bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From a Theoretical Concept to Biochemical Reactions: Strain‐Induced Bond Localization (SIBL) in Oxidation of Vitamin E
Authors: Rosenau Thomas , Ebner Gerald , Stanger Amnon , Perl Sharon , Nuri Limor
Published: November 2004

The regioselectivity of the oxidation of α‐tocopherol (the main component of vitamin E) to an ortho‐quinone methide (oQM) has been explained in the literature mostly by the ill‐defined term “Mills–Nixon effect”. In this paper we describe the preparation of eleven α‐tocopherol derivatives, different from each other by the sum of annulation angles, but keeping the electronic factors unchanged. These compounds underwent Ag2O oxidation, forming two isomeric oQMs that were trapped by vinylmethyl ether. It was found that the isomeric product ratio changes smoothly as a function of the annulation angles, not abruptly from one regioisomer to the other on going from five‐ to six‐ and seven‐membered rings, as predicted by the Mills–Nixon effect. The relative amounts of the products were determined at four different temperatures, and assuming that the product ratio represents the relative rates ratio, the relative enthalpy of activations could be obtained. Theoretically (at B3LYP/6‐31G* theoretical level) four different intermediates were considered. Each of these underwent angular angles deformations to model the two regioisomers. At each deformation angle the energy difference between the two intermediates models was correlated to the experimental data for each of the four intermediates. It was found that the angle‐deformed lithium (6‐methyl‐2‐benzylium)phenolate correlated best (R>0.994) to the experimental data. This study confirms that the regioselectivity of the two isomeric oQMs in the oxidation of α‐tocopherol and related compounds is simply a function of angular strain, best explained by the SIBL (strain‐induced bond localization) model. In addition, this study provides evidence that the highest energy intermediate in the oxidation of vitamin E is a phenolate–benzyl cation.
Molecular Recognition and Crystal Energy Landscapes: An X‐ray and Computational Study of Caffeine and Other Methylxanthines
Authors: Carlucci Lucia , Gavezzotti Angelo
Published: November 2004

We introduce a new approach to crystal‐packing analysis, based on the study of mutual recognition modes of entire molecules or of molecular moieties, rather than a search for selected atom–atom contacts, and on the study of crystal energy landscapes over many computer‐generated polymorphs, rather than a quest for the one most stable crystal structure. The computational tools for this task are a polymorph generator and the PIXEL density sums method for the calculation of intermolecular energies. From this perspective, the molecular recognition, crystal packing, and solid‐state phase behavior of caffeine and several methylxanthines (purine‐2,6‐diones) have been analyzed. Many possible crystal structures for anhydrous caffeine have been generated by computer simulation, and the most stable among them is a thermodynamic, ordered equivalent of the disordered phase, revealed by powder X‐ray crystallography. Molecular recognition energies between two caffeine molecules or between caffeine and water have been calculated, and the results reveal the largely predominant mode to be the stacking of parallel caffeine molecules, an intermediately favorable caffeine–water interaction, and many other equivalent energy minima for lateral interactions of much less stabilization power. This last indetermination helps to explain why caffeine does not crystallize easily into an ordered anhydrous structure. In contrast, the mono‐ and dimethylxanthines (theophylline, theobromine, and the 1,7‐isomer, for which we present a single‐crystal X‐ray study and a lattice energy landscape) do crystallize in anhydrous form thanks to the formation of lateral hydrogen bonds.
Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Supramolecular Spintronic Modules into 1D‐ and 2D‐Architectures with Emergence of Magnetic Properties
Authors: Ruben Mario , Ziener Ulrich , Lehn Jean‐Marie , Ksenofontov Vadim , Gütlich Philipp , Vaughan Gavin B. M.
Published: November 2004

Hierarchical self‐assembly of complex supramolecular architectures allows for the emergence of novel properties at each level of complexity. The reaction of the ligand components A and B with FeII cations generates the [2×2] grid‐type functional building modules 1 and 2, presenting spin‐transition properties and preorganizing an array of coordination sites that sets the stage for a second assembly step. Indeed, binding of LaIII ions to 1 and of AgI ions to 2 leads to a 1D columnar superstructure 3 and to a wall‐like 2D layer 4, respectively, with concomitant modulation of the magnetic properties of 1 and 2. Thus, to each of the two levels of structural complexity generated by the two sequential self‐assembly steps corresponds the emergence of novel functional features.
Cover Picture: Self‐Assembly of Folic Acid Derivatives: Induction of Supramolecular Chirality by Hierarchical Chiral Structures (Chem. Eur. J. 23/2004)
Authors: Kamikawa Yuko , Nishii Masayuki , Kato Takashi
Published: November 2004

The cover picture shows the chiral columnar assembly of folic acid derivatives, which have hierarchical chiral molecular structures. Their supramolecular chiral assembly is greatly dependent on molecular stimuli and environment in neat and dilute solution states. For more details see the article by T. Kato et al. on p. 5942 ff.
Enhancement Effect of Illumination on the Photoluminescence of Water‐Soluble CdTe Nanocrystals: Toward Highly Fluorescent CdTe/CdS Core—Shell Structure.
Authors: Bao Haobo , Gong Yanjun , Li Zhen , Gao Mingyuan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Desymmetrizing Hydroformylation with the Aid of a Planar Chiral Catalyst‐Directing Group.
Authors: Breit Bernhard , Breuninger Daniel
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Cyclogeneration of Carbocations: Subsequent Rearrangement and Trapping under Oxidative Conditions.
Authors: Koh Jeong Hwan , Mascarenhas Cheryl , Gagne Michel R.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Re(CO)5Br‐Catalyzed Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Terminal Alkynes: A High anti‐Markovnikov and Recoverable Homogeneous Catalyst.
Authors: Hua Ruimao , Tian Xin
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Direct Preparation of 6‐Methylene‐2‐cyclohexenones.
Authors: Kraus George A. , Kim Junwon
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of Linearly Substituted Homoallylic Alcohols via Allyl(isopropoxy)dimethylsilane.
Authors: Li Lianhai , Navasero Neenah
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Simple Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Ketenimines Derived from N‐Aryl‐2,2,2‐trichloroacetamides, Alkyl Isocyanides and Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Djahaniani Hoorieh , Nasiri Farough
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Convergent Synthesis of cis‐α,β‐Epoxy‐carboxylic Acids from 1‐Halo‐2‐trimethylsilyloxy‐3‐aza‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐butadiene.
Authors: Panunzio Mauro , Bongini Alessandro , Monari Magda , Tamanini Emiliano , Bandini Elisa
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Synthesis of Thiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones Through [Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene.
Authors: Aggarwal Ranjana , Pundeer Rashmi , Kumar Vinod , Chaudhri Vishwas , Singh Shiv P. , Prakash Om
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient and Regiospecific One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted 1,2,4‐Triazoles.
Authors: Stocks Michael J. , Cheshire David R. , Reynolds Rachel
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Simple and Efficient Tetrahydropyranylation Using N‐Bromosuccinamide.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Reddy M. Ravinder , Ravindranath N. , Reddy V. Saidi , Venkateshwarlu K.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel 6‐Substituted‐aminopyridine‐2(H)‐ones.
Authors: Patel A. K. , Patel N. B.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antioxidative Activities of Novel Diphenylalkyl Piperazine Derivatives with High Affinities for the Dopamine Transporter.
Authors: Kimura Makoto , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 7α‐ and 7β‐Spermidinylcholesterol, Squalamine Analogues.
Authors: Choucair B. , Dherbomez M. , Roussakis C. , El Kihel L.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Base‐Discriminating Fluorescent (BDF) Nucleoside: Distinction of Thymine by Fluorescence Quenching.
Authors: Saito Yoshio , Miyauchi Yohei , Okamoto Akimitsu , Saito Isao
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
23‐Oxa‐Analogues of OSW‐1 (Ia). Efficient Synthesis and Extremely Potent Antitumor Activity.
Authors: Shi Bingfeng , Wu Hao , Yu Biao , Wu Jiarui
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Fascaplysin‐Based CDK4‐Specific Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity.
Authors: Aubry Carine , Jenkins Paul R. , Mahale Sachin , Chaudhuri Bhabatosh , Marechal Jean‐Didier , Sutcliffe Michael J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Complexes Containing Metal—Carbon σ‐Bonds of Groups 4 and 5 (Including Multiple Bonded Species)
Authors: Lynam Jason M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Six‐Membered Ring Systems with O and/or S Atoms
Authors: Hepworth John D. , Heron B. Mark
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Alkyl Succinate Derivatives
Authors: Thomson Nick
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Modeling Transport in Polymer‐Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Weber Adam Z. , Newman John
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Battery Separators
Authors: Arora Pankaj , Zhang Zhengming
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrodeposition of Metal Nanostructures by Galvanic Displacement Powered with Insoluble Crystals of a Ferrocene Derivative
Authors: Dryfe Robert A. W. , Walter Erich C. , Penner Reginald M.
Published: November 2004

The deposition of metal nanostructures (wires and particles) on a graphite surface from an aqueous electrolyte solution was induced by galvanic displacement, via the oxidation of insoluble crystals of a ferrocene derivative (eithern‐butyl ferrocene or decamethyl ferrocene) present on the same substrate. Micron‐to‐millimetre‐scale crystallites of decamethyl ferrocene were deposited on the graphite surface by evaporation from a solution of a nonpolar solvent (1,2‐dichloroethane). Immersion of this modified surface into a dilute solution of a metal ion (e.g., CuII, AgI, PdII, PtIIand others) caused the deposition of metal nanoparticles at step edges present on the graphite surface. The reducing equivalents required for the metal deposition process are provided by oxidation of the ferrocene derivative on the surface, as directly evidenced by elemental analysis and chronoamperometric experimental data presented here.
Luminescence Quantum Yield Determination for Molecules Adsorbed onto Solid Powdered Particles
Authors: Vieira Ferreira Luis F. , Branco Tiago J. F. , Botelho do Rego Ana M.
Published: November 2004

A new methodology for the determination of the fluorescence quantum yield of dyes adsorbed onto microcrystalline cellulose is presented and applied to rhodamine 101, cresyl violet and auramine O. It is based on a previously reported method by Ruetten and Thomas (J. Phys. Chem., 1998, 102, 598–606), which is not applicable to the dyes used in the present study. It uses ground‐state diffuse reflectance spectra obtained with and without filters, which prevents the luminescence of the dye from reaching the integrating sphere and the photodetector.

New equations are presented here, correcting for the fluorescence emission of the dye, which depends on the detector sensitivity. Cut‐on filters, which have a transmittance close to unity in the absorption region, and close to zero in the emission region, of the dye are used to obtain corrected reflectance spectra. The influence of the substrate was also taken into account.

This methodology may be applied to other probes and surfaces or emissions of a different nature (i.e., phosphorescence or delayed fluorescence), and constitutes a very simple and general procedure to solve the important problem of luminescence quantum yield determination of probes adsorbed onto solid powdered surfaces.
Influence on the Formation of Aragonite or Vaterite by Otolith Macromolecules
Authors: Falini Giuseppe , Fermani Simona , Vanzo Silvia , Miletic Marin , Zaffino Giulia
Published: November 2004

Calcium carbonate polymorphism is one of the most challenging problems in biomineralization. Calcium carbonate exists in three crystalline forms: calcite, aragonite and vaterite. Otoliths of teleost fishes are made of vaterite and aragonite, located in different sacs and never mixed together. This paper presents a biochemical characterization of the intracrystalline macromolecules associated to the vateritic and aragonitic phases of otoliths. Experimental evidences from calcium carbonate overgrowth on the surface of otoliths and in vitro crystallization on the chitin‐silk fibroin assembly organic matrix suggest that the intracrystalline macromolecules associated to the otolith influence the aragonite−vaterite polymorphism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Characterisation of Novel Complexes Containing Group 15 Elements and Their Potential Use as Molecular Precursors for the Formation of Transition Metal Pnictides
Authors: Scheer Manfred , Vogel Ulf , Becker Uta , Balazs Gabor , Scheer Petra , Hönle Wolfgang , Becker Michael , Jansen Martin
Published: November 2004

The reaction of [{W(CO)5}2PCl] with K[Co(CO)4] yields the novel compounds [{W(CO)4Co2(CO)6}{µ3‐PW(CO)5}2] (3) and [{(CO)4WCo3(CO)6}{µ3‐PW(CO)5}3] (4) along with known derivatives [Co2(CO)6{μ,η2‐PW(CO)5}2] (1) and [Co3(CO)9{μ3‐PW(CO)5}] (2). The complex [{W2(CO)8(μ‐CO)}{μ,η2:η1:η1‐PW(CO)5}2)] (5) was synthesised by treating Na2[W2(CO)10] with PBr3. Reaction of K[Mn(CO)5] with SbCl3affords [Sb{Mn(CO)5}3] (6) in high yields. The spectroscopic and structural characterisation of the novel products is discussed, as well as the thermolytic behaviour of2,3and6for the potential formation of novel phases of transition metal pnictides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Hazard analysis and critical control point of frying – safety assurance of fried foods
Authors: Vorria Evanthia , Giannou Virginia , Tzia Constantina
Published: November 2004

Deep frying can pose hazards due to oil deterioration (oxidation, polymerization, hydrolysis) and harmful components formation such as trans fatty acids, highly oxidized or polymerized constituents of fatty acids and acrylamide. An analysis of safety hazards of the production of the potato chips and french fries, was carried out from potato harvesting until final products packaging according to hazard analysis and critical control point approach focusing mainly on the first three principles. Since frying is considered a critical control point, the critical limits for the frying temperature and for the potential hazards must be controlled in order to ensure fried products safety.
Tests to monitor quality of deep‐frying fats and oils
Authors: Stier Richard F.
Published: November 2004

There are dozens of tests an oil chemist has at his disposal for evaluating fresh and used frying oils. These include chemical tests, instrumental methods, physical methods and rapid tests. Not all are applicable to use when evaluating oils used for deep‐fat frying. Rather than run the gamut of all the tests available to the oil chemist or quality control technician, this presentation will focus on the different rapid tests that have been developed for the marketplace. These include physical tests, tests that measure physical parameters of the oil, and chemical tests. Tests may be quite simple or complex. The presenter will provide an overview on the different rapid test methods, but will emphasize that it is up to the researcher or the processor to evaluate for themselves whether the technology is something that they can use in their own operations.
Structural fire design according to Eurocode 5—design rules and their background
Authors: König Jürgen
Published: November 2004

This paper gives a review of the design rules of EN 1995‐1‐2, the future common code of practice for the fire design of timber structures in the Member States of the EU and EFTA, and makes reference to relevant research background. Compared with the European pre‐standard ENV 1995‐1‐2, the new EN 1995‐1‐2 has undergone considerable changes. Charring is dealt with in a more systematic way and different stages of protection and charring rates are applied. For the determination of cross‐sectional strength and stiffness properties, two alternative rules are given, either by implicitly taking into account their reduction due to elevated temperature by reducing the residual cross‐section by a zero‐strength zone, or by calculating modification factors for strength and stiffness parameters. Design rules for charring and modification factors are also given for timber frame members of wall and floor assemblies with cavities filled with insulation. A modified components additive method has been included for the verification of the separating function. The design rules for connections have been systemized by introducing simple relationships between the load‐bearing capacity (mechanical resistance) and time. The code provides for advanced calculation methods for thermal and structural analysis by giving thermal and thermo‐mechanical properties for FE analyses. The code also gives some limited design rules for natural fire scenarios using parametric fire curves. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered expressions of HOX genes in human cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko , Hamada Jun‐Ichi , Takahashi Yoko , Tada Mitsuhiro , Yamamoto Yuhei , Sugihara Tsuneki , Moriuchi Tetsuya
Published: November 2004

HOX genes act as master genes to control morphogenesis. In human, HOX genes form 4 clusters composing 9 to 11 HOX genes (39 genes in total) on different chromosomes. We hypothesized that aberrant expression of HOX genes was associated with development and subsequent progression of melanoma and that the 39 HOX gene expression pattern determined the sites where melanoma grew. The expression levels of 39 HOX genes in 15 human cutaneous melanoma specimens and 7 nevus pigmentosus specimens were quantified by a comprehensive analysis system based on the real‐time RT‐PCR method. We found that the expression levels of HOXA11, A13, B9, D12 and D13 in melanoma were higher than those in nevus pigmentosus and that the expression levels of HOXA11, B2 and C13 were significantly different between pT4 melanoma and pT1 to pT3 melanoma. It was most notable that the expression levels of HOXA1, A2, C4 and B13 in melanoma with distant metastasis were higher than those in melanoma without it. On the other hand, we found no relationship between HOX genes expression patterns and the growing sites of melanoma. These results indicated that the misexpressions of some specific HOX genes were implicated in melanoma genesis and metastasis but had no linkage with melanoma sites. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations of cancer‐related genes in soft tissue sarcomas: Hypermethylation of RASSF1A is frequently detected in leiomyosarcoma and associated with poor prognosis in sarcoma
Authors: Seidel Claudia , Bartel Frank , Rastetter Matthias , Bluemke Karen , Wurl Peter , Taubert Helge , Dammann Reinhard
Published: November 2004

Aberrant methylation is a main mechanism of tumor suppressor gene inactivation in carcinogenesis. In this study, the methylation status of RASSF1A, p16, MLH1, MSH2 and ERα was investigated in 84 primary soft tissue sarcomas (STSs), including 22 liposarcomas, 18 malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs), 18 leiomyosarcomas, 6 rhabdomyosarcomas, 6 neurogenic sarcomas and several other sarcoma entities. RASSF1A hypermethylation was detected in 17 of 84 (20%) STSs; however, methylation was more frequent in leiomyosarcomas (39%) compared to MFHs (6%; p < 0.015) and liposarcomas (18%). The p16 CpG island was methylated in 22 out of 82 (27%) cases. In 7 out of 81 (9%) STS samples, the promoter of MLH1 was methylated and in liposarcoma the methylation frequency was higher (14%). For MSH2, no hypermethylation was detected. Methylation of ERα was detected in 48 of 63 (76%) STSs, but also in 4 of 8 (50%) normal tissue samples. Furthermore, we analyzed mutational activation of K‐ras and BRAF. In 4 out of 84 (5%) of STSs, a substitution at codon 599 of BRAF was found; however, no alteration of K‐ras was detected. In an univariate Cox proportional‐hazards regression model, we found that the risk of a tumor‐related death for STS patients with methylated RASSF1A was significantly increased (RR = 2.9; p = 0.037). In summary, our data indicate that inactivation of RASSF1A is a common event in STS, especially in leiomyosarcoma. Thus, the methylation status of cancer‐related genes was distinct in different STS and methylation of RASSF1A promoter can serve as prognostic marker in STSs. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel loci controlling lymphocyte proliferative response to cytokines and their clustering with loci controlling autoimmune reactions, macrophage function and lung tumor susceptibility
Authors: Lipoldová Marie , Havelková Helena , Badalová Jana , Demant Peter
Published: November 2004

Novel genotyping and statistical tools have led to mapping of numerous QTL loci for multigenic traits that previously could not be detected. The relationships of these QTL families to other QTL families and the functional specialization of their members can now be studied. We have mapped a number of loci controlling activation of T lymphocytes by mitogens and cytokines and their capacity to produce cytokines. In (O20xOcB‐9)F2 hybrids, we mapped 3 novel loci controlling proliferative T‐cell response to cytokines IL‐2 and IL‐4 (Cinda3) or IL‐4 only (Cinda4 and Cinda5). OcB‐9 allele at Cinda3 controls a higher response than the O20 allele to both IL‐2 and IL‐4, and OcB‐9 alleles of Cinda4 and Cinda5 control higher response to IL‐4. These novel Cinda loci and the previously mapped Cinda1 locus seem to be located in genomic regions together with other QTL families: macrophage function loci Marif1 and Marif2, proteoglycan‐induced arthritis loci Pgia4, Pgia7 and Pgia12 and lung tumor susceptibility loci Sluc1, Sluc4, Sluc6 and Sluc20. The possible relevance of these QTL associations in several different sites of the genome for the immune response, inflammation and tumorigenesis has to be elucidated. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel melanoma antigen, FCRL/FREB, identified by cDNA profile comparison using DNA chip are immunogenic in multiple melanoma patients
Authors: Inozume Takashi , Matsuzaki Yuriko , Kurihara Sachiko , Fujita Tomonobu , Yamamoto Akifumi , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Shimada Shinji , Kawakami Yutaka
Published: November 2004

We applied a strategy that utilized a combination of systematic gene expression analysis with various tissues and immunological detection with sera from melanoma patients to identify melanoma antigens expressed preferentially in melanoma and melanocytes. We selected 101 genes by comparing cDNA profiles obtained by GeneChip analysis of a highly pigmented melanoma cell line, SKmel23, primary cultured melanocytes, HUVECs cultured endothelial cells, keratinocytes, liver and stomach. After the additional selection with criterion of high registered frequency of each cDNA in melanocyte‐related cDNA libraries in the NCBI database, 15 genes including 12 known melanocyte specific genes were identified. One of the remaining 3 genes, FCRL/FREB, encoding a member of the Fc receptor family that was previously reported to express in germinal center B cells, was found to express preferentially in melanocytes and melanoma tissues by RT‐PCR and Northern blot analysis. The FCRL/FREB protein was detected in the cytoplasm of melanoma cells by staining with the murine polyclonal antibody and by transfection with GFP‐fused FCRL/FREB cDNA. The bacterial recombinant protein was recognized by serum IgG antibody obtained from some patients with melanoma. These results suggest that FCRL/FREB may function in melanocytes and melanoma and may be useful for development of diagnostic methods for various pigment disorders and immunotherapy of melanoma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential immunogenicity of adult T cell leukemia cells in vivo
Authors: Kurihara Kiyoshi , Harashima Nanae , Hanabuchi Shino , Masuda Masato , Utsunomiya Atae , Tanosaki Ryuji , Tomonaga Masao , Ohashi Takashi , Hasegawa Atsuhiko , Masuda Takao , Okamura Jun , Tanaka Yuetsu , Kannagi Mari
Published: November 2004

Experimental vaccines targeting human T cell leukemia virus type‐I (HTLV‐I) Tax have been demonstrated in a rat model of HTLV‐I‐induced lymphomas. However, the scarcity of HTLV‐I‐expression and the presence of defective HTLV‐I‐proviruses in adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cells have raised controversy about the therapeutic potential of HTLV‐I‐targeted immunotherapy in humans. We investigated the expression of HTLV‐I antigens in fresh ATL cells by using both in vitro and in vivo assays. In flow cytometric analysis, we found that 3 of 5 acute‐type and six of fifteen chronic‐type ATL patients tested showed significant induction of HTLV‐I Tax and Gag in their ATL cells in a 1‐day culture. Concomitantly with HTLV‐I‐expression, these ATL cells expressed co‐stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and OX40, and showed elevated levels of antigenicity against allogeneic T cells and HTLV‐I Tax‐specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTL). Representative CTL epitopes restricted by HLA‐A2 or A24 were conserved in 4 of 5 acute‐type ATL patients tested. Furthermore, spleen T cells from rats, which had been subcutaneously inoculated with formalin‐fixed uncultured ATL cells, exhibited a strong interferon gamma‐producing helper T cell responses specific for HTLV‐I Tax‐expressing cells. Our study indicated that ATL cells from about half the patients tested readily express HTLV‐I antigens including Tax in vitro, and that ATL cells express sufficient amounts of Tax or Tax‐induced antigens to evoke specific T cell responses in vivo. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in breast cancer xenografts: A major induction of stromal MMP‐13
Authors: Lafleur Marc A. , Drew Angela F. , de Sousa Emma L. , Blick Tony , Bills Margaret , Walker Emma C. , Williams Elizabeth D. , Waltham Mark , Thompson Erik W.
Published: November 2004

In human breast cancer (HBC), as with many carcinoma systems, most matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are largely expressed by the stromal cells, whereas the tumour cells are relatively silent in MMP expression. To determine the tissue source of the most relevant MMPs, we xenografted HBC cell lines and HBC tissues into the mammary fat pad (MFP) or bone of immunocompromised mice and measured the expression of human and mouse MMP‐2, ‐9, ‐11, ‐13, membrane‐type‐1 MMP (MT1‐MMP), MT2‐MMP and MT3‐MMP by species‐specific real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR. Our data confirm a stromal origin for most tumour‐associated MMPs and indicate marked and consistent upregulation of stromal (mouse) MMP‐13 and MT1‐MMP in all xenografts studied, irrespective of implantation in the MFP or bone environments. In addition, we show increased expression of both human MMP‐13 and human MT1‐MMP by the MDA‐MB‐231 tumour cells grown in the MFP compared to in vitro production. MMP protein and activity data confirm the upregulation of MMP mRNA production and indicate an increase in the activated MMP‐2 species as a result of tumour implantation. These data directly demonstrate tumour induction of MMP production by stromal cells in both the MFP and bone environments. These xenografts are a valuable means for examining in vivo production of MMPs and suggest that MMP‐13 and MT1‐MMP will be relevant targets for inhibiting breast cancer progression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fatigue sensitivity of Y‐TZP to microscale sharp‐contact flaws
Authors: Zhang Yu , Lawn Brian R.
Published: November 2004

The strength degrading effects of sharp‐contact damage are examined for Y‐TZP ceramic plates bonded to a plastic substrate. Contacts are made with Vickers and Berkovich diamond indenters at low loads (0.1Nto 100N) in the ceramic lower surfaces prior to bonding to the substrates. The indentations remain in the subthreshold region, that is, without visible corner radial cracks, over the lower region (< 10N) of the load range. A concentrated load is then applied sinusoidally to the ceramic upper surface, with the loading axis centered on the subsurface indentation flaw, thereby subjecting the flaw to cyclic tension. Relative to polished surfaces, the indentations diminish the single‐cycle strength by an amount that increases with increasing indentation load. The critical number of cycles required to cause failure from the indentation flaws is then measured at specified maximum lower surface tensile stresses. At each indentation load, the strength of the ceramic plates diminishes with increased cycling. The scale of degradation is compared with that from previous studies on Y‐TZP surfaces containing larger‐scale surface damage: sandblast damage, as used in dental crown preparation; and blunt‐contact trauma from a spherical indenter at 3000N. These other damage modes are shown to be equivalent in their strength‐degrading capacity to diamond pyramid indentations in the microscale load range 0.1Nto 1N, attesting to the highly deleterious nature of sharp particulate contacts. The mechanism of fatigue is considered in terms of microcrack evolution within the indentation damage zone. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 388–392, 2005
Random End‐Switching Configurational Bias Monte Carlo for Long Chain Molecules
Authors: Karaiskos Emmanuel , deJoannis Jason , Anastasiadis Spiros H. , Bitsanis Ioannis A.
Published: November 2004

Summary:The exponential attrition of configurational bias Monte Carlo for long chains can be reduced to almost quadratic by a simple modification of the basic move. Each trial move begins on the side of the remaining sub chain opposite to the cut location. This type of move is akin to large‐scale reptation and in the limit of one‐segment cut is reptation. The extension is shown to require the same Rosenbluth weighting scheme as the original algorithm. Several examples are used to demonstrate the reliability and the improved performance of the proposed method.

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Poly(butylene terephthalate‐co‐5‐tert‐butyl isophthalate) copolyesters: Synthesis, characterization, and properties
Authors: Gómez Francisco , Quintana Robert , De Ilarduya Antxon Martñez , Rudé Elisabet , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián
Published: November 2004

A series of poly(butylene terephthalate) copolyesters containing 5‐tert‐butyl isophthalate units up to 50 mol %, as well as the homopolyester entirely made of these units, were prepared by polycondensation from a melt. The microstructure of the copolymers was determined by NMR to be random for the whole range of compositions. The effect exerted by the 5‐tert‐butyl isophthalate units on thermal, tensile, and gas transport properties was evaluated. Both the melting temperature (Tm) and crystallinity were found to decrease steadily with copolymerization, whereas the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) increased and the polyesters became more brittle. Permeability and solubility slightly increased with the content in substituted isophthalic units, whereas the diffusion coefficient remained practically constant. For the homopolyester poly(5‐tert‐butyl isophthalate), all these properties were found to deviate significantly from the general trend displayed by copolyesters, suggesting that a different structure in the solid state is likely adopted in this case. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 92–100, 2005
Design considerations in the sequential analysis of matched case–control data
Authors: Baksh M. Fazil , Todd Susan , Whitehead John , Lucini María M.
Published: November 2004

A role for sequential test procedures is emerging in genetic and epidemiological studies using banked biological resources. This stems from the methodology's potential for improved use of information relative to comparable fixed sample designs. Studies in which cost, time and ethics feature prominently are particularly suited to a sequential approach. In this paper sequential procedures for matched case–control studies with binary data will be investigated and assessed. Design issues such as sample size evaluation and error rates are identified and addressed. The methodology is illustrated and evaluated using both real and simulated data sets. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The amphidial neuron pair ALD controls the temperature-sensitive choice of alternative developmental pathways in the parasitic nematode, Strongyloides stercoralis
Authors: NOLAN T. J. , BRENES M. , ASHTON F. T. , ZHU X. , FORBES W. M. , BOSTON R. , SCHAD G. A.
Published: November 2004

The parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, has several alternative developmental pathways. Upon exiting the host (humans, other primates and dogs) in faeces, 1st-stage larvae (L1) can enter the direct pathway, in which they moult twice to reach the infective 3rd-stage. Alternatively, if they enter the indirect pathway, they moult 4 times and become free-living adults. The choice of route depends, in part, on environmental cues. In this investigation it was shown that at temperatures below 34 °C the larvae enter the indirect pathway and develop to free-living adulthood. Conversely, at temperatures approaching body temperature (34 °C and above), that are unfavorable for the survival of free-living stages, larvae develop directly to infectivity. The time-period within the L1's development during which temperature influenced the choice of the pathway depended on the temperature, but, at any given temperature, occurred approximately in the middle of the time-span spent in the L1 stage, which varied inversely with temperature. This critical period was associated with the time-interval in which the number of cells in the genital primordium began to increase, thus providing a morphological marker for the pathway decision in individual worms. Sensing the environment is the function of the amphidial neurons, and therefore we examined the role of individual amphidial neurons in controlling entry into the direct pathway to infectivity. The temperature-sensitive developmental switch is controlled by the neuron pair ALD (which also controls thermotaxis), as seen by the loss of control when these neurons are ablated. Thus, in S. stercoralis a single amphidial neuron pair controls both developmental and behavioural functions.
Structure and synthesis of nematode phosphorylcholine-containing glycoconjugates
Authors: HOUSTON K. M. , HARNETT W.
Published: November 2004

Infection with filarial nematodes produces a chronic, long-lasting illness with adult worms able to survive within human hosts for up to 15 years. A contributor to the longevity of these parasites is the presence of phosphorylcholine (PC) on components of the worms' molecular secretions (ES). PC on ES modulates host immune responses towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype thereby generating an environment favourable for parasite survival. PC is attached to nematode ES via a covalent association with carbohydrate, which, although well-documented in bacteria and fungi, is absent from humans, making it an ideal target for the development of novel drugs. In order to produce such drugs it is first necessary to understand the structure and synthesis of nematode PC-glycans. ES-62 is the major PC-ES-product ofAcanthocheilonema viteaeand is a homologue of PC-ES found in human filarial nematodes. We have studied the structure and biosynthesis of PC-glycans of ES-62 by a combination of pulse-chase experiments, experiments involving the use of inhibitors of each of intracellular trafficking, oligosaccharide processing and phospholipid biosynthesis and various forms of mass spectrometry. Our indications indicate that PC is transferred in the lumen of the medial Golgi to an N-type glycan consisting of a trimannosyl core with or without core fucosylation bearing between 1 and 4 N-acetyl glucosamine residues. The structure of the PC-N-glycans found in ES-62 appears to be conserved amongst filarial nematodes in that it has additionally been identified inOnchocerca volvulusandO. gibsoni. Also, similar structures have been found in non-filarial parasitic nematodes and in the free-living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. Finally, PC has also been recently found attached to the carbohydrate moieties of nematode glycosphingolipids and the structure of these will also be considered.
Posthodiplostomum cuticola(Digenea: Diplostomatidae) in intermediate fish hosts: factors contributing to the parasite infection and prey selection by the definitive bird host
Authors: ONDRAČKOVÁ M. , šIMKOVÁ A. , GELNAR M. , JURAJDA P.
Published: November 2004

Infection parameters ofPosthodiplostomum cuticola, a digenean parasite with a complex life-cycle, were investigated in fish (the second intermediate host) from 6 floodplain water bodies over 2 years. A broad range of factors related to abiotic characteristics of localities, density of the first intermediate (planorbid snails) and definitive (wading birds) hosts and fish community structure were tested for their effects onP. cuticolainfection in juvenile and adult fish. Characters of the littoral zone and flood duration were found to be important factors for the presence of the first intermediate and definitive hosts. Visitation time of definitive bird hosts was also related to adult fish host density. Localities withP. cuticolainfected fish were visited by a higher number of bird species. Infection ofP. cuticolain fish and similarities in infection among fish host assemblages were correlated with fish host density and fish species composition. Parasite infection in both adult and juvenile fishes was associated with the slope of the bank and the bottom type, in particular in juvenile fish assemblages with snail host density. We conclude that habitat characteristics, snail host density and fish community structure contribute significantly toP. cuticolainfection in fish hosts.
Ageing in a non-heterosexual context
Authors: HEAPHY BRIAN , YIP ANDREW K. T. , THOMPSON DEBBIE
Published: November 2004

There is increasing recognition of the importance of social and cultural differences in shaping the diversity of the ageing experience in contemporary Britain. Various social and cultural factors, such as those associated with class, ethnicity, gender and disability, influence people's living circumstances and sources of support in later life. While they have been the subject of considerable speculation, ageing in a non-heterosexual context remains remarkably under-studied. This paper examines the difference that being non-heterosexual makes to how people experience ageing and later life. It draws on quantitative and qualitative data gathered for a British study of the living circumstances of non-heterosexuals aged between the fifties and the eighties. Previous work has overwhelmingly emphasised how individuals manage their sexual identities, but this paper focuses on the factors that shape the non-heterosexual experience of ageing and later life. Particular attention is paid to the relational and community contexts in which non-heterosexuals negotiate personal ageing. This not only provides insights into the specific challenges that ageing presents for non-heterosexuals, but also offers insights into the challenges faced by ageing non-heterosexuals and heterosexuals in ‘detraditionalised’ settings.
The impact of family members on the self-reported health of older men and women in a rural area of Bangladesh
Authors: RAHMAN OMAR , MENKEN JANE , KUHN RANDALL
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this study is to examine whether the co-residence of spouses and children affects self-reported general health among older men and women in a rural area of Bangladesh. Binary logistic regression has been used to explore the impact of spouses and children on self-reported health, with particular attention to the gender of children and interactions with chronic disease. The data are from the Matlab Health and Socio-Economic Survey. A sample of 765 women and 979 men aged 60 or more years with at least one surviving child was available. The principal result is that for an older woman, optimum self-reported health is most likely when a spouse and at least one son and one daughter are present. Any deviation from this family pattern (either no spouse or children of only one sex) leads to a significantly increased risk of poor self-reported health. On the other hand, among older men there were no differences in self-reported health among the various spouse-child combinations. The relationship between a balanced gender distribution of children and optimum self-reported health among older women may explain the levelling out of fertility at roughly three children per women despite intensive family planning promotion in the area. Further reductions in fertility (an important policy concern) may depend on improving the substitutability of sons and daughters in the support of their elderly mothers.
URBANISATION AND AGEING: TOWARDS A NEW ENVIRONMENTAL GERONTOLOGY
Authors: PHILLIPSON CHRIS
Published: November 2004

Mike Davis. Dead Cities: A Natural History. New Press, New York, 2002. 288 pp., pbk $16.95 ISBN 1 56584 844 6.

Eric Klinenberg. Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2002. 320 pp., pbk $15.00 ISBN 0 226 44322 1.

Katherine S. Newman. A Different Shade of Gray: Midlife and Beyond in the Inner City. New Press, New York, 2003. 400 pp., hbk $29.95 ISBN 1 56584 615 X.

The environmental context of ageing, and issues relating to place and location in particular, has re-surfaced as a major theme within gerontology (Kendig 2003; Wahl, Schiedt and Windley 2003; Wahl and Weisman 2003). Drawing on classic studies from Rosow (1967), Rowles (1978), Lawton (1980) and others, the mission of environmental gerontology has been viewed as understanding a number of key tasks facing older adults in diverse physical and ecological settings. These include: ‘preserving as-independent-as-possible everyday life in the face of physical and mental impairments by using environmental resources outside the home environment (‘ageing in place’), initiating processes of relocation if desired or necessary, and adapting to new living environment settings (such as nursing homes or other planned housing) after relocation' (Wahl and Lang 2003: 7).
Model of ion‐ or electron‐dominated current sheet
Authors: Yoon Peter H. , Lui Anthony T. Y.
Published: November 2004

The present report discusses a current sheet model constructed on the time‐independent Vlasov equation, which can depict either an ion‐ or electron‐dominated current sheet, with the classic Harris solution as a special case. It is shown that approximate analytical solution compares extremely well with the exact numerical solution.
Natural variability of phytoplanktonic absorption in oceanic waters: Influence of the size structure of algal populations
Authors: Bricaud Annick , Claustre Hervé , Ras Joséphine , Oubelkheir Kadija
Published: November 2004

The spectral absorption coefficients of phytoplankton in oceanic waters were previously shown to vary with chlorophyll a concentration according to nonlinear relationships with a great deal of noise. We analyzed this biological noise on a data set of 596 simultaneous absorption and high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) pigment measurements acquired within the surface layer (first optical depth) from various regions of the world's oceans. We observed systematic deviations from the average relationships for some oceanic areas and also seasonally within given areas. Using the detailed HPLC measurements, the influences of pigment composition and package effect (the two main sources of variability in algal absorption for a given chlorophyll a concentration) were explicitly separated for each sample. It was found that while the pigment composition experiences large variations, even within a restricted chlorophyll range, it is often not (at least within the first optical depth) the dominant source of the biological noise. Instead, these deviations mostly result from variability in the pigment packaging effect (for a given chlorophyll a concentration) due to variations in algal community size structure. This conclusion is fully confirmed by an independent approach, which consists of estimating a “size index” of algal populations from the relative concentrations of taxonomic pigments.
Epidemics of stem rust and their effects on grain yield in the wheat WW15 and some of its derivatives
Authors: Rees RG , Syme JR
Published: November 2004

The progress of epidemics of Puccinia graminis tvitici strain 343-Anz-1,2,3,5,6 was examined in field plots of the wheat WW15, its hard-grained derivatives Condor, Oxley and Banks, the slow-rusting cv. Celebration and the fully resistant cv. Timgalen. Additional rust-free treatments were maintained to provide yield and quality comparisons. Severe epidemics developed in WW15, Condor and Oxley, and reduced grain yield in each cultivar by approximately 50 %. Epidemics in Celebration and Banks developed more slowly, and no significant loss in yield occurred. Reduced grain size accounted for most of the yield reduction in WW15, Condor and Oxley. Grain nitrogen concentration was higher in rusted Condor and Oxley than in rust-free treatments. WW15, Condor and Oxley possess little slow-rusting ability and the dependence on Condor and Oxley in the eastern wheat-belt of Australia should be decreased. Banks has effective stem rust resistance and offers potential as a replacement for Condor.
The resistance of maize inbred lines to sugarcane mosaic virus in Australia
Authors: Persley DM , Martin IF , Greber RS
Published: November 2004

Maize inbred lines, derived from both Australian and exotic sources, and used in a breeding programme at Kairi, Qld, were screened for resistance to a Johnson grass strain of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV-Jg). There was a good correlation between ratings made following manual inoculation in a glasshouse and those following exposure to natural field infection. Seven lines were highly resistant in both glasshouse and field ratings. A further nine lines showed an intermediate level of resistance following manual inoculation and developed from 0 to 7 % infection under field conditions when a susceptible line developed 99 % infection. Data obtained following the manual inoculation of plants in segregating generations of crosses between resistant KL 57 and susceptible KL 9 were consistent with resistance being controlled by a single dominant gene. Six lines (Pa 405, CI 44, Tx 601, Oh 07, Oh 7B, 38-11) that were used as sources of resistance to maize dwarf mosaic virus, strain A (MDMV-A) in the U.S.A. developed natural infection levels of less than 15% with SCMV-Jg. Only Pa 405 was highly resistant to manual inoculation. Four of 11 SCMV-Jg resistant lines were also highly resistant to manual inoculations with the sugarcane, Sabi grass and Queensland blue couch grass strains.