bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The phenotypic appearance of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) in Karo District, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: HANAFIAH DIANA SOFIA , SANGGITA SEPTIAS , LUBIS KHAIRUNNISA
Published: October 2018

Hanafiah DS, Sanggita S, Lubis K. 2018. The phenotypic appearance of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) in Karo District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 559-564. The farmers in Karo District began to be less interested in cultivating kesemek or Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.). Due to the price of this commodity has dropped in the market, the farmers cut down the tree and cultivate more favorable horticultural crops, such as vegetable and citrus cultivation. It is necessary to conduct a study to obtained sufficient information to determine the necessary steps in order to preserve Japanese persimmon plants in Karo District. One first steps was to get information of accession characteristic of Japanese persimmon in Karo District. This research aimed to identify relationships of morphological characteristics among individuals of Japanese persimmon plants. The research was conducted from May until July 2017 at Berastagi, Merdeka, Kabanjahe, and Dolat Rayat sub-districts of Karo District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The survey method using Japanese persimmon descriptor of Diospyros kaki L.f. by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties (UPOV) with the purposive method for location determination and technique sampling. Thirty-six accessions of Japanese persimmon plants were studied. Based on clustering method of the morphological characteristic, 4 clusters are formed. This difference was canopy form, leaf shape and fruit morphological. Accession 34 from Dolat Rayat Distict has different fruit characters with other accessions.
Review: The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and home-garden farming of West Java, Indonesia
Authors: ISKANDAR JOHAN , ISKANDAR BUDIAWATI S. , PARTASASMITA RUHYAT
Published: October 2018

.Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Partasasmita R. 2018. Review: The impact of social and economic change on domesticated plant diversity with special reference to wet rice field and home-garden farming of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 565-577. The Impact of social and economic change on genetic diversity of domesticated plants with special reference to wet rice field and home-garden farming of West Java. Various farming systems have played an important role as sources of genetic diversity in plants. A large number of cultivated varieties have been commonly selected, maintained, and distributed by farmers and cultural practices and ecological factors have been involved. These factors, such as soil, climate, pests, and culinary, magical and ritual uses, have influenced farmers in their selection of plants in farming systems. Nowadays, however, the number of plant varieties in various farming systems of Java has dramatically declined. This article attempts to discuss the impact of social and economic change on the genetic diversity of agricultural plants of the wet rice field and home-garden farming, particularly based on data from West Java.
Molecular characterization of four giant gourami strains from Java and Sumatra
Authors: NURYANTO AGUS , AMALIA GINA , KHAIRANI DAINTY , PRAMONO HENDRO , BHAGAWATI DIAN
Published: October 2018

Nuryanto A, Amalia G, Khairani D, Pramono H, Bhagawati D. 2018. Molecular characterization of four giant gourami strains from Java and Sumatra. Biodiversitas 19: 578-584. Giant gourami (Osprhonemus goramy) are widely distibuted across Indonesia, such Java, Sumatra, and Kalimatan which lead to the emerge of various gourami strains due to morphological differences. However, no scientific data about the relationship between morphological and genetic differences among strains. This research aimed to obtain information on molecular characteristics of four giant gourami strains from Java and Sumatra based on partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene. This information is vital to strengthen their taxonomic status. Caudal fin clips were sampled from each strain. Nucleotide sequencing was performed using bigdye terminator tehcnique. Pairwise Fst comparison was carried out using arlequin software, whereas sequences of divergence analysis was performed in DnaSP software. Homology of the sequences were checked with previous published data available in Boldsystem data base. Homology test resulted in 98.79 to 100% similarity to the previous published sequences. This means that all strains belonged to single species, i.e. Osphronemus goramy. This placement was supported by low-level of genetic divergences among strains. Although they have low-level genetic divergences, this value is suitable to separate each strain clearly as indicated by pairwise Fst comparison analysis and AMOVA, which showed differences among strains. However, phylogenetic tree shows that all stains formed a monopyletic group with boostratp value of 100. Phylogenetic analysis supports the placement of all strains into a single species that is O. guramy. Those morphological differences are also reflected in their genetic character, except for Tambago and Oranye strains.
Peat soil quality index and its determinants as influenced by land use changes in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: NUSANTARA ROSSIE WIEDYA , ASPAN ASRIPIN , ALHADDAD ABDUL MUJID , SURYADI1 URAY EDI , MAKHRAWIE MAKHRAWIE , FITRIA IRMA , FAKHRUDIN JAINI , REZEKIKASARI REZEKIKASARI
Published: October 2018

Nusantara RW, Aspan A, Alhaddad AM, Suryadi UE, Makhrawie, Fitria I, Fakhrudin J, Rezekikasari. 2018. Peat soil quality index and its determinants as influenced by land use changes in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 585-590. Tropical peatland is continuously damaged in large area in Indonesia, caused by deep and wide drains which change the ecosystem. This research was conducted to evaluate the soil quality index (SQI) based on peatland use. The research was conducted in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan Province, in secondary peat forest, shrubland, oil palm plantation and corn field. The variables observed in this research were subsidence, water-table level, depth of peat, bulk density, water content, porosity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total potassium, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, ash content, available phosphorus, and exchangeable calcium, magnesium, sodium, C/N ratio and soil acidity. The results showed that SQI in secondary peat forest, shrubland, corn field and palm oil plantation were 0.40, 0.37, 0.37 and 0.37 respectively. The stepwise regression analyses showed that the variables influencing SQI were the depth of peat, water-table level, and ash content. Secondary forest had the highest level (0.74) for the depth of peat with 509 cm depth while the other sites had average level (0.41-0.43) with 108.4 cm-115.5 cm mean depth. SQI of peatland increased with the increasing depth of peat and ash content. The differences showed that land use change of peatland, from forest to plantation area would decrease its SQI.
Feasibility study and carrying capacity of Lake Batur ecosystem to preserve tilapia fish farming in Bali, Indonesia
Authors: BUDIASA I WAYAN , SANTOSA I GUSTI NGURAH , AMBARAWATI I GUSTI AGUNG AYU , SUADA I KETUT , SUNARTA I NYOMAN , SHCHEGOLKOVA NATALIYA
Published: October 2018

Budiasa IW, Santosa IGN, Ambarawati IGAA, Suada IK, Sunarta IN, Shchegolkova N. 2018. Feasibility study and carrying capacity of Lake Batur ecosystem to preserve tilapia fish farming in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 613-620. Lake Batur in Bangli District was potential for fishery development up to 5% of the total water area. Currently the lake area used for fishery was only 6.28 ha, leaving the area up to 77.07 ha potential for fishery development. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was the most abundant fish in the lake. This research aimed to evaluate the financial feasibility of tilapia fish farming with Floating Net Cages (FNC) technology within the lake and to assess its carrying capacity for the tilapia aquaculture. Discounted investment criteria were used to test farm survey data from 30 tilapia fish growers at top three villages which had the largest number of FNC. Six water samples were taken using deep water sampler at three sampling points were analyzed to see a number water chemistry and physics condition. The results showed that economic life of a FNC was financially feasible as indicated by the positive Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was greater than 9% and Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C) was greater than one; and however the water quality as indicated by value of TDS, NO2, BOD, Total-P, NH3, and P-PO4 exceeded the maximum limit of water quality criteria class II based on Government of Indonesia Regulation No. 82/2001. Thus, FNC should not be more expanded within the lake due to water pollution of the lake.
Short Communication: Genetic diversity of fumonisin producing Fusarium isolates from rice using PCR-RFLP of IGS-rDNA region
Authors: NAYAK SHUBHRANSU , DHUA URMILA , CHHOTARAY APURBA , SAMANTA SOMA , SENGUPTA CHANDAN
Published: October 2018

Nayak S, Dhua U, Chhotaray A, Samanta S, Sengupta C. 2018. Short Communication: Genetic diversity of fumonisin producing Fusarium isolates from rice using PCR-RFLP of IGS-rDNA region. Biodiversitas 19: 621-626. Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) and related species produce carcinogenic mycotoxin known as Fumonisins in several agricultural crops including rice. However, this principal food crop has been infected by genetically diverse Fusarium species. Odisha belongs to the coastal part of India and many popular rice varieties are in the food chain in this region. Many Fusarium species producing fumonisins have been found to be associated with these rice varieties. Hence, the genetic diversity of twenty eight Fumonisin producers and non producers of Fusarium pathogens in this region was carried out in the current study. The IGS regions of 28 Fusarium isolates (both fumonisin producing and non producing) were amplified and the PCR products were restriction digested with ECoRI and HhaI. The digested products were separated on PAGE and bands were visualized by Silver Nitrate Staining. The 28 isolates could be separated into 14 IGS haplotypes. The lowest similarity was detected to be of 33% between F40 and F47. A group containing 14 isolates represented the biggest haplotypes. The isolates in which the FUM gene had not been detected (fumonisin non producer) were in a separate group having 90% similarity with each other and placed consistently in separate branch from others. Presence of unique band for this group was observed at 1650bp where as absence of specific bands was observed at 380bp and 300bp. The result of this study indicated a high degree of genetic variation among 28 Fusarium isolates. PCR RFLP of IGS region was also found to be useful for diversity study in Fusarium.
Decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R by laccase of newly isolated Leiotrametes flavida Strain ZUL62 from Bangka Heath Forest, Indonesia
Authors: FALAH SYAMSUL , SARI NUZULIA MUTIKA , HIDAYAT ASEP
Published: October 2018

Falah S, Sari NM, Hidayat A. 2018. Decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R by laccase of newly isolated Leiotrametes flavida Strain ZUL62 from Bangka Heath Forest, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 633-639. The use of microbial enzymes seems to be an appropriate approach to neutralize synthetic dyes, providing an eco-friendly and cost-competitive alternative solution for treating industrial effluents. The objective of this research was to select the most potential fungal isolate with high laccase activity to decolorize Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) synthetic dyes. The isolation of fungal body and sampling of wood decay specimens were conducted in six different locations in heath (kerangas) forest of Bangka Belitung, Indonesia. In the present study, a total of 13 isolates were screened by using indicator plate method and for their enzyme activity. The preliminary screening was done to screen ligninolytic fungi. Then the primary screening using various indicator compounds was conducted to select laccases-producing fungi. The enzyme activity assay was performed to select fungal isolate with the highest activity. We found that the most potential fungi belonged to Leiotrametes flavida Strain ZUL62, which had been confirmed by molecular identification using 5.8S rDNA/ITS analysis. In addition, the laccase from Leiotrametes flavida Strain ZUL62 could decolorize RBBR, exhibiting a high rate of decolorization rate of 62% without any mediator within 24 h of incubation. To our best of knowledge, this study represented the first report about Leiotrametes flavida Strain ZUL62 and its potential laccase enzyme for dyes effluent treatment.
Variation of morphology, anatomy and nutrition contents of local cultivar mentik rice based on the altitudes at Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: SURANTO SURANTO , SYAHIDAH A.T. , MAHADJOENO EDWI
Published: October 2018

Suranto, Syahidah AT, Mahadjoeno E. 2018. Variation of morphology, anatomy and nutrition contents of local cultivar mentik rice based on the altitudes at Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 652-659. The purposes of this research were to examine the variation in morphology, anatomy and nutrition contents of rice plants grown at three different altitudes at Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia. The plant samples were collected from three different altitudes (200, 500 and 900 m asl. respectively). The morphological characters of leaf, root and stem were used in this examination, while Paraffin method was employed to look at the anatomical appearances. To look at the content of lipids and proteins, Soxhlet and Kjeldahl methods were used, while the Iodocolorymetre method was chosen to test the amylose content. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with one factor, namely altitude was used in this research. Morphological and anatomical characters and nutrition contents of rice plant were analyzed using one way of ANOVA. The results showed that the length and diameter of roots, plant height and also stem diameter were declining due to a higher altitude. On the other hand, the length of leaf, the number of roots, the total number of stomata and also the ratio of length per diameter of stomata increased, and so did the number of aerenchyma space roots and stems. In general, there was a tendency of decreasing amylose and protein contents due to higher altitudes.
Ecophysiological and growth characters of ten woody plant species in determining their carbon sequestration
Authors: RINDYASTUTI RIDESTI , RACHMAWATI DIAH , SANCAYANINGSIH RETNO PENI , YULISTYARINI TITUT
Published: October 2018

Rindyastuti R, Rachmawati D, Sancayaningsih RP, Yulistyarini T. 2018. Ecophysiological and growth characters of ten woody plant species in determining their carbon sequestration. Biodiversitas 19: 660-669. Tree planting and ecosystem restoration is one of mitigation program of global climate change scheme to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere by sequestering carbon. Carbon storage in the living plant varies among species due to ecophysiological and growth characters of their photosynthesis. Ecophysiological properties of tropical plant species related to carbon sequestration was lack of investigation. The study in this area will be the significant knowledge contribution to C-sink project especially species-level management which has been agreed globally and nationally. The objectives of this research were to study the ecophysiological and growth factors affecting carbon sequestration and to select plant species with high carbon sequestration using 16 months-old-seedling of ten woody plant species. Biomass, carbon storage, the whole plant photosynthetic capacity, total chlorophyll content, stomatal index, and Leaf Area Index (LAI) were significantly different among species. The LAI, total chlorophyll content, whole plant photosynthetic capacity, stem height and stem diameter were positively correlated to biomass and carbon storage. Multivariate correlation test (P>0.05) revealed that the total of chlorophyll content was the ecophysiological factor most contributes to carbon sequestration. The total of chlorophyll content correlates to the stem height, while the whole plant photosynthesis correlates to leaf area in determining plant carbon sequestration. Moreover, two mangrove species, H. littoralis and B. asiatica have the highest carbon sequestration among species studied. For priority in tree planting program in dry lowland habitats, the local species, i.e., S. cumini and D. discolor were more recommended than any others species observed in this study.
Short Communication: The role of microbial rhizosphere in enhancing plant growth of Jatropha curcas in soil contaminated mercury
Authors: EKYASTUTI WIWIK , EKAMAWANTI HANNA ARTUTI
Published: October 2018

Ekyastuti W, Ekamawanti HA. 2018. Short Communication: The role of microbial rhizosphere in enhancing plant growth of Jatropha curcas in soil contaminated mercury. Biodiversitas 19:  701-705. Soil in the area of ex-gold mining, has the chemical-physical constraints to the growth of plants. These chemical-physical constraints are low organic matter, poor of nutrient, acid pH, very low CEC, soil texture dominated by sand, and mercury contamination. This area needs to be rehabilitated. Previous research has found that Jatropha curcas as a plant tolerant to mercury. On the other hand, some types of microbial rhizosphere such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and mercury reducing bacteria (MRB) also have an ability to reduce mercury. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of microbial components of AMF and MRB in enhancing the growth of J. curcas in tailings contaminated mercury. The study was conducted in two places, in the greenhouse and in the tailing area of ex-gold mining, using factorial completely randomized design. Results showed that interactions between AMF and MRB were simultaneously able to enhance the growth of J. curcas not only in the greenhouse, but also in the field (tailing area). In the greenhouse (nursery), several isolates of Bacillus sp, Bacillus sp + Glomus SS11 and Bacillus sp + Glomus SS18 in the forms of inoculum were very effective in enhancing the seedling growth of J. curcas. However, results were apparently changed after those seedlings were planted in the field (tailings of ex-gold mining). The combination of Bacillus sp. + Glomus SS18 was the best treatment to enhance the growth of J. curcas of all used treatments. This result proves that the role of microbial rhizosphere, especially AMF and MRB, could effectively enhance the growth of J. curcas in tailings contaminated with mercury.
Seedless fruit pummelo induced by Gamma Ray irradiation: Fruit morphological characters and stability evaluation
Authors: MARIANA BAIQ DINA , ARISAH HIDAYATUL , YENNI YENNI , SELVAWAJAYANTI MARRY
Published: October 2018

Mariana BD, Arisah H, Yenni, Selvawajayanti M. 2018. Seedless fruit pummelo induced by Gamma Ray irradiation: Fruit morphological characters and stability evaluation. Biodiversitas 19: 706-711. Pummelo is one of native citrus crops found in South East Asia including Indonesia. It is well known due to its big size and distinct taste compared to other citrus fruits. However, it contains many seeds, which may reduce the market demand and customer preferences. Therefore, the objective of this study was to generate seedless citrus by mutation techniques using gamma-ray radiation. The mutant induction of Pamelo Nambangan using gamma-ray radiation was conducted in 2003 using bud wood as plant materials. The bud wood was then irradiated with the dosage of 20, 40, and 60 Gy. The buds then grafted to Japansche Citroen rootstocks and maintained properly until the fruits could be observed. After three years of selection based on performance and fruit evaluation on MV2 generation, a mutant plant derived from 20 Gy irradiation treatments were obtained with improved character on the number of seeds. Pamelo Nambangan has more than 40 seeds/fruit and the mutant has less than 10 seeds/fruit on average. In the seedless mutant, it was observed that the mutant has embryo sac abortion leading to seedless fruit and low pollen viability (7.7%). The mutant has been released in 2016 as a new seedless pummelo variety under the name of ‘Pamindo Agrihorti’.
Karyomorphological variations in some populations of Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum section Acanthoprason in Iran
Authors: MASTALI HASSAN , ZARE-MEHRJERDI MAHBOOBEH , NOROUZI MARYAM , REZAEI JALAL
Published: October 2018

Mastali H, Zare-Mehrjerdi M, Norouzi M, Rezaei J. 2018. Karyomorphological variations in some populations of Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum section Acanthoprason in Iran. Biodiversitas 19: 720-725. Allium is the largest genus of Amaryllidaceae comprising more than 900 species belonging to 15 subgenera. Iran is reported to be a center of diversity for subgenus Melanocrommyum. Acanthoprason is a section in this subgenus. In this paper, karyomorphological variations of nine populations of four species including Allium derderianum, A. kurdistanicum, A. minutiflorum and A. subakaka of the section Acanthoprason growing in Iran were undertaken using squash technique and 2% (w/v) aceto-orcein stain. All of the populations have the same chromosome numbers 2n = 2x = 16 with the exception in Kochka population of A. derderianum 2n = 18. In the present study, the chromosome number of A. minutiflorum and new chromosome number of A. derderianum were revealed for the first time. Chromosomal characteristics were determined using photographs complemented by cluster analysis. According to dendrogram generated by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis, nine populations studied were separated into five groups at a cut off value of 5. Karyotype analysis indicated that Allium species studied here generally have metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes and symmetric karyotypes. Results of the present study revealed the natural variation in nine populations of four species of Acantoprason section which can further serve conservation and breeding planning.
Identification and distribution of sea cucumber exploited in Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: SETYASTUTI ANA , WIRAWATI ISMILIANA , ISWARI MARINDAH YULIA
Published: October 2018

Setyastuti A, Wirawati I, Iswari MY. 2018. Identification and distribution of sea cucumber exploited in Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 726-732. Recently approx. 54 species of sea cucumbers were successfully listed that still being exploited from Indonesian waters. However, out of those only 33 species were taxonomically confirmed because the identification of remaining 21 species need to be verified. Inventory on commercial sea cucumber in Bakaheuni water, Lampung was conducted to bridge the gap in fisheries data by addressing the understanding of the diversity of species exploited for trade. Eight commercially important species of sea cucumber were discovered viz. Actinopyga echinites, A. mauritiana, Holothuria (Halodeima) atra, Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens, Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber, Pearsonothuria graeffei, Stichopus ocellatus and Stichopus vastus during the present study. Two most interesting species namely Actinopyga mauritiana was one of the species that fortuitously confirmed its utilization status as commercial species through this study, and Stichopus ocellatus is newly reported species in Indonesia, not only from fisheries point of view but also taxonomical studies. Hence, the findings of the present study will prove best for the updating of the list of sea cucumber species fished in Indonesia for trade purpose. Till date, we can paraphrase that the number of sea cucumber being involved in a trade is 55 species. It was also concluded that almost 90% of over 650 individuals of sea cucumber found in Bakaheuni waters was observed in the intertidal area, out of which Holothuria atra is the most abundant one. Data presented also revealed that local fishermen are not interested to exploit the low-value species of sea cucumber.
Genetic divergence and speciation within Ziziphora capitata (Lamiaceae): Molecular and micromorphological evidences
Authors: TABARIPOUR RAHELEH , SHEIDAI MASOUD , TALEBI SEYED MEHDI , NOORMOHAMMADI ZAHRA
Published: October 2018

Tabaripour R, Sheidai M, Talebi SM, Noormohammadi Z. 2018. Genetic divergence and speciation within Ziziphora capitata (Lamiaceae): Molecular and micromorphological evidences. Biodiversitas 19: 747-755. Ziziphora capitata is a member of the Mint family (Lamiaceae) that naturally grows in various regions. Different subspecies have been reported for this species, from which two are recorded from Iran: Z. capitata subsp. capitata, and Z. capitata subsp. orientalis. In the present study, morphological, palynological and molecular (ISSR and cp-DNA) data were used to reveal speciation within this species and reconsider taxonomic rank of its presumed subspecies. The obtained results revealed a great difference between two presumed subsp. of Z. capitata. These taxa differed in morphological, palynological and molecular characteristics. Statistical and bioinformatics tests revealed significant genomic difference between them and phylogenetic analyses showed that they have a close affinity to some other Ziziphora species (out-groups used), then to each other. Bayesian and maximum parsimony phylogenetic trees differentiated the presumed sub-species of Z. capitata. Moreover, K-Means clustering and Bayesian analysis of genetic groups by Evanno test (optimal k) supported the presence of two distinct genetic groups within Z. capitata. This approach objectively defines a threshold separating intraspecific population substructure from interspecific divergence, which is the general aim of species delimitation studies. Therefore, the present study provides enough evidence for introducing two separate species within Z. capitata based on the traditional taxonomy as well as combination of molecular and micro-morphological data.
Financial analysis of dipterocarp log production and rubber production in the forest and land rehabilitation program of Sekolaq Muliaq, West Kutai District, Indonesia
Authors: LAHJIE ABUBAKAR M. , SIMARANGKIR B.D.A.S. , KRISTININGRUM R. , RUSLIM YOSEP , LEPONG AGUS
Published: October 2018

Lahjie AM, Lepong A, Simarangkir BDAS, Kristiningrum R, Ruslim Y. 2018. Financial analysis of dipterocarp log production and rubber production in the forest and land rehabilitation program of Sekolaq Muliaq, West Kutai District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 757-766. The Dayak community of East Kalimantan in the last decade has begun to develop production systems that integrate forest timber tree species into plantation commodity enterprises. They have become aware that the natural forest species of their surroundings such as Meranti (Shorea sp.) and Kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica) are often easier to exploit economically, and represent potentially cheaper investments, than are introduced plantation crops such as rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). This is because the price of rubber latex has decreased over the years and has ceased to give a financial return commensurate with the investment required to develop rubber as a monocrop. The research described in this paper aimed to evaluate the viability of a dipterocarp forest/rubber plantation system cultivated by people in the West Kutai District of East Kalimantan. The viability of the system was evaluated by (i) measuring its production of dipterocarp logs and natural rubber; (ii) determining the diameter distribution of its dipterocarp trees and (iii) assessing the financial feasibility of the dipterocarp/rubber system using the theories of increment production and basal area applied to the determination of Pay Back Period, Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost (B/C) ratio and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The research areas on which the evaluation was performed consisted of (1) a mixed population of Shorea spp. (Meranti) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and (2) a mixed population of Dryobalanops aromatica (Kapur) and rubber. The growth analysis of Shorea spp. combined with rubber as well as D. aromatica combined with rubber at the planting distance of 5m x 5m showed that the maximum cycle was reached at the age of 40 years. Whereas the rubber trees in monoculture cultivation reached their maximum cycle at the age of 17 years. The optimum increment of MAI and CAI of Shorea spp. combined with rubber reached 3.61 m3 ha-1 year-1 and 3.62 m3 ha-1 year-1 respectively. The maximum increment of MAI and CAI of Dryobalanops aromatica combined with rubber reached 3.09 m3 ha-1 year-1 and 3 m3 ha-1 year-1 respectively.
Tree stand floristic dynamics in secondary forests of different ages in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: KARYATI KARYATI , IPOR ISA B. , JUSOH ISMAIL , WASLI MOHD. EFFENDI
Published: October 2018

Karyati, Ipor IB, Jusoh I, Wasli ME. 2018. Tree stand floristic dynamics in secondary forests of different ages in Sarawak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 19: 767-773. Succession is a series sequential processes of the development of floristic community which involves changes in community structure, species composition and diversity over time. The information on tree stand floristic dynamics of various stages of succession in secondary forests in Malaysia is currently lacking. This study was conducted to determine tree stand structure, floristic composition, and species diversity in various stages of secondary forest development in the study areas. A total of 997, 1,842, and 834 tree stems with diameter at breast height (DBH) of > 5 cm were recorded in one-hectare-plots of 5, 10, and 20 year old secondary forests, respectively. The ten most common species in 5 and 10 year old of secondary forests consisted mostly of light demanding species. In the 20 year old secondary forest, these species did not exist. Macaranga gigantea was the most dominant tree species in the 5 and 10 year old secondary forests in terms of basal area and volume per hectare. The most common species, based on density, basal area, volume, and Importance Value Index (IVi), in the 20 year old secondary forest was Adinandra dumosa. The diversity and richness indices of the 10 year old secondary forest were the highest among all study sites.
The preservation of somatic embryos of papaya derived from papaya lateral shoots after being stored in cryopreservation to maintain plant genetic information in the future
Authors: HERVANI DINI , EFENDI DARDA , SUHARTANTO M. RAHMAD , PURWOKO BAMBANG S.
Published: October 2018

Hervani D, Efendi D, Suhartanto MR, Purwoko BS. 2018. The preservation of somatic embryos of papaya derived from papaya lateral shoots after being stored in cryopreservation to maintain plant genetic information in the future. Biodiversitas 19: 724-729. Germplasm storage of papaya is very important because this plant easily adapts to genetic changes due to environmental conditions and open system pollination, so it is necessary to retain the current genetics resources in order to conserve the genetic information. The storage of the vegetative part of the plant with cryopreservation is expected to retain the plant's genetic information in the future. Cryopreservation is the method for germplasm storage using liquid nitrogen at temperature of -196oC This experiment aimed to obtain the growth ability of papaya lateral shoots to produce somatic embryos after being stored by cryopreservation. The experiment was designed in factorial by Completely Randomized Design with two factors.The first factor was the immersion time duration in PVS2 as cryoprotectant solution with 5 treatments of immersion duration of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes. Second factor was culture medium for cultivated the lateral shoot which was added with plant growth regulators such as BA (benzyl adenine) and NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) at levels of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg l-1, respectively. The results showed that the immersion of lateral shoot in cryoprotectants for 10 and 20 minutes gave the better plantlet survival rate after discharge from liquid nitrogen, while the treatment of culture media had not been significant difference.
Short Communication: The relationship between content of particular metabolites of fallen mangrove leaves and the rate at which the leaves decompose over time
Authors: ARIYANTO DAFIT , BENGEN DIETRIECH G. , PRARTONO TRI , WARDIATNO YUSLI
Published: October 2018

Ariyanto D, Bengen DG, Prartono T, Wardiatno Y. 2018. Short Communication: The relationship between content of particular metabolites of fallen mangrove leaves and the rate at which the leaves decompose over time. Biodiversitas 19: 780-785. Fallen mangrove leaves contain metabolites that play a role in their decomposition in coastal conditions. This research was conducted from September 2016 to February 2017 in Pasar Banggi, Rembang, Central Java, with the purpose of investigating the impact of the leaf metabolites of various mangrove species on the rate of decomposition of the leaves in exposed litter bags The results suggested that secondary metabolites are closely involved in the decomposition of the mangrove leaves. The fastest rate of decomposition was found in Avicennia marina, and the slowest in Rhizophora stylosa. The leaves of A. marina required 10 days (half-life, t50) to decompose by 50% and this was closely related to the phosphorus content of the leaves. On the other hand, R. stylosa required 24 days (half-life, t50) to decompose by 50%.
Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon using three mangrove species applied through tidal bioreactor
Authors: HIDAYATI NURUL , HAMIM HAMIM , SULISTYANINGSIH YOHANA C.
Published: October 2018

Hidayati N, Hamim H, Sulistyaningsih YC. 2018. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon using three mangrove species applied through tidal bioreactor. Biodiversitas 19: 786-792. Mangrove is important component in coastal ecosystems that often faces environmental pollution including industrial waste, particularly oil waste (petroleum hydrocarbon). This study was aimed to analyze the growth, anatomical, and physiological responses of three mangroves species to petroleum hydrocarbon contaminant applied using tidal bioreactor (ebb flow system) as a model of sea-shore environmental condition. The experiment was carried out using completely randomized design with two factors i.e.: three species of mangrove (Rhizophora sp., Avicennia sp. and Bruguiera sp.) and four levels of petroleum concentration (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) exposed using tidal bioreactor for 30 days. The parameters observed in this experiment were plant viability, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) of media, plant growth, pH of media and roots malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Leaf anatomy was also analyzed to distinguish accumulation and translocation of oil compounds into leaf tissues. After 30 days of treatments, Rhizophora sp. had the highest viability and was able to reduce the higher level of TPH in the media compared to those of Avicennia sp. and Bruguiera sp. Petroleum hydrocarbon treatment caused the decrease of shoot and root growth of all species, as well as pH of the media, while it significantly increased malondialdehyde of the roots. Anatomical data showed that petroleum hydrocarbon was absorbed and translocated into the guard cell of the stomata. The result shows that Rhizophora sp. was the most tolerant mangrove species to petroleum hydrocarbon compared to Avicennia sp. and Bruguiera sp., indicated by its survival, the decrease of petroleum hydrocarbon in the sediment, and lower MDA content.
Spatial and temporal variability of surface chlorophyll-a in the Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: SARI QURNIA WULAN , SISWANTO EKO , SETIABUDIDAYA DEDI , YUSTIAN INDRA , ISKANDAR ISKHAQ
Published: October 2018

Sari QW, Siswanto E, Setiabudidaya D, Yustian I, Iskandar I. 2018. Spatial and temporal variability of surface chlorophyll-a in the Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 793-801. The Gulf of Tomini (GoT) is mostly influenced by seasonal and interannual events. So, the immensive aim of this study is to explore spatial and temporal variations of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and oceanographic parameters in the GoT under the influences of monsoonal winds, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The data were collected from the satellite imaging of chl-a and sea and surface temperature (SST) as well as surface wind from the reanalysis data for a period of January 2003 to December 2015. Monthly variations of the chl-a and SST in the GoT reveal chl-a bloom in the center part to the mouth of the GoT during the southeast monsoon season (boreal summer). The chl-a concentrations were relatively higher (>0.1 mg m-3) and distributed throughout most of the areas near the Maluku Sea. The SST in the middle of the GoT was relatively lower than that near the Maluku Sea (the eastern part of the GoT). On the other hand, during the northwest monsoon (boreal winter), the chl-a concentration decreased (<0.1 mg m-3). During this season, the SST was relatively higher (28-29 °C) than that during the boreal summer (27-26 °C) and distributed uniformly. Meanwhile, on interannual timescale, the ENSO and IOD play important role in regulating chl-a distribution in the GoT. High surface chl-a concentration was observed during El Niño and/or positive IOD events. Enhanced surface chl-a concentration during El Niño and/or positive IOD events was associated with the upward Ekman pumping induced by the southeasterly wind anomalies. The situation was reversed during the Niña and/or negative IOD events.
SRY gene mutation in Rattus norvegicus induced by various time exposure of mobile phone
Authors: AMIR ARNI , DARWIN ERYATI , JUNIARTO AHMAD ZULVA
Published: October 2018

Amir A, Darwin E, Juniarto AZ. 2018. Effects of mobile phone exposure to SRY gene in Rattus norvegicus. Biodiversitas 19: 802-808. Mobile phones are low power radio devices, which transmit and receive radio frequency radiation in the microwave spectrum ranging from 900-1,800 MHz through an antenna used closely to the user’s head. Radiation destructs living tissue by altering structure of cell and damaging the DNA, damaging of genetic material in reproductive cells causes mutations and affecting to the next generation. The genetic database of mutation in human SRY gene has been collected and had the correlation between mutation and the occurrence of sex development disorder (translocation). However, the study focussing on SRY gene mutation to the exposure of mobile phone has not been studied, yet. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of various time exposure of mobile phone toward the characteristic of SRY gene fragments in Rattus norvegicus. Experimental research with randomized post test only control design was conducted on 20 Wistar aged 2-3 months with 200-250 grams of weight. Samples were divided into four groups, with three treatment groups based on radiation exposure time (30, 60, and 90 minutes), and one group as control group (without treatment) for 60 days. Following exposure, DNA was isolated from blood of rat, and amplified with a pair of SRY primer set. Positive DNA of SRY gene was assessed by sequencing the genes and determining the mutations. There were three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of SRY gene in histidine 38 glutamine, (CAT> CAG), proline 76 threonine (CCT >ACT) and leucine 102 leucine (CTG >TTG). Long duration of radiation exposure for 90 minutes increased the risk of SRY gene mutation.
Short Communication: Dugong dugon Müller, 1776 (Sirenia, Dugongidae) in Bangka Island, Indonesia
Authors: SYAFUTRA RANDI , ADI WAHYU , IQBAL MUHAMMAD , YUSTIAN INDRA
Published: October 2018

Syafutra R, Adi W, Iqbal M, Yustian I. 2018. Short communication: Dugong dugon Müller, 1776 (Sirenia, Dugongidae) in Bangka Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 823-830. Dugong dugon is a marine mammal species classified as Vulnerable. It has distribution in Indonesia, especially in Bangka Island. However, only four records of dugong were reported in Bangka Island in 1976, 2006, and 2007. In addition, there is little published information about local beliefs toward dugong and awareness actions toward dugong conservation in Bangka Island. This research compiled new records of dugong, local beliefs toward dugong, and awareness actions toward dugong conservation in Bangka Island. Sixteen new records of dugong were collected in Bangka Island leading to a total of 18 records for this island. All new records of dugong were obtained entirely from the eastern waters of Bangka Island. The new records also informed that most of the dugongs were found dead and entangled in gill nets. In addition, an interesting local belief caused Kurau Village becomes the most important location for fishermen to sell dead dugongs or dugongs’ meat. Furthermore, three main awareness actions toward dugong had been implemented in Bangka Island in 2017.
Ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the three forests of the Ischigualasto Provincial Park, a protected area of the Monte Desert, Argentina
Authors: AMATTA EMILCE , CALCATERRA LUIS A. , GIANNONI STELLA . M
Published: October 2018

Amatta E, Calcaterra LA, Giannoni SM. 2018. Ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the three forests of the Ischigualasto Provincial Park, a protected area of the Monte Desert, Argentina. Biodiversitas 19: 831-839. Deforestation and over-grazing mediated by the humans have caused a serious process of desertification in the Argentine Monte Desert, which threats biodiversity of this ecosystem. Forests provide important resources and refuge for animal species, such as ants. The objective of this work was to survey the ant fauna of dryland forests of Ischigualasto Provincial Park, a protected area located in the hyper-arid Monte Desert ecoregion in the province of San Juan, Argentina. Ant species were surveyed in summer in three types of forests (Prosopis, Ramorinoa and Bulnesia forests), using a combination of sampling methods: pitfall-traps, baiting, and hand collection. A total of 33 ant species were collected, of which 17 are new records for the Monte Desert and Dry Chaco and 24 for the San Juan province. The species richness is within the range reported for other Argentine desert and semi-desert areas. Prosopis forest was the richest with 32 species (24 exclusive), followed by Ramorinoa and Bulnesia forests with 11 and 4 species, respectively. This study contributes to improve the knowledge of ant fauna in desert habitats of the world, especially those inhabiting Prosopis forests, which are the most important ant diversity hotspots within the hyper-arid desert.
Assessment of daleh swidden agriculture as an innovative alternative to conventional swidden under conditions of external pressure on local forest management in Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: IMANG NDAN , RUJEHAN RUJEHAN , DUAKAJU NELLA NAOMI
Published: October 2018

Imang N, Rujehan, Duakaju NN. 2018. Assessment of daleh swidden agriculture as an innovative alternative to conventional swidden under conditions of external pressure on local forest management in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 840-848. Swidden agriculture is still an important livelihood for millions of people in the tropics. In Kalimantan Island of Indonesia, swidden agriculture is currently facing many external pressures such as massive expansion of oil palm plantations, concession for industrial plantations, and non-availability of financial and political support from the government. The above external pressures which ignore local wisdom in forest and land management have reduced the land available for swidden agriculture. The external pressures, in turn, have shortened the cycle of swidden agriculture and decreased the productivity of swidden agriculture. The objectives of the present study are to assess socio-cultural and economic aspects of the innovative daleh agriculture as an alternative to conventional swidden agriculture under these conditions. The study was conducted in an indigenous Bahau Dayak community of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Twenty swiddeners and 6 other key informants were interviewed for data collection. Research findings confirm that the expansion of oil palm plantations has ignored the wisdom in forest and land management, in general, and caused pressure on swidden agriculture, in particular. Under such pressures, daleh swidden agriculture may be effectively practiced because it can increase land productivity and is also culturally acceptable. Further, financial and facilitation support from district government is needed to improve the practice of swidden agriculture in the study area.
Wattled Brushturkey hunting system in the Sigim and Sinaitousi communities in the buffer zone of the Arfak Mountain Nature Reserve, West Papua, Indonesia
Authors: MANIK HOTLAN , YURMIATY HUSMY , ASMARA INDRAWATI YUDHA , HANDARTO HANDARTO , ISKANDAR JOHAN , PARTASASMITA RUHYAT
Published: October 2018

Manik H, Yurmiaty H, Asmara IY, Handarto, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R. 2018. Wattled Brushturkey hunting system in the Sigim and Sinaitousi communities in the buffer zone of the Arfak Mountain Nature Reserve, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 849-856. Illegal hunting is still the cause of the decline of wildlife populations in nature. This is particularly the case with protected wildlife and endemic species, such as the Wattled Brushturkey in Palau West Papuan. Thus, research needs to be done on the hunting system at the site. The aim of this research was to know Wattled Brushturkey (Aepypodius arfakianus) hunting system by Sigim and Sinaitousi villagers, Arfak Mountains of West Papua. The research used descriptive method with field observation technique and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the main purpose of hunting Wattled Brushturkey conducted by the Sigim and Sinaitousi communities is to consume the meat, while a part of egg hunting is for sale. The hunting by the two villagers was generally done in groups. The frequency of hunting depends on needs and demand. Hunting is done using snares, dogs, and combinations of snares and dogs. The tools used are snares, machetes, air rifles, arrows nad bows. The modern tools such as gun have been used in both villages. The hunting of Wattled Brushturkey begins in the morning and continues until late afternoon. The location of hunting is usually primary forest, secondary forest of former garden and river basin.
Analyses of bioindicators and physicochemical parameters of water of Lake Tondano, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Authors: SETYONO PRABANG , HIMAWAN WIDHI
Published: October 2018

. Setyono P, Himawan W. 2018. Analyses of bioindicators and physicochemical parameters of water of Lake Tondano, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 867-874. The water quality of Lake Tondano is affected by various anthropogenic activities on the water body and catchment area. The purposes of this research were (i) to identify a pollution load based on the study of bioindicators and physicochemical parameters and (ii) to identify the trophic level of the Lake Tondano. The research data were collected by direct water sampling and analyses of a secondary data. The plankton identification was conducted in a laboratory. The data were analyzed to determine biodiversity index (ID) using the Shannon Weiner formula. A comparison between physicochemical parameters and the standard in the government regulation number 82, the year of 2001 and the value of diversity index were used to determine the pollution level. The trophic level was calculated with the Carlson Formula. The results showed that the diversity index (H') in Lake Tondano was 1.904 (phytoplankton), 1.712 (zooplankton) and 2.086 (benthos) which indicated a low to mid-level pollution. Based on the government regulation, the Eris station had inappropriate water quality for the present utilization (Class II). The trophic state was categorized as eutrophic towards hypertrophic condition indicated by domination of the phytoplankton and large covers of the water hyacinth.