bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal communication-, education- and counselling-based interventions to support adherence to oral anticancer therapy: a systematic review
Authors: Elston Lafata Jennifer , Nguyen Bobbie , Staresinic Claire , Johnson Morgan , Gratie Daniel , Muluneh Benyam
Published: January 2022

Background. Many factors contribute to oral anti-cancer therapy adherence, including counselling and educational support. Objective. We systematically review the literature evaluating the effectiveness of interpersonal communication-, counselling- and education-based interventions on patient adherence to oral anticancer therapy. Methods. Using search terms pertaining to medication adherence, oral anticancer therapy, and communication, education, and counselling, we conducted a systematic search for full-text, original research articles prior to 3/13/20. Two reviewers independently reviewed each paper for inclusion and charted study information. Results. Twenty-four articles were included. All considered the use of oral anticancer therapy between two defined time points. Four studies also considered the length of time a patient persisted on therapy. Half ( n = 12) of the studies reported a statistically significant relationship between the intervention and medication adherence, with no consistent pattern among intervention structure/content and effectiveness. Programmes offering in-person counselling and those targeting patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), tended to report positive findings. Most studies faced substantial risk of bias, and only two reported using a behavioural theory to guide interventional content. Conclusions. Findings highlight the infancy of evidence base and need for rigorous and large-scale studies grounded in established behavioural theories to advance patient-targeted educational and counselling practices supporting adherence to oral anti-cancer therapy.
The acquisition of English active and passive monotransitive constructions by English–Spanish simultaneous bilingual children
Authors: Sánchez Calderón Silvia , Fernández Fuertes Raquel
Published: January 2022

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:

We examine the acquisition of English active and passive monotransitives by English–Spanish bilingual children. These data are compared to English monolinguals from previous studies. We explore whether bi- and monolinguals show similar onset patterns given the shared grammatical properties of actives in the bilinguals’ two languages, and whether they differ in the onset of passives given the grammatical properties in English (canonical determiner phrase [DP]-movement) and Spanish (canonical DP-movement and se-passives). We also investigate the role played by adult input in child output.

Design/methodology/approach:

We analyze the spontaneous production data from eight English–Spanish bilinguals (ages: 1;01–6;11), and the adults who interact with them.

Data and analysis:

We perform a double analysis: (1) the onset of these structures in the spontaneous production of bilinguals to determine whether emergence patterns differ from those of monolinguals and (2) their incidence through language development to focus on production frequency.

Findings/conclusions:

Bilinguals start producing passives at the age of 3, later than actives that emerge at the age of 2, akin to English monolinguals. This acquisition order effect is also seen in the lower incidence of passives when compared to actives in the two child groups. The distributional properties of the two passive types do not seem to have interfered in the bilinguals’ acquisition of the English passive type, causing delay. These data suggest that the emergence and the incidence of the two constructions in bi- and monolinguals could be explained by the DP-movement maturation and/or adult input effects given the adults’ lower frequency of exposure to passives with respect to actives.

Originality:

This is the first study that addresses bilingual acquisition data and compares child output to adult input.

Significance/implications:

It contributes to elucidate how the bilinguals’ two languages interact in the acquisition and incidence of English actives and passives.
Association Between Dementia Development and COVID-19 among Individuals Who Tested Negative for COVID-19 in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Kim Namwoo , Son Sungtaek , Kim Saemina , Lee Jieun , Ahn Yong Min , Yon Dong Keon , Hahm Bong-Jin
Published: January 2022

We aim to assess whether the number of newly diagnosed dementia increases and whether comorbid psychiatric symptoms of patients with dementia worsen, in people who were tested for COVID-19. We used electronic medical records from a nationwide cohort consisting of people who tested positive (positive group), tested negative (negative group), and those who did not receive the test (control group) for COVID-19. For people with neither a history of dementia nor mild cognitive disorder (MCI), the negative group was more likely to develop dementia than the control group, and less likely to develop MCI than the positive group. For people who already had dementia, the negative group was more likely to develop comorbid psychiatric disorders than the control group, but less likely than the positive group. These findings suggest the necessity of managing mental health not only for patients with COVID-19 but also for people who tested negative for COVID-19.
Evaluation of the knowledge and perception of the Lebanese physicians toward generics and barriers to their prescription: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Hatem Georges , Mcheik Farah , Goossens Mathijs , Awada Sanaa
Published: January 2022

Generic substitutions practice is increasingly encouraged by health authorities. The use of cheaper generic drugs is often promoted as a measure to reduce the health care expenditure on pharmaceutical products, and save money to patients as well as governments. The current study aimed to explore the knowledge, perception, and attitude of physicians toward generic medicines in Lebanon and potential barriers to generic use and finally their confidence in the Lebanese pharmacist in the whole healthcare sector. A random sample of 385 physicians was recruited from different regions across Lebanon either by visiting their private clinics or in different hospitals. Among the respondents, 115 (29.9%) reported that they prefer to prescribe generic medicines over the innovator product and 258 (68.3%) reported that a generic medicine has the same therapeutic effect as the brand medicine. However, 181 (47.9%) respondents reported that a generic medicine should have the same active ingredient as the branded medicine and 357 (94.4%) reported that they do not have same excipients. When asked about their trust in the pharmacist in the health care system, almost 229 (59.5%) of respondents reported distrust. The majority of the physicians who participated in this survey indicated a low generic medicine prescription rate. They preferred to use and prescribe brand medicines. This phenomenon was observed in all of the age groups and was independent of their year, their place of graduation and experience but directly depends on the type of certificate.
Online Public Attention of COVID-19 Vaccination in Mainland China
Authors: Jiang Lisha , Ma Qingxin , Wei Shanzun , Che Guowei
Published: January 2022

With the approval of the vaccine in mainland China, concerns over its safety and efficacy emerged. Since the Chinese vaccine has been promoted by the Chinese government for months and got emergency approval from the World Health Organization. The Chinese vaccination program is yet to be identified from the perspective of local populations. The COVID-19 vaccine-related keywords for the period from January 2019 to April 2021 were examined and queried from the Baidu search index. The searching popularity, searching trend, demographic distributions and users’ demand were analyzed. The first vaccine enquiry emerged on 25th January 2020, and 17 vaccination keywords were retrieved and with a total BSI value of 13,708,853. The average monthly searching trend growth is 21.05% ( p < 0.05) and was led by people aged 20–29 (39.22%) years old. Over 54.93% of the demand term search were pandemic relevant, and the summed vaccine demand ratio was 44.79%. With the rising search population in COVID-19 vaccination, education programs and materials should be designed for teens and people above the 40 s. Also, vaccine-related birth safety should be alerted and further investigated.
Defining routine fatigue care in Multiple Sclerosis in the United Kingdom: What treatments are offered and who gets them?
Authors: Picariello Federica , Freeman Jennifer , Moss-Morris Rona
Published: January 2022

Background

Fatigue is common and disabling in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A recent meta-analytic systematic review reported 113 trials of exercise and behavioural interventions for fatigue, yet patients consistently describe fatigue being under-treated. The extent of the research-to-practice gap is yet to be documented.

Objective

To describe what fatigue treatments people with MS (pwMS) in the United Kingdom (UK) have been offered.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey of pwMS on the UK MS Register (UKMSR). Data on fatigue treatments offered were collected using an online questionnaire developed with patient input and summarised using descriptive statistics. Sociodemographic, MS-related, and psychological factors associated with treatment offered were evaluated using a logistic regression model.

Results

4,367 respondents completed the survey, 90.3% reported experiencing fatigue. Of these, 30.8% reported having been offered at least one type of pharmacological/non-pharmacological treatment for fatigue. Pharmacological treatments were more commonly offered (22.4%) compared to non-pharmacological treatments (12.6%; 2.9% exercise and 5.9% behavioural therapy). In the logistic regression model, older age, working, shorter time since MS diagnosis, and lower fatigue were associated with lower odds of having been offered treatment for fatigue.

Conclusion

This study accentuates the extent of the unmet need for fatigue treatment in MS in the UK.
Using Longitudinal Student Mobility to Identify At-Risk Students
Authors: Goldhaber Dan , Koedel Cory , Özek Umut , Parsons Eric
Published: January 2022

We use administrative data from three states to document the relationships between geographic mobility and student outcomes during K–12 schooling. We focus specifically on nonstructural mobility events—which we define as school changes that do not occur as the result of normal transitions between schools—and on longitudinal measures that capture these events cumulatively for students. We show that the number of nonstructural moves experienced by a student is a powerful indicator of low-test performance and graduation rates. Longitudinal information on student mobility is unlikely to be readily available to local practitioners—that is, individual districts, schools, or teachers. However, due to recent investments in longitudinal data systems in most states, this information can be made available at low cost by state education agencies.
Adjustment of family planning service statistics reports to support decision-making at central and governorate level, Egypt
Authors: Mohamed Noha Asem , Abdel-Razik Madiha Said , Salem Marwa Rashad
Published: January 2022

Background

The Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP)-Family Planning Sector (FPS) has a strong management information system (MIS) that allows the flow of data from MOHP-FP clinics, health districts, and governorates up to the central level. Yet, family planning (FP) quarterly reports issued at the central level are presented as database/spreadsheet software documents. These data are not used to provide indicators or information that aid in decision-making or the tracking of FP services over time. The objective of the study is to organize data in the database, develop key performance indicators, and design FP reports and policy briefs.

Methods

The study is operations research that is driven by published data derived from MOHP-FP sector-head, and 2014 service statistics quarterly hardcopy reports. The information was entered into an excel program, and 15 key performance indicators (KPIs) were calculated and used to rank Egypt’s 27 governorates. We developed an annual FP report form, settled tables, and colored graphs that are liable to rank the governorates from best to least favorable.

Results

The quarterly data sheets issued by the MOHP-FP sector were organized for the quarters, and one annual sheet was developed with the organization of Egypt’s Governorates into 4 specific regions, with each governorate having a fixed position in all reports. The key performance indicators were as follows: percent of clients aged 35 and up; percent of clients with fewer than three children; proportion of current FP users by method; percent of clients reported as first-time clients; percent of clients defined as new clients (non-FP users and FP discontinuers); and contraceptive coverage rate, i.e., percent coverage of married women of reproductive age with dispensed FP methods expressed as couple years.

Conclusion

MOHP-FP sector service statistics data could be used for the development of fifteen key performance indicators. Having those indicators at governorate, district, and central levels in quarterly and annual reports and their communication with decision-makers at all levels and their tracking overtime will guide them to timely decision-making for improving performance in FP services at all levels.
To Inadvertent Vascular Placement of an Intrathecal Catheter: A Case Report
Authors: Du Kairong , Feng Xiaobo , Xie Hengtao , Wu Wei
Published: January 2022

Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) are a treatment option for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain and cancer pain. In this case report, we describe a patient in whom an intrathecal catheter was implanted into a blood vessel rather than into the subarachnoid cavity. A contrast agent was administered, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging suggested that the catheter was inserted into a blood vessel. The anterior spinal arteries and veins were verified on the ventral side of the spinal cord without interruption. To our knowledge, this is the first report of implantation of an IDDS catheter into a blood vessel.
Neurosurgical Emergency in an Adult With Single Ventricle Physiology: A Case Report
Authors: Depuru Aparna , Shirin Lazar Michelle , Naik Naveen B. , Ganesh Venkata , Singh Ajay , Gorla Deepkanth
Published: January 2022

The anesthetic management of a patient with uncorrected congenital heart disease presenting for noncardiac surgery is quite challenging. When this becomes a neurosurgical emergency, the need to balance cerebral and complex circulatory physiologies tests the anesthesiologist’s preparedness. The principal clinical challenges we faced were preventing increases in intracranial pressure while maintaining the circulatory physiology using the “cardiac grid” approach to hemodynamic management in a case of acyanotic double outlet right ventricle with a posterior fossa space-occupying lesion. Point of care preoperative echocardiography enabled us to understand the altered circulatory physiology and successfully manage this patient.
“How Is Our Blue Club Cut Up!”: Frances Burney's Changing Views of the Bluestockings
Authors: Havens Hilary
Published: January 2022

Frances Burney's opinion of the Bluestocking circle has often been interpreted negatively due to her comic play, The Witlings (1779), which ridicules members of the group. In fact, Burney's perception of the Bluestockings, explained here through her relationships with three of the principal members, Elizabeth Montagu, Elizabeth Carter, and Hester Chapone, underwent a complete transformation by the time she published her father's biography, Memoirs of Dr. Burney (1832), which contains glowing tributes to the group and its members. This essay seeks to explain the radical change in Burney's view of the Bluestockings, arguing that it is related to her romantic embarrassment regarding George Cambridge. Though little discussed, Burney's inclinations for Cambridge and participation in the Bluestocking circle were explicitly and humiliatingly linked in a “fatal paragraph” in the 22 March 1783 issue of the Morning Herald, a paragraph that was the culmination of a series of published connections between Burney and the Bluestockings following her abandonment of The Witlings. Such unwelcome publicity coincides with accounts of Burney's coldness toward the group, though her attitude eventually deepened into a warm appreciation by the end of her life. A broad sampling of her work from her early journals and The Witlings through her companion comedy The Woman-Hater (1802), later life-writings, and the Memoirs of Dr. Burney provides a more complete account of her relationship with the Bluestocking circle.
Viriloid Women and Bodiless Men: On Modern Sexualities in the Oeuvre of Johannes Semper
Authors: Kirikal Merlin
Published: January 2022

Abstract. This article studies how the profound changes in theorizing human sexualities in the fin-de-siècle and early 20th century were used and re-used in the oeuvre of Estonian cultural moderniser Johannes Semper (18 92–1970). In his texts, two modern discourses of sexuality appear in highly telling ways: sexology and psychoanalysis, with which Semper mainly familiarises himself respectively through the works of Otto Weininger and Sigmund Freud. Taking a feminist standpoint to analyse the thoroughly male-centred sexuality discourses of the abovementioned thinkers, this article sets out to study how sexuality and gender are articulated in Semper’s oeuvre, both within a heteronormative and queer framework. Two literary texts are closely examined. The first, the short story collection Ellinor (1927), depicts the world entirely through the eyes of an emancipated woman who encounters a lesbian character – the first in Estonian literature. This encounter begins the discussion of various desires as the protagonist tries to explain her ‘femininity’ in contrast to the queer character Madame Liibeon’s ‘inversion’. The second, Semper’s novel Jealousy (1934), is used for comparison, as sexual Bildung and desires are mediated through the eyes of a male heterosexual protagonist.
Christianity as an inspiration for the pedagogical sciences
Authors: Marek Zbigniew , Walulik Anna
Published: January 2022

Based on the biblical text J 20, 24-29 we were searching the possibility of giving the support to the development of a person, by Christianity. The carried out text analysis and its transposition to the pedagogical area enabled drawing the attention to the significant for the development of the person element, inspired by religion, which is spirituality.  In the article the attention was paid to the fact that owing to the religion, the man is able to perceive and understand more broadly not only the particular events, but also possibilities of own participation in them. This perspective discloses new challenges in front of man, and also enables to know a new sense of own life, as well. Understanding that discovery of new life possibilities inspires for activity, we will add that the Christianity, thanks to the supernatural cognition (religious), detects a new quality reflected in a new life style. The condition of such support given to the person by the Christianity is respecting God by the man, and admitting that He is not any idea, but Person. Just, the relationship with this Person enables to have a different look at own existence and see the hope for a new life quality – immortality in it.
Biblical inspirations of Janusz Tarnowski’s personal and existential pedagogy
Authors: Frejusz Kamilla
Published: January 2022

The analyzes undertaken in the article are aimed at showing in what aspects of the personal and existential pedagogy, Janusz Tarnowski is inspired by and refers to biblical texts. The subject of the analysis was the approach to upbringing as a “dialogue and meeting” in selected scientific and popular science publications by Janusz Tarnowski. In his pedagogical thought we find numerous inspirations taken from the Holy Bible. For him, the word of God contained in the Bible was the source from which he drew and on the basis of which he justified such pedagogical issues as: education as a "dialogue and meeting", human dignity and the prohibition of physical punishment. The reflection in the article leads to the conclusion that Janusz Tarnowski not only was inspired by the Bible but also encouraged his pupils to read it. In conversations with his pupils, he also gave testimony confirming the importance of the Holy Bible in his life and scientific work.
The magazine “Chidusz” as an exemplification of the potential of the young generation of Jews and their public activity
Authors: Cukras-Stelągowska Joanna
Published: January 2022

The article analyses the content of the Jewish magazine “Chidusz”. The journal was created from the transformation of the Jewish religious community the information bulletin of the Jewish religious community in Wrocław and has become one of the most recognised Jewish magazines within the Polish publishing market. The aim of the analysis was, inter alia, to determine the dominant contexts, whether they have a didactic and educational character, and whether they can constitute a valuable source of information for people with Jewish roots. To what extent does “Chidusz” respond to the needs of the young Polish Jewish community? In particular, will young readers obtain information and tips on how to build their Jewish cultural identity, as well as creating a family and bringing up children according to the model of Jewish tradition?
WYCHOWANIE PRZEDSZKOLNE W DRUGIEJ RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ MIĘDZY TEORIĄ, PRAKTYKĄ I NIEDOCENIONYM DZIEDZICTWEM PEDAGOGICZNYM
Authors: Wróblewska Urszula
Published: January 2022

Celem artykułu naukowego pt. „Wychowanie przedszkolne w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej. Między teorią, praktyką i niedocenionym dziedzictwem pedagogicznym” jest ukazanie początków wychowania przedszkolnego w okresie międzywojennym oraz historii rozwoju przedszkoli w Polsce. Omówiono rodzaje form opieki nad małym dzieckiem, przyczyny zakładania przedszkoli oraz teoretyczne założenia i praktyczne rozwiązania proponowane przez twórczynię wychowania przedszkolnego Marię Weryho-Radziwiłłowiczową. Zagadnienie zostało omówione w kontekście potrzeby świadomości, tradycji wychowania przedszkolnego we współczesnych trendach przedszkolnych.
POCZUCIE SKUTECZNOŚCI NAUCZYCIELI SZKÓŁ SPECJALNYCH ORAZ OGÓLNODOSTĘPNYCH W SYTUACJI PANDEMII COVID-19
Authors: Cuprjak Magdalena , Szmalec Jacek
Published: January 2022

Autorzy artykułu podejmują próbę eksploracji empirycznej problemu poczucia skuteczności nauczycieli w sytuacji pandemii COVID-19. Badaniom poddano grupę 253 nauczycieli szkół specjalnych oraz ogólnodostępnych na poziomie edukacji wczesnoszkolnej. Wykorzystano Test Poczucia Skuteczności (TPS) autorstwa Marioli Chomczyńskiej-Rubachy oraz Krzysztofa Rubachy.Analizy wykazały, że poczucie skuteczności jest zależne przede wszystkim od rodzaju szkoły, a co najważniejsze, w prawie 90% osiąga poziom niski.
Od historycznej do etnicznej Polski. Od wizji Oskara Żebrowskiego do projektu Czesława Jankowskiego
Authors: Eberhardt Piotr
Published: January 2022

W artykule przedstawiono i porównano ze sobą dwa projekty granic politycznych potencjalnego państwa polskiego. Pierwszy z nich to wizja autorstwa Oskara Żebrowskiego powstała w Paryżu w 1847 r., drugi zaś zaprojektował Czesław Jankowski w 1914 r. Oba przedstawiały oryginalne koncepcje hipotetycznych przyszłych granic Polski, zostały zilustrowane mapami, opisane i zinterpretowane. Wizja Żebrowskiego nawiązywała do zaszłości historycznych, Jankowskiego zaś oparta była o kryteria etniczne, wyznaczył on przyszłe granice Polski, biorąc pod uwagę migracje, umiejscowienie ludności i zasięg języka polskiego. Oba projekty różniły się znacznie położeniem i kształtem granic, co wynikało z odmiennego podejścia autorów. Analiza obu map i porównanie z rzeczywistymi powojennymi granicami Polski umożliwia weryfikację dokładności i realizmu każdej z koncepcji.
Miniaturowy globus Johannesa Deura z kolekcji Muzeum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Authors: Taborska Małgorzata
Published: January 2022

Globus autorstwa Johannesa Deura (1667–1734) z Amsterdamu, znajdujący się w kolekcji Muzeum UJ jest egzemplarzem unikatowym. Na świecie zachowały się tylko trzy takie dzieła. Powstał na przełomie wieków XVII i XVIII w Amsterdamie. Jest przykładem globusa kieszonkowego, zaliczanego do miniaturowych. Analizowano stan zachowania obiektu, jego konstrukcję, mapę nieba i mapę Ziemi. Pozwoliło to na zadatowanie obiektu na lata 1699–1707.
Local climate change reporting in coastal cities: Selsey (UK), Santos (Brazil) and Broward County (USA).
Authors: Prado Gutierrez Eduardo
Published: January 2022

Climate change media coverage has been criticized for giving voice to denialist sources and for its detachment from local and individual experiences, emphasizing catastrophic and global impacts. This article seeks to understand the potential connection between regional media and local climate change meanings through analysis of the journalistic output in regional newspapers in three vulnerable coastal cities that have presented developments regarding local climate governance: Santos (Brazil), Selsey (UK) and Broward County (USA). The vehicles analyzed in each of the cities are A Tribuna de Santos, The Chichester Observer and The Sun Sentinel, respectively. The method used is quantitative content analysis, focusing on the appearance of sources and recurring local issues and symbols on the climate change coverage of these regional vehicles. As a result, there are interesting differences of sources and issues between regions, with beaches and shoreline neighborhoods condensing the attention over climate impacts in Santos and Broward; and the dangers of real estate development in lowlying land and natural reserves occupying the center of attention in Selsey. Among the three locations, only Broward presented a significant degree of climate denialist sources.
Entre el estereotipo y la invisibilidad: representación lésbica/queer en telenovelas colombianas.
Authors: Camargo Osorio Laura Valentina
Published: January 2022

Este trabajo analiza la estética y las representaciones de mujeres lesbianas/queer en las telenovelas colombianas Los Pecados de Inés de Hinojosa (1988), Decisiones (2006), Tiempo Final (2008) y La Venganza de Analía (2020). Dentro de este artículo se argumenta que las representaciones dentro de producciones audiovisuales culturales son un vehículo ideológico que permiten consolidar y construir la cultura, de la misma forma en que ella se afianza a través de este mismo contenido audiovisual. Goffman (1972) afirma que a través del cine el arte y la escritura es como se forman muchos ideales, cánones de belleza, estereotipos o estilos de vida. Y así como lo que se muestra tiene ese poder sobre la cultura, Entman (1993) afirma que el poder de la información que se deja en la oscuridad también es crítico. Bajo una metodología cualitativa se analiza la representación lésbica/queer en las producciones colombianas previamente mencionadas, y dentro de ellas las tramas y estereotipos que tienen estas producciones en común. También podemos ver el concepto de passing, el cual, según Samuels (2015) consiste en que grupos marginados se hacen pasar por aquellos de la mayoría con el fin de reducir el estigma con el que cargan y cultivar una noción de igualdad, y por último el tipo de actrices que se escogen para estos papeles. De esta manera, podemos entender mejor cómo las representaciones afectan y han afectado la noción que tiene la sociedad en torno a la cultura lésbica en diferentes ámbitos; político, económico, cultural, entre otros. A lo largo de la investigación se hace evidente que en Colombia existe una conexión significativa entre el tipo de representación lésbica en los medios, y la manera en la que culturalmente se percibe a la comunidad lésbica/de mujeres que gustan de otras mujeres.
Part Two Chapter 1
Authors: Proust Marcel
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the Narrator's visit to the Princesse de Guermantes's soirée. It narrates his meeting with the Duc de Châtellerault, M. de Charlus, Mme de Vaugoubert, and the Marquis de Vaugoubert, one of the few men in society who happens to be in what is called at Sodom the “confidence” of M. de Charlus. After recounting the Narrator's involvement in the arrival of the Duc and Duchesse de Guermantes, the chapter then shifts to outline the Narrator's second stay at Balbec, where he and Albertine make frequent visits, along with the members of the little clan, to La Raspelière, a hilltop villa owned by the Marquis de Cambremer. These “Wednesdays” at the Mistress's allow for many scenes of social satire. The chapter recounts the Narrator's experiences of involuntary memory that makes him suffer great sorrow and remorse: he is suddenly overwhelmed by his long-delayed grief over the death of his grandmother.
Fa Khudhū (And You Must Take)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter details “Fa Khudhu,” which is Afa Ajura's first poem in Arabic of more than eighty verses. It also explores the initial hypothesis as to why Afa Ajura composed the poem in Arabic, which has to do with his wanting to send a message to a different audience beside his usual one at home. It also points out how the poem is targeted at the leadership of the Tijaniyyah in Tamale or other parts of Ghana, all of which understand Arabic. The chapter explores the question on why Afa Ajura's Tijaniyyah opponents would concoct the lie that he did not know Arabic even though they must have heard his Arabic poems. It recounts how Afa Ajura laid bare all his arguments against the Tijaniyyah with all the scholarly greats of Accra that still practiced wird.
Kutilga (You Shall Not Be Saved)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers “Kutilga” as Afa Ajura's most condensed and concise admonishment, speculated to have been composed between 1955 and 1960. It contains advice for the average traditional Dagomba person and the Tijaniyyah member, educating the population about what Afa Ajura thought was necessary for their religion. It also mentions the activities of local clerics that Afa Ajura rejected, such as their roles in funerals and tibbu or divination. The chapter highlights Afa Ajura's attacks on his Tijaniyyah opponents regarding their Sufi beliefs and practices. It focuses on summarizing the beliefs, practices, and behaviors that Afa Ajura judged as unfit to save anybody from the hellfire in the hereafter.
Dolya Tidūma Ka Doli Anabŋo (Follow Our Lord and This Prophet)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter details Afa Ajura's composition of “Dolya Tidu ma Ka Doli Anabŋo” while he was on a trip to Accra, the capital of Ghana. It mentions the time Afa Ajura wrote the poem in 1965, during which he was in a good political position for supporting Kwame Nkrumah's Convention People's Party. It also elaborates how the poem calls for Afa Ajura's audience to follow and obey the Lord, Prophet Muhammad, the Hadith, and the companions. The chapter discusses Afa Ajura's accusation of the Tijanis for claiming to see God, which caused divisions and pursuit of other people's women. It examines how Afa Ajura faults the Tijanis for replacing true Islam with their concocted wird litanies and worshiping Shaykh Ibrahim Niasse as the demigod.
Bukari Mawla (A Eulogy)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter covers the eulogy “Bukari Mawla,” which Afa Ajura composed after learning about Shaykh Bukari Mawla's demise in detention. It highlights Afa Ajura's claim that Shaykh Bukari Mawla preached against the Tijaniyyah practices and was able to convert many people, resulting in his sabotage and detainment. It also portrays the shaykh as one of Afa Ajura's favorite scholars, as well as an idol and role model. The chapter discusses how Afa Ajura considered Shaykh Bukari Mawla as pious, brave, and rightly guided for preaching against the innovation and heresy of the Tijaniyyah. It mentions that the eulogy was delivered in Arabic as Shaykh Bukari Mawla's family and friends could not understand Dagbani.
Ansarsi Māna (He Who Mocks)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes the poem “Ansarsi Mana” as Afa Ajura's shortest extant poem and the most unique as it is composed in both Dagbani and Arabic. It mentions that the poem was meant particularly for Muslim women as they were known to sing lyrics that many decent Muslims would consider as obscene and vulgar during wedding ceremonies. It also emphasizes Afa Ajura's preaching against engaging in “bad” songs and his intent to replace them with “good” ones. The chapter clarifies that the first verses were meant to invoke prayers upon the Prophet Mohammed, while the rest were intended to admonish women. It outlines evil behaviors that Afa Ajura condemned, such as mocking others, arrogance, breaking up families, abandoning one's parents, lies, and swindling.
Fertile Ground
Authors: Galvin Shaila Seshia
Published: January 2022

Soil has long been at the center of debates about environmental degradation in the Himalaya. This chapter shows how concern about the care of soil entwines understandings of human and nonhuman agency with practices of state-making in the region. Moving between colonial efforts to assess the fertility of land, and contemporary interventions that encourage farmers to construct compost pits, this chapter demonstrates that the ways in which agrarian practices of working with soil, manure, and compost are recognized by state institutions powerfully inform development interventions. Introducing the concept of agrarian agency, the chapter parses this notion, dwelling on distinctions drawn by state officials between being “organic by default” and becoming “organic by design.” It argues that in the twenty-first century, the particular ways in which agrarian agency gets parsed prove to be consequential both for who can become organic, and for what organic itself comes to mean. Ultimately, this chapter shows that what comes to count as human agency, and what does not, is itself a mode through which state power works.
Løvborg’s Lost Manuscript
Authors: Brietzke Zander
Published: January 2022

This chapter debunks myths about the alleged destruction of the Cycle. When, for example, Carlotta O’Neill dramatized the burning of her husband’s work in an interview with the New York Times in 1956, she already had More Stately Mansions in her possession. Her clever allusions to Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler fooled the press and focused on the means of destruction and not the matter. The analogy between Eilert Løvborg’s brilliant manuscript on the future in Ibsen’s play, burned in Hedda’s stove, and O’Neill’s prophetic history plays, supposedly burned at the Shelton Hotel in Boston, props up credibility for the latter as lost masterworks. But of the proposed eleven-play Cycle, O’Neill did not finish the first four plays about Deborah and the Blessed Sisters. And he did not complete the last five plays about the four brothers, either. He wrote two plays, A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions, the heart of the whole thing. Unlike Løvborg’s manuscript, what O’Neill actually completed is not lost and still exists.
Stripped Stark Naked
Authors: Brietzke Zander
Published: January 2022

O’Neill invoked the phrase “stripped stark naked” to describe the desired effect in The Iceman Cometh, but he actually used that same phrase, and several other similar iterations, in the immediately preceding Cycle plays, A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions. Although the Cycle plays seem to set up what happens in O’Neill’s “dive” play that followed, they function differently. Sara Melody Harford, the protagonist, sinks almost as low as the derelicts at Hope’s bar, but she does not stay sunk. Her husband, Simon, strips her naked, literally and figuratively, but she rejects the humiliation and transforms the violence into a purification rite. Sara sins against herself and her husband due to her passionate and greedy nature, but, unlike the characters in The Iceman Cometh, she redeems what she has done in the act of love. The Cycle dramatizes compulsive behavior; The Iceman Cometh showcases the art of denial.
Contemporary Constitutionalism, 1980–2020
Authors: Woodward-Burns Robinson
Published: January 2022

This final chapter proceeds in two steps. The first section recounts how Supreme Court resistance and the Constitution’s Article V supermajority amendment requirements thwarted congressional balanced-budget, tax-cap, item-veto, and term-limits amendments and statutes, forcing fiscal reformers to instead pass state amendments. These state amendments vented national pressure for fiscal reform, so that after the 1990s, Congress largely abandoned balanced-budget, tax, and item-veto amendments. The second section concludes the book with broader lessons on American constitutional development, arguing that ongoing state constitutional reform addresses national constitutional controversies. This regular state constitutional revision makes American constitutionalism more functional and democratically legitimate.
Apocalypses and Visionary Literature
Authors: Wills Lawrence M.
Published: January 2022

Chapter four addresses the apocalypses of the Apocrypha. The social conditions that gave rise to apocalypses are examined, as well as the elements that are typically found in these texts. The two axes of apocalypses are discussed, the historical/eschatological axis and the spatial/cosmic axis. The role of an angelic interpreter, the importance of the revelation of a transcendent reality through dreams or visions, and its transmission to the learned scribe through writing in books are also central to the apocalypses. The challenging recent discussions on the genre of apocalypse are also surveyed. The relation of apocalypses to wisdom texts is noted, as is the special role of the scribe from long ago, such as Enoch, Ezra, or Daniel, and the focus of apocalypses on the transmission of secret knowledge. The texts treated here are 1 Enoch—composed of what were likely separate texts: Book of the Luminaries, Book of the Watchers, Animal Apocalypse, Epistle of Enoch and the Apocalypse of Weeks, and Parables or Similitudes of Enoch—and also Jubilees, 2 Esdras (or 4 Ezra, 5 Ezra, and 6 Ezra), and 2 Baruch.
Conclusion
Authors: Wills Lawrence M.
Published: January 2022

The conclusion presents some common themes of the Apocrypha. The Apocrypha mainly reflect genres found in the Hebrew Bible, albeit in developed forms; these texts assume biblical precedents and play upon the forms of biblical literature. The fact that they were composed within a few hundred years means that similar themes are encountered: Deuteronomic theology, penitential theology, a focus on Jewish identity and competition with the nations roundabout, the personified role of Woman Wisdom, prayer, resurrection and immortality, and the reverence of Jewish heroes and heroines. The Apocrypha differ most markedly from each other in respect to whether they are Deuteronomic in their outlook and simply counsel the audience to strengthen their commitment to God’s law (Ben Sira, 1 and 2 Maccabees), or look to God for a solution (Jubilees, 1 Enoch, 4 Ezra, 2 Baruch). In addition, the word that has come to be translated as Jew, Yehudi in Hebrew and Ioudaios in Greek, is used in some of these texts as a means of asserting a now-threatened Jewish identity. The term Apocrypha and the texts that are included often reflect a boundary situation. They are texts that command our attention today.
Independence and State Failure, 1808–45
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the state-formation in Latin America that occurred under extremely auspicious international economic and geopolitical conditions. It describes the century that spans from Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo to the outbreak of World War I as the most peaceful period in world history, hosting the first global expansion of modern capitalism. It also talks about Great Britain's centrality throughout the century, as both the undisputed international hegemon and the pioneer industrial economy, which gave the period its proper name, the Pax Britannica. The chapter details how the Latin American and British elites shared the project of creating a new relationship between their economies in the preludes to the independence movements of the 1810s. It mentions Latin American leaders, who expected that the partnership with Great Britain would put an end to decades of economic stagnation caused by the mercantilist policies.
Before Argentina
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers Argentina as a territorial novelty, as the area corresponding to the present-day of the region had exploded into a dozen small sovereignties. It mentions a common thread in Argentine national historiography, which is to read history backwards by assuming that the dynamics across the postcolonial minisovereignties were leading to the creation of the Argentine state. It also illustrates the “pre-Argentina” political space that had no special propensities to become Argentina. The chapter describes Argentina as the result of a distinct combination of long-term antecedent conditions and short-term political struggles and negotiations. It recounts the fifty years after the independence of Argentina, wherein the territory hosted four failed states and succeeded on the fifth attempt for state-formation.
Party-Driven State Formation in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on Colombia and Uruguay, which are the two final cases of party-driven state-formation in Latin America. It describes the competing partisan forces in Colombia and Uruguay as the crucible for supraregional loyalties that connect political elites from distant localities when other linkages were non-existent. It also refers to the two parties that dominated the emerging political arena in Colombia and Uruguay. The party loyalties in Colombia got structured around a Conservative-versus-Liberal cleavage, while in Uruguay the struggle was essentially between nearly identical liberal parties, Colorados versus Blancos. The chapter reviews the analysis of territory consolidation in Colombia and Uruguay, which confirms the insight that was crucial to understanding the process of state-formation in Mexico.
Lord-Driven State Formation
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes warlords as central political agents in the critical period of state-formation in Latin America, specifically in Venezuela, Peru, Guatemala, Ecuador, and Paraguay. It mentions the five caudillos who succeeded at state-formation that emerged in Latin America before 1850 and are considered a consequence of improvised methods of military mobilization against Iberian rule. It also explains how lords gained prominence in the diffusion of private armies as a consequence of the failure to form states by the first generation of postindependence rulers, such as Facundo Quiroga. The chapter compares state-making lords of Latin America to the western European warrior as state-formation agents. It clarifies how Latin American lords and western European warriors share the initial source of power that allowed them to launch their political careers, such as military capabilities.
Languages of Affinity
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

There is a widespread assumption that Rumi’s son, Sultan Valad, faced an unbearable agony at the thought of succeeding his father. Whereas Rumi is seen as generative and productive, Sultan Valad’s poetry is viewed as less vital and reductive. In many ways, this assumption extends to the earliest literary works composed in Anatolian Turkish, since Sultan Valad helped to inaugurate Turkish as a literary language. He composed the Rabab-nama (Book of the Rebec) in Arabic, Persian, Greek, and Turkish, encoding these languages in the enticing meter of his father’s masterwork. Although the concept of imitation was multifaceted in pre-modern Anatolia, this chapter shows that Sultan Valad did not conceive of literary emulation as a reductive, anxiety riddled act. Instead, by ‘following’ in the style of his father, Sultan Valad constructed a new literary genealogy for his interpretive community—a genealogy that encompassed not only works of Persian poetry, but also Greek and Turkish, now seen as fit to make meaning Islamically.
Kırşehir Kinships
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

This trek across the soundscapes of Rum culminates in the city of Kırşehir, where Sultan Valad’s followers attempted to spread the teachings of their master. Here one finds Gülşehri and Aşık Paşa, two of the earliest poets of Anatolian Turkish, adapting the poetry of Rumi for new ends. Not only did these poets fashion a literary genealogy that bound Turkish poetry to its Persian and Arabic antecedents, but they also composed verse in a dizzying array of languages, including Arabic, Persian, Turkish—and, in one case, even Armenian. Far from spurning the poetry of ‘others,’ the earliest poets of Anatolian Turkish sought to preserve difference—linguistic, ethnic, devotional—within an Islamic hermeneutic frame.
American Democratic Socialism
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: January 2022

The USA has a rich tradition of democratic socialism despite its long tradition of denigrating democratic socialism as un-American. The former American tradition has sought to Americanize democratic socialism by speaking the language of individual liberty, trying to build a coalition party of the democratic left, and grappling with American racism, cultural diversity, exceptionalist mythology, and activist religion. Democratic socialists founded the nation’s first industrial unions, proposed every plank of what became the New Deal, and played leading roles in the civil rights movement. Today democratic socialists are leading the struggles for economic equality and the Green New Deal, unsettling the convention that democratic socialism is un-American.
Prosperity in the Fossil-Free Economy
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This book provides a legal blueprint for creating alternate corporate business models that mitigate climate change, pay living wages, and act as responsible community members, including Certified B Corps and benefit corporations. With an emphasis on cooperatives, the book reveals the power and potential of cooperating as a unifying concept around which to design social enterprise achieving triple bottom-line results: for society, the environment, and finance. The book begins with the year 2020, considering it an inflection point when the world changed due to the spread of the novel coronavirus and sent people into isolation. It talks about the cooperation learned during the pandemic, which is essential in the transition off fossil fuels. It also mentions path-breaking cooperatives that sparked ideas for how to structure social enterprises. Another world was shown to be possible, wherein fossil fuels are left behind and a better life in the new democratic economy is defined by shared prosperity. We have reached a critical juncture in global development that calls for a fresh approach to cooperating for a livable planet. There is a growing awareness around the world to move the global economy off fossil fuels and rethink and redesign man's relationship with natural resources.
Consensus, Compromise, Clarity, and Coherence
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with tradeoffs among multiple goals and the difficulty of maximizing their attainment. Compromise, for example, may impair the coherence of the constitution or may lead to lack of clarity or subsequent misinterpretation, willful or inadvertent, by political actors or by courts. Examples of such problems and their frequently-harmful effects are provided. The dangers of hasty, late-stage secret reviews of constitutional provisions and the deal-making that such reviews foster are also explored, with relevant examples.