bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Infrastructure Projects Under Public-Private Partnerships
Authors: Mohamad Alabed Alkader Naief , Gordienko M S , Mohammad Mohammad Tariq Jassim
Published: May 2021

This paper discusses a methodological framework for assessing infrastructure projects on the base of public private partnership, which can help investors to take the decision of investment. The financing schemes associated with infrastructure projects have been considered and analyzed in this article and the FUZZY – AHP technique was applied to get the optimal financial scheme for financing infrastructure projects on the base of public private partnership. To get the optimal solution, the membership functions and the weights of the variables in every financial scheme in infrastructure projects on the base of private public partnership have been calculated. At the end, a case study was applied to demonstrate the application of analytical hierarchy process module. The results of the study can be used in theoretical and practical researches to develop the financial mechanism of infrastructure projects, as well as can help to predict new schemes to improve the infrastructure projects based on private public partnership.
Corporate social responsibility in the world in the context of selected religious doctrines
Authors: Malgorzata Idasiak
Published: May 2021

The publication was based on the desk research technique of a wide selection of domestic and foreign literature, analysis of secondary data, content of press releases and the KMPG report, and included: zero audit (identification of available data sets regarding the implementation and reporting of the CSR concept, as well as guidelines of religious doctrines equated with the postulates of the CSR concept; indication of a potential independent variable (the impact of the most important religious texts) on the dependent variable (the level of reporting of the concept) in selected countries with high indicator of a given religion (according to official statistics of the Pew Research Center); exploration of the data contained in the KMPG report covering the change in global reporting in 2011-2017, which consequently influenced the diagnosis of reporting the CSR in the world and the assessment of this reporting under the possible influence of religious doctrines. The data presented in the article shows that, since 2011 a gradual increase in interest in CSR reporting has been observed. In 2017, Americas overtook the Asia-Pacific region to become the leading region for global CSR reporting. CSR reporting rates in the Asia-Pacific region have been gradually stabilizing since 2013.
The link between travel motivation and satisfaction in heritage destination: The role of experiential factors and heritage destination image
Authors: Sanjaya Velysia , Aruan Tumpal Daniel H.
Published: May 2021

Gravari-Barbas (2018) states that the demand for heritage is becoming increasingly urgent in the context of a hypermodern society. The motivation-satisfaction relationship is a popular research topic in tourism. Both can be investigated through direct relationships and indirect relationships. However, the previous literature failed to explain the direct relationship between motivation-satisfaction. This study aims to determine the direct and indirect effects between tourists’ motivation-satisfaction towards the heritage destination through the role of experience-related factors and destination images perceived by tourists during a visit to a heritage destination. The sample is Indonesian citizens who had traveled to Borobudur Temple last year. The research is using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for processing data from 442 respondents. The result indicates a significant effect between motivation-satisfaction through destination image and one of the experiential factors. These findings contribute to understanding the determinants of tourist’s behavior and satisfaction towards a heritage destination.
Being entrepreneurial in giving loan, for the sustainability of the earth
Authors: Soesilo Nining I
Published: May 2021

Entrepreneurship is part of the obligatory struggle for a good cause in a peaceful Islam. This research uses the narrative elaboration about the UMi program’s initiation and its process to become a national program to reach 46.8 million grassroots or 78.11 percent of Indonesia’s micro-enterprises. It is a specific case study, not a complete, chronological, and deductive writing, but a thematic, eclectic semi inductive process. UMi program matches SDG’s Goal 5, 8, and 16 about gender equality, economic growth, and Peace & Justice for the earth’s sustainability. The significant result is seen from the parliament permit to use the 7 trillion rupiahs of the State Budget for the UMi program in Indonesia, a peaceful poverty alleviation, albeit being used as a political tool during Jokowi’s presidential campaign.
Cognitive capitalism of wedding industry in the digital age: Case study of digital inequality on sustainability development goals
Authors: Nabila Aisha , Irwansyah
Published: May 2021

Wedding industry is one of industries that managed and expanded their businesses by keeping up with technology. As a form of one-stop shopping and marketplace of Indonesia’s wedding industry, Bridestory provides business strategies offered by the latest technology and offers convenience for brides, grooms, and wedding vendors. By providing platforms, websites, social media and mobile applications, it not only creates opportunities to support its sustainability in the wedding industry, but also serves the role of reducing economic inequalities by making wedding references accessible for everyone, not limited to the upper class-only. By constructing the ideology of ideal wedding throughout its digital communication channels, Bridestory is found to be operating their business strategy within the logic of cognitive capitalism. This study aims to dismantle the construction of the ideal wedding that has been revolving around in the industry by identifying four labor strategies in the logic of cognitive capitalism: free labor, immaterial labor, affective labor, and hope labor. This study managed to find the manifestation of value-network model that is related to digital inequality of sustainable development goals. The study found the exploitation of free labor and hope labor via their usage of social media application that contributed to products acquisition.
Toxicity of copper pollution on sperm quality of Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Pramudya M , Hayati A , Armando D S , Wulansari E , Faridah N , Susilo R J K
Published: May 2021

Water pollution by heavy metal waste from industry, agriculture, and other human activities affect the reproductive health of aquatic biota, especially freshwater fish. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of Cyprinus carpio sperm contaminated with copper (Cu). The sample used was gonad from mature fish. The sperm and eggs were taken by stripping, six times of repetition. Cu with a concentration of 0, 10, 25, 50, and 75 ppm were used to examine the sperm quality (duration of motility and viability, DNA fragmentation, malondialdehyde level) and the ability of sperm to fertilize. The data was collected after sperm incubation with the variation of Cu concentration for five seconds. The sperm observation was done under inverted and fluorescence microscopes. The results showed that Cu exposure caused fertilization failure, thus reducing the number of fertilized eggs. The increase of Cu concentration from 10 ppm to 25 ppm caused a decrease in sperm quality and sperm fertilization. The increase in Cu concentration also raised the percentage of DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, in vitro exposure of Cu reduced sperm motility and viability as well as reduced the fertility in Cyprinus carpio
Distribution and oceanography characteristic of light fishing in the Java Sea
Authors: Syah A F , Abdillah A F
Published: May 2021

Light fishing location obtained from visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (viirs) boat detection (VBD) and satellite-based oceanographic data of chlorophyll-a concentration (chl-a), sea-surface temperature (SST), salinity, and sea-surface height (SSH) were used to evaluate the distribution and characteristic of oceanographic conditions on the light fishing location in the Java Sea. The objectives of this study were to monitor the distribution of light fishing vessels from VBD and to evaluate the oceanographic characteristic on light fishing position. VBD data were prepared by national oceanic and atmospheric administration website and oceanographic data was provided by ocean color and copernicus marine environment monitoring service website. Overlaid process between light fishing position and oceanographic data was used to extract the oceanographic value in the light fishing location. The result showed most of light fishing occurred during southeast monsoon. In general, most of light fishing appeared in position of 107 - 114 °E and 4 - 5.30 °S. In addition, light fishing located in oceanographic condition for SST of 28.1 - 31.1 °C, chl-a of 0.26 - 0.60 mg/m3, salinity of 32 - 35.5 psu and SSH of 0. 5 - 0.62 m. The VBD data opens up a number of potential future applications for more computable fisheries data analysis.
Heavy metal content in the leaves of Crassocephalum crepidioides due to the application of various types of manure
Authors: Lestari M W
Published: May 2021

In Indonesia, vegetable farmers use manure to increase production. In fact, one of the sources of heavy metal pollution on agricultural land is the use of manure. This study, therefore, aims to determine the content of heavy metals in the leaves of Crassocephalum crepidioides, due to fertilization, involving the use of several types of manure. Furthermore, it is possible to apply the results in the establishment of dose limiting policies for vegetable crops, in an attempt to prevent dangers to the consumer. The tested sources consisted of chicken, goat, and cow manure, as well as a control (without manure), and each was applied at a dose of 20 tons/Ha. Meanwhile, the third leaf of the upper part of the plant was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), to determine Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd. The results showed the leaves of Crassocephalum crepidioides fertilized with 20 tons/Ha of chicken manure, goat manure and cattle manure had low heavy metal (below the set threshold of 50, 100-400, and 5-30 ppm for Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively). However, at a dose of 20 tons/Ha, the leaves pastored with goat and cow manure had a high content of Cu (209.78 and 530.90 ppm) than control and chicken manure (67,92 and 92,68 ppm), which are higher than the established threshold. Meanwhile, those fertilized with chicken compost, had better area and plant height value, compared to the goat and cow sources.
Land conversion from coffee to citrus and changes of farmers livelihood strategies (case in Pal 7 village, Bermani Ulu Raya subdistrict, Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu)
Authors: Ishak A , Astuti H B , Yuliasari S , Wulandari W A , Calista I , Miswarti  , Sastro Y
Published: May 2021

The development of agricultural commodity in rural areas has changes farmers’ livelihood strategies. This study aims to analyse the process of coffee to citrus conversion in Pal 7 village and changes in the farmers’ livelihood strategies that accompany it. The study was conducted in April to June 2019 through a survey of 116 citrus farmers. The data collected is emphasised on the process of developing citrus areas, conversion from coffee to citrus, and farmers’ livelihood strategies. Interviews were also conducted with key informants to confirm and deepen the results of the survey. Data were analysed descriptively. The results showed that the development of the citrus area in Pal 7 occurred since 2014 which was driven by the existence of pioneering farmers as movers, the motivation of farmers to plant citrus, credit facilities from the bank, and seed assistance from the government. Farmers’ high motivation caused them to convert coffee into citrus plantations through three patterns, namely insert, gradually, and direct cutting caused by economic considerations. The development of citrus areas causes changes in farmers’ livelihood strategies. As many as 35.34% of farmers changed their main source of income, mainly from coffee farming and artisan/worker to citrus farming.
Predicting the sweetness level of avomango (Gadung Klonal 21) using multi-predictor local polynomial regression
Authors: Ulya M , Chamidah N , Saifudin T
Published: May 2021

One of the mango’s maturity aspects is the sweetness of the fruits. Mature Avomango has a high degree of sweetness, characterized by a high total soluble solids (TSS) content. Currently, many non-destructive tests are using Near Infra-Red (NIR) spectroscopy to find out the TSS content. NIR spectroscopy generates spectra data, which can be used as predictors to predict Avomangos sweetness level. This study aims to predict the level of Avomangos sweetness by using a multi-predictor local polynomial regression approach and compare it with multiple polynomial regression. In this study, we use 120 samples of Avomango divided into two parts, 100 as training data and 20 as testing data. The multi-predictor local polynomial regression has better performance with the value mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 8.554% that categorized as a highly accurate prediction for predicting Avomangos sweetness level.
Quality control of cardboard using MEWMA and MEWMV control chart (case study in PT. Y Kediri Indonesia)
Authors: Ihwah A , Sucipto  , Ekatama B R
Published: May 2021

Cardboard is one type of paper that has a grammatic value above 200 g/m2. Controlling the quality of competing products is important to improve product competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to analyze carboard quality and provide improvements at PT. Y Kediri East Java. The research methods used were MEWMA (Multivariate Exponentially Weighted Moving Average) and MEWMV (Multivariate Exponentially Weighted Moving Variance). The data used were nine variables of quality of cardboard, that were grammage, thickness, pull resistance, PS surface smoothness, BS surface smoothness, print surface smoothness, oil print, PS color, and BS color, with a time span between 2016 and 2018. Data were taken for ICB 230, ICB 210, WHI 230 and ICB 250 type of cardboard. From the MEWMV control chart, the types of ICB 230, ICB 210, WHI 230, and ICB 250 successively have out-of-control points of 19, 10, 6, and 5, while in the MEWMA control, types of ICB 230, ICB 230, ICB 210, WHI 230, and ICB 250 respectively have out of control points of 13, 9, 9, and 6. The main causes of product defects were repeated machine configurations and uneven spraying of pulp, and dew dripping over the production machine. In addition, other causes were adhesives and coating materials which were too thick/runny, and materials which were not suitable for production enter the process. Some suggestions for improvement that can be done are placing filters at the entrance of the coating material, and adjusting the temperature of the production machine’s environment.
Growth, yield and radiation energy conversion of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) lam.) plant under different stake angles and various mulch type in the Papua highlands
Authors: Soplanit A , Rumbarar M K , Suminarti N E
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study was to obtain the right type of reflector in sweet potato plant cultivation combined with a stake technique to increase the efficient use of solar radiation energy and plant productivity. The experiment was arranged in a Split Plot Design with three replications. The main plot consisted of Cangkuang variety with 90° stake and Cangkuang variety with 60° stake. The subplots consisted of without mulch, straw mulch, white sand mulch, clear plastic mulch and silver black plastic mulch. The results show that the total dry weight continues to increase but then slows down when the crop growth rate decreases especially at the tuber development phase. The total dry weight at the silver black plastic mulch treatment with a 60° stake angle increased by 70.13% at the age of 70 to 100 days after planting and only increased by 17.50 % at the age of 100 to 130 days after planting. The conversion efficiency of radiation energy increases for all mulch uses as a reflector, especially for 60° stake angles of 32.03% at the highest tuber yields 34.15 t/ha while for 90° stake angles of 27.35% at the highest tuber yields 29.72 t/ha. The highest energy conversion efficiency value was obtained in the combination of black and silver mulch with a 60° stake angle at 2.81%.
Analysis of power requirement of a prototype four-wheeled electric vehicle under different off-road conditions
Authors: Ali M , Chowdhury M , Islam M N , Rasool K , Lee H S , Chung S O
Published: May 2021

Different types of vehicles are used for various agricultural activities. Most agricultural vehicles have high power, which makes them inconvenient for elderly and female farmers in difficult farm conditions, such as irregular, inclined, and low-traction terrains. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the power requirement of a four-wheeled electric vehicle (4WEV) on various off-road conditions. In this study, the experiments were conducted on typical Korean farm roads by considering different slope, load, and road conditions as factors for the power requirement analysis. The torque data were obtained for 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15° slopes with 100, 300, and 500 kg payloads. The rotational speed of the wheel was constant at 50, 60, or 70 rpm for each slope and payload condition on concrete and asphalt roads. The average power required by the 4WEV was recorded to be 0.84 ± 0.025 kW and 0.85 ± 0.087 kW with 500 kg payload on 15° inclined concrete and asphalt roads, respectively. Similarly, the minimum power recorded was 0.29 ± 0.023 kW and 0.31 ± 0.069 kW with 500 kg payload at 70 rpm wheel speed on completely horizontal concrete and asphalt roads, respectively. The 60 and 50 rpm speeds showed the maximum and minimum power at 15° and 0° slopes, respectively, during the experiment. However, the maximum power requirement varies with the load condition and wheel speed under different off-road conditions. The developed 4WEV could satisfactorily scale 15° slopes with 500 kg payloads without any difficulty.
Stability and vibration analysis of a tractor-mounted Chinese cabbage collector
Authors: Jang B E , Chowdhury M , Ali M , Islam M N , Swe K M , Jung D U , Lee S H , Chung S O
Published: May 2021

Korean farms for dryland crops are usually disordered and uneven. Thus, 43.4% of major farm machinery accidents occur due to instability and sharp turning conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the stability of a tractor-mounted Chinese cabbage collector using a simulation program and validate it via experiments. In the static condition, the ground slope angle was increased by 1° to obtain the overturning angle. In the dynamic condition, 10 cm high rigid obstacles were located to investigate the stability of the equipment with an approach angle of 135°. The simulation was conducted at four tractor forward speeds (0.15 m/s, 0.20 m/s, 0.25 m/s and 0.30 m/s). Additionally, the motion trajectory of the front wheel and rear axle were predicted for loaded and unloaded conditions. Furthermore, vibration sensors were placed at four locations to determine the vibration level of the Chinese cabbage collector, and the load condition and conveyor speed were considered the factors affecting the vibration level. The static overturning simulation suggested that the collector could reach critical angles of 45.6° and 33.2° and overturn at 52° and 36.1° on the right and left sides, respectively. In dynamic stability analysis, it was observed that the center of gravity could change and separate from the ground when the forward speed was more than 0.30 m/s. Apart from the first point, the maximum vibration level exceeded 1.15 m/s2 at the remaining three points. Furthermore, the vibration level increased with an increase in the speed of the conveyor.
Stress and fatigue analysis of the hydraulic motor shaft and conveyor joints of a tractor-mounted Chinese cabbage collector
Authors: Swe K M , Islam M N , Jang B E , Chowdhury M , Lee S H , Jung D U , Chung S O
Published: May 2021

Deflection and fatigue damage in a tractor-mounted Chinese cabbage collector might occur due to continuous operation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to predict the service life of the material used for the hydraulic motor shaft and conveyor joints based on stress and fatigue analysis. The torque produced by the motor was measured using the torque sensor for various tractor forward speeds and rotational speeds under unloaded and loaded conditions with three iterations. The relevant shear stress with the S – N curve on fatigue life was determined using the Smith – Watson – Topper equation and rain flow cycle counting method. Additionally, the severity level was investigated using Miner’s rule. Design variables of the shaft diameter and conveyor’s joints were incrementally increased by 0.02 m. The experimental results of deflection and shear stress of the components were found to be negligible. The result of fatigue lifecycles was also generated over 107. The maximum severity level of the motor shaft, conveyor joints 1 and 2 were 4.27 and 4.48, 4.26 and 5.58, and 4.12 and 4.46, respectively under unloaded and loaded conditions. When the values of design variable components were increased incrementally, shear stress and deflection decreased gradually but the fatigue life increased. Nevertheless, the results indicated that this machine could be safely used in the field.
Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction for non-destructive plant growth observation system using close-range photogrammetry method
Authors: Arief M A A , Nugroho A P , Putro A W , Dananta D H , Masithoh R E , Sutiarso L , Okayasu T
Published: May 2021

Agriculture in Indonesia has recently experienced challenges, especially in terms of meeting market demand that tends to increase. Precision agriculture is an effort to increase productivity through optimizing agricultural production processes by minimizing inputs, maximizing output, and reducing the impact on the environment through the use of information and communication technology. Implementation of the concept of precision agriculture is in observing plant growth and development to estimates of plant volume and mass. So far, conventional plant measurements by direct measurement can pose destructive risks to plants. Therefore, a non-destructive system for observing and measuring plants is needed. The purpose of this study was to develop a plant growth observation system based on three-dimensional modelling with non-destructive measurements using the Close-Range Photogrammetry (CRP) method. This system has a 360 orbital scanner component that consists of a frame, camera arm, NEMA 17 stepper motor, Logitech C270 web-camera, Raspberry Pi 3 B +, Adafruit motor driver, and LED strip lights. The stage of image processing using 3DF Zephyr Pro software for generating the 3D sparse point cloud and cropping the unused point. For the validation purposes and its functionality for modelling and estimating volumetric objects, a plant model with three sizes (small, medium, and large) variations were used. As the result, the developed system could observe and model the plant shape in a three-dimensional manner resemble the actual plant model.
Identification of product and design characteristics of eucalyptus herbal tea bags
Authors: Mu’tamar M F F , Fakhry M , Ulya M
Published: May 2021

Eucalyptus leaves can also be used as herbal drinks to alleviate colds and coughs, in addition to being used as raw material for Eucalyptus oil. The leaves of Eucalyptus contain active compounds that can function as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral. One of the practical and easy to develop herbal drink items is herbal tea in a dye bag. This study aims to identify the characteristics of Eucalyptus tea products that meet customer requirements and to identify design characteristics that are critical to the development of Eucalyptus tea products. The method used in this research is the Quality Function Deployment (QFD). The results showed that product characteristics of Eucalyptus tea were efficacious, not too strong aromas, nice colors, quick brewing time, good taste, not too spicy, quality price, proper instructions, safe, halal, and long shelf life. Three critical design characteristics are defined, namely the type of supporting herbal materials from leaves or stem, and the best proportion of supporting herbal materials and Eucalyptus leaves that meets customer requirements.
Application of Craig Harris and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methods to improve chicken farming productivity at Jimny’s farm
Authors: Kurniawan M , Wijana S , Wilinda E O
Published: May 2021

Chicken farming, as part of the agricultural sector, is developing in Indonesia, leading to a high level of competition. Jimny’s farm is one of the poultry farms that manage the breeding, hatching and raising of chickens. The problem faced by these farms is the absence of productivity measurements that result in a lack of competitiveness of farms. This study aims to measure the level of productivity of farms using the Craig Harris method, analysing the causes of decreasing productivity using the Fishbone diagram and proposing increased productivity using the Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on productivity measurements using the Craig Harris method, the lowest total productivity value was obtained in May 2019 with a value of 0.66. That is due to an increase in feed purchases and energy consumption. Meanwhile, the highest total productivity value was found in March 2019 with a value of 1.22 due to the high level of market demand. The fishbone diagram analyses problems in labour factors and energy utilisation as the leading causes of decreasing productivity. Meanwhile, the proposed improvement using fuzzy AHP that can be applied is to make energy-efficient movements, periodic control, counselling, and modification of the incubator.
Bill of material analysis framework of food menu to increase raw material inventory efficiency and halal food inspection of culinary business
Authors: Kamal M A , Effendi F D , Utomo M R , Sucipto S , Santoso I , Effendi U
Published: May 2021

Food and culinary business are growing, especially the variety of consumer demand. Business owners need to continue to develop various food menus to suit consumer needs. Various types of raw materials and food additives are used to produce foods with the best flavour. On the other hand, culinary business owners are required to be able to be adaptive to meet the needs of consumers efficiently and meet the requirements of food safety and halal. The material analysis problem is the complexity of the food menu, and it requires a lot of effort and time to analyse its constituent materials. Therefore, manual checking is not efficient, especially if it had to track the halal and legal information on raw material and food additives. One way to improve the efficiency of raw material uses and identify halal food is to use a bill of material analysis. Through this analysis, business owners can specify raw materials and food additives while recognising the halal nature of the ingredients used. The use of the bill of materials is expected to facilitate menu breakdown and to track the halal of raw materials and additional ingredients. This study aims to analyse food menus in culinary businesses and build a framework of the bill of material standards that can later be used and applied to culinary businesses. This study uses a system analysis and design approach where there is a requirement identification analysis stage as the basis for a framework for developing a bill of materials information system.
Managing quality risk in a frozen shrimp distribution process
Authors: Citraresmi A D P , Arum V S
Published: May 2021

Shrimp is a leading commodity of Indonesian fishery exports. Fresh shrimp is a perishable product due to the activity of certain enzymes contained in the body, the activity of bacteria and other microorganisms or because of the process of fat oxidation by air. It causes the shelf life of fresh shrimp can only last less than 24 hours at room temperature. One option in increasing shelf life is in the form of frozen shrimp. Company X is one of the exporters of frozen shrimp. In distributing its product, Company X faces several risks that can cause product damage. The purpose of this study is to identify potential risks in the distribution process of frozen shrimp in order to obtain a priority risk level. The steps taken in risk analysis are activity mapping, risk identification, risk analysis by using the Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) method, and the development of mitigation strategies. Based on the results of the risk analysis, five risks were identified and the highest risk is the risk of improper container temperature, which has an impact on product damage. Therefore, Company X needs to carry out regular checks during the distribution of frozen shrimp products and conduct maintenance of the cooling machine at the time the container is to be used so that the marketed products are maintained.
Malang coffee value chain analysis: A case study of Taji arabica coffee
Authors: Effendi M , Sitorus A , Astuti R , Santoso I
Published: May 2021

Taji is a coffee-producing area in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the coffee value chain produced by Taji villages that are distributed to cafes in Malang City. The study was conducted in Taji Village, Malang Regency and Angkot Café, Malang City. Value chain analysis is performed using the Hayami method. This study obtained actors, volume, and value mapping of Taji coffee. There are four main actors involved in the Taji arabica coffee value chain: the farmers, the collector, the first-stage processor, and the second-stage processor. The mapping of the value offered for every kilogram output received by farmers is IDR 7,000, the collector is IDR 10,000, the first stage processor is IDR 90,000, and the second-stage processor is IDR 220,000. The second-stage processor obtained the highest margin with the amount of IDR 99,239. All actors receive satisfactory margins.
Formulation and characterization of instant baby complementary food from red sorghum flour (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) and papaya puree (Carica papaya Linn.)
Authors: Surahman D N , Cahyadi W , Fernanda T M , Rahman T , Sazali A M
Published: May 2021

This study aims to obtain the best formulation and conduct physicochemical, organoleptic and microbiological testing of instant baby complementary food products based on red sorghum flour and papaya. The preliminary research was conducted to determine the upper and lower limits of the expert design program using hedonic tests. The main research was carried out to find the best formulation using the expert design program with the D-optimal Mixture Design method. The result of the preliminary research has shown that the chosen formulation was included in the application design expert. There was one optimal formulation out of eight that had been obtained that is the one using 12.25% of red sorghum flour and 5.75% of papaya. Organoleptic test results showed that instant baby complementary food formula could be accepted by panellists.
Proportion of taro and wheat flour, and konjac flour concentration on the characteristics of wet noodles
Authors: Rejeki F S , Wedowati E R , Puspitasari D , Kartika J W , Revitriani M
Published: May 2021

To be consumed as healthy food, it is necessary to improve the process to reduce the calorie value of the wet noodles. For this reason, this study used taro flour to substitute wheat flour in the processing of wet noodles. However, the use of taro flour as raw material for making noodles will reduce the quality of the product, especially from the noodles’ elasticity and texture. For this purpose, konjac flour containing glucomannan was added. Therefore, it is necessary to study the processing of wet noodles with various proportions of taro and wheat flour, and konjac flour concentration on the quality of wet noodles. This research used two factors treatment namely: the ratio of taro and wheat flour with three levels (30%:70%, 40%:60%, and 50%:50%) and konjac flour concentration with three levels (1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5%) based on total flour weight. The parameters observed in this study were the content of water, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calorie value, and the organoleptic test, which included taste, colour, aroma, and texture. Based on the analysis of variants, there was no interaction between factors. Still, the factor of the proportion of taro and konjac flour indicated the significant difference between levels for all chemical parameters except fat. Besides, the Friedman test indicates the significant difference for all organoleptic parameters. The results showed that the best treatment was the proportion of taro to wheat flour 30:70, and a concentration of 4.5% konjac flour with a total expected value of 7.86.
Effect of bulbil sizes on growth and corm yield of porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) grown on alfisol soil
Authors: Soedarjo M
Published: May 2021

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is one of the agribusiness crops in Indonesia and has been becoming an important income source for Indonesian farmers. Since decades ago, porang has been harvested from the forest as its natural habitat, under a shading environment. Due to its high economic value, more farmers have cultivated porang on open land. The present investigation was undertaken on Alfisol soil in the glasshouse, which mimics an open growing environment. The present research aimed at evaluating the effect of different bulbil sizes on the growth and corm yield of porang on Alfisol soil. Five different sizes of porang bulbil as treatments [1.88 + 0.054 g, 2 = 3.21 + 0.044, 3 = 4.21 + 0.043, 4 = 6.45 + 0.04 and 5 = 9.10 + 0.22 g/bulbil] were laid out in completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated 3 times. All data obtained were analyzed by employing the standard deviation from 3 replicates for each treatment. Plant height and plant diameter at an earlier growing stage significantly increased with an increase of bulbil size. Bigger bulbil size also improved significantly the shoot dry weight, the corm diameter, the corm thickness and the fresh weight of corm at harvest. The highest value in all variables measured was attained by the biggest size of bulbil. The present research work suggests to use a bigger bulbil size as much as possible in order to produce a higher corm yield.
The effects of pre-processing sanitation and modified atmosphere packaging on microbial growth in bulk packs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets
Authors: Dewi Fera R , Powell Shane M , Stanley Roger A
Published: May 2021

This research was to extend the shelf-life of fresh Atlantic salmon fillets when packaged in bulk food service modified atmosphere packaging trays with low gas to product volume ratios. When head-on-gutted Atlantic salmon were washed in Neutral electrolyzed water sanitizer prior to filleting, the microbial load on the skin of HOGs treated at 20 ppm and 100 ppm chlorine equivalents decreased by 3.5 log CFU/cm2 down to 2.0 and 1.5 log CFU/cm2, respectively. Further trials washed the HOGs with 100 ppm of NEW before filleting. They were then packed in a different product gas to product (G/P) volume ratios (0.4:1, 1:1 and 2:1) and stored at 0°C or 4°C up to 20 days. The combinations of sanitation pre-processing and high G/P ratio were most effective for controlling the microbial count to 4.5 log CFU/g when stored at 0°C compared to a microbial count of 7.2 log CFU/g for the unwashed fillets after 20 days under 4°C storage. Other variable combinations were between these levels. A combination of improved pre-processing sanitation and a low temperature can therefore raise the hurdles for microbial growth to extend the shelf-life of bulk packed fresh salmon fillets packed at high volumetric densities for storage and shipping efficiency.
The characteristics of dried Suji (Dracaena angustifolia (medik.) Roxb.) leaves powder produced by different drying methods and temperatures
Authors: Putri D A , Murtini E S , Sunarharum W B
Published: May 2021

Suji leaves (Dracaena angustifolia(medik.) Roxb.) is one of the chlorophyll sources for producing a dark green color. Suji, extracted with water, has been widely used as a natural colorant for traditional Indonesian food. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of drying methods (vacuum drying and cabinet drying), and temperature (40, 50, and 60°C) on the physical and chemical characteristics of dried Suji leaves powder (DSLP). Results showed that the drying method and the temperature had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the color (L*, a*, b*), total chlorophyll, moisture, total phenolic content, pH, water absorption, oil absorption capacity, and bulk density of DSLP. Drying by vacuum drying at 50°C was the best treatment based on Zeleny calculation with the physical characteristics were L* 49.98, a*7.78, b* 20.88, water absorption capacity 453.48%, oil absorption capacity of 252.25%, bulk density 0.32 g/cm3, and chemical characteristics were moisture content of 6.70%, total chlorophyll content 12.98 mg/g, total phenolic content 97.26 mg/g, and pH 5.60. DSLP still has a high chlorophyll content, a green color, even increasing the total phenolic after the drying process, confirming that DSLP has the potential as a natural colorant in food processing.
The Indonesian coffee consumers perception on coffee quality and the effect on consumption behavior
Authors: Sunarharum W B , Ali D Y , Mahatmanto T , Nugroho P I , Asih N E , Mahardika A P , Geofani I
Published: May 2021

The main issue of coffee commodity in Indonesia besides productivity is quality consistency. Defective coffee has a low quality level as well as low selling value and potentially detrimental for the coffee industry. However, despite its potential impact on coffee consumption behavior, the study on coffee quality based on Indonesian consumer perspectives is still limitedly published. This study aimed to investigate Indonesian coffee consumer perception on coffee quality and the effect on consumption behavior. The study was conducted using an online survey to coffee communities involving coffee consumers, and more experienced coffee consumers such as farmers, barista, Q-graders and coffee-based entrepreneurs in Indonesia. The data was analyzed for descriptive analysis, Cochran Q test and post hoc analysis using XLSTAT software and further visualized using Displayr online software. The result indicated that even though there were some similarity or agreement, the coffee consumers and more experienced consumers might perceive coffee quality differently. Those perceptions on quality might drive their different behavior on coffee consumption in Indonesia.
Separation of squalene rich fraction from palm oil fatty acid distillate (PFAD): A review
Authors: Nurfatimah R P , Ahmadi K G S , Hapsari I , Kholila K , Estiasih T
Published: May 2021

Palm Oil Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of the palm oil industry which has many potential bioactive compounds such as vitamin E, phytosterols and squalene. To obtain multi-component bioactive compounds, saponification and extraction processes are required. The purpose of this study was to identify a review of the comparison of several methods that are more optimal in separating the Squalene-Rich Fraction from Palm Oil Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD). The study uses the systematic literature review method, where the review will study and compare several journal descriptions regarding comparisons in managing the optimal separation of the squalene fraction from the three types of methods offered, namely the method using solvents, the method using high pressure supercritical fluid extraction and the isolation of squalene method using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. This review presents a descriptive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods. The study compared three methods for separating the squalene-rich fraction. The review suggests that the safest method to use is separation with low temperature solvents or the so-called low temperature solvent crystallization. Reviews show that this method will not destroy bioactive compounds which are easily oxidized, be easy to apply, require low production cost and capable of producing high purity squalene-rich fractions.
Financial analysis of RGL citrus (Citrus reticulata) farming in Rejang Lebong Regency Bengkulu
Authors: Fauzi E , Calista I , Hamdan  , Putra W E , Mikasari W , Ishak A , Yuliasari S , Sastro Y
Published: May 2021

RGL Citrus is a new commodity that was developed in Rejang Lebong Regency Bengkulu. This commodity increased fastly since 2014, primarily in Pal 7 village, Bermani Ulu Raya subdistrict. Therefore need to analyze RGL citrus financial feasibility for agribusiness development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial feasibility of RGL citrus farming in Pal 7 village. The study was conducted from January to March 2020 by interviews with 10 RGL citrus farmers. Data collected were production cost, quantities of production, and price. Data Analyzed with Net B/C value, NPV, IRR, and Payback period in 6 years citrus cultivation. The results showed that RGL Citrus farming feasible with net B/C is 1.44, NPV 71,599,830, IRR 20.23% and PP in 5 years 6 months citrus old. An increase in production costs, a decrease in production, and a decrease in prices individually by 20% and changes together of the three criteria of 10% are still feasible in RGL citrus farming.
Effectiveness of sunscreen on galangal (Alpinia galangal) crude extract using the microwave-assisted extraction method
Authors: Rizkita C W , Sukardi
Published: May 2021

Sunscreen is widely used in cosmetics as skin protection to reduce or prevent damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This formulation of sunscreen contained compounds to absorb and reflect UV light. One natural ingredient that has sunscreen potential is Alpinia galangal which has anti-UV properties. Galangal contains flavonoid compound which has a significant role in warding off UV rays. At the same time, it also includes other compositions that have an anti-UV such as phenolic, saponin, alkaloid and terpenoids. The purpose of this research was to determine the best extraction condition and effectiveness of galangal extracted sunscreen. The sample of galangal was extracted using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method with ethanol as a solvent. The resulting extract was then used for sunscreen cream and physically tested to identify the effectiveness, indicated by SPF and irritation tests. The yield extract obtained was around 5.5% for 2 hours, with 500 W for power and ethanol ratio 1:3. The galangal extract Sunscreen has an SPF value of approximately 15, categorised in the high protection category, and the physical properties are stable. In this study, it was concluded that galangal extract has anti-UV properties, and the irritation test proved that sunscreen with galangal extract cause no irritation symptoms and was considered safe for use on normal skin.
Characteristic of semi refined and refined carrageenan flours used in the making of biofilm (bioplastic)
Authors: Wullandari P , Sedayu B B , Novianto T D , Prasetyo A W
Published: May 2021

The physical, microbiological, and thermal properties of the raw material, semi refined and refined carrageenan derived from Eucheuma cottonii, were performed in purpose of preliminary research for biofilms (bioplastics) production. The physical properties i.e. particle size, pH, water content, gel strength and viscosity were tested. Meanwhile, the microbiological analysis were performed for the Total Plate Count, mold, and yeast. The thermal properties were performed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the Semi Refined Carrageenan (SRC) and Refined Carrageenan (RC) flour have respectively a 60 and 80 mesh of particle size, an 8 and 7 of pH, a 7.9 and 8 % of the moisture content, a 560 and 1140 g / cm2 of gel strength, and an 80 and 35 mPa·s of viscosity. The overall results of the microbiological tested showed that the SRC and RC were recognized as safe to be used for food application in accordance to the regulation, and the thermal analysis showed that the melting points of SRC and RC flour were respectively 168°C and 175°C.
Data integration of humidity sensor and image texture for water content prediction of Gracilaria sp. during sun drying
Authors: Erawan I M S , Handoyo W T , Sarwono W
Published: May 2021

Water content on site-measurement of dried seaweed required method with a minimum time of sample preparation time, less destructive effect to the sample, and could be validated. This research aimed to evaluate the potency of some features consist of image texture, resistance, and capacitance data of humidity sensor to predict water content changing of seaweed Gracilaria sp. during sun-drying. Dried Gracilaria sp. was rehydrated before being used in sun-drying for 4 hours. Gravimetrically-based water content evaluation, digital image taking, and measurement of resistance and capacitance value were conducted every 30 minutes interval during the drying. Images captured and collected by webcam in a conditioned lighting chamber were used subsequently for extraction of image texture features while a humidity sensor array contained 2 resistive sensors and 1 capacitive sensor respectively were applied to collect resistance and capacitance data. Collected data were used to create 4 datasets i.e. (1) 54 image texture features; (2) 3 resistance and capacitance features; (3) 57 features combination of dataset 1 and 2; and (4) 11 Features selected from dataset 3. Correlation coefficient and Root Mean Square Error of 4 datasets were applied for model evaluation utilized Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Multiple Layer Perceptron-based Neural Network (MLPNN). Investigation with cross-validation 10 folds test showed that MLPNN was the best model applied for dataset 1 with correlation coefficient and RMSE reached 0.89 and 9.11 respectively. Data integration of humidity sensor and image texture showed substantial potency to be used for the prediction of water content during sun drying.
Chemical properties, functionality, and morphology of taro flour modified by H2O2 oxidation and irradiation of UV light
Authors: Ekafitri R , Pranoto Y , Herminiati A
Published: May 2021

Taro tuber is one type of traditional Indonesian tubers which is potential to be processed into flour. Modification of taro flour using H2O2 oxidation catalysed with UV irradiation can improve the quality of taro flour. This study aims to determine the chemical properties, functionality, and morphology of modified taro flour affected by concentration H2O2 and oxidation-UV irradiation time. The study used a completely randomized design with two factors, hydrogen peroxide concentration (3, 4, and 5 percent) and time of oxidation-UV irradiation (5, 15, 25, and 35 minutes). Taro flour was analysed in terms of carbonyl, carboxyl, and amylose content pasting properties (peak viscosity, final viscosity, and setback, viscosity), baking expansion, crystallinity, and granular morphology. The results show that the higher the hydrogen peroxide concentration and the longer the reaction time caused the increase in the carbonyl, carboxyl, and amylose contents, peak viscosity, final viscosity, and baking expansion. Meanwhile, it caused a decrease in setback viscosity, relative crystallinity, and damaged the morphological structure of flour granules. All these characteristics are recommended for bakery product production.