bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Price and Quality Competition
Authors: Curry David J.
Published: November 2018

Portfolio management requires precise measures of price and quality competition across relevant lines. A methodology is proposed that uses the Law of Comparative Judgment to transform ordinal comparisons between firms into reliable price and quality scales. Results are presented for five broadline manufacturers and fifteen subsidiaries competing in eight product classes in major appliances. The scale values and subsequent interpretations are substantiated by two major trade studies commissioned by the appliance industry. Implications for integrating quality considerations into the strategic planning process are discussed.
“Marketing Strategy and Differential Advantage”: A Comment
Authors: Chattopadhyay Amitava , Nedungadi Prakash , Chakravarti Dipankar
Published: November 2018

This article critiques the “new paradigm of marketing strategies” proposed by Cook (JM, Spring 1983). It is shown that his formulation of the strategic marketing ambition and differential advantage concepts does not provide general or actionable links between a firm's market performance goals and its marketing mix decisions. The consequent limitations of Cook's framework are discussed, and alternative formulations that may overcome these limitations are suggested.
A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing
Authors: Ferrell O. C. , Gresham Larry G.
Published: November 2018

This article addresses a significant gap in the theoretical literature on marketing ethics. This gap results from the lack of an integrated framework which clarifies and synthesizes the multiple variables that explain how marketers make ethical/unethical decisions. A contingency framework is recommended as a starting point for the development of a theory of ethical/unethical actions in organizational environments. This model demonstrates how previous research can be integrated to reveal that ethical/unethical decisions are moderated by individual factors, significant others within the organizational setting, and opportunity for action.
Marketing and the Supreme Court in Transition, 1982–1984
Authors: Werner Ray O.
Published: November 2018

Although the Supreme Court seemed sharply divided in its 1981–82 and 1982–83 terms, its decisions continue to be important to marketers. Not only did the Court render decisions that were important in determining pricing and advertising practices, particularly in the professions, it also made significant decisions impacting on marketing organization. Finally, in what appear to be its most important holdings in these two terms, the Court decided procedural questions that may alter the actions of both the judiciary and the regulatory agencies. A Court with a new composition may soon be forthcoming, and the resulting judicial regulation of marketing could change significantly.
Marketing Strategies in the Age of Generics
Authors: Harris Brian F. , Strang Roger A.
Published: November 2018

Since their introduction into U.S. supermarkets in 1977, generic grocery products have been a major center of controversy. Statistics indicate that the rapid growth phase for generics has ended and that this concept has now entered the maturity phase of its life cycle. Since generics have now become a permanent feature of the grocery industry, retailers and manufacturers must carefully formulate their marketing strategies, whether these strategies are for offensive or defensive reasons. This article focuses on these critical strategic questions, reviews past manufacturer and retailer strategies, and makes recommendations for future strategies now that generics have reached maturity.
Advertising and Industry Sales: An Empirical Study of the West German Cigarette Market
Authors: Leeflang Peter S. H. , Reuijl Jan C.
Published: November 2018

The influence of advertising on primary demand for cigarettes is investigated. By employing annual, bimonthly, and monthly observations, the consequences of temporal aggregation can be studied. Independent of the level of temporal aggregation, advertising was found to have a statistically significant impact on industry sales, although the influence diminished over time. This contradicts the findings of a well-known study by Lambin (1976) , which lends support to the assumption of reciprocal cancellation of brand advertising in saturated markets. With respect to the problem of temporal aggregation, the results confirm the empirical and theoretical findings of Clarke (1976) , and Bass and Leone (1983) .
On the Use of Financial Portfolio Theory in Marketing Decisions: A Reply to Devinney, Stewart, and Shocker
Authors: Cardozo Richard N. , Smith David K.
Published: November 2018

Devinney, Stewart, and Shocker identify six dimensions on which financial portfolio theory differs from our modification of that paradigm for use in the product market management context. We believe that these differences require modification—not rejection—of the financial portfolio paradigm for application in marketing. We discuss each of these differences in turn.
Key Success Factors for Manufacturers’ Sales Promotions in Package Goods
Authors: Hardy Kenneth G.
Published: November 2018

This exploratory study examines the differences beween sales promotions that achieved their objectives and those that did not. For both consumer and trade promotions, the key success factors differ according to the objectives set and achieved. However, for a given objective, such as moving short-term volume, the key success factors for consumer promotions are different from the key success factors for trade promotions. Fortunately for managers, most of the key success factors are within their control. However, future management of sales promotions will demand much better feedback systems and a much higher level of planning. This article directs promotion managers to the key variables to be monitored and managed.
Missing the Boat and Sinking the Boat: A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurial Risk
Authors: Dickson Peter R. , Giglierano Joseph J.
Published: November 2018

The use of financial portfolio theory to guide new venture planning is discussed and rejected. Instead, a dual conceptualization of business risk is offered that is more consistent with statistical inference and several other theories of risk and decision making. It provides a better understanding of entrepreneurial decision making and how planning can both reduce and increase risk.
A Note on Sadomasochism in the Review Process: I hate when that Happens
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: November 2018

This article describes an apparent sadomasochism in the review process for journals of marketing and consumer research. It provides vignettes representing both the author's and the reviewer's perspectives. It then discusses two sets of seven suggestions intended to enourage a reconciliation.
Cause-Related Marketing: A Coalignment of Marketing Strategy and Corporate Philanthropy
Authors: Varadarajan P. Rajan , Menon Anil
Published: November 2018

Cause-related marketing represents the confluence of perspectives from several specialized areas of inquiry such as marketing for nonprofit organizations, the promotion mix, corporate philanthropy, corporate social responsibility, fund-raising management, and public relations. The authors outline the concept of cause-related marketing, its characteristics, and how organizations, both for-profit and not-for-profit, can benefit from effective use of this promising marketing tool.
Evolutionary Processes in Competitive Markets: Beyond the Product Life Cycle
Authors: Lambkin Mary , Day George S.
Published: November 2018

The traditional product life cycle framework has little to say about the competitive processes that accompany the evolution of a market. The first part of the article identifies the major shortcomings of the product life cycle. This analysis is used to establish the requirements for a more comprehensive model that incorporates both demand- and supply-side factors. The second part shows how concepts from population ecology theory can be adapted to satisfy these requirements. With this dynamic theory, specific propositions can be made about changes in competitive structure and performance as the market evolves.
Strategic Adaptability and Firm Performance: A Market-Contingent Perspective
Authors: McKee Daryl O. , Varadarajan P. Rajan , Pride William M.
Published: November 2018

The authors test the proposition that the effectiveness of a particular strategic orientation—reactor, defender, analyzer, and prospector—is contingent upon the dynamics of the market. In mildly volatile markets, analyzer organizations are found to outperform other organization strategy types. However, in more volatile markets, the strategy-performance alignment is less clearly determined by the market environment.
The Experience Curve Doctrine Reconsidered
Authors: Alberts William W.
Published: November 2018

The author studies the relationship for a typical business unit between an advantaged cost position and the decision to build market share. He first offers a rebuttal of experience curve doctrine, the widely taught argument that causation runs from share building to cost advantage. The rebuttal counterargues that the key to generating a cost advantage is innovation. The author then makes a case that in most market circumstances rate of return building, not share building, is the most profitable way for a unit to exploit an innovation-caused cost advantage.
Assessing the Impact of Retail Price Promotions on Product Substitution, Complementary Purchase, and Interstore Sales Displacement
Authors: Walters Rockney G.
Published: November 2018

The author investigates the impact of retail price promotions on consumer purchasing patterns and the performance of competing retailers. A conceptual framework for retail promotional effects that includes brand substitution effects, interstore sales displacements, and the effects of promotions on complementary goods is developed. The framework is tested with store-level scanner data. Results are generally supportive of the framework and show that retail price promotions created significant complementary and substitution effects within the store. Interstore promotional effects also were detected in several cases as the promotions of products in one store significantly decreased sales of substitutes and complements in a competing store. Implications of the results for retail and manufacturer promotional strategies are discussed and several directions for future research are offered.
Interfirm Adaptation in Business Relationships
Authors: Hallén Lars , Johanson Jan , Seyed-Mohamed Nazeem
Published: November 2018

On the basis of social exchange theory and the resource-dependence model, a structural model of interfirm adaptation is formulated. The model accounts for mutual adaptation as a consequence of trust-building as well as for unilateral adaptation due to imbalanced dependence between the parties. The view that interfirm adaptations are elements in a social exchange process is supported.
Evolution of the Marketing Organization: New Forms for Turbulent Environments
Authors: Achrol Ravi S.
Published: November 2018

Rapid changes in industrial structure and global competition have occurred in the last two decades. The changes herald the post-industrial era, producing an environment of ambiguity and paradox at this point in time, but nevertheless causing profound impacts on our economic and social institutions. The environment of the future will be characterized most notably by unprecedented levels of diversity, knowledge richness, and turbulence. However, marketing's strategy concepts remain rooted in the historical evolution of functional approaches to a customer orientation. In the post-industrial era, unusual forms of marketing organization (that are ambidextrous and highly flexible) will be needed to cope with complex and dynamic task environments. The author discusses two such forms, the marketing exchange company and the marketing coalition company. The marketing companies serve as the organizing hubs of complex networks of functionally specialized firms. The new forms are transorganizational systems in which the critical managerial activities are boundary-spanning ones. To be effective, such systems will evolve elaborate relational norms and sophisticated information, political, and quasijudicial systems.
Taxonomy of Buying Decision Approaches
Authors: Bunn Michele D.
Published: November 2018

The author reports the development of a classification scheme of buying patterns and situations. Unlike previous conceptual schemes, it consists of six prototypical “buying decision approaches” identified through an empirically based taxonomy development procedure. A mix of underlying buying activities distinguishes the categories: search for information, use of analysis techniques, focus on proactive issues, and reliance on control mechanisms. The use of a particular buying decision approach depends on four situational characteristics: purchase importance, task uncertainty, extensiveness of choice, and perceived buyer power. The findings reveal some patterns that are similar to previous classification schemes, but new variations allow for a conceptual extension of the literature. The resulting framework is useful to marketing managers, who can view their customer segments in terms of the categories in the taxonomy. Further, it provides a tool by which sales representatives can develop adaptive selling approaches based on a small set of buying situations and corresponding buying decision approaches.
Marketing Literature Review
Authors: Leonard Myron
Published: November 2018

This section is based on a selection of article abstracts from a comprehensive business literature database. Marketing-related abstracts from over 125 journals (both academic and trade) are reviewed by JM staff. Descriptors for each entry are assigned by JM staff. Each issue of this section represents three months of entries into the database. JM wishes to thank Data Courier Inc. for use of the ABI/INFORM business database.

Each entry has an identifying number. Cross-references appear immediately under each subject heading.

The following article abstracts are available online from the ABI/INFORM database, which is published and copyrighted by UMI/Data Courier, Inc. For additional information about access to the database or about obtaining photocopies of the articles abstracted below, please call (800) 626-2823 or write to UMI/Data Courier, Inc., 620 South Fifth Street, Louisville, KY 40202. Each article costs $10.75. Customers with deposit accounts of $200 or more pay $8.75 per article.
Patterns of Credible Commitments: Territory and Brand Selectivity in Industrial Distribution Channels
Authors: Fein Adam J. , Anderson Erin
Published: November 2018

The authors propose a new theoretical rationale that explains the paired existence of both a manufacturer's decision to limit the number of intermediaries operating in a specific geographic market and a distributor's decision to limit brand assortment in a product category. Using transaction cost reasoning, they suggest that channel selectivity agreements can be understood as interrelated exchanges of pledges, or credible commitments, that counterbalance exposure to opportunism and neutralize sources of relationship instability, thereby strengthening an interorganizational relationship. The empirical results, which are based on dyadic data from 362 manufacturer–distributor relationships, are broadly supportive of their framework.
Marketing Organization: An Integrative Framework of Dimensions and Determinants
Authors: Workman John P. , Homburg Christian , Gruner Kjell
Published: November 2018

Although there is increasing interest in topics related to the organization of the marketing function, there is relatively little research that relates marketing organization to a business unit's environment. This article, based on interviews in U.S. and German firms, explores how the organization and role of marketing vary across business contexts. After reviewing prior research and describing their methodology, the authors present a conceptual framework that relates aspects of marketing organization to the business environment. The authors then draw on field observations and prior research to describe variations and develop illustrative propositions for three organizational dimensions: (1) the structural location of marketing and sales groups, (2) the cross-functional dispersion of marketing activities, and (3) the relative power of the marketing subunit. The authors conclude with theoretical and managerial implications.
Innovation, Market Orientation, and Organizational Learning: An Integration and Empirical Examination
Authors: Hurley Robert F. , Hult G. Tomas M.
Published: November 2018

Research on market orientation and organizational learning addresses how organizations adapt to their environments and develop competitive advantage. A significant void exists in current models of market orientation because none of the frameworks incorporates constructs related to innovation. The authors present a conceptual framework for incorporating constructs that pertain to innovation in market orientation research. Some of the critical relationships in this conceptual framework are tested among a sample of 9648 employees from 56 organizations in a large agency of the U.S. federal government. The results indicate that higher levels of innovativeness in the firms’ culture are associated with a greater capacity for adaptation and innovation (number of innovations successfully implemented). In addition, higher levels of innovativeness are associated with cultures that emphasize learning, development, and participative decision making. The authors make recommendations for incorporating constructs related to innovation into research on market orientation and organizational learning.
Effects of Supplier Market Orientation on Distributor Market Orientation and the Channel Relationship: The Distributor Perspective
Authors: Siguaw Judy A. , Simpson Penny M. , Baker Thomas L.
Published: November 2018

A strategy for easing the tensions facing suppliers and distributors in their channel relationships may be the adoption of market-oriented behaviors. The authors develop a model of likely effects and empirically examine the consequences of a supplier's market orientation on the distributor's market orientation and other channel relationship factors. Results indicate that a supplier's market-oriented behaviors directly or indirectly affect all the channel relationship factors examined from the distributor's perspective, specifically the distributor's market orientation, trust, cooperative norms, commitment, and satisfaction with financial performance.
Market Orientation and Organizational Performance: Is Innovation a Missing Link?
Authors: Han Jin K. , Kim Namwoon , Srivastava Rajendra K.
Published: November 2018

In recent years, a market-oriented corporate culture increasingly has been considered a key element of superior corporate performance. Although organizational innovativeness is believed to be a potential mediator of this market orientation–corporate performance relationship, much of the evidence to date remains anecdotal or speculative. In this context, the authors present a systematic framework to test the postulated “market orientation–innovation–performance” chain. To this end, the direct causality assumption of market orientation on organizational performance is examined with Narver and Slater's (1990) market orientation framework. Moreover, the authors take a componentwise approach and examine how the three core components of market orientation (customer orientation, competitor orientation, and interfunctional coordination) affect the two core components of organizational innovativeness (technical versus administrative) en route to affecting corporate performance. Using banking industry data, the authors empirically test and substantiate innovation's mediating role in the market orientation–corporate performance relationship.
The Advance Letter in Mail Surveys
Authors: Ford Neil M.
Published: November 2018

The effect of the advance letter was examined by experiments during two mail surveys. Results show the advance letter significantly improved response rates. The advance letter, however, did not affect how fast a questionnaire was returned, how many questions were not answered, and how the respondent answered the questions.
An Observational Criterion of Repurchase Performance
Authors: Frevert R. Fred
Published: November 2018

The period immediately following the consumer's initial purchase of a new product is an appropriate time to study the beginnings of repurchase behavior as well as to measure accompanying attitude changes. This article describes an observational-analytical design for developing this information. The design applies for products that remain in their original packages until used, such as a new toothpaste or floor wax as compared with a new toilet soap.
Differences between Retailers’ and Consumers’ Perceptions
Authors: Mcclure Peter J. , Ryans John K.
Published: November 2018

Retailers, because of their close association with the public, have historically been described as an excellent source of information about consumers. Interviews with consumers and appliance retailers reveal several interesting retailer misconceptions of consumers which may lead to ill-considered marketing strategies.
Social Class and Life Cycle as Predictors of Shopping Behavior
Authors: Rich Stuart U. , Jain Subhash C.
Published: November 2018

Traditionally it has been held that consumer buying behavior can be classified by social class and stage in the family life cycle. Recently it has been suggested that these distinctions have been obscured by the leveling effects of social and economic changes. From data of an extensive empirical study of women's shopping behavior, the authors suggest that in many instances the earlier market segmentation concept may be outmoded.
Consumer Preferences for Alternative Retail Credit Terms: A Concept Test of the Effects of Consumer Legislation
Authors: Walker Orville C. , Sauter Richard F.
Published: November 2018

Retailers may respond to interest limitation laws in ways that are detrimental to certain segments of society. This study examines the impact of such laws on consumers. Preferences for alternative retail credit terms vary significantly among consumers with different socioeconomic characteristics. The managerial and public policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Patterns of Academic Risk and Resilience: Post–High School Educational Pathways in the Context of the 2007 Economic Recession
Authors: Perez-Brena Norma J. , Sang Samantha , Kuo Sally I-Chun , Rodríguez De Jesús Sue A. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Umaña-Taylor Adriana J. , McHale Susan M.
Published: November 2018

Academic resilience reflects individuals’ high levels of achievement and motivation despite the presence of stressful conditions that place them at risk for reduced performance. To understand what informs resilience, this study used narrative data from 274 Mexican-origin late adolescents/young adults (aged 19-25 years) to understand how a sociohistorical context— the 2007 U.S. economic recession — informed their experiences in college engagement and achievement. An inductive approach was used to identify themes based on youth’s narratives. Four themes emerged within the data: inability to pay for education, changes in educational/career goals, prioritizing of resources, and feelings of hopelessness/helplessness. Next, a person-centered approach was used to identify patterns in youth’s theme endorsement. Five patterns of academic resilience were identified: Resource and Knowledge, Grit and Perseverance, Waning Grit, Disengaged, and Disengaged and Hopeless. The qualitative themes and groups supported current perspectives on academic risk and resilience and showcase the need to create an integrated model of academic resilience in higher education that accounts for sociohistorical context, social and academic integration, coping skills, locus of control, and social contractual expectations. Furthermore, this study provides practical recommendations by identifying groups who are at risk for academic disengagement.
Risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with human papillomavirus infection: a population-based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Shi L-H , Huang J-Y , Liu Y-Z , Chiou J-Y , Wu R , Wei J C-C
Published: November 2018

Background: Viral infection contributing to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) development has been largely reported. However, the SLE risk in patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is unknown. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (2000) in Taiwan. We identified 43,567 patients with HPV infection and 174,268 age- and sex-matched uninfected controls from 2002 to 2012. Individuals were followed up from index date (first date of diagnosis with HPV) until the occurrence of SLE, at the end of the study (December 2013), or when they were withdrawn from the insurance program. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was calculated using the univariate Poisson regression. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were calculated, and sensitive and subgroups analyses were also conducted. Results: Compared with the non-HPV controls, the IRR of SLE in HPV patients was 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–2.12). The risk of SLE in HPV-infected individuals was significantly high (aHR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.06–2.06) after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities. Men aged between 16 and 45 years were more susceptible to developing SLE (aHR: 21.57, 95% CI: 2.52–184.60, p = 0.0051). Conclusion: Our study showed a significantly higher risk of SLE among HPV-infected patients, especially in men aged between 16 and 45 years.
Managing Risk and Preempting Immorality in Private Employment of Public Police
Authors: Lippert Randy K , Walby Kevin , Zaia Mathew
Published: November 2018

This article examines risk management and moral regulation of private employment of public police (or PEPP). Drawing on a study of 104 North American police departments and analysis of interviews with police and private employers, police policies and procedures, and police assignment logs, we first identify PEPP contexts. We then argue that risk management is as much of as by public police officers. This risk management is sometimes preempted by moral regulation of police officers focused on objects, spaces, and suspect employers and which partially aims to preserve police legitimacy. We then discern four means of managing risk: department-coordinated assignments, officer reporting for superior assessment, private user liability insurance for temporarily hired officers, and opportunistic third-party commercial brokers. The article makes an empirical contribution by exploring risk management and moral regulation of PEPP and a conceptual contribution by lending more understanding to risk management and moral regulation in sociolegal studies.
Putting critique to work: Ethics in EU security research
Authors: Leese Matthias , Lidén Kristoffer , Nikolova Blagovesta
Published: November 2018

In this article, we examine the possibility of exercising critique through the mandatory ethical coverage that EU security research projects must be subjected to. Applied ethics, so we argue, speaks to several core issues in the critical security studies agenda, such as turning abstract considerations of critique into forms of tangible cooperation, engaging exoteric communities, and placing normative questions about security within concrete contexts of its imagination and production. Accordingly, it can be seen as a concrete way of putting critique to work. At the same time, however, applied ethics does face considerable challenges that result from its location in the middle of numerous cross-pressures, such as political ambitions, economic interests, technological rationales and the demands of security professionals. These challenges risk turning what was intended to be the critical corrective of applied ethics into a legitimizing function of mere ‘ethics approval’. Drawing on personal experiences as well as debates on critical security studies and ethics, we discuss some of these challenges and discuss the possibility of and conditions for critique within the arena of EU security research.
Economic Analysis of Capital Expenditure and Infrastructural Development in Nigeria
Authors: Okolo Chukwuemeka Valentine , Edeme Richardson Kojo , Emmanuel Chinanuife
Published: November 2018

Infrastructural development has been the major concern of countries all over the world due to its significant impact in fostering growth. In Nigeria, it has been observed that the level of infrastructure posed serious threat to attaining sustained growth. This study therefore examines the impact of capital expenditure on infrastructural development in Nigeria, utilising time series from 1970 to 2017. The study adopted autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model due to the possibility of the past value of the dependent variable explaining its present value, and found that capital expenditure, construction expenditure and non-oil revenue have the potency of accentuating infrastructural development in the long-run but such is being hampered by external debt. The positive effect of recurrent expenditure on infrastructural development is a pointer that bulk of the expenditure in Nigeria over the years is recurrent in nature. These suggest the need to boost non-oil revenue, reduce recurrent and channel external debt into productive infrastructural development.
“Ag-Gag” Laws: Evolution, Resurgence, and Public Health Implications
Authors: Ceryes Caitlin A. , Heaney Christopher D.
Published: November 2018

The term “ag-gag” refers to state laws that intentionally limit public access to information about agricultural production practices, particularly livestock production. Originally created in the 1990s, these laws have recently experienced a resurgence in state legislatures. We discuss the recent history of ag-gag laws in the United States and question whether such ag-gag laws create a “chilling effect” on reporting and investigation of occupational health, community health, and food safety concerns related to industrial food animal production. We conclude with a discussion of the role of environmental and occupational health professionals to encourage critical evaluation of how ag-gag laws might influence the health, safety, and interests of day-to-day agricultural laborers and the public living proximal to industrial food animal production.
Difference Within and Without: Health Care Providers’ Engagement With Disability Arts
Authors: Viscardis Katharine , Rice Carla , Pileggi Victoria , Underhill Angela , Chandler Eliza , Changfoot Nadine , Montgomery Phyllis , Mykitiuk Roxanne
Published: November 2018

Re•Vision, an assemblage of multimedia storytelling and arts-based research projects, works creatively and collaboratively with misrepresented communities to advance social well-being, inclusion, and justice. Drawing from videos created by health care providers in disability artist-led workshops, this article investigates the potential of disability arts to disrupt dominant conceptions of disability and invulnerable embodiments, and proliferate new representations of bodymind difference in health care. In exploring, remembering, and developing ideas related to their experiences with and assumptions about embodied difference, providers describe processes of unsettling the mythical norm of human embodiment common in health discourse/practice, coming to know disability in nonmedical ways, and re/discovering embodied differences and vulnerabilities. We argue that art-making produces instances of critical reflection wherein attitudes can shift, and new affective responses to difference can be made. Through self-reflective engagement with disability arts practices, providers come to recognize assumptions underlying health care practices and the vulnerability of their own embodied lives.
Primary Palliative Care Education Programs: Review and Characterization
Authors: Carroll Thomas , El-Sourady Maie , Karlekar Mohana , Richeson Ashley
Published: November 2018

Background:

Primary palliative care (PPC) education programs have arisen in response to the recognition that all clinicians need to have a basic set of knowledge and skills to provide excellent care to all patients. PPC education programs appear to vary widely, making it difficult for potential learners to find the right program to fit their needs. We have cataloged and categorized a snapshot of PPC education programs across the United States to serve as a resource for those seeking training, and for educators interested in starting or optimizing such programs.

Methods:

Medical and commercial search engines (MSEs and CSEs, respectively) were used to generate a list of PPC education programs in the United States. Programs were contacted to supplement information available online, and then categorized based on intended learner, certification/degree conferred upon completion, and other characteristics.

Results:

There was little overlap between the PPC education programs found through MSEs and CSEs. Programs found via CSEs varied with respect to intended learners, pedagogy, content, and cost. Among the minority of programs that confer a certification/degree upon completion, there is no consensus as to what these signify.

Conclusions:

The wide variety of PPC education programs is both a challenge to and strength of the field. We hope that this report will serve as a call to develop a standard PPC education taxonomy to help define essential components of all PPC programs, while also leaving sufficient room for programs to serve the unique needs of their local learners and patient populations.
The Impact of the Marketing–R&D Interface on New Product Export Performance: A Contingency Analysis
Authors: Li Tiger
Published: November 2018

On the basis of the literature, a conceptual framework of the relationship between the marketing-research and development (R&D) interface and new product performance in export markets is developed. The product category chosen to test the model is software from the U.S. computer industry. The findings indicate that the marketing–R&D interface exerts a positive impact on new product performance in foreign markets. The results regarding internal and external environmental antecedents, including centralization and customer sophistication, offer some evidence that suggests correlations between these factors and activities of the marketing–R&D interface. This study contributes to marketing research by testing the effect of the marketing–R&D interface in export markets. Managerially, it recommends ways for U.S. companies to enhance new product performance abroad.
The Relationship between Mass Media Availability and the Multicountry Diffusion of Consumer Products
Authors: Tellefsen Thomas , Takada Hirokazu
Published: November 2018

This article proposes and tests a relationship between mass media availability and new product sales in a multicountry environment. Theoretical support is derived from the behavioral and modeling literature on diffusion of innovation. Empirical support is obtained for a model that compares mass media availability with measures of new product sales in a variety of countries. The results suggest that variations in media availability have predictable effects on the speed and pattern of new product sales. These findings help clarify the underlying forces that may influence multinational variations in new product introductions. They also suggest several options for forecasting and managing new products in a multicountry environment.
Predicting International Joint Venture Interaction Frequency in U.S.–Chinese Ventures
Authors: Lin Xiaohua , Germain Richard
Published: November 2018

This research examines the linkages among relationship commitment, cross-cultural adaptation, relational norms, and international joint venture (IJV) interaction frequency. It explores the value of interaction frequency as a performance measure in IJV research and the role of relationship commitment as a key predictor. Cross-cultural adaptation and relational norms are introduced into the commitment–interaction chain because they may reduce cultural dissimilarity and enhance bilateralism, which in turn may promote ongoing interaction. The model is tested empirically using LISREL on U.S.–Chinese IJVs. The results show that relationship commitment positively predicts IJV interaction frequency and cross-cultural adaptation. Although other hypothesized associations are not found, the results provide important practical implications for international marketers.
Is single-anaesthetic bilateral total hip replacement using cemented stems safe and appropriate? A review of four decades of practice
Authors: Charity John , Wyatt Michael C , Jameson Simon , Whitehouse Sarah L , Wilson Matthew J , Gie Graham A
Published: November 2018

Background:

Symptomatic bilateral hip osteoarthritis can be treated surgically with either staged or single-anaesthetic bilateral total hip replacement (BTHR). Today the typical candidate for BTHR is more likely to receive cementless implants. We present the experience of BTHR at our institution using cemented stems combined with cemented and uncemented sockets and, to our knowledge, the largest prospective single-centre series.

Patients and methods:

This cohort study reviews all patients (319 patients: 638 hips) having BTHR at our institution between December 1977 and December 2015. No case was lost to follow-up. Data were collected prospectively but reviewed retrospectively. Length of stay and complication rates were included, and data were compared with Hospital Episode Statistics figures for operations carried out between March 2005 and June 2014 to confirm local database validity. Patient experience and Oxford Hip Scores were obtained for a subgroup of this cohort, comparing them with patients who underwent bilateral staged operations performed within 1 year.

Results:

The rates for mortality, deep vein thrombosis, non-fatal myocardial infarction within 6 months were each 0.3% (1 episode) and non-fatal pulmonary embolism 0.6% (2 episodes). There were no intraoperative periprosthetic fractures or readmissions within 30 days.

Conclusions:

Our study shows a low risk of complications when using cemented and hybrid BTHRs for selected patients and the risk of complications compares favourably with published results. Available functional scores compared favourably to a comparison group of patients undergoing bilateral staged procedures, and a positive impression on treatment experience from a subgroup of interviewed BTHR patients was noticeable.
An Unusual Mass of Posterior Mediastinum: A Case of Retrotracheal Parathyroid Adenoma Presenting With Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Rabiou Sani , Efared Boubacar , Aminou Sani , Harmouchi Hicham , Sidibé Kassim , Lakranbi Marouane , Ouadnouni Yassine , Smahi Mohamed
Published: November 2018

Although parathyroid ectopy in the mediastinum has been the subject of several publications, its location in the posterior mediastinum is very rarely reported. We report a case of a 69-year-old patient who presented with clinical symptoms of malignant hypercalcemia due to a retrotracheal mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. The surgical excision leads to a quick normalisation of the phosphocalcic balance with improvement of the clinical symptoms. Ectopic hypersecreting parathyroid adenoma with life-threatening hypercalcemia should prompt radiological assessment and appropriate surgical management to prevent further clinical complications.
Coiled Fibers of Poly (Amide-Co-Imide) PAI and Poly (Trimellitic Anhydride Chloride-Co-4, 4'-Methylene Dianiline) (PTACM) by using Mechano-Electrospinning
Authors: Bajaj Bharat , Yoon Sang Joon , Park Byeong Hee , Lee Jae Rock
Published: November 2018

Non-linear coil shaped uniform fibers were synthesized with the blend solution of Poly (amide-co-imide) PAI (torlon)/Poly (trimellitic anhydride chloride-co-4, 4'-methylene dianiline) (PTACM) in solvent mixing ratio of DMSO and THF (6:4) by using mechano-electrospinning. The linear shape and decrease in size of fiber was observed as the concentration of blend solution decreases from 30–27 %. However if concentration was reduced to 26 %, regular coil shaped uniform fibers were produced. We also found that solution prepared in 6:4 (DMSO/THF) and concentration less than 26 % did not facilitate continuous electrospinning. The properties of these blends were investigated using a rotational rheometer and SEM, in an attempt to understand the relationships between their rheological and morphological properties. It was concluded that concentration of solution played an important role to the diameter of fiber and significant impact on the shape of fiber.
Improvement of Impact Damage Resistance of Epoxy-Matrix Composites Using Ductile Hollow Fibers
Authors: Nasr-Isfahani Mohammad , Latifi Masoud , Amani-Tehran Mohammad
Published: November 2018

Fiber reinforced polymer structures typically respond very poorly to transverse impact events. In this study, some experimental investigations are performed on the low velocity impact behavior of unidirectional hollow, solid and hybrid (hollow/solid) polyester fiber composites. The materials are fabricated in a curved shape using filament winding method. The impact tests are applied on the simply supported specimens by a drop weight impact test apparatus at five levels of energy.

To present a proper comparison on the results, the various densities of the materials are considered as normalizing coefficients. It is observed that in the hollow fiber composites cracks appear at an appreciably higher amount (93%) of impact energy than the solid ones.
Effect of Construction on Strain distribution in Woven Fabrics under Uniaxial Tensile Deformation
Authors: Mishra Swapna
Published: November 2018

Woven fabrics form an integral part of technical textiles where strength is of prime importance. Amongst various factors found to affect the tensile properties of woven fabrics, change in weave and numbers of yarns is expected to alter initial crimps, ease of crimp interchange and fabric assistance in both the principle directions of testing. Accordingly, a strain analysis of plain and satinette woven fabric samples in raveled strip testing mode were undertaken in this work. The samples were generated under similar weaving conditions while varying only the pick density systematically. An analysis of the strain pattern reveals many interesting observations, the most significant ones being (1) the direct relation between the percentage yarn strength utilization in fabric with the uniformity of strain levels along the two principal directions and (2) a significant difference in the strain distribution of samples tested along warp and weft directions irrespective of the construction.
Control of Spatial Deposition of Electrospun Fiber Using Electric Field Manipulation
Authors: Nurfaizey Abdul Hamid , Stanger Jonathan , Tucker Nick , Buunk Neil , Wood Alan R. , Staiger Mark P.
Published: November 2018

A significant challenge in the synthesis of uniform membranes via electrospinning is achieving a spatially uniform deposition of electrospun fibers. The problem is more pronounced in the case of a multi-spinneret system due to self repulsion between the jets. In this study, electric field manipulation ( via auxiliary electrodes) is explored as a potential technique for controlling the spatial deposition area of electrospun fiber. It was observed experimentally that the location and size of the deposition area can be moved linearly in response to the applied voltages at the auxiliary electrodes. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate the electric field strength and distribution at a given applied voltage and its effect on the flight path of electrospun fiber. Comparisons between experiments and simulations were made in evaluating the accuracy of simulations. The adaptation of this technique in production would provide a method of controlled deposition for producing uniform electrospun fiber membranes.
Evaluation of Woven Denim Fabric Sewability based on Needle Penetration Force
Authors: Haghighat Ezzatollah , Etrati Seyed Mohammad , Najar Saeed Shaikhzadeh
Published: November 2018

This paper investigates the sewability of the woven denim fabrics based on needle penetration force (NPF). For this purpose, the effects of fabric weight, number of fabric layers, needle size, and the interaction effect of these parameters on NPF in twill denim fabrics were investigated. In addition, the influence of weave pattern on NPF was studied. The statistical analysis results show that NPF is influenced by these parameters. Fabric weight has a greater effect on NPF than other parameters. With increasing fabric weight, number of fabric layers, and needle size, the NPF increases. The trend of this increase is nonlinear as predicted by a cubic regression equation. The fabric sewability is also influenced by the mentioned parameters. The fabric sewability becomes poor with increasing fabric weight, needle size, and number of fabric layers. Generally, lighter fabrics sewn with finer needles have better sewability.
New Features of Silver/Zinc Loaded Nanocomposite Textiles; Dyeability, Abrasion Resistance and Comfort
Authors: Dastjerdi Roya
Published: November 2018

This paper investigates the effect of nanoparticles on some new features of silver/zinc loaded nanocomposite fabrics. These fabrics have been fabricated from continuous nanocomposite multifilament yarns produced on a pilot plant melt spinning process with the take-up speed of 2000 m.min-1. According to the results, the dyeability of nanocomposite fabrics with acidic dyes increased as compared to the pure PP. The electrostatic interaction between negatively charged group of acidic dye molecules and positively charged silver nanoparticles can improve dyeability. The results indicated close relationship between the abrasion resistance of fabrics and tensile properties of produced yarns including tenacity, modulus, and rupture work. The results also showed the increasing of the water vapor permeability at temperatures above 25 oC and decreasing permeability at temperatures below 25 oC for nanocomposite fabrics containing 0.1 wt% silver/zinc. This simplifies removing of body heat and sweat and consequently offers more comfort for garment, tent, curtain, etc. at temperatures above 25oC. On the other hand, lower vapor permeability at a low temperature protects the body from cool weather through preventing loss of the body heat and weather flow. This nanocomposite fabric can smartly adapt the permeability with human body requirements by changing the environment temperatures.
Changes of the Knitted Fabric Properties due to Exposure to Outdoor Natural Weathering
Authors: Cubric Ivana Salopek , Matkovic Vesna Marija Potocic , Skenderi Zenun
Published: November 2018

In order to investigate the changes of knitted fabric properties due to exposure to outdoor natural weathering, a series of single jersey fabrics made from different raw materials was produced. The fabrics were exposed to summer weather conditions in duration of three months. The exposure of knitted fabrics to outdoor natural weathering in the summer period affected all investigated properties, namely, structural properties, tensile properties and heat resistance. The most significant changes were: the vertical density increased up to 31%, the mass per unit area increased up to 26%, the breaking force decreased in both directions for up to 54% and the heat resistance decreased up to 18%.