bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Awareness, Groundedness, Embodiment: Intrapersonal Elements in Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Villoria Hernani Emmanuel
Published: January 2021

Human beings are inherently relational. To relate may mean to communicate, interact, transact, engage, involve and even just be with another person. It may imply fulfilling and satisfying the needs of one another. In a more altruistic tone, the relationship is giving and receiving. Others see a relationship as a social exchange. In contrast, others may see it as a social and ethical contract that ought to adhere. Others see a relationship as an instrument as a means to self-actualize or as a process of reaching the self-potential. There are many types of relationships. While others have a formal set of rules, there are interpersonal relationships that have loose code of affair. Among the dimensions of relationship, intimate interpersonal relationships are complicated. In contrast to business affair, marriage and in other intimate partnership, sanctions, roles and rules are not clearly defined. The ambiguity of interpersonal relationships reflects the dynamisms of its elements. Since its fluid, contextual and multi-faceted, there is no exact point of analysis. In this article, awareness, dialog, groundedness, embodiment are discussed in the light of intimate partner conflicts that are amplified using fictional case vignettes that are adopted from real cases of intimate conflict. This article concludes with the assertion that cultivation of relationships starts with the person.
An Overview of the Cardiomyopathies
Authors: Kåks Ida , Leopoulou Marianna , Mattsson Gustav , Magnusson Peter
Published: January 2021

Cardiomyopathies constitute a heterogeneous group of heart diseases. In fact, cardiomyopathies is a major cause of death either as end-stage heart failure or sudden cardiac death. Even though prognosis is, in many cases, poor there are several approaches to optimal disease management, which improves outcome and implies better quality of life including reduced risk of hospitalization. Differentiation of underlying etiology in individual cases of cardiomyopathies requires careful clinical evaluation. Echocardiography is the cornerstone in initial evaluation and follow-up but cardiac magnetic resonance provides additional value. ECG, biomarkers, detailed history taking and extracardiac features may provide clues to less common entities. While forty years ago cardiomyopathy was defined as heart muscle disease of unknown origin, the underlying pathophysiology has now been elucidated. Indeed, the last decades the genetic explanations have evolved. Advanced treatment with pacemakers, including cardiac resynchronization, implantable defibrillators, and mechanical devices in the most severe cases are nowadays available for many patients. The evidence-based pharmacological approach to heart failure provides multiple interaction of pathophysiological pathways and has improved outcome. In selected cases specific agents are indicated why differential diagnosis is crucial and the genetic link imply cascade screening. This chapter aims to present a comprehensive overview of the cardiomyopathies, categorized into: dilated-, hypertrophic-, restrictive-, arrhythmogenic and unclassified cardiomyopathy.
Recording of Proprioceptive Muscle Reflexes in the Lower Extremity
Authors: Partanen Juhani , Sompa Urho , Muñoz-Ruiz Miguel
Published: January 2021

Electromyography (EMG) is routinely used in diagnostics of root syndromes in the lower extremity. By studying signs of axonal damage of different root levels in the corresponding myotomes of the lower extremity and back muscles with needle EMG reveals, which of the motor roots are injured in patients with suspected root compression. But by EMG study only injuries of the anterior motor roots are diagnosed. Routine electroneuromyography does not disclose specific injury of the afferent sensory posterior roots. However, the integrity of some the posterior roots is readily studied with myotatic reflexes. We have routinely measured a proprioceptive reflex, the H-reflex of the soleus muscle with stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve, and found it to be useful in the diagnostics of the S1 root syndrome. It seems to be possible to record H-reflex of the peroneus longus muscle at the L5 level. We discuss the serious problems with volume conduction, when trials to measure proprioceptive reflexes of the L4 and L5 levels are performed. It may also be useful to record the medium latency reflexes in the area of the posterior tibial nerve, which seems to have a different reflex arch (II-afferents – β-efferents) from H-reflex (Ia afferents – α efferents). These measurements are non-invasive and not time consuming, and we hope to be able to add them for the routine ENMG diagnostics, when appropriate.
SUICÍDIO POLICIAL: PERCEPÇÕES A PARTIR DE DADOS PRIMÁRIOS NO OESTE DO PARANÁ
Authors: Shikida Pery Francisco Assis , Garcias Marcos De Oliveira , Souza Valmir De , Strauch Allan Georges Nakka
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho procurou analisar o suicídio policial por meio de percepções empíricas a partir de um estudo para o Oeste do Paraná, nos Batalhões da Polícia Militar dos municípios de Cascavel, Foz do Iguaçu e Toledo. Nesse sentido, foram feitas aplicações de questionários (112 questões) para 223 policiais militares, o que permite aferir um nível de confiança de 95% e margem de erro de 6%. O tratamento desses dados se concentrou na análise via distribuição de frequência das respostas e tratamento econométrico mediante regressão logística. A variável dependente considerada foi a questão de ele já ter pensado em suicídio e/ou tentou (47% dos respondentes), contra nunca pensou nem tentou suicídio (53% dos respondentes). As variáveis significativas no tocante à probabilidade de o policial militar ter pensado e/ou tentado suicídio, foram: cuidados na infância; parente suicidou; pratica esporte; teve depressão; faz uso de medicamentos; considera-se violento; angústia/pressão no trabalho; torce para time; acredita em Deus; experiência; assédio moral; viu colega praticar extorsão; acredita no judiciário.
An important contribution to contemporary sociology of social change - Mitrović Ljubiša: Sociological marginalia on contemporary topics: Reviews on contemporary sociology, Prometej, Novi Sad, 2019
Authors: Stanojević Nenad
Published: January 2021

The paper gives an overview of the monograph Sociological Marginalia on Contemporary Topics (Reviews on Contemporary Sociology) by Ljubiša Mitrović, PhD. The first part of the paper presents the structure of the monograph. The units of the monograph are analyzed and presented. The author starts from the crisis of social and humanistic sciences, with special reference to the sociology crisis and the importance of intellectuals in the contemporary society. Then the position of the contemporary left is examined. In the end, the most important and current contributions, in our opinion, are shown on contemporary topics. The conclusion is that the monograph represents a contribution to contemporary sociology of social change.
McLuhan and Debray: Theoretical (dis)harmony
Authors: Vučković Branislava
Published: January 2021

The subject of this paper is a comparative presentation of certain aspects of theoretical views of communication between two researchers with a very different academic background, Marshall McLuhan and Régis Debray. Starting from the hypothesis that, to the extent that their research interests overlap, the conclusions reached are related or at least complementary, our goal is to identify, on the one hand, possible links, which would in some way represent additional confirmation of the value of their theories, and on the other hand, what are the dividing lines that drive Debray to a kind of "clash" with McLuhan. By applying the basic scientific methods of analysis and deduction to their theoretical concepts, and their comparison, we found that the intersection of the two theories represents the emphasized role of technology in the processes of cultural dynamics.
Reality culture as a prevailing cultural format in Serbia
Authors: Domazet Sanja , Nikolić Jelena
Published: January 2021

The contemporary media culture in Serbia has been marked by two trends - democratization and transformation of the media. These parallel processes on the eve of the 21st century led to the decrease in informative contents and the increase in the entertainment ones. Therefore, reality shows take primacy in Serbia, no longer being an exclusive feature of the television. This paper is aimed at researching and describing the ways in which informative contents in the Serbian media have been replaced by television reality contents, as well as the ways in which the printed media and internet portals inform about them. By the qualitative method of content analysis, this paper realizes its goal to fathom the mechanisms of the transposition of the informative content into the entertainment one, thus deconstructing journalistic practices. The results will indicate that the domestic portals relate to realities in two ways - the first and less common modality is ignoring, while the second implies uncritical acceptance of this type of content, which creates fertile soil for the development and maintenance of the so-called reality culture.
Graphoanalytical determination of acceleration during regular precession
Authors: Ljubomirović Miloš
Published: January 2021

In this paper, which deals with spherical motion, the additional acceleration from Rivals' theorem is first explained, and then, for regular precession, a graphoanalytic procedure for determining acceleration using ellipses is given. In addition, it is shown how to graphically determine the center of a curve if the observed point is on a plane of symmetry.
The Internet of Things security challenges
Authors: Đekić Milica
Published: January 2021

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a quite recent paradigm going a decade back to the past. With the development and deployment of wireless technologies this new advancement has taken the part in the consumers' lives and businesses. In other words, the IoT is a pretty convenient way to correlated devices with each other and make them communicate in such a network. This is feasible using the internet connection and differently saying, all IoT devices forming the IoT asset got their IP addresses. From this perspective, it's quite clear that this technology got a lot of advantages and the users may feel so thankful for being the part of an IoT community. On the other hand, the consumers would spend less time thinking about the possible security concerns being linked to this new improvement. In this paper, we intend to discuss how secure our IoT infrastructure is, what its strategic implications are and why cyber industry should invest more time and effort in order to better research and develop this concept. In addition, we would try to deal a bit more with the IoT crawlers as the tools for investigating the IoT network and being so handy for both - researchers and hacker's groups.
A large pterosaur limb bone from the Kaiparowits Formation (late Campanian) of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA
Authors: Farke Andrew A.
Published: January 2021

Pterosaurs were widespread during the Late Cretaceous, but their fossils are comparatively rare in terrestrial depositional environments. A large pterosaur bone from the Kaiparowits Formation (late Campanian, ~76–74 Ma) of southern Utah, USA, is tentatively identified as an ulna, although its phylogenetic placement cannot be precisely constrained beyond Pterosauria. The element measures over 36 cm in preserved maximum length, indicating a comparatively large individual with an estimated wingspan between 4.3 and 5.9 m, the largest pterosaur yet reported from the Kaiparowits Formation. This size estimate places the individual at approximately the same wingspan as the holotype forCryodrakon boreasfrom the penecontemporaneous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. Thus, relatively large pterosaurs occurred in terrestrial ecosystems in both the northern and southern parts of Laramidia (western North America) during the late Campanian.
Mitochondrial proteases in human diseases
Authors: Gomez‐Fabra Gala Maria , Vögtle Friederike‐Nora
Published: January 2021

Mitochondria contain more than 1000 different proteins, including several proteolytic enzymes. These mitochondrial proteases form a complex system that performs limited and terminal proteolysis to build the mitochondrial proteome, maintain, and control its functions or degrade mitochondrial proteins and peptides. During protein biogenesis, presequence proteases cleave and degrade mitochondrial targeting signals to obtain mature functional proteins. Processing by proteases also exerts a regulatory role in modulation of mitochondrial functions and quality control enzymes degrade misfolded, aged, or superfluous proteins. Depending on their different functions and substrates, defects in mitochondrial proteases can affect the majority of the mitochondrial proteome or only a single protein. Consequently, mutations in mitochondrial proteases have been linked to several human diseases. This review gives an overview of the components and functions of the mitochondrial proteolytic machinery and highlights the pathological consequences of dysfunctional mitochondrial protein processing and turnover.
The endolysosomal adaptor PLEKHM1 is a direct target for both mTOR and MAPK pathways
Authors: Gubas Andrea , Karantanou Christina , Popovic Doris , Tascher Georg , Hoffmann Marina E. , Platzek Anna , Dawe Nina , Dikic Ivan , Krause Daniela S. , McEwan David G.
Published: January 2021

The lysosome is a cellular signalling hub at the point of convergence of endocytic and autophagic pathways, where the contents are degraded and recycled. Pleckstrin homology domain‐containing family member 1 (PLEKHM1) acts as an adaptor to facilitate the fusion of endocytic and autophagic vesicles with the lysosome. However, it is unclear how PLEKHM1 function at the lysosome is controlled. Herein, we show that PLEKHM1 coprecipitates with, and is directly phosphorylated by, mTOR. Using a phosphospecific antibody against Ser432/S435 of PLEKHM1, we show that the same motif is a direct target for ERK2‐mediated phosphorylation in a growth factor‐dependent manner. This dual regulation of PLEKHM1 at a highly conserved region points to a convergence of both growth factor‐ and amino acid‐sensing pathways, placing PLEKHM1 at a critical juncture of cellular metabolism.
Preclinical efficacy and toxicity studies of a highly specific chimeric anti‐CD47 antibody
Authors: Xu Zhiqiang , Gao Jing , Yao Jingyun , Yang Teddy , Wang Dongxu , Dai Chaohui , Ding Yu
Published: January 2021

Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) is a widely expressed self‐protection transmembrane protein that functions as a critical negative regulator to induce macrophage‐mediated phagocytosis. Overexpression of CD47 enables cancer cells to escape immune surveillance and destruction by phagocytes both in solid tumours and leukaemia. The usefulness of anti‐CD47 antibody has been demonstrated in multiple immunotherapies associated with macrophages. However, antigen sinks and toxicity induced by inadvertent binding to normal cells restrict its clinical applications. Here, a novel anti‐human CD47 antibody, 4D10, was generated, and its variable regions were grafted onto a human IgG4 scaffold. Compared with the anti‐CD47 antibody Hu5F9, the resulting chimeric antibody (c4D10) has consistently demonstrated good tolerance in in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies. Additionally, c4D10 showed effective therapeutic potential through inducing the eradication of human cancer cells. Thus, c4D10 is a promising candidate therapeutic antibody with higher efficacy and reduced side effects compared to earlier antibodies, and its use may reduce the dose‐limiting toxicity of CD47 antagonists for immunotherapy.
Development of a Medicare Claims–Based Model to Predict Persistent High‐Dose Opioid Use After Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Chandrasekar , Desai Rishi J. , Franklin Jessica M. , Jin Yinzhu , Lii Joyce , Solomon Daniel H. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Lee Yvonne C. , Franklin Patricia D. , Kim Seoyoung C.
Published: January 2021

Objective

To develop a claims‐based model to predict persistent high‐dose opioid use among patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR).

Methods

Using Medicare claims (2010–2014), we identified patients ages ≥65 years who underwent TKR with no history of high‐dose opioid use (mean >25 morphine milligram equivalents [MMEs]/day) in the year prior to TKR. We used group‐based trajectory modeling to identify distinct opioid use patterns. The primary outcome was persistent high‐dose opioid use in the year after TKR. We split the data into training (2010–2013) and test (2014) sets and used logistic regression with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regularization, utilizing a total of 83 preoperative patient characteristics as candidate predictors. A reduced model with 10 prespecified variables, which included demographic characteristics, opioid use, and medication history was also considered.

Results

The final study cohort included 142,089 patients who underwent TKR. The group‐based trajectory model identified 4 distinct trajectories of opioid use (group 1: short‐term, low‐dose; group 2: moderate‐duration, low‐dose; group 3: moderate‐duration, high‐dose; and group 4: persistent high‐dose). The model predicting persistent high‐dose opioid use achieved high discrimination (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve [AUC] 0.85 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.84–0.86]) in the test set. The reduced model with 10 predictors performed equally well (AUC 0.84 [95% CI 0.84–0.85]).

Conclusion

In this cohort of older patients, 10.6% became persistent high‐dose (mean 22.4 MME/day) opioid users after TKR. Our model with 10 readily available clinical factors may help identify patients at high risk of future adverse outcomes from persistent opioid use after TKR.
Inorganic Halide Perovskitoid TlPbI3 for Ionizing Radiation Detection
Authors: Lin Wenwen , He Jiangang , McCall Kyle M. , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Liu Zhifu , Hadar Ido , Das Sanjib , Wang Hsien‐Hau , Wang Bi‐Xia , Chung Duck Young , Wessels Bruce W. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: January 2021

Room temperature semiconductor detector (RTSD) materials for γ‐ray and X‐ray radiation are in great demand for the nonproliferation of nuclear materials as well as for biomedical imaging applications. Halide perovskites have attracted great attention as emerging and promising RTSD materials. In this contribution, the material synthesis, purification, crystal growth, crystal structure, photoluminescence properties, ionizing radiation detection performance, and electronic structure of the inorganic halide perovskitoid compound TlPbI3 are reported on. This compound crystallizes in the ABX3 non‐perovskite crystal structure with a high density of d = 6.488 g·cm–3, has a wide bandgap of 2.25 eV, and melts congruently at a low temperature of 360 °C without phase transitions, which allows for facile growth of high quality crystals with few thermally‐activated defects. High‐quality TlPbI3 single crystals of centimeter‐size are grown using the vertical Bridgman method using purified raw materials. A high electrical resistivity of ≈1012 Ω·cm is readily obtainable, and detectors made of TlPbI3 single crystals are highly photoresponsive to Ag Kα X‐rays (22.4 keV), and detects 122 keV γ‐rays from 57Co radiation source. The electron mobility‐lifetime product µeτe was estimated at 1.8 × 10–5 cm2·V–1. A high relative static dielectric constant of 35.0 indicates strong capability in screening carrier scattering and charged defects in TlPbI3.
Crystallization of 2D Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites Templated by Conductive Substrates
Authors: Kovaricek Petr , Nadazdy Peter , Pluharova Eva , Brunova Alica , Subair Riyas , Vegso Karol , Guerra Valentino Libero Pio , Volochanskyi Oleksandr , Kalbac Martin , Krasnansky Alexander , Pandit Pallavi , Roth Stephan Volker , Hinderhofer Alexander , Majkova Eva , Jergel Matej , Tian Jianjun , Schreiber Frank , Siffalovic Peter
Published: January 2021

2D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites are valued in optoelectronic applications for their tunable bandgap and excellent moisture and irradiation stability. These properties stem from both the chemical composition and crystallinity of the layer formed. Defects in the lattice, impurities, and crystal grain boundaries generally introduce trap states and surface energy pinning, limiting the ultimate performance of the perovskite; hence, an in‐depth understanding of the crystallization process is indispensable. Here, a kinetic and thermodynamic study of 2D perovskite layer crystallization on transparent conductive substrates are provided—fluorine‐doped tin oxide and graphene. Due to markedly different surface structure and chemistry, the two substrates interact differently with the perovskite layer. A time‐resolved grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) is used to monitor the crystallization on the two substrates. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to explain the experimental data and to rationalize the perovskite layer formation. The findings assist substrate selection based on the required film morphology, revealing the structural dynamics during the crystallization process, thus helping to tackle the technological challenges of structure formation of 2D perovskites for optoelectronic devices.
Manipulation of Perovskite Crystallization Kinetics via Lewis Base Additives
Authors: Xu Chenzhe , Zhang Zheng , Zhang Suicai , Si Haonan , Ma Shuangfei , Fan Wenqiang , Xiong Zhaozhao , Liao Qingliang , Sattar Abdul , Kang Zhuo , Zhang Yue
Published: January 2021

The Lewis acid–base adduct approach has been widely used to form high‐crystalline perovskite films, but the complicated crystallization pathway and underlying film formation mechanism are still ambiguous. Here, the detailed crystallization process of perovskites manipulated by Lewis base additives has been revealed by in situ X‐ray scattering measurements. Through monitoring the film formation process, two distinct crystal growth stages have been definitely recognized: i) an intermediate phase‐dominated stage; and ii) a phase transformation stage from intermediates to crystalline perovskite phase. Incorporating Lewis base additives significantly prolongs the duration of stage 1 and induces a postponed phase transformation pathway, which could be responsible for retardant crystallization kinetics. Based on a series of experimental results and theoretical calculations, it is indicated that the manipulation of perovskite crystallization pathway is a result of the modulated molecular interactions between Lewis base additives and solution precursors. Owing to the retardant crystallization kinetics, enhanced‐quality perovskite films with reduced defect density and improved optoelectronic properties, as well as optimized photovoltaic performance have been demonstrated. This work provides in‐depth understanding with respect to perovskite crystallization pathway modulated by Lewis base additives and perceptive guidelines for precise regulation of crystallization kinetics of perovskite film toward high performance.
Self‐Limiting Mussel Inspired Thin Antifouling Coating with Broad‐Spectrum Resistance to Biofilm Formation to Prevent Catheter‐Associated Infection in Mouse and Porcine Models
Authors: Yu Kai , Alzahrani Amal , Khoddami Sara , Ferreira Demian , Scotland Kymora B. , Cheng John T. J. , Yazdani‐Ahmadabadi Hossein , Mei Yan , Gill Arshdeep , Takeuchi Lily E. , Yeung Edbert , Grecov Dana , Hancock Robert E. W. , Chew Ben H. , Lange Dirk , Kizhakkedathu Jayachandran N.
Published: January 2021

Catheter‐associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are one of the most commonly occurring hospital‐acquired infections. Current coating strategies to prevent catheter‐associated biofilm formation are limited by their poor long‐term efficiency and limited applicability to diverse materials. Here, the authors report a highly effective non‐fouling coating with long‐term biofilm prevention activity and is applicable to diverse catheters. The thin coating is lubricous, stable, highly uniform, and shows broad spectrum prevention of biofilm formation of nine different bacterial strains and prevents the migration of bacteria on catheter surface. The coating method is adapted to human‐sized catheters (both intraluminal and extraluminal) and demonstrates long‐term biofilm prevention activity over 30 days in challenging conditions. The coated catheters are tested in a mouse CAUTI model and demonstrate high efficiency in preventing bacterial colonization of both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Furthermore, the coated human‐sized Foley catheters are evaluated in a porcine CAUTI model and show consistent efficiency in reducing biofilm formation by Escherichia coli (E. coli) over 95%. The simplicity of the coating method, the ability to apply this coating on diverse materials, and the high efficiency in preventing bacterial adhesion increase the potential of this method for the development of next generation infection resistant medical devices.
Room Temperature Wafer Bonding of Glass Using Aluminum Oxide Intermediate Layer
Authors: Takeuchi Kai , Mu Fengwen , Matsumoto Yoshiie , Suga Tadatomo
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a room temperature bonding technique of glass substrates with a transparent bonding interface. As a room temperature bonding method, surface activated bonding (SAB) is applied for the bonding of glass using Si intermediate layer. However, the bonding interface is colored by the deposited Si layers, which leads to lower applicability to optical devices. In this study, a new concept of SAB is developed using aluminum oxide intermediate layer. Glass substrates are successfully bonded at room temperature via the aluminum oxide intermediate layers activated by Ar ion beam irradiation, showing a bond strength of 1.32 J m−2. It is also shown that the optical characteristics at the interface such as transparency and reflectance are not degraded, while the bonding interface of the SAB using Si intermediate layer deteriorates. The XPS and STEM‐EDX analyses indicate that the bonding is achieved through the amorphous and O‐deficient aluminum oxide interface. This technique will provide a transparent interface for glass bonding by a room temperature process, which is highly desired in optical device fabrication.
Mid‐Wave Infrared Polarization‐Independent Graphene Photoconductor with Integrated Plasmonic Nanoantennas Operating at Room Temperature
Authors: Ye Ming , Gao Yang , Cadusch Jasper J. , Balendhran Sivacarendran , Crozier Kenneth B.
Published: January 2021

Graphene photodetectors operating in the mid‐wave infrared (MWIR) face challenges that include the optical absorption of monolayer graphene being intrinsically low and the carrier lifetime in graphene being very short. Previous reports of graphene photoconductors in the MWIR have sought to overcome these challenges using approaches that include the integration of plasmonic nanoantennas and/or engineered electrodes. However, this has led to the photoresponse of these detectors being strongly polarization dependent. Here, a graphene photoconductor is reported that achieves polarization‐independent and fast response simultaneously via the integration of plasmonic nanoantennas that are termed Jerusalem‐cross antennas (JC‐antennas). Compared to previous works, the JC‐antennas concentrate the incident light onto graphene more efficiently with enhanced polarization‐independent optical absorption. MWIR detection is demonstrated at both room temperature and cryogenic temperatures, with measured responsivity of 14.5 V W−1 (room temperature) and 4400 V W−1 (78 K). Due to the carrier collection by the JC‐antennas and gapless band structure of graphene, the detector also shows significant and broadband photoresponse that extends to visible and near‐infrared wavelengths. The detector shows fast temporal response with a measured rise time of 3 ns, which would be more than sufficient for many practical applications (e.g., imaging).
Salicylic Acid‐Promoted Three‐Component Annulation of Benzimidazoles, Aryl Nitroalkenes and Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Mei Ruhuai , Xiong Feng , Yang Chenrui , Zhao Jinwu
Published: January 2021

Herein, a three‐component cyclization reaction of benzimidazoles, aryl nitroalkenes and elemental sulfur has been developed. Cheap and easily available salicylic acid found to be an efficient mediator for the present transformation. This protocol provides a facile access to structurally significant imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazole skeleton from simple raw materials with a range of compatible synthetically useful functionalities. Furthermore, gram‐scale preparation of this method is effective, which enables potential applications of it in broader fields of molecule synthesis. Mechanistically, a reaction cascade involving sequential aza‐Michael addition, nucleophilic sulfuration, and deaminative aromatization was proposed.

magnified image
SQ3370 Activates Cytotoxic Drug via Click Chemistry at Tumor and Elicits Sustained Responses in Injected and Non‐Injected Lesions
Authors: Srinivasan Sangeetha , Yee Nathan Alexander , Wu Kui , Zakharian Michael , Mahmoodi Amir , Royzen Maksim , Mejía Oneto José Manuel
Published: January 2021

While systemic immuno‐oncology therapies have shown remarkable success, only a limited subset of patients benefit from them. The Click Activated Protodrugs Against Cancer (CAPAC) platform is a click chemistry‐based approach that activates cancer drugs at a specific tumor with minimal systemic toxicity. The CAPAC Platform is agnostic to tumor characteristics that can vary across patients and hence applicable to several types of tumors. The benefits of SQ3370 (lead candidate of CAPAC) are described to achieve systemic anti‐tumor responses in mice bearing two tumors. SQ3370 consists of a biopolymer, injected in a single lesion, followed by systemic doses of an attenuated protodrug of doxorubicin (Dox). SQ3370 is well‐tolerated at 5.9‐times the maximum dose of conventional Dox, increased survival by 63% and induces a systemic anti‐tumor response against injected and non‐injected lesions. The sustained anti‐tumor response also correlates with immune activation measured at both lesions. SQ3370 can potentially benefit patients with micro‐metastatic lesions.
High‐Performance Coplanar Dual‐Channel a‐InGaZnO/a‐InZnO Semiconductor Thin‐Film Transistors with High Field‐Effect Mobility
Authors: Billah Mohammad Masum , Siddik Abu Bakar , Kim Jung Bae , Yim Dong Kil , Choi Soo Young , Liu Jian , Severin Daniel , Hanika Markus , Bender Marcus , Jang Jin
Published: January 2021

An amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) layer is deposited on very thin conductive amorphous indium zinc oxide (a‐IZO) thin film to demonstrate high‐performance, coplanar thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with dual‐channel oxide semiconductor architecture. Based on material properties, a conduction band offset (∆EC) of ≈0.28 eV between a‐IZO and a‐IGZO layers and a conduction band bending of ≈0.3 eV at a‐IGZO/gate insulator (GI) interface exist. Through the electrical characterization, high field‐effect mobility (μFE) of ≈50 cm2 V−1 s−1, a positive threshold voltage (VTh) of ≈2.3 V, and low off‐current (IOFF) of <1 pA in coplanar a‐IZO/a‐IGZO TFT are demonstrated. The electron accumulation (>5 × 1018 cm−3) at both the a‐IZO/a‐IGZO and a‐IGZO/GI interfaces confirm the dual‐channel conduction. The bottom a‐IZO channel significantly contributes to increasing drain current (ID) due to large electron density (≈1019 cm−3). The dual‐channel coplanar TFT with a‐IGZO/IZO provides a guideline for overcoming the trade‐off between high μFE and positive VTh control for stable enhancement mode operation with increased ID.
Luminescence anti‐counterfeiting: From elementary to advanced
Authors: Yu Xiaowei , Zhang Hongyue , Yu Jihong
Published: January 2021

Luminescence anti‐counterfeiting derives from the easily changeable luminescence behaviors of luminescence materials under the regulation of various external stimuli (such as excitation light, chemical reagent, heat, and mechanical force, etc.) and luminescence lifetime, which plays an important role in preventing forgery of currency, artworks, and product brands. According to the numbers of changes of anti‐counterfeiting labels under various regulation conditions, luminescence anti‐counterfeiting can be classified into three levels from elementary to advanced: single‐level anti‐counterfeiting, double‐level anti‐counterfeiting, and multilevel anti‐counterfeiting. In this review, the recent achievements in luminescence anti‐counterfeiting are summarized, and the regulation of various factors to anti‐counterfeiting labels is discussed. Finally, existing problems, future challenges, and possible development directions are proposed in order to realize facile, quick, low‐cost, environmentally friendly, and difficult‐to‐replicate advanced luminescence anti‐counterfeiting.
Modeling of gas–liquid separation inside a slightly inclined annular duct
Authors: Vieira Saon C. , Penteado Marcos R. M. , de Castro Marcelo S. , Bannwart Antonio C.
Published: January 2021

Electrical submersible pumping (ESP) is an artificial lift system used in the petroleum industry. ESP skid is an equipment in which the pump is housed inside a pipe forming a slightly inclined annular duct through which two‐phase gas–liquid flows from inlet to pump intake. Part of the gas is pulled by the pump and part is separated and flows to the equipment top. This article analyses and models the observed separation process. Experiments showed good qualitative but poor quantitative agreement with literature models. Starting from a two‐dimensional drift‐flux model, radial and axial slips are modeled through phases' momentum transfer, showing the importance of drag, virtual mass and Basset's forces, leading to a semi‐analytical model. As there is no model for such forces for the case of annular duct in the literature, experimental data is used for closure. The proposed model produced satisfactory and physically coherent results.
Inbreeding in Solanum carolinense alters floral attractants and rewards and adversely affects pollinator visitation
Authors: Kariyat Rupesh R. , Bentley Thomas G. , Nihranz Chad T. , Stephenson Andrew G. , De Moraes Consuelo M. , Mescher Mark C.
Published: January 2021

PREMISE

Inbreeding depression is well documented in flowering plants and adversely affects a wide range of fitness‐related traits. Recent work has begun to explore the effects of inbreeding on ecological interactions among plants and other organisms, including insect herbivores and pathogens. However, the effects of inbreeding on floral traits, floral scents, and pollinator visitation are less well studied.

METHODS

Using inbred and outbred maternal families of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense, Solanaceae), we examined the effects of inbreeding on traits associated with pollinator attraction and floral rewards. Specifically, we measured corolla size, counted pollen grains per flower, and analyzed floral volatile emissions via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. We also examined pollinator visitation to experimental arrays of flowering inbred and outbred plants under field conditions.

RESULTS

Compared to those of outbred plants, flowers of inbred plants exhibited reduced corolla size and pollen production, as well as significantly reduced emission of the two most abundant volatile compounds in the floral blend. Furthermore, bumblebees—the main pollinators of horsenettle—discriminated against inbred flowers in the field: bees were more likely to make initial visits to flowers on outbred plants, visited outbred flowers more often overall, and spent more time on outbred flowers.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show that inbreeding can (1) alter floral traits that are known to mediate pollinator attraction; (2) reduce the production of floral rewards (pollen is the sole reward in horsenettle); and (3) adversely affect pollinator visitation under field conditions.
Maternal physical, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics and childbirth complications in rural lowland Nepal: Applying an evolutionary framework to understand the role of phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. K. , Marphatia Akanksha A. , Cortina‐Borja Mario , Manandhar Dharma S. , Reid Alice M. , Saville Naomi
Published: January 2021

Objectives

Evolutionary perspectives on human childbirth have primarily focused on characteristics of our species in general, rather than variability within and between contemporary populations. We use an evolutionary framework to explore how physical and demographic characteristics of mothers shape the risks of childbirth complications in rural lowland Nepal, where childbearing typically commences in adolescence and chronic undernutrition is widespread, though maternal overweight is increasing in association with nutrition transition.

Methods

We conducted secondary analyses of data from a cluster‐randomized trial. Women aged 14–35 years were categorized by age, number of previous pregnancies, height, body mass index (BMI), husband's education, and household wealth. Multivariable logistic regression models tested whether these characteristics independently predicted risks of episiotomy and cesarean section (CS, n = 14 261), and obstructed labor (OL, n = 5185).

Results

Risks were greatest among first‐time adolescent mothers, though associations with age varied by outcome. Independent of age and parity, short stature and high BMI increased risks of CS and OL, whereas associations were weaker for episiotomy. Male offspring had increased risk of CS and OL but not episiotomy. Wealth was not associated with OL, but lower wealth and lower husband's education were associated with lower likelihood of episiotomy and CS.

Conclusions

At the individual level, the risk childbirth complications is shaped by trade‐offs between fertility, growth, and survival. Some biological markers of disadvantage (early childbearing, short stature) increased the risk, whereas low socio‐economic status was associated with lower risk, indicating reduced access to relevant facilities. Independent of these associations, maternal age showed complex effects.
Metal‐free Catalytic Esterification of Aryl Alkyl Ketones with Alcohols via Free‐radical Mediated C(sp3)−H Bond Oxygenation
Authors: Rammurthy Banothu , Peraka Swamy , Vasu Amrutham , Krishna Sai Gajula , Divya Rohini Yennamaneni , Narender Nama
Published: January 2021

A novel metal‐free catalytic one‐pot approach has been developed for the esterification of aralkyl ketones with alcohols under open‐air atmospheric conditions. The inexpensive iodide/oxone reagent system allowed the cascade C(sp3)−H bond oxygenation, selective C−C bond cleavage and esterification through the both radical and ionic pathways in a stepwise manner in one‐pot. This mild, convenient and economically viable catalytic method tolerates the various functional groups to provide the corresponding alkyl benzoates in up to 98% yields with up to 99% selectivity. The efficiency and feasibility of scale‐up of the present catalytic system was demonstrated with gram scale experiments (up to 10 gram scale).
Illuminating the Electronic Properties of WS2 Polytypism with Electron Microscopy
Authors: van Heijst Sabrya E. , Mukai Masaki , Okunishi Eiji , Hashiguchi Hiroki , Roest Laurien I. , Maduro Louis , Rojo Juan , Conesa‐Boj Sonia
Published: January 2021

Tailoring the specific stacking sequence (polytypes) of layered materials represents a powerful strategy to identify and design novel physical properties. While nanostructures built upon transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with either the 2H or 3R crystalline phases have been routinely studied, knowledge of TMD nanomaterials based on mixed 2H/3R polytypes is far more limited. In this work, mixed 2H/3R free‐standing WS2 nanostructures displaying a flower‐like configuration are fingerprinted by means of state‐of‐the‐art transmission electron microscopy. Their rich variety of shape‐morphology configurations is correlated with relevant local electronic properties such as edge, surface, and bulk plasmons. Machine learning is deployed to establish that the 2H/3R polytype displays an indirect band gap of . Further, high resolution electron energy‐loss spectroscopy reveals energy‐gain peaks exhibiting a gain‐to‐loss ratio greater than unity, a property that can be exploited for cooling strategies of atomically‐thin TMD nanostructures and devices built upon them. The findings of this work represent a stepping stone towards an improved understanding of TMD nanomaterials based on mixed crystalline phases.
Cys–Cys and Cys–Lys Stapling of Unprotected Peptides Enabled by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
Authors: Ceballos Javier , Grinhagena Elija , Sangouard Gontran , Heinis Christian , Waser Jerome
Published: January 2021

Easy access to a wide range of structurally diverse stapled peptides is crucial for the development of inhibitors of protein‐protein interactions. Herein, we report bis‐functional hypervalent iodine reagents for two‐component cysteine‐cysteine and cysteine‐lysine stapling yielding structurally diverse thioalkyne linkers. This stapling method works with unprotected natural amino acid residues and does not require pre‐functionalization or metal catalysis. The products are stable to purification and isolation. Post‐stapling modification can be accessed via amidation of an activated ester, or via cycloaddition onto the formed thioalkyne group. Increased helicity and binding affinity to MDM2 was obtained for a i,i+7 stapled peptide.
Metal‐Free Directed C−H Borylation of Pyrroles
Authors: Wang Zheng‐Jun , Chen Xiangyang , Wu Lei , Wong Jonathan J. , Liang Yong , Zhao Yue , Houk Kendall N. , Shi Zhuangzhi
Published: January 2021

Robust strategies to enable the rapid construction of complex organoboronates in selective, practical, low‐cost, and environmentally friendly modes remain conspicuously underdeveloped. Here, we develop a general strategy for the site‐selective C−H borylation of pyrroles by using only BBr3 directed by pivaloyl groups, avoiding the use of any metal. The site‐selectivity is generally dominated by chelation and electronic effects, thus forming diverse C2‐borylated pyrroles against the steric effect. The formed products can readily engage in downstream transformations, enabling a step‐economic process to access drugs such as Lipitor. DFT calculations (wB97X‐D) demonstrate the preferred positional selectivity of this reaction.
Hybrid Wireframe DNA Nanostructures with Scaffolded and Scaffold‐Free Modules
Authors: Cui Yan , Yan Jun , Wei Bryan
Published: January 2021

The scaffolded DNA origami approach and the scaffold‐free LEGO approach both demonstrate an extraordinary self‐assembly capability for constructing all kinds of complex DNA nanostructures. Combining the construction elements of the two approaches, we introduce a hybrid framework to build wireframe structures in this study. A collection of two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) wireframe structures are presented to showcase the simple and versatile design. Our development reveals more of the ever‐expanding design space of structural DNA nanotechnology.
Different real‐time degradation scenarios of functionalized poly(ε‐caprolactone) for biomedical applications
Authors: Rangel André , Nguyen Tuan Ngoc , Egles Christophe , Migonney Véronique
Published: January 2021

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are a much‐commented injury as it can end the season or even career of professional athletes. However, the recovery of a patient from the general population is no less painful during the long period required by current treatments. Artificial ligaments could improve this healing, yet, orthopedic surgeons are still cautious about permanent ACL implants. Therefore, combining biodegradation and bioactivity could be a key feature for the popularization of these devices. This study aim at evaluating the real‐time degradation of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) grafted with the bioactive polymer sodium polystyrene sulfonate in different scenarios. PCL physical–chemical properties were evaluated before and after degradation. In addition, in vitro experiments were realized to confirm the long term influence of the grafting on cell response. Altogether, we were able to show different degradations scenarios, enabling to study the impact of degradation environment on degradation mode and rate of functionalized PCL.
Robust nickel silicate catalysts with high Ni loading for CO2 methanation
Authors: Liao Lin , Chen Lidong , Ye Run‐Ping , Tang Xiaolu , Liu Jian
Published: January 2021

CO2 is the main component of greenhouse gases and also an important carbon source. The hydrogenation of CO2 to methane using Ni‐based catalysts can not only alleviate CO2 emissions but also obtain useful fuels. However, Ni‐based catalysts face one major problem of the sintering of Ni nanoparticles in the process of CO2 methanation. Thus, this work has synthesized a series of efficient and robust nickel silicate catalysts (NiPS−X) with different nickel content derived from nickel phyllosilicate by the hydrothermal method. It was found that the Ni loading plays a critical role in the structure and catalytic performance of the NiPS−X catalysts. The catalytic performance gradually increases with the increase of Ni loading. In particular, the highly dispersed NiPS‐1.6 catalyst with a high Ni loading of 34.3 wt% could obtain the CO2 conversion greater than 80%, and the methane selectivity was close to 100% for 48 h at 330 °C and the GHSV of 40,000 mL g−1 h−1. The excellent catalytic property can be assigned to the high dispersion of Ni nanoparticles and the strong interaction between the active component and the carrier, which is derived from a unique layered silicate structure with lots of nickel phyllosilicate and a large number of Lewis acid sites.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation in a Co2Dy Trimer and a Co2Dy2 Tetramer
Authors: Modak Ritwik , Sikdar Yeasin , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Benmansour Samia , Chatterjee Sudipta , Goswami Sanchita
Published: January 2021

The combination of Co(III) and Dy(III) with a compartmental Schiff base ligand (H3L=3‐[(2‐Hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐benzylidene)‐amino]‐propane‐1,2‐diol), presenting three different coordinating pockets, has allowed the synthesis of two novel Co(III)−Dy(III) complexes: [Co2Dy(HL)4]NO3 ⋅ 2CH3CN (1), a rare example of trinuclear linear CoIII2DyIII complex (and the first with slow relaxation of magnetization in absence of a DC field) and [Co2Dy2(μ3−OH)2(HL)2(OAc)6] ⋅ 4.6H2O (2), the first tetranuclear CoIII2DyIII2 cluster with a rhomb‐like structure where the Co(III) ions are connected along the short diagonal of the rhomb. 1 presents two different relaxation processes: a fast relaxation dominated by Quantum tunnelling (QT) and a slow relaxation with an energy barrier of 40 K. 2 shows two close relaxation processes without applied DC fields that follow QT and Orbach mechanisms whereas for HDC=500 Oe, the QT is cancelled and a direct term appears. Here we present the synthesis, X‐ray structure and magnetic characterization of these two Co(III)−Dy(III) single‐ion/molecule magnets.