bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-year X-Ray Variations of Iron-K and Continuum Emissions in the Young Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A
Authors: Sato Toshiki , Maeda Yoshitomo , Bamba Aya , Katsuda Satoru , Ohira Yutaka , Yamazaki Ryo , Masai Kuniaki , Matsumoto Hironori , Sawada Makoto , Terada Yukikatsu , Hughes John P. , Ishida Manabu
Published: February 2017

We found a simultaneous decrease of the Fe–K line and 4.2–6 keV continuum of Cassiopeia A with the monitoring data taken by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 2000–2013. The flux change rates in the whole remnant are −0.65 ± 0.02% yr−1 in the 4.2–6.0 keV continuum and −0.6 ± 0.1% yr−1 in the Fe–K line. In the eastern region where the thermal emission is considered to dominate, the variations show the largest values: −1.03 ± 0.05% yr−1 (4.2–6 keV band) and −0.6 ± 0.1% yr−1 (Fe–K line). In this region, the time evolution of the emission measure and the temperature have a decreasing trend. This could be interpreted as adiabatic cooling with the expansion of m = 0.66. On the other hand, in the non-thermal emission dominated regions, variations of the 4.2–6 keV continuum show smaller rates: −0.60 ± 0.04% yr−1 in the southwestern region, −0.46 ± 0.05% yr−1 in the inner region, and +0.00 ± 0.07% yr−1 in the forward shock region. In particular, flux does not show significant change in the forward shock region. These results imply that strong braking in shock velocity has not been occurring in Cassiopeia A (<5 km s−1 yr−1). All of our results support the idea that X-ray flux decay in the remnant is mainly caused by thermal components.
Jupiter’s Formation and Its Primordial Internal Structure
Authors: Lozovsky Michael , Helled Ravit , Rosenberg Eric D. , Bodenheimer Peter
Published: February 2017

The composition of Jupiter and the primordial distribution of the heavy elements are determined by its formation history. As a result, in order to constrain the primordial internal structure of Jupiter, the growth of the core and the deposition and settling of accreted planetesimals must be followed in detail. In this paper we determine the distribution of the heavy elements in proto-Jupiter and determine the mass and composition of the core. We find that while the outer envelope of proto-Jupiter is typically convective and has a homogeneous composition, the innermost regions have compositional gradients. In addition, the existence of heavy elements in the envelope leads to much higher internal temperatures (several times 104 K) than in the case of a hydrogen–helium envelope. The derived core mass depends on the actual definition of the core: if the core is defined as the region in which the heavy-element mass fraction is above some limit (say, 0.5), then it can be much more massive (∼15

) and more extended (10% of the planet’s radius) than in the case where the core is just the region with 100% heavy elements. In the former case Jupiter’s core also consists of hydrogen and helium. Our results should be taken into account when constructing internal structure models of Jupiter and when interpreting the upcoming data from the Juno (NASA) mission.
How AGN and SN Feedback Affect Mass Transport and Black Hole Growth in High-redshift Galaxies
Authors: Prieto Joaquin , Escala Andrés , Volonteri Marta , Dubois Yohan
Published: February 2017

Using cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, we study the effect of supernova (SN) and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback on the mass transport (MT) of gas onto galactic nuclei and the black hole (BH) growth down to redshift

z
∼
6

. We study the BH growth in relation to the MT processes associated with gravity and pressure torques and how they are modified by feedback. Cosmological gas funneled through cold flows reaches the galactic outer region close to freefall. Then torques associated with pressure triggered by gas turbulent motions produced in the circumgalactic medium by shocks and explosions from SNe are the main source of MT beyond the central ∼100 pc. Due to high concentrations of mass in the central galactic region, gravitational torques tend to be more important at high redshift. The combined effect of almost freefalling material and both gravity and pressure torques produces a mass accretion rate of order

∼
1

M

⊙

yr−1 at approximately parsec scales. In the absence of SN feedback, AGN feedback alone does not affect significantly either star formation or BH growth until the BH reaches a sufficiently high mass of

∼

10

6

M

⊙

to self-regulate. SN feedback alone, instead, decreases both stellar and BH growth. Finally, SN and AGN feedback in tandem efficiently quench the BH growth, while star formation remains at the levels set by SN feedback alone, due to the small final BH mass, ∼few times

10

5

M

⊙

. SNe create a more rarefied and hot environment where energy injection from the central AGN can accelerate the gas further.
Low-frequency Observations of the Subpulse Drifter PSR J0034−0721 with the Murchison Widefield Array
Authors: McSweeney S. J. , Bhat N. D. R. , Tremblay S. E. , Deshpande A. A. , Ord S. M.
Published: February 2017

The phenomenon of subpulse drifting may hold the key to understanding the pulsar emission mechanism. Here, we report on new observations of PSR J0034−0721 (B0031−07) carried out with the Murchison Widefield Array at

. We observe three distinct drift modes whose “vertical” drift band separations (P
3) and relative abundances are consistent with previous studies at similar and higher frequencies. The drift bands, however, are observed to change their slopes over the course of individual drift modes, which can be interpreted as a continuously changing drift rate. The implied acceleration of the intrinsic carousel rotation cannot easily be explained by plasma models based on

drift. Furthermore, we find that methods of classifying the drift modes by means of P
3 measurements can sometimes produce erroneous identifications in the presence of a changing drift rate. The “horizontal” separation between drift bands (P
2) is found to be larger at later rotation phases within the pulse window, which is inconsistent with the established effects of retardation, aberration, and the motion of the visible point. Longer observations spanning at least ∼10,000 pulses are required to determine how the carousel rotation parameters change from one drift sequence to the next.
13. Moi, petite entreprise. Impacts individuels et collectifs de la diffusion de l’auto-entrepreneuriat
Authors: Abdelnour Sarah
Published: February 2017

Qu’est-ce que la diffusion de l’auto-entrepreneuriat produit aux niveaux individuel et collectif ? Cet article analyse le régime de l’auto-entrepreneur comme un dispositif de contournement du salariat qui participe de la déconstruction du modèle social français. Le contournement du salariat figure tant dans les objectifs politiques des promoteurs du régime, résolus à miner le modèle social construit autour du salariat, que dans les usages qui en sont faits de la part des employeurs, privés comme publics, qui cherchent à externaliser une partie de leur main-d’œuvre. Le dispositif produit une injonction à l’autonomie, notamment auprès des classes populaires, et impose alors de nouveaux modes de domination par l’autodiscipline et la sape des structures collectives.
Il Sarcofago degli Sposi : dalla scoperta alla realtà virtuale
Authors: Cosentino Rita
Published: February 2017

La storia del rinvenimento del Sarcofago degli Sposi è quella comune agli innumerevoli reperti archeologici finiti in Collezioni di Musei stranieri. Il contesto storico è quello di una Italia risorgimentale, dove l’archeologia rappresentava materia d’indagine e studio da parte di poche elites culturali e fonte di guadagno per proprietari terrieri e mercanti d’arte che si servivano di manovalanze, talora tra gli stessi coloni delle grandi famiglie detentrici di latifondi. Proprio nella tenuta della famiglia Ruspoli, l’attuale Necropoli della Banditaccia, i fratelli Boccanera rinvennero nel 1881 il Sarcofago degli Sposi in frammenti, distribuiti tra l’interno e l’esterno della tomba, già fortemente compromessa da scavi precedenti. Il materiale di corredo era costituito da un gruppo di vasi corinzi. I Bullettini, le notizie degli Scavi del 1881 ed i documenti di archivio relativi agli scavi Boccanera, sono piuttosto scarni ma una rilettura comparata di questi documenti consente di azzardare qualche ipotesi. Si deve a Felice Barnabei, nelle sue Memorie di un archeologo, il racconto che portarono all’acquisizione del Sarcofago degli Sposi al Museo Etrusco di Villa Giulia. A metà degli anni cinquanta, poi, dal sodalizio tra Renato Bartoccini e l’ing. Maurilio Lerici si metterà mano, tra i numerosi ed innovativi progetti, al restauro del Sarcofago degli Sposi. Non fu per l’industriale del ferro il cattivo stato di conservazione a spingerlo a finanziare l’iniziativa, quale sponsor ante litteram, ma l’enorme fascino ed il coinvolgimento emotivo alla vista dello straordinario gruppo. Che dire, dopo oltre mezzo secolo, lo stesso « corto circuito emotivo » ha colto anche noi, una squadra multidisciplinare rappresentata dalla Soprintendenza Archeologica del Lazio e dell’Etruria Meridionale, Cineca, dall’Università di Bologna, dal CNR ISTI di Pisa, dal CNR ITBC di Roma, dalla Fondazione Bruno Keller che ha lavorato in stretta collaborazione per poter arrivare alla realizzazione di un prodotto tecnologico dall’alto rigore.Nell’articolo sono trattate tutte le operazioni che hanno portato all’ologramma del Sarcofago oggetto di una mostra decisamente innovativa, ormai conclusa, svoltasi a Palazzo Pepoli, sede del Museo della Città di Bologna. Le operazioni di digitalizzazione hanno consentito a Giorgetto Giugiaro, noto designer di autovetture a livello internazionale, di produrre un clone al vero del Sarcofago degli Sposi, che sarà destinato alla Sala didattica Raniero Mengarelli, posta all’interno della Necropoli della Banditaccia.
Automatic Pattern Proposition in Transformation Life Cycle
Authors: Panahandeh Mahsa Sadat , Zamani Bahman
Published: February 2017

Transformation patterns optimize transformations and improve their internal structure. This paper presents an automatic method for pattern proposition in transformation life cycles. Our approach combines the transformation engineering by the idea of transformation patterns and proposes appropriate patterns in the design and implementation phases of transformation life cycle. We evaluate the impact of proposed patterns on generated transformations based on several metrics, automatically. The proposed patterns in the design phase are based on the structure of transformation, and implementation patterns are proposed according to the result of the evaluation. Our method is presented as a semi-automatic process for using the transformation patterns in transformation life cycles. The results of applying suggested patterns include decreasing the complexity, memory usage, execution time, as well as increasing the quality, efficiency, and modularity.
The Inner Flow and Heat Transfer Analysis of Round Tube with Different Rotating Speed
Authors: Song Yu Chao , Gao Hong Tao , Liu Wang
Published: February 2017

Aiming at the inner flowing characteristics of round tube, the different transient cases of tube with rotating wall boundary are analyzed by CFD, and the six cases are determined according to the different rotating speed respectively. The fluid is water, with the same dimension of tubes, the negative pressure region moves forward in the tube as the increase of rotating speed, and the outflow velocity is high to 31.42 mm/s, being 348.22% more than that of steady case. When the rotating speed is 1 rev./s, there is a lowest temperature band between the wall and center high temperature flow. In the transient temperature analysis, the high temperature cloud changes to cone-like shape, and there is a swirl with lower temperature at the inlet part with a large depth into the tube center. The case with 2 rev./s has the much more uniform temperature distribution than others.
Food Cooking Using the Technology of High-Voltage Electrostatic Field
Authors: Shih Ju Yi , Lai Shu Ling
Published: February 2017

The technology of high voltage electrostatic field has been used for food processing in recent years, especially for thawing and freezing of food. However, the application of this technology on food cooking is still in the initial development stage. Although there are a little applications of food cooking using high voltage electrostatic field in some restaurants in Taiwan area, the corresponding study is very scarcely. This study describes mechanism, principles and devices of electrostatic cooking of food, as well as results of some electrostatic cooking experiments. Obviously, the high voltage electrostatic technology can be beneficial for food cooking, and the effects of sanitery and health of electrostatic cooked food are important for human body.
Structure Noise Performance Analysis and Optimization Research on a Low-Floor Gearbox
Authors: Wang Hui Bin , Tang Xin Zi , Hu Yun Bo , Peng Rui Tao , Yao Jin Chi
Published: February 2017

With the rail vehicle industry development and increasing request to the riding comfort, to reduce the structure vibration and noise caused by the gearbox is increasingly valued. Multibody dynamics method is proved to be very effective to structure optimization for noise control in gearbox design process. This paper aims to find an optimization way for the gearbox structure to increase the structure noise performance. Initially gear shafts and the casing were discretized using the finite element method, subsequently the multi-flexible body of low floor gearbox was established in the SIMPACK which considering the time-varying mesh stiffness and backlash, bearings were modelled via radial, axial and rotational stiffness elements, then the multi-flexible body dynamic response were analyzed and the structure noise was predicted. Finally, optimization schemes, in terms of gear modification and structure improvement, were proposed to improve the structure noise performance.
Sorption of Metal Ions by New Sulfur-Containing Ionite GMA-MMA-TDGA
Authors: Abdraliyeva Gulzhan E. , Bektenov N.A. , Samoilov N.A. , Baidullaeva A.K.
Published: February 2017

А new polyethyleneimine sulfur-containig exchanger network structure with static exchange capacity of 0.1 N solution of HCl 4.7 mEq/g was obtained by polycondensation of glycidyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate and phosphoric acid. Sorption of copper (II) and zinc (II) ions was studied and investigated in static conditions from model solutions of sulfates of copper and zinc, in dependence on their concentration and pH, as well as their contact time with the ion-exchanger. Found that the magnitude of the sorption capacity of the ion exchanger for ions of copper (II) at pH 3.6 CuSO4 solution is 4.03 mg / g. It has been established that zinc ion (II) is absorbed best by the sorbent at pH 4.06. In these conditions the sorption capacity of the sorbent for copper ions (II) and zinc (II) respectively equal to 0.8225mmol / g (Cu) and 0.8305mmol / g (Zn). The sorption ability new sulfur-containing ionite with respect to copper ions (II) and zinc (II) is significantly higher than for industrial ionite of KU-2x8.
Effect of Anhydrite on Cement-Based Self-Leveling Mortar
Authors: Sun Shi Bing , Li Jin Wei , Li Jun Jie , Zhao Lun
Published: February 2017

In this paper, the effect of anhydrite on the cement-based self-leveling mortar performance was studied. The construction operation of mortar and its mechanical property testing were based on the standard JC/T 981-2005. The results showed that the anhydrite played a significant role on the performance of compressive strength and flexural strength. Furthermore, the best performance of dimensional change rate, abrasion resistance and adhesive strength was obtained with 8% anhydrite content. This study has guiding significance for the construction and application of cement-based self-leveling mortar.
Problems affecting the operational procurement process: A study of the Zimbabwean public sector
Authors: Dzuke Abel , Naude Micheline J.A.
Published: February 2017

Background: The public sector occupies a key role in the economy comprising the appropriation of state revenue to purchase goods and to render services productively, while ensuring the optimum utilisation of available funds and resources to benefit the inhabitants of the country. Problems in the Zimbabwean public procurement sector that detract from service delivery are key contemporary issues. This is evident from the numerous complaints of poor service delivery received by the public that can be attributed to public procurement.Objective: The purpose of this article was to report on a study that investigated problems in the different stages of the operational procurement process in the Zimbabwean public sector that detract from service delivery, the extent of these problems and how the public procurement process can be improved to enhance service delivery.Method: This descriptive and exploratory study followed a quantitative approach. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire administered to all public entities in Zimbabwe. Data were analysed using SPSS. Results: The majority of the identified problems in the public procurement sector that detract from service delivery are found in the advertising, bid evaluation and contract stages.Conclusion: As only a few studies on this topic have been conducted in Zimbabwe, the findings of this research add a significant perspective to the existing body of knowledge and can assist stakeholders with regard to how the public procurement process can be improved in order to enhance service delivery through public procurement process reform and restructuring.
Incremental and developmental perspectives for general-purpose learning systems
Authors: Martínez-Plumed Fernando
Published: February 2017

The stupefying success of Articial Intelligence (AI) for specic problems, from recommender systems to self-driving cars, has not yet been matched with a similar progress in general AI systems, coping with a variety of (dierent) problems. This dissertation deals with the long-standing problem of creating more general AI systems, through the analysis of their development and the evaluation of their cognitive abilities. It presents a declarative general-purpose learning system and a developmental and lifelong approach for knowledge acquisition, consolidation and forgetting. It also analyses the use of the use of more ability-oriented evaluation techniques for AI evaluation and provides further insight for the understanding of the concepts of development and incremental learning in AI systems.
Caracterização estacional das variáveis físicas, químicas, biológicas e ecotoxicológicas em um trecho do Rio Paraíba do Sul, SP, Brasil
Authors: Queiroz Lucas Gonçalves , Silva Flávio Teixeira da , Brazil de Paiva Teresa Cristina
Published: February 2017

O Rio Paraíba do Sul está localizado em uma região brasileira com elevada densidade populacional e grande importância socioeconômica. Em seu trecho paulista, o rio encontra-se impactado e com a qualidade da água comprometida devido à retirada da vegetação ciliar, o aumento de áreas impermeáveis, a atividade industrial, a utilização de insumos agrícolas e, principalmente, pelo lançamento de esgotos sem tratamento adequado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar, durante as estações seca e chuvosa, a qualidade da água do Rio Paraíba do Sul quanto as variáveis físicas, químicas, biológicas e ecotoxicológicas em seu trecho médio superior. As coletas das amostras foram realizadas trimestralmente entre os meses de agosto de 2013 e agosto de 2014. Foram determinadas variáveis: pH, temperatura, condutividade, turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), fósforo total (PT), sólidos totais (ST), coliformes termotolerantes (CT), clorofila-a, efeito tóxico agudo (ETA) e crônico (ETC) e Índice de Estado Trófico (IET). Os resultados referentes à qualidade das águas mostraram que as variáveis OD, PT e CT estavam em desacordo com o estabelecido para um rio classe 2, conforme a resolução CONAMA 357/2005 (2005). Algumas variáveis apresentaram uma redução ao longo do período avaliado, como DBO (42,4%), ST (31,1%) e DQO (21,3%). No período chuvoso foram observados ETA e ETC. A análise estatística mostrou que a precipitação pluviométrica possui grande influência sobre OD, DBO, ST, clorofila-a, ETA e ETC, atuando como um possível agente intensificador de impactos sobre este manancial.
Characters of $p’$-degree and Thompson’s character degree theorem
Authors: Hung Nguyen Ngoc
Published: February 2017

A classical theorem of John Thompson on character degrees asserts that if the degree of every ordinary irreducible character of a finite group

G

is 1 or divisible by a prime

p

, then

G

has a normal

p

-complement. We obtain a significant improvement of this result by considering the average of

p’

-degrees of irreducible characters. We also consider fields of character values and prove several improvements of earlier related results.
Homogeneous structures of linear type on $\epsilon$-Kähler and $\epsilon$-quaternion Kähler manifolds
Authors: Castrillón López Marco , Luján Ignacio
Published: February 2017

We analyze degenerate homogeneous structures of linear type in the pseudo-Kähler and para-Kähler cases. The local form and the holonomy of pseudo-Kähler or para-Kähler manifolds admitting such structure are obtained. In addition the associated homogeneous models are studied exhibiting their relation with the incompleteness of the metric. The same questions are tackled in the pseudo-quaternion Kähler and para-quaternion Kähler cases. These results complete the study of homogeneous structures of linear type in pseudo-Kähler, para-Kähler, pseudo-quaternion Kähler and para-quaternion Kähler cases.
An $L^1$-type estimate for Riesz potentials
Authors: Schikorra Armin , Spector Daniel , Van Schaftingen Jean
Published: February 2017

In this paper we establish new

L^1

-type estimates for the classical Riesz potentials of order

\alpha \in (0, N)

:

\|I_\alpha u\|_{L^{N/(N-\alpha)}(\mathbb{R}^N)} \leq C\,\|Ru\|_{L^1(\mathbb{R}^N;\mathbb{R}^N)}.

This sharpens the result of Stein and Weiss on the mapping properties of Riesz potentials on the real Hardy space

\mathcal{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^N)

and provides a new family of

L^1

-Sobolev inequalities for the Riesz fractional gradient.
A Sternum-Disk Distance Method to Identify the Skin Level for Approaching a Surgical Segment without Fluoroscopy Guidance during Anterior Cervical Discectomy And Fusion
Authors: Lee Gun Woo , Ahn Myun-Whan , Shin Ji-Hoon , Park Jae Woo , Uh Jae-Hyung , Park Jong-Ho , Lee Ji-Hoon , Kim Dong-Wook , Yeom Jin S. , Suh Bo-Gun
Published: February 2017

Study Design

A retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Purpose

To introduce the sternum-disk distance (SDD) method for approaching the exact surgical level without C-arm guidance during anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery and to evaluate its accuracy and reliability.

Overview of Literature

Although spine surgeons have tried to optimize methods for identifying the skin level for accessing the operative disk level without C-arm guidance during ACDF, success has rarely been reported.

Methods

In total, 103 patients who underwent single-level ACDF surgery with the SDD method were enrolled. The primary outcome measure was the accuracy of the SDD method. The secondary outcome measures were the mean SDD value at each cervical level from the cranial margin of the sternum in the neutral and extension positions of the cervical spine and the inter- and intra-observer reliability of the SDD outcome determined using repeated measurements by three orthopedic spine surgeons.

Results

The SDD accuracy (primary outcome measure) was indicated in 99% of the patients (102/103). The mean SDD values in the neutral-position magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were 108.8 mm at C3–C4, 85.3 mm at C4–C5, 64.4 mm at C5–C6, 44.3 mm at C6–C7, and 24.1 mm at C7–T1; and those in the extension-position MRI were 112.9 mm at C3–C4, 88.7 mm at C4–C5, 67.3 mm at C5–C6, 46.5 mm at C6–C7, and 24.3 mm at C7–T1. The Cohen kappa coefficient value for intra-observer reliability was 0.88 (excellent reliability), and the Fleiss kappa coefficient value for inter-observer reliability as reported by three surgeons was 0.89 (excellent reliability).

Conclusions

Based on the results of the present study, we recommend performing ACDF surgery using the SDD method to determine the skin level for approaching the surgical cervical segment without fluoroscopic guidance.
A Comparison of Interside Asymmetries of Lower Extremity Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Patients with Unilateral Lumbosacral Radiculopathy
Authors: Yue Qing , Hale Tyson , Knecht Aaron
Published: February 2017

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Purpose

This study was to investigate interside asymmetries of three lower extremity somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) in anesthetized patients with unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy.

Overview of Literature

Although interside asymmetry is an established criterion of abnormal SSEP, little is known which of the lower SSEPs is more sensitive in detecting interside asymmetry in anesthetized patients.

Methods

Superficial peroneal nerve SSEP (SPN-SSEP), posterior tibial nerve SSEP (PTN-SSEP), and sural nerve SSEP were obtained in 31 lumbosacral surgery patients with unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy, and compared with a group of 22 control subjects.

Results

The lumbosacral group showed significant larger interside asymmetry ratios of P37 latencies in SPN-SSEP and PTN-SSEP, and significant larger interside asymmetry ratio of P37-N45 amplitude in SPN-SSEP, when comparing with the control group. Within the lumbosacral group but not the control group, SPN-SSEP displayed significant larger interside asymmetry ratio in P37 latency. When referencing to the control group, more patients in the lumbosacral group displayed abnormal interside SPN-SSEP latency asymmetrieswhich corroborated the symptom laterality.

Conclusions

The data suggested that SPN-SSEP was more sensitive in detecting interside latency asymmetry in anesthetized patients.
The sensitivity of snowfall to weather states over Sweden
Authors: Norin Lars , Devasthale Abhay , L'Ecuyer Tristan S.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. For a high latitude country like Sweden snowfall is an important contributor to the regional water cycle. Furthermore, snowfall impacts surface properties, affects atmospheric thermodynamics, has implications for traffic and logistics management, disaster preparedness, and also impacts climate through changes in surface albedo and turbulent heat fluxes. For Sweden it has been shown that large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, or weather states, are important for precipitation variability. Although the link between atmospheric circulation patterns and precipitation has been investigated for rainfall there are no studied focused on the sensitivity of snowfall to weather states over Sweden. In this work we investigate the response of snowfall to eight selected weather states. These weather states consist of four dominant wind directions together with cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulation patterns and enhanced positive and negative phases of the North Atlantic oscillation. The presented analysis is based on multiple data sources, such as ground-based radar measurements, satellite observations, spatially-interpolated in situ observations, and reanalysis data. The data from these sources converge to underline the sensitivity of falling snow over Sweden to the different weather states. In this paper we examine both average snowfall intensities and snowfall accumulations associated with the different weather states. It is shown that even though the heaviest snowfall intensities occur during conditions with winds from the southwest, the largest contribution to snowfall accumulation arrives from winds from the southeast. Large differences in snowfall due to variations in the North Atlantic oscillation are shown as well as a strong effect of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulation patterns. Satellite observations are used to reveal the vertical structures of snowfall during the different weather states.
HESS Opinions Catchments as meta-organisms – a new blueprint for hydrological modelling
Authors: Savenije Hubert H. G. , Hrachowitz Markus
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Catchment-scale hydrological models frequently miss essential characteristics of what determines the functioning of catchments. The most important active agent in catchments is the ecosystem. It manipulates and partitions moisture in a way that supports the essential functions of survival and productivity: infiltration of water, retention of moisture, mobilization and retention of nutrients, and drainage. Ecosystems do this in the most efficient way, establishing a continuous, ever-evolving feedback loop with the landscape and climatic drivers. In brief, hydrological systems are alive and have a strong capacity to adjust themselves to prevailing and changing environmental conditions. Although most models take Newtonian theory at heart, as best they can, what they generally miss is Darwinian theory on how an ecosystem evolves and adjusts its environment to maintain crucial hydrological functions. In addition, catchments, such as many other natural systems, do not only evolve over time, but develop features of spatial organization, including surface or sub-surface drainage patterns, as a by-product of this evolution. Models that fail to account for patterns and the associated feedbacks miss a critical element of how systems at the interface of atmosphere, biosphere and pedosphere function. In contrast to what is widely believed, relatively simple, semi-distributed conceptual models have the potential to accommodate organizational features and their temporal evolution in an efficient way, a reason for that being that because their parameters (and their evolution over time) are effective at the modelling scale, and thus integrate natural heterogeneity within the system, they may be directly inferred from observations at the same scale, reducing the need for calibration and related problems. In particular, the emergence of new and more detailed observation systems from space will lead towards a more robust understanding of spatial organization and its evolution. This will further permit the development of relatively simple time-dynamic functional relationships that can meaningfully represent spatial patterns and their evolution over time, even in poorly gauged environments.
DOCUMENTING BRONZE AGE AKROTIRI ON THERA USING LASER SCANNING,
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING AND GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION
Authors: Trinks I. , Wallner M. , Kucera M. , Verhoeven G. , Torrejón Valdelomar J. , Löcker K. , Nau E. , Sevara C. , Aldrian L. , Neubauer E. , Klein M.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The excavated architecture of the exceptional prehistoric site of Akrotiri on the Greek island of Thera/Santorini is endangered by gradual decay, damage due to accidents, and seismic shocks, being located on an active volcano in an earthquake-prone area. Therefore, in 2013 and 2014 a digital documentation project has been conducted with support of the National Geographic Society in order to generate a detailed digital model of Akrotiri’s architecture using terrestrial laser scanning and image-based modeling. Additionally, non-invasive geophysical prospection has been tested in order to investigate its potential to explore and map yet buried archaeological remains. This article describes the project and the generated results.
A Phenomenology of Home: Jean Améry on Homesickness
Authors: Shuster Martin
Published: February 2017

As the contemporary nation state order continues to produce genocide and destruction, and thereby refugees, and as the national and international landscape continues to see the existence of refugees as a political problem, Jean Améry’s 1966 essay “How Much Home Does a Person Need?” takes on a curious urgency. I say ‘curious’ because his own conclusions about the essay’s aims and accomplishments appear uncertain and oftentimes unclear (note how Améry himself surprisingly suggests that his remarks will have “little general validity” – a statement that will need to be properly situated). My aim in what follows, then, is twofold. First, I intend to make clear the rich, suggestive, but perhaps underdeveloped phenomenological assumptions involved in this essay. Second, I want to show—but, unfortunately, only show—how these assumptions and Améry’s analysis points to a problem at the heart of contemporary conceptions of statehood, one which demands significantly more discussion.
EVOLUÇÃO CONCEITUAL DA BIOSSEGURANÇA NA MANIPULAÇÃO DE ANTINEOPLÁSICOS
Authors: Lima Cavalcanti Iago Dillion , Santos Rosiel José dos , Cordeiro Risonildo Pereira
Published: February 2017

A manipulação dos agentes antineoplásicos é uma das atividades dos profissionais farmacêuticos, que se veem expostos constantemente a esses agentes nocivos a saúde humana. O grande papel da biossegurança é conferir proteção e segurança a esses profissionais com o intuito de diminuir os riscos de exposição ocupacional através da utilização de equipamentos especializados e vestimentas adequadas. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão narrativa de literatura, cujo principal objetivo é informar sobre as principais causas e consequências da exposição aos agentes antineoplásicos e quais as medidas necessárias para diminuir a exposição desses trabalhadores. Atualmente vivemos sobre constante mudança com o surgimento de novas tecnologias, nos possibilitando o aprimoramento e a elaboração de novos equipamentos para conferir maior segurança do trabalhador e aprimorar sua produção. A orientação sobre o uso correto desses equipamentos possibilita melhor segurança ao manipulador e a falta de informação é o principal causador da exposição ocupacional desses profissionais. A evolução da biossegurança na manipulação de antineoplásicos não irá evitar o risco de exposição a este tipo de medicamento sem um treinamento adequado desses profissionais e estudos comprovam que a principal causa de exposição é a falta ou utilização inadequada de equipamentos de proteção.
PERFIL DE DISSOLUÇÃO DO TENOXICAM EM COMPLEXOS DE INCLUSÃO DE BETA-CICLODEXTRINAS
Authors: Da Silva Pires Yara Maria , Almeida Lais Ribeiro , Araújo Meirelles Lyghia Maria
Published: February 2017

A utilização das ciclodextrinas em formulações farmacêuticas deve-se, sobretudo, às suas propriedades de formação de complexos de inclusão, as quais permitem aumentar a solubilidade e estabilidade aquosa de fármacos lipofílicos, a percentagem e extensão de dissolução dos complexos formados, assim como a sua biodisponibilidade quando a dissolução e solubilidade são fatores limitantes para a liberação do fármaco. O tenoxicam é um anti-inflamatório não esteroidal que possui um baixo volume de distribuição, seu caráter lipofílico o torna praticamente insolúvel em água, de modo que sua dissolução é um passo determinante para seu processo de absorção. Dessa forma, este trabalho apresenta a realização de ensaios de dissolução conforme as normas da Farmacopéia Britânica, comparando o fármaco puro aos complexos de inclusão, constatando-se que os valores obtidos pela técnica de Spray Dryer foram superiores aos obtidos por Malaxagem, concluindo-se que os complexos de inclusão apresentam uma maior e mais eficaz dissolução quando comparados ao fármaco puro.
INFLUÊNCIA DOS EXCIPIENTES NA DISSOLUÇÃO IN VITRO DOS FÁRMACOS A PARTIR DE CÁPSULAS GELATINOSAS DURAS CONTENDO CETOPROFENO 50 MG.
Authors: Silva Joel Rocha da , Lemes Erick De Oliveira , Vargem Daiana Da Silva
Published: February 2017

O presente estudo reporta os resultados comparativos obtidos através da avaliação da cinética e da eficiência de dissolução do Cetoprofeno a partir de três lotes com diferentes formulações contendo tal fármaco sob a forma de cápsula, alternando as quantidades de excipientes que as compõem. A análise estatística dos valores de eficiência de dissolução obtidos apontou diferenças significativas entre os perfis de dissolução dos produtos 002/12 e 001/12, entretanto não se observou diferença significativa entre os valores de eficiência de dissolução para os produtos 003/12 e 001/12. Os parâmetros cinéticos obtidos apontaram para melhor desempenho do produto 003/12 em relação ao produto 002/12 o que se pode afirmar que os excipientes interferem na dissolução in vitro de cápsulas do medicamento Cetoprofeno.
CHEMICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN Struthanthus marginatus (Desr.) Blume AND TWO DIFFERENT HOSTS
Authors: De Siqueira Aline Moreira , Conde Bruno Esteves , Macedo Arthur Ladeira , Chedier Luciana Moreira , Pimenta Daniel Sales
Published: February 2017

Introdução: Struthanthus marginatus (Desr.) Blume (erva de passarinho) – Loranthaceae, é uma espécie hemiparasita conhecida por ser uma planta medicinal de uso popular para infecções das vias respiratórias. Alguns cuidados devem ser observados ao se utilizar essa planta como recurso terapêutico, atentando para a possível presença de substâncias tóxicas originadas de seus hospedeiros.

Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a anatomia e avaliar a fitoquímica do hemiparasitismo de S. marginatus sobre os hospedeiros: Dombeya wallichii Benth. & Hook (dombéia) e Morus rubra L. (amora-negra), a fim de comparar se há variação química influenciada pelos hospedeiros sobre a espécie hemiparasita.

Métodos: Para as análises fitoquímicas, foram realizadas extrações hexânicas e metanólicas das folhas e caules de S. marginatus, assim como os caules dos hospedeiros. Os extratos analisados por CG-EM e CLAE, além da realização de cromatografia em camada fina.

Resultados: As análises do extrato hexânico revelaram que há sete substâncias semelhantes nas folhas das ervas, sendo que na erva coletada sobre D. wallichii as substâncias estão com maior intensidade, e além disso constatou a presença de duas substâncias a mais. Na análise dos extratos hexânicos, ?-amirina foi encontrada apenas na folha de S. marginatus sobre D. wallichii, sendo um possível indicador de diferença química influenciada pelos hospedeiros.

Conclusão: O resultado do extrato metanólico constatou semelhanças entre as folhas dos parasitas, com presença de flavonoides, além de substâncias químicas observadas apenas em S. marginatus sobre D. wallichii, mostrando também variação química em hospedeiros diferentes.
Time Course of Starch Biosynthesis Enzymes Activity and Root Tuber Starch of Four Cassava Cultivars
Authors: Huang Huifang , Luo Yanchun , Huang Qiang , Tian Yinong , Li Huimin , Hou Xuewen
Published: February 2017

To understand the accumulation rule of cassava root tuber starch, the amylose, amylopectin and total starch content of fresh root tuber, the enzyme activities of sucrose synthase (SuS, EC 2.4.1.13) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14) of leaves, the enzyme activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC 2.7.7.27), soluble starch synthase (SSS, EC 2.4.1.21) and starch branching enzyme (SBE, EC. 2.4.1.18) of tubers were assessed by using cultivars SC201, SC205, GR891 and GR911 leaves and root tubers during their growth period, respectively. The results as follows: the enzyme activity of leaf SPS and the synthesis direction of SuS showed the highest at August, 2010, however the enzyme activity of the decomposing direction of SuS formed parabolic curve; the enzyme activity of tuber AGPase showed an increased then decreased single peak curve, the enzyme activity of tuber SSS oscillating decreased, while the enzyme activity of SBE was relatively stable; the amylose, amylopectin and total starch contents of fresh cassava tuber were all gradually increased along with the growth period. This research would enrich our knowledge of the time course of amylose, amylopectin and total starch contents of fresh cassava tuber, and above related enzyme activities.
Sweeteners in Diet Chocolate Ice Cream: Penalty Analysis and Acceptance Evaluation
Authors: A. B. Palazzo , H. M. A. Bolini
Published: February 2017

According to the consumers’ demand for healthy and nutritional food without loss of sensory perception, a study based on sucrose substitution appears to be interesting for the food industries. Thus, this study associated the most significant attributes of diet chocolate ice cream aimed to obtain a high acceptance. The difference between the ice cream samples was related to sucrose concentration (12, 14, 16, 18 and 20%). Groups of 122 potential consumers of chocolate ice creams took part in an affective test using a nine-centimeter unstructured scale. The same group analyzed the samples using a 7-point Just About Right scale (JAR) regarding sweetness, chocolate flavor and smoothness. A Penalty analysis was used to identify potential directions for the ice cream’s improvement, based on consumer tests. After choosing the best formulation of the sucrose sample, a magnitude estimation procedure was performed. The sweeteners used to replace the sucrose were: sucralose, stevioside, neotame, neosucralose and an aroma blend (aroma/sucrose). Penalty analysis based on JAR scales showed that smoothness and chocolate flavor were the most penalizing sensory characteristics causing significant drop in chocolate ice cream acceptability. Thus, the aroma compound and neosucralose blend showed the best sucrose replacements.
Predicting prosodic structure by morphosyntactic category: A case study of Blackfoot
Authors: Windsor Joseph W.
Published: February 2017

This study examines phonetic correlates to three prosodic categories in Blackfoot: the syllable (σ), the prosodic word (ω), and the phonological phrase (φ). I provide evidence that the Blackfoot σ is recognizable by an obligatory process of vowel coalescence and the φ is recognizable by an obligatory process of right edge aspiration. The ω can be distinguished from these other two prosodic constituents by an optional phonetic process which mimics intersyllabic vowel coalescence, but does not apply obligatorily.The prosodic categories investigated in this study are then correlated to three morphosyntactic categories: morphological agreement suffixes, lexical morphemes (adjectives and nouns), and demonstratives. This correlation is used to argue that morphological and syntactic processes function differently at the interface with phonology (cf. Russell 1999), ultimately raising questions with “word-internal syntax” analyses of Blackfoot suffixation which are derived through cyclic head movement (Bliss 2013; Wiltschko 2014) using the Mirror Principle (Baker 1985).This article is part of the Special Collection: Prosody and costituent structure
Prosthetic valve endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A case report and current review
Authors: Chami Tarek , Attizzani Guilherme
Published: February 2017

Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a rare but very serious and often deadly complication. Despite that, data are scarce and limited. Here, we report a case of a patient who developed PVE three months following TAVR and review the literature.
Structural Analysis of Affecting Factors for Future Development of Green Spaces in Tabriz City
Authors: Teymouri Razieh , Hodjati Hamid
Published: February 2017

This paper attempts to analyze factors involved in the development of urban green spaces with a systematic and structural approach and extract the most important factors for the optimal development of urban green spaces using relationships between these factors. This applied study was conducted using a descriptive analytical method, which attempted to present solutions to structural development of green spaces in Tabriz City as a case study. This study’s findings can be generalized on cities with same condition. Thus, in order to achieve this goal, all factors involved in the development of green spaces have been initially extracted using Delphi method. Then, analysis of factors that have been extracted from MICMAC, relevance of factors involved in the development of green spaces in the city of Tabriz have been analyzed and finally key factors were determined. Eleven factors have identified as key factors that have important role in development of optimal green spaces in Tabriz city.
The Effect of Population Socio-Economic Characteristics on Tourism Demand in Serbia: A Survey
Authors: Vujovic Slavoljub , Vujic Nenad , Jovnovic Zoran , Vukovic Petar
Published: February 2017

The synthesis of various theoretical concepts and empirical research confirms the significance of leisure time and leisure funds as fundamental factors of tourism demand. It also confirms the fact that the correlation between resources and needs shows that all the person's efforts are directed to coordination between their needs and means and that those tourist needs are manifested through the tourist consumption. Therefore, the study is based on the assumption that socio-economic characteristics of population have a great influence on the decision concerning where and how the vacation will be used.Thus, the aim of the research was to determine whether there is and how important is the influence of socio-economic characteristics of the population as independent variables on the scope and direction of movement of tourist demand in the particular case in practice.Based on the conducted research and analysed results, the authors strived to examine the initial hypotheses, that is to provide a statistical correlation between the dependent and independent variables.The results of research confirm the hypothesis that the socio-economic characteristics of working and living conditions of the population have a great impact on the dynamics and scope of tourism demand.According to the defined aim, the theoretical elaboration of the results dominates the study. During the research and results analysis, the following methods were used: T-test, One-Factor Analysis of Variance, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Logistic Regression and Multiple Regression.
Self-Generation and Households’ Willingness to Pay for Reliable Electricity Service in Nigeria
Authors: Oseni Musiliu O.
Published: February 2017

Many households in developing countries often engage in self-generation to mitigate the impacts of poor public electricity provision. What is less well known, however, is whether (and how) self-generation influences households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for service reliability. Using data collected from a sample of Nigerian households, the results reveal that engagement in self-generation is positively correlated with WTP for reliability. This is despite the fact that self-generation reduces the negative welfare impact of unreliability. Further analyses, however, show that backup households’ decisions to pay a higher amount than non-backup households are influenced by the costs of self-generation: an increase of N1 (US$0.006) in self-generation’s fuel cost per-hour is associated with WTP about N5.22 (US$0.032) more in the monthly bill. However, households’ WTP US$0.15-0.16/kWh of improved reliability is smaller than the marginal costs of reliability from self-generation—US$0.27-0.41/kWh. We conclude by discussing the policy implications of our findings.