bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A pilot study of alterations in oxidized angiotensinogen and antioxidants in pre-eclamptic pregnancy
Authors: Dahabiyeh Lina A. , Tooth David , Kurlak Lesia O. , Mistry Hiten D. , Pipkin Fiona Broughton , Barrett David A.
Published: February 2020

The oxidation status of angiotensinogen (AGT) may have a critical role in pre-eclampsia. We used a validated, quantitative, mass spectrometry-based method to measure the oxidized and total AGT levels in plasma of pre-eclamptic women (n = 17), normotensive-matched controls (n = 17), and healthy non-pregnant women (n = 10). Measurements of plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and serum selenium concentrations were performed as markers of circulating antioxidant capacity. Higher proportions of oxidized AGT in plasma from pre-eclamptic women compared to matched normotensive pregnant controls (P = 0.006), whilst maintaining a similar total plasma AGT concentration were found. In the pre-eclamptic group, blood pressure were correlated with the proportion of oxidized AGT; no such correlation was seen in the normotensive pregnant women. Plasma GPx was inversely correlated with oxidized AGT, and there was an inverse association between serum selenium concentration and the proportion of oxidized AGT. This is the first time that oxidized AGT in human plasma has been linked directly to antioxidant status, providing a mechanism for the enhanced oxidative stress in pre-eclampsia. We now provide pathophysiological evidence that the conversion of the reduced form of AGT to its more active oxidized form is associated with inadequate antioxidant status and could indeed contribute to the hypertension of pre-eclampsia.
Predictive factors for the development of proteinuria in cancer patients treated with bevacizumab, ramucirumab, and aflibercept: a single-institution retrospective analysis
Authors: Kanbayashi Yuko , Ishikawa Takeshi , Tabuchi Yusuke , Sakaguchi Koichi , Ouchi Yoshimi , Otsuji Eigo , Takayama Koichi , Taguchi Tetsuya
Published: February 2020

The development of proteinuria restricts the dose of anti-angiogenic agents, thereby reducing their efficacy. Thus, this retrospective study was undertaken to identify predictive factors of the development of angiogenesis inhibitor-induced proteinuria, and to elucidate if there is a difference in the likelihood of proteinuria among anti-angiogenic agents or cancer types, to help guide future strategies to improve the safety, efficacy, and quality of life of patients receiving chemotherapy. Between April 2014 and February 2019, 124 cancer patients at our outpatient chemotherapy center who were receiving chemotherapy with bevacizumab, ramucirumab, or aflibercept were enrolled. Variables related to the development of proteinuria were extracted from the patients’ clinical records and used for regression analysis. The level of the proteinuria was evaluated based on CTCAE version 5. Multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictive factors for the development of proteinuria. The Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify significant differences between groups. Significant factors identified included systolic blood pressure (SBP) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.031, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.005–1.058; P = 0.0197], number of cycles (OR = 1.049, 95% CI = 1.018–1.082; P = 0.0019), and calcium channel blocker use (OR = 2.589, 95% CI = 1.090–6.146; P = 0.0311). There was no difference among the three anti-angiogenic agents (P = 0.4969) or among cancer types (P = 0.2726) in the likelihood of proteinuria. In conclusion, SBP, number of cycles, and calcium channel blocker use were identified as significant predictors of the development of angiogenesis inhibitor-induced proteinuria. There was no difference among the three anti-angiogenic agents or among cancer types.
Hydrogen Attenuates Allergic Inflammation by Reversing Energy Metabolic Pathway Switch
Authors: Niu Yinghao , Nie Qingrong , Dong Liping , Zhang Jihua , Liu Shu Fang , Song Wei , Wang Xiaopei , Wu Guangli , Song Dongmei
Published: February 2020

Mechanisms mediating the protective effects of molecular hydrogen (H2) are not well understood. This study explored the possibility that H2 exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by modulating energy metabolic pathway switch. Activities of glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation systems were assessed in asthmatic patients and in mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. The effects of hydrogen treatment on airway inflammation and on changes in activities of these two pathways were evaluated. Monocytes from asthmatic patients and lungs from ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice had increased lactate production and glycolytic enzyme activities (enhanced glycolysis), accompanied by decreased ATP production and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and III activities (suppressed mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation), indicating an energy metabolic pathway switch. Treatment of ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice with hydrogen reversed the energy metabolic pathway switch, and mitigated airway inflammation. Hydrogen abrogated ovalbumin sensitization and challenge-induced upregulation of glycolytic enzymes and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and downregulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α. Hydrogen abrogated ovalbumin sensitization and challenge-induced sirtuins 1, 3, 5 and 6 downregulation. Our data demonstrates that allergic airway inflammation is associated with an energy metabolic pathway switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. Hydrogen inhibits airway inflammation by reversing this switch. Hydrogen regulates energy metabolic reprogramming by acting at multiple levels in the energy metabolism regulation pathways.
TALEN-based editing of TFIIAy5 changes rice response to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
Authors: Han Jin , Xia Zhihui , Liu Pengcheng , Li Chunrong , Wang Yanyan , Guo Lequn , Jiang Guanghuai , Zhai Wenxue
Published: February 2020

The xa5 gene encodes a basal transcription factor (TFIIAγ) protein with wide spectrum resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo) in rice. It was only found in a few rice ecotypes, and the recessive characteristics limited its application in breeding. Here, we employed a TALEN-based technique to edit its dominant allelic TFIIAγ5 and obtained many mutant TFIIAγ5 genes. Most of them reduced rice susceptibility to varying degrees when the plants were challenged with the Xoo. In particular, the knocked-out TFIIAγ5 can reduce the rice susceptibility significantly, although it cannot reach the xa5-mediated resistance level, indicating TFIIAγ5 is a major component involved in disease susceptibility. In addition, the mutant encoding the protein with deletion of the 32nd amino acid or amino acid insertion between 32nd and 33rd site confers rice with the similar resistance to that of the knocked-out TFIIAγ5. Thus, the amino acids around 32nd site are also the important action sites of TFIIAγ5 besides the 39th amino acid previously reported. Moreover, the integration of xa5 into TFIIAγ5-knockout plants conferred them with a similar resistance as IRBB5, the rice variety containing the homozygous xa5 gene. Thus, TFIIAγ5 was not simply regarded as a resistant or a susceptible locus, as the substitution of amino acids might shift its functions.
Publisher Correction: Eco-friendly 2-Thiobarbituric acid as a corrosion inhibitor for API 5L X60 steel in simulated sweet oilfield environment: Electrochemical and surface analysis studies
Authors: Usman Bashir J. , Gasem Zuhair M. , Umoren Saviour A. , Solomon Moses M.
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: Escherichia coli and Salmonella Enteritidis dual-species biofilms: interspecies interactions and antibiofilm efficacy of phages
Authors: Milho Catarina , Silva Maria Daniela , Alves Diana , Oliveira Hugo , Sousa Clara , Pastrana Lorenzo M. , Azeredo Joana , Sillankorva Sanna
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Perpendicular alignment of lymphatic endothelial cells in response to spatial gradients in wall shear stress
Authors: Michalaki Eleftheria , Surya Vinay N. , Fuller Gerald G. , Dunn Alexander R.
Published: February 2020

One-way valves in the lymphatic system form from lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) during embryonic development and are required for efficient tissue drainage. Although fluid flow is thought to guide both valve formation and maintenance, how this occurs at a mechanistic level remains incompletely understood. We built microfluidic devices that reproduce critical aspects of the fluid flow patterns found at sites of valvulogenesis. Using these devices, we observed that LECs replicated aspects of the early steps in valvulogenesis: cells oriented perpendicular to flow in the region of maximum wall shear stress (WSS) and exhibited enhanced nuclear localization of FOXC2, a transcription factor required for valvulogenesis. Further experiments revealed that the cell surface protein E-selectin was required for both of these responses. Our observations suggest that spatial gradients in WSS help to demarcate the locations of valve formation, and implicate E-selectin as a component of a mechanosensory process for detecting WSS gradients.
Cryo-EM study of an archaeal 30S initiation complex gives insights into evolution of translation initiation
Authors: Coureux Pierre-Damien , Lazennec-Schurdevin Christine , Bourcier Sophie , Mechulam Yves , Schmitt Emmanuelle
Published: February 2020

Archaeal translation initiation occurs within a macromolecular complex containing the small ribosomal subunit (30S) bound to mRNA, initiation factors aIF1, aIF1A and the ternary complex aIF2:GDPNP:Met-tRNAiMet. Here, we determine the cryo-EM structure of a 30S:mRNA:aIF1A:aIF2:GTP:Met-tRNAiMet complex from Pyrococcus abyssi at 3.2 Å resolution. It highlights archaeal features in ribosomal proteins and rRNA modifications. We find an aS21 protein, at the location of eS21 in eukaryotic ribosomes. Moreover, we identify an N-terminal extension of archaeal eL41 contacting the P site. We characterize 34 N4-acetylcytidines distributed throughout 16S rRNA, likely contributing to hyperthermostability. Without aIF1, the 30S head is stabilized and initiator tRNA is tightly bound to the P site. A network of interactions involving tRNA, mRNA, rRNA modified nucleotides and C-terminal tails of uS9, uS13 and uS19 is observed. Universal features and domain-specific idiosyncrasies of translation initiation are discussed in light of ribosomal structures from representatives of each domain of life.
Giant localised spin-Peltier effect due to ultrafast domain wall motion in antiferromagnetic metals
Authors: Otxoa R. M. , Atxitia U. , Roy P. E. , Chubykalo-Fesenko O.
Published: February 2020

Spin thermo-electric phenomena have attracted wide attention recently, e.g., the spin Peltier effect—heat generation by magnonic spin currents. Here, we find that the spin Peltier effect also manifests as a heat wave accompanying fast moving magnetic textures. High speed and extreme magnetic excitation localisation are paramount for efficient transfer of energy from the spin-degrees of freedom to electrons and lattice. While satisfying both conditions is subject to severe restrictions in ferromagnets, we find that domain walls in antiferromagnets can overcome these limitations due to their ultrahigh mobility and ultra-small widths originating from the relativistic contraction. To illustrate our findings, we show that electric current driven domain wall motion in the antiferromagnetic metal Mn2Au can carry a localised heat wave with temperature up to 1 K. Since domain walls are localised magnetic objects, this effect has the potential for nanoscale heating sensing and functionalities.
Broken adiabaticity induced by Lifshitz transition in MoS2 and WS2 single layers
Authors: Novko Dino
Published: February 2020

The breakdown of the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation is striking dynamical phenomenon, however, it occurs only in a handful of layered materials. Here, I show that adiabaticity breaks down in doped single-layer transition metal dichalcogenides in a quite intriguing manner. Namely, significant nonadiabatic coupling, which acts on frequencies of the Raman-active modes, is prompted by a Lifshitz transition due to depopulation and population of multiple valence and conduction valleys, respectively. The outset of the latter event is shown to be dictated by the interplay of highly non-local electron-electron interaction and spin-orbit coupling. In addition, intense electron-hole pair scatterings due to electron-phonon coupling are inducing phonon linewidth modifications as a function of doping. Comprehending these intricate dynamical effects turns out to be a key for mastering characterization of electron doping in two-dimensional nano-devices by means of Raman spectroscopy.
Steric and electronic effects on acetate-assisted cyclometallation of 2-phenylpyridines at [MCl2Cp*]2 (M = Ir, Rh)
Authors: Davies David L. , Singh Kuldip , Tamosiunaite Neringa
Published: February 2020

Kinetic and thermodynamic selectivities are opposite: steric and electronic factors control ortho : para selectivity (R2).
Reactions of chlorinated ethenes with surface-sulfidated iron materials: reactivity enhancement and inhibition effects
Authors: Islam Syful , Han Yanlai , Yan Weile
Published: February 2020

Recent studies on the use of controlled sulfur amendment to improve the reactivity and selectivity of zerovalent iron (ZVI) in reductive dechlorination reactions have generated renewed interest in ZVI-based remediation materials.
Evaluation of techniques for the remediation of antibiotic-contaminated water using activated carbon
Authors: Shejale Kiran P. , Yadav Dharmveer , Patil Harshala , Saxena Sumit , Shukla Shobha
Published: February 2020

Antibiotics have emerged as an important group of environmental pollutants and attracted global concern due to their persistent influence on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems even at low concentrations and evolution of antibiotic-resistant superbug.
A smart theranostic platform for photoacoustic and magnetic resonance dual-imaging-guided photothermal-enhanced chemodynamic therapy
Authors: Wang Haimei , An Lu , Tao Cheng , Ling Ziyi , Lin Jiaomin , Tian Qiwei , Yang Shiping
Published: February 2020

A Au@MnO2core–shell nanostructure was designed as a glutathione (GSH)-triggered smart theranostic agent for photoacoustic and magnetic resonance dual-imaging-guided photothermal-enhanced chemodynamic therapy.
Regioselective, stereoselective, and living polymerization of divinyl pyridine monomers using rare earth catalysts
Authors: Yan Chao , Liu Zhao-Xuan , Xu Tie-Qi
Published: February 2020

The first regioselective, stereoselective, and living polymerization of divinyl pyridine monomers, mediated by simple rare earth catalysts, is reported.
One-step co-precipitation synthesis of novel BiOCl/CeO2composites with enhanced photodegradation of rhodamine B
Authors: Zhang Yu , Shao Qian , Jiang Heyun , Liu Lirong , Wu Mingyang , Lin Jing , Zhang Jiaoxia , Wu Shide , Dong Mengyao , Guo Zhanhu
Published: February 2020

BiOCl/CeO2composites were synthesized by a facile one-step co-precipitation method and showed good photodegradation activity of rhodamine B (RhB).
A poly(urethane)-encapsulated benzo[2,3-d:6,7-d′]diimidazole organic down-converter for green hybrid LEDs
Authors: Wiles Alan A. , Bruckbauer Jochen , Mohammed Nabeel , Cariello Michele , Cameron Joseph , Findlay Neil J. , Taylor-Shaw Elaine , Wallis David J. , Martin Robert W. , Skabara Peter J. , Cooke Graeme
Published: February 2020

A novel green emissive material embedded in a resin provides efficient down-conversion in a hybrid LED.
The enantioselective total synthesis of laurendecumallene B
Authors: Taylor Cooper A. , Zhang Yu-An , Snyder Scott A.
Published: February 2020

Use of two key reactions initiated by BDSB (Et2SBr·SbCl5Br) affords an efficient total synthesis of laurendecumallene B, establishing the configuration of its two bromine-bearing stereocenters.
2,5-Bis-trimethylsilyl substituted boroles
Authors: Heitkemper Tobias , Naß Leonard , Sindlinger Christian P.
Published: February 2020

This manuscript includes a comprehensive study of the synthesis and spectroscopic features of 2,5-disilyl boroles.
Biochemical characterization of biliverdins IXβ/δ generated by a selective heme oxygenase
Authors: Zhang Beibei , Nesbitt Natasha M. , Pereira Pedro José Barbosa , Bahou Wadie F.
Published: February 2020

The pro-oxidant effect of free heme (Fe2+-protoporphyrin IX) is neutralized by phylogenetically-conserved heme oxygenases (HMOX) that generate carbon monoxide, free ferrous iron, and biliverdin (BV) tetrapyrrole(s), with downstream BV reduction by non-redundant NADPH-dependent BV reductases (BLVRA and BLVRB) that retain isomer-restricted functional activity for bilirubin (BR) generation. Regioselectivity for the heme α-meso carbon resulting in predominant BV IXα generation is a defining characteristic of canonical HMOXs, thereby limiting generation and availability of BVs IXβ, IXδ, and IXγ as BLVRB substrates. We have now exploited the unique capacity of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) hemO/pigA gene for focused generation of isomeric BVs (IXβ and IXδ). A scalable system followed by isomeric separation yielded highly pure samples with predicted hydrogen-bonded structure(s) as documented by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Detailed kinetic studies established near-identical activity of BV IXβ and BV IXδ as BLVRB-selective substrates, with confirmation of an ordered sequential mechanism of BR/NADP+ dissociation. Halogenated xanthene-based compounds previously identified as BLVRB-targeted flavin reductase inhibitors displayed comparable inhibition parameters using BV IXβ as substrate, documenting common structural features of the cofactor/substrate-binding pocket. These data provide further insights into structure/activity mechanisms of isomeric BVs as BLVRB substrates, with potential applicability to further dissect redox-regulated functions in cytoprotection and hematopoiesis.
How Much Time Do People With Aphasia Need to Respond During Picture Naming? Estimating Optimal Response Time Cutoffs Using a Multinomial Ex-Gaussian Approach
Authors: Evans William S. , Hula William D. , Quique Yina , Starns Jeffrey J.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Aphasia is a language disorder caused by acquired brain injury, which generally involves difficulty naming objects. Naming ability is assessed by measuring picture naming, and models of naming performance have mostly focused on accuracy and excluded valuable response time (RT) information. Previous approaches have therefore ignored the issue of processing efficiency, defined here in terms of optimal RT cutoff, that is, the shortest deadline at which individual people with aphasia produce their best possible naming accuracy performance.

The goals of this study were therefore to (a) develop a novel model of aphasia picture naming that could accurately account for RT distributions across response types; (b) use this model to estimate the optimal RT cutoff for individual people with aphasia; and (c) explore the relationships between optimal RT cutoff, accuracy, naming ability, and aphasia severity.

Method

A total of 4,021 naming trials across 10 people with aphasia were scored for accuracy and RT onset. Data were fit using a novel ex-Gaussian multinomial RT model, which was then used to characterize individual optimal RT cutoffs.

Results

Overall, the model fitted the empirical data well and provided reliable individual estimates of optimal RT cutoff in picture naming. Optimal cutoffs ranged between approximately 5 and 10 s, which has important implications for assessment and treatment. There was no direct relationship between aphasia severity, naming RT, and optimal RT cutoff.

Conclusion

The multinomial ex-Gaussian modeling approach appears to be a promising and straightforward way to estimate optimal RT cutoffs in picture naming in aphasia. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Development of the Narrative Assessment Protocol-2: A Tool for Examining Young Children's Narrative Skill
Authors: Bowles Ryan P. , Justice Laura M. , Khan Kiren S. , Piasta Shayne B. , Skibbe Lori E. , Foster Tricia D.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Narrative skill, a child's ability to create a temporally sequenced account of an experience or event, is considered an important domain of children's language development. Narrative skill is strongly predictive of later language and literacy and is emphasized in curricula and educational standards. However, the need to transcribe a child's narrative and the lack of psychometrically justified scoring methods have precluded broad consideration of narrative skill among practitioners. We describe the development and validation of the Narrative Assessment Protocol-2 (NAP-2), an assessment of narrative skill for children ages 3–6 years, which uses event-based frequency scoring directly from a video recording of a child's narrative.

Method

The NAP-2 underwent a rigorous development process involving creation of four wordless picture books and associated scripts and identification of a broad item pool, including aspects of narrative microstructure and macrostructure. We collected two narratives from each of 470 children using the NAP-2 elicitation materials and scored each with the 60 items in the initial item pool.

Results

Cross-validated exploratory factor analyses indicated a single narrative skill factor. Rasch measurement analysis led to selection of 20 items that maintained high reliability while having good fit to the model and no evidence of differential item functioning across books and gender.

Conclusions

The NAP-2 offers a psychometrically sound and easy-to-use assessment of narrative skill for children ages 3–6 years. The NAP-2 is available freely online for use by speech-language pathologists, educational practitioners, and researchers.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11800779
Feature-Based Classification of Pronoun Errors: Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Fitzgerald Colleen E.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

A variety of pediatric clinical populations have difficulty with the correct use of pronouns. The available clinical literature labels these errors in inconsistent terms leading to great variation in how treatment objectives are worded. The purpose of this tutorial is to encourage a shift in pronoun assessment and treatment planning toward uniform, specific wording to assist clinicians in identifying patterns of error and selecting appropriate treatment targets.

Method

This tutorial presents a description of the 4 grammatical features of English personal pronouns: person, number, gender, and case. Within each feature description are examples of errors commonly observed in clinical practice. Also included are proposals for why each type of pronoun error occurs within different clinical populations. Recommendations for elicitation, classification of errors, goal writing, and treatment planning follow.

Conclusions

This tutorial provides clinicians with a feature-based approach to assessment and treatment planning for their clients' pronoun errors. The tutorial may facilitate clinicians' understanding of the grammatical features represented by pronouns and the features that are challenging to different pediatric clinical populations. With this information, pronoun attempts can be elicited, errors can be classified based on grammatical features, and goals can be written with regard to features to set up therapy that teaches clients relevant meaningful contrasts.
How to Provide Accessible Hearing Health Information to Promote Patient-Centered Care
Authors: Kelly-Campbell Rebecca , Manchaiah Vinaya
Published: February 2020

Purpose

This clinical focus article focuses on accessible hearing health information and is written in twofold. First, it outlines the connection between factors of patient-centered care, shared decision making, and health literacy on health outcomes. Second, it provides some practical strategies for providing and assessing accessible health information to promote patient-centeredness and shared decision making.

Conclusion

Health information accessibility will positively influence the treatment choices made by patients and the way in which they self-manage their health. Hearing health care professionals need to take proactive measures to ensure that the information provided in different mediums have easily readable language, adequate quality, suitability, understandability, and actionability to ensure accessibility of hearing health information.
Voice Rehabilitation and Resilience Work With the Commercial Singer: A Concept Piece
Authors: Muckala Jenny
Published: February 2020

Purpose

This clinical focus article presents a perspective on an approach in scaffolding vocal recovery and rehabilitation for commercial singers. The expectation in vocal performance is sound production that is repeatable, reliable, and relatable. When an artist cannot meet those standards, failure is experienced in three locations: the Body, the Head, and the Heart. Referencing each of these areas of intelligence provides a metalanguage for structuring vocal recovery and rehabilitation that goes beyond physical voice work alone. This clinical focus article discusses standards of voice production specific to commercial music, expectations of use, and what vocal demands look like on and off tour. Indirect and direct voice therapy within this niche group of professional voice users can be better tailored within this context of use and need. They need intervention that is specific to individual voice demands and uses a methodology that cultivates self-efficacy and resilience in singers as athletes. The path to vocal rehabilitation and stability extends beyond work with body mechanics and extends beyond the specific tools the voice pathologist and artist have to choose from to return to performance level production. Cultivating resilience involves intentional accessing of the Body, Head, and Heart in the moments of disintegration with the goal of meeting and bridging physical, emotional, and mental barriers for the commercial artist. The end goal is resilience when the artist returns to performance level production.

Conclusions

This clinical focus article explores the interplay between these three centers of intelligence for commercial singers within the framework of indirect and direct voice rehabilitation. This Body work can lead to maturation and resilience to support a long career using a feeling that is mechanically efficient, portable, and repeatable. The transfer of gains outside that treatment room may be more consistently realized through the incorporation of Head and Heart in early stages of intervention.
Differing Pulmonary Structural Abnormalities Detected on Pulmonary MR Imaging in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Varying Pancreatic Function
Authors: Kraus Mareen Sarah , Teufel Matthias , Esser Michael , Kiefer Lena Sophie , Fleischer Sabrina , Graepler-Mainka Ute , Hector Andreas , Tsiflikas Ilias , Schaefer Jürgen F.
Published: February 2020

Purpose In cystic fibrosis (CF) the phenotypic expression of complaints varies widely. Genotypes with sufficient pancreatic function (PS) exhibit milder lung disease compared to CF patients with insufficient pancreatic function (PI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate structural lung disease (SLD) in CF patients with differing pancreatic status but similar results on pulmonary function testing using a pulmonary magnetic resonance imaging score (MR-CF score).

Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, 20 patients in our single-center CF database were included: 10 with PS (mean age 12.5 years; six male; BMI 17.4 kg/m2; FeV1 102 %) were matched by gender, age and lung function with 10 PI patients. Experienced observers semi-quantitatively assessed SLD for each lung lobe. The established MR-CF score measures the extent and the severity of bronchiectasis and bronchial wall thickening, mucus plugging, centrilobular opacity, consolidation, sacculation, and air trapping. The total score and sub-score values were compared to the pancreatic status.

Results Patients with CF-PS had overall statistically significant lower MR-CF scores (p = 0.024), and therefore milder SLD, compared to CF-PI. The differences were most significant for bronchiectasis (p = 0.0042) and air trapping (p = 0.0304). SLD was more severe in the upper lobes in all patients. However, differences between CF-PS and CF-PI patients were present in both the upper and lower lung areas (p = 0.0247 and p = 0.0196, respectively).

Conclusion Our results demonstrated that CF patients with impaired pancreatic function show more severe lung pathology detected by MRI, especially bronchiectasis and air trapping.

Key points: 

Citation Format
Reactions Catalyzed by 2-Halogenated Azolium Salts: From Halogen-Bond Donors to Brønsted-Acidic Salts
Authors: Kobayashi Yusuke , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: February 2020

Our research group has developed a variety of organocatalysts, especially bi- and multi-functional hydrogen-bond (HB)-donor catalysts. Since 2013, we have become interested in halogen-bond (XB) interactions in organic synthesis, and we have focused on the development of organocatalysts using XBs. Although it is difficult to develop otherwise inaccessible transformations using XBs as the primary interaction, we found several unique reactions that use XB interactions in combination with co-catalysts such as trimethylsilyl iodide, Proton Sponge, and Schreiner’s thiourea. During the synthesis of various 2-iodoazolium salts that can serve as XB donors, a ‘protonated’ 2-iodoazolium salt (a Brønsted-acidic salt) was unexpectedly obtained instead of the corresponding ‘alkylated’ 2-iodoazolium salt (XB donor). The obtained Brønsted-acidic salt is unprecedentedly effective for the N-glycosylation of amides. This account summarizes our findings in this area to date.

1 Introduction

2 Organoiodine-Compound-Mediated Semipinacol Rearrangement via C–X Bond Cleavage

3 2-Iodoazolium-Salt-Catalyzed Reactions through Halogen Bonding (XB)

3.1 TMSI-Co-catalyzed Dehydroxylative Coupling of Alcohols with ­Organosilanes

3.2 Base-Co-catalyzed Umpolung Alkylation of Oxindoles with an ­Iodonium(III) Ylide

3.3 Thiourea-Co-catalyzed N-Glycofunctionalization of Amides

3.4 Thiourea-Co-catalyzed N-α-Glycosylation of Amides

4 Catalytic Reactions Using 2-Haloazolium Salts as the Brønsted Acids

4.1 N-β-Glycosylation of Amides

4.2 N-β-2-Deoxyglycosylation of Amides

5 Conclusions
Robust Organic Photosensitizers Immobilized on a Vinylimidazolium Functionalized Support for Singlet Oxygen Generation under Continuous-Flow Conditions
Authors: Masuda Koichiro , Wang Yao , Onozawa Shun-ya , Shimada Shigeru , Koumura Nagatoshi , Sato Kazuhiko , Kobayashi Shū
Published: February 2020

Rose Bengal was immobilized on a vinylimidazolium functionalized support, and the heterogeneous organic photosensitizer thus prepared was applied for photooxidation reactions of organic molecules under continuous-flow conditions. Substituents of the cation part of the support were found to play a crucial role in determining the lifetime of the catalyst. More than 11 days continuous operation of a flow reaction was achieved.
Correction: Self-medication with antibiotics in Maputo, Mozambique: practices, rationales and relationships
Authors: Rodrigues Carla F.
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
A new room temperature LECR5 ion source for the SESRI project
Authors: Qian C. , Sun L. T. , Jia Z. H. , Li L. B. , Ma Y. M. , Fang X. , Guo J. W. , Wang H. , Lu W. , Zhang X. Z. , Zhao H. W.
Published: February 2020

The Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure project, which uses various ion beams as irradiated materials in life science research, is being built at the Harbin Institute of Technology. A new room temperature electron cyclotron resonance ion source, the Lanzhou Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source No. 5 (LECR5), has been designed and constructed. It is an intense, highly charged, heavy ion beam injector which generates ion beams from H to Bi, typically ∼50 eμA 209Bi32+. The LECR5 is designed to operate at microwave frequencies in the range of 14.5–18 GHz. The typical magnetic parameters are designed based on those optimized for SECRAL, which operates at 18 GHz. This paper presents the LECR5 ion source, its test bench, and the preliminary beam results.
Photonic crystal light trapping: Beyond 30% conversion efficiency for silicon photovoltaics
Authors: Bhattacharya Sayak , John Sajeev
Published: February 2020

The power conversion efficiency of single-junction silicon solar cells has increased only by 1.5% despite extensive efforts over the past two decades. The current world-record efficiencies of silicon solar cells, within the 25%–26.7% range, fall well below the thermodynamic limit of 32.3%. We review the recent progress in photonic crystal light-trapping architectures poised to achieve 28%–31% conversion efficiency in flexible 3–20 μm-thick, single-junction crystalline-silicon solar cells. These photonic crystals utilize wave-interference based light-trapping, enabling solar absorption well beyond the Lambertian limit in the 300–1200 nm wavelength range. Using experimentally feasible doping profiles, carrier lifetimes, surface recombination velocities, and established Auger recombination losses, we review considerations leading to the prediction of 31% efficiency in a 15 μm-thick silicon photonic crystal cell with interdigitated back-contacts. This is beyond the conversion efficiency of any single-material photovoltaic device of any thickness.
Impact of sowing time, genotype, environment and maturity on biomass and yield components in faba bean (Vicia faba)
Authors: Manning Bill K. , Adhikari Kedar N. , Trethowan Richard
Published: February 2020

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a significant rotation crop in northern New South Wales. However, drought limits yield, and the reproductive structures of faba bean are sensitive to high temperatures and frost. Although early sowing can avoid terminal heat and drought stresses, the accumulation of large amounts of vegetative biomass may result in low yield. Experiments were conducted over 2 years at Breeza and Narrabri in north-western New South Wales, Australia, to examine the influence of sowing time on yield, yield components, maturity, pod distribution and biomass production. The second sowing date (early May) produced the highest yield and seed weight at both sites. However, the third sowing date (late May) produced greater yield than the first (mid-April) at Breeza, and this was associated with very high final biomass. At Narrabri, the first and third sowing dates produced similar low yield. Poorer yield in late-sown materials was likely due to terminal stress, and the impact will be greater in less favourable locations and seasons. The poorer yield of faba bean from the first sowing date was likely driven by excessive biomass accumulation, an effect that would be exacerbated in favourable seasons and locations. The lower seed weight observed at Breeza was possibly a result of greater intra-plant competition. The earliest maturing genotype had the highest yield and seed weight at both sites, indicating the importance of rapid pod growth and senescence in these warm and often water-limited environments. Dry matter production was greater with early sowing, higher moisture and warmer temperatures. In contrast to other studies, a weak relationship between biomass and yield was observed.
Building quality chronic illness care: implementation of a web-based care plan
Authors: Vasi Shiva , Advocat Jenny , Adaji Akuh , Russell Grant
Published: February 2020

Structured, multidisciplinary approaches to chronic disease management (CDM) in primary care, supported by eHealth tools, show improved clinical outcomes, yet the uptake of eHealth tools remains low. The adoption of cdmNet, an eHealth tool for chronic disease management, in general practice settings, was explored. This was a qualitative case study in three general practice clinics in Melbourne, Australia. Methods included non-participant observation, reflexive note taking and semi-structured interviews with GPs, non-GP clinical staff, administrative staff and patients with chronic conditions. Data were analysed iteratively and results were reviewed at regular team meetings. Findings highlighted the significance of clinical and organisational routines in determining practice readiness for embedding innovations. In particular, clinical routines that supported a structured approach to CDM involving team-based care, allocation of resources, training and leadership were fundamental to facilitating the adoption of the eHealth tool. Non-GP roles were found to be key in developing routines that facilitated the adoption of cdmNet within a structured approach to CDM. Practice managers, administrators and clinicians should first focus on routinising processes in primary care practices that support structured and team-based processes for CDM because without these processes, new technologies will not be embedded.
Habitat choices of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and plains zebra (Equus quagga) in a heterogeneous protected area
Authors: Mandinyenya Bob , Monks Norman , Mundy Peter J. , Sebata Allan , Chirima Albert
Published: February 2020

Abstract ContextAn understanding of large herbivore habitat choices in heterogeneous African protected areas is important for the better management of these key ecosystems. AimsTo determine habitat use of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and plains zebra (Equus quagga) in a heterogeneous protected area. MethodsZambezi National Park (ZNP), Zimbabwe, was divided into five vegetation types using an unsupervised classification on a Landsat satellite image that was classified into five land cover classes, using the K-means classification algorithm. African buffalo and plains zebra densities were then determined in each vegetation type using road transect surveys monthly between January 2013 and December 2015. Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), grass biomass, grass height and grass quality (nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and acid detergent fibre content) were determined in each vegetation type during the wet (November to April) and dry (August to October) seasons to establish their quality as habitats for African buffalo and plains zebra. Key resultsBoth African buffalo and plains zebra mostly foraged in mixed and grassland areas, and avoided Zambezi teak vegetation type. Zambezi teak vegetation type had high NDVI due to the dense tree cover. Both African buffalo and plains zebra preferred vegetation types with intermediate grass biomass (approximately 300gm−2) and grass height (approximately 16cm). Grass nutritive value (in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus and acid detergent fibre) declined from wet to dry season in all vegetation types. ConclusionsAfrican buffalo and plains zebra in the ZNP confined their habitat use mostly to two vegetation types (mixed and grassland), which together covered 25% of the protected area. ImplicationsTeak (Baikiaea plurijuga) vegetation, which accounted for about 60% of the ZNP, was avoided by both African buffalo and plains zebra, suggesting that a significant part of the protected area was not used by the two herbivores.
The versatile functions of OsALDH2B1 provide a genic basis for growth–defense trade-offs in rice
Authors: Ke Yinggen , Yuan Meng , Liu Hongbo , Hui Shugang , Qin Xiaofeng , Chen Jie , Zhang Qinglu , Li Xianghua , Xiao Jinghua , Zhang Qifa , Wang Shiping
Published: February 2020

Significance

Crops’ defense activation often causes growth inhibition and yield reduction, which is referred to as trade-offs between growth and defense. In this study, we identified a gene,
OsALDH2B1
, that functions as a master regulator of the growth–defense trade-off in rice. The findings provide an example for the genic basis of growth–defense trade-offs in plants and may also have important implication for crop genetic improvement by exploring and modulating these components to achieve a balance between high yield and disease resistance.
Diachrony of code switching stages in medieval business accounts
Authors: Alcolado Carnicero José Miguel
Published: February 2020

This article presents the results of a diachronic survey on the multilingual account books authored by the wardens of the Mercers’ premier livery company of the City of London from 1390 to 1464. The study deployed here applies an extended version of Wright’s three-stage model of code switched business writing that introduces a previous phase of Romance monolingualism and a later phase of English monolingualism. It is found that the change from Latin and French to English as the new language of business record in the London Mercers’ archives was orderly and gradual rather than straightforward, and characterised by a less predictable intervening code switching period. The analysis is of considerable value for expanding our knowledge of medieval written multilingualism, as well as for the development of English as an administrative language.
A privative derivational source for standard negation in Lokono (Arawakan)
Authors: Rybka Konrad , Michael Lev
Published: February 2020

It has recently been argued that Arawakan languages of South America provide evidence for a novel historical source for standard negation, a privative derivational affix. This hypothesis posits that the prefixal standard negation found in some languages of the family developed from a privative prefix,ma-, present in Proto-Arawakan, that originally derived privative stative verbs from nouns. According to this account, the function of this prefix extended, in many languages of the family, to negating nominalized verbs in subordinate clauses, and then, via insubordination, to standard main clause negation, in a smaller subset of languages. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate this hypothetical trajectory in detail in a particular Arawakan language: Lokono, a highly endangered language of the Guianas. On the basis of modern linguistic fieldwork and colonial-era language materials, we show that 18th-century Lokono exhibited a standard negation construction based on the privative, and that this construction exhibits clear signs of its subordinate clause origin. We show that Lokono also exhibits the full range of functions for the privativema- that are predicted to be historical precursors to the standard negation function, substantiating the historical trajectory from privative derivation to standard negation. We conclude by observing that the prefixal standard negation strategy has lost ground since the 18th century to a standard negation particle that originally expressed constituent negation, possibly due to contact with colonial languages that employ similar strategies.
Morphological exceptionality and pathways of change
Authors: Brody Parker L.
Published: February 2020

This paper explores the notion of analyzing cross-linguistically uncommon morphosyntactic structures in terms of their historical development. What may seem extraordinary in the synchronic snapshot of a language can often be clearly accounted for through diachronic considerations. To illustrate this, the current study examines the typologically uncommon phenomenon of multiple exponence, the realization of the same grammatical information in multiple places within an inflected word, in the Kiranti (Tibeto-Burman) languages. Typologically speaking, we do see a strong tendency cross-linguistically towards encoding grammatical information once within an inflected word, and against multiple exponence. Yet the phenomenon of multiple exponence is attested in a number of languages. This paper presents comparative evidence from the Kiranti languages that supports the claim that multiple exponence in synthetic verbs in the modern Kiranti languages comes as a result of the interaction between language(family)-specific typology (multiple agreement in periphrastic verbs) and an uncontroversial language change process (coalescence of periphrastic forms into synthetic forms).
A corpus-based study of academic word use in EFL student
writing
Authors: Csomay Eniko
Published: February 2020

Many corpus-based studies focus on the use of
academic vocabulary in journal articles and textbooks while creating
vocabulary lists and argue for the teaching of such lists, but few
examine how students employ those words in their writing. The
present study investigates English as a Foreign Language (EFL)
learners’ use of academic vocabulary in their writing assignments as
they attend a dual-degree program in STEM fields in Tbilisi,
Georgia. Over a thousand student papers from their General Education
courses are examined for their use of academic vocabulary, using
Gardner and Davies’
(2014) Academic Vocabulary List. Results show variation
in students’ academic vocabulary use and quantity while progressing
in their studies and as they produce the different text-types in
their coursework.
Combining rhetorical move analysis with multi-dimensional
analysis
Authors: Gray Bethany , Cotos Elena , Smith Jordan
Published: February 2020

We carry out comprehensive form–function
mapping in Introduction-Methods-Results-Discussion/Conclusion –
structured research articles across 30 academic disciplines by
merging move analysis (revealing rhetorical structure) and
multi-dimensional (MD) analysis (modeling patterns of linguistic
variation). These two analytic paradigms converge to map the
communicative functions of text segments with patterns of functional
linguistic variation, but the juxtaposition of these two approaches
requires adaptations to the traditional MD methodology. The primary
purpose of this chapter is to provide a detailed account of the
methodological complexities of combining MD analysis and move
analysis. We briefly present the results of the MD analysis,
acknowledging that further methodological adjustments may be needed
to arrive at an optimal multi-dimensional description of moves.
Lexical bundles as reflections of disciplinary norms in Spanish
and English literary criticism, history, and psychology
research
Authors: Lake William Michael , Cortes Viviana
Published: February 2020

While corpus studies on academic writing have
improved instructional materials for writing in the hard sciences,
humanities and social sciences world language writing pedagogy
remains open to development. In the interest of data-driven Spanish
for academic purposes curricula, using English and Spanish corpora
of psychology, history and literary criticism articles, we analyzed
nouns occurring in sentence-subject position in 100 randomly-sampled
sentences. In both languages, psychology had significantly more
epistemic, and fewer phenomenal, sentence subject nouns than the
other two fields. We extended our analysis to lexical bundles
containing Spanish-English equivalent noun phrases in
sentence-subject position which occurred significantly more often in
psychology in both languages. The results are discussed in terms of
scientific and humanities writing pedagogy for both languages.
Adjectives as nominal pre-modifiers in chemistry and applied
linguistics research articles
Authors: Dutra Deise Prina , Queiroz Jessica M.S. , de Macedo Luciana D. , Costa Danilo D. , Mattos Elisa
Published: February 2020

This chapter analyzes the use of attributive
adjectives as nominal pre-modifiers in two corpora: CorAChem (Corpus
of Articles in Chemistry) and CorAAL (Corpus of Articles in Applied
Linguistics) composed of 150 articles each. Our aim is to understand
the use of pre-modifying adjectives in noun phrases (NPs),
considering which adjectives are used as well as the NP size and
frequency across disciplines. The results show that both corpora
carry more classifiers than descriptors. Nevertheless, each
discipline favors the use of adjectives with specific functions.
Both corpora use long premodifying sequences, but CorAChem carries a
greater number of longer sequences. The use of long NPs may affect
understanding due to the interrelation among the NP constituents as
shown in CorAChem.