bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking Environmental Citizenship and Civic Engagement to Public Trust and Environmental Sacrifice in the Asian Context
Authors: Jin Myung H. , Shriar Avrum J.
Published: June 2013

Despite the increasing interest in collaborative governance, existing literature on the subject focuses mostly on what government can do for citizens while ignoring the roles of citizens. Utilizing data from the 2010 International Social Survey Program on an environment this study builds on previous work on the link between citizen participation and public trust by comparing the effects of environmental citizenship and other methods of civic engagement on trust in government and on citizens’ willingness to sacrifice for environmental causes. The main findings suggest that while environmental citizenship is generally a consistent predictor of both public trust in government and citizens’ willingness to sacrifice for environmental causes, civic engagement experience was significantly associated only with enhancing willingness to sacrifice for environmental causes. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A Multi‐Component Reaction in the Morita­–Baylis–Hillman Route
Authors: Pal Sudhir Chandra , Bhunia Sankar Chandra
Published: June 2013

A facile stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted (Z)/(E)‐alkenes containing a functionalized thioether unit has been accomplished by using a new three‐component tetramolecular reaction (ABCB′‐type) following a Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) route. Syntheses beginning with preformed MBH adducts yield similar results (ABC‐type reaction) and broaden the scope of application. Suitably substituted aromatic aldehydes result in the formation of 3‐substituted‐2H‐thiochromenes in high yield.
Synthesis of Phosphonoglycine Backbone Units for the Development of Phosphono Peptide Nucleic Acids
Authors: Doboszewski Bogdan , Groaz Elisabetta , Herdewijn Piet
Published: June 2013

A series of phosphono‐modified backbone mimics based on achiral and chiral N‐(dihydroxypropyl)glycine units were obtained by sequential addition of phosphonate and nucleobase moieties to suitably protected dihydroxypropylamines. Simple synthetic strategies enabled the preparation of various target derivatives that will be useful as building blocks for the preparation of new synthetic polymers containing a phosphonate internucleotide linkage in place of the standard phosphodiester bond.
Determination of Sulfide by Hematoxylin Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Long Vu Dai , Červenka Libor
Published: June 2013

This study investigates a new approach for the amperometric determination of sulfide using a hematoxylin multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified carbon paste electrode (HM‐MWCNTs/CPE). The experimental results show that HM‐MWCNTs/CPE significantly enhances the electrocatalytic activity towards sulfide oxidation. Cyclic voltammetric studies show that the peak potential of sulfide shifted from +400 mV at unmodified CPE to +175 mV at HM‐MWCNTs/CPE. The currents obtained from amperometric measurements at optimum conditions were linearly correlated with the concentration of sulfide. The calibration curve was obtained for sulfide concentrations in the range of 0.5–150×10−6 mol L−1. The detection limit was found to be 0.2×10−6 mol L−1 for the amperometric method. The proposed method was successfully applied to a river water sample in Pardubice, Czech Republic.
Design and evaluation of capillary coupled with optical fiber light‐emitting diode induced fluorescence detection for capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Ji Hongyun , Li Meng , Guo Lihong , Yuan Hongyan , Wang Chunling , Xiao Dan
Published: June 2013

A new detector, capillary coupled with optical fiber LED‐induced fluorescence detector (CCOF‐LED‐IFD, using CCOF for short), is introduced for CE. The strategy of the present work was that the optical fiber and separation capillary were, in the parallel direction, fastened in a fixation capillary with larger inner diameter. By employing larger inner diameter, the fixation capillary allowed the large diameter of the optical fiber to be inserted into it. By transmitting an enhanced excitation light through the optical fiber, the detection sensitivity was improved. The advantages of the CCOF‐CE system were validated by the detection of riboflavin, and the results were compared to those obtained by the in‐capillary common optical fiber LED‐induced fluorescence detector (IC‐COF‐LED‐IFD, using COF for short). The LODs of CCOF‐CE and COF‐CE were 0.29 nM and 11.0 nM (S/N = 3), respectively. The intraday (n = 6) repeatability and interday (n = 6) reproducibility of migration time and corresponding peak area for both types of CE were all less than 1.10 and 3.30%, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was judged by employing standard addition method, and recoveries obtained were in the range of 98.0–102.4%. The results indicated that the sensitivity of the proposed system was largely improved, and that its reproducibility and accuracy were satisfactory. The proposed system was successfully applied to separate and determine riboflavin in real sample.
Microstructure of microemulsion modified with ionic liquids in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography and analysis of seven corticosteroids
Authors: Ni Xinjiong , Yu Meijuan , Cao Yuhua , Cao Guangqun
Published: June 2013

In this work, the influences of ionic liquid (IL) as a modifier on microemulsion microstructure and separation performance in MEEKC were investigated. Experimental results showed that synergetic effect between IL 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoro‐borate (BmimBF4) and surfactant SDS gave a decreased CMC. With increment of IL in microemulsion, negative ζ potential of the microdroplets reduced gradually. The influence of IL on the dimensions of microdroplet was complicated. At BmimBF4 less than 8 mM, IL made microemulsion droplet smaller in size. While at BmimBF4 more than 10 mM, the size increased and reached to a maximum value at 12 mM, where the microdroplets were larger than that without IL. After that, the micreodroplet size decreased again. Relative fluorescence intensity of the first vibration band of pyrene to the third one (I1/I3) enhanced as IL was added to microemulsion, which indicated that this addition increased environmental polarity in the inner core of microdroplets. Prednisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone acetate, cortisone acetate, prednisolone acetate, and triamcinolone acetonide were analyzed with MEEKC modified with IL to evaluate the separation performance. Cortisone acetate and prednisolone acetate could not be separated at all in typical microemulsion. The seven analytes could be separated by the addition of 10 mM BmimBF4 into the microemulsion system. The method has been used for analysis of corticosteroids in cosmetic samples with simple extraction; the recoveries for seven analytes were between 86 and 114%. This method provides accuracy, reproducibility, pretreatment simplicity, and could be applied to the quality control of cosmetics.
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) polymorphisms are associated with aberrant promoter methylation of ERCC3 and hematotoxicity in benzene‐exposed workers
Authors: Xing Caihong , Chen Qi , Li Guilan , Zhang Linyuan , Zheng Min , Zou Zhengyong , Hou Lifang , Wang Qian‐Fei , Liu Xin , Guo Xinbiao
Published: June 2013

Benzene is an important industrial chemical and widespread environmental pollutant known to induce leukemia and other blood disorders. To be carcinogenic, benzene must be metabolized to produce toxic metabolites. To investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the metabolic enzyme genes are associated with benzene‐induced alterations in DNA methylation and hematotoxicity, we genotyped four commonly studied SNPs in three metabolic enzymes genes CYP1A1, EPHX1 and NQO1; and analyzed promoter DNA methylation status in 11 genes which have been reported to be associated with benzene‐induced hematotoxicity (BLM, CYP1A1, EPHX1, ERCC3, NQO1, NUDT1, p15, p16, RAD51, TP53 and WRAP53) in 77 benzene‐exposed workers and 25 unexposed controls in China. ERCC3, a DNA repair gene, showed a small but statistically significant increase of promoter DNA methylation in the exposed group compared with the unexposed group (mean ± SD: 4.73 ± 3.46% vs. 3.63 ± 1.96%, P = 0.048). We also observed that an increased number of C allele for rs1051740 in EPHX1 was associated with decreased ERCC3 methylation levels in benzene‐exposed workers (Ptrend = 0.001), but not in unexposed controls (Ptrend = 0.379). Interestingly, another EPHX1 SNP (rs2234922) was associated with lower white blood cell (WBC) counts (Ptrend = 0.044) in benzene‐exposed workers. These associations remained the same when ERCC3 promoter methylation and WBCs were dichotomized according to the 90th percentile (≥6%) of methylation levels in controls and a leucopenia cutoff (<4 × 109/L), respectively. Our findings suggest that benzene exposure may be associated with hypermethylation in ERCC3, and that genetic variants in EPHX1 may play an important role in epigenetic changes and hematotoxicity among benzene‐exposed workers. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:397–405, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short‐Term Forecasts of French GDP: A Dynamic Factor Model with Targeted Predictors
Authors: Bessec Marie
Published: June 2013

In recent years, factor models have received increasing attention from both econometricians and practitioners in the forecasting of macroeconomic variables. In this context, Bai and Ng (Journal of Econometrics 2008; 146: 304–317) find an improvement in selecting indicators according to the forecast variable prior to factor estimation (targeted predictors). In particular, they propose using the LARS‐EN algorithm to remove irrelevant predictors. In this paper, we adapt the Bai and Ng procedure to a setup in which data releases are delayed and staggered. In the pre‐selection step, we replace actual data with estimates obtained on the basis of past information, where the structure of the available information replicates the one a forecaster would face in real time. We estimate on the reduced dataset the dynamic factor model of Giannone et al. (Journal of Monetary Economics 2008; 55: 665–676) and Doz et al. (Journal of Econometrics 2011; 164: 188–205), which is particularly suitable for the very short‐term forecast of GDP. A pseudo real‐time evaluation on French data shows the potential of our approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De‐noising of passive and active microwave satellite soil moisture time series
Authors: Su Chun‐Hsu , Ryu Dongryeol , Western Andrew W. , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: June 2013

Satellite microwave retrievals and in situ measurements of surface soil moisture are usually compared in the time domain. This paper examines their differences in the conjugate frequency domain to develop a spectral description of the satellite data, suggesting the presence of stochastic random and systematic periodic errors. Based on a semiempirical model of the observed power spectral density, we describe systematic designs of causal and noncausal filters to remove these erroneous signals. The filters are applied to the retrievals from active and passive satellite sensors and evaluated against field data from the Murrumbidgee Basin, southeast Australia, to show substantive increase in linear correlations.
Decreased Muc5AC expression is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer
Authors: Kim Sung Mi , Kwon Chae Hwa , Shin Nari , Park Do Youn , Moon Hyun Jung , Kim Gwang Ha , Jeon Tae Yong
Published: June 2013

Mucins reportedly play numerous key roles in carcinogenesis, including in tumor invasion, regulation of differentiation and tumor cell proliferation. We investigated the effect of Muc5AC, a secreted mucin, on the invasiveness/migratory capability of gastric cancer cells and the prognostic significance of Muc5AC in gastric cancer patients. The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of Muc5AC expression was validated using immunohistochemical analysis in 412 gastric cancer patients. Differential gene expression was investigated using complementary DNA microarray analysis of 48 fresh tumor tissue samples. Silencing of Muc5AC by using a small hairpin RNA‐containing lentivirus increased the invasion and migration of SNU216 and AGS cells as well as Akt phosphorylation and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase‐7, which were blocked by inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt pathway. Loss of Muc5AC expression was significantly associated with tumor progression (advanced T stage; p = 0.004), lymph node metastases (p = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.0001), and increased tumor size (p = 0.027). Lower MUC5AC expression was identified as an independent poor prognostic factor in diffuse‐type gastric cancer by using the Cox regression proportional hazard model (hazard ratio, 2.39; p = 0.043). Complementary DNA microarray analysis revealed 86 differentially expressed genes, including genes related to metastasis and invasion, in gastric cancer tissues with high (≥25%) and low (<25%) Muc5AC expression levels. Low Muc5AC expression increased the invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells and could be a useful biomarker of poor prognosis in gastric cancer.
Enhanced killing of therapy‐induced senescent tumor cells by oncolytic measles vaccine viruses
Authors: Weiland Timo , Lampe Johanna , Essmann Frank , Venturelli Sascha , Berger Alexander , Bossow Sascha , Berchtold Susanne , Schulze‐Osthoff Klaus , Lauer Ulrich M. , Bitzer Michael
Published: June 2013

Therapy‐induced senescence (TIS) as a permanent growth arrest can be induced by various stimuli, including anticancer compounds. TIS emerged as a promising strategy to overcome resistance phenomena. However, senescent cancer cells might regain proliferation activity in vivo or even secrete tumor‐promoting cytokines. Therefore, successful exploitation of TIS in cancer treatment simultaneously requires the development of effective strategies to eliminate senescent cancer cells. Virotherapy aims to selectively hit tumor cells, thus a combination with senescence‐inducing drugs was explored. As a model, we chose measles vaccine virus (MeV), which does not interfere with cellular senescence by itself. In different tumor cell types, such as hepatoma, pancreatic and mammary gland carcinoma, we demonstrate efficient viral replication and lysis after TIS by gemcitabine, doxorubicin or taxol. Applying real time imaging, we even found an accelerated lysis of senescent cancer cells, supporting an enhanced viral replication with an increase in cell‐associated and released infectious MeV particles. In summary, we show as a proof‐of‐concept that senescent tumor cells can be efficiently exploited as virus host cells by oncolytic MeV. These observations open up a new field for preclinical and clinical research to further investigate TIS and oncolytic viruses as an attractive combinatorial future treatment approach.
Kinematic controls on the geometry of the preserved cross sets
Authors: Ganti Vamsi , Paola Chris , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi
Published: June 2013

The geometry of sedimentary strata records the dynamics of the surfaces that produced them. Cross strata are one of the most common features preserved in the stratigraphic record and are typically formed by migrating ripples, dunes, and bars. Cross‐stratal geometry depends on the movement and shape of the bed forms. In this study, we provide theoretical relationships that map the statistics of surface kinematics and geometry of migrating bed forms into the 2‐D geometrical structure of the preserved stratigraphy. The surface kinematics is characterized by the migration (translation of the waveforms) and deformation (change in shape of the waveforms) of the bed forms. We show that, for transverse, unidirectional bed forms, the local slope and curvature of the preserved stratigraphic boundaries depend on the competition between migration and deformation of the bed forms. Further, we show that deformation is the sole cause of curved cross‐set boundaries and define a quantitative relationship between the curvature of the bounding surfaces of the preserved cross sets and the deformation rate of the bed forms. The theoretical results compare well with experimental data of subaqueous, transverse bed form evolution under equilibrium, steady state conditions with no net deposition.
Influence of water and sediment supply on the long‐term evolution of alluvial fans and deltas: Statistical characterization of basin‐filling sedimentation patterns
Authors: Straub Kyle M. , Wang Yinan
Published: June 2013

The temporal and spatial variability of sedimentation, resulting from sediment storage and release and the lateral mobility of sediment transporting flows, imparts fundamental patterns into the stratigraphic record. Recent studies show that paleoenvironmental (allogenic) signals preserved in stratigraphy may be contaminated by internally generated (autogenic) sedimentation patterns; however, it is unclear how the magnitude of autogenic dynamics is related to allogenic forcings. Utilizing statistical methods, we quantify basin‐filling trends in three laboratory experiments where input water and sediment flux were varied. We use the compensation index and compensation time scale to estimate the strength of compensation, defined here as the tendency to fill topographic lows faster than would result from random deposit stacking, and to estimate the time scales over which autogenic processes operate. In the experiments, topography of channelized deltas formed by noncohesive sediment was monitored in a basin experiencing temporally and spatially uniform relative subsidence. Each experiment resulted in construction of a stratigraphic package in excess of 25 channel depths thick. We find that compensation strength in the experiments is not influenced by absolute magnitudes of water and sediment flux but does increase as a function of the ratio of water to sediment flux. A compensation time scale, defined as the maximum depth of a system's channels divided by the long‐term deposition rate, accurately defines the maximum time scale at which autogenic dynamics occur in all experiments. When applied to field‐scale systems, we predict that autogenic dynamics occur out to time scales between 5 and 150 kyr.
Pyridine derivatives, especially 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylpyridine, labeled with nitrogen‐15
Authors: Fărcaşiu Dan , Lezcano Marta
Published: June 2013

Pyridine derivatives labeled with 15N can be prepared by the reaction of the corresponding pyrylium salts with 15NH4Cl in close to a stoichiometric ratio, in a sodium acetate–acetic acid buffer. In particular, the reaction of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylpyrylium perchlorate gave 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylpyridine with a conversion of 95%. The compound is valuable for studies of acid–base interactions on solid acid catalysts by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance.
Twenty‐first century changes in daily temperature variability in CMIP3 climate models
Authors: Ylhäisi Jussi S. , Räisänen Jouni
Published: June 2013

Changes in the daily mean surface air temperature distribution between the time periods 1981–2000 and 2081–2100 in 15 climate model simulations participating in the Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) are analysed. Variability is defined by first removing the annual cycle after which the range and skewness of the temperature distribution are calculated. Present‐day biases for the different aspects of the distribution are also studied, using the ERA‐Interim reanalysis as the main reference dataset. The variability in the simulations compared to reanalysis is generally smaller over oceans and larger over land areas. For skewness of the temperature distribution, inter‐model variability is much larger and systematic model biases are more local. Model performance regarding the mean values is potentially a good indicator of the model performance for range, but for skewness this relation is weaker. For future changes in the range of daily temperature variability, the models agree best over the Northern Hemisphere mid‐ to high‐latitude land areas, where variability is simulated to decrease. Elsewhere, the inter‐model differences are generally larger than the multi‐model mean changes. Near the sea ice border, significant negative correlations are found between the changes in mean temperature and the temperature range. For changes in skewness, the signal‐to‐noise ratio is very low over most areas and no firm conclusions can be drawn from the ensemble results. Our results are relatively insensitive to the precise definition of the range and skewness metrics and to internal variability of climate.
Click chemistry immobilization strategies in the development of strong cation exchanger chiral stationary phases for HPLC
Authors: Wolrab Denise , Frühauf Peter , Kohout Michal , Lindner Wolfgang
Published: June 2013

Enantioseparation of chiral amines with HPLC has developed into a widely used analytical and preparative tool. Chiral basic molecules, which act as cationic species upon protonation, are suited for an enantioselective cation exchange process. Novel strong cation exchangers (SCX) based on different 3,5‐disubstituted benzoic acids functionalized with trans‐(R,R)‐ and trans‐(S,S)‐2‐aminocyclohexanesulfonic acid as the chiral selector (SO) and ion exchange unit were synthesized. Employing 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (azide–yne click chemistry), the SOs were immobilized onto azidopropyl‐modified silica gel. This immobilization strategy enables controlled loading of the SO, and especially, high SO density on the silica surface compared to the thiol–ene click immobilization. The performance of the novel SCX chiral stationary phases was evaluated under polar organic mode conditions with different ratios of methanol and acetonitrile, thereby changing the polarity of the bulk mobile phase. The type of co‐ and counterion additives employed in the mobile phase was varied as well. The influence of the formed 1,2,3‐triazol spacer as well as different substitution patterns in the benzene unit on the chiral recognition properties of the SOs is discussed.
Microbial characterization of probiotics–Advisory report of the Working Group “8651 Probiotics” of the Belgian Superior Health Council (SHC)
Authors: Huys Geert , Botteldoorn Nadine , Delvigne Frank , De Vuyst Luc , Heyndrickx Marc , Pot Bruno , Dubois Jean‐Jacques , Daube Georges
Published: June 2013

When ingested in sufficient numbers, probiotics are expected to confer one or more proven health benefits on the consumer. Theoretically, the effectiveness of a probiotic food product is the sum of its microbial quality and its functional potential. Whereas the latter may vary much with the body (target) site, delivery mode, human target population, and health benefit envisaged microbial assessment of the probiotic product quality is more straightforward. The range of stakeholders that need to be informed on probiotic quality assessments is extremely broad, including academics, food and biotherapeutic industries, healthcare professionals, competent authorities, consumers, and professional press. In view of the rapidly expanding knowledge on this subject, the Belgian Superior Health Council installed Working Group “8651 Probiotics” to review the state of knowledge regarding the methodologies that make it possible to characterize strains and products with purported probiotic activity. This advisory report covers three main steps in the microbial quality assessment process, i.e. (i) correct species identification and strain‐specific typing of bacterial and yeast strains used in probiotic applications, (ii) safety assessment of probiotic strains used for human consumption, and (iii) quality of the final probiotic product in terms of its microbial composition, concentration, stability, authenticity, and labeling.
Fracture and fragmentation of thin shells using the combined finite–discrete element method
Authors: Munjiza A. , Lei Z. , Divic V. , Peros B.
Published: June 2013

A model for fracture and fragmentation of multilayered thin shells has been developed and implemented into the combined finite–discrete element code. The proposed model incorporates an extension of the original combined single and smeared fracture approach to multilayered thin shells; it then combines these with an interaction algorithm that is based on the original distributed potential contact force approach. The developed contact kinematics preserves both energy and momentum balance, whereas the developed fracture model is capable of modelling complex fracture patterns such as fracture of laminated glass under impact. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy conservative property of impulse‐based methods for collision resolution
Authors: Tang XH , Paluszny A , Zimmerman R. W.
Published: June 2013

Physical accuracy, numerical stability, and computational speed are critical factors in the simulation of collisions. The impulse‐based method models collisions in a system of rigid bodies in a relatively reliable and fast manner. In the present paper, evidence is presented for the energy‐conserving and momentum‐conserving properties of the method. Two different impulse‐based approaches are validated using numerical tests. A necessary condition is proposed for the impulse‐based method to be energy conservative. Results indicate that the impulse‐based method for collision simulation, which satisfies the proposed condition, is energy conservative. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discouraging Disadvantaged Fathers’ Employment: An Unintended Consequence of Policies Designed to Support Families
Authors: Cancian Maria , Heinrich Carolyn J. , Chung Yiyoon
Published: June 2013

Substantial declines in employment and earnings among disadvantaged men may be exacerbated by child support enforcement policies that are designed to help support families but may have the unintended consequence of discouraging fathers’ employment. Disentangling causal effects is challenging because high child support debt may be both a cause and a consequence of unemployment and low child support order compliance. We used childbirth costs charged in unmarried mothers’ Medicaid‐covered childbirths, from Wisconsin administrative records, as an exogenous source of variation to identify the impact of debt. We found that greater debt has a substantial negative effect on fathers’ formal employment and child support payments, and that this effect is mediated by fathers’ prebirth earnings histories.
Elution‐extrusion Counter‐current Chromatography Separation of Two New Benzyl Ester Glucosides and Three Other High‐polarity Compounds from the Tubers of Pleione bulbocodioides
Authors: Wang Yang , Guan Shu‐hong , Feng Rui‐hong , Zhang Jing‐xian , Li Qing , Chen Xiao‐hui , Bi Kai‐shun , Guo De‐an
Published: June 2013

Introduction

The tubers of Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe, with gastrodin and benzyl ester glucosides as main components, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various cancers and bacterial infections. Up to now, their official quality control method is still inadequate, and the difficulty of obtaining these high‐polarity compounds is one of the major reasons.

Objective

To develop a rapid and efficient method for preparative separation of the high‐polarity compounds gastrodin and benzyl ester glucosides.

Methods

An optimised solvent system composed of n‐butanol:ethanol:water (20:1:20, v/v/v) was applied for the elution‐extrusion counter‐current chromatography (EECCC) separation. The upper phase was used as the stationary phase, and the lower phase was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, a rotation speed of 850 rpm and a temperature of 35°C.

Results

Five high‐polarity glucosides, including two new compounds, (E)‐4‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxycinnamic acid 9‐(4‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester (4 mg) and (Z)‐2‐(2‐methylpropyl)butenedioic acid bis(4‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester (9 mg), and three main components, gastrodin (87 mg), dactylorhin A (60 mg) and militarine (15 mg), with HPLC purities of 95.4%, 96.4%, 91.1%, 97.2% and 95.5% respectively, were yielded from 400 mg of the prepared sample.

Conclusion

Elution‐extrusion counter‐current chromatography could be used as a useful tool for the separation of high‐polarity compounds such as gastrodin and benzyl ester glucosides and the enrichment of the minor ones. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radial composition of single InGaN nanowires: a combined study by EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Gómez‐Gómez M. , Garro N. , Segura‐Ruiz J. , Martínez‐Criado G. , Chu M. H. , Cantarero A. , Denker C. , Malindretos J. , Rizzi A.
Published: June 2013

magnified image

The radial alloy distribution of Inx Ga1–xN nanowires grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy has been investigated by three different techniques with nanometric spatial resolution and capability to study single nanowires. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy radial line‐scans revealed a gradient in the alloy composition of individual nanowires. Resonant Raman scattering and spatially resolved X‐ray diffraction showed the existence of three distinctive regions with different alloy composition. The combination of the three techniques provides robust evidence of the spontaneous formation of a core–shell structure with a thin Ga‐richer shell wrapping an In‐rich core at the bottom part of the nanowires. This composition‐modulated nanostructure offers an attractive way to explore new device concepts in fully epitaxial nanowire‐based solar cells. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Viral ocular manifestations: a broad overview
Authors: Newman Howard , Gooding Caroline
Published: June 2013

The viruses able to affect the eye are taxonomically diverse, ranging from double‐stranded DNA viruses, to single stranded RNA viruses, to retroviruses. Any part of the eye may be affected, frequently producing blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, cataract and retinitis.

The more common ocular viral infections include the Herpesviruses such as HSV‐1, VZV and CMV. The HIV pandemic is placing a serious burden on ophthalmology clinics, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa as the number of viral ocular diseases is increasing. In particular, CMV retinitis is becoming more prevalent where antiretroviral therapy is not available and is replaced by immune‐recovery uveitis where antiretrovirals are given. This review aims to improve knowledge of the common viral ocular diseases, their diagnosis and management, as well as the fairly uncommon viral ocular diseases that may also cause considerable morbidity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyzing change in students' gene‐to‐evolution models in college‐level introductory biology
Authors: Dauer Joseph T. , Momsen Jennifer L. , Speth Elena Bray , Makohon‐Moore Sasha C. , Long Tammy M.
Published: June 2013

Research in contemporary biology has become increasingly complex and organized around understanding biological processes in the context of systems. To better reflect the ways of thinking required for learning about systems, we developed and implemented a pedagogical approach using box‐and‐arrow models (similar to concept maps) as a foundational tool for instruction and assessment in an Introductory Biology course on genetics, evolution, and ecology. Over the course of one semester, students iteratively constructed, evaluated, and revised “Gene‐to‐Evolution” (GtE) models intended to promote understanding about the connections linking molecular‐level processes with population‐level outcomes. In practice, a successful GtE model contextualizes information provided in a case study and explains how genetic‐level variation originates at the molecular level, is differentially expressed among individuals, and is acted upon by the environment to produce evolutionary change within a population. Our analyses revealed that students' ability to construct biologically accurate models increased throughout the semester. Model complexity peaked near mid‐term then subsequently declined. This suggests that, with time, students were building more parsimonious models, shedding irrelevant information, and improving in their ability to apply accurate and appropriate biological language to explain relationships among concepts. Importantly, we observed the greatest relative gains in model correctness among students who entered the course with lower mean GPA. In an analysis comparing performance among achievement tritiles, lower‐performing students effectively closed the achievement gap with the highest performing students by the end of the semester. Our findings support the effectiveness of model‐based pedagogies for science teaching and learning, and offer a perspective on pedagogical application of modeling strategies to foster systems thinking and knowledge structuring in college‐level biology.
What should we expect from a dual‐process theory of preference construction in choice?
Authors: Gawronski Bertram
Published: June 2013

Dhar and Gorlin (2013) proposed a dual‐process framework for understanding the effects of preference construction in choice. Drawing on the distinction operating principles and operating conditions, it is argued that their emphasis on cognitive elaboration fails to specify the mental operations involved in preference construction. This limitation makes their dual‐process framework circular and susceptible to the criticism of single‐process alternatives. The distinction between associative and propositional processes has the potential to fill this conceptual gap, thereby providing a more thorough understanding of preference construction effects in choice.
Refining the dual‐process theory of preference construction: A reply to Gawronski, Martin and Sloman, Stanovich, and Wegener and Chien
Authors: Gorlin Margarita , Dhar Ravi
Published: June 2013

Our target article proposed a dual‐system framework for understanding context and task effects in choice. In this summary, we address the major points made by each set of commentators and, building on their suggestions, define a more precise dual‐system theory of preference construction. We also propose some avenues for future research on a broader dual‐system approach to understanding choice.
Mean dimension and a sharp embedding theorem: extensions of aperiodic subshifts
Authors: GUTMAN YONATAN , TSUKAMOTO MASAKI
Published: June 2013

We show that if$(X, T)$is an extension of an aperiodic subshift (a subsystem of$(\mathop{\{ 1, 2, \ldots , l\} }\nolimits ^{ \mathbb{Z} } , \mathrm{shift} )$for some$l\in \mathbb{N} $) and has mean dimension$\mathrm{mdim} (X, T)\lt (D/ 2), D\in \mathbb{N} $, then it can be equivariantly embedded in$(\mathop{(\mathop{[0, 1] }\nolimits ^{D} )}\nolimits ^{ \mathbb{Z} } , \mathrm{shift} )$. The result is sharp. If$(X, T)$is an extension of an aperiodic zero-dimensional system then it can be equivariantly embedded in$(\mathop{(\mathop{[0, 1] }\nolimits ^{D+ 1} )}\nolimits ^{ \mathbb{Z} } , \mathrm{shift} )$.
An experimental and theoretical investigation of particle–wall impacts in a T-junction
Authors: Vigolo D. , Griffiths I. M. , Radl S. , Stone H. A.
Published: June 2013

Understanding the behaviour of particles entrained in a fluid flow upon changes in flow direction is crucial in problems where particle inertia is important, such as the erosion process in pipe bends. We present results on the impact of particles in a T-shaped channel in the laminar–turbulent transitional regime. The impacting event for a given system is described in terms of the Reynolds number and the particle Stokes number. Experimental results for the impact are compared with the trajectories predicted by theoretical particle-tracing models for a range of configurations to determine the role of the viscous boundary layer in retarding the particles and reducing the rate of collision with the substrate. In particular, a two-dimensional model based on a stagnation-point flow is used together with three-dimensional numerical simulations. We show how the simple two-dimensional model provides a tractable way of understanding the general collision behaviour, while more advanced three-dimensional simulations can be helpful in understanding the details of the flow.
Effect of wall heating on turbulent boundary layers with temperature-dependent viscosity
Authors: Lee Jin , Yoon Jung Seo , Jin Sung Hyung , Zaki Tamer A.
Published: June 2013

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent boundary layers over isothermally heated walls were performed, and the effect of viscosity stratification on the turbulence statistics and skin friction were investigated. An empirical relation for temperature-dependent viscosity for water was adopted. Based on the free-stream temperature (30°C), two wall temperatures (70°C and 99°C) were selected. In the heated flows, the turbulence energy diminishes in the buffer layer, but increases near the wall. The reduction in turbulence kinetic energy in the buffer layer is accompanied by smaller levels of Reynolds shear stresses and, hence, weaker turbulence production. The enhanced turbulence energy near the wall is attributed to enhanced transfer of energy via additional diffusion-like terms due to the viscosity stratification. Despite the lower fluid viscosity near the wall, dissipation is also increased owing to the augmented near-wall fine-scale motion. Wall heating results in reduction in the skin-friction coefficient by up to 26 %. An evaluation of the different contributions to the skin friction demonstrates that drag reduction is primarily due to the changes in the Reynolds shear stresses across the boundary layer. Quadrant and octant analyses showed that ejections (Q2) and sweeps (Q4) are significantly reduced, a result further supported by an examination of outer vortical structures from linear stochastic estimation of the ejection events and spanwise vortices.
Development of a field-friendly automated dietary assessment tool and nutrient database for India
Authors: Daniel Carrie R. , Kapur Kavita , McAdams Mary J. , Dixit-Joshi Sujata , Devasenapathy Niveditha , Shetty Hemali , Hariharan Sriram , George Preethi S. , Mathew Aleyamma , Sinha Rashmi
Published: June 2013

Studies of diet and disease risk in India and among other Asian-Indian populations are hindered by the need for a comprehensive dietary assessment tool to capture data on the wide variety of food and nutrient intakes across different regions and ethnic groups. The nutritional component of the India Health Study, a multicentre pilot cohort study, included 3908 men and women, aged 35–69 years, residing in three regions of India (New Delhi in the north, Mumbai in the west and Trivandrum in the south). We developed a computer-based, interviewer-administered dietary assessment software known as the ‘NINA-DISH (New Interactive Nutrition Assistant – Diet in India Study of Health)’, which consisted of four sections: (1) a diet history questionnaire with defined questions on frequency and portion size; (2) an open-ended section for each mealtime; (3) a food-preparer questionnaire; (4) a 24 h dietary recall. Using the preferred meal-based approach, frequency of intake and portion size were recorded and linked to a nutrient database that we developed and modified from a set of existing international databases containing data on Indian foods and recipes. The NINA-DISH software was designed to be easily adaptable and was well accepted by the interviewers and participants in the field. A predominant three-meal eating pattern emerged; however, patterns in the number of foods reported and the primary contributors to macro- and micronutrient intakes differed by region and demographic factors. The newly developed NINA-DISH software provides a much-needed tool for measuring diet and nutrient profiles across the diverse populations of India with the potential for application in other South Asian populations living throughout the world.
College is a Rich, Han, Urban, Male Club: Research Notes from a Census Survey of Four Tier One Colleges in China
Authors: Wang Xiaobing , Liu Chengfang , Zhang Linxiu , Shi Yaojiang , Rozelle Scott
Published: June 2013

The opportunity to attend college and earn a degree has increased dramatically in China. However, that does not mean that everyone has an equal opportunity. Historically, there has been well-documented systematic discrimination against minorities, women and the rural poor. The main question of this paper is whether or not this discrimination has persisted since the recent expansion of China's tertiary education system. Using a census of incoming freshmen from four tier one universities, this paper assesses if certain types of students are over-represented while other types of students are under-represented. Comparing the shares of students from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds from our primary survey data with government generated census statistics, we conclude that poor, minority and rural female students are systematically under-represented. In contrast, rich, Han, urban males are dominant in college.
Factor Structure and Reliability of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales in a Large Portuguese Community Sample
Authors: Vasconcelos-Raposo José , Fernandes Helder Miguel , Teixeira Carla M.
Published: June 2013

The purpose of the present study was to assess the factor structure and reliability of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) in a large Portuguese community sample. Participants were 1020 adults (585 women and 435 men), with a mean age of 36.74 (SD = 11.90) years. All scales revealed good reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha values between .80 (anxiety) and .84 (depression). The internal consistency of the total score was .92. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the best-fitting model (*CFI = .940, *RMSEA = .038) consisted of a latent component of general psychological distress (or negative affectivity) plus orthogonal depression, anxiety and stress factors. The Portuguese version of the DASS-21 showed good psychometric properties (factorial validity and reliability) and thus can be used as a reliable and valid instrument for measuring depression, anxiety and stress symptoms.
Body Image and Subjective Well-Being in Portuguese Adolescents
Authors: Borges António , Gaspar de Matos Margarida , Diniz José Alves
Published: June 2013

The study examines the impact of body image in adolescents’ well-being. Well-being was assessed with the scale Kidscreen10, with the Cantril ladder for satisfaction with life and with an ad hoc happiness scale. The study presents data on adolescent health from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC)/World Health Organization study in Portugal (2006), with a sample of 4,877 adolescents, average age of 14 years old and gender distribution at 49,6% males. Portuguese adolescents showed differences between gender and age group regarding their body image-related satisfaction/dissatisfaction and self-perceived body image, being that both components have a direct impact on the levels of well-being. The male gender has better results in the perception of body image and, consequently, well-being. The largest inter-gender differences for well-being is at 15 years of age. The main predictors of well-being are the look and body satisfaction/dissatisfaction, with greater importance on the affective component. This research highlights the importance of body image for adolescents’ well-being, as well as to prepare educational strategies adapted to adolescents’ age and gender, by helping them to develop skills concerning self-knowledge and caring for their look.
Therapie des Pilonidalsinus – ist mehr wirklich mehr?
Authors: Steinemann Daniel C.
Published: June 2013

Der Pilonidalsinus wird heute als erworbene Erkrankung in Form von rupturierten Haarfollikeln angesehen. Sie tritt meist im Bereich der proximalen Rima ani auf und stellt insbesondere bei jungen Männern eine häufige Entität dar. Die akute Abszessbildung und die chronische Sezernierung stellen Operationsindikationen dar. Die chirurgischen Verfahren haben sich weg von der radikalen Exzision mit monatelanger offener Wundbehandlung hin zu Eingriffen mit geringerer Morbidität entwickelt. Wichtig beim akuten Abszess ist ein zweizeitiges Vorgehen mit primär sparsamer Abszessinzision in Lokalanästhesie gefolgt von einer definitiven Fistelsanierung im entzündungsfreien Intervall. Vor allem zwei Operationsmethoden scheinen sich beim Pilonidalsinus durchzusetzen. Zum einen die minimal-invasive Sinusektomie mit sparsamer Exzsion der Pori und des Fistelganges unter Schonung des gesunden Subkutangewebes. Dieser Eingriff kann in Lokalanästhesie auch ambulant durchgeführt werden. Die Rezidivrate nach knapp 4 Jahren beträgt 7 %. Alternativ kommt die primär plastische Deckung der Wunde mit einem Verschiebelappen in Frage. Die offene Wundbehandlung entfällt dabei. Die Rezidivrate beträgt 3 %. Zur Rezidivprophylaxe ist individuell eine Laserepilation zu erwägen.
Der anale Crohn
Authors: Burri Emanuel , Vavricka Stephan R.
Published: June 2013

Patienten mit Morbus Crohn weisen bei der Erstvorstellung bereits in 20 – 30 % perianale Läsionen auf, meist Abszesse und Fisteln. Die Diagnose einer Fistel kann meist klinisch gestellt werden. Die weitere Abklärung sollte mittels Magnetresonanztomographie oder analer Endosonographie erfolgen wobei eine genaue präoperative Bildgebung die Rezidivrate deutlich reduziert. Einfache, unkomplizierte Fisteln können primär medikamentös mit Antibiotika therapiert werden. Bei komplexen Fisteln bietet eine kombinierte medikamentös-chirurgische Therapie in der Regel die optimale Behandlung. Die alleinige chirurgische Behandlung von komplexen perianalen Fisteln ist selten kurativ und von einer erheblichen Morbidität begleitet, wohingegen die alleinige medikamentöse Therapie aufgrund der Rezidivrate und der hohen Therapiekosten Nachteile aufweist. Bei hohen transsphinktären, suprasphinktären oder extrasphinktären Fisteln werden zudem Immunsuppresiva oder anti-TNF alpha Blocker eingesetzt. Ein kompletter, andauernder Fistelverschluss wird dabei in 30 – 50 % erreicht. Ein Viertel aller Patienten mit perianalem Morbus Crohn bedürfen im Laufe ihrer Erkrankung einer chirurgischen Behandlung. Die Fistelspaltung ist das häufigste Verfahren und wird bei subkutanen und kurzen intersphinktären Fisteln angewandt. Transsphinktäre oder intersphinktäre Fisteln sollten hingegen nicht gespalten werden. Die Seton-Einlage kann dabei als primäre Therapie oder als Vorbereitung für ein definitives chirurgisches Verfahren eingesetzt werden. Als minimalinvasives chirurgisches Verfahren wird der anale Fistelzapfen eingesetzt. Obwohl die Rezidivrate hoch ist, kann das Verfahren aufgrund der geringen Inkontinenzgefahr und der Einfachheit des operativen Eingriffs als Therapie empfohlen werden. Als Standartverfahren gilt die Fistelexzision mit Deckung der inneren Fistelöffnung durch einen Mukosa-Verschiebelappen. Damit kann auch bei komplexer Fistulierung oft eine Remission erreicht werden. Fissuren, Ulzerationen, Strikturen stellen nicht-fistulierende perianale Läsionen des Morbus Crohn dar.