bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible and Robust 3D a‐SiGe Radial Junction Near‐Infrared Photodetectors for Rapid Sphygmic Signal Monitoring
Authors: Zhang Shaobo , Zhang Ting , Liu Zongguang , Wang Junzhuan , Xu Jun , Chen Kunji , Yu Linwei
Published: October 2021

Flexible near‐infrared (NIR) photodetectors (PDs) are desired for accurate heart rate monitoring, based directly on arterial‐blood‐volume‐change detection, instead of indirect oximetry technology. In this work, a robust 3D construction of flexible a‐SiGe:H p‐i‐n radial junction (RJ) PDs is explored directly upon soft Al foils, working at NIR wavelength 800 nm, which has the highest skin transparency and the least absorption difference from oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin variation. The 3D a‐SiGe:H RJ‐PDs demonstrate excellent flexibility and mechanical stability that can undergo 1000‐times bending to 10 mm radius, with a high responsivity of ≈140 mA W−1@800 nm and rise/fall time scales of 5.4 µs/17.6 µs (3.6 µs/13.2 µs before bending). Successful photoplethysmography (PPG) detection of sphygmic signals is achieved at the wrist with significant arterial blood volume changes, working in reflectance mode and using a single NIR source @800 nm. These unique capabilities, enabled by the a‐SiGe:H RJ, have a promising potential to establish a reliable and convenient PPG detection technology, which can help to extract the heartbeat via solely arterial blood volume change, as a complementary and potentially very useful new diagnostic dimension for efficient and accurate real‐time health monitoring.
Engineering of Ferroic Orders in Thin Films by Anionic Substitution
Authors: Garcia‐Castro Andres Camilo , Ma Yanjun , Romestan Zachary , Bousquet Eric , Cen Cheng , Romero Aldo H.
Published: October 2021

Multiferroics are a unique class of materials where magnetic and ferroelectric orders coexist. The research on multiferroics contributes significantly to the fundamental understanding of the strong correlations between different material degrees of freedom and provides an energy‐efficient route toward the electrical control of magnetism. While multiple ABO3 oxide perovskites are identified as being multiferroic, their magnetoelectric coupling strength is often weak, necessitating the material search in different compounds. Here, the observation of room‐temperature multiferroic orders in multi‐anion SrNbO3−xNx thin films is reported. In these samples, the multi‐anion state enables the room‐temperature ferromagnetic ordering of the Nb d‐electrons. Simultaneously, ferroelectric responses that originate from the structural symmetry breaking associated are found with both the off‐center displacements of Nb and the geometric displacements of Sr, depending on the relative O‐N arrangements within the Nb‐centered octahedra. The findings not only diversify the available multiferroic material pool but also demonstrate a new multiferroism design strategy via multi‐anion engineering.
High‐Performance Si Photocathode Enabled by Spatial Decoupling Multifunctional Layers for Water Splitting
Authors: Mei Zongwei , Chen Yongji , Tong Shengfu , Li Yang , Liu Jian , Sun Lizhi , Zhong Wu , Dong Xinyan , Ji Yuchen , Lin Yuan , Chen Haibiao , Pan Feng
Published: October 2021

Spatial decoupling of light absorption and catalytic reaction is a promising approach to improve the efficiency and stability of Si photoelectrodes. Herein, patterned Ag dots (PADs) are fabricated as the front electrode on a glass layer on commercial SiNx‐coated monocrystalline p‐n+ Si by an industrial manufacture strategy. It is found that the electron tunneling glass layer offers excellent protection to Si photocathode in an acidic electrolyte (0.5 M H2SO4). The SiNx layer for antireflection and surface passivation also resists the corrosive electrolyte. Under 1 sun (AM 1.5G) illumination, PADs‐decorated photocathode with a 0.75 mm dot‐spacing exhibits a saturation photocurrent of 36.1 mA cm−2 and a photovoltage of 0.61 V when Pt is electrodeposited as the hydrogen evolution catalyst on PADs. The applied bias photo‐to‐current conversion efficiency (ABPE) reaches 9.7%. This performance is enabled by the simultaneous optimization of light absorption and collection of photoexcited electrons. The photocurrent can remain stable for about 100 h at 0 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). This study identifies a new combination of multifunctional spatial‐decoupling layers that is efficient in both light absorption, transfer of photoexcited electrons, and stable in an acidic electrolyte.
GeTe Nanosheets as Theranostic Agents for Multimodal Imaging and Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Song Jun Ho , Yoon Taejun , Lee Sun‐Mi , Mun Chin Hee , Kim Dasol , Han Jieun , Kim Ju‐Won , Bae Yonghee , Kim Taehee , Park Young Nyun , Cho Mann‐Ho , Park Yong‐Beom , Yoo Kyung‐Hwa
Published: October 2021

Recently, 2D nanomaterials have received considerable attention in nanomedicine due to their intrinsic optical properties, biocompatibility, and therapeutic effect. Here, 2D germanium telluride (GeTe) nanosheets coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (GeTe‐PVP NSs) developed as theranostic agents are reported that can be used for multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) and fluorescence imaging and therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GeTe‐PVP NSs, fabricated by simple sonication in ethanol and PVP, show broad optical absorption in visible and near‐infrared (NIR) ranges (400–1200 nm) and have intrinsic fluorescence properties. Thus, they provide deeper ex vivo and in vivo MSOT tissue images than gold nanorods or indocyanine green with strong optical absorption in the first NIR window (700–900 nm). In addition, when orally administered to IBD mice, GeTe‐PVP NSs exhibit therapeutic efficacy similar to or higher than sulfasalazine, with strong accumulation at inflammatory colon sites. This demonstrates that oral administration of GeTe‐PVP NSs may be used to treat inflammatory diseases in the gastrointestinal tract.
Unconventional Anomalous Hall Effect in the Canted Antiferromagnetic Half‐Heusler Compound DyPtBi
Authors: Chen Jie , Li Hang , Ding Bei , Chen Peng , Guo Tengyu , Xu Xing , Zheng Dongfeng , Zhang Hongwei , Xi Xuekui , Wang Wenhong
Published: October 2021

The interplay between magnetism and the topological band in metamagnetic materials has attracted researchers’ attentions because these materials exhibit novel phenomena, such as the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and quantum AHE. Here, the magnetotransport of DyPtBi single crystals in out‐of‐plane and in‐of‐plane magnetic field configurations is investigated. The results show a large unconventional anomalous Hall signal in the canted Type II antiferromagnetic state, indicating the existence of significant Berry curvature. This signal evolves into a large hump with DyPtBi entering the paramagnetic state and persists up to temperatures that are much higher than TN. Out‐of‐plane and in‐of‐plane measurements indicate that a larger unconventional Hall signal is observed at certain θ and ϕ angles. A giant planar anomalous Hall angle (AHA) of up to 30% is achieved in DyPtBi, which is comparable to that in a typical ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal. The results show that DyPtBi is a good platform for investigating the unconventional AHE and other novel physical properties in various potentially topologically nontrivial phases due to the interplay between canted antiferromagnetic structures and topology.
Crown Ether‐Functionalized Complex Emulsions as an Artificial Adaptive Material Platform
Authors: Djalali Saveh , Simón Marqués Pablo , Frank Bradley D. , Zeininger Lukas
Published: October 2021

Responsive materials capable of autonomously regulating and adapting to molecular recognition‐induced chemical events hold great promise in the design of artificial chemo‐intelligent life‐like soft material platforms. In this context, the design of a synthetically minimal artificial emulsion platform that, regulated by interfacial supramolecular recognition events, is capable to autonomously and reversibly adapt to its chemical environment is reported. The systems exhibit programmed up‐ and down‐regulating capabilities that are realized via selective assembly of synthesized crown ether surfactants onto one hemisphere of anisotropic biphasic emulsion droplets. Dynamic and reversible interfacial host–guest complexation of, for example, metal and ammonium ions or amino acids transduce into interface‐triggered morphological reconfigurations of the complex emulsion droplets, which mediate their ability to selectively present, hide, or expand liquid–liquid interfaces. The separate responsive modalities are then used to showcase the utility of such adaptive soft material platforms for a self‐regulated uptake and release of metal ions or phase‐transfer catalysts, a biomimetic recognition of biomolecules including amino acids, carbohydrates, and antibodies, and for triggered surface‐encoded payload release applications.
Organophosphorus Hybrid Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer Based on LixPO4 Enables Uniform Lithium Deposition for High‐Performance Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Qian , Wan Jing , Cao Xin , Wen Rui , Guo YuGuo , Liu Wen , Zhou Henghui
Published: October 2021

Lithium metal is a promising anode candidate for the next‐generation rechargeable battery system because of its highest specific capacity and lowest potential. However, low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and the formation of Li dendrites during the cycling process seriously hinder its practical application. Here, an organophosphorus hybrid flexible solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer is proposed based on a surface chelation strategy using phytic acid (PA) as Li metal surface treatment chemicals. Different from the traditional SEI layer, the polynuclear complex between PA and Li+ serves as a “connecter” in this SEI layer, which not only ensures its mechanical flexibility but also improves its lithiophilic property and ionic conductivity. With these advantages, the Li || Cu cells exhibit a high CE of 99.0% over 500 cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. Li || Li symmetrical cells can also maintain a stable Li plating/stripping process over 2500 h at a high current density of 10.0 mA cm−2. Besides, all Li metal batteries (Li || S, Li || NCM, Li || LFP et al.) based on this strategy exhibit long cycling life and high capacity retention. This surface chelation strategy is believed to offer a new avenue to fabricate a stable and efficient SEI layer for practical application of Li metal batteries.
β‐Phase‐Rich Laser‐Induced Hierarchically Interactive MXene Reinforced Carbon Nanofibers for Multifunctional Breathable Bioelectronics
Authors: Sharifuzzaman Md , Zahed Md Abu , Sharma Sudeep , Rana S M Sohel , Chhetry Ashok , Shin Young Do , Asaduzzaman Md , Zhang Shipeng , Yoon Sanghyuk , Hui Xue , Yoon Hyosang , Park Jae Y.
Published: October 2021

Hierarchically interactive 3D‐porous soft carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have great potential for wearable bioelectronic interfaces, yet 90% of CNFs are derived from expensive polyacrylonitrile associated with complex production methods. Here, another cost‐effective fluoropolymer, poly(1,1‐difluoroethylene) (PDFE), is introduced to investigate its transition chemistry and structural evolution over laser‐induced carbonization (LIC). The impregnation of Ti3C2Tx‐MXene followed by dehydrofluorination is believed to be crucial to enhance the β‐phase and reinforce PDFE‐based nanofibers. It is explored that the β‐phase of the dehydrofluorinated MXene‐PDFE nanofibers is converted into an sp2‐hybridized hexagonal graphitic structure by cyclization/cross‐linking decomposition during LIC. Remarkably, this approach generates laser‐induced hierarchical CNFs (LIHCNFs) with a high carbon yield (54.77%), conductivity (sheet resistance = 4 Ω sq−1), and stability over 500 bending/releasing cycles (at 10% bending range). Using LIHCNFs, a skin‐compatible breathable and reusable electronic‐tattoo is engineered for monitoring long‐term biopotentials and human–machine interfaces for operating home electronics. The LIHCNFs‐tattoo with high breathability (≈14 mg cm−2 h−1) forms compliant contact with human skin, resulting in low electrode‐skin impedance (23.59 kΩ cm2) and low‐noise biopotential signals (signal‐to‐noise ratio, SNR = 41 dB). This finding offers a complementary polymer precursor and carbonization method to produce CNFs with proper structural features and designs for multifunctional biointerfaces.
Optimized Charge Transport in Molecular Semiconductors by Control of Fluid Dynamics and Crystallization in Meniscus‐Guided Coating
Authors: Yildiz Okan , Wang Zuyuan , Borkowski Michal , Fytas George , Blom Paul W. M. , Michels Jasper J. , Pisula Wojciech , Marszalek Tomasz
Published: October 2021

The effects of the casting speed and solute concentration on the crystallization of 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) during meniscus‐guided coating (MGC) are investigated, and three morphological subregimes with increasing casting speed are identified: I) an isotropic domain‐like structure; II) unidirectionally aligned crystalline bands; and III) a corrugated dendritic morphology. Interestingly, increasing the solute concentration does not affect these morphologies but merely the associated transition velocities. Numerical simulation of both the fluid dynamics in the coating bead and the crystallization itself not only explains these morphological trends but also the decrease in the width of the crystalline bands of morphology II with the casting speed. They demonstrate that the latter provides an optimal processing window for organic field‐effect transistors, with minimized charge trapping, maximized on/off ratio, and reliability factor.
The Evolution of Photoluminescence Properties of PEA2SnI4 Upon Oxygen Exposure: Insight into Concentration Effects
Authors: Ju Yangyang , Wu Xian‐gang , Huang Sheng , Dai Guang , Song Tinglu , Zhong Haizheng
Published: October 2021

The time evolution of the photoluminescence properties in phenylethylammonium tin halide perovskite (PEA2SnI4) film as a function of oxygen concentration is reported. Photo‐brightening and reversible photoluminescence quenching are observed in PEA2SnI4 film at ultralow oxygen concentration (< 1.5 vol%). In the case of 1.5 vol% < [O2] < 21 vol%, the photoluminescence emission of PEA2SnI4 film can be partially recovered after resetting the samples to nitrogen box. As the oxygen concentration further increases with the range of 21 to 95 vol%, the photoluminescence emission of PEA2SnI4 film is significantly quenched and can only be slightly recovered after removing it to the nitrogen box. By correlating the material characterizations and theoretical analysis, the interactions between PEA2SnI4 and oxygen contain physisorption and chemical reactions are illustrated. Depending on the oxygen concentration, the chemical reactions between PEA2SnI4 and oxygen can be reversible and/or irreversible. The insights into oxygen concentration effects provide a guideline to optimize the stability of PEA2SnI4 for achieving high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
A Biofilm Microenvironment‐Activated Single‐Atom Iron Nanozyme with NIR‐Controllable Nanocatalytic Activities for Synergetic Bacteria‐Infected Wound Therapy
Authors: Xu Qiqi , Hua Yusheng , Zhang Yuetong , Lv Mingzhu , Wang Huan , Pi Yang , Xie Jiani , Wang Chengyan , Yong Yuan
Published: October 2021

Biofilm microenvironment (BME)‐activated antimicrobial agents display great potential for improved biofilm‐related infection therapy because of their superior specificities and sensitivities, effective eliminations, and minimal side effects. Herein, BME‐activated Fe‐doped polydiaminopyridine nanofusiform‐mediated single‐atom nanozyme (FePN SAzyme) is presented for photothermal/chemodynamic synergetic bacteria‐infected wound therapy. The photothermal therapy (PTT) function of SAzyme can be specifically initiated by the high level of H2O2 and further accelerated through mild acid within the inflammatory environment through “two‐step rocket launching‐like” process. Additionally, the enhanced chemodynamic therapy (CDT) for the FePN SAzyme can also be endowed by producing hydroxyl radicals through reacting with H2O2 and consuming glutathione (GSH) of the BME, thereby contributing to more efficient synergistic therapeutic effect. Meanwhile, FePN SAzyme could catalyze biofilm‐overexpressed H2O2 decomposing into O2 and overcome the hypoxia of biofilm, which significantly enhances the susceptibility of biofilm and increases the synergistic efficacy. Most importantly, the synergistic therapy of bacterial‐induced infection diseases can be switched on by the internal and external stimuli simultaneously, resulting in minimal nonspecific damage to healthy tissue. These remarkable characteristics of FePN SAzyme not only develop an innovative strategy for the BME‐activated combination therapy but also open a new avenue to explore other nanozyme‐involved nanoplatforms for bacterial biofilm infections.
Interactions of Metal Nanoclusters with Light: Fundamentals and Applications
Authors: Chen Tiankai , Lin Hongbin , Cao Yitao , Yao Qiaofeng , Xie Jianping
Published: October 2021

The interactions of materials with light determine their applications in various fields. In the past decade, ultrasmall metal nanoclusters (NCs) have emerged as a promising class of optical materials due to their unique molecular‐like properties. Herein, the basic principles of optical absorption and photoluminescence of metal NCs, their interactions with polarized light, and light‐induced chemical reactions, are discussed, highlighting the roles of the core and protecting ligands/motifs of metal NCs in their interactions with light. The metal core and protecting ligands/motifs determine the electronic structures of metal NCs, which are closely related to their optical properties. In addition, the protecting ligands/motifs of metal NCs contribute to their photoluminescence and chiral origin, further promoting the interactions of metal NCs with light through various pathways. The fundamentals of light–NC interactions provide guidance for the design of metal NCs in optical applications, which are discussed in the second part. In the last section, some strategies are proposed to further understand light–NC interactions, highlighting the challenges and opportunities. It is hoped that this work will stimulate more research on the optical properties of metal NCs and their applications in various fields.
ZnS@BSA Nanoclusters Potentiate Efficacy of Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Cen Dong , Ge Qiwei , Xie Congkun , Zheng Qiang , Guo Jiansheng , Zhang Yuqi , Wang Yifan , Li Xiang , Gu Zhen , Cai Xiujun
Published: October 2021

Although immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown promising efficacy in cancer treatment, the responsiveness among patients is relatively limited. Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate‐adenosine monophosphate synthase/interferon gene stimulator (cGAS/STING) signaling pathway to upregulate innate immunity has become an emerging strategy for enhancing tumor immunotherapy. Herein, ZnS@BSA (bovine serum albumin) nanoclusters synthesized via a self‐assembly approach are reported, where the released zinc ions under acidic tumor microenvironment significantly enhance cGAS/STING signals. Meanwhile, intracellular zinc ions can produce reactive oxygen species, which is further facilitated by the generated H2S gas from ZnS@BSA via specifically inhibiting catalase in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It is found that the nanoclusters activate the cGAS/STING signals in mice, which promotes the infiltration of CD8+ T cells at the tumor site and cross‐presentation of dendritic cells, leading to an improved immunotherapy efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma.
Self‐Assembled Carbon Superstructures Achieving Ultra‐Stable and Fast Proton‐Coupled Charge Storage Kinetics
Authors: Song Ziyang , Miao Ling , Ruhlmann Laurent , Lv Yaokang , Zhu Dazhang , Li Liangchun , Gan Lihua , Liu Mingxian
Published: October 2021

Designing ingenious and stable carbon nanostructures is critical but still challenging for use in energy storage devices with superior electrochemistry kinetics, durable capacitive activity, and high rate survivability. To pursue the objective, a simple self‐assembly strategy is developed to access carbon superstructures built of nanoparticle embedded plates. The carbon precursors, 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine and 2,6‐diaminoanthraquinone can form porous organic polymer with “protic salt”‐type rigid skeleton linked by −NH2+Cl−− “rivets”, which provides the cornerstone for hydrogen‐bonding‐guided self‐assembly of the organic backbone to superstructures by π−π plane stacking. The ameliorative charge density distribution and decreased adsorption energy in as‐fabricated carbon superstructures allow the high accessibility of the build‐in protophilic sites and efficient ion diffusion with a low energy barrier. Such superstructures thus deliver ultra‐stable charge storage and fast proton‐coupled kinetics at the structural−chemical defects, contributing to unprecedented lifespan (1 000 000 cycles), high‐rate capability (100 A g−1) for carbon‐based supercapacitors, and an ultrahigh energy density (128 Wh kg−1) for Zn‐ion hybrid supercapacitors. The self‐assembled carbon superstructures significantly improve the all‐round electrochemical performances, and hold great promise for efficient energy storage.
Towards High Performance Li–S Batteries via Sulfonate‐Rich COF‐Modified Separator
Authors: Xu Jie , An Shuhao , Song Xianyu , Cao Yongjie , Wang Nan , Qiu Xuan , Zhang Yu , Chen Jiawei , Duan Xianli , Huang Jianhang , Li Wei , Wang Yonggang
Published: October 2021

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are held great promise for next‐generation high‐energy‐density devices; however, polysulfide shuttle and Li‐dendrite growth severely hinders their commercial production. Herein, a sulfonate‐rich COF (SCOF‐2) is designed, synthesized, and used to modify the separator of Li–S batteries, providing a solution for the above challenges. It is found that the SCOF‐2 features stronger electronegativity and larger interlayer spacing than that of none/monosulfonate COFs, which can facilitate the Li+ migration and alleviate the formation of Li‐dendrites. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and in situ Raman analysis demonstrate that the SCOF‐2 possesses a narrow bandgap and strong interaction on sulfur species, thereby suppressing self‐discharge behavior. As a result, the modified batteries deliver an ultralow attenuation rate of 0.047% per cycle over 800 cycles at 1 C, and excellent anti‐self‐discharge performance by a low‐capacity attenuation of 6.0% over one week. Additionally, even with the high‐sulfur‐loading cathode (3.2–8.2 mgs cm‐2) and lean electrolyte (5 µL mgs‐1), the batteries still exhibit ≈80% capacity retention over 100 cycles, showing great potential for practical application.
Ultrafast Thermal Imprinting of Plasmonic Hotspots
Authors: Askes Sven H. C. , Garnett Erik C.
Published: October 2021

Plasmonic photochemistry is driven by a rich collection of near‐field, hot charge carrier, energy transfer, and thermal effects, most often accomplished by continuous wave illumination. Heat generation is usually considered undesirable, because noble metal nanoparticles heat up isotropically, losing the extreme energy confinement of the optical resonance. Here it is demonstrated through optical and heat‐transfer modelling that the judicious choice of nanoreactor geometry and material enables the direct thermal imprint of plasmonic optical absorption hotspots onto the lattice with high fidelity. Transition metal nitrides (TMNs, e.g., TiN/HfN) embody the ideal material requirements, where ultrafast electron–phonon coupling prevents fast electronic heat dissipation and low thermal conductivity prolongs the heat confinement. The extreme energy confinement leads to unprecedented peak temperatures and internal heat gradients (>10 K nm−1) that cannot be achieved using noble metals or any current heating method. TMN nanoreactors consequently yield up to ten thousand times more product in pulsed photothermal chemical conversion compared with noble metals (Ag, Au, Cu). These findings open up a completely unexplored realm of nano‐photochemistry, where adjacent reaction centers experience substantially different temperatures for hundreds of picoseconds, long enough for bond breaking to occur.
Organic Single Crystals with High Photoluminescence Quantum Yields Close to 100% and High Mobility for Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Tao Jingwei , Liu Dan , Jing Jiangbo , Dong Huanli , Liu Leijing , Xu Bin , Tian Wenjing
Published: October 2021

Organic single crystals with excellent optical and electrical properties are critical for the development of organic optoelectronics. Herein, two compounds 9,10‐bis([N,N‐diphenyl]‐4′‐phenylethynyl)anthracene (TPA‐An) and 9,10‐bis([1′,3′‐diphenyl]‐5′‐phenylethynyl)anthracene (TBA‐An) are synthesized by introducing two different luminescent groups, triphenylamine and 1,3‐diphenylbenzene, at the 9,10 positions of anthracene via triple bond connection. Single crystals based on TPA‐An and TBA‐An with a ribbon morphology obtained through the slow solvent‐evaporation method exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 98% and 99% at room temperature, and remarkable hole mobilities of 0.45 and 0.15 cm2 V−1 s−1 in single‐crystal organic field‐effect transistors (SC‐OFETs). Furthermore, UV phototransistors based on the two single crystals obtain photosensitivities of 1.03 × 103 and 3.45 × 104, ultrahigh photoresponsivities of 7.19 × 105 and 1.50 × 105 A W−1, and the detectivities exceeding 1.40 × 1016 and 1.60 × 1017 Jones.
Self‐Powered InP Nanowire Photodetector for Single‐Photon Level Detection at Room Temperature
Authors: Zhu Yi , Raj Vidur , Li Ziyuan , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Fu Lan
Published: October 2021

Highly sensitive photodetectors with single‐photon level detection are one of the key components to a range of emerging technologies, in particular the ever‐growing field of optical communication, remote sensing, and quantum computing. Currently, most of the single‐photon detection technologies require external biasing at high voltages and/or cooling to low temperatures, posing great limitations for wider applications. Here, InP nanowire array photodetectors that can achieve single‐photon level light detection at room temperature without an external bias are demonstrated. Top‐down etched, heavily doped p‐type InP nanowires and n‐type aluminium‐doped zinc oxide (AZO)/zinc oxide (ZnO) carrier‐selective contact are used to form a radial p–n junction with a built‐in electric field exceeding 3 × 105 V cm−1 at 0 V. The device exhibits broadband light sensitivity and can distinguish a single photon per pulse from the dark noise at 0 V, enabled by its design to realize near‐ideal broadband absorption, extremely low dark current, and highly efficient charge carrier separation. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the device reaches above 600 MHz with a timing jitter of 538 ps. The proposed device design provides a new pathway toward low‐cost, high‐sensitivity, self‐powered photodetectors for numerous future applications.
Tin Halide Perovskites: From Fundamental Properties to Solar Cells
Authors: Pitaro Matteo , Tekelenburg Eelco Kinsa , Shao Shuyan , Loi Maria Antonietta
Published: October 2021

Metal halide perovskites have unique optical and electrical properties, which make them an excellent class of materials for a broad spectrum of optoelectronic applications. However, it is with photovoltaic devices that this class of materials has reached the apotheosis of popularity. High power conversion efficiencies are achieved with lead‐based compounds, which are toxic to the environment. Tin‐based perovskites are the most promising alternative because of their bandgap close to the optimal value for photovoltaic applications, the strong optical absorption, and good charge carrier mobilities. Nevertheless, the low defect tolerance, the fast crystallization, and the oxidative instability of tin halide perovskites currently limit their efficiency. The aim of this review is to give a detailed overview of the crystallographic, photophysical, and optoelectronic properties of tin‐based perovskite compounds in their multiple forms from 3D to low‐dimensional structures. At the end, recent progress in tin‐based perovskite solar cells are reviewed, mainly focusing on the detail of the strategies adopted to improve the device performances. For each subtopic, the current challenges and the outlook are discussed, with the aim to stimulate the community to address the most important issues in a concerted manner.
High‐Performance Harsh‐Environment‐Resistant GaOX Solar‐Blind Photodetectors via Defect and Doping Engineering
Authors: Hou Xiaohu , Zhao Xiaolong , Zhang Ying , Zhang Zhongfang , Liu Yan , Qin Yuan , Tan Pengju , Chen Chen , Yu Shunjie , Ding Mengfan , Xu Guangwei , Hu Qin , Long Shibing
Published: October 2021

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3), with an ultrawide bandgap, is currently regarded as one of the most promising materials for solar‐blind photodetectors (SBPDs), which are greatly demanded in harsh environment, such as space exploration and flame prewarning. However, realization of high‐performance SBPDs with high tolerance toward harsh environments based on low‐cost Ga2O3 material faces great challenges. Here, defect and doping (DD) engineering towards amorphous GaOX (a‐GaOX) has been proposed to obtain ultrasensitive SBPDs for harsh condition application. Serious oxygen deficiency and doping compensation of the engineered a‐GaOX film ensure the high response currents and low dark currents, respectively. Annealing item in nitrogen of DD engineering also incurs the recrystallization of material, formation of nanopores by oxygen escape, and suppression of sub‐bandgap defect states. As a result, the tailored GaOX SBPD based on DD engineering not only harvests a record‐high responsivity rejection ratio (R254 nm/R365 nm) of 1.8 × 107, 102 times higher detectivity, and 2 × 102 times faster decay speed than the control device, but also keeps a high responsivity, high photo‐to‐dark current ratio, and sharp imaging capability even at high temperature (280 °C) or high bias (100 V). The proposed DD engineering provides an effective strategy towards highly harsh‐environment‐resistant GaOX SBPDs.
Fe3O4/Ag/Bi2MoO6 Photoactivatable Nanozyme for Self‐Replenishing and Sustainable Cascaded Nanocatalytic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Cao Changyu , Zou Hai , Yang Nan , Li Hui , Cai Yu , Song Xuejiao , Shao Jinjun , Chen Peng , Mou Xiaozhou , Wang Wenjun , Dong Xiaochen
Published: October 2021

Catalytic cancer therapy based on nanozymes has recently attracted much interest. However, the types of the current nanozymes are limited and their efficiency is usually compromised and not sustainable in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, combination therapy involving additional therapeutics is often necessary and the resulting complication may jeopardize the practical feasibility. Herein, an unprecedented “all‐in‐one” Fe3O4/Ag/Bi2MoO6 nanoparticle (FAB NP) is rationally devised to achieve synergistic chemodynamic, photodynamic, photothermal therapy with guidance by magnetic resonance, photoacoustic, and photothermal imaging. Based on its manifold nanozyme activities (mimicking peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione oxidase) and photodynamic property, cascaded nanocatalytic reactions are enabled and sustained in TME for outstanding therapeutic outcomes. The working mechanisms underlying the intraparticulate interactions, sustainability, and self‐replenishment arising from the coupling between the nanocatalytic reactions and nanozyme activities are carefully revealed, providing new insights into the design of novel nanozymes for nanocatalytic therapy with high efficiency, good specificity, and low side effects.
Plasma‐Assisted Deposition of TiO2 3D Nanomembranes: Selective Wetting, Superomniphobicity, and Self‐Cleaning
Authors: Montes Laura , Román Jose M. , García‐Casas Xabier , Castillo‐Seoane Javier , Sánchez‐Valencia Juan R. , Barranco Ángel , López‐Santos Carmen , Borrás Ana
Published: October 2021

Fabrication of tunable wetting surfaces is sought for the last years given its importance on energy, biomaterials and antimicrobials, water purification, microfluidics, and smart surfaces. Liquid management on surfaces mainly depends on the control at the micro‐ and nanoscale of both roughness and chemical composition. Herein, the combination of a soft‐template method and plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition is presented for the synthesis of TiO2 nanofibers on porous substrates such as cellulose and stainless‐steel membranes. The protocol, carried out under mild conditions, produces 3D nanomembranes with superhydrophobicity and oleophilicity that are tested as microliter water/oil filters. Photoactivation of TiO2 by UV illumination provides a straightforward approach for wetting tunability that converts the surface into amphiphilic. A final chemical modification of the TiO2 nanofibers by embedding them in an elastomeric polymeric shell and by fluorine‐based grafting opens the path toward the formation of superomniphobic and self‐cleaning surfaces with long‐lasting lifetimes. Thus, a reliable procedure is demonstrated for the fabrication of TiO2 nanofibers, which allows the modification of porous supports and provides an innovative route for the development of 3D nanomembranes with under design wetting. This protocol is extendable to alternative metal oxides, metals, and core@shell nanoarchitectures with potential multifunctionalities.
Demonstration of Single‐Shot Measurements of 1013 Ultrahigh‐Contrast Pulses by Manipulating Cross‐Correlation
Authors: Ma Jingui , Yuan Peng , Ouyang Xiaoping , Wang Jing , Xie Guoqiang , Qian Liejia
Published: October 2021

In strong‐field physics experiments with high‐intensity lasers, single‐shot characterization of the temporal contrast between the laser pulse peak and its temporal pedestal is important; this allows fast optimization of the pulse contrast and meaningful comparison with theory for each pulse shot. To date, high contrast ratios of 1010 have been demonstrated in single‐shot measurements for petawatt (PW) lasers. However, ultrahigh contrast ratios of ≈1013, as required for the planned 200 PW lasers, pose challenges to high‐intensity laser technologies and have thus far remained open for investigation. This article reports a pilot demonstration of ultrahigh‐contrast measurements by adapting a single‐shot cross‐correlator (SSCC). An evaluation method for the SSCC detection limit is introduced. The strategy mimics the test beam with known spatial contrast, whose cross‐correlation is equivalent to that of a test pulse with ultrahigh temporal contrast. The ultimate contrast measurement limit of 1013 is achieved, which corresponds to the highest pulse intensity by optical damage and the lowest temporal pedestal by single‐photon detection. The photon noise of the detector is observed and becomes dominant as the temporal pedestal of the optical pulse decreases. The demonstrated detection ability is applied to a high‐contrast laser system, suggesting the accessibility of ultrahigh‐contrast measurements.
Asymmetric Synthesis of N‐Substituted γ‐Amino Esters and γ‐Lactams Containing α,γ‐Stereogenic Centers via a Stereoselective Enzymatic Cascade
Authors: Li Ming , Cui Yunfeng , Xu Zefei , Chen Xi , Feng Jinhui , Wang Min , Yao Peiyuan , Wu Qiaqing , Zhu Dunming
Published: October 2021

γ‐Amino esters and γ‐lactams containing α,γ‐stereogenic centers are widely used as chiral intermediates in various bioactive compounds, while their efficient synthesis remains a challenge. Herein, an enzymatic cascade reaction involving an ene reductase (ERED) and an imine reductase (IRED) for accessing to α,γ‐stereospecific γ‐amino esters and γ‐lactams from α,β‐unsaturated γ‐ketoesters has been developed. 21 EREDs and 13 IREDs have been identified with high activity and stereoselectivity toward various α,β‐unsaturated γ‐ketoesters and the corresponding chiral γ‐ketoesters, respectively. By employing suitable ERED and IRED, (1S,3S), (1S,3R), (1R,3S), and (1R,3R) stereoisomers of methyl 3‐(cyclopropyl amino) cyclohexane‐1‐carboxylate were obtained as a single stereoisomer in 63–72% yield, and (3R,5R)‐ and (3R,5S)‐1‐cyclopropyl‐3,5‐dimethylpyrrolidin‐2‐one and 1‐cyclopropyl‐3,5‐dipropylpyrrolidin‐2‐one were also prepared as a single stereoisomer in 60–65% yields. This study establishes an environmentally friendly enzymatic route for the synthesis of γ‐amino esters and γ‐lactams containing α,γ‐stereogenic centers.

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The Partnerships for Data Innovations (PDI): Facilitating data stewardship and catalyzing research engagement in the digital age
Authors: Harmel R. Daren , Kleinman Peter , Eve Marlen , Ippolito James A. , Beebout Sarah , Delgado Jorge , Vandenberg Bruce , Buser Mike
Published: October 2021

For agricultural research to seize the potential of data‐driven technologies, profound changes are needed in the full spectrum of data management, highlighted by a shift of researchers, institutions, and agencies toward a culture of data stewardship. The USDA‐ARS established the Partnerships for Data Innovations (PDI) in 2019 to achieve this transformation from within. From the onset, PDI has integrated its customer–partners in developing and implementing state‐of‐the‐art digital tools, leveraging off‐the‐shelf technologies when advantageous. In its short life, PDI has transformed more than 100 projects, from projects catalyzing collaborative efforts and underpinning information management to those salvaging end‐of‐life data repositories. Empowered by this active inclusive partnership and through sharing digital solutions on a “Digital Research Workbench” within the ARS Agricultural Collaborative Research Outcomes System infrastructure, PDI hopes to accelerate agricultural research through standardization, automation, and integration and to help usher in a culture of digital age data stewardship.
Design of a point‐of‐care ultrasound curriculum for pediatric emergency medicine fellows: A Delphi study
Authors: Gold Delia , Levine Marla , Hsu Deborah , Way David P. , Shefrin Allan E. , Lam Samuel H. F. , Lewiss Resa , Marin Jennifer R. ,   the PEM POCUS Curriculum Task Force
Published: October 2021

Objectives

There has been a steady increase in the growth and utilization of point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) in pediatric emergency medicine (PEM). POCUS has been established as an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core requirement for accreditation of PEM fellowship programs. Despite this requirement, training guidelines regarding POCUS knowledge and skills have yet to be developed. The purpose of this project was to develop a curriculum and a competency checklist for PEM fellow POCUS education.

Methods

We formed a core leadership group based on expertise in one or more key areas: PEM, POCUS, curriculum development, or Delphi methods. We recruited 29 PEM POCUS or ultrasound education experts from North America to participate in a three‐round electronic Delphi project. The first Delphi round asked experts to generate a list of the core POCUS knowledge and skills that a PEM fellow would need during training to function as an autonomous practitioner. Subsequent rounds prioritized the list of knowledge and skills, and the core leadership group organized knowledge and skills into global competencies and subcompetencies.

Results

The first Delphi round yielded 61 POCUS areas of knowledge and skills considered important for PEM fellow learning. After two subsequent Delphi rounds, the list of POCUS knowledge and skills was narrowed to 38 items that addressed elements of six global competencies. The core leadership group then revised items into subcompetencies and categorized them under global competencies, developing a curriculum that defined the scope (depth of content) and sequence (order of teaching) of these POCUS knowledge and skill items.

Conclusions

This expert, consensus‐generated POCUS curriculum provides detailed guidance for PEM fellowships to incorporate POCUS education into their programs. Our curriculum also identifies core ultrasound knowledge and skills needed by PEM fellows to perform the specific POCUS applications recommended in prior publications.
Effect of planting density on growth characteristics and grain yield increase in successive cultivations of two rice cultivars
Authors: Alipour Abookheili Farshid , Mobasser Hamid Reza
Published: October 2021

Rice (Oryza sativaL.) recultivation plays an important role in increasing land productivity and efficiency in crop rotation. Planting density (PD) is an important agronomic factor to achieving maximum grain yield (GY). The current study aimed to determine the best PD for the first cultivation and recultivation of rice. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on the randomized complete block design with three replications at Ghaemshahr University, Mazandaran (northern Iran) from 2013 to 2014. Treatments consisted of cultivars ‘Tarom Hashemi’ and ‘Koohsar’ at two levels as the main factor and PDs at the three levels of 16, 25, and 33.3 hills m–2with planting spaces of 25 × 25, 20 × 20, and 30 × 10 cm2, respectively, as the subfactor. The results of the current study showed that cultivar for the first cultivation and year for the recultivation had a significant effect on GY. Planting density had a significant effect on GY in both first cultivation and recultivation. The GY of Hashemi in the first cultivation (36.1%) and recultivation (18.5%) was higher than that of Koohsar. Grain yield in the first cultivation and recultivation had an increasing trend; PD increased up to 33.3 hills m–2as 19.9 and 21.4% in the first cultivation and recultivation, respectively, due to the increase in number of panicles m–2(30.1 and 30.6%, respectively). Hashemi is suitable for the first cultivation. It is noteworthy, also, that a density of 33.3 hills m–2is recommended for the first cultivation and recultivation.
Assessment of fodder resources in Ethiopia: Biomass production and nutritional value
Authors: Feyisa Tesfaye , Tolera Adugna , Nurfeta Ajebu , Balehegn Mulubrhan , Yigrem Sintayehu , Bedaso Misaye , Boneya Morkata , Adesogan Adegbola
Published: October 2021

Fodders are the major feed resource in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to assess biomass production and nutritive value of fodder resources in Ethiopia. A total of 34 scientific papers and 30 Central Statistical Agency (CSA) (Ethiopia) reports for biomass production, and 249 scientific papers for nutritive value were used for this study. The biomass production of crop residues was greatest followed by grazing biomass, enset [Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesem.] and banana (Musa spp.) leaves and pseudostems. The crude protein (CP) concentration of vetch (Vicia spp.) hay, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay, cultivated legume species and many indigenous browse species was >150 g kg−1 dry matter (DM). However, the CP value of natural pasture, crop residues, natural pasture hay, rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) hay, cultivated grass species, sycamore fig (Ficus sychomorus L.), Indianfig pricklypear [Opuntia ficus‐indica (L.) Mill.] and enset and banana was <150 g kg−1 DM. Natural pasture, crop residues, all parts of enset except enset corm, natural pasture hay, rhodes grass hay, and cultivated grass species contained >550 g kg−1 DM neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Enset corm, vetch hay, alfalfa, Chinese banyan (Ficus thonningii Blume), and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) contained >10 MJ kg−1 DM metabolizable energy (ME). Crop residues except faba bean straw contained <600 g kg−1 DM in‐vitro digestibility. Methods should be devised for more efficient and effective use of the most widely available crop residues and grazing biomass through better management practices and appropriate supplementation with good quality forages and locally available better quality agricultural and agro‐industrial by‐products.
Interactions of cultivar, sowing date, and growing environment differentially alter wheat phenology under climate warming
Authors: Kawakita Satoshi , Ishikawa Naoyuki , Takahashi Hidehiro , Okuno Rintaro , Moriya Kazuyuki
Published: October 2021

Temperature is one of the most influential factors in crop phenology and is projected to increase substantially due to climate change. To adapt to climate change, it is necessary to understand how crops develop depending on cultivar choice, sowing time, and growing environment under various warming conditions. To clarify the influence of these interactions, we investigated 216 combinations of the genotype × environment × management interaction of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) development. These included nine scenarios of constant and seasonal warming conditions, two cultivar types (spring‐type and winter‐type wheat), six sowing dates, and two cultivation environments (relatively cool or warm area), and the change in wheat heading dates was simulated using sigmoid and exponential function–based models. Simulations of growing conditions 1−5 °C above the average temperature during 1981–2010 resulted in the faster growth of spring‐type cultivars, and the earlier the cultivars were sown, the faster they grew to heading stage. The winter‐type cultivars showed a smaller advancement to heading than the spring‐type cultivars, but the shortening period from sowing to heading became greater when grown in a cooler environment if the temperature significantly increased. In addition, increased temperatures in spring induced the advancement of heading more than similar conditions in winter. Our findings indicated that the advancement of the heading date varied greatly depending on the four‐factor combinations. Delaying sowing time and changing to winter‐type cultivars from spring‐type cultivars were thought to be effective adaptations; however, the adaptation strategies should be carefully planned depending on the agricultural management and warming conditions.
Neural Network Physically Unclonable Function: A Trainable Physically Unclonable Function System with Unassailability against Deep Learning Attacks Using Memristor Array
Authors: Park Junkyu , Lee Yoonji , Jeong Hakcheon , Choi Shinhyun
Published: October 2021

The dissemination of edge devices drives new requirements for security primitives for privacy protection and chip authentication. Memristors are promising entropy sources for realizing hardware‐based security primitives due to their intrinsic randomness and stochastic properties. With the adoption of memristors among several technologies that meet essential requirements, the neural network physically unclonable function (NNPUF) is proposed, a novel PUF design that takes advantage of deep learning algorithms. The proposed design integrated with the memristor array can be constructed easily because the system does not depend on write operation accuracy. To contemplate a nondifferentiable module during training, an original concept of loss called PUF loss is devised. Iterations of weight update with the loss function bring about optimal NNPUF performance. It is shown that the design achieves a near‐ideal 50% average value for security metrics, including uniformity, diffuseness, and uniqueness. This means that the NNPUF satisfies practical quality standards for security primitives by training with PUF loss. It is also demonstrated that the NNPUF response has an unassailable resistance against deep learning‐based modeling attacks, which is verified by the near‐50% prediction model accuracy.