bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing the Production of Tetanal Toxin
Authors: Mueller J. Howard , Miller Pauline A.
Published: January 2023

A modification of our original medium for the production of high levels of tetanal toxin is described. It possesses the advantage of greater simplicity of preparation and composition, and yields equally good, or somewhat better toxin. The earlier statement that our strain Cl. tetani does not withstand lyophilizing is corrected. There is evidence that more than one factor is involved in the stimulation of tetanus toxin production by hog stomach autolysate.
Studies in Human Inheritance
Authors: Snyder Laurence H.
Published: January 2023

One of the most important of the recent advances in immunology is the discovery of clinical manifestations resulting from incompatibility between the blood of a fetus and that of its mother. Erythroblastosis (Levine, Katzin and Burnham 1941) is the clearest instance of such manifestations. Other suggested examples are undifferentiated mental deficiency (Yannett and Lieberman 1944, Snyder, Schonfeld and Offerman 1945); congenital malformations (Snyder 1946a, Wiener 1946a); and blackwater fever as a sequella of malaria (Butts 1945). Further instances are being actively searched for.

Discoveries and hypotheses of this sort have raised new problems in the field of population genetics. In order to know whether any disease or anomaly includes a significant proportion of cases that could be due to maternal-fetal incompatibility, it must first be determined how often in the general population a child will be expected to have a specific antigen or a group of antigens which the mother lacks.
Cutaneous Reactions with the Virus of Herpes Simplex
Authors: Rose Harry M. , Molloy Eleanora
Published: January 2023

Cutaneous tests with herpes-antigens prepared from the infected chorio-allantoic fluid of chick-embryos were performed in children and adults. The serums of the same individuals were examined for neutralizing antibody to herpes-virus.

The results indicate that a positive cutaneous reaction to herpes-antigen is closely correlated with the presence of neutralizing antibody in the blood and the significance of these results is discussed.
Immunization with Clostridium Septicum Toxoid and with Trivalent Gas Gangrene Toxoid
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W.
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this report is to record observations showing that a nontoxic antigen can be prepared from the toxin of Clostridium septicum, and to show that immunization of humans against the toxins of Cl. welchii, Cl. septicum and Cl. oedematiens can be carried out simultaneously through the use of a polyvalent toxoid. Three lots of toxoid were studied. Information concerning their preparation follows:

Toxoid A was a monovalent alum toxoid prepared from Cl. septicum toxin produced in a peptone-free medium (1). Cultures of 6 liters each of strain 44 were grown at 35 to 36 C for 18 to 24 hours, followed by refrigeration overnight at 0 to 4 C. Sharples centrifugation of the cultures invariably caused large losses of toxin so that it was necessary to use the bucket type centrifuge in order to remove the bulk of the bacterial growth.
The Neutralization of the Mouse-Adapted Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus by the Serum of Patients and Contacts
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Francis Thomas
Published: January 2023

Two hundred and eighty-seven sera from acute cases of poliomyelitis occurring in several epidemic areas over a period of four years were tested for neutralizing antibodies to the Lansing strain of virus. One hundred and one, or 35 per cent, were found to be positive.

The percentage of positive individuals in the different samplings varied from 89 to 0 and, in general, the groups having more positives were of a higher average age.

The average age of the positive individuals was greater than that of the negatives.

There was no correlation between the average day after onset for the bleeding with the percentage of positive individuals.

Tests with 234 sera from acute cases between the ages of 1 and 15 years showed a statistically significant lower per cent of individuals positive for Lansing virus neutralizing antibodies than a group of 221 healthy children in the same age range studied by Turner, Young and Maxwell.

Thirty-eight, or 73 per cent, of 52 associates had antibodies for the Lansing virus, closely approximating the percentage found in healthy non-associates.

In a study on 74 pairs of acute and convalescent sera, 39 or 52 per cent, were found to be positive in the acute stage. In 19 of these the titer remained the same for the later bleeding, in 3 the titer increased but in 17 there was a decrease in neutralizing antibody titers. Of the 35 individuals who were negative in the acute state, 30 remained negative and 5 developed antibodies during convalescence.

The significance of these phenomena is discussed.
Immunochemical Studies on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Malkiel Saul
Published: January 2023

No significant difference in serological specificity has been found by the quantitative precipitin technic for preparations of tobacco mosaic virus and rib-grass virus isolated from sap and fibrous residues of infected Turkish tobacco plants.
Complement Fixation Reactions of the Heat Labile and the Heat Stable Antigens of Clostridium Tetani
Authors: Gunnison J. B.
Published: January 2023

Both the heat labile flagellar or H antigens and the heat stable somatic or O antigens of Clostridium tetani take part in complement fixation reactions. Type specific reactions due to the flagellar antigens are given in high titer by types I, III, VII, and VIII. Type VI strains are non-flagellated and devoid of type specific H antigen. Types II, IV, V, and IX, which possess an additional somatic antigen lacking in the other types, did not show type specific fixation but reacted strongly with each other. Cross-reactions in low titer due to the common somatic antigen occurred between all types.
Precipitin Testing with Special Reference to the Photoelectric Measurement of Turbidity
Authors: Boyden Alan , Bolton Ellis , Gemeroy Douglas
Published: January 2023

The photoelectric measurement of turbidities (by use of the Libby photron-reflectometer) developing in the precipitin reaction has been found to be correlated with the nitrogen contents of the precipitates formed in protein antigen-antibody systems, and with the total amount of antigen and antibody precipitated in the case of the SIII-antibody system. Antisera prepared in rabbits to purified SIII, beef albumin, beef globulin II, pumpkin seed globulin, and Panulirus argus serum have been tested. The amounts of turbidity developed are decreased with increased NaCl concentration or with increased pH within the limits tested. Increased reactivity of beef globulin II followed Bloor's mixture extraction of the dried reagent.

In all cases the effects of environmental factors on the reaction, or chemical treatments of the antigens, are predominantly shown in the zone of antigen excess, and the chief implication of this knowledge is that the whole or normal titration curve of constant antiserum with varied antigen from prozone to postzone is the minimal knowledge upon which valid conclusions relating to precipitin testing may be based.

Many reasons are given as to why the use of such normal titration curves is advantageous, since their determination by photoelectric turbidimetry is accurate and relatively easy under conditions described herein. The errors due to fragmentary comparisons of single points or portions of curves, which may even be noncomparable ones, will thus be avoided.
Resistance to Streptomycin
Authors: Silver Henry K. , Kempe C. Henry
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A test of sensitivity to streptomycin employing the fertile egg as the culture-medium has been used to study the mechanism of the development of resistance to streptomycin.

The sensitivity to streptomycin of the individual components making up a single strain of E. coli was found to vary widely. When the results of the tests were plotted, they formed a typical standard curve of distribution.

Similar variations of sensitivities were found when the individual components of a resistant strain of E. coli were tested.

The results of our experiments support the belief that a single strain of a micro-organism may show remarkable variation in the response of its individual components to an antibiotic.

It is suggested that tests of susceptibility to streptomycin should be done on a mixed suspension of many colonies of any strain of an organism rather than upon one or a few isolated colonies in order to avoid the inadvertent testing of either extreme in the range of sensitivities of the individual components.

In our experiments, single strains of E. coli and A. aërogenes could be made extremely resistant to streptomycin by being cultured on the chorioallantoic membrane of fertile eggs to which had been added constant sub-inhibitory amounts of streptomycin.

Changes in the morphological structure of E. coli and of A. aërogenes were noted after exposure of the organisms to streptomycin, but these changes were unrelated to sensitivity.
Studies of the Capsular Substance of Torula Histolytica and the Immunologic Properties of Torula Cells
Authors: Kligman Albert M.
Published: January 2023

A method for the isolation of the capsular substance of Torula histolytica has been described. This material appears to be a polysaccharide and is non-antigenic for rabbits and mice. No demonstrable serologic response or skin sensitivity occurred in rabbits and mice injected with living cells, heat-killed cells, phenol-killed cells, and decapsulated cells.
A Comparison of the Effect of Various Salt Concentrations on the Agglutination of Red Cells by Influenza a Virus and Antibody
Authors: Lowell Francis C. , Buckingham Marguerite
Published: January 2023

The influence of various salt concentrations in the presence of 5 per cent glucose, on agglutination of red cells by influenza A virus (PR8) was studied. No visible agglutination occurred in concentrations of 0.030M NaCl or less and at a concentration of approximately 0.003M, union of virus and red cells was inhibited. Virus was eluted when combination of virus and red cells was permitted to take place and the electrolyte was then removed by washing in a salt-free solution. Concentrations of salt as high as 0.583M failed to cause noticeable inhibition of agglutination of red cells by virus although such salt-concentrations completely inhibited agglutination of red cells by antiserum.

For comparative purposes, agglutination of red cells by antibody was likewise studied with respect to the effect of various salt-concentrations. The results were similar to those which have been obtained by others and differed from those obtained with influenzal virus in that interference with agglutination was much less marked with low and much more marked with high salt-concentrations.
The Predisposition for Immunity
Authors: Carlinfanti E.
Published: January 2023

The curve obtained by plotting log titers of the individuals of a vaccinated population against incidence of titers is a curve of normal distribution. The titers of the antibodies produced by one subject in response to certain different antigens are correlated.

The genetical analysis of the capacity for producing isoantibodies has been carried through by means of correlation tables between the titers of the parents and those of the children. A high degree of correlation has been found in all instances; on the average these correlations are near the theoretical value (r = +0.5) to be expected if the antibody titers were controlled only by heredity in absence of dominance.
Studies on the Interference Phenomenon with Certain Members of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group of Viruses
Authors: Golub Orville J. , Wagner John C.
Published: January 2023

Previous infection of embryonated egg tissues with the virus of meningopneumonitis was shown to interfere with the growth of psittacosis virus subsequently inoculated. The quantitative and time relationships were seen to be of prime importance in the successful demonstration of this phenomenon.

Meningopneumonitis virus partially inactivated by heat or inactivated by ultra-violet light irradiation retained properties of interference, reducing the yield of psittacosis virus in eggs as much as 99 per cent in the case of the heated preparations.

Mice inoculated intraabdominally with meningopneumonitis virus were shown to develop an increased resistance to subsequent inoculations of psittacosis virus within a very few days.

Under the conditions of the experiments, mouse pneumonitis virus did not show an interference effect against psittacosis virus in embryonated eggs or mice.
Tolerance to the Toxic Action of Somatic Antigens of Enteric Bacteria
Authors: Morgan Herbert R.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits develop a tolerance to the pyrogenic action of the toxic somatic antigens of S. typhosa, S. schottmuelleri or Sh. dysenteriae following repeated intravenous injections. Animals that have been injected with any of these three preparations showed a diminished febrile response following injection of either of the two heterologous antigens. This tolerance does not appear to be related to the presence of specific circulating antibody. The possible role of this mechanism in typhoid fever is discussed.
An Analysis of Rabbit Mortality and Plasma Potency in Production of Anti-Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Rabbit Serum
Authors: Tallman A. W. , Eaton F. D. , Gerwe E. G.
Published: January 2023

Data from a study of more than ten thousand rabbits have been analyzed and mortality curves plotted in order to predict volumes of blood obtainable at various periods of immunization. In addition, a tabulation has been prepared in which potency and mortality studies are correlated. Within the specifications of the production methods employed, it is possible to establish the earliest practical time for taking volume bleedings.
Studies on Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Williams Anna W. , Nevin Mary , Gurley Caroline R. , Mann Alice , Hussey Helena , Bittman Florence
Published: January 2023

The Choice of Methods. In order to decide what methods we should use to demonstrate the microörganisms that might have a relationship to acute infections of the upper respiratory tract, we first investigated those previously reported for the demonstration of such organisms. We were unable, however, in the large majority of the reports to find methods given in enough detail to use them as standards for comparison. Such questions as the following, for example, were usually treated vaguely. Just how and from what areas the material for examination was collected and at what stages of the disease? What definitely described culture media were used and how were they inoculated? How were the resulting cultures handled in order to demonstrate strain relationship?

From the standpoint of arranging methods, we divided the microörganisms for which claims had been made into two general groups, namely, aerobic and anaerobic microbes, subdividing each into filtrable and non-filtrable microbes.
V. Accidental Inoculation of Influenza Bacilli on the Mucous Membranes of Healthy Persons with Development of Infection in at Least One. Persistence of Type Characteristics of the Bacilli
Authors: Park William H. , Cooper Georgia
Published: January 2023

The three accidental inoculations of influenza bacilli (eighteen hour cultures on chocolate agar), are of interest from the fact that infection developed in one case on the fourth day; possibly in one case on the fourteenth day and not at all in the third case. All three persons, however, became persistent carriers of the bacilli and in all cases the strains held their agglutination characteristics unchanged during the period of the tests. The details of three accidental inoculations are as follows:

Case I. It is difficult to judge whether this case was really one of infection from inoculation with the Pfeiffer bacillus or not because of the long period of incubation. Dr. H. accidentally inoculated her throat with the Lee culture, an autopsy strain from an epidemic case, while expelling a culture suspension from a syringe. The culture was an eighteen-hour growth on “chocolate blood” mixed with human serum.
Specificity of Anti-Organ Sera
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Arnstein Natalie
Published: January 2023

In a previous article (1) we have shown that there exist between antisera and antigens of liver or kidney certain distinguishing reactions which apparently indicate the existence of a definite biological difference between these two organs. This difference was demonstrated by either cross fixation or by fixation following absorption of the sera by the respective homologous and various other organ cells. We purposely avoided the use of the term specificity because we considered it essential to extend our investigation to include other organs before we might consider the differences noted as definite evidences of tissue specificity.

We also noted in our experiments that both the antigens and the antisera were apparently rather complex and appeared to contain at least three distinct partial antigens or antibodies. The first of these antigens had apparently a wide range of activity and presumably possessed a relationship to all organs of the species.
Some Factors Influencing the Selection of a Complement-Fixation Method
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

A method (indirect complement-fixation test) is described for titrating the inhibitory activity of non-complement-fixing antisera when mixed with homologous antigen and complement-fixing antisera from another animal species.

The possible application of the method in surveys of the antibody content in diversified avian and mammalian populations is suggested as well as in situatins in which marked discrepancies are recorded between the results of the usual complement-fixation tests and other serologic procedures.
Quantitative Assay of Neutralizing Antibody Content of Pools of Gamma Globulin from Different Sections of the United States Against the Viruses of Herpes Simplex, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis and Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Heyl James T. , Allen Henry F. , Cheever F. S.
Published: January 2023

Concentrated human serum gamma globulin contains virus neutralizing antibody for herpes simplex virus but not for the viruses of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis or lymphocytic choriomeningitis which have been employed. Bovine and porcine serum gamma globulin did not neutralize any of the three viruses studied. An assay of several preparations of human serum gamma globulin derived from donors in geographically different sections of the United States revealed significant amounts of neutralizing antibody against the virus of herpes simplex. Neutralization tests with human gamma globulin revealed no antigenic relationship between the viruses of herpes simplex and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
An Attempt to Produce Bacterial Agglutinins in Vitro
Authors: Fastier L. B.
Published: January 2023

Possible roles for the individual cell-components of the reticulo-endothelial system in the synthesis of antibodies have been investigated in vitro.

No soluble agglutinogen was detected in the fluids surrounding phagocytic cells containing ingested bacteria.

No antibody was detected in the fluids resulting from the addition of lymphocytes and macrophages to phagocytes containing ingested bacteria. Neither was any soluble agglutinogen detected in the latter fluids.
Studies on Chick Embryo Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Cox Herald R.
Published: January 2023

Four strains of rabies virus, one chick-brain fixed (Flury) and three street strains were adapted to the developing chick embryo. The Flury strain was passaged through 80 chick embryo generations by yolk-sac inoculation of infected chick embryo tissue.

The virus multiplied slowly in the fertile hens' eggs and reached its maximal titer on the ninth to tenth day after inoculation. The virus was distributed throughout the egg, with possible exception of the allantoic fluid, the highest concentration being present in the embryo. Death of the infected embryos, inoculated at 7, 9 and 11 days of age, occurred as a rule immediately before or at the time of hatching. When 15-day or older fertile eggs were inoculated most of the embryos hatched but the virus was “carried over” to the newly hatched chicks causing either death or development of homologous antibodies in the survivors.

The LD50 titer of infected embryo suspensions remained within the range of 10−4.50 to 10−5.50 for mice, guinea pigs, cotton rats and chicks throughout the cultivation period. The intracerebral titration of the Flury strain in rabbits yielded highly irregular results which were discussed in relation to the “self-sterilizing neuro-infection” phenomenon.

The invasive power of the Flury strain for parenterally inoculated rabbits seemed to be entirely lost, and the virulence of the strain for hamsters and guinea pigs seemed to undergo some attenuation during the series of passages in the developing chick embryo.
Quantitative Studies in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Stevens Henry
Published: January 2023

The dose of ovalbumin per individual required to induce fatal anaphylactic sensitivity in guinea pigs within the age-limits of 2 to 20 weeks was unaffected by differences in age or body-weight. Old animals, 1 to 3 years of age, were less susceptible to sensitization and required about 20 times as much antigen to induce fatal sensitivity.

Groups of guinea pigs sensitized at 2, 4, and 7 weeks of age and challenged at 5, 7, and 10 weeks of age, respectively, required essentially the same dose of antigen per individual to elicit fatal shock. Animals sensitized at 17 weeks of age and challenged at 20 weeks required about twice as much antigen to elicit fatal shock.

Male and female guinea pigs were equally susceptible to anaphylaxis.
The Effect of Complement in the Neutralization of Mumps Virus
Authors: Leymaster Glen R. , Ward Thomas G.
Published: January 2023

Complement as a necessary component of antigen-antibody reactions has been extensively studied in bacterial and hemolytic systems (1, 2). There have been few studies of the role of complement in the neutralization of virus by immune sera, and these have yielded inconsistent results.

Gordon (3) in 1925, using vaccinia virus, studied the neutralizing effect of 3 immune sera. Heating reduced the neutralizing power of each serum. In only one of the 3 sera could the neutralizing effect be restored by the addition of fresh normal serum. In 1931, Mueller (4), testing neutralizing antibodies against Rous fowl sarcoma, showed that the inhibition of virus by immune serum could be enhanced with fresh normal guinea pig serum, and that the diminished titer of heated antiserum could be restored with fresh complement. Howitt (5) was unable to demonstrate any effect of complement on the neutralization of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis, and Sabin reported similar negative results with the vaccina virus (6).
The Application of a Quantitative Complement-Fixation Method to a Study of Q Fever Strain Differentiation
Authors: Wolfe Don M. , Kornfeld Lottie
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A quantitative complement-fixation method has been applied to the rickettsial antigens of Q fever. Significant differences in the titers of antigens prepared as outlined from two strains of Q fever were not detected under the conditions of the present test. Human Q fever serums of European and American origin, when tested with Nine Mile and Henzerling antigens, gave similar titers in both instances.
Studies on Streptomycin
Authors: Berkman Sam , Housewright Riley D. , Henry Richard J.
Published: January 2023

Streptomycin is adsorbed by cellophane (pure cellulose) and can be eluted by solutions of sodium chloride.

Studies with dialysis indicate that streptomycin forms a complex with albumin and with one or more components of horse serum. The albumin complex retains the full activity of free streptomycin, while there is some loss of streptomycin activity in the horse serum complex.

Complex formation between desoxyribonucleic acid or calf thymus nucleoprotein and streptomycin is accompanied by a shift toward the higher wave lengths in the ultra-violet absorption peak characteristic of nucleic acid. It is postulated that the formation of complexes involves a change in resonance. Reversal of these spectral changes was effected by sodium chloride.
Experimental Rubella in Human Volunteers
Authors: Anderson S. G.
Published: January 2023

Typical rubella has been produced by the inoculation of human volunteers by the respiratory route. The agent responsible remained viable in the presence of 200 O. U. of penicillin per ml and the evidence suggests that it was filterable through an 800 mμ membrane. It is therefore probably a virus. The virus was present in throat washings taken on the first day of the rash. The virus remained infective for at least 90 days when stored as frozen throat washings at −70 C. The incubation period in human subjects infected by inhalation ranged from thirteen to twenty days to the appearance of a rash. Lymphadenopathy preceded the onset of the rash by up to six days in some instances. Susceptible individuals were infected by contact with the experimental disease. Symptoms were not induced in any of nine subjects giving a history of rubella six to nine years previously. Evidence is presented for the existence of subclinical or unnoticed rubella. It is concluded that immunity to rubella is of high grade and persists probably beyond the six to nine year period covered by these results. There is no evidence that the artificially induced disease differs in any way from natural rubella and the immunity produced should be equally effective.
Further Studies of the Immunological Properties of Polysaccharides from Serratia Marcescens (Bacillus Prodigiosus)
Authors: Wharton D. R. A. , Creech Hugh J.
Published: January 2023

A single injection into mice of the P-10 polysaccharide (polysaccharidelipid complex) from the 724 strain of Serratia marcescens led to the development of a high titer of agglutinating antibody and a pronounced tolerance toward the lethal action of the polysaccharide. The tolerance, which was manifested within 24 hours, reached its height on about the third day, when it was 100 per cent effective against a lethal dose of polysaccharide, declined sharply and was lost usually in 15 to 21 days. Agglutinating antibody was present only at low levels on the third day, but by the tenth day had reached a high titer which was maintained beyond 21 days.

When the polysaccharide was heated in neutral saline solution, there was a considerable loss in toxicity but little change in its ability to confer tolerance on mice. Heating did not diminish the antigenicity of the polysaccharide, as judged by tests of precipitinogen activity and of agglutinin production in mice.

Under the experimental conditions employed, the polysaccharide failed to induce anaphylaxis in guinea pigs.

Careful consideration of the experimental results in this paper and in earlier publications leads us to believe that the tolerance developed in mice by a single injection of polysaccharide is caused by the presence of protective antibodies; this tolerance, therefore, in all probability, has an immunological basis similar to that leading to the production of serologically demonstrable antibodies. We favor the interpretation that the preparation of polysaccharide contains two separate antigenic factors, one being a toxic factor, the other being responsible for the production of agglutinating antibodies.
Prophylactic Use of Schistosomal Antigen
Authors: Watts Nellie Perry
Published: January 2023

The administration of a Schistosoma mansoni antigen, prepared from adult worms to mice, before exposing the mice to 10 cercariae each, was associated to a statistically significant degree with a reduction in the number of cercariae which developed into adult worms.

There was no evidence that the antigen had a marked effect, if any, on rate of development; nor that one sex was more susceptible; nor that the localization of the worm was affected.
The Use of Phenolized Allantoic Fluid Antigen in the Complement Fixation Test for Psittacosis
Authors: Davis Dorland J.
Published: January 2023

Satisfactory complement fixation antigens for psittacosis have been prepared by a simple method from the allantoic fluid of the developing chick embryo infected with Miyagawanella psittaci. Phenol is added to a concentration of one per cent to the infected allantoic fluid which is permitted to stand at 4 C for several days. This is centrifuged and the sediment resuspended in one fifth of the original volume of 0.85 per cent sodium chloride solution. The addition of small amounts of fresh yolk and lecithin appears to increase the potency of the antigen.
Hemagglutinating Substances for Human Cells in Various Plants
Authors: Boyd William C. , Reguera Rose M.
Published: January 2023

Saline extracts of the seeds of 262 varieties of plants belonging to 63 families were tested for hemagglutinating activity against human erythrocytes. Of these, 191 showed no hemagglutinating activity, and 46 showed non-specific agglutinating activity, and 46 showed non-specific agglutinating activity for all types of human cells tested. Extracts of the seeds of 25 varieties were more or less blood-group specific, and several in particular were specific for group A1 and A2 cells.

Extracts of leafy portions or fruiting bodies of 9 species showed activity in the case of only 1 species.

No specificity for the M, N, or Rh antigens was detected.

The theoretical implications and possibly practical application of these observations are discussed.
The Neutralization Technique in Tsutsugamushi Disease: (Scrub Typhus) and the Antigenic Differentiation of Rickettsial Strains
Authors: Fox John P.
Published: January 2023

Neutralization of R. orientalis by homologous antiserum was most effectively demonstrated when mice were inoculated by the intraperitoneal route with mixtures of undiluted antiserum and serial dilutions of infective material. Satisfactory results could not be obtained by employing a constant infective dose and serial dilutions of antiserum or by using the subcutaneous or intracerebral routes of inoculation. Furthermore, neutralization was independent of complement.

Evidence was obtained to suggest that neutralization depends principally upon a union of antigen and antibody in vitro; however, passive immunity may best explain the zone phenomenon often observed.

The satisfactory expression of the neutralizing capacity of an antiserum was rendered difficult by the above-mentioned zone phenomenon and by the otherwise frequently irregular pattern of mouse survival observed in neutralization tests.

In spite of this difficulty, it was possible on the basis of a large series of crossneutralization tests to distinguish 4 clearly differentiated antigenic types and a possible fifth type among the 8 strains of R. orientalis included in the study. These types differed not only qualitatively but also in point of quantitative antigenic capacity.
A Quantitative Study of Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Benacerraf Baruj , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

The latent period for passive anaphylactic sensitization in the guinea pig was investigated with known amounts of rabbit antiovalbumin and was found to be a function of the amount of antibody used, when a constant amount of antigen is used which is sufficient to react completely with the antibody injected. The proportions of antibody and antigen required for fatal shock varied at different time intervals between sensitization and shock.
The Effect of Age upon Susceptibility to Infection with Influenza Virus
Authors: Kalter Seymour S.
Published: January 2023

Studies with neurotropic viruses (1–3) have shown that younger animals are more susceptible to virus infection than older animals. With other virus groups, the evidence has been more limited. There are many references to the use of young mice in studies on influenza, but little information is given concerning the reasons for this choice. Sarracino and Soule (4) observed that 4–6 week old mice succumbed as much as 10 days before older animals when inoculated with the virus of influenza. The present study was undertaken in order to ascertain the effect of age upon susceptibility to influenza virus. This effect of age upon susceptibility to that infection is of considerable interest, inasmuch as it is felt that the observed differences may possibly reflect information concerning the mechanism of host-parasite relationships.

Materials and Methods. Mice: The Swiss mice employed in this study were all received from one dealer2 and were approximately the same age (3 weeks) on arrival.
The Dispersion of P32 and other Tracers Injected Into Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Taylor R. M. , Saenz A. C.
Published: January 2023

Evans' blue and suspended charcoal inoculated into the amniotic sac of 11- and 13-day-old embryos rapidly appears in the gastro-intestinal tract. None is detected in the respiratory tract. Suspended radioactive chromic phosphate inoculated into the amniotic sac of 10- to 13-day-old embryos also rapidly appears in the gastro-intestinal tract, but in 13-day-old embryos a small amount reaches the lungs. Soluble P32 in the form of Na2HPO4 introduced into the amniotic sac becomes dispersed in the allantoic fluid, the blood, and the body of the embryo. After 72 hours little, if any, remains in the amniotic fluid. When soluble P32 is inoculated into the allantoic sac of 10- to 13-day-old embryos, it tends to remain in this position. Relatively small amounts appear in the blood and the body of the embryo and none or only a trace is found in the amniotic fluid. Soluble P32 inoculated into the yolk sac soon appears in the blood and the body of the embryo and to a lesser degree in the allantoic fluid. None is found in the amniotic fluid. Soluble P32 injected intravenously is found in highest concentration in the blood and in the body of the embryo, but a considerable amount enters the allantoic fluid. None or only a trace appears in the amniotic fluid.
A Comparison of the Von Krogh Formula (Logistic Function) and the Method of Probits As Applied to Hemolysis by Complement
Authors: Waksman Byron H.
Published: January 2023

The von Krogh formula (logistic function) relating hemolysis, y, to amount, x, of complement, C′, describes a symmetrical distribution curve of red cell susceptibility to lysis when differentiated with respect to log x. This curve is almost identical with the normal distribution curve, to which hemolysis by C′ has been related by the use of the method of probits. The latter curve, being more completely understood theoretically and statistically, should be used in preference to the former. Erroneous applications of the logistic formula are discussed.
The Recurrence of Influenza a Prime in a Boarding School after 2 Years
Authors: Sigel M. Michael , Kitts Albert W. , Light A. B. , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

An outbreak of influenza A occurred in a school which, two years previously, experienced an outbreak due to an antigenically similar virus. Two years after infection, resistance to the influenza A virus was no longer demonstrable.
The Occurrence in Human Plasma Fractions of the Antibodies to H. Pertussis
Authors: Hink John H. , Johnson Frederick F.
Published: January 2023

A series of mouse-protection tests indicate that the protective antibody in anti-pertussis hyperimmunized human plasma occurs almost entirely in the purified γ2-globulin (fraction II). A minor portion of the pertussis agglutinins can be recovered in fraction II.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Norton Stata , Springer Eleanor , Goodman Morris , Herrick Chester A.
Published: January 2023

Splenectomy reduces the ability of chickens to produce precipitating antibodies. Splenectomized chickens are less responsive to small injections of antigen than unoperated animals.
Immunochemical Studies on Tobacco Mosaic Virus. VI. The Effect of Papain on the Antibody-Antigen Complex
Authors: Malkiel Saul
Published: January 2023

The papain treatment of the antibody-antigen complex of tobacco mosaic virus results in digestion of the antibody and release of the virus which, physically, behaves as native, intact virus. Supporting evidence is presented by which it is shown that stubs of antibody still remain attached. The identification of both methionine and histidine in the complex isolated virus indicates the presence of antibody globulin, for neither of these amino-acid residues is found in native virus. In addition, the specific serological reaction with anti-rabbit-globulin serum reveals antibody to be a part of the papain-isolated complex. This attached residual antibody accounts for the decreased infectivity of the isolated preparations, but no plausible explanation can be offered for the greater serological activity of the virus thus isolated.
The Formation of Complement Fixing and Neutralizing Antibodies After the Injection of Inactivated Rabies Virus with Adjuvants
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Freund Jules
Published: January 2023

Sera containing complement fixing antibodies of high titer may be useful to identify and measure the antigenic components in rabies vaccines, particularly for the study of fractions such as are obtained during purification.

The demonstration of complement fixing antibodies against neurotropic viruses had been reported (1) but it remained for Casals and Palacios (2) to improve the technique making such a test practical. These authors prepared antigens which were not anticomplementary, determined the temperature and period of time for inactivation of sera and developed a method of immunization to produce sera of high titer. With regard to rabies virus, they have found that both in the rabbit and the guinea pig complement fixing antibodies can be prepared by a long series of injections of active virus preceded by several injections of inactivated virus (suspension of homologous brain containing fixed virus).
Studies on Newcastle Disease Virus Encephalitis in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Monley Anne , Todd Richard N.
Published: January 2023

Newcastle disease virus provoked encephalitis in rhesus monkeys following intracerebral inoculation. The histopathologic changes in monkeys consisted of a chorio-meningo-encephalitis. A comparative study of two strains of NDV indicated a fundamental similarity in the ability of each to cause encephalitis with corresponding histological changes in the brain. One strain of the virus has been transferred by brain-to-brain passage in rhesus monkeys. There was no evidence of infection following intradermal, intranasal, or intraneural inoculation of virus.
Collodion Particle Agglutination with Acute-Phase Serums and Immune Globulin in Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Havens W. Paul , Eichman Hazel L.
Published: January 2023

Gamma globulin from the serum of normal subjects or patients convalescent from hepatitis agglutinated collodion particles sensitized with acute-phase serums obtained from patients with viral hepatitis or certain other acute infectious diseases.

The substance in acute-phase serums concerned in this reaction was destroyed by heating to 56 C for 30 minutes, and was soluble in acetone, ether, and benzene. Fractionation of acute-phase serums indicated that the reactive substance was contained in the globulin fraction.

The exact nature of the reactive substance is undetermined, although it is suggested that it may represent a non-specific alteration in lipo-proteins in acute-phase serums. The possibility that it is more specifically related to hepatitis virus or to some product of hepatic injury requires further investigation.
A Note on the Booster Effect of Pneumococcus Capsular Polysaccharide
Authors: Murray F. J. , Ludwig K. A. , Foter M. J.
Published: January 2023

Experiments were conducted in mice to determine whether a booster effect of pneumococcus capsular polysaccharide might be evidenced in the form of increased animal protection. A definite increase in protection followed a booster injection of SI.
The Immunochemistry of Toxins and Toxoids
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Bentoff Judith , Brown Eleanor , Lepow Irwin H.
Published: January 2023

The solubility of diphtherial toxoid has been determined on the acid side of its isoelectric point in methanol-water and water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration and temperature.

On the basis of these studies, a three step method is presented for the preparation of purified diphtherial toxoid containing over 1500 Lf per mg of protein nitrogen.
Quantitative Studies of Complement-Fixation
Authors: Wallace Alwilda L. , Osler Abraham G. , Mayer Manfred M.
Published: January 2023

Quantitative complement-fixation data are given for the interaction of crystalline bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit anti-BSA. It is shown that the extent of complement-fixation is not a direct linear function of the amount of antibody; graphs of the number of fifty per cent units of complement (C′H50) fixed against micrograms of antibody nitrogen yield an S-shaped curve. A 50 per cent complement-fixation unit (C′F50) is proposed as a measure of the complement-fixing potency of an antiserum. The complement-fixing activity per microgram of antibody N has been found to vary with the length and intensity of immunization; consequently, the C′ fixation titer of an antiserum should not be considered a direct measure of its antibody content. First- and second-course antisera did not yield maximal complement-fixation at the same antibody/antigen ratio, and their complement-fixation curves differed markedly in the zone of antigen excess.
Study of an American Negro Family with the Rare Rh Genotype ryr (CdE/cde)
Authors: Phansomboon Somsak , Pollak Otakar J.
Published: January 2023

The very rare genotype ryr (CdE/cde) is reported for the first time in a colored American family. The probable frequency of the ry (CdE) gene among white and colored Americans is considered. The manner of genetic transmission of the ry (CdE) gene is discussed. A theoretical explanation for racial differences in the frequency of Rh negative persons is offered.
Evidence for Dissociation of Titer of Infectious and Antigenic Activity in a Preparation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Salk Jonas E. , Bennett Byron L.
Published: January 2023

Observations have been reported suggesting the existence of dissociation between infectious titer and antigenic extinction titer, or between concentration of “infectious virus” and of “virus antigen”. The dissociation observed in a preparation of mouse CNS tissue containing the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis is believed to be due to a state of incomplete adaptation to mice of virus adapted to the monkey. The possible implication of the observation recorded is discussed.
Further Observations of the Effect of Acridines on the Growth of Viruses
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Cheever F. Sargent , Levenson Charlotte G.
Published: January 2023

Infections of the allantoic sac of chick embryos with the viruses of meningo-pneumonitis or feline pneumonitis were markedly inhibited or completely eradicated by a nitroacridine but the closely related chloroacridine produced negligible effects.

Allantoic infections with mumps virus were slightly inhibited both by the chloro- and nitro-acridines while only the nitro-compound showed any effect against influenza B (Lee strain) in the allantoic sac.

Both compounds retarded to about equal degree the growth of the viruses of mumps, influenza A and influenza B in tissue culture.

The effect of the two acridines on virus inactivation in vitro and on growth of fibroblasts, respiration, and glycolysis in tissue cultures was examined and the findings related to the observed inhibition of virus growth.

The results do not justify the conclusion that the inhibition of virus growth at concentrations of drug between 0.01 and 0.02 mg/ml was brought about either by killing of cells or by extracellular inactivation of virus. Inhibition of intracellular virus by acridines may occur both with agents of the psittacosis-LGV group and with those of influenza and mumps, but the alternative possibility of their action through modification of the host cell metabolism cannot be ruled out.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Stokes Joseph , Burgoon Jane S. , Bashe Winslow J. , Burgoon Carrol F. , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

Experiments have been reported on the response of human beings to oral spraying of attenuated active mumps virus. Among 410 children judged susceptible by negative histories and serological tests, 6 developed mild signs of infection.

Up to 93% of the children in the individual groups responded with antibodies as measured by complement fixation technic. The frequency of response depended on the concentration of virus used. The preparations contained originally between 107.5 to 108.9 ID50 for chick embryos. When diluted 10- or 100-fold before spraying, the incidence of response fell to about 50% and less than 10%, respectively. Antibodies to the soluble antigen, as a rule, exceeded those against the virus antigen. Hemagglutination-inhibition tests in a small number of cases revealed formation of antibodies in 60%. In most instances the serological tests were negative one year after the spraying. However, following skin testing at that time, the antibody response was greater in these children than in comparable control subjects.

Experimental exposure of 4 children to mumps virus 3 months after immunization failed to elicit the disease, whereas 4 out of 6 controls developed clinical evidence of mumps. Of the larger groups treated by this procedure only those in one institution had been definitely exposed to mumps 8 months later. Eight cases occurred among the non-immunized children, mainly new admissions to the school.

Although these data permit no conclusion they justify further exploration of this method of active immunization.
Experimental Hypersensitivity in the Rabbit
Authors: Latta Harrison
Published: January 2023

A method for iodinating proteins with radioactive iodine and a method for mass assay of relative concentrations in animal tissues are given. A modified method is described for estimating radiation dosage of a whole animal from the amounts of radioactivity given and excreted.

Iodinated bovine serum gamma globulin, when injected intravenously into rabbits in massive doses, largely disappeared from the blood and tissues within nine days. Iodinated human albumin persisted in some animals for two weeks. The iodine excreted in the urine is not bound to protein.

In exsanguinated but unperfused rabbits the tissue concentrations (except for the thyroid) were about one fourth to one twentieth of the blood concentrations. The concentration in any one tissue at a given time was roughly proportional to the blood concentration. Because of this no correlation could be drawn between the tissue concentrations and the known sites of hypersensitive lesions. The lymph nodes appeared to concentrate the foreign protein, especially in the medulla, out of proportion to their blood content.
Antigenicity of Sarcomata Undergoing Atrophy in Rats
Authors: Lewis Margaret Reed , Aptekman Paul Myron
Published: January 2023

Occlusion of the blood supply of sarcomata which had grown for 10 to 11 days in susceptible rats resulted in atrophy of the treated tumors. Malignant tissue which had undergone atrophy owing to lack of an adequate blood supply for two to four days failed to grow when transplanted into susceptible rats.

Subsequent implantations of viable sarcoma tissue failed to grow in 70 per cent of the rats injected with malignant tissue which had undergone atrophy for two days and in 100 per cent of the rats injected with tumor tissue which had undergone atrophy for three or four days.

Atrophying tumor tissue resulting from this type of operation may be said to be antigenic (5); its transplantation into susceptible rats brought about the development of tumor-immunity in the recipients.