bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fishbein's Value x Expectancy Model
Authors: Smetana Judith G. , Adler Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

This research examines two questions concerning Fishbein's Value x Expectanc.1t model: (I) the actual relationship among the components of the model and (2) the role of alternative choices. One hundred thirty-six women awaiting results of a pregnancy test completed questionnaires assessing intention to have or not to have an abortion, attitude toward abortion, beliefs about the consequences of having an abortion, and beliefs about the consequences of continuing the pregnancy or having a child. Follow-up on actual behavior was obtained for the S9 women with positive tests. Path analysis revealed support for most of the assumptions of the Fishbein model but raised questions about the separate roe of' the normative versus belief components. The usefulness of including alternative choices was also shown.
Self-Attributions of Having Exerted Influence
Authors: Hinkle Steve , Corcoran Carol J. , Grene Anne E.
Published: March 2007

The effects of target confidence, type of influence system, and admission of influence upon influence source attributions of having exerted influence were studied in the context of a persuasion experiment. An influence system x admission of influence interaction effect characterized the participants' attributions of influence. The study was discussed in terms of Schopler and Layton's (1972a) model of attributed influence.
The Attributional Model of Depression
Authors: Barthe Darryl G. , Hammen Constance L.
Published: March 2007

Hypotheses concerning attributions for success and failure in relatively depressed and nondepressed students were tested in an actual course examination situation. Depressed students relative to nondepressed ascribed their performance more to luck and less to effort in both subjective success and failure outcomes. Depressed students attributed failure more and success less to their perceived ability. Underlying dimensions of locus and stability did not distinguish depressed and non-depressed students, but the groups did differ on controllability. The implications of the results for cognitive theories of depression are discussed, and it is urged that the findings not be generalized beyond achievement situations.
Shared Space Invasion and Race
Authors: Brown Clifford E.
Published: March 2007

The tendency of shoppers at a suburban shopping mall to walk between conversing black, white, or mixed-race male dyads was observed. Both male and female shoppers (N = 508, 93.7% white) were more likely to walk through the black dyad than through the white or the mixed-race dyads. These results are interpreted as indicating a relative lack of consideration for the black dyad's interaction territory. When walking around a mixed-race dyad, shoppers more often chose to pass behind the white member. These findings suggest that the often subtle effects of racial attitudes can be studied unobtrusively using the invasion of shared space paradigm.
Social Psychological Theory and Falsification
Authors: Rakover Sam S.
Published: March 2007

Greenwald has suggested that the failure to settle the issue between dissonance and self-perception theories may be attributed to the fact that the operational definitions of these theories are not well-established. Therefore, unpredicted data do not necessarily disconfirm these theories; the new findings are instead incorporated into their operational definitions. Leary examined Greenwald's proposal in light of the new philosophy of science (the Holistic approach) and concluded that it is unfounded. The present contention is that, although social psychology is susceptible to the analysis of the Holistic approach, the problem of the connection between theory and data in social psychology can be distinguished from the Holistic view concerning falsification. In support of this claim, four different problems related to the theory-data connection are discussed. A comparison between the natural sciences (especially classical physics, from which the Holistic approach was developed) and social psychology is made in relation to these four problems, and it is found that, while they have very little effrct, if any, in the former, they' have a major effect in the latter.
Self-Disclosure Intimacy
Authors: Cunningham John D.
Published: March 2007

A 148-item random sample of self-disclosure topics was drawn from the 671-item pool of Taylor and Altman (Note 1) and presented to male and female university students in the U. S. and Australia for ratings of intimacy of content. For S of 13 content categories the same item was regarded as more intimate in opposite-sex than in same-sex conversation. Most items were rated less intimate than in the Taylor and Altman study-evidence that contemporary male students report themselves as more open and disclosing than male students did a decade ago. Sex differences were few, but Austrplians rated items in 7 categories less intimate than Americans did.
The Discredible Eyewitness
Authors: Weinberg Howard I. , Baron Robert S.
Published: March 2007

In a recent, widely publicized finding (Loftus, 1974), eyewitness testimony heightened judgments of guilt even when the testimony was discredited In Study I we offered two hypotheses to explain this finding: that it depends on the order of presentation of evidence, and/or that the discreditors had low credibility due to their self-interest. Contrary to prediction, we found that eyewitness testimony did not heighten judgments of guilt when it was discredited. In Study 2, we replicated our results, again reversing Loftus' original findings, even when the eyewitness was allowed to reaffirm his identification after the discreditation.
Some Specific Effects of Four Affect-Induction Procedures
Authors: Isen Alice M. , Gorgoglione Joyce M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines some specific effects of the Positive and Negative Velten Mood Induction Procedures and of two motion pictures selected for their affect inducing qualities. Results revealed that, despite apparently strong effects on affective state when measured immediately after affect induction, the Velten Statements and one of the films had no discernible effect when measured after a brief, neutral, intervening task. The other film, in contrast, appeared to influence affective state not only when tested immediately, but even after the intervening task. These results were interpreted as shedding additional light on the affect inductions studied, suggesting limitations of some of the techniques, and indicating that induced affect may be measured relatively specifically.
The False Consensus Effect in Estimates of Smoking Prevalence
Authors: Sherman Steven J. , Presson Clark C. , Chassin Laurie , Corty Eric , Olshavsky Richard
Published: March 2007

The current study investigated four possible causal mechanisms underlying the false consensus effect in the context of cigarette smoking. Little support was found for attributional or conformity-based mechanisms. However, support for both a selective exposure and a motivational explanation was found.
Intuitive Perceptions of Change
Authors: Silka Linda
Published: March 2007

Luchins' classic study on impression formation has contributed to the widespread belief in the predominance of stable, trait like impressions in the person perception process. The present replication of Luchins' study demonstrates that subjects often infer change in others rather than maintain stable impressions. Subjects were provided with Luchins' original stimulus materials, but were led to believe that the behavioral inconsistencies occurred either close in time or further apart in time. As expected, participants who believed that they were observing behavioral inconsistencies separated in time tended to describe the person as having changed rather than employing stable trait ascriptions. Implications of the present findings for the widespread belief in the pervasiveness of stability judgments are discussed.
Evidence for the Effectiveness of Manipulations of Communal and Exchange Relationships
Authors: Clark Margaret S.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effectiveness of manipulations of desire for communal and exchange relationships that have been used in several studies. In these past studies, to create desire for communal relationships subjects have been exposed to an attractive target person who, they discover, is single, new at the university, and anxious to meet new people. To create desire for exchange relationships subjects have been exposed to the same attractive target who, they discover, is married and has been at the university for two years. In the present study, half of the subjects were exposed to the communal manipulation and half to the exchange manipulation. In addition, to examine whether the effectiveness of the manipulations depends upon the confederate being physically attractive, half the subjects were exposed to an attractive and half to an unattractive target. Following these manipulations subjects' desire to follow communal and exchange norms in their relationship with the other was measured. The results supported the effectiveness of the relationship manipulations and demonstrated their impact does not depend upon the confederate being attractive. Attractiveness did have a marginally significant main effect such that high attractiveness created greater preference for following communal relative to exchange norms.
Self-Monitoring and Attitude Accessibility
Authors: Kardes Frank R. , Sanbonmatsu David M. , Voss Richard T. , Fazio Russell H.
Published: March 2007

In a study investigating the relation between self-monitoring and attitude accessibility, high -and low-self-monitoring individuals evaluated a wide variety of attitude objects. Attitude accessibility was operationalized in terms of latency of response to these attitudinal inquiries. As predicted, response latencies were faster for low than for high self-monitoring individuals. This finding implies that the attitudes of low self-monitoring individuals are characterized by stronger object evaluation associations and, consequently, are more accessible from memory, relative to the attitudes of high self-monitoring individuals. The implications of the present findings for understanding the mechanisms underlying the moderating influence of self-monitoring on the attitude-behavior relation are discussed.
Multidimensional Self-Concepts
Authors: Marsh Herbert W. , Richards Garry E. , Barnes Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Marsh, Richards, and Barnes (1986) examined systematic change and stability in multiple dimensions of self-concept and the effects of participation in a 26-day residential program called Outward Bound. Multidimensional self-concepts measured with the Self Description Questionnaire (SDQ) III increased as a consequence of the intervention and the increases were significantly larger for those facets judged a priori to be more relevant to program goals. For purposes f the present investigation participants from the previous study were asked to complete the SDQ III again, 18 months after completion of the program; and there was little systematic change in the multidimensional self-concepts during the long-term follow-up interval. Coupled with the results of the earlier study and further examination of the psychometric properties of the SDQ III, these findings further support the Outward Bound program as an effective intervention for enhancing self-concept and the construct validity of responses to the SDQ III. The longitudinal study of successful interventions designed to enhance self-concept are rare, and so the findings are important in that they demonstrate that self-concept can be changed through effective intervention and that these effects can be maintained.
Attitudinal and Imaginal Ability Predictors of Social Cognitive Skill-Training Enhancements in Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Cross Wendi P. , Menary Evelyn P. , Brett Pamela J. , de Groh Margaret
Published: March 2007

Male and female subjects with initially low hypnotic susceptibility were either administered a skill-training procedure aimed at inculcating positive attitudes and appropriate interpretational sets toward hypnotic responding or assigned to a no-treatment control condition. Skill-trained subjects obtained significantly higher posttest scores than controls on objective and subjective dimensions of susceptibility and on measures of attitudes toward hypnosis. Over half of the skill-trained subjects but only one control subject scored in the high-susceptibility range on post testing. Questionnaire measures of imagery vividness and absorption predicted posttest susceptibility in skill-trained females, whereas a combination of attitudes toward hypnosis and imagery vividness predicted posttest susceptibility in skill-trained males. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Anxiety, Cognitive Development, and Correspondence
Authors: Allen Judith L. , Schroeder David A.
Published: March 2007

Subjects (N = 261) blocked on their levels of trait anxiety and cognitive development were asked to make causal attributions to account for another person's failure on a task and to prescribe ways to improve the individual's subsequent performance. Subjects at the formal-operational stage and low and moderate levels of trait anxiety showed reliable attribution-behavior prescription correspondence; formal-operational individuals with high trait anxiety and subjects at lower levels of cognitive development showed no consistent relationships between their attributions and subsequent behavioral prescriptions.
The Development of Self-Image Bias
Authors: Hill Thomas , Smith Nancy D. , Lewicki Pawel
Published: March 2007

This study investigates a mechanism by which individual differences in person perception evolve in the real world. Previous research has demonstrated that in order to maintain a positive self-image, people assign generally greater weight to traits representing their strong points as compared to traits representing their shortcomings; this effect has been labeled the self-image bias. Using an unobtrusive measure of centrality, the present study shows how the centrality of "computer skills" increased (over a semester) for students receiving a high grade in an introductory computer science course, whereas it (slightly) decreases for students receiving a low grade. This effect was shown to be specific, that is, limited to computer skills (and related mathematical skills).
The Impact of Explicit Aggressive and Implicit Nonaggressive Cues on Aggression in Intoxicated and Sober Males
Authors: Leonard Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the impact of explicit aggressive and nonaggressive cues and implicit nonaggressive cues on aggression in intoxicated and sober male subjects. Forty-eight subjects randomly assigned in a 2 x 2 factorial design competed in a reaction time task with a simulated opponent. Alcohol subjects received 1.25 g of ethanol/kg of body weight, while no-alcohol subjects received no beverage. Half of the subjects heard the opponent express an intention to set the highest shock for the subject (explicit aggressive cue), and half heard him express an intention to set the lowest shock (explicit nonaggressive cue). After Trial 1, all subjects saw that the opponent had set the lowest shock setting (implicit nonaggressive cue). Intoxicated and sober subjects did not differ on Trial 1. Following the implicit cue, intoxicated/aggressive cue subjects were more aggressive than sober/aggressive cue subjects. Within the alcohol groups, subjects with higher blood alcohol levels were more responsive to the explicit cue provided. The results support attentional and information-processing models of alcohol and aggression.
Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Spontaneous Trait Inference
Authors: Newman Leonard S. , Uleman James S.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has shown that the trait implication of a behavior cues recall of that behavior even when subjects have no impression formation goals. This suggests that trait inferences are made spontaneously at encoding, but alternative explanations have suggested that retrieval processes alone can account for these data. In Experiment 1, encoding conditions were varied by subtly priming alternative traits relevant to ambiguous behaviors. Contrary to retrieval interpretations, the effectiveness of trait cues varied with the nature of the primes and awareness of the primes at encoding. Primes led to both assimilation and contrast effects and seemed to operate primarily by inhibiting alternative trait constructs. In Experiment 2, contrast effects were found with the same stimuli when priming was blatant and inferences were made intentionally. Results are discussed in terms of the role of construct activation and inhibition in spontaneous and intentional trait inferences.
The Use of Consensus-Raising Excuses as a Function of the Manipulation of Publicness
Authors: Whitehead George I. , Smith Stephanie H.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation tested the proposition that people use consensus-raising excuses less when they expect to discuss their responses with an informed audience than when they expect to reveal their responses to such an audience without discussion or keep their responses private. Subjects received favorable or unfavorable feedback on an ego-involving social perceptiveness test and made attributions to ability, effort, luck, and task difficulty while expecting to keep their responses private or expecting to reveal them publicly either with or without interaction with an informed audience. Attributions to task difficulty are considered consensus-raising excuses. The results supported the hypothesis.
Private and Public Self-Processes
Authors: Lamphere Renee A. , Leary Mark R.
Published: March 2007

William James's distinction between the social self and the spiritual self is reflected in contemporary discussions of the public and private selves. This study examined the relationships among four measures of public and private self-processes: self-monitoring, self-consciousness, identity orientation, and exogenic-endogenic orientation. Results supported James's essential distinction between public and private self-processes and showed that the public and private selves are best conceptualized as bidimensional rather than as opposite poles of a single continuum. Furthermore, self-monitoring, as currently measured, appears to be associated primarily with the public self.
The Current Status of Research on Sequential-Request Compliance Techniques
Authors: Dillard James Price
Published: March 2007

Three meta-analyses have been conducted on the foot-in-the-door literature and two on the door-in-the-face. This article presents a qualitative comparison and synthesis of those quantitative reviews. First, an overview of the findings is presented. Next, two recent attempts to develop a theoretical perspective that accounts for both request sequences are examined. Finally, attention is given to questions that are as yet unresolved.
Social Psychological Influences on Sensation Seeking from Adolescence to Adulthood
Authors: Stacy Alan W. , Newcomb Michael D. , Bentler Peter M.
Published: March 2007

Social psychological predictors of sensation seeking were investigated in a 9-year longitudinal study from adolescence to adulthood. The potential predictors of sensation seeking were social conformity, peer deviance, social support, emotional distress, drug use, and previous sensation seeking. Results of latent-variable models revealed that earlier sensation seeking was the strongest predictor of later sensation seeking. However, variables from each of the social psychological domains were also statistically significant predictors of sensation seeking, although these effects were primarily specific effects between subscales. The findings suggest that although previous research has shown that sensation seeking has a large heritability factor, certain social and psychological variables appear to play a role in the developmental expression of the trait.
The Dynamics of Group Differentiation in the Face of Defeat
Authors: Lalonde Richard N.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the process of between-group differentiation in a disadvantaged group to see how its members achieved some form of positive in-group distinctiveness. The players on the last-place ice hockey team in a competitive league were tested at eight games. Before and after each game, they were asked to rate how they perceived their team, the opposing team, and themselves. One hypothesis was that players could not ignore their past and present performance and would rate their opponents as superior on attributes that were critical for success. A second hypothesis was that players would achieve a measure of positive distinctiveness by seeing their opponents as more "dirty" in their play. Results, which supported these hypotheses, are discussed within the context of Tajfel and Turner's social identity theory.
Death Concerns and Symbolic Aspects of the Self: The Effects of Mortality Salience on Status Concern and Religiosity
Authors: Burling John W.
Published: March 2007

Terror management theorists have demonstrated that, after thinking about their own death, subjects behave in ways that suggest increased adherence to and defense of prevailing cultural values. The present study extends prior work by assessing the effects of mortality salience on two culturally prescribed value systems: religion and status concern. It was predicted that highly religious and highly status-concerned subjects in the mortality salience condition would report especially high post treatment investments in religion and status concern, respectively. The results partly supported the hypotheses. High status-concerned/highly religious subjects became more status concerned following the mortality salience treatment. The treatment had no significant effects on the post treatment measure of religiosity.
Relation of Conditional Reasoning to Heuristic Processing
Authors: Slugoski Ben R. , Shields Heather A. , Dawson Kim A.
Published: March 2007

Wyer and Srull have proposed that a tendency to treat conditional relationships between events as if they were biconditional underlies a number of familiar biases in human social judgment. This hypothesis was tested in a factor-analytic study in which 111 subjects completed seven measures of heuristic use and three measures of conditional reasoning. A principal components analysis of the measures revealed two main factors, corresponding to an availability dimension and a representativeness dimension. There was no evidence for the hypothesis that the disposition to infer "Y is X" given "X is Y" underlies either dimension, although one measure of conditional reasoning, Wason's selection task, was related to both. This result is discussed in terms of Evans's two-stage (heuristic/analytic processing) model of reasoning.
Forms of Social Awareness: Their Frequency and Correlates
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , Johnson Joel T.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined subjects' estimates of how frequently they experience forms of awareness in dyadic interactions. Awareness forms varied on three dimensions-target (self or other), content (covert experience or overt appearance), and perspective used (that of self or that of other). Subjects indicated that they use the perspective of the other more often than their own only when it provides 'privileged" access to the relevant content of awareness-that is, when they think about the thoughts and feelings of the other or about their own appearance or behavior. People high in nurturance or intimacy strivings tend more to adopt the perspective of another to think about the covert experience of that individual, whereas people high in dominance or power strivings tend more to retain their own. Females, relative to males, show a tendency to use privileged awareness forms when thinking about the other.
The Origins of Nonverbal Sensitivity
Authors: Hodgins Holley S. , Koestner Richard
Published: March 2007

A prospective longitudinal design was used to examine the relation between temperament and early parenting variables at age 5 and sensitivity to nonverbal cues at age 31 as measured by the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS). The results showed that 26% of the variance in adult nonverbal sensitivity was accounted for by the childhood variables. Three predictors contributed to good adult decoding skills: easy child temperament, parental harmony, and moderate father strictness. Temperament accounted for the largest percentage of unique variance in adult nonverbal sensitivity (8.8%). No sex differences were found.
On the Ability to Elicit Self-Disclosure: Are there Gender-Based and Contextual Limitations on the Opener Effect?
Authors: Pegalis Linda J. , Shaffer David R. , Bazzini Doris G. , Greenier Keegan
Published: March 2007

Previous work with Miller; Berg, and Archer's Opener Scale has shown that females who score high on the opener dimension are more proficient than those who score low at eliciting self-disclosure from conversational partners. The present study tests the generality of this "opener effect" to males and across different context. It was expected that the opener effect would be most apparent in contexts where people are normally reluctant to self-disclose (i.e., when instrumental motives are salient for females and when social/expressive motives are salient for males). However, high opener interviewers of each sex elicited longer and more intimate self-disclosures than low-opener interviewers, and this opener effect was not moderated by situational context. Further analyses of interviewer behaviors suggested that high openers were the more successful at eliciting self-disclosure because they were more inclined to seek information through verbal prompts that encourage intimate revelations.
The Linda Problem Revisited from the Perspective of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
Authors: Epstein Seymour , Denes-Raj Veronika , Pacini Rosemary
Published: March 2007

Results from four experiments (N = 548) support the hypothesis from cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) that the resistance of the notorious Linda conjunction problem to solution can be attributed primarily to its simultaneously concrete and unnatural context. The experiments demonstrated that the influence of other variables, such as problem order, event likelihood, within-versus between-protagonist context, and statistical sophistication, although important, cannot account for the robust influence of the combination of the concrete-abstract and natural-unnatural dimensions. The implications of the demonstration that virtually everyone has intuitive knowledge of the conjunction rule are discussed, in addition to cuing effects, narrative processing, and methodological issues that have produced serious distortions in the interpretation of previous research.
Motives for Social Comparison
Authors: Helgeson Vicki S. , Mickelson Kristin D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the motives for social comparison. A set of motive statements was elicited from one group of subjects and then rated in terms of usefulness by a second group of subjects who were asked to imagine two hypothetical threats: being diagnosed with cancer and failing an exam. A factor analysis of these statements revealed six motives for social comparison: self-evaluation, common bond, self-improvement, self-enhancement, altruism, and self-destruction. A second study, conducted with subjects actually exposed to threat (i.e., receiving a below average score on relationship aptitude), confirmed the existence of these motives for social comparison. The effects of variables thought to influence the comparison process, such as self-esteem, comparison target, and comparison operationalization, were also examined in relation to comparison motives.
Self-Evaluation Processes
Authors: Taylor Shelley E. , Neter Efrat , Wayment Heidi A.
Published: March 2007

Four motives (self-assessment, self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-improvement) are hypothesized to guide self-evaluation. Results of an empirical investigation suggest that two sets of circumstances may commonly elicit all four motives: a situation of past threat or failure and anticipation of some important future threat or challenge. These findings suggest the need to develop an integrative approach to self-evaluation that specifies not only the distinctive circumstances in which each motive may be satisfied but also the ways multiple motives may be simultaneously satisfied. Evidence is presented to suggest that the four motives are satisfied by drawing on different information sources. Individual differences and domain under investigation are also found to moderate self-evaluation processes. Directions for future integrative efforts are suggested.
Gender Characteristics and Adjustment-Related Outcomes: Questioning the Masculinity Model
Authors: Aube Jennifer , Norcliffe Hilary , Craig Judy-Anne , Koestner Richard
Published: March 2007

Previous reviews have concluded that there is a significant positive relation between masculinity and adjustment. The present study examined the generality of this relation by measuring gender characteristics and adjustment-related outcomes in a multidimensional manner. Results showed that although masculine traits were significantly positively associated with life satisfaction and positive affect for both men and women, they were not related to negative affect. A significant positive relation emerged between masculine traits and dyadic adjustment for both men and women, but this relation was not confirmed by partner reports. Masculine behaviors were unrelated to life satisfaction and positive affect but were positively related to negative affect. Feminine traits were predictive of the experience of pleasant interpersonal emotions and good dyadic functioning for men. A sex difference emerged for feminine interests and behaviors, indicating that they tended to be associated with negative outcomes for men but positive outcomes for women. Together, the results call into question the scope of the masculinity model of adjustment.
Loneliness in Early Adolescence: A Test of the Cognitive Discrepancy Model of Loneliness
Authors: Archibald Fraser S. , Bartholomew Kim , Marx Ronald
Published: March 2007

The cognitive discrepancy model of loneliness postulates that people experience loneliness when they perceive a discrepancy between their actual and desired levels of interpersonal contact. In contrast, a social needs model proposes that loneliness arises from actual deficits in social contact. The incremental value of the cognitive discrepancy model over the social needs model was tested by examining whether cognitive discrepancies predict adolescent loneliness over and above the influence of actual levels of social contact. A total of 217 Grade 10 students participated. Loneliness, actual levels of social contact, and discrepancies from a personally defined ideal standard and a socially defined normative standard of social activity were assessed. The results provided limited support for a cognitive discrepancy model of loneliness. After controlling for actual levels of social activity, actual-ideal and actual-typical discrepancies added only minimally to the prediction of loneliness.
On the Costs and Benefits of Ignorance: How Performance Satisfaction is Affected by Knowing the Standard Prior to Performance
Authors: Schul Yaacov , Schiff Miriam
Published: March 2007

Subjects in two experiments performed a novel task. They were given a performance standard either before or after performance. Half the subjects were given performance feedback indicating that performance exceeded the standard (i.e., success); the other half were given performance feedback indicating that performance was below the standard (i.e., failure). The findings indicate that the timing of the presentation of the standard influences the affective reaction to performance. Subjects who received the standard after performance were more satisfied (in the success condition) or more dissatisfied (in the failure condition) than those who received the standard prior to performance. Experiment 2 also included variations in the timing of the presentation of the standard and in the feedback following performance. No systematic differences were found between these conditions. Implications of these findings of models of performance evaluation are discussed.
Mood-Congruent Memory and Natural Mood: New Evidence
Authors: Mayer John D. , McCormick Laura J. , Strong Sara E.
Published: March 2007

The mood-congruent memory effect states that happy people will better remember happy than sad materials, whereas sad people will better remember sad than happy materials (or remember such material equally). Clinical studies and those employing experimentally induced moods find evidence formood-congruent memory, but results from both types of studies can be explained by nonmood influences. Mood-congruent memory has not yet been found in normal people in everyday moods. The authors find evidence for the effect among normal individuals in three studies (N = 614). This supports prior experimental and clinical findings-and means that mood and memory constantly covary in everyday experience.
The Effect of a Model's HIV Status on Self-Perceptions: A Self-Protective Similarity Bias
Authors: Gump Brooks B. , Klik James A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines how information about another person's HIV status influences self-erceptions and behavioral intentions. Individuals perceived their own personalities and behaviors as more dissimilar to another person's if that person's HIV status was believed positive compared with negative or unknown. This similarity bias may be viewed as self-protective in that it occurred specifically in response to potentially threatening information and on threat-relevant dimensions. There was also evidence that the similarity bias may enable individuals to reduce perceptions of personal susceptibility. Mediational analyses further suggest that the similarity bias is likely a function more of inflated ratings of the individual's own safety characteristics than of deflated ratings of the model's safety characteristics. Finally, exposure to the HIV-positive model produced greater intentions to get tested for HIV. Theoretical implications for conceptions of similarity in social comparison theory and practical considerations for media messages are considered.
Neosexism: Plus Ça Change, Plus C'est Pareil
Authors: Tougas Francine , Brown Rupert , Beaton Ann M. , Joly Stéphane
Published: March 2007

A scale designed to tap into a new type of gender prejudice, called neosexist beliefs, is proposed. Two studies investigating antecedents and consequences of neosexism were conducted. In the first study, a predictive model was tested with a sample of 130 male students. It was found, according to hypotheses, that considerations of collective interest (CI) and old-fashioned sexism had an impact on neosexism. However, only the latter and CI triggered opposition to affirmative action (AA). The second study evaluated the effects of CI and neosexism among a sample of 149 male workers employed in a firm where an exhaustive AA program was implemented. For example, it was found that support for the program in place and evaluations of women's qualifications were influenced both by neosexism and by CI. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Attachment Styles and Violent Imagery in Thematic Stories about Relationships
Authors: Woike Barbara A. , Osier Thomas J. , Candela Kevin
Published: March 2007

The link between use of violent imagery (VI) in imaginative stories about social situations and perceivers' attachment styles (secure, avoidant, anxious) was examined. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and an attachment style questionnaire were administered. The TAT stories of anxiously attached men contained more VI than stories written by other subjects. Content analyses further revealed that more anxiously attached men wrote violent affiliation stories with male perpetrators and female victims. Findings suggest that V7 may be an expression of frustration toward romantic partners and an inability to modulate negative affect in intimate relationships for a specific group of men.
Group Discussion and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas
Authors: Bouas Kelly S. , Komorita S. S.
Published: March 2007

Face-to-face discussion has been shown to increase cooperative behavior in social dilemmas. Two general explanations of this effect were tested: group identity (concern for fellow group members' outcomes) and perception of consensus (degree of agreement perceived among group members on how to respond to the dilemma). Undergraduate students participated in four person groups in one of four experimental conditions. The four conditions differed in common fate (interdependent outcome in a lottery), face-to-face discussion of the dilemma, discussion of an important (irrelevant) issue, and no discussion (control). Results indicate that (a) the common fate manipulation neither aroused group identity nor enhanced cooperation, (b) group identity may not be sufficient to elicit cooperation in a social dilemma, and (c) the most plausible explanation of group discussion effects is members' perceived consensus to cooperate.
The Effect of In-Group/Out-Group Status on Memory for Consistent and Inconsistent Behavior of an Individual
Authors: Bardach Louis , Park Bernadette
Published: March 2007

Research has demonstrated better memory for behavior inconsistent wvith an expectation when the target is an individual. When the target is a group, consistent information is better recalled than inconsistent or irrelevant. In this study, the target was an individual, but the expectation derived from his or her membership in a social (gender) group. Mention of the target's gender was sufficient to evoke the gender stereotype, resulting in better memory for gender-inconsistent than consistent items, but only when the target was a member of the gender out-group. The explanation proposed is that low variability is expected among out-group members, rendering inconsistent behaviors particularly surprising. Individuals who perceived the target's gender group more stereotypically showed a marginally reliable tendency to better recall the inconsistent behaviors. Impressions of the target were driven by the target's gender and were largely unrelated to the contents of memory.
Trait Implications as a Moderator of Recall of Stereotype-Consistent and Stereotype-Inconsistent Behaviors
Authors: Diksterhuis Ap , van Knippenberg Ad
Published: March 2007

The assumption was tested that organization in memory of behavioral information and recall depends on the descriptive relatedness of consistent information with inconsistent information. Subjects read stereotype-consistent and stereotype-inconsistent behavioral descriptions implying the same trait dimension (e.g., intelligent and stupid behaviors) or different trait dimensions (e.g., intelligent and aggressive behaviors). It was hypothesized that if stereotype-inconsistent behaviors were associated with consistent behaviors because of shared trait implications, these behaviors would be recalled better than stereotype-consistent behaviors. Conversely, it was expected that if subjects were provided with inconsistent information that, because of differential trait implications, could not be associated with consistent information, inconsistent information would be stored separately, and recall of this information would be worse. These predictions were corroborated in a recall task. Conditional recall probabilities and clustering scores supported the proposed underlying organization of information in memory.
Individual Differences in Person Memory: The Role of Sociopolitical Ideology and In-Group Versus Out-Group Membership in Responses to Socially Relevant Behavior
Authors: Winke Michaela , Wyer Robert S.
Published: March 2007

Participants were told to form an impression of either a liberal or a conservative target person whose behaviors reflected both a liberal and a conservative social ideology. They had better recall of behaviors that were descriptively inconsistent (vs. consistent) with the target's ideology when this ideology differed from their own. This was not true, however, when the target's ideology was similar to theirs. In addition, participants had better recall of behaviors they personally considered to be undesirable. This latter difference was more pronounced among liberals when they were told to focus their attention on the opinions reflected by the behaviors described, but it was more pronounced among conservatives when they were told to focus on the behaviors per se. Implications of the results for existing research and theory in person impression formation are discussed.
Bias in Intergroup Perceptions: Balancing Group Identity with Social Reality
Authors: Ellemers Naomi , van Rijswijk Wendy , Roefs Marlene , Simons Catrien
Published: March 2007

This study illuminates how social reality affects in-group favoritism in group perceptions. Members of two student associations (which were expected to have differential status) as well as nonmembers participated in this study (total N = 103). Participants rated the perceived status of the two groups and indicated to what extent they identified with each group. They also rated the two groups on typical and nontypical traits and evaluated these traits. In support of predictions, members of the group with lower perceived status displayed more in-group-favoring biases than members of the group with higher perceived status. However, biased ratings did not violate consensual definitions of social reality as indicated by nonmembers. The observed biases correlated substantially with participants' group identifications.
Effects of Behavioral Causes and Consequences on Person Judgments
Authors: Vonk Roos
Published: March 2007

Two scenario studies address the effects of the consequences of an actor's behavior as a function of behavioral causes (dispositional, situational) and behavior valence. In Experiment 1, the behaviors were likeability related. As predicted, inferences were more extreme when the behaviors produced consequences for others than when they did not affect others-but only when the behaviors were likeable. In Experiment 2, the behaviors were ability related. Only incompetent behaviors were judged more extremely when they affected others. A parallel pattern of findings emerged for the effects of causes. Judgments were more extreme for dispositional than for situationally caused behaviors but only when the behaviors were likeable or incompetent. Thus, inferences of likeable and incompetent behaviors were affected by causes and consequences, but dislikeable and competent behaviors were perceived as informative regardless of their causes and consequences.
Conflict with Outsiders: Disputing within and Across Cultural Boundaries
Authors: Tyler Tom , Lind E. Allan , Ohbuchi Ken-Ichi , Sugawara Ikuo , Huo Yuen J.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examine how people's reactions to conflict resolution efforts by third parties are affected by whether the conflict occurs within or across cultural boundaries. Both test the social categorization hypothesis of the relational model of authority: that third party decisions will be evaluated more strongly through judgments about the treatment of disputants (relational concerns) in conflicts within groups and more strongly in terms of decisions favorability (instrumental concerns) in disputes across groups. The first study tests this hypothesis in a study of conflicts between American employees and their supervisors, whereas the second does so in a study of conflicts involving Japanese and Western teachers. The results of both studies support the predictions of the relational model. In both studies, relational concerns are more important in within-group disputes.
Situation-Specific Effects in Person Memory
Authors: Trafimow David
Published: March 2007

Given that most person memory models have concentrated on trait expectancies, and have ignored situational ones, this article attempts to show that new predictions can arise from an explicit focus on the situation. Participants were led to believe that a target person was kind or unkind either at work or at home. They were subsequently presented with congruent and incongruent behavioral items ostensibly performed by the target person in each of these settings. Consistent with the notion that people form situation-specific expectancies, incongruent behaviors were better recalled than congruent ones, but only if they pertained to the situation specified in the expectancy manipulation; an incongruity effect was not obtained for behaviors performed in the unspecified situation. These data suggest that situation-specific expectancies should be addressed in future person memory models.
Racial Prejudice and Stereotype Activation
Authors: Kawakami Kerry , Dion Kenneth L. , Dovidio John F.
Published: March 2007

The main goal of the present study was to investigate the interrelationships among preudice and the endorsement and activation of cultural stereotypes. The endorsement of stereotypes was examined using an attribution estimate measure. Stereotype activation was examined using a pronunciation task with short and long stimulus onset asynchronies (300 ms and 2000 ms) to induce automatic and controlled processing. As expected, high prejudiced participants endorsed cultural stereotypes to a greater extent than low prejudiced participants. Furthermore, for high prejudiced participants, Black category labels facilitated stereo-type activation under automatic and controlled processing conditions. For low prejudiced participants, no evidence of differential activation was found for stereotypes relative to non-stereotypes as a function of category labels under either processing condition. In addition, stereotype activation was correlated with individual differences in stereotype endorsement.
Sober Second Thought: The Effects of Accountability, Anger, and Authoritarianism on Attributions of Responsibility
Authors: Lerner Jennifer S. , Goldberg Julie H. , Tetlock Philip E.
Published: March 2007

This experiment explored the joint impact of accountability, anger, and authoritarianism on attributions of responsibility. Participants were either accountable or anonymous while watching an anger-priming or a neutral-emotion-priming video clip. In an ostensibly separate study, participants also were either accountable or anonymous while determining responsibility and punishment in fictional tort cases. As predicted, priming anger both simplified cognitive processing(i.e., reduced the number of cues used in making judgments) and amplified the carryover of self-reported anger to punitive attributions and actual punishment. By contrast, accountability increased the complexity of the judgment process and attenuated the carryover of anger to attributions and punishment. These results generalized across four replication cases that varied in story content; degree of defendant intentionality; and target, type, and severity of harm.
Kinesthetic Aftereffect Scores Are Reliable
Authors: Mishara Brian L. , Baker A. Harvey
Published: March 2007

The validity of the Kinesthetic Aftereffect (KAE) as a measure of personality has been criticized be cause of KAE's poor test-retest reliability. However. systematic bias effects render KAE retest sessions invalid and make test-retest reliability an inappro priate measure of KAE's true reliability. Internal consistency calculations, a better estimate of KAE's true reliability, have been flawed in the past. New analyses of internal consistency data from 10 sam ples using 2 different KAE procedures are present ed. Internal consistency of KAE scores was found to be high (median .89 for 5 samples with Petrie's procedure and median .59 for 5 samples with Weintraub's procedure). Some increment in reli ability can apparently be obtained by extending the number of trials in the Weintraub procedure.