification, and frequency, level of CA (mild, moderate, and severe), the difference between violence and discipline. The focus group discussions divided in to 3 groups level education, Elementary/Junior high school, senior high school, and bachelor’s degree. The process offocus group discussion were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using manifest qualitative content analysis. Results Every cultures in Indonesia perceived that CA is a form of parents’ emotion which lead to injure children physically and mentally. Indonesian cultures were not familiar with neglect and exploitation. Participants’ opinion regarding level of violence can be categorized as severe if leaving wounds, need to be hospitalized, and visumed. The parents assumed as CA if occurred more than twice and/or leaving marks. The discipline’s ussualy purpose is not to mistreat, but for goods, character building, and educating the children. Conclusions Cultural perceptions of parents about CA is a form of parents’ emotion which lead to injure children physically and mentally. The community and health workers should be aware to decrease morbidity and mortality of CA
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy-induced decrease of prognostic nutrition index predicts poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Oba Takaaki , Maeno Kazuma , Takekoshi Daiya , Ono Mayu , Ito Tokiko , Kanai Toshiharu , Ito Ken-ichi
Published: February 2020

Background: The prognostic nutritional index (PNI), which is an easily calculated nutritional index, is significantly associated with patient outcomes in various solid malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of PNI changes in patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).Methods: We reviewed patients with breast cancer who underwent NAC and a subsequent surgery for breast cancer between 2005 and 2016. PNI before and after NAC were calculated using the following formula: 10 × serum albumin (g/dl) + 0.005 × total lymphocyte count/mm3. The relationship between PNI and prognosis was retrospectively analyzed. Results: In total, 191 patients were evaluated. There was no significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS) between the pre-NAC PNI high group and the pre-NAC PNI low group (cutoff: 53.1). However, PNI decreased in 181 patients (94.7%) after NAC and the mean PNI also significantly decreased after NAC from 52.6 ± 3.8 pre-NAC to 46.5 ± 4.4 post-NAC (p < 0.01). The mean ΔPNI, which was calculated as pre-NAC PNI minus post-NAC PNI, was 5.4. The high ΔPNI group showed significantly poorer DFS than the low ΔPNI group (cut off: 5.26) (p = 0.015). Moreover, high ΔPNI was an independent risk factor of DFS on multivariate analysis (p = 0.042). Conclusions: High decrease of PNI during NAC predicts poor prognosis. Thus, maintaining the nutritional status during NAC may result in better treatment outcomes in patients with breast cancer.
Pregnancy outcomes of dichorionic triamniotic triplet pregnancies after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer: multifoetal pregnancy reduction versus expectant management
Authors: Cai Pei , Ouyang Yan , Gong Fei , Li Xihong
Published: February 2020

Background: Trichorionic triplet pregnancy reduction to twin pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of preterm delivery but not with a lower risk of miscarriage. However, data on dichorionic triamniotic (DCTA) triplet pregnancy outcomes are lacking. This study aimed to compare the pregnancy outcomes of DCTA triplets conceived via in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) managed expectantly or reduced to a monochorionic (MC) singleton or monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twins at 11-13+6 gestational weeks.Methods: Two hundred ninety-eight patients with DCTA triplets conceived via IVF-ET between 2012 and 2016 were retrospectively analysed. DCTA triplets with three live foetuses were reduced to a MC singleton (group A) or MCDA twins (group B) or underwent expectant management (group C). Each multifoetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) was performed at 11-13+6 gestational weeks. Pregnancy outcomes in the 3 groups were compared.Results: Eighty-four DCTA pregnancies were reduced to MC singleton pregnancies, 149 were reduced to MCDA pregnancies, and 65 were managed expectantly. There were no significant differences among groups A, B, and C in miscarriage rate (8.3 vs. 7.4 vs. 10.8%, respectively) and live birth rate (90.5 vs. 85.2 vs. 83.1%, respectively) (P > 0.05). Group A had significantly lower rates of preterm birth (8.3 vs. 84.6%; odds ratio (OR) 0.017, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.006-0.046) and low birth weight (LBW; 9.2 vs. 93.2%; OR 0.007, 95% CI 0.003-0.020) than group C (P < 0.001). Group B had significantly lower preterm birth (47.0 vs. 84.6%; OR 0.161, 95% CI 0.076-0.340) and LBW rates (58.7 vs. 93.2%; OR 0.103, 95% CI 0.053-0.200) than group C (P < 0.001). Group A had significantly lower preterm birth (8.3 vs. 47.0%; OR 0.103, 95% CI 0.044-0.237; P < 0.001), LBW (9.2 vs. 58.7%; OR 0.071, 95% CI 0.032-0.162; P < 0.001) and perinatal death rates (1.3 vs. 9.1%; OR 0.132, 95% CI 0.018-0.991; P = 0.021) than group B.Conclusion: The MFPR of DCTA triplets to singleton or MCDA pregnancies was associated with better pregnancy outcomes compared to expectant management. DCTA triplets reduced to singleton pregnancies had better perinatal outcomes than DCTA triplets reduced to MCDA pregnancies.
Relationship of lymphovascular invasion with lymph node metastasis and prognosis in superficial esophageal carcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yang Jinxin , Lu Zhouyi , Li Lintao , Li Yong , Tan Yulong , Zhang Dekang , Wang An
Published: February 2020

Background: The development of tumor cells inside the lymphatics or blood vessels is known as lymphovascular invasion (LVI). The correlation between LVI, lymph node metastasis (LNM), and the diagnosis of superficial esophageal carcinoma (SEC) remains unclear. Methods: We searched Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for prospective articles to better understand the relationship between LVI, LNM, and SEC diagnosis. Results: We included 23 articles containing data for 4749 patients (range: 54-598) in our meta-analysis. The hazard ratio between LVI and overall survival (OS) was 1.85 with 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.10-3.11, P = 0.02). LNM rate was higher in SEC patients with LVI than SEC patients without LVI (univariate: OR = 4.94, 95% CI: 3.74-6.53, P < 0.0001; multivariate: OR = 5.72, 95%CI: 4.38-7.4, P < 0.0001). No obvious publication was found. Conclusions: The results indicate that LVI plays a dominant role in the prognosis of LNM in SEC and in the prognostic prediction for SEC. Keywords: Lymphovascular invasion; lymph node metastasis; prognosis; superficial esophageal carcinoma