bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desire and Difference
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

The instance of homosexuality is not incidental since ‘perverse’ desire figures centrally in Roland Barthes's influential theories of difference and textuality. Like Oscar Wilde, André Gide, and others, Barthes uses perverse desire to animate and inform his aesthetic and linguistic theories, and it is in terms of language and art that such strategies would in part operate. From the vantage point of so-called post-liberation, the political blindnesses of sexual desire, and how disastrous it can be to make sexuality the prime mover of a political vision. What one learns from Wilde, Gide, Barthes, and others is that a conventionally understood politics which ignores sexual desire will quite possibly be as disastrous as one which makes that desire the prime mover in the age of so-called post-liberation. It is not exactly that they bring sexuality to politics; rather, deviant desire brings with it a different kind of political knowledge, and hence inflects both desire and politics differently.
The Second Tetralogy and After
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard
Published: October 2011

The likening of King John to the Protestant Tudors was orthodoxy for their era until dramatists of the 1590S injected into the comparison the volatile contemporary ingredient of Arthur and the succession question, played down or ignored by Foxe and the Book of Homilies. The comparison between Elizabeth and Richard II from Camden and Peter Wentworth was compelling though it involved no orthodoxy and appealed to various viewpoints, from those of the Queen herself to the judgements of subjects discontented with her rule, or anxious about the future. The examination of Sir John Hayward — after Shakespeare's completion of the second tetralogy — seems to show a nervous tendency on Elizabeth's part to identify with a king whom some thought it had been right to depose; while her well-known announcement to William Lambarde: ‘I am Richard II, know ye not that?’ is further and exceptional evidence that, whatever its significance, Elizabeth did see a link between herself and Richard in the aftermath of an unsuccessful revolt against her.
Victorian and Edwardian Reading
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

The issue of reading and its effects during the Victorian and early Edwardian period did not concern women alone. It centred around the widely held belief in the affective powers of what was read. On the one hand, the beneficial potential of reading was celebrated: ‘a good book is ‘the precious life-blood of a master-spirit’, and possesses a wonderful potency of encouragement and inspiration’. On the other, it was feared that ‘desultory reading is very mischievous’. By the mid-century, certain reviewers and essayists were speculating about the general dangers specifically attendant on the rapid proliferation of print. Excessive indiscriminate reading was condemned as morally debilitating. Many Victorians wrote of reading as something that affects mental health. Others viewed reading of fiction as a form of escapism.
‘New Woman’ Fiction
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

At first sight, the controversy induced by the emergence of the ‘New Woman’ fiction in the 1890s bears a close similarity to the wave of anxiety expressed about the sensation novel some thirty years earlier. The writers of the 1890s laid particular stress on the part played by men in spreading venereal disease, and on indicating that this was just one of the aspects of sexuality about which girls were unlikely to learn anything before they were married. They also emphasized rationality and interrogation. If the issue of women’s reading in the 1890s becomes most active around the question of access to knowledge, particularly sexual knowledge, then it follows that the attainment of that knowledge can effectively be described and dramatized in ways which challenge the conventions used to delineate the tastes and capacities of women readers. In the New Woman fiction, not only were sexual and marital issues discussed with frankness, but, more importantly, women were offered images of articulacy and efforts at self-determination.
The Later Paul’s Boys, 1599–1606
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

When the Paul’s Boys were brought back to life in 1599, London playing had been transformed. Regulation of playing was much tighter and quite different from the situation in 1590. First, the Privy Council had finally acceded to the mayor’s insistence on banning plays from inside the city. Secondly, it had approved two playing companies as the only purveyors of royal entertainment in the Christmas season. In addition, the Master of the Revels had backed up the Privy Council policy by tightening his own control, now licensing playhouses as well as performances for public use. The renewed boy companies, and especially Paul’s as the first to resurface, offered a challenge to all of these new policies. They had a playhouse in the heart of the city; they threatened to make a not insignificant addition to the number of approved companies; and they would perform in it as a ‘private’ hall, with the implied freedom this gave them from the Master’s control of ‘public’ performances and public playhouses. This chapter looks at the history of the later Paul’s Boys, their performances between 1599 and 1606, the plays they performed and the playhouses where they performed.
The King’s Men, 1608–1642
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

The various crises of 1608 and 1609, when the playhouses had to remain closed for more than a year, produced some basic changes amongst the London playing companies. The boy companies regrouped, running for a while at the one hall playhouse left to them, but they soon turned into young adult companies and took up travelling. The number of adult companies increased as the royal children grew. The King’s Men asserted their predominance by taking up two playhouses, one of which gave them the unique privilege of playing in a roofed playhouse in central London, a site more than equivalent to the modern West End. This was the final step to the unquestioned pre-eminence that they enjoyed for the rest of the two Stuart reigns. It was a step upwards that no other company was ever able to match. This chapter looks at the history of the King’s Men, their performances between 1608 and 1642, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.
The Language ofDerekh tomimandDerekh khayim
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

The two books Derekh tomim and Derekh khayim are renowned works that were products of Eastern Yiddish literature. This chapter examines their form, structure, and content. One point observed is phonology or stressed-vowel, as a guide for analysis. It is said that Yiddish literature is heavy with intricate spelling. There are also underlying European dialectal forms used, such as the Southeastern or Mideastern Yiddish, some using strong verbs as their style. By the eighteenth century a structured verbal system was established, one that was used up to the present times. Another prominent feature observed is the use of changing word-order patterns, depicted all throughout both the old and modern Yiddish literature.
Introduction
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

The re-print of Simkhes hanefesh was the least altered towards Eastern modernization. But is still contained the most basic features of Easternization, which was most noteworthy to analyze and discuss. It was also found to be superiorly popular during its editions of more than ten. It is made up of two collections, the first about narratives, moral teachings, and parables, while the second focused more on religious traditions and laws, mixed with lyrical components. The author himself was accustomed to Western and Eastern culture, having been raised in Poland. He therefore had a strong background and grasp of modern Yiddish literature. This was his objective: to write something that was recognizable and appreciated by all regions in Europe.
Archaic Features
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

This chapter talks about archaic features, which were seen in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. These features may be referred to as formal or elevated. Some of them are the following: the reluctance to use a number of etymologically transparent lexical terms of Slavonic origin; maintaining the old conjunction that instead of, or added to, az; avoiding double negation; and the placement of the clause-final of the past principle and with a minor degree of infinitives. These archaic features allow the writings to preserve the original and traditional forms of old Yiddish literature, and to some level still root the modern literature back to its origins. Further analysis of these revisions, particularly those of the late nineteenth century, is seen in the later chapters.
Schematic Comparison
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

This chapter uses a schematic diagram to illustrate the scope of Linguistic Easternization. The parameters used are morphology and syntax; these are deemed to be representationally sufficient for the analysis of the transition from the Old to the Modern Yiddish literature. The premise is that the more Easternized in form the material is, the further is the relationship between morphology and syntax. Suffice to say that none of the late eighteenth-century works achieved the perfect state of Easternization. The later versions had a more modern and smooth feel to them, due to the advancement in syntactic changes. However, even in these, there can be found minimal resistance in form.
The Two Eighteenth-Century Translations
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

The featured text was an ancient writing in medieval Hebrew in the thirteenth century. One of its versions was said to be one of the earliest to have modernization transform it. Various translations have demonstrated the differences and gaps that divide the territories of influence, such as the Eastern and Western Jewish Communities. These differences were mainly due to distinct cultural and socio-economic factors that were specific for each region. High German patterns also played a role in the variations in literature. Yet the art still lies in the intertwining of the old and the new, the ancient and the modern. The mixture of structure and grammar is what intrigues the author to make further analysis of the matter.
The Language of the Western Version (Fürth, 1783)
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

The most prominent language in the Western version is the Germanized Western Yiddish, although it is still on the whole a mixture of different languages and dialects. It is also a fusion of Old Yiddish and High German patterns in terms of structure and content. This has a great significance in terms of the graphemic representation of stressed vowels for example, with unusual spellings. Though minimal, one notable trait that is Eastern Yiddish is the spelling. In terms of morphology, however, the constant reformation of word patterns and the replacement of lost unstressed vowels gearing into High German form is a striking feature. The grammatical style, however, still varies from author to author, each coming up with a distinct version that is their signature.
Introduction: Metafiction and Soviet Literature
Authors: Shepherd David
Published: October 2011

This introduction chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about metafiction and self-consciousness in Soviet literature. Metafiction is a term used to refer to fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artefact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality. This book examines the metafictional works of several Soviet authors including Leonid Leonov, Marietta Shaginyan, Konstantin Vaginov, and Veniamin Kaverin.
Reflecting on Fiction: Leonid Leonov
Authors: Shepherd David
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the metafictional works of Soviet author Leonid Leonov. The River Sot, Leonov's third novel, was one of the earliest Soviet works in the theme of industrialization and it was based on the author's first-hand experience of Soviet construction projects. This novel, together with Leonov's other work The Thief, provided the direction that Soviet literature should take. These novels were both influenced by the October Revolution.
Knowing the Artist: Veniamin Kaverin
Authors: Shepherd David
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the metafictional works of Soviet author Veniamin Kaverin. Kaverin was prominent in protesting publicly against the time-serving conformism or forced capitulation often detectable in military career patterns and in defending a writerly autonomy understood as freedom to pursue the writer's traditional role as independent moral guide and arbiter. This chapter analyses the metafictional style of his The Trouble Maker, Artist Unkown, and The Two Captains.
The Fables of Reason
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2011

Three hundred years after his birth in 1694, this is the first comprehensive study of Voltaire's Contes Philosophiques: the philosophical tales for which he is now best remembered and which include the masterpiece Candide. This book situates each of the 26 stories in its historical and intellectual context and offers new readings and approaches in the light of modern critical thinking. It rejects the traditional view that Voltaire's Contes were the private expression of his philosophical perplexity, written merely in the margins of his historiography and his campaigns against the Establishment. Arguing that narrative is Voltaire's essential mode of thought, the book stresses the role of the reader and shows how the Contes were designed less to communicate a set of truths than to encourage independence of mind. The author has written a guide to the ‘fables of reason’ with which Voltaire undermined – and continues to undermine – the religious, philosophical, and economic ‘fables’ by which other thinkers have tried to explain and direct human experience.
The conte philosophique and its Readers
Authors: PEARSON ROGER
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the concepts of conte, the conte philosophique, and the importance of the readers to Voltaire and his different narrative works. Based on the discussions presented in this chapter, it can be determined that Voltaire's success as a storyteller is through his natural talent as a raconteur and how most of his works are written in the central narrative.
Fallen Fables
Authors: PEARSON ROGER
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the different fables that were written by Voltaire, such as Zadig, La Princesse de Babylone, and Candide. It shows how the Voltairian conte is able to undermine and mock the different ‘fables’ of reason that had been created by economists, metaphysicians, rationalists, and theologians. These works are able to provide the means to an answer, instead of providing the answer.
Small Consolations: Songe de Platon, Histoire des voyages de Scarmentado, and Les Deux Consolés
Authors: PEARSON ROGER
Published: October 2011

Prior to the publication of Candide in 1759, there was an eight-year period in which none of Voltaire's works emerged, with the sole exceptions of the Songe de Platon, Histoire des voyages de Scarmentado, and Les Deux Consolés. This chapter provides an analysis of these three stories. The Songe de Platon is considered as an anti-Micromégas, and presents more extensive and telling critiques about the poor design of the Earth. The Histoire des voyages de Scarmentado is an anti-Zadig because it encounters religious controversy, and the protagonist in the story leaves the disputants to their murderous devices. Finally, Les Deux Consolés exemplifies the inadequacy of storytelling as an antidote to misfortune.
Anglicans and Academics: Aventure de la mémoire, Eloge historique de la raison, Les Oreilles du comte de Chesterfield, and Histoire de Jenni
Authors: PEARSON ROGER
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the final four contes written by Voltaire, which were published three years before he died. Each of these works – Aventure de la mémoire, Eloge historique de la raison, Les Oreilles du comte de Chesterfield, and Histoire de Jenni – has an academic feature, while remaining true to Voltaire's conte writing style.
Saint-John Perse, Éloges (1911)
Authors: Scott Clive
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses Saint-John Perse's Éloges, and looks at their metrical and prosodic quality. In this chapter, the queries such as where else might rhythm be in Perse's poetry and what particular linguistic elements might contribute to the music which is peculiarly his are examined and assessed. In addition to referring to his Éloges, the chapter also looks at some extracts from Perse's ‘Écrit sur la porte’, ‘Pour féter une enfance’, and ‘Éloges IX’ to pinpoint the rhythm and musicality in his poetry.
Guillaume Apollinaire, Calligrammes (1918)
Authors: Scott Clive
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses Guillaume Apollinaire's calligrams. This chapter attempts to make reference to some of the devices and effects found in contemporary visual art, and in particular, in the Cubism movement which was believed to be the dominating force and inspiration behind Apollinaire's calligrams. In this chapter some of his poems such as Les Soirées de Paris, Il pleut, and L' Éventail des saveurs are examined. These are looked at within the context of rhythm, scansion, and the visual arts depicted as Cubism and Futurism found in the structure and characteristics of the poems.
Autobiography as Insult
Authors: VALIS NOËL
Published: October 2011

Autobiography constitutes public revelation of one's interiority. However, a woman culturally defined as pure domesticity was enclosed in her own interiority. To declare oneself an autobiographical subject was tantamount to invading the verbal territory in which men operated. A significant part of the socio-moral context in which 19th-century Spanish women writers moved was precisely that cultural and physical space to which Hispanic literary criticism in general has paid scant attention. This chapter focuses on one particular context, the relation between poetess [poetisa] and village/town [aldea/pueblo], in order to suggest a way to read the female autobiographical act as a ‘process of situation’, in which the subject situates herself in physical and verbal spaces governed by certain linguistic and affective movements. Making use of recent anthropological research carried out by James Fernandez, David Gilmore, Stanley Brandes, and Carmelo Lisón Tolosana, the chapter is an interpretative experiment based on an ‘anthropology of affect’.
Mothers' Voices and Medusas' Eyes: Clarín's Construction of Gender inSu único hijo
Authors: SIX ABIGAIL LEE
Published: October 2011

Gender ambiguity is central to Su único hijo, as its title demonstrates, with the semantic polyvalence of the possessive adjective su (‘his’, ‘her’, or ‘their’). Indeed, questions are raised throughout the novel about gender identities, conventional and otherwise, about ideals of manhood and womanhood, ridiculed, travestied, and disappointed. The use of classic topoi of masculinity and femininity is also observed by Noël Valis, but separately from her discussion of the role reversal phenomenon, whereas this chapter considers how they coexist in what remains notwithstanding a realist novel. The chapter focuses on voice and gaze in the text, for these are prominent in the descriptions of the characters and provide a useful measure of their simultaneous transgression of gender identities and exploitation of archetypical features of femininity and masculinity.
Gender and Journalism: Pardo Bazán's Nuevo Teatro Crítico
Authors: SCANLON GERALDINE M.
Published: October 2011

The Nuevo Teatro Crítico, the monthly journal financed, edited, and written entirely by Emilia Pardo Bazán, is undoubtedly one of her most remarkable achievements. Taking her inspiration from 18th-century predecessors of modern journalism, Pardo Bazán hoped to create a literary journalism which would be both erudite and entertaining and thus fill what she perceived as a gap in the press of her day. Pardo Bazán made her most obvious contribution to the feminist debate of the time in those articles in which she expressly addresses social and political questions relating to women and this chapter deals with them briefly. She demonstrates an acute awareness of the ways in which gender identity is structured and, although she frequently employs the conventional positive/negative associations of terms such as varonil/femenil [manly/womanly], she sees no reason why women should not appropriate the virtues traditionally ascribed to men.
Ordre
Authors: Hammond Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks briefly at ordre and its different meanings, and the way in which these meanings shift. It then considers order in relation to fragmentation. There are six main categories into which it is convenient to divide the usage of ordre in the Pensées, some of which are interconnected: arrangement, plane of understanding, divine and world order, orderliness, command, and priestly succession. The first grouping relates principally to Blaise Pascal's notes on the ordering of his text. Ordre appears most frequently in the Pensées within this context, usually as the heading for what seems to be a working note. This sense of ordre is the main focus of the chapter. The second grouping of ordre is closely related to the first, but it operates on a different level. It is concerned with particular planes of understanding or living, often in strict hierarchy or gradation to each other.
CONCLUSION
Authors: Hammond Nicholas
Published: October 2011

The eighteenth-century discussion of ‘pensées détachées’ sums up the central concerns of this book. The persuasive process of the Pensées is energised by the reader's active participation in sorting through both the fragmentary ordering and the shifting meanings of the text. In rhetorical terms, the reader becomes the master of the inventio and dispositio of the text. The fourth part of traditional rhetoric, memoria, plays an important part in the Pensées. As the book has stressed throughout, the doctrine of the Fall underlies all aspects of language and truth in the Pensées. Although God stands above the game which marks man's corrupt condition, the Fall itself made God embark on his own ‘game’. The possibility of transcendence within the very concepts which indicate his fallenness points always to a God who is both stale and constant. Playing with shifting notions of truth becomes an eternal truth played through God.
The Deconstruction of Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Tracey Michael
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines a number of things: the ideological and structural challenges of the 1980s to most public broadcasting organisations around the globe; the consequences of those challenges for the place of broadcasting and, most especially, television in all our lives; what was being challenged, to whit, what is this thing which we so easily term ‘public service broadcasting’? The point is to understand something of the condition of what continue to be important cultural institutions, and to ask about the appropriate institutional and intellectual architecture for them in the twenty-first century. There was in effect in most major western societies a kind of silent coup dʼetat around the time that the 1970s became the 1980s. The 1990s were the result. The use of the market to serve the ‘public interest’ translated into a continuing act of betrayal of the public in a broad sense in order to sustain the interests of the few.
The Making of an Institution: The Rebirth of NHK
Authors: Tracey Michael
Published: October 2011

The creation of the conditions under which radio broadcasting could assume its role in the programme of re-education and democratisation required the removal of government controls, the improvement of efficiency, and the development of administrative machinery that would be independent, stable, confident, and responsible, and strong enough to prevent any attempt to re-establish government domination. To achieve these ends, the Occupation established three specific objectives. In a memorandum of December 1945, SCAP (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) outlined the plans for NHK reorganisation. General Douglas MacArthur established ‘an institution of public service’, an advisory committee of 15 to 20 Japanese citizens of both sexes from all parts of Japan ‘to advise the President of the Broadcasting Corporation of Japan’. This committee would represent the professional, business, educational, cultural, religious, labour, and farming elements of national life.
The New Television in Britain
Authors: Tracey Michael
Published: October 2011

Margaret Thatcher was convinced that a resolution of Britain's economic crisis lay to a considerable extent in transforming Britain from a country whose wealth lay in manufacturing, to one whose wealth lay in processing information. The conjunction of dreams born of private greed and political opportunism provided the necessary political and economic conditions in which the information revolution could be planned. The subterranean themes within the debate about cable television as well as satellite television—the need for deregulated services, the virtues of the market in cultural choice and by extension the problematic nature of public support for culture, the irresistibly seductive force of the economic salvation which was deemed to reside within a vastly expanded technological capacity to communicate—had taken hold and begun to reshape the whole mental ecology of communications in Britain. Whatever happened, it seemed likely that the world of broadcasting would never be the same again.
Associative Networks, Focus of Attention, and Analogue Communication
Authors: Grodal Torben
Published: October 2011

This chapter demonstrates the means by which visual communication relies on attention hierarchies structured as associative networks. It discusses the ways in which central mental models rely on visuo-motor categorization and analogous forms of representation relate to language.
Introduction
Authors: Ballaster Ros
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to give an account of the conditions that enabled some women writers in the late 17th and early 18th century to ‘profit’, both materially and ideologically, from the narcissistic strategies that Aphra Behn's heroine learns through the course of the novel. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Introduction
Authors: Price J. L.
Published: October 2011

The economic and political importance of the Dutch Republic in 17th-century Europe is evident, but while the Dutch economy has received considerable attention in recent years the same cannot be said for its political system. This book approaches the task of re-interpreting the politics of the Republic in the years of its greatness in three main ways. The centre of attention is the province of Holland as by far the most important member of the Union, but its role in the government of the Republic and particularly the practical problems which arose in its relations with the other provinces are also seen as central issues. The political process is looked at from the ground up, which seems more appropriate to such a decentralized system than a conventional top-down approach. Attention is focused not on the formal and constitutional aspects of the system, but on how it worked in practice.
Catholics, Dissenters, and Politics
Authors: Price J. L.
Published: October 2011

Another circumstance which affected the atmosphere in which politics took place in the towns of Holland in the 17th century was the existence of significant groups of people who were outside the ranks of the official church. In principle, of course, Protestants who were not members of the Reformed Church had no role in the political life of their town, and the Catholics would have been banned even more definitively if this had been possible. In practice matters were not always as clear cut as this suggests: Catholics or quasi-Catholics may have remained in the governments of some towns in Holland into the second or third decades of the century, and the more respectable dissenting protestant groups had sympathisers, if not open adherents, among the regent elite for much of the century.
Provincial Administration and Courts
Authors: Price J. L.
Published: October 2011

The decentralised nature of the Dutch political system meant not only that the central government of the Dutch Republic was very limited in its powers, but also that there was a certain weakness at the centre of provincial government. The most prominent organs of central control outside the States themselves were the provincial courts, and here there were some peculiar features, as both these courts served not just Holland but Zeeland as well, thus constituting a very unusual contravention of the normally watertight separation between the two provinces. These courts were partly the lineal descendants of the court of the counts of Holland and Zeeland, and partly a replacement for the Grote Raad (Great Council) at Mechelen as appeal court. The chapter further discusses the Hof van Holland and the Hoge Raad.
Republicans and Orangists
Authors: Price J. L.
Published: October 2011

The dichotomy between republicans and orangists is discarded as an unhelpful anachronism: factions operating at the provincial level, not party, is seen as the reality of the time. In contrast to this approach, the argument in this chapter is essentially that republicanism and orangism, or support for the states of Holland, on the one side, or for the stadhouders, on the other, were the two defining orientations of political life in the province of Holland, and similar polarities probably existed in the other provinces as well, though the latter question lies outside the scope of this discussion. These competing but related ways of interpreting contemporary political reality demanded and commanded loyalty from individuals and families both within the regent group and in the population of the province more generally, certainly not in the same sense as a modern political party, but nevertheless shaping the loyalties and perceptions of political actors in fundamental ways.
Provincial Autonomy and the Survival of the Union
Authors: Price J. L.
Published: October 2011

Despite its high degree of decentralization, the Dutch political system produced firm and consistent policies that were, if not always successful, sensible responses to the problems facing the Republic. To this extent, the Dutch Republic was a living refutation of conventional wisdom regarding the necessity of both strong central direction and monarchical leadership, just as its unusually tolerant religious policies proved, in despite of contemporary assumptions, that religious diversity was compatible with a stable social and political system. Moreover, given the lack of homogeneity between the different provinces of the Republic, it seems clear that not only did the decentralised system work remarkably well, but that such a system was the only way in which the Union could have been made to work at all. The principal problem which the Dutch state had to deal with was how to construct a stable and workable system despite the enormous imbalance of power and wealth between Holland and the other provinces.
Introduction: The Dynamics of Frontier Development
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY
Published: October 2011

Late 19th-century changes in the international economy facilitated Canadian and Argentine prosperity. Lying at the either end of the hemisphere, these two countries blended into the transnational flow of finance, technology, and labour whose circulation reached unparalleled intensity. They were not the sole beneficiaries of that boom; the rest of Latin America, or other British Dominions, and the western region of the United States also responded to similar opportunities. Argentina and Canada were unique in the force and scale of their advance. Favorable international demand for their staples coupled with aggressive government policy changed the landscape of the vacant hinterlands of the Argentine pampas and the Canadian prairies. Likewise, only the United States attracted more foreign investments. The infusion of foreign labour and capital helped convert their empty grasslands into bread baskets. Few doubted the advantages of integrating peripheral regions into a burgeoning world economy.
Land Use and Distribution on the Prairies
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY
Published: October 2011

American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.
Labour on the Pampas
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes the scarcity of labour and its implications in the agricultural expansion in the 19th century in Argentina. It discusses immigration policy and inter-regional migration to the pampas; immigration, emigration and net migration in 1890 to 1814, seasonal labour, and tenancy. As work conditions failed to meet the expectations of Argentina's working classes, bargaining spilled over into open confrontations between labourers and capitalists. Urban and rural strikes, which gained increasing momentum as the War approached, generated anxiety about the social state of affairs.
Images of Authority Ideologies of Power
Authors: Eastwood David
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses political primacy accorded to landed property. Political authority within the English state rested on the same foundations of superior social status, and was defended through an ideological appeal to the prerogatives of landed property. Political order within parliament was seen a reflecting the social order within the localities. By insisting that society should be organic, hierarchical, and authoritarian, conservative ideology tended also to defend the decentralization of power within the state.
Conclusion
Authors: Eastwood David
Published: October 2011

By the mid-nineteenth century, the participatory traditions of local self-government in rural England had been substantially eroded. Edwin Chadwick spoke of the ‘principles of 1834’ with visionary ecstasy, and was echoed by reformers, the public-health lobby, and prison reformers most notably. Had the new poor-law unions not proved unpopular, they would in all probability have constituted the framework within which a comprehensive restructuring of local government could have been undertaken.
Forming Revolutionary Government
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the history of the formation of the revolutionary government in France during the later part of the 18th century. The destruction of executive power between April 1792 and April 1793 led to the creation of revolutionary means of directing the war effort and to the gradual disappearance of the separation of powers. The rebuilding of state power began in April 1793 when the Committee of Public Safety replaced the Committee of General Defence and made it possible for the legislature to usurp executive power without destroying it.
Controlling the Army
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the government's strategies for controlling the army during the French Revolution. During this period, the army had acquired enormous prestige which could be exploited by generals inclined to share in political power. To prevent this, the National Convention centralized direction of strategy, consolidated organizational changes, improved the government's knowledge of unit composition and location, and enhanced the effectiveness of special services. In central military administration, political means of control were replaced by technical ones which contributed to bureaucratic expansion and formal rationalization.
The Crisis of 1799
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the fall of the French Republic during the crisis of 1799. This crisis resulted from the contrast between the high political aspirations of republicanism and the sordid reality of the manipulation of elections. In addition, the French Directory also failed to achieve its stated aims of victorious peace abroad and the rule of law at home. The Republic failed to accomplish enough to allow it to continue its existence.
Conclusion Germany's Cold Civil War
Authors: Major Patrick
Published: October 2011

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) in West Germany. After 1945, the KPD history was a catalogue of failures. However, the KPD did not disintegrate nor break ties with Moscow, and in 1989 the West German Communists in Dusseldorf resisted the blandishments of the renewers for even longer than their comrades in East Berlin. This chapter also suggests that if anybody can be regarded as the director of the KPD's actions, it must be East German leader Walter Ulbricht.
Background: The First World War in Western Consciousness
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: October 2011

The First World War was a landmark in Western consciousness, yet its significance in the several nations involved differed greatly. In the mid-1920s a formal and vague consensus in favour of international reconciliation was formed however it proved to be too fragile and short-lived. With the downfall of the international economic system, the international reconciliation was faced with the difficulties brought about by the differences of interests within countries and the differing stand and acceptance of the Locarno Treaty. Rather than generating new fundamentals, the war accentuated the long-standing differences between national attitudes causing them to move in different directions, mentally and geographically. This chapter is primarily concerned with the westernmost parts of the Western World. This chapter discusses the emergence of new and liberal attitudes against war. While pacifism became stronger and vocal compared to earlier times, it remained a marginal phenomenon which was later sought to be replaced by cooperation and collective security. This chapter also discusses Liddell Hart's biography and his growing distance and change of attitude to the precepts of war.
Policy: Defence of the West (I): Containment in the 1930s
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: October 2011

By the beginning of the 1930s, after having written his history of the First World War, Liddell Hart set out to define more closely what had gone wrong with the war. He approached the question from a general point of view, reviewing Britain's historical war policy, from which he claimed she diverged without real justification and with disastrous results. This chapter does not aim to discuss the momentous events and major decisions of the 1930s, 1940s, and the 1950s and make the case for or against Liddell Hart's positions. The chapter neither aims to present Liddell Hart's role in the British decision-making. This chapter rather, discusses Liddell Hart's edifice of logic in approaching the overall political and strategic problem facing Britain in the late 1930s. This chapter focuses on the stand and viewpoint of Liddell Hart on the issue of Great Alliance, cold war and containment during the 1930s.
Lord John Russell and the Irish Catholic Church: Problems and Plans
Authors: KERR DONAL A.
Published: October 2011

Even if Lord John Russell shared the English dislike of Catholicism, he possessed to a high degree the Whig insistence on liberty and justice. His sympathy for Irish Catholics was genuine, if somewhat removed from the reality of the peasant’s plight. Russell was in opposition from 1841 to 1846. Alarmed at the discontent in Ireland, he concluded that the Tory government was ruining the good relations he had established. Russell finally came to power on issues closely connected with Ireland and her problems: the repeal of the Corn Laws and an Irish Coercion bill. Russell’s great plan was to conciliate Irish Catholics by improving the state of their Church and by according it rights analogous, if not actually equal to, those of the Established Church. However, the first nine months of Russell’s administration saw more deaths than any similar period before or since in the history of Ireland.
Introduction
Authors: DAVIES ADRIAN
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to consider the social consequences of religious belief. It discovers the relationship between converts to and followers of the Quaker faith, and with whom they shared their everyday lives in local society. It uses a wide range of primary source materials which demonstrate that Quakers were not marginal and isolated people.
The Pure Speech of Caesarius of Arles
Authors: Leyser Conrad
Published: October 2011

Caesarius of Arles, Julianus Pomerius’ star pupil, has the reputation of a popular preacher of great fervour and enduring influence. In one sense, Caesarius’ mission as a preacher had been to secure the assimilation by his hearers of an inherited language — the words of Scripture and the texts of the Fathers. In devoting his prodigious energies to the fulfilment of this vocation, however, Caesarius had left his successors with an indelible sense of his own voice. His claim simply to represent an established tradition jarred with the palpable force of his intervention. Caesarius’ very rhetorical charisma undermined his own attempts to routinize the spiritual purification of his flock. This tension between the language of tradition and the voice of the individual speaker was inherent in the asceticism of ‘pure speech’ as promulgated by John Cassian. Caesarius’ prowess as a popular preacher is understood to follow from his close attention to the example of Augustine of Hippo.
A Paradigm of the Dublin Collection Vita IV S. Brigitae
Authors: Sharpe Richard
Published: October 2011

We know from the table of contents in M that D originally contained a Life of St Brigit, but it is now lacking from both manuscripts. This chapter shows that it survives as the anonymous Vita IV in two seventeenth-century editions. The Life was attributed by Fr. Hugh Ward to Ultán of Ardbraccan and by John Colgan to an unknown author, Animosus, whom he equated with the Irish name Anmchad. But since Colgan thought the metrical Life to have been written in the eighth century, it was obvious that this Anmchad could not be the Animosus there referred to. Vita IV's value is greatest as an index to the changes in style and content between seventh-century hagiography and the works of the age of the D-redactor, and especially as a paradigm of the latter's editorial activity. Based on evidence, Vita IV appears to be the Dublin text of the Life of St Brigit. This discovery is of some importance for the study of the redaction of the vitae of Irish saints in the three later medieval collections.
Manuscripts of the Oxford Collection
Authors: Sharpe Richard
Published: October 2011

The Oxford collection is preserved in two parchment manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B. 485 (R) and MS Rawlinson B. 505 (I). Revd Charles Plummer has proven beyond reasonable doubt that the latter is a copy of the former. The two manuscripts contained (before the mutilation of R) the same collection of Irish saints' Lives in exactly the same recension, though in a different order. More importantly, Plummer noted that the agreement of the two manuscripts extended to ‘the most minute peculiarities of reading’, which he briefly illustrated in places where S offered a parallel and more accurate text. All this might show only that both were conscientiously copied from the same exemplar, but the decisive argument is this: R uses a large number of capricious contractions, which the scribe of I tried to expand, but frequently his expansions are incorrect. These false expansions prove that I was copied from a text which used peculiar abbreviations — at the meaning of which the copyist had to guess — and all can be explained from R.
Selling Vodka: The Tax Farm—Structure, Metabolism, and Ecology
Authors: Christian David
Published: October 2011

If the tavern was the cell of the liquor trade in Russia during the nineteenth century, the tax farm was the organism. And while in the history of tax farming, as in that of living creatures, there had been a time when the organism was the cell, by the nineteenth century this was no longer true. By the mid-nineteenth century, there were two distinct types of tax farm in the Russian Empire. First, there were retail farms, whose lessees were granted monopolies on the retail trade in vodka. Then there were the ‘excise tax farms’. Most tax farms were multi-celled commercial organisms, coordinating the activities of ten, twenty, thirty, or more taverns (or distilleries in the privileged provinces after 1851). This chapter examines the nature, the anatomy, and the commercial metabolism of the tax farm — how it functioned and nourished itself as a commercial enterprise. It also considers the tax farm's ‘ecology’, and in particular, the symbiotic relationship with the Russian government, without which tax farms could not possibly have survived so long.
‘Killing the Hundred-Headed Hydra’: The Abolition of Tax Farming
Authors: Christian David
Published: October 2011

On paper, the Russian government had been committed to the abolition of tax farming since the late 1840s. And Alexander II, who had already accepted the challenge of abolishing serfdom, was in a mood for decisive change. Yet as late as 1858, his government evaded a firm decision on the future of the tax farm, and there remained serious divisions on the matter within the government. Decisions of some kind had to be taken early in 1858, as the old tax farms expired at the end of the year. However, it was too late to undertake a major reform. The government decided to cancel the reform, thereby opting, once more, for its now traditional policy of masterly inactivity. A commission was set up in November 1860 to tackle many detailed aspects of the reform and its implementation. The issue of the nobility's monopoly on distilling first came up in relation to regions such as Stavropol. This chapter discusses the liquor trade, the excise tax, and the abolition of the tax farm for vodka in 19th-century Russia.
From the Marriage Act of 1753 to 1868
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

Marriage law as it operated in England from the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries was a mess. The church asserted that mere verbal consent, freely given and duly witnessed, constituted a binding marriage. But common law denied the effect of the transmission of property of these private contracts. Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act of 1753 shut down the Fleet marriage market but it was unable to stop lower-class concubinage supported by local custom, flight over the border to Gretna Green, and the widespread practice of having the banns published not in the parish church of residence but in the safe anonymity of big urban churches. The root cause of the trouble was that there was no consensus within society at large about how a legally binding marriage should be implemented.