bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of CO2 Inhalation on Central Sleep Apnea and Arousals from Sleep
Authors: Szollosi I. , Jones M. , Morrell M.J. , Helfet K. , Coats A.J.S. , Simonds A.K.
Published: October 2004

Background: CO2 inhalation reduces central sleep apnea (CSA) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and idiopathic CSA. CO2 is also a stimulus for cortical arousal, which has been linked to increased sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and increased mortality in CHF patients with CSA. Objective: We have tested the hypothesis that during sleep, inhalation of CO2 sufficient to reduce the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) would not reduce the arousal index (AroI). Methods: In 10 male patients with CSA (7 with CHF and 3 with idiopathic CSA), the inspired CO2 concentration was increased to raise the sleeping end-tidal CO2 by 2–4 mm Hg during established stage 2 sleep. Each intervention was maintained for a 10-min period. Sleep stage was monitored with electroencephalograms, electrooculograms, submental electromyogram, airflow with pneumotachometer and respiratory effort and blood gases with oxygen saturation and end-tidal CO2. During periods of air and CO2 breathing, AHI and AroI were compared with paired t tests; patients acted as their own controls. Results: Inhalation of CO2 produced a significant reduction in AHI (mean ± SEM) from 74.4 ± 12.4 events/h during air breathing to 25.8 ± 7.8 events/h with CO2 inhalation (p = 0.002). However, the AroI was not significantly different between the two conditions, air 67.8 ± 12.3 events/h and CO2 inhalation 52.8 ± 12.4 events/h (p = 0.264). Conclusion: CO2 inhalation reverses CSA but not arousals from sleep. Our findings highlight the need for treatment options that reduce both respiratory events and decrease arousals from sleep, with their associated SNA sequelae.
Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Diastolic Blood Pressure Elevation during Exercise
Authors: Tryfon Stavros , Stanopoulos Ioannis , Dascalopoulou Efi , Argyropoulou Paraskevi , Bouros Demosthenes , Mavrofridis Euklides
Published: October 2004

Background: Several studies assessing the role of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) as an independent risk factor for hypertension have produced conflictingresults. Although the sleep apnea syndrome is associated with hypertension, there are no references regarding the blood pressure response of normotensive OSAS patients during exercise. Study Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between diastolic blood pressure (DBP) response during exercise and the severity of OSAS. Methods: We performed exercise testing a day after polysomnography in 17 normotensive males who were admitted for the first time because of OSAS and in 10 normal subjects who were members of the same families. During maximal incremental exercise test (bicycle ergometry) oxygen consumption (VO2) and the DBP were estimated at rest and at peak exercise. VO2 was also measured when DBP were 100 and 110 mm Hg. Results: At peak exercise DBP was significantly higher in OSAS patients (115.3 ± 9.2 mm Hg) than in normal subjects (101 ± 8.4 mm Hg, p < 0.01). OSAS patients reached a DBP of 110 mm Hg with a significantly lower VO2 than normal subjects (1,881.5 ± 703.4 vs. 1,972.3 ± 108.6 ml/min, p = 0.045). VO2 was not different between the two groups at a DBP of 100 mm Hg (1,211.2 ± 371.7 vs. 1,536.6 ± 267.2 ml/min, p = 0.089) but OSAS patients had a significantly lower heart rate than normals (111.2 ± 13 vs. 118.6 ± 27.6, p = 0.009). None of the aspects of quality of life, according to the Nottingham Health Profile Questionnaire, Part 1, were significantly different between patients and normal subjects. Conclusions: Normotensive OSAS patients develop DBP elevation at an earlier stage during exercise compared to normal subjects. This hypertensive response was not correlated with the severity (apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation parameters) of OSAS. DBP elevation could be a limiting factor of physical performance in this group of patients.
Serum CC-10 in Inflammatory Lung Diseases
Authors: Ye Qing , Fujita Masaki , Ouchi Hiroshi , Inoshima Ichiro , Maeyama Takashige , Kuwano Kazuyoshi , Horiuchi Yasuhiro , Hara Nobuyuki , Nakanishi Yoichi
Published: October 2004

Background: Although Clara cell secretory protein (CC-10) has been ascribed an anti-inflammatory role in lung diseases, its precise role remains unclear. Objective: To further our understanding of the role of CC-10 in inflammatory lung diseases, CC-10 protein levels were measured. Methods: Sera or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were collected from patients with different inflammatory lung diseases including bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), sarcoidosis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP), pneumonia and lung cancer. Serum CC-10 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using urinary protein-1 antibody. Then, the relationships between CC-10 concentrations and lung diseases were investigated. Immunohistochemistry was performed using lung biopsy samples. Results: Increased serum CC-10 levels were recognized in IIP patients, while CC-10 levels were decreased in bronchial asthma patients and CEP patients. Immunohistochemistry revealed an aberrant expression in areas of fibrosis in IIP patients. Serum CC-10 concentrations were not associated with severity among IIP, COPD, and sarcoidosis. In contrast, serum CC-10 concentrations were correlated with FEV1/FVC in bronchial asthma patients. Conclusions: Although the number of patients was quite limited, these data provide new insights into the role of CC-10 in lung diseases, and the possibility that the CC-10 concentration in serum could be a new marker indicating the severity of bronchial asthma.
Spirometric Reference Values in Tunisian Children
Authors: Trabelsi Y. , Ben Saad H. , Tabka Z. , Gharbi N. , Bouchez Buvry A. , Richalet J.P. , Guenard H.
Published: October 2004

Background: In Tunisia, there are no normal values of pulmonary function for healthy Tunisian children. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to set reference values for spirometric lung function in Tunisian children and to compare these results with other data sets. Methods: Spirometric values were measured with a Minato portable spirometer in 1,114 asymptomatic, nonsmoking Tunisian children (581 boys and 533 girls) 6–16 years of age. Natural logarithmic values of lung function and standing height were used in the final regression model. Results: Prediction equations for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC × 100, maximum mid expiratory flow (MMEF 25–75%) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) for both sexes are presented with standing height as the dependent variable. Our data show a significant increase in lung function with standing height in both sexes. Comparing our results with recent data, values of FVC and FEV1 in both sexes in the present study are close to those in European, white US and Asian children, whereas our values are higher than the Libyan ones. Conclusions: Healthy Tunisian children showed similar spirometric reference values compared to European, white US and Asian children. Thus, these standards of lung function could also be used in Tunisia.
Safety and Yield of Ultrasound-Assisted Transthoracic Biopsy Performed by Pulmonologists
Authors: Diacon A.H. , Schuurmans M.M. , Theron J. , Schubert P.T. , Wright C.A. , Bolliger C.T.
Published: October 2004

Background: Transthoracic ultrasound (US) has gained popularity as a tool for visualizing pleural effusions and assisting thoracentesis or chest drain placement. In the absence of effusion, US just as well demonstrates solid masses involving or abutting the pleura, yet biopsy of such lesions is not widely performed by chest physicians. Objective: To assess the feasibility and the safety of US-assisted cutting needle biopsy performed by chest physicians in routine practice. Methods: Lesions involving or abutting the pleura ≧20 mm in diameter on US were sampled with a 14-gauge cutting needle under local anesthesia. Biopsy site, needle direction and depth of penetration were determined with US. The procedure was performed without direct US guidance in ‘free-hand’ technique. Results: Ninety-one patients underwent 96 cutting-needle biopsies for suspected peripheral lung tumors (n = 44, 46%), pleural-based (n = 39, 41%), mediastinal (n = 10, 10%), or chest wall lesions (n = 3, 3%), which were single in 71%, multiple in 6% and diffuse in 23%. Sensitivity for malignant neoplasms (n = 65) was 85.5% and 100% for mesothelioma (n = 10). Pneumothorax occurred in 4%. Conclusions: US-assisted cutting-needle biopsy of lesions ≧20 mm in diameter is safe in the hands of pulmonologists. The yield for neoplastic disease including mesothelioma is high.
The Role of Transcarinal Needle Aspiration in the Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer: Computed Tomographic Correlates of a Positive Result
Authors: Oki Masahide , Saka Hideo , Kumazawa Akifumi , Sako Chieko , Ando Maki , Watanabe Atsushi
Published: October 2004

Background: Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is used most frequently to assess subcarinal nodes because of its technical ease. Objectives: We conducted a prospective observational clinical study to define the indications for TBNA use for subcarinal nodes (transcarinal needle aspiration, TCNA) related to the nodal size by computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Methods: One hundred and eight consecutive patients with lung cancer underwent TCNA at the time of initial diagnostic bronchoscopy within a 22-month period. Results: TCNA was positive in 21 of the patients. Only 1 of 75 patients (1%) with subcarinal nodes less than 10 mm in short-axis diameter by CT had a positive result. TCNA for enlarged nodes, 10 mm or greater, had a high positive yield of 61% (20/33). The procedure provided the only evidence of unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (stage IIIA-N2 disease) in 3 patients and the sole pathological evidence for malignancy in 5 patients. Conclusions: The high yield of positive TCNA results for enlarged subcarinal nodes contributes to the improvement of the overall diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy. We recommend that TCNA for enlarged subcarinal nodes on CT in patients with presumptive lung cancer should be performed routinely at the time of initial diagnostic bronchoscopy.
Granulocytic Sarcoma of the Tracheobronchial Tree: Bronchoscopic and Pathologic Correlation
Authors: Stafford Christopher M. , Herndier Brian , Yi Eunhee S. , Weidner Noel , Harrell II James H.
Published: October 2004

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is an extramedullary, solid tumor composed of immature granulocytic cells, which occurs in association with myeloproliferative or leukemic disorders. GS can precede, accompany, or complicate the presence of hematologic malignancy in the blood or bone marrow. The anatomic distribution commonly includes bone, nerve, lymph node, and skin, but may involve a variety of soft tissues. Pulmonary involvement is uncommon but may invade the parenchyma, pleura, mediastinum, and airways. We report a rare case of endobronchial granulocytic sarcoma with bronchoscopic and pathologic correlation.
Urinothorax: Case Report and Review of the Literature with Emphasis on Biochemical Diagnosis
Authors: Garcia-Pachon Eduardo , Padilla-Navas Isabel
Published: October 2004

Urinothorax is a rare cause of transudative pleural effusion secondary to obstructive uropathy. We present a case of urinothorax after shock wave lithotripsy and review the literature. A total of 53 cases have been described previously, and in a few of them, the biochemical characteristics of the pleural fluid were detailed. In general, patients with urinothorax have low pH and glucose levels, and their lactate dehydrogenase level can be very high, resulting in misclassification of the effusion as an exudate. The average pleural fluid to serum creatinine ratio reported in 12 cases was 9.15 (range 1.09–19.8).
Pulmonary Hemorrhage Complicating a Typical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
Authors: Piastra M. , Ruggiero A. , Langer A. , Caresta E. , Chiaretti A. , Pulitanò S. , Polidori G. , Riccardi R.
Published: October 2004

We describe a case of pulmonary bleeding and subsequent acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a 20-month-old female suffering from a typical postdiarrheal hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Acute renal failure was treated early by peritoneal dialysis. It is of interest to underline that thrombocytopenia or any coagulative impairment was absent when this complication occurred, and spontaneous diuresis recovery was ongoing. All examinations failed to identify a unique site of bleeding in the main stem bronchi or trachea. Complete renal and clinical recovery was obtained in spite of this very uncommon complication. Intensivists should be aware of this rare and potentially fatal complication of typical (D+)HUS.
Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in Patients Suspected of Having Sotos Syndrome
Authors: de Boer Lonneke , Kant Sarina G. , Karperien Marcel , van Beers Lotte , Tjon Jennifer , Vink Geraldine R. , van Tol Dewy , Dauwerse Hans , le Cessie Saskia , Beemer Frits A. , van der Burgt Ineke , Hamel Ben C.J. , Hennekam Raoul C. , Kuhnle Ursula , Mathijssen Inge B. , Veenstra-Knol Hermine E. , Schrander Stumpel Connie T. , Breuning Martijn H. , Wit Jan M.
Published: October 2004

Background: Deletions and mutations in the NSD1 gene are the major cause of Sotos syndrome. We wanted to evaluate the genotype-phenotype correlation in patients suspected of having Sotos syndrome and determine the best discriminating parameters for the presence of a NSD1 gene alteration. Methods: Mutation and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed on blood samples of 59 patients who were clinically scored into 3 groups. Clinical data were compared between patients with and without NSD1 alterations. With logistic regression analysis the best combination of predictive variables was obtained. Results: In the groups of typical, dubious and atypical Sotos syndrome, 81, 36 and 0% of the patients, respectively, showed NSD1 gene alterations. Four deletions were detected. In 23 patients (2 families) 19 mutations were detected (1 splicing defect, 3 non-sense, 7 frameshift and 8 missense mutations). The best predictive parameters for a NSD1 gene alteration were frontal bossing, down-slanted palpebral fissures, pointed chin and overgrowth. Higher incidences of feeding problems and cardiac anomalies were found. The parameters, delayed development and advanced bone age, did not differ between the 2 subgroups. Conclusions: In our patients suspected of having Sotos syndrome, facial features and overgrowth were highly predictive of a NSD1 gene aberration, whereas developmental delay and advanced bone age were not.
Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and t(X;5): Are There Upstream Regulatory Elements of the Androgen Receptor Gene?
Authors: Lower K.M. , Kumar R. , Woollatt E. , Villard L. , Gecz J. , Sutherland G.R. , Callen D.F.
Published: October 2004

Background/Aims: Two half-brothers with similar malformed genitals, who both inherited a maternally derived t(X;5)(q13;p15) translocation, have a phenotype consistent with partial androgen sensitivity syndrome. The aim was to identify the gene disrupted by the X chromosome breakpoint. Methods: The breakpoint was localized using fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase spreads of the translocation. Results: The breakpoint on the X chromosome of the X;5 translocation was localized to a 30-kb region. This region does not contain any identified genes or transcripts. However, the breakpoint is approximately 134 kb from the 5′ end of the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Conclusions: Genetic defects of the AR gene are collectively called androgen insensitivity syndrome and include a range of phenotypes from normal males, often with associated sterility, to XY females. The phenotype seen in the males with the t(X;5) is consistent with this syndrome. The analysis of the chromosomal abnormality suggests that this translocation may remove one or more upstream regulatory elements of the AR gene that are essential for its normal expression and its role in typical external masculinization.
Condensed Chromatin and Cell Thermoregulation
Authors: Ibraimov A.I.
Published: October 2004

Based on our original investigations of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin region variability in human populations, as well as on the analysis of existing literary data on the condensed chromatin (CC), structure of interphase nucleus and redundant DNA in the genome of higher eukaryotes, an attempt is made to justify the view of possible participation of CC in cell thermoregulation. CC, being the densest domains in a cell, apparently conducts heat between the cytoplasm and nucleus when there is a difference in temperature between them. The assumed heat conductivity effect of CC is stipulated by its principal features: a condensed state during the interphase, association with the lamina and the inner nuclear membrane, replication at the end of the S period of a cell cycle, formation of the chromocenter, genetic inertness, and wide variability in the quantitative contents both within and between species.
Hypokalemia and Alkalosis in Adipsic Hypernatremia Are Not Associated with Hyperaldosteronism
Authors: Torchinsky Michael Y. , Deputy Stephen , Rambeau Fred , Chalew Stuart A.
Published: October 2004

Idiopathic adipsic hypernatremia (AH) is a rare disorder associated with hypokalemia and alkalosis. Hypokalemic alkalosis has been presumed to be secondary to hyperaldosteronism. We evaluated plasma renin activity, serum aldosterone, serum and urine electrolytes in a 17-year-old patient with AH on several occasions. Despite evidence of mild dehydration, serum Na >160 and K <3.2, aldosterone levels were suppressed and plasma renin activity was not elevated. Urine Na and K were not conserved. We also examined electrolyte and hormone levels in previously reported cases of AH. Aldosterone levels were not increased in any of the cases when measured. Renin secretion was increased in 2 patients. Among the compiled cases serum K was inversely correlated with serum Na (r = –0.73, p < 0.002, n = 15). Hypokalemia and alkalosis occurring in AH are not associated with secondary hyperaldosteronism. Patients with AH may have chronic renal losses of potassium leading to hypokalemia and alkalosis.
Treatment of Surfactant-Damaged Skin in Humans with Creams of Different pH Values
Authors: Buraczewska Izabela , Lodén Marie
Published: October 2004

Skin surface has an acidic pH, whereas the body’s internal environment maintains a near-neutral pH. The physiological role of the ‘acidic mantle’ and the function of the pH gradient throughout the stratum corneum remain unexplained. The pH gradient has been suggested to activate enzymes responsible for the maintenance of the skin barrier function and to facilitate the desquamation process in the stratum corneum. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of pH of a moisturizing cream on barrier recovery in surfactant-damaged human skin. Volunteers had their skin damaged with sodium lauryl sulphate and treated those areas with the cream, adjusted to either pH 4.0 or 7.5. The study did not prove the superiority of a cream of pH 4.0 to a cream of pH 7.5 regarding promotion of skin barrier recovery, since no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in transepidermal water loss, blood flow and skin capacitance between the treated areas.
Brain but Not Spinal NR2B Receptor Is Responsible for the Anti-Allodynic Effect of an NR2B Subunit-Selective Antagonist CP-101,606 in a Rat Chronic Constriction Injury Model
Authors: Nakazato Etsuko , Kato Aki , Watanabe Shuzo
Published: October 2004

In order to examine the site of action of an NR2B subtype-selective NMDA antagonist CP-101,606, we investigated its analgesic effect in a rat model of neuropathic pain at various routes of administration. Mechanical allodynia was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subcutaneous treatment of the animals with CP-101,606 at 10 mg/kg significantly inhibited CCI-induced mechanical allodynia. Intracerebroventricular injection of CP-101,606 at 10, 30 and 100 nmol also inhibited the mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent manner, the statistically significant effect being achieved at the highest dose tested (100 nmol) without producing any behavioral abnormalities. However, intrathecal injection of CP-101,606 at a dose of 300 nmol failed to inhibit CCI-induced allodynia. A receptor binding assay using rat forebrain and spinal cord membrane preparations demonstrated that [3H]CP-101,606 bound to the brain NR2B receptor with a greater extent compared to the spinal cord one. These findings suggest that the anti-allodynia effect of CP-101,606 is ascribable to blockade of NR2B receptors at the brain, but not at the spinal cord. In contrast, intrathecal injection of a non-selective NMDA antagonist, memantine, significantly inhibited CCI-induced mechanical allodynia at a dose of 300 nmol, indicating the difference in the site of action between the non-selective NMDA antagonist and the NR2B-specific NMDA antagonist.
Novel PPARγ Agonists GI 262570, GW 7845, GW 1929, and Pioglitazone Decrease Calcium Channel Function and Myogenic Tone in Rat Mesenteric Arteries
Authors: Heppner Thomas J. , Bonev Adrian D. , Eckman Delrae M. , Gomez Maria F. , Petkov Georgi V. , Nelson Mark T.
Published: October 2004

Novel non-thiazolidinedione, tyrosine-derived peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists, GI 262570, GW 7845, GW 1929, developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) along with pioglitazone and nisoldipine, were studied on currents through L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) in freshly isolated smooth muscle cells from mesenteric arteries, and on the diameter of pressurized mesenteric arteries in vitro. Using Ba2+ (10 mmol/l) as the charge carrier through VDCC, the half-inhibition constants (IC50) for GI 262570, GW 7845, GW 1929, and pioglitazone were 2.0 ± 0.5, 3.0 ± 0.5, 5.0 ± 0.7, and 10.0 ± 0.8 µmol/l, respectively. For arterial diameter measurements the IC50 values for GI 262570, GW 7845, GW 1929, and pioglitazone were 2.4, 4.1, 6.3, and 13.9 µmol/l, respectively. Each GSK compound and pioglitazone was effective at inhibiting VDCC and relaxing pressurized arteries, suggesting that the vasodilation of resistance arteries could be explained by the inhibition of calcium entry through VDCC.
Modulation of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator by Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Acetaldehyde-Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells
Authors: Pérez-Liz Georgina , Flores-Hernández Jorge , Arias-Montaño José-Antonio , Reyes-Esparza Jorge-Alberto , Rodríguez-Fragoso Lourdes
Published: October 2004

The aim of this study was to determine whether transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induces the synthesis, release and gene expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in hepatic stellate cells. In addition to stimulating collagen production, TGF-β1 induced the morphological and phenotypical changes characteristic of hepatic stellate cell activation. However, these changes accentuated in cells previously activated with acetaldehyde. TGF-β1 increased to 2-fold uPA activity in lysates from quiescent cells, and to 3.5-fold in activated cells, and induced uPA gene expression to the same extent in both activated and non-activated cells. TGF-β1 had a modest stimulatory action on the release of uPA into the conditioned medium, but reduced acetaldehyde-induced release, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. In accord, whereas TGF-β1 produces no effect on uPA activity in the conditioned media from quiescent cells, it significantly reduces the stimulatory action of acetaldehyde. These results show that the activity and gene expression of uPA are regulated by both acetaldehyde and TGF-β1 and that the proteolytic activity in the extracellular space is reduced by the influence of TGF-β1. Further studies on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of the plasminogen system by TGF-β1 and other molecules in the presence of acetaldehyde will contribute to a better understanding of the processes involved in fibrogenesis.
Montelukast, a Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor-1 Antagonist, Dose- and Time-Dependently Protects against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice
Authors: Yu Guo-Liang , Wei Er-Qing , Zhang Shi-Hong , Xu Hui-Ming , Chu Li-Sheng , Zhang Wei-Ping , Zhang Qi , Chen Zhong , Mei Ru-Huan , Zhao Meng-Hui
Published: October 2004

Our previous studies showed that cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 (CysLT1) antagonist pranlukast has a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia in rats and mice. However, whether the neuroprotective effect of pranlukast is its special action or a common action of CysLT1 receptor antagonists remains to be clarified. This study was performed to determine whether montelukast, another CysLT1 receptor antagonist, has the neuroprotective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in mice, and to observe its dose- and time-dependent properties. Permanent focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Montelukast was injected intraperitoneally either as multiple doses (once a day for 3 days and 30 min before MCAO) or as a single dose (at 30 min before, 30 min after, or 1 h after MCAO), respectively, and pranlukast and edaravone were used as controls. The neurological deficits, infarct volumes, brain edema, neuron density, and Evans blue extravasation in the brain were determined 24 h after MCAO. Pretreatments with multiple doses or a single dose of montelukast (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) before MCAO significantly attenuated all the ischemic insults. Post-treatment with a single dose of montelukast (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) at 30 min after MCAO also significantly decreased brain edema and infarct volume, but not neurological deficits. However, post-treatment with a single dose of montelukast at 1 h after MCAO had no significant effect. Pranlukast showed the same effects as montelukast, but edaravone attenuated the ischemic insults only with multiple doses before MCAO. Thus, montelukast has a dose- and time-dependent neuroprotective effect on permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice, with an effective dose range of 0.1–1.0 mg/kg and a therapeutic window of 30 min. These findings further support the therapeutic potential of CysLT1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of cerebral ischemia at earlier phases.
Therapeutic Potential of New Pt(II) and Ru(III) Triazole-Pyrimidine Complexes against Leishmania donovani
Authors: Magán Rosa , Marín Clotilde , Rosales María Jose , Salas Juan Manuel , Sánchez-Moreno Manuel
Published: October 2004

We have already established an in vitro culture system using murine macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani in which the time course of parasite growth is determined quantitatively. We adopted this system for the screening of three triazole-pyrimidine derivatives that would ideally prove to be effective against L. donovani with no toxicity to the host cell. Amphotericin B deoxycholate was used as the standard drug and gave a IC50 value of 3.89 µg/ml. The three triazole-pyrimidine compounds assayed have been reported to be potent growth inhibitors of L. donovani promastigote and amastigote stages. Compounds SPIV and SPVI exhibited the highest toxicity for extracellular forms of parasites, with IC50 values of 19.95 and 21.61 µg/ml, respectively. The triazole-pyrimidine SPV, although to a lower degree, also showed pronounced effects against promastigote forms with IC50 of 33.14 µg/ml. Drug activity was higher against amastigote than against promastigote stages. The compounds SPIV and SPVI interfered with the synthesis of macromolecules, affecting primarily DNA at the lower concentration tested (5 µg/ml), while SPV also showed interference, though to a lesser extent, and at a higher concentration (15 µg/ml) the percentage of inhibition rose considerably. The synthesis or RNA and proteins was also depressed significantly by these compounds at administration rates of 15 µg/ml. Ultrastructural alterations were evident in the main organelles of L. donovani (nucleus, kinetoplast, mitochondria), after the addition of the three compounds at a concentration of 5 µg/ml, to the in vitro culture. The in vitro promastigote forms of L. donovani can degrade glucose to carbon dioxide, and part of the carbon skeleton of the glucose is excreted as end metabolites. The excretion of these metabolites, mainly acetate, was also inhibited by the three compounds assayed, suggesting that this could be due to a direct effect on some of the enzymes related to this fermentation pathway or to the inhibition exerted by the compounds on enzyme synthesis.
Reversal of Experimental Myoglobinuric Acute Renal Failure in Rats by Quercetin, a Bioflavonoid
Authors: Chander Vikas , Singh Devinder , Chopra Kanwaljit
Published: October 2004

The occurrence of acute renal failure (ARF) following rhabdomyolysis has been put at between 10 and 40% of cases, and accounts for between 3 and 15% of all cases of ARF. Reactive oxygen intermediates have been demonstrated to play an etiological role in myoglobinuric renal failure. This study was performed to explore the protective effect of quercetin, a bioflavonoid, in an experimental model of myoglobinuric ARF in rats. Four groups of rats were employed in this study: group 1 served as control, group 2 was given 50% glycerol (8 ml/kg, i.m.), group 3 was given glycerol + quercetin (2 mg/kg, i.p.), and group 4 was given glycerol + DMSO (the solvent for quercetin, 5 ml/kg, i.p.). Renal injury was assessed by measuring serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and urea clearance. The oxidative stress was measured by renal malondialdehyde levels, reduced glutathione levels and by enzymatic activity of catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase. Glycerol administration resulted in a marked renal oxidative stress, significantly deranged the renal functions as well as renal cytoarchitecture. All these factors were significantly improved by quercetin treatment. Because of its radical-scavenging and iron-chelating properties, quercetin protected the kidney against the glycerol-induced oxidative stress and resultant renal dysfunction. Based on these results, this study confirms the role of oxidative stress and demonstrates the renoprotective potential of quercetin in this rhabdomyolysis-mimicking model.
Malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) and Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Leaves Reduce Oxidative Stress in Vitamin A-Deficient Rats
Authors: Arruda Sandra F. , Siqueira Egle M.A. , Souza Elizabeth M.T.
Published: October 2004

Aim: This study examined the ability of tropical vegetables to reduce oxidative stress induced by vitamin A deficiency. Methods: Vitamin A-deficient male Wistar rats were divided into four groups which were treated for 30 days with different diets: AIN-93G vitamin A-deficient diet (DD), DD supplemented with pure β-carotene (β-D) and DD supplemented with malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) (MD) or purslane (Portulaca oleracea) (PD) leaves as the only source of vitamin A. The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined in the heart and liver. Results: The rats fed β-D, MDand PD showed liver and heart TBARS concentrations lower than did DD rats. The liver GSH concentration of β-D, MD and PD rats was lower compared to DD rats. The heart GSSG concentration of the vegetable groups was significantly lower than in DD rats. Liver and heart catalase activities were not significantly different among the groups, nor was heart glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, however the β-D rats showed the highest liver GPX activity. There was no difference in liver glutathione-S-transferase level among the groups, while heart activity was higher in rats fed the vegetable leaves. Conclusion: This study evidences that the ingestion of purslane or malanga leaves may have a protective effect against oxidative stress caused by vitamin A deficiency.
Effects of 2,3-Butanedione Monoxime on Induction of Action Potential Bursts in Central Snail Neurons: Direct and Indirect Modulations of Ionic Currents
Authors: Lin Chia Hsien , Wu Chi Lun , Lin Mei Shan , Liu Ming Chang , Lin Pei Jung , Tsai Ming Cheng
Published: October 2004

The effects of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) on induction of action potential bursts were studied pharmacologically on the RP4 central neuron of giant African snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac). The effect of okadaic acid on the neuron was also tested. The RP4 neuron showed a spontaneous firing of action potential. Okadaic acid (1 µmol/l) did not alter the frequency of spontaneous action potential while BDM (3 mmol/l) reversibly elicited bursts of potential (BoP) of the RP4 neuron. The BoP elicited by BDM (3 mmol/l) were reversed 20 min after incubation with diazoxide (500 µmol/l) while the BoP were not altered in preparations treated with okadaic acid and BDM. The BDM-elicited BoP were not inhibited after administration with (a) hexamethonium (100 µmol/l), (b) atropine (1 mmol/l), (c) d-tubocurarine (100 µmol/l), (d) prazosin (100 µmol/l), (e) propranolol (100 µmol/l), (f) calcium-free solution, (g) high K+ (12 mmol/l) or (h) with high Mg2+ (30 mmol/l) solutions. The BDM-elicited BoP were inhibited by pretreatment with KT-5720 (10 µmol/l) or H89 (10 µmol/l), the protein kinase A inhibitors. However, the BoP were not affected after application of chelerythrine (10 µmol/l) or Ro 31-8220 (10 µmol/l), the protein kinase C inhibitors. Voltage-clamped studies revealed that BDM elicited a negative slope resistance (NSR) at membrane potentials between –50 and –10 mV. The NSR was not detectable at the same membrane potential in control RP4 neuron. It is suggested that the BoP elicited by BDM were not due to (1) the synaptic effects of neurotransmitters; (2) the activation of cholinergic, adrenergic receptors, or (3) phosphatase activity of the neuron. The BDM-elicited BoP were dependent on the protein kinase A related cAMP in the neuron and the delayed outward K+ current may contribute to the BDM-elicited BoP.
m-CPP, a 5-HT2C Receptor Agonist That Modifies the Perfusion Pressure of the Hindquarter Vascular Bed of Anesthetized Rat
Authors: Calama E. , Morán A. , Ortiz de Urbina A.V. , Martín M.L. , San Román L.
Published: October 2004

In the present work we studied the actions of the intra-arterial administration of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP – a 5-HT2C receptor agonist) in the hindquarters of the anesthetized rat. The lowest doses used (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 µg/kg) induced vasodilatation whereas the highest doses produced vasoconstriction (1, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 µg/kg). Both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction were inhibited by the 5-HT1,2 receptor antagonist methiothepin, whereas the 5-HT2 receptorantagonist ritanserin blocked only the vasoconstrictor responses. 1-[4-(1-Adamantanecarboxamido)butyl]-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist) and ICI 118,551 (a β2-receptor antagonist) failed to modify the vasodilator responses of m-CPP. Both BRL 15572 (a 5-HT1D receptor antagonist) and GR 55562 (a 5-HT1B receptor antagonist) only partially inhibited this action. Our data reveal that m-CPP induces the 5-HT1 and/or non-specific vasodilator effect and 5-HT2 vasoconstrictor effects in the hindquarter vascular bed of the rat.
Phototherapy and Photo-Oxidation in Premature Neonates
Authors: Kaplan Michael , Gold Vadim , Hammerman Cathy , Hochman Ayala , Goldschmidt Doris , Vreman Hendrik J. , Stevenson David K.
Published: October 2004

Objective: The potential for photo-oxidation during phototherapy in premature neonates was assessed by measuring parameters reflective of photo-oxidation. Methods: Blood was sampled from premature neonates prior to, and after 4 and 24 h of phototherapy, respectively. Total plasma bilirubin (TPB), blood carboxyhemoglobin corrected for inspired carbon monoxide (COHbc) (a sensitive index of heme catabolism), blood thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) (a measure of lipid peroxidation), and plasma protein carbonyls (representative of protein oxidation) were determined. Study measurements were compared with baseline values both for the entire study group, and also individually for subgroups < and ≧1.5 kg birthweight, respectively. The percentage difference (%δ) between baseline and the 24-hour measurement was calculated for each parameter. Results: Forty-one premature neonates (mean [± SD] gestational age 30.5 ± 2.7 weeks and birthweight 1,499 ± 448 g) were studied. Mean TPB values decreased from a baseline of 9.1 ± 2.3 to one of 7.2 ± 2.8 mg/dl, p < 0.01, during the first 24 h of phototherapy. For the entire patient sample, neither COHbc, TBARS or protein carbonyl values increased significantly over baseline measurements: COHbc: 0.90 ± 0.26% vs. 0.92 ± 0.32%; TBARS: 19.0 ± 5.6 vs. 18.0 ± 4.5 nmol/ml, and protein carbonyls 7.73 ± 3.78 vs. 7.63 ± 3.56 U/ml (baseline and 24-hour samples only are shown in the abstract). Similarly, for the entire group, %δ (mean, interquartile range) were not significantly different between COHbc [–3.77 (–15.89–17.65)%], TBARS [–7.47 (–17.37–7.38)%], and protein carbonyls [–1.47 (–28.51–43.48)%], respectively. For subgroup analysis of neonates < or ≧ 1.5 kg birthweight, respectively, no significant increases in COHbc, TBARS or protein carbonyls were documented. A significant increase in %δ for COHbc in the <1.5 kg birthweight subgroup compared with those ≧1.5 kg, possibly indicative of hemolysis, was not matched by similar changes in %δ for TBARS or protein carbonyls, and may therefore not be a result of photo-oxidation. Conclusions: Except for changes in %δ in COHbc alone and in the smallest babies only, overall, short term phototherapy in premature infants was effective in reducing TPB concentrations without associated evidence reflective of photo-oxidation.
Role of Antibiotics in Management of Non-Ventilated Cases of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome without Risk Factors for Infection
Authors: Lin Hung-Chih , Su Bai-Horng , Tsai Chang-Hai , Lin Tsung-Wen , Yeh Tsu-Fuh
Published: October 2004

There are limited data on the efficacy of antibiotics in the management for meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). This purpose of the prospective randomized controlled clinical trial compared the infection-related outcome of non-ventilated cases of MAS without perinatal risk factors for infection, treated with or without antibiotics therapy, as measured by the incidence of pneumonia and sepsis up to the age of 2 months. From January 1997 to July 2003, this study was carried out in our nursery. Infants with MAS without perinatal risk factors for infection and without ventilator use were randomly allocated to study and antibiotics groups after informed parental consent was obtained. The study group did not receive antibiotics, while the antibiotics group received antibiotics including ampicillin and gentamicin for 3 days until the blood cultures were negative, as was standard practice in the nursery. Other management and monitoring of MAS were the same in both groups. Of a total of 425 cases of MAS, 119 cases were excluded because there were at risk for infection or respiratory failure needing ventilator support. The study group comprised 148 cases and the antibiotics group 158 cases. Among these patients, 127 from the study group and 132 from the antibiotics group were followed up until 2 months of age. The profile of patients with respect to the method of delivery, the characteristics of meconium, Apgar score, sex, gestational age and birth body weight was similar in both groups. There were no significant differences in the duration of tachypnea, O2 supplementation and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) between the two groups. Pneumothorax occurred in 4 cases in the study and 7 cases in the control group. There was no mortality in either group. Blood cultures at 6 and 72 h of age were all negative in both the study and the antibiotics groups. No infant developed bacterial pneumonia, sepsis or meningitis in the follow-up program at 2 months of age. We conclude that antibiotic treatment did not affect the clinical course and outcome related to infection in MAS without perinatal risk factors for infection and without ventilator use. The role of antibiotics in the management of MAS may need to be reevaluated in a study with a larger sample size.
Reciprocal Neural Connections between the Central Posterior/Prepacemaker Nucleus and Nucleus G in the Gymnotiform Fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus
Authors: Zupanc Günther K.H. , Corrêa Sônia A.L.
Published: October 2004

The central posterior nucleus of teleost fish is a cluster of neurons in the dorsal thalamus that plays an important role in controlling social behaviors. In the weakly electric gymnotiform fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, this nucleus forms a larger complex together with the prepacemaker nucleus, hence called central posterior/prepacemaker nucleus (CP/PPn). This complex is crucially involved in neural control of transient modulations of the electric organ discharge, which occur both spontaneously and in the context of social interactions. This control function is intimately linked to its pattern of connectivity with other brain regions. By employing an in vitro neuronal tract-tracing technique, we have, in the present study, identified a novel reciprocal connection between the CP/PPn and a cell group situated in the region between the ventral thalamus and the inferior lobe. Despite the previous interpretation by other authors of this cell group as the glomerular nucleus, the lack of a projection of this nucleus to the hypothalamus, as also demonstrated in the present investigation, makes such a homology unlikely. We, therefore, interpret this nucleus as a brain structure of unknown homology in other teleosts and suggest ‘nucleus G’ to identify it.
Interspecific Allometry of the Brain and Brain Regions in Parrots (Psittaciformes): Comparisons with Other Birds and Primates
Authors: Iwaniuk Andrew N. , Dean Karen M. , Nelson John E.
Published: October 2004

Despite significant progress in understanding the evolution of the mammalian brain, relatively little is known of the patterns of evolutionary change in the avian brain. In particular, statements regarding which avian taxa have relatively larger brains and brain regions are based on small sample sizes and statistical analyses are generally lacking. We tested whether psittaciforms (parrots, cockatoos and lorikeets) have larger brains and forebrains than other birds using both conventional and phylogenetically based methods. In addition, we compared the psittaciforms to primates to determine if cognitive similarities between the two groups were reflected by similarities in brain and telencephalic volumes. Overall, psittaciforms have relatively larger brains and telencephala than most other non-passerine orders. No significant difference in relative brain or telencephalic volume was detected between psittaciforms and passerines. Comparisons of other brain region sizes between psittaciforms and other birds, however, exhibited conflicting results depending upon whether body mass or a brain volume remainder (total brain volume – brain region volume) was used as a scaling variable. When compared to primates, psittaciforms possessed similar relative brain and telencephalic volumes. The only exception to this was that in some analyses psittaciforms had significantly larger telencephala than primates of similar brain volume. The results therefore provide empirical evidence for previous claims that psittaciforms possess relatively large brains and telencephala. Despite the variability in the results, it is clear that psittaciforms tend to possess large brains and telencephala relative to non-passerines and are similar to primates in this regard. Although it could be suggested that this reflects the advanced cognitive abilities of psittaciforms, similar studies performed in corvids and other avian taxa will be required before this claim can be made with any certainty.
The Short-Term Effects of Physical Therapy in Different Intensities of Urodynamic Stress Incontinence
Authors: Turkan Akbayrak , Inci Yuksel , Fazli Demirturk
Published: October 2004

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the short-term effects of a physical therapy program in patients with different intensities of urodynamic stress urinary incontinence (USI). Subjects and Methods: 48 patients with USI were assigned to three groups according to the intensity of their incontinence: group I: 0–2 g (n = 17), group II (mild intensity: >2–10 g, n = 16) and group III (moderate intensity: >10 g, n = 15) as determined by the 1-hour pad test. A physical therapy program composed of Kegel exercises and interferential current was applied to all patients for duration of 5 weeks, with a total of 15 sessions. The number of pads used a day, frequency of voiding (times/day), amount of urinary leakage according to the 1-hour pad test (mg), severity of complaint (as centimeters on visual analogue scale) and pelvic floor muscle strength (cm Hg) were evaluated. Pre-treatment and post-treatment values of these data were compared in each group and among groups. Results: Analyses of the data indicated that the number of pads used a day, frequency of voiding and amount of urinary leakage decreased and pelvic floor muscle strength increased significantly in each group (p < 0.05). Cure in USI was found in 88% of subjects in group I and 18% of subjects in group II (mild intensity). None of the patients in group III (moderate intensity) showed a cure effect. Conclusion: This physical therapy program was found to be more effective in mild and moderate intensities than severe USI.
Representative Study for the Evaluation of Age- and Gender-Specific Anthropometric Parameters and Blood Pressure in an Adolescent Hungarian Population
Authors: Antal Magda , Regöly-Mérei Andrea , Nagy Katalin , Greiner Erika , Biró Lajos , Domonkos Andrea , Balajti Anikó , Szórád Ildikó , Szabó Csaba , Mozsáry Erzsébet
Published: October 2004

Backgrounds/Aims: To assess the age- and gender-specific anthropometric parameters and blood pressure in Hungarian adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed between 1997and 2000. Altogether 6,345 secondary school students (aged 15–18 years) were involved in the study. The representative sampling sites were selected randomly. In the capital city 3-stage and in the counties 4-stage stratified groups were assigned for the studies. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows 9.0. Results: The age- and gender-specific percentile distributions are given with regard to body weight, body height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and arterial blood pressure values. Elevated blood pressure values were found at the first recording in 14.1% of the boys and in 2.5% of the girls. Since it is well known that the arterial blood pressure (ABP) may exhibit considerable intra- individual fluctuation with time, we therefore categorized normotensive and hypertensive students on the basis of the mean ABP values calculated from data obtained during the course of the three separate consecutive measurement periods at least 2 weeks apart. After that, the incidence of high blood pressure was 7.5% in boys and 1.1% in girls. Conclusion: The age- and gender-specific cutoff values thus formed may serve as reference values to assess the risk of developing nutrition-related noninfectious diseases in the future on the basis of the present percentile distribution of BMI. The present study also provides data on the prevalence of hypertension in the 15- to 18-year-old age group.