bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchytrium phaseoli-radiati
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Synchytrium phaseoli-radiati
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leguminosae
(pigeon pea,
Cajanus cajan; Crotalaria juncea; Phaseolus radiatus; P. mungo
). DISEASE: Galls develop on leaves and stems of host plants and infected pigeon pea seedlings may suffer from wilting (52, 2790). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India). TRANSMISSION: No reports, but presumably by dissemination of resting spores.
Phaeoseptoria musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phaeoseptoria musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa sapientum
and
Musa
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Musa
spp. Visible symptoms on mature leaves are elliptical lesions 1-2 cm wide, straw yellow in the centre with dark brown margins and yellow haloes. As the disease progresses the spots enlarge, coalesce producing large irregular necrotic lesions with whitish to straw centres. Young and growing leaves are unaffected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Tanzania: Zanzibar); Asia (India, Sabah); Central America and West Indies (Honduras, Trinidad); South America (Colombia, Guyana). These records are based on specimens in herb. IMI. TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; presumably by conidia dispersed by water during wet weather.
Dimeriella sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Dimeriella sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Saccharum officinarum
. DISEASE: Red leaf spot of sugarcane (purple spot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (Queensland), Bangladesh, Cuba, Fiji, Indonesia (Java), Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Tanzania, Trinidad.
Hypoderma rubi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hypoderma rubi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: This species has been reported on leaves, petioles and twigs of a wide range of woody plants, mostly dicotyledons, but even including one species of conifer. The principal host, however, and the one on which it is most commonly collected, is
Rubus
. DISEASE:
Hypoderma rubi
usually fruits only after the apparently normal senescence and death of the host plant, but on
Rubus idaeus
and related species ascocarp initials are occasionally found developing on current year's living floricanes in pale spots surrounding the point of peduncle attachment. The fruit on affected panicles is frequently then aborted, and it has been surmised that in these cases the fungus enters the biennial cane at the end of the first season through the petioles of senescent deciduous leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and North America, apparently also occurring in temperate South America and Asia. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Lophodermium indianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium indianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus caribaea, P. glabra, P. patula, P. roxburghii, P. serotina, P. taeda
; previous reports of this species on
P. thunbergii
are incorrect. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Ascocarps of this species occur predominantly on dead needles in the litter, so that at first sight it appears to be saprophytic. Almost nothing is known of its ecology, however, and since many other species of this genus inhabitating pine needles are known to exist as endophytes in apparently healthy needles before producing ascocarps, this species should be regarded as a potential pathogen until shown to be otherwise. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh; Pakistan: Rawalpindi). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Lophodermium orientale
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium orientale
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus excelsa
. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Ascocarps of this species tend to occur in association with those of
Lophodermium pini- excelsae
Ahmad (
CMI Descripriptions
785), but the exact nature of that association is not known since the ecology of these more recently recognised pine-inhabiting species of
Lophodermium
is still unexplored. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (West Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Coccomyces vilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Coccomyces vilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Mangifera indica
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of mango, frequency in association with
Lophodermium mangiferae
(see sheet no. 798). The fungus is probably not a serious pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Apparently confned to India. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Similar fungi directly infect host leaves by the air-dispersed ascospores.
Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dahlia variabilis, D. coccinia, D. pinnata
; cultivated dahlia. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Dahlia
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Europe including Finland and Sweden; Africa; North America (USA); Central and South America and West Indies (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Venezuela); Asia (Burma, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea); Australia and New Zealand. CMI Map 114, ed. 4, 1983. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Overwinters as ustilospores buried in plant debris; not transmitted by seed or in tubers, although spread by soil attached to tubers is possible (6, 97; 17, 655; 41, 603; 49, 1050); mature ustilospores are capable of remaining viable for a long period when dry (16, 304). Conidia contribute to dissemination during the growing season (49, 1050).
Ustilago hypodytes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago hypodytes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range of grasses, including species of
Agropyron
(many),
Ammophila, Brachypodium, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Diplachne, Distichlis, Elymus
(many),
Festuca, Glyceria, Hilaria, Hordeum, Haynaldia, Lygeum, Melica, Orysopsis, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa
(many),
Puccinellia, Secale, Sitanion, Sporobolus, Stipa
(many), and
Trisetum
. DISEASE: Stem smut of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Chiefly a temperate species found in Europe (including Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia) and North America (Canada, USA) and extending to central and South America (Argentina, Peru, Uruguay), N. Africa (Libya, Morocco, Tunisia), Japan, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Not fully understood, though inoculation experiments have demonstrated that infection occurs in mature vegetative plants (possibly through meristematic tissue), not seeds or flowers (22, 240; 24, 511). Once established, infection is systemic, probably overwintering in the root system and spreading by vegetative multiplication of host plants as well as from plant to plant (24, 511; 19, 720).
Erynia neoaphidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilding N. , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erynia neoaphidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae); records from
Blissus spp., Lygus lineolaris
(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and
Chlorina furcifera
(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably world wide; recorded from Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America and Australasia.
Phacidiopycnis tl jberivora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phacidiopycnis tl jberivora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanum tuberosum, Alnus, Beta, Escallonia, Eucalyptus, Hoya, Humulus, Medicago, Olearia, Ribes, Syringa, Vaccinium
and probably several other plants. DISEASE: Stem-end hard rot or progressive dry rot, or corky rot of potatoes (11, 671; Foster & Macleod, 1932). Symptoms are variable; on mature tubers lesions vary in size from pin heads to those involving the whole tuber. With the progress of infection lesions become sunken, circular with a well defined margin. When immature tubers become infected they become mummified (Foster & Macleod, 1932). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, New Zealand); Europe (UK); North America (Canada, Alberta, Vancouver, British Columbia; USA, Washington). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported. Probably by conidia discharged during alternating dry and wet conditions; penetration of tubers through wounds and abrasions.
Phomopsis caricae-papayae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis caricae-papayae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Carica papaya
(papaw or papaya or pawpaw). DISEASE: Stem rot and fruit rot of
Carica papaya
. Stem rot starts near the base or higher as well defined lesions spreading rapidly. In severe cases causes death of plants. On fruits the visible symptoms are water-soaked spot on the surface which increases on maturity. The infected area becomes depressed, dark brown to black and revealing cracks at an advanced stage (Dhingra & Khare, 1971). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), Asia (India, Pakistan), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Queensland; Hawaii); West Indies (Dominican Republic, St. Lucia); South America (Brazil, Pernambuco; Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: The method of natural infection and factors which favour the spread of the disease have not been thoroughly studied. Presumably by conidia dispersed by water splash and the fungus survives on dry stems and leaf stalks.
Phytophthora infestans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora infestans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Potato, tomato, other
Solanaceae
. DISEASE: Late blight of potato and tomato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide (CMI Map 109, ed. 5, 1982). Distribution of compatibility types differs; the A1 and A2 are both present in Mexico (37, 503), whereas elsewhere only the A1 was thought to occur until the A2 was recorded in Switzerland in 1981 (64, 288). TRANSMISSION: Sporangia are readily detached and disseminated by wind and rain splash. Infection may spread from early potato crops to nearby maincrops. Tubers are contaminated by sporangia washed into the soil from blighted haulms (60, 2899), or on exposure at lifting. The fungus overwinters in tubers. Seed tubers, tuber refuse from clamp sites and volunteer plants provide sources of new infection (52, 216; 56, 973). Tomatoes were infected from potato crops (51, 3560).
Cladosporium allii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium allii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium canadense, A. porrum, A. sativum, A. schoenoprasum
and
A. vineale
. DISEASE: Leaf blotch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (British Isles). TRANSMISSION: Possibly from contaminated debris.
Ramularia rubella
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia rubella
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rumex acetosa, R. aquaticus, R. brownii, R. conglomeratus, R. crispus, R. hymenosepalus, R. longifolius, R
.
nepalensis, R. obtusifolius, R. pulcher, R. stenophyllus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Rumex
spp. Symptoms occur more frequently on older leaves. Spots are apparent on both sides of leaf. Lesions are irregular, frequently angular or circular, brown with a buff centre often having a dark brown or purple border, sometimes coalescent. Size varies from 1-15 mm (mostly 7 mm) diam. Sporulation begins at centre of lesion, conidia in profusion will give a frosted appearance to spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
North America
: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Ohio, Washington, Wisconsin);
South America
: Brazil;
Europe
: Eire, England, Germany, Romania, Sweden, USSR;
Africa
: Libya;
Asia
: India, Iraq;
Australasia
: Australia (Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria), New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia anomala
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia anomala
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Polygonum amphibium, P. coccineum, P. orientale, P. scandens
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Polygonum
spp., lesions irregular, buff which with brown border, size varies from 1-6 mm (usually 2 mm) diam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
North America
: USA (Indiana, Nebraska, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: Not known, probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Candida guilliermondii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Candida guilliermondii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida guilliermondii
is an uncommon cause of human candidosis. It has been reported in cases of acute disseminated candidosis (approximately 1-2% cases), endocarditis, arthritis, paronychia and burns infections. It has also been isolated from vagina, urine, oral cavity, gastro-intestinal tract and ear. Isolations from animals include those from cases of mastitis in cows, sheep and goats and from bovine abortion. Rather more unusual isolations include a report by Sutka of 20 cows slaughtered due to infertility and udder infection from which C.
guilliermondii
was isolated from liver, lungs, kidney + spleen (
Acta Veterinaria Yugoslavia
53: 225-231, 1983).
Candida guilliermondii
has been isolated from a variety of birds and other warm-blooded animals and from soil, sand, seawater and swimming pools. Attempts to produce superficial or systemic infections in laboratory animals have generally been unsuccessful, suggesting that it is an opportunist or weak pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Africa (West Africa, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia); Asia (Hong Kong, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia and Oceania (Fiji, Samoa); Europe (many countries); North America (Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela).
Candida krusei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Candida krusei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida krusei
is an uncommon cause of candidosis in humans and warm-blooded animals. Implications in human disease include renal candidosis, oesophagitis, endocarditis, peritonitis, urinary tract infection and vaginitis. Isolation from blood culture is uncommon but includes 3 isolates from 82 blood cultures from a group of cancer patients (Meunier-Carpenter,
Am. J. Med
. 71: 363-370, 1981) and 3 in a review of 318 yeasts recovered from blood cultures (Odds, 1979).
Candida krusei
has also been isolated from burns, gastric-ulcers, nails and sputum. Associations with veterinary mycoses include bovine mastitis and abortion.
Candida krusei
is the most common yeast to be implicated in bovine mastitis and in one study was isolated on 19 occassions out of a total of 102, (Austwick
et al.
in Winner & Hurley (eds),
Symposium on Candida infections
, pp. 89-100, London: Livingstone, 1966).
Candida krusei
is considered to be only weakly pathogenic, since attempts to produce superficial or systemic infections in laboratory animals have generally been unsuccessful although mild skin and visceral infections have been reported. Several
in vitro
studies have demonstrated that adherence of
C. krusei
to mammalian cells is significantly lower than that of C.
albicans
and
C. tropicalis
(Klotz
et al., Infect. Immun
. 42: 374-384, 1983 and Skerl
et al., Can. J. Microbiol
. 30: 221-227, 1984). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, West Africa, Madagascar, South Africa, Sudan, Zaire, Zimbabwe); Asia (Hong Kong, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Fiji); Europe (most countries); North America (Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, West Indies).
Candida tropicalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Candida tropicalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida tropicalis
is an opportunistic pathogenic regularly implicated in candidosis in man and animals. The disease process, generally restricted to the compromised host, is similar to that caused by
C. albicans
and includes meningitis, endocarditis, acute disseminated candidosis, pyelonephritis, oesophagitis and vaginitis in man, with bovine mastitis and mycotic abortion occurring in animals.
Candida tropicalis
has been isolated from a variety of warm-blooded animals but rarely from the environment and has been isolated from the gut, vagina and oral cavity of humans indicating that the organism occurs as a commensal of these sites. Such results are, however, difficult to interpret since results vary greatly from study to study and most results have been obtained from hospitalized patients (see Odds, 1969). Pathogenicity experiments have shown that
Candida tropicalis
is the second most virulent
Candida
species (second only to
C. albicans
). Numerous studies have shown the organism to cause fatal disseminated infection in laboratory animals following intravenous inoculation, although there is some discrepancy as to the level of pathogenicity in unmodified hosts. Hurley obtained 100% mortality in normal mice following intravenous inoculation of 2.5 × 10 cells (in Winner & Hurley (eds),
Symposium on Candida Infections
, London: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd, pp. 13-21, 1966). Kennedy & Voltz, however, obtained gut colonization and dissemination to visceral organs in antibiotic treated mice following intragastric inoculation of 10 organisms but no colonization of untreated mice (
Sabouraudia
21: 27-33, 1983). For other literature on pathogenicity see Odds (1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably worldwide. Africa (Algeria, Congo, Egypt, West Africa, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, S. Africa); Asia (Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Cook Islands, Fiji, Tahiti); Europe (many countries); North America (Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela).
Candida viswanathii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Candida viswanathii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: There is little knowledge relating to the pathogenicity of
Candida viswanathii
. The organism has been isolated on two occasions from the cerbrospinal fluid of patients with fatal meningitis, but unfortunately, in both cases, further clinical investigations were not possible and postmortem examinations were not undertaken (Sandhu
et al., Sabouraudia
14: 251-241, 1976). Experiments with laboratory animals have demonstrated variable pathogenicity between strains. Sandhu
et al.
were able to recover the organism from multiple organs of 1/4 rabbits and 4/4 mice following intravenous inoculation with one strain of
Candida viswanathii
but from only 1/4 rabbits and 0/4 mice challenged with a second strain (
Sabouraudia
4: 37-40, 1965). Histopathological evidence of infection was only rarely demonstrated. In a later study with a third strain of
C. viswanathii
8/10 cortisone treated mice died within 2 weeks of intravenous inoculation of the organism whereas only 1/10 untreated mice died. Histological evidence of infection was shown in all affected mice. In a recent study of experimental pathogenicity of
Candida
species,
Candida viswanathii
was found to be lethal to untreated mice on intravenous inoculation with doses of > 1 × 10 cells. Although shown to be less pathogenic than either
C. albicans
or
C. tropicalis, C. viswanathii
was the only other species to have a lethal effect on untreated mice (Bistoni
et al., Sabouraudia
22: 409-418, 1984). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: All clinical isolates have so far been from India. Extra-human sources have come from South Africa and Indian Ocean.
Cochliobolus chloridis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus chloridis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chloris gayana
. DISEASE: Leaf blight of
Chloris
. By inoculation it is less pathogenic to
Sorghum
producing only small numbers of punctiform purplish spots (56: 2109). The disease is associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Cochliobolus ravenelii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus ravenelii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sporobolus
sp. DISEASE: False smut associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Azores, Brazil, Burma, Costa Rica, Columbia, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia.
Bipolaris crustacea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Bipolaris crustacea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sporobolus
sp. DISEASE: Attacking inflorescences of
Sporobolus
forming black, crustose fungal masses which completely or partly envelop the inflorescences. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Burma, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, South Africa. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia.
Nocardia vaccinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nocardia vaccinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Vaccinium
spp. ; found on a cross of
V. australe
with
V. ashei
. Probably occurs in the wild on
Gaylussacia baccata
, the black huckleberry. DISEASE: Bud-proliferating gall of blueberry. The galls occur at, or just below, the soil line in the form of a swollen mass of proliferating buds. Most buds abort at an early stage of development, but some grow into weak shoots giving a witches' broom effect. The shoots eventually die and the gall tissue, initially soft and white, becomes hard and brown to black. The plants develop poorly. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Maryland). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is apparently spread in infested compost and can be carried into the nursery if unsterilized leaf litter is used.
Pseudomonas viridiflava
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas viridiflava
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wide variety of hosts. Initially reported on bean (
Phaseolus vulgaris
), but since reported as naturally occurring on at least 31 different species in 14 different families (see for example 53, 395; Billing, 1970). By inoculation a further 30 host species, including 5 extra families, have been found to be susceptible (60, 1802: 9: 695). DISEASE: Originally isolated from reddish brown circular spots on bean pods, but a variety of symptoms have since been reported. Wilkie
et al.
(1973) reported leaf spot of pumkin and lupin, leaf rot of cauliflower, leaf blotch of passion fruit, stem rot of poppy, internal stem rot of tomato, a wet rot of leaves, stipules and stems of pea, panicle rot of grape, and blossom blight of chinese gooseberry (
Actinidia chinensis
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Possibly world wide. Currently known from Kenya (50, 1060), Uganda (NCPPB 1474), Iran (NCPPB 2012), Japan (59, 1887), Australia (NSW, Qd., 63, 3168), New Zealand (53, 395), France (52, 2974), W. Germany (57, 739), Hungary (NCPPB 389), Netherlands (NCPPB 2502), Spain (54, 5140), Switzerland (Original Descr.), UK (50, 1060), USA (California 61, 749; Florida 14: 565; New York 12: 71; Pennsylvania 62, 4928). TRANSMISSION: Apparently exists as a common epiphyte which gains entry through wounds, as a secondary organism, or when the plant has been predisposed by unfavourable conditions when these, or other conditions also favour the bacterium.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arrhenatherum elatius
. By inoculation strain 705 gave much less severe symptoms on
Alopecuruspratensis
and
Dactylis glomerata
, but other grasses tested were not diseased (Egli
et al.
, 1975) Three other strains (711, 719, and 725) gave mild symptoms on
Lolium multiflorum
, and one (730) gave a slight reaction on
Phleum pratense
. The reactions on
Festuca pratensis
and
Poa trivialis
were negative or negligible (Egli & Schmidt 1982). It is unlikely that the above inoculated hosts would be infected naturally. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of tall oat grass. The symptoms are identical to those caused by
X. campestris
pv.
graminis
on other forage grasses. They are first seen at the heading stage when young leaves curl and wither and shoots remain stunted or may die. In some plants poor growth continues and small distorted inflorescences are produced. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on older leaves along the vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Switzerland. All of Egli's isolates came from that country and the pathogen has not yet been reported from elsewhere. TRANSMISSION: As with
X. campestris
pv.
graminis
transmission within the crop is thought to be mainly by mowing machinery.
Diachora onobrychidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Diachora onobrychidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from species of
Onobrychis, Hedysarum, Lathyrus
and
Vicia
. DISEASE: Attacks living leaves and stems of
Leguminosae
. The anamorph matures at various times of the year, presumably dependent on climatic conditions. Collections of mature conidiomata made from Rhodes, Malta and Iraq in April to May, and from Germany in September, have been seen. The ascomata develop from the same stromata after overwintering. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Known from many places in the north temperate zone. Reported from Asia; Iraq, Iran. Europe: Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, USSR. North America: Canada. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied in detail, but it almost certainly occurs through air dispersal of ascospores which directly infect the leaves and stems. The mode of dispersal of conidia is unknown.
Phyllachora bakeriana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora bakeriana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from Cassia fistula, C. hoffinanseggiana and C. inaequilatera. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of Cassia species. The disease is not significant in economic terms; it appears to be unsightly and not seriously damaging to the host plant. Little is known of its ecology. Being a tropical species it probably does not show marked seasonality, but ascomata seem to be most often mature in January or February. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central America: Grenada, Jamaica, Puerto Rico. South America: Brazil; probably more widespread. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but ascospores are probably dispersed in the air and directly infect leaves, in common with other Phyllachora species.
Phyllachora canavaliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora canavaliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Only recorded from
Canavalia villosa
. DISEASE: Infects living leaves of
Canavalia
, causing an inconspicuous leaf spot. Nothing is known about the development of the disease, but in Costa Rica, ascomata are mature in February. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Only known from the type locality in Costa Rica. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but probably occurs by direct infection of leaves from air-dispersed ascospores, in common with other species of
Phyllachora
. On landing on the new host leaf, the ascospore germinates to produce an appressorium and infection peg.
Phyllachora desmodii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora desmodii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded on
Desmodium mauritianum, D. repandum
and
D
.
scalpe
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of
Desmodium
species. This fungus, in common with almost all other species of
Phyllachora
, is not a strong pathogen, as though it develops and matures in living leaves, it appears to cause only insignificant damage to the host. However, the biology of P.
desmodii
has not been studied in detail. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda. Asia: Burma, India, Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: Little is known of this subject, but other species of
Phyllachora
are transmitted through airborne dispersal of ascospores, which germinate on the host leaf to produce an appressorium and an infection peg, which penetrates the epidermis.
Cercospora pappaea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora pappaea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Caricapappaea
(pawpaw). DISEASE: Leaf spot of pawpaw. Leaf spots are circular at first, but become irregular with age, 3-10 mm diam., pale brown on the upper surface, indistinct on the lower. The fungus may also cause small shallow black dots on the fruit; these lesions may enlarge up to 3 mm, but do not cause fruit decay (Weber 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Mauritius, Malawi, Sudan Uganda, Asia: Burma, India Indonesia, Nepal; Australasia and Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Tonga; South America: Venezuela.
Cylindrocarpon carneum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon carneum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus maximinoi
. DISEASE: Associated with galls, but pathogenicity not yet demonstrated. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: Honduras. TRANSMISSION: Spores exuded in slimy tendrils dispersed by water and, possibly, by insects.
Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia, Alfalfa, Apium, Camellia, Ceanothus, Fragaria, Gerbera, Grevillea, Lupinus, Lycopersicon, Malus, Phaseolus, Picea, Pinus, Prunus, Pseudopanax, Rubus, Saintpaulia, Solanum, Viola, Vitis
, nematodes, soil. DISEASE: Root rots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Tanzania; Asia: India, Iran; Australasia: Australia, New Zealand; Europe: Cyprus, France, Italy, Great Britain, .Norway, Poland: North America: Canada, USA (California, Utah). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne; slimy spores are probably spread by water.
Hypodermella rhamni
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hypodermella rhamni
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rhamnus
sp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Rhamnus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Tamil Nadu). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Thecaphora solani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Thecaphora solani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Solanum
, including
S. tuberosum, S. andigenum
and
S. stoloniferum
; found on clones of
S. ajanhuiri, S
.
curtilobum, S. chaucha, S. goniocalyx, S. phureja, S. stenotomum
and
S. tuberosum
subsp.
andigena
in the Potato Germ Plasm Bank, Peru (59, 2318); also on
Lycopersicon
.DISEASE: Potato smut. Infection normally commences in meristematic regions in young shoots, underground portions of stems (commonly at the base of a stem, where it joins the roots), stolons and eventually in tubers, and the resultant galls increase in size throughout the growing season (59, 5337). In tomato plants, hypertrophy and gall formation occur at the junction of stems and roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: Mexico. South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. See CMI Distribution Map 214 (ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By infected tubers, also soilborne, the ustilospores released into soil by disintegration of infected plant parts and surviving there.
Plasmopara halstedii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Plasmopara halstedii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Over 80 hosts from a wide range of genera in the
Compositae
have been reported, including wild and cultivated species of
Helianthus
. For lists see Leppik (1966) and Novotel'nova (1977). DISEASE: Downy mildew of sunflower (
Helianthus annuus
var.
macrocarpus
); the fungus is an obligately biotrophic plant pathogen. Leaves of infected plants develop chlorotic mottling which spreads from the veins near the petiole across the lamina, and increases in area and intensity as leaves age. Plants become stunted, having thin stems, very much smaller capitula without seeds, and smaller and darker roots. The disease is primarily systemic and mycelium can be found throughout the plant from roots to capitulum and achenes, in all except meristematic tissues. Under humid conditions, a white felt of sporangiophores develops on the undersurface of chlorotic areas. Localized secondary infection of the leaves and heads occasionally develops, resulting in spots, delimited by veins. Such secondary infection may also become systemic. Some infected plants show no disease symptoms, but produce lower yields of poorer quality seeds, which lose vitality and have lower germination rates (latent infection). Cotyledons are also infected causing damping-off in seed beds. A basal gall may also be produced. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Plasmopara halstedii
is a fungus characteristic of the Americas, its putative origin, It has spread throughout Europe to parts of Africa and Asia, and has recently been reported from New Zealand. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 286. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne oospores and mycelium (in systemically infected roots) overwinter, infecting subsequent crops. Sporangia form on the surface of infected seedling roots, releasing zoospores which encyst and germinate c root hairs of other seedlings, producing a systemic infection. Sporangia are dispersed by rain-splash from leaves, producing a secondary infection in plants up to the six-leaf stage, but infect only the apical growing points of olde plants. Transmission by oospores in seeds has been responsible for the spread of this fungus around the world, especially since these spores can germinate to produce only a latent infection in the host plant (53, 4545).
Mycosphaerella rosicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella rosicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rosa
spp. DISEASE:
Cercospora
spot of rose. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Asia: Burma, Cyprus, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan. West Indies: Trinidad. Australasia: Australia. Europe. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by windborne ascospores and conidia, water splash and contact with naturally infected plants.
Aspergillus alutaceus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus alutaceus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Insects. Aspergillus alutaceus
can attack some insects, e.g. silkworms and colorado beetles, directly by entrance through their hind gut (Raper & Fennell, 1965). It has also been isolated from different genera of wild and domesticated bees (Batra
et al.
, 1973) and the dead imagoes of Colorado beetles (Bajan & Kwitowa, 1974).
On Man
. Although not known to be a human pathogen, it has been isolated from sputum of patients with pulmonary disturbances (Almeida, 1939). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, particularly in tropical soils.
Aspergillus tamarii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus tamarii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Insects. Aspergillus tamarii
has been isolated on
Spodoptera littoralis
(Kenneth
et al.
, 1971), various genera of bees (Batra
et al.
, 1973), and other insects (Raper & Fennell, 1965). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, but mostly from tropical and subtropical areas.
Phyllachora ramosii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora ramosii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Derris scandens, Derris
sp.,
Millettia merrillii, Millettia
sp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Philippines. TRANSMISSION: No studies are available, but the ascospores are almost certainly transmitted from one host plant to another on air currents.
Bipolaris micropus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Bipolaris micropus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leptochloa
and
Paspalum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot and leaf blight (51: 3036a). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, India, Japan, USA. TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia.
Microdochium panattonianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Holderness M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Microdochium panattonianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lactuca sativa, L. serriola, L. scariola, Cichorium endivia
. DISEASE: Anthracnose, shot-hole, leaf perforation or rust (in USA) and ring spot (in Europe and Australasia) of lettuce and endive. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: See CMI Distribution Map 82, 3rd edn, 1976. Africa: Libya, Mauritius. Asia: Japan, Lebanon, Philippines, Turkey. Australasia and Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Britain, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Rain, water and wind dispersed. Primary inoculum is soil-borne, and the fungus overwinters in soil, on debris and native
Lactuca
spp. Occasionally transmitted by seed. Soil-borne microsclerotia reported as persisting and capable of infecting directly.
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Zea mays
is the natural host. By inoculation
Euchlaena mexicana, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum bicolor, S. sudanense
and
Tripsacum dactyloides
are infected (Schuster
et al.
, 1973). DISEASE: Leaf freckles and wilt, or Goss's bacterial wilt and blight. The disease is characterized by the appearance of discrete, water-soaked spots, dark green to blackish at first, becoming brown and more freckle-like, then coalescing and inducing a leaf scorch. The spots may arise from direct infection or via systemic infection from roots and stems (Schuster
et al.
, 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (IA, IL, KS, NE). (
IMI Distribution Map
549, ed. 1, 1982; 67, 4495). TRANSMISSION: The bacterium can overwinter in debris from diseased corn, particularly stubble and this is a source of primary inoculum in the new growing season. It is also present within the seed where it can remain viable for more than a year. However, experiments suggest that seed transmission is rare (Schuster
et al.
, 1973).
Spiroplasma citri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Spiroplasma citri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: There are many natural hosts in the
Rutaceae
, including
Citrus aurantifolia
(sweet lime),
C. aurantium
(sour orange),
C. clementina
(clementine),
C. jambhiri
(rough lemon),
C. limon
(lemon),
C. madurensis
(syn.
C. mitts
, calamondin),
C. maxima
(syn.
C. grandis
, pummelo),
C. paradisi
(grapefruit),
C. paradisi
×
C. reticulata
(tangelo),
C. sinensis
(sweet orange),
C. sinensis
×
Poncirus trifoliata
(citrange),
C. unshiu
(satsuma) and
Fortunella
spp. (kumquats). Non-rutaceous natural hosts include
Armoracia rusticana, Barbarea vulgaris, Brassica geniculata, B. kaber, B. nigra, B. oleracea
var.
botrytis, B. oleracea
var.
capitata, B. oleracea
var.
gemmifera, B. rapa, B. tournefortii, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Catharanthus roseus, Digitalis purpurea, Plantago ovata, Prunus avium, P. persica, Pyrus communis, Raphanus sativus, Sedum praealtum, Sisymbrium irio, S. orientale, Tagetes erecta, Viola cornuta, Zinnia elegans
(63, 3239; 62, 2777; 59, 3154). A wide variety of plants has been infected artificially by transmission from inoculated leafhoppers. Symptoms are milder under cool conditions. Under warm conditions only
Citrus
spp. and hybrids survive infection more than a few months (59, 3154). DISEASE: Citrus stubborn or 'little leaf'. Affected trees are slightly to severely stunted and give low yields. Leaves are shorter, broader, upturned at the edges and may be mottled or chlorotic. Internodes of twigs are shorter and multiple axillary buds are produced. Fruits may be small, lopsided or acorn-shaped, caused by formation of very thin smooth rind at the blossom end. In horseradish, infection causes brittle root disease, in which leaves are stunted, chlorotic or necrotic and roots show a darkened ring of phloem (61, 2596). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Present in many citrus growing areas. Reports include: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Madagascar, Morocco, Tunisia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Corsica, Cyprus, Greece, Sardinia, Sicily, Mexico, United States (AR, CA), Argentina (Tucuman), Brazil (Sao Paulo), Peru, Surinam (
IMl Distribution Map
375, ed. 2, 1970; 49, 1876b; 50, 1228a; 51, 1253b, 3247; 56, 5056; 63, 1797; 68, 367). TRANSMISSION: The insect vectors are leafhoppers and the following have been shown to transmit the disease:
Neoaliturus tenellus
[Circulifer tenellus]
(sugar beet leafhopper),
N. haematoceps
(
N. opacipennis
),
Scaphytopius nitridus
and
S. delongi
. The disease is also spread in budwood, although not very consistently (68, 367).