bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Wellbore Stability Challenges for an Optimum Well Delivery; Case Study, Balsam Field, Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: El Sherbeny Wael , Baghdady Ashraf , Farag Ali , Vossen Johannes
Published: March 2023

This paper presents the integration of Geosciences data for three wells which encountered drilling challenges such as differential and mechanical sticking due to geological complexities. It demonstrates the benefits of integrating all available geoscience data in detecting the drilling hazards, delineating the troublesome zones, and offering a complete solution, including drilling best practices and drilling fluids design based on Geological, Sedimentological, Geomechanical and Petrophysical data analysis.

A drilling risk assessment was conducted through an analysis of daily drilling reports for the three wells in the field, meanwhile a Post-drill Geomechanical model was constructed for the same wells using all available data.

A Petrophysical analysis of the same wells was completed using wireline data to define the major parameters related to drilling risks such as porosity, permeability, facies changes, formation water salinity and shale volume.

A Sedimentological analysis utilized the available information from mud logs, image logs, and core data and cuttings descriptions, to correlate drilling risks with certain lithofacies.

This case study considers with the geomechanical model of three wells, including their drilling history, stress/pore pressure models, and rock properties. Additional highlights from the image logs are featured, showing anisotropic bedding plane failure, as well as a comparison of the images to the geomechanical model.

This case study concludes the risk and a proposed mitigation strategies that could be implemented to limit the risks posed by high overbalance, clay mineralogy, weak bedding planes and permeable sand layers and to minimize instability when drilling vertical and laterals holes in in this area or similarly complex areas.

The pressure surveys revealed the presence of both hydrocarbon and water bearing zones. The pressure gradient was 0.14 psi/ft within the hydrocarbon pay zones, whereas a 0.44 psi/ft pressure gradient confirmed the water bearing zones. The same formation pressure data was utilized to calibrate the pore pressure calculations used for the geomechanical model.

All Sedimentological and Petrophysical analyses, along with the post-drill Geomechanical analysis, were utilized to define final solutions for optimum well delivery during drilling, completion, and stimulation Phases.

Utilizing the analytics of integrated geoscience data such as sedimentology and petrophysics information, along with geomechanical modeling, can help in understanding the subsurface challenges and propose optimal solutions for optimum well delivery avoiding severe tight spots, differential sticking and pack off, in additions of minimizing the formation damages.
Chemical Admixture for Right-Angle Set Wellbore Cements
Authors: Contreras Elizabeth Q.
Published: March 2023

Polyaramid-based chemical admixtures for enhanced gas-tight oil well cements are of interest in the oil and gas industry. Here, a polymer platform is used as the base material for a line of new chemical admixtures in cementing in applications such as small molecule release and particle delivery. Polyaramid-based admixtures provide high-performance for high temperature and high pressure applications in ordinary Portland cement. Experimental results show that a basic cement slurry design responds to the release of admixture by the measure of changes in viscosity and thickening times. Applications in cement design is demonstrated from measurements obtained using oilfield equipment, like the consistometer. Immense efforts towards cement sheath integrity are important for production and safety. Challenges arises during the construction of wells when cement transitions from a slurry into a solid sheath. This transition can span over a significant length of time allowing gases to travel to the surface, causing casing-in-casing (CCA) events and pressure buildup. The ideal scenario is to eliminate the transition time of the slurry by designing cements to set instantaneously into an impermeable sheath. Right-angle set cements are characterized by a 90° set time as measured by a consistometer. The consistency of cement after addition of this new admixture remains at 20 Bc. In all cases, the admixture thereafter remains embedded within set cement and contributes significantly to its mechanical property. Dual performance stems from unique characteristics, such as chemical composition and mechanical integrity of new polymer admixtures. Using these admixtures, gas-tight cement sheaths show enhanced mechanical properties, such as resistance to breakage and fracture propagation, as well.
Innovative Coiled Tubing Hybrid Fiber Optics Technology Increases Operational Efficiency
Authors: Ahmed Danish , Kaki Mohammed Ahmed , Mehmood Sajid , Aljuaydi Haitham S Saeed
Published: March 2023

Production logging is very essential to understand the flow profile of the formation that is being produced from. It helps to identify the contribution of the oil, water, and gas to the total fluid. To add, it is done on a usual basis to monitor the reservoir performance. Organic deposit adherence to production logging tool (PLT) spinners can hinder logging operations and result in inconclusive data acquisition. To avoid this problem, standard practices have been developed to clean out organic deposits using a standard coiled tubing (CT) reel followed by production logging using a CT reel equipped with wireline cable. Further optimization of those practices can help minimize operational cost, footprint on location, and overall job time.

New CT hybrid fiber optic technology (HFOT) was deployed to meet the optimization objectives and eliminate the need for a second CT reel. The technology combines optical fibers and conductor cable with insulation to withstand corrosive fluid environments and deliver power to downhole tools, thereby overcoming prior CT system dependency on downhole batteries to run tools. The system was used in a two-run cleanout-and-logging process: first, organic deposit dissolver was pumped for wellbore conditioning purposes, before production logging was conducted with a multi-spinner production logging tool and pulse neutron tool in the second CT run.

The new CT HFOT was deployed for the first time in a Middle East reservoir. Organic deposit−dissolving treatments and production logging operations were completed in four oil wells equipped with electrical submersible pumps (ESPs). After stabilizing the pressures and rates, the logging runs were conducted by recording multiple up-down passes and stationary measurements.

Introduction of the new CT HFOT helped to reduce operational time by an average of 40 hours per job resulting from rig-up time optimization between CT runs, which also helped in delivering a substantial cost saving to the operator. Using one CT reel also helped in minimizing safety risks associated with personnel exposure to heavy lifting equipment during rig-up and risks associated with battery handling and management.

This study illustrates job design, pretreatment preparation, operational details, and post-job result analysis. It particularly focuses on the HFOT along with a comparison with operations using a conventional CT and CT equipped with wireline cable. Readers will broaden their knowledge by learning about CT cleanout operations, logging operations, and ways in which new technology can optimize overall intervention costs while minimizing location footprint.
Streamlining Overshot BHA's: A Guideline to Optimize Fishing in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Almansour Sulaiman , Crawford Elspeth , Alzahrani Bader , Hamidon Zahaezuani Rafiq
Published: March 2023

While the industry has many recommendations on fishing operations and setups, a process of the selection for overshots, and a streamline when similar fish or wellbore conditions has not been discussed before. This paper will review a challenging case history well, with multiple fishes of the same type, and the lessons learned on selections with varying wellbore conditions. Taking into measure was the learnings from the post well review, and the creation of a flowchart to better optimize the selection of fishing Bottom Hole Assembly's (BHA). This incorporated the coordination of charts’ creation with the service provider, ensured a robust process with multiple choices and supportive reasoning for selection. The well primarily discussed in this paper, was a horizontal well in a tight gas field. The knowledge gained from the multiple fishes in the case study horizontal well, streamlined future choices in BHA selections for similar fishes. As an operator, having the flowchart encourages more discussion with the service company, and supports the engineers in planning operations.
New Well Design and Drilling Practices Changes Ensured Well Integrity Across Highly Fractured Carbonate Formations in Total Losses Area
Authors: AlMahroos Mohamed , Franco Nata , Levario Jesus , Corona Mauricio
Published: March 2023

The low success rate of curing complete loss of circulation across fractured carbonates in the field, where all kind of loss circulation material and unconventional plugs were tried without success, required better understating of the fractures and changes to the well design and drilling practices to ensure proper zonal isolation and well integrity. This paper describes the successful planning and implementation of these changes and how they improved overall well construction performance.

As most of the total losses occurred in the intermediate section, which combines pressurized water injection formation with depleted oil-bearing reservoir, curing process was very often never achieved. Understanding that some areas of the field are naturally highly fractured, but specially characterized by carbonate karst, dissolution, and mega fractures, was critical to map the high-risk area and modify the well design and practices.

The innovative risk-based well design was deployed to a series of wells across the field. The isolation between low- and high-pressured layers to prevent casing-to-casing annulus (CCA) sustained pressure[NMF1] throughout well life and, possibility of drilling ahead with no returns with one of layers already secured by previous casing were implemented. Suitable casing seat was selected in such way that critical high pressure and depleted zones were identified and isolated. Water-bearing layers in the upper section was efficiently balanced with enough mud weight and casing point set above risky zone with addition of double mechanical barrier with gas tight feature. Highly fractures formations in the lower section were drilled with significant lower mud weight at minimum overbalance, surge stresses and best possible fluid rheology. Casing running practices were adjusted to avoid inducing losses, cement slurries redesigned for optimum properties at minimum equivalent circulating density (ECD) and cementing jobs were conducted with full returns. The total loss events were significantly mitigated in the campaign, with overall 15% well performance improvement, ensuring zonal isolation, and reduction of future CCA occurrence, which can compromise the production casing integrity after fracking job, involves high remedial work costs, longer shutdown phase and possible production loss.

This solution balances performance and costs can serve a technical reference for future application in the basin or other regions with loss-prone environment across large and fractured formations, and well integrity is a concern for operators and service companies.
Environmentally Friendly Nanoshale Inhibitor Water-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Alqahtani Hassan Sakar , Arfaj Mohammed Khaled , Alhassni Mohammed Faisal , Alotaibi Mohammed Abdullah
Published: March 2023

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (MONPs) comparison has been used for the first time as Nanoshale inhibitors in water-Based Drilling Fluids. These Nanoshale inhibitors used in this study eliminate the use of toxic high potassium chloride (KCl) concentration in shale drilling operations and environmentally friendly with reducing the cost of drilling fluid treatment and waste disposal.

The dispersion test of Nanoshale inhibitors based on MONPs with shale samples revealed to be an effective candidate with significant interaction reduction between the drilling fluids and the shale particles compared without these Nanoshale inhibitors samples. This new Nanoshale inhibitor maintains the integrity of the cuttings and minimize the interaction of fluids with shale sections during the rolling test. Zeta potential (ZP) has been conducted to determine the charge of shale and nanoparticles samples.

Although the application of nanoparticles to improve the performance of conventional water-based drilling fluid was studied by researchers, it is the novelty of this research to eliminate use of KCl and to develop the new generation of Nanoshale water-based drilling fluid with economical consideration and lower environmental impact.
Successful Deployment of Metal Expandable Annular Sealing Systems in High Extended Reach Wells
Authors: Ali Syed Muhammad , Nwosu Emmanuel Onyema , Farsi Nasser , Wood Kevin
Published: March 2023

The successful deployment of metal expandable annular sealing systems in extreme reach design wells completion. The design and engineering of this technology resulted in the development of a fit for purpose, state of the art equipment that overcame several challenges such as having the liner with full rotational capability to overcome the drag during the deployment while maintaining the full liner torque capabilities.

The metal expandable annular sealing system was designed to provide high expansion in potentially washed-out wellbores and across formations where effective isolation may not be achieved by primary cementation due to low formation gradient or cement design challenges in horizontal wells. The design included a long multi element sealing system with built in redundancy. The multi sealing element system chosen for this application due to it being a full bore, rugged, all welded, metallic construction with a constant, high ∆p over full expansion range. The system is fully rotatable during deployment, it also allows for high-rate circulation because of its slim OD.

The metal expandable annular sealing system was run in total or partial losses multiple times, and it was observed that circulation was gained after setting the metal expandable system. Furthermore, it was also confirmed that the system effectively provides zonal isolation by injecting into compartment and ensure that zone is completely isolated.
Technical Limit Pursuit - Unconventional Engineering Toward Maximizing Performance While Overcoming Drilling and Tripping Challenges
Authors: Almasmoom Salahaldeen S , Al-Qahtani Faris A , Rahmani Nadhir , Ghazzawi Ayman
Published: March 2023

A major requirement to make drilling a cost-effective exercise is to maximize the performance to cut well delivery days (and therefore well associated cost) to the minimum. The area of interest experienced challenging startup. However, quick learning curve, and therefore a clear well–on–well improvement, is achieved while pursuing the technical limits of the downhole drilling equipment. A recent well having a record-breaking performance will be covered. The optimization efforts are reproduced on all wells aiming to surpase the newly established performance records.

Offset wells were thoroughly analyzed to identify all potential areas for improvement and a detailed performance improvement plan was then prepared for all sections. Starting from surface sections (16-in and 12-in sections), clear road maps are followed taking into considerations each formation characteristics and previous real-time data for optimum parameters.

Then moving to the 8-½-in combined vertical/curve/lateral sections, the most aggressive improvement plan is applied. This was achieved by adjusting the drilling strategies, revising the drilling systems used, and modifying the bottom-hole assemblies to reach reducing the number of runs required to clean-out previous casing and drilling the combined vertical/curve/lateral sections to one.

Engineered solutions and continuous pursuit of the technical limits of the performance/directional equipment/systems succeeded to speed up the learning curve of the drilling performance, and then resulted in a continuous improvement along the journey of the development of the area of interest. The 16-in and 12-in sections are having back-to-back performance records. The work is continued with the consistent spirt of "limit is still to come" to maintain the good results and ensure repeatability (if not improving) on a well-on-well basis. Moving to the 8-½-in section, the one-BHA (bottom-hole assembly) approach succeeded and proved to be a major contributor to reducing well delivery time; it is now the standard practice on almost all new wells drilled, combining cleanout out previous casing and drilling vertical/curve/lateral sections to well total depth.

Connection and surveying procedures were revised on all sections, and optimized to the minimum. This allowed cutting the average weight-to-weight connection time from 14 minutes to 7 minutes. As a result, the well delivery days’ duration was cut to 16 days on average from 24 days in the previous year until delivering a country record well with spud-to-total depth in 12.8 days, and spud-to-rig release in 16 days. This country record-breaking well will be discussed in details.
Intelligent Coiled Tubing Systems: Overview, Research Trends, and Challenges
Authors: Li Chengxi , Singh Harpreet , Cheng Peng , Wang Xunjie , Hao Ge , Liu Qing
Published: March 2023

In recent years, improving the efficiency of producing hydrocarbons from extended-reach horizontal wells has created a need to develop better well intervention, specifically coiled tubing (CT) solutions. However, because the conventional coiled tubing system only relies on surface data to monitor and predict downhole conditions, its application's effectiveness, accuracy, and efficiency still need to be improved. On the other hand, intelligent coiled tubing interventions use real-time downhole data to improve operational efficiency and performance. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed review of the fundamental principles and applications of intelligent coiled tubing systems and a discussion of the challenges and prospects of intelligent coiled tubing technology. Based on the different telemetry systems, the Intelligent Coiled Tubing technology can be categorized into three systems: Tube-Wire System, Fiber-Optic System, and Hybrid Electric-Optical Cable System. This paper will mainly focus on these three types of intelligent coiled tubing systems with a detailed review of the system functionalities, features, surface equipment, bottom hole assemblies, downhole sensors, and critical applications supported by case studies. A summary of the conventional coiled tubing equipment, tools, and applications is also included as technical background for the readers. The current technology status of the major operators is also summarized, representing the most advanced technology and service available on the market. In this study, we give a thorough overview of the Intelligent Coiled Tubing technology systems currently on the market and identify potential applications that intelligent coiled tubing can bring value to improve efficiency and performance. We also present several case studies of intelligent coiled tubing. Based on the case studies data, we summarize these critical applications and evaluate the values created using intelligent coil tubing systems. From the analysis, we find that the real-time monitoring, diagnosis, and decision-making functions of intelligent coiled tubing can efficiently solve operational problems in real-time, improve operational efficiency, increase tool life, and reduce downhole accidents while achieving increased production because of parameter optimization and correct decision-making. The paper introduces the working principle of intelligent coiled tubing technologies and case studies in various fields with different operational conditions. The proposed paper thus gives a clear and big picture of this topic from various aspects. We further extract and summarize the critical knowledge from the most recent case studies of intelligent coiled tubing technology. As a result, this paper will facilitate operators with less experience in intelligent coiled tubing technology to understand and apply this technique efficiently.
Identifying Fracture Sweet Spots Using Artificial Neural Network Approach: A Case Study in Najmah/Sargelu Reservoir, Kra Al-Maru Field, West Kuwait
Authors: Nguyen Kim Long , Jumah Meshael , Verma Naveen , Quttainah Riyad
Published: March 2023

Artificial Neural Network (ANN), defined as intelligence exhibited by computer through emulating the functioning of cerebral neurons, has many applications in today's society. ANN application (Ouahed et al, 2005) has become widespread in petroleum geoscience and reservoir engineering as it is able to generate accurate prediction taking an integrated and un-bias view of multiple inputs using supervised or unsupervised machine learning approaches. Unlike simple clastic sandstone reservoirs, the distribution of fractures in carbonate reservoirs is complicated and heterogeneous due to multiple genetic factors involved that makes high-resolution 3D modeling and simulation challenging. In order to enhance the reservoir characterization and modeling work in fractured reservoirs, an innovative application of Artificial Neural Network is introduced to tackle the disadvantages & shortcomings of existing techniques used in the Oil & Gas industry.

This paper discusses the importance of ANN to delineate fracture sweet spots of Nahmah/Sargelu carbonate reservoirs in order to optimize drilling strategy in Kra Al-Maru (KM) field, West Kuwait. ANN works as a simulation of human brain, which comprises of highly interconnected neurons. These neurons process and integrate data from various domains to generate a desirable output. Nowadays, the application of ANN is prevalent in the field of fracture characterization and modelling technology because of its supremacy in data prediction and estimation. An integrated Continuous Fracture Modeling (CFM) workflow is established using ANN technology to understand the relationship between 3D seismic attributes and fracture intensity log derived from borehole image (BHI) data in both qualitative and quantitative evaluation (Pinous et al, 2007). ANN plays a critical role as it transforms the learning from seismic-image log relationship to 3D fracture intensity model. Consequently, the fracture sweet spots in the KM field is delineated to gain comprehensive understanding of fracture distribution in the field. The validity of the work is confirmed by blind test from the recent development well. If the result is not satisfactory, the ANN model is fine-tuned until the result matches in the blind test. The success of the study helps to refine the drilling strategy of the challenging KM Field, while reducing the risks and costs significantly.
Real-Time Facies Characterization Using LWD NMR Factor Analysis in High-Angle Wells
Authors: Hursan Gabor , Van Steene Marie
Published: March 2023

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs in long, high-angle wells drilled across a single reservoir often consist of a few recurring features which are difficult to identify visually in the NMR T2 distribution logs. This paper presents a fast data clustering method called NMR factor analysis (NMRFA) that categorizes massive LWD NMR datasets into a few poro-fluid facies, which enables a quick, data-driven geological interpretation using single or multiple wells.

NMRFA is a data reduction technique that aims to describe and interpret variability in NMR spectral logs using a small number of unique components. These components are clustered statistically to distinct groups called poro-fluid facies, which reflect combinations of pore volume, pore size, and fluid NMR properties. While drilling the well, the NMRFA is applied to the real-time T2 distribution measurements to quickly associate new observations of rock quality or heavy oil with stratigraphic understanding to assist well placement decisions. Joint interpretation of the NMR-based para-fluid facies logs from multiple laterals underpins data-driven updates of reservoir-scale geological facies maps.

After testing the method on two data sets already calibrated to core and formation testing measurements, the NMRFA technique was used in three laterals drilled back-to-back in a thin carbonate where pore size variations and possible presence of heavy oil were expected. In the first lateral, the best NMR facies were mostly observed in the first part of the well, followed by poorer poro-fluid facies that indicated the presence of heavy oil. At the end of the well, the facies analysis indicated mostly tight rocks. In the second lateral, the NMR log suggested a more homogeneous facies distribution than in the first well, with medium T2 and medium porosity. Tar or heavy oil were not encountered in this well. With the facies trends in the first two wells, the third lateral targeted a likely occurrence of the high-quality facies seen in the top section of the first well. After crossing a tight zone, this well encountered an excellent NMR facies of high porosity and very long T2 with no indications of heavy oil. The well was successfully navigated within the favorable facies whose quality matched or exceeded the best rocks encountered by the first two laterals.

NMRFA analysis was used for poro-fluid facies evaluation of LWD NMR datasets in real-time settings for the first time to better categorize complex reservoir types in horizontal wells. The robust, data-driven analysis method and its intuitive log-based and structural visualizations helped well placement decisions and enhanced structural learnings in three extended reach laterals drilled in a complex carbonate reservoir.
Digitally Derived Capillary Pressure Data for Reservoir Evaluation
Authors: Al Hamad Mohammed , Klemin Denis , Shouxiang Mark Ma , Abdallah Wael
Published: March 2023

Capillary pressure (Pc) is one of the fundamental parameters in formation evaluation. Currently, three methods are routinely used for Pc measurement; i.e., mercury injection, centrifuge, and porous plate. All three methods require testing of fluid displacement at capillary equilibrium conditions, an often-challenging condition to obtain, especially in low-quality rock samples. In this study, the ability to derive Pc data was investigated using digital rock (DR) physics techniques.

Two sister carbonate outcrop samples were prepared. The samples were initially analyzed using thin-section analysis technique. The Pc measurements were then performed using methods of porous plate and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP). After that, the samples were sub-cored, mounted in a unique computed tomography (CT) cell, scanned with a high-resolution micro-CT device at a confining stress of 800 psig, and analyzed digitally with a scanning electron microscope for data interpretation.

Comparing the physically measured to the digitally simulated data, matches of pore throat sizes in terms of trends and peaks were obtained, including entry pressure, which validated and confirmed the quality of the constructed DR models. Using the established digital models of the rock samples, the Pc behavior was simulated. The results showed trend and connate water saturation matches with the experimental measurements.

The results of this study demonstrate that the digitally generated Pc data obtained using the unique micro-CT polyetheretherketone (PEEK) high-pressure cell match the experimental data, opening new ways of generating Pc data quickly and reliably. With the developed DR technologies, performing special core analysis tests much faster becomes a reality without concerns for test equilibrium conditions, while also providing informative insights into the pore structure of the rock samples.
Nanomembranes from Polymeric Waste for Produced Water Treatment
Authors: Manakhov Anton , Rybkin Iaroslav , AlGhunaimi Fahd I. , Aljuryyed Norah W.
Published: March 2023

Objectives/Scope

In the oil&gas sector, the produced water is the most significant waste stream. Among different possible materials including ceramic, polymers, carbon nanomaterials used for water filtration, polymeric nanofibers can be considered unique solution that can be used as a membrane and/or adsorbent. In this work we prepared polymeric nanofibers from polystyrene-waste to show a win-win approach to re-use polymer waste and clean produced water from organic contaminations.

Methods, Procedures, Process

The polystyrene waste dissolved in the dimethylformamide (DMFA) was used as a feedstock for the preparation of nanofibrous membranes by using the electrospinning process. Electrospinning is one of the simplest methods for the preparation of nanofibers with diameters ranging from micrometers down to nanometers. It uses strong electrostatic forces overcoming the surface tension of a polymer solution. We studied the electrospinning of polystyrene solutions with a range of concentrations from 10 to 30 (w/v %) and tested different solvents, including chloroform, acetone, dimethylformamide (DMFA), and ethyl acetate, and their binary mixtures.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

SEM revealed that the samples prepared with ethyl acetate solutions were thin and with numerous defects. In contrast the layers obtained by electrospinning of polystyrene waste dissolved in the DMFA exhibited homogeneous nanostructure if the voltage and concentration were properly adjusted. The beads-free homogenous nanofibers were synthesized for the solution with the concentrations from 15 to 25 w/v % at the voltage 20𠄻28 kV. The artefacts were suppressed by increasing the polystyrene concentration and electrospinning voltage. The wettability of the obtained nanofibers was evaluated by water contact angle (WCA) measurements. All samples were superhydrophobic with the WCA values from 115 to 145°. The obtained nanomembranes exhibited high efficiency for separation of water/hydrocarbon mixtures.

Novel/Additive Information

The utilization of dissolved polystyrene waste for the preparation of nanomembranes for separation of hydrocarbon pollutants from the wastewater streams potentially can be green win-win approach allowing to clean water and utilize abundant expanded polystyrene waste.
Extracting Continuous Profiles of Archie Parameters from Downhole Measurements
Authors: Abdallah Wael , Ali Farhan , Valori Andrea , Ma Shouxiang
Published: March 2023

Archie parameters, porosity exponent m and saturation exponent n, are required inputs for formation evaluation. Depending on rock types, both m and n are routinely obtained from core analyses, which require reservoir cores and fluids. Such determined m and n values are discrete data points and availability is often limited. The ultimate objective of this study is to investigate the possibility to establish a workflow to determine continuous profiles of Archie parameters m and n downhole from advanced logging measurements.

The methodology was developed through laboratory studies. Carbonate and sandstone core samples were initially screened to have proper samples. Integration of NMR Diffusion D-T2 and dielectric permittivity was used to predict the m and n parameters, while resistivity was used as reference. The workflow consists of two steps: initially, m is derived from D-T2 NMR data using a model based on restricted diffusion, then the derived m is used to separate m from n in the dielectric derived MN parameter.

Results firstly indicate that m derived from NMR correlates with the resistivity benchmarks for fully water saturated samples (Sw = 1). Secondly, the stability of the NMR derived m with the addition of oil in the pore space (Sw < 1) was demonstrated. When the samples were drained in steps (decreasing Sw) and workflow at each step was applied, the integrated NMR and dielectric measurements allowed to extract a n value in each step independently from the measurement in the other steps. The resistivity measurements at all the steps allowed to extract a single combined n used for benchmarking. Based on this study, the following are summarized:

Archie m can be derived from NMR D-T2 data by using a process based on interpretation of restricted diffusion visible in the water signal of data acquired at Sw =1. The same can be applied to data acquired at partially saturated conditions by interpreting the water signal only. The m values derived from NMR measurements at partially saturated conditions can be combined with dielectric MN parameter to compute Archie n.
Improving Drilling Efficiency and BHA Reliability Using Hybrid-Mode Telemetry
Authors: Quach Anh Vu , Berdigozhin Talgat , Wassermann Ingolf
Published: March 2023

Most MWD systems use Mud Pulse (MP) or Electro Magnetic (EM) telemetry. Each telemetry system has very specific applications and limitations due to the governing physics. The Hybrid-Mode Telemetry of MP and EM in one system widens the operational envelope and increases drilling performance covered by a single BHA. This paper discusses the applications and benefits of Hybrid-Mode Telemetry with proven field deployments for both conventional and unconventional drilling.

The Hybrid-Mode Telemetry system is designed to operate with either the EM or MP channel, or to use both channels simultaneously and independently. The latter case also supports the parallel transmission of two different data streams. With this flexibility, Hybrid-Mode Telemetry can increase drilling performance significantly through reducing survey time, reducing downlinking time, and increase reliability by having two telemetry channels serving as back up for each other. Furthermore, with a maximum system bandwidth capability of up to 20 bits per second and zero downtime on transmission, the Hybrid-Mode Telemetry technology also enhances data rate for Formation Evaluation, Geosteering, and Automation drilling.

Hybrid-Mode Telemetry allows for the EM channel to transmit up to 16 bps, and the Mud Pulser channel up to 3.6 bps. With high data rates of 20 bps, high signal strength, and advanced algorithms capable of reliably decoding signals as low as 0.01 mV (10 times more sensitive than typical industry capabilities of 0.1-0.2mV), the Hybrid-mode Telemetry provides superior data and decoding capabilities for today's land-based drilling markets.

Hybrid-Mode Telemetry has been successfully used in conventional wells for more than 10 million feet drilled, mainly in onshore North America and Canada. In comparison with legacy Mud Pulse in the same areas, Hybrid-Mode Telemetry showed on average a 37% reduction in drilling time with Motor BHAs. The drilling time reduction is mainly driven by higher data rate, reduction in stationary survey time, and higher reliability of the entire system – up to 99% operating efficiency. This allowed for optimization of drilling parameters and improved decision-making processes.

Field testing of Hybrid-Mode Telemetry with Rotary Steerable BHAs is currently ongoing for unconventional drilling applications at deeper drilling depths, involving more complex well profiles and faster drilling rates compared to Motor drilling wells. While sufficient data for evaluation and conclusion is still to be gathered, the Hybrid-Mode Telemetry is expected to contribute to a gross ROP increase by 15-30%.

This paper will present, in detail, techniques observed from field data on how to maximize drilling efficiencies through survey time reduction, flow independent downlinking, and optimized telemetry configurations that increase data rate while drilling. In addition, the paper will also describe drilling applications using Hybrid-Mode Telemetry.
CO2 Sequestration: Sensitivity Analysis of Storage Mass to Multiphase Parameters
Authors: Almajid Muhammad Majid , Zechner Markus , AlYousif Zuhair A.
Published: March 2023

Geological CO2 sequestration is one of the main enablers for reducing carbon emissions. Prediction of CO2 behavior in uncertain subterranean formations requires more robust descriptions of the most critical geological and multiphase parameters. The objective of this work is to present a sensitivity analysis of multiphase parameters on the amount of CO2 stored/leaked in a sequestration project and to identify the most critical parameters that we need to focus on to ensure successful project implementation. A vertical equilibrium model is used to simulate the sequestration process for over 1000 years in the Johansen formation, which is a candidate site for large-scale CO2 storage offshore the southwest coast of Norway. The multiphase parameters of the capillary pressure and the relative permeability curves are altered randomly (Monte Carlo experiment). A distance-based generalized sensitivity analysis (DGSA) is used to interpret the responses and quantify the most influential parameters on five different masses of CO2 (free plume, leaked, residual after water reimbibition, residual CO2, trapped residually in structural traps). Amongst the five different masses of CO2 investigated in this work, the most influencing parameters were the residual CO2 saturation and the relative permeability exponent. The residual water saturation, capillary pressure curve exponent, and the entry pressure had much lesser effect on the computed masses of CO2. The mass of CO2 in the free plume as well as the mass of residual CO2 in the plume after water reimbibition were most sensitive to the residual CO2 saturation. On the other hand, the mass of CO2 leaked from the aquifer, the mass of residual CO2, and the mass of CO2 that is trapped residually in the structural traps were most sensitive to the relative permeability exponent. The results of our work indicate that initial experimental investigation in a sequestration project should be directed towards limiting the uncertainty of the relative permeability parameters such as the residual CO2 saturation and the relative permeability exponent.
Fracture Sealing Efficiency of an Acid Soluble, Expandable and Cementitious Loss Circulation Materials
Authors: Santra Ashok , Hale Arthur , Johnson Kenneth , Osorio Nicolas
Published: March 2023

Severe to total loss of circulation during drilling operations is a serious problem that is responsible for non-productive time (NPT) during drilling and cementing. This publication will focus on a new technology to remediate significant to severe lost circulation.

Two different Lost circulation material (LCM) fluid systems developed herein can cover downhole applications up to temperatures of 300°F. The LCM fluid starts to generate nitrogen gas in-situ above 120°F resulting in expansion and filling the void created by the fracture. After a few hours of curing the LCM fluid become hardened creating a seal. A process and procedure have been devised to evaluate the sealing nature of the LCM fluid and the structural integrity once set.

Laboratory testing has been performed to quantify the % of expansion at different temperatures and pressures where the rate of gas generation is faster at higher temperature. The higher the confining pressure the lower the expansion. It has also been shown that the hardened LCM fluid is 100% acid solubility in 15% HCl. To examine if this fluid could seal a sandstone fracture, an experiment was conducted where a 3.55 mm simulated fracture confined under 1000 psi was sealed after placement of the LCM fluid across the simulated fracture. The LCM fluid entered the fracture and after 16 hours for the fluid to harden, the fracture was sealed with enough structural integrity to withstand several hundred psi differential. Results demonstrate a sealing capability of over 900psi differential pressure was observed, this is significant

The expandable nature of this acid soluble and fast setting fluid pill systems makes it novel and unique being able to expand even under down-hole pressure conditions, to effectively cure major losses at application temperatures up to 300 °F.
Hybrid Deep Multilayer Perceptron with Clonal Selective Optimization for Wind Speed Estimation and Power Generation Prediction
Authors: THANGARAJ VINOTHKUMAR , Tamizharasi S. , Muthukumaran N.
Published: March 2023

Wind energy is fast developing energy resource as it is renewable, pollution free and abundant. The nonlinear and fluctuation of wind are large demand for enhancing the reliability and accuracy of the power system that combines the wind speed. With an exact wind speed data, power system operators predict the power output for system planning and scheduling. Wind speed prediction is an essential factor in forecasting to attain the efficient wind power utilization. But, the prediction time and accuracy performance was not improved using existing techniques. In order to address this problem, Deep Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network based Clonal Selective Optimization (DMLPNN-CSO) technique is introduced. The main objective of DMLPNN-CSO technique is to improve the performance of power generation prediction through wind speed estimation with higher accuracy based on mean air temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure data. DMLPNN-CSO technique comprises two processes, namely deep multilayer perceptron neural network and clonal data selection algorithm. Initially in DMLPNN-CSO technique, wind turbine is considered as the input and given to the input layer in deep multilayer perceptron neural network. Wind turbine information is extracted and given to the hidden layer 1. In this layer, data preprocessing is performed through the median filter for removing unnecessary data. After that, the preprocessed data is given to the hidden layer 2 to estimate the wind speed. The estimated values are collected and get matched with the pre-stored values in the output layer by using softsign activation function. After estimation of wind speed, the optimal data gets selected by using clonal data selection algorithm for predicting the power generation. Clonal data selection algorithm performs the sorting, cloning and guassian mutation for finding the optimal value in power generation prediction. This in turn helps to improve prediction accuracy and reduce the time consumption. Experimental evaluation of proposed DMLPNN-CSO technique is carried out with respect to number of wind turbine data and data samples. The results showed that DMLPNN-CSO technique produces higher prediction accuracy and wind speed estimation rate when compared to state-of-the-art works.
Beam Control and Interference Nulling of ESPAR Antenna for WSN Communication
Authors: Rahman Md. Moklesur , Ryu Heung-Gyoon
Published: March 2023

It is very important to have reliable information signal at the receiver of the UHF (ultra-high frequency) RFID (radio frequency identification) communication system. For this goal, an exact location of the RFID tag must be traced, and the definite direction from the RFID reader to the RFID tag must be stated at the particular boundaries to be communicated properly. In this paper, an advanced direction finding method based on the beam scanning (BS) is studied to receive the stronger information signal from a particular direction. Unlike the traditional systems i.e. peak searching (PS) and symmetrical constant (SC), the beam scanning method (BSM) in the ESPAR (electronically steerable parasitic array radiation) antenna provides efficient advantages to find out the direction, location of tags, and to receive the signals. Likewise, a selective beam switching (SBS) system by designing ESPAR antenna is proposed to minimize the interference. To be noted, the beam scanning method (BSM) is the prerequisite process of the selective beam switching (SBS) since there is an appropriate system configuration about the tag’s location, direction finding, and the optimum SNR (signal to noise ratio) by suppressing noise and interference. The work can be applied into the wireless ECG monitoring system by providing better advantages such as higher accuracy, longer range and the longer battery life span. The antenna nulling is very good to enhance SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) performance of the system. Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed design is a reliable, robust, relatively long distance, and low power WSN (wireless senor network) communication system and IoT communication networks.
Close-to-Atom Scale Laser Manufacturing for 30-Color Turn-key Single-Photon Emitters
Authors: Sun Hong-Bo , Wang Xiao-Jie , Fang Hong-Hua , Li Zhen-Ze , Wang Dan
Published: March 2023

Atomic and close-to-atom scale manufacturing is now considered an avenue toward single-photon emitters, single-electron transistors, single-atom memory, and quantum-bit devices for future communication, computation, and sensing applications. Laser manufacturing is outstanding to this end for ease of beam manipulation and batch production, and no requirement for photomasks. It is, however, suffering from optical diffraction limit and lacks atomic and close-to-atom scale precision. Herein, we circumvent this limitation by exploiting a threshold tracing-and-lock-in method, whereby the 2-order gap between atomic point defect complexes and optical diffraction limit is surpassed. As a result, bright (up to 10 Mcounts s− 1) single-photon color centers are deterministically created from few-layer hBN with feature size of less than 5 nm and a near-unity yield. Around 94% of them emit monochromatically at around 30 individual wavelengths from 500 nm to 800 nm. A turn-key monochromic single-photon emitter of demanded color is attained by integrating it with 5-V blue laser diodes.
Cataract surgery outcomes in Australia and New Zealand: A retrospective study of outcomes in 5018 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Khan Muhammad , Lee Brendon , Sartor Lauren , Seyed-Razavi Yashar , Samarawickrama Chameen
Published: March 2023

Objectives
To report visual and surgical outcomes of phacoemulsification cataract surgery from 5,018 consecutive cases from Western Sydney. A review of the Australian and New Zealand literature was undertaken to provide a benchmark of outcomes from the region.
Methods
The Electronic Medical Record system was used to retrospectively review three time-points for all phacoemulsification cataract surgeries at a tertiary-referral centre between May 2017 and August 2020: preoperative, intraoperative and one-month postoperatively. Variables collected included uncorrected (UDVA) and pinhole (PHVA) visual acuities, surgeon seniority, and ocular pathology.
Results
Of the 5,018 eyes, 37.3% were operated on by consultants, 47.1% by trainees, and 15.6% by fellows. Ocular pathology was seen in 52.5% of eyes (n = 1,709). The mean preoperative and one-month postoperative UDVA was 6/48 and 6/12 respectively. There was an intraoperative complication in 7.6% of eyes (n = 379) and posterior capsular rupture (PCR) occurred in 2.7% (n = 136). Logistic regression analyses demonstrated advanced cataract and use of alpha-2 antagonists to be strongly associated with PCR.
Conclusions
We present visual and surgical outcomes from the largest study on phacoemulsification cataract surgery in Australia and New Zealand. Our findings were comparable to regional and international benchmarks despite a high rate of ocular pathology and trainee case load. The lack of a regional cataract surgery registry represents a critical need in assessing and claiming key performance indicators, capturing emerging trends, and identifying region-specific risk factors to deliver the best patient outcomes.