bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local control of veins: biomechanical, metabolic, and humoral aspects
Authors: Monos E. , Berczi V. , Nadasy G.
Published: December 2017

The incidence of vein diseases (varicosity, thrombophlebitis, phlebosclerosis, orthostatic intolerance) is extremely high. In several countries it may exceed that of the arterial pathology by an order of magnitude. In the last decades, this recognition and the rapid accumulation of experimental data have resulted in a progressive reevaluation of the physiological significance of the venous system, which had been rather neglected earlier by scientists. The major aim of this review is to provide a critical survey of recent selected literature related to different physiological functions of the venous system as well as to biomechanical, metabolic, and humoral (ionic, hormonal) aspects of the local venous control. Local neural control mechanisms, including effects of catecholamines and other transmitters, are regarded to be beyond the scope of this work. At present, the synthesis of information available in the literature meets certain difficulties, because occasionally poorly defined methodological techniques and physiological parameters have been applied. On the other hand, a significant part of works dealing with venous physiology is excellent and inspirational. We have good reason to believe that the fast accumulation of reliable scientific data on this very important field will soon reach a new critical level, then an even more effective integration of knowledge will be possible.
Insights into cellular energy metabolism from transgenic mice
Authors: Koretsky A. P.
Published: December 2017

Rapid progress in manipulating the mouse genome now makes it possible to express any cloned gene in virtually any cell type of the mouse. Homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells allows the specific mutation of any gene. These tools are finding widespread application to problems in cell biology and physiology. After a brief description of some of the molecular genetic techniques available for the mouse, the application of transgenic mice to problems in cellular energy metabolism is discussed. The effects of increasing glucose transport on carbohydrate metabolism in muscle and fat are presented. Experiments using a transgenic mouse expressing creatine kinase in liver to understand ATP catabolism and regulation of oxidative phosphorylation are discussed. Finally, mice either lacking or misexpressing different isoforms of creatine kinase have been useful for understanding the detailed role of this important enzyme in cellular energy metabolism.
Molecular physiology of cardiac potassium channels
Authors: Deal K. K. , England S. K. , Tamkun M. M.
Published: December 2017

The cardiac action potential results from the complex, but precisely regulated, movement of ions across the sarcolemmal membrane. Potassium channels represent the most diverse class of ion channels in heart and are the targets of several antiarrhythmic drugs. Potassium currents in the myocardium can be classified into one of two general categories: 1) inward rectifying currents such as IK1, IKACh, and IKATP; and 2) primarily voltage-gated currents such as IKs, IKr, IKp, IKur, and Ito. The inward rectifier currents regulate the resting membrane potential, whereas the voltage-activated currents control action potential duration. The presence of these multiple, often overlapping, outward currents in native cardiac myocytes has complicated the study of individual K+ channels; however, the application of molecular cloning technology to these cardiovascular K+ channels has identified the primary structure of these proteins, and heterologous expression systems have allowed a detailed analysis of the function and pharmacology of a single channel type. This review addresses the progress made toward understanding the complex molecular physiology of K+ channels in mammalian myocardium. An important challenge for the future is to determine the relative contribution of each of these cloned channels to cardiac function.
Phospholipase D: enzymology, mechanisms of regulation, and function
Authors: Exton J. H.
Published: December 2017

Phospholipase D exists in various forms that differ in their regulation but predominantly hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine. The Ca(2+)-dependent isozymes of protein kinase C regulate phospholipase D in vitro and play a major role in its control by growth factors and G protein-linked agonists in vivo. Recent studies have demonstrated that small G proteins of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and Rho families activate the enzyme in vitro, and evidence is accumulating that they also are involved in its control in vivo. Both types of G protein play important roles in cellular function, and the possible mechanisms by which they are activated by agonists are discussed. There is also emerging evidence of the control of phospholipase D and Rho proteins by soluble tyrosine kinases and novel serine/threonine kinases. The possible role of these kinases in agonist regulation of phospholipase D is discussed. The function of phospholipase D in cells is still poorly defined. Postulated roles of phosphatidic acid produced by phospholipase D action include the activation of Ca(2+)-independent isoforms of protein kinase C, the regulation of growth and the cytoskeleton in fibroblasts, and control of the respiratory burst in neutrophils. Another important function of phosphatidic acid is to act as a substrate for a specific phospholipase A2 to generate lysophosphatidic acid, which is becoming increasingly recognized as a major intercellular messenger. Finally, it is possible that the phospholipid changes induced in various cellular membranes by phospholipase D may per se play an important role in vesicle trafficking and other membrane-associated events.
Epithelial sodium channels: function, structure, and regulation
Authors: Garty H. , Palmer L. G.
Published: December 2017

The apical (outward-facing) membranes of high-resistance epithelia contain Na+ channels, traditionally identified by their sensitivity to block by the K(+)-sparing diuretic amiloride. Such channels have been characterized in amphibian skin and urinary bladder, renal collecting duct, distal colon, sweat and salivary glands, lung, and taste buds. They mediate the first step of active Na+ reabsorption and play a major role in the maintenance of electrolyte and water homeostasis in all vertebrates. In the past, these channels were classified according to their biophysical and pharmacological properties. The recent cloning of the three homologous channel subunits denoted alpha-, beta-, and gamma-epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) has provided a molecular definition of at least one class of amiloride-blockable channels. Subsequent studies have established that ENaC is a major Na(+)-conducting pathway in both absorbing and secretory epithelia and is related to one type of channel involved in mechanosensation. This review summarizes the biophysical characteristics, molecular properties, and regulatory mechanisms of epithelial amiloride-blockable Na+ channels. Special emphasis is given to recent studies utilizing cloned ENaC subunits and purified amiloride-binding proteins.
Control of CFTR Channel Gating by Phosphorylation and Nucleotide Hydrolysis
Authors: GADSBY DAVID C. , NAIRN ANGUS C.
Published: December 2017

Gadsby, David C., and Angus C. Nairn. Control of CTFR Channel Gating by Phosphorylation and Nucleotide Hydrolysis. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S77–S107, 1999. — The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl−channel is the protein product of the gene defective in cystic fibrosis, the most common lethal genetic disease among Caucasians. Unlike any other known ion channel, CFTR belongs to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of transporters and, like all other family members, CFTR includes two cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs), both of which bind and hydrolyze ATP. It appears that in a single open-close gating cycle, an individual CFTR channel hydrolyzes one ATP molecule at the NH2-terminal NBD to open the channel, and then binds and hydrolyzes a second ATP molecule at the COOH-terminal NBD to close the channel. This complex coordinated behavior of the two NBDs is orchestrated by multiple protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation events, at least some of which occur within the third large cytoplasmic domain, called the regulatory domain. Two or more kinds of protein phosphatases selectively dephosphorylate distinct sites. Under appropriately controlled conditions of progressive phosphorylation or dephosphorylation, three functionally different phosphoforms of a single CFTR channel can be distinguished on the basis of channel opening and closing kinetics. Recording single CFTR channel currents affords an unprecedented opportunity to reproducibly examine, and manipulate, individual ATP hydrolysis cycles in a single molecule, in its natural environment, in real time.
Ion Channels in Sperm Physiology
Authors: Darszon Alberto , Labarca Pedro , Nishigaki Takuya , Espinosa Felipe
Published: December 2017

Fertilization is a matter of life or death. In animals of sexual reproduction, the appropriate communication between mature and competent male and female gametes determines the generation of a new individual. Ion channels are key elements in the dialogue between sperm, its environment, and the egg. Components from the outer layer of the egg induce ion permeability changes in sperm that regulate sperm motility, chemotaxis, and the acrosome reaction. Sperm are tiny differentiated terminal cells unable to synthesize protein and difficult to study electrophysiologically. Thus understanding how sperm ion channels participate in fertilization requires combining planar bilayer techniques, in vivo measurements of membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+and intracellular pH using fluorescent probes, patch-clamp recordings, and molecular cloning and heterologous expression. Spermatogenic cells are larger than sperm and synthesize the ion channels that will end up in mature sperm. Correlating the presence and cellular distribution of various ion channels with their functional status at different stages of spermatogenesis is contributing to understand their participation in differentiation and in sperm physiology. The multi-faceted approach being used to unravel sperm ion channel function and regulation is yielding valuable information about the finely orchestrated events that lead to sperm activation, induction of the acrosome reaction, and in the end to the miracle of life.
Sex Steroids and Bone
Authors: Compston Juliet E.
Published: December 2017

Sex steroids are essential for skeletal development and the maintenance of bone health throughout adult life, and estrogen deficiency at menopause is a major pathogenetic factor in the development of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The mechanisms by which the skeletal effects of sex steroids are mediated remain incompletely understood, but in recent years there have been considerable advances in our knowledge of how estrogens and, to a lesser extent androgens, influence bone modeling and remodeling in health and disease. New insights into estrogen receptor structure and function, recent discoveries about the development and activity of osteoclasts, and lessons learned from human and animal genetic mutations have all contributed to increased understanding of the skeletal effects of estrogen, both in males and females. Studies of untreated and treated osteoporosis in postmenopausal women have also contributed to this knowledge and have provided unequivocal evidence for the potential of high-dose estrogen therapy to have anabolic skeletal effects. The development of selective estrogen receptor modulators has provided a new approach to the prevention of osteoporosis and other major diseases of menopause and has implications for the therapeutic use of other steroid hormones, including androgens. Further elucidation of the mechanisms by which sex steroids affect bone thus has the potential to improve the clinical management not only of osteoporosis, both in men and women, but also of a number of other diseases related to sex hormone status.
Efficient Utilization of Waste Carbon Source for Advanced Nitrogen Removal of Landfill Leachate
Authors: Wang Kai , Yin Wenjun , Tan Fengxun , Wu Daoji
Published: December 2017

A modified single sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was developed to remove the nitrogen of the real landfill leachate in this study. To take the full advantage of the SBR, stir phase was added before and after aeration, respectively. The new mechanism in this experiment could improve the removal of nitrogen efficiently by the utilization of carbon source in the raw leachate. This experiment adopts the SBR process to dispose of the real leachate, in which the COD and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were about 3800 mg/L and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Results showed that the removal rates of COD and total nitrogen were above 85% and 95%, respectively, and the effluent COD and total nitrogen were less than 500 mg/L and 40 mg/L under the condition of not adding any carbon source. Also, the specific nitrogen removal rate was 1.48 mgN/(h·gvss). In this process, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) as a critical factor for the highly efficient nitrogen removal (>95%) was approved to be the primary carbon source in the sludge. Because most of the organic matter in raw water was used for denitrification, in the duration of this 160-day experiment, zero discharge of sludge was realized when the effluent suspended solids were 30–50 mg/L.
Application of QuEChERS for Determining Xenobiotics in Foods of Animal Origin
Authors: Garcia Coralia V. , Gotah Ahmed
Published: December 2017

The use of pesticides and veterinary drugs results in the appearance of residues of xenobiotics in foods. Thus, several methods have been developed for monitoring them; however, most are tedious and expensive. By contrast, the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) methodology involves a microextraction that yields small samples and has been applied for the analysis of various xenobiotics including pesticides, antibiotics, and mycotoxins. QuEChERS has shown advantages over other techniques including fast sample preparation, reduced needs for reagents and labware, and versatility. This approach allows the simultaneous determination of pesticides with various polarities and volatilities and can be easily modified for the analysis of a wide range of xenobiotics in various matrices including animal products rich in fat. Nevertheless, to attain high recoveries, the extraction, cleanup, and concentration steps have to be optimized according to the target compounds and matrix. Hence, QuEChERS is a promising and environmentally friendly methodology for the high-throughput routine analysis of xenobiotics in animal products. This review focuses on the application of QuEChERS to foods of animal origin and describes recent developments for the optimization of the analysis of veterinary drugs, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other compounds of concern.
A Survey on Breaking Technique of Text-Based CAPTCHA
Authors: Chen Jun , Luo Xiangyang , Guo Yanqing , Zhang Yi , Gong Daofu
Published: December 2017

The CAPTCHA has become an important issue in multimedia security. Aimed at a commonly used text-based CAPTCHA, this paper outlines some typical methods and summarizes the technological progress in text-based CAPTCHA breaking. First, the paper presents a comprehensive review of recent developments in the text-based CAPTCHA breaking field. Second, a framework of text-based CAPTCHA breaking technique is proposed. And the framework mainly consists of preprocessing, segmentation, combination, recognition, postprocessing, and other modules. Third, the research progress of the technique involved in each module is introduced, and some typical methods of segmentation and recognition are compared and analyzed. Lastly, the paper discusses some problems worth further research.
Overcoming barriers to inclusive education: A reproductive health awareness programme for adolescents in rural Tanzania
Authors: Aiko Tohi , Horiuchi Shigeko , Shimpuku Yoko , Madeni Frida , Leshabari Sebalda
Published: December 2017

Aim:

To evaluate a reproductive health awareness programme for unmarried adolescent girls and boys in rural Tanzania.

Methods:

A pre-test–post-test research design was used to evaluate adolescents' knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards reproductive health before and after participation in a 45-minute reproductive health awareness programme. The programme was conducted using a picture drama, reproductive health materials and group discussion. Data were collected using a 23-item structured questionnaire previously used in a similar programme conducted in an urban setting in Tanzania.

Results:

Data were collected anonymously from 383 participants aged 11–18 years (95.6% response rate). A significant increase was observed only in the girls' mean score in the knowledge test (t=5.1, p=0.0). However, scores derived from the pre- and post-test attitude and behaviour tests showed no statistically significant differences for either girls or boys.

Conclusions:

As compared with the study conducted in an urban area of Tanzania using the same education programme and instrument, the impact of the programme in rural Tanzania was not as effective. Therefore, revisions must be made to the existing programme for adolescents living in rural areas, taking into account their specific culture, practices and learning needs.
An assessment of strategies used to encourage male involvement in antenatal care and women's uptake of PMTCT services in Cameroon
Authors: Nkuoh Godlove N , Meyer Dorothy J
Published: December 2017

Background/Aims:

In Sub-Saharan Africa, antenatal clinics that include prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services remain the primary entry point where women are screened for HIV infection and receive antiretroviral therapy. Male partner involvement has been a strongly promoted strategy to increase women's uptake of PMTCT services. Although a programme for men has been in place for almost 10 years at Mbingo Baptist Hospital, the proportion of men accompanying their partner to PMTCT care visits has never exceeded 20%. This outcome exhibited the need to evaluate present strategies so as to increase male participation in PMTCT care.

Methods:

A survey was administered to women (n=80) attending the antenatal clinic to obtain their opinions of the strategies being used to encourage male involvement in PMTCT care.

Results:

Women expressed their support of male participation in PMTCT care but also identified cultural and gender barriers to male involvement. They indicated that invitation letters to men should continue to be provided but that a direct appeal to men would improve their response. All women requested that free HIV testing be continued. The majority did not think that providing rewards or incentives encouraged male participation.

Conclusions:

Male involvement in PMTCT care is dependent on multiple cultural, social and economic factors. Health care providers and other stakeholders need to make conscious efforts to tailor programmes that will reach out to the community with complete information about PMTCT care options.
IV antibiotic therapy in the community: clinically effective and cost effective
Authors: Baker Annie , Lyden-Rodgers Mary
Published: December 2017

This article discusses how the introduction of new ways of working has resulted in a more cost-effective service for the delivery of intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy in a community setting. When community IV therapy was originally initiated in the trust, the system involved two nurses to check calculations and oversee the administration of IV antibiotic therapy. However, as the demand for IV therapy escalated, and with some patients requiring multiple visits, pressures on community nursing teams created challenges relating to capacity and demand. This service improvement project involved two phases. Phase one examined patient safety and the administration of IV antibiotics by one nurse. Phase two reviewed the administration of IV antibiotic via a timed bolus route. Following the analysis, the implementation of these initiatives demonstrated maximisation of resources, a release of nurses' time to care and improvements to the patient experience.
Walking in a winter wonderland
Authors: Garner Lynne
Published: December 2017

The winter months can be cold and harsh. However, it is a great time of year to put on some warm clothes and to get our and about to study nature and the elements.
Advancing endoscopy
Authors: Elliot Dawn
Published: December 2017

Developments in health care have mushroomed over the last 10-15-years. In many areas, it is the nurse who develops and maintains the skills necessary to enhance patient management, particularly the endoscopy setting. As a result of the Endoscopy Modernisation Project, Endoscopy Global Rating Scale (GRS) and the National Nurse Endoscopy Project (NNEP), endoscopy nurses are now striving to provide excellence in care from referral to discharge, with those providing that care trained to the highest standards. However, endoscopy nurses could never be described as complacent, and this year′ s British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) Endoscopy Associates Group session at the BSG conference in Glasgow (23-26 March 2009) confirms that.
Paediatric Stoma Nurse Group ...
Authors: Woodcock Helen
Published: December 2017

With the estimation of 40−100 new stoma patients per year being seen in regional paediatric centres, this client group is a small but significant proportion of new stoma patients. Helen Woodcock introduces us to the Paediatric Stoma Nurse Group, a group dedicated to promoting excellence in practice for neonates, children and young people with a stoma
Gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Neumann Helmut , Mönkemller Klaus , Wilcox C Mel
Published: December 2017

Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is common in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; however, opportunistic disorders are generally not seen until the CD4 count falls below 200 cells/μl. Although any part of the gastrointestinal tract can be affected, the most common parts involved are the oesophagus and colon. Common oesophageal manifestations are dysphagia and odynophagia, caused by organisms such as Candida and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Common infectious and opportunistic disorders affecting the colon are Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter and CMV, which can result in diarrhoea, rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. Endoscopy is the preferred invasive procedure to diagnose most GI diseases. The main advantages of endoscopy are direct visualization of the entire GI tract, the option to obtain mucosal biopsy (which is often necessary to establish a specific diagnosis), and the ability to perform endoscopic therapy (e.g. injection of bleeding vessels). Therapy is based on the individual organism demonstrated.
Coherence and credibility in the NHS workforce crisis
Authors: Harrison Penny
Published: December 2017

Penny Harrison, Senior Lecturer in Adult Nursing at De Montfort University, Leicester, discusses the NHS Providers report on workforce issues
Mental health and hepatitis C
Authors: Alvey Richard , Holmes Mark
Published: December 2017

Richard Alvey, Cognitive Behavioural Therapist, and Mark Holmes, Head of Education, both at Institute of Mental Health, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, discuss addressing the mind–liver relationship in hepatitis services
‘It is what it is’: mothers' experiences of providing bladder and bowel care to their daughters living with life-limiting conditions
Authors: Combes Sarah , Woodward Sue , Norton Christine
Published: December 2017

Background:

Informal carers (carers) support palliative patients to live at home. Most palliative patients require bladder and bowel care (B&BC) at some point, but there is limited evidence about carers providing B&BC and how best to support them.

Aim:

To explore carers' experiences of providing B&BC to life-limited young adults.

Methods:

Interpretative phenomenological analysis of five interviews with purposively selected carers.

Results:

One overarching theme, ‘It is what it is’, and three superordinate themes (‘Whatever my daughter needs’, ‘Mum knows best’, and ‘Coping with caring’) emerged. While B&BC could be challenging at times, it was not a major concern. Instead it engendered closeness and opportunities for carers to provide better care than they felt professionals could.

Conclusions:

This study informs how professionals should understand the support carers offer. Professionals should ensure that carer/patient dyads who wish to manage B&BC are supported to do so, and that their support needs are regularly assessed.
What do patients with cancer and their families value most at the end of life? A critical analysis of advance care planning
Authors: Johnson Stephanie B , Butow Phyllis N , Kerridge Ian , Tattersall Martin HN
Published: December 2017

Background:

Advance care planning (ACP) is defined in a variety of ways, although it is widely understood as a process undertaken by patients, when they have capacity, to define and communicate their treatment preferences for future care. Few studies have explored the meaning and importance patients place on their ability to participate in directing their medical care.

Aim:

This study aimed to explore how cancer patients and their family members value autonomy at the end of life (EoL) and understand how this may impact on the way they develop and act on EoL decisions and planning.

Methods:

Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with patients and family members of people with cancer. Participants were recruited from metropolitan cancer centres in Sydney, Australia. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings:

Findings from 11 participant interviews (five patients with cancer and six family members) were organised into four themes: ‘the threat of death and cancer’; ‘patients seek trust and safety at the end of life’; ‘doctors are human and the healthcare system has limitations’; and ‘the role of ACP’. Participants experienced cancer and death as a ‘threat’, to self and others and as something ‘uncontrollable’. ACP was seen to have the potential to enhance EoL care by contributing to decreasing uncertainty, enhancing comfort, helping to achieve ‘the small things’, and in helping the family ‘know what to do’. However, participants were, in general, distrustful of documentation and cognisant of uncertainty around medical outcomes and the legal limitations of their capacity to influence care.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that models of ACP which are constructed around patients' ‘rights’ to determine what happens to their bodies may do little to enhance the quality of EoL care, as patients value veracity, trust and comfort at the EoL more than autonomy. Quality EoL care should focus on paying increased attention to the relational and social aspects of care.
How health visitors can encourage parents to think about toy safety
Authors: Noakes Amy
Published: December 2017

With Christmas looming, families will be on the lookout for the perfect present to give their child. This is a good opportunity for health visitors to put on their health promotion hat to encourage parents to consider the safety of the toys they are buying
Sodium management for fluid control in haemodialysis patients
Authors: Zaragozano Elena Gil
Published: December 2017

Chronic volume overload and intradialytic adverse events are often seen in haemodialysis units. All nephrology practitioners should seek to improve morbidity and mortality rates in patients on this treatment regimen. In this article, Elena Gil Zaragozano discusses different strategies for sodium management, which can be used to control patients' fluid status.
Key initiatives in the areas of renal nutrition and rehabilitation
Authors: Williams Harriet , Greenwood Sharlene
Published: December 2017

To promote collaborative work between kidney care professionals in the multidisciplinary team, the British Renal Society has a number of affiliate groups. Two of these groups are the Renal Nutrition Specialist Group and the Renal Rehabilitation Network. In this column, chairs Harriet Williams and Sharlene Greenwood discuss recent and ongoing projects in their respective fields.
Preparing for CQC inspection: understanding the five key questions
Authors: Ellis Peter , Abbott Jane
Published: December 2017

During all inspections of UK care providers, there are five key questions for inspectors to focus on. These questions address safety, effectiveness, compassion, responsiveness and leadership. In the second article of this series, Peter Ellis and Jane Abbott discuss these five areas and outline in detail the key lines of enquiry for the inspector's first question: is it safe?
Farewell to an amazing year for wound care
Authors: Glover Deborah
Published: December 2017

Well, another year has passed by all too quickly. And what a year for wound care! From the Tissue Viability Society’s spring conference in April through to the World Union of Wound Healing Societies’ amazing week in July, practitioners have come together at a regional, national and international level to share their practice, discuss developments in the discipline and chew the fat about a topic that generally sends mere mortals into paroxysms of horror.
The biology of fluke and their control in cattle
Authors: Forbes Andrew
Published: December 2017

Liver fluke have always been important trematode parasites of cattle in the UK and Ireland and recently they have been joined by the rumen fluke. As both parasites can share the same intermediate host, a mud snail, an epidemiological overlap exists. Although a degree of control of both fluke species can be achieved on some farms through exclusion from, or elimination of, snail habitats, most farmers rely on flukicides to control infection. A pivotal time for treating cattle is at or during housing and this can provide benefits to both infected animals in the short term and in the elimination of fluke egg-shedding in the long term.
Valuing every voice
Authors: Chapman Ailsa
Published: December 2017

Ailsa Chapman suggests making a display to support British Values and engage children in a meaningful way.
Lifting the load
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: December 2017

Claire Hewson describes how lifting and carrying, using indoor and outdoor resources, help to build upper body strength. Pushing, pulling, reaching and raking are all good ways to exercise the torso.
Fat, fashion and public shaming in the British long eighteenth century
Authors: Gilman Sander
Published: December 2017

Dieting as a fashionable undertaking in the public sphere appears throughout the course of the long eighteenth century. It was part of a shift in awareness to the public stigma of obesity, and marks the rise of a dieting culture focused on psychological effects rather than purely somatic phenomena. It is coterminous with the redefinition of the ‘reasonable’ (rational) person both in law as well as in the public sphere: ‘reasonableness’ comes to define the normal within the cult of the rational; obesity comes to mark that state beyond reasonableness. Such views led and continue to lead to a potential for psychological difficulties, which have come to be the hallmark of modern dieting practice.
‘Soft, glossy tresses’: White women’s hair and the late- and post-World War II American domestic ideal
Authors: Liljequist Angie G.
Published: December 2017

Although hair has long maintained a presence in cultural, sociological, and anthropological scholarship, little attention has been paid to how the subject of hair functioned in the medium of advertisements. My research enters this conversation to uniquely suggest that we can learn about mid-century American values and ideal domesticity from shampoo advertisements during a redefining cultural moment in American history. Specifically, in this paper I explore how shampoo advertisements inserted white women’s hair in a late- and post-World War II conceptualization of ideal domesticity. Rather than merely advertising mid-century hygiene products, I argue that shampoo ads characterized a racialized standard of beauty that naturalized whiteness in the representation of ideal late- and post-war domesticity. Using two prevalent brands as case studies, I situate this analysis between the years 1944 and 1952, a time period I refer to as the Shampoo Revolution. Concurrent with this period during which America transitioned from a wartime to postwar economy was the rapid expansion of the shampoo industry which had profound consequences on popular discourse, elevating a narrow representation of hair as a requisite component of American domesticity. I provide an analysis of this conceptualization of domesticity, and the emerging hair culture that was by the mid-1940s, a prominent aspect of popular media and beauty industry interests. Additionally, I discuss conventions in advertising shampoo, and identify specific themes in Drene and Lustre-Crème ads that represent a particular mid-century domestic ideal.
Exhibition and Book Review
Authors: Tseëlon Efrat
Published: December 2017

Travel and fashion

Travel might not immediately invoke fashion associations, but a new book and exhibition reveal that they are intimately connected.

Part 1: Exhibition

Volez, Voguez, Voyagez – Louis Vuitton, Grand Palais, Paris, 4 December 2015–21 February 2016
A new abnormality record in bats: a teratological condition or skull trauma due to tooth avulsion in Noctilio leporinus?
Authors: Romero Víctor , Pedersen Scott C.
Published: December 2017

Here we report on a skull of an adult male Noctilio leporinus caught in the Guiana Shield, South America. The animal was lacking the upper left molar-row and exhibited skeletal deformations in the rostral and palatal regions. This aberration could have been the result of a traumatic avulsion of the left C1. As a consequence of its position and depth of the root, the C1 avulsion could have broken much of the surrounding alveolar process during the initial injury, with subsequent loss of the remaining teeth via periodontal inflammation and tooth decay.
Los mapas conceptuales como instrumento de evaluación: Una experiencia de educación ambiental centrada en el estudio de ecosistemas acuáticos
Authors: Galván Pérez Laura , Gutiérrez Pérez José
Published: December 2017

Los ecosistemas acuáticos generan una serie de servicios fundamentales para mantener el bienestar humano y el mantenimiento de la vida en la biosfera. Sin embargo, la actividad humana está generando un gran impacto en dichos ecosistemas, pues altera el funcionamiento y el mantenimiento de estos, así como pone en riesgo la supervivencia y el bienestar humano. Para ello, es fundamental determinar si los diferentes recursos didácticos que trabajan la temática agua en la educación formal están permitiendo generar dicho conocimiento y una conciencia social ambiental sobre dicha cuestión. El artículo tiene como objeto diseñar y aplicar un modelo de evaluación de mapas conceptuales a una muestra de 23 estudiantes de tercer grado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en Huelva, España, con el fin de detectar, por un lado, las ideas previas, y por otro, identificar si se produjo aprendizaje conceptual y actitudinal en torno al agua tras el desarrollo de un recurso educativo. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un plan de intervención en el aula, de carácter mixto, consistente en 3 sesiones de trabajo. Se utilizaron, además los mapas conceptuales como técnica de recolección de datos. Los resultados de la investigación señalan que el análisis de cada uno de los elementos de los mapas conceptuales (número de conceptos, número de conectores, nivel de jerarquía, impacto visual y las relaciones entre los conceptos), aumentó después de la aplicación del recurso didáctico. En conclusión, el recurso educativo favoreció el aprendizaje conceptual y actitudinal en torno la importancia del recurso hídrico de los ecosistemas acuáticos agua, con lo cual se obtuvieron mejores niveles de aprendizaje.
Identificación de patrones de comportamiento informativo en los textos mediante el Análisis de Redes Sociales
Authors: Gorbea Portal Salvador , Batista Paneque Dania
Published: December 2017

Se presentan los resultados parciales de una investigación relacionada con la aplicación del Análisis de Redes Sociales en la identificación de patrones de comportamiento informativo en los textos. Se destacan las principales características en torno a las (dis) similitudes existentes entre dos de los principales software más acreditados y utilizados para la representación de Redes Sociales tales como el UCINET® y el Pajek® y se muestran los resultados obtenidos mediante la utilización de este último en la documentación especializada sobre el Ambiente Organizacional de las Empresas.
Implementación de servicios de referencia móvil en la Biblioteca de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Authors: Guadamuz Villalobos Jairo Andrés
Published: December 2017

Se expone en detalle el proceso de implementación de dos servicios de referencia en la Biblioteca de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, mediante el uso de dispositivos y aplicaciones móviles. Los servicios implementados son la atención de consultas por mensaje de texto (SMS) y el envío de alertas informativas a través de Whatsapp. Se abordan detalles de instalación, pruebas del servicio y políticas de implementación de los mismos. Se concluye que las nuevas tecnologías móviles están brindando a las bibliotecas nuevas posibilidades de ofertar sus servicios, dando al usuario la capacidad de utilizar los recursos de la unidad de información sin desplazarse físicamente al edificio. Estas nuevas posibilidades no necesariamente requieren de una alta inversión presupuestaria para llevarlas a cabo.
Manifestaciones de salud asociadas a elementos medio ambientales: el caso de la ocurrencia de coccidioidomicosis en México 2004-2015
Authors: Manzanares Jose Luis
Published: December 2017

Objetivo: Analizar la dinámica temporal de la coccidioido micosis en México, durante el periodo comprendido entre 2004-2015, en el contexto de sus determinantes socio ambientales e identificar su distribución actual en el territorio nacional mediante la construcción de indicadores de concentración geográfica. Métodos: Se conduce análisis exploratorio de datos a partir de microdatos sobre egresos hospitalarios en el periodo 2004-2015. En términos teóricos, la presente investigación se ubica en el paradigma sobre determinantes sociales y ambientales de las condiciones de salud pública. Resultados: La evolución temporal durante 11 años de información analizada permite identificar un patrón persistente en la concentración de casos, que afecta principalmente a cuatro estados en el país, con una clara carga para la población masculina. Se identifica al estado de Sonora como la entidad de mayor incidencia en México, una entidad cuyos determinantes ambientales analizados sugieren la necesidad de implementar políticas públicas preventivas. Conclusiones: Dada la evolución temporal de egresos hospitalarios por coccidiodomicosis en México y el vínculo ambiental de la enfermedad, la evidencia obtenida representa un área de oportunidad para intervenir mediante estrategias de control focalizadas en territorios específicos, siendo el estado de Sonora un sitio prioritario de atención.Objetivo: Analizar la dinámica temporal de la coccidioido micosis en México, durante el periodo comprendido entre 2004-2015, en el contexto de sus determinantes socio ambientales e identificar su distribución actual en el territorio nacional mediante la construcción de indicadores de concentración geográfica. Métodos: Se conduce análisis exploratorio de datos a partir de microdatos sobre egresos hospitalarios en el periodo 2004-2015. En términos teóricos, la presente investigación se ubica en el paradigma sobre determinantes sociales y ambientales de las condiciones de salud pública. Resultados: La evolución temporal durante 11 años de información analizada permite identificar un patrón persistente en la concentración de casos, que afecta principalmente a cuatro estados en el país, con una clara carga para la población masculina. Se identifica al estado de Sonora como la entidad de mayor incidencia en México, una entidad cuyos determinantes ambientales analizados sugieren la necesidad de implementar políticas públicas preventivas. Conclusiones: Dada la evolución temporal de egresos hospitalarios por coccidiodomicosis en México y el vínculo ambiental de la enfermedad, la evidencia obtenida representa un área de oportunidad para intervenir mediante estrategias de control focalizadas
Educación nutricional grupal interactiva: logrando cambios duraderos en el estilo de vida
Authors: DeBeausset Stanton Indira
Published: December 2017

La educación nutricional interactiva grupal es un proceso a través del cual la persona se transforma a la vez que modifica su entorno, pues estimula la incorporación de estilos de vida saludables y la adherencia a tratamientos de enfermedades crónicas, lo cual mejora la calidad de vida de las personas. La autora explica las bases epistemológicas y pasos de un método educativo desarrollado por ella usando elementos de la teoría de aprendizaje constructivista y de la pedagogía crítica. El método ha sido utilizado y ha estado evolucionando por más de dos décadas en la Escuela de Nutrición de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Costa Rica y ha demostrado ser efectivo para lograr mejor adherencia al tratamiento pues logra generar cambios de actitud y que las personas interioricen sus recursos y motivaciones propias para el cambio. Este documento fue producido en el marco del Proyecto de la Vicerrectoría de Docencia Pry01-1366-2016 de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Portfolio Optimization with Metaheuristics
Authors: Mamanis Georgios
Published: December 2017

Portfolio optimization is the problem ofsearching foran optimal allocation of wealth to put in the available assets. Since the seminalworkdoneby Markowitz, the problem is codifiedas a two-objective mean-risk optimization problem where the best trade-off solutions (portfolios) between risk (measured by variance) and mean are hunted. Complex measures of risk (e.g., value-at-risk, expected shortfall, semivariance), addedobjective functions (e.g., maximization of skewness, liquidity, dividends) and pragmatic, real-worldconstraints (e.g., cardinality constraints, quantity constraints, minimum transaction lots, class constraints) that are included in recent portfolio selection models, provide many optimization challenges. The resulting portfolio optimizationproblem becomes very hard to be tackledwith exact techniquesas it displaysnonlinearities, discontinuities and high dimensional efficient frontiers. These characteristics prompteda lot ofresearchers to explorethe use of metaheuristics, which are powerful techniquesfor discoveringnear optimal solutions (sometimes the real optimum) for hard optimization problems in acceptable computationaltime. This report provides a briefnoteon the field of portfolio optimization with metaheuristics and concludes that especially Multiobjectivemetaheuristics (MOMHs) provide a natural background for dealing with portfolio selection problems with complex measures of risk (which define non-convex, non-differential objective functions), discrete constraints and multiple objectives.
Implications of Tax Havens on Government Revenue
Authors: Karikari Nana Kwasi
Published: December 2017

The contribution of government expenditure to the level of economic growth cannot be underestimated. Unfortunately, resources for the governmental expenditure, though limited, find their way out of the coffers. This paper tries to elaborate on the adverse effect of the existence of tax havens on government expenditure that seeks to promote economic growth in developing countries. Literature indicates that high tax rates are a fundamental reason for the proliferation of government developmental funds-taxes, being syphoned to tax havens. Corrupt officials in government are also deemed to aid the intended government tax in reaching tax havens. In the end, international integration of tax bodies within governments and economies may lead to the strengthening of tax laws and downward review of tax rates can make tax obligations conducive and compelling, for economic growth.
THE SECRETORY STRUCTURE OF ESSENTIAL OILS IN SOME SPECIES OF LAMIACEAE FOR TRADITIONAL COSMETICS OF BESEMAH TRIBES LAHAT’S DISTRICT
Authors: Tanzerina Nina , Aminasih Nita , - Erliah
Published: December 2017

Besemah tribe uses plants in addition to the treatment is also used for beauty treatments traditionally. Based on Agustina's (2015) study, 109 species of plants were used for traditional medicine by the Tribe of Besemah. Some species of Lamiaceae for traditional medicine such as patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.), wild mint (Mentha arvensis L.), hoary basil (Ocimum americanum L.), mexican mint (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.), and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) contains essential oils that can be used for traditional cosmetic ingredients. Essential oils are stored in the secretory structure of plants in leaf and stem organs. This study aims to determine the type and location of the secretory structure of essential oils in some species of lamiaceae used for traditional cosmetics of Besemah Tribes Lahat’s District. The research was conducted in November 2016 until February 2017. The results showed that patchouli plants was found in the presence of glandular trichomes, oil cells, and idioblast cells. The wild mint plants have glandular trichomes. The hoary basil plants have glandular trichomes and oil cells. The mexican mint plants have glandular trichomes and idioblast cells. The sweet basil plants have glandulartrichomes.Keywords: essential oils, lamiaceae, traditional cosmetics, Besemah tribes,  glandular trichomes, oil cells, idioblast cells
Keberlanjutan Kampung Lama Berbasis Potensi Kearifan Lokal di Kota Semarang
Authors: Sukmawati Annisa Mu'awanah
Published: December 2017

The old kampung is an embryo of urban development which has historical and cultural values, as well as the identity. However, the old kampung is threatened physically and noThe old kampung was an embryo for urban development which has historical and cultural values, as well as the identity. However, the old kampung was threatened physically and non-physically due to urban development. The article aimed to showed the strategies to achieve kampung sustainability through the potential of local wisdom. A qualitative research method conducted with qualitative descriptive analysis technique by taking Kampung Bustaman, Semarang as the study location. The analysis showed that Kampung Bustaman has local wisdom in the form of economic activities that has been manifested in the community daily lifes and potentially became the major capital to achieve kampung sustainability. The strategies involved the stakeholder roles, such as local communities, government and other parties through the kampung events. The tourism was able to encouraged communities participation and strengthen the economic as well as the social life of local communities. Local communities participation and local organizations commitment to preserving local wisdom also play an important role for achieving the kampung sustainability.nphysically due to urban development. The article aims to show the strategy to achieve kampung sustainability through the potential of local wisdom. The study was conducted by using qualitative research method with qualitative descriptive analysis technique by taking the study area in Kampung Bustaman, Semarang City. The analysis shows that Kampung Bustaman has local wisdom in the form of economic activity that has been manifested in the daily life of the community and potentially as the capital to achieve kampung sustainability. The strategy to achieve kampung sustainability involves the role of stakeholders, such as local communities, government and other parties through the kampung events. The tourism is able to encourage the communities participation and strengthen the economic and social life of local community. Local community participation and local organizations' commitment to preserving local wisdom also play an important role in achieving kampung sustainability.