bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Retention of Regiochemistry and Chirality in the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of Disubstituted Allylic Esters.
Authors: Kawatsura Motoi , Sato Michinobu , Tsuji Hiroaki , Ata Fumio , Itoh Toshiyuki
Published: November 2011

Unsymmetrically substituted allylic esters and carbonates undergo alkylation with retention of regiochemistry and chirality.
ChemInform Abstract: C1‐Symmetric Rh/Phebox‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkynylation of α‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Ohshima Takashi , Kawabata Takahito , Takeuchi Yosuke , Kakinuma Takahiro , Iwasaki Takanori , Yonezawa Takayuki , Murakami Hajime , Nishiyama Hisao , Mashima Kazushi
Published: November 2011

The title complexes (I) and (II) catalyze the process with good yields (up to 95%) and enantioselectivities (up to 99% e.e.) under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Bisoxazolidine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Reformatsky Reaction.
Authors: Wolf Christian , Moskowitz Max
Published: November 2011

The bisoxazolidine efficiently promotes the asymmetric Reformatsky reaction between the iodoacetate (II) and aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(I)‐ and Cu(II)‐Catalyzed Cyclo‐ and Michael Addition Reactions of Unsaturated β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Schotes Christoph , Mezzetti Antonio
Published: November 2011

The reactions allow convenient, inexpensive, and fast access to cyclohexene and cyclobutene derivatives as well as Michael adducts like (XI) and (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Insight into ortho‐(Dimesitylboryl)diphenylphosphines: Applications in Pd‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Couplings and Evidence for Secondary π‐Interaction.
Authors: Malacea Raluca , Saffon Nathalie , Gomez Montserrat , Bourissou Didier
Published: November 2011

ortho‐(Dimesitylboryl)diphenylphosphines are successfully applied in the Suzuki—Miyaura coupling.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki—Miyaura Cross Coupling Reactions with Phenoldiazonium Salts.
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Hoelter Frank
Published: November 2011

4‐Hydroxy biphenyls are obtained by a protecting group free coupling of 4‐hydroxyphenyl diazonium salts with aryl trifluoroborates.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselectivity Switch in Cooperatively Catalyzed Three‐Component Reactions of an Aryldiazoacetate, an Alcohol, and a β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Keto Ester.
Authors: Ji Jingjing , Zhang Xia , Zhu Yingguang , Qian Yu , Zhou Jing , Yang Liping , Hu Wenhao
Published: November 2011

In the presence of Rh2(OAc)4/AgBF4 the title reaction provides the erythro products with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkene Aminooxygenation: Effects of Substrate and Ligand Structure on Selectivity.
Authors: Paderes Monissa C. , Chemler Sherry R.
Published: November 2011

The diastereoselective synthesis of disubstituted pyrrolidines and five‐membered cyclic ureas via intramolecular alkene aminooxygenation is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐(Aminomethylene)‐2‐oxoindolines by Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulation of 3‐Chloro‐2‐iodo‐N‐arylacrylamides with Amides or Amines.
Authors: Deng Guo‐Bo , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Song Ren‐Jie , Zhou Ming‐Bo , Wei Wen‐Ting , Xie Peng , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: November 2011

A new Pd‐catalyzed C—H bond activation‐annulation‐amination tandem method is presented for the synthesis of title compounds (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Novel Class of Rhodanine Derivatives as Potential HIV‐1 and JSP‐1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Kamila Sukanta , Ankati Haribabu , Biehl Edward R.
Published: November 2011

The two‐step synthesis of the target compounds (V) involves the preparation of N‐substituted rhodanines (III) and their microwave‐assisted Knoevenagel condensation with aldehydes (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Microwave‐Assisted, Propylphosphonic Anhydride (T3P®) Mediated One‐Pot Fischer Indole Synthesis.
Authors: Desroses Matthieu , Wieckowski Krzysztof , Stevens Marc , Odell Luke R.
Published: November 2011

A facile and rapid protocol is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Cyclization of 3‐Acyl‐2‐halo‐1‐[(ω‐phenylethynyl)alkyl]indoles to Azaheterocyclo[1,2,3‐lm]‐Fused Benzo[c]carbazoles.
Authors: Lu Shenci , Wang Ren , Yang Yi , Li Yang , Shi Zongjun , Zhang Wei , Tu Zhifeng
Published: November 2011

Irradiation of indoles of type (I) allows a new access to fused benzocarbazoles like (II) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazolium Ylides from a Conjugate Addition—Proton Transfer Route and Their Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Jones Raymond C. F. , Iley James N. , Sanchis‐Amat Maria , Zhang Xiaohui , McKee Vickie , Coles Simon J. , Gelbrich Thomas
Published: November 2011

4,5‐Dihydroimidazolium ylides generated by conjugate addition‐proton transfer from dihydroimidazoles and double‐activated electron‐deficient alkenes afford 2 : 1 or 1 : 1 : 1 adducts in a one‐pot process.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Aryl‐N‐benzylbenzimidazoles and 2‐Arylbenzoxazoles via C—H Functionalization/C—N/C—O Bond Formation.
Authors: Guru Murali Mohan , Ali Md. Ashif , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam
Published: November 2011

Treatment of bisarylhydrazones and bisaryloxime ethers with Cu(OTf)2 provides an efficient and widely applicable approach to the title heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Oxidative C—H Amination of Benzoxazoles with Formamides or Secondary Amines under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Li Yaming , Xie Yusheng , Zhang Rong , Jin Kun , Wang Xiuna , Duan Chunying
Published: November 2011

2‐Aminated benzothiazoles and oxazolopyridines are also available, but only in low to moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Metal‐Free Amination of Benzoxazoles — The First Example of an Iodide‐Catalyzed Oxidative Amination of Heteroarenes.
Authors: Froehr Tanja , Sindlinger Christian P. , Kloeckner Ulrich , Finkbeiner Peter , Nachtsheim Boris J.
Published: November 2011

Two complimentary methods for the TBAI‐catalyzed oxidative amination of benzoxazoles are developed applying H2O2 or tBuOOH as oxidants.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Arylseleno‐1,2,5‐triazoles via Copper‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azido Arylselenides with Alkynes.
Authors: Deobald Anna M. , Camargo Leandro R. S. , Hoerner Manfredo , Rodrigues Oscar E. D. , Alves Diego , Braga Antonio L.
Published: November 2011

The synthesis of various azides and bis‐azides of type (XVI) is described and their utility is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Allyl‐/Crotylboration‐Prins Cyclization of Aldehydes.
Authors: Ramachandran P. Veeraraghavan , Gagare Pravin D.
Published: November 2011

A convenient procedure is developed for the synthesis of substituted tetrahydropyrans including unsymmetrically substituted cross‐Prins products (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Photochromic Properties of Novel Naphthopyrans with Hydrazone Unit Residue.
Authors: Pang Meili , Cheng Hongbo , Niu Yanxia , Hu Qiaoju , Han Jie , Meng Jiben
Published: November 2011

All new compounds (I) possess good photochromic properties and high fatigue resistance.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Green Procedure for Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene‐11‐one Catalyzed by Broensted Ionic Liquids under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Zakeri Masoumeh , Heravi Majid M. , Saeedi Mina , Karimi Narges , Oskooie Hossein A. , Tavakoli‐Hoseini Niloofar
Published: November 2011

The applied catalyst can be recycled and reused several times.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Useful Fragments in Drug Discovery: 2‐Amino‐5‐tert‐butylpyridine and Its Oxidized Analogues.
Authors: Thomson Christopher G. , Reilly John , Sandham David A.
Published: November 2011

A novel, robust, and scalable synthesis of the title compound (VII) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis and Antitubercular Evaluation of Novel Aryl and Heteroaryl Tethered Pyridines and Dihydro‐6H‐quinolin‐5‐ones Derived via Variants of the Bohlmann—Rahtz Reaction.
Authors: Kantevari Srinivas , Patpi Santhosh Reddy , Addla Dinesh , Putapatri Siddamal Reddy , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Yogeeswari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan
Published: November 2011

Title compounds are regioselectively synthesized under modified Bohlmann—Rahtz conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized 2‐Aminohydropyridines and 2‐Pyridinones via Domino Reactions of Arylamines, Methyl Propiolate, Aromatic Aldehydes, and Substituted Acetonitriles.
Authors: Sun Jing , Sun Yan , Xia Er‐Yan , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: November 2011

Functionalized 2‐amino‐hydropyridines (V)/(VII)/(IX) are exclusively obtained by reaction of arylamines (I), methyl propiolate (II), aromatic aldehydes (III) with malononitrile (IV) and cyanoacetamide (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Functionalized Pyridine Derivatives Using Wells—Dawson Heteropolyacid as Catalyst.
Authors: Sanchez Laura M. , Sathicq Angel G. , Jios Jorge L. , Baronetti Graciela T. , Thomas Horacio J. , Romanelli Gustavo P.
Published: November 2011

The condensation of 3‐formylchromones, β‐ketoesters, and ammonium acetate under conditions A) gives highly functionalized pyridines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Furoquinolines Bearing an External Methylene‐Bond: Access to Reduced and Spirocyclic Structures.
Authors: Bantreil Xavier , Vaxelaire Carine , Godet Thomas , Parker Evelyne , Sauer Carole , Belmont Philippe
Published: November 2011

A previously reported tandem acetalization/cycloisomerization process catalyzed by polymeric silver imidazolide is extended to a variety of alcohols to give furoquinolines (III) and (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Peroxylactones Using Mn(III)‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation.
Authors: Haque Md. Aminul , Nishino Hiroshi
Published: November 2011

The reaction of tetronic acid (I) with disubstituted alkenes (II) in the presence of air affords the corresponding hydroperoxyethyl‐peroxylactones or an equilibrium mixture of these compounds with the corresponding bishydroxyperoxide in moderate to good yields, whereas a similar reaction using 3‐alkyl‐substituted tetronic acids (X) provides the stable crystalline peroxylactones (XI) in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Pyrimidine‐Annulated Spiro‐dihydrofurans by Silver‐Catalyzed 5‐endo‐dig Cyclization.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Ganai Sintu , Nandi Raj Kumar
Published: November 2011

The nature of the substituents at the terminal alkyne moiety dictates the mode of cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: CuBr Catalyzed C—N Cross Coupling Reaction of Purines and Diaryliodonium Salts to 9‐Arylpurines.
Authors: Niu Hong‐Ying , Xia Chao , Qu Gui‐Rong , Zhang Qian , Jiang Yi , Mao Run‐Ze , Li De‐Yang , Guo Hai‐Ming
Published: November 2011

N‐Arylation of purines proceeds smoothly with diaryliodonium halides in the presence of CuBr catalyst to give 9‐arylpurines (III) and (V) in moderate to excellent yields in short reaction times (2.5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Triazafluoranthenones via Silver(I)‐Mediated Nonoxidative and Oxidative Intramolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclizations.
Authors: Koutentis Panayiotis A. , Loizou Georgia , Lo Re Daniele
Published: November 2011

The triazafluoranthenones (II) are new compounds of biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrido‐ and Quino‐1,2,4‐thiadiazine S,S‐Dioxides from Reactions of 4‐Chloro‐3‐pyridinesulfonyl‐ and 4‐Chloro‐3‐quinolinesulfonyl Chlorides with O‐Methylisourea.
Authors: Chrobak Elwira , Wleklinski Michal , Maslankiewicz Andrzej , Kusz Joachim , Zubko Maciej , Michalik Ewa
Published: November 2011

A two‐step process consisting of the reaction of methylisourea (II) with chloropyridine‐and (quinoline)sulfonyl chlorides and subsequent cyclization of the methylsulfonylisoureas provides the title pyrido‐ and quinothiadiazine S,S‐dioxides, cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Isoxazolidines and Medium‐Ring Heterocycles Oxazocines and Oxazonines
Authors: Roy Brindaban , De Rajendra N. , Hazra Somjit
Published: November 2011

via intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Keto‐anti‐1,3‐diols by Chemoselective Tandem Oxidation of 2‐B(pin)‐Substituted Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Hussain Mahmud M. , Hernandez Toribio Jorge , Carroll Patrick J. , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: November 2011

The VO(acac)2‐catalyzed oxidations proceed under neutral conditions with excellent diastereoselectivity to give the epoxides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Drimane Sesquiterpenoids from the Mangrove‐Derived Fungus Aspergillus ustus.
Authors: Zhou Huinan , Zhu Tianjiao , Cai Shengxin , Gu Qianqun , Li Dehai
Published: November 2011

The new compounds (I)‐(V) and 14 known analogues are screened for their antitumor activity against P388, HL‐60, K562, and BEL‐7402 cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of α‐Amino‐α′‐alkoxy Ketones by a Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Peptidic Thiol Esters and α‐Alkoxyalkylstannanes.
Authors: Li Hao , He Anyu , Falck John R. , Liebeskind Lanny S.
Published: November 2011

The method is limited to the pyrrolidinylthionocarbamoyl‐protected stannanes of type (I) and (VI) and proceeds with complete retention of configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: Reagents for Stereoselective Preparation of N‐Carbamyl β‐D‐Glucuronides.
Authors: Bunnelle William H.
Published: November 2011

Treatment of the glucuronates (I) with the carbonate (II) easily and stereoselectively yields the carbonates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Dihydrooxazine and Oxazoline Based Sugar Hybrids from Sugar Azides.
Authors: Kurhade Suresh E. , Ravula Sudhir , Siddaiah V. , Bhuniya Debnath , Reddy D. Srinivasa
Published: November 2011

Reaction of sugar azides with aldehydes offers a direct access to the target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Biologically Active (‐)‐Dehydroiso‐β‐lapachone and the Determination of Its Absolute Configuration.
Authors: Kimachi Tetsutaro , Torii Eri , Kobayashi Yusuke , Doe Misae , Ju‐Ichi Motoharu
Published: November 2011

The title compound (I) can be synthesized starting from commercially available 2‐methoxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Interactions in Oxocarboxylate‐Bridged Gadolinium(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Canadillas‐Delgado Laura , Cano Joan , Fabelo Oscar , Ruiz‐Perez Catalina
Published: November 2011

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(IV) Chemistry Supported by Pincer Type Ligands
Authors: Zhang Heng , Lei Aiwen
Published: November 2011

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in S‐Block Metal Carboxylate Networks
Authors: Banerjee Debasis , Parise John B.
Published: November 2011

Review: 161 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Non‐Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Pellissier Helene
Published: November 2011

Review: 283 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation, Synthesis and Biomimetic Reactions of Metalloporphyrinoids in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kumari Pratibha , Sinha Niharika , Chauhan Prashant , Chauhan Shive M. S.
Published: November 2011

Review: 553 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Method for Parallel Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Iodinated Analogues of the Cannabinoid Receptor Type I (CB1) Inverse Agonist Rimonabant
Authors: Spivey Alan C. , Tseng Chih‐Chung
Published: November 2011

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modulating the Acidity: Highly Acidic Broensted Acids in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Nachtsheim Boris J. , Ieawsuwan Winai , Atodiresei Iuliana
Published: November 2011

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Higher Aldulosonic Acids: Components of Bacterial Glycans
Authors: Knirel Yuriy A. , Shevelev Sergei D. , Perepelov Andrei V.
Published: November 2011

Review: recent data on natural occurrence, chemistry and biochemistry of C8‐ and C9‐aldulosonic acids as well as structure and biological significance of bacterial glycans containing these monosaccharides; 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Nazarov Cyclizations
Authors: Shimada Naoyuki , Stewart Craig , Tius Marcus A.
Published: November 2011

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Reactions for the Synthesis of Bridged Bicyclic Frameworks: Fast Access to Bicyclo[n.3.1]alkanes
Authors: Ruiz Miriam , Lopez‐Alvarado Pilar , Giorgi Giorgio , Menendez J. Carlos
Published: November 2011

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Carbohydrate — Phosphate Backbone‐Modified Oligonucleotide Analogues and Nucleic Acid Mimetics
Authors: Abramova T. V. , Silnikov V. N.
Published: November 2011

Review: 282 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Diazo‐1‐silylalkanes
Authors: Hari Y. , Aoyama T. , Shioiri T.
Published: November 2011

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Metal and Enzymatic Catalysts for Hydroperoxide Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Mlochowski Jacek , Peczynska‐Czoch Wanda , Pietka‐Ottlik Magdalena , Wojtowicz‐Mlochowska Halina
Published: November 2011

Review: 335 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Exohedral Functionalization of Fullerenes and Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Nakamura Yosuke , Kato Shin‐ichiro
Published: November 2011

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organoautocatalysis: Challenges for Experiment and Theory
Authors: Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: November 2011

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐p‐benzoquinone (DDQ) as the Useful Synthetic Reagent
Authors: Tanemura Kiyoshi , Nishida Yoko , Suzuki Tsuneo
Published: November 2011

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Marine Natural Products
Authors: Hill Robert A.
Published: November 2011

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalytic H2 and Added‐Value By‐Products — The Role of Metal Oxide Systems in Their Synthesis from Oxygenates
Authors: Cargnello Matteo , Gasparotto Alberto , Gombac Valentina , Montini Tiziano , Barreca Davide , Fornasiero Paolo
Published: November 2011

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metalloporphyrin Based Biomimetic Catalysts for Materials Synthesis and Biosensing
Authors: Nagarajan Subhalakshmi , Bruno Ferdinando F. , Samuelson Lynne , Kumar Jayant , Nagarajan Ramaswamy
Published: November 2011

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Porous Coordination Polymers Based on Three Planar Rigid Ligands
Authors: Zhong Di Chang , Lu Tong Bu
Published: November 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Microflow Photochemistry
Authors: Oelgemoller Michael , Shvydkiv Oksana
Published: November 2011

Review: 82 refs.
Changes in Fluorescent Emission Due to Non‐covalent Interactions as a General Detection Procedure for Thin‐Layer Chromatography
Authors: Cebolla Vicente L. , Mateos Elena , Garriga Rosa , Jarne Carmen , Membrado Luis , Cossío Fernando P. , Gálvez Eva M. , Matt Muriel , Delgado‐Camón Arantzazu
Published: November 2011

Changes in fluorescence emission due to non‐covalent analyte–fluorophore interactions in silica gel plates are studied and used as a general detection procedure for thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). The presence of the analyte modifies the microenvironment of the fluorophore and thus changes the balance between radiative (kr) and non‐radiative (knr) emission constants. A model is proposed for analyte–fluorophore induced electrostatic interactions, which depend on analyte polarizability and are responsible for fluorescence enhancements. As consequence of these induced interactions, the analyte creates an apolar environment that prevents non‐fluorescent decay mechanisms, decreasing knr. On the other hand, the effect of an increase in refractive index on kr is investigated, as it contributes to some extent to fluorescence enhancements in silica gel medium. Changes in fluorescence emission should be regarded as a general property of fluorophores in the presence of analytes, and criteria that fluorophores should meet to be used as sensitive TLC probes are discussed here.
Theoretical Study of the Raman Optical Activity Spectra of 310‐Helical Polypeptides
Authors: Jacob Christoph R.
Published: November 2011

Raman optical activity (ROA) spectroscopy is a promising analytical method for studying the structure and conformation of polypeptides and proteins in solution. However, the structural information obtained from such vibrational spectra is only indirect and theoretical studies are often necessary to identify how the structure determines the observed spectra. One particular target is the identification and discrimination of different helical secondary structure elements. Herein, a theoretical investigation of the ROA spectra of a series of 310‐helical polypeptides is presented. In particular, the effect of chain length, Cα‐substitution pattern, the introduction of larger aliphatic side chains, and the variation of their conformation on the ROA spectra is studied. To extract general principles from these calculations, the positions, intensities, and shapes of the ROA bands are analyzed in terms of localized modes, which makes it possible to identify possible ROA signatures of 310‐helical structures, but also provides fundamental insight into the generation of ROA signals in complex polypeptides. Finally, the calculated spectra can be compared to the previously reported ROA spectrum of a specifically designed 310‐helical heptapeptide. This allows most of the features in the experimental spectrum to be assigned.
Analysis and design of a push–pull DCM boost power factor corrector
Authors: Lo Yu‐Kang , Lin Jing‐Yuan , Lin Chung‐Yi , Cheng Shih‐Jen , Chiu Huang‐Jen
Published: November 2011

A novel power factor corrector (PFC) composed of two‐phase discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) boost PFCs and a coupled inductor is proposed in this paper. By coupling the two‐phase boost inductors into the same magnetic core, both the circuit volume and the input ripple current are reduced. Therefore, the power factor (PF) value and the power density are improved. In addition, the output capacitor size can be smaller. The proposed topology distributes the input current and output current equally for the two phase modules. A cut‐in‐half duty cycle can decrease the conduction losses of the switches, and both the turns and diameters of the inductor windings, which help more in the reduction of the circuit volume. The advantages of a DCM boost PFC, such as natural zero‐current‐switching (ZCS) of the output diode, a natural PFC function and the simplified EMI filter design, are maintained. Detailed analysis and design of the proposed topology and the experimental results on a prototype with a 380‐V output voltage and a 200‐W output power are provided. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a preamble signal for synchronization in ultra‐wideband noncoherent energy detection receivers
Authors: Jung Sung‐Yoon
Published: November 2011

We present an effective preamble design scheme that can improve synchronization performance in ultra‐wideband noncoherent energy detection receivers. Focusing on the effect of the nonuniform energy allocation of a preamble in energy detection‐based synchronization, we propose a preamble energy allocation scheme. This scheme determines the energy distribution of a preamble by using a constrained optimization method. Through the proposed scheme, we promise that we can provide a generalized solution to design preambles for energy detection‐based synchronization, in that it is possible to design the power distribution of preamble pattern in various shapes according to the system's specification. In addition, we also suggest two preamble design scheme that finally decides the practical shape of a preamble from the determined energy distribution of a preamble. By providing preamble design examples, we show that preambles based on nonuniform energy distribution provide improved synchronization performance without any additional increase in receiver complexity in ultra‐wideband channel environments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel changes in the taxonomical structure of bacterial communities exposed to a similar environmental disturbance
Authors: Laplante Karine , Derome Nicolas
Published: November 2011

Bacterial communities play a central role in ecosystems, by regulating biogeochemical fluxes. Therefore, understanding how multiple functional interactions between species face environmental perturbations is a major concern in conservation biology. Because bacteria can use several strategies, including horizontal gene transfers (HGT), to cope with rapidly changing environmental conditions, potential decoupling between function and taxonomy makes the use of a given species as a general bioindicator problematic. The present work is a first step to characterize the impact of a recent polymetallic gradient over the taxonomical networks of five lacustrine bacterial communities. Given that evolutionary convergence represents one of the best illustration of natural selection, we focused on a system composed of two pairs of impacted and clean lakes in order to test whether similar perturbation exerts a comparable impact on the taxonomical networks of independent bacterial communities. First, we showed that similar environmental stress drove parallel structural changes at the taxonomic level on two independent bacterial communities. Second, we showed that a long‐term exposure to contaminant gradients drove significant taxonomic structure changes within three interconnected bacterial communities. Thus, this model lake system is relevant to characterize the strategies, namely acclimation and/or adaptation, of bacterial communities facing environmental perturbations, such as metal contamination.
Body mass explains characteristic scales of habitat selection in terrestrial mammals
Authors: Fisher Jason T. , Anholt Brad , Volpe John P.
Published: November 2011

Niche theory in its various forms is based on those environmental factors that permit species persistence, but less work has focused on defining the extent, or size, of a species’ environment: the area that explains a species’ presence at a point in space. We proposed that this habitat extent is identifiable from a characteristic scale of habitat selection, the spatial scale at which habitat best explains species’ occurrence. We hypothesized that this scale is predicted by body size. We tested this hypothesis on 12 sympatric terrestrial mammal species in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. For each species, habitat models varied across the 20 spatial scales tested. For six species, we found a characteristic scale; this scale was explained by species’ body mass in a quadratic relationship. Habitat measured at large scales best‐predicted habitat selection in both large and small species, and small scales predict habitat extent in medium‐sized species. The relationship between body size and habitat selection scale implies evolutionary adaptation to landscape heterogeneity as the driver of scale‐dependent habitat selection.
Soil Conservation in Transition Countries: the Role of Institutions
Authors: Prager Katrin , Prazan Jaroslav , Penov Ivan
Published: November 2011

Degradation of agricultural soils is a serious concern in transition countries in the EU. We investigate similarities and differences between the soil conservation policy frameworks of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and the former German Democratic Republic and their implementation. Our focus is on the differences in institutional arrangements, i.e. formally existing policies, property rights, informal institutions and governance structures. We conducted comparative case studies based on a framework of institutional analysis, using literature survey, document analysis and in‐depth stakeholder interviews. Results show that among the determining factors for policy effectiveness are property rights regimes and land‐use rights, traditions in the provision of advisory services, farmers' previous experience with soil conservation practices and policies, perceived threat of enforcement, and trust in administrative authorities. We conclude that the existence of similar legislation and a common policy framework does not guarantee similar outcomes because institutional arrangements and their evolution play a major role in the effectiveness of agricultural soil conservation policies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
From the individual to the group: The enhancement of linguistic bias
Authors: Menegatti Michela , Rubini Monica
Published: November 2011

The present contribution tested the general hypothesis that individual tendencies in the choice of terms at different levels of abstraction are enhanced when the same descriptions are formulated by a group. We compared the level of abstraction of individual and collective written judgements about applicants for a job position and found that the selection linguistic bias collectively expressed by hiring committees became more extreme in the direction established by initial individual judgements. Negative terms used to describe rejected applicants became more abstract, and those used to describe selected applicants became more concrete from individual to collective judgements. Conversely, positive terms employed to describe rejected applicants were more concrete in collective than individual judgements. Implications of these findings for the notion of language as a tool that enables coupling between group‐shared knowledge and group goals activated by the task at hand are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of bacterial strains capable of converting biodiesel‐derived raw glycerol into 1,3‐propanediol, 2,3‐butanediol and ethanol
Authors: Metsoviti Maria , Paramithiotis Spiros , Drosinos Eleftherios H. , Galiotou‐Panayotou Maria , Nychas George‐John E. , Zeng An‐Ping , Papanikolaou Seraphim
Published: November 2011

The ability of bacterial strains to assimilate glycerol derived from biodiesel facilities to produce metabolic compounds of importance for the food, textile and chemical industry, such as 1,3‐propanediol (PD), 2,3‐butanediol (BD) and ethanol (EtOH), was assessed. The screening of 84 bacterial strains was performed using glycerol as carbon source. After initial trials, 12 strains were identified capable of consuming raw glycerol under anaerobic conditions, whereas 5 strains consumed glycerol under aerobiosis. A plethora of metabolic compounds was synthesized; in anaerobic batch‐bioreactor cultures PD in quantities up to 11.3 g/L was produced by Clostridium butyricum NRRL B‐23495, while the respective value was 10.1 g/L for a newly isolated Citrobacter freundii. Adaptation of Cl. butyricum at higher initial glycerol concentration resulted in a PDmax concentration of ∼32 g/L. BD was produced by a new Enterobacter aerogenes isolate in shake‐flask experiments, under fully aerobic conditions, with a maximum concentration of ∼22 g/L which was achieved at an initial glycerol quantity of 55 g/L. A new Klebsiella oxytoca isolate converted waste glycerol into mixtures of PD, BD and EtOH at various ratios. Finally, another new C. freundii isolate converted waste glycerol into EtOH in anaerobic batch‐bioreactor cultures with constant pH, achieving a final EtOH concentration of 14.5 g/L, a conversion yield of 0.45 g/g and a volumetric productivity of ∼0.7 g/L/h. As a conclusion, the current study confirmed the utilization of biodiesel‐derived raw glycerol as an appropriate substrate for the production of PD, BD and EtOH by several newly isolated bacterial strains under different experimental conditions.
The effect of fibre content on the thermal and fire performance of polypropylene–glass composites
Authors: Kandola Baljinder K. , Toqueer‐Ul‐Haq Rana
Published: November 2011

Thermoplastic composites demand constant improvements in fire retardant and mechanical properties to fulfil their full market potential, especially in demanding sectors such as rail, aerospace and infrastructure, where fire performance is critical. The aim of this work is to understand the effect of reinforcing fibres on the flammability of polypropylene–glass (P‐G) composites and the means of improving their fire performance in a cost‐effective manner. A number of P‐G composites with 0%, 10% and 20% (w/w) glass fibres were prepared using short length glass fibres. The effect of fibre content on the thermal stability, flammability and mechanical performance of the P‐G composites without and in the presence of conventional fire retardants was studied. It was observed that while the presence of glass fibre lowered down the limiting oxygen index value of the composite, the rate of flame spread in a UL‐94 equivalent test was also lowered. The reduction in limiting oxygen index is due to the fact that glass fibre reduces the melt dripping behaviour of polypropylene and does not let the polymer (polypropylene) move away from flame, which then burns. Cone calorimetric study indicated that the presence of glass fibre reduces the overall flammability of the composite laminate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and identification of oxacyclopentadecan‐2‐one from the dried fruiting body of Dictyophora echinovolvata Zang, Zheng et Hu
Authors: Huang Mingquan , Tian Hongyu , Sun Baoguo , Liu Yuping
Published: November 2011

A macrocyclic lactone was isolated from the dried fruiting body of Dictyophora echinovolvata Zang, Zheng et Hu by simultaneous distillation and extraction and column chromatography. Its chemical structure was identified as oxacyclopentadecan‐2‐one by Fourier transform infrared, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), high‐resolution electron impact mass spectrometry, 1H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and its relative retention index. The oxacyclopentadecan‐2‐one content in the dried fruiting body of Dictyophora echinovolvata Zang, Zheng et Hu (the water content was 14%) was quantified by GC‐MS through an external standard method and found to be about 0.091%. The compound isolated has a soft musk‐like odour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐order implicit time integration for unsteady incompressible flows
Authors: Montlaur A. , Fernandez‐Mendez S. , Huerta A.
Published: November 2011

The spatial discretization of unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is stated as a system of differential algebraic equations, corresponding to the conservation of momentum equation plus the constraint due to the incompressibility condition. Asymptotic stability of Runge–Kutta and Rosenbrock methods applied to the solution of the resulting index‐2 differential algebraic equations system is analyzed. A critical comparison of Rosenbrock, semi‐implicit, and fully implicit Runge–Kutta methods is performed in terms of order of convergence and stability. Numerical examples, considering a discontinuous Galerkin formulation with piecewise solenoidal approximation, demonstrate the applicability of the approaches and compare their performance with classical methods for incompressible flows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Canopy rainfall storage capacity as affected by sub‐alpine grassland degradation in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Yu Kailiang , Pypker Thomas G. , Keim Richard F. , Chen Ning , Yang Yingbo , Guo Shuqing , Li Wenjin , Wang Gang
Published: November 2011

Grassland degradation resulting from global climate change, overgrazing, and rodent damage is expected to influence the magnitude of canopy hydrological fluxes because of reduced vegetation biomass and changed species composition. The objectives of this study were to estimate herbaceous canopy rainfall storage capacity (S) along three different stages of sub‐alpine grassland degradation (non‐degraded, lightly degraded and moderately degraded) in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China, and relate changes in S to canopy properties. An artificial wetting method and the water budget balance method, using rain simulations, were used for estimating S. Grassland degradation significantly reduced S. In non‐degraded, lightly degraded and moderately degraded grasslands, S estimated using the artificial wetting method were 0.612 ± 0.08 mm, 0.289 ± 0.04 mm, and 0.217 ± 0.01 mm, respectively; S estimated using the water budget balance method were 0.979 ± 0.32 mm, 0.493 ± 0.13 mm, and 0.419 ± 0.09 mm, respectively. These changes could be explained by accompanying changes in above‐ground biomass and leaf area index, as well as changes in species composition. Species‐specific rainfall storage capacity varied by a factor of 2.7 among the investigated species, with graminoids having the lowest values. Leaf area index was more correlated to S than was canopy coverage. Converting fresh weight of non‐leaf tissues into effective leaf area of the corresponding species and then introducing a coefficient of leaf area according to the specific storage capacity of leaves improved the linear relationship between S and leaf area index. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memory effects of depressional storage in Northern Prairie hydrology
Authors: Shook Kevin R. , Pomeroy John W.
Published: November 2011

The hydrography of the Prairies of western Canada and the north‐central United States is characterized by drainage into small depressions, forming wetlands rather than being connected to a large‐scale drainage system. In droughts, many of these water bodies completely dry up, while in wet periods, their expansion can cause infrastructure damage. As wetlands expand and contract with changing water levels, connections among them are formed and broken. The change in hydrographic connectivity dynamically changes the hydrological response of basins by controlling the area of the basin which contributes discharge to local streams.The objective of this research was to determine the behaviour of prairie basins dominated by wetlands through two sets of simulations. The first consisted of application and removal of water (simulating runoff and evaporation) from a LiDAR digital elevation model (DEM) of a small basin in the south‐east of the Canadian Province of Saskatchewan. Plots of water surface area and of contributing area against depressional storage showed evidence of hysteresis, in that filling and emptying curves followed differing paths, indicating the existence of memory of prior conditions. It was demonstrated that the processes of filling and emptying produced differing changes in the frequency distributions of wetland areas, resulting in the observed hysteresis.Because the first model was computationally intensive, a second model was built to test the use of simpler wetland representations. The second model used a set of interconnected wetlands, whose frequency distribution and connectivity were derived from the original LiDAR DEM. When subjected to simple applications and removal of simulated water, the second model displayed hysteresis loops similar to those of the first model. The implications for modelling prairie basins are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary evaluation of the runoff processes in a remote montane cloud forest basin using Mixing Model Analysis and Mean Transit Time
Authors: Crespo Patricio , Bücker Amelie , Feyen Jan , Vaché Kellie B. , Frede Hans‐Georg , Breuer Lutz
Published: November 2011

In this study, the Mean Transit Time and Mixing Model Analysis methods are combined to unravel the runoff generation process of the San Francisco River basin (73.5 km2) situated on the Amazonian side of the Cordillera Real in the southernmost Andes of Ecuador. The montane basin is covered with cloud forest, sub‐páramo, pasture and ferns. Nested sampling was applied for the collection of streamwater samples and discharge measurements in the main tributaries and outlet of the basin, and for the collection of soil and rock water samples. Weekly to biweekly water grab samples were taken at all stations in the period April 2007–November 2008. Hydrometric data, Mean Transit Time and Mixing Model Analysis allowed preliminary evaluation of the processes controlling the runoff in the San Francisco River basin. Results suggest that flow during dry conditions mainly consists of lateral flow through the C‐horizon and cracks in the top weathered bedrock layer, and that all subcatchments have an important contribution of this deep water to runoff, no matter whether pristine or deforested. During normal to low precipitation intensities, when antecedent soil moisture conditions favour water infiltration, vertical flow paths to deeper soil horizons with subsequent lateral subsurface flow contribute most to streamflow. Under wet conditions in forested catchments, streamflow is controlled by near surface lateral flow through the organic horizon. Exceptionally, saturation excess overland flow occurs. By absence of the litter layer in pasture, streamflow under wet conditions originates from the A horizon, and overland flow. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tritium labelling of PACAP‐38 using a synthetic diiodinated precursor peptide
Authors: Pedersen Martin Holst Friborg , Baun Michael
Published: November 2011

In the interest of developing efficient methods for tritium labelling peptides, we here demonstrate the successful labelling of PACAP‐38 (pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide), a 38‐mer peptide, using a synthetic diiodinated PACAP‐38 precursor. In this example, we employ standard hydrogenation chemistry with the use of a heterogeneous palladium catalyst and carrier‐free tritium gas on a tritium manifold system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Musculoskeletal morphology and regionalization within the dorsal and anal fins of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)
Authors: Chadwell Brad A. , Ashley‐Ross Miriam A.
Published: November 2011

Ray‐finned fishes actively control the shape and orientation of their fins to either generate or resist hydrodynamic forces. Because of the emergent mechanical properties of their segmented, bilaminar fin rays (lepidotrichia), and actuation by multiple muscles, fish can control the rigidity and curvature of individual rays independently, thereby varying the resultant forces across the fin surfaces. Expecting that differences in fin‐ray morphology should reflect variation in their mechanical properties, we measured several musculoskeletal features of individual spines and rays of the dorsal and anal fins of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, and assessed their mobility and flexibility. We separated the fin‐rays into four groups based on the fin (dorsal or anal) or fin‐ray type (spine or ray) and measured the length of the spines/rays and the mass of the three median fin‐ray muscles: the inclinators, erectors and depressors. Within the two ray groups, we measured the portion of the rays that were segmented vs. unsegmented and branched vs. unbranched. For the majority of variables tested, we found that variations between fin‐rays within each group were significantly related to position within the fin and these patterns were conserved between the dorsal and anal rays. Based on positional variations in fin‐ray and muscle parameters, we suggest that anterior and posterior regions of each fin perform different functions when interacting with the surrounding fluid. Specifically, we suggest that the stiffer anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal fins maintain stability and keep the flow across the fins steady. The posterior rays, which are more flexible with a greater range of motion, fine‐tune their stiffness and orientation, directing the resultant flow to generate lateral and some thrust forces, thus acting as an accessory caudal fin. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reflectron MALDI TOF and MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry reveal novel structural details of native lipooligosaccharides
Authors: Sturiale Luisa , Palmigiano Angelo , Silipo Alba , Knirel Yuriy A. , Anisimov Andrei P. , Lanzetta Rosa , Parrilli Michelangelo , Molinaro Antonio , Garozzo Domenico
Published: November 2011

Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) are powerful Gram‐negative glycolipids that evade the immune system and invade host animal and vegetal cells. The structural elucidation of LOS is pivotal to understanding the mechanisms of infection at the molecular level. The amphiphilic nature of LOS has been the main obstacle for structural analysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). Our approach has resolved this important issue and has permitted us to obtain reflectron MALDI mass spectra of LOS to reveal the fine chemical structure with minimal structural variations. The high‐quality MALDI mass spectra show LOS species characteristic of molecular ions and defined fragments due to decay in the ion source. The in‐source decay yields B‐type ions, which correspond to core oligosaccharide(s), and Y‐type ions, which are related to lipid A unit(s). MALDI tandem time‐of‐flight (TOF/TOF) MS of lipid A allowed for the elucidation of its structure directly from purified intact LOS without the need for any chemical manipulations. These findings constitute a significant advancement in the analysis of such an important biomolecule by MALDI MS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VP‐1 quasispecies in human infection with polyomavirus BK
Authors: Luo Chunqing , Hirsch Hans H. , Kant Jeffrey , Randhawa Parmjeet
Published: November 2011

Polyomavirus BK is a recognized cause of nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis in kidney or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. This study explored a role of genetic variations in capsid protein VP‐1 gene as a factor in viral pathogenesis. VP‐1 was amplified from 7 healthy subjects with viruria, 7 transplant patients with viruria, and 11 patients with viremia or nephropathy. PCR products were cloned and a total of 558 clonal sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using standard methods. VP‐1 quasispecies were found in 25/25 and coinfection with different genotypes in 12/25 subjects. Genotype II was found as an unexpected minority species in 5/25 individuals. Recombinant strains of uncertain biologic significance, which frequently contained genotype II and IV sequences were identified in 9/25 subjects. Viremia/nephropathy group was characterized by (a) greater sequence complexity in whole VP‐1 versus BC loop and BC loop compared to the HI loop, (b) greater intra‐strain genetic diversity in the BC loop compared to whole VP‐1 protein and HI loop, (c) more non‐synonymous substitutions (dN) in the BC loop compared to whole VP‐1 and HI loop, (e) fewer synonymous substitutions (dS) compared to healthy‐viruria group, and (f) selection pressure (dN/dS >1.0) exerted on VP‐1. In conclusion, this study documents frequent occurrence of quasispecies in a host DNA polymerase dependent virus, which is theoretically expected to show high replication fidelity. Quasispecies occur even in healthy subjects with viruria, but evolutionary selection pressure directed at the viral capsid protein (VP‐1) is seen only in patients with viremia or nephropathy. J. Med. Virol. 84:152–161, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel polymerase chain reaction method for detecting cutaneous human papillomavirus DNA
Authors: Sasagawa Toshiyuki , Mitsuishi Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2011

There is no simple test to identify the human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes that cause cutaneous warts. A new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, called SK‐PCR, was developed for this purpose. This PCR amplifies 210–238 base pairs of L1 DNA of 17 HPV types (HPV‐1a, ‐2a, ‐3, ‐4, ‐7, ‐10, ‐27, ‐28, ‐29, ‐40, ‐57, ‐60, ‐63, ‐65, ‐77, ‐91, and ‐94), which are thought to cause various cutaneous warts, including common, flat, butcher's, punctate, and pigmented warts. The method is novel because the location of these primers is completely different from that of any previous PCR method for HPV. The target sequences are specific to alpha‐, gamma‐, and mu‐papillomaviruses (PVs), but not to beta‐PVs. Furthermore, direct sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to determine the HPV genotypes. Fifty of samples of plantar warts were examined, and HPV‐27 was identified in 22 warts, HPV‐57 in 15 warts, and HPV‐2a in 9 warts. These PVs, which are alpha species 4, were the most common. HPV‐4 and ‐65 (gamma‐PVs) and HPV‐1a and ‐63 (mu‐PVs) were detected in one case each. A single HPV type was identified in all of these warts. This method appears to be useful for genotyping the HPVs causing skin warts, and for distinguishing between HPV‐induced warts and warty lesions unrelated to HPV infection. J. Med. Virol. 84:138–144, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.