bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extending the University for Grass‐Roots Development
Authors: Clarke Ronald
Published: August 2010

Summary Universities in developing countries are often attacked as over‐subsidised bastions of privilege, but they have a considerable and generally unrecognised potential as agents of grass‐roots development through extension activities of various kinds. Greater coordination of existing work, and stimulation of new activities, demands a commitment by the whole university to developmental work in the community beyond the traditional boundaries of university‐level teaching and research/consultancy. Using illustrations from a number of African countries, it is argued that more use should be made of the media available to reach people throughout the area served.

Resume Etendre l'Université pour un développement à la base

On reproche souvent aux universités des pays en voie de développement d'être des bastions grossementsubventionnés réservés aux privilégiés, mais elles ont en fait un immense potentiel, généralement ignoré, en tant qu'agents du développement à la base grâce à des activités annexes de toutes sortes. Pour parvenir à une meilleure coordination des travaux existants et stimuler les activités nouvelles, il faut que l'ensemble de l'université participe au travail de développement dans la communauté au delà des frontières traditionnelles de l'enseignement et de la recherche/conseil dans le cadre de l'Université démontré, à l'aide d'exemples pris dans plusieurs pays africains, qu'il devrait être fait un plus grand usage des moyens de communication existants pour atteindre les gens dans toute la région desservie.

Resumen Ampliación de la Universidad para el desarrollo de los desprivilegiados

Con frecuencia se ataca a las universidades en los países en vías de desarrollo como bastiones excesivamente subvencionados del privilegio, pero tienen un potencial considerable y en general no reconocido como agentes del desarrollo de los desprivilegiados a través de actividades de ampliación de diversos tipos. Una mayor coordinación de la labor existente y el estímulo a nuevas actividades, exige el esfuerzo de toda la universidad en la labor de desarrollo dentro de la comunidad, que excede los límites tradicionales de la enseñanza, investigación y asesoramiento a nivel universitario. Se dan ejemplos de varios países africanos y se alega que se deberían utilizar más los medios disponibles para comunicar con la gente a través de la zona afectada.
Politics, Social Cost‐Benefit Analysis and Planners
Authors: Potts David
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The paper explores some of the political assumptions implicit in the use of social cost‐benefit analysis, and the role of economic planners using this analysis. It is argued that the recent emphasis on income distribution in project planning techniques rests on questionable assumptions about the nature and intentions of governments. These techniques can be thought of as attempts to redistribute income ‘through the back door’. Some possible justification for the use of income distribution weights in project planning is given, but it is concluded that they are very much second best to direct macro‐economic policies and popular participation in planning.

RESUME La politique, l'analyse sociale des coûts et rendements et les planificateurs

Cet article explore certaines des hypothèses politiques qui sous‐tendent l'utilisation de l'analyse sociale des coûts et rendements, et le rôle des planificateurs économiques qui ont recours à cette analyse. L'article explique que l'accent mis récemment sur la distribution des revenus dans les techniques de planification des projets repose sur des hypothèses contestables sur la nature et les intentions des gouvernements. Ces techniques peuvent être considérées comme des tentatives de redistribution des revenus “par la porte de derrière”. L'article présente une justification possible de l'utilisation de coefficients représentant la distribution des revenus dans la planification des projets, mais conclut qu'elle ne saurait égaler les politiques macro‐économiques directes et la participation populaire à la planification.

RESUMEN Política, análisis social de costos y beneficios y planificadores

En este artículo se exploran algunas de las suposiciones implícitas en la utilización del análisis social de costos y beneficios, y la función de los planificadores económicos que utilizan este análisis. Se alega que el énfasis reciente en la distribución de ingresos dentro de las técnicas de planificación de proyectos se apoya en suposiciones discutibles sobre el carácter y las intenciones de los gobiernos. Se puede considerar que estas técnicas son tentativas para redistribuir los ingresos ‘por la puerta de atrás’. Se da alguna justificación posible para la utilización de ponderaciones sobre la distribución de ingresos en la planificación de proyectos, pero se concluye que constituyen, a lo sumo, un alternativa para las políticas macroeconómicas directas y la participación popular en la planificación.
Politics and Administration in the Israeli Port of Ashdod1
Authors: Mars Leonard
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Ashdod is a new port, administered by a new bureaucracy, in a new town, settled by new immigrants. This article examines power relations between the Israel Ports Authority (IPA), port workers, the Histadruth (General Federation of Labour) and the Government. Because of its national significance, workers' leaders in the port are able to negotiate directly with Histadruth headquarters and Government ministries. A series of labour disputes resulted in the increased participation of workers' representatives in the port administration, particularly over questions of recruitment and promotion. In addition to being pressed by its workers, the IPA, following a Committee of Inquiry on Labour Relations, has come under closer Government scrutiny.

RESUME Politique et administration dans le port israélien de Ashdod

Ashdod est un nouveau port, administré par une nouvelle bureaucratie, dans une ville neuve, habitée par de nouveaux immigrants. Le présent article étudie les rapports de puissance entre autorités portuaires (Israel Ports Authority), les ouvriers du port, le Histadruth (Fédération générale du travail) et le gouvernement. En raison de son importance nationale, les représentants des travailleurs du port négocient directement avec le siège du Histadruth et les ministères du gouvernement. A la suite de conflits ouvriers, la participation des représentants des travailleurs dans l'administration du port a été accrue, en particulier pour les questions de recrutement et de promotion. Outre cette pression exercée par les travailleurs, la IPA s'est vue, à la suite d'un Comité d'enquête sur les rapports avec la main‐d'oeuvre, placée sous la surveillance plus étroite du gouvernement.

RESUMEN La Política y la Administración en el puerto Israelí de Ashdod

Ashdod es un puerto nuevo, bajo la administración de una nueva burocracia, en una ciudad nueva habitada por nuevos inmigrantes. Este artículo examina las relaciones de fuerza entre la Israel Ports Authority (I PA), los obreros del puertc, el Histadruth (Federación General de Mano de Obra) y el gobierno. A causa de la importancia nacional del puerto, los líderes de la mano de obra pueden negociar directamente con la central del Histadruth y los ministerios del gobierno. Una serie de disputas dieron como resultado una mayor participación de representación por parte de los obreros en la administración del puerto, particularmente con respecto a cuestiones de admisión de gente y promoción. Además de ser empujado por los obreros, y como continuación de una investigación sobre las relaciones con los trabajadores, la IPA está bajo un estrecho escrutinio del gobierno.
Notes on Traditional Knowledge, Modern Knowledge and Rural Development
Authors: Swift Jeremy
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The body of knowledge, science and techniques used by rural people is well developed and can make an important contribution to development, but there is a conflict between it and modern knowledge. Modern knowledge is an instrument of power belonging to the technician. By emphasising the government agent's knowledge, development projects devalue traditional rural peoples' knowledge, and deny them creativity. We need new institutional ways of releasing the creative abilities of rural people in order to achieve a synthesis of traditional and modern knowledge.

RESUME Notes sur les connaissances traditionnelles, les connaissances modernes et le développement rural

L'ensemble des connaissances, des sciences et des techniques utilisées par les ruraux est loin d'être négligeable et peut apporter une aide importante au développement, mais il entre en conflit avec les connaissances modernes. Les connaissances modernes sont un instrument de pouvoir appartenant au technicien. En mettant en avant les connaissances de l'agent du gouvernement les projets de développement dévalorisent les connaissances rurales traditionnelles et leur refusent toute créactivité. il faut instituer de nouvelles démarches pour libérer les aptitudes créatives des ruraux, afin de parvenir à une synthèse des connaissances traditionnelles et modernes.

RESUMEN Notas sobre el conocimiento tradicional, el conocimiento moderno y el desarrollo rural

El cuerpo del conocimiento, la ciencia y las técnicas utilizadas por la población rural está bien desarrollado y puede hacer una importante aportación al desarrollo, pero existe un conflicto entre ellos y el conocimiento moderno. El conocimiento moderno es un instrumento de poder que pertenece al técnico. Al poner de relieve el conocimiento del agente del gobierno, los proyectos de desarrollo devalúan el conocimiento tradicional de la población rural, negándoles sus posibilidades creativas. Necesitamos nuevas maneras institucionales de liberar las habilidades creativas de la población rural, con objeto de conseguir una síntesis del conocimiento tradicional y el moderno.
Access and the New Protectionism: What Future for GATTery and All GATT?
Authors: Green Reginald Herbold
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The rise of the New Protectionism gravely prejudices Third World export prospects. The Tokyo Round of GATT has done little to halt the erosion of access. Historic peripheral economy strategies toward and in GATT seem ill suited to combatting the New International Economic Disorder. A series of suggestions is made for Third World trade negotiation initiatives. Many are of value to industrialised capitalist economies as well—the rise of the New Protectionism and New International Economic Disorder is a negative sum scenario which cars, in principle, be halted. Tactics may matter.

RÉSUMÉ L'accès et le nouveau protectionnisme: quel est l'avenir du GATT et de la GATTerie?

La montée du nouveau protectionnisme compromet gravement les perspectives du tiers monde en matière d'exportation. Le Tokyo Round du GATT n'a guère réussi à enrayer l'érosion de l'accès. Les stratégies économiques périphériques traditionnelles qui ont amené la création du GATT et qui le soustendent sont mal armées pour la lutte contre le nouveau désordre économique international. L'article suggère des initiatives que le tiers monde pourrait prendre en matière de négociations sur le commerce international. Beaucoup valent également pour les économies capitalistes et industrialisées. La montée du nouveau protectionnisme et du nouveau désordre économique international constitue un scénario à bilan négatif, qu'il est, en principe, possible d'enrayer. La tactique pourrait importer.

RESUMEN El acceso y el nuevo proteccionismo: qué futuro tiene el GATT y todos sus miembros?

El aumento del nuevo proteccionismo perjudica gravemente a las perspectivas de exportación del Tercer Mundo. Las sesiones del GATT en Tokio apenas han contribuido a interrumpir la erosión del acceso. Las estrategias económicas periféricas e históricas hacía el GATT y dentro de él parecen tener pocas posibilidades de combatir el Nuevo Desorden Económico Internacional. Se hace una serie de sugerencias sobre iniciativas en las negociaciones comerciales del Tercer Mundo. Muchas de ellas tienen también valor para las economías capitalistas industrializadas: el aumento del Nuevo Proteccionismo y el Nuevo Desorden Económico Internacional es un escenario de signo negativo que puede frenarse en principio. Las tácticas pueden tener importancia.
Challenging Development Concepts
Authors: Leys Colin
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The paper argues that the main need in teaching development in the 1980s is not to overcome academic inertia (using yesterday's theories to think about tomorrow's problems) but to exorcise an ideological concept of ‘development in general’ which remains implicit even in the most fashionably ‘advanced’ theories, and in the currently popular ideal of ‘interdisciplinarity’ in teaching about development. This implies that any course on development, however ‘practical’, must deal systematically with basic theoretical issues, with competing concepts and forms of development, with politics, and with international aspects of development.

RESUME Remise en question des concepts de développement

Cet article prétend que ce qu'il faut surtout dans l'enseignement du développement dans les années 80, ce n'est pas de combattre l'inertie académique (utiliser les théories d'hier pour penser aux problèmes de demain), mais d'exorciser un concept idéologique de ‘développement en général’ qui demeure implicite même dans les théories ‘avancées’ les plus à la mode, et dans l'‘Interdisciplinarité’, l'idéal actuellement en faveur dans l'enseignement du développement. Cela implique que tout cours sur le développement, aussi ‘pratique’ soit‐il, doit systématiquement traiter des problèmes théoriques de base, des concepts et formes de développement rivaux, de la politique et des aspects internationaux du développement.

RESUMEN Conceptos del desarrollo puestos en duda

En el artículo se alega que la principal necesidad en la enseñanza sobre el desarrollo durante el decenio de 1980 no consistirá en superar la inercia académica (utilizando las teorías de ayer para concebir los problemas del mañana), sino la de depurar un concepto ideológico del ‘desarrollo en general’ que sigue implícito incluso en las teorías más ‘avanzadas’ de acuerdo con la moda, y en el ideal actualmente popular de la ‘interdisciplinaridad’ en la enseñanza sobre el desarrollo. Esto significa que todo curso sobre el desarrollo, por ‘práctico’ que sea debe tratar sistemáticamente los temas teóricos fundamentales con formas y conceptos opuestos de desarrollo y política y con los aspectos internacionales del desarrollo.
Distant Encounters of a Third Kind: Problems of Generalism in the Teaching of Development Studies
Authors: Apthorpe Raymond
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Is ‘the Third World’, as it is commonly and distantly conceptualised and perceived ‘in the West’, more an invention than a discovery? Development studies persist in construing it predominantly in ‘other‐cultural’ terms. As a result, cultural descriptions of, or by, ‘rural folk’, ‘ethnic folk’, and ‘summit folk’ have become overloaded with a too socio‐centric and culturally‐bound burden of explanation. Both ‘aspectual’ and ‘synthetic’ interdisciplinary approaches to public policy problems only encounter these concepts indirectly if the problems themselves are non‐disciplinary in the first place.

RESUME Rencontres à distance: Problèmes de généralisme dans l'enseignement des études sur le développement

Le Tiers Monde, comme il est communément et de loin conceptualisé et perçu dans le monde occidental, est‐il plus une invention qu'une découverte? Les études sur le développement persistent à l'interpréter en utilisant surtout des termes ‘d'une autre culture’. Il s'ensuit que les descriptions de, ou par, les gens de la campagne, les gens ethniques et les gens de rang élevé se sont chargées d'un poids d'explication trop socio‐centrique et lié à la culture. Les méthodes interdisciplinaires tant ‘aspectuelles’ que ‘synthétiques’ appliquées aux problèmes de politique publique ne rencontrent ces concepts qu'indirectement si les problèmes eux‐mêmes sont non‐disciplinaires.

RESUMEN Problemas de la generalización en la enseñanza para los estudios sobre el desarrollo

¿Es el ‘Tercer Mundo’, según se ha conceptualizado y percibido en general y a distancia en ‘Occidente’, más un invento que un descubrimiento? Los estudios sobre el desarrollo persisten en interpretarlo de manera predominante en términos de ‘otras culturas’. Como resultado, las descripciones culturales de ó por ‘el pueblo rural’, ‘el pueblo étnico’ y ‘el pueblo superior’ se han sobrecargado de explicaciones demasiado sociocentradas y vinculadas a la cultura. Las actitudes interdisciplinarias de carácter ‘aspectivo’ y ‘sintético’ hacia los problemas de política oficial sólo tropiezan con estos conceptos de manera indirecta si los problemas mismos no se derivan de la disciplina misma en primer lugar.
Should Development Studies Be Taught in Britain?
Authors: Oxenham John
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The desire to help fellow human beings, and natural curiosity, provide a first justification for an affirmative answer to this question, but should be placed on the practice of curiosity (eg on the location of the study)? Despite updated definitions of ‘development’, in fact development studies is still largely the study of poor states by students from those countries. Can Britain claim an advantage in such teaching, or is it an interest inherited from the experience of empire and now taken over by aid? Finally, despite all doubts, and though the courses are far from perfect, the conclusion is that they do have value as ‘half a loaf’, given that they are not displacing alternative initiatives in the developing countries themselves.

RESUME Les études sur le développement devraient‐elles être enseignées en Grande‐Bretagne?

Le désir d'aider ses frères humains et une curiosité naturelle fournissent une première justification pour répondre affirmativement à cette question, mais ne devrait‐il pas y avoir des limites à la pratique de la curiosité (par example sur le lieu de l'étude)? En dépit de définitions remaniées du terme ‘développement’, les études sur le développement sont encore en fait pour une grande part l'étude des pays pauvres par les étudiants de ces pays. La Grande‐Bretagne peut‐elle se prétendre mieux placée pour un tel enseignement ou bien est‐ce un intérêt hérité de l'expérience d'un empire, remplacée aujourd'hui par l'aide? Enfin, en dépit de tous les doutes, et bien que les cours soient loin d'être parfaits, la conclusion est qu'ils valent mieux que rien, pourvu qu'ils ne déplacent pas les autres initiatives dans les pays en voie de développement eux‐mêmes.

RESUMEN ¿Debieran enseñarse en la Gran Bretańa los estudios sobre el desarroflo?

El deseo de ayudar a otros seres humanos y la curiosidad natural proporcionan la primera justificación para una respuesta afirmativa a esta interrogante, pero ¿debieran imponerse restricciones sobre la aplicación práctica de la curiosidad (por ejemplo, en la localización del estudio)? A pesar de las definiciones actualizadas del ‘desarrollo’, de hecho los estudios sobre el desarrollo se refieren todavía en gran parte al estudio de los estados pobres por parte de estudiantes procedentes de dicho países. ¿Puede la Gran Bretaña pretender una ventaja en dicha enseñanza o constituye un interés heredado de la experiencia imperial y actualmente adoptado por la ayuda? Por último, a pesar de todas las dudas, y aunque los cursos están muy lejos de la perfección, la conclusión es que efectivamente tienen valor como ‘medio pan’, dado que no sustituyen a otras alternativas procedentes de los mismos países en vías de desarrollo.
Botswana in the Southern African Periphery : the Limits of Capitalist Transformation in a ‘Labour Reserve’
Authors: Parson Jack
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The article examines Botswana's development in the context of ‘constraints’ generated by its position as a small and weak economy in the Southern African region dominated by South Africa, and the relevance of this in the context of a wider world system. Limits on a national, regional and world scale are explored historically and as they have affected post‐colonial policies. It is concluded that a strategy of weakening South Africa's regional domination by engaging in new ties of dependence will not release the developmental potential of Botswana, although it has led to a certain amount of economic growth. An alternative development model is suggested.

RÉSUMÉ Le Botswana sur la périphérie du sud de l'Afrique : Les limites de la transformation capitaliste dans une ‘réserve de main‐d'oeuvre’

L'article examine le développement du Botswana dans le contexte des ‘contraintes’ issues de sa position d'économie limitée et faible de la région du sud de l'Afrique dominée par l'Afrique du Sud, et l'importance de cet état de choses dans le contexte d'un système mondial plus vaste. Les limites sur une échelle nationale, régionale et mondiale sont examinées du point de vue historique et aussi de leur effet sur les politiques post‐coloniales. L'auteur conclut en disant qu'une stratégie visant à l'affaiblissement de la domination régionale de l'Afrique du Sud en créant de nouveaux liens de dépendance ne libérera pas le potentiel de développement du Botswana, bien que cela ait amené une certaine croissance économique. L'auteur suggère un autre modèle de développement possible.

RESUMEN Botswana en la periferia de Africa Meridonal: los limites de la transformación capitalista en una ‘réserva laboral’

En el artículo se examina el desarrollo de Botswana en el contexto de las ‘restricciones’ generadas por su posición como una economía pequeña y débil en la región de Africa Meridional dominada por Sudáfrica y la influencia de esto en el contexto de un sistema mundial más amplio. Se exploran, desde el punto de vista histórico, los límites a escala nacional, regional y mundial y la manera en que han afectado a las políticas posteriores a la colonia. Se concluye que una estrategia que tienda a debilitar el dominio regional sudafricano estableciendo nuevos vínculos de dependencia no liberará el potencial de desarrollo de Botswana, aunque haya conducido a determinada amplitud de desarrollo económico. Se sugiere un modelo de desarrollo alternativo.
Export Orientation in South Korea: How Helpful is Dependency Thinking to its Analysis?
Authors: Luedde‐Neurath Richard
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This paper argues that dependency thinking has been applied to the South Korean experience of export orientation in both an uncritical and unhelpful fashion with the result that some of the most important features of the strategy and its domestic implications have been either misrepresented or overlooked. Contrary to what is often implied in dependency literature, the state has played an active role not merely in mobilising foreign and local resources for industrial development, but — in the Korean case — also in directing and controlling them, thereby positively affecting the country's terms of integration into the world economy. What is more, the outcome of the Korean strategy is at variance with much of dependency thinking, given that some of the main problems associated with export orientation were at least partly avoided, and given that certain trends towards a greater degree of autonomy are discernable. In order to be useful in the Korean case the dependency approach requires substantial modification.
One Year After Brandt
Authors: Heath Edward
Published: August 2010

Summary Governments have taken little action on the Brandt Report partly because of lack of political will, but more fundamentally because of Northern governments' failure to understand their stake in the development of the South. Equally important are the misunderstandings on the part of both North and South of each other's motives in the North‐South dialogue, which is trapped in a vicious circle of disillusion and hostility. A summit is needed to break the stalemate.

Resume Un an après Brandt

Les gouvernements n'ont guère réagi au rapport Brandt, par manque de volonté politique, et surtout parce qu'ils ne comprennent pas l'importance de l'enjeu que représente le développement du sud. Le dialogue Nord‐Sud est un dialogue de sourds et les malentendus créent un climat de désenchantement et d'hostilité. II faudrait un sommet pour sortir de l'impasse.

Resumen Un año después de Brandt

Los gobiernos apenas han tomado medidas sobre el Informe Brandt, en parte debido a la falta de voluntad política, pero más fundamentalmente debido al fracaso de los gobiernos del hemisferio norte en comprender lo que constituye su participación en el desarrollo del hemisferio sur. Igual importancia tienen las incomprensiones, por parte tanto del norte como del sur, de los motivos que anima a cada uno de ellos en el diálogo de norte a sur, que se halla encerrado en un círculo vicioso de desilusión y hostilidad. Es preciso celebrar una reunión en la cumbre para huir de este callejón sin salida.
The Churches and the Charities on the Brandt Report
Authors: Laishley Roy
Published: August 2010

Summary The public response in Britain to the Brandt Report has been remarkably strong. The Report's moral language and its argument for an equitable and secure world economy have acted as a rallying call for the development NGOs. Their activities over the past year are described. The differences in attitude among the NGOs towards the recommendations of the Brandt Report have not mattered so far, but may become more prominent as the lobbying comes down to specific issues.

Resume Les églises et les oeuvres de bienfaisance commentent le rapport Brandt

L'audience du rapport Brandt a été particulièrement impressionnante en Grande‐Bretagne. Le souci moral dont il fait preuve et son raisonnement en faveur d'une économie mondiale plus sûre et plus équitable ont rallié à sa cause les ONG s'occupant du développement. Leurs activités de l'année passée sont décrites. Les divergences de vues des ONG à l'égard des recommandations de la Commission n'importent pas jusqu'ici mais elles pourraient s'affirmer au fur et à mesure que s'accentuent les pressions qui s'exercent sur certaines questions spécifiques.

Resumen Las iglesias y la beneficencia en el Informe Brandt

La respuesta del público en la Gran Bretaña al Informe Brandt ha sido extraordinariamente fuerte. El lenguaje moral del Informe y su argumento en pro de una economía mundial equitativa y segura han actuado como Ilamada de agrupamiento para la evolución de las organizaciones no gubernamentales. Se describen sus actividades en el curso del año pasado. Hasta la fecha no han tenido importancia las diferencias de actitud prevalecientes entre las organizaciones no gubernamentales hacia las recomendaciones del Informe Brandt, pero pueden hacerse más prominentes a medida que las presiones que se ejercen se concentren en aspectos concretos.
The Brandt Report
Authors: Stewart Frances
Published: August 2010

Summary The Brandt Report is coherent and well presented and it contains some important and substantive conclusions. The proposals on individual topics are summarised. But it is difficult to believe that much will change as a result, partly because the coverage is so extensive and inevitably superficial. The fact that members of the Commission were formerly, rather than actually in political power reduces the significance of the proposals. The concept of mutuality of interests is less powerful than is suggested in the Report.

Resume Le rapport Brandt

Le rapport Brandt, dont les propositions sont résumées, est cohérent et bien présenté et il contient des conclusions dont il faut tenir compte. Mais il est difficile de croire qu'il apportera des changements concrets car il embrasse un très large éventail de questions, et demeure de ce fait superficiel. Le fait que les membres de la Commission sont des hommes politiques qui ne sont plus au pouvoir réduit par ailleurs l'importance de leurs propositions. La notion de réciprocité des intérêts en jeu est moins réelle que ne le suggère le rapport.

Resumen El Informe Brandt

El Informe Brandt es coherente y está bien presentado, además de contener algunas conclusiones importantes y fundamentales. Se resumen las propuestas sobre temas individuales; pero es difícil creer que las cosas cambien mucho como resultado de dicho Informe, en parte debido a que su alcance es tan amplio que tiene que ser por fuerza superficial. El hecho de que los miembros de la Comisión estuvieran anteriormente, más que en la actualidad, en posiciones de poder político, reduce la importancia de las propuestas. El concepto de la mutualidad de intereses es menos potente de lo que se sugiere en el Informe.
Surviving in the Suburbios
Authors: Moser Caroline
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The form of women's participation in casual work and its implications in terms of their subordination is determined by a complex inter‐relationship of economic and non‐economic (specifically ideological) factors. This paper uses a case study from Guayaquil, Ecuador, to examine the function and importance of women's work in the survival strategies of low‐income households, in a situation where the majority of men are excluded from secure ‘formal’ wage‐sector employment.

RESUME Survivre dans les ‘Suburbios’

Le mode de participation des femmes au travail occasionnel et ses conséquences en termes de subordination sont déterminés par un réseau complexe de facteurs économiques et non économiques (spécifiquement idéologiques). Cet article part d'une étude de cas sur Guayaquil (Equateur) pour examiner la fonction et l'importance du travail féminin dans les stratégies de survie des ménages à faibles revenus, dans une situation où la majorité des hommes sont exclus de l'emploi ‘formel’ présentant une certaine sécurité.

RESUMEN La supervivencia en los suburbios

La forma de participación de las mujeres en el trabajo fortuito y sus repercusiones en relación con su subordinación depende de una compleja relación reciproca de factores económicos y no económicos (concretamente, los ideológicos). En este articulo se recurre a un estudio de un caso procedente de Guayaquil, Ecuador, para examinar la función y la importancia del trabajo de las mujeres en las estrategias de supervivencia de los hogares de bajos ingresos, en una situación donde la mayoría de los hombres están excluidos de empleo seguro en el sector “oficial” asalariado.
Invisible Threads
Authors: Allen Sheila
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This article explores some aspects of the widespread, though largely invisible, labour of people (mainly women) working for wages in their own homes. It is argued that this labour is an essential part of capitalist production, providing a flexible and cheap form of labour for a wide range of manufacturing industry. Its continued existence is not explicable by the characteristics of the workers, though some are relevant to understanding the low level of wages imposed on a fragmented and completely unprotected labour force.

RESUME Des fils invisibles

Cet article explore certains aspects du travail à domicile (le plus souvent féminin), phénomène très répandu mais pratiquement invisible. L'auteur soutient qu'il constitue une part essentielle de la production capitaliste, four n issant une main‐d'oeuvre adaptable et bon marché à de nombreuses industries manufacturières. Sa persistance ne s'explique pas par les caractéristiques des travailleurs, bien que certaines permettent de comprendre le faible niveau des salaires imposés à une force de travail fragmentée et sans protection aucune.

RESUMEN Hilos invisibles

En este artículo se exploran algunos aspectos del extendido, aunque en gran parte invisible, trabajo de gente (principalmente mujeres) que trabajan a jornal en sus propios hogares. Se alega que este trabajo es una parte fundamental de la producción capitalista y provee una forma flexible y barata de mano de obra para una amplia gama de la industria manufacturera. Su continuada existencia no se puede explicar por medio de las características de los trabajadores, aunque algunas permiten comprender el bajo nivel de salarios impuesto en una mano de obra fragmentaria y completamente desprovista de protección.
Electronics and Industrial Development
Authors: Braun Ernest
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Electronics related technologies are becoming so central to industrial development that many developing countries are tempted to make them the cornerstone of their future strategies, as the steel industry was in the post‐decolonisation era. However, it is important to distinguish between the different sub‐sectors of the industry. In some, for example semiconductors, the innovation of automated technologies looks likely to erode the established comparative advantage of developing countries with low wage costs. In other sectors, such as consumer electronics, the signs look more hopeful. The high costs (both monetary and skilled labour) of entering the industry caution against misplaced strategies which emphasise the expansion of inappropriate sub‐sectors in developing countries.

RESUME L'électronique et le développement industriel

Les techniques liées à l'électronique orientant désormais le développement industriel, maints PVD sont tentés d'en faire la pierre angulaire de leurs stratégies, analogue en cela à la sidérurgie qui avait dominé l'ère postérieure à la décolonisation. Il faut toutefois distinguer différents secteurs dans cette industrie. Dans celui des semi‐conducteurs, les progrès techniques sont susceptibles d'éroder l'avantage relatif dont jouissent les PVD à faibles coûts salariaux. La perspective est plus encourageante pour d'autres secteurs, tels que les appareils de consommation. Les coûts d'investissement élevés (monétaires et de main‐d'oeuvre qualifiée) constituent toutefois une mise en garde contre l'expansion de secteurs inappropriés aux PVD.

RESUMEN La electrónica y el desarrollo industrial

Las tecnologías relacionadas con la electrónica están siendo tan centrales para el desarrollo industrial que numerosos países en vías de desarrollo se ven tentados de hacerlas la piedra clave de sus estrategias futuras, como ocurrió con la industria siderúrgica en la época posterior a la descolonización. No obstante, es importante distinguir entre los diferentes sectores secundarios de la industria. En algunos, por ejemplo el de los semiconductores, la innovación de las tecnologías automatizadas parece susceptible de reducir la ventaja comparativa establecida en los países en vías de desarrollo con bajos costos salariales. En otros sectores, tales como la electrónica de los artículos de consumo, las indicaciones parecen más esperanzadoras. Los elevados costos (tanto monetarios como de mano de obra especializada) que representa la entrada en la industria aconsejan cautela contra estrategias mal dirigidas que ponen de relieve la expansión de sectores secundarios inapropiados en los países en vías de desarrollo.
Persons as Sui Generis Ontological Kinds: Advice to Exceptionists
Authors: MILLER KRISTIE
Published: August 2010

Many metaphysicians tell us that our world is one in which persisting objects are four‐dimensionally extended in time, and persist by being partially present at each moment at which they exist. Many normative theorists tell us that at least some of our core normative practices are justified only if the relation that holds between a person at one time, and that person at another time, is the relation of strict identity. If these metaphysicians are right about the nature of our world, and these normative theorists are right about what justifies our normative practices, then we should be error theorists about the justification of at least some of our core normative practices and in turn, arguably we should eliminate those practices for which justification is lacking. This paper offers a way of resolving the tension between these two views that does not lead into the grips of error theory. It is a way that is amenable to “exceptionists” about persons: those who think there is something special about persons and the first‐person perspective; that personhood cannot be explained naturalistically, and the first‐person perspective is naturalistically irreducible. The conclusion is thus a conditional: given that one is an exceptionist, an attractive way to resolve this tension is to embrace the view that persons are sui generis ontological kinds.
Lessons from Causal Exclusion1
Authors: SHAPIRO LAWRENCE A.
Published: August 2010

Jaegwon Kim’s causal exclusion argument has rarely been evaluated from an empirical perspective. This is puzzling because its conclusion seems to be making a testable claim about the world: supervenient properties are causally inefficacious. An empirical perspective, however, reveals Kim’s argument to rest on a mistaken conception about how to test whether a property is causally efficacious. Moreover, the empirical perspective makes visible a metaphysical bias that Kim brings to his argument that involves a principle of non‐inclusion.
The Effects of Laser Forming on NiTi Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Birnbaum Andrew J. , Yao Y. Lawrence
Published: August 2010

This work focuses on application of the laser forming process to NiTi shape memory alloys. While all NiTi shape memory alloys exhibit both superelasticity and the shape memory effect, this study is restricted to a temperature range over which only the superelastic effect will be active. Specifically, this work addresses laser forming induced macroscopic bending deformations, postprocess residual stress distributions, and changes in microstructure. Like traditional ferrous alloys, the laser forming process may be used as a means for imparting desired permanent deformations in superelastic NiTi alloys. However, this process, when applied to a shape memory alloy also has great potential as a means for shape setting “memorized” geometric configurations while preserving optimal shape memory behavior. Laser forming may be used as a monolithic process, which imparts desired deformation while maintaining desired material behavior. Characterization of the residual stress field, plastic deformation, and phase transformation is carried out numerically and is then subsequently validated via experimental results.
The Rate (Time)-Dependent Mechanical Behavior of the PMR-15 Thermoset Polymer at 316°C: Experiments and Modeling
Authors: Ruggles-Wrenn M. B. , Ozmen O.
Published: August 2010

The inelastic deformation behavior of PMR-15 neat resin, a high-temperature thermoset polymer, was investigated at 316°C. The experimental program was designed to explore the influence of strain rate on tensile loading, unloading, and strain recovery behaviors. In addition, the effect of the prior strain rate on the relaxation response of the material, as well as on the creep behavior following strain-controlled loading were examined. Positive, nonlinear strain rate sensitivity is observed in monotonic loading. The material exhibits nonlinear, “curved” stress-strain behavior during unloading at all strain rates. The recovery of strain at zero stress is strongly influenced by the prior strain rate. The prior strain rate also has a profound effect on relaxation behavior. Likewise, creep response is significantly influenced by the prior strain rate. The experimental data are modeled with the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO). The comparison with experimental data demonstrates that the VBO successfully predicts the inelastic deformation behavior of the PMR-15 polymer under various test histories at 316°C.
A Study of the Sealing Performance of a New High-Pressure Cone Valve for Deep-Sea Gas-Tight Water Samplers
Authors: Wu Shi-Jun , Yang Can-Jun , Chen Ying , Xie Yan-Qing
Published: August 2010

The cone valve plays an important role in high-pressure sealing applications. In this paper, a new high-pressure cone valve, based on the titanium alloy poppet-to-polyetheretherketone seat sealing structure, is proposed for deep-sea gas-tight water samplers. In order to study the sealing performance of the new valve, both the conforming poppet-seat contact model and the nonconforming poppet-seat contact model were evaluated. Finite element analysis based on the two models was performed and validated by experiments. The results indicate that the nonconforming poppet-seat contact model has a better sealing performance than the conforming poppet-seat contact model. The new cone valve also was applied in a gas-tight hydrothermal fluid sampler and successfully tested in a sea trial during the KNOX18RR cruise from 9 July to 12 August 2008.
Long-Term Stress Analysis of Plastic Pipe Reinforced by Cross-Wound Steel Wire
Authors: Li Xiang , Zheng Jinyang , Qin Yongquan , Xu Ping
Published: August 2010

Plastic pipe reinforced by cross helically wound steel wires, namely, PSP, is a new plastic-matrix steel composite pipe developed in China recently, were theoretically and experimentally investigated herein. Although the steel wires carry most of the loading in a linear elastic way, time-dependent behavior was demonstrated in PSP, and was then the subject of further analysis and description. Based on the structural features of PSP and the viscoelastic behaviors of the matrix, a three-layer viscoelastic model was proposed to identify time-dependent elastic stresses and strains for PSP subjected to internal pressure. The experimental results showed that the hoop strain decreased slowly, while the axial strain increased by 0.16% in 14,000 min at constant internal pressure. Good agreement between theoretical results and experimental data demonstrated that the three-layer viscoelastic model was able to predict the time-dependent relationship of stress and strain. Finally, the effects of the steel-wire volume fraction and the winding angle on the creep behavior of PSPs subjected to an internal pressure were analyzed.
Two-Phase Flow-Induced Forces on Bends in Small Scale Tubes
Authors: Cargnelutti M. F. , Belfroid S. P. C. , Schiferli W.
Published: August 2010

Two-phase flow occurs in many situations in industry. Under certain circumstances, it can be a source of flow-induced vibrations. The forces generated can be sufficiently large to affect the performance or efficiency of an industrial device. In the worst-case scenario, the mechanical forces that arise may endanger structural integrity. Thus, it is important to take these forces into account in designing industrial machinery to avoid problems during operation. Although the occurrence of such forces is well known, not much is known about their magnitudes because, unfortunately, the amount of experimental data available in literature are rather limited. This paper describes the experiments performed to measure forces in 6 mm diameter tubing containing a bend. Experiments are performed on bends of different radii, with the bend positioned horizontally or vertically. The experimental results are analyzed based on flow regime and bend configuration. A comparison with available experimental results for bigger internal pipe diameter shows a general good agreement. To improve future predictions, a simple model based on momentum exchange is proposed to estimate the forces generated by multiphase flow. The proposed model shows a good agreement with the experimental data.
A Direct Method on the Evaluation of Ratchet Limit
Authors: Chen Haofeng , Ponter Alan R. S.
Published: August 2010

This paper describes a new linear matching method (LMM) technique for the direct evaluation of the ratchet limit of a structure subjected to a general cyclic load condition, which can be decomposed into cyclic and constant components. The cyclic load history considered in this paper contains multiload extremes to include most complicated practical applications. The numerical procedure uses the LMM state-of-the-art numerical technique to obtain a stable cyclic state of component, followed by a LMM shakedown analysis, to calculate the maximum constant load, i.e., the ratchet limit, which indicates the load carrying capacity of the structure subjected to a cyclic load condition to withstand an additional constant load. This approach is particularly useful in conjunction with the evaluation of the stable cyclic response, which produces the cyclic stresses, residual stresses, and plastic strain ranges for the low cycle fatigue assessment. A benchmark example of a holed plate under the combined action of cyclic thermal load and constant mechanical load is presented to verify the applicability of the new ratchet limit method through a comparison with published results by a simplified method assuming a cyclic load with two extremes. To demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the method for a complicated cyclic load condition with multiload extremes, a composite thick cylinder with a radial opening subjected to cyclic thermal loads and a constant internal pressure is analyzed using the proposed ratchet limit method. Further verification by the ABAQUS step-by-step inelastic analysis demonstrates that the proposed new method provides a general-purpose technique for the evaluation of the ratchet limit and has both the advantages of programming methods and the capacity to be implemented easily within a commercial finite element code Abaqus.
Modeling and Characterization to Minimize Effects of Melt Flow Fronts on Premolded Component Deformation During In-Mold Assembly of Mesoscale Revolute Joints
Authors: Ananthanarayanan A. , Gupta S. K. , Bruck H. A.
Published: August 2010

In-mold assembly can be used to create mesoscale articulating polymeric joints that enable the miniaturization of devices, reduction in production costs, and increase in throughput. One of the major challenges in miniaturizing devices using the in-mold assembly is to develop appropriate characterization techniques and modeling approaches for the interaction between polymer melt flow fronts and premolded components. When a high speed, high temperature second stage melt comes in contact with a premolded mesoscale component that has similar melting temperatures, the premolded component can experience a significant plastic deformation due to the thermal softening and the force associated with impingement of the melt flow front. In our previous work, we developed methods to inhibit the plastic deformation by supporting the ends of the mesoscale premolded components. In this paper, we present an alternative strategy for controlling premolded component deformations. This involves a mesoscale in-mold assembly strategy that has a multigate mold design for bidirectional filling. This strategy permits in-mold assembly using polymers with comparable melting points. This paper demonstrates the technical feasibility of manufacturing in-mold-assembled mesoscale revolute joints using this bidirectional filling strategy. An experimental technique was developed for characterizing the transient impact force of the melt flow front on premolded components inside of a mold. The experimental data were used to validate a new computational model for predicting the effects of the melt flow front position in order to minimize the plastic deformation of premolded component using the bidirectional filling strategy. This paper also investigates the effects of the flow front position on the force applied on the premolded component and its corresponding plastic deformation.
Upper Bound Analysis of the ECAE Process by Considering Circular Cross-Section and Strain Hardening Materials
Authors: Luis Pérez C. J. , Luri R.
Published: August 2010

Severe plastic deformation processes have a great deal of importance because of the improvement in mechanical properties of the processed parts as a consequence of the grain size reduction in the material due to the accumulation of deformation. One of the main severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes is called the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE). Although a large amount of studies, which deal with experimental analysis of processed parts exist, few studies dealing with the force required to perform the process have been developed. In this study, an analytical modeling of the force required to perform the ECAE process has been developed using the upper bound method (UBM). The analytical equations developed take into account the material strain hardening and the ECAE dies with circular cross-section. Moreover, the experimental tests have been performed and the extrusion force has been measured. The UBM and experimental results have been compared showing a great deal of agreement.