bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earthquake distribution in southern Tibet and its tectonic implications
Authors: Liang Xiaofeng , Zhou Shiyong , Chen Y. John , Jin Ge , Xiao Liang , Liu Pingjiang , Fu Yuanyuan , Tang Youcai , Lou Xiaoting , Ning Jieyuan
Published: December 2008

A temporary 37‐station seismic array was operated in southern Tibet from June 2004 to August 2005 close to Xigaze along a traverse from Tangra Yum Co rift in the west to Yadong‐Gulu rift in the east. This lateral array of the international Hi‐CLIMB project recorded a total of 885 local earthquakes during the 14‐month deployment. Hypocenter locations of these events were obtained using HYPOINVERSE2000, and about half of them were relocated by the joint hypocenter determination method. Lateral variations in crustal seismic P and S wave velocities beneath the array were obtained simultaneously as part of the station corrections during the relocation procedure. While earthquakes were scattered in the region, more than 250 earthquakes were clustered within a small area at about 50 km north of the Indus‐Yalu Suture and west of the Pumqu‐Xianza rift. Crustal and uppermost mantle earthquakes are concentrated beneath the Himalayan crest. Projection of all earthquakes to a north–south profile shows that the subducting Indian plate passes the Indus‐Yalu Suture below the Lhasa Terrane. While earthquakes are concentrated in the upper crust and upper mantle beneath the Himalayas, seismicity is mostly restricted to the upper crust to the north, which is consistent with a ductile middle/lower crust beneath southern Tibet. About 20 deep crustal and uppermost mantle events (at depths of 50–70 km) were observed to be associated with the subducting Indian lithosphere. Our relocation results of these local earthquakes in southern Tibet support the popular “jelly‐sandwich” model for the rheology of continental lithosphere in which the strong seismogenic layers of upper curst and uppermost mantle are separated by a weak lower crust.
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous
Published: December 2008

Lee Anderson, 51, 1 November 2008, Atmospheric Sciences, 1994

Philip S. Kelley, 68, 29 October 2008, Physical Oceanography, 1965
Reply to Comment on “Long‐Term Global Heating From Energy Use”
Authors: Chaisson Eric
Published: December 2008

I was completely unaware of Budyko's 1969 article in a journal unfamiliar to most astrophysicists, nor was I privy to policy‐maker concerns inside the Soviet Union more than 40 years ago. What I am sure of is that my article does not predict, as claimed by Budyko, that humankind's waste heat on Earth will equal that of the Sun within 150 years—far from it. Furthermore, my article addresses not merely waste heat; my argument is that every energy‐using gadget dissipates all of its energy at some temperature, whether it is efficient or not.
Scaling relationships for chemical lid convection with applications to cratonal lithosphere
Authors: Sleep Norman H. , Jellinek A. Mark
Published: December 2008

We obtain scaling relationships for convection beneath a chemically distinct conducting lid and compare this situation with isochemical stagnant lid convection. In both cases, the vigor of convection depends upon the small temperature contrast across the actively convecting rheological boundary layer, that is, ΔTrheo, the temperature difference between the base of the lid and the underlying half‐space. The laterally averaged convective heat flow beneath a chemical lid scales as q ∝ ΔTrheo4/3. Heat flow through a chemical lid approaches a stagnant lid value where the lid does not impact the rheological boundary layer. Such a condition is met when ΔTrheo/Tη ≈ 3.6, where Tη is the temperature change required to change viscosity by a factor of e. We apply our scaling relationships to the slow vertical tectonics of continental interiors: We find that whereas chemical lid convection governs the mantle heat flow to the base of cratons that are underlain by chemically buoyant lithosphere, classical stagnant lid convection governs heat flow into platforms. The laterally averaged heat flow supplied by isochemical stagnant lid convection to platforms has waned as the Earth's mantle cooled. Consequently, the thickness of platform lithosphere, in thermal equilibrium with isochemical stagnant lid convection, has increased over time. Thermal contraction of the thickening platform lithosphere is expected to produce ∼300 m subsidence relative to cratons beneath air. This prediction explains why cratons tend to outcrop and platforms tend to be sediment covered.
Active faulting and heterogeneous deformation across a megathrust segment boundary from GPS data, south central Chile (36–39°S)
Authors: Moreno M. S. , Klotz J. , Melnick D. , Echtler H. , Bataille K.
Published: December 2008

This study focuses on the present‐day deformation mechanisms of the south central Chile margin, at the transition zone between two megathrust earthquake segments defined from historical data: the Valdivia and Concepción sectors. New GPS data and finite‐element models with complex geometries constrained by geophysical data are presented to gain insight into forearc kinematics and to address the role of upper plate faults on contemporary deformation. GPS vectors are heterogeneously distributed in two domains that follow these two earthquake segments. We find that models which simulate only interseismic locking on the plate interface fail to reproduce surface deformation in the entire study area. In the Concepción domain, models that include a crustal‐scale fault in the upper plate better reproduce the GPS observations. In the Valdivia domain, GPS data show regional‐scale vertical axis rotations, which could reflect postseismic deformation processes at the edge of the Mw 9.5 earthquake that ruptured in 1960 and/or activity of another crustal fault related to motion of a forearc sliver. Our study suggests that upper plate faults in addition to earthquake cycle transients may exert an important control on the surface velocity of subduction zone forearcs.
Improve the utility of a coastal circulation model by assimilating hydrographic observations into the model momentum equation
Authors: Zhai Li , Sheng Jinyu
Published: December 2008

A numerical scheme is presented to assimilate hydrographic observations into the momentum equation of a limited‐area coastal ocean circulation model. This new scheme has an advantage of assimilating observed hydrography into the model momentum equations and leaving the model temperature and salinity equations to be fully prognostic and is well suited for tracer studies. The performance of this new scheme is assessed using a nested‐grid coastal circulation model developed for Lunenburg Bay of Nova Scotia, Canada. Model results demonstrate that this new scheme improves significantly the performance of the coastal circulation model in simulating the temperature and salinity distributions and circulation over coastal waters.
Penetration characteristics of the interplanetary electric field to the daytime equatorial ionosphere
Authors: Manoj C. , Maus S. , Lühr H. , Alken P.
Published: December 2008

Using 8 years of ionospheric drift measurements from the low‐latitude JULIA (Jicamarca Unattended Long‐term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere) radar and the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data from the ACE (Advance Composition Explorer) satellite, we study the characteristics of the prompt penetration of electric fields to the equatorial ionosphere. A large database allowed us to bring out statistically significant characteristics of electric field penetration as a function of frequency. The coherence between the interplanetary electric field (IEF) and the equatorial electric field (EEF) peaks around a 2‐hour period with a maximum magnitude squared coherence of 0.6. The coherence is slightly higher (0.7) on magnetically active (Ap > 20) days. The cross‐phase spectra between the ACE and JULIA variations, after elimination of the propagation delay, have negligible values. Correspondingly, the time shift between IEF and EEF is less than 5 minutes at all periods. We also find that the penetration efficiency is highest during local noon, as compared with that of morning and evening hours. The coherence is lower for days with high solar flux values. We find that the penetration of electric fields into the equatorial ionosphere has no significant dependence on season and on the polarity of IMF Bz. We propose a transfer function between IEF and EEF, which was validated on synthetic as well as observed IEF data. The use of this transfer function decreases the misfit of a climatological model with the measured equatorial electric field by 27%.
Crustal structure and Moho depth profile crossing the central Apennines (Italy) along the N42° parallel
Authors: Di Bona Massimo , Lucente Francesco Pio , Piana Agostinetti Nicola
Published: December 2008

We present results from a teleseismic receiver function study of the crustal structure in the central Apennines (Italy). Data from 15 stations deployed in a linear transect running along the N42° parallel were used for the analysis. A total number of 364 receiver functions were analyzed. The crustal structure has been investigated using the neighborhood algorithm inversion scheme proposed by Sambridge (1999a), obtaining crustal thicknesses, bulk crustal VP/VS ratio, and velocity‐depth models. In each inversion, the degree of constraint of the different parameters has been appraised by the Bayesian inference algorithm by Sambridge (1999b). The study region is characterized by crustal complexities and intense tectonic activity (recent volcanism, orogenesis, active extensional processes), and these complexities are reflected in the receiver functions. However, the relatively close spacing among the seismometers (about 20 km) helped us in the reconstruction of the crustal structure and Moho geometry along the transect. Crossing the Apennines from west to east, the Moho depth varies by more than 20 km, going from a relatively shallow depth (around 20 km) on the Tyrrhenian side, deepening down to about 45 km depth beneath the external front of the Apenninic orogen, and rising up again to about 30 km depth in correspondence of the Adriatic foreland. Despite the strong variability of the crustal thickness, the average crustal VS values show little variation along the transect, fluctuating around 3 km/s. The average VP values obtained from the VS and VP/VS are generally lower than 6 km/s.
Fixed point theorems of GPS carrier phase ambiguity resolution and their application to massive network processing: Ambizap
Authors: Blewitt Geoffrey
Published: December 2008

Precise point positioning (PPP) has become popular for Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic network analysis because for n stations, PPP has O(n) processing time, yet solutions closely approximate those of O(n3) full network analysis. Subsequent carrier phase ambiguity resolution (AR) further improves PPP precision and accuracy; however, full‐network bootstrapping AR algorithms are O(n4), limiting single network solutions to n < 100. In this contribution, fixed point theorems of AR are derived and then used to develop “Ambizap,” an O(n) algorithm designed to give results that closely approximate full network AR. Ambizap has been tested to n ≈ 2800 and proves to be O(n) in this range, adding only ∼50% to PPP processing time. Tests show that a 98‐station network is resolved on a 3‐GHz CPU in 7 min, versus 22 h using O(n4) AR methods. Ambizap features a novel network adjustment filter, producing solutions that precisely match O(n4) full network analysis. The resulting coordinates agree to ≪1 mm with current AR methods, much smaller than the ∼3‐mm RMS precision of PPP alone. A 2000‐station global network can be ambiguity resolved in ∼2.5 h. Together with PPP, Ambizap enables rapid, multiple reanalysis of large networks (e.g., ∼1000‐station EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory) and facilitates the addition of extra stations to an existing network solution without need to reprocess all data. To meet future needs, PPP plus Ambizap is designed to handle ∼10,000 stations per day on a 3‐GHz dual‐CPU desktop PC.
Money handling influences BMI: a survey of cashiers
Authors: Karve Shraddha , Shurpali Ketaki , Dahanukar Neelesh , Jog Maithili , Watve Milind
Published: December 2008

Money is a recent phenomenon in the evolutionary history of man and therefore no separate brain centre to handle money is likely to have evolved. The brain areas activated by food reward and money reward are extensively overlapping. In an experimental set-up, hunger was demonstrated to influence money related decisions and money related thoughts to influence hunger. This suggests that the brain areas evolved for handling food related emotions are exapted to handle money and therefore there could be a neuronal cross-talk between food and money. If this is true then attitude and behavior related to money and wealth could influence obesity. We conducted a survey of 211 individuals working as full time cashiers in order to test whether ownership over the cash, the amount of cash handled per day and the duration of cash handling work affected their body mass index (BMI). Cashiers who had ownership over the money had a significantly higher age corrected mean BMI than salaried cashiers. The BMI correlated positively with duration of service as cashier even after correcting for age and duration of sedentary job in males. Among salaried cashiers of both sexes, bank cashiers whose mean daily cash handling was one or two orders of magnitude greater than that of shop cashiers, had a significantly higher BMI. The effects of amount of money handled per day, years of service as cashier and ownership over the money handled could be shown to influence BMI independent of each other. The results support the exaptation hypothesis and suggest that the changing economy and attitudes towards money may be a contributing factor to the current obesity epidemic.
Accessible Picture Communication on the Playground
Authors: Derse Christine
Published: December 2008

This article is based on a poster presented at the 2008 ASHA Division 12 conference. The purpose of the poster was to share information about placing a permanent picture communication board on a newly constructed accessible playground at an elementary school. The idea for a permanent communication board was the result of my experience providing augmentative and alternative communication services in schools and in early intervention. My daughter was a student in regular education attending the school, and students who use AAC also attended the school.
Fast Access, Fast Language, Fast Friends: A Camp Designed for Adults to Communicate About Things That Really Matter
Authors: Mbangamoh Erica , Perry Peggy , Powers Elizabeth , Simunds Erin
Published: December 2008

This article provides information about an experience for adult individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and attend a Camp Courage summer program. The Young Adult AAC Kommunication Kamp (YAAAKK) was developed to allow young adults to interact with peers and new staff in a novel setting and, yet, still have the mentorship and guidance from trained professionals when needed. Data results from the 2008 YAAACK camp are presented in this article.
What Alex the Parrot Can Teach Us About Working With Children With Complex Communication Needs
Authors: Fishman Iris
Published: December 2008

Alex the Parrot was an African grey trained by Dr. Irene Pepperberg to communicate at the level of a 5 year old. Pepperberg used a training method called the model/ rival technique where one person was the trainer, while the other was the model for the bird—and consequently, its rival for the trainer's attention. This model has implications for delivery of AAC treatment services. Although good clinical practice dictates that we deliver AAC services to children with complex communication needs in the same setting in which they will ultimately use their systems, services are still often delivered in one on one sessions. Very often these sessions are conducted without any of the child's significant communication partners present but the clinician herself. The manner in which services are delivered may be the decision of the clinician or it may be dictated by circumstances beyond her control (e.g., school policy, parental decisions, etc.). When services are delivered in a one-on-one setting, the natural social interaction provided by a third person, whether it is a peer or an adult caregiver, is absent. Thus, the clinician may want to create a treatment situation that includes a Helping Doll to model language for the child and create a rival for the child's attention and participation. The Doll was described by Goossens' et al. (1992) to be used with the aided language stimulation approach with a group of children in a preschool setting and detailed scripts of how the Doll could model language using color coded communication displays were provided. These scripts can effectively be used in a one on one situation with low tech displays as well as speech generating devices. Use of the Helping Doll can also be used to promote greater communication partner involvement.
Continuous spin mean-field models: Limiting kernels and Gibbs properties of local transforms
Authors: Külske Christof , Opoku Alex A.
Published: December 2008

We extend the notion of Gibbsianness for mean-field systems to the setup of general (possibly continuous) local state spaces. We investigate the Gibbs properties of systems arising from an initial mean-field Gibbs measure by application of given local transition kernels. This generalizes previous case studies made for spins taking finitely many values to the first step in the direction to a general theory containing the following parts: (1) A formula for the limiting conditional probability distributions of the transformed system (it holds both in the Gibbs and in the non-Gibbs regime and invokes a minimization problem for a “constrained rate function”), (2) a criterion for Gibbsianness of the transformed system for initial Lipschitz–Hamiltonians involving concentration properties of the transition kernels, and (3) a continuity estimate for the single-site conditional distributions of the transformed system. While (2) and (3) have provable lattice counterparts, the characterization of (1) is stronger in mean field. As applications we show short-time Gibbsianness of rotator mean-field models on the (q−1)-dimensional sphere under diffusive time evolution and the preservation of Gibbsianness under local coarse graining of the initial local spin space.
Undulator radiation in a periodic magnetic field with a constant component
Authors: Dattoli G. , Mikhailin V. V. , Zhukovsky K. V.
Published: December 2008

We present an analytical investigation of radiation emitted by an electron moving in a planar undulator with a constant magnetic field component added to the periodic one. In order to calculate the spectrum and angular distribution of radiation, we use the technique of generalized Bessel functions. In particular, this method is effectively applied for the study of the influence of the constant magnetic field on the undulator radiation emitted both along and off its axis. The analytical formulation of the effect of the weak constant field enables us to estimate its critical magnitude that may produce a significant distortion in the undulator radiation distributions.
Effect of a backward wave on the stability of an ultrahigh gain gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier
Authors: Du Chao-Hai , Liu Pu-Kun , Xue Qian-Zhong , Wang Ming-Hong
Published: December 2008

A systematic stability analysis method using theoretical tools combining linear and self-consistent nonlinear theory is presented to analyze an ultrahigh gain gyrotron traveling-wave (gyro-TWT) amplifier operated in the fundamental TE11 mode in the Ka-band. It characterizes the role that the backward-wave component plays in the internal feedback physical processes of two major kinds of self-induced oscillations associated with TE11(1) absolute instability and TE21(2) gyrobackward-wave oscillation. For the first time, self-induced constriction in TE11(1) absolute instability caused by a strong backward-wave component is revealed through simulation. Both the thickness and resistivity of the distributed wall loss loaded on the inside of the interaction waveguide have obvious effects on stabilizing both kinds of oscillations. Following the stability analysis, a multistage interaction circuit is proposed by nonlinear analysis which shortens the length of the entire structure and enables the ultrahigh gain gyro-TWT to operate with high stability and wide bandwidth.
Phase synchronization in tilted inertial ratchets as chaotic rotators
Authors: Mateos José L. , Alatriste Fernando R.
Published: December 2008

The phenomenon of phase synchronization for a particle in a periodic ratchet potential is studied. We consider the deterministic dynamics in the underdamped case where the inertia plays an important role since the dynamics can become chaotic. The ratchet potential is tilted due to a constant external force and is rocking by an external periodic forcing. This potential has to be tilted in order to obtain a rotator or self-sustained nonlinear oscillator in the absence of the external periodic forcing; this oscillator then acquires an intrinsic frequency that can be locked with the frequency of the external driving. We introduced an instantaneous linear phase, using a set of discrete time markers, and the associated average frequency, and show that this frequency can be synchronized with the frequency of the driving. We calculate Arnold tongues in a two-dimensional parameter space and discuss their implications for the chaotic transport in ratchets. We show that the local maxima in the current correspond to the borders of these Arnold tongues; in this way we established a link between optimal transport in ratchets and phase synchronization.
Density functional theory of inhomogeneous liquids. III. Liquid-vapor nucleation
Authors: Lutsko James F.
Published: December 2008

The process of nucleation of vapor bubbles from a superheated liquid and of liquid droplets from a supersaturated vapor is investigated using the modified-core van der Waals model density functional theory [J. F. Lutsko, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 184711 (2008)]. A novel approach is developed whereby nucleation is viewed as a transition from a metastable state to a stable state via the minimum free energy path, which is identified using the nudged elastic-band method for exploring free energy surfaces. This allows for the unbiased calculation of the properties of sub- and super-critical clusters, as well as of the critical cluster. For Lennard-Jones fluids, the results compare well to simulation and support the view that at low to moderate supersaturation nucleation proceeds smoothly rather than via spinodal-like instabilities as has been suggested recently. The possibility that the nucleation barrier vanishes at high supersaturation is, however, not ruled out.
Thermodynamic properties of double square-well fluids: Computer simulations and theory
Authors: Solana J. R.
Published: December 2008

Computer simulations have been performed to obtain the thermodynamic properties of fluids with double square-well potentials, that is, potentials consisting of two adjacent square wells with different depths. The compressibility factor, excess energy, chemical potential, constant-volume excess heat capacity, and other derived properties have been obtained. These data have been used to test the performance of several perturbation theories for predicting the thermodynamic properties of this kind of fluids. Good agreement is found on the whole between theory and simulation at supercritical temperatures. The possible presence of anomalous behavior at high densities in the fluids considered has been also analyzed in light of the same theories, with the result that in general, they do not predict such anomalous behavior, with the possible exception of a Monte Carlo-based perturbation theory for relatively large potential widths at high densities and very low temperatures.
Grating couplers on porous silicon planar waveguides for sensing applications
Authors: Wei X. , Kang C. , Liscidini M. , Rong G. , Retterer S. T. , Patrini M. , Sipe J. E. , Weiss S. M.
Published: December 2008

We study the use of polymer gratings as light couplers into porous silicon planar waveguides for sensing applications. Experimental evidence of a guided mode in a grating-coupled porous silicon structure is presented, along with a study of its detuning due to waveguide infiltration with a chemical linker. All the measurements are in good agreement with simulations obtained by means of a Fourier modal method, where the porous silicon birefringence is considered. These results demonstrate that this system is potentially useful for chemical and biological sensing applications.
Mechanism for material transfer in asperity contact
Authors: Song Jun , Srolovitz David J.
Published: December 2008

We perform a series of molecular dynamics simulations of asperity contact and separation in a model metallic system for both symmetric and asymmetric asperity geometries, for loading in the [001], [110], and [111] directions, and for systems with different works of adhesion Γ. We examine contact morphology evolution, force-displacement relations, and the quantity of atoms transferred from one surface to the other NT upon separation with a focus on underlying physical mechanisms that control these. We find that there is a critical work of adhesion, below which no plastic deformation occurs on contact separation and a higher one in which plastic deformation occurs but no material transfer occurs. We interpret these within a model for dislocation nucleation at the crack tip. We observe abrupt changes in the amount of material transferred with increasing work of adhesion that represent thresholds for changes in deformation mechanisms. These depend on the geometry of the contact and the crystallographic orientation relative to the loading direction.
Crucial integration of high work-function metal gate and high-k blocking oxide on charge-trapping type flash memory device
Authors: Tsai Ping-Hung , Chang-Liao Kuei-Shu , Yang Dong-Wei , Chung Yuan-Bin , Wang Tien-Ko , Tzeng P. J. , Lin C. H. , Lee L. S. , Tsai M. J. , Chin Albert
Published: December 2008

Charge-trapping type flash memory devices with various integrations of metal gates having different work functions and blocking oxides were investigated in this work. Improved erasing speed together with acceptable reliability characteristics can be achieved by the integration of high work-function metal gate and high-k blocking oxide due to an efficient suppression of electron back tunneling through the blocking oxide during erasing operation for the MoN sample. Specifically, the high work-function value of MoN metal gate can be kept only by integrating with the Al2O3 blocking oxide because it can suppress the formation of molybdenum-silicide. Moreover, high-speed erasing can also be demonstrated by combining the MoN metal gate with an HfAlO charge trapping layer when band-to-band hot hole erasing method is adopted.
Initial plasma of a magnetically insulated ion diode in bipolar-pulse mode
Authors: Xin J. P. , Zhu X. P. , Lei M. K.
Published: December 2008

Initial anode plasma formation in a magnetically insulated ion diode (MID) of bipolar-pulse mode with self-magnetic field is studied for high-intensity pulsed ion beam generation in TEMP-6-type apparatus [X. P. Zhu, M. K. Lei, and T. C. Ma, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 1728 (2002)]. The field emission characteristics on graphite anode, the self-magnetic field, the perveance, and the impedance of the MID are obtained by analysis of the time-dependent diode voltage-current characteristics during the initial negative pulse stage of 100 ns, with peak values of 250 kV and 30 kA, respectively. The anode plasma is initiated by explosive emission on the anode due to a significant field enhancement effect up to four orders of magnitude, and the subsequent merging and movement of the anode plasma are affected by the superimposing space-charge effect and magnetic insulation of the self-magnetic field. The formation process of the initial anode plasma in the MID corresponds to the diode response under the initial negative pulse of the bipolar pulse.
Comment on “Synchronization of chaotic systems with delay using intermittent linear state feedback” [Chaos 18, 033122 (2008)]
Authors: Zhang Yinping , Wang Qing-Guo
Published: December 2008

In the referenced paper, there is technical carelessness in the third lemma and in the main result. Hence, it is a possible failure when the result is used to design the intermittent linear state feedback controller for exponential synchronization of two chaotic delayed systems.
Diagnosis of laser-induced relativistic plasma by positron imaging technique
Authors: Fujimoto Masatoshi , Matsukado Koji , Takahashi Hironori , Kawada Yoichi , Ohsuka Shinji , Aoshima Shin-ichiro
Published: December 2008

Energetic deuterons emitted from laser-induced relativistic plasma are measured with a spatial resolution using a plate activated by them. Laser pulses of 33 TW in peak power and 34 fs in duration generate a plasma on a solid target, which is a microporous polytetrafluoroethylene film loaded with deuterated polystyrene, to accelerate deuterons. The deuterons are incident on a melamine plate, causing nuclear reactions of C12(d,n)N13 and N14(d,n)O15. The spatial distributions of N13 and O15 created in the plate are visualized by a diagnosis using two-dimensional positron-emission tomography. The obtained images are further converted to temperature distribution of the emitted deuterons. The results show that the temperature of deuterons varies depending on the direction of deuteron emission. The present study provides knowledge of thermal equilibrium in laser-induced relativistic plasma in an ultrashort period of time.
Comparative study of organic thin film tandem solar cells in alternative geometries
Authors: Andersson B. Viktor , Persson Nils-Krister , Inganäs Olle
Published: December 2008

Optical modeling of one folded tandem solar cell and four types of stacked tandem solar cells has been performed using the finite element method and the transfer matrix method for the folded cell and the stacked cells, respectively. The results are analyzed by comparing upper limits for short circuit currents and power conversion efficiencies. In the case of serial connected tandems all of the five cell types may be compared, and we find that the folded cells are comparable to stacked tandem cells in terms of currents and power conversion efficiencies.
Strong resistance nonlinearity and third harmonic generation in the unipolar resistance switching of NiO thin films
Authors: Lee S. B. , Chae S. C. , Chang S. H. , Lee J. S. , Park S. , Jo Y. , Seo S. , Kahng B. , Noh T. W.
Published: December 2008

We investigated third harmonic generation in NiO thin films that exhibit unipolar resistance switching. We found that low resistance states (LRSs) were strongly nonlinear with variations in the resistance R as large as 60%, which was most likely caused by the Joule heating of conducting filaments inside the films. By carefully controlling the applied dc bias, we obtained several LRSs, whose values of the third harmonic coefficient B3f were proportional to R2+w (w=2.07±0.26). This suggested that the resistance changes in the NiO films were accompanied by connectivity changes of the conducting filaments, as observed in classical percolating systems.
Carrier-induced ferromagnetism in Ge0.92Mn0.08Te epilayers with a Curie temperature up to 190 K
Authors: Fukuma Y. , Asada H. , Miyawaki S. , Koyanagi T. , Senba S. , Goto K. , Sato H.
Published: December 2008

IV-VI diluted magnetic semiconductor Ge0.92Mn0.08Te epilayers are grown on BaF2 substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The ferromagnetic behaviors, such as the spontaneous magnetization, the coercive field, and the Curie temperature TC, are altered by the hole concentration p. In the Ge0.92Mn0.08Te layer with high p, strong magnetic anisotropy and the temperature dependence of the magnetization expected for homogeneous ferromagnets are observed, implying that long-range ordering is induced by the holes. The maximum TC reaches 190 K for 1.57×1021 cm−3.
Ferroelectric betaine phosphite films: Growth, optical imaging, and dielectric properties
Authors: Balashova E. V. , Krichevtsov B. B. , Lemanov V. V.
Published: December 2008

Polycrystalline films of betaine phosphite (BPI) were grown by evaporation method on SiO2 and LiNbO3 substrates with interdigital transducers. Large (∼1 mm) single-crystalline blocks were visualized in a polarizing microscope in the reflection mode. Temperature dependences of the film capacity at frequencies 120 Hz–1 MHz exhibit a strong maximum at the temperature of the ferroelectric phase transition of BPI bulk crystals. The effect of a bias electric field was studied. Temperature variations in dielectric permittivity and electric field effect are analyzed using a thermodynamic model accounting for the substrate-film interaction.
Magnetic quasidomain structures in Ru-doped La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 thin films
Authors: Konoto M. , Yamada H. , Koike K. , Akoh H. , Kawasaki M. , Tokura Y.
Published: December 2008

We investigated magnetic composite domain structures in Ru-doped La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 thin films epitaxially grown on SrTiO3 (001) substrates with use of a high-precision spin-imaging technique. Quasidomains composed of numerous fine domains were clearly discerned in high-resolution images, indicating magnetic anisotropy with multiple oblique easy axes with respect to the film plane. The impact of the Ru doping on the change in magnetic anisotropy was revealed by quantitative analysis of the composite domain structures.
Tuning of plasmon propagation in two-dimensional electrons
Authors: Li Chao , Wu X. G.
Published: December 2008

It is shown theoretically that the propagation of plasmons can be tuned by an external electric field via spin-orbit interactions in a two-dimensional electron gas formed in a semiconductor heterostructure. This may provide a manageable way of transmitting quantum information in a quantum device. A possible plasmon field effect transistor is proposed.
Effects of high-temperature annealing on the optical phonons and nitrogen local vibrational modes in GaAs1−xNx epilayers
Authors: Coaquira J. A. H. , Teixeira J. F. , da Silva S. W. , Morais P. C. , Fotkatzikis A. , Freundlich A.
Published: December 2008

Effects of high-temperature annealing on the vibrational properties of strained GaAs1−xNx∕GaAs epilayers with x⩽0.037 have been studied by room-temperature backscattering Raman measurements. The reduction in the linear redshift of the LO1 line after the annealing, commonly related to strain relaxation, must be associated with the change in the plasma screening effect in our samples. For x<0.02, the linear tendency of the LO2 line frequency for as-grown samples remains unchanged after the annealing. However, that line frequency deviates from a polynomial behavior to a linear trend after the annealing for x>0.02. This change in behavior has been assigned to the reduction in N–N pairs and concomitantly to the increase in substitutional N promoted by the annealing.
‘States’ of Scarcity: Water, Space, and Identity Politics in Israel, 1948–59
Authors: Alatout Samer
Published: December 2008

Between 1948 and 1959, perceptions of Israeli water resources changed dramatically from a strong belief in water abundance in the prestate period to an equally strong and unequivocal belief in water scarcity after 1959. This paper tells the story of how the water resources of Israel came to be constructed as scarce. On the substantive level, the paper tells the story of the dismantling of a network of water abundance and the emergence, instead, of a network of water scarcity and centralization, which helped to construct all of the following: water resource scarcity as ‘fact’; centralized policy-making institutions as most ‘efficient’; centralized technologies as ‘appropriate’; the national space as the only source of identity; the national scale of water management as ‘necessary’; a strong and centralized state as ‘legitimate’; legal precedents for the use of state apparatus for surveillance, discipline, and control over water resources; and, consequently, a form of citizenship that is seen as at once heroic and disciplined. On the theoretical level, in this paper I argue that the ontological distinction often assumed between scientific (eg water scarcity) and political (eg centralized nation-state) fields of practice is exaggerated, especially in literature on water politics in Israel. I further demonstrate that technoscientific debates about water availability, efficient technologies for its utilization, and appropriate institutions for its management are constitutive of relations of power and government and are themselves implicated in the construction of an Israeli style of government.
Contradictions of Cultural Production and the Geographies That (Mostly) Resolve Them: 19th-Century Baseball and the Rise of the 1890 Players' League
Authors: Ross Robert B
Published: December 2008

This paper begins to explore the historical-geographic development of the culture industry. By expanding upon David Harvey's understanding of culture as that “special” commodity which can earn monopoly rents based on its extraordinary qualities, I examine, in particular, how professional baseball became a profitable segment of the culture industry. This historical-geographic process, similar to most forms of cultural production, was fraught with contradictions that threatened its survival. In addition to the three contradictions that Harvey identifies, this paper focuses on an additional contradiction, one that is found within the labor processes of cultural production, between productive capital and commodity capital. Scrutiny over the ways in which baseball's premier professional organization—the National League—struggled to overcome this and other contradictions suggests that the culture industry depends upon the production of certain geographies.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Terebellidae (Polychaeta:Terebellida) based on morphological characters
Authors: Garraffoni André R. S. , Lana Paulo C.
Published: December 2008

Most of the recognised genera in Terebellidae lack phylogenetic support because their current diagnoses are based on homoplastic or plesiomorphic features. To address this problem, the phylogenetic relationships of terebellid genera were studied using a morphology-based parsimony analysis of 94 species, with members of the Ampharetidae and Alvinellidae as outgroups. The monophyly of the Terebellidae is supported by the presence of a prostomium shaped as a dorsal ridge-like structure, the prostomial buccal tentacles not retractable into the mouth and the ventral glandular areas having distinct pads. The subfamilies Polycirrinae, Terebellinae and Trichobranchinae are monophyletic. Species of Trichobranchinae form a clade within the Terebellidae, which provides further evidence to support its subfamily status. The lack of evidence to support Thelepodinae reinforces previous statements that this group is not monophyletic.
Locating users of interpretation in the court
Authors: Jie Xi , Zhong Yong
Published: December 2008

The paper discusses the procedure and findings of a research project that studied the perceived impact of literal vs. meaningful renditions in a mock court situation involving Chinese migrants residing in Sydney. We will begin with a description of a research procedure known in linguistics as matched guise and will then continue with discussions of the use of the procedure in the present project including designing the guises, sampling the subjects and formulating a questionnaire. Then there will be discussions and analyses of the data collected from the survey, which were generated with social-sciences statistics software. The findings generated on the basis of the data are discussed in terms of general statistical patterns, and with special regard to the subjects’ perceptions about the solicitor’s professionalism, solicitor’s personality, court milieu, anticipation of the possible final verdict and knowledge of the judicial procedures. We will conclude the paper with a preliminary discussion of what may have contributed to the shaping of the perceptions formed by the subjects.

To the best of our knowledge, the project discussed in this paper is one of the very few that attempts to study the impact on the users of interpreting, hence its academic and professional significance.
Using visual contrast for effective, inclusive environments
Authors: Bright Keith , Egger (is-design GmbH) Veronika
Published: December 2008

Colour and lighting play important and unique roles in the way people enjoy environment or spaces.

There is a constant interaction between people and the colours that surround them which not only affects the way they move around within the space but also determines how safe, secure and confident they feel when doing so. In addition, colour can help people determine which route to take, and what potential hazards or obstacles they may encounter. Lighting plays an important role in how different colours and combinations of colours are seen and experienced.

Whilst this is true for all users, for people with sensory impairments, being able to navigate and to identify features is critical to their ability to use an environment or space without undue effort, in safely, with confidence and, wherever possible, independently.

For partially sighted people, maximising the effectiveness of their residual vision through the use of environmental factors such as visual contrast and lighting can also have a major impact on their sense of well-being and on their ability to make decisions about how to use the environments they encounter.

In considering the light reflected from a colour – known as its light reflectance value (LRV) – it is possible to specify levels of visual contrast that are appropriate to meet the needs of many partially sighted people. Linking this to an understanding of the search and navigation strategies they adopt when using buildings and space means it is also possible to create interesting and innovative designs and decoration schemes that assist partially sighted people without creating environments that are unacceptable to other users.
Measuring effective map design for route guidance: An experiment comparing electronic map display principles
Authors: Porathe Thomas
Published: December 2008

Route guidance systems in vehicles has started to use an oblique, slanted view of the map, mimicking something of the egocentric perspective the driver sees through the windscreen. Is this an effective strategy? What is the most effective map design to convey route guidance to drivers, and how can this be measured? In an experiment with four different modes of map displays the speed of decision making and accuracy of navigation have been tested. The four map types were: the traditional paper map, the northup electronic map with position plotting (the symbol of the vehicle moving in the static map), the head-up electronic map (map moving, the position of the vehicle static and facing up) and the egocentric view map display, a 3-D scenery mimicking the world outside the wind screen. The experiment showed clearly that the egocentric 3-D view was the most effective.
An interview with Rune Pettersson
Authors: Strand Lennart
Published: December 2008

In May 1999 Rune Pettersson, Ph.D, was appointedProfessor of Information Design at Mälardalen University in Eskilstuna, Sweden. Before that he worked in publishing, in R&D, in technical training and in university teaching and research. He has published 218 papers and 75 books. Among his books is Information Design: An Introduction (John Benjamins, 2002).

Rune Pettersson has been active in several international organisations, such as Vice President of the International Visual Literacy Association, IVLA (six times), and President during 2000–2001; and Vice President of the International Institute for Information Design, IIID, 2000–2006. He has also been an International Advisor for the International Division of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, as well as a board member in several other organisations. For nine years (1987–1996) Rune Pettersson was an Affiliate Research Professor of the Institute of Business Graphics at the College of Business Administration, Pennsylvania State University in the USA. For five years (2000–2004) he was an Adjunct Professor at Appalachian State University, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, in the USA.
Measuring information design
Authors: Sless David
Published: December 2008

This paper was originally given as a keynote presentation to the IIID Vision Plus 12 Conference held in Schwarzenberg, Vorarlberg, Austria in 2007. Presentations are not papers and in some respects they do not translate one into the other. I have edited it for this Journal as a stand-alone piece; at least that is my hope.
Integers represented as the sum of one prime, two squares of primes and powers of 2
Authors: Lü Guangshi , Sun Haiwei
Published: December 2008

In this short paper we prove that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of one prime, two squares of primes and

83
83

powers of

2
2

.
Set-theoretic Hida projectors
Authors: Ash Avner
Published: December 2008

In his work on ordinary

p
p

-adic modular forms, Hida defined certain idempotents in any commutative algebra of finite rank over the ring of integers in a finite extension of

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_p

. We generalize his construction in the context of maps of finite sets and their inverse limits.
Hyperbolic dimension and radial Julia sets of transcendental functions
Authors: Rempe Lasse
Published: December 2008

We survey the definition of the radial Julia setJr(f)J_r(f)of a meromorphic function (in fact, more generally, anyAhlfors islands map), and give a simple proof that the Hausdorff dimension ofJr(f)J_r(f)and the hyperbolic dimensiondimhyp⁡(f)\dim _{\operatorname {hyp}}(f)always coincide.
Admissible local systems for a class of line arrangements
Authors: Nazir Shaheen , Raza Zahid
Published: December 2008

A rank one local system

L

\mathcal {L}

on a smooth complex algebraic variety

M
M

is admissible if roughly speaking the dimension of the cohomology groups

H
m

(
M
,

L

)

H^m(M,\mathcal {L})

can be computed directly from the cohomology algebra

H
(
M
,

C

)

H(M,\mathbb {C})

.

We say that a line arrangement

A

\mathcal {A}

is of type

C

k

\mathcal {C}_k

for some

k
≥
0

k\ge 0

if

k
k

is the minimal number of lines in

A

\mathcal {A}

containing all the points of multiplicity at least 3. We show that if

A

\mathcal {A}

is a line arrangement in the classes

C

k

\mathcal {C}_k

for

k
≤
2

k\leq 2

, then any rank one local system

L

\mathcal {L}

on the line arrangement complement

M
M

is admissible. Partial results are obtained for the class

C

3

\mathcal {C}_3

.
Smoothness of radial solutions to Monge-Ampère equations
Authors: Rios Cristian , Sawyer Eric
Published: December 2008

We prove that generalized convex radial solutions to the generalized Monge-Ampère equation

det

D
2

u
=
f
(

|

x

|

2

/

2
,
u
,

|

∇
u

|

2

/

2
)

\det D^2u = f(|x|^2/2,u,|\nabla u|^2/2)

with

f
f

smooth are always smooth away from the origin. Moreover, we characterize the global smoothness of these solutions in terms of the order of vanishing of

f
f

at the origin.
Affine interval exchange transformations with flips and wandering intervals
Authors: Gutierrez C. , Lloyd S. , Pires B.
Published: December 2008

There exist uniquely ergodic affine interval exchange transformations of [0,1] with flips which have wandering intervals and are such that the support of the invariant measure is a Cantor set.
Rational homotopy of gauge groups
Authors: Félix Yves , Oprea John
Published: December 2008

In this brief paper, we observe that basic results from rational homotopy theory provide formulas for the rational homotopy groups of gauge groups of principal bundlesK→P→BK \to P \to Bin terms of the rational homotopy groups ofKKand cohomology groups ofBBalone.