bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early‐onset and very‐early‐onset bipolar disorder: distinct or similar clinical conditions?
Authors: Propper Lukas , Ortiz Abigail , Slaney Claire , Garnham Julie , Ruzickova Martina , Calkin Cynthia V , O'Donovan Claire , Hajek Tomas , Alda Martin
Published: November 2015

Objective

This study aimed to examine differences in the clinical presentation of very‐early‐onset (VEO) and early‐onset (EO) bipolar disorder (BD) not fully explored previously.

Methods

We selected two groups of subjects with BD from the Maritime Bipolar Registry based on age at onset of first major mood episode (VEO with onset prior to age 15 years; EO ranging from 15 to 18 years) and compared them with a reference group (onset after 18 years of age). There were 363 subjects (240 with bipolar I disorder and 123 with bipolar II disorder; mean age 44.2 ± 12.8 (SD) years), with 41 subjects in the VEO and 95 in the EO groups.

Results

In comparison with the EO and reference groups, more subjects in the VEO group developed major depression as an index episode (88% for the VEO group versus 61% for the EO group and 54% for the reference group), and had an unremitting clinical course (65% versus 42% and 42%, respectively), rapid cycling (54% versus 34% and 28%, respectively), and comorbid attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (17% versus 1% and 3%, respectively); a higher proportion of the VEO group had first‐degree relatives with affective disorders compared with the EO and reference groups (0.41 versus 0.32 and 0.29, respectively), and they had lower scores on the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (mean scores of 64 versus 70 and 70). Overall, the EO group was similar to the reference group on most measures, except for increased suicidal behavior VEO 53%, EO 44% and reference group 25%). The results of polychotomous logistic regression also support the view that VEO BD represents a rather specific subtype of BD.

Conclusions

Our results suggest the recognized correlates of early‐onset BD may be driven by subjects at the lowest end of the age at onset spectrum.
Consumption inequality in Canada, 1997 to 2009
Authors: Norris Sam , Pendakur Krishna
Published: November 2015

We assess the evolution of consumption inequality in Canada over the years 1997 to 2009. We correct the imputation of shelter consumption for homeowners to allow for unobserved differences in housing quality correlated with selection into rental tenure, and we account for measurement error in this imputation. Using the annual Survey of Household Spending for years 1997 to 2009, we find that household‐level consumption inequality measured by the Gini coefficient increased from 0.251 to 0.275 over 1997 to 2006. Between 2006 and 2007, consumption inequality may have decreased, and over 2007 to 2009, consumption inequality was flat. Over the entire period of 1997 to 2009, consumption inequality increased moderately. The Gini coefficient for individual‐level consumption inequality followed a similar pattern, though the changes were smaller in magnitude. We also explore a possible correction for tail non‐response bias in inequality measurement and find that the increase in measured consumption inequality is robust to this correction.
Economic Benefits of Self‐Employment for Canadian Immigrants
Authors: Nakhaie Reza
Published: November 2015

This paper evaluates the economic benefits of self‐employment in Canada for 12 groups of ethno‐racial immigrants. It tests whether or not their self‐employment earnings are higher or lower than similar groups in wage and salary employment, whether ethnic minorities earn more or less from self‐employment compared to White immigrants, and whether self‐employment earnings of immigrant groups vary by their industrial sectors of employment. Using the Canadian Census 2006, I show that self‐employed ethno‐racial immigrants earn less than White immigrants. I also show that the economic benefits of self‐employment depend on the ethno‐racial groups and the industrial mix of their self‐employment.

Cet article évalue les avantages économiques du travail indépendant au Canada pour 12 groupes d'immigrés ethnoraciaux. Il teste si les revenus du travail indépendant sont supérieurs ou inférieurs aux groupes similaires au sujet de salaire et de travail avec le salaire annuel, si les minorités ethniques gagnent plus ou moins de travail indépendant par rapport aux immigrés blancs, et si les revenus du travail indépendant des groupes immigrés varient par leurs secteurs industriels de travail. En utilisant le Recensement du Canada de 2006, je montre que les immigrés ethnoraciaux qui sont indépendants gagnent moins que les immigrés blancs. Je montre aussi que les avantages économiques dépendent des groupes ethnoraciaux et du mélange industriel de leur travail indépendant.
La distinction : addendum statistique
Authors: Brisson Romain , Bianchi Renzo
Published: November 2015

The aim of this study is twofold: first, to assess the statistical significance of the data used by Pierre Bourdieu in Distinction; second, to test the hypothesis that the volume of capital (i.e., the global amount of capital) allows for a finer discrimination of dispositional differences than the composition of capital (i.e., the respective weight of the different types of capital in the global amount of capital). To these ends, five data samples were submitted to bilateral between‐proportion comparison tests. The findings (1) reveal that about two‐thirds of the differences reported by P. Bourdieu are significant and (2) support the view that the volume of capital prevails over its composition.

Cette étude poursuit deux objectifs : établir, d'une part, la significativité statistique des données ayant servi de base empirique au modèle que Pierre Bourdieu propose dans La distinction ; mettre à l’épreuve, d'autre part, l'hypothèse selon laquelle le volume de capital (i.e. la quantité globale de capital) constitue, en matière de différenciation dispositionnelle, une variable plus déterminante que la structure du capital (i.e. le poids respectif des différents types de capital au sein du volume global de capital). À cette double fin, les données relatives à cinq échantillons sont soumises à des tests de comparaison bilatérale de proportions indépendantes. Les résultats obtenus (1) révèlent que près des deux tiers des différences observées par P. Bourdieu sont significatives et (2) soutiennent l'hypothèse de la prépondérance du volume de capital sur sa structure.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1‐Benzyl‐1H‐pyrazole Derivatives as Receptor Interacting Protein 1 Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Zou Chan , Xiong Yu , Huang Lu‐Yi , Song Chun‐Li , Wu Xiao‐Ai , Li Lin‐Li , Yang Sheng‐Yong
Published: November 2015

Receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase plays an important role in necroptosis, and inhibitors of the RIP1 kinase are thought to have a potential therapeutic value in the treatment of diseases related to necrosis. Herein, we report the structural optimization of a RIP1 kinase inhibitor, 1‐(2,4‐dichlorobenzyl)‐3‐nitro‐1H‐pyrazole (1a). A number of 1‐benzyl‐1H‐pyrazole derivatives were synthesized and structure‐activity relationship (SAR) analysis led to the discovery of a potent compound, 4b, which showed a Kd value of 0.078 μm against the RIP1 kinase and an EC50 value of 0.160 μm in a cell necroptosis inhibitory assay. Compound 4b also displayed considerable ability to protect the pancreas in an l‐arginine‐induced pancreatitis mouse model.
Novel splice‐site mutation in WDR62 revealed by whole‐exome sequencing in a Sudanese family with primary microcephaly
Authors: Bastaki Fatma , Mohamed Madiha , Nair Pratibha , Saif Fatima , Tawfiq Nafisa , Aithala Gururaj , El‐Halik Majdi , Al‐Ali Mahmoud , Hamzeh Abdul Rezzak
Published: November 2015

The WDR62 gene encodes a scaffold protein of the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. It plays a critical role in laying out various cellular layers in the cerebral cortex during embryogenesis, and hence the dramatic clinical features resulting from WDR62 mutations. These mutations are associated with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly 2, with or without cortical malformations (MCPH2). Using whole exome sequencing we uncovered a novel WDR62 variant; c.390G > A, from two Sudanese siblings whose parents are first cousins. The patients suffered MCPH2 with incomplete lissencephaly and developmental delay. The mutation affects the last nucleotide of exon4, and probably leads to aberrant splicing, which may result in a truncated protein lacking all functional domains.
Performance Comparison of Bounding Volume Hierarchies and Kd‐Trees for GPU Ray Tracing
Authors: Vinkler Marek , Havran Vlastimil , Bittner Jiří
Published: November 2015

We present a performance comparison of bounding volume hierarchies and kd‐trees for ray tracing on many‐core architectures (GPUs). The comparison is focused on rendering times and traversal characteristics on the GPU using data structures that were optimized for very high performance of tracing rays. To achieve low rendering times, we extensively examine the constants used in termination criteria for the two data structures. We show that for a contemporary GPU architecture (NVIDIA Kepler) bounding volume hierarchies have higher ray tracing performance than kd‐trees for simple and moderately complex scenes. On the other hand, kd‐trees have higher performance for complex scenes, in particular for those with high depth complexity. Finally, we analyse the causes of the performance discrepancies using the profiling characteristics of the ray tracing kernels.
Water exposure – challenging differences between occupations
Authors: Meding Birgitta , Anveden Berglind Ingegärd , Alderling Magnus , Lindahl Gunborg , Wrangsjö Karin
Published: November 2015

Background

Few studies have compared water exposure between different occupations in the general population.

Objectives

To investigate and compare the extent of occupational water exposure, with a focus on service, healthcare and production occupations previously classified as involving a high risk for hand eczema.

Methods

In two public health surveys (2006 and 2010), a validated question regarding occupational water exposure was answered by 18 342 and 15 736 gainfully employed individuals, respectively.

Results

Exposure for ≥ 0.5 h/day was reported by 17.5% and 16.3% (p = 0.020) for the respective years, and exposure for > 2 h/day by 7.8% and 7.7% (p = 0.73). Exposure in women was almost twice as high as in men for both years (p ≤ 0.001) and exposure levels (p < 0.001). Exposure for > 2 h/day was more common in high‐risk occupations in service and healthcare than in non‐high‐risk occupations [prevalence proportion ratios of 16.7 (95%CI: 14.0–20.0) and 8.3 (95%CI: 6.9–9.9), respectively]. Exposure was highest in service occupations, where 44.6% reported exposure for > 2 h/day in 2010, and kitchen work, cleaning and hairdressing dominated. In healthcare, the corresponding figure was 22.0%.

Conclusions

Challenging differences in water exposure between occupational groups were found, and extensive water exposure was reported in a number of occupations previously classified as involving a high risk for hand eczema.
Climate and Fire Scenario Uncertainty Dominate the Evaluation of Options for Conserving the Great Desert Skink
Authors: Cadenhead Natasha C. R. , Kearney Michael R. , Moore Danae , McAlpin Steve , Wintle Brendan A.
Published: November 2015

Fire regimes are predicted to change under climate change, with associated impacts on species and ecosystems. However, the magnitude and direction of regime changes are uncertain, as will be species’ responses. For many species, how they respond will determine their medium‐long‐term viability. We propagate fire regime and species’ response uncertainties through a 50‐year viability analysis of the great desert skink,Liopholis kintorei, in central Australia, characterizing fire regime change under three scenarios. Species’ response uncertainty was characterized with three competing models based on fire and habitat variables, fitted to 11 years of occupancy data. We evaluate fire management options for conserving the species, based on their robustness to uncertainty about fire and species’ response. Efforts to minimize the frequency and size of fires provides the most consistent improvements to species’ persistence. We show that disentangling important from unimportant uncertainties enables conservation managers to make more efficient, defensible decisions.
Nitrogen monoxide and carbon monoxide transfer interpretation: state of the art
Authors: Martinot Jean Benoit , Guénard Hervé , Dinh‐Xuan Anh‐Tuan , Gin Henri , Dromer Claire
Published: November 2015

Just a few clinicians routinely measure the subcomponents of the lung diffusing capacity for Carbone monoxide (DLCO). This is because the measurement of membrane and blood conductances for CO (DmCO and DbCO = θCO × Vc, respectively) by the classic Roughton and Forster method is complicated and time consuming. In addition, it mistakenly assumes a close relationship between alveolar oxygen partial pressure (PAO2) and mean intracapillary oxygen partial pressure (PcapO2) which is the true determinant of specific conductance of haemoglobin for CO (θCO). Besides that, the critical multistep oxygenation method along with different linear equations relating 1/θCO to PcapO2 gave highly scattered DmCO and Vc values. The Dm and Vc can also be derived from a simultaneous measurement of DLNO and DLCO with the blood resistance for NO assumed to be negligible. However, recent in vitro and in vivo experiments point towards a finite value of θNO (about 4·5 mlNO × mlblood−1 × min−1 × mmHg−1). Putting together the arguments and our clinical data allows us to report here the state of the art in partitioning the CO diffusing capacity into its constitutive components, with the goal to encourage further studies examining the sensitivity of DmCO and Vc to alterations observed in parenchymal diseases.
Income Disparity among Persons with Disabilities, Assessed by Education and Sex: Accentuated Gender Difference Found in Metro Manila, the Philippines
Authors: Albert Jose Ramon , Mori Soya , Reyes Celia , Tabuga Aubrey D. , Yamagata Tatsufumi
Published: November 2015

How do persons with disabilities (PWDs) earn a living? This paper presents an investigation of the economic activities of PWDs in the Philippines, where, among developing countries, disability‐related legislation is relatively progressive. In 2008, a field survey was conducted in cooperation with Disability People's Organizations using a tailor‐made questionnaire in Metro Manila. The explanatory variables of income of PWDs were examined using Mincer regression. The conclusions are as follows. (1) There is remarkable income disparity among PWDs, differing with education and sex. (2) After controlling for PWDs' characteristics, it was found that female PWDs are likely to earn less than male PWDs. Such a significant income gap between men and women among PWDs is remarkable in the Philippines, where gender difference in income is generally small. This finding suggests that female PWDs are doubly disadvantaged in earning income.
Towards a natural disaster intervention and recovery framework
Authors: Lawther Peter M.
Published: November 2015

Contemporary responses to facilitate long‐term recovery from large‐scale natural disasters juxtapose between those of humanitarian agencies and governments and those of the affected community. The extent to which these mechanisms articulate is crucial to the recovery propensity of the affected communities. This research examines such action by exploring the relationship between the scale of post‐disaster response interventions, the extent of community participation in them, and their impact on community recovery, using a community wealth capital framework. The investigation was applied to a study of the longer‐term community recovery of the island of Vilufushi, Republic of Maldives, which was almost completely destroyed by the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004. Data were analysed through the employment of a pattern match technique and a holistic recovery network analysis. The research framework, informed by the case‐study results, other long‐term recovery evaluations, and existing resilience theory, is reconfigured as a testable roadmap for future post‐disaster interventions.
The nuclear disaster management system in Taiwan: a case study of the third (Maanshan) nuclear power plant
Authors: Yang Yung‐Nane
Published: November 2015

This paper explores the effectiveness of the nuclear disaster management system in Taiwan via a review of the third (Maanshan) nuclear power plant. In doing so, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan on 11 March 2011 is reviewed and compared with the situation in Taiwan. The latter's nuclear disaster management system is examined with respect to three key variables: information; mobilisation; and inter‐organisational cooperation. In‐depth interviews with 10 policy stakeholders with different backgrounds serve as the research method. The results point up the need for improvement in all dimensions. In addition, they highlight three principal problems with the nuclear disaster management system: (i) it might not be possible to provide first‐hand nuclear disaster information immediately to the communities surrounding the Maanshan facility in Pingtung County, southern Taiwan; (ii) the availability of medical resources for treating radiation in Hengchun Township is limited; and (iii) the inter‐organisational relationships for addressing nuclear disasters need to be strengthened. Hence, cooperation among related organisations is necessary.
A study of farmers' flood perceptions based on the entropy method: an application from Jianghan Plain, China
Authors: Luo Xiaofeng , Lone Todd , Jiang Songying , Li Rongrong , Berends Patrick
Published: November 2015

Using survey data from 280 farmers in Jianghan Plain, China, this paper establishes an evaluation index system for three dimensions of farmers' flood perceptions and then uses the entropy method to estimate their overall flood perception. Farmers' flood perceptions exhibit the following characteristics: (i) their flood‐occurrence, flood‐prevention, and overall flood perceptions gradually increase with age, whereas their flood‐effects perception gradually decreases; (ii) their flood‐occurrence and flood‐effects perceptions gradually increase with a higher level of education, whereas their flood‐prevention perception gradually decreases and their overall flood perception shows nonlinear change; (iii) flood‐occurrence, flood‐effects, and overall flood perceptions are higher among farmers who serve in public offices than among those who do not do so; (iv) the flood‐occurrence, flood‐effects, and overall flood perceptions of farmers who work off‐farm are higher than those of farmers who work solely on‐farm, contrary to the flood‐prevention perception; and (v) the flood‐effects and flood‐prevention perceptions of male farmers are lower than those of female farmers, but the flood‐occurrence and overall flood perceptions of male farmers are higher than those of female farmers.
Sustainable grassland systems: a modelling perspective based on the North Wyke Farm Platform
Authors: Wu L. , Zhang X. , Griffith B. A. , Misselbrook T. H.
Published: November 2015

The North Wyke Farm Platform (NWFP) provides data from the field‐ to the farm‐scale, enabling the research community to address key issues in sustainable agriculture better and to test models that are capable of simulating soil, plant and animal processes involved in the systems. The tested models can then be used to simulate how agro‐ecosystems will respond to changes in the environment and management. In this study, we used baseline datasets generated from the NWFP to validate the Soil‐Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum System (SPACSYS) model in relation to the dynamics of soil water content, water loss from runoff and forage biomass removal. The validated model, together with future climate scenarios for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s (from the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES): medium (A1B) and large (A1F1) emission scenarios), were used to simulate the long‐term responses of the system with three contrasting treatments on the NWFP. Simulation results demonstrated that the SPACSYS model could estimate reliably the dynamics of soil water content, water loss from runoff and drainage, and cut biomass for a permanent sward. The treatments responded in different ways under the climate change scenarios. More carbon (C) is fixed and respired by the swards treated with an increased use of legumes, whereas less C was lost through soil respiration with the planned reseeding. The deep‐rooting grass in the reseeding treatment reduced N losses through leaching, runoff and gaseous emissions, and water loss from runoff compared with the other two treatments.
Optical Properties of Transparent Glass–Ceramics Containing Er3+‐Doped Sodium Lutetium Fluoride Nanocrystals
Authors: Pascual Maria J. , Garrido Cristian , Durán Alicia , Miguel Adrián , Pascual Laura , de Pablos‐Martín Araceli , Fernández Joaquín , Balda Rolindes
Published: November 2015

Transparent glass–ceramics containing Er3+‐doped sodium lutetium fluoride nanocrystals for photonic applications have been synthesized. Glass transition temperature, softening temperature, and crystallization temperature were estimated by dilatometry and differential thermal analysis. Proper heat treatments were selected to crystallize lutetium fluoride nanocrystals. X‐ray diffraction analysis was carried out to identify the crystalline phase and the crystal size. HRTEM indicates that the base glass is phase separated in droplets enriched in Lu, Na, F, and also Er ions. The thermal treatment induces the crystallization inside the droplets. The optical characterization, which includes absorption and steady‐state and time‐resolved emission spectroscopy under one‐ and two‐photon excitation, shows the differences between the phase‐separated base glass and its corresponding glass–ceramic. The reduction of the Judd–Ofelt parameter Ω2 together with the increase of the fluorescence lifetimes as compared to the glass sample confirms the presence of Er3+ ions in a crystalline environment in the glass–ceramic samples. Moreover, an enhancement of the green and red up‐converted emissions (as well as the weak blue emission) is observed in the glass–ceramic, indicating the Er3+ incorporation into the nanocrystals. The possible excitation mechanisms responsible for this up‐conversion luminescence are discussed on the basis of lifetime measurement results.
A novel model for arc territory design: promoting Eulerian districts
Authors: García‐Ayala Gabriela , González‐Velarde José Luis , Ríos‐Mercado Roger Z. , Fernández Elena
Published: November 2015

The problem of district design for the implementation of arc routing activities is addressed. The aim is to partition a road network into a given number of sectors to facilitate the organization of the operations to be implemented within the region. This problem arises in numerous applications such as postal delivery, meter readings, winter gritting, road maintenance, and municipal solid waste collection. An integer linear programming model is proposed where a novel set of node parity constraints to favor Eulerian districts is introduced. Series of instances were solved to assess the impact of these parity constraints on the objective function and deadhead distance. Networks with up to 401 nodes and 764 edges were successfully solved. The model is useful at a tactical level as it can be used to promote workload balance, compactness, deadhead distance reduction and parity in districts.
SrTiO3‐Based Resistive Switching Memory Device with Graphene Nanoribbon Electrodes
Authors: Kim Cheol Hwan , Ahn Yoonho , Son Jong Yeog
Published: November 2015

We demonstrate the resistive switching behavior on SrTiO3 (STO) (100) single‐crystalline substrate with graphene nanoribbon (GNR) electrodes. The planar GNR was fabricated on STO substrate by means of dip‐pen nanolithography and polystyrene‐etching techniques. The nanogap for the GNR electrodes was induced by electroburning, which was performed by applying a voltage across the GNR. The nanoscale GNR/STO/GNR RRAM device showed bipolar resistive switching behavior with low set/reset voltages and current as well as good retention characteristics. The bipolar resistive switching behavior might be attributed to roles of oxygen vacancies, originating from intrinsic characteristics of dislocation of STO single crystal.
Imiquimod‐induced apoptosis of melanoma cells is mediated by ER stress‐dependent Noxa induction and enhanced by NF‐κB inhibition
Authors: El‐Khattouti Abdelouahid , Selimovic Denis , Hannig Matthias , Taylor Erin B. , Abd Elmageed Zakaria Y. , Hassan Sofie Y. , Haikel Youssef , Kandil Emad , Leverkus Martin , Brodell Robert T. , Megahed Mosaad , Hassan Mohamed
Published: November 2015

Melanoma is characterized by dysregulated intracellular signalling pathways including an impairment of the cell death machinery, ultimately resulting in melanoma resistance, survival and progression. This explains the tumour's extraordinary resistance to the standard treatment. Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier (imidazoquinoline) with both antiviral and antitumour activities. The mechanism by which imiquimod triggers the apoptosis of melanoma cells has now been carefully elucidated. Imiquimod‐induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of apoptosis signalling regulating kinase1/c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase/p38 pathways and the induction of endoplasmic stress characterized by the activation of the protein kinase RNA‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase signalling pathway, increase in intracellular Ca2+ release, degradation of calpain and subsequent cleavage of caspase‐4. Moreover, imiquimod triggers the activation of NF‐κB and the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) such as, X‐linked IAP (XIAP) together with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also, imiquimod triggers mitochondrial dysregulation characterized by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), the increase in cytochrome c release, and cleavage of caspase‐9, caspase‐3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). Inhibitors of specific pathways, permit the elucidation of possible mechanisms of imiquimod‐induced apoptosis. They demonstrate that inhibition of NF‐kB by the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa‐B kinase (IKK) inhibitor Bay 11‐782 or knockdown of XIAP induces melanoma apoptosis in cells exposed to imiquimod. These findings support the use of either IKK inhibitors or IAP antagonists as adjuvant therapies to improve the effectiveness topical imiquimod in the treatment of melanoma.
CYP1A1 rs1048943 and rs4646903 polymorphisms associated with laryngeal cancer susceptibility among Asian populations: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zeng Wei , Li Yanwei , Lu Eryong , Ma Min
Published: November 2015

Many studies have investigated the association between CYP1A1 rs1048943 and rs4646903 polymorphisms and laryngeal cancer risk, but their results have been inconsistent. The PubMed and CNKI were searched for case–control studies published up to 01 July 2015. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. In this meta‐analysis, we assessed 10 published studies involving comprising 748 laryngeal cancer cases and 1558 controls of the association between CYP1A1 rs1048943 and rs4646903 polymorphisms and laryngeal cancer risk. For CYP1A1 rs1048943 of the homozygote G/G and G allele carriers (A/G + G/G) versus A/A, the pooled ORs were 1.77 (95% CI = 1.28–2.81, P = 0.007 for heterogeneity) and 1.86 (95% CI = 1.45–2.40, P = 0.000 for heterogeneity). For CYP1A1 rs4646903 of the homozygote G/G and G allele carriers (A/G + G/G) versus A/A, the pooled ORs were 1.53 (95% CI = 1.31–2.21, P = 0.012 for heterogeneity) and 1.33(95% CI = 1.04–1.71, P = 0.029 for heterogeneity). In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, the significantly risks were found among Asians for both the G allele carriers and homozygote G/G. However, no significant associations were found in Caucasian population all genetic models. These results from the meta‐analysis suggest that CYP1A1 rs1048943 and rs4646903 polymorphisms contribute to risk of laryngeal cancer among Asian populations.
Estimation of efficacy functions for products used to manage corn rootworm larval injury
Authors: Tinsley N. A. , Mitchell P. D. , Wright R. J. , Meinke L. J. , Estes R. E. , Gray M. E.
Published: November 2015

Maize, Zea mays L., is an economically important crop grown throughout the world. Corn rootworm, Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), larvae constitute a significant economic threat to maize production in the United States, where yield losses and management costs associated with corn rootworm species exceed $1 billion annually. Furthermore, the introduction of the western corn rootworm, D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, into maize‐producing regions of Europe has made managing corn rootworm larval injury an international concern. Larvae injure maize plants by feeding on root tissue and are the primary target of management activities. Products commonly used to protect root systems from injury include chemical insecticides (seed or soil applied) and genetically modified maize hybrids expressing toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). The confirmation of field‐evolved resistance to various Bt toxins in populations of the western corn rootworm presents a significant management challenge. We performed a meta‐analysis to provide a broad understanding of the relative efficacy of the primary products currently being used to manage corn rootworm larval injury, including insecticidal seed treatments, soil insecticides and Bt hybrids (with and without the addition of soil insecticide). Our analysis is unique in the breadth of locations and years included – we analysed 135 individual trials conducted from 2003 through 2014 at multiple sites in both Illinois and Nebraska. Panel data were produced by pairing the mean node‐injury rating for each treatment of a given trial with the mean node‐injury rating for untreated maize. Linear regression models were developed to estimate the relationship between the potential for corn rootworm larval injury and product performance. For a given level of injury potential, the parameters estimated reveal differences in the degree of root protection offered by the various product categories analysed. Implications for developing long‐term, integrated, and sustainable practices for managing this important pest of maize are discussed.
Offspring sex ratio and development are determined by copulation activity in Echinothrips americanus MORGAN 1913 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Krueger S. , Mound L. A. , Moritz G. B.
Published: November 2015

The costs of parthenogenetic reproduction are more or less unknown in thrips. However, IPM strategies require an understanding of temporal and spatial life‐history variations and sex ratios. Hence, different circumstances with regard to mating and sperm storage, and their effects on the life history of the adults and progeny, were tested in Echinothrips americanus. Different conditions were investigated: (1) one female and one male with permanent access to each other, (2) one female and one male with limited access to each other, (3) one virgin male only, (4) one virgin female only and (5) two virgin females permanently associated. Mating or not mating has a significant effect on the longevity of females and males, and on female fecundity. As a result of tested condition (2), limited access has a positive effect on longevity of a male. On the other hand, permanent access (1) or no access to a female (3) leads to shorter longevity of a male. For a female with permanent access to a male (1), longevity and oviposition rate are reduced. In addition, test conditions of parents have a significant effect on developmental time of the offspring and their sex ratio. Compared to a female under condition (1), a female with limited access to a male (2) delivers offspring with a more male‐biased sex ratio, independent of the period of time after last male access. Concerning the time for development of the offspring, females under condition (2) and under condition (4) deliver an F1 generation with a shorter developmental time than those under condition (1). Therefore, E. americanus seems to have a feedback system, that is offspring in low male‐biased populations develop faster and generate an adapted sex ratio. Hence, the assumption of a lower infestation risk in arrhenotokous than in thelytokous parthenogenesis should be reconsidered.
Trust Me! I am a European Central Banker
Authors: BURSIAN DIRK , FÜRTH SVEN
Published: November 2015

In the aftermath of the financial crisis, the European Central Bank (ECB) has experienced an unprecedented deterioration in the level of trust. This raises the question as to what factors determine trust in central banking. We use a unique cross‐country data set that includes a rich set of socioeconomic characteristics and supplement it with variables meant to reflect a country's macroeconomic condition. We find that besides individual socioeconomic characteristics, macroeconomic conditions play a crucial role in the trust‐building process. Our results suggest that agents are boundedly rational in the trust‐building process and that current ECB market operations may even be beneficial for trust in the ECB in the long run.
Interwar Inflation, Unexpected Inflation, and Output Growth
Authors: DORVAL BILL , SMITH GREGOR W.
Published: November 2015

Interwar macroeconomic history is a natural place to look for evidence on the correlation between output growth and inflation or unexpected inflation. We apply time‐series methods to measure unexpected inflation for more than 20 countries using both retail and wholesale prices. There is a significant, positive correlation between output growth and inflation for the entire period. There is little evidence that this correlation is caused by an underlying role for unexpected inflation. For wholesale price inflation in particular, the output declines associated with deflations were larger than the output increases associated with inflations of the same scale.
Fundamentals and Exchange Rate Prediction Revisited
Authors: WANG YI‐CHIUAN , WU JYH‐LIN
Published: November 2015

This paper measures latent fundamental exchange rates with independent component‐based rates constructed from a cross‐section of exchange rates and then uses their deviations from exchange rates to forecast. Empirical results indicate that the independent component‐based model and its Taylor rule and purchasing power parity augmented models are superior to the random walk in predicting exchange rates. These results are robust to several scenarios and are likely to be observed if the U.S. sources and the recursive scheme are applied. Our results reveal that information regarding the third moment of exchange rate changes is helpful to explain exchange rate movements.
1,8‐ and 1,4‐cineole enhance spontaneous excitatory transmission by activating different types of transient receptor potential channels in the rat spinal substantia gelatinosa
Authors: Jiang Chang‐Yu , Wang Chong , Xu Nian‐Xiang , Fujita Tsugumi , Murata Yuzo , Kumamoto Eiichi
Published: November 2015

Although transient receptor potential (TRP) channels expressed in the spinal substantia gelatinosa play a role in modulating nociceptive transmission, their properties have not been fully examined yet. In order to address this issue, the effects of 1,8‐cineole and its stereoisomer 1,4‐cineole on excitatory transmission were examined by applying the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique to substantia gelatinosa neurons in adult rat spinal cord slices. Miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency was increased by 1,8‐ and 1,4‐cineole. The cineole activities were repeated and resistant to voltage‐gated Na+‐channel blocker tetrodotoxin. The 1,8‐cineole activity was inhibited by TRP ankyrin‐1 (TRPA1) antagonists (HC‐030031 and mecamylamine) but not TRP vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) antagonists (capsazepine and SB‐366791), whereas the 1,4‐cineole activity was depressed by the TRPV1 but not TRPA1 antagonists. Although 1,8‐ and 1,4‐cineole reportedly activate TRP melastatin‐8 (TRPM8) channels, their activities were unaffected by TRPM8 antagonist 4‐(3‐chloro‐2‐pyridinyl)‐N‐[4‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)phenyl]‐1‐piperazinecarboxamide. Monosynaptically evoked C‐fiber, but not Aδ‐fiber excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude, was reduced by 1,8‐ and 1,4‐cineole. These results indicate that 1,8‐ and 1,4‐cineole increase spontaneous l‐glutamate release from nerve terminals by activating TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels, respectively, while inhibiting C‐fiber but not Aδ‐fiber evoked l‐glutamate release. This difference between 1,8‐ and 1,4‐cineole may serve to know the properties of TRP channels located in the central terminals of primary‐afferent neurons.

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The spinal dorsal horn lamina II (substantia gelatinosa; SG) plays a pivotal role in regulating nociceptive transmission from the periphery. We found out in the SG that 1,4‐ and 1,8‐cineole activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels, respectively, located in primary‐afferent, possibly C‐fiber, central terminals. This difference may serve to know the properties of TRP channels expressed in the central terminals.
Perineural expression of high‐mobility group box‐1 contributes to long‐lasting mechanical hypersensitivity via matrix metalloprotease‐9 up‐regulation in mice with painful peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Zhang Fang Fang , Morioka Norimitsu , Harano Sakura , Nakamura Yoki , Liu Keyue , Nishibori Masahiro , Hisaoka‐Nakashima Kazue , Nakata Yoshihiro
Published: November 2015

High‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) has been shown to be critical in the modulation of nociceptive transduction following a peripheral neuropathy. However, the precise role of peripherally expressed HMGB1 in neuropathic pain has yet to be fully elaborated. Following a partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) in mice, a persistent ipsilateral up‐regulation of HMGB1 was observed from 3 to 21 days after PSNL, in paralleled with a robust ipsilateral hind paw mechanical hypersensitivity. Increased HMGB1 was detected in both infiltrating macrophages and proliferating Schwann cells in the ipsilateral nerve 14 days following PSNL. Repeated perineural treatment with anti‐HMGB1 antibody significantly ameliorated PSNL‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Several pronociceptive molecules, including matrix metalloprotease‐9 (MMP‐9), tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and cyclooxygenase‐2, were up‐regulated in injured sciatic nerve 14 days following PSNL. Repeated perineural treatment with an anti‐HMGB1 antibody significantly suppressed expression of MMP‐9, but not other pronociceptive molecules. Perineural treatment with a selective MMP‐9 inhibitor ameliorated PSNL‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity. The current findings demonstrate that the maintenance of the neuropathic state following an injured nerve is dependent on the up‐regulation of HMGB1 and MMP‐9. Thus, blocking HMGB1 function in sciatic nerve could be a potent therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

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Increased peripheral high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) is involved in the modulation of nociceptive transduction following a peripheral neuropathy. Following nerve injury in mice, increased HMGB1 is detected in both infiltrating macrophages and proliferating Schwann cells in the ipsilateral nerve. Repeated perineural treatment with anti‐HMGB1 antibody significantly ameliorates nerve injury‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity, and suppresses expression of matrix metalloprotease‐9 (MMP‐9). The findings demonstrate that the maintenance of the neuropathic state following an injury nerve is dependent on the up‐regulation of HMGB1 and MMP‐9.
Factors of Resilience in Emergency Department Nurses Who Have Experienced Workplace Violence in Taiwan
Authors: Hsieh Hsiu‐Fen , Hung Yu‐Tung , Wang Hsiu‐Hung , Ma Shu‐Ching , Chang Shu‐Chen
Published: November 2015

Purpose

This study investigated the relationship among personality traits, social network integration (SNI), and resilience in emergency department (ED) nurses who had suffered from physical or verbal violence by patients or their families.

Design and Methods

A cross‐sectional study with convenience sampling was conducted for exploring the related factors of resilience on abused nurses. A total of 187 participants met our inclusion criteria and completed all questionnaires.

Findings

Higher degrees of extraversion and peer support were associated with greater resilience among all abused nurses, whereas neuroticism was inversely associated with their resilience.

Conclusions

Among all forms of SNI, only peer support was shown to enhance an individual's resilience. In addition, personality traits were associated with resilience, and religions did not play an important role in enhancing resilience among our participants.

Clinical Relevance

Through a clearer understanding of the role of peer support in resilience among ED nurses, healthcare managers should provide and enhance their peer support to intensify their resilience for prevention of consequences of workplace violence.
Social Support and Women Living With Breast Cancer in the South of Thailand
Authors: Suwankhong Dusanee , Liamputtong Pranee
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To discuss social support among women with breast cancer in rural communities in southern Thailand.

Design

Qualitative research that allowed researchers to understand the lived experiences of women living with breast cancer and social support.

Methods

In‐depth interviewing and drawing methods were adopted with 20 women with breast cancer. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data.

Findings

Most women with breast cancer received three types of social support: emotional support, tangible support, and informational support. Most support came from family members and relatives. Religion was also a form of social support for women. Many women, however, received insufficient social support from healthcare providers. This reduced their capacity to manage their illness, thus impacting their well‐being.

Conclusions

Various forms of support are essential for women with breast cancer so that they can better cope with their condition.

Clinical Relevance

Nurses and other health professionals are an important source of social support for women with breast cancer. Through having an understanding of and being sensitive to these women's experiences, culture, and challenges, nurses and healthcare professionals can provide more individualized support and care to women during a vulnerable period of their life. We contend that the cultural perspectives of patients are crucial in nursing science. Nurses need to appreciate the importance of culture for the support of patients with breast cancer.
Bony labyrinth shape variation in extant Carnivora: a case study of Musteloidea
Authors: Grohé Camille , Tseng Z. Jack , Lebrun Renaud , Boistel Renaud , Flynn John J.
Published: November 2015

The bony labyrinth provides a proxy for the morphology of the inner ear, a primary cognitive organ involved in hearing, body perception in space, and balance in vertebrates. Bony labyrinth shape variations often are attributed to phylogenetic and ecological factors. Here we use three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics to examine the phylogenetic and ecological patterns of variation in the bony labyrinth morphology of the most species‐rich and ecologically diversified traditionally recognized superfamily of Carnivora, the Musteloidea (e.g. weasels, otters, badgers, red panda, skunks, raccoons, coatis). We scanned the basicrania of specimens belonging to 31 species using high‐resolution X‐ray computed micro‐tomography (μCT) to virtually reconstruct 3D models of the bony labyrinths. Labyrinth morphology is captured by a set of six fixed landmarks on the vestibular and cochlear systems, and 120 sliding semilandmarks, slid at the center of the semicircular canals and the cochlea. We found that the morphology of this sensory structure is not significantly influenced by bony labyrinth size, in comparisons across all musteloids or in any of the individual traditionally recognized families (Mephitidae, Procyonidae, Mustelidae). PCA (principal components analysis) of shape data revealed that bony labyrinth morphology is clearly distinguishable between musteloid families, and permutation tests of the Kmult statistic confirmed that the bony labyrinth shows a phylogenetic signal in musteloids and in most mustelids. Both the vestibular and cochlear regions display morphological differences among the musteloids sampled, associated with the size and curvature of the semicircular canals, angles between canals, presence or absence of a secondary common crus, degree of lateral compression of the vestibule, orientation of the cochlea relative to the semicircular canals, proportions of the cochlea, and degree of curvature of its turns. We detected a significant ecological signal in the bony labyrinth shape of musteloids, differentiating semi‐aquatic taxa from non‐aquatic ones (the taxa assigned to terrestrial, arboreal, semi‐arboreal, and semi‐fossorial categories), and a significant signal for mustelids, differentiating the bony labyrinths of terrestrial, semi‐arboreal, arboreal, semi‐fossorial and semi‐aquatic species from each other. Otters and minks are distinguished from non‐aquatic musteloids by an oval rather than circular anterior canal, sinuous rather than straight lateral canal, and acute rather than straight angle between the posterior and lateral semicircular canals – each of these morphological characters has been related previously to animal sensitivity for detecting head motion in space.
Rethinking the association between extraversion and job satisfaction: The role of interpersonal job context
Authors: Huang Jason L. , Bramble Reed J. , Liu Mengqiao , Aqwa Justin J. , Ott‐Holland Catherine J. , Ryan Ann Marie , Lounsbury John W. , Elizondo Fabian , Wadlington Patrick L.
Published: November 2015

The person–job fit literature indicates that job satisfaction is contingent on the congruence between the individual and the job. We propose that interpersonal job context, the extent to which incumbents are exposed to social interaction on the job, magnifies the relationship between extraversion and job satisfaction. Using two large archival data sets (Ns = 5,849; 23,376) with job‐level information from O*NET, we demonstrated (1) a main effect of job‐level extraversion on interpersonal job context, and (2) a cross‐level moderating effect of interpersonal job context on the individual‐level extraversion–satisfaction relationship. These results suggest that extraverts are more likely to hold and be satisfied in jobs rich in social interaction. This research emphasizes the need for researchers and practitioners to consider personality–job context congruence.

Practitioner points

We examined the relationship between personality and job satisfaction in two large archival data sets.

At the job level, extraverts were more likely than introverts to occupy jobs requiring spontaneous interpersonal contact.

Interpersonal job context magnified the association between extraversion and job satisfaction.

It is important to consider the fit between personality and the job context, beyond personality's main effects.