bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of the Combination of Novel Spiral Fin and Phase Change Material for Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Batteries in Passive Thermal Management
Authors: Liu Jiahao , Ma Qingwen , Li Xianbin
Published: November 2022

This paper uses ANSYS Fluent to simulate the heat dissipation of a phase change material (PCM)-based cooling system combined with novel spiral fins for a single battery cell. Compared with a circular fin, a spiral fin with the same contact length can reduce the battery temperature by 0.72 °C, and has a superior temperature uniformity. For the PCM-based system with spiral fins, increasing the spiral width from 2 mm to 8 mm can reduce the battery temperature from 41.27 °C to 39.9 °C. As the number of spiral turns increases from two to eight, the maximum temperature rise of the battery shows a downward trend, and six turns can effectively satisfy the heat dissipation requirements of the battery. With respect to the effect of ambient temperature on the cooling performance, the system with a PCM-spiral fin still exhibits optimal cooling effectiveness compared with the pure PCM and PCM-circular systems.
Model-Based Investigations of Porous Si-Based Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Effects of Volume Changes
Authors: Zhang Xingyu , Chen Jian , Bao Yinhua
Published: November 2022

The large volume change of Si has been a roadblock in deploying high-capacity Si-based electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, causing salient structural changes and prominent chemo-mechanical coupled degradation. However, the effects of the volume change of Si-based active materials on the structural parameters have not been fully understood, especially for theoretical prediction through fundamental parameters. In this work, we develop a real-time porosity model featuring volume changes of active materials and electrode dimensions for Si-based anodes, predicting the evolution of porosity and electrode dimensions well through the use of basic electrode parameters. The allowable design space of mass fractions of Si is predicted to be lower than 6% for initial porosity in the range of 26–60% based on the permitted limits of maximum volume change of electrode dimensions and minimum porosity at full lithiation. Subsequently, the effects of changes in porosity and electrode dimensions on the gravimetric and volumetric capacities are emphasized, showing that the accurate estimation of electrochemical performance calls more attention to the effects of structural parameters for Si-based anodes. This study provides a simple and practicable method for the design of electrode parameters, and sheds light on the estimation of electrochemical performance for Si-based anodes.
The Expectations towards Cars to Be Used in Car-Sharing Services—The Perspective of the Current Polish Non-Users
Authors: Turoń Katarzyna
Published: November 2022

In the era of upcoming European Union regulations limiting the registration of combustion cars from 2035, the development of various types of alternatives to balancing transport is on the agenda of modern cities. One of these types of services includes automated short-term car rental systems, i.e., car-sharing systems. In recent years, car-sharing services have been gaining more and more interest among operators and municipal authorities. Despite their intense activities, there are still people in society who have not used car-sharing services so far. A lot of research has been devoted to an attempt to answer their needs in the field of car-sharing, but there is a research gap in the field of detailed analyses of the fleet of cars that they would like to use. Noticing this niche, this article is dedicated to the topic of selecting vehicles for car-sharing systems from the point of view of current non-users and indicating the features that, in their opinion, are the most important parameters characterizing the given vehicles. The research was conducted for the Polish car-sharing market. The obtained results indicate that current non-users would be most interested in small, city B-class cars equipped with internal combustion or electric engines, equipped with a large luggage compartment, and meeting the highest safety standards. Interestingly, the issue of the charging time for electric vehicles was not considered crucial. The results showed that the expectations of non-user vehicles are in contradiction to the expectations of current system users. The article supports car-sharing operators who want to properly manage and modernize their fleet of vehicles to encourage the use of car-sharing among those who are currently unconvinced.
Robust Dynamic Control of Constant-Current-Source-Based Dual-Active-Bridge DC/DC Converter Used for Off-Board EV Charging
Authors: Ashfaq Muhammad Husnain , Memon Zulfiqar Ali , Chaudhary Muhammad Akmal , Talha Muhammad , Selvaraj Jeyraj , Rahim Nasrudin Abd , Hussain Muhammad Majid
Published: November 2022

Due to the high power density, inherent zero-voltage-switching (ZVS), and high voltage-conversation ratio, the current source-based isolated dual-active-bridge DAB–DC/DC converters are extensively used for charging EVs under constant-current mode. However, the fast dynamic response of an output current is a crucial requirement for dual-active-bridge DC/DC converters operating as a constant-current source. This study proposes a fast current controller (FCC) for tracking the desired output current under various input/output parameter disturbances/variations. The proposed control strategy can ensure a fast transient response with negligible overshoot/undershoot for output current during start-up and when there are variations in the load or input voltage. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the current control against change in the reference current value has also been improved. A constant-current-based DAB–DC/DC converter is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software and a scaled-down 300 W lab prototype DAB–DC/DC converter is designed with the TMS320F28335 DSP controller of Texas Instruments. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed current controller, different test cases, such as a change in the load, a change in the input voltage, and a change in the desired output current, are considered. Moreover, under these test cases, the proposed current-control strategy is compared with the conventional proportional–integral (PI) current controller, model-based phase-shift controller (MBPS), and load current feed-forward controller (LCFF). Both the experimental and simulation results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Interdependence between Energy Cost and Financial Situation of the EU Agricultural Farms—Towards the Implementation of the Bioeconomy
Authors: Ryś-Jurek Roma
Published: November 2022

The concept of a bioeconomy can be an opportunity for agricultural and rural development. The objective of this research is to identify groups of family farms which are able to implement the principles of this new development model based on a bioeconomy and to reduce operating costs, especially energy. The time scope of this study covers the period 2004–2020. The data source is the Farm Accountancy Data Network. On the basis of the values of output, family farm income, cash flow, net investment and total inputs (including energy costs), the classes of family farms are indicated. The ranking is based on geographical criteria and the results of panel data models with fixed effects which measure the relationship between energy costs and production, income, cash flow and net investment according to the economic size of the family farm. The results obtained are discussed within the framework of recommendations of the European Commission.
Heat Transfer Intensification in a Heat Exchanger by Means of Twisted Tapes in Rib and Sawtooth Forms
Authors: Poonpakdee Pasu , Samutpraphut Boonsong , Thianpong Chinaruk , Chokphoemphun Suriya , Eiamsa-ard Smith , Maruyama Naoki , Hirota Masafumi
Published: November 2022

This experimental study aimed to intensify the aerothermal performance index (API) in a round tube heat exchanger employing twisted tapes in rib and sawtooth forms (TTRSs) as swirl/vortex flow generators. The TTRSs have a constant twist ratio of 3.0, a constant rib pitch ratio (p/e) of 1.0, and six different sawtooth angles (α = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, and 70°). Experiments were carried out in an open flow using air as the working fluid for Reynolds numbers between 6000 and 20,000 in the current study, which was conducted in a heated tube under conditions of uniform wall heat flux. A typical twisted tape (TT) was also tested for comparison. The experimental results suggest that TTRSs yield Nusselt numbers ranging from 1.42 to 2.10 times of those of a plain tube. TTRSs with larger sawtooth angles (α) offer superior heat transfer. The TTRSs with α = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, and 70° respectively, enhance average Nusselt numbers by 158%, 162%, 166%, 172%, 180%, and 187% with average friction factors of 3.51, 3.55, 3.60, 3.67, 3.75 and 3.82 times higher than a plain tube. Additionally, TTRSs with sawtooth angles (α) of 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, and 70° offer APIs in the ranges of 0.99 to 1.19, 1.01 to 1.21, 1.03 to 1.26, 1.05 to 1.31, 1.07 to 1.42, and 1.09 to 1.48, respectively, which are higher than those of the typical twisted tape (TT) by around 5%, 7%, 11%, 16%, 25%, and 31%, respectively. This demonstrates that twisted tapes in rib and sawtooth form (TTRSs), with appropriate geometries, give a promising trade-off between enhanced heat transfer and an increased friction loss penalty.
Sustainable Governance, Energy Security, and Energy Losses of Europe in Turbulent Times
Authors: Wołowiec Tomasz , Kolosok Svitlana , Vasylieva Tetiana , Artyukhov Artem , Skowron Łukasz , Dluhopolskyi Oleksandr , Sergiienko Larysa
Published: November 2022

The article aims to identify the relationship between energy efficiency and particular indicators of energy losses in Europe. The results of the bibliographic analysis showed a knowledge gap in energy losses in Europe regarding the new challenges of energy security. For the analysis, annual panel data from 32 European countries were collected from 1990 to 2019. The authors used the Jarque–Bera test to assess the normality of the residuals, utilized the Breush–Pagan test for heteroskedasticity check, and applied regression analysis to determine the relationship between energy efficiency and energy loss rates in Europe. To assess the effects of energy losses, the authors performed OLS modeling using the stats model’s package in Python. According to the modeling results, an increase in distribution losses (% of available energy from all sources) by 1% in Europe leads to an increase in energy consumption by 17.16% under other constant conditions. There is significant heterogeneity between European countries concerning energy efficiency and energy loss coefficients. Such a situation requires the development of new strategies and mechanisms to reduce energy losses, considering the challenges of energy security in Europe in turbulent times. Further research can be devoted to clustering European countries according to the main groups of energy losses: in the extraction, distribution, storage, and transformation of energy.
Negative Impact Mitigation on the Power Supply System of a Fans Group with Frequency-Variable Drive
Authors: Yerbayev Yerbol , Artyukhov Ivan , Zemtsov Artem , Artyukhov Denis , Molot Svetlana , Japarova Dinara , Zakharov Viktor
Published: November 2022

The technological installations’ characteristics are possible to improve by equipping fans with a frequency-controlled electric drive. However, it can lead to an electromagnetic compatibility problem in the electrical supply system. This problem becomes worse if a large number of fans are included in the technological installation and the electric drives are powered from a substation connected to a limited power source. As an example, in this article we investigate the power supply system of a gas cooling unit with variable-frequency electric drives for fans. The electric drives’ operating mode dependences characterizing the non-sinusoidal voltages and currents of the power source are obtained with the help of simulation modeling in the MATLAB environment with the Simulink expansion package. The typical substation circuit usage for the power supply of a group of fans with a frequency-controlled drive does not meet the requirements of IEEE Standard 519-2014. We can solve the problem of electromagnetic compatibility by changing the substation topology and organizing DC busbars and replacing frequency converters with inverters. We proposed forming DC busbars using 12-pulse rectifiers powered by transformers with two secondary windings with different connection schemes. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed substation topology provides the voltage and current harmonics level on the substation power busbars in accordance with the IEEE Standard 519-2014 requirements over the entire frequency range of the fans’ motor control.
Diversification of Equipment in the IT Infrastructure of Enterprises in Central Pomerania in Poland
Authors: Korczak Jerzy , Janiszewska Dorota
Published: November 2022

The IT infrastructure is the basis for the efficient and effective flow of logistic information between the individual elements of the logistical system. Therefore, the aim of this research was to assess the diversification of equipment in IT infrastructure in enterprises in Central Pomerania in Poland. The research was conducted in 2021 using the CAWI method. The research covers five categories of IT infrastructure: IT equipment, software/applications, means of communication, devices cooperating in the smart internet network and other devices. The study was conducted on a sample of 353 enterprises located in the area of Central Pomerania. The results of the conducted research indicate that the degree of use of the IT infrastructure in the analyzed enterprises varies. Taking into account the size of the enterprise, IT infrastructure is much more often used by large and medium enterprises than by small and micro enterprises. In addition, the results also show the diversification of the use of IT infrastructure depending on the business profile of the enterprise. Among the various sections of activity, IT infrastructure is most often used by enterprises from Section C (industrial processing) and from Section H (transport and warehouse management).
Residential Building Construction Techniques and the Potential for Energy Efficiency in Central Asia: Example from High-Altitude Rural Settlement in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Mehta Kedar , Zörner Wilfried , Greenough Rick
Published: November 2022

Building construction in rural Kyrgyzstan is heavily dominated by earthen buildings. Old and inappropriate residential building structures contribute significantly to high domestic space heating energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the relevant building construction techniques. However, the scant information on Kyrgyz building techniques, especially for high-altitude rural settlements, was the prime motivation to perform the presented study. The key objective of the study is to investigate residential building construction techniques in high-altitude rural Kyrgyzstan, and this was to be achieved by house visits during field trips, literature review, and pilot interviews with local people. The analysis enabled the detailed identification of individual building envelopes as well as predominant building materials to be recorded. Based on the assessment, a housing profile was created that represents the typical characteristics of traditional rural Kyrgyz houses. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the potential for energy savings in rural Kyrgyz houses of 50–70%. However, local conditions prevent people from making improvements to all domestic energy efficiency parameters simultaneously. Therefore, the study developed a ‘sequential roadmap’ to reduce domestic space heating demand in different phases based on simulation studies. Existing low-income rural Kyrgyz habitations can use the presented roadmap to reduce domestic space heating demand sequentially to overcome financial barriers and, therefore, contribute to establishing sustainable buildings in Kyrgyzstan. These results may be partially replicated in other Central Asian rural communities depending on their location and building characteristics.
Using Machine Learning to Predict Multiphase Flow through Complex Fractures
Authors: Ting Allen K. , Santos Javier E. , Guiltinan Eric
Published: November 2022

Multiphase flow properties of fractures are important in engineering applications such as hydraulic fracturing, evaluating the sealing capacity of caprocks, and the productivity of hydrocarbon-bearing tight rocks. Due to the computational requirements of high fidelity simulations, investigations of flow and transport through fractures typically rely on simplified assumptions applied to large fracture networks. These simplifications ignore the effect of pore-scale capillary phenomena and 3D realistic fracture morphology (for instance, tortuosity, contact points, and crevasses) that lead to macro-scale effective transport properties. The effect of these properties can be studied through lattice Boltzmann simulations, but they require high performance computing clusters and are generally limited in their domain size. In this work, we develop a technique to represent 3D fracture geometries and fluid distributions in 2D without losing any information. Using this innovative approach, we present a specialized machine learning model which only requires a few simulations for training but still accurately predicts fluid flow through 3D fractures. We demonstrate our technique using simulations of a water filled fracture being displaced by supercritical CO2. By generating highly efficient simulations of micro-scale multiphase flow in fractures, we hope to investigate a wide range of fracture types and generalize our method to be incorporated into larger discrete fracture network simulations.
DEMO Divertor Cassette and Plasma facing Unit in Vessel Loss-of-Coolant Accident
Authors: Dongiovanni Danilo Nicola , D’Onorio Matteo , Caruso Gianfranco , Pinna Tonio , Porfiri Maria Teresa
Published: November 2022

As part of the pre-conceptual design activities for the European DEMOnstration plant, a carefully selected set of safety analyses have been performed to assess plant integrated performance and the capability to achieve expected targets while keeping it in a safe operation domain. The DEMO divertor is the in-vessel component in charge of exhausting the major part of the plasma ions’ thermal power in a region far from the plasma core to control plasma pollution. The divertor system accomplishes this goal by means of assemblies of cassette and target plasma facing units modules, respectively cooled with two independentheat-transfer systems. A deterministic assessment of a divertor in-vessel Loss-of-Coolant Accident is here considered. Both Design Basis Accident case simulating the rupture of an in-vessel pipe for the divertor cassette cooling loop, and a Design Extension Conditions accident case considering the additional rupture of an independent divertor target cooling loop are assessed. The plant response to such accidents is investigated, a comparison of the transient evolution in the two cases is provided, and design robustness with respect to safety objectives is discussed.
A Novel Method for Controlling Crud Deposition in Nuclear Reactors Using Optimization Algorithms and Deep Neural Network Based Surrogate Models
Authors: Andersen Brian , Hou Jason , Godfrey Andrew , Kropaczek Dave
Published: November 2022

This work presents the use of a high-fidelity neural network surrogate model within a Modular Optimization Framework for treatment of crud deposition as a constraint within light-water reactor core loading pattern optimization. The neural network was utilized for the treatment of crud constraints within the context of an advanced genetic algorithm applied to the core design problem. This proof-of-concept study shows that loading pattern optimization aided by a neural network surrogate model can optimize the manner in which crud distributes within a nuclear reactor without impacting operational parameters such as enrichment or cycle length. Several analysis methods were investigated. Analysis found that the surrogate model and genetic algorithm successfully minimized the deviation from a uniform crud distribution against a population of solutions from a reference optimization in which the crud distribution was not optimized. Strong evidence is presented that shows boron deposition in crud can be optimized through the loading pattern. This proof-of-concept study shows that the methods employed provide a powerful tool for mitigating the effects of crud deposition in nuclear reactors.
Valorization of Cheese Whey as a Feedstock for Production of Cyclosporin A by Tolypocladium inflatum
Authors: Kim Hyeong Ryeol , Lee Kang Hyun , Chun Youngsang , Lee Soo Kweon , Lee Ju Hun , Kim Seung Wook , Yoo Hah Young
Published: November 2022

Food waste-based biorefineries are considered an essential concept for the implementation of a sustainable circular economy. In this study, cheese whey powder (CWP), a dairy industry waste, was utilized to produce cyclosporin A (CsA). As it is difficult to valorize CWP because its components vary depending on the origin, a process for sugar conversion via acid hydrolysis was designed to obtain reproducible results using refined whey powder (WP) of a consistent quality. Acid hydrolysis was carried out using 2% (w/w) HCl and biomass loading of 50 g/L at 121 °C for 20 min. CWP hydrolysates were utilized to ferment Tolypocladium inflatum ATCC 34921. CsA production was found to be 51.3 mg/L at 12 days, a 1.4-fold increase compared to the control (commercial glucose, 36.3 mg/L). Our results showed that 100 g CWP can be converted to 81.8 mg of CsA. This finding demonstrated that CWP can be used as a sustainable feedstock for biorefineries.
Tribological Performance for Steel–Steel Contact Interfaces Using Hybrid MWCNTs/Al2O3 Nanoparticles as Oil-Based Additives in Engines
Authors: Nabhan Ahmed , Rashed Ahmed , Taha Mohamed , Abouzeid Ragab , Barhoum Ahmed
Published: November 2022

Numerous problems occur during engine operation, such as start-up, lack of lubrication, and overheating, resulting in engine components’ wear, power loss, and fuel consumption. Nanomaterials dispersed in engine oil can play an important role in improving the tribological properties of oil lubricants. This study investigated the influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) as nano-additives for lubricants. Different engine oil samples were loaded with 0.5–2.0 wt% Al2O3 NPs and 0.5–1.0 wt% MWCNTs and compared with unmodified oil. The tribological performance of the nano lubricants was investigated using the four-ball test method. In addition, the wear scar in the engine was evaluated using 3D micrographs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the sliding surfaces with hybrid MWCNTs/Al2O3 NPs showed better friction performance and wear resistance. The coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar width were improved by 47.9% and 51.5%, respectively, compared with unmodified oil.
Impact of Gastrointestinal Digestion Simulation on the Formation of Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory (ACE-I) Peptides from Germinated Lamtoro Gung Flour
Authors: Fitriani Aprilia , Indrati Retno , Marsono Yustinus , Supriyadi Supriyadi
Published: November 2022

The germination of lamtoro gung has been shown to increase the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activity in previous studies. The 48 h germinated flour had the highest ACE-I activity. Administration of the gastrointestinal digestion (GID) simulation with commercial enzymes was expected to increase the ACE-I activity. However, the GID simulation to increase ACE-I in the germinated lamtoro gung flour has not been found. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the GID simulation of ACE-I peptides in sprouted lamtoro gung flour. This study also identified and characterised the peptide with the ACE-I activity. The GID simulation was performed using commercial pepsin (pH 2) and pancreatin (pH 7.5). Both simulations occurred at 37 °C for 240 min. The degree of hydrolysis, peptide concentration, and ACE-I activity was analysed. Samples with the highest ACE-I activity were then fractionated and identified, to determine the peptide responsible for the ACE-I activity. The 180 min GID simulation in the test sample showed the highest ACE-I activity (89.70%). This result was supported by an increased degree of hydrolysis (DH) and peptide concentrations throughout the GID simulation. The <1 kDa peptide fraction had the highest inhibitory activity and had the most elevated peptide portion (54.69%). Peptide sequences containing crucial amino acids were found in the <1 kDa peptide fraction. PRPPKPP, PPPPPGARAP, and PFPPSNPPP had proline in the C and N terminal residues. The peptides obtained also had other biological activities, such as a DPP IV inhibitor, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and antioxidative activity. Based on the toxicity prediction, those peptides are non-toxic and safe to consume.
Inactivation of Clostridium perfringens C1 Spores by the Combination of Mild Heat and Lactic Acid
Authors: Lin Tingting , Bian Huan , Sun Zhilan , Wang Xinxia , Liu Fang , Wang Daoying
Published: November 2022

Clostridium perfringens is a major pathogen causing foodborne illnesses. In this experiment, the inactivation effects of heat and lactic acid (LA) treatments on C. perfringens spores was investigated. Heat treatment (80 °C, 90 °C and 100 °C), LA (0.5% and 1%), and combined LA and heat treatments for 30 and 60 min were performed. Residual spore counts showed that the count of C. perfringens spores was below the detection limit within 30 min of treatment with 1% LA and heat treatment at 90 °C. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy results showed that the surface morphology of the spores was severely disrupted by the co-treatment. The particle size of the spores was reduced to 202 nm and the zeta potential to −3.66 mv. The inner core of the spores was disrupted and the co-treatment resulted in the release of 77% of the nuclear contents 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. In addition, the hydrophobicity of spores was as low as 11% after co-treatment with LA relative to the control, indicating that the outer layer of spores was severely disrupted. Thus, synergistic heating and LA treatment were effective in inactivating C. perfringens spores.
Structure-Function Guided Extraction and Scale-Up of Pea Protein Isolate Production
Authors: Hansen Lucy , Bu Fan , Ismail Baraem P.
Published: November 2022

The lack of adequate guidance and control of the extraction conditions as well as the gap between bench- and industrial-scale production, contributes to the poor functionality of commercial pea protein isolate (cPPI). Therefore, pea protein extraction conditions were evaluated and scaled up to maximize protein purity and yield, while maintaining structural integrity, following mild alkaline solubilization with isoelectric precipitation and salt solubilization coupled with membrane filtration. Both extraction methods resulted in high protein yield (>64%) and purity (>87%). Structure-function characterization illustrated the preserved structural integrity of PPI samples and their superior solubility, gelation, and emulsification properties compared to cPPI. Results confirmed, for the first time, that double solubilization at mild pH (7.5) can replace single solubilization at high alkalinity and achieve a similar yield while preserving structural integrity. Additionally, this study demonstrated, the scalability of the benchtop salt extraction coupled with ultrafiltration/diafiltration. Scaling up the production eliminated some structural and functional differences between the salt-extracted PPI and pH-extracted PPI. Scaling-up under mild and controlled conditions resulted in partial denaturation and a low degree of polymerization, coupled with the superior functionality of the produced isolates compared to cPPI. Results of this work can be used as a benchmark to guide the industrial production of functional pea protein ingredients.
Microorganisms—An Effective Tool to Intensify the Utilization of Sulforaphane
Authors: Li Xiude , Wang Yihan , Zhao Guoping , Liu Guangmin , Wang Pengjie , Li Jinwang
Published: November 2022

Sulforaphane (SFN) was generated by the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin under the action of myrosinase. However, due to the instability of SFN, the bioavailability of SFN was limited. Meanwhile, the gut flora obtained the ability to synthesize myrosinase and glucoraphanin, which could be converted into SFN in the intestine. However, the ability of microorganisms to synthesize myrosinase in the gut was limited. Therefore, microorganisms with myrosinase synthesis ability need to be supplemented. With the development of research, microorganisms with high levels of myrosinase synthesis could be obtained by artificial selection and gene modification. Researchers found the SFN production rate of the transformed microorganisms could be significantly improved. However, despite applying transformation technology and regulating nutrients to microorganisms, it still could not provide the best efficiency during generating SFN and could not accomplish colonization in the intestine. Due to the great effect of microencapsulation on improving the colonization ability of microorganisms, microencapsulation is currently an important way to deliver microorganisms into the gut. This article mainly analyzed the possibility of obtaining SFN-producing microorganisms through gene modification and delivering them to the gut via microencapsulation to improve the utilization rate of SFN. It could provide a theoretical basis for expanding the application scope of SFN.
Quality Assessment of Waste from Olive Oil Production and Design of Biodegradable Packaging
Authors: Grzelczyk Joanna , Oracz Joanna , Gałązka-Czarnecka Ilona
Published: November 2022

The use of olive pomace from olive oil production is still insufficient. The lingering olive pomace is harmful to the environment. On the other hand, the world is increasingly polluted with plastic or by-products from the production of biodegradable products. Considering these two problems, the aim of this work was to develop a mixture and create biodegradable disposable tableware characterized by high antioxidant activity. The disposable tableware was made by mixing olive pomace with teff flour or/and sorghum groats and lecithin. Baking was carried out at the temperature of 180 °C. The best variant of the mixture for the preparation of disposable tableware was olive pomace, teff flour, sorghum groats and lecithin. These vessels were the toughest, with low water absorption and had a high antioxidant potential due to the high content of polyphenols and omega acids. Protecting the cups and bowls with beeswax had a positive effect on reducing water absorption.
Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveal Multiple Strategies for the Cadmium Tolerance in Vibrio parahaemolyticus N10-18 Isolated from Aquatic Animal Ostrea gigas Thunberg
Authors: Yu Pan , Yang Lianzhi , Wang Juanjuan , Su Chenli , Qin Si , Zeng Chaoxi , Chen Lanming
Published: November 2022

The waterborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus can cause acute gastroenteritis, wound infection, and septicemia in humans. Pollution of heavy metals in aquatic environments is proposed to link high incidence of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen. Nevertheless, the genome evolution and heavy metal tolerance mechanism of V. parahaemolyticus in aquatic animals remain to be largely unveiled. Here, we overcome the limitation by characterizing an MDR V. parahaemolyticus N10-18 isolate with high cadmium (Cd) tolerance using genomic and transcriptomic techniques. The draft genome sequence (4,910,080 bp) of V. parahaemolyticus N10-18 recovered from Ostrea gigas Thunberg was determined, and 722 of 4653 predicted genes had unknown function. Comparative genomic analysis revealed mobile genetic elements (n = 11) and heavy metal and antibiotic-resistance genes (n = 38 and 7). The bacterium significantly changed cell membrane structure to resist the Cd2+ (50 μg/mL) stress (p < 0.05). Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed seven significantly altered metabolic pathways elicited by the stress. The zinc/Cd/mercury/lead transportation and efflux and the zinc ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transportation were greatly enhanced; metal and iron ABC transportation and thiamine metabolism were also up-regulated; conversely, propanoate metabolism and ribose and maltose ABC transportation were inhibited (p < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate multiple strategies for the Cd tolerance in V. parahaemolyticus.
Anti-Aging Effect of Agrocybe aegerita Polysaccharide through Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Wu Linxiu , Tong Aijun , Zhen Hongmin , Han Dong , Yuan Hongyang , Li Fannian , Wang Chengtao , Fan Guangsen
Published: November 2022

Polysaccharides extracted from Agrocybe aegerita (AAPS) have various physiological effects. In this study, we used the naturally aging Drosophila melanogaster and D-galactose-induced aging mice as animal models to study the anti-aging effects of AAPS via the alleviation of oxidative stress and regulation of gut microbiota. Results showed that AAPS could significantly prolong lifespan and alleviate oxidative stress induced by H2O2 of Drosophila melanogaster. In addition, AAPS significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster and mice, and reduced the content of MDA. Furthermore, AAPS reshaped the disordered intestinal flora, increased the abundance ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus. Our results demonstrated that AAPS had good antioxidant and potential anti-aging effects in vivo.
Wheat Bread Supplemented with Agaricus bisporus Powder: Effect on Bioactive Substances Content and Technological Quality
Authors: Sławińska Aneta , Sołowiej Bartosz G. , Radzki Wojciech , Fornal Emilia
Published: November 2022

Supplementation of food products with mushroom powder increases their health-promoting value, but at the same time affects technological quality, which often play a key role for consumers. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of adding freeze-dried white and brown button mushrooms (2.5% and 5%) to wheat bread on its health-promoting properties such as antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), total polyphenols and vitamin D2 content and as well as the technological quality as colour and texture. The breads were supplemented with mushroom lyophilisates, which were exposed to UVB radiation in order to increase their vitamin D2 content. The content of total polyphenols and antioxidant properties were determined spectrophotometrically, and the content of vitamin D2 by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole spectrometer (UHPLC/MS/MS analysis). Colour parameters were determined in the CIE-Lab system and texture profile analysis (TPA) and sensory evaluation of the baked products were performed. The addition of dried mushrooms significantly increased the content of bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, vitamin D2) and the antioxidant properties of bread. A small addition of mushrooms caused a significant change in the basic technological quality of breads (colour parameters, specific volume, hardness, cohesiveness, springiness). At the same time, supplementation with mushroom lyophilisates has a positive effect on most analysed attributes in the nine-point hedonic scale. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that mushroom lyophilisates can be a valuable raw material for the fortification of bread, which is a good matrix and carrier of substances with documented biological activities.
Analytical Solution of Coupled Hirota–Satsuma and KdV Equations
Authors: Saadeh Rania , Ala’yed Osama , Qazza Ahmad
Published: November 2022

In this study, we applied the Laplace residual power series method (LRPSM) to expand the solution of the nonlinear time-fractional coupled Hirota–Satsuma and KdV equations in the form of a rapidly convergent series while considering Caputo fractional derivatives. We demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method with some examples. The numerical results and the graphical representations reveal that the proposed method performs extremely well in terms of efficiency and simplicity. Therefore, it can be utilized to solve more problems in the field of non-linear fractional differential equations. To show the validity of the proposed method, we present a numerical application, compute two kinds of errors, and sketch figures of the obtained results.
Inorganic/Biopolymers Hybrid Hydrogels Dual Cross-Linked for Bone Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Cernencu Alexandra I. , Dinu Andreea I. , Dinescu Sorina , Trușcă Roxana , Istodorescu Mircea , Lungu Adriana , Stancu Izabela C. , Iovu Horia
Published: November 2022

In tissue engineering, the potential of re-growing new tissue has been considered, however, developments towards such clinical and commercial outcomes have been modest. One of the most important elements here is the selection of a biomaterial that serves as a “scaffold” for the regeneration process. Herein, we designed hydrogels composed of two biocompatible natural polymers, namely gelatin with photopolymerizable functionalities and a pectin derivative amenable to direct protein conjugation. Aiming to design biomimetic hydrogels for bone regeneration, this study proposes double-reinforcement by way of inorganic/biopolymer hybrid filling composed of Si-based compounds and cellulose nanofibers. To attain networks with high flexibility and elastic modulus, a double-crosslinking strategy was envisioned—photochemical and enzyme-mediated conjugation reactions. The dual cross-linked procedure will generate intra- and intermolecular interactions between the protein and polysaccharide and might be a resourceful strategy to develop innovative scaffolding materials.
Increasing Water Absorptivity of an Aerogel-Based Coating Mortar in Subsequent Wetting and Drying
Authors: Karim Ali Naman , Johansson Pär , Sasic Kalagasidis Angela
Published: November 2022

Aerogel-based coating mortars are energy-efficient composites with thermal conductivities of 30–50 mW/(m·K). They are useful when retrofitting uninsulated building envelopes, particularly in listed masonry buildings, as shown in studies. Meanwhile, the long-term reliability of their hygrothermal properties, typically declared after a single laboratory measurement, is not confirmed. To illustrate the latter and by combining experimental and numerical methods, this study shows that (1) the capillary water absorptivity of a commercially available aerogel-based coating mortar increases after repeated drying and wetting cycles, and (2) leads to a higher moisture content in a masonry wall. After the third cycle, the measured water absorption was more than five times higher than after the first one. Based on numerical simulations, the increasing capillary water absorptivity results in 36% higher relative humidity in the wall if the aerogel-based coating mortar is applied externally and exposed to driving rain. Future research should investigate the reasons behind the observed deviations in the capillary water absorptivity and whether it applies to other types of aerogel-based coating mortars.
Risk of COVID-19 and Cost Burden in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients and Policy Implications for Managing Nephrology Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Behlul Seda , Artac Ozdal Macide
Published: November 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of COVID-19 in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, the cost burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management of ESRD and the cost of catheter infections. In this multicentre, retrospective study, data were obtained from the records of four dialysis centres providing care for ESRD patients in Northern Cyprus. Of the 358 ESRD patients that were receiving haemodialysis (HD) 13 were diagnosed with COVID-19. The average cost of HD treatment per patient was $4822.65 in 2019 and $3759.45 in 2020 (p ≤ 0.001). The average control cost of HD treatment per patient was $618.80 in 2019 and $474.03 in 2020 (p ≤ 0.001). The outpatient treatment costs of catheter infections were not significantly different in 2019 (before) compared to 2020 (after) the pandemic ($54.61 in 2019 compared to $54.74 in 2020, p = 0.793). However, the inpatient treatment costs were significantly greater before the pandemic compared to after the pandemic ($315.33 in 2019 compared to $121.03 in 2020, p = 0.015). The costs for monitoring COVID-19 transmission in patients having ESRD management were significantly higher in HD compared to in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and transplants. Since there is a high risk of transmission of infections in the hospital environment during a pandemic, it is important to implement alternative ESRD management methods, such as enhancing transplants in populations, switching to PD, and implementing home dialysis programmes to reduce the risk of infection and associated complications, as well as the health costs associated with infection monitoring.
Association between Sedentary Time and Falls among Middle-Aged Women in Japan
Authors: Ozaki Etsuko , Matsui Daisuke , Kuriyama Nagato , Tomida Satomi , Nukaya Yukiko , Koyama Teruhide
Published: November 2022

There are many reports on the risk of falls in older adults but none regarding the risk among middle-aged people. We aimed to determine fall risk factors among middle-aged women. The participants comprised 1421 women aged 40 to 64 years; anthropometric and other measurements were obtained, and lifestyle factors were examined using a self-administered questionnaire. The participants were categorized into two groups (No-fall and Fall/Almost-fall) based on their questionnaire responses. The No-fall and Fall/Almost-fall groups comprised 1114 and 307 participants, respectively. Body mass index, abdominal circumference measurements, and prevalence of dyslipidemia were significantly higher in the Fall/Almost-fall group. Additionally, those in the Fall/Almost-fall group had a shorter two-step test, experienced difficulty performing the 40 cm single-leg sit-to-stand test, and had higher 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) scores than those in the No-fall group. The results of the adjusted logistic regression analysis indicated that physical activity, higher GLFS-25 scores, and sedentary time of more than seven hours were all risk factors for falling or almost falling. Longer sedentary time is a new risk factor for falls among middle-aged women. It is necessary for people to be concerned with their sedentary behavior, such as by reducing or interrupting continuous sedentary time.
Women Are More Infected and Seek Care Faster but Are Less Severely Ill: Gender Gaps in COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality during Two Years of a Pandemic in Israel
Authors: Kaim Arielle , Shetrit Shani Ben , Saban Mor
Published: November 2022

In the context of COVID-19 outcomes, global data have deduced a gender bias towards severe disease among males. The aim is to compare morbidity and mortality during two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in female and male patients with COVID-19, as well as to assess length of stay, time of health-seeking behavior after positive diagnosis, and vaccination differences. A retrospective-archive study was conducted in Israel from 1 March 2020 to 1 March 2022 (two consecutive years). Data were obtained from the Israeli Ministry of Health’s (MOH) open COVID-19 database. The findings indicate female infections are 1.12 times more likely, across almost all age groups, apart from the youngest (0–19) age groups. Despite this, the relative risk of severe illness, intubation and mortality is higher among men. In addition, our findings indicate that the mean number of days taken by unvaccinated men from positive diagnosis to hospital admission was greater than among unvaccinated women among the deceased population. The findings of this study reveal lessons learned from the COVID-19 global pandemic. Specifically, the study shows how human biological sex may have played a role in COVID-19 transmission, illness, and death in Israel. The conclusions of this study indicate that targeted approaches, which take into consideration sex and gender and the intersecting factors are necessary to engage in the fight against COVID-19 and ensure the most effective and equitable pandemic response.
SGLT2 Inhibitors in Acute Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Ul Amin Noor , Sabir Faiza , Amin Talal , Sarfraz Zouina , Sarfraz Azza , Robles-Velasco Karla , Cherrez-Ojeda Ivan
Published: November 2022

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a major public health concern, affecting 26 million worldwide. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of glucose-lowering drugs, comprising canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin that are being explored for AHF. We aim to meta-analyze the effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors compared to placebo for primary outcomes including all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, heart failure events, symptomatic improvement, and readmissions. Our secondary outcome is the risk of serious adverse events. This meta-analysis has been designed in accordance with the PRISMA Statement 2020. A systematic search across PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was conducted through August 13, 2022. The following keywords were utilized: sglt2, sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors, sglt2 inhibitors, decompensated heart failure, de-novo heart failure, and/or acute heart failure. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with adult patients (>18 years), hospitalized with de-novo AHF, acutely decompensated chronic heart failure with reduced, borderline, or preserved ejection, and receiving SGLT2 inhibitors were included. A quantitative analytical methodology was applied where the standardized mean difference (SMD) applying 95% confidence intervals (CI) for continuous outcomes and risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI was yielded. All tests were carried out on Review Manager 5.4 (Cochrane). In total, three RCTs were included pooling in a total of 1831 patients where 49.9% received SGLT2 inhibitors. The mean age was 72.9 years in the interventional group compared to 70.6 years in the placebo. Only 33.7% of the sample was female. The follow-up spanned 2–9 months. Heart failure events were reduced by 62% in the interventional group (RR = 0.66, p < 0.0001). readmissions had a reduced risk of 24% with SGLT2 inhibitors (RR = 0.76, p = 0.03). We assessed the efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in preventing complications post-AHF. The odds of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, heart failure events, and re-admissions rates were substantially reduced within the first 1–9 months of hospitalization.