bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first study on confirmation and risk factors of acute and chronic canine distemper in stray dogs in Wasit Province, Iraq, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Mohammad Hadeel Asim , Ajaj Eva Aisser , Gharban Hasanain A. J.
Published: April 2022

Background and Aim: In Iraq, stray dogs represent a critical population of free-roaming animals, which probably play a role in the transmission of different infections to other animals. Canine distemper is one of the most growing viral threats to carnivores in many countries worldwide, including Iraq. Therefore, this study was aimed to diagnose the disease using serological and molecular assay and the role of risk factors in the spreading infection. Materials and Methods: In all, 158 venous blood samples were collected randomly from stray dogs in rural and sub-urban areas of Iraq from May 2019 to December 2020. The samples were examined serologically using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), and molecularly by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and confirm chronic and acute infections. To determine the association between infection and various risk factors, the study animals were divided according to their locations, sexes, and ages. The age groups were ≤8 months (puppy), 1-3 years (young), and ≥3 years (old/mature). Results: ELISA result shows that 6.96% and 19.62% of dogs were seropositive for acute and chronic distemper, respectively. The titer of chronic infections (0.421±0.027) was significantly higher (p≤0.025) than that of acute canine distemper (0.337±0.016). On RT-PCR, 8.86% of dogs were found positive for distemper. Using RT-PCR as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the IgM ELISA kit were 75% and 98.63%, respectively, whereas the positive and negative predictivity were 81.82% and 97.96%, respectively. A significant variation (p<0.05) was observed in the distribution of positive findings among the different epidemiological risk factors. Compared with rural areas, positivity was significantly higher (p<0.05) in sub-urban areas on IgM (26.92%) and IgG (64.15%) ELISA and RT-PCR (34.62%). On IgM ELISA and RT-PCR, no significant differences (p>0.05) were found among the three age groups; however, positivity was significantly higher (p≤0.048) in the ≥3 years group (22.73%) on IgG ELISA. Furthermore, only IgG ELISA showed a significantly higher (p≤0.032) positivity rate in female dogs (25.23%) than in male dogs (7.84%). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Iraqi study to demonstrate acute and chronic canine distemper in stray dogs, suggesting that the prolonged shedding of virus from positive dogs is a critical point in the epidemiology of the disease. Additional studies in dogs or other carnivores are required to establish baseline data on the prevalence of the disease in Iraq.
On the Functional Purpose of the Seyma-Turbino Bronze Spearheads With a Hook
Authors:   Research and Production Association ArchaeoPolis, Yu. Mikhailov
Published: April 2022

Spear, “rogatina”, was an effective tool to hunt bears, elks and wild boars. To stop the attack of a massive animal, people used various devices strengthened on the bushing. On the Seyma-Turbino fork spears found in Western Siberia, the hook located under the nib could also serve as one of the variants of such devices. The initial design flaw of such products was the fork located at the level (or above) of the connection line of the bushing with the nib. This is how the spearheads were modeled in the Rostovka burial ground, as well as in the Pyshminskaya and Priirtyshskaya collections. In the metallurgical traditions of Eastern Europe, the fork was replaced by a rhombic rhombic nib rod. On the territory of Western Siberia, starting from the original leaf-like shape of the forked tips, the Seima-Turbino craftsmen began to make specialized Theory and practice of archaeological research samples with a reinforced connection of a the bushing and a narrow feather. The relatively later appearance of forked spearheads with a narrow nib and a modified fork was most likely due to their main functional purpose - hunting.
Miniature Clay Products of the Imenkovo Culture in the 6th–7th Centuries AD
Authors:   Kazan State Institute of Culture, K. Rudenko
Published: April 2022

The article deals with miniature clay products of the Imenkovo culture. They are often mentioned in publications of finds both from the Imenkovo hillforts and from the settlements. At the same time, they are not found in the Imenkovo burial grounds. The research was based on a representative collection of miniature items from the Tetyushy-II hillfort in the Tetyushy district of Tatarstan. In addition, published materials from excavations of other Imenkovo settlements both in the Republic of Tatarstan and in the neighboring regions — Ulyanovsk and Samara were used. The author studied 124 miniature objects. They were grouped into four divisions. The first one includes geometrical objects (balls, cones, etc.), accounting for 22.5% of all finds. The second includes jewelry (9.8%). The most numerous (42.7%) is the third section — household items. Most of them are miniature vessels. The last section includes miniature images of animals (25%). All products are made of pure clay. They are well burnt. Moreover, almost all of them are either broken or have the loss of individual parts. Since the crafts were very durable, it is obvious that they were smashed on purpose. By their functional purpose, they were: 1) cult objects related to production activities (miniature figurines of animals); 2) magic crafts; 3) elements of ritual procedures; 4) household items (for example, drinking bowls); 5) shells for weapons (sling). In the latter case, natural nodules were used for the same purpose. The origin of most of the miniature vessels is associated with the Volga region. In the decorations and a number of types of miniature vessels, the connection of these artifacts with the antiquities of the Dyakovo archaeological culture can be traced. There are analogies in the antiquities of the Kiev culture. Miniature vessels with a round bottom are associated with cultures of the 1st millennium AD in Southern Cis-Urals. Some of the items of this complex were formed under the influence of the Sarmatian culture. All considered items are dated to the 6th–7th centuries AD. Thus, for the first time, the systematization of miniature items of the Imenkovo culture, their attribution and dating has been carried out.
Ancient Ritual Objects of the Oka Plateau (Eastern Sayan)
Authors:   Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, V. Tashak , A. Kharinskii ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University, M. Portniagin ,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University
Published: April 2022

Sacral beliefs took one of the most important spheres in the life of ancient societies. The evidence of such beliefs can be recognized in stone constructions used for various ritual activities and differentiated by architectonic features depending on their functionality. Some of such constructions were found on the territory of the Oka region (Buryat Republic). One part of them has a four-angled, circular, or ring-shaped form and a diameter up to 2 m; the other had circular burial mound-like or flat configuration with a diameter of 3–6 m. The first excavations of the large stone mounds of the circular form were carried out in 1870 P.A. Rovinskiy near the Oka guard fort (archeological site Oka, locality 1 and 2). The researcher characterized excavated constructions as cenotaphs or sacrificial places. In 2020 A.V. Kharinskiy excavated other two large stone mounds at the Shasnur-3 archeological site. Based on materials from excavations reinforced with ethnographical data, we can regard circular mounds with the 3–6 m diameter in the Mountain Oka region as cenotaphs. One of the small ring-shaped stone settings was investigated by V.I. Tashak at the Zun Nomto-Gol-1 archeological site. Taking into consideration the ethnographical data, the setting from Nomto-Gol-1 as other stone settings with a diameter up to 2 m can be characterized as ancient sacrificial places devoted to the spirits — hosts of the local landscapes. Key words: ancient ritual objects, burial grounds, Eastern Sayan, Oka plateau
Kashi Pottery from the Podymalovo-1 Settlement (Based on the Results of Excavations in 2019).
Authors:   Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A. Tuzbekov
Published: April 2022

The article discusses the Kashin ceramics discovered during the excavations of the Podymalovo-1 settlement in 2019.The first classification of fragments of glazed dishes discovered at this settlement in 2017 was carried out by E.V. Kamaleev. The researcher was able to characterize 16 identified shards, on the basis of which he dated it to the end of the 13th - 14th centuries both as individual cultural strata and the studied complexes. In 2019, during the excavations carried out at the site, A.I. Tuzbekov managed to find 28 more fragments of Kashin dishes. Most of the dishes were heavily fragmented; they had lost their original appearance. However, using the classification developed by V.Yu. Kovalem for glazed ceramics, based on the principle of the primacy of the features of the function of ceramics and the technology of its production in comparison with the features of decor and morphology, the researcher was able to analyze the identified fragments, date individual layers and complexes to the middle — 2nd half of the 14th century and to draw a conclusion about the presence of trade relations of the inhabitants of the settlement with the large urban centers of the Volga region.
Khirgisuurs of Yustyd: Multispectral Imagery, Experience of Using UAVs for Complex Study
Authors:   Altai State University, E. Krupochkin , D. Papin ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: April 2022

The article discusses the methodological issues of remote mapping objects of archaeological heritage using unmanned aerial vehicles. A section of the Yustyd river valley on the territory of the Kosh-Agach district of the Altai Republic was chosen as a polygon. The survey area in 2021 covered the territory of the right bank with the maximum concentration of large objects, first of all, khirgisuurs, which are distinguished by a variety of shapes and internal structures. For multispectral shooting of archaeological sites, an unmanned aerial vehicle DJI Inspire 1 (ver. 2.0) was used, a design feature of which was an additional mini-platform located in the rear of the hull. The platform was mounted for the installation of a Parrot Sequoia camera and an additional battery — a source of autonomous power supply for the camera. The process of photogrammetric processing of images was a computer automated digital processing of photographic materials with the subsequent creation of a mosaic orthomosaic. Agisoft Metashape software was chosen for photogrammetric processing of materials. The results obtained were subjected to index (thematic) processing of multispectral images based on a combination of green, red and near infrared channels. In the course of a comparative analysis of the constructed images, the following regularities were found. The MCARI index makes it possible to detect burial mounds and structural elements expressed in geometry (plan). Detection of various “anomalies” characterizing the presence of small elements in the turf layers is possible with additional filter processing. Thus, it has been established that multispectral imaging is a new high-tech tool for performing work: archaeological exploration, searching for new objects and clarifying the configuration of previously studied objects, when mapping stand-alone sites and archaeological complexes in general.
Metal Products from the Sargatka Culture Sites in the Tobol River Region
Authors:   University of Tyumen, M. Prokonova
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the presentation of the results of an analytical study of metal products from the Sargatka culture sites of the Tobol river region by X-ray fluorescence analysis to clarify the directions of contacts of the local population. As a result of the analysis, we have received evidence of the wide distribution of products made of pure copper (Сu), tin bronze (Cu+Sn) and brass (Cu+Zn) among the population of the Sargatka culture, and we also noted the use of rare alloys not previously identified on the materials of the Sargatka culture: leaded brass (Cu+Zn+Pb) and leadtin bronze (Cu+Pb+Sn). Such a variety of alloys indicates the presence of broad trade and exchange relations among the population of the Sargatka culture at different stages of its existence. The new data do not contradict the idea widespread in the literature about the receipt of ingots and products made of pure copper from Itkul metallurgists, as well as things made of bronze with a high tin content from Central Asia, the Volga region, the Cisurals, the eastern regions of Siberia, Altai and Transbaikal. The new material allowed us to draw a conclusion about the origin of lead-tin bronze products from the Xiongnu of Transbaikal, and jewelry made of double and three-component leaded brass from the population of the Kushan period of Northern Bactria.
The Results of the Complex Study of the Kurteke Site (Eastern Pamir)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, S. Shnaider , K. Ashastina ,   Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, S. Alisher kyzy ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of SB RAS, N. Sayfullaev ,   A. Donish Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, G. Zakabluk ,   Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, A. Chernonosov ,   Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, R. Splengler ,   Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, L. Zotkina ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: April 2022

The materials of most of the archaeological sites of the Eastern Pamirs are known from lifting samples. One of them is the Kurteke rock shelter, that was discovered in 1960 by V.A. Ranov. At that time at the site there were distinguished two cultural layers dated to the Neolithic-Eneolithic and Eneolithic-Bronze period. This site is also interesting because on the walls of the rock shelter , directly above the cultural layers there are rock paintings of anthropomorphic and geometric figures. Modern data have shown that the first layer associated with the settlement of the site belongs to the final Pleistocene (older than 13 thousand years ago). In the course of the new stage of the study, palynological and carpological analysis of the soil, the study of undetectable faunal remains using the ZooMS method, and the documentation of rock carvings of the site were carried out. A comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the Kurteke materials showed that the stone industry presented here is typical of the mountainous part of Central Asia; the climate during both periods of human settlement of the site was arid, and despite the presence of cereal plants, no direct indications of their domestication were found; the faunistic composition of the site is represented by taxa typical for the territory of the Eastern Pamirs today; in the rock art there are images common in the territory of Central and Central Asia in the Bronze Age.
resistência dos sebos de Belém/PA diante das novas tecnologias e dos livros digitais
Authors: Saraiva da Silva Eddie Carlos , Da Silva Souza Luz Helen Roseany
Published: April 2022

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o arranjo entre a tradição e a tecnologia em sebos da cidade de Belém; buscando analisar o impacto do uso das mídias e redes sociais no comércio dos sebos, assim como a influência do livro digital nas atividades destes lugares. A pesquisa é quantitativa do tipo exploratória, usufruiu como instrumento de coleta de dados a aplicação de formulários e entrevistas com Sebos locais que atuam em estabelecimentos físicos e online, além de revisão bibliográfica para conceituação de termos. Com o estudo espera-se analisar os aspectos positivos e negativos do uso das mídias sociais para o comércio de livros em sebos em Belém/PA, como por exemplo, a influência nas vendas, como ocorre o contato com o público, na falta de um estabelecimento físico como ocorre a organização e armazenamento do acervo. Além disso, observar do ponto de vista dos proprietários o impacto que a comercialização de livros digitais pode ter causado, ou que possa vir a causar.
desenvolvimento de uma coleção histórica de uma biblioteca universitária
Authors: Bernini Ismael Maynard , Cuty Jeniffer  Alves , Loss Miriam Moema
Published: April 2022

O artigo tem como finalidade apresentar os critérios elaborados para a constituição da Coleção Histórica da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Biblioteconomia e Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Fabico/UFRGS). Esse relato de experiência pretende registrar o processo de criação dos critérios para definição de itens históricos no contexto de uma biblioteca universitária, atendendo às particularidades de sua realidade e de suas funções junto a comunidade acadêmica. Assim, se registra a trajetória da Biblioteca e da Instituição, além de fomentar mais iniciativas no sentido de desenvolvimento de coleções históricas em bibliotecas universitárias.
Coleções especiais
Authors: Greenhalgh Raphael Diego , Giubertti Guedes Greenhalgh Mariana
Published: April 2022

O presente trabalho busca analisar as coleções especiais existentes em bibliotecas universitárias, públicas e especializadas brasileiras com a finalidade de identificar as tipologias documentais e conceituais de formação dessas coleções. Ao todo foram analisadas as informações sobre as coleções especiais disponíveis nas páginas institucionais de 27 bibliotecas, sendo realizada uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória. A partir de uma amostra intencional identificou-se coleções com acervos de temáticas variadas, como por exemplo, coleções de artes, coleção infantil, entre outros, além de coleções de memória institucional, local/ regional e nacional, e coleções de multimeios. Considerando esse contexto, foi proposto um modelo conceitual sobre a formação de coleções especiais de acordo com as práticas e perspectivas nacionais para este tipo de acervo.
Editorial
Authors: Carvalho Rodrigues Marcia , Greenhalgh Raphael Diego , Juvêncio Carlos Henrique
Published: April 2022

O Dossiê Coleções Especiais teve por objetivo reunir e divulgar resultados de pesquisas e relatos de experiências que tratam sobre coleções especiais nas bibliotecas.
Abnormal Perception of Urge to Defecate: An Important Pathophysiological Mechanism in Women With Chronic Constipation
Authors: Vollebregt Paul F. , Wiklendt Lukasz , Burgell Rebecca E. , Chaichanavichkij Pam , Dinning Phil G. , Knowles Charles H. , Scott S. Mark
Published: April 2022

INTRODUCTION:

Although the association of absent or attenuated “call to stool” with constipation is well-recognized, no studies have systematically evaluated the perception of urge to defecate in a well-defined cohort of patients with chronic constipation (CC).

METHODS:

A prospective study of 43 healthy adult women and 140 consecutive adult women attending a tertiary center for investigation of CC. All participants completed a 5-day viscerosensory questionnaire, and all women with CC also underwent anorectal physiologic investigations. Normal urge perception and abnormal urge perception were defined using a Naive Bayes model trained in healthy women (95% having normal urge).

RESULTS:

In total, 181 toilet visits in healthy women and 595 in women with CC were analyzed. Abnormal urge perception occurred in 70 (50.0%) women with CC. In this group, the urge to defecate was more often experienced as abdominal sensation (69.3% vs 41.4%; P < 0.0001), and the viscerosensory referral area was 81% larger (median pixels anterior: 1,849 vs 1,022; P < 0.0001) compared to women with CC and normal urge perception. Abnormal (vs normal) urge in women with CC was associated with more severe constipation (Cleveland Clinic constipation score: 19 vs 15 P < 0.0001), irritable bowel syndrome (45.7% vs 22.9% P < 0.0001), and a functional evacuation disorder on defecography (31.3% vs 14.3% P = 0.023). A distinct pattern of abnormal urge was found in women with CC and rectal hyposensitivity.

DISCUSSION:

Abnormal urge perception was observed in 50% of women with CC and was frequently described as abdominal sensation, supporting the concept that sensory dysfunction makes an important contribution to the pathophysiology of constipation.
Comparative Effectiveness of Biologics for Endoscopic Healing of the Ileum and Colon in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Narula Neeraj , Wong Emily C.L. , Dulai Parambir S. , Marshall John K. , Jairath Vipul , Reinisch Walter
Published: April 2022

INTRODUCTION:

We compared the efficacy of adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab, and vedolizumab on the ability to achieve endoscopic healing (EH) after 1 year of therapy in moderate-severe Crohn's disease (CD).

METHODS:

This was a pooled analysis of patient-level data from 299 patients with CD from 4 clinical trials. Proportions of patients treated with each biologic were compared for achieving 1-year complete EH (Simple Endoscopic Score for CD [SES-CD] <3) and ileal and colonic EH separately (SES-CD = 0). Multivariate logistic regression was used to model the relationship between biologics and 1-year outcomes and adjusted for disease duration, concomitant corticosteroid use, and prior antitumor necrosis factor failure.

RESULTS:

Compared with vedolizumab (4/56 [7.1%]), adalimumab (17/61 [27.9%], adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 5.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.77–18.95, P = 0.004) and infliximab (39/141 [27.7%], aOR: 4.59, 95% CI: 1.48–14.22, P = 0.008) had superior rates of 1-year EH. No significant difference was observed between vedolizumab and ustekinumab. Similar results were observed among biologic-naive patients. Among patients with baseline ileal SES-CD ≥3, no significant differences were observed between biologics for 1-year ileal EH. However, for large (>0.5 cm) ileal ulcers, infliximab (20/49 [40.8%]) had superior rates of no ileal ulcers compared with vedolizumab (2/23 [8.7%], aOR: 5.39, 95% CI: 1.03–28.05, P = 0.045). No other differences were observed. For colonic disease, compared with ustekinumab (9/31 [29.0%]), adalimumab (30/48 [62.5%], aOR: 3.97, 95% CI: 1.45–10.90, P = 0.007) had superior rates of 1-year EH in the colon, with similar trends observed for infliximab (55/105 [52.4%], aOR: 2.08, 95% CI: 0.82–5.27, P = 0.121). No other differences were observed.

DISCUSSION:

In this post hoc analysis, TNF-α antagonists were overall superior to vedolizumab and ustekinumab for achieving 1-year EH in moderate-severe CD patients.
Efecto de la potencia y número de aspas de un aireador rotativo sobre la transferencia de oxígeno disuelto en agua
Authors: Blanco-Zuñiga Cesar René , Useche de Vega Dalia Soraya , Rojas-Arias Nicolas
Published: April 2022

Contexto: La transferencia del oxígeno disuelto (OD) es un tema de importancia para la calidad del agua. Diversos dispositivos se han diseñado para suministrar el OD requerido en algunos cuerpos de agua durante su tratamiento y restauración; sin embargo, estos conllevan un alto consumo de energía, requiriendo optimizar los parámetros de uso.
Método: Este trabajo estudió el efecto de la potencia y número de aspas utilizadas en un aireador de eje horizontal. Las mediciones se realizaron en muestras de agua anóxica, utilizando tres dispositivos aireadores conformados por 6, 12 y 24 aspas, variando la velocidad de rotación a partir del voltaje suministrado.
Resultados: Los mayores valores obtenidos del coeficiente de transferencia KLa se presentan en dispositivos con mayor cantidad de aspas. Sin embargo, la eficiencia estándar de aireación (SAE) y la eficiencia de transferencia de oxígeno estándar (SOTR) revelaron que el dispositivo con 6 aspas presenta una mayor eficiencia energética.
Conclusiones: Se demostró que la transferencia de OD no depende únicamente de los impactos asociados al número de aspas, y que la máxima eficiencia en la transferencia se obtiene con un menor número de aspas. Estos resultados pueden contribuir en mejorar el entendimiento del funcionamiento de estos sistemas mecánicos en términos de transferencia de OD.
Characterization, Design Testing and Numerical Modeling of a Subsonic-Low Speed Wind Tunnel
Authors: Lara Andrés , Toledo Jonathan , Salazar Romero Robert Paul
Published: April 2022

Context: Wind tunnels are essential devices in the study of flow properties through objects and scaled prototypes. This work presents a numerical study to characterize an existing wind tunnel, proposing modifications with the aim to improve the quality of the flow in the test chamber.
Method: Experimental measurements of the inlet velocity and pressure distribution of a wind tunnel are nperformed. These empirical values are used as parameters to define boundary conditions in simulations. The Finite Element Method (FEM) at low speeds is implemented to determine the stream function by using a standard Galerkin method. Polynomial interpolations are employed to modify the contraction section design, and numerical simulations are performed in order to compare the numerical results of the flow for the existing and the modified wind tunnels.
Results: Experimental measurements of the flow at the wind tunnel entrance are presented. The velocity field and distribution of thermodynamic variables inside the tunnel are numerically determined. This computations are useful since it is experimentally difficult to make measurements inside the channel. Additionally, numerical calculations of these variables are presented under modifications in the tunnel geometry.
Conclusions: A comparison between these simulations show that laminar flow at low velocities can be modeled as incompressible and irrotational fluid under a bidimensional approximation along its longitudinal section. It is observed that modifications in the geometry of the tunnel can improve the flow in the test section of the wind tunnel in the laminar regime.
Conciliación obligatoria: Una alternativa para la resolución de conflictos en Colombia
Authors: Lagos Cortés Diógenes , Gómez Ardila Ciro Alberto , Muller Sánchez Charles Alberto
Published: April 2022

La ley 640 de 2001 hizo obligatorio en Colombia, como requisito de procedibilidad para la admisión de la demanda en algunas áreas del derecho, el intentar una conciliación. Al ser la conciliación un proceso en esencia voluntario, ¿puede la obligación legal de intentar una conciliación como requisito para un proceso judicial producir acuerdos entre partes que no quieren, en principio conciliar? Para intentar responder esta pregunta, analizamos cuantitativamente la base de datos de los resultados de conciliación extrajudicial para el periodo 2007-2013 almacenados en el Sistema de Información de la Conciliación, el Arbitraje y la Amigable Composición (SICAAC). Encontramos que, contrario a lo que se podría suponer, los resultados de aquellas personas que inicialmente no querían conciliar se asemejan a los de las que sí, lo que nos lleva a plantear la hipótesis de que, incluso en situaciones complejas, se justifica darle una oportunidad a la conciliación.
Changesin the midst ofa construction network: a diachronic construction grammar approach to complex prepositions denoting internal location
Authors: Desagulier Guillaume
Published: April 2022

Linguists have debated whether complex prepositions deserve a constituent status, but none have proposed a dynamic model that can both predict what construal a given pattern imposes and account for the emergence of non-spatial readings. This paper reframes the debate on constituency as a justification of the constructional status of complex prepositional patterns from a historical perspective. It focuses on thePrep NPILof NPlmconstruction, which denotes a relation of internal location between a located entity (a trajector) and a reference entity (a landmark). Four subschemas of the Internal Location construction are examined:middlecxn(in the middle of),centercxn(in/at the center of),heartcxn(in/at the heart of), andmidstcxn(in the midst of). All occurrences are extracted from the COHA, along with their co-occurring landmark NPs. Using vocabulary growth curves, all patterns are shown to be productive over the whole period covered by the corpus, although at different levels. Usingword2vec, a semantic vector space with the landmark collocates of each pattern is made. Curves indexed on association scores are plotted to see how densely semantic areas have been populated across four consecutive periods: 1810s–1860s, 1870s–1910s, 1920s–1970s, and 1980s–2000s. Two divisions of labor have emerged.midstcxnandheartcxnare in complementary distribution and operate mostly at the level of abstract locations whereasmiddlecxnandcentercxnare in parallel distribution and operate at the level of concrete locations.
Numerical prediction of cavitation phenomena on marine vessel: Effect of the water environment profile on the propulsion performance
Authors: Yusvika Muhammad , Fajri Aprianur , Tuswan Tuswan , Prabowo Aditya Rio , Hadi Syamsul , Yaningsih Indri , Muttaqie Teguh , Laksono Fajar Budi
Published: April 2022

Energy-saving and emission reduction are crucial since shipping activity due to the global maritime trade has increased exponentially. Several agreements have been engaged to optimize ship energy efficiency composed of ship design and shipping operation planning. However, most up-to-date studies focused on speed and route optimization. The interaction analysis between speed and route efficiency below varied environmental conditions is limited. To attain energy and cost efficiency, a study of cavitation on the propeller that considers the ocean environmental condition will be discussed in this work. Although researchers have previously observed cavitation phenomena, the predictability of simulations is not yet such that problems can be eliminated. Since the multiphase flow of water and vapor is sensitive to environmental conditions, it leads to varying observation accuracy. Thus, the current paper proposes a new performance indicator of the ship propeller under cavitation predicted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD-based simulation to observe the propeller cavitation was used to model the Zwart cavitation and Kunz cavitation models under two turbulence models ofK−εat different flow conditions and operating environments. Initial validation tests between experimental and numerical simulation show good agreement with a mean error of 4.7% in the Zwart model and 3.7% in the Kunz model, where thek−εturbulence model provides an almost higher relative error. It is revealed from the result that the increase in temperature causes the rise in the cavitation problem. It is revealed from the result that the increase of temperature causes the increase in cavitation problem.
A comprehensive evaluation method for topographic correction model of remote sensing image based on entropy weight method
Authors: Yao Mingkun , Huang Jiejun , Zhang Ming , Zhou Han , Kuang Lulu , Ye Fawang
Published: April 2022

The effect of topographic correction (TOC) has a profound influence on the quantitative application of remote sensing image. With regard to the invalid evaluation of the TOC model with such a single topographic correction assessment (TCA) method, we have selected five TCA indexes from five different perspectives: the difference in mean radiance radiometry between sunlit and shaded slopes, the cosine empirical relationship, stability, heterogeneity, and outlier ratio. The entropy weight method was used to assign weight to each TCA indexes, and the comprehensive evaluation value (CEV) of TOC for each band of remote sensing image was obtained by weighted superposition. After that, the weight of each band of the remote sensing image is determined by the entropy weight method, and the CEV of the TOC of the remote sensing image is obtained by weighting and superposition, so as to realize the effect evaluation of the six TOC models of C, SCS + C, VECA, Teillet, Minnaert, and Minnaert + SCS. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively evaluate the correction effect of the TOC model. Results indicate that the SCS + C model has the best correction effect, while the Minnaert model performs the worst. The results generated from the Minnaert + SCS, Teillet, and Minnaert models typically show inferior quality. The SCS + C, VECA, and C models are better suited for generating images with high spectral fidelity, and these three correction models are recommended for TOCs over mountainous areas.
Learning on the periphery: a modified Delphi study of a nursing student communities of practice model
Authors: Terry Daniel , Peck Blake , Perkins Alicia J. , Burgener Wendy
Published: April 2022

Objectives

To develop a contemporary student placement model to address current placement challenges, impact student learning, and alleviate supervisor burden.

Methods

A modified Delphi technique was used to seek opinions, insights, and creative solutions.

Results

A draft Communities of Practice placement model, based on a systematic literature review, was introduced to a heterogenous expert panel (n=12). A contemporary placement model was developed and refined via video conference and email over three rounds.

Conclusions

Despite initial reluctance concerning a new model, participants became conversant with the concept of peer-to-peer learning, where incidental, albeit essential, learning and support occurs between students, which also supports supervising staff. Greater flexibly and student screening were also incorporated to enable greater learning, confidence building, and reflection. The model’s success is contingent upon students working within their scope of practice and provides a contemporary approach to best responds to student, education provider, and health service needs.
Review on nutraceuticals: phase transition from preventive to protective care
Authors: Jain Nishakumari , Radhakrishnan Arun , Kuppusamy Gowthamarajan
Published: April 2022

Nutraceuticals are essential for healthcare which is an alternative medicine that has gained popularity in recent years. Nutraceuticals consist of nutrients, herbals, and dietary supplements, which make them useful in preserving and promoting health, fighting illness, and improving overall quality of life. Its success or failure will be determined by its rapid expansion, research advances, lack of standards, marketing enthusiasm, quality assurance, and regulations. Nutraceuticals have been used in different regions under different names/categories. however, globally there are no stringent pharmaceutical standards for nutraceutical health products till date, but slowly regulators are paying attention on it. Nutraceuticals can be broadly classified according to it clinical significance, source and therapeutic effects. Nutraceuticals and functional foods have grown to be a multibillion-dollar business worldwide in recent years and personalization is the emerging approach to deliver the best therapeutic effect in future. This review carries extensive information about nutraceutical history, classification, regulatory aspects and industrial perspective.
Identity and the choice of writing system in the Achaemenid world
Authors: Benvenuto Maria Carmela
Published: April 2022

The paper investigates the choice of writing system as the visual representation of identity in a specific multilingual and multi-ethnic context of antiquity, namely, the Achaemenid Empire. In particular, the discussion focuses on the linguistic and socio-cultural environment in Lydia and Hellespontine Phrygia, the western satrapies of the Persian Empire, where various languages and writing systems were available. Through the cases study analyzed here it has been possible to detect the symbolic status of a language – as well as that of its writing system – in the expression of ethnic identity at the local community level. In the case of Lydia, the analysis of the seals inscriptions provides evidence of identity negotiation from individuals of the local elite who were engaging with Persian power. The bullae from Daskyleion reflect a different linguistic practice in the context of power relations. Interestingly, even though the central imperial authority did not take advantage of any specific language use, including Aramaic, as a means to impose power, the presence of seals in Aramaic in the Daskyleion archive seems to suggest that it had status as an international prestige language, imbuing the inscriber of any ethnicity with the might of imperial power.
Urban road traffic noise monitoring, mapping, modelling, and mitigation: A thematic review
Authors: Ranpise Ramesh B. , Tandel Bhaven N.
Published: April 2022

This article analyses the most recent studies on urban traffic noise. About 67 relevant articles on urban road traffic noise and its mitigation strategies were preferred for a critical review. Only 5.97% of items describe how to monitor and record the noise measurement for urban roads, while 7.46% of articles enumerated urban traffic noise pollution exposure. 29.85% of articles proposed a model to evaluate noise reduction effects and predict the noise level. Also, many articles reported noise map generation and its analysis. 56.71% of articles described the noise mitigation strategies in detail, concerning noise control by green vegetation, land use planning, low noise tire and pavement material, noise reduction through façade shielding. Noise pollution standards are being breached in all areas. There is a need for the proper implementation of rules and regulations. Therefore, noise mitigation strategies such as designing noise barriers and other noise control materials are needed. Finally, it is summarized that economic and low-cost optimized noise pollution mitigation strategies like ingeniously made noise barriers, vegetation and landscaping are need of the hour for urban areas of developing countries.
The Civic Engagement and Social Integration of Refugees in Germany
Authors: Barreto César , Berbée Paul , Gallegos Torres Katia , Lange Martin , Sommerfeld Katrin
Published: April 2022

Civil society has played an important role in meeting the challenges of refugee migration in recent years. This commentary documents the importance of civic engagement for the integration of refugees by linking individual survey data on refugees to a regional measure of civic engagement in Germany. Using the density of newly established civic associations at the county level as a measure of civic engagement, we exploit regional differences in civic engagement in order to estimate its association with refugee integration outcomes. We find that in regions with particularly high levels of civic engagement, refugees have significantly more frequent contact to Germans, higher life satisfaction, and better German language skills. This correlation is robust to regional contextual factors such as the local population structure, economic strength, and the state of the labor market. In terms of language acquisition, women and refugees with a low level of education benefit the most from high civic engagement. Moreover, refugees with university degrees find significantly better-paying jobs in areas with higher civic engagement. However, no direct correlation could be established between civic engagement and the likelihood that refugees are employed. Nonetheless, the results suggest that support from civil society translates into improved access to government benefits. Our findings highlight that local civic engagement is an important complement to public assistance services and policy makers should give a high priority to partnering with the civil society to improve refugees’ integration outcomes.
A systematic review on photo-Fenton process as an efficient advanced oxidation for degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous environments
Authors: Pirsaheb Meghdad , Hossaini Hiwa , Raad Nazanin Kiani , Kianpour Sara , Hossini Hooshyar
Published: April 2022

Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the antibiotics in the penicillin category that is used in various fields. Considering the harmful effects of its remains, it is necessary to survey the ways to remove this compound. Advanced oxidation process (AOPs), specially photo-Fenton has been used for the removal of AMX. This study has been conducted based on PubMed, Google Scholar, DOAJ, Web of Science, and Scopus databases during the years 2008–2019. Some factors such as the aquatic solution, light source characteristics, iron, and H2O2 concentration, AMX degradation percentage, removal of total organic carbon percentage, and AMX concentration have been surveyed to optimize the process. Studies showed that the photo-Fenton process is highly dependent on pH, and in most studies, the highest efficiency has been observed in acidic pH values. Using a more energy light source can be effective in reducing the use of catalysts and oxidizers. The combined methods of AOPs such as photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, and photo-electro-Fenton have higher efficiency in increasing mineralization than the photon process. The use of synthetic wastewater has a higher efficiency in the degradation of AMX than in real wastewater in the photo-Fenton process, which can be due to the absence of the interfering agents in synthetic environments.
Research on back analysis of meso-parameters of hydraulic cemented sand and gravel based on Box-Behnken design response surface
Authors: Guo Lixia , Guo Yuhang , Zhong Ling , Zhu Jiantao
Published: April 2022

Cemented sand and gravel (CSG) is a new type of dam-building material. Aiming at the cumbersome process and long calculation time of traditional methods to invert the meso-parameters, a mesophase parameter inversion method based on Box-Behnken Design response surface was proposed. By constructing a response surface simulation test scheme with different inversion parameters (elastic modulus of aggregates, mortars and interfaces, and interfacial tensile strength), the stochastic aggregate model is used to complete the numerical simulation of the damage process, and different results are obtained. The equation between the response variable (stress at different loading times) and the independent variable (inversion parameter) was verified, and the rationality of the response model was verified; the action mechanism of mesophase parameters at different stages on the mechanical properties of the specimen was analysed. The test results are brought into the response surface model, and the meso-parameters are obtained by inverse analysis. The stress–strain curve obtained by numerical simulation with this parameter has an error of 1.1% at the peak stress and 3.27% at the peak strain. The accuracy is high, the number of test groups is much smaller than other conventional inversion methods, and has feasibility of application in CSG.
Long-Term Effects of Repeated Social Defeat Stress on Brain Activity during Social Interaction in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Okamura Hibiki , Yasugaki Shinnosuke , Suzuki-Abe Haruka , Arai Yoshifumi , Sakurai Katsuyasu , Yanagisawa Masashi , Takizawa Hotaka , Hayashi Yu
Published: April 2022

Understanding the long-term effects of stress on brain function is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of depression. The BALB/c mouse strain has high susceptibility to stress and is thus an effective model for depression. The long-term effects of repeated social defeat stress (SDS) on BALB/c mice, however, are not clear. Here, we investigated the effects of repeated SDS in male BALB/c mice over the subsequent two weeks. Some defeated mice immediately exhibited social avoidance, whereas anxiety-like behavior was only evident at later periods. Furthermore, defeated mice segregated into two groups based on the level of social avoidance, namely, avoidant and nonavoidant mice. The characteristic of avoidance or nonavoidance in each individual was not fixed over the two weeks. In addition, we developed a semi-automated method for analyzing c-Fos expression in the mouse brain to investigate the effect of repeated SDS on brain activity more than two weeks after the end of the stress exposure. Following social interaction, c-Fos expression was reduced in several brain regions in the defeated mice compared with control mice. The correlation of c-Fos expression among these brain areas, with exception of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and central amygdala (CeA), was increased in defeated mice, suggesting increased synchrony. Notably, c-Fos expression in the lateral habenula (LHb) was different between mice that exhibited social avoidance from immediately after the repeated SDS and those that exhibited social avoidance only at later periods. These observations provide insight into the long-term effects of social stress on behavior and brain activity.
Outcome-Locked Cholinergic Signaling Suppresses Prefrontal Encoding of Stimulus Associations
Authors: Tu Gaqi , Halawa Adel , Yu Xiaotian , Gillman Samuel , Takehara-Nishiuchi Kaori
Published: April 2022

Acetylcholine (ACh) is thought to control arousal, attention, and learning by slowly modulating cortical excitability and plasticity. Recent studies, however, discovered that cholinergic neurons emit precisely timed signals about the aversive outcome at millisecond precision. To investigate the functional relevance of such phasic cholinergic signaling, we manipulated and monitored cholinergic terminals in the mPFC while male mice associated a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with mildly aversive eyelid shock (US) over a short temporal gap. Optogenetic inhibition of cholinergic terminals during the US promoted the formation of the CS–US association. On the contrary, optogenetic excitation of cholinergic terminals during the US blocked the association formation. The bidirectional behavioral effects paralleled the corresponding change in the expression of an activity-regulated gene, c-Fos in the mPFC. In contrast, optogenetic inhibition of cholinergic terminals during the CS impaired associative learning, whereas their excitation had marginal effects. In parallel, photometric recording from cholinergic terminals in the mPFC revealed strong innate phasic responses to the US. With subsequent CS–US pairings, cholinergic terminals weakened the responses to the US while developing strong responses to the CS. The across-session changes in the CS- and US-evoked terminal responses were correlated with associative memory strength. These findings suggest that phasic cholinergic signaling in the mPFC exerts opposite effects on aversive associative learning depending on whether it is emitted by the outcome or the cue.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDrugs compensating for the decline of acetylcholine (ACh) are used for cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease. However, their beneficial effects are limited, demanding new strategies based on better understandings of how ACh modulates cognition. Here, we report that by manipulating ACh signals in the mPFC, we can control the strength of aversive associative learning in mice. Specifically, the suppression of ACh signals during an aversive outcome facilitated its association with a preceding cue. In contrast, the suppression of ACh signals during the cue impaired learning. Considering that this paradigm depends on the brain regions affected in Alzheimer's disease, our findings indicate that precisely timed control of ACh signals is essential to refine ACh-based strategies for cognitive enhancement.