bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flood‐mediated dispersal versus hatching: early recolonisation strategies of copepods in floodplain ponds
Authors: FRISCH DAGMAR , THRELKELD STEPHEN T.
Published: August 2010

1. We explored the quantitative contribution of two alternative recolonisation strategies by a combination of experimental and field data from the Little Tallahatchie floodplain (Mississippi, U.S.A.). In this area, several floods of short duration occur in winter and spring. During floods, lentic and lotic waterbodies of different size are connected for a limited period.

2. Shortly before the onset of the flood season we collected sediment samples from six temporary ponds. The emergence of seven cyclopoid species was recorded from the experimentally flooded sediments and was quantified over a 4‐week period. Water samples were taken in the same ponds after flooding, from which eight further species were recorded and quantified.

3. The contribution of flood‐dispersed individuals was variable among flooded ponds (between 38 and 94%), but numbers of flood‐dispersed colonists did not differ significantly from those of hatching individuals in flooded ponds. Our results demonstrate the equal importance of both hydrological connections and hatching from dormant stages as pathways for recolonisation by copepods if ponds are hydrologically connected.

4. The significance of recolonisation by hatching individuals in disconnected waterbodies was apparent in an isolated temporary pond that was exclusively recolonised by cyclopoid copepods emerging from the sediment.
Leaf litter breakdown, microbial respiration and shredder production in metal‐polluted streams
Authors: Carlisle Daren M. , Clements William H.
Published: August 2010

1. If species disproportionately influence ecosystem functioning and also differ in their sensitivities to environmental conditions, the selective removal of species by anthropogenic stressors may lead to strong effects on ecosystem processes. We evaluated whether these circumstances held for several Colorado, U.S.A. streams stressed by Zn.

2. Benthic invertebrates and chemistry were sampled in five second–third order streams for 1 year. Study streams differed in dissolved metal concentrations, but were otherwise similar in chemical and physical characteristics. Secondary production of leaf‐shredding insects was estimated using the increment summation and size‐frequency methods. Leaf litter breakdown rates were estimated by retrieving litter‐bags over a 171 day period. Microbial activity on leaf litter was measured in the laboratory using changes in oxygen concentration over a 48 h incubation period.

3. Dissolved Zn concentrations varied eightfold among two reference and three polluted streams. Total secondary production of shredders was negatively associated with metal contamination. Secondary production in reference streams was dominated by Taenionema pallidum. Results of previous studies and the current investigation demonstrate that this shredder is highly sensitive to metals in Colorado headwater streams. Leaf litter breakdown rates were similar between reference streams and declined significantly in the polluted streams. Microbial respiration at the most contaminated site was significantly lower than at reference sites.

4. Our results supported the hypothesis that some shredder species contribute disproportionately to leaf litter breakdown. Furthermore, the functionally dominant taxon was also the most sensitive to metal contamination. We conclude that leaf litter breakdown in our study streams lacked functional redundancy and was therefore highly sensitive to contaminant‐induced alterations in community structure. We argue for the necessity of simultaneously measuring community structure and ecosystem function in anthropogenically stressed ecosystems.
Heterogeneous IgA glomerulonephropathy in liver cirrhosis
Authors: SINNIAH R.
Published: August 2010

Kidney and liver sections were obtained from 75 consecutive autopsy cases with liver cirrhosis discovered at post‐mortem. Mesangial IgA as the predominant immunoglobulin was found in 36% (27) cases, with accompanying IgM in 10, and IgG in three subjects. IgA deposits occurred more frequently in micronodular cirrhosis than in macronodular and mixed types. There was no direct correlation with alcoholism or HBs antigen‐orcein positivity in livers. The IgA antigenantibody complexes formed against infectious and/or dietary antigens may bypass the liver phagocytic system via collateral shunts and cause the mesangial IgA deposits. IgA‐bearing plasma cells in the liver (80%) may also contribute to the deposits. In cases of liver cirrhosis, there was a variable glomcrular morphology including normal appearance by light microscopy (32%), minor changes (38.7%), diffuse mesangial sclerosis (12%), diffuse mesangial cell proliferation, and infrequently membranous and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with a ‘lobular pattern’. Five (6.7%) cases showed focal and segmental mesangiolysis with glomerular aneurysms, probably caused by toxic and/or infective agents bypassing the liver reticuloendothelial phagocytic system and acting on the mesangium to cause rupture of anchor points and formation of capillary aneurysms. The cirrhotic glomerulonephropathy was usually clinically latent, but two biopsy cases with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis had developed a nephrotic syndrome.
Application of markers in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours
Authors: ROHOLL P.J.M. , DE JONG A.S.H. , RAMAEKERS F.C.S.
Published: August 2010

In this review we describe the application of markers which are useful for the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours in paraffin sections. Detection of intermediate filament proteins appears to be most useful for first screening of these neoplasms because all, except neuroblastomas, express vimentin; cytokeratin is expressed in synovial sarcomas, epithelioid sarcomas and mesotheliomas; desmin in myogenic tumours and glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytomas and gliomas. Tissue‐specific markers are: factor VIII—related antigen—endothelial cells; myoglobulin and skeletal muscle myosin—skeletal muscle cells; neuron specific enolase—neurons and cells of the APUD systems; and leukocyte‐associated antigen—leukocytes. Markers which are present in a variety of cell types and therefore do not serve as tissue‐specific markers are: S‐100 proteins, alpha‐1‐antichymotrypsin, creatine kinase M and actin. The S‐100 antigens have been detected in melanomas, granular cell tumours, chondrosarcomas and in some schwannomas and liposarcomas. Alpha‐1‐antichymotrypsin has been found in fibrohistiocytic and ‘true’ histiocytic tumours and creatine kinase M and actin in myogenic tumours. No specific markers have, as yet, been described for fibrosarcomas, Ewing's sarcomas and hemangiopericytomas.
Carcinoembryonic antigen expression and peanut agglutinin binding in primary breast cancer and lymph node metastases; lack of correlation with clinical, histopathological, biochemical and morphometric features
Authors: VAN DER LINDEN J.C. , BAAK J.P.A. , LINDEMAN J. , SMEULDERS A.W.M. , MEYER C.J.L.M.
Published: August 2010

In a group of 335 patients with primary breast carcinoma the presence of immunoreactive carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the binding of the lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA) in the primary carcinoma and in axillary lymph node metastases were investigated. The correlation between these results and a variety of established clinical, histopathologic, morphometric and biochemical prognosticators was studied. These features included lymph node status, tumour diameter, tumour type, nuclear grade, histologic grade, oestrogen receptor status, mitotic activity index and a number of nuclear measurements. The results indicate that CEA immunoreactivity of and PNA binding to tumour cells in primary breast carcinomas or lymph node metastases do not correlate with established prognostic factors in breast cancer.
Primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid‐a tumour of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue: review of seventy‐six cases
Authors: ANSCOMBE A. M. , WRIGHT D. H.
Published: August 2010

Seventy‐six cases of primary thyroid lymphoma have been reviewed employing the Kiel classification. These lymphomas are almost entirely of follicle centre cell origin, occur predominantly in elderly females, and are frequently associated with lymphocytic thyroiditis or Hashimoto's disease. The overall prognosis is variable, with long‐term survival in a substantial number of cases following thyroidectomy and radiotherapy. Results of histological examination including immunoperoxidase studies are described. It is proposed that thyroid lymphoma represents a neoplasm of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and the implications of this are discussed.
Giant cell fibroblastoma of soft tissue: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: FLETCHER C. D. M.
Published: August 2010

Giant cell fibroblastoma is an uncommon, benign tumour of soft tissue which was first described in 1982. Thirty‐five cases have been previously published. Six new cases are reported herein, which have also been examined immunohistochemically for the expression of vimentin, desmin, myoglobin, S‐100 protein, neurofilaments, Factor VIII related antigen and binding of the lectin Ulex europaeus. The previous literature has been reviewed. Giant cell fibroblastoma most often presents in early childhood as a slowly growing, infiltrative subcutaneous mass at a wide variety of sites. It shows a predilection for males and may recur locally in up to 50% of cases. The very distinctive histological features, characterized by so‐called solid and angiectoid areas, are presented. The tumour cells were vimentin positive but negative for all other markers used. In particular, there was no evidence of endothelial differentiation. The histogenesis of this unusual tumour is discussed in the light of previous ultrastructural findings.
A morphometric assessment of transitional mucosa in the colon
Authors: HAMILTON P. W. , WATT P. C. H. , ALLEN D. C.
Published: August 2010

Quantitative morphometric analysis was used in 10 resection specimens to assess so‐called transitional mucosa immediately adjacent to colorectal carcinoma. Eleven nuclear and cellular variables were measured from the malignant epithelial area and from zones of increasing distance (1 cm) from the lesion. In addition, mean mucosal height was assessed for each zone. Morphometrical differences between the mucosa immediately adjacent to the malignant epithelium and that taken at some distance from it were determined by Mann‐Whitney U tests. Transitional mucosa showed increased mucosal height but no nuclear differences from normal mucosa. Other work has shown that there are nuclear morphometric differences associated with premalignant conditions in the colon. Thus, the suggestion that transitional mucosa represents early neoplastic change cannot be supported.
Medullary (C cell) carcinoma of the thyroid with features of follicular oxyphilic cell tumours
Authors: HARACH H. R. , BERGHOLM U.
Published: August 2010

During the last few years the spectrum of histological features seen in tumours of C cell origin has broadened and, among other variants, papillary and glandular forms have been recognized. Seven cases are now reported of medullary carcinoma with features of oxyphilic follicular cell tumours. These cases were studied with routine techniques and an immunolocalization method using antibodies to calcitonin and thyroglobulin. The tumours were mainly composed of well‐demarcated eosinophilic cells of variable size arranged in trabecular, solid and follicular structures. One of the cases was negative for calcitonin but displayed strong diffuse argyrophilia and amyloid deposits; two amyloidfree tumours revealed argyrophil granules and were positive for calcitonin, the immunoreaction being inconspicuous in one however. Apart from trapped normal thyroid follicles, thyroglobulin was absent in the tumours. It is concluded that medullary carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of thyroid oxyphilic cell tumours, even when showing glandular differentiation, and that immunolocalization techniques using calcitonin and thyroglobulin in combination with methods for demonstration of argyrophil granules and amyloid are essential for accurate diagnosis of this type of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
White matter changes in dementia of Alzheimer's type: the difference in vulnerability between cell compartments
Authors: ENGLUND E. , BRUN A.
Published: August 2010

Structural white matter changes were found to be common in dementia of Alzheimer's type. A neuropatholoical investigation was undertaken in order to characterize and quantify these white matter changes. The tissue changes were compared with those in white matter in normal control cases and in complete white matter infarcts. Our results support the hypothesis that the white matter lesion seen in dementia of Alzheimer's type is due to incomplete infarction involving both axons and myelin and is a result of mild ischaemia. In mild ischaemia, the myelin compartment appears to be the most vulnerable. We have termed the lesion selective incomplete white matter infarction.
Spindle cell carcinoma of the breast
Authors: RAJU G.C. , WEE A.
Published: August 2010

A case of spindle cell carcinoma of the breast in association with myoepithelial cell hyperplasia is presented. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated labelling of tumour cells for cytokeratin, vimentin and S‐100 protein. Electronmicroscopy showed desmosomes and bundles of tonofilaments as well as fine in in the cytoplasm. The findings in the present case point to the metaplastic spindle cell nature of squamous carcinoma of the breast. The possible role of myoepithelial cells in the origin of the spindle cell component is discussed.
Differential expression of the HECA‐452 antigen (cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen, CLA) in cutaneous and non‐cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: NOORDUYN L.A. , BELJAARDS R.C. , PALS S.T. , HEERDE P. VAN , RADASZKIEWICZ T. , WILLEMZE R. , MEIJER C.J.L.M.
Published: August 2010

The monoclonal antibody HECA‐452 identifies an antigen that is primarily expressed on high endothelial venules, the preferred site of lymphocyte extravasation in lymphoid tissues, and also on a subpopulation of myelomonocytic cells and some T‐cells. We investigated the expression of the HECA‐452 antigen, also called the cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen, in primary cutaneous and primary non‐cutaneous T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. The tumour cells of cutaneous T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas were positive in 53% of cases, while only 5% of the non‐cutaneous lymphomas were positive. These differences were also present in morphologically identical tumours. Thus, the tumour cells in six cut of 10 primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell T‐cell lymphomas were positive, while they were positive in none of 24 primary non‐cutaneous anaplastic large cell T‐cell lymphomas. In general, primary cutaneous and primary nasal T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas were devoid of HECA‐452 positive high endothelial venules, whereas most nodal T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas contained HECA‐452 positive high endothelial venules. These observations suggest that the HECA‐452 antigen might be related to a skin‐associated type of lymphoid tissue and to lymphomas originating in the skin. However, the results of HECA‐452 expression in secondary sites, and the clinical data of the primary cutaneous large cell lymphomas did not support the concept that HECA‐452 is functionally involved in homing to the skin, or that loss of the HECA‐452 antigen is related to tumour progression of primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. The differences in HECA‐452 expression do indicate, however, that the dissimilar clinical behaviour of primary cutaneous and non‐cutaneous T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas might be related to differences in expression of homing and adhesion molecules.
Primary extrarenal Wilms' tumour: identification of a putative precursor lesion
Authors: SARODE V.R. , SAVITRI K. , BANERJEE C.K. , NARASIMHARAO K.L. , KHAJURIA A.
Published: August 2010

We report a case of primary extrarenal Wilms' tumour which, on histological examination, revealed a zone of hyalinized blastema adjacent to, and within the tumour capsule. The tumour showed a predominant stromal component. The presence of the hyalinized blastema adjacent to the tumour raises the possibility that some cases of extrarenal Wilms' tumour may have a precursor lesion.
Symptomatic cysts in otherwise normal lungs of children and adults
Authors: SOOSAY G.N. , BAUDOUIN S.V. , HANSON P.J.V. , FONTANA G. , JAGJIVAN A. , GOLDSTRAW P. , COLLINS J.V. , SHEPPARD M.N.
Published: August 2010

The clinical and pathological features of 28 lung cysts resected in the period 1980–1989, excluding those from patients with emphysema elsewhere in their lungs, have been reviewed. In 12 children aged 8 days to 17 years, five cysts were congenital adenomatoid malformations, three were bronchogenic cysts, two were intralobar sequestrations, one was a cystic haemangioma and one resembled the cysts excised from 16 adult patients. This latter group ranged in age from 20 to 62 years and included 11 cigarette smokers and five asthmatics. Twelve of these cysts were intralobar and four were attached by a pedicle to the pleural surface of the lung. All these cysts had a fibromuscular wall showing varying degrees of acute and chronic inflammation. The presence of at least a partial lining of epithelial cells in all the cysts was confirmed using an immunocytochemical marker. The surrounding lung did not show any significant pathology. These cysts are labelled as simple fibromuscular pulmonary cysts. In the childhood cases, a congenital cause could be established in the majority. The pathogenesis of the adult cysts remains unclear. The presence of inflammation in the cyst walls does not necessarily suggest a role for infection, as secondary infection of cysts cannot be ruled out. An aetiological role for local damage due to cigarette smoking or asthma must be taken into consideration.
Myxoid change within cellular blue naevi: a diagnostic pitfall
Authors: MICHAL M. , BAUMRUK L. , SKÁLOVÁ A.
Published: August 2010

We describe four cases of a distinctive myxoid change located in the centre of cellular blue naevi. Because all the reported lesions were large and were present on pressure‐exposed locations, the myxoid change is thought to be caused by pressure together with direct repeated minor tissue trauma.
The expression of the B‐cell marker mb‐1 (CD79a) in Hodgkin's disease
Authors: KORKOLOPOULOU P. , CORDELL J. , JONES M. , KAKLAMANIS L. , TSENGA A. , GATTER K.C. , MASON D.Y.
Published: August 2010

Recent evidence indicates that membrane‐bound immunoglobulin on B lymphocytes is associated with a molecule which comprises the products of the mb‐1 and B29 genes. This molecule is a highly specific marker for B‐cells, presumably because of its central functional role in antigen triggering, and has recently been clustered as CD79a at the 5th Leucocyte Workshop. Recently there has been controversy surrounding reports of B‐cell antigen expression by Reed–Sternberg and related cells, and we have therefore studied 108 cases of Hodgkin's disease immunohistochemically using a novel antibody which detects mb‐1 protein in paraffin sections. The results were compared with those achieved using antibody L26 to detect CD20. The mb‐1 protein was present in the neoplastic cells in all 14 cases of lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease studied, and CD20 immunoreactivity was also found in seven of the eight cases of this subtype studied. Of the non‐lymphocyte predominance cases, 20% (19/94) expressed mb‐1 and 30% (20/67) CD20 in the Reed–Sternberg cells, but the cells positive for either of these two markers usually constituted only a very small proportion of the neoplastic population. However, in occasional cases (one of 94 for mb‐1 and five of 67 for CD20), more than 50% of the neoplastic cells expressed one or both B‐cell antigens. These results confirm the B‐cell origin of the neoplastic cells in lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease, but they also indicate that, contrary to our previous study, mb‐1 expression may occasionally be found in what appears, on histological grounds, to be other types of Hodgkin's disease.
Pleuropulmonary blastoma (pulmonary blastoma of childhood): genetic link with other embryonal malignancies?
Authors: SCIOT R. , CIN P. DAL , BROCK P. , MOERMAN P. , DAMME B. VAN , WEVER I. DE , DAELE M. CASTEELS‐VAN , BERGHE H. VAN DEN , DESMET V.
Published: August 2010

A case of pleuropulmonary blastoma (childhood variant of pulmonary blastoma) was examined using histological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and cytogenetic methods. The tumour consisted of undifferentiated ‘blastematous’ areas admixed with zones of rhabdomyoblastic and chondroid differentiation and fascicular areas. Desmin and S‐100 protein immunoreactivity confirmed the myogenic and cartilaginous differentiation. Ultrastructurally only undifferentiated mesenchymal cells were present. The cytogenetic analysis revealed abnormalities of 2q. Involvement of 2q has also been described in hepatoblastoma and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Although further confirmation is needed, our cytogenetic findings in pleuropulmonary blastoma suggest common genetic mechanisms in some paediatric embryonal malignancies.
Antigenic expression of integrin α6β4 in junctional epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: PHILLIPS R.J. , APLIN J.D. , LAKE B.D.
Published: August 2010

Integrin α6β4 is a major component of hemidesmosomes, considered to play a central role in the adhesion of basal epidermal cells to the underlying dermis. It is therefore of considerable interest in the study of the aetiology of inherited blistering disorders. We have examined the immunohistochemical characteristics of skin from 16 patients with epidermolysis bullosa using two antibodies directed against epitopes on the β4 subunit of αβ4 integrin (G71, 3E1), one antibody directed against an epitope on the α6 subunit (GoH3), GB3 an antibody for nicein, and LH7.2, an anti‐collagen type VII antibody. All 10 patients with junctional epidermolysis bullosa showed markedly reduced or no immunoreactivity with G71. These patients included two with GB3‐positive junctional epidermolysis bullosa associated with pyloric atresia, and four with other subtypes. By contrast, five patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and one patient with epidermolysis bullosa simplex showed normal immunoreactivity with G71. In this study, G71 is shown to have a high specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Immunoreactivity with 3E1 and GoH3 was normal in most patients, consistent with published reports showing normal immunoreactivity with other β4 and α6 subunit antibodies. The data suggest a modification of the β4 subunit of integrin α6β4 at the dermo‐epidermal junction in junctional epidermolysis bullosa.
Papillary lesions of the breast: selected diagnostic and management issues
Authors: Collins L C , Schnitt S J
Published: August 2010

The assessment and categorization of papillary lesions remains one of the most challenging areas in breast pathology. In this review, we will focus on several diagnostic and management issues related to papillary breast lesions that are frequently encountered in daily practice. These include: (i) the distinctions among papillomas with atypia (atypical papillomas), papillomas with ductal carcinoma in situ, and papillary ductal carcinoma in situ; (ii) recent developments in our understanding of encapsulated (‘intracystic’) papillary carcinomas and solid papillary carcinomas; and (iii) the impact of core needle biopsy on management decisions and specimen evaluation. The role of immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of these lesions, particularly the role of myoepithelial cell markers, will be emphasized.
CD1a down‐regulation in primary invasive ductal breast carcinoma may predict regional lymph node invasion and patient outcome
Authors: La Rocca G , Anzalone R , Corrao S , Magno F , Rappa F , Marasà S , Czarnecka A M , Marasà L , Sergi C , Zummo G , Cappello F
Published: August 2010

Aims:  CD1a is a molecule belonging to the highly conserved group of CD1 proteins. Its expression in dendritic cells is related to the presentation of tumour‐derived glycolipid antigens to T cells and, consequently, the development of a successful antitumour response. The aim was to investigate the presence of CD1a+ cells in both primary tumours and lymph nodes (LN) of a series of 35 invasive ductal carcinomas by both immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.

Methods and results:  CD1a antigen was more expressed in N0 than N1 breast cancer (P < 0.0001) in both primary lesions and LN metastases and correlated positively and significantly with oestrogen (ER) (P = 0.0025) and progesterone (P = 0.0226) receptor (PR) status, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T‐lymphocyte infiltration.

Conclusions:  This is the first report to show a link between CD1a+ mononuclear cells in breast cancer and in paired LN metastases. The positive and significant correlations between the number of CD1a+ cells and positivity of the primary tumour for ER and PR suggest a possible role for CD1a as a prognostic marker for breast cancer, raising the possibility that hormone receptor‐positive breast cancer patients may have a better prognosis in the presence of greater dendritic cell infiltration.
Overexpression of prostate stem cell antigen is associated with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Authors: Feng H C , Tsao S W , Ngan H Y S , Xue W C , Kwan H‐S , Siu M K Y , Liao X‐Y , Wong E , Cheung A N Y
Published: August 2010

Aims:  Hydatidiform mole (HM) is the most common type of gestational trophoblastic disease. A proportion of patients with HM develop gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) requiring chemotherapy. The aim was to identify differentially expressed genes that are associated with development of GTN.

Methods and results:  Using cDNA microarray, differential expression of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) was identified in HMs that developed GTN compared with those that spontaneously regressed. Significant overexpression of PSCA RNA (P = 0.037) and protein (P < 0.05) in aggressive HM was verified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis in 10 first‐trimester placentas, 36 HM that subsequently regressed and 11 HM that developed GTN. A high level of PSCA expression was also found in three choriocarcinomas and three placental site trophoblastic tumours. A positive correlation was observed between PSCA expression and proliferation and apoptotic indices as assessed by Ki67 (P = 0.01), mcm7 (P = 0.001) and M30 (P = 0.016), as well as p53 (P < 0.01), p21WAF1/CIP1 (P < 0.01) and mdm2 (P = 0.002) expression.

Conclusions:  Overexpression of PSCA is associated with development of GTN in HM. PSCA probably plays a role in the regulation of cell growth through p53‐related signaling pathways.
Recurrent aphthous ulceration in children—a review
Authors: FIELD E. ANNE , BROOKES VANITA , TYLDESLEY WILLIAM R.
Published: August 2010

Summary. The clinical presentation or recurrent aphthous ulceration in children is described together with current views on the aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Factors that predispose to this type of oral ulceration are discussed and a rational approach to the management of recurrent aphthous ulceration in children is proposed.

Resumé.

Les auteurs font la description de la présentation clinique de l'ulcération aphthteuse périodique chez les enfants et des opinions courantes sur l'aétiologie et al pathogénésie de cette maladie. Les facteurs prédisposant à ce genre d'ulcération orale sont discutés et les auteurs proposant un méthode raisonné pour traiter l'ulcération aphteuse périodique enfantine.

Dieser Artikel beschreibt klinisches Bild der chronisch rezidivierenden Mundaphthen in Kindern und die derzeitige Sicht auf die Ätiologie und Pathogenese dieser Krankheit. Die Autoren befassen sich mit den prädisponierenden Faktoren für diese Art von Mundulzeration und schlagen eine razionale Methode fur die Behandlung von rezidivierenden Aphthen in Kinder vor.

La presentación clinica de úlceras aftosas recurrentes en niños es descrita junto con los actuales puntos de vista sobre la etiología y patogénesis de dicha enfermedad. Los factores que predisponen a este tipo de ulceración oral son discutidos y los autores proponen un método racional a seguir ante la presentación de úlceras aftosas recurrentes en niños.
Factors influencing the susceptibility to gingivitis during childhood—a review
Authors: MATSSON L.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A variety of biological changes take place during childhood which have an impact on the development of gingival inflammatory disease. This paper reviews the literature concerning changes in the susceptibility to gingivitis during childhood. It is concluded that during certain periods the risk of developing gingivitis is relatively low, while in others the gingival tissues are more susceptible and react to bacterial irritation with inflammation. Factors that may be responsible for these changes include differences in bacterial plaque composition, in immune defence systems and in morphology of the gingival tissues, and also factors related to tooth eruption and puberty.

Les différents changements biologiques pendant l'enfance influent sur le développement de la gingivite inflammatoire. Cette étude passe on revue la littérature concernant la prédisposition à la gingivite pendant l'enfance. La conclusion est que, pendant certaines périodes, ce risque est très bas alors que pendant d'autres, l'aggression bactériennes etraîne une réaction inflammatoire. Parmi les facteurs responsables, on retrouve les différences de composition de la plaque bactérienne, des systémes immunitaires de défense, de morphologie des tissus gingivaux et des facteurs en relation avec l'éruption dentaire et la puberté.

Während der Kindheit finden eine Vielzahl von biologischen Veränderungen statt, die sich auf die Anfälligkeit für Gingivitis auswirken. In diesem Beitrag wird die Fachliteratur im Hinblick auf Veränderungen der Gingivitisanfälligkeit während der Kindheit überprüft. Es wird die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß während gewisser Zeiten das Risiko, an Gingivitis zu erkranken, relativ gering ist, während zu anderen Zeiten das Zahnfleischgewebe anfälliger ist und auf eine bakterielle Reizung leichter mit einer Entzündung reagiert. Zu den Faktoren, auf die diese Schwankungen zurückzuführen sein können, gehören Unterschiede in der bakteriellen Plaquezusammensetzung, im Immunsystem und in der Morphologie des Zahnfleischgewebes sowie Faktoren betreffend Zahndurchbruch und Pubertät.

Una variedad de cambios biológicos ocurren durante la niñez los cuales tienen impacto en el desarrollo de la enfermedad gingival inflamatoria. Este artículo hace una revisión de la literature en ralación con los cambios en la susceptibilidad a la gingivitis durante la niñez. Se concluye que durante ciertos peñodos, el riesgo adesarrollar gingivitis es my bàjo mientras que en otros los tejidos gingivales son mas susceptibles a reaccionar con inflamación a la irritación bacteriana. Los factores que pueden ser responsables por estos cambios incluye diferencias en la composición de la placa bacteriana, sistema de defensa inmume, morfología de los tejidos gingivales y tambien factores relacionados con la erupción dental y pubertad.
Candida infection of a persistent palatal ulcer in a 20‐month‐old child
Authors: BOYD D. H. , GREGG T. A.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A 20 month‐old infant presented with a painless, persistent lesion on the hard palate which had been present for 6 months. The lesion was aggressive in appearance, approximately 2 cm in diameter with raised, rolled edges, and there was what appeared to be granulation tissue present together with some necrotic slough in its base. It was considered to represent a traumatized area with superimposed secondary Candida infection. A direct smear of the lesion was positive for Candida. Antifungal therapy, and an attempt to avoid further irritation by advising the mother not to give the child a feeding bottle whenever possible, resulted in complete healing of the lesion. There has been no recurrence in 2 years.

Infection par Candida d'une ulcération palatine persistante chez un enfant âgé de vingt mois

Un nourrisson âgé de vingt mois présentait une lésion indolore et persistante du palais dur, depuis 6 mois. La lésion, d'apparence aggressive, d'environ 2 centimétres de diamétre avec des bords arrondis surélevés et, au fond, ce qui semblait du tissu de granulation et une zone nécrotique, faisait penser à une lésion traumatique avec infection à Candida surajoutée. L'examen du frottis s'est révélé positif pour le Candida. Un traitement anti‐fongique et des conseils à la mére, pour éviter des irritations supplémentaires en supprimant le biberon quand celà était possible, ont entrainé une guérison compléte de la lésion. Il n'y a pas eu de récidive depuis deux ans.

Eine Candia‐Infektion eines palatinalen persistierenden Ulkus bei einen 20 Monaten alten Kind

Bei einem 20 Monate alten Kleinkind wurde eine schmerzlose 6. Monate persistierende Läsion am harten Gaumen festgestellt. Diese war 2 cm im Durchmesser mit erhöhten gerollten Rändern und Granulationsgewebe mit nekrotischen Gewebe am Grund. Es sah aus wie eine traumatisch geschädigte Zone mit sekundärer Candida‐infektion. Ein Abstrich war positiv für Candida antifungale Therapie und der Verzicht auf die Saugflasche ermöglichte eine Vollständige Heilung der Läsion, ohne Rezidif wärend 2 Jahren.

Infección de Cándida persistente en una úcers palatina en un niño de 20 meses de edad

Se presentó un niño de 20 meses de edad con una lesión indolora en el paladar duro que habia estado presente por 6 meses. La lesion mostró una apariencia agresiva, de aproximadamente 2 cm de diámetro con rebordes elevados y redondeados y con lo que parecía ser tejido de granlación con tejido necrótico en la base. Se consideró representar a un area traumatizada con superimposición de infección de Cándida. La terapia fungicida e indicación a la madre de no darle el biberón siempre que sea posible, resultó en una resolución completa de la lesión. No ha habido recurrencia a los 2 años.
High‐volume aspiration as a supplemental scavenging method for reducing ambient nitrous oxide levels in the operatory: a laboratory study
Authors: HENRY ROBERT J. , BORGANELLI GREGORY N.
Published: August 2010

Summary. Occupational exposure to low levels of nitrous oxide N2O have been associated with adverse health effects. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has established a threshold guideline of 25 ppm N2O. The purpose of this laboratory study was to determine the effectiveness of a high‐volume dental aspirator as a supplemental device to reduce ambient N2O levels in the operatory. The investigation evaluated four experimental groups that were assigned based on whether or not the aspirator was used and on the rate at which operatory ventilation was established (5 or 10 room air exchanges per hour). Ambient N2O levels were monitored at 30 cm from the nasal hood using an infrared spectrophotometer. The room air exchange rate was measured with a flow hood and then manipulated to the desired ventilation rate. N2O levels were detected with a spectrophotometer and data were recorded with a microprocessor that continuously collected data. The results demonstrated that both utilization of supplemental oral aspiration and increased operatory ventilation significantly reduced ambient N2O levels. It was concluded that a high‐volume aspirator, when used in conjunction with the normal scavenging system, can significantly reduce ambient N2O levels to within the guidelines established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Dental caries experience of children in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in relation to the duration of treatment and the period of time in remission
Authors: KINIRONS M. J. , FLEMING P. , BOYD D.
Published: August 2010

Summary. The dental condition of 54 children aged 3–9 years who were in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was examined in relation to the duration of their chemotherapy and their period of time in remission. There were no significant differences in the number of early (‘white spot’) lesions or in the total dental caries experience in relation to the duration of chemotherapy. Children who were longest in remission had significantly more white spot lesions in permanent teeth but not in primary teeth, and there was no significant difference in dental caries experience. Children who had received nystatin treatment for more than a year had significantly more white spot lesions in permanent teeth than those who had received nystatin for shorter periods.
Mandibular enlargement: an unusual complication of a cervical cystic hygroma
Authors: HUTCHINSON I.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A 13‐year‐old boy with a large cervical cystic hygroma, which extended into the floor of mouth, was referred for treatment of painful teeth and tongue. Clinically there was a large submandibular swelling, enlargement of the mandible and a Class III malocclusion. Intra‐orally the tongue was enlarged and vesiculated. Gross caries was present in both mandibular permanent first molar teeth. Treatment comprised oral hygiene instruction, dietary advice, chlorohexidene mouth rinse, and removal of the carious teeth. At a later date, removal of the lesion and correction of the mandibular enlargement will be undertaken.

Elargissement mandibulaire: une complication inhabituelle d'un hygroma kystique du cou

Un garçon de 13 ans, avec important hygroma kystique du cou, étendu au plancher de la bouche, été adressé pour douleurs de la langue et des dents. Cliniquement on notait une importante tuméfaction sous mandibulaire, avec élargissement de la mandibule et malocclusion Classe III, langue augmentée de volume et porteuse de vésicules, caries importantes au niveau des premières molaires permanentes à la mandibule et au maxillaire supérieur. Le traitement a consisté en conseils d'hygiène orale, conseils diététiques, bains de bouche à base de chlorhéxidine et extractions de dents cariées. Par la suite, a tumeur a été supprimée et l'élargissement mandibulaire corrigé.

Mandibulaire Vergrösserung: eine ungewöhnliche Komplikation eines zervikalen zystischen Hygromas

Ein 13 jähriger Knabe mit einem grosser zervikaler zystische Hygroma, welches sich bis in den Mundboden ausdehnte, wurde überwiesen zur Behandlung von schmerzenden Zähne und Zunge, Klinisch wurde eine grosse submandibuläre Schwellung und eine Vergrösserung der Mandibula festgestellt. Intraoral war die Zunge blasenförmig vergrössert. Gross kariöse Lasionen wurden in beiden unteren ersten Molaren gefunden. Die Behandlung umfasste Mundhygieneanweisungen, Dietvorschriften, Chlorhexidinspülungen. Geplant ist das Entfernen des Hygromas und die Verkleinerung der Mandibula.

Alargamiento mandibular: inusual complicatión de un higroma quístico cervical

Un niño de 13 años de edad con un gran higroma quistico cervical, extendido al suelo de boca, fue referido para el tratamiento del dolor dental y lingual. Clínicamente se veía una gran hinchazón submandibular, alargamiento mandibular y una maloclusión de Clase III. A nivel intraoral la lengua se veía engrosada y vesiculizada. Caries avanzadas se veían en ambos primeros molares mandibulares. El tratamiento consistió en instrucción de hugiene oral, consejo dietético, enjuagues bucales con clorhexidina y la eliminación de los dientes cariados. En la próxima visita, la eliminación de la lesión y la corrección del alargamiento mandibular serán llevados a cabo.
An unusual dental cause of nasal discharge: a case report
Authors: COBOURNE M. T. , BLOOM K. L. , HARLEY K. E. , PORTER S. R.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A case is reported of an unusual cause of localized nasal discharge. A 6‐year‐old girl presented complaining of pain and discharge from the left nostril. Clinical and radiological evaluation revealed the cause of the symptoms to be a previously asymptomatic intruded primary incisor on the floor of the nasal cavity. The tooth was removed under general anaesthesia and healing occurred without complication.

Resumé.

Cause dentaire inhabituelle d'un écoulement nasal: rapport d'un cas

Le cas rapporté est celui d'une cause inhabituelle d'écoulement nasal. Une fillette de 6 ans a consulté pour douleur et écoulement de la narine gauche. L'examen clinique et radiologique a montré que 1 cause de ces symptômes était l'intrusion d'une incisive temporaire dans le plancher de la cavité nasale. Le dent a été extrait sous anesthésie générale et la guérison obtenue sans complication.

Elle nicht übliche Ursache von nasalen Ausflusses: ein Fallbericht

Ein 6 Jahre altes MåUdchen beschwerte sich über Schmerzen im linken Nasenloch und wegen ungewöhnlicher Ausfluss aus diesem Nasenloch. Mittels klinischer und röntgologischer Untersuchungen fand man die Urasche dieser Syndrome: Einer, vor einiger Zeit, den Nasenboden intrudierter Milchfrontzahn. Dieser wurde in Vollnarkose entfernt und die Heilung erfogte ohne Komplikationen.

Una inusual cause de descarga nasal: caso clínico

Se reportóo un caso de una inusual causa de descarga nasal localizada. Una niña de 6 años de edad se presentó lamentando dolor y descarga del orificio nasal izquierdo. La evaluación clínica y radiogråAfica reveló que la causa de la sintomatología era una previa intrusión de un incisivo temporal en el piso de las fosas nasales. El diente fue removido bajo anestesia general y la recuperación se llevó a cabo sin complicaciones.
Evolutionary history of the Paradoxurus palm civets – a new model for Asian biogeography
Authors: Patou Marie‐Lilith , Wilting Andreas , Gaubert Philippe , Esselstyn Jacob A. , Cruaud Corinne , Jennings Andrew P. , Fickel Jörns , Veron Géraldine
Published: August 2010

Aim  Using molecular data and dental features, we investigated the genetic and morphological diversity among species of palm civets in the genus Paradoxurus, with a focus on the common palm civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Carnivora, Viverridae), in order to address biogeographic scenarios and provide recommendations for a taxonomic revision.

Location  Asia: Pakistan to the Lesser Sunda Islands.

Methods  We investigated the genetic diversity within Paradoxurus using two mitochondrial (cytochrome b, control region) and one nuclear (intron 7 of the β‐fibrinogen) markers. We used samples from 85 individuals of P. hermaphroditus (including 20 museum specimens) and one representative of each of the other species in the genus Paradoxurus: Paradoxurus jerdoni and Paradoxurus zeylonensis. DNA sequences were analysed using phylogenetic and haplotype network methods, and divergence dates were estimated for the clades retrieved. Furthermore, we examined dental characters from a large series of specimens and compared the morphological variation with the molecular data.

Results  Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that P. hermaphroditus is paraphyletic. We identified three major lineages distributed: (1) in the Indian subcontinent, south China, Hainan and in areas above 200 m in Indochina; (2) in Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatra and in areas below 200 m in Indochina; and (3) in Borneo, the Philippines and the Mentawai archipelago. Our morphological observations were congruent with these three molecular lineages. Divergence date estimates inferred a Pliocene origin for Paradoxurus (2.8–5.7 Ma), with the three main clades diversifying from the mid–Early Pliocene to the end of the Pliocene. We suggest that the flooding of the Isthmus of Kra during the Pliocene was a major event shaping the diversification of Paradoxurus palm civets. We also hypothesize that the elevational segregation of the two lineages on the mainland could have resulted from the vegetational changes that were induced by Late Pliocene glacial episodes.

Main conclusions  The Isthmus of Kra is a major boundary between two major lineages of P. hermaphroditus. There is a need for a taxonomic revision for P. hermaphroditus, and we suggest that this species should be split into at least three species.
Evidence‐based medicine training and implementation in surgery: the role of surgical cultures
Authors: Kitto Simon , Petrovic Ana , Gruen Russell L. , Smith Julian A.
Published: August 2010

Purpose  This qualitative study identifies cultural factors that influence the effective implementation of evidence‐based medicine (EBM) in surgical practice among Australian surgeons.

Methods  In‐depth interviews (n = 22) were conducted with surgeons from a variety of specialties within a large hospital system in Victoria, Australia. The interviews explored the surgeons' understanding of EBM; and challenges to the adoption of EBM. The canons and procedures of the Miles and Huberman's Matrix Analyses approach to qualitative research guided the coding and organization of the data derived from the semi‐structured interviews.

Results  Surgeons had a good understanding of EBM, but viewed it as little more than a system of evidence, which was often divorced from actual clinical practice. The data also suggested that surgical culture(s) and typologies of surgical style were important variables in the implementation of EBM. The results suggest that the ideal method of EBM implementation is workplace instruction led by surgeons, who exhibit scientist and/or clinician styles of surgical practice; EBM training should occur early in the surgeons' careers; and EBM practice should be role modelled in the presence of trainees by surgeons who exhibit either a scientist and/or clinician style of surgical practice.

Conclusions  The study findings suggest that using pre‐existing surgical culture(s) and styles is an important component in the implementation of EBM in surgery. The effective use of the scientist and/or clinician surgeon within the apprenticeship model and the context‐specific collegial networks of the surgical profession appear to be key elements in ensuring the successful implementation of EBM in surgery.
A variant of the interleukin‐1β gene in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., is associated with increased resistance against Vibrio anguillarum
Authors: Chistiakov D A , Kabanov F V , Troepolskaya O D , Tischenko M M
Published: August 2010

Vibriosis caused by the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum leads to serious losses in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Because of its pleiotropic activity in controlling immune and inflammatory responses against various pathogens, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) is an attractive candidate for resistance to bacterial vibriosis. Four polymorphisms c.76 + 52C>T, c.76 + 157A>G, c.76 + 215A>and c76 + 310A>G of IL1B were genotyped in progeny of four families of wild sea bass captured in geographically distinct regions of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov and challenged with V. anguillarum. In the transmission disequilibrium test, the TGGG haplotype of IL1B showed significant overtransmission from parents to surviving progeny, thereby suggesting an association with higher resistance to V. anguillarum infection (Odds Ratio 0.38, P < 10−7). Using a luciferase reporter assay, we found a 1.4‐fold increase in transcription activity of the protective IL1B TGGG variant compared to the susceptible CAAA variant of IL1B. The higher transcriptional activity of IL1B TGGG may arise from the functional effects of c.76 + 157A>G and c.76 + 215A>G polymorphisms disrupting potential binding sites for glucocorticoid receptor and YY1, both are negative transcription regulators.