bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Isogeometric Shape Optimization Method Based on Finite Cell Method
Authors: He Gang , Pan Zheng Yu , Zou Zhi Hui , Zhu Deng Lin
Published: August 2014

Isogeometric analysis (IGA) method uses the same mathematical model in geometric design and engineering analysis, and is the most potential method to realize high accuracy and integrated optimization design. Finite Cell Method (FCM) introduces high order finite element method into fictitious domain method, and it has great advantages of complex boundary representation and high efficient convergence. In order to break through IGA’s limit on geomerty’s topology, IGA and FCM are combined together in this research. Function Heasivide and Dirac are used to approximate the computational domain and its first order derivative, then the stiffness matrix on the fictitious domain are calculated and the displacement in the shape with complex boundary is solved by IGA method. One order and two order implicit curves are used to the outer boundary representation of elastic optimization problem, and their coefficients are taken as design variable. The sensitivity formulas are deduced. MMA method is used to implement the IGA shape optimization based on FCM. The examples show that our method is efficient and the result is satisfied.
Mixed Gas Removal Analysis and Research on the Theory of Automobile Engine Carbon Deposition
Authors: Liu Yi Xiang
Published: August 2014

Automobile engine memory in carbon deposition, will have a serious impact on the engine. This effect is reflected not only in the physical structure of the damage to the engine itself, will make the work efficiency of engine to reduce. Mixed gas carbon removal as a new method of removing the engine carbon deposit, not only without disassembling the engine, the method is simple, but also on the surrounding environment will not cause harm. At present, the method of removing carbon deposition engine mixed gas is widely used in automobile engine maintenance. This article will from the principle of mixed gas removal method of carbon by theoretical analysis and research system. In this paper, the mechanism of removal of carbon hydrogen and oxygen are analyzed and studied. Firstly, discusses the methods of preparation of carbon to hydrogen, through simple calculation of water electrolysis hydrogen production, the quantity and the required relationship between the electric quantity. The chapter on the causes and harms of engine carbon deposit is analyzed, according to the formation and properties of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and carbon removal principle of osmosis respectively from the macro micro chemical reaction, combustion characteristics and ultrastructure of H2 molecule on carbon, and deduced the H2 and carbon deposition reaction of general chemical formula.
Development of Auto-Correct System towards Circle Precise Carbon-Film Potentiometer
Authors: Guo Hua , Wang Hao Yan
Published: August 2014

Circle film carbon potentiometer, as a kind of position feedback device, is widely used in the servo feedback system in the field of aviation and aerospace technology. In the processes of making circle potentiometer, the process of correction on the linearity is an important factor which affects the pass rate of precise carbon-film potentiometer. Now people usually correct the linearity of potentiometer manually, with a lowefficiency and bad effect. Accordingly, in this work we develop a set of correct system on the linearity correction of circle precise carbon-film potentiometer by some research on the correct crafts of some circle potentiometer. The system mainly consists of circuit test part, mechanical correction part and PC control part. This system realizes the auto-correction of the linearity of circle potentiometer by measuring the resistance before correcting, substituting it to predetermined algorithm to make a target value and correcting the linearity. When using this system in the experiment, the corrected linearity of circle potentiometer is below 0.5%, which meets the develop target and using requirement.
A Study of the Cutting Temperatures in Milling Stainless Steels Using Chamfered Main Cutting Edge Nose Radius Worn Tools
Authors: Chang Chung Shin
Published: August 2014

The main purpose of this paper is to study the carbide tip's surface temperature and the cutting forces of milling stainless steel with nose radius worn tools. A new cutting temperatures model incorporating tool worn factor and using the variations of shear and friction plane areas occurring in tool worn situations are presented in this paper. The frictional forces and heat generation on elementary cutting tools are calculated by using the measured cutting forces and the oblique cutting analysis. The tool tip and cutting edges are treated as a series of elementary cutting tips. The carbide tip’s temperature distribution is solved by finite element analysis (FEM) method. Keywords: Milling, stainless steel, cutting temperatures, nose radius tools, FEM
Cutting Force Evolution and its Power Spectrum Analysis with Tool Wear Progress in Ultra-Precision Raster Milling
Authors: Zhang Guo Qing , To Suet , Xiao Gao Bo
Published: August 2014

In this paper, cutting force and its power spectrum analysis at different tool wear levels are explored. A dynamic model is established to simulate the measured cutting force compositions, and a series of cutting experiments have been conducted to investigate the cutting force evolution with the tool wear progress. Research results reveal that in the time domain, the cutting force in UPRM is characterized as a force pulse follows by a damped vibration signals, the vibration can be modeled by a second order impulse response of the measurement system. While in the frequency domain, it is found that the power spectrum density at the natural frequency of dynamometer increases with the progress of tool wear, which therefore can be utilized to monitor diamond tool wear in UPRM.
Influence of Machining Characteristics on Ultra-Precision Cutting of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Hirase Daisuke , Maeda Yukio , Iwatsuka Kenichi , Yazawa Takanori
Published: August 2014

In this study, we investigated ultra-precision cutting technology used in the production of Al alloy polygon mirrors. We compared characteristics of three Al alloys (Al–Mg, Al–Cu, and Al–Si) when cut with a straight diamond tool. When cutting Al alloys, it is desirable to reduce geometric surface roughness and remove tear-out marks and scratch marks. We investigated the relationship between end cutting edge length, surface roughness, and cutting force of straight diamond tools. In addition, we compared surface roughness and cutting force produced by double facet tools with microfacets at the end cutting edge and on the rake-face side. It was found that both tools have similar cutting characteristics and that Al–Mg has the best optical quality, followed by Al–Cu and Al–Si.
Theoretical Analysis about Off-Axis Parabolic Surface Machining under Two Different Accurate Spiral Tool Paths
Authors: Ji Shi Jun , Yu Hui Juan , Zhao Ji , Zhang Lei , Huang Deng Peng
Published: August 2014

Off-axis aspheric surface is an indispensable optical device for the high precision measurement and manufacturing equipment, and the tool path generation is a very important factor for the manufacturing to obtain the surface with high precision form and nanometric surface finish. In this paper, the systemic description of tool path generation method about the off-axis parabolic surface with ultra-precision single point diamond turning is processed. Two effective methods of generating the accurate spiral tool path are proposed and compared. The proposed methods are mainly based on mathematical calculation directly from analytic surfaces, including the general process of tool path generation, cutting-tool compensation and avoiding tool interference. This work can provide the theoretical basis of choosing the cutting tool path for off-axis parabolic surface and can improve the efficiency and precision of machine. Finally, some cutting simulations are implemented to prove the proposed methods.
Length Traceability Using Optical Frequency Comb
Authors: Wei Dong , Takamasu Kiyoshi , Matsumoto Hirokazu
Published: August 2014

High-precision length measurements are strongly demanded for not only industry requirements and science purposes.In 2009, a femtosecond optical frequency comb (FOFC) was adopted in Japan as the national standard tool for measuring length. Recently, numerous studies have focused on FOFC-based high-precision length measurement because this approach offers the possibility of development of a ultimate green length traceability system. A single-wavelength helium–neon (He–Ne) laser was used as a length standard. An FOFC emits discrete pulse-train-shaped light. This markedly different characteristic exists between a He-Ne laser and an FOFC is the reason for the challenge. Previous attempts to challenge this problem have not been satisfactory. This has limited the development and applications of FOFC-based length measurement. In this work, we review our efforts of FOFC-based high-precision length measurement toward developing an ultimate green length traceability system.
High Efficiency Tool Path Generation for Freeform Surface Machining Based on NURBS Subdivision
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Hozumi Akimitsu , Tanaka Tomohisa , Saito Yoshio
Published: August 2014

Along with the rapid development of CAD/CAM system, the smooth surfaces are widely used in industry design. Especially NURBS surface attracts rising attentions because NURBS can describe flat surface, freeform surface and so on. Currently a lot of tool path generation patterns are proposed for milling process of freeform surface. Nevertheless there are still some problems on generating efficient tool path for freeform surface under the requested surface finish roughness. In this research, in order to resolve these problems, NURBS surface is divided into some patches and the tool path is generated on each patch. This paper proposes a surface divide method and makes a comparison between this method and undivided method. As a result, it is found that dividing the surface is helpful for the making shorter tool path and increase the machining efficiency.
Performance of the Partially Porous and the Fully Porous Aerostatic Journal Bearings with Incompressible Air Flow
Authors: Huang Te Yen , Hsu Shao Yu , Wang Bo Zhi , Lin Sheam Chyun
Published: August 2014

This report presents a study on the performance of the fully porous and the partially porous aerostatic journal bearings. Based on the finite volume method and the pressure-velocity coupling scheme of the SIMPLE algorithm with the standard k-ε turbulent model, this study utilized the CFD software to solve the incompressible three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations to calculate the pressure of the flow field in the bearings. The effects of the size of the porous medium, the bearing gap, the eccentric ratio and the rotational speed of the spindle on the characteristics of the bearing such as the pressure distribution, the load carrying capacity and the stiffness were investigated. The computed results revealed that, when the spindle rotated at high speed, the effect of the dynamic pressure became dominant, while the effect of the static pressure became insignificant. Among the three types of journal bearings under investigation, the partially porous aerostatic journal bearing exhibited the highest ratio of output pressure to air volume flow rate. It indicated that, in terms of operational efficiency, the partially porous aerostatic journal bearing is superior to the fully porous aerostatic journal bearing.
A Study of Computer Controlled Ultra-Precision Polishing of Silicon Carbide Reflecting Lenses for Enhancing Surface Roughness
Authors: Li Zhuo Lin , Lee Wing Bun , Cheung Benny C.F. , Ho L.T. , Fu Yue Gang
Published: August 2014

Reflecting lens is an important component of optical systems, such as high-resolution cameras, large space telescopes and meteorological satellites etc. Among the lens materials, Silicon Carbide (SiC) has attracted a lot of attention as an important optical material because of its excellent mechanical and physical properties. Apart from the form accuracy, the attainment of a consistently high optical quality in polishing SiC is still of a concern. There are advanced ultra-precision polishing machines that can correct geometrical errors and surface finish of the workpiece. These include surface roughness and waviness. However, the hardness of SiC material itself put an challenge for polishing process. In this paper, A computer controlled ultra-precision polishing (CCUP) method based on mechanical polishing is used to produce the SiC lens. Experiments are being designed on a 7-axis ultra precision polishing machine (Zeeko IRP200). As it is difficult to find out slurry which is harder than SiC so that the conventional polishing slurry is be used. It provides a nice consequence that it also efficient when the polish powder is softer than the machined materials. The tool pressure, polishing head speed and the feed rate are varied and optimized to obtain the best reflectivity of the lens being polished. A pilot experiment will be conducted for the corrective polishing for the form error of the optical surface made of SiC. The result from the study will provide an important means to optimize the process for machining SiC reflective lens using the CCUP process.
Investigation of Removal Mechanism of Sapphire in Plasma Assisted Polishing
Authors: Monna Kohki , Deng Hui , Endo Katsuyoshi , Yamamura Kazuya
Published: August 2014

Single crystal sapphire is widely used as the material for precision equipments, due to its high hardness, chemical inertness and light transmission. However, it is difficult to obtain a scratch-free and damage-free sapphire surface with high-efficiency through traditional mechanical polishing or etching. We developed plasma assisted polishing (PAP) for the finishing of difficult-to-machine materials, such as silicon carbide, diamond, and sapphire. In this article, preliminary research results are showed about PAP applied to polishing of single crystal c-plane sapphire substrates. Combination of helium based atmospheric pressure water vapor plasma irradiation and silica abrasive polishing drastically increased removal rate of the sapphire c-plane. XPS measurements of the surfaces with and without irradiation of water vapor plasma revealed that alumina hydrate was formed by plasma irradiation at low temperature of less than 40°C. It is assumed that formation of alumina hydrate promoted the removal rate of sapphire.
Evaluation of Straightness of Two-Axes Stage
Authors: Iori Keisuke , Ozaki Miyu , Furutani Ryoshu
Published: August 2014

Two-axes stages (XY stage) are used for precise machining and precise positioning. The XY stage should have the resolution of nanometer in the nanotechonology. In order to determine that the XY stage has enough small resolution, it is necessary to evaluate the positioning accuracy. The shape of stage axes affects measurement result. Therefore, it is necessary to know the shape of the axes. This paper describes the method how to evaluate the straightness of the stage to measure the behavior of the stage. The behavior of the stage is measured by laser interferometer, which measures the displacement. The reflection mirrors are set up on the stage, which reflects the laser. The result of measurement by the laser interferometer includes both of the shape of the reflection mirrors and the shape of the axes. In the case of nanometer positioning, the shape of the reflection mirrors affects measurement result, as the profile error of reflection mirrors are as small as motion error. We theoretically and experimentally inspect whether both errors can be separated from the displacement. In this simulation, the shape of axes and the shape of the reflection mirrors are generated randomly. The shape of axes and the shape of reflection mirrors are estimated by non-linear least-squares method. The estimated shape of axes and shape of reflection mirrors are compared with the ideal shape of them. After simulation, similar method is applied to the actual stage and laser interferometer. The result of simulation and measurement are shown.
Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Grinding of Microstructures on Binderless Tungsten Carbide (WC)
Authors: Guo Bing , Zhao Qing Liang , Hou Yan , Ge Cheng , Yu Xin
Published: August 2014

Microstructured optical elements made of glass are generally replicated by hot pressing with super-hard materials, such as binderless tungsten carbide (WC) and precision ceramic. However, in grinding of microstructures, problems frequently occur in terms of rough ground surface, chipping and rounding of micro-structures edges when compared to conventional grinding. In order to overcome these technological constraints, a promising precision grinding method for microstructured surfaces that applies ultrasonic vibration to improve the surface quality, and protect the edges and tips of microstructured surfaces is presented. The experimental investigation of ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding of microstructures on binderless WC is researched. The effects of ultrasonic vibration on surface roughness, form accuracy and edge radius were analyzed. The morphology of surface and array edges was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the surface roughness was measured by a laser interferometer. And a contact probe profilometer was used to assess the form of array and radius of microstructured edges. Experimental results showed that the application of ultrasonic vibration leads to significant improvements of the surface roughness and edges of microstructures compared with traditional precision grinding processes. A micro cylinder lens array of binderless WC with surface roughness of 78nm and edge radius of less than 1μm was obtained. The novel grinding method is feasible and applicable in machining higher form accuracy microstructures.
Bending Method for Forming Curvature and Various Cross-Section Shapes
Authors: Utsumi Noah , Yoshida Masashi
Published: August 2014

Previous studies on the bending process of extruded aluminum alloys have focused on a high-precision bending process that controls various undesirable phenomena. In contrast, this paper proposes a new bending method in which undesirable deformations are intentionally occurred and can be deformed into an arbitrary cross-sectional shape. By bending the extruded section, we sought to establish a novel bending process, in which a curvature and cross-sectional shape are produced in a single process. Undesirable deformations that occur by bending channel materials with a removed tensile flange include both the outward and inward deformations of the webs. Based on such deformations, this report proposes several types of cross-sectional shapes that can be formed through simulations and press bending experiments.
High-Accuracy Calibration of CMM Using Temporal-Coherence Fiber Interferometer with Fast-Repetition Comb Laser
Authors: Chanthawong Narin , Takahashi Satoru , Takamasu Kiyoshi , Matsumoto Hirokazu
Published: August 2014

A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a measuring system with the means to move probing system and capability to determine spatial coordinates on working surface. CMM is used in many industry fields from few micrometers of work pieces to a 5-meter truck. The verification method of CMM is done following international standard. The artifacts for calibrated reference length are the end standards, such as gauge block and step gauge, or laser interferometer for large size CMM. The current laser interferometer is operated by continuous laser and interference fringe counting. One constraint of continuous laser is an incremental measurement. The measurement path cannot be interrupted during the measurement period. We developed a new absolute interferometer system from a short-pulse mode-locked fiber laser. A Fabry–Pérot etalon (FPE) is used to select high-frequency parts of repetition-frequency modes of the mode-locked comb laser at the wavelength of 1.55 μm. The 5-GHz repetition-modified laser beam, which is realized by a new fiber-type FPE, is transmitted to a fiber-type Michelson interferometer. The interference fringes exhibit a temporal coherence interference and can be used for measuring spatial positioning. The temporal coherence between different pairs of modified pulse trains is referred to as absolute length standards. The performance of CMM was determined directly from different positions of two interference fringe patterns.
Numerical Simulation Research of an Ultra-Micro Dispensing
Authors: Xu Ce , Zhang Qin , Huang Wei Jun , Aoyama Hisayuki
Published: August 2014

Along with the miniaturization of products and the precision of micro-assembly, the ultra-micro dispensing is an important guarantee to realize precision assembly. In this paper, we analyze the dynamic process of an ultra-micro (fLclass) dispensing based on the micro-droplet surface tension. According to the analysis, the micro-fluid dynamics model is built in the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software Fluent14.0 program, and the working process is dynamically simulated based on the model. Furthermore, the experiment platform is established and actual dispensing process similar to the simulation is successfully acquired under the same conditions. Finally, the diameters of actual dispensing dots are compared with simulation values respectively under the same three sets of different dispensing parameters, and results show that actual values keep high consistency with the simulations, which verifies the correctness and feasibility of the proposed micro-fluid dynamics model.
Chemically Etched Axicon Fiber as a Sensor Probe of Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Taguchi Kozo , Takatsu Motohiko
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we investigated a high lateral resolution common-path Fourier domain OCT system with the use of a chemically etched single mode fiber. In our experiments, single mode optical fiber for 840nm was used for preparing the tapered tips. Our system used a conical microlens that was chemically etched by selective chemical etching technique using an etching solution of buffered hydrofluoric acid (BHF). From experimental results, we verified that our proposed optical coherence tomography system could operate as a common-path Fourier domain OCT (FD-OCT) system. Furthermore, we experimentally investigated the chemical etching process of silica-based optical fiber probes by controlling the etching time when applying chemical etching techniques using hydrofluoric acid. We evaluated the beam profile from fiber probe. From these investigations, it was found that etching time was important parameter for sensor probe of optical coherence tomography.
Enhance the Sensibility of the Resonance Type Eddy Current Testing
Authors: Maruyama Kouki , Marinova Illiana , Saito Yoshifuru
Published: August 2014

Eddy current testing (ECT) is one of the most representative nondestructive testing methods for metallic materials, parts, structures and so on. This paper proposes improvement of sensibility of the impedance sensing type ECT. Sensibility of the ECT is improved by means of three steps. One is an optimum exciting frequency selection. We employ the natural parallel resonant frequency of ECT coil. The second is to increase the sharpness of the resonance curve on impedance versus frequency characteristic by changing the coil connection. Finally, we attach externally capacitor to reduce the resonance frequency into low. This makes it possible to enhance the sensibility of the impedance sensing type ECT operating at the resonant frequency.
Relevance Theory as an approach to interpreting the Bible for children: The Lucan version of the Lord�s Prayer as a test case
Authors: Evans Annette H.
Published: August 2014

Recent research has demonstrated that children are sensitive to the underlying causal structureof the world and seek to form new causal representations at a much earlier age than hadpreviously been supposed. Modern scientific understanding of the evolution of life conflictswith the biblical representation of earth as the centre of the world, and of human beings as theimago Dei. Consequently, young children frequently experience cognitive dissonance whenexposed to biblical texts. Two previous pilot studies utilising specifically designed illustratedbooklets demonstrated that children respond more readily to a text that is relevant to their owncultural context. This article tests the possibility of presenting a universally relevant biblicaltext (Lk 11:2b�4) to young children in a form that does not conflict with modern science andtakes aspects of recent research on child psychology into account.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: In our postmodern culturalcontext children tend to experience cognitive dissonance when exposed to biblical texts,and consequently lose interest. This article proposes that by presenting the biblical contentin accordance with Relevance Theory, and in coherence with recent scientific explanatorytheories, the interest of the children may be sustained.
The Low Prevalence of Y Chromosomal Microdeletions is Observed in the Oligozoospermic Men in the Area of Mato Grosso State and Amazonian Region of Brazilian Patients
Authors: Godoy Gleice Cristina dos Santos , Galera Bianca Borsatto , Araujo Claudinéia , Barbosa Jacklyne Silva , De Pinho Max Fernando , Galera Marcial Francis , de Medeiros Sebastião Freitas
Published: August 2014

Objective

To determine the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletions on Y chromosome in infertile patients with oligozoospermia or azoospermia in Mato Grosso state, Brazil.

Methods

This cross-sectional study enrolled 94 men from infertile couples. Karyotype analysis was performed by lymphocyte culture technique. DNA from each sample was extracted using non-enzymatic method. Microdeletions were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

With the use of cytogenetic analysis, five patients (5.3%) had abnormal karyotype, one azoospermic patient (1.1%) had karyotype 46,XY,t(7;1) (qter-p35), one (1.1%) with mild oligozoospermia had karyotype 46, XY, delY(q), and two other azoospermic patients had karyotype 47,XXY, consistent with Klinefelter syndrome (KS). One of them (1.1%) with severe oligozoospermia had karyotype 46,XY,8p+. Microdeletion on Y chromosome was found in the azoospermia factor c (AZFc) region in only one azoospermic patient (1.1%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of genetic abnormalities in oligo/azoospermic Brazilian men from infertile couple was 5.3%, and microdeletion on Y chromosome was not a common finding in this population (1.1%).
Conservative Treatment of Dentigerous Cysts in Childhood
Authors: Baykul Timuçin , Aksoy Müge Çina , Koçer Gülperi , Yildirim Gülsün , Dolanmaz Doğan
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Developmental odontogenic jaw cysts are generally connected with impacted or unerupted teeth. The conservative treatment options of these types of cysts will be presented.

Study design

In this study 17 cases operated in Süleyman Demirel and Selcuk Universities Faculty of Dentistry were included. The data of the cases were documented with respect to age, sex, localization, symptoms, presence of unerupted teeth on panoramic radiographs. The cysts were treated with marsupialization with an obturator made of acrylic resin in nine patients and a tube drain in eight patients to keep the window open.

Results and conclusion

Marsupialization was evaluated as extremely effective in 15 patients, the cysts completely disappeared and the permanent teeth were erupted, in two patients the cysts disappeared but the teeth were not erupted.

Enucleation, marsupialization or their combination are the conventional treatment options of the jaw cysts. Large cysts may localize nearby the important anatomical structures or may involve unerupted permanent teeth. These kind of cysts may be treated with marsupialization in order to protect these anatomical structures or to allow the eruption of the permanent teeth.

Marsupialization should be considered as an effective conservative treatment method of the jaw cysts during mixed dentition in the childhood.

How to cite this article

Aksoy MÇ, Koçer G, Yildirim G, Baykul T, Dolanmaz D. Conservative Treatment of Dentigerous Cysts in Childhood. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(1):14-18.
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization
Authors: Bajwa Navroop Kaur , Jingarwar Mahesh Madhukar , Pathak Anuradha
Published: August 2014

Developmental defects of tooth enamel are not uncommon, both in the primary and permanent dentition. An example of idiopathic enamel defect is molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). The condition is defined as a hypomineralization of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors. The prevalence of MIH is reported to vary between 2.4 and 40.2% in normal child populations. Management consists of early diagnosis, prevention of caries or posteruptive breakdown and interception if caries or breakdown has already ensued. Management challenges include difficulty in obtaining adequate anesthesia, increased incidence of caries, early pulpal involvement and gross destruction of clinical crown of affected teeth. In young permanent teeth, semipermanent crowns like stainless steel crowns for posterior teeth and direct composite veneering for anterior teeth are the recommended solutions.

How to cite this article

Bajwa NK, Jingarwar MM, Pathak A. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(1):37-40.
Long-term MAX-DOAS network observations of NO2 in Russia and Asia (MADRAS) during the period 2007–2012: instrumentation, elucidation of climatology, and comparisons with OMI satellite observations and global model simulations
Authors: Kanaya Y. , Irie H. , Takashima H. , Iwabuchi H. , Akimoto H. , Sudo K. , Gu M. , Chong J. , Kim Y. J. , Lee H. , Li A. , Si F. , Xu J. , Xie P.-H. , Liu W.-Q. , Dzhola A. , Postylyakov O. , Ivanov V. , Grechko E. , Terpugova S. , Panchenko M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. We conducted long-term network observations using standardized Multi-Axis Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments in Russia and ASia (MADRAS) from 2007 onwards and made the first synthetic data analysis. At seven locations (Cape Hedo, Fukue and Yokosuka in Japan, Hefei in China, Gwangju in Korea, and Tomsk and Zvenigorod in Russia) with different levels of pollution, we obtained 80 927 retrievals of tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (TropoNO2VCD) and aerosol optical depth (AOD). In the technique, the optimal estimation of the TropoNO2VCD and its profile was performed using aerosol information derived from O4 absorbances simultaneously observed at 460–490 nm. This large data set was used to analyze NO2 climatology systematically, including temporal variations from the seasonal to the diurnal scale. The results were compared with Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite observations and global model simulations. Two NO2 retrievals of OMI satellite data (NASA ver. 2.1 and Dutch OMI NO2 (DOMINO) ver. 2.0) generally showed close correlations with those derived from MAX-DOAS observations, but had low biases of up to ~50%. The bias was distinct when NO2 was abundantly present near the surface and when the AOD was high, suggesting a possibility of incomplete accounting of NO2 near the surface under relatively high aerosol conditions for the satellite observations. Except for constant biases, the satellite observations showed nearly perfect seasonal agreement with MAX-DOAS observations, suggesting that the analysis of seasonal features of the satellite data were robust. Weekend reduction in the TropoNO2VCD found at Yokosuka and Gwangju was absent at Hefei, implying that the major sources had different weekly variation patterns. While the TropoNO2VCD generally decreased during the midday hours, it increased exceptionally at urban/suburban locations (Yokosuka, Gwangju, and Hefei) during winter. A global chemical transport model, MIROC-ESM-CHEM (Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate–Earth System Model–Chemistry), was validated for the first time with respect to background NO2 column densities during summer at Cape Hedo and Fukue in the clean marine atmosphere.
Production and growth of new particles during two cruise campaigns in the marginal seas of China
Authors: Liu X. H. , Zhu Y. J. , Zheng M. , Gao H. W. , Yao X. H.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we investigated production and growth of new particles in the marine atmosphere during two cruise campaigns in China Seas using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer. Only eight new particle formation (NPF) events (> 30 min) occurred on 5 days out of 31 sampling days, and the subsequent growth of new particles was observed only in five events. Apparent formation rates of new particles (in the range of 5.6–30 nm) varied from 0.3 to 15.2 particles cm−3 s−1 in eight events, and growth rates ranged from 2.5 to 10 nm h−1 in five NPF events. Modeling results simulated by US EPA Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) showed that ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was newly formed in the atmosphere over the corresponding sea zone during 2 out of 5 events, in which new particles partially or mostly grew over 50 nm. However, in the remaining three events, new particles cannot grow over 30 nm, and the modeling results showed that no NH4NO3 was newly formed in the corresponding marine atmosphere. Modeling results also showed that formation of secondary organics occurred through all new particle growth periods. Difference between the two types of new particle growth patterns suggested that a combination of ammonium nitrate and organics newly formed likely contributed to the growth of new particles from 30 nm to larger size. However, the findings were obtained from the limited data, and the simulations of CMAQ also suffered from several weaknesses such as only having three size bins for different particles, lack of marine aerosol precursors, etc. More future studies are thereby needed for confirmation.
Thenardite after mirabilite deposits as a cool climate indicator in the geological record: lower Miocene of Central Spain
Authors: Herrero M. J. , Escavy J. I. , Schreiber B. C.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Evaporites are commonly used as indicators of different paleoclimates and sedimentary environments, as well as being geological resources of great economic interest. Ordinarily the presence of evaporites is related to warm and arid environmental conditions, but there are evaporitic minerals, like mirabilite, that form by cooling and a concentration mechanism based on cooling and/or freezing. The diagenetic transformation of mirabilite into thenardite in the upper part of the lower Miocene unit of the Tajo basin (Spain) resulted in the largest reserves of this important industrial mineral in Europe. This unit was formed in a time period (~ 18.4 Ma) that, in other basins of the Iberian Peninsula, is characterized by the existence of particular mammal assemblages appropriate to a relatively cool and arid climate. Determining the origin of the thenardite deposits as related to the diagenetic alteration of a pre-existing mirabilite permits the establishment and characterization of the sedimentary environment where it was formed and also suggests use as a possible analogue with comparable deposits from extreme conditions such as Antarctica or Mars.
Towards people detection from fused time-of-flight and thermal infrared images
Authors: Hoegner L. , Hanel A. , Weinmann M. , Jutzi B. , Hinz S. , Stilla U.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Obtaining accurate 3d descriptions in the thermal infrared (TIR) is a quite challenging task due to the low geometric resolutions of TIR cameras and the low number of strong features in TIR images. Combining the radiometric information of the thermal infrared with 3d data from another sensor is able to overcome most of the limitations in the 3d geometric accuracy. In case of dynamic scenes with moving objects or a moving sensor system, a combination with RGB cameras of Time-of-Flight (TOF) cameras is suitable. As a TOF camera is an active sensor in the near infrared (NIR) and the thermal infrared camera captures the radiation emitted by the objects in the observed scene, the combination of these two sensors for close range applications is independent from external illumination or textures in the scene. This article is focused on the fusion of data acquired both with a time-of-flight (TOF) camera and a thermal infrared (TIR) camera. As the radiometric behaviour of many objects differs between the near infrared used by the TOF camera and the thermal infrared spectrum, a direct co-registration with feature points in both intensity images leads to a high number of outliers. A fully automatic workflow of the geometric calibration of both cameras and the relative orientation of the camera system with one calibration pattern usable for both spectral bands is presented. Based on the relative orientation, a fusion of the TOF depth image and the TIR image is used for scene segmentation and people detection. An adaptive histogram based depth level segmentation of the 3d point cloud is combined with a thermal intensity based segmentation. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated in an experimental setup with different geometric and radiometric influences that show the benefit of the combination of TOF intensity and depth images and thermal infrared images.
Integrated Georeferencing of LiDAR and Camera Data Acquired from a Moving Platform
Authors: Liebold F. , Maas H.-G.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. This paper presents an approach for modeling the trajectory of a moving platform equipped with a laser scanner and a camera. In most cases, GNSS and INS is used to determine the orientation of the platform, but sometimes it is impossible to use GNSS, especially indoor applications should be mentioned here. INS has a bad error propagation without GNSS. In addition, the accuracy of GNSS and low-cost INS is limited and often not equivalent to the accuracy potential of laser scanners. For the camera, there exists the well-known alternative to obtain the orientation parameters via triangulation, for instance employing structure-from-motion techniques. But it is more challenging to find an alternative for the laser scanner, because of its sequential data acquisition. In the approach shown here, we propose to use a camera in combination with structure-from-motion techniques as the basis for determining the laser scanner trajectory parameters. For that purpose, we use piece-wise models for the trajectory through polynomial functions, supported by time-stamped matches between laser scanner and camera data.
Bakhtinian pedagogy is needed in our postmodern world
Authors: Gradovski Mikhail
Published: August 2014

Book review for Dialogic Pedagogy Journal:  E. Jayne White & Michael A. Peters (Eds) (2011) Bakhtinian Pedagogy: Opportunities and Challenges for Research, Policy and Practice in Education across the Globe
Cross Cultural Considerations for Craniofacial Anomolies
Authors: Zhang Zannan A.
Published: August 2014

(none)
Identity and the Narrative of Conflict
Authors: Perelshteyn Sofya
Published: August 2014

(none)
Gravitationally Speaking
Authors: Sherman Mary
Published: August 2014

(none)
Baseline urologic surgical skills among medical students: Differentiating trainees
Authors: Gupta Vishaal , Lantz Andrea G. , Alzharani Tarek , Foell Kirsten , Lee Jason Y
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Urology training programs seek to identify ideal candidates with the potential to become competent urologic surgeons. It is unclear whether innate technical ability has a role in this selection process. We aimed to determine whether there are any innate differences in baseline urologic technical skills among medical students.Methods: Second-year medical students from the University of Toronto were recruited for this study and stratified into surgical and non-surgical cohorts based on their reported career aspirations. After a pre-test questionnaire, subjects were tested on several urologic surgical skills: laparoscopy, cystoscopy and robotic surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared test, student t-tests and Spearman’s correlation where appropriate.Results: A total of 29 students participated in the study and no significant baseline differences were found between cohorts with respect to demographics and prior surgical experience. For laparoscopic skills, the surgical cohort outperformed the non-surgical cohort on several exercises: Lap Beans Missed (4.9 vs. 9.3, p < 0.01), Lap Bean Rating (3.8 vs. 3.1, p = 0.01), Lap Rings Error (0.2 vs. 1.22, p < 0.01), Lap Rings Rating (3.9 vs. 2.9, p < 0.01) and LapSim Grasping Score (64.3 vs. 46.4, p = 0.01). For cystoscopic skills, there were no significant differences between cohorts on any of the performance metrics. The surgical cohort also outperformed the non-surgical cohort on all measured robotic surgery performance metrics: Task Time (50.6 vs. 76.3, p < 0.01), Task Errors (0.2 vs. 3.1, p < 0.01), and Task Score (89.5 vs. 72.6, p < 0.01).Discussion: Objective innate technical ability in urological skills, particularly laparoscopy and robotics, may differ between early trainees interested in a surgical career compared to those interested in a non-surgical career. Further studies are required to illicit what impact such differences have on future performance and competence.
Population-based impact on overall survival after the introduction of docetaxel as standard therapy for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Zielinski Robert R. , Azad Arun A. , Chi Kim N. , Tyldesley Scott
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Utilization of docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains low despite its demonstrated survival benefit. In a population-based cohort, we sought to determine whether the introduction of docetaxel has improved overall survival (OS).Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of mCRPC patients treated with palliative radiotherapy to bone in British Columbia, Canada. Patients in the pre-docetaxel era (pre-DOC, prior to general availability of docetaxel for CRPC) received radiotherapy to bone (RT-B) from 1998 to 2001 and those in the docetaxel era (DOC) received radiotherapy from 2006 to 2009. Time of first radiotherapy to bone was used to select patients at a similar point in their disease state (i.e., onset of bone pain). The primary objective was to determine median OS in the two eras.Results: Of the 919 patients in the pre-DOC era and the 957 in the DOC era, 7% and 37% received docetaxel, respectively. The median OS from time of first palliative RT was 7.5 months versus 10.3 months (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72–0.87; p < 0.0001) in the pre-DOC and DOC cohorts, respectively. On multivariable analyses, both eras treated (HR 0.84; p = 0.001) and the receipt of docetaxel (HR 0.78; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with OS.Conclusion: Although docetaxel penetrance was <50%, median OS was significantly improved in the DOC era compared to the pre-DOC era. This is the first study to demonstrate that docetaxel improves OS in mCRPC patients at a population level.
Novel approaches in the high-risk prostate cancer patient: Summary of key research presented at AUA 2014
Authors: Editorial CUAJ
Published: August 2014

Another topic of focus at AUA 2014 was subgroup of prostate cancer patients deemed to be at high risk.
Status of men’s health in Canada
Authors: Goldenberg S. Larry
Published: August 2014

Men are more likely to die of cancer, heart disease, or diabetes at younger ages than women – a reality that is compounded by the reluctance of men to utilize health care services. In addition to reduced life expectancy, men can also expect to live fewer healthy years than their female counterparts. As gynecologists and obstetricians have led the women’s health movement in addressing gender-specific gaps in care, urologists are well poised to take on a leadership role to advocate for and address men’s health initiatives.
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis for Fractures of Distal Tibia
Authors: Kim Tae Hun , Chung So Hak
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives

This study analyzed clinical and radiologic results, and complications of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis(MIPO) for distal tibia fracture.

Methods

16 patients (17 cases) who were performed MIPO for distal tibia fractures between January 2007 and June 2011, postoperative followed up at least for one year, were selected for this study. The average age was 55.0(26-76) years old and the average period of followup was 15.1(6-27) months. Most of the patients were encouraged to perform ankle dorsiflexion and straight leg raising exercise on splints, from the next day of the operation. As radiologic evaluation, we checked period until bone union, degree of angulation. And postoperative complications were also checked. For functional evaluation of the ankles, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society(AOFAS) score was used.

Results

16 of the 17 cases were achieved primary bone union, and average period of bone union in all the cases was 17.4 (12-42) weeks. Mean varus/valgus angulation after the bone union was 0.8 degrees and mean anteroposterior(AP) angulation was 1.8 degrees. Mean AOFAS score was 85.2(71-95) points; 5 cases of excellent, 10 cases of good, 1 case of fair, showing that 93.8% of the patients represented at least good AOFAS scores. As complications, there were 2 cases of superficial infection, and each 1 case of nonunion and skin irritation. There were no cases of deep infection, metal breakage, nor limb length discrepancy.

Conclusions

MIPO for distal tibia fracture is considered to be an effective operative method, because of its high bone union rate and low complications by minimal disruption of soft tissue and improved bone fixation strength. Also, for earlier return to daily life, ankle joint exercise should be started as soon as possible after the operation.
En hjärtats pedagogik: synen på barnet, lära och lärande inom svensk herrnhutism
Authors: Öhrberg Ann
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Några nedslag i disputationsväsendet under 1700-talet – exemplet Johan Ihre
Authors: Östlund Krister
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Ett svenskt fruntimmers resa till Italien: Beata Charlotta Ekermans brev till Carl Sparre 1784–1785
Authors: Björkman Margareta
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
"Ty må jag för mig sjelf utgjuta mina tårar": Nordenflychts Den sörgande Turtur-Dufwan
Authors: Fischer Otto
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]