bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allele Frequencies for the 15 Short Tandem Repeat Loci in Slovenian Population
Authors: Drobnic K , Pojskic N , Bakal N , Marjanovic D
Published: September 2005

All 193 tested individuals have been involved in legal proceedings concerning various forensic testing. Buccal swabs have been taken as the DNA source and Chelex procedure was used for DNA extraction (1). The PowerPlex 16 kit (Promega Corp., Madison, WI) has been used to simultaneously amplify by PCR 15 STR loci. The STR loci are: D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, Penta E, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX and FGA. Similar amounts of DNA have been used in all PCR reactions. Amplification was carried out as described previously (2).
Y-STRs Haplotypes of Han Population in Xi'an of China
Authors: Shen C , Li S
Published: September 2005

The studied samples were obtained from 105 unrelated healthy male individuals of Chinese Han population living in Xi'an city of China. The whole blood was obtained by venipuncture and collected into EDTA tubes. Genomic DNA was extracted using the Chelex100 protocol as described by Walsh et al.
Unlinked Tetrameric Microsatellites on the X Chromosome: Frequency Data in Males from Cantabria (Northern Spain)
Authors: Zarrabeitia M , Alonso A , Zarrabeitia AL , Blanco L , Riancho JA
Published: September 2005

We studied unrelated male donors (n = 141) living in Cantabria, a region in northern Spain. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood by using the Qiagen blood kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Loci of interests in the X-chromosome (DXS9895, GATA172D05 and DXS9898) were amplified in a single PCR with primers of published sequences (1-3). PCR conditions consisted of an initial denaturation step at 94° for 10 min, followed by eight cycles with denaturation at 94° for 1 min, annealing at decreasing temperature between 62° and 59° (1° decrease every two cycles) and extension at 72° for 1 min. Then 24 cycles at 94° 1 min, 58° 1 min, 72° 1 min; followed by a final extension at 72° for 30 min. PCR products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (ABI310, Applied Biosystems), with sequenced controls. Allele designation was as reported previously (1,2).
Allele Frequency Distribution of Five X-Chromosomal STR Loci in an Antioquian Population Sample (Colombia)
Authors: Moreno MA , Builes JJ , Jaramillo P , Espinal C , Aguirre D , Bravo M
Published: September 2005

Blood samples from unrelated Caucasian individuals from Antioquia (Colombia) were collected. DNA was extracted from 200 µL of peripherical blood by the salting-out procedure (1). The primer sequences of loci and cycling conditions were as recommended in previous studies (2–4) o from Genome Database (http://www.gdb.org). The PCR products were analyzed using denaturing 4% acrylamidebis-acrilamide gel electrophoresis and detected by silver staining. Alleles were identified based on the number of repeats and their attribution was made by comparison with an in-house constructed allelic ladder and following the published nomenclature (2–4) and ISFG guidelines for STR analysis (5).
Review of: Medical-Legal Aspects of Alcohol, Fourth Edition
Authors: Isenschmid DS
Published: September 2005

This is the fourth edition of what is probably the definitive reference on the forensic toxicology of alcohol. This new edition includes several new authors while retaining updated and revised contributions that experts have penned for earlier editions.
Allele Frequencies of 18 STR Loci in Chinese Population
Authors: Ji Q , Wang JW , Li R , Yin YS , Du XG , Zhang ZW , Yao JG
Published: September 2005

Specimens of 110 unrelated individuals were collected from Han ethnic group in Jiangsu Province of China. DNA was extracted from blood specimens using Chelex 100 method. (1) Amplifications were carried out by using reagents provided in DNA examining Kit (Codon Biotechnology CD., LTD, China) and using a Mastercycler gradiend 5331 (Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany) according to the technical manual. The amplified products were separated denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with continuous buffer system and visualized by silver staining. Data were analyzed using POWERSTATS software (2). A modified 2-test was used to verify whether the genetype distribution conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium predictions (3).
Haplotype Frequencies of Four Y-chromosome STR Loci in Chinese Population
Authors: Qiang J , Yi-ping H , Jian-guo D , Ying-bi L , Jin W , Ji Z , Hai-jun Z , Ya-sha Y
Published: September 2005

We investigated the distributions of haplotypes for four Y-STR loci, named as DYS434, DYS438, DYS439, and A10, and developed a multiplex amplified for these Y-STR markers. A total of 100 samples were analyzed. Each sample was amplified utilizing multiplex PCR for four Y-STR loci. The PCR products were analyzed by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by silver staining. A total of 37 different haplotypes were found, and 16 haplotypes were being unique. Gene diversity ranged from 0.3945 at DYS434 to 0.7051 at DYS439. The haplotype diversity, chance of exclusion and discrimination power of four Y-STR loci was 0.9628, SE 0.00429. The results indicated that they were suitable Y linked markers for forensic applications in our population studied.
Allele Frequencies and Statistic Parameters for Penta D and Penta E Loci in Chinese Han Population
Authors: Huang D , Yang Q , Zhai X , Yin H
Published: September 2005

EDTA whole blood samples were collected from 281 unrelated individuals of Han population living in Wuhan, China. DNA was extracted using Cheles-100 method (1). Hot-start PCR was performed in a total volume of 10 µL containing 10 ng genomic DNA, 0.2 µM each primer, 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 µM each dNTP, and 0.3 U Taq DNA polymerase (BioStar, Canada) was add when the temperature reaches 92°C. The primer sequences newly designed by us were: Penta D: 5'-cagagcaagacaccatctcaa-3', 5'-tttgcctaacctatggtcataacg-3'; Penta E: 5'-agatcacgccattgcactcc-3', 5'-gggttattaattgagaaaactccttacaat-3'. PCR cycling conditions: 95°C for 2 min soak, 32 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 62°C for Penta D and 60°C for Penta E, 35 s at 72°C followed by a 5 min extension period at 72°C. The amplification products were separated in a vertical, native polyacrylamide gel (6% T; 5% C) and visualized by silver staining (2). Allele frequencies and other statistics parameters for forensic and paternity were determined for these two locus by the PowerStats software packages (3). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test (HWE) was performed by an exact test (4). None of the analyzed loci showed deviations from HWE (P > 0.05) in the population studied.
Haplotype Distribution of the Multi-copy Y-STR Loci DYS385, DYS459 and DYS464 in Chinese Han Population
Authors: Huang D , Zhu C , Jiang H , Yin H , Zhai X , Yang Q
Published: September 2005

EDTA-blood samples were collected from 176 healthy unrelated males of Han population living in Wuhan, China. DNA was extracted using Cheles-100 method (1). PCR was performed in a total volume of 10 µL containing 2–5 ng genomic DNA, 0.2 µM each primer, 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 µM each dNTP, and 1 U AmpliTaq Gold® DNA polymerase (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). DYS459 and DYS464 were co-amplified in a duplex reaction and DYS385 was amplified in a singleples reaction. Primer sequences: DYS385: 5'-FAM-agcatgggtgacagagcta-3', 5'-gccaattacatagtcctcctttc-3'; DYS459: 5'FAM-caggtgaactggggtaaataat-3', 5'-gttgagcaacagagcaagactta-3'; DYS464: 5'-FAM-ctttgggctatgcctcagttt-3', 5'-gccatacctgggtaacagagagac-3'. PCR cycling conditions: 95°C for 11 min soak, 30 cycles of 40 s at 94°C, 40 s at 60°C, 50 s at 72°C followed by a 6 min extension period at 72°C. All loci were amplified in a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (PE Applied Biosystems).
Population Data for the D5S818, D13S317, D7S820 and D16S539 STR Loci in a Romanian Population Sample
Authors: Marian C , Anghel A , Dressler ML , Budowle B
Published: September 2005

Whole blood was collected from 200 unrelated Caucasian Romanians under informed consent. DNA was extracted using the QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA) following manufacturer's instructions. PCR for the four STR loci included in the Gamma STR® Fluorescein multiplex kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI) was performed according to manufacturer's instructions. The amplicons were analyzed on a 3730 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Allele designation was made by comparison with the sequenced allelic ladders provided in the kit using the GeneMapperTM v3.5 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) software.
The Next Chapter for the Journal of Forensic Sciences
Authors: Peat MA
Published: September 2005

It is always sad when a long relationship ends. For the past 35 years ASTM, now ASTM International, has published the Journal of Forensic Sciences (JFS). Over this period, Abel Dominguez, Bob Gaensslen and myself have served as Editors of JFS and relied upon the wonderful staff of ASTM to help us. On behalf of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) and the past and present Editors, I thank ASTM and all those in that organization who have been instrumental in making JFS what it is today—the leading forensic science journal in the world. In particular I would like to thank the following as they have been of valuable assistance to the present Editorial Office: Therese Blyler, Robert Dreyfuss, Qiu-Ping Gong, Kathe Hooper, Margaret Lawlor, Robert Meltzer, Roberta Storer. Beginning in January 2006, Blackwell Publishing, Inc. will publish JFS. From the reader's viewpoint there will be no change—you will receive the Journal every two months and have access to web-based papers through the AAFS website, or if a non-member through www.blackwellpublishing.com. JFS will look the same and contain the same high-quality papers that you are accustomed to reading.
California Bearing Ratio Behavior of Soil-Stabilized Class F Fly Ash Systems
Authors: Leelavathamma B , Mini KM , Pandian NS
Published: September 2005

Fly ash is a finely divided mineral residue resulting from the combustion of coal in power plants that occupies large extents of land and also causes environmental problems. Hence, concerted attempts are being made to effectively use fly ash in an environmentally friendly way instead of dumping. Several studies have been carried out for its bulk utilization, such as its addition to improve the California bearing ratio (CBR) of soil in roads and embankments. But a thorough mixing of fly ash with soil may not be possible in the field. Hence a study has been carried out on the CBR behavior of black cotton soil and Raichur fly ash (which is class F) in layers and compared with the same in mixes. The results show that the CBR values of soil-fly ash mixes are better than layers, as expected. To improve the strength of layers, cement is used as an additive to fly ash. The results show that black cotton soil can be improved with stabilized fly ash, solving its strength problem as well as the disposal problem of fly ash.
Dynamic Axial Stiffness of Typical Restrained and Unrestrained Underground Pipe Joints
Authors: Meis R , Maragakis M , Siddharthan R
Published: September 2005

This paper presents the results of a testing program designed to determine the dynamic axial stiffness of some typical underground pipe joints, both restrained and unrestrained. Pipelines have been shown to be vulnerable to seismic motions and ground movement, causing joint damage and system failure. Many of these failures have occurred at unrestrained bell-and-spigot type pipe joints due to pull-out and intrusion of the spigot end into the bell end. The results of this research program are joint stiffness values and force capacities that can be used in the analysis and evaluation of failure potential of underground piping systems.
Development of a Single-Edge Notched Beam Test for Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Authors: Wagoner MP , Buttlar WG , Paulino GH
Published: September 2005

This paper describes the development of a fracture test for determining the fracture energy of asphalt concrete. The test will be used in combination with numerical analysis and field studies to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of reflective cracking in asphalt concrete overlays. A review of the literature revealed that a single-edge notched beam (SE(B)) test specimen was the most promising fracture test for the objectives of the reflective cracking study. Existing servohydraulic testing equipment was modified to perform the SE(B) test along with new loading fixtures, sensors, data collection, and analysis procedures. Preliminary tests were conducted to develop test procedures, to obtain a better understanding of crack-front characteristics, to investigate test repeatability, to examine variations of fracture energy with temperature, and to investigate mixed-mode fracture. The results from the tests follow expected trends and test variability appears to be within a range typical for asphalt concrete fracture testing.
Differential Roles of Glial and Neuronal Glutamate Transporters in Purkinje Cell Synapses
Authors: Takayasu Yukihiro , Iino Masae , Kakegawa Wataru , Maeno Hiroshi , Watase Kei , Wada Keiji , Yanagihara Dai , Miyazaki Taisuke , Komine Okiru , Watanabe Masahiko , Tanaka Kohichi , Ozawa Seiji
Published: September 2005

Glutamate transporters are essential for terminating excitatory neurotransmission. Two distinct glutamate transporters, glutamate–aspartate transporter (GLAST) and excitatory amino acid transporter 4 (EAAT4), are expressed most abundantly in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. GLAST is expressed in Bergmann glial processes surrounding excitatory synapses on Purkinje cell dendritic spines, whereas EAAT4 is concentrated on the extrasynaptic regions of Purkinje cell spine membranes. To clarify the functional significance of the coexistence of these transporters, we analyzed the kinetics of EPSCs in Purkinje cells of mice lacking either GLAST or EAAT4. There was no difference in the amplitude or the kinetics of the rising and initial decay phase of EPSCs evoked by stimulations of climbing fibers and parallel fibers between wild-type and EAAT4-deficient mice. However, long-lasting tail currents of the EPSCs appeared age dependently in most of Purkinje cells in EAAT4-deficient mice. These tail currents were never seen in mice lacking GLAST. In the GLAST-deficient mice, however, the application of cyclothiazide that reduces desensitization of AMPA receptors increased the peak amplitude of the EPSC and prolonged its decay more markedly than in both wild-type and EAAT4-deficient mice. The results indicate that these transporters play differential roles in the removal of synaptically released glutamate. GLAST contributes mainly to uptake of glutamate that floods out of the synaptic cleft at early times after transmitter release. In contrast, the main role of EAAT4 is to remove low concentrations of glutamate that escape from the uptake by glial transporters at late times and thus prevents the transmitter from spilling over to neighboring synapses.
Presubiculum StimulationIn VivoEvokes Distinct Oscillations in Superficial and Deep Entorhinal Cortex Layers in Chronic Epileptic Rats
Authors: Tolner Else A. , Kloosterman Fabian , van Vliet Erwin A. , Witter Menno P. , da Silva Fernando H. Lopes , Gorter Jan A.
Published: September 2005

The characteristic cell loss in layer III of the medial entorhinal area (MEA-III) in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is reproduced in the rat kainate model of the disease. To understand how this cell loss affects the functional properties of the MEA, we investigated whether projections from the presubiculum (prS), providing a main input to the MEA-III, are altered in this epileptic rat model. Injections of an anterograde tracer in the prS revealed bilateral projection fibers mainly to the MEA-III in both control and chronic epileptic rats. We further examined the prS–MEA circuitry using a 16-channel electrode probe covering the MEA in anesthetized control and chronic epileptic rats. With a second 16-channel probe, we recorded signals in the hippocampus. Current source density analysis indicated that, after prS double-pulse stimulation, afterdischarges in the form of oscillations (20–45 Hz) occurred that were confined to the superficial layers of the MEA in all epileptic rats displaying MEA-III neuronal loss. Slower oscillations (theta range) were occasionally observed in the deep MEA layers and the dentate gyrus. This kind of oscillation was never observed in control rats. We conclude that dynamical changes occur in an extensive network within the temporal lobe in epileptic rats, manifested as different kinds of oscillations, the characteristics of which depend on local properties of particular subareas. These findings emphasize the significance of the entorhinal cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy and suggest that the superficial cell layers could play an important role in distributing oscillatory activity.
Exercise Enhances Learning and Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Aged Mice
Authors: van Praag Henriette , Shubert Tiffany , Zhao Chunmei , Gage Fred H.
Published: September 2005

Aging causes changes in the hippocampus that may lead to cognitive decline in older adults. In young animals, exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis and improves learning. We investigated whether voluntary wheel running would benefit mice that were sedentary until 19 months of age. Specifically, young and aged mice were housed with or without a running wheel and injected with bromodeoxyuridine or retrovirus to label newborn cells. After 1 month, learning was tested in the Morris water maze. Aged runners showed faster acquisition and better retention of the maze than age-matched controls. The decline in neurogenesis in aged mice was reversed to 50% of young control levels by running. Moreover, fine morphology of new neurons did not differ between young and aged runners, indicating that the initial maturation of newborn neurons was not affected by aging. Thus, voluntary exercise ameliorates some of the deleterious morphological and behavioral consequences of aging.
Downregulation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-α Receptor-Mediated Tyrosine Kinase Activity as a Cellular Mechanism for K+-Channel Regulation during Oligodendrocyte DevelopmentIn Situ
Authors: Chittajallu Ramesh , Aguirre Adan A. , Gallo Vittorio
Published: September 2005

Oligodendrocyte maturation has been defined based on expression of developmentally regulated antigens. However, transitions at early stages of the lineage have not been functionally characterized fullyin situ. Combining 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNP)-promoter driven enhanced green fluorescent protein expression and whole-cell capacitance measurements permitted a reliable distinction between subcortical white matter NG2+oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs) and O4+preoligodendrocytes (pre-OLs)in situ. We focused on K+channels because their expression has been associated previously with the proliferation and differentiation potential of OPs. Using whole-cell patch clamp, we observed a downregulation of the delayed outward-rectifying current (IKDR) between the NG2+and O4+stages but no significant changes in transient K+-channel current (IKA) amplitude. Tyrosine kinase inhibition in NG2+cells reducedIKDRamplitude with no effect onIKA, which mimicked the endogenous changes observed between OPs and pre-OLs. Tyrosine kinase inhibition also reduced the proliferative capacity of NG2+OPs in slice cultures. Conversely, acute platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α) activation caused an increase ofIKDRin NG2+but not in O4+cells. Consistent with this finding, PDGFR-α immunoreactivity was confined to NG2+cells with undetectable levels in O4+cells, suggesting that PDGFR-α signaling is absent in pre-OLsin situ. Importantly, the PDGF-induced increase ofIKDRin NG2+cells was prevented by tyrosine kinase inhibition. Together, these data indicate that PDGFR-α and tyrosine kinase activity act via a common pathway that influences functional expression of K+channels and proliferative capacity of OPsin situ.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition Dramatically Increases the Motivation to Self-Administer Nicotine in Rats
Authors: Guillem Karine , Vouillac Caroline , Azar Marc R. , Parsons Loren H. , Koob George F. , Cador Martine , Stinus Luis
Published: September 2005

Nicotine is the major neuroactive compound of tobacco, which has, by itself, weak reinforcing properties. It is known that levels of the enzymes monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and MAO-B are reduced in the platelets and brains of smokers and that substances, other than nicotine, present in tobacco smoke have MAO-inhibitory activities. Here, we report that inhibition of MAO dramatically and specifically increases the motivation to self-administer nicotine in rats. These effects were more prominent in rats selected for high responsiveness to novelty than in rats with low responsiveness to novelty. The results suggest that the inhibition of MAO activity by compounds present in tobacco smoke may combine with nicotine to produce the intense reinforcing properties of cigarette smoking that lead to addiction.
Independent Circadian Oscillations ofPeriod1in Specific Brain AreasIn VivoandIn Vitro
Authors: Abraham Ute , Prior Julie L. , Granados-Fuentes Daniel , Piwnica-Worms David R. , Herzog Erik D.
Published: September 2005

Behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms in mammals are controlled by a master pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Recently, circadian oscillations of hormone secretion, clock gene expression, and electrical activity have been demonstrated in explants of other brain regions. This suggests that some extra-SCN brain regions contain a functional, SCN-independent circadian clock, butin vivoevidence for intrinsic pacemaking is still lacking. We developed a novel method to image bioluminescencein vivofrom the main olfactory bulbs (OB) of intact and SCN-lesioned (SCNX)Period1::luciferaserats for 2 d in constant darkness. The OBs expressed circadian rhythmsin situwith a reliable twofold increase from day to night, similar to the phase and amplitude ofex vivorhythms.In vivocycling persisted for at least 1 month in the absence of the SCN. To assess indirectlyin vivorhythmicity of other brain areas, we measured the phase-dependence of theirin vitrorhythms on the time of surgery. Surgery reliably reset the phase of the pineal gland and vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (VOLT) harvested from SCNX rats but had little effect on the phase of the OB. We deduce that the SCN and OB contain self-sustained circadian oscillators, whereas the pineal gland and VOLT are weak oscillators that require input from the SCN to show coordinated circadian rhythms. We conclude that the mammalian brain comprises a diverse set of SCN-dependent and SCN-independent circadian oscillators.
Ontogenic Changes of the Spinal GABAergic Cell Population Are Controlled by the Serotonin (5-HT) System: Implication of 5-HT1Receptor Family
Authors: Allain Anne-Emilie , Meyrand Pierre , Branchereau Pascal
Published: September 2005

During the development of the nervous system, the acquisition of the GABA neurotransmitter phenotype is crucial for neural networks operation. Although both intrinsic and extrinsic signals such as transcription factors and growth factors have been demonstrated to govern the acquisition of GABA, few data are available concerning the effects of modulatory transmitters expressed by axons that progressively invade emerging neuronal networks. Among such transmitters, serotonin (5-HT) is a good candidate because serotonergic axons innervate the entire CNS at very early stages of development. We have shown previously that descending 5-HT slows the maturation of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the embryonic mouse spinal cord. We now report that 5-HT also regulates the spatiotemporal changes of the GABAergic neuronal population in the mouse spinal cord. Using a quantitative confocal study performed on acute and cultured spinal cords, we find that the GABAergic population matures according to a similar rostrocaudal temporal gradient bothin uteroand in organotypic culture. Moreover, we show that 5-HT delays the appearance of the spinal GABAergic system. Indeed, in the absence of 5-HT descending inputs or exogenous 5-HT, the GABAergic population matures earlier. In the presence of exogenous 5-HT, the GABA population matures later. Finally, using a pharmacological approach, we show that 5-HT exerts its action via the 5-HT1receptor family. Together, our data suggest that, during the course of the embryonic development, 5-HT descending inputs delay the maturation of lumbar spinal motor networks relative to brachial networks.
Dendritic Excitability of Mouse Frontal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Is Shaped by the Interaction among HCN, Kir2, and KleakChannels
Authors: Day Michelle , Carr David B. , Ulrich Sasha , Ilijic Ema , Tkatch Tatiana , Surmeier D. James
Published: September 2005

Dendritically placed, voltage-sensitive ion channels are key regulators of neuronal synaptic integration. In several cell types, hyperpolarization/cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) cation channels figure prominently in dendritic mechanisms controlling the temporal summation of excitatory synaptic events. In prefrontal cortex, the sustained activity of pyramidal neurons in working memory tasks is thought to depend on the temporal summation of dendritic excitatory inputs. Yet we know little about how this is accomplished in these neurons and whether HCN channels play a role. To gain a better understanding of this process, layer V–VI pyramidal neurons in slices of mouse prelimbic and infralimbic cortex were studied. Somatic voltage-clamp experiments revealed the presence of rapidly activating and deactivating cationic currents attributable to HCN1/HCN2 channels. These channels were open at the resting membrane potential and had an apparent half-activation voltage near –90 mV. In the same voltage range, K+currents attributable to Kir2.2/2.3 and K+-selective leak (Kleak) channels were prominent. Computer simulations grounded in the biophysical measurements suggested a dynamic interaction among Kir2, Kleak, and HCN channel currents in shaping membrane potential and the temporal integration of synaptic potentials. This inference was corroborated by experiment. Blockade of Kir2/Kleakchannels caused neurons to depolarize, leading to the deactivation of HCN channels, the initiation of regular spiking (4–5 Hz), and enhanced temporal summation of EPSPs. These studies show that HCN channels are key regulators of synaptic integration in prefrontal pyramidal neurons but that their functional contribution is dependent on a partnership with Kir2 and Kleakchannels.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Enhances the Masculinity of an Electric Communication Signal by Modulating the Waveform and Timing of Action Potentials within Individual Cells
Authors: Markham Michael R. , Stoddard Philip K.
Published: September 2005

We report here that melanocortin peptides appear to serve as the mechanism by which weakly electric fish couple socially regulated and stress-regulated brain pathways to unique changes in the intrinsic excitability and action potential waveform of excitable membranes in peripheral cells involved in communication. Gymnotiform electric fish modulate their electric organ discharges (EODs) by reshaping the electric discharges of excitable cells in the periphery. These fish show circadian enhancement of the EOD waveform. They also enhance their EOD waveforms within minutes in response to stressors and changes in the social environment, thus altering the communication value of the signal. Changes in the EOD waveform that occur within minutes result from changes in the discharges of individual electrocytes (μEODs) mediated by the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway acting on ion channel kinetics. What activates the cAMP/PKA pathway in electrocytes has not been identified.In vivoinjections of the melanocortin peptide adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) increase the amplitude and duration of the electric signal waveform of the gymnotiformBrachyhypopomus pinnicaudatusover the course of 1 h. Applied to single electrocytesin vitro, ACTH increases μEOD amplitude and duration within minutes by differentially modulating the action potentials of the two excitable membranes of the electrocyte and changing the timing of these two spikes. Serotonin modulates the EODin vivobut has no effect on the μEODin vitro. The cAMP analog 8-bromo-cAMP mimicked the effects of ACTH, whereas inhibition of PKA by protein kinase A inhibitor 14–22 amide blocked the modulatory effects of ACTH, confirming the role of the cAMP/PKA pathway in μEOD modulation by ACTH.
Radiochemical studies relevant to the production of 86Y and 88Y at a small-sized cyclotron
Authors: Kettern K. , Linse K.-H. , Spellerberg S. , Coenen Heinz H. , Qaim Syed M.
Published: September 2005

Excitation functions were measured by the stacked–foil technique for natSr(p, xn)88,87m,gY reactions from threshold up to 25 MeV. From the measured cross sections integral yields of 88Y, 87mY and 87gY were calculated. The optimum energy range for the production of 88Y is E
p = 14 → 9 MeV; the 88Y yield amounts to 1.75 MBq (47.3 µCi/µA·h) and the 87Y and 87mY impurities to 2.0 and 4.4%, respectively. The isomeric cross section ratio for the pair 87m,gY was determined as a function of incident proton energy and the results are discussed in terms of the spins of the two isomeric states involved. Medium scale production of both 86Y and 88Y has been carried out more than 15 times each using the (p, n) reaction. In the former case 96.3% enriched 86SrCO3 was used as target material, and in the latter natSrCO3. The method of separation of radioyttrium has been improved. After coprecipitation with La(OH)3, cation–exchange HPLC was applied to isolate radioyttrium from the carrier lanthanum. The radionuclidic and chemical purities of the products were good. Batch yields of 86Y and 88Y amounted to about 3.5 GBq and 35 MBq, respectively.
Effective diffusivity of neptunium and plutonium in granite from Inada, Ibaraki, Japan under anaerobic conditions
Authors: Yamaguchi Tetsuji , Nakayama S. , Okamoto H.
Published: September 2005

The effective diffusivities of neptunium and plutonium in Inada granite have been determined using the through–diffusion method. Experiments were performed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of carbonate. The actinides are expected to be present as carbonato or carbonatohydroxo complexes. Effective diffusivity (De) obtained were (4.0 ± 1.5) × 10−13m2s−1for neptunium and (2.0 ± 1.6) × 10−13m2s−1for plutonium. Effective diffusivities of neptunium and plutonium in granite were estimated based on the pore diffusion model and compared with the experimentally obtained values.
Evidence for the existence of Tc(IV) – humic substance species by X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy
Authors: Geraedts K. , Bruggeman C. , Maes A. , Van Loon Luc R. , Rossberg A. , Reich T.
Published: September 2005

The redox–sensitive fission product technetium–99 has been investigated in systems containing different reducing solid phases (pyrite, magnetite, ironsulphide and Gorleben sand) on the one hand and Gorleben groundwater, which contains a high amount of humic substances, on the other hand. Initially, technetium–99 was added to these systems as pertechnetate (Tc(VII)), which was reduced in presence and absence of humic substances with the aid of the different reducing surfaces (neutral to alkaline pH). Both in absence and presence of humic substances, Tc concentrations were observed which exceeded the TcO2solubility limit, whereby the presence of humic substances had a 100 fold higher Tc concentration compared to its absence. Using the La–precipitation method, it was shown that Tc(IV) inorganic colloids and organic colloids were quantitatively precipitated. It was demonstrated for the first time by a combination of chemical speciation methods (La–precipitation method and gel permeation chromatography) and XANES spectroscopy of the humic substance containing supernatant solutions, that Tc(IV) species were formed in these systems, indicating an association between Tc(IV) and humic substances.
New Prescription Drug Benefit: The Role of the Oncologist
Authors:   Jointly authored by officers of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and The CEO Roundtable On Cancer
Published: September 2005

Increasingly, cancer drugs are being developed for oral self-administration, and those oral drugs are frequently among the most sought-after by oncologists and patients, as their targeted mechanisms offer the promise of greater effectiveness with fewer toxicities. It is quite timely, therefore, that the Medicare program on January 1, 2006, will launch a new prescription drug benefit to cover, for the first time, oral and other self-administered prescription drugs for cancer and other diseases. The new benefit, Part D, is clearly a positive development for cancer patients, but it introduces new complexity to the process of selecting and financing prescription drug coverage. Oncologists, like other physicians, should be prepared to advise their patients concerning options for coverage.
Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Shaeffer David T. , Randall Marcus E.
Published: September 2005

The CME activity for this article is forthcoming.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Endometrial cancer is a common female malignancy, affecting approximately 40,000 women per year. Despite the publication of several prospective randomized trials, there continues to be controversy regarding the use of adjuvant radiation therapy in endometrial cancer management. It is clear that most women with early-stage, low-risk disease will do well without adjuvant therapy. Intermediate-risk patients are at risk for local-regional relapse, and radiotherapy has been shown to effectively reduce this risk without significantly impacting overall survival. The absence of a clear impact on survival has resulted in a lack of consensus regarding the use of radiotherapy in intermediate-risk patients. At the same time, the patterns of failure in intermediate-risk patients have resulted in differing recommendations regarding appropriate radiotherapy targets. High-risk patients are at risk for both local and distant failure, and chemotherapy has been shown to improve outcome in these patients. High-risk patients are also at risk for local failure, and targeted radiotherapy may be appropriate. In this article, we discuss the controversies surrounding the use of adjuvant radiotherapy in endometrial cancer using an evidence-based approach.
Defective ATM‐p53–mediated apoptotic pathway in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Deng Xinqing , Ljunggren‐Rose Asa , Maas Kevin , Sriram Subramaniam
Published: September 2005

Defective elimination of autoreactive cells is thought to play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined the activation of the ATM‐CHK2‐p53 pathway in MS patients after subjecting their peripheral blood mononuclear cells to γ‐irradiation. We found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a subset of MS patients show resistance to cell death induced by irradiation. This defect is due to impaired constitutive expression and activation of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), resulting in impaired stabilization of p53. We predict that these fundamental defects likely alter the regulation of the immune population of cells in MS and may contribute to the development or progression of the disease. Ann Neurol 2005;58:577–584
An epoch‐making application of discharge plasma phenomenon to gene‐transfer
Authors: Ogawa Yasuhiro , Morikawa Noriyuki , Ohkubo‐Suzuki Akiko , Miyoshi Sousuke , Arakawa Hiroyuki , Kita Yasuhiro , Nishimura Shintaro
Published: September 2005

We discovered an epoch‐making gene transfer method utilizing discharge plasma. Although an electroporation method is commonly used in present gene transfer experiments, it cannot transfer genes into primary cells sufficiently. The atmospheric pressure discharge plasma employed in this study was originally used for surface treatment of non‐biological materials. We hypothesized that it could provide a suitable effect on the surface of target cells and applied it to gene transfer into various types of cells. The plasma technology succeeded in the efficient transfer of green fluorescence protein (GFP) plasmid into post‐mitotic neuronal cells obtained from cerebral cortices of rats, into which an electroporation with conventional equipment cannot transfer genes sufficiently, as the cells were attached. After the transfection of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells with the GFP gene by plasma treatment, the cells retained their function, that is, nerve growth factor‐induced differentiation. Furthermore, gene transfer with the plasma technology was also applicable to other types of cell lines such as HeLa cells and Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells as adherent cell lines, and Jurkat cells as a suspended cell line, and another type of primary cell, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In conclusion, the plasma method is an epoch‐making gene transfer technology which efficiently transfers genes into primary cells into which electroporation cannot transfer genes. Moreover, the method is able to universally transfer genes into various types of cells as the function of the cells was maintained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supramolecular Assembly of 2,7‐Dimethyldiazapyrenium and Cucurbit[8]uril: A New Fluorescent Host for Detection of Catechol and Dopamine
Authors: Sindelar Vladimir , Cejas Mabel A. , Raymo Françisco M. , Chen Weizhong , Parker Samantha E. , Kaifer Angel E.
Published: September 2005

The formation of a highly stable inclusion complex between 2,7‐dimethyldiazapyrenium (Me2DAP2+) and the cucurbit[8]uril host (CB8) was demonstrated by X‐ray crystallography; MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry; and 1H NMR, electronic absorption, and emission spectroscopy. The equilibrium association constant was determined to be 8.9(±0.2)×105 L mol−1 from UV‐visible data and 8.4(±1.5)×105 L mol−1 from fluorescence data. The Me2DAP2+⋅CB8 inclusion complex acted as a host to bind compounds containing aromatic π‐donor moieties (D), such as catechol and dopamine. This point was demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and electrochemical and emission measurements. Fluorescence detection of the Me2DAP2+⋅D⋅CB8 ternary complexes was evident in aqueous solution and on the surface of silica particles, to which fluorescent diazapyrenium units had been covalently immobilized.
Antioxidative effect of Rajgira leaf extract in liver of Swiss albino mice after exposure to different doses of gamma radiation
Authors: Maharwal J. , Samarth R. M. , Saini M. R.
Published: September 2005

The radioprotective effect of Rajgira leaf extract (800 mg/kg b.wt.) was studied in the liver of Swiss albino mice at various post‐irradiation intervals between day 1 and 30 after its oral administration for 15 consecutive days prior to whole body gamma irradiation with 6, 8 and 10 Gy of gamma rays. In this study, abnormal and binucleated hepatocytes were counted in both the control and experimental sets because these hepatocytes are good indicators of radiation‐induced damage. In the experimental (RLE + irradiation) sets, the percentage of abnormal and binucleated hepatocytes was lower compared with their respective control (irradiation alone) sets at each autopsy interval with all three radiation doses studied. The increase in the percentage of these hepatocytes was also found to be dose‐dependent in the control as well as in the RLE treated (experimental) sets. Thus, Rajgira leaf extract (RLE) treatment given before irradiation protects mouse liver against radiation‐induced lesions by increasing the GSH content and decreasing the LPO level. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cholinomimetic and calcium channel blocking activities of Carthamus oxycantha
Authors: Gilani Anwar H. , Bukhari Ishfaq A. , Khan Rafeeq A. , Khan Arif‐ullah , Ullah Farman , Ahmad Viqar U.
Published: September 2005

The crude extract of Carthamus oxycantha (Co.Cr) and its fractions were studied in vitro for their possible spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities. Co.Cr (0.03–10 mg/mL) caused an atropine sensitive spasmogenic effect in guinea‐pig ileum. In spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum preparations, Co.Cr caused a dose‐dependent (0.03–3.0 mg/mL) spasmogenic effect, followed by relaxation at the next higher doses of 5.0–10.0 mg/mL. In the presence of atropine, the spasmogenic effect was blocked and the relaxant effect was observed at lower doses (0.1–5.0 mg/mL), shifting the inhibitory dose‐response curves to the left. Co.Cr also inhibited K+ (80 mm)‐induced contractions in atropinized preparations at similar doses, suggesting calcium channel blockade (CCB) activity. The CCB effect was further confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with Co.Cr produced a dose‐dependent shift in the Ca++ dose‐response curves to the right, similar to that caused by verapamil. Activity‐directed fractionation revealed that the spasmolytic effect was concentrated in organic fractions in the following order of potency: hexane > ethylacetate > chloroform, while the aqueous fraction exhibited spasmogenic and weak spasmolytic effects. These results indicate that Carthamus oxycantha contains a combination of spasmogenic (cholinergic) and spasmolytic (calcium antagonist) constituents. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quercetin appears in the lymph of unanesthetized rats as its phase II metabolites after administered into the stomach
Authors: Murota Kaeko , Terao Junji
Published: September 2005

Quercetin is a major flavonoid in plant foods and potentially has beneficial effects on disease prevention. The present work demonstrated that quercetin was transported into the lymph after being metabolized in the gastrointestinal mucosa of rats. Glucuronide/sulfate and methylated conjugates of quercetin appeared in the lymph, but not quercetin aglycone. The highest lymphatic concentration was found at as rapid as 30 min after administration, suggesting gastric absorption, whereas the mucosal glucuronidation activity was significantly higher in the duodenum and jejunum than in the stomach. This is the first report to show the lymphatic flavonoid transport pathway from the gastrointestinal tract.
Protonation state of Asp30 exerts crucial influence over surface loop rearrangements responsible for NO release in nitrophorin 4
Authors: Menyhárd Dóra K. , Keserü György M.
Published: September 2005

pK
a values of ionizable residues were calculated for the crystal structures describing the pH and NO binding dependant conformations of nitrophorin 4, a pH sensitive NO carrier heme protein. Comparison of resultant H‐bonding patterns allowed the identification of the amino acids that take part in signaling pH change. We carried out MD simulations to show that the protonation state of Asp30, buried in the closed conformation, is crucial for maintaining the tight packed conformation of the closed form of the complex – presenting a model for the functional decrease of NO binding affinity of nitrophorins at physiological pH.
Developmental lead exposure impairs contextual fear conditioning and reduces adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat brain
Authors: Jaako‐Movits Külli , Zharkovsky Tamara , Romantchik Olga , Jurgenson Monika , Merisalu Eda , Heidmets Lenne‐Triin , Zharkovsky Alexander
Published: September 2005

The effects of developmental lead exposure on the emotional reactivity, contextual fear conditioning and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of 60–80 days‐old rats were studied. Wistar rat pups were exposed to 0.2% lead acetate via their dams’ drinking water from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND 21 and directly via drinking water from weaning until PND 30. At PND 60 and 80 the level of anxiety and contextual fear conditioning were studied, respectively. At PND 80 all animals received injections of BrdU to determine the effects of Pb on the generation of new cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus and on their survival and differentiation patterns. The results of the present study demonstrate that developmental lead exposure induces persistent increase in the level of anxiety and inhibition of contextual fear conditioning. Developmental lead exposure reduced generation of new cells in the dentate gyrus and altered the pattern of differentiation of BrdU‐positive cells into mature neurons. A lower proportion of BrdU‐positive cells co‐expressed with the marker for mature neurons, calbindin. In contrast, the proportions of young not fully differentiated neurons and proportions of astroglial cells, generated from newly born cells, were increased in lead‐exposed animals.

Our results demonstrate that developmental lead exposure induces persistent inhibition of neurogenesis and alters the pattern of differentiation of newly born cells in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampus, which could, at least partly, contribute to behavioral and cognitive impairments observed in adulthood.
Cold Intolerance Following Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: IRWIN M. S. , GILBERT S. E. A. , TERENGHI G. , SMITH R. W. , GREEN C. J.
Published: September 2005

Cold intolerance can be severe and debilitating following injury to the hand. Little is known about its natural history and factors predicting symptom severity. We looked retrospectively at upper limb peripheral nerve injuries over a 12-year period. Information was obtained using a patient questionnaire and patient records. The incidence of cold intolerance was 83%. In 48% the onset of symptoms was within 1 month of the initial injury. At a mean follow-up of 51 months improved symptoms were reported by 21%, while 18% deteriorated. Patients were more likely to develop cold intolerance if they smoked and less likely if they suffered a sharp injury. A score defining the severity of cold induced symptoms, based on the information collected, was calculated for each patient. Significantly increased severity was associated with complete nerve division, median and ulnar nerve division and an associated vessel injury. Symptom improvement was significantly more likely in non-smokers and a deterioration most likely with a high severity score.
Joan Guinjoan concertos
Authors: Davies Benjamin K
Published: September 2005

JOAN GUINJOAN: Concerto for clarinet and orchestra; Concerto for piano and orchestra; Música per a violoncel i orquestra. Joan Enric Lluna (cl), David Abramovitz (pno), Lluís Claret (vlc). Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona i Nacional de Catalunya, c. Ernest Martínez Izquierdo. Harmonia Mundi HMI 987056.
Chamber music by Yehezhkel Braun
Authors: Miller Malcolm
Published: September 2005

BRAUN: Psalterion (2000); Day and Day (1998); Piano Trio No. IV (2002). Amber Trio Jerusalem, Eli Sassoon (santur), Edna Prochnik (mezzo-sop). Gramola 98766.
London, Barbican: Taneyev Mini-Fest
Authors: Foreman Lewis
Published: September 2005

The Russian National Orchestra and Moscow State Chamber Choir conducted by Mikhail Pletnev presented two unusually distinctive concerts at London's Barbican Hall at the end of March,3 starting with John of Damascus of 1884 – Taneyev called it Cantata No 1 – and ending the following evening with his tumultuous Cantata No 2, On the Reading of a Psalm (Po prochtenii psalma), from 30 years later. Although not claimed as such, the latter was surely a British première: not even that champion of the choral festival, Sir Henry Wood, seems to have done it.