bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interfacial structures and mechanical properties of PVC composites reinforced by CaCO3 with different particle sizes and surface treatments
Authors: Sun Shuisheng , Li Chunzhong , Zhang Ling , Du HL , Burnell‐Gray JS
Published: December 2005

The effects of particle size and surface treatment of CaCO3 particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites filled with CaCO3 particles via a melt blending method were studied by SEM, an AG‐2000 universal material testing machine and an XJU‐2.75 Izod impact strength machine. The tensile and impact strengths of CaCO3/PVC greatly increased with decreasing CaCO3 particle size, which was attributed to increased interfacial contact area and enhanced interfacial adhesion between CaCO3 particles and PVC matrix. Titanate‐treated nano‐CaCO3/PVC composites had superior tensile and impact strengths to untreated or sodium‐stearate‐treated CaCO3/PVC composites. The impact strength of titanate‐treated nano‐CaCO3/PVC composites was 26.3 ± 1.1 kJ m−2, more than three times that of pure PVC materials. The interfacial adhesion between CaCO3 particles and PVC matrix was characterized by the interfacial interaction parameter B and the debonding angle θ, both of which were calculated from the tensile strength of CaCO3/PVC composites. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of effective poly(4‐vinylpyridine) nanocomposites: in situ polymerization from edges/surfaces and interlayer galleries of clay
Authors: Şen Sinan , Memeşa Mine , Nugay Nihan , Nugay Turgut
Published: December 2005

Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP) nanocomposites have been prepared by using an in situ polymerization method in the presence of organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) clays with a quarternary salt of cocoamine containing a vinyl group, as well as trimethoxy vinyl silane. The nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The desired exfoliated nanocomposite structure was achieved when the MMT modification was conducted in the presence of both modifiers, whereas individual modifications all resulted in intercalated structures. This resultant exfoliated nanocomposite was found to have better thermal stability and dynamic mechanical performance when compared to the other nanocomposites, even with 2 % clay loading. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative structure–property relationship studies of polymeric cohesive energy by density functional theory
Authors: Yu Xinliang , Wang Xueye , Li Xiaobing , Gao Jinwei , Wang Hanlu
Published: December 2005

Density functional theory calculations have been carried out for monomers of polymers at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. The quantum chemical descriptors of the calculated results, which are the molecular average polarizability, the most positive net atomic charge on hydrogen atoms in a molecule, the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and the molecular dipole moment, have been used to predict the cohesive energy of polymers with the structure (C1H2C2R3R4). A general quantitative structure–property relationship model, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.986 and a standard error of s = 2636 J/mol, has been built by multiple linear regression analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 409–415, 2006
Lung Function Tests in Neonates and Infants with Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy: Functional Residual Capacity
Authors: Hülskamp Georg , Pillow J. Jane , Dinger Jürgen , Stocks Janet
Published: December 2005

This is the second paper in a review series that will summarize available data and discuss the potential role of lung function testing in infants and young children with acute neonatal respiratory disorders and chronic lung disease of infancy. The current paper addresses the expansive subject of measurements of lung volume using plethysmography and gas dilution/washout techniques. Following orientation of the reader to the subject area, we focus our comments on areas of inquiry proposed in the introductory paper to this series. The quality of the published literature is reviewed critically, and recommendations are provided to guide future investigation in this field. Measurements of lung volume are important both for assessing growth and development of lungs in health and disease, and for interpreting volume‐dependent lung function parameters such as respiratory compliance, resistance, forced expiratory flows, and indices of gas‐mixing efficiency. Acute neonatal lung disease is characterized by severely reduced functional residual capacity (FRC), with treatments aimed at securing optimal lung recruitment. While FRC may remain reduced in established chronic lung disease of infancy, more commonly it becomes normalized or even elevated due to hyperinflation, with or without gas‐trapping, secondary to airway obstruction. Ideally, accurate and reliable bedside measurements of FRC would be feasible from birth, throughout all phases of postnatal care (including assisted ventilation), and during subsequent long‐term follow‐up. Although lung volume measurements in extremely preterm infants were described in a research environment, resolution of several issues is required before such investigations can be translated into routine clinical monitoring. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of vibrational spectroscopy to study protein and DNA structure, hydration, and binding of biomolecules: A combined theoretical and experimental approach
Authors: Jalkanen K. J. , Würtz Jürgensen V. , Claussen A. , Rahim A. , Jensen G. M. , Wade R. C. , Nardi F. , Jung C. , Degtyarenko I. M. , Nieminen R. M. , Herrmann F. , Knapp‐Mohammady M. , Niehaus T. A. , Frimand K. , Suhai S.
Published: December 2005

We report on our work with vibrational absorption, vibrational circular dichroism, Raman scattering, Raman optical activity, and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy to study protein and DNA structure, hydration, and the binding of ligands, drugs, pesticides, or herbicides via a combined theoretical and experimental approach. The systems we have studied systematically are the amino acids (L‐alanine, L‐tryptophan, and L‐histidine), peptides (N‐4271 acetyl L‐alanine N′‐methyl amide, N‐acetyl L‐tryptophan N′‐methyl amide, N‐acetyl L‐histidine N′‐methyl amide, L‐alanyl L‐alanine, tri‐L‐serine, N‐acetyl L‐alanine L‐proline L‐tyrosine N′‐methyl amide, Leu‐enkephalin, cyclo‐(gly‐L‐pro)3, N‐acetyl (L‐alanine)n N′‐methyl amide), 3‐methyl indole, and a variety of small molecules (dichlobenil and 2,6‐dochlorobenzamide) of relevance to the protein systems under study. We have used molecular mechanics, the SCC‐DFTB, SCC‐DFTB+disp, RHF, MP2, and DFT methodologies for the modeling studies with the goal of interpreting the experimentally measured vibrational spectra for these molecules to the greatest extent possible and to use this combined approach to understand the structure, function, and electronic properties of these molecules in their various environments. The application of these spectroscopies to biophysical and environmental assays is expanding, and therefore a thorough understanding of the phenomenon from a rigorous theoretical basis is required. In addition, we give some exciting and new preliminary results which allow us to extend our methods to even larger and more complex systems. The work presented here is the current state of the art to this ever and fast changing field of theoretical spectroscopic interpretation and use of VA, VCD, Raman, ROA, EA, and ECD spectroscopies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Solving quantum trajectories in Coulomb potential by quantum Hamilton–Jacobi theory
Authors: Yang Ciann‐Dong
Published: December 2005

We show that the quantum central‐force problems can be modeled and solved exactly by quantum Hamilton–Jacobi formulation, from which the quantum operators $\hat{L}$z, $\hat{L}$2, and $\hat{H}$ can be derived without using the quantization principle p → ($\hbar$/i)∂/∂x. Quantum conservation laws expressed by the Poisson bracket show that the eigenvalues of these quantum operators are just equal to the constants of motion along the eigen‐trajectories defined in a complex domain. The shell structure observed in bound systems, such as the hydrogen atom, is found to stem from the structure of the quantum potential, by which the quantum forces acting on the electron can be uniquely determined, the stability of atomic configuration can be justified, and the quantum trajectories of the electron can be obtained by integrating the related quantum Lagrange equations. On solving the quantum equations of motion, the solution of the Schrödinger equation serves as the first integration of the second‐order quantum Lagrange equations. The stable equilibrium points of the derived first‐order nonlinear quantum dynamics are shown to be identical to the positions with maximum probability predicted by standard quantum mechanics. The internal mechanism of how the quantum dynamics evolve continuously to classical dynamics and of how the quantum conservation laws transit continuously to the classical conservation laws as n → ∞ are analyzed in detail. The construction of the quantum scattering trajectory by searching for an unbound solution for the Schrödinger equation is investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
The phase transition in the cluster‐scaled model of a random graph
Authors: Luczak Malwina , Łuczak Tomasz
Published: December 2005

For 0 < p < 1 and q > 0 let Gq(n,p) denote the random graph with vertex set [n]={1,…,n} such that, for each graph G on [n] with e(G) edges and c(G) components, the probability that Gq(n,p)=G is proportional to $p^{e(G)}(1-p)^{({n \atop 2})-e(G)}q^{c(G)}$. The first systematic study of Gq(n,p) was undertaken by Bollobás, Grimmett, and Janson (Probab Theory Relat Fields 104 (1996), 283–317), who analyzed the phase transition phenomenon corresponding to the emergence of the giant component. In this paper we describe the structure of Gq(n,p) very close the critical threshold. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2006
Cover Picture: Design of Self‐Assembling Peptide Nanotubes with Delocalized Electronic States (Small 1/2006)
Authors: Ashkenasy Nurit , Horne W. Seth , Ghadiri M. Reza
Published: December 2005

The cover picture illustrates redox‐promoted self‐assembly of an eight‐residue cyclic D,L‐α‐peptide bearing four 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide side chains into electronically delocalized peptide nanotubes hundreds of nanometers in length. The background picture was derived from an atomic force microscopy image of self‐assembled cyclic peptide nanotubes adsorbed on mica. The supramolecular approach suggests a rational basis for the design and fabrication of composite 1D biomaterials with potential utility in optical and electronic devices. For more information please read the Communication “Design of Self‐Assembling Peptide Nanotubes with Delocalized Electronic States” by M. R. Ghadiri and co‐workers on page 99 ff.
What is spirituality?
Authors: Speck Bruce W.
Published: December 2005

Spirituality is difficult to define, but two paradigmatic approaches to worldviews can help provide the basis for two groups of definitions.
Role of spirituality and spiritual development in student life outside the classroom
Authors: Capeheart‐Meningall Jennifer
Published: December 2005

Educating the whole student requires addressing spiritual development and is best accomplished through an integration of academic and student affairs.
Issues related to spirituality and the search for truth in sectarian institutions of higher education
Authors: Poe Harry Lee
Published: December 2005

The foundational spiritual truths of sectarian institutions, often criticized by the secular academy, may provide a basis for a vigorous search for truth in the transition from modern to postmodern society.
Enhancing the damping of wind turbine rotor blades, the DAMPBLADE project
Authors: Chaviaropoulos P. K. , Politis E. S. , Lekou D. J. , Sørensen N. N. , Hansen M. H. , Bulder B. H. , Winkelaar D. , Lindenburg C. , Saravanos D. A. , Philippidis T. P. , Galiotis C. , Hansen M. O. L. , Kossivas T.
Published: December 2005

A research programme enabling the development of damped wind turbine blades, having the acronym DAMPBLADE, has been supported by the EC under its 5th Framework Programme. In DAMPBLADE the following unique composite damping mechanisms were exploited aiming to increase the structural damping: tailoring of laminate damping anisotropy, damping layers and damped polymer matrices. Additional objectives of the project were the development of the missing critical analytical technologies enabling the explicit modelling of composite structural damping and a novel ‘composite blade design capacity’ enabling the direct prediction of aeroelastic stability and fatigue life; the development and characterization of damped composite materials; and the evaluation of new technology via the design and fabrication of damped prototype blades and their full‐scale laboratory testing. After 4 years of work a 19 m glass/polyester damped blade was designed, manufactured and tested using the know‐how acquired. Modal analysis of this blade at the testing facility of CRES showed a nearly 80% increase in the damping ratio of both the first flap and lag modes compared with the earlier, standard, design practice. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated printing technology as a new tool for liquid sample preparation for micro x‐ray fluorescence (MXRF)
Authors: Miller Thomasin C. , Hastings Elizabeth P. , Havrilla George J.
Published: December 2005

The focus of this study was to explore automated printing technology (APT) as an alternative means to manual methods for nanoliter dried spot sample preparation of liquid samples for micro x‐ray fluorescence analysis (MXRF). APT was used successfully to dispense 20 and 50 nl volumes of multielemental standard solutions onto AP1 and Kapton film substrates. Automated droplet deposition was rapid and minimized operator skill and human error in the sample preparation process. Dried spots prepared by APT were generally circular in shape and similar in appearance to those prepared by manual dried spot deposition techniques. Furthermore, multiple dried spots could be accurately and reproducibly deposited in the same precise location on the film substrate surface, allowing for increased sample loadings within the MXRF analysis area for higher elemental sensitivity. The characteristics of the substrate did affect the quality of dried spot formation, with irregularly shaped spots forming on the thicker, more hydrophobic Kapton film, especially with higher droplet mass loadings. Adverse effects of irregular spot formation on quantitative analysis could be easily minimized by increasing the MXRF analysis area to encompass the entire dried spot residue. Nanoliter dried spot sample preparation is useful not only for MXRF analysis of liquid samples, but can also be applied to other analytical techniques such as IR, Raman or UV/fluorescence spectroscopy, the applications of which can benefit from rapid sample throughput and matrix reduction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective, Randomized, Placebo‐controlled Study of the Effect of TENS on Postthoracotomy Pain and Pulmonary Function
Authors: Erdogan Mükerrem , Erdogan Abdullah , Erbil Nazmiye , Karakaya Hanife (Kabukcu) , Demircan Abid
Published: December 2005

We investigated the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for postthoracotomy pain control in a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. We studied two groups of patients undergoing posterolateral thoracotomy. In group 1, TENS was used postoperatively on 60 patients for 5 days. Group 2 contained 56 patients without TENS. In both groups a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to indicate if analgesia was needed. When the VAS was higher than 4, an analgesic was administered. We observed the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), the forced vital capacity (FVC), partial arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2), partial arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2), and how many doses of analgesia were given at postoperative 0 (extubation time), 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours. TENS was not employed in patients with cardiac or neurologic disease. In group 1, TENS reduced the need to administer opioids during the 5‐day postoperative period. This result is statistically significant (P = 0.013). Additionally, following the sixth postoperative hour, TENS increased the spirometric breath function. The FEV1, FVC, and PaO2 were high and PaCO2 was low when the first group is compared to the second. All these results are statistically significant (P = 0.012, P = 0.01, P = 0.024, and P = 0.02 respectively). We observed that TENS produced no evidence of side effects or intolerance in the patients of group 1. TENS is thus beneficial for pain relief following thoracotomy and has no side effects. Consequently, the routine use of TENS following thoracic surgery is recommended.
The British Discovery of American History: War, Liberalism and the Atlantic Connection
Authors: HEALE MICHAEL
Published: December 2005

The years following the Second World War, according to the Norwegian scholar Sigmund Skard, witnessed the “Rediscovery of America,” as European academics belatedly turned their attention to the United States at a time when its pre-eminent global role could not be ignored. In Britain some believed that the awakening was already under way, the Principal of what became Exeter University having described 1941 as the year of the British “discovery of America.” The jarring realization that the very survival of Britain depended on a close alliance with the American giant had precipitated not only frenetic governmental activity but also intense interest in the United States throughout the media. Perhaps the “discovery” or “rediscovery” of America in British consciousness cannot be dated with exact precision, but the years from the war to the mid-1960s may fairly be called the “take-off period” for the academic study of American history in Britain. This essay briefly considers the role of some of the participants in this endeavour.
“To Get Quit of Negroes”: George Washington and Slavery
Authors: MORGAN PHILIP D.
Published: December 2005

George Washington died much as he lived, stoic, dignified, controlled to the very end. True to form, his last moments, much like his life, saw him surrounded by slaves. At daybreak on the day he died – Saturday, 14 December 1799 – Caroline, a housemaid, bustled into his room to make a fire. Three other slaves fetched the physicians, who ministered to the dying General. Washington's body servant, twenty-four-year-old Christopher, otherwise known as Christopher Sheels, attended his master throughout the long day of his last illness. Indeed, in the afternoon Washington motioned Christopher to take a seat by his bedside as he had been standing throughout his vigil. At the moment of death, blacks outnumbered whites in the room. Caroline, Charlotte, a seamstress, and Molly, a domestic, were all standing near the door, and Christopher was by the bed, while only three whites – Dr. James Craik, his primary physician and old friend; Tobias Lear, his secretary; and Martha Washington, his wife – were present. At Martha's behest, Christopher aroused Lear from his grief by asking him to take care of the General's keys and other personal items which the body servant had taken out of the dead man's pockets. On the day after Washington's death, Frank Lee, the family's mulatto butler, Christopher, and Marcus, another house servant, received new shoes so that they would look presentable at the funeral.
“I Was Going to Build a new Republican Party and a New Majority”: Richard Nixon as Party Leader, 1969–73
Authors: MASON ROBERT
Published: December 2005

Richard Nixon gained a poor reputation as President for his work as leader of the Republican Party. His attitude towards the party was seen as neglectful at best, destructive at worst. It was clear that Nixon revelled in the details of electoral politics as far as his own position was concerned, but it seemed equally clear that he had little concern for the political fortunes of his party at large. Among the most partisan of American politicians during his earlier career, Nixon seemed to shrug off this partisan past when he reached the White House in 1969. But this understanding of Nixon's relationship with the Republican Party is in some respects misleading. Although it is true that his record provides significant examples of presidential neglect of the party, it also contains equally significant examples of presidential concern about the party's future. Few American Presidents of the modern era paid much attention to their responsibility for party leadership, so the nature of Nixon's support for the Republicans distinguishes him as a party leader of notable strength rather than notable weakness.
“Don't Sleep With Stevens!”: The J. P. Stevens Boycott and Social Activism in the 1970s
Authors: MINCHIN TIMOTHY J.
Published: December 2005

On 30 November 1978 thousands of people from across the United States took part in “Justice for J. P. Stevens' Workers Day.” In seventy-four cities activities such as rallies, marches, press conferences, film premieres, and leafleting were held in support of a union boycott against a giant textile company that had persistently shown its willingness to violate the law rather than recognize its workers' right to organize. In New York City more than 3000 demonstrators marched in front of the company's midtown headquarters as part of the nationwide day of protest that was endorsed by Governor Hugh L. Carey and the City Council. In Los Angeles hundreds of trade unionists and their supporters rallied in front of City Hall, while in Indianapolis protesters gathered at the local Hilton Hotel for a “hard times luncheon” of ham and beans that was designed to express solidarity with the company's low-paid workers. Finding that the hotel's table cloths were made by Stevens, enraged protesters ripped the fabrics from the tables and dumped them in a pile on the floor. Activities were also held in many smaller cities; in Albany, New York, for example, a rally was addressed by Secretary of State and Lieutenant Governor-elect Mario Cuomo, who told consumers “to shun the products of J. P. Stevens as you would shun the fruit of an unholy tree.” Across the country, protesters carried signs urging consumers to steer clear of the company's sheets, a staple part of its textile business.
The SPCK in Defence of Protestant Minorities in Early Eighteenth-Century Europe
Authors: NISHIKAWA SUGIKO
Published: December 2005

The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the SPCK, has been much discussed as the epitome of Anglican evangelistic zeal and is well known for its dedicated work in the distribution of Christian literature. Whereas the fact that continental Protestants were in regular contact with the SPCK has been noted, few attempts have so far been made to examine SPCK relations with continental Protestants. In fact, the SPCK emerges as more and more concerned with its responsibilities towards its persecuted foreign brethren. Thus it is important to place the SPCK in the context of the Europe-wide Protestant Reformation.
Audit of specialist registrar training in tympanomastoid surgery for chronic otitis media
Authors: Mahendran S , Bennett A M D , Jones S E M , Young B A , Prinsley P R
Published: December 2005

Background: A prospective audit of specialist registrars' (SRs') training in tympanomastoid surgery for chronic otitis media within the Anglia Regional Training Scheme is described. This audit recorded the surgical activity of the trainees and their contribution to operative procedures, and assessed the results of the procedures. This type of systematic approach to the audit of surgical training is important in light of the current shortened training programmes and increased accountability of trainers.

Objectives: The study aimed to establish the levels of exposure to, supervision of and outcome of ear operations for chronic otitis media performed by ENT trainees in the East Anglia region.

Method: A prospective, region-wide, minimum otology dataset-based proforma audit was undertaken, with compulsory SR participation. Proformas were completed at the time of operation (form one) and at a minimum interval of nine months post-operatively (form two). Data on form one included hospital, supervising consultant, name and training year of SR, contribution of SR (based on England Royal College of Surgeons guidelines interpreted by the SR), pre-operative audiology average (air conduction/bone conduction over 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz), the pathology and the state of the ear at the time of surgery, and a breakdown of the procedure(s) undertaken. Form two recorded data relevant to form one as well as information regarding patient satisfaction and the operative result obtained, graded as ‘gold’ (no disease, dry ear and hearing average < 25 dB), ‘silver’ (two of these three) and ‘bronze’ (one of these three). All completed forms were analysed using Microsoft Access software.;>   Results: Completed copies of 409 form ones and 156 form twos were analysed. With advancing years, SRs' contributions to procedures increased without significant effect on the graded outcome, which appeared to be independent of SR year of training. Different regional hospitals were compared. Data collected also provided an otology training portfolio for SRs, forming part of their registrar in-training assessment (RITA).

Conclusion: The East Anglia SR audit of SRs' training in tympanomastoid surgery for chronic otitis media was a powerful training tool. It demonstrated the safe progression of SR training in supervised ear surgery, with SRs' results being comparable to those for consultant-performed procedures.
Belgian Standard Dutch
Authors: Verhoeven Jo
Published: December 2005

Dutch is a language spoken by about 20 million people in the Netherlands and Belgium. This region is not only characterised by a complex dialect situation, but also by the use of two institutionalised varieties of the Standard language: Netherlandic Dutch is spoken in the Netherlands and is documented in Collins & Mees (1982), Mees & Collins (1983) and Gussenhoven (1999), while Belgian Dutch is spoken in the northern part of Belgium (Flanders) by approximately 6 million speakers. This variety is the same as what is commonly referred to internationally as ‘Flemish’. However, the term ‘Flemish’ is avoided here since it erroneously suggests that this language is different from the one spoken in the Netherlands: the lexical and syntactic differences between the two language varieties are very small. Nevertheless, there are significant phonetic differences as well as substantial regional variability within the two speech communities.
Tamambo
Authors: Riehl Anastasia K. , Jauncey Dorothy
Published: December 2005

Tamambo is an Oceanic language spoken on the western half of the island of Malo in northern Vanuatu. There are at least 3000 speakers of the language, most of them living on Malo, with several hundred residing on the neighboring island of Santo and in the country's capital, Port Vila. Many speakers are also fluent in Bislama (an English-lexifier creole spoken in Vanuatu), one of three official languages. A dialect of Tamambo spoken on the eastern half of the island is now almost extinct, the main phonetic differences from the western dialect being the lack of prenasalized stops and labialized consonants, and the short articulation of vowels. Previous phonetic work on Tamambo is limited to a descriptive grammar of the language (Jauncey 1997).
Phonetic variation in Italian consonant gemination
Authors: Payne Elinor M.
Published: December 2005

This paper presents findings on the articulatory and prosodic conditioning of Italian (lexical and post-lexical) geminate and non-geminate consonants. Phonetic and phonological prominence interact, resulting in a durational contrast which is not uniformly robust. So-called ‘inherent’ geminates are also found to be long post-consonantally, contrary to received wisdom, and do not form ‘supergeminates’ in conditions of postlexical gemination. Formant analysis of laterals reveals possible non-durational properties of gemination, with evidence for a more palatalised tongue configuration in geminates. Implications for the structural status of gemination are discussed.
China's 1979 War with Vietnam: A Reassessment
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: December 2005

This article attempts to reveal China's own perceptions of the 1979 war with Vietnam. It includes China's historical relations with Vietnam and their influence on Beijing's approach towards the war, as well as the role of Deng Xiaoping, Chinese military strategy and preparations for the attack. It shows how Beijing's approach to warfare has a distinctive set of Chinese characteristics: calculating when and how to use military power, the underlying aim during the war, and the basis upon which success was evaluated. The article reviews the repercussions of the conflict, both politically and militarily, and lessons learned as seen by Chinese themselves.
Residential Space and Collective Interest Formation in Beijing's Housing Disputes
Authors: Tomba Luigi
Published: December 2005

This article investigates the interest structure that leads to collective conflicts over the protection of private property in middle-class residential compounds in Beijing. The departure from a work-unit dominated social landscape means that work and residence are now de-linked and the new private residential compounds create communities of consumers, not of producers. Individual status is formed in the context of local socialization patterns in the neighbourhoods at least as much as in the workplace. Based on fieldwork in Beijing's residential compounds in 2002 and 2003, this article highlights the importance of spatial factors in determining the formation of collective interests and argues that the enclosed residential spaces of the gated communities are providing both a catalyst for the autonomous mobilization of collective resources and new social units for the Chinese state to govern an increasingly complex society.
Accent levelling and accent localisation in northern French: Comparing Nancy and Rennes
Authors: BOUGHTON ZOË
Published: December 2005

This article addresses the contention that the regional accents of northern France have become increasingly uniform (‘levelled’) in recent decades. A qualitative, micro-level analysis is carried out on the speech of two older working-class male informants, one from each of the cities of Nancy and Rennes. To contextualise the data, which are drawn from sociolinguistic interviews, previous accounts of the relevant français régionaux are summarised. Close examination of non-standard features in the present data shows that whereas the Nancy informant displays several localised traits, the Rennes speaker's accent is more typical of general colloquial and lower-class usage. While regionally marked variants are disappearing, the degree of accent levelling varies according to region, and thus according to substrate dialect.
Quelqu'un n'est pas venu
Authors: LARRIVEE PIERRE
Published: December 2005

On s'attendrait à ce que des termes dits à polarité positive comme quelqu'un soient incompatibles avec la négation (?*Quelqu'un n'est pas venu). Les contextes négatifs semblent pourtant admettre ces termes, non seulement dans leur interprétation spécifique (correspondant à Il y a quelqu'un qui n'est pas venu), mais aussi avec une lecture non spécifique (rendue par Il n'est pas vrai que quelqu'un soit venu; Personne n'est venu). C'est sous cette lecture que l'indéfini quelqu'un comme sujet d'une proposition niée est considéré dans ce travail. Sur la base d'un corpus d'attestations, il est montr que la lecture est conditionnée par un contraste polémique. Le rejet en bloc d'une proposition présupposée où s'inscrit quelqu'un permet à ce dernier d'apparaître avec une négation qui n'induit normalement aucune des interprétations que l'indéfini puisse valider. L'interprétation apparaît ainsi comme un processus d'ajustement mutuel entre les lectures que les items permettent, lesquelles lectures peuvent être modalisées par des facteurs discursifs.
Processes for Systemic Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy with Children, Young People and Families
Authors: Dummett Nicky
Published: December 2005

In cognitive-behavioural therapy with children, young people and families, formulation-based practice ensures that interventions are based on underlying causative and maintaining processes. Importantly, however, developmental, attachment, family, systemic and other perspectives must be incorporated into therapy. This paper describes a template for systemic cognitive-behavioural formulation that facilitates incorporation of the necessary range of perspectives including processes more traditionally expressed through other psychotherapeutic modes of working. Case formulation based on this template is sufficiently comprehensive, yet simple enough to derive collaboratively and leads to a distinct clinical process for working with individuals, families and wider support systems. This generic formulation process is appropriate for use across the range of presentations encountered in child and adolescent mental health practice and provides a structure for therapist training. It requires formal evaluation and has implications for future research.
The Role of the Karguzar in the Foreign Relations of State and Society of Iran from the mid-nineteenth century to 1921. Part 1: Diplomatic Relations
Authors: Martin Vanessa , Nouraei Morteza
Published: December 2005

The foreign relations of Iran from 1800 to 1921 have on the whole been discussed in terms of diplomatic relations between states, of ‘Great Power’ policy, and of the impact of the world economy upon a comparatively weak and traditional society. A brief survey of the existing literature reveals that Iran's lack of progress has been attributed among other factors to her form of government, foreign interference and to her predicament as a buffer state between the British and Russian empires. The traditional power structures of Iran, as dominated by an absolute monarchy intent on personal interest with a concomitant lack of realism when engaging in war, was, in Ramazani's view, the origin of the country's weakness. Kazemzadeh saw the subject from the point of view of Anglo-Russian rivalry at the highest levels, and argued that both powers sought to impose hegemony on Iran by a variety of means, including, putting pressure on the Shah and chief ministers, using commercial concessions and exercising intimidation. The competition of Britain and Russia was so intense that each was determined to undermine any plan of development proposed by the other, opportunities were numerous, as, for example, in the introduction of railways. Yapp, to some extent, questioned this argument by pointing out that British interests were more complex than those of the Russians; on the one hand a stronger Iran was a more efficient buffer-state, but on the other hand it could undermine British influence in Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf. Yapp also noted that the British and Russian presence gave advantages to Iran in terms of the development of international trade, the control of internal disorder and in the imposition of regional security. Greaves saw Britain's diplomatic connections with Iran as dominated by her preoccupation with the defence of India, and believed that its attitudes to Iran were neither consistent nor strong. Issawi, in his study of economic development, also presented a more complex picture which emphasises the variety of the factors involved, and also the fluctuations in the economy over the period. He pointed out that trade did grow steadily, that the country benefited from new technology, for example the telegraph and the construction of the Suez Canal, and that it lived within its means. On the other hand, involvement in the international economy from 1890–1914 led to rapidly increasing foreign financial and political factors, which undermined the county's independence. Wright provided a different approach in that, while acknowledging the baleful effects of aspects of Anglo-Russian rivalry on Iran, he was more concerned with the experiences of a variety of ‘English’ amongst the Iranians, and thus offered a study of interaction between foreigners and Iranians at a level below that of international politics.
Soundscape - eine Möglichkeit kreativer Betätigung für Kinder und Jugendliche mit geistiger Behinderung?
Authors: Bailly Daniel
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung. Nachdem ich im ersten Teil dieses Beitrags (im letzten Heft) die grundlegenden Begriffe Geistige Behinderung, kreative Betätigung und Soundscape erläutert bzw. definiert habe, möchte ich nun mein Augenmerk auf die praktische Realisierung von Soundscape im Unterricht richten. Die didaktischen Überlegungen nehmen zunächst Bezug auf die Richtlinien des Schulministeriums (NRW) und zeigen, dass eine Unterrichtsreihe ‘Soundscape‘ durchaus anhand der Richtlinien zu begründen ist. Dann werden verschiedene musikimmanente und außermusikalische Aspekte genannt, die von einer intensiven Beschäftigung mit Soundscape tangiert werden können. Es folgen konkrete Vorschläge zur praktischen Umsetzung im Unterricht und einführende Erläuterungen zur produktionstechnischen Umsetzung. Zum Schluss gebe ich einen Ausblick, das Soundscape Thema auf das Terrain der musique concrète zu erweitern.
Kunsttherapeutisch orientierter Unterricht
Authors: Niebling Nicole
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird die Kunsttherapie zunächst grundsätzlich vorgestellt, um anschließend ihre Anwendbarkeit in der Förderschule zu erörtern. Es werden Möglichkeiten der Umsetzung kunsttherapeutischer Methoden für die sonderpädagogische Förderung von verhaltensauffälligen, geistig behinderten und lernbehinderten Schülern formuliert. Mit vielen praktischen Beispielen soll das Interesse des Lesers für die spezialisierte Form der Psychotherapie geweckt werden und ihre Chance für die Sonderpädagogik deutlich gemacht werden.
“Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuß ...“ Mentalitätsgeschichtliche Begleitung einer Diseuse zu Liebe und Glück 1Zur musikalischen Zeitreise siehe www.ensemblepfuetze.de.
Authors: Hörmann Georg
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung. Biographien von Sängern, Musikern und Komponisten erfreuen sich nicht nur in Belletristik und Filmen großer Beliebtheit, sondern auch als Gegenstand mentalitätsgeschichtlicher Prosopographie. Zum Thema Liebe und Glück werden verschiedene Songs und Lebensläufe aus den 30er und 40er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts befragt und in Deutungsperspektiven verortet.
Uncertainty assessment of potential biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from forests with the Monte Carlo method: Case study for an episode from 1 to 10 July 2000 in Poland
Authors: Smiatek G. , Bogacki M.
Published: December 2005

An uncertainty assessment of a volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission inventory using a Monte Carlo study according to the “Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” has been performed. For the episode of 1–10 July 2000 hourly biogenic VOC (BVOC) emissions from forests in Poland were calculated in 10 km × 10 km resolution with a semiempirical BVOC model (seBVOC). Driving parameters of the model were land cover, temperature, light intensity, foliar biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and plant‐specific emission factors. The hourly meteorology input has been modeled with the nonhydrostatic Multiscale Climate Chemistry Model (MCCM). For each of the driving parameters, probability distribution functions (PDFs) based on the normal and log‐normal distributions have been identified. Repeated runs of the seBVOC model in the Monte Carlo study with random figures drawn from the probability distribution functions yield the error distribution and the uncertainties. The results show an uncertainty in isoprene emission of the entire modeled period and modeling domain in the range from −71% to 73%, in monoterpene emissions in the range of −57% to 140%, and in other VOC (OVOC) emissions in the range of −55% to 57%. Uncertainties in daily estimates for the domain were higher ranging between −84% and 98% for isoprene, −63% and 147% for monoterpenes, and 63% and 72% for other VOCs. Largest uncertainty results from errors of the emission factors followed by errors in temperature and foliar biomass. These uncertainties cover only a subset of possible variables and are less than the total uncertainty.
Simulation of Polar Antarctic trends: Influence of tropical SST
Authors: Grassi Barbara , Redaelli Gianluca , Visconti Guido
Published: December 2005

The polar Antarctic atmosphere has been recently characterized by a progressive intensification of the circumpolar westerly winds, both in the stratospheric and tropospheric component. We simulate the response of the polar southern hemisphere atmosphere to a prescribed trend of oceanic equatorial temperature to demonstrate a possible link between the progressive warming of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and Antarctic climate changes in the last decades. Model simulations produce an atmospheric response suggesting an influence of equatorial SST on polar dynamics, particularly during summer months.
Fluid and kinetic structure of magnetic merging in the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment
Authors: Matthaeus W. H. , Cothran C. D. , Landreman M. , Brown M. R.
Published: December 2005

Measurement of the in‐plane Lorentz force and the out‐of‐plane magnetic field associated with the Hall electric field near the reconnection zone in the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX) confirms expectations, based on simulation, theory and spacecraft data, that the quadrupolar out‐of‐plane magnetic field is a signature of collisionless effects in magnetic reconnection with a weak guide field.
Impacts of black carbon aerosol on photolysis and ozone
Authors: Li Guohui , Zhang Renyi , Fan Jiwen , Tie Xuexi
Published: December 2005

The regional distributions of black carbon aerosol (soot) are calculated and the impacts of black carbon aerosol on photolysis frequencies and ozone concentrations are evaluated in Houston, Texas, using a regional chemical transport model. Compared with measurements of the fine particle matter in the Houston area, the simulated daily mean black carbon aerosol concentration is in agreement with observations in the urban sites. Black carbon aerosol reduces the photolysis frequencies of J[O3(1D)] and J[NO2] in the planetary boundary layer by 10–30% when air pollution is highest in the Houston area. As a result, the ground level ozone concentration in the Houston area decreases by 5–20%. Our study demonstrates that the impacts of black carbon aerosol on photochemistry are important in polluted urban atmospheres.
Regridding of remote soundings: Formulation and application to ozone profile comparison
Authors: Calisesi Yasmine , Soebijanta Vincent T. , van Oss Roeland
Published: December 2005

One of the difficulties arising when intercomparing independent measurements of atmospheric constituent profiles consists in homogenizing their respective profile coordinates in order to allow quantitative comparison results. Special care should be devoted in particular to the homogenization of remote sensor measurements, those being indeed intricately bound to their respective numerical grids through discretization rules implied for the evaluation of the retrieval algorithms. Recently, a method of intercomparing remote sounders while allowing for different observational characteristics was proposed by Rodgers and Connor (2003). However, at the time of publication, application of this method was restricted to comparisons of identical state vectors. We propose to relax this condition by the use of linear transformation functions to homogenize the products of independent retrievals. We combine this technique with the Rodgers and Connor procedure to compare independent ozone profile measurements by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) and a ground‐based microwave radiometer (MW). Verification of the achieved results is obtained by considering a second series of MW retrievals, evaluated directly on the GOME numerical grid.
Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the CMORPH high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses
Authors: Janowiak John E. , Kousky Vernon E. , Joyce Robert J.
Published: December 2005

The diurnal cycle of precipitation is examined both regionally and globally in this paper using high spatial and temporal resolution precipitation analyses that have been produced by NOAA's Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH). The 8‐km spatial resolution (at the equator) and 30‐minute temporal resolution of these analyses permit an in‐depth look at the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the globe. First, a macroscopic global view of the diurnal cycle of precipitation is presented. Power spectrum analysis reveals that the diurnal variations in global precipitation dominate the variability compared to all other timescales. Next, detailed regional examinations are made over the Americas that reveal intricate features of the diurnal cycle that have not been documented extensively to date. The results of this examination are contrasted with earlier studies that are based on IR data, and with studies that make use of spaceborne passive microwave data that are considerably less complete in space and time than are used in this study.
Parametric study of scavenging of atmospheric aerosols of various chemical species during thunderstorm and nonthunderstorm rain events
Authors: Chate D. M. , Devara P. C. S.
Published: December 2005

The overall collision efficiencies between falling raindrops and particles of selected chemical composition are computed theoretically by considering the contributions of collection mechanisms due to Brownian diffusion, directional interception, inertial impaction and phoretic effects caused by thermal and concentration gradients for the rainfall associated with thunderstorm and nonthunderstorm events. Computations of collision efficiency are performed for the particles in the diameter range of 0.02–0.2 μm (in 0.02 μm steps), 0.2–2 μm (in 0.2 μm steps) and 2–10 μm (in 1 μm steps) and for raindrops in size range of 200–5800 μm (in 200 μm steps). The results show order of magnitude difference in collision efficiencies for the case of thunderstorm and nonthunderstorm rain, and it reduces with increase in particle size from 0.02 to 0.8 μm for the particles of KNO3 because of decrease in magnitude of electrical forces. The effect of rain associated with thunderstorms and nonthunderstorms on scavenging rates for the particles of CaCO3, KNO3, (NH4)2SO4 and aerodynamic size is evaluated in terms of mean mass scavenging coefficients for polydispersed aerosols lying in size regimes of 0.02–0.2 μm, 0.2–2 μm and 2–10 μm. Mean mass scavenging coefficients are found to exhibit maximum potential for the particles of CaCO3 as compared to those of KNO3, (NH4)2SO4 and aerodynamic size particles. Present results may be useful to evaluate the Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) or Air Quality Index (AQI), when the atmosphere undergoes rain during thunderstorm and nonthunderstorm conditions.