bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the biological behaviour of appendicular osteosarcoma in Rottweilers and a comparison with other breeds: a review of 258 dogs*
Authors: McNeill C. J. , Overley B. , Shofer F. S. , Kent M. S. , Clifford C. A. , Samluk M. , Haney S. , Van Winkle T. J. , Sorenmo K. U.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare Rottweilers diagnosed with osteosarcoma (OSA) with other breeds to determine whether Rottweilers experienced a more aggressive form of the disease. Two hundred and fifty‐eight dogs were evaluated (102 clinical and 156 necropsy cases). In the necropsy population, Rottweilers had a younger mean age at death (7.3 versus 9 years,P= 0.006). There were no significant differences between Rottweilers and other breeds in age at diagnosis, median disease‐free interval or survival time. However, Rottweilers were more likely to have metastasis to the brain (7 versus 0%,P= 0.03). These results suggest that OSA in Rottweilers may have a different biological behaviour, but this study did not confirm that these differences were associated with a worse outcome.
Inhibition of telomerase in canine cancer cells following telomestatin treatment
Authors: Long S. , Argyle D. J. , Gault E. A. , Nasir L.
Published: May 2007

Telomere shortening in normal somatic cells has been proposed as a major barrier to unlimited cellular proliferation. Telomerase is an enzyme capable of maintaining telomere length, and thus bypassing this barrier. In human beings, telomerase activity is restricted to cancer cells and cells of stem or germ cell lineages. Dogs represent a potentially useful clinical model for the development of telomerase‐based therapies because telomerase activity is also restricted to cancer cells and stem cells in this species. We examined the ability of telomestatin to inhibit telomerase activity in telomerase‐positive D17 and CMT7 canine cancer cell lines. At a concentration of 2 μM, telomestatin treatment resulted in a decrease in telomerase activity, telomere shortening, growth inhibition and apoptosis in telomerase‐positive cancer cells. These effects were not seen in telomerase‐negative skin fibroblasts or negative controls. These results confirm that telomestatin specifically inhibits telomerase activity in canine cancer cells and strengthens the usefulness of dogs as a model for testing telomerase‐based therapies.
HIV/HCV co‐infection: histopathologic findings, natural history, fibrosis, and impact of antiretroviral treatment: a review article
Authors: Petrovic Lydia M.
Published: May 2007

Human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) co‐infection has emerged as a leading cause of liver morbidity in the last two decades. Liver failure is also frequently a cause of death in HIV/HCV co‐infected patients. Highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) has revolutionized the HIV treatment, leading to a significantly decreased morbidity, prolonged survival, and an overall better outcome of HIV infection. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral treatment, however, has been recognized as one of the serious complications of the treatment. The effects of HIV infection on the natural history and progression of HCV‐associated chronic liver disease that had been well documented in the pre‐HAART treatment era have been changing, and there are now many indications that HIV/HCV co‐infection should be recognized as an evolving and a challenging disease entity.
Successful interferon treatment in a patient chronically infected with hepatitis B virus carrying unusual S‐ (and P‐) mutants in the presence of anti‐HBs antibodies
Authors: Frider Bernardo , Alessio Analía , Pozzati Marcia , Cuestas María L. , Mathet Verónica L. , Oubiña José R.
Published: May 2007

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) immune escape mutants with point mutations within the S gene may arise during the natural course of HBV infection, due to a positive selection pressure exerted by the host immune response. Mutations within the immunodominant B and T cell epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) allow the resulting S‐mutants to propagate even in the presence of neutralizing anti‐HBs antibodies and the HBV‐specific T‐cell immune response.

Aim: To study the antiviral effect of Pegylated‐interferon (Peg‐IFN) in a patient with chronic hepatitis B carrying unusual S‐(and P‐) mutants in the presence of anti‐HBs antibodies.

Patients, Methods and Results: We report on a 43‐year‐old male chronically infected with a genotype A HBV strain, with cocirculation of both HBsAg and anti‐HBs antibodies, who received treatment with 120 μg of Peg‐IFN for 24 weeks. HBeAg seroconversion and clearance of both HBV DNA by polymerase chain reaction and HBsAg were successfully achieved. Improved histology was observed in a biopsy performed 44 weeks after Peg‐IFN therapy was completed. It seems plausible that the ascribed genotype A could have contributed to the effective response to Peg‐IFN, even though the treatment was provided only throughout a 24‐week period.

Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the successful result obtained by using Peg‐IFN as a treatment for a chronically HBV‐infected patient carrying HBsAg immune escape mutants.
The role of psychological factors in the fatigue of primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Blackburn Peter , Freeston Mark , Baker Christine R. , Jones David E. J. , Newton Julia L.
Published: May 2007

Fatigue impairs the quality of life of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients. In this study, we explored the psychological factors and coping strategies in fatigued PBC patients. Patients participated in a semi‐structured interview examining thoughts regarding the impact of fatigue and coping strategies. All completed the disease‐specific quality‐of‐life tool, PBC‐40, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) (degree of habitual worry) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (current anxiety and depression). PBC patients were allocated into high (>38, n=10) and low‐fatigue (<38, n=14) groups. No differences were seen between high‐fatigue and low‐fatigue groups regarding age, marital status, employment status, PBC stage, years with diagnosis and years experiencing fatigue. High‐fatigue participants were significantly more anxious (P=0.008), more depressed (P<0.001), and more likely to worry (<0.05). High‐fatigue participants had more frequent thoughts about the impact of fatigue (P<0.005) and lower self‐efficacy scores (P<0.001). In conclusion, PBC patients can experience profound distress associated with fatigue. PBC patients with high levels of fatigue seem to be more vulnerable to emotional distress, more likely to perceive that their quality of life has been negatively affected and are less confident to engage in everyday activities compared with those with low levels of fatigue.
Expression of bile acid synthesis and detoxification enzymes and the alternative bile acid efflux pump MRP4 in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Zollner Gernot , Wagner Martin , Fickert Peter , Silbert Dagmar , Gumhold Judith , Zatloukal Kurt , Denk Helmut , Trauner Michael
Published: May 2007

Background: Bile acid synthesis, transport and metabolism are markedly altered in experimental cholestasis. Whether such coordinated regulation exists in human cholestatic diseases is unclear. We therefore investigated expression of genes for bile acid synthesis, detoxification and alternative basolateral export and regulatory nuclear factors in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).

Material/Methods: Hepatic CYP7A1, CYP27A1, CYP8B1 (bile acid synthesis), CYP3A4 (hydroxylation), SULT2A1 (sulphation), UGT2B4/2B7 (glucuronidation), MRP4 (basolateral export), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), retinoid X receptor (RXR), short heterodimer partner (SHP), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) and HNF4α expression was determined in 11 patients with late‐stage PBC and this was compared with non‐cholestatic controls.

Results: CYP7A1 mRNA was repressed in PBC to 10–20% of controls, while CYP27 and CYP8B1 mRNA remained unchanged. SULT2A1, UGT2B4/2B7 and CYP3A4 mRNA levels were unaltered or only mildly reduced in PBC. MRP4 protein levels were induced three‐fold in PBC, whereas mRNA levels remained unchanged. Expression levels of FXR, RXR, SHP, PXR, CAR, HNF1α and HNF4α were moderately reduced in PBC without reaching statistical significance.

Summary/Conclusions: Repression of bile acid synthesis and induction of basolateral bile acid export may represent adaptive mechanisms to limit bile acid burden in chronic cholestasis. As these changes do not sufficiently counteract cholestatic liver damage, future therapeutic strategies should aim at stimulation of bile acid detoxification pathways.
Light‐harvesting and light‐protecting pigments in simple life forms
Authors: Dawson T L
Published: May 2007

Photosynthesis is the basis of life on the earth and the development of the vast range of simple organisms existing today can often be traced back to the earliest geological times. Most life forms depend directly or indirectly on the synthetic processes which harvest the sun's energy, utilising a range of pigments such as the chlorophylls and carotenoids, which not only determine the colour of each organism, but often also serve a protective role against the adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation. Recent research has elucidated the detailed photochemical mechanisms and the complex nature of the light‐harvesting pigment–protein complexes. This review covers algae and fungi and their symbiotic forms in lichens and corals, particularly with respect to the pigments they synthesise and the commercial uses to which these and other metabolites have been (and may in the future be) put.
Triazinylamino‐alkylphosphonate reactive dyes for cellulosic fibres
Authors: Gillingham Estelle L , Lewis David M , Nabi Asfia , Srikulkit Kawee
Published: May 2007

A bifunctional reactive bis‐phosphonoalkylaminotriazine dye was synthesised by condensing 2 mol of aminoethylphosphonic acid with the commercially available bis‐monochloro‐s‐triazinyl dye, CI Reactive Red 120. A similar but much lower molecular weight dye was prepared by condensing the commercially available dichloro‐s‐triazine dye, Procion Red MX 8B, with aminomethylphosphonate. A model aryl‐phosphonate dye was also prepared by diazotising m‐aminobenzene‐phosphonic acid and coupling the diazonium salt to R‐salt. These dyes were isolated as their free acids and then converted to their ammonium salts. Pad liquors containing dye, cyanamide and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were applied to cotton fabric. In the case of the bis‐phosphonoethylamino‐s‐triazine dye, very high dye–fibre fixation values (>90%) were achieved using a pad–batch–bake procedure; for the Procion T model dye, the comparative maximum fixation was only modest. In the absence of cyanamide, no fixation could be obtained for the arylphosphonate dye but both bis‐phosphonoalkylaminotriazine dyes gave significant fixation.
Studies on dyeing method and dyeing properties of a sulphur black dye containing carboxylic acid groups on cotton
Authors: Xiao Jinqiu , Zhang Shufen , Yang Jinzong
Published: May 2007

In this study the dyeing method of a sulphur black dye containing carboxylic acid groups on cotton was investigated. A dip–pad–bake dyeing process was applied and dyeing conditions were examined in detail. Thermal gravimetric analysis was used to determine both the baking temperature and the dehydrant selection. Fastness properties of the sulphur black dye containing carboxylic acid groups were tested. It is concluded that the sulphur black dye not only has good dyeing performance, but also possesses good fastness properties.
Stress Testing in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillators: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Chinnaiyan Kavitha M. , Trivax Justin , Franklin Barry A. , Williamson Brian , Kahn Joel K.
Published: May 2007

This retrospective study was undertaken to assess the responses to, and complications associated with, stress testing in patients with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs). Primary end points were occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, onset of burst pacing or ICD firing, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or death during or soon after stress testing. Secondary end points were urgent coronary revascularization and/or hospital readmission for cardiovascular complications. During a 4‐year period, 1734 patients underwent ICD implantation or generator replacement at our institution; 84 patients (mean age ± SD, 67±12 years; 76% men) subsequently underwent 107 stress tests, including 44 exercise and 63 pharmacologic (22 dobutamine, 41 dipyridamole) evaluations. None of the ICDs were inactivated before testing. All tests were supervised by specially trained paramedical personnel, with a physician immediately available. Four patients had self‐terminating, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia at peak stress. None had sustained ventricular tachycardia requiring emergent therapy. There were no deaths or hospital readmissions for ventricular arrhythmias. These findings suggest that stress testing is feasible in patients with ICDs and that it can be performed without pretest inactivation.
Maximizing Smoking Cessation in Clinical Practice: Pharmacologic and Behavioral Interventions
Authors: Nides Mitchell , Leischow Scott , Sarna Linda , Evans Sarah E.
Published: May 2007

Clinicians are in a unique position to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality by helping their patients quit smoking. At each visit, clinicians should document smoking status, provide strong and clear advice to quit, and recommend and prescribe pharmacotherapy for patients who are motivated to quit, which can double the odds of success. Effective pharmacotherapies include nicotine replacement, bupropion, and varenicline, which was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Behavioral counseling to develop a quit plan and extended follow‐up are critical to maximize quit rates but are rarely provided by clinicians due to time constraints and lack of expertise. As an alternative, the authors recommend referral to telephone quitlines that provide no‐cost behavioral counseling by specialists. Hospitals should implement systemwide procedures to ensure that smokers are identified at admission and trained staff is available to provide smoking cessation consults that include a minimum of 20 minutes of inpatient counseling with follow‐up for at least 1 month.
Ethnic/Racial Variations in Blood Pressure Awareness, Treatment, and Control
Authors: Giles Thomas , Aranda Juan M. , Suh Dong‐Churl , Choi In‐Sun , Preblick Ronald , Rocha Ricardo , Frech‐Tamas Feride
Published: May 2007

Understanding the impact of patient factors on blood pressure (BP) management is an important step to developing interventions to improve cardiovascular health. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 was used to identify predictors of hypertension awareness, treatment, and control. An estimated 63.3 million (31.0%) US adults currently have BP exceeding 140/90 mm Hg, and prevalence is higher for blacks than for other racial/ethnic subgroups. Among antihypertensive medication‐treated patients, 51.3% are controlled. Treated blacks and Mexican Americans have the lowest rates of BP control. Mexican Americans are 0.62 times as likely to be aware and 0.61 times as likely to be treated as white persons with hypertension. Compared with whites, treated Mexican Americans are 0.71 times as likely and treated blacks 0.59 times as likely to achieve BP control. Hypertension treatment and BP control in the United States remain suboptimal, and significant racial/ethnic disparities persist. Effective interventions targeting Mexican Americans and blacks as well as whites are essential to improving hypertension management.
Metabolic Syndrome Less Strongly Associated With Target Organ Damage Than Syndrome Components in a Healthy, Working Population
Authors: Eguchi Kazuo , Schwartz Joseph E. , Roman Mary J. , Devereux Richard B. , Gerin William , Pickering Thomas G.
Published: May 2007

The authors investigated the associations between target organ damage and individual components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) compared with the MS itself. Carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT), carotid plaque, and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were assessed by ultrasonography in 356 participants who were free of overt cardiovascular disease. Participants with the MS (n=33) had higher LVMI and carotid IMT than those without the MS (n=323), but the percentage of patients who had carotid plaque was similar. Individually, each component of the MS was significantly associated with the 3 measures of target organ damage. In bivariate and multivariate analyses, the association of clinic systolic blood pressure to both LVMI and carotid IMT and the negative association of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol with carotid plaque were stronger than and independent of the MS. The data suggest that physicians should evaluate blood pressure and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as other cardiovascular risk factors without regard to whether a patient meets the criteria for the MS.
Geochronology and geological evolution of metamorphic rocks in the Field Islands area, East Antarctica
Authors: BLACK LANCE P. , JAMES PATRICK R. , HARLEY SIMON L.
Published: May 2007

Detailed geochronological, structural and petrological studies reveal that the geological evolution of the Field Islands area, East Antarctica, was substantially similar to that of the adjacent Archaean Napier Complex, though with notable differences in late and post Archaean times. These differences reflect the area's proximity to the Proterozoic Rayner Complex and consequent vulnerability to tectonic process involved in the formation of the latter. Distinctive structural features of the Field Islands are (1) consistent development of a discordant, pervasive S3 axial‐plane foliation; (2) re‐orientation of S3 axial planes to approximate to the subsequent E‐W tectonic trend of the nearby Rayner Complex; (3) selective retrogression by a post‐D3 static thermal overprint; and (4) relatively common development of retrogressive, E‐W‐trending, mylonitic shear zones.

Peak metamorphic conditions in excess of 800°C at 900 ± 100 M Pa (9 kbar) were attained at one locality following, but probably close to the time of D2 folding. D3 took place in late Archaean times when metamorphic temperatures were about 650°C and pressures were about 600 MPa (6 kbar). Later, temperatures of 600 ± 50°C and pressures of 700 MPa (7kbar) were attained in an amphibolite‐facies event, presumably associated with the widespread granulite to amphibolite‐facies metamorphism and intense deformation involved in the formation of the Rayner Complex at about 1100 Ma. The area was subsequently subjected to near‐isothermal uplift.

Rb‐Sr isotopic data indicate that the pervasive D3 fabric developed at about 2400–2500 Ma, and this age can be further refined to 2456+8‐5 Ma by concordant zircon analyses from a syn‐D3 pegmatite. All zircons were affected by only minor (<7–10%) Pb loss and/or new zircon growth during the Rayner event at about 1100Ma. Thus the 450–850 μg/gU concentrations of these zircons were too low to cause sufficient lattice damage over the 1350 Ma (from 2450 Ma) for excessive Pb to be lost during the 1100 Ma event. The emplacement of pegmatite at 522 ± 10 Ma substantially changed the Rb‐Sr systematics of the only analysed rock that developed a penetrative fabric during the 1100 Ma event. Monazite in this pegmatite contains an inherited Pb component, which probably resides in small opaque inclusions.

A good correlation is found between Rb‐Sr total‐rock ages and rock fabric. U‐Pb zircon intercepts with concordia also mostly correspond to known events. However, in one example a near perfect alignment of zircon analyses, probably developed by mixing of unrelated components, produced concordia intercepts that appear to have no direct geochronological significance.
Staurolite producing reactions and geothermobarometry of a high pressure thermal aureole in the French Massif Central
Authors: DELOR C. P. , BURG J. P. , LEYRELOUP A. F.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Biotite, garnet, staurolite and kyanite isograds in pelitic metasedimentary rocks are developed as a result of thermal metamorphism around syntectonic granitoids in Eastern Rouergue (France). Temperature estimates range between 400°C and 650°C at about 6.5 kbar. Geothermobarometry shows a steep isobaric T gradient which is consistent with the interpretation that the metamorphic highs are thermal aureoles. High grade rocks show evidence of two staurolite forming reactions in the presence of plagioclase and the absence of chlorite that have not been described previously in the literature. The reaction that occurs in the middle staurolite zone, alm‐rich ga + Ca‐rich pla + Na‐rich mu gro‐rich ga + Na‐rich pla + st + Na‐poor mu, is considered to be prograde, whereas the reaction that occurs in the kyanite zone, alm‐rich ga + Ca‐rich pla + w st + Ca‐rich ga + Na‐rich pla + qz, is retrograde. The topology of these reactions is illustrated in terms of end member compositions for the systems KNaFASH and KCaFASH, respectively.
Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks within a subduction‐accretion terrane, Signy Island, South Orkney Islands
Authors: STOREY B. C. , MENEILLY A. W.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Whole‐rock and mineral analyses of polydeformed mica‐schist, quartzite, marble and amphibolite are presented from Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, part of the Scotia metamorphic complex. Whole‐rock chemistry suggests that the amphibolites are the metamorphosed equivalent of enriched tholeiitic and alkali basalts of an oceanic intraplate basalt series. These, together with limestones and Mn‐rich cherts of an oceanic island assemblage were tectonically mixed with trench or trench inner slope basin sediments in a subduction zone environment. Variation in mineral chemistry indicates an increase in temperature and decrease in pressure during metamorphism; pressures of 8 kbar and temperatures of approximately 545°C were reached during amphibolite facies metamorphism in the latter stages of deformation. These new data provide good evidence to support the previous interpretation of the Scotia metamorphic complex as a subduction complex.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of minerals from metapelitic rocks, staurolite to sillimanite zones, Mica Creek, British Columbia
Authors: BOWMAN J. R. , GHENT E. D.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses have been made of coexisting quartz, ilmenite, muscovite, and biotite from Late Precambrian metapelitic rocks, staurolite‐kyanite to K‐feldspar‐muscovite‐sillimanite zones, from Mica Creek, British Columbia. The δ18O and †D values of these minerals are generally uniform and do not decrease significantly with increasing metamorphic grade. This implies that there has not been significant infiltration of deep crustal, possibly magmatic, fluids into the metapelites that has been suggested for other high‐grade metamorphic terranes. The uniformity of oxygen isotope compositions of the Mica Creek metapelite rocks may reflect isotopic uniformity in the sedimentary protolith rather than widespread exchange with an isotopically homogeneous metamorphic pore fluid.

Temperature estimates based upon 18O exchange thermometry for samples below the sillimanite zone are in reasonable agreement with the results of garnet‐biotite Fe–Mg exchange thermometry. In the higher grade rocks, the oxygen isotope and garnet‐biotite thermometry yield results which disagree by about 100°C. The highest temperatures recorded by oxygen isotope thermometry, 595°C, are at least 60°C below the minimum temperatures required by phase equilibria. These discrepancies appear to result from pervasive equilibrium retrograde exchange of oxygen isotopes between coexisting minerals. In addition, there are problems with calibration of garnet‐biotite thermometry at higher temperatures. Retrograde oxygen isotope exchange may be a general characteristic of high‐grade metamorphic rocks and oxygen isotope thermometry may not usually record peak metamorphic temperatures if they significantly exceed 600°C.
Metamorphic petrology of a high‐pressure, low‐temperature subduction complex in west‐central Baja California, Mexico
Authors: SEDLOCK R.L.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Western Baja terrane (WBt) of west‐central Baja California is an uplifted subduction complex that is divided into smaller ‘subterranes’on the basis of bounding faults and petrological differences. Each subterrane contains coherent Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary and mafic volcanic rocks (not melange) that have been metamorphosed under blueschist facies conditions. Key phases in metabasites and metaturbidites include jadeitic to acmitic clinopyroxene, sodic amphibole, lawsonite, aragonite, chlorite, titanite and white mica. Pressure indicators include the jadeite content of clinopyroxene and the presence of aragonite. Temperature indicators include the presence of lawsonite, the absence of greenschist facies minerals and results from vitrinite reflectance studies. Conditions at the peak of metamorphism were >8 kbar, 225–325°C for subterrane 1, 7–8 kbar, 170–220°C for subterrane 2, and 5–6 kbar, 175–200°C for subterrane 3; these correspond to cold geothermal gradients (6–9/km). Vein assemblages that include aegerine–jadeite and aegerine, albite, aragonite, lawsonite and sodic amphibole indicate uplift during continued cold conditions, probably during steady‐state subduction.
Local and regional differences in the chemical potential of water in amphibolite facies pelitic schists
Authors: DICKENSON M.P.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Mineral assemblages in different samples of amphibolite facies pelitic schists collected from two separate outcrops in the Moosilauke area, NH, record differences in the chemical potential of water during metamorphism. Mineralogical, petrological, and field relations indicate that mineral assemblages at both outcrops equilibrated at 520°C and 3.5–4.0 kbar. Thermodynamic analysis of the mineral assemblages demonstrates that maximum chemical potential differences at each outcrop were of the order of 150 calories, over distances of 10–20 m.

The differences in the chemical potential of water recorded in both bed‐to‐bed and outcrop‐to‐outcrop relations are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) mineral assemblages on a specific outcrop did not equilibrate with an external reservoir of fluid of fixed composition, (2) the relatively small magnitude of the chemical potential differences suggests little or no infiltration of externally derived fluid, (3) these differences on the outcrop scale are probably related to initial compositional variations and the buffer capacity of the mineral assemblage, and (4) the different values of the chemical potential of water exhibited by the various mineral assemblages permits an understanding of the effects of variable μH2O for amphibolite facies pelitic schists.
Microstructural controls and the role of graphite in matrix/ porphyroblast exchange during synkinematic andalusite growth in a granitoid aureole
Authors: RUBENACH M.J. , BELL T.H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In the contact metamorphic aureole of the Tinaroo Batholith (north Queensland, Australia), mylonitic rocks were metamorphosed during a regional folding/crenulation event (D2) synchronous with the emplacement of muscovite‐bearing granitoids. Prismatic and skeletal andalusite porphyoblasts grew in carbonaceous schists, mainly from the dissolution of staurolite. Muscovite, quartz and biotite played a dual role in this reaction, acting in a catalytic capacity as well as reactants or products. Staurolite was replaced by coarse‐grained muscovite ± biotite, whereas andalusite locally replaced quartz ± muscovite ± biotite, with diffusion of H, Al, Si, Mg, Fe and K ionic species linking sites of dissolution and growth.

Graphite contributed to the reaction mechanism in a number of ways. Accumulations of graphite in front of advancing andalusite crystal faces led to skeletal growth and the formation of chiastolite structure, where incremental growth occurred on adjacent {110} faces, with subsequent filling in and inclusion of graphite along the diagonal zones. The presence of graphite in some layers in the schist matrix prevented recrystallization of strained muscovite grains. The muscovite grains in these layers, in contrast to adjacent thin non‐graphitic layers, were preferentially replaced by quartz. This resulted in muscovite‐depletion haloes in graphitic layers around andalusite porphyroblasts. Somewhat arcuate zones of graphite, concentrated during dissolution of quartz along a crenulation cleavage, occur on some andalusite faces. Reactivation of the mylonitic foliation during the formation of D2 crenulations led to a preferential dissolution of quartz in zones of progressive shearing localized near andalusite porphyroblasts and hence the accumulation of graphite.

Lack of deflection of the pre‐existing mylonitic foliation and anastomosing of the axial planes of D2 crenulations around andalusite porphyroblasts demonstrate not only the timing of growth, but also that growing porphyroblasts do not push aside existing foliations.
Metamorphic and structural evolution of the Early Proterozoic Puolankajärvi Formation, Finland – II. The pressure–temperature–deformation–composition path
Authors: TUISKU P. , LAAJOKI K.
Published: May 2007

The paragenetic relationships between sillimanite, andalusite, kyanite, chlorite, cordierite, biotite, garnet and staurolite in the Early Proterozoic Puolankajärvi Formation (PjF), together with mineral compositions, are used to construct a partial petrogenetic grid for metapelites with significant Mn content (MnO = 0.1–0.5%) by adding a six‐phase invariant point over the garnet‐absent invariant point for Mn‐free AMF‐phases.

The grid and textural relations of the PjF are used to construct part of the P–T–deformation path for the PjF. Relatively short deformation pulses and associated flow of oxidizing fluid along shear zones were responsible for the paragenetic and compositional changes during cooling and decompression at 600–500°C and 6.0–2.5 kbar. Oxidation led to decreased Fe2+ and further stressed the importance of Mn (increased Mn/divalent cations).

A tectonothermal evolution of the Kainuu Schist Belt is presented which includes crustal thinning and steepening of a previously established thermal gradient. This was followed by thrusting and folding of the isotherms into a thermal antiform on the western side of the belt.
The P‐T‐d development at the basement‐cover boundary in the north‐eastern Tauern Window (Eastern Alps): Alpine continental collision
Authors: KRUHL J. H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
At the basement‐cover boundary of the north‐eastern Tauern Window (Eastern Alps), the following Alpine P‐T‐d development has been reconstructed on the basis of macro‐ and micro‐structures as well as preferred crystallographic orientations, mineral parageneses and compositions.

During increasing P‐T conditions in the greenschist facies a first period of deformation produced imbrication of the basement gneisses and cover sediments, and then monoclinal folds up to the kilometre scale. Tectonic transport was continuously top‐to‐the‐ENE. A second period of deformation began at about peak P‐T conditions of 9 kbar and c. 540–560°C in the south, and about 7–9 kbar and 490–500° C in the north; this continued locally to lower temperature. During the second period, transport was continuously top‐to‐the‐SE. Crystallographic orientations of white mica and plagioclase give particularly useful information on the kinematic framework. In addition, data on the ductile behaviour of dolomite and plagioclase can be inferred. At c. 7–9 kbar, dolomite recrystallization starts at 450–480° C, and the beginning of plagioclase recrystallization coincides with the oligoclase boundary.

In general, the Alpine geodynamic history of the basement‐cover boundary may be related to continental collision processes between a northerly plate (European or Briançonnais) and a southerly (Adriatic) one. The first deformation period possibly reflects subduction of the gneiss‐sediment boundary toward the WSW, to a depth of 31–32 km. The second period may be a result of obduction toward the NW, followed by late‐stage uplift. Most of the basement domes of the eastern Tauern Window appear as a result of the final stage of the first deformation, formed prior to the peak of metamorphism, possibly partly influenced by the final collision between the northern and the southern continents.
Exhumation of high‐pressure metamorphic rocks during crustal extension in the D'Entrecasteaux region, Papua New Guinea
Authors: HILL E. J. , BALDWIN S. L.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The D'Entrecasteaux Islands of eastern Papua New Guinea consist of a number of active metamorphic core complexes formed under an extensional tectonic setting related to sea‐floor spreading in the west Woodlark Basin. The complexes are defined by mountainous domes (>2500 m high) of fault‐bounded, high‐grade metamorphic rocks (including eclogite facies) intruded by 2–4‐Ma granodiorite plutons. Garnet–clinopyroxene exchange thermometers indicate that the temperature of equilibration of the eclogites was 730–900° C. The jadeite component of omphacite indicates minimum pressure of 21 kbar, suggesting depths of >70 km.

The metamorphic rocks have undergone widespread retrogression to amphibolite facies. Retrogression of the metamorphic basement is associated with shearing and formation of the metamorphic core complexes. P–T conditions in the early stages of shear zone activity, determined using the garnet–biotite exchange thermometer and the GASP and GRIPS barometers, were 570–730° C and 7–11 kbar. A second phase of re‐equilibration at much lower pressures appears to be related to the widespread intrusion of granodiorite plutons. One re‐equilibrated gneiss indicated maximum temperature of 730° C at estimated pressures of approximately 4 kbar. This late, high‐temperature metamorphism is also indicated by reactions involving the production of hercynite and corundum in aluminous gneisses and formation of sillimanite at the expense of kyanite.

Two major episodes of granodiorite intrusion occurred during uplift and exhumation of the core complexes. Both closely coincide spatially with high‐temperature metamorphic rocks, the onset of deformation in extensional shear zones and subsequent uplift of the metamorphic basement. These observations indicate a fundamental link between uplift and granodiorite intrusion during continental extension and the formation of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands metamorphic core complexes.
Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska
Authors: ROESKE S. M. , DUSEL‐BACON C. , ALEINIKOFF J. N. , SNEE L. W. , LANPHERE M. A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Ruby terrane is an elongate fragment of continental crustal rocks that is structurally overlain by thrust slices of oceanic crust. Our results from the Kokrines Hills, in the south‐central part of the Ruby terrane, demonstrate that the low‐angle schistose fabric formed under high‐P/low‐T conditions, at peak conditions of 10.8‐13.2 kbar and 425‐550° C, consistent with the rare occurrence of glaucophane. White mica 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from these blueschists indicate that the metamorphism occurred prior to 144 ± 1 Ma. The blueschist facies assemblages are partially replaced by greenschist facies assemblages in the eastern Kokrines Hills. In contrast, in the central and western Kokrines Hills, upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism associated with extensive late Early Cretaceous plutonism has completely overprinted any evidence of an earlier high‐P/T metamorphic history. Deformation accompanying the plutonism produced recumbent isoclinal folds in the plutonic rocks and pelitic gneisses of the wallrock; decompression reactions in the pelitic gneisses suggest that the deformation occurred during exhumation. Thermochronological data bracket the time of intrusion and cooling below 500° C between 118 ± 3 and 109 ± 1 Ma.

Our data from the schists of the Ruby terrane support the general assumption of many authors that the Ruby terrane was subducted beneath an oceanic island arc. This tectonic history is similar to that described for other large continental crustal blocks in northern and central Alaska, in the Brooks Range, Seward Peninsula and Yukon‐Tanana Upland. The current orientation of the Ruby terrane at an oblique angle to these other crustal blocks and to the Cordilleran trend is due to post‐collisional tectonic processes that have greatly modified the original continental margin.
High‐pressure‐low‐temperature metamorphism of granitic orthogneiss in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska
Authors: PATRICK B.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Granitic orthogneiss is widespread throughout the metamorphic core of the Brooks Range in both the ductilely deformed blueschist/greenschist facies Schist Belt and the lower grade Central Belt (= Skajit allochthon) to the north. Orthogneiss occurs as large metaplutonic massifs and in small bodies enclosed within metasedimentary rocks. Crystallization ages for the granitic protoliths range from Proterozoic through Devonian (U‐Pb zircon); the K‐Ar system was reset during Cretaceous metamorphism. Mineral assemblages of the orthogneisses reflect nearly complete re‐equilibration during Jurassic‐Cretaceous collisional orogenesis in northern Alaska. The most common metamorphic paragenesis in orthogneiss is: Qtz + Kfs + Ab + Phe + Bt ± Ep, Ttn, Rt, Ap, Chl, Cal.

Constituent minerals from 16 Brooks Range orthogneiss samples were analysed with the electron microprobe. Phengite from the Schist Belt samples is highly enriched in Al‐celadonite, with Si values up to 3.50 per formula unit (on an 11‐oxygen basis). Central Belt samples contain phengite with lower Si content (±3.38 p.f.u.). In nearly all samples, Si content of phengite varies considerably, reflecting partial re‐equilibration to lower pressure and/or higher temperature conditions. Metamorphic conditions were estimated using the Phe‐Bt‐Kfs‐Qtz barometer and the two‐feldspar solvus thermometer. The results indicate that the Schist belt underwent high‐pressure/low‐temperature metamorphism (generally 9‐12 kbar at 375‐430° C), consistent with the widespread development of glaucophane + epidote/clinozoisite and lawsonite pseudomorphs in other rock types. The Central Belt also experienced a relatively high P‐T metamorphism, with most samples yielding pressure estimates in the range 5‐8 kbar (at 325‐415° C). These results confirm the existence of two metamorphic belts in the core of the Brooks Range that differ in metamorphic conditions by up to 5 kbar. The range in Si content in phengite from Schist Belt samples is consistent with isothermal decompression of up to 5 kbar.
The development of orientated symplectites during deformation
Authors: BRODIE K. H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Orientated symplectites have been observed in deformed granulite facies metabasic rocks from the Ivrea‐Verbano zone in northern Italy. The area underwent lower crustal extension, accommodated by movement on localized high‐T shear zones. In areas of relatively low strain, such as at the margins of shear zones, symplectites of orthopyroxene, plagioclase and spinel have formed. The symplectites are vermiform and orientated parallel to the main foliation and in the regional stretching direction. The reaction was synkinematic with the deformation, and only developed in potentially dilatant grain boundaries in the rock. It was presumably inhibited in grain boundaries subjected to higher normal stress due to the relatively large volume increase involved in the reaction.

The observations support the interpretation that the deformation was related to regional extension under high‐T granulite facies conditions, the symplectites forming as a result of decreasing pressure.
Breast Self‐Examination Beliefs: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Salazar Mary K.
Published: May 2007

Abstract Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among American women. Evidence indicates that regular breast self‐examination (BSE) may reduce breast cancer mortality by 18%, yet the majority of women do not practice it. This study used a decision model to examine the BSE‐related characteristics, beliefs, and behaviors of 52 working women age 21 to 65 years (mean 44.05 yrs). Nearly 29% of the sample performed BSE. They were more likely than nonperformers to be white, to have a close relative who had breast cancer, and to believe that breast problems could be detected through BSE. Fears, particularly fear of cancer, were more likely to affect performers' than nonperformers' BSE decision. Nonperformers were more likely to think that the first symptom of breast cancer would be a sensation of some type. and that a healthy lifestyle protected them from the disease. They also were more likely to think reminders would encourage them to perform BSE. The most often reported sources of information about BSE were health care providers and friends or relatives.
Home Care Utilization by Congestive Heart Failure Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Anderson Mary Ann , Pena Rose Ann , Helms Lelia B.
Published: May 2007

Abstract Home health care costs have increased more than any other health care service covered by Medicare, and new methods of payment by Medicare are being introduced. A prospective payment system would replace the per visit rate now paid to home care agencies by Medicare. In order to remain viable under a new payment system, home health care agencies will need to be efficient in the delivery of home care services and still demonstrate effective patient care. The intent of this descriptive study was to determine norms of resource utilization for the congestive heart failure (CHF) patients admitted and discharged from a not‐for‐profit home health agency (HHA). Forty agency records were retrospectively reviewed using the Resource Utilization Inventory to collect the characteristics and resource utilization of the sample group. The CHF patients were older than most home care clients and had chronic health problems. Because of these chronic health problems, over half of the study population had caregivers so that the clients could remain in their own homes. Most clients clearly demonstrated the need for skilled nursing or home health aide visits after being hospitalized for an acute CHF episode. Less than half of the study group were discharged from the HHA as improved, and frequently were discharged to another healthcare facility. These results provide a beginning direction for profiling the CHF patient's consumption of resources for setting prospective reimbursement rates.
The Phe‐124‐Cys and A‐161T Variants of the Human 5‐HT1B Receptor Gene Are Not Major Determinants of the Clinical Response to Sumatriptan
Authors: Mehrotra Suneet , Vanmolkot Kaate R. J. , Frants Rune R. , Van Den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. , Ferrari Michel D. , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette
Published: May 2007

Background.—The 5‐HT1B/1D receptor agonist sumatriptan is highly effective in the treatment of migraine. However, some patients do not respond to sumatriptan or experience recurrence of the headache after initial relief. In addition, some patients report chest symptoms after the use of sumatriptan.

Objective.—To assess whether 2 genetic variants (F124C changing a phenylalanine for a cysteine and polymorphism A/T at nucleotide position ‐161 in the 5′ regulatory region) of the 5‐HT1B receptor play a major role in the therapeutic response to sumatriptan. The 5‐HT1B receptor most likely mediates the therapeutic action and coronary side effects of sumatriptan, and both F124C and A‐161T have relevant functional consequences on either the affinity of sumatriptan to bind to the 5‐HT1B receptor or on receptor expression level itself, respectively.

Method.—Genomic DNA of a relatively small but very well‐characterized set of migraine patients with consistently good response to sumatriptan (n = 14), with no response (n = 12), with recurrence of the headache (n = 12), with chest symptoms (n = 13), and patients without chest symptoms (n = 27) was available for the genetic analyses and screened for the F124C variant and the A‐161T polymorphism in the human 5‐HT1B receptor gene.

Results.—F124C was not detected in any of the patients studied. In addition, we did not observe drastic changes in allele frequencies of the A‐161T polymorphism that might hint to a causal relation with the therapeutic effect of sumatriptan.

Conclusion.—We have not obtained any evidence that variants F124C and A‐161T of the 5‐HT1B receptor are major determinants in the clinical response to sumatriptan.
Cardiovascular Effects of Tibolone: A Selective Tissue Estrogenic Activity Regulator
Authors: Campisi Roxana , Marengo Fernando D.
Published: May 2007

Traditionally, it was accepted that long‐term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has a cardiovascular beneficial effect in postmenopausal women with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). However, randomized trials in postmenopausal women have not shown any benefit in either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Therefore, these findings have raised the question of whether traditional HRT (i.e., estrogen and progesterone) has a cardioprotective effect in women at risk for or with established CAD. Concerns about the use of conventional HRT have led to a search for alternatives. Tibolone is a synthetic compound with estrogenic, androgenic, and progestogenic properties that relieves climacteric symptoms and prevents postmenopausal bone loss. Tibolone possesses a tissue‐selective mechanism of action that differs from that of estrogen and/or progestogen. Unlike these compounds, tibolone's metabolites play a central role in its mode of action. Tibolone is widely used for HRT. However, its clinical impact on cardiovascular disease is still under study. The current review focuses on the effects of tibolone on the cardiovascular system and discusses clinical investigations with this compound in postmenopausal women.
MARINICHLORELLA KAISTIAE GEN. ET SP. NOV. (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA) BASED ON POLYPHASIC TAXONOMY1
Authors: Aslam Zubair , Shin Woongghi , Kim Myung Kyum , Im Wan‐Taek , Lee Sung‐Taik
Published: May 2007

We describe three coccoid green algal strains belonging to a new genus and species, Marinichlorella kaistiae Z. Aslam, W. Shin, M. K. Kim, W.‐T. Im et S.‐T. Lee, in seawater samples from the South Sea of Korea. These strains were maintained at 25°C–30°C under a 12:12 light:dark (L:D) photoregime in an ASN‐III medium at a pH of 7.5. These strains were tolerant of high salinity (7.5% NaCl) (w/v) and temperature (40°C). Molecular phylogenetic analyses using 18S rRNA gene sequence data resolved these organisms to a clade separate from green coccoid algae with similar morphology. The DNA–DNA hybridization results demonstrated very low relatedness of these organisms to phylogenetically related species of the genera Chlorella and Parachlorella. The molar guanine + cytosine content (G + C mol%) of the genomic DNA of these organisms ranged from 64.7 to 69.1 mol%. Based on molecular phylogeny, DNA–DNA hybridization, and other morphological studies, we propose a new taxon, Marinichlorella kaistiae, to describe these strains and classify them in the family Chlorellaceae. The type strain is KAS007T (= KCTC AG10303T = IAM C‐620T).