bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induced pluripotent stem cells in psychiatry: a critical review
Authors: De Los Angeles Alejandro , Brennand Kristen , Hall Nicola , Fernando Michael , Harrison Paul , Maher Brady , Weinberger Daniel R. , Tunbridge Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

A key challenge in psychiatry research is the development of high-fidelity model systems that can be experimentally manipulated to explore and test pathophysiological mechanisms of illness. In this respect, the emerging capacity to derive neural cells and circuits from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has generated significant excitement. This review aims to provide a critical appraisal of the potential for iPSCs in illuminating pathophysiological mechanisms and to situate them in the wider technical landscape. We discuss the selection of iPSC phenotypes relevant to psychiatry, the information that researchers can draw on to help guide these decisions, and how researchers choose between the use of 2D cultures, vs. more complex 3D model systems. We discuss the strengths and limitations of current models, and the challenges and opportunities that they present. Finally, we discuss the potential of iPSC-based model systems for clarifying the mechanisms underlying genetic risk for psychiatry, and the steps that will be needed to ensure that robust and reliable conclusions can be drawn. We argue that, whilst iPSC-based models are ideally placed to study fundamental processes occurring within and between neural cells, they are often less well-suited for case-control studies, given issues relating to statistical power and the challenges in identifying which cellular phenotypes are meaningful at the level of the whole individual. Our aim is to highlight the importance of considering the hypotheses of a given study to guide decisions about which, if any, iPSC-based system is most appropriate to address it.
ADMINISTRASI KESISWAAN DALAM PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Fajrin Muh Fadli , Rifqi Nasuha , Arsyam Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Administrasi sangat diperlukan bagi kelangsungan proses belajar mengajardalam dunia pendidikan. semua itu tidak lepas dari kreatif orang-orang yang menguasai administrasi dalam sekolah. orang sering menganggap enteng administrasi tersebut, padahal kalau administrasi dipegang sama orang-orang yang kurang terampil maka administrasi tersebut akan berantakan. orang yang memegang administrasi adalah orang yang sudah terlatih dalam bidangnya (orang yang sudah mendapatkan ilmu/pelatih). Administrasi tidakhanya dalam hal keuangan saja tetapi juga dalam kerapian / keteraturan kita dalam pembukuan. Administrasi tidakhanya dilakukan dalam waktu tertentu saja tetapi setiap hari secara sistematis. keberhasilan pendidikan disekolah harus ditunjang oleh pelayanan administrasi sekolah yang teratur, terarah dan terencana. dimana dalam pelaksanaannya harus mengikuti arah jaman yang semakin bersaing dan semakin modern. untuk itu, perlu adanya pembagian tugas ketatausahaan yang jelas dan terprogram di setiap sekolah.
FINAL TEST BELAJAR DAN PEMBELAJARAN MONALISA
Authors: Monalisa
Published: January 2021

strategi dan media pembelajaran yang tepat mempengaruhi pada proses belajar dan asil belajar dari peserta didik. dengan pembelajaran dapat menciptakan suasana yang teratur dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas. media pembelajaran yaitu berupa alat bantu dalam proses pembelajaran dan dapat membantu guru untuk perantara komunikasi antara guru dan siswa
Factors that influence the provision of home- based rehabilitation services for people needing rehabilitation: a qualitative evidence synthesis (Protocol)
Authors: Universidad de Antioquia UNED Facultad de Medicina , Velez Marcela , Lewin Simon
Published: January 2021

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. The objectives are as follows:• To identify factors that influence the organisation and delivery of home-based and telerehabilitation for people needing rehabilitation.• To identify factors that may influence the organisation and delivery of and home- based rehabilitation and telerehabilitation in pandemic contexts, such as COVID-19.
TEKNIK PENGOLAHAN SKOR HASIL EVALUASI
Authors: Ramadhani Wulan Suci , Murti Murti , Arsyam Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Proses pendidikan terjadi dengan tujuan yang beragam. Masing-masing negara memiliki titik tekan sendiri dalam tujuan pendidikan yang ingin di capai. Tujuan pendidikan di negara maju dan berkembang adalah berbeda. Bahkan, antar negara maju dan berkembang itu sendiri tujuan pendidikannya tidak sama. Begitu juga tujuan pendidikan di daerah dan perkotaan dan pedesaan adalah berbeda. Tidak ada tujuan pendidikan di suatu negara atau wilayah sama persis di negara atau wilayah lain. Namun, ini tidak berarti tidak ada unsur-unsur yang sama dalam tujuan pendidikan di antara semua negara atau bangsa di permukaan bumi ini.
XCR1 is differentially expressed in brain metastatic human breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: January 2021

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with brain metastasis in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that the receptor for chemokines XCL1 and XCL2, the X-C motif chemokine receptor 1, encoded by XCR1, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast (4). XCR1 was also differentially expressed in the tumor cells of patients with triple negative breast cancer (5). XCR1 mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of XCR1 in primary tumors was significantly correlated with patient recurrence-free survival. Modulation of XCR1 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
tujuan dan pengenalan sistem operasi
Authors: tegartriprakosa
Published: January 2021

tujuan dan pengenalan sistem operasi
ADMINISTRASI EVALUASI DAN PENILAIAN DALAM PENDIDIKAN
Authors: dahri muhammad , Ramadani Wahyuni , Arsyam Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Pendidikan sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia sehingga harus dipenuhi dan dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup manusia. Maka dari itu untuk melihat hasil atau kemajuan dari pendidikan tersebut diperlukan evaluasi dan penilaian untuk menjadi tolak ukur apakah pendidikan tersebut mendapatkan hasil yang baik atau kurang baik. Evaluasi dan Penilaian harus dilakukan oleh suatu lembaga pendidikan, tetapi evaluasi dan penilaian ini memiliki administrasi yang harus diikuti oleh suatu lembaga pendidikan. Artikel ini menjelaskan dengan jelas mengenai administrasi evaluasi dan penilaian dalam pendidikan meliputi definisi,tujuan,fungsi,ruang lingkup,dan sasaran.
Laporan Literatur Review
Authors: Nur Muhammad Hadi
Published: January 2021

Laporan Literatur Review
Optimization
Authors: Ho Manh-Toan
Published: January 2021

Optimization is generally a process of learning and unlearning, and of trials and errors, precisely like a mindsponge process.
Chung kết hành trình Vì khát vọng Việt 2013
Authors: AISDL
Published: January 2021

(CTG) Hành trình vì Khát vọng Việt đã đi qua 4 khu vực (Đồng Bằng Sông Cửu Long 26/10, Tây Nguyên 1/11, miền Trung 6/11, miền Bắc 10/11) với sự tham gia của 24 trường Đại học-cao đẳng và 5 tỉnh thành nông thôn (Cần Thơ, Đồng Tháp, Lâm Đồng, Tây Ninh, Khánh Hòa) thu hút hàng chục ngàn thanh niên cả nước đến tham gia, theo dõi và hưởng ứng. Ngày 21/11/2013, tại hội trường Đại học xã hội và nhân văn, Đại học quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, cơ sở Linh Trung, quận Thủ Đức, TPHCM đã diễn ra vòng chung kết...
ETIKA PERDAGANGAN DALAM ISLAM
Authors: Usman Hajarudin Ahmad , Arsyam Muhammad , Yusuf Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Islam memang menghalalkan usaha perdagangan, perniagaan dan atau jual beli. Namun tentu saja untuk orang yang menjalankan usaha perdagangan secara Islam, dituntut menggunakan tata cara khusus, ada aturan mainnya yang mengatur bagaimana seharusnya seorang Muslim berusaha di bidang perdagangan agar mendapatkan berkah dan ridha Allah SWT di dunia dan akhirat.
ERH is differentially expressed in brain metastatic human breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: January 2021

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with brain metastasis in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that the enhancer of rudimentary homolog, encoded by ERH, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast (4). ERH was also differentially expressed in the tumor cells of patients with triple negative breast cancer (5). ERH mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of ERH in primary tumors was significantly correlated with patient recurrence-free survival. Modulation of ERH expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
Ciri-ciri, Prinsip-prinsip, Jenis dan Proses Evaluasi Pendidikan
Authors: Syarief Yusnita Nhyta , Halwa Halawati , Arsyam Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Evaluasi pendidikan dan pengajaran adalah proses kegiatan untuk mendapatkan informasi data mengenai hasil belajar mengajar yang dialami siswa dan mengolah atau menafsirkannya menjadi nilai berupa data kualitatif atau kuantitatif sesuai dengan standar tertentu. Hasilnya diperlukan untuk membuat berbagai putusan dalam bidang pendidikan dan pengajaran.Undang-undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional nomor 20 tahun 2003 pasal 11 ayat 1 mengamanatkan kepada pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah untuk menjamin terselenggaranya pendidikan yang bermutu (berkualitas) bagi setiap warga negara. Terwujudnya pendidikan yang bermutu membutuhkan upaya yang terus menerus untuk selalu meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan. Upaya peningkatan kualitas pendidikan memerlukan upaya peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran (instructional quality) karena muara dari berbagai program pendidikan adalah pada terlaksananya program pembelajaran yang berkualitas. Oleh karena itu, usaha meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan tidak akan tercapai tanpa adanya peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran.Peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran memerlukan upaya peningkatan kualitas program pembelajaran secara keseluruhan karena hakikat kualitas pembelajaran adalah merupakan kualitas implementasi dari program pembelajaran yang telah dirancang sebelumnya. Upaya peningkatan kualitas program pembelajaran memerlukan informasi hasil evaluasi terhadap kualitas program pembelajaran sebelumnya. Dengan demikian, untuk dapat melakukan pembaharuan program pendidikan, termasuk di dalamnya adalah program pembelajaran kegiatan evaluasi terhadap program yang sedang maupun telah berjalan sebelumnya perlu dilakukan dengan baik. Untuk dapat menyusun program yang lebih baik, hasil evaluasi program sebelumnya merupakan acuan yang tidak dapat ditinggalkan.
Final Test Mata Kuliah Belajar dan Pembelajaran
Authors: Santi Karunia
Published: January 2021

Pembelajaran sebagai sebuah sistem memerlukan sinergi perencanaan, media, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi pembelajaran. Keempat komponen tersebut saling berkaitan untuk menciptakan pembelajaran yang baik dan pada akhirnya dapat mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditetapkan. Pembelajaran di era teknologi informasi memerlukan inovasi dari guru sebagai fasilitator pembelajaran.
Makna Filsafat
Authors: Arsi Andi , Fail Wa Ode Nurfitri
Published: January 2021

ABSTRAK Adakah sesuatu yang dinamakan ’filsafat Islam’? Dan jikalau ada, apakah yang dimaksud dengan ’filsafat Islam’? Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini dan seumpamanya akan coba dijawab dan dibahas secara jernih lagi bernas dengan merujuk kepada sumber-sumber otoritatif dan karya-karya primer sebatas jangkauan penulis. artikel ini akan mengulas definisi dan terminologi filsafat dalam Islam, termasuk makna filsafat
Tes standar dan tes non standar
Authors: SUPANDI SUPANDI , Khadijah Khadijah , Arsyam Muhammad
Published: January 2021

pendidikan sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia sehingga harus dipenuhi dan dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup manusia. maka dari itu untuk melihat hasil atau kemajuan dari pendidikan tersebut diperlukan evaluasi dan penilaian untuk menjadi tolak ukur apakah pendidikan tersebut mendapatkan hasil yang baik atau yang kurang baik.
Telaah Sastrawi Perjalanan Hidup dalam Karya Musthafa Al Manfaluti
Authors: MUBARAK FAISAL , ABIDIN ZAINAL
Published: January 2021

Dalam dunia modern seperti ini arus informasi semakin cepat, baik melalui media elektronik berupa televisi maupun media cetak berupa koran, majalah dan buku-buku. Buku adalah sarana untuk merekam dan melestarikan kebudayaan untuk diteruskan ke generasi berikutnya. Hampir semua orang yang melek huruf memerlukan buku untuk memperoleh pengetahuan. Mahasiswa juga memerlukan buku untuk mengembangkan wawasan berpikir.Kemampuan membaca merupakan salah satu dari tiga kemampuan dasar yang harus dimiliki oleh setiap pembelajar jika ingin berhasil mengakses informasi saat ini, untuk mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan di bangku pendidikan.Kemahiran membaca mengandung dua pengertian, pertama, mengubah lambang tulisan menjadi bunyi, kedua, menangkap arti seluruh situasi yang dilambangkan dengan lambang-lambang tulis dan bunyi. Inti dari kemahiran membaca terletak pada aspek kedua, hal ini tidak berarti kemahiran dalam aspek pertama tidak penting, sebab kemahiran dalam aspek pertama menadasari kemahiran yang kedua. Betapun juga kedua aspek tersebut merupakan tujuan yang hendak dicapai oleh pengajar bahasa. Secara umum tujuan pengajaran membaca agar, pelajar dapat membaca dan memahami teks berbahasa arab. Pada buku karya Mushthafa Al-Manfhaluti ini banyak sekali keterampilan yang akan di dapatkan pembaca dalam kajian bahasa Arab. Dengan membaca karya beliau ini setidaknya ada beberapa cabang keilmuan yang dapat kita asah, di samping juga menambah uslub atau gaya berbahasa Arab kita dengan baik dan benar, tak lupa juga menambah pembedaharan bahasa Arab.
MAKALAH - PENERAPAN METODE CERAMAH DAN DISKUSI SELAMA PEMBELAJARAN ONLINE
Authors: Pratiwi Retno Andini
Published: January 2021

Pada masa pandemi yang melanda dunia mulai dari tahun 2019 membuat pembelajaran dilakukan secara online atau sekolah online. Pembelajaran dilakukan secara online merupakan salah satu upaya untuk memutus rantai penyebaran covid-19. Membahas mengenai pembelajaran tidak pernah luput dari namanya metode pembelajaran. Metode pembelajaran selama sekolah online tidak bisa dilakukan seperti pada sekolah biasanya. Hanya beberapa metode pembelajaran yang bisa diterapkan selama sekolah online, seperti metode ceramah dan diskusi. Metode tersebut dipilih karena terbatasnya ruang dan waktu bertatap muka. Mungkin semua orang bertanya-tanya tentang metode yang dipilih dalam pembahasan ini. Metode ceramah dan diskusi itu termasuk metode pembelajaran yang umum digunakan oleh seorang guru dalam proses pembelajaran. Oleh karena itu pada pembahasan ini membahas metode ceramah dan diskusi selama pembelajaran online agar kita semua mengetahui bahwa metode ceramah dan metode diskusi itu tepat atau tidak digunakan selama proses pembelajaran online.
Điểm tin RW Weekend Read ngày 16-1-2021
Authors: AISDL
Published: January 2021

Bản Weekend Read của RetractionWatch ngày 16-1 có tựa đề: Pollution of COVID-19 research; climate papers lead to reassignment; time to publish less?
How should we present the epidemic curve for COVID-19?
Authors: Soucy Jean-Paul R. , Buchan Sarah A. , Brown Kevin A.
Published: January 2021

Epidemic curves are used by decision makers and the public to infer the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand the appropriateness of current response measures. Symptom onset date is commonly used to date cases on the epidemic curve in public health reports and dashboards. However, third-party trackers often plot cases on the epidemic curve by the date they were publicly reported by the public health authority. These two curves create very different impressions of epidemic progression. On April 1, the epidemic curve for Ontario, Canada based on public reporting date showed an accelerating epidemic, whereas the curve based on a proxy variable for symptom onset date showed a rapidly declining epidemic. This illusory downward trend (the "ghost trend") is a feature of epidemic curves anchored using date variables earlier in time than the date a case was publicly reported, such as symptom onset date or sample collection date. This is because newly discovered cases are backdated, creating a perpetual downward trend in incidence due to incomplete data in the most recent days. Public reporting date is not subject to backdating bias and can be used to visualize real-time epidemic curves meant to inform the public and policy makers.
PEMIKIRAN DAN PERADABAN ISLAM DI NUSANTARA
Authors: MUBARAK FAISAL , NAJAH NI’MATUN
Published: January 2021

Sejarah menempati urutan terpenting terhormatnya suatu bangsa oleh penduduknya sendiri suatu bangsa yang bermartabat tinggi penduduknya dipastikan harus mengetahui seridaknya sejarah nasional bangsanya sendiri.Agama juga merupakan unsur terpenting dalam keyakinan hidup manusia. Agama yang diyakini para penduduk tidaklah hanya satu akan tetapi bermacam-macam dimana agama tersebut memiliki sejarah besar sejak proses masuknya sampai proses berkembangnya sampai sekarang.Harus kita tahu Islam adalah salah satu agama besar di dunia dengan pengikut terbanyak. Perkembangan Islam di penjuru dunia berkembang pesat sejak adanya Islam pertama kali walaupun awal mausknya sempat mengalami jatuh bangun dalam perkembanganya.Setelah wafatnya Nabi Muhammad SAW pada tahun 632 M atau 10 H, selanjutnya kepemimpinan Islam dipegang oleh para khalifah. Dibawah kepemimpinan para khalifah, agama Islam mulai disebarkan lebih luas lagi ke berbagai penjuru. Sampai abad ke-8 saja, pengaruh Islam telah menyebar ke seluruh Timur Tengah, Afrika Utara, dan Spanyol. Kemudian pada masa dinasti Ummayah pengaruh Islam mulai berkembang hingga Nusantara.Sejarahpun mencatat, kepulauan-kepulauan di Nusantara merupakan daerah-daerah yang terkenal sebagai penghasil rempah-rempah terbesar di dunia. Hal tersebut membuat banyak para pedagang dari berbagai penjuru dunia datang ke Nusantara untuk membeli rempah-rempah yang akan dijual kembali ke daerah asal mereka. Termasuk para pedagang dari Arab, Persia, dan Gujarat. Selain berdagang, para pedagang muslim yang dating ke Nusantara juga berdakwah untuk mengenalkan agama Islam kepada penduduk lokal
The Rayleigh-Haring-Tayfun distribution of wave heights in deep water
Authors: da Silva Mendes Saulo Matusalem , Scotti Alberto
Published: January 2021

Regarding wave statistics, nearly every known exceeding probability distribution applied to rogue waves has showndisagreement with its peers. More often than not, models and experiments have shown a fair agreement with theRayleigh distribution whereas others show that the latter underpredicts extreme heights by almost one order of magnitude. Virtually all previous results seem to be microcosms, special cases of the underlying essence of this phenomenon.The present work focuses on the apparent contradiction among the majority of previous works. Based on the issueof strong uneven distribution of rogue waves found in Stansell (2004), a new exceeding probability distribution forrogue waves and the analysis of their uneven occurrence is conceived. The proposed distribution is a geometricalcomposition of the most popular models for wave records (Longuet-Higgins, 1952; Haring et al., 1976; Tayfun, 1980)with additional algebraic structures. The suggested distribution also obeys empirical physical bounds obtained fromthe analysis of nearly 350,000 waves from storms recorded in North sea and supports the qualitative likelihood ofappearance interpretation based on the symbiosis among three sea state parameters.
Investigating Genre Distinctions through Discourse Distance and Discourse Network
Authors: Sun Kun
Published: January 2021

The notion of genre has been widely explored using quantitative methods from both lexical and syntactical perspectives. However, discourse structure has rarely been used to examine genre. Mostly concerned with the interrelation of discourse units, discourse structure can play a crucial role in genre analysis because genre is closely related to discourse (text). Nevertheless, few quantitative studies have explored genre distinctions from a discourse structure perspective. Here, we use two English discourse corpora (RST-DT and GUM) to investigate the hierarchical and relational dimensions of discourse structure from a novel viewpoint. The RST-DT is divided into four small subcorpora distinguished according to genre, and another corpus (GUM) containing seven genres is used for cross-verification. An RST (rhetorical structure theory) tree is converted into dependency representations by taking information from RST annotations to calculate the discourse distance through a process similar to that used to calculate syntactic dependency distance. Moreover, the data on dependency representations stemming from the two corpora is readily convertible into network data. Afterwards, we examine different genres in the two corpora by combining discourse distance and discourse network. The two methods are mutually complementary in comprehensively revealing the distinctiveness of various genres. Accordingly, we propose an effective quantitative method for assessing genre differences using discourse distance and discourse network. This quantitative study can help us better understand the nature of genre and develop effective strategies for genre-based writing.
Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic: Relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey
Authors: Lieberoth Andreas , Lin Shiang-Yi , Stoeckli Sabrina , Han Hyemin , Kowal Marta , Chrona Stavroula , Gelpi Rebekah , Tran Thao Phuong , Jeftic Alma , Cakal Huseyin , Milfont Taciano L , Rasmussen Jesper
Published: January 2021

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173,429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus resreictions, and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments’ efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided.Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variance in experienced stress during the early months of coronavirus restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support, and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioral guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection.
Guidelines for identification, assessment and treatment of the post-traumatic stress disorder in children, youth and adults (Guidance for conducting memory work remotely)
Authors: Inasaridze Ketevan
Published: January 2021

In the new reality of the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus disease COVID-19 psychotherapists provide clients therapy sessions remotely by different computer programmes. It is important to provide guidelines for the remotely provided cognitive-behavioural therapy for different mental disorders. In this article were adapted guidelines for remotely conducted memory work for the post-traumatic stress disorder elaborated by the Oxford Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma. Special concepts were determined and explained for Georgian therapists.
Makeup and its application simulation affect women’s self-perceptions
Authors: Valentova Jaroslava Varella , Mafra Anthonieta Looman , Machado Natália , Varella Marco Antonio Correa
Published: January 2021

Appearance modification is ancient, universal, and influences other- and selfperceptions. The role of expectation of appearance modification has never beeninvestigated. We analyzed self-assessments of women without makeup and after having makeup professionally applied at four increasing levels. In the simulation phase,women were treated with colorless cosmetics. Fifty Brazilian women (Mage = 24.26) rated themselves on attractiveness, health, self-esteem, femininity, satisfaction withappearance, age, dominance, confidence, and competence in all experimental conditions. Women in the simulation phase considered themselves more feminine,healthier, and with higher self-esteem than without makeup. In the real makeup phases, these ratings were higher than in simulation phase. Appearance satisfaction and attractiveness did not differ between simulation and the real makeup phases, both being higher than without makeup. Confidence increased only in real makeup phases, and there was no effect on competence. Thus, real appearance modification and/or an expectation thereof can differently affect specific domains of self-evaluation.
Most findings obtained with untimed visual illusions are confounded
Authors: Bressan Paola , Kramer Peter
Published: January 2021

Visual illusions do not just help uncover how people perceive reality but are also used to investigate cognitive styles, cultural differences, and mental disorders like autism or schizophrenia. Participants are often free to inspect the illusions, and some take longer than others to do so. Here we show, for the first time, that spontaneous inspection time changes illusion strength in counterintuitive ways: some illusions decrease, others remain the same, and still others increase over the first few seconds they are looked at. Differences in how individuals perceive illusions are typically attributed to inequalities in their mental processes or capacity. Yet we demonstrate that these differences may, instead, simply be due to differences in the time taken to inspect the illusions—which does happen to vary, randomly or systematically, between individuals and groups. Thus, some well-established disparities in how different people see illusions (and the world more broadly) may themselves be illusory.
‘Minds’ in ‘Homer’: A quantitative psycholinguistic comparison of the Iliad and Odyssey
Authors: Dedovic Boban
Published: January 2021

“My child, why do you weep? What grief has come upon your phrenes (φρένες)? Speak—conceal not in noos (νόος) in order that we both may know,” so speaks Achilles’ mother Thetis as the fierce warrior weeps tears of wrath on the beaches of Troy (Il. 1.362-363). To be sure, noos likely translates as mind in English in the above passage. However, Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey include a total of eight such words that may be rendered as mind, heart, or spirit: noos (νόος), thymos (θυμός), psykhe (ψυχή), phrenes (φρένες), prapides (πρᾰπῐ́δες), kardia (κᾰρδῐ́ᾱ), kradie (κρᾰδῐ́η), ker (κῆρ), and etor (ἦτορ). This complicated situation with Greek translations of mind is at the heart of this study’s empirical investigation. To wit, what is mind in the Il. compared to the Od.? The present investigation sought to quantify and compare the use of mental language in the Homeric epics by means of computational linguistics. Prior scholarly investigations have been mostly qualitative; the few quantitative studies conducted utilized miniscule sample sizes of English translations. Two studies were conducted. 17 translators who translated both the Il. and Od. into English were selected (within-subjects design). The texts were sanitized and compiled for lexical frequency analyses in Voyant, a digital linguistic analysis tool. Study 1 compared how often mental language terms appeared in both works. Results showed that total word density of mental language increased significantly from the Il. to the Od. in both English translations as well as in the original Greek version. Study 2 compiled an English glossary of mental language terms and counted the frequencies for the 34 total works. A paired-samples t-test was conducted to compare the mean mental language densities of the Il. and Od. across 17 translators. There was a significant difference in the mean densities for the Il. (M = 68.2, SD = 8.9) and Od. (M = 91.9, SD = 11.6) conditions; t(16) = -17.798, N = 17, p < .001, d = -4.317. Further correlational tests as well as ANCOVA were conducted in order to determine if various factors could explain the large effect size. No significant results were observed or relevant. All hypotheses were supported. These data suggest that the Od. contains much more mental language than the Il. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Multi-parameter utility and drift-rate functions conflate attribute weights and choice consistency
Authors: Krajbich Ian
Published: January 2021

Standard decision models include two components: subjective-value (utility) functions and stochastic choice rules. The first establishes the relative weighting of the attributes or dimensions and the second determines how consistently the higher utility option is chosen. For a decision problem with M attributes, researchers often estimate M-1 utility parameters and separately estimate a choice-consistency parameter. Instead, researchers sometimes estimate M parameters in the utility function and neglect choice consistency. I argue that while these two approaches are mathematically identical, the latter conflates utility and consistency parameters, leading to ambiguous interpretations and conclusions. At the same time, behavior arises from the interaction of utility and consistency parameters, so for choice prediction they should not be considered in isolation. Overall, I advocate for a clear separation between utility functions and stochastic choice rules when modeling decision-making, and reinforce the notion that researchers should use M-1 parameters for M-attribute decision problems.
Adult playful individuals have more long- and short-term relationships
Authors: Moraes Yago Luksevicius , Varella Marco Antonio Correa , da Silva Caio Santos Alves , Valentova Jaroslava Varella
Published: January 2021

Number of romantic/sexual relationships is suggested as a proxy of potential reproductive success. Cross-culturally, both sexes desire playful long-term mates and playfulness predicts relationship quality. It is yet to be tested, however, if playfulness is associated with number of long-term and short-term relationships. We hypothesized that specific playfulness dimensions would correlate with the number of lifetime short- and long-term relationships. Specifically, we expected that Lighthearted playfulness would be associated with more short-term relationships, while Other-directed playfulness would be associated with the number of long-term relationships. In total, 1191 Brazilian adults (mean age=28.7 years, SD=10.2) responded to online sociodemographic questions and playfulness inventory (OLIW). Other-directed playfulness positively predicted the number of short-term and long-term partners in men and the same was true for Whimsical playfulness in women. This suggests that playfulness is used by both sexes to compete for access to more and better mates, but in slightly different ways. For the first time, we show that playful adults have more partners and that playfulness can be used as a part of mating strategies.
Ink as a Functional Marker in the Study of the Syriac and Christian Sogdian Manuscript Fragments in the Turfan Collection (Berlin) and in the Krotkov Collection (St. Petersburg)
Authors:   University of Pisa, Barbati Chiara
Published: January 2021

The Syriac and Christian Sogdian manuscript fragments in the Turfan Collection (Berlin) and in the Krotkov Collection (St. Petersburg) were written in black ink and, much less frequently, in brown ink. The use of red ink is very limited and not yet studied in detail. By linking the analysis of all the elements that are due or related to the scribal discourse in Christian Medieval Central Asia with a well‑established codicological tradition, this contribution is meant to outline the purposes of the use of different ink in the Syriac and Christian Sogdian manuscript fragments discovered in the early 20th century in Xinjiang (China). A broader perspective that takes into account other Eastern Christian manuscript traditions is also included.
Russian Sources of the Qur’anic Ethnography I. Sergei Syromyatnikov Mission in the Gulf in 1900
Authors:   Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Russian Academy of Science), Kudriavtceva Anna , Rezvan Efim ,   Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Russian Academy of Science), Rezvan Maryam ,   Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Russian Academy of Science)
Published: January 2021

The Qur’anic ethnography as self‑contained research area is based on the results of specialized studies of previous years and is closely related to the studies of the Qur’anic language and the language milieu of Arabia in the time of the Prophet, to the ethnographical field studies in Arabia as well as the Qur’anic archaeology. Researchers of Arabia are very well familiar with the phenomenon of the long preservation of elements of traditional material culture and economic activity here. This phenomenon is mostly based on the specific natural and climatic conditions, which brought about a set of elements of material culture, that have proved to be highly viable throughout many centuries. In this connection we regard the itineraries and works of European travellers to Arabia in the second half of the 18th century — first third of the 20th century as a serious source for our research. Whereas the names and papers of the Western travellers are well‑known and have been often referred to in various research projects devoted to Arabia, the works of Russian diplomats, intelligence officers, naval officers, scholars and travellers are still waiting for their turn. Meanwhile, the works of Russian travellers contain no less interesting information than the works of their Western contemporaries. The article is dedicated to the works of Sergey N. Syromyatnikov (1864—1933). His status while travelling to the Gulf Area in 1900 is quite difficult to determine. Was he a journalist or a spy, or special envoy?
Science of writing for publication in scientific journals: steps and resources
Authors: Shah Jay Narayan
Published: January 2021

The step-by-step process on how to write a publishable manuscript, starting from the title up to the reference requires reading articles and books which are available in plenty online and offline on scientific writing, prepare to start the journey of writing and publication in scientific journals. One of the best ways to embark on this journey is by trying to do it, by practice, practice, and more practice.

Historically, the initiation of modern scientific writing began some 350 years ago in 1665 with the publication of ‘Philosophical Transactions’, considered as one of the first scientific journal.1,2 Half a century later, the format of writing and peer-review were introduced in 1731, but it took almost two centuries, until after World War II, for the wider acceptance of the concept by the journals.3 The structured format of writing introduced in the 1940s has evolved to what we know today as IMRAD- introduction-methods-results-and-discussion. This IMRAD format helps guide authors to address the essential components of research work, and makes it easier for the reviewer, the editors, and most importantly the readers to understand what is being presented.4 The IMRAD, and aIMRAD (a=abstract, in which the discussion is replaced and presented as conclusion) is an easy concept for comprehension, Figure 1.5
Obituary: Late Prof. Dr. Neelam Adhikari
Authors: Patan Academy of Health Sciences Journal of
Published: January 2021

With heavy heart we mourn the demise of Prof. Dr. Neelam Adhikari, who passed away on November 01, 2020, after a short battle with cancer.
Outcome of gastrointestinal surgery during COVID-19 lockdown in a tertiary care hospital, Nepal
Authors: Shah Surendra , Paudyal Sanjaya , Maharjan Shantabir , Shrestha Samir , Shah Shailendra , Giri Niraj , Bhandari Upendra , KC Samyukta
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Perioperative strategies have been changing due to the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent the risk of postoperative complications and transmission of infection. This study was aimed to assess the outcome of gastrointestinal surgery and the risk of transmission by implementing COVID-19 testing criteria and surgical strategy.

Method: This was a retrospective descriptive study conducted at the department of surgery at Patan Hospital, Nepal, during COVID-19 lock-down from 24 march to 15 June 2020. All patients who underwent gastrointestinal (GI) surgery were included. High-risk patients (as defined by the Hospital Incident Command System, HICS) were tested for COVID-19 preoperatively. Surgery was performed in COVID operating room with full protective gear. Low-risk patients were not tested for COVID-19 preoperatively and performed surgery in non-COVID OR. Data from patient’s case-sheets were analyzed descriptively for age, gender, comorbidities, hospital stay, RT-PCR results, surgeries, and postoperative complications.

Result: There were total 44 GI surgeries performed; 31(70.5%) were emergency, 5(11.3%) semi-emergency and 8(18.2%) oncology. There were 11(25%) patients tested for COVID-19 preoperatively and were negative. Nine HCWs tested for COVID-19 randomly were negative. Severe postoperative complications developed in 3 patients, with one mortality.

Conclusion: Among GI surgeries, there was no increase in postoperative complications and transmission of COVID-19 to the patients or HCWs following the implementation of standard testing criteria and surgical strategy.
Perception of doctors and nurses regarding prevention of COVID-19 infection at a Teaching Hospital, Nepal
Authors: Sharma Lucky , Thapa Abhiskar , Chand Hema , Pant Subash , Neopane Arpana
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The use of personal protective equipment can be burdensome and the risk of COVID-19 infection for this group is high. This study details to evaluate how prepared Health Care Workers consider themselves to be regarding the delivery of infection prevention and control procedures in their place of work.

Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital in September 2020. A questionnaire was given to participants along with the information about the study. Service demand, skills, beliefs about capabilities, beliefs about consequences, intentions, environmental context and resources, social influences, emotion, WHO Wellbeing (over the last two weeks) were taken as dependent variables.

Result: Out of 112 participants, 58(51.7%) were doctors and 54(48.3%) nurses; 65(58.1%) female and 47(41.9%) were male. The mean age was 31.2±4.1 y. Service demand was scored lowest (mean 0.7 out of 7) and beliefs about consequences were scored highest (mean 5.7 out of 7).

Conclusion: Healthcare workers agreed that personal protective equipment at work is sufficiently effective to prevent the spread of COVID-19. They were not confident that the health care center at present can manage or can continue to manage the current patient surge related to COVID-19.
Knowledge and perceptions towards COVID-19 among final year undergraduate medical students and interns in Province 2, Nepal
Authors: Shah Jay Narayan , Panjiyar Binay Kumar , Sah Sushma , Sah Sabita , Shah Jenifei
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Corona Virus Disease-19, the COVID-19, has become a pandemic of public health concern, more so for developing countries like Nepal with an inadequate and vulnerable health system. Among all the seven provinces of the country, Province-2 seems to be at higher risk due to population density and open porous border with neighboring India. This survey was conducted among the undergraduate medical students of medical colleges in Province-2, Nepal to evaluate their knowledge and perception regarding the prevention and spread of the virus.

Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2020 among final-year undergraduate medical students and interns from Janaki Medical College in Janakpur and National Medical College in Birgunj of Province-2, Nepal. A structured 30-item questionnaire containing demographics (5 items), knowledge (15 items), and perception (10 items) regarding COVID-19 was used for an online survey via email. Ethical approval was taken. Descriptive analysis was performed.

Result: A total of 200 out of 250 respondents (>95%) had an adequate level of knowledge on etiology, symptoms, hand hygiene, severity, vulnerability, precautionary measures, and treatment guidelines of COVID-19. More than 80% were ready to work in the hospital during the pandemic with support from their family and nearly half of them (49%) perceived that the preparedness and supplies were sufficient in their institutions.

Conclusion: The survey revealed that the majority of the final-year medical students and interns in Province-2 Nepal had adequate knowledge and perception regarding COVID-19.
Knee injuries: correlation of MRI with arthroscopic findings
Authors: Gyawali Bidur , Joshi Amit , Kayastha Nirab
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Knee injuries are common among active adults. Achieving a correct clinical diagnosis is often difficult in acute presentations. Knee arthroscopy is considered the gold standard in diagnosing post-traumatic intra-articular lesions, but it is an invasive procedure requiring a certain degree of expertise. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive, sensitive diagnostic tool for knee injuries. This study aims to correlate the findings of MRI with arthroscopy of the knee.

Method: This Prospective Observational Study was done at Shree Birendra Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal from 13 Feb 2016 to 13 Jun 2016. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI findings in ligamentous, meniscal, and osteochondral injuries of the knee were analyzed using arthroscopic findings as standard.

Result: Fifty-two patients (35 male and 17 female), mean age 35.4 years were included in the study. The accuracy of MRI for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial meniscus, lateral meniscus, and chondral lesions of the knee were 94%, 100%, 92%,86%, and 86% respectively.

Conclusion: The MRI is accurate  (86-94%) in diagnosing Meniscal and Ligamentous injuries of the knee. It has poor sensitivity (22%) for chondral lesions.
Correlation of ultrasound imaging with histopathological findings in gestational trophoblastic disease
Authors: Jaiswal Pooja , Shrestha Shreejana , Dwa Yogita , Manandhar Sagun
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Gestational trophoblastic diseases include a spectrum of pregnancy-related diseases caused by abnormal proliferation of the placenta.  The main aim of this study was to correlate ultrasound imaging with histopathological findings.

Method: This is the retrospective chart review of findings of transabdominal ultrasonography in clinically suspected gestational trophoblastic diseases which were confirmed by histopathology after the evacuation of a product of conception during 3 years from 2016 to 2019 at Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences Nepal. The accuracy of sonography was correlated with histopathological findings and analyzed by Fisher’s Exact or Pearson’s Chi-square tests. The study was approved ethically.

Result:  Among 155 clinically suspected gestational trophoblastic diseases, ultrasonography was accurate in 141(91.0%) and confirmed by histopathology; 14(9.0%) were non-molar miscarriages. In 141 histologically confirmed trophoblastic disease, 110(71.0 %) were partial mole, 15(9.7%) complete mole, 12(7.7%) invasive mole and 3(1.9 %) persistent mole, and 1(0.6%) choriocarcinoma. Snowstorm appearance and absence of fetus were statistically significant ultrasonography findings.

Conclusion:  The ultrasound is a reliable non-invasive first-line imaging modality for the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic diseases and had an accuracy of 91% as confirmed by histopathology in this study.
Histopathology of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis at pathology lab of Patan Hospital, Nepal
Authors: Baral Reetu , Sherpa Palzum , Gautam Dipty , KC Shiva Raj
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a common condition in underdeveloped countries, with approximately 100,000 cases in Nepal today. Tuberculosis is the 6th leading cause of death in Nepal. This study aims to find out the Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the specimen received in the pathology lab.

Method: This is a retrospective descriptive study of the histopathology database of Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis at the pathology lab of Patan Hospital, Nepal from 2012 to 2019. Data were analyzed for prevalence, cite, and pathology details. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional review committee of Patan Hospital.

Result: There were 300(1%) Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis out of 29629 specimens. The majority 170(57%) were from the lymph nodes, 36(12%) skin, followed by intestine and urogenital each 28 and 26(9%). Male to female ratio was 2:3 (n=116, 39% vs n=184, 61%). The most common age group was 20-39 years comprising 194(64%). Granuloma was present in 288(96%), and 21(7%) tested positive for Acid Fast Bacilli.

Conclusion:  Among the Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis, more than half of them had tubercular lymphadenitis with granuloma present in the majority.