bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of dysarthria following subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tripoliti Elina , Strong Laura , Hickey Freya , Foltynie Tom , Zrinzo Ludvic , Candelario Joseph , Hariz Marwan , Limousin Patricia
Published: September 2011

Background:

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN‐DBS) is an established treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Speech impairment is a frequent side effect of the surgery. This study examined the efficacy of an intensive speech treatment, the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) on dysarthria after STN‐DBS.

Methods:

The LSVT was administered to 10 patients with STN‐DBS (surgical group) and 10 patients without (medical group). Patients were assessed before, immediately after, and 6 months following the speech treatment using sustained phonation, a speech intelligibility scale, and monologue. Vocal loudness, speech intelligibility, and perceptual ratings were the primary outcome measures.

Results:

Vocal loudness and perceptual scores improved significantly across tasks for the medical group only. Speech intelligibility did not significantly change for either group. Results in the surgical group were variable, with some patients deteriorating.

Conclusions:

Treatment of dysarthria following STN‐DBS needs further investigation because of the variable response to LSVT. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Multiplexed immuno‐precipitation with 1725 commercially available antibodies to cellular proteins
Authors: Slaastad Heidi , Wu Weiwei , Goullart Luiz , Kanderova Veronika , Tjønnfjord Geir , Stuchly Jan , Kalina Tomas , Holm Anders , Lund‐Johansen Fridtjof
Published: September 2011

Antibody array analysis of complex samples requires capture reagents with exceptional specificity. The frequency of antibodies with label‐based detection may be as low as 5%. Here, however, we show that as many as 25% of commercially available antibodies are useful when biotinylated cellular proteins are fractionated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) first. A microsphere multiplex with 1725 antibodies to cellular proteins was added to 24 SEC fractions, labelled with streptavidin and analyzed by flow cytometry (microsphere‐based affinity proteomics, MAP) The SEC‐MAP approach resolved different targets captured by each antibody as reactivity peaks across the separation range of the SEC column (10–670kDa). Complex reactivity profiles demonstrated that most antibodies bound more than one target. However, specific binding was readily detected as reactivity peaks common for different antibodies to the same protein. We optimized sample preparation and found that amine‐reactive biotin rarely inhibited antibody binding when the biotin to lysine ratio was kept below 1:1 during labelling. Moreover, several epitopes that were inaccessible to antibodies in native proteins were unmasked after heat denaturation with 0.1% of SDS. The SEC‐MAP format should allow researchers to build multiplexed assays with antibodies purchased for use in e.g. Western blotting.
A comparison of data quality and practicality of online versus postal questionnaires in a sample of testicular cancer survivors
Authors: Smith Allan ‘Ben’ , King Madeleine , Butow Phyllis , Olver Ian
Published: September 2011

Objective

We aimed to compare data quality from online and postal questionnaires and to evaluate the practicality of these different questionnaire modes in a cancer sample.

Methods

Participants in a study investigating the psychosocial sequelae of testicular cancer could choose to complete a postal or online version of the study questionnaire. Data quality was evaluated by assessing sources of nonobservational errors such as participant nonresponse, item nonresponse and sampling bias. Time taken and number of reminders required for questionnaire return were used as indicators of practicality.

Results

Participant nonresponse was significantly higher among participants who chose the postal questionnaire. The proportion of questionnaires with missing items and the mean number of missing items did not differ significantly by mode. A significantly larger proportion of tertiary‐educated participants and managers/professionals completed the online questionnaire. There were no significant differences in age, relationship status, employment status, country of birth or language spoken by completion mode. Compared with postal questionnaires, online questionnaires were returned significantly more quickly and required significantly fewer reminders.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that online questionnaire completion can be offered in a cancer sample without compromising data quality. In fact, data quality from online questionnaires may be superior due to lower rates of participant nonresponse. Investigators should be aware of potential sampling bias created by more highly educated participants and managers/professionals choosing to complete online questionnaires. Besides this issue, online questionnaires offer an efficient method for collecting high‐quality data, with faster return and fewer reminders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The High‐Pressure Characterization of Energetic Materials: 1,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐Aminotetrazolium 5‐Nitrotetrazolate
Authors: Ciezak Jennifer A.
Published: September 2011

In‐situ high‐pressure room temperature synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and infrared microspectroscopy were used to examine the structural and vibrational properties and the equation of state of 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate (DMATNT). The X‐ray measurements show a smoothly varying pressure‐volume relationship to 20 GPa. However, the anisotropic ratios of the unit cell parameters reveal a discontinuity near 3.3 GPa, which can be attributed to an irreversible isostructural phase transition. A significant increase in the Infrared spectral intensity near this pressure coupled with Dayvdov splitting of the NO2 bending and scissoring modes suggest the transition results in a skewing of the NO2 groups and increasing asymmetry of the hydrogen bonding sublattice.
Metal degradation of the methanator vessel
Authors: Din Ahmad , Hassan Sajid , Ahmad Adeel
Published: September 2011

The methanator vessel of a MW Kellogg designed ammonia plant developed severe material imperfections by hydrogen‐induced damage. This was most likely due to the doubtful acceptability of C–0.5Mo for hydrogen service, it is more than 30 years service life and some above‐design temperature excursions. Ultrasonic inspection during the 2001 turnaround revealed several discontinuities within 1 ft (30 cm) above the bottom circumferential weld seam. In following years these imperfections further deteriorated to form large sized voids within the shell material. Repair of the affected area was evaluated to be not feasible. Consequently, the vessel was replaced in the 2004 turnaround with a 1.25Cr–0.5Mo vessel. After replacement, the metallographic examination of the samples from affected portions of the old vessel confirmed the findings of the ultrasonic flaw detection and disclosed the presence of mainly transgranular and a few intergranular cracks and signs of overheating at some locations. The details of the ultrasonic inspection and micrographs have also been presented. Although the ultrasonic inspection was quite delayed, it prevented a catastrophic incident. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Upregulation of PPARγ by Aegle marmelos Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and β‐cell Dysfunction in High Fat Diet Fed‐Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Authors: Sharma Ashok Kumar , Bharti Saurabh , Goyal Sameer , Arora Sachin , Nepal Saroj , Kishore Kamal , Joshi Sujata , Kumari Santosh , Arya Dharamvir Singh
Published: September 2011

The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes demands the rapid evaluation of new and accessible interventions. This study investigated whether Aegle marmelos fruit aqueous extract (AMF; 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) improves insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and β‐cell dysfunction in high fat diet fed‐streptozotocin (HFD‐STZ)‐induced diabetic rats by modulating peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ) expression. The serum levels of glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function (HOMA‐B), lipid profile, TNF‐α and IL‐6 were evaluated. Further, the TBARS level and SOD activity in pancreatic tissue and PPARγ protein expression in liver were assessed. In addition, histopathological and ultrastructural studies were performed to validate the effect of AMF on β‐cells. The HFD‐STZ treated rats showed a significant increase in the serum levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA‐IR, TNF‐α, IL‐6, dyslipidemia with a concomitant decrease in HOMA‐B and PPARγ expression. Treatment with AMF for 21 days in diabetic rats positively modulated the altered parameters in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, AMF prevented inflammatory changes and β‐cell damage along with a reduction in mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum swelling. These findings suggest that the protective effect of AMF in type 2 diabetic rats is due to the preservation of β‐cell function and insulin‐sensitivity through increased PPARγ expression. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Two Simplified Methods for Determining Cushion Curves of Closed Cell Foams
Authors: Navarro‐Javierre Patricia , Garcia‐Romeu‐Martinez Manuel‐Alfredo , Cloquell‐Ballester Vicente‐Agustin , de‐la‐Cruz‐Navarro Enrique
Published: September 2011

Because of the negative environmental impact of using traditional polymeric materials for cushioning in protective packaging, the interest in optimization of cushion design resulting in replacement or reduction of the amount of cushioning materials has increased in recent years. It has been generally accepted that the shock absorbing characteristics for cushioning materials are presented as the so‐called cushion curves, i.e. graphs of peak acceleration of shocks versus the corresponding static stress, presented over a range of static stress conditions for a specific material thickness and at a specific drop height. The cushion curves are mainly used to design and optimize cushion packaging. This information is specific to each packaging manufacturer, particular chemical formulation and manufacturing process. The traditional method to obtain cushion curves of a specific material is described in ASTM D1596, but this method requires enormous amounts of test data, is time consuming and expensive. For this reason, cushion curves provided by manufacturers are rarely updated and often are obsolete.

In recent years, alternative methods have been developed to obtain cushion curves in a significantly shorter time required for testing. To achieve a wide use of these methods, it is necessary to know their accuracy in comparison with the ASTM D1596 method. The objective of this paper is to compare two of those alternative methods with the standard ASTM D1596 method, by applying them to obtain the cushion curves of two typical cushioning materials. More specifically, the single compression data method developed by Seket al.and the stress–energy method (dynamic stress versus dynamic energy) developed by Burgess were applied to obtain cushion curves for expanded polystyrene with density 15 kg/m3and for polyethylene Ethafoam® (Modisprem S.A. Zaragoza, Spain) with density 29 kg/m3and are presented in this paper.

The effectiveness of these alternative methods for developing cushion curves and their advantages, disadvantages and limitations are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Effectiveness of the ‘Square Root of N Plus One’ Rule in Lot Acceptance Sampling Using an Operating Characteristic Curve
Authors: Muralimanohar J. , Jaianand K.
Published: September 2011

Sampling is an inevitable means of testing in quality inspections. However sampling is always associated with sampling risks that inspectors have to control. This paper aims to reveal the reliability and efficacy of the commonly used formula, ‘Square root of N plus one’, in lot acceptance sampling. An Operating Characteristic Curve is exploited to test the validity of the sampling plan and it offers a further dimension to unveil the unreliability of it. The probability of accepting a defective lot is increased substantially from larger to smaller lot sizes with the deployment of the √N + 1 rule as a sampling plan. Using a sampling plan blindly from recognized sources and pursuing a traditional practice does not ensure that the sampling plan is statistically valid. Regardless of the source of the sampling plan and how it is indexed, it is the actual acceptable quality level (AQL) and lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD) of the sampling plan that describes its protection and determines validity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bonding and electronic properties of ice at high pressure
Authors: Militzer B.
Published: September 2011

The properties of water ice at megabar pressure are characterized with ab initio computer simulations. The focus lies on the metallic Cmcm phase and its insulating distorted analogue with Pnma symmetry. Both phases were recently predicted to occur at 15.5 and 12.5 Mbar, respectively (Militzer and Wilson, Phys Rev Lett, 2010, 105, 195701). The Fermi surface of the Cmcm phase is analyzed and possibility of Fermi nesting to occur is discussed. The Wannier orbital are computed for the Pnma structure and compared to ice X. While ice X shows typical sp3 hybridization, in the Pnma structure, the orbitals are deforms and no longer all aligned with the hydrogen bonds.
Reliable H ∞  filter design for T–S fuzzy model‐based networked control systems with random sensor failure
Authors: Tian Engang , Yue Dong
Published: September 2011

This paper investigates robust and reliable H ∞  filter design for a class of nonlinear networked control systems: (i) a T‐S fuzzy model with its own uncertainties is used to approximate the nonlinear dynamics of the plant, (ii) a new sensor failure model with uncertainties is proposed, and (iii) the signal transfer of the closed‐loop system is under a networked communication scheme and therefore is subject to time delay, packet loss, and/or packet out of order. Four new theorems are proved to cover the conditions for the robust mean square stability of the systems under study in terms of LMIs, and a decoupling method for the filter design is developed. Two examples, one of them is based on a model of an inverted pendulum, are provided to demonstrate the design method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the contraction of demand an excuse for the laissez‐faire human resource practices at professional services companies?
Authors: Babío Nuria Calvo
Published: September 2011

Companies based on selling knowledge identify their employees as critical capital, the basis for their competitive edge. However, in periods of contraction in the demand for projects, such companies require an instrument allowing them to assess the desirability of policies to retain such professionals on their workforce or otherwise. To this end, a dynamic simulation model was employed to study possible short‐term and long‐term repercussions of a contraction in demand on the number of professionals required by such a firm, and to evaluate policies which could mitigate the effects of a change in sector demand. The results of the analysis allowed us to demonstrate that a relatively lower investment in training could reduce the company's capacity for future growth. We also showed that lengthening the lead times before changing the firm's objectives, following a change in demand, improved the match between the number of professionals and the demand for them, thereby improving the organization's competitiveness. Copyright © 2011 System Dynamics Society.
Marginal association measures for clustered data
Authors: Lorenz Douglas J. , Datta Somnath , Harkema Susan J.
Published: September 2011

The use of correlation coefficients in measuring the association between two continuous variables is common, but regular methods of calculating correlations have not been extended to the clustered data framework. For clustered data in which observations within a cluster may be correlated, regular inferential procedures for calculating marginal association between two variables can be biased. This is particularly true for data in which the number of observations in a given cluster is informative for the association being measured. In this paper, we apply the principle of inverse cluster size reweighting to develop estimators of marginal correlation that remain valid in the clustered data framework when cluster size is informative for the correlation being measured. These correlations are derived as analogs to regular correlation estimators for continuous, independent data, namely, Pearson's ρ and Kendall's τ. We present the results of a simple simulation study demonstrating the appropriateness of our proposed estimators and the inherent bias of other inferential procedures for clustered data. We illustrate their use through an application to data from patients with incomplete spinal cord injury in the USA. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Failures in the Strategic Development Process: Ontology, Axiology and Intra‐Organizational Behavioral Limits to Social Becoming
Authors: Fiorelli Leonardo S.
Published: September 2011

This paper examines problems of cognition, ontology and axiology affecting the strategic development process. A case study is examined for the movie industry. The paper draws together interdisciplinary results emphasizing gradualism in the evolution of norms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching integrity
Authors: Saunders Sue , Butts Jennifer Lease
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the conceptual frameworks and strategies that can be used to teach graduate students and new professionals how, when, and where to lead with integrity.
Gone with the wind? Integrity and Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Lucas Frances , Katz Brit
Published: September 2011

Hurricane Katrina displaced 400,000 residents along the coast of the Mississippi, and destroyed hundreds of thousands of homes and businesses across Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, and Tennessee. This chapter examines the preparation and response of one college's senior leadership team to the disaster and to the needs of students, families, and the surrounding communities.
Slow phasic and tonic activity of ventral pallidal neurons during cocaine self‐administration
Authors: Root David H. , Fabbricatore Anthony T. , Pawlak Anthony P. , Barker David J. , Ma Sisi , West Mark O.
Published: September 2011

Ventral pallidal (VP) neurons exhibit rapid phasic firing patterns within seconds of cocaine‐reinforced responses. The present investigation examined whether VP neurons exhibited firing rate changes: (1) over minutes during the inter‐infusion interval (slow phasic patterns) and/or (2) over the course of the several‐hour self‐administration session (tonic firing patterns) relative to pre‐session firing. Approximately three‐quarters (43/54) of VP neurons exhibited slow phasic firing patterns. The most common pattern was a post‐infusion decrease in firing followed by a progressive reversal of firing over minutes (51.16%; 22/43). Early reversals were predominantly observed anteriorly whereas progressive and late reversals were observed more posteriorly. Approximately half (51.85%; 28/54) of the neurons exhibited tonic firing patterns consisting of at least a two‐fold change in firing. Most cells decreased firing during drug loading, remained low over self‐administration maintenance, and reversed following lever removal. Over a whole experiment (tonic) timescale, the majority of neurons exhibited an inverse relationship between calculated drug level and firing rates during loading and post‐self‐administration behaviors. Fewer neurons exhibited an inverse relationship of calculated drug level and tonic firing rate during self‐administration maintenance but, among those that did, nearly all were progressive reversal neurons. The present results show that, similar to its main afferent the nucleus accumbens, VP exhibits both slow phasic and tonic firing patterns during cocaine self‐administration. Given that VP neurons are principally GABAergic, the predominant slow phasic decrease and tonic decrease firing patterns within the VP may indicate a disinhibitory influence upon its thalamocortical, mesolimbic, and nigrostriatal targets during cocaine self‐administration. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geometric nonlinear analysis of tall building structures with outriggers
Authors: Lee Jaehong , Park Daekyu , Lee Kihak , Ahn Namshik
Published: September 2011

In this paper, the geometric nonlinear behavior of wall‐frame tall building structures is analyzed. The governing equations of the wall‐frame systems with outrigger trusses are formulated through the continuum approach, and the whole structure is idealized as a shear‐flexural cantilever with rotational spring. The effect of shear and flexural deformation of the wall frame and outrigger trusses are considered and incorporated in the formulation of the governing equations. Geometric nonlinearity in the sense of von Karman is included in the formulation, and Newton–Raphson iterative method is employed to solve the nonlinear equations. A displacement‐based one‐dimensional nonlinear finite element model is developed. Numerical results for wall frame and mega‐column structures with outriggers are obtained and compared with the finite element package MIDAS. The proposed method is found to be simple and efficient, providing reasonably accurate results in early design stages of tall building structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C–S Bond Cleavage during Reactions between N,N‐Diethylthiocarbamoyliminothianes and [MOCl4]– Complexes (M = Re, Tc)
Authors: Hauenstein Dirk , Hagenbach Adelheid , Abram Ulrich
Published: September 2011

[MOCl4]– complexes (M = Re, Tc) react with thianes derived from N‐[(diethylamino)(thiocarbonyl)]benzamidoyl chloride and 2‐mercaptophenol (HL1) and 2‐mercaptoaniline (HL2) under C–S bond cleavage and formation of oxorhenium(V) and oxotechnetium(V) complexes with the resulting decomposition products 2‐mercaptophenol and N‐[(dialkylamino)thiocarbonyl]‐N′‐2‐mercaptophenyl)benzamidine (H2L2a), respectively. The products, (NBu4)[ReO(S,O‐C6H4)2], [ReOCl(L2a)] and [TcO(L2a)] were obtained in good yields and isolated in crystalline form. Single‐crystal X‐ray studies reveal square‐pyramidal coordination environments with apical oxo ligands for all three product complexes under study.
Islamophobia? Religion, Contact with Muslims, and the Respect for Islam
Authors: Jung Jong Hyun
Published: September 2011

In the midst of growing reservations about Muslims in America, this study seeks to explore the factors accounting for Islamophobia by utilizing nationally representative data. The findings suggest that religious affiliations have differential effects on the degree to which one respects Islam, with Christians more likely to have low regard for Islam. The image of a God who punishes his followers for their sins has a positive association with the odds of Islam being least respected among all religions. While higher frequency of contact with Muslims predicts an overall improved opinion for Islam, evangelical and black Protestants present the opposite picture. Their increased exposure to Muslims leads to lower respect for Islam. I discuss the implications of these findings for theories of intergroup contact and subcultural identity.
Curved and stretched flames: the two Markstein numbers
Authors: Clavin Paul , Graña-Otero José C.
Published: September 2011

The analytical result concerning the Markstein number of adiabatic flames was obtained in 1982 with the one-step Arrhenius model in the limit of a large activation energy. This result is not relevant for real flames. The form of the law expressing the flame velocity in terms of the total stretch rate of the flame front through a single Markstein length is not conserved when the location of the front (surface of zero thickness) changes within the flame thickness. It is shown in this paper that two different Markstein numbers ${\mathscr{M}}_{I} \not = {\mathscr{M}}_{II} $ characterize usual wrinkled flames sustained by a multiple-step chemical network, ${\mathscr{M}}_{I} $ for the modification of the flame velocity due to the curvature of the front and ${\mathscr{M}}_{II} $ for the effect of the flow strain rate. In contrast to ${\mathscr{M}}_{I} $, ${\mathscr{M}}_{II} $ depends on the location of the flame surface within the flame thickness, in such a way that the final result for the flame dynamics is not depending on this choice. The first part of the paper is devoted to present a general method of solution, valid for any multiple-step chemical network. The two Markstein numbers for two-step chain-branching models representing rich hydrogen–air flames and lean hydrocarbon–air flames are then computed analytically in the second part.
Equilibrium transport in double-diffusive convection
Authors: Radko Timour , Smith D. Paul
Published: September 2011

A theoretical model for the equilibrium double-diffusive transport is presented which emphasizes the role of secondary instabilities of salt fingers in saturation of their linear growth. Theory assumes that the fully developed equilibrium state is characterized by the comparable growth rates of primary and secondary instabilities. This assumption makes it possible to formulate an efficient algorithm for computing diffusivities of heat and salt as a function of the background property gradients and molecular parameters. The model predicts that the double-diffusive transport of heat and salt rapidly intensifies with decreasing density ratio. Fluxes are less sensitive to molecular characteristics, mildly increasing with Prandtl number $(\mathit{Pr})$ and decreasing with diffusivity ratio $(\tau )$. Theory is successfully tested by a series of direct numerical simulations which span a wide range of $\mathit{Pr}$ and $\tau $.
Reaction Time and Rapid Serial Processing Measures of Information Processing Speed in Multiple Sclerosis: Complexity, Compounding, and Augmentation
Authors: Hughes Abbey J. , Denney Douglas R. , Lynch Sharon G.
Published: September 2011

Information processing speed is frequently cited as the primary cognitive domain impacted by multiple sclerosis (MS) and is usually evaluated with reaction time (RT) or rapid serial processing (RSP) measures. The present study compared the efficacy of RT and RSP measures to distinguish between patients with MS (N = 42) and healthy controls (N = 40). The RT measure was patterned after the Computerized Tests of Information Processing and included measures of simple, choice, and semantic RT. The RSP measures consisted of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Stroop Test. Substantial differences in information processing speed between patients and controls were found on all tests, with slightly larger effect sizes for RSP measures than RT measures and for the SDMT than the Stroop Test. Binary logistic regression analyses showed RSP measures performed better than RT measures at distinguishing patients from controls, and likewise, the SDMT score performed better than the scores derived from the Stroop Test. Results are discussed in the context of three effects associated with common measures of processing speed: complexity, compounding, and augmentation. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1113–1121)
On a Presumed Omission in Kant's Derivation of the Categorical Imperative
Authors: Greenberg Robert
Published: September 2011

A new book by Stephen Engstrom repeats a criticism of Bruce Aune's of Kant's derivation of the universalizability formula of the categorical imperative. The criticism is that Kant omitted at least one substantive premise in the derivation of the formula: ‘Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law.’ The grounds for the formula that are given in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, however, are said to support only a weaker requirement, namely, that a maxim conform to a universal law. Hence, Kant omits at least one necessary substantive premise of the derivation. This paper attempts to show that nothing substantive is omitted from the argument. It only needs two principles of inference that it is assumed add nothing substantive to the premises.
Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of BGA (Sn/3.5Ag/0.75Cu) Solder Joint under Cyclically Oblique Displacement Tests and Endochronic Viscoplastic Predictions
Authors: Lee C. F. , Lee T. K. , Lin T. T. , Lin H. Y.
Published: September 2011

In this paper, a methodology with workable procedures was proposed and successfully transferred the hysteresis loops of BGA solder joint specimen held by loading-directionally aligned grip system under oblique displacement controlled cyclic tests, into hysteresis loops of “representative” solder ball itself under proportional straining and constant strain rate cyclic tests. Under the elastic unloading during cyclic test, value of elastic modulus of bulk solder specimens and the linear behavior of grip system were used. Following the study of Endochronic cyclic viscoplasticity, the kernel function ρ(Z) = ρ0 exp (−KZ)/Zα was found to be independent of the oblique angle (Φ) of straining paths. However, the steady cyclic behavior of material function f(ξ) ≡ f0 in the definition of intrinsic time Z contained two functions: (1) is the effective inelastic strain amplitude, and (2) f(Φ) Φ(rad) between Φ = 0 (uniaxial) and Φ = π/2 (shear). With (ρ0, α, K) = (4MPa, 0.84, 46) and f0 = [0.24(π/2−Φ)2 − 0.018(π2−Φ) + 1.2] , the endochronic theory predicted experimental hysteresis loops of BGA Sn/3.5Ag/0.75Cu solder joint specimens and Φ = 0°, 27°, 45°, 63°, 90° quite well.

Results of ρ(Z) under f0 = 1 were found under independent study based on cyclic tests of bulk specimens under constant uniaxially strain amplitude and various constant strain rates. The values of (ρ0, α, K) = (7.3MPa, 0.84, 30) with f0 = 1.0 were all independent of strain rates. Comparisons of results of both types of specimens revealed that the values of (α, K) were almost the same but (1) ρ0 was smaller for micro-size solder ball, (2) is a material function of Sn/3.5Ag/0.75Cu itself (3) f(Φ) is not a material function, rather it is a special feature to reflect the effects of detail design of solder joint specimen and its connecting methods to the substrates
The First Damped Frequency with Maximum Sound Pressure of a Miniature Loudspeaker for Cellular Phones
Authors: Shiah Y. C. , Huang Jin H. , Xue Y.-L.
Published: September 2011

For improving the performance of a miniature loudspeaker, engineers have been pursuing a goal of lowering its first damped frequency to have a broad and smooth region of its sound-pressure-level response. This article applies the approach of electro-mechano-acoustical analogy to study the first damped frequency of a miniature loudspeaker used for cellular phones. Using the analogy approach, the authors derive an explicit formulation for the sound-pressure-level of a typical miniature loudspeaker of dynamic type. The veracity of the derived formulation is verified by comparing with the experimental result recorded by B and K apparatus. The derived formulation is further simplified by neglecting factors that are either irrelevant or insignificant for the first damped frequency. Through basic algebraic and calculus operations, this article also presents an explicit form of the first damped frequency. This work has laid the platform for engineers to tailor the design in pursuit of improving the performance of miniature loudspeakers.
Electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by the Czochralski method
Authors: Irmscher K. , Galazka Z. , Pietsch M. , Uecker R. , Fornari R.
Published: September 2011

Electrical properties of nominally undoped β-Ga2O3 crystals grown by the Czochralski method from an iridium crucible under a carbon dioxide containing atmosphere were studied by temperature dependent conductivity and Hall effect measurements as well as deep level transient spectroscopy. All crystals were n-type with net donor concentrations between 6 × 1016 and 8 × 1017 cm−3. The Hall mobility of electrons was on average 130 cm2/Vs at room temperature and attained a maximum of 500 cm2/Vs at 100 K. The donor ionization energy was dependent on the donor concentration. Extrapolation of this dependence to zero concentration yielded a value of about 36 meV for isolated donors agreeing well with the ionization energy derived from effective-mass theory. Three deep electron traps were found at 0.55, 0.74, and 1.04 eV below the conduction bandedge. The trap at EC – 0.74 eV was detected in all samples with concentrations of 2 – 4 × 1016 cm−3. This concentration is comparable to that of compensating acceptors we have to take into account for an explanation of the temperature dependent electron density. Therefore, under the assumption that the electron trap at EC – 0.74 eV possesses acceptor character, this trap could be the dominating compensating acceptor in our crystals. Besides, a value of ΦB = (1.1 ± 0.1) V was determined for the Schottky barrier height of Ni on the (100) surface of n-type β-Ga2O3.
Ferromagnetism in ZnO co-doped with Mn and N studied by soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism
Authors: Kataoka T. , Yamazaki Y. , Singh V. R. , Sakamoto Y. , Fujimori A. , Takeda Y. , Ohkochi T. , Fujimori S.-I. , Okane T. , Saitoh Y. , Yamagami H. , Tanaka A. , Kapilashrami M. , Belova L. , Rao K. V.
Published: September 2011

We have investigated the electronic structure of ZnO:Mn and ZnO:Mn,N thin films using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and resonance-photoemission spectroscopy. From the Mn 2p → 3d XMCD results, it is shown that, while XMCD signals only due to paramagnetic Mn2+ ions were observed in ZnO:Mn, nonmagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic Mn2+ ions coexist in ZnO:Mn,N. XMCD signals of ZnO:Mn,N revealed that the localized Mn2+ ground state and Mn2+ state hybridized with ligand hole coexisted, implying p-d exchange coupling. In the valence-band spectra, spectral weight near the Fermi level was suppressed, suggesting that interaction between magnetic moments in ZnO:Mn,N has localized nature.
Band structure and electronic characteristics of cubic La2O3 gate dielectrics epitaxially grown on InP substrates
Authors: Zhang Xinqiang , Tu Hailing , Zhao Hongbin , Yang Mengmeng , Wang Xiaona , Xiong Yuhua , Yang Zhimin , Du Jun , Wang Wenwu , Chen Dapeng
Published: September 2011

We first reported the hetero-epitaxial growth with good lattice matching of cubic structure La2O3 dielectric ultra-thin films on InP substrates by PLD. Epitaxial relationship between the La2O3 film and InP substrate, namely [001]La2O3||[001]InP and [012]La2O3||[012]InP, and cross-section of the stack without interface layer have been revealed by RHEED and HRTEM. The band offset for La2O3/InP is evaluated to be 1.62 eV for valence band and 2.61 eV for conduction band by XPS. A leakage current of 2 × 10−4 A/cm2 at bias voltage of −1 V and small equivalent oxide thickness of 0.3 nm have been measured on the capacitors with W/La2O3/InP/Al stack.
Light emission phenomena in dechlorination process of polychlorinated biphenyls by irradiating microwave
Authors: Kumada A. , Morimoto T. , Hidaka K. , Amano K. , Itoh K.
Published: September 2011

In recent years, an effective processing for PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) diluted in insulating oil has been developed, which can render PCBs harmless by their dechlorination using microwave of 2.45 GHz. The authors discovered optical emission of electrical discharge during the processing. To clarify how the emission is involved in the decomposition of PCBs, the emission spectra are two-dimensionally observed with interference filters. The observation reveals the generation of excited hydrogen atoms and ultraviolet photons, both of which accelerate the PCBs dechlorination, and suggests the presence of the electric-field effect of microwave other than its heat effect.
Variable repetition frequency femtosecond-pulse surface emitting semiconductor laser
Authors: Wilcox K. G. , Quarterman A. H. , Beere H. E. , Ritchie D. A. , Tropper A. C.
Published: September 2011

We report a femtosecond-pulse vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser with a continuous repetition frequency tuning range of 8% near 1 GHz. A constant average output power of 56 ± 1 mW and near-transform-limited pulse duration of 450 ± 20 fs were observed across the entire tuning range.
The neurexin ligands, neuroligins and leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins, perform convergent and divergent synaptic functions in vivo
Authors: Soler-Llavina Gilberto J. , Fuccillo Marc V. , Ko Jaewon , Südhof Thomas C. , Malenka Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Synaptic cell adhesion molecules, including the neurexin ligands, neuroligins (NLs) and leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (LRRTMs), are thought to organize synapse assembly and specify synapse function. To test the synaptic role of these molecules in vivo, we performed lentivirally mediated knockdown of NL3, LRRTM1, and LRRTM2 in CA1 pyramidal cells of WT and NL1 KO mice at postnatal day (P)0 (when synapses are forming) and P21 (when synapses are largely mature). P0 knockdown of NL3 in WT or NL1 KO neurons did not affect excitatory synaptic transmission, whereas P0 knockdown of LRRTM1 and LRRTM2 selectively reduced AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic currents. P0 triple knockdown of NL3 and both LRRTMs in NL1 KO mice yielded greater reductions in AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated currents, suggesting functional redundancy between NLs and LRRTMs during early synapse development. In contrast, P21 knockdown of LRRTMs did not alter excitatory transmission, whereas NL manipulations supported a role for NL1 in maintaining NMDA receptor-mediated transmission. These results show that neurexin ligands in vivo form a dynamic synaptic cell adhesion network, with compensation between NLs and LRRTMs during early synapse development and functional divergence upon synapse maturation.
Survival of Migrating Atlantic Salmon Smolts through the Penobscot River, Maine: a Prerestoration Assessment
Authors: Holbrook Christopher M. , Kinnison Michael T. , Zydlewski Joseph
Published: September 2011

Survival, distribution, and behavior of hatchery (n = 493) and naturally reared (n = 133) smolts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar migrating through the Penobscot River and estuary in Maine were evaluated with acoustic telemetry in 2005 and 2006. Survival and use of a secondary migration path (the Stillwater Branch) were estimated with a multistate mark–recapture model. Higher rates of mortality per kilometer (range = 0.01–0.22) were observed near release sites and within reaches that contained three particular dams: Howland, West Enfield, and Milford dams. Estimated total survival of tagged hatchery smolts through entire individual reaches containing those dams ranged from 0.52 ( 0.18) to 0.94 ( 0.09), whereas survival through most of the reaches without dams exceeded 0.95. Of those smolts that survived to the Penobscot River–Stillwater Branch split at Marsh Island, most (≥74%) remained in the main stem around Marsh Island, where they experienced lower survival than fish that used the Stillwater Branch. Movement rates of hatchery‐reared smolts were significantly lower through reaches containing dams than through reaches that lacked dams. Smolts arriving at dams during the day experienced longer delays than smolts arriving at night. Planned removal of two dams in this system is expected to enhance the passage of smolts through the main‐stem corridor. However, the dams currently scheduled for removal (Great Works and Veazie dams) had less influence on smolt survival than some of the dams that will remain. This case study shows that by examining prerestoration migration dynamics throughout entire river systems rather than just in the vicinity of particular dams, tracking studies can help prioritize restoration efforts or predict the costs and benefits of future hydrosystem changes.
Acute Effects of Gas Supersaturation on Juvenile Cultured White Seabass
Authors: Smiley Jeffrey E. , Drawbridge Mark A. , Okihiro Mark S. , Kaufmann Ronald S.
Published: September 2011

White seabass Atractoscion nobilis reared at a production and research hatchery have been observed to occasionally suffer from ocular emphysemas. To identify a possible cause of these lesions, cultured juvenile white seabass were exposed to five gas saturation levels between 98% and 122% total gas pressure (TGP). Experiments were run for 96 h using fish weighing 3 and 22 g at water temperatures of 17.9 ± 0.3°C or 23.0 ± 0.3°C. Fish were observed every 8 h for symptoms of gas bubble disease. Throughout the trial, no fish died when exposed to 98, 102, or 109% TGP and only one fish died at 116% TGP. When fish were exposed to 122% TGP, however, mortality was 5 percentage points greater for both small and large fish in 23°C water than for those at 18°C and 20 percentage points greater for the large than for the small fish at both temperatures. The most prevalent and severe lesions were in large fish exposed at 23°C, followed by small fish exposed at 23°C, large fish exposed at 18°C, and small fish exposed at 18°C. Corneal emphysemas were the most common lesion, affecting even the control group of large fish in 23°C seawater. For fin emphysemas, only the large fish at 18°C were affected at both 116% and 122% TGP. These fish also had the highest incidence of fin emphysemas (50%), followed by the large fish at 23°C (38.3%), small fish at 18°C (6.7%), and small fish at 23°C (1.7%). These results indicate that temperature, size, and gas supersaturation all play roles in the onset of gas bubble disease for white seabass. These factors should be investigated in any hatchery setting when ocular emphysemas arise.
Old Tales in Recent Context: Current Perspective on Yellow Perch Recruitment in Lake Michigan
Authors: Redman Rebecca A. , Czesny Sergiusz J. , Dettmers John M. , Weber Michael J. , Makauskas Daniel
Published: September 2011

To evaluate factors affecting recruitment of yellow perch Perca flavescens in southwestern Lake Michigan, a Ricker stock–recruitment model was fitted to age‐0 abundance estimated from a fall bottom trawl survey (1989–2007) and spawning stock biomass estimates. Models were built for all possible combinations of four external variables: spring–summer water temperature, June nearshore zooplankton density, spring abundance of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, and an index of wind‐induced transport of yellow perch larvae. Four relatively parsimonious models were deemed robust, and three external variables were represented (spring–summer water temperature, spring alewife abundance, and June zooplankton density). The Ricker stock–recruitment model with the lowest value of Akaike's information criterion (i.e., the best‐supported model) included spring–summer water temperature and spring alewife abundance. The basic Ricker stock–recruitment model ranked second, followed by the Ricker model that included June zooplankton density. The fourth Ricker model that was deemed robust included spring–summer water temperature. The four best models provided a good fit to age‐0 yellow perch abundance estimates based on fall seining catches along the Illinois shoreline of Lake Michigan during 1989–2007. Our findings indicate that over the last two decades, yellow perch recruitment benefited during years associated with relatively warm water, low alewife abundance, and high zooplankton density.
Body Size, Food, and Temperature Affect Overwinter Survival of Age‐0 Bluegills
Authors: Shoup Daniel E. , Wahl David H.
Published: September 2011

For many species of fish, size‐specific overwinter mortality is an important factor structuring year‐class strength. Protracted spawning by bluegillLepomis macrochirusleads to extreme variation in individual size going into winter that could result in strong, size‐specific overwinter mortality, particularly in locations with limited food resources or long, cold winters. We performed laboratory trials to test the effects of winter temperature (4°C or 9°C) and food availability (food present or no food) on the survival of two size‐classes (20–30 or 50–60 mm total length) of young‐of‐year bluegills. Mortality was strongly size selective and appeared to be related to relative condition, suggesting that energy limitation was the primary mechanism of mortality. Fish of both sizes were less active at colder temperatures, leading to increased survival (presumably via reduced energy expenditure). Bluegills fed heavily in food treatments (wet weight/d consumed was typically 2–4% for both large and small fish in the warm treatment, 1–2.5% for small fish in the cold treatment, and 0.4–0.8% for large fish in the cold treatment) and experienced increased survival. However, small fish in all treatments had more than 55% mortality after 150 d, indicating that some of the mortality was not due to starvation. It appears that late‐spawned, small fish are unlikely to survive lengthy periods of winter conditions and will therefore be selected against at northern latitudes. Mechanisms other than overwinter mortality that lead to increased lifetime reproductive success may explain the persistence of late‐summer or fall spawning at these latitudes.
Main chamber sources and edge transport of tungsten in H-mode plasmas at ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Dux R. , Janzer A. , Pütterich T. , Upgrade Team ASDEX
Published: September 2011

Please see the PDF file.
Sampling for Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Corn Strip Trials Comparing Nematode Management Products
Authors: Tylka Gregory L. , Todd Timothy C. , Niblack Terry L. , MacGuidwin Ann E. , Jackson Tamra
Published: September 2011

Protectant seed treatments are a new management option for plant-parasitic nematodes that feed on corn. Many growers and agribusiness personnel are conducting strip-trial comparisons of nematode seed treatments in growers' fields. Yield monitors in combines and weigh wagons can be used to collect yield data from multiple-row strips that stretch across an entire field. But some growers and agribusiness personnel also want to assess plant-parasitic nematode populations in these strip trials to gauge whether the seed treatments are affecting nematode population densities (numbers). Drawing conclusions about the effects of treatments on numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes in strip trials is problematic because of the natural variability of nematode populations and their densities in the field. This guide discusses various points to consider about collecting samples to assess possible effects of treatments on population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes in strip trials.

Accepted for publication 15 July 2011. Published 1 September 2011.
How global extinctions impact regional biodiversity in mammals
Authors: Huang Shan , Davies T. Jonathan , Gittleman John L.
Published: September 2011

Phylogenetic diversity (PD) represents the evolutionary history of a species assemblage and is a valuable measure of biodiversity because it captures not only species richness but potentially also genetic and functional diversity. Preserving PD could be critical for maintaining the functional integrity of the world's ecosystems, and species extinction will have a large impact on ecosystems in areas where the ecosystem cost per species extinction is high. Here, we show that impacts from global extinctions are linked to spatial location. Using a phylogeny of all mammals, we compare regional losses of PD against a model of random extinction. At regional scales, losses differ dramatically: several biodiversity hotspots in southern Asia and Amazonia will lose an unexpectedly large proportion of PD. Global analyses may therefore underestimate the impacts of extinction on ecosystem processes and function because they occur at finer spatial scales within the context of natural biogeography.