bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Study Evaluating Sequential Administration of a PPI–Amoxicillin Followed by a PPI–Metronidazole–Tetracycline in Turkey
Authors: Sezgin Orhan , Altınta5 Engin , Nayır Erdinç , Üçbilek Enver
Published: September 2010

Background:  There is no effective regimen for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in our country. It may be due to the increasing prevalence of resistance to antibiotics used for the treatment of H. pylori. Recently, a study from Turkey has revealed that a new treatment scheme consisting of sequential administration of pantoprazole plus amoxicillin for 7 days followed by pantoprazole plus metronidazole, and tetracycline for the remaining 7 days was effective in the first‐line treatment of H. pylori. Therefore, we aimed to confirm efficacy of a new therapy scheme in the first‐line H. pylori eradication.

Material and methods:  This is a prospective, open label, single center, pilot study and included 32 patients infected with H. pylori diagnosed by both histologic examinations, rapid urease test and 13C‐urea breath test (UBT). The patients received a 14‐day sequential regimen (pantoprazole 40 mg b.d. plus amoxicillin 1000 mg b.d. for 7 days and pantoprazole 40 mg b.d., metronidazole 500 mg b.d. and tetracycline 500 mg q.d. for the remaining 7 days). Eradication was assessed with 13C‐UBT 4 weeks after completion of the therapy. Intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol eradication rates were determined.

Results:  At intention‐to‐treat analysis, the eradication rate was 50% (16/32). For the per protocol analysis, the eradication rate was 57% (16/28). There were no significant adverse effects and treatment compliance was good.

Conclusion:  A new therapy consisting of sequentially administered drugs for 14 days yielded unacceptably low eradication rates. This scheme was not efficient for H. pylori eradication in our region. Further investigations are needed to determine the effectiveness of this scheme in other regions of Turkey.
Persisting Chronic Gastritis and Elevated Helicobacter pylori Antibodies after Successful Eradication Therapy
Authors: Veijola Lea , Oksanen Aino , Linnala Auli , Sipponen Pentti , Rautelin Hilpi
Published: September 2010

Aim:  The persistence of chronic inflammation in gastric mucosa and elevated Helicobacter pylori antibodies after successful eradication therapy are common findings in clinical practice. We studied their possible association with each other and disappearance in long‐term follow up, as well as their possible connection with gastric atrophy.

Patients and methods:  The study population consisted of 108 dyspeptic patients with successful eradication therapy median 6.4 years earlier. The patients underwent gastroscopy, and biopsies from antrum and corpus were evaluated by an experienced pathologist. Serum samples collected from 77 patients were studied for H. pylori antibodies, parietal cell antibodies, as well as for pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, and gastrin‐17 levels.

Results:  The prevalence of chronic gastric inflammation and elevated H. pylori antibodies after successful eradication therapy decreased by time, but still after 5 years, 17 of 51 (33%) subjects had elevated H. pylori antibodies and 14 of 68 (21%) had a mild inactive chronic inflammation in gastric mucosa. In patients with and without chronic inflammation in gastric mucosa, elevated H. pylori antibodies were detected in three of 10 (30%) and 14 of 41 (34%), elevated parietal cell antibodies in one of 10 (10%) and six of 41 (15%), low pepsinogen I in one of 10 (10%) and none of 41, and elevated gastrin‐17 in three of 10 (30%) and six of 41 (15%), respectively.

Conclusion:  More than 5 years after successful H. pylori eradication therapy, mild persistent chronic inflammation may occur in gastric mucosa in up to one‐fifth and elevated H. pylori antibodies even in one‐third of patients, although these two are independent phenomena.
Phenylphosphonate Transport by Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Ford Justin L. , Gugger Paul A. , Wild S. Bruce , Mendz George L.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Helicobacter pylori can utilize phenylphosphonate as a sole source of phosphorus, and it is able to transport the phosphonate N‐phosphonoacetyl‐L‐aspartate. However, H. pylori does not have any genes homologous to those of the known pathways for phosphonate degradation in bacteria, indicating that it must have novel pathways for the transport and metabolism of phosphonates.

Methods:  Phenylphosphonate transport by H. pylori was studied in strains LC20, J99 and N6 by the centrifugation through oil method using [14C]‐labeled phenylphosphonate.

Results:  The Michaelis constants of transport Kt and Vmax for phenylphosphonate showed similar kinetics in the three strains. The Arrhenius plot for phenylphosphonate transport rates at permeant concentrations of 50 µmol/L was linear over the temperature range 10–40 °C with an activation energy of 3.5 kJ/mol, and a breakpoint between 5 and 10 °C. Transport rates increased with monovalent cation size. The effects of various inhibitors were investigated: iodoacetamide, amiloride, valinomycin, and nigericin reduced the rate of phenylphosphonate transport; sodium azide and sodium cyanide increased the transport rate; and monensin had no effect.

Conclusions:  The kinetics and properties of H. pylori phenylphosphonate transport were characterized, and the data suggested a carrier‐mediated transport mechanism.
Neonatal Co‐Infection with Helicobacter Species Markedly Accelerates the Development of Inflammation‐Associated Colonic Neoplasia in IL‐10−/–Mice
Authors: Hale Laura P. , Perera Dinushi , Gottfried Marcia R. , Maggio‐Price Lillian , Srinivasan Sudha , Marchuk Douglas
Published: September 2010

Background:  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is hypothesized to represent an aberrant immune response against enteric bacteria that occurs in a genetically susceptible host. Humans and mice with IBD are at markedly increased risk for colonic neoplasia. However, the long lead time required before development of inflammation‐associated colon neoplasia in commonly used murine models of IBD slows the development of effective chemopreventative therapies.

Materials and methods:  Neonatal coinfection with Helicobacter typhlonius and Helicobacter rodentium was used to trigger the onset of IBD in mice deficient in the immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐10. The severity of colon inflammation and incidence of neoplasia was determined histologically.

Results:  IL‐10−/– mice demonstrated early onset, severe colon inflammation following neonatal infection with H. typhlonius and H. rodentium. The incidence of inflammation‐associated colon neoplasia was ~95% at a mean age of 21 ± 2 weeks. Mutation of endoglin, an accessory receptor for TGF‐β, did not affect the severity of IBD or the incidence of neoplasia in this model.

Conclusions:  The rapid onset of severe colon inflammation and multiple neoplastic lesions in the colons of IL‐10−/– mice neonatally coinfected with H. typhlonius and H. rodentium makes this model well‐suited for investigating the mechanisms involved in inflammation‐associated colon cancer as well as its chemoprevention.
Rabeprazole‐ versus Esomeprazole‐Based Eradication Regimens for H. pylori Infection
Authors: Wu I‐Chen , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Hsu Ping‐I. , Lu Chien‐Yu , Yu Fang‐Jung , Wang Tsang‐En , Chang Wen‐Hsiung , Chen Jyh‐Jon , Kuo Fu‐Chen , Wu Jeng‐Yih , Wang Wen‐Ming , Bair Ming‐Jong
Published: September 2010

Background:  Different kinds of proton pump inhibitor‐based triple therapies could result in different Helicobacter pylori eradication rates.

Aim:  The aims of this study were to compare the efficacy and safety of rabeprazole‐ and esomeprazole‐based triple therapy in primary treatment of H. pylori infection in Taiwan.

Patients and Methods:   From June 2005 to March 2007, 420 H. pylori‐infected patients were randomly assigned to receive a 7‐day eradication therapy with either esomeprazole 40 mg daily (EAC group, n = 209) or rabeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. (RAC group, n = 211) in combination with amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. and clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d.. Follow‐up endoscopy with biopsy was done 12–16 weeks after completion of eradication therapy. Those who refused endoscopic exams underwent 13C‐urea breath test to assess the treatment response.

Results:  Intention‐to‐treat analysis revealed that the eradication rate was 89.4% in the EAC group and 90.5% in RAC groups (p‐value = .72). All of the subjects returned for assessment of compliance (100% in EAC group vs. 99.5% in RAC group, p‐value = .32) and adverse events (3.83% in EAC group vs. 6.16% in RAC group, p‐value = .27). Sixty (28.7%) and 37 (17.6%) patients in EAC and RAC group, respectively, refused endoscopy and underwent a 13C‐urea breath test to determine the treatment effect.

Conclusion:  In conclusion, rabeprazole‐ and esomeprazole‐based primary therapies for H. pylori infection are comparable in efficacy and safety.
Peptic Ulcers and Erosions Are Common in Israeli Children Undergoing Upper Endoscopy
Authors: Egbaria Rania , Levine Arie , Tamir Ada , Shaoul Ron
Published: September 2010

Background:  Peptic ulcers and erosions (PU&E) are thought to be uncommon in children. Patients with early exposure to Helicobacter pylori may be at a higher risk for early onset PU&E. Children in Israel have a high prevalence and early acquisition of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and have easy access to pediatric gastroenterologists and endoscopy. Our aim was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of PU&E in this population referred by Pediatric Gastroenterologists for an upper endoscopy.

Methods:  We conducted a retrospective study over the years January 2003–May 2006. Over these years we had information on 751 diagnostic upper endoscopies. PU&E was regarded as erosive gastritis/duodenitis or ulcer in either the stomach or duodenum. H. pylori status was assessed using rapid urease test and gastric biopsies.

Results:  PU&E was detected in 169 (22.5%) patients (ulcers 51 (6.8%), erosions 118 (15.7%)). One hundred twenty‐four had gastric PU&E and 58 had duodenal PU&E. H. pylori was positive in 112 (66.3%). H. pylori‐associated PU&E becomes common after age 10 years, with gastric PU&E presenting much earlier than duodenal disease. Most of the H. pylori‐negative PU&E were idiopathic and improved symptomatically on PPI treatment. Interestingly, 43% of patients with PU&E in our cohort were either immigrants from the former Soviet Union or of Israeli Arab origin.

Conclusions:  PU&E appears to be common in this selected population with a relatively high incidence of gastric PU&E. H. pylori associated PU&E becomes common after age 10 years with gastric PU&E presenting much earlier than duodenal disease. Non H. pylori PU&E in children comprises approximately a third of all PU&E, are mostly idiopathic and appear earlier than H. pylori associated PU&E.
Evaluation of Nested PCR in Detection of Helicobacter pylori Targeting a Highly Conserved Gene: HSP60
Authors: Singh Varsha , Mishra Shrutkirti , Rao G. R. K. , Jain Ashok Kumar , Dixit V. K. , Gulati Anil Kumar , Mahajan Divya , McClelland Michael , Nath Gopal
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To comparatively evaluate a new nested set of primers designed for the detection of Helicobacter pylori targeting a highly conserved heat shock protein gene (Hsp60).

Methods:  A total of 60 subjects having peptic ulcer diseases were tested for the detection of H. pylori using rapid urease test (RUT), histology, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in their antral biopsy specimens. A newly designed Hsp60 gene‐based primer set was evaluated against commonly used PCR primers for detection of H. pylori.

Results:  Forty‐six of the 60 study subjects were found positive for culture isolation and all the 46 culture‐positive specimens were also positive with Hsp60 gene PCR. Of the 46 culture‐positive specimens, 44 were positive for 16S rRNA gene, ureC gene, RUT, and histology whereas only 29 were positive with ureA gene PCR. Of the 14 culture‐negative subjects, 10 were positive with 16S rRNA gene, 4 were positive with ureC (glmM) gene PCR, and 2 were positive with RUT and 1 was positive on histology.

Conclusion:  This study shows that nested amplification targeting Hsp60 gene is the most sensitive and specific with LR+ and LR− values of ∝ and 0, respectively, when compared with the other three PCR methods. Also, HSP60 gene‐specific nested protocol was the most appropriate for detection of H. pylori in clinical specimens. This is particularly valuable because it can be used as a noninvasive method for detecting H. pylori infection in young children and also, in follow‐up studies with peptic ulcer patients, on samples like feces and saliva.
Epilepsy in the Setting of Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Authors: Kotagal Prakash , Rothner A. David
Published: September 2010

The neurocutaneous syndromes are characterized by congenital dysplastic abnormalities involving the skin and nervous system. The commonest neurocutaneous syndromes manifesting epilepsy are tuberous sclerosis and the Sturge‐Weber syndrome. Neurofibromatosis and other lesser‐known entities, such as epidermal nevus syndrome, are also known to be accompanied by epilepsy. These syndromes are not related to one another. This article reviews what has been learned about the epileptic syndromes in these disorders.
Beyond the Monthly Seizure Count
Authors: Bergen Donna C.
Published: September 2010

The Social Causes of Inequality in Epilepsy and Developing a Rehabilitation Strategy: A U.K.-Based Analysis. Ridsdale L. Epilepsia 2009;50(10):2175–2179. A rehabilitation approach has been adopted for many long-term neurologic conditions, but not for epilepsy. The disabilities associated with epilepsy are cognitive, psychological, and social, which are not as readily identified by medical doctors as are physical disabilities. A rehabilitation approach moves the emphasis from a medically driven process to a focus on the personal, social, and physical context of long-term illness. It is suggested that a missed opportunity for education and support for self-management occurs after diagnosis. This results in disadvantage to those whose educational level and knowledge of epilepsy are low. People who do not achieve epilepsy control may then experience higher levels of psychological distress, and a negative cycle of loss of self-efficacy, poor epilepsy control, social disadvantage, and disability. Rehabilitation services have benefited communities surrounding centers of excellence. Not so in epilepsy. Despite centers of excellence, areas with deprivation have higher than national average levels of patients reporting a seizure in the prior year, and higher emergency hospital admissions. Specialists working in partnership with general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses can do more to increase participation and reduce distress for people with epilepsy. When available, GPs and nurses with special interest in epilepsy promote integrated services. Primary–secondary networks are likely to be more effective in preventing downward drift. This requires evaluation.
Focal and Generalized: Both Here and There
Authors: Blume Warren T.
Published: September 2010

Generalized-Onset Seizures with Secondary Focal Evolution. Williamson R, Hanif S, Mathews GC, Lagrange AH, Abou-Khalil B. Epilepsia 2009;50(7):1827–1832. The international seizure classification recognizes that partial-onset seizures can become secondarily generalized, but generalized-onset seizures are expected to remain generalized. We report six patients who had recorded seizures with generalized onset, but subsequent evolution into a focal discharge. The clinical seizure onset was generalized absence or myoclonic, and the most common subsequent clinical pattern was prolonged behavioral arrest with mild automatisms, and then postictal confusion. The ictal discharge started with generalized spike-and-wave activity and then acquired a focal predominance. Interictal epileptiform activity was generalized. There were no focal magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. Four patients were misdiagnosed with complex partial seizures. All patients were initially refractory, but three became seizure-free and three improved after treatment with antiepileptic medications appropriate for absence or myoclonic seizures. Generalized-onset seizures that acquire focal features are easily misdiagnosed as complex partial. These seizures have a more favorable response to medications effective against generalized absence and myoclonic seizures.
Expert Study to Select Indicators of the Occurrence of Emerging Mycotoxin Hazards
Authors: Kandhai M. C. , Booij C. J. H. , Van der Fels‐Klerx H. J.
Published: September 2010

This article describes a Delphi‐based expert judgment study aimed at the selection of indicators to identify the occurrence of emerging mycotoxin hazards related to Fusarium spp. in wheat supply chains. A panel of 29 experts from 12 European countries followed a holistic approach to evaluate the most important indicators for different chain stages (growth, transport and storage, and processing) and their relative importance. After three e‐mailing rounds, the experts reached consensus on the most important indicators for each of the three stages: wheat growth, transport and storage, and processing. For wheat growth, these indicators include: relative humidity/rainfall, crop rotation, temperature, tillage practice, water activity of the kernels, and crop variety/cultivar. For the transport and storage stage, they include water activity in the kernels, relative humidity, ventilation, temperature, storage capacity, and logistics. For wheat processing, indicators include quality data, fraction of the cereal used, water activity in the kernels, quality management and traceability systems, and carryover of contamination. The indicators selected in this study can be used in an identification system for the occurrence of emerging mycotoxin hazards in wheat supply chains. Such a system can be used by risk managers within governmental (related) organizations and/or the food and feed industry in order to react proactively to the occurrence of these emerging mycotoxins.
Workers’ Perception of Chemical Risks: A Focus Group Study
Authors: Hambach Ramona , Mairiaux Philippe , François Guido , Braeckman Lutgart , Balsat Alain , Van Hal Guido , Vandoorne Chantal , Van Royen Paul , van Sprundel Marc
Published: September 2010

Workers’ perceptions with respect to health and safety at work are rarely taken into account when considering the development of prevention programs. The aim of this study was to explore workers’ perceptions of chemical risks at the workplace, in order to investigate the prerequisites for a workplace health program. A qualitative study was conducted involving seven focus groups of 5–10 participants (blue‐collar workers) each. All groups were homogeneous in terms of sex, work status, language, and company membership. Results showed that several factors have an important influence on workers’ perception of chemical risks. Workers assess risks by means of both sensory and empirical diagnosis and are concerned about the long‐term health consequences. They perceive the threat of chemical risks as high. Despite this, they are resigned to accepting the risks. Existing formal sources of information are rarely consulted because they are judged to be difficult to understand and not user friendly. Instead, workers tend to obtain information from informal sources. Communication problems with and lack of trust in prevention advisers and hierarchy are frequently mentioned. Workers feel that their specific knowledge of their working conditions and their proposals for practical, cost‐effective solutions to improve health and safety at the workplace are insufficiently taken into account. The use of focus groups yielded a useful insight into workers’ perceptions of chemical risks. Our findings suggest that training programs for prevention advisers should include topics such as understanding of workers’ perceptions, usefulness of a participatory approach, and communication and education skills.
Nonparametric Predictive Inference for Exposure Assessment
Authors: Roelofs V. J. , Coolen F. P. A. , Hart A. D. M.
Published: September 2010

Exposure assessment for food and drink consumption requires the combining of information about people's consumption of products with concentration data sets to provide predictions for chemical intake by humans. In this article, we present a method called nonparametric predictive inference (NPI) for exposure assessment. NPI is a distribution‐free method relying only on Hill's assumption . Effectively, is a postdata exchangeability assumption, which is a natural starting point for nonparametric statistics. For further discussion we refer to works by Hill and Coolen. We illustrate how NPI can be implemented to produce predictions for an individual's exposure based on consumption, body weight, and concentration data. NPI has the advantage that we do not have to assume a distribution to implement it. There may, however, be information available to suggest a distribution for a random quantity. Therefore, we present an NPI‐Bayes hybrid method where this information can be taken into account by using Bayesian methods while using NPI for the other random quantities in the model.
THE WOODLAND‐OAK PLAINS TRANSITION ZONE IN THE SETTLEMENT OF WESTERN UPPER CANADA
Authors: Wood J. David
Published: September 2010

Le peuplement de la zone de transition entre la forit et les chênaies découvertes n'a pas été dicté par l'opportunisme ou la paresse, mais simplement par le bon sens des pionniers qui surent saisir l'importance des avantages de la combinaison forêt‐parc, On ne rencontre pas encore, durant la période de l'occupation de la forét des régions de I'Est, cette répugnance pour les espaces libres qu' éprouveront plus tard les colons de la frange orientale des prairies du mid‐west. Bien que les chênaies découvertes, de dimensions restreintes ou vastes, fussent des phénomènes quelque peu inusités aux yeux des premiers occupants, elles ne suscitaient aucune aversion chez ces derniers. A mesure que des donntes plus détaillées sur l'occupation sélective du territoire du Haut‐Canada deviendront disponibles, on pourra sans doute observer que là oú il existait une zone de transition entre forêt et parc, les colons connaissant le mieux les conditions du milieu nord‐américain choisirent de s'y établir.
LOCAL PUBLIC GOODS AND SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM IN AN IDEAL URBAN CENTRE
Authors: Thrall Grant , Casetti Emilio
Published: September 2010

The major raison d'ětre of democratic governments, local and otherwise, is to provide public goods and services that their citizens wish to have and for which they are willing to pay taxes. However, it is not feasible or expedient for individuals to choose types and amounts of public goods that they wish to “consume” at a given “price” as they would for products sold on the market place‐because public goods are non‐rival and/or non‐excludable, and/or they generate externalities. Therefore, decisions regarding public goods and the taxes to pay for them have to be placed in the hands of representatives who are entrusted with the task of articulating the citizens' collective will.
REAL ESTATE SALESMEN AND RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION DECISIONS
Authors: Bordessa Ronald
Published: September 2010

A decade ago Simmons (1968) reviewed studies in “an important, but relatively neglected, aspect of migration, namely changes in residence that take place within a city.” Since the appearance of Simmons' review intra‐urban residential mobility has generated a burgeoning literature underpinned by the assumption that it is a significant mechanism contributing to the structuring of urban space. The literature focuses principally on residential relocation and its identification as a process rather than as a set of events to be explained. Central to the process orientation is the assumption that changes of residence are the expression of a set of decisions made by households. The major deficiency of the literature to date is its failure to specify an appropriate context within which to analyse such decisions.
CANADA'S ELASTIC SPACE: A PORTRAYAL OF ROUTE AND COST DISTANCES
Authors: Muller Jean‐Claude
Published: September 2010

Five types of physical and cost distances between fourteen Canadian cities are studied using a non‐Euclidean mapping method based on a generalized Minkowskian distance function formula. Overall, these distances are shown to be anisotropic and non‐linearly related to geographic distances. Except for the rail‐cost distances, the price structure appears to be fairly consistent. A comparison with maps derived by multidimensional scaling also shows that the generalized Minkowski representations are significantly more accurate than Euclidean separations but lack their immediate interpretability.

Cinq types de distance physique et distance coǔt reliant quatorze villes canadiennes sont étudiés en utilisant une méthode de cartographie non‐euclidienne dérivée à partir d'une fonction minkowskienne généralisée. On montre que les distances sont anisotropiques et dans une relation non‐linéaire avec les distances géographiques. Excepté pour les distances ferroviaires, les prix sont logiquement structurés. Une comparaison avec des cartes construites à partir d'un échelonnage multidimensionel démontre que les représentations minkowskiennes généralisées sont plus précises mais aussi plus difficiles à interpréter que les cartes euclidiennes.
HISTOIRE DE LA DÉGLACIATION ET DES ANCIENS LACS DES BASSINS DES RIVIÉRES COATICOOK ET MOE, SUD DU QUÉBEC ET NORD DU VERMONT
Authors: DUBOIS JEAN‐MARIE M. , MORISSETTE ANNE
Published: September 2010

Vers 11 200 ans aa, I'inlandsis se retire dans le sens du drainage des rivières Coaticook et Moe, provoquant un endiguement des eaux de fusion dans ces deux vallées. Le premier lac d'importance se crée à 420 m d'altitude et l'écoulement des eaux se fait vers le bassin de la rivière Connecticut. Cette étape de la déglaciation est marquée dans le paysage par la présence de la Moraine de Dixville. Des niveaux lacustres subséquents, s'étageaient entre 410 et 225 m d'altitude. Ces lacs se draineront vers l'ouest, jusqu'à être intégrés au lac proglaciaire Memphrémagog vers 235 m d'altitude. Suite au retrait des lacs proglaciaires, des lacs de barrage morainique s'installent dans certains segments de vallée, dont un en amont de la ville de Coaticook à 290 m d'altitude et un autre en amont de la ville de Waterville æ 220 m d'altitude. Dans cette étude, on établit aussi les corrélations avec les phases de déglaciation reconnues dans la région voisine, celle du lac Memphrémagog, et on précise le mode de déglacement de la région, en discutant des différents schémas régionaux proposés précédemment.
RESIDENTIAL PATTERNS OF NEW IMMIGRANTS AND LINGUISTIC INTEGRATION
Authors: MONTGOMERY CATHERINE , RENAUD JEAN
Published: September 2010

The present study looks at the residential patterns of new immigrants in Montreal and their impact on subsequent language use in the workplace and educational programs. We first explore the themes of language and territory, citing evidence for the neighbourhood of residence as being a site of language contact organized linguistically around models corresponding to the majority language spoken by its population. Secondly, we explore a sample of 1000 new immigrants, situating them in francophone, anglophone, allophone, and heterogeneous neighbourhoods. Three aspects of their residential establishment are examined: their distribution within the neighbourhoods of Montreal, the factors determining the choice of one or another of the four types of linguistic milieux, and the influence of these milieux on subsequent language use. These latter two aspects use Event History Analysis, a statistical model permitting the longitudinal analysis of dated data.
FROM RESOURCE TO MARKET: POSTWAR SPATIAL CHANGES IN A SWEDISH FOREST COMPANY
Authors: LINDGREN URBAN , LAYTON AND IAN G.
Published: September 2010

Despite the wealth of empirical and theoretical literature on transnational corporations, little has been written about the spatial consequences of changes in the ownership of forest‐based industries. These types of tnc embrace a broad range of activities, formerly based solely upon forest raw material, comprising sawmilling and pulp and paper manufacturing. In Sweden, these industries were mostly located near raw material supplies and concentrated on export production for the European market. During recent decades forest companies such as sca (Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget) have invested in or acquired production and sales units in most of the traditional market countries. This has involved a substantial increase in the numbers of foreign employees, new commodities and raw materials, and a shift in the centre of gravity of production and employment. The aim of this article is to investigate and model the locational changes in sca's ownership (of production, sales, and administrative units) and in its organizational structure within and outside Sweden, from the 1950s to the present.
THE AGGREGATED SPATIAL CHOICE MODEL VS. THE MULTINOMIAL LOGIT: AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON USING MIGRATION MICRODATA
Authors: KANAROGLOU PAVLOS S. , FERGUSON MARK R.
Published: September 2010

Frequently, in spatial interaction analysis, researchers are forced to use destinations that are zonal aggregates of the ‘real’ destinations perceived by the participants in the interaction process. Previous simulation studies demonstrated that, under certain circumstances, the aggregated spatial choice model can outperform the popular ordinary multinomial logit model, both in explanatory power and predictive ability. In this paper, the two models are compared with interprovincial migration microdata for the time period 1990‐91, obtained from the 1991 Canadian census. Since this is not meant to be a migration study, the analysis is limited to out‐migrants from Ontario. The results indicate that, at least with the data used, the multinomial logit model performed reasonably well. The paper, however, highlights some practical advantages that can accrue from the use of the aggregated model.

Dans l'analyse de l'interaction à référence spatiale, il arrive fréquemment que les chercheurs soient contraints de se servir de destinations qui regroupent les≪vraies≫destinations perçues par les participants dans le processus d'interaction. Les études en simulations antérieures ont démontré que, dans certaines circonstances, le modèle groupé des choix à référence spatiale peut donner de meilleurs résultats que le modèle ordinaire commun du logit multinomial, sur le plan de la capacité d'explication comma sur celui de la valeur de prévision. Dans la présente étude, on fait la comparaison entre les deux modèles en utilisant les microdonnées sur l'émigration interprovinciale en 1990‐91 obtenues par le recensement de 1991. L'analyse ne porte que sur les émigrants de l'Ontario puisqu'elle ne vise pas particulièrement l'étude de l'émigration. D'après les résultats, le modèle employant le logit multinomial fonctionne relativement bien, au moins avec les données utilisées. Toutefois, l'étude souligne certains avantages pratiques pouvant inciter à se servir davantage du modèle groupé.
ÉVOLUTION DE L'AGRICULTURE MARAÎCHÈRE AU QUÉBEC DE 1940 À 1990: SUPERFICIES, PRODUCTIONS ET DIVERSITÉ
Authors: ANDRÉ PIERRE , HUBERDEAU LUCIE , LAPORTE ISABELLE , PROVENÇAL DENIS , BRYANT CHRISTOPHER , THOUEZ JEAN‐PIERRE , MAAYAR BHAWAN SINGH ET MUSTAPHA EL
Published: September 2010

Depuis plus d'un siècle, l'agriculture québécoise en général, et la production maraîchère en particulier, ont subi d'importantes transformations. Cette étude historique vise à comprendre comment la production maraîchère a évolué par rapport aux changements dans l'environnement décisionnel général de l'agriculture entre 1940 et 1990. L'analyse des données statiques de superficie, de production et de rendement pour 12 légumes ont permis d'identifier trois périodes, intercalées d'années transitoires, dans l'évolution de la production maraîchère référant chacune à une stratégie agricole particulière. La première (1940–1957) correspond à une stratégie agricole de type familial traditionnel; la seconde (1963–1975), à une agriculture marchande spécialisée fondée sur la maximisation des revenus à court terme par intensification; la troisième (1980–1990), à une agriculture marchande diversifiée fondée également sur une maximisation à court terme. Les facteurs externes de l'environnement décisionnel qui ont entraîné ces changements sont identifiés et discutès.

For more than a century, Quebec agriculture in general, and market‐gardening production in particular, have experienced important changes. This study, using a historical perspective, seeks to understand how market gardening evolved in relation to changes in the broad decision environment for agriculture between 1940 and 1990. Statistical analysis of data on the areas cultivated, production levels, and yields for 12 vegetable crops revealed three distinct periods, separated by periods of transition, in the evolution of market gardening. Each period is characterized by a particular type of agricultural development strategy. The first period (1940–1957) is characterized by a focus on the traditional family form; the second (1963–1975), by a specialized market agriculture driven by short‐term income‐maximization intensification; the third (1980–1990), by a diversified marketoriented agriculture, also based on short‐term income maximization. External environmental factors that stimulated these changes are identified and discussed.
A FINE BALANCE? GEOGRAPHY AT THE MILLENNIUM
Authors: WYNN GRAEME
Published: September 2010

Recognizing that post‐modernism (broadly defined) has had a significant impact upon contemporary geographical practice, this essay considers the claims of its proponents and seeks to weigh the implications of the postmodernist impulse for the subject as a whole. On balance, recent engagements with the ideas of a broad spectrum of important philosophers and critical theorists are seen to have broadened, enlivened, and in some respects enhanced human geography. The impress upon physical geography has been much less consequential. Yet many post‐modernist claims must be met with circumspection. Embraced tout ensemble, they would seem to blinker understanding, limit practical engagement with the world, and imperil the foundations upon which important geographical work has been (and should continue to be) built. In human as well as physical geography, different scales of inquiry favour (even require) different modes of analysis, and a respectful understanding of different scholarly aims and means is essential if Geography is to remain robust well into the new millen nium.

Étant donné que le postmodernisme (au sens large) a beaucoup influé sur les pratiques de la géographie contemporaine, cet essai étudie les affirmations de ses partisans et cherche àévaluer les implications du post‐modernisme pour la discipline dans sa totalité. En fin de compte, l'utilisation des idées de toute une gamme de philosophes importants et de théoriciens du post‐modernisme peut être perçue comme ayant élargi et à certains égards amélioré la géographie humaine. L'impact du postmodernisme sur la géographie physique a été beaucoup moins important. Et pourtant, on doit envisager avec beaucoup de prudence les prétentions des partisans du postmodernisme. Si l'on accepte toutes ces théories dans leur ensemble, on risque de mettre en cause notre compréhension du monde et de nuire aux fondements mêmes sur lesquels la recherche en géographie a été (et continuera àêtre) construite. En géographie humaine aussi bien qu'en géographie physique, l'échelle des recherches entreprises implique (et même nécessite) l'utilisation de différentes méthodes d'analyse. Une compréhension respectueuse des différents objectifs et méthodes des chercheurs en géographie est essentielle, si nous voulons que la géographie en tant que discipline maintienne sa vigueur au‐delà du seuil du nouveau millénaire.
Trials and tribulations of the Canadian fruit‐growing industry
Authors: (1927–1999) RALPH KRUEGER
Published: September 2010

The paper gives a comparative and historical assessment of climatic and economic hazards in the five main fruit‐growing areas of Canada, and how the industry has responded. The northern location of fruit growing in Canada poses a number of climatic hazards. The most serious hazard is winter low‐temperature injury to trees and vines, which results in a capital loss and crop loss for up to five years. The industry has responded to this hazard by abandoning fruit growing in areas with unfavourable climatic conditions and concentrating in areas with the most favourable climatic conditions. Other responses include changing to hardier varieties, improving management practices, and government subsidies. The fruit‐growing industry has also had to face many economic hazards, including changes in technology and consumer preferences, changes in international trade rules, increased foreign competition, a cost‐price squeeze, and urbanization of the industry's land base. These economic hazards area a greater threat to the industry than the natural hazards because, in most cases, there are limited coping mechanisms available to growers, and economic globalization is preventing the federal and provincial governments from providing an adequate safety net.

L'article nous présente une évaluation comparative et historique des risques climatiques et économiques des cinq principales régions agricoles du Canada, ainsi que les réactions de cet industrie face à ceux‐ci. La situation géographique nordique des champs de fruits au Canada amène un certain nombre de risques climatiques. Les basses températures de la saison hivernale causent le plus de dommages aux arbres et aux vignes, ce qui se traduit en une perte de capitaux et une perte de récoltes allant jusqu'à cinq ans. La réaction de l'industrie de l'agriculture face à ces risques fût d'abandonner les endroits dont les conditions climatiques ne favorisaient pas la récolte de fruits. II a aussi été question d'utiliser des variétés plus résistantes au froid, d'améliorer les pratiques de management, et les subventions gouvernementales. L'industrie de la culture de fruits a aussi fait face à des risques économiques, incluant les changements technologiques et les préférences alimentaires des consommateurs, les changements au niveau des règles d'échanges internationaux, la compétition croissante au niveau international, une réduction du prix‐coûtant, et l'urbanisation des terres agricoles. Ces risques économiques représentent un plus grand danger pour l'industrie que les risques naturels puisque, dans la plupart des cas, les agriculteurs se retrouvent avec des moyens de rechange limités et la mondialisation économique empêche les gouvernements fédéral et provincial de fournir des mesures de sécurité adéquates.
Reexamining the Promise of Parent Participation in Special Education: An Analysis of Cultural and Social Capital
Authors: Trainor Audrey A.
Published: September 2010

Highly regulated parent participation in special education requires both parents and teachers to use cultural and social capital relative to education legislation, disability, and parenting. Examined through a Bourdieuian analytical lens, data from focus groups and individual interviews with families provide examples of the salience of disability in the acquisition and use of cultural and social capital in educational contexts, serving to both reify dominance and support individual agency. [special education, Bourdieu, cultural capital, disability]
Navigating iScapes: Australian Youth Constructing Identities and Social Relations in a Network Society
Authors: Mallan Kerry , Ashford Barbara , Singh Parlo
Published: September 2010

This article extends Appadurai's notion of “scapes” to delineate what we see as “iScapes.” We contend that iScapes captures the way online technologies shape interactions that invariably filter into offline contexts, giving shape and meaning to human actions and motivations. By drawing on research on high school students' online activities we examine the flow of iScapes they inhabit in the process of constructing identities and forming social relations. [identities, scapes, network society, youth, friends]
Bedside Ocular Ultrasound for the Detection of Retinal Detachment in the Emergency Department
Authors: Yoonessi Roxana , Hussain Aliasgher , Jang Timothy B.
Published: September 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:913–917 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Acute retinal detachments (RD) can be difficult to diagnose and may require emergent intervention. This study was designed to assess the performance of emergency department ocular ultrasound (EOUS) for the diagnosis of RD.

Methods:  This was a prospective, observational study using a convenience sample of emergency department (ED) patients. Physicians performed EOUS for the diagnosis of RD prior to evaluation by an ophthalmologist. The criterion standard was the diagnosis of a RD by the ophthalmologist who was blinded to the results of EOUS.

Results:  Fifteen physicians evaluated 48 patients with acute visual changes. Eighteen patients (38%) had RDs and all were correctly identified (true positives). Of the 30 patients (62%) without RD, 25 patients were correctly identified (true negatives), and five patients with vitreous hemorrhages were misidentified as having RDs (false positives). Therefore, the sensitivity and specificity of EOUS for RD were 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 78% to 100%) and 83% (95% CI = 65% to 94%), respectively.

Conclusions:  Emergency department ocular ultrasound is sensitive for the diagnosis of RD and may have a role in excluding RD in patients presenting to the ED.
The Association Between Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation Attempts and Survival to Hospital Discharge Among Out‐of‐hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients
Authors: Studnek Jonathan R. , Thestrup Lars , Vandeventer Steve , Ward Steven R. , Staley Kevin , Garvey Lee , Blackwell Tom
Published: September 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE  2010; 17:918–925 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  The benefit of prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) among individuals experiencing out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) has not been fully examined. The objective of this study was to determine if prehospital ETI attempts were associated with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to discharge among individuals experiencing OOHCA.

Methods:  This retrospective study included individuals who experienced a medical cardiac arrest between July 2006 and December 2008 and had resuscitation efforts initiated by paramedics from Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Outcome variables were prehospital ROSC and survival to hospital discharge, while the primary independent variable was the number of prehospital ETI attempts.

Results:  There were 1,142 cardiac arrests included in the analytic data set. Prehospital ROSC occurred in 299 individuals (26.2%). When controlling for initial arrest rhythm and other confounding variables, individuals with no ETI attempted were 2.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.63 to 3.33) times more likely to have ROSC compared to those with one successful ETI attempt. Of the 299 individuals with prehospital ROSC, 118 (39.5%) were subsequently discharged alive from the hospital. Individuals having no ETI were 5.46 (95% CI = 3.36 to 8.90) times more likely to be discharged from the hospital alive compared to individuals with one successful ETI attempt.

Conclusions:  Results from these analyses suggest a negative association between prehospital ETI attempts and survival from OOHCA. In this study, the individuals most likely to have prehospital ROSC and survival to hospital discharge were those who did not have a reported ETI attempt. Further comparative research should assess the potential causes of the demonstrated associations.
Sequential Analysis of Pretreatment Delays In Stroke Thrombolysis
Authors: Puolakka Tuukka , Väyrynen Taneli , Häppölä Olli , Soinne Lauri , Kuisma Markku , Lindsberg Perttu J.
Published: September 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:965–969 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  The aim was to determine if an intensive restructuring of the approach to acute stroke improved time to thrombolysis over a 3‐year study period and to determine whether delay modifications correlated with increased thrombolytic intervention or functional outcome.

Methods:  The study examined the pretreatment process to define specific time intervals (delays) of interest in the acute management of 289 consecutive ischemic stroke patients who were transported by the emergency medical services (EMS) and received intravenous (IV) thrombolytic therapy in the emergency department (ED) of Helsinki University Central Hospital. Time interval changes of the 3‐year period and use of thrombolytics was measured. Functional outcome, measured with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months, was assessed with multivariable statistical analysis.

Results:  During implementation of the restructuring program from 2003 to 2005, the median total time delay from symptom onset to drug administration dropped from 149 to 112 minutes (p < 0.0001). Prehospital delays did not change significantly during the study period. The median delay in calling an ambulance remained at 13 minutes, and the total median prehospital delay stayed at 71 minutes. In‐hospital delays decreased from 67 to 34 minutes (p < 0.0001). The median call delay was 25 minutes in patients with mild symptoms (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score < 7) and 8 minutes with severe symptoms (NIHSS > 15). In the multivariate model, stroke severity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.78 to 0.88, p < 0.0001), age (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.77, p < 0.0001), and in‐hospital delay (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.97, p = 0.04) were suggesting a good outcome.

Conclusions:  Restructuring of the teamwork between the EMS personnel and the reorganized ED significantly reduced in‐hospital, but not prehospital, delays. The present data suggest that a decreased in‐hospital delay improves the accessibility of the benefits of thrombolysis.
From Model to Forecasting: A Multicenter Study in Emergency Departments
Authors: Wargon Mathias , Casalino Enrique , Guidet Bertrand
Published: September 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:970–978 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  This study investigated whether mathematical models using calendar variables could identify the determinants of emergency department (ED) census over time in geographically close EDs and assessed the performance of long‐term forecasts.

Methods:  Daily visits in four EDs at academic hospitals in the Paris area were collected from 2004 to 2007. First, a general linear model (GLM) based on calendar variables was used to assess two consecutive periods of 2 years each to create and test the mathematical models. Second, 2007 ED attendance was forecasted, based on a training set of data from 2004 to 2006. These analyses were performed on data sets from each individual ED and in a virtual mega ED, grouping all of the visits. Models and forecast accuracy were evaluated by mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).

Results:  The authors recorded 299,743 and 322,510 ED visits for the two periods, 2004–2005 and 2006–2007, respectively. The models accounted for up to 50% of the variations with a MAPE less than 10%. Visit patterns according to weekdays and holidays were different from one hospital to another, without seasonality. Influential factors changed over time within one ED, reducing the accuracy of forecasts. Forecasts led to a MAPE of 5.3% for the four EDs together and from 8.1% to 17.0% for each hospital.

Conclusions:  Unexpectedly, in geographically close EDs over short periods of time, calendar determinants of attendance were different. In our setting, models and forecasts are more valuable to predict the combined ED attendance of several hospitals. In similar settings where resources are shared between facilities, these mathematical models could be a valuable tool to anticipate staff needs and site allocation.